bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viabilidade técnica, socioeconômica e ambiental de sistema fotovoltaico em posto de combustível no município de Vinhedo, Brasil
Authors: De Oliveira Luís Carlos Galdino , De Oliveira Elidiane Aparecida , Melillo Raquel Carnivalle Silva , De Oliveira Cristiane Ronchi , Gavioli Felipe Rosafa
Published: May 2021

O uso de energia elétrica tem se tornado primordial para as atividades atuais, uma vez que o crescimento populacional, industrial e tecnológico, contribui cada vez mais para o aumento da demanda energética. Porém, o atual cenário relacionado à escassez e o potencial de poluição dos combustíveis fósseis têm gerado grandes discussões em âmbito mundial. Desta forma, a busca por fontes renováveis se torna mais recorrente, uma das alternativas que empregada é a energia solar, pois se trata de uma fonte de energia sustentável cada vez mais acessível. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar um sistema de energia solar fotovoltaico já inserido em um posto de combustível no município de Vinhedo no Estado de São Paulo, com intuito de evidenciar as questões técnicas, econômicas e socioambientais. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo bibliográfico, com fontes de pesquisas primárias e secundárias, o qual se complementou pelo estudo de caso descritivo, com caráter qualitativo. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a viabilidade do sistema em questão, em todos os aspectos com inúmeros benefícios. Entretanto, a falta de conhecimento na sociedade relativa a tecnologias limpas é uma preocupação crescente.
Anaesthetic Challenges with DBS Device In Situ: Case Series with Review of Literature
Authors: Lalwani Parin
Published: May 2021

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) can be an effective treatment option for patients with essential tremors, Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, epilepsy, chronic pain, major depression, and its role is being evaluated in a variety of other neurological diseases. Anesthesia concerns take into account the primary pathology for which the device was inserted, assessment of device functioning and its interference with diathermy, electrical electromagnetic, ultrasound, and laser devices used perioperatively for different purposes. We discuss anesthetic management with a brief review of two cases with DBS device In Situ.
Peran Kepala Keluarga Kristen (Ayah) dalam mendidik Anak Generasi Z dan Alpha
Authors: Perangin Angin Yakub Hendrawan , Yeniretnowati Tri Astuti
Published: May 2021

Peran ayah dalam mendidik anak saat ini dan masa mendatang yang dikenal dengan anak generasi Z dan A (Alpha) sangatlah penting mengingat anak-anak ada dalam era digital, dimana pengaruh informasi dan teknologi serta nilai-nilai yang beda bahkan bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai Alkitab sangatlah besar dampak yang ditimbulkannya. Menggunakan metode kualitatif deskritif dapat disimpulkan bahwa, penelitian ini dimaksudkan agar para ayah kembali memahami peran strategisnya dalam mendidik anak generasi digital baik bagi anak-nak iutu sendiri, bagi keluarga, gereja dan masyarakat dunia. Panggilan utama adalah bagaimana para ayah dapat memberi keteladanan dari pengiringannya kepada Kristus, itulah warisan abadi bagi anak-naknya
BENARKAH DOSA MENJADI PENYEBAB KESENGSARAAN AYUB?
Authors: Nggebu Sostenis
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

The goal of this article is to criticize the views of the three friends of Job who regarded Job's suffering caused by his crimes. They insisted that Job confess his sins to restore by God. By using the method of literature studied the author tried to answer this problem in biblically theologically. From this study the author found out the fact that God Himself proved the opposite truth. That Satan was a liar because he thought Job would curse towards God if Job was impoverished and made miserable. In other words, Job's suffering was not related to his personal sin or crimes as his trio friends said before. Through his suffering, the truth was revealed that Job was increasingly immersed in a harmonious relationship with God even though he was like a man who was choked through his misery. But in the end God the Creator glorified in Job's life (chapter 42 proves it). And it was revealed that Job's suffering was not related to his sins, but because God would be delighted in his life.

Keywords: God, Job, sins, suffering.
BETHLEHEM IN THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DISCOVERIESBY THE PALESTINIAN MOTA-DACH
Authors: Nigro Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

The discovery of the necropolis of Khalet al-Jam’a, around 2.2 Km south-east of Bethlehem(Nigro et al. in this volume), provides new data on the Bronze and Iron Age town which controlled the main route connecting Jerusalem to Hebron, and the access to the wadiat crossing the southern Judean desert and leading to the coastal plain. Intermediate Bronze Age/Early Bronze IV, Middle Bronze shaft tombs, and at least two major Iron II burial caves (Tomb A7 and the Barmil’s Tomb) excavated by the Palestinian MOTA-DACH in an Iron Age cemetery allow to draw up a renewed picture of Bethlehem and its environs and give the opportunity to re-appraise its long history
L’ARCHIVIO DI TAVOLETTE DEL COMPLESSO B-C-H DI BÜYÜKKALE E L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DEGLI ARCHIVI REALI ITTITI. CONSIDERAZIONI PRELIMINARI
Authors: Francia Rita
Published: May 2021

In this paper is presented a preliminary study on the complex building B-C-H of Büyükkale. A collection of cuneiform tablets was found there. In the past scholars put forward several hypotheses about the function of these buildings, but they did not seem completely convincing. It is possible that at least in one of the buildings there was a scriptorium and possibly a scribal school.
LA COLLEZIONE DI TAVOLETTE DEL COMPLESSO B-C-H DI BÜYÜKKALE
Authors: Pisaniello Valerio
Published: May 2021

