bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroolefins in the presence of β-cyclodextrin in water under neutral conditions
Authors: Kumar Vydyula Pavan , Sridhar Regati , Srinivas Boga , Narender Mendu , Rao Kakulapati Rama
Published: August 2008

Various indolyl nitroalkanes were prepared by the reaction of indoles with nitroolefins in the presence of β-cyclodextrin in water under neutral conditions. β-Cyclodextrin can be recovered and re-used several times without loss of activity.Key words: β-cyclodextrin, nitroolefins, indoles, neutral conditions, water.
Experimental studies on the life cycle of Cyclocoelum mutabile (Zeder) (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae)
Authors: McLaughlin J. Daniel
Published: August 2008

Miracidia of Cyclocoelum mutabile (Zeder), each containing a single redia, were infective to six species of snails: Helisoma trivolvis (Carpenter), Gyralus circumstriatus (Tyron), Promenetus exacuous (Say), Armiger crista (L.), Physa gyrina (Say), and Lymnaea elodes (Say). The miracidia partially penetrated the epithelial tissues of the snail and the rediae migrated into the snail tissues within an hour after attachment. Rediae were first observed in their final position on the dorsal surface of the head foot 1 week after exposure. Cercariae encyst as metacercariae in the tissues of the same snail between 2 and 3 weeks after exposure. Metacercariae were infective to coots, Fulica americana (Gm.), and mature worms were recovered from the air sacs 30 days after exposure.
Glucose metabolism in lactating reindeer
Authors: White R. G. , Luick J. R.
Published: August 2008

Changes in glucose synthesis during the lactation cycle were estimated in pen-fed and grazing reindeer. The pool size, space, transfer rate, and irreversible loss of glucose were determined using simultaneous injections of [2-3H]glucose and primed infusions of [U-14C]glucose in reindeer lactating for 1–2, 4–5, 8–9, and 12–16 weeks. Glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were higher during early to midlactation than at other times of the year; maximum estimates were at 8–9 weeks postpartum (July), and a decline was noted at 12–16 weeks (August). During the first 1–2 weeks in pen-fed and 4–5 weeks in grazing reindeer, glucose transfer rate and irreversible loss were almost twice the values reported for reindeer at maintenance. No difference in the irreversible loss of glucose was noted between lactating and non-lactating reindeer at 18–20 weeks postpartum (September), and there is evidence that this may occur as early as 12–16 weeks postpartum. No significant trend was noted in the glucose space throughout lactation; however, a significant increase in plasma glucose concentration and pool size was noted when glucose synthesis was highest (8–9 weeks postpartum). Glucose turnover time was consistently faster (78–88 min) in lactating than in non-lactating reindeer (107–140 min). Reindeer used a smaller proportion of plasma glucose-C for lactose synthesis than did other domestic species. This probably results from the low lactose content of reindeer milk and the relatively low rate of milk secretion.
Microtus population biology: dispersal in fluctuating populations of M. townsendii
Authors: Krebs Charles J. , Wingate Irene , LeDuc Janice , Redfield James A. , Taitt Mary , Hilborn Ray
Published: August 2008

If spacing behavior limits the breeding density of small mammals, the colonization of vacant areas by surplus animals ought to show how and when population regulation is achieved. Two 0.8-ha areas near Vancouver, British Columbia, were cleared of voles from May 1971 to December 1973 and the colonization of the cleared areas was monitored every 2nd week. All colonists were removed. The colonization rate of the experimental areas was most rapid when populations were increasing rapidly in the adjacent control areas, and much of the loss of individuals in increasing control populations was due to dispersal rather than death. In declining populations very little dispersal occurred. Voles of high body weight (> 60 g) were characteristic of late increase and peak populations, but few of these heavy voles dispersed to the vacant experimental areas. Weight at sexual maturity was lower in colonizing voles, particularly among females. About 25% more males than females dispersed into the vacant areas. Colonizing voles were not a genetically random subsample from the control populations. Some leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) genotypes were more prone to dispersal, particularly when populations were increasing. These results are in agreement with the results of earlier experiments on Microtus pennsylvanicus and M. ochrogaster, and they point to the need for more detailed studies of the dispersal process in voles.
Foraging strategy of the black oyster catcher (Haematopus bachmani Audubon)
Authors: Hartwick E. B.
Published: August 2008

This study examines the foraging of black oyster catchers, Haematopus bachmani Audubon, in relation to a recent model of optimal foraging proposed by Royama in 1970. Diet is determined for three different feeding situations. Values were obtained for the parameters of Royama's model, and profitabilities were calculated for some prey in each of the three situations.A number of different hunting modes were exhibited on the feeding area. There was a tendency to select prey that were larger than average size. Mussels appeared to be most profitable and formed the greatest part of the diet in terms of weight. They occurred more frequently in the diet of chicks at the nest. Small items occurred more frequently in the diet of young after they were moved to the feeding area, and risks not considered in the model are thought to account for the change.
Sexual dimorphism in crayfish chelae: functional significance linked to reproductive activities
Authors: Stein Roy A.
Published: August 2008

