bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane interaction of Pasteurella multocida toxin involves sphingomyelin
Authors: Brothers Michael C. , Ho Mengfei , Maharjan Ram , Clemons Nathan C. , Bannai Yuka , Waites Mark A. , Faulkner Melinda J. , Kuhlenschmidt Theresa B. , Kuhlenschmidt Mark S. , Blanke Steven R. , Rienstra Chad M. , Wilson Brenda A.
Published: September 2011

Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is an AB toxin that causes pleiotropic effects in targeted host cells. The N‐terminus of PMT (PMT‐N) is considered to harbor the membrane receptor binding and translocation domains responsible for mediating cellular entry and delivery of the C‐terminal catalytic domain into the host cytosol. Previous studies have implicated gangliosides as the host receptors for PMT binding. To gain further insight into the binding interactions involved in PMT binding to cell membranes, we explored the role of various membrane components in PMT binding, utilizing four different approaches: (a) TLC‐overlay binding experiments with 125I‐labeled PMT, PMT‐N or the C‐terminus of PMT; (b) pull‐down experiments using reconstituted membrane liposomes with full‐length PMT; (c) surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT‐N binding to reconstituted membrane liposomes; (d) and surface plasmon resonance analysis of PMT‐N binding to HEK‐293T cell membranes without or with sphingomyelinase, phospholipase D or trypsin treatment. The results obtained revealed that, in our experimental system, full‐length PMT and PMT‐N did not bind to gangliosides, including monoasialogangliosides GM1, GM2 or GM3, but instead bound to membrane phospholipids, primarily the abundant sphingophospholipid sphingomyelin or phosphatidylcholine with other lipid components. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of sphingomyelin for PMT binding to membranes and suggest the involvement of a protein co‐receptor.
Potassium channels in plant cells
Authors: Dreyer Ingo , Uozumi Nobuyuki
Published: September 2011

Potassium (K+) is the most abundant inorganic cation in plant cells. Unlike animals, plants lack sodium/potassium exchangers. Instead, plant cells have developed unique transport systems for K+ accumulation and release. An essential role in potassium uptake and efflux is played by potassium channels. Since the first molecular characterization of K+ channels from Arabidopsis thaliana in 1992, a large number of studies on plant potassium channels have been conducted. Potassium channels are considered to be one of the best characterized class of membrane proteins in plants. Nevertheless, knowledge on plant potassium channels is still incomplete. This minireview focuses on recent developments in the research of potassium transport in plants with a strong focus on voltage‐gated potassium channels.
Soil Effects on Forest Structure and Diversity in a Moist and a Dry Tropical Forest
Authors: Peña‐Claros Marielos , Poorter Lourens , Alarcón Alfredo , Blate Geoffrey , Choque Urbano , Fredericksen Todd S. , Justiniano Marco J. , Leaño Claudio , Licona Juan Carlos , Pariona William , Putz Francis E. , Quevedo Lincoln , Toledo Marisol
Published: September 2011

Soil characteristics are important drivers of variation in wet tropical forest structure and diversity, but few studies have evaluated these relationships in drier forest types. Using tree and soil data from 48 and 32 1 ha plots, respectively, in a Bolivian moist and dry forest, we asked how soil conditions affect forest structure and diversity within each of the two forest types. After correcting for spatial effects, soil‐vegetation relationships differed between the dry and the moist forest, being strongest in the dry forest. Furthermore, we hypothesized that soil nutrients would play a more important role in the moist forest than in the dry forest because vegetation in the moist forest is less constrained by water availability and thus can show its full potential response to soil fertility. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that soil fertility explained a larger number of forest variables in the dry forest (50 percent) than in the moist forest (17 percent). Shannon diversity declined with soil fertility at both sites, probably because the most dominant, shade‐tolerant species strongly increased in abundance as soil fertility increased.
Age-at-Arrival's Effects on Asian Immigrants’ Socioeconomic Outcomes in Canada and the U.S.
Authors: Lee Sharon M. , Edmonston Barry
Published: September 2011

Age-at-arrival is a key predictor of many immigrant outcomes, but discussion continues over how to best measure and study its effects. This research replicates and extends a pioneering study by Myers, Gao, and Emeka [International Migration Review (2009) 43:205–229] on age-at-arrival effects among Mexican immigrants in the U.S. to see if similar results hold for other immigrant groups and in other countries. We examine data from the 2000 U.S. census and 2006 American Community Survey, and 1991, 2001, and 2006 Canadian censuses to assess several measures of age-at-arrival effects on Asian immigrants’ socioeconomic outcomes. We confirm several of Myers et al.'s key findings, including the absence of clear breakpoints in age-at-arrival effects for all outcomes and the superiority of continuous measures of age-at-arrival. Additional analysis reveals different age-at-arrival effects by gender and Asian ethnicity. We suggest guidelines, supplementing those offered by Myers et al., for measuring and studying age-at-arrival's effects on immigrant outcomes.
A New Era in Australian Multiculturalism? From Working-Class “Ethnics” to a “Multicultural Middle- Class”
Authors: Colic-Peisker Val
Published: September 2011

