bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENDOGENOUS OPIOID SYSTEM AS A MEDIATOR OF ACUTE AND LONG-TERM ADAPTATION TO STRESS. PROSPECTS FOR CLINICAL USE OF OPIOID PEPTIDES
Authors: Lishmanov Yu. B. , Maslov L. N. , Naryzhnaya N. Yu. , Pei J.-M. , Kolar F. , Zhang Y. , Portnichenko A. G. , Wang H.
Published: October 2015

It has been well established that opioid peptides (OPs) affect various hormonal systems. Opioids exhibit stress-limiting and gastro-protective effects in stressed animals, acting via μ- and δ-opioid receptors (OR). Peripheral μ-OR stimulation by endogenous and exogenous opioids increases cardiac tolerance to pathological consequences of stress. Enhancement of prostacyclin synthesis, decrease of thromboxane production as well as suppression of lipid peroxidation can be directly responsible for cardioprotective effects of OPs in stressed animals. Adaptive responses are accompanied by increased OP levels in blood and tissues. Reduction of ventricular arrhythmias induced by repeated short-term immobilization stress is mediated via μ-OR stimulation by endogenous opioids, while δ-OR account for an antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation to chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. The mechanism of infarct size-limiting effect of continuous normobaric hypoxia involves both μ- and δ-OR stimulation. Peptide OR agonists can be considered in future clinical practice for treatment of withdrawal syndrome, stress-related cardiac disease or myocardial injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion insult.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF CEREBRAL TOLERANCE TO ISCHEMIA (REVIEW. PART 2)
Authors: Shlyakhto E. V. , Barantsevich E. R. , Shcherbak N. S. , Galagudza M. M.
Published: October 2015

In the 2nd part the authors describe in details the main aspects of protective effect of preconditioning of the brain: inhibition of programmed cell death, weakening of phenomenon of excitotoxicity, activation of endogenous antioxidant systems, anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of glial cell function, changes in regional blood flow and vascular reactivity. In addition, data analysis on the impact of preconditioning on brain neurogenesis, the state of the blood-brain barrier, ion homeostasis and metabolism of neurons is presented. Review emphasizes the role of microRNAs in mechanisms of ischemic tolerance of brain. Profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of increased tolerance of brain to ischemic and reperfusion injury requires the implementation of this phenomenon in clinical practice.
VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVITCH BEKHTEREV — THE FOUNDER OF THE CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY
Authors: Odinak M. M. , Neznanov N. G. , Chudinovskikh A. G. , Tsygan N. V.
Published: October 2015

The article presents main milestones in the career of Vladimir Mikhailovitch Bekhterev. The research in anatomy and physiology of the brain performed by V.M. Bekhterev gave original data of worldwide priority. V.M. Bekhterev significantly improved methodology of neurological examination and differential diagnosis in clinical neuropsychiatry. The scientific heritage of V.M. Bekhterev proves his outstanding role in establishment and development of the neuropsychiatry.
THE INFORMATIVE MECHANISMS OF SYSTEMIC ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Sudakov K. V.
Published: October 2015

In this review on the basis of functional systems theory developed by P. Anokhin theoretical approaches to informative mechanisms of systemic organization of psychic activity are presented. Author formulates the conception on discrete system quantums of psychic and behavioral activity from needs to its satisfaction and develops its informative equivalents. It was shown that informative equivalents of needs and its satisfaction are reflected in structures of action acceptors in the form of dynamic informative images. On the basis of acceptors of results of action informative systemic quantums are developed which constantly control its manifestation in behavioral systemic quantums. Informative systemic quantums are extracted in advance by predominate motivations and are associated with negative emotions of needs and positive emotions of their satisfaction. The content of this review confirms I.P. Pavlov’s foresight on possible confluence of material and idealistic processes in psychic human activity.
NEUROLOGY AT THE BORDER OF CENTURIES: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Suslina Z. A.
Published: October 2015

A significant role of neurology for medicine and society is caused by severity of clinical presentations and consequences of the nervous system diseases, as well as by huge economic burden related to neurological pathology. The paper presents a review of the current state and prospects for the development of socially most important fields of modern neurology, among which one can list studies of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, demyelinating and hereditary disorders, discovery of molecular mechanisms of their pathogenesis, and improvement of the methods of treatment, neurorehabilitation and prophylaxis on the basis of new medical technologies. An essential link between clinical and basic research in expanding the existing knowledge about the structure/functions of the brain in normal conditions and different-type pathological processes is stressed.
THE FUNDAMENTS OF NEURONAL PLASTICITY
Authors: Skrebitskii V. G. , Shtark M. B.
Published: October 2015

