bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium‐Catalyzed Nitrile Hydroboration.
Authors: Weetman Catherine , Anker Mathew D. , Arrowsmith Merle , Hill Michael S. , Kociok‐Koehn Gabriele , Liptrot David J. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: April 2016

MGDA is the most efficient precatalyst in the reductive hydroboration of aliphatic and aromatic nitriles with pinacolborane (II).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Homologation of Boronic Acids: A Platform for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis.
Authors: Muir Calum W. , Vantourout Julien C. , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Macdonald Simon J. F. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: April 2016

Formal homologation of sp2‐hybridized boronic acids, such as (I), (IV), and (VII) is achieved via cross‐coupling of boronic acids with conjunctive bromoaryl/vinyl MIDA boronates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of ω‐Hydrazinoalkylphosphonic Acids.
Authors: Cal Dariusz
Published: April 2016

Nucleophilic substitution reaction of haloalkylphosphates and hydrazine followed by hydrolysis provides phosphonic acids (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1,3‐Diketones with a Dipeptide Isothiazolidin‐3‐one: Toward Agents That Covalently Capture Oxidized Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B.
Authors: Ruddraraju Kasi Viswanatharaju , Parsons Zachary D. , Llufrio Elizabeth M. , Frost Natasha L. , Gates Kent S.
Published: April 2016

Model dipeptide (I) is prepared for a detailed title study.
ChemInform Abstract: Auxiliary‐Directed Pd‐Catalyzed γ‐C(sp3)—H Bond Activation of α‐Aminobutanoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Pasunooti Kalyan Kumar , Banerjee Biplab , Yap Terence , Jiang Yaojia , Liu Chuan‐Fa
Published: April 2016

A new bidentate auxiliary derived from isoxazole‐3‐carboxamide, when placed on a primary amine compound, directs Pd‐catalyzed activation of inert γ‐C(sp3)—H bonds for C—C bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Viridicatumtoxins: Expanding on a Rare Tetracycline Antibiotic Scaffold.
Authors: Shang Zhuo , Salim Angela A. , Khalil Zeinab , Quezada Michelle , Bernhardt Paul V. , Capon Robert J.
Published: April 2016

New viridicatumtoxins C (IIb), D (III), E (IV), and F (V) as well as known viridicatumtoxins A (I) and B (IIa) are isolated from the inner tissues of an intertidal pulmonate mollusk (Siphonaria sp.).
ChemInform Abstract: New Naturally Occurring Diacetylenic Spiroacetal Enol Ethers from Artemisia selengensis.
Authors: Wang Kelvin D. G. , Wang Junsong , Xie Sai‐Sai , Li Zhong‐Rui , Kong Ling‐Yi , Luo Jun
Published: April 2016

The three new diacetylenic spiroacetal enol ethers, artemiselenols A‐C (Ia)‐(Ic), are isolated from the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca18.75Li10.5 [Al39N55]:Eu2+ — Supertetrahedron Phosphor for Solid‐State Lighting.
Authors: Wagatha Peter , Pust Philipp , Weiler Volker , Wochnik Angela S. , Schmidt Peter J. , Scheu Christina , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: April 2016

Ca18.75Li10.5 [Al39N55]:Eu2+ (0.5 mol%) is prepared by hot pressing of stoichiometric amounts of Li3N, CaH2, AlN, and EuF3 (Mo‐lined corundum crucibles in an isostatic press, 51.7 MPa N2, 1250 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Li4(NH2)3Cl Amide‐Chloride: A New Synthesis Route, and Hydrogen Storage Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties.
Authors: Gamba N. S. , Arneodo Larochette P. , Gennari F. C.
Published: April 2016

Li4(NH2)3Cl is prepared by ball milling of a stoichiometric mixture of LiNH2 and LiCl (400 rpm, 5 h) followed by ball milling with LiH to form a composite.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis for New Multifunctional Materials: A Few Examples of Phosphates and Phosphonate‐Based Hybrid Materials
Authors: Rueff Jean‐Michel , Poienar Maria , Guesdon Anne , Martin Christine , Maignan Antoine , Jaffres Paul‐Alain
Published: April 2016

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Vistas in the Chemistry of Platinum Group Metals with Tellurium Ligands
Authors: Jain Vimal K. , Chauhan Rohit Singh
Published: April 2016

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Metal‐Organic Polyhedra: An Overview of Various Applications
Authors: Vardhan Harsh , Yusubov Mekhman , Verpoort Francis
Published: April 2016

Review: 217 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Coupling Reactions at Ruthenium(0) and Their Applications to Catalytic Homo‐ and Cross‐Dimerizations
Authors: Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro
Published: April 2016

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Metal Catalyzed Intramolecular Aryl Additions—Accessing Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Burke Anthony J.
Published: April 2016

Review: [51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Applications of Phosphane‐based Palladium Catalysts in Suzuki‐Miyaura Reactions Involved in Total Syntheses of Natural Products
Authors: Rossi Renzo , Bellina Fabio , Lessi Marco , Manzini Chiara , Marianetti Giulia , Perego Luca A.
Published: April 2016

Review: 805 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Uses of Chalcones in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Rajput S. S. , Patole S. S.
Published: April 2016

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Active Species and Mechanistic Pathways in Iron‐Catalyzed C—C Bond‐Forming Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Cassani Carlo , Bergonzini Giulia , Wallentin Carl‐Johan
Published: April 2016