More than 400 texts come from the buildings B, C and H on the Büyükkale. The earliest tablets date from the Old Hittite period and almost all genres are documented. This paper represents the first attempt to study this tablet collection.
IL NUOVO ALLESTIMENTO DEL MUSEO DEL VICINO ORIENTE, EGITTO E MEDITERRANEO DELLA SAPIENZA
Authors: Nigro Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

On March 19th 2015 the Museum of Near East, Egypt and Mediterranean was officially opened by our Magnificus Rector Prof. Eugenio Gaudio in a completely renewed exhibit in the magnificent seat of the Crescent Hall of Marcello Piacentini within the Palace of the Rectorate of Sapienza University. Works of art and archaeological items collected by expeditions working all over the Near East and the Mediterranean were displayed illustrating interconnections and differences among several cultures enlightening the long and rich history of these regions. The article explains the concept which inspired the renewed exhibit and illustrates the main highlights of the Near Eastern, Egyptian and Mediterranean collections
UNA MATRICE PER TERRECOTTE CON SILENODALL’AREA SACRA DEL KOTHON A MOZIA
Authors: Chiarenza Nicola
Published: May 2021

During the XXV season of excavations carried out by Rome «La Sapienza» University Expedition to Motya, a terracotta mould was found in the Sacred Area of the Kothon. The mould shows a quarter of a silenus bringing the handle of a vase. The iconographic analysis and the stylistic parallels allow to date the mould and to set it in the cultural context of Motya. The iconological analysis suggests the possible relations between the subject of the mould and the deities worshipped in the Sacred Area of the Kothon.
HIGH-PRECISION CA-ID-TIMS AGE CONSTRAINTS ON THE NIBLACK Cu-Zn-Au-Ag DEPOSITS: A NEOPROTEROZOIC VOLCANIC-HOSTED MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT IN THE NORTH AMERICAN CORDILLERA
Authors: Oliver James , McNulty Brian , Friedman Richard
Published: May 2021

The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Wales Group and Ordovician-early Silurian Moira Sound unit of Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA, host numerous volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits and occurrences, including the Niblack VHMS deposits. Previous attempts to determine the age of the felsic volcanic host rocks in the Niblack area have resulted in conflicting results and interpretations. We have utilized chemical abrasion-isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb zircon geochronology to acquire highly precise crystallization and maximum depositional ages for a total of six samples of felsic volcanic and intrusive rocks from Niblack. This study establishes age constraints for the Niblack felsic succession of (1) crystallization ages of 565.1 ± 0.9 and 564.8 ± 1.0 Ma for coherent rhyolite flows, (2) maximum depositional ages of 565.3 ± 0.9 and 565.2 ± 0.9 Ma for felsic volcaniclastic rocks, (3) a crystallization age of 565.2 ± 0.9 Ma for a quartz-feldspar-phyric subvolcanic sill, and (4) a crystallization age of 564.8 ± 1.0 Ma for a felsic dike that crosscuts the Niblack felsic succession. These results indicate that the ~200-m-thick Niblack felsic succession and VHMS deposits formed during one episode of felsic volcanism at ca. 565.1 ± 0.9 Ma and are thus confirmed as part of the Neoproterozoic Wales Group. Results of this study provide the first chronostratigraphic framework for felsic volcanism associated with VHMS deposit formation at Niblack and have implications for mineral exploration on Prince of Wales Island and elsewhere in the Alexander terrane.
Change in hydrolytic enzyme efficiency over time
Authors: Szadkowska Dominika
Published: May 2021

Change in hydrolytic enzyme efficiency over time. The purpose of this study was to determine the action of hydrolytic enzymes (by Dyadic Cellulase CP CONC, and the Dyadic Xylanase 2 XP CONC) over time. Chromatographic analysis of holocellulose samples subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis was performed. The following hydrolysis parameters were used: time 48h, temperature 45 ⁰C, acetate buffer pH 5.4, commercial enzymes Dyadic. Holocellulose extracted by the sodium chlorite method from white poplar wood (Populus alba L.) was used. The final yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was determined. The results of hydrolysis performed at intervals were compared. The results obtained show that the hydrolysis yield of holocellulose after five months decreased by 40 p.p. for glucose yield and by 25 p.p. for xylose yield. The yield for glucose after two and a half years decreases by 68 p.p. and 62 p.p. for xylose compared to the initial yield.
�New wine, old wineskins�: a comparative study of interfaith engagement and transitional justice in Kenya and South Africa
Authors: Munyao Martin
Published: May 2021

Transitional justice (TJ) is an approach that has been used by states to bring hope and renaissance in addressing past injustices. Unfortunately, transitional justice mechanisms have been ambiguous and often yield underwhelming results. While various components that constitute human societies have been incorporated in Africa�s journey towards resolving historical injustices, religion has been casually utilised, if not altogether ignored. An interfaith approach to addressing a violent past has not been exploited, yet religion played a significant role in South Africa�s (SA) post-apartheid era and Kenya�s second liberation from KANU�s single-party rule. This article will highlight the insufficiencies and gains made by past TJ mechanisms in Kenya and SA. The article will also discuss the place of interfaith engagement in confronting structural violence. Lastly, improving on SA�s TJ model, it will suggest an interfaith agenda for TJ that mitigates the horrors of historical injustices for reconciliation, peace, and stability in Kenya.
A INTERAÇÃO FACE A FACE E O ATENDIMENTO AO CLIENTE
Authors: Duarte Cynthia Maciel , De Oliveira Jacira Matos
Published: May 2021

