bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the chemokines RANTES, monocyte chemotactic proteins‐3 and ‐4, and eotaxins‐1 and ‐2 in childhood asthma
Authors: Rojas-Ramos E. , Avalos A.F. , Pérez-Fernandez L. , Cuevas-Schacht F. , Valencia-Maqueda E. , Terán L.M.
Published: July 2003

Eosinophil recruitment into the airways is a feature of asthma in children. However, the mechanisms by which these cells migrate into the airways are not fully understood. The present study investigated the presence of the eosinophil-activating chemokines regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP)‐3 and ‐4, and eotaxins‐1 and ‐2 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid obtained from both asthmatic (n=10, age 6–10 yrs) and normal children (n=10, age 5–10 yrs).

Measurements of chemokines in BAL fluid showed that levels of RANTES, MCPs‐3 and ‐4, and eotaxins‐1 and ‐2 were significantly increased in fluid obtained from asthmatic children when compared with normal children. Among the different chemokines, RANTES was the cytokine released in greatest quantities in BAL fluid from asthmatic children. There was a significant correlation between the concentrations of MCP‐4 and eosinophil numbers in BAL fluid and a trend between both chemokines MCP‐3 and eotaxin‐2 and eosinophils.

Interestingly, the levels of most chemokines correlated with one another. These findings suggest that RANTES monocyte chemotactic proteins‐3 and ‐4, and eotaxins‐1 and ‐2 may regulate eosinophil trafficking into the airways of asthmatic children in a coordinated manner.
Transforming growth factor‐β induces collagen synthesis without inducing IL‐8 production in mesothelial cells
Authors: Lee Y.C.G. , Lane K.B. , Zoia O. , Thompson P.J. , Light R.W. , Blackwell T.S.
Published: July 2003

Conventional pleurodesing agents often provoke acute pleural inflammation followed by fibrosis. The inflammation frequently causes pain and fever. Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β is a pro-fibrotic but anti-inflammatory cytokine. Intrapleural TGF‐β2administration produces effective pleurodesis in animals, but its effects on mesothelial cells are unknown. The authors hypothesised that, unlike conventional pleurodesing agents, TGF‐β2can induce collagen synthesis without stimulating pleural inflammation.

In thein vitrostudies, TGF‐β2, talc and doxycycline were administered to rabbit mesothelial cells for 24 h. These agents were also injected intrapleurally in rabbits and the induced pleural fluids collected at 24 h. TGF‐β2was as potent as talc and doxycycline in upregulating mesothelial cell collagen expression.

Talc and doxycycline both induced significant increases in interleukin (IL)‐8 production from mesothelial cellsin vitroand in rabbit pleural fluidsin vivo. TGF‐β2, however, did not stimulate mesothelial cell IL‐8 releasein vitroand induced a dose-dependent suppression of pleural fluid IL‐8. Pleural fluid IL‐8 levels correlated significantly with leukocyte and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations in the fluids.

In summary, transforming growth factor‐β was a potent inducer of mesothelial cell collagen synthesis. Unlike talc and tetracycline, which provoked pleural inflammation, transforming growth factor‐β2suppressed pleural inflammationin vivo. Transforming growth factor‐β2can produce effective pleural fibrosis without necessitating acute pleural inflammation.
Cytokine production of RSV/PHA‐stimulated tonsillar mononuclear cells: influences of age and atopy
Authors: Ichinohe S. , Hussain I.R. , Johnston S.L.
Published: July 2003

Links between immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), age and atopic sensitisation are poorly understood.

This study investigated the induction of target organ type‐1, type‐2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to RSV and/or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in tonsillar mononuclear cells from children, in relation to age and atopic status.

In comparison with the control medium, RSV induced production of the type‐1 cytokines interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐18, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, ‐8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted), but not any of the type‐2 cytokines IL‐4, ‐5, ‐10 and ‐13. Induction of IL‐6, ‐8 and RANTES, but not IFN‐γ or IL‐18, were shown to be dependent on virus replication. PHA induced all except IL‐12, ‐13, and ‐15. Induction of IFN‐γ, IL‐6, ‐8, and RANTES was significantly increased in atopic children. Induction of both IFN‐γ andIL‐4 increased in parallel in relation to age, with no change in the IFN‐γ:IL‐4 ratio.

These data are compatible with the hypothesis that immature type‐1 immunity during early childhood plays a role in both respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and in its relationship with atopy.
Estimation of lung growth using computed tomography
Authors: de Jong P.A. , Nakano Y. , Lequin M.H. , Merkus P.J. , Tiddens H.A. , Hogg J.C. , Coxson H.O.
Published: July 2003

Anatomical studies suggest that normal lungs grow by rapid alveolar addition until about 2 yrs of age followed by a gradual increase in alveolar dimensions.

The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that normal lung growth can be monitored by computed tomography (CT). Therefore, the gas volume per gram of lung tissue was estimated from measurements of lung density obtained from CT scans performed on children throughout the growth period.

