bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Per Capita Rate of Population Change: How Well Do Life-History Surrogates Perform?
Authors: Chmielewski M W , Khatchikian C , Livdahl T
Published: August 2010

A method of estimating per capita rate of change for experimental populations in the absence of adult survival and fecundity schedules (r′) was proposed previously (J. Anim. Ecol. 53: 573–580; 1984). The method has been used repeatedly, although there has been no attempt to verify the relationship between r′ and the per capita growth rate in populations. This method was tested with laboratory populations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) growing at three larval densities. Survival and fecundity schedules enabled calculation of per capita growth rate, r, for each population, whereas measuring emergent females enabled the calculation r′. The capacity of r′ to predict r was significant, although a substantial amount of variation in r remained unaccounted for, and r′ overestimated r. The degree of overestimation of r by r′ was consistent across the three densities, and the regressions off and r′ versus density were similar. Overestimation of per capita rate of change by r′ is attributed largely to extensive adult longevity in laboratory conditions for this species, coupled with a lengthy reproductive period, in combination with prereproductive adult mortality, both of which are assumed to be negligible with the r′ method. Separate indicators of larval success were also tested for their predictions of r; only first day emergence and average development time were significant predictors although neither performed as well as r′. The r′ index accounted for the largest fraction of variation in r. Implications of overestimating r by r′ to estimating other population parameters are discussed.
Pheromone Emission Rate by Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Response to Adult Starvation and Presence of Conspecifics
Authors: Edde P A , Phillips T W
Published: August 2010

Males of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) produce the aggregation pheromones dominicalure-1 (DL1) and dominicalure-2 (DL2), which attract both sexes of the beetle to food source and for mating. The insect only releases these male-produced pheromones during feeding, and volatile emissions from other insect or plant species are not known to contain DL1 or DL2. Studies have suggested that overcrowding and the nutritional state of the adult could have an important effect upon life history parameters such as longevity, mating, and reproduction in the insect. In the current study, we used quantitative gas chromatographic techniques to examine the effect of temporary starvation and beetle density on pheromone dynamics in the insect. R. dominica males that were unfed immediately before testing released less quantity of pheromones compared with fed insects, but pheromone release returned to normal over time on resumption of feeding. Pheromone signaling in the beetle was affected by the interactions between food quantity and male density. The interactive effect showed that by increasing the quantity of food, thus reducing the density of males per quantity of food, the hitherto low rate of pheromone release observed in the insect was reversed and individual males release more pheromone, and thus a stronger signal for responders, as if they were alone with adequate food. The study also showed that the quantity of pheromone emitted per male declined with increasing beetle density and that this effect is stronger in the presence of other males than of females.
Multi-Island Endemicity: Phylogeography and Conservation of Coelus pacificus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Darkling Beetles on the California Channel Islands
Authors: Chatzimanolis Stylianos , Norris Leigh A , Caterino Michael S
Published: August 2010

The California Channel Islands have been the focus of multiple conservation studies on charismatic vertebrates and plant species, but very few studies have focused on insects. In this study we examined the phylogeography of Coelus pacificus Fall (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a dune-inhabiting darkling beetle, endemic to the islands. Our aim in this study is to decipher the relationships between C. pacificus and the congeneric species Coelus ciliatus Eschscholtz that is distributed on the mainland, to examine the biogeographic relationships of the islands and augment the conservation efforts on the islands with insect data. We sequenced 235 specimens of Coelus for the cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene. We performed phylogenetic analyses to assess the historical relationships of the different species and islands. We also examined the connectedness of the islands by using pairwise φst and hierarchical analysis of molecular variance to test alternate hypotheses of geographical structure, Based on the phylogenetic analyses, C. pacificus is a valid, multi-island endemic species. Haplotypes were grouped into two clades: one clade composed of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, and San Nicolas; and the other clade composed of Santa Catalina and San Clemente. The highest haplotypic diversity was observed in San Clemente and San Nicolas islands, but all islands had unique haplotypes. Two haplotypes morphologically indistinguishable from C. pacificus formed a sister clade to C. ciliatus, suggesting either an ancient hybridization event or cryptic speciation. The California Channel Islands should be managed on a system wide basis, at least for some of the organisms or habitats and each island's population requires separate management to protect genetic integrity.
Numerical simulation of 3D flow around an overlapping cylinder
Authors: Guo Y. , Zhang J. , Zhang L.
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates the complex interaction between turbulent flow and a deep-water marine structure (overlapping circular cylinders) using a commercial computational fluid dynamics code applying the large eddy simulation approach. A number of three-dimensional large eddy simulations of wake flow around overlapping cylinders of finite heights are carried out for incoming flow Reynolds number in the range 1·0 × 104 to 1·0 × 105. The effect of the height of a circular mud mat having a fixed diameter and its effect on the turbulent flow and pressure fields around this kind of bluff body is investigated. The numerically computed results show some features of the complex separated flow structures and wake properties behind the cylinder. The simulated flow velocity field together with the bed material data can be used to evaluate and estimate the scour around the overlapping cylinder and assess its stability.
Nitrogen Release from Slow‐Release Fertilizers as Affected by Soil Type and Temperature
Authors: Fan X. H. , Li Y. C.
Published: August 2010

