bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Studio
Authors: Bell Adam Patrick
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 discusses the role of the producer, the concept of instrumentality, and how the recording studio has come to be conceptualized as an instrument since the mid-twentieth century. As exemplified by the practices of producers in the 1950s (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller) and the 1960s (Phil Spector, the Beach Boys’ Brian Wilson, and Motown’s Berry Gordy), early iterations of the studio as musical instrument entailed a collaborative process of working with musicians and studio personnel. In the early 1970s playing the studio as musical instrument took on a new meaning in the hands of Jamaican dub producers like King Tubby, who forewent working with musicians in the studio and instead reimagined and remixed prerecorded tracks by playing the equipment of the studio. This approach was furthered by hip-hop producers in New York, notably the Bomb Squad, who incorporated the sampler into their studio-playing practices. Finally, a glimpse into the practices of Max Martin demonstrates that in contemporary music production DAWs are the de facto instrument.
How Rice Farming Shaped Culture in Southern China
Authors: Talhelm Thomas , Oishi Shigehiro
Published: March 2018

We present a detailed theory linking southern China’s history of rice farming to its modern-day culture. It explains how rice was farmed traditionally, what makes it different from other major staple crops, and why these differences could shape culture. Next, the chapter reviews empirical evidence that people who have grown up in the rice areas of China have different relationship styles and thought styles from people in the wheat areas. It also discusses why the rice theory is not ecological determinism—rice does not automatically lead to collectivism. Finally, it asks whether modernization is signaling the death of rice culture or whether cultures rooted in historical subsistence style can persist even after less than 2% of the population actually farms for a living.
Context Shapes Human Development
Authors: Kağıtçıbaşı Çiğdem , Cemalcılar Zeynep
Published: March 2018

This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on human behavior by studying the role of the distal environment on developmental processes. Social class, or more specifically socioeconomic status, is an all-encompassing context that has great significance in engulfing human phenomena. This chapter first reviews extant psychological literature on the deleterious effects of low social class on development and presents three studies as cases in point, demonstrating the significant impact of the context and contextual change on behavior. Kağıtçıbaşı’s theory of family change proposes three models of family: family of interdependence, family of independence, and family of emotional interdependence. Parenting, however, directly reflects family characteristics. Thus family change theory has led to a theory of the autonomous-related self. The chapter also presents research illustrating the impact of the objective environment and in particular the detrimental effects of low socioeconomic status on various developmental, social, and academic outcomes of Turkish samples.
Economics of Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Plagnol Anke C , Macchia Lucia
Published: March 2018

In 1974 economist Richard A. Easterlin asked in his seminal article “Does economic growth improve the human lot?” His answer to this question was a resounding no. The paper described what was later to be known as the Easterlin paradox, which is the observation that at one point in time rich nations are on average happier than poor nations, but over time there is no relationship between happiness and gross domestic product (GDP). The Easterlin paradox can also be found at the individual level. Easterlin’s paper is often described as starting the field of the economics of subjective well-being. The Easterlin paradox has been the topic of many published articles, with numerous studies supporting the original findings and some refuting them. This chapter describes the Easterlin paradox and recent evidence confirming or rejecting its existence. Other developments in the economics of subjective well-being are also discussed.
Economic Conditions Cue Evolutionary Challenges
Authors: Gassen Jeff , Hill Sarah E
Published: March 2018

