bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pessoa com deficiência em Maringá e seu ingresso no mercado de trabalho
Authors: Menezes Vânia De
Published: September 2014

O processo de exclusão historicamente imposto as Pessoas com Deficiência deve ser superado por intermédio da implementação de políticas afirmativas e pela conscientização da sociedade a cerca das potencialidades desses indivíduos. Este artigo tem como objeto de estudo a pessoa com deficiência no município de Maringá e seu ingresso no mercado de trabalho, e como objetivo geral discutir se nas esferas privadas também se institui a obrigatoriedade de reserva de postos a Pessoas com Deficiência. Esta pesquisa exploratória de cunho bibliográfico discute as leis que garantem esta acessibilidade. Para tanto, faz uma análise da fiscalização nas empresas públicas e privadas maringaenses no cumprimento da lei 8.213/91, ART. 93. E por último avalia se de fato esta inclusão esta de acordo com o esperado e conclui ressaltando de que a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência no mercado de trabalho e na própria sociedade só se concretizará através de esforços conjuntos de defesa dos direitos já conquistados legalmente pelos os mesmos, é preciso uma grande mudança de valores na sociedade civil maringaense e do Brasil no que diz respeito à inclusão.
Apresentação Dossiê Olhares sobre a Escola: representações da escola no cinema
Authors: Ruggi Lennita Oliveira , Cundari César , Francisco Marcelo
Published: September 2014

Apresentação do Dossiê Olhares sobre a Escola
Tradição e modernidade na poesia de Augusto Meyer
Authors: Brizotto Bruno , Bertussi Lisana Teresinha
Published: September 2014

As relações entre os conceitos de tradição e modernidade constituem uma das formas de compreender a poesia de Augusto Meyer. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo analisa como os referidos conceitos constroem a poesia desse autor, à luz de poemas selecionados.
Mídia e Relações Étnico-Raciais: A Questão Dos Afrodescendentes Na Televisão Brasileira.
Authors: Saldanhas Viviane Rodrigues Darif
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo propõe apresentar, de forma sucinta, como os meios de comunicação de massa, em especial a televisão brasileira, permanecem demonstrando certa invisibilidade e esteriotipação em relação aos afrodescendentes[1]. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise bibliográfica em perspectiva sociológica em relação á indústria cultural de massa, a cultura da mídia e o papel do negro na televisão brasileira. Este artigo foi realizado com a intenção de tentar compreender se e como a mídia demonstra a diversidade cultural brasileira.[1] A utilização dessa palavra para designar a parte da população negra ou parda se deve ao fato de que "[...] a dimensão do termo afrodescendente é extremamente ampla e abrangente. O seu emprego acaba instando às nações a uma revisão das relações estabelecidas historicamente com os povos originários do continente africano espalhados na diáspora." (ROCHA, 2010, p.904)
O Post-mortem Guarani: Questionamentos a partir da hierarquia fúnebre católica do Brasil colonial (século XVIII)
Authors: De Souza Francielle
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo foi produzido de modo a abordar a temática do indígena Guarani sob perspectivas que promovem sua autenticidade e protagonismo nas relações sociais do período colonial brasileiro. Utilizamos como base as reflexões que John Monteiro faz sobre as possibilidades que a história indígena apresenta para a historiografia. Através de estudos sobre a distribuição das sepulturas de escravos nos cemitérios e campos santos, encabeçados, neste caso, pela tese de Julio Cesar M. P. da Silva, propomos um estudo no mesmo sentido, com a dinâmica funerária a qual se encontraram os indígenas da localidade de Rio Grande de São Pedro, atual cidade do Rio Grande, no Rio Grande do Sul do século XVIII. Objetivamos investigar de que forma do Guarani utilizou-se da religiosidade católica para sobreviver ao impacto da sociedade colonial.
Identidade indígena em uma fronteira do Brasil colonial: práticas nominativas em Rio Pardo (1755-1765)
Authors: Costa Alysson De Avila
Published: September 2014

O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as práticas nominativas da freguesia de Rio Pardo entre 1755-1765, em uma perspectiva comparativa entre a prática da América lusa, a população da freguesia como um todo e a parcela indígena da freguesia. Para isso, utilizaram-se os dois primeiros livros de batismos, sendo o primeiro (1755-1761) um livro para registro da população como um todo e o segundo (1758-1765) para registros exclusivamente de indígenas – estes oriundos majoritariamente dos Sete Povos das Missões. Os resultados mostram uma prática nominativa diferenciada para os últimos. Sugere-se uma influência da tutela jesuítica sobre as práticas nominativas desses indígenas e a manutenção de uma identidade étnica pautada em parte em escolhas de nomes específicos.
Políticas administrativas imperiais: o caso da ouvidoria de Paranaguá (1723-1812)
Authors: Pegoraro Jonas Wilson
Published: September 2014