Loss of N from fertilized agricultural soils is a serious problem that can negatively affect environmental quality. Nitrogen loss can be moderated by using slow‐release fertilizer (SRF) products (e.g., those created through condensation of urea and formaldehyde) in place of 100% water‐soluble N. Release of N from SRFs is affected by the soil environment. To evaluate soil effects on N release, we conducted an incubation study in which temperature and soil type were varied. Four SRFs were studied: liquid Nitamin 30L (L30), liquid Nitamin RUAG 521G30 (G30), granular Nitamin 42G (N42) (all from Georgia Pacific Chemicals, Decatur, GA), and granular Nitroform (NF) (Agrium Advanced Technologies, Loveland, CO). The fertilizers were incubated for 78 d at 20, 25, and 30°C in a sandy soil and at 25°C in a loamy soil. Differential N release kinetics of the N sources were determined by measuring NH4–N and NO3–N concentrations throughout the incubation. Net N released as a percentage of total N in the fertilizer was significantly affected by N source, temperature, time, and soil type. Increasing temperature increased net N release. The N release rate decreased in the order N42 > G30 > L30 > NF in the sandy soil and G30 > N42 > L30 > NF in the loamy soil. Overall, the release rates of these fertilizers were greater in the loamy soil. The N release characteristics determined in this study can help in the selection of the appropriate SRF source for crops grown under different soil and climatic conditions to improve N use efficiency and minimize N loss to the environment.
Interaction of Phosphorus Compounds with Anion‐Exchange Membranes: Implications for Soil Analysis
Authors: Cheesman Alexander W. , Turner Benjamin L. , Reddy K. Ramesh
Published: August 2010

Anion exchange membranes are commonly used to measure readily exchangeable and microbial P in soil, yet there is little information on their interactions with organic and condensed inorganic P compounds, which can interfere with interpretation of the results. We addressed this by quantifying the sorption of a range of P compounds to a commonly used anion exchange membrane (551642S, BDH‐Prolabo, VWR International, Lutterworth, UK). Sorption and recovery of orthophosphate by the membranes was complete up to 1.17 g P m−2 The membranes also completely recovered sodium pyrophosphate, glucose 6‐phosphate, and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, as well as significant levels (20–60%) of 2‐aminoethylphosphonic acid, sodium hexametaphosphate, and sodium phytate. Only sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, and d‐glucose 6‐phosphate were detected subsequently as molybdate‐reactive P after elution with 0.25 mol L−1 H2SO4, however, indicating their hydrolysis in the acid eluant. Solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to confirm the stability of the tested compounds when exposed to the membrane and the absence of significant concentrations of orthophosphate as trace contaminants in the compound preparations. Finally, for a series of tropical wetland soils from the Republic of Panama, we found negligible difference in eluted P concentrations determined by molybdate colorimetry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for both unfumigated and hexanol‐fumigated samples. We therefore conclude that although organic and condensed inorganic P compounds can be recovered by anion exchange membranes, this is likely to have limited impact on the analysis of soil samples.
Cropping Intensity Impacts on Soil Aggregation and Carbon Sequestration in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Mikha Maysoon M. , Benjamin Joseph G. , Vigil Merle F. , Nielson David C.
Published: August 2010

The predominant cropping system in the Central Great Plains is conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer fallow. We investigated the effect of 15 yr of cropping intensities, fallow frequencies, and tillage (CT and no‐till [NT]) practices on soil organic C (SOC) sequestration, particulate organic matter (POM), and wet aggregate‐size distribution. A crop rotation study was initiated in 1990 at Akron, CO, on a silt loam. In 2005, soil samples were collected from the 0‐ to 5‐ and 5‐ to 15‐cm depths in permanent grass, native prairie, and cropping intensities (CI) that included winter wheat, corn (Zea mays L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), dry pea (Pisum sativum L.), and summer fallow. The native prairie was sampled to provide a reference point for changes in soil parameters. The most intensive crop rotation significantly increased C sequestration compared with the other CIs where fallow occurred once every 2 or 3 yr. Legume presence in the rotation did not improve SOC sequestration relative to summer fallow. Significant amounts of macroaggregates were associated with grass and intensive cropping compared with the rotations that included fallow. Reduced fallow frequency and continuous cropping significantly increased soil POM near the surface compared with NT wheat–fallow. Macroaggregates exhibited a significant positive relationship with SOC and POM. A significant negative correlation was observed between microaggregates and POM, especially at 0‐ to 5‐cm depth. Overall, a positive effect of continuous cropping and NT was observed on macroaggregate formation and stabilization as well as SOC and POM.
Relative Water Uptake Rate as a Criterion for Trickle Irrigation System Design: I. Coupled Source–Sink Steady Water Flow Model
Authors: Communar Gregory , Friedman Shmulik P.
Published: August 2010