Changes in economic markets play an important role in cuing developmental programs, cognitions, and social behaviors that would have helped promote survival and reproductive success during times of resource scarcity. This chapter provides an overview of recent research using an evolutionary approach to examine how people think, feel, and behave in conditions of resource scarcity. It starts by talking about research on the effects of early life scarcity on adult outcomes. Next, the chapter presents research related to the impact of adult exposure to resource scarcity on intergroup cognition and political attitudes. Finally, it discusses how changes in economic markets influence strategies for mating and parenting. Together, this research suggests that—although many of the psychological and behavioral responses to economic uncertainty seem irrational—when situating these outcomes in the appropriate evolutionary context, they reflect processes that would have helped promote survival and reproduction during times of resource scarcity.
The Classic Military Response in Perspective
Authors: Freilich Charles D.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 6 assesses Israel’s success in applying the classic defense doctrine to the threats it has faced and its relevance today. The record is mixed. Much remains applicable, but numerous changes have taken place, including the addition of defense as a “fourth pillar,” along with deterrence, early warning, and military decision. Israel’s strategic and cumulative deterrence have proven highly successful, its current and specific deterrence somewhat. Israel only succeeded in achieving military decision in a few cases, but even then insufficiently to dictate terms. None of the operations against Hezbollah and Hamas have ended satisfactorily; most did not achieve significant deterrence or a prolonged lull. Without major ground maneuver, which Israel usually cannot conduct today, military decision is hard to achieve, will likely be more costly than the threats irregular actors pose, is beyond Israel’s capabilities against distant states, for example, Iran, and meaningless at the nuclear level.
The Foreign Policy Response
Authors: Freilich Charles D.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 9 presents the basic components of Israel’s foreign policy, as distinct from defense, and its primary foreign relations today. Together, they comprise a “diplomatic response,” the foreign policy equivalent of Israel’s military responses. It includes strategic relationships with a number of countries, above all the United States, unique ties with the diaspora, the pursuit of peace, and soft power. Arab hostility and international isolation forced Israeli diplomacy into a defensive posture, and it has become subordinate to defense policy. Nevertheless, a number of governments have made dramatic peace proposals, and a shared threat perception is creating new possibilities for cooperation with Sunni states. Jordan’s stability remains of vital importance. Israel’s attempts to intervene in Arab politics were never very successful, and it has largely ceased trying to do so. Israel’s deep bilateral ties with European and other Western countries are increasingly marred by the Palestinian issue.
Policy Recommendations
Authors: Freilich Charles D.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 12 proposes a comprehensive new Israeli national security strategy. The overall thrust is that Israel has become fundamentally secure and can adopt a long-term approach of greater “strategic patience,” with a heightened emphasis on defense, including building a national rocket and missile shield, and diplomacy. Separation from the Palestinians should be Israel’s foremost national objective. Israel should define relations with the United States as a fundamental national security pillar, adapt to the reality of dependence, and seek a defense treaty, but also aspire to independence where possible. Israel must maintain robust conventional and strategic capabilities, maintain nuclear ambiguity, ensure Iran never crosses the nuclear threshold, but prepare for an era in which the “Begin Doctrine” may no longer be feasible. The strategy further emphasizes the need to preserve and strengthen Israel’s domestic sources of power and thus the need for socioeconomic and electoral reform as primary national security objectives.
From Animism to Christianity
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 examines the sonic demarcation of religious boundaries within Hmong communities of Sa Pa to illustrate how minorities are being separated by competing transnational communities of ritual practice. A descriptive account of one shaman’s approach to conducting rituals demonstrates how music, chant, and dance form a central part of community maintenance in a localized setting. Over the past three decades the rapid conversion of the Hmong to various forms of Christianity has dramatically impacted these spiritual and associated musical practices. Vietnamese Hmong are encouraged to dispense with their animist traditions entirely in favor of adopting new religious songs composed by European missionaries and musicians in the diaspora. Many families are fractured by these contrasting animist and Christian practices. This chapter argues that Hmong identity is regularly superseded by other social and musical formulations in daily life, yet ethnicity maintains a persistent sociostructural presence in the background.
Conclusion
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: March 2018

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book and outlines a new paradigm for research on the cultural practices of Vietnam’s ethnic minorities. It opens with a description of two contrasting approaches to this research. Certain strategies for presenting results in public fora are shown to promote unhelpful stereotypes on these people. The author attempts to bridge the gap between contrasting methodologies and ideologies by promoting constructive dialogue between these groups of scholars within the fields of anthropology, ethnology, and musicology This dialogue is stimulated by identifying and working towards a shared goal: the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage in a rapidly urbanizing society.
Seeking Assistance
Authors: McCrory Calarco Jessica
Published: March 2018

Chapter 3 highlights social class differences in children’s efforts to seek assistance from teachers. When confronting challenges at school, most middle-class children readily sought assistance from teachers. They were also proactive and persistent in making requests. Working-class children instead tried to deal with problems on their own. Although they occasionally asked for help from teachers, they did so when it was apparent that requests were welcome and would not result in reprimand (e.g., when teachers approached them to offer assistance). Working-class students were also less insistent in making requests. They raised their hands rather than calling out or approaching teachers directly, and they rarely asked follow-up questions, even when they were still confused or struggling. Those differences in assistance-seeking also had real consequences. Middle-class students received more help than did their working-class peers. As a result, they were often able to complete their work more quickly and more accurately.
Seeking Attention
Authors: McCrory Calarco Jessica
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 examines social class differences in children’s efforts to seek attention from teachers. Regardless of social class, students wanted—even craved—attention. Middle-class and working-class students differed in the types of behaviors for which they sought attention and the strategies they used to get teachers’ attention. Middle-class students sought attention for their unique talents, skills, and experiences, and they did so in overt ways. Working-class students instead sought attention primarily for their commonalities with and helpfulness to others. They also did so in more oblique ways and only when it was clear that teachers had time to provide attention. Those class differences in attention-seeking had meaningful consequences. Through their more frequent and more difficult to ignore bids for attention, and through their success in persuading teachers to grant those requests, middle-class students had more opportunities to share stories with, receive validation from, and make personal connections with their teachers.
Responses and Ramifications
Authors: McCrory Calarco Jessica
Published: March 2018

