bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Employment in the post-pandemic period: problems and prospects (regional aspect)
Authors: Krylova Lyubov , Prudnikova Anna , Sergeeva Natalya
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the employment situation, both globally and within individual states. Several tens of millions of people in the world were left without work. The unemployment rate, both statistically confirmed and hidden, has risen significantly. Only the most developed and richest countries were able to restrain the rapid growth in the number of unemployed through budget transfers. At the same time, the era of social distancing contributed to the revision of work standards in many industries, changed the conditions of employment and the requirements of employers to employees. The forced transition of thousands of institutions to remote work was a catalyst for the digital economy and led to the emergence and rapid growth of new clusters of professions of the future. The world after the pandemic will no longer be the same, and in the field of employment in the first place.
Developing digital retail services as a tool of ensuring consumer market sustainable development in the Sverdlovsk region
Authors: Loginov Mikhail , Usova Natalia , Nedorostkova Elvira
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the development of the digital retail services as the most effective and innovative tool to reinforce the Sverdlovsk regional consumer market in the context of global challenges which had a notable impact on the sustainable development of both the economy as a whole and its individual sectors.

Research subject: digitalization of the consumer market of the Sverdlovsk region

Research purpose: to explore the theoretical foundations of the consumer market, and to identify the priority directions of the Sverslovsk regional consumer market development on the based on the digital technologies introduction.

Research methods. In the course of the research, the authors used such methods as analysis, grouping, comparison and synthesis.

Results:

1.The development features of retail trade services as a key segment of consumer market are revealed.

2.The author’s approach to the “digital consumer market” category and the digital consumer market classification on various grounds are presented.

3.The priority directions of the Sverdlovsk regional consumer market development from the regional authorities’s viewpoint are considered.

4. Activities for the further Sverslovsk regional consumer market development based on digital retail services advancement are proposed.

Scientific novelty: the introduction of the category “digital consumer market” into scientific circulation is proposed and substantiated, classification criteria for the digital consumer market are formulated, measures are proposed to ensure sustainable development of the consumer market in the Sverdlovsk region.
Regional development without social conflicts on municipal territories. Subjects of public municipalities’ control as institutions for forming public opinion and relieving social tension
Authors: Plotnikova Maria
Published: January 2021

Public councils and Public chambers, as subjects of public control at the federal, regional and municipal levels, are channels for forming public opinion of citizens about the government’s activities by performing their institutional functions and tasks. Their effective activity contributes to the accumulation of public initiatives aimed at providing the region’s development, improving the level and quality of people’s life, ensuring their retransmission to the authorities for making the necessary decisions.

And if at the federal and regional levels their legal status is fixed by normative legal acts, at the municipal level there is no legal certainty to regulate the methods of creating and organizing the activities of local Public chambers.

The author conducted a study to identify efficiency criteria for the realization of the institutional functions of regional Public chambers and by necessity of efficiency criteria, formed on their basis for Public chambers and councils of the municipal level, which may differ, and by necessity of development of proposals for additional resources to increase their effectiveness.
The problem of motivational support in teaching the Ukrainian language
Authors: Yekimov Sergey , Getmanets Ganna , Miroshnik Larysa , Tsypko Victoriia , Danylovych Oksana
Published: January 2021

Within the framework of this study, the problem of motivational support in learning the Ukrainian language was studied . It shows the importance and necessity of motivating students to increase their interest in learning and acquiring new knowledge. Creating a creative work environment in the classroom allows students to feel more talented and intelligent. A great role in stimulating language learning can be played by the study of folk folklore.
Endocrine Dysfunction in Open Angle Glaucoma
Authors: van Oterendorp Christian
Published: January 2021

The eye, like all organs, is exposed to the effects of the bodyʼs endocrine system. In addition, however, local branches of the endocrine system control important organ-specific functions, such as the production and drainage of aqueous humour. Similarly, the eye as a sensory organ acts back on endocrine controlled functions of the body, for example the day-night rhythm. This article aims to illustrate the physiological and pathological interactions of the eye and the endocrine functions of the body in the context of glaucoma. 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which as a local system is involved in the control of aqueous humour production and outflow. 2. The hormone endothelin, which as a strong vasoconstrictor plays a role in the dysregulated perfusion of the optic nerve and retina, and 3. the disruption of the day-night rhythm in advanced glaucoma, which is thought to be caused by damage to light-sensitive ganglion cells.
Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: Japanese Expert Consensus
Authors: Sakurai Hitoshi , Yasui-Furukori Norio , Suzuki Takefumi , Uchida Hiroyuki , Baba Hajime , Watanabe Koichiro , Inada Ken , Kikuchi Yuka Sugawara , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Katsuki Asuka , Kishida Ikuko , Kato Masaki
Published: January 2021

Introduction Conventional treatment guidelines of schizophrenia do not necessarily provide solutions on clinically important issues.