We have developed a new modeling approach for designing the geometry of trickle irrigation systems: root water uptake rate is treated as the unknown, i.e., sought after, quantity. It is determined from solutions to the linearized, steady‐water‐flow problem that describes the interaction between surface point (or line) sources and subsurface point (or line) sinks. We postulate that a sink that creates a maximum allowable suction defines an upper bound to the relative water uptake, and propose to use this upper bound as a design criterion. In the basic scenarios of a coupled source and sink, as few as three system parameters—the soil sorptive number (inverse of the sorptive length) and the depth and radius of the conceived rooting zone—can be sufficient to characterize the competition between root water uptake and deep percolation processes. In its dimensionless form, the proposed water uptake model is general for all soil types and all source–sink geometries. Evaporation is taken into account in the basic solutions for a source–sink couple with matric‐flux‐potential‐dependent evaporative water flux at the soil surface. Local resistance can be incorporated into the model by adding a skin resistance at the soil–sink interface. In addition to evaluating the relative water uptake rate, we also plotted contours of constant matric flux potential (pressure head and saturation degree) and streamlines, including the dividing streamlines that delineate the water capture zone and separate it from the deep percolation zone and the evaporation zone. Using computations, we elucidated the effects of the above system parameters on the relative water uptake rate and water flow patterns for three‐ and two‐dimensional systems; these computations describe single drippers, drip tapes, and drip lines with closely spaced drippers.
Compressibility of Repacked Soil as Affected by Wetting and Drying between Uniaxial Compression Tests
Authors: Schäffer B. , Boivin P. , Schulin R.
Published: August 2010

According to the classical concept of precompression stress, soil compaction increases precompression stress up to the maximum applied stress, while it leaves the compression index, i.e., the slope of the virgin compression line, unaffected. In field studies performed under unsaturated conditions, however, soil compaction was usually found to increase the precompression stress less than expected and to decrease the compression index. Our hypothesis was that this discrepancy may result from changes in the soil moisture status between compaction in the field and compression tests, including the common practice of preconditioning samples to a standard initial water potential for compression tests. To test this hypothesis, we performed confined uniaxial compression tests in which samples of repacked agricultural loamy topsoil were subjected to five compression cycles with increasing maximum stress. Part of the samples were subjected to a wetting–drying cycle and subsequently conditioned to water potentials of either −1, −6, or −30 kPa before each of Compression Cycles 1, 3, and 5, while the other samples were conditioned to these water potentials only before Cycle 1 and not subjected to any wetting–drying cycles. The concept of precompression stress was found to be fully valid as long as the samples were not subjected to wetting–drying cycles and not reconditioned between compression events. In contrast, the wetting–drying cycles and sample conditioning between compression events reduced both the precompression stress and the compression index. Such effects are not accounted for by the classical concept of precompression stress.
Effect of Probe Deflection on Dual‐Probe Heat‐Pulse Thermal Conductivity Measurements
Authors: Kluitenberg Gerard J. , Kamai Tamir , Vrugt Jasper A. , Hopmans Jan W.
Published: August 2010

The dual‐probe heat‐pulse (DPHP) method is useful for measuring soil thermal properties; however, the probes of a DPHP sensor can deflect when inserted into the soil. Theoretical analysis has shown that measurements of thermal conductivity (λ) should be unaffected by deflection‐induced changes in probe spacing. To verify this result, the conductivities of water, dry sand, and saturated sand were measured using DPHP sensors with probes subject to inward deflection, no deflection, and outward deflection. No error in λ was detected when probes were deflected inward by an amount that caused a 14% reduction in probe spacing. Outward deflection (15% increase in spacing) caused error in λ estimates, but the errors were small (≤0.04 W m−1 K−1) and likely to be of little consequence in most applications. We conclude that estimates of λ obtained with the DPHP method are largely unaffected by changes in probe spacing caused by deflection.
Evapotranspiration Partitioning in a Semiarid Woodland: Ecohydrologic Heterogeneity and Connectivity of Vegetation Patches
Authors: Newman Brent D. , Breshears David D. , Gard Marvin O.
Published: August 2010

Partitioning evapotranspiration into its evaporation and transpiration components is critical for understanding ecohydrologic processes in drylands. Existing partitioning estimates, however, have not adequately accounted for the heterogeneity associated with woody plant canopy patches and intercanopy patches so characteristic of dryland ecosystems. We measured water contents, stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), Cl−, and NO3− from core samples collected during an intense drought in canopy and intercanopy patches in a semiarid, piñon–juniper [Pinus edulis Engelm.– Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.] woodland in northern New Mexico to assess patch‐scale heterogeneity and evapotranspiration partitioning. Soil zone residence times based on Cl− ranged from 6 to 37 yr, highlighting the long time scale of percolation in these woodlands. The average NO3− concentration was nearly seven times lower in canopy patches, indicating substantial biogeochemical heterogeneity. Average δ2H values from shallow soil (<0.1 m) were 11 to 17‰ lower in canopy patches, suggesting lower soil evaporation losses compared with intercanopy patches; however, significantly larger Cl− inventories in canopy patches indicate up to four to six times more total evapotranspiration. Taken together, lower evaporation and greater evapotranspiration suggest that canopy patches have substantially larger transpiration rates and lower evaporation/transpiration ratios than intercanopy patches. Our results support a basic but untested conceptual model of patch connectivity where woody plants utilize substantial amounts of intercanopy water that has been redistributed from intercanopy to canopy patches via hydraulic gradients created by root uptake—a finding not generally modeled but potentially relevant to globally extensive patchy‐structured drylands.
The Ethical Obligations of Researchers in Protecting the Rights of Human Research Subjects
Authors: Blackmer Jeff
Published: August 2010