Este artigo trata do atendimento ao cliente na Loja do China, na Feira de São Cristóvão, no Rio de Janeiro – Brasil, a partir de interações sociais registradas durante pesquisa de doutorado realizada entre 2015 e 2018. O estudo apoia-se na Análise da Conversa para a microanálise dos rituais da fala-em-interação e nas ações de marketing realizadas durante o atendimento ao cliente, tendo a Etnometodologia como atitude norteadora. A observação das interações evidencia os entendimentos dos clientes sobre as mercadorias, o estabelecimento e o atendimento recebido e o esforço do comerciante para lidar com esses entendimentos de modo eficiente, transformando dúvidas em vendas ou aumentando a quantidade de mercadorias adquiridas pelo cliente.
A COMUNICAÇÃO NÃO VIOLENTA NO MERCADO DE TRABALHO DA MULHER JORNALISTA
Authors: Da Campo Louise Ariane , Parzianello Geder Luis
Published: May 2021

O presente artigo pretende evidenciar, com base na Análise de Discurso (AD) de filiação francesa em Michel Pêcheux, os assédios e constrangimentos sutis sofridos por mulheres jornalistas no exercício da profissão no Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, foram realizadas 13 entrevistas com jornalistas mulheres do Rio Grande do Sul utilizando-se da técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. Buscou-se identificar se o silenciamento de muitas delas diante desses assédios e constrangimentos geram marcas de uma forma de comunicação violenta conforme a concepção teórica de Marshall Rosenberg. Conceitos como os de gênero, identidade, comunicação não-violenta e análise de discurso ancoram este artigo.
APRESENTAÇÃO - EDITOR, EDITAR: ALGUMAS REFLEXÕES
Authors: Martins Bruno Guimarães , Gonçalves Márcio Souza , Reimão Sandra
Published: May 2021

Apresentação Volume 2 Dossiê - "Ler amanhã: Pesquisa, textos e práticas editoriais".
Polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor, toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-Like receptor 4 genes links with Dengue susceptibility
Authors:   Department of Microbiology King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India, Singh Arvind Kumar
Published: May 2021

Host genetic factors are known to determine disease susceptibility in dengue virus infection. Therefore, in this study association of gene polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor [rs731236 (Taq) and rs7975232(Apa1)], Toll-like receptor 2 [rs5743708(Arg735Gln) and rs5743704(Pro631His)] and Toll-like receptor 4 [rs4986790A/G(Asp299Gly13843) and rs4986791 C/T(Thr399Ile)] were studied in cases with dengue as compared to controls. Total 98 cases of confirmed dengue virus infection and 98 age, sex and geographically matched healthy controls were enrolled and their genetic polymorphisms for the above mentioned regions were studied by Sanger sequencing. Mutant genotypes CC of VDR rs731236(Taq1) [(OR 3.808, p value =0.02, CI 1.160-12.498)], GG of VDR rs7975232 (Apa1) [(OR 3.485, p value =0.02, CI 1.162-10.45)] and heterozygous genotypes of TLR4 rs4986790 A/G Asp299Gly [OR 2.40, p value= 0.02, CI 1.12-5.14], TLR4 rs4986791 C/T Thr399Ile [OR 2.09, p value=0.02, CI 1.12-5.14] were found to be significantly more in cases with dengue virus infection as compared to the controls. Also, at these positions mutant alleles were observed in significantly higher number of cases than controls. The values for C allele at VDR rs731236(Taq1) were OR 1.86, p value 0.009, CI 1.162-3.001; for allele G at rs7975232(Apa1) were OR 2.71, p value 0.006, CI 1.196-2.98 for allele G at TLR4s rs4986790 A/G Asp299Gly were OR 2.35, p value 0.009, CI 1.23-4.50 and for allele T at rs4986791 C/T Thr399Ile were OR 2.36, p value=0.006, CI 1.28-4.38. VDR and TLR4 but not TLR2 gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with dengue susceptibility in Indian population.
Known data on applied regenerative medicine in tendon healing
Authors:   Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Hospital Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India, Lakhani Amit
Published: May 2021

Tendons and ligaments are important structures in the musculoskeletal system. Ligaments connect various bones and provide stability in complex movements of joints in the knee. Tendon is made of dense connective tissue and transmits the force of contraction from muscle to bone. They are injured due to direct trauma in sports or roadside accidents. Tendon healing after repair is often poor due to the formation of fibro vascular scar tissues with low mechanical property. Regenerative techniques such as PRP (platelet-rich plasma), stem cells, scaffolds, gene therapy, cell sheets, and scaffolds help augment repair and regenerate tissue in this context. Therefore, it is of interest to document known data (repair process, tissue regeneration, mechanical strength, and clinical outcome) on applied regenerative medicine in tendon healing.
The Multiple Dimensions of Family Meals and Their Associations with Family Strengths from the Perspective of Korean Mothers with School-Aged Children
Authors: Kim Eun-Joo , Lee Jaerim
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between family meals and family strengths (cohesion and flexibility) in Korean families with school-aged children. We focused on five dimensions of family meals: frequency, family rituals, communication, rules and roles, and perceptions. Our data came from 619 mothers who were married with at least one child in elementary school. Our multiple regression analyses showed that mothers reported higher levels of both cohesion and flexibility when they gave a higher priority to family meals, made family meals a ritual, had conversations on diverse topics during family meals, or experienced lower levels of meal-related stress. In addition, higher levels of family flexibility were found when a family had more structured rules related to family meals and the father more regularly participated in meal-related housework. This study contributes to the literature by understanding the roles of family meals from a multidimensional perspective.
Use of Clean Energy in On-Farm Livelihood Security
Authors: Das Shiv Sankar , Behera Debashree Debadatta , Mishra Siba Prasad
Published: May 2021

