bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on delaying the occurrence of integument damage in lupus: LXXI, data from a multiethnic cohort
Authors: Pons‐Estel Guillermo J. , Alarcón Graciela S. , González Luis A. , Zhang Jie , Vilá Luis M. , Reveille John D. , McGwin Gerald ,   Lumina Study Group
Published: January 2010

Objective

To determine the features predictive of time to integument damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from a multiethnic cohort (LUpus in MInorities, NAture versus nurture [LUMINA]).

Methods

LUMINA SLE patients (n = 580) age ≥16 years, with a disease duration of ≤5 years at baseline (T0), of African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian ethnicity were studied. Integument damage was defined per the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (scarring alopecia, extensive skin scarring, and skin ulcers lasting at least 6 months); factors associated with time to its occurrence were examined by Cox proportional univariable and multivariable (main model) hazards regression analyses. Two alternative models were also examined: in model 1, all patients, regardless of when integument damage occurred (n = 94), were included; in model 2, a time‐varying approach (generalized estimating equation) was employed.

Results

Thirty‐nine (6.7%) of 580 patients developed integument damage over a mean ± SD total disease duration of 5.9 ± 3.7 years, and were included in the main multivariable regression model. After adjusting for discoid rash, nailfold infarcts, photosensitivity, and Raynaud's phenomenon (significant in the univariable analyses), disease activity over time (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.09–1.26) was associated with a shorter time to integument damage, whereas hydroxychloroquine use (HR 0.23, 95% CI 0.12–0.47) and Texan‐Hispanic (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.14–0.87) and Caucasian ethnicities (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–0.99) were associated with a longer time. Results of the alternative models were consistent with those of the main model, although in model 2, the association with hydroxychloroquine was not significant.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that hydroxychloroquine use is possibly associated with a delay in integument damage development in patients with SLE.
Arthritis and arthritis‐attributable activity limitations in the United States and Canada: A cross‐border comparison
Authors: Badley Elizabeth M. , Ansari Hina
Published: January 2010

Objective

To compare directly the prevalence and risk factors for arthritis and arthritis‐attributable activity limitations (AAL) between the US and Canada, and to estimate the population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) for obesity and leisure time physical inactivity.

Methods

We conducted analyses of the 2002–2003 Joint Canada/US Health Survey, which asked about health professional–diagnosed arthritis, and arthritis reported as a cause of disability in specified activities of daily living. We used log‐Poisson regression to obtain prevalence ratios for arthritis and AAL, adjusting for education, income, having a regular doctor, physical inactivity, and obesity. PAR% for obesity and physical inactivity were calculated.

Results

The estimated crude prevalence of arthritis and AAL were 18.7% and 9.3%, respectively, in the US and 16.9% and 7.4%, respectively, in Canada. Being American was a significant bivariate predictor of arthritis and AAL, but not after adjustment for obesity and physical inactivity. PAR% for obesity were 14% and 20% for arthritis and AAL, respectively, for Americans and 13% and 17%, respectively, for Canadians, and for physical inactivity were 15% and 21%, respectively, for Americans and 4% and 5%, respectively, for Canadians, with estimates being higher among women.

Conclusion

The higher prevalence of arthritis and AAL in the US may be accounted for by the higher prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity, particularly in women. The high PAR% related to obesity in both countries, and physical inactivity in the US, point to the importance of public health initiatives to reduce obesity and increase physical activity to reduce the prevalence of arthritis and AAL.
Extended Thresholds II: The Articulated Envelope
Authors: Hensel Michael , Hensel Defne Sunguroğlu
Published: January 2010

Previous to the widespread adoption of air conditioning in the 20th century, which introduced a distinct differentiation between controlled interior space and the external environment, ‘a wealth of strategies’ were developed in Turkey to moderate the transition between inside and outside. There is much to learn from these no‐energy and low‐energy solutions to climate control. Here, Michael Hensel and Defne Sunguroğlu Hensel describe the original research and special study they undertook of external vertical thresholds in an extended envelope when they gained special access to the 17th‐century Yerevan Kiosk and Baghdad Kiosk in the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To Integrate of Not to Integrate?
Authors: Tanyeli Ugur
Published: January 2010

Turkish architecture over the last 150 years has been plagued by its preoccupation with its integration with the West. Should it be embracing or reflecting Western cultural, technical and professional standards? Uğur Tanyeli provides the background to this pessimistic context and describes how a new generation of architects over the last 10 years have transcended this predicament by producing work that turns away from this obsession with identity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amanda Levete Architects (AL_A)
Authors: Garcia Mark
Published: January 2010

Like a phoenix rising from the ashes, Amanda Levete Architects (AL_A) is taking up where Future Systems left off. Led by Amanda Levete, previous co‐director of Future Systems with the late Jan Kaplicky', the practice retains its unique sensibility with its emphasis on new technologies, materials, science and engineering combined with art, design, fashion and the organic. Mark Garcia visited AL_A's Notting Hill‐based studios to review the current projects of this 40‐strong team and to talk to Levete about the underlying design principles and processes behind the office's work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Janus Particle Synthesis and Assembly
Authors: Jiang Shan , Chen Qian , Tripathy Mukta , Luijten Erik , Schweizer Kenneth S. , Granick Steve
Published: January 2010