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Synthesis of Enantiopure Chiral Alcohols via Addition of Grignard Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Collados Juan F. , Sola Ricard , Harutyunyan Syuzanna R. , Macia Beatriz
Published: April 2016

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cycloaddition Reaction Using Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Liu Yu , Song Renjie , Li Jinheng
Published: April 2016

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorination and Fluoroalkylation of Organolithium, Magnesium, and Zinc Reagents
Authors: Inoue Munenori , Shiosaki Masahiro
Published: April 2016

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Metal‐Mediated Trifluoroethylation
Authors: Han Jia‐Bin , Hao Jian‐Hong , Zhang Cheng‐Pan , Qin Hua‐Li
Published: April 2016

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Research of Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Quinolines
Authors: Chung Po‐Yee , Bian Zhao‐Xiang , Pun Ho‐Yuen , Chan Dessy , Chan Albert Sun‐Chi , Chui Chung‐Hin , Tang Johnny Cheuk‐On , Lam Kim‐Hung
Published: April 2016

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Photo‐Cleaving Agents in the Far‐Red to Near‐Infrared Range — A Review
Authors: Li Ziyi , Grant Kathryn B.
Published: April 2016

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Platforms for Functional Materials
Authors: Cui Yuanjing , Li Bin , He Huajun , Zhou Wei , Chen Banglin , Qian Guodong
Published: April 2016

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Simulations of the Paramagnetic State of Magnetic Materials
Authors: Abrikosov I. A. , Ponomareva A. V. , Steneteg P. , Barannikova S. A. , Alling B.
Published: April 2016

Review: first‐principles simulations of magnetic materials above the magnetic order‐disorder transition temperature with focus on 3D‐transition metals, their alloys and compdounds; 160 refs.
Contrast agent comparison for three‐dimensional micro‐CT angiography: A cadaveric study
Authors: Kingston Mitchell J. , Perriman Diana M. , Neeman Teresa , Smith Paul N. , Webb Alexandra L.
Published: April 2016

Barium sulfate and lead oxide contrast media are frequently used for cadaver‐based angiography studies. These contrast media have not previously been compared to determine which is optimal for the visualisation and measurement of blood vessels. In this study, the lower limb vessels of 16 embalmed Wistar rats, and four sets of cannulae of known diameter, were injected with one of three different contrast agents (barium sulfate and resin, barium sulfate and gelatin, and lead oxide combined with milk powder). All were then scanned using micro‐computed tomography (CT) angiography and 3‐D reconstructions generated. The number of branching generations of the rat lower limb vessels were counted and compared between the contrast agents using ANOVA. The diameter of the contrast‐filled cannulae, were measured and used to calculate the accuracy of the measurements by comparing the bias and variance of the estimates. Intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability were calculated using intra‐class correlation coefficients. There was no significant difference (mean difference [MD] 0.05; MD 95% confidence interval [CI] ‐0.83 to 0.93) between the number of branching generations for barium sulfate‐resin and lead oxide‐milk powder. Barium sulfate‐resin demonstrated less bias and less variance of the estimates (MD 0.03; standard deviation [SD] 1.96 mm) compared to lead oxide‐milk powder (MD 0.11; SD 1.96 mm) for measurements of contrast‐filled cannulae scanned at high resolution. Barium sulfate‐resin proved to be more accurate than lead oxide‐milk powder for high resolution micro‐CT scans and is preferred due to its non‐toxicity. This technique could be applied to any embalmed specimen model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalability of Continuous Flow Production of Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Rubio‐Martinez Marta , Hadley Trevor D. , Batten Michael P. , Constanti‐Carey Keri , Barton Tim , Marley Dylan , Mönch Andreas , Lim Kok‐Seng , Hill Matthew R.
Published: April 2016

Achieving the large‐scale production of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is crucial for their utilization in applied settings. For many MOFs, quality suffers from large‐scale, batch reaction systems. We have developed continuous processes for their production which showed promise owing to their versatility and the high quality of the products. Here, we report the successful upscaling of this concept by more than two orders of magnitude to deliver unprecedented production rates and space‐time‐yields (STYs) while maintaining the product quality. Encouragingly, no change in the reaction parameters, obtained at small scale, was required. The production of aluminium fumarate was achieved at an STY of 97 159 kg m−3 day−1 and a rate of 5.6 kg h−1.
Contactless decontamination of hair samples: cannabinoids
Authors: Restolho José , Barroso Mário , Saramago Benilde , Dias Mário , Afonso Carlos A.M.
Published: April 2016

Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have already been shown to provide efficient extraction media for several systems, and to capture volatile compounds, namely opiates. In this work, a novel, contactless, artefact‐free extraction procedure for the removal of Δ9‐tetrahrydrocannabinol (THC) from the surface of human hair is presented. To prepare in vitro cannabinoids‐contaminated hair, samples were flushed with hashish smoke for 7 h. The decontamination experiments were carried at 100 °C for 24 h, according to the procedure previously described. Fifty‐three ILs were screened and presented decontamination efficiencies ranging from 0 to 96 %. Although the majority of the ILs presented efficiencies above 90%, the 1‐ethanol‐3‐methyl tetrafluoroborate (96%) was chosen for further process optimization. The Design of Experiments results demonstrated that all studied variables were significant for the process and the obtained optimum conditions were: 100 °C, 13 h and 175 mg of IL. In the work of Perrotin‐Brunel et al. (J. Mol. Struct. 2011, 987, 67), it is demonstrated that, at 100 °C, full conversion of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) into THC is obtained after 60 min. Since our decontamination takes place over 13 h at 100 °C, full conversion of THCA into THC is expected. Additionally, our method was compared with the method proposed by Cairns et al. (Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 145, 97), through the analysis of 15 in vitro contaminated hair samples. The results demonstrated that with our method a mean extraction efficiency of 11 % higher was obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Power Control Method to Save Energy for Wayside Energy Storage Systems in dc‐Electrified Railway System
Authors: KOBAYASHI HIROYASU , ASANO JUNICHI , SAITO TATSUHITO , KONDO KEIICHIRO
Published: April 2016

