bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody levels and protection after Hepatitis B vaccine in adult vaccinated healthcare workers in northern Uganda
Authors: Ocan Moses , Acheng Frances , Otike Carol , Beinomugisha Judith , Katete David , Obua Celestino
Published: January 2022

Hepatitis B vaccine has contributed to the reduction in hepatitis B virus infections and chronic disease globally. Screening to establish extent of vaccine induced immune response and provision of booster dose are limited in most low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). Our study investigated the extent of protective immune response and breakthrough hepatitis B virus infections among adult vaccinated healthcare workers in selected health facilities in northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 randomly selected adult hepatitis B vaccinated healthcare workers in Lira and Gulu regional referral hospitals in northern Uganda. Blood samples were collected and qualitative analysis of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (HBsAb), Hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg), Hepatitis B envelop antibody (HBeAb) and Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) conducted using ELISA method. Quantitative assessment of anti-hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) levels was done using COBAS immunoassay analyzer. Multiple logistic regression was done to establish factors associated with protective anti-HBs levels (≥ 10mIU/mL) among adult vaccinate healthcare workers at 95% level of significance. A high proportion, 81.3% (244/300) of the study participants completed all three hepatitis B vaccine dose schedules. Two (0.7%, 2/300) of the study participants had active hepatitis B virus infection. Of the 300 study participants, 2.3% (7/300) had positive HBsAg; 88.7% (266/300) had detectable HBsAb; 2.3% (7/300) had positive HBeAg; 4% (12/300) had positive HBeAb and 17.7% (53/300) had positive HBcAb. Majority, 83% (249/300) had a protective hepatitis B antibody levels (≥10mIU/mL). Hepatitis B vaccine provides protective immunity against hepatitis B virus infection regardless of whether one gets a booster dose or not. Protective immune response persisted for over ten years following hepatitis B vaccination among the healthcare workers.
Risk perception and coping response to COVID-19 mediated by positive and negative emotions: A study on Chinese college students
Authors: Gan Yongtao , Fu Qionglin
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to assess the mediating roles of positive and negative emotions on the relationship between COVID-19-related risk perception and coping behaviours adopted by Chinese college students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an internet-based questionnaire survey from mid February–late October 2020, among 1038 college students, from six Chinese universities (females = 73.41%), ranging within 17–26 years. The survey questionnaire included three major components—the COVID-19-Related Risk Perception Scale (CRPS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-Revision), and Coping Response of COVID-19 Scale (CRCS). Descriptive statistics and a mediated model were used to analyse the collected data. A partial mediation relationship was found between COVID-19-related risk perception and 1) active-response behaviour (β = 0.05, 95% Confidence Interval [CI: 0.03, 0.08]), 2) self-protection behaviour through positive emotions (β = 0.03, CI [0.01, 0.04]), and 3) risk-taking behaviour through negative emotions (β = -0.04, CI [-0.07, -0.02]). This study’s double-mediation model has been shown to detect the effect coping mechanisms to COVID-19. Furthermore, it implies that public health managers should consider the differences in coping mechanisms and the diverse mediating roles of positive and negative emotions for coping with public health emergencies.
Single gene targeted nanopore sequencing enables simultaneous identification and antimicrobial resistance detection of sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Zhou Liqing , Lopez Rodas Andrea , Llangarí Luz Marina , Romero Sandoval Natalia , Cooper Philip , Sadiq Syed Tariq
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To develop a simple DNA sequencing test for simultaneous identification and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) detection of multiple sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Methods

Real-time PCR (qPCR) was initially performed to identify Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections among a total of 200 vulvo-vaginal swab samples from female sex workers in Ecuador. qPCR positive samples plus qPCR negative controls for these STIs were subjected to single gene targeted PCR MinION-nanopore sequencing using the smartphone operated MinIT.

Results

Among 200 vulvo-vaginal swab samples 43 were qPCR positive for at least one of the STIs. Single gene targeted nanopore sequencing generally yielded higher pathogen specific read counts in qPCR positive samples than qPCR negative controls. Of the 26 CT, NG or MG infections identified by qPCR, 25 were clearly distinguishable from qPCR negative controls by read count. Discrimination of TV qPCR positives from qPCR negative controls was poorer as many had low pathogen loads (qPCR cycle threshold >35) which produced few specific reads. Real-time AMR profiling revealed that 3/3 NG samples identified had gyrA mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, 2/10 of TV had mutations related to metronidazole resistance, while none of the MG samples possessed 23S rRNA gene mutations contributing to macrolide resistance.

