bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOST SELECTION AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR OF NASONIA VITRIPENNIS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON TWO HOST SPECIES
Authors: Smith G. J. C.
Published: December 2009

The oviposition behavior of the pteromalid parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) was investigated in an attempt to explain the difference in population density maintained on two species of host, the housefly, Musca domestica L., and the blowfly, Phaenicia sericata (Meigen). The behavior of a female wasp was significantly affected by the species of host to which she was exposed. When presented with 10 pupae for 24 hours she averaged 14.2 eggs on 3.0 housefly hosts and 8.3 eggs on 7.2 blowfly hosts of the same size.The importance of the alteration in behavior to the population density of Nasonia became apparent when the suitability of the two host species was examined. At all densities of eggs more wasps matured on blowfly pupae than on housefly pupae of the same size. Survival on both hosts decreased as the density of Nasonia eggs increased. The difference in egg distribution, coupled with lower survival on housefly pupae and at increased density suggests a considerably lower production by this parasitoid on housefly hosts, compared with that on blowfly pupae.
A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES OF PHYTODIETUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Krebs Charles F.
Published: December 2009

The description of a new species of Phytodietus, subgenus Neuchorus, is presented. A closely related species is transferred to Neuchorus, also, and a key is provided to separate the two.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COINCIDENCE IN THE FUNCTIONAL AND NUMERICAL RESPONSES OF TWO PARASITES OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER
Authors: Griffiths K. J.
Published: December 2009

The possibility of imperfect coincidence between the appropriate stages of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) and two of its important parasites was demonstrated. One of the parasites, the indigenous ichneumonid Exenterus canadensis Prov., which attacks late-stage larvae, has good spatial coincidence; but some members of each generation suffer from imperfect temporal coincidence, or asynchrony, caused by the interaction of temperature influence on parasite development rate and temperature variability between development sites in the litter. The second parasite, Pleolophus basizonus (Grav.), is an introduced, multivoltine ichneumonid cocoon parasite. It may be imperfectly synchronized in its first generation each year and may show imperfect spatial coincidence in all generations through its inability to attack host cocoons beneath approximately 1 in. or more of litter.The intricate relations between parasite and host density, time, attack, and coincidence were investigated using the basic functional response submodel developed by Holling, a submodel that describes changes in oviposition behaviour with time, and a submodel that predicts the number of hosts attacked, given the number of eggs laid and data on the distribution of eggs among hosts. In the two species studied, the effect of asynchrony in one generation cannot be considered without considering the influence of superparasitism. At low host densities, superparasitism largely buffers the effects of decreased synchrony. This buffering effect decreases as host density increases until when each parasite is attacking all the hosts it can, it is almost eliminated. Imperfect spatial coincidence in one generation merely lowers the usable host density. Thus its effect can be seen in the functional response of the parasite to host density. When host–parasite interactions over 25 to 35 host generations were simulated, using initial conditions resembling those ensuing when small numbers of both host and parasite invade a previously unattacked stand, populations became stable after passing through one or more oscillations. Decreasing temporal or spatial coincidence increased host and parasite densities at the peaks of oscillations and increased the ultimate steady density of host and parasite, until coincidence was reduced to nearly half. At this level, the host escaped the regulating ability of both species of parasites.
THE USE OF CRYSTAL VIOLET FOR DETERMINING THE AGE OF SAWFLY COCOONS IN THE SOIL
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Dilute solutions of several basic dyes, especially Crystal Violet and Malachite Green, effectively marked cocoons of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.). In field experiments, 0.25% Crystal Violet applied to soil at 1.0 gallon per square foot of surface area dyed most N. sertifer cocoons recognizably and was not removed by natural leaching or by the water used in extracting cocoons from the soil. Cocoons spun later in treated soil became contaminated but could be recognized by the distribution of dye on detritus adhering to the surface. Dyeing permitted direct measurement of the density of current generation cocoons in late August, when they were visually indistinguishable from old ones.
TWO NEW ACANTHOSCELIDES (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN UNITED STATES WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Bottimer L. J.
Published: December 2009

Acanthoscelides mucrofer new species is described from Texas and A. helianthemum new species from Florida and Georgia. These are compared with A. tenuis Bottimer and A. atomus (Fall), respectively. Photographs of the four species are included. A. helianthemum had been previously reported from Florida under the name Bruchus compressicornis Schaeffer. The host plant of A. mucrofer is unknown. The following rearing records are reported: A. tenuis from Lythrum alatum and L. lineare; A. helianthemum from Helianthemum corymbosum; A. atomus from Lechea tenuifolia and L. racemulosa; and A. compressicornis from Desmanthus virgatus.
A NEW SPECIES OF ACTORNITHOPHILUS (MALLOPHAGA: MENOPONIDAE) FROM THE KNOT
Authors: Price Roger D. , Leibovitz Louis
Published: December 2009

The new species Actornithophilus canuti is described and illustrated from specimens found within the quills of primary flight feathers of a knot, Calidris canutus (Linnaeus).
A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MASS-REARING THE ONION MAGGOT (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AN ARTIFICIAL DIET
Authors: Allen W. R. , Askew W. L.
Published: December 2009