Chelae of decapod crustaceans are massive structures that often make up 35–50% of their total dry weight. In most cambarid crayfishes, males have longer and heavier chelae than females. Important functions of chelae of Orconectes propinquus include (1) capture and manipulation of prey, (2) defense against predators, (3) inter- and intra-specific interactions, and (4) reproductive activities. In the laboratory, males with large chelae were more likely to survive predation, occupy positions of dominance, and copulate with females, than males with small chelae. However, chelae appeared most important for reproductive activities (male–male interaction for females as well as sexual bouts with females) and secondary for prey manipulation and defense. In sexual encounters, males used their chelae to grasp and hold females during copulation. Because males with large chelae could interact more successfully with larger more fecund females, these males may contribute proportionally more genes to future populations than males with small chelae. Consequently, selection should favor large chelae in males. Because size of chelae is reduced in nonmating males during summer, I hypothesize that large chelae are only essential for reproductive activities and not necessarily required for effective prey manipulation or predator defense.
Etude des hémocytes de Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Perron J.-M.
Published: August 2008

Hemocytes of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, were examined as suspended cells in a few drops of fixative or anticoagulant. Five types of hemocytes were identified: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular hemocytes, spherule cells, and oenocytoids. Wax cells are also present. Differential hemocyte counts were made in stages II, III, IV, and adult; total hemocyte counts were made in stages III, IV, and adult.
Free amino acids, ions, and osmotic pressure of the hemolymph of three species of blackflies
Authors: Gordon Roger , Bailey Charles H.
Published: August 2008

Hemolymph samples from field-collected larval blackflies Simulium venustum, Simulium vittatum, and Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum were separately analyzed to determine their content of amino acids and several major ions and their osmotic pressures. The hemolymph of the three blackfly species was essentially similar with respect to amino-acid pool, ionic composition, and osmotic pressure. A variety of ninhydrin-positive substances was recorded from the blood of all three blackfly species: the most abundant amino acids were glutamic acid (and its amide glutamine), alanine, proline, glycine, serine, histidine, phenylalanine (and derivative dihydroxyphenylalanine), and lysine. Phosphatide components and several specialized amino compounds normally associated with higher plants and vertebrates were present in the hemolymph. The ionic composition was atypical of Diptera, as potassium and calcium were relatively high. Sodium was found to be the major cation in the hemolymph of all three species. The osmotic pressures of the blackfly blood samples were within the range of values recorded for other aquatic Diptera.
Is Okkelbergia Creaser and Hubbs, 1922 (Petromyzonidae) a distinct taxon?
Authors: Vladykov Vadim D. , Kott Edward
Published: August 2008

Published descriptions of Okkelbergia Creaser and Hubbs, 1922 include no characteristics not found in Lampetra. Both taxa share the following generic characters: three pairs of inner lateral teeth, typically two supraoral cusps, and lack of posterial teeth. Okkelbergia is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of Lampetra Gray, 1851.
Le segment cervical des carnivores (Mammalia: Carnivora) adaptés à la vie aquatique
Authors: Bisaillon A. , Plérard J. , Larivière N.
Published: August 2008

This study is based on a comparison of the relative cervical length of 21 genera of aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial Carnivores. The shortening of the cervical segment of aquatic Carnivores is related to phylogenic affinities, mode of propulsion, and feeding habits. Species feeding on benthic forms have the shortest cervical segment.
Effects of age, temperature, and previous infection on the development of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in field crickets (Acheta pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Cawthorn Richard J. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of Physaloptera maxillaris developed to the stage infective to skunk in only 9 days in adult crickets held at 30 °C. The growth rate and final length of third-stage larvae of P. maxillaris were greater in adult crickets held at higher temperatures (i.e. 30 °C) than at lower temperatures (i.e. 20.25 °C).Crickets as young as 1 week of age were successfully infected with P. maxillaris. Third-stage larvae that were recovered from older nymphs tended to be shorter than larvae in younger nymphs. There was no correlation between mean larval length at 25 days after infection, and the total number of larvae per cricket in older nymphs. Adult and nymphal crickets were successfully given challenge infections.
The biology and functional morphology of the Southeast Asian mangrove bivalve, Polymesoda (Geloina) erosa (Solander, 1786) (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae)
Authors: Morton Brian
Published: August 2008

The Southeast Asian mangrove is inhabited by a number of bivalves one of which, Polymesoda (Geloina) erosa (Solander, 1786), is widely distributed; it occurs on the landward fringe, in fetid pools of water formed at the bases of the mangrove trees. It is covered only by spring tides and at other times is inundated by rainwater draining through the mangrove from the land. G. erosa can withstand long periods of exposure, during which time it can use subterranean water contained in the burrow. Any particles present in this water are taken into the mantle cavity via the pedal gape and so into the alimentary canal. This is an extreme adaptation to a semiterrestrial mode of life. Aerial respiration is also achieved via the mantle margin.The functional morphology of G. erosa is described and related to the animal's life in the mangrove. The morphological adaptations of Geloina are also compared with those of other bivalves, particularly the Dreissenacea to which the Corbiculacea are possibly closely related.
Evidence for the role of growth hormone as a part of a 'light–pituitary axis' in growth and smoltification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Komourdjian M. P. , Saunders R. L. , Fenwick J. C.
Published: August 2008