Livelihood security in rural areas can be broadly divided into three categories based on land use as primary criterion. Livelihood such as agricultural production depends on land. All such predominantly land dependent activities are covered under on-farm livelihood options. These include cultivation of paddy, wheat, vegetables, etc. Those livelihood activities that do not require cultivation but are of manufacturing or service category are called non-farm activities. These include input and output services for agriculture, agro-processing, transport, education, health, warehousing, retailing, etc. There are some activities which do not require large amount of land ownership are covered under off-farm category. These include goatery, poultry, fishery, dairy, etc. They may require access to pasture for grazing, which can be part of community or forest land. On the basis of livelihood activities practiced by households in rural areas the clean energy requirement will vary. Current study emphasizes on successful development of solar operative irrigation appliances mounted over bi-cycle. On farm use of one such case study has been deliberated from rural areas of South Odisha where the diffusion of clean energy products has taken place.
AMMI Appended with BLUP to Assess the Superiority of Hullness Barley Genotypes Evaluated under Coordinated System of the Country
Authors: Verma Ajay , Verma R. P. S. , Singh J. , Kumar L. , Singh G. P.
Published: May 2021

Highly significant effects of environments (E), G×E interaction and genotypes (G) had expressed by AMMI analysis for hulless barley genotypes under coordinated barley improvement program. Environment effects explained 69.9% and 59.7% whereas Interaction effects accounted for 17% and 20.9% during cropping seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20, respectively. Stability measure WAASB based on all significant interaction principal components ranked suitability of DWRB204, K1149 genotypes. Superiority index while weighting 0.65 and 0.35 for mean yield & stability ranked DWRB204, Karan 16 as of stable performance with high yield barley genotypes. Ranks as per composite measures MASV1 and MASV found NDB943, KB1750 as desirable genotypes. Lower values ASTAB measure achieved by Karan 16, NDB943. Biplot graphical analysis as per 40.4% of variation of the measures exhibited MASV1 clubbed with ASTAB, EV, SIPC, Za, W6, WAASB and MASV measures. Measure IPCA1 clubbed with SI corresponding yield based.  W2, W3, W4 measures observed in different group.  For the second-year lower value of WAASB measure had observed for PL891, KB1843, NDB943. Ranking of genotypes as per Superiority index found Karan16, UPB1086 as of stable performance with high yield. MASV1 and MASV identified Karan16, DWRB216 genotypes of choice for these locations. Barley genotypes Karan16, DWRB216 were selected as per values of ASTAB measure accounted AMMI analysis with BLUP of genotypes yield values. About 78.1% of variation of the measures under biplot analysis observed MASV1 grouped with ASTAB, EV, SIPC, and MASV. While Za joined together with W2, W3, W4, W5, W6, WAASB to form separate group.
‘Nothing about us without us’: Assessing the Attitudes of Deaf Learners towards Inclusive Education
Authors: Mdikana Andile Alfred
Published: May 2021

This article reports on a study conducted on South African Deaf learners’ attitudes towards inclusive education. Respondents were a non-probability (convenience) sample of seven learners aged between 17 and 25 years. A questionnaire containing ten open-ended questions was designed and administered to assess learners’ attitudes towards inclusive education. The questionnaire took participants between 30 and 60 minutes to complete in a group-based context. The help of a sign language interpreter was undertaken. The data collected were analysed using thematic analysis. The results reveal that six of the respondents were in favour of being granted the opportunity to express their innermost feelings rather than be told by teachers what their attitudes should be.
Effects of bovine parathyroid hormone and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the production of prostaglandins by cells derived from human bone
Authors: MacDonald Brian R. , Gallagher James A. , Ahnfelt-Ronne Ian , Beresford Jon N. , Gowen Maxine , Russell R.Graham G.
Published: July 2002

Local production of prostaglandins by osteoblasts may be important in controlling the bone resorbing activity of some hormones which have receptors on osteoblasts. We have demonstrated that osteoblast‐like cells derived from human bone can incorporate [14C]arachidonic acid into phospholipids and synthesise immunoreactive PGE. Parathyroid hormone increases both the release of incorporated arachidonic acid and the synthesis of PGE. This is the first demonstration of modulation of bone cell prostaglandin synthesis by a bone resorbing hormone.
The active site of aspartic proteinases
Authors: Pearl Laurence , Blundell Tom
Published: July 2002

The active site of the aspartic proteinase, endothiapepsin, has been defined by X‐ray analysis and restrained least‐squares refinement at 2.1 Å resolution with a crystallographic agreement value of 0.16. The environments of the two catalytically important aspartyl groups are remarkably similar and the contributions of the NH2‐ and COOH‐terminal domains to the catalytic centre are related by a local 2‐fold axis. The carboxylates of the aspartyls share a hydrogen bond and have equivalent contacts to a bound water molecule or hydroxonium ion lying on the local diad. The main chains around 32 and 215 are connected by a novel interaction involving diad‐related threonines. It is suggested that the two pK
a, values of the active site aspartyls arise from a structure not unlike that in maleic acid with a hydrogen‐bonded intermediate species and a dicarboxylate characterised by electrostatic repulsions between the two negatively charged groups.
Inhibition by interferon (α + β) of mouse liver regeneration and its reversal by putrescine
Authors: Nishiguchi Shuhei , Otani Shuzo , Matsui-Yuasa Isao , Morisawa Seiji , Monna Takeyuki , Kuroki Tetsuo , Kobayashi Kenzo , Yamamoto Sukeo
Published: July 2002