Conclusions

Single gene targeted nanopore sequencing for diagnosing and simultaneously identifying key antimicrobial resistance markers for four common genital STIs shows promise. Further work to optimise accuracy, reduce costs and improve speed may allow sustainable approaches for managing STIs and emerging AMR in resource poor and laboratory limited settings.
The influence of food processing methods on serum parameters, apparent total-tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota and SCFA content in adult beagles
Authors: Cai Xuan , Liao Rongrong , Chen Guo , Lu Yonghong , Zhao Yiqun , Chen Yi
Published: January 2022

Food processing methods may influence the health of dogs. However, previous studies have mostly been based on a comparison of several commercial dog foods with different ingredients. In this study, eighteen adult beagles of the same age and health status (assessed by routine blood tests) were used in the experiments. This study analyzed the effects of the following different processing methods: raw, pasteurized, and high temperature sterilization (HTS) made with the same ingredients and nutrients (based on dry matter) on serum parameters, apparent total-tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in beagle dogs. The data showed, after a test lasting 56-days, the apparent digestibility (ATTD) of protein and fat in HTS food was 91.9%, which was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than that in dry food (89.2%, P < 0.05). The serum content of triglyceride increased in beagles fed HTS food (P < 0.05), and the number of neutrophils in beagles fed raw food and pasteurized food increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the platelet count in beagles fed raw food showed an increasing trend compared with the beagles fed HTS food. Different processing methods had an impact on the intestinal microbiota and SCFA of beagles; at least 14 genera were significantly affected by the food produced using different processing methods. In particular, the abundance of Allprevotella, Escherichia-Shigella and Turicibacter, and the total acid content were lower in beagles fed the raw diet, whereas Streptococcus, Collinsella, Bacteroides and Ruminococcus gnavus were more abundant following the HTS diet, and Lactococcus showed the highest abundance in beagles fed the pasteurized diet. This study showed that dog food produced by different processing methods affected the health of adult beagles.
Levels and correlates of physical activity and capacity among HIV-infected compared to HIV-uninfected individuals
Authors: Kitilya Brenda , PrayGod George , Peck Robert , Changalucha John , Jeremiah Kidola , Kavishe Bazil Baltazar , Friis Henrik , Filteau Suzanne , Faurholt-Jepsen Daniel , Krogh-Madsen Rikke , Brage Soren , Olsen Mette F.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

In the HIV-infected individuals, physical activity improves physical strength, quality of life and reduces the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. In Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV-infected patients report being less active compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. We assessed the levels and correlates of objectively measured physical activity and capacity among HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals compared to HIV-uninfected individuals in Mwanza, Tanzania.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional study among newly diagnosed HIV-infected ART-naive individuals and HIV-uninfected individuals frequency-matched for age and sex. Socio-demographic data, anthropometrics, CD4 counts, haemoglobin level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were collected. Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) was assessed as measure of physical activity whereas sleeping heart rate (SHR) and grip strength were assessed as measures of physical capacity. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the correlates associated with physical activity and capacity.

Results

A total of 272 HIV-infected and 119 HIV-uninfected individuals, mean age 39 years and 60% women participated in the study. Compared to HIV-uninfected individuals, HIV-infected had poorer physical activity and capacity: lower PAEE (-7.3 kj/kg/day, 95% CI: -11.2, -3.3), elevated SHR (7.7 beats/min, 95%CI: 10.1, 5.3) and reduced grip strength (-4.7 kg, 95%CI: -6.8, -2.8). In HIV-infected individuals, low body mass index, moderate-severe anaemia, low CD4 counts and high CRP were associated with lower physical activity and capacity. In HIV-uninfected individuals, abdominal obesity and moderate anaemia were associated with lower physical activity and capacity.

Conclusion

HIV-infected participants had lower levels of physical activity and capacity than HIV-uninfected participants. Correlates of physical activity and capacity differed by HIV status. Management of HIV and related conditions needs to be provided effectively in health care facilities. Interventions promoting physical activity in these populations will be of importance to improve their health and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases.
Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus associated disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Mayne Elizabeth S. , Mayne Anthony , Louw Susan
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Disseminated intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a thrombotic microangiopathy which may complicate a number of severe disease processes including sepsis. Development of microvascular thromboses results in consumption of coagulation factors and platelets and ultimate bleeding. Patients with HIV infection (PWH) often present with baseline dysregulation of the coagulation system which may increase severity and derangement of DIC presentation. Previously, we have shown that HIV is a significant risk factor for development of DIC.

Methodology

We conducted a retrospective record review of all DIC screens submitted to our tertiary coagulation laboratory in Johannesburg, South Africa, over a one year period and compared the laboratory presentation of DIC in PWH with presentation of DIC in patients without HIV infection.

Results

Over the year, 246 patients fulfilled the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) diagnostic criteria for DIC– 108 were confirmed HIV-infected and 77 were confirmed uninfected. PWH and DIC presented at a significantly earlier age (41 vs 46 years respectively, p<0.02). The prothrombin time was significantly more prolonged (30.1s vs 26.s), the d-dimer levels were substantially higher (5.89mg/L vs 4.52mg/L) and the fibrinogen (3.92g/L vs 1.73g/L) and platelet levels (64.8 vs 114.8x109/l) were significantly lower in PWH. PWH also showed significant synthetic liver dysfunction and higher background inflammation.

