bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assaying the kinetics of protein denaturation catalyzed by AAA+ unfolding machines and proteases
Authors: Baytshtok Vladimir , Baker Tania A. , Sauer Robert T.
Published: April 2015

Significance

Protein unfolding by ATP-powered enzymes is an essential aspect of many biological reactions, including degradation by AAA+ proteases such as ClpXP and ClpAP, but there have been no robust methods to assay the steady-state kinetics of these reactions. Here, we show that the kinetics of enzymatic unfolding can be monitored by the rate at which a mixture of donor-labeled and acceptor-labeled homodimers is converted into heterodimers and use this assay to characterize the activities of the AAA+ ClpX and ClpA unfoldases with and without ClpP, their proteolytic partner. Our results show differences in intrinsic unfolding activity and in ClpP stimulation and indicate that this assay should be broadly applicable for studying the mechanisms of related AAA+ enzymes and remodeling chaperones.
Avant que : une conjonction à tout faire (ou presque)
Authors: Draoulec Anne Le
Published: April 2015

This study aims at exploring the various semantic effects of the French temporal conjunctionavant que(“before”). It shows howavant que, as a simple marker of anteriority, reacts to its linguistic context in such a way that new meanings emerge, which cannot be directly attributed to the conjunction.Viaa presuppositional analysis that takes into account factual as well as “counterfactual” or “suspensive” readings ofavant que, and through numerous attested examples, it reveals the mechanisms which are responsible for generating specific semantic effects. These effects are divided into three major categories, ranging frompreventing(avant que Pas “in order that not P” or “in such a way that not P”) toallowing(avant que Pas “in order that P”), or deliberating (avant que Pas “in order to decide if P”).
Spatial Structure of Morphological and Neutral Genetic Variation in Brook Trout
Authors: Kazyak David C. , Hilderbrand Robert H. , Keller Stephen R. , Colaw Mark C. , Holloway Amanda E. , Morgan Raymond P. , King Tim L.
Published: April 2015

Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis exhibit exceptional levels of life history variation, remarkable genetic variability, and fine‐scale population structure. In many cases, neighboring populations may be highly differentiated from one another to an extent that is comparable with species‐level distinctions in other taxa. Although genetic samples have been collected from hundreds of populations and tens of thousands of individuals, little is known about whether differentiation at neutral markers reflects phenotypic differences among Brook Trout populations. We compared differentiation in morphology and neutral molecular markers among populations from four geographically proximate locations (all within 24 km) to examine how genetic diversity covaries with morphology. We found significant differences among and/or within streams for all three morphological axes examined and identified the source stream of many individuals based on morphology (52.3% classification efficiency). Although molecular and morphological differentiation among streams ranged considerably (mean pairwise FST: 0.023–0.264; pairwise PST: 0.000–0.339), the two measures were not significantly correlated. While in some cases morphological characters appear to have diverged to a greater extent than expected by neutral genetic drift, many traits were conserved to a greater extent than were neutral genetic markers. Thus, while Brook Trout exhibit fine‐scale spatial patterns in both morphology and neutral genetic diversity, these types of biological variabilities are being structured by different ecological and evolutionary processes. The relative influences of genetic drift versus selection and phenotypic plasticity in shaping morphology appear to vary among populations occupying nearby streams.
Diel Cycle and Effects of Water Flow on Activity and Use of Depth by Common Carp
Authors: Benito Josep , Benejam Lluís , Zamora Lluís , García‐Berthou Emili
Published: April 2015

Common Carp Cyprinus carpio is among the most popular and commercially important fishes globally. For this reason, it has been introduced worldwide and is invasive in many regions, with well‐known ecosystems impacts. Like many other freshwater invaders it is thought not to tolerate strong flows well, but knowledge of the effects of flow on their activity, habitat use, and diel cycles are limited, despite this being crucial information for management and control. By means of ultrasonic telemetry we investigated depth use and activity of Common Carp in a small reservoir with a very low water residence time on the main stem of the Ebro River, the largest river by discharge in the Iberian Peninsula, over a 19‐month period. The activity of carp and their use of depth displayed low seasonality compared with abiotic factors. However, carp exhibited diel vertical migration patterns, mostly in the warm season, shifting from deep positions near the reservoir bottom during the night (with decreased activity) to shallow waters during the day. This pattern included extensive use of hypoxic waters (<1.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen) and occurred largely at night. Activity and habitat use also varied among individuals and were significantly related to water flow; carp were less active and used shallower water during increased flows. The individual variability, the behavioral adaptation to refuge from high floods flows, and the extraordinary resistance to hypoxic waters might help explain why Common Carp is one of the most successful invasive freshwater fish species.
Dynamics of Endangered Eastern Cape Breton Atlantic Salmon Populations
Authors: Gibson A. Jamie F. , Bowlby Heather D. , Levy Alex L.
Published: April 2015

