bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Operating Company's Activity for Subsidence Control in Italy
Authors: Dossena G. , Zaffaroni C. , Zoccatelli C.
Published: December 2007

The term subsidence is used to indicate a slow downward change in ground elevation. This phenomenon occurs naturally in many areas of the world, especially where young sediments undergo a process of spontaneous consolidation. One of the most sensitive areas is the eastern Po plain. Subsidence can also be accelerated by human activities such as water withdrawal from the subsurface or hydrocarbon production.

ENI-Agip's policy is to ensure that all of its development projects, in areas sensitive to subsidence risk, be subjected to the following activities: a) prediction: the tools are mathematical models and the data come from rock and soil mechanics; the space and time variation of reservoir pressure is described to the best of today's capabilities; the information about geometry, geology, reservoir predicted behavior and rock mechanics data are integrated into one mathematical model, purposely designed for subsidence prediction. The simulation tools used for prediction are finite element models and semi-analytical ones; b) prevention is obtained trough production control, via mathematical models of the dynamic reservoir behavior, and water injection; c) monitoring is the main activity and all data collected in this phase are used in order to have a picture of the situation and provide new data for prediction and prevention. A host of tools is available. We name a few: 1)Differential and continuos GPS measurements precise to within a few mm; 2) a precision leveling network of over 5000 km is maintained, 3) five wells in the Adriatic Sea, equipped with radioactive markers, have provided data since 1992; 4) pressure monitoring in the aquifer flanking of the producing field 5) bathymetric surveys and SAR interferometry measurements.

ENI-Agip's activities have been accompanied by a substantial program of subsidence control. All available tools for prediction, prevention and monitoring of the phenomenon are being utilized.
A New Approach for Accessing offshore Decommissioning: A Decision Model for Performance Bonds
Authors: Ferreira D. F. , Suslick S. B.
Published: December 2007

The present work describes the financial assurance system (bonding system), an innovative incentive mechanism being adopted by several countries in different productive areas with the objective of guaranteeing the availability of sufficient financial resources for the compliance of end-of-leasing environmental obligations. This paper provides a general outlook of the many decommissioning related issues that economically impact oil projects around the world. There are several forms of bonds available providing optimum flexibility for companies to meet all decommissioning and abandonment requirements. Bonds will provide several advantages such as: (1) ensure satisfactory regulatory compliance; (2) safeguard government and taxpayers by attaining reasonable protection from default at a minimum increase in project costs; and (3) protect the environment from potential harm resulting from failure to carryout proper decommissioning operations in a timely fashion. Based upon a discount cash flow analysis this paper suggests a decision model that estimates for each bond the option which offers the least economic impact in the project and, at same time, provides the best financial guarantee for all stakeholders involved in the process.
A Method for Forecasting Emissions to Air from Energy Production in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Beck Hans Jacob
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a method to forecast emissions to air from the offshore production of oil and gas. The method enables oil companies quickly to establish reliable forecasts of for instance CO2 and NOX emissions from offshore oil and gas fields that uses fossil fuels for power generation. The method can also be used to forecast emissions on aggregated levels.

The background for developing the method is addressed, the algorithms used and the input data required are described and test results are presented.

The method links the emissions to forecasts of oil and gas production and transport, gas and water injection, gas lift and drilling of exploitation wells. In addition, the efficiency in power generation and distribution, the type and LHV of fuel, emission factors for CO2 and NOX and effects of exhaust gas cleaning systems are incorporated in the algorithms.

The method is suitable for estimation of annual emissions over the lifetime of the field in connection with field development planning, governmental reporting as well as for simulation of effects on emissions by altering production strategies and plans.

Norsk Hydro has used the method for preparation of the company's annual report of lifetime emission forecasts to the Norwegian Authorities. Norsk Hydro's experience from utilization of the method, including system testing and preparation of prognoses will be presented.
Potential for By-Product Synergy in the Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Mangan Andrew , Young Rebekah
Published: December 2007

Around the world, companies are discovering a process that sends dollars to their bottom lines through new savings and new revenue generated through By-Product Synergies™. The same process reduces or eliminates wastes and helps overcome a variety of other negative impacts to the environment. By- Product Synergy (BPS) is creating communities of companies dedicated to finding and implementing profitable synergies. Working by themselves, companies have often had a difficult time realizing such synergies. The BPS process creates a network of companies that together are able to tackle obstacles that threaten to derail their efforts, and to successfully implement profitable synergies.