Janus particles, colloid‐sized particles with two regions of different surface chemical composition, possess energetic interactions that depend not only on their separation but also on their orientation. Research on Janus and colloidal particles that are chemically patchy in even more complicated fashion has opened a new chapter in the colloid research field. This article highlights recent progress in both experiment and theory regarding synthesis and self‐assembly of Janus particles, and tentatively outlines some areas of future opportunity.
Multiphase flow and mixing in dilute bubble swarms
Authors: Radl Stefan , Khinast Johannes G.
Published: January 2010

High‐fidelity three‐dimensional (3‐D) simulations of multiphase flow and mixing in dilute bubble swarms were performed using the Euler‐Lagrange simulation approach. Included was species transport, as well as complex chemical reactions in the simulations. It was found that the algebraic SGS model satisfactory predicts experimental data for the mean flow field. A detailed description of multiphase flow was used and developed to simulate the time evolution of scalar and reactive mixing in a bubble column. An analysis involving the scale of segregation ϕ, a metric that characterizes the mean driving force for mixing, is applied for the first time to multiphase flow. The study shows that ϕ is inversely proportional to the bubble diameter at constant gas‐feed rate, but only a weak function of the gas‐feed rate. Also, we observed significant differences of mixing metrics in reactive and nonreactive systems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Impact of musculoskeletal and medical conditions on disability retirement—a longitudinal study among construction roofers
Authors: Welch Laura S. , Haile Elizabeth , Boden Leslie I. , Hunting Katherine L.
Published: January 2010

Background

To assess the intersection of work demands, chronic medical and musculoskeletal conditions, aging, and disability, we initiated a longitudinal study of construction roofers who were current union members between the ages of 40 and 59.

Methods

Participants were asked about the presence of medical conditions and musculoskeletal disorders; the Work Limitations Questionnaire, the SF‐12, and other validated assessments of social and economic impact of injury were included.

Results

Factors at baseline that predicted leaving for a health‐related reason were older age, lower physical functioning, work limitations, and having missed work. Those who left roofing for a health‐related reason were much more likely to have a lower economic score at the 1 year interview.

Conclusions

Medical and musculoskeletal conditions are strongly associated with work limitation, missed work, and reduced physical functioning; these factors are also associated with premature departure from the workforce. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 552–560, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scopoli's work in the field of mercurialism in light of today's knowledge: Past and present perspectives
Authors: Kobal Alfred Bogomir , Grum Darja Kobal
Published: January 2010

The Idrija Mercury Mine (1490–1994) appointed its first physician, Joannes Antonius Scopoli, in 1754. Most of his descriptions of mercurialism are still relevant today. This study highlights Scopoli's observations on the interaction between elemental mercury (Hg°) and alcohol, on the appearance of lung impairment, insomnia, and depressive mood in mercurialism. This presentation is based on Scopoli's experiences presented in his book,De Hydrargyro Idriensi Tentamina(1761), current knowledge, and our own experience acquired through health monitoring of occupational Hg° exposure. Some studies have confirmed Scopoli's observation that alcohol enhances mercurialism and his hypothesis that exposure to high Hg° concentrations causes serious lung impairment. Neurobiological studies have highlighted the influence of Hg° on sleep disorder and depressive mood observed by Scopoli. Although today's knowledge provides new perspectives of Scopoli's work on mercurialism, his work is still very important and can be considered a part of occupational medicine heritage. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:535‐547, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostication after cardiac arrest and hypothermia: A prospective study
Authors: Rossetti Andrea O. , Oddo Mauro , Logroscino Giancarlo , Kaplan Peter W.
Published: January 2010

Objective

Current American Academy of Neurology (AAN) guidelines for outcome prediction in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest (CA) have been validated before the therapeutic hypothermia era (TH). We undertook this study to verify the prognostic value of clinical and electrophysiological variables in the TH setting.

Methods

A total of 111 consecutive comatose survivors of CA treated with TH were prospectively studied over a 3‐year period. Neurological examination, electroencephalography (EEG), and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were performed immediately after TH, at normothermia and off sedation. Neurological recovery was assessed at 3 to 6 months, using Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC).

Results

Three clinical variables, assessed within 72 hours after CA, showed higher false‐positive mortality predictions as compared with the AAN guidelines: incomplete brainstem reflexes recovery (4% vs 0%), myoclonus (7% vs 0%), and absent motor response to pain (24% vs 0%). Furthermore, unreactive EEG background was incompatible with good long‐term neurological recovery (CPC 1–2) and strongly associated with in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio for death, 15.4; 95% confidence interval, 3.3–71.9). The presence of at least 2 independent predictors out of 4 (incomplete brainstem reflexes, myoclonus, unreactive EEG, and absent cortical SSEP) accurately predicted poor long‐term neurological recovery (positive predictive value = 1.00); EEG reactivity significantly improved the prognostication.