CT scans were performed on 17 males and 18 females, ranging in age from 15 days–17.6 yrs. CT-measured lung weight was correlated with predictedpost mortemvalues and CT measured gas volume with predicted values of functional residual capacity. The median value for lung expansion was 1.86 mL·g−1at 15 days, decreased to 0.79 mL·g−1by 2 yrs and then increased steadily to 5.07 mL·g−1at 17 yrs.

Computed tomography scans can be used to estimate lung weight, gas volume and expansion of normal lungs during the growth period. The increase in the lung expansion after the age of 2 yrs suggests progressive alveolar expansion with increasing lung volume.
Zardaverine and aerosolised iloprost in a model of acute respiratoryfailure
Authors: Schermuly R.T. , Leuchte H. , Ghofrani H.A. , Weissmann N. , Rose F. , Kohstall M. , Olschewski H. , Schudt C. , Grimminger F. , Seeger W. , Walmrath D.
Published: July 2003

In this study, the impact of aerosolised prostacyclin (PGI2) and iloprost in the absence or presence of subthreshold intravascular doses of the dual-selective phosphodiesterase-3/4 inhibitor zardaverine was investigated in an experimental model of acute respiratory failure.

In perfused rabbit lungs, continuous infusion of the thromboxane‐A2‐mimetic U46619 provoked pulmonary hypertension, accompanied by progressive lung oedema formation and severe ventilation-perfusion mismatch with predominance of shunt flow (increasing from ∼2 to 58%, as assessed by the multiple inert gas elimination technique). Aerosolisation of PGI2(in total 1.05 µg·kg−1) for 15 min caused a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) and a limitation of maximum shunt flow to ∼37%. When nebulised PGI2was combined with subthreshold intravascular zardaverine, which did not affect pulmonary haemodynamicsper se, the duration of the PGI2effect was increased. Aerosolisation of 3 µg·kg−1PGI2resulted in a transient decrease inPpa and a reduction in shunt flow. In the presence of subthreshold zardaverine, the effects of this PGI2dose were only marginally increased. Aerosolisation of iloprost (in total 0.7 µg·kg−1) for 15 min caused a more sustained decrease inPpa, some enhanced reduction of oedema formation as compared with PGI2and a decrease in shunt flow to ∼32%. Most impressively, when combined with subthreshold zardaverine, iloprost suppressed oedema formation to <15% and shunt flow to ∼8%.

In conclusion, combined use of aerosolised iloprost and subthreshold systemic phosphodiesterase-3/4 inhibitor may result in selective intrapulmonary vasodilation, a reduction in oedema formation and an improvement in ventilation-perfusion matching in acute respiratory failure.
Peripheral deposition of α1‐protease inhibitor using commercial inhalation devices
Authors: Brand P. , Beckmann H. , Maas Enriquez M. , Meyer T. , Müllinger B. , Sommerer K. , Weber N. , Weuthen T. , Scheuch G.
Published: July 2003

Patients with hereditary α1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) deficiency are at risk of developing lung emphysema. To prevent the development of this disease, α1‐PI replacement therapyviainhalation may be a more convenient and effective therapy than the intravenous administration of the drug.

In order to optimise this treatment approach, lung deposition of inhaled radiolabelled α1‐PI (Prolastin®) was studied using four different commercial inhalation devices (PARI‐LC Star®, HaloLite®, and AKITA® system in combination with LC Star® and Sidestream®) in six patients with α1‐PI deficiency and mild-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The time required to deposit 50 mg of the Prolastin® (5% solution) in the lung periphery was used as a measure for the efficiency of delivery. The time was calculated from measurements of total and peripheral lung deposition of the radiolabelled α1‐PI. This time was shortest for the AKITA® system (18–24 min) and significantly higher for the PARI‐LC Star® (44 min) and the HaloLite® (100 min).

The higher efficiency of drug delivery using the AKITA® system is due to the fact that this device controls breathing patterns, which are optimised for each patient individually.
Neutrophil airway influx by platelet-activating factor in asthma: role of adhesion molecules and LTB4expression
Authors: Gabrijelcic J. , Acuña A. , Profita M. , Paternò A. , Chung K.F. , Vignola A.M. , Rodríguez-Roisin R.
Published: July 2003

Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced neutrophil lung sequestration may require cell surface adhesion molecules (macrophage‐1 antigen (MAC‐1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen‐1 (LFA‐1)). In this randomised, double-blinded, crossover study, theneutrophil kinetics after PAF and Lyso-PAF (L‐PAF) airway challenge were investigated in nine mild-intermittent asthmatics.

Neutrophils were measured in peripheral blood (PB) before and at 5, 15, 45 and 240 min after bronchoprovocation, and in induced sputum before and at 240 min after challenge. MAC‐1 and LFA‐1 expression were assessed by immunocytochemistry, and leukotriene B4(LTB4) was measured by enzyme-immunoassay in induced-sputum supernatants.

