bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Transformation as Transdisfiguration in Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago
Authors: Kelly Martha M. F.
Published: February 2013

This article offers an innovative reconsideration of Boris Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago by examining the author’s understanding of Orthodox asceticism. Kelly shows how Pasternak opposes traditional Orthodox notions of asceticism with the cold materialism of Marxism. But the author does more than merely prefer the former over the latter. According to Kelly, Pasternak poses an asceticism rooted not in the severe abnegation of carnal desires, but in the embracing of the passions and full acceptance of humanity. Kelly argues that Doctor Zhivago offers a timely and necessary tweak of Orthodox asceticism (ascesis) and religious transfiguration (theosis) as a palliative and possible salvation for a Russia torn apart intellectually and spiritually, as well as politically and militarily, by revolution.
Together and Apart: The Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian Empire, and Orthodox Missionaries in Alaska, 1794–1917
Authors: Murray Jesse D.
Published: February 2013

Addressing Russian Orthodox missions in the Alaskan periphery of the Russian Empire, this article discusses the flexibility of Russian Orthodox missionaries in adapting concepts of Orthodoxy and Russianness to the circumstances of their mission in Alaska and to their individual experiences there. Consulting a range of missionary writings from 1794–1917, including reports, journals, letters, and articles in church periodicals, Murray assesses varying interpretations and methods of promoting the civilizing mission, christianization, and russification over the long nineteenth century. Efforts in education and promoting moral standards were vital to the missions but always incorporated respect for the native culture. Recognizing the importance of this periphery even after the sale of Alaska to the United States in 1867, the missionaries continued to perceive the converted Alaskan communities as tied to Russian Orthodox culture and identity and their educational and moral efforts as essential to the construction of good citizens for the new political power.
A Borderland Mission: The Russian Orthodox Church in the Black Sea Region
Authors: Kozelsky Mara
Published: February 2013

Turning to the Russian Empire’s southern borders, Mara Kozelsky assesses Orthodox missions in the provinces of “New Russia” on the northern coast of the Black Sea with a focus on the work of Archbishop Innokentii (Borisov) in the mid-nineteenth century and his attempts to strengthen Orthodoxy in this ethnically and confessionally diverse region. Kozelsky argues that Orthodox leaders saw the Orthodox faith, rather than language or culture, as the key to assimilation into the empire, but that they respected the juridical stature of Muslims and various Protestant groups and worked around rights given to Catholics after the 1847 concordat with Rome. Some success came of Innokenty’s efforts among the Russian sectarians and Old Believers, but mission work among the Crimean Tatars and Protestant colonists were largely fruitless. In the end, “Christianizing” the region came not so much from individual conversions as from reconstructing the region’s Christian past and promoting large public celebrations that drew upon centuries of Byzantine history and the Christian past of the region to promote a Christian identity for the region.
Russian Missions to the Orthodox East: Antonin Kapustin (1817–1894) and his World
Authors: Frary Lucien J.
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the Russian Orthodox presence and activities in Christianity’s sacred historical center of the Holy Land from the 1840s, when Russia expanded its consular activities in Palestine and began its first spiritual missions to this region, through the end of the nineteenth century. The article particularly centers on the active leadership of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), who served as the leader of the Russian Ecclesiastical mission in Jerusalem from 1865 to 1894. A prodigious scholar of the Orthodox East, Antonin resourcefully developed a respected Russian presence in Palestine, raised substantial funds for the assistance of Russian pilgrims and for the accumulation of properties throughout the Holy Land, and continued his intensive studies and publications on the region’s history, archeology, and human geography. Frary illustrates how the archimandrite in these pursuits exhibited an impressive ability for flexible and sensitive adaptation to a non-Russian, non-Orthodox environment that was revealed in his own scholarly work and in his successes in constructing new regional centers of Orthodoxy in Palestine.
Cyrtodactylus dati, a new forest dwelling Bent-toed Gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from southern Vietnam
Authors: VAN TRI NGO
Published: February 2013

A new species of Bent-toed Gecko, Cyrtodactylus dati sp. nov. is described from the secondary evergreen forests of Bu Dop District, Binh Phuoc Province, Vietnam. It differs from all other species of Indochinese and Thai-Malay Cyrtodacty-lus by having a maximum SVL of 70.1 mm (n=6); no distinct dark blotches on the head in adults; no continuous nuchal loop; a blotched dorsal pattern; 17–19 interorbital scales across the frontal bone; 23–26 scales in a straight line between eye and nostril; 42–48 rows of ventral scales between ventrolateral folds; 20–22 irregular, longitudinal rows of keeled tu-bercles at midbody between the ventrolateral folds; a series of five or six precloacal pores medially interrupted by one poreless scale in males; three or four femoral pores on each thigh in males; 4–7 enlarged scales beneath thighs; 12–13 subdigital lamellae on first toe; 18–19 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; and small subcaudal scales.
Orographic Influences on a Great Salt Lake–Effect Snowstorm
Authors: Alcott Trevor I. , Steenburgh W. James
Published: February 2013