Interpretation

Our data show that TH may modify outcome prediction after CA, implying that some clinical features should be interpreted with more caution in this setting as compared with the AAN guidelines. EEG background reactivity is useful in determining the prognosis after CA treated with TH. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:301–307
Nanopartikuläre Funktionsmaterialien
Authors: Goesmann Helmut , Feldmann Claus
Published: January 2010

Nanopartikuläre Funktionsmaterialien bieten vielfältige Perspektiven für die fortschreitende Miniaturisierung und die zunehmende Komplexität der technischen Entwicklung. Ebenso tragen Nanopartikel maßgeblich zum ressourcenschonenden Einsatz von Stoffen bei. Neben diesen naheliegenden Aspekten beruht die Bedeutung der Nanopartikel jedoch auf ihren grundsätzlich neuartigen Eigenschaften und Funktionen. Diese reichen von photonischen Kristallen und effizienten Leuchtstoffen, Einzelpartikeln und Dünnschichten für elektronische Speicher und Schaltelemente, magnetischen Flüssigkeiten und hochselektiven Katalysatoren, vielfältigen Möglichkeiten zur Veredlung von Oberflächen, neuartigen Materialien und Konzepten zur Energieumwandlung und ‐speicherung, Kontrastmitteln für die molekularbiologische und medizinische Diagnostik bis hin zu grundsätzlich neuartigen Materialformen und ‐strukturen wie Nanocontainern und Superkristallen. Die Realisierung hochwertiger Nanopartikel erfordert dabei bereits während der Materialsynthese die Berücksichtigung vieler Einflussgrößen, die Partikelkern, Partikeloberflächen, kolloidale Eigenschaften und Partikelabscheidung betreffen. Eine sinnvolle Eigenschaftscharakterisierung und ‐bewertung bedingt dabei die Einbindung vielfältiger Kompetenzen aus unterschiedlichsten Fachgebieten. Dieses Umfeld macht insgesamt Anspruch als auch Reiz für den “Nanowissenschaftler” aus.
Inside Cover: A Phosphine‐Mediated Conversion of Azides into Diazo Compounds (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 13/2009)
Authors: Myers Eddie L. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: January 2010

In 1919 H. Staudinger and J. Meyer reported the reductive fragmentation of an azide to an amine. In their Communication on page 2359 ff., E. L. Myers and R. T. Raines report the complementary reaction—cleavage of the other NN bond in an azide to yield a diazo compound. Both transformations rely on a reagent that contains PIII. The painting, The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher's Stone, Discovers Phosphorus, by J. Wright (1771), depicts the discovery of phosphorus by H. Brandt in 1669 (cover art by H. A. Steinberg).

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Fluorinated polypropylene barrier materials: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Cheng Si , Wen Dijiang
Published: January 2010

A series of novel fluorinated polypropylenes (FPP) with low surface tension were prepared by reactive extrusion of polypropylene (PP) with fluorinated methacrylate, 2,3,4,5,5,5‐hexafluoro‐2,4‐bis (trifluoromethyl) pentyl methacrylate (HFPMA), aiming at improving the barrier properties of the material for the containers of organic liquids. The surface characteristics of these polypropylene materials and the influence of HFPMA on the crystalline behavior were investigated by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The surface tension of the FPPs is found to be in the range of 28.8–22.9 mN/m while varying the fluorinated monomer contents, which was lower than that of the original PP (about 30 mN/m). The barrier properties of these materials as the containers were studied by using blow‐molded bottles made of FPP and PP. The results showed that enhanced permeation resistance for acetone and xylene solvents as well as better antiultraviolet transmittance properties were achieved in FPP bottles. The acetone and xylene permeation ratio of the FPP bottles were about 1.62 and 1.28 times compared to that of PP bottles, respectively. In addition, the WAXD and DSC studies suggested that the grafting of the fluorinated methacrylate, HFPMA, onto the PP might induce the formation of β form crystals, which is rarely found in the common PP materials. The percentage of β form crystals reached 33.6%, estimated by WAXD, in the FPP with 20% (by weight) of HFPMA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of polyacrylonitrile with improved isotacticity and low polydispersity
Authors: Jiang Jianguo , Lu Xiaoyan , Lu Yun
Published: January 2010

The preparation of a polymer with both low polydispersity and high tacticity is one current challenge we face and warrants thorough investigation from both the theoretical and experimental standpoints. In this study, we synthesized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with simultaneously controlled molecular weight and tacticity on the basis of the strategy of the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylonitrile (AN) in the presence of Lewis acids. A new combined initiation system of 3‐bromopropionitrile (3‐BPN)/Cu2O/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) was used for the ATRP of AN for the first time. When the polymerization was performed with the ratio [AN]0/[Initiator]0/[Cu2O]0/[TMEDA]0 = 190/1/0.5/1.5 (where the subscript 0 indicates the initial conditions) in ethylene carbonate at 60°C for 48 h, the polydispersity of the obtained PAN was 1.13, and the molecular weight was up to 13,710. The polymerization kinetics results show that the polymerizations proceeded with a living/controlled nature except that an induction period existed during the polymerization process because of the lower initiating activity of 3‐BPN. Also, two kinds of Lewis acid, AlCl3 and yttrium trifluororomethanesulflnate, were used in the ATRP system of AN for the tacticity control. The addition of 0.01 equiv (relative to AN) of the Lewis acid AlCl3 in the polymerization afforded PAN with an improved isotacticity [meso/meso triad (mm) = 0.32] and a very narrow polydispersity (1.06). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of O‐carboxymethyl‐N‐trimethyl chitosan chloride and flocculation of the wastewater in sugar refinery
Authors: Li Shi‐Qian , Zhou Pei‐Jiang , Yao Ping‐Jia , Wei Yuan‐An , Zhang Yun‐Hua , Yue Wu
Published: January 2010