The eastern Cape Breton (ECB) designable unit (DU) of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar comprises populations in 46 or more rivers in the eastern portion of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. In 2010, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada classified the ECB DU as endangered. In support of recovery planning processes, we developed an integrated, statistical, life history-based model for evaluating the dynamics of populations belonging to this DU. Using maximum likelihood, the model was fitted to recreational fishery catch and effort data, fish counts by divers, intermittent mark–recapture data, and sparse age composition data for two populations in the DU. The model output included estimates of maximum lifetime reproductive rate (αˆ) and equilibrium population size—parameters that are important for determining extinction risk. The αˆ for the Middle River population (2.82 spawners/spawner) was double that of the Baddeck River population (1.39 spawners/spawner). These αˆ values would be considered low for Atlantic Salmon populations in general but are higher than those of populations in a neighboring endangered DU to the south. Slightly negative trends in recruitment deviates may indicate declining productivity in the two ECB populations; based on equilibrium analyses, neither population is expected to achieve the proposed recovery targets without an increase in productivity, survival, or both. Atlantic Salmon populations and habitat characteristics in ECB exhibit considerable diversity. Therefore, the dynamics of the Middle River and Baddeck River populations are unlikely to be representative of all populations in the ECB DU. Based on recent trends in recreational fishery catches, these two populations are likely among the healthier populations within the DU.

Received July 8, 2014; accepted December 17, 2014
Diasporas in the GCC states: fertile grounds for research
Authors: Ahmed Khawlah
Published: April 2015

“Immigrant” or “diasporic” communities have been, and continue to be, a source of interest and sometimes concern on the social, academic, and political levels. When talking about immigration, relocation, or movement of individuals from one country to another, one automatically thinks of individuals moving from poor, underdeveloped countries, such as some of those found in the Middle East and North Africa, to the developed industrialized nations of the West. In today’s globalized world, relocation has become the dominant trend and the developed western countries are no longer the only major destinations to immigrate to. We now see a trend of relocation of individuals, even from the West, moving to the Middle East, particularly to the oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries that are gaining a foothold in the world arena. Many individuals from around the globe are making this part of the world a second home. In these countries the expatriates, many of whom have been living here for decades, make up the majority of the population. They are a dynamic force whose experiences, perceptions, and voices, are to a great extent, missing in today’s academic scholarship. This paper looks at the changing concept of what is known as diaspora, the presence of diasporas in the GCC states, and calls for research that examines the wealth of experiences and insights of the members of these diasporic communities.
Власть, историографическое сообщество и социальная память о депортации: опыт преодоления прошлого в балкарской и карачаевской историографии
Authors: РАХАЕВ ДЖ. Я.
Published: April 2015

В статье, посвященной опыту конструирования «официальной памяти» о Второй мировой войне и депортации в северокавказской историографии делается вывод о том, что в пространстве советской идентичности поиск компромисса в интерпретации сложных и трагических эпизодов совместной истории практически невозможен. Показано, что позитивная программа формирования национальной идентичности может быть запущена лишь при условии совместного переосмысления травмирующего прошлого XX века политическими элитами и историографическим сообществом.
Chronology January – September 2014
Authors: Bilderling Sophie Shihab
Published: April 2015

This chronology of events in the North and South Caucasus has been compiled based mainly on Reuters (www.reuters.com/news/world), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (www.rferl.org), Caucasian Knot (www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru) and the Jamestown Foundation (www.jamestown.org).
Normalization of relative and incomplete temporal expressions in clinical narratives
Authors: Sun Weiyi , Rumshisky Anna , Uzuner Ozlem
Published: April 2015

Objective To improve the normalization of relative and incomplete temporal expressions (RI-TIMEXes) in clinical narratives.

Methods We analyzed the RI-TIMEXes in temporally annotated corpora and propose two hypotheses regarding the normalization of RI-TIMEXes in the clinical narrative domain: the anchor point hypothesis and the anchor relation hypothesis. We annotated the RI-TIMEXes in three corpora to study the characteristics of RI-TMEXes in different domains. This informed the design of our RI-TIMEX normalization system for the clinical domain, which consists of an anchor point classifier, an anchor relation classifier, and a rule-based RI-TIMEX text span parser. We experimented with different feature sets and performed an error analysis for each system component.

Results The annotation confirmed the hypotheses that we can simplify the RI-TIMEXes normalization task using two multi-label classifiers. Our system achieves anchor point classification, anchor relation classification, and rule-based parsing accuracy of 74.68%, 87.71%, and 57.2% (82.09% under relaxed matching criteria), respectively, on the held-out test set of the 2012 i2b2 temporal relation challenge.

Discussion Experiments with feature sets reveal some interesting findings, such as: the verbal tense feature does not inform the anchor relation classification in clinical narratives as much as the tokens near the RI-TIMEX. Error analysis showed that underrepresented anchor point and anchor relation classes are difficult to detect.

