bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy and mortality
Authors: Shankar Rohit , Watkins Lance , Ashby Samantha , Hanna Jane
Published: August 2024

In contrast to other causes of mortality, epilepsy-related deaths are rising. The risk of epilepsy-related mortality might be reduced by considering a number of modifiable risk factors and there are evidence-based risk assessment tools available that can help guide risk discussion. National and international guidelines advocate early discussion of risk following epilepsy diagnosis, specifically discussion around the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. A lack of communication between clinicians and patients, families, and carers has repeatedly been highlighted as a cause for exacerbating trauma. In order to reduce risk, it is advocated that all people with epilepsy should have a robust individualized care plan that can be communicated easily between professionals. Reducing seizure frequency should be a main goal of treatment. Each person should also have equitable access to appropriate specialist care and a systematic review of any physical and psychological comorbidity. This chapter also considers other key mortality risk factors in people with epilepsy including pregnancy, status epilepticus, accidental injury, and suicide.
Epilepsy in older people
Authors: Torzillo Emma , Sen Arjune , Schachter Steven C.
Published: August 2024

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide and the lifetime risk of epilepsy increases dramatically from later adulthood to older age, doubling from age 50 to age 80 years. Globally, the population is ageing in almost all countries, with up to one in six people expected to be aged over 65 years in 2050, with the rate of increase three times higher in lower- and middle-income countries compared to higher-income countries. The number of people aged over 80 years is growing fastest and the number of cases of epilepsy will rise sharply as populations age. Older people with epilepsy comprise both those with earlier-onset epilepsy, living into older age, and those with late-onset epilepsy (increasingly defined as onset after the age of 50 years). Older people with epilepsy experience unique physical, social, and economic challenges, and require specific approaches to their treatment.
Teratogenic risk and aspects of epilepsy relating to women’s health
Authors: Craig John , Kinney Michael
Published: August 2024

Teratogenesis, the set of processes by which congenital malformations and other adverse developmental outcomes occur in a developing embryo or fetus, is a major concern for women with epilepsy of childbearing years, as well those treating them. This is particularly the case for women using valproate, which consistently has been shown to be the antiseizure medication (ASM) conferring the greatest risks to the unborn child. Aspects of epilepsy relating to women’s health extend beyond pregnancy and influence treatment choices. This chapter provides details on the risks to the fetus from ASMs and seizures and considers issues relevant to women’s health during pregnancy, taking particular account of the threat to seizure control and the risks thereof. It details other areas of relevance, including the impact of female hormones and seizure control, the effects of epilepsy and ASMs on fertility, the interactions between ASMs and hormonal methods of contraception, and epilepsy, menopause, and bone health.
Epilepsy and the impact on study, learning, and memory
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: August 2024

The consequences of epilepsy may be far more than the seizure events and a fuller understanding of the disorder and its effect on study, learning, and memory is now being unravelled. Disturbances of the neural network will always have consequences on the storage and recall of memories and this can adversely affect study and learning. Cognition is also discussed here and in Chapter 5, ‘Epilepsy and cognition’ and this chapter should be cross-referenced to Chapter 5 where greater depth is required. The use of antiseizure medications adds further complexity, although the lowest effective dose and avoidance of polytherapy is likely to offer the least adverse effect profile. The choice of antiseizure medication, the consideration of pharmacoresistance, and the imperative of seizure control remain paramount. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential in monitoring the patient’s intellectual development, ensuring that poor or deteriorating progress is picked up as early as possible and remedial treatment instigated to ensure the best possible outcomes.
cIMPACT-NOW update 8: Clarifications on molecular risk parameters and recommendations for WHO grading of meningiomas
Authors: Sahm Felix , Aldape Kenneth D , Brastianos Priscilla K , Brat Daniel J , Dahiya Sonika , von Deimling Andreas , Giannini Caterina , Gilbert Mark R , Louis David N , Raleigh David R , Reifenberger Guido , Santagata Sandro , Sarkar Chitra , Zadeh Gelareh , Wesseling Pieter , Perry Arie
Published: August 2024

Meningiomas are the most frequent primary intracranial tumors. Hence, they constitute a major share of diagnostic specimens in neuropathology practice. The 2021 WHO Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors (“CNS5”) has introduced the first molecular grading parameters for meningioma with oncogenic variants in the TERT promoter and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B as markers for CNS WHO grade 3. However, after the publication of the new classification volume, clarifications were requested, not only on novel but also on long-standing questions in meningioma grading that were beyond the scope of the WHO “blue book.” In addition, more recent research into possible new molecular grading parameters could not yet be implemented in the 2021 classification but constitutes a compelling body of literature. Hence, the consortium to inform molecular and practical approaches to CNS tumor taxonomy-not official WHO (cIMPACT-NOW) Steering Committee convened a working group to provide such clarification and assess the evidence of possible novel molecular criteria. As a result, this cIMPACT-NOW update provides guidance for more standardized morphological evaluation and interpretation, most prominently pertaining to brain invasion, identifies scenarios in which advanced molecular testing is recommended, proposes to assign CNS WHO grade 2 for cases with CNS WHO grade 1 morphology but chromosomal arm 1p deletion in combination with 22q deletion and/or NF2 oncogenic variants, and discusses areas in which the current evidence is not yet sufficient to result in new recommendations.
Meningeal solitary fibrous tumor cell states phenocopy cerebral vascular development and homeostasis
Authors: Mirchia Kanish , Choudhury Abrar , Joseph Tara , Birrueta Janeth Ochoa , Phillips Joanna J , Bhaduri Aparna , Crouch Elizabeth E , Perry Arie , Raleigh David R
Published: August 2024