Conclusion

PWH who fulfil the diagnostic criteria for DIC show significantly more dysregulation of the haemostatic system. This may reflect baseline abnormalities including endothelial dysfunction in the context of inflammation and liver dysfunction.
“Sarcopenia and risk of osteoporosis, falls and bone fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review”
Authors: Rashid Anahita , Chaudhary Hauge Sabina , Suetta Charlotte , Hansen Ditte
Published: January 2022

Background

Chronic kidney disease [CKD] has been suggested to increase the risk of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, falls, and fractures. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the occurrence of osteoporosis, falls, and fractures in patients with sarcopenia and CKD, and to explore the possible association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis, falls, and fractures in patients with CKD.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guideline. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO. The systematic literature search was conducted in Pubmed [1966 to present] and EMBASE [1974 to present] on December 4, 2020. We searched for articles on CKD and sarcopenia, and then we selected them with outcomes such as osteoporosis, falls, and bone fractures. The risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

Results

Five studies were eligible and included. No studies reported the occurrence of osteoporosis, falls, and bone fractures in patients with CKD and sarcopenia. Sarcopenia had a significant association with low bone mineral density [BMD] and osteoporosis in patients with CKD. The risk of bias assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale varied from 3–7 stars [median of 7]. Due to the included studies’ heterogeneity, a meta-analysis could not be conducted.

Conclusion

The occurrence of osteoporosis, falls, and bone fractures in patients with sarcopenia and CKD could not be assessed from the included studies, but an association between sarcopenia and decreased BMD/osteoporosis in patients with CKD was found. The potential mechanistic link between sarcopenia and osteoporosis in CKD needs to be investigated in future studies.
Analysis of electric scooter user kinematics after a crash against SUV
Authors: Ptak Mariusz , Fernandes Fábio A. O. , Dymek Mateusz , Welter Christopher , Brodziński Kacper , Chybowski Leszek
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of the analysis of electric scooter user kinematics after a crash against a vehicle. The share of electric scooters (e-scooters) in urban traffic has been growing in recent years. The number of road accidents involving e-scooters is also increasing. However, the safety situation of electric scooter users is insufficiently researched in terms of kinematics and injury outcomes. The article presents the importance of this problem based on an in-depth literature analysis of e-scooter-related types of accidents, injuries percentages, and helmet use. Subsequently, four accident scenarios were designed and simulated using two numerical codes–LS-DYNA for handling finite element (FE) code (the vehicle and scooter model) and MADYMO for multibody code (dummy model). Scenario one is a side bonnet crash that simulates an accident when the scooter drives into the side-front of the vehicle. The second and the third simulation is a side B-pillar crash, which was divided into two dummy’s positions: the squat and up-right. The fourth simulation is a frontal impact. For each scenario, subsequent frames describing the dummy movement are presented. The after-impact kinematics for various scenarios were analyzed and discussed. The plots of the dummy’s head linear acceleration and its magnitude for the analyzed scenarios were provided. As the study is devoted to increasing riders safety in this means of transportation, the potential directions for further research were indicated.
HIV prevalence and incidence among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Bangkok, 2014–2018: Outcomes of a consensus development initiative
Authors: van Griensven Frits , Phanuphak Nittaya , Manopaiboon Chomnad , Dunne Eileen F. , Colby Donn J. , Chaiphosri Pannee , Ramautarsing Reshmie , Mock Philip A. , Guadamuz Thomas E. , Rangsin Ram , Benjamaneepairoj Kanya , Na Nakorn Panus , Vannakit Ravipa , de Lind van Wijngaarden Jan Willem , Avery Matthew , Mills Stephen
Published: January 2022

To reach its goal of ending AIDS by 2030, Thailand has adopted antiretroviral treatment as prevention and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) as its core HIV control strategy. However, in the absence of reliable epidemiologic indicators, the impact of these policies on the course of the HIV epidemic in these groups remains unknown. To help answer this question, we formulated an HIV epidemic consensus initiative for Bangkok, Thailand, to analyze epidemiologic and program data and reach agreement between experts and stakeholders on the evolving state of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW. A customized Delphi process was used to consult and consolidate viewpoints of experts and stakeholders. Experts presented and discussed HIV prevalence and incidence data from recent and ongoing studies among MSM and TGW in Bangkok (2014 to 2018) during a meeting with stakeholders representing government, donors, and civil society. Agreement about the course of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW was attained by voting consensus. Based on presented data, meeting participants agreed that HIV prevalence and incidence had decreased among Bangkok MSM from 2014 to 2018. Despite these declines, HIV prevalence and incidence were found to remain high. This was particularly the case among younger MSM. Participants agreed that there was no evidence for a decrease in HIV prevalence and incidence among Bangkok TGW. Introduction of antiretroviral treatment as prevention and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis may have contributed to these declines. However, HIV prevalence and incidence remained high, and no signs of a decrease were reported among Bangkok TGW. At the current rate of new HIV infections in MSM and TGW, Thailand will not reach its goal of ending AIDS by 2030. This HIV consensus initiative may serve as a model for building agreement and advocacy on epidemiologic and program data and their implications for a large metropolitan city.
Assessing fetal growth in Africa: Application of the international WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st standards in a Beninese pregnancy cohort
Authors: Yovo Emmanuel , Accrombessi Manfred , Agbota Gino , Hocquette Alice , Atade William , Ladikpo Olaiitan T. , Mehoba Murielle , Degbe Auguste , Mombo-Ngoma Ghyslain , Massougbodji Achille , Jackson Nikki , Fievet Nadine , Heude Barbara , Zeitlin Jennifer , Briand Valérie
Published: January 2022

Background

Fetal growth restriction is a major complication of pregnancy and is associated with stillbirth, infant death and child morbidity. Ultrasound monitoring of pregnancy is becoming more common in Africa for fetal growth monitoring in clinical care and research, but many countries have no national growth charts. We evaluated the new international fetal growth standards from INTERGROWTH-21st and WHO in a cohort from southern Benin.

