bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oscillations in Prandtl slope flow started from rest
Authors: Fedorovich E. , Shapiro A.
Published: November 2016

We study oscillations that develop in flows along a uniform planar slope in an initially resting stratified fluid as a result of sudden application of a surface buoyancy flux. After an oscillatory adjustment (transition), the fluid reaches another steady state that corresponds to a stationary slope flow. The analysis is focused on the temporal evolution of the integral momentum and buoyancy structure in the laminar Prandtl‐type slope flow. The main questions addressed are related to physical conditions leading to emerging of the en masse oscillations in the transitioning slope flow, the frequency of these oscillations, and features of their temporal evolution. The persistence of oscillations in Prandtl‐type slope flows is found to be associated, somewhat paradoxically, with the fast temporal decay of the surface stress oscillations in the process of the stress approaching a constant value. This relatively rapid evolution of the surface stress progressively weakens damping of the integral momentum and buoyancy oscillations. Extensions of the analyses to the Prandtl slope flow driven by the surface buoyancy and to the turbulent slope flows are proposed and discussed.
A protocol for pressurized liquid extraction and processing methods to isolate modern and ancient bone cholesterol for compound‐specific stable isotope analysis
Authors: Laffey Ann O. , Krigbaum John , Zimmerman Andrew R.
Published: November 2016

Rationale

Bone lipid compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and bone collagen and apatite stable isotope ratio analysis are important sources of ecological and paleodietary information. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is quicker and utilizes less solvent than traditional methods of lipid extraction such as soxhlet and ultrasonication. This study facilitates dietary analysis by optimizing and testing a standardized methodology for PLE of bone cholesterol.

Methods

Modern and archaeological bones were extracted by PLE using varied temperatures, solvent solutions, and sample weights. The efficiency of PLE was assessed via quantification of cholesterol yields. Stable isotopic ratio integrity was evaluated by comparing isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ18O values) of cholesterol derived from whole bone, bone collagen and bone apatite. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) were conducted on purified collagen and lipid extracts to assess isotopic responses to PLE.

Results

Lipid yield was optimized at two PLE extraction cycles of 75 °C using dichloromethane/methanol (2:1 v/v) as a solvent with 0.25–0.75 g bone sample. Following lipid extraction, saponification combined with the derivatization of the neutral fraction using trimethylsilylation yielded nearly twice the cholesterol of non‐saponified or non‐derivatized samples. It was also found that lipids extracted from purified bone collagen and apatite could be used for cholesterol CSIA. There was no difference in the bulk δ13C values of collagen extracted from bone with or without lipid. However, there was a significant depletion in 18O of bone apatite due to lipid presence or processing.

Conclusions

These results should assist sample selection and provide an effective, alternative extraction method for bone cholesterol that may be used for isotopic and paleodietary analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stromal micropapillary predominant lung adenocarcinoma: A rare histological phenotype with poor prognosis
Authors: Hayakawa Takamitsu , Tajima Shogo , Tsukui Masaru , Takanashi Yusuke , Neyatani Hiroshi , Funai Kazuhito
Published: November 2016

An extremely rare case of stromal micropapillary predominant lung adenocarcinoma is presented in this study. A 70‐year‐old woman visited our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on chest X‐ray. Chest computed tomography revealed a nodule in the left lower lobe and a mass in the left upper lobe. She underwent an exploratory thoracotomy owing to the suspicion of advanced lung cancer. Pathological examination of the left lower lobe nodule revealed tumour cells with more than half the tumour cells showing stromal micropapillary pattern (SMP), consisting of tumour cells invading the fibrotic stroma. In general, micropapillary adenocarcinomas in the lung form an aerogenous micropapillary pattern (AMP), in which tumour cells float in alveolar spaces. Because the prognosis of SMP lung adenocarcinomas is known to be worse than that of AMP lung adenocarcinomas and have a high frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, the discrimination of SMP from AMP is important for both pathologists and clinicians.
Robust consensus tracking of linear multiagent systems with input saturation and input‐additive uncertainties
Authors: Wang Qingling , Sun Changyin , Xin Xin
Published: November 2016