The first step in the process is educating businesses about the benefits of BPS. After a core group of companies is recruited, project leaders catalogue material flows in a confidential database. They then analyze the data to uncover potential synergies. Participants join in a series of facilitated working meetings, where they discuss possible links. Those synergies with the greatest economic potential are then pursued.

Companies that participate in a BPS project are rewarded both in the short term and long term. They end up needing fewer raw materials, and find that their operations are considerably more efficient. They save on the cost of sending materials to landfills, and reduce environmental damage. They become part of a larger community that is helping companies save money, cut pollution, and create new business opportunities.
Alternate Stages of Pad Fluid and Acid Provide Improved Leakoff Control for Fracture Acidizing
Authors: Coulter A.W. , Crowe C.W. , Barrett N.D. , Miller B.D.
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

Improvements in leakoff control in deep penetrating fractures have been accomplished penetrating fractures have been accomplished by the use of viscous, nonreactive fluids and viscous, non-reactive fluids containing fine sand when used in alternate stages with acid. Macro examination of hairline fracture vugs and large pores and examination under the scanning electron microscope coupled with laboratory fluid loss data explain how the pad fluid and pad fluid containing fine sand can control fluid leakoff.

Another facet of this investigation has been a study and analysis of pressure variations during fracture treatments. This contributes further evidence of the influence of a leakoff control mechanism. These data, although possibly subject to different interpretation, can be shown to confirm the premise of leakoff control by inert pads sandwiched between stages of acid while acid fracturing.

Introduction

Many improvements have been made in acidizing since the first commercial acid job in 1932. One of the most important advances has been the recognition that fracturing was occurring in the majority of acidizing treatments. Injection rates of most early acidizing treatments were high enough to cause fracturing, but this was called "breaking down" the formation. It was recognized that a "breakdown" had to occur if the job was going to be a success. Since acidizing is now recognized as a fracturing process, the use of fracturing principles are being used to increase live principles are being used to increase live acid penetration into the rock.

Although use of these principles has improved treatment design, the actual results obtained by fracture acidizing carbonate formations have not matched the increases predicted by computerized design programs. Much research has been directed programs. Much research has been directed toward reducing the difference between actual and predicted results. Some of the approaches taken have included:Acid retardation.Increased acid concentration.Increased injection rates.Increased fracture width to decrease area-volume ratio.Improved matrix leakoff control.Increased pad volumes.
Is Publication of Emission Data Serious
Authors: Fleischmann Clemens
Published: December 2007

In almost any environmental report of oil companies one can find emission data of E&P activities. Apart from the enormous expenditure, caused by data acquisition, the quality of results is doubtful.

Because of many different emission factors for calculation of harmful emissions only few limits are set to manipulation of results. In addition simply announcement of results offers no potential for appraisal of data.

The first step to get a better data basis of possible environmental influence in hydrocarbon exploration and production are field measurements.

The poster presented is focussed on measurements of methane concentrations in air. Methane is volatile and the best indicator for losses ore leaks in hydrocarbon production, especially in natural gas production. Enhanced methane concentrations (concentrations higher than the natural level of about 2 ppmv methane in air) are an indicator for several human made air pollution, e.g. rice or cattle cultivation, coal mining or natural gas production, but also can arise from other natural sources. The locally ground level of methane in air has therefore carefully to be checked before one starts with measurements of additional methane concentrations coming from hydrocarbon production.
An Indonesian Operating Company's Health, Safety and Environmental Techniques For Managing Large Scale, Labor Intensive, Jungle Seismic Projects
Authors: Rahardjo Agus P. , Koerber J. L. , Scarborough D. B.
Published: December 2007

PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) is a production sharing contractor to the Indonesian state oil company, Pertamina. CPI conducts ongoing exploration activities and produces oil and natural gas from more than a hundred oil fields in Central Sumatra, including the world-famous Duri and Minas fields. Today, CPI operates two (2) large scale 3D dynamite-portable seismic recording crews utilizing over 5,000 field personnel. Conditions range from remote jungle work to the world's largest steam flood project where 4D surveys are regularly conducted in a facility-intensive environment. CPI's Exploration Department (employees and contractors) recently completed over 30 million hours worked without a lost time injury and 13 million kilometers driven without a motor vehicle accident.

