bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Words and Understanding in Grove's Settlers of the Marsh
Authors: La Bossière Camille
Published: March 2013

Michel de Montaigne, ironic assayer of perception and judgment, once observed that what may seem hot to one individual or group is not unlikely to seem cold to another. There is much in the criticism of the first of Frederick Philip Grove's published prairie novels, Settlers of the Marsh (1925), to suggest that the sceptic's ancient wisdom has worn well with time and much use. On the one hand, there is commentary such as Desmond Pacey's in the Literary History of Canada. (1965): while admitting to 'some improbabilities' in the relations of the three main characters in that fiction, he finds in favour of Grove's 'acute and profound' analysis of the 'motives' of the protagonist Niels Lindstedt and praises the 'brilliant fidelity' with which the author describes the northern Manitoba bush country and the homesteader's life there. In 1969, Ronald Sutherland also finds great virtue in the 'psychological depth' of the novel, judging Settlers of the Marsh Grove's 'finest achievement.' More recently, a reader's guide restates the value of 'the psychological realism of Grove's characterizations and the naturalistic description of the farms laid precariously upon the northern Manitoba landscape.'
Drama
Authors: Astington John
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1984.
Translations
Authors: Mezei Kathy
Published: March 2013

Reviews of literary translations published in Canada in 1984.
Humanities
Authors: Testa Bart
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1984.
Disguise and Renaissance Tragedy
Authors: Hyland Peter
Published: March 2013

I want to begin with a definition and a distinction, in order to avoid confusions that have arisen in much of the earlier writing on the subject of disguise on the Elizabethan stage. In 1915, Victor O. Freeburg, the author of what is still the only full-scale examination of disguise plots in Elizabethan plays, wrote this: 'Dramatic disguise ... means a change of personal appearance which leads to mistaken identity. There is a double test, change and confusion.' In an essay which has had rather more influence than Freeburg's book, Muriel Bradbrook took issue with this, offering what is, on the face of it, a rather more subtle definition: 'I should prefer to define disguise as the substitution, overlaying or metamorphosis of dramatic identity, whereby one character sustains two roles. This may involve deliberate or involuntary masquerade, mistaken or concealed identity, madness or possession.' I feel, however, that Bradbrook's definition blurs an important distinction, and contains such a degree of elasticity that it threatens to become meaningless. She allows, for example, the feigned madness of Hamlet and the real madness of Lear to be called 'disguise'—thereby, surely, falsifying the specific meaning of the word.
Kant and the Synthetic A Priori
Authors: Miles Murray
Published: March 2013

I want to preface my remarks on Kant's theory of the synthetic a priori with a quotation from a distinguished British Kant scholar which illustrates well, I think, what is at stake in our critical acceptance or rejection, not so much of the detail of Kant's theory, as of his general type of approach. The quotation is this: 'Philosophy has in the past generally been regarded as a branch of knowledge, or at least justified belief, in which by means of universally valid reasoning man could discover truths of supreme importance that went altogether beyond the facts of experience discoverable in the ordinary sciences and gave him information about the general structure of reality as a whole.' The author, the Cambridge philosopher A.C. Ewing, goes on to say: 'In Cambridge it is now usually regarded as a study of the way in which people use words.' What Ewing outlines in the passage I quoted first is what I would like to call the old rationalist faith in the primacy of metaphysics. By this I mean the traditional conviction that man can arrive by the exercise of his unaided reason at an insight into the essential structure of the real world; that he can know entirely a priori certain strictly universal truths about the world, taking 'world' in the sense of the sum total of all possible objects of human knowledge. Of course Ewing is a modern exponent of the old metaphysical creed. That is to say that he accepts without hesitation Kant's strictures upon traditional metaphysics, for which the 'real' world was not the phenomenal world which is the object of the empirical sciences, but a hidden reality either behind (things-in-themselves) or beyond (God, freedom, immortality) the appearances given in sense-experience. What remains of the old rationalist faith once these 'dogmatic' presuppositions are stripped away is something like this. Although all our knowledge is empirical knowledge, there is implicit in empirical science an a priori structure which provides a reference frame without which empirical investigation would itself be impossible.
The Meanings of 'An Intellectual': Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century English Usage
Authors: Allen Peter
Published: March 2013

According to T. W. Heyck, 'no one was called "an intellectual" in England before the 1870s. In the early and mid-Victorian periods we find 'men of letters,' 'cultivators of science,' and various terms describing professionals of different sorts, but we do not find 'intellectuals.' The emergence of the new term has allowed us to ascribe a social role to intellectuals throughout history, but in so doing we impose a characteristically modern idea on the past. The change is more than verbal: it is 'a profound transformation of the economic, social and conceptual relations in which writers and thinkers stood.'
Edward Thomas and the Georgians
Authors: Mitchell Peter
Published: March 2013

