bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living Arrangements and Individuality
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Women work with each other to accommodate their living needs and are ingenious at creating a home for their children out of the humblest materials. This chapter describes women who built homes and living arrange ments in the face of extremely cramped surroundings and scant materials. The patterns here show that women access communal goods and rely heavily on the ‘‘sisterhood’’ for comfortable living. The following stories show a variety of home-making techniques, most of which require women to scrounge for supplies and force them to deal with another wife’s idiosyncracies. In these cases, the true art of sharing is learned. When a need arises, an item or service is provided. When a woman receives another wife into her home, she sacrifices her space, her privacy, and her material goods. Likewise, when a new wife comes into a new family, she must share her wealth and private space with her husband’s other wives. Harker women say this is one of the most difficult but rewarding aspects of the Principle.
John Saddington
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

The Articles of True Faith Depending upon the Commission of the Spirit Drawne up into XLVIII heads by John Saddington an Ancient Beleiver for the benefit of other Beleivers, that now are, or hereafter shall come to beleive And to confound and disprove All Despisers that say wee know not what wee Believe. Anno M.DC.LXXV. Here I have Written the Articles of my Faith which will witnesse to be true, with the death of my soule if it be required of me. Therefore, let not the words of any Canaanitish Devill Prophane Esau Scoffeing Ishmael or Railing Rabshoceh be credited. When they Vilifie & Belye the Beleivers of the Witnesses of the Spirit in saying they do owne neither God nor Devill or when they cast any other Scandalous Reproaches contrary to Truth upon us that truly know God.
Letters
Authors: Underwood T L
Published: November 2023

It seems very strange to me That you with the rest of former Friends, make no Enquiry atte me whether I am dead or alive. What, Have the unnecessary things and Cares of this World Swallowed up your former Love to the Truth? Though I am moved in this manner to write unto you, I trust you have not so learned Christ. Friend, The Reason of my not sending unto you this Long Season, is this, because my Wife and I were both very Sicke and Weake, of which Sicknesse the 29th of March last my Wife died. Immediately after I had buried my Wife, the Lord our God called me to visit some of his people living neare the Citty of Cambridge as he once called me to visitt you. Yea it was in the very same manner for one of the Chiefe Speakers of the Ranters being convinced by this Truth who formerly had deceived them, took a parcell of my bookes and presented them to them, upon which they greatly desired me as you formerly did.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Randall M , Stout Harry S , Wilson Charles Reagan
Published: November 2023

The essays in this collection originated at a conference on Religion and the Civil War held at Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary in October 1994. The question before the participants can be simply stated: What, if anything, did religion have to do with the Civil War? In organizing the conference, we recognized that, like the social history of the Civil War, the religious history of the war has yet to be written.
Religion and the American Civil War
Authors: Paludan Phillip Shaw
Published: November 2023

This volume gathers experts on many aspects of the very large subject of religion and the American Civil War. What I will provide comes from being a generalist, and every generalist is at the mercy of specialists. Yet in our best moments, generalists and specialists both recognize that they benefit from the perspective of the other, that understanding of the past proceeds through conversation far more than through the victory of one perspective over another. To that extent we are all at each other ‘s mercy, each dependent on the other so that the conversation can endure. I offer as my contribution to the conversation a story about what happened to Christianity, and essentially Protestant Christianity, in the Civil War era. While telling that story, I will pose some questions that I find intriguing about the era that may be worth considering both here and in the future.
Lincoln ‘s Sermon on the Mount The Second Inaugural
Authors: White Ronald C
Published: November 2023