Methods

Repeated ultrasound and clinical data were collected in women from the preconceptional RECIPAL cohort (241 women with singleton pregnancies, 964 ultrasounds). We modelled fetal biometric parameters including abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) and compared centiles to INTERGROWTH-21st and WHO standards, using the Bland and Altman method to assess agreement. For EFW, we used INTERGROWTH-21st standards based on their EFW formula (IG21st) as well as a recent update using Hadlock’s EFW formula (IG21hl). Proportions of fetuses with measurements under the 10th percentile were compared.

Results

Maternal malaria and anaemia prevalence was 43% and 69% respectively and 11% of women were primigravid. Overall, the centiles in the RECIPAL cohort were higher than that of INTERGROWTH-21st and closer to that of WHO. Consequently, the proportion of fetuses under 10th percentile thresholds was systematically lower when applying IG21st compared to WHO standards. At 27–31 weeks and 33–38 weeks, respectively, 7.4% and 5.6% of fetuses had EFW <10th percentile using IG21hl standards versus 10.7% and 11.6% using WHO standards.

Conclusion

Despite high anemia and malaria prevalence in the cohort, IG21st and WHO standards did not identify higher than expected proportions of fetuses under the 10th percentiles of ultrasound parameters or EFW. The proportions of fetuses under the 10th percentile threshold for IG21st charts were particularly low, raising questions about its use to identify growth-restricted fetuses in Africa.
PrPres in placental tissue following experimental transmission of atypical scrapie in ARR/ARR sheep is not infectious by Tg338 mouse bioassay
Authors: Piel Robert B. , McElliott Valerie R. , Stanton James B. , Zhuang Dongyue , Madsen-Bouterse Sally A. , Hamburg Linda K. , Harrington Robert D. , Schneider David A.
Published: January 2022

Nor98-like atypical scrapie is a sporadic disease that affects the central nervous system of sheep and goats that, in contrast to classical scrapie, is not generally regarded as naturally transmissible. However, infectivity has been demonstrated via bioassay not only of brain tissue but also of certain peripheral nerves, lymphoid tissues, and muscle. This study examines placental tissue, a well characterized route of natural transmission for classical scrapie. Further, this study was conducted in sheep homozygous for the classical scrapie resistant ARR genotype and is the first to characterize the transmission of Nor98-like scrapie between homozygous-ARR sheep. Nor98-like scrapie isolated from a United States ARR/ARR sheep was transmitted to four ARR/ARR ewes via intracerebral inoculation of brain homogenate. These ewes were followed and observed to 8 years of age, remained non-clinical but exhibited progression of infection that was consistent with Nor98-like scrapie, including characteristic patterns of PrPSc accumulation in the brain and a lack of accumulation in peripheral lymphoid tissues as detected by conventional methods. Immunoblots of placental tissues from the infected ewes revealed accumulation of a distinct conformation of PrPres, particularly as the animals aged; however, the placenta showed no infectivity when analyzed via ovinized mouse bioassay. Taken together, these results support a low risk for natural transmission of Nor98-like scrapie in ARR/ARR sheep.
Isonitrogenous low-carbohydrate diet elicits specific changes in metabolic gene expression in the skeletal muscle of exercise-trained mice
Authors: Saito Hazuki , Wada Naoko , Iida Kaoruko
Published: January 2022