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were subjected to one of two photoperiod regimens: a simulated natural photoperiod, or a reciprocal photoperiod (with a light-to-dark ratio opposite to that of the natural photoperiod). The animals were held at 10 °C from mid-December onward and were sampled at 3-week intervals.By February, salmon held under the reciprocal photoperiod were significantly longer, had lower condition factors, and looked and behaved more like smolts than did those under the natural photoperiod. A separate experiment showed that salinity tolerance increased at this time. In June the situation was reversed; the salmon kept under the natural photoperiod showed greatest growth and high salinity tolerance.Longer days in either regimen coincided with an increase in number and apparent activity of pituitary somatotrops of the animals. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), pars intermedia, and prolactin cells were also judged to be active under these conditions. A role for growth hormone and other peptides as components of a 'light–pituitary axis' is discussed in relation to the parr–smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon.
A survey of terrestrial gastropods from central Maine
Authors: Gleich J. George , Gilbert Frederick F.
Published: August 2008

Terrestrial gastropods were collected in central Maine from June to November 1971 to study their distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences. Gastropods were widespread, but not abundant. Thirty-five percent of the 1626 gastropods collected were slugs. Thirty-seven snail species, including eight slug species, were found. Discus cronkhitei and Zonitoides arboreus were the most commonly collected gastropods: Deroceras reliculatum and Pallifera dorsalis were the most common slugs. Snails (excluding slugs) were more abundant in the northwestern portion of central Maine, whereas slugs were more abundant in the southeastern portion. Slugs were significantly less abundant in coniferous forests than in deciduous or mixed forests, but snail numbers (excluding slugs) in the three forest types were not significantly different.
Functional myology of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.)
Authors: Smith G. J. D. , Browne K. W. , Gaskin D. E.
Published: August 2008

The axial and pectoral musculature of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) is described, using standardized nomenclature, from dissections of 12 specimens of mixed age and sex. The axial musculature consists of two main groups, epaxial and hypaxial, which can be further subdivided: the epaxials include the spinalis, longissimus, and lateral branch of the iliocostalis lumborum, with an extensive system of tendons that insert on the vertebrae of the peduncle and flukes; the hypaxialis and the lateral branch of the hypaxialis, with fewer associated tendons, but these are also inserted on the vertebrae of the peduncle and flukes. Fifteen muscles in the pectoral region, which control position of the flippers, are described. Visual observations and film analysis of the complex locomotory and manoeuvering movements of wild harbour porpoises are used to suggest functions for the described muscles.
Segregation in feeding behaviour of four diving ducks in southern Manitoba
Authors: Siegfried W. R.
Published: August 2008

The canvasback, Aythya valisinaria; redhead, A. americana; scaup, A. affinis; and ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, are sympatric on the small wetlands of the Canadian prairie region. The four species did not occur randomly and each species tended to occur by itself more often than with any other species. Each species tended to forage in a particular part of a pond. Selection for different foraging sites appears to be important in segregating those species whose diets overlap most.
Effect of digestible energy intake on glucose synthesis in reindeer and caribou
Authors: McEwan E. H. , Whitehead Pamela , White R. G. , Anvik J. O.
Published: August 2008

Glucose parameters were estimated by multicompartmental analysis after the single injection of [U-14C] glucose in pen-fed reindeer and caribou. During the rut, the plasma concentration, pool size, space, total entry rate, irreversible loss, and glucose turnover time of male reindeer and caribou declined; all parameters increased significantly after the rut ended and feeding had begun again. In female reindeer and caribou the lowest estimates of glucose pool, space, total entry rate, and irreversible loss were noted during midpregnancy (February–April). During early lactation (May–June) significant increases were noted in total entry rate, irreversible loss, and the plasma concentration of glucose.For non-lactating reindeer and caribou, inflections in relationships between glucose total entry rate and irreversible loss with digestible energy intake were noted at a daily digestible intake of about 195 kcal/W0.75 (where W0.75 = metabolic body weight); three times more glucose was synthesized per unit digestible energy intake above the point of inflection than was synthesized below it. Per unit of protein intake, total entry rate and irreversible loss of glucose for males exceeded that of the females by 4 to 5 mg/W0.75 per minute. In female reindeer and caribou a close correlation was noted between the glucose irreversible loss and total entry rate. Glucose resynthesis was constant at 1.5 mg/W0.75 per minute.
Description of Punctodera matadorensis n.gen., n.sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Saskatchewan with lists of species and generic diagnoses of Globodera (n.rank), Heterodera, and Sarisodera
Authors: Mulvey R. H. , Stone A. R.
Published: August 2008