The successful techniques are examined with a review of health, safety and environmental (HSE) risks, challenges and obstacles, administrative methods, HSE tools, preventive policies, and emerging safety technologies. Risks range from tropical diseases to excessive forest fire smoke conditions to potential explosives accidents, with the challenge of managing several thousand semi-skilled personnel with a high turnover rate in HSE knowledge and practices. A pyramidal organization structure is used through a lead contractor. Seismic environmental impact is minimal due to the labor-intensive and portable nature of the work. HSE tools discussed include digital cameras, intranet usage, and a two-box underground utility detection system. Emerging technologies include the usage of Global Positioning System "black boxes" for vehicle location and speed control and Pentium computer controlled driving simulators.
Safety Training Effectiveness
Authors: Ramirez Alberto E. , Prasad Dharmesh
Published: December 2007

The present study tested a revised training effectiveness model. The model was tested based on a recursive path analysis among individual, attitudinal, organizational, and training evaluation measures collected from trainees and supervisors. An empirical data collection from 110 trainees attending a professional driving course was obtained. The findings suggest that organizational influences have a significant impact on training transfer. Although most of the individual and attitudinal variables were significantly interconnected, they did not seem to significantly influence motivation to transfer and subsequent training outcomes. Kirkpatrick's model received mixed support. Reaction to training had a negative impact on learning, however, learning had a significantly positive direct effect on behavior change. Eleven of 16 paths were confirmed. Although a significant chi-square goodness of fit index was obtained, other comparative indices suggested that the model fitted the data.
Development of a New Generation Modelling System for the Prediction of the Behaviour and Impact of Offshore Discharges to the Marine Environment
Authors: Sabeur Z. A. , Tyler A. O. , Hockley M. C.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a programme of modelling, experiments, and field studies aimed at developing a management and planning tool capable of predicting the behaviour, transport, fate and impact of a range of contaminants discharged from offshore platforms.

The modelling system (PROTEUS), includes models of the three-dimensional dispersion of effluent and solid waste discharges under conditions of time-varying current flow, meteorology, and variable bathymetry. These models have been calibrated with a range of experimental and field studies including laboratory simulation of effluent plume mixing, offshore sampling and laboratory experiments to determine the behaviour of discharged cuttings, and field studies of the dispersion of produced water plumes. PROTEUS also incorporates models of chemical behaviour that have been based on a programme of laboratory studies of sediment-water partitioning using 14C-labelled petrogenic and production chemicals.

Ecotoxicological risk assessment methods have been developed for application to all discharge types. PEC:NEC methods have been implemented based on the rigorous dynamic PEC values predicted by the physicochemical models. Biokinetic models have also been implemented that simulate the uptake of chemical into target biota which is then assessed by computing critical body residue risk ratios, or by utilising body burden – mortality regressions derived from laboratory toxicity tests.

The modelling system has been designed within a recently developed software framework that provides highly user orientated GIS-based model set-up, execution, and visualisation tools. Data outputs have been tailored through user consultation to directly support operational needs.
Ingenious Solutions for Well Cleaning Applying Environmental Engineering
Authors: Nabati-Shoghl Farzad , Saasen A. , Berg E. , Jensen B.
Published: December 2007

Cleaning of offshore wells prior to completion operations has previously been associated with a relatively high instant environmental impact. Even though there has been an improvement of the environmental profiles of the chemicals used in well cleaning operations over the past years the discharges of fluids during well cleaning operations has not been significantly reduced. The most common solution has been to have enough storage capacity to collect the volumes of spent fluids offshore and thereafter send the fluids onshore for waste treatment or re-inject the fluids into the subsurface formation.

This paper describes a well cleaning system designed to meet the requirements for reduced environmental impact. This has been achieved by applying environmental engineering as a positive aid in the design process identifying the opportunities instead of focusing on the restrictions. The main parameters in the well cleaning design are based on a reduction in discharges, re-use and recovery of fluids, albeit an improvement of the environmental profiles of the chemicals is still very important. The reduction in discharges is achieved by modifying procedures, equipment and chemicals.

