bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Power of Pure and Doped AgBr
Authors: Patrick Lyle , Lawson A. W.
Published: April 2005

Measurements on the thermoelectric power of pure AgBr and AgBr doped with CdBr2 have been interpreted in the light of the kinetic theories of Wirtz and de Groot. The ratio of the mobility of the interstitial silver ions to that of the vacancies as determined by Teltow is reasonably consistent with the data reported here on thermoelectric power. Estimates are given for the heats of transport of the various species of moving imperfections. No evidence of a contribution by Schottky defects to the thermoelectric power is found.
Van Der Waal's Adsorption as a Determinant of Joshi Effect
Authors: Ramaiah N. A.
Published: April 2005

The significance as a determinant of Joshi effect Δi in H2O vapor of the predischarge adsorption consisting of an instantaneous uptake of molecules due to van der Waal's forces and slow process of sorption on Langmuir sites was investigated. Joshi effect corresponding to 15—20-percent reversible current suppression was detected with a predischarge interval = ½ min; it was not altered by increase of this last to 5 hr or favored by ``aging'' under discharge, which indicated that the instantaneous process, viz, van der Waal's adsorption, which was quite distinct from Langmuir sorption formed during the predischarge interval and/or under discharge, was the chief seat of Δi. It was suggested that under light, surface molecules dissociated into atoms and/or radicals which possessed large electron affinity, to increase the work function of the cathode and, therefore, to give Δi. Observation of Δi even with longer wavelengths than those corresponding to dissociation energy of H2O suggested that the adsorbed molecules possessed, prior to irradiation, certain energy h(vd—v) obtained by ionic bombardment under applied fields (vd is the frequency corresponding to dissociation energy of a molecule, and v is that employed for observing Δi).
Vibrational Spectra of Trifluoroethylene and Trifluoroethylene-d1
Authors: Mann D. E. , Acquista N. , Plyler Earle K.
Published: April 2005

The infrared spectra of gaseous F2C:CFH and F2C:CFD have been investigated in the range 2—50μ. Complete and satisfactory vibrational assignments have been achieved. The a′ fundamentals of the H compound are 3150, 1788, 1362, 1264, 1171, 929, 623, 485, 232; and the a″ modes occur at 750, 555, and 305 cm—1. The corresponding fundamentals for the heavy molecule are 2347, 1767, 1323, 1200, 983, 855, 620, 480, and 228 in a′, and 612, 528, and 291 cm—1 in species a″. Tables of the thermodynamic functions for the ideal gases are given.
Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Nickel Single Crystal Surfaces Using a Radiotracer Technique
Authors: Dillon J. A. , Farnsworth H. E.
Published: April 2005

The adsorption of CO2 (5.8 percent C14O2) on the (110) and (100) faces of a nickel single crystal has been studied, using an adsorption chamber containing a thin window Geiger counter. Maximum adsorption of CO2 takes place on adsorbed residual gas layers of optimum thickness rather than on the clean nickel surface. The CO2-nickel combination has a relatively low rate of adsorption (1.5×1011 molecules per minute for each face). The observed equilibrium adsorption values on the (110) and (100) faces were about equal after 54 hours of outgassing at 985°C. After 32 additional hours of heating at 1085°C, the adsorption on the (110) face was twice that on the (100) face. Possible thermal etching of the (110) face makes the reason for this difference uncertain. At equilibrium on the (110) face, the surface coverage is about 2 percent. The equilibrium adsorption on the (100) face decreases linearly by 80 percent as the temperature is increased from 30°C to 110°C.
Theory of the Spherical Diffusion Flame : The Effect of Atmosphere Depletion
Authors: Smith Felix T.
Published: April 2005

A major uncertainty in the interpretation of data from spherical diffusion flame methods of measuring reaction rates has lain in the difficulty of estimating the effect of depletion of the atmosphere reactant. It is known that the exact treatment of this problem, assuming spherical, purely diffusive flow, leads to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the second order. An analytical solution of this equation is presented in a form conveniently applicable to experimental data. The correction is shown to depend on a parameter which is usually small. The solution is applied to the method of temperature pattern measurements, and a modified method of calculating rate constants from experimental data is proposed. The correction to the reaction rate constants previously determined by this method is shown to be small. The use of a wider range of experimental variables than heretofore is made possible.
Inverse problem approach to precessional switching in perpendicular media
Authors: Mayergoyz I. , Dimian M. , Bertotti G. , Serpico C.
Published: April 2005

The “inverse problem” approach to the analysis of precessional switching of magnetization in perpendicular media is presented. This approach is purely algebraic in nature, and it leads to the direct calculations of expressions for magnetic-field pulses that guarantee the precessional switching. The effectiveness of the developed technique is illustrated by examples.
Time-dependent density-functional spin dynamics and its application for Fe and Ni
Authors: Antropov Vladimir
Published: April 2005

