bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mudanças recentes no financiamento federal do Sistema Único de Saúde: atenção básica à saúde
Authors: Solla Jorge José Santos Pereira , Reis Ademar Arthur Chioro dos , Soter Ana Paula Menezes , Fernandes Afra Suassuna , Palma José João Lanceiro de
Published: January 2008

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre a política de financiamento da atenção básica, ao longo do processo de implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), tendo a estratégia de saúde da família como elemento propulsor da forte expansão observada nesse componente da atenção à saúde. Discute o papel das Normas Operacionais do SUS, em especial da Norma Operacional Básica-NOB 01/96 e a implantação do Piso da Atenção Básica (PAB), enquanto marco para ampliação dos investimentos na atenção básica e a importância da emenda constitucional 29, enquanto instrumento legal relevante para incremento de investimentos dos três níveis de governo na saúde. A partir de dados fornecidos por bancos nacionais, analisa a evolução dos valores financeiros transferidos fundo a fundo para os municípios, as suas correções populacionais e incorporação de critérios para correção de desigualdades. Destaca o forte papel indutor do nível federal de gestão do SUS, que por meio de novos mecanismos de financiamento garantiu forte expansão de cobertura da atenção básica, por intermédio das equipes de saúde da família e incorporação dos profissionais de saúde bucal, neste nível de assistência.
Efeitos da prostaglandina E1 (PGE1) na gênese de capilares sanguíneos em músculo esquelético isquêmico de ratos: estudo histológico
Authors: Moreschi Jr. Dorival , Fagundes Djalma José , Amado Luiz Eduardo Bersani , Hernandes Luzmarina , Moreschi Hugo Karling
Published: January 2008

CONTEXTO: A angiogênese terapêutica é uma modalidade de tratamento para pacientes com insuficiência arterial crônica que não têm indicação para revascularização direta ou angioplastia e que não tiveram uma resposta satisfatória ao tratamento clínico. Entre as drogas utilizadas para essa finalidade está a prostaglandina E1 (PGE1). OBJETIVO: Estudar os aspectos morfológicos na gênese de capilares sanguíneos em músculo esquelético do membro caudal de ratos submetidos à isquemia sob a ação da PGE1, administrada por via intramuscular (IM) ou endovenosa (EV). MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 48 ratos, linhagem Wistar-UEM, distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 16, redistribuídos igualmente em dois subgrupos, observados no 7º e 14º dias, sendo um grupo controle onde apenas foi provocada a isquemia no membro, outro com a isquemia e a injeção da PGE1 via IM e outro com a isquemia e a injeção da PGE1 EV. Para análise dos resultados, foram realizadas a coloração com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e coloração imuno-histoquímica. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo no número de capilares nos subgrupos com o uso da PGE1 IM e EV, através da contagem nos cortes corados com HE. A imunomarcação não foi eficiente para a quantificação dos capilares. CONCLUSÕES: A PGE1, administrada por via IM ou EV, promoveu, após 14 dias de observação, um aumento no número de capilares no músculo esquelético de ratos submetido à isquemia, identificáveis histologicamente com a coloração em HE. A imunocoloração não permitiu estabelecer uma correlação com o aumento de vasos encontrados na coloração com HE.
Simpatectomia lombar por pneumoretroperitonioscopia (SLPR)
Authors: Sardinha Wander Eduardo , Silvestre Jose Manoel da Silva , Thomazinho Fernando , Oliveira Rodrigo Gomes de , Morais Filho Domingos de
Published: January 2008

CONTEXTO: A simpatectomia ainda encontra indicação no tratamento de várias doenças, tais como a insuficiência arterial periférica crônica aterosclerótica grau IV (Fontaine) sem condições de revascularização, úlceras hipertensivas e o fenômeno de Raynaud acompanhado de lesões tróficas. A cirurgia clássica é realizada através do acesso retroperitoneal, mas também pode ser realizada por meio de técnicas minimamente invasivas. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de mostrar os resultados da simpatectomia lombar por pneumoretroperitonioscopia. MÉTODOS: Trinta e um pacientes foram submetidos a simpatectomia lombar por pneumoretroperitonioscopia (22 homens e nove mulheres), com média de idade de 48 anos (41-70). Vinte eram pacientes com insuficiência arterial periférica crônica, sem possibilidade de revascularização, todos com lesões (necroses ou úlceras); sete pacientes eram portadores de tromboangeite obliterante; três tinham úlcera hipertensiva; e um apresentava fenômeno de Raynaud secundário. As cirurgias foram realizadas por pneumoretroperitoneoscopia, sendo feita a exérese do segundo ao quarto gânglio da cadeia lombar. RESULTADOS: Não houve complicações intra-operatórias, havendo necessidade de apenas uma conversão para cirurgia convencional por dificuldade técnica. A duração média do procedimento foi de 103 minutos e o tempo médio de internação foi de 2 dias. CONCLUSÃO: A simpatectomia pode ser realizada por pneumoretroperitonioscopia com as vantagens de uma cirurgia minimamente invasiva.
Anomalous formation of the portal vein: a case report
Authors: Gorantla Vasavi Rakesh , Potu Bhagath Kumar , Pulakunta Thejodhar , Vollala Venkata Ramana , Addala Pavan Kumar , Nayak Soubhagya Ranjan
Published: January 2008