Plasticity of the nervous system  is determined by the modification of efficacy of synaptic transmission: long- term potentiation and long- term depression. Different modern technical approaches such as: registration of ionic currents in single neuron, molecular- genetic analysis, neurovisualization, and others reveal the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. The understanding of these mechanisms, in its turn, stimulates the development of methods of pharmacological correction of different forms of brain pathology such as Alzheimer disease, parkinsonism,  alcoholism, aging and others.
THE REPRESENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF RAMS IN WEB OF SCIENCE: EVALUATION OF CURRENT INDICATORS AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR INCREASING
Authors: Starodubov V. I. , Kuznetsov S. L. , Kurakova N. G. , Tsvetkova L. A.
Published: October 2015

The contribution scientific publications of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS) in the national publication stream, indexed by Web of Science over the past thirty years, was estimated. The indicators of publication activity that are necessary for the institutions of RAMS to achieve in short-term period the conformity with bibliometric indicators, established by Presidential Decree of May 7, 2012 (to increase the share of Russian publications in Web of Science to 2.44% in 2015) were calculated. It is shown that the current structure of global science, where publications in medicine make up for approximately one third of scientific publications in the world, set for RAMS scientists particularly difficult task: to double in three years the number of publications in Web of Sci. In the article are proposed the priorities and the necessary steps to fulfill this task.
The Application of Mathematical Methods to the Determination of Transport Flows
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Bartuška Ladislav , Čejka Jiří , Caha Zdeněk
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the basic mathematical methods applied to the determination of the size of traffic flows in an urban area transport network. The methods were applied to the design of a new system of public bus transport in the city of České Budějovice. This article represents the partial outcome of the research carried out by the Institute of Technology and Businesses in České Budějovice.
Model Evaluation of Suppliers in Terms of Real Company for Selected Criteria
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business  České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Ližbetin Ján , Černá Lenka , Ľoch Martin
Published: October 2015

The proposed supplier evaluation model defines basic approaches, instructions and principles for the area of supplier quality evaluation. The objective of the model is to increase the maximum supply chain management efficiency which enables better reaction to newly created situations and it will satisfy the needs of the logistics company.
Crisis Staff Exercise - Aviation Accident
Authors:   VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Safety Engineering,  Czech Republic, Maléřová Lenka , Chmelíková Karolína , Adamec Vilém
Published: October 2015

Safety at the airport has been current and frequently discussed topic. To ensure safety at the airport in case of an extraordinary event, crisis staff participates. Based on this fact, there follows necessity to train members of crisis staff. The article describes phases and modules of education process, software for scenario creation and then follows description of preparation for exercise – an aviation accident in Moravia-Silesian Region. The presented preparation of the exercise is a part of specific course, provided by the project called “Simulation of Crisis Management Processes in the System of Whole-life Education of the Integrated Rescue System Units and Public Administration Bodies”.
Plant Simulation as an Instrument of Logistics and Transport of Materials in a Digital Factory
Authors:   Technical University of Kosice Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Safety and Quality Production, Slovakia, Hovanec Michal , Píľa Ján , Korba Peter , Pačaiová Hana
Published: October 2015

The competition of international manufacturing networks creates pressure to increase the efficiency of manufacturing systems. In addition to this, indicative for the present period is the fact that the number of technical components in many products is increasing, and at the same time the requirements are growing for corresponding assembly, transport and logistical processes. These requirements can be administered and recognized in the scope of their complexity only through the use of an array of rapid and efficient methods in the form of a digital factory. This contribution points to the practical application of the Plant Simulation software module from the portfolio of the digital factory of Siemens PLM. This complex instrument with an environment for controlling the life cycle of a product enables repeated utilization of data, supports effective cooperation between individual units, and provides relevant data for each user who needs it, mainly from the viewpoint of strategic decision-making. The simulation of the entire flow of material, including all relevant divisions of manufacturing, storing and transport activities, is considered as the key component of the digital factory in industry and from this day forward is the most often used.
The Optimization of the Intermodal Terminals
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics Institute of Technology and Business  České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Ližbetin Ján , Caha Zdeněk
Published: October 2015

This paper deals with the optimization of intermodal terminals. The optimization is discussed in two areas, which are the optimization of transport operations in an intermodal terminal and an optimal location of intermodal terminals on a particular territory (in a particular state).
Radar Signal Attenuation due to Finite Radome Thickness
Authors:   Faculty of Aeronautics, Technical University in Košice, Slovakia, Képeši Viktor , Labun Ján
Published: October 2015

Radar antennas deployed in real use usually include a protective dome, which shields them from potentially harmful weather conditions. The protective dome is typically constructed from a plastic material, which can affect the radar signal. The presented paper deals with signal attenuation caused by radar’s dome. It provides results of a computer simulation concerning this attenuation based on different thickness of the material used for radome construction. The presented results give insight on the impact of different radome material thickness on overall radar aperture gain.
Flight Planning with Respect to Meteorological Conditions
Authors:   Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Aeronautics, Slovakia, Sabo Jozef , Korba Peter , Piľa Ján , Hovanec Michal
Published: October 2015

