bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobile and immobile fluid transport: Coupling framework
Authors: Geiser Jürgen
Published: February 2010

We introduce a solver method for mobile and immobile transport regions. The motivation is driven by transport processes in porous media (e.g. waste disposal, chemical deposition processes).

We analyze the coupled transport‐reaction equation with mobile and immobile areas.

We apply analytical methods, such as Laplace‐transformation, and for the numerical methods we apply Godunov's scheme, see (Mat. Sb. 1959; 47:271–306; Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002).

The method is based numerically on flux‐based characteristic methods and is an attractive alternative to the classical higher‐order TVD methods, see (J. Comput. Phys. 1993; 49:357–393). In this paper, we will focus on the derivation of analytical solutions for general and special solutions of the characteristic methods that are embedded in a finite‐volume method.

At the end of the paper, we illustrate the higher‐order method for different benchmark problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filtered POD‐based low‐dimensional modeling of the 3D turbulent flow behind a circular cylinder
Authors: Aradag Selin , Siegel Stefan , Seidel Jürgen , Cohen Kelly , McLaughlin Thomas
Published: February 2010

Low‐dimensional models have proven essential for feedback control and estimation of flow fields. While feedback control based on global flow estimation can be very efficient, it is often difficult to estimate the flow state if structures of very different length scales are present in the flow. The conventional snapshot‐based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), a popular method for low‐order modeling, does not separate the structures according to size, since it optimizes modes based on energy. Two methods are developed in this study to separate the structures in the flow based on size. One of them is Hybrid Filtered POD method and the second one is 3D FFT‐based Filtered POD approach performed using a fast Fourier transform (FFT)‐based spatial filtering. In both the methods, a spatial low‐pass filter is employed to precondition snapshot sets before deriving POD modes. Three‐dimensional flow data from the simulation of turbulent flow over a circular cylinder wake at Re=20000 is used to evaluate the performance of the two methods. Results show that both the FFT‐based 3D Filtered POD and Hybrid Filtered POD are able to capture the large‐scale features of the flow, such as the von Karman vortex street, while not being contaminated by small‐scale turbulent structures present in the flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kernel‐based vector field reconstruction in computational fluid dynamic models
Authors: Bonaventura L. , Iske A. , Miglio E.
Published: February 2010

Kernel‐based reconstruction methods are applied to obtain highly accurate approximations of local vector fields from normal components assigned at the edges of a computational mesh. The theoretical background of kernel‐based reconstructions for vector‐valued functions is first reviewed, before the reconstruction method is adapted to the specific requirements of relevant applications in computational fluid dynamics. To this end, important computational aspects concerning the design of the reconstruction scheme like the selection of suitable stencils are explained in detail. Extensive numerical examples and comparisons concerning hydrodynamic models show that the proposed kernel‐based reconstruction improves the accuracy of standard finite element discretizations, including Raviart–Thomas (RT) elements, quite significantly, while retaining discrete conservation properties of important physical quantities, such as mass, vorticity, or potential enstrophy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pilot study to estimate the accuracy of mouth self‐examination in an at‐risk group
Authors: Scott Suzanne E. , Rizvi Kulsoom , Grunfeld Elizabeth A. , McGurk Mark
Published: February 2010

Background.

Mouth self‐examination (MSE) is a possible method of detecting oral cancer early. This study aimed to determine whether those at risk of developing oral cancer are able to correctly detect potentially malignant oral lesions via MSE.

Methods.

Participants (53 smokers aged over 45 years) received an oral mucosal examination by the dentist and then performed MSE after education through a self‐read leaflet. The dentist and participant both recorded the presence and absence of potentially malignant oral lesions.

Results.

The prevalence of potentially malignant oral lesions was 22%. The sensitivity of MSE was 33% and the specificity was 54%. MSE had a positive predictive value of 17% and a negative predictive value of 73%.

Conclusion.

The at‐risk group were poor at correctly identifying the presence or absence of potentially malignant oral lesions. A leaflet may be an ineffective training tool to aid self‐identification of potentially malignant oral lesions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Trivedi Nirav P. , Ravindran Hiran Kattilaparambil , Sundram Shanmugham , Iyer Subramania , Kekatpure Vikram , Durah Sundeep , Kuriakose Moni Abraham
Published: February 2010

Background.

The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of different methods of pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes.

Methods.

In this prospective study, sentinel nodes were evaluated for occult metastasis using frozen section, imprint‐cytology, hematoxylin‐eosin staining, serial step sectioning (SSS) with hematoxylin‐eosin, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Metastases were classified into macrometastasis (>2.0 mm), micrometastasis (0.2 mm–2.0 mm), isolated tumor cells (<0.2 mm).

Results.

Occult metastasis was detected in 20 of 80 patients. Frozen section and imprint cytology identified metastasis in 10 of 20 patients, hematoxylin‐eosin stain in 13 patients; SSS upstaged the disease in a further 7 patients (9%). Frozen section detected macrometastasis in 7 of 8 cases but failed to detect smaller metastases (missed micrometastasis in 4 of 7 and isolated tumor cells in 5 of 5). SSS upstaged the disease by 10%, and sensitivity and negative predictive value of SSS with hematoxylin‐eosin stain were 90% and 97%, respectively.