Mouse interferon (α + β) given to mice by intraperitoneal injection suppressed both the accumulation of putrescine and stimulation of DNA synthesis in liver caused by partial hepatectomy. The suppression of DNA synthesis was completely reversed by exogenous putrescine. The same results were obtained when core 2',5'‐oligoadenylate instead of interferon was given to partially hepatectomized mice. These results suggest that interferon inhibits putrescine formation through elevating the 2',5'‐oligoadenylate level and thus inhibits DNA synthesis in the regenerating liver.
Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death
Authors: Fesus Laszlo , Thomazy Vilmos , Falus Andras
Published: July 2002

During the involution of lead nitrate‐induced hyperplasia in rat liver a significant increase of transglutaminase activity, enzyme concentration, transglutaminase messenger RNA and protein‐bound ε‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine (product of transglutaminase action) coincided with programmed death (apoptosis) of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical examination showed the appearance of transglutaminase in apoptotic hepatocytes. An increased transglutaminase level was also detected during glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis of rat thymocytes.
GTP modulates calcium binding and cation‐induced conformational changes in erythrocyte transglutaminase
Authors: Bergamini Carlo M.
Published: July 2002

Calcium binding to erythrocyte transglutaminase was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Results indicate that 6 ions are bound to the enzyme both in the absence and in the presence of GTP and. that the nucleotide reduces the affinity of the enzyme for calcium. Furthermore, I− fluorescence quenching and proteolytic inactivation experiments proved that GTP also alters the conformation of the enzyme. It is thus suggested that multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of the enzyme activity by GTP.
Identification of Nsp100 as elongation factor 2 (EF‐2)
Authors: Koizumi Shinichi , Ryazanov Alexey , Hama Tokiko , Chen Hao-Chia , Guroff Gordon
Published: July 2002

The nerve growth factor‐sensitive phosphoprotein from PC12 cells, previously designated Nsp100, has been shown to be elongation factor 2 (EF‐2). The criteria used for this identification include: (i) similarity of N‐terminal sequence; (ii) phosphorylation by the same kinase; (iii) ADP‐ribosylation mediated by diphtheria toxin; (iv) comparable function in cell‐free protein synthesis. According to these criteria, Nsp 100 and EF‐2 are identical and the kinase that phosphorylates Nsp100 in PC12 cells is calcium/calmodulin kinase III.
Effective blocking of HIV‐1 proteinase activity by characteristic inhibitors of aspartic proteinases
Authors: Richards Anthony D. , Roberts Ray , Dunn Ben M. , Graves Mary C. , Kay John
Published: July 2002

Inhibitory constants (K
i) between 5 and 35 nM were derived (under different conditions of pH and ionic strength) for the interaction of HIV‐1 proteinase with acetyl‐pepstatin and H‐261, two characteristic inhibitors of aspartic proteinases. Thus this enzyme, essential for replication of the AIDS virus, may be classified unequivocally as belonging to this proteinase family.
Mapping mutations in influenza A virus resistant to norakin
Authors: Prösch Susanna , Heider Harald , Schroeder Cornelia , Shilov Alexander A. , Sinitzyn Boris V. , Blinov Vladimir M. , Krüger Detlev H. , Frömmel Cornelius
Published: July 2002

To elucidate the mode of action of norakin against influenza A virus we sequenced the hemagglutinin gene of 11 norakin‐resistant mutants. Resistance was coupled with 1–3 amino acid exchanges. The majority of mutations was localized in the HA2 polypeptide and was mostly associated with changes in charge or polarity of the amino acids. The amino acid substitutions are discussed in the context of the 3D structure of X31 hemagglutinin considered to be representative of the influenza hemagglutinins. Most of the mutations appear to destabilize the pH 7.0 structure by distorting or destroying hydrogen bonds as well as salt‐bridges which are responsible for intra‐ and intersubunit contacts, while others destabilize the location of the fusion peptide, facilitating conformational changes in the presence of the inhibitor.
Characterization of the vir A gene of the agropine‐type plasmid pRiA4 of Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Authors: Endoh Hideki , Hirayama Takashi , Aoyama Takashi , Oka Atsuhiro
Published: July 2002

We sequenced a 4.2‐kb DNA region encompassing the virA locus of the hairy‐root‐inducing plasmid pRiA4, and compared its sequence with the published virA region sequences of four tumor‐inducing plasmids. An open reading frame capable of coding for 829 amino acids was identified for virA. Deletion mutants of virA constructed by fusing to lacZ, but not the wild‐type gene itself, were efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli when they were put downstream front the lac promoter. These fused gene products became soluble or insoluble depending on the length of their lacZ moieties.
Divergent changes of chromogranin A/secretogranin II levels in differentiating human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Weiler Rosad , Meyerson Gabrielle , Fischer-Colbrie Reiner , Laslop Andrea , Påhlman Sven , Floor Eric , Winkler Hans
Published: July 2002

Human neuroblastoma cells were cultured either in the absence or presence of 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) known to induce neuronal differentiation. This treatment led to a marked increase in the concentration of secretogranin II but to a decrease of chromogranin A. Analogous changes were observed for the respective mRNAs. Thus during differentiation of these cells the biosynthesis of two vesicle constituents of large dense core vesicles is differentially regulated as determined both at the mRNA and the protein level. Levels of both synaptin/synaptophysin and SV2 were also elevated but to a smaller degree than that of secretogranin II.
Partial hepatectomy and mediators of inflammation decrease the expression of liver α2‐HS glycoprotein gene in rats
Authors: Daveau M. , Davrinche C. , Djelassi N. , Lemetayer J. , Julen N. , Hiron M. , Arnaud P. , Lebreton J.P.
Published: July 2002