A gelatine-based diet for rearing the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen), that contains sucrose, evaporated milk, yeast hydrolysate, wheat embryo, cellulose powder, n-propyl disulfide, water, and antibiotics is described. Three consecutive generations reared on this medium were equal in puparial weights, percentages of pupation, adult emergence, and egg hatch, to those reared on onion bulbs. The procedure is simple and two man-hours per week is sufficient for producing 1000 maggots daily.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF A SWEET-FERN MOTH, ACROBASIS COMPTONIELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE), IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Acrobasis comptoniella Hulst is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in early July and the females deposit small egg clusters usually on the underside of the leaves of sweet-fern (Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult.). Larval eclosion occurs about 2 weeks later; there are five instars. The young larvae construct small silken cases and feed on the epidermis and mesophyll of the leaf until late October. Then the larvae, mostly second instars, move to the stems and construct hibernacula in which they overwinter. They vacate the hibernacula in late April, construct frass-covered silken cases, and feed on the leaves until mid-June. Pupation occurs inside the silken case in mid-June. At least 19 species of parasites have been reared from A. comptoniella.
THE OCCURRENCE OF DIORYCTRIA AMATELLA AND OTHER INSECTS IN CRONARTIUM FUSIFORME CANKERS
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Franklin Rudolph T.
Published: December 2009

The occurrence of Dioryctria ametella (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) as well as several other insect inhabitants of Cronartium fusiforme Hedgc. and Hunt cankers was investigated. A species of Pissodes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Eurytoma sciromatis Bugbee (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) were found to be winter inhabitants of the cankers. The importance of the cankers as an overwintering habitat for D. amatella was also considered.
SOME EFFECTS OF WIND ON THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

Larger populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), developed on artificially infested young peach trees protected by screen windbreaks than on unprotected trees. In the laboratory rather high air velocities were required to blow mites off the leaves. Agitation of leaves without contact between them had no effect on the mites. Whipping of leaves back and forth caused appreciable mortality of mites on them, and mortality was further increased when the leaves could beat together. It was concluded that wind causes considerable mortality of mites in peach orchards mostly through friction between leaves.
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF THREE SPECIES OF PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARINA) TO PREY DENSITY
Authors: Sandness J. N. , McMurtry J. A.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out on excised leaves to determine the form of the functional response curve of the phytoseiid predators Amblyseius largoensis (Muma), A. concordis (Chant), and Typhlodromus floridanus (Muma), to increases in density of the prey, Oligonychus punicae (Hirst). The curve for each species was curvilinear to a plateau from prey densities of 1 to 70/arena, the average number killed/24 hours at the plateau being 8.5/female for A. largoensis, 5.5/female for A. concordis, and 2.0/female for T. floridanus. From prey densities of 70–300/arena, there was an accelerated rise to another plateau, in which the average number of prey killed in a 24 hour period was double that of the first plateau.Detailed analysis of A. largoensis at a density of 200 prey/arena showed the effect to be due to a stimulation–interference component, which resulted in the predator killing several prey in close succession because of increased prey contact, and because total utilization of each was minimal. During a 1 hour period, A. largoensis captured an average of 1.25 prey/predator at a prey density of 35/arena, while at a prey density of 200/arena, 3.87 prey/predator were captured. More than four times longer was spent feeding on the first prey at a density of 35 than at a density of 200 prey/arena. During the time that the predator was hungry, it was stimulated to capture and kill interfering prey that bumped into it.The functional response curve of the three predators increased in magnitude when waterproofed paper arenas were used. Four possible reasons for this increase are discussed: reduced number of prey eggs for consumption by T. floridanus; lack of webbing, which interferes with searching; increased prey activity; and dehydration of prey, affecting their relative palatability to the predator.
ADDITIONS TO THE ORTHOPTERAN FAUNA OF CANADA
Authors: Johnstone Diane E.
Published: December 2009

Neoconocephalus crepitans (Scudder) and Microcentrum rhombifolium (Saussure) are recorded from Canada for the first time.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF FLEA FROM TASMANIA (SIPHONAPTERA: PYGIOPSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Holland G. P.
Published: December 2009

Austropsylla brevipecten gen. et sp. nov. is described from a single female specimen collected on a potoroo or rat-kangaroo. The genus is closest, perhaps, to Choristopsylla Jord. & Roths., and brings to nine the number of genera of Pygiopsyllidae to be found in Australia.
OBSERVATIONS ON LARVAL BEHAVIOUR AND AVOIDANCE OF ENCAPSULATION OF PERILAMPUS HYALINUS (HYMENOPTERA: PERILAMPIDAE) PARASITIC IN NEODIPRION LECONTEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Hinks C. F.
Published: December 2009

Dissection of 400 diapausing eonymphs of Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch) yielded 149 live planidia larvae of Perilampus hyalinus Say. Of these 87% were embedded in the brain and in the ganglia of the ventral cord, and the remainder in various other internal organs, including the malpighian tubes and silk glands. Numerous encapsulated planidia were found in the haemocoel. To avoid encapsulation in this host, planidia of P. hyalinus must enter an internal organ. Resumption of development of N. lecontei stimulates the emergence of surviving planidia, which commence feeding as ectoparasites. During the second instar, feeding is suspended while the parasite larvae search the body of the host for competitors and destroy them.

