bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection of the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan
Authors: Sanuja R. G. , Kalutharage Nishantha K. , Cumaranatunga P. Ruchira T.
Published: February 2017

Shell waste produced by the sea food industry is one of the most significant problems contributing for environmental and health hazards. The most frequent method employed for disposal of these waste is burning which is environmentally costly due to low burning capacity of shells. In such a scenario, conversion of shrimp shell waste to chitosan, a commercially valuable product with a myriad of uses, could serve as an effective mode of shell remediation. Chitosan was obtained from shellfish waste by deproteination, demineralization, discoloration and deacetylation processes. It was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The physico-chemical parameters such as moisture content, ash content, solubility, N-content, water binding capacity (WBC), fat binding capacity (FBC) and degree of deacetylation (DD) were analysed to compare the extracted six chitosan samples from Penaeus monodon, Portunus pelagicus, Portunus sanguinolentus, Scylla serrata, Panulirus homarus and Panulirus versicolor. The ranges for percentage yield, moisture content, ash content, N-content, percentage solubility, and WBC were 14.53±0.47%-34.13±3.72%, 3.16±1.77%-7.52±1.11%, 0.65±0.23%-53.52±5.65%, 2.02±0.03% - 6.16±0.10%, 15.28±0.62% - 47.91±5.15%, and 262.94±20.88% - 600.61±58.11% respectively. FBC varied approximately from 250% to 650% in coconut oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. Among the six chitosan samples, P. monodon was the most suitable crustacean exoskeleton waste from fish processing industry to isolate chitosan due to the fact that in the processing of shrimps for human consumption, 40 - 50 % of the total mass is discarded as waste and high quality of chitosan extracted. Therefore, there is a high possibility of extracting good quality chitosan using exoskeleton waste of Penaeus monodon.
Multi-mesh gillnet selectivity of Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus (Cichlidae) in the fishery of three large perennial reservoirs in Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasinghe R. P. Prabath K. , Amarasinghe Upali S. , Moreau Jacques
Published: February 2017

As in many tropical reservoir fisheries, the major fishing gear in the reservoirs of Sri Lanka is gillnet. Gillnets of a wide range of stretched mesh sizes (6.9 - 11.4 cm) are used in individual boats in Sri Lankan reservoirs targeting mainly two exotic cichlid species, Oreochromis mossambicus and O. niloticus, which dominate the fisheries accounting for over 80% of the landings. Although the filament characteristics and dimensions of gillnets of different mesh sizes are uniform, their mesh composition varies from boat to boat making catch samples in individual boats are under the influence of different selectivity patterns. As such, an approach is presented for constructing the overall selection curves in the sampled boats during different sampling occasions for the two cichlid fish species in the three reservoirs. For this purpose, gillnet selectivity of each mesh size was determined using Baranov-Holt method. Probabilities of capture of mesh-wise gillnet selection curves were then summed up giving weight to the contribution of each mesh size to the total number of net pieces in the sampled boat, to determine the overall gillnet selection from gillnets of all mesh sizes. The importance of the findings of the present study for length-based stock assessment methods and for imposing mesh regulations to the gillnet fisheries in reservoirs of Sri Lanka is discussed.
Life-history data for the funnel weavers Eratigena agrestis and Eratigena atrica (Araneae: Agelenidae) in the Pacific Northwest of North America
Authors: Vibert Samantha , Salomon Maxence , Scott Catherine , Blackburn Gwylim S. , Gries Gerhard
Published: February 2017

The life history of the funnel weaver Eratigena agrestis (Walckenaer) (Araneae: Agelenidae) is not well studied despite its widespread occurrence in Europe and its establishment and spread in the Pacific Northwest of North America since its introduction in the early 20th century. We report phenology and life-history data for E. agrestis and another co-occurring funnel weaver, Eratigena atrica (Koch), in two study sites in British Columbia, Canada. The most notable difference in phenology between the two Eratigena species was the timing of emergence: E. atrica spiderlings emerge in the fall whereas E. agrestis spiderlings emerge in the spring. Surprisingly, the contrasting densities of E. atrica in the two study sites and the presence of the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin and Ivie (Araneae: Theridiidae), in one study site had little effect on the life history of E. agrestis. This unexpected finding may be explained by (i) low overall competition pressure in the study habitats, (ii) conspecifics and heterospecifics exerting equivalent competition or predation pressures; and/or (iii) aggregations of heterospecifics providing benefits that offset costs associated with any competition.
OTX1 and OTX2 as possible molecular markers of sinonasal carcinomas and olfactory neuroblastomas
Authors: Pirrone Cristina , Chiaravalli Anna M. , Marando Alessandro , Conti Andrea , Rainero Alessia , Pistochini Andrea , Lo Curto Francesco , Pasquali Francesco , Castelnuovo Paolo , Capella Carlo , Porta Giovanni
Published: February 2017