Abraham Lincoln ‘s death more words have been wasted on the question of his religion than any other aspect of his life.” So wrote Richard N. Current in 1945.1 Current delivered this verdict as the study of Abraham Lincoln was finally assuming its place in the professional discipline of history, and judging by the scholarship over the past fifty years, his criticism might hold today. But such a judgment about what others have said about Lincoln ‘s religion should not distract attention from what Lincoln actually said about religion and the ways religious values and images informed his ideas about the character of the Union.
Days of Judgment, Days of Wrath: The Civil War and the Religious Imagination of Women Writers
Authors: Fox-Genovese Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Just as war tests the spirit of combatants, so does it test the imagination of civilians, especially women, who live intimately with its terrors and deprivations. For them, as much as for combatants themselves, war notoriously shatters the assumptions and practices of everyday life, thrusting those who experience its fury into a maelstrom for which their previous lives have not prepared them. The magnitude and rapidity of the changes promote the sense of a world turned upside down. Monumental disruptions of the unremarkable flow of everyday life lend even the most ordinary events an aura of significance. Suddenly, that which always had been taken for granted is called into question. Habits become challenges, and instinctive attitudes and beliefs fall open to scrutiny and doubt.
Introduction
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Myth comes via mythos from the Greek root µv (mu) meaning to make a sound with the mouth and is thus basic to human existence as we know it: “In the beginning was the Word.” To the orthodox believer what we call myth is the word of God-the metaphorical, symbolical, or direct expression of the “unknown”: “and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
Dughda and Zoroaster (Zarathushtra)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Mother, Dughda, dreams, in the sixth month of her pregnancy, that the wicked and the good spirits are fighting for the embryonic Zoroaster; a monster tears the future Zoroaster from the mother’s womb; but a light god fights the monster with his horn of light, re-encloses the embryo in the mother’s womb, blows upon Dughda, and she becomes pregnant again. On awakening, she hurries in her fear to a wise dream interpreter, who is unable to explain the wonderful dream before the end of three days.
Kutoyis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Long ago, down where Two Medicine and Badger Creeks come together, there lived an old man. He had but one wife and two daughters. One day there came to his camp a young man who was very brave and a great hunter. The old man said: “Ah! I will have this young man to help me. will give him my daughters for wives.” So he gave him his daughters. He also gave this son-in-law all his wealth, keeping for himself only a little lodge, in which he lived with his old wife. The son-in-law lived in a lodge that was big and fine.
Persephone (Proserpina) and Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Demeter came from Crete to Sicily, where, near the springs of Kayane, she discovered a cave. There she hid her daughter Persephone, and set as guardians over her two serpents that at other times were harnessed to her chariot. In the cave the maiden worked in wool-the customary occupation for maidens under the protection of Pallas Athene, in her sacred citadel at Athens. Persephone began weaving a great web, a robe for her father or her mother, which was a picture of the whole world.
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Alcmene, fearing Hera’s jealousy, exposed her newly-born child in a field outside the walls of Thebes; and here, at Zeus’s instigation, Athene took Hera for a casual stroll. ‘Look, my dear! What a wonderfully robust child!’ said Athene, pretending surprise as she stopped to pick him up. ‘His mother must have been out of her mind to abandon him in a stony field! Come, you have milk. Give the poor little creature suck!’ Thoughtlessly Hera took him and bared her breast, at which Heracles drew with such force that she flung him down in pain, and a spurt of milk flew across the sky and became the Milky Way.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, and saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Penelope
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

If he returned, if he were here to care for me, I might be happily renowned! But grief instead heaven sent me-years of pain. Sons of the noblest families on the islands, Doulikhion, Same, wooded Zakynthos, with native Ithakans, are here to court me, against my wish; and they consume this house.
Odysseus and Achilles
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now, Odysseus had been warned by an oracle: ‘If you go to Troy, you will not return until the twentieth year, and then alone and destitute.’ He therefore feigned madness, and Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Palamedes found him wearing a peasant’s felt cap shaped like a half-egg, ploughing with an ass and an ox yoked together, and flinging salt over his shoulder as he went. When he pretended not to recognize his distinguished guests, Palamedes snatched the infant Telemachus from Penelope’s arms and set him on the ground before the advancing team.
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Before he was eighteen he had done many famous deeds in the country of Thebes, and Creon, the king, gave him his daughter in marriage. But he could not long escape the anger of Juno, who afflicted him with a sudden madness, so that he did not know what he was doing and in a fit of frenzy killed both his wife and his children. When he came to his senses, in horror and shame at what he had done, he visited the great cliffs of Delphi, where the eagles circle all day and where Apollo’s oracle is.
Prometheus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

There are many different stories told as to how men themselves came into being. Some say that they appeared lying on the ground under the ash trees and so were, in some sense, the children of the nymphs who are the guardian spirits of those trees. According to others they were formed inside the earth by the gods out of earth and fire and all the elements that can be mixed with them. It is said too that they were actually created by Prometheus himself.
Seth
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

When Adam is about to die, he bids his son Seth go to Paradise for the oil of mercy. The path will be apparent, since, as Adam and Eve left Paradise, their footprints were burned upon the grass, and no vegetation has ever grown there. Seth is refused the oil of mercy, but is granted three glimpses of Paradise. In the first he beholds a dry tree; in the second, an adder twined about the trunk; in the third, a newborn baby in the top. He is told that the dry tree and the serpent represent the sin of man and that the baby is Christ, who will be the oil of mercy.
Osiris And Isis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Reigning as a king on earth, Osiris reclaimed the Egyptians from savagery, gave them laws, and taught them to worship the gods. Before his time the Egyptians had been cannibals. But Isis, the sister and wife of Osiris, discovered wheat and barley growing wild, and Osiris introduced the cultivation of these grains amongst his people, who forthwith took kindly to a corn diet. Moreover, Osiris is said to have been the first to gather fruit from trees, to train the vine to poles, and to tread the grapes.
Dionysos
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