A novel water soluble amphiphilic O‐ carboxymethyl‐N‐trimethyl Chitosan chloride (CMTMC) was synthesized. The structure of this material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results showed that CMTMC had been successfully prepared. To determine the flocculation performance of the synthesized amphiphilic polymer, a comparison was made among Chitosan (CS), N‐trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), O‐carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and CMTMC on the turbidity and COD removal efficiency of 1% (v/v) wastewater in sugar refinery suspensions at pH 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 at a dosage range of 0–8 mg/L. The results showed that the water soluble amphiphilic polymer CMTMC, which contains longer polymer anion and polymer cation, had the best performance not only in turbidity removal but also in COD removal on sugar refinery wastewater. The using of CMTMC as a flocculant to treat wastewater in sugar refinery was actually more effective than CS, CMC, and TMC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of interpenetrating polymer network silicone hydrogels with high oxygen permeability
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Li Xinsong
Published: January 2010

In the current work, interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) silicone hydrogels are prepared by UV‐initiated polymerization of acrylate monomers including siloxane macromer, methacryloxypropyl tris (trimethylsiloxy) silane (TRIS) and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA)/N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) in the presence of free radical and cationic photoinitiators. The polymerization mechanism is investigated preliminarily by the formation of gel network. The morphology of the hydrogels is characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the IPN hydrogels exhibit a heterogeneous morphology. The surface wettability is examined by the contact angle goniometer. The result reveals that the IPN silicone hydrogels possess hydrophilic surfaces with the lowest water contact angle of 59°. Furthermore, the oxygen permeability of the hydrogels is measured by an oxygen transmission tester. The results indicate that the IPN silicone hydrogels have excellent oxygen permeability with the highest Dk of 226 barrer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The selective estrogen receptor α agonist Org 37663 induces estrogenic effects but lacks antirheumatic activity: A phase IIa trial investigating efficacy and safety of Org 37663 in postmenopausal female rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving stable background methotrexate or sulfasalazine
Authors: van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Houbiers Jos G. A. , Buttgereit Frank , in 't Hout Joanna , Boers Maarten , Leij Susanne , Kvien Tore K. , Dijkmans Ben A. C. , Szczepański Leszek , Szombati Istvan , Sierakowski Stanislaw , Miltenburg André M. M.
Published: January 2010

Objective

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that sex hormones may play a role in the pathogenesis or clinical expression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies on the effects of exogenous estrogens in RA patients have yielded contradictory results. We undertook this study to determine the effects of the selective estrogen receptor α (ERα) agonist Org 37663 in patients with RA, in terms of both its estrogenic effects and its ability to ameliorate disease activity.

Methods

A 10‐week, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group, dose‐finding, proof‐of‐concept trial was initiated to obtain data on the efficacy and safety of Org 37663 in postmenopausal female patients with RA who were receiving background treatment with either methotrexate or sulfasalazine. Patients were randomized to receive placebo or Org 37663 at doses of 4 mg/day, 15 mg/day, or 50 mg/week. The primary efficacy variable was the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28).

Results

Org 37663 induced a clear biologic, estrogenic response in several organ systems, including a dose‐related increase in levels of sex hormone binding globulin. However, the DAS28 decreased similarly for all treatment groups including placebo, indicating lack of clinical efficacy of Org 37663 in this trial.

Conclusion

The observed lack of clinical benefit in RA patients treated with an ERα agonist, in association with a clear biologic response to the study drug, provides evidence that a biologically relevant ERα‐mediated estrogenic effect is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on RA symptoms and signs.
Methotrexate polyglutamate concentrations are not associated with disease control in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long‐term methotrexate therapy
Authors: Stamp Lisa K. , O'Donnell John L. , Chapman Peter T. , Zhang Mei , James Jill , Frampton Christopher , Barclay Murray L.
Published: January 2010

Objective

There are limited data suggesting that methotrexate polyglutamate (MTXGlu) concentrations can guide MTX dosing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to define a therapeutic range of red blood cell (RBC) MTXGlun concentrations (where n refers to the number of glutamate groups), including threshold values for efficacy and adverse effects in patients receiving long‐term oral MTX treatment.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 192 patients receiving oral MTX was undertaken. Disease activity was assessed by the swollen and tender joint counts, the C‐reactive protein level, and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28). High disease activity was defined as a DAS28 of >3.2. A standardized questionnaire regarding common MTX adverse effects was completed.