The paper focuses upon how to obtain an improved well cleaning fluid based on technical and chemical modifications which allow for re-use and recovery of the fluids at the same time as the fluids have their desired well cleaning effects. The improvement this system represents related to environmental impact, has been verified in both laboratory tests and field experiences, and will be presented in the paper.
Global Upstream HSE Benchmarking
Authors: Gomm C. , Brosnan C. , Grundt H. J. , Hartog J. , Thoem T.
Published: December 2007

A multi-company benchmarking of global upstream Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance began in 1996. The initial objective of exchanging quantitative and qualitative information stemmed from company members’ desire to better understand causes of good HSE performance, i.e. "to get beyond the numbers". Safety and environmental data were compiled, best practices described and HSE issues identified. A report was published in July 1997. As the study evolved the scope broadened and the initial group of 3 companies was expanded to five. A similar process for data collection and evaluation was used. Best practices and issues were identified.

The paper describes this benchmarking effort, summarizes its quantitative findings, describes key best practices, illustrates how the participating companies are utilizing the findings and makes recommendations for utilization in related HSE performance reporting.
Use of Short Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests To Predict Performance of Wells Having Turbulence
Authors: Jones Lloyd G. , Blount E.M. , Glaze O.H.
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

A method is presented for predicting well performance and analyzing completion and performance and analyzing completion and fracture effectiveness. The new procedure uses production tests, rather than buildup tests, to production tests, rather than buildup tests, to determine whether turbulence is a major factor in reducing a well's flow capacity. If the pressure drop from turbulent flow is greater pressure drop from turbulent flow is greater than expected, the well probably has an inefficient completion. For a perforated completion, this may mean too few open perforations; for a fractured well, it may indicate perforations; for a fractured well, it may indicate that the fracture is too narrow. The analysis procedure is applicable to most gas wells and to procedure is applicable to most gas wells and to oil wells with high flow rates. Field cases are shown for two gas wells and one high-rate oil well.

Introduction

An analytical procedure is described here for predicting well performance and analyzing completion effectiveness of wells that have a significant pressure drop from turbulence. It is more applicable to gas well completions but has been applied to a high-rate oil well. It includes and extends the technique reported by Phipps and Khalil, if their n value is two. Phipps and Khalil, if their n value is two. In particular, the procedure should provide a powerful analytical tool in areas where most powerful analytical tool in areas where most wells have high production potential.

The procedure can be used in wells requiring sand control measures and in hydraulically fractured wells to determine if the crosssectional area open to flow into the wellbore is sufficient. It also provides an indication of perforation effectiveness in normally completed perforation effectiveness in normally completed wells because an abnormally high turbulence coefficient indicates too few open perforations. Incidental to determination of a turbulence coefficient, the procedure provides a laminar flow coefficient that includes skin effect. If permeability thickness is known, an estimate of skin effect can be made from the laminar flow coefficient. Also included in the theory is an explanation of the effects of partial completion, or a change in completion geometry, on pressure buildup results when the turbulence pressure drop is significant.

The analysis procedure permits determination of turbulence effects on completion efficiency irrespective of skin effect and laminar (darcy) flow.
Review of South Florida Operations
Authors: Gordon J.R. , Broussard F.W.
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

This paper will discuss the techniques and equipment employed by Sun Oil Company to successfully operate in the highly corrosive environment in South Florida. This paper will illustrate that deep, low pressure, undersaturated reservoirs can be pressure, undersaturated reservoirs can be economically produced even in the presence of severe corrosion.

Primary emphasis will be placed on producing problems caused by internal producing problems caused by internal corrosion from hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide and external corrosion from sulfate reducing bacteria.

Introduction

The two fields in which Sun Oil Company operates in South Florida are the Sunoco Felda Unit and the West Sunoco-Felda Field located approximately 25 miles east of Ft. Myers in Hendry and Collier Counties, as shown in Figure 1.

Drilling in South Florida has unique problems such as extended drilling without problems such as extended drilling without returns and drilling and setting intermediate casing through the Boulder Zone. Certain techniques exist which must be applied to successfully drill and complete a well in this area.

The presence of corrosive fluids causes many operational problems the worst of which are casing failures. Repairing these casing failures employs a unique method of replacing the entire production string from the surface to near the top of cement.

The application of chemicals, coatings, and proper metallurgy has been successful in combating the corrosion problem and reducing the number of failures in subsurface equipment. The severity of the corrosion problems has been increased by producing problems has been increased by producing some wells at high rates with low producing fluid levels.