Background

Meningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that are associated with local recurrence and hematogenous metastasis. The cell states and spatial transcriptomic architecture underlying the unique clinical behavior of meningeal SFTs are unknown.

Methods

Single-cell (n = 4), spatial (n = 8), and bulk RNA sequencing (n = 22) were used to define the cell states and spatial transcriptomic architecture of meningeal SFTs across histological grades and in patient-matched pairs of primary/recurrent or intracranial/metastatic samples. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and comparison of single-cell types to meningiomas, or to cerebral vascular development or homeostasis, were used for validation.

Results

Here we show meningeal SFTs are comprised of regionally distinct gene expression programs that resemble cerebral vascular development or homeostasis. Single-cell trajectory analysis and pseudotemporal ordering of single cells suggest that meningeal SFT cell fate decisions are dynamic and interchangeable. Cell–cell communication analyses demonstrate receptor-ligand interactions throughout the meningeal SFT microenvironment, particularly between SFT cells, endothelia, and immature neurons. A direct comparison of single-cell transcriptomes from meningeal SFTs versus meningiomas shows that SFT cells are enriched in the expression of endothelial markers while meningioma cells are enriched in the expression of mural cell markers. Meningeal SFT spatial transcriptomes show regionally distinct intratumor heterogeneity in cell states, gene expression programs, and cell–cell interactions across World Health Organization histological grades and in patient-matched pairs of primary/recurrent or intracranial/metastatic samples.

Conclusions

These results shed light on pathways underlying meningeal SFT biology in comparison to other central nervous system tumors and provide a framework for integrating single-cell, spatial, and bulk RNA sequencing data across human cancers and normal tissues.
Short Versus Long Antibiotic Duration in Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia
Authors: Crotty Matthew , Devall Hadley , Cook Natalie , Fischer Francis , Alexander Julie , Hunter Leigh , Dominguez Edward
Published: August 2024

Background

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen associated with bloodstream infections, respiratory infections, peritonitis, infective endocarditis, and meningitis. Literature assessing duration of antibiotic therapy for a S pneumoniae bacteremia secondary to common infection is scarce, leading to variability in practice. Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of short (5–10 days) versus long (11–16 days) antibiotic durations for S pneumoniae bacteremia.

Methods

This retrospective, single-center cohort study assessed hospitalized patients with S pneumoniae–positive blood cultures, who received active antibiotics within 48 hours of first positive blood culture collection and achieved clinical stability by day 10 of the first positive blood culture collection. Exclusion criteria included treatment duration <5 or >16 days, death before completion of 10 days of therapy, polymicrobial bloodstream infection, and invasive infection. Rates of clinical failure (composite of 30-day hospital readmission, bacteremia recurrence, and mortality) were compared between the groups.

Results

A total of 162 patients were included, with 51 patients in the short- and 111 patients in the long-duration group. Pneumonia was the suspected source of bacteremia in 90.1% of patients. Rates of clinical failure were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Patients received a median antibiotic course of 7 days in the short group compared to 14 days in the long group; however, there was no significant difference observed in the median hospital length of stay, median intensive care unit length of stay, or rate of Clostridioides difficile infection.

Conclusions

Shorter antibiotic courses may be appropriate in patients with S pneumoniae bacteremia secondary to community-acquired pneumonia.
Immunomodulatory potential of cytokine-licensed human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells correlates with potency marker expression profile
Authors: Wang Jiemin , Zhou Yingying , Donohoe Ellen , Canning Aoife , Moosavizadeh Seyedmohammad , Ryan Aideen E , Ritter Thomas
Published: August 2024

Cytokine(s) pre-activation/licensing is an effective way to enhance the immunomodulatory potency of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Currently, IFN-γ licensing received the most attention in comparison with other cytokines.

After licensing human bone marrow-derived MSCs with pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β1 alone or in combination, the in vitro immunomodulatory potency of these MSCs was studied by incubating with allogeneic T cells and macrophage-like THP-1 cells. In addition, immunomodulation-related molecules filtered by bioinformatics, complement 1 subcomponent (C1s), and interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 (MX2), were studied to verify whether to reflect the immunomodulatory potency.