The paper “Flight planning with respect to meteorological conditions” describes how flight planning in commercial air transport depends on meteorological conditions. In first part, the article describes satellite products for meteorological analyses such as IR technologies. In next parts authors are talking about thunderstorm, icing and volcanic ash detection methods in atmosphere. In the last part of the paper are shown some modern diagnostic system for identifying dangerous meteorological phenomena and their potential for flight panning.
Adequacy of Estimation Model of Asymptotic Learning Operator – Pilot Function
Authors:   Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Aeronautics, Slovakia, Kurdel Pavol , Adamčík František , Labun Ján
Published: October 2015

Aviation ergatic systems models are used in the design of concrete aviation systems and their adequacy is evaluated in the process of their design. Generally, a concrete ergatic process is realised with the help of simulation technology. Computer systems of recent and perspective flight simulators contain the architectures of hybrid information systems. Due to this, analogue as well as discrete methods of estimation of ergatic systems parametric sensitivity do not lose their practical importance.
Regression in Personal Air Transport of Passengers Evolution at Selected Airport Time Series Method
Authors:   Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Aeronautics, Slovakia, Lazar Tobiáš , Novák Sedláčková Alena , Bréda Róbert
Published: October 2015

The content of the paper is supported by programme environment MATLAB, where algorithms can be identified and consequently simulate seasonal (time) elements of personal air transport in which the period of time series equals standard time length or its multiple. The main aim of the paper is to show the mutuality of previous calendar constants of time series with highlighting the estimation of prognosis of personal air transport effectiveness prognosis.
A Proposal for the Optimization of Storage Areas in a Selected Enterprise
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics,  Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Němec František , Lorincová Silvia , Potkány Marek , Raušer Daniel
Published: October 2015

The current tough competition prevalent within the market economy is forcing business entities to achieve efficiency in their processes. This also applies to the transfer of goods from point A to point B, which is the subject of transportation. This process is influenced by many factors. It is necessary to not only consider the time,i.e. the fact that the required goods must be delivered in time, but it is also essential to take the financial aspect linked into account, for example, with the cost items such as fuel, salaries etc. These and many other factors also influence the movement of goods within a warehouse, in which the business entity must maximize the space required for the storage of the goods, while minimizing the time necessary for the storage, and equally while optimizing the cost. The aim of this paper follows from the above, which is based on the facts of the course of storage operations in the chosen enterprise,to design an optimal layout of the storage area which should increase the efficiency of the logistical operations.
The Determination of the Optimal Variant of Public Bus Line Transport Vehicles in the Daily Circulation
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Kampf Rudolf , Zeman Karel , Beneš Pavel
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the possible solutions of daily circulations in terms of the transport ensuring the daily performance of vehicles and staffing. It is focused on the determination of these vehicles as the daily circulation optimal variant as well. It appears that the analysis of the transport solution is the first step to determine the successful optimal solution of the transport performance volume. Subsequently, the transport solution must be tested from an economic point of view.
The Quality of Service in the Public Transport and Shipping Industry
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Stopka Ondrej , Šimková Ivana , Konečný Vladimír
Published: October 2015

This paper deals with the quality system in public transport and the shipping industry. The quality in transport is a significant determinant of the demand. It is an important tool for customer retention and it also has effects on the performance and economic results of the organization in the competitive environment. The increasing level of satisfaction must be one of the main objectives of each organization. The purpose of quality standards in public transport and the shipping industry implementation, as well as the example of measuring customer satisfaction in public transport,will be shown in this article. The questionnaire will be used and those results will be compared with the real value (the measurement of quality criteria in real conditions).
The Storage Area Market in the Particular Territory
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Němec František , Lorincová Silvia , Hitka Miloš , Turínská Libuše
Published: October 2015

Each enterprise contemplates the ways of saving. The warehouse is one of the tools that helps in optimizing company costs and that also forms an integral part of the transformation process at the same time. It allows one to bridge the mismatch between the transfer of goods and materials between a producer and a consumer. Selecting the correct type of warehouse can affect not only the cost items, but it can also affect the delivery time of the required goods or materials which the end customer´s satisfaction depends upon. What is equally important is the role of a warehouse area location as it can affect the time required for a consignment delivery, which is also in conjunction with the right connections to the transport infrastructure. As certain analyses show, there are enough of the different types of storage facilities in various locations in Slovakia. Just such a tactical and strategic decision must take into account not only the location, the infrastructure connection or the provided services, but it must also include the financial aspects in order to achieve cost savings and the optimization of the costs.The aim of this paper is to define the current situation in the market with storage facilities in Slovakia.
The Identification and Development of Talents in the Environment of Logistics Companies
Authors:   Department of Transport and Logistics, Institute of Technology and Business  České Budějovice, Czech Republic, Kampf Rudolf , Ližbetinová Lenka
Published: October 2015