Compared with baseline, neutrophils in PB decreased 5 min after PAF, while at 240 min neutrophils in induced sputum increased. Compared with baseline and L‐PAF, PAF decreased the percentages of MAC‐1‐ and LFA‐1‐positive neutrophils in PB at 5 min, but increased the percentages of MAC‐1 and LFA‐1 in neutrophil-induced sputum. Moreover, compared with baseline and L‐PAF, PAF-induced sputum revealed higher LTB4levels, a finding that correlated with the elevated number of neutrophils in induced sputum.

These findings suggest that macrophage‐1 antigen and lymphocyte function-associated antigen‐1 are involved in platelet-activating factor-induced neutrophil lung traffic, and that this process is modulated by enhanced leukotriene B4release within the airways.
Cyclosporin A, apoptosis of BAL T‐cells and expression of Bcl‐2 inasthmatics
Authors: Ying S. , Khan L.N. , Meng Q. , Barnes N.C. , Kay A.B.
Published: July 2003

The late asthmatic reaction is characterised by elevated numbers of interleukin‐4/interleukin‐5/CD4‐positive T‐helper cells type 2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Cyclosporin A (CsA) is known to inhibit T‐cell proliferation, induce apoptosis of CD4‐positive T‐cells and downregulate cytokine gene expression.

It was assessed whether CsA‐induced inhibition of the late asthmatic reaction was associated with apoptosis of BALF T‐lymphocytes and other cell types, as well as expression of the antiapoptotic protein B‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 gene product (Bcl‐2). BALF cells were obtained from asthmatics at baseline and 24 h after allergen-inhalation challenge following prior administration of CsA (n=13) or placebo (n=11).

The number of apoptotic CD3‐positive T‐lymphocytes increased in the CsA but not the placebo group. The numbers of Bcl‐2‐positive cells were significantly reduced in the CsA but not the placebo group. The majority of Bcl‐2‐positive cells were CD3‐positive T‐lymphocytes.

The beneficial effect of cyclosporin A in asthma may be related to its inhibitory effect on the late asthmatic reactionviainduction of T‐cell apoptosis and decreased B‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 gene product levels.
Prevalence of work-aggravated symptoms in clinically established asthma
Authors: Saarinen K. , Karjalainen A. , Martikainen R. , Uitti J. , Tammilehto L. , Klaukka T. , Kurppa K.
Published: July 2003

This population-based cross-sectional survey assessed the prevalence of work-aggravated asthma symptoms and the effect of the work environment on the aggravation of symptoms of established asthma.

A questionnaire was sent to 2,613 persons (aged 20–65 yrs) with asthma. The analyses were restricted to the 969 respondents who were currently employed. The effect of occupational exposure on the aggravation of asthma symptoms at work was assessed according to both self-reported and expert-evaluated exposure.

Approximately 21% of the respondents reported work-aggravated asthma symptoms at least weekly during the past month. The prevalence of those with work-aggravated symptoms increased by age, self-reported occupational exposure to dusts, abnormal temperatures or poor indoor air quality, physically strenuous work, and chemicals, and expert-evaluated probability of daily occupational exposure to airborne dusts, gases or fumes.

Aggravation of asthma symptoms at work is common among employed adults with asthma. Both self-reported and expert-evaluated exposure to dusts, abnormal temperatures or poor indoor air quality, physically strenuous work, and chemicals explained the significant worsening of symptoms. The findings suggest a marked role of the work environment in the aggravation of symptoms of established asthma.
BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Veeraraghavan S. , Latsi P.I. , Wells A.U. , Pantelidis P. , Nicholson A.G. , Colby T.V. , Haslam P.L. , Renzoni E.A. , du Bois R.M.
Published: July 2003

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which has the histological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with a histological pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) have a better prognosis than UIP, and may present with a clinical picture identical to IPF. The authors hypothesised that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings may distinguish between UIP and NSIP, and have prognostic value within disease subgroups.

BAL findings were studied retrospectively in 54 patients with histologically proven (surgical biopsy) idiopathic UIP (n=35) or fibrotic NSIP (n=19), all presenting clinically as IPF. These findings were also compared with the BAL profile of patients with other categories of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.

BAL total and differential cell counts did not differ between the two groups. Survival was better in NSIP. In neither group were BAL findings predictive of survival or changes in lung function at 1 yr, even after adjustment for disease severity, smoking andtreatment. BAL differential counts in fibrotic NSIP differed from respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, but not from desquamative interstitial pneumonia or cellular NSIP.

The authors conclude that bronchoalveolar lavage findings do not discriminate between usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with clinical features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and have no prognostic value, once the distinction between the two has been made histologically.
Modulation by cAMP of IL‐1β‐induced eotaxin and MCP‐1 expression and release in human airway smooth muscle cells
Authors: Wuyts W.A. , Vanaudenaerde B.M. , Dupont L.J. , Demedts M.G. , Verleden G.M.
Published: July 2003

Inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, seem to be key players in the inflammatory process of asthma. These cells are attracted by chemokines, for example eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP‐1).

In this study, the authors investigated whether eotaxin and MCP‐1 expression and release in human airway smooth muscle cells could be modulated by an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration. The possible involvement of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA) was also studied.