Conclusion.

Frozen section and imprint cytology are not effective in identifying occult metastasis. IHC and SSS are required to identify micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Tumor‐induced osteomalacia originating from the temporal bone: A case report
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Nakao Kazunari , Kawai Kensuke , Ito Ken , Hukumoto Seiji , Asakage Takahiro , Oota Satoshi , Motoi Ryo
Published: February 2010

Background.

Tumor‐induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare clinical entity in which secondary osteomalacia is induced by tumor‐related products. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) mRNA is overexpressed in the tumor tissue, leading to impaired reabsorption of phosphorus in the renal tubules and hypophosphatemia. Curative treatment is considered to be total resection of the tumor.

Methods and Results.

A 53‐year‐old woman had experienced systemic bone pain and muscle weakness for several years. She had refractory hypophosphatemia and marked elevation of serum FGF‐23 level. Whole body imaging eventually revealed a hypervascular mass in the right temporal bone, leading to a diagnosis of TIO. She underwent skull‐base surgery after embolization of the tumor. After the en bloc resection, FGF‐23 became undetectable, phosphate reabsorption normalized, and all symptoms resolved.

Conclusions.

We discuss the clinical features and treatment options for this rare disease. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Is iPS cell the panacea?
Authors: Ou Li , Wang Xiaochen , Zou Fangdong
Published: February 2010

In 2006, it was reported that transgenic expression of merely four defined transcription factors (c‐Myc, Klf4, Oct4, and Sox2) is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. The resulting induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells ignited intense interest in the field of life science for their promising applications in basic biology, drug development, and transplantation. However, the underlying problems of iPS cells seem to be ignored. This review shed light on the problems pertaining iPS cells, including the elusive origin, risk of tumorgenesis, and its relationship with natural selection. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(3): 170–175, 2010
Role of the SNK‐SPAR pathway in the development of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gong Xiaoyang , Lu Xiaoguang , Zhan Libin , Sui Hua , Qi Xin , Ji Zhenghong , Niu Xinping , Liu Li
Published: February 2010

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The beta‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the primary constituent of the senile plaques, and has been proposed to be a key contributor to the neurodegeneration observed in AD. The molecular mechanisms underlying dendritic spine damage that is induced by Aβ toxicity in AD patients remain largely unknown. It has been suggested previously that the SNK‐SPAR signaling pathway is involved in activity‐dependent remodeling of synapses. The relationship between the SNK‐SPAR pathway and Aβ‐induced excitotoxicity, however, is poorly understood. The present study investigated the effects of bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ peptide 1–40 (Aβ1–40) on learning and memory in the rat, and explored the mechanisms underlying the effects of this injection. We reported that bilateral injection of Aβ1–40 in rats resulted in impaired performance in the step‐down passive avoidance and Morris water maze tasks. Then we examined mRNA and protein expression levels in the different brain regions one week after injection with Aβ1–40 and found that the SNK‐SPAR signaling pathway was possibly involved in dendritic spine damage in the different brain regions of Aβ‐treated rats. These results demonstrate that the SNK‐SPAR pathway may possibly play a crucial role in Aβ‐induced excitotoxic damage in the central nervous system by regulating synaptic stability. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(3): 214–221, 2010
Upregulation of genes orchestrating keratinocyte differentiation, including the novel marker gene ID2, by contact sensitizers in human bulge‐derived keratinocytes
Authors: Yoshikawa Yoshie , Sasahara Yusuke , Kitano Yukio , Kanazawa Nozomi , Shima Hiroki , Hashimoto‐Tamaoki Tomoko
Published: February 2010

In the epidermis, keratinocytes are involved in physical and first‐line immune protection of the host. In this study, we analyzed the molecular responses to certain contact sensitizers (2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene and NiSO4) and irritants (sodium dodecyl sulfate and benzalkonium chloride) in cultured human keratinocytes from the bulge region of a plucked hair follicle (bulge‐derived keratinocytes [BDKs]) and compared these molecular responses to those with the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP‐1. The BDKs, individually established without invasive biopsies, showed high reactivity to these stimulants. As a primary response to the contact sensitizers, the NRF2‐mediated signaling pathway was upregulated in BDKs and THP‐1. The expression of IL1B and IL8 genes was not induced by the irritants but by the sensitizers in THP‐1. However, the expression of the IL1B and IL8 genes was induced at higher levels by the irritants in BDKs than by the sensitizers. Many genes orchestrating keratinocyte differentiation, including ID2, were significantly upregulated in response to the sensitizers in BDKs but not those in THP‐1. The use of the ID2 gene to discriminate between sensitizers and irritants might be effective as a novel marker for application during in vitro sensitization with BDKs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:10–20, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20307
Proteomics analysis of liver samples from puffer fish Takifugu rubripes exposed to excessive fluoride: An insight into molecular response to fluorosis
Authors: Lu Jian , Zheng Jianzhou , Liu Haijun , Li Jun , Xu Qinggang , Chen Keping
Published: February 2010

