bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper(I) Pseudohalide Coordination Polymers containing Macrocyclic Methylcycloarsoxane (CH3AsO)n (n = 4, 5) or 1, 7‐Dithia‐18‐crown‐6 Bridging Units. Kupfer(I)‐Pseudohalogenid‐haltige Koordinationspolymere mit den Makrozyklen Methylcycloarsoxan (CH3AsO)n (n = 4, 5) oder 1, 7‐Dithia‐18‐Krone‐6 als Brückenliganden
Authors: Heller Maik , Teichert Olav , Sheldrick William S.
Published: February 2005

Treatment of an acetonitrile solution of CuCN with methylcycloarsoxane (CH3AsO)n at 110 °C affords the coordination polymer [CuCN{cyclo‐(CH3AsO)4}] (1), in which infinite CuCN zigzag chains are linked by μ‐As1, As3 cyclotetramers (CH3AsO)4 into an open 3‐D framework. Under similar solvothermal conditions, reaction of CuSCN with (CH3AsO)n in the presence of KSCN leads to metal‐mediated ring expansion of the cyclo‐arsoxane to yield the complex [{K[cyclo‐(CH3AsO)5]2}Cu(NCS)2] (2). This contains discrete [Cu(NCS‐κN)2{cyclo‐(CH3AsO)5κAs}2]— anions that bridge κ10O coordinated potassium cations into infinite chains. In contrast, the structure directing role of the [K(1, 7DT18C6)2]+ sandwich building units for the solvothermal product [{K(1, 7DT18C6)2}Cu6(CN)7] (3) (1, 7DT18C6 = 1, 7‐dithia‐18‐crown‐6) leads to formation of an open [{Cu6(CN)7}—] framework. Individual [K(1, 7DT18C6)2]+ moieties bridge Cu Atoms in a μ‐S1, S7 mode and are encapsulated within the large [Cu26(CN)28]2— cages of the cyanocuprate(I) network.
A Novel Sulfur‐bridged Dimeric Zinc(II) Complex with 2, 6‐Diacetylpyridine Bis(thiosemicarbazone)
Authors: Matesanz Ana I. , Cuadrado Isabel , Pastor César , Souza Pilar
Published: February 2005

The reaction of zinc bromide with the pentadentate chelating ligand 2, 6‐diacetylpyridine bis(thiosemicarbazone) (H2L1) yields the formation of a novel complex. Recrystallization in a acetone/water solution leads us to isolate the mixed ligand complex of [Zn(H2L1)Br0.49(OH)0.51]2·(HSO4)2·6H2O, structurally characterized. The complex is a dimer in which each zinc atom is seven‐co‐ordinated with the SNNNS‐chelating ligand occupying the five equatorial positions, a bromine atom or hydroxo group in one of the two axial positions and a sulfur atom of the centrosymmetrical molecule occupies the other axial site making a bridge between the two zinc atoms. To the best of our knowledge is the first S‐bridged dimeric Zinc(II) complex derived from 2, 6‐diacetylpyridine bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligand. The MALDI‐TOF mass, solid state IR and 1H NMR (in DMSO solution) spectra are also discussed.
Syntheses and Structures of two Cobalt Coordination Polymers with Iminodiacetate Ligands: [CoII2(ida)2(H2O)2]n and [Na2CoIII2(ida)4(H2O)4]n·2nH2O
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Zheng , He Xiang , Yu Ya‐Qin , Chen Shu‐Mei , Lu Can‐Zhong
Published: February 2005

Two cobalt coordination polymers [CoII2(ida)2(H2O)2]n (1) and [Na2CoIII2(ida)4(H2O)4]n·2nH2O (2) (H2ida = iminodiacetic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 exhibits a two‐dimensional framework, in which two cobalt atoms exhibit different coordination environments: one is equatorially coordinated by two ida ligands, while another is coordinated by two water molecules and four ida ligands. It is most interesting that, in compound 2, the ida ligands exhibit different coordination modes. The organic coordination anions [CoIII(ida)2]— are linked up by sodium ions to form a two‐dimensional layer.
Synthesis and Characterization of [Hg(sulfamethoxazolato)2]·2DMSO and[Cu2(μ‐CH3CO2)4(sulfamethoxazole)2]
Authors: de Lourenço Marques Lenice , Schulz Lang Ernesto , Fenner Herton , Castellano Eduardo Ernesto
Published: February 2005

[Hg(sulfamethoxazolato)2]·2DMSO (1) and [Cu2(CH3COO)4(sulfa‐methoxazole)2] (2) can be obtained by the reaction of sulfamethoxazole with mercury acetate or copper acetate in methanol. The structures of the two complexes were characterized by single crystal X—ray diffractometry. Compound 1 consists of sulfamethoxazolato ligands bridging the metal ions building an unidimensional chain. Two solvent dimethylsulfoxide molecules are involved via N‐H···O hydrogen bridges. The mercury atom shows a linear primary coordination arrangement formed by two trans deprotonated sulfonamidic nitrogen atoms. The overall coordination around the metal atom may be regarded as a strongly distorted octahedron when the interactions of mercury with four sulfonamidic oxygen atoms [bond distances of 2.761(4) Å—2.971(4) Å] are also considered to build an equatorial plane and the N1 and N1′ atoms [bond distance of 2.037(5) Å] occupy the apical positions. Compound 2 is a dinuclear complex in which the copper ions are bridged by four syn‐syn acetate ligands which are related by a symmetry centre located in the centre of the complex. Each copper atom presents a nearly octahedral coordination where the equatorial plane is formed by four oxygen atoms and an isoxazolic nitrogen atom and the second copper atom occupy the apical positions.
Synthesis and Structure of the New Compound La2O(CN2)2 Possessing an Interchanged Anion Proportion Compared to the Parent La2O2(CN2). Synthese und Kristallstruktur der neuen Verbindung La2O(CN2)2 mit einem vertauschten Anionenverhältnis gegenüber der Bezugsverbindung La2O2(CN2)
Authors: Srinivasan Radhakrishnan , Tragl Sonja , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: February 2005