Forskolin, a direct stimulator of adenylyl cyclase, decreased the interleukin (IL)‐1β‐induced eotaxin and MCP‐1 release by 73±8 and 65±6%, respectively. 8Bromo‐cAMP, a cAMP analogue, similarly decreased the chemokine production by 58±9 and 63±8% for eotaxin and MCP‐1, respectively. Prostaglandin E2, known as an activator of the prostanoid receptors EP2and EP4, which are positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase, also decreased the IL‐1β‐induced eotaxin and MCP‐1 production by 57±17 and 53±4%, respectively. H‐89, an inhibitor of PKA, was able to inhibit the decrease in eotaxin and MCP‐1 protein release induced by forskolin. Using Western-blot analysis, no effect of cAMP was found on the IL‐1β‐induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase or cJunN‐terminal kinase activation.

This study shows that an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration may decrease the interleukin‐1β‐induced eotaxin and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 expression and production. This can be inhibited by addition of H‐89, an inhibitor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. No decrease was observed in interleukin‐1β‐induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase or cJunN‐terminal kinase activation. These findings may be important for the further development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.
Inhaled corticosteroids and hospitalisation due to exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Bourbeau J. , Ernst P. , Cockcoft D. , Suissa S.
Published: July 2003

Previous studies have provided conflicting evidence as to the possible benefits of inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Using the Saskatchewan healthcare databases subjects were identified who were aged ≥55 yrs, initiating regular treatment for COPD but without any prior treatment for asthma. In the current nested case-control analysis, the authors concentrated on 1,742 subjects with a first hospitalisation for COPD after January 1, 1990 and examined whether the use of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with a change in the risk of a subsequent hospitalisation for COPD.

The cases consisted of 846 patients with a subsequent hospitalisation for COPD. These were matched on age, time since the prior hospitalisation and use of other respiratory therapy to all possible person moments in the cohort without rehospitalisation. After further adjustment for comorbidity, sex, calendar year and intensity of other drug therapy, inhaled corticosteroids were not significantly associated with risk of a subsequent COPD hospitalisation. Even relatively high doses of inhaled corticosteroids, >800 µg of beclomethasone or the equivalent per day, were not associated with the risk of COPD hospitalisation.

No reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations requiring hospitalisation, in relation to the use of inhaled corticosteroids, were observed.
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung in a patient withsilicosis
Authors: Ho J.C. , Lam W.K. , Ooi G.C. , Wong M.P. , Lam J.C. , Ip M.S. , Tsang K.W.T.
Published: July 2003

Silicosis is an important form of pneumoconiosis, which is caused by significant exposure to crystalline silica. The carcinogenicity of silica, despite traditional beliefs, in relation to lung cancer has been controversial. Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung, an Epstein-Barr virus-associated undifferentiated carcinoma, is a rare entity of pulmonary malignancy, which tends to affect young nonsmoking Asians.

The first case of silicosis, initially complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis, which later developed into advanced lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung is reported. A combination of 5‐fluorouracil, cisplatin and calcium folinate resulted in partial tumour response.
Is preparation for bronchoscopy optimal?
Authors: Pickles J. , Jeffrey M. , Datta A. , Jeffrey A.A.
Published: July 2003

The results of a questionnaire survey, of the current preparation for and practice of diagnostic bronchoscopy in England and Wales, are reported in this paper. The British Thoracic Society (BTS) has recently published guidelines on bronchoscopy and these provide a consensus statement on the current evidence base. There is no specific guidance on drugs or techniques, although it is recommended that all patients should be offered sedation, except where there are contraindications.

In the present survey, there was a response rate of 76% (344 responses to 452 questionnaires) and the median number of bronchoscopies performed per session was 5 (interquartile range 4–6). Most operators use lignocaine gel to the nose (65%), spray to the throat (70%), followed by the “spray as you go” method (84%), recommended by the BTS. Atropine is routinely used by 13% contrary to the guidelines and despite concerns about its side-effects. Most operators use sedation with midazolam (85%) or a wide variety of combinations of sedative, analgesic, and anaesthetic agents (27%), and 27% perform unsedated bronchoscopies, with only 0.1% routinely performing unsedated bronchoscopies. A total 251 (77%) responders stated they assessed adequacy of sedation, with most using patient observation alone (149 (46%)). Only three operators assessed sedation using a formal sedation score. Thus, most centres routinely perform sedated bronchoscopies and the systematic level of monitoring is poor.

The current controversies about sedation and safe sedation practice are discussed. There is a need for more evidence to allow more specific guidance to be produced in this difficult area.
Sputum induction leads to a decrease of exhaled nitric oxide unrelated to airflow
Authors: Beier J. , Beeh K.M. , Kornmann O. , Buhl R.
Published: July 2003

Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and analysis of induced sputum are both established noninvasive methods for studying airway inflammation in asthma. Both methods are often used sequentially within short time frames. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sputum induction on eNO in adults and to follow the kinetics of airway eNO production after induction in relation to forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).

eNO and FEV1were measured in 41 adult patients (aged 29 (range 23–50) yrs, 56% male) with asymptomatic atopy or mild asthma (mean FEV197.2±3% predicted) prior to and immediately after sputum induction with hypertonic saline (4%). Sputum induction with isotonic saline was also performed in 13 subjects (control group). Repeatability of eNO decrease after sputum induction was also studied in 27 patients on separate occasions and kinetics of eNO production after sputum induction were followed over 24 h in another 10 patients.