Results

The MTX dosage was significantly higher in patients in whom the swollen joint count and DAS28 were higher. The MTXGlu4, MTXGlu5, MTXGlu3–5, and MTXGlu1–5 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with high disease activity. After correction for age, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the MTX dosage, the association remained significant for MTXGlu5. RBC folate concentrations were significantly higher in the group with high disease activity. There was no association between any MTXGlun concentration and adverse effects.

Conclusion

In contrast to other studies, the results of the present study did not show a relationship between the MTXGlun concentration and reduced disease activity in patients with RA who were receiving long‐term MTX therapy. However, disease activity was influenced by the RBC folate level, which may be a more important factor than MTXGlun concentrations for disease control. In accordance with the findings of previous studies, we were unable to show a relationship between MTXGlun concentrations and adverse effects. Prospective studies will be important to determine whether there is a role for measuring MTXGlun concentrations in patients receiving long‐term treatment with MTX.
Confirmation of an association between rs6822844 at the Il2–Il21 region and multiple autoimmune diseases: Evidence of a general susceptibility locus
Authors: Maiti Amit K. , Kim‐Howard Xana , Viswanathan Parvathi , Guillén Laura , Rojas‐Villarraga Adriana , Deshmukh Harshal , Direskeneli Haner , Saruhan‐Direskeneli Güher , Cañas Carlos , Tobön Gabriel J. , Sawalha Amr H. , Cherñavsky Alejandra C. , Anaya Juan‐Manuel , Nath Swapan K.
Published: January 2010

Objective

Autoimmune diseases often have susceptibility genes in common, indicating similar molecular mechanisms. Increasing evidence suggests that rs6822844 at the IL2–IL21 region is strongly associated with multiple autoimmune diseases in individuals of European descent. This study was undertaken to attempt to replicate the association between rs6822844 and 6 different immune‐mediated diseases in non‐European populations, and to perform disease‐specific and overall meta‐analyses using data from previously published studies.

Methods

We evaluated case–control associations between rs6822844 and celiac disease (CD) in subjects from Argentina; rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in subjects from Colombia; and Behçet's disease (BD) in subjects from Turkey. Allele and gene distributions were compared between cases and controls. Meta‐analyses were performed using data from the present study and previous studies.

Results

We detected significant associations of rs6822844 with SLE (P = 0.008), type 1 DM (P = 0.014), RA (P = 0.019), and primary SS (P = 0.033) but not with BD (P = 0.34) or CD (P = 0.98). We identified little evidence of population differentiation (FST = 0.01) within cases and controls from Argentina and Colombia, suggesting that association was not influenced by population substructure. Disease‐specific meta‐analysis indicated significant association for RA (Pmeta = 3.61 × 10−6), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) (Pmeta = 3.48 × 10−12), type 1 DM (Pmeta = 5.33 × 10−5), and CD (Pmeta = 5.30 × 10−3). Overall meta‐analysis across all autoimmune diseases reinforced association with rs6822844 (23 data sets; Pmeta = 2.61 × 10−25, odds ratio 0.73 [95% confidence interval 0.69–0.78]).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that there is an association between rs6822844 and multiple autoimmune diseases in non‐European populations. Meta‐analysis results strongly reinforce this robust association across multiple autoimmune diseases in both European‐derived and non‐European populations.
Systemic sclerosis and lupus: Points in an interferon‐mediated continuum
Authors: Assassi Shervin , Mayes Maureen D. , Arnett Frank C. , Gourh Pravitt , Agarwal Sandeep K. , McNearney Terry A. , Chaussabel Damien , Oommen Nancy , Fischbach Michael , Shah Kairav R. , Charles Julio , Pascual Virginia , Reveille John D. , Tan Filemon K.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To investigate peripheral blood (PB) cell transcript profiles of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and its subtypes in direct comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

We investigated PB cell samples from 74 SSc patients, 21 healthy controls, and 17 SLE patients using Illumina Human Ref‐8 BeadChips and quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmation. None of the study participants were receiving immunosuppressive agents other than low‐dose steroids and hydroxychloroquine. In addition to conventional statistical and modular analysis, a composite score for the interferon (IFN)–inducible genes was calculated. Within the group of patients with SSc, the correlation of the IFN score with the serologic and clinical subtypes was investigated, as were single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in a selected number of IFN pathway genes.

Results

Many of the most prominently overexpressed genes in SSc and SLE were IFN‐inducible genes. Forty‐three of 47 overexpressed IFN‐inducible genes in SSc (91%) were similarly altered in SLE. The IFN score was highest in the SLE patients, followed by the SSc patients, and then the controls. The difference in IFN score among all 3 groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001 for all 3 comparisons). SSc and SLE PB cell samples showed striking parallels to our previously reported SSc skin transcripts in regard to the IFN‐inducible gene expression pattern. In SSc, the presence of antitopoisomerase and anti–U1 RNP antibodies and lymphopenia correlated with the higher IFN scores (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, and P = 0.004, respectively); a missense mutation in IFNAR2 was significantly associated with the IFN score.