La2O(CN2)2 was synthesized from a 1:1:2 molar reaction mixture of LaCl3, LaOCl, and Li2(CN2) at 650 °C. Well developed single crystals were grown from a LiCl‐KCl flux. The crystal structure was refined as monoclinic (space group C2/c, Z = 2, a = 13.530(2) Å, b = 6.250(1) Å, c = 6.1017(9) Å, β = 104.81(2)°) from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The La3+ and (CN2)2— ions in the crystal structure of La2O(CN2)2 can be compared to Fe3+ and S22— ions in the cubic pyrite structure, being arranged like in a distorted NaCl type structure with their centers of gravity. In addition, the O2— ions in La2O(CN2)2 are occupying 1/4 of the tetrahedral voids formed by the arrangement of metal ions.
Rb7[SiO4][VO4]: ein Ortho‐Silicat‐Vanadat(V)
Authors: Kerp Oliver , Möller Angela
Published: February 2005

Rb7[SiO4][VO4]: an Ortho‐Silicate‐Vanadate(V)

Rb7[SiO4][VO4] has been obtained from a redox reaction between CdO and vanadium metal in the presence of Rb2O and SiO2 at 600 °C in an Ag container as yellow‐greenish transparent single crystals. The crystal structure determination (IPDS data: P21/c, a = 637.6(1) pm, b = 1039.7(1) pm, c = 2076.8(4) pm, β = 93.21(2)°, Z = 4, wR2 = 0.1319) reveals the presence of isolated complex anions, [SiO4]4— and [VO4]3—.
Adolescent attachment styles and their relation to the temperament and character traits of personality in a general population
Authors: Chotai Jayanti , Jonasson Mattias , Hägglöf Bruno , Adolfsson Rolf
Published: February 2005

Attachment styles as well as personality traits in adolescents and adults have been found to be associated with their health outcomes and with their personality pathology. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, we study the relationship between attachment styles that derive from our data employing the items of Feeney et al. (1994) self-report attachment style questionnaire (ASQ), and personality traits given by the junior version of Cloninger et al. (1993) self-report temperament and character inventory (TCI), in a sample of 426 adolescents (54% females) from a general population. The secure attachment style was correlated significantly negatively with the personality trait harm avoidance (HA), but significantly positively with the personality traits novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence (RD), cooperativeness (CO) and self-transcendence (ST). The preoccupied (anxious/ambivalent) attachment style was correlated significantly positively with HA and NS, but significantly negatively with self-directedness (SD). The fearful-avoidant category was correlated significantly negatively with NS. Our five-factor solution of the attachment styles and their relation to the TCI point towards a need for a modification of the two-axis, four-category attachment model of Bartholomew (1990) and Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991), with their category dismissing-avoidant replaced by the two categories defined here as dismissing relations (correlated significantly negatively with CO) and dismissing others (correlated significantly negatively with RD and significantly positively with SD).
Identification of EhICP1, a chagasin‐like cysteine protease inhibitor of Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Riekenberg S. , Witjes B. , Šarić M. , Bruchhaus I. , Scholze H.
Published: February 2005

Based on the Entamoeba histolytica genome project (www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/E_histolytica/) we have identified a cysteine protease inhibitor, EhICP1 (amoebiasin 1), with significant homology to chagasin. Recombinant EhICP1 inhibited the protease activity of papain and that of a trophozoite lysate with K
i's in the picomolar range. By immunocytology, we localized the endogenous ∼13 kDa EhICP1 in a finely dotted subcellular distribution discrete from the vesicles containing the amoebic cysteine protease, EhCP1 (amoebapain). In an overlay assay, we observed binding of recombinant EhICP1 to EhCP1. As a heptapeptide (GNPTTGF) corresponding to the second conserved chagasin motif inhibited the protease activity of both papain (K
i 1.5 μM) and trophozoite extract (K
i in sub‐mM range), it may be a candidate for the rational development of anti‐amoebiasis drugs.
Matrix Mg2+ regulates mitochondrial ATP‐dependent potassium channel from heart
Authors: Bednarczyk Piotr , Dołowy Krzysztof , Szewczyk Adam
Published: February 2005

Mitochondrial ATP‐regulated potassium (mitoKATP) channels play an important role in cardioprotection. Single channel activity was measured after reconstitution of inner mitochondrial membranes from bovine myocardium into a planar lipid bilayer. After incorporation, the potassium channel was recorded with a mean conductance of 103 ± 9 pS. The channel activity was inhibited by ATP/Mg and activated by GDP. Magnesium ions alone affected, in a dose dependent manner, both the channel conductance and the open probability. Magnesium ions regulated the mitoKATP channel only when added to the trans compartment. We conclude that Mg2+ regulates the cardiac mitoKATP channel from the matrix site by affecting both the channel conductance and gating.
The dynamic systems approach to control and regulation of intracellular networks
Authors: Wolkenhauer Olaf , Ullah Mukhtar , Wellstead Peter , Cho Kwang-Hyun
Published: February 2005