Chapter 6 reveals the critical role teachers play in translating class-based problem-solving strategies into unequal opportunities in school. Teachers almost always rewarded middle-class students’ strategies of influence. They did so by granting requests for assistance, accommodations, and attention and by creating conditions in which middle-class students (but not working-class students) felt comfortable making requests. That privileging of middle-class students, however, did not seem intentional. Teachers tried to support working-class students, but time and accountability pressures made it difficult for them to recognize students’ tacit struggles, forcing teachers to rely on students to voice their own needs. Teachers also relented in granting middle-class students’ requests, even when they seemed reluctant to do so. In those moments, teachers gave in because they wanted their students to feel supported and, more problematically, because it was often easier and less time-consuming to say “yes” and much riskier to say “no.”
How Is Breast Cancer Described?
Authors: Cutter Mary Ann G.
Published: March 2018

The question “What is breast cancer?” raises a host of descriptive issues in philosophy, including ones about the nature, make-up, and reducibility of reality. What we find is that, initially, breast cancer appears to fit the description of a clinical entity that is real, composed of physical matter, and reducible to its parts. But things are not as simple as one would initially think. Upon reflection, breast cancer is a physical condition framed within prevailing contexts of reference. It is an idea through which clinical facts are seen and interpreted. It is a systematic condition not simply reducible to the sum of its parts. Breast cancer is “real,” but perhaps not real in the way we might initially think.
Decision Theory and Transformative Choice
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: March 2018

If rationality is the maximization of expected preference-satisfaction, it appears impossible to rationally decide to change one’s core preferences. For there is no stable set of preferences whose maximization could determine the rationality of the choice. Some have argued that this means one cannot rationally become, e.g., a parent, philosopher, or music-lover. But we do not become parents, philosophers, or music-lovers by choosing: there are no acts of choice that take as their input a non-parent and output a parent. The rationality of major life transformations is invisible to those who look for it at an initial moment of decision to become a new person. These transformations are gradual—and not because we thoughtlessly “drift” into the people we become. They are gradual because they are kinds of learning, and it takes time to learn to care about new things.
Conclusion
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: March 2018

The conceptual landscape in the theory of rationality, moral psychology, and moral responsibility must be modified—by the addition of proleptic reasons, by the recognition of intrinsic conflict, by the acknowledgment of teleological self-creation—in order to make room for aspiration. Why? The stakes here are both philosophical and personal: unless we recognize the distinctive ethical status of aspirants, we will be liable to mistreat an especially vulnerable population. Consider the characteristic mistreatment to which we subject those struggling with infertility and unwanted pregnancy—we tend to judge that unless they have a full, i.e. non-proleptic, grasp of the reason to (not) want children, they have no reason to mourn the relevant loss. Aspirants open themselves up to a distinctive experience of losing what they did not have but were only trying to have. We must acknowledge the reality of aspiration in order to apprehend the profundity of such losses.
Commodity Derivatives
Authors: Schofield Neil C.
Published: March 2018

Like most asset classes, commodity derivatives consist of the traditional building blocks: forwards, futures, swaps, and options. The main structures used by investors to take exposure to commodities are exchange-traded products, total return swaps, and structured notes. This chapter discusses the main features of each of these products within an investment context. For example, the coverage focuses on using exchange-traded futures to compile investment indices. The section on swaps examines the total return variant of the classic “fixed for floating” structures. Because the fundamentals of derivatives are generally well documented, this chapter highlights the instances in which commodities differ from traditional financial assets. The chapter includes some popular investment structures to illustrate the use of these instruments.
Physical Commodities
Authors: Devos Erik
Published: March 2018