Methods A total of 141 certified psychiatrists of the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology evaluated treatment options regarding 19 clinically relevant situations in the treatment of schizophrenia with a 9-point scale (1=“disagree” and 9=“agree”).

Results First-line antipsychotics varied depending on predominant symptoms: risperidone (mean±standard deviation score, 7.9±1.4), olanzapine (7.5±1.6), and aripiprazole (6.9±1.9) were more likely selected for positive symptoms; aripiprazole (7.6±1.6) for negative symptoms; aripiprazole (7.3±1.9), olanzapine (7.2±1.9), and quetiapine (6.9±1.9) for depression and anxiety; and olanzapine (7.9±1.5) and risperidone (7.5±1.5) for excitement and aggression. While only aripiprazole was categorized as a first-line treatment for relapse prevention (7.6±1.0) in patients without noticeable symptoms, aripiprazole (8.0±1.6) and brexpiprazole (6.9±2.3) were categorized as such for social integration. First-line treatments in patients who are vulnerable to extrapyramidal symptoms include quetiapine (7.5±2.0) and aripiprazole (6.9±2.1).

Discussion These clinical recommendations represent the expert consensus on the use of a particular antipsychotic medication for a particular situation, filling a current gap in the literature.
Image-Guided Intratumoral Delivery of Immunotherapeutics in Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Qiao Yang , Sheth Rahul A. , Tam Alda
Published: January 2021

Intratumoral (IT) administration of immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy under clinical development for gastrointestinal malignancies. Due to its targeted nature, IT immunotherapies can generate regional proinflammatory microenvironments that result in the focal recruitment of tumor-specific immune cells. Precision targeting of tumors via IT immunotherapy injection theoretically produces a more robust immune response to the treated tumor itself and to distant metastatic tumors that share tumor-specific antigens with those of the treated tumor, while also minimizing the priming of the adaptive immune system to nonspecific antigens. Diverse arrays of IT immunotherapeutic agents including but not limited to lyophilized bacteria, viral vectors, cellular-based agents, molecules, and peptides, both as monotherapies and in combination with systemic immunotherapies, are in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art for IT immunotherapy and highlight potential future directions and their relevance to image-guided interventionalists.
Deep Vein Thrombosis in the Setting of Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Case Report
Authors: Guedes Fernando , Torrão Francisco , Sanches Gabriel E. , Siquara-de-Sousa Ana Caroline , von Ristow Arno , Niemeyer Filho Paulo
Published: January 2021

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic syndrome which typically presents with neurological manifestations. Some of the patients may also present with vasculopathies, among which arterial aneurysms and stenosis are the most common. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has rarely been described, and, to the best of our knowledge, the present is the first report of DVT due to venous compression by a neurofibroma in the setting of NF1.

This is the case of a 23-year-old male with NF1 who experienced DVT due to compression of the left posterior tibial veins by a large tumor arising from the tibial nerve. The DVT was acutely treated with enoxaparin and then with rivaroxaban. Two months after the diagnosis, Doppler ultrasonography showed partial recanalization and persistence of the DVT. The patient was then referred to neurosurgery for surgical resection of the tumor. There were no complications during the procedure, and the patient did not present postoperative neurological deficits. The final histopathological diagnosis was of a benign neurofibroma. After one year of follow-up with vascular surgery, the patient presented no more episodes of DVT.

In case there is a tumor compressing the deep vessels of the leg and promoting DVT, surgical resection with microsurgical techniques may be curative.
From the brand logo to brand associations and the corporate identity: visual and identity-based logo associations in a university merger
Authors: Erjansola Ari-Matti , Lipponen Jukka , Vehkalahti Kimmo , Aula Hanna-Mari , Pirttilä-Backman Anna-Maija
Published: January 2021

Brand logos are a fundamental part of the corporate visual identity, and their reception has been vigorously researched. The focus has been on the visual traits of the logo and their effect on the reception process, whereas little attention has been paid to how the logo becomes part of the brand. This article narrows this research gap in investigating how a new logo is evaluated, how the perception evolves, and what underlying dimensions emerge from the reception process. We adopted a longitudinal free-association approach and followed the qualitative and quantitative changes in logo associations among first-year students at Aalto University as it was going through a merger accompanied with a radical visual-identity redesign. We show how the new logo faced initial resistance before it became a source of positive brand associations, and how it became anchored in the university´s corporate identity. We argue that logo evaluations span three dimensions: they may be congruent or incongruent with the disposition of the individual toward the change: they may be congruent or incongruent with the visual preferences of the individual; and they may be based on the visuals of the logo or on its identity-expressing capabilities.
Balancing public health and civil liberties in times of pandemic
Authors: Orzechowski Marcin , Schochow Maximilian , Steger Florian
Published: January 2021