Liver mRNA levels of two acute phase reactant (APR) proteins, α2‐HS glycoprotein (a major negative APR) and α1,‐acid glycoprotein (a major positive APR) were measured in male rats at different times after the administration of turpentine, of tumor necrosis factor, or following partial hepatectomy. In every case, a marked decrease in mRNA levels of α2HS glycoprotein was observed which reached a maximum at 24 h. A concomitant increase of α1,‐acid glycoprotein mRNA levels was observed under the same conditions. These results indicate that the decreased levels of α2‐HS glycoprotein induced by the acute‐phase response following inflammatory mediators and partial hepatectomy are due to a down‐regulation of the gene expression of this protein in rat liver.
Cytotoxicity of a recombinant ricin‐A‐chain fusion protein containing a proteolytically‐cleavable spacer sequence
Authors: O'Hare Mary , Brown Alex N. , Hussain Khalid , Gebhardt Angelika , Watson Graham , Roberts Lynne M. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Thorpe Philip E. , Lord J.Michael
Published: July 2002

Chimeric proteins composed of ricin toxin A chain (RTA) and staphylococcal protein A (PA) have been produced in E. coli. Constructs consisting of N‐terminal RTA and C‐terminal PA (RTA‐PA) or N‐terminal PA and C‐terminal (PA‐RTA) were capable of binding to immunoglobulin G (via PA) and of specifically depurinating 28 S ribosomal RNA (via RTA). However, neither fusion protein was cytotoxic to antigen‐bearing target cells in the presence of an appropriate monoclonal antibody presumably because the RTA could not be released from the PA within the cytosol where the ribosomal substrate of RTA is located. The overcome this, a short amino acid sequence from diphtheria toxin was engineered between the RTA and PA to produce a disulfide‐linked loop containing a trypsin sensitive cleavage site. Cleavage of this fusion protein with trypsin converted the RTA‐DT‐PA to the two chain form consisting of RTA linked by a disulfide bond to PA. The cleaved fusion protein was highly toxic to Daudi cells coated with anti‐immunoglobulin antibody suggesting that the RTA could be released from the PA by reduction within the cytosol.
Alternative splicing generates two isoforms of the α2 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor
Authors: Kuhse J. , Kuryatov A. , Maulet Y. , Malosio M.L. , Schmieden V. , Betz H.
Published: July 2002

The inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR) is a ligand‐gated chloride channel protein which displays developmental heterogeneity in the mammalian central nervous system. Here we describe 2 novel cDNA variants of the rat GlyR α2 subunit and demonstrate that alternative splicing generates these 2 isoforms. The deduced protein sequences (α2A and α2B) exhibit 99% identity with the previously characterized human α2 subunit. In situ hybridization revealed expression of both α2A und α2B mRNAs in the prenatal rat brain, suggesting that these variant proteins may have a role in synaptogenesis. Heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes showed that the more abundantly expressed α2A subunit forms strychnine‐sensitive ion channels which resemble human α2 subunit GlyRs in their electrophysiological properties.
A mutation in the gene of a glycolipid‐binding protein (GM2 activator) that causes GM2‐gangliosidosis variant AB
Authors: Schröder Maria , Schnabel Doris , Suzuki Kunihiko , Sandhoff Konrad
Published: July 2002

GM2‐gangliosidoses are neurological disorders caused by a genetic deficiency of either the β‐hexosaminidase A or the GM2 activator, a glycolipid binding protein. In a patient with an immunologically proven GM2 activator protein deficiency, A T412 → C transition (counted from A of the initiation codon) was found in the coding sequence, which results in the substitution of Arg for the normal Cys107 in the mature GM2 activator protein. The remainder of the coding sequence remained entirely normal.
Quantitative analysis of dystrophin in fast‐ and slow‐twitch mammalian skeletal muscle
Authors: Ho-Kim My-Anh , Rogers Peter A.
Published: July 2002

The relative tissue content of dystrophin has been evaluated in the slow‐twitch soleus (primarily type I fibers) and fast‐twitch vastus lateralis (primarily type IIb filbers) muscles of the rat and mouse, as well as in human biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus muscles, using a sensitive immunochemical assay. The dystrophin content of the soleus muscle was approximately twofold higher than in the vastus lateralis muscle. This difference is not entirely explained by the higher total sarcolemmal surface of the smaller soleus muscle type I fibers, and is therefore attributed to a higher content of dystrophin in the type I fibers compared to type II fibers, PCR analysis of the dystrophin transcript levels in the two muscle types indicated no significant differences. Analysis of human muscle biopsies revealed a twofold higher dystrophin content in the vastus lateralis muscle compared to the gluteus maximum muscle. It is concluded that the tissue content of dystrophin may vary significantly among physiologically different skeletal muscle types.
High‐affinity kainate a domoate receptors in rat brain
Authors: Lomeli Hilda , Wisden William , Köhler Martin , Keinänen Kari , Sommer Bernd , Seeburg Peter H.
Published: July 2002

Mammalian brain expresses receptors which bind the potent neurotoxins, kainate and domoate, with high affinity, and which form a subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors. A new member of these receptors, expressed in both adult a embryonic CNS is compared in its ligand binding properties to its closely sequence‐related homologs.
Purification and characterization of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Albertyn Jacobus , van Tonder André , Prior Bernard A.
Published: July 2002