With the renewed interest in low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) in the sports field, a few animal studies have investigated their potential. However, most rodent studies have used an LCD containing low protein, which does not recapitulate a human LCD, and the muscle-specific adaptation in response to an LCD remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of two types of LCDs, both containing the same proportion of protein as a regular diet (isonitrogenous LCD; INLCD), on body composition, exercise performance, and metabolic fuel selection at the genetic level in the skeletal muscles of exercise-trained mice. Three groups of mice (n = 8 in each group), one fed a regular AIN-93G diet served as the control, and the others fed either of the two INLCDs containing 20% protein and 10% carbohydrate (INLCD-10%) or 20% protein and 1% carbohydrate (INLCD-1%) had a regular exercise load (5 times/week) for 12 weeks. Body weight and muscle mass did not decrease in either of the INLCD-fed groups, and the muscle glycogen levels and endurance capacity did not differ among the three groups. Only in the mice fed INLCD-1% did the plasma ketone concentration significantly increase, and gene expression related to glucose utilization significantly declined in the muscles. Both INLCD-1% and INLCD-10% consumption increased gene expression related to lipid utilization. These results suggest that, although INLCD treatment did not affect endurance capacity, it helped maintain muscle mass and glycogen content regardless of the glucose intake restrictions in trained mice. Moreover, an INLCD containing a low carbohydrate content might present an advantage by increasing lipid oxidation without ketosis and suppressing muscle glucose utilization.
Hepatitis B, C and D virus infections and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: A meta-analysis including sensitivity analyses for studies comparable for confounders
Authors: Mbaga Donatien Serge , Kenmoe Sebastien , Kengne-Ndé Cyprien , Ebogo-Belobo Jean Thierry , Mahamat Gadji , Foe-Essomba Joseph Rodrigue , Amougou-Atsama Marie , Tchatchouang Serges , Nyebe Inès , Feudjio Alfloditte Flore , Kame-Ngasse Ginette Irma , Magoudjou-Pekam Jeannette Nina , Fokou Lorraine K. M. , Meta-Djomsi Dowbiss , Maïdadi-Foudi Martin , Touangnou-Chamda Sabine Aimee , Daha-Tchoffo Audrey Gaelle , Selly-Ngaloumo Abdel Aziz , Nayang-Mundo Rachel Audrey , Yéngué Jacqueline Félicité , Taya-Fokou Jean Bosco , Kenfack-Momo Raoul , Atembeh Noura Efietngab , Demeni Emoh Cynthia Paola , Tazokong Hervé Raoul , Bowo-Ngandji Arnol , Sake Carole Stéphanie , Atenguena Okobalemba Etienne , Njiki Bikoi Jacky , Njouom Richard , Riwom Essama Sara Honorine
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Africa denotes unique facies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) characterized by a conjunction of low sensitization, restricted access to diagnosis and treatment and associated with the highest incidence and mortality in the world. We investigated whether hepatitis B (HBV), C (HCV) and D (VHD) viruses were etiological agents of HCC in Africa.

Methods

Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, African Index Medicus, and African Journal Online databases, as well as manual searches in relevant reviews and included articles. Analytical studies from Africa evaluating the association between HCC development and HBV, HCV, and HDV were included. Relevant studies were selected, data extracted, and the risk of bias assessed independently by at least 2 investigators. The association was estimated using odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) determined by a random-effects model. Sources of heterogeneity were determined by subgroup analyses.

Results

A total of 36 case-control studies were included. With controls having non-hepatic disease, the overall results suggested a significantly increased risk of HCC in patients with HBV (HBeAg (OR = 19.9; 95% CI = [3.7–105.2]), HBsAg (OR = 9.9; 95%) CI = [6.2–15.6]) and DNA (OR = 8.9; 95% CI = [5.9–13.4]); HCV (Anti-HCV (OR = 9.4; 95% CI = [6.3–14.0]) and RNA (OR = 16.5; 95% CI = [7.8–34.6]); HDV (Anti-VHD, (OR = 25.8; 95% CI = [5.9–112.2]); and HBV/HCV coinfections (HBV DNA/HCV RNA (OR = 22.5; 95% CI = [1.3–387.8]). With apparently healthy controls, the overall results suggested a significantly increased risk of HCC in patients with HBV (HBsAg, (OR = 8.9; 95% CI = [6.0–13.0]); HCV (Anti-HCV, (OR = 7.7; 95% CI = [5.6–10.6]); and HBV/HCV coinfections (HBsAg/Anti-HCV (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = [4.4–13.6]) Substantial heterogeneity and the absence of publication bias were recorded for these results.

Conclusions

In Africa, HBV/HCV coinfections and HBV, HCV, and HDV infections are associated with an increased risk of developing HCC. The implementation of large-scale longitudinal and prospective studies including healthy participants to search for early biomarkers of the risk of progression to HCC is urgently needed.
The mediating effect of platform width on the size and shape of stone flakes
Authors: Lin Sam C. , Rezek Zeljko , Abdolahzadeh Aylar , Braun David R. , Dogandžić Tamara , Leader George M. , Li Li , McPherron Shannon P.
Published: January 2022

To understand the ways in which past stone knappers controlled the morphology of the flakes they produced, archaeologists have focused on examining the effects of striking platform attributes on flake size and shape. Among the variables commonly considered, platform width has routinely been noted to correlate with flake size and hence used to explain past knapping behaviors. Yet, the influence of platform width on flake variation remains equivocal due to the fact that the attribute is not under the direct control of the knapper. Instead, platform width tends to be treated as a by-product of other independent knapping parameters, such as platform depth. In this study, we hypothesize that platform width acts as an intermediary that intervenes the effect of other independent variables on flake attributes. By analyzing experimental flakes produced under both controlled and replicative settings, the results support the hypothesis that platform width mediates the effect of platform depth on flake width, such that flakes with relatively larger platform widths are generally wider but no longer. This finding provides a way to incorporate platform width into discussions of the interrelationships among knapping variables, and highlights the importance of platform width for investigating how past knappers controlled flake production through platform manipulation.
Prognostic significance of SHP2 (PTPN11) expression in solid tumors: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Jiupeng , Guo Hui , Zhang Yongfeng , Liu Heng , Dou Quanli
Published: January 2022

Background

SHP2 is a latent biomarker for predicting the survivals of solid tumors. However, the current researches were controversial. Therefore, a meta-analysis is necessary to assess the prognosis of SHP2 on tumor patients.