The main equations of time-dependent density-functional spin dynamics are analyzed. Their relation with phenomenological spin dynamics is discussed. The finite temperature calculations in local-density approximation are performed for ferromagnetic Fe and Ni. The strong magnetic short-range order has been found in Ni. The influence of this dynamical order on the observed physical properties of magnets is briefly discussed.
Magnetism and electronic transport in Sr4−xLaxRu2−xMnxO9: Interplay of Mn and Ru redox chemistry
Authors: Sundar Manoharan S. , Singh Brajendra , Driscoll Judith , Branford William , Cohen Lesley , Besmehn Astrid
Published: April 2005

Sr 4 Ru 2 O 9 has a P6¯2C space group and differs from the Ruddelsden–Popper series of the strontium ruthenate family where Ru is distinctly present in Ru+5 state with no Jahn–Teller activity. A significant increase in magnetic moment and coercivity is observed along with lowering of resistivity, especially around a critical concentration of x=0.2 in Sr4−xLaxRu2−xMnxO9. Such an unusual effect is correlated to the mixed magnetic pair effect arising out from the variable oxidation states of Ru as suggested by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies. Our results substantiate the long-range ferromagnetism observed for Ruthenium-substituted three-dimensional manganites.
X-ray resonant magnetic scattering and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism branching ratios, L3∕L2, for heavy rare earths
Authors: Lee Yongbin , Kim Jong-Woo , Goldman Alan I. , Harmon Bruce N.
Published: April 2005

In this study we have used first principles electronic structure methods to investigate the detailed contributions to the L3∕L2 branching ratio in the heavy rare earth elements. The calculations use the full potential, relativistic, linear augmented plane wave method with the LSDA+U approach for consideration of the local 4f electronic orbitals. With no spin orbit coupling (SOC) in the conducting bands, and with the same radial function for the 2p3∕2 and 2p1∕2 core states, the branching ratio (BR) is exactly 1:−1 for the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the ferromagnetic heavy rare earth metals. However, with full SOC the BR ranges from 1.5 to 6.0 in going from Gd to Er. The energy and spin dependence of the 5d radial functions are important. The results point to problems with modified atomic models which have been proposed to explain the BR. Recent x-ray resonant magentic scattering experiments on (Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm)Ni2Ge2 are discussed.
Electronic structures and magnetic properties of LaCo5, LaNi5, and LaCo3Ni2
Authors: Ito Tadaei , Ido Hideaki
Published: April 2005

Local spin magnetic moments of Co, Ni, and La atoms and their dependences on the crystal volume in the compounds LaCo5, LaNi5, and LaCo3Ni2 are calculated by two methods of the self-consistent linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) within the atomic sphere approximation and the full potential LMTO. The generalized gradient approximation is taken into account for the calculation of the crystal volume in the nonmagnetic state. Calculated results by these methods are compared to each other. It is found that there is no significant difference between the calculation results for the compounds LaCo5, LaNi5, and LaCo3Ni2 in this work and those for the compounds YCo5, YNi5, and YCo3Ni2 reported previously by other authors.
Ferrodistorsive orbital ordering in the layered nickelate NaNiO2: A density-functional study
Authors: Meskine H. , Satpathy S.
Published: April 2005

The electronic structure and magnetism in the sodium nickelate NaNiO2 in the low-temperature phase is studied from density-functional calculations using the linear muffin-tin orbitals method. An antiferromagnetic solution with a magnetic moment of 0.7μB per Ni ion is found. A ferrodistorsive orbital ordering is shown to occur due to the Jahn–Teller distortion around the Ni+3 ion in agreement with the orbital ordering inferred from neutron diffraction. While the intralayer exchange is ferromagnetic, the interlayer exchange is weakly antiferromagnetic, mediated by a long Ni–O–Na–O–Ni superexchange path.
Role of exchange interaction and spin-orbit coupling in magnetic domain walls in bulk and thin film Fe
Authors: Nakamura Kohji , Ito Tomonori , Freeman A. J.
Published: April 2005

We investigate magnetic domain wall structures in bulk Fe and a thin film Fe(110) monolayer with the first principles full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method including intra-atomic noncollinear magnetism. In the bulk case, the exchange interaction favors the slower variation of the magnetization and the wall width is determined by a competition between the exchange interaction and the magnetic anisotropy arising from the spin-orbit coupling (SOC)—as expected from phenomenological theory. In the thin film, however, the magnetization in the domain wall changes rapidly within a width of 8 Å. This narrow domain wall arises from the exchange interaction while the SOC favors the ferromagnetic state. Importantly, we find that the SOC effects give rise to not only the magnetic anisotropy but also to a breaking of the degeneracy of the Bloch and Néel walls, which plays a minor role in the bulk but a major role in the thin film.
Variation of the effective exchange parameter across 3d-transition-metal series
Authors: Olovsson W. , Abrikosov I. A.
Published: April 2005