Comparative proteomics was performed to identify proteins in the liver of Takifugu rubripes in response to excessive fluoride exposure. Sixteen fish were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was raised in soft water alone (F− = 0.4 mg/L), and the experimental group was raised in the same water with sodium fluoride at a high concentration of 35 mg/L. After 3 days, proteins were extracted from the fish livers and then subjected to two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) was applied to identify the proteins that were differentially expressed from the two groups of fish. Among an average of 816 and 918 proteins detected in the control and treated groups, respectively, 16 proteins were upregulated and 35 were downregulated (P < 0.01) in the fluoride‐treated group as compared with those in the control group. Twenty‐four highly differentially expressed proteins were further analyzed by MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS, and eight were identified by Mascot. These eight proteins include disulfide isomerase ER‐60, 4SNc‐Tudor domain protein, SMC3 protein, Cyclin D1, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase 10, as well as three unknown proteins. Consistent with their previously known functions, these identified proteins seem to be involved in apoptosis and other functions associated with fluorosis. These results will greatly contribute to our understanding of the effects of fluoride exposure on the physiological and biochemical functions of Takifugu and the toxicological mechanism of fluoride causing fluorosis in both fish and human. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:21–28, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20308
Heterologous expression, purification, and biochemical characterization of a greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) acetylcholinesterase encoded by a paralogous gene (ace‐1)
Authors: Zhao Picheng , Zhu Kun Yan , Jiang Haobo
Published: February 2010

Acetylcholinesterase is a critical enzyme in the regulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in insects. To produce Schizaphis graminum acetylcholinesterase‐1 for structure–function analysis, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus to infect Sf9 cells, which secreted the soluble protein at a final concentration of 4.0 mg/L. The purified enzyme had an apparent Mr of 70 and 130 kDa in the reducing and nonreducing SDS‐polyacrylamide gels, respectively, indicating that it formed a dimer via an intermolecular disulfide bond. The fresh enzyme had a specific activity of 245 U/mg, which stabilized at a lower level (115 U/mg) in storage. The Michaelis constant and maximum velocity were 88.3 ± 9.6 μM and 133.2 ± 1.6 U/mg for acetylthiocholine iodide, 113.9 ± 12.5 μM and 106.4 ± 3.0 U/mg for acetyl(β‐methyl)thiocholine iodide, 68.9 ± 7.8 μM and 76.7 ± 1.0 U/mg for propionylthiocholine iodide, and 201.1 ± 21.0 μM and 4.4 ± 0.1 U/mg for S‐butyrylthiocholine iodide, respectively. The IC50 values (5 min, room temperature) of ethopropazine, BW284C51, carbaryl, eserine, malaoxon, and paraoxon were 102, 1.66, 0.94, 0.20, 0.061, 0.016 μM, respectively. The bimolecular reaction constants (ki) were (6.50 ± 0.40) × 104 for carbaryl, (1.00 ± 0.16) × 105 for eserine, (4.70 ± 0.13) × 105 for malaoxon, and (9.06 ± 0.23) × 105 M−1 min−1 for paraoxon. The enzyme was also inhibited by one of its products, choline, at concentrations higher than 20 mM, suggesting that choline bound to an anionic site and regulated the enzymatic activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:51–59, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20311
Effect of rosuvastatin on cholestasis‐induced hepatic injury in rat livers
Authors: Awad Azza S. , Kamel Rehab
Published: February 2010

Recent studies reported that 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors have pleotropic effects independent of their lipid‐lowering properties. The present study was undertaken to determine whether treatment with rosuvastatin (RO) would be beneficial in a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL). Animals were divided into three groups: a sham group (group I), a BDL group treated with vehicle (group II), and a BDL group treated with RO (10 mg/kg) (group III). Serum levels of total bilirubin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly in group III when compared to group II. Lipid peroxides and NO levels of group III were found to be significantly lower than those of group II. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and catalase) activity in liver tissues markedly decreased in group II, whereas treatment with RO preserved antioxidant enzyme activity. DT‐diaphorase activity in group II was significantly higher than that in group III. The histopathological results showed multiple numbers of newly formed bile ductules with inflammatory cells infiltration in group II. These pathological changes were improved in group III. Our data indicate that RO ameliorates hepatic injury, inflammation, lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in rats subjected to BDL. RO may have a beneficial effect on treatment of cholestatic liver diseases. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:89–94, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20315
Can contrast‐enhanced sonography distinguish benign from malignant breast masses?
Authors: Sorelli P. G. , Cosgrove D. O. , Svensson W. E. , Zaman N. , Satchithananda K. , Barrett N. K. , Lim A. K. P.
Published: February 2010

Background

We investigated whether microvascular enhancement on contrast‐enhanced sonographic (CEUS) imaging can aid in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions and correlated these findings with histopathological findings.

Method

Fifteen patients with a palpable breast mass were recruited. Following informed consent, 4.8 mL of the microbubble contrast agent SonoVue was injected intravenously. Digital video clips of lesion enhancement were obtained and reviewed by a consultant radiologist who scored each lesion on the following characteristics: homogeneous versus heterogeneous enhancement, the presence or absence of focal defects, well‐ versus ill‐defined margins and vascular morphology score (VMS).