Post World War II trials of Nazi crimes against humanity also exposed the horrific and deadly experiments conducted by the Nazi physicians on prisoners in the concentration camps. These trials resulted in the adoption of the “Nuremberg Code” for medical research, which was codified and adopted by the 18th World Medical Association (WMA) General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, in June 1964. The “Declaration of Helsinki,” as it became known, and its amendments and clarifications represent a universal standard for the conduct of research and human subject care. Assurance of scientific integrity, appropriateness and utility of research, and protection of human subjects are at the core of ethical principles to be upheld regardless of the geographic location where research is conducted.
In the News
Authors: Nicogossian Arnauld
Published: August 2010

The Editors strive to select worthy medical news and materials of interest for the international readers of the Journal. These materials can help with development of medical and public health policies and standards. For in‐depth information, readers should visit the links cited at the end of each news item. Additional medical news can be found on the Internet‐based websites, some free of charge, such as MedScape, Stone Heart, American College of Physicians, and the World Medical Association.
Theoretical and experimental comparative studies of nonlinear optical properties for selected melaminium compounds
Authors: Drozd Marek , Marchewka Mariusz
Published: August 2010

The bis(melaminium) sulphate dihydrate, 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazin-1,3-ium tartrate monohydrate, 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium hydrogenphthalate, 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium acetate acetic acid solvate monohydrate, 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium bis(selenate) trihydrate, melaminium diperchlorate hydrate, melaminium bis(trichloroacetate) monohydrate and melaminium bis(4-hydroxybenzenesulphonate) dihydrate were discovered recently as perspective materials for nonlinear optical applications. On the basis of X-ray structures for eight melaminium compounds the time dependent Hartree Fock (TDHF) method was used for calculation of the polarizability, and first and second hyperpolarizability. Detailed directional studies of calculated hyperpolarizability for all investigated melaminium compounds are shown. The theoretical results are compared with experimental values of β.
Comparison of IFCC and NGSP methods for determination of glycated haemoglobin using advanced regression techniques
Authors: Mrázová Viera , Mocák Ján , Bednárová Adriána , Balla Ján
Published: August 2010

The objective of this work was a correct statistical comparison of two assay methods for determination of glycated haemoglobin HbA1c. The immunoturbidimetric determination of HbA1c was performed in two ways: using an automatic analyser Hitachi 912, calibrated according to the IFCC reference system (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine) and using an analyser Advia 1200 and the NGSP reference system (National Glycohaemoglobin Standardization Program). For statistical comparison of these two analytical methods several advanced regression methods were used, which respect random errors of both compared methods. Specifically, Deming regression with and without weights, orthogonal regression, and Passing-Bablok regression were employed. The results demonstrate that the investigated analytical assay methods do not correspond to each other. The summarized results indicate usefulness of better harmonisation of two existing reference systems.
A Partial Trisomy 2p(p21→pter) Derived from a Paternal t(2;4)(p21;q33) Karyotype
Authors: Mahjoubi F , Zolfagary N
Published: August 2010

A Partial Trisomy 2p(p21→pter) Derived from a Paternal t(2;4)(p21;q33) Karyotype

We describe a 7-year-old boy with additional material on 4q whose karyotype was 46, XY, der(4) t(2;4)(p21: q33). The father's karyotype was 46, XY, t(2;4)(p21;q33) and the mother's was normal. These results indicate that the extra material on 4q in the patient originated from the father's chromosome 2p. The patient had dysmorphic facial features, prominent ears, long fingers, developmental delay, speech delay and suffered from seizures.
Unique Presentation of an 8p Deletion in a Discordant Twin with Atrioventricular Canal Defect and Prolonged Hypoglycemia
Authors: Kumar P , Elshershari H , Parashette K , Ize-Ludlow D , Harris C
Published: August 2010

Unique Presentation of an 8p Deletion in a Discordant Twin with Atrioventricular Canal Defect and Prolonged Hypoglycemia

We report on a del(8)(p22) in a severe intrauterine growth retarded newborn with balanced atrioventricular canal defect and prolonged hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. Atrioventricular septal defects are associated with terminal deletions of chromosome 8p. Hyperinsulinism during infancy represents a group of clinically, genetically and morphologically heterogeneous disorders and is also associated with mutations in several genes. However, such 8p deletions are not associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy.
Trisomy 21 with a Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome Derived from Chromosomes 13/21 and 18
Authors: Niksic S , Deretic V , Pilic G , Ewers E , Merkas M , Ziegler M , Liehr T
Published: August 2010

Trisomy 21 with a Small Supernumerary Marker Chromosome Derived from Chromosomes 13/21 and 18

