bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Services: A Case of Darjeeling, India
Authors: Tamang Pravesh , Jana Sebak Kumar
Published: April 2017

This paper uses a Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice (DBDC) Contingent Valuation (CV) method to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water services in the hill town of Darjeeling in India. The findings of the bivariate probit model reveal that gender of the head of the family, age of the head, total time taken to collect water, water treatment, water source and distance were among the significant and the major determinants of WTP for improved water services. The WTP estimated using the delta method was about INR 494.00 (USD 1 ~ INR 60.00 as of March 2014) per month, which is about 12 times the amount they currently pay. A major policy implication is that there is a huge potential for investment in water projects in the town because of the high WTP and the households’ preference for local water body or any organised service provider over the private water vendors.
A new approach to develop computer-aided diagnosis scheme of breast mass classification using deep learning technology
Authors: Qiu Yuchen , Yan Shiju , Gundreddy Rohith Reddy , Wang Yunzhi , Cheng Samuel , Liu Hong , Zheng Bin
Published: April 2017

PURPOSE:

To develop and test a deep learning based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme of mammograms for classifying between malignant and benign masses.

METHODS:

An image dataset involving 560 regions of interest (ROIs) extracted from digital mammograms was used. After down-sampling each ROI from 512×512 to 64×64 pixel size, we applied an 8 layer deep learning network that involves 3 pairs of convolution-max-pooling layers for automatic feature extraction and a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) classifier for feature categorization to process ROIs. The 3 pairs of convolution layers contain 20, 10, and 5 feature maps, respectively. Each convolution layer is connected with a max-pooling layer to improve the feature robustness. The output of the sixth layer is fully connected with a MLP classifier, which is composed of one hidden layer and one logistic regression layer. The network then generates a classification score to predict the likelihood of ROI depicting a malignant mass. A four-fold cross validation method was applied to train and test this deep learning network.

RESULTS:

The results revealed that this CAD scheme yields an area under the receiver operation characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.696±0.044, 0.802±0.037, 0.836±0.036, and 0.822±0.035 for fold 1 to 4 testing datasets, respectively. The overall AUC of the entire dataset is 0.790±0.019.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying a deep learning based CAD scheme to classify between malignant and benign breast masses without a lesion segmentation, image feature computation and selection process.
Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon in Riparian Forest Soils Affected by Frequent Floods (Southern Québec, Canada)
Authors: Saint-Laurent Diane , Gervais-Beaulac Vernhar , Paradis Roxane , Arsenault-Boucher Lisane , Demers Simon
Published: April 2017

Measuring soil organic carbon (SOC) in riparian forest soils affected by floods is crucial for evaluating their concentration and distribution along hydrological gradients (longitudinal and transversal). Hydromorphological factors (e.g., sedimentation vs. erosion, size of floodplain, flood recurrence) may be the cause of major variations in the concentration of organic matter and SOC in soils and could have a direct impact on C levels in soil profiles. For this study, SOC concentrations were assessed in riparian soils collected along transects perpendicular to the riverbanks which cross through inundated and non-inundated zones. Other soil properties (e.g., acidity, nitrogen, texture, bulk density) that may affect the concentration of SOC were also considered. The main purpose of this study was to assess SOC concentrations in soils subjected to flooding with those outside the flood zones, and also measure various soil properties (in surface soils and at various depths ranging from 0 to 100 cm) for each selected area. Across the various areas, SOC shows marked differences in concentration and spatial distribution, with the lowest values found in mineral soils affected by successive floods (recurrence of 0–20 years). SOC at 0–20 cm in depth was significantly lower in active floodplains (Tukey HSD test), with average values of 2.29 ± 1.64% compared to non-inundated soils (3.83 ± 2.22%). The proportion of C stocks calculated in soils (inundated vs. non-inundated zones) was significantly different, with average values of 38.22 ± 10.40 and 79.75 ± 29.47 t·ha−1, respectively. Flood frequency appears to be a key factor in understanding the low SOC concentrations in floodplain soils subjected to high flood recurrence (0–20 years).
c-MYC—Making Liver Sick: Role of c-MYC in Hepatic Cell Function, Homeostasis and Disease
Authors: Zheng Kang , Cubero Francisco , Nevzorova Yulia
Published: April 2017

Over 35 years ago, c-MYC, a highly pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hepatic cell function, was identified. In recent years, a considerable increment in the number of publications has significantly shifted the way that the c-MYC function is perceived. Overexpression of c-MYC alters a wide range of roles including cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle progression, cell adhesion and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to broaden the understanding of the general functions of c-MYC, to focus on c-MYC-driven pathogenesis in the liver, explain its mode of action under basal conditions and during disease, and discuss efforts to target c-MYC as a plausible therapy for liver disease.
Total Body Water Distribution in Breast Cancer Survivors Following Cancer Rehabilitation
Authors: Stefani Laura , Palmerini Davide , Corezzi Michele , Mascherini Gabriele , Petri Cristian , Klika Riggs , Galanti Giorgio
Published: April 2017