The NAD‐dependent glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol‐3‐phosphate:NAD??? oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.8; G3P DHG) was purified 178‐fold to homogeneity fromSaceharomyces cerevisiuestrain H44‐3D by affinity‐ and ion‐exchange chromatography, SDS‐PAGE indicited that the enzyme had a molecular mass of approximately 42,000 (± 1.000) whereas a molecular mass of 68,000 was observed using gel filtration, implying that the enzyme may exist as a dimer, The pH optimum for the reduction or dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) was 7.6 and the enzyme had a pt of 7.4. NADPH will not subititute for NADH as coenzyme in the reduction of DHAP. The oxidation of glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G3P) occurs at 3% of the rate of DHAP reduction at pH 7.0. ApparentKmvalues obtained were 0.023 and 0.54 mM ror NADH and DHAP, respectively, NAD, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP), ATP and ADP inhibited G3P DHG activity,K1values obtained for NAD with NADH as variable substrate and FBP with DHAP as variable substrate were 0.93 and 4.8 mM, respectively.
Growth response to 4‐hydroxy‐l‐threonine of Escherichia coli mutants blocked in vitamin B6 biosynthesis
Authors: Drewke Christel , Notheis Caroline , Hansen Ursula , Leistner Eckhard , Hemscheidt Thomas , Hill Robert E. , Spenser Ian D.
Published: July 2002

Mutants of Escherichia coli (pdx B and pdx C) which are blocked in the biosynthesis of pyridoxol (vitamin B6) showed a growth response to 4‐hydroxy‐l‐threonine. This observation constitutes the first direct evidence in support of the view that 4‐hydroxy‐l‐threonine is implicated in the biosynthesis of vitamin B6. 1‐Aminopropan‐2,3‐diol, the decarboxylation product of 4‐hydroxy‐l‐threonine, does not support the growth of these mutants. Deuterium from deuterium‐labelled 1‐aminopropan‐2,3‐diol was not incorporated into pyridoxol.
Cloning of two isoforms of the rat brain Na+Ca+ exchanger gene and their functional expression in HeLa cells
Authors: Furman Ian , Cook Orna , Kasir Judith , Rahamimoff Hannah
Published: July 2002

Two functional isoforms of the rat brain Na+‐Ca2+ exchanger were isolated from a λZAP hippocampus cDNA library. The open reading frame of clone RBE‐1 codes for a protein 935 amino acids long, and that of clone RBE‐2 codes for a protein 958 amino acids long. Expression in HeLa cells of Na+ gradient dependent Ca2+ transport activity was determined following transfeetion of the cells with either RBE‐1 or RBE‐2. Both clones expressed proteins that exchange Na+ with Ca2+ in an electrogenic manner and none of them exhibited a dependency of the antiport on K+, since they transported Ca2+ in an Na+ gradient dependent manner in external choline chloride as well.
External pH regulates the slowly activating potassium current IsK expressed in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Yamane Tei-ichi , Furukawa Tetsushi , Horikawa Saburo , Hiraoka Masayasu
Published: July 2002

A slowly activating, delayed rectifier potassium current, I
sK, was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by injection of cRNA transcribed from a rat kidney cDNA clone. External acidification reversibly decreased the current amplitude. The effects were concentration dependent on protons with K
d at pH ≈ 5.5 and a Hill coefficient of 1.0. External acidification reduced the maximal conductance (G
max) without affecting the activation kinetics; this effect was not dependent on membrane voltages. These data suggest that H+ ions bind to the channel with a one‐to‐one stoichiometry, and this binding site may be located outside of the membrane electric field.
Structure—function relationships in the receptor for urokinase‐type plasminogen activator Comparison to other members of the Ly‐6 family and snake venom α‐neurotoxins
Authors: Ploug Michael , Ellis Vincent
Published: July 2002

Plasminogen activation is regulated by the interaction between urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its specific glycolipid‐anchored cell surface receptor (uPAR). uPAR is composed of three homologous domains and is the only multi‐domain member of the Ly‐6 family of glycolipid‐anchored membrane proteins. Recent evidence has highlighted similarities between the individual domains of uPAR and the large family of secreted, single domain snake venom α‐neurotoxins, suggesting that uPAR may adopt the same gross folding pattern as these structurally well characterized proteins. Structural aspects of the binding between α‐neurotoxins and the acetylcholine receptor may have a major influence on future studies of the interaction between uPA and uPAR.
Thyrsiferyl 23‐acetate is a novel specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase PP2A
Authors: Matsuzawa Shu-ichi , Suzuki Teruaki , Suzuki Minoru , Matsuda Akio , Kawamura Takeshi , Mizuno Yusuke , Kikuchi Kunimi
Published: July 2002

Thyrsiferyl 23‐acetate (TF23A), a cytotoxic compound from marine red alga, has been shown to potently and specifically inhibit serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) with IC50 values of 4–16 μM, depending on the enzyme concentration. TF23A did not affect activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), 2B (PP2B), 2C (PP2C), or protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) up to 1 mM. It inhibited PP2A activity in a crude extract of a human T cell line, Jurkat cell, as well as the purified catalytic subunit. Thus, TF23A proved to be a novel useful probe for clearly distinguishing the activity of PP2A from those of the other protein phosphatases in crude cell extracts and identification of cellular processes that are regulated by PP2A.
The importance of two specific domains in ligand binding to the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors GluR2 and GluR6
Authors: Tygesen Charlotte K. , Jørgensen Marianne , Andersen Peter H.
Published: July 2002

Chimeric receptor subunits of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 and the kainate receptor subunit GluR6 were constructed and stably expressed in baby hamster kidney cells. By using ca 2+ imaging and radioligand binding, we demonstrated that substitution of a specific domain showing homology to a bacterial leucine‐isoleucine‐valine binding protein (LIVBP) had no effect on the affinities of the tested agonists, but decreased the affinities of the antagonists CNQX, DNQX, and NBQX. On the other hand, when the first of two domains showing homology to a bacterial glutamine binding protein (QBP) in GluR2 was substituted with the corresponding region from GluR6, the affinity of AMPA decreased sevenfold and the affinity of kainate increased fourfold, indicating the importance of this domain in binding of these agonists. In contrast to this, the affinities of quisqualate and domoate, two other agonists, were unchanged, indicating that a region located C‐terminal to the QBP domain is also involved in agonist binding.
Peroxisomal β‐oxidation of 2‐methyl‐branched acyl‐CoA esters stereospecific recognition of the 2S‐methyl compounds by trihydroxycoprostanoyl‐CoA oxidase and pristanoyl‐CoA oxidase
Authors: Van Veldhoven Paul P. , Croes Kathleen , Asselberghs Stanny , Herdewijn Piet , Mannaerts Guy P.
Published: July 2002

