bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective Attrition of Experimental Subjects: A Methodological Study
Authors: Rambo William W. , Scott William C. , Llorente Antolin M.
Published: August 2011

Rather than being randomly drawn from a well-defined population, experimental samples are frequently formed as the result of a number of nonrandom influences, e.g., volunteering and subjects' attrition. The consequences of one such selective factor were examined in a study that required subjects to report for two experimental sessions. The task involved the multidimensional scaling of complex visual targets, drawings of the human face. The first of two sessions provided data reflecting intrarater consistency, interrater agreement, the orthogonality of perceptual dimensions, and the dimensional complexity of perceptual maps. One group of subjects ( n = 23) did not appear for the second session after completing the first. A second group ( n = 23) reported for both sessions. Analysis comparing the two groups indicated that the subjects who did not attend both sessions produced ratings that were significantly lower on measures of both internal consistency and interrater agreement. Perceptual maps obtained from the two groups were structurally different in terms of both the orthogonality and complexity of the perceptual dimensions. The discussion considers the consequences and possible causes of selective attrition.
Predicting African Children's Performance at School from Their Acquisition of Piagetian Concepts
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

While the development of cognition among African children has been studied, in this short review in only six studies was the relation between cognitive development and performance by subjects of school age assessed. Evidence shows that the attainment of certain cognitive concepts is associated weakly with successful performance in school ( rs < .36).
Assessment of Variation in Ordinal Data
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: August 2011

A measure of variation for ordered categories is introduced. The Index of Qualitative Variation is corrected and extended to yield a measure of variation for ordered categories, such as might result from agreement/disagreement responses on a Liken scale.
Verbal Memory Elicited by Ambient Odor
Authors: Smith David G. , Standing Lionel , de Man Anton
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether an ambient odor can act as a contextual cue for retrieval of verbal stimuli. Subjects ( N = 47) learned a list of 24 words while exposed to one of two odors (either jasmine incense or Lauren perfume) and subsequently relearned the list with either the same or the alternative odor present. Superior memory for the word list was found when the odor present during the relearning session was the same one that had been present at the time of initial learning, thereby demonstrating context-dependent memory. There were no differences in initial learning between the two odor conditions. No differences in pleasantness or intensity were found between the odors.
Weekends and Holidays and Acting-Out Behavior of Developmentally Delayed Women: A Reply to Dr. Mark Flynn
Authors: Hicks-Caskey W. E. , Potter Daniel R.
Published: August 2011

A previous report on the effect of the day of the full moon on the acting-out behavior of 20 developmentally delayed, institutionalized women showed that on the day of the full moon there were significantly more misbehaviors than on any other day during the lunar period. The records were re-evaluated to assess the frequency of acting-out behaviors on weekends and holidays as contrasted with the balance of the month. This re-evaluation indicated there was no significant difference between the weekends and holidays and the balance of the month ( t = 1.14). The results were taken as support of the previous findings that on the day of the full moon there were significantly more misbehaviors than on any other day of the lunar period.
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction and Type A-B Behavior in College Students
Authors: Nellis Terry A. , Conti Patricia A. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The incidence of self-reported Temporomandibular Joint dysfunction was assessed in large groups of Type A- and Type B-scoring college students, with the result that the Type A-scorers were 3.4 times more likely to report the dysfunction than the Type B-scorers.
Prediction of Athletic Participation: A Test of Planned Behavior Theory
Authors: Theodorakis Yiannis
Published: August 2011

The ability of Planned Behavior theory to predict training frequency from young swimmers' intention to participate in the team's trainings was tested in this study. The sample consisted of 98 subjects, 10 to 13 yr. of age. The theory was considered suitable for predicting this behavioral intention ( R = .72, p<.001). Intention, past behavior, and perceived behavioral control were correlated with swimmers' actual participation for 4 weeks in the team's training, but perceived behavioral control had little effect on behavior. Findings suggest that the intention and the act of regularly participating in sports is strengthened when young athletes perceive their personal evaluation as favorable, when they think that important others would approve, and when they believe that the opportunities and resources will be available. These results are discussed in terms of the usefulness of the theory in the exercise domain.
Relationships among Age, Sex, and Depth of Sport Experience with Initial Open-Task Performance by 4- to 9-Year-Old Children
Authors: Beitel Patricia A. , Kuhlman Jolynn S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative interrelationships of age, sex, and depth of sport experience on initial practice of a soccer task for 46 4-to 9-yr.-old children. Each child practiced 1 transfer trial and 3 blocks of 3 trials. Measures recorded were performance time, goal attainment, and movement accuracy. Multivariate analyses of variance and multiple regressions yielded evidence for (a) a speed-accuracy tradeoff, (b) a relation of age to goal attainment, movement accuracy, and performance time on the transfer trial, and (c) a relation of age with Block 1 performance time. Experience was more related than sex to all variables except movement accuracy in Block 1 and consistency of goal attainment. Conclusions are that age and experience are the most important to the quality of performance, and no constructs were related to consistency on this task for this age group.
Differences in Motor Proficiency According to Gender and Race
Authors: Plimpton Carol E. , Regimbal Celia
Published: August 2011