This article analyses the changing socio-economic profile of the “multicultural” section of the Australian population, in the past officially referred to as people of “non-English-speaking background” (NESB). After importing low-skilled NESB labor to service the manufacturing boom of the post-war decades, at the end of the 1970s, following economic restructuring, the Australian immigration program was refocused on skilled intake which resulted in immigrants increasingly becoming a middle-class demographic. Over the past three decades, a “multicultural middle class” (MMC) has been created from two sources: the intake of highly skilled NESB immigrants and upwardly mobile second and third migrant generations. The article documents this demographic change using census and immigration data, and discusses what it may mean for the future of Australian multiculturalism, which, according to many analysts, is in crisis and requires re-articulation.
International Migration and the Demographic Transition: A Two-Way Interaction
Authors: Fargues Philippe
Published: September 2011

The paper explores the relationship between the demographic transition and international migration, that is, between population dynamics and direct connectivity between peoples. The first part examines how ideas conveyed by migrants to non-migrants of their community of origin are susceptible to impact on practices that lead to the reduction of birth rates in source countries of migration and concludes that international migration may be one of the mechanisms through which demographic transition is disseminated. The second part shows that declining birth rates in origin countries generate a new profile of the migrant and suggests that future migrants will typically leave no spouses or children in the home country and therefore their objective will no longer be to improve the family's standing at home for the mere reason that there is no longer such a family, but to increase opportunities for themselves. Migration policies of origin countries on remittances as well as those of destination countries on family reunification will have to be reconsidered.
Procedural justice and identification with the acquirer: the moderating effects of job continuity, organisational identity strength and organisational similarity
Authors: Edwards Martin R. , Edwards Tony
Published: September 2011

This study examined factors influencing whether acquired employees identify with their acquirer and the complex role that the different types of continuity play in moderating relationships between procedural justice and post‐acquisition identification. Data were obtained (n = 156) from a three‐country sample of employees working for a recently acquired multinational. Multiple regressions showed that expected job continuity moderated the relationship between acquirer procedural justice and post‐acquisition identification. Analysis examined combinations of two organisational identity‐related continuity forms (organisational similarity and acquirer organisational identity); results showed complex interactional effects of organisational similarity and acquirer organisational identity on the relationship between justice and identification with the acquirer.
The Role of the Therapist in Common Factors: Continuing the Dialogue
Authors: Simon George M.
Published: September 2011

The common factors debate conducted on the pages of this and other major family therapy journals has evolved toward a preliminary consensus that the therapist plays a crucial role in activating and effectively bundling common and model‐specific factors in the delivery of successful treatment. However, Blow, Sprenkle, and Davis (2007) remain unconvinced that therapist‐worldview/model‐worldview congruence, which I have hypothesized plays a determinative role in enabling the therapist to effect this activation and bundling, does, indeed, play such a role. In this article, I use key findings of Davis and Piercy’s (2007a, 2007b) recently reported research on common factors to answer Blow and colleagues' objections to my hypothesis.
Clients’ Relational Conceptions of Conjoint Couple and Family Therapy Quality: A Grounded Formal Theory
Authors: Chenail Ronald J. , George Sally St. , Wulff Dan , Duffy Maureen , Scott Karen Wilson , Tomm Karl
Published: September 2011

Based upon a qualitative metasynthesis of 49 articles centered on clients’ experiences of their conjoint couple and family therapy, the investigators constructed a grounded formal theory of Clients’ Relational Conceptions of Conjoint Couple and Family Therapy Quality. The theory suggests from pretherapy conceptions to posttherapy reflections, clients’ perceptions of conjoint couple and family therapy quality appear to consist of clients’ constructed meanings regarding a series of interrelated relationships between clients and their therapists and therapy environments, between clients and themselves, between clients and other family members, and between process and outcome both inside and outside therapy. Within and across these relationships, clients appear to focus on expectations, connections, balance, and change when evaluating the quality of their clinical experiences. Based upon this theory, the investigators recommend that researchers continue to explore this clinical phenomenon and that therapists regularly seek clients’ conceptions of quality in therapy.
DNA extraction techniques for DNA barcoding of minute gall‐inhabiting wasps
Authors: DITTRICH‐SCHRÖDER GUDRUN , WINGFIELD MICHAEL J. , KLEIN HILDEGARD , SLIPPERS BERNARD
Published: September 2011

DNA extraction from minute hymenopterans and their larvae is difficult and challenging because of their small size indicating a low amount of starting material. Hence, 11 DNA extraction methods were compared to determine their efficacy in isolating DNA. Success of each method was scored on a 2% agarose gel after PCR of the cox 1 mitochondrial locus. A silica‐membrane‐based approach was the most successful, followed by a method using a combination of incubation buffers and a method using magnetic beads. The method using buffers was the most cost‐ and time effective. Using this method, larvae from Eucalyptus seed capsule galls could be assigned a role (parasitoid, gall former or inquiline) in the gall‐inhabiting complex.
Firmiana calcarea sp. nov. (Malvaceae) from limestone areas in Guangxi, China
Authors: Huang Yu‐Song , Wu Wang‐Hui , Xu Wei‐Bin , Liu Yan
Published: September 2011