Conclusions We formulate the RI-TIMEX normalization problem as a pair of multi-label classification problems. Considering only RI-TIMEX extraction and normalization, the system achieves statistically significant improvement over the RI-TIMEX results of the best systems in the 2012 i2b2 challenge.
An Evolutionary Framework for Understanding Coercion and Aggression
Authors: Dishion Thomas J.
Published: April 2015

This chapter proposes an evolutionary framework for understanding the link between social exclusion and deep marginalization in the development of aggression and violence. It argues that (1) the evolution of language in the primate lineage provides unique capabilities for forming social groups and communities and also defining and signaling exclusion, marginalization, and social rejection; and (2) exclusion and marginalization in humans have historically been salient predictors of mortality and are evocative of self-organization into deviant social groups. The life history perspective offers a macrolevel explanation of the developmental cascade from early childhood defiance to more serious antisocial behavior and violence. An evolutionary framework also provides perspective about which interventions are most likely to be effective at specific points in development and which are potentially limited in effectiveness, or worse, iatrogenic.
Parental Depression and the Development of Coercion in Early Childhood
Authors: Reuben Julia , Shaw Daniel S.
Published: April 2015

One of the driving theories of the development of child antisocial behavior is Patterson’s model of parent-child coercion. Although Patterson hypothesized that coercive processes are established beginning in early childhood, few studies have sought to understand its developmental precursors in early childhood. Even fewer studies have attempted to examine factors that might compromise parenting quality and lead to coercive parent-child interactions during early childhood. One factor repeatedly shown to compromise parenting quality is parental depression. As such, this chapter focuses on how depression among mothers and alternative caregivers, including fathers, is associated with the early onset of coercive family dynamics. The results of the current study have implications for understanding the genesis of coercive processes and for the design of early prevention programs, affirming the importance of including maternal depression in our prevention models.
Agency
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: April 2015

This chapter traces key developments in feminist thought on agency through an underlying tension between the descriptive and normative senses of the term. Feminist theories of agency as relational autonomy displace problematic ideas of sovereignty yet remain entangled in a problematic prescriptivism about the different ways women choose to lead their lives. This adjudicative agenda is overcome in feminist theories of agency as resistance that are grounded in less prescriptive ideas of emancipatory action as subversion from within. These, in turn, are subject to the criticism that resistance is a peculiarly Western preoccupation that leads to the ethnocentric discounting of other types of active agency where women in nonsecular societies create meaningful identities for themselves within, not against, the dominant cultural norms. The chapter goes on to consider how some theorists have sought to bypass the normative dilemmas that accompany the cross-cultural analysis of agency.
Affect
Authors: Liljeström Marianne
Published: April 2015

During the last few decades, feminist affect studies have enunciated challenging epistemological and ontological questions based on numerous discussions and readings of affect as emotive intensities, intuitive reactions, and life forces. Affect has created a space for rethinking theoretical issues that range from the dualisms between body and mind to the critique of identity politics and critical reading. This theorizing has underlined the sensual qualities of being and the capacity to experience and understand the world in profoundly relational and productive ways. This chapter presents examples of the wide spectrum of contemporary feminist affect studies. It discusses the notion of “affective turn,” concentrating on the way it has been seen as a reaction and a challenge to alleged limitations of poststructuralism and deconstruction; describes definitions of affect; explores understandings of the linkages between epistemology and ontology, and offers some reflections on the feminist politics of affects.
Recovery and the Work–Family Interface
Authors: Sonnentag Sabine , Unger Dana , Rothe Elisabeth
Published: April 2015