The introduction of wayside energy storage systems is effective for the recovery of regenerative brake energy in dc‐electrified railways. However, considering the cost of their deployment, it is preferable to maximize the energy saving effect with a minimum capacity of the energy storage devices (ESDs). In this paper, we propose a power control method that can improve the energy saving effect while managing the energy of the ESDs. The proposed method is implemented by controlling the filter capacitor voltage of the line side of the power converter for the ESDs depending on their energy and the line voltage of the overhead contact line to which they are connected. Next, the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations and experimental tests with a 1 kW class downsized model.
Wearable Potentiometric Sensors Based on Commercial Carbon Fibres for Monitoring Sodium in Sweat
Authors: Parrilla Marc , Ferré Jordi , Guinovart Tomàs , Andrade Francisco J.
Published: April 2016

The use of commercial carbon fibres (CCF) to build wearable potentiometric sensors for the real‐time monitoring of sodium levels in sweat during exercise is presented. CCF are an attractive substrate for building wearable electrochemical sensors because of their good electrical conductivity, chemical inertness, flexibility and mechanical resilience. In the first part of this work, the analytical performance of these novel potentiometric ion‐selective electrodes made with CCFs is presented. Then, through the incorporation of a solid‐contact reference electrode, the development of a complete miniaturized potentiometric cell with a Nernstian response (59.2±0.6 mV/log [Na+], N=4) is obtained. Finally, the cell is integrated into a wearable patch and attached onto the skin of an athlete. The analytical characterization of the wearable patch shows a near‐Nernstian response (55.9±0.8 mV/log [Na+], N=3) for sodium levels from 10−3 M to 10−1 M in artificial sweat, well within the physiological range of interest. The device shows low noise levels and very good stability (−0.4±0.3 mV ⋅ h−1). To improve the usability of the sensor in real scenarios, a calibration‐free approach is also explored. This platform opens new and attractive avenues for the generation of meaningful personalized physiological information that could be applied – among many other fields – in sports, nutrition and healthcare.
The assumption of uniform specific discharge: unsafe at any time?
Authors: Karlsen R. H. , Seibert J. , Grabs T. , Laudon H. , Blomkvist P. , Bishop K.
Published: April 2016

Nearby catchments in the same landscape are often assumed to have similar specific discharge (runoff per unit catchment area). Five years of streamflow from 14 nested catchments in a 68 km2 landscape was used to test this assumption, with the hypothesis that the spatial variability in specific discharge is smaller than the uncertainties in the measurement. The median spatial variability of specific discharge, defined as subcatchment deviation from the catchment outlet, was 33% at the daily scale. This declined to 24% at a monthly scale and 19% at an annual scale. These specific discharge differences are on the same order of magnitude as predicted for major land‐use conversions or a century of climate change. Spatial variability remained when considering uncertainties in specific discharge, and systematic seasonal patterns in specific discharge variation further provide confidence that these differences are more than just errors in the analysis of catchment area, rainfall variability or gauging. Assuming similar specific discharge in nearby catchments can thus lead to spurious conclusions about the effects of disturbance on hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical Performance Evaluation of Infopia Element™ Auto‐coding Blood Glucose Monitoring System for Self‐Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Authors: Park Hae‐il , Lee Seong‐Su , Son Jang‐Won , Kwon Hee‐Sun , Kim Sung Rae , Chae Hyojin , Kim Myungshin , Kim Yonggoo , Yoo Soonjib
Published: April 2016

Background

Element™ Auto‐coding Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS; Infopia Co., Ltd., Anyang‐si, Korea) was developed for self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG).

Methods

Precision, linearity, and interference were tested. Eighty‐four capillary blood samples measured by Element™ BGMS were compared with central laboratory method (CLM) results in venous serum. Accuracy was evaluated using ISO 15197:2013 criteria.

Results

Coefficients of variation (CVs; mean) were 2.4% (44.2 mg/dl), 3.7% (100.6 mg/dl), and 2.1% (259.8 mg/dl). Linearity was shown at concentrations 39.25–456.25 mg/l (y = 0.989 + 0.984x, SE = 17.63). Up to 15 mg/dl of galactose, ascorbic acid, and acetaminophen, interference > 10.4% was not observed. Element™ BGMS glucose was higher than CLM levels by 3.2 mg/dl (at 200 mg/dl) to 8.2 mg/dl (at 100 mg/dl). The minimum specification for bias (3.3%) was met at 140 and 200 mg/l glucose. In the Clarke and consensus error grids, 100% of specimens were within zone A and B. For Element™ BGMS values, 92.9% (78/84) to 94.0% (79/84) were within a 15 mg/dl (< 100 mg/dl) or 15% (> 100 mg/dl) of the average CLM value.

