bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization by unilateral BAHA users
Authors: Wazen Jack J. , Ghossaini Soha N. , Spitzer Jaclyn B. , Kuller Mary
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVES

Patients with unilateral hearing loss report difficulty hearing conversation on their impaired side, localizing sound, and understanding of speech in background noise. The bone‐anchored cochlear stimulator (BAHA) (Entific, Gothenburg, Sweden) has been shown to improve performance in persons with unilateral severe‐profound sensorineural loss (USNHL). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of BAHA in sound localization for USNHL listeners.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective study of 12 USNHL subjects, 9 of whom received implants on the poorer hearing side. A control group of 10 normal hearing subjects were assessed for comparison. Localization with and without BAHA was assessed using an array of 8 speakers at head level separated by 45 degrees. Error analysis matrix was generated to evaluate the confusions, accuracy in response, and laterality judgment.

RESULTS

The average accuracy of speaker localization was 16% in the unaided condition, with no improvement with BAHA use. Laterality judgment was poorer than 43% in both aided and nonaided conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with UNSNHL had poor sound localization and laterality judgment abilities that did not improve with BAHA use.
Innovation in manufacturing
Authors: Schroeder Roger G. , Scudder Gary D. , Elm Dawn R.
Published: June 2005

Executive Summary

Innovation has recently become a subject of much interest to academics and managers alike. This awakening interest has been brought on by increased competition and a desire to improve business performance. While much has been written on innovation, in general, little has appeared on manufacturing innovation. This paper attempts to provide insight into this subject by analyzing the perspectives of manufacturing managers on what manufacturing innovation is, how it can be measured, and how it can be improved.

While the literature and research have addressed important aspects of innovation in manufacturing, further understanding is needed, especially in the definition and measurement of innovation in manufacturing. A generally accepted definition of innovation in a manufacturing context will provide a basis for development of appropriate measures of innovation (not performance), as well as leading to methods for improving innovation (and hence, performance). This paper reports on a series of group discussions with manufacturing managers in how to define, measure, and improve innovation in a manufacturing context.

A group of 65 manufacturing managers (vice‐presidents, plant managers and manufacturing directors) was brought together and divided into seven small groups. Most of these managers had direct responsibility for from one to five manufacturing plants of various sizes. Each of the small groups was given one of the following three questions: (1) How do you define innovation in manufacturing? (2) How do you measure innovation in manufacturing? or (3) How would you improve innovation in manufacturing? Nominal groups were utilized to “brainstorm” answers to the appropriate questions in each small group.

A framework for manufacturing innovation is developed from the data. The framework shows that manufacturing results are affected by the degree of innovation present in manufacturing and by various factors external to manufacturing and the firm. The degree of innovation. in turn, is affected by several elements within manufacturing which can be managed by the firm (resources, structure, goals and culture). The framework which has been developed from these data can be used by managers and researchers alike to define, measure, and improve innovation in manufacturing.
Legal aid in South Africa: making justice reality
Authors: van As Hennie
Published: June 2005

Democracy and the adoption of a Bill of Rights for South Africa not only brought about political change, but it also created expectations of a better life for all. The Constitution guarantees equality before the law, access to a fair hearing and the right to legal representation in criminal matters, and the Legal Aid Board is one of the institutions tasked with giving effect to these pledges. In order to achieve its objectives and to fulfil its obligations, government embarked upon a process of transformation of existing structures and institutions and the creation of new ones. Although legal aid, and statutory provision therefore, are not new concepts in South Africa, constitutionalization resulted in the restructuring of the Legal Aid Board and changes in the method of delivery of its services. The focus is on rendering legal representation in criminal matters to the neglect of civil and non-legal problems that the poor often face, resulting in the impression that government is merely paying lip service to the promise of access to justice. This lends credence to the perception that the legal system exists in order to protect the interests of criminals. Being a developing country, it is comprehensible that priorities have to be set, but it is also true that optimum use should be made of existing structures and resources in order to deal with the needs for legal aid services as expressed by the recipients of those services. Involving students and local government are two methods that can be employed to address the multi-farious problems experienced by the less fortunate members of society.
Major Histocompatibility ComplexDRB1 gene: its role in nematode resistance in Suffolk and Texel sheep breeds
Authors: SAYERS G. , GOOD B. , HANRAHAN J. P. , RYAN M. , ANGLES J. M. , SWEENEY T.
Published: June 2005