Cancer in humans is frequently associated with compartmentalization of body fluids as a result of sedentary behavior and pharmacological cellular toxicity. Total Body Water (TBW) in the general population is approximately 55–60% of body weight in adult males and 50–55% in adult females, while varying significantly in pathological conditions. Exercise is largely recognized as an important tool to TBW distribution. The purpose of this study was to investigate, for a least 12 months, the impact of physical activity on body water distribution in a sample of cancer patients and compare their responses to a sample of healthy controls. Cancer patients included 28 clinically stable female cancer patients diagnosed with breast cancer (aged 59 ± 9 years, weight 70.2 ± 9.9 kg, and Body Mass Index (BMI 26.7 ± 5.4 kg·m2), who were enrolled in a year-long physical activity prescription program. The results indicated the absence of significant variations of TBW% between the cancer patients and controls, however, there was a significant improvement in intracellular water content (ICW%) at 6 months (T0: 51.1 ± 3.9 vs. T6: 52.4 ± 4.1; p < 0.05) and at T12 (T0: 51.1 ± 3.9 vs. T12: 53.6 ± 3.1; p < 0.005). In conclusion, in this small sample of cancer survivors, an unsupervised cancer rehabilitation program reduced the trend towards increased peripheral edema.
InSAR Time-Series Analysis of Land Subsidence under Different Land Use Types in the Eastern Beijing Plain, China
Authors: Zhou Chaofan , Gong Huili , Chen Beibei , Li Jiwei , Gao Mingliang , Zhu Feng , Chen Wenfeng , Liang Yue
Published: April 2017

In the Beijing plain, the long-term groundwater overexploitation, exploitation, and the utilization of superficial urban space have led to land subsidence. In this study, the spatial–temporal analysis of land subsidence in Beijing was assessed by using the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique based on 47 TerraSAR-X SAR images from 2010 to 2015. Distinct variations of the land subsidence were found in the study regions. The maximum annual land subsidence rate was 146 mm/year from 2011 to 2015. The comparison between the SBAS InSAR results and the ground leveling measurements showed that the InSAR land subsidence results achieved a precision of 2 mm. In 2013, the maximum displacement reached 132 and 138 mm/year in the Laiguangying and DongbalizhuangDajiaoting area. Our analysis showed that the serious land subsidence mainly occurred in the following land use types: water area and wetland, paddy field, upland soils, vegetable land, and peasant-inhabited land. Our results could provide a useful reference for groundwater exploitation and urban planning.
Adapting Nonprofit Resources to New Social Demands: The Food Banks in Spain
Authors: Coque Jorge , González-Torre Pilar
Published: April 2017

Food banks make up an increasing phenomenon of nonprofit organizations answering to new social needs related to the global socioeconomic crisis. In order to explore if they are suitably adapting to their environments in Spain, one of the countries most seriously affected by the crisis in South Europe, this work assumes a hybrid qualitative–quantitative structure composed of an exploratory case study based on semi-structured interviews followed by a survey addressed to all the Spanish food banks. Much of the academic literature has concerned the appropriateness of food banks as a delivery mechanism in the context of welfare state withdrawal. This paper takes this in a different direction by examining Spanish food banks from an organizational management point of view. Wary of concerns about the institutionalization of food charity, on the one hand, and recognizing the escalating daily reliance on food banks, on the other, this paper seeks to address potential technical supply problems and challenges food banks face and open debate about the organizational networks of food banks more generally. The results show nonprofit entities based on a voluntary workforce who run supply chains in order to join both social and business targets. Their situation, performance, resources, mutual relationships and the links with other entities are described, paying special attention to the changes induced by the latest contextual changes. In short, food banks are efficiently organized and well established in their territories as a coherent social movement, although they should improve in their strategic view, coordination, resources and sources of these, to satisfy more adequately their increasingly complex demands.
Antivenom for Neuromuscular Paralysis Resulting From Snake Envenoming
Authors: Silva Anjana , Hodgson Wayne , Isbister Geoffrey
Published: April 2017

Antivenom therapy is currently the standard practice for treating neuromuscular dysfunction in snake envenoming. We reviewed the clinical and experimental evidence-base for the efficacy and effectiveness of antivenom in snakebite neurotoxicity. The main site of snake neurotoxins is the neuromuscular junction, and the majority are either: (1) pre-synaptic neurotoxins irreversibly damaging the presynaptic terminal; or (2) post-synaptic neurotoxins that bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Pre-clinical tests of antivenom efficacy for neurotoxicity include rodent lethality tests, which are problematic, and in vitro pharmacological tests such as nerve-muscle preparation studies, that appear to provide more clinically meaningful information. We searched MEDLINE (from 1946) and EMBASE (from 1947) until March 2017 for clinical studies. The search yielded no randomised placebo-controlled trials of antivenom for neuromuscular dysfunction. There were several randomised and non-randomised comparative trials that compared two or more doses of the same or different antivenom, and numerous cohort studies and case reports. The majority of studies available had deficiencies including poor case definition, poor study design, small sample size or no objective measures of paralysis. A number of studies demonstrated the efficacy of antivenom in human envenoming by clearing circulating venom. Studies of snakes with primarily pre-synaptic neurotoxins, such as kraits (Bungarus spp.) and taipans (Oxyuranus spp.) suggest that antivenom does not reverse established neurotoxicity, but early administration may be associated with decreased severity or prevent neurotoxicity. Small studies of snakes with mainly post-synaptic neurotoxins, including some cobra species (Naja spp.), provide preliminary evidence that neurotoxicity may be reversed with antivenom, but placebo controlled studies with objective outcome measures are required to confirm this.
Urban Water Cycle Simulation/Management Models: A Review
Authors: Peña-Guzmán Carlos Andrés , Melgarejo Joaquín , Prats Daniel , Torres Andrés , Martínez Sandra
Published: April 2017