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic constitutes not only a danger for public health, but may also threaten civil liberties. Looking at the examples of recent events in Poland and Hungary, the authors argue that governments may misuse pandemic for their political advantage, thus endangering public health. Political decisions taken to stem the spread of pandemics should be limited and strictly proportionate to the situation.
Performance evaluation and enhancement of apodized fiber Bragg grating for dispersion compensation
Authors: Naguib Bassem Adel , Ata Mohamed Maher , Alzalabani Mahmoud M. , Yousif Bedir B.
Published: January 2021

The apodization function has a significant impact on the state of the art of group delay, dispersion compensation, and acceptable decrease in side lobes in the spectrum of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) reflection. Accordingly, the Bragg grating length would be considered the backbone parameter in order to achieve a distinguishable performance. Here, the utilization influence of the presence of FBG is considered a dispersion compensator. In addition, we have implemented a tuned uniform-apodized FBG methodology according to various apodization functions. Common apodization functions have been studied and tested effectively. Experimental results show that the proposed raised cosine apodized function has scored the highest reflectivity with 50% reduction in the side lobe level and the narrowest bandwidth among all tested functions. Moreover, simulations for this function were performed with various lengths of grating. It is demonstrated that the reflection spectrum value is fixed at 100% at grating lengths greater than or equal to 28 mm and the minimum dispersion value is realized.
Doping challenges and pathways to industrial scalability of III–V nanowire arrays
Authors: Kim Wonjong , Güniat Lucas , Fontcuberta i Morral Anna , Piazza Valerio
Published: January 2021

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have been investigated for decades, but their application into commercial products is still difficult to achieve, with triggering causes related to the fabrication cost and structure complexity. Dopant control at the nanoscale greatly narrows their exploitation as components for device integration. In this context, doping appears the truly last missing piece of the puzzle for III–V NWs, for them to become commercially exploitable. In this paper, we review the doping of bottom up III–V NW arrays grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy, aiming to link materials science challenges with the critical aspect of device design. First, the doping methods and mechanisms are described, highlighting the differences between self-assembled and ordered NW arrays. Then, a brief overview of the available tools for investigating the doping is offered to understand the common strategies used for doping characterization. Both aspects are crucial to discuss the recent advancements in reproducibility and up-scalability, which are discussed in view of large area fabrication for industrial production. Finally, the most common doping-related challenges are presented together with the latest solutions to achieve high performing NW-based devices. On this basis, we believe that new insights and innovative findings discussed herein will open the low dimensional materials era, on the premise of multidisciplinary collaborative works of all the sectors involved in the design and optimization of commercial products.
Impact of direct exchange coupling via the insulator on the magnetic tunnel junction based molecular spintronics devices with competing molecule induced inter-electrode coupling
Authors: Brown Hayden , Grizzle Andrew , D’Angelo Christopher , Dahal Bishnu R. , Tyagi Pawan
Published: January 2021

The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) based molecular spintronics device (MTJMSD) approach is suitable for mass production. This approach provides solutions to fabrication difficulties related to reliably connecting molecular device elements to the ferromagnets (FMs). To producing MTJMSD, the molecular channels are bridged across the insulator of an MTJ testbed with exposed side edges. In an MTJMSD, two FMs are simultaneously connected by an insulator film and the molecular channels along the exposed sides. In our prior experimental studies, we observed that molecules could produce strong coupling between ferromagnets in the presence of the competing coupling via an insulator. In this paper, our Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to study the impact of coupling variation via insulator (a.k.a. Ji) on the magnetic properties of an MTJMSD. We studied the effect of Ji while varying the molecule induced antiferromagnetic exchange coupling. The ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic nature and magnitude of Ji determined the resultant effect. Antiferromagnetic Ji enhanced the pre-existing antiferromagnetic molecular coupling effect. Ferromagnetic Ji competed with the opposite nature of antiferromagnetic molecular coupling. Our MCS may help to understand the impact of insulator thickness and defects on the molecular spintronics device performance and design process.
Transcriptional analysis reveals the response mechanism of soybean (Glycine max) Kangxian 2 to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) HG Type 0
Authors: Jiang Haipeng , Bu Fanshan , Tian Lizheng , Sun Qiuxia , Bao Dongfang , Zhao Xue , Han Yingpeng
Published: January 2021

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a common disease of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) worldwide, seriously affecting yield. Kangxian 2 is a soybean variety with a high level of resistance to H. glycines (HG) Type 0 (SCN race 3) and a yellow seed coat. However, we know little about the mechanism of resistance to HG Type 0 in Kangxian 2. In this study, we used the Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform to analyse the transcriptome of Kangxian 2 and obtained 65.74 Gb clean data. Transcriptional changes in Kangxian 2 caused by HG Type 0 stress after 0–10 days are described. Kangxian 2 showed different levels of gene expression after inoculation, and under HG Type 0 stress after different times. Overall, 6854 HG Type 0-induced genes and 5328 HG Type 0-repressed genes were found to be differentially regulated. The greatest number of differential genes annotated to cellular process, metabolic process, single-organism process, binding, catalytic activity and other pathways. In addition to findings of differentially expressed genes similar to other published work, such as the regulation of biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites, carbon sequestration of photosynthetic organisms, other types of O-polysaccharide biosynthesis, phenylpropane biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism and other pathways, this study also revealed the differential regulation of genes related to the diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis pathway and found some metabolic pathways that were specifically expressed in the syncytial initiation and establishment stages. Gene expression analyses using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that the expression of GmMADS and GmTUB changed strongly after 7 days and 10 days of HG Type 0 stress compared with the control. We conclude that GmMADS and GmTUB transcription factor genes may play an important role in the resistance of Kangxian 2 to HG Type 0 stress.
Agricultural intensification and climate change are rapidly decreasing insect biodiversity
Authors: Raven Peter H. , Wagner David L.
Published: January 2021

