bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of two nonaflatoxigenic classes of morphological variants ofaspergillus parasiticus
Authors: Bennett J. W. , Silverstein R. B. , Kruger S. J.
Published: July 2007

Serial transfer of mycelial macerates of aflatoxigenic strains ofAspergillus parasiticus produced 2 morphological variants. The “fan” variant type showed flat growth, a gradient of sporulation density, absence of mycelial pigmentation and deep furrows on the back of the colony. The “fluff” variants displayed abundant aerial mycelium, sparse sporulation, absence of mycelial pigmentation and furrows on the reverse of the colony. Neither “fan” nor “fluff” produced detectable aflatoxin. In a marked mutant strain, the appearance of “fan” and “fluff” and their concomitant loss of aflatoxin production occurred whereas spore color and auxotrophic markers were retained. A parasexual diploid synthesized from the mutant strain with the “fan” phenotype produced high levels of aflatoxin whereas a parasexual diploid containing the “fluff” pheno‐type produced low levels of aflatoxin. The unusual mode of isolation, the differential retention of aflatoxin and other genetic markers in a mutant strain, and the different levels of aflatoxin production in parasexual diploids with “fan” and “fluff” imply an unusual genetic mechanism for the control of the aflatoxin pathway.
Reducing aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes by selection and breeding
Authors: Mixon A. C.
Published: July 2007

The potential for developing agronomically suitable cultivais using peanut genotypes that exhibit resistance to seed colonization by aflatoxin‐producing strains ofAspergillus species is explored. Some factors found to be associated with the nature of resistance to seed colonization by the toxin‐producing fungi are cell structure, cell arrangement, permeability, waxy surface, tannin content and amino acid components of the seed testae. The practical implications of developing resistant cultivars are presented in data for yield, value and seed quality for 6 advanced peanut lines that were developed by breeding and selection from crosses.
Variability in corn hybrid resistance to preharvest aflatoxin contamination
Authors: Lillehoj E. B. , Zuber M. S.
Published: July 2007

Preliminary field studies suggested evidence for resistance of certain corn hybrids to the preharvest infection of kernels byA. flavus and contamination of the kernels with aflatoxin before harvest. A major constraint in evaluating corn hybrids for resistance to the contamination has been the unusual heterogeneity associated with the toxin distribution. A few kernels containing high levels of toxin are routinely responsible for contamination of large sample lots. Extraordinary heterogeneity is also observed in toxin occurrence among fields within a region and among large geographic areas. Edaphic and climatic differences appear to render immature kernels susceptible to aflatoxin accumulation in a discontinuous manner. To reduce intrinsic variability and acquire definitive information on hybrid differences in susceptibility to contamination, several techniques have been developed including: (a) an increase in the number of regional test sites, (b) expansion of the sample sizes, (c) an increase in replication numbers, and (d) elevation of toxin levels in kernels by experimental treatments. Reduction of test variability has allowed for delineation of hybrid differences in aflatoxin resistance. In a diallel set study, genotypes have been identified with heritable qualities of reduced aflatoxin levels in developing kernels. These results provide a basis for further characterization of a genetic facility for resistance to the toxin‐producing fungi; these factors have the potential for incorporation into commercial hybrids.
Tolerance to in vitro accumulation of aflatoxins in pecan meal as affected by factors associated with yield (carya illinoensis [wangenh.] K. Koch)
Authors: McMEANS J. L.
Published: July 2007

Unautoclaved pecan (Carya illinoensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) meal from selected trees, 10 each with high or low nut yields, were inoculated with a spore suspension of Aspergillus parasiticus. Significantly greater concentrations of aflatoxins (B2 + B2 + G1 + G2) occurred in substrates from high‐yielding trees. The data suggest physiological differences associated with yield resulted in tolerance to accumulation of aflatoxins.
Aflatoxin formation on whole and ground cumin and anise seeds
Authors: Llewellyn G. C. , Dixon E. C. , T. Eadie , Dashek W. V. , O'rear C. E.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential productivity and growth ofAspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) and the resulting toxin production on natural and autoclaved (cooked) cumin and anise spice seed substrates. Both whole and ground seeds were used. Mycelia and sporulation were also noted in this 17‐day experiment. Cumin and anise seeds are capable of supporting mycelial growth, sporulation and toxin production when the seeds are moist and maintained at room temperature. Toxin yields were higher on ground sterile seed substrates. Of the commercial samples tested, neither the resulting cultures of natural flora nor dry whole seeds were found to contain aflatoxin or aflatoxin‐like producing organisms. The anise substrates were more conducive to mycelial growth, sporulation and aflatoxin production than the cumin. Toxin levels in the various anise substrates ranged from 0.83 to 6.5μg/g total for the 4 aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2. Cumin seed substrates usually showed only B, and G, at total levels ranging from 0.23 to 0.63μg/g‐ Both spice seeds had mycelial growth and sporulation to occur at some time during the experimental period. Both substrates could be considered as low‐level‐producer substrates for aflatoxins. Anise seeds should be monitored occasionally for aflatoxin contamination when the commodities are purchased and used in large quantities.
Isolation and purification of deoxynivalenol and a new trichothecene by high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Peterson R. E. , Plattner R. D. , Shotwell O. L.
Published: July 2007

