bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic cost management: an activity‐based management approach
Authors: Trussel John M. , Bitner Larry N.
Published: July 2002

The design and implementation of new strategic management initiatives, such as reengineering, have been common since the publication of Hammer and Champy’s (1993) popular book on reengineering. In the process of designing and implementing these new initiatives, however, managers have virtually ignored the cost management system. Activity‐based management (ABM) is a system that incorporates many of the concepts of strategic management reengineering and applies them to cost management. ABM consists of two viewpoints: a cost view and a process view. ABM is both an accurate cost accounting system (the cost view) and a performance evaluation tool (the process view). This paper presents the ten steps to design and implement an ABM system and offers an actual application.
When production management takes over education: the rise and fall of organised education
Authors: Chaharbaghi Kazem , Newman Victor
Published: July 2002

Policy makers, providers and consumers of education have collaborated in the evolution of a self‐regulating, artificial market in education which is losing its purpose. All the players have tricked themselves into believing that the route to a new land of opportunity, is via factory‐based, organised education. This form of education has left society en masse considerably short‐changed. It cannot be sustained indefinitely due to its artificisality and lack of real purpose. This paper attempts to rediscover real education by exposing the risks and limitations of education factories. It suggests that the prevailing factory paradigm is favoured by policy‐makers and administrators as providing the outward appearance of modernity, control and efficiency. Education is literally too vital an issue to assume the structures and processes of an alien, borrowed production management paradigm.
The importance of tacit knowledge in strategic deliberations and decisions
Authors: Bennett Robert H.
Published: July 2002

Strategic decision making is a rather unstructured process with a wide variety of conflicting and equivocal considerations and inputs. Managers, usually working in top management teams, are asked to form an “interpretation” or working knowledge of the internal and external influences on the organization. This article suggests the real value of tacit knowledge and intuition to managers in the upper reaches of the organization. Tacit knowledge, based on the cumulative experiences of the manager, is equivalent to the intuitive feel and “softer” ways of knowing that all humans experience. It has been found to be quite valuable to upper‐level managers, but especially when intermingled with sound data analysis and more formal insight. When groups of managers can exchange and share the different types of knowledge, a complementary and synergistic learning process occurs. Managers are able to draw from a broader, more diverse set of possibilities and insights.
Choosing the right employee: Chinese vs US preferences
Authors: Peppas Spero C. , Peppas Stephanie R. , Jin Ken
Published: July 2002

Explicit or implicit sets of selection criteria are always used when hiring decisions are made. When employers and job applicants come from similar cultural backgrounds, applicants may better understand what job‐related attributes employers think are important and can develop and stress those qualities. Many studies have attempted to identify important job attributes, but despite recent globalization trends, there is little information comparing the importance of different criteria to individuals from different cultures. For this exploratory study, Chinese and US individuals were surveyed to ascertain their ratings of the importance of 26 job selection attributes. Given the cultural distance between the USA and China, it was hypothesized that significant differences would be found. As China emerges as an important global player with increasing interaction between US and Chinese organizations, the results of this study should help each culture better understand the other and lead to better business relationships between the two countries.
Sustainable competitive advantage: towards a dynamic resource‐based strategy
Authors: Chaharbaghi Kazem , Lynch Richard
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces the concept of strategic advantage and distinguishes it from competitive advantage. This concept helps to explain the full nature of sustainable competitive advantage through uncovering the dynamics of resource‐based strategy. A new classification of resources emerges, demonstrating that rents are more relevant than profits in the analysis of sustainable competitive advantage.
Outsourcing: a primer
Authors: Lankford William M. , Parsa Faramarz
Published: July 2002

Outsourcing is defined as the procurement of products or services from sources that are external to the organization. Firms should consider outsourcing when it is believed that certain support functions can be completed faster, cheaper, or better by an outside organization. Tasks that are not core competencies of the organization are candidates for being contracted out. However, any skill or knowledge that allows you to serve your customer base better, that deals directly with the product or service you are trying to put out of the door, is one that must remain in‐house. Today, the outsourcing of selected organizational activities is an integral part of corporate strategy. For corporations, benefits of outsourcing are substantial: reduced costs, expanded services and expertise. Outsourcing allows companies to refocus their resources on their core business. Corporations can buy technology from a vendor that would be too expensive for them to replicate internally. For outsourcing to be successful the decision needs to be an informed one. Effective management of the outsourcing relationships is an organizational imperative.
Organisational futures: unprepared for the surprises to come
Authors: Mercer David
Published: July 2002