A new species of Malvaceae, Firmiana calcarea C. F. Liang & S. L. Mo ex Y. S. Huang, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to F. hainanensis Kosterm., but differs from it by the following characteristics: shrubs, leaf cordate or ovate, entire or 3‐lobed, leaf thinly stellate‐puberulent adaxially, lateral veins 2–4 on each side of midrib, flowers pale‐rose, follicle glabrous, and seeds 2–4 in each follicle. It has been found only in Longgang National Nature Reserve, Longzhou County, southwestern Guangxi, China.
Hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C patients infected with genotype 2 is associated with insulin resistance, hepatic fibrosis and affects cumulative positivity of serum hepatitis C virus RNA in peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy
Authors: Itoh Yoshito , Nishimura Takeshi , Yamaguchi Kanji , Yokomizo Chihiro , Fujii Hideki , Minami Masahito , Nagao Yasuyuki , Sumida Yoshio , Hashimoto Hiroaki , Umemura Atsushi , Shima Toshihide , Okanoue Takeshi , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: September 2011

Aim:  Hepatic steatosis is one of the factors limiting the virological response to interferon‐based antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C (CH‐C) patients infected with genotype 1, while contradictory results have been reported for genotype 2. We aimed to clarify the effect of hepatic steatosis on therapeutic outcome and cumulative positivity of serum HCV RNA in CH‐C patients infected with genotype 2 treated by peginterferon (PEG‐IFN)α2b and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy.

Methods:  A total of 74 treatment‐naïve non‐cirrhotic CH‐C patients infected with genotype 2 who received PEG‐IFNα2b and RBV according to the standard regimen were divided into hepatic steatosis 0–10% and >10% groups. The clinical backgrounds, sustained virological response (SVR) rates and cumulative positivity of serum HCV RNA were compared between the two groups.

Results:  Among the 74 patients, 61 (82.4%) had hepatic steatosis 0–10% and 13 (17.6%) had hepatic steatosis >10%. Scores of homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance and hepatic fibrosis were higher in patients with hepatic steatosis >10% than hepatic steatosis 0–10% (P = 0.040 and 0.042, respectively). Non‐SVR was more frequent in patients with hepatic steatosis >10% than hepatic steatosis 0–10% (P = 0.003). Cumulative positivity of serum HCV RNA was significantly higher in patients with hepatic steatosis >10% than hepatic steatosis 0–10% (P = 0.004).

Conclusions:  In CH‐C patients infected with genotype 2 treated by PEG‐IFNα2b and RBV combination therapy, hepatic steatosis >10% was associated with increased insulin resistance, advanced hepatic fibrosis and higher cumulative positivity of serum HCV RNA, which lead to a higher risk of non‐SVR.
Determination of bulk density for small meteorite fragments via visible light 3‐D laser imaging
Authors: McCAUSLAND Phil J. A. , SAMSON Claire , McLEOD Tara
Published: September 2011

Abstract– Bulk density is an important intrinsic property of meteorites, but the necessary bulk volume measurement is difficult to do in a truly nondestructive way. Archimedean methods involving the displacement of a 40–100 μm beads “fluid” are commonly applied, but can encounter systematic errors. Herein, we report a visible light laser imaging technique for the nondestructive measurement of meteorite surface features, allowing for the subsequent assembly of 3‐D volumetric models; the method is particularly applicable to small meteorite fragments and to fragile specimens. We have acquired laser image data for 24 fragments from 18 ordinary chondrites, carbonaceous chondrites, and achondrites, with masses ranging from 265.0 to 1.2 g. Laser imaging bulk density is consistent between sister fragments of meteorites down to sizes of about 0.5 cm3, an order of magnitude smaller than can be reliably measured with Archimedean beads techniques. Uncertainty is less than 2% for fragments >4 cm3, and typically between 2 and 4% for small fragments <4 cm3. For 10 fragments, 3‐D laser imaging volumes are on average 1.3% smaller than those obtained with Archimedean beads. In a wider comparison using 21 meteorite fragments, 3‐D laser imaging bulk densities are on average 2.14 ± 2.36% greater than the corresponding Archimedean method literature values for these meteorites. Difficulties in the procedure of 3‐D image alignment may lead to a slight overestimation of meteorite bulk density, and so laser imaging‐based bulk densities are maximum estimates that can be viewed as being complementary to the minimum bulk density estimates obtained using Archimedean beads methods.
Refractory inclusions in the unique carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094
Authors: SIMON Steven B. , GROSSMAN Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Abstract– Acfer 094 is an unshocked, nearly unaltered carbonaceous chondrite with an unusual suite of refractory inclusions. The refractory inclusions in a newly prepared thin section and a small aliquot of disaggregated material were studied to compare the population with previous work, and to report new or unusual inclusion types. A total of 289 Ca‐, Al‐rich inclusions in the thin section and 67 among the disaggregated material, having a total of 31 different mineral assemblages, were found. Inclusions are largely free of secondary alteration products, and are typically ≤200 μm across. The most common are gehlenitic melilite+spinel±perovskite, spinel+perovskite, and spinel with a thin, silicate rim, typically melilite±diopside. Such rims and (thicker) mantles are very common among Acfer 094 inclusions, and they exhibit a variety of zoning patterns with respect to åkermanite and FeO contents. In the thin section, about 13% of the inclusions contain hibonite and approximately 5% are grossite‐bearing; in the disaggregated material, the percentages are 14 and 9, respectively, comparable to previous work. Among the unusual inclusions are a fine‐grained, porous, Ti‐rich hibonite+spinel+perovskite+melilite inclusion with a compact, coarse, Ti‐poor hibonite+spinel+melilite clast; two inclusions in which hibonite has reacted to form grossite; two inclusions with FeO‐rich spinel; and a small object consisting of fassaite enclosing euhedral spinel, the first fragment of a Type B inclusion reported from Acfer 094. Inclusions similar to those found in CM or CV chondrites are rare; Acfer 094 contains a distinctive population of inclusions. The population, dominated by small, melilite‐bearing inclusions, is most similar to that of CO chondrites. A distinguishing feature is that in Acfer 094, almost every phase in almost every refractory inclusion contains 0.5–1.5 wt% FeO. A lack of diffusion gradients and the pristinity of the matrix imply that the inclusions experienced prolonged exposure to FeO‐bearing fluid prior to accretion into the Acfer 094 parent body. There are no known nebular conditions under which the refractory phases found in the present samples could acquire FeO enrichments to the observed levels. The most likely setting is therefore in an earlier, FeO‐rich parent body. The inclusions were ejected from this parent body, mixed with typical CAIs, chondrules, amoeboid olivine aggregates, and amorphous material, and incorporated into the Acfer 094 parent body.
Silicon in iron meteorite metal
Authors: PACK Andreas , VOGEL Ingo , ROLLION‐BARD Claire , LUAIS Béatrice , PALME Herbert
Published: September 2011

