bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing for N-methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Autoantibodies in Clinical Practice
Authors: Brooks John , Yarbrough Melanie L. , Bucelli Robert C. , Day Gregory S.
Published: October 2019

Background:

The diagnosis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis relies on the detection of NMDAR IgG autoantibodies in the serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of symptomatic patients. Commercial kits are available that allow NMDAR IgG autoantibodies to be measured in local laboratories. However, the performance of these tests outside of reference laboratories is unknown.

Objectives:

To report an unexpectedly low rate of NMDAR autoantibody detection in serum from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis tested using a commercially available diagnostic kit in an exemplar clinical laboratory.

Methods:

Paired CSF and serum samples from seven patients with definite anti-NMDAR encephalitis were tested for NMDAR IgG autoantibodies using commercially available cell-based assays run according to manufacturer’s recommendations. Rates of autoantibody detection in serum tested at our center were compared with those derived from systematic review and meta-analyses incorporating studies published during or before March 2019.

Results:

NMDAR IgG autoantibodies were detected in the CSF of all patients tested at our clinical laboratory but not in paired serum samples. Rates of the detection were lower than those previously reported. A similar association was recognized through meta-analyses, with lower odds of NMDAR IgG autoantibody detection associated with serum testing performed in nonreference laboratories.

Conclusions:

Commercial kits may yield lower-than-expected rates of NMDAR IgG autoantibody detection in serum when run in exemplar clinical (nonreference) laboratories. Additional studies are needed to decipher the factors that contribute to lower-than-expected rates of serum positivity. CSF testing is recommended in patients with suspected anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
The reciprocal theorem in fluid dynamics and transport phenomena
Authors: Masoud Hassan , Stone Howard A.
Published: October 2019

In the study of fluid dynamics and transport phenomena, key quantities of interest are often the force and torque on objects and total rate of heat/mass transfer from them. Conventionally, these integrated quantities are determined by first solving the governing equations for the detailed distribution of the field variables (i.e. velocity, pressure, temperature, concentration, etc.) and then integrating the variables or their derivatives on the surface of the objects. On the other hand, the divergence form of the conservation equations opens the door for establishing integral identities that can be used for directly calculating the integrated quantities without requiring the detailed knowledge of the distribution of the primary variables. This shortcut approach constitutes the idea of the reciprocal theorem, whose closest relative is Green’s second identity, which readers may recall from studies of partial differential equations. Despite its importance and practicality, the theorem may not be so familiar to many in the research community. Ironically, some believe that the extreme simplicity and generality of the theorem are responsible for suppressing its application! In this Perspectives piece, we provide a pedagogical introduction to the concept and application of the reciprocal theorem, with the hope of facilitating its use. Specifically, a brief history on the development of the theorem is given as a background, followed by the discussion of the main ideas in the context of elementary boundary-value problems. After that, we demonstrate how the reciprocal theorem can be utilized to solve fundamental problems in low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, acoustics and heat/mass transfer, including convection. Throughout the article, we strive to make the materials accessible to early career researchers while keeping it interesting for more experienced scientists and engineers.
Filament mechanics in a half-space via regularised Stokeslet segments
Authors: Walker B. J. , Ishimoto K. , Gadêlha H. , Gaffney E. A.
Published: October 2019

We present a generalisation of efficient numerical frameworks for modelling fluid–filament interactions via the discretisation of a recently developed, non-local integral equation formulation to incorporate regularised Stokeslets with half-space boundary conditions, as motivated by the importance of confining geometries in many applications. We proceed to utilise this framework to examine the drag on slender inextensible filaments moving near a boundary, firstly with a relatively simple example, evaluating the accuracy of resistive force theories near boundaries using regularised Stokeslet segments. This highlights that resistive force theories do not accurately quantify filament dynamics in a range of circumstances, even with analytical corrections for the boundary. However, there is the notable and important exception of movement in a plane parallel to the boundary, where accuracy is maintained. In particular, this justifies the judicious use of resistive force theories in examining the mechanics of filaments and monoflagellate microswimmers with planar flagellar patterns moving parallel to boundaries. We proceed to apply the numerical framework developed here to consider how filament elastohydrodynamics can impact drag near a boundary, analysing in detail the complex responses of a passive cantilevered filament to an oscillatory flow. In particular, we document the emergence of an asymmetric periodic beating in passive filaments in particular parameter regimes, which are remarkably similar to the power and reverse strokes exhibited by motile $9+2$ cilia. Furthermore, these changes in the morphology of the filament beating, arising from the fluid–structure interactions, also induce a significant increase in the hydrodynamic drag of the filament.
Persistence probability of a random polynomial arising from evolutionary game theory
Authors: Can Van Hao , Duong Manh Hong , Pham Viet Viet Hung
Published: October 2019