OTX Homeobox genes are involved in embryonic morphogenesis and in the development of olfactory epithelium in adult. Mutations occurring in the OTX genes are reported to be associated to tumorigenisis in human. No reports correlate the expression of OTX genes and neoplasms of the nasal cavity. Thus, through immunohistochemical and Real-time PCR analysis we investigated OTX1 and OTX2 expression in the more frequent types of nasal and sinonasal tumours. Variable expression of both genes were found in normal sinonasal mucosa and in tumours. Interestingly, no expression of both OTX genes were detected in sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinomas; only OTX1 was found in non-intestinal-type adenocarcinomas and OTX2 was selectively expressed in olfactory neuroblastomas. In conclusion, OTX1 and OTX2 genes might have a role in the pathogenesis of different types of sinonasal neoplasms.
Mucocele of the appendix in a 77-year-old man with calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasias syndrome
Authors: Loukil Hanen , Frikha Faten , Snoussi Mouna , Bahloul Zouhir
Published: February 2017

Mucocele is an uncommon pathology of the vermiform appendix estimated to be seen in 0.2-0.3%. The term mucocele means dilation of the appendix due to mucus, caused either by a benign or a malignant process. Herein, we report the case of a 77-year-old man with Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly and Telangiectasias syndrome, a limited form of Scleroderma, who had presented an abdominal cyclical pain and in which abdominopelvic computed tomography scan concluded to the diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele. Surgery and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mucinous cystadenoma. This association appendiceal mucocele and scleoderma has not been previously reported. The clinical and radiological features of this unusual complication are reviewed.
Intestinal intussusception in an adult caused by helminthic parasitosis
Authors: Pecorella Irene , Okello Tom R. , Ciardi Gaia , Ogwang David M. , Opira Cyprian
Published: February 2017

Intestinal intussusception is an uncommon acute condition in adults and is most commonly caused by an intestinal tumor mass. Helminthic parasitosis is a widespread infection in Africa, and the load of worms is often high in individuals living in areas with inadequate sanitation. We report a case of intestinal obstruction caused by Ascaris lumbricoides infection, which was complicated by ileo-caecal intussusception and required surgical treatment in a 40-year-old Ugandan woman. This case reinforces the importance of anthelminthic prophylaxis in African rural areas.
A giant gastric bezoar in Billroth II stomach: a case report on successful endoscopic removal via repeated fragmentation and dissolution technique negating the need for surgical intervention
Authors: Chieng Jin Yu , Ho Shiaw Hooi , Goh Khean Lee
Published: February 2017

A 76-year-old gentleman presented with anemia. He had a history of perforated duodenal ulcer six years ago, with Billroth II repair performed. A large gastric bezoar (8×6 cm2) with a clean base ulcer at the anastomotic junction was found during the initial oesophago- gastro-duodenoscopy (OGDS). Rapid urease test was negative. He presented with melena during the subsequent follow up (OGDS showed a Forrest Ib prepylori ulcer). We have successfully removed the gastric bezoar with dissolution therapy initially (injection of cokecola into the bezoar, followed by drinking 325 mL Coca-ColaTM twice daily), followed by four attempts of OGDS with endoscopic fragmentation. Histopathology reported as degenerated vegetable matter, acellular debris mixed with scattered fungal and bacterial colonies, which was compatible with bezoar. Follow-up OGDS showed complete clearance of the bezoar. Coca-ColaTM ingestion should be considered as initial treatment as it is non-invasive, and it enables further successful endoscopic fragmentation.
Effects of Substrate Type on Plant Growth and Nitrogen and Nitrate Concentration in Spinach
Authors: Barcelos Carina , Machado Rui M.A. , Alves-Pereira Isabel , Ferreira Rui , Bryla David R.
Published: February 2017

The effects of three commercial substrates (a mixture of forest residues, composted grape husks, and white peat, black peat and coir) on plant growth and nitrogen (N) and nitrate (NO3) concentration and content were evaluated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Tapir). Spinach seedlings were transplanted at 45 days after emergence into Styrofoam boxes filled with the substrates and were grown during winter and early spring in an unheated greenhouse with no supplemental lighting. Each planting box was irrigated daily by drip and fertilized with a complete nutrient solution. The NO3 content of the drainage water was lower in coir than in the other substrates. However, shoot NO3 concentration was not affected by substrate type, while yield and total shoot N and NO3 content were greater when plants were grown in peat than in the mixed substrate or the coir. Leaf chlorophyll meter readings provided a good indication of the amount of N in the plants and increased linearly with total shoot N.
UxS Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: Interface Control Document (ICD)
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This interface control document (ICD) specifies all software services in the Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment Architecture, including interfaces, messages, and data model.
Diesel Engines - Fuel Injection Pump Testing
Authors:   Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

The correct setting and adjustment of fuel injection pumps requires standardized testing conditions.