The knowledge about the formation and relations of the portal vein is important for surgeons and radiologists. The variations in the level of formation and the pattern of formation of portal vein might lead to confusions during radiological and surgical procedures. Here we present a rare variation in the formation of the portal vein as found during the cadaveric dissections. The portal vein was formed by the union of splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric veins. The abnormal termination of left gastric vein into superior mesenteric vein before the formation of portal vein was also seen in the same cadaver. Identification of these variations is useful in managing traumatic rupture of the mesentery.
The Daily Show With Jon Stewart: Part 1
Authors: Trier James
Published: January 2008

Comedy Central's popular program The Daily Show With Jon Stewart is the best critical media literacy program on television, and it can be used in valuable ways in the classroom as part of a media literacy pedagogy. This Media Literacy column provides an overview of the show and its accompanying website and considers ways it might be used in the classroom.
Clarifying Differences Between Reading Skills and Reading Strategies
Authors: Afflerbach Peter , Pearson P. David , Paris Scott G.
Published: January 2008

The terms reading skill and reading strategy are central to how we conceptualize and teach reading. Despite their importance and widespread use, the terms are not consistently used or understood. This article examines the current and historical uses of the terms, defines them, and describes their differences, similarities, and relationships. Implications for teaching reading skills and strategies are discussed.
Conciencia Fonémica en Español (Phonemic Awareness in Spanish)
Authors: Yopp Hallie Kay , Stapleton Lilia
Published: January 2008

Studies conducted in many languages reveal that phonemic awareness is significantly related to success in learning to read. Research reveals a cross‐linguistic transfer of phonemic awareness, indicating that phonemic awareness is a general rather than a language‐specific ability and that skills developed in one language influence their development in a second language. Furthermore, there is evidence that phonemic awareness in one language supports reading development in a second language. The authors argue, therefore, that it is sound practice to stimulate phonemic awareness development in students' native language; children will benefit regardless of the language of reading instruction in schools. Given the large numbers of English learners in the United States, the majority of whom are Spanish‐speaking, the authors share Spanish songs, poems, tongue twisters, and books that may be used in classrooms or in homes to develop children's sensitivity to the sound structure of language.
Teacher Knowledge Matters in Supporting Young Readers
Authors: Fitzharris Linda , Jones Mary Blake , Crawford Allison
Published: January 2008

Teacher knowledge is important because it is related to student outcomes The researchers of this article wanted to answer the following questions:

How do classroom teachers describe the reading cueing systems?

How do classroom teachers analyze running record information?

How do classroom teachers implement classroom reading instruction based on miscue analysis of running records and their knowledge of the reading cueing systems?

The researchers evaluated the case studies from a group of teachers with a detailed rubric and revealed four different levels of knowledge, indicating that future staff development needs to be differentiated and individualized. This study has implications for further work because of the current interest in standards, assessment, and literacy staff development.
Making the Very Most of Classroom Read‐Alouds to Promote Comprehension and Vocabulary
Authors: Santoro Lana Edwards , Chard David J. , Howard Lisa , Baker Scott K.
Published: January 2008

Integrating comprehension and vocabulary instruction in read‐alouds can help teachers make the very most of class time. The curriculum described illustrates how read‐alouds, when implemented with strategic purpose, can boost learners' vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Specifically, the author presents guidelines for:

selecting texts to encourage “text‐to‐text” and “text‐to‐self” connections

selecting target vocabulary words

promoting text‐based discussions

incorporating comprehension instruction before, during, and after the reading process
Learning From Literacy Successes in High‐Achieving Urban Schools
Authors: Walker‐Dalhouse Doris , Risko Victoria J.
Published: January 2008

Urban schools represent educational challenges for teachers, but they can also provide models for effective instruction for linguistically, culturally, and racially diverse students. In this Reading Research Into the Classroom column, the authors examine the research on high‐achieving urban schools and make appropriate instructional recommendations in order for other schools to find the same success.
Explicit Code and Comprehension Instruction for English Learners
Authors: Manyak Patrick C. , Bauer Eurydice B.
Published: January 2008