Recovery after work is essential in order to stay energetic when facing work demands. This chapter discusses how unwinding and restoration processes after work relate to experiences at the work–family interface. Empirical studies have shown that specific activities (e.g., sport and exercise) and experiences (e.g., psychological detachment from work during nonwork time) are important to achieve recovery. Boundary management strategies at the work–family interface (e.g., a preference for segmentation) predict recovery experiences. Moreover, recovery experiences moderate the relationship between work–family conflict (particularly family-to-work conflict) and strain outcomes. This chapter presents directions for future research and highlights practical implications by describing what individuals, families, and organizations can do in order to foster recovery processes.
A Review of Methodological and Measurement Approaches to the Study of Work and Family
Authors: Lapierre Laurent M. , McMullan Alicia D.
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides a review of research methods reported in work–family (WF) articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2013. Methodological issues addressed include sampling (sampling methods, identification of target and source populations, response rate, and comparison of sample to source population), research designs (time horizon, laboratory vs. field setting, and level of control), data collection methods, levels of analysis, use of multiple data sources, triangulation, and the use of objective outcome measures. When possible, statistical comparisons were made between the results of this review and those reported in an earlier review by Casper, Eby, Bordeaux, Lockwood, and Lambert (2007). Results show that multiwave as well as qualitative research designs have been used more frequently since the period reviewed by Casper and colleagues. Still, there is room for improvement in the methodological rigor with which WF research is undertaken. In particular, WF scholars are encouraged to give more attention to sampling-related considerations, and to more strongly consider the use of experimental research designs, data/measurement triangulation, and the collection of data beyond the individual level of analysis.
Racial Discrimination in Organizations
Authors: Avery Derek R. , Volpone Sabrina D. , Holmes Oscar
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides a current comprehensive understanding of racial discrimination in organizations. It begins by reviewing relevant theory that explains why racial discrimination occurs and how it is manifested through prejudice, stereotyping, and aversive racism. This includes macro (e.g., sociological) and micro (e.g., social psychological) perspectives that have helped guide the existent and continuing research on the topic. This discussion is followed by a review of research on the various targets of racial discrimination (i.e., Blacks, Asians, American Indians, Native Hawaiians, Whites, and Hispanics). Subsequently, the chapter considers types of racial discrimination by comparing overt, traditional forms of racial discrimination (i.e., formal) with covert, current forms (i.e., interpersonal).
Motivational Models of Substance Use
Authors: Cooper M. Lynne , Kuntsche Emmanuel , Levitt Ash , Barber Lindsay L. , Wolf Scott
Published: April 2015

This chapter uses Cox and Klinger’s motivational model of alcohol use as a framework for reviewing research on motives for using alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. Results of this review provide strong support for key premises underpinning this model in the alcohol literature, including that people drink alcohol to manage internal feeling states and to obtain valued social outcomes. Importantly, these motives may provide a final common pathway to alcohol use through which the influences of more distal variables are mediated. The research literature on motives for marijuana use revealed important similarities in the nature of motives underlying use and in the unique patterns of use and use-related consequences associated with specific motives. Research on tobacco use motives showed few similarities, with tobacco use being more habitual, automatic, and largely motivated by withdrawal cues, at least among more experienced and dependent users.
Numbers Count
Authors: Dowrick Nick
Published: April 2015

Young children who find mathematics very difficult are likely to encounter profound problems later on. Previous small-scale studies have indicated that early intervention can help them, but have provided insubstantial evidence. This chapter discusses the key features of a new mathematics intervention in England, Numbers Count, and analyzes the findings of a large-scale impact study of 8000 low-achieving 6- and 7-year-old children. After an average of 43 half-hour, one-to-one lessons in 3 months, their number age test scores had risen by 14 months with an effect size of .85. Their attitudes towards learning mathematics also improved substantially, with an effect size of .7. Children made strong progress irrespective of their background characteristics. It is suggested that the success of the intervention was due to its design, to its teachers’ professional development program, and to rigorous quality assurance. Subsequent changes are discussed.
Thoughts on Development
Authors: Bourguignon François
Published: April 2015

A “corpus of knowledge” about the mechanisms of development has been accumulated over decades, and shows an extraordinary variability in its mechanisms in space and time, in the constraints under which they work, and in the policies to be implemented to foster the process of change. This chapter attempts an evaluation of this knowledge by revisiting the great debates of development economics in the light of the theoretical and empirical elements at our disposal today and very much with reference to the case of sub-Saharan Africa. First, it outlines the way this knowledge has progressed over the course of time. Second, it examines the role that the international development community and particularly the developed countries can play in the development of the poorest countries. Finally, it discusses the remaining challenges of development in sub-Saharan Africa, where it seems that world poverty will increasingly be concentrated in the coming decades.
Africa’s Urbanization
Authors: Freire M. , Lall S. , Leipziger D.
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines Africa’s urbanization and the challenges and opportunities it presents, with emphasis on what it will take to make African cities efficient, sustainable, and inclusive. Using economic geography as an organizing framework, it proposes policies that not only support agglomeration benefits but also manage congestion costs. The discussion begins by sketching key elements of African urbanization (heterogeneity, income levels, capital investment, etc.) followed by a review of recent literature on urban growth models and how they apply to Africa’s urbanization process. It then considers what should be done to encourage efficient and inclusive African cities, while taking into account the diversity of countries as well as the continent’s geographical and social division.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Salinas Felipe , Boop Frederick A. , Wheless James W. , Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: April 2015

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to study cortical function by applying localized magnetic fields in a noninvasive manner. This chapter reviews the basic principles of TMS, including the stimulator unit, coils, and the interaction of TMS-induced electric field with the cortex. The advantages of TMS over invasive brain mapping techniques are highlighted. Improvements in the spatial accuracy of TMS are described in the context of image-guided TMS. Types of responses induced by motor cortex stimulation and their utility in mapping normal and diseased motor cortex are discussed. Language mapping with TMS takes advantage of the TMS-induced transient disruption of function, also termed “virtual lesion.” The authors provide examples of successful application of TMS in presurgical mapping of the motor and language areas in the brain. Emerging applications of TMS in the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders and safety of TMS are also discussed.
Shifting Biblical Parables
Authors: Seesengood Robert Paul
Published: April 2015