Some of the eonymphs examined contained larvae of the tachinid Spathimeigenia sp. in addition to planidia. None of these planidia survived, nor did they become hyperparasitic.
INTRODUCTORY STUDIES ON THE USE OF RADIATION IN THE CONTROL OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Gross H. P. , Baldwin W. F. , West A. S.
Published: December 2009

These preliminary investigations of effects of radiation on black flies were undertaken to develop methods of control based on the "sterile-male" technique. Mature black fly larvae were irradiated at various exposures (from 2 kR to 32 kR) and allowed to complete development in aerated stream water in the laboratory. The larvae were preponderantly Simulium venustum Say, determined by inspection of pupae and adults. It was found that percentage pupation following irradiation remained at a fairly constant level (about 93%), whereas emergence from pupae fell from 54% at 2 kR to 0% at 28 kR. Though variable, the percentage emergence of the controls averaged 47%. Adults inspected for radiation damage appeared unchanged at the lower doses, e.g. 2 kR to 6 kR, compared with controls. At higher doses (e.g. 16 kR) the abdominal cavities usually showed a notable decrease in stored fat bodies. The anterior two-thirds of the abdomens were largely devoid of internal organs, many of which, including the ovaries and testes, were found in a degenerate condition at the posterior tip.
AN EXTRACTION METHOD FOR RAPID SAMPLING OF EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER EGGS, LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Otvos Imre S. , Bryant David G.
Published: December 2009

Soaking shredded moss and birch bark samples in a 2% bleach solution for 45 minutes will release attached hemlock looper eggs. Soaking has no deleterious effect on the hatching of larvae or the emergence of parasites. This technique, in contrast to direct examination, results in a significant increase in the number of eggs obtained and a decrease in counting time. It also permits the development of egg sampling techniques for use over extensive areas and the collection of eggs in large numbers.
A NEW SPECIES OF HOPLOCHAITOPHORUS FROM SWAMP WHITE OAK, WITH A KEY TO THE APTEROUS FORMS OF THE GENUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

Hoplochaitophorus spiniferus is described from swamp white oak, Quercus bicolor Willd. A key to the three known species of the genus is given.
NEW SPECIES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM MEXICO, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES: III. TRIBE PITYOPHTHORINI (EXCEPT PITYOPHTHORUS)
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Seventeen new species of Scolytidae from Mexico are described. The new species represent the genera Neodryocoetes (4), Pseudopityophthorus (9), Pityoborus (3), and Prognathotrichus n. gen. (1). New locality records for several previously described species are included.
FUNGUS TRANSPORT STRUCTURES IN THE FIR ENGRAVER, SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Livingston R. Ladd , Berryman Alan A.
Published: December 2009

Adult fir engraver beetles were examined by serial paraffin sections and scanning electron microscopy. In both male and female beetles small cup-shaped pits covering the top and portions of the side of the head were consistently found to carry fungal spores. These pits usually contained a waxy looking material in which the spores were imbedded. The pits provide a mechanism for fungal transport and storage.
A TECHNIQUE FOR REARING CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Resh Vincent H.
Published: December 2009

Viable egg masses were obtained from adult caddisflies during revival from CO2 anesthetization. The egg masses were maintained in aerated water and the eggs hatched in 1 or 2 days. Larvae were supplied various food sources (bacteria, algae, and invertebrates) and case building materials. This technique permits casemaking and other aspects of larval behavior to be observed, and allows for complete description of associated larvae.
THE MATURE LARVA AND PUPA OF COMPSOBATA UNIVITTA (DIPTERA: MICROPEZIDAE)
Authors: Teskey H. J.
Published: December 2009

Mature larvae and puparia of Compsobata univitta (Walker) found beneath a pile of decaying vegetation by a stream near Austin, Man., are described and compared with immatures of other Micropezidae.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ABUNDANCE AND ACTIVITY OF THREE SPECIES OF CERATOPOGONIDAE (DIPTERA) IN NORTHEASTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Shemanchuk J. A.
Published: December 2009

Three species of two genera in the family Ceratopogonidae, namely Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, Culicoides yukonensis Hoffman, and Dasyhelea sp. near tristyla Wirth were collected from the area near Fort McMurray, Alta. (lat. 56°44′ N., long. 111°23′ W.). The order of abundance of the three species was C. obsoletus, C. yukonensis, and Dasyhelea sp. C. obsoletus and C. yukonensis were most active during the evening hours and Dasyhelea sp. was most active during daytime hours. Both species of Culicoides were serious pests of humans and animals in the community.
A NEW NEARCTIC DEROSTENUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) PARASITIC ON NEPTICULA (LEPIDOPTERA: NEPTICULIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