Explicit code and comprehension instruction is important for English learners (ELs), and several key findings from research on young ELs learning to read initially in English can offer guidelines for developing effective code‐based instruction for these children. The authors of this column address comprehension instruction for ELs, suggesting several principles to guide such instruction. They conclude by reminding readers that explicit code and comprehension instruction represents only one element of a multifaceted framework for robust literacy instruction for ELs.
Synergy Between Cetuximab and Chemotherapy in Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Mahtani Reshma L. , Macdonald John S.
Published: January 2008

Cetuximab is a recently approved monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other solid tumors. Cetuximab, as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, has demonstrated significant clinical efficacy against CRC. Combinations of cetuximab with chemotherapy have proven to be well tolerated, with minimal overlap of toxicities between agents; and the anticancer synergy between cetuximab and traditional chemotherapy agents has made cetuximab a vital treatment for patients who are no longer responsive to chemotherapy alone. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved cetuximab in combination with irinotecan for the treatment of irinotecan-refractory metastatic CRC or as monotherapy for treating patients intolerant to irinotecan. Combination chemotherapies involving cetuximab as well as combinations involving cetuximab and other targeted agents, such as bevacizumab, an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody, constitute powerful new treatment options for the management of CRC. This review discusses recent clinical studies that have further defined this synergy, focusing primarily on tumors of the gastrointestinal tract.
Application of PET/CT in the Development of Novel Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Boss David S. , Olmos Renato Valdes , Sinaasappel Michiel , Beijnen Jos H. , Schellens Jan H. M.
Published: January 2008

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the advantages of combined PET/CT over single PET and single CT imaging.Mention the applications of combined PET/CT in the evaluation of novel anticancer drugs.Describe which radiotracers are used for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measurements in anticancer drug development.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a relatively new imaging modality, combining the functional images of PET with the anatomical information of CT. Since its commercial introduction about 5 years ago, PET/CT has become an important tool in oncology. Currently, the technique is used for primary staging and restaging of cancer patients, as well as for surgery and radiation therapy planning. The abilities of PET/CT to measure early treatment response as well as drug distribution within the body make this technique very useful in the development of novel anticancer drugs. In this paper, the recent literature on the current role of PET/CT in drug development is reviewed.
Case Report: Dramatic Recovery of Lung Adenocarcinoma–Associated Dermatomyositis with Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy Alone
Authors: Zang Yuan-Sheng , Xiu Qing-Yu , Fang Zheng , Li Bing , Xia Tian-Bao
Published: January 2008

This case report details the sudden onset of severe dermatomyositis (DM) symptoms followed by rapid progression of adenocarcinoma of the lung and an obvious diminution of the primary tumor with the administration of lung cancer targeted drug therapy alone, followed by nearly complete disappearance of the DM symptoms, with no conspicuous improvement in the DM symptoms when using corticosteroids.
The Emerging Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Pathway as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer
Authors: Ryan Paula D. , Goss Paul E.
Published: January 2008

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the characteristics of the IGF system including its endocrine as well as tissue growth factor properties.Discuss the preclinical background and the rationale for targeting the IGF system in cancer therapy.Discuss ongoing phase I and phase II clinical trials targeting the IGF-IR in solid tumor malignancies.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com

The insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway is important in many human cancers based on data from experimental models as well as epidemiological studies. Important therapies targeted at this pathway have been or are being developed, including monoclonal antibodies to the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and small molecule inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase function of this receptor. These investigational therapies are now being studied in clinical trials. Emerging data from phase I trials are encouraging regarding the safety of the monoclonal antibodies. In this manuscript, the rationale for targeting the insulin-like growth factor system is reviewed in addition to a summary of the available clinical trial data.
Topographic maps applied to comparative molar morphology: the case of murine and cricetine dental plans (Rodentia, Muroidea)
Authors: Lazzari Vincent , Tafforeau Paul , Aguilar Jean-Pierre , Michaux Jacques
Published: January 2008

We developed a new method to generate topographic maps of tooth crowns from X-ray synchrotron microtomographic data. Maps are drawn after cervix-plane orientation of tooth image stacks, without the need for a geographic information system. Classical topographic maps with contour lines are complemented by slope maps and angularity maps. Cartography allows precise comparisons of cusps morphologies, and quantification of the directions of cusp axis elongation and slope. Application of this method to muroid rodents with cricetine and murine dental patterns reveals clear-cut differences in cusps morphology that are indicative of the direction of the chewing movement, in agreement with wear facet analyses. Rodents with a murine dental pattern were derived from ancestors with a cricetine pattern, and their origin is associated with important changes in cusp morphology and organization. In order to understand such evolutionary change, our investigation is applied to a sample of extant and fossil muroid rodents that are characterized by either a murine dental plan or a cricetine one, or a dental pattern intermediate between those of cricetines and murines.
Taxon characteristics that promote survivorship through the Permian–Triassic interval: transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic brachiopod fauna
Authors: Leighton Lindsey R. , Schneider Chris L.
Published: January 2008