This paper focuses on the identification of talents as a strategic investment of logistics companies to increase their competitiveness in the future. The paper represents partial result of research aimed the identification of talents as the potential key managers in the specific conditions of logistics companies. Research question is how we can optimize the identification of the potential talents of logistics companies so that investment for their development will not be lost. There is a proposed use of SAAT’s pair wise comparison method for optimizing in the paper. The proposal is verified on a model example in the environment of logistics company.
Indian Cloud Computing Research: A Scientometric Assessment of Publications Output During 2004-13
Authors: Gupta B. M. , Gupta Ritu
Published: October 2015

The paper is the result of the examination of 1206 publications on Indian cloud computing research, as covered in Scopus database during 2004-13, experiencing an annual average growth rate of 25.51% during 2008-13 and citation impact per paper of 11.69. The world cloud computing research output (21316 publications) came from several countries, of which the top 10 countries (China, USA, Germany, India, UK, Taiwan, Australia, Italy, Japan etc) accounted for 80.57% share of the global output during 2004-13. The major institutional contribution to cloud computing research comes from universities, followed by engineering colleges, institutes of national importance, industrial enterprises and research institutes during 2004-13. India's global publication share was 5.66% and occupied 4th rank in global publication output during 2004-13. The Indian cloud computing output comes from several organizations and authors, of whom the top 15 and 10 authors contributed 33.25% and 7.30%, share respectively during 2004-13. India's international collaborative share in cloud computing was 11.69% during 2004-13. Computer science accounted for the largest publication share (79.44%) of the output in cloud computing, followed by engineering (22.80%), mathematics (7.30%), social science (2.57%), etc during 2004-13. Suggest the need for the development of a cloud economy and the adoption of cloud services and build suitable policy and regulation to encourage migration of IT services towards the cloud.
UDC Online: A Study
Authors: Gedam Pranali B.
Published: October 2015

In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the online services provided by UDC Online database. In the modern techno-savvy era, the traditional library classification scheme 'Universal Decimal Classification' has radically changed its structure and published on Web in 2001 entitled' UDC Online'. It has created new opportunities to classifier for searching the term and class numbers, browsing UDC database, number building facility and advance searches. It is a very user friendly scheme in this era of information technology. It is the most updated version on the web, updated annually. It is concluded that it is a prominent and effective knowledge organization tool to classify universe of subjects and provide the fixed place to every things, documents, and electronic items. The databases have been accessed through trial accounts of their official websites.
Science Communication Through Social Networking Sites
Authors: Mini Devi B. , Yameena A.
Published: October 2015

The study explores the use of social networking sites among the scientists of Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE). A total of 153 scientists are working in the various institutions coming under KSCSTE. Questionnaire method was used for collecting the data. More than half of the scientists are aware of scientific article sharing, presentation sharing, blogging, image and video sharing. Maximum numbers of respondents are aware of Academia and Research Gate. Other science social media that are aware to scientists are Lab Meeting, Nature Network, Science 2.0 and Social M D. The ability to communicate internationally is the major benefit of social networking. Lack of time, problem of authority and trust, technology factor, unsure about moral right or copyright and slow internet speed are barriers faced in accessing social media. All the respondents depend on social media to identify research opportunities. Scientists use social media in the following phases of research such as secure support, review the literature, collect the research data, analyze the research data and manage the research process.
Research Growth and Author Collaboration Trends in DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology
Authors: Rattan Gurjeet Kaur
Published: October 2015

This study analysed the growth of contributions and collaboration research trends among the authors of DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology covering the period 1996-2013. The number of contributions has increased from 27 to 66 in a period of eighteen years. Average number of contributions per volume has come around more than 33. Mean doubling time of this journal has come out to be 5.95 where as mean relative growth rate has come out 0.17. Single author contributions are 48.49% and multiple authors contributions are 51.51%.
Impact of ICT on Job Satisfaction among University Library Professionals of West Bengal: A Comparison Study
Authors: Mondal Arup Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Amit Kumar
Published: October 2015

This study has compared job satisfaction as well as impact of ICT on job satisfaction among five university library professionals. To conduct this study survey method has been followed. Due to poor response of RBU and NBU, only four universities have taken for this study. Data analysis has done by using MS-Excel software. Results shows that Library professionals of all the universities are more or less satisfied to work in ICT environment. But they are dissatisfied with salary, benefits as well as promotional policies of the universities. Professionals of all the universities seem that training facilities are very poor. It is also seen from the study that professionals of CU and JU are more satisfied to work in ICT environment compared to other universities.
Impact of Capital Structure on Bank Financial Performance of Al Ahli Bank in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Allahham Mahmoud Izzat
Published: October 2015