A new subgenus and two new Nearctic species, Derostenus (Nearctostenus) freemani n. sp. and D. (Nearctostenus) albipes n. sp. belonging to the genus Derostenus Westwood (nee auctt. amer.), are described with host records and distribution.
INCIDENCE OF OCCURRENCE OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN FOREST COLLECTIONS OF HYLOBIUS PALES AND PACHYLOBIUS PICIVORUS WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Taylor John W. , Franklin Rudolph T.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory assay showed Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to be present in approximately 15% of the combined populations of forest collected living Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus.
THE LIFE HISTORY, BIOLOGY, AND PARASITES OF THE PINE CANDLE MOTH, EXOTELEIA NEPHEOS (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), ON SCOTCH PINE IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Hain Fred Paul , Wallner William E.
Published: December 2009

The pine candle moth, Exoteleia nepheos Freeman, poses a serious threat to plantation and ornamental pines. It mines in Scotch pine needles during the early stages of larval development and enters the bud during the first flush of spring growth; thereby destroying the trees’ aesthetic appearance and value as a Christmas tree. Heavily attacked trees are severely stunted and eventually die. Adults are active from mid-June to mid-August, ovipositing in needle sheaths or along twigs. Eggs hatch in about 10 days with larvae overwintering in the needles where high winter mortality may occur. Parasitism by Copidosoma deceptor Miller (Encyrtidae) is an important biological factor in controlling E. nepheos. Approximately 37.63% of the population in one Michigan stand was parasitized and about 80% of this was by C. deceptor. Peak emergence of the pine candle moth will occur 1060 ± 32 degree days above 52°F threshold temperature.
A NEW SPECIES OF SEMIUM (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) FROM MEXICO, WITH NEW RECORDS ON DISTRIBUTION FOR TWO OTHER SPECIES
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Semium villosum n. sp. is described from Mexico. S. hirtum Reuter is known to occur in Canada and Mexico. The 4 known species are keyed and illustrated.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE GRANARY WEEVIL,SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON NATURAL AND MERIDIC DIETS
Authors: Baker J. E. , Mabie J. M.
Published: December 2009

A procedure is described for obtaining free eggs and first-stage larvae ofSitophilus granarius(L.) and rearing the larvae to the adult stage on whole wheat, corn, and rice flours and on diet 2, a casein–starch-based meridic diet.

Larval growth rates of males and females reared at 29 °C and 65% R.H. on whole wheat flour were comparable although males attained a higher maximum mean weight. Days to 50% adult emergence (eclosion) were 25.5 and 26.5 for females and males, respectively.

Larval growth rates on whole wheat flour were comparable with those on whole corn flour but were better than the rates obtained on whole rice flour; however, growth on diet 2 was improved compared with that on whole wheat flour. The mean weights of 14-day-old larvae were 2.51 ±.40 mg and 1.25 ±.16 mg for those reared on diet 2 and wheat flour, respectively. Similarly, survival to the adult stage was slightly greater (79%) on diet 2 than on wheat (70%). On diet 1, a casein–glucose-based meridic diet, no larvae developed to the pupal stage.
LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS PRODUCED BY THREE LASERS ON TWO TROGODERMA SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE): I. GENERAL DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W. , Wilde Walter H. A.
Published: December 2009

Dorsal anterior abdomens of late instar larvae of Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte and T. variabile Ballion were exposed to six doses from each of three lasers. The effects were followed for 183 days after lasing. Ruby (1.6–9.5 j/cm2) and neodymium (4.3–24.9 j/cm2) lasing killed the darker T. variabile larvae at lower doses than those required to kill the paler T. inclusum larvae. Carbon dioxide (2.1–12.7 j/cm2) lasing killed larvae of both species at intermediate and high doses. At sublethal doses, none of the three lasers affected development in terms of feeding, photonegative behavior, diapause, pupation, metamorphosis, reproductive mating behavior, fecundity, or egg development.
A NEW SPECIES OF BAETIS (EPHEMEROPTERA) FROM PONDS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC, WITH BIOLOGICAL NOTES
Authors: Lehmkuhl D. M.
Published: December 2009

Baetis bundyi new species is described from nymphs which were collected from tundra ponds in the central Canadian arctic (62.45 N., 94.27 W.). Based on measurements of a series of nymphs the eggs must hatch in early July and adults emerge in August. A table is presented for separating this species from other known arctic Baetis.
THE RHEUMAPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA (LEPIDOPTER A: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: December 2009

Two species of Rheumaptera occur in North America: R. hastata (Linnaeus) and R. subhastata (Nolcken). All stages of the two species are described and illustrated. Keys are given to separate the species in the adult and mature larval stages. Additional information on distribution (supplemented by maps), habits, and hosts is provided.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF EPHEMERELLA UENOI (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERELLIDAE)
Authors: Allen Richard K.
Published: December 2009

Ephemerella uenoi Allen & Edmunds was described but not named by Ueno (1953) from a single nymph collected by the Japanese Himalayan Expedition in Nepal in 1952. Allen & Edmunds (1963) named this mayfly from Ueno's description and figure, and placed the species in the subgenus Drunella Needham.
EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ANTISPILA (LEPIDOPTERA: HELIOZELIDAE) FEEDING ON NYSSA AND CORNUS
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Diagnostic characters of Antispila nyssaefoliella Clemens and A. cornifoliella Clemens are discussed. Antispila freemani is described as a new species. Adults and male genitalia are illustrated for these three species.
THE BIOLOGY OF POLLENIA RUDIS, THE CLUSTER FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE): III. THE EFFECT OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON THE HOST–PARASITE RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Davies D. M.
Published: December 2009

