bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of embedded valleys on daytime pollution transport over a mountain range
Authors: Lang M. N. , Gohm A. , Wagner J. S.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Idealized large-eddy simulations were performed to investigate the impact of different mountain geometries on daytime pollution transport by thermally driven winds. The main objective was to determine interactions between plain-to-mountain and slope wind systems, and their influence on the pollution distribution over complex terrain. For this purpose, tracer analyses were conducted over a quasi-two-dimensional mountain range with embedded valleys and a flat foreland in cross-mountain direction. The valley depth was varied systematically. It was found that different flow regimes develop dependent on the valley floor height. In the case of elevated valley floors, the plain-to-mountain wind descends into the potentially warmer valley and replaces the opposing upslope wind. This superimposed plain-to-mountain wind increases the pollution transport towards the main ridge by additional 20% compared to the regime with a deep valley. Due to mountain and advective venting, the vertical exchange is 3.6 times higher over complex terrain than over a flat plain. However, the calculated vertical exchange is strongly sensitive to the definition of the atmospheric boundary layer height. In summary, the impact of the terrain geometry on the mechanisms of pollution transport confirms the necessity to account for topographic effects in future boundary layer parameterization schemes.
Using variograms to detect and attribute hydrological change
Authors: Chiverton A. , Hannaford J. , Holman I. P. , Corstanje R. , Prudhomme C. , Hess T. M. , Bloomfield J. P.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. There have been many published studies aiming to identify temporal changes in river flow time series, most of which use monotonic trend tests such as the Mann–Kendall test. Although robust to both the distribution of the data and incomplete records, these tests have important limitations and provide no information as to whether a change in variability mirrors a change in magnitude. This study develops a new method for detecting periods of change in a river flow time series, using temporally shifting variograms (TSVs) based on applying variograms to moving windows in a time series and comparing these to the long-term average variogram, which characterises the temporal dependence structure in the river flow time series. Variogram properties in each moving window can also be related to potential meteorological drivers. The method is applied to 91 UK catchments which were chosen to have minimal anthropogenic influences and good quality data between 1980 and 2012 inclusive. Each of the four variogram parameters (range, sill and two measures of semi-variance) characterise different aspects of the river flow regime, and have a different relationship with the precipitation characteristics. Three variogram parameters (the sill and the two measures of semi-variance) are related to variability (either day-to-day or over the time series) and have the largest correlations with indicators describing the magnitude and variability of precipitation. The fourth (the range) is dependent on the relationship between the river flow on successive days and is most correlated with the length of wet and dry periods. Two prominent periods of change were identified: 1995–2001 and 2004–2012. The first period of change is attributed to an increase in the magnitude of rainfall whilst the second period is attributed to an increase in variability of the rainfall. The study demonstrates that variograms have considerable potential for application in the detection and attribution of temporal variability and change in hydrological systems.
Representing hydrodynamically important blocking features in coastal or riverine lidar topography
Authors: Hodges B. R.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. New automated methods are developed for identifying narrow landscape features that cause hydrodynamic blocking and might have critical impacts for management models of river flooding, coastal inundation, climate change, or extreme event analysis. Lidar data processed into a fine-resolution raster (1 m × 1 m) can resolve narrow blocking features in topography but typically cannot be directly used for hydrodynamic modeling. For practical applications such data are abstracted to larger scales, which can result in a loss of hydrodynamic blocking effects. The traditional approach to resolving hydrodynamic blocking features is to represent them as cell boundaries within a customized unstructured grid that is tuned to the spatial features. A new automated edge-blocking approach is developed, which allows application of an arbitrarily structured (Cartesian) mesh at coarser scales and provides contiguous representation of blocking features along Cartesian cell boundaries. This approach distorts the shape of a blocking feature (i.e., making it rectilinear along grid cell faces) but retains its critical hydrodynamic blocking height characteristics and spatial continuity within the topographic model.
Friction and mixing effects on potential vorticity for bottom current crossing a marine strait: an application to the Sicily Channel (central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Falcini F. , Salusti E.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. We discuss here the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity (PV) for a bottom current crossing a marine channel in shallow-water approximation, focusing on the effect of friction and mixing. The purpose of this research is indeed to investigate the role of friction and vertical entrainment on vorticity and PV spatial evolution in channels or straits when along-channel morphology variations are significant. To pursue this investigation, we pose the vorticity and PV equations for a homogeneous bottom water vein and we calculate these two quantities as an integral form. Our theoretical findings are considered in the context of in situ hydrographic data related to the Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW), i.e., a dense, bottom water vein that flows northwestward, along the Sicily Channel (Mediterranean Sea). Indeed, the narrow sill of this channel implies that friction and entrainment need to be considered. Small tidal effects in the Sicily Channel allow for a steady theoretical approach. We argue that bottom current vorticity is prone to significant sign changes and oscillations due to topographic effects when, in particular, the current flows over the sill of a channel. These vorticity variations are, however, modulated by frictional effects due to seafloor roughness and morphology. Such behavior is also reflected in the PV spatial evolution, which shows an abrupt peak around the sill region. Our diagnoses on vorticity and PV allow us to obtain general insights about the effect of mixing and friction on the pathway and internal structure of bottom-trapped currents flowing through channels and straits, and to discuss spatial variability of the frictional coefficient. Our approach significantly differs from other PV-constant approaches previously used in studying the dynamics of bottom currents flowing through rotating channels.
Thin-ice dynamics and ice production in the Storfjorden polynya for winter seasons 2002/2003–2013/2014 using MODIS thermal infrared imagery
Authors: Preußer A. , Willmes S. , Heinemann G. , Paul S.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the Storfjorden polynya, which forms regularly in the proximity of the islands Spitsbergen, Barentsøya and Edgeøya in the Svalbard archipelago under the influence of strong northeasterly winds, have been investigated for the period of 2002/2003 to 2013/2014 using thermal infrared satellite imagery. Thin-ice thicknesses were calculated from MODIS ice-surface temperatures combined with ECMWF ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data in an energy-balance model. Associated quantities like polynya area and total ice production were derived and compared to previous remote sensing and modeling studies. A basic coverage-correction scheme was applied to account for cloud gaps in the daily composites. On average, both polynya area and ice production are thereby increased by about 30%. The sea ice in the Storfjorden area experiences a late fall freeze-up in several years over the 12-winter period, which becomes most apparent through an increasing frequency of large thin-ice areas until the end of December. In the course of an average winter season, ice thicknesses below 10 cm are dominating within the Storfjorden basin. During the regarded period, the mean polynya area is 4555.7 ± 1542.9 km2. Maximum daily ice production rates can reach as high as 26 cm d−1, while the average ice production is estimated at 28.3 ± 8.5 km3 per winter and therefore lower than in previous studies. Despite this comparatively short record of 12 winter seasons, a significant positive trend of 20.2 km3 per decade could be detected, which originates primarily from a delayed freeze-up in November and December in recent winter seasons. This contrasts earlier reports of a slightly negative trend in accumulated ice production prior to 2002. Although featuring more pronounced interannual variations between 2004/2005 and 2011/2012, our estimates underline the importance of this relatively small coastal polynya system considering its contribution to the cold halocline layer through salt release during ice-formation processes. In addition, calculated quasi-daily thin-ice thickness charts represent a valuable data set for atmosphere and ocean modeling applications.
Generics And Biosimilars: Mapping The Biosimilars Regulatory Approval Pathway Against The Hatch-Waxman Act And Projecting Futures Effects On The Biologics Market And Patent Protection
Authors: Montgomery Michael S.
Published: May 2015