A potential control strategy for nematode infection in sheep is the implementation of a breeding programme to select for genes associated with resistance. The Texel breed is more resistant to gastrointestinal nematode infection than the Suffolk breed, based on faecal egg count, and this difference should enable the identification of some of the genes responsible for resistance. The objective of this study was to determine if variation at the ovine MHC-DRB1 locus was associated with variation in faecal egg count in Suffolk and Texel sheep. Ovar-DRB1 alleles and faecal egg count were determined for Texel (n=105) and Suffolk (n=71) lambs. Eight Ovar-DRB1 alleles, including 1 previously unknown allele, were identified in the Texel breed by sequence-base-typing. Seven Ovar-DRB1 alleles were identified in the Suffolk breed. Two Ovar-DRB1 alleles were common to both breeds, but were among the least frequent in the Suffolk population. In the Suffolk breed 1 Ovar-DRB1 allele was associated with a decrease in faecal egg count and 2 alleles with an increase in faecal egg count. This locus accounted for 14% of the natural variation in faecal egg count in Suffolks. There was no evidence for an association between Ovar-DRB1 alleles and faecal egg count in the Texel breed and the Ovar-DRB1 locus accounted for only 3% of the phenotypic variation in faecal egg count. These results suggest that the Ovar-DRB1 gene plays an important role in resistance to nematode infection in the Suffolk breed. The difference in faecal egg counts between these breeds may be attributable in part to the different allele profile at the Ovar-DRB1 locus.
Transliteration between spoken language corpora
Authors: Allwood Jens , Henrichsen Peter Juel , Grönqvist Leif , Ahlsén Elisabeth , Gunnarsson Magnus
Published: June 2005

Comparison of languages and linguistic data is essential if progress in our understanding of the nature of spoken languages is to be made. We understand phenomena better through comparison and contrast. This paper discusses problems that arise in trying to transfer a spoken language corpus transcribed and formatted according to one standard into the standard and format of another corpus. The problems that arise are related both to the differences that exist between the standards of the corpora and to human errors leading to lack of reliability in creating the transcriptions. Although the discussion is based on transfer and transliteration between two specific corpora (the Danish BySoc, BySociolingvistisk Korpus, and the Swedish GSLC, Göteborg Spoken Language Corpus), we believe that the discussion in the article documents and highlights problems of a general kind which have to be faced whenever spoken language corpora of different formats are to be compared.
Call for papers: NJL Special Issue on Grammaticalization
Authors: Heltoft Lars , Rosenkvist Henrik
Published: June 2005

The second issue of Volume 29 (2006) of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics will be a special issue on grammaticalization.
Special Issue: Learning and creativity Part 2
Authors: DUFFY ALEX H.B. , BRAZIER FRANCES M.T.
Published: June 2005

Special Issue Part 1 (Issue 3) and Part 2 (Issue 4) of AIEDAM
are based on a workshop on Learning and Creativity held at the 2002
conference on Artificial Intelligence in Design, AID '02
(www.cad.strath.ac.uk/AID02_workshop/Workshop_webpage.html; Gero, 2002), the sixth of similar workshops, with the
previous five focusing on Machine Learning in Design and being held at
AIDs '92, '94, '96, '98, and '00 (Gero, 1992, 2000; Gero &
Sudweeks, 1994, 1996,
1998). The first three workshops also resulted
in special issues of AIEDAM (Maher et al.,
1994; Duffy et al., 1996, 1998).
Variations on the Dance of the Seven Veils
Authors: CADDY DAVINIA
Published: June 2005

Early twentieth-century Paris saw an embarrassment of half-naked women dancing with seven veils and papier-mâché heads: ‘Salomania’ had gripped the capital. By 1913 Salome was a regular feature on music hall show-bills, besides the balletic and operatic stage. This study focuses on three variations on Salome's notorious Dance of the Seven Veils, performed by Loie Fuller (1907), Ida Rubinstein (1909) and Maud Allan (from 1906) on music by Florent Schmitt, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov and Richard Strauss respectively. Such an investigation provides a peculiar line through the cultural and aesthetic determinants of early twentieth-century theatrical dance. In this context music takes on new narrative significance, offering ways of configuring the Dance above and beyond its mere visual surface.
Cinematic realism, reflexivity and the American ‘Madame Butterfly’ narratives
Authors: SHEPPARD W. ANTHONY
Published: June 2005

This article focuses on two cinematic versions of the ‘Madame Butterfly’ tale. Produced near the beginning of the sound era, the 1932 Madame Butterfly struggles to co-opt Puccini's opera and thereby create a fully cinematic Butterfly. My Geisha, created three decades later, aspires to subvert Orientalist representation by reflecting back upon Puccini's and Hollywood's Butterflies with hip sophistication. Both films work simultaneously with and against the Butterfly canon in intriguing ways and both are shaped by prevailing American perceptions of race and gender. In investigating the relationship between these films and Puccini's opera, I raise broader issues of comparative genre analysis, focusing particularly on exotic representation on stage and screen. Does film, in its bid to project exotic realism in both sound and image, succeed in surpassing the experience of staged Orientalist opera?
Current bibliography of urban history
Authors: SMITH JOHN , TACEY LIZ
Published: June 2005

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History 1992–2002. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. There is an index of towns on pp. 504–507. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken.
On the formation and survival of complex prebiotic molecules in interstellar grain aggregates
Authors: Cecchi-Pestellini Cesare , Scappini Flavio , Saija Rosalba , Iatì Maria Antonia , Giusto Arianna , Aiello Santi , Borghese Ferdinando , Denti Paolo
Published: June 2005