Herein, we reported that different cytokines cause different effects on the function of MSC. While TGF-β1 licensing enhances the capacity of MSCs to induce T cells with an immunosuppressive phenotype, IFN-γ-licensing strengthens the inhibitory effect of MSC on T cell proliferation. Both TGF-β1 and IFN-γ licensing can enhance the effect of MSC on reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by M1 macrophage-like THP-1 cells. Interestingly, IFN-γ upregulates potential potency markers extracellular C1s and kynurenine (KYN) and intracellular MX2. These 3 molecules have the potential to reflect mesenchymal stromal cell immunomodulatory potency. In addition, we reported that there is a synergistic effect of TGF-β1 and IFN-γ in immunomodulation.
An in situ 15N labeling experiment unveils distinct responses to N application approaches in a mountain beech forest
Authors: Da Ros Luca , Rodeghiero Mirco , Ventura Maurizio , Tognetti Roberto , Tonon Giustino , Gianelle Damiano
Published: August 2024

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has notably increased since the industrial revolution, doubling N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. This could mitigate N limitations in forests, potentially enhancing productivity and carbon sequestration. However, excessive N can lead to forest N saturation, causing issues like soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, biodiversity loss, increased tree mortality and a potential net greenhouse gas emission. Traditional experiments often overlook the canopy’s role in N fate, focusing instead on direct N addition to the forest floor. In our study, we applied 20 kg N ha y−1 of labeled 15NH415NO3 solution (δ15N = 30‰) both above and below the canopy, maintaining also control plots. We assessed ecosystem components before and after treatment, calculated N stocks, and used mass balance for fertilizer recovery analysis. Findings revealed that the above-canopy N addition intercepted up to 31 ± 4% of added N in foliage, a significant contrast to the negligible recovery in leaves with below-canopy treatment. Overall plant recovery was higher in the above-canopy treatment (43 ± 11%) compared with below (9 ± 24%). Post-vegetative season, about 15 ± 1% of above-canopy added N was transferred to soil via litterfall, indicating substantial N reabsorption or loss through volatilization, stemflow or throughfall. In contrast, the below-canopy approach resulted in just 4.0 ± 0.6% recovery via litterfall. These results highlight a significant difference in N fate based on the application method. Nitrogen applied to the canopy showed distinct recovery in transient compartments like foliage. However, over a few months, there was no noticeable change in N recovery in long-lived tissues across treatments. This implies that N application strategy does not significantly alter the distribution of simulated wet N deposition in high Carbon/N tissues, underscoring the complex dynamics of forest N cycling.
Osteotomies At The Time of Graduation Surgery
Authors: Tetreault Tyler A. , Phan Tiffany N. , Wren Tishya A.L. , Heffernan Michael J. , Emans John B. , Karlin Lawrence I. , Samdani Amer F. , Helenius Ilkka J. , Vitale Michael G. ,   Pediatric Spine Study Group, Andras Lindsay M.
Published: August 2024

Study Design.

Retrospective, Multicenter

Objective.

Determine if posterior column osteotomies (PCO) at time of conversion from growth friendly instrumentation (GFI) to definitive fusion in early onset scoliosis (EOS) graduates impacts outcomes.

Summary of Background Data.

Increasing spinal rigidity following treatment of EOS with GFI can limit curve correction at time of conversion to definitive spinal fusion. PCO are often employed at the time of fusion to improve flexibility. This technique’s efficacy has not been studied.

Methods.

EOS patients with GFI undergoing conversion to fusion were grouped by those that did or did not have PCO. Patients with inadequate radiographs, <2 years follow-up, or three-column osteotomies at time of fusion were excluded.

Results.

832 patients met inclusion criteria. 175 (21%) patients had PCO. Age at index surgery was younger (6.6 vs. 7.4 y, P =0.0009) and the mean duration of GFI was greater (6.2 vs. 5.5 y, P =0.009) in the PCO group. Prior to fusion, curve magnitude was similar between the groups (PCO=61.9 degrees, no PCO=59.3 degrees, P=0.18). On average 4.4 osteotomies (range: 1 – 12) were performed for the PCO group and EBL (PCO=820 cc vs no PCO=752 cc, P<0.01) and surgical time (PCO=403 min vs no PCO=349 min, P<0.01) were greater. Postoperatively, mean curve correction (PCO=16.6, no PCO=14.4 degrees, P=0.18) was similar. Accounting for preoperative curve magnitude, there was a relationship between number of PCOs and curve correction (P=0.04). There was no relationship between degrees of correction per osteotomy and duration of GFI (P=0.12). Postoperative complications at 2 years were similar (PCO=25% vs no PCO=27%, P=0.63).

Conclusion.

EOS graduates achieve minimal correction at time of conversion regardless of whether PCOs are performed. PCOs increase EBL and operative time but have a similar complication rate. More PCOs resulted in more correction, though less than that anticipated in a previously uninstrumented spine.

Level of Evidence.