The so-called effective exchange parameter J0 of the classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian for magnetic interactions is investigated as a function of volume and occupation of the valence band across 3d-transition-metal series in face-centered-cubic (fcc) metals, from Mn to Ni. We show that there exists a particular area in the volume-electron concentration phase space, where the effective exchange parameter behaves anomalously. The peculiarity, in combination with deviations of the electronic structure in real alloys from the rigid-band behavior, should lead to highly frustrated magnetic configurations that were predicted theoretically for the fcc Invar alloys.
Charge disproportionation transition under external magnetic field in La1∕3Sr2∕3FeO2.96
Authors: Yoon Sunghyun , Kim Chul Sung
Published: April 2005

The effects of magnetic field on the charge disproportionation (CD) transition for La1∕3Sr2∕3FeO2.96 above its transition temperature are investigated using the external field Mössbauer spectroscopy. Without an external magnetic field, a completely paramagnetic singlet was obtained in the temperature range of the averaged valence state above the transition temperature, which was interpreted as coming from the average valence Fe3.6+. Under the external magnetic field at 225K, which is above the CD transition temperature, a doublet of considerable magnitude of splitting is superimposed to the central singlet. The origin of the doublet can be explained by a magnetic Zeeman interaction. However, it is found that there is still a considerable fraction of the Fe nuclei that does not experience the applied field. This is understood as an evidence of the fast electron transfer among Fe ions. The observed magnetic Zeeman splitting probably results from particular Fe ions in the neighbor of either an oxygen vacancy or a lattice imperfection such as the domain wall.
Transmission-mode x-ray magnetic circular dichroism characterization of moment alignment in Tb-doped Ni81Fe19
Authors: Guan Y. , Dios Z. , Arena D. A. , Cheng L. , Bailey W. E.
Published: April 2005

We present transmission-mode XMCD characterization of Fe, Ni, and Tb moment alignment in Tb-doped Ni81Fe19 thin films. The use of transmission geometry measurements has allowed the extraction of absolute projected elemental moments in the alloy. A very low projected Tb moment at 6% doping level, which nonetheless reverses with low applied fields (40 Oe), indicates a sperimagnetic alignment with respect to the Fe and Ni elements in the cosputtered polycrystalline alloy.
The colloidal force of bead-spring chains in a good solvent
Authors: McCoy John D. , Curro John G.
Published: April 2005

A recently developed density functional theory (DFT) for tethered bead-spring chains is used to investigate colloidal forces for the good solvent case. A planar surface of tethered chains is opposed to a bare, hard wall and the force exerted on the bare wall is calculated by way of the contact density. Previously, the case of large wall separation was investigated. The density profiles of the unperturbed chains, in that case, were found to be neither stepfunctions nor parabolas and were shown to accurately predict computer simulation results. In the present paper, the surface forces that result from the distortion of these density profiles at finite wall separation is studied. The resulting force function is analyzed for varying surface coverages, wall separations, and chain lengths. The results are found to be in near quantitative agreement with the scaling predictions of Alexander [S. Alexander, J. Phys. (Paris) 38, 983 (1977)] when the layer thickness is “correctly” defined. Finally, a hybrid Alexander–DFT theory is suggested for the analysis of experimental results.
Statistical theory of nonadiabatic transitions
Authors: Neufeld A. A.
Published: April 2005

Based on results of the preceding paper, and assuming fast equilibration in phase space to the temperature of the surrounding media compared to the time scale of a reaction, we formulate a statistical theory of intramolecular nonadiabatic transitions. A classical mechanics description of phase space dynamics allows for an ab initio treatment of multidimensional reaction coordinates and easy combination with any standard molecular dynamics (MD) method. The presented approach has several features that distinguishes it from existing methodologies. First, the applicability limits of the approach are well defined. Second, the nonadiabatic transitions are treated dynamically, with full account of detailed balance, including zero-point energy, quantum coherence effects, arbitrarily long memory, and change of the free energy of the bath. Compared to popular trajectory surface hopping schemes, our MD-based algorithm is more efficient computationally, and does not use artificial ad hoc constructions like a “fewest switching” algorithm, and rescaling of velocities to conserve total energy. The enhanced capabilities of the new method are demonstrated considering a model of two coupled harmonic oscillators. We show that in the rate regime and at moderate friction the approach precisely reproduces the free-energy-gap law. It also predicts a general trend of the reaction dynamics in the low friction limit, and is valid beyond the rate regime.
Penning ionization of N2O molecules by He*(2S3,1) and Ne*(P2,3) metastable atoms: Theoretical considerations about the intermolecular interactions
Authors: Biondini Francesco , Brunetti Brunetto G. , Candori Pietro , De Angelis Filippo , Falcinelli Stefano , Tarantelli Francesco , Pirani Fernando , Vecchiocattivi Franco
Published: April 2005