Quantitative research, with 1,000 organisations over four years, is the basis for an exploration of their views of future issues affecting them and, in particular, of changes in their structures and working patterns. The main impression, though is one of widespread conservatism, where they give a relatively low level of importance to the key issues which other research indicates may have the greatest impact on their long‐term survival. Thus, they report that the current form of structure is still overwhelmingly that of the traditional hierarchy. Although they show one indication of a more radical approach, in expecting hierarchical organisation to halve its share by 2020 AD, they do not look for major changes in stakeholder power (currently dominated, as might be expected, by shareholders and senior managers) or in the work activities that are undertaken; though the most prevalent form of activity is already that of “communication” in some form or other.
Loyalty, the Internet and the weather: the changing nature of marketing information systems?
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

The use of IT in the customer service transaction has revolutionised the potential for data collection associated with customers and transactions. Two key tools in this transformation are loyalty cards and electronic or e‐shopping over the Internet. How can the customer and transaction data collected through these arenas be fully utilised? This article reviews the development of the significance of customer databases in marketing. It then considers the fundamental marketing questions, and contributions of the different types of marketing information systems. Loyalty cards and e‐shopping can be used to provide answers to some of the fundamental marketing questions, and also to provide input to each of the different types of marketing information systems. Loyalty cards are part of a service experience which is facilitated by information technology, whereas in e‐shopping the human service agent is supplanted by the computer. In both contexts, data may be gathered as part of the transaction. These data can be used to inform operational, tactical and strategic decision making, and, in general, the development of the relationship with the customer.
The millennium bug in embedded systems
Authors: Boujarwah Abdulazeez S.
Published: July 2002

Embedded systems are at the heart of most electronic devices and machines. Embedded systems are added to other products to make those products “smarter”, easier to use, or to add unique features. These systems are generally encoded with permanent instructions that cannot be easily changed, if at all. Problems can arise in embedded systems dealing with the representation of dates before, during, and after the year 2000. As a result, equipment or products that include embedded systems may malfunction, cause data to be corrupted, or stop working entirely. This paper defines a process that an organization would be able to utilize to find embedded systems, verify if they are Year 2000 compliant, and remediate if necessary
Technological management: expanding the perspective of management of technology
Authors: Chanaron Jean‐Jacques , Jolly Dominique
Published: July 2002

This article shows that R&D management, Management of Technology (MOT) and Technological Management (TOM) differ in terms of stakes, stakeholders and scope. Advocates considering technology not only as an asset or a capability but also as a factor that has an impact on almost every management method and practice. Relying on recognized lists of management disciplines, offers an attempt to identify main technology‐related issues in each of these fields of management.
Quality concepts and litigation: the role of record‐keeping in products liability litigation in the USA
Authors: Kastetter Todd E.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine the myriad ways record‐keeping can affect the course and outcome of products liability litigation. The examination includes an overview of the civil jury system in the USA, as well as an analysis of the benefits gained from instituting quality concepts and principles regarding the creation, management, storage and protection of quality‐related documents. Frequently the “star witness” in a products liability lawsuit is not a witness at all – it is a document. The written record a company generates plays a critical role in presenting a case to the jury in the event of litigation. With regard to retaining and storing company records, serious legal problems arise when documents are lost, damaged or destroyed without adequate explanation. Accordingly, embracing and implementing quality concepts and principles with regard to record‐keeping provides numerous rewards in the event of litigation.
Building organizational citizenship
Authors: Brightman Baird K. , Moran John W.
Published: July 2002

Since every organization’s success is built on the participation and good work of its staff, this article advises leaders to view their organization as a country, and frames their primary management challenge as creating “organizational citizenship”, defined as a voluntary consistent commitment to the goals, methods, and ultimate success of the organization. Most leadership strategies are designed to create specific business results; their effectiveness will depend on the creation of a culture of patriotism throughout the organization.
How to succeed at reengineering
Authors: Attaran Mohsen , Wood Glenn G.
Published: July 2002

Business process reengineering is the hottest trend in management. Done well, it delivers extraordinary gains in speed, productivity, and profitability. But process redesign is not always successful and almost always accompanied by pain or at least unpleasant side effects. Many companies have undertaken reengineering efforts only to abandon them with little or no positive results. How can you increase the odds for success? Here are a few lessons from the front.
The impact of IT on marketing: an evaluation
Authors: Brady Mairead , Saren Michael , Tzokas Nikolaos
Published: July 2002