Leavis was wrong about Edward Thomas. This judgment was put to me during a typically uneasy supervision with an eminent scholar. Leavis had used Thomas in the second chapter of New Bearings to announce the shift from a Victorian to a Modem point of view. In Thomas we had a poet who could not be associated with the Georgians, whom Leavis viewed as backward-looking. Thomas, it was argued, was 'a very original poet who devoted great technical subtlety to the expression of a distinctively modern sensibility.' The specific comparison Leavis suggested was with Hardy. The latter, according to Leavis in 1932, 'is now seen to be truly a Victorian—a Victorian in his very pessimism, which implies positives and assurances that have vanished. He inhabits a solid world, with the earth firm under his feet.' Thomas, by contrast, is concerned with 'the finer texture of living, the here and now, the ordinary moments, in which for him the 'meaning' (if any) resides. It is as if he were trying to catch some shy intuition on the edge of consciousness that would disappear if looked at directly.' Hardy had not 'impinged' upon the poetic situation of his day, Leavis argued, because 'the stresses incident to the most sensitive and aware had shifted and altered' from those which Hardy records to those by which Thomas gave voice to 'the modern disintegration, the sense of directionlessness.' Thus Thomas was said to be 'exquisitely sincere and sensitive, and ... succeeded in expressing in poetry a representative modern sensibility.' It was with respect to this, Thomas's modernity, that my supervisor disagreed with Leavis. As far as he was concerned, Thomas was merely another Georgian.
Poetry
Authors: Hatch Ronald
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1985.
Me audiendi ... stupentem: The Restoration of Wonder in Boethius's Consolation
Authors: Quinn Dennis
Published: March 2013

During the last hours of his life Socrates made his final apology for philosophy as a mode of dying. The manner of his own death as described in the Phaedo was his most conclusive argument. By comparison, the opening scene of The Consolation of Philosophy seems almost a parody of the death cell dialogue of Socrates, for if ever there was a philosopher unready to die, it is the Boethius whom Philosophy finds ignominiously bemoaning his fate. Having lost philosophy, he seems about to prove the truth of the Socratic apology per contrarium. But then Philosophy returns. It is often thought that the consolation she brings to Boethius is simply a reeducation in certain crucial truths, for which the dramatic setting and form of the dialogue serves as a mere framework. That Boethius relearns those truths I do not intend to dispute, but philosophy in the Consolation is more than a body of doctrine, more than a dialectical exercise. It is, rather, what Pythagoras and Socrates had declared it to be—the love of wisdom rather than the possession of it. Boethius himself explicitly espoused that traditional etymological definition. It is this loving pursuit of wisdom that he has lost, and this in turn entails the loss of the principle or arche of philosophy, which is, as both Plato and Aristotle had said, the passion of wonder.
'The Drama Discouraged': Judgement and Ambivalence in The Madras House
Authors: Holder Heidi
Published: March 2013

Harley Granville Barker's The Madras House is a particularly frustrating play for audiences and critics, the more so for its strengths. Performed in 1910 during the first and only season of the Frohman Repertory theatre, The Madras House is usually seen as an important and impressive failure. Critics and audiences frequently find the relentless but lively debating to be one of the work's most engaging features; at the same time, however, they claim that the play is 'coldly ventriloquial,' and complain of a 'fixed, static quality' in the characters. Responses to the first production would set the tone for most later commentary on the play. Max Beerbohm insisted that 'any one who leaves the Duke of York's Theatre after the third act of The Madras House will feel that he has derived an immense amount of amusement and instruction. For here is a debate that has unity.' Unfortunately, the play has a fourth act, a fact which severely qualifies Beerbohm's praises. A.B. Walkley, writing for The Times, is more forthright about his mixed feelings, declaring, 'what a strange, amusing, suggestive, disconcerting, sometimes boring play.' And in her diary Beatrice Webb tersely summed up the play as 'intellectual but dull.'
Ubi Sunt?
Authors: Kennedy Alan
Published: March 2013

The haunting cry of 'ubi sunt?' goes up, and off we go again lamenting the demise of the intellectual. Or not: insisting instead that 'he' has not demised at all, but is alive and well (or in suspended animation and as well as can be expected, awaiting the thaw) and living in communes, or co-op bookstores, or in one little corner or another of the campus. And it will be impossible to resist joining in that chorus. But as we do it, and as we lament or deny the decline of the intellectual, the real question may go begging. Just what are intellectuals for (we might be able to say what they 'are' without too much difficulty)? If we do find out where are all the intellectuals of yesteryear, are we going to know what to do with them?
Intellectuals and the Popular Culture
Authors: Woodcock George
Published: March 2013

'Are we back in a new form with the old battles of Town and Gown?' I ask myself as I read the letter inviting me to take part in a discussion that begins with the question: 'Is there a gulf between the educated, non-academic public and the university intellectuals, a gulf that is new (or widening) and that is both the cause of a decline in public culture and the consequence of the intellectuals' commitment to their university professions?' As a Towner who was once a Gowner I detect a hint of academic arrogance in the very way this question has been phrased. On one side we have the 'educated non-academic public'; on the other side the 'university intellectuals.' What is this 'educated non-academic public'? High-school graduates or university graduates? And where stand the autodidactic geniuses? What, also, has happened to the non-university intellectuals? Or are we to suppose they do not exist, or perhaps never existed? Are we to pose a confrontation between a relatively small—if growing—class of academic experts, and a mass of what, for lack of a better definition, one might call 'common readers'?
In Defence of Language; If It Needs It
Authors: Fraser John
Published: March 2013

