bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effluent disposal and the physical environment
Authors: Curran J. C.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

A review is given of some of the hydrodynamic features of the Clyde Estuary and examples are used to emphasise their relevance to an understanding of the effect of pollution on water quality. Computer modelling of the estuary and its role in pollution management are briefly described.

Reference is made to the oceanographic survey methods regularly employed in the Firth of Clyde and examples provided of the results and their application to pollution studies. The potential for computer modelling of coastal waters is stressed.
Trace metals in water and suspended particulates—a synopsis
Authors: Balls P. W.
Published: June 2019

Recent publications reporting dissolved trace metal data have highlighted the susceptibility of such determinations to contamination during sampling and analysis. Results from recent surveys using stringent anti-contamination procedures have suggested that much of the earlier data has been affected by contamination. New surveys are desirable, therefore, particularly in areas which are known to receive considerable burdens of trace metal pollution.
The benthos of the deeper sediments of the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference to organic enrichment
Authors: Pearson T. H. , Ansell A. D. , Robb L.
Published: June 2019

Synopis

A general survey of the biomass of the benthic infauna of the Clyde Sea Area and the distribution and abundance of the dominant species throughout the area, based on data from surveys undertaken in 1972 and 1974, is described. Recent surveys of the distribution of species along a well-defined gradient of organic enrichment on the Garroch Head sewage sludge disposal grounds in the central Firth of Clyde are used comparatively to suggest that benthic populations in the inner sea lochs, Kilbrannan Sound and in areas along the Ayrshire coast are markedly enriched. It is suggested that this enrichment may be caused by a general eutrophication of the Clyde Sea Area enhancing the effects of localised carbon inputs from urban areas.
Mud-burrowing megafauna of the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Atkinson R. J. A.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

Underwater television, remote photography and SCUBA diving have revealed that Clyde Sea Area sublittoral muds are extensively bioturbated by megafaunal species that construct conspicuous burrows. These species arc mainly decapod crustaceans and fish, each with a characteristic burrow configuration and optimum horizon for excavation. Burrow structures have been revealed by resin casting and densities and distributions have been studied using camera and SCUBA techniques. Burrowing behaviour has been investigated by field and laboratory studies, while physiological studies of some species have shown respiratory adaptations to the burrowing mode of life. Megafaunal burrowing appears to be an important determinant of benthic community structure.
Trace metals in the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) in the Clyde Estuary
Authors: Miller Brian S.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The Clyde Estuary receives a relatively high pollutant load derived from the domestic and industrial wastes of half of Scotland's population. In order to monitor contaminant concentrations throughout the area, the Clyde River Purification Board (CRPB) initiated in 1980 an extensive ‘mussel-watch’ programme, having selected the common mussel as the most suitable indicator organism.

This 1980 survey served not only to identify shores with elevated trace metal concentrations and those which were relatively unpolluted, but also to assess changes in overall contamination of the area in comparison with previous surveys.

Following the success of the 1980 survey it has been gradually extended over the years, both in the number and geographical spread of sites visited, and in the substrates and determinands measured, as the CRPB's monitoring requirements have changed.

The 1984 CRPB ‘mussel-watch’ survey involved the collection of over 1200 mussels at twenty-four sites throughout the Firth of Clyde (Fig. 1), with subsequent determination of concentrations of the trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, and of other toxic, persistent substances such as organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues.

Attention is focussed here on trace metal body burdens for Clyde mussels collected during the 1984survey.
Origin and Early History of Mollusks
Authors: Runnegar Bruce
Published: June 2019

Fossil mollusks are common and conspicuous objects in shallow marine strata of Ordovician and younger ages, and so the broad features of the post-Cambrian history of the Mollusca have been known for many years. However, as all but one of the eight classes of the Mollusca had evolved by the beginning of the Ordovician, it is obvious that the pre-Ordovician history of the Mollusca holds the key to an understanding of the primary radiation of the phylum. It was with this view in mind, that John Pojeta, Jr. and I began our joint studies of Cambrian mollusks some 13 years ago.
Molluscan Development
Authors: Jablonski David
Published: June 2019

Early ontogeny is still the least well-known part of the molluscan life cycle, despite its unarguable significance in ecology, biogeography, and evolution. The past decade has seen an acceleration in biological research on molluscan embryonic and larval development, and paleontologists have recently begun to explore this field as well. Although the very earliest phases of ontogeny are inaccessible to the paleontologist, a remarkable amount of information can be derived from the preserved details of larval shell morphology. The fossil record thus affords rich opportunities to study directly the development of extinct species, both from a phylogenetic standpoint and for tracing the evolutionary and biogeographic effects of these early stages in life history. Access to long-extinct clades and an ability to document rates and patterns of evolution allow paleontologists to test hypotheses that can be addressed only indirectly using Recent data. Here I will emphasize these paleontological aspects of molluscan development (see also Jablonski and Lutz, 1983); for the more strictly biological aspects of reproduction and embryology, see Giese and Pearse (1977, 1979), Verdonk et al. (1983) and Tompa et al. (1984).
Gastropod Morphology and Function
Authors: Hickman Carole S.
Published: June 2019

