bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Stripping on Broadway to Knitting on TV
Authors: Clark Jennifer S.
Published: October 2016

Using program content, industry contextualization, and archival materials, this article analyzes The Gypsy Rose Lee Show (ABC, 1965–68) in terms of its complex relationship to labor and the consequences of labor practices for television workers. Hosted by famed performer Gypsy Rose Lee, this syndicated program utilized the celebrity and performance skills of its host and guests to both express and mask the labors required of television production. While the feminized and queer qualities of such labors created progressive performances around marginalized workers and invisible work, in some aspects the show acceded to the economic demands of capital against the rights of labor. Lee as a television celebrity and worker thus warrants consideration for her contributions to a transitional moment in American culture and television history.
“The Mystery Woman of Hollywood”
Authors: Banner Lois
Published: October 2016

“‘The Mystery Woman of Hollywood’: Greta Garbo, Feminism, and Stardom” analyzes feminism as manifested in Greta Garbo's life and career. It focuses on her European background; the media discourse on her; feminism in her films and in the United States in the 1920s; and Garbo's rebellion against Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg, the heads of her studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). It also deals with her dress reform stance, her masculine femininity, the nature of her fans (especially the “Garbomaniacs”), and her friendships with the screenwriters Salka Viertel and Mercedes de Acosta. It concludes with an analysis of the 1933 film Queen Christina, characterizing it as the culmination of Garbo's feminism.
Autosomal and X-Linked Additive Genetic Variation for Lifespan and Aging: Comparisons Within and Between the Sexes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Griffin Robert M , Schielzeth Holger , Friberg Urban
Published: October 2016

Theory makes several predictions concerning differences in genetic variation between the X chromosome and the autosomes due to male X hemizygosity. The X chromosome should: (i) typically show relatively less standing genetic variation than the autosomes, (ii) exhibit more variation in males compared to females because of dosage compensation, and (iii) potentially be enriched with sex-specific genetic variation. Here, we address each of these predictions for lifespan and aging in Drosophila melanogaster. To achieve unbiased estimates of X and autosomal additive genetic variance, we use 80 chromosome substitution lines; 40 for the X chromosome and 40 combining the two major autosomes, which we assay for sex-specific and cross-sex genetic (co)variation. We find significant X and autosomal additive genetic variance for both traits in both sexes (with reservation for X-linked variation of aging in females), but no conclusive evidence for depletion of X-linked variation (measured through females). Males display more X-linked variation for lifespan than females, but it is unclear if this is due to dosage compensation since also autosomal variation is larger in males. Finally, our results suggest that the X chromosome is enriched for sex-specific genetic variation in lifespan but results were less conclusive for aging overall. Collectively, these results suggest that the X chromosome has reduced capacity to respond to sexually concordant selection on lifespan from standing genetic variation, while its ability to respond to sexually antagonistic selection may be augmented.
First Draft Assembly and Annotation of the Genome of a California Endemic OakQuercus lobataNée (Fagaceae)
Authors: Sork Victoria L , Fitz-Gibbon Sorel T , Puiu Daniela , Crepeau Marc , Gugger Paul F , Sherman Rachel , Stevens Kristian , Langley Charles H , Pellegrini Matteo , Salzberg Steven L
Published: October 2016

Oak represents a valuable natural resource across Northern Hemisphere ecosystems, attracting a large research community studying its genetics, ecology, conservation, and management. Here we introduce a draft genome assembly of valley oak (Quercus lobata) using Illumina sequencing of adult leaf tissue of a tree found in an accessible, well-studied, natural southern California population. Our assembly includes a nuclear genome and a complete chloroplast genome, along with annotation of encoded genes. The assembly contains 94,394 scaffolds, totaling 1.17 Gb with 18,512 scaffolds of length 2 kb or longer, with a total length of 1.15 Gb, and a N50 scaffold size of 278,077 kb. The k-mer histograms indicate an diploid genome size of ∼720–730 Mb, which is smaller than the total length due to high heterozygosity, estimated at 1.25%. A comparison with a recently published European oak (Q. robur) nuclear sequence indicates 93% similarity. The Q. lobata chloroplast genome has 99% identity with another North American oak, Q. rubra. Preliminary annotation yielded an estimate of 61,773 predicted protein-coding genes, of which 71% had similarity to known protein domains. We searched 956 Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs, and found 863 complete orthologs, of which 450 were present in > 1 copy. We also examined an earlier version (v0.5) where duplicate haplotypes were removed to discover variants. These additional sources indicate that the predicted gene count in Version 1.0 is overestimated by 37–52%. Nonetheless, this first draft valley oak genome assembly represents a high-quality, well-annotated genome that provides a tool for forest restoration and management practices.
Genomic Prediction of Single Crosses in the Early Stages of a Maize Hybrid Breeding Pipeline
Authors: Kadam Dnyaneshwar C , Potts Sarah M , Bohn Martin O , Lipka Alexander E , Lorenz Aaron J
Published: October 2016