There is widespread acceptance that information technology (IT) is a central component of business operations and extensively used in marketing. Aligned to this is the belief that marketing is experiencing radical and dynamic changes, many of which are IT driven. Reports a study of 204 Irish firms, which seeks to discover the level of transformation in the marketing function as a result of IT. Reviews whether marketers’ use of IT has progressed from simply automating existing marketing systems to actually using IT to transform their marketing capabilities. Aims to ascertain if marketing is achieving significant benefits from IT.
Discussing the company: model, metaphor and image
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon
Published: July 2002

Addresses the vexed question of how to discuss an object, e.g. the company, without adopting an a priori epistemological position. Attempts to tackle the problem of how representations, which form an integral part of all epistemology, arise. The first level of representation, where content is imparted to a concept designating an object, is the model understood in its traditional sense, as a reduction and simplification of reality. Raises the problem of the existence of content, and in doing so calls forth images and metaphors: the former as a mediating force and the latter as the creative element of the discourse induced by an image. Enquires into the inter‐relationship between model, image and metaphor – a task that can only be performed by examining the role played by ideology in their emergence.
Aspartame: in perspective
Authors: Caseley John , Dixon Wendy
Published: July 2002

Following recent reports in the press and similar ones appearing on the Internet speculating about the safety of aspartame, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) whose remit includes food safety and standards issues in the UK have received a number of enquiries from the general public. This article provides background to the issue and includes the current regulatory position in the UK and Europe, information about previous evaluations and research into aspartame and reassuring advice about its safety.
Utilization of kolanut and cocoa in beverage production
Authors: Jayeola C.O. , Akinwale T.O.
Published: July 2002

An attempt to partially replace cocoa with kola in beverage production was investigated. This was achieved by varying the level of kola in the beverage at ratios of 10:0, 7.5:2.5, 5.0:5.0, 2.5:7.5, 0:10. These ratios of beverage were all characterised physicochemically as well as organoleptically and they have all proved satisfactory and acceptable; hence making kola‐cocoa beverage a feasible instant beverage.
Genetically Modified Organisms and Food
Authors: Marshall Stewart
Published: July 2002

Genetic modification techniques have transformed the scope of
biotechnology. Describes the new technology and its potential uses in
the food industry. Safety is an important consideration and there are
European Community and British legislative safeguards for human and
environmental safety. Proposed EC legislation on novel foods, as
drafted, contains equivalent provisions. There are wider questions about
use of genetic modification in food and these have been addressed by a
Government Committee on the Ethics of Genetic Modification and Food Use.
Consideration has also been given by the Food Advisory Committee to the
question of labelling.
Chemistry in the Kitchen – Fruit and Vegetables 1
Authors: Ainsworth Paul
Published: July 2002

Investigates the factors which determine the quality attribute of
texture. Discusses the contribution the various types of plant cells
make to the texture of fruit and vegetables and analyses in more detail
individual plant cells and their characteristics which contribute to
texture. Emphasizes the importance to texture of the chemical composites
such as the concentration and types of macromolecules in the plant cell
wall and the water bound to these polymers. Looks at factors influencing
the texture of fruit and vegetables after harvesting, such as storage
and cooking, in terms of the chemical and physical changes which occur.
Product Development and the Consumer: The Reality of Managing Creativity
Authors: McIlveen Heather
Published: July 2002

Increasingly, food companies in today′s marketplace have to change to
survive, in response to pressures from competition, technology, and
diversity of consumers. Discusses the increasing requirement for an
effectively managed product process within the food industry, in
response to these conditions. Offers an examination of the process, in
terms of maintaining an acceptable level of consumer satisfaction.
Inserting new genes into plants
Authors: Winstanley Monica
Published: July 2002

Discusses applications of genetic engineering including some which
are already used commercially. Outlines some of the technical
complexities of gene transfer in plants. Touches on the regulation of
gene transfer technology.
The Centre for Food Research at Queen Margaret College in Edinburgh
Authors: de Looy Anne , Turner Pamela
Published: July 2002

A New Centre for Food Research was created in September 1993 at
Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh. Its main purpose is to promote
research into food choice, particularly factors influencing choice such
as sensory, socio‐cultural and nutritional aspects. Research undertaken
involves a multi‐disciplinary approach by bringing together expertise
from various disciplines including consumer sciences, dietetics and
nutrition, food science, social sciences and hospitality studies. A
one‐day symposium “Food research in Europe” was held in 1994
to mark the Centre′s official launch. The symposium was well attended,
with delegates representing a wide range of organizations in the UK and
other EU countries. Presentations were given by eminent speakers and
researchers – Dr David Lindsay, MAFF; Dr Ronan Gormley, The
National Food Centre in Dublin; Dr David Kilcast, Leatherhead Food
Research Association; Dr Wendy Brown and Dr Richard Shepherd, both from
the Institute of Food Research, Reading. The centre′s major research
interests and activities are related to fruit and vegetable consumption
(sensory qualities of apples; barriers to consumption); the relationship
between snacking, body weight and physical activity; healthy eating
award schemes in the UK.
Breakfast cereals
Authors: Webster Kathryn
Published: July 2002