The aggregation of interstellar grains as a result of ballistic collisions produces loosely packed structures with much of their internal volume composed by vacuum (cavities). The molecular material present on the surfaces of the cavities gives rise to a series of reactions induced by cosmic rays, UV radiation, thermal shocks, etc., in high reducing conditions. Thus, a terrestrial type chemistry is given the possibility to evolve inside these cavities. The resulting products are different and of a wider range than those from gas-phase or surface chemistry in molecular clouds. Under conditions similar to those in the aggregate cavities, laboratory experiments have produced amino acids, sugars and other organic compounds from simple precursors. In dense star-forming regions, the molecular species inside aggregates are efficiently shielded against the local UV field. The same molecules were incorporated in the material which formed the Earth, as well as other planets, during the process of its formation and afterwards fell on the surface via comets, meteorites, interstellar dust, etc. This was the source material that can produce, under favorable circumstances, the biopolymers needed for life. The astronomical observations of organic molecules in star-forming regions and the results of analyses of meteorites and cometary dust seem to support the present hypothesis that complex prebiotic molecules form inside dust aggregates and therein survive the journey to planetary systems. The Miller experiment is revisited through innumerable repetitions inside dust grain aggregates.
Behaviour of RNA under hydrothermal conditions and the origins of life
Authors: Kawamura Kunio
Published: June 2005

The RNA world hypothesis and the hydrothermal origin of life hypothesis are contradictory to each other. Although it is considered that RNA molecules are too labile to maintain life-like systems at high temperatures and there is extensive literature on nucleic acid hydrolysis, the stability and the chemical evolution of RNA have not been sufficiently analysed from the viewpoint of hydrothermal reactions. Based on our experimental data concerning the stability and the prebiotic formation of RNA at high temperatures, two different aspects seem to be important for evaluating whether RNA molecules are too labile. First, the stability of RNA molecules should be evaluated from the comparison of the rate of formation and the rate of degradation of RNA in open systems. Our prebiotic reaction models of phosphodiester bond formation suggest that at high temperatures the accumulation of RNA may be possible. However, an RNA world entirely consisting of RNA molecules is unlikely to occur because the biologically important interactions are not effective for the bare RNA molecules at high temperatures. Second, since enzymes presently mediate most biological reactions, evaluation of the accumulation of RNA should be based on the comparison between the enzymatic and non-enzymatic reaction rates. Hence, the evaluation of the primitive enzymatic reaction rates at high temperatures has been attempted. There is a large difference between the present enzymatic reaction rates at 25–90 °C and the non-enzymatic reaction rates at high temperatures of 200–300 °C. It is thus possible that prebiotic enzyme-like assemblies could have facilitated the accumulation of RNA molecules at hydrothermal vent temperatures.
Irregular earthquake cycle along the southern Tianshan front, Aksu area, China
Authors: Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia , Suppe John , Van Der Woerd Jerome , Wang Xin , Lu Huafu
Published: June 2005

A long deformation record (∼16.5 ka) showing nonsteady earthquake recurrence is established for the Aksu thrust (Tianshan, China) on the basis of cosmogenic 10Be dating of faulted surfaces. Topographic leveling across the Aksu fault scarp indicates up to ∼10 m uplift across a moraine abandoned ∼16.5 ka and similar uplift of ∼6 m across two inset surfaces yielding ages of ∼12.5 and ∼5 ka. Successively smaller uplifts of terraces younger than 5 ka indicate that three or more major earthquakes occurred during this period. These data show that the Aksu thrust fault was quiet for at least 7500 years and active in the last ∼5000 years and probably in the interval 16.5–12.5 ka. The seismic cycle along the Aksu thrust fault over the last ∼16,500 years was thus strongly irregular showing long quiescence and clustering, which is a challenge for paleoseismology and hazard assessment. This irregularity also makes it more difficult to estimate long‐term shortening rates. Nevertheless, we are able to constrain a minimum total shortening rate (>7 mm/yr) across the southern Tianshan front for the last 12,500 years that is about a third of the total geodetic rate for the western Tianshan (∼20 mm/yr).
Field‐aligned currents during northward interplanetary magnetic field: Morphology and causes
Authors: Vennerstrom S. , Moretto T. , Rastätter L. , Raeder J.
Published: June 2005