A theoretical investigation of the intermolecular interaction, operative in collision complexes of He*(2S13), He*(2S01), and Ne*(P2,03) with N2O, is carried out to explain the main results of the experimental study reported in the preceding paper. The analysis is carried out by means of a semiempirical method based on the identification, modeling, and combination of the leading interaction components, including the effect of the selective polarization of the more external electronic cloud of the metastable atom in the intermolecular electric field. These and other crucial aspects of our approach have been quantitatively verified by ab initio calculations. The proposed method permits to evaluate the interaction at any configuration of the complexes and provides a useful and inexpensive representation of the intermolecular potential energy for dynamics studies. The main experimental findings can be rationalized taking into account the critical balancing between molecular orientation effects in the intermolecular interaction field and the ionization probability. These orientation effects tend to become less pronounced with increasing collision energy.
Manifestation of scarring in a driven system with wave chaos
Authors: Virovlyansky A. L. , Zaslavsky G. M.
Published: April 2005

We consider wave propagation in a model of a deep ocean acoustic wave guide with a periodic range dependence. It is assumed that the wave field is governed by the parabolic equation. Formally the mathematical model of the wave guide coincides with that of a quantum system with time-dependent Hamiltonian. From the analysis of Floquet modes of the wave guide it is shown that there exists a “scarring” effect similar to that observed in quantum systems. It turns out that the segments of an unstable periodic ray trajectory may be distinguished in the spatial distribution of the wave field intensity at a finite wavelength. Besides the scarring effect, it is found that the so-called “stable islands” in the phase space of ray dynamics reveal themselves in the coarse-grained Wigner functions of the Floquet modes.
Microfabricated strained substrates for Ge epitaxial growth
Authors: Evans P. G. , Rugheimer P. P. , Lagally M. G. , Lee C. H. , Lal A. , Xiao Y. , Lai B. , Cai Z.
Published: April 2005

The manipulation of strain in micromachined silicon structures presents an opportunity in the control of surface processes in epitaxial growth. With appropriate fabrication techniques, the magnitude, crystallographic direction, and symmetry of the strain at a Si surface can be precisely controlled with this strategy. Synchrotron x-ray microdiffraction techniques allow simultaneous independent measurements of the strain and bending in these structures and serve to calibrate the fabrication process. Bending is the dominant source of strain in a microfabricated Si bridge loaded at its ends by silicon nitride thin films that we have used as a strained substrate in studies of Ge epitaxial growth. The total strain difference between the top and bottom of the bent bridge exceeds 10−3 in present structures and can potentially be increased in optimized devices. These micromachined substrates complement other methods for producing strained silicon and silicon–germanium structures for improved electrical device performance and for fundamental studies of epitaxial growth.
Anisotropic electrical conductivity of lotus-type porous nickel
Authors: Tane M. , Hyun S. K. , Nakajima H.
Published: April 2005

We studied the anisotropic electrical conductivity of lotus-type porous nickel, with cylindrical pores aligned unidirectionally. We measured the electrical conductivities in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pore with four-probe method. The electrical conductivity of lotus nickel shows the anisotropy that reflects the anisotropic porous structure and can be summarized with a well-known power-law formula (Archie’s law); the conductivity in the direction parallel to the pore decreases linearly with increase in porosity, and that in the perpendicular direction decreases steeply with porosity increase, in agreement with Archie’s power-law formula. Furthermore, we constructed the effective-mean-field (EMF) theory to predict the effective electrical conductivity of composites. The electrical conductivity of lotus nickel, evaluated by this theory, is consistent with measurement data, and this EMF theory can fully simulate Archie’s power-law formula.
Microwave dielectric relaxation of the polycrystalline (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films
Authors: Moon Taeho , Lee Byungjoo , Kim Tae-Gon , Oh Jeongmin , Noh Young Woo , Nam Sangwook , Park Byungwoo
Published: April 2005

The microwave dielectric properties of the (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films annealed at various oxygen pressures ranging from 5to500mTorr were investigated over the frequency range 0.5–5GHz using a circular-patch capacitor geometry. The dielectric constant (ε) followed Curie–von Schweidler relaxation in the microwave-frequency range, and the degree of relaxation corresponded qualitatively with the measured dielectric loss (tanδ). As the oxygen pressure varied, the dielectric loss had a maximum value of ∼0.03 at 100mTorr, and its behavior was correlated with the Raman strength of the polar modes.
Evaluating putative mechanisms of the mitotic spindle checkpoint
Authors: Doncic Andreas , Ben-Jacob Eshel , Barkai Naama
Published: April 2005

The mitotic spindle checkpoint halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindles. Evidence suggests that the checkpoint prevents cell-cycle progression by inhibiting the activity of the APC-Cdc20 complex, but the precise mechanism underlying this inhibition is not yet known. Here, we use mathematical modeling to compare several mechanisms that could account for this inhibition. We describe the interplay between the capacities to strongly inhibit cell-cycle progression before spindle attachment on one hand and to rapidly resume cell-cycle progression once the last kinetochore is attached on the other hand. We find that inhibition that is restricted to the kinetochore region is not sufficient for supporting both requirements when realistic diffusion constants are considered. A mechanism that amplifies the checkpoint signal through autocatalyzed inhibition is also insufficient. In contrast, amplifying the signal through the release of a diffusible inhibitory complex can support reliable checkpoint function. Our results suggest that the design of the spindle checkpoint network is limited by physical constraints imposed by realistic diffusion constants and the relevant spatial and temporal dimensions where computation is performed.
Evolutionary animation: How do molecular phylogenies compare to Mayr's reconstruction of speciation patterns in the sea?
Authors: Palumbi Stephen R. , Lessios H. A.
Published: April 2005

