bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aircraft observations of five pockets of open cells sampled during VOCALS REx
Authors: Terai C. R. , Bretherton C.S. , Wood R. , Painter G.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Five pockets of open cells (POCs) are studied using aircraft flights from the VOCALS Regional Experiment, conducted in October and November 2008 over the southeast Pacific Ocean. Satellite imagery from the geostationary satellite GOES-10 is used to distinguish POC areas and measurements from the aircraft flights are used to compare cloud, aerosol, and boundary layer conditions inside and outside of POCs and conditions found across individual POC cases. POCs are observed in boundary layers with a wide range of inversion heights (1250 to 1600 m) and surface wind speeds (5 to 11 m s−1) and show no remarkable difference from the observed surface and free tropospheric conditions during the two months of the field campaign. In all cases, compared to the surrounding overcast region the POC boundary layer is more decoupled, supporting both thin stratiform and deeper cumulus clouds. Although cloud-base precipitation rates are higher in the POC than the overcast region in each case, a threshold precipitation rate that differentiates POC precipitation from that in overcast precipitation does not exist. Mean cloud-base precipitation rates in POCs can range from 1.7 to 5.8 mm d−1 across different POC cases. The occurrence of heavy drizzle (> 0 dBZ) lower in the boundary layer better differentiates POC precipitation from precipitation in the surrounding overcast regions, likely leading to the more active cold pool formation in POCs. Cloud droplet number concentration is at least a factor of eight smaller in the POC clouds, and the ratio of drizzle water to cloud water in POC clouds is over an order of magnitude larger than that in overcast clouds, indicating an enhancement of collision coalescence processes in POC clouds. Despite large variations in the accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations (65 to 324 cm−3) observed in the surrounding overcast region, the accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations observed in the subcloud layer of all five POCs exhibit a much narrower range (24 to 40 cm−3), and cloud droplet concentrations within the cumulus updrafts originating in this layer reflect this limited variability. Above the POC subcloud layer exists an ultraclean layer with accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations < 5 cm−3, demonstrating that in-cloud collision coalescence processes efficiently remove aerosols. It also suggests that the major source of accumulation-mode aerosols, and hence of cloud condensation nuclei in POCs, is the ocean surface, while entrainment of free tropospheric aerosol is weak. The measurements also suggest that at approximately 30 cm−3 a balance of surface source and coalescence scavenging sinks of accumulation-mode aerosols maintain the narrow range of observed subcloud aerosol concentrations.
Effects of elevated CO2 in the early life stages of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and potential consequences of ocean acidification
Authors: Chambers R. C. , Candelmo A. C. , Habeck E. A. , Poach M. E. , Wieczorek D. , Cooper K. R. , Greenfield C. E. , Phelan B. A.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. The limited available evidence about effects on marine fishes of high CO2 and associated acidification of oceans suggests that effects will differ across species, be subtle, and may interact with other stressors. This report is on the responses of an array of early life history features of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of the inshore and nearshore waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight (USA), to experimental manipulation of CO2 levels. Relative survival of summer flounder embryos in local ambient conditions (775 μatm pCO2, 7.8 pH) was reduced to 48% when maintained at intermediate experimental conditions (1808 μatm pCO2, 7.5 pH), and to 16% when maintained at the most elevated CO2 treatment (4714 ppm pCO2, 7.1 pH). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at high-CO2 levels at constant temperature was consistent among offspring of three females used as experimental subjects. No reduction in survival with CO2 was observed for larvae during the first four weeks of larval life (experiment ended at 28 d post-hatching (dph) when larvae were initiating metamorphosis). Estimates of sizes, shapes, and developmental status of larvae based on images of live larvae showed larvae were initially longer and faster growing when reared at intermediate- and high-CO2 levels. This pattern of longer larvae – but with less energy reserves at hatching – was expressed through the first half of the larval period (14 dph). Larvae from the highest-CO2 conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from intermediate- and ambient-CO2 conditions. Tissue damage was evident in larvae as early as 7 dph from both elevated-CO2 levels. Damage included dilation of liver sinusoids and veins, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, and separation of the trunk muscle bundles. Cranio-facial features changed with CO2 levels in an age-dependent manner. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient-CO2 environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated-CO2 environments when younger (7 and 14 dph) but were larger at developmental stage at older ages (21 to 28 dph), a result consistent with the accelerated size-development trajectory of larvae at higher-CO2 environments based on analysis of external features. The degree of alterations in the survival, growth, and development of early life stages of summer flounder due to elevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasingly challenged by future ocean acidification. Further experimental studies on marine fishes and comparative analyses among those studies are warranted in order to identify the species, life stages, ecologies, and responses likely to be most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in future ocean waters. A strategy is proposed for achieving these goals.
An improved non-iterative surface layer flux scheme for atmospheric stable stratification conditions
Authors: Li Y. , Gao Z. , Li D. , Wang L. , Wang H.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Parameterization of turbulent fluxes under stably stratified conditions has always been a challenge. Current surface fluxes calculation schemes either need iterations or suffer low accuracy. In this paper, a non-iterative scheme is proposed to approach the classic iterative computation results using multiple regressions. It can be applied to the full range of roughness status 10 ≤ z/z0 ≤ 105 and −0.5 ≤ log (z0/z0h) ≤ 30 under stable conditions 0 < RiB ≤ 2.5. The maximum (average) relative errors for the turbulent transfer coefficients for momentum and sensible heat are 12% (1%) and 9% (1%), respectively.
Water displacement by sewer infrastructure in the Grote Nete catchment, Belgium, and its hydrological regime effects
Authors: Vrebos D. , Vansteenkiste T. , Staes J. , Willems P. , Meire P.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Urbanization and especially increases in impervious areas, in combination with the installation of wastewater treatment infrastructure, can impact the runoff from a catchment and river flows in a significant way. These effects were studied for the Grote Nete catchment in Belgium based on a combination of empirical and model-based approaches. Effective impervious area, combined with the extent of the wastewater collection regions, was considered as an indicator for urbanization pressure. It was found that wastewater collection regions ranging outside the boundaries of the natural catchment boundaries caused changes in upstream catchment area between −16 and +3%, and upstream impervious areas between −99 and +64%. These changes lead to important intercatchment water transfers. Simulations with a physically based and spatially distributed hydrological catchment model revealed not only significant impacts of effective impervious area on seasonal runoff volumes but also low and peak river flows. Our results show the importance, as well as the difficulty, of explicitly accounting for these artificial pressures and processes in the hydrological modeling of urbanized catchments.
Multiobjective sensitivity analysis and optimization of a distributed hydrologic model MOBIDIC
Authors: Yang J. , Castelli F. , Chen Y.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Calibration of distributed hydrologic models usually involves how to deal with the large number of distributed parameters and optimization problems with multiple but often conflicting objectives which arise in a natural fashion. This study presents a multiobjective sensitivity and optimization approach to handle these problems for a distributed hydrologic model MOBIDIC, which combines two sensitivity analysis techniques (Morris method and State Dependent Parameter method) with a multiobjective optimization (MOO) approach ϵ-NSGAII. This approach was implemented to calibrate MOBIDIC with its application to the Davidson watershed, North Carolina with three objective functions, i.e., standardized root mean square error of logarithmic transformed discharge, water balance index, and mean absolute error of logarithmic transformed flow duration curve, and its results were compared with those with a single objective optimization (SOO) with the traditional Nelder–Mead Simplex algorithm used in MOBIDIC by taking the objective function as the Euclidean norm of these three objectives. Results show: (1) the two sensitivity analysis techniques are effective and efficient to determine the sensitive processes and insensitive parameters: surface runoff and evaporation are very sensitive processes to all three objective functions, while groundwater recession and soil hydraulic conductivity are not sensitive and were excluded in the optimization; (2) both MOO and SOO lead to acceptable simulations, e.g., for MOO, average Nash–Sutcliffe is 0.75 in the calibration period and 0.70 in the validation period; (3) evaporation and surface runoff shows similar importance to watershed water balance while the contribution of baseflow can be ignored; (4) compared to SOO which was dependent of initial starting location, MOO provides more insight on parameter sensitivity and conflicting characteristics of these objective functions. Multiobjective sensitivity analysis and optimization provides an alternative way for future MOBIDIC modelling.
Profiles in Exhaustion and Pomposity: the Everyday Life of Komsomol cadres in the 1920s
Authors: Guillory Sean
Published: March 2014