Result

Histologically there were 7 malignant and 8 benign lesions. The calculated sensitivity for CEUS in the diagnosis of malignancy was 100%, with a 37.5% specificity. There was no statistically significant difference in overall mean VMS between the malignant and benign lesions.

Conclusion

The results of our study have not shown any additional benefit in the use of CEUS over conventional triple assessment. The positive trend seen in the higher mean VMS for the malignant tumors needs further investigation with a larger cohort of patients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Polylactide nanoparticles containing stably incorporated cyanine dyes for in vitro and in vivo imaging applications
Authors: Tong Rong , Coyle Virginia J. , Tang Li , Barger Anne M. , Fan Timothy M. , Cheng Jianjun
Published: February 2010

Stably incorporating fluorescent molecules to polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) or micelles can facilitate the prolonged tracking of these drug‐delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. However, incorporation of fluorescent molecules, usually charged and thereby water‐soluble, through the encapsulation strategy to hydrophobic polymer matrices is challenging. The encapsulated fluorescent agents are also subject to rapid release when the polymeric NPs are exposed to biological media. To address this issue, we developed Cy5‐conjugated polylactide (Cy5‐PLA) NPs through Cy5/(BDI)ZnN(TMS)2 [(BDI) = 2‐((2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)amido)‐4‐((2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐imino)‐2‐pentene]‐mediated ring‐opening polymerization of lactide (LA) followed by nanoprecipitation. This process allows for covalent conjugation of Cy5 to PLA with quantitative incorporation efficiency and formulation of Cy5‐PLA NPs with controlled particles size (≈100 nm). As much as 80% of Cy5 was still present in the Cy5‐PLA NPs after theses NPs were incubated in PBS at 37°C for 12 days. Cy5‐PLA NPs were conjugated to the A10 RNA aptamer that binds to the prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The resulting Cy5‐PLA/aptamer NPs were found to only bind to and get internalized by LNCaP and canine prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PSMA‐positive), but not to PC3 cells (PSMA‐negative). The Cy5‐PLA NPs were administered to balb/c mice intravenously and found to have excellent signals with low‐background fluorescence in various organs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:901–909, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(R)‐N‐Methyl‐3‐(3′‐[18F]fluoropropyl)phenoxy)‐3‐phenylpropanamine (18F‐MFP3) as a potential PET imaging agent for norepinephrine transporter
Authors: Nguyen Vivien L. , Pichika Rama , Bhakta Paayal H. , Kant Ritu , Mukherjee Jogeshwar
Published: February 2010

A decline of norepinephrine transporter (NET) level is associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Therefore positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are greatly desired to study the NET pathway. We have developed aC‐fluoropropyl analog of nisoxetine: (R)‐N‐methyl‐3‐(3′‐[18F]fluoropropyl)phenoxy)‐3‐phenylpropanamine (18F‐MFP3) as a new potential PET radiotracer for NET with the advantage of the longer half‐life of fluorine‐18 (110 min compared with carbon‐11 (20 min). Synthesis of (R)‐N‐methyl‐3‐(3′‐fluoropropyl)phenoxy)‐3‐phenylpropanamine (MFP3) was achieved in five steps starting from (S)‐N‐methyl‐3‐ol‐3‐phenylpropanamine in approx. 3–5% overall yields. In vitro binding affinity of nisoxetine and MFP3 in rat brain homogenates labeled with3H‐nisoxetine gave Ki values of 8.02 nM and 23 nM, respectively. For radiosynthesis of18F‐MFP3, fluorine‐18 was incorporated into a tosylate precursor, followed by the deprotection of theN‐BOC‐protected amine group with a 15% decay corrected yield in 2.5 h. Reverse‐phase chromatographic purification provided18F‐MFP3 in specific activities of >2000 Ci/mmol. Fluorine‐18 labeled18F‐MFP3 has been produced in modest radiochemical yields and in high specific activities. Evaluation of18F‐MFP3 in animal imaging studies is in progress in order to validate this new fluorine‐18 radiotracer for PET imaging of NET. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biodistribution of [11C]SN‐38
Authors: Apana Scott M. , Anderson Lawrence W. , Berridge Marc S.
Published: February 2010

SN‐38 (7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxy camptothecin) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that is the active chemotherapeutic agent of irinotecan, indicated for colon cancer. Because the rate of response to irinotecan treatment is low, it is of interest to have a prognostic indicator to identify and more selectively treat those who are likely to respond to treatment. We have therefore prepared SN‐38 labeled with carbon‐11. SN‐38 was prepared by radical oxidation of 3‐[11C]propionaldehyde and subsequent radical addition of the ethyl fragment to 10‐hydroxycamptothecin. Labeled propionaldehyde was prepared by reaction of methyl iodide with 2‐lithiomethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane. Overall chemical yield was 34% from carbon dioxide. The murine biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [11C]SN‐38 was measured by PET scanning in preparation for initial human studies. Biodistribution was fairly uniform except for hepatobiliary and urinary excretion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppression of blood glucose level by a new fermented tea obtained by tea‐rolling processing of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and green tea leaves in disaccharide‐loaded Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Tamaya Kei , Matsui Toshiro , Toshima Asami , Noguchi Mai , Ju Qiu , Miyata Yuji , Tanaka Takashi , Tanaka Kazunari
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: In the field of food science, much interest has been focused on the development of alternative medicinal foods with the ability to regulate excess blood glucose level (BGL) rise. The authors have successfully developed a new fermented tea product (LG tea) by co‐fermentation of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaf and summer‐harvested green tea leaf. The objective of this study was to examine the acute suppression effect of LG tea on BGL rise in disaccharide‐loaded Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats and to evaluate its possible usage as an antidiabetic functional food material.