The new genus Punctodera is described to accommodate Punctodera punctata (Thorne) n.comb. and Punctodera matadorensis n.sp., a cyst-forming nematode from the Matador Ranch, Saskatchewan. Punctodera is primarily distinguished from other cyst-forming genera by the formation of a fenestra in the anal region. P. matadorensis differs from P. punctata, as described by Thorne, in cyst shape; the former is ovoid to spherical and the latter is pear-shaped. All cysts of P. matadorensis have well-developed terminal bullae, which are absent in P. punctata. Second-stage juveniles of Thorne's original collection of P. punctata had a body length of 350–470 μm, while those of P. matadorensis have a body length of 500–570 μm. The lobe of the esophageal gland extends posteriorly about half the body length in P. matadorensis, and about one-quarter of the body length in P. punctata. The subgenus Globodera Skarbilovich is raised to generic rank and the described species with generic diagnoses of Heterodera Schmidt, Sarisodera Wouts and Sher, and Globodera n.rank are listed.
Metastrongyles (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) of fisher (Martes pennanti) from Ontario
Authors: Craig R. E. , Borecky R. A.
Published: August 2008

Fisher (Martes pennanti) collected from central Ontario were examined for metastrongyles. Trilobostrongylus bioccai Anderson, 1963 was found in 21%; Crenosoma petrowi Morozov, 1939 in 15%; and Sobolevingylus sp., Romanov, 1952 in 2%.
Effect of synthetic luteinizing hormone – releasing hormone (LH–RH) on ovulation and pituitary cytology of the goldfish Carassius auratus
Authors: Lam T. J. , Pandey S. , Nagahama Y. , Hoar W. S.
Published: August 2008

Synthetic luteinizing hormone – releasing hormone (LH–RH) induces ovulation and stimulates release of secretory granules from the pituitary gonadotrophs of goldfish kept at 12 ± 1 °C, a temperature at which ovulation does not occur in control fish. Gonadal development is stimulated at doses too low to induce ovulation. Relatively high doses were required to induce ovulation; this may be related to the low experimental temperatures, although several other possibilities are discussed. Intracranial injections appeared to be only slightly more effective than intraperitoneal injections. A single type of gonadotroph containing two types of granules was identified at the ultrastructural level. Only the small, electron-dense granules are released after injection of synthetic LH–RH; the role of the large, less electron-dense granules is uncertain.
Porcellio spinicornis Say (Isopoda) demography. II. A comparison between field and laboratory data
Authors: McQueen Donald J.
Published: August 2008

Field data from a demographic study of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio spinicornis Say were analyzed and compared with laboratory data reported by McQueen and Carnio. On the study area, which covered 482.8 m2, it was observed that reproduction began when average temperatures were > 13 °C, and that about 86% of the individuals produced one brood and about 30% produced two broods. During 1972, 25 654 offspring were produced and during 1973, 27 664 offspring resulted from reproduction, which took place during May, June, July, and August. By October of both years, these animals attained sizes ranging from 10 to 30 mg and exhibited 42 to 47% survivorship. During the next summer, females grew to between 30 and 50 mg and males to between 20 and 40 mg, and survivorship ranged from 15% in May to 2% in August. During the third summer, females attained sizes ranging from 80 to 100 mg and males from 40 to 70 mg. Survivorship during this period ranged from 1% in May to 0% in August. All rates of growth, reproduction, and survival, as well as reproductive periodicity, agreed with independent laboratory studies conducted under controlled conditions. During the 3 years studied the field population remained relatively constant and appeared to be limited by temperature conditions.
On the role of octopine dehydrogenase in cephalopod mantle muscle metabolism
Authors: Fields Jeremy H. A. , Baldwin John , Hochachka Peter W.
Published: August 2008

Octopine dehydrogenases from the mantle muscle of the squid, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, and of the octopus, Octopus ornatus, were kinetically characterized and compared. In the squid, the specific activity of the enzyme was about 110 μmol product formed per minute per gram wet weight; in the octopus that value was over 600. Both enzymes show similar pH dependence; in the direction of octopine formation the pH optimum was about 6.5, whereas in the direction of octopine oxidation it was about 8.5. The affinities for NADH, arginine, and pyruvate were similar (Km values were about 0.04 mM, 7 mM, and 2 mM respectively). Increasing the concentration of either arginine or pyruvate increased the affinity for the cosubstrate (pyruvate or arginine), this mechanism being a means of regulating the enzyme activity in vivo. In the direction of octopine oxidation, the octopus enzyme showed a much higher affinity for octopine (Km = 0.8 mM) than did the squid enzyme (Km = 4.4 mM), suggesting that it may be better geared for reconverting octopine to arginine and pyruvate after anaerobic bursts of muscle activity.
The pyruvate branch point in squid brain: competition between octopine dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase
Authors: Fields Jeremy H. A. , Guderley Helga , Storey Kenneth B. , Hochachka Peter W.
Published: August 2008

Octopine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.11) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) from the brain of the squid, Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis, were studied kinetically. Lactate dehydrogenase had a higher affinity for pyruvate (Km = 0.37 mM) than octopine dehydrogenase (Km = 0.86 mM), whereas their affinities for NADH were similar (Km values for NADH were about 0.01 mM). The affinity of lactate dehydrogenase for lactate was low (Km = 14 mM), whereas the affinity of octopine dehydrogenase for octopine was high (Km = 0.2 mM). NAD+ strongly inhibited octopine dehydrogenase (Ki = 0.04 mM), and had a less pronounced effect on lactate dehydrogenase (Ki = 0.5 mM). The kinetic characteristics of the enzymes suggest that brain lactate dehydrogenase could function to maintain redox balance under stress conditions, whereas brain octopine dehydrogenase would function mainly in the oxidation of exogenous octopine to arginine and pyruvate.
The dynamics of collembolan populations: competitive relationships in an experimental system
Authors: Longstaff Barry C.
Published: August 2008