Ernst Mayr used the geography of closely related species in various stages of increasing divergence to “animate” the process of geographic, or allopatric, speciation. This approach was applied to a wide set of taxa, and a seminal paper by Mayr used it to explore speciation patterns in tropical sea urchins. Since then, taxonomic information in several of these genera has been augmented by detailed molecular phylogenies. We compare Mayr's animation with the phylogenies of eight sea urchin genera placed by Mayr into four speciation groups. True to Mayr's predictions, early-stage genera have on average lower species divergence and more polytypic species than genera in later stages. For six of these genera, we also have information about the evolution of the gamete recognition protein bindin, which is critical to reproductive isolation. These comparisons show that later-stage genera with many sympatric species tend to be those with rapid bindin evolution. By contrast, early-stage genera with few sympatric species are not necessarily earlier in the divergence process; they happen to be those with slow rates of bindin evolution. These results show that the rate of speciation in sea urchins does not only depend on the steady accumulation of genome divergence over time, but also on the rate of evolution of gamete recognition proteins. The animation method used by Mayr is generally supported by molecular phylogenies. However, the existence of multiple rates in the acquisition of reproductive isolation complicates placement of different genera in an evolutionary series.
The genetic basis of reproductive isolation: Insights fromDrosophila
Authors: Orr H. Allen
Published: April 2005

Recent studies of the genetics of speciation inDrosophilahave focused on two problems: (i) identifying and characterizing the genes that cause reproductive isolation, and (ii) determining the evolutionary forces that drove the divergence of these “speciation genes.” Here, I review this work. I conclude that speciation genes correspond to ordinary loci having normal functions within species. These genes fall into several functional classes, although a role in transcriptional regulation could prove particularly common. More important, speciation genes are typically very rapidly evolving, and this divergence is often driven by positive Darwinian selection. Finally, I review recent work inDrosophila pseudoobscuraon the possible role of meiotic drive in the evolution of the genes that cause postzygotic isolation.
Transgenic engineering of male-specific muscular hypertrophy
Authors: Pirottin Dimitri , Grobet Luc , Adamantidis Antoine , Farnir Frédéric , Herens Christian , Schrøder Henrik Daa , Georges Michel
Published: April 2005

Using a two-step procedure involving insertional gene targeting and recombinase-mediated cassette exchange in ES cells, we have produced two lines of transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative latency-associated myostatin propeptide under control of the myosin light chain 1F promoter and 1/3 enhancer from theTSPYlocus on the Y chromosome. Males of the corresponding lines are characterized by a 5-20% increase in skeletal muscle mass. This experiment demonstrates the feasibility of a more efficient cattle production system combining superior beef production abilities for bulls and dairy abilities for cows.
Paying the Price for a Theory of Explanation: De Regt's Discussion of Trout
Authors: Trout J. D.
Published: April 2005

In his discussion of “Scientific Explanation and the Sense of Understanding” (Trout 2002), de Regt (2004) argues that Trout “denounces understanding as irrelevant, if not dangerous, from an epistemic perspective…” (de Regt 2004, 98), and that Trout prefers “a thoroughly objectivist view, in which understanding has no epistemic function and explanations require only accurate theories” (100). I argue that this is a fundamental misinterpretation of the objectivist proposal of Trout (2002), and that it results from de Regt's failure to address the distinction announced there between genuine and counterfeit understanding. De Regt also advances a pragmatic alternative to my realist account of understanding in scientific explanation, one that focuses on the skills of scientists and the intelligibility of theories. After supplementing my earlier account of genuine understanding, I argue that de Regt's pragmatic account obscures the nature of scientific explanation, and is vulnerable on several additional fronts.
The Truth in Pictures
Authors: Perini Laura
Published: April 2005

Scientists typically use a variety of representations, including different kinds of figures, to present and defend hypotheses. In order to understand the justification of scientific hypotheses, it is essential to understand how visual representations contribute to scientific arguments. Since the logical understanding of arguments involves the truth or falsity of the representations involved, visual representations must have the capacity to bear truth in order to be genuine components of arguments. By drawing on Goodman's analysis of symbol systems, and on Tarski's work on truth, I show that the figures used in science meet this criterion.
Response to Belot's “Whose Devil? Which Details?”
Authors: Batterman Robert W.
Published: April 2005

I respond to Belot's argument and defend the view that sometimes ‘fundamental theories’ are explanatorily inadequate and need to be supplemented with certain aspects of less fundamental ‘theories emeritus’.
Theory Choice and the Intransitivity of ‘Is a Better Theory Than’
Authors: Baumann Peter
Published: April 2005