The article examines the daily lives of Young Communist League (Komsomol) cadres in the 1920s argue that their ability to establish local authority through consent was often undermined by their everyday conditions. The article treats the emergence of the Komsomol’s nomenklatura and cadre appointment system after the Russian civil war, cadre workload, working conditions, health, attitudes, and the Komsomol leadership’s efforts to subordinate cadre malfeasance and corruption through public scandal. The article demonstrates that without a sturdy material base upon which to generate consent, local Komsomol cadres often relied on domination to exert their authority over their rank and file members and to some extent the local population. This reliance ultimately perpetuated itself. The more cadres employed coercion, the more the means of consent atrophied, which led them to turn time and again to domination. The use of domination over consent had grave implications on the nature of Bolshevik rule. Often Komsomol cadres were the only representative of the Soviet state in rural localities, and their methods of garnering authority were representative of prevailing trends of Bolshevik governance throughout the 1920s.
The Interplay Between Incoterms® and the CISG
Authors: Coetzee Juana
Published: March 2014

INCOTERMS® do not replace the CISG’s provisions on delivery and the passing of risk in toto, but merely supersede them in so far as they are mutually exclusive. For the rest, they function in tandem. Aspects which are not governed by the INCOTERMS® rules, or inadequately regulated, can be supplemented by the Convention, and vice versa. Collaboration between the two instruments strengthens the unified legal framework for international sales transactions with the view to facilitating international trade.
From Blackbeard to Jack Sparrow—Who are today’s pirates and why do we care? The effect the legal definition of piracy has on the international shipping industry and maritime insurance coverage
Authors: Schumacher Jamie
Published: March 2014

Today’s pirates may seem more like terrorists, and their effect can be felt on a variety of sectors within society, most notably international commerce. The shipping industry deals with the threat of pirate attacks on a regular basis. In order to prevent a profit loss from those attacks, the industry has sought insurance coverage. The difficulty arises within these insurance policies as to the definition of “piracy,” and whether acts that more closely resemble terroristic activities as opposed to the traditional notion of piracy are covered. This Student Note evaluates the evolving definition of piracy, both within the United States’ court system and in international law. The lack of a consistent definition raises the argument that policy coverage varies too significantly to effectively protect the economic loss associated with a pirate attack. The Note concludes by noting that regardless of how piracy is defined, the threat of attacks still exists. Additionally, due to liability under the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), insurance coverage within the shipping industry will still be sought.
Revisiting the Nonprofit Property-Tax Exemption: An Examination of the Need to Clarify Eligibility
Authors: Corcuera Daniella
Published: March 2014

