Potential To Streamline Heterologous DNA Prime and NYVAC/Protein Boost HIV Vaccine Regimens in Rhesus Macaques by Employing Improved Antigens
Authors: Asbach Benedikt , Kliche Alexander , Köstler Josef , Perdiguero Beatriz , Esteban Mariano , Jacobs Bertram L. , Montefiori David C. , LaBranche Celia C. , Yates Nicole L. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Ferrari Guido , Foulds Kathryn E. , Roederer Mario , Landucci Gary , Forthal Donald N. , Seaman Michael S. , Hawkins Natalie , Self Steven G. , Sato Alicia , Gottardo Raphael , Phogat Sanjay , Tartaglia James , Barnett Susan W. , Burke Brian , Cristillo Anthony D. , Weiss Deborah E. , Francis Jesse , Galmin Lindsey , Ding Song , Heeney Jonathan L. , Pantaleo Giuseppe , Wagner Ralf 
Published: February 2016

In a follow-up to the modest efficacy observed in the RV144 trial, researchers in the HIV vaccine field seek to substantiate and extend the results by evaluating other poxvirus vectors and combinations with DNA and protein vaccines. Earlier clinical trials (EuroVacc trials 01 to 03) evaluated the immunogenicity of HIV-1 clade C GagPolNef and gp120 antigens delivered via the poxviral vector NYVAC. These showed that a vaccination regimen including DNA-C priming prior to a NYVAC-C boost considerably enhanced vaccine-elicited immune responses compared to those with NYVAC-C alone. Moreover, responses were improved by using three as opposed to two DNA-C primes. In the present study, we assessed in nonhuman primates whether such vaccination regimens can be streamlined further by using fewer and accelerated immunizations and employing a novel generation of improved DNA-C and NYVAC-C vaccine candidates designed for higher expression levels and more balanced immune responses. Three different DNA-C prime/NYVAC-C+ protein boost vaccination regimens were tested in rhesus macaques. All regimens elicited vigorous and well-balanced CD8
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and CD4
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T cell responses that were broad and polyfunctional. Very high IgG binding titers, substantial antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and modest antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), but very low neutralization activity, were measured after the final immunizations. Overall, immune responses elicited in all three groups were very similar and of greater magnitude, breadth, and quality than those of earlier EuroVacc vaccines. In conclusion, these findings indicate that vaccination schemes can be simplified by using improved antigens and regimens. This may offer a more practical and affordable means to elicit potentially protective immune responses upon vaccination, especially in resource-constrained settings.

IMPORTANCE
Within the EuroVacc clinical trials, we previously assessed the immunogenicity of HIV clade C antigens delivered in a DNA prime/NYVAC boost regimen. The trials showed that the DNA prime crucially improved the responses, and three DNA primes with a NYVAC boost appeared to be optimal. Nevertheless, T cell responses were primarily directed toward Env, and humoral responses were modest. The aim of this study was to assess improved antigens for the capacity to elicit more potent and balanced responses in rhesus macaques, even with various simpler immunization regimens. Our results showed that the novel antigens in fact elicited larger numbers of T cells with a polyfunctional profile and a good Env-GagPolNef balance, as well as high-titer and Fc-functional antibody responses. Finally, comparison of the different schedules indicates that a simpler regimen of only two DNA primes and one NYVAC boost in combination with protein may be very efficient, thus showing that the novel antigens allow for easier immunization protocols.