There is a very plausible transitivity principle for theory choice. It says that if all criteria of theory evaluation are considered, and theory A is a better theory than theory B, and theory B is a better theory than theory C, then A is a better theory than C. I argue against this principle. It turns out that whenever there are two or more relevant and independent criteria of theory evaluation, and that whenever at least of one the criteria is ‘nonlinear’ in a certain sense, there may be violations of transitivity that do not violate any standards of rationality (of theory choice). This shows, again, that theory choice cannot be seen as merely the application of given rules of rational theory choice.
Projecting Chances: A Humean Vindication and Justification of the Principal Principle
Authors: Ward Barry
Published: April 2005

Faced with the paradox of undermining futures, Humeans have resigned themselves to accounts of chance that severely conflict with our intuitions. However, such resignation is premature: The problem is Humean Supervenience (HS), not Humeanism. This paper develops a projectivist Humeanism on which chance claims are understood as normative, rather than fact stating. Rationality constraints on the cotenability of norms and factual claims ground a factual-normative worlds semantics that, in addition to solving the Frege-Geach problem, delivers the intuitive set of possibilia for each chance law. Hence, the account does not entail HS, and the paradox does not arise. A confirmation theory is developed, and the Principal Principle is justified.
“Follow Me”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on Anthony, the putative founder of Christian monasticism, and the centrality of Matthew 19:16-22 in Anthony’s life and the subsequent monastic movement. It traces the origins of monasticism, the role of Scripture in the desert, responses by Protestants to ascetic disciplines, and concludes with a discussion of contemporary expressions of Christian spirituality.
“Upon This Rock”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the so-called Petrine text (Matthew 16:18–19) and its place in Catholicism as a rationale for the office of the papacy. It traces the history of the text, from the early church to the present, noting its varied interpretation up through the Protestant Reformation, the hardening of the interpretive categories following the Reformation, and present-day general consensus regarding the text’s meaning.
“One in Christ Jesus”
Authors: Kling David W.
Published: April 2005

This chapter focuses on the history of interpretation of Galatians 3:28 and its application to women’s ministry and ordination in the American context. Not until the nineteenth century was the text understood to mean anything other than a person’s standing before God. However, the coalescence of evangelical revivalism and the first women’s rights movement in the 1840s shifted the text’s meaning to the human dimension, namely, to a woman’s right to serve in an equal capacity to men as ordained ministers.
The Catholic Afro Mass and the Dance of Eurocentrism in Brazil
Authors: Burdick John
Published: April 2005

Since the late 1970s, the progressive wing of the Catholic Church in Brazil has worked in solidarity with that country's black movement to formulate practices to advance the cause of anti-racism. In particular, the Church has sought to dismantle white supremacy and Eurocentrism by creating an inculturated liturgy, known as the “Afro-Mass,”inspired by the Afro-Brazilian religion of candomble. This chapter assesses this effort at cultural politics and concludes that it unwittingly reproduces the very structures of Eurocentrism it seeks to destabilize. The essay thus contributes to the literature that evaluates the outcomes of social movements.
The House of Saint Benedict, the House of Father John
Authors: Hale Lindsay
Published: April 2005

The ritual aesthetics of Afrobrazilian religions such as Umbanda and Candomblé exhibit a great range of diversity. This chapter explores the possibility that the diverse aesthetics of Afrobrazilian religion reflect and express divergent stances toward contested issues of race and identity in Brazil, while constituting markedly different experiences of spirituality and the sacred. The chapter suggests that we approach Afrobrazilian religious aesthetics through a “politics of the senses.”
Images of Abelard and Heloise
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Images of Abelard and Heloise. This chapter discusses images of Abelard and Heloise from the 12th to the 20th centuries. It observes how the controversial character of their relationship, as well as accusations of heresy made by St. Bernard have created stereotyped images of Abelard and Heloise as rebels against authority and the religious life that do not do full justice to their intellectual achievement. They were not lovers, but thinkers.
The Early Years
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

The Early Years: Roscelin of Compiègne and William of Champeaux. This chapter examines Abelard’s intellectual debt to both the vocalist theories of Roscelin of Compiègne and William of Champeaux’s teaching about dialectic in shaping his philosophical nominalism. By looking at the earliest records of Abelard’s teaching of dialectic and glosses on Aristotle, Porphyry and Boethius, it observes how students identified him as an iconoclast teacher, who quickly provoked laughter by the examples that he chose. It traces how Abelard’s early conflict with his teachers laid the foundation for the subsequent difficulties he would experience in his career.
Challenging Tradition
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Challenging Tradition: the Dialectica. This chapter examines Abelard’s Dialectica, his first major treatise on dialectic. The treatise is structured around an analysis both of the major parts of speech, categories and of different kinds of argument, categorical and hypothetical. It argues that a driving theme is Abelard’s desire to counter the philosophically realist arguments presented by William of Champeaux.
The Trinity
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

The Trinity. This chapter examines Abelard’s first major writing about the divine Trinity, the Theologia ‘Summi boni’, written in 1119–20 and condemned as expounding heresy at the Council of Soissons in 1121. Abelard emphasizes the capacity of pagan philosophers to gain insight into the supreme good as much as prophets of the Old Testament. He applies his theory of language to words used about God to explain how Christians can speak of three divine persons as names given to signify different attributes of God, namely his power, wisdom and goodness.
A Christian Theologia
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