We present the results of a global MHD simulation of solar wind magnetosphere interaction during northward IMF. In particular, we emphasize the effect of the IMF By component on the reconnection geometry and the mapping along field lines to the polar ionosphere, through field‐aligned currents. We find that the existence and geometry of the polar cap is closely connected to the IMF By component. During strictly northward IMF the simulated magnetosphere can remain essentially closed because the solar wind field lines reconnect in both hemispheres, thereby creating newly reconnected closed dayside field lines. The existence of a small nonzero IMF By component, however, effectively acts to open up the magnetosphere. When ∣By∣ < Bz the position of the polar cap is strongly asymmetric with respect to the noon‐midnight meridian, depending on the sign of By. In the northern hemisphere for By positive(negative) the polar cap is then located mainly in the dawnside (duskside), in close accordance with what have been observed using particle precipitation data or auroral observations. The simulated NBZ currents map to major portions of the magnetopause: the flanks and the mantle. They can exist both on open and closed field lines and are created by the shear of the newly reconnected field lines against the mantle field as they are convected tailward by the solar wind. When the IMF rotates from northward toward east, the magnetospheric mapping regions of the NBZ currents likewise rotates. However, the idea that the NBZ currents rotate to form the two sheets of FACs sandwiching the ionospheric DPY current is only partly confirmed by the simulation.
Cluster observations of traveling compression regions in the near‐tail
Authors: Slavin J. A. , Tanskanen E. I. , Hesse M. , Owen C. J. , Dunlop M. W. , Imber S. , Lucek E. A. , Balogh A. , Glassmeier K.‐H.
Published: June 2005

Examination of Cluster measurements has revealed the presence of traveling compression regions (TCRs) in the lobes of the Earth's magnetotail at X ∼ −11–19 RE. These TCRs strongly resemble those observed in the more distant tail, but their mean duration is only ∼35 s as compared with ∼160 s for the TCRs in the distant tail. Furthermore, the Bz variations associated with the Cluster TCRs were found to be south‐then‐north (SN) in 80% of the cases as opposed to the north‐then‐south (NS) polarity that is dominant beyond X ∼ −30 RE. Analysis of the time of arrival of the TCRs at the different Cluster spacecraft showed that all of the SN TCRs propagate earthward while all of the NS TCRs, as expected, move tailward. The mean speeds of the SN and NS TCRs were essentially the same, 849 km/s and 821 km/s, respectively, and their average width was 4.3 RE. Some examples of near‐periodic, multiple TCR events with separations between individual TCRs comparable to their width were also observed, suggestive of multiple X‐line reconnection or periodic impulsive reconnection. However, the most probable separation observed during multi‐TCR events was larger, ∼100–150 s. The TCR minimum variance eigenvectors have a strong tendency to lie parallel to the GSM XY plane, but they exhibit a wide range of orientations within that plane. Examined as a function of the YGSM, there are broad maxima in occurrence frequency, width, and speed of TCRs on the duskside of the tail. Superposed epoch analysis of the Kyoto World Data Center Quick Look AL Index relative to the time of TCR occurrence shows that the compression regions tend to be observed during the expansion phase of substorms. Finally, the origins of the traveling compression regions in the near‐tail are discussed in terms of the effects of magnetic flux rope motion and impulsive reconnection.
Incorporating seepage losses into the unsteady streamflow equations for simulating intermittent flow along mountain front streams
Authors: Niswonger Richard G. , Prudic David E. , Pohll Greg , Constantz Jim
Published: June 2005

Seepage losses along numerous mountain front streams that discharge intermittently onto alluvial fans and piedmont alluvial plains are an important source of groundwater in the Basin and Range Province of the Western United States. Determining the distribution of seepage loss along mountain front streams is important when assessing groundwater resources of the region. Seepage loss along a mountain front stream in northern Nevada was evaluated using a one‐dimensional unsteady streamflow model. Seepage loss was incorporated into the spatial derivatives of the streamflow equations. Because seepage loss from streams is dependent on stream depth, wetted perimeter, and streambed properties, a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow model was used to develop a series of relations between seepage loss and stream depth for each reach. This method works when streams are separated from groundwater by variably saturated sediment. Two periods of intermittent flow were simulated to evaluate the modeling approach. The model reproduced measured flow and seepage losses along the channel. Seepage loss in the spring of 2000 was limited to the upper reaches on the alluvial plain and totaled 196,000 m3, whereas 64% of the seepage loss in the spring of 2004 occurred at the base of the alluvial plain and totaled 273,000 m3. A greater seepage loss at the base of the piedmont alluvial plain is attributed to increased streambed hydraulic conductivity caused by less armoring of the channel. The modeling approach provides a method for quantifying and distributing seepage loss along mountain front streams that cross alluvial fans or piedmont alluvial plains.
Effects of rainfall seasonality and soil moisture capacity on mean annual water balance for Australian catchments
Authors: Potter N. J. , Zhang L. , Milly P. C. D. , McMahon T. A. , Jakeman A. J.
Published: June 2005