This SAE Standard summarizes the design and operating parameters for test benches so that, using certain information supplied by the pump manufacturer, the pump test schedule, and certain information supplied by the test bench manufacturer, it can be determined whether a particular test bench is suitable for driving a particular injection pump.

This document is in most cases a summary of the ISO Standard 4008, Parts 1, 2, and 3 and is intended to provide its critical aspects. Standard ISO 4008 should be referred to for more details.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures for Integrated Circuits - Integrated Circuit EMC Measurement Procedures - General and Definitions
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides supporting information for the emission and immunity measurement procedures defined in the SAE J1752 series of documents.
OBD Communications Compliance Test Cases for Heavy Duty Components and Vehicles
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this Recommended Practice is to verify that vehicles and/or components are capable of communicating a required set of information, in accordance with the diagnostic messages specified in SAE J1939-73, to fulfill the off-board diagnostic tool interface requirements contained in the government regulations cited below.

This document describes the tests, methods, and results for verifying diagnostic communications from an off board diagnostic tool (i.e., scan tool) to a vehicle and/or component. SAE members have generated this document to serve as a guide for testing vehicles for compliance with ARB and other requirements for emissions-related on-board diagnostic (OBD) functions for heavy duty engines used in medium and heavy duty vehicles.

The development of HD OBD regulations by US EPA and California’s Air Resources Board (ARB) require that diagnostic message services are exercised to evaluate diagnostic communication standardization requirements on production vehicles. The user should reference the summary provided by SAE J1939-73 Table 1 and Table 2 for OBD compliance support.

The February 2015 version of SAE J1939-84 replaced the test procedures in section 6 in order to implement a 2-operating cycle failure detection process for Production Vehicle Evaluation (l)(1) as requested by ARB. The tests also exercise diagnostic executive features such as three drive cycle accounting, freeze frame management and the general denominator in addition to the demonstration of interface function. Detailed criteria for some tests are described in a normative appendix, Appendix A, which was inserted before the output report examples that are now in Appendix B.

The December 2008 publication of J1939-84 described a test process for EURO IV and EURO V engine emissions and diagnostics regulations, which is given in section 7. The December 2010 version of the document added a test plan and procedure outline for ARB and US EPA HD OBD requirements with emphasis on 13 CCR 1971.1 (l)(1) Verification of Standardized Requirements, as section 6. The June 2012 version added the observation of the MIL_On to MIL_Off transition for a single trip CCM fault and reformatted tables in section 6 to improve ease of use.
Protocol to Verify Performance of New Xenon Arc Test Apparatus
Authors:   Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice is for use by contractual parties to verify new xenon arc test apparatus ability to perform SAE J1885, J1960, J2412, J2527, or other as specified.
Accessory Drive Tensioner Test Standards
Authors:   Belt Drive (Automotive) Systems Committee
Published: February 2017

To document test procedures and set-ups that address known failure modes for Accessory Drive automatic tensioners This SAE Standard does not encompass the pulley or pulley bearing. The sample sizes and acceptance criteria should be determined by agreement between the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and the supplier.

The failure modes to be addressed are:

Test Factors include:

NOTE: The Belt Drive Committee recommends that this spec be run using test parts that are close to the upper and lower specifications for load output and damping (tails testing).
Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface Vehicles
Authors:   Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J2601 establishes the protocol and process limits for hydrogen fueling of light duty vehicles. These process limits (including the fuel delivery temperature, the maximum fuel flow rate, the rate of pressure increase and the ending pressure) are affected by factors such as ambient temperature, fuel delivery temperature and initial pressure in the vehicle’s compressed hydrogen storage system. SAE J2601 establishes standard fueling protocols based on either a look-up table approach utilizing a fixed pressure ramp rate, or a formula based approach utilizing a dynamic pressure ramp rate continuously calculated throughout the fill. Both protocols allow for fueling with communications or without communications. The table-based protocol provides a fixed end-of-fill pressure target, whereas the formula-based protocol calculates the end-of-fill pressure target continuously. For fueling with communications, this standard is to be used in conjunction with SAE J2799, Hydrogen Surface Vehicle to Station Communications Hardware and Software.