None
Effectiveness of a Leadership Development Program that Incorporates Social and Emotional Intelligence for Aspiring School Leaders
Authors: Sánchez-Núñez María Trinidad , Patti Janet , Holzer Allison
Published: May 2015

Focus on social and emotional intelligence competencies to improve effective leadership has become commonplace in the corporate arena and is now considered by many a prerequisite to successful job performance and outcomes (Antonakis, Ashkanasy, & Dasborough, 2009; Grant, Curtayne, & Burton, 2009; Spence & Grant, 2007; Kampa-Kokesch & Anderson, 2001; McGovern, Lindemann, Vergara, Murphy, Barker, & Warrenfeltz, 2001). Only recently has a similar trend become recognized and more accepted in the field of education (Patti, Senge, Madrazo, & Stern, 2015; Patti, Holzer, Brackett, & Stern, 2014). Few studies exist that study the role that educational leaders’ social and emotional competencies in play in their job performance and effectiveness; none exist that explore such development with aspiring school leaders. This quasi-experimental pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of a post-graduate development program for aspiring school leaders that incorporates social and emotional intelligence based on the Goleman-Boyatzis model (Goleman, Boyatsis, & McKee, 2001) and inspired by the original concept of emotional intelligence (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). The interrelated social and emotional competencies explored in this study form four core clusters that include: 1) self-awareness, 2) self-management, 3) relationship management, and 4) social awareness (Brackett, Rivers, & Salovey, 2011; Goleman, 1996; Salovey & Mayer, 1990; Zins & Elias, 2007). This study’s sample consisted of 32 aspiring leaders who participated in a post-graduate educational leadership program at a university in New York. The study evaluated whether or not there were any effects of focused social and emotional intelligence content and skills on aspiring leaders’ emotional intelligence (EI) and other related characteristics such as assertiveness, empathy, mental health, personality, and openness to experience. Post-tests on the various characteristics after one semester found no statistical significance in the tested variables. However, after two years, when the social and emotional intelligence competencies were post-tested (ESCI-U), there were significant findings in the student candidates’ self-reported competencies directly related to leadership. Paired t-test comparisons of the means of Observer raters’ scores did not find statistically significant differences in the competencies assessed. This article discusses these findings as well as the strengths and challenges of implementing social and emotional intelligence development within an aspiring school leaders program; finally, it provides recommendations for further program development and studies.
The Effect of Metacognitive Instruction on Problem Solving Skills in Iranian Students of Health Sciences
Authors: Safari Yahya , Meskini Habibeh
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND: Learning requires application of such processes as planning, supervision, monitoring and reflection that are included in the metacognition. Studies have shown that metacognition is associated with problem solving skills. The current research was conducted to investigate the impact of metacognitive instruction on students’ problem solving skills.