Systems theory and cell biology have enjoyed a long relationship that has received renewed interest in recent years in the context of systems biology. The term ‘systems’ in systems biology comes from systems theory or dynamic systems theory: systems biology is defined through the application of systems‐ and signal‐oriented approaches for an understanding of inter‐ and intra‐cellular dynamic processes. The aim of the present text is to review the systems and control perspective of dynamic systems. The biologist's conceptual framework for representing the variables of a biochemical reaction network, and for describing their relationships, are pathway maps. A principal goal of systems biology is to turn these static maps into dynamic models, which can provide insight into the temporal evolution of biochemical reaction networks. Towards this end, we review the case for differential equation models as a ‘natural’ representation of causal entailment in pathways. Block‐diagrams, commonly used in the engineering sciences, are introduced and compared to pathway maps. The stimulus–response representation of a molecular system is a necessary condition for an understanding of dynamic interactions among the components that make up a pathway. Using simple examples, we show how biochemical reactions are modelled in the dynamic systems framework and visualized using block‐diagrams.
Genome semantics, in silico multicellular systems and the Central Dogma
Authors: Werner Eric
Published: February 2005

Genomes with their complexity and size present what appears to be an impossible challenge. Scientists speak in terms of decades or even centuries before we will understand how genomes and their hosts the cell and the city of cells that make up the multicellular context function. We believe that there will be surprisingly quick progress made in our understanding of genomes. The key is to stop taking the Central Dogma as the only direction in which genome research can scale the semantics of genomes. Instead a top‐down approach coupled with a bottom‐up approach may snare the unwieldy beast and make sense of genomes. The method we propose is to take in silico biology seriously. By developing in silico models of genomes cells and multicellular systems, we position ourselves to develop a theory of meaning for artificial genomes. Then using that develop a natural semantics of genomes.
Cross‐presentation of a CMV pp65 epitope by human dendritic cells using bee venom PLA2 as a membrane‐binding vector
Authors: Babon Aurélie , Almunia Christine , Boccaccio Claire , Beaumelle Bruno , Gelb Michael H. , Ménez André , Maillère Bernard , Abastado Jean-Pierre , Salcedo Margarita , Gillet Daniel
Published: February 2005

We have used bee venom phospholipase A2 as a vector to load human dendritic cells ex vivo with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I‐restricted epitope fused to its C‐terminus. The fusion protein bound to human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells and was internalized into early endosomes. In vitro immunization experiments showed that these dendritic cells were able to generate specific CD8 T cell lines against the epitope carried by the fusion protein. Cross‐presentation did not require proteasome, transporter associated with antigen processing, or endosome proteases, but required newly synthesized MHC molecules. Comparison of the antigen presentation pathway observed in this study to that followed by other toxins used as vectors is discussed.
Illuminating drug discovery with biological pathways
Authors: Apic Gordana , Ignjatovic Tijana , Boyer Scott , Russell Robert B.
Published: February 2005

Systems biology promises to impact significantly on the drug discovery process. One of its ultimate goals is to provide an understanding of the complete set of molecular mechanisms describing an organism. Although this goal is a long way off, many useful insights can already come from currently available information and technology. One of the biggest challenges in drug discovery today is the high attrition rate: many promising candidates prove ineffective or toxic owing to a poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms of biological systems they target. A “systems” approach can help identify pathways related to a disease and can suggest secondary effects of drugs that might cause these problems and thus ultimately improve the drug discovery pipeline.
Analysis of the mKir2.1 channel activity in potassium influx defective Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains determined as changes in growth characteristics
Authors: Hasenbrink Guido , Schwarzer Sarah , Kolacna Lucie , Ludwig Jost , Sychrova Hana , Lichtenberg-Fraté Hella
Published: February 2005

Potassium uptake defective Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (Δtrk1,2 and Δtrk1,2 Δtok1) were used for the phenotypic analysis of the mouse inward rectifying Kir2.1 channel by growth analysis. Functional expression of both, multi‐copy plasmid and chromosomally expressed GFP‐mKir2.1 fusion constructs complemented the potassium uptake deficient phenotype in a pHout dependent manner. Upon application of Hygromycin B to chromosomally mKir2.1 expressing cells, significantly lower toxin sensitivity (EC50 15.4 μM) compared to Δtrk1,2 Δtok1 cells (EC50 2.6 μM) was observed. Growth determination of mKir2.1 expressing strains upon application of Ag+, Cs+ and Ba2+ as known blockers of mKir2.1 channels revealed significantly decreased channel function. Cells with mKir2.1 were about double sensitive to AgNO3, 350‐fold more sensitive to CsCl and 1500‐fold more sensitive to BaCl2 in comparison to the respective controls indicating functional expression and correct pharmacology.
Neurophysiological and biomechanical characterization of goat cervical facet joint capsules
Authors: Lu Ying , Chen Chaoyang , Kallakuri Srinivasu , Patwardhan Ajit , Cavanaugh John M.
Published: February 2005