"Revisiting the Nonprofit Property-Tax Exemption: An Examination of the Need to Clarify Eligibility"
State Oversight of Nonprofit Governance: Confronting the Challenge of Mission Adherence Within a Multi-dimensional Standard
Authors: Blodgett Mark S. , Melconian Linda J. , Peterson Jason H.
Published: March 2014

State Oversight of Nonprofit Governance: Confronting the Challenge of Mission Adherence Within a Multi-dimensional Standard
Rise of the Intercontinental Exchange and Implications of its Merger with NYSE Euronext
Authors: Brown Latoya C.
Published: March 2014

Rise of the Intercontinental Exchange and Implications of its Merger with NYSE Euronex
Against the Tide:
Authors: Kramer Michael P.
Published: March 2014

A brief overview of the earliest scholarship on early Jewish American history and literature (including Cyrus Adler, Mayer Kayserling, Max J. Kohler, George Alexander Kohut, Isaac Markens, Oscar Straus, and Simon Wolf) is offered as an introduction to “Before the Flood,” a special issue of SAJL that presents recent, innovative scholarship on early Jewish American literature.
Cumberland's Benevolent Hebrew in Eighteenth-Century Britain and America
Authors: Bannet Eve Tavor
Published: March 2014

This essay uses the different contemporary reactions of British critics and Jews to uncover the different facets of Richard Cumberland's understudied play The Jew (1794), which help to explain its enormous popularity among gentiles and the lack of enthusiasm among Jews, then moves across the Atlantic to examine the very different reception the play received from reviewers and audiences in America.
Characterization of Tourism Clusters in Brazil
Authors: de Santana Ribeiro Luiz Carlos , de Lima Andrade José Roberto
Published: March 2014

The objective of this paper is to portray the features of touristic services in Brazil, looking to identify similarities and differences among the regions of the country. To do so, two complementary techniques are applied: cluster analysis and shift-share. The main results indicate the existence of five tourism clusters in the country, the best of them (clusters 1 and 2) predominantly comprising touristic services located in the mesoregions of the South and Southeast of Brazil, notably the state of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, the mesoregions of the North of Ceará, the Agreste of Pernambuco, the North of Rio de Janeiro state, metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, central Rio de Janeiro state, Assis, Araraquara, Araçatuba and Distrito Federal have offered competitive and specialized touristic services, and all are part of clusters 1 and 2, which show the best results.
Patrimonio Arqueológico del Territorio1 Rama y Kriol (Río Indio)
Authors: Romero Yamil Serrano
Published: March 2014

La presente investigación contiene las indicaciones necesarias para hacer efectiva la elaboración de un plan de protección del patrimonio cultural arqueológico del Territorio Rama y Kriol (Río Indio), conforme al ordenamiento jurídico existente. Con dicho plan se pretende lograr el desarrollo de un proceso de cambio social y la implementación de acciones sostenibles para lograr la conservación de los recursos arqueológicos inventariados en este Territorio. Por ello, este plan de protección se presenta como una estrategia que incluye las opiniones de especialistas en materia de arqueología y los aportes brindados por los actores locales. Esto, con el objetivo de conservar, manejar y tener un buen aprovechamiento del recurso arqueológico, tomando en cuenta la realidad actual.Naha stadi muni sakan kara matikanka aitani kat brisa baku kaina sunaia dukiara natka kum paskaia, mani nani ailal luan dukia pliki sakan nani ritska Rama bara Kriol nani ra ba(Rio Indio) tikaia apia mata. Lâ nani naiwa dia aisiba kat wal dauki. Naha kaina sunaia nakta kum daukbia ba wal plikisa nahki tawan ba sat wala daukaia dukiara pawanka yabalka kum ra waia an baku sin ban alki brikaia daukanka nani bapaia, baku ban brikaia mata, naha tasbaia nani purara, patita ra wan almuka nani pyua wina bara kan dukia nani pliki sakan ba briba nani ba. Baha mita, naha kaina sunaia natka kum dauki ba, wan marikisa nahki kaina sunaia ba, an baha tilara dingkansa patitara nani dukia bâra ba stadi muni uplika nani lukanka baku sin upla nani pliska ra iwi nani ba lukanka sin. Naha ba, ban brikaia, waki lan kaia an yus takan pain kum briaia mata daukisa, naha patitara bara kan dukia nani bri ba, wan iwanka nani naiwa nahki ba wal sin kaiki muni.Adika ulwi yakna akat amput dawi Rama dawi Kriol sulani balna saunina daklana yak muihnina barak balna di yamwi dadana balna tanit daknin yulni ulwi yakna ki, ramhni ulwi yakna yakat. Adika amput tingta yamnin kulnin lani duwi ulna kidi ki amput dawi sulani adika barakwi kiunin muihnina barak balna di yayamna balna kidi apakwi la kat yus yamwi kiunin. Kidi yulni adika kulnin lani ulwi yakwi muih dî ulna tannika dudûwa balna yuyulwa kidi kaupak. Adika kulna tani palni kidi laih adika dîni balna kidi yamni apamwi risnipik kalawi karak yus yamnin yulni kulwi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v68i0.1352 Wani No. 68 2013: 33-44
Análisis del patrón flexivo de los sustantivos relacionales en lengua mayangna
Authors: Viñas-de-Puig Ricard
Published: March 2014