Three species of soil Collembola, Hypogastrura denticulata, Onychiurus armatus, and Sinella caeca, were cultured in single-species and a series of two-species cultures. The work described is an investigation of the intra- and inter-specific competitive interactions between these species. The populations were subdivided into five size classes and censused photographically every 2 weeks for 6 months. A factorial experimental design was used, consisting of two temperature regimes (a high fluctuating temperature and a constant 16 °C temperature) and 12 combinations of relative frequency of the species involved. Each treatment was replicated four times. Sinella proved to be the dominant species under the high fluctuating temperature conditions. Hypogastrura performed very poorly under these conditions, but was more successful in the constant 16 °C environment. Onychiurus did very well in single-species cultures in both environments, but declined in the presence of a second species. Coexistence was only obtained in some of the replicates from the 16 °C regime. In the interaction between Sinella and Hypogastrura the ultimate dominance was dependent upon the initial ratio of the two species. The mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.
Taxonomic status of male salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex from an Ontario population, with the first record of the Jefferson salamander, A. jeffersonianum (Green), from Canada
Authors: Weller Wayne F. , Sprules W. Gary
Published: August 2008

Nine morphological criteria were used to determine the taxonomic status of the male salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex from a population near Streetsville, Toronto Township, Peel County, Ontario: (a) snout–vent length; (b) ratio of tail length to snout–vent length; (c) internarial width; (d) extent of separation or overlap of the toes of adpressed limbs; (e) total length; (f) ratio of tail length to total length; (g) ratio of internarial width to snout–vent length; (h) colouration of dorsal, lateral, and ventral body surfaces; and, (i) extent and distribution of the bluish spotting. The results indicate that all of these males resemble A. jeffersonianum or A. platineum rather than A. latérale. Since A. platineum males occur very rarely in nature, these Streetsville individuals are logically assigned to A. jeffersonianum. This represents the first record of this species from Canada. Based upon this new distributional datum of A. jeffersonianum and of the two Diploid species from the literature, we suggest that these triploid species may have originated in post-Wisconsin times and subsequently dispersed northward.
Histological changes in trout testis produced by injections of salmon pituitary gonadotropin
Authors: Drance Michael G. , Hollenberg Martin J. , Smith Michael , Wylie Vivian
Published: August 2008

The histological changes produced in testes of immature trout (Salmo gairdneri) by biweekly injections of salmon pituitary gonadotropin have been studied. The hormone injections quickly induced spermatogenesis and mature sperm were present 12 weeks later. Sperm precursor cells formed in orderly progression and large numbers of cells at the same stage of development were present at each week during the cycle. At no time, however, after the first 2 weeks was a pure population of a single germ cell type present throughout the testis. Sertoli cells were identified for the first time in trout testis. The results revealed no significant differences in morphology of germ cells in the accelerated system from that previously described during normal maturation of trout testis. Therefore, hormonally accelerated spermatogenesis in trout appears to be an ideal system for biochemical analysis of the factors regulating and contributing to sperm maturation.
Effects of winter conditions on the white-tailed deer of Delta Marsh, Manitoba
Authors: Kucera Emil
Published: August 2008

Summary of food and habitat preferences of Delta Marsh deer is presented. Wind-chill and snow-cover data were compared for three successive winters and related to the next year's fawning success. Snow cover that limited access to the herbaceous food, rather than wind and low temperature, apparently was responsible for the annual differences in observed fawn:doe ratios. Deer adapted their activity to both weather and snow-cover conditions. Use of different vegetation types was inversely related to snow-cover thickness. It is suggested that acute malnutrition, or inanition, without range depletion may be a common mechanism of regulating populations of ungulates that live near the limits of the species' distribution in areas with severe winters.
The role of a flat cornea in the amphibious behaviour of the blackfoot penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
Authors: Sivak J. G.
Published: August 2008

Refractive state of the eye of the blackfoot penguin (Spheniscus demersus) was measured in air and under simulated aquatic conditions. Contrary to the literature that states that penguins are adapted for vision under water and are therefore myopic in air, S. demersus is emmetropic in air and moderately hyperopic under water. Study of corneal curvature and pupil response indicates that a mechanism of compensation for amphibious activity involving a split aperture is not present. However, a relatively flat cornea minimizes the refractive change induced when moving from air to water or vice versa. It is suggested that the hyperopia that persists in water may be lessened through accommodation or as a result of the spectral quality of the aquatic environment (blue, blue-green).
Ceratomyxa anoplopoma sp.n. (Protozoa, Myxosporida) from the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria
Authors: Moser Mike
Published: August 2008

Ceratomyxa anoplopoma sp.n. is described from the gallbladder of the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, from off southern California.
Intestinal helminths in Macaca sylvanus of Gibraltar
Authors: Burton F. D. , Underwood C.
Published: August 2008