Conclusion

Element™ BGMS was considered an appropriate SMBG for home use; however, the positive bias at low‐to‐mid glucose levels requires further improvement.
Multivariate Analyses of Urinary Calculi Composition: A 13‐Year Single‐Center Study
Authors: Yang Xiong , Zhang Changwen , Qi Shiyong , Zhang Zhihong , Shi Qiduo , Liu Chunyu , Yang Kuo , Du E , Li Na , Shi Jian , Xu Yong
Published: April 2016

Background

The incidence and prevalence of urinary stone are increasing throughout the world. Compared to the past, recent demographics of patient with urolithiasis compositions are strikingly different. Furthermore, recent clinical studies implied that seasonal cyclicity might influence the distribution of stone composition.

Methods

We sought to determine the trends in pathogenesis of urolithiasis based on urinary stone analyses. Between 2002 and 2014, a total of 2,383 eligible urinary stone samples from different patients were collected in our center. Infrared spectroscopy was used for urinary calculi analysis. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between urinary calculi composition and calendar month (season), gender, and age in north China during the past 13 years.

Results

Calcium‐containing calculi were the most frequent with an overall incidence of 84.1%. Calcium phosphate (CaP) or magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stones were more frequent in females, while monohydrate calcium oxalate (COM), dihydrate calcium oxalate (COD), or uric acid (UA) stones were more common in males. Older individuals were associated with an increased risk of UA stones and a decreased risk of COD, CaP, or cystine stones. Additionally, from 2002 to 2014, the frequency of COD and MAP stone increased, whereas the trend of CaP, UA and cystine stones decreased. However, calendar month (season) was not significantly associated with differences in composition.

Conclusion

This study provides the present distribution of urolithiasis compositions in China. From 2002 to 2014, age and gender were significantly associated with stone composition, whereas calendar month was not.
Rapid Detection of Genomic Mutations in gyrA and parC Genes of Escherichia coli by Multiplex Allele Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Onseedaeng Sukanlayanee , Ratthawongjirakul Panan
Published: April 2016

Background

Fluoroquinolone (FR) resistant Escherichia coli infection has become a global problem. The FR resistance usually occurs mainly due to specific point of mutations within the quinolone resistance‐determining regions (QRDRs) at the gyrA codon of Ser83 and Asp87 and the parC codon of Ser80 and Glu84. Here, we appraised type and frequency of the QRDR mutations in FR‐resistant E. coli isolates, and developed multiplex allele specific PCR (MAS‐PCR) for the detection of “hot spot” mutations.

Methods

A total of 111 ciprofloxacin‐resistant E. coli from Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, were performed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by Etest® and investigated for gyrA and parC genes’ mutations by MAS‐PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of MAS‐PCR were compared to the sequencing method's.

Results

Ninety‐nine of 111 (89.19%) E. coli isolates had mutation at least one point in the QRDRs. Six usual amino acid substitutes were reported, including Ser83‐Lue, Asp87‐Asn, Asp87‐Tyr, Ser80‐Ile, Glu84‐Gly, and Glu84‐Val. MAS‐PCR detected codons 83 and 87 in gyrA and codons 80 and 84 in parC mutations, yielding 96.97%, 100%, 100%, and 93.33% sensitivity, respectively, and 100%, 100%, 100%, and 98.48% specificity, respectively.

Conclusion

MAS‐PCR may be used for rapid detection of FR resistance in routine laboratory as well as in epidemiology study.
Surgical margin does not influence recurrence rate in pT1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma after partial nephrectomy: A multicenter study
Authors: Kang Ho Won , Lee Sang Keun , Kim Won Tae , Yun Seok Joong , Lee Sang‐Cheol , Kim Wun‐Jae , Hwang Eu Chang , Kang Seok Ho , Hong Sung‐Hoo , Chung Jinsoo , Kwon Tae Gyun , Kim Hyeon Hoe , Kwak Cheol , Byun Seok‐Soo , Kim Yong‐June ,   The KORCC (KOrean Renal Cell Carcinoma) Group
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To assess the risk factors of positive surgical margins (PSM) and the influence of margin status on recurrence in pT1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) following partial nephrectomy (PN).

Materials and Methods

Patients (1,831) with pathologically confirmed stage T1 clear cell RCC were retrospectively analyzed following PN at eight institutions in Korea between 1999 and 2011. Demographics, operative data, pathological margin status, and site of recurrence were analyzed.

Results

Resection margins were positive in 31 patients (1.7% of the cohort) on final pathology. None of the clinicopathological parameters were significantly related to the marginal status (all P > 0.05). During a median follow‐up of 32.5 months, local recurrences were observed in 0.4% of negative surgical margins. There was no local recurrence in any of the cases with PSM. Distant recurrences developed in 1.7% of negative surgical margins and 3.2% of PSM. There were no significant differences in recurrence‐free survival by margin status (P = 0.566).