The Class Gastropoda is one of the most morphologically and functionally diverse groups of living organisms. The diversity is even greater when major morphological (and implied functional) departures are added in from the more than 500 million years of fossil record of the group. There are a number of good basic illustrated accounts of the comparative morphology of the shell, external and internal anatomy, and radula (see especially Cox, 1960; Fretter and Graham, 1962; Hyman, 1967). There are no corresponding accounts of function. Accounts of gastropod ecology, behavior, and life habits are traditionally treated separately and outside of the morphological framework. As a result, the terminology and classification systems developed to describe gastropod form are separate from those dealing with gastropod function.
The effect of composition of concentrate on the voluntary intake of silage and milk output
Authors: Thomas C. , Aston K. , Bass J. , Daley S.R. , Hughes P.M.
Published: June 2019

Earlier work at this institute with calves indicated that a concentrate containing a mixture of fibre and fat allowed higher voluntary intakes than a concentrate containing barley. The objective of the current trial was to compare the immediate and residual effects on milk yield and composition of supplements containing starch or a mixture of fibre and fat.

Primary growths of perennial ryegrass were cut on 22 May and 12 June and wilted for 24 h prior to ensiling. The earlier cut material was preserved with an additive containing a mixture of formic acid, sulphuric acid and formalin at 4 l/t, whilst the later cut herbage was ensiled with formic acid at 3 l/t. A 60:40 mixture of the two silages was offered ad_ libitum with 2 pelleted supplements. Supplement Ba was a mixture of (DM basis) rolled barley (932 g/kg) and fishmeal (68 g/kg). Supplement SBP/FF consisted of unmolassed beet pulp (555 g/kg), extracted rice bran (315 g/kg), fat prills (56 g/kg) and soya bean meal (75 g/kg). Sources of protein differed in an attempt to balance RDP:UDP supply. The factorial combination of the two supplements (Ba and SBP/FF) given at two levels, 6 kg DM (L) or 12 kg DM (H), provided the 4 treatments imposed over weeks 3 to 10 of lactation on 40 British Friesian cows. During weeks 12 to 20 of lactation (Post experiment period) the cows were given an equal mixture of the two concentrates at 9 kg DM/day. Milk output was adjusted by covariance according to yield in week 2 of lactation.
Use of fish heal to reduce compound feed usage in high yielding dairy herds
Authors: Pike I.H. , Miller E.L. , Clark M.
Published: June 2019

Compound feeds are frequently used at a fixed rate of 0.36kg to 0.40kg/kg milk produced, in addition to forage and other home-grown feeds. Such linear scales take no account of the curvilinear response of milk yield to concentrate feed intake, nor of the substitution effect of concentrate feed upon forage intake. In high-yielding herds, the use of fixed rate scales can result in the provision of concentrate feeds in excess of 10kg/d. An experiment was designed to evaluate whether milk yields could be maintained while reducing concentrate feed intake, and therefore placing greater reliance on forage intake, and including sugar-beet pulp as a source of highly digestible but non-starchy concentrate, and fish meal as a source of high quality undegraded dietary protein
A 2-Year compapison of in-parlour and out-of-parlour concentrate feeding on the production and health of dairy cows
Authors: Treacher R. J. , Little W. , Reid I. M.
Published: June 2019

Dairy cows mobilise fat during early lactation to meet the energy deficit produced by increasing milk yield and reduced appetite. This can result in the deposition of fat in liver, kidney, muscle and other tissues. This “fatty liver syndrome” is associated with reduced fertility and an increased susceptibility to metabolic and infectious disease. Attempts to prevent the development of fatty liver are aimed at reducing fat mobilisation by: 1) calving cows in lean condition, thus increasing appetite and 2) by encouraging high feed intakes immediately after calving by the provision of feed of high energy density on a little and often basis. A useful system in this context might be out-of-parlour concentrate dispensers
The Effect of Growth Rate on Fat Partitioning in Crossbred Ewe Lambs
Authors: Butler-Hogg B.W. , Johnsson I.D.
Published: June 2019

The generally accepted view is that, in sheep and cattle, plane of nutrition (as indicated by growth rate) can influence body composition; the higher the rate of gain the greater the fatness at a particular live or carcass weight. However, exceptions to this view can be found which demonstrate that the effective protein: energy ratio of the diet can exert a considerable influence on the composition of live weight gain. Unfortunately most studies which have considered the effects of growth rate on composition (either directly or as a consequence of some treatment which resulted in different growth rates) have described their animals in terms of chemically determined protein, fat, ash and water. To assess the potential economic impact of different growth rates on body composition and the distribution of fat throughout the body requires dissection data, describing the animal in terms of lean, bone and individual fat depots. In this experiment the dissected composition of 44 Hampshire Down x Mule ewe lambs was determined in animals which had followed planned growth paths involving periods of high (H) and low (L) growth.
Prediction of the Growth and Composition of Beef Cattle
Authors: Baldwin B.L. , Oltjen J.W. , Bywater A.C. , Thomson D.J.
Published: June 2019