When Dionysus had firmly established his worship throughout the lands of the eastern Mediterranean and as far east as India, he withdrew from earth and took his place with the other gods on Mount Olympus. First, however, he descended into Hades to bring up his mother. Several Greek cities later claimed that this memorable event had occurred in their territory.
Kutoyis
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Then he asked them where there were some more people. They told him that there were some people down the river, and some up in the mountains. But they said: “Do not go there, for it is bad, because Aisinokoki (Wind Sucker) lives there. He will kill you.” It pleased Kutoyis to know that there was such a person, and he went to the mountains. When he got to the place where Wind Sucker lived, he looked into his mouth, and could see many dead people there-some skeletons and some just dead. He went in, and there he saw a fearful sight.
The Young Comanche
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

A young man loved his wife dearly. When she died, he therefore resolved to follow her, and got ready his horse and suitable equipment. Then he set out westwards, and rode thus for months. He journeyed over the mountains, but all he had with him was worn out there, finally even his horse, and he arrived on foot in the realm of the dead. The children there skipped around him and shouted: “Look, there is a raw one!” He soon found the lodge of his father-in-law, where his deceased wife also lived. She was now torn with conflicting feelings: she did not wish to return, for she was happy where she was, but at the same time she loved her husband dearly.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

It was told that when Zeus came to Semele, this was not a divine mating. He had prepared a potion from the heart of Dionysos, and this he gave Semele to drink. The potion made the girl pregnant. When Hera heard of this, she tried to prevent the birth. She disguised herself as Semele’s nurse,... when Zeus first came to Semele he did not do so in the form of the lightning-bearing god of Heaven. The shape which Semele’s secret husband had assumed was a mortal guise.
Amaterasu And Susanowa
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

From his contact with death and the defiled nether land, Izanagi proceeds to purify himself. This he does in a small river in Tsukushi (i.e., Kyushu). As he throws his clothing on the ground some twelve deities are born of the individual garments and jewelry. Avoiding the water of the upper river as being too fast and that of the lower river as being too sluggish, he bathes himself in the middle course, and from the maculations on his body are born other divinities-some fourteen in all.
Corn Mother
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

So [the] instructions were carried out, and after seven moons had come and gone, her children and their children returned. They found the earth covered by green plants with silken tassles, and the fruit-their mother’s flesh-was sweet and tender. As instructed, they saved some of it to be planted in the earth at a later time. In this way, the First Mother’s flesh and her spirit are renewed every seven moons and sustain the flesh and spirit of her children.
King Arthur
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Arthur said unto Sir Bedivere, “take thou Excalibar, my good sword, and go with it to yonder waterside; and when thou comest there, I charge thee throw my sword in that water, and come again and tell me what thou there seest.” “My lord,” said Sir Bedivere, “your commandment shall be done.” So Sir Bedivere departed, and by the way he beheld that noble sword, that the pommel and the haft were all of precious stones; and then he said to himself, “If I throw this rich sword into the water, no good shall come thereof, but only harm and loss.” And then Sir Bedivere hid Excalibar under a tree.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Dionysos, having completed his mission on earth and in the underworld, is free to ascend to heaven. Thus men perceived that he was a god and honoured him; and having brought up his mother from Hades and named her Thyone, he ascended up with her to heaven.
Relevant versus Irrelevant Mistakes
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Mistakes express dissonance. Something looks one way to the actor and another way to the society at large. The society insists that it has the correct view-that the criminal result actually occurred, the victim was really hurt. The suspected offender claims that he saw things differently, that he did not perceive reality the way other people do. The way it looked to him, he was doing nothing wrong, or at least nothing as serious as appears to have occurred. It might appear to others that a suspect shoots and injures a police officer, but as the shooter sees the situation, any of the following might be true: He might be engaged in target practice and think that he is shooting at a cardboard display of a police officer.
Henry VI & Edward IV: The Rival Kings
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Henry VI Part 2 opens in 1445 with the arrival in England of Henry’s queen, Margaret of Anjou. Henry VI Part 3 closes in 1471 with the murder of Henry and the permanent establishment of his cousin Edward IV on the throne. The ten acts of these two plays thus dramatize twenty-six years of turmoil within the English aristocracy. Although Shakespeare works selectively from the material offered him by the Tudor chroniclers Hall and Holinshed, compressing events into rapid sequence, the two plays employ little of the radical rearrangement of chronology practiced in I Henry VI and discussed in the previous chapter. The chief difference between what is currently understood to be the history of these years and the action of 2 and 3 Henry VI is not a Shakespearean rearrangement but a derivation from the chroniclers.
Introduction
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