An important factor controlling catchment‐scale water balance is the seasonal variation of climate. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the seasonal distributions of water and energy, and their interactions with the soil moisture store, on mean annual water balance in Australia at catchment scales using a stochastic model of soil moisture balance with seasonally varying forcing. The rainfall regime at 262 catchments around Australia was modeled as a Poisson process with the mean storm arrival rate and the mean storm depth varying throughout the year as cosine curves with annual periods. The soil moisture dynamics were represented by use of a single, finite water store having infinite infiltration capacity, and the potential evapotranspiration rate was modeled as an annual cosine curve. The mean annual water budget was calculated numerically using a Monte Carlo simulation. The model predicted that for a given level of climatic aridity the ratio of mean annual evapotranspiration to rainfall was larger where the potential evapotranspiration and rainfall were in phase, that is, in summer‐dominant rainfall catchments, than where they were out of phase. The observed mean annual evapotranspiration ratios have opposite results. As a result, estimates of mean annual evapotranspiration from the model compared poorly with observational data. Because the inclusion of seasonally varying forcing alone was not sufficient to explain variability in the mean annual water balance, other catchment properties may play a role. Further analysis showed that the water balance was highly sensitive to the catchment‐scale soil moisture capacity. Calibrations of this parameter indicated that infiltration‐excess runoff might be an important process, especially for the summer‐dominant rainfall catchments; most similar studies have shown that modeling of infiltration‐excess runoff is not required at the mean annual timescale.
Contrasting short‐ and long‐timescale effects of vegetation dynamics on water and carbon fluxes in water‐limited ecosystems
Authors: Williams Christopher A. , Albertson John D.
Published: June 2005

While it is generally believed that the magnitude and composition of vegetation cover influence land‐atmosphere water and carbon fluxes, observations indicate that in some cases, fluxes are insensitive to land cover contrasts. This seeming inconsistency may be resolved by contrasting fluxes over short and long timescales. To explore this potential contrast, we developed and tested a model designed to simulate daily to decadal land surface water and carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics for water‐limited ecosystems. The model reproduces (R2 > 0.76) observed daily fluxes under increasing water limitation and captures representative dynamics of leaf area and fractional cover of dominant grass and wood vegetation. We parameterized the model for southern African savannas and conducted two sets of numerical experiments with either having fixed (static) grass and wood covers or allowing them to adjust dynamically with production. Static simulations reveal that the direct effect of rainfall on soil moisture is more important than the prevailing grass and wood cover states in controlling annual transpiration and production. Dynamic simulations indicate sensitivity of daily fluxes to vegetation cover states during high soil water periods. However, depletion of finite soil water prevents an integrated effect from lasting over interstorm to annual timescales. Correspondingly, while seasonal vegetation dynamics enhance seasonality in fluxes, vegetation dynamics have only minor influence on annual transpiration and production. In fact, annual rainfall explains most (R > 0.85) of the temporal variation in annual water and carbon fluxes. Hence, despite alteration of daily and seasonal distributions of fluxes, for water‐limited ecosystems, vegetation dynamics have little effect on annual transpiration and production.
Observations at the tidal plume front of a high‐volume river outflow
Authors: Orton Philip M. , Jay David A.
Published: June 2005

We present shipboard observations of very strong convergence, vertical velocities and mixing, and near‐bed impacts associated with the leading‐edge front of the tidally‐pulsed Columbia River plume. With upwelling‐favorable winds and riverflow of 4900 m3s−1, the plume propagates as a buoyant gravity current with a rotary, bore‐like vertical frontal circulation and downwelling as strong as 0.35 m s−1. In waters as deep as 65 m, near‐bed currents intensify to as much as 1.0 m s−1 after frontal passage, and are often associated with elevated acoustic backscatter. Mixing is locally strong, with an eddy diffusivity of O(0.2 m2s−1) 50 m behind the front, and T‐S diagrams imply plume mixing with 10 m deep ocean water. These observations indicate that the leading‐edge front of a surface‐advected plume can cause exchanges of (a) nutrients between cold subsurface shelf waters and the river plume, and (b) nutrients and sediments across the sediment‐water interface.
Analytic solution of the mean elevation of a watershed dominated by fluvial incision and hillslope landslides
Authors: Lavé J.
Published: June 2005

In active mountainous landscapes dominated by detachment‐limited fluvial incision and hillslope landslides, the scaling relations that characterize both river profiles and planimetric organization of the river network can be linked to provide an analytic solution to describe the mean elevation of a watershed. This new analytical approach directly links mountain elevation, precipitation, bedrock erodibility and uplift rate, and yields results that are consistent with those obtained through classic 2‐D surface process model. When applied to a growing linear mountain range the approach provides an approximate, but much faster, solution for 2‐D or 3‐D numerical models of crustal deformation that explicitly include surface processes.
Energetic particle injections in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Mauk B. H. , Saur J. , Mitchell D. G. , Roelof E. C. , Brandt P. C. , Armstrong T. P. , Hamilton D. C. , Krimigis S. M. , Krupp N. , Livi S. A. , Manweiler J. W. , Paranicas C. P.
Published: June 2005

Measurements from the Cassini Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) beginning in July 2004 reveal that sudden planetward injections of energetic ions (5–200 keV) and electrons (20–200 keV) over confined regions of azimuth are pervasive events in Saturn's magnetosphere over the radial range of 3.8 to 11.2 Saturn radii (RS). Saturn is thus similar to both Earth and Jupiter in the pervasiveness of such injections. At Saturn with Cassini, unlike Jupiter with Galileo, effects of the large radial gradients in the global azimuthal rotational flow pattern often dominates the dispersive particle injection signatures. Accurate knowledge of rotational flow patterns is required to calculate the age and formation positions of injections that are more than several hours old. Here we develop procedures to derive the needed flow profiles from the injections themselves.
Cassini observations of the thermal plasma in the vicinity of Saturn's main rings and the F and G rings
Authors: Tokar R. L. , Johnson R. E. , Thomsen M. F. , Delapp D. M. , Baragiola R. A. , Francis M. F. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Fish B. A. , Young D. T. , Crary F. J. , Coates A. J. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S.
Published: June 2005