III
The New Partnership: Technology Adoption, Development, Deployment, and Diffusion
Authors: Hawthorne Kisha Hortman , Akhter Shakeeb
Published: August 2024

Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) is a preeminent leader in pediatric healthcare delivery, research, and education. CHOP has three inpatient locations, 31 primary care centers, 16 ambulatory centers, and four dedicated research buildings. CHOP’s health system provides care for children from around the world and close to home in West Philadelphia and Southern New Jersey. Technology innovation has been a key element to the hospital’s success during the last 165 years.
Pre-term Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy: A Novel Nonsense LRP5 Mutation
Authors: Arjmand Parnian , Balas Michael , Wong Jovi C. Y. , Pimentel Mariana Flores , Tehrani Nasrin , Mireskandari Kamiar , Kertes Peter J.
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

This case report details the diagnosis and management of a pre-term infant with aggressive bilateral retinal pathology.

Methods:

A 4-week-old preterm baby girl, born at 28 weeks and 6 days to consanguineous parents, was referred for suspected aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). She had a family history of bilateral retinal detachments and intellectual disability in an older sister. Clinical assessment included retinal examination, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and genetic testing. The genetic testing involved sequence analysis and copy number variation analysis of 25 genes related to vitreoretinopathy.

Results:

Retinal examination and fluorescein angiography revealed extensive non-perfusion and telangiectatic vessels in both eyes, and a macula-involving tractional retinal detachment in the left eye. Despite treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab and laser photocoagulation, they progressed to total retinal detachment and no light perception in both eyes. Genetic testing revealed a pathogenic homozygous nonsense mutation in the LRP5 gene (c.3259C>T, p.(Gln1087*)), a mutation not previously reported in association with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). At 10 months of age, DEXA demonstrated normal bone density, diverging from the typical presentation of osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome associated with LRP5 mutations.

Conclusion:

This case describes a novel mutation in a complex retinal disease and underscores the necessity of considering pre-term FEVR in the differential diagnosis of atypical or aggressive ROP in preterm infants. The overlap in clinical features between ROP and FEVR highlights the complexity of diagnosis and management and the importance of genetic testing in preterm infants with retinal vascular abnormalities.
Think twice: how single-cell suspensions from solid tissues for single-cell transcriptomics are well prepared
Authors: Qu Meng-Meng , Jiao Yan-Mei
Published: August 2024

Due to its technological advantages, single-cell sequencing has become an increasingly utilized tool to unravel the heterogeneity and complexity of individuals. The preparation of a high-quality single-cell suspension from solid tissues is a critical step prior to single-cell RNA sequencing. Based on a brief overview of the steps involved in preparing cell suspensions from solid tissues for single-cell RNA sequencing, we present a detailed analysis of the pivotal steps in the preparation process, including enzymatic digestion, mechanical dissociation, and cell viability evaluation. The clarification of these experimental details will greatly help us obtain high-quality single-cell sequencing data from solid tissues.
Assessing Changes in Hand Tactile Sensitivity After Glabellar Botulinum Toxin Treatment
Authors: Hoang Johnson T. , Maia Renata M. , Burkat Cat N.
Published: August 2024

Purpose:

We aimed to assess behavioral changes in tactile sensitivity in patients receiving cosmetic glabellar botulinum toxin-A injections.

Methods:

In this prospective cohort study, we conducted quantitative sensory testing on 20 patients receiving 15 to 35 units of glabellar botulinum toxin-A treatment between October 1, 2022 and March 8, 2023. We used modified Von Frey filaments to exert forces between 0.25 mN and 512 mN to the dorsal hand just prior to botulinum toxin-A injections. Filament tips were uniform, rounded, and 0.5 mm in diameter to prevent nociceptor activation. This process was repeated 4 to 6 weeks after injection to assess for any change in minimal mechanical detection thresholds.

Results:

Minimal mechanical detection thresholds decreased (patients detected smaller amounts of force) overall, in patients with prior botulinum toxin-A treatment, and in patients without prior botulinum toxin-A treatment: 5.34 mN to 4.33 mN (p = 0.22), 6.43 mN to 5.97 mN (p = 0.31), and 4.44 mN to 3.00 mN (p = 0.53), respectively.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that the plastic changes observed in previous studies do not necessarily result in clinically significant manifestations when utilizing small to moderate amounts of botulinum toxin-A for aesthetic correction of glabellar lines, thus highlighting the safety of botulinum toxin-A for this indication. Further research is required to gain a comprehensive understanding of whether hand-associated cortical activity is altered after aesthetic amounts of botulinum toxin are injected.
Impact of Donor Obesity on Graft and Recipient Survival Outcomes After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alnagar Amr M.T. , Hajibandeh Shahab , Hajibandeh Shahin , Hakeem Abdul R. , Dasari Bobby V.M.
Published: August 2024

Background.

The effect of donor body mass index (BMI) on liver transplantation (LT) outcomes remains unclear.

Methods.

A systematic search of the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and bibliographic reference lists was conducted. All comparative studies evaluating the outcomes of LT in obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and nonobese donors (BMI < 30 kg/m2) were included, and their risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I assessment tool. Patient and graft survival, acute rejection, and graft failure requiring retransplantation were evaluated as outcome parameters. A random-effects model was used for outcome synthesis.

