The first days in the life of naïve human B-lymphocytes infected with Epstein-Barr virus
Authors: Pich Dagmar , Mrozek-Gorska Paulina , Bouvet Mickaël , Sugimoto Atsuko , Akidil Ezgi , Grundhoff Adam , Hamperl Stephan , Ling Paul D. , Hammerschmidt Wolfgang 
Published: June 2019

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects and activates resting human B-lymphocytes, reprograms them, induces their proliferation, and establishes a latent infection in them. In established EBV-infected cell lines many viral latent genes are expressed. Their roles in supporting the continuous proliferation of EBV-infected B cellsin vitroare known, but their functions in the early, pre-latent phase of infection have not been investigated systematically. In studies during the first eight days of infection using derivatives of EBV with mutations in single genes of EBVs we found only EBNA2 to be essential for activating naïve human B-lymphocytes, inducing their growth in cell volume, driving them into rapid cell divisions, and preventing cell death in a subset of infected cells. EBNA-LP, LMP2A and the viral microRNAs have supportive, auxiliary functions, but mutants of LMP1, EBNA3A, EBNA3C, and the noncoding EBER RNAs had no discernable phenotype compared with wild-type EBV. B cells infected with a double mutant of EBNA3A and 3C had an unexpected proliferative advantage and did not regulate the DNA damage response (DDR) of the infected host cell in the pre-latent phase. Even EBNA1 which has very critical long-term functions in maintaining and replicating the viral genomic DNA in established cell lines, was dispensable for the early activation of infected cells. Our findings document that the virus dose is a critical parameter and indicate that EBNA2 governs the infected cells initially and implements a strictly controlled temporal program independent of other viral latent genes. It thus appears that EBNA2 is sufficient to control all requirements for clonal cellular expansion and to reprogram human B-lymphocytes from energetically quiescent to activated cells.

Author summary

The preferred target of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are human resting B-lymphocytes. We found that their infection induces a well-coordinated, time-driven program that starts with a substantial increase in cell volume followed by cellular DNA synthesis after three days and subsequent rapid rounds of cell divisions on the next day accompanied by some DNA replication stress (DRS). Two to three days later the cells decelerate and turn into stably proliferating lymphoblast cell lines. With the aid of 16 different recombinant EBV strains we investigated the individual contributions of EBV’s multiple latent genes during early B-cell infection and found that many do not exert a detectable phenotype or contribute little to EBV’s pre-latent phase. The exception is EBNA2 that is essential in governing all aspects of B-cell reprogramming. EBV relies on EBNA2 to turn the infected B-lymphocytes into proliferating lymphoblasts preparing the infected host cell for the ensuing stable, latent phase of viral infection. In the early steps of B-cell reprogramming viral latent genes other than EBNA2 are dispensable but some, EBNA-LP for example, support the viral program and presumably stabilize the infected cells once viral latency is established.