METHODS: The study sample included 40 students studying in the second semester at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 2013-2014. They were selected through convenience sampling technique and were randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control. For the experimental group, problem solving skills were taught through metacognitive instruction during ten two-hour sessions and for the control group, problem solving skills were taught via conventional teaching method. The instrument for data collection included problem solving inventory (Heppner, 1988), which was administered before and after instruction. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire had been previously confirmed. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation and the hypotheses were tested by t-test and ANCOVA.

RESULTS: The findings of the posttest showed that the total mean scores of problem solving skills in the experimental and control groups were 151.90 and 101.65, respectively, indicating a significant difference between them (p<0.001). This difference was also reported to be statistically significant between problem solving skills and its components, including problem solving confidence, orientation-avoidance coping style and personal control (p<0.001). No significant difference, however, was found between the students’ mean scores in terms of gender and major.

CONCLUSION: Since metacognitive instruction has positive effects on students’ problem solving skills and is required to enhance academic achievement, metacognitive strategies are recommended to be taught to the students.
Multiple Risk Factors of Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Harisharan N. , Singh Awnish Kumar , Dangal Nidhu Ram , Surapaneni Krishna Mohan , Joshi Ashish
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most critical medical emergency and contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Myocardial infarction is the most common form of coronary heart disease and leading cause of premature death. Past century has seen substantial advancement in the field of medical sciences but still mortality trends due to myocardial infarction is increasing in developing countries including India. We have conducted this study to compare the Sociodemographic characteristics of alcoholic and non alcoholic MI patients admitted in coronary care unit of Saveetha Medical College, Chennai, India.

METHODS: An exploratory cross sectional study was performed by enrolling a convenient sample of 100 Myocardial Infarction patients. Information about Sociodemographic characteristics, past medical history, alcohol and tobacco intake, physical activity, psychological stress and biochemical measurements was gathered.

RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 46 (SD=6) years and majority of them were male i.e. 82%. 100% married and 89% literate, there were 24% past and 22% present alcoholics. Consumption of alcohol on a monthly, weekly and daily basis was 8%, 11% and 5% respectively. Preference to brandy was 67%, rum was 21% and that the beer was 12%. Current smoker were 20% and former were 11%. 93% and 52% respondents were under medication of beta blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors respectively.

CONCLUSION: Worldwide, MI is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity and hence early diagnosis and management is most essential. Results from our study revealed that, participants had sedentary lifestyles where risk factors of MI such as alcohol consumption, and smoking does existed.
Increasing Knowledge and Health Literacy about Preterm Births in Underserved Communities: An Approach to Decrease Health Disparities, a Pilot Study
Authors: Vanderbilt Allison A. , Wright Marcie S. , Brewer Alisa E. , Murithi Lydia K. , Coney PonJola
Published: May 2015

INTRODUCTION: Health disparities can negatively impact subsets of the population who have systematically experienced greater socioeconomic obstacles to health. For example, health disparities between ethnic and racial groups continue to grow due to the widening gap in large declines in infant and fetal mortality among Caucasians compared to Black non-Hispanic or African Americans. According to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, preterm birth remains a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of our study is to determine if the computer-based educational modules related to preterm birth health literacy and health disparity with a pre-test and post-test can effectively increase health knowledge of our participants in targeted underserved communities within the Richmond-metro area.

METHODS: This was a pilot study in the Richmond-Metro area. Participants were required to be over the age of 18, and had to electronically give consent. Descriptive statistics, means and standard deviations, and Paired t-tests were conducted in SPSS 22.0.

RESULTS: There were 140 participants in the pilot study. P <.05 was set as significant and all four modules had a P <.000. The males were not significant with modules: Let’s Talk Patient & Provider Communication P <.132 and It Takes a Village P <.066. Preterm birth status yes all of the findings were statistically significant P<.000. Preterm birth status no Let’s Talk Patients & Provider Communication was not significant P <.106.