In his generous review of my most recent book, Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws, Professor Adam Roberts of Balliol College, Oxford, triggered the idea for this hook. Adam Roberts wrote that the one question I left virtually neglected is whether we have lost as well as gained by having a system of law based on the Hague and Geneva Conventions rather than on customary rules and chivalric codes. Obviously, we gained uniformity and clarity in the rules, as well as the formal assent of virtually all states. “However, we have also lost something: the sense that rules arise naturally out of societies, their armed forces, and their rulers on the basis of experience; the flexibility that came from their essentially customary character; and the value attached to honor, chivalry and mercy.” In Henry’s Wars, I tried to provide an international humanitarian lawyer’s commentary on the law of war issues arising in Henry V’s French campaigns. The purpose was to illustrate the law’s evolution and to provide a lawyer’s commentary on Shakespeare’s play, Henry V, by examining how he used the law of nations for his dramatic purposes.
Debunking Chivalry’S Myth: Commoners, Fools, Cynics
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

Although chivalry was a normative system only applicable to knights and nobility, it radiated values for the lower classes. Commoners thus could and did aspire to be elevated to knighthood. Huizinga demonstrated that “the knightly ideal, artificial and worn-out as it may have been,” exercised a powerful influence on the political history of the Middle Ages. The bourgeoisie’s tendency to imitate chivalry was a major factor in the spread of its norms and values.
The Historical Study of African Traditional Religions
Authors: Baum Robert M
Published: November 2023

Until recently, most studios of African religions have concentrated on various aspects of beliefs and practices while paying little attention to their historical development, When scholars have considered the history of religions in Africa, they have tended to focus on lslam and Christianity and to restrict their interest in African traditional rnligions to the processes of conversion to and syncretism with “world” religions. Current textbooks on African religions have focused on certain comparative themes in the study of religions and have assumed that the ethnic divisions related to these religions have endured for centuries. Historical chap1crs, if included at all, address the impact of colonization, Islam, and Christianity but overlook other typos of religious change. For example, John Mbiti, the author of the most widely read textbook on African religions, addresses the issue of precolonial religious history in two paragraphs of his introduction, before asserting what he sees as a fundamental obstacle to such studies: “In the traditional set-up where the African concept of time is mainly two-dimensional, human life is relatively stable and almost static. A rhythm of life is the norm. and any radical change is either unknown, resented or so slow that it is hardly noticed.” Such a representation of African religions both reflects and reinforces a basic assumption about “traditional” societies, that they have little sense of their own history. What changes have occurred arc, from this perspective, merely fine-tunings to preserve a spiritual equilibrium, not major shifts in fundamental religious ideas. For Mbiti, significant religious changes begins in “the second half of the nineteenth century and swiftly gaining momentum towards the middle of the twentieth cen-tury” with the beginnings of colonization.
Kausitaki Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Kau itaki Upanisad consists of books 3-6 of the Kau Itaki (also called Sankhayana) AraQ.yaka, which itself is part of the Kau Itaki Brahmai:ia of the gveda. Both the Brahmai:ia and the AraQ.yaka of the Sankhayana school are texts that in many ways correspond to the parallel texts of its sister school, the Aitareya, although the latter texts are somewhat earlier than those of the Sankhayana (for a comparison of the documents of these two schools of the R,gveda, see Keith 1909, 26-39). As evident from the numerous variant readings, the transmission of the KsU has been much less faithful than that of any other ancient Upanisad; Frenz’s (1968-69) edition and translation have shown that the sequence of passages in the vulgate edition, especially in the first Adhyaya, is probably incorrect. I have followed Frenz’ s sequence of the first Adhyaya, but his rearrangement in the second Adhyaya is not as compelling. For reasons spelled out in the Note on the Edition, I have not adopted his reconstituted text, which deletes several passages, places within parentheses dubious passages, and makes several additions.
Prasna Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Prasna Upanisad consists of the sage Pippalada’s answers to six questions posed by six learned Brahmins. The title of the Upanisad, Prasna (“question’’), is derived from these questions, and each of its six chapters is also called a prasna or “question.” This setting appears to be borrowed from the similar format in SB 10.6.1 and CU 5.11. Although the questions are diverse, they all focus on the centrality of breath within the cosmology and soteriology of the text.
Mandukya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The MiiQnliikya Upani!?ad is traditionally assigned to the Atharvaveda, even though several teachers named Miinnliikeya are listed in the literature of the gveda (e.g., AA 3.1). This small document deals with the sacred syllable OM and identifies it with the whole world, with Brahman, and with the self (iitman). The three constituent phonemes of the syllable OM are further identified with the three states of the self-the waking, the dreaming, and deep sleep. The historical importance of the MaU is dependent on the famous gloss, Kiirikii (also called Agamasiistra), by Gaunlapada, who is traditionally identified as the teacher of the teacher of Srupkara, the great exponent of monistic philosophy (Advaita Vedanta).
Action In The World
Authors: Stevenson William R
Published: November 2023