Examination of organismal characteristics which promote survivorship through both background and mass extinctions may reveal general ecological principles potentially critical to modern conservation efforts. This study explores survivorship of brachiopods, a highly diverse and abundant Paleozoic clade, through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic interval, which includes the greatest mass extinction in the history of metazoan life. This interval of time separates two of the major Phanerozoic evolutionary faunas. In this regard, survivorship across any one extinction during the interval would not have been relevant if the survivor went extinct shortly after the extinction event; surviving background extinction is as important as surviving a mass extinction. Similarly, taxa that survived but failed to rediversify also were not major elements of the Mesozoic evolutionary fauna. Thus, the analysis aims to analyze survivorship not just across a single extinction but across the entire mid-Permian to mid-Triassic; only survivors through the entire interval can be the ancestors of the Mesozoic clades.

Fewer brachiopod genera survived the interval than did brachiopod clades, suggesting that pseudoextinction or insufficient sampling could be a problem in analyzing these extinctions; thus, survivorship analysis should be conducted at the clade level. Nine characteristics were examined for generic representatives of 20 North American brachiopod clades, five of which survived both Permian extinctions and the subsequent earliest Triassic transitional interval. Characteristics include both those that operate on global scales and those that operate on the higher-resolution scales of individuals and populations.

Survivors were significantly smaller and occurred less frequently than victims. Mean diversity of communities in which survivors were present was significantly greater. The finding that rare taxa belonging to high-diversity communities were more likely to survive runs counter to traditional predictions. However, these results are consistent with recent studies suggesting that higher diversity within a trophic level may create a buffer, as surviving taxa quickly occupy the vacant niche space of the victims. As size, abundance, and community diversity are all statistically related, the small size of survivors may be an artifact of reduced biovolume per taxon in a diverse community.

No significant relationship exists between global-scale processes and survivorship of brachiopods through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic. The results suggest that ecological processes can strongly influence global extinction patterns.
Are global Phanerozoic marine diversity curves truly global? A study of the relationship between regional rock records and global Phanerozoic marine diversity
Authors: McGowan Alistair J. , Smith Andrew B.
Published: January 2008

The consensus view that the amount of rock available for sampling does not significantly and systematically bias Phanerozoic marine diversity patterns has broken down. How changes in rock availability and sampling intensity affect our estimates of past biodiversity has been investigated with a variety of new approaches. A number of proxies for the amount of rock available for sampling have been used, but most of these proxies do not rely directly on evidence from large-scale geological maps (maps that cover small areas) and accompanying memoirs. Most previous map-based studies focused on single regions or relied on small-scale synoptic maps. We collected data from published geological maps and memoirs from western Europe, Australia, and Chile, which we combined with COSUNA data from the United States to generate the first multiregional data set for investigating whether the global Phanerozoic marine diversity record is a true global record, or is instead biased toward North America and Western Europe as has long been suspected. Both short and long-term trends in variation in the amount of outcrop display limited correlation among the regions studied. A series of diversification models obtained better matches to observed fossil diversity from the European and U.S. records than for the Chilean and Australian records, further supporting suspicions that the global Phanerozoic diversity curve is disproportionately influenced by European and U.S. fossil data. These results indicate that future research into Phanerozoic marine diversity patterns should not continue to apply global eustatic curves as a proxy for rock at outcrop, but should use regional data on rock occurrence.
Climate-related dietary diversity of the ungulate faunas from the middle Pleistocene succession (OIS 14-12) at the Caune de l'Arago (France)
Authors: Rivals Florent , Schulz Ellen , Kaiser Thomas M.
Published: January 2008

The Caune de l'Arago Cave (southern France) has yielded one of the best preserved and best documented sedimentary successions of the European Middle Pleistocene (Oxygen Isotopic Stages 14 to 12). Herbivorous ungulates (horse, reindeer, red deer, fallow deer, bison, musk ox, argali, and tahr) are well represented in the three major stratigraphic units CM1, CM2, and CM3. CM1 and CM3 correspond to cold and dry climate and CM2 represents temperate and humid environmental conditions. Dental microwear and mesowear analyses were performed for the ungulates from CM1–3 to test whether these methods of dental wear evaluation were suitable for detecting climate-driven changes in the dietary resources of the Arago ungulate community. We found that both dental mesowear and microwear indicate dietary traits and their relationship to climatic conditions as reflected by vegetation cover and community structure. In all units, even if some species seem to share habitats or resources, it appears that the overlap in their feeding ecology is very low. The CM1 and CM3 units, where pollen analysis indicates that the climate was cold and dry, show the lowest diversity in dietary traits. The CM2, where climate is known to be more temperate and humid, the spectrum of dietary traits is large—grazers, browsers, and mixed feeders are present.
Predation defeats competition on the seafloor
Authors: Stanley Steven M.
Published: January 2008

… the snail, whose tender horns being hit Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smothered up, in shade doth sit, Long after fearing to creep forth again….