FIELD AND RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION

Both fields produce from the Middle Member of the Sunniland Limestone, the Roberts Pay Zone, occurring at an approximate depth of 11,450 feet. The formations are massive, dome shaped carbonate accumulations, deposited in a back reef environmental area.
HISS, Electronic Intelligence for Unmanned Supervision and Future Condition - Based, Self-skilled Maintenance
Authors: Schlemm F. , Muessig S.
Published: December 2007

Automation within the oil and gas industry is highly developed and unmanned production plants are common practice. However, to ensure continuously safe working processes and safe technical systems human experiences gained over a long time are still required. Based on these experiences and human knowledge a wide range of activities is initiated, encompassing controls, routine maintenance, preventive maintenance, risk maintenance and security measures. But is this really a professional basis for best practices, cost optimisation and risk assessment? Is it a guarantee of a justified technical integrity? And what will happen if human experiences do not exist, due to the rapid changes our industry is faced with?

The answer is HISS – Human Interface Supervision System, a new intelligent electronic system which will be one of the "world-wide projects" at the Expo in Hanover. What does HISS mean? Some years ago the vision was to have a continuously working control system at one's disposal which is able to hear, to see and to smell with an intensity like humans and even top human abilities. A strategy was set up to investigate the technical feasibility and economic materialisation. The aim of the new electronic system is to take over part of the role of humans, and to come up with justified programs due to environmental, safety and security requirements and with a new professional maintenance philosophy. Routine maintenance, preventive maintenance and risk maintenance are activities derived from the HISS logic. The technical background of HISS, its status and current results and the improvements to technical integrity, safety, environment and security are described.
The KPD Centre. A Joint Database for Ecotoxicological Information for Offshore Chemicals - Operational Experience
Authors: Ostebrot Andreas
Published: December 2007

Three oil companies operating on the Norwegian Continental Shelf established in 1995 a joint database for ecotoxicological information of offshore chemicals according to the HOCNF format. The database is operated by the KPD Centre on behalf of all the member companies. The objectives and properties of the database were presented on SPE's HSE Conference in 1996. All oil and gas producing companies on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, are now members of the KPD Centre. In addition the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority (SPCA) has access to the database. This paper sums up the industry's experience after 4 years of database operation.

The paper will describe how the KPD Centre is organised and operated, including communication with the chemical suppliers. Database, access and security will be addressed, including how confidentiality requirements are complied with. The methods for and experience with data entry, quality control and database maintenance is described.

The benefits for the oil companies will be specifically highlighted, including elements such as simplified communication with the pollution control authority, quicker environmental evaluation of chemicals and quicker and better reporting of chemical discharges according to environmental criteria set by the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SPCA) and OSPAR.

The plans and potentials for further development and utilisation of the database are also addressed in the paper.
Quantitative Risk Assessment as a Design Tool -- Recent FPSO Experience
Authors: Overfield R. E. , Collins J. F.
Published: December 2007

Quantitative risk assessment was used as a tool for conceptual and detailed design of Esso Norge FPSO installations. Risk assessment study results were used to identify significant risk contributors influencing the design and operation of the facilities and to demonstrate that risk acceptance criteria adopted by the company were met. The results were also used to identify opportunities to further reduce the risk to a level that is As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP).

Traditional risk, reliability, and consequence analysis methods were used to evaluate impacts from process and marine facilities and to determine design accidental loads during the conceptual engineering and design phases. Results were used as inputs to a detailed fault tree analysis of accident scenarios and to set design criteria for significant structures and facilities.

In addition, analyses of subsea facility interfaces and field operations were performed to incorporate the full development scope. Particular attention was given to subsea pipelines and flexible risers as well as tanker operations and their effects on FPSO operations and designs.

Event frequencies were determined from industry data, conditioned for special design and operating features of the chosen FPSO concept. Sources of risk impacting fatal accidents, impairment of safety functions, and loss of asset value were quantified for use in demonstrating an acceptable level of risk and to test opportunities to further reduce operating risks.

Results from the analyses show that process fires and explosions dominate the risks to personnel and safety functions, followed by cargo tank explosions. Tanker collisions, subsea pipeline and riser leaks, and turret operations were found to represent significant asset risks. Design development and operations planning efforts focused on these areas to reduce risk and improve reliability.
Improving Waste Management Using Traditional and Novel Techniques
Authors: Roebuck Keith , Kobbeltvedt Nils Birger , Østebrot Andreas , Hansen Harald Børge
Published: December 2007

To achieve better waste management results for less cost, Statoil combined the use of traditional quality management tools, promoted "zero" mindset and information technology (IT) tools to E&P waste management. The traditional quality management "checklist" (Plan – Do – Check – Act) applied proved to be a simple, practical and effective work method to improve the quality of waste management, reduce environmental impact and reduce cost.