En este artículo se analiza la flexión en los sustantivos relacionales en mayangna y se argumenta que estos sustantivos constituyen una clase propia, cuya flexión se debe a la aplicación de una restricción que prohíbe la presencia de grupos consonánticos dentro de la sílaba. Se propone así un patrón flexivo CV(μ).CVAfijoC. Este patrón también da cuenta de la variación observada en la copia de vocales del afijo en la raíz: la presencia de una segunda mora en la primera sílaba de la raíz impide que la vocal del afijo se copie en el núcleo de la raíz.Naha ulbi sakan ka sirpi nara stadi muni kaikisa nahki muni yaban nikwi ba diara bara upla nina nani tila tila dinkaia sip ba mayangna bila aisankara an luki saki bangwisa naha nina nani ba (sustantivo) selp aidakni ka brisa, naha aiyawan ka dauki ba laa (ley) yus munank sirpi kum bui kaina dakbiba (consonante) ulbanka ka tara nani dakni k aba ulbanka sirpi bara tara bani (silabas) nani tilara dinkaia apia w iba mita. Naku marikisa taka pali yaban nikwi ba CV (pût). CVafijoC. Naha taka ba mita marikisa nahki chens taki ba ulbanka sirpi nani aimaya wal ba ban apia (afijo) plaika ra ba: “mora” wala bahara ba taka mita pas bila paskanka plaika ra ba(silaba) mita kaina dakbisa ulbanka sirpi ba (vocal) ban paia (afijo) bilara ba kli ulbia plaika pali kupia ra.Rawasna akat yulwi mayangna kau yulwalsah yulniuluh tannika dawak yulwi parasni âwi adika yulni yulsât ayangni silp dûwi; yulniuluh kidi kapat ki, kat yulsah as pasyak dinit bin mahni atnin sip awas bangh. Kidi bangh, yululuh yamwa sâtni kulnin lâni as âwi: DY(Dk).DYYlmLbD. Adi yululuh yamwa sâtni adika mûnah bik nining kâwi amput yulyamyang yulmak libit kaupak rikni yak lâwa kidi: yulsah as yak dakas uk dûwa kat, yulyamyang kidi lâwas ki. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v68i0.1353 Wani No. 68 2013: 45-52
Waikna Sangni/Mairin Blu (Hombre Verde/Mujer Azul)
Authors: Hobson Laura Hillary
Published: March 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v68i0.1355 Wani No. 68 2013: 64-67
Pseudospin and Spin Symmetric Solutions of the Dirac Equation: Hellmann Potential,Wei–Hua Potential, Varshni Potential
Authors: Arda Altuğ , Sever Ramazan
Published: March 2014

Approximate analytical solutions of the Dirac equation are obtained for the Hellmann potential, the Wei-Hua potential, and the Varshni potential with any k-value for the cases having the Dirac equation pseudospin and spin symmetries. Closed forms of the energy eigenvalue equations and the spinor wave functions are obtained by using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method and some tables are given to see the dependence of the energy eigenvalues on different quantum number pairs (n;κ).
Simulation of Ice Growth in Process of Liquor Evaporation-Freezing by Fractal Theory
Authors: Penghui Gao , Xingye Zhou , Donghai Zhang , Yijiang Wang
Published: March 2014

Considering complexity in process of the liquor’s evaporation-freezing and irregularity on the liquor surface, generating and developing model of ice on liquor surface was proposed by humidity difference based on fractal theory and diffusion limited aggregation model (DLA). The effect of gas flow velocity and humidity difference between gas and liquor surface on generating and developing of ice above liquor surface were analyzed by numerical simulation. The results showed that the fractal method could simulate the process generating and developing model of ice above liquor surface. It provided the new idea and method for the study of the liquor evaporation-freezing and ice growth.
Oncology monoclonal antibodies expenditure trends and reimbursement projections in the emerging Balkan market
Authors: Jakovljevic Mihajlo B
Published: March 2014

Monoclonal antibodies applied in clinical oncology present a therapeutic promise for many patients with cancer. Nevertheless these expensive protocols are associated with extremely high acquisition and administration costs. The issue of societal affordability of such treatment options is particularly at stake among middle income European economies. Medicines Agency of Serbia issues regular annual reports on public expenditure on pharmaceuticals since 2004. According to these official data total public expenditure on drugs doubled from 2004-2012 (from € 339,279,304 to € 742,013,976). During the same nine years public expenditure on antineoplastic pharmaceuticals was rising at much faster pace, approximately five times from € 10,297,616 in 2004 to € 51,223,474 in 2012. Absolutely record growth belongs to the value of turnover of monoclonal antibodies indicated in diverse malignancies. These costs became almost twenty times higher in 2012 compared to 2004 (€ 19,687,454 towards € 1,033,313 in the past). National pharmaceutical expenditure trend projections in this country show strong recovery in 2012 after severe blow to the overall health care market imposed by the worldwide crisis. Universal health insurance coverage and sustainable health care financing provision will remain difficult issues for Balkan economies in years to come. Although monoclonal antibodies exhibit undisputed therapeutic efficiency in certain malignant disorders, cost-effectiveness estimates must be taken into consideration by policy makers deciding on reimbursement.
The Kinesin-12 Kif15 is a processive track-switching tetramer
Authors: Drechsler Hauke , McHugh Toni , Singleton Martin R , Carter Nicholas J , McAinsh Andrew D
Published: March 2014