Abstract–  We report Si concentrations in the metal phases of iron meteorites. Analyses were performed by secondary ion mass spectrometry using a CAMECA 1270 ion probe. The Si concentrations are low (0.09–0.46 μg g−1), with no apparent difference in concentration between magmatic and nonmagmatic iron meteorites. Coexisting kamacite and Ni‐rich metal phases have similar Si contents. Thermodynamic calculations show that Fe,Ni‐metal in equilibrium with silicate melts at temperatures where metal crystallizes should contain approximately 100 times more Si than found in iron meteorites in this work. The missing Si may either occur as tiny silicate inclusions in metal or it may have diffused as Si‐metal into surrounding silicates at low temperatures. In both cases, extensive low‐temperature diffusion of Si in metal is required. It is therefore concluded that low Si in iron meteorites is a result of subsolidus reactions during slow cooling.
Combining static and dynamic variables in species distribution models under climate change
Authors: Stanton Jessica C. , Pearson Richard G. , Horning Ned , Ersts Peter , Reşit Akçakaya H.
Published: September 2011

1. Methods used to predict shifts in species’ ranges because of climate change commonly involve species distribution (niche) modelling using climatic variables, future values of which are predicted for the next several decades by general circulation models. However, species’ distributions also depend on factors other than climate, such as land cover, land use and soil type. Changes in some of these factors, such as soil type, occur over geologic time and are thus imperceptible over the timescale of these types of projections. Other factors, such as land use and land cover, are expected to change over shorter timescales, but reliable projections are not available. Some important predictor variables, therefore, must be treated as unchanging, or static, whether because of the properties of the variable or out of necessity. The question of how best to combine dynamic variables predicted by climate models with static variables is not trivial and has been dealt with differently in studies to date. Alternative methods include using the static variables as masks, including them as independent explanatory variables in the model, or excluding them altogether.

2. Using a set of simulated species, we tested various methods for combining static variables with future climate scenarios. Our results showed that including static variables in the model with the dynamic variables performed better or no worse than either masking or excluding the static variables.

3. The difference in predictive ability was most pronounced when there is an interaction between the static and dynamic variables.

4. For variables such as land use, our results indicate that if such variables affect species distributions, including them in the model is better than excluding them, even though this may mean making the unrealistic assumption that the variable will not change in the future.

5. These results demonstrate the importance of including static and dynamic non‐climate variables in addition to climate variables in species distribution models designed to predict future change in a species’ habitat or distribution as a result of climate change.
Glucocorticoid therapy and the risk of equine laminitis
Authors: Cornelisse C. J. , Robinson N. E.
Published: September 2011

Although glucocorticoids have been used successfully for the treatment of noninfectious inflammatory diseases of horses for more than 35 years, their use has been attended by a fear of the induction of laminitis. This paper reviews the evidence for this fear and the possible mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids could participate in laminitis induction. Although the association of laminitis with elevated serum cortisol in pituitarypars intermediadysfunction suggests that chronic exposure to glucocorticoids may be part of laminitis pathogenesis, review of published reports and databases suggests that glucocorticoid‐induced laminitis is a relatively rare occurrence. However, several of the actions of glucocorticoids are similar to those known to be involved in laminitis pathogenesis. Glucocorticoid administration can induce insulin resistance, lead to vascular dysfunction that potentiates vasoconstriction, and interfere with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation as well as matrix integrity, all mechanisms that could possibly induce laminitis. Drug formulation, dose and route of administration, and the systemic and hoof disease history of the horse must all be considered when assessing laminitis risk during glucocorticoid treatment. Generally, local glucocorticoid administration presents little risk as does systemic treatment of recurrent airway obstruction without concurrent disease. Caution should be used however in horses that are overweight and/or insulin resistant, or have had a recent bout of acute laminitis of alimentary or endotoxic origin. Overall, however, the risk of laminitis after glucocorticoid treatment, especially local use, is acceptable compared to the many benefits of these drugs.
Bullous emphysema with haemorrhage in a premature foal
Authors: Bezdekova B. , Skoric M. , Pekarkova M. , Kabes R. , Vavrouchova E. , Dobesova O. , Corley K.
Published: September 2011