Intestinal parasitism in 30 free-ranging Macaca sylvanus is limited to three forms of nematode.
Description of Megalophalloides apanhorayi gen. et sp.n. (Trematoda: Microphallidae) from mice and freshwater crabs of Peru
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei , Herrera Nicanor Ibáñez
Published: August 2008

Metacercarial stages of a trematode were found in the digestive gland of the freshwater crab, Pseudothelphusa chilensis, from streams of the Cajamarca Highlands, Peru. These were fed to mice, and adults were recovered from their intestines after 5–7 days. The trematodes are described as Megalophalloides apanhorayi gen. et sp.n. within the family Microphallidae, subfamily Microphallinae, tribe Microphallini. A generic diagnosis and a table comparing the new genus with Atriotrema Belopolskaya, 1958, Megalophallus Cable et al., 1960 and Pseudomegalophallus Yamaguti, 1971, are presented. The new genus differs from the three related genera in having a genital atrium with thick lateral walls surrounded by small gland cells, a thin, non-specialized metraterm, and a small, unlined prostatic vesicle.
A synopsis of the Micropezidae (Diptera) of Canada and Alaska, with descriptions of four new species
Authors: Merritt Richard W. , Peterson B. V.
Published: August 2008

Keys and illustrations are presented for the identification of the adults of the three subfamilies, five genera, and 16 species of Micropezidae known to occur in Canada and Alaska. Four new species are described: Cnodacophora immaculata, C. subarctica, Compsobata columbiana, and Micropeza chillcotti. Distribution maps are provided for each species.
The onset and duration of fertility in the American kestrel
Authors: Bird David M. , Buckland Roger B.
Published: August 2008

Eight American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were artificially inseminated once and their eggs removed one by one to determine the onset and duration of fertility. A mean duration of fertility of 8.1 days, ranging from 4 to 12 days, suggests the presence of sperm storage glands in this species. The fact that fertile eggs can appear 48 h after insemination indicates that onset of fertility is at most 1 day, allowing for 1 day of egg formation.
Bias and mortality in the use of tartar emetic to determine the diet of ovenbirds (Aves: Parulidae)
Authors: Zach R. , Falls J. B.
Published: August 2008

Two experiments were performed with captive ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) to investigate sources of bias in the estimation of the diet using tartar emetic (0.3 ml of 1% antimony potassium tartrate solution). Mortality caused by exposure to emetic was investigated in newly caught birds and those involved in the experiments.Most birds exposed to emetic regurgitated, although to a variable degree. The action of the chemical was independent of prey type. However, differential digestibility of prey types was found to be a serious problem, making the application of correction factors in the estimation of the diet necessary. Induction of conditioned aversion to prey types vomited did not appear to be important.Mortality was relatively low (12.5%), except for birds exposed to the additional stress associated with capture (50%). Successive applications of emetic within a relatively short time interval invariably resulted in death. Caution is suggested in the use of tartar emetic.
Effects of hypophysectomy and ovine prolactin on the epithelial mucus-secreting cells of the Pacific staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus (Teleostei: Cottidae)
Authors: Marshall William S.
Published: August 2008

Although hypophysectomy did not affect the number of skin mucous cells of sculpins in 5% seawater (1.4‰ salinity), there were fewer mucous cells in the gills, compared with intact and sham-operated controls. Injections of ovine prolactin (10 μg/g) maintained the number of gill mucous cells of the hypophysectomized fish at levels near that of sham-operated controls. The results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of mucus secretion in teleost osmoregulation. An index method for easily estimating the number of mucous cells in the gill is described and evaluated.
Predator size and prey size: presumed relationship in the mantid Hierodula coarctata Saussure
Authors: Holling C. S. , Dunbrack R. L. , Dill L. M.
Published: August 2008

Measurements of tibia length and tibial hook angle were used to calculate optimum prey size in 714 specimens of the mantid Hierodula coarctata. These values were then regressed on the cube root of dry body weight to derive a presumed predator–prey size relationship for the species. Energetic arguments are advanced to account for the observed relationship. An interspecific relationship is also demonstrated for three species of mantids and two species of mantis shrimp (stomatopod crustaceans).
The fine structure of capture nets of larval Philopotamidae (Trichoptera), with special emphasis on Dolophilodes distinctus
Authors: Wallace J. Bruce , Malas Diane
Published: August 2008

Philopotamid larvae spin, in flowing waters, capture nets that have the smallest mesh opening sizes recorded among trichopterans. Sac-like nets of final-instar Dolophilodes distinctus are up to 6 cm long and 8 to 15 cm in circumference. Both larval nets and mesh opening sizes increase with instar, those of final instars being about 0.5 × 5.5 μm. Based on scanning electron microscope examination, a probable net construction sequence is proposed. The structure of the silk-gland opening suggests that a larva can simultaneously spin about 70 of the smallest (0.15 μm diameter) silk strands. Mature larvae may have about 100 million meshes per capture net and have silk strands totaling over 1.0 km in length, but the small diameter of these strands represents a small volume of silk. Food of D. distinctus consists primarily of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), with associated microflora, and some diatoms. Larvae possess specialized feeding structures for collection of FPOM from the net. Nets of a Wormaldia sp. examined consisted of several layers of elongate rectangular meshes (about 0.4 × 3.7 μm). Underlying net layers are arranged diagonally, resulting in further reductions in effective mesh size to dimensions of about 0.4 × 0.4 μm. Larval nets of Chimarra spp. examined have both elongate rectangular mesh-opening shapes and nets apparently consisting of randomly arranged silk strands.
Refractive and histological study of accommodation in two species of sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum and Carcharhinus milberti)
Authors: Sivak J. G. , Gilbert P. W.
Published: August 2008