Results.

We included 6 comparative studies reporting a total of 5071 liver transplant recipients from 708 obese and 4363 nonobese donors. There was no significant difference in 1-y (89.1% versus 84.0%, odds ratio [OR] 1.58; 95% CI 0.63-3.94, P = 0.33), 5-y (74.2%% versus 73.5%, OR 1.12; 95% CI 0.45-2.80, P = 0.81) graft survival, and 1-y (87.1% versus 90.3%, OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.43-1.15, P = 0.17) and 5-y (64.5% versus 71.6%, OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.49-1.05, P = 0.08) patient survival between 2 groups. Furthermore, recipients from obese and nonobese donors had a comparable risk of graft failure requiring retransplantation (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.33-2.60, P = 0.88) or acute graft rejection (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.45-1.11, P = 0.13).

Conclusions.

A meta-analysis of the best available evidence (level 2a) demonstrates that donor obesity does not seem to have a negative impact on graft or patient outcomes. The available studies might be subject to selection bias as the grafts from obese donors are usually subject to biopsy to exclude steatosis and the recipients usually belong to the low-risk group. Future research is needed to evaluate the impact of donors subgrouped by various higher BMI on graft and patient-related outcomes as well as to capture data of the discarded grafts from obese donors; hence, selection criteria for the grafts that could be used for transplantation from obese donors is identified.
Using Dual-Coil TMS-EEG to Probe Bilateral Brain Mechanisms in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Morales-Torres Ricardo , Hovhannisyan Mariam , Gamboa Arana Olga Lucia , Dannhauer Moritz , McAllister Margaret L. , Roberts Kenneth , Li Yiru , Peterchev Angel V. , Woldorff Marty G. , Davis Simon W.
Published: August 2024

Background

A widespread observation in the cognitive neuroscience of aging is that older adults show a more bilateral pattern of task-related brain activation. These observations are based on inherently correlational approaches. The current study represents a targeted assessment of the role of bilaterality using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).

Objective

We used a novel bilateral TMS-stimulation paradigm, applied to a group of healthy older adults (hOA) and older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with two aims: First, to elucidate the neurophysiological effects of bilateral neuromodulation, and second to provide insight into the neurophysiological basis of bilateral brain interactions.

Methods

Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded while participants received six forms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): unilateral and bilateral rTMS trains at an alpha (8 Hz) and beta (18 Hz) frequency, as well as two sham conditions (unilateral, bilateral) mimicking the sounds of TMS.

Results

First, time-frequency analyses of oscillatory power induced by TMS revealed that unilateral beta rTMS elicited rhythmic entrainment of cortical oscillations at the same beta-band frequency. Second, both bilateral alpha and bilateral beta stimulation induced a widespreadreductionof alpha power. Lastly, healthy older adults showed greater TMS-related reductions in alpha power in response to bilateral rTMS compared to the MCI cohort.

Conclusion

Overall, these results demonstrate frequency-specific responses to bilateral rTMS in the aging brain, and provide support for inhibitory models of hemispheric interaction across multiple frequency bands.
A marsh samphire (Salicornia europaea) extract induces a strictly sex-specific, Tor-signaling-dependent extension of lifespan and exhibits anti-obesogenic properties
Authors: Zadeh Navid Tahan , Knop Mirjam , Ulrich Lisa Maria , Bruchhaus Iris , Lang Roman , Lüersen Kai , Rimbach Gerald , Roeder Thomas
Published: August 2024

We have studied the health-promoting properties of the marsh samphireSalicornia europaeaby employing the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster. Supplementing a standard diet with 0.2% of an aqueous extract of this halophilic plant (SEE), which grows in sandy and muddy habitats in intertidal zones, extended the lifespan of two differentDrosophilastrains by up to a third. This effect was strictly sex-specific and only affected females. When analyzing the body composition, we found that the body fat content of SEE-treated female flies was lower compared to controls. The extract also positively impacted the lifespan of flies fed a high-fat diet but not a high-sugar diet. It is of note in this context that SEE exhibited a lipase-inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, SEE counteracted ageing-associated loss of intestinal barrier integrity. The sex-specific lifespan extensions induced by the SEE were entirely dependent on functional Tor signaling in the flies. Tissue-specific silencing of the Tor signalling pathway in different cellular compartments of the intestine reduced, but did not completely abolish, the lifespan-prolonging effect in females. This suggests that other organs also contribute to this effect. In contrast to the observation that Tor signalling is necessary for the life-prolonging effect, Foxo deficiency led to a reduction in the effect, but not to its complete absence. In conclusion, the SEE is a promising candidate for a health-promoting intervention, and we laid the current groundwork for identifying the compounds that mediate this effect in future studies.
Habitat partitioning and spatial segregation at multiple scales promotes year-round coexistence in a guild of forest songbirds
Authors: Berlusconi Alessandro , Castiglione Giulia , Wauters Lucas A. , Martinoli Alessio , Clerici Erminio , Mologni Andrea , Morganti Michelangelo , Martinoli Adriano , Romano Andrea , Rubolini Diego
Published: August 2024

Despite ecological, biological, or genetic similarities, species belonging to the same guild should exhibit some degree of niche differentiation to coexist in the same area. Understanding the mechanisms promoting coexistence among ecologically similar and phylogenetically related species is crucial to improve our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained across broad temporal scales.