Unlike other financial assets, commodities have a physical component that introduces additional complexities for valuation and hedging. Physical commodities are broadly classified into energy, metals, agricultural, and livestock with each having unique characteristics. Still, commodities of the same type are subject to varying degrees of quality. Commodity investments typically use futures contracts, as opposed to spot transactions. Most futures transactions are closed before expiration and physical delivery is infrequent. The futures price is rarely equal to the spot price, and the intertemporal difference is related to the carrying costs and benefits of possessing the underlying commodity. Carrying costs include transportation, insurance, storage, and opportunity costs, while benefits are reflected in convenience yield and lease rate. Speculators seek to profit from discrepancies between markets over time. Manufacturers and end users are more likely to conduct hedging transactions, while large-scale financial institutions are more likely to conduct speculative positions.
Return Characteristics of Commodities
Authors: Preece Dianna
Published: March 2018

The role of commodities in a diversified portfolio has been the subject of research and debate since the late 1970s. Investors can hold the physical commodity or use derivatives such as futures contracts to access commodity exposure. Institutional investors primarily gain exposure to commodities via futures contracts. Commodity futures returns are comprised of a collateral return, a spot return, and a roll return. Research dating back to the late 1970s suggests that commodities should be included in diversified portfolios because they act as an inflation hedge, are portfolio diversifiers due to negative correlation with stocks and bonds, and potentially offer returns and volatility comparable to equities. Commodity performance has been generally weak in the years following the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Many studies find that correlation of commodity returns with stocks and bonds increases during periods of financial stress.
Research Issues in Commodities and Commodity Derivatives
Authors: Mixon Scott
Published: March 2018

Commodity derivatives allow hedgers to smooth wealth across different states of the world and provide a direct link between financial markets and the real economy. This chapter describes recent research related to core concepts for these products: hedging behavior, the provision of liquidity in commodity markets, and the “financialization” debate related to the recent inflow of institutional investments into commodities. Intermediation activity in these markets has evolved in recent years. Modern commodity markets now incorporate extensive intermediation by swap dealers to facilitate over-the-counter swap dealing activity and execute the associated hedging activity linking swap and futures markets. The emergence of highly computerized, automated trading and the trend toward liquidity provision by commercial firms are intermediation issues that require better understanding. The chapter also provides insights into the types of topics faced by researchers who consider policy-related issues.
Future of Commodity Markets and Investments
Authors: Holzhauer Hunter M.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins with a breakdown of recent growth trends for the overall commodities market. However, the long-term future of the market will heavily depend on three pressing issues: excess supply, increased regulations, and algorithmic trading. The section on excess supply explores how traders are changing strategies to adjust to the current imbalance between supply and demand, especially in the steel industry, and how that imbalance might change in the future based on global population trends and climate change concerns. The next section examines several regulatory trends, including the dramatic exodus of some investment banks from certain segments of the commodities market followed by a section focusing on how algorithmic trading is influencing how commodities are traded. A discussion of potential scenarios for the commodities market follows. The chapter concludes by examining a few ways in which the market and commodity traders may both survive and even thrive in the future.
Lake Baikal
Authors: Brown Kate Pride
Published: March 2018

Baikal is the deepest, oldest, and most voluminous lake on Earth. It is home to thousands of endemic species. It occupies a special place in the Russian psyche—a point of national pride and religious mysticism. Despite the lackluster status of civil society and political involvement in Russia generally, Lake Baikal is home to a strong and flourishing environmentalist community. The history of this activism dates back to the Soviet era, when local activists began the first mass movement against the state to protest the construction of a paper mill on the shore of Lake Baikal. This chapter examines the history of Soviet environmentalism around Lake Baikal and its relationship to the field of power. Despite the existence of a Soviet environmental civil society, the field of power was so monopolized by the Communist Party that environmental conditions only worsened.
Journey without Maps
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter brings quantitative and qualitative empirics to bear on the relationship between environmental predictability, navigation strategy, and international development organization (IDO) Project Success. The chapter first examines quantitative data on IDO Project Success, as environmental unpredictability varies along with the role that the Navigation by Judgment propensity plays in this relationship. It then turns to qualitative cases, which compare U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and U.K. Department for International Development (DFID) performance in Liberia’s unpredictable environment as both IDOs attempt to achieve similar goals in health and government capacity-building interventions. The discussion draws on the quantitative Project Performance Database and two pairs of case studies comparing USAID and DFID projects in relatively unpredictable Liberia. The chapter finds that Navigation by Judgment is associated with relatively better project performance in unpredictable contexts.
Theoretical Background
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, the theoretical foundation of the Sí, Yo Puedo (SYP) curriculum and program is examined. Intersectionality, which examines the intersection of concepts such as immigration status, domestic violence, race/ethnicity, and culture and is the main theory behind the development of the SYP curriculum and program, is explained and the author examines her own intersecting identities. Other theories that were used in the development of the SYP curriculum and program include feminist ideology, which examines power differences between genders and a patriarchal system; the family violence perspective; social work and therapeutic theories; group theory, which relates to knowledge of the group facilitator’s role and group work and dynamics; and the domestic violence empowerment framework, which raises awareness and provides education.
The Shamanistic Association
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