This paper seeks to examine the relationship between capital structure and bank financial performance This research had verified the existence of several negative relationships between capital structure (accumulated capital and annual investments) and strategic financial performance, while finding mixed results for the relationship between capital structure (accumulated capital and annual investments) and profitability.
Effects of 8 Weeks Water Cure with Aquatic Devices on Static Balance and Velocity of Gait among Elderly Men
Authors: Khanjari Y. , Ameri E.A.
Published: October 2015

Background: Aging is a stage of life that increases the risk of physical diseases, some of which are chronic and can affect different dimensions of life’s quality. Hydrotherapy is used to treat rheumatic, orthopedic and neurological disorders. It has been the subject of investigations regarding balance and gating recovery in elderly people. Objective: To evaluate the effect 8 weeks water cure program with aquatic devices on static balance and velocity of gait in elderly men.Methods: : Fifteen old men were chosen purposely by age mean and Std 58±6.5, length 167.12±7.35 cm, weight 75.64±7.64. . We used the Sharpened Romberg test (static balance with eyes open and close) and Timed Up & Go (for evaluating velocity of gait). we used a selected program in water with aquatic devices in 8 weeks. Water exercise session included of three parts warm up, main part of exercise, and cool down. we analyzed the achieved data by a correlated t-test at a meaningful level (p≤0.05).Results: Among the post-test and pre-test Romberg test ( p≤013) and the velocity of gait (p≤005) were recovered meaningfully after the program.Conclusions: The results showed that participating in an exercise in water program with aquatic devices on a regular basis can be considered as an effective and reliable method to increase balance, and it can promote quality and velocity of gait among these aged men.
Adult Education and Learning Theories
Authors: Giannoukos Georgios , Besas Georgios
Published: October 2015

Adult education first started at the beginning of the 20th century when it became mandatory to improve the educational level of the adult trainees and also to train them professionally, culturally and socially (Kokkos, 2005). Especially during the last decades, globalization along with the technological advancements, demands continuous education and training due to the high competition and to the need to improve the economy. Besides that, social reasons urge adult education such as sudden social changes in our contemporary society (migration for financial reasons, social exclusion as a result of unemployment, etc). The adults have unique features and needs which make Adult Education an independent scientific field.
The Relationship between English Pronunciation Self-Concept and English Learning
Authors: Talebzadeh Hossein , Gholami Leila
Published: October 2015

English pronunciation self-concept refers to self-evaluation of a person’s English pronunciation proficiency which is shaped during the time spent for pronunciation learning (Gimson, 1980). The present paper aims at investigating the possible correlation between English pronunciation self-concept and English language learning. Furthermore, the relationship between global English self-concept and classroom anxieties are examined in the Iranian context. To this end, Xiuquan zhu’s (2005) questionnaire was administrated to the total of 100 English as a foreign language (EFL) students. Moreover, to assess students general English performance and their pronunciation proficiency two kinds of tests were taken by the participants. Descriptive statistics was used to turn the raw data to the interpretable forms. The analysis revealed statistically significant correlation between English pronunciation self-concept and global English self-concept with in turn leads to efficient English language performance. However, negative correlation is obtained regarding English classroom anxiety and English pronunciation self-concept. Because of facilitating role of pronunciation self-concept in English language acquisition, the findings of the present study suggest that due attention should be paid on the English pronunciation self-concept in foreign language learning teaching-learning environments
The Call and Mission of the Disciple in the Gospel According to Mark
Authors: Faraoanu Iulian
Published: October 2015

This paper is trying to focus on a few aspects on the figure of the Disciple of Christ in the Gospel of St. Mark. Since the beginning of his public activity, Jesus Christ wanted to be accompanied by disciples. They followed the Saviour and were witnesses to his wonderful words and deeds. After attending the school of Jesus, they were sent to continue the work of spreading God’s Kingdom and the Gospel.With respect to the presentation of the theme, after some general elements, we will analyse two texts from the Gospel: Mark 1:16-20 and Mark 3:13-19. These two fragments reflect an image of discipleship: the vocation, the conditions of the following, and the mission. To conclude, we present some theological reflections and an update at the beginning of this new millennium. Even for the present, it is important to do research in order to follow Jesus Christ as a disciple.
Teacher-Based Language Assessment
Authors: Ahmadi Fatalaki Javad
Published: October 2015