Conclusions

Our multi‐institutional data suggest that marginal status does not influence tumor recurrence risk in pT1 clear cell RCC after PN. Careful surveillance seems to be a sufficient strategy in this clinical scenario. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:70–74. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility and potential value of lipofilling in post‐treatment oropharyngeal dysfunction
Authors: Kraaijenga Sophie A. C. , Lapid Oren , van der Molen Lisette , Hilgers Frans J. M. , Smeele Ludwig E. , van den Brekel Michiel W. M.
Published: April 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients may develop oropharyngeal dysfunction as result of volume loss or muscle atrophy of the tongue or pharyngeal musculature following treatment with surgery and/or chemoradiotherapy. If intensive swallowing therapy offers no further improvement, and the functional problems persist, transplantation of autologous adipose tissue (lipofilling) might restore functional outcomes by compensating the existing tissue defects or tissue loss.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

In this prospective pilot feasibility study, the application of lipofilling was studied in seven HNC patients with chronic dysphagia. The procedure was carried out under general anesthesia in several sessions using the Coleman technique. Swallowing outcomes were evaluated with standard videofluoroscopy (VFS) for obtaining objective Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) and residue scores. Subjective Functional Oral Intake Scale scores and Swallowing Quality of Life Questionnaire were also completed. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to evaluate the post‐treatment injected fat.

Results

Five patients completed the intended three lipofilling sessions, whereas two completed two injections. One patient dropped out of the study after two injections because of progressive dysphagia requiring total laryngectomy. Four of the six remaining patients showed improved PAS scores on post‐treatment VFS assessments, with two patients no longer showing aspiration for a specific consistency. Two patients were no longer feeding tube dependent. Patient‐reported swallowing and oral intake improved in four out of six patients.

Conclusions

Based on the results, the lipofilling technique seems safe and, in selected cases, of potential value for improving swallowing function in this small therapy‐refractory HNC patient cohort.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 126:2672–2678, 2016
Optimal timing of saliva collection to detect pepsin in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux
Authors: Na Se Young , Kwon Oh Eun , Lee Young Chan , Eun Young‐Gyu
Published: April 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine salivary pepsin levels as a function of collection time.

Study Design

A prospective, case‐control study.

Methods

We selected 57 patients with clinical symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux who underwent 24‐hour multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (24h MII‐pH) monitoring tests, and 12 control subjects without clinical symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux. All subjects were instructed to collect saliva samples upon waking, 1 hour after each meal (3 times per day), and upon any occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms. The pepsin levels in saliva were measured by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The Reflux Symptom Index survey was also administered.

Results

A total of 50 patients in whom LPR was diagnosed based on results of 24h MII‐pH monitoring test were enrolled in the study. The average pepsin level upon waking was 17.2 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that measured in samples collected at any other time (P < .005). Pepsin levels were higher in patients with LPR than those in controls. The Reflux Symptom Index scores were statistically different between these groups of subjects.

Conclusions

The levels of total pepsin in saliva collected upon waking were significantly higher in the group of patients presenting with LPR symptoms and who demonstrated at least one episode of proximal esophageal reflux during 24h MII‐pH monitoring. Furthermore, the average pepsin level upon waking was higher than that measured at any other time. Measuring pepsin levels in the saliva upon waking may be a useful method in the diagnosis of LPR.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 126:2770–2773, 2016
On the Emergence of the Payne Effect in Polymer Melts Reinforced with Nanoparticles
Authors: Sarvestani Alireza S.
Published: April 2016

This study presents a molecular model for the amplitude‐dependent dynamic moduli of polymer melts reinforced with nanoparticles. This study shows that intense strain‐thinning reported in experimental studies of polymer nanocomposites can be attributed to disentanglement of bulk polymer chains from those strongly adsorbed to the surface of nanoparticles. This flow‐induced relaxation is what is frequently termed as convective constraint release and is similar to the cohesive slip of polymer melt at solid interfaces.

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Simulated Dilatometry and Static Deformation Prediction of Glass Transition and Mechanical Properties of Polyacetylene and Poly(para‐phenylene vinylene)
Authors: Venkatanarayanan Ramaswamy I. , Krishnan Sitaraman , Sreeram Arvind , Yuya Philip A. , Patel Nimitt G. , Tandia Adama , McLaughlin John B.
Published: April 2016

Thermophysical and mechanical properties of two conjugated polymers, poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and polyacetylene (PA), are predicted using molecular dynamics simulations and compared with results obtained from differential scanning calorimetry, nanoindentation, and dynamic mechanical analysis experiments. Glass transition temperature (Tg) is calculated from the changes in the slopes of the specific volume versus temperature and cohesive energy density versus temperature plots, obtained from constant pressure and constant temperature simulations (NPT ensemble). The effects of temperature on the torsion angle distributions and characteristic ratio are analyzed. PPV is found to have aTgof 416 ± 8 K. PA does not exhibit a glass transition in the temperature range of 120 to 500 K. Using the static deformation method, the values of Young's modulus are calculated to be 1.81 ± 0.34 GPa for PA and 9.20 ± 0.57 GPa for PPV at 298 K. These values are in good agreement with the experimental measurements, validating the suitability of these techniques in the prediction of the polymer properties.