Kinesin-12 motors are a little studied branch of the kinesin superfamily with the human protein (Kif15) implicated in spindle mechanics and chromosome movement. In this study, we reconstitute full-length hKif15 and its microtubule-targeting factor hTpx2 in vitro to gain insight into the motors mode of operation. We reveal that hKif15 is a plus-end-directed processive homotetramer that can step against loads of up to 3.5 pN. We further show that hKif15 is the first kinesin that effectively switches microtubule tracks at intersections, enabling it to navigate microtubule networks, such as the spindle. hKif15 tetramers are also capable of cross-linking microtubules, but unexpectedly, this does not depend on hTpx2. Instead, we find that hTpx2 inhibits hKif15 stepping when microtubule-bound. Our data reveal that hKif15 is a second tetrameric spindle motor in addition to the kinesin-5 Eg5 and provides insight into the mechanisms by which hKif15 and its inhibitor hTpx2 modulate spindle microtubule architecture.
A high-resolution morphological and ultrastructural map of anterior sensory cilia and glia in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Doroquez David B , Berciu Cristina , Anderson James R , Sengupta Piali , Nicastro Daniela
Published: March 2014

Many primary sensory cilia exhibit unique architectures that are critical for transduction of specific sensory stimuli. Although basic ciliogenic mechanisms are well described, how complex ciliary structures are generated remains unclear. Seminal work performed several decades ago provided an initial but incomplete description of diverse sensory cilia morphologies in C. elegans. To begin to explore the mechanisms that generate these remarkably complex structures, we have taken advantage of advances in electron microscopy and tomography, and reconstructed three-dimensional structures of fifty of sixty sensory cilia in the C. elegans adult hermaphrodite at high resolution. We characterize novel axonemal microtubule organization patterns, clarify structural features at the ciliary base, describe new aspects of cilia–glia interactions, and identify structures suggesting novel mechanisms of ciliary protein trafficking. This complete ultrastructural description of diverse cilia in C. elegans provides the foundation for investigations into underlying ciliogenic pathways, as well as contributions of defined ciliary structures to specific neuronal functions.
Tomography gives a new dimension to an ancient organelle
Authors: Silva Malan , Barr Maureen M
Published: March 2014

Advances in sample preparation and electron microscopy have allowed the structure of cilia to be explored at an unprecedented level of detail.
Effects of Kr sputtering on ultrathin PtHfSi film formation
Authors: Yoshimura Yasuhiko , Ohmi Shun-ichiro
Published: March 2014

For the MOSFET scaling, a three-dimensional (3D) MOSFET is required. Kr sputtering is considered to be suitable for metal deposition on a 3D structure in terms of step coverage compared with conventional Ar sputtering. In this study, we investigated the effects of sputtering gas on the silicidation of PtHfSi to obtain a high performance and ultrathin silicide. At first, we confirmed the crystallinity of the as-deposited films by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This result suggested that better crystallinity of the as-deposited films was obtained in the case of Kr sputtering. A Pt (12 nm)/Hf (8 nm)/n-Si(100) stacked layer was formed by Ar and Kr sputtering. Silicidation at 400 °C for 1 h in N2 ambient was carried out. The thicknesses of PtHfSi formed by Ar and Kr sputtering were 10 and 5.3 nm, respectively. The thinner film formation under the same silicidation condition was probably caused by the reduction of the diffusion coefficient during silicidation, which was caused by the improvement of Pt and Hf crystallinity.
Envelope tracking CMOS power amplifier with high-speed CMOS envelope amplifier for mobile handsets
Authors: Yoshida Eiji , Sakai Yasufumi , Oishi Kazuaki , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Mori Toshihiko , Yamaura Shinji , Suto Kazuo , Tanaka Tetsu
Published: March 2014

A high-efficiency CMOS power amplifier (PA) based on envelope tracking (ET) has been reported for a wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) and long term evolution (LTE) application. By adopting a high-speed CMOS envelope amplifier with current direction sensing, a 5% improvement in total power-added efficiency (PAE) and a 11 dB decrease in adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) are achieved with a W-CDMA signal. Moreover, the proposed PA achieves a PAE of 25.4% for a 10 MHz LTE signal at an output power (P
out) of 25.6 dBm and a gain of 24 dB.
Novel silicon surface passivation by Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 films deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition
Authors: Jeong Kwang-Seok , Oh Sung-Kwen , Shin Hong-Sik , Yun Ho-Jin , Kim Seong-Hyeon , Lee Ho-Ryeong , Han Kyu-Min , Park Ho-Yun , Lee Hi-Deok , Lee Ga-Won
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a novel Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 stack is proposed as the silicon passivation layer for c-Si solar cell application. Recently, the Al2O3 film has been proved to be effective for passivating the p-type c-Si surface by forming the negative fixed oxide charge. It is confirmed by this experiment that the amount of negative fixed oxide charge can be controlled by inserting a ZnO interlayer (IL), which is explained by acceptor-like defect (VZn, Oi, and OZn) formation determined by the room-temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) analysis. The effect of ZnO IL is investigated using Al2O3 bottom layers of various thicknesses by electrical and physical analyses. The effective lifetime measurement shows that the electronic recombination losses at the silicon surface are reduced effectively by optimizing the Al2O3/ZnO/Al2O3 stack.
Nickel distribution and recombination activity in as-grown and annealed multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Kojima Takuto , Tachibana Tomihisa , Kojima Nobuaki , Ohshita Yoshio , Arafune Koji , Ogura Atsushi , Yamaguchi Masafumi
Published: March 2014