— William Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis (1593)

For many decades, ecology textbooks presented classical competition theory without reservation. The central principle here is that two species sharing an essential resource that is in limited supply cannot coexist for long because the competitively superior species will eliminate the other one. The implication is that ecological communities should be characterized by division of resources among species, or niche partitioning. Thus, it is understandable that many paleontologists have continued to invoke concepts of competitive exclusion and niche partitioning in their studies of ancient guilds and communities. By now, however, there is a large body of neontological literature demonstrating that interspecific competition and resource partitioning play only a minor role in many ecological communities—especially benthic marine communities, which are the primary focus of the following discussion. Predation and physical disturbance inflict so much damage on biotas of the seafloor that populations of one species seldom monopolize a potentially limiting resource, except sporadically and locally. As a result, it is uncommon for any species to drive another to extinction through competitive exclusion—or even to force another species to drastically change its exploitation of any environmental resource throughout its geographic range. Furthermore, what particular species or group of species occupies a particular microhabitat is often simply a matter of time of arrival.
Testing hypotheses of the evolution of encephalization in the Canidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)
Authors: Finarelli John A.
Published: January 2008

Evolutionary trends observed over large clades have the potential to mask underlying trends that occur within their constituent subclades. A recent study of encephalization in the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia) found evidence for an abrupt increase in median log-encephalization quotients (logEQs), indicating higher brain volume relative to body mass, at the end-Miocene, but gradual increase in the variance of logEQs. In this study, new endocranial volume estimates for fossil taxa in the well-sampled caniform subclade Canidae are reported. Using the encephalization data for the Canidae, hypotheses of evolution in encephalization allometries were tested with respect to canid phylogeny. The Akaike Information Criterion and likelihood ratios recovered support for a preferred hypothesis of the evolution of canid encephalization, which proposed two distinct allometric relationships: (1) a plesiomorphic grade of encephalization in the subfamilies Hesperocyoninae and Borophaginae and the paraphyletic canine genusLeptocyon, and (2) an apomorphic grade in the crown radiation of Caninae. This defines a shift in to higher encephalization, but without an associated change in the variance around the allometry. Increased canid encephalization coincides with a reorganization of the brain and the observed trend may reflect the evolution of complex social behavior in this clade.
Urchins in the meadow: paleobiological and evolutionary implications of cidaroid predation on crinoids
Authors: Baumiller Tomasz K. , Mooi Rich , Messing Charles G.
Published: January 2008

Deep-sea submersible observations made in the Bahamas revealed interactions between the stalked crinoidEndoxocrinus parraeand the cidaroid sea urchinCalocidaris micans.The in situ observations include occurrence of cidaroids within “meadows” of sea lilies, close proximity of cidaroids to several upended isocrinids, a cidaroid perched over the distal end of the stalk of an upended isocrinid, and disarticulated crinoid cirri and columnals directly underneath a specimen ofC. micans.Guts of twoC. micanscollected from the crinoid meadow contain up to 70% crinoid material. Two of three large museum specimens of another cidaroid species,Histocidaris nuttingi, contain 14–99% crinoid material.

A comparison of cidaroid gut contents with local sediment revealed significant differences: sediment-derived material consists of single crinoid ossicles often abraded and lacking soft tissue, whereas crinoid columnals, cirrals, brachials, and pinnulars found in the cidaroids are often articulated, linked by soft tissue, and unabraded. Furthermore, articulated, multi-element fragments often show a mode of fracture characteristic of fresh crinoid material. Taken together, these data suggest that cidaroids prey on live isocrinids.

We argue that isocrinid stalk-shedding, whose purpose has remained a puzzle, and the recently documented rapid crawling of isocrinids are used in escaping benthic predators: isocrinids sacrifice and shed the distal stalk portion when attacked by cidaroids and crawl away, reducing the chance of a subsequent encounter. If such predation occurred throughout the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (possibly since the mid-Paleozoic), several evolutionary trends among crinoids might represent strategies to escape predation by slow-moving benthic predators.
Temporal patterns of barren intervals in the Phanerozoic
Authors: Smith Andrew B. , McGowan A. J.
Published: January 2008