Major declines in insect biomass and diversity, reviewed here, have become obvious and well documented since the end of World War II. Here, we conclude that the spread and intensification of agriculture during the past half century is directly related to these losses. In addition, many areas, including tropical mountains, are suffering serious losses because of climate change as well. Crops currently occupy about 11% of the world’s land surface, with active grazing taking place over an additional 30%. The industrialization of agriculture during the second half of the 20th century involved farming on greatly expanded scales, monoculturing, the application of increasing amounts of pesticides and fertilizers, and the elimination of interspersed hedgerows and other wildlife habitat fragments, all practices that are destructive to insect and other biodiversity in and near the fields. Some of the insects that we are destroying, including pollinators and predators of crop pests, are directly beneficial to the crops. In the tropics generally, natural vegetation is being destroyed rapidly and often replaced with export crops such as oil palm and soybeans. To mitigate the effects of the Sixth Mass Extinction event that we have caused and are experiencing now, the following will be necessary: a stable (and almost certainly lower) human population, sustainable levels of consumption, and social justice that empowers the less wealthy people and nations of the world, where the vast majority of us live, will be necessary.
Stone–Wales defects preserve hyperuniformity in amorphous two-dimensional networks
Authors: Chen Duyu , Zheng Yu , Liu Lei , Zhang Ge , Chen Mohan , Jiao Yang , Zhuang Houlong
Published: January 2021

Significance

We show that the Stone–Wales topological defects preserve hyperuniformity, a recently discovered novel state of many-body systems that suppresses large-scale density fluctuations, in defected hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) networks, spanning from perturbed crystalline structures to amorphous networks. Our findings have important implications for amorphous 2D materials since the Stone–Wales defects are well known to capture the salient feature of disorder in these materials. Our methods of building realistic hyperuniform 2D amorphous systems with large-scale electronic structure calculations are readily applicable for 2D materials discovery and design.
Grammatical categories as paradigms in Construction Grammar
Authors: Diewald Gabriele , Politt Katja
Published: January 2021

This squib discusses the question whether Construction Grammar can account for the assumption of universal grammatical
categories (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994) that are prone to language change, e.g. tense.
Most publications in Construction Grammar tackle individual constructions, such as the way-construction (Jackendoff 1990). But it remains unclear how grammatical categories as a universal phenomenon can be
described in constructionist terms. We propose that there is a way to (a) describe grammatical categories, which per definition are encoded
paradigmatically, as constructions themselves and (b) to thereby strengthen the assumption of a set of universal grammatical categories.
What would it take for us to abandon Construction Grammar?
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: January 2021

One of the hallmarks of scientific theories is their falsifiability, i.e. the fact that they make predictions that can objectively be proven wrong. Thus, it is paramount that researchers, including linguists, are able to state what kind of evidence would lead them to abandon their scientific theory. Yet, researchers just like all other human beings are susceptible to confirmation bias, i.e. the fact that they only seek evidence that supports their existing views. In this squib, I will raise the question whether Construction Grammar can become a falsifiable theory.
Reduplication and repetition from a constructionist perspective
Authors: Nagaya Naonori
Published: January 2021

In the typological literature, a distinction is often drawn between reduplication (as a morphological process) and repetition (as a syntactic process) (Gil 2005). This squib reconsiders this distinction from the perspective of Construction Morphology (Booij 2010,2018;Masini and Audring 2019). Drawing upon previously understudied phenomena in Tagalog, an Austronesian language of the Philippines, this paper demonstrates that the Construction Morphology approach provides a suitable framework for analyzing reduplication and repetition. It makes it possible to account for both similarities and differences between reduplication and repetition: both processes create a lexical unit with an iterative form and a conventionalized meaning, although they differ in the size and complexity of the lexical unit they create. Furthermore, this paper makes a strong case for the basic tenets of constructionist approaches, including a hierarchical lexicon and a lexicon-grammar continuum.
How the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model might enrich Diachronic Construction Grammar
Authors: Schmid Hans-Jörg
Published: January 2021