Prediction of single-cross performance has been a major goal of plant breeders since the beginning of hybrid breeding. Recently, genomic prediction has shown to be a promising approach, but only limited studies have examined the accuracy of predicting single-cross performance. Moreover, no studies have examined the potential of predicting single crosses among random inbreds derived from a series of biparental families, which resembles the structure of germplasm comprising the initial stages of a hybrid maize breeding pipeline. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of genomic prediction for identifying superior single crosses early in the hybrid breeding pipeline and optimize its application. To accomplish these objectives, we designed and analyzed a novel population of single crosses representing the Iowa Stiff Stalk synthetic/non-Stiff Stalk heterotic pattern commonly used in the development of North American commercial maize hybrids. The performance of single crosses was predicted using parental combining ability and covariance among single crosses. Prediction accuracies were estimated using cross-validation and ranged from 0.28 to 0.77 for grain yield, 0.53 to 0.91 for plant height, and 0.49 to 0.94 for staygreen, depending on the number of tested parents of the single cross and genomic prediction method used. The genomic estimated general and specific combining abilities showed an advantage over genomic covariances among single crosses when one or both parents of the single cross were untested. Overall, our results suggest that genomic prediction of single crosses in the early stages of a hybrid breeding pipeline holds great potential to redesign hybrid breeding and increase its efficiency.
Depletion of Shine-Dalgarno Sequences Within Bacterial Coding Regions Is Expression Dependent
Authors: Yang Chuyue , Hockenberry Adam J , Jewett Michael C , Amaral Luís A N
Published: October 2016

Efficient and accurate protein synthesis is crucial for organismal survival in competitive environments. Translation efficiency (the number of proteins translated from a single mRNA in a given time period) is the combined result of differential translation initiation, elongation, and termination rates. Previous research identified the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence as a modulator of translation initiation in bacterial genes, while codon usage biases are frequently implicated as a primary determinant of elongation rate variation. Recent studies have suggested that SD sequences within coding sequences may negatively affect translation elongation speed, but this claim remains controversial. Here, we present a metric to quantify the prevalence of SD sequences in coding regions. We analyze hundreds of bacterial genomes and find that the coding sequences of highly expressed genes systematically contain fewer SD sequences than expected, yielding a robust correlation between the normalized occurrence of SD sites and protein abundances across a range of bacterial taxa. We further show that depletion of SD sequences within ribosomal protein genes is correlated with organismal growth rates, supporting the hypothesis of strong selection against the presence of these sequences in coding regions and suggesting their association with translation efficiency in bacteria.
Predictive Model and Software for Inbreeding-Purging Analysis of Pedigreed Populations
Authors: García-Dorado Aurora , Wang Jinliang , López-Cortegano Eugenio
Published: October 2016

The inbreeding depression of fitness traits can be a major threat to the survival of populations experiencing inbreeding. However, its accurate prediction requires taking into account the genetic purging induced by inbreeding, which can be achieved using a “purged inbreeding coefficient”. We have developed a method to compute purged inbreeding at the individual level in pedigreed populations with overlapping generations. Furthermore, we derive the inbreeding depression slope for individual logarithmic fitness, which is larger than that for the logarithm of the population fitness average. In addition, we provide a new software, PURGd, based on these theoretical results that allows analyzing pedigree data to detect purging, and to estimate the purging coefficient, which is the parameter necessary to predict the joint consequences of inbreeding and purging. The software also calculates the purged inbreeding coefficient for each individual, as well as standard and ancestral inbreeding. Analysis of simulation data show that this software produces reasonably accurate estimates for the inbreeding depression rate and for the purging coefficient that are useful for predictive purposes.
The Genetic Basis of Upland/Lowland Ecotype Divergence in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Authors: Milano Elizabeth R , Lowry David B , Juenger Thomas E
Published: October 2016

The evolution of locally adapted ecotypes is a common phenomenon that generates diversity within plant species. However, we know surprisingly little about the genetic mechanisms underlying the locally adapted traits involved in ecotype formation. The genetic architecture underlying locally adapted traits dictates how an organism will respond to environmental selection pressures, and has major implications for evolutionary ecology, conservation, and crop breeding. To understand the genetic architecture underlying the divergence of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) ecotypes, we constructed a genetic mapping population through a four-way outbred cross between two northern upland and two southern lowland accessions. Trait segregation in this mapping population was largely consistent with multiple independent loci controlling the suite of traits that characterizes ecotype divergence. We assembled a joint linkage map using ddRADseq, and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for traits that are divergent between ecotypes, including flowering time, plant size, physiological processes, and disease resistance. Overall, we found that most QTL had small to intermediate effects. While we identified colocalizing QTL for multiple traits, we did not find any large-effect QTL that clearly controlled multiple traits through pleiotropy or tight physical linkage. These results indicate that ecologically important traits in switchgrass have a complex genetic basis, and that similar loci may underlie divergence across the geographic range of the ecotypes.
Regulation of Secondary Metabolism by the Velvet Complex Is Temperature-Responsive in Aspergillus
Authors: Lind Abigail L , Smith Timothy D , Saterlee Timothy , Calvo Ana M , Rokas Antonis
Published: October 2016