A Warmblood foal was admitted at one day of age because of prematurity and seizures. Clinical and clinical pathology abnormalities were consistent with prematurity and suspected hypoxic seizures that responded to anti‐convulsive therapy. The foal stabilised after several days of intensive care but then developed an airway infection. Thoracic radiographs showed multiple cavitary lesions and ultrasound examination suggested intra‐cavital haemorrhage. The foal went on to develop septicaemia and was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examination revealed multiple bullous emphysema with haemorrhage. This disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of foals having air‐fluid filled cavities on thoracic radiographs.
Characteristics of Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture
Authors: VALLANCE S. A. , CASE J. T. , ENTWISTLE R. C. , KINDE H. , BARR B. C. , MOORE J. , ANDERSON M. L. , ARTHUR R. M. , STOVER S. M.
Published: September 2011

Reasons for performing study:To determine if scapular fractures occur in racehorses with distinctive characteristics.

Objectives:To test the hypothesis that Thoroughbred (TB) and Quarter Horse (QH) racehorses with a scapular fracture have similar characteristics that are different from those of their respective racetrack populations.

Methods:Necropsy findings, case details, last race information and career earnings for TB and QH racehorses that had a scapular fracture in California between 1990 and 2008 were retrospectively compared between breeds. Horse signalment, career earnings, career starts and race characteristics were obtained for all California racehorses. Comparisons were made between affected horses, other racehorses that died, and all horses that raced, in California during the 19 year period.

Results:Seventy‐three TB and 28 QH racehorses had a similar, complete comminuted scapular fracture with an articular component, and right forelimb predilection. The QHs had a higher incidence of scapular fracture incurred during racing than TBs (0.98 vs. 0.39/1000 starters). The TB and QH incident rates for musculoskeletal deaths incurred racing were 20.5 and 17.5/1000 starters, respectively; however, a greater proportion of TB musculoskeletal deaths occurred training (40% vs. 8%). Horses with a scapular fracture were more likely to be male and aged 2 or ≥5 years than the racetrack population. Most affected QHs (64%) were 2‐year‐olds; most TBs (74%) were aged ≥3 years. Scapular fractures occurred more commonly during racing in QHs (70%) than TBs (44%). Race‐related scapular fracture was more likely to occur in a Maiden race than in a non‐Maiden race. Horses with a scapular fracture had fewer career starts than the racetrack population.

Conclusions and potential relevance:Despite breed differences for signalment and exercise distances, both breeds incur a complete scapular fracture that is more likely to occur in the right scapula of young and older, male racehorses, early in their race career or after few races. Quarter Horses sustain a catastrophic scapular fracture more frequently than TBs.
Context reinstatement effects on eyewitness memory in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Maras Katie L. , Bowler Dermot M.
Published: September 2011

The Cognitive Interview is among the most widely accepted forms of police interviewing techniques; however, it is ineffective for witnesses with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One of its main components involves mentally reinstating the internal and external context that was experienced at encoding. We report evidence showing that it is the mental reinstatement instructions in the absence of any physical cues that individuals with ASD find difficult. In more supported conditions where they physically return to the same environment in which they learnt the material, they recall as much as their typical counterparts. Our findings indicate that recall in ASD is aided by context, but only when supported by the physical environment. These findings have important implications for investigative interviewing procedures for witnesses with ASD.
Perpetrator programmes for partner violence: Are they based on ideology or evidence?
Authors: Dixon Louise , Archer John , Graham‐Kevan Nicola
Published: September 2011

Purpose. The ideologically based view of intimate partner violence has traditionally influenced policy and practice in modern western nations and dominated cross‐national research and practice. This review considers the validity of the position statement of a British organization responsible for accrediting many male perpetrator programmes in the statutory, voluntary, and private sector as an example of this ideological influence.

Method. The position statement, informed by the patriarchal view of partner violence, is evaluated using empirical evidence from various branches of the social sciences, including psychology, that have not been guided by the patriarchal view.

Results. Overwhelming empirical evidence is presented, which refutes ideologically driven assumptions that have been put forward to guide current practice and evaluation of it.