The problem of robust global consensus tracking of linear multiagent systems with input saturation and input‐additive uncertainties is investigated in this paper. By using the parametric Lyapunov equation approach and an existing dynamic gain scheduling technique, a new distributed nonlinear‐gain scheduling consensus‐trackining algorithm is developed to solve this problem. Under the assumption that each agent is asymptotically null controllable with bounded control, it is shown that the robust global consensus tracking can be achieved under the undirected graph provided that its generated graph contains a directed spanning tree. Compared with the existing algebraic Riccati equation approach, which requires the online solution of a parameterized algebraic Riccati equation, all the parameters in the proposed nonlinear algorithm are offline determined a priori. Finally, numerical examples are provided to validate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recursive observer‐based fault detection for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems with output constraints
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Yang Guang‐Hong
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates the fault detection (FD) problem for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems in strict feedback form with an output constraint. The key idea is to design an observer to generate the FD signals and the output estimate, which also satisfies the output constraint. To facilitate constraint handling, the constraints on the output and the output estimate are transformed into the output estimation error constraint. Then, the FD observer is designed in a recursive framework. By employing a barrier Lyapunov function, the output estimation error constraint is incorporated in the last step of the recursive observer design algorithm to prevent constraint violation. It is shown that the output estimation error is uniformly bounded and satisfies the constraint for the fault‐free case. Furthermore, the residual signal is constructed by the output estimation error, and its corresponding bound is used as threshold. Compared with the FD method without considering the constraints, the proposed FD scheme provides a smaller threshold and characterizes a larger set of faults, which can be detected. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the benefits of the proposed FD scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey on cloud forensics challenges and solutions
Authors: Simou Stavros , Kalloniatis Christos , Gritzalis Stefanos , Mouratidis Haralambos
Published: November 2016

In recent years, cloud computing has gained popularity, and it is now used to support various areas of human life. Cloud forensics has been introduced to help forensic investigators find potential evidence against cloud criminal activities and maintain the security and integrity of the information stored in the cloud. While great research in the area has been carried out concerning challenges and solutions, the research on methodologies and frameworks is still in its infancy. This article focuses on the methodological aspects of cloud forensics. It critically reviews cloud forensics' existing challenges and solutions, and it explores, based on a detailed review of the area, all the work that has been carried out both in digital and cloud forensic methodologies mainly for supporting the investigation of security incidents in cloud. Furthermore, the detailed comparison reveals similarities and drawbacks of the existing methodologies providing some novel future research directions. Finally, the specific paper can be considered as a starting point for researchers wishing to design cloud‐forensicable services over the cloud. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heavy snowfall in southern Finland in May is extraordinary nowadays – but was it more common a hundred years ago?
Authors: Juga Ilkka
Published: November 2016

The weather in Finland is highly variable, but the mean temperature has risen by over 2°degC from the mid‐nineteenth century to the present. The winter and spring months have especially warmed, though the large variability has been maintained. In addition, the snow season in Southern Finland is gradually shortening. Thus, heavy snowfalls in the spring are not as common as they used to be. In this study, two springtime heavy snowfall cases in Helsinki in May 1915 and May 1916 were investigated. The findings are compared to present (and predicted future) climate conditions.
The Use of Autologous Peritoneum for Complete Caval Replacement Following Resection of Major Intra‐abdominal Malignancies
Authors: Coubeau Laurent , Rico Juri Juan‐Manuel , Ciccarelli Olga , Jabbour Nicolas , Lerut Jan
Published: November 2016

Objective

Assessment of a simple layer peritoneal tube used as an autogenous inferior vena cava replacement.

Background

Extensive en‐bloc multivisceral resection including major vessels is effective in selected abdominal malignancies, but the need for vascular reconstruction represents a surgical challenge. We describe the use of autologous peritoneum for caval replacement.

Methods

Autogenous parietal peritoneum without fascial backing was harvested and tubularized to replace the inferior vena cava (IVC) in four patients with complex abdominal tumors. Surgical morbidity was evaluated using the Clavien–Dindo classification, and graft patency was systematically evaluated with ultrasound.

Results

All four patients had multiorgan resections for malignancies involving the retro‐hepatic IVC, and they all required the replacement of infrarenal and suprarenal IVC segments. Additionally, all four required a right nephrectomy, two had a combined major hepatectomy, and one patient needed a veno‐venous bypass. All had an R0 resection. A clinical follow‐up took place between 5 and 11 months after surgery for each patient. Four‐month graft patency was confirmed by ultra‐sound and TDM with no sign of disease recurrence.

Conclusions

Autologous peritoneum without fascial backing is a good and safe option for circumferential replacement of IVC after extensive en‐bloc tumor resection with IVC involvement.
Why Is Cancer Genetic Counseling Underutilized by Women Identified as at Risk for Hereditary Breast Cancer? Patient Perceptions of Barriers Following a Referral Letter
Authors: Kne Alyssa , Zierhut Heather , Baldinger Shari , Swenson Karen K. , Mink Pamela , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Tsai Michaela L.
Published: November 2016