We describe a trisomy 21 with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosomes 13/21 and 18 in which the karyotype was 48, XY, +der(13 or 21)t(13 or 21;18)(13 or 21pter→13q11 or 21q11.1::18p 11.21→18pter),+21. Of the 35 case reports in the literature for a karyotype 48, XN, +21,+mar, in only 12 was the origin of the sSMC determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and only one was a der(13 or 21) and none were derived from two chromosomes. The influence of the partial trisomy 18p on the clinical outcome was hard to determine, however, there are reports on clinically healthy subjects for partial trisomy 18p.
A Method of Parametric Evaluation of The Technical Object Reliability
Authors: Borowczyk Henryk , Lindstedt Paweł , Manerowski Jerzy
Published: August 2010

A Method of Parametric Evaluation of The Technical Object Reliability

This work presents a practical and effective method to evaluate the reliability status of an object basing on the observation of changes in its functioning (automatics) and its technical condition (diagnostics). It has been observed that changes of the functioning condition potential could serve to determine the symptoms of transient (momentary) damages and the changes in the potential of the technical condition to determine the symptoms of parametric damages (non-total). Such an information, as it turns out, is sufficient to calculate reliability characteristics before dangerous catastrophic damages occur and to calculate reliability characteristics for every single object without having to deal with a numerous set of objects. The presented computer-aided method can be of a substantial practical importance in coordination of adjusting/control functions, diagnostics and reliability actions and thanks to that it can improve the level of organisation of a system operation.
The Fuzzy Robust Anti-Sway Crane Control System
Authors: Smoczek Jarosław , Szpytko Janusz
Published: August 2010

The Fuzzy Robust Anti-Sway Crane Control System

The paper presents the pole placement approach to solve problem of conventional, based of proportional-derivative controllers, as well as robust, based of fuzzy controller, anti-sway crane control. The methods of robust gain-scheduling crane control system and selecting minimal set of operating points were shown. The fuzzy robust controller, based of Takagi-Sugeno-Kang inference system, was presented, as well as results of experiments, carried out using laboratory model of an overhead traveling crane, were shown in the paper.
Geochemistry, petrology and tectonomagmatic significance of basaltic rocks from the ophiolite mélange at the NW External-Internal Dinarides junction (Croatia)
Authors: Slovenec Damir , Lugović Boško , Vlahović Irena
Published: August 2010

Geochemistry, petrology and tectonomagmatic significance of basaltic rocks from the ophiolite mélange at the NW External-Internal Dinarides junction (Croatia)

At the NW inflexion of the Sava-Vardar Suture Zone ophiolite mélanges, known as the Kalnik Unit, form the surface of the slopes of several Pannonian inselbergs in the SW Zagorje-Mid-Transdanubian Zone. The Mt Samoborska Gora ophiolite mélange, thought to be a part of the Kalnik Unit, forms a separate sector obducted directly onto Dinaric Triassic carbonate sediments. Basaltic rocks, the only magmatic rocks incorporated in the mélange, include Middle-Triassic (Illyrian-Fassanian) alkali within-plate basalts and Middle Jurassic (uppermost Bathonian-Lower Callovian) tholeiitic basalts. The latter sporadically constitute composite olistoliths, and are geochemically divided into N-MORB-like (high-Ti basalts) and transitional MORB/IAT (medium-Ti basalts). These geochemically different rocks suggest crystallization at various tectonomagmatic settings, which is also indicated by the rock paragenesis and host clinopyroxene compositions. Alkali basalts reflect melts derived from an OIB-type enriched mantle source [Ti/V= 62.2-82.4; (La/Lu)cn= 6.4-12.8] with Nd-Sr isotope signatures close resembling the Bulk Earth [εNd(T=235 Ma)= + 1.6 to + 2.5]. They are recognized as preophiolite continental rift basin volcanic rocks that closely predate the opening of the Repno oceanic domain (ROD) of the Meliata-Maliac ocean system. The high-Ti and medium-Ti basalts from composite blocks derived from a similar depleted mantle source (εNd(T=165 Ma) = + 6.01 vs. + 6.35) succesively metasomatized by expulsion of fluids from a subducting slab leading to a more pronounced subduction signature in the latter [Ti/V=31.6-44.8 and (Nb/La)n=0.67-0.90 vs. Ti/V=21.5-33.9 and (Nb/La)n=0.32-0.49]. These composite blocks indicate crust formation in an extensional basin spreading over the still active subducting ridge. The majority of high-Ti basalts may represent the fragments of older crust formed at a spreading ridge and incorporated in the mélange of the accretionary wedge formed in the proto-arc-fore-arc region. The Mt Samoborska Gora ophiolite mélange represents the trailing edge of the Kalnik Unit as a discrete sector that records the shortest stage of tectonomagmatic evolution related to intraoceanic subduction in the ROD.
Magneto-, and isotope stratigraphy around the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Vysoká Unit (Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia): correlations and tectonic implications
Authors: Grabowski Jacek , Michalík Jozef , Pszczółkowski Andrzej , Lintnerová Otília
Published: August 2010

Magneto-, and isotope stratigraphy around the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary in the Vysoká Unit (Malé Karpaty Mountains, Slovakia): correlations and tectonic implications