CONCLUSION: Overall, researchers found that with a strong research methodology and strong content relevant to the community, the participants demonstrated an increase in their knowledge in health literacy and preterm birth.
Monotonicity of sequences involving generalized convexity function and sequences
Authors: Hue Nguyen Ngoc , Huy Duong Quoc
Published: May 2015

In this paper, by using the theory of generalized convexity functions we introduce and prove monotonicity of sequences of the forms $$ \left\{\left(\prod\limits_{k=1}^nf\left({a_k\over a_n}\right)\right)^{1/n}\right\},\quad \left\{\left(\prod\limits_{k=1}^nf\left({\varphi(k)\over\varphi(n)}\right)\right)^{1/\varphi(n)}\right\}, $$ $$ \left\{{1\over n}\sum_{k=1}^nf\left({a_n\over a_k}\right)\right\}\quad\text{or}\quad \left\{{1\over\varphi(n)}\sum_{k=1}^nf\left({\varphi(n)\over\varphi(k)}\right)\right\}, $$ where $f$ belongs to the classes of $AG$-convex (concave), $HA$-convex (concave), or $HG$-convex (concave) functions defined on suitable intervals, $\{a_n\}$ is a given sequence and $\varphi$ is a given function that satisfy some preset conditions. As a consequence, we obtain some generalizations of Alzer type inequalities.
Some generalization properties of analytic functions concerned with Sakaguchi result
Authors: Sokol Janusz , Nunokawa Mamoru , Owa Shigeyoshi , Kuroki Kazuo
Published: May 2015

A subclass $\mathcal{A}(n,k)$ of analytic functions $f(z)$ in the unit disc $\mathbb{U}$ is considered. By means of the result due to K. Sakaguchi (J. Math. Soc. Japan {\bf 11}(1959), 72 -- 75) for $f(z) \in \mathcal{A}(1,1)$, some generalization properties of $f(z) \in \mathcal{A}(n,k)$ with several applications are discussed.
Fuglede-Putnam Theorem and Quasi-nilpotent part of n-power normal operators
Authors: P. Vijayalakshmi , J. Stella Irene Mary
Published: May 2015

In this article we show that the following properties hold for $n$-power normal operators $T$:(i) $T$ has the Bishop's property$(\beta)$.(ii) $T$ is isoloid.(iii) $T$ is invariant under tensor product.(iv) $T$ satisfies the Fuglede-Putnam theorem.(v) $T$ is of finite ascent and descent.(vi) The Quasi-nilpotent part of $T$ reduces $T$.
Totally contact umbilical slant lightlike submanifolds of indefinite Kenmotsu manifolds
Authors: Schdeva Rashmi , Kumar Rakesh , Bhatia Satvinder Singh
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we study totally contact umbilical slant lightlike submanifolds of indefinite Kenmotsu manifolds. We prove that there does not exist totally contact umbilical proper slant lightlike submanifold in indefinite Kenmotsu manifolds other than totally contact geodesic proper slant lightlike submanifold. We also prove that there does not exist totally contact umbilical proper slant lightlike submanifold of indefinite Kenmotsu space forms. Finally, we give some characterization theorems on minimal slant lightlike submanifolds of indefinite Kenmotsu manifolds.
Otra Plaza Cataluña: la relevancia del subsuelo en la ciudad contemporánea
Authors: Vinyes Ballbé Rosina
Published: May 2015

El uso del subsuelo en nuestras ciudades era, hasta hace apenas un siglo, muy limitado.  Durante el siglo XX, los avances técnicos, el incremento de las necesidades y  el  confort urbano han conducido a incrementarlo hasta tal punto que hoy en día cualquier capital europea construye tanto bajo rasante como sobre ésta. El cambio que esto representa en la constitución de la ciudad actual es muy radical y sus consecuencias afectan a aspectos urbanísticos que ofrecen un campo abierto al conocimiento y a la reflexión sobre la ciudad contemporánea. En Barcelona, si bien la parte visible de la ciudad ha sido ampliamente dibujada y estudiada, lo invisible y bajo rasante no ha tenido la misma atención. A través del dibujo del subsuelo construido se detectan rasgos característicos desconocidos de la ciudad. Por ejemplo, en ciertos fragmentos de la Barcelona oculta, la ocupación en subsuelo es destacadamente superior a la de sobre rasante. Se trata de espacios con una intensidad singular, tal como se puede apreciar al observar las características, retos y oportunidades de uno de ellos, el subsuelo de Plaza de Cataluña. Bajo este espacio hay una diversidad de usos destacada, y una diversidad morfológica excepcional, es un espectáculo único de formas, promiscuidad compositiva, desorden y sacrificio de espacios. Mientras que en superficie hay un cuidado especial en la composición urbana, en subsuelo el desorden formal y funcional no está a la altura de su centralidad. Su dibujo volumétrico saca a la luz espacios expectantes que son oportunidades para superar las grandes incomodidades que sufren los ciudadanos que discurren por el subsuelo de esta plaza, a la vez que nuevos posibles espacios en un lugar central, atractivo y codiciado.

The use of the subsoil in our cities was limited until more or less a century ago. The technological advances of the twentieth century and the increased need for greater urban comfort has led to intensive building both above and below ground-level. This constitutes a radical change in the way we understand cities today. In the case of Barcelona, a city that has been amply studied in terms of its buildings and city planning, very little has been said about what gets built below ground level.