To assess possible differences in children's motor development data were collected from intact first-grade classrooms on six subtest items from the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Analysis of variance of scores for agility, balance, strength, and hand-eye coordination tested the significance of differences between gender and racial groups. Gross motor proficiency of 111 children of a suburban school system and 69 from an urban elementary school was evaluated. African-American children were significantly faster and more agile than the white children; scores for African-American boys were significantly higher than those for all girls, and scores in strength for white boys were significantly higher than those for white girls. White boys had significantly higher scores on hand-eye coordination than all other children but no significant difference on balance among groups was noted.
Prediction of Achievement of Doctoral Students in Education
Authors: Kluever Raymond C. , Green Kathy E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze associations among Graduate Record Examination scores, graduate grade point average, and faculty ratings of success for 311 doctoral students in a School of Education. Moderate correlations obtained between examination scores and the criterion variables of faculty ratings and graduate GPAs. Students in the lowest 10% of the examination score range had significantly lower criterion grades and ratings than those in the highest 10%. Examination scores and score combinations are a useful gross screening indicator of potential success for doctoral study in education.
Potentiating Ballistic Limb Movements through Voluntary Production of the Stretch-Shorten Cycle
Authors: Walter Charles B.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of learning to produce voluntarily a basic biomechanical mechanism, the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC), on the acceleration of a ballistic arm movement. The task required an elbow flexion at maximal effort performed with the forearm resting upon a horizontal manipulandum. Subjects in three groups received either no augmented feedback, feedback concerning the velocity of the flexion, or a combination of feedback on velocity and feedback related to the rate of stretch of the SSC during 80 training trials. The training trials were preceded by a pretest and followed by a posttest without feedback. Analyses showed that the subjects receiving feedback concerning the SSC exhibited earlier and greater peak angular acceleration than the other groups. These findings provide evidence that acquiring the control of relevant, basic mechanisms like the SSC may be useful in facilitating tasks requiring limb movements of maximal effort.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXIX. Solar Activity and Admission of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Raps Avi , Stoupel Eliahu , Shimshoni Michael
Published: August 2011

Numbers of first admissions per month for a single psychiatric unit, from 1977 to 1987, were examined for 1829 psychiatric inpatients to assess whether this measure was correlated with 10 parameters of geophysical activity. Four statistically significant values were 0.197 with level of solar radioflux at 2800 MHZ in the corresponding month, −0.274 with sudden magnetic disturbances of the ionosphere, −0.216 with the index of geomagnetic activity, and −0.262 with the number of hours of positive ionization of the ionosphere in the corresponding month. Percentages of variance accounted for were very small.
Questioning the Empathy-Altruism Scale
Authors: Sullivan Roberta , Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

In Batson's research, people are frequently divided into an empathy group and a distress group depending on their answers to a questionnaire after being exposed to someone in distress. The present study followed this procedure but obtained preexposure measures on the questionnaire as well. Analysis indicated that the distress group ( n = 15) is well named—they do respond with increased distress after exposure. There was no evidence to support the claim (a) that the empathy group ( n = 14), relative to the distress group, responded with increased empathy upon seeing someone in distress or (b) that the empathy group showed a greater increase in empathy than in distress.
Outcomes of Thematic Apperception Test and Apperceptive Personality Test Stories
Authors: Karp Stephen A. , Silber David E. , Holmstrom Robert W. , Banks Valarie , Karp Julie
Published: August 2011

8 Thematic Apperception Test or 8 Apperceptive Personality Test stimulus pictures were shown to each of 40 college students randomly selected from a larger group of 503 students with the instructions to make up and write out a story about each picture. Following this, subjects filled out questionnaires in multiple-choice format, answering questions about each of their stories including a rating of the outcome of the story on a 5-point scale from very happy (successful) to very unhappy (unsuccessful). Based solely upon the stories, each of two judges rated the story outcomes on the same 5-point scale used by subjects. Interjudge agreement was .87. High and significant correlations were obtained between judges' ratings of the stories and subjects' questionnaire ratings of the same stories, for both TAT and APT and for both male and female subjects. The results suggest, at least as far as story outcome is concerned, substantial similarity of questionnaire ratings by judges of story content.
Association of Need for Cognition and Course Performance
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Gulgoz Sami
Published: August 2011