A dynamic model of beef cattle growth and composition was developed based upon concepts validated in detailed modelling analyses of the growth of individual organs. Concepts that cell number (DNA) and cell size are primary determinants of organ (animal) size are included. Initial body weight (BW) and composition (percentage body fat), mature body weight, feed intake and feed net energy values for maintenance (NEM) and growth (NEG) are inputs to the model. Alternative inputs descriptive of feed can be metabolizable energy (ME) concentration and efficiencies of ME use for maintenance and fattening. Current body DNA and protein content and ME intake are primary determinants of rates of protein accretion. Net synthesis of body fat is calculated after accounting costs of maintenance and protein synthesis. Rate constants defining DNA synthesis, and protein degradation and synthesis, and effects of feed additives and implants upon these were deduced using data from comparative slaughter (energy balance) trials with over 1,000 cattle (mainly Hereford) fed mixed diets. No systematic errors in prediction of body weight or composition due to mature body weight, ration or feed intake (FI) were evident within this data set.
Effect of Level of Feeding in the Calf Stage on the Lifetime Performance of Friesian Steers
Authors: Harte F.J. , Fallon R.J. , Clancy M.J.
Published: June 2019

The price difference between milk products and concentrates is resulting in less milk/milk products being fed to calves in the rearing stage. It may be that lower milk intakes at least in some systems of calf rearing are resulting in low performance in early life which in turn could be affecting lifetime performance of animals, particularly those kept for beef production.
Computer controlled identification and feeding of group housed sows
Authors: Edwards S.A. , Armsby A.W. , Large J.W.
Published: June 2019

Present Welfare Codes recommend systems of dry sow housing which do not involve close confinement. The ‘Pig-code’ system permits automatic individual rationing of group housed sows without the necessity for individual feeding stalls.

The computer controlled feed station has a gating system enabling it to be used by two separately housed groups of sows. On entering, each sow is identified by its collar mounted responder and given any feed remaining from the preset amount for that time period.
The effect of feeding frequency on the behaviour patterns of group-housed dry Sows using an electronic sow-activated feeder
Authors: Lambert R.J. , Ellis M. , Rowlinson P.
Published: June 2019

Pig husbandry systems in current use do not equally meet the physiological and behavioural needs of the animals. The aim of the study is to further develop on alternative system of housing/ feeding dry sows, in keeping with the Animal Welfare Codes. The system adopted allows sows housed in groups,individual use of an automatic concentrate dispenser which can be programmed to each sow'individual requirements. Two different feeding frequencies were adopted for the same daily feed allowance: 1 feed/day and 4 feeds/day (ie.1 feed/6 hours). Four groups of six sows in mid-pregnancy were placed on each regime for three weeks. During each trial the animals’ behaviour was observed on seven days, between 0700-1100 GMT, this having been previously established to be a period of high behavioural activity for sows on a number of different systems. Behavioural activity was recorded continuously for each sow with 29 various activities being noted. The behavioural activity associated with the feeder was observed over 24 hours for two further groups of six sows, on the 10th day after establishing the groups.
The role of ‘boar-component’ stimuli in courtship and copulatory behaviour in pigs
Authors: Hughes P. E. , Hemsworth P. H. , Hansen C.
Published: June 2019

Courtship behaviour in pigs has been extensively studied in recent years, and it is now clear that boar-originating cues are important in eliciting both proceptive and receptive behaviour in the female. What is less clearly understood is the pattern of development of the ‘boar-component’ stimuli in the young male. There are suggestions in the literature that both olfactory and auditory cues may be sub-optimal or even absent in the early post-pubertal boar, these possibly influencing his stimulatory value and hence mating efficiency. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the stimulatory value of young boars and to relate this to their mating performance.
On-farm identification of the optimum time for mating in pigs
Authors: Hooper P.N. , Walters J.R. , Gray J.
Published: June 2019

The most important factor affecting the overall efficiency and profitability of pig production is the accurate timing of insemination in the breeding herd. Low conception rates and litter sizes result from pigs inseminated during the ‘incorrect’ period of oestrus in relation to ovulation. The average time at which ovulation takes place is between 38 and 42 hours after the onset of oestrus (Du Mesnil du Buisson, Mauleon, Locatelli and Mariana, 1970) with highest fertility achieved for matings carried out approximately 12 hours prior to ovulation (Dziuk, 1970). The back pressure test in the presence of a boar is generally used to indicate oestrus but does not indicate the time of onset or the stage of oestrus.
The effect of organic acid inclusion in diets on the growth performance of early weaned piglets
Authors: Henry R. W. , Pickard D. W. , Hughes P. E.
Published: June 2019

The incorporation of various organic acids into diets fed to weaned, growing pigs has been shown to improve growth performance. This research has concentrated on the response of pigs in the 5-110 kg liveweight range. The aim of the present study was to examine the response of piglets weaned at 10 days of age (approximately 3 kg live weight) to the inclusion of either 3% citric acid or 1.5% fumaric acid in their diet. A second trial was performed to elucidate the effect on diet palatability of including these organic acid additives.