We obtain an asymptotic formula for the persistence probability in the positive real line of a random polynomial arising from evolutionary game theory. It corresponds to the probability that a multi-player two-strategy random evolutionary game has no internal equilibria. The key ingredient is to approximate the sequence of random polynomials indexed by their degrees by an appropriate centered stationary Gaussian process.
Sums of standard uniform random variables
Authors: Mao Tiantian , Wang Bin , Wang Ruodu
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we analyse the set of all possible aggregate distributions of the sum of standard uniform random variables, a simply stated yet challenging problem in the literature of distributions with given margins. Our main results are obtained for two distinct cases. In the case of dimension two, we obtain four partial characterization results. For dimension greater than or equal to three, we obtain a full characterization of the set of aggregate distributions, which is the first complete characterization result of this type in the literature for any choice of continuous marginal distributions.
Analysis of a network’s asymptotic behavior via its structure involving its strongly connected components
Authors: Treur Jan
Published: October 2019

In this paper, it is addressed how network structure can be related to asymptotic network behavior. If such a relation is studied, that usually concerns only strongly connected networks and only linear functions describing the dynamics. In this paper, both conditions are generalized. A couple of general theorems is presented that relates asymptotic behavior of a network to the network’s structure characteristics. The network structure characteristics, on the one hand, concern the network’s strongly connected components and their mutual connections; this generalizes the condition of being strongly connected to a very general condition. On the other hand, the network structure characteristics considered generalize from linear functions to functions that are normalized, monotonic, and scalar-free, so that many nonlinear functions are also covered. Thus, the contributed theorems generalize the existing theorems on the relation between network structure and asymptotic network behavior addressing only specific cases such as acyclic networks, fully, and strongly connected networks, and theorems addressing only linear functions. This paper was invited as an extended (by more than 45%) version of a Complex Networks’18 conference paper. In the discussion section, the differences are explained in more detail.
The lower–middle Viséan boundary interval in the Palaeotethys: refinements for the foraminiferal zonal schemes
Authors: Cózar Pedro , Vachard Daniel , Somerville Ian D. , Izart Alain , Coronado Ismael
Published: October 2019

A new foraminiferal subzone (Cf5α or MFZ12α) in between the classical foraminiferal zonal biozones is characterized by the first occurrence ofArchaediscusat concavus stage, primitive species ofPojarkovella, as well as the firstEndothyranopsiss.s. This interval is represented in England, France and Morocco (in the western Palaeotethys) and in South China, and more widely in Iran (in the eastern Palaeotethys), where it is partly similar to the MFZ11B subzone defined by previous authors. The position of this new biozone within the Livian or Holkerian substages suggests that it has to be considered as part of the middle Viséan substage. We therefore propose the abandonment of the notation MFZ11B, which includes lower Viséan rocks, and the subdivision of the middle Viséan zones MFZ12 and Cf5 into two subzones MFZ12α or Cf5α, and MFZ12β or Cf5β, with the latter subzone containing the classical Livian–Holkerian foraminiferal guidesPojarkovella nibelis and Koskinotextularia. Furthermore, the lower Viséan MFZ11 zone can be subdivided in most Palaeotethyan basins into three subzones: a lower MFZ11α subzone (characterized by the first occurrence ofUralodiscus rotundus, as well as most species ofGlomodiscus); a middle MFZ11β subzone (characterized by the first occurrence ofArchaediscusat involutus stage andConilidiscus); and an upper MFZ11γ subzone (characterized by the first occurrence ofNodosarchaediscus,Consobrinellopsis and Lituotubella).
An integrative analysis of sibling influences on adult children's care-giving for parents
Authors: Vergauwen Jorik , Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: October 2019

The extent to which, and the reasons why, children help to care for their parents are examined in an extensive range of literature. Although care for parents essentially takes place in parent–child dyads, many of these studies acknowledge that the amount of care a child gives is generally the outcome of collective decisions in multiple-child families. However, to our knowledge, no research in Europe enhances our understanding of how sibling characteristics influence an individual child's care-giving. Using data for 14 European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, the present study relates pre-care-giving sibling characteristics to children's subsequent start of giving care. This longitudinal approach allows correction for the endogenous nature of time-changing predictors. The analysis demonstrates that daughters start to care more often when they have brothers instead of sisters. This pattern of gendered intergenerational care particularly applies to southern European countries. We also observe that both pre-care-giving parent–sibling frequency of contact and geographic distances predict children's care-giving transition strongly. Children who are closer to their parents than siblings in terms of contact and proximity have higher odds of care-taking. Finally, being the only child without a job enhances the start of care-giving as well. The results suggest that sibling characteristics are an important factor in explaining intergenerational care differences between children in Europe.
Flexibility of frequent clause openers in talk-in-interaction:Det‘it, that’ andså‘then’ in the prefield in Danish
Authors: Puggaard Rasmus
Published: October 2019