Deoxynivalenol (3,7,15‐trihydroxy‐12,l3‐epoxytrichothec‐9‐ene‐8‐one) was extracted from corn with methanol/water (80:20, v/v) and purified by liquid:liquid partitioning and by preparative high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This procedure was used to prepare mg quantities of toxin from field‐inoculated corn for reference standards. Analysis of the isolated deoxynivalenol by analytical HPLC, gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GLC/MS) indicated the presence of a second compound similar to deoxynivalenol. This compound comigrates with deoxynivalenol on thin layer chromatography plates in chloroform/methanol (90:10, v/v), but can be separated by HPLC on a reverse‐phase C8 column with methanol/water (10:90, v/v). GC/MS of the compound and the trimethylsilyl ether derivative gave parent ions of m/e 280 and 424, respectively. These data and NMR data indicate that the compound is 3,15‐dihydroxy‐12,13‐epoxytrichothec‐9‐ene‐8‐one, a previously unreported trichothecene.
Isolation of altenuisol and altertoxins I and II, minor mycotoxins elaborated byalternaria
Authors: Chu F. S.
Published: July 2007

A method for the isolation of milligram quantities of 3 minorAlternaria mycotoxins, altenuisol (AS), altertoxin I (AT‐I) and altertoxin II (AT‐II) was developed. Crude toxin preparation was first subjected to a preparative high pressure liquid Chromatograph step using PrepLC/System 500 and a silica gel column. The 3 minor toxins were eluted from the column with 25% ethyl acetate. Further purification of these toxins was achieved by passing the partially purified toxins through a Sephadex LH‐20 column (2.5 X 25 cm) twice. In a solvent system of hexane/methylehe chloride/methanol (1:1:1, v/v/v), AT‐I was eluted from the Sephadex column first, followed by AT‐II and AS. The distribution of variousAlternaria mycotoxins in different fractions obtained from the Sephadex step and some of the physicochemical properties of AT‐I and AT‐II are described.
Transmission and distribution of aflatoxin in contaminated beef liver and other tissues
Authors: Stubblefield R. D. , Shotwell O. L. , Richard J. L. , Pier A. C.
Published: July 2007

A 160‐kg Holstein steer was fed 52 mg1, equivalents/day (orally) for 5 consecutive days and then slaughtered. The liver, kidneys, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle (round) were retained and assayed for aflatoxin. The liver was cut into 14 samples and each was analyzed to determine the distribution of aflatoxin in liver. Afla‐toxin levels in samples from the edges of the liver were 44% lower than averages of all the remaining samples, which were 25.0 ng B,, 15.4 ng M1 and 47.1 ng total aflatoxin/g; however, cross‐sectional samples would give representative assay results. Lower total aflatoxin concentrations (16.0 ng, 18.5 ng and 12.9 ng/g) were found for heart, spleen and muscle, respectively. The kidneys had the highest level of aflatoxin (145.9 ng/g) with M1 levels (105.5 ng/g) 3.6 times the B, concentration (29.3 ng/g). In the other tissues, B1 concentrations were 1.6‐2.9 times greater than aflatoxin M1.
Preparation of low‐phytate rapeseed protein by ultrafiltration: II. Membrane development and testing
Authors: Siy R. D. , Talbot F. D. F.
Published: July 2007

The feasibility of using ultrafiltration (UF) to eliminate phytate from aqueous sodium chloride extracts of rapeseed was studied. With a proper choice of casting solution composition and casting conditions, high flux asymmetric cellulose acetate membranes of different surface porosity capable of giving different levels of phytate‐protein separation were effectively created. The efficiency of the cast cellulose acetate membranes on phytate‐protein separation was greatly influenced by the solution pH. The presence of sodium chloride in the processed solution was important to obtain a low retention of phytate. Complete removal of phytate from rapeseed extract with little or no loss of proteins was achieved using continuous diafiltrarion.
Determination of heavy metals in a menhaden oil after refining and hydrogenation using several analytical methods
Authors: Elson CM. , Bem E. M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: July 2007

A series of menhaden oils collected at various stages of processing have been analyzed for zinc, cadmium, lead, copper and arsenic by wet digestion and electrothermal atomization‐atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas). The results are compared, for some metals, with 2 other methods of oil treatment: extraction with nitric acid and dilution with methyl isobutyl ketone. Both the extraction and dilution procedures appeared to measure only the loosely bound, inorganic portion of the metals: determination of the total metal content including organometallics required wet digestion. The crude oil contained the largest metal burden but successive refining steps reduced the metal content to a level which met the FAO/WHO Codex standards. Hydrogenation did not significantly alter the metal concentration in the oils.
Grape seed: A potential source of protein
Authors: Fantozzi P.
Published: July 2007