An important factor in the performance of hydrogen fueling is the station’s dispensing equipment cooling capability and the resultant fuel delivery temperature. There are three fuel delivery temperature categories denoted by a “T” rating - T40, T30, and T20, where T40 is the coldest. Under reference conditions, SAE J2601 has a performance target of a fueling time of 3 minutes and a State of Charge (SOC) of 95–100% (with communications), which can be achieved with a T40 rated dispenser. However, with higher fuel delivery temperature dispenser ratings (T30 or T20) and/or at high ambient temperatures, fueling times may be longer.

Table 1 below depicts the scope of SAE J2601 and potential work items for future revisions within this or other documents of the J2601 series. SAE J2601 includes protocols which are applicable for two pressure classes (35 and 70 MPa), three fuel delivery temperatures categories (−40 °C, −30 °C, −20 °C) and compressed hydrogen storage system sizes from 49.7 to 248.6 L. Future versions of SAE J2601work may incorporate warmer fuel delivery temperatures (−10 °C and ambient) and smaller compressed hydrogen storage systems for motorcycles and other light duty applications.

The fueling protocols herein were developed based on a set of key assumptions described in Section 7 and Appendix A. These assumptions should be carefully considered in the development and implementation of an on-board compressed hydrogen storage system. In particular, hydrogen storage systems with properties which do not fall within the parameters in Table A3 should be further evaluated to confirm compatibility with the protocols herein.
Low Speed Thorax Impact Test Procedure for the HIII5F Dummy
Authors:   Dummy Testing and  Equipment Committee
Published: February 2017

This procedure establishes a recommended practice for performing a Low Speed Thorax Impact Test to the Hybrid III Small Female Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD or crash dummy). This test was created to satisfy the demand by the industry to have a certification test which results in peak chest deflection similar to current full vehicle, frontal impact tests. An inherent problem exists with the current certification procedure because the normal (6.7 m/s) thorax impact test has test results for peak chest deflection that are greater than those currently seen in full vehicle, frontal tests.

The intent of this document is to develop a low speed thorax certification procedure for the H-III5F dummy with a 3.0 m/s impact similar to the SAE J2779 procedure for the H-III50M dummy.
Inertia-dynamometer Disc Brake Drag Measurement Test Procedure for Vehicles Less Than 4540 kg GVWR
Authors:   Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice applies to on-road vehicles with a GVWR below 4540 kg equipped with disc brakes.
Linear Impact Procedure for Occupant Ejection Protection
Authors:   Impact and Rollover Test Procedures Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

The objective of this document is to enhance the test procedure that is used for ejection mitigation testing per the NHTSA guidelines as mentioned in the FMVSS226 Final Rule document (NHTSA Docket No. NHTSA-2011-0004).

The countermeasure for occupant ejection testing is to be tested with an 18kg mass on a guided linear impactor using the featureless headform specifically designed for ejection mitigation testing.

SAE does not endorse any particular countermeasure for ejection mitigation testing. However, the document reflects guidelines that should be followed to maintain consistency in the test results. Examples of currently used countermeasures include the Inflatable Curtain airbags and Laminated Glass.

The testing procedure is as follows:

1

Determine the daylight opening

2

Identify target locations per the FMVSS226 Final Rule §5.2

a

Target locations for all windows and daylight openings

b

Perform the target elimination process

c

Reconstitute the targets

3

Determine the zero-plane

4

In case of advanced glazing, determine if the glazing has to be part of the test and pre-brake it at a 75mm offset

a

If yes, than follow the procedure for pre-breaking the laminated glazing

5

Run the test

a

At 5.6m/s with a 1.5s delay

b

At 4.4m/s with a 6.0s delay
Starter Battery Identification and Classification
Authors:   Starter Battery Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

To provide the industry with the means to apply a set of rules for identifying and providing a common numbering system for lead acid starting batteries.
Gaseous Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicle First and Second Responder Recommended Practice
Authors:   Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

Electric and alternative fueled vehicles present different hazards for first and second responders than conventional gasoline internal combustion engines. Hydrogen vehicles (H2V) including Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) involved in incidents may present unique hazards associated with the fuel storage and high voltage systems.