A Christian Theologia. This chapter considers Abelard’s Theologia Christiana, his revision and development of the treatise condemned at Soissons. In this work, Abelard deepens his understanding of the Holy Spirit, and starts to consider ethical insights, as communicated by pagan philosophy. Written while Abelard was teaching at the oratory he founded in honor of the Paraclete, the work reflects new ideas in the theory of language, and contains in embryo many of the theological ideas he would develop in the 1130s. The chapter also considers other writings, such as the Sic et Non, that Abelard composed during the 1120s, while teaching both philosophy and theology.
Ethics, Sin, and Redemption
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Ethics, Sin, and Redemption. This chapter considers Abelard’s reflection on ethical issues in his Collationes, couched in the form of a debate among a philosopher and a Jew and a Christian about the relationship between pagan ethics and Christian faith. It argues that arguments put by the philosopher reflect many of the concerns put by Heloise, to which Abelard sought to find a Christian response. It then looks at Abelard’s commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Romans and Expositio in Hexameron, written at the request of Heloise, in terms of Abelard’s evolving interest in the work of both creation and redemption.
Accusations of Heresy
Authors: Mews Constant J.
Published: April 2005

Accusations of heresy. This chapter considers accusations of heresy made against Abelard by William of St Thierry and Bernard of Clairvaux in 1140/41. It considers how Abelard sought to respond to accusations that he was imprecise in his arguments by refining the text of the Theologia ‘Scholarium’. He felt that these accusations were based on an inaccurate understanding of his arguments. It examines the opinions of Abelard’s contemporaries and the polarized political circumstances that led up to the confrontation between Bernard and Abelard at the Council of Sens in 1141.
The Fabled Beṅgamā Bird and the Stupid Prince
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Fabled Bengamā Bird and the Stupid Prince, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
The Erstwhile Bride and Her Winged Horse
Authors: Stewart Tony K.
Published: April 2005

The Erstwhile Bride and Her Winged Horse, a Bengali folk tale translated into English, is presented.
Guides to Holiness
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

Between 1895 and 1898, financial tribulation and spiritual discontent motivated Tomlinson to break away from the Society of Friends and embark on a lifetime of radical holiness ministry. Tomlinson decided to set out for Appalachia, which he had visited in the past with mentor J.B. Mitchell. This decision was attributed to his inclination to avoid the crowd, at a time when foreign missions dominated headlines while home missions were relegated to the background.
A. J. Ascendant
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn
Published: April 2005

A.J. Tomlinson’s political savvy and charisma helped him strengthen his hold on the Church of God, and pursue his dream of gathering his own particular “Israel”, God’s pentecostal people. Tomlinson sought to let worship flow freely while regulating structure (the systems of management and delivery). To do so, he would need to overcome the misgivings of his followers and associates, most of whom feared centralization and defended congregational sovereignty.
Apirāmi in the Apirāmi Antāti
Authors: Clooney Francis X.
Published: April 2005

The Apirami Antati is an 18th century hymn consisting of 100 Tamil-language verses in praise of the goddess Apirami, “the Beautiful One,” a goddess still worshipped in the popular Tirukkataiyur temple in south India. It was composed by Subrahmanya, known familiarly as “Apirami Bhattar.” Stories about him highlight his simplicity, piety, and single-hearted devotion to Apirami, as well as the crisis arising from his devotion to Apirami — skepticism of the local people and of the king — but also the bliss arising from his contemplation of Her. In popular images, much is made of how he was an ecstatic who from youth loved Apirami and was graced with visions of Her that took verbal form in his poetry. Our previous hymns surely reflected their authors’ religious experience and interiority, but more obviously and with greater intensity, the Apirami Antati arises from Apirami Bhattar’s experience of Apirami. In almost every verse he addresses Her directly, as if amazed that She is so lovely and so close by, and he devotes much of the hymn to detailed, vivid glimpses of Her. Deceptively simple, the hymn seems to arise from deep personal experience and aims at drawing the listener or reader into the luminous joy of that interior bliss. Mary is here represented in the Mataracamman Antati, a hymn of the same 100-verse length and in the very same style as the Apirami Antati; the argument is made that now – in 19th-century India-Mary fills the role hitherto occupied by goddesses.
Introduction
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Spanish Jewry was adept at adapting over the centuries to the changes in rule, from Visigoth to Muslim and finally to the Catholic reconquest. Nevertheless, the riots of 1391 and the forced conversions would alter the fate of the Jewish community as well as of Spain itself in ways that never could have been imagined. The creation of the converso group not only devastated the Jews but affected the course of Spanish history.
The Portuguese Experience
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