Urban water management is increasingly important given the need to maintain water resources that comply with global and local standards of quantity and quality. The effective management of water resources requires the optimization of financial resources without forsaking social requirements. A number of mathematical models have been developed for this task; such models account for all components of the Urban Water Cycle (UWC) and their interactions. The wide range of models entails the need to understand their differences in an effort to identify their applicability, so academic, state, and private sectors can employ them for environmental, economic, and social ends. This article presents a description of the UWC and relevant components, a literature review of different models developed between 1990 and 2015, and an analysis of several case studies (applications). It was found that most applications are focused on new supply sources, mainly rainwater. In brief, this article provides an overview of each model’s use (primarily within academia) and potential use as a decision-making tool.
Animal Models of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Relevance
Authors: Gao Bin , Xu Ming-Jiang , Bertola Adeline , Wang Hua , Zhou Zhou , Liangpunsakul Suthat
Published: April 2017

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a leading cause of chronic liver injury worldwide, comprises a range of disorders including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Over the last five decades, many animal models for the study of ALD pathogenesis have
been developed. Recently, a chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding model was reported. This model induces significant steatosis, hepatic neutrophil infiltration, and liver injury. A clinically relevant model of high-fat diet feeding plus binge ethanol was also developed, which highlights the risk
of excessive binge drinking in obese/overweight individuals. All of these models recapitulate some features of the different stages of ALD and have been widely used by many investigators to study the pathogenesis of ALD and to test for therapeutic drugs/components. However, these models are
somewhat variable, depending on mouse genetic background, ethanol dose, and animal facility environment. This review focuses on these models and discusses these variations and some methods to improve the feeding protocol. The pathogenesis, clinical relevance, and translational studies of these models are also discussed.
Photoperiod throughout the maternal life cycle, not photoperiod during seed imbibition, influences germination in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Imaizumi Toshiyuki , Auge Gabriela , Donohue Kathleen
Published: April 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Plants adjust their phenology in response to seasonal cues experienced both by their parents and by themselves, and coordinating responses to these cues is necessary for expressing adaptive phenology. We investigated how cues are integrated across time to influence an important progeny phenotype, i.e., seed germination.

METHODS:

We used Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate how the photoperiod experienced by maternal parents and by progeny influences seed germination. We examined when maternal photoperiod effects on germination are imposed and how long they persist in progeny.

KEY RESULTS:

The photoperiod experienced by maternal plants more strongly influenced germination than the photoperiod experienced during seed imbibition. In addition, the photoperiod experienced at the prereproductive stage frequently influenced germination as strongly as that experienced during reproduction. In general, seeds from plants grown under short days had higher seed germination percentages than seeds from plants grown in longer days. These maternal effects diminished with after‐ripening, but reappeared in seeds induced into secondary dormancy.

CONCLUSIONS:

We found no evidence that the effect of photoperiod systematically attenuates in proportion to the time that elapsed between the cue and the timing of seed germination. Moreover, more recently experienced cues did not override the effects of cues experienced previously. Instead, specific sequences of photoperiods experienced at the prereproductive and reproductive stages appear to influence germination behavior.
Phylogeography of the wild and cultivated stimulant plant qat (Catha edulis, Celastraceae) in areas of historical cultivation
Authors: Tembrock Luke R. , Simmons Mark P. , Richards Christopher M. , Reeves Patrick A. , Reilley Ann , Curto Manuel A. , Meimberg Harald , Ngugi Grace , Demissew Sebsebe , Al Khulaidi Abdul Wali , Al‐Thobhani Mansoor , Simpson Sheron , Varisco Daniel M.
Published: April 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Qat (Catha edulis, Celastraceae) is a woody plant species cultivated for its stimulant alkaloids. Qat is important to the economy and culture in large regions of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Yemen. Despite the importance of this species, the wild origins and dispersal of cultivars have only been described in often contradictory historical documents. We examined the wild origins, human‐mediated dispersal, and genetic divergence of cultivated qat compared to wild qat.

METHODS:

We sampled 17 SSR markers and 1561 wild and cultivated individuals across the historical areas of qat cultivation.