RESULTS: As a result of single oral administration of hot water extract of LG tea (50 mg kg−1) to maltose‐loaded SD rats, BGL at 30 min was significantly decreased by 23.8% (P < 0.01) compared with the control. A corresponding reduction in serum insulin secretion was also observed. The ED50 value of LG tea (50.7 mg kg−1) was estimated to be about 16‐fold higher than that of the therapeutic drug acarbose (3.1 mg kg−1).

CONCLUSION: No significant change in BGL was observed when sucrose or glucose was administered, suggesting that the suppression effect of LG tea was achieved by maltase inhibition, not by sucrase inhibition or glucose transport inhibition at the intestinal membrane. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Scirpusin A, a hydroxystilbene dimer from Xinjiang wine grape, acts as an effective singlet oxygen quencher and DNA damage protector
Authors: Kong Qingjun , Ren Xueyan , Jiang Liyan , Pan Yuanjiang , Sun Cuirong
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Grapes and red wines are rich sources of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, catechins, flavonols and stilbenes, most of which are potent antioxidants showing cardioprotective properties. We first isolated scirpusin A, a hydroxystilbene dimer, from a wine grape of Xinjiang, and studied its antioxidant activity.

RESULTS: Reactive oxygen species scavenging effects and the protection against reactive singlet oxygen‐induced DNA damage of scirpusin A have been investigated in our experiments. The concentration of scirpusin A required to inhibit 50% of 1O2 generation was 17 µmol L−1, while addition of scirpusin A at 140 µmol L−1 caused complete inhibition. Further kinetic study revealed that the reaction of Scirpusin A with singlet oxygen has an extremely high rate constant (ka = 4.68 × 109 L mol−1 s−1). Scirpusin A (140 µmol L−1) exhibited significant inhibition effects on pBR322 DNA breakage. However, scavenging effects of scirpusin A on superoxide anion O2•− and hydroxyl radical ·OH were not potent as the inhibitor rates at a concentration of 1400 µmol L−1 were 28.83% and 19.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSION: The present study shows that scirpusin A is a selective quencher of singlet oxygen and a protector against reactive singlet oxygen‐induced pBR322 DNA damage at very low concentrations. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of colour type and previous cultivation on secondary metabolites in hypocotyls and leaves of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers)
Authors: Clément Céline , Diaz Grados Diego A , Avula Bharathi , Khan Ihklas A , Mayer Andrea C , Ponce Aguirre Dante D , Manrique Ivan , Kreuzer Michael
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Maca is an Andean crop of the Brassicaceae family which is mainly known for its fertility‐enhancing properties following consumption. The hypocotyls display various colours ranging from white to black. Each colour has different biological effects. The aim of this study was to analyse the concentrations of major secondary metabolites in hypocotyls and leaves of maca in a controlled planting experiment in the Peruvian Andes at 4130 m above sea level. The effects of colour type and of previous cultivation of the field were examined.

RESULTS: In the hypocotyls, the colour type effect was significant for most secondary metabolites; exceptions were β‐sitosterol and campesterol. The lead‐coloured, yellow and violet maca hypocotyls were rich in glucosinolates, macaene and macamides, respectively. Previous cultivation affected macaene, campesterol and indole glucosinolate concentrations. Effects on metabolite concentrations in the leaves were minor. Hypocotyls were richer in macaene, macamides and glucosinolates than were leaves, and were poorer in β‐sitosterol and total phenols.

CONCLUSION: Colour type has to be considered in maca production, as colour associates with variations in concentrations of distinct bioactive metabolites. Leaves may be interesting for animal nutrition purposes as they contain essentially the same secondary metabolites as the hypocotyls but in clearly lower concentrations. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid screening of anisakid larvae in seafood
Authors: Xu Xu , Sui Jianxin , Cao Limin , Lin Hong
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Anisakid larvae are one of the most important pathogenic parasites in marine products; however, simple and rapid analytical techniques for them are still very limited. In this research, based on specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies which were raised against crude extracts of Anisakis larvae, purified by protein A affinity chromatography and labeled with horseradish peroxidase, a direct competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and validated for detection of anisakid larvae in seafood.

RESULTS: The established method exhibited a broad selectivity to Anisakis larvae and Pseudoterranova larvae, and the lowest detection limit to them was estimated to be about 5 parasites kg−1 in food matrix. Using Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae, Scomberomorus niphonius and Ommastrephes bartrami as samples and within spiking concentrations from 20 to 100 larvae kg−1, the determination recovery for Anisakis larvae and Pseudoterranova larvae ranged from 77.8% to 107.0%, with relative standard deviations all less than 20%.