Trial One: This involved 162 Large White x (Large White x Landrace) piglets which were weaned at 10 days of age. Following weaning, piglets were penned in litter-mate groups (2 groups/treatment) and allocated to one of three dietary treatments. The diets contained either 3% citric acid (CA), 1.5% fumaric acid (FA) or no additional organic acid (NA) , and were fed ad libitum in a pelleted form. The trial period extended from weaning for a period of 25 days. Piglets were weighed at weaning and at the completion of the period, water was available ad libitum.
A comparison of two types of fish meal as protein supplements for finishing British Friesian steers given grass silage ad libitum
Authors: Kirby P S , Outhwaite J R , Jones T O
Published: June 2019

Fish meal supplementation of grass silage diets has increased the daily live-weight gain of growing beef cattle. However, the live weight advantage at turnout has generally been negated after a period of compensatory growth at grass. Hence, protein supplementation may be economically advantageous with cattle being finished out of yards. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effect of feeding two types of fish meal on the performance of dairy-bred cattle during the finishing winter of an eighteen-month beef system.
Supplementation of a diet of straw with starch or fishmeal; effects on the degradability and rate of outflow of straw from the rumen
Authors: Williams P. E. V. , Innes G. M. , Moor P.J.
Published: June 2019

Treatment of straw with alkali; sodium hydroxide or ammonia, can improve both its dry matter digestibility and the amount of straw that cattle will consume. Such improvements allow straw to be used to a greater extent compared with untreated straw in rations for cattle. Several recent reports have identified however that when straw is incorporated in a ration with rapidly fermentable sources of energy, conditions in the rumen unfavourable for the bacterial degradation of straw are generated by the rapidly fermentable material, particularly at high levels of feeding. Such conditions result in inefficient utilization of the straw. It was suggested however (Williams 1984) that low level supplementation using starch, of diets high in fibre would result in an increase in intake of the roughage but that the digestibility of the material would be unaffected. The trials reported here were designed to determine whether low level supplementation of a diet of straw with either fishmeal or starch affected the degradability of fibre or the rate at which undegraded material passed out of the rumen.
The effect of feeding protected Methionine on the milk yield and fertility of Friesian dairy cows
Authors: Drew Bridget , Foulkes J A , Altman Jill F B
Published: June 2019

The results of studies undertaken outside the United Kingdom suggest that the inclusion of 50 g of 30% protected DL Methionine (Ketionin) into the ration of conventionally fed dairy cows improves feed utilisation, milk yield, fertility and health. For instance (Spørndly (1981) in Sweden measured the weight of cows during the experimental period and found that the weight loss in the control group was twice that of the cows that received Ketionin. In West Germany a significant increase in milk of 2.0 kg per day was obtained by Kaufmann and Hagemeister (1980) and similar results were reported by Kuther (1982). Stoikov (1978) in studies on 673 cows in Bulgaria showed an improvement in calving rate from 37% in the control group to 55% in the treated group and Daugaard (1978) working in Denmark reported that the inclusion of Ketionin reduced the incidence of Ketosis.
The use of indigestible acid detergent fibre as a digestibility marker for dairy cows fed ad libitum grass silage with three concentrate levels
Authors: Dodsworth E.A. , Phipps R.H. , Bines J.A.
Published: June 2019

Estimates of organic matter digestibility derived from the concentration of indigestible acid detergent fibre CIADF) in the diet and the faeces compared favourably with in vivo values when a variety of forages was fed to wether sheep (Penning and Johnson, 19B3). The purpose of this trial was to evaluate IADF as an internal marker to estimate dry matter digestibility (DMD) of lactating dairy heifers fed ad libitum grass silage with one of three levels of concentrate supplementation.
Effect of Level of Inclusion of Antigen-Fee Soya Protein Concentrate in a Whey-Based Milk Substitute for Calves
Authors: Stobo I J F , Ganderton P , Perfitt M W
Published: June 2019

The objectives of the experiment were:

1.

To assess the suitability of antigen-free soya protein concentrate (SPC) and whey products as major ingredients and the sole protein source in milk substitute diets for calves.

2.

To compare the effects of inclusion rates of 0, 350 and 700 g protein from SPC/kg dietary protein.

3.

To investigate the suitability of introducing these diets to calves at 2 or at 16 days of age.

A fat-filled whey based milk substitute (diet WP1) was compared with similar diets in which SPC provided 350 g/kg protein (diet SK1J or 700 g/kg protein (diet SK2). Thirty-six Friesian bull calves were given one of these three diets reconstituted in water (1 powder:6 water w/w), offered at 38°C by bucket to appetite in two feeds daily, either at 2 days of age or after a 14-day period in which they were given a skim-based milk substitute (diet WP4).
Plasma FSH, LH, prolactin and progesterone profiles in Cheviot ewes on high and low intakes prior to mating
Authors: Rhind S.M. , Doney J.M. , Gunn R.G.
Published: June 2019

Ovulation rate and lambing rate of Cheviot ewes are improved by both increased body condition and premating food intake. The aim of this work was to investigate the endocrine mechanisms by which one of these factors, intake, could influence reproductive performance.