It has recently been argued that barren intervals of marine sedimentary rock are less common in the Cenozoic than in the Paleozoic, and that this arises as a direct consequence of widespread epeiric seas and the prevalence of dysaerobic conditions at such times. We show, using an independent and more direct measure of rock outcrop through time in western Europe, that barren marine sedimentary rocks do become less frequent toward the present, but that this is not linked to any epeiric-seas effect. The proportion of barren to fossiliferous rock outcrop correlates well with the inferred Phanerozoic marine diversity curve (although more so in the Paleozoic than in the post-Paleozoic), and shows no correlation or only a weak negative correlation with area over which the sediments have been deposited. We therefore concluded that the Phanerozoic trend in fossiliferousness most likely records the degree to which space is occupied in the shallow marine realm.
Morphologic and taxonomic history of Paleozoic ammonoids in time and morphospace
Authors: Saunders W. B. , Greenfest-Allen Emily , Work David M. , Nikolaeva S. V.
Published: January 2008

Principal components analysis (PCA) of 21 shell parameters (geometry, sculpture, aperture shape, and suture complexity) in 597 L. Devonian to L. Triassic ammonoid genera (spanning ~166 Myr) shows that eight basic morphotypes appeared within ~20 Myr of the first appearance of ammonoids. With one exception, these morphotypes persisted throughout the Paleozoic, occurring in ~75% of the ~5-Myr time bins used in this study. Morphotypes were not exclusive to particular lineages. Their persistence was not just a product of phylogenetic constraints or longevity, and multiple iterations of the same morphotypes occurred at different times and in different groups. Although mass extinction events severely condensed the range of morphologic variation and taxonomic diversity, the effects were short lived and most extinct morphotypes were usually iterated within 5 Myr. The most important effect of mass extinctions on ammonoid evolutionary history seems to have been their role in large scale taxonomic turnovers; they effectively eliminated previously dominant orders at the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) (Agoniatitida), the Devonian/Mississippian (D/M) (Clymeniida), and the Permian/Triassic (P/T) (Goniatitida and Prolecanitida) extinctions. Survivors varied from two (P/T) to four (D/M) and five genera (F/F). These events generated sharp reductions in morphologic disparity at the D/M (58%) and at the P/T (59%), but there was a net increase at the F/F (38%). There was no obvious survival bias for particular morphotypes, but 64% are interpreted to have beenNautilus-like nektobenthic. The recurrence of particular combinations of morphology and their strong independence of phylogeny are strong arguments for functional constraint. Intervals between mass extinctions seem to have been relatively static in terms of morphotype numbers, in contrast to numbers of genera. Significant decreases in genus diversity (54%) and morphologic disparity (33%) commenced in the mid-Permian (Wordian/Capitanian boundary), well before the final P/T event.
Promoting Health During the American Occupation of Japan The Public Health Section, Kyoto Military Government Team, 1945-1949
Authors: Nishimura Sey
Published: January 2008

During the American occupation of Japan (1945–1952), young public health officers from the US Army Medical Corps were posted in local US Army military government teams. These young doctors (aged 25 to 27 years), who had not absorbed the strong anti-Japanese tradition of the US military during World War II, seem to have alleviated the initial resentment felt by the Japanese toward the new governors of their homeland. The case of the Kyoto Military Government Team illustrates the Kyoto citizenry’s positive view of some American-directed public health measures. The team’s services helped to counter widely held negative views on colonialism, occupation, and public health; lessened resentment toward the unilateral command structure of the occupation forces; and contributed to improved relations between the United States and Japan at the local level.
Adolescent Same-Sex and Both-Sex Romantic Attractions and Relationships: Implications for Smoking
Authors: Easton Alyssa , Jackson Kat , Mowery Paul , Comeau Dawn , Sell Randall
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between smoking and romantic attractions and relationships.

Methods. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess associations of smoking at Waves I and II with same-sex, both-sex, and opposite-sex romantic attractions or relationships as determined at Wave I. We used logistic regression to predict smoking at Wave II by sexual orientation.

Results. Both adolescent boys and adolescent girls with both-sex attractions or relationships were significantly more likely than those with opposite-sex attractions or relationships to be current smokers. Adolescent boys and girls with both-sex attractions or relationships who were nonsmokers at Wave I were more likely to be current smokers at Wave II than those with opposite-sex attractions or relationships.

Conclusions. Our findings support previous research on smoking among youths who report same-sex or both-sex romantic attractions or relationships and demonstrate the increased risk bisexual youths have for smoking initiation and smoking prevalence. Tobacco use prevention programs targeting gay and bisexual youths are warranted, particularly among adolescent girls and boys who have had both-sex romantic attractions or relationships.
Unfair Treatment, Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Smoking Among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study
Authors: Chae David H. , Takeuchi David T. , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Bennett Gary G. , Lindsey Jane , Krieger Nancy
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined the relations of self-report of general unfair treatment and self-report of race/ethnicity-specific discrimination with current smoking among Asian Americans. We investigated whether ethnic identification moderated either association.