Although several mountain ranges surround the Great Salt Lake (GSL) of northern Utah, the extent to which orography modifies GSL-effect precipitation remains largely unknown. Here the authors use observational and numerical modeling approaches to examine the influence of orography on the GSL-effect snowstorm of 27 October 2010, which generated 6–10 mm of precipitation (snow-water equivalent) in the Salt Lake Valley and up to 30 cm of snow in the Wasatch Mountains. The authors find that the primary orographic influences on the event are 1) foehnlike flow over the upstream orography that warms and dries the incipient low-level air mass and reduces precipitation coverage and intensity; 2) orographically forced convergence that extends downstream from the upstream orography, is enhanced by blocking windward of the Promontory Mountains, and affects the structure and evolution of the lake-effect precipitation band; and 3) blocking by the Wasatch and Oquirrh Mountains, which funnels the flow into the Salt Lake Valley, reinforces the thermally driven convergence generated by the GSL, and strongly enhances precipitation. The latter represents a synergistic interaction between lake and downstream orographic processes that is crucial for precipitation development, with a dramatic decrease in precipitation intensity and coverage evident in simulations in which either the lake or the orography are removed. These results help elucidate the spectrum of lake–orographic processes that contribute to lake-effect events and may be broadly applicable to other regions where lake effect precipitation occurs in proximity to complex terrain.
Ethnic differences in parental attitudes and beliefs about being overweight in childhood
Authors: Trigwell J , Watson PM , Murphy RC , Stratton G , Cable NT
Published: February 2013

Objective:

This study examined the relationship between ethnic background and parental views of healthy body size, concerns surrounding overweight and attitudes to perceived causes of overweight in childhood.

Method:

A self-report questionnaire was designed to explore parental attitudes towards childhood weight. Sampling deliberately over-represented the views of parents from minority ethnic groups. Eight-hundred-and-eight parents of school-aged children completed the questionnaire. Parental data from Asian British, Black African, Black Somali, Chinese, South Asian, White British and Yemeni groups were included in the analysis.

Results:

Data showed that ethnic background was significantly associated with parental beliefs that overweight children will grow out of being overweight (X2[12, n = 773] = 59.25, p < 0.001) and that overweight children can still be healthy (X2[12, n = 780] = 25.17, p < 0.05). In both cases, agreement with the statements was highest among Black Somali parents. While the majority of parents believed that both dietary behaviours and physical activity played a role in the development of overweight in childhood, Yemeni parents were more likely to attribute overweight in childhood to dietary but not physical activity causes.

Conclusion:

Ethnic differences in parental perceptions of weight in childhood must be considered in the design of, and recruitment to, childhood obesity interventions aimed at minority ethnic groups.
Education in the wake of healthcare reform: Increasing primary care usage by individuals currently reliant upon emergency departments for care
Authors: Tannebaum Michael , Wilkin Holley A , Keys Jobia
Published: February 2013

Background:

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was introduced, in part, to increase access to primary care, which has been shown to provide patients with myriad health benefits.

Objective:

To increase primary care usage by understanding the beliefs about primary and emergency care most salient to those whose healthcare-seeking practices may be impacted by the ACA.

Methods:

Community forum and focus group discussions were held with residents of a low-income community who are affected by health disparities, are heavily reliant on emergency care for their medical needs, and whose primary healthcare options should expand under the provisions of the ACA.

Results:

Explored within a theory of planned behaviour framework, results suggest residents’ attitudes toward primary and emergency care are predicated on beliefs about costs, wait times, and the ability to access care locally.

Conclusion:

In light of findings about the determinants that drive healthcare-seeking intentions and ultimately behaviours, we recommend educational strategies that health promoters can adopt to encourage populations that are newly insured and traditionally reliant on emergency services to pursue routine primary care.
Training medical students about hazardous drinking using simple assessment techniques
Authors: Hidalgo Jesús López-Torres , Pretel Fernando Andrés , Bravo Beatriz Navarro , Rabadan Francisco Escobar , Serrano Selva Juan Pedro , Latorre Postigo Jose Miguel , Martínez Ignacio Párraga
Published: February 2013

Objective:

To examine the ability of medical students to identify hazardous drinkersing using screening tools recommended in clinical practice.

Design:

Observational cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Faculty of Medicine of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

Method:

The medical students learnt to use Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Systematic Interview of Alcohol Consumption (SIAC) questionnaires. After training with these instruments, the medical students anonymously assessed their own alcohol consumption.

Results:

The medical students easily learnt to assess alcohol consumption using both instruments, as alcohol consumption was quantified correctly in 95.8% of cases. The questions asked by the students were referred to the questionnaires scoring procedure, quantification of the grams of alcohol consumed and conversion of grams of alcohol into standard drink units (SDUs). In total, 50.9% of men and 48.1% of women fulfilled criteria of excess alcohol consumption, and the global percentage of these drinkers corresponded to 49.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 42.4%–56.6%). Alcohol consumption of at least 28 SDUs/week in men and 17 SDUs/week in women was detected in 16.8% of participants.