A survey of a small sample of children in a state comprehensive
school indicates that most children have an inadequate breakfast before
starting school. However, most children consume breakfast cereals at
some time of the day. Concludes that the fortified cereals play an
important role in the diet of many children, and at the same time
highlights the high sugar and sodium content of many. Alerts the
consumer to the fact that even those cereals promoted at those who wish
to lose weight are higher in energy value weight for weight than other
cereals aimed at the athletic.
An investigation into the current market for fruit in the UK and
the measures taken to promote an increase in consumer consumption
Authors: Clarke Jill , Moran Anne
Published: July 2002

Surveys trends in the supply and consumption of fruit in the UK,
covering: the varied range of fruits available and benefits to health
associated with them; improved transportation and storage capabilities;
contributions by health promoters and retail marketers to increase
public awareness of the benefits to health of greater consumption of
fruit. Against this background, considers the findings of a recent
national survey that, for one week surveyed, 21 per cent of the UK
households involved purchased no fruit at all. Discusses some of the
quality‐related issues of fruit growth, importation, storage and
transportation, including the use of agrochemicals, irradiation
processes and the genetic engineering of produce. Gives unreserved
support to the efforts of various agencies to promote the benefits to
health of increased consumption of fruit (and vegetables).
Hypnotherapy as an adjunct to the dietetic management of obese
patients
Authors: Greaves Evelyn , Tidy G. , Christie R.A.S.
Published: July 2002

Considers whether hypnotherapy offers a motivating supplement to
mainstream dietary management, given that insufficient perseverance
undermines the response of many obese patients to conventional dieting.
Investigates hypnotherapy as a supplement to conventional diet therapy
in eight obese patients recruited from a general practice. After
instituting dietary weight reduction, hypnotherapy (post‐hypnotic
suggestion, ego‐enhancing instructions and mental imagery) was carried
out on a two‐to‐three weekly basis for up to 20 sessions. All patients
experienced significant weight loss, but follow‐up two years later
indicated partial relapse in most patients. Concludes that, while
combined dietetic and hypnotherapy management are of short‐term value,
this may only be sustainable by a strategy of long‐term maintenance.
Computerizing the sensory evaluation laboratory
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the potential uses of computers in the sensory evaluation laboratory. Suggests factors to be taken into consideration when designing a computer system for this application.
What do homeless people eat and can Crisis FareShare help improve their diet?
Authors: Evans Naomi
Published: July 2002

Reports on a survey of the diets of 423 homeless people attending day centres and soup runs in London during 1994 and 1995. Also analyses the potential nutritional benefits of Crisis FareShare ‐ a project which distributes surplus fresh food to homeless people. Highlights the vitamin and mineral deficiencies of homeless people and the achievements of Crisis FareShare in providing these nutrients.
Something’s smoking in the development kitchen!
Authors: McIlveen Heather , Vallely Claire
Published: July 2002

States that increasingly food companies in all product sectors are recognizing the potential benefits of applying a systematic and effectively managed product development process, along with supporting techniques such as sensory evaluation. Outlines part of a project which set out to fill an identified gap in the market for a good quality, smoked processed cheese. The main methods of incorporating a smoked flavour were trialled and assessed through sensory evaluation, using an in‐house, semi‐trained sensory panel, as well as a consumer panel, which considered the final products. Results clearly highlighted a preferred product, incorporating a liquid smoke flavour. However, although the product has been developed successfully, the potential negative connotations associated with this concept may also need to be considered prior to launch.
Dietary phytoestrogens: disease prevention versus potential hazards
Authors: Wiseman Helen
Published: July 2002

Dietary phytoestrogens are currently being extensively investigated because of the possibility that they may protect against disease. Soya isoflavones, in particular, are attracting considerable attention because there is increasing evidence that they may protect against breast and prostate cancers and heart disease and osteoporosis. Considers the evidence for disease prevention by phytoestrogens and the biological mechanisms by which they may act. Explores dietary sources of phytoestrogens and the production of both traditional and non‐traditional soya foods. Considers the potential hazards of dietary phytoestrogens, including their use in infant formulas and associated, possibly harmful, developmental effects, and the possibility that they may display the harmful oestrogenic effects of oral contraceptives by increasing risk of deep vein thrombosis (blood clots). Finally, assesses the benefits versus the risk of dietary phytoestrogens.
Software selection VII
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: July 2002