Materials and methods

Searched in PubMed, EMBASE and web of science databases for published studies until Jun 20, 2021. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the affect of SHP2 in clinical stages, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in tumor patients.

Results

This study showed that the expression of SHP2 had no significant correlation with clinical stages (OR: 0.91; 95% CI, 0.60–1.38; P = 0.65), DFS (HR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.58–1.34; P = 0.56) and OS (HR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.79–1.45, P = 0.67), but the prognostic effect varied greatly with tumor sites. High SHP2 expression was positively related to early clinical stage in hepatocellular carcinoma, not associated with clinical stage in the most of solid tumors, containing laryngeal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc. Higher expression of SHP2 could predict longer DFS in colorectal carcinoma, while predict shorter DFS in hepatocellular carcinoma. No significant difference was observed in DFS for non-small cell lung carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma. Higher SHP2 expression was distinctly related to shorter OS in pancreatic carcinoma and laryngeal carcinoma. The OS of the other solid tumors was not significantly different.

Conclusions

The prognostic value of SHP2 might not equivalent in different tumors. The prognostic effect of SHP2 is highly influenced by tumor sites.
‘Netflix tax’ from the perspective of national and EU audiovisual policies and what it brings to film funding in small states
Authors: Kerševan Smokvina Tanja
Published: January 2022

This article examines the approaches of two understudied small EU countries to the possibility of imposing film-related levies or production investment obligations on non-domestic video on-demand services. Though they can take various forms, such measures are commonly referred to as ‘Netflix taxes’. Since 2018 they have been legally backed by the EU’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD). By sharing evidence on how these measures have been taken up during the transposition of the AVMSD revisions in Croatia and Slovenia, the article contributes to the emerging body of research into cross-border financial contributions as a film funding tool. This evidence indicates that the potential of ‘Netflix taxes’ to solve the film funding problems in small national markets is limited. It is also argued that no significant contribution to the overall sustainability and diversity of European audiovisual production can be expected if these measures are implemented on a country-per-country basis.
Business Image and Strategies in Romanian Agritourism
Authors: Iosim Iasmina , Popescu Gabriela , Suba Anka , Sirbulescu Claudia
Published: January 2022

Business image is a paramount when it comes to improve a company’s desirability as a borrower, client, customer, employer, supplier, etc. The most important strategies to build up business image are creating a website, creating straightforward, easy-to-understand pricing, designing the business image, doing a referral exchange, encouraging personal recommendations, listing creatively and widely, maintaining a customer database, maintaining good employee relations, making a marketing plan, making the business look good, naming and branding, and using the press. The paper presents the most important strategies illustrated by three Romanian agritourism guesthouses.
Accomodation to a ”New Normality” – Risk or Benefit?
Authors: Sicoe-Murg Oana Maria , Mateoc Teodor , Constantinescu Simona Cristina , Dumitrescu Carmen , Vass Hunor
Published: January 2022

The pandemia generated by the COVID-19 represents first of all a human tragedy, affecting society at its basis, and the effects induced by this boomerang are reflected on the labour market as well. The pandemia has accentuated the need of automation, even on the level of the insurance market, a fact that creates a lot of stress among the employees. The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the situation of the persons employed in various sectors of activity during the current pandemic conditions. The pandemic in the last year prompted large companies to explore more actively the opportunities to automate their activities. In the paper, the authors present the effects of automation on employed  people in various fields of activity, including the field of insurance, which has the effect of losing jobs and replacing human staff with the assistance of artificial technology. After the implementation of automation technologies, the roles and way of working of about a quarter of employees have changed globally, while one of ten employees already needed retraining. This trend will continue to grow, with respondents stating that they will have to retrain a third of the workforce in the next three years as a result of the changing roles. The impact upon sales of goods and services is of a lasting nature and the insurance companies have to adapt their methods to reach their clients where they are, as well as in way of selling an insurance police as in ascertainment of damage and risk inspection.
Analysis of Tympanometric Attributes in Middle Ear Diseases and in Postoperative Middle Ear Surgeries - A Prospective Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana
Authors: Mujahid Mohammed Naseeruddin , Ayesha Syeda
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND Tympanometry as a definitive test protocol in the diagnosis of middle-ear disease and function remains still a tentative one. Primarily this is the result of cost effectiveness and concerns over referral to an audiology unit. It was also found to be due to the concerns over variability in test protocols and its influence on demographic and environmental factors. The present study was done to simplify the understanding of the different test variables of tympanometry. METHODS The clinical study was conducted in the Department of ENT, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Princess Esra Hospital, Hyderabad. Out of 134 patients registered with loss of hearing, 68 patients were grouped as preoperative group (136 ears) and 66 patients as postoperative group (132 ears). The patients in both groups were registered at different times and they were not the same. Audiology equipment used was impedance audiometers (Siemens SD 30, interacoustics AT 235 H); portable tympanometer (Welch-Allyn). Preliminary pure tone audiometry was also done to supplement the diagnosis. The test results were reported as: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed hearing loss. The results were reported based on the variables/criteria: admittance, tympanometric peak pressure (TPP), peak amplitude (Ya peak) and the volume of the ear canal. RESULTS There were 39 males (57.35 %) and 29 females (42.64 %) in the preoperative group. There were 41 males (62.12 %) and 25 females (37.87 %) in the postoperative group. Middle ear diseases showing conductive deafness were grouped as four types: a) middle ear effusion (35 patients); b) Eustachian tube dysfunction (31 patients); c) Ossicular chain adhesions (38 patients) d) tympanic membrane perforations and tympanosclerosis (28 patients) and e) otosclerosis (02 patients). CONCLUSIONS Using tympanometric attributes such as admittance, tympanometric peak pressure, peak amplitude (Ya peak) and the volume of the ear canal, it was possible to make accurate diagnosis of middle ear diseases and their exact pathology or make a differential diagnosis. The attributes used gave much accurate measure of the mechano-acoustics than the preset values used regularly by many centres. KEY WORDS Impedance Audiometry (Tympanometry), Middle Ear Diseases, Compliance, Peak Pressure and Tympanometric Peak Pressure (TPP)
Avaliação do estresse hídrico subterrâneo das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ)
Authors: Paula e Silva Flavio de , Fischer Tiago Vier , Ezaki Sibele , Gastmans Didier , Rodrigues Vinícius Rosa , Albuquerque Filho José Luiz , Franzini Andrea Segura , Noale Julia Octaviano
Published: January 2022