Conclusion:

Because of the simplicity of the instruments used to detect hazardous drinking, these can be learnt from the very first stages of medical training, thus encouraging students to initiate clinical prevention tasks, and increase their awareness of both their own and others’ hazardous behaviour.
Why Do Higher-income Households Choose Low-income Neighbourhoods? Pioneering or Thrift?
Authors: Ellen Ingrid Gould , Horn Keren Mertens , O’Regan Katherine M.
Published: February 2013

This paper offers several hypotheses about which US higher-income households choose to move into low-income neighbourhoods and why. It first explores whether the probability that a household moves into a relatively low-income neighbourhood (an RLIN move) varies with predicted household and metropolitan area characteristics. Secondly, it estimates a residential choice model to examine the housing and neighbourhood preferences of the households making such moves. Thirdly, it explores responses to survey questions about residential choices. Evidence is found that, in the US, households who place less value on neighbourhood services and those who face greater constraints on their choices are more likely to make an RLIN move. No evidence is found that households making RLIN moves are choosing neighbourhoods that are more accessible to employment. Rather, it is found that households making RLIN moves appear to place less weight on neighbourhood amenities than other households and more weight on housing costs.
Compatibilization of NBR/SBR blends using amphiphilic montmorillonites
Authors: Essawy Hisham A , Khalil Ahmed M , Tawfik Magda E , El-Sabbagh Salwa H
Published: February 2013

Sodium-montmorillonite (Mont-0) was partially/completely cation exchanged with appropriate amounts of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide to yield amphiphilic montmorillonites bearing different ratios of both hydrophilic and lipophilic segments. The lipophilicity/hydrophilicity range extended progressively up to the highly hydrophobic form (Mont-100), where all of the sodium cation content was replaced by the cetyltrimethylammonium cation. The produced amphiphilic forms can be arranged in the order of Mont-0 > Mont-25 > Mont-50 > Mont-75 > Mont-100, according to the decrease in hydrophilicity. Subsequently, the different montmorillonites were employed as reinforcing agents for acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber (50/50) rubber blend, which is known to be physically incompatible. We found from our previous reports that the mechanical properties of blends comprising a fixed loading of each montmorillonite form (20 phr) displayed remarkable improvements up to different levels indicating different compatibility influences between the rubber components by the inserted clays. In the current report, these results are intensively studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and complemented by differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the network characteristics of the vulcanized rubber networks were determined for the neat blends (in absence of any clay) as well as for reinforced blends with different clay forms. Based on the obtained data, it could be concluded that the montmorillonite forms can bind both phases of the blend through interfacial interactions at the boundaries between the blend components but with different potentials. This effect was associated in the mean time by the hindrance of phase separation thus enhancing the compatibility. These findings were further supported using scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed that the compatibilization effect may have been achieved through lowering of the interfacial tension between the components.
Breakup of silica agglomerates in corotating twin-screw extruder
Authors: Bumm Sug Hun , White James L , Isayev Avraam I
Published: February 2013

Extensive experimental studies on silica agglomerate breakup during compounding with polymer melts of various viscosities and polarities in a modular corotating twin-screw extruder were conducted. To avoid a subjectivity of the result, due to small size particles involved, silica agglomerates were characterized by measuring their mass average values. Increasing the screw speed, melt viscosity, and silica concentration were found to increase the silica agglomerate breakup. The effect of these parameters on agglomerate breakup was ranked as follows: silica concentration > polymer viscosity ≈screw revolutions per minute (rpm). A good correlation between silica agglomerate breakage and power input was also found. Based on the experimental data and dispersion process, a composite modular kinetic model for evaluating silica agglomerate breakup during compounding in a corotating twin-screw extruder was tested. The kinetic constants of breakup and reagglomeration of silica agglomerates were calculated based on the stresses applied to the agglomerates and their cohesive strength. These constants for silica agglomerates were found to be not significantly different at high concentrations. The latter was in contrast to experimental data from available literature on compounding of calcium carbonate with polypropylene where the high reagglomeration kinetic constants of calcium carbonate in comparison with those of breakup played a major role in the agglomerate breakup. Comparison of the experimental and calculated results on the silica agglomerate size evolution during compounding with polymer melts indicated a reasonable agreement between them at high rotational speeds.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: McKay Dean , Whiteside Stephen P. H.
Published: February 2013

Exposure-based interventions have been shown to significantly reduce anxiety and avoidance. The efficacy of the approach is robust, and recent efforts have been made to expand the use of exposure as well as identify more effective ways to implement the procedure. This article introduces the special issue devoted to recent novel approaches to the dissemination and implementation of exposure.
Taking the Error Term of the Factor Model Into Account
Authors: Beauducel André
Published: February 2013