Through in-depth analysis of the use ofdet‘it, that’ andså‘then’ occupying the first clausal position (the prefield) in Danish talk-in-interaction, this paper investigates how speakers use highly flexible linguistic elements to their advantage when commencing clauses in real time. These particular words are useful when occupying the prefield, because their flexible nature means that they can be used even when speakers do not have a full format ready for the carrier clause, as long as they have some idea of the interactional purpose of the clause and its information structural prerequisites. The dominating frequency of the most frequent clause openers goes largely unmentioned in previous accounts of the prefield, and the use ofdet‘it, that’ andså‘then’ challenges the popular notion that the textually unmarked prefield is also the grammatical subject of the carrier clause.
Actual and apparent change in Brazilian Portuguese wh-interrogatives
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte
Published: October 2019

Previous studies on the diachrony of wh-interrogation in Brazilian Portuguese have observed a replacement process of ex-situ-wh interrogatives by cleft-wh and in-situ-wh interrogatives in the twentieth century. The present study analyzes almost 19,000 wh-interrogatives from a corpus of theater plays dated between 1800 and 2016, demonstrating that not all of these frequency changes constitute actual change. The increase in the usage frequency of several types of wh-interrogatives is partially or entirely due to changes in the degree of orality of theater plays, or changes in word order. Moreover, only some of these changes can be characterized as changes from below, that is, changes in which high-orality texts are affected by the frequency increase first. This notion is also relevant for functional change in wh-interrogatives. Over time, the use of cleft-wh and in-situ-wh interrogatives spread from contexts in which the proposition is highly accessible to low-accessibility contexts. For cleft-wh, this change is moderated by orality, again indicating change from below.
The noun phrase and the ‘Viking Hypothesis’
Authors: Crisma Paola , Pintzuk Susan
Published: October 2019

In this article we use the syntax of the noun phrase to evaluate two competing hypotheses: the traditional account, that Middle English is a West Germanic language with Old English as its immediate ancestor, and Emonds and Faarlund's (2014) proposal, that Middle English is a North Germanic language, the direct descendant of Old Norse. The development of nominal syntax shows that the Middle English noun phrase can be derived only from Old English, not from Old Norse. We examine six nominal characteristics; in each case, we find in Middle English exactly the construction that one would expect given the nominal syntax of previous Old English stages. The evidence from Old Norse shows that, although some of the same constructions did develop in the same way in the attested Norse varieties, the development occurred only at a later stage, too late to have affected the syntax of Middle English.
Changes in nutrient and food group intakes among children and women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children: findings from the 2005–2008 and 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Authors: Zimmer Meghan C , Vernarelli Jacqueline A
Published: October 2019

Objective:

To use nationally representative data to evaluate changes in nutrient and food intakes among children and women participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) before v. after implementation of the 2009 food package revisions.

Design:

Cross-sectional study using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. NHANES survey cycles were pooled to assess nutrient/food group intakes among household WIC participants pre- (2005–2008) v. post- (2011–2014) implementation of the 2009 food package revisions.

Setting:

Information regarding WIC participation and 24 h diet recalls were collected at NHANES examination.

Participants:

Children 24–59 months old and women 19–50 years of age in households receiving WIC benefits in the NHANES 2005–2008 and 2011–2014.

Results:

Comparison of WIC participants’ dietary intake pre- and post-revision demonstrated changes in mean population intakes of both nutrients and food groups. The food package revisions were associated with increased intakes of fibre (P = 0·004 children, P = 0·013 women) and whole grains (P = 0·001 children, P = 0·087 women). For children only, vegetable intake shifted to higher consumption of legumes (P = 0·013) and decreased intake of starchy vegetables (P = 0·042). No significant changes were observed for dairy or fruit intake of children or women.

Conclusions:

The study provides insight to what goals of the package revisions were achieved. The findings can inform future food package revisions.
A literature review of the role of brachytherapy in the management of early-stage breast cancer
Authors: Thorpe Rebecca , Drury-Smith Heather
Published: October 2019

Background:

This review evaluates whether brachytherapy can be considered as an alternative to whole breast irradiation (WBI) using criteria such as local recurrence rates, overall survival rates and quality of life (QoL) factors. This is an important issue because of a decline in local recurrence rates, suggesting that some women at very low risk of recurrence may be incurring the negative long-term side effects of WBI without benefitting from a reduction in local recurrence and greater overall survival. As such, the purpose of this literature review is to evaluate whether brachytherapy is a credible alternative to external beam radiation with a particular focus on the impact it has on patient QoL.

Methods:

The search terms used were devised by using the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome framework, and a literature search was carried out using Boolean connectors and Medical Subject Headings in the PubMed database. The resultant articles were manually assessed for relevance and appraised using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network tool. Additional papers were sourced from the citations of articles found using the search strategy. Government guidelines and regulations were also used following a manual search on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence website. This process resulted in a total of 30 sources being included as part of the review.