Refractive states were measured with a retinoscope in two species of sharks, before and after anaesthesia. Large refractive changes (up to 13 dioptres) were noted in Ginglymostoma cirratum, while lesser changes (up to 3 dioptres) were found in Carcharhinus milberti. The direction of refractive change (toward hyperopia with anaesthesia) agrees with the mechanism of accommodation described by Franz for elasmobranchs. Stimulation of the oculomotor nerve of G. cirratum produces a partial reversal of the refractive change induced by anaesthesia. Histological study of the ventral ciliary body of both species indicates that contractile elements may be present. The density of these elements is maximum below points of apparent lenticular attachment.
A comparative study of the osmoregulatory ability of three species of leech (Hirudinoidea) and its relationship to their distribution in Alberta
Authors: Reynoldson Trefor B. , Davies Ronald W.
Published: August 2008

Three species of freshwater leeches, Nephelopsis obscura, Helobdella stagnalis, and Theromyzon rude, were examined to determine their osmoregulatory ability. N. obscura and H. stagnalis were able to maintain themselves hyperosmotically in media between 15.6 and 59.5 mosmol/1 and between 47 and 112.7 mosmol/1 respectively but were conformers at higher media concentrations. T. rude was found to be a regulator in both hypo- and hyper-osmotic media. The relationship between the osmoregulatory ability and the distribution of each species in Alberta is discussed.
Developmental rates of embryos of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in response to various levels of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and water exchange
Authors: Hamor T. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Embryos of Atlantic salmon. Salmo salur L., were incubated from fertilization to completion of hatching at 5 and 10 °C, at 20, 50, and 100% air-saturation, and at several rates of water exchange from 0.2 to 15 ml/s. Developmental rate to various structural stages, expressed as the reciprocal of time units, and hatching time were significantly controlled by temperature, oxygen supply, and rate of water exchange. Survival during embryogenesis and during the hatching period were limited primarily by oxygen supply and secondarily by water exchange, both having highly significant effects. The effect of temperature ranked third but was also statistically significant. Lower temperature reduced the rate of development and enhanced survival through hutching. Developmental rate and survival increased directly with increasing concentration of dissolved oxygen and with increasing rate of water exchange.
Population and density of the bipolar ganglion cells in the cochlea of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777)
Authors: Ramprashad F.
Published: August 2008

The population and density of the bipolar ganglion cells were determined from serial horizontal sections and graphic reconstructions of the cochleas of five captive harp seals. The [Formula: see text]-turn spiral ganglion forms a continuous ring throughout its course except at the extreme basal end where it is narrowest. The nerve cell body is 25 μm long (16.1–38.8 μm) and 16 μm wide (10–24 μm). The average number of ganglion cells present was 57 185 (46 389 – 70 952), with a corrected total number of 52 000 ganglion cells. Two peaks are present in the density curve of the ganglion cells. The first was at 1–1.5 mm and the second at 20 mm, where 2620 cells/mm2 and 2250 cells/mm2 respectively are present.The ratio of total ganglion cells to total sensory hair cells was about 3:1. This ratio was not uniform throughout the length of the cochlea; it was 6:1 at 2–3 mm from the basal end and declined gradually to 3:1 at the apical end. The average total of ganglion cells in the harp seal exceeded the average value in humans, but did not exceed the values found in dolphins.
Occurrence of an arctic fairy shrimp Polyartemiella hazeni (Murdoch) 1884 (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Alberta and Yukon Territory
Authors: Daborn Graham R.
Published: August 2008

New records are reported for the arctic fairy shrimp Polyartemiella hazeni (Murdoch) 1884 in Yukon Territory and Alberta. The Alberta record, a single male from stomach contents of a rainbow trout, represents a range extension of more than 1600 km, but the population could not be located. Distribution of the species is summarized.
Regulation of food supply by feeding territoriality in the rufous hummingbird
Authors: Gass Clifton Lee , Angehr George , Centa Janice
Published: August 2008

This field study of female and immature migratory rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) reveals that their feeding territories are closely regulated in size to maintain environmental reserves of energy per individual. Columbine (Aquilegia formosa) produces nectar about four times as fast per nectary as Indian paintbrush (Castilleja miniata) but territories have similar daily caloric productivity regardless of their floral species composition.Une étude en nature de femelles et d'oisilons du colibri migrateur Selasphorus rufus démontre que les territoires où ils se nourrissent sont délimités de façon à ce qu'il y ait dans le milieu une réserve constante d'énergie par individu. L'ancolie (Aquilegia formosa) produit son nectar environ quatre fois plus vite par nectaire que la castilléjie Castilleja miniata, mais les territoires ont des productivités caloriques quotidiennes semblables, quelle que soit la composition de la population florale.[Traduit par le journal]
Mutational blockage of DNA synthesis in Paramecium tetraurelia
Authors: Peterson E. L. , Berger J. D.
Published: August 2008