We examined the mechanisms driving coexistence in a guild of 5 sympatric woodland songbirds (family Paridae) in mixed forests of south-central Europe. We performed interspecific comparisons of habitat and space use considering two different phenological periods (breeding and non-breeding) and two spatial scales (home-range and foraging habitat), as well as spatial segregation of breeding territories.

Based on broad-scale habitat preferences, two distinct and seasonally consistent species subgroups were identified within the guild, namely broadleaf and conifer species. During breeding, we showed that all species largely overlapped in their use of different foraging micro-habitats within the tree canopy, even within each subgroup. Yet, we detected significant spatial segregation of breeding territories among species. On the contrary, during the non-breeding period, individuals of different species within mixed flocks foraged on different and complementary sectors of the canopy, thus partitioning foraging habitats.

This study highlights that coexistence within the south-central European tit guild across different phenological periods is facilitated by a combination of distinct and complementary mechanisms, including spatial segregation of breeding territories, revealing how sympatric closely-related species coexist through both broad- and fine-scale spatial niche differentiation.
Post-translational modifications in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Schofield Lucy C. , Dialpuri Jordan S. , Murshudov Garib N. , Agirre Jon
Published: August 2024

Proteins frequently undergo covalent modification at the post-translational level, which involves the covalent attachment of chemical groups onto amino acids. This can entail the singular or multiple addition of small groups, such as phosphorylation; long-chain modifications, such as glycosylation; small proteins, such as ubiquitination; as well as the interconversion of chemical groups, such as the formation of pyroglutamic acid. These post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for the normal functioning of cells, as they can alter the physicochemical properties of amino acids and therefore influence enzymatic activity, protein localization, protein–protein interactions and protein stability. Despite their inherent importance, accurately depicting PTMs in experimental studies of protein structures often poses a challenge. This review highlights the role of PTMs in protein structures, as well as the prevalence of PTMs in the Protein Data Bank, directing the reader to accurately built examples suitable for use as a modelling reference.
A comparative assessment of indirect green façade and conventional walls: perspective of life cycle cost
Authors: Madushika U.G.D. , Ramachandra Thanuja
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Green walls are vertical structures with various plant species that contribute to achieving sustainability in terms of environmental, economic and social aspects. A comparison of green wall performance with a similar type of conventional wall would be the most convincing way of promoting green wall applications than comparing the performance within types of green walls. Hence, this study evaluated the life cycle cost (LCC) of an indirect green facade with a conventional wall in the Sri Lankan tropical climate towards enhancing the adaptation of the green wall concept as an energy-saving solution.

Design/methodology/approach

The study involved two stages: (1) assessing the thermal performance and (2) calculating the LCC of the indirect green facade and the conventional wall. On-site temperature measurements were taken from various spots on the exterior and interior wall surfaces of each building in different time intervals per day for 21 days from the end of May to the beginning of July. The LCC analysis was performed using the cost data collected through the market survey and document review.

Findings

The temperature difference between the external and internal wall surfaces of the conventional wall (1.060C) is higher than the green wall (0.320C). This implies that green walls help retain 2/3 of the temperature transferred through a conventional wall, thereby reducing the energy requirement for cooling purposes by 70%. Though the initial cost of a green wall is 19% higher than a conventional wall, maintenance costs of green walls result in 29% savings. This results in a 55% overall annual LCC savings compared to conventional walls.

Originality/value

There is a dearth of studies to evidence that the cost performance of green walls is more effective than conventional walls in tropical climates, and this study fulfils this research gap. Thus, the findings would be more convincing to clients towards enhancing green wall applications.
Differences in Brazilian structural change before and after 1980: an exploration of its causes
Authors: Falleiro Marcos Paulo da Silva , Fonseca Pedro Cezar Dutra
Published: August 2024

Purpose

In this paper we investigate why the process of structural change in Brazil was growth accelerating before 1980 and why it was growth reducing after this year.

Design/methodology/approach

We investigate the causes of this change in behavior using the shift-share decomposition method.

Findings

The results indicate that in the first period there were high productivity gains as result of improvement in economic fundamentals such as the quality of capital and of labor and innovations. In this way, reallocation of workers between sectors, that is part of the process of structural change, was an inducer of economic growth. However, after 1980, mainly between 1991 and 2011, sectors that achieved productivity gains did so by reducing labor, which was absorbed by sectors with poor performance in terms of productivity growth. Furthermore, factors such as the deindustrialization that developed countries have been undergoing, the international situation, the stage of Brazilian economic development and its possible premature deindustrialization contributed to a growth reducing structural change.