For 48 undergraduates mean r was .28 between scores on the Need for Cognition Scale and course test scores, suggesting enjoyment of thoughtful effort should be encouraged.
Evidence for a Player's Position Advantage in a Videogame
Authors: Brown R. Michael , Brown Norma L. , Reid Kathy
Published: August 2011

An understanding of videogame performance may increase our knowledge of human performance generally and clarify ways in which performance can be enhanced. Few studies to date have examined factors that may contribute to successful performance in videogames. The hypothesis, based on preliminary observation, was that the position one occupies—right or left—affects performance in a television ping-pong game (“pong”). Analysis showed that right-handed male university students ( n = 40) performed better when seated on the right than on the left. The right-side advantage was maintained even when subjects were presented a mirror-image of the game, indicating that characteristics of the apparatus were not solely responsible for the effect. Perhaps compatibility of certain display and response components in the pong game accounted for the advantage of the player's position.
Brain-Age Quotient: Age and Education Correlates
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill , Anilane Juliane , Bjerklie Gail L.
Published: August 2011

The Brain-Age Quotient (BAQ) of Reitan has been proposed as a means of studying age-related cognitive differences. This study examined age and education correlates of the BAQ and a BAQ short form. A heterogeneous group of 100 subjects were selected from the neuropsychological testing case records published by Golden, Osmon, Moses, and Berg in 1981, Boll (undated), and Reitan (undated). Results suggest the BAQ and the BAQ short form are not significantly correlated with age and education.
Hostility of Asocial Youth as Measured by the Tat and Rorschach
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

23 boys and 13 girls, aged 13 to 17 yr., from two homes for delinquents were given the Thematic Apperception Test. Girls were also given the Rorschach. The 1960 Hafner and Kaplan TAT and Rorschach hostility indices were related to the 1977 Luukkonen indices (aggression-inward, aggression-outward, fantasy-aggression, oral, anal and phallic content), to the Pruitt and Spilka empathy index, and to the Neiger reality index. The TAT hostility index for boys was significantly higher than that for girls; boys expressed more physical and girls more verbal hostility in TAT stories. On the Rorschach, aggression outward and inward correlated significantly with Rorschach hostility, phallic and oral themes.
On Cliff's Formula, the Kaiser-Guttman Rule, and the Number of Factors
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

Cliff (1988) has presented a formula for the reliability of a principal component which is different from my long-known formula (Kaiser, 1957, 1991) for coefficient alpha of a principal component. Cliff claims that his approach is “correct” and mine “is the result of a misapplication of the formula for internal consistency reliability” Actually, both developments are correct but are based on different premises: Cliff considers measurement error within—but not between—attributes, while I consider measurement error between—but not within—attributes. The application of my formula to the knotty problem of the “number of factors”—the Kaiser-Guttman Rule—appears often to give the “right” result, when “right” means agreement with the subjective judgment of factor-analytic grandmasters. But when it fails it is approximately equally likely to overfactor as to underfactor. Cliff's formula, on the other hand, when used to establish the number of factors, almost invariably overfactors and, in the limit, as the within-attribute reliabilities all approach one (as with, say, physical attributes), nonsensically will declare all principal components perfectly reliable no matter how small their associated eigenvalues, yielding an absurd answer if used to establish the number of factors.
Perceptual and Academic Patterns of Learning-Disabled/Gifted Students
Authors: Waldron Karen A. , Saphire Diane G.
Published: August 2011

This research explored ways gifted children with learning disabilities perceive and recall auditory and visual input and apply this information to reading, mathematics, and spelling 24 learning-disabled/gifted children and a matched control group of normally achieving gifted students were tested for oral reading, word recognition and analysis, listening comprehension, and spelling. In mathematics, they were tested for numeration, mental and written computation, word problems, and numerical reasoning. To explore perception and memory skills, students were administered formal tests of visual and auditory memory as well as auditory discrimination of sounds. Their responses to reading and to mathematical computations were further considered for evidence of problems in visual discrimination, visual sequencing, and visual spatial areas. Analyses indicated that these learning-disabled/gifted students were significantly weaker than controls in their decoding skills, in spelling, and in most areas of mathematics. They were also significantly weaker in auditory discrimination and memory, and in visual discrimination, sequencing, and spatial abilities. Conclusions are that these underlying perceptual and memory deficits may be related to students' academic problems.
Effects of Influenza and the Common Cold on the Stroop Color-Word Test
Authors: Smith A. P.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of experimentally induced upper respiratory viral infections on selective attention. In Exp. 1, 61 adults were challenged with a cold-producing virus; analysis showed no effect of infection or illness on performance of the Stroop task. In contrast to this the results of Exp. 2, involving 27 adults, showed that influenza increased distractibility from irrelevant stimuli.
Why is Life Stress Ignored in Studies of ‘Stress’ and Athletic Performance?
Authors: Felsten Gary , Wilcox Kathy
Published: August 2011