This chapter examines parables in both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. A review of the history of parable interpretation reveals how many complex issues surround even the identification, let alone the interpretation, of biblical parables. This essay briefly examines some modern readings of very popular biblical parables, noting how as scholars change or “shift” their methodologies, operating assumptions, or narrative focus, the central themes or “meaning” of the parable they are reading shifts, as well. Parables are deceptively complex narratives, and reading biblical parables involves a creative engagement with their complexity. Sifting through the questions and problems raised by biblical parables, and the shifting interpretive assumptions and interests as a result, creates awareness of the array what parables might “mean.” In the end, the meaning of a parable lies in the process of interpretation itself—in the affectual component of a parable—and transcends simple articulation.
Narrative Technique in the Book of Revelation
Authors: Barr David L.
Published: April 2015

The book of Revelation is neither a guide to the end of the world nor a handbook of theology. It is a narrative in which John recounts what happened to him on Patmos, describes what he saw and heard when he ascended into the sky/heaven, and recounts the cosmic conflict between the forces of good and evil—an ultimate Holy War. It is thus a complicated narrative, recounting both John’s actions (what happened to him) and the actions he recounts in the stories he tells (what he saw and heard). He functions as both the narrator and as a character in the story. This article explores various techniques used to tell the story, including its genre, structure and plot, temporal and spatial distortions, narrative performance and characterizations, and narrative rhetoric.
The Commanding Faces of Biblical Stories
Authors: Phillips Gary A.
Published: April 2015

This chapter describes a variety of self-identified ethical-critical readings of biblical narrative. The essay situates narrative ethics in relation to the “turn to ethics” traversing literary, philosophical, and biblical studies. Narrative ethics is seen as a multidisciplinary critical and creative response to contested assumptions about the nature of self, society, and ethical responsibility and the urgent need to assess the ethical impact biblical narratives and their readings have on readers. Biblical readings are discussed in terms of their philosophical, ethical, and rhetorical influences, in particular the Aristotelian virtue ethics and phenomenological/hermeneutical traditions. The contributions of Wayne Booth, Paul Ricoeur, and Emmanuel Levinas’s are traced. The chapter concludes with a narrative-ethical reading of Luke 10:38–42 using Levinas’s notions of the “face” and “excessive responsibility” to demonstrate ethical engagement with a problematic text and its commentators.
Spatial Patterns of Ergot and Quantification of Sclerotia in Perennial Ryegrass Seed Fields in Eastern Oregon
Authors: Dung Jeremiah K. S. , Alderman Stephen C. , Walenta Darrin L. , Hamm Philip B.
Published: April 2015

Ergot, caused by Claviceps purpurea, is a major disease of perennial ryegrass grown for seed in eastern Oregon. The objective of this research was to quantify and describe the spatial patterns of ergot severity in each of three 50-ha commercial fields of perennial ryegrass grown for seed in 2012 and 2013. In total, 1,433 and 1,405 quadrats were sampled among the three fields in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and the percentage of quadrats with ergot ranged from 59 to 90%. The mean incidence of infected seed heads in each quadrat ranged between 13 and 29%, while mean severity in each quadrat ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 sclerotia per seed head. Significant autocorrelation and clustering were observed in all three fields in both years, as indicated by Moran’s I and spatial analysis by distance indices of aggregation. The mean number of ergot sclerotia collected from each field after harvest ranged between 4 and 15 sclerotia m−2 in 2012 and 18 and 119 sclerotia m−2 in 2013. Sclerotia left in perennial fields after harvest are a significant source of inoculum that should be targeted for control. This is the first study to quantify spatial patterns of ergot in perennial ryegrass and provides insights into possible mechanisms that contribute to ergot etiology and epidemiology.
Wheat and Barley Susceptibility and Tolerance to Multiple Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus
Authors: Lehnhoff Erik , Miller Zachariah , Menalled Fabian , Ito Dai , Burrows Mary
Published: April 2015