Sputum induction with hypertonic, but not isotonic, saline led to a marked decrease in eNO (log) immediately after the procedure (pre: 3.85±0.13 parts per billion (ppb); post: 3.24±0.14 ppb). This decrease was shown to be highly reproducible and not related to a fall in FEV1following sputum induction. While FEV1returned to baseline within 1 h, decreased eNO levels were observed over 4 h and returned to baseline after 24 h.

Hypertonic saline sputum induction leads to a prolonged reduction in exhaled nitric oxide in adult atopics that is reproducible within subjects and not related to a reduction in airflow following sputum induction. This methodological interference should be taken into account when sputum induction and exhaled nitric oxide measurements are performed in the same subject.
The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984—Effects on Hospitals and Public School Buildings
Authors: Meehan John F.
Published: July 2003

Two hospitals constructed under the provisions of the Hospital Act and six public school buildings constructed under the provisions of the Field Act were investigated following the Morgan Hill earthquake and all were observed to have performed quite well during the Morgan Hill earthquake. Maintaining function in hospitals in an important aspect of the Hospital Act; neither of the two hospitals inspected suffered any loss of function.
The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984—Performance of Three Engineered Structures
Authors: Naaseh Simin
Published: July 2003

The performance of three engineered buildings in San Jose during the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake is reviewed. The lateral-load-resisting systems for these buildings are: (1) concrete shear walls, (2) concrete shear walls and moment frames in two orthogonal directions, and (3) perimeter steel moment frames. The concrete buildings performed satisfactorily with no damage. The steel building oscillated for a long period of time with low damping. There was some nonstructural and content damage and very limited structural damage to this building. The recorded responses of these buildings also showed excitations from two events with different characteristics.
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Summary
Authors: Reaveley Lawrence D.
Published: July 2003

The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake of October 28, 1983 occurred at 8:07 a.m. Mountain Daylight Time. This earthquake, which had a Richter magnitude of 7.3, was the largest earthquake to occur in Idaho in recorded history (since 1872). The epicenter was located approximately 30 km northwest of the town of MacKay (Fig. 1), in central Idaho (see also Taylor, et al). The earthquake shook eight northwestern states. Some minor damage to buildings was reported as far away as Salt Lake City, Utah and Boise, Idaho. The epicenter is located in the center of large Zone 2 seismic area, as designated in the 1982 Uniform Building Code. This area was an area of low historic seismicity and had previously been designated a Zone 3 area in the 1979 UBC.

Two small Idaho communities are located some distance beyond the ends of the fault scarp. MacKay is approximately 21 km (13 mi.) southeast of the earthquake epicenter and 24 km (15 mi.) from the southern end of the scarp. Challis is located approximately 60 km (40 mi.) north-northwest of the epicenter and 19 km (12 mi.) beyond the northern end of the surface faulting (Taylor et al). Challis has the largest population which varies from 1,000 to 2,500 depending on the time of the year. MacKay is the second largest, with a population of approximately 500. The balance of the 4,000 to 5,000 people that live in the area live on ranches and in small mining communities.
The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Landslides
Authors: Keefer David K. , Wilson Raymond C. , Harp Edwin L. , Lips Elliott W.
Published: July 2003

The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake caused several hundred landslides throughout an area of about 4,200 km2. The most numerous landslides were rock falls and rock slides, which occurred where slopes contained conspicuous, through-going, open fractures or were composed of weakly cemented rocks. The earthquake also produced several slumps and cracks in man-made fill, several soil liquefaction phenomena, a large debris flow, a large mud flow, and a few ground failures of other types. The most significant landslide damage was in Challis, where rock falls damaged at least 3 houses and 2 automobiles.
50-Year Record of Field Act Seismic Building Standards for California Schools
Authors: Jephcott Donald K.
Published: July 2003

This paper describes the results of more than 50 years experience with enforcement of building standards for the construction of public school buildings in the State of California, one of the highly active seismic areas of the world. The Field Act, which became effective April 10, 1933, has the stated purpose of providing earthquake resistant facilities for the safety of the occupants and protection of the state property. The performance of Field Act school buildings subjected to high intensity ground motion from five earthquakes of the moderate to major range provides significant evidence of the effectiveness of this seismic hazard mitigation program.
On California Structural Steel Seismic Design
Authors: Popov Egor P.
Published: July 2003