Conclusions. This review highlights the need to investigate intimate partner violence from a scientific and gender‐inclusive perspective. The implications for psychological practice are discussed.
Cohomologie d’intersection des variétés modulaires de Siegel, suite
Authors: Morel Sophie
Published: September 2011

In this work, we study the intersection cohomology of Siegel modular varieties. The goal is to express the trace of a Hecke operator composed with a power of the Frobenius endomorphism (at a good place) on this cohomology in terms of the geometric side of Arthur’s invariant trace formula for well-chosen test functions. Our main tools are the results of Kottwitz about the contribution of the cohomology with compact support and about the stabilization of the trace formula, Arthur’s L2 trace formula and the fixed point formula of Morel [Complexes pondérés sur les compactifications de Baily–Borel. Le cas des variétés de Siegel, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 (2008), 23–61]. We ‘stabilize’ this last formula, i.e. express it as a sum of stable distributions on the general symplectic groups and its endoscopic groups, and obtain the formula conjectured by Kottwitz in [Shimura varieties and λ-adic representations, in Automorphic forms, Shimura varieties and L-functions, Part I, Perspectives in Mathematics, vol. 10 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990), 161–209]. Applications of the results of this article have already been given by Kottwitz, assuming Arthur’s conjectures. Here, we give weaker unconditional applications in the cases of the groups GSp4 and GSp6.
The Impact of Process Architecture on Equilibrium Stability in Distributed Design
Authors: Devendorf Erich , Lewis Kemper
Published: September 2011

In distributed design processes, individual design subsystems have local control over design variables and seek to satisfy their own individual objectives, which may also be influenced by some system level objectives. The resulting network of coupled subsystems will either converge to a stable equilibrium or diverge in an unstable manner. In this paper, we study the dependence of system stability on the solution process architecture. The solution process architecture describes how the design subsystems are ordered and can be either sequential, parallel, or a hybrid that incorporates both parallel and sequential elements. In this paper, we demonstrate that the stability of a distributed design system does indeed depend on the solution process architecture chosen, and we create a general process architecture model based on linear systems theory. The model allows the stability of equilibrium solutions to be analyzed for distributed design systems by converting any process architecture into an equivalent parallel representation. Moreover, we show that this approach can accurately predict when the equilibrium is unstable and the system divergent when previous models suggest that the system is convergent.
Numerical Simulation of Polymer Injection in Turbulent Flow Past a Circular Cylinder
Authors: Richter David , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. , Iaccarino Gianluca
Published: September 2011

Using a code developed to compute high Reynolds number viscoelastic flows, polymer injection from the upstream stagnation point of a circular cylinder is modeled at Re=3900. Polymer stresses are represented using the FENE-P constitutive equations. By increasing polymer injection rates within realistic ranges, significant near wake stabilization is observed. Rather than a turbulent detached shear layer giving way to a chaotic primary vortex (as seen in Newtonian flows at high Re), a much more coherent primary vortex is shed, which possesses an increased core pressure as well as a reduced level of turbulent energy.
The Association of Wall Mechanics and Morphology: A Case Study of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth
Authors: Washington Christopher B. , Shum Judy , Muluk Satish C. , Finol Ender A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential correlation between peak wall stress (PWS) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) morphology and how it relates to aneurysm rupture potential. Using in-house segmentation and meshing software, six 3-dimensional (3D) AAA models from a single patient followed for 28 months were generated for finite element analysis. For the AAA wall, both isotropic and anisotropic materials were used, while an isotropic material was used for the intraluminal thrombus (ILT). These models were also used to calculate 36 geometric indices characteristic of the aneurysm morphology. Using least squares regression, seven significant geometric features (p < 0.05) were found to characterize the AAA morphology during the surveillance period. By means of nonlinear regression, PWS estimated with the anisotropic material was found to be highly correlated with three of these features: maximum diameter (r = 0.992, p = 0.002), sac volume (r = 0.989, p = 0.003) and diameter to diameter ratio (r = 0.947, p = 0.033). The correlation of wall mechanics with geometry is nonlinear and reveals that PWS does not increase concomitantly with aneurysm diameter. This suggests that a quantitative characterization of AAA morphology may be advantageous in assessing rupture risk.
Developing Models in Virtual Cell
Authors: Neves Susana R.
Published: September 2011

Lecture notes, slides, and a student assignment illustrate a strategy for teaching mathematical modeling using the Virtual Cell environment.
Probabilistic Reasoning in Data Analysis
Authors: Sirovich Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Lecture notes, slides, and homework assignments illustrate a strategy for teaching methods for incorporating probability in the analysis of biological data.
Computational Modeling of the Cell Cycle
Authors: Sobie Eric A.
Published: September 2011

Lecture notes, slides, and homework assignments based on modeling the cell cycle are used to illustrate how simulations yield biological insight.
Calming the Storm
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: September 2011

Activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 on endothelial cells suppresses the cytokine storm during influenza infection.
Translational Neuroscience of Schizophrenia: Seeking a Meeting of Minds Between Mouse and Man
Authors: Kas Martien J. , Kahn René S. , Collier David A. , Waddington John L. , Ekelund Jesper , Porteous David J. , Schughart Klaus , Hovatta Iiris
Published: September 2011

A meeting held 9 June 2011 in Helsinki, Finland, discussed the requirements for creating useful mouse models for schizophrenia.
Biomarking Bad Outcomes
Authors: Boxer Rebecca S.
Published: September 2011

Markers of collagen turnover reveal increased risk of heart attack and death.
Stem Cells: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Emadi Ashkan
Published: September 2011