Este artigo apresenta uma avaliação do nível de estresse hídrico subterrâneo dos aquíferos presentes nas bacias dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, localizadas no sudeste do Brasil, distribuídos por 15.378 km2, dos quais 92,5% pertencem ao Estado de São Paulo e uma pequena parte (7,5%) ao Estado de Minas Gerais. A avaliação do estresse hídrico dos aquíferos é baseada em indicadores de consumo e de disponibilidade. O indicador de consumo utilizado foi a intensidade de explotação, estimada com aplicação da ferramenta de geoprocessamento Kernel Density, com utilização de 11.621 dados de vazões de poços obtidas do cadastro de outorgas do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica – DAEE, complementadas com dados da porção mineira da bacia, extraídos do cadastro CPRM – Serviço Geológico do Brasil. O indicador de disponibilidade utilizou dados de vazão mínima Q95 da porção paulista das Bacias PCJ, calculados a partir dos estudos de regionalização hidrológica realizados pelo DAEE. Aplicando-se o método de geoprocessamento de subtração dos grids dos mapas de disponibilidade hídrica e de intensidade de explotação, obteve-se o mapa de estresse hídrico, expresso em termos de saldo hídrico. O mapa de estresse distingue áreas com déficit hídrico (saldo negativo) de áreas com excedente hídrico (saldo positivo), em termos de vazão anual disponível (m3/ano). O método mostrou-se eficiente na identificação de áreas com déficit hídrico, possibilitando o direcionamento dos esforços de gestão no monitoramento e aplicação de diretrizes de utilização e proteção.
REMEDIATION OF A RAILWAY EMBANKMENT USING GEOCELLS AND DEEP SOIL MIXING - A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Štefaňák Jan , Vašina Josef
Published: January 2022

Progressive settlement of the embankment under the railway track near Žďár nad Sázavou, the Czech Republic, has been observed for many years. Immediate improvement was needed to secure the safety of the traffic and to increase the travel speed of the track. The reconstruction work consisted of deep soil mixing. Also, a load spreading geocell reinforced mattress was designed. The evaluation of the proposed solution by means of numerical modelling and associated laboratory testing is described in the paper.
Recognizing Mendel
Authors: Zevenhuizen Erik
Published: January 2022

In 1900, three botanists claimed they had found regularities in inheritance, which soon would be known as Mendel’s Laws, without knowing the work of Gregor Mendel or of each other. Their claims of independent (re)discovery have been thoroughly studied during the past decades, with various outcomes. The case is still of interest today as it offers an interesting example of how science is done.
Introducing Evolution of the Human Lactase Gene using an Online Interactive Activity
Authors: Siani Merav , Yarden Anat
Published: January 2022

Human evolution is a sensitive and controversial topic, which might explain why it is not included in science curricula or textbooks in many countries. We prepared an online student-centered human evolution activity dealing with lactose tolerance. In constructing the activity, we considered the following design principles: a medical issue connected to students’ lives, a noncontentious topic of human evolution, and a one-step genetic example that can be demonstrated by basic bioinformatics tools. The activity consists of four units dealing with the activity of the enzyme lactase in our small intestine, the differences in lactose tolerance in people from different origins, the genetic foundation of lactose tolerance, and an extension unit dealing with the control of lactase gene expression. The activity was experienced by a pilot group of approximately 100 students, preservice and in-service teachers who showed great interest in the genetics of a trait that has undergone evolutionary changes. We noted the need for a teacher as mediator while students perform the activity. We suggest using the activity in the context of evolution, genetics, or when teaching about systems of the human body, either all units in succession or as a modular activity.
The Effects Of Tempe Extract On The Oxidative Stress Marker And Lung Pathology In Tuberculosis Wistar Rat
Authors: Tjandra Lusiani , Setiawan Budhi , Ishartadiati Kartika , Utami Sri Lestari , Widjaja Jimmy Hadi
Published: January 2022