Davidson’s (2004) recommendations regarding qualifying teacher-based assessment have been considered as the basis for any discussion regarding the concept of teacher based-assessment because of the theoretical depth of his model. The present study, with noticing the comprehensiveness of Davidson’s model, aims at presenting the background of the teacher-based assessment and its functional aspects in language testing. To this end, the study highlights the most important considerations for the development of the alternative assessment that serve the purpose of learning. Meanwhile, it focuses on the role of teacher-based assessment across different areas of language learning. For instance, the study considered pragmatic knowledge and, generally, competence as the possible areas that can be developed through teacher-based assessment. With regard to the practical sense of test development, the researcher reviewed several roles that have been noted as the steps and aspects that should be covered in order to maximize the learning process through assessment.
Semiotic Reading of Edgar Allan Poe's Poem "The Raven"
Authors: Balan Parisa Rostami
Published: October 2015

What do we mean by semiotics and what is the role of semiotics in communication? How can we apply semiotics in literary works? Is that really possible? When we are talking about sign system there are so many questions that rush to our mind which are unanswered, this is because of our infinitesimal knowledge on semiotics and sign system. We have so many authors showing the power of words in their works and they highlighted those words in their masterpieces. So words play a great role in communication and transformation of information and they believe that each word belongs to a system which we call it sign system. In general this paper attempts to show semiotics in general; how, why and when it came into existence and we will apply this approach on a poem called “the raven” by Edgar Allan Poe
Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Vasculopathy
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The discovery of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) a decade ago by Asahara, et al has refuted the previous belief that vasculogenesis only occurs during embryogenesis. The reduced circulating concentration of EPCs is a surrogate marker of endothelial function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases.CONTENT: Diabetes is linked to impaired vascular function, including alterations in both endothelial cells and EPCs. A number of studies have shown that individuals with diabetes have decreased level of circulating EPCs and that the severity of disease is inversely proportional to EPC levels. In vitro, hyperglycemia increases the rate of EPC senescence and the angiogenic function of EPCs from patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes is impaired such that they are poorly proliferative and fail to incorporate into forming vessel-like structures. Given the comprehensive role of EPC alterations in diabetes complications, modulation of the levels and/or function of EPCs may be considered a potential therapeutic strategy.SUMMARY: The available data demonstrating that decrease or dysfunction of EPCs may have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of all diabetes complications. Further approaches, such as EPC administration, may represent novel treatments for diabetic vasculopathy in the future. To date, many barriers remain to such a therapeutic approach. Firstly, there is no specific marker for EPC at present. Secondly, techniques of EPC isolation are not standardized, preventing direct comparison between various studies. The long-term effects of transplanted EPCs are currently unknown.
Relationship of Endothelin-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Interleukin-6 with the Progression of Heart Failure
Authors: Yolanda Mona , Donosepoetro Marsetio , Santoso Anwar
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUNDS: Heart failure, a new epidemic of cardiovascular disease, has become an important issue and its prognosis is poor. Heart failure is the condition where the impaired heart cannot pump enough blood to provide the needs of metabolic tissues and organs. Early diagnosis of heart failure is really crucial to determine the success of treatment and to prevent further myocardial dysfunction and worsening clinical symptoms. This condition can be worsened by ET-1, which triggers the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α as pro inflammation factors. In Systolic Heart Failure, systolic function changes are accompanied by changes in diastolic function. Thus, the condition of systolic heart failure is worse than Diastolic Heart Failure. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of ET-1 with diastolic and systolic heart failure groups and the relationship of ET-1 with TNF-α and IL-6 as pro inflammation factors.METHODS: The design of this study was cross-sectional analysis on 62 patients with heart failure, grouped according to the classification of diastolic and systolic heart failure.RESULTS: A significant positive correlation of ET-1 with diastolic and systolic heart failure was found (p=0.008; r=0.324). A significant positive correlation was also found between ET-1 and IL-6 (p=0.001; r=0.393), but a less significant correlation was noted between ET-1 and TNF-α (p=0.201; r=-0.158).CONCLUSIONS: ET-1 has the strongest correlation (p=0.033) with prevalence ratio 3.930 and can differentiate between Diastolic and Systolic Heart Failure.KEYWORDS: Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), heart failure