Magneto- and isotope stratigraphic studies in the Vysoká Nappe (Hlboča section, Fatric Unit, Malé Karpaty Mts, Slovakia) were performed. A generally decreasing δ13C isotope curve is interpreted as a primary trend from the Late Oxfordian (3.3 ‰ V-PDB) to the Late Tithonian (1.8-1.4 ‰ V-PDB). Data from the Tithonian part of the Tegernsee Formation probably reflect "local" basin processes connected with the breccia formation in the latest Tithonian/earliest Berriasian and/or with possible diagenetic overprint. The C-isotope record of the Berriasian Padlá Voda Formation is more homogeneous (1.4-1.8 ‰ V-PDB) and assumed to be primary. Magnetostratigraphic investigations were focused on the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary strata. Upper Tithonian nodular limestones of the Tegernsee Formation differ substantially from Lower Berriasian calpionellid limestones of the Padlá Voda Formation in rock magnetic properties. Hematite is present in the Tegernsee Formation, while magnetite is the only magnetic mineral of the Padlá Voda Formation. Additionally, the latter formation contains superparamagnetic magnetite, which significantly influences its magnetic susceptibility. Correlation of normal and reversed magnetic intervals with the Late Tithonian global polarity time scale was supported by microfossil stratigraphy. M21n to M20n magnetozones were distinguished, including the short reversed Kysuca (M20n1r) Subzone within M20n. Interpretation of Lower Berriasian magnetostratigraphy was more complex due to presence of breccia horizons and a stratigraphic gap at the J/K boundary in the lower part of the Padlá Voda Formation embracing M19r and most of M19n magnetozones. This formation was also partially affected by remagnetization. Detailed correlation between the isotope- and magnetic stratigraphy of the Tithonian-Berriasian interval between Hlboča and Brodno sections is also complex due to J/K stratigraphical gap within the Hlboča section. The primary B component accounts for counter-clockwise rotation of the Vysoká Unit with a magnitude of ca. 50°. Since the paleodeclination of Paleogene and Karpatian-Eggenburgian rocks in the area is similar, the rotation must have taken place after Early Miocene. The paleoinclinations of several Upper Tithonian-Berriasian sections of the Central Western Carpathians and western part of the Pieniny Klippen Belt are consistent and indicate paleolatitude of 27-30°N.
Surface Performance-Grading System to Grade Chip Seal Emulsion Residues
Authors: Hoyt Denise , Martin Amy Epps , Shuler Scott
Published: August 2010

The performance-graded (PG) asphalt binder specification was developed to characterize asphalt binder properties that are directly related to the performance of hot-mix asphalt concrete in pavements. However, the PG specification cannot be applied directly to binders for use in chip seals. To address this need, the surface performance grading (SPG) specification was developed with the same equipment required for the PG system but with different limiting values for test parameters at high and low pavement surface design temperatures. NCHRP Project 14–17 used the PG and the SPG systems to grade base binders and recovered residues from five laboratory emulsions and from recovered residues for three emulsions for chip seal construction projects. Two residue recovery methods were used and compared: hot oven evaporation with nitrogen blanket and stirred can with nitrogen purge. Researchers compared the grades from the PG and the SPG systems and found that the grades were similar for the two residue recovery methods but slightly different from the base binder. On the basis of these results, a strawman specification for emulsion residues in chip seals is recommended for use with the stirred can recovery method. The current limiting values in the SPG system were developed for the Texas Department of Transportation. Limiting criteria should be developed for other regions and climatic conditions.
Locus Standi of Individuals and Non-State Entities Before Regional Economic Integration Judicial Bodies in Africa
Authors: Onoria Henry
Published: August 2010

Economic integration efforts in Africa have been ongoing since the 1960s. In spite of the fact that judicial bodies – in the form of Courts and Tribunals – have been provided as key institutions in integration treaties, they have largely not been active in application of the treaties or addressing disputes within the economic blocs until after 2000. This was partly a result of the failure in the timely establishment of the Courts and Tribunals and partly a result of the absence or limited role of individuals and non-State entities in the integration process (and, under certain treaties, of the right of access to the Courts and Tribunals). In the past decade, mainly through protocols to the treaties, the role of individuals and non-State entities in integration has been greatly enhanced, including the grant of locus standi before the Courts and Tribunals. The recent decisions of the Courts and Tribunals under the regional economic integration blocs, especially the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC), the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), have addressed the role and locus standi of individuals and non-State entities that has significant implications for the future of economic integration processes in Africa.
The Covenanting north of Scotland, 1638–1647
Authors: Robertson Barry
Published: August 2010

In the current historiography of the Civil Wars of the mid-seventeenth century it remains under-appreciated that the National Covenant gained widespread support in the north of Scotland. This article offers a corrective to this. It examines the extent to which the Covenant was championed at all levels of northern society and looks at how levels of allegiance and commitment to the cause may have changed over time. The article also argues that the Covenanters of the north played a vital part in bringing about the defeat of armed Royalism in Scotland during the 1640s.
Rebuilding the archdiocese of Nidaros: Etienne Djunkowsky and the North Pole Mission, c. 1855–1870
Authors: Newby Andrew G.
Published: August 2010