The writing of the Institutes,” according to Suzanne Selinger, “was an unconscious and intuitively therapeutic vit activa” (9). Calvinism “as a whole,” Ernest Troeltsch once asserted, is “active and aggressive.” It “desires to re-shape the world to the glory of God, and make the reprobate bow submissively to the Divine law.” To this end, it will “with all diligence create and maintain a Christian commonwealth.” Whereas Lutheranism, Ernst Troeltsch says, “endures the world in suffering, pain and martyrdom,” Calvinism “masters it” (Protestantism, 83-84). Upon studying Calvin, Fred Graham claims that it is no wonder that while Lutheranism “tended toward quiescence in the economic and political realms,” Calvinism tended “toward activism and seizure of the reins of power, whether political or technological” (Constructive, 208). Charles Taylor agrees: “Calvinism is marked out by a militant activism, a drive to reorganize the church and the world” (Sources of the Self, 227). Indeed, Ralph Hancock speaks of “the paradoxical worldliness of Calvin’s otherworldliness” (Foundations, 20). To find such an activist spirit in Calvin takes little effort. It resides openly in his thinking and writing, to be sure. “Upon the advent of Christ,” he says, God’s glory “shines through all the earth.” In this sense, “the whole world became an enlarged Mount Zion,” the “everlasting residence of God” (Comm. Ps. 132:14 [5: 158]). Wherever the church may be, he means to say, there God is. Hence wherever the church may be, there it has temporal work to do. Yet, as this quo-tation reveals, if Calvinism appears to breed a kind of worldly imperialism, then such imperialism, as John DeGruchy points out, “embodied something essentially biblical.It grows from Calvin’s vision of God’s kingdom, and the “concomitant calling and responsibility of the church to proclaim God’s rule within and over the world” (20). Christians are not merely to worship God, they are to put themselves in his hands for the massive, indeed global, reclamation project which Christ and his Spirit are working to accomplish?
Meditations on Story: Sherley Anne Williams’s Dessa Rose
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

The first Neo-slave narrative appeared in the mid-seventies, a period of widespread but critical nostalgia about the sixties, when former activists and their adversaries reassessed the political achievements of the decade in light of the declining economic strength of the United States, the “benign neglect” of the Nixon ad¬ ministration to African American life, and the rising tide of neoconservative politics.
Tourists in the Age of the World Picture
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the mid-19 20s, two creatures were born who have come to be more commonly recognized than any movie star, politician, or rock musician. Unfortunately, these creatures cannot be named or described, only depicted, because they were created to circumvent language, with all its inconsistencies and disparities. They are, of course, the male and female silhouettes visible on public facilities all over the world, symbols first formulated by Otto Neurath as part of his attempt to create an international pictorial language to be called Isotype. Neurath, a founding logical positivist, hoped to extend the concept script of Frege and Wittgenstein into public life by formulating a set of minimal, logical, and culturally unspecific symbols that would facilitate international communication. By the mid-1950s, he was collaborating with C. K. Ogden and had translated Ogden’s Basic English into Isotype, thus producing a complete, if limited, system of international pictorial communication.
Introduction
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary
Published: November 2023

There is an empty space in many of us that gnaws at our ribs and cannot be filled by any amount of food. There is a hunger for something, and we never know quite what it is, only that it is a hunger, so we eat. One cannot deny the bodily responses to starvation, and that is part of the reason, some nights, I sat in the basement of the dorm; locked in a bathroom, catching myself in the mirror as I stuffed candy bars, chips, vending machine anything into my mouth, and then threw it up. There is also a larger, more ominous hunger, and I was and am not alone in sensing it. It squirms under the sternum, clawing at the throat. At school we were hungry and lost and scared and young and we needed religion, salvation, something to fill the anxious hollow in our chests. Many of us sought it in food and thinness.
Losing Their Way To Salvation: Popular Rituals of Womanhood and the Saving Promises of Culture Lite
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary
Published: November 2023