The course of the host–parasite relationship between Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) and Eisenia rosea (Sav.) is determined largely by the behaviour of the earthworm host, which in turn depends on soil conditions. Encystment of the host, which occurs mainly at low levels of soil moisture and bulk density, increases the success rate of the infection. Autotomy of infected segments by the host occurs in a higher percentage of active than encysted worms.
THREE NEW GENERA AND FOUR NEW SPECIES OF PYRALIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) FROM SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new pyralid taxa are described: Nehydriris excellens n. gen. and sp. (Pyraustinae), Brazil; Udea tenoalis n. sp. (Pyraustinae), Chile; Synclitodes decoripennis n. gen. and sp. (Nymphulinae), Bolivia and Brazil; Proschoenobius forsteri n. gen. and sp. (Schoenobiinae), Bolivia.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE POSTERIOR SPIRACLES IN HYPODERMA (DIPTERA: HYPODERMATIDAE) LINEATUM AND H. BOVIS
Authors: Murray V. I. E.
Published: December 2009

Each posterior spiracle is generally divided into three main parts—posterior spiracular plate, fell and spiracular chambers. The characteristic features of these parts and the moulting processes during the development of the larvae are described in the text. The main features in the development of the third instar larva are the replacement of the epidermal cells by chitin, shortening of the felt chamber and sear cord, increase in the depth of the spiracular chamber, gradual melanization of the posterior spiracle, and then its separation from the dorsal longitudinal trunk prior to pupation.
ASSESSMENT OF LOSS IN YIELD OF WHEAT CAUSED BY THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pickford R. , Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the damage and losses of wheat crop caused by the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), were carried out under field conditions during 1972 and 1973. A significant inverse relationship was evident between grasshopper density and grain yield. Loss in yield may occur due to grasshopper infestation in different ways: (1) early hatching of grasshoppers may completely destroy newly-germinated seedlings; (2) a gradual defoliation of the crop throughout the growing season reduces yield and grade of the seed due to reduction of plants’ photosynthetic efficiency; (3) headclipping occurs towards the end of the season when leaves have been completely destroyed. The role of weather factors in shaping the impact of grasshoppers on the crop is discussed.
EFFECTS OF INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL INHIBITORS ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: McKague B. , Wood P. M.
Published: December 2009

Adult emergence of Simulium decorum and Simulium tuberosum was reduced or completely inhibited in air-agitated stream water by 0.1 p.p.m. slow release formulations of insect growth regulators. Abnormal pupae were produced when S. decorum larvae were exposed to 5 p.p.m. R20458-4E.
PRODUCTION DES FORMES SEXUÉES CHEZ ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (APHIDIDAE: HOMOPTERA), SUR LES POIS DE VARIÉTÉ LINCOLN DANS LES CONDITIONS EXPÉRIMENTALES DE L’EXTÉRIEUR
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Larrivée J. M. , Thériault L. M.
Published: December 2009

Chez le puceron du pois Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), le seuil critique propice à la formation des sexués, dans des conditions expérimentales de l’extérieur comme à l’intérieur se situe entre 13 h 15 min et 13 h 17 min de photopériode. La fécondité du puceron sur la variété Lincoln à l’extérieur est semblable à ce qu’on observe au laboratoire (maximum de 66 ± 10 et minimum de 35 ± 12 individus).

Un maximum de 47% de mâles et de 80% femelles ovipares a été produit à l’extérieur. Ceci est inférieur à la production au laboratoire (57–63% de mâles et jusqu’à 90% d’ovipares au laboratoire).
ESTIMATION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Mukerji M. K. , Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

As part of a detailed study of the life system of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in southern Ontario, two methods were developed for estimating numbers of eggs in the spring growth of alfalfa. The first is based on direct counts of the eggs, which are laid in clusters and hence, aggregated in distribution; for moderate levels of infestation (ca. 8 eggs per bouquet), estimates with acceptable precision may be obtained by taking a single 3-stem bouquet of alfalfa from 80 randomly selected ft2 (.09 m2) quadrats within a field. The second is based on counts of the oviposition punctures which are randomly dispersed and consistent with the Poisson distribution. Although slightly less accurate, this method will provide a valid index of the number of eggs with less labour; acceptable precision may be obtained by taking a single bouquet from just 32 quadrats.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa antica, closely related to Euxoa terrena (Smith), is described from western United States. Adults and genitalia of both species are illustrated.
COLD TOLERANCE IN RELATION TO STARVATION OF ADULT RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (COLEOPTERA: BOSTRICHIDAE)
Authors: Swain Wayland R.
Published: December 2009

The tolerance of young adult Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab) to sub-freezing temperatures, −5, −10, −12, −18, −21, and −25 °C, was studied. Mortality in test populations increased in proportion to amplification of both intensity and duration. The increase in mortality with respect to duration follows a sigmoid curve. Environmental stresses, i.e., intense cold and starvation, increase the slope of the curve. In all cases, starvation mitigates against survival. R. dominica dies of starvation in a period between 116 and 432 h. Mortality due to starvation plotted against time yields a sigmoid curve.