Originality/value

Our differential to the matter is applying the shift-share methodology without combining any of the ten sectors analyzed, adopting a slightly different time frame than similar studies and presenting the shift-share results in a graphically manner in addition to the traditional numbers. By representing graphically how much each of the ten sectors is contributing to the structural change in the economy we are emphasizing the specificities of each of these sectors instead of just considering the aggregated view like manufacturing industry versus other industries or modern services versus traditional services.
Unraveling the underlying causes and consequences of construction safety neglect: a multiperspective analysis of the Bangladeshi construction industry
Authors: Ali Md. Shajahan , Meem Tamanna Islam , Hossain Md. Mehrab , Ahmad Syed Ishtiaq
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Construction accidents cause as much harm in Bangladeshi construction as it does globally. This study examines the primary causes of accidents and undertakes an impact assessment of neglecting safety protocols in construction projects in Bangladesh, funded publicly, privately and through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP).

Design/methodology/approach

Research was initiated with a comprehensive questionnaire from experts, sourcing data in Bangladesh's construction sector. Data analysis utilized Cronbach's alpha, relative important index and a fishbone diagram for causal visualization.

Findings

The study identified the three major causes of safety negligence as “Poor safety culture (RII = 0.857),” “Top management's inattention (RII = 0.825)” and “Lack of personal care (RII = 0.825).” Effects: “Rising project expenses (RII = 0.88),” “Increased medical costs (RII = 0.87)” and “Worker compensation expenses (RII = 0.87).” The study also used the Ishikawa-Fishbone and effect-flow diagrams to highlight accident causes/effects and compare their primary causes in PPP, public and private projects.

Originality/value

Research on construction safety in Bangladesh has mainly focused on identifying factors within specific construction sectors. Since the rules and regulations vary across these three sectors, different health and safety hazards may arise. As a result, this research fills a critical gap by providing a comparative study that examines the causes and impacts of different project types in the Bangladeshi construction industry. By pinpointing the result, this research aims to enhance the safety and well-being of the construction workers sector-wise, thereby contributing to the industry's sustainable growth.
Exploring the relationship between personality traits and innovative behaviour: a mixed-methods approach
Authors: De Haro José Manuel , Vena Julio
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the relationship between personality traits and innovative behaviour, using a mixed-methods approach to provide deeper insights into these dynamics.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used a mixed-methods approach, integrating fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) with traditional multiple linear regression analysis. This study was conducted among 76 university graduates, using the Big Five personality model and the Innovator DNA model to assess innovative behaviour.

Findings

The findings reveal significant positive correlations between conscientiousness, extraversion and innovative behaviour. The inclusion of fsQCA allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the complex interactions between personality traits and innovative behaviour, highlighting configurations of traits that traditional methods may overlook.

Research limitations/implications

This study's sample size and focus on university graduates may limit the generalisability of the findings. Future research should explore these relationships in more diverse populations and settings to enhance generalisability.

Practical implications

The insights gained from this study can inform the development of more effective talent management strategies, helping organisations to better align personality traits with roles that demand high innovation. This approach can optimise team composition and improve innovative output.

Social implications

Understanding the configurations of personality traits that lead to innovative behaviour can help educational institutions and organisations foster environments that support diverse and innovative thinking, ultimately contributing to societal progress.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the efficacy of fsQCA in capturing the complexities of human behaviour, particularly in the context of personality traits influencing innovation. By combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, this study provides a comprehensive perspective that enhances both methodological rigour and the depth of understanding in psychological and innovation studies.
A proposed model for Zakah on financial instruments: accounting approach
Authors: Atmeh Muhannad Ahmad , Maali Bassam Mohammad , Fendi Usama
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a model of Zakah treatment for financial instruments. The model depends on the link between the financial assets and liabilities that emerge from a financial instrument contract.

Design/methodology/approach

The determination of Zakah on contemporary financial instruments is controversial, with various conflicting Fatwas being presented. This paper introduces a theoretical model that integrates Fiqh rules, accounting, finance and economic principles to propose a method for calculating Zakah on financial instruments. This theoretical model can be the foundation for future empirical and statistical testing.

Findings

The proposed model advocates omitting the financial assets/liabilities when determining the Zakah base for companies, as the Zakah burden relies on the owner of the real asset. The paper elaborates on the implementation of the model on debts, investments and cash accounts.

Research limitations/implications

The paper does not investigate whether or not the accounting approach in dealing with financial contracts is deemed acceptable by Fiqh scholars, nor does it discuss whether or not this may affect the Zakah fatwas regarding these types of accounts.

Practical implications

The paper establishes a conceptual framework for the Zakah on financial assets. This will pave the way for future empirical research and testing to validate the framework in different contexts. In addition, if regulators adopt this model and apply it to all companies, it would promote fairness and justice at the national level.