Survival of leukemia patients can be predicted based on the gene expression signatures of leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells.
Digesting the Unexpected Side Effects of Chronic Antibiotic Use
Authors: Shum Anthony K.
Published: September 2011

Chronic antibody use may block autophagy, increasing the risk of mycobacterial infection.
Necrotic Enteritis-Derived Clostridium perfringens Strain with Three Closely Related Independently Conjugative Toxin and Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids
Authors: Bannam Trudi L. , Yan Xu-Xia , Harrison Paul F. , Seemann Torsten , Keyburn Anthony L. , Stubenrauch Christopher , Weeramantri Lakmini H. , Cheung Jackie K. , McClane Bruce A. , Boyce John D. , Moore Robert J. , Rood Julian I.
Published: September 2011

The pathogenesis of avian necrotic enteritis involves NetB, a pore-forming toxin produced by virulent avian isolates of
Clostridium perfringens
type A. To determine the location and mobility of the
netB
structural gene, we examined a derivative of the tetracycline-resistant necrotic enteritis strain EHE-NE18, in which
netB
was insertionally inactivated by the chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol resistance gene
catP
. Both tetracycline and thiamphenicol resistance could be transferred either together or separately to a recipient strain in plate matings. The separate transconjugants could act as donors in subsequent matings, which demonstrated that the tetracycline resistance determinant and the
netB
gene were present on different conjugative elements. Large plasmids were isolated from the transconjugants and analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Analysis of the resultant data indicated that there were actually three large conjugative plasmids present in the original strain, each with its own toxin or antibiotic resistance locus. Each plasmid contained a highly conserved 40-kb region that included plasmid replication and transfer regions that were closely related to the 47-kb conjugative tetracycline resistance plasmid pCW3 from
C. perfringens
. The plasmids were as follows: (i) a conjugative 49-kb tetracycline resistance plasmid that was very similar to pCW3, (ii) a conjugative 82-kb plasmid that contained the
netB
gene and other potential virulence genes, and (iii) a 70-kb plasmid that carried the
cpb2
gene, which encodes a different pore-forming toxin, beta2 toxin.

IMPORTANCE
The anaerobic bacterium
Clostridium perfringens
can cause an avian gastrointestinal disease known as necrotic enteritis. Disease pathogenesis is not well understood, although the plasmid-encoded pore-forming toxin NetB, is an important virulence factor. In this work, we have shown that the plasmid that carries the
netB
gene is conjugative and has a 40-kb region that is very similar to replication and transfer regions found within each of the sequenced conjugative plasmids from
C. perfringens
. We also showed that this strain contained two additional large plasmids that were also conjugative and carried a similar 40-kb region. One of these plasmids encoded beta2 toxin, and the other encoded tetracycline resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterial strain that carries three closely related but different independently conjugative plasmids. These results have significant implications for our understanding of the transmission of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria.
Influence of the soil organic matter content on voltammetric determination of derivatised glyphosate in herbicide contaminated soils
Authors: Daňhel Aleš , Moreira Josino C. , Jacob Silvana , Barek Jiří
Published: September 2011

The method for monitoring of Glyphosate (GP) in soil samples containing different organic matter content based on differential pulse voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode was developed to reach higher sample preparation efficiency, its repeatability and sufficient limits of detection. The soil samples with three different organic matter contents (evaluated as total organic carbon contents 30.7, 13.0 and 6.3 g kg–1) were tested. The decreasing content of organic matter resulted in a decreasing recoveries (86, 78 and 68%, respectively), with RSD around 10%. The GP derivatised toN-nitrosoglyphosate (NO-GP) can be determined using the adopted method with limits of detection around 2 ppm in the soil samples. This method might be further utilized for routine monitoring of the GP in soil samples during investigation of its effect on the soil biota.
Initial experience with a combined multidetector CT and biplane digital subtraction angiography suite with a single interactive table for the diagnosis and treatment of neurovascular disease
Authors: Gemmete Joseph J , Chaudhary Neeraj , Pandey Aditya S , Oweis Yaseen , Thompson B Greg , Maher Cormac O , Gandhi Dheeraj , Ansari Sameer A
Published: September 2011

Background

A combined imaging suite is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease involving the head and neck. This study demonstrates the utility of a multidetector row CT and biplane digital subtraction angiography (DSA) system (hybrid suite) with a single interactive table for the evaluation and treatment of neurovascular disease.

Methods

30 patients were studied utilizing the hybrid suite. Direct intra-arterial and selective intravenous injection of contrast with CT imaging (IA-CTA and IV-CTV) was performed in nine vascular tumors, three intracranial arteriovenous malformations, four spinal vascular lesions, one aneurysm and two inferior petrosal sinus sampling cases. Angiography with CT perfusion (CTP) imaging was obtained in five temporary balloon occlusion tests, two ischemic stroke and two vasospasm cases. A CT scan of the head was obtained in two cases during aneurysm coiling. The value of the IA-CTA and IV-CTV images compared with conventional CT and MRI images was qualitatively assessed.