Cervical facet joints have been implicated as a major source of pain after whiplash injury. We sought to identify facet joint capsule receptors in the cervical spine and quantify their responses to capsular deformation. The response of mechanosensitive afferents in C5–C6 facet joint capsules to craniocaudal stretch (0.5 mm/s) was examined in anaesthetized adult goats. Capsular afferents were characterized into Group III and IV based on their conduction velocity. Two‐dimensional strains across the capsules during stretch were obtained by a stereoimaging technique and finite element modeling. 17 (53%) Group III and 14 (56%) Group IV afferents were identified with low strain thresholds of 0.107 ± 0.033 and 0.100 ± 0.046. A subpopulation of low‐strain‐threshold afferents had discharge rate saturation at the strains of 0.388 ± 0.121 (n = 9, Group III) and 0.341 ± 0.159 (n = 9, Group IV). Two (8%) Group IV units responded only to high strains (0.460 ± 0.170). 15 (47%) Group III and 9 (36%) Group IV units could not be excited even by noxious capsular stretch. Simple linear regressions were conducted with capsular load and principal strain as independent variables and neural response of low‐strain‐threshold afferents as the dependent variable. Correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.73 ± 0.11 with load, and 0.82 ± 0.12 with principal strain. The stiffness of the C5–C6 capsules was 16.8 ± 11.4 N/mm. Our results indicate that sensory receptors in cervical facet joint capsules are not only capable of signaling a graded physiological mechanical stimulus, but may also elieit pain sensation under excessive deformation. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Demise of One-Party Politics in Mexican Municipal Elections
Authors: HISKEY JONATHAN , CANACHE DAMARYS
Published: February 2005

The third wave of democratization has profoundly affected national political institutions and procedures throughout the developing world. In many nations, however, local political institutions and actors also hold considerable power. Democratic reforms at the national level are not necessarily replicated at the local level, yet democratization is inherently incomplete if a nation is speckled with scores of authoritarian local political enclaves. It follows that the process of subnational political change is of vital importance. In this article this process is examined, focusing on Mexico. The question is what dynamic has led to the erosion of the PRI's dominance at the municipal level since the mid-1980s. Two theoretical models, a diffusion model and a realignment model, are proposed. Empirical tests centre on data from municipal elections in four states for the period 1985 to 1998. Using event history analysis, substantial support for the diffusion model is discovered. In contrast, evidence consistent with the realignment model emerges in only one context – a state in which a new opposition party enjoyed unusual strength.
Political Knowledge and Enlightened Preferences: Party Choice Through the Electoral Cycle
Authors: ANDERSEN ROBERT , TILLEY JAMES , HEATH ANTHONY F.
Published: February 2005

This article adapts and tests the theory of enlightened preferences on two British electoral cycles: 1992–97 and 1997–2001. Using individual-level panel data, it extends previous work by explicitly incorporating the role of political knowledge. Its findings are generally very supportive of the theory. It is shown that knowledge of party platforms varies through both electoral cycles in a manner predicted by the theory; that is, it is highest immediately following election campaigns; these changes in political knowledge are closely mirrored by changes in the explanatory power of a model of party choice containing so-called ‘fundamental variables’ (i.e. socio-demographic and issue-related variables) as predictors. More specifically, fundamental variables do a much better job of accounting for party choice during election years than in mid-cycle. Finally, for all years of both panels a positive interaction is found between political knowledge and the ability of voters to match their issue preferences to party platforms.
‘Presidentialization’ in Japan? The Prime Minister, Media and Elections in Japan
Authors: KRAUSS ELLIS S. , NYBLADE BENJAMIN
Published: February 2005

Both academics and journalists have given increasing attention to the rising importance of prime ministers – a phenomenon often referred to ‘presidentialization’. Although many commentators use the term differently, and the term blurs the line between the very different institutional contexts of a parliamentary and presidential system, one careful definition of the term is ‘the movement over time away from collective to personalized government, movement away from a pattern of governmental and electoral politics dominated by the political party towards one where the party leader becomes a more autonomous political force.’

This phenomenon has been observed primarily in Britain and in West European parliamentary democracies – no one has ever described the Japanese parliamentary system as even remotely ‘presidentialized’. In fact, the Japanese prime minister has not been the subject of much academic research, and even the Japanese press often used to ignore the prime minister. Despite being the leader of a majority party in a centralized political system, the Japanese prime minister was almost universally described as weak and uninteresting, with both academic and popular discourse focusing on the powerful bureaucracy and factional politics within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). However, recent political changes, most prominently the selection and popularity of Junichirō Koizumi as Japan's prime minister in the spring of 2001, have led to a surge of interest in the prime minister.
Agenda Setting, Issue Priorities and Organizational Maintenance: The US Supreme Court, 1955 to 1994
Authors: YATES JEFF , WHITFORD ANDREW B. , GILLESPIE WILLIAM
Published: February 2005

In recent decades, political science has turned to the study of agenda setting as a central aspect of collective decision-making environments. The content of the public agenda – and the issue agendas of political institutions – make significant social change possible. Recent studies suggest that these political institutions are engaged in both competitive relationships, as they identify and pursue both active and latent public issues, and more complex cue-taking relationships. For separated powers, the problems of co-operation and competition with one another are entwined with internal collective decision-making dilemmas.

In this study, we focus on the tension within a political institution between agenda setting as a mechanism for internal organizational maintenance, and agenda setting as a consequence of that institution's interaction with other branches of government and the general public. Specifically, we examine agenda setting by the United States Supreme Court, and ask the question of why the Court allocates more or less of its valuable agenda space to one policy issue over others. Our study environment is the policy issue composition of the Court's docket: the Court's attention to criminal justice policy issues relative to other issues. Among the most important powers of the Court is the power to apportion its agenda space among policy issues.