Sensing and responding to environmental cues is critical to the lifestyle of filamentous fungi. How environmental variation influences fungi to produce a wide diversity of ecologically important secondary metabolites (SMs) is not well understood. To address this question, we first examined changes in global gene expression of the opportunistic human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, after exposure to different temperature conditions. We found that 11 of the 37 SM gene clusters in A. fumigatus were expressed at higher levels at 30° than at 37°. We next investigated the role of the light-responsive Velvet complex in environment-dependent gene expression by examining temperature-dependent transcription profiles in the absence of two key members of the Velvet protein complex, VeA and LaeA. We found that the 11 temperature-regulated SM gene clusters required VeA at 37° and LaeA at both 30 and 37° for wild-type levels of expression. Interestingly, four SM gene clusters were regulated by VeA at 37° but not at 30°, and two additional ones were regulated by VeA at both temperatures but were substantially less so at 30°, indicating that the role of VeA and, more generally of the Velvet complex, in the regulation of certain SM gene clusters is temperature-dependent. Our findings support the hypothesis that fungal secondary metabolism is regulated by an intertwined network of transcriptional regulators responsive to multiple environmental factors.
Prevention of DNA Rereplication Through a Meiotic Recombination Checkpoint Response
Authors: Najor Nicole A , Weatherford Layne , Brush George S
Published: October 2016

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, unnatural stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Sic1 during meiosis can trigger extra rounds of DNA replication. When programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated but not repaired due to absence of DMC1, a pathway involving the checkpoint gene RAD17 prevents this DNA rereplication. Further genetic analysis has now revealed that prevention of DNA rereplication also requires MEC1, which encodes a protein kinase that serves as a central checkpoint regulator in several pathways including the meiotic recombination checkpoint response. Downstream of MEC1, MEK1 is required through its function to inhibit repair between sister chromatids. By contrast, meiotic recombination checkpoint effectors that regulate gene expression and cyclin-dependent kinase activity are not necessary. Phosphorylation of histone H2A, which is catalyzed by Mec1 and the related Tel1 protein kinase in response to DSBs, and can help coordinate activation of the Rad53 checkpoint protein kinase in the mitotic cell cycle, is required for the full checkpoint response. Phosphorylation sites that are targeted by Rad53 in a mitotic S phase checkpoint response are also involved, based on the behavior of cells containing mutations in the DBF4 and SLD3 DNA replication genes. However, RAD53 does not appear to be required, nor does RAD9, which encodes a mediator of Rad53, consistent with their lack of function in the recombination checkpoint pathway that prevents meiotic progression. While this response is similar to a checkpoint mechanism that inhibits initiation of DNA replication in the mitotic cell cycle, the evidence points to a new variation on DNA replication control.
A Natural Mutation Involving both Pathogenicity and Perithecium Formation in theFusarium graminearumSpecies Complex
Authors: Suga Haruhisha , Kageyama Koji , Shimizu Masafumi , Hyakumachi Misturo
Published: October 2016

Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex or FGSC) are the primary pathogens causing Fusarium head blight in wheat and barley worldwide. A natural pathogenicity mutant (strain 0225022) was found in a sample of the Fg complex collected in Japan. The mutant strain did not induce symptoms in wheat spikes beyond the point of inoculation, and did not form perithecia. No segregation of phenotypic deficiencies occurred in the progenies of a cross between the mutant and a fully pathogenic wild-type strain, which suggested that a single genetic locus controlled both traits. The locus was mapped to chromosome 2 by using sequence-tagged markers; and a deletion of ∼3 kb was detected in the mapped region of the mutant strain. The wild-type strain contains the FGSG_02810 gene, encoding a putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor protein, in this region. The contribution of FGSG_02810 to pathogenicity and perithecium formation was confirmed by complementation in the mutant strain using gene transfer, and by gene disruption in the wild-type strain.
Suitability of Different Mapping Algorithms for Genome-Wide Polymorphism Scans with Pool-Seq Data
Authors: Kofler Robert , Langmüller Anna Maria , Nouhaud Pierre , Otte Kathrin Anna , Schlötterer Christian
Published: October 2016

The cost-effectiveness of sequencing pools of individuals (Pool-Seq) provides the basis for the popularity and widespread use of this method for many research questions, ranging from unraveling the genetic basis of complex traits, to the clonal evolution of cancer cells. Because the accuracy of Pool-Seq could be affected by many potential sources of error, several studies have determined, for example, the influence of sequencing technology, the library preparation protocol, and mapping parameters. Nevertheless, the impact of the mapping tools has not yet been evaluated. Using simulated and real Pool-Seq data, we demonstrate a substantial impact of the mapping tools, leading to characteristic false positives in genome-wide scans. The problem of false positives was particularly pronounced when data with different read lengths and insert sizes were compared. Out of 14 evaluated algorithms novoalign, bwa mem and clc4 are most suitable for mapping Pool-Seq data. Nevertheless, no single algorithm is sufficient for avoiding all false positives. We show that the intersection of the results of two mapping algorithms provides a simple, yet effective, strategy to eliminate false positives. We propose that the implementation of a consistent Pool-Seq bioinformatics pipeline, building on the recommendations of this study, can substantially increase the reliability of Pool-Seq results, in particular when libraries generated with different protocols are being compared.
Reconstructing the Backbone of the Saccharomycotina Yeast Phylogeny Using Genome-Scale Data
Authors: Shen Xing-Xing , Zhou Xiaofan , Kominek Jacek , Kurtzman Cletus P , Hittinger Chris Todd , Rokas Antonis
Published: October 2016