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Aluminum complex initiated copolymerization of lactones and DL‐lactide to form crystalline gradient block copolymers containing stereoblock lactyl chains
Authors: Matsubara Kouki , Eda Kiyoka , Ikutake Yuki , Dan Misato , Tanizaki Nao , Koga Yuji , Yasuniwa Munehisa
Published: April 2016

The homopolymerization reactions of several lactones, as well as the copolymerization reactions of DL‐lactide with these lactones were investigated using tridentate Schiff base aluminum complexes as the initiators. ε‐Caprolactone and δ‐valerolactone polymerized efficiently at room temperature to afford polyesters, whereas β‐butyrolactone only gave the corresponding oligomer. The copolymerization reactions of DL‐lactide with caprolactone and valerolactone yielded gradient block copolymers where the lactyl blocks formed crystalline stereoblocks as a consequence of the stereoselective polymerization of DL‐lactide in the presence of the aluminum complexes. These polymerization processes were highly controlled in nature, and block copolymerization where caprolactone copolymerized using poly(DL‐lactide)‐Al complex proceeded. The obtained gradient copolymer containing stereoblock lactyl blocks and caproyl blocks were analyzed using WAXD analysis to uncover existence of the crystalline stereoblock lactyl blocks in the copolymer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem.2016,54, 2536–2544
Near‐Infrared‐Light‐Induced Fast Drug Release Platform: Mesoporous Silica‐Coated Gold Nanoframes for Thermochemotherapy
Authors: Tang Haosha , Yao Liangqing , Yang Jianping , Li Wei , Teng Zhaogang , Xu Congjian
Published: April 2016

Development of advanced theranostics for personalized medicine is of great interest. Herein, a multifunctional mesoporous silica‐based drug delivery carrier has been developed for efficient chemo/photothermal therapy. The unique Au nanoframes@mSiO2 spheres are elaborately prepared by utilizing Ag@mSiO2 yolk–shell spheres as the template through spatially confined galvanic replacement method. Compared with the Ag@mSiO2 yolk–shell spheres, the resultant Au nanoframes@mSiO2 spheres show a strong and broad near‐infrared (NIR) absorbance in the 550–1100 nm region, high surface areas, and good biocompatibility. When irradiated with a NIR laser with a power intensity of 1 W cm−2 at 808 nm, they can become highly localized heat sources through the photothermal effect. Moreover, the photothermal effect of the Au nanoframes can significantly promote the fast release of doxorubicin. The in vitro studies show obvious synergistic effects combining photothermal therapy and chemotherapy in the Au nanoframes@mSiO2 spheres against Hela cells. It is believed that the as‐obtained multifunctional vehicles provide a promising platform for the combination of hyperthermia and chemotherapy for cancer treatment application.
High‐voltage photoconductive semiconductor switches fabricated on semi‐insulating HVPE GaN:Fe template
Authors: Chen Yunfeng , Lu Hai , Chen Dunjun , Ren Fangfang , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou
Published: April 2016

In this work, high‐voltage photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSSs) with inter‐digitated contact electrodes are directly fabricated on semi‐insultating HVPE GaN:Fe template. The PCSS exhibits a cutoff wavelength of 365 nm and a dark resistivity of ∼1010 Ω cm. A maximum blocking voltage of more than 1100 V is obtained, corresponding to a breakdown electric field higher than 1.57 MV/cm for the GaN:Fe template. When excited by a 266 nm ultraviolet pulsed laser, the PCSS under 550 V bias could produce a peak photocurrent density of 387 A/cm2 within a rise time of ∼20 ns. The fall time of the photocurrent pulse is mainly RC time limited. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Properties of two‐dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity‐enhanced THz optical Hall effect
Authors: Armakavicius Nerijus , Chen Jr‐Tai , Hofmann Tino , Knight Sean , Kühne Philipp , Nilsson Daniel , Forsberg Urban , Janzén Erik , Darakchieva Vanya
Published: April 2016

In this work we employ terahertz (THz) ellipsometry to determine two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density, mobility and effective mass in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 4H‐SiC substrates. The effect of the GaN interface exposure to low‐flow‐rate trimethylaluminum (TMA) on the 2DEG properties is studied. The 2DEG effective mass and sheet density are determined tobe in the range of 0.30‐0.32m0 and 4.3‐5.5×1012 cm–2, respectively. The 2DEG effective mass parameters are found to be higher than the bulk effective mass of GaN, which is discussed in view of 2DEG confinement. It is shown that exposure to TMA flow improves the 2DEG mobility from 2000 cm2/Vs to values above 2200 cm2/Vs. A record mobility of 2332±61 cm2/Vs is determined for the sample with GaN interface exposed to TMA for 30 s. This improvement in mobility is suggested to be due to AlGaN/GaN interface sharpening causing the reduction of interface roughness scattering of electrons in the 2DEG. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and optical studies of a tellurium‐related defect in molecular‐beam epitaxy‐grown HgCdTe
Authors: Świątek Z. , Yakushev M. V. , Izhnin I. I. , Ozga P. , Mynbaev K. D. , Varavin V. S. , Marin D. V. , Mikhailov N. N. , Dvoretsky S. A. , Voitsekhovski A. V. , Savytskyy H. V. , Bonchyk O. Yu.
Published: April 2016

Electrical and optical studies of defects in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)‐grown HgCdTe films, undoped and doped with arsenic, were carried out. By comparing results of ion milling‐assisted Hall‐effect measurements with micro‐Raman spectroscopy data, it was shown that the films contained electrically neutral defects related to excessive tellurium. It is suggested that these defects are Te nanocomplexes and that they are typical of the MBE HgCdTe technology. Under ion milling, they get electrically activated by interstitial mercury and form donor centers with concentration of ∼1017 cm‐3, which allows for detecting them with measurements of electrical parameters of the material. Also, it can be suggested that in films doped with arsenic with high‐temperature cracking, As2 dimers in the arsenic flux react with excessive tellurium and form As2Te3 donor complexes, thus preventing formation of Te nanocomplexes. Arsenic activation annealing may break As2Te3 complexes and release Te, which can again form the complexes under ion milling. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adaptive event‐triggered control for nonlinear discrete‐time systems
Authors: Hu Songlin , Yue Dong , Yin Xiuxia , Xie Xiangpeng , Ma Yong
Published: April 2016