Pacelle argues that the Court's agenda-building process, its culling of cases and issues from numerous petitions, may represent the most important sequence of decisions the Court makes. But the Court's docket is a finite agenda space on which some issues are provided with a larger proportion of the Court's attention. Allocating space to an issue can promote the issue's national visibility and legitimacy as an important public concern.
CLASSES OF OPERATOR-SMOOTH FUNCTIONS. III. STABLE FUNCTIONS AND FUGLEDE IDEALS
Authors: Kissin Edward , Shulman Victor S.
Published: February 2005

This paper continue to study the interrelation and hierarchy of the spaces of operator-Lipschitz functions and the spaces of functions closed to them: commutator bounded and operator stable. It also examines various properties of symmetrically normed ideals, introduces new classes of ideals: regular and Fuglede, and investigates them.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47A56; 47L20
SOLVABILITY OF SINGULAR DIRICHLET BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS WITH GIVEN MAXIMAL VALUES FOR POSITIVE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Agarwal Ravi P. , O’Regan Donal , Staněk Svatoslav
Published: February 2005

The singular boundary-value problem $(g(x'(t)))'=\mu f(t,x(t),x'(t))$, $x(0)=x(T)=0$ and $\max\{x(t):0\le t\le T\}=A$ is considered. Here $\mu$ is the parameter and the negative function $f(t,u,v)$ satisfying local Carathéodory conditions on $[0,T]\times(0,\infty)\times(\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\})$ may be singular at the values $u=0$ and $v=0$ of the phase variables $u$ and $v$. The paper presents conditions which guarantee that for any $A>0$ there exists $\mu_A>0$ such that the above problem with $\mu=\mu_A$ has a positive solution on $(0,T)$. The proofs are based on the regularization and sequential techniques and use the Leray–Schauder degree and Vitali’s convergence theorem.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34B16; 34B18
ELEMENTARY OPERATORS AS LIE HOMOMORPHISMS OR COMMUTATIVITY PRESERVERS
Authors: Brešar Matej , Šemrl Peter
Published: February 2005

We consider elementary operators on centrally closed prime algebras that are Lie (or Jordan) homomorphisms or commutativity preservers.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16N60. Secondary 16R50; 47B47
ON DERIVATION OF THE DENSITY OF STATES FOR PERIODIC OPERATORS BY THE METHOD OF ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSION
Authors: Cherednichenko K. D. , Padilla P.
Published: February 2005

A new asymptotic approach is suggested for studying spectra of linear differential operators with periodic coefficients. The resulting formal recurrent procedure and its rigorous justification allow us to prove a classical theorem on the density of states in one dimension.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34L20. Secondary 74J99; 78M35
Emporium in Imperio: Nanyang Networks and the Straits Chinese in Singapore, 1819–1914
Authors: Frost Mark Ravinder
Published: February 2005

Historical studies of the Chinese overseas, especially those focused on Southeast Asia, need to take into greater account the influence that Chinese born and permanently settled outside China exerted over the wider diasporic community. Moving away from a sojourner-dominated perspective, this article examines Nanyang commercial and cultural networks that were centred on Singapore and largely orchestrated by ‘Straits Chinese’. It argues that these networks played a significant role in altering the self-perceptions of more recently arrived migrants in the region and even, for some, helped re-define Chinese identities.
Seasonal and longer term trends in sea temperature along the French North Sea coast, 1975 to 2002
Authors: Woehrling Daniel , Lefebvre Alain , Le Fèvre-Lehoërff Geneviève , Delesmont Régis
Published: February 2005

Regular sea temperature measurements have been made since 1975 at Gravelines (French coast of the Southern Bight of the North Sea) within the framework of a research programme aimed at monitoring the influence of the thermal discharge of a nuclear power plant. The sampling has yielded a 28-year time-series. Pluriannual natural fluctuations of temperature show cyclic patterns and long-term trends in good accordance with global climatic changes as revealed by the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) annual index.
Doses of darkness control latitudinal differences in breeding date in the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides
Authors: Davenport J. , Berggren M.S. , Brattegard T. , Brattenborg N. , Burrows M. , Jenkins S. , McGrath D. , MacNamara R. , Sneli J.-A. , Walker G. , Wilson S.
Published: February 2005

This paper reports the first study of breeding in the boreo-arctic barnacle Semibalanus balanoides in which latitudinal variation in timing of egg mass hardening has been examined simultaneously over the geographical scale involved, thereby excluding temporal confounding of the data. The timing of autumn egg mass hardening on the middle shore was established in 2002 and 2003 at ten stations ranging latitudinally from Trondheim (63°24′N) to Plymouth (50°18′N). To assess variation at local scale (<10 km), breeding was studied on three shores at each of two Irish locations (Cork and Galway). At Oban (Scotland) and Cork, the effect of shore height on timing of breeding was investigated. A strong influence of latitude and day length on timing of breeding was found in both 2002 and 2003. In both years, barnacles bred much earlier (when day length was longer) at high rather than low latitudes. No significant effect of environmental temperature or insolation on timing of breeding was detected. Shores no more than 10 km apart showed minimal difference in middle shore breeding date (<4 days). However, upper shore barnacles bred significantly earlier (by 7–13 days) than middle shore animals. The data indicate that breeding is controlled by period of daily darkness, with high shore animals encountering longer effective ‘nights’ because of the opercular closure response to emersion (which will reduce light penetration to tissues). Predictions concerning the effects of global changes in climate and cloud cover on breeding and population distribution are made. It is suggested that increased cloud cover in the northern hemisphere is likely to induce earlier breeding, and possibly shift the present southern limit of Semibalanus southwards.
Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, levels on salmon returning to the west coast of Ireland, 2003
Authors: Copley L. , Tierney T.D. , Kane F. , Naughton O. , Kennedy S. , O'Donohoe P. , Jackson D. , McGrath D.
Published: February 2005