One of the greatest virus disease threats to wheat production in the Great Plains of the USA is Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Breeding programs have developed wheat varieties that are resistant or tolerant to WSMV infection, but these characteristics are climate dependent, and may also vary by WSMV isolate. We tested 10 spring and nine winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and two barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties for resistance and tolerance to one WSMV isolate over four years. In spring wheat and barley, there were year by cultivar interactions in terms of resistance and tolerance. However, in winter wheat, yield losses due to WSMV were relatively consistent across years and varieties. Additionally, we tested the impacts of three WSMV isolates individually and in a mixture on twelve, two, and twelve varieties of spring wheat, barley, and winter wheat, respectively. Resistance and tolerance varied by isolate and cultivar, but there were no isolate by cultivar interactions. For spring wheat and barley, yield impacts were greater for two of the three single isolates than for the isolate mixture, whereas in winter wheat, the isolate mixture caused greater yield losses than the individual isolates. Overall, the results indicate that resistance and tolerance phenotypes were influenced by environmental conditions and by WSMV isolate or combination of isolates, suggesting that cultivar screening should be conducted over multiple years and with multiple virus isolates.
A Survey on Occurrence of Cladosporium fulvum Identifies Race 0 and Race 2 in Tomato-Growing Areas of Argentina
Authors: Medina Rocío , López Silvina M. Y. , Franco Mario E. E. , Rollan Cristina , Ronco Blanca L. , Saparrat Mario C. N. , De Wit Pierre J. G. M. , Balatti Pedro A.
Published: April 2015

The presence of Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva), causal agent of tomato leaf mold, was confirmed in the two main greenhouse-production areas for tomato in Argentina. Using both morphological characters and internal transcribed spacer sequencing, we confirmed the presence of physiological races of this pathogen. A diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also developed, using primers derived from C. fulvum avirulence (Avr) genes. In all, 20 isolates of Cladosporium spp. were obtained as monospore cultures and 12 were identified as C. fulvum. By this method, we showed that, of these 12 isolates, 5 were race 0 (carrying functional Avr2, Avr4, Avr4E, and Avr9 genes) and 7 were race 2 (lacking the Avr2 gene). Race identity was confirmed by testing their virulence on a set of tomato differentials carrying different Cf resistance genes. All Avr genes could be amplified in single or multiplex PCR using DNA isolated from in vitro grown monospore cultures but only three Avr could be amplified when genomic DNA was isolated from C. fulvum-infected necrotic leaf tissue.
Barberry Does Not Function as an Alternate Host for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U. S. Pacific Northwest Due to Teliospore Degradation and Barberry Phenology
Authors: Wang M. N. , Chen X. M.
Published: April 2015

Sexual reproduction of the stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), on barberry (Berberis vulgaris) has been shown to provide initial inoculum for the development of the disease on wheat and barley and also generate diverse races of the pathogen. However, in our previous study, the stripe rust pathogen, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), was not found on barberry in the U. S. Pacific Northwest. To determine why Pgt is able to infect the alternate host, while Pst cannot under the natural conditions, the viabilities of teliospores of both Pgt and Pst were investigated from 2011 to 2014 by determining the germination rates using telial samples collected periodically from wheat fields. Teliospores of Pst usually produced in July were physically degraded during winter, and their germination rate decreased from 50 to 90% in August to less than 1% in the following March and no germination after May. In contrast, Pgt teliospores usually produced in July and August remained physically intact and physiologically dormant, and could not germinate until February. Germination of Pgt teliospores gradually increased to 90% in May, at which time young leaves of barberry were susceptible to infection. In addition, a time-series experiment was conducted for inoculation of barberry plants with Pst teliospores. The results showed that Pst teliospores need a minimum of 32 h continual dew-forming conditions to infect barberry, and infection reaches a peak after incubation of inoculated plants for 88 h. The lack of a prolonged period of leaf wetness conditions during the season of telial maturity effectively negates Pst infection of barberry plants in the Pacific Northwest.
Eighteen New Candidate Effectors of the Phytonematode Heterodera glycines Produced Specifically in the Secretory Esophageal Gland Cells During Parasitism
Authors: Noon Jason B. , Hewezi Tarek , Maier Thomas R. , Simmons Carl , Wei Jun-Zhi , Wu Gusui , Llaca Victor , Deschamps Stéphane , Davis Eric L. , Mitchum Melissa G. , Hussey Richard S. , Baum Thomas J.
Published: April 2015

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the number one pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). This nematode infects soybean roots and forms an elaborate feeding site in the vascular cylinder. H. glycines produces an arsenal of effector proteins in the secretory esophageal gland cells. More than 60 H. glycines candidate effectors were identified in previous gland-cell-mining projects. However, it is likely that additional candidate effectors remained unidentified. With the goal of identifying remaining H. glycines candidate effectors, we constructed and sequenced a large gland cell cDNA library resulting in 11,814 expressed sequence tags. After bioinformatic filtering for candidate effectors using a number of criteria, in situ hybridizations were performed in H. glycines whole-mount specimens to identify candidate effectors whose mRNA exclusively accumulated in the esophageal gland cells, which is a hallmark of many nematode effectors. This approach resulted in the identification of 18 new H. glycines esophageal gland-cell-specific candidate effectors. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were pioneers without similarities to known proteins while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism process.
Molecular Mapping of YrSP and Its Relationship with Other Genes for Stripe Rust Resistance in Wheat Chromosome 2BL
Authors: Feng J. Y. , Wang M. N. , Chen X. M. , See D. R. , Zheng Y. L. , Chao S. M. , Wan A. M.
Published: April 2015