Family history information comprises an important tool in identifying and referring patients at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) to cancer genetic counseling. Despite recommendations and support provided by numerous professional organizations, cancer genetic counseling services are underutilized by atrisk patients. This study aimed to: (1) determine the rate of genetic counseling utilization following a referral letter, (2) characterize factors (barriers and supports) which influenced uptake of services, and (3) identify potential strategies for increasing utilization. This study evaluated the uptake of cancer genetic counseling among 603 screening mammography patients identified as having an increased risk for HBOC based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. At risk individuals and their primary care providers were mailed a referral letter recommending genetic counseling. Three focus groups (N = 24) were conducted to identify responses to receiving a letter recommending genetic counseling, barriers to seeking genetic counseling, and facilitating factors to utilizing these services. Participant responses were qualitatively analyzed using thematic and cross case analysis. Within one year, 50/603 (8 %) of the identified at‐risk women completed a genetic counseling appointment. Participant‐perceived barriers which influenced their decision not to seek genetic counseling included lack of relevance and utility, limited knowledge about genetic counseling, concerns about the genetic counseling process, and concerns about cost and insurance coverage. Participant‐perceived facilitating factors which would support a decision to seek genetic counseling included greater awareness and education about genetic counseling services when receiving a referral, and improved follow up and guidance from their provider. Findings from this study support the need for patient and primary care provider education, and improved provider‐patient communication to increase uptake of genetic counseling services.
Forearm lengthening: Management of elbow and wrist
Authors: Launay Franck , Pesenti Sébastien
Published: November 2016

The risk and consequences of an elbow or a wrist contracture are lower during a forearm lengthening than during a lower limb lengthening. This kind of complication can mostly be avoided by an active and intensive regimen of physiotherapy. However, there are some challenges to deal with in treating the disorder multiple exostoses and the radial club hand, including the lack of consensus on the best treatment for multiple exostoses. However, it is important to realize that the evolution of multiple exostoses can lead to a radial head dislocation which will damage the pronation and the supination range of motion. As this motion can be poor even without a radial head dislocation as a result of the radius being longer than the ulna, an interesting technique can be to lengthen the ulna to limit this phenomenon. In radial club hand, the main problem is the deviation of the hand requiring a centralization. The best treatment for centralization of the hand is to do a progressive correction with an external fixator. Thereafter, it is possible to lengthen the forearm, but this indication is mainly cosmetic in the unilateral radial club hand.
Humeral lengthening and deformity correction
Authors: Hosny Gamal Ahmed
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Ilizarov principles and hybrid fixation have improved the results of humeral lengthening. We reviewed the literature on humeral lengthening using different fixators with regard to indications, operative technique, results and complications. We also retrospectively reviewed 56 segments in 46 patients treated with humeral lengthening and deformity correction using Ilizarov external fixation. The etiology was achondroplasia (10 patients), epiphyseal injury (8 cases), infection (11 cases) and Erb's palsy (17 cases). The average age at surgery was 14 years (range 8–20 years). The patients were assessed clinically and radiographically and DASH score was available for 36 segments. Follow-up ranged from 1–11 years. The magnitude of lengthening achieved ranged from 5–15.5 cm with an average of 9 cm. The average healing index was 29.5 cm (range 26–37 days). The percentage of area of lengthening to the original length ranged from 25 to 100% with an average of 55%. The average DASH (available for 36 segments only) score ranged from 15–40 preoperatively to 7–16 ( P = 0.04) at last follow-up. Functionally, all the patients returned to their preoperative jobs and daily activities including sports.

Complications

Complications included pin track infection in 46 segments, radial nerve palsy which recovered completely in 2 patients, fracture of the regenerate in 7 cases and premature consolidation of the regenerate in one case.

Conclusion

Humeral lengthening, whether unilateral or bilateral, is a valid method that improves the outcome following arm shortening and deformity correction, including angulation and rotation. Extensive lengthening up to 100% of the original length could be achieved without increasing the risk of complications.

Level of evidence

IV, retrospective cohort.
A case–control study of risk factors for maternal mortality in Burkina Faso in 2014
Authors: Ouédraogo Adja M. , Ouédraogo Henri G. , Baguiya Adama , Millogo Tieba , Somé Anthony , Kouanda Seni
Published: November 2016

Objective

To analyze the factors associated with maternal mortality in hospitals in Burkina Faso in the context of emergency obstetric neonatal care.

Methods

A case‐control study was conducted in 812 health facilities in the public and private sectors, involving all categories of health facility in the 13 regions of Burkina Faso. The study population included all women with obstetric complications from May 2013 to April 2014. For any identified case of maternal death, a control counterpart (living woman) was matched according to the obstetric complication. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with maternal mortality.

Results

The analysis focused on a total of 1128 women (564 cases and 564 controls). Place of residence (P=0.011), the referral for care (P<0.001), maternal age (P<0.001), state of consciousness of the mother (P<0.001), and the presence of a fever (P<0.001) were significantly associated with the occurrence of maternal death. In multivariate analysis, maternal age (OR 1.45; 95% CI, 0.95–2.20; P<0.001), coma (OR 1.44; 95% CI, 0.16–0.2; P=0.010), and presence of fever (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.21–2.28; P<0.001) were risk factors related to maternal death.