Inhibition in feeding was observed in starved populations after 20 min of exposure at −18 °C or lower. This inhibition led to death after 7 days and apparently occurred secondarily to a state of “stress-induced lethargy.” Stress-induced lethargy was observed only in organisms which were both starved and subjected to sub-freezing temperatures.
OCCURRENCE OF A MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

A microsporidian infection was found in two females of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, preserved for a histological study in 1973. This is the first record of a pathogen in this species. Dr. G. E. Bucher of the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, verified the identity of this pathogen. It could not be classified further, because fresh material was not available.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): IV. EGGS OF THE SUBGENUS EUXOA HBN.
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: December 2009

The eggs of 18 species of cutworms of the subgenus Euxoa Hübner are described and a key for separating some of them has been constructed. Only in rare instances can species be identified from egg morphology alone, but the egg stage can usually be identified to the subgeneric level.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , Duchesne Raymond-Marie , Comeau Andre
Published: December 2009

The area of distribution of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) now includes much of agricultural Quebec. Several localized, low density populations were observed, especially south of the St. Lawrence River. Heavy infestations were found in the regions of Lac St-Jean, Joliette, and Abitibi–Témiscamingue.
INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: McClanahan Robert J.
Published: December 2009

Since 1970 the increasing level of Colorado potato beetle infestation in southwestern Ontario has necessitated foliage sprays or planting treatments with systemic insecticides. Spray tower tests of many insecticides against eggs, larvae, and adults indicated that the best overall materials would be carbofuran, azinphos-methyl, and chlorfenvinphos.

At planting time furrow treatments with granular carbofuran, disulfoton, or phorate demonstrated good control of all potato pests until the end of June. After that time only the carbofuran and phorate treatments gave protection against a heavy second generation of potato beetles. Yields were related to the degree of pest control.
MORTALITY OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) RELATIVE TO DISTRIBUTION AND DEGRADATION OF DICOFOL DEPOSITS ON PEACH LEAVES
Authors: Herne D. C. , Chiba Mikio
Published: December 2009

Mortality of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), on peach leaves was directly related to the uniformity of distribution and amount of deposit of dicofol for up to 4 days after the spray was applied. Mite mortality decreased rapidly from the 4th to the 11th day after spraying, whereas the dicofol detected by chemical analysis decreased at a slower rate. The minimum deposit of dicofol for 100% kill of the mite, immediately after spraying, was between 0.3 and 0.8 μg/cm2, depending upon uniformity of coverage. Doubling the dose did not increase the mortality then or later. Fourteen days after spraying, the dicofol deposit on some leaves was still 0.7–0.8 μg/cm2 but there was practically no mite mortality.
FECUNDITY OF VIRGIN AND MATED APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FEMALES CONFINED WITH APPLE AND BLACK CERESIN WAX DOMES
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: December 2009

The fecundity of apple maggot females was significantly greater (P <.05) on apple than on black ceresin wax domes. Eggs/female laid in apple varied from 24.8 to 318.1 and that in domes from 0.4 to 27.5. Mated females did not lay significantly more eggs than virgins and those confined in groups did not lay significantly more than those confined individually. These findings do not concur with those reported in the literature.
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERS FOR SPECIFIC DETERMINATIONS IN NEARCTIC XEROPHLOEA (RHYNCHOTA, HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Characters of head profile and abdominal apodemes are used to supplement the variable character of crown shape in determining the nearctic species of Xerophloea. These characters are illustrated for X. peltata (Uhl.), X. minor Laws., X. robusta Laws., X. major Bak., and X. majesta Laws., and a key for species recognition is included. On the basis of these characters, only X. peltata is found in Canada.
PECAN WEEVIL, CURCULIO CARYAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): 1. COMPARISON OF ADULT SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Boethel D. J. , Eikenbary R. D. , Morrison R. D. , Criswell J. T.
Published: December 2009

In 1972, limb jarring, tanglefoot trunk barrier, emergence trap, and insecticide spray knockdown methods of sampling for adult pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), were compared. The latter two methods were most efficient in detecting onset of adult emergence, seasonal fluctuations in emergence, and population differences among sample dates and among trees. In 1973, further comparisons of the latter two methods gave results similar to 1972 results. The required sample size was influenced by population density. The number of pecan trees to be sampled for a 20% standard deviation of the mean was small enough to be practical for grower use for most sample dates in 1973 and at dates near peak emergence in 1972.
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF MALE AND FEMALE LYTTA NUTTALLI (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. , Church N. S.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory experiments showed that female Lytta nuttalli Say are capable of developing and depositing more than one batch of eggs. The largest number of batches deposited by a female was 5. Batches laid by one female are the same size, and each batch represents one gonadotropic cycle. Most females lay every 4 to 8 days, the most frequent intervals between consecutive ovipositions being 5 and 6 days. The females copulate at least once before the first oviposition and usually again within 24 h after each oviposition. The first copulation stimulates oocyte maturation and probably also deposition of the first batch of eggs. Additional copulations are not needed for the development and deposition of subsequent egg batches, but appear to stimulate egg output. Sufficient spermatozoa are transferred to the female during the one or more copulations preceding the first oviposition to fertilize all the eggs she produces. The largest number of copulations by a male was 9. Males can copulate as frequently as every 24 h, but the most frequent intervals between copulations in virile males are 2 and 3 days. The basic features of the reproductive cycles of male and female L. nuttalli are found in other Meloinae and probably are characteristic of the subfamily. The fairly large quantities of spermatophoral materials from repeated copulations may be important in the nutrition of the female.
MALE INSEMINATIVE POTENTIAL IN APHYTIS LINGNANENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)
Authors: Gordh Gordon , DeBach Paul
Published: December 2009