To study the impact of annealing on the nickel distribution and recombination activity at Σ3n coincident site lattice grain boundaries (CSL-GBs) in multicrystalline silicon, synchrotron-based X-ray analysis and the electron beam induced current method were performed before and after annealing. For low Σ boundaries, the interfacial symmetry at GBs strongly affects the recombination activity and nickel segregation. High Σ (≥ 81) boundaries are always recombination-active even without nickel segregation. Therefore, nickel is not a dominant factor of recombination activity at GBs. The behaviors of GBs in relation to nickel segregation before and after annealing are found to be affected by other neighboring GBs, triple junctions, or intragrain strain defects.
Grey Relational Analysis of Benefit of Surgical Management for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Wang Kaifeng , Ren Shiyan , Qian Songyi , Liu Peng
Published: March 2014

Grey relational analysis was used to compare the long-term outcomes of endovascular repair (EVAR) versus open repair for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Patients with AAA undergoing open repair (n = 133) or EVAR (n = 88) from July 1995 to January 2009 were studied retrospectively. Compared with EVAR, longer periods of postoperative intubation and hospital stay (P < 0.001) were required for open repair. The operation time was significantly longer in open surgery than in EVAR (P < 0.001). Patients in the open repair group required larger volumes of intraoperative blood transfusion than those in EVAR (P < 0.001), and they had more of a trend of cardiac failure after surgery than those in the EVAR group. The operative mortality was similar in both groups. On follow-up, the all-cause mortality and the rates of ischemic legs within 5 years had no significant differences between the 2 procedures (P > 0.05). The grey relational grades in EVAR and open repair were 0.673 and 0.936, respectively. Compared with open repair, patients with AAAs undergoing EVAR had fewer complications in the short term and had a similar all-cause mortality in the long term.
Gossypiboma Presenting as Coloduodenal Fistula – Report of a Rare Case With Review of Literature
Authors: Sistla Sarath Chandra , Ramesh Ananthakrishnan , Karthikeyan Vilvapathy Sengutuvan , Ram Duvuru , Ali Sheik Manwar , Subramaniam Raghavan Velayutham Sugi
Published: March 2014

The term gossypiboma is used to describe a mass of cotton matrix left behind in a body cavity intraoperatively. The most common site reported is the abdominal cavity. It can present with abscess, intestinal obstruction, malabsorption, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and fistulas. A 37-year-old woman presented with pain in the right hypochondrium for 2 months following open cholecystectomy. As she did not improve with proton pump inhibitors, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was done, which showed a possible gauze piece stained with bile in the first part of the duodenum. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen revealed an abnormal fistulous communication of the first part of duodenum with proximal transverse colon, with a hypodense, mottled lesion within the lumen of the proximal transverse colon plugging the fistula, suggestive of a gossypiboma. Excision of the coloduodenal fistula, primary duodenal repair, and feeding jejunostomy was done. The patient recovered well and is now tolerating normal diet. Coloduodenal fistula is usually caused by Crohn's disease, malignancy, right-sided diverticulitis, and gall stone disease. Isolated coloduodenal fistula due to gossypiboma has not been reported in the literature so far to the best of our knowledge. We report this case of coloduodenal fistula secondary to gossypiboma for its rarity and diagnostic challenge.
Effect of Topical Tetracycline on Seroma Formation in the Lichtenstein Technique: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Turk Emin , Karagulle Erdal , Coban Gokcen , Yildirim Erkan , Moray Gokhan
Published: March 2014

We sought to investigate whether application of topical tetracycline has a limiting effect on seroma formation in patients undergoing hernia repair using a polypropylene mesh. This study was conducted in 96 patients undergoing an elective groin hernia repair. Patients were randomized and divided into 2 groups. After the graft was placed, and before external oblique muscle aponeurosis was closed, 5 mL tetracycline was administered on the graft in the tetracycline group (tetra group, n = 50), and 5 mL isotonic saline was administered in the control group (n = 46) without putting in a drain. Seroma checks via surface ultrasonography were done. Seroma amounts measured on the first day were significantly higher in the tetra group (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences regarding seroma measurements on the seventh day or in the first and second months. Topical tetracycline application has no limiting effect on seroma formation after a groin hernia operation.
The Role of 3-D Endorectal Ultrasound in Rectal Cancer: Our Experience
Authors: Kolev Nikola Y. , Tonev Anton Y. , Ignatov Valentin L. , Zlatarov Aleksander K. , Bojkov Vasil M. , Kirilova Tanya D. , Encheva Elitsa , Ivanov Krasimir
Published: March 2014