Plaça Catalunya is a unique example where it is possible to observe the features and challenges that looking at the subsoil pose. This space has multiple uses and an exceptional urban morphology that combines a spectacle of new forms, composition, disorganization along with the sacrifice of available spaces. The lack of a more balanced approach that gives equal importance to both below and above levels is needed. The subsoil of Plaça Catalunya sheds light on new spaces that provide opportunities to overcome the inconveniences of this area for citizens who have to use and get around beneath the square. In addition, this perspective provides new possibilities for planning one of the most central and sought after spaces in the city.
Gottfried Semper en lengua castellana
Authors: Armesto Aira Antonio
Published: May 2015

Tras una larga elaboración ha salido a la luz, en las pasadas navidades, una antología conteniendo los escritos fundamentales de Gottfried Semper (1803-1876) traducidos al castellano desde los textos alemanes originales. Esta compilación contiene lo esencial del pensamiento de este arquitecto que, al obligarse a conjugar el ejercicio de su oficio con la reflexión crítica sobre él se vio comprometido en una penetrante meditación teórica sobre la naturaleza de la arquitectura y del arte. Para dar una visión comprensiva de sus ideas, junto a escritos principales como Observaciones preliminares sobre la policromía (1834), Los cuatro elementos de la arquitectura (1851), Ciencia, industria y arte (1853) y otros, esta antología incluye también una selección de la extensa obra en la que se dedicó a desentrañar el complejo fenómeno del estilo en arquitectura (Der Stil) de 1860 y 1863. Vista en perspectiva, la descomunal empresa que Semper afronta y desarrolla a lo largo de cuatro décadas —entre 1830 y 1870 aproximadamente—, constituye una indagación en profundidad sobre cuáles son las formas propias de la arquitectura, su origen, las modalidades de su combinación, y cuáles los dinamismos que intervienen en la transformación de su apariencia a través del tiempo.

The anthology Escritos fundamentales de Gottfried Semper. El fuego y su protección (Editing and foreword by Antonio Armesto. Fundación Arquia, Barcelona, 2014. Translation by Manuel García Roig) has been published at the end of 2014, a collection of Semper’s main writings (1809-1876), including a selection of extracts from his most extensive work, Der Stil, translated into Spanish from the German originals for the first time. Among them are included: Preliminary Remarks on Polychromy (1834), The Four Elements of Architecture (1851) and Science, Industry and Art (1853).

The expression in the subtitle, fire and its preservation, comes from the introduction of the third (unpublished) volume of Der Stil and summarizes Semper’s theory based on which architecture originates when the means for the preservation of fire -the driving force of sociability amongst individuals- are provided. The hearth is the moral element, and the other three: the mound, the enclosure and the roof, are the bounds that offer protection from enemies, which derive from the three dimensions of space. These bounds are crafted with technical arts or artisanry, the same used to make ordinary tools (textile arts, ceramics, carpentry or tectonic, stereotomy and metalwork), so architecture largely owes them its style features.

The Spanish version of the two known volumes of Der Stil (1860-1836) were published in Argentina in 2013, so this anthology comes to complete a body of written works that definitely brings Sempers’s theoretic reflections closer to Spanish-speaking readers. The fact that at the 2014 Venice Biennale, Rem Koolhas attempted to offer an updated (and somewhat naive) version of the elements by raising its number to fifteen, might perhaps be interpreted as a symptom of its validity.
Flow Tests Reinforce Reliable Hydrant Service
Authors: Parsons Frank
Published: May 2015

Fire hydrants are some of the most important parts of a water distribution system, but they're often ignored. Periodic flow testing will help ensure hydrants work correctly when they're needed.
QIL1 is a novel mitochondrial protein required for MICOS complex stability and cristae morphology
Authors: Guarani Virginia , McNeill Elizabeth M , Paulo Joao A , Huttlin Edward L , Fröhlich Florian , Gygi Steven P , Van Vactor David , Harper J Wade
Published: May 2015

The mitochondrial contact site and cristae junction (CJ) organizing system (MICOS) dynamically regulate mitochondrial membrane architecture. Through systematic proteomic analysis of human MICOS, we identified QIL1 (C19orf70) as a novel conserved MICOS subunit. QIL1 depletion disrupted CJ structure in cultured human cells and in Drosophila muscle and neuronal cells in vivo. In human cells, mitochondrial disruption correlated with impaired respiration. Moreover, increased mitochondrial fragmentation was observed upon QIL1 depletion in flies. Using quantitative proteomics, we show that loss of QIL1 resulted in MICOS disassembly with the accumulation of a MIC60-MIC19-MIC25 sub-complex and degradation of MIC10, MIC26, and MIC27. Additionally, we demonstrated that in QIL1-depleted cells, overexpressed MIC10 fails to significantly restore its interaction with other MICOS subunits and SAMM50. Collectively, our work uncovers a previously unrecognized subunit of the MICOS complex, necessary for CJ integrity, cristae morphology, and mitochondrial function and provides a resource for further analysis of MICOS architecture.
Crustal anisotropy across northern Japan from receiver functions
Authors: Bianchi I. , Bokelmann G. , Shiomi K.
Published: May 2015