Conclusion

The determined factors demonstrate that the survival of women is closely linked to their health.
The Changing Organization
Authors: Guo Kaijun , Yolles Maurice , Fink Gerhard , Iles Paul
Published: November 2016

The Changing Organization provides a multidisciplinary approach for studying the management of change under conditions of complexity. Single-discipline approaches frequently miss essential elements that reduce the possibility of coherence within a multi-agency organizational setting. Combining a systems and cybernetic 'living system' perspective, Guo, Yolles, Fink, and Iles offer a new agency paradigm designed to model, diagnose and analyse complex, real-world situations. Its capacity to anticipate patterns of behaviour provides useful means by which the origin of crises can be understood, and resolutions reflected upon. Scholars and graduate students in fields as diverse as management, politics, anthropology and psychology will find numerous applications for this book when considering socio-political and organizational change, and it offers an invaluable guide for consultants who may wish to apply advanced techniques of contextual analysis to real-world situations.
Stakeholder Capability Enhancement as a Path to Promote Human Dignity and Cooperative Advantage
Authors: Westermann-Behaylo Michelle K. , Van Buren Harry J. , Berman Shawn L.
Published: November 2016

Promoting dignity is at the heart of the human capability approach to development. We introduce the concept of stakeholder capability enhancement, beginning with a discussion of the capability approach to development proposed by Sen (1985) and further advanced by Nussbaum (1990) to incorporate notions of dignity. Thereafter follows a review of the literature on value creation stakeholder management and convergent stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984; Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Palmer, & DeColle, 2010; Harrison & Wicks, 2013; Jones & Wicks, 1999), as the foundation for our concept of stakeholder capability enhancement. The remainder of this article develops a model that integrates stakeholder management with the human capability approach to detail the cooperative advantage that accrues to business and its stakeholders, as well as the gains in social wellbeing and dignity, when stakeholder capability enhancement becomes a common enterprise strategy. The model also explores the risks and boundary conditions firms face when seeking to profit from stakeholder capability tradeoffs. In explaining the model, we explore normative responsibilities and consequences with regard to human capabilities and dignity. We conclude with implications for future research.
A Natural History of Ladybird Beetles
Authors: Majerus M. E. N. , Roy H. E. , Brown P. M. J.
Published: November 2016

The Coccinellidae are a family of beetles, known variously as ladybirds or ladybugs. In Britain alone, some 46 species belong to the Coccinellidae family, although only 26 of these are recognisably ladybirds. Composed largely of Professor Michael Majerus' lifetime work, and updated by two leading experts in the field, this book reveals intriguing insights into ladybird biology from a global perspective. The popularity of this insect group has been captured through societal and cultural considerations, coupled with detailed descriptions of complex scientific processes, to provide a comprehensive and accessible overview of these charismatic insects. Bringing together many studies on ladybirds, this book has been organised into themes, ranging from anatomy and physiology to ecology and evolution. This book is suitable for interested amateur enthusiasts, and researchers involved with ladybirds, entomology and biological control.
The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England
Authors: Ingersoll Thomas N.
Published: November 2016

The Loyalist Problem in Revolutionary New England begins with a snapshot of the region on the eve of the Boston Tea Party. The colonists' Republican tradition helped them spark the Revolution, but their special history also threatened the unity of the United States throughout the Revolutionary War, for Loyalists tried to discredit New Englanders as a naturally rebellious people. Yet Ingersoll shows that the rebels never sought to drive the dissenters out of the new nation, and accorded them a remarkable degree of liberal toleration, with the great majority of Loyalists ultimately becoming citizens of the new states.
The dynamical zeta function for commuting automorphisms of zero-dimensional groups
Authors: MILES RICHARD , WARD THOMAS
Published: November 2016

For a $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-action $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ by commuting homeomorphisms of a compact metric space, Lind introduced a dynamical zeta function that generalizes the dynamical zeta function of a single transformation. In this article, we investigate this function when $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is generated by continuous automorphisms of a compact abelian zero-dimensional group. We address Lind’s conjecture concerning the existence of a natural boundary for the zeta function and prove this for two significant classes of actions, including both zero entropy and positive entropy examples. The finer structure of the periodic point counting function is also examined and, in the zero entropy case, we show how this may be severely restricted for subgroups of prime index in $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$. We also consider a related open problem concerning the appearance of a natural boundary for the dynamical zeta function of a single automorphism, giving further weight to the Pólya–Carlson dichotomy proposed by Bell and the authors.
A note on subgroups of automorphism groups of full shifts
Authors: SALO VILLE
Published: November 2016

We discuss the set of subgroups of the automorphism group of a full shift and submonoids of its endomorphism monoid. We prove closure under direct products in the monoid case and free products in the group case. We also show that the automorphism group of a full shift embeds in that of an uncountable sofic shift. Some undecidability results are obtained as corollaries.
The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary
Authors: Davary Bahar
Published: November 2016