Investigations of relationships between stress and athletic performance and stress and outcomes outside of sport psychology have a parallel evolution. Each area has advanced from early attempts to find simple, strong relationships to current strategies for evaluating the influences of individual differences and situational factors on more elusive relationships. However, the most common conceptualizations of stress are very different in research on sport psychology and stress, and most studies of stress and athletic performance do not involve the influences of stress outside athletics. We propose that the approaches used by sports psychologists and stress researchers could be combined to evaluate more fully the relationships between stress and athletic performance.
Societal Influences on a Thinner Body Size in Children
Authors: Davis Jenifer , Oswalt Robert
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to examine whether educational textbook illustrations portray children thinner since the turn of the century. 50 undergraduates each rated 54 third-grade text pictures (3 of boys and 3 of girls in each decade since 1900) on a thinness scale. Analysis indicated a significant trend in thinness for girls but not for boys. Concerns are raised about a connection between educational illustrations of children and eating disorders.
Chinese Response Preferences for Display-Control Relationships: Lever Control
Authors: Courtney Alan J.
Published: August 2011

Direction-of-motion stereotypes between controls and displays were tested using a paper-and-pencil test. Yunnan Province Chinese subjects of both sexes and from a wide range of ages and backgrounds were asked to indicate the lever-control movement (3 different planes) they would make to move a display dot in a given direction. Although there were similarities between Western and Chinese stereotypes, the Chinese had a more complex pattern of responses than Western subjects and exhibited some response preferences not generally found among Western subjects.
Do Necessary or Sufficient Causal Information Conditions Affect Attributions More?
Authors: Kimble Charles E. , Seidel Steven D.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine how single sentences of information about the consensus, distinctiveness, or consistency of a behavioral event affect attributions. The logical model of attribution, derived from Kelley's ideas on covariation, indicates that particular types of information (e.g., low consensus) imply that a person, a stimulus, or a circumstance is a necessary or a sufficient condition for the behavioral event. It was expected that conditions of necessary cause would produce stronger attributions than those of sufficient cause would. We presented low or high consensus, distinctiveness, or consistency information or no information about one of five behavioral events on each of 105 trials. Strength and speed of attribution to a person, a stimulus, or a circumstance were measured on each trial. Conditions of necessary cause did produce the strongest attributions in five of six comparisons, but two of the six sufficient cause conditions also influenced attributions substantially. In general, people appear to know the patterns of information indicating that a factor is a necessary and sufficient condition and use the three-dimensional patterns as templates to fill in missing information for attributions when they consider a single bit of information.
Reliabilities, Norms and Factor Structure of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale
Authors: Grigsby Jim , Kaye Kathryn , Robbins Laurence J.
Published: August 2011

This is a report on the statistical properties of a research and clinical measure of cognitive and behavioral functioning, which has so far demonstrated utility among elderly persons. This instrument, the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, is adapted from Luria's approach to the assessment of frontal lobe dysfunction. The scale shows high internal consistency and very good interrater reliability. In a clinically stable, elderly population, test-retest reliability is high. Normative data are presented for three different samples: 47 young adults, 141 cognitively normal elderly persons, and our total elderly sample of 229. A principal components analysis yielded 3 factors consistent with Luria's theory.
Positive Effects of Subliminal Stimulation on Memory
Authors: Chakalis Evagelica , Lowe Geoffrey
Published: August 2011

To assess the effect of subliminally embedded auditory material on short-term recall, 60 volunteer subjects undertook a face-name-occupation memory test before and after a 15-min. intervention. They were randomly assigned into three groups (a control group and two experimental groups) and allocated to one of the following conditions: (1) no sound, (2) supraliminal presentation of relaxing music, and (3) subliminal presentation of memory-improvement affirmations embedded in relaxing music. After intervention, only the subliminal group significantly improved their performance on recall of names.
Habitual Participation in Exercise and Personality
Authors: Szabo Attila
Published: August 2011

Two personality characteristics of 21 habitually exercising and 14 nonexercising college students were compared by using the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The former scored higher on Extraversion than the latter. Both groups of men ( ns = 9 and 6), as well as 12 exercising women, scored lower on Neuroticism than 8 nonexercising women.
Correspondence of Self-Referent Statements and Color Preference
Authors: Charles Marsha , Moyer William W.
Published: August 2011