Northern Japan is a tectonically active area, with the presence of several volcanoes, and with frequent earthquakes among which the destructive Mw = 8.9–9.0 Tohoku‐oki occurred on 11 March 2011. Tectonic activity leaves an imprint on the crustal structures, on both the upper and the lower layers. To investigate the crust in northern Japan, we construct a receiver function data set using teleseismic events recorded at 58 seismic stations belonging to the Japanese National (Hi‐net) network. We isolate the signals, in the receiver function wavelet, that witness the presence of anisotropic structures at depth, with the aim of mapping the variation of anisotropy across the northern part of the island. This study focuses on the relation among anisotropy detected in the crust, stresses induced by plate convergence across the subduction zone, and the intrinsic characteristics of the rocks. Our results show how a simple velocity model with two anisotropic layers reproduces the observed data at the stations. We observe a negligible or small amount of signal related to anisotropy in the eastern part of the study area (i.e., the outer arc) for both upper and lower crust. Distinct anisotropic features are observed at the stations on the western part of the study area (i.e., the inner arc) for both upper and lower crust. The symmetry axes are mostly E‐W oriented. Deviation from the E‐W orientation is observed close to the volcanic areas, where the higher geothermal gradient might influence the deformation processes.
Sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to lightning NOx production as determined by replay simulations with GEOS‐5
Authors: Liaskos Christina E. , Allen Dale J. , Pickering Kenneth E.
Published: May 2015

The sensitivity of tropical tropospheric composition to the source strength of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by lightning (LNOx) is analyzed for September through November 2007 using the NASA GEOS‐5 model constrained by MERRA fields, with full GMI stratospheric‐tropospheric chemistry and an LNOx algorithm that is appropriate for use in a climate modeling setting; satellite retrievals from OMI, TES, and OMI/MLS; and in situ measurements from SHADOZ ozonesondes. Global mean LNOx production rates of 0 to 492 mol NO flash−1 and the subsequent responses of NOx, ozone (O3), hydroxyl radical (OH), nitric acid (HNO3), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and NOy (NOx + HNO3 + PAN) are investigated. The radiative implications associated with LNOx‐induced changes in tropospheric O3 are assessed. Increasing the LNOx production rate by a factor of 4 (from 123 to 492 mol flash−1) leads to tropical upper tropospheric enhancements of greater than 100% in NOx, OH, HNO3, and PAN. This increase in LNOx production also leads to O3 enhancements of up to 60%, which subsequently yields a factor‐of‐three increase in the mean net radiative flux at the tropopause. An LNOx source of 246 mol flash−1 agrees reasonably well with measurements, with an approximate factor‐of‐two uncertainty due to the short length of the study, inconsistencies in the observational data sets, and systematic biases in modeled LNOx production. Further research into the regional dependencies of lightning flash rates and LNOx production per flash, along with improvements in satellite retrievals, should help resolve the discrepancies that currently exist between the model and observations.
Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Köster Ulli , Haddad Ferid , Chouin Nicolas , Davodeau François , Chatal Jean‐François , Barbet Jacques , Kraeber‐Bodéré Françoise
Published: May 2015

Nuclear medicine covers all medical applications of ionizing radiation where the radiation emitters are introduced into the human body in the form of open sources. This includes the imaging modalities, planar scintigraphy,SPECT(single photon emission computed tomography), andPET(positron emission tomography) as well as therapeutic applications using radionuclides either in elemental form or bound to molecules (antibodies, peptides, small molecules, etc.) capable of selectively seeking the sites to be treated.

The required radioisotopes are produced by neutron‐induced reactions in research reactors or by charged‐particle‐induced reactions in dedicated accelerators. Imaging applications are still dominated by theSPECTisotope technetium‐99m and thePETisotope fluorine‐18, but longer‐lived (copper‐64, zirconium‐89, iodine‐124) and generator‐producedPETisotopes (gallium‐68, rubidium‐82, scandium‐44) open new applications.

For therapeutic applications, the trend goes from first generation isotopes (iodine‐131, yttrium‐90) to β‐emitters with shorter electron range (lutetium‐177, etc.) and α‐emitters (astatine‐211, bismuth‐213, radium‐223, etc.) with the capability to target individual cancer cells.
Supernovae and their Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Thielemann Friedrich‐Karl , Liebendörfer Matthias
Published: May 2015