In the last 20 years, endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) has been one of the main diagnostic methods for locoregional staging of rectal cancer. ERUS is accurate modality for evaluating local invasion of rectal carcinoma into the rectal wall layers (T category). Adding the three-dimensional modality (3-D) increases the capabilities of this diagnostic tool in rectal cancer patients. We review the literature and report our experience in preoperative 3-D ERUS in rectal cancer staging. In the group of 71 patients, the staging of preoperative 3-D endorectal ultrasonography was compared with the postoperative morphologic examination. Three-dimensional ERUS preoperative staging was confirmed with morphologic evaluation in 66 out of 71 cases (92.9%). The detection sensitivities of rectal cancer with 3-D ERUS were as follows: T1, 92.8%; T2, 93.1%; T3, 91.6%; and T4, 100.0%; with specificity values of T1, 98.2%; T2, 95.4%; T3, 97.8%; and T4, 98.5%. Three-dimensional ERUS correctly categorized patients with T1, 97.1%; T2, 94.3%; T3, 95.7%; and T4, 98.5%. The percentage of total overstaged cases was 2.75% and that of understaged cases was 6.87%. The metastatic status of the lymph nodes was determined with a sensitivity of 79.1% (19 of 24), specificity of 91.4% (43 of 47), and diagnostic accuracy of 87.3% (62 of 71). In our experience, 3-D ERUS has the potential to become the diagnostic modality of choice for the preoperative staging of rectal cancer.
Synthesis of G‐N2‐(CH2)3‐N2‐G Trimethylene DNA Interstrand Cross‐Links
Authors: Gruppi Francesca , Johnson Salyard Tracy L. , Rizzo Carmelo J.
Published: March 2014

The synthesis of G‐N
2‐(CH2)3‐N
2‐G trimethylene DNA interstrand cross‐links (ICLs) in a 5′‐CG‐3′ and 5′‐GC‐3′ sequence from oligodeoxynucleotides containing N
2‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and 2‐fluoro‐O
6‐(trimethylsilylethyl)inosine is presented. Automated solid‐phase DNA synthesis was used for unmodified bases and modified nucleotides were incorporated via their corresponding phosphoramidite reagent by a manual coupling protocol. The preparation of the phosphoramidite reagents for incorporation of N
2‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine is reported. The high‐purity trimethylene DNA interstrand cross‐link product is obtained through a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between the N
2‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐ and 2‐fluoro‐O
6‐(trimethylsilylethyl)inosine‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 56:5.14.1‐5.14.15. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anti‐HIV Nucleoside Phosphonate GS‐9148 and Its Prodrug GS‐9131: Scale Up of a 2′‐F Modified Cyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate and Synthesis of Selected Amidate Prodrugs
Authors: Mackman Richard L.
Published: March 2014

Nucleoside phosphonate analogs are an important class of antiviral drugs for the treatment of HIV and HBV. The most recent nucleoside phosphonate to progress to clinical development is GS‐9131, a cyclic nucleoside phosphonate (CNP). This unit contains procedures for the synthesis of the parent CNP 2′‐Fd4AP (GS‐9148) and selected monoamidate and bisamidate prodrugs, including the monoamidate clinical prodrug GS‐9131. The first basic protocol of this unit details improved procedures for the preparation of 2′‐Fd4AP and related phosphonate esters by introduction of a hydroxylmethyl phosphonate ester regioselectively and stereoselectively onto a furanose core via a glycal intermediate. The method described is believed to be robust and flexible, allowing for a variety of analogs with other nucleobases or furanose 2′‐ring substitutions to be prepared. The preparation of monoamidate and bisamidate prodrugs either on the phosphonate diacid or its monophenyl ester is then described in the second and third basic protocols of this unit. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 56:14.10.1‐14.10.21. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The coupled moisture‐heat process of permafrost around a thermokarst pond in Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau under global warming
Authors: Li Shuangyang , Zhan Hongbin , Lai Yuanming , Sun Zhizhong , Pei Wansheng
Published: March 2014

Due to environmental disturbances such as local human activity and global warming, melting of massive ground ice has resulted in thermokarst ponds, which are extensively distributed in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). Besides the global warming, the thermokarst pond, as a major heat source, speeds up the moisture change and degradation of its surrounding permafrost. To analyze the long‐term coupled moisture‐heat process near a representative nonpenetrative thermokarst pond in a permafrost region, abundant temperature data over multiple years at different depths and horizontal distances from the center of the thermokarst pond have been collected at a field experimental station in QTP. A numerical model is built to analyze this thermokarst pond. The temperature and moisture processes of surrounding permafrost are simulated by this model and compared with measured temperature data. Our results show that if the rate of air temperature rise is 0.048°C/yr, which refers to a 2.4°C temperature rise over 50 years, the thawing fronts underneath the thermokarst pond move downward at a linear rate of 0.18 m/yr and the permafrost beneath the pond center would disappear after the year of 2281. Beyond that time, the impact range of the pond on the natural ground increases to about 50 m in horizontal direction. So a dish‐shape thawing zone occurs around the thermokarst pond. Simultaneously, the moisture state is greatly changed in 2281 and becomes completely different from that in 2013. All of these would inevitably deteriorate the ecological and environmental system in QTP.
The morphology of insular shelves as a key for understanding the geological evolution of volcanic islands: Insights from Terceira Island (Azores)
Authors: Quartau R. , Hipólito A. , Romagnoli C. , Casalbore D. , Madeira J. , Tempera F. , Roque C. , Chiocci F. L.
Published: March 2014