In the Penguin Modernism, that fat and intimidating exercise in apologetics, there is a passage that has stayed in my mind and gone on nagging at me. It occurs in the article 'The Crisis of Language,' and goes as follows: 'That which links thought with language, language with the external world, and man with man has disappeared. Like the mock tennis game at the end of Antonioni's Blow-up, all language games are felt to have become absurd because the ball, that which guarantees communication between subject and object, is lost.' The passage doesn't simply spring out of nowhere and bite you. As with some of the more scandalous pronouncements of Paul de Man, the writer is describing the attitudes of others, among them Kafka (of whom the statement is surely untrue) and the fictional Chandos of Hugo von Hofmannsthal's 'Letter of Lord Chandos.' But that, in a way, makes it all the more disturbing. As Borges knew ('I remember,' observes his best-known fictional narrator, 'that Menard used to declare that censuring and praising were sentimental operations which had nothing to do with criticism'), the reported opinions or discoveries of others can leave one peculiarly a-jangle. And when assertions are absolute enough, one has the queasy feeling that one may have been missing something—that one may have been skating unawares on some very thin ice over some very cold deep waters.
The Poetics of Impersonality in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Williams David
Published: March 2013

Had Wyndham Lewis given more attention to the literary composition of A Farewell to Arms, he might have discovered the real aesthetic problem behind Hemingway's narrative use of the first person singular. But Lewis was convinced that the problem, in its ultimate reach, was political: that Hemingway, in his unfortunate imitation of the literary mannerisms of Gertrude Stein, had lent credence to the 'proletarianization' (34) of the language of the novel which would debase Anglo-Saxon civilization and make it hostage to the levelling influence of Jews and other Central European immigrants. Of course, 'the personality of this First-person-singular, imposed on him largely by the Stein-manner' (29), also made Hemingway himself a hostage to 'a Weltanshauung [sic], which may not at all be his, and does in fact seem to contradict his major personal quality. This infantile, dull-witted, dreamy stutter compels whoever uses it to conform to the infantile, dull-witted type. He passes over into the category of those to whom things are done, from that of those who execute'(27).
Secret Places in Renaissance Drama
Authors: Slights William
Published: March 2013

In 1584 Reginald Scot published his contribution to the minor genre of discovery literature. What he discovered—that is, revealed—to the world was not the mysteries of remote places or the tricks of cardsharps, but the much-feared secrets of witchcraft. He gave over the entire fourth book of his Discoverie of Witchcraft to the sexual interventions of witches, including the story of a young man who, under a witch's spell, was made 'to leave his instruments of venerie behind him.' The text obviously concerns itself with power—the power of some women to dis-member and re-member men at will. In a brilliant piece of ironic deconstruction through reinscription (a version of the story had appeared in the Malleus maleficarum of 1486), Scot mocks the scare tactics of Roman Catholic witch hunters. Clearly, Scot is having fun at the expense of the writers and gullible readers of the Malleus: a nest bulging with twenty or thirty penises munching on 'provender, as it were at the rack and manger' (78) is rather silly stuff, even as male fantasies go. In Scot's text, the story has the force of an anticlerical fabliau, albeit one that had in former times been passed off by papists as a pious, cautionary tale. Its secrets are sham.
Mark Twain's 'Rhapsody': Printing and the Oral Tradition in Huckleberry Finn
Authors: Kleiman Ed
Published: March 2013

Mark Twain's comments on the art of printing, and more specifically on his experiences as a printer's devil, have been well documented. In a talk given to an association of master printers, the United Typothetae of America, in New York in 1886—a year after the publication of Huckleberry Finn in America—he began: "I was no stranger to [the printer of thirty-five years ago]. I knew him well. I built his fire for him in the winter mornings; I brought his water from the village pump; I swept out his office; I picked up his type from under his stand; and, if he was there to see, I put the good type in his case and the broken ones among the 'hell matter'; and, if he wasn't there to see, I dumped it all with the 'pi' on the imposing stone—for that was the furtive fashion of the cub, and I was a cub. I wetted down the paper Saturdays; I turned it Sundays—for this was a country weekly; I rolled; I washed the rollers; I washed the forms; I folded the papers; I carried them around at dawn Thursday mornings."
Canada and the Threat of War
Authors: Reid Escott
Published: March 2013

The tragic and inescapable fact about the present world situation is that we are living in the shadow of an impending war. Another first-class war may not yet be inevitable. A miracle or a succession of miracles may remove that shadow. There can be no doubt, however, that the probability of another first-class war in the near future is very great.
Poetry and Marxism: Three English Poets Take Their Stand
Authors: Glicksberg Charles
Published: March 2013