Looks at DietMaster, a major new nutrition and activity analysis package which is being marketed by Swift Systems in Surrey. DietMaster includes the full database published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and would be suitable for the professional nutritionist or dietitian or for students studying closely related subjects. As the package includes an activity analysis section, it would also be useful for those working in sports nutrition or weight loss. DietMaster is a competitor for MicroDiet and Comp‐Eat and, as such, will be of interest to many working in nutrition.
Salmon and trout farming
Authors: Laird Lindsay
Published: July 2002

The salmon and trout farming industries are relatively new, expanding industries in the UK. Describes their current status and looks to the future by examining areas where progress is currently being made or where problems exist.
How clean is clean?
Authors: Allan Stephens Anthony
Published: July 2002

Looks at CaterClean, a new service from Rentokil Hygiene Division, which combines deep cleaning with rapid‐result testing. Outlines what the programme involves and concludes that this service will help operators to satisfy themselves, their customers and the enforcement authorities that they reach the required hygiene standards.
Iron ‐ getting the balance right
Authors: Fairweather‐Tait Susan J. , Johnson Ian T. , Gabrielle Wharf S. , Lund Elizabeth K.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the problems associated with an inadequate dietary supply of iron in relation to the prevention of anaemia. Describes results of recent work examining the free radical generation hypothesis to explain epidemiological observations that high iron intakes are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Further work is needed to derive the upper limits of dietary reference values. Attention is drawn to the difficulties in setting dietary reference values in the absence of information on bioavailability of whole diets.
Assessing copper status ‐ a review
Authors: Turley E. , McKeown A. , Harvey L. , Fairweather‐Tait S.J. , Crews H.M. , Strain J.J.
Published: July 2002

Notes that, despite its abundance as an essential trace element in the body, relatively little is known about dietary copper requirements. Looks at factors such as copper metabolisms and minimum dieting requirements. Reports on studies funded by MAFF in this area.
The relationship of dietary calcium, vitamin K and other nutrients to conservation of femoral bone density in the young elderly: the EPIC/EPOS cohort study
Authors: Reeve Jonathan , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee
Published: July 2002

Considers factors relating to bone loss. Looks at the scientific background with regard to calcium and its effects with regard to bone loss. Reports on the aims of a study in this area which will involve factors such as the measurement of bone loss and a thorough nutritional analyses.
Managing the weed seedbank
Authors: Grundy A.C. , Bond W.
Published: July 2002

Weed control is essential in field vegetables but there has been a continual decline in the range of herbicides available. Growers aim to keep crops weed‐free throughout to maintain yield, but a short weed‐free period or even a single weeding can achieve the same result. In order to predict the optimum weeding period in advance, a realistic estimate is needed of the size, timing and duration of a flush of weed emergence in the crop. The weed seeds in the soil are the primary source of future weed populations, and this seedbank provides a unique resource for predictive management purposes. A preliminary model has been developed that combines information on the effect of burial depth of weed seeds on seedling emergence with a simulation of the incorporation and movement of seeds in soil following the use of different cultivation implements. The objective is to develop a suite of models which will provide a decision support system for weed control in field vegetables.
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over
Authors: Smithers G. , Finch S. , Doyle W. , Lowe C. , Bates C.J. , Prentice A. , Clarke P.C.
Published: July 2002

Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Department of Health and carried out by Social and Community Planning Research and MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, the dental hospitals of the Universities of Newcastle and Birmingham and the Department of Epidemiology of the University of London, this research forms part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Set up in 1992 the surveys cover representative groups of the population and examine the diet of the over‐65s in terms of actual dietary intake, habits, energy and nutrient intakes, physical measurements. Regional and socio‐economic comparisons are made.
Evaluation of Virginia’s statewide nutrition intervention project for underweight women: a rural urban comparison
Authors: Misra Ranjita , Garzon Laural
Published: July 2002