CONCLUSION: The results allowed us to suggest the established direct competitive ELISA as an effective analytical tool for fast screening of anisakid larvae in sea foods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Longitudinal mental health screening results among postdeployed U.S. soldiers preparing to deploy again
Authors: Duma Susan J. , Reger Mark A. , Canning Sally S. , McNeil J. Derek , Gahm Gregory A.
Published: February 2010

Mental health concerns have been documented in soldiers postdeployed from Iraq or Afghanistan, but information is limited regarding individuals directed to deploy again. Routine screening assessed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, panic, and hazardous alcohol consumption among 443 soldiers after returning from deployment and again before the next deployment. Initial rates for meeting screening criteria were under 9% with most around 5%. The average number of symptoms reported for depression, anxiety, and alcohol consumption decreased from first to second screening, as did the percentage of participants who met screening criteria for hazardous alcohol consumption. No change was observed on other screening measures. The findings suggest that mental health symptoms remain stable or decline for soldiers repeating deployment.
Combat‐injured service members and their families: The relationship of child distress and spouse‐perceived family distress and disruption
Authors: Cozza Stephen J. , Guimond Jennifer M. , McKibben Jodi B. A. , Chun Ryo S. , Arata‐Maiers Teresa L. , Schneider Brett , Maiers Alan , Fullerton Carol S. , Ursano Robert J.
Published: February 2010

Combat injury in military service members affects both child and family functioning. This preliminary study examined the relationship of child distress postinjury to preinjury deployment‐related family distress, injury severity, and family disruption postinjury. Child distress postinjury was assessed by reports from 41 spouses of combat‐injured service members who had been hospitalized at two military tertiary care treatment centers. Families with high preinjury deployment‐related family distress and high family disruption postinjury were more likely to report high child distress postinjury. Spouse‐reported injury severity was unrelated to child distress. Findings suggest that early identification and intervention with combat‐injured families experiencing distress and disruption may be warranted to support family and child health, regardless of injury severity.
Trauma exposure and hypothalamic–pituitary– adrenal axis functioning in mentally healthy Dutch peacekeeping veterans, 10–25 years after deployment
Authors: Klaassens Ellen R. , van Veen Tineke , Giltay Erik J. , Rinne Thomas , van Pelt Johannes , Zitman Frans G.
Published: February 2010

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis alterations have been found in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is unclear whether trauma exposure during adulthood in the absence of psychopathology is also associated with HPA‐axis dysregulation. Thirty‐six trauma‐exposed peacekeepers, 23 nonexposed peacekeepers, and 25 nonexposed civilians, all without lifetime psychopathology were studied. Basal HPA‐axis functioning was assessed with salivary cortisol samples obtained over 2 days. HPA‐axis reactivity was assessed with the dexamethasone/corticotropin‐releasing hormone test. Lower afternoon salivary cortisol levels were found in both veteran groups versus controls after adjustment for confounders. The authors concluded that this study does not support the idea that HPA‐axis functioning is durably altered by trauma exposure during adulthood in men.
Factors associated with trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among homeless youth in three U.S. cities: The importance of transience
Authors: Bender Kimberly , Ferguson Kristin , Thompson Sanna , Komlo Chelsea , Pollio David
Published: February 2010

Homeless youth experience disproportionately high rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined correlates of trauma and PTSD among homeless youth with a focus on the impact of homeless culture, substance addiction, and mental health challenges. Homeless youth (N = 146) from Los Angeles, California, Denver, Colorado, and St. Louis, Missouri, were recruited from organizations providing services to homeless youth using comparable methods. Results indicate that 57% of respondents had experienced a traumatic event and 24% met criteria for PTSD. A multinomial logistic regression model revealed greater transience, alcohol addiction, mania, and lower self‐efficacy predicted PTSD whereas trauma exposure was associated with alcohol addiction only. Findings have implications for screening and intervening with traumatized homeless youth across service settings.
Synthesis and Characterization of Enzymatically Degradable PEG‐Based Peptide‐Containing Hydrogels
Authors: Yang Jiyuan , Jacobsen Michael T. , Pan Huaizhong , Kopeček Jindřich
Published: February 2010

Biodegradable hydrogels were synthesized by the click reaction of 4‐arm azido‐terminated PEG differing in molecular weight (2 100 and 8 800) and two alkyne‐terminated peptides: [alkyne]‐GFLGK‐[alkyne] and ([alkyne]‐GFLG)2K. The physical properties of in situ formed hydrogels were examined. The hydrogels were highly elastic as determined by rheological and microrheological studies. Swelling degree and enzymatic degradation by papain were dependent on the molecular weight of the PEG, but not the peptide. For PEG8800‐based hydrogels, time‐course analysis of degradation showed that the molecular weight of the soluble fraction quickly reached the PEG precursor value. These findings may guide future design of hydrogels with controllable mechanical properties and enzymatic degradability.