Este artigo apresenta a articulação entre as instituições político-administrativas do Império Ultramarino Português pontuando que inclusive as mais distantes instituições, no caso a Comarca de Paranaguá, estavam também inseridas na lógica governativa da Coroa. Por mais que as dinâmicas especificas da localidade provocassem diferentes ações políticas é certo que a Capitania de São Paulo e a Comarca de Paranaguá também participaram do gradual processo de centralização administrativa promovidos pela monarquia lusa.
Pai Nosso dos mártires: repensando o declínio da teologia da libertação
Authors: Da Luz Neto João Pedro
Published: September 2014

O presente trabalho, através de uma perspectiva da história cultural, procura compreender melhor os motivos do declínio da teologia da libertação.
O perfil institucional do Estado português nos séculos XV-XVI
Authors: Castro João Cerineu Leite de
Published: September 2014

O Estado português com a recepção do direito romano, era a maior unidade política estável frente à ameaça castelhana. Os descobrimentos trouxeram uma ampliação na noção européia de o que era o mundo, e uma série de condições e exigências ao governo lusitano. Comparando a organização das Ordenações de D. Duarte e as Manuelinas, observa-se que o governo lusitano buscava suprir uma carência de órgãos que atenuassem o débil centralismo de sua monarquia feudal. As bases jurídicas que sustentavam a legitimidade da dominação exercida pelo monarca português sofriam modificações, que objetivavam combater a pluralidade de poderes a saber: o concelho, o senhorial e o eclesiástico, que concorriam com o monárquico. N. E.: Resumo elaborado pela Equipe Editorial
O Rei Fiel na perspectiva de Isidoro de Sevilha
Authors: Dal Pra de Deus Andréa
Published: September 2014

O Tardo-Antigo na Hispania visigoda do sétimo século abarca contínuos esforços da teoria política que visam estruturar medidas de apaziguamento de discórdias. A heterogeneidade de interesses da nobreza tencionava a política interna, fragilizando a centralização do poder. Desta problemática, destacamos Isidoro de Sevilha, que através da argumentação acerca da fidelidade do corpo político do reino hispano-visigodo teoriza uma solução para a dificuldade de centralização do poder. A fidelidade é entendida como a observância do bem-comum do Reino, ou seja, a monarquia deve favorecer os interesses coletivos.  Cabe ao rei ser correto em sua função, através da prática das virtudes, para que os súditos se espelhem e também pratiquem uma vida política virtuosa. Neste sentido, rei e súditos fiéis é norma para um reino fortalecido e centralizado, segundo a perspectiva isidoriana.
O Espelho de Machado de Assis refletindo um nacionalismo brasileiro “autêntico”
Authors: Estevão Bruna , Cruz Eduardo da , Mochenski Franciane
Published: September 2014

O nacionalismo é um conceito presente na discussão literária brasileira, além de ser recorrentemente estudado por grandes nomes da historiografia. Machado de Assis, durante toda a sua vida dedicou-se a escrever obras que o consagrariam como um dos maiores escritores brasileiros. Com isso, o presente artigo analisa e discute o conceito de nacionalismo brasileiro dentro da obra Papéis Avulsos de Machado de Assis, utilizando como fonte, especificamente o conto O espelho que possui símbolos característicos que fazem alusão ao ideal nacionalista do autor.
"Mitos Ocidentais" e Cosmologias Ameríndias: Sobre a relação Homem/Natureza
Authors: Moro Martins Homero
Published: September 2014

"Mitos Ocidentais" e Cosmologias Ameríndias: Sobre a relação Homem/Natureza
Epígrafe
Authors: Schlegel (Athenaum 151) Friedrich
Published: September 2014

CADA QUAL AINDA ENCONTROU NOS ANTIGOSAQUILO QUE PRECISAVA OU DESEJAVA; SOBRETUDO ASI MESMO
Editorial
Authors: Augustus Victor
Published: September 2014

Editorial
As sementes trangênicas no Brasil: da proibição à liberação
Authors: Faraco Benthien Patrícia
Published: September 2014