Shelves from volcanic ocean islands result from the competition between two main processes, wave erosion that forms and enlarges them and volcanic progradation that reduces their dimension. In places where erosion dominates over volcanism, shelf width can be used as a proxy for the relative age of the subaerial volcanic edifices and reconstruction of their extents prior to erosion can be achieved. In this study, new multibeam bathymetry and high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles are exploited to characterize the morphology of the insular shelves adjacent to each volcanic edifice of Terceira Island in order to improve the understanding of its evolution. Subaerial morphological and geological/stratigraphic data were also used to establish the connection between the onshore and offshore evolution. Shelf width contiguous to each main volcanic edifice is consistent with the known subaerial geological history of the island; most of the older edifices have wider shelves than younger ones. The shelf edge proved to be a very useful indicator in revealing the original extent of each volcanic edifice in plan view. Its depth was also used to reconstruct vertical movements, showing that older edifices like Serra do Cume‐Ribeirinha, Guilherme Moniz, and Pico Alto have subsided while more recent ones have not. The morphology of the shelf (namely the absence/presence of fresh lava flow morphologies and several types of erosional, depositional, and tectonic features) integrated with the analysis of the coastline morphology allowed us to better constrain previous geological interpretations of the island evolution.
Reliable probabilistic forecasts from an ensemble reservoir inflow forecasting system
Authors: Bourdin Dominique R. , Nipen Thomas N. , Stull Roland B.
Published: March 2014

This paper describes a probabilistic reservoir inflow forecasting system that explicitly attempts to sample from major sources of uncertainty in the modeling chain. Uncertainty in hydrologic forecasts arises due to errors in the hydrologic models themselves, their parameterizations, and in the initial and boundary conditions (e.g., meteorological observations or forecasts) used to drive the forecasts. The Member‐to‐Member (M2M) ensemble presented herein uses individual members of a numerical weather model ensemble to drive two different distributed hydrologic models, each of which is calibrated using three different objective functions. An ensemble of deterministic hydrologic states is generated by spinning up the daily simulated state using each model and parameterization. To produce probabilistic forecasts, uncertainty models are used to fit probability distribution functions (PDF) to the bias‐corrected ensemble. The parameters of the distribution are estimated based on statistical properties of the ensemble and past verifying observations. The uncertainty model is able to produce reliable probability forecasts by matching the shape of the PDF to the shape of the empirical distribution of forecast errors. This shape is found to vary seasonally in the case‐study watershed. We present an “intelligent” adaptation to a Probability Integral Transform (PIT)‐based probability calibration scheme that relabels raw cumulative probabilities into calibrated cumulative probabilities based on recent past forecast performance. As expected, the intelligent scheme, which applies calibration corrections only when probability forecasts are deemed sufficiently unreliable, improves reliability without the inflation of ignorance exhibited in certain cases by the original PIT‐based scheme.
Moffitt, Terrie
Authors: Jennings Wesley G. , Dobrow Jason
Published: March 2014

Born in Nuremberg, Germany, March 9, 1955. Education: University of North Carolina 1977,
BA
psychology; University of Southern California 1981,
MA
experimental animal behavior; University of Southern California 1984,
PhD
clinical psychology. Adjunct Deputy Director, Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Research Unit, 1984–1991; Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1985–1989; Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1989–1994; Scientific Director/Core Group Member, Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, 1990–1995; Professor, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1995–2007; Professor, Duke University, 2007–present.
Criminal Careers
Authors: Reingle Jennifer M.
Published: March 2014

This entry details the theoretical importance of the life‐course perspective of criminal behavior. Specifically, the difference between life‐course persistent offenders, adolescent limited offenders, static and dynamic risk factors for crime, and the integration of general theories of crime within the criminal careers framework are described. The duration, onset, and specialization of offending within the differential trajectories of offending are discussed. All of these concepts are placed in the context of criminal justice system policy, such as three‐strikes and mandatory minimum sentencing, and prevention programming.
Techniques of Neutralization
Authors: Copes Heith
Published: March 2014

Gresham Sykes and David Matza argue that, when offenders contemplate committing criminal acts, they use linguistic devices to neutralize the guilt of committing crime. The most common neutralization techniques that offenders use include denial of responsibility, denial of harm, denial of victim, appeal to higher loyalties, and condemnation of the condemners. Despite mixed empirical support, the neutralization theory has gained widespread acceptance within criminology and has been incorporated into many mainstream criminological theories.
Akers, Ron L.
Authors: Jennings Wesley G. , Henderson Brandy B.
Published: March 2014

Ronald L. Akers is an American criminologist best known as a sociological theorist of crime and deviance, and most especially for his criminological theory of social learning. This theory was derived from Edwin Sutherland's work on differential association and combined with general social behavioral principles. It has since come to be regarded as one of the staples of criminological thought, and has been successfully used to explain deviant behavior in more situations than almost any other criminological theory. Akers has also published some of the most well known criminological theory texts such as
Deviant behavior
and
Criminological theories
. He continues to contribute his expertise as a professor at the University of Florida in the Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, where he has been a member of the faculty for more than 30 years.