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Toward a Bioartificial Pancreas: Diffusion of Insulin and IgG Across Immunoprotective Membranes with Controlled Hydrophilic Channel Diameters
Authors: Kang Jungmee , Erdodi Gabor , Kennedy Joseph P. , Chou Hongshiue , Lu Lina , Grundfest‐Broniatowski Sharon
Published: February 2010

Research continued toward a bioartificial pancreas (BAP). Our BAPs consist of a perforated nitinol scaffold coated with reinforced amphiphilic conetwork membranes and contain live pancreatic islets. The membranes are assemblages of cocontinuous hydrophobic domains and hydrophilic channels whose diameters were varied by the MW of hydrophilic segments between crosslinks (Mc,HI = 32, 44, and 74 kg · mol−1). We studied the diffusion rate of insulin, BSA, and IgG across the membrane of the BAP in the absence of islets. Membranes of Mc,HI = 74 kg · mol−1 showed rapid insulin and BSA transport and negligible IgG diffusion. BAPs containing ≈300 mouse islets showed appropriate response upon glucose challenge in vitro. The BAP implanted into diabetic mice reduced hyperglycemia and maintained islet viability for at least 4 d.

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Gelatin/Poly(ethylene oxide) Blend Films with Compositional Gradient: Fabrication and Characterization
Authors: Saito Takashi , Tanuma Hiroaki , Pan Pengju , Dong Tungalag , Inoue Yoshio
Published: February 2010

In this study, novel protein/biodegradable polymer blend biomaterials‐gelatin/poly(ethylene oxide) blend films with compositional gradients were successfully fabricated by a dissolution/diffusion method. Two kinds of compositional gradient films, which were different in gradient structure, were prepared. The compositional gradient structure in the films was characterized by polarized optic microscopy, ATR‐FTIR, and trans‐FT‐IR mapping measurement. In addition, the mechanical properties of the gradient films were characterized with reference to their gradient structure. It is found that the compositional gradient films have better mechanical properties than the pure gelatin film. These protein/biodegradable polymer compositional gradient films have a potential for many biomedical applications.

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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of New Compatibilizers Based on EBAGMA‐LDPE and EBAGMA‐PET Masterbatches for LDPE/PET Blends
Authors: Benhamida Aida , Kaci Mustapha , Cimmino Sossio , Silvestre Clara , Duraccio Donatella
Published: February 2010

The present paper is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two masterbatches, i.e., EBAGMA/LDPE (MB1) and EBAGMA/PET (MB2) with 50/50 w/w composition, prepared by melt mixing and used as new compatibilizers for blends of LDPE/PET. The morphology, the mechanical and the thermal properties of LDPE/PET/MB1 and LDPE/PET/MB2 ternary blends have been investigated. Morphological investigation by SEM of LDPE/PET/MB1 ternary blends showed a finer dispersion of PET in LDPE matrix with a better interfacial adhesion compared to those of both LDPE/PET/MB2 and binary LDPE/PET blends. The results also indicated a substantial improvement in both elongation at break and impact strength, while the Young's modulus decreased. Moreover, the thermal properties showed a decrease of the crystallization phenomena of PET in LDPE/PET/MB1 blend, thus confirming the good dispersion of PET particles into the continuous phase of LDPE matrix, leading to the conclusion that MB1 could be an efficient compatibilizer for LDPE/PET system.

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Recent Progress on the Photonic Properties of Conjugated Organometallic Polymers Built Upon the trans‐Bis(para‐ethynylbenzene)bis(phosphine)platinum(II) Chromophore and Related Derivatives
Authors: Wong Wai‐Yeung , Harvey Pierre D.
Published: February 2010

This review article surveys the electronic and photophysical properties of conjugated organometallic polymers built upon the title compound and its related derivatives focussing primarily on systems investigated in our laboratories. The general structure of the polymers is (trans‐bis(para‐ethynylbenzene)bis(phosphine)platinum(II)‐G)n where G is a conjugated group such as thiophene, fluorene, carbazole, substituted silole, quinone derivative, and metalloporphyrin residue, or a non‐conjugated main‐group moiety. Systems based on substituted phenylene units and other related fused rings are also discussed. The phosphine ligands are generally triethyl‐ or tri‐n‐butylphosphine groups. These trans‐platinum(II) polymers and the corresponding model compounds are compared to the corresponding ortho‐derivatives in the quinone series, and the newly prepared paracyclophane‐containing polymers. For the porphyrin series, a comparison of fully conjugated oligomers exhibiting the general structure (trans‐bis(para‐ethynyl(zinc(porphyrin)))bis(phosphine)platinum(II))n (i.e., the C6H4 group is absent from the main chain) will be made. This contribution also includes a description of the properties of the mononuclear chromophore itself, properties that define those of the polymers. Potential applications with regard to electronic and optical devices will be highlighted. These soluble and stable materials feature both the processing advantages of polymers and the functionality provided by the presence of metal centers. These multifunctional organometallic polyyne polymers exhibit convenient structural variability as well as optical and electronic properties, which renders them important for use in different research domains as chemical sensors and sensor protectors, as converters for light/electricity signals, and as patternable precursors to magnetic metal alloy nanoparticles.