O presente artigo consiste em uma tentativa de elucidação social e observação crítica sobre a temática dos organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM oU transgénicos) no Brasil durante os governos Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, já que durante estes ocorreram situações marcantes no tocante à inserção de sementes transgénicas no país. Dentre estas situações se destacam a atuação da Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança (CTNBio) e a edição de duas medidas provisórias (nO 113 e 131) bastante polêmicas. Neste período também é relevante a atuação constante de organizações da sociedade civil e ONGs no intuito de conscientização e oposição a determinadas atitudes do governo.
Sobre "Conhecer é criar: um ensaio a partir de F. Nietzsche" (Gilvan Fogel)
Authors: Alexandre Bruno Santos
Published: September 2014

Sobre "Conhecer é criar: um ensaio a partir de F. Nietzsche" (Gilvan Fogel)
Texture coarseness responsive neurons and their mapping in layer 2–3 of the rat barrel cortex in vivo
Authors: Garion Liora , Dubin Uri , Rubin Yoav , Khateb Mohamed , Schiller Yitzhak , Azouz Rony , Schiller Jackie
Published: September 2014

Texture discrimination is a fundamental function of somatosensory systems, yet the manner by which texture is coded and spatially represented in the barrel cortex are largely unknown. Using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in the rat barrel cortex during artificial whisking against different surface coarseness or controlled passive whisker vibrations simulating different coarseness, we show that layer 2–3 neurons within barrel boundaries differentially respond to specific texture coarsenesses, while only a minority of neurons responded monotonically with increased or decreased surface coarseness. Neurons with similar preferred texture coarseness were spatially clustered. Multi-contact single unit recordings showed a vertical columnar organization of texture coarseness preference in layer 2–3. These findings indicate that layer 2–3 neurons perform high hierarchical processing of tactile information, with surface coarseness embodied by distinct neuronal subpopulations that are spatially mapped onto the barrel cortex.
Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: Fawaz Maria V. , Scott Peter J. H.
Published: September 2014

Solid‐phase organic synthesis (SPOS), a synthetic technique in which reaction components (eg, substrates, catalysts, and reagents) are attached to insoluble polymer supports, was introduced by Prof. Robert Bruce Merrifield in the 1960s. In the decades since its introduction, SPOS has matured into a powerful technique with applications in, for example, the synthesis of small molecules, drugs and natural products, asymmetric synthesis, and organometallic chemistry. In addition, the ease with which many SPOS reactions can be automated and run in parallel means it has a pivotal role in library synthesis for combinatorial chemistry and diversity‐oriented synthesis. This article introduces the principles of SPOS and highlights key concepts including linker units, SPOS reactions, immobilized catalysts, and solid‐supported reagents through literature examples.
Self‐Regulation of Online Advertising: A Lesson From a Failure
Authors: Ginosar Avshalom
Published: September 2014

An attempt in Israel to establish a regime of industry self‐regulation of online advertising has failed. While the immediate reason was the disapproval of the Israeli Government's Antitrust Commissioner, we employ a questionnaire of industry representatives and a survey of 527 students to expose a significant gap between the views of the industry representatives and public positions regarding online advertising regulation. While the industry supports self‐regulation of technical aspects of online advertising, the public prefers co‐regulation of both technical aspects as well as the content of online advertising. The article suggests that in order to become accepted and practical, a new regulatory regime in the Internet arena should be adopted, via a co‐regulatory rather than self‐regulatory mode.
Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonium source in rainwater at Bermuda
Authors: Altieri K. E. , Hastings M. G. , Peters A. J. , Oleynik S. , Sigman D. M.
Published: September 2014

Emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) to the atmosphere have increased tenfold since preindustrial times, resulting in increased N deposition to terrestrial and coastal ecosystems. The sources of N deposition to the ocean, however, are poorly understood. Two years of event‐based rainwater samples were collected on the island of Bermuda in the western North Atlantic, which experiences both continent‐ and ocean‐influenced air masses. The rainwater ammonium concentration ranged from 0.36 to 24.6 μM, and the ammonium δ15N from −12.5 to 0.7‰; and neither has a strong relationship with air mass history (6.0 ± 4.2 μM, −4.1 ± 2.6‰ in marine air masses and 5.9 ± 3.2 μM, −5.8 ± 2.5‰ in continental air masses; numerical average ± standard deviation). A simple box model suggests that the ocean can account for the concentration and isotopic composition of ammonium in marine rainwater, consistent with the lack of correlation between ammonium δ15N and air mass history. If so, ammonium deposition reflects the cycling of N between the ocean and the atmosphere, rather than representing a net input to the ocean. The δ15N data appear to require that most of the ammonium/a flux to the ocean is by dissolution in surface waters rather than atmospheric deposition. This suggests that the atmosphere and surface ocean are near equilibrium with respect to air/sea gas exchange, implying that anthropogenic ammonia will equilibrate near the coast and not reach the open marine atmosphere