Understanding the phylogenetic relationships among the yeasts of the subphylum Saccharomycotina is a prerequisite for understanding the evolution of their metabolisms and ecological lifestyles. In the last two decades, the use of rDNA and multilocus data sets has greatly advanced our understanding of the yeast phylogeny, but many deep relationships remain unsupported. In contrast, phylogenomic analyses have involved relatively few taxa and lineages that were often selected with limited considerations for covering the breadth of yeast biodiversity. Here we used genome sequence data from 86 publicly available yeast genomes representing nine of the 11 known major lineages and 10 nonyeast fungal outgroups to generate a 1233-gene, 96-taxon data matrix. Species phylogenies reconstructed using two different methods (concatenation and coalescence) and two data matrices (amino acids or the first two codon positions) yielded identical and highly supported relationships between the nine major lineages. Aside from the lineage comprised by the family Pichiaceae, all other lineages were monophyletic. Most interrelationships among yeast species were robust across the two methods and data matrices. However, eight of the 93 internodes conflicted between analyses or data sets, including the placements of: the clade defined by species that have reassigned the CUG codon to encode serine, instead of leucine; the clade defined by a whole genome duplication; and the species Ascoidea rubescens. These phylogenomic analyses provide a robust roadmap for future comparative work across the yeast subphylum in the disciplines of taxonomy, molecular genetics, evolutionary biology, ecology, and biotechnology. To further this end, we have also provided a BLAST server to query the 86 Saccharomycotina genomes, which can be found at http://y1000plus.org/blast.
Genomic Prediction of Resistance to Pasteurellosis in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Using 2b-RAD Sequencing
Authors: Palaiokostas Christos , Ferraresso Serena , Franch Rafaella , Houston Ross D , Bargelloni Luca
Published: October 2016

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is a species of paramount importance to the Mediterranean aquaculture industry, with an annual production exceeding 140,000 metric tons. Pasteurellosis due to the Gram-negative bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp) causes significant mortality, especially during larval and juvenile stages, and poses a serious threat to bream production. Selective breeding for improved resistance to pasteurellosis is a promising avenue for disease control, and the use of genetic markers to predict breeding values can improve the accuracy of selection, and allow accurate calculation of estimated breeding values of nonchallenged animals. In the current study, a population of 825 sea bream juveniles, originating from a factorial cross between 67 broodfish (32 sires, 35 dams), were challenged by 30 min immersion with 1 × 105 CFU virulent Phdp. Mortalities and survivors were recorded and sampled for genotyping by sequencing. The restriction-site associated DNA sequencing approach, 2b-RAD, was used to generate genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes for all samples. A high-density linkage map containing 12,085 SNPs grouped into 24 linkage groups (consistent with the karyotype) was constructed. The heritability of surviving days (censored data) was 0.22 (95% highest density interval: 0.11–0.36) and 0.28 (95% highest density interval: 0.17–0.4) using the pedigree and the genomic relationship matrix respectively. A genome-wide association study did not reveal individual SNPs significantly associated with resistance at a genome-wide significance level. Genomic prediction approaches were tested to investigate the potential of the SNPs obtained by 2b-RAD for estimating breeding values for resistance. The accuracy of the genomic prediction models (r = 0.38–0.46) outperformed the traditional BLUP approach based on pedigree records (r = 0.30). Overall results suggest that major quantitative trait loci affecting resistance to pasteurellosis were not present in this population, but highlight the effectiveness of 2b-RAD genotyping by sequencing for genomic selection in a mass spawning fish species.
A Simplified Strategy for Introducing Genetic Variants intoDrosophilaCompound Autosome Stocks
Authors: Gilliland William D , May Dennis P , Colwell Eileen M , Kennison James A
Published: October 2016

Drosophila stocks bearing compound chromosomes, single molecules of DNA that carry the genomic complement of two chromosomes, are useful tools for studying meiosis and mitosis. However, these stocks cannot easily be crossed to stocks with regular chromosomes, due to the lethality of the resulting whole-chromosome aneuploidy. This prevents the examination of interesting genetic variants in a compound chromosome background. Methods to circumvent this difficulty have included the use of triploid females or nondisjunction (caused by either cold-induced microtubule depolymerization or meiotic mutants). Here, we present a new approach for crossing compound chromosomes that takes advantage of the nonhomologous segregations that result when multiple chromosomes in the same genome are prevented from meiotic crossing over by heterozygosity for balancer chromosomes. This approach gives higher yields of the desired progeny in fewer generations of crossing. Using this technique, we have created and validated stocks carrying both a compound-X and compound-2, as well as compound-2 stocks carrying the meiotic mutant nod.
Fiqh Issues in the Border Areas of West Kalimantan
Authors: Siregar Hamka
Published: October 2016