Explanations of language change in terms of Diachronic Construction Grammar generalize over gradual adaptations of
the linguistic behaviour of individual speakers and communities. Presenting a diachronic case study of the pattern
(the) (Adj) thing (clauserel) is (is)
(that), I argue that the time course of formal, semantic and pragmatic changes, of changes in frequency and
of changes regarding dispersion over speakers and choices of lexical items offer a glimpse of the gradual individual and communal
adaptations underlying processes such as constructionalization and constructional change. I interpret data extracted from various
corpora from the perspectives of Diachronic Construction Grammar and the Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model (Schmid 2020) and discuss how the latter perspective might enrich the former.
Quarantine.
Authors: Devorshak Christina
Published: January 2021

Every country has an organization that serves as the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), charged with protecting the natural and cultivated plant resources of its territories. Preventing the introduction and spread of exotic pests is the primary function of every NPPO. Preventing introduction (i.e. the entry and establishment of a new pest, http://www.ippc.int) is significantly more efficient and more effective than attempting to 'cure' a pest problem after a pest has been introduced. We have many more options for dealing with pests while they remain offshore (e.g. pre-border) - everything from quarantines, treatments, inspection and a range of other phytosanitary measures can all be implemented to prevent new introductions. However, in spite of the best efforts of NPPOs, new pests may be introduced into our territories; and once pests have been introduced, options for dealing with such pests may be limited.
Horticultural therapy.
Authors: Morgan Lynette
Published: January 2021

Horticulture has been a therapeutic activity ever since human populations began to plan, create and nurture gardens for pleasure as well as for food production. The sensory stimulus and relaxation that tending plants or being in the presence of nature brings has long been known to have positive effects on mind and body. During the Middle Ages, the gardens cultivated in the grounds of monastery hospitals were used not only for the production of medicinal plants, but also for the purpose of cheering melancholy patients (McDowell, 1997). Historically the use of gardening as a therapy dates back to the 1700s when documentation showed a correlation between patients in mental institutions (known as insane asylums) who engaged in gardening activities showed improvements in their physical and mental health (Porchey, 2007). In 1798, Dr Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and while a professor of medicine and clinical practice at the University of Pennsylvania, reported that gardening improved the conditions of mentally ill patients (Park-Brown et al., 2010). It was observed that 'digging in the soil seemed to have a curative effect on the mentally ill' and sought to encourage patient participation in such activities (Olszowy, 1978).
Horticultural training and education.
Authors: Morgan Lynette
Published: January 2021

The passing of knowledge from generation to generation has been the basis of human existence upon which civilisations have been built and expanded and a process that has accelerated with the use of modern technology. Horticulture is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, forms of knowledge gathering in the arts and sciences. It therefore follows that horticulture was one of the earliest civilising influences in mankind's history (Dixon, 2016). Horticultural skills were essential in early settlements during the dawn of agriculture, for food production and security and also for a wider range of plant materials that enhanced everyday life and contributed to industry. Horticultural knowledge and training has existed for some 10,000 to 20,000 years, with the skills of its practitioners demonstrated through advancing civilisations in both eastern and western countries (Aldous et al., 2014). The first processes in horticultural knowledge transfer were simply informal instruction of how to cultivate soil, grow and harvest crops, which were passed from parent to child and within the members of early societies. Historically gardening has been an integral part of a child's life and played a significant role in how and what they learnt (Relf and Lohr, 2003). These early instructional lessons allowed the passage of knowledge and practical cultivation skills and associated industries such as the manufacture of gardening tools, processing of crops and long-term storage methods.
A spectral method algorithm for numerical simulations of gravitational fields
Authors: Meringolo C , Servidio S , Veltri P
Published: January 2021

A numerical study of the Einstein field equations, based on the 3 + 1 foliation of the spacetime, is presented. A pseudo-spectral technique has been employed for simulations in vacuum, within two different formalisms, namely the Arnowitt–Deser–Misner (ADM) and the conformal Baumgarte–Shapiro–Shibata–Nakamura (BSSN) approach. The numerical code is based on the Fourier decomposition, accompanied by different filtering techniques. The role of the dealiasing, as well as the influence of the filter type, has been investigated. The algorithms have been stabilized via a novel procedure that controls self-consistently the regularity of the solutions. The accuracy of the model has been validated through standard testbeds, revealing that the filtered pseudo-spectral technique is among the most accurate approaches. Finally, the procedure has been stressed via black hole dynamics and a new strategy, based on hyperviscous dissipation that suppresses spurious boundary problems, has been proposed. The model represents a valid tool of investigation, particularly suitable for the inspection of small scale nonlinear phenomena in gravitational dynamics.
Laser interferometer in presence of scalar field on gravitational wave background
Authors: Ganjali Mohammad A , Sedaghatmanesh Zainab
Published: January 2021