Methods. Weighted logistic regressions were performed among 1977 Asian Americans recruited to the National Latino and Asian American Study (2002–2003).

Results. In weighted multivariate logistic regression models including both general unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination, odds of current smoking were higher among Asian Americans who reported high levels of unfair treatment (odds ratio [OR]=2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13, 6.95) and high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination (OR=2.40; 95% CI=0.94, 6.12) compared with those who reported no unfair treatment and discrimination, respectively. High levels of ethnic identification moderated racial/ethnic discrimination (F3 =3.25; P =.03). High levels of ethnic identification were associated with lower probability of current smoking among participants reporting high levels of racial/ethnic discrimination.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that experiences of unfair treatment and racial/ethnic discrimination are risk factors for smoking among Asian Americans. Efforts to promote ethnic identification may be effective in mitigating the influence of racial/ethnic discrimination on smoking in this population.
Gender Differences in the Association Between Morbidity and Mortality Among Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: Singh-Manoux Archana , Guéguen Alice , Ferrie Jane , Shipley Martin , Martikainen Pekka , Bonenfant Sébastien , Goldberg Marcel , Marmot Michael
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined gender differences in mortality, morbidity, and the association between the 2.

Methods. We used health data from 2 studies of middle-aged men and women: the British Whitehall II cohort of employees from 20 civil service departments in London and the 1989 French GAZEL (this acronym refers to the French gas and electric companies) of employees of France's national gas and electricity company. Participants were aged 35 to 55 years when assessed for morbidity and followed up for mortality over 17 years.

Results. Male mortality was higher than female mortality in Whitehall II (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28, 1.91) and the GAZEL cohort (HR = 1.99; CI = 1.66, 2.40). Female excess morbidity was observed for some measures in the Whitehall II data and for 1 measure in the GAZEL data. Only self-reported sickness absence in the Whitehall II data was more strongly associated with mortality among men (P = .01).

Conclusions. Mortality was lower among women than among men, but morbidity was not consistently higher. The lack of gender differences in the association between morbidity and mortality suggests that this is not a likely explanation for the gender paradox, which refers to higher morbidity but lower mortality among women than among men.
Workplace Discrimination and Health Among Filipinos in the United States
Authors: de Castro Arnold B. , Gee Gilbert C. , Takeuchi David T.
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined the association between work discrimination and morbidity among Filipinos in the United States, independent of more-global measures of discrimination.

Methods. Data were collected from the Filipino American Community Epidemiological Survey. Our analysis focused on 1652 participants who were employed at the time of data collection, and we used negative binomial regression to determine the association between work discrimination and health conditions.

Results. The report of workplace discrimination specific to being Filipino was associated with an increased number of health conditions. This association persisted even after we controlled for everyday discrimination, a general assessment of discrimination; job concerns, a general assessment of unpleasant work circumstances; having immigrated for employment reasons; job category; income; education; gender; and other sociodemographic factors.

Conclusions. Racial discrimination in the workplace was positively associated with poor health among Filipino Americans after we controlled for reports of everyday discrimination and general concerns about one’s job. This finding shows the importance of considering the work setting as a source of discrimination and its effect on morbidity among racial minorities.
SEXINFO: A Sexual Health Text Messaging Service for San Francisco Youth
Authors: Levine Deborah , McCright Jacqueline , Dobkin Loren , Woodruff Andrew J. , Klausner Jeffrey D.
Published: January 2008

In response to rising gonorrhea rates among African American youth in San Francisco, Calif, Internet Sexuality Information Services, Inc, in partnership with the San Francisco Department of Public Health, developed SEXINFO, a sexual health text messaging service. SEXINFO is an information and referral service that can be accessed by texting “SEXINFO” to a 5-digit number from any wireless phone. A consortium of community organizations, religious groups, and health agencies assisted with identifying culturally appropriate local referral services. We conducted focus group sessions among youth aged 15 to 19 years to discuss the viability of the service. Usage of the service has been greater than expected, and an initial evaluation to assess the impact of SEXINFO on increasing access to sexual health services among at-risk adolescents has had promising results.
Emergence of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking and Overweight and Obesity in Early Adulthood: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health
Authors: Yang Seungmi , Lynch John , Schulenberg John , Roux Ana V. Diez , Raghunathan Trivellore
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity emerged in early adulthood and the contribution of family background, adolescent smoking, and body mass index to socioeconomic inequalities.

Methods. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health we employed multinomial regression analyses to estimate relative odds of heavy or light-to-moderate smoking to nonsmoking and of overweight or obesity to normal weight.