Trihydroxycoprostanoyl‐CoA oxidase and pristanoyl‐CoA oxidase, purified from rat liver, both catalyse the desaturation of 2‐methyl‐branched acyl‐CoAs. Upon incubation with the pure isomers of 2‐methylpentadecanoyl‐CoA, both enzymes acted only on the S‐isomer. The R‐isomer inhibited trihydroxycoprostanoyl‐CoA oxidase but did not affect pristanoyl‐CoA oxidase. The activity of both enzymes was suppressed by 3‐methylheptadecanoyl‐CoA. Valproyl‐CoA and 2‐ethylhexanoyl‐CoA, however, did not influence the oxidases. Although only one isomer of 25R,S‐trihydroxycoprostanoyl‐CoA was desaturated by trihydroxycoprostanoyl‐CoA oxidase, isolated peroxisomes were able to act on both isomers, suggesting the presence of a racemase in these organelles. Given the opposite stereoselectivity of the 26‐cholesterol hydroxylase and of the oxidase, the racemase is essential for bile acid formation.
Utrophin expression during human fetal development
Authors: Rigoletto C. , Prelle A. , Ciscato P. , Moggio M. , Comi G. , Fortunato F. , Scarlato G.
Published: July 2002

Utrophin, a protein encoded by chromosome 6 is highly homologous to the cysteine‐rich domain and most of the C‐terminal domain of dystrophin. In order to clarify its functional role we analyzed its expression during human fetal development. We carried out immunohistochemical analysis on muscle from normal human fetuses at different ages of gestation using an antibody directed against a specific COOH‐terminal sequence of the protein. In addition, we stained serial sections with antibodies against dystrophin and alpha‐bungarotoxin FITC‐BTX. Our findings show that, at week 9 of gestation, utrophin is diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm. From week 12 to 22 the immunostaining is still cytoplasmic, though the reaction intensity progressively decreases. Moreover we observed a strong reaction in fetal nerve at week 18 and 22. There was no correlation between utrophin expression and progressive dystrophin membrane localization.
Developmental profile of corticotropin releasing hormone messenger RNA in the rat inferior olive
Authors: Chang D. , Yi Su‐Jin , Baram T.Z.
Published: July 2002

Corticotropin releasing hormone is a neurotransmitter in the inferior olive complex of marsupials and mammals. The ontogeny of corticotropin releasing hormone gene expression in the rat inferior olive has not been described. Using in‐situ hybridization histochemistry in 25 animals, we established the developmental profile of the peptide's messenger ribonucleic acid in the postnatal rat. CRH‐messenger RNA was first detectable in two of four animals on the fifth postnatal day. Subsequently, gene expression increased linearly with age: by day 14, CRH was expressed in all olivary complex nuclei, and the distribution and relative abundance on day 18 were comparable to those in the adult. The developmental profile of CRH‐mRNA in the rat inferior olive differs from those in the mouse and opossum, and from the pattern in the rat hypothalamus, suggesting species‐ and site‐specificity of the peptide's function.
Immigration and psychopathology: a clinical study
Authors: Charalabaki E , Bauwens F , Stefos G , Madianos MG , Mendlewicz J
Published: July 2002

Three groups of 342 Greek, Iberian and Belgian psychiatric patients were compared, matched for sex, age, and time of hospitalization in a university hospital in Brussels. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder/atypical psychosis were diagnosed more among immigrant patients. Somatic anxiety, loss of libido, delusions and hallucinations were symptoms that clinicians observed more in immigrant than in native patients. Atypical symptomatology and change of diagnosis were more likely to occur among immigrant patients. A higher proportion of second generation immigrant patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia than either the first generation or the Belgians. Male immigrant patients were prescribed anxiolytic drugs more frequently than male natives, but were less likely to be referred to psychotherapy. The authors query whether these findings derive from specificities in the use of psychiatric services and/or from biases in clinicians'attitudes towards patients of different ethnic origin.
Biosynthesis of dystroglycan: processing of a precursor propeptide
Authors: Holt Kathleen H. , Crosbie Rachelle H. , Venzke David P. , Campbell Kevin P.
Published: July 2002

Dystroglycan is a cytoskeleton‐linked extracellular matrix receptor expressed in many cell types. Dystroglycan is composed of α‐ and β‐subunits which are encoded by a single mRNA. Using a heterologous mammalian expression system, we provide the first biochemical evidence of the α/β‐dystroglycan precursor propeptide prior to enzymatic cleavage. This 160 kDa dystroglycan propeptide is processed into α‐ and β‐dystroglycan (120 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively). We also demonstrate that the precursor propeptide is glycosylated and that blockade of asparagine‐linked (N‐linked) glycosylation did not prevent the cleavage of the dystroglycan precursor peptide. However, inhibition of N‐linked glycosylation results in aberrant trafficking of the α‐ and β‐dystroglycan subunits to the plasma membrane. Thus, dystroglycan is synthesized as a precursor propeptide that is post‐translationally cleaved and differentially glycosylated to yield α‐ and β‐dystroglycan.