Results indicate that after less than one year, Statoil has reduced unsorted waste by 20%, doubled waste recycling efficiency, reduced environmental impact and has improved its ranking compared to other Norwegian operators as regards the quality of waste management. Additionally, results indicate that managing waste is less resource intensive while providing better quality at a lower price compared to previous mangement practices in Statoil and in Norway.
Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids Used in Mexican Offshore Facilities Tested with Postlarvae White Shrimp (Litopenaeus Setiferus)
Authors: Muñoz-Mejía G. , Domínguez-Cuéllar L. E. , Luna-Pabello V. M. , Nuñez-García R. M.
Published: December 2007

Environmental standards for the regulation of drilling fluids used in petroleum facilities, land or offshore, do not exist in Mexican legislation, specially their toxicity limits. Thus, type and quality of these products and their toxicity are unknown, mainly those of oil constituents, which are highly toxic to aquatic biota and their early life cycles. In this study the LC50 (96 hours) of different drilling systems (generic fluids and field muds) using white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) in postlarvae stage were evaluated. This organism was selected because its regional distribution and economic importance. Also Mysidopsis bahia was used, only for comparing results, for assessing generic fluids because is applied as reference specie by USEPA. In order to know the white shrimp sensitivity, and its potential to be used as reference specie in Mexico, additional tests using Sodium dodecyl sulfate were run. A toxicity test procedure using L. setiferus is presented. Results with both species shown similar responses to generic fluids evaluations. Only one generic fluid was toxic for both species while the others did not. In case of field muds only two were toxic to L. setiferus because they were formulated with oil. It is recommended to include Litopenaeus setiferus postlarvae as a reference specie in Mexican Regulations for drilling fluids due to its distribution in Mexican petroleum offshore facilities and because of its replication and high sensitivity (similar to Mysidopsis bahia) in toxicity tests.
Towards Zero Incidents - Delivering Continuous Improvement in HSE Performance. A Case Study
Authors: Sealy I. M.
Published: December 2007

Over a three year period a group of well service contractors, working in an alliance project for a major E&P operator on the North Slope of Alaska, has delivered continuous improvement in health, safety and environmental incident rates. Compounded year-on-year reductions of over 20% in overall incident rates (and similar reductions in risk-specific incident rates) have been achieved through periods of both rapid expansion and of major contraction in activity levels.

This paper is a case-study that describes and explores a range of management practices that have been critical to HSE performance delivery for the project. Emphasis is placed on what are believed to be the primary reasons for the improvements that have been achieved.

In the performance measurement section, the selection development of performance metrics, benchmarks and objectives is described, with emphasis on the evolution of the performance measurement process over the life of the project. Performance data sets are presented and, where relevant, bench-marked against groups exposed to similar risks.

In the management leadership section, the methods chosen to ensure exceptional demonstration of commitment by the project leadership team are discussed.

The development, application and continuous revision (through four versions in the first three years of the project) of an integrated project HSE management plan is described in detail. There were significant differences between the scope and the effectiveness of the HSE management programs in the ten contractors associated with the project. The methodology used to deliver consistent application of the program amongst the primary contractors and amongst the sub-contractor and third-party suppliers is also discussed. The evolution of the use of incentives both for the project contractors and for the individual employees is described.

In conclusion, plans for future management program development are described.
Working with Local Communities and Health Care Systems in Areas of Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Makinen Marty
Published: December 2007

This paper describes how to work with local communities in areas of oil and gas operations to achieve a healthier and more-productive workforce. It contains examples and lessons from worldwide experiences working on health system development. The improvements resulting from such an approach should be sustainable using local resources.
The Cyber Service Unit An Integrated Logging System
Authors: Eaton F.M. , Elliott J.W. , Hurlston F.D. , Olsen R.S. , Vanderschel D.J. , Warren J.P.
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 51st Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in New Orleans, Oct. 3–6, 1976. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited.