The less prosperous condition of the community in the Indonesia-Malaysia border area in the province of West Kalimantan has resulted in several problems including those related to fiqh, such as the sale and purchase of illegal goods from Malaysia, the phenomena of illegal migrant workers from Indonesia, human trafficking, transnational marriages, double identity cards, etc. In the perspective of fiqh, there is no ban on trading between people of different nationalities. In the legislative provisions, all citizens are bound not to commit illegal trade. On the other hand, the cases of double identity cards, transnational marriages, and the issue of migrant workers, in fact, are against the fiqh. However, in the context of citizenship, people should follow the provisions of the prevailing legislation. These fiqh issues have motivated the author to analyze them from the perspective of fiqh. Hopefully, we can get a picture of the fiqh problems in the Indonesia-Malaysia border area and find solutions to them.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v23i2.2654
Pasang Surut Hubungan Aceh dan Turki Usmani: Perspektif Sejarah
Authors: Burhanudin Jajat
Published: October 2016

A. C. S. Peacock and Annabel Teh Gallop, eds. 2015. From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia. Oxford: The British Academy by Oxford University Press.This book comprises of some articles with the major contribution to investigating further the relation between the Ottoman in Istanbul and Muslim kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Using the archival sources from the Ottoman period, those articles highlight new information on the Ottoman-Southeast Asia network, which has been rather neglected from any scholarly studies. Especially in relation with the Acehnese kingdom, the discussions of this book demonstrate that Aceh was the only Southeast Asian Islamic kingdom which made serious efforts to make relation with the Ottoman. Issues related to politics, commerce, and military aids constituted the main substance in the relation they established in the sixteenth century, which then continued in the seventeenth century in the form of intellectual and religious network. The period of the nineteenth century witnessed the re-emergence of the political issue in Aceh-Ottoman relation, as Aceh looked for Ottoman protection to face the Dutch military invasion.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v23i2.3259
Al-Islām wa al-Madd wa al-Jazr fī al-‘Alāqāt bayn al-Dīn wa al-Dawlah fī Indonesia
Authors: Ropi Ismatu
Published: October 2016

This article reviews the complex contestation between religion and state in terms of the Muslims role in the formation of nation state since Indonesia’s independence. The article’s first part discusses the emergence of new middle-class Muslims that played a key role in the Islamization process and contribute to the emergence of Islamist attitudes and behavior. These attitudes tend to be strengthened and lead the potential latent extremism endangering multiculturalism and multireligious life in Indonesia. The article’s second part focuses on the long history of the Muslims role as majority groups in the formation of the constitution’s nomenclature relating to the position of religion in the state system. The new middle-class Muslims also have a desire to achieve their dreams exposing the greater portion of religion in public sphere. It can be seen from the strengthening of those Muslims activists in the parliament to transform the comprehensive meaning of the concept of God.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v23i2.3715
Parental Refusal of Surgery in an Infant With Tricuspid Atresia
Authors: Kon Alexander A. , Patel Angira , Leuthner Steven , Lantos John D.
Published: October 2016

We present a case of a fetal diagnosis of tricuspid atresia (TA). The pregnant woman and her husband requested that the baby be treated with only palliative care. The cardiologist did not think it would be appropriate to withhold life-prolonging surgery once the infant was born. The neonatologist argued that outcomes for TA are similar to those for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and the standard practice at the institution was to allow parents to choose surgery or end-of-life care for those infants. The team requested an ethics consultation to assist in determining whether forgoing life-prolonging interventions in this case would be ethically supportable. In this article, we ask a pediatric intensivist, a pediatric cardiologist, and a neonatologist to discuss the ethics of withholding life-sustaining treatment of a baby with TA.
Religion, National Identity and Nation Building: Muhammad Mitwalli Sha?rawi’s Concept of Islam and Its Ties to Modern Egyptian Politics
Authors: Brinton Jacquelene
Published: October 2016

Muhammad Mitwalli Sha?r?w? (1911–1998) was a Muslim religious scholar (s. ?alim, p. ?ulama?) who worked in an official capacity for the Egyptian government, and gained celebrity through his televised Quranic interpretations. By the time Sha?r?w? began his television career, Al-Azhar, the premier institution for training Sunni ?ulama?, was fully integrated into the apparatus of the Egyptian Republic, which made it easy for the state to solicit the help of ?ulama? like Sha?r?w? in its nation-building project. Sha?r?w? used Islam to bring forth a new sense of belonging, but his language about national belonging clashed with his exclusivist religious language. By looking at the attempted construction of national identity over time, this article charts the negotiation between religion and politics in late twentieth century Egypt where religion was not ousted from public discussion, but was subject to institutionalized restrictions, and allowed continuities in order to support national inclusivity.
Space Law, Shari?a, and the Legal Place of a Scientific Enterprise: The Case for a Parallel Challenge of Sovereignty
Authors: Durrani Haris A.
Published: October 2016