The small Jewish community of Portugal was rapidly vastly outnumbered by the incoming Spanish exiles who crossed their borders in 1492. In 1497, the king decided not to expel the Jews in his land, but rather subjected them all to forced conversions. Following this, anti-converso sentiment was expressed in riots in Lisbon in 1506 and eventually the Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536 to deal with Judaizing. The conversos in Portugal could choose to remain there, as did many Lisbon bankers who even intermarried with Old Christians, or they could opt for emigration to nearby Spain once it united with Portugal in 1580, or, for that matter, they could go elsewhere. It is during this period that the converso, no matter where he lived, began to identify as a member of the Nation.
Amsterdam
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Four destinations in Western Europe are under consideration here, namely Amsterdam, France, London, and Italy. While Hamburg and Antwerp attracted some emigrants, the majority of whom were merchants, Amsterdam proved to be more attractive economically and because it had just freed itself from Catholic Spain. The members of the Nation who settled here began to build a Jewish community despite the fact that they had no previous experience as Jews; in essence they were "New Jews." The fact that so many of these conversos were able to make this transition, and that their newly formed community would later serve as an example for other developing converso communities, is a marvel unto itself.
France
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

The options available to the emigrants settling in France were limited since it was a Catholic country that had expelled all of its Jews in the fourteenth century. While some of the kings granted them charters known as Lettres Patentes, the Portuguese merchants who arrived had to maintain the façade of being observant Catholics. Even in the two larger communities, Bayonne and Bordeaux, a bona fide transition to Judaism did not occur until the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, these conversos developed strong ties to other converso communities, especially in the commercial world, and displayed signs of literary creativity that reflected the complexity of the converso identity.
Italy
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Conversos choosing to settle in Italy faced the risk of being branded as heretics, for there were inquisitions in papal Rome as well as in Venice, an attractive commercial port for the Portuguese merchant. Each locale had its own ruler who could choose whether or not to invite and protect the newcomers; some, like Leghorn, even extended invitations (La Livornina) and granted them charters. The conversos also had to decide whether they wanted to become Jews and to live in Jewish neighborhoods or ghettos, to remain Catholics, to live as "cultural commuters," or as "fuzzy Jews." Eminent conversos such as Dona Gracia and Amatus Lusitanus can be found here alongside lesser known dissemblers and undecided conversos whose fates were determined in Italy.
Conclusion
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine
Published: April 2005

Ethnicity played a role in the process of discrimination as well as of self-identification. The conversos who left Iberia continued to consider themselves members of the Nation and had strong ties to their homeland as well as to other members of their group. The resulting new identity depended upon the individual as well as upon the choice of destination. Some strong Jewish communities were formed, some individuals never found their way, and some groups were isolated for centuries until developments in the modern period altered their lifestyles. One never would have expected to be encountering heated debates regarding the nature of the converso identity in the twenty-first century.
In Search of Coherence
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines equations of motion that are alternatives to the standard Maxwell-Lorentz theory. It argues that there is no consistent and conceptually unproblematic theory that covers particle-field phenomena. The only consistent and well-behaved electromagnetic theory is not a particle theory at all — the theory of charged dusts; this theory is incompatible with the existence of charged particles on its own. The kind of equations that physicists proposed as ‘fundamental’ or ‘exact’ equations, and their reasons for supporting these equations indicate that there is no sharp distinction between a foundational project aimed at finding coherent and true representations of what is physically possible, and a project concerned with practical, useful representations of particular phenomena.
David Lewis on Waves and Counterfactuals
Authors: Frisch Mathias
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that David Lewis’ theses on the asymmetry of overdetermination and of an asymmetry of miracles are false. However, radiation asymmetry does support the claim that there is an asymmetry of counterfactuals, if the criteria of similarity between worlds are broadened to include certain types of qualitative agreement between worlds. But since the retardation condition, on which the asymmetry lies in the case of electrodynamics, is plausibly understood as a causal condition, the corrected and amended account cannot underwrite a Lewisian counterfactual analysis of causation.
Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines Latin America, where the earliest and largest volume of divestitures occurred on a case-by-case basis. These listings resulted from complex negotiations where organized labor was able to extract a percentage of shares in most major issues. It considers the case of Petrobras in Brazil, ENTel in Argentina, CTC in Chile, and Telmex in Mexico to demonstrate the political processes that led to the current ownership structure of these large listings.
The Lesser Trinitarian Treatises II
Authors: Turcescu Lucian
Published: April 2005

This chapter continues the analysis of divine persons begun in the previous chapter in some small Trinitarian treatises. Two new main elements are added to the description of a divine person: persons are enumerable entities, unlike their nature which cannot be counted; persons can be distinguished by relations of origin or causal relations: Gregory distinguishes the person who is “the cause” of the other two (i.e., the Father) from the person who is “from the cause” (i.e., the Son), and from that who is “by that which is directly from the first” (i.e., the Holy Spirit);
Reinventing China
Authors: Powers John
Published: April 2005

The focus of this chapter is Chinese nationalism and how it affects Chinese views of Tibet. It examines the latter period of the Qing dynasty and the Republican period, as well as the Communist revolution in terms of Sino-Tibetan relations.