The Prefecture Apostolic of the Polar Regions (‘North Pole Mission’), which ran between 1855 and 1869, was an attempt to bring the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church to a broadly defined circumpolar area. From its initial base in Alta, in northern Norway, the mission expanded to establish a presence in: Iceland; the Faroe Islands; Orkney, Shetland and Caithness; and Tromsø. This article explores the reasons behind the mission's expansion into northern Scotland, and the reaction which greeted the arrival of foreign missionaries in a region which had been relatively untouched by Catholicism in the three centuries since the Reformation.
Synthesis and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Evaluation of N‑(Benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide Derivatives in Triton WR-1339-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats
Authors: Shattat Ghassan , Al-Qirim Rania , Al-Hiari Yusuf , Sheikha Ghassan Abu , Al-Qirim Tariq , El-Huneidi Waseem , Shahwan Moyad
Published: August 2010

The lipid-lowering activity of a series of novel N-(benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives has been studied in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. The test animals were divided into four groups: control, hyperlipidemic, compound + 4% DMSO [C1: N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (1), C2: N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (2), C3: N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide (3)]-treated and bezafibrate (BF)-treated. At a dose of 15 mg/Kg body weight, compounds 2, 3 and BF significantly reduced elevated plasma triglycerodes levels after 12 h. Moreover, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were significantly increased in all treated groups after 12 h compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, except for C1 which was inactive. In sum, it may be stated that the results of the present study demonstrated new properties of some N-(benzoylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives as potent lipid lowering agents and these beneficial activities may contribute to their cardioprotective and antiatherosclerotic role.
Identifying the Ion Channels Responsible for Signaling Gastro-Intestinal Based Pain
Authors: Brierley Stuart M. , Hughes Patrick A. , Harrington Andrea M. , Rychkov Grigori Y. , Blackshaw L. Ashley
Published: August 2010

We are normally unaware of the complex signalling events which continuously occur within our internal organs. Most of us only become cognisant when sensations of hunger, fullness, urgency or gas arise. However, for patients with organic and functional bowel disorders pain is an unpleasant and often debilitating reminder. Furthermore, chronic pain still represents a large unmet need for clinical treatment. Consequently, chronic pain has a considerable economic impact on health care systems and the afflicted individuals. In order to address this need we must understand how symptoms are generated within the gut, the molecular pathways responsible for generating these signals and how this process changes in disease states.
Genèse et structure d'un capital institutionnel européen
Authors: Georgakakis Didier , de Lassalle Marine
Published: August 2010

Résumé Ce texte rend compte d’une enquête sur les hauts fonctionnaires européens et, plus particulièrement, d’une étude prosopographique des directeurs généraux et directeurs généraux adjoints de la Commission européenne. Celle-ci peut être analysée comme un espace de positions relativement structuré, notamment par la production et l’inégale distribution d’un crédit d’institution pour partie autonome. Une telle perspective va au rebours des interprétations qui en font une « multi-organisation » mouvante et imprévisible et permet de poser en d’autres termes la question des « orientations » politiques collectives ou individuelles de ses agents. La première partie de l’article revient sur les processus socio-historiques de démarcation d’un corps de fonctionnaires communautaires et sur l’émergence d’un crédit spécifiquement européen. La seconde porte sur les oppositions qui s’instaurent entre des pôles communautaires/nationaux et généralistes/sectoriels et sur le renversement tendanciel des hiérarchies au sein de cet espace au profit des pôles communautaires et généralistes.
L'asile au guichet
Authors: Spire Alexis
Published: August 2010

Résumé Cet article repose sur une observation réalisée au guichet d’un service préfectoral chargé du contrôle de l’immigration. L’immersion dans ce milieu professionnel permet de comprendre les relations entre la position sociale des agents, les normes bureaucratiques auxquelles ils doivent se soumettre et les pratiques qui en découlent. La pénurie organisée de moyens, la technicisation des procédures, la mise à distance des règles de droit et l’imposition d’objectifs chiffrés en matière de traitement des demandes sont autant d’éléments qui contribuent à l’instauration d’une relation de domination bureaucratique à l’égard d’usagers non citoyens. Dans leur pratique quotidienne, les « petits agents du maintien de l’ordre » sont amenés à endosser une vision dépolitisée des « problèmes sociaux » et selon leurs trajectoires sociales, leur ancienneté dans le service et leurs convictions, ils peuvent adopter différentes tactiques d’accommodement. Ceux qui disposent de ressources suffisantes peuvent choisir de partir mais pour les autres, le travail du temps est synonyme d’une certaine accoutumance aux normes en vigueur. Au-delà de changements annoncés par tel ou tel nouveau règlement, l’ancienneté des agents dans leur poste apparaît alors comme le meilleur moyen d’assurer la reproduction des pratiques d’encadrement.
Ferragus, une « sociologie-fiction » de la confiance
Authors: Lagneau-Ymonet Paul
Published: August 2010