This article synthesizes questions of sovereignty in shari?a scholarship today with parallel challenges in the nascent field of space law. Space law’s focus on regulating political, economic, and social factors related to outer space particularly its focus on the “peaceful uses of outer space” against its prevalent military applications— makes space law especially relevant to the “Muslim world,” where Euroamerican dominance of this military high ground represents a specific differential of violence, power, and authority. Using a comparative approach to bring together these two perceived ends of law in their social, political, technological, and religious interactions with modern legal structures, this paper investigates the nature of law and its relationship to sovereignty and the state through differentials of power. Focusing on each field’s debated notions of “law” as opposed to “governance,” the veracity and multiplicity of shared or parallel legal contentions illustrate the challenge (for some, the crisis) of modernity as a legal (and broader) project of differentials of power across legal scopes. This shows that further comparative interrogations of space law and shari?a can continue to produce, and perhaps resolve, similar and pressing questions about the problem of sovereignty in modernity.
Widening the Comparative Theoretical Framework of Interstate Conflict and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Gardner Ronald L.
Published: October 2016

Neither Islamic nor Western conceptualizations of conflict or conflict resolution are monolithic, although scholars frequently depict them as such. We determine that when researchers widen their comparative theoretical frameworks to produce a more representative intra-cultural conceptualization prior to juxtaposing Islamic and Western approaches to conflict resolution, it increasingly facilitates the search for culturally sensitive and mutually acceptable techniques for managing or resolving conflict across these cultures. Demonstrating the utility of this approach, we re-analyze Western and Islamic conceptualizations of conflict and conflict resolution at the theoretical and practical levels to observe that these cultures share more commonalities than are usually acknowledged in contemporary literature. Within a highly globalized world, and in light of continued political/military Western intervention in predominantly Muslim countries such as Iraq and Syria, the need for identifying methods of managing or resolving conflict across these cultures is acute.
VEIKSNIAI, TURINTYS ĮTAKOS MOTERS PASITENKINIMUI PLANINIU GIMDYMU IR PLANINE CEZARIO PJŪVIO OPERACIJA
Authors: Paliulytė Virginija , Zdanytė Kristina , Žitkutė Viktorija
Published: October 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: pasitenkinimas gimdymu, gimdymas, cezario pjūvio operacija. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti veiksnius, lemiančius gimdyvių pasitenkinimą gimdymu planinio gimdymo arba planinio cezario pjūvio metu. Metodika. Prospektyvinis anketinis tyrimas atliktas Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikų (VUL SK) Akušerijos ir ginekologijos centre 2015 m. sausio–kovo mėnesiais. Dalis anketos pildyta prieš gimdymą, dalis – pirmą parą po gimdymo. Tyrime dalyvavo 59 moterys. Duomenys apdoroti „Excel“, SPSS17 programomis. Rezultatai laikyti statistiškai reikšmingi, kai p < 0,05. Rezultatai. Statiškai reikšmingai nenustatyta, kad labiau pasitenkinusios natūraliu gimdymu moterys tokį būdą rinktųsi ir kito gimdymo metu. Rastas statistiškai patikimas ryšys, kad pasitenkinimas gimdymu netiesiogiai priklauso nuo laikotarpio, po kurio moteris atsikėlė iš lovos (p = 0,046). 44 proc. moterų teigė, kad pasitikėjimas personalu gimdymo metu padidėjo, 46 proc. – išliko toks pat, kaip ir prieš gimdymą, 10 proc. moterų nurodė sumažėjusį pasitikėjimą, tačiau tai nebuvo reikšmingas veiksnys galutiniam pasitenkinimo vertinimui. Moterys, kurios teigė, kad personalas nepakankamai jas informavo apie gimdymo eigą, pasitenkinimą vertino žemesniais balais. Jaučiamas skausmas po gimdymo ar operacijos statistiškai reikšmingai daro įtaką pasitenkinimui gimdymu (p = 0,047). Išvados. Moterys, kurios planavo gimdyti natūraliais takais, tačiau gimdymas pasibaigė CPO, savo pasitenkinimą gimdymu vertino mažesniais balais. Statistiškai patikimos koreliacijos tarp gimdymo būdo ir moters nuomonės, kokiu būdu ji norėtų gimdyti ateityje, negavome. Moterys, kurios teigė, kad personalas nepakankamai jas informavo apie gimdymo eigą, pasitenkinimą vertino žemesniais balais. Atlikus koreliacinę analizę tarp moters išsilavinimo ir baimės gimdyti ar tarp artimųjų dalyvavimo gimdyme bei moters pasitenkinimo statistiškai patikimas ryšys nebuvo nustatytas.
PAPRASTŲJŲ JONAŽOLIŲ NAUDOJIMAS GYDANT SUNKIĄ DEPRESIJĄ
Authors: Sabaliauskaitė Marija , Brazaitis Gediminas
Published: October 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: jonažolė, depresija. Paprastosios jonažolės, remiantis moksliniais tyrimais, šiuo metu gali būti skiriamos lengvai ir vidutinio sunkumo depresijai gydyti [6, 7]. Tačiau sergantieji sunkia depresija taip pat linkę jas vartoti, bet nauda yra abejotina [8]. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pastarųjų penkerių metų tyrimus apie jonažolių poveikį gydant sunkią depresiją, jį lyginant su sintetiniais antidepresantais ir placebu. Tyrimų, analizuojančių jonažolių poveikį gydant sunkią depresiją, paieška atlikta „PubMed“, „Embase“ ir „Cochrane“ duomenų bazėse. Atrinkti moksliniai darbai buvo ne senesni kaip penkerių metų. Tyrimai turėjo būti dvigubai akli, placebo – kontroliuojami, užtikrinta tiriamųjų randomizacija. Analizei atrinkti du tiriamieji darbai – Grobler A. J. (2014 m.) „The impact of missing data on clinical trials: A re-analysis of a placebo controlled trial of hypericum perforatum (St Johns Wort) and sertraline in Major Depressive Disorder“ ir Sarris J. (2012 m.) „St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) versus sertraline and placebo in major depressive disorder: continuation data from a 26-week RCT. Pharmacopsychiatry“ [20, 21]. Analizuotų tyrimų metu nustatyta, jog monoterapija jonažolių ekstraktu reikšmingai nesiskiria nuo placebo poveikio gydant sunkią depresiją. Todėl ši vaistažolė gydyti sunkią depresiją neturėtų būti skiriama viena, o pacientai, sergantys šia liga, perspėjami nevartoti jonažolių monoterapijai. Ateityje jonažolių poveikis gydant sunkią depresiją turėtų būti tiriamas labiau atsižvelgiant į šios vaistažolės ir sintetinių vaistų derinius.
POSTERIOR SEMICIRCULAR CANAL AND VESTIBULAR AQUEDUCT DEHISCENCES CAUSED BY JUGULAR BULB ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Arechvo Irina
Published: October 2016