The problem of factor score indeterminacy implies that the factor and the error scores cannot be completely disentangled in the factor model. It is therefore proposed to compute Harman’s factor score predictor that contains an additive combination of factor and error variance. This additive combination is discussed in the framework of classical test theory. On this basis, a definition of reliability, standard error of measurement, and confidence intervals for the factor score predictor are proposed. It is argued that factor score predictor intervals should be used instead of single score predictors to account for the error term in the factor model. The calculation of reliabilities and factor score predictor intervals is illustrated by means of a small simulation study and an empirical example.
A Note on the Item Information Function of the Four-Parameter Logistic Model
Authors: Magis David
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on four-parameter logistic (4PL) model as an extension of the usual three-parameter logistic (3PL) model with an upper asymptote possibly different from 1. For a given item with fixed item parameters, Lord derived the value of the latent ability level that maximizes the item information function under the 3PL model. The purpose of this article is to extend this result to the 4PL model. A generic and algebraic method is developed for that purpose. The result is practically illustrated by an example and several potential applications of this result are outlined.
Reforming Public Pay and Benefits
Authors: Reilly Thom
Published: February 2013

State and local governments are grappling with huge unfunded liability costs centered on public sector pensions and other postretirement benefits (OPEBs). Payments to cover these liabilities are crowding out revenues for essential public services. The policies and practices that determine public sector pay and benefits have become a significant part of the national conversation in the United States and Europe. This article provides commentary and a summary of a book addressing this topic: Rethinking Public Sector Compensation: What Ever Happened To The Public Interest? Recent national reforms on public pay and benefits are documented as well as the subsequent legal challenges that have emerged in several jurisdictions. The article conclusion is that it is imperative that these unfunded liabilities be addressed in a timely, comprehensive and fair manner, and that public sector compensation must be sustainable and reflect the reality of a new emerging workforce. However, the outcome from current litigation in several states will either significantly expand or restrict the ability to manage these public retirement plans.
Depicting the Uncertainties of Stem Cell Science
Authors: Kewell Beth
Published: February 2013

Stem cell researchers labor in unpredictable circumstances, beset by uncertainties allied to the study of cellular signaling behaviors. STS research, based primarily on the work of Star (1985), has demonstrated that medical scientists often approach these vicissitudes using a type of phronesis that aims to better qualify the causes of experimental ambiguities, while also identifying optimistic reference points to help guide future research. Knowledge of this type of phronesis is extended by this article, which examines the composition of the three most popular citations allied to the regenerative cellular biology/human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) literature. When analyzed, these papers afford evidence that the adducement of positive signals begins with sorting and categorizing. This article finds that, when representing the outcomes of this cataloging for peer-review consumption, the authors concerned predicated their observations in a perspicacious rhetoric, which serves to reinforce positive-leaning ascriptions by couching them in images of virtue, fortitude, and due diligence. The research findings presented herewith suggest that adducements of this kind may be anchored in a representational practice that could be described as “modal splicing.” This article contributes to the STS literature by observing connections between modal splicing, perspicacious representation, and knowledge affirmations in hiPSC contexts.
Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Exposed to In Utero Di(n-butyl) Phthalate
Authors: Shirai Masaru , Wakui Shin , Wempe Michael F. , Mutou Tomoko , Oyama Noriko , Motohashi Masaya , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Kansaku Norio , Asari Masao , Hano Hiroshi , Endou Hitoshi
Published: February 2013

When 100 mg/kg/day of di( n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) was intragastrically administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats throughout gestation days 12 to 21, the male pups had similar body weights with no apparent physical differences (e.g., litter size, sex ratio) compared to that of the vehicle group. However, prominent age-related morphological alterations in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) of testicular Leydig cells (LCs) were observed once these animals reached puberty. At weeks 5 to 7, the abundant sER with non-dilated cisternae was distributed in LCs. Subsequently, although the number of LCs significantly increased, the amount of sER was significantly decreased at 9 to 14 weeks of age and had disappeared at 17 weeks. In contrast, the number of LCs and the amount of sER in LCs of the lower dose groups (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg/day) were similar to those of the vehicle group. Further, serum testosterone levels in the 100 mg/kg dose group were significantly lower during 5 to 17 weeks of age. While their luteinizing hormone (LH) level was significantly lower at 5 to 7 weeks of age, it became significantly higher during 9 to 17 weeks. The amount of sER in LCs decreased with age with the increase in LCs proliferation and serum LH levels in rat exposed in utero to DBP in a dose-dependent manner.
Vascular Hamartoma in the Uterus of a Female Sprague-Dawley Rat with an Episode of Vaginal Bleeding
Authors: Shirota Mariko , Kawashima Jun , Nakamura Tomohiro , Ogawa Yuko , Kamiie Junichi , Shirota Kinji
Published: February 2013