Detection of gravitational waves opened new windows on fundamental physics and it would be natural to search how the role of extra dimensional effects can be traced to gravitational wave physics. In this article, we consider a toy model of five dimensional pure gravity theory compactified on a circle. The resulting four dimensional theory is a scalar-Maxwell theory which is minimally coupled with gravity. By finding the equations of motion for scalar, electric and magnetic fields, we would be able to find exact wave solutions of coupled equations which are zero mode solutions. We also perform perturbation in order to consider non-zero modes of electromagnetic fields. Having these solutions at hand, we study the recombination of scalar-affected electromagnetic waves in a typical Michelson interferometer. In particular, we obtain, up to first order, the change of amplitude of electromagnetic power due to presence of this scalar field which may reveal some signals of extra dimension.
Absolute ion density measurements in the afterglow of a radiofrequency atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Jiang Jingkai , Bruggeman Peter J
Published: January 2021

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) can enable large fluxes of reactive species impinging on treated substrates in many applications. The relative importance of ionic versus neutral reactive species fluxes produced by APPJs is to date mainly deduced from modeling due to the challenge of measuring absolute ion densities/fluxes. In this study, a calibration was performed to determine the absolute densities of cold ions in the afterglow region of an radiofrequency-driven APPJ in Ar + 1% O2 by molecular beam mass spectrometry. Positive ion densities were found to be about 3–4 orders of magnitudes lower than the densities of the dominant reactive neutral species (O, O2(a
1Δg), O3) in the afterglow region of the APPJ at a distance larger than 2 mm from the visible plasma plume. The results illustrate the ability of molecular beam mass spectrometry to enable a quantitative evaluation of both neutral and ionic species in many applications using APPJs.
Synaptic metaplasticity emulation in a freestanding oxide-based neuromorphic transistor with dual in-plane gates
Authors: Jiang Shanshan , He Yongli , Liu Rui , Zhang Chenxi , Shi Yi , Wan Qing
Published: January 2021

Synaptic plasticity is a basic characteristic of synapses and plays an important role in the computation, learning and memory of human brain. Metaplasticity is a higher-order form of synaptic plasticity, which regulates the ability of synapses to generate synaptic plasticity and has a great regulating effect on later learning, memory and coping behaviors. At present, there are rarely reports on the emulation of synaptic metaplasticity in synaptic transistor. In this article, flexible dual-gate indium-zinc-oxide neuromorphic devices on freestanding solid-state proton conducting chitosan electrolyte membrane are designed for metaplasticity emulation. The key synaptic plasticity functions including excitatory postsynaptic current, synaptic paired-pulse response and synaptic pulse train response can be effectively regulated by the priming pulse stimuli. Besides, configurable synaptic depression and synaptic potentiation effect can be realized in such device. These results can expand the potential applications of the multi-terminal electrolyte-gated oxide transistors for flexible dynamic neuromorphic platforms.
Modeling of vortex dynamics in HTSs with defects under the impact of pulsed magnetic field
Authors: Moroz A N , Kashurnikov V A , Rudnev I A , Maksimova A N
Published: January 2021

By means of the Monte Carlo method, a numerical study of the vortex system in a high-temperature superconductor under the impact of pulses of magnetic field has been conducted. Various shapes and amplitudes of pulses have been considered. Samples with random and regular distributions of three different numbers of defects have been compared from the viewpoint of efficiency of flux trapping. The low-temperature behavior of vortices and their penetration into samples have been shown to be independent of the pulse shape but strongly dependent of the type of pinning distribution. Saturating dependences of density of trapped magnetic flux on the pulse amplitude have been obtained. The samples with random pinning demonstrated higher efficiency of flux trapping at lower pulse amplitudes, and the samples with a triangular lattice of defects—at higher amplitudes. If the amplitude exceeded the saturation field of both samples, the trapped field was almost equal. The increasing number of defects has lead to an increase in trapped field within the considered range of concentrations.
A first-principles and machine learning combined method to investigate the interfacial friction between corrugated graphene
Authors: Liu Zugang , Zhao Xinpeng , Wang Heyuan , Ma Yuan , Gao Lei , Huang Haiyou , Yan Yu , Su Yanjing , Qiao Lijie
Published: January 2021

Simulating the frictional properties of complex interfaces is computational resource consuming. In this paper, we propose a density functional theory (DFT) calculation combined machine learning (ML) strategy to investigate the sliding potential energy corrugation between geometrical corrugated graphene (Gr) sheets. By the aid of few DFT calculations and geometrical descriptors Σr
−n
(n = 1, 2, 6, 12), the trained ML models can accurately predict the sliding potential evolutions of Gr/Pt and Gr/Re systems. To be specific, based on DFT calculations of sliding along [110] direction, the trained linear regression (LIN) models can properly give out the potential energy evolution along the [100] direction with deviation less than 5%. By the dataset of given distances (9.3 Å, 9.65 Å and 10 Å) between two Re monolayers in Gr/Re systems, LIN and Bayesian ridge regression (BR) models can quantitatively predict the potential energy evolution of unknown distances (9.2 Å, 9.4 Å, 9.5 Å and 9.6 Å). The predicted magnitudes of potential energy corrugations by BR model divert less than 3 meV Å−2 from DFT calculations. The prediction results for extrapolated distances (9.0 Å and 9.1 Å) deviate notably, but the extension of training dataset effectively improves the predictive ability of ML models, especially for the LIN model. Thus, the supposed strategy could become an effective method to investigate the frictional characteristics of complex interfaces.
Hybrid application of laser-focused atomic deposition and extreme ultraviolet interference lithography methods for manufacturing of self-traceable nanogratings
Authors: Liu Jie , Zhao Jun , Deng Xiao , Yang Shumin , Xue Chaofan , Wu Yanqing , Tai Renzhong , Hu Xiukun , Dai Gaoliang , Li Tongbao , Cheng Xinbin
Published: January 2021