The correlation between the description of 40 undergraduate women's favorite colors and their self-description was investigated. Subjects rated adjectives as these applied to their favorite colors, which were selected from the Munsell Book of Color, and then rated the same adjectives as applied to themselves. Analysis indicated that adjective ratings for self-descriptions and favorite colors were significantly correlated at .34, which, however, accounts for but a small proportion of common variance.
Hemisphere Differences in Event-Related Potentials (ERPS) to Monaural Presentations of Simple Speech Sounds
Authors: Kvale Gerd , Hugdahl Kenneth , Nordby Helge , Hammerborg Dag
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to compare ERPs over the left and right hemispheres to monaural consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. It was predicted that, if the contralateral auditory representation is stronger than the ipsilateral one, then ERPs over the left hemisphere should be larger for right-ear stimulus input. Furthermore, if the hemispheres differ in efficiency in processing of speech sounds, then ERPs recorded at any given site should vary as a function of the ear to which the sound is presented. Twelve right-handed subjects participated. The CV-syllables used were /Ba/ and /Pa/ with 15 presentations of each syllable to each ear in a randomized order. EEG was recorded from F3, Fz, and F4 with linked ears as reference. The results showed no significant asymmetry in the ERP-leads. N1- and N2-amplitudes were, however, larger at Fz than at F3 and F4, and N1-latency was shorter for right-ear presentations, which also interacted with the /Pa/-syllable presentations. P3-latency was longer to the /Pa/-syllable compared to the /Ba/-syllable, while N4-latency was longer to the /Ba/-syllable. N4-amplitude was more negative for the /Pa/-syllable presented to the left ear. The results are discussed in terms of phonemic differences between the unvoiced /Pa/ and voiced /Ba/, and early versus late stages of processing. The results are also seen in relation to ear differences in dichotic listening.
Fundamental Frequency Variability in Elderly Women during Production of Stressed and Unstressed Words
Authors: Scukanec Gail P. , Petrosino Linda , Rastatter Michael P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to examine intrasubject and intersubject fundamental frequency (F0) variability in a group of young adult and elderly female speakers during the production of stressed and unstressed words. While both groups exhibited greater intersubject variability during stressed versus unstressed productions, stressed productions were more variable in the elderly women than in the young adults. Also, the elderly women exhibited greater intrasubject variability during stressed and unstressed productions relative to young adults. Implications of these findings were discussed.
The Relation of Performance Norms and Cohesiveness for Japanese School Athletic Teams
Authors: Kim Myung-Soo , Sugiyama Yoshio
Published: August 2011

Carron has suggested that within sports groups' performance, the attitudes shared among members about the level of performance to be achieved and group cohesiveness, which is defined as the total field of forces that act on members to remain in the group, are interrelated. The present purpose was to confirm quantitatively the relation of teams' performance norms and their cohesiveness, so 1972 subjects from 114 Japanese high school athletic teams were administered questionnaires on their performance norms and cohesiveness. Pearson rs for performance norms were significantly correlated (.27, .35, .65, and .26) with 4 measures of cohesiveness, thereby supporting Carron's suggestion.
Empirical Evidence for Assumptions Underlying Time Orientation in Undergraduates
Authors: Fidler Tara , Dawson Kim A. , Gallant Roy
Published: August 2011

282 undergraduate students between 17 and 68 years of age were asked to list the 5 most significant experiences of their lives, to assign time zones to these experiences, and to provide estimates of emotional valence corresponding to each significant life experience they listed. Subjects also provided judgements of time perspective on a Life Line. The sample showed a near-past orientation and a positive emotional valence across the experiences reported. However, the first experiences reported were distant past experiences significantly more frequently than expected by chance, while the last experiences in the Experiential Inventory were significantly more often located in the distant future. While this result validates the prevailing assumption of a unidirectional flow of past to future, empirical evidence was also found for the larger magnitude and variability of future as compared with past perspective. This suggests a bidirectional model of time should be invoked to explain the differing character of the opponent temporal processes of recall and anticipation in human experience.
Validation of An Instrument to Measure Understanding of Pattern by Elementary School Children
Authors: Berlin Donna F. , White Arthur L.
Published: August 2011

The analysis and validation of an instrument to measure the ability of elementary school children to recognize and extend patterns in different representational forms is presented.
The Defense Mechanism Test in Clinical and Personality Research
Authors: Hentschel Uwe
Published: August 2011

Different research strategies are used for the application of the Defense Mechanism Test in clinical and personality research. It is argued that the harvest of useful information would be greater if the effort of different research groups could be coordinated.
Comparison of Three Depression Rating Scales
Authors: Margo Geoffrey M. , Dewan Mantosh J. , Fisher Seymour , Greenberg Roger P.
Published: August 2011

We directly compared scores on the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory with two other common rating scales that assess a wider range of psychopathology, including depression, the self-rated Symptom Check List-90—R (SCL-90—R), and the clinician-rated Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for 71 inpatients who suffered from depression ( n = 50) and other disorders. All measures of depression showed robust correlations among themselves. The self-rated scales correlated better between themselves than with the clinician-rated scale. Since the SCL-90—R assesses depression as well as the Beck inventories, is also a self-report instrument, yet provides a richer description of psychopathology with little extra effort, it may have some advantage over the latter.
Exploration of Head Injury without Medical Attention
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Kasiraj Jayanthi , Trent Neal H. , Trent Ann , Orling Robert A. , Hughey Brent , Keller William J. , Thomas-Dobson Shan
Published: August 2011