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease of wheat worldwide. Resistance is the best way to control the disease. YrSP, a gene originally from ‘Spaldings Prolific’ wheat and providing resistance to a broad spectrum of races, is used for differentiating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races but its chromosomal location is not clear. To map YrSP, a near-isogenic line (AvSYrSPNIL) was backcrossed to the recurrent parent, Avocet S. Genetic analysis of the BC7F1, BC8, BC7F2, and BC7F3 progenies confirmed a single dominant gene for resistance. In total, 182 BC7F2 plants and their derived BC7F3 lines were phenotyped with an avirulent P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race and genotyped with simple-sequence repeat (SSR), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. A linkage map was constructed with 3 SSR, 17 SNP, and 3 STS markers covering 23.3 centimorgans (cM). Markers IWA638 and dp269 were 0.6 cM proximal and 1.5 cM distal, respectively, to YrSP. The gene was mapped in chromosome bin 2BL-C-0.5, physically within the proximal 50% of the chromosome 2BL arm. Allelism tests based on F2 phenotypes indicated that YrSP is closely linked to but not allelic with genes Yr5, Yr7, Yr43, Yr44, and Yr53. Infection type data from tests with 10 historical and currently predominant P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in the United States also demonstrated differences in specificity between YrSP and the other genes. The specificity of YrSP is useful in differentiating P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races and studying the plant–pathogen interactions, and the information of chromosomal location of the gene and its tightly linked markers should be useful in developing resistant cultivars when combined with other genes for resistance to stripe rust.
Association Mapping of Seedling Resistance to Spot Form Net Blotch in a Worldwide Collection of Barley
Authors: Tamang Prabin , Neupane Anjan , Mamidi Sujan , Friesen Timothy , Brueggeman Robert
Published: April 2015

Spot form net blotch (SFNB), caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, is an important foliar disease of barley in major production regions around the world. Deployment of adequate host resistance is challenging because the virulence of P. teres f. maculata is highly variable and characterized minor-effect resistances are typically ineffective against the diverse pathogen populations. A world barley core collection consisting of 2,062 barley accessions of diverse origin and genotype were phenotyped at the seedling stage with four P. teres f. maculata isolates collected from the United States (FGO), New Zealand (NZKF2), Australia (SG1), and Denmark (DEN 2.6). Of the 2,062 barley accessions phenotyped, 1,480 were genotyped with the Illumina barley iSelect chip and passed the quality controls with 5,954 polymorphic markers used for further association mapping analysis. Genome-wide association mapping was utilized to identify and map resistance loci from the seedling disease response data and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker data. The best among six different regression models was identified for each isolate and association analysis was performed separately for each. A total of 138 significant (−log10P value > 3.0) marker-trait associations (MTA) were detected. Using a 5 cM cutoff, a total of 10, 8, 13, and 10 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with SFNB resistance were identified for the FGO, SG1, NZKF2, and DEN 2.6 isolates, respectively. Loci containing from 1 to 34 MTA were identified on all seven barley chromosomes with one locus at 66 to 69 cM on chromosome 2H common to all four isolates. Six distinct loci were identified by the association mapping (AM) analysis that corresponded to previously characterized SFNB resistance QTL identified by biparental population analysis (QRpt4, QRpt6, Rpt4, Rpt6, Rpt7, and a QTL on 4H that was not given a provisional gene or QTL nomenclature). The 21 putative novel loci identified may represent a broad spectrum of resistance and or susceptibility loci. This is the first comprehensive AM study to characterize SFNB resistance loci underlying broad populations of the barley host and P. teres f. maculata pathogen.
Quantitative Analysis of Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus in Sogatella furcifera and Virus Threshold for Transmission
Authors: Matsukura Keiichiro , Towata Tomomi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Sakai Junichi , Okuda Mitsuru , Onuki Masatoshi , Matsumura Masaya
Published: April 2015

We investigated Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) accumulation in a vector insect, the whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), to elucidate the association of virus accumulation in the vector with virus transmission efficiency. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that this virus is transmitted in a persistent-propagative manner. SRBSDV was successfully transmitted by S. furcifera males in which RNA accumulation of the capsid protein gene of SRBSDV was >103 in the whole body of S. furcifera, indicating that the threshold accumulation of the virus RNA for virus transmission is 103 in an S. furcifera male. The SRBSDV detection rate in the immigrant population of S. furcifera was high in 2011 (39.5%); however, most of the insects contained fewer than 103 RNAs of the capsid protein gene. This result indicates that the risk of SRBSDV epidemics could be estimated from the proportion of virus-transmissible S. furcifera (i.e., S. furcifera that contained more than 103 RNAs of the virus capsid protein gene) rather than the SRBSDV detection rate in S. furcifera.
Rmg7, a New Gene for Resistance to Triticum Isolates of Pyricularia oryzae Identified in Tetraploid Wheat
Authors: Tagle Analiza Grubanzo , Chuma Izumi , Tosa Yukio
Published: April 2015