A number of new code developments, largely initiated in California, are taking place in the USA for the seismic design of steel structures. The principal ones are reviewed and commented upon in the paper. Key experimental support for some of the changes is indicated. Major attention is directed to the three main types of steel construction: moment-resisting frames, concentrically braced steel frames, and, the relatively new method for seismic design, eccentric bracing. Some of the proposed and possible practical improvements in moment-resisting connections are given; the reasons for some concern over the use of concentrically braced frames for severe seismic applications are discussed; and a brief overview on the application of eccentrically braced steel frames is presented. The paper concludes with a few remarks on future trends and needs in structural steel seismic design.
Microcomputer Based Data Acquisition System for Dynamic Testing
Authors: Lin A. N. , Verser B. A.
Published: July 2003

The availability of capable and relatively inexpensive microcomputers and versatile expansion devices has revolutionized education, research, and practice in engineering. A data acquisition and analysis system for use in full scale and large model dynamic testing based on a popular series of microcomputer has been developed. “Quick-look” and preliminary frequency analysis of data are completed in the microcomputer environment, while more detailed frequency domain analysis of single and dual channel data are completed in the mainframe environment. The system has been used for ambient and forced vibration testing of several prototype structures and large models.
The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Processed Strong Motion Data
Authors: Shakal Anthony F. , Huang Moh-jiann , Linares Roberto
Published: July 2003

Strong-motion records were recovered from nine accelerographs at seven stations of the El Salvador Geotechnical Investigation Center Strong Motion Network following the damaging 5.4 Ms San Salvador earthquake of October 10, 1986. The sites were all within 6 km of the epicenter; peak horizontal accelerations at ground level ranged from 0.32 to 0.72 g. The duration of strong shaking was about 3 seconds at most sites. One 10-story concrete building was instrumented with recorders at the basement, second floor, and roof level. The maximum accelerations recorded at this building were 0.47 g at the basement, 0.69 g at the second floor, and 0.91 g at the roof.

Eight of the accelerograms were digitized and processed. A maximum horizontal velocity of 80 cm/s was obtained for a station 4 km from the epicenter. Peak velocity for the other stations ranged from 26 to 75 cm/s. The maximum horizontal displacements ranged from 5 to 18 cm.

The San Salvador records and spectra are compared to other close-in observations such as the Station 2 record from the ML 5.6 Parkfield earthquake of 1966. The San Salvador records share many features with the Parkfield record. In general, the peak accelerations recorded at many of the stations are larger than previously recorded values at close-in distances from earthquakes of similar magnitude.
The San Salvador Earthquake of October 10, 1986—Casualties, Search and Rescue, and Response of the Health Care System
Authors: Durkin Michael E.
Published: July 2003

The San Salvador earthquake caused a relatively large number of casualties. Perhaps one-third of the fatalities occurred in engineered structures. Structural collapse, nonstructural elements, occupant actions, fire, and soil failure all played a role in earthquake injuries. The collapse of several multistory buildings necessitated heavy rescue operations by local authorities, foreign experts, and volunteers. This experience revealed the need for better coordination of such efforts in future disasters. Earthquake damage significantly disrupted local health services, causing evacuation of all major hospitals. Health care continues in temporary facilities. Future health service decentralization is a possible positive outcome.
Urban Heavy Rescue
Authors: Olson Richard S. , Olson Robert A.
Published: July 2003

Recent foreign disasters reinforce the argument that it is past time to distinguish conceptually post-earthquake “urban heavy rescue” (UHR) from the generic “search and rescue.” It is especially important to appreciate the problematic operational environment of UHR and the political as well as the lifesaving implications of UHR successes and failures. Effective UHR requires complex inter-governmental, public-private, and civil-military preparedness planning. At this point in time, UHR remains the weak link in the entire response chain to the inevitable major urban earthquake in the United States.
Seismic Rocking Response of a Triangular Building Founded on Sand
Authors: Bongiovanni G. , Celebi M. , Safak E.
Published: July 2003

A twenty-two story, triangular in plan, symmetrical, reinforced concrete building on the beachfront in Vin~a del Mar, Chile, was temporarily instrumented in August 1985 following the 3 March 1985 Central Chile earthquake ( Ms = 7.8) and aftershocks were recorded. Ambient and free vibration tests were also performed. The paper reports studies of the records of the responses of the building, the primary modes of vibration of the structure, its excellent performance during the earthquake and results from analyses using mathematical models and system identification techniques.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Emergency Response
Authors: Andrews R.
Published: July 2003

The Whittier Narrows earthquake of October 1, 1987 was the most significant seismic event to occur in southern California since the San Fernando earthquake of February 1971. As such, the 5.9 magnitude temblor provided a basis for evaluating the level of preparedness in at least a portion of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The Whittier Narrows event provides a hint of the progress that has been made in local, state and private sector preparedness in the last six years as well as suggesting areas that need additional effort.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Preliminary Assessment of Strong Ground Motion Records
Authors: Brady A. G. , Etheredge E. C. , Porcella R. L.
Published: July 2003