Mobile lice levels of two species of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, were examined on two samples of Atlantic salmon from the west coast of Ireland. The samples examined were taken two weeks apart from salmon caught by drift net in June 2003 at two different locations off the west coast of Ireland, one in the north-west and one in the west. Both samples of salmon caught were comparable in terms of numbers of total lice counted. No significant differences in male, female and ovigerous L. salmonis levels between the two samples were recorded, however, a significant difference was recorded between juvenile L. salmonis levels. Morphometric comparisons of male and ovigerous L. salmonis examined for each of the two salmon samples examined revealed some differences. There was a significant difference in male L. salmonis in terms of cephalothorax length between the samples. In the females significant differences were found between cephalothorax length, overall total length and egg length. Significant positive correlations within samples were also observed, between total female body length and both total egg number and egg string length in one of the samples examined.
Cost of maleness on brood production in the shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae), a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite
Authors: Bauer Raymond T.
Published: February 2005

Individuals of Lysmata wurdemanni first mature in a male phase (MP) and then change to the external phenotype of females (female-phase=FP). The FPs retain the male gonadal system and function both as male and female (simultaneous hermaphrodites). The cost of maleness to FPs on fecundity was estimated with an experiment in which the social environment (FP opportunity to function as a male) was varied. The effect of maleness on brood size (number of embryos brood−1) and frequency of spawning (interspawn interval in days) was measured in FPs maintained in different social environments (treatments) over two complete spawning cycles. In treatment 1 (isolated FP) and 2 (1 FP, 1 MP), FPs could only function as females. In treatments 3 (2 FPs) and 4 (5 FPs, 5 MPs), FPs could breed both as male and female.

Baseline brood size was described for FPs with a regression equation of brood size on FP body size (carapace length). Brood size is positively and isometrically related to FP size. Brood sizes, adjusted for FP body size using the baseline regression equation, were compared among treatments 2–4 (isolated FPs in treatment 1 did not produce fertile broods). Brood sizes were significantly greater in FPs in treatment 2 (only female breeding) than in treatments 3 and 4 (both male and female sexual function possible). However, spawning was less frequent (longer interspawn intervals) in treatments 1 and 2 than in treatments 3 and 4. Total fecundity over a four-month breeding period was estimated with a model using mean treatment brood sizes and interspawn intervals. Estimates of total fecundity in FPs functioning both as male and female were much lower, in spite of somewhat more frequent spawning, than those in which male function was not allowed. The ‘price’ (cost) of maleness on fecundity appears to be compensated by the high selective advantage of male mating ability in the simultaneous hermaphrodite FPs of Lysmata species.
Population biology and fecundity of the Indo-Pacific hermit crab Clibanarius longitarsus (Anomura: Diogenidae)
Authors: Litulo Carlos
Published: February 2005

The population biology and reproduction of the hermit crab Clibanarius longitarsus were studied with emphasis on size structure, sex ratio, breeding season and fecundity. Specimens were sampled monthly over a period of one year (January–December 2003) at Costa do Sol mangrove, Maputo Bay, southern Mozambique. A total of 597 individuals was obtained of which 202 were males, 192 non-ovigerous females and 203 ovigerous females. Annual size–frequency distributions were polymodal for males and bimodal for non-ovigerous and ovigerous females, respectively. Sexual dimorphism was recorded by the larger average size attained by males in relation to females. Sex ratio was female-biased during most months of the study. Clibanarius longitarsus showed a higher reproductive activity with two major peaks (March and October). Juvenile recruitment was continuous throughout the study period. Clutch size was positively associated with female size. The high number of ovigerous females as obtained in the present population may evidence a higher reproductive activity displayed by C. longitarsus at Costa do Sol mangrove.
Value of indicators for assessing recent mating in brachyuran crabs
Authors: Duluc Céline , Sainte-Marie Bernard , Brêthes Jean-Claude
Published: February 2005

Methods for assessing the occurrence and recency of mating are important for the management and conservation of exploited brachyuran crabs. Using multiparous females of the snow crab Chionoecetes opilio, we evaluated by experiment the efficacy of three indicators of recent mating: a white deposit in the spermathecae, extended mate-guarding, and fresh grasping marks on the female pereiopods. This was done by contrasting sperm counts between the left and the right spermatheca of females that were exposed to males with the right gonopod ablated, at treatment sex ratios of 20[female]:3[male ] or 50[female]:3[male ]. We expected that sperm reserves would be balanced between the two spermathecae of non-mated females and larger in the right than in the left spermatheca of mated females. Although no mating indicator was infallible, the presence of a white deposit was the most accurate because it maximized the median difference of sperm counts between the two spermathecae for the group of presumably mated females and minimized it for the group of presumably non-mated females. The use of grasping marks overestimated the mating frequency and resulted in the misclassification of a large proportion of females. Extended mate-guarding was a slightly better mating indicator than grasping marks, but it is not practical for field studies. Classification errors associated with each indicator can be explained mostly by female and male behaviours and may vary in magnitude with sociosexual context.
Ontogenetic development of Lipophrys trigloides (Pisces: Blenniidae), with some notes on the spawning behaviour
Authors: Faria Cláudia , Gil Fátima , Almada Vítor C.
Published: February 2005