Conclusion

SLE and SSc fit within the same spectrum of IFN‐mediated diseases. A subset of SSc patients shows a “lupus‐like” high IFN‐inducible gene expression pattern that correlates with the presence of antitopoisomerase and anti–U1 RNP antibodies.
Left ventricular structure and function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Giles Jon T. , Malayeri Ashkan A. , Fernandes Veronica , Post Wendy , Blumenthal Roger S. , Bluemke David , Vogel‐Claussen Jens , Szklo Moyses , Petri Michelle , Gelber Allan C. , Brumback Lyndia , Lima João , Bathon Joan M.
Published: January 2010

Objective

Heart failure is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but little is known about myocardial structure and function in this population. This study was undertaken to assess the factors associated with progression to heart failure in patients with RA.

Methods

With the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, measures of myocardial structure and function were assessed in men and women with RA enrolled in the Evaluation of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease and Predictors of Events in Rheumatoid Arthritis study, a cohort study of subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with RA, in comparison with non‐RA control subjects from a cohort enrolled in the Baltimore Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Results

Measures of myocardial structure and function were compared between 75 patients with RA and 225 frequency‐matched controls. After adjustment for confounders, the mean left ventricular mass was found to be 26 gm lower in patients with RA compared with controls (P < 0.001), an 18% difference. In addition, the mean left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac output, and stroke volume were modestly lower in the RA group compared with controls. The mean left ventricular end systolic and end diastolic volumes did not differ between the groups. In patients with RA, higher levels of anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibodies and current use of biologic agents, but not other measures of disease activity or severity, were associated with significantly lower adjusted mean values for the left ventricular mass, end diastolic volume, and stroke volume, but not with ejection fraction. The combined associations of anti‐CCP antibody level and biologic agent use with myocardial measures were additive, without evidence of interaction.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the progression to heart failure in RA may occur through reduced myocardial mass rather than hypertrophy. Both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors may contribute to lower levels of left ventricular mass and volume.
Anatomical Sciences Education vol.3, issue 1, 2010 cover image
Authors: Böckers Anja , Jerg‐Bretzke Lucia , Lamp Christoph , Brinkmann Anke , Traue Harald C. , Böckers Tobias M.
Published: January 2010

A team of medical students (in green), tutors (in blue), and faculty (in white) at Ulm University Faculty of Medicine in Ulm, Germany, discussing objectives for the cardiac gross anatomy session. The session takes place in the state of the art training facility, the “Theatrum Anatomicum,” built in the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology adjacent to the gross anatomy laboratory. Böckers and her co‐authors discuss their studies evaluating students' perceptions of the gross anatomy course at their university in the current issue of ASE.
Revisiting the syntactical and structural analysis of Library of Congress Subject Headings for the digital environment
Authors: Yi Kwan , Chan Lois Mai
Published: January 2010

With the current information environment characterized by the proliferation of digital resources, including collaboratively created and shared resources, Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) is facing the challenges of effective and efficient subject‐based organization and retrieval of digital resources. To explore the feasibility of utilizing LCSH in a digital environment, we might need to revisit its basic characteristics. The objectives of our study were to analyze LCSH in both syntactic and relational structures, to discover the structural characteristics of LCSH, and to identify problems and issues for the feasibility of LCSH as an effective subject access tool. This study reports and discusses issues raised by the syntactic and hierarchical structures of LCSH that present challenges to its use in a networked environment. Given the results of this study, we recommend a number of provisional future directions for the development of LCSH towards further becoming a viable system for digital and networked resources.
1‐Alkyl‐1H‐imidazole‐Based Dipolar Organic Compounds for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Velusamy Marappan , Hsu Ying‐Chan , Lin Jiann T. , Chang Che‐Wei , Hsu Chao‐Ping
Published: January 2010

A series of donor–π–acceptor‐type organic dyes based on 1‐alkyl‐1H‐imidazole spacers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 have been developed and characterized. The two electron donors are at positions 4 and 5 of the imidazole, while the electron‐accepting cyanoacrylic acid is incorporated at position 2 by a spacer‐containing heteroaromatic rings, such as thiophene and thiazole. Detailed investigation on the relationship between the structure, spectral and electrochemical properties, and performance of DSSC is described here. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using dyes as the sensitizers exhibit good efficiencies, ranging from 3.06 to 6.35 %, which reached 42–87 % with respect to that of N719‐based device (7.33 %) fabricated and measured under similar conditions. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations have been performed on the dyes, and the results show that both electron donors can contribute to electron injection upon photo‐excitation, either directly or indirectly by internal conversion to the lowest excited state.
Solution‐Processed Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells from Gradient π‐Conjugated Thienylene Vinylene Dendrimers
Authors: Wang Jin‐Liang , Zhong Chengmei , Tang Zheng‐Ming , Wu Hongbin , Ma Yuguo , Cao Yong , Pei Jian
Published: January 2010