The ion mass spectrometer on Cassini detected enhanced ion flux near Saturn's main rings that is consistent with the presence of atomic and molecular oxygen ions in the thermal plasma. The ring “atmosphere” and “ionosphere” are likely produced by UV photosputtering of the icy rings and subsequent photoionization of O2. The identification of the O+ and O2+ ions is made using time‐of‐flight analysis and densities and temperatures are derived from the ion counting data. The ion temperatures over the main rings are a minimum near synchronous orbit and increase with radial distance from Saturn as expected from ion pick up in Saturn's magnetic field. The O2+ temperatures provide an estimate of the neutral O2 temperature over the main rings. The ion mass spectrometer also detected significant O2+ outside of the main rings, near the F ring. It is concluded that between the F and G rings, the heavy ion population most likely consists of an admixture of O2+ and water group ions O+, OH+, and H2O+.
Observed currents over the outer continental shelf during Hurricane Ivan
Authors: Mitchell D. A. , Teague W. J. , Jarosz E. , Wang D. W.
Published: June 2005

Hurricane Ivan crossed the Gulf of Mexico as a category 4/5 storm before making landfall in Alabama. Here we show in unprecedented detail the oceanic response generated by Ivan as it crossed the outer continental shelf. The current structure was found to be frictionally dominated with overlapping surface and bottom boundary layers as Ivan approached before transitioning to a dominant surface boundary layer as the wind stress peaked. The strongest currents, largest temperature fluctuations, and greatest transports were generated left of the storm track.
A phase locking mechanism for nongyrotropic electron distributions upstream of the Earth's bow shock
Authors: Gurgiolo C. , Goldstein M. L. , Narita Y. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , Fazakerley A. N.
Published: June 2005

Observations of nongyrotropic electron distributions in the region upstream of the Earth's bow shock suggest that there exists a mechanism to lock in their phase, otherwise they would rapidly gyrophase mix into a ring‐beam distribution. Measurements by the Plasma Electron and Current Experiment (PEACE) on the Cluster spacecraft have provided a way of determining the rotational period of a nongyrotropic electron distribution. For the time period studied, the rotational period is found to be ≈0.5 Hz, significantly lower than the local Larmor frequency but in line with the frequency of waves observed in the local magnetic field. Detailed wave analysis has revealed that the waves are most likely ordinary right‐hand whistler waves. The conclusion is that the waves provide the necessary phase locking mechanism. It is not clear whether those waves are generated by the nongyrotropic distribution or are produced by other means and then cause the observed nongyrotropy.
Martian variable features: New insight from the Mars Express Orbiter and the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit
Authors: Greeley Ronald , Arvidson Raymond , Bell Jim F. , Christensen Phil , Foley Daniel , Haldemann Albert , Kuzmin Ruslan O. , Landis Geoff , Neakrase Lynn D. V. , Neukum Gerhard , Squyres Steve W. , Sullivan Robert , Thompson Shane D. , Whelley Patrick L. , Williams David
Published: June 2005

Linear, low‐albedo patterns (termed dark wind streaks) formed on the floor of Gusev crater between September 2003 and February 2004, as seen on High Resolution Stereo Camera images taken on board the Mars Express Orbiter. Pancam images from the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit show that the rover crossed a dark streak during its traverse to Bonneville crater. Spirit Microscopic Imager data reveal that sand grains within the dark wind streak are relatively free of dust, whereas grains outside the streak are mantled with dust. During the September 2004 solar conjunction, Spirit remained in one location from sol 240 to sol 260. Comparison of images taken before and after the conjunction shows that patches of soil beneath the rover darkened with respect to the adjacent soils, suggesting removal of relatively bright material. Two MI mosaics taken 18 sols apart of the surface within 0.5 m of the nearest dark patch show that some larger (1–2 mm) sand grains moved as far as 0.7 mm. These observations support the hypothesis that some dark surface patterns result from the removal and/or repositioning of fine‐grained material by winds, exposing a relatively lower albedo substrate, such as coarse sand grains. Other variable features on the Gusev floor seen from orbit faded between September 2003 and February 2004 and are interpreted to represent settling of dust from the atmosphere, consistent with the accumulation of dust observed on Spirit. The observation of dark streaks fading with time, while some dark streaks were newly formed, is consistent with local wind gusts or the passage of dust devils that locally sweep dust from the surface or cause a redistribution of fine grains among larger particles.
A Rank-by-Feature Framework for Interactive Exploration of Multidimensional Data
Authors: Seo Jinwook , Shneiderman Ben
Published: June 2005