Because grape seed is a potential source of edible protein, it is essential to remove the polyphenols to significantly improve protein digestibility. This study describes a procedure whereby grape seed protein concentrate is significantly purified and protein digestibility is improved. The procedure involves soaking whole seeds in an alkaline solution and subsequently extracting the protein with a concentrated salt solution.
Study on neutral lipid composition of malagasy zebu fats: I. Quantitative analysis of fatty acids and sterols
Authors: Ramananarivo R. , Artaud J. , Estienne J. , Peiffer G. , Gaydou E. M.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid and sterol compositions of different parts of Malagasy zebu(Bos indicus) were evaluated. Investigation by gas liquid chromatography using Carbowax 20 M revealed 35 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (24‐27%), stearic (13‐24%), and oleic (25‐37%) acids. Odd‐numbered, iso and anteiso fatty acids were also detected. Small differences in composition were observed between the hump and the kidney fats ofB. indicus. Comparison between industrial tallow ofB. indicus andB. taurus revealed slight differences in the stearic/ oleic acid ratio (0.83 and 0.46, respectively). An OV 17 column was used to separate 9 sterols, mainly cholesterol (89‐98%).β‐Sitosterol was also found at lower concentrations in all the samples.
Effect of succinylation of cottonseed flour during protein extraction on the yield and some of the properties of protein isolates
Authors: Choi Y. R. , Lusas E. W. , Rhee K. C.
Published: July 2007

A new method has been developed to improve extraction and recovery of protein isolates, which are highly water‐soluble, low in sensitivity to calcium precipitation and light‐colored, from defatted cottonseed flour. Optimal conditions include extraction of flour with acidified n‐butanol (pH 4.5) to remove chromophores, succinylation of proteins at pH 8.5 using succinic anhydride at a concentration of 30% on protein basis, and precipitation of protein at pH 4.5. The resulting succinylated isolates contain more hydrophobic and neutral amino acids than untreated isolates. Gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein isolates (water‐, salt [4% NaCl]‐ and alkali [0.2% NaOH]‐soluble), sequentially fractionated from succinylated and untreated flours, suggest that succinylation converts much of the salt‐ and alkali‐soluble proteins to water‐soluble forms. Succinylation increases emulsion stability of isolates. The 3 succinylated isolates showed similar Chromatographie patterns on Sephadex G‐100 columns and clectrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels, whereas the corresponding 3 isolates from untreated flour had different gel patterns and mobilities. Mobilities of major protein components of the 3 isolates were increased by succinylation.
Phospholipid‐ phospholipid interaction in soybean oil
Authors: Kanamoto R. , Wada Y. , Miyajima G. , Kito M.
Published: July 2007

Phospholipid‐phospholipid interaction in soybean oil is described. Phosphatidylcholine was effectively removed from soybean oil by degumming (water hydration), whereas phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid were hardly hydratable. However, the degree of their hydration increased in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. The spectrophotometric assay based on charge transfer interaction between 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane and phospholipids at 480 nm was used to determine the formation of phospholipid micelles in soybean oil. The critical micelle concentrations were 0.085, 0.84 and 2.6 mM for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine interacted with phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidic acid to form mixed micelles. The critical micelle concentrations of phosphatidylcholine‐phosphatidylethanolamine mixture and phosphatidylcholine‐phosphatidic acid mixture were 0.16 and 1.3 mM, respectively. The degree of hydration of phospholipids was related to their critical micelle concentrations. Interaction of phosphatidylcholine with phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidic acid was confirmed by determining the changes in the chemical shifts of 31PNMR spectra.
Volatile sulfur compounds and other headspace constituents of north sea fish oils
Authors: Christensen B. W. , Kjær A. , Madsen J. Øgaard
Published: July 2007

Headspace fractions of industrial oils produced from North Sea fish have been studied with emphasis on their sulfur‐containing constituents, suspected inhibitors in the subsequent, catalytic oil hardening process. Fourteen individual, volatile sulfur compounds have been identified, accounting for virtually the total amount of such compounds in the volatile fraction. Sulfides, linear and cyclic di‐ and polysulfides, and a homologous series of methyl thiolesters, together make up the chemical patterns. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry revealed a complex, but surprisingly constant pattern of the total, volatile fractions of several North Sea fish oils. About 100 individual compounds, including those containing sulfur, have been fully or partly identified. The structural characteristics and possible origin of the various types of compounds are discussed briefly.
Wetting properties of nonionic surfactants of homogeneous structure C12H25(OC2H4)xOH
Authors: Cohen A. W. , Rosen M. J.
Published: July 2007

The wetting of cotton skeins by aqueous solutions of individual surfactants of structure C12H25(OC2H4)XOH, where x = 4‐8, with homogeneous head groups, and of a Poisson distribution mixture containing an average of 5.5 oxyethylene groups, has been measured at various temperatures using the Draves technique. An individual compound with a homogeneous polyoxyethylene head group is a more effective wetting agent than a Poisson distribution mixture with the same average number of oxyethylene units. Loglog plots of wetting time vs surfactant concentration are linear in the concentration range of 0.25 to 1 g/L. The best wetting agents at any temperature have slopes in the ‐1.5 to ‐1.6 range and Y‐intercepts from +0.6 to +0.7. Wetting in these systems appears to be diffusion‐controlled. The wetting time at 1 g/L concentration is a measure of the wetting effectiveness of the surfactant, because it is roughly inversely proportional to the diffusion constant of the surfactant at that concentration. For materials 30 C or more below their cloud point, temperature increase causes an increase in wetting effectiveness. As the cloud point of the surfactant solution is approached, however, both the slope and the Y‐intercept of the log‐log plot of wetting time vs surfactant concentration change sharply. The absolute value of the negative slope decreases and the positive value of the Y‐intercept increases, resulting in greatly reduced wetting effectiveness.
Hydrogenation research
Authors: Allen R. R.
Published: July 2007