Social implications

The proposed model advocates omitting the financial assets/liabilities when determining the Zakah base for companies, as the Zakah burden relies on the owner of the real asset. The paper elaborates on the implementation of the model on debts, investments and cash accounts.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to utilize the accounting approach in order to determine the amount of Zakah.
Acquisition of elemental sulfur by sulfur‐oxidising Sulfolobales
Authors: Fernandes‐Martins Maria C. , Springer Carli , Colman Daniel R. , Boyd Eric S.
Published: August 2024

Elemental sulfur (S80)‐oxidising Sulfolobales (Archaea) dominate high‐temperature acidic hot springs (>80°C, pH <4). However, genomic analyses of S80‐oxidising members of the Sulfolobales reveal a patchy distribution of genes encoding sulfur oxygenase reductase (SOR), an S80 disproportionating enzyme attributed to S80 oxidation. Here, we report the S80‐dependent growth of two Sulfolobales strains previously isolated from acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, one of which associated with bulk S80 during growth and one that did not. The genomes of each strain encoded different sulfur metabolism enzymes, with only one encoding SOR. Dialysis membrane experiments showed that direct contact is not required for S80 oxidation in the SOR‐encoding strain. This is attributed to the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from S80 disproportionation that can diffuse out of the cell to solubilise bulk S80 to form soluble polysulfides (Sx2−) and/or S80 nanoparticles that readily diffuse across dialysis membranes. The Sulfolobales strain lacking SOR required direct contact to oxidise S80, which could be overcome by the addition of H2S. High concentrations of S80 inhibited the growth of both strains. These results implicate alternative strategies to acquire and metabolise sulfur in Sulfolobales and have implications for their distribution and ecology in their hot spring habitats.
The Diagnostic Value of ECG Characteristics for Vasospastic and Microvascular Angina: A Systematic Review
Authors: Schipaanboord Diantha J. M. , Woudstra Janneke , Appelman Yolande , Rittersma Saskia Z. H. , van de Hoef Tim P. , van Es René , Coronel Ruben , Damman Peter , van der Harst Pim , Onland‐Moret N. Charlotte , den Ruijter Hester M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Coronary vascular dysfunction comprises VSA and/or MVA and is more common in women than in men with angina without obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA). Invasive coronary function testing is considered the reference test for diagnosis, but its burden on patients is large. We aimed to investigate the potential of electrocardiography (ECG) as noninvasive marker for vasospastic angina (VSA) and microvascular angina (MVA) diagnosis.

Methods

We systematically screened Pubmed and EMBASE databases for studies reporting on ECG characteristics in ANOCA patients with (a suspicion of) coronary vascular dysfunction. We assessed study quality using QUADAS‐2. We extracted data on diagnostic values of different ECG characteristics and analyzed whether the studies were sex‐stratified.

Results

Thirty publications met our criteria, 13 reported on VSA and 17 on MVA. The majority addressed repolarization‐related ECG parameters. Only 1 of the 13 VSA papers and 4 of the 17 MVA papers showed diagnostic accuracy measures of the ECG characteristics. The presence of early repolarization, T‐wave alternans, and inverted U waves showed of predictive value for VSA diagnosis. The QTc interval was predictive for MVA diagnosis in all six studies reporting on QTc interval. Sex‐stratified results were reported in only 5 of the 30 studies and 3 of those observed sex‐based differences.

Conclusions

ECG features are not widely evaluated in diagnostic studies for VSA and MVA. Those features predictive for VSA and MVA diagnosis mostly point to repolarization abnormalities and may contribute to noninvasive risk stratification.
A multiple behaviour temporal network analysis for health behaviours during COVID‐19
Authors: van Allen Zack , Presseau Justin
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal dynamics of multiple health behaviours (physical activity, alcohol consumption, healthy eating, cigarette consumption, recreational drug use, vaping), and pandemic‐related health behaviours (e.g., hand washing, physical distancing) using network psychometrics.

Design

The International COVID‐19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation (iCARE) study is an international multi‐wave observational cohort study of public awareness, attitudes, and responses to public health policies implemented to reduce the spread of COVID‐19 on people around the world. A sub‐sample of longitudinal data from Canadians (n = 254) was analysed across four waves (February–July 2020).

Methods

We used temporal network models to fit temporal networks, contemporaneous networks, and between‐subject networks from items within the iCARE survey.

Results

Positive temporal associations were observed between physical activity and healthy eating, and a bidirectional relationship was evident between outdoor mask use and vaping. A contemporaneous network revealed positive associations between consumption behaviours (vaping, cigarette use, alcohol use, and recreational drug use), and negative associations between physical activity and drug use, and healthy eating and cigarette use.

Conclusions

Health behaviours are interconnected and can be modelled as networks or behavioural systems. The application of temporal network analysis to the study of multiple health behaviours is well suited to address key research questions in the field such as ‘how do multiple health behaviours co‐vary with one another over time’. Future research using time series data and measuring affective and cognitive mediators of behaviour, in addition to health behaviours, has the potential to contribute valuable hypothesis‐generating insights.