The electrical hazards associated with the high voltage systems of hybrid-electric vehicles and FCVs are already addressed in the parent document, SAE J2990. This Recommended Practice therefore addresses electric issues by reference to SAE J2990 and supplements SAE J2990 to address the potential consequences associated with hydrogen vehicle incidents and suggest common procedures to help protect emergency responders, tow and/or recovery, storage, repair, and salvage personnel after an incident has occurred. Industry design standards and tools were studied and where appropriate, suggested for responsible organizations to implement.
Automotive Battery Recycling Identification and Cross Contamination Prevention
Authors:   Battery Standards Recycling Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Battery Identification and Cross Contamination Prevention document is intended to provide information that may be applicable to all types of Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) devices. It is important to develop a system that can facilitate sorting by chemistry. The recycler is interested in the chemistry of the RESS. This is true for the recyclers of Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Nickel Cadmium etc.

Thus recyclers of RESS will receive RESS from automotive, commercial, and industrial applications. These RESS have the potential to be contaminated with a RESS of an incompatible chemistry. It is recognized that mitigation methods to reduce or eliminate the introduction of incompatible chemistries into a given recycling stream would also benefit safety and the environment.
Human Factors Definitions for Automated Driving and Related Research Topics
Authors:   Driving Automation Systems Committee
Published: February 2017

The aim of this Information Report is to provide terms and definitions that are important for the user’s interaction with L2 through L4 driving automation system features per SAE J3016, which provides a basis for this document.
Pneumatic Spring Terminology
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