A novel hybrid method that combines the laser-focused atomic deposition (LFAD) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) interference lithography has been introduced. The Cr grating manufactured by LFAD has advantages of excellent uniformity, low line edge roughness and its pitch value determined directly by nature constants (i.e. self-traceable). To further enhance the density of the Cr grating, the EUV interference lithography with 13.4 nm wavelength was employed, which replicated the master Cr grating onto a Si wafer with its pitch reduced to half. In order to verify the performance of the gratings manufactured by this novel method, both mask grating (Cr grating) and replicated grating (silicon grating) were calibrated by the metrological large range scanning probe microscope (Met.LR-SPM) at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The calibrated results show that both gratings have excellent short-term and long-term uniformity: (i) the calibrated position deviation (i.e. nonlinearity) of the grating is below ±1 nm; (ii) the deviation of mean pitch values of 6 randomly selected measurement locations is below 0.003 nm. In addition, the mean pitch value of the Cr grating is calibrated as 212.781 ± 0.008 nm (k = 2). It well agrees with its theoretical value of 212.7787 ± 0.0049 nm, confirming the self-traceability of the manufactured grating by the LFAD. The mean pitch value of the Si grating is calibrated as 106.460 ± 0.012 nm (k = 2). It corresponds to the shrinking factor of 0.500 33 of the applied EUV interference lithographic technique. This factor is very close to its theoretical value of 0.5. The uniform, self-traceable gratings fabricated using this novel approach can be well applied as reference materials in calibrating, e.g. the magnification and uniformity of almost all kinds of high resolution microscopes for nanotechnology.
Quiescent regions below the X-point in ASDEX upgrade
Authors: Nem R D , Manz P , Juul Rasmussen J , Vianello N , Walkden N , Naulin V , Sieglin B , Herrmann A , Brida D
Published: January 2021

Probe measurements of plasma fluctuations in the divertor region of ASDEX Upgrade reveal the existence of two quiescent regions close to the separatrix: one on the low field side scrape-off layer and one on the high field side of the private flux region. The X-point manipulator at ASDEX Upgrade provides the unique possibility of obtaining continuous measurements of the ion-saturation current from the low field side scrape-off layer through the private flux region and into the high field side scrape-off layer.
Development of a Stark shift measurement technique using excited-state oxygen atoms to determine electron number density in shock heated O2/Ar above 10 000 K
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Shengkai , Strand Christopher L , Hanson Ronald K
Published: January 2021

We present measurements of electron number density, n
e, in partially ionized gases containing electronically excited atomic oxygen, at nominal translational temperatures between 10 100–11 200 K. The measurements were based on the Stark shift of the O(

P

3

5

) to O(

D

2
,
3
,
4

0

5

) transition at 926 nm. The current work scanned the laser across the transition and utilized the Stark shift of the absorbance for robust determination of n
e. The measurements were conducted in a shock-heated 1% O2/Ar mixture, with a measurement time resolution of 20 μs. A line-center shift of −0.06 cm−1 was observed within around 500 μs of the test time after the mixture was instantaneously heated to 11 200 K by the reflected shock wave, which corresponded to an electron number density increase from 0 to 2 ×  1021 m−3 due to collisional ionization. The measurement method and resulting data may be of interest in future studies of high-temperature air flows.
Etching of m-plane Zn(Mg)O epitaxial films and its impact on surface leakage currents
Authors: Hinkov Borislav , Hoang Hanh T , Hugues Maxime , Chauveau Jean-Michel , Strasser Gottfried
Published: January 2021