This paper evaluates the Nutrition Intervention Project (NIP) implemented statewide in the State of Virginia to determine the effectiveness of nutritional intervention in decreasing pre‐term births and low birth weight (LBW) babies to at‐risk pregnant women in urban and rural areas. Sample size was 1,284. Majority of the respondents were white, primiparae, between 20‐29 years of age, and underweight (BMI < 19.8). Twenty‐one per cent of the of the births were pre‐term, and 13.3 per cent were in the LBW category. Regression analysis indicated that number of visits to the nutritionist was positively associated with birth weight and gestational age of the baby. Nutrition intervention (NI) decreased the smoking behaviour and improved the intake of iron supplements, both of which improved the weight gain and pregnancy outcomes. Effects analysis indicated that the causal effect operated both via intervening variables as well as directly between nutritional intervention and pregnancy outcomes. The path from NI to birth outcomes via weight gain was the strongest. Respondents in urban areas had a higher risk of pre‐term births than rural areas.
Bactofugation of liquid milks
Authors: Stack Alan , Sillen Goren
Published: July 2002

The bactofuge system has been in existence for a number of years. It has principally been used in the cheese industry where its high‐cleaning capabilities have been used to remove spores from cheese milk that could cause latent fermentation in semi‐hard cheeses. It has now been adapted for processing consumption milk, where it holds out the promise of prolonging the life of fresh, pasteurised milk by three‐five days. Two factors have increased interest by the UK dairy industry in this system. First, changes in consumer buying have brought an increase in the number of people who purchase milk only once a week and who demand that the milk is drinkable six or seven days later, even though it may not have remained in proper storage conditions throughout this period. Second, the concentration of milk processing in a small number of very large dairies has led to a lengthening of the distribution chain. With hermetic bactofugation, the dairies are able to add a few more days’ life to their milk products. This satisfies the consumers’ demand for fresh product which lasts longer once it has left the shop. The use of a hermetic bactofuge, a development of the market‐leading hermetic separator, means that the dairies are able to use familiar technology to improve their products at an economic cost.
Machinery element damage in for life‐lubrication elementary chemical mechanisms
Authors: Holweger Walter
Published: July 2002

Demand on for‐life lubrication needs to control all mechanisms being present in the tribocontact. Herein we present elementary chemical mechanisms supported by lubricants leading to effective destruction of machinery elements over long time. The chemical process may overtake all other essential mechanisms in for‐life lubrication. As far as known these mechanisms offer a fascination world of unknown reactions.
The development of limited volume lubrication in metal working operations in South Africa
Authors: du Plessis Eberhard
Published: July 2002

Limited volume lubrication as applied in metal working operations has grown significantly in the South African manufacturing industry over the past years. The need for a cleaner factory environment and the international competition faced by local producers, necessitated a re‐evaluation of the efficiency of operations pertaining to tool life and quality of products. The technique started with sawing of aluminium and was extended through copper and stainless steel to mild steel manufacturing operations including band sawing, drilling and tapping, pressing and hot forging. The technique is limited by the material to be worked as well as the rate of metal working. Synthetic lubricants proved to be indispensable in meeting the challenges faced when applying the technique.
The reluctant workforce: undergraduates’ part‐time employment
Authors: Curtis Susan , Williams John
Published: July 2002

Increasing numbers of full‐time undergraduates are supplementing their income by seeking paid employment during term‐time. This article details the results of a survey of 368 students at Crewe + Alsager Faculty of Manchester Metropolitan University carried out in March 2000. The survey found that 59 per cent of students were working on a part‐time basis during term‐time, with a significant majority working for financial reasons. Although many students found working to be beneficial to their studies, the students are generally reluctant to work, with many stating that they would leave their paid employment if they could afford to do so. The majority of the employed students perceived that working had a detrimental effect on their academic studies and a quarter of them considered that they could not remain at university without their term‐time jobs.
The corporate university model for continuous learning, training and development
Authors: El‐Tannir Akram A.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the emerging model of “corporate university” (CU) for continuous learning in the corporate world. With specially tailored training, CUs aim at improving the productivity and skills of employees using the latest advances in information and telecommunication technology. Training in this model particularly is more responsive to corporate needs than other learning intervention methods and adds value to the company business goals by helping recruit and retain talent. Their special focus is on disseminating common culture and driving changes in the entire organization. The article presents, briefly, the main characteristics of corporate universities and three examples. The article suggests that the CU model is sustainable to suit continuous employee learning and skill development and highlights the new approach of “active learning” that is increasingly being adopted as the future tool for training and development.
The implementation of NVQs in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Wilkins Stephen
Published: July 2002