Results:

Three types of brachytherapy were the foundation for the majority of the papers found: interstitial multi-catheter brachytherapy, intra-cavity brachytherapy and permanent seed implantation. The key themes that arose from the literature were that brachytherapy is equivalent to WBI both in terms of 5-year local recurrence rates and overall survival rates at 10–12 years. The findings showed that brachytherapy was superior to WBI for some QoL factors such as being less time-consuming and equal in terms of others such as breast cosmesis. The results did also show that brachytherapy does come with its own local toxicities that could impact upon QoL such as the poor breast cosmesis associated with some brachytherapy techniques.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, brachytherapy was deemed a safe or acceptable alternative to WBI, but there is a need for further research on the long-term local recurrence rates, survival rates and quality of life issues as the volume of evidence is still significantly smaller for brachytherapy than for WBI. Specifically, there needs to be further investigation as to which patients will benefit from being offered brachytherapy and the influence that factors such as co-morbidities, performance status and patient choice play in these decisions.
NAFTA 2.0: The Greenest Trade Agreement Ever?
Authors: LAURENS NOEMIE , DOVE ZACHARY , MORIN JEAN FREDERIC , JINNAH SIKINA
Published: October 2019

The renegotiation of what US President Trump called ‘the worst trade deal ever’ has resulted in the most detailed environmental chapter in any trade agreement in history. The USMCA mentions dozens of environmental issues that its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), overlooked, and in line with contemporary US practice, brings the vast majority of environmental provisions into the core of the agreement, and subjects these provisions to a sanction-based dispute settlement mechanism. It also jettisons two controversial NAFTA measures potentially harmful to the environment. However, this paper argues that the USMCA only makes limited contributions to environmental protection. It primarily replicates most of the environmental provisions included in recent agreements, and only introduces three unprecedented environmental provisions. Moreover, it avoids important issues such as climate change, it does not mention the precautionary principle, and it scales back some environmental provisions related to multilateral environmental agreements.
Personality and Gendered Selection Processes in the Political Pipeline
Authors: Dynes Adam M. , Hassell Hans J. G. , Miles Matthew R. , Preece Jessica Robinson
Published: October 2019

Most research on the causes of women's underrepresentation examines one of two stages of the political pipeline: the development of nascent political ambition or specific aspects of the campaign and election process. In this article, we make a different kind of contribution. We build on the growing literature on gender, psychology, and representation to provide an analysis of what kinds of men and women make it through the political pipeline at each stage. This allows us to draw some conclusions about the ways in which the overall process is similar and different for women and men. Using surveys of the general U.S. population (N= 1,939) and elected municipal officials such as mayors and city councilors (N= 2,354) that measure the distribution of Big Five personality traits, we find that roughly the same types of men and women have nascent political ambition; there is just an intercept shift for sex. In contrast, male and female elected officials have different personality profiles. These differences do not reflect underlying distributions in the general population or the population of political aspirants. In short, our data suggest that socialization into political ambition is similar for men and women, but campaign and election processes are not.
Strength of nonhuman primate studies of developmental programming: review of sample sizes, challenges, and steps for future work
Authors: Huber Hillary F. , Jenkins Susan L. , Li Cun , Nathanielsz Peter W.
Published: October 2019

Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies are crucial to biomedical research. NHPs are the species most similar to humans in lifespan, body size, and hormonal profiles. Planning research requires statistical power evaluation, which is difficult to perform when lacking directly relevant preliminary data. This is especially true for NHP developmental programming studies, which are scarce. We review the sample sizes reported, challenges, areas needing further work, and goals of NHP maternal nutritional programming studies. The literature search included 27 keywords, for example, maternal obesity, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal high-fat diet, and maternal nutrient reduction. Only fetal and postnatal offspring studies involving tissue collection or imaging were included. Twenty-eight studies investigated maternal over-nutrition and 33 under-nutrition; 23 involved macaques and 38 baboons. Analysis by sex was performed in 19; minimum group size ranged from 1 to 8 (mean 4.7 ± 0.52, median 4, mode 3) and maximum group size from 3 to 16 (8.3 ± 0.93, 8, 8). Sexes were pooled in 42 studies; minimum group size ranged from 2 to 16 (mean 5.3 ± 0.35, median 6, mode 6) and maximum group size from 4 to 26 (10.2 ± 0.92, 8, 8). A typical study with sex-based analyses had group size minimum 4 and maximum 8 per sex. Among studies with sexes pooled, minimum group size averaged 6 and maximum 8. All studies reported some significant differences between groups. Therefore, studies with group sizes 3–8 can detect significance between groups. To address deficiencies in the literature, goals include increasing age range, more frequently considering sex as a biological variable, expanding topics, replicating studies, exploring intergenerational effects, and examining interventions.
Towards resilient African cities: Shared challenges and opportunities towards the retention and maintenance of ecological infrastructure
Authors: O'Farrell Patrick , Anderson Pippin , Culwick Christina , Currie Paul , Kavonic Jessica , McClure Alice , Ngenda Gertrude , Sinnott Eoin , Sitas Nadia , Washbourne Carla-Leanne , Audouin Michelle , Blanchard Ryan , Egoh Benis , Goodness Julie , Kotzee Ilse , Sanya Tom , Stafford William , Wong Gien
Published: October 2019