This pneumatic spring terminology has been developed to assist engineers and designers in the preparation of specifications and descriptive material relating to pneumatic springs and their components. It does not include gas supply or control systems.
Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol
Authors: Ng Nga Lee , Brown Steven S. , Archibald Alexander T. , Atlas Elliot , Cohen Ronald C. , Crowley John N. , Day Douglas A. , Donahue Neil M. , Fry Juliane L. , Fuchs Hendrik , Griffin Robert J. , Guzman Marcelo I. , Herrmann Hartmut , Hodzic Alma , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Jimenez José L. , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Lee Ben H. , Luecken Deborah J. , Mao Jingqiu , McLaren Robert , Mutzel Anke , Osthoff Hans D. , Ouyang Bin , Picquet-Varrault Benedicte , Platt Ulrich , Pye Havala O. T. , Rudich Yinon , Schwantes Rebecca H. , Shiraiwa Manabu , Stutz Jochen , Thornton Joel A. , Tilgner Andreas , Williams Brent J. , Zaveri Rahul A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry–climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
Laser Ablation ICP-MS of Size-Segregated Atmospheric Particles Collected with a MOUDI Cascade Impactor: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Grgić Irena , Šelih Vid S. , Šala Martin , Bitsui Marsha , van Elteren Johannes T.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A widely used instrument for collecting size-segregated particles is the micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI). In this work, a 10-stage MOUDI (cutpoint dia. 10 µm to 56 nm) was used to collect samples in Ljubljana, Slovenia and Martinska, Croatia. Filters, collected with and without rotation, were cut in half and analysed for nine elements (As, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) using laser ablation ICP-MS. Elemental image maps (created with ImageJ) were converted to concentrations using NIST SRM 2783. Statistical analysis of the elemental maps indicated that for submicron particles (stages 6–10), ablating 10 % of the filter (0.5 cm2, 20 min ablation time) was sufficient to give values in good agreement (±10 %) to analysis of larger parts of the filter and with good precision (RSE  1 %). Excellent sensitivity was also observed (e.g., 20 ± 0.2 pg m−3 V). The novel use of LA ICP-MS, together with image mapping, provided a fast and sensitive method for elemental analysis of size-segregated MOUDI filters, particularly for submicron particles.
Evaluation of Turbulence Measurement Techniques from a Single Doppler Lidar
Authors: Bonin Timothy A. , Choukulkar Aditya , Brewer W. Alan , Sandberg Scott P. , Weickmann Ann M. , Pichugina Yelena , Banta Robert M. , Oncley Steven P. , Wolfe Daniel E.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Measurements of turbulence are essential to understand and quantify the transport and dispersal of heat, moisture, momentum, and trace gases within the planetary boundary layer. Through the years, various techniques to measure turbulence using Doppler lidar observations have been proposed. However, the accuracy of these measurements has rarely been validated against trusted in situ instrumentation. Herein, data from the eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment (XPIA) are used to verify Doppler lidar turbulence profiles through comparison with sonic anemometer measurements. For 17 days at the end of the experiment, a single scanning Doppler lidar continuously cycled through different turbulence measurement strategies: velocity azimuth display, six-beam, and range height indicators with a vertical stare. Measurements of turbulence kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and shear velocity from these techniques are compared with sonic anemometer measurements at six heights on a 300-m tower. The six-beam technique is found to generally measure turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity the most accurately at all heights, showing little bias in its observations. Turbulence measurements from the velocity azimuth display method tended to biased low near the surface, as large eddies were not captured by the scan. None of the methods evaluated were able to consistently accurately measure the shear velocity. Each of the scanning strategies assessed had its own strengths and limitations that need to be considered when selecting the method used in future experiments.
Isoprene emission and photosynthesis during heat waves and drought in black locust
Authors: Bamberger Ines , Ruehr Nadine K. , Schmitt Michael , Gast Andreas , Wohlfahrt Georg , Arneth Almut
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Extreme weather conditions, like heat waves and drought, can substantially affect tree physiology and the emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), including isoprene. To date, however, there is only limited understanding of BVOC emission patterns during prolonged heat and coupled heat–drought stress as well as post-stress recovery. To assess the impacts of heat and heat–drought stress on BVOC emissions, we studied gas exchange and isoprene emissions of black locust trees under controlled environmental conditions. Leaf gas exchange of isoprene, CO2 and H2O was quantified using branch chambers connected to a protontransfer-reaction mass spectrometer and an infrared gas analyzer. Heat and heat–drought stress resulted in a sharp decline of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Simultaneously, isoprene emissions increased six- to eight-fold in the heat and heat–drought treatment and resulted in a carbon loss that was equivalent to 12 % and 20 % of assimilated carbon at the time of measurement. Once temperature stress was released at the end of two 15 days long heat waves, stomatal conductance remained reduced, while isoprene emissions and photosynthesis recovered quickly to values of the control trees. Further, we found isoprene emissions to co-vary with net photosynthesis during non-stressful conditions, while during the heat waves, isoprene emissions could be solely described by non-linear functions of light and temperature. However, when isoprene emissions betweentreatments were compared under the same temperature and light conditions (e.g., T = 30° C, PAR = 500 µmol m−2 s−1), heat and heat–drought stressed trees would emit less isoprene than control trees. Ourfindings suggest that different parameterizations of light and temperature functions are needed in order to predict tree isoprene emissions under heat and combined heat–drought stress.
Expanding understanding of optical variability in Lake Superior with a four-year dataset
Authors: Mouw Colleen B. , Ciochetto Audrey B. , Grunert Brice , Yu Angela