KEY RESULTS:

On the basis of genetic structure inferred using Bayesian and nonparametric methods, two centers of origin in Kenya and one in Ethiopia were found for cultivated qat. The centers of origin in Ethiopia and northeast of Mt. Kenya are the primary sources of cultivated qat genotypes. Qat cultivated in Yemen is derived from Ethiopian genotypes rather than Yemeni wild populations. Cultivated qat with a wild Kenyan origin has not spread to Ethiopia or Yemen, whereas a small minority of qat cultivated in Kenya originated in Ethiopia. Hybrid genotypes with both Ethiopian and Kenyan parentage are present in northern Kenya.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ethiopian cultivars have diverged from their wild relatives, whereas Kenyan qat has diverged less. This pattern of divergence could be caused by the extinction of the wild‐source qat populations in Ethiopia due to deforestation, undersampling, and/or artificial selection for agronomically important traits.
Persistence of endophytic fungi in cultivars of Lolium perenne grown from seeds stored for 22 years
Authors: Cheplick Gregory P.
Published: April 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Genetic resources for forage crops often consist of seeds of specific species and cultivars in cold storage for future use in breeding and selection programs. Temperate grasses such as Lolium perenne, used worldwide for forage and turf, produce seeds commonly infected by hyphae of an endophytic fungus (Epichloë festucae var. lolii). This research determined whether endophytes could persist and infect seedlings of L. perenne emerging from seeds stored for over two decades.

METHODS:

Endophyte‐infected seeds (>90% infected) of four cultivars were obtained in 1994 and stored dry in plastic bags at 4°C. Seed germination was tested after 12 yr (for two cultivars) and after 18 and 22 yr (for all cultivars). Seedling leaf sheaths were excised, stained, and examined at 400× for endophytic hyphae to quantify infection frequency (% plants infected) and intensity (mean number of endophytic hyphae per field of view).

KEY RESULTS:

Seed germination after 22 yr depended on cultivar, ranging from 53 to 78%. Between 58 and 73% of plants grown from seeds stored for 22 yr still contained viable endophytic hyphae. Infection intensity remained at original levels for 18 yr in one cultivar; however, in all cultivars, infection intensity declined significantly between 18 and 22 yr.

CONCLUSIONS:

Persistence of the grass seed–endophyte symbiosis for over 20 yr surpasses all prior records of endophyte longevity within stored seeds. Storage of germplasm of cool‐season grass cultivars that contain potentially beneficial fungal endophytes should be possible for several decades under dry, cold conditions.
Fluorinated cyclohexanes: Synthesis of amine building blocks of the all-cis 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorocyclohexylamine motif
Authors: Bykova Tetiana , Al-Maharik Nawaf , Slawin Alexandra M Z , O'Hagan David
Published: April 2017

This paper reports the synthesis of three amine stereoisomers 5a–c of the tetrafluorocyclohexyl ring system, as building blocks for discovery chemistry programmes. The synthesis starts from a Birch reduction of benzonitrile, followed by an in situ methyl iodide quench. The resultant 2,5-cyclohexadiene was progressed via double epoxidations and then hydrofluorination ring opening reactions. The resultant fluorohydrin moieties were then converted to different stereoisomers of the tetrafluorocyclohexyl ring system, and then reductive hydrogenation of the nitrile delivered three amine stereoisomers. It proved necessary to place a methyl group on the cyclohexane ring in order to stabilise the compound against subsequent HF elimination. The two all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl isomers 5a and 5b constitute facially polarized cyclohexane rings, with fluorines on the electronegative face and hydrogens on the electropositive face.
On the Origin of the Spiral Morphology in the Elias 2–27 Circumstellar Disk
Authors: Meru Farzana , Juhász Attila , Ilee John D. , Clarke Cathie J. , Rosotti Giovanni P. , Booth Richard A.
Published: April 2017

The young star Elias 2–27 has recently been observed to posses a massive circumstellar disk with two prominent large-scale spiral arms. In this Letter, we perform three-dimensional Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations, radiative transfer modeling, synthetic ALMA imaging, and an unsharped masking technique to explore three possibilities for the origin of the observed structures—an undetected companion either internal or external to the spirals, and a self-gravitating disk. We find that a gravitationally unstable disk and a disk with an external companion can produce morphology that is consistent with the observations. In addition, for the latter, we find that the companion could be a relatively massive planetary-mass companion (≲10–13 M
Jup) and located at large radial distances (between ≈300–700 au). We therefore suggest that Elias 2–27 may be one of the first detections of a disk undergoing gravitational instabilities, or a disk that has recently undergone fragmentation to produce a massive companion.
Triple Oral Therapy Versus Antitumor Necrosis Factor Plus Methotrexate (MTX) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Inadequate Response to MTX: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mary Julia , De Bandt Michel , Lukas Cédric , Morel Jacques , Combe Bernard
Published: April 2017

Objective.

For patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX), the relative effectiveness of the combination of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) compared with the combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and MTX, as second-line therapy, is uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerance of triple oral DMARD therapy versus anti-TNF agents associated with MTX in patients with RA after MTX failure.

Methods.