The Different Concentrations of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 (TGF-Beta1), Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in Normoalbuminuria Normotension, Normoalbuminuria Hypertension
Authors: Wijaya Johnson , Donosepoetro Marsetio , Bakri Syakib
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Vascular remodeling was an adaptive process of the vascular wall that occured in response to long-term changes in hemodynamic conditions that contribute to the changes of the vascular structure and the pathophysiology of vascular disease. On the other hand, Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) derived from bone marrow had the capacity to migrate to the peripheral circulation and to differentiate into mature endothelial cells. Therefore, EPC could contribute in the endothelial repairing after endothelial injury.METHODS: This study was a cross sectional design. Analysis was done among 30 subjects with normoalbuminuria normotension, 55 subjects with normoalbuminuria hypertension and 30 subjects with with microalbuminuria hypertension. TGF-β1, MMP-9 and VEGFR-2 testing were performed by ELISA method. All statistical calculations were performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical software package. We used the Independent sample T test, Mann-Whitney, One Way Annova and Kruskal Wallis to establish the difference among various biochemical measures.RESULTS: TGF-β1 concentration was increased from normoalbuminuria normotension to normoalbuminuria hypertension and to microalbuminuria hypertension (27.63178±12.97246 vs. 38.61193±17.09546 vs. 38.73939±12.63911 ng/mL). TGF-β1 concentration was higher significantly in normotension as compared to hypertension (27.63178±12.97246 vs. 38.65692±15.58950, p<0.001) and to microalbuminuria hypertension (38.73939±12.63911, p<0.001). MMP-9 concentration was increased in normotension to normoalbuminuria hypertension but was decreased in microalbuminuria hypertension (438.1967±156.4268 vs. 564.5873±291.2876 vs. 418.6900±188.3801 ng/mL). MMP-9 concentration was higher significantly in normoalbuminuria hypertension as compared to microalbuminuria hypertension (p=0.028). VEGFR-2 concentration was decreased from normotension to normoalbuminuria hypertension to microalbuminuria hypertension (9.90552±1.85185 vs. 9.39561±1.75413 vs. 9.00506±1.47173 ng/mL). VEGFR-2 concentration was higher significantly in normotension as compared to microalbuminuria hypertension (p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: The increasing concentration level of TGF-β1 and decreasing concentration level of MMP-9 in microalbuminuria hypertension showed that the remodeling process was getting increased. The decreasing concentration level of VEGFR-2 in microalbuminuria hypertension showed that the repairing process was getting decreased.KEYWORDS: vascular remodelling, vascular repairing, TGF-β1, MMP-9, VEGFR-2
Porphyromonas gingivalis Induced Fragmentation of Type IV Collagen Through Macrophage-Activated MMP-9: (In Vitro Study of Collagenolytic Mechanism in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture)
Authors: Mubarokah Siti Nurul , Susilawati I Dewa Agung , Sumarno Sumarno , Muliartha I Ketut Gedhe , Sargowo Djanggan
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is caused mostly by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) and it is related to acute coronary syndrome. P.gingivalis  readily invades blood circulation and potentially induces collagenolytic activity of inflammatory cells that results in collagen vascular degradation leading to atherosclerotic plague rupture (APR). APR is responsible for the occurence of fatal cardiovascular events such as acute myocardial infraction (AMI).AIMS: To show that P.gingivalis potentially induces fragmentation of the type IV vascular collagen due to macrophage-activated MMP-9.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ability of P.gingivalis to induce the type IV collagen fragmentation, shown by digesting type IV collagen with the supernatant of monocyte-derived macrophage activated by exposure to P.gingivalis suspension for 18 hours, 37oC, 5%CO2. The type IV collagen fragments were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western-blotting. Antibody of type IV collagen produced and confirmed by dot-blotting prior to its being used as primary antibody of Western-blotting. The existence of MMP-9 was detected by Dot-blot and Western-blot technique, while the MMP-9 activity was assessed by SDS-PAGE and zymograms.RESULTS: Our data showed that P.gingivalis induced macrophage to produce MMP-9 as one of collagenolytic components, and interaction with P.gingivalis proteases enhanced the proteolytic activity and resulted in degradation of type IV collagen with molecular weight of 88 kDa into two smaller fragments with molecular weight of 80 kDa and 60 kDa. CONCLUSION: P.gingivalis induced macrophage to activate its MMP-9 that led to fragmentation of vascular type IV collagen in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. KEYWORDS: P.gingivalis, macrophage, type IV collagen fragmentation, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, AMI
Recurrence of Endometriosis: Risk Factors, Mechanisms and Biomarkers
Authors: Bozdag Gurkan
Published: October 2015