An annular, reddened lesion with mild serosal hemorrhage and no tumorous mass formation was detected in the right uterine horn of a 37-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rat that had postpubertal vaginal bleeding. Histological examination revealed prominent proliferation of the endometrium, which occupied the uterine lumen. There were numerous aberrant vascular spaces filled with erythrocytes, proliferation of stromal cells, and inflammatory infiltrates including hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the endometrium. These vasculatures extended into the myometrium, and in a transverse section of the lesion, they were mostly distributed throughout the circumference of the uterus. They were irregular in shape and interconnected, forming a large vascular sinus and anastomosing reticular channels. In the area with serosal hemorrhage, the muscular layer covering the large irregular vascular space had undergone degeneration and necrosis. The lining cells of the vasculatures were often plump, and they protruded into the lumen and were arranged in a tombstone or hobnail manner. Immunostaining revealed that these cells were positive for von Willebrand factor and CD34. The aberrant vasculatures were not accompanied by pericytes or muscular layer, although a discontinuous muscular wall was present around some of them. From these results, the uterine lesion was diagnosed as a vascular hamartoma.
Comparison of Computerized Image Analysis with Traditional Semiquantitative Scoring of Perls’ Prussian Blue Stained Hepatic Iron Deposition
Authors: Hall A. Peter , Davies Wendy , Stamp Katie , Clamp Isabel , Bigley Alison
Published: February 2013

Image analysis is now routinely employed as a tool in toxicologic pathology to help quantitate end points of efficacy and safety. It is regarded as a proficient and a sensitive technique to generate numerical data that can be easily interrogated for statistical evaluation. Traditional semiquantitative pathology scoring on the other hand is sometimes regarded as less accurate due to the limitations of the scoring systems employed and the day-to-day variations often noted between pathologists. We therefore decided to generate an optimized histochemical staining and image analysis protocol to compare the accuracy of semiquantitative scoring with computerized image analysis. In order to achieve this, we describe a standardized protocol for staining and image analysis that eliminates or minimizes as many sources of error as possible. The results of this experiment demonstrate that despite consistent variations in scoring between two independent pathologists, correlation with image analysis data of 0.91 to 0.95 (Spearman’s Rho test) was achieved. These data indicate that either image analysis or traditional semiquantitative scoring can generate accurate data. As a result of this, it appears that it is equally safe to employ either method dependent upon the complexity and the practicality of the task at hand provided that the experimental conditions are rigorously optimized and rigidly adhered to.
Renal Tumors in Male Rats Following Long-term Administration of Bazedoxifene, a Tissue-selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Authors: Perry Rick , Thompson Carol A. , Earnhardt J. Nicole , Wright David J. , Bailey Steven , Komm Barry , Cukierski Mark A.
Published: February 2013

Bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that is approved in a number of countries for the prevention and/or treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. To assess carcinogenic potential, BZA was administered ad libitum in the diet to male and female rats for 2 years. The achieved mean dosages of BZA were approximately 1.31 to 56.9 mg/kg/day at dietary concentrations of 0.003% to 0.1%. BZA treatment resulted in a reduction and a delayed onset in total tumor burden in both male and female rats. Survival rates were enhanced due to decreased pituitary and mammary tumors and decreased body weight gain in BZA-treated animals compared with controls. In male rats only, an increase in renal tubular tumors was observed. The greater increase in tumor incidence in male rats given BZA was associated with the increased survival and increased time for development of late onset tumors. These findings are consistent with a non-genotoxic mechanism, unique to male rats, that involves test article–induced corticomedullary mineralization, renal tubular injury, and exacerbation of naturally occurring chronic progressive nephropathy in aged male rats that led to a sequela of proliferative changes and tumor formation.
Shape Fidelity of Native and Engineered Human Nasal Septal Cartilage
Authors: Reuther Marsha S. , Briggs Kristen K. , Neuman Monica K. , Masuda Koichi , Sah Robert L. , Watson Deborah
Published: February 2013

Objective

To test engineered and native septal cartilage for resistance to deformation and remodeling under sustained bending loads and to determine the effect of bending loads on the biochemical properties of constructs.

Study Design

Prospective, basic science.

Setting

Laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Human septal chondrocytes from 6 donors were used to create 12‐mm constructs. These were cultured for 10 weeks and subjected to bending for 6 days. Free‐swelling controls and native tissue from 6 donors were used for comparison. Shape retention, photo documentation, live‐dead staining, and biochemical properties were measured.

Results

Live‐dead staining showed no difference in cell survival between loaded constructs and free‐swelling controls. The immediate shape retention of the constructs was 39.0% versus 24.4% for native tissue (P =. 13). After 2 and 24 hours of relaxation, the constructs possessed similar shape retention to native tissue (26.9% and 16.4%; P =. 126; 21.7% and 14.4%; P =. 153). There was no significant change in construct shape retention from immediately after release to 2 hours of relaxation (39.0% and 26.9%, respectively; P =. 238). In addition, the retention did not change significantly between 2 and 24 hours of relaxation (26.9% and 21.7%; P =. 48). There was no significant difference in biochemical properties between loaded constructs and controls.