Résumé Balzac raconte dans Ferragus l’ascension et la disparition des époux Desmarets dont la trajectoire au sein de la bourgeoisie d’affaires parisienne, sous la Restauration, illustre trois formes entrelacées de capital symbolique : le crédit professionnel, la confiance conjugale et l’honorabilité mondaine. Cette fable sociale constitue une véritable sociologie-fiction de la confiance, et permet une analyse socio-historique des conditions d’émergence d’une catégorie particulière de bourgeois parisiens : les agents de change, ces officiers ministériels et commerçants investis du monopole de la négociation des titres admis à la cote officielle de la Bourse de Paris.
« Nous n'avons rien à Katmandou »
Authors: Pattieu Sylvain
Published: August 2010

Résumé Les voyages à l’étranger organisés par Tourisme & Travail pendant les années 1970 sont révélateurs du décalage entre la production par une élite militante d’un projet touristique et sa réception par le public visé. Cette association de tourisme social, liée aux comités d’entreprise de la CGT, a de hautes ambitions d’éducation populaire et de prise de conscience politique à travers les loisirs, et entend se démarquer des vacances du secteur marchand. Le tourisme social s’inscrit ainsi dans un projet politique et syndical d’ensemble, lié aux représentations du mouvement ouvrier. Les dirigeants de Tourisme & Travail basent leur projet sur une « bonne volonté culturelle » liée à leur expérience de promotion sociale par le biais du militantisme, et sur une vision d’un peuple idéal, disposé à se cultiver. Les pratiques des personnels et vacanciers des centres à l’étranger restent cependant tournées vers la distraction bien plus que vers la réflexion. Dans les années 1980, la lucidité des dirigeants sur ce relatif échec culturel et la prise en compte pragmatique des règles du secteur commercial ont facilité la transformation de l’association de tourisme social en entreprise sociale de tourisme.
Impérialisme économique et impérialisme militaire américains
Authors: Mann Michael
Published: August 2010

Résumé Cet article propose une typologie des différentes formes d’empire de l’ère moderne et cherche à y situer l’impérialisme américain. Il analyse ensuite deux phases récentes d’intensification de cet impérialisme : l’offensive néolibérale de détachement du dollar par rapport à l’étalon-or menée par les États-Unis dans les années 1970, et l’impérialisme militaire qui a connu un regain au cours des années 1990 et 2000. Ces deux phases sont-elles liées, comme l’avancent les théories du système-monde ? L’article répond par la négative, et suggère qu’elles ont été portées par différents groupes d’intérêt, mus par des motivations différentes, avec des conséquences différentes. Tandis que la phase d’intensification économique de l’impérialisme américain était soigneusement calibrée autour d’intérêts nationaux et parvint à préserver la domination globale exercée par les États-Unis, l’intensification militaire, beaucoup plus idéologique et émotionnelle, se révéla être un échec qui fragilisa dans une certaine mesure cette même domination.
Crimes de guerre et politiques impériales
Authors: Dezalay Sara
Published: August 2010

Résumé Ce trend report vise à relater, par le biais de portraits de personnages emblématiques et d’extraits inédits, certains grands débats qui traversent actuellement l’espace académique juridique aux États-Unis, autour de questions liées aux interventions armées et juridiques pour gérer les violences du Sud. Ces productions académiques sont produites au croisement des champs militant, médiatique et surtout politique. Elles constituent des prises de position par rapport à la politique menée par l’Administration Bush en Irak et dans le cadre de sa « guerre contre le terrorisme ». La trajectoire de Samantha Power est ainsi emblématique de la mobilisation d’une combinaison de ressources – juridiques, politiques et médiatiques – qui expliquent en partie la place qu’occupe actuellement aux États-Unis le débat sur la qualification de « génocide » de la situation au Darfour pour justifier une guerre « juste ». Les prises de position de juristes libéraux se révèlent plus ou moins proches du cœur de l’ establishment juridique américain, qui se retranche derrière les règles de l’État de droit pour critiquer les pratiques de torture et de déni de justice de l’Administration Bush. Enfin, les portraits de Chérif Bassiouni et Juan Méndez illustrent une combinaison de ressources, académiques et militantes, dans l’espace américain, qui offre une clé d’explication de la force du processus de « judiciarisation » des conflits.
L'accompagnement à la création d'entreprise
Authors: Darbus Fanny
Published: August 2010

Résumé Avec la montée du chômage, les créations d’entreprises individuelles ne cessent de se multiplier. Porté par l’État et relayé par des praticiens de terrain dès le début des années 1980, l’auto-emploi fait l’objet de divers dispositifs qui aboutissent à la construction d’un secteur d’aide et d’accompagnement à la création d’entreprise. Bien que concernant peu de bénéficiaires, les dispositifs et les organismes qui émergent de ce secteur préfigurent les nouvelles politiques d’emploi. Cet article entend montrer comment les récentes technologies sociales et juridiques qui en sont issues permettent aux aspirants entrepreneurs de voir leurs conditions d’emploi se sécuriser en se rapprochant de la condition salariale, alors que, par ailleurs, les protections associées à cette dernière ne cessent de s’effriter. Ainsi, les cadres proposés pour entreprendre se multiplient et se complexifient pendant que les profils de ceux qui sont conduits à les rejoindre se « normalisent ».