In surveys of prison inmates and four other populations, 1,055 subjects reported having a history of 489 head injuries, with 31% of these “unattended” by a physician and 60% “undocumented” in that they were not hospitalized. The prison inmates did not have a history of more unattended injuries or undocumented injuries than the other groups of subjects as was predicted. However, the inmates reported more permanent effects from their unattended and undocumented injuries. Also, the inmates had more permanent effects and longer unconsciousness than did the other groups for their attended and documented head injuries.
Analysis of the Effect of Competitive Trait Anxiety on Performance in Taekwondo Competition
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Dinucci James M. , McCune E. Donice , McCune Sandra L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of competitive trait anxiety on performance in open- (sparring) and closed- (forms) skills in Taekwondo. 58 subjects responded to the Sports Competition Anxiety Test immediately prior to competition. Subjects were categorized into groups showing high, medium, and low competitive anxiety to assess whether differences on the variables of sparring and forms were significantly related with scores on competition anxiety, age, or gender after adjusting for the covariate of years of competition. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed no significant differences between subjects and the normative samples on competitive anxiety scores except for boys, whose scores were significantly higher than those of a normative sample of male youth athletes.
Performance of Students with Learning Disabilities on Validity Indexes of the Perception of Ability Scale for Students
Authors: Chapman James W. , Boersma Frederic J.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the performance of 78 students with learning disabilities and 71 normally achieving students in regular Form 1 (Grade 6) classes on three validity indexes of the Perception of Ability Scale for Students, a measure of academic self-concept. The three indexes assess consistency of responding, negative or positive response biases, and misrepresentation of self-perceptions in terms of unrealistic perceptions of perfection in school. Analysis showed that learning disabled students obtained significantly lower Full Scale scores than the normal students, but no significant differences appeared on the three validity indexes. Users of the test can be confident that learning disabled students respond to items in as valid a manner as other students. Having specific learning problems in school should not interfere with response patterns on this scale.
A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Health/Fitness Status and Health Behavior on Perceived Quality of Life
Authors: Woodruff Susan I. , Conway Terry L.
Published: August 2011

This study extended cross-sectional research associating quality of life with health and fitness factors. Longitudinal analyses were performed on data collected from 519 U.S. Navy personnel to assess changes in quality of life with changes in health/fitness status and health behavior dimensions at 1-yr. and 2-yr. intervals. Multiple regression results showed that such changes were positively associated with changes in health/fitness status and behaviors related to accident control and wellness maintenance, with these predictors accounting for 8% of the variance in change in quality of life at the 1-yr. interval. At the 2-yr. interval, such change was associated with health/ fitness status and accident control behaviors, accounting for 11% of the variance. Health behavior change made a unique contribution to change in quality of life after controlling for changes in health/fitness status at both intervals. Findings affirm modest yet consistent associations between changes in fitness and health variables and quality of life and suggest that improvements in health behavior influence quality of life independently of one's health/fitness status.
Association and Dissociation by Football Fans
Authors: Kimble Charles E. , Cooper Brian P.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the tendency of fans to associate themselves with preferred teams when they win and dissociate themselves from preferred teams when they lose. We offered and gave buttons of preferred team to viewers who were watching two teams play a professional football game on television. More fans of the winning team voluntarily gave their postgame reactions and signed their names next to their indicated preferred team than fans of the losing team Analysis of responses to a mood questionnaire completed after the game indicated that fans of the winning team were elated and fans of the losing team were dejected after the game. These results support an hypothesis that fans attain a feeling of vicarious achievement through being fans.
Effect of Using Age-Adjusted Suicide Rates on the Results of Time-Series Analyses of the Suicide Rate
Authors: Lester David , Motohashi Yutaka
Published: August 2011

Using data from Motohashi, differences in results of time-series analyses of crude and age-adjusted suicide rates in Japan were observed.
Effects of Attention State on Electrodermal Activity during Auditory Stimulation of Children
Authors: Shibagaki Masamitsu , Yamanaka Tadashige , Furuya Takeshi
Published: August 2011