Explains that the Sultanate of Oman is the only country in the world, other than the UK, to have adopted the national vocational qualification (NVQ) as its national system for vocational training. Assesses the extent to which centres in Oman have been successful in implementing the NVQ, and the extent to which the NVQ has contributed towards achievement of the Omani Government’s objective of omanisation (replacing expatriate labour with Omani nationals). Discusses feedback from centres, which should be of interest to the Omani Government, the UK awarding bodies and others with an interest in the implementation of competence‐based training. Concludes that the NVQ has been fairly successful in Oman, although local culture and context have not been adequately considered and catered for, and that the generally low competence of candidates in English is hindering their learning and skills development.
Taking control? Agency in young adult transitions in England and the new Germany
Authors: Evans Karen
Published: July 2002

The £3 million ESRC Research Programme on Youth Citizenship and Social Change was launched in 1998, with 15 projects commissioned to explore different dimensions of young people’s lives in the changing social landscapes of Britain and Europe. Three of the projects were international in scope. One of them, directed by Professor Karen Evans, has recently been completed and this article conveys some of its major findings.
Quantitative and qualitative research in the built environment: application of “mixed” research approach
Authors: Amaratunga Dilanthi , Baldry David , Sarshar Marjan , Newton Rita
Published: July 2002

Built environment research consists of cognitive and affective, as well as behavioural, components. Existing built environment research utilises either strong qualitative or, more often, strong quantitative methodologies. Aims to discuss some of the philosophical issues that would be considered when undertaking academic research into the built environment. Considers the available research options or paradigms and suggests ways in which a researcher can make an informed and sensible decision as to how to proceed. The main dimensions of the debate about the relative characteristics and merits of quantitative and qualitative methodology are outlined, developing the argument that the use of a single methodology often fails to explore all of these components. The use of a mixed methods approach is suggested to counteract this weakness and to enhance research into the built environment.
Productivity growth: some imperatives
Authors: Mohanty R.P.
Published: July 2002

My experience over the last two decades, together with the results of
discussions with a large number of Indian executives and managers, leads
me to believe that there are three essential problems which can be
considered as major bottlenecks to our productivity growth. They are: lack of managerial understanding, and
promotion, of innovation; an attitude of short‐term profit maximization; a natural tendency towards centralization and bureaucratization.
How to motivate problem employees
Authors: Daly Desmond , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: July 2002

The first step in dealing with a problem employee for a supervisor is
to ask the question “Is there really a problem employee or does
the problem lie with me?” Examples of this can include a
supervisor who is intimidated by an employee because that person is more
capable. Also a person may seem untouchable since they may be from a
minority or have long seniority with the company. Additional reasons can
include a supervisor who feels sorry for the employee or has a
friendship with that person resulting in that employee being treated
differently and encouraging problem behaviour. Other employees′
behaviour will also be impacted on since they see this different
treatment and may grow to resent it – thus affecting their work
performance.
Can there be life without donkeys
Authors: Arthur Jennings E.
Published: July 2002

An old story tells that a farmer of mean repute once tried to train
his donkey to live without eating. The early stages of the project were
quite successful and the animal was able to continue all his daily tasks
without reward. The unfortunate part of the story is that, just as the
farmer was about to prove his point, the donkey went and ruined the
experiment. With the usual lack of concern and interest most underlings
give to the good ideas of their betters, the donkey lay down and died.
A model for evaluating TQM effectiveness in health‐care systems
Authors: Mohanty R.P. , Santhi K. , Haripriya C.
Published: July 2002

Health‐care systems (HCS) are different from other industrial/commercial systems in that they can be influenced by moral and ethical considerations. In recent times, total quality management (TQM) has been implemented in many business sectors, as a means of focusing on the needs and aspirations of customers and using this focus to drive activity and improvement effort. HCS deal with a particular type of consumer ‐ the patient ‐ who may be old, confused, or otherwise vulnerable. Argues that TQM, when implemented in HCS, requires an understanding of the particular nature of the sector, which influences the parameters of quality relating to patient care and their subsequent measurement.
Supervisor skill formation in Taiwan’s automated factories
Authors: Jon‐Chao Hong , Jinn‐Cherng Wu , Ming‐Hsiung Wu
Published: July 2002

Automation is one of the ways in which enterprises can lower production costs and improve their quality. Since automation has a major impact on the nature of work and jobs, it demands new skills from supervisors. The major purpose of the study outlined here was to attempt to discover those approaches which are most effective in updating and changing supervisor skill formation. Questionnaires, covering working attitude, professional skills, interpersonal skills, administrative skills and mental skills, were sent to 1,000 members of Taiwan Electrical and Electronics Manufacturing Association. The results suggest that self‐development is most effective in fostering working attitudes, interpersonal skills and mental skills, while off‐job training outperforms self‐development and on‐job training in developing professional skills and administrative skills. Details more specific methods for effective supervisor skill formation, which show that supervisors can be educated to meet the requirements of an automated working environment.
End the paper chase
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Computer technology has improved our ability, and increased our capacity, to produce and distribute printed documents; but without effective control of document updating and circulation we are not always sure that people are using the most up‐to‐date regulations and instructions. This is particularly important where quality systems demand full revision control. Document control software provides the ability to create and manage a central “document warehouse” that can form a valuable resource, improve quality, and improve efficiency. Outlines the main features and properties of document control software.
Productivity through data organization
Authors: Gaynard Phil
Published: July 2002