Supernovae belong to the most powerful explosions in galaxies (only γ‐ray bursts seem to be more energetic). They are also the dominant sources of the elements in the Universe, as the Big Bang led only to the formation of H, He, and Li. Heavier elements (in astronomical terms, metals) are to some extent due to stellar winds, which contribute to C, N, O, and some fraction of the heavy elements from Fe to Bi. Supernovae are responsible for all other elements and come in two different kinds, both similar in their output of kinetic energy close to 10
51
 erg. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are related to the explosion and complete disruption of a white dwarf in a binary stellar system, which – due to mass transfer from the companion star – exceeds its maximum stable mass (the Chandrasekhar mass, 1.4,M
⊙
) and contracts. This leads to the ignition of C‐ and O‐burning in an explosive manner, causing a nuclear burning front that disrupts the entire star and ejects about 0.6,M
⊙
of Ni/Fe, smaller amounts of intermediate mass elements from Si through Ca, and some unburned C and O into the interstellar medium. As these objects start from very similar initial conditions (a 1.4,M
⊙
white dwarf), they emit close to identical light outbursts, which turns them into standard light candles to measure distances in the Universe (this property was the basis for the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics). While stars with an original mass of less than 8,M
⊙
end their stellar evolution as white dwarfs (after having finished H‐ and He‐burning and losing significant amounts of mass in stellar winds), more massive stars pass through advanced nuclear burning stages, also encountering C‐, Ne‐, O‐, and Si‐burning and end with a central Fe‐core more massive than the Sun. This core consists of matter with the highest binding energy per nucleon and no further nuclear burning can prevent the core collapse up to nuclear densities, causing the formation of a hot so‐called protoneutron star. The release of the gained gravitational binding energy of about 10
53
erg in the form of neutrinos of all types, plus possibly the winding of magnetic fields due to rotation, permits the ejection of the outer layers with a total kinetic energy of about 10
51
erg, similar to SNe Ia.
Transmutation of High‐Level Nuclear Waste by Means of Accelerator Driven System (
ADS
)
Authors: Abderrahim Hamid Aït , De Bruyn Didier , Van den Eynde Gert , Michiels Sidney
Published: May 2015

To be able to answer the worlds' increasing demand for energy, nuclear energy must be part of the energy basket. The generation of nuclear energy produces, besides energy, high‐level nuclear waste, which is nowadays put to geological storage. Transmutation of the minor actinides and long‐lived fission products that arise from the reprocessing of the nuclear waste can reduce the radiological impact of these radioactive elements. Transmutation can be completed in an efficient way in fast neutron spectrum facilities. Both critical fast reactors and subcritical accelerator driven systems are potential candidates as dedicated transmutation systems. Nevertheless, an accelerator driven system operates in a flexible and safer manner even with a core loading containing a high amount of minor actinides, leading to a highly efficient transmutation approach.
Fusion Energy by Magnetic Confinement
Authors: Wagner Friedrich
Published: May 2015

Fusion is the energy source of the universe. The local conditions in the core of the sun allow the transfer of mass into energy, which is finally released in the form of radiation. Technical fusion melts deuterons and tritons to helium, releasing large amounts of energy per fusion process. Because of the conditions for fusion, which will be deduced, the fusion fuel is in the plasma state. Here, we report on the confinement of fusion plasmas by magnetic fields. Different confinement concepts – tokamaks and stellarators – are introduced and described. The first fusion reactor,ITER, and the most modern stellarator,Wendelstein7‐X, are under construction. Their basic features and objectives are presented. In addition, the fusion technology program is discussed along with safety and proliferation issues of fusion electricity production. Finally, the question of whether the application of fusion, which cannot penetrate the electricity market before 2050, will come too late or be too expensive is answered.
Mechanically Tunable Hollow Silica Ultrathin Nanoshells for Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Authors: Liberman A. , Wang James , Lu N. , Viveros Robert D. , Allen C. A. , Mattrey R. F. , Blair S. L. , Trogler W. C. , Kim M. J. , Kummel A. C.
Published: May 2015

Perfluoropentane (PFP) gas‐filled biodegradable iron‐doped silica nanoshells have been demonstrated as long‐lived ultrasound contrast agents. Nanoshells are synthesized by a sol–gel process with tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) and iron ethoxide. Substituting a fraction of the TMOS with R‐substituted‐trialkoxysilanes produces ultrathin nanoshells with varying shell thicknesses and morphologies composed of fused nanoflakes. The ultrathin nanoshells have continuous ultrasound Doppler imaging lifetimes exceeding 3 h, are twice as bright using contrast‐specific imaging, and have decreased pressure thresholds compared to control nanoshells synthesized with just TMOS. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the R‐group‐substituted trialkoxysilanes can reduce the mechanically critical nanoshell layer to 1.4 nm. These ultrathin nanoshells have the mechanical behavior of weakly linked nanoflakes but the chemical stability of silica. The synthesis can be adapted for general fabrication of 3D nanostructures composed of nanoflakes, which have thicknesses from 1.4 to 3.8 nm and diameters from 2 to 23 nm.
Scaly Graphene Oxide/Graphite Fiber Hybrid Electrodes for DNA Biosensors
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Aixue , Yu Xin , Guo Weibo , Zhao Zhenhuan , Qiu Jichuan , Mou Xiaoning , Claverie Jerome P. , Liu Hong
Published: May 2015