It is about time that poets spoke up for themselves. And to-day the professional monopoly of critics is being seriously threatened by the invasion of poets into the jealously guarded field of criticism. They seem to be increasingly taking over the function usually assigned to the critic. Poets possess an intimate understanding of the difficulties of the creative process and the special requirements and limitations of their craft. Who has a better right, who is better qualified, to speculate on the arcana of aesthetics? In the past poets waged wordy wars in behalf of their convictions. Indeed, one could tentatively advance the thesis that creative writing is an indispensable preparation for the proper exercise of the critical function. Of the leading English critics—Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Coleridge, Hazlitt, Pater, Matthew Arnold—only two were not also poets. But the fusion of poetry and criticism that is taking place to-day is of an original, if not altogether unprecedented, kind. Poets who have turned critics are interested not so much in appreciation, or even technique, as in the problem of values. Their major task is to achieve a valid philosophical outlook, a coherent system of beliefs.
'weeping map intense activity din': Reading Donald Barthelme
Authors: Cowley Julian
Published: March 2013

A tin frying pan; a hollow-core door in birch veneer on black wrought-iron legs; a woven straw wastebasket; a Yugoslavian carved flute, wood, dark brown—items to be found among the components of a barricade in Donald Barthelme's story 'The Indian Uprising.' The specificity of his catalogue discloses rich diversity concealed by the stark, utilitarian designation, 'barricade,' in accordance with Barthelme's understanding of the role of art as enrichment and complication of our perception of the world and of our relation to it. A movement away from generality towards particularity is characteristic of his varied and unpredictable fiction, and direction of our attention to the particular often involves, necessarily, subversion of the reductive artifice of linguistic construction by means of which we order the barrage of experiential data generated in the culture of mass production and mass media. His work counters the radical simplifications of our age, and this entails disruption of the contours of 'realist' fiction and its assumption that language has transparency and innocence. Through the interstices of his literary architecture (which is purposefully ramshackle), we may glimpse the writer in action, selecting materials, locating that quirky emphasis upon which the humour and trenchant irony of his fiction largely depend. The composition of Barthelme's stories is undisguisedly an assemblage in print of words and, on occasion, of pictorial images, forming an addition to the world of things. It does not constitute a frame through which to view the processes of living, nor does it furnish a tool for the analytic detection of meaning, but the perceptibility of its mode of construction stimulates an illuminating reflexivity and may assist in our experience of the specific. It conforms to Victor Shklovsky's dictum that 'Art converts the particularity of things into perceptible form.'
Tribute to H. Northrop Frye
Authors: Hoffman John , Pritchard Robert , Rae Bob
Published: March 2013

This number of Letters in Canada is somewhat shorter than in previous years in order to allow us to mark the passing of one of its most illustrious past contributors, Professor Northrop Frye. Throughout the 1950s, Frye contributed the annual surveys of Canadian poetry to Letters in Canada, thereby constituting a rich reflection on Canadian culture that many readers will know from its inclusion in his influential The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination (Toronto: Anansi 1971). Northrop Frye died at the age of seventy-eight on 23 January 1991. A memorial service was held in Convocation Hall at the University of Toronto. This volume opens with the sixteen tributes delivered by the following members of the academic community and the community beyond.
Reviews
Authors: Adamowski  , Weisman Karen , Townsend David
Published: March 2013

Ronald Aronson and Adrian van den Hoven, eds., Sartre Alive, reviewed by T. H. Adamowski

Philip R. Wood, Understanding Jean-Paul Sartre, reviewed by T. H. Adamowski

Gilbert Chaitin, Karen Hanson, et al, eds., Romantic Revolutions: Criticism and Theory, reviewed by Karen A. Weisman

Herbert Lindenberger, The History in Literature: On Value, Genre, Institutions, reviewed by Karen A. Weisman

Gene Ruoff, ed., The Romantics and Us: Essays on Literature and Culture, reviewed by Karen A. Weisman

Marina S. Brownlee, Kevin Brownlee, and Stephen G. Nichols, eds., The New Medievalism, reviewed by David Townsend
Planning: A Rural Perspective
Authors: Sim R. Alex
Published: March 2013

I dream of a time when the lamb will lie down with the lion, of a time when country and city will come together in harmonious interplay, not as now in a posture of predator and victim. No doubt amnesty between the lamb and the lion calls for a fundamental alteration of the lion's character. As for the lamb, what a long period of learning to trust will be required before it is comfortable with an amiable relationship. The prophet Isaiah, who foresaw this new regime, probably did not know that among the animals the lamb and the lion already had a sensible arrangement. The lion knew enough to dine on sick lambs and ancient rams and ewes, but not to destroy the strong breeding stock which provided his ongoing food supply. In a sense the sheep were beneficiaries too, even if the method seems heartless to us as we cope with too many people and too few lions. Whatever scenario you choose—the scriptural, which was clearly aimed at erring humans, or the ecological—the metaphor does not fit the relation of city to country. Though I may dream of an accommodation resulting in mutual benefits, the reality is otherwise. The city continues to eat up or despoil the country with little regard to long-term survival, while those who live out on the land, having lost the capacity of flight or defence, make their peace by admiring and emulating this powerful predator.
The Hegemony of Theory
Authors: Good Graham
Published: March 2013