A single gene for resistance, designated Rmg7 (Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea 7), was identified in a tetraploid wheat accession, St24 (Triticum dicoccum, KU120), against Br48, a Triticum isolate of Pyricularia oryzae. Two other wheat accessions, St17 (T. dicoccum, KU112) and St25 (T. dicoccum, KU122), were also resistant against Br48 and showed a similar disease reaction pattern to St24. Crosses between these resistant accessions yielded no susceptible F2 seedlings, suggesting that St24, St17, and St25 carry the same resistance gene. Furthermore, a single avirulence gene corresponding to Rmg7 was detected in a segregation analysis of random F1 progenies between Br48 and MZ5-1-6, an Eleusine isolate virulent to St24 at a higher temperature. This avirulence gene was recognized not only by St24, but also by St17 and St25, thus supporting the preceding results indicating that all three accessions carry Rmg7. This resistance gene may have potential in future wheat breeding programs.
Implications of the behavioural immune system for social behaviour and human health in the modern world
Authors: Schaller Mark , Murray Damian R. , Bangerter Adrian
Published: April 2015

The ‘behavioural immune system’ is composed of mechanisms that evolved as a means of facilitating behaviours that minimized infection risk and enhanced fitness. Recent empirical research on human populations suggests that these mechanisms have unique consequences for many aspects of human sociality—including sexual attitudes, gregariousness, xenophobia, conformity to majority opinion and conservative sociopolitical attitudes. Throughout much of human evolutionary history, these consequences may have had beneficial health implications; but health implications in modern human societies remain unclear. This article summarizes pertinent ways in which modern human societies are similar to and different from the ecologies within which the behavioural immune system evolved. By attending to these similarities and differences, we identify a set of plausible implications—both positive and negative—that the behavioural immune system may have on health outcomes in contemporary human contexts. We discuss both individual-level infection risk and population-level epidemiological outcomes. We also discuss a variety of additional implications, including compliance with public health policies, the adoption of novel therapeutic interventions and actual immunological functioning. Research on the behavioural immune system, and its implications in contemporary human societies, can provide unique insights into relationships between fitness, sociality and health.
Brown spider monkeys (
Ateles hybridus
): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics
Authors: Rimbach Rebecca , Bisanzio Donal , Galvis Nelson , Link Andrés , Di Fiore Anthony , Gillespie Thomas R.
Published: April 2015

Elevated risk of disease transmission is considered a major cost of sociality, although empirical evidence supporting this idea remains scant. Variation in spatial cohesion and the occurrence of social interactions may have profound implications for patterns of interindividual parasite transmission. We used a social network approach to shed light on the importance of different aspects of group-living (i.e. within-group associations versus physical contact) on patterns of parasitism in a neotropical primate, the brown spider monkey (
Ateles hybridus
), which exhibits a high degree of fission–fusion subgrouping. We used daily subgroup composition records to create a ‘proximity’ network, and built a separate ‘contact’ network using social interactions involving physical contact. In the proximity network, connectivity between individuals was homogeneous, whereas the contact network highlighted high between-individual variation in the extent to which animals had physical contact with others, which correlated with an individual's age and sex. The gastrointestinal parasite species richness of highly connected individuals was greater than that of less connected individuals in the contact network, but not in the proximity network. Our findings suggest that among brown spider monkeys, physical contact impacts the spread of several common parasites and supports the idea that pathogen transmission is one cost associated with social contact.
Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Schoof Valérie A. M. , Bonnell Tyler R. , Gogarten Jan F. , Calmé Sophie
Published: April 2015

Despite strong links between sociality and fitness that ultimately affect the size of animal populations, the particular social and ecological factors that lead to endangerment are not well understood. Here, we synthesize approximately 25 years of data and present new analyses that highlight dynamics in forest composition, food availability, the nutritional quality of food, disease, physiological stress and population size of endangered folivorous red colobus monkeys (
Procolobus rufomitratus
). There is a decline in the quality of leaves 15 and 30 years following two previous studies in an undisturbed area of forest. The consumption of a low-quality diet in one month was associated with higher glucocorticoid levels in the subsequent month and stress levels in groups living in degraded forest fragments where diet was poor was more than twice those in forest groups. In contrast, forest composition has changed and when red colobus food availability was weighted by the protein-to-fibre ratio, which we have shown positively predicts folivore biomass, there was an increase in the availability of high-quality trees. Despite these changing social and ecological factors, the abundance of red colobus has remained stable, possibly through a combination of increasing group size and behavioural flexibility.