Experiments were conducted to determine the number of females a single male Aphytis lingnanensis Compere (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) would inseminate during the course of a lifetime and the number of female progenies stemming from these copulations. Comparisons between a 25-year-old laboratory culture and a newly collected field culture of the same species indicated that reproductive effort on the part of males was similar for the two cultures. The mean total number of females copulated by an individual male during this lifetime (about 6 days) was 27.6 for the laboratory culture and 25.6 for the field culture. The mean total number of female progeny per individual male resulting from these copulations was 169.5 for the laboratory culture and 149.1 for the field culture. Males inseminated the most females on the first day of adult life. Number of copulations and inseminative ability decreased rapidly through day 4. Very few occurred during days 5 to 9, the ultimate day any occurred. Females inseminated by a male that had experienced coitus with several females earlier tended to produce more males, thus suggesting that fewer spermatozoa were transferred during later copulations.
COLD-HARDINESS IN FALL AND WINTER ADULTS OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Gibo David L.
Published: December 2009

Cold-hardiness was investigated in fall and winter populations of the social wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius), Individuals collected in the fall were able to survive 48 h at −10 °C. Both sexes were equally capable of surviving −5 °C. However, at −7.5 °C and −10.0 °C, females were more cold-hardy than males. About 50% of the overwintering female population were able to survive temperatures as low as −20 °C and monthly temperature fluctuations as great as 30 °C. None of the overwintering females was able to survive 48 h of −25 °C. Adult females of P. fuscatus are able to survive a winter temperature regime that, because of a combination of large fluctuations and low temperatures, is among the most severe reported for any adult insect.
A NEW SPECIES OF GLYPTA (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) FROM COLORADO AND UTAH
Authors: Yarger Larry C.
Published: December 2009

Glypta meritanae, described herein as a new species, parasitizes the larval stage of the white fir needle miner, Epinotia meritana Heinrich, in Colorado and Utah.
LARVAL REARING BY WORKER HONEY BEES LACKING THEIR MANDIBULAR GLANDS: I. REARING BY SMALL NUMBERS OF WORKER BEES
Authors: Peng Ying-Shin , Jay S. C.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were done in an attempt to ascertain the significance of the mandibular glands of nurse bees in female caste differentiation. Groups of 30 or 75, 10-day-old nurse bees, with their mandibular glands removed, were caged in the laboratory. Each group was provided with female larvae in plastic queen cell cups. The treated nurse bees were able to rear a few pupae, from these larvae, which were classified as queenlike intermediates while the untreated nurse bees reared pupae or adults which were classified as queens or queenlike intermediates.
CONSUMPTION OF VARIOUS DOUGLAS-FIR CONE STRUCTURES BY BARBARA COLFAXIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. Evan
Published: December 2009

During 1971 a study was conducted to determine the amount of the various Douglasfir cone structures (bracts, scales, and seeds) consumed by the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.), in the Buckhead Seed Production Area, Willamette National Forest, Oregon. It was not the intent of this study to develop a complete energy budget for B. colfaxiana, but rather to determine the number of calories consumed, on the average, by an individual during the larval stage. The behavior of the various larval instars has been discussed by Radcliffe (1952), Keen (1958), Hedlin (1960), and Nebeker (1977). The calorie was selected as the unit of measure due to its usefulness in modeling energy transfer from one component to another in the forest ecosystem.
A MECHANICAL TRAP FOR SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF SMALL, ACTIVE INSECTS
Authors: Menzies D.R. , Hagley E.A.C.
Published: December 2009

It is difficult to estimate numbers of small active insects, particularly predators, in fruit-tree canopies because of the frequent and rapid movement of these species. The conventional method of sampling such populations requires tapping the branch to dislodge the insects which fall to a cloth tray from which they are recovered and counted. However, many species take to flight very rapidly and escape before identification is possible. A sampling method was required which would rapidly enclose a volume of the canopy without disturbing the resident population, thereby eliminating inaccuracies in the sample obtained. This note describes a remotely operated mechanical trap which can be placed on a limb in the tree canopy. The insects thus trapped can be immobilized, counted, and identified.
LARVAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARGIA VIVIDA (ODONATA: COENAGRIONIDAE) IN WARM SULPHUR POOLS AT BANFF, ALBERTA
Authors: Pritchard Gordon , Pelchat Brian
Published: December 2009