Conclusion

The shape retention properties of human septal neocartilage constructs are comparable to human native septal cartilage. In addition, mechanical loading of neocartilage constructs does not adversely affect cell viability or biochemical properties. This study demonstrates that neocartilage constructs possess adequate shape fidelity for use as septal cartilage graft material.
Divining the local: Mobility, scale and fragmented development
Authors: Carson Dean B , Koch Andreas
Published: February 2013

Understanding the processes of demographic change is critical for economic and services planning. Often times, planning in ‘rural’ areas is based on an assumption of homogenous populations and drivers of change (ageing, declining traditional rural industries, adaptation to changing environments and so on). This article argues that attention to spatial, social and temporal scales reveals great diversity between places and within places with regards to demographic change and economic potential. We use evidence from seemingly incomparable case examples from the Alpine villages of Austria and the remote Indigenous communities of Australia to demonstrate that differences in mobility over time and between social groups results in very different experiences of local economies. Specifically, social groups (and individuals) experience the local within their own actor-networks. The article examines how the diverse experiences of the local might be measured, and why they are important for ‘local’ policy making and planning. The research is grounded in theories of social and human geography around ‘fragmented development’, actor-network theory and scale.
Pneumotoxicosis in Sheep Caused by Ingestion of Trema Micrantha
Authors: Wouters F. , Wouters A. T. B. , Watanabe T. T. N. , Soares M. P. , Cruz C. E. F. , Driemeier D.
Published: February 2013

Trema micrantha, a fast-growing tree distributed throughout the Americas, produces palatable leaves that have been associated with hepatic necrosis and acute death when consumed by livestock. This report describes fatal pulmonary disease of sheep triggered by consumption of Trema micrantha. Affected sheep had severe progressive dyspnea for a few days before death. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema, reddened lungs, interalveolar septal thickening, and diffuse type II pneumocyte proliferation were the main pathological findings. After ingesting 77.5 and 102.5 g/kg (divided in 3 doses, at 30-day intervals) of T. micrantha leaves, 2 additional sheep developed the same condition. These findings indicate that T. micrantha toxicosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ovine respiratory disease.
Immunohistochemical Expression Study of Proapoptotic BH3-Only Protein Bad in Canine Nonneoplastic Tissues and Canine Lymphomas
Authors: Dettwiler M. , Croci M. , Vaughan L. , Guscetti F.
Published: February 2013

The BH3-only protein Bad is a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member that acts as a sensitizer in intrinsic apoptosis by inactivating antiapoptotic members through heterodimer formation. Bad has been shown to contribute to tumorigenesis, including lymphoma formation in humans and mice, through alteration in expression or functional status. Here, its immunohistochemical expression was analyzed in canine nonneoplastic and lymphoma tissues using tissue microarrays. Bad was expressed in the cytoplasm of a wide range of nonneoplastic tissues, especially epithelial cells. Nonneoplastic lymph nodes displayed weak immunostaining in the follicular germinal centers only. Immunoblotting supported these observations but also revealed presence of nonspecific labeling in some organs. Of 81 lymphomas, 29 (35.8%) displayed moderate to strong immunohistochemical Bad labeling, and a significant expression increase was found in lymphomas (especially B cell and double negative) compared to nonneoplastic lymph nodes. These findings warrant further investigations of the functional status, the involvement of partner proteins, and a possible impact of Bad on prognosis in canine lymphoma.
Review of research in fluvial geomorphology 2010–2011
Authors: Stott Tim
Published: February 2013

This progress report on the discipline of fluvial geomorphology for the calendar years 2010–2011 extends the analysis carried out by Stott (2010, 2011) of papers published in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms ( ESPL) during the calendar years 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 to include the period of 2010–2011. A total of 327 papers were published in the 30 issues of ESPL during the review period, up from 284 during 2006–2007 and 300 in 2008–2009. Of these papers, 175 (54%) were within the subject area of fluvial geomorphology, compared to 125 out of 284 (44%) in the 2006–2007 period, and 113 out of 297 (38%) in the 2008–2009 period. In comparing the three two-year periods covering 2006–2011, the numbers of papers in each of 10 subdisciplines within fluvial geomorphology (e.g. bank erosion, hydraulics, soil erosion) changed markedly. For example, river management, restoration and the effects of vegetation on fluvial systems changed from first in rank in 2006–2007 to tied in fourth place in 2008–2009 and eighth in 2010–2011. In contrast, the subdiscipline of soil erosion was consistently the second-ranked topic in each of the three two-year periods. Following the analysis of patterns of publications in ESPL, selected papers from each of the 10 subdisciplines are reviewed. The articles discussed were selected by searching using keywords from the 10 subdisciplines using http://scholar.google.co.uk, then selecting a relevant journal article from the first 10 hits returned. In this way, 33 papers drawn from 22 journals were sampled and their key findings are summarized.
Mapping of Cartilage Depth in the Knee and Elbow for Use in Osteochondral Autograft Procedures
Authors: Schub David L. , Frisch Nicholas C. , Bachmann Keith R. , Winalski Carl , Saluan Paul M.
Published: February 2013

Background:

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the elbow is a problematic condition that affects a fair number of young athletes. One treatment option is the use of osteochondral autografts, which are commonly taken from donor sites on the less weightbearing surfaces of the knee.