Two similar groups of 20 ewes were fed differentially to achieve condition scores of either 2.0 or 2.5 by 4 weeks before mating in November. Low condition animals were then fed ad libitum and achieved a mean condition score of 2.3 and mean liveweight of 58 kg at mating. The remainder were offered a maintenance ration and had a mean condition score of 2.5 and mean liveweight of 55 kg at mating. Blood samples were collected at 20 minute intervals for 10 h approximately 7 days before mating and for 5 h on each of the 3 days immediately prior to the anticipated day of oestrus.
The effect of Tracerglass-L on the copper, cobalt and selenium status of lambs
Authors: Telfer S. B. , Carlos G. M. , Zervas G.
Published: June 2019

Tracerglass is a phosphate-based glass which dissolves in an aqueous environment at a slow and steady rate in proportion to the surface area of the glass (Telfer, Zervas & Knott, 1983). Tracerglass contains the trace elements copper, cobalt and selenium as part of the glass structure and therefore as the glass dissolves these trace elements are released into the aqueous environment. When placed in the reticulo-rumen of a ruminant by means of the normal balling gun method the Tracer-glass will dissolve, release the elements into the reticulo-rumen and thus make these elements available for utilisation by the rumen microbes and the animal itself. The Tracerglass-L form is a tapered bullet of average diameter 14 mm, length 40 mm and weight of 18 g which has been produced for use in lambs from 6 to 8 weeks pf. age. The Tracerglass-L dissolves at a rate that will maintain its effectiveness in lambs for up to 6 months while the adult sheep and cattle Tracerglasses will last for 12 months.
Barriers to lean meat production: Farmers’ views
Authors: Fallows Stephen J , Verner Wheelock J
Published: June 2019

There are strong links between diet and health. Dietary recommendations have been formulated by many organisations aiming to improve the population's health. One recommendation with wide support is “Eat less fat.” In the British diet fat is supplied by a range of foods; for some there Is consumer resistance to a reduction In fat, but for meat there is a (coincidental) rejection of fat for reasons of palatability. Consumer demand is for lean meat. This consumer choice ought to be advantageous to meat producers since fat production generally requires a greater feed input. However, evidence from the abattoir reveals that many animals have excessive fat cover. It was decided to solicit the views of farmers on questions relating to the issue of lean rather than fatty meat.

Comments were invited by way of an open letter published widely in the farming press early in 1983.
Partial weaning. The growth of smaller piglets remaining on the sow following the earlier weaning of larger litter mates, relative to equivalent piglets in control litters.
Authors: English P. R. , Bampton P. R. , MacPherson O. , Birnie M. , Bark L. J. , Foxcroft G. R.
Published: June 2019

With progressive reduction in piglet mortality and increase in the number of piglets reared for litter over recent years, there has been interest in weaning the larger piglets in large litters several days prior to the planned final weaning date in an attempt to improve the growth rate and size of the smaller piglets prior to weaning. Such prior removal of larger piglets before their smaller litter mates are weaned is termed ‘partial’ or ‘split’ weaning’ and this practice was evaluated in a controlled experiment in terms of the liveweight gain to weaning of the smaller piglets within the litter.
Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats
Authors: Wahed R.A. , Owen E.
Published: June 2019

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.

The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).
Studies on botanical proportions and nutritive value of varieties of cereal straws and the ability of sheep to select the botanical part with the greatest value
Authors: Shand W. , Shehata O. , Ørskov E.R. , Morrice A.F.
Published: June 2019

Recent work has shown a great variability in the nutritive value of different cereal straws. Tuah et al (1986) examined a number of cereal varieties including barley, oats, wheat and triticale. Ramanzin et al. (1986) examined the extent to which these effects could be explained by differences in leaf:stem ratio and that the nutritive value of leaves were far greater value than straw.
Botanical composition chemical analysis and cellulase solubility of rice straw from different varieties
Authors: Bainton S J , Plumb V E , Drake M D , Juliano B O , B S Capper
Published: June 2019

Investigations carried out by the Tropical Development and Research Institute (TDRI) in association with the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria, have shown relationships between the physical characteristics of barley and the nutritive value of its straw. The objectives of the work reported here were to examine rice straw and study the relationships between morphological characteristics (height, harvest index, days to maturity), the proportions of botanical components, chemical constituents and nutritive value of the straw as measured by in vitro cellulase solubility. In addition, environmental effects on some of these characteristics were studied by examining inter-plant variations.
The role of magnesium in the aetiology of urolithiasis in fattening store lambs and intensively reared lambs
Authors: Harker Alan , Cuddeford Derek
Published: June 2019

High dietary levels of magnesium (> 2 g/kg DM) have been implicated as the main causal factor of urinary calculi in concentrated-fed lambs. Two experiments were performed to test this belief.