Samples of a population of Argia vivida Hagen larvae were taken at about monthly intervals from a series of warm sulphur pools at Banff, Alberta, from June 1973 to December 1974. Changes in head capsule width and wing pad length in field-collected and laboratory-reared specimens show that the life-cycle is univoltine. Only the final (Z) instar can be recognized with certainty, but methods are described whereby the population can be divided into size classes which are thought to correspond well with the last nine larval instars. Periods of rapid growth occur in the autumn and again in the spring. Larvae overwinter in the instars U, V, W, X, and Y and the major shift to the final instar occurs in March and April. Adults emerge from April to August. In the laboratory, growth is temperature dependent until the penultimate (Y) instar and this could be a factor in the field since, although larvae can exist year-round at a constant 26 °C, some larvae live in the cooler areas at the edges of the streams and pools. Entry to the final instar appears to require the long photoperiods that follow the vernal equinox.
A STUDY OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN LARVAE OF THE GENUS TETRALOPHA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: EPIPASCHIINAE)
Authors: Allyson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Tetralopha web leaves of many kinds of trees and shrubs. A key to nine North American species is included, with descriptions of the last instar larvae. The species considered are Tetralopha robustella Zeller, T. militella Zeller, T. expandens Walker, T. aplastella Hulst, T. asperatella Clemens, T. vacciniivora Munroe, T. euphemella Hulst, T. scortealis Lederer, and T. baptisiella Fernald.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND HABITS OF LINSLEYA SPHAERICOLLIS (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE),
Authors: Church N. S. , Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Linsleya sphaericollis (Say) adults have been seen in various parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta from mid-June to mid-August, and will feed on western snowberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hooker, species of wild and cultivated honeysuckle, Lonicera spp., common lilac, Syringia vulgaris L., and green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Field-collected adults lived for up to 8 weeks in captivity and laid on the average nearly one batch of eggs per female, with each batch containing an average of 50–51 eggs. The eggs were killed if exposed to temperatures of 0–10°C for 3 weeks, but endured these temperatures for a week. Embryonic development was slow, hatching was unusually irregular, and the best hatching temperature was 25°C. The incubation period was about 50% longer at 20°C, and hatching was inhibited at 15° and 30°C. The first instar larvae lived for up to 7 weeks without food. Some of the larvae fed on the eggs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) and M. bivittatus (Say), but the response was poor; they did not feed on ant larvae and pupae, or on the larvae of wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton). The data indicate that there are five vorant larval instars, that the typical meloid hypnothecal and non-vorant larval instars are omitted, that this insect overwinters as a fifth instar larva, that the natural food of the larvae is grasshopper eggs, and that the genus Linsleya should be included in the subtribe Epicautina.
MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA: NEW SPECIES, DESCRIPTIONS, AND RECORDS
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Cohen Sandra D.
Published: December 2009

Descriptions and figures of five undescribed species are presented: Lachlania talea, L. iops, Epeorus (Iron) packeri, Rhithrogena notialis, and Heptagenia bella. Heptagenia mexicana Ulmer is tentatively transferred to the genus Stenonema, the nymphal stage is described for Isonychia sicca manca Eaton and Homoeoneuria salviniae Eaton, and new collection records extend the known distributional range of Dactylobaetis mexicanus Traver & Edmunds, D. musseri Traver & Edmunds, D. zenobia Traver & Edmunds, Isonychia sicca manca, Homoeoneuria salviniae, Epeorus (Iron) metlacensis Traver, and Stenonema mexicana.
MEAN WEIGHT AND REARING PERFORMANCE OF SUCCESSIVE EGG CLUSTERS OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey G. T.
Published: December 2009

Detailed laboratory studies of mated spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) show that the number of eggs per day, mean cluster size, and mean wet weight of the eggs gradually decrease during the period of oviposition of individual moths. The term mean weight of initial eggs (Ei) is defined and compared with other measurements of mean egg weight based on total egg complement or parts of it. Ei is 6%–12% greater than the mean egg weight based on all eggs laid. In spite of variation in pattern of egg weight distribution among moths, Ei appears to express satisfactorily the differences in mean egg weight among moths and can be used to survey egg weights among populations.

Laboratory rearing studies of individual clusters indicate slightly slower emergence rates (seconds from hibernacula), greater survival, and smaller proportions of male pupae in the third and fourth quartiles of the egg complement; there were no differences in pupal weights related to cluster order. There is no ready explanation for this improved survival of larvae from eggs known to be smaller.

Implications of these results for the population dynamics of the spruce budworm are discussed. The more stressful conditions encountered in the natural environment may counteract the apparently better survival of individuals from the latter part of the egg complement.
CAPTURE OF RELEASED APPLE MAGGOT FLIES, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), ON STICKY PANELS
Authors: Reissig W. H.
Published: December 2009

In 1975, 19.4% of 6950 marked apple maggot adults, Rhagoletis pomonella, which were released in the center of a 7 × 7 array of unsprayed apple trees were recaptured on Pherocon® AM traps. The distribution of the marked flies was not uniform as most of the flies were recaptured near the release point. The distribution of native flies which migrated into the test area from adjacent infested apple trees was also non-uniform.
ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF NEWFOUNDLAND TABANIDAE
Authors: Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

A review of existing records of Tabanidae collected in Labrador and Newfoundland compiled by Philip (1962) reported the total number of species verified from Newfoundland to be 14 in four genera, and for Labrador, 21 species in five genera.