During the 33 years I have spent in industrial fats and oils research and development I have been fortunate to have both R&D managers who let me stay in the laboratory and do my own research, and capable assistants who worked with me in the laboratory. Of course, much of my work could never have been done without them, so this award is theirs, too. My laboratory assistant in Taiwan, Dorothy Chu, wrote me, “You are my boss, so it is my honor, too.” This is not just my award; you are also honoring those who worked with me during the past.
The Determination of Fatty Acid Primary Amides by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Brengartner Dennis A.
Published: July 2007

A method has been developed for the determination of 12 primary amides of long‐chain fatty acids by capillary column gas chromatography. The method uses no derivatization or sample preparation other than extraction of the sample. A variety of commercial amidecontaining materials have been analyzed successfully. The amides, along with other soluble materials, are first separated from the host using refluxing 2‐propanol containing an internal standard. The fatty acid amides are then identified and measured by gas chromatography over a programmed temperature range of 200 to 260 C. The chromatograms obtained show sharp peaks, unique retention times and acceptable reproducibility for quantitation.Cis‐ trans isomers of several of the fatty acid amides were tested and found to be resolved under the conditions employed.
The effect of temperature and wax content on the appearance of turbidity in sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Turkulov J. , Dimić E. , Karlović Dj. , Vukša V.
Published: July 2007

Turbidity in refined sunflowerseed oil, caused by the presence of waxes, is a frequent occurrence. As such, it is a special problem in a number of countries where clear packaging is used for this oil. The application of cold test for the determination of sunflowerseed oil clarity is not always satisfactory, as the negative cold test is not a guarantee that the waxes are completely removed and that the oil will remain clear for a longer period. In this study, the threshold value for wax content which would cause turbidity in refined sunflowerseed oil was determined. At the same time, the influence of cooling temperature and wax content on the visible turbidity appearance rate was investigated. The results show that the turbidity threshold for the cold test is 80 mg wax/kg oil, and that the rate of the visible turbidity appearance of the oil depends both on wax content and cooling temperature.
A technique for monitoring the quality of used frying oils
Authors: Wu Pei‐fen , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this work was to develop a practical method for monitoring the quality of oils during the frying process. A special effort was made to find a technique that would not be affected by dilution, since replenishment with fresh oil to varying degrees is a frequent necessity. Nine analytical methods, i.e., measurements of viscosity, polymers, change in dielectric constant, polar compounds, dimers, free fatty acids, smoke point, carbonyls and cyclic monomers, as well as certain combinations of these measurements were evaluated. Since each single method was influenced by replenishment with fresh oil, combinations of two methods were studied in an attempt to produce a single value unaffected by dilution. The ratio polymer/FOS (polymers according to Peled's technique of methylation and extraction and change in dielectric constant by Foodoil Sensor readings) proved not only to be adequate for monitoring the quality of the used oil, but also was affected minimally by replenishment.
Indian ricebran lecithin
Authors: Adhikari S. , Adhikari J.
Published: July 2007

In view of the high potential of ricebran oil in India, lecithins recovered from crude and dewaxed Indian ricebran oil were analyzed and different classes characterized with the objective of effectively utilizing this valuable by‐ product. Lipid classes and individual phospholipid components were identified and estimated. Dewaxing was found to have a considerable effect on composition of the derived lecithin. The lecithin obtained from crude or dewaxed Indian ricebran oil consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylnositol and triglycerides, along with carbohydrates, free fatty acid, sterols and waxes (in case of crude oil). The major fatty acids of individual phospholipids were found to be palmitic, oleic and linoleic. Analytical characteristics of ricebran lecithin were shown to be comparable to local soybean lecithin. It can be expected that the gummy materials in the oil, presently lost with the soapstock during refining, could find important applications.
Quantitation in the analysis of transesterified soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography 1
Authors: Freedman B. , Kwolek W. F. , Pryde E. H.
Published: July 2007

A rapid quantitative capillary gas Chromatographic method has been developed for studying transesterification of soybean oil (SBO) to fatty esters. Standard solutions containing methyl linoleate, mono‐, di‐ and trilinolein were analyzed with a 1.8 m X 0.32 mm SE‐ 30 fused silica column. The effect of carrier gas flow on reproducibility was determined. Prior to analysis, mono‐ (MG) and diglycerides (DG) were silylated with N,O‐ bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide.Tridecanoin was used as an internal standard. From plots of area and weight relationships, slopes and intercepts for all four compound classes were determined. Agreement between the measured and calculated compositions of the standard solutions was good; the overall standard deviation was 0.4. Slopes and intercepts also were determined for SBO and its methyl and butyl esters. Complete separation of ester, MG, DG and triglyceride was obtained in 12 min by temperature programming from 160 to 350 C. This method of analysis gave excellent results when used in a kinetic study of SBO transesterification.
Synthesis and rigorous purification of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates
Authors: Budhram R. S. , Eisenbraun E. J.
Published: July 2007