During passive and active listening tasks electrodermal activity of 49 healthy school children was studied. The procedure included baseline recording, a passive listening task, instructions, and simple and discriminative active-listening tasks. On the passive task from Trials 1 to 10, habituation of the amplitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) occurred. Habituation of SCR amplitude did not occur during the active tasks. The children seemed to pay more attention during the active tasks than during the passive task, since the need to press the key is apt to require and may even increase general attention. As for temporal variables of SCR, the frequency of spontaneous SCRs showed a significant negative correlation with SCR latency and rise time. Reaction time exhibited a significant negative correlation with age. An increase in reaction time was found during the discriminative active-listening task over that for the simple active-listening task during the course of 10 trials. The younger children (6–8 yr.) seemed to require longer to pay attention than the older ones (10–12 yr.). Children seemed to pay more attention during the discriminative than during the simple active-listening task, since the need to press the key for discrimination should require and is likely to increase general attention.
Learning Style and Personality Type
Authors: Drummond Robert J. , Stoddard Ann H.
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relations between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Gregorc Style Delineator and to examine the construct validity of the Style Delineator, 41 undergraduate students preparing to be teachers were given both tests. Observed differences in learning styles by personality type partially support the construct validity of the Style Delineator. Judging individuals ( n = 25) tended to perceive themselves as concrete sequential thinkers as opposed to perceptive individuals ( n = 16) who thought of themselves as concrete random thinkers. Feeling types ( n = 29) tended to prefer random modes of thinking.
Effects of Progressive Exercise on Attentional Focus
Authors: Côté Jean , Salmela John , Papathanasopoulu Kalliopi P.
Published: August 2011

To replicate 1986 work of Salmela and Ndoye on whether physical arousal from riding a stationary bicycle led to narrowing of attentional focus 17 subjects responded to a verbal 5-choice RT task while pedalling to exhaustion. Increased heart rates with increased physical stress (bicycle resistance increased) was not associated with narrowing of attention. When heart rates were 160 and 180 bpm, RTs to stimuli peripherally located to the right were slower than central ones. Further evaluation is required.
Fast Music Causes Fast Drinking
Authors: McElrea Heather , Standing Lionel
Published: August 2011

For 40 undergraduate women asked to rate flavour of a soda, fast music significantly decreased drinking time.
Statistical Inference for the Population Density Index
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

A procedure is provided to calculate the probability of the population density index under the null hypothesis of random distribution of points on a k by k square area.
Effects of Instruction and Practice on Ball Catching Skill: Single-Subject Study of An 8-Year-Old
Authors: Williams John G.
Published: August 2011

An eight-year-old boy learned to make one-handed catches by involvement in three 30-min. periods of instruction and practice consisting of modelling, videotape-based performance feedback, and variable practice interspersed with videotaped assessments on seven consecutive days. An adult-like catching action (both bands) emerged in the second session and was used exclusively thereafter. Catching success at the second and third assessments improved from 40% (preferred hand) and 30% (non-preferred) to over 90% (both hands) on the final assessment. Following the intervention, success and the catching action were similar to those of skillful ten-year-old subjects observed in a previous study.
Differences in Lingual Vibrotactile Threshold Shifts during Magnitude-Estimation Scaling between Normal-Speaking Children and Children with Articulation Problems
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Underwood Gail , Clark Kendal
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in function of the tactile sensory system between groups of normal-speaking children and children with articulation problems. This task was accomplished by studying possible tactile threshold shifts occurring during magnitude-estimation scaling of vibratory stimuli presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue. 10 normal-speaking children ( M age = 7.8 yr.) and 9 children with articulation problems ( M age = 7.5 yr.) participated. The normal-speaking children and articulatory defective children performed differently on the magnitude-estimation scaling task in which threshold was allowed to return to baseline after each stimulus presentation. These two groups of children also showed dissimilar threshold shifts for the suprathreshold intensities employed in the magnitude-estimation scaling.
Formation of Arbitrary Stimulus Classes in Matching to Complex Samples: Supplementary Data
Authors: Stromer Robert , Stromer Joan Butcher
Published: August 2011

A follow-up study of work published in 1990 showed that consistent use of Tone-relevant trials during training and testing baselines contributed to the reliable formation of 5-member stimulus classes during matching to sample. With Tone-irrelevant trials during either training or testing 4 of 12 subjects formed such classes, but none did so when such trials were used in both training and testing baselines. This extends our prior work.
Anxiety and Color Saturation Preference
Authors: Ireland Susan R. , Warren Yvonne M. , Herringer Lawrence G.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between personality characteristics and color preference was investigated. Of 49 women and 17 men, 30 individuals scoring above the mean on an anxiety scale preferred significantly less saturated colors than 36 individuals scoring below the mean.
Splitting as a Predictor of Depression
Authors: Critelli Joseph W. , Gabriel Marsha T. , Ee Juliana S. , Neumann Karl F.
Published: August 2011

146 university students completed measures of splitting, depression, and self-esteem. Splitting was positively correlated with depression and negatively related to self-esteem.
Resistance in the College Classroom: Variations in Students' Perceived Strategies for Resistance and Teachers' Stressors as a Function of Students' Ethnicity
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph
Published: August 2011