Purpose:

To use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the cartilage depths of sites in the knee and elbow that are commonly used as donor and recipient sites to optimize depth matching for osteochondral autograft procedures.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

All knee and elbow MRI scans acquired from 3-T machines in patients aged 16 to 25 years within a single hospital system were reviewed. Studies were excluded if there had been previous surgery on the joint or if there were significant chondral defects in the areas to be measured. All cartilage depth measurements were independently performed by 3 different physicians to the nearest 0.01 mm. At the elbow, 6 locations on the capitellum and 2 on the trochlea were chosen. At the knee, 4 locations along the anterior-lateral femoral condyle, 5 surrounding the intercondylar notch, and 1 on both the medial- and lateral-posterior femoral condyles were chosen.

Results:

There were 111 knee MRI (74 male, 37 female) and 94 elbow MRI (85 male, 9 female) scans that met all inclusion criteria. The average cartilage depths from each investigator were then averaged to provide an overall mean depth at each location. All average cartilage depths within the knee were thicker than those in the elbow, where the averaged mean thickness of all the 8 measured sites was 1.27 mm (range, 0.78-1.63 mm). Within the knee, the thinnest areas of cartilage, and therefore closest matches, were discovered at the posterior pole of the medial femoral condyle (mean ± SD, 1.95 ± 0.46 mm) and at the distal-most anterior-lateral femoral condyle (1.85 ± 0.46 mm). The average variance between the mean cartilage depths measured by each investigator for each location was 0.12 mm in the elbow and 0.22 mm in the knee.

Conclusion:

Average cartilage depths in the knee were thicker than those in the elbow at all sites measured. The thinnest areas in the knee were the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle and the distal-most aspect of the anterior-lateral femoral condyle.

Clinical Relevance:

This study provides the surgeon with meaningful data on average cartilage depths at common donor sites in the knee and recipient sites in the elbow.
From Juvenile Court to Safe Haven
Authors: Trost Jennifer
Published: February 2013

The history of juvenile justice helps explain American families’ unexpected use of the 2008 Nebraska safe haven law. This article uses journalistic sources both to recreate the unfolding drama and as a measure of the public understanding of the safe haven law and juvenile justice, while also presenting a summary of relevant historical research about juvenile justice for the wider scholarly community in criminal justice. The history of the juvenile court repeatedly shows families using the court and its ancillary services for their own purposes, no matter the legislative or legal intent. One lesson of the recent Nebraska safe haven legislation is to show the need for meaningful dialogue between scholars, policy makers, and practitioners; another is to take into account the long history of juvenile justice.
Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia in rat
Authors: Khan Rahmat Ali , Khan Muhammad Rashid , Sahreen Sumaira , Ahmed Mushtaq , Shah Naseer Ali
Published: February 2013

Launaea procumbens methanol extract (LPME) was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced pancreatic oxidative damage and hyperglycemia in rats. Various doses of the extract were administered to rats after 48 h of CCl4 treatment (3 ml/kg bodyweight (bw); intraperitoneally, 20% CCl4/olive oil) twice a week for 4 weeks. Coadministration of various concentrations of LPME (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) ameliorated the toxicity of CCl4 and reversed the serum level of enzymes (amylase and lipase), glucose and hormone (insulin). The extract was able to reduce thiobarbituric acid reactive substance but increased the glutathione contents in pancreatic tissue. Depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione- S-transferase and glutathione- S-reductase) and DNA damages induced with CCl4 were restored by LPME supplement. It is suggested that LPME effectively protects the liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, possibly through antioxidant and/or free radical scavenging effects of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the extract.
Analyzing lead absorption by the sycamore tree species in the industrial park of Rasht, Iran
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Armin , FallahChay Mir Mozaffar , Tarighi Fattaneh
Published: February 2013

In this study, the subject of heavy metal concentration in soil, rock, sediment, surface water and groundwater, which can be caused by natural or man-posed pollution, was analyzed in the industrial park of Rasht. These concentrations were compared with the standard range of environmental data. Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants that can cause health hazards to humans, plants and microorganisms by entering food chain. This study aimed to investigate the absorption of lead by the leaves of sycamore tree species in the industrial park of Rasht. For this purpose, a sample of 32 sycamore tree species were randomly selected at a specified time, and the concentration of lead were measured using an atomic absorption device. Results showed that the amount of lead absorption by sycamore leaves is remarkable. The highest amount of lead absorption by sycamore leaves was detected at station 1 (Khazar Steel) and the lowest amount at station 2 (control station).
Novel contributions on luminescent apatite-based colloids intended for medical imaging
Authors: Al-Kattan Ahmed , Santran Veronique , Dufour Pascal , Dexpert-Ghys Jeannette , Drouet Christophe
Published: February 2013