The detergent properties of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates frequently do not allow the use of conventional solvents and methods of organic chemistry for isolation and purification. The preparation of large quantities of highly purified linear and branched alkylbenzene sulfonates was achieved through purification of the corresponding methyl sulfonate ester obtained in one step by chlorosulfonation of the hydrocarbon and quenching the reaction mixture with methanol. Preparative HPLC of the methyl sulfonate ester and the use of special techniques in analytical HPLC provided highly purified sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates.
The hydrocarbon constituents of petroleum and some possible lipid precursors
Authors: Smith Harold M.
Published: July 2007

This report presents a complete qualitative picture of our knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of petroleum as of April 1965. The material is presented in detail on an imaginative map called the Hydrocarbon Hemisphere which depicts the hydrocarbons identified in petroleum. All compounds are placed on the map according to boiling point.

The accompanying text illustrates by structural formulas the several types of hydrocarbons identified, presents some quantitative data, and points out the possible geochemical significance of a number of the compounds with particular reference to lipids as possible source material.
Analysis of oil content of soybeans by wide‐line NMR
Authors: Collins F. I. , Alexander D. E. , Rodgers R. C. , Silvela L. S.
Published: July 2007

Samples of soybeans, ranging from single seed to 25 g, were scanned by NMR and then gravimetrically analyzed for oil content. High positive correlations of NMR and oil for single seed (r=0.998) and for 25‐g samples (r=0.999) were found. Single 30‐sec NMR scans gave accurate estimates of the oil content of sobean seeds which had been dried to less than 4% moisture content. Fifteen samples of known percentage composition, created by mixing calculated weights of soybean oil with oven dry soybean meal (made lipid‐free by petroleum ether and by carbon tetrachloride extraction), were scanned by NMR. These 15 samples, starting at 2% oil and increasing by increments of 2% oil up to 30%, had a linear relationship of NMR readouts with these known percentages of oil. These results indicate that wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, rapid and nondestructive tool for determining the oil content of soybean seeds. Since NMR scanning of seed does not alter its composition or destroy its viability, this method of oil analysis could accelerate the development of new soybean strains.
A detergency test based on rapid aging of unremoved sebum
Authors: Spangler W. G. , Roga R. C. , Cross H. D.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory test has been developed for screening detergent compositions with respect to the removal of sebum soil in the absence of particulate soil. The fabrics are uniformly soiled with an aqueous emulsion of synthetic sebum and are then laundered under controlled conditions in a Tergo‐Tometer. The unremoved soil is rapidly aged, and the resulting yellowness is measured instrumentally.

This test can be run in a minimum amount of time and with a minimum amount of equipment. It enables one to check many variables (such as sequentering capacity, temperature effects, brightener build‐up under soiled conditions, etc.) on various fabrics, with or without special treatments. The results are in terms of yellowness, which is recognized by the housewife, and are not a measurement of total soil removal. These values, when combined with grayness values derived from the sebum airborne test, are good prognosticators of practical performance.
Effect of varietal or subvarietal alterations on the high order compositeness status of fats from the same biological species. The glyceride structures of threeMyristica malabarica mace fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Narayanan R.
Published: July 2007

Mace fats from three morphologically indistinguishable subvarieties ofMyristica malabarica and from the same geographical area were investigated for high order compositeness (HOC) indices (2,3) by the azelaoglyceride analysis technique (1). The fats had saturated acid contents of 36.5, 43.7, and 49.8% by molecules, and the differences in the component acid compositions were adequate to establish differences in the source of biological origin in all three cases. The subvarieties thus showed uncommonly large alterations in fat metabolism genes for any particular biological species so far reported.

All three fats were of the GS3 nil type, and the GS2U values of the HOC indices were +1.9, +2.6, and +1.8 respectively. These differences were within the limits of experimental error, and all three fats showed the same HOC index in spite of large differences in component acids. Subvarietal alterations involving large changes in component acids can hence take place without altering the HOC indices.

This is perhaps possible only if there are separate genes controlling HOC in the fat metabolism genes complex, and these are not necessarily affected in the same manner by factors which produce changes in the genes that control component acid compositions. HOC is thus seen to be a new and independent structural feature of natural fats, which, in the future, has to be considered along with theories of bio‐esterification to give complete explanations for triglyceride structure.
A new polymorphic form of elaidic acid
Authors: Harris James A. , Mod Robert R. , Mitcham Donald , Skau Evald L.
Published: July 2007