Results

All studies were technically successful with no complications. IA-CTA and IV-CTV were useful in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease. All IA-CTA and IV-CTV images were qualitatively graded as superior to conventional imaging. CTP imaging provided information about the penumbra and area of infarction in five temporary balloon test occlusions, two ischemic stroke and two vasospasm cases. A CT scan of the head provided timely information in two aneurysm coiling cases. The hybrid suite allowed angiography and CT scanning to be performed immediately without patient transfer.

Conclusion

This hybrid suite improves the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of treating a multitude of neurovascular diseases.
Effectiveness of testing for genetic susceptibility to smoking-related diseases on smoking cessation outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Smerecnik Chris , Grispen Janaica E J , Quaak Marieke
Published: September 2011

Objective

To examine whether genetic testing for smoking-related diseases benefits smoking cessation.

Data sources

PubMed, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycINFO, PsychArticles, CiNAHL and socINDEX databases, the search engine Google Scholar, and key-author and reference list searches.

Study selection

Randomised controlled smoking cessation interventions using genetic testing for smoking-related diseases.

Data extraction

Consistent with the Cochrane guidelines, two reviewers completed the review process (initial n=139) in three phases, title selection (n=56), abstract selection (n=28) and whole paper selection (n=9). From these nine studies, each reviewer extracted information about outcome measures and statistical and methodological quality.

Data synthesis

Relevant data were abstracted from included papers and were subsequently subjected to meta-analysis.

Results

Interest in genetic testing was relatively high with 60-80% of smokers reporting to be interested. The authors observed positive short-term effects on risk perception, motivation to quit smoking and smoking cessation, but these effects fade at longer follow-ups. Importantly, the authors did not find any evidence of adverse effect of testing negative on the risk-predisposing gene.

Conclusions

This systematic review does not provide solid evidence for the proposed beneficial effects of genetic testing for smoking-related diseases on smoking cessation, but does suggest the presence of an immediate motivational effect, such that genetic testing resulted in higher risk perception and more motivation to quit smoking.
Theoretical calculation of the low-lying quartet states of the CrF molecule
Authors: Hamdan A. , Korek M.
Published: September 2011

The potential energy curves have been investigated for the 11 lowest quartet electronic states in the 2s+1Λ± representation below 28 000 cm–1 of the molecule CrF via CASSCF and MRCI (single and double excitations with Davidson correction) calculations. Eight electronic states have been studied theoretically for the first time. The harmonic frequency ωe, the internuclear distance re, the rotational constant Be, the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te, and the permanent dipole moment μ have been calculated. By using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constant Bv, and the abscissas of the turning points rmin and rmax have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v = 38. The comparison of these values to the theoretical results available in the literature shows a very good agreement.
Copper(II) complexes of open-chain thioether ligands terminated by salicylaldimine functionality*This article has a companion paper in this issue (doi: 10.1139/v11-081).
Authors: Lucas C. Robert , Byrne John M.D. , Collins Julie L. , Dawe Louise N. , Miller David O.
Published: September 2011

From 1,11-bis(salicylaldimine)-3,6,9-trithiaundecane (H2L1), 1,11-bis(salicylaldimine)-6-oxa-3,9-dithiaundecane (H2L2), and 1,8-bis(salicylaldimine)-3,6-dithiaundecane (H2L3), syntheses for [Cu(L1)]2 (I), Cu(L2)·CH3OH (II), Cu(L3) (III), [Cu(HL3)][CH3COO] (IV), [Cu(HL1-sal)]Cl2 (V), Cu4(L1)2Br4(H2O)2·2H2O (VI) and Cu2(L2)Br2·xH2O (VII) are described. Single crystal X-ray structural studies for I, III and VII are reported. Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility studies of I, VI and VII are discussed. The examination of VII represents the first magneto-structural study of a binuclear copper(II) species with NSO3Br coordination spheres. This study examines perturbation by one or more of the donor atoms so that none of the known magnetostructural models predicts the copper–copper coupling.
Effect of vibrational and rotational excitation on the stereodynamics of the C(1D) + H2 (v, j) → CH + H reaction
Authors: Kang Li-hua , Zhang Shan-zheng , Zhu Mingyuan , Dai Bin
Published: September 2011

The stereodynamics of the title reaction on the ab initio1A′ potential energy surface (PES) (B. Bussery-Honvault, P. Honvault, and J.-M. Launay. 2001. J. Chem. Phys. 115: 10701) at a collision energy of 16 kJ/mol have been studied using quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method. Vector properties including angular momentum alignment parameters and four polarization-dependent differential cross sections (PDDCS) of the product CH are presented. Furthermore, the influence of reagent vibrational and rotational excitations on the product vector properties have also been studied in the present work. The calculated results indicate that the angle distributions of the CH product are mainly dominated by backward–forward scattering.
CHANNELING ENERGY LOSS IN SILICON BY USING NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
Authors: EL BOUNAGUI OMAR , ERRAMLI HASSANE
Published: September 2011

A Monte Carlo simulation program was developed to calculate the variations of the channeled to random electronic stopping powers of He + in an energy 4 MeV in silicon single crystal along the major 〈100〉, 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 axes. This paper discusses both simulation and experimental results that shed light on the contribution of these factors. Results obtained by our simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results.