For a long time, 'English' was a subject without a theory. How could there be a theory of something so personal, so indefinable, so elusive as literature? The very word 'theory' seemed arid and cerebral, alien to the sensuous particularity of great poetry, drama, and fiction. Wellek and Warren's Theory of Literature was dutifully handed out to a generation of graduate students, but to many it seemed 'foreign' to Anglo-American ideas of literary education, slightly pretentious and somehow 'continental,' like the intellectual refugees from Europe who joined English-speaking universities from the late 1930s on. When challenged by René Wellek, F.R. Leavis explicitly rejected the idea that English could or should have a theory. To him, literary study was a discipline of taste, sensibility, and ethics, not one of conceptual rigour. Of course, this did not prevent theorizing about literature, but it tended to remain on the margins of a subject that was felt to consist mainly of practice, of practical criticism, whether in the I.A. Richards mode or not. A 'philosophy' of literature seemed even less desirable, since it would subordinate a subject which was still a newcomer in academia and still jealous of its autonomy to another discipline. Anglo-American philosophy, at that time under the dominance of logical positivism, had little interest in literature anyway, and though the German tradition had more to say about aesthetics, that tradition was out of favour. Even Northrop Frye did not announce a 'Theory' or 'Philosophy' of literature, but an 'Anatomy,' itself a literary genre he did much to bring to recognition, and as such a term less likely to raise the hackles of literary academics.
Du bon usage de la détresse humaine: les poèmes des Fleurs du mal, dédiés à Victor Hugo
Authors: Susini Jean-Claude
Published: March 2013

Certaines dédicaces de poème, dans Les fleurs du mal, ne laissent pas d'intriguer. La plus agaçante, celle à l'introuvable J. G. F. (« L'Héautontimoroum7eacute;nos »), a fait chavirer les imaginations. Pourtant, Baudelaire avait pris soin de verrouiller le mystère: l'autre envoi à J. G. F., celui des Paradis artificiels, se veut carrément « inintelligible ». Mais qu'il s'agisse là d'un cryptogramme à la façon de Poe, d'une mystification de dandy ou—plus dandy encore—du refus de tout livrer à l'« hypocrite lecteur », fût-il un « frere », on peut au moins douter de l'orthodoxie du procédé chez Baudelaire.
Nature and Society in Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood
Authors: Parker Brian
Published: March 2013

It is important for Western audiences to establish a proper context for the films of Akira Kurosawa. He has often been called the `most Western' of Japanese film directors (and is certainly the best known of them in Europe and America), but though he freely admits influence from Western directors and painters and has based several of his films on major Western texts, he insists that his borrowings have always been adapted to the modes and aesthetics of traditional Japanese thought: so much so, in fact, he says, that `I feel that among Japanese directors today I must be the most Japanese' (Yakir, 57). And in none of his work is recognition of a specific cultural context more important than in his two samurai adaptations of Shakespearean tragedy: Kumonoso-jo, his 1957 black-and-white version of Macbeth, obscurely titled Throne of Blood in English though 'The Castle of the Spider's Web' (or `Cobweb Castle') is its more literal and pertinent translation; and Ran—meaning `Chaos'—his 1983 adaptation of King Lear in cinemascope and colour.
Reviews
Authors: Henderson Greig , Nowlin Michael
Published: March 2013

Robert Wess, Kenneth Burke: Rhetoric, Subjectivitiy, Postmodernism, reviewed by Greig Henderson

Jack Selzer, Kenneth Burke in Greenwich Village: Conversing with Moderns, 1915–1931, reviewed by Greig Henderson

Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s, reviewed by Michael E. Nowlin
Let Truth and Falsehood Grapple
Authors: Irvine
Published: March 2013

Arguments in favour of, and against, censorship have been plentiful since at least the days of the ancient Greeks. Soon after Pericles delivered his famous Funeral Oration championing the open society, Plato began defending a quite different vision of the ideal republic, one in which censors played a prominent and important role, and where rulers often had a moral obligation to promote false belief.
The 'Tristan Chord' as Music-Historical Metaphor
Authors: Reiman Erika
Published: March 2013