A new polymorphic modification of elaidic acid has been prepared and characterized. The common crystalline form, mp 43.7C, is shown to be metastable. The crystals of the new, stable form have a higher melting point, 44.8C, and a lower solubility. The two modifications give distinctive x‐ray diffraction patterns: stable form, long spacing 94.0Å (or possibly 47.0Å), characteristic short spacings at 4.55Å (s), 4.44Å (vs), 3.81Å (vs), and 3.68Å (s); metastable form, long spacing 48.7Å, characteristic short spacings at 4.12Å (vs) and 3.71Å (s). The short spacings of the stable form are similar to those reported for thetrans‐6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐octadecenoic acils, and the short spacings of metastable form are essentially the same as those of thetrans‐7‐ and 11‐octadecenoic acids. Solubility data have been obtained for both polymorphic forms in methanol.
Fats and oils report
Authors: Bartholomew David M.
Published: July 2007

Conclusion

Price relationship patterns between cash lard and July soybean oil futures are not repetitious from year to year, but there are recognizable causes for this diversity under most conditions. The basis changes during a given season are greater than usual commercial storage charges for lard. It therefore is possible in most seasons to make profitable hedging decisions while gaining protection from adverse price level changes.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. VII. The dilution‐HBr‐titration technique as a general method
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Harris James A. , Pittman Robert A. , Skau Evald L.
Published: July 2007

The stepwise HBr titration method for the cyclopropenoid analysis of cottonseed oils is subject to serious inaccuracies when applied to samples containing higher cyclopropenoid concentrations, particularly if they contain appreciable amounts of alumina‐adsorbable materials. A modification of the method is described which eliminates these sources of error. Its validity has been established by the analysis of a wide range of synthetic compositions including compositions containing massive amounts of interfering HBr‐reactive substances and other alumina‐adsorbable materials. The method with further modification can be used to analyze glycerides with the same high degree of accuracy.
Liquid scintillation determination of surfactants on cotton fabric
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T. , Lee D. H. , Bonnar R. U.
Published: July 2007

A method for the determination of anionic surfactants on cotton fabric has been developed using S35 and H3 labelled compounds. The method is simple, involving immersion of the white fabric in liquid scintillation counting solution and counting. No interference by quenching or self‐absorption is encountered. Accuracy and precision are better than ŷ2% relative. Replacing the internal standard method by the pulse height shift method of obtaining disintegration rates simplified the analysis and increases its precision.

Combination of the pulse height shift method with automatic data handling has permitted the analysis of several hundred samples per week with little increase in operator time.
Foam fractionation of anions with a cationic surfactant: Orthophosphate
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Bhattacharyya Dibakar
Published: July 2007

An experimental study has been conducted for the first time of the foam fractionation of orthophosphate using a cationic surfactant. For feed solutions 2.63ȕ10蜢4 molar in phosphate and three surfactant concentrations, pH has a pronounced effect on residual concentrations of phosphate. A comparison with the ion flotation of dichromate and with the foam fractionation of phenolate shows dichromate flotation to be the most efficient.
New nonionic detergents derived from epoxidized oils. III1
Authors: Johnson K. L. , Tierney S. E.
Published: July 2007

A series of 21 nonionic detergents based on epoxidized sperm oil, epoxidized methyl oleate, and epoxidized butyl tallate are discussed. The materials were synthesized by alcholysis of the oxirane oxygen in the presence of boron trifluoride. Benzene was used as a solvent to act as a coupling agent for the unreacted materials. Methoxy polyoxyethylene alcohols were used as the hydrophilic alcohols with which the epoxidized esters were reacted. Physical properties and performance characteristics of the various compounds synthesized are catalogued and the reaction itself is characterized.

It is shown that the properties of the materials can be varied by varying both the size of the polyoxyethylene moiety attached to the ester and the characteristics of the ester itself. These materials all appear to be low foaming wetting agents and emulsifying agents. It is felt that these materials offer a definite potential for the use of epxodized natural fats and natural fat derivatives for the custom synthesis of tailor made surface active agents. Being based on naturally occurring straight chain materials they would als be biologically degradable.
Crambe seed processing: Improved feed meal by ammoniation
Authors: Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C. , Griffin E. L.
Published: July 2007

An improved crambe meal has been developed by using an ammonia‐heat treatment to give significantly better nutritive value and acceptability. The quantity of ammonia permanently bound as nitrogen in the processed meal was from 0.5 to 1.5% of the meal weight and varied with conditions of reaction. Destruction of the undesirable thioglucoside fraction of the meal was demonstrated by paper chromatograph changes and by the absence of the thioglucoside conversion product thiooxazolidone. Ultraviolet‐absorbing compounds in the meal, at least one of which is associated with bitterness, were also modified. Feeding experiments with chicks and cattle show the improved palatability and nutritional quality. Incorporation of the ammonia reaction into desolventizer‐toaster operations should be possible to provide an economical means of improving the feeding value of crambe meal.
The hydrocarbons of anhydrous butterfat: Influence of technological treatments
Authors: Roderbourg H. , Kuzdzal‐Savoie S.
Published: July 2007

The hydrocarbons of butter oil were isolated after saponification of the oil by thin layer chromatography and then analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The influence of such treatments of butter oil as fractionation, passage over Fuller's earth, and hydrogenation on the nature and relative proportions of of the hydrocarbons was studied. Passage of butter oil over Fuller's earth causes the formation of cholesta‐3,5‐diene, probably from cholesterol. Hydrogenation of butter oil passed over Fuller's earth progessively transforms cholestadiene into cholestene.
Silver nitrate‐high performance liquid chromatography of fatty methyl esters
Authors: Scholfield C. R.
Published: July 2007