More than 250 strong-motion accelerograph stations were triggered by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987. Considering the number of multichannel structural stations in the area of strong shaking, this set of records is one of the more significant in history. Three networks, operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, the California Division of Mines and Geology, and the University of Southern California produced the majority of the records. The excellent performance of the instruments in these and the smaller arrays is attributable to the quality of the maintenance programs and their funding and personnel requirements. Readiness for a magnitude 8 event is directly related to these maintenance programs. Prior to computer analysis of the analog film records, a number of important structural resonant modes can be identified, and frequencies and simple mode shapes have been scaled. The structural records form a basic performance measurement for comparison with larger earthquake response in the future.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—CSMIP Strong Motion Data
Authors: Shakal A. , Huang M. J. , Cao T. Q.
Published: July 2003

The Whittier Narrows earthquake of October 1, 1987 generated the largest set of strong-motion records ever obtained from a single earthquake. The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) recovered 128 strong-motion records from 101 stations. Of these 101 stations, 63 are ground-response stations and 38 are extensively-instrumented structures. The structures include 27 buildings, eight dams, a suspension bridge, an airport tower, and a power plant. This paper summarizes that data set and highlights records of particular interest.

The duration of strong shaking was approximately 3 to 4 seconds at most stations. The maximum peak acceleration values in the CSMIP data set are 0.62 g on the ground and 0.54 g in a structure. The largest acceleration (0.62 g) was recorded at a station near Tarzana, approximately 45 km from the epicenter. Other records of particular interest discussed here include the record from a soft-story building on the Los Angeles State University campus and the records from the Vincent Thomas suspension bridge near Long Beach.

Digitization and processing of the accelerograms are underway, and accelerograms from 12 ground-response stations have been digitized as of this writing. The spectra show that the motion at the Tarzana station was dominated by 3 Hz energy. Spectra from other sites are relatively flat and do not show this spectral peak. The attenuation of peak acceleration with distance for this earthquake is compared with the relationship of Joyner and Boore (1981) derived from past earthquakes. On average, the peak acceleration data from this earthquake are higher than would be predicted by the Joyner-Boore model.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Preliminary Evaluation of the Performance of Strengthened Unreinforced Masonry Buildings
Authors: Moore T. A. , Kobzeff J. H. , Diri J. , Arnold C.
Published: July 2003

This report presents preliminary case studies of the performance of selected unreinforced masonry buildings during the Whittier Narrows Earthquakes. Attention is focused on buildings located in the downtown Los Angeles area which have been rehabilitated to conform with the Los Angeles hazard reduction Ordinance. There was no life loss or major injuries attributed to the response of unreinforced masonry buildings to the earthquakes. However, there was a significant number of both rehabilitated and non-strengthened buildings for which masonry peeled off upper story walls. This was mainly due to separation of the outer whythe of brick, or out-of-plane bending failure, and/or in-plane shear failures of wall piers, particularly at building corners. The falling bricks associated with these failures did present an injury hazard so it is important to investigate economical measures to minimize these hazards in future earthquakes.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Response of a Tall Masonry Building
Authors: Hart G. C. , Ewing R. D.
Published: July 2003

The Hilton Hotel in Whittier, California is an eight story reinforced hollow unit concrete masonry building. It experienced a peak ground acceleration of approximately sixty percent gravity without visible structural damage. This paper performs an analysis of the building from two perspectives. The first is a structural engineering design perspective using the structural mechanics assumptions consistent with the new strength design criteria for hollow unit shear walls in the 1988 UBC and a response spectra analysis. The second perspective is based on a nonlinear lumped parameter time history model and a step-by-step time history analysis.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Model for Generation of Subduction Earthquakes
Authors: Hong H. P. , Rosenblueth E.
Published: July 2003

A mathematical model for rational decision-making should be based not only on statistical data but also on the salient features of the physical phenomena at play. The model developed here simulates the magnitudes and occurrence times of subduction earthquakes but it may also apply to other tectonic seisms. It uses linear springs and dashpots to idealize the convection drag and ridge push on tectonic plates and the latter's behavior. It divides the rupture area into many faultlets whose frictional strength is lognormally distributed; this strength drops upon breakage and is then gradually recovered. Without introducing ad-hoc features to fit the seismic data, the model produces essentially correct magnitude exceedance rates, quasiperiodic characteristic earthquakes, sequences of fore- and aftershocks, and background noise. The model can be expanded to include spatial correlation.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Effect of Magnitude on the Character of Strong Ground Motion: An Example from the Guerrero, Mexico Strong Motion Network
Authors: Anderson J. G. , Quaas R.
Published: July 2003

The Guerrero digital accelerograph network has been operating, since spring of 1985, on rock sites along the coast of Mexico, above an active subduction zone. The accelerograms collected through June 1987 include examples from events with magnitudes from 3 to 8, all recorded at nearly the same hypocentral distance. Spectra from these accelerograms scale in a manner that is qualitatively consistent with earthquake source theory. Based on four selected events, peak accelerations attenuate more rapidly for small events than for large events.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—A Study of Amplification of Seismic Waves in the Valley of Mexico with Respect to a Hill Zone Site
Authors: Singh S. K. , Lermo J. , Domínguez T. , Ordaz M. , Espinosa J. M. , Mena E. , Quaas R.
Published: July 2003