Before the curtain rises on the first act of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, many of the opera's key musical ideas have already been presented. In the opening measures of the Prelude, or Vorspiel, we hear the most immediately recognizable phrase of the entire work (see example 1). It renders audible the play of desire and death that permeates the opera. Its yearning melodic contour is articulated initially by the cellos, who are answered by a distinctive configuration of woodwinds. The chord that they play is pungently dissonant by the general standards of mid-nineteenth-century musical aesthetics. Though its sonority is delicious, it begs for resolution. This it receives, but the next chord itself must resolve according to traditional practice. This second chord is a `dominant seventh,' a characteristically penultimate sonority that `normally' leads to a consonant, restful tonic triad — particularly at the end of a piece. It is typical enough of Wagner's harmonic innovation that the dominant seventh chord does not resolve, but is simply left hanging; this procedure is in itself a musical symbol of the unsatisfied longings of the principal characters in the drama. However, it is the first chord of the work that has become an icon of late nineteenth-century harmonic language and has engendered a huge analytical literature. Generally known as the `Tristan' chord, it is itself one of the crucial leitmotifs of the work; its dramatic symbolism is multifaceted and depends largely on its situational and harmonic context.
Le Théâtre franco-ontarien: Dramatic Spectacles of Linguistic Otherness
Authors: Moss Jane
Published: March 2013

While the Quiet Revolution in Quebec was channelling the political energy of ethnolinguistic nationalism into a movement for sovereignty and its creative energy into a growing corpus of distinctly Québécois literature, francophones outside the province suddenly found themselves cut off from the traditional centre of French Canada. ‘Hors du Québec, point de salut!’ was the message from separatist leader René Lévesque, who told them they were ‘dead ducks’ unless they returned to la belle province (cited by Beauregard, 35). Bewildered by this new rejection two centuries after France abandoned them, French-speaking Canadians faced an identity crisis aggravated by a weakening of their claims for linguistic rights. Quebec’s rejection of ‘French-Canadian’ identity forced francophones outside of Quebec to redefine themselves in terms of their own historical experiences, socio-cultural traditions, and linguistic characteristics. The result has been that since Quebec turned its back on its diaspora in the late 1960s, Franco-Ontarians, Franco-Manitobans, Franco-Albertans, and Franco-Saskatchewans have joined Acadians (and Cajuns) in establishing what could be called separate subnational ethnolinguistic identities. One aspect of this identitary quest has been a renaming process along the lines of the change from ‘Canadien français to Québécois: a small number of Franco-Ontarians now prefer the term Ontarois and some Franco-Saskatchewans call themselves Saskatois.
Reading Multiculturalism in the United States and Canada: The Anthological vs the Cognitive
Authors: West Adam Paul
Published: March 2013

This article examines the differing meanings of multiculturalism in the United States and Canada, and how this difference affects multicultural readings of literary works that have implications for national identity. Although I argue that Canada has a longer tradition of multicultural reading than the United States, and that what the United States' academy is today calling multiculturalism may not be multiculturalism at all, it is not correct to read this paper as favouring one nation (or the reading practices of one nation) over the other. This argument is not an American or Canadian nationalist argument; rather, it is a North American comparatist one. It operates in a framework where American Studies is, as John Carlos Rowe puts it, `a comparatist discipline that will respect the many different social systems and cultural affiliations of the ``Americas" '; in this case, especially `how the many different Americas and Canada have historically influenced and interpreted each other' (Rowe, 13–14). Plural nations constantly face the foundational problem of whether they should persist as unified entities, or resolve themselves into their separate — and sometimes oppositional — constituent parts. This is something that American nations have in common; indeed, it is a fact that is constitutive of the very idea of `America.' To study it comparatively is not to advance the cause of national competition, but of international understanding. As Walter Benn Michaels explains in Our America, the problem for the United States is what to do when `confronted with the imminent possibility of dissolution: What makes the nation one nation? What makes Americans Americans?' (15). The same problem exists in Canada, a nation notorious for its ongoing drama of imminent dissolution.
«Il n’y a que des cauchemars et des angoisses, des délires...» Lecture de la nouvelle fantastique et de science-fiction québécoise depuis 1980
Authors: Beaulé Sophie
Published: March 2013

Le fantastique et la science-fiction (sf) connaissent au Québec un véritable essor à partir des années 1980, selon les observateurs du champ . Déjàprésents dans les années 1960, c’est surtout dans les années 1970 qu’ils prennent leur élan avec, entre autres, l’apparition des revues Solaris, fondée en 1974 sous le nom de Requiem, et d’imagine... en 1979. Les revues cristallisent le milieu de la science-fiction et du fantastique québécois (sffq) et contribuent à l’émergence d’auteurs qui s’ajoutent à ceux qui ne participent pas ou peu au dit milieu. On assiste dès lors à la multiplication de romans, de recueils, de collectifs et, bientôt,de rééditions qui s’accompagnent de la reconnaissance tant à l’étranger que dans le champ littéraire québécois. En effet, la pratique des deux genres – mais surtout celle du fantastique – se légitimise comme en témoignent les chroniques et les numéros spéciaux dans les revues littéraires, de même que la mise sur piedd’un groupe de recherche.
On Theory and Practice
Authors: Bidney David
Published: March 2013