Wireline logging has grown up along evolutionary lines, producing a family of stand-alone logging tools which share the cable and recorder, but little else. The advantage of an integrated system of surface instrumentation built around a computer was recognized, and now such a system has been built. The CYBER SERVICE UNIT (CSU) is a complete, self-contained system for acquiring, storing, processing, and presenting well log data. Full processing, and presenting well log data. Full use is made of preprogrammed machine computation for routines and tasks which previously required constant human interaction: such operations as tool calibration, operating sequences, scaling, and selection of parameters, for example. CSU is far more than just a recording system. It applies computerized control to most aspects of the logging operation, providing direct benefits to the user in many areas, including:faster logging operations, more accurate and more consistent logs, visible, on-depth log display either up or down, and log quality control The CSU system takes full advantage of the opportunity to improve the efficiency of the logging operation. Freeing the logging engineer from continuous, monotonous interaction is a giant first step. In addition, the system incorporates many basic design features directed at insuring reliability under oil-field conditions, such as: integral redundancy of all essential components; a family of diagnostic software programs for system checkout and troubleshooting; and significantly improved packaging. The on-board computer also permits more sophisticated wellsite interpretations than have previously been possible. This new kind of logging unit has been enthusiastically received by crews and users alike. It represents a major forward move in the field of logging.
Modelling Transport Phenomena in Porous Media by Networks consisting of Non - Uniform Capillaries
Authors: Dullien F.A.L. , Chatzis I. , El Sayed M.S.
Published: December 2007

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers Inc.

In the first part of this paper a simplified network model of pore structure of isotropic porous media has been proposed, consisting of a porous media has been proposed, consisting of a set of cubic component networks that have arbitrary orientations with respect to the direction of the macroscopic flux. Based on this model, simple equations have been derived to calculate the permeability and the formation resistivity factor of and the rate of capillary rise (penetration) in porous media. The input data of these equations consist of the mercury intrusion porosimetry curve of and (photomicrographic) porosimetry curve of and (photomicrographic) information on the bulge sizes in the sample.

Predictions of the equations have been compared with measured values of permeabilities, formation factors and rates of capillary rise for fourteen widely different sandstones. The lack of additivity of component network conductivities has been corrected for by using average empirical factors of 1/2 and 1.7 for the formation factors and permeabilities, respectively. With these factors the agreement between predictions and experimental results is plus or minus 12% for the formation factors and plus or minus 30% for the permeabilities. Similarly good agreement has been found between predicted and measured values of rates of capillary rise in the sandstone samples.

In the second part of the paper, penetration of a non-wetting phase into various regular 2-D networks with randomly distributed capillary diameters has been studied by computer simulation, and the correspondence between bond percolation probability theory and network penetration has probability theory and network penetration has been exploited to find the penetration history in various 3-D networks, as well. The number based saturation of the network has been obtained as a function of the cumulative number fraction of pores with sizes greater than or equal to the pores with sizes greater than or equal to the smallest pore penetrated in the network at that point. Using photomicrographic number based pore point. Using photomicrographic number based pore size distributions of sandstone samples the calculated number based saturation vs. cumulative pore number fraction curves have been transformed pore number fraction curves have been transformed into the corresponding conventional capillary pressure curves of the samples. Comparison of pressure curves of the samples. Comparison of these with the corresponding measured capillary pressure curves has shown a need to significantly pressure curves has shown a need to significantly change the type of networks that have been used in the past if capillary pressure curves of sandstones are to be simulated more accurately.
Lightweight Cement Evaluation Using Ultrasonic Measurements
Authors: Morris C. W. , Zanutto S. L. , Dacres W. G.
Published: December 2007

Hydraulic isolation of wellbore casing and cement is critical for the completion of petroleum wells. Zonal isolation prevents contamination of groundwater by fluids in the wellbore and allows conformance control of 1,2the injected fluids. New lightweight cement formulations have been developed to allow more efficient completion operations especially in low-strength formations. These cements, although less dense (<13 lbm/gal) than conventional cements, actually provide higher acoustic impedance, lower porosity, and lower permeability material properties.

Cement evaluation is routinely performed in wells using sonic and ultrasonic tools. The latest generation of ultrasonic cement evaluation tools can provide high quality measurements of casing dimensions and cement acoustic impedance properties. To investigate the ultrasonic tool response to lightweight cement compositions, experiments were run in 5 ½-in. casing sections to measure the acoustic characteristics of many of the new cement compositions. Depending on the density of the composition, the measured acoustic impedance values ranged from 3 to 7 MRayls. For completeness, other cement compositions tested in this project included standard neat cements, foam cements, and high-density cement mixtures. Additional experiments confirmed the importance of the preflush fluid in removing drilling mud from the casing surface (especially for oil-base mud systems).