Reikšminiai žodžiai: vidinės ausies dehiscencija, jungo venos stormens anomalijos, vertigo, pulsuojantis ūžesys. Straipsnyje pristatomi užpakalinio pusratinio kanalo ir prieangio vandentiekio dehiscencijų atvejai dėl jungo venos stormens anomalijų. Taip vadinamos trečiojo lango ligos yra neseniai aprašytos patologinės būklės, sukeltos dalinio kaulinio labirinto ar sraigės kapsulės nebuvimo. Šio straipsnio tikslas – pateikti jungo venos stormens anomalijų sukeltų dehiscencijų simptomus ir jų vystymosi eigą. Taip pat dėl galimų užpakalinių pusratinių kanalų ir prieangio vandentiekio dehiscencijų, sukeltų jungo venos stormens anomalijų, buvo peržiūrėti aukštos rezoliucijos kompiuterinės tomografijos vaizdai pacientų, sergančių lėtiniu vidurinės ausies uždegimu su arba be cholesteatomos. Retrospektyviai buvo ieškoma koreliacijų tarp šių neurovizualinių vaizdų ir otoneurologinių simptomų. Trys pacientai turėjo simptomines dehiscencijas, tačiau kiti keturi su radiologiniais dehiscencijų požymiais nenurodė jokių specifinių nusiskundimų. Aukštas jungo venos stormuo, jungo venos stormens divertikulas – dažni radiniai smilkinkaulių kompiuterinės tomografijos vaizduose. Kai kuriems pacientams jie gali sukelti otoneurologinius simptomus. Straipsnyje vidinės ausies dehiscencijų klinikinės charakteristikos, audiologiniai ir radiologiniai požymiai yra kritiškai aptariami. Pabrėžiama, kad kiekvienos dehiscencijos atveju klinikiniai simptomai ir radiologiniai radiniai turi koreliuoti tarpusavyje.
The Ecology of Medical Professionalism: Perceived and Emulated, What matters?
Authors: Govindaraja Chitra , Ramachandran Ganesh , Ko Ko Min Aung
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: Medical profession has always enjoyed a noble and privileged status in the society. But in the recent decades, there has been a growing concern about infringement of professional values. Medical schools face the pressing need to address this by teaching professionalism to tomorrow's doctors. It is imperative to know the attitude of the millennial students and faculty towards professionalism in order to design the teaching learning activities.Aim of this study is to elicit: the perceptions of professional values by medical students in different Years of medicine (males and females);any change in the attitude of students to professionalism with advancing Years;the perceptions of professional values by Faculty members (preclinical and clinical);the preferred method of teaching and learning professionalism among medical students and staff. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted using the PSCOM1 (Pennsylvania State College of Medicine) questionnaire. Study population consisted of Year 3 (n=130) and Year 5 (n=120) medical students in a Malaysian Medical University in addition to Preclinical staffs (n=30) and Clinicians (n=26). Results: Students in both Years rated well all the attributes but perceptions of Year 5 students differed significantly from that of Year 3 students in two domains. Senior students showed lower scores in areas of equity (p=0.001) and altruism (p=0.006) than juniors. The overall perceptions of staff were similar but clinicians scored higher than the preclinical teachers in the perceptions of duty, enrichment and respect (Table 4). Role modelling topped the list of the preferred teaching learning activity by the students and the faculty. Seminars were the least preferred option by the students. Conclusion: Students' perceptions of professional values changes with advancing Years. This issue may be addressed by appropriate role modeling by physicians, faculty training in professionalism, case studies in areas of weaknesses and rewarding faculty displaying excellent professionalism. Students and staff have identified role model as the most preferred teaching learning method. The emphasis on teaching tomorrow's doctors should encompass not only evidence based medicine but also the art of medicine with humanistic values.
Interprofessional case-based learning for students in primary healthcare. A pilot study
Authors: Thörnblom Ulla , Akbari Zahra , Sohlman Helena , Olsson Christina B
Published: October 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: Demographic changes such as an ageing population and a growing prevalence of long-term conditions put emphasis on primary healthcare and on collaboration between different professions Students should already during their initial training have the opportunity to learn with, from and about each other in order to improve collaboration and quality of care. Aim: To test case based learning in interprofessional seminars as an educational method in primary healthcare. Methods: All students doing their clinical placements in a network of about 40 health care units were invited to participate together with their supervisors. After reading the patient case they searched for evidence based information, reflected and formulated questions based on their profession. All information was analysed according to a cognitive structure on the white board and a care plan for the patient was discussed. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the seminars. Results: Ten seminars were arranged, 50 students and 15 supervisors participated. The used method was appreciated; the participants rated 8 out of 10 (very satisfied) for overall impression, performance and factual content, . Conclusions: Case-based learning is a feasible method in primary healthcare that supports interprofessional learning and feels motivating for both students and supervisors. The method could be developed further.
Characteristics of macrofibre composite-based microactuator
Authors: Zhang Li-hua , Wang Shu-lin , Cheng Xue-liang
Published: October 2016