On March 13, 2012, a local shamanic association concerned with preserving Sámi and Norse shamanic traditions was granted status as a distinct religious community by the County Governor of Troms, northern Norway. In this chapter, I am concerned with what kinds of local, national, and global trends and discussions that have contributed to the formation of this particular local group. I also examine the process related to the Association’s development of shamanistic ceremonies and rituals.
Introduction
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

The Anthropocene is the epoch during which humanity began to replace the earth as something given for a disaster humanity created, an artificial planet and an anthropogenic climate. Cinema is a technology roughly as old as the Anthropocene (by some accounts), and its history demonstrates an attraction to artificial worlds and weather and to a larger culture of environmental design. Siegfried Kracauer’s meditation on the film studio has affinities to Hannah Arendt’s analysis of Sputnik. Both are meditations on artificial worlds and the human desire to produce its own environment and to become self-conditioned. Having turned the earth into a laboratory of the Anthropocene, humanity is faced with a less welcoming planet and thus in need of new political theories of hospitality and strategies of accommodation. Kant’s “Perpetual Peace” and theory of hospitality need to be revised in light of the Anthropocene, and cinema can help us with this task.
The Cellophane Wall
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Between 1924 and 1954, Hollywood was, more than any other American business enterprise, enriched by women: women’s pictures, women audiences and fans, and women filmmakers. McLean, Head, McCall, Davis, Harrison, Hopper, and many other Hollywood women offered collaborative models of the studio system. These are difficult concepts for film historians to face. Recognizing that the Hollywood studio system enabled women’s careers between 1924 and 1954 forces a reconsideration of two ideologies that have held sway over American film and cultural history: the “great man” theory of film authorship, and the assumption that things for Hollywood’s women have improved over time, due to our faith in “progressive” history. Today, women trying to break into the industry are told that although things are difficult and women are not represented equally in the creative professions, the situation has improved since the bad old studio days. “Bunk!” as Bette Davis would have said.
The Culture of Connection
Authors: Manglos-Weber Nicolette D.
Published: March 2018

This chapter moves to Chicago to examine membership in Evangelical Charismatic congregations in the context of migration. Using examples from a particular Ghanaian Charismatic congregation in Chicago, and personal narratives about past experiences in different kinds of congregations, the chapter argues that certain congregations exhibit practices and principles that support intensified sociability among members, and thus have a culture of connection. In such congregations, members often express and enact lots of personal trust in each other, which makes membership in such congregations a potential basis for the formation of trust networks. Ghanaian immigrants are particularly prone to define “a good church” as one that has such a culture of connection. Moreover, although many of them would ideally like to attend a diverse, non-Ghanaian congregation, it is more difficult for them to find a culture of connection in such places, which leads many of them “back” to the ethnic church.
Sealings
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

Joseph Smith introduced an expanded temple liturgy and cosmology in Nauvoo. He revealed sealing rituals that materialized heaven on earth and transformed men and women into kings and queens, priests and priestesses. Where there were no sealed relationships, there was no heaven. Church leaders immediately struggled to manage the construction of this heaven and introduced many practices that were not well understood. Wilford Woodruff pronounced a revelation in 1894. While maintaining a belief in eternal polygamy, he nevertheless deprecated many of its associated practices, beliefs, and teachings related to the temple. This revelation introduced a significant ambiguity into Mormon cosmology. Church members and leaders then struggled to implement a sealing practice rooted in nineteenth-century polygamy, complicated by familial structures of all sorts, and coupled with an emphasis on romantic monogamy.
Introduction
Authors: Stapley Jonathan A.
Published: March 2018