Non-technical summary

There are significant challenges to retaining indigenous biodiversity and ecological infrastructure in African cities. These include a lack of formal protection and status for remnant ecologically functional patches rendering them open toad hochuman settlement, which is in part linked to weak governance and management emerging from complex histories, and competing crisis-ridden demands. Persistent gaps in knowledge and practice mean that the social, economic, development and well-being benefits of ecological infrastructure are not understood or demonstrated. Addressing these challenges requires the adoption of multiple top-down government interventions and bottom-up community and neighbourhood actions. The development of detailed case studies that engage with knowledge generation and sharing at multiple scales through co-learning practices will also help create a much-needed deeper understanding of development options within this context.
Glyphosate sensitivity of selected weed species commonly found in maize fields
Authors: Escorial María-Concepción , Chueca María-Cristina , Pérez-Fernández Andrés , Loureiro Iñigo
Published: October 2019

Glyphosate resistance has evolved worldwide. Glyphosate is also the most used herbicide in Spain, and current changes in herbicide usage patterns can increase the risk of glyphosate resistance development. The objective of this study was to assess the glyphosate sensitivity of different selected weed species important in Spanish maize (Zea mays L.) fields. To this end, dose–response experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in a growth chamber to examine variation in glyphosate sensitivity among populations of five grass weed species and eight broadleaf weed species that are commonly found in the maize fields in Castilla y León, the biggest maize-growing region in Spain. The glyphosate doses that caused growth reduction by 50% (GR50) were calculated for each weed population. No populations were resistant to glyphosate. In addition, baseline values of glyphosate sensitivity were determined for each weed species. The GR50 baseline values ranged from 10.25 to 53.23 g ai ha−1 for the dicotyledonous weed species and from 16.05 to 66.34 g ai ha−1 for the monocotyledonous weed species. The ratio between the GR50 values of the least and most sensitive populations was used to determine the SI50 (sensitivity index at 50% growth reduction) for each weed species. The SI50 values showed a 1.4- to 3.3-fold difference in sensitivity for dicotyledonous weed species and 1.4- to 2.4-fold difference for monocotyledonous weed species. The sensitivity index was also calculated as the ratio between the GR50 values of the least sensitive population and the baseline GR50 value estimated for a range of susceptible populations (SI50b). SI50b values showed a 1.2- to 1.6-fold difference in sensitivity for dicotyledonous weed species and 1.1- to 1.2-fold difference for monocotyledonous weed species. The sensitivity data generated in this study provide a reference for determining time-dependent changes in glyphosate sensitivity in the commonly found weeds in the maize fields of Castilla y Léon.
Verdacht auf K.o.-Mittel: Diagnostik in der Notfallstation und Praxis
Authors: Bühler Tim , Schmid Yasmin , Liechti Matthias E.
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Im Alltag stellen K.o.-Mittel die praktizierenden Ärzte nicht selten vor Herausforderungen. Besteht der Verdacht einer Substanzbeibringung, steht in erster Linie die Frage nach einer Involvierung der Rechtsmedizin im Raum. Bei unklaren Situationen oder fraglichen Delikten kann jedoch seitens der Patientinnen und Patienten der Wunsch einer Erstdiagnostik auf der Notfallstation bzw. in der Sprechstunde geäussert werden. Der Kliniker ist dabei mit einer Vielzahl möglicher involvierter Substanzen, begrenzten analytischen Methoden und oftmals schwierig zu interpretierenden Resultaten konfrontiert. Im folgenden Artikel wird ein Überblick über die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten sowie ihre Limitationen gegeben. Häufig involvierte Substanzen, ihre Nachweisbarkeit und pharmakokinetische Besonderheiten werden vorgestellt. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit soll den im Alltag relevanten, praktischen Aspekten gelten.
Model for the Formation of Single‐Thread Rivers in Barren Landscapes and Implications for Pre‐Silurian and Martian Fluvial Deposits
Authors: Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Ielpi Alessandro , Lamb Michael P. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Knoll Andrew H.
Published: October 2019

Flume experiments and field observations show that bank vegetation promotes the formation of narrow and deep single‐thread channels by strengthening riverbanks. Consistent with this idea, the pre‐Silurian fluvial record generally consists of wide monotonous sand bodies often interpreted as deposits of shallow braided rivers, whereas single‐thread rivers with muddy floodplains become more recognizable in Silurian and younger rocks. This shift in the architecture of fluvial deposits has been interpreted as reflecting the rise of single‐thread rivers enabled by plant life. The deposits of some single‐thread rivers, however, have been recognized in pre‐Silurian rocks, and recent field studies have identified meandering rivers in modern unvegetated environments. Furthermore, single‐thread‐river deposits have been identified on Mars, where macroscopic plants most likely never evolved. Here we seek to understand the formation of those rarely recognized and poorly characterized single‐thread rivers in unvegetated landscapes. Specifically, we quantitatively explore the hypothesis that cohesive muddy banks alone may enable the formation of single‐thread rivers in the absence of plants. We combine open‐channel hydraulics and a physics‐based erosion model applicable to a variety of bank sediments to predict the formation of unvegetated single‐thread rivers. Consistent with recent flume experiments and field observations, results indicate that single‐thread rivers may form readily within muddy banks. Our model has direct implications for the quantification of riverbank strengthening by vegetation, understanding the hydraulic geometry of modern and ancient unvegetated rivers, interpreting pre‐Silurian fluvial deposits, and unraveling the hydrologic and climate history of Mars.
Improved Simulation of the QBO in E3SMv1
Authors: Richter Jadwiga H. , Chen Chih‐Chieh , Tang Qi , Xie Shaocheng , Rasch Philip J.
Published: October 2019