Work measurement is an important contributor to the planning and control of operations, and offers a useful basis on which to evaluate alternative ways of delivering work. If the data that result from work measurement are stored in a systematic, structured way and users are provided with tools to retrieve and use these data ‐ the benefits are increased immeasurably. Describes a particular approach to data structure, coding, organization and use based on detailed measurement data and the use of specific software tools to provide linked database and flowchart‐presentation capabilities.
A replication of the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units
Authors: Lind Mary R.
Published: July 2002

Replicates the Daft and Macintosh (1981) research that related the amount and equivocality of information processing to the variety and analysability of work unit activities. Conducted across 38 different work units in a single Fortune 500 firm, identifies some contradictions, but confirms Daft and Macintosh’s unhypothesized findings and suggests that within an organizational context the amount of information processed by work units serves as an uncertainty reducing mechanism. Thus, more information intensive work units are able to clarify equivocal information and increase the precision and analysability of their task work.
Making e‐mail secure
Authors: Daniels Shirley
Published: July 2002

Reveals that the use of e‐mail has grown dramatically in the last three years, however, it is a relatively insecure transmission medium, unsuitable, in any unmodified form, for sensitive managers. The PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) program which has been developed to add encryption to e‐mail is well known. Reports on the working of such encryption programmes and ways in which such encryption can be integrated into mainstream e‐mail packages so that it is available to non‐specialist users ‐ bearing mind the need for adherence to (at least) de facto standards and the necessity for good documentation in support of easy‐to‐use software.
The virtual corporation
Authors: Daniels Shirley
Published: July 2002

Technology now makes possible the concept of the virtual corporation ‐ a small, core organisation networked to a range of suppliers and associates providing supporting services. Changing from a traditional, hierarchical organisation to such a virtual corporation needs much more than an injection of technology ‐ it requires changes in the organisation’s culture and communications. Managing the process is not managing technology change but managing people change.
Creating a culture of ownership
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

Gaining ownership of ideas is an important issue in ensuring commitment to strategies and plans. In most organisations, real ownership (in which the workforce has a real stake in the business) is not possible, but, via effective participation processes, we can create a culture in which people feel as if they have such a stake ‐ and are willing to act as if they have that stake.
Using information technology to facilitate organisational change
Authors: Baines Anna
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the organisation as an open system and suggests ways in which systems theory may be used to generate thought about the relationships between the environment in which an organisation operates, the structure of the organisation which is appropriate for that environment and the technology required to support that structure.
Closing the deal
Authors: Daniels Shirley
Published: July 2002

There are many occasions ‐ both within business and without ‐ when negotiation skills are called for. However, few people have any formal training or practice in developing the appropriate skills. Describes the key factors governing the success of negotiating and describes simple guidelines for conducting a negotiation.
The virtual organisation
Authors: Franks Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The nature of work is changing ‐ to adapt to the global marketplace. Many organisations will concentrate on core activities and outsource other services to those with specialist expertise, capable of taking advantage of economies of scale. Technology also makes possible new forms of working. Remote working is a real possibility for many. The virtual organisation is a network or federation of small companies and individuals, each contributing a key component of the overall set of processes that result in the delivered product or service. Outlines the natures of such changes and raises issues that must be addressed if such change is to be successfully managed.
Supporting the balanced scorecard
Authors: Sanger Mark
Published: July 2002

The balanced scorecard concept suggests that the success and the state of an organisation can be best assessed by taking a “balanced” view across a range of performance measures. Outlines the key features of the concept and addresses issues that must be addressed in implementation.
Competitive intelligence
Authors: White Diane
Published: July 2002

Re‐engineering is losing its place at the top of the fashionable management methodologies. This is perhaps because it has failed to deliver its promised range of benefits. In turn, this is because the practice of implementing re‐engineering is complex ‐ more complex than is realised by many who understand the simple concept behind re‐engineering but fail to think through the many factors associated with making the change. Suggests that many managers have too simplistic a view of re‐engineering; outlines critical success factors, and sets out an approach to delivering the full potential of re‐engineering.