Results. For smoking, we found inequalities by young adult socioeconomic position in both genders after controlling for family background and smoking during adolescence. However, family socioeconomic position was not strongly associated with smoking in early adulthood. For overweight and obesity, we found socioeconomic inequalities only among women both by young adult and family socioeconomic position after adjusting for birthweight, other family background, and body mass index during adolescence.

Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequalities in smoking emerged in early adulthood according to socioeconomic position. Among women, inequalities in overweight or obesity were already evident by family socioeconomic position and strengthened by their own socioeconomic position. The relative importance of family background and current socioeconomic circumstances varied between smoking and overweight or obesity.
Effects of Individual and Proximate Educational Context on Intimate Partner Violence: A Population-Based Study of Women in India
Authors: Ackerson Leland K. , Kawachi Ichiro , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Subramanian S.V.
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined the role of women’s education and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence (IPV).

Methods. We examined a sample of 83627 married women aged 15 to 49 years from the 1998 to 1999 Indian National Family Health Survey. We used multilevel multiple logistic regression modeling to estimate the relative effect of women’s and their husband’s levels of education, spousal education differential, and community-level literacy on women’s risk of recent and lifetime IPV.

Results. In adjusted models, odds of recent IPV among women without any education were 5.61 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.53, 8.92) those of college-educated women, and odds among wives of uneducated men were 1.84 times (95% CI=1.44, 2.35) those of wives of college-educated men. Women with more education than their husbands were more likely than those with educational parity to report recent IPV (odds ratio [OR]=1.18; 95% CI=1.05, 1.33). The results were similar for lifetime IPV. After we controlled for individual factors, as community male and female literacy levels increased, likelihood of IPV declined.

Conclusions. Although increasing women’s levels of education is crucial to reducing IPV for women, proximate educational context is also an important factor in reducing this public health burden.
Disentangling the Effects of Racial and Weight Discrimination on Body Mass Index and Obesity Among Asian Americans
Authors: Gee Gilbert C. , Ro Annie , Gavin Amelia , Takeuchi David T.
Published: January 2008

Objectives. We examined whether racial discrimination is associated with increased body mass index (BMI) and obesity among Asian Americans. Further, we explored whether this association strengthens with increasing time in the United States.

Methods. We analyzed data from the 2002 to 2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n=1956). Regression models tested whether reports of racial discrimination were associated with BMI and obesity, after accounting for weight discrimination, age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, generation, employment, health status, and social desirability bias (the tendency to seek approval by providing the most socially desirable response to a question).

Results. We found that (1) racial discrimination was associated with increased BMI and obesity after we controlled for weight discrimination, social desirability bias, and other factors and (2) the association between racial discrimination and BMI strengthened with increasing time in the United States.

Conclusions. Racial discrimination may be an important factor related to weight gain among ethnic minorities.
Ethics in Public Health Research
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J.
Published: January 2008

Mortality rates for American Indians (including Alaska Natives) declined for much of the 20th century, but data published by the Indian Health Service indicate that since the mid-1980s, age-adjusted deaths for this population have increased both in absolute terms and compared with rates for the White American population.

This increase appears to be primarily because of the direct and indirect effects of type 2 diabetes. Despite increasing appropriations for the Special Diabetes Program for Indians, per capita expenditures for Indian health, including third-party reimbursements, remain substantially lower than those for other Americans and, when adjusted for inflation, have been essentially unchanged since the early 1990s.

I argue that inadequate funding for health services has contributed significantly to the increased death rate.
Public Health Interventions for Addressing Childhood Overweight: Analysis of the Business Case
Authors: Finkelstein Eric A. , Trogdon Justin G.
Published: January 2008

We investigated the appropriateness of basing childhood obesity interventions on expectations of return on investment (ROI). We show that excess weight is indeed associated with greater medical expenditures even among children and adolescents. However, under current best practices, it is unlikely that interventions will be able to meet the level of effectiveness required at a low enough implementation cost to show positive ROI. The merits of childhood obesity interventions should be based on their ability to efficiently control weight and improve health compared with alternative uses for available resources. They should not be based on the potential for short-term financial savings.
Getting Home Safe and Sound: Occupational Safety and Health Administration at 38
Authors: Silverstein Michael
Published: January 2008

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHAct) declared that every worker is entitled to safe and healthful working conditions, and that employers are responsible for work being free from all recognized hazards. Thirty-eight years after these assurances, however, it is difficult to find anyone who believes the promise of the OSHAct has been met.

The persistence of preventable, life-threatening hazards at work is a failure to keep a national promise. I review the history of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and propose measures to better ensure that those who go to work every day return home safe and sound.

These measures fall into 6 areas: leverage and accountability, safety and health systems, employee rights, equal protection, framing, and infrastructure.