One of the main characteristics of our modern age is its pride in things practical. There has been a tremendous change in our social and physical environment by the increase of scientific inventions and social upheavals, and this has resulted in a changed outlook upon the world on the part of modern man. The tendency nowadays is to set the highest value upon things practical, upon that which can be of use in gaining wealth and adapting oneself to an ever-changing environment. What is meant by the practical is taken for granted as something self-evident and is never questioned. And therein, I maintain, lies the greatest danger, for the concept of the practical upon analysis turns out to be extremely complex. Even a brief examination reveals the sophistry and superficiality involved in the popular notion of the term. The general point I shall try to establish in this paper is that much of the confusion in modern thought is due to a false separation between the claims of theory and practice; that in the last analysis the practical is relative to the theoretical and that the two spheres are mutually supplementary.
Liberalism True and False
Authors: Urwick
Published: March 2013

The voice of true liberalism, is seldom heard in the land. Perhaps it is drowned by the shouting of a political liberalism which has seized upon the least attractive dogmas of the liberal creed-economic laissez-faire and freedom for commercial enterprise-and converted these into instruments for the protection of existing privileges and power. We may therefore be grateful to Mr. Walter Lippmann for bringing us back to a consideration of deeper principles and for presenting a picture of philosophic liberalism as a complete and consistent scheme of social values.
Sir Edward Graey and Germany
Authors: McInnis Edgar
Published: March 2013

Time, they say, is the great leveller, not only of persons but of reputations. Time brings weariness, and with it a measure of tolerance; it removes one by one the active participants in events, with their passions and their partisanship and their somewhat selective memories. It leaves the controversies arising from these events to a more detached generation whose emotions, if they are enlisted at all, are at best second-hand.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1937.
Palestine: The Arabs, the Jews, and the Peel Report
Authors: McCullough
Published: March 2013

On October 30 , 1918, the war with Turkey ended, and on November 7, the French and British governments issued a joint Declaration: "The object aimed at by France and Great Britain in prosecuting the war in the East ... is the complete and definite emancipation of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks, and the establishment of National Governments and Administrations deriving their authority from the initiative and free choice of the indigenous populations." This seemed to offer the Arabs, including those in Palestine, the prospect of independence which some of their leaders had long sought.
Literary Criticism in Canada
Authors: Edgar Pelham
Published: March 2013

A survey of the field reveals the existence of a considerable volume of literary criticism in this country, but it would be unwise to say that much of it is of outstanding merit. It must also be stated at the outset that even the best of it is for the most part desultory, and confined in its appeal by the circulation limits of the periodical in which it appeared. This applies not only to the casual book review, but to the more considered articles on literary themes, which very rarely, whatever their value, are deemed worthy by author or publisher of preservation in permanent form. Indeed the measure of value attaching to the ordinary critical article is mercenary rather than aesthetic—not how important the utterance intrinsically may be, but what selling vogue it generates for the book-vendor's wares. By this evaluation it will sink lower in the scale than the pulpit pronouncement of a literary parson, and both print and preaching will yield precedence to the vague unmeasured authority of the microphone.
The Oresteia of Aeschylus
Authors: Owen
Published: March 2013

In a former paper in the QUARTERLY (July, 1934) I attempted an explanation of the nature and methods of Aeschylean tragedy. A few typical comments on various plays will show that there is need for some explanation: of the Seven Against Thebes it has been said, “The first half of the play is in strictness not dramatic at all—a merely static presentment of the situation;” of the Agamemnon, “The drama makes but little progress until it is half over;” of the Choephoroe, “The real action does not begin until the play is half over.”
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in 1938.
As the Storm Broke
Authors: Stacey
Published: March 2013

When in the early morning of September 1, 1939, the guns of the old Schleswig-Holstein, firing on Westerplatte, announced the opening of the second World War, the alignment of the powers in the impending conflict, and the nature of the grand strategy which the combatants would follow, were anything but clear. It was obvious that Germany had burned her bridges and, taking the chance of the most terrible consequences for herself and for civilization, was recklessly attacking Poland. It was clear too that Britain and France were fully committed to each other and to Poland's cause. Beyond this, all was uncertainty; and as the end of the first month of war drew on the clouds had not dispersed.
The War: Blockade and Counter-Blockade
Authors: Stacey
Published: March 2013

The first winter of the Second World War brought few remarkable military developments. There was no outburst of activity on the Western Front, no bombing of seaports or other CIties. Only on the seas, and in the subsidiary war in Finland, was action fierce and continuous-unless, indeed, we include the constant activity of the diplomats, an activity in which even the United States, as represented by the enigmatic Mr Sumner Welles, finally took a hand. Then, in the spring, came that intensification of the conflict which had been so widely prophesied. It began with a sudden German assault on Scandinavia, the details of which are still uncertain at the moment of writing.
Letters in Canada
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

Introductory remark by the editor of Letters in Canada,
Poetry
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1939.
Hamlet as Allegory
Authors: Robbins William
Published: March 2013

It has been said that to read all the books about Shakespeare would leave no time to read Shakespeare. It might almost be said that to read all that has been written on Hamlet, or on Hamlet, would leave no time to read the play. Bishop Blougram's “two points in Hamlet's soul unseized by the Germans yet” have long since been the inverted apexes of critical reputations, and the inevitable swing from the romantic obsession with soul to the realistic preoccupation with dramatic values and historical context has produced its own formidable library of scholarship and criticism insisting that “the play's the thing.”
Agent-Based Framework for Modeling Gap Acceptance Behavior of Drivers Turning Left at Signalized Intersections
Authors: Zohdy Ismail , Rakha Hesham A.
Published: March 2013