Despite its lofty reputation, religious imagination has always had at least one foot in this world. Even Christianity’s most otherworldly images-from Eden to Heaven, from Virgin Mother to Almighty Father-bear traces of the everyday bodily experiences and practices of those who invent and believe in them. The embodied basis of religious imagination is perhaps so obvious that it has a history of being ignored. Traditional Christian theology focused on what were believed to be purely metaphysical questions. More recently, however, critically minded theologians contend that the symbolic activity of religious imagination is enmeshed with concrete, practical concems. Whether explicit or implicit, questions about ultimate meaning and value are questions about what to do and how to live amid the complex possibilities and constraints of everyday life in this world.
Universes Of Meaning, Worlds Of PainThe Struggles of Anorexic and Bulimic Girls and Women
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary
Published: November 2023

Throughout much of Christian history, theology has been largely assumed to be the business of a select few: those who sit in ivory towers, those who put on priestly collars, those whose heroic feats or creative genius give rise to seemingly timeless questions about ultimate meaning and value. Perhaps the presumed loftiness of such queries has contributed to their ill fate in the United States today, where they are often relegated to the universe of the individual self, or treated with absolute assurances within the public sphere, or bought and sold in the interests of consumer capitalism. In this context, such questions are either too private or too general, too volatile or too irrelevant, too worthless or too profitable to merit serious and sustained reflection.
Images of Tamil Bhaktas
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

The hymns’ insistence that Siva lives in Tamil towns, their praise of the rivers and fertility of Tamil country, and their context of pilgrimage all point to the significance of land in the poets’ vision. In a beautiful hymn, Appar transforms an agricultural scene into a message of bhakti.

Was Tamil Śiva-bhakti a religious path primarily directed toward, or embraced by, peasant peoples? One influential scholar suggests that it was. Many scholars of south Indian history have undertaken important research on the allocation and production of land, particularly that of the fertile Kāvēri delta region, to obtain information on economic, social, and political developments in early medieval times. Among them, Burton Stein envisioned a specific role for bhakti in these developments, primarily by linking bhakti to the peasant population. In his widely influential book, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, Stein locates bhakti within the context of what he calls the “segmentary state,” a dynamic image of state formation in the context of competing groups. Although scholars have criticized his idea of the segmentary state on many issues, especially his depiction of the village, my interest here is specifically the way he locates bhakti in his model of the developing social and political order in early medieval south India.
The Tamil Śaiva Siddhānta
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

Śaiva Siddhānta was an authoritative school in Tamil country during medieval times, especially in the philosophical meaning and ritual practice of worship in temples. With its texts in Sanskrit, a lingua franca, the school established a network of centers in Tamil country and across India. In the thirteenth century and later, several historical factors contributed to the compromise of the school’s panIndian network, including the acceptance of Śankarācārya’s monism across India and Muslim incursions in the north, which, in turn, fostered the development of the Tamil region as a major center of Śaiva Siddhānta. It was in this historical context that a Tamil Siddhānta school emerged, distinguished from the Śaiva Siddhānta by its own canon of original philosophical texts in Tamil.
Introduction
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

The point of departure for this study in ecclesiology is the anxiety in certain circles of the contemporary mainline Protestant churches, especially (though not exclusively) in North America, over their apparent demise. Within a comparatively short span of centuries, these communions, like New World cities of God, have passed from youth to decrepitude and now stand astonished that they experienced so little of middle age. Their anxiety in the face of death is taken as a kind of complex sign, the significance of which this study interrogates as a way of gaining insight into what it means when we speak of”the church:’
De-scribing Church Ecclesiology in Semiotic Dialogue
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

At one moment in history, courageous, liberal-minded people can be thrown into prison because a particular word means something to them, and at another moment, the same kind of people can be thrown into prison because that same word has ceased to mean anything to them, because it has changed from the symbol of a better world into the mumbo jumbo of a doltish dictator.
The Urge to Philosophize
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