While the incidence of endometriosis is up to 40–60% in women with severe dysmenorrhea/chronic pelvic pain, patients with subfertility carries a risk up to 20–30%. In symptomatic patients, although medical therapy is preferred in women with endometriosis, surgery might be needed in nonresponders or patients with an endometrioma. Following the surgery, recurrence of the disease and/or symptoms might be still noticed which will progressively increase as times goes by. Nevertheless, some risk factors have been identified for the risk of recurrence that decreases the success of the procedure. Those risk factors might be classified as patient-disease related and surgery-associated variables. Herein, we will address about the management of endometriosis regarding the risk factors for relapse, mechanisms of recurrence and potential biomarkers to predict the event.
Contribution of di- and trivalent oxides to crystal phase formations and properties of yttrium aluminosilicate glass-ceramics
Authors: Salman Saad , Salama Samia , Mahdy Ebrahim
Published: October 2015

The crystallization behaviour, phase composition, microhardness and chemical
durability of some silicate glasses and glass-ceramics based on
LiAlSi2O6-YAlSiO5 system were investigated. The effects of partial
replacements of LiAlSi2O6 mostly with LiFeSi2O6 and complete replacement of
YAlSiO5 with CaMgSi2O6 were considered. In some cases small amount of Cr2O3
was introduced as nucleating agent or Fe2O3 was partially replaced with
chromium or indium oxides. The main crystalline phases formed after
controlled heat-treatments of the glasses were yttrium-containing
?-spodumene solid solution (ss) - Li(Al,Y)Si2O6, together with varieties of
pyroxene-ss including lithium iron pyroxene-ss - LiFeSi2O6-CaMgSi2O6, augite
- Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6, chromoaugitess, Li-aegirine - LiFeSi2O6, diopside -
CaMgSi2O6 and lithium indium silicate - LiInSi2O6 phases. The Vickers?
microhardness values of the studied glasses (ranged from 4610 to 6185MPa)
were greatly affected by the modifications of the glass compositions. On the
other hand, the glass-ceramics? microhardness (7245- 8175MPa) was markedly
improved depending on the microstructure and the nature of crystalline
phases formed. The glass-ceramics have chemical stability better than those
for the corresponding glasses.
Asna1/TRC40 Controls β-Cell Function and Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis by Ensuring Retrograde Transport
Authors: Norlin Stefan , Parekh Vishal S. , Naredi Peter , Edlund Helena
Published: October 2015

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and β-cell failure. Insulin resistance per se, however, does not provoke overt diabetes as long as compensatory β-cell function is maintained. The increased demand for insulin stresses the β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and secretory pathway, and ER stress is associated with β-cell failure in T2D. The tail recognition complex (TRC) pathway, including Asna1/TRC40, is implicated in the maintenance of endomembrane trafficking and ER homeostasis. To gain insight into the role of Asna1/TRC40 in maintaining endomembrane homeostasis and β-cell function, we inactivated Asna1 in β-cells of mice. We show that Asna1β−/− mice develop hypoinsulinemia, impaired insulin secretion, and glucose intolerance that rapidly progresses to overt diabetes. Loss of Asna1 function leads to perturbed plasma membrane-to-trans Golgi network and Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport as well as to ER stress in β-cells. Of note, pharmacological inhibition of retrograde transport in isolated islets and insulinoma cells mimicked the phenotype of Asna1β−/− β-cells and resulted in reduced insulin content and ER stress. These data support a model where Asna1 ensures retrograde transport and, hence, ER and insulin homeostasis in β-cells.
Baroreflex Sensitivity Impairment During Hypoglycemia: Implications for Cardiovascular Control
Authors: Rao Ajay D. , Bonyhay Istvan , Dankwa Joel , Baimas-George Maria , Kneen Lindsay , Ballatori Sarah , Freeman Roy , Adler Gail K.
Published: October 2015

Studies have shown associations between exposure to hypoglycemia and increased mortality, raising the possibility that hypoglycemia has adverse cardiovascular effects. In this study, we determined the acute effects of hypoglycemia on cardiovascular autonomic control. Seventeen healthy volunteers were exposed to experimental hypoglycemia (2.8 mmol/L) for 120 min. Cardiac vagal baroreflex function was assessed using the modified Oxford method before the initiation of the hypoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp protocol and during the last 30 min of hypoglycemia. During hypoglycemia, compared with baseline euglycemic conditions, 1) baroreflex sensitivity decreases significantly (19.2 ± 7.5 vs. 32.9 ± 16.6 ms/mmHg, P < 0.005), 2) the systolic blood pressure threshold for baroreflex activation increases significantly (the baroreflex function shifts to the right; 120 ± 14 vs. 112 ± 12 mmHg, P < 0.005), and 3) the maximum R-R interval response (1,088 ± 132 vs. 1,496 ± 194 ms, P < 0.001) and maximal range of the R-R interval response (414 ± 128 vs. 817 ± 183 ms, P < 0.001) decrease significantly. These findings indicate reduced vagal control and impaired cardiovascular homeostasis during hypoglycemia.
Failure to apply for ethical approval for health studies in low-income countries
Authors: Van Teijlingen Edwin , Simkhada Padam
Published: October 2015

On too many occasions researchers conduct public health and/or epidemiological studies in low-income countries without the appropriate in-country ethical approval.  This article reflects on some of the underlying reasons for not applying for ethical approval.  The piece concludes that we need to start by educating our (junior) researchers and research students about the importance of research ethics.  We conclude with a number of recommendations for researchers, scientific journal editors and reviewers and ethical committees in high-income countries to bring the message home to researchers that ethical approval should be sought in low-income countries if and when required!