The Study Quran is an impressive volume intended for scholars and teachers in various fields, as well as for students and general readers, both Muslim and non-Muslim. It is a vital addition to the existing translations of the Quran and to the not-so-vast body of commentaries on the Quran in the English language. The volume contains a comprehensive English translation and an extensive commentary on the entire Quran, as well as several essays on a range of topics, including Quranic ethics and law, branches of theology, death and dying, and art in the Quran. It includes useful appendices on hadith citations, a timeline of major events specified in the Quran, biographies of the commentators and the authors, a solid index, and a number of maps illustrating the ancient world and Arabia in the early years of Islam.
Public Theology: An Ever-Changing Task
Authors: Miller Vincent J.
Published: November 2016

Public theology involves political and rhetorical engagement in political debates about the social consequences of Christian commitment, and prudential attempts to judge and form public debate with Christian theological and moral principles. It has consequences for our understanding of Christian discipleship as much as it does for public debate.
Keeping Sense Open: Jean-Luc Nancy, Karl Rahner, and Bodies
Authors: Fritz Peter Joseph
Published: November 2016

This article introduces the French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy to theologians by placing him in critical dialogue with Karl Rahner. It examines how Nancy's deconstruction of Christianity accuses Western reason, including Christianity, of forgetting the body and supporting an ethos of disembodiment. Nancy proposes a new opening of reason (déclosion, “dis-closure”) and a corresponding praxis (“adoration”). This reason and praxis involve an exit from Christianity. Rahnerian essays on matter, spirit, and sacramentality demonstrate that while Christianity has, historically, fallen prey to the pathologies Nancy identifies, it also has thought in terms of something like dis-closed reason and has practiced something like “adoration.” While Nancy's insistence on the need for an exit from Christianity is not necessarily well posed, his deconstruction of Christianity can help Christian theologians as they develop thinking that supports an ethos sensitive to the body—or that keeps the body's sense open.
German Romanticism and Liturgical Theology: Exploring the Potential of Organic Thinking
Authors: Geldhof Joris
Published: November 2016

There is significant correspondence between two phenomena that are very rarely treated together yet reveal intriguing similarities: liturgical theology and German Romanticism. The key shared concept is “organism,” a category expressing active life as well as coherence. It shows a way out of the deadlock caused by a simple opposition of objectivism and subjectivism. This article first of all presents an interesting kind of liturgical theology that was done by representatives of the Catholic Tübingen School, and then shows that the emerging Liturgical Movement was intrinsically Romantic in its theological approach to the liturgy.
Electronic Clostridium difficile Infection Bundle Reduces Time to Initiation of Contact Precautions
Authors: Dewart Courtney M. , Blanco Natalia , Foxman Betsy , Malani Anurag N.
Published: November 2016

The impact of computerized order-entry bundles on timing of contact precaution initiation for C. difficile infection (CDI) remains largely unexplored. Implementation of an electronic CDI prevention and management bundle that included an automatic isolation component significantly reduced time to initiation of contact precautions from 33.7 to 22.4 hours.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;242–244
Associations between energy density of meals and snacks and overall diet quality and adiposity measures in British children and adolescents: the National Diet and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Livingstone M. Barbara E.
Published: November 2016

This cross-sectional study examined how energy density (ED) of meals and snacks are associated with overall diet quality and adiposity measures in 1617 British children aged 4–18 years from the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey. On the basis of data from 7-d weighed dietary record, all eating occasions were divided into meals or snacks on the basis of time (meals: 06.00–09.00, 12.00–14.00 and 17.00–20.00 hours; snacks: all others) or contribution to energy intake (EI) (meals: ≥15 %; snacks: <15 %). ED of meals and snacks was calculated on the basis of food only. Overall diet quality was assessed using the Mediterranean diet score (range 0–8). Irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks, ≥67 % of EI was derived from meals, whereas ED of meals was lower than ED of snacks (mean: 8·50–8·75v. 9·69–10·52 kJ/g). Both ED of meals and ED of snacks were inversely associated with total intakes of vegetables, fruits, dietary fibre and overall diet quality and positively associated with total intakes of fat. However, the associations were stronger for ED of meals. The change in the Mediterranean diet score with a 1-unit increase of ED (kJ/g) was −0·35 to −0·30 for ED of meals and −0·09 to −0·06 for ED of snacks (allP<0·0001). After adjustment for potential confounders, all measures of ED of meals and snacks did not show positive associations with adiposity measures. In conclusion, although both ED of meals and ED of snacks were associated with adverse profiles of overall diet quality (but not adiposity measures), stronger associations were observed for ED of meals.
Promoting Agriculture: Farmers, the State, and Checkoff Marketing, 1935–2005
Authors: Milov Sarah
Published: November 2016

This article provides a historical overview of the development of U.S. government-mandated commodity promotion. This form of promotion, known colloquially as the “checkoff,” is responsible for such memorable slogans as “Beef: It's What's for Dinner,” as well as research intended to boost consumption of agricultural products. The article argues that checkoffs represent an associational form of governance in which private organizations achieve public aims. Though they have been frequently challenged in courts and have garnered scrutiny from public health activists, checkoffs have been a durable form of agricultural regulation because they hide the heavy hand of government with the rhetoric of markets and self-help.
PRESCRIPTION AND EMPIRE FROM JUSTINIAN TO GROTIUS
Authors: CAVANAGH EDWARD
Published: November 2016