Current research on college students' resistance to teachers' compliance-gaining efforts in the college classroom has focused on the relation of teachers' antecedent behaviors and students' noncompliance or students' strategies for resistance. The present study explored the relationship between students' ethnicity (42 African-American, 72 Hispanic, 33 Native American, 101 white), strategies for resistance, and teachers' stressors (Type-A behavior, burnout, role ambiguity, role conflict). The results of multiple discriminant analyses indicated differences in the strategies of resistance and in perceived stressors of teachers among the four ethnic groups of students.
Informativeness and the Learning of Bipolar Adjectives
Authors: Highnam Clifford , Wetrich Susan
Published: August 2011

The effects of informativeness upon the learning of bipolar adjectives were examined by asking 20 preschoolers to learn novel words descriptive of different lengths vs tensions of a coiled spring. The set of adjectives which contrasted most highly for informativeness showed the greatest asymmetry for successful learning.
Experimental Stimulation by Burst-Firing Weak Magnetic Fields over the Right Temporal Lobe May Facilitate Apprehension in Women
Authors: Richards Pauline M. , Koren Stan A. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Intermittent bursts of weak magnetic fields whose patterns simulate normal amygdaloidal-hippocampal activity were generated by computer over the right or left temporal regions of men and women during partial sensory deprivation. As predicted, women but not men reported greater apprehension during right-hemispheric but not left-hemispheric stimulation. Intrusions of right-hemispheric processes have been hypothesized to affect self-esteem adversely. These results also support the role of the right parahippocampal region in the production of panic attacks.
Stimulus-Dependent Ear Asymmetry in a Dichotic Monitoring Task
Authors: Jäncke Lutz
Published: August 2011

Auditory lateralization was investigated in 26 right-handed and 26 left-handed, normal subjects using two dichotic monitoring tasks in each proband [dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) syllable monitoring once with the syllable /ta/ and once with the syllable /da/ as target]. Subjects were instructed to monitor for the presence of a target CV which could occur in either ear. They responded by depressing a response button; reaction time (RT) and hit rates were recorded. In right-handers the syllable /ta/ presented to the right ear was detected more frequently, on the average, than presented to the left ear. Also, RT was shorter for detection of /ta/ in the right ear than for detection in the left ear for both right- and left-handers. The detection of /da/ showed no ear advantage in hit rate and RT either for right-handers or for left-handers. These results demonstrate the existence of a right-ear advantage in dichotic monitoring of the target syllable /ta/ but not for the target syllable /da/. This difference in evoking a right-ear advantage is attributed to a difference in the difficulty of detection of both targets. It is argued that the detection of /da/ is too difficult to evoke phonetic processing, leading to a right-ear advantage.
Visuomotor Organization in the Left-Handed Child: A Neuropsychological Approach
Authors: Karapetsas A. , Vlachos F.
Published: August 2011

In this study we used the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure to examine the visuomotor organization of 514 boys and girls, aged 5.5 to 20.5 yr. All were left-handed as judged by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Statistical evaluation showed significant differences in the visuomotor organization for boys and girls across the various age groups. Statistically significant differences also appeared between the two sexes at the age groups 7.5 to 8.5 and 8.5 to 9.5, with girls showing better organization than boys.
Differentiation of Alzheimer and Cerebrovascular Patients with the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised
Authors: Fuller Gerald B. , Doan Greg H.
Published: August 2011

60 adult patients with focal cerebrovascular accidents (30 with left cerebral hemisphere lesions, 30 with right cerebral lesions) and 30 adults with Alzheimer disease were compared to 30 normal adults on the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised (MPD—R). The regular scoring variables plus the two-step method of diagnosis for brain damage with the MPD—R were used. One-way analyses of variance with age and mental status as covariates yielded a significant difference between control subjects and brain-damaged patients on most of the MPD—R variables. The controls scored the best, followed by the Alzheimer and cerebrovascular groups. Planned comparisons for cerebrovascular vs Alzheimer subjects were significant across all MPD—R scores except distortion of dots; the Alzheimer subjects scored better than the cerebrovascular subjects. The two cerebrovascular groups were not differentiated by the MPD—R scoring variables. The MPD—R correctly identified 96% of each of the two brain-damaged groups and 70% of the control group. Findings are described in terms of the utility of the MPD—R in differential diagnosis with elderly populations.
Responses of Conduct-Disordered versus Psychotic Adolescents to PPVT-R Items of Human versus Nonhuman Content
Authors: Atlas J. A. , Miller A. L.
Published: August 2011

24 conduct-disordered youth were compared with 22 psychotic youth on differential responsivity to human versus nonhuman content plates on the PPVT-R. Conduct-disordered youth performed worse on items featuring human stimuli, implying antisocial patterns which might correlate with more active avoidance of social relating.