Long chain fatty methyl esters have been separated by high performance liquid chromatography on the basis of number, position, and geometric configuration of double bonds with a silver nitrate‐silicic acid column and benzene solvent. Saturated esters are eluted first, followed by methyl elaidate and then methyl oleate. Geometric isomers of methyl 9,12‐octadecadienoate and of methyl 9,15‐octadecadienoate are also well separated. Methyl linolenate is retained strongly on the column and its elution has not been observed, but thetrans, trans, trans andtrans, cis, trans isomers are separated.
Influence of processing and palm oil on the carbonyls and fatty acids in Nigerian cassava foods
Authors: Abe M. O. , Lindsay R. C.
Published: July 2007

Monocarbonyls, free fatty acids and total fatty acids were determined for traditionally and mechanically processed gari, lafun, and crude palm oil. n‐Alkanals and 2‐alkanones were most abundant in the cassava foods, and unsaturated aldehydes contributed by palm oil to yellow gari were observed to a limited extent. 2‐Alkanones were not found in the palm oil, which indicated that they arise through the fermentation processes. Mechanically processed gari exhibited a total fatty acid profile generally similar to traditionally processed gari.
The synthesis of 2‐(2‐pentenyl) furans and their relationship to the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Smagula M. S. , Ho Chi‐Tang , Chang S. S.
Published: July 2007

cis‐ andtrans‐2‐(2‐Pentenyl)furans were synthesized and structures were confirmed by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Preliminary organoleptic evaluation of oil solutions of the compounds indicated that thecis isomer had a flavor threshold of ca. 0.25 ppm. with odor and flavor descriptions of beany, grassy and buttery at 0.50 ppm; and that thetrans isomer had a flavor threshold of ca. 0.50 ppm with odor and flavor descriptions of beany, grassy and buttery at 1 ppm and strong painty and metallic at 4 ppm. These compounds, if found in soybean oil through the autoxidation of linolenate, may contribute to the characteristic reversion flavor.
Assessing the biological effectiveness of protected lipid supplements for ruminants
Authors: Ashes J. R. , Gulati S. K. , Cook L. J. , Scott T. W. , Donnelly J. B.
Published: July 2007

Techniques are described for assessing the effectiveness with which lipids may be protected against ruminal degradation. A simple in vitro test was developed using pancreatic lipase, and this test may have application in quality control of the commercial production of protected lipid supplements, as it is applicable to supplements containing polyunsaturated or saturated lipids. All the in vitro tests overestimate the actual in vivo biological effectiveness, and this is probably due to mastication and greater microbial activity in vivo than in vitro. The poor biological response of some protected lipid supplements is most probably due to the incomplete entrapment of lipid droplets in the protein matrix.
The distribution of lipids in the germ, endosperm, pericarp and tip cap of amylomaize, LG‐11 hybrid maize and waxy maize
Authors: Tan Siew Leng , Morrison William R.
Published: July 2007

The quantitative distribution of 23 acyl lipid classes and unsaponifiable matter in kernels of amylomaize, LG‐11 hybrid maize and waxy maize is described. LG‐11 and waxy maize were normal (oil content) varieties, containing 4.9% and 5.1% lipid, respectively, while amylomaize (9.3% lipid) was a high oil variety. The distribution of kernel lipids was 76–83% in germ, 1–2% in pericarp, 1% in tip cap, 1–11% in starch, and 13–15% in aleurone plus the nonstarch fraction of the starchy endosperm. Germ contained 39–47% lipid, which was nostly triglyceride (TG), with some steryl esters (SE) and diglycerides (DG), and small amounts of glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL). Aleurone lipids appeared to be TG with some free fatty acids (FFA) and SE. The other nonstarch lipids in starchy endosperm were FFA with very small amounts of SE, DG, GL and PL. The starches had a little surface lipid (FFA) and true (internal) starch lipid (FFA, lyso‐PL) in quantities roughly related to amylose content (amylomaize =ca. 73% amylose, 1.0% lipid; LG‐11=23% amylose, 0.7% lipid; waxy maize =<5% amylose, 0.2% lipid). Pericarp lipids (0.8–2.5%) were mainly unsaponifiable matter, the acyl lipids being TG, SE, DG and FFA. Tip cap lipids (2.5–2.9%) had more TG, GL and PL than pericarp lipids, but were otherwise similar. Pericarp lipids and endosperm nonstarch lipids appeared to have suffered extensive degradation at some time during kernel development or after harvesting, while lipids in starch, germ and tip cap were evidently unaffected. FFA and lyso‐PL are regarded as normal components of maize starch (rather than degradation products) and may occur as amylose inclusion complexes.
Effect of manufacturing variables on the viscosity of aqueous di(hydrogenated tallowalkyl) dimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: James A. D. , Ogden P. H.
Published: July 2007