Europeans have long justified a right to something or other by invoking ‘prescription’ (that is, the creation of a legal entitlement by the passage of time). Yet for all the importance of prescription in the creation of international geopolitical order, no genealogy of the idea has emerged from historical or legal scholarship. This article will explore the relationship between prescription and empire within private, public, corporate, and ecclesiastical legal contexts. The idea of prescription is then considered within the specific ideological context of European imperialism between 1580 and 1640, when a series of diplomatic disputes and intellectual debates were had in Europe principally regarding maritime navigation and foreign dominion by ‘donation’. The metamorphosis of prescription in legal and political thought from Justinian (483–565) to Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) is therefore explored. Additional colour is given to this intellectual history by contrasting how corporate interests in North America attempted to justify their foreign land holdings in forts, ports, and hinterland by invoking ‘prescription’ during the early stages of colonial expansion. The case will be made for historians of early modern imperialism and international law to take closer notice of the opportunism of those prepared to justify prescription in theory and practice.
Transformation kinetics of fermented milk using Lactobacillus casei (Lc1) and Streptococcus thermophilus: comparison of results with other Inocula
Authors: Muñoz Susana Vargas , Guerrero Francisco Quintanilla , Torres Maykel González , Castro Ma del Pilar Carreón , Talavera Rogelio Rodríguez
Published: November 2016

Probiotic-based starter cultures are generally used to produce fermented milks with improved characteristics in the final product. In this study, Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus thermophilus (Lc1-St) were used as the starter inoculum. The transformation kinetics and properties of the final product were compared with systems produced with other inocula. The Lc1-St inoculum delayed the production of lactic acid from 40 to 70 min (depending on temperature and concentration) when compared to Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus (Lb-St) and Lactobacillus johnsonii and Streptococcus thermophilus (La1-St). The Lc1-St inoculum reached the aggregation system faster (30–80 min) than Lb-St (120–210 min) and La1-St (160–220 min), however, the production of exopolysaccharides and organic phosphates was delayed as a consequence of the lack of synergy between Lc1 and St.
Interpreting Anselm's thought about divine justice: dealing with loose ends
Authors: van Vreeswijk Bernard J. D.
Published: November 2016

Over the last fifty years studies of Anselm of Canterbury's concept of divine justice have delivered different results. The aim of this article is to present the results of a new comprehensive inquiry, based on the interpretation of key passages about justice in Anselm's theological works. The article argues that Anselm works with three definitions of God's justice. The first is the most traditional: God's justice is his right dealing with good and bad. The second definition follows the Anselmian concept of God: God's justice is his acting according to his being that than which nothing greater can be conceived. The third definition is God's rightness of will, preserved for its own sake. The article concludes that the attempt to show how these three definitions are related to each other brings to light tensions and loose ends in Anselm's works.
How group members contribute to group performance: Evidence from agent-based simulations
Authors: Douven Igor
Published: November 2016

The authors argue that group performance depends on the degree to which group members identify with the group as well as on their degree of differentiation. In this commentary, I discuss results from agent-based simulations, suggesting that group performance depends, at least in part, on features orthogonal to agents' caring about group performance or about how they are perceived by other group members.
Groups need selves, but which selves? Dual selves in groups and the downsides of individuation
Authors: Healey Mark P.
Published: November 2016

It may be true that “groups need selves,” as Baumeister et al. contend. However, certain types of selfhood and too much selfhood can both be detrimental to group functioning. I draw on theory and research on dual selves in work groups and teams to outline boundary conditions to the hypothesis that emphasizing individual selves yields positive effects for groups.
We agree and we disagree, which is exactly what most people do most of the time
Authors: Hodges Bert H. , Packer Dominic J.
Published: November 2016

Humans are continually diverging and converging with respect to each other. Research across many domains suggests that differentiation and integration are aspects of a more complex set of dynamics, and are not step-wise but interdependent and continuous. Research on conformity in particular reveals that divergence and dissent are forms of cooperation, reflecting concerns for both individual and group integrity.
Beyond old dichotomies: Individual differentiation can occur through group commitment, not despite it
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Jetten Jolanda
Published: November 2016

The target article resuscitates an old but outdated dichotomy: a theoretical dualism between group belonging and intragroup differentiation. A convergence of evidence – including that within the social identity tradition – shows that intragroup differentiation is not incompatible with strong group identity. Indeed, when norms encourage autonomy, dissent, and individual freedom, intragroup differentiation occurs through group commitment, not despite it.
Group membership: Who gets to decide?
Authors: Jacobson Anne Jaap
Published: November 2016