An algorithm based on a reactive driving agent was developed for modeling gap acceptance behavior of drivers making left turns at signalized intersections. The model considers the interaction between driver characteristics and the physical capabilities of vehicles. A vehicle dynamics model explicitly captures the vehicle constraints on driving behavior. In addition, the model uses the driver's input and psychological deliberation about accepting or rejecting a gap. The model was developed with a total of 301 accepted gaps and validated with 2,429 rejected gaps at the same site and with 1,485 gap decisions (323 accepted and 1,162 rejected) at another site. The proposed model is a mix of traditional and reactive methods for decision making and consists of three main components: input, data processing, and output. The input component uses sensing information and vehicle and driver characteristics to process the data and estimate the critical gap value. Then, the agent decides to either accept or reject the offered gap by comparing it to a driver-specific critical gap. (The offered gap should be greater than the critical gap for it to be accepted.) The results demonstrate that the agent-based model is superior to the standard logistic regression model because it produces consistent performance for accepted and rejected gaps (correct predictions in 90% of the observations), and the model is easily transferable to different sites. The proposed modeling framework can be generalized to capture vehicle types, roadway configurations, traffic movements, intersection characteristics, and weather effects on driver gap acceptance behavior. The findings could be used to develop weather-specific traffic signal timing and in vehicle-to-vehicle communications.
Numerical Analysis for Adaptive Traffic Simulation
Authors: Tian Ye , Chiu Yi-Chang
Published: March 2013

Because of the increased interest in modeling multiresolution traffic simulation, the adaptive simulation concept and approach are addressed. Adaptive simulation does not predefine the spatial-temporal domain of high-fidelity simulation rules, but rather uses driving conditions and driver response. Adaptive simulation is intended not to couple two or more simulation models of known resolution but to create a finer scale of resolution with a range of rules to allow smoother transition in the spatial-temporal resolution domain. The adaptive simulation concept is implemented in the anisotropic mesoscopic simulation framework, in which a lane-based simulation framework and lane-changing rules, as well as a triggering mechanism, are devised. The numerical experiments highlight the difference between hybrid and adaptive simulation. The general property, such as sensitivity of the adaptive simulation model with respect to its parameter, is also tested, and its performance reported.
Travel Time Prediction Using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Gray Theory
Authors: Chen Huey-Kuo , Wu Che-Jung
Published: March 2013

Travel time information is generally nonlinear and nonstationary in a dynamic environment, and therefore no consistent tendency can be easily observed. This research developed a novel approach that combined the empirical decomposition method for speed data analysis and gray theory for travel time prediction to predict the arrival time at each stop along a bus route. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed for different numbers of stops. With an average prediction error of less than 3.5%, the experiments showed that the proposed prediction approach, which employed both historical and real-time speed data collected from the geographic positioning system, outperformed Chou's approach, which used only historical speed data. The proposed prediction method could be readily incorporated into a cell phone–based information retrieval system that indicated bus position en route as well as its arrival times at all stops.
Cold Signaling and Cold Response in Plants
Authors: Miura Kenji , Furumoto Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2013

Plants are constantly exposed to a variety of environmental stresses. Freezing or extremely low temperature constitutes a key factor influencing plant growth, development and crop productivity. Plants have evolved a mechanism to enhance tolerance to freezing during exposure to periods of low, but non-freezing temperatures. This phenomenon is called cold acclimation. During cold acclimation, plants develop several mechanisms to minimize potential damages caused by low temperature. Cold response is highly complex process that involves an array of physiological and biochemical modifications. Furthermore, alterations of the expression patterns of many genes, proteins and metabolites in response to cold stress have been reported. Recent studies demonstrate that post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations play a role in the regulation of cold signaling. In this review article, recent advances in cold stress signaling and tolerance are highlighted.
A Survey of Sensor Web Services for the Smart Grid
Authors: Asad Omar , Erol-Kantarci Melike , Mouftah Hussein
Published: March 2013

The broad use ofWireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in various fields have resulted in growing demand for advanced data collection and querying mechanisms embedded in the sensor node. Sensor Web Services (SWS) have recently emerged as a promising tool to enable external machines to have access to the information collected by public sensor webs. Machine-to-machine interactions or wireless sensor and actor networks can take advantage of this platform-independent technology to develop diverse smart grid applications. In this survey, we first briefly present the state of the art in SWS technology by describing the techniques for customizing web services to fit the sensor node capabilities such as customizing the WSDL file, compressing XML documents and redesigning TCP protocol. Then, we survey the studies that have utilized the SWS technology in smart grid applications. These studies have shown that SWS provide energy management capabilities to the consumers and the utilities, and they are well suited for smart grid integrated smart home solutions.