The full developmental sequence from egg to juvenile of Lipophrys trigloides in controlled conditions is described. In addition, some notes on the spawning behaviour of adults are provided. Embryonic development lasted 13–14 days at 21·00–23·00°C, 16–17 days at 17·25–18·50°C and 17–18 days at 14·00–16·50°C. Newly hatched larvae measured 4·8 mm, had the mouth and anus opened, pigmented eyes and almost no yolk. Most larvae settled between day 39 and 42 after hatching at 16·0–17·0 mm total length (TL) and showed full juvenile pigmentation patterns and behaviour 5 to 10 days later (17·0–18·0 mm TL). A summary of the characteristics of the eggs and larvae that may help in the distinction between L. trigloides and Lipophrys pholis, a very close related species, is also provided.
Mating behaviour of the newly-established ornate wrasse Thalassomapavo (Osteichthyes: Labridae) in the Ligurian Sea (north-western Mediterranean)
Authors: Sara Giampietro , Bianchi Carlo Nike , Morri Carla
Published: February 2005

Reproduction of newly established populations of the warm-water Atlantic Mediterranean wrasse Thalassoma pavo is here reported for the first time in the Ligurian Sea, and mating behaviour is described in detail. The reproductive season (May to October) may be divided in three stages: (1) pre-mating (mid-May to the end of June), during which terminal-phase (TP) males establish territories and start courting females; (2) mating (end of June to the end of August), with a mean frequency of up to one spawning event ind−1 h−1; and (3) post-mating (September to mid-October), when TP males remained inside territories but no spawning events were recorded. Mating followed two distinct modalities: pair spawning and group spawning, the latter replacing the former when population density exceeded 10 ind 100 m−2. Four phases have been distinguished in both modalities: (1) approach (pair) or gathering (group), to establish the contact between potential partners; (2) acceptance (pair) or priming (group), in which partners establish a common behavioural pattern; (3) ascent to near the sea surface; and (4) spawning. The saddled sea-bream Oblada melanura has been seen to predate intensively on the large cloud of sexual products released by groups.
Sex ratio of immature Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) from Gullivan Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, south-west Florida
Authors: Witzell W.N. , Geis A.A. , Schmid J.R. , Wibbels T.
Published: February 2005

The sex ratio of 100 immature Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempi) captured in Gullivan Bay, Ten Thousand Islands, south-west Florida was determined through radioimmunoassay analysis (RIA) of plasma testosterone levels. We determined the sex ratio to be 1·9F:1·0M, corroborating the female dominance reported from other studies. The mean sizes of female (N=57) and male turtles (N=30) were 40·9 cm (±6·9 SD) and 41·9 cm (±6·2 SD), respectively. There were an additional 13 turtles (41·3 cm±6·5 SD) for which sex could not be determined by this technique. Female-biased sex ratios are not uncommon in reptiles with temperature dependent sex determination. If fecundity is not male-limited, the occurrence of a female-biased sex ratio could enhance the recovery of the endangered Kemp's ridley turtle.
Group characteristics of marine tucuxis (Sotalia fluviatilis) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in Guanabara Bay, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Azevedo Alexandre F. , Viana Simone C. , Oliveira Alvaro M. , Van Sluys Monique
Published: February 2005

Thirty-six boat surveys were conducted in Guanabara Bay, south-eastern Brazil, from October 2002 to June 2004 in order to investigate marine tucuxi group characteristics. The average and the range of tucuxis group size in the Guanabara Bay are similar with areas where small group sizes have been recorded. Group size ranged between one and 40 individuals (13·0±9·5; median=10·0). Groups of two to ten dolphins were the most common (53·9% of observations). Group size and the maximum number of dolphins sighted in each survey day did not vary between seasons (Kruskal–Wallis test, H3,36=3·249; P=0·355). Spatial geometry varied with group size and mixed groups were the largest (Kruskal–Wallis test, H3,218=57·149; P<0·001). The presence of calves had a great effect on group size, and nursery groups (mean =14·3±9·1; median=13·0) were twice as large than non-calf groups (mean=7·1±5·2; median=6·0). It is suggested that larger groups may aid in the calves development and learning. Group size changed frequently, resulting in 82·2% of observations with no constant size. Group size of marine tucuxi was not affected by the dolphins' behaviour (Kruskal–Wallis test, H2,215=5·626, P=0·06) neither by water depth (R2=0·012; F1,219=2·82; P=0·094).
THE SOLAR MODEL IN JOSEPH IBN JOSEPH IBN NAHMIAS'LIGHT OF THE WORLD
Authors: MORRISON ROBERT G.
Published: February 2005