In this commentary, I focus on several problems that the authors' understanding of group identity raises: the legality of avoiding background diversity, the problem of effectively unshareable knowledge, the practical quality of some outcomes arrived at by groups with homogeneous backgrounds, and moral issues about fairness. I note also that much recent research challenges the view that background diversity is more likely to be a detriment than a benefit.
Task specificity and the impact on both the individual and group during the formation of groups
Authors: Kruger Eric , Vigil Jacob M. , Stith Sarah S.
Published: November 2016

We agree with aspects of Baumeister et al.'s view that shared identities are necessary during initial stages of group formation. In contrast to their analysis, however, we provide evidence that the value of self-differentiation depends more on the task itself than on the stage of group development and challenge the authors to focus on the functions of the group.
Member differentiation and group tasks: More than meets the eye
Authors: Levine John M.
Published: November 2016

Analyzing how various forms of member similarity and difference affect group performance is a worthwhile task. I argue that the authors' analysis would be improved by distinguishing between subjective and objective forms of member differentiation and by utilizing a different typology of group tasks.
Differentiating selves facilitates group outcomes
Authors: Ainsworth Sarah E. , Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D.
Published: November 2016

The target article proposed that differentiation of selves is a crucial moderator of group outcomes, such that differentiation of selves contributes to beneficial outcomes of groups while limiting undesirable outcomes. In this response, we aim to complement the target article by refining and expanding several aspects of the theory. We address our conceptualization of optimal group functioning, clarify the term differentiation of selves, comment on the two-step nature of our model, offer theoretical connections and extensions, and discuss applications and opportunities for future research.
Stable spike clusters for the one-dimensional Gierer–Meinhardt system
Authors: WEI JUNCHENG , WINTER MATTHIAS
Published: November 2016

We consider the Gierer–Meinhardt system with precursor inhomogeneity and two small diffusivities in an interval$$\begin{equation*} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} A_t=\epsilon^2 A''- \mu(x) A+\frac{A^2}{H}, &x\in(-1, 1),\,t>0,\\[3mm] \tau H_t=D H'' -H+ A^2, & x\in (-1, 1),\,t>0,\\[3mm] A' (-1)= A' (1)= H' (-1) = H' (1) =0, \end{array} \right. \end{equation*}$$$$\begin{equation*}\mbox{where } \quad 0<\epsilon \ll\sqrt{D}\ll 1, \quad \end{equation*}$$$$\begin{equation*} \tau\geq 0 \mbox{ and $\tau$ is independent of $\epsilon$. } \end{equation*}$$Aspike clusteris the combination of several spikes which all approach the same point in the singular limit. We rigorously prove the existence of a steady-state spike cluster consisting ofNspikes near a non-degenerate local minimum pointt0of the smooth positive inhomogeneity μ(x), i.e. we assume that μ′(t0) = 0, μ″(t0) > 0 and we have μ(t0) > 0. Here,Nis an arbitrary positive integer. Further, we show that this solution is linearly stable. We explicitly compute all eigenvalues, both large (of orderO(1)) and small (of ordero(1)). The main features of studying the Gierer–Meinhardt system in this setting are as follows: (i) it is biologically relevant since it models a hierarchical process (pattern formation of small-scale structures induced by a pre-existing large-scale inhomogeneity); (ii) it contains three different spatial scales two of which are small: theO(1) scale of the precursor inhomogeneity μ(x), the$O(\sqrt{D})$scale of the inhibitor diffusivity and theO(ε) scale of the activator diffusivity; (iii) the expressions can be made explicit and often have a particularly simple form.
The interface dynamics of a surfactant drop on a thin viscous film
Authors: CHUGUNOVA MARINA , KING JOHN R. , TARANETS ROMAN M.
Published: November 2016

We study a system of two coupled parabolic equations that models the spreading of a drop of an insoluble surfactant on a thin liquid film. Unlike the previously known results, the surface diffusion coefficient is not assumed constant and depends on the surfactant concentration. We obtain sufficient conditions for finite speed of support propagation and for waiting-time phenomenon by application of an extension of Stampacchia's lemma for a system of functional equations.
Is China Destined to Play High-politics in East Asia?
Authors: KARIM MOHD AMINUL
Published: November 2016

The aim of this paper is to project China's emerging path towards high politics in East Asia, which is ostensibly spawned by regional geopolitical dynamics. Hegemonic transition, replacing hegemonic stability, is seemingly activating the dynamics. There is almost an inexorable move towards predominance, by the two major powers, that tends to get stimulated by the presence of issues that may trigger conflict, possibly war. These issues range from flashpoints to populist nationalism, economic interdependence, nuclear issues, and alliance relations in the Western Pacific. The paper concludes, by highlighting, likely resultant action–reaction cycles, polarizations, and alignments through the varying array of forces, possibility of war, mutual deterrence, and above all projecting overall power relations.
Japan Embraces Internationalism: Explaining Japanese Security Policy Expansion through an Identity-Regime Approach
Authors: SINGH BHUBHINDAR
Published: November 2016