A series of gradient π‐conjugated dendrimers and their corresponding models based on 5,5,10,10,15,15‐hexahexyltruxene moieties as nodes and oligo(thienylene vinylene) (OTVs) units with different lengths as branching arms are synthesized in good yields through Wittig–Horner reactions. All new compounds are fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and MALDI‐TOF MS or ESI‐MS. Investigation of their photophysical properties reveals that the gradient dendritic scaffold not only results in a higher molar absorption coefficient and broader absorption region than those of their corresponding model compounds, but also improves the PL quantum yields relative to the corresponding OTVs. The suitable HOMO and LUMO levels as well as excellent film forming properties make these molecules potential candidates for organic solar cells. Solution‐processed bulk heterojunction solar cells using these dendrimers as donor and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester as acceptor are prepared and tested. The power conversion efficiency of the devices based on G0-4-2 is 0.40 % under illumination of air mass 1.5 and 100 mW cm−2. This is the highest record value for OTV‐based materials to date. Although the absorption band of dendrimer G0-4-2 is much narrower than that of poly(3‐hexylthienylene vinylene) (P3HTV), the efficiency of its solar cell device is almost twice that of the device based on P3HTV. This result shows clearly the advantage of gradient dendritic structures as active materials for photovoltaic cells.
Trans‐A2B‐corroles Bearing a Coumarin Moiety ‐ From Synthesis to Photophysics
Authors: Tasior Mariusz , Gryko Daniel T. , Pielacińska Dominika J. , Zanelli Alberto , Flamigni Lucia
Published: January 2010

Four dyads comprised of corrole and coumarin units have been synthesised. Three coumarincarboxaldehydes were synthesized and transformed into the correspondingtrans‐A2B‐corroles by reaction with 5‐(pentafluorophenyl)dipyrromethane. It has been proven that this type of direct condensation can lead to the corresponding corroles in moderate yields. The reaction of hydroxybenzaldehydes with vinylphosphonium salts has been identified as the most general method for the preparation of formyl‐coumarins with various patterns of substituents. The dyad consisting of ketobiscoumarin and corrole was synthesized by Sonogashira coupling. Spectroscopic and photophysical investigations revealed that there is an efficient energy transfer from the coumarin moiety to corrole in all four dyads. Energy transfer can be clearly ascribed to a dipole–dipole mechanism (Förster) for all dyads that contain luminescent coumarins and to an electron exchange mechanism (Dexter) for the dyad with the non‐luminescent one. In the case of the dyad that bears coumarin with a hydroxy group at position 5, an electron‐transfer was detected from corrole to coumarin. The latter process is possible because of the suitably low reduction potential of coumarins of this type.
Luminescence Screening Assays for the Identification of Sensitizers for Lanthanides Based on the Controlled Formation of Ternary Lanthanide Complexes with DTPA–Bisamide Ligands
Authors: Ruston Linette L. , Robertson Graeme M. , Pikramenou Zoe
Published: January 2010

The formation of ternary complexes of lanthanide–diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–bisamide complexes with different aromatic acids and their application in luminescent screening assays are presented. The europium complexes of DTPA–bisethylamide (BEA), DTPA–bisbutylamide (BUA), DTPA–bis(2‐norbornyl) (NBA), and DTPA–bis(1‐adamantyl) (ADA) have been isolated and the sensitization of emission upon 1:1 formation with aromatic acids has been studied by luminescence spectroscopy. The ternary complexes show stronger luminescence with picolinate (PCA) rather than phthalate (PTA) or benzoate (BZA), with the latter forming 1:2 complexes. Isophthalate and dipicolinate sensitizers do not show a 1:1 formation of the ternary complexes. Electrospray mass spectra show characteristic peaks that confirm the formation of the ternary complexes, and NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrated a conformational locking effect upon formation of the ternary complex. It is shown that europium complexes with bulkier amide arms provide complexes with stronger luminescence enhancement that is clearly attributable to the bulkiness of the amide arms. In a luminescence screening experiment, different substitutions on BZA and PCA were examined. Sensitizers with a long alkyl chain show greater luminescent enhancements than the nonsubstituted acids, which can be attributed to an “umbrella” effect of the alkyl chain that protects the europium luminescent center from the quenching of secondary high‐energy vibrations, in particular OH from water molecules. The same effect is presented for the quinoline derivatives as sensitizers. Quinoline derivatives with salicylate binding units were identified as the best sensitizers when combined with EuADA, which is even bulkier than EuNBA, with HQ‐3COO showing a 50‐fold enhancement of emission upon formation of 1:1 complexes.
New Insights into the Formation and Reactivity of Molecular Organostannonic Acids
Authors: Ahmad S. Usman , Beckmann Jens , Duthie Andrew
Published: January 2010

The controlled base hydrolysis of 2,6‐Mes2C6H3SnCl3(1; Mes=mesityl) provided 2,6‐Mes2C6H3Sn(OH)Cl2⋅H2O (2) and the trinuclear organostannonic acidtrans‐[2,6‐Mes2C6H3Sn(O)OH]3(3), respectively. In moist C6D6,3reversibly reacts with water to give the monomeric organostannonic acid 2,6‐Mes2C6H3Sn(OH)3(3a). The reaction of3with (tBu2SnO)3, Ph2PO2H, and NaH, gives rise to the multinuclear hypercoordinated organostannoxane clusters [tBu2Sn(OH)OSnR(OH)2OC(OSntBu2OH)2(O)SnR(OH)(H2O)]2(5), [RSn(OH)2(O2PPh2)]2(6), and Na3(RSn)4O6(OH)3(7), respectively (R=2,6‐Mes2C6H3). The characterization of the new compounds is achieved by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry in solution and119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography in the solid‐state.
Beyond Traditional Cross Couplings: The Scope of the Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction
Authors: Scheuermann Caroline J.
Published: January 2010