The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of the zonal mean wind is a prominent feature of the tropical lower stratosphere and has been shown to influence stratospheric and tropospheric variability. Although observed for many decades, the QBO is difficult to be accurately captured in Earth system models. The newly developed U.S. Department of Energy Energy Exascale Earth System Model, Version 1 (E3SMv1) is capable of resolving stratospheric dynamics as it has a top at 0.1 hPa and 72 levels. The tropical oscillation of the zonal mean zonal wind in the default version of the model is too fast and too strong compared to the observed QBO. Here we evaluate the current simulation of the QBO and present simulations with modified convective gravity wave parameterization parameters that make the oscillation more realistic, especially in terms of the period. Although improvements in the QBO are obtained through modifications to the parameterized gravity waves, we find that the forcing of the QBO from Kelvin and mixed‐Rossby gravity waves is small due to weak sources in the troposphere. The changes to the parameterized convective gravity waves (and QBO) are primarily limited to the tropical stratosphere. Small changes to mean wind and temperature are also found in Northern Hemisphere winter in the uppermost troposphere between 10°N and 60°N. Modifications to parameterized convectively generated gravity waves result in changes in interannual variability, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, and modest changes in sea level pressure variability over the Pacific are also noted.
Minimal invasive microscopic tooth preparation in esthetic restoration: a specialist consensus
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhao Yuwei , Li Junying , Luo Tian , Gao Jing , Liu Hongchen , Liu Weicai , Liu Feng , Zhao Ke , Liu Fei , Ma Chufan , Setz Juergen M. , Liang Shanshan , Fan Lin , Gao Shanshan , Zhu Zhuoli , Shen Jiefei , Wang Jian , Zhu Zhimin , Zhou Xuedong
Published: October 2019

By removing a part of the structure, the tooth preparation provides restorative space, bonding surface, and finish line for various restorations on abutment. Preparation technique plays critical role in achieving the optimal result of tooth preparation. With successful application of microscope in endodontics for >30 years, there is a full expectation of microscopic dentistry. However, as relatively little progress has been made in the application of microscopic dentistry in prosthodontics, the following assumptions have been proposed: Is it suitable to choose the tooth preparation technique under the naked eye in the microscopic vision? Is there a more accurate preparation technology intended for the microscope? To obtain long-term stable therapeutic effects, is it much easier to achieve maximum tooth preservation and retinal protection and maintain periodontal tissue and oral function health under microscopic vision? Whether the microscopic prosthodontics is a gimmick or a breakthrough in obtaining an ideal tooth preparation should be resolved in microscopic tooth preparation. This article attempts to illustrate the concept, core elements, and indications of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation, physiological basis of dental pulp, periodontium and functions involved in tool preparation, position ergonomics and visual basis for dentists, comparison of tooth preparation by naked eyes and a microscope, and comparison of different designs of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation techniques. Furthermore, a clinical protocol for microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation based on target restorative space guide plate has been put forward and new insights on the quantity and shape of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation has been provided.
Volatile composition and classification of Lilium flower aroma types and identification, polymorphisms, and alternative splicing of their monoterpene synthase genes
Authors: Du Fang , Wang Ting , Fan Jun-miao , Liu Zhi-zhi , Zong Jia-xin , Fan Wei-xin , Han Yuan-huai , Grierson Donald
Published: October 2019

Lily is a well-known ornamental plant with a diversity of fragrant types. Basic information on lily floral scent compounds has been obtained for only a few accessions, and little is known aboutLiliumaroma types, the terpene synthase genes that may play roles in the production of key volatiles, or the range of monoterpenes that these genes produce. In this study, 41 cultivars were analyzed for volatile emissions, and a total of 46 individual volatile compounds were identified, 16 for the first time in lilies. Lily accessions were classified into six groups according to the composition of major scent components: faint-scented, cool, fruity, musky, fruity-honey, and lily. Monoterpenes were one of the main groups of volatiles identified, and attention was focused on terpene synthase (TPS) genes, which encode enzymes that catalyze the last steps in monoterpene synthesis. Thirty-two candidate monoterpene synthase cDNAs were obtained from 66 lily cultivars, and 64 SNPs were identified. Two InDels were also shown to result from variable splicing, and sequence analysis suggested that different transcripts arose from the same gene. All identified nucleotide substitution sites were highly correlated with the amounts of myrcene emitted, and InDel site 230 was highly correlated with the emission of all major monoterpenoid components, especially (E)-β-ocimene. Heterologous expression of five cDNAs cloned from faint-scented and strong-scented lilies showed that their corresponding enzymes could convert geranyl diphosphate to (E)-β-ocimene,α-pinene, and limonene. The findings from this study provide a major resource for the assessment of lily scent volatiles and will be helpful in breeding of improved volatile components.
Early-career setback and future career impact
Authors: Wang Yang , Jones Benjamin F. , Wang Dashun
Published: October 2019