We performed a systematic search of the literature up to November 2015 in MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane library, and abstracts from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) meetings from 2006 to 2015. Articles were included if they were of randomized controlled trials of patients receiving triple oral combination therapy (TT; MTX + sulfasalazine + hydroxychloroquine) compared with anti-TNF agents plus MTX. Treatment effects were examined by disease activity [Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28)], ACR and EULAR response criteria, structural damage by the modified total Sharp score, and functional disability by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ).

Results.

Our search identified 263 articles; only 5 fulfilled the selection criteria. Analysis of ACR and EULAR response criteria, DAS28, and modified Sharp scores favored anti-TNF agents combined with MTX. Functional disability (HAQ) and rates of adverse events did not differ between treatments.

Conclusion.

In patients with RA in whom MTX has failed, the addition of a TNF antagonist to MTX may be a valid option, with better clinical outcomes and better radiographic results in the presence of poor prognostic factors. In the absence of poor prognostic factors and/or with contraindications to biologic agents, TT retains its place in the therapeutic strategy for RA in a currently restricted economic context.
Application of the 2016 EULAR/ACR/PRINTO Classification Criteria for Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Patients with Adult-onset Still Disease
Authors: Ahn Sung Soo , Yoo Byung-Woo , Jung Seung Min , Lee Sang-Won , Park Yong-Beom , Song Jason Jungsik
Published: April 2017

Objective.

To evaluate the clinical significance of the 2016 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO) classification criteria for macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with adult-onset Still disease (AOSD).

Methods.

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with AOSD with fever who were admitted to Severance Hospital between 2005 and 2016. The patients with AOSD were evaluated for MAS using the 2016 classification criteria for MAS. Clinical features, laboratory findings, and overall survival were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality.

Results.

Among 64 patients with AOSD, 36 (56.3%) were classified as having MAS. The overall survival rate was significantly lower in patients with MAS than in those without (67% vs 100%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that a low erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a low albumin level, an increase in ferritin of over 2 folds, and the development of MAS on admission were significantly associated with mortality in patients with AOSD.

Conclusion.

The 2016 EULAR/ACR/PRINTO classification criteria for MAS are potentially useful for the identification of patients with AOSD at high risk for a poor outcome. Febrile patients with AOSD should be monitored with the 2016 classification criteria for MAS in the early diagnosis and proper treatment of MAS.
Trois pédagogies chrétiennes au défi de l’humanisation en postmodernité. Conviction de foi, anthropologie et pragmatisme aux frontières
Authors: Fino Catherine
Published: April 2017

Trois pédagogies chrétiennes, promues par Henri Bissonnier, Don Bosco et Marie de l’Incarnation, en s’affrontant de manière pragmatique à des situations frontières, ont permis de définir des critères anthropologiques et pédagogiques qui restent suggestifs pour penser l’éducation dans les sociétés postmodernes. Ces pratiques dessinent de manière inductive une anthropologie relationnelle où la formation de sujets autonomes et responsables se fonde sur la construction d’une interdépendance réciproque, qui sollicite tout autant l’affectivité que la raison, au profit d’une identité assumée mais ouverte à la complémentarité des différences.
Surmonter les dualismes par l’éducation intégrale
Authors: Molinario Joël
Published: April 2017

La notion d’éducation intégrale est couramment utilisée dans des textes du Magistère sur l’éducation catholique. Nous la retrouvons dans le dernier texte du pape François : Amoris Laetitia . L’article repose sur l’hypothèse suivante : l’expression « éducation intégrale » a été forgée par le philosophe Jacques Maritain durant l’année 1943. Cette expression est inséparable dans la pensée de Jacques Maritain de son œuvre centrale, Humanisme intégral , publiée en 1936. Cette expression combat toutes les sortes de dualismes et signifie l’importance de comprendre l’éducation comme une action globale qui prend en compte toutes les dimensions de la personne. Pour Maritain, l’anthropologie chrétienne permet de fonder une conception de l’éducation de toute la personne. Cette notion reste d’actualité dans la mesure où elle invite à dépasser des dualismes contemporains comme celui qui oppose transmettre et apprendre.
La notion d’éducation intégrale, pivot anthropologique de l’éducation catholique
Authors: Moog François
Published: April 2017

L’expression « éducation intégrale » a été massivement utilisée depuis le Concile Vatican II pour qualifier l’éducation catholique. Il n’existe cependant pas de définition de cette notion, qui fait par ailleurs l’objet d’un usage très large et très peu homogène. L’article répond à cette lacune en opérant un repérage systématique de l’usage de la notion d’éducation intégrale en vue d’en proposer une définition synthétique. L’éducation intégrale apparaît alors comme déterminée par une anthropologie de la personne dont le plein accomplissement est garanti par la recherche du bien commun. Sur ce fondement anthropologique, l’éducation intégrale ordonne les principes de l’éducation catholique : inaliénable dignité de la personne, synthèse entre foi, culture et vie et coopération des responsables de l’éducation.
Intégration, intégralité, intégrité . Réflexions historiques et philosophiques sur un lexique pédagogique de la modernité
Authors: Tognon Giuseppe
Published: April 2017