One hundred and ninety-eight temperature-sensitive mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia were isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. In some experiments, mutants were recovered with the aid of a bromouracil (BU) selection system. Fifty-six mutants showed cessation of cell division within one cell cycle at the restrictive temperature and were designated ts-0. Fourteen of the ts-0's showed a greater than 90% reduction in rnacronuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis at the restrictive temperature. Two ts-0. DNA-defective lines continued protein synthesis at greater than 50% the normal rate after arrest of DNA synthesis. Hence, these two mutants may be directly affected in the replication process itself. The two mutants are allelic and, in addition, a third 'leaky' allele was recovered. Comparison of experiments in which either BU selection or no selection was employed shows that a greater than 10-fold enrichment for ts mutants resulted from BU selection.
A comparison of the life histories and growth patterns of populations of the salamander Ambystoma gracile (Baird) from permanent low-altitude and montane lakes
Authors: Eagleson Gerald W.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory and field studies were initiated to study the life-history patterns of populations of Ambystoma gracile from three permanent lakes located at different altitudes in southwestern British Columbia. Laboratory studies indicated clear differences between low- and high-altitude populations with respect to larval growth, timing of metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis, and the incidence of neoteny. Field studies indicated that low-altitude neotenous females became sexually mature at a length of 7.1 cm (snout to vent length, SVL); but owing to the shorter seasons within higher altitude lakes, neotenous females required more seasons to attain sexual maturity. High- and low-altitude males attained sexual maturity at 7.4-cm SVL, but a few smaller, sexually mature males were discovered within the high-altitude lake. Neotenous females reproduced annually within the low-altitude lake, but high-altitude neotenous females did not reproduce during successive years. Possible genetic adaptations to low and high altitudes are discussed.
Spawning-site selection in relation to parental care of eggs in Aequidens paraguayensis (Pisces: Cichlidae)
Authors: Keenleyside Miles H. A. , Prince Cameron E.
Published: August 2008

Aequidens paraguayensis laid their eggs on small rather than large, and unweighted rather than weighted artificial leaves. Before spawning the fish moved available leaf litter into the deeper section of a two-depth aquarium. After spawning the parents moved the egg-bearing leaf into areas of relatively deep water and dense cover, especially in response to the presentation of a predator model. Female parents moved the leaf with eggs more often, but performed fewer aggressive acts towards the predator model, than male parents did. All of these behaviours are seen as adaptations to counter egg predation, and possibly also to cope with rapid changes in water levels, which frequently occur in the natural habitat.
An 11-year study of small mammal populations at Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

Mont St. Hilaire has an area of about 10 km2 covered by sugar maple and beech forest. Longworth traps were used on 46 grids from 1966 to 1976 in the snow-free period, mainly in June. One thousand and fifty-one individuals of 10 species of small mammals were captured. Two-thirds of these were Peromyscus, mainly P. maniculatus. Six female and one male Microtus pennsylvanicus were captured, all at least 1000 m from the nearest grassland, which is the usual habitat of this species.Within the forest the species apparently do not segregate into different habitats. Distribution, as measured by the number of grids on which each species was captured, is a function of total numbers. The relationship holds intraspecifically and interspecifically. Peromyscus (species combined), Clethrionomys gapperi, and Blarina brevicauda varied in June numbers from year to year. The range of variation was greatest for Peromyscus. Numbers of Peromyscus and Clethrionomys did not vary synchronously, and neither showed evidence of a regular periodicity in their fluctuations. Regular periodicity in fluctuations appears to be more prevalent in boreal forest populations than in deciduous forest populations. Some of the relevant factors are discussed.Le Mont Saint-Hilaire a une superficie d'environ 10 km2 et est recouvert d'une forêt d'érables à sucre et de hêtres. On a utilisé des pièges Longworth dans 46 sections d'un quadrillage, de 1966 à 1976, durant la période sans neige, surtout en juin. On a recueilli de cette façon 1051 petits mammifères appartenant à 10 espèces. Les deux-tiers de ces animaux appartiennent au genre Peromyscus, et ce sont surtout des P. maniculatus. Six femelles et un mâle de Microtus pennsylvanicus ont été capturés, tous à au moins 1000 m de la prairie la plus proche, environnement habituel de cette espèce.
Swimmers' itch in New Brunswick: distribution and description of the causative agent, Cercaria catascopii n.sp.
Authors: Scott Marilyn E. , Burt M. D. B.
Published: August 2008

Distribution of swimmers' itch (schistosome dermatitis) was determined during the summers of 1974, 1975, and 1976 through examination of over 2000 snails collected from sites on 18 recreationally important lakes in New Brunswick. The causative agent is identified as Cercaria catascopii n.sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae). Infected snails of two species, Lymnaea catascopium catascopium Say and Physa gyrina Say, were found in three lakes: Magaguadavic, Utopia, and Chamcook. P. gyrina is recorded here from New Brunswick for the first time.