Setbacks are an integral part of a scientific career, yet little is known about their long-term effects. Here we examine junior scientists applying for National Institutes of Health R01 grants. By focusing on proposals fell just below and just above the funding threshold, we compare near-miss with narrow-win applicants, and find that an early-career setback has powerful, opposing effects. On the one hand, it significantly increases attrition, predicting more than a 10% chance of disappearing permanently from the NIH system. Yet, despite an early setback, individuals with near misses systematically outperform those with narrow wins in the longer run. Moreover, this performance advantage seems to go beyond a screening mechanism, suggesting early-career setback appears to cause a performance improvement among those who persevere. Overall, these findings are consistent with the concept that “what doesn’t kill me makes me stronger,” which may have broad implications for identifying, training and nurturing junior scientists.
Bell correlations between spatially separated pairs of atoms
Authors: Shin D. K. , Henson B. M. , Hodgman S. S. , Wasak T. , Chwedeńczuk J. , Truscott A. G.
Published: October 2019

Bell correlations are a foundational demonstration of how quantum entanglement contradicts the classical notion of local realism. Rigorous validation of quantum nonlocality have only been achieved between solid-state electron spins, internal states of trapped atoms, and photon polarisations, all weakly coupling to gravity. Bell tests with freely propagating massive particles, which could provide insights into the link between gravity and quantum mechanics, have proven to be much more challenging to realise. Here we use a collision between two Bose-Einstein condensates to generate spin entangled pairs of ultracold helium atoms, and measure their spin correlations along uniformly rotated bases. We show that correlations in the pairs agree with the theoretical prediction of a Bell triplet state, and observe a quantum mechanical witness of Bell correlations with $$6\sigma$$
6
σ
significance. Extensions to this scheme could find promising applications in quantum metrology, as well as for investigating the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.
Author Correction: Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida
Authors: Lozano-Fernandez Jesus , Tanner Alastair R. , Giacomelli Mattia , Carton Robert , Vinther Jakob , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Pisani Davide
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse
Authors: Walter Thomas R. , Haghshenas Haghighi Mahmud , Schneider Felix M. , Coppola Diego , Motagh Mahdi , Saul Joachim , Babeyko Andrey , Dahm Torsten , Troll Valentin R. , Tilmann Frederik , Heimann Sebastian , Valade Sébastien , Triyono Rahmat , Khomarudin Rokhis , Kartadinata Nugraha , Laiolo Marco , Massimetti Francesco , Gaebler Peter
Published: October 2019

Flank instability and sector collapses, which pose major threats, are common on volcanic islands. On 22 Dec 2018, a sector collapse event occurred at Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait, triggering a deadly tsunami. Here we use multiparametric ground-based and space-borne data to show that prior to its collapse, the volcano exhibited an elevated state of activity, including precursory thermal anomalies, an increase in the island’s surface area, and a gradual seaward motion of its southwestern flank on a dipping décollement. Two minutes after a small earthquake, seismic signals characterize the collapse of the volcano’s flank at 13:55 UTC. This sector collapse decapitated the cone-shaped edifice and triggered a tsunami that caused 430 fatalities. We discuss the nature of the precursor processes underpinning the collapse that culminated in a complex hazard cascade with important implications for the early detection of potential flank instability at other volcanoes.
Phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and phagocytic machinery in oocytes regulate mammalian fertilization
Authors: Rival Claudia M. , Xu Wenhao , Shankman Laura S. , Morioka Sho , Arandjelovic Sanja , Lee Chang Sup , Wheeler Karen M. , Smith Ryan P. , Haney Lisa B. , Isakson Brant E. , Purcell Scott , Lysiak Jeffrey J. , Ravichandran Kodi S.
Published: October 2019

Fertilization is essential for species survival. Although Izumo1 and Juno are critical for initial interaction between gametes, additional molecules necessary for sperm:egg fusion on both the sperm and the oocyte remain to be defined. Here, we show that phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is exposed on the head region of viable and motile sperm, with PtdSer exposure progressively increasing during sperm transit through the epididymis. Functionally, masking phosphatidylserine on sperm via three different approaches inhibits fertilization. On the oocyte, phosphatidylserine recognition receptors BAI1, CD36, Tim-4, and Mer-TK contribute to fertilization. Further, oocytes lacking the cytoplasmic ELMO1, or functional disruption of RAC1 (both of which signal downstream of BAI1/BAI3), also affect sperm entry into oocytes. Intriguingly, mammalian sperm could fuse with skeletal myoblasts, requiring PtdSer on sperm and BAI1/3, ELMO2, RAC1 in myoblasts. Collectively, these data identify phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and PtdSer recognition receptors on oocytes as key players in sperm:egg fusion.
ABCC9-related Intellectual disability Myopathy Syndrome is a KATP channelopathy with loss-of-function mutations in ABCC9
Authors: Smeland Marie F. , McClenaghan Conor , Roessler Helen I. , Savelberg Sanne , Hansen Geir Åsmund Myge , Hjellnes Helene , Arntzen Kjell Arne , Müller Kai Ivar , Dybesland Andreas Rosenberger , Harter Theresa , Sala-Rabanal Monica , Emfinger Chris H. , Huang Yan , Singareddy Soma S. , Gunn Jamie , Wozniak David F. , Kovacs Attila , Massink Maarten , Tessadori Federico , Kamel Sarah M. , Bakkers Jeroen , Remedi Maria S. , Van Ghelue Marijke , Nichols Colin G. , van Haaften Gijs
Published: October 2019