By tracing the development of liturgies and rituals, and attempting to ascertain the work they accomplish, the Mormon universe with its complex priesthoods, authorities, and powers becomes comprehensible. After brief summaries of the individual chapters in the volume, this introduction overviews the liturgical terrain from Joseph Smith’s earliest revelations to the present.
The Direct Judicial Protection of Property Rights
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

The U.S. Supreme Court thought that protecting private property was necessary to protecting political autonomy. In Lochner v. New York, the Court expanded its concept of property rights to include liberty, not just from having one’s property physically taken, but also liberty from having one’s property regulated. The Court viewed its federalism and liberty of contract jurisprudence analogously as both areas protected individual liberty by limiting the power of government. During the 1930s, Court decisions invalidated key portions of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. Against the backdrop of the Great Depression, these decisions precipitated a constitutional crisis. United States v. Carolene Products was a blueprint for the way forward. Protecting economic liberty was reconceptualized as a multifaceted calculus that necessitated the careful balancing of competing interests in a highly complex, modern economic milieu. Beyond protecting against outright takings of property, the elected branches seemed better structured and staffed for this task.
The Buckley Constitution and the Strong Libertarian Paradigm of American Politics
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

Ironically, the strong libertarian paradigm uses wealth to constrict autonomy in ways that have interesting political theory parallels with the Lochner case. Both approaches limit participation in the democratic process. Lochner removed certain questions from democratic decision-making altogether. By affording property interests overwhelming political influence, the strong libertarian paradigm connects influence to wealth more than to votes or preference intensities. Buckley v. Valeo upheld congressional limitations on contributions to political campaigns, but struck down limitations on a candidate’s personal and total campaign expenditures. The Court also invalidated limits on independent expenditures to elect particular candidates made by others, including PACs, that were not given directly to the campaign. Buckley specifically rejected the government’s interest in equalizing the financial resources of candidates. In his partial concurrence and partial dissent, Justice White stated that the majority stood for the proposition “money talks.”
Distributive Autonomy, Democracy, and Capital
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

Economist Thomas Piketty demonstrates the incomes of the top 0.1 percent of American earners begin a sustained increase just before 1980, several years after Buckley, and then have risen dramatically ever since. Campaign spending by the mega wealthy also rises dramatically after other key campaign finance cases. Between 1980 and 2010, U.S. tax rates go from exceptionally progressive compared with other countries to one of the least progressive. Shortly after Buckley, U.S. income and estate taxes plunge in 1980 and 1988. U.S. marginal income tax rates fall from 70–90 percent, 1930–1980, to 30–40 percent, 1980–2010, reaching a low of 28 percent in 1988. The Buckley Constitution has altered the entire process of government. Politics grows more rancorous. Compromise declines. Congress meets less with each other, more with donors. Regulations contract; and skew to favor donors. Government budgets shrink, especially for New Deal social welfare programs.
Parent–Adolescent Relationships in Global Perspective
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Putnick Diane L.
Published: March 2018

The chapter on parent–adolescent relationships in global perspective explores dynamic and reciprocal relationships between parents and their growing adolescents. Relationships between parents and their children change as children enter adolescence. This chapter covers how parents shape their adolescents’ characteristics and meet their needs just as adolescents’ characteristics and needs shape parenting. Most research on adolescence emanates from high-income and Western countries, and parent–adolescent relationships are molded by culture or context. This chapter covers some aspects of parent–adolescent relationships that appear to be universal as well as how societal/contextual norms regarding adolescent separation–individuation from or interdependence with the family, increased globalization, and access to mass media affect parent–adolescent relationships.
Immigrant and Refugee Youth Positive Adaptation and Development
Authors: Motti-Stefanidi Frosso
Published: March 2018

The positive adaptation and integration of immigrant and refugee youth in host societies are crucial not only for their well-being but also for the well-being and prosperity of society. However, they face developmental and acculturative challenges, which may put at risk their positive adaptation. In addition, refugee youth have to deal with challenges linked to traumatic experiences before and during their forced migration and after seeking asylum in the host country. In spite of these challenges, most immigrant and refugee youth, after an initial period, will adapt well to their new environment. The chapter addresses the question: Who among immigrant and refugee youth do well, concurrently and over time, and why? Scientific evidence regarding barriers and resources for positive immigrant and refugee youth adaptation is presented and discussed. Public policy recommendations that aim to eliminate barriers to positive adaptation and to enhance their social and personal capital are also formulated.
Parent-Based Models of Adolescent Substance Use
Authors: Hussong Andrea M. , Smith Ruth K.
Published: March 2018