Three pelleted Diets A, B and C, contained magnesium in- the following concentrations, A 2.9; B 8.6 ; C 2.9 g/kg DM. Calcined Magnesite was used as the source of extra magnesium in Diet B.

Diets A and B were each fed to twenty four Blackface lambs and the control group of 160 lambs was fed Diet C and ad lib hay. Details of diets and estimated mineral intakes are shown in tables 1 and 2.
Digestion of sugar beet pulp in young growing pigs and implications for the value of fermented energy
Authors: Zhu J.Q. , Fowler V.R.
Published: June 2019

There is considerable concern about the true net energy value that should be assigned to apparently digested energy in diets where a substantial proportion of the substrates are fermented in the gut. Experiments involving both digestibility and growth trials were undertaken to compare the growth supporting properties of apparently digested energy, arising either from fermentation or enzymic hydrolysis. Dried unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) and maize starch (MS) were used as models for fermentation and enzymic hydrolysis respectively.

In the first phase, sixty estimates of digestibility were made with 10 female and 20 castrated male growing pigs. There were five diets, a control (C), and two concentrations of maize starch (100 and 200 g/kg) and two of sugar beet pulp (150 and 300 g/kg). The composition and chemical analysis of the five diets are presented in Table 1 . The pigs were housed in metabolic cages during the trials and female pigs had catheters in the urinary bladder. Collections were made over 10 days following a 7-day preliminary period. In the growth studies, 40 pigs (20 female and 20 male castrates) were allocated randomly to the same five diets.
Observations on carcass and meat quality in duroc, landrace and duroc x landrace pigs
Authors: Wood J D , Kempster A J , David P J , Bovey M
Published: June 2019

There has been much recent interest 1n the Duroc as a possible ‘third breed’ in the UK. In particular, claims have been made that meat obtained from Durocs has high eating quality because of raised levels of intramuscular (marbling) fat. In practice, the Duroc 1s likely to be used 1n crosses involving the ‘white’ breeds. Therefore, in this study, carcass and meat quality were examined 1n Duroc, Landrace and Duroc x Landrace pigs produced contemporaneously.

Twenty-one entire males from each of the breed types were used. Landrace pigs were from a long-established Nucleus population of British Landrace. The Durocs were from a selected Nucleus line, originally established from an importation from Canada 1n 1968, expanded and improved by subsequent North American importations and then extensively upgraded by frozen semen from the USA over the period 1980-85 using a wide range of sires. The D x L progeny were produced alongside the purebreds in the Nucleus. All pigs were fed ad libitum on a ration containing 13.8 MJ DE, 200g crude protein and lOg lysine per kg and slaughtered at approximately 80 kg live weight at the IFR abattoir following a standard pre-slaughter procedure.
An assessment of a novel feed hopper with water available within the through for finishing pigs
Authors: Patterson D. C.
Published: June 2019

In previous experiments in this series, giving dry meal through a hopper with ad libitum feeding resulted in a poorer carcass feed conversion ratio than giving meal as porridge in a conventional trough (D. C. Patterson, unpublished data). In a further experiment a novel feed hopper was assessed with meal feeding. This hopper was designed to give a form of wet feeding and had nipple drinkers positioned within the trough so that pigs could not drink directly from the nipples, instead water was spilled directly onto the meal in the bottom of the trough. No other water was available to pigs on this treatment.
The ‘Hymn to Zeus,’ ΠAΘEI MAΘOΣ, and the End of the Parodos of ‘Agamemnon’
Authors: Clinton Kevin
Published: June 2019

The expression πάθει μάθο (177) and the final words of the parodos (τόδ’. ἕϱϰς) pose problems that have not been solved. At first sight they seem unrelated, but I think they are related through the ‘Hymn to Zeus.’ I also think that we can better understand the way the chorus are using πάθει μάθος by looking at the context of the ‘Hymn to Zeus' and at its structure as a prayer. And since the ending of the parodos echoes several sentiments in the ‘Hymn to Zeus,’ a more exact understanding of the ‘Hymn’ should allow us to try a new approach to understanding the meaning of the end of the parodos.
Hippocrates Latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages (V)
Authors: Kibre Pearl
Published: June 2019

In the following pages the Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, begun in Traditio 31 (1975) 99–126 and continued in succeeding issues, resumes with a number of tracts which, though for the most part spurious, circulated under Hippocrates' name. Included are the so-called XX. Epistolae (communications regarding various aspects of medicine or medical history dating from before the ninth century to the fifteenth century), and the brief tracts entitled XXI. Epitomum, XXII. De Equis, XXIII. Experimenta, XXIV De Farmaciis, XXV De Febribus, XXVI. De Flatibus, XXVII. Gynaecia, XXVIII. De Herbis, and XXIX. De Humoribus. The number and variety of these texts provide ample evidence for the continued reverence for the noted physician of Cos.
Count Gerald of Aurillac and Feudalism in South Central France in the Early Tenth Century
Authors: Lewis Archibald R.
Published: June 2019