In an influential article, A. I. Sabra identified an intellectual trend from twelfth and thirteenth-century Andalusia which he described as the ‘‘Andalusian revolt against Ptolemaic astronomy.” Philosophers such as Ibn Rushd (d. 1198 C. E.), Ibn Tufayl (d. 1185), and Maimonides (d. 1204) objected to Ptolemy’s (fl. 125–50) theories on philosophic grounds, not because of shortcomings in the theories' predictive accuracy. Sabra showed how al-Bitrūjī's (fl. 1200) Kitāb al-Hay'a (The Book of Astronomy) attempted to account for observed planetary motions in a way that met the philosophic standards of those philosophers and others. In Nūr al-‘ālam (Light of the World), the subject of this article, Joseph ibn Joseph ibn Nahmias (fl. ca. 1400) endeavoured to improve upon al-Bitrūjī’s models. Levi Ben Gerson's (1288–1344) Hebrew writings on astronomy criticized al-Bitrūjī, but Ibn Nahmias did not mention them. Nūr al-‘ālam deserves attention, too, because it is the first Arabic text on theoretical astronomy by a Jewish author to come to light. In the body of this article, I will describe and analyze Ibn Nahmias’ theory, from Nūr al-‘ālam, for the motion of the sun.
LE STATUT ONTOLOGIQUE DE L'IMAGE DANS LA DOCTRINE AVICENNIENNE DE LA PERCEPTION
Authors: SEBTI MERYEM
Published: February 2005

Dans ses traités consacrés à l'âme, Ibn Sīnā élabore une doctrine complexe de la perception dont l'analyse permet de dégager deux conceptions distinctes de l'image. L'une détermine l'image comme une doublure du réel, qui re-présente quelque chose, et tient lieu d'une chose absente. Cette caractérisation de l'image comme un double et une entité matérielle qui se forme dans les puissances-organes comme par réification s'inscrit dans la conception antique et médiévale de l'image. L'image, dans l'horizon épistémique de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Âge, n'est jamais conçue, en effet, que dans sa relation à ce qu'elle représente. Le statut ontologique de cette image-reflet est celui d'un double: c'est un reflet que sa matérialité rend manifeste.
Near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano‐scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: Application to black carbon particles
Authors: Lehmann Johannes , Liang Biqing , Solomon Dawit , Lerotic Mirna , Luizão Flavio , Kinyangi James , Schäfer Thorsten , Wirick Sue , Jacobsen Chris
Published: February 2005

Small‐scale heterogeneity of organic carbon (C) forms in soils is poorly quantified since appropriate analytical techniques were not available up to now. Specifically, tools for the identification of functional groups on the surface of micrometer‐sized black C particles were not available up to now. Scanning Transmission X‐ray Microscopy (STXM) using synchrotron radiation was used in conjunction with Near‐Edge X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to investigate nano‐scale distribution (50‐nm resolution) of C forms in black C particles and compared to synchrotron‐based FTIR spectroscopy. A new embedding technique was developed that did not build on a C‐based embedding medium and did not pose the risk of heat damage to the sample. Elemental sulfur (S) was melted to 220°C until it polymerized and quenched with liquid N2 to obtain a very viscous plastic S in which the black C could be embedded until it hardened to a noncrystalline state and was ultrasectioned. Principal component and cluster analysis followed by singular value decomposition was able to resolve distinct areas in a black carbon particle. The core of the studied biomass‐derived black C particles was highly aromatic even after thousands of years of exposure in soil and resembled the spectral characteristics of fresh charcoal. Surrounding this core and on the surface of the black C particle, however, much larger proportions of carboxylic and phenolic C forms were identified that were spatially and structurally distinct from the core of the particle. Cluster analysis provided evidence for both oxidation of the black C particle itself as well as adsorption of non‐black C. NEXAFS spectroscopy has great potential to allow new insight into black C properties with important implications for biogeochemical cycles such as mineralization of black C in soils and sediments, and adsorption of C, nutrients, and pollutants as well as transport in the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Palaeovolcanic forcing of short‐term dendroisotopic depletion: The effect of decreased solar intensity on Irish oak
Authors: Ogle Neil , Turney Chris S. M. , Kalin Robert M. , O'Donnell Louise , Butler C. John
Published: February 2005

The climatic effects of historical volcanic eruptions are well documented in the literature. What are less certain however, are the effects of eruptions on more distant environments, particularly vegetation. Here we present sub‐annual δ13C records from two high‐resolution Irish oak (Quercus spp.) chronologies that span the Laki (Grímsvötn) 1783–84 and Tambora 1815 eruptions. In both instances, a significant depletion in δ13C is recorded within the trees following the eruption (∼1.8‰). Historical meteorological datasets from observatories near to the trees sampled demonstrate that the shifts in carbon isotopic content cannot be accounted for by changes in local climate. We postulate atmospheric loading of ejecta from the eruptions resulted in significantly reduced irradiance, increasing discrimination within the trees.
Summertime total ozone variations over middle and polar latitudes
Authors: Fioletov Vitali E. , Shepherd Theodore G.
Published: February 2005

The statistical relationship between springtime and summertime ozone over middle and polar latitudes is analyzed using zonally averaged total ozone data. Short‐term variations in springtime midlatitude ozone demonstrate only a modest correlation with springtime polar ozone variations. However by early summer, ozone variations throughout the extratropics are highly correlated. Analysis of correlation functions indicates that springtime midlatitude ozone, not polar ozone, is the best predictor for summertime polar ozone. Long‐term total ozone trends at middle and high latitudes are also different for spring and nearly identical for summer. About 39% of the observed southern midlatitude ozone decline in December can be attributed to the polar ozone depletion up to November. In the Northern Hemisphere, the corresponding contribution is about 15%, but the error bars are too large to make an accurate estimate.