The setup of colloidal hybrid nanosystems based on biomimetic calcium phosphate apatites doped with europium ions has recently raised great interest in the pharmacological community, especially due to their bio-inspired character. This is especially relevant in relation with medical imaging for cancer diagnosis. Questions however remain in relation to a number of applicability aspects, some of which have been examined in this contribution. In a first part of this work, we explored further the luminescence properties of such colloidal nanoparticles. We pointed out, upon excitation of europium, the existence of some non-radiative de-excitation via the vibration of O-H oscillators located at the vicinity of the Eu3+ luminescent centers. The replacement of Eu3+ by Tb3+ ions, less prone to non-radiative de-excitation, was then tested in a preliminary way and can be seen as a promising alternative. In a second part of this work, we inspected the possibility to store these colloids in a dry state while retaining a re-suspension ability preserving the nanometer size of the initial nanoparticles, and we propose a functional protocol involving the addition of glucose prior to freeze-drying. We finally showed for the first time, based on titrations of intracellular Ca2+ and Eu3+ ions, that folic acid-functionalized biomimetic apatite nanoparticles were able to target cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors on their membrane, which we point out here in the case of T-47-D breast carcinoma cells, as opposed to ZR-75-1 cells that do not express folate receptors. This contribution thus opens new exciting perspectives in the field of targeted cancer diagnosis, thus confirming the promise of biomimetic apatites-based colloidal formulations.
Too Dangerous to Get Out? The Use of Individualized Release Mechanisms for Lifetime Incarcerated Offenders in Sweden
Authors: Schartmueller Doris
Published: February 2013

In Sweden, the harshest punishment that offenders face is a life sentence. Yet, in contrast to the United States, such a sentence does not mean that offenders necessarily spend the rest of their lives in prison. The Swedish government has traditionally been able to grant clemency to lifers, which has led to an average life sentence of about 14 to 16 years. In 2006, this clemency practice was modified with an act establishing a judicial process deciding about the release of lifers. This research finds that the 2006 act fits into the broader and traditional understanding of the Swedish criminal justice system as a rehabilitative institution focused on the individual offender. By evaluating the act on its impact on public safety, political acceptability, and on the lifetime incarcerated themselves, this article reveals how the 2006 act has so far particularly benefitted the lifetime incarcerated.
When Domains Spill Over
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Hogan Nancy L. , Kelley Thomas M. , Kim Bitna , Garland Brett
Published: February 2013

Life is filled with the demands of work and family. When conflict exists in one domain, research indicates it can spill over and affect the other. In corrections, many workplace factors have been shown to affect the organizational commitment of staff. As staff are the most valuable resource in this labor intensive field, this study focused on the effects of two types of organizational commitment (affective and continuance) on three work–family conflict variables (time based, strain based, and behavior based). Using ordinary least squares regression analysis of survey data from 160 correctional staff at a Midwest private prison, the results indicated that as affective commitment rises, all three work-on-family conflict variables decreased. Conversely, when continuance commitment rose, all three work-on-family conflict variables increased as well. Surprisingly, both forms of commitment had nonsignificant associations with family-on-work conflict. The only significant control variable was age, which revealed that older staff had less conflict between work and family.
Putting Policy Into Practice
Authors: Jackson Robin D. , Bouffard Leana A. , Fox Kathleen A.
Published: February 2013

Texas was the first state to pass a law requiring school districts to develop and adopt a dating violence policy. However, very little attention has been paid to whether and how school districts implemented the policy. The current study examines the implementation efforts of a sample of Texas school districts to gain insight as to how the policy has been carried out. Content analysis was used to examine district handbooks, codes of conduct, and websites. Our findings indicate that a majority of the districts included in the study have developed and adopted the basic parts of the policy (the definition and a general set of consequences) while neglecting to implement specific parts of the policy beneficial to victims. Based on our findings we concluded that as districts move forward in implementing the dating violence policy, emphasis must be placed on providing services to victims and increasing awareness.
Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced composites based on noncrimped and multilayered weaves
Authors: Kleicke Roland , Mountasir Adil , Cherif Chokri , Hoffmann Gerald , Franz Christian
Published: February 2013

Manufacturing of thermoplastic composite based on textile preforms made from hybrid yarns is well suited for the production of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) in medium- and large-scale production runs. Especially, the consolidation of thermoplastic FRP is currently complicated by the high viscosity of molten material. Woven multilayered and z-reinforced NCF-preforms are very interesting for FRP supposed to withstand three-dimensional loading and impact stress. These preforms with z-directional reinforcement improve the FRP delamination behavior and out-of-plane characteristics. The well-known composite parameters are essential to ensure the use of these materials in a wide range of applications.