The viscosity of aqueous di(hydrogenated tallowalkyl)dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC) dispersions is affected by manufacturing variables such as the temperature of dispersion, electrolyte content, and stirring speed. These effects are rationalized by an analogy between DHDMAC dispersions and those of phospholipids, the disperse phase of which can have a vesicular structure.
Experience with Porcine Acellular Dermal Collagen Implant in One‐stage Tension‐free Reconstruction of Acute and Chronic Abdominal Wall Defects
Authors: Shaikh Faisal M. , Giri Subhasis K. , Durrani Shaukat , Waldron David , Grace Pierce A.
Published: July 2007

Background

Elective or emergency reconstruction of abdominal wall defects (AWD) is often difficult. Various techniques have been proposed for reconstructing AWD, including the use of synthetic implants. Porcine acellular dermal collagen (PermacolTM) is a biologic implant (PADCI) derived from porcine dermis. We report our experience with the use of PADCI in the management of large AWD in both emergency and elective surgery.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with chronic AWD (CAWD) arising from large incisional hernia or acute AWD (AAWD) arising from visceral edema or tumor resection were studied prospectively. After musculofascial mobilization, the AWD was closed using sheets (10 × 15 cm) of PADCI as an “underlay” interposition graft. Patients were followed up to a median of 18 months postoperatively.

Results

All 20 defects were closed without tension using PADCI. Eight and 12 patients had reconstruction for large AAWD and CAWD, respectively. The mean size of the defects was 180 cm2 (range = 96–850 cm2). The median number of PADCI used to repair the defects was one sheet (range = 1–7). Twelve patients (60%) had an uneventful recovery and were discharged within seven days. One patient (5%) died from multiple‐organ failure. Seven patients (35%) developed a complication (two seromas, two minor wound infections, one wound hematoma, one skin edge necrosis, one superficial wound dehiscence, and wound sinus). Overall there were three recurrences (15%).

Conclusion

PADCI has the potential for reconstruction of large acute and chronic abdominal wall defects. Medium‐term recurrence rate is comparable to synthetic mesh repairs.
Small Is Beautiful: Why Profundaplasty Should Not Be Forgotten
Authors: Savolainen H. , Hansen A. , Diehm N. , Baumgartner I. , Dick F. , Heller G. , Gahl B. , Schmidli J.
Published: July 2007

Background

Surgical profundaplasty (SP)is used mainly as an adjunct to endovascular management of peripheral vascular disease (PAD) today. Results from earlier series of profundaplasty alone have been controversial, especially regarding its hemodynamic effect. The question is: Can profundaplasty alone still be useful? Our aim was to evaluate its role in the modern management of vascular patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective outcome study. A consecutive series of 97 patients (106 legs) from January 2000 through December 2003 were included. In 55 (52%) legs, the superficial femoral artery was occluded. These patients were included in the current analysis. Of these patients 14 (25%) were female. Mean age was 71 ((11) years. Nineteen (35%) were diabetic. The indication for operation was claudication in 29 (53%), critical leg ischemia (CLI) in 26 (47%), either with rest pain in 17 (31%), or ulcer/gangrene in 9 (16%). Endarterectomy with patch angioplasty with bovine pericardium was performed in all cases. Mean follow‐up was 33 ( 14 months. Mean preoperative ankle brachial index (ABI) was 0.6. Sustained clinical efficacy was defined as upward shift of 1 or greater on the Rutherford scale without repeat target limb revascularization (TLR) or amputation. Mortality, morbidity, need for TLR, or amputation were separate endpoints.

Results

Postoperatively, ABI was significantly improved (mean = 0.7), in 24 (44%) by more than 0.15. At three years, cumulative clinical success rate was 80%. Overall, patients with claudication had a better outcome than those with CLI (p = 0.04). Two (4%) major amputations and 2 (4%) minor ones were performed, all in patients with CLI. None of the 9 (16%) ulcers healed.

Conclusion

Profundaplasty is still a valuable option for patients with femoral PAD and claudication without tissue loss. It is a straightforward procedure that combines good efficacy with low complication rates. Further endovascular treatment may be facilitated. It is not useful for patients with the combination of critical ischemia and tissue loss.
Temperature effects on fatty acid composition during development of low‐linolenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Deng X. , Scarth R.
Published: August 2007

The influence of temperature during seed development on the fatty acid composition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied in one low‐linolenic and one conventional canola cultivar. The cultivar Regent produces seed oil with ∼20% linoleic acid (C18:2) and ∼8% linolenic acid (C18:3), whereas Stellar is relatively high in C18:2 (∼25%) and low in C18:3 (∼2.5%). Both cultivars were grown in the field, and the fatty acid compositions of the seed oils were monitored throughout the period of seed development. In the field, the content of saturated (C16:0+C18:0) and monounsaturated (C18:1) fatty acids in the seed oil increased when seed developed under high temperatures. C18:3 levels were higher in seed harvested at sites with lower average daily temperatures. The low C18:3 trait of the cultivar Stellar was relatively stable over environments. Both temperature and duration of exposure to the temperature during seed development affected the fatty acid composition of the seed in a controlled environment study. Plants subjected to a high‐temperature treatment (30/25°C day/night) for 40 d produced seed with the lowest C18:3 content and the highest levels of C16:0+C18:0 and C18:1. This was observed in both cultivars.