The paper examines the domestic politics explanations to Japanese security policy expansion between the Cold War and post-Cold War periods. In response to the various explanations offered in the literature, such as the implementation of administrative and institutional reforms since 1994 that resulted in the centralization of the decision-making process, changes to the balance of power of political parties within the Japanese political system, and shift in the type of politicians that dominate the LDP, opposition parties and security policymaking structure, this paper argues that it is important to incorporate collective identity into understanding Japanese security policy expansion. Two reasons highlight the importance of collective identity – first, without collective identity, it is difficult to understand the type of security policy produced as the discussion of vision is omitted; and, second, collective identity reveals the organizational make-up of the security policymaking structure that is responsible for the formulation of security policy. To explicate the collective identity–institution relationship, this paper focuses on Japanese security identity and the Japanese security policymaking regime in the Cold War and post-Cold War periods. Two security identities for Japan are examined – the peace-state and international-state; and three elements of the regime are studied – the agents involved or marginalized in the security policymaking process, the decision-making structure of the security policymaking, and the role of the US. This paper aids in our understanding of how collective identities are sustained and supported within an institution, and how Japanese security policy expanded in the post-Cold War period.
Measurement Invariance of English and French Language Versions of the	20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale
Authors: Watters Carolyn A. , Taylor Graeme J. , Ayearst Lindsay E. , Michael Bagby R.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The alexithymia construct is commonly measured with the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), with more than 20 different language translations. Despite replication of the factor structure, however, it cannot be assumed that observed differences in mean TAS-20 scores can be interpreted similarly across different languages and cultural groups. It is necessary to also demonstrate measurement invariance (MI) for language. The aim of this study was to evaluate MI of the English and French versions of the TAS-20 using data from 17,866 Canadian military recruits; 71% spoke English and 29% spoke French as their first language. We used confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to establish a baseline model of the TAS-20, and four increasingly restrictive multigroup CFA analyses to evaluate configural, metric, scalar, and residual error levels of MI. The best fitting factor structure in both samples was an oblique 3-factor model with an additional method factor comprised of negatively-keyed items. MI was achieved at all four levels of invariance. There were only small differences in mean scores across the two samples. Results support MI of English and French versions of the TAS-20, allowing meaningful comparisons of findings from investigations in Canadian French-speaking and English-speaking groups.
Challenges of Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Thorarinsdottir Thordis , de Bruin Karianne
Published: November 2016

Practical and Methodological Challenges of Climate Change Adaptation; Oslo, Norway, 25–26 April 2016
Post-eruptive flooding of Santorini caldera and implications for tsunami generation
Authors: Nomikou P. , Druitt T. H. , Hübscher C. , Mather T. A. , Paulatto M. , Kalnins L. M. , Kelfoun K. , Papanikolaou D. , Bejelou K. , Lampridou D. , Pyle D. M. , Carey S. , Watts A. B. , Weiß B. , Parks M. M.
Published: November 2016

Caldera-forming eruptions of island volcanoes generate tsunamis by the interaction of different eruptive phenomena with the sea. Such tsunamis are a major hazard, but forward models of their impacts are limited by poor understanding of source mechanisms. The caldera-forming eruption of Santorini in the Late Bronze Age is known to have been tsunamigenic, and caldera collapse has been proposed as a mechanism. Here, we present bathymetric and seismic evidence showing that the caldera was not open to the sea during the main phase of the eruption, but was flooded once the eruption had finished. Inflow of water and associated landsliding cut a deep, 2.0–2.5 km3, submarine channel, thus filling the caldera in less than a couple of days. If, as at most such volcanoes, caldera collapse occurred syn-eruptively, then it cannot have generated tsunamis. Entry of pyroclastic flows into the sea, combined with slumping of submarine pyroclastic accumulations, were the main mechanisms of tsunami production.
AKAP95 regulates splicing through scaffolding RNAs and RNA processing factors
Authors: Hu Jing , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Mao Miaowei , Shah Kushani , Yang Zhenhua , Nasim Md Talat , Wang Zefeng , Jiang Hao
Published: November 2016

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs significantly contributes to the complexity of gene expression in higher organisms, but the regulation of the splice site selection remains incompletely understood. We have previously demonstrated that a chromatin-associated protein, AKAP95, has a remarkable activity in enhancing chromatin transcription. In this study, we show that AKAP95 interacts with many factors involved in transcription and RNA processing, including selective groups of hnRNP proteins, through its N-terminal region, and directly regulates pre-mRNA splicing. AKAP95 binds preferentially to proximal intronic regions on pre-mRNAs in human transcriptome, and this binding requires its zinc-finger domains. By selectively coordinating with hnRNP H/F and U proteins, AKAP95 appears to mainly promote the inclusion of many exons in the genome. AKAP95 also directly interacts with itself. Taken together, our results establish AKAP95 as a mostly positive regulator of pre-mRNA splicing and a possible integrator of transcription and splicing regulation.