The demand for a highly sensitive and stable DNA biosensor that can be used for implantable or on‐time monitoring is constantly increasing. In this work, for the first time graphene oxide (GO) sheets are synthesized in situ at the surface of graphite fibers to yield scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrodes. The partially peeled GO sheets, directly connected with the graphite fibers, not only provide a large number of binding sites for single‐stranded DNA, but also favor high electron transfer rates from GO to the graphite fibers. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirms that the scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrode has excellent electrochemical activity. As a working electrode in an electrochemical impedance DNA biosensor, the fiber hybrid electrode exhibits high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Due to its simplicity, low cost, high stability, small size, and unique microfiber morphology, the scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrode is an excellent candidate for an implantable biosensor. The method developed here could have a profound impact on the design of GO‐based biosensors for DNA detection.
Birth prevalence of Robin sequence in the Netherlands from 2000‐2010: a retrospective population‐based study in a large Dutch cohort and review of the literature
Authors: Paes Emma C. , van Nunen Daan P. F. , Basart Hanneke , Don Griot J. Peter W. , van Hagen Johanna M. , van der Horst Chantal M. A. M. , van den Boogaard Marie‐José H. , Breugem Corstiaan C.
Published: May 2015

The birth prevalence of Robin sequence (RS) is frequently cited to be 1 in 8,500 to 14,000 live births (range: 7,1–11,8 per 100.000), which is based on just a few epidemiological studies. The objective of this study is to contribute to the limited knowledge of the epidemiology of RS by determining the frequency of RS in a cleft palate (CP) population and the estimated birth prevalence in live births in the Netherlands, using distinct diagnostic criteria. A retrospective population‐based analysis of the National Cleft Registry was performed in order to obtain all CP patients registered in the Netherlands from 2000–2010, in addition to a thorough review of the medical records in three Dutch Academic Pediatric Hospitals for the same period. Furthermore, a systematic search of the literature was conducted to allow for comparison of our findings. The Dutch birth prevalence of RS was estimated to be 1:5,600 live births (or 17.7 per 100,000), with a slight female predominance. RS was estimated to occur in a third of the CP population and patients with RS had a more severe cleft grade than the general CP population. The literature search yielded 42 studies reporting the birth prevalence for RS, which varied between 1:3,900 and 1:122,400 (0.8–32.0 per 100,000), with a mean prevalence of 1:24,500 (8.0 per 100,000). The birth prevalence of RS in the Netherlands was higher than reported for most other countries when similar diagnostic criteria were used, with a slight female predominance. A third of the general CP could be classified as RS. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Evaluation of New Dithiocarbamic Acid 6,11‐Dioxo‐6,11‐dihydro‐1H‐anthra[1,2‐d]‐imidazol‐2‐yl Methyl Esters
Authors: Onder Nur İpek , İncesu Zerrin , Özkay Yusuf
Published: May 2015

A novel series of dithiocarbamic acid 6,11‐dioxo‐6,11‐dihydro‐1H‐anthra[1,2‐d]imidazol‐2‐yl methyl esters were synthesized and their cytotoxic and apoptotic activities were evaluated on HeLa cells. Some of these compounds showed potent cytotoxic activities and are able to induce the apoptosis mechanism in this cell line. Especially, 2c, 2d, and 2f had a high cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 8 or 10 μM at 24 h. These three compounds also induced HeLa cell apoptosis as compared to mitoxantrone. Particularly, 3 μM of 2f induced a high rate of early apoptotic cells (12.9%) at 6 h whereas mitoxantrone induced early apoptosis (5.5%) at 24 h. Compound 2c demonstrated a high ADP/ATP ratio (9.31) in HeLa cells at 12 h compared to mitoxantrone or other compounds, suggesting that 2c might induce HeLa cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Caspase‐3 activity started to increase after treatment with 6 μM of 2c for 6 h, and the maximal peak of activity was obtained at 12 h of incubation time. All three compounds were found to be potent apoptotic inducers compared to mitoxantrone.
Positive and Negative Affect in Loss Aversion: Additive or Subtractive Logic?
Authors: Tang Hui , Liang Zhe , Zhou Kun , Huang Gui‐Hai , Rao Li‐Lin , Li Shu
Published: May 2015

Previous studies explain loss aversion as the result of a situation in which the expected negative emotions derived from a potential loss exceed the expected positive emotions derived from a potential gain (subtractive logic). We questioned this view and proposed additive logic, in which a linear combination between negative and positive emotions can be used as summed anticipatory affect intensity (SAAI) to explain loss aversion. By disproving two implicit hypotheses of subtractive logic, Study 1 showed that the additive logic of expected positive and negative affect was more effective than the subtractive logic in predicting loss aversion. Study 2 used real monetary gains and losses to verify the conclusion in Study 1. Using state‐trait theory to comprehensively consider the state and trait aspects of affect intensity, we further deduced that the immediate expected affect intensity might originate from the difference of an individual trait in affect intensity. Study 3 proved this hypothesis and showed that SAAI plays an intermediary role between affect intensity and loss aversion. Furthermore, Study 4 used real gamblers in casinos in Macau as its sample and obtained the same conclusion regarding loss aversion in real life as was found in the laboratory. Finally, we explained the effect of SAAI on loss aversion and indicated the contribution and significance of this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.