An important source, available to the historian, which helps explain the nature of the society of South Central France in the late ninth and early tenth century is the Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac, written by Abbot Odo of Cluny. It is important for a number of reasons. In the first place, it was written during a period when French royal capitularies reflect a kingly authority restricted to an area north of the Loire and thus are unable to throw much light on conditions in the Midi. In the second place, when it was composed local narrative chronicles seem no longer to have been written south of the Loire, while those still being penned north of it, like Flodoard's Annals, seem to contain little information concerning this part of France. In short, the Life of St. Gerald of Aurillac fills an important gap in our information between the narrative found in the Annales Bertiniani, composed by Hincmar of Rheims, who seems well informed on events taking place in the Midi, and that found in the early eleventh-century chronicle of Ademar of Chabannes.
The Codicil of Cardinal Comes of Casate and the Libraries of Thirteenth-Century Cardinals
Authors: Mather Richard
Published: June 2019

Cardinal Comes of Casate, one of six cardinals who died in the papal vacancy-following the death of Honorius IV in 1287, added a codicil to his will in Rome as the summer pestilence was raging. This document, edited below, adds another example to an isolated first cluster of such cardinals' wills, codicils, and death inventories. The inventory of the estate of Cardinal Geoffrey of Alatri, deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro (died before 31 May 1287), and the wills or codicils of Cardinals Comes, priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro (died after 19 July 1287), Hugh of Evesham, priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (died before 18 August 1287), Bentivenga dei Bentivenghi, bishop of Albano (died after 25 March 1289), Peter Peregrosso of Milan, successor to the cardinal title of Geoffrey of Alatri (died between 15 and 28 July 1295), and Thomas of Ocra, priest of S. Cecilia (died between 23 May and 4 June 1300), are a remarkable group, not only because they cover a span of only fourteen years, but because they either contain an impressive list of books or refer to a substantial, uninventoried private library.
Godfrey of Fontaines and the Real Distinction between Essence and Existence
Authors: Wippel John F.
Published: June 2019

If a definitive history of the controversy during the final decades of the thirteenth century regarding the real distinction between essence and existence still remains to be written, an exposition of the views expressed by Godfrey of Fontaines on this point may provide one more step in this direction. It seems probable that Godfrey had studied in Paris during Thomas' final years there (1269-1272) and that he may have studied under Henry of Ghent as well as under Siger of Brabant. He lectured as Master of theology at Paris for some thirteen years (1285-1297), and again around 1303-1304, when he composed his fifteenth Quodlibetal Question. Giles of Rome had also studied at Paris under Thomas (1269-1272) and served there as Bachelor in theology (1276-1277), and later as Master in theology (1285-1291). Henry of Ghent had taught at Paris around 1271 (apparently on the faculty of Arts) and later, beginning in 1276, on the faculty of Theology. Between 1276 and 1292 he delivered the courses which resulted in his Summa and in his Quaestiones Quodlibetales. Because Godfrey was familiar with the work of Thomas Aquinas (in Q[uodlibet] 2 q.3 one finds an almost verbatim reproduction of a section of Thomas' De aeternitate mundi), because he witnessed the famed debate on the real distinction between Henry of Ghent and Giles of Rome, and because his work was well known to Duns Scotus, clarification of his own position should be of historical interest. In addition, it is to be hoped that such a study will show that his views are distinctive enough to merit investigation for their own sake.
The Oldest Text of the ‘Constitutum Constantini’
Authors: Williams Schafer
Published: June 2019

In a century of steady expansion of medieval studies, interest in the Donation of Constantine (more correctly Constitutum Constantini) has waxed and waned. At this point, scholarly judgment has settled on a number of positions which may be said to be canonized or have passed into an opinio communis of medievalists. This body of received data has been sifted most recently by Wolfgang Gericke, who, after judicious summary of the important preceeding literature, has invited us to consider a new thesis to explain the genesis and development of this most contentious document.
AU Vietnam, et Ailleurs...en 1950, et Auparavant...
Authors: Febvre Lucien
Published: June 2019

Nous nous reprocherions de ne pas inviter nos lecteurs à lire, en historiens, le remarquable article que PAUL MUS a publié dans Esprit en mars 1952, sur «La route vietnamienne». Il part de remarques en apparence fragmentaires, mais qui permettent de mesurer, de façon saisissante, l'étendue de cet abîme d'incompréhension qui, tout naturellement et sans que ni l'un ni l'autre des deux interlocuteurs ne s'en aperçoive réellement, sépare du paysan vietnamien le Français de Saïgon ou d'Hanoi, transporté avec toutes ses idées et tous ses préjugés en terre d'Asie.
The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Brakman Sarah-Vaughan
Published: June 2019