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Lake Superior is one of the largest freshwater lakes on our planet, but few optical observations have been made to allow for development and validation of visible spectral satellite remote sensing products. The dataset described here focuses on coincidently observing inherent and apparent optical properties along with biogeochemical parameters. Specifically, we observe remote sensing reflectance, absorption, scattering, backscattering, attenuation, chlorophyll concentration, and suspended particulate matter over the ice-free months of 2013–2016. The dataset substantially increases the optical knowledge of the lake. In addition to visible spectral satellite algorithm development, the dataset is valuable for characterizing the variable light field, particle, phytoplankton, and colored dissolved organic matter distributions, and helpful in food web and carbon cycle investigations, among others. The compiled data can be freely accessed at: https://seabass.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/URI/Mouw/LakeSuperior/.
Soil Moisture Estimation Based on Probabilistic Inversion over Heterogeneous Vegetated Fields Using Airborne PLMR Brightness Temperature
Authors: Ma Chunfeng , Li Xin , Wang Shuguo
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The L-band radiometer has demonstrated its strong ability of estimating soil moisture (SM) over vegetated surface. However, the present SM products derived from satellite radiometers are hardly directly used in heterogeneous oasis. This may be attributed to the coarse spatial resolution of the satellite-based observations and the defects of the point-estimation algorithms which cannot quantify the uncertainty in SM inversion. This paper presents a SM estimation based on the combination of Bayesian probabilistic inversion with high resolution airborne radiometer observations. The overall objective is to quantify the uncertainty in SM estimation and to provide a desirable SM estimation. Two retrieval strategies (2P and 3P strategy) are performed based on 6-channel Polarimetric L-band Multi-beam Radiometer (PLMR) observations collected during Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experiment Research, and the ground measurements are used to validate the results. The main findings contain: (1) Accurate SM estimates with RMSE and ubRMSE less than 0.03 m3/m3, exceeding that of 0.04 m3/m3 of Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) and Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) missions target accuracies, are obtained. (2) The uncertainty in SM inversion is quantified with the value less than 0.095 m3/m3. (3) The Bayesian PI improves the simulation performance of forward model via maximum likelihood estimation. (4) The 3P and 2P strategies result in different SM inversion uncertainties. Overall, the present Bayesian PI combining multi-channel L-band observations has obtained a desirable SM estimation and uncertainty quantification, which may offer an insight into the future SM inversion based on passive microwave remote sensing.
A regional scale ecological risk framework for environmental flow
evaluations
Authors: O'Brien Gordon C. , Dickens Chris , Hines Eleanor , Wepener Victor , Stassen Retha , Landis Wayne G.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Recent developments in Environmental Flow (E-flow) frameworks advocate holistic, regional scale, probabilistic E-flow assessments that consider flow and non-flow drivers of change in socio-ecological context as best practice. Regional Scale ecological risk assessments of multiple sources, stressors and diverse ecosystems that address multiple social and ecological endpoints, have been undertaken internationally at different spatial scales using the relative-risk model since the mid 1990's. With the recent incorporation of Bayesian belief networks into the relative-risk model, a robust regional scale ecological risk assessment approach is available that can contribute to achieving the best practice recommendations of E-flow frameworks. PROBFLO is a regional scale, holistic E-flow assessment method that incorporates the relative-risk model and Bayesian belief networks (BN-RRM) into a transparent probabilistic modelling tool that addresses uncertainty explicitly. PROBFLO has been developed to holistically evaluate the socio-ecological consequences of historical, current and future altered flows in the context of non-flow drivers and generate E-flow requirements on regional scales spatial scales. The approach has been implemented in two regional scale case studies in Africa where its flexibility and functionality has been demonstrated. In both case studies the evidence based outcomes facilitated informed environmental management decision making, in the context of social and ecological aspirations. This paper presents the PROBFLO approach as applied to the Senqu River catchment in Lesotho and further developments and application in the Mara River catchment in Kenya and Tanzania. The ten BN-RRM procedural steps incorporated in PROBFLO are demonstrated with examples from both case studies. Outcomes allowed stakeholders to consider sustainable social and ecological E-flow trade-offs between social and ecological endpoints. PROBFLO can be incorporated into adaptive management processes and contribute to the sustainable management of the use and protection of water resources.
A Framework for Advancing Streamflow and Water Allocation Forecasts in the Elqui Valley, Chile
Authors: Delorit Justin , Gonzalez Ortuya Edmundo Cristian , Block Paul
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In many semi-arid regions, agriculture, energy, municipal, and environmental demands often stress available water supplies. Such is the case in the Elqui River valley of northern Chile, which draws on a limited capacity reservoir and annually variable snowmelt. With infrastructure investments often deferred or delayed, water managers are forced to address demand-based allocation strategies, particularly challenging in dry years. This is often realized through a reduction in the volume associated with each water right, applied across all water rights holders. Skillful season-ahead streamflow forecasts have the potential to inform managers with an indication of likely future conditions upon which to set the annual water right volume and thereby guide reservoir allocations. This work evaluates season-ahead statistical prediction models of October-January (austral growing season) streamflow at multiple lead times associated with manager and user decision points, and link predictions with a simple reservoir allocation tool.
The concept of thin film bulk acoustic resonators as selective CO2 gas sensors
Authors: Hoffmann Romy , Schreiter Matthias , Heitmann Johannes
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that well represents air quality in indoor environments as well as being an important greenhouse gas. However, the reliable and affordable sensing of environmental CO2 at room temperature, with techniques other than optical spectroscopy, remains an unsolved problem to this day. One major challenge for solid state sensors is the realisation of adequate selectivity, especially towards changing humidity. The thin film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) is a MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) device that can not only detect gas-induced mass changes but also changes in the acoustic velocity and density of its layers. This multi-sensing provides a suitable platform for selective gas sensing. In this work we present studies done on polyaminosiloxane- and ethyl cellulose-functionalised FBARs regarding CO2 sensitivity, selectivity towards humidity, and stability. We demonstrate how CO2 and humidity signals can be separated and that CO2 can be sensed with a resolution of 50 ppm between 400 and 1000 ppm. Using the Mason model, we show how the acoustic velocity and density of an absorption layer can be determined and how changes in those parameters affect the resonance frequency shift. The understanding of these results ultimately presents a tool to theoretically separate any number of gas analytes.