This paper focuses on the analysis and the design of event‐triggering scheme for discrete‐time systems. Both static event‐triggering scheme (SETS) and adaptive event‐triggering scheme (AETS) are presented for discrete‐time nonlinear and linear systems. What makes AETS different from SETS is that an auxiliary dynamic variable satisfying a certain difference equation is incorporated into the event‐triggering condition. The sufficient conditions of asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop event‐triggered control systems under both two triggering schemes are given. Especially, for the linear systems case, the minimum time between two consecutive control updates is discussed. Also, the quantitative relation among the system parameters, the preselected triggering parameters in AETS, and a quadratic performance index are established. Finally, the effectiveness and respective advantage of the proposed event‐triggering schemes are illustrated on a practical example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress Analysis of a Continuous Casting Process, on the Basis of the Element‐Free Galerkin Formulation
Authors: Álvarez Hostos Juan C. , Puchi Cabrera Eli S. , Bencomo Alfonso D.
Published: April 2016

The present work has been conducted in order to develop an alternative solution to the thermal‐mechanical problem in a conventional continuous casting (CC) process using the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method. The linear momentum balance equation has been developed on the basis of this global weak formulation. The resulting equation system has been adapted to an axisymmetric stress–strain distribution over a round billet into the mold region. The constitutive laws, nonlinear aspects, path‐dependent variables, and boundary conditions have been specified. Finally, the model has been solved under a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian description in order to estimate the mechanical behavior of the billet during the CC process. A brief discussion on the importance of including the field forces into the analysis is also presented. The results have revealed that this technique could be used successfully in the modeling of continuous casting thermal‐mechanical problems. The solution by means of this formulation has exhibited a remarkable sensitivity with the casting parameters and the approach implemented to compute inelastic strains during the δ ferrite–austenite transformation.
Unintentional toxicosis from methylxanthines in chocolate‐based baits consumed by American black bears
Authors: Beringer Jeff , Timmins Andrew , Hiller Tim L.
Published: April 2016

The use of baits often increases success for many wildlife management activities, including wildlife capture for research, harvest by hunters and trappers during regulated activities, and lethal and nonlethal control for damage management. However, some baits have unintended toxicity to wildlife, including theobromine and caffeine found in chocolate when used in sufficient quantities by hunters to bait bears. Recent examples have occurred in Michigan and New Hampshire, USA, and regulatory adjustments to prohibit use of chocolate (and other processed food products) as bait for bears have been proposed with varying degrees of success. To account for the potential lethal effects to both target and nontarget animal species, agencies charged with managing wildlife species should consider regulations or educational efforts to eliminate or minimize use of chocolate products for recreational feeding or baiting to attract wildlife species for capture, harvest, or observation. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
The Griffith formula and J‐integral for elastic bodies with Timoshenko inclusions
Authors: Shcherbakov V.V.
Published: April 2016

The paper contains an analysis of a two‐dimensional equilibrium problem for an elastic body with a thin elastic inclusion. The thin elastic inclusion is modeled within the framework of Timoshenko beam theory. There is a crack on the interface between two media, displacements of the opposite crack faces are constrained with nonpenetration conditions. We derive the Griffith formula, which gives the first derivative of the energy functional with respect to the crack length. It is proved that the formula for the derivative can be represented as a path‐independent integral along a smooth curve surrounding the crack tip. The invariant integral consists of a regular part and a singular part and is an analogue of the classical Eshelby–Cherepanov–Rice J‐integral.
ASM-based formal design of an adaptivity component for a Cloud system
Authors: Arcaini Paolo , Holom Roxana-Maria , Riccobene Elvinia
Published: April 2016

The request of formal methods for the specification and analysis of distributed systems is nowadays increasing, especially when considering the development of Cloud systems and Web applications. This is due to the fact that modeling languages currently used in these areas have informal definitions and ambiguous semantics, and therefore their use may be unreliable. Thanks to their mathematical foundation, formal methods can guarantee rigorous system design, leading to precise models where requirements can be validated and properties can be assured, already at the early stages of the system development. In this paper, we present a rigorous engineering process for distributed systems, based on the Abstract State Machines (ASM) formal method. We rely on the foundational notions of ASM ground model and model refinement to obtain a precise model for a client-server application for Cloud systems. This application has been proposed to tackle the problem of making Cloud services usable to different end-devices by adapting on-the-fly the content coming from the Cloud to the different devices contexts. The ASM-based modeling process is supported by a number of validation and verification activities that have been exploited on the component under development to guarantee consistency, correctness, and reliability properties.
The pleiotropic effects of decanoic acid treatment on mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from patients with complex I deficient Leigh syndrome
Authors: Kanabus Marta , Fassone Elisa , Hughes Sean David , Bilooei Sara Farahi , Rutherford Tricia , Donnell Maura O’ , Heales Simon J. R. , Rahman Shamima
Published: April 2016