The principles of the best interest of children and subsidiarity constitute the conceptual foundation of the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (HCIA). Subsidiarity in the HCIA dictates a priority for domestic adoption placements for children over intercountry adoption. This article argues against subsidiarity on two fronts. First, the analysis shows that the in-principle priority of domestic adoption cannot be justified on the basis of either heritage rights or state sovereignty. Second, the principle of subsidiarity in the HCIA is a procedural principle, one that stipulates the political/geographical location of the placement of children through a priority ordering. This does not comport with the principle of subsidiarity as it has been conceptualized in ethics and social philosophy, which gives normative structure to the process of decision-making by stipulating the proper level for decisional authority. Subsidiarity in this original sense holds that decisions regarding child welfare should be made at the lowest level possible, by those most affected by the decisions, unless doing so would not be the most suited to protecting and promoting the best interests of children. Appealing to subsidiarity in this theoretical version reveals at least two significant problems with HCIA placement policy and leads to the conclusion that subsidiarity in the HCIA must be formally revised as a structural principle of ethics that will not support the general priority of domestic adoption.
‘That rather sinful city of London’: the coal miner, the city and the country in the British cultural imagination, c. 1969–2014
Authors: Arnold Jörg
Published: June 2019

The article proceeds from the observation that in the contemporary British cultural imagination, the figure of the coal miner tends to be presented as the embodiment of anti-urban and organicist qualities that in continental Europe are more commonly associated with the peasantry. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Raymond Williams, the article traces the genealogy of this ‘structure of feeling’ back to the time of the miners’ strike of 1984/85 and further back in the 1970s. It argues that the ‘ruralized’ miner was one imaginary in a complex power struggle over the ‘real’ identity of miners that was waged between the industry and the state, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and the National Coal Board (NCB), and, crucially, inside the NUM itself. ‘Ruralization’ was most vigorously promoted by union militants who sought to displace an alternative vision, championed jointly by the Coal Board and union moderates, which had situated miners firmly at the heart of industrial modernity. It was only in the wake of the defeat of the miners in the 1984/85 strike, and during the subsequent cultural reworking of this strike, that this structure finally gained dominance.
Genetic diversity and sustainable management of animal genetic resources, globally
Authors: Fimland E.
Published: June 2019

General trends of development imply an increasing uniformity of animal genetic resources, caused by the loss of endangered breeds and increased inbreeding within commercial breeding populations. The implications of these trends point to a reduction in the genetic diversity of the animal genetic resources, which may reduce possibilities for utilization in the future, while at the same time a dramatic change in environmental production conditions can be observed. In order to change this developmental trend, sustainable management of animal genetic resources must be promoted globally. The fundamental issues for such sustainable management are illustrated by the principles given in the Convention on Biological Diversity. In order to accomplish sustainable management of these resources, the following actions must be taken:

• The development of policies to promote national and global responsibility for maintaining genetic diversity, which will not be addressed within this paper

• The development of knowledge as a fundamental concept to impose sustainable management principles on these animal genetic resources. This will be dealt with in this paper. A more complete description of these features can be found in Woolliams et al, 2005 in (Sustainable Management of Animal Genetic Resources).
Stratification and Oxygen Isotopes in the Paleozoic: Is Paleotermometry in Hot Water?
Authors: Allison Peter A. , Ford Rupert , Corfield Richard
Published: June 2019

The oxygen isotope method is probably the most widely used proxy of paleotemperature determination in the fossil record. The relationship as first proposed by Urey (1947) suggests that the ratio of18O to16O in the calcitic shells of fossils is proportional to temperature. This was subsequently confirmed by empirical studies (Epstein et al, 1951, Emiliani, 1954; 1955). However, Shackleton (1967), suggested on the basis of co-variance of benthonic and planktonic foraminifera, that the δ18O composition of seawater varied only as a function of glacial ice growth and decay. However, more recent studies have shown that there is still a residual temperature component in the δ18O variability of deep waters.
Darwinism, Creationism, and Intelligent Design
Authors: Numbers Ronald L.
Published: June 2019

The publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's epoch-making book On the Origin of Species touched off a national debate that continues to divide American society. Scarcely a week passes without some evolution-related story appearing in the news: religious leaders declaring the scientific legitimacy of biological evolution, politicians expressing their belief in divine creation, local school boards wrangling over the teaching of origins, professors being ordered to refrain from questioning evolution in the classroom, state legislatures debating whether to fire teachers who present evolution as a fact, biology textbooks carrying disclaimers denying the factual basis of evolution, scientists claiming that they have discovered evidence of Intelligent Design in the natural world, and public-opinion polls showing that nearly half of all Americans believe in the recent special creation of the first humans.
Creation Science Logic and Rhetoric, and Some Responses
Authors: Schwimmer David R.
Published: June 2019

“Creation Science” is a philosophical hydra that seems to strike at a wide range of ideas and data accepted by nearly all professional biologists, paleontologists, geologists, and astronomers. “Creation Science” (here, simply, Creationism) holds views of natural processes that are so diametrically opposed to those of orthodox science, one would assume both views could not coexist in a rational world. And yet, overwhelming numbers of Americans accept much of the Creationist position, and unknown numbers accept at least some of its tenets (such as the uniqueness of humans, as distinct from “animals”).