“The Jewish People;’ as Julius Guttmann argues on the first page of his monumental study, “did not begin to philosophize because of an irresistible urge to do so. They received philosophy from outside sources, and the history of Jewish philosophy is a history of successive absorptions of foreign ideas which were then transformed and adapted according to specific Jewish points of view.’
lmitatio Dei
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Until now we have considered an understanding of monotheism based on a radical separation between God and everything else. God is eternal, everything else is created; God is beyond our ability to praise, everything else is within it. Not only does separation create metaphysical problems, it creates a religious problem of immense proportions, for the Bible does not say we should simply recognize the uniqueness of God and be content with our finitude; it says quite clearly that we should strive to emulate God. Thus Leviticus 19:2: “You shall be holy; for I the Lord your God am holy.”
Popular Religion and a Personal God
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Having come this far, we would do well to take stock. I have argued that monotheism is central to Judaism and have defined monotheism in a way that emphasizes the uniqueness of God and the primacy of the distinction between God and creation. We saw that while prayer may not be the highest form of spiritual achievement, Maimonides not only permits it but regards it as mandatory. His point is that we should rid ourselves of the temptation to think that the function of prayer is to assert literal truth. It can lead us to God or inform us about God without telling us what God is or exactly how God acts.
The Serpent of Lust in the Southern Garden *
Authors: Clark William Bedford
Published: November 2023

In the minds of many Americans, there are two Souths. There is, on the one hand, that South conceived of as an idyllic land of plenty, blessed with a temperate climate and a rich fecundity of soil and inhabited by a happy and hospitable people for whom life is pleasure and pleasure a way of life. The persistent hold this view of the South exercises over the collective American imagination is attested to perhaps most readily by the willingness with which outlanders continue to surrender to the Old South nostalgia of the plantation tradition in both fiction and cinema. On the other hand, however, there is that other South, a kind of night mare world of torrid and stifling heat in which uncontrollable passions and sense less acts of violence become the outward manifestations of a blighting inner corruption, a secret sin poisoning the very mainstreams of southern life. It was no accident that Faulkner’s first commercial success was Sanctuary and the reading public’s interest in lurid accounts of southern depravity remains strong, as any trip to the corner newsstand suffices to prove. Nevertheless, these two seemingly irreconcilable images of the South manage to merge into a rather shaky synthesis in the national consciousness so that to many Americans the South becomes a thing at once attractive and repulsive, a land simultaneously blessed and cursed. Metaphor is one way of expressing such a paradoxical state of emotional affairs, and one of the oldest and most compelling metaphors for expressing the ambivalence of American attitudes toward the region has been the image of the South as a corrupted garden, or, expressed in Biblical terms, Eden after the Fall. Charles W. Coleman, in an 1887 Harper’s article, “The Recent Movement in Southern Literature,” provides us with an interesting early example of this metaphor. In discussing the fiction of George Washington Cable, he remarks that Cable writes of an “enchanted, semitropical realm, beautiful with flowers, yet marked by the trail of the serpent.”
Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

In the past, there was another period in which this island in the desert flourished. There followed a long series of years in which poverty, hunger and thirst, pestilence, and earthquakes imprinted the seal of misery on it one after another, forcing its inhabitants to emigrate or die, razing the town limits, and wearing down the verdure of the valley in which it was situated until it looked just like the wasteland surrounding it.
If They Could See You Now’
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Few towns have had an infancy so prolonged and so similar to decrepitude as the village of San Francisco de la Selva, now the city of CopiapÓ, capital of the Province of Atacama. But it’s also true that very few will have experienced more rapid or more ostentatious progress than that which has suddenly seen fit to descend on this beloved corner of ours in the last few years. You can say of it what they say about the child who suddenly suffers a huge growth spurt: he’s growing right before our eyes!
The Discoverers of the Chañarcillo Mines
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Excellent topic for a Lenten sermon in which the orator proposed to describe the fleetingness of earthly treasures and conjure up not just one but many prodigal sons without resorting to parable. I, who am no orator, and who have not been burdened on this earth with the arduous task of herding restive sheep from one place to another, though I’m proud to own some and frequently find myself trailing after one who’s gone astray, have chosen this matter to write an article.
Vallenar and Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

They are two neighboring towns, two sister towns, and this is more than enough to cause them to live in eternal discord.

There are times when I too start thinking about the origins of our civilizations, because I like to think that prior to ill® tempore we were more animal-like than we are now. Did men get together, I ask myself, so they could love each other more easily? No.
The Port of Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

It was four o’clock in the barracks, in the jail, in the municipal building, in the criminal and civil courts, in the office of the notary public, and even in San Andres when we left. I don’t need to tell you that the dust in the narrow streets of La Bodega blinded us, or that dust kept blinding us over and over again at several points along the way … I still rub my eyes every time I think of it. The most interesting thing I saw on the way was one of those horrible trophies that don’t so much conjure up feelings of justice served as they denounce in our societies clear tendencies toward cannibalism: I’m talking about two human arms nailed to a gibbet, and arranged so that if you just stuck a nightcap up on top, you’d have the living image of the coat of arms of the Argentine Republic.
Letter from Jotabeche to a Friend in Santiago
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