Mutations in genes encoding KATPchannel subunits have been reported for pancreatic disorders and Cantú syndrome. Here, we report a syndrome in six patients from two families with a consistent phenotype of mild intellectual disability, similar facies, myopathy, and cerebral white matter hyperintensities, with cardiac systolic dysfunction present in the two oldest patients. Patients are homozygous for a splice-site mutation inABCC9(c.1320 + 1 G > A), which encodes the sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) subunit of KATPchannels. This mutation results in an in-frame deletion of exon 8, which results in non-functional KATPchannels in recombinant assays. SUR2 loss-of-function causes fatigability and cardiac dysfunction in mice, and reduced activity, cardiac dysfunction and ventricular enlargement in zebrafish. We term this channelopathy resulting from loss-of-function of SUR2-containing KATPchannelsABCC9-related Intellectual disability Myopathy Syndrome (AIMS). The phenotype differs from Cantú syndrome, which is caused by gain-of-functionABCC9mutations, reflecting the opposing consequences of KATPloss- versus gain-of-function.
Squeezing-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Michael Yoad , Bello Leon , Rosenbluh Michael , Pe’er Avi
Published: October 2019

The sensitivity of classical Raman spectroscopy methods, such as coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) or stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), is ultimately limited by shot-noise from the stimulating fields. We present the complete theoretical analysis of a squeezing-enhanced version of Raman spectroscopy that overcomes the shot-noise limit of sensitivity with enhancement of the Raman signal and inherent background suppression, while remaining fully compatible with standard Raman spectroscopy methods. By incorporating the Raman sample between two phase-sensitive parametric amplifiers that squeeze the light along orthogonal quadrature axes, the typical intensity measurement of the Raman response is converted into a quantum-limited, super-sensitive estimation of phase. The resonant Raman response in the sample induces a phase shift to signal-idler frequency-pairs within the fingerprint spectrum of the molecule, resulting in amplification of the resonant Raman signal by the squeezing factor of the parametric amplifiers, whereas the non-resonant background is annihilated by destructive interference. Seeding the interferometer with classical coherent light stimulates the Raman signal further without increasing the background, effectively forming squeezing-enhanced versions of CARS and SRS, where the quantum enhancement is achieved on top of the classical stimulation.
Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling
Authors: Ruhnau Oliver , Hirth Lion , Praktiknjo Aaron
Published: October 2019

With electric heat pumps substituting for fossil-fueled alternatives, the temporal variability of their power consumption becomes increasingly important to the electricity system. To easily include this variability in energy system analyses, this paper introduces the “When2Heat” dataset comprising synthetic national time series of both the heat demand and the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pumps. It covers 16 European countries, includes the years 2008 to 2018, and features an hourly resolution. Demand profiles for space and water heating are computed by combining gas standard load profiles with spatial temperature and wind speed reanalysis data as well as population geodata. COP time series for different heat sources – air, ground, and groundwater – and different heat sinks – floor heating, radiators, and water heating – are calculated based on COP and heating curves using reanalysis temperature data. The dataset, as well as the scripts and input parameters, are publicly available under an open source license on the Open Power System Data platform.
Classes of non-conventional tetraspanins defined by alternative splicing
Authors: Hochheimer Nikolas , Sies Ricarda , Aschenbrenner Anna C. , Schneider Dirk , Lang Thorsten
Published: October 2019

Tetraspanins emerge as a family of membrane proteins mediating an exceptional broad diversity of functions. The naming refers to their four transmembrane segments, which define the tetraspanins‘ typical membrane topology. In this study, we analyzed alternative splicing of tetraspanins. Besides isoforms with four transmembrane segments, most mRNA sequences are coding for isoforms with one, two or three transmembrane segments, representing structurally mono-, di- and trispanins. Moreover, alternative splicing may alter transmembrane topology, delete parts of the large extracellular loop, or generate alternative N- or C-termini. As a result, we define structure-based classes of non-conventional tetraspanins. The increase in gene products by alternative splicing is associated with an unexpected high structural variability of tetraspanins. We speculate that non-conventional tetraspanins have roles in regulating ER exit and modulating tetraspanin-enriched microdomain function.