Le couple intégralité et intégrité renferme une densité de signifiés exemplaire aussi bien pour comprendre le caractère artisanal de précision de toute action éducative, trop souvent considérée comme une action impersonnelle, que pour mesurer les limites de toute ambition régénératrice de l’humanité. L’histoire nous montre que lorsque la vie collective est traversée du désir d’intégralité, c’est souvent de façon grossière et dévastatrice, qui n’a rien à voir avec la prudence nécessaire à la conservation du bien-être psychophysique de la communauté. La formule de l’éducation intégrale a joui d’une grande fortune au xx e siècle, dans l’Église mais aussi chez les grandes organisations internationales : en réalité, du point de vue pédagogique, l’intégralité et l’intégrité ne peuvent être prises comme synonymes d’une unité matérielle ou d’une complétude purement formelle. L’éducation intégrale qui nous permet d’avoir bon espoir en l’avenir est celle qui ne prétend pas prendre en charge la totalité du réel et de l’homme, et qui, si partielle et sélective soit-elle, offre au plus grand nombre d’êtres humains la possibilité d’accomplir des gestes cohérents avec l’acceptation de son propre état, et donc en déplaçant les causes qui rendent la vie impossible, indigne de la personne humaine. La puissance du lexique de l’intégralité et de l’intégrité de l’homme adopté par la pédagogie contemporaine est donc le résultat d’un projet de transformation culturelle et politique profonde engagé par la démocratie avec la société moderne et toujours en cours, en dépit des immenses problèmes qu’il soulève.
Convertir les éducateurs chrétiens à l’Éducation nouvelle : l’action éditoriale du père François Chatelain dans les années 1930
Authors: Gutierrez Laurent
Published: April 2017

Cette étude évoque l’action éditoriale du père François Chatelain, o. p., à travers laquelle il tenta de convaincre les éducateurs chrétiens de concevoir différemment leur enseignement dans un contexte scolaire traversé par des enjeux idéologiques forts. Malgré le soutien d’universitaires catholiques ralliés à sa cause, ce dominicain ne parviendra pas à convertir ses contemporains d’adopter de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques issues du mouvement de l’éducation nouvelle. Cet article montre, par ailleurs, les limites de ce type de projet qui vise à repenser la singularité d’une pédagogie chrétienne au moment où les maisons d’édition se livrent à une forte concurrence.
Les métamorphoses de la pensée heideggérienne du Même
Authors: Delale Michèle
Published: April 2017

Le principe d’identité, A est A, annonce que chacun est le même pour lui-même et avec lui-même : à l’identité, Heidegger substitue « le Même » ( das Selbe ). Le Dasein persévère dans son être par des sauts historiques décisifs qui impliquent une variété de points de vue sans classement générique : chacun pense le Même, mais suivant sa voie propre. Le Même surpasse les contradictions dans l’Être comme dans l’étant : le Langage harmonise la Différence ontologique avec l’opposition entre mortel et immortel en racontant notre autoappropriation par migration et installation. Cela réhabilite la signification du « Semblable » ( das Gleiche ) : l’égalité des trois extases du Temps nous joint au Jeu du Monde, même dans le réseau technologique. Quand l’identité des êtres humains et la mêmeté des choses est suspendue par le deuil ou la folie, le dialogue rend l’identique à nouveau perceptible : le Même est le Monde en tant que sa propre raison d’être, en tant que communauté et appartenance – en tant que saint avènement du Simple.
La conversion de Bergson. Deuxième partie : Comment cette conversion éclaire-t-elle le sens de toute l’œuvre ?
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis
Published: April 2017

L’œuvre de Bergson se laisse interpréter à la lumière de sa conversion finale au catholicisme. La religiosité immanente à sa pensée inclinerait vers une interprétation spinoziste. Mais le testament de Bergson indique une véritable conversion personnelle. Dans Les Deux Sources , la transcendance divine et la grâce sont réintégrées. Bergson a voulu faire du mysticisme une méthode, qui suppose un trait d’union entre les individualités mystiques. Charles Taylor a rapproché Bergson et Péguy à ce sujet. La conversion éclaire tout d’une lumière nouvelle.
Quelques grandes lignes de l’anthropologie de Joseph Caillot. Filialité et finitude : une anthropologie mystique
Authors: Cholvy Brigitte
Published: April 2017

À l’occasion de récentes publications, l’a. présente des éléments de l’anthropologie théologique de Joseph Caillot, professeur à la faculté de théologie et de sciences religieuses de l’ICP de 1987 à 2002. En partant de la manière de faire de Caillot (ajustement de la parole, engagement semblable à la parrhèsia ), et en n’oubliant pas le fondement évangélique de tout discours théologique, l’a. retient quelques axes de la pensée de Caillot : le « pas sans toi » emprunté à Michel de Certeau, l’écoute de l’autre et le dialogue constant avec la philosophie, la définition de l’humain en termes de filialité, comprise comme le rapport entre liberté et vérité, le rôle de l’histoire et donc la nécessité de marcher durablement, l’affirmation d’une « finitude incorruptible ». Au fond une anthropologie mystique, où rien ne peut être séparé ni confondu, et où finitude et filialité sont vocation et convocation pour chaque homme.
Abraham, Sarah et Agar dans le récit de la Genèse. Approche narrative et interprétation
Authors: Wénin André
Published: April 2017