The development of new and environmentally compatible methods for the synthesis of CC and Cheteroatom bonds is of great significance to researchers. The cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) is emerging as an important tool for chemists with a variety of, often inexpensive, metal catalysts able to perform these reactions both regio‐ and enantioselectively. Perhaps more importantly CDC methodology has been shown to be extremely environmentally friendly and facile being able to be carried out in aqueous environments under an atmosphere of air. This Focus Review intends to give an overview of the most contemporary developments in this exciting and emerging area of cross‐coupling chemistry.
Geotechnical verifications using the finite‐element method?
Authors: Heibaum Michael , Herten Markus
Published: January 2010

Geotechnical design is increasingly carried out by incorporating the finite element method (FEM), supported by increasing PC‐power. It is discussed and explained with the help of an example to what extent this method can be used as to verifications according to European and German standards. Safety margins given in the standards are based on certain models and the according experience, which cannot be transferred to other approaches. It is shown that actions and effects determined by FEM are applicable in verifications according to DIN 1054 and EN 1997‐1, “Design approach 2*”. Resistances can also be calculated using FEM, but there is not enough experience to date to judge the reliability of such approaches. Resistances should therefore be determined in the traditional way. Consequently, there is no justification for an alteration of the factors of safety as set in the standards at the present time.
Small‐strain stiffness in geotechnical analyses
Authors: Benz Thomas , Schwab Radu , Vermeer Pieter
Published: January 2010

Nonlinear soil behaviour at small strains is often neglected in geotechnical analyses. Doing so often leads to an overestimation of foundation settlements and retaining wall deflections. Settlement troughs behind retaining walls or above tunnels, on the other hand, may be analysed as too flat and extended. Comparing measured displacements of piles or anchors within the working load range, to those calculated without considering small‐strain stiffness, shows a considerably too soft response. This paper is concerned with a qualitative and quantitative discussion of the small‐strain stiffness phenomenon. In combination with the commercially available small‐strain stiffness model introduced, it provides the basics for incorporating small‐strain stiffness into routine design.
Numerical simulation of pile driving in the passive earth pressure zone of excavation support walls
Authors: Grabe Jürgen , Henke Sascha , Schümann Björn
Published: January 2010

In situ measurements, carried out in deep excavations during construction, show that the installation of anchor piles to prevent uplift of the formation level slab leads to large deformations in the excavation support works. Currently, it is hardly possible to predict these installation‐related additional loads and they are often quite astonishing. The aim of this article is to present a first numerical model, to predict the additional loads on the subsoil and the excavation works in the vicinity of piling works. The importance of the numerical investigations is described, using the example of the additional deformations measured at Potsdamer Platz during the vibratory driving of anchor piles. In the future however, considerable work will still be required to derive recommendations for excavation work.
Bemessung, Anwendung und Qualitätssicherung von Stahlfaserspritzbeton im Tunnelbau
Authors: Gossla Ulrich , Buttel Luc , Wahrmund Holger , Mehlig Bernd
Published: January 2010

Die Spritzbetonbauweise hat sich im Tunnelbau seit Jahren bewährt. Spritzbeton wird als unbewehrter Beton, in Verbindung mit Bewehrung sowie als Stahlfaserspritzbeton eingesetzt. Bei den meisten Tunnelschalen aus Stahlfaserspritzbeton werden Stahlfasern derzeit nur als konstruktive Bewehrung verwendet. Die Faserzugabe führt zu einer nennenswerten Erhöhung der Bruchenergie und somit zu einer höheren Zähigkeit des sonst spröden Materials und damit zu einer höheren Sicherheit.

Stahlfaserspritzbeton kann auch anstelle von Spritzbeton mit statisch erforderlicher Mattenbewehrung eingesetzt werden. Die Bemessung erfolgt dann unter Berücksichtigung der Nachrisszugfestigkeit. Diese kann wie bei Stahlfaserbeton an Biegebalken ermittelt werden, die aus größeren Proben herausgesägt werden. Anhand von verschiedenen Beispielen werden die unterschiedlichen Anwendungen aufgezeigt und die dafür erforderlichen Prüfungen vorgestellt.

Design, Execution and Quality Management of Steel Fibre Reinforced Shotcrete in Tunnels

The shotcrete method has been proven for tunnel structures since years. Shotcrete can be used unreinforced, in combination with reinforcement meshes and with fibre reinforcement.

At the moment most steel fibre shotcrete tunnel liners have non‐structural fibre reinforcement. However, the addition of fibres increases the fracture energy of the material and changes the shotcrete behaviour from brittle to ductile with higher reliability.

Steel fibre shotcrete can also replace shotcrete with traditional mesh reinforcement. The verification of steel fibre shotcrete takes the post cracking tensile strength of the material into account. The tensile strength of the cracked fibre concrete can be derived from bending tests on beams cut out of a larger shotcrete sample.

This paper presents the different types of executed shotcrete applications in tunnels and the necessary test methods.