Background and Objective — Tempe (fermented soybean) has the potential as an affordable nutritional support alternative during tuberculosis (TB) infection. The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of supplementation with the ethanolic extract of Tempe on the oxidative stress markers alleviation and histological changes in male Wistar rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Material and Methods — Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups and infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37RV intratracheally. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Thiobarbituric Acid Reaction (TBARS) levels were assessed using a colorimetric method while C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured by Elisa method. The lung damage was scored using histopathological parameters. Results — There were no significant differences in the TBARS levels and CRP concentrations compared to control. Tempe extract increased the TAC level at 200 (p=0.011), 400 (p=0.027), and 800 (p=0.029) kg/body weight concentrations compared to control. Perivasculitis and alveolitis mean scores were lower (p<0.05) than control in all supplement groups. Additionally, the mean scores of peribronchiolitis among supplementation groups were decreased (p<0.05) in the 200 and 800 mg/kg body weight, while the granuloma mean score was lower in the 800 mg/kg body weight compared to control. Conclusions — Tempe extract may have a weak efficacy in improving the antioxidant capacity and lung histological condition in TB rat models.
Evaluación de la cobertura vegetal en bofedales altoandinos en función de la napa freática y precipitación utilizando imágenes de satélite
Authors: Javier Silva Luz Alexandra , Portal Quicaña Edwin , Alcántara Boza Francisco Alejandro
Published: January 2022

El área de estudio comprendió el bofedal Minas Corral; Ayacucho, donde se determinó la relación entre la precipitación, el monitoreo de la napa freática, y la identificación de la variación de la cobertura vegetal, mediante el NDVI (índice de vegetación normalizada), con el uso de sensores remotos como satélites, que facilitan la recolección de información en un periodo de tiempo. Los datos de precipitación fueron obtenidos a partir de la estación meteorológica Apacheta, ubicado a 4 150 msnm, en el distrito de Paras, provincia de Cangallo de la región Ayacucho, donde se validó la información en periodos mensuales. Para obtener la información sobre napa freática se tomaron 31 muestras en puntos de observación (piezómetros), de forma aleatoria y para la visualización de la variación mensual de cobertura vegetal se utilizaron imágenes del satélite Landsat 8. Se analizó la relación entre los parámetros definidos, desde el punto de vista espacial, donde se establecieron las correlaciones mensuales entre NDVI, precipitación y napa freática, los resultados obtenidos indican que existe una correlación alta e inversa de 97% para las variables (Área de vegetación y napa freática) y directa de 49% (Área de vegetación y precipitación) y los resultados obtenidos por la prueba de independencia entre variables comprueban nuestra hipótesis. Por tanto, se concluye que la relación entre las variables (napa freática y precipitación) condiciona la extensión y un tipo de formación vegetal, los cuales varían en composición por estacionalidad.
Resistencia a la compresión del concreto con adición del poliestireno expandido y extruido reciclados
Authors: Andía Arias Janet , Erazo Erazo Raymundo
Published: January 2022

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la resistencia a la compresión del concreto de 350 kg/cm2 de diseño fabricado en la ciudad de Huancayo, utilizando agregados gruesos y finos con materiales reciclados de poliestirenos extruido (XPS) lavado y sin lavar debidamente rayado y poliestireno expandido (EPS) sin lavar en forma de perlas. Se tomaron muestras de residuos de poliestireno en instalaciones recreacionales y de servicios públicos y los agregados de canteras próximas a la ciudad de Huancayo que fueron sometidos a ensayos de control de calidad según la norma técnica peruana NTP 400.037. Se realizaron diferentes mezclas constituidas por poliestirenos reciclados y los agregados para la fabricación de concreto, la resistencia a la compresión se analizó en un laboratorio especializado. Los resultados demostraron que la mezcla de concreto fabricado con XPS reciclado y lavado, cuya proporción fue 30 % de agregado grueso por XPS y 20 % de agregado fino por XPS, a la edad de 28 días, superó la resistencia de diseño de 350 kg/cm2, obteniéndose un valor de 365 kg/cm2 siendo aproximadamente un 74 % respecto de la resistencia a la compresión de la muestra patrón de mezcla sin materiales reciclados, cuyo valor es 495 kg/cm2.
Evidencias innegables de la halocinesis en la Cuenca Huallaga – Perú
Authors: Cotrina Cubas Jimmy
Published: January 2022

La cuenca Huallaga ha sido estudiada e interpretada tectónicamente como una típica faja plegada y corrida de lámina delgada, sin embargo, el presente estudio nos ha llevado a la conclusión de que esta región ha experimentado características clásicas de halocinesis, la mayoría de las cuales se desarrollaron en el Jurásico sin relación con ningún evento tectónico compresional. Evidenciado por los numerosos afloramientos de domos salinos, descritos y cartografiados a lo largo del subandino, y con la interpretación de los datos sísmicos 2D que fueron registrados por diversas compañías petroleras. Finalmente, se ha puesto especial énfasis en el análisis de aquellos factores claves que permiten explicar el movimiento de la sal, su geometría y deformación de las estructuras reconocidas e interpretadas en las secciones sísmicas.