L’histoire d’Abraham dans la Genèse comporte plusieurs scènes doublées. Cet article étudie en parallèle les deux scènes où Abraham et Sarah sont en conflit à propos de la servante Agar (et de son fils Ismaël) : Gn 16,1-6 et 21,8-14. Ces scènes sont elles-mêmes liées à d’autres épisodes : respectivement 12,10-20 où se forme un autre trio impliquant un égyptien et 22,1-19 où Abraham doit se séparer d’Isaac après avoir renvoyé Ismaël. L’examen comparatif de ces passages permet de mettre en évidence l’art narratif de ces textes, mais aussi leur sens quant à la réalité humaine qu’ils mettent en scène.
Promoción de la justicia frente a utilitarismo en el pensamiento universitario del superior general de la Compañía de Jesús Peter Hans Kolvenbach
Authors: Vivanco Díaz Borja
Published: April 2017

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en dialogar con los discursos universitarios de Peter Hans Kolvenbach, superior general de la Compañía de Jesús entre 1983 y 2008. En particular analizamos la dimensión “iustitia” como elemento distintivo del paradigma de la educación superior jesuita y todo ello lo contextualizamos, a la vez, en su tradición histórica. La apuesta por la promoción de la justicia social, en el entramado universitario de la orden de Ignacio de Loyola, responde asimismo a las opciones que la Compañía de Jesús ha tomado, a raíz del Concilio Vaticano II, y se posiciona como una alternativa a la óptica utilitarista.
The Nuclear Receptor Nr4a1 Acts as a Microglia Rheostat and Serves as a Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune-Driven Central Nervous System Inflammation
Authors: Rothe Tobias , Ipseiz Natacha , Faas Maria , Lang Stefanie , Perez-Branguli Francesc , Metzger Daniel , Ichinose Hiroshi , Winner Beate , Schett Georg , Krönke Gerhard
Published: April 2017

Microglia cells fulfill key homeostatic functions and essentially contribute to host defense within the CNS. Altered activation of microglia, in turn, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we identify the nuclear receptor (NR) Nr4a1 as key rheostat controlling the activation threshold and polarization of microglia. In steady-state microglia, ubiquitous neuronal-derived stress signals such as ATP induced expression of this NR, which contributed to the maintenance of a resting and noninflammatory microglia phenotype. Global and microglia-specific deletion of Nr4a1 triggered the spontaneous and overwhelming activation of microglia and resulted in increased cytokine and NO production as well as in an accelerated and exacerbated form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ligand-induced activation of Nr4a1 accordingly ameliorated the course of this disease. Our current data thus identify Nr4a1 as regulator of microglia activation and potentially new target for the treatment of inflammatory CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Direct Antimicrobial Activity of IFN-β
Authors: Kaplan Amber , Lee Michelle W. , Wolf Andrea J. , Limon Jose J. , Becker Courtney A. , Ding Minna , Murali Ramachandran , Lee Ernest Y. , Liu George Y. , Wong Gerard C. L. , Underhill David M.
Published: April 2017

Type I IFNs are a cytokine family essential for antiviral defense. More recently, type I IFNs were shown to be important during bacterial infections. In this article, we show that, in addition to known cytokine functions, IFN-β is antimicrobial. Parts of the IFN-β molecular surface (especially helix 4) are cationic and amphipathic, both classic characteristics of antimicrobial peptides, and we observed that IFN-β can directly kill Staphylococcus aureus. Further, a mutant S. aureus that is more sensitive to antimicrobial peptides was killed more efficiently by IFN-β than was the wild-type S. aureus, and immunoblotting showed that IFN-β interacts with the bacterial cell surface. To determine whether specific parts of IFN-β are antimicrobial, we synthesized IFN-β helix 4 and found that it is sufficient to permeate model prokaryotic membranes using synchrotron x-ray diffraction and that it is sufficient to kill S. aureus. These results suggest that, in addition to its well-known signaling activity, IFN-β may be directly antimicrobial and be part of a growing family of cytokines and chemokines, called kinocidins, that also have antimicrobial properties.
Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Preferentially Promotes TLR3-Triggered Signaling and Inflammation
Authors: Lai Rongrong , Gu Meidi , Jiang Wei , Lin Wenlong , Xu Penglei , Liu Zhiyong , Huang He , An Huazhang , Wang Xiaojian
Published: April 2017

Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) protects against host immunological responses in nematodes and Drosophila. Whether RKIP functions in innate immune responses in mammals remains unknown. In this article, we report that RKIP preferentially regulates the TLR3-mediated immune response in macrophages. RKIP deficiency or silencing significantly decreases polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)]-induced IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α production without affecting the counterpart induced by LPS or CpG. Compared with their wild-type counterparts, RKIP-deficient mice produce less IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α in serum and display decreased lethality upon peritoneal Poly(I:C) plus d-galactosamine injection. Mechanistically, RKIP interacts with TBK1 and promotes the Poly(I:C)-induced TANK-binding kinase 1/IRF3 activation. Simultaneously, RKIP enhances the Poly(I:C)-induced interaction between TGF-β–activated kinase 1 and MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3), thus promoting MKK3/6 and p38 activation. We further demonstrated that Poly(I:C) treatment, but not LPS treatment, induces RKIP phosphorylation at S109. This action is required for RKIP to promote TANK-binding kinase 1 activation, as well as the interaction between TGF-β–activated kinase 1 and MKK3, which lead to activation of the downstream IRF3 and p38, respectively. Therefore, RKIP acts as a positive-feedback regulator of the TLR3-induced inflammatory response and may be a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disease.
Development and assessment of a higher-spatial-resolution (4.4 km) MISR aerosol optical depth product using AERONET-DRAGON data
Authors: Garay Michael J. , Kalashnikova Olga V. , Bull Michael A.
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Since early 2000, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument on NASA's Terra satellite has been acquiring data that have been used to produce aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particle property retrievals at 17.6 km spatial resolution. Capitalizing on the capabilities provided by multi-angle viewing, the current operational (Version 22) MISR algorithm performs well, with about 75 % of MISR AOD retrievals globally falling within 0.05 or 20 %  ×  AOD of paired validation data from the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This paper describes the development and assessment of a prototype version of a higher-spatial-resolution 4.4 km MISR aerosol optical depth product compared against multiple AERONET Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observations Network (DRAGON) deployments around the globe. In comparisons with AERONET-DRAGON AODs, the 4.4 km resolution retrievals show improved correlation (r = 0. 9595), smaller RMSE (0.0768), reduced bias (−0.0208), and a larger fraction within the expected error envelope (80.92 %) relative to the Version 22 MISR retrievals.
Simulation of climate, ice sheets and CO2 evolution during the last four glacial cycles with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity
Authors: Ganopolski Andrei , Brovkin Victor
Published: April 2017

Abstract. In spite of significant progress in paleoclimate reconstructions and modeling of different aspects of the past glacial cycles, the mechanisms which transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into long-term and global-scale glacial-interglacial cycles are still not fully understood, in particular, for CO2 variability. Here using the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 we performed simulations of co-evolution of climate, ice sheets and carbon cycle over the last 400,000 years using the orbital forcing as the only external forcing. The model simulates temporal dynamics of CO2, global ice volume and other climate system characteristics in good agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions. Using simulations performed with the model in different configurations, we also analyze the role of individual processes and sensitivity to the choice of model parameters. While many features of simulated glacial cycles are rather robust, some details of CO2 evolution, especially during glacial terminations, are rather sensitive to the choice of model parameters. Specifically, we found two major regimes of CO2 changes during terminations: in the first one, when the recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) occurs only at the end of the termination, a pronounced overshoot in CO2 concentration occurs at the beginning of the interglacial and CO2 remains almost constant during interglacial or even decline towards the end, resembling Eemian CO2 dynamics. However, if the recovery of the AMOC occurs in the middle of the glacial termination, CO2 concentration continues to rise during interglacial, similar to Holocene. We also discuss potential contribution of the brine rejection mechanism for the CO2 and carbon isotopes in the atmosphere and the ocean during the past glacial termination.
Community Climate Simulations to assess avoided impacts in 1.5 °C
and 2 °C futures
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin M. , Xu Yangyang , Tebaldi Claudia , Wehner Michael , O'Neill Brian , Jahn Alexandra , Pendergrass Angeline G. , Lehner Flavio , Strand Warren G. , Lin Lei , Knutti Reto , Lamarque Jean Francois
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The Paris Agreement of December 2015 stated a goal to pursue efforts to keep global temperatures below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and well below 2 °C. The IPCC was charged with assessing climate impacts at these temperature levels, but fully coupled equilibrium climate simulations do not currently exist to inform such assessments. In this study, we produce a set of scenarios using a simple model designed to achieve long term 1.5 °C and 2 °C temperatures in a stable climate. These scenarios are then used to produce century scale ensemble simulations using the Community Earth System Model, providing impact-relevant long term climate data for stabilization pathways at 1.5 °C and 2 °C levels and an overshoot 1.5 °C case, which are freely available to the community. Here we describe the design of the simulations and key aspects of their impact-relevant climate response. Exceedance of historical record temperature occurs with 60 percent greater frequency in the 2 °C climate than in a 1.5 °C climate aggregated globally, and with twice the frequency in equatorial and arid regions. Extreme precipitation intensity is statistically significantly higher in a 2.0 °C climate than a 1.5 °C climate in several regions. The model exhibits large differences in the Arctic which is ice-free with a frequency of 1 in 3 years in the 2.0 °C scenario, and only 1 in 40 years in the 1.5 °C scenario.