The results from this project are compared to the sonic and ultrasonic data acquired from actual wellbore completions using the new lightweight cements. Although lightweight and foam cements have generally lower acoustic impedance properties, they can be evaluated with current logging tools.
Mungo Field: Improved Communication Through 3D Visualization of Drilling Problems
Authors: Holt J. , Wright W. J. , Nicholson H. , de-Chizelle A. Kuhn , Ramshorn C.
Published: December 2007

The drive for greater and greater efficiency, combined with the ever-increasing complexity of today's wells, requires operators to search for improved work methods. This search has taken the form of better interdisciplinary communication and cooperation allied with better-adapted software tools. However, there is still a lack of shared understanding of the problems faced by the various disciplines in the design and construction of today's wells. Visualization provides one means to convey complex models simply, but in most cases it has been used only within the reservoir. It is no coincidence that this is the area with the greatest amount of interpreted data that can be viewed as helpful information.

This paper illustrates the enormous gains possible throughout the well construction phase if we can maximize the use of the available data from the surface to total depth and transform it into "driller-usable information." Visualization is used to communicate potential problems in the planning phase and to foster common understanding of past problems. For key planning reviews, the team is gathered in a collaboration center to share all information, uncover key problems and take steps to resolve them. The approach shown is unusual in that the problems portrayed in the geoscience model are drilling problems that arose while drilling the overburden. In our case, visualizing well planning data in the context of the shared earth model made it clear to all the subsurface team that more geoscience data had to be interpreted to maximize efficiency of future well construction.
Application of Semipermeable Membrane Technology in the Measurement of Hydrocarbon Gases in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Brumboiu A. O. , Hawker D. P. , Norquay D. A. , Wolcott D. K.
Published: December 2007

For three-quarters of a century, the detection and analysis of formation gas released into the drilling fluid and returned to surface, has been used to identify the presence of petroleum reservoirs. The value of this data source has been its immediacy. Reservoir zones can be evaluated while they are being penetrated for the first time and observations are not subject to post-drilling changes to the formation, such as mud invasion, that can limit the effectiveness of other evaluation techniques such as wireline logging.

However, although the acquisition of this data is widespread in the petroleum industry, it has long had the reputation of being an unreliable source of data with inconsistent results. The inconsistencies of surface gas measurement results largely from the way that the gas is extracted from the drilling fluid. Virtually unchanged through the history of mud logging, dissolved gas is broken out of solution by applying some form of agitation to the mud. The released gas is held within a trap and transported to a remote gas analyzer by a flow of air. There are many variables and inconsistencies in this process that result in a purely qualitative gas measurement and leave important questions unanswered. Namely, how much gas is actually present in the drilling fluid and what exactly is the composition?

This paper details the development of a new generation of gas measurement technology (Fig. 1) employing semipermeable membranes, providing a significant improvement in real-time wellsite gas-in-mud analysis and answers many of the previously unanswered questions. Laboratory and field results show how the semipermeable membrane functions and removes many of the inefficiencies and inconsistencies previously associated with gas extraction from the drilling fluid. Housed "within" a small probe that can be positioned directly within the returning mud stream, the semipermeable membrane provides quantitative data that benefits both formation evaluation and drilling safety. Through various stages of testing and development, the paper will illustrate how the present semipermeable membrane wellsite system signifies the starting point for a whole new generation of gas analysis devices.
Using Downhole Displacement and Inferred Production for Verification of Measured Test Data
Authors: Ray Louis I.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a technique used to verify measured well test data in shallow rod pumped fields. Typically, the availability of measured well test data is constrained by test facility accuracy and the availability of the test facility for acceptable testing frequency. This technique involves the use of RPC (Rod Pumped Controller) calculated total fluid production as one source of production data for each well. A second source of production data comes from a wave equation driven diagnostic software program. This program uses load and position data gathered from each RPC to generate a downhole card from which pump displacement (production) can be calculated for all wells.

The measured well test data for each well can then be compared to the "inferred production" and the "downhole displacement" data for any observed discrepancy. "Inferred production" and "downhole displacement" make it possible for operating personnel to track daily individual well production with a high degree of accuracy without the use of actual well gauging facilities that might not be available on demand or that give questionable results.

This paper will also address methods necessary to setup RPC inferred production for reasonably accurate results, as well as necessary techniques for good displacement calculations from RPC dynagraph cards. These techniques involve the use of central site software for RPC setup and data telemetry.