There is growing interest in the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) to treat inherited metabolic diseases including mitochondrial disorders. However, neither the mechanism whereby the diet may be working, nor if it could benefit all patients with mitochondrial disease, is known. This study focusses on decanoic acid (C10), a component of the medium chain triglyceride KD, and a ligand for the nuclear receptor PPAR‐γ known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of C10 were investigated in primary fibroblasts from a cohort of patients with Leigh syndrome (LS) caused by nuclear‐encoded defects of respiratory chain complex I, using mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme assays, gene expression microarray, qPCR and flow cytometry. Treatment with C10 increased citrate synthase activity, a marker of cellular mitochondrial content, in 50 % of fibroblasts obtained from individuals diagnosed with LS in a PPAR‐γ‐mediated manner. Gene expression analysis and qPCR studies suggested that treating cells with C10 supports fatty acid metabolism, through increasing ACADVL and CPT1 expression, whilst downregulating genes involved in glucose metabolism (PDK3, PDK4). PCK2, involved in blocking glucose metabolism, was upregulated, as was CAT, encoding catalase. Moreover, treatment with C10 also decreased oxidative stress in complex I deficient (rotenone treated) cells. However, since not all cells from subjects with LS appeared to respond to C10, prior cellular testing in vitro could be employed as a means for selecting individuals for subsequent clinical studies involving C10 preparations.
Instability of the Liquid Metal–Pattern Interface in the Lost Foam Casting of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Griffiths W. D. , Ainsworth M. J.
Published: April 2016

The nature of the liquid metal–pattern interface during mold filling in the Lost Foam casting of aluminum alloys was investigated using real-time X-ray radiography for both normal expanded polystyrene, and brominated polystyrene foam patterns. Filling the pattern under the action of gravity from above or below had little effect on properties, both cases resulting in a large scatter of tensile strength values, (quantified by their Weibull Modulus). Countergravity filling at different velocities demonstrated that the least scatter of tensile strength values (highest Weibull Modulus) was associated with the slowest filling, when a planar liquid metal–pattern interface occurred. Real-time X-ray radiography showed that the advancing liquid metal front became unstable above a certain critical velocity, leading to the entrainment of the degrading pattern material and associated defects. It has been suggested that the transition of the advancing liquid metal–pattern interface into an unstable regime may be a result of Saffman–Taylor Instability.
Biodiesel Production Using Calcined Waste Filter Press Cake from a Sugar Manufacturing Facility as a Highly Economic Catalyst
Authors: Aghabarari Behzad , Martinez‐Huerta M. V.
Published: April 2016

For the first time, a low cost, high performance and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste filter press cake (FPC) from a sugar manufacturing facility was used for the production of biodiesel. This industrial waste was calcined in air at 900 °C for 2 h to convert it into an active CaO‐based catalyst (FPC‐HT). In addition, the calcium oxide nanoparticles (FPC‐NAC) were synthesized by surfactant‐hydration treatment of FPC‐HT. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and BET analysis. These calcium oxide catalysts were used for a transesterification reaction between canola oil and methanol to produce biodiesel. The results show that the FPC‐NAC has higher catalytic activity than FPC‐HT under optimized reaction conditions. Therefore, this economic catalyst is able to catalyze the transesterification of canola oil to its methyl esters in 1.5 h with yields above 96 %.
How should we address the pipeline problem?
Authors: Braun Hillary J.
Published: April 2016

None
Hypovitaminosis D in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Rebouças Priscilla Clímaco , Netinho João Gomes , Cunrath Geni Satomi , Ronchi Luiz Sergio , de Melo Marcelo Maia Caixeta , Gonçalves Filho Francisco de Assis , Muniz Rafaela Cristina Coelho , Martins Alissonn Teixeira Silva , de Oliveira Rafael Andrade , Costa Junior Ricardo Mendonça
Published: April 2016

Objective Vitamin D has been widely studied as a mediator of the immune response, becoming evident the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with Crohn's disease. This work aims at evaluating the serum levels of vitamin D in patients suffering from Crohn's disease in a southeast region of Brazil.

Methods It is a prospective study, with statistical analysis of the values of serum vitamin D measured between April 2014 and April 2015 in patients with Crohn's disease. Individuals with mild anal complaints, without any colorectal involvement, comprised the control group.

Results One hundred and four patients whose average age was 40.6 years were evaluated, being 56 (53.8%) female and 48 (46.2%) male. The average serum vitamin D level was 21.6 ng/mL, with standard deviation 13.85. The control group was comprised by 66 individuals, whose average age was 48.9 years. With 38 (57.6%) female and 28 (42.4%) male. In this group the average serum vitamin D level was 40.9 ng/mL. Statistical significance was demonstrated with p < 0.0001.

Conclusion There was high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with Chron's disease, when compared to the control group. Hypovitaminosis D was not evidenced in patients in the latter group.
Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship
Authors: Morgan Daniel J. , Safdar Nasia , Milstone Aaron M. , Anderson Deverick J.
Published: April 2016

Research in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship (HE&AS) is rapidly expanding with the involvement of researchers from varied countries and backgrounds. Researchers must use scientific methods that will provide the strongest evidence to advance healthcare epidemiology, but there are limited resources for information on specific aspects of HE&AS research or easy ways to access examples of studies using specific methods with HE&AS. In response to this need, the SHEA Research Committee has developed a series of white papers on research methods in HE&AS. The objective of this series is to promote rigorous healthcare epidemiology research by summarizing critical components, practical considerations, and pitfalls of commonly used research methods.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:627–628