Adolescence is the typical time of substance use onset and escalation around the world, though prevalence rates vary dramatically across countries. Given that substance use is a significant risk factor contributing to global disease burden, the consequences of substance abuse are staggering. Substantial evidence, primarily from high-income countries but increasingly corroborated by that from middle- and low-income countries, suggests that parents and families can play a key role in mitigating risk for substance use involvement and related negative consequences. This chapter reviews that evidence as well as features of family evidence-based interventions for adolescent substance use, highlighting two in particular, and discusses the role of such interventions in a multisectoral approach to prevention.
Adolescent Development and Capacity Building
Authors: Akinsola Esther F. , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes adolescent development within the context of capacity building, reviews the global adolescent capacity-building initiatives, and provides a link between developmental tasks of adolescence and capacity building. It highlights the importance of incorporating assessment of adolescents’ capacity-building needs at individual, community, and organizational levels into global policy and programs and suggests effective approaches to building adolescent development capacity that include adopting the “stage–environment–fit,” in which stage represents the developmental stages (early, middle, late stages) of adolescents and emphasizes developmental tasks of adolescence, while environment represents the social and cultural contexts in which the adolescents live. That adolescents need to be engaged as planners, decision-makers, and participants in programs that build their capacity and translation of global policies into policies of governments is emphasized.
Narratology beyond the Human
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

This book aims to develop a cross-disciplinary approach to post-Darwinian narratives concerned with animals and human-animal relationships. In outlining this integrative approach to storytelling in a more-than-human setting, the study also considers the enabling and constraining effects of different narrative media, examining a range of fictional and nonfictional texts disseminated in print, comics and graphic novels, and film. Focusing on techniques employed in these media, including the use of animal narrators, alternation between human and nonhuman perspectives on events, shifts backward and forward in narrative time, the embedding of stories within stories, and others, the book explores how specific strategies for portraying nonhuman agents both emerge from and contribute to broader attitudes toward animal life. Conversely, emphasizing that stories are, in general, interwoven with cultures’ ontologies, their assumptions about what sorts of beings populate the world and how those beings’ qualities and abilities relate to the qualities and abilities ascribed to humans, promises to reshape existing frameworks for narrative inquiry. Ideas that have been foundational for the field are at stake here, including ideas about what makes narratives more or less amenable to being interpreted as narratives, about the extent to which differences of genre affect attributions of mental states to characters (human as well as nonhuman) in narrative contexts, and about the suitability of stories as a means for engaging with supraindividual phenomena unfolding over long timescales and in widely separated places, including patterns and events situated at the level of animal populations and species rather than particular creatures.
Boundary Conditions
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

Chapter 2 extends the ideas presented in the previous chapter by situating a whole range of self-narratives on a spectrum involving more or less fully imagined forms of relationality between humans and other animals. With chapter 1 having provided a detailed reading of two particular case studies, chapter 2 uses a variety of texts—including memoirs and works of nature writing; narratives told by therians, i.e., communities of persons who identify as nonhuman animals; modernist, postmodernist, and contemporary fictional narratives; and works of fantasy and science fiction intended for younger audiences—to investigate issues raised by narratives that stage acts of identification as well as outright transformation across the species boundary.
Genesis of the Land Broker State
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter explains why the shift from state developmentalism to neoliberalism in India transformed the Rajasthan state government into a land broker state. During the developmentalist period, the state had largely dispossessed land for public-sector industrial and infrastructural projects that reflected the social commitments of Nehruvian planning. But as economic liberalization created new private demand for rural land from the 1990s onward, the pressure of inter-state competition and the lure of licit and illicit rents incentivized the government to begin dispossessing land for any private purpose representing “growth,” including real estate development, regardless of its broader developmental consequences. This neoliberal regime of dispossession culminated in the mid-2000s with Special Economic Zones (SEZs). While SEZs were facing “land wars” across India, the Rajasthan government sought to avoid opposition by giving farmers a stake in the resulting real estate speculation: a shift in mechanisms of compliance that would be highly consequential.
Rajpura
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the pre-SEZ agrarian milieu of Rajpura, the study’s main fieldsite. On the eve of its dispossession, Rajpura was a monsoon-dependent agricultural and livestock-rearing village in which many farmers were already partially diversified from agriculture. Sharp class, caste, and gender inequalities reflected the failures of the postcolonial Indian state to effectively redistribute land, invest in education and social welfare, and tackle entrenched forms of social domination that characterized pre-independence rural Rajasthan. Unlike some parts of India, the village had little political history of peasant rebellion. These three factors would help the Rajasthan government produce compliance to dispossession in Rajpura, and would affect the ability of farmers to benefit from the economic changes unleashed by the Mahindra World City.
Differentiation by Speculation
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter shows how the SEZ’s major contribution to the local economy, dramatic real estate speculation, transformed Rajpura. It demonstrates how pre-existing inequalities—rooted in the failures of land reform and a patriarchal system of landownership—shaped the ability of dispossessed farmers to profit from real estate. Rather than uniformly proletarianizing the dispossessed, the result was differentiation by speculation. A small fraction of the village became neo-rentiers; a majority of the lower-caste semi-proletariat became further proletarianized; a significant and mixed-caste intermediate stratum emerged as petty asset managers; and the landless and women were excluded altogether. Real estate speculation, it concludes, is a poor basis for inclusive development.
Expropriations and Eminent Domain
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