The authors have designed a new piezoelectric microactuator based on the macrofiber composite actuator; it has a 60 μm displacement, and a positioning accuracy at a submicron level. By adjusting the voltage to drive the actuator, the inductance probe detects displacement and transfers the information to the digital inductive mircometer to get the actual displacement. The voltage, displacement, resolution, hysteresis and creep of the microactuator were analysed. The results show that this new microactuator has a larger displacement and better linearity than conventional microactuators. This research is potentially valuable for the study of macrofibre composites in microactuation.
Poverty-centred rural road funds sharing in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Naimanye Andrew Grace , Whiteing Tony
Published: October 2016

Poverty-centred allocation of funds for rural roads and their systematic prioritisation are important to enhance sustainability, provide equality of transport opportunities and mitigate poverty. The aim of this work was to investigate and develop new approaches with specific emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa, given that the existing decision systems do not appropriately consider social impacts and poverty. An understanding of rural road funds allocation and road scheme prioritisation to alleviate poverty is important as road transport is by far the most predominant form of transport in Africa. This study developed new allocation and prioritisation processes for rural roads based on expert opinion surveys and empirical evidence, which were then applied to analyse allocation and road scheme selection processes used in Uganda and Ghana. The study found that the multi-dimensional poverty index is the most highly prioritised factor in rural road scheme selection and, for regional rural road funds sharing, poverty is equally weighted with the rural accessibility index. A goal programming model, based on expert opinion weightings, is recommended for poverty alleviation.
Avaliação dos níveis de monóxido de carbono em funcionários de um hospital geral
Authors: Malezan Fleig Tânia Cristina , Kunzler André Luiz , Portz Christian , Dionir Back Guilherme , De Borba Schneiders Paloma , Antunes San Martin Elisabete , Gonçalves da Silva Andréa Lúcia
Published: October 2016

Justificativa e Objetivos: A exposição ao monóxido de carbono (CO) pode ser prejudicial para a saúde humana e os primeiros efeitos da intoxicação podem passar despercebidos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a capacidade funcional e força muscular respiratória de funcionários de um hospital geral frente à inalação de monóxido de carbono. Métodos: estudo de delineamento transversal, com amostragem de conveniência. Utilizou-se como instrumentos de avaliação: roteiro de investigação clínica; MicroCO para análise da concentração CO, com ponto de corte de CO para não fumantes entre 1-6ppm, fumantes leves7-10ppm, fumantes moderados 11-20ppm e fumantes pesados valores ˃20ppm; Manovacuometria para determinar a força muscular respiratória (PImáx e PEmáx);Teste de Caminhada de Seis minutos (TC6m) para avaliar a capacidade funcional. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de correlação de Pearson para verificar a associação das variáveis. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 14 sujeitos voluntários (8 homens), idade média de 35, 14±8, 76 anos, atuantes na manutenção (n=5); lavanderia (n=6); cozinha (n=1); engenharia (n=2) do hospital. Para tabagismo ativo apenas 3 sujeitos ficaram acima do ponto de corte (CO>6ppm), sendo considerados fumantes ativos. A PImáx (99,50±27,37%predito) e PEmáx (105,64±21,39%predito) encontram-se dentro dos parâmetros de normalidade. A capacidade funcional dos indivíduos fumantes (TC6m=71%predito), com alto nível CO (17ppm), ficou aquém do valor basal quando comparados com os indivíduos não fumantes (CO=0,9ppm; TC6m=92,6%predito). Correlação moderada e inversa foi observada entre TC6m e CO (r=-0,577, p=0,031). Conclusão: Funcionários adultos de um hospital geral,com força muscular respiratória preservada e maiores níveis de CO exalados apresentam pior desempenho funcional no TC6m.