If you hadn’t sent me a letter on the steamship Peru, do you know the punishment I had lined up for you? I was going to dedicate one of my articles to you so your name would appear in print like an ECCE HOMO at the head of some columns of El Mercurio.
Letter from Jotabeche
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

It’s time to write you a letter, and I intend to amuse myself as I write, hoping it won’t bore you when you read it. I have to confess: I’m as keen to write letters as Argentines are to emigrate, Peruvians to suffer, soldiers to fight, Pelucones1 to influence fashion, and the children of my land to litigate.
Gossips
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

They are a species of poet-people, whose Apollo is the devil. The devil inspires them, the devil has made them stand out among us: they’re geniuses, they’re nothing at all. If you come across one of them while you’re out walking, make the sign of the cross and start running, as if you’d run into a spy just when the Conservatives, finding the water has risen up to their beards, have declared the country in crisis.
Letter (Visit to the Maipo Canyon)
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

On the tenth of this month I left here with all the excitement we feel when we set out on a journey hoping to see new things and visit places we know nothing about except their names. As soon as I entered Maipo canyon my curiosity began to be satisfied.
Francisco Montero: Memories of the Year 1820
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Famous writers of my country and my time frequently undertake the worthy task of relating to us the heroic feats and actions of the leaders of our independence, while they’re still alive if they occupy high office, after their death if death ended their misfortunes.
Ethics in Practice
Authors: Rohde Deborah L
Published: November 2023

Law, as Reinhold Niebuhr once noted, is a “compromise between moral ideas and practical possibilities.”1 The same is true of legal ethics. How lawyers reconcile the tension between moral aspirations and pragmatic constraints is important not just for the profession but also for the public. Lawyers play a crucial role in the structure of our private affairs and social institutions. This role carries multiple, sometimes competing responsibilities to clients, courts, and society generally. Lawyers also face conflicts between their professional obligations and personal interests. A central challenge of legal practice is how to live a life of integrity in the tension between these competing demands.2
The Limits of Adversarial Ethics
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie
Published: November 2023

Imagine a world in which you have a problem. You know you need help so you look for an advocate and a counselor. If the problem involves law, you may pay generously for this “special purpose” friend. And this friend will typically respond by viewing others involved as potential adversaries.
Cultures of Commitment: Pro Bono for Lawyers and Law Students
Authors: Rhode Deborah L
Published: November 2023

Mark Twain once reminded us that “to do right is noble: to advise others to do right is also noble and much less trouble for yourself.” For too many lawyers, the issue of pro bono service reflects too wide a gap between professional rhetoric and professional practice. Bar ethical codes have long advised attorneys that they have obligations to assist individuals who cannot afford counsel. Yet the percentage of lawyers who actually do so has remained dispiritingly small. Recent estimates suggest that most attorneys do not perform significant pro bono work, and that only between 10 and 20 percent of those who do are assisting low-income clients. The average for the profession as a whole is less that a half an hour per week. Few lawyers come close to satisfying the American Bar Association’s Model Rules, which provide that “a lawyer should aspire to render at least 50 hours of pro bono public legal services per year,” primarily to “persons of limited means or to organizations assisting such persons.”1
Ancient Egyptian Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

In order to understand how early Jewish and Christian authors depicted the heavenly realm, one first needs to investigate the religious, cultural, and “scientific” perspectives they inherited from the Hebrew Bible, the religiously authoritative text for both Jews and Christians. We must seek to understand, therefore, how this authoritative document depicted the heavenly realm because it influenced how later Jews and Christians thought about this subject. In turn, how the editors and authors of the many texts in the Hebrew Bible depicted the heavenly realm was influenced by the world in which they lived.
Ancient Mesopotamian Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

As we turn to consider the views of Mesopotamian peoples about the heavenly realms, we must be cautious. The sources at our disposal are abundant, but how they fit within the contexts of official religion on the one hand or popular religion on the other is not clear. In fact, one noted Assyriologist maintained that “a systematic presentation of Mesopotamian religion cannot and should not be written.”1 In the following, therefore, I will try to sketch the salient features of Mesopotamian beliefs about the heavenly realms. Once again, given the nature of the sources, we must steer a course between the Scylla of complete nihilism and the Charybdis of excessive optimism when it comes to reconstructing the beliefs of these ancient peoples. It must be remembered that most of this literature predates the biblical materials—the Sumerian literature by more than a millennium! Because of the continuities in many aspects of Mesopotamian religion from the late third millennium to the middle of the first millennium bce, this material will enable us to understand more fully the intellectual context in which the biblical materials evolved.2