The power to expropriate land for the common good can be understood in terms quite different from those that are usually offered. The justification for expropriation here rests on a conception of property’s underlying purpose as promoting human flourishing. The forced sale of land is necessary to create and maintain the material conditions that are necessary prerequisites for all members of society to have well-lived lives. Specifically, these material conditions include a certain physical infrastructure that is necessary for individuals to develop human capabilities. Kelo v. City of New London is an appropriate case to use as a vehicle for considering how the human flourishing theory addresses the public use requirement. This chapter examines Kelo from a comparative perspective, using German constitutional law to see how a more overtly purposive method of reasoning can clarify when it is legitimate for the state to force sales of private property and when it is not.
Homelessness and Other Systemic Housing Problems
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

The United States faces not one housing crisis but several. Homelessness represents our most extreme housing problem. Other types of impediments as well stand in the way of the ability of millions of people in this country to enjoy what others take for granted—decent and secure housing. This chapter briefly surveys three housing problems, homelessness, eviction, and mortgage foreclosure, and suggests why these problems elude solutions merely through private law and judicial application of the human flourishing theory of ownership. The reason is that the problems are systemic in nature and require structural solutions that courts are not capable of administering. Structural solutions require legislative and administrative action at all levels of government, federal, state, and local. What human flourishing can contribute toward solutions to these problems is the necessary theoretical foundation for concrete solutions. This is not a minor or trivial contribution, as the chapter shows.
Past and Present
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Andretta Massimiliano , Fernandes Tiago , Romanos Eduardo , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: March 2018

The introductory chapter discusses the concepts of legacy and memory and suggests ways to use them in an analysis of long-term effects of movement participation in the transition to democracy on future generations of movements. First, it looks at the ways in which paths of transitions, with particular attention to movement participation in them, have long-term effects on movements to come by creating institutional change. Second, it considers some ways of looking at past eventful protests as mnemonic resources and constraints for social movements. After doing that, the chapter also introduces the research design and presents the remainder of the volume.
Rural Violence and Reassertion of State Control in Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that incidents of transformative violence in the periphery fail to generate enough public revulsion to spark an open debate about how policing must change. Vulnerable individuals in the periphery lack the connections with civil society activists, mostly concentrated in urban areas, who would advocate for their rights. Many rural-based activists and NGOs call for a police overhaul in the aftermath of these episodes of transformative violence, but their voices are not as loud or as unified as those speaking about similar events in urban areas. The national leadership’s response to outbreaks of transformative violence in rural areas aims at closing the center’s governance gap where the public rebels against unpopular local authorities. As a result, the state moves to increase the political loyalty of the local police to the center under the pretense of police reform.
Theory Matters
Authors: Armstrong Pat , Armstrong Hugh
Published: March 2018

As E. P. Thompson so clearly put it, all research is a dialogue between theory and evidence. This implies at least two essential requirements for effective research. The first is to make assumptions explicit so that the accumulation of evidence can be assessed in light of these assumptions. The second is to understand that all research is a process open to development through critical exchange and through disciplining by evidence. This book primarily addresses the second requirement. It focuses on the development of methods through the experiences of multiple dialogues among team members. This chapter explores the first of these requirements, explaining why explicit theory is necessary and how feminist political economy perspectives guided the organization of the team, the identification of research questions, the methodology, data sharing, and the analysis. In doing so, the chapter describes the rapid, site-switching method that evolved during the seven years of the project.