Since the installation of an extensive digital strong motion array by Fundación Javier Barros Sierra in 1987 three moderate earthquakes have been recorded by the array and by the accelerographs operated by Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM. Using this new data and results from the analysis of previous accelerograms we present spectral ratios at 40 sites in the valley of Mexico with respect to a hill zone site in Ciudad Universitaria (CU). Clear evidence for nonlinear behaviour of the clay is found at Central de Abastos Oficina (CDAO) site during the great Michoacán earthquake (Ms=8. 1). At four other lake bed sites this behaviour is not seen either because none occurred or because of poorer quality of data. The spectral ratio at a given site appears to be roughly independent of magnitude (except, perhaps, during great earthquakes when lake bed sites may behave nonlinearily), azimuth, and depth of earthquakes with epicenters ≥ 200 km from the city. On the lake bed sites of the valley the relative amplification (RA) varies between 8 and 56 and the natural period lies between 1.4 to 4.8 sec. Relative amplification maps at periods centered at 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, and 1 seconds are presented. The area where severe damage and collapse of buildings in the city was concentrated during the Michoacán earthquake correlates well with the area with RA≥14 in the period range of 1.75 to 2.75 sec.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Relationships between Soil Conditions and Earthquake Ground Motions
Authors: Seed H. B. , Romo M. P. , Sun J. I. , Jaime A. , Lysmer J.
Published: July 2003

Comparisons are presented between the characteristics of ground motions at five sites underlain by clay at which ground motions were recorded in Mexico City in the earthquake of September 16, 1985 and for which analyses of ground response have been made, based on the measured properties of soils and the motions recorded on hard formations at the National University of Mexico. It is shown that the ground response in areas of Mexico City underlain by clay is extremely sensitive to small changes in the shear wave velocity of the clay and it is suggested that a probabilistic approach which allows for uncertainties in shear wave velocity measurements and in the characteristics of the motions on the hard formations is desirable to assess these effects. Based on the results of such an approach it is concluded that simple ground response analyses can provide very useful data for engineering assessments of the effects of local soil conditions on the characteristics of ground motions likely to develop at sites underlain by soft clays, and that the use of these procedures also provides a useful basis for estimating the general nature of the ground motions in the extensive heavy damage zone of Mexico City in the 1985 earthquake.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Ductility and Resistance Requirements Imposed on a Concrete Building
Authors: Sordo E. , Terán A. , Guerrero J. J. , Juárez H. , Iglesias J.
Published: July 2003

This paper describes the study of a twelve floor concrete building with a waffle slab system located 300 meters from the accelerometer at Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes (S.C.T) in Mexico City. First, the reduced seismic coefficient associated with the failure of the critical story is calculated by a linear dynamic analysis which reproduces the damage provoked by the 1985 earthquake to the real structure. Second, the ductility factor associated with the damaged stories is obtained through a step-by-step non-linear dynamic analysis. Finally, the peak value of the S.C.T. maximum ordinate for spectral response corresponding to 5 percent of critical damping was determined from this analysis.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Behavior of Steel Buildings
Authors: Osteraas J. , Krawinkler H.
Published: July 2003

During the September 19, 1985 earthquake about 60 post-1957 multistory steel buildings in Mexico City were subjected to a severe test. In most cases, the damage in the post-1957 structures was minor to moderate. The notable exception is the Pino Suarez complex in which one 21-story building collapsed onto a 14-story building, and two other 21-story buildings were severely damaged. The behavior of these buildings as well as two other case studies are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn on the ductility demands imposed on steel buildings in Mexico City, utilizing simplified structural models and considering the actual strength of buildings that may be much higher than the code design strength.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Typical Cases of Repair and Strengthening of Concrete Buildings
Authors: Jara M. , Hernández C. , García R. , Robles F.
Published: July 2003

It is the aim of this paper to describe the most important techniques that are being used in Mexico City to retrofit buildings damaged during the 1985 earthquake. The information is presented by means of four case studies. These cases offer practical design examples of the typical solutions adopted and illustrate the various aspects of the repair and strengthening process such as damage assessment, emergency measures for temporary protection, the retrofitting technique employed in each case and considerations and decisions made in the analysis and design.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—An Analysis of the Insured Loss and Implications for Risk Assessment
Authors: Smolka A. , Berz G.
Published: July 2003

This study is organized in three parts. Part 1 presents the results of a statistical evaluation of insured losses caused by the Mexican earthquake and discusses them with respect to their universal validity. Identified as the most heavily affected risk categories are: medium - and high-rise buildings, state housing schemes (Tlatelolco), commercial risks and business interruption. The vulnerability of contents is found to depend heavily on the type of risk affected and on the local intensity. Part 2 isolates the multiple factors of seismological, geotechnical and risk-specific nature which contributed to the damage pattern generated by the Mexican earthquake. Finally, in part 3 the experience of the Mexican earthquake and other recent earthquakes is combined to enter into a general discussion on loss ratios and insurance tariffs, on the global threat of long-period effects and on implications for the assessment of catastrophe potential. In particular the problem of regionally representative MMI degrees is addressed in view of the relatively low loss ratios observed, which did not exceed 10% in Zone C or 5% in the coastal area.