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Nano Grape Formation by isotactic‐Poly(methacrylic acid)‐block‐Poly(butyl acrylate)
Authors: Ajiro Hiroharu , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: February 2010

A novel approach is employed to produce core–corona nanospheres, which introduces a stereoregular hydrophilic part to an amphiphilic block copolymer. The resultant morphology is reported using isotactic‐poly(methacrylic acid)‐block‐poly(butyl acrylate). Infrared spectroscopy revealed a supramolecular interaction, and X ray diffraction revealed the crystallization of the outer isotactic‐poly(methacrylic acid) part. The nanostructure, which looks like a nanosized ‘grape’, was formed when nanospheres and nanofibers coexisted simultaneously and partially fused.

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Ursolic acid induces PC‐3 cell apoptosis via activation of JNK and inhibition of Akt pathways in vitro
Authors: Zhang Yuxi , Kong Chuize , Zeng Yu , Wang Linhui , Li Zhenhua , Wang Huiqing , Xu Chuanliang , Sun Yinghao
Published: February 2010

Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, has been demonstrated to have an antiproliferative effect in various tumors. We investigated the cell killing effects of UA in the human hormone refractory prostate cancer cell line, PC‐3 cells. Also, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antigrowth effect were explored. We found that UA treatment in vitro can effectively inhibit PC‐3 cell viability in a dose‐dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, demonstrated by annexin V‐FITC/propidium iodide staining. Both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways appear to be triggered by UA treatment, because inhibiting activation of both caspase‐8 and ‐9 could prevent UA‐induced apoptosis in PC‐3 cells. The c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was found to be activated, followed by Bcl‐2 phosphorylation and activation of caspase‐9. On the other hand, UA inhibited the Akt pathway, subsequently upregulating the expression of Fas ligand (FasL), which initiates death receptor‐mediated apoptosis in PC‐3 cells. Importantly, experimentally lowering FasL expression by siRNA significantly inhibited UA‐induced caspase‐8 activation and at least partly attenuated the consequent apoptosis, suggesting an involvement of FasL and its regulating pathway in the cell killing effect of UA. UA also inhibited cell invasion by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 via inhibition of Akt in PC‐3 cells. Although further evaluation of the UA effects in vivo is needed, the present results suggest the potential utility of UA as a novel therapeutic agent in advanced prostate cancer. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grape seed proanthocyanidin suppression of breast cell carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to combined 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone and benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Song Xiaoyu , Siriwardhana Nalin , Rathore Kusum , Lin Degui , Wang Hwa‐Chain Robert
Published: February 2010

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in northern America and northern Europe; dietary prevention is a cost‐efficient strategy to reduce the risk of this disease. To identify dietary components for the prevention of human breast cancer associated with long‐term exposure to environmental carcinogens, we studied the activity of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in suppression of cellular carcinogenesis induced by repeated exposures to low doses of environmental carcinogens. We used combined carcinogens 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), at picomolar concentrations, to repeatedly treat noncancerous, human breast epithelial MCF10A cells to induce cellular acquisition of cancer‐related properties of reduced dependence on growth factors, anchorage‐independent growth, and acinar‐conformational disruption. Using these properties as biological target endpoints, we verified the ability of GSPE to suppress combined NNK‐ and B[a]P‐induced precancerous cellular carcinogenesis and identified the minimal, noncytotoxic concentration of GSPE required for suppressing precancerous cellular carcinogenesis. We also identified that hydroxysteroid‐11‐beta‐dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) may play a role in NNK‐ and B[a]P‐induced precancerous cellular carcinogenesis, and its expression may act as a molecular target endpoint in GSPE's suppression of precancerous cellular carcinogenesis. And, the ability of GSPE to reduce gene expression of cytochrome‐P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which can bioactivate NNK and B[a]P, possibly contributes to the preventive mechanism for GSPE in suppression of precancerous cellular carcinogenesis. Our model system with biological and molecular target endpoints verified the value of GSPE for the prevention of human breast cell carcinogenesis induced by repeated exposures to low doses of multiple environmental carcinogens. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of c‐myc on stem cell fate influences skin tumor phenotype
Authors: Honeycutt Kimberly A. , Waikel Rebekah L. , Koster Maranke I. , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Roop Dennis R.
Published: February 2010

Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) consist of a variety of tumor types including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, a variety of hair follicle tumors, and sebaceous gland tumors. Genetic alterations that alter the fate of multipotent stem cells are believed to influence NMSC phenotype. We previously generated a transgenic mouse line which constitutively expressed c‐myc under the control of the K14 promoter (K14.MYC2). These mice exhibited an increase in size and number of sebaceous glands, suggesting that c‐myc diverted multipotential stem cells to a sebaceous lineage. Our goal in the current study was to determine if alterations in the commitment of multipotent stem cells to different cell fates would influence tumor phenotype. To this end, we exposed K14.MYC2 mice to a chemical carcinogenesis protocol and discovered that these mice were predisposed to develop sebaceous adenomas. Our data demonstrate that genetic alterations that alter the fate of multipotent stem cells during embryonic development can markedly influence the phenotype of NMSC that develop following exposure to carcinogens. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.