Zinc oxide is a novel material system for mid-infrared and THz optoelectronics. Especially its non-polar m-plane orientation is a promising candidate for the design of devices like quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and detectors (QCDs). But for their realization novel fabrication schemes are needed. We present a new inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) process for etching of m-Zn(Mg)O heterostructures in a CH4-based chemistry. The process has been optimized for smooth vertical sidewalls together with high selectivity towards a SiN etch mask. This was achieved by combining the RIE etching with wet chemical etching in strongly diluted HCl. Similar to various types of semiconductor-based optoelectronic materials and devices (Sidor et al 2016 J. Electron. Mater.
45 4663–7; Ma et al 2016 Opt. Express
24 7823), including other wide-gap semiconductors like (In)GaN (Zhang et al 2015 Nanotechnology
26), we observe surface leakage currents in etched m-plane Zn(Mg)O structures. We show that they depend on the applied etching process and surface treatment techniques as well as the barrier composition in the Zn(Mg)O heterostructures. In addition, a treatment in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) yields a significant surface leakage current suppression up to several orders of magnitude.
A novel magneto-mechanical metamaterial cell structure with large, reversible and rapid two-way shape alteration
Authors: Han Wenheng , Gao Wei , Wang Xingzhe
Published: January 2021

Smart mechanical metamaterials based on various types of stimuli-sensitive materials break through the limitations of traditional metamaterials and exhibit many attractive properties. The development of multi-functional mechanical metamaterials capable of multi-mode, reversible, large deformations and remote controllability remains a challenge. In this work, we designed and prepared several magneto-mechanical metamaterial unit cells based on magnetoactive soft materials using 3D printing technology. A novel cell structure of cuboctahedron was fabricated and examined deeply which was elongated or contracted along the central magnetic field direction under different external magnetic fields. Experiment and simulation results shown that the special metamaterial structure design enables the magneto-active unit cells to achieve super deformation characteristics that it does not originally possess. The rapid two-way large deformation of the cuboctahedron cell was achieved with a quite remarkable deformation up to 85%, and it could quickly return to the original shape of the cell when the magnetic field was removed. Besides of these capabilities, as an application example, we further demonstrated the multi-modal shape of shrinkage and elongation of the cell structure in a biomimetic blood vessel, to show the effectiveness of the prototype smart stent for particle transport in a remotely controllable manner. The developed magneto-mechanical metamaterial certainly can be extended to various functionalized application, such as soft robots, healthcare and flexible electronics.
Cement sensors with acoustic bandgaps using carbon nanotubes
Authors: Vemuganti S , Stormont J C , Pyrak-Nolte L J , Dewers T , Taha M M Reda
Published: January 2021

Cement is widely used in wellbores to stabilize the steel casing used in wellbore operations for oil and gas production, enhanced geothermal systems and carbon sequestration, and to limit fluid movement between sub-surface strata. Flaws such as microcracks in wellbore cement can lead to leakage along the wellbore compromising wellbore integrity. There is an increasing need for methods to monitor cement crack propagation in wellbore environments. In this study, we develop and report the first cementitious sensors capable of exhibiting high frequency acoustic bandgaps (ABGs) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Computational simulations of a sensor unit cell are used to design cement-multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) sensors that show a wide bandgap. When the cement-MWCNTs sensors is embedded in cement specimens, bandgaps were measured experimentally under 300 kHz and under 600 kHz, consistent with the computationally predicted bandgaps in the range of 290–360 kHz, 410–460 kHz and 515–585 kHz. These bandgap features were absent in homogeneous cement specimens. X-ray tomographic reconstructions showed microscopic debonding at cement-MWCNTs sensor interface. Frequency response analysis of a three-dimensional computational model indicated a shift of frequency of minimum transmission due to the interface debonding, but no perturbation of bandgap response was observed. The cement-MWCNTs sensors developed in this study show the potential of a packed CNT inclusion material in cementitious matrix to create ABGs in a cement matrix.
Lamb wave based damage detection in metallic plates using multi-headed 1-dimensional convolutional neural network
Authors: Rai Akshay , Mitra Mira
Published: January 2021

Lamb wave based damage diagnosis holds potential for real-time structural health monitoring; however, analysing the Lamb wave response possess challenge due to its complex physics. Data-driven machine learning (ML) algorithms are often more effective in identifying the damage-related features from these complex responses. However, in analysing such complex responses the ML algorithms requires extensive data pre-processing and are often not suitable for real-time damage detection. This paper presents a deep learning multi-headed 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) architecture capable to operate directly on raw discrete time-domain Lamb wave signals recorded from a thin metallic plate. The multi-headed configuration consisting of two parallel 1D-CNN layers is capable to learn higher order damage-related features and enhances robustness of overall classification performance. To train the adopted 1D-CNN algorithm a diverse database is also constructed consisting 216 numerically and 24 experimentally generated responses of a thin 1.6 mm Al-5052 plate structure. The diversification of training database is achieved by varying parameters like scanning length, scanning frequency and adding different levels of white noises to the captured responses. Later, the trained 1D-CNN architecture is tested against two separated unseen test-databases. The first test database consist of experimentally generated 12 samples with notch-like damage and 12 samples of pristine condition. The proposed 1D-CNN classifier generalizes well on the unseen samples and decisively predicts the outcome for 23 out of 24 samples of first test database. The second test database consists of 108 unseen FE simulated samples capturing additional damage scenarios. In the second test phase, the model has correctly predicted the condition of all the 108 samples.