Brief Communication: Use of multicopter drone optical images for landslide mapping and characterization
Authors: Rossi Guglielmo , Tanteri Luca , Tofani Veronica , Vannocci Pietro , Moretti Sandro , Casagli Nicola
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The Department of Earth Sciences of Florence (DST) has developed a new type of drone chassis., Several survey campaigns were performed in Ricasoli village, in the Upper Arno river Valley (Tuscany, Italy) with the drone equipped with an optical camera, to understand the possibility of this rising technology to map and to characterize landslides. The aerial RGB images were analysed and combined using SfM (Structure from Motion) software. The comparative analysis of the obtained DTMs allowed an accurate reconstruction and mapping of the detected landslides. The collected data also allowed to precisely detect some slope portions prone to failure and to evaluate the area and volume of the involved masses.
Quality assessment of the TOPAZ4 reanalysis in the Arctic over the period 1991–2013
Authors: Xie Jiping , Bertino Laurent , Counillon François , Lisæter Knut A. , Sakov Pavel
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Long dynamical atmospheric reanalyses are widely used for climate studies, but data-assimilative reanalyses of ocean and sea ice in the Arctic are less common. TOPAZ4 is a coupled ocean and sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and the Arctic that is based on the HYCOM ocean model and the ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation method using 100 dynamical members. A 23-year reanalysis has been completed for the period 1991–2013 and is the multi-year physical product in the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Arctic Marine Forecasting Center (ARC MFC). This study presents its quantitative quality assessment, compared to both assimilated and unassimilated observations available in the whole Arctic region, in order to document the strengths and weaknesses of the system for potential users. It is found that TOPAZ4 performs well with respect to near-surface ocean variables, but some limitations appear in the interior of the ocean and for ice thickness, where observations are sparse. In the course of the reanalysis, the skills of the system are improving as the observation network becomes denser, in particular during the International Polar Year. The online bias estimation successfully maintains a low bias in our system. In addition, statistics of the reduced centered random variables (RCRVs) confirm the reliability of the ensemble for most of the assimilated variables. Occasional discontinuities of these statistics are caused by the changes of the input data sets or the data assimilation settings, but the statistics remain otherwise stable throughout the reanalysis, regardless of the density of observations. Furthermore, no data type is severely less dispersed than the others, even though the lack of consistently reprocessed observation time series at the beginning of the reanalysis has proven challenging.
Full HAWT rotor CFD simulations using different RANS turbulence models compared with actuator disk and experimental measurements
Authors: Stergiannis Nikolaos , van Beeck Jeroen , Runacres Mark C.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The development of large-scale wind energy projects has created the demand for increasingly accurate and efficient models that limit a project's uncertainties and risk. Wake effects are of great importance and are relevant for the optimization of wind farms. Despite a growing body of research, there are still many open questions and challenges to overcome. In computational modelling, there are always numerous input parameters such as material properties, geometry, boundary conditions, initial conditions, turbulence modelling etc. whose estimation is difficult and their values are often inaccurate or uncertain. Due to the lack of information of several sources, e.g., uncertainties present in operating conditions as well as in the mathematical modelling, the computational output is also uncertain. It is therefore very important to validate the mathematical models with experiments performed in controlled conditions. In the present paper, the single wake characteristics of a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Rotor (HAWT) and their spatial evolution are investigated with different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling approaches and compared to experimental measurements. The steady state 3-D Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are solved in the open-source platform OpenFOAM, using different turbulence closure schemes. For the full-rotor CFD simulations, the Multiple Reference Frames (MRF) approach was used to model the rotation of the blades. For the simplified cases, an actuator disk model was used with the experimentally measured thrust (CT) and power (CP) coefficient values. The performance of each modelling approach is compared with experimental wind tunnel wake measurements from the 4th blind test organized by NOWITECH and NORCOWE in 2015. Numerical results are compared with experimental data along three horizontal lines downstream, covering all the wake regions. Wake predictions are shown to be very sensitive to the choice of the RANS turbulence model. For most cases, the ADM under-predicts the velocity deficit, except for the case of RNG k-ε which showed a superb performance in the mid and far wake. The full wind turbine rotor simulations showed good agreement to the experimental data, mainly in the near wake, amplifying the differences between the simplified models.
Relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Accident in China
Authors: Wang Rujun , Gong Jinqiu , Wang Yu , Chen Haodong , Chen Sining , Wang Qingsong
Published: February 2017

The accident and death data from 2002 to 2015 were obtained from State Administration of Work Safety of China to investigate the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and accident. The statistical analysis shows that the accident, death and the death rate of per hundred million yuan present an exponential decreasing trend with the increase of national GDP. The chemical accident data in different provinces were further analyzed. It shows that the dangerous chemical accidents primarily distribute in the regions with better economic development, so more safety measures should be taken to prevent the accidents during economic development. In addition, the next three years of accidents were predicted based on auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The results show that the following two years accidents predicted will be reduced by 4.3% and 6.5% than the last year.