Interactive exploration of multidimensional data sets is challenging because: (1) it is difficult to comprehend patterns in more than three dimensions, and (2) current systems often are a patchwork of graphical and statistical methods leaving many researchers uncertain about how to explore their data in an orderly manner. We offer a set of principles and a novel rank-by-feature framework that could enable users to better understand distributions in one (1D) or two dimensions (2D), and then discover relationships, clusters, gaps, outliers, and other features. Users of our framework can view graphical presentations (histograms, boxplots, and scatterplots), and then choose a feature detection criterion to rank 1D or 2D axis-parallel projections. By combining information visualization techniques (overview, coordination, and dynamic query) with summaries and statistical methods users can systematically examine the most important 1D and 2D axis-parallel projections. We summarize our Graphics, Ranking, and Interaction for Discovery (GRID) principles as: (1) study 1D, study 2D, then find features (2) ranking guides insight, statistics confirm. We implemented the rank-by-feature framework in the Hierarchical Clustering Explorer, but the same data exploration principles could enable users to organize their discovery process so as to produce more thorough analyses and extract deeper insights in any multidimensional data application, such as spreadsheets, statistical packages, or information visualization tools.
A Framework for Visualization of Microarray Data and Integrated Meta Information
Authors: Gehlenborg Nils , Dietzsch Janko , Nieselt Kay
Published: June 2005

We have developed a methodology that allows integration of microarray data and meta information within a visualization in order to guide the investigator during data exploration and analysis. A simple mathematical framework is introduced that uses scoring functions to map meta information to relevance ratings of genes. To explore the potential of this framework we extended the traditional heatmap with new features to graphically represent the relevance ratings. These ratings are visualized by an additional color gradient, by scaling the vertical height of matrix rows, by rearranging rows or by inserting new columns into the heatmap. This visualization is called an enhanced heatmap. We have applied our approach to microarray data of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle, complemented with supplemental data that we both derived from the microarray data itself and retrieved from public databases. Using these data we demonstrate how this visualization concept can be efficiently used to identify certain features of genes and to detect inconsistencies in the data. Thus, the investigator has the possibility to get an overview of data from various sources and at the same time can gain a deeper insight into the structure of the combined data. The concept is not restricted to heatmaps, and can be used to extend further visualization techniques, such as profile plots. We found that our method is a powerful tool to integrate supplemental data into microarray visualizations and that it increases the efficiency of visual data exploration, which is a fundamental part of microarray data analyses.
Novel cyanoterphenyl self-assembly monolayers on Au(111) studied by ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrational spectroscopies
Authors: Zhang Hao-Li , Evans Stephen D. , Critchley Kevin , Fukushima Hitoshi , Tamaki Takashi , Fournier Frédéric , Zheng Wanquan , Carrez Serge , Dubost Henri , Bourguignon Bernard
Published: June 2005

The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of two asymmetric disulfides derivatives (namely, LC1 and LC2) were prepared on Au(111). The disulfides contain a pure alkyl chain and an alkyl chain terminated by a cyanoterphenyl group. LC1 and LC2 differ by the way the cyanoterphenyl group is attached onto the alkyl chain: it is expected to be aligned with the alkyl chain in the case of LC1 and perpendicular to it in the case of LC2 (T shape). The consequences in terms of surface coverage, chemical composition, and molecular conformation of the two SAMs are studied using ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and broadband femtosecond sum-frequency generation (SFG). A model of coverage and tilt angle based on ellipsometry and XPS results shows that the SAM “manages” the large size of the terphenyl group by lowering the terphenyl containing chain coverage and by increasing the tilt. In the case of LC2, the disulfide breaks during molecular assembly, less terphenyl chains adsorb than pure alkyl chains, and the overall chain coverage is smaller than for LC1. RAIRS and SFG results show that these differences in surface coverage correspond to a drastically different orientation of the terphenyl axis, which lies nearly parallel to the surface for LC2, while it is tilted by ≈28° for LC1. This shows that the terphenyl group takes much more space on the surface in the case of LC2 and explains why the terphenyl coverage is found smaller for LC2. The anomalous SFG relative intensities observed in the region of CH stretch between CH2 and CH3 modes, and symmetric and antisymmetric modes, show that the chains are not in the fully stretched, all-trans conformation, LC2 being probably more distorted than LC1. These distorsions allow the molecules to occupy the space available below the large terphenyl group. The relative intensities of symmetric and antisymmetric modes are discussed qualitatively for some typical molecular conformations and orientations of the alkyl chain.
O
18
effects on the infrared spectrum and skeletal tunneling of tropolone
Authors: Redington Richard L. , Redington Theresa E. , Blake Thomas A. , Sams Robert L. , Johnson Timothy J.
Published: June 2005

Infrared-absorption profiles observed for vibrational transitions of gaseous tropolone often show sharp Q branch peaks, some of them ultranarrow spikes, indicative of the band origins for vibrational state-specific spectral tunneling doublets. In this work oxygen isotope effects for two CH wagging fundamentals, the COH torsion fundamental, and the skeletal contortion fundamental are reported. They allow considerations to be given: (1) oxygen isotope effects on the vibrational frequencies and state-specific tunneling splittings; (2) the asymmetry offset of the potential-energy minima for O16 and O18 tropolone; and (3) additional details concerning previously proposed high J rotation-contortion resonances in the contortional fundamental. The new results help to characterize the skeletal contortion fundamental and support the joint participation of skeletal tunneling with H tunneling in the vibrational state-specific tautomerization processes of tropolone in its ground electronic state.
Multipolar expansions for closed and open systems of relativistic particles
Authors: Alba David , Lusanna Luca , Pauri Massimo
Published: June 2005

Dixon’s multipoles for a system of N relativistic positive-energy scalar particles are evaluated in the rest-frame instant form of dynamics. The Wigner hyperplanes (intrinsic rest frame of the isolated system) turn out to be the natural framework for describing multipole kinematics. Classical concepts like the barycentric tensor of inertia turn out to be extensible to special relativity only by means of the quadrupole moments of the isolated system. Two new applications of the multipole technique are worked out for systems of interacting particles and fields. In the rest frame of the isolated system of either free or interacting positive energy particles it is possible to define a unique world line which embodies the properties of the most relevant centroids introduced in the literature as candidates for the collective motion of the system. This is no longer true, however, in the case of open subsystems of the isolated system. While effective mass, 3-momentum and angular momentum in the rest frame can be calculated from the definition of the subsystem energy-momentum tensor, the definitions of effective center of motion and effective intrinsic spin of the subsystem are not unique. Actually, each of the previously considered centroids corresponds to a different world line in the case of open systems. The pole–dipole description of open subsystems is compared to their description as effective extended objects. Hopefully, the technique developed here could be instrumental for the relativistic treatment of binary star systems in metric gravity.
The microcanonical thermodynamics of finite systems: The microscopic origin of condensation and phase separations, and the conditions for heat flow from lower to higher temperatures
Authors: Gross D. H. E. , Kenney J. F.
Published: June 2005

Microcanonical thermodynamics [D. H. E. Gross, Microcanonical Thermodynamics, Phase Transitions in “Small” Systems (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001)] allows the application of statistical mechanics both to finite and even small systems and also to the largest, self-gravitating ones. However, one must reconsider the fundamental principles of statistical mechanics especially its key quantity, entropy. Whereas in conventional thermostatistics, the homogeneity and extensivity of the system and the concavity of its entropy are central conditions, these fail for the systems considered here. For example, at phase separation, the entropy S(E) is necessarily convex to make eS(E)−E∕T bimodal in E. Particularly, as inhomogeneities and surface effects cannot be scaled away, one must be careful with the standard arguments of splitting a system into two subsystems, or bringing two systems into thermal contact with energy or particle exchange. Not only the volume part of the entropy must be considered; the addition of any other external constraint [A. Wehrl, Rev. Mod. Phys. 50, 221 (1978)], such as a dividing surface, or the enforcement of gradients of the energy or particle profile, reduce the entropy. As will be shown here, when removing such constraints in regions of a negative heat capacity, the system may even relax under a flow of heat (energy) against a temperature slope. Thus the Clausius formulation of the second law: “Heat always flows from hot to cold,” can be violated. Temperature is not a necessary or fundamental control parameter of thermostatistics. However, the second law is still satisfied and the total Boltzmann entropy increases. In the final sections of this paper, the general microscopic mechanism leading to condensation and to the convexity of the microcanonical entropy at phase separation is sketched. Also the microscopic conditions for the existence (or nonexistence) of a critical end point of the phase separation are discussed. This is explained for the liquid-gas and the solid-liquid transition.
Enhancement of Raman scattering for an atom or molecule near a metal nanocylinder: Quantum theory of spontaneous emission and coupling to surface plasmon modes
Authors: Zuev V. S. , Frantsesson A. V. , Gao J. , Eden J. G.
Published: June 2005

An analytic expression for the electromagnetic enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate and Raman scattering cross-section for an excited atom or molecule in close proximity to a metal nanocylinder has been derived by quantum theory. Coupling of the atomic or molecular optical radiation into the TM0 surface plasmon mode of the nanocylinder results in reradiation by the cylinder, a process that is most efficient when the incident radiation is linearly polarized, with the electric field oriented parallel to the axis of the nanocylinder. For a silver cylinder having a radius and length of 5 and 20nm, respectively, the enhancement in the spontaneous emission rate is >107 for ℏω0≃2.4eV (λ=514nm), which corresponds to an increase of ≈1014 in the Raman scattering cross section. This result, as well as the prediction that the atomic dipole generates broadband, femtosecond pulses, are in qualitative agreement with previously reported experiments involving metal nanoparticle aggregates. The theoretical results described here are expected to be of value in guiding future nonlinear optical experiments in which carbon nanotubes or metal nanowires with controllable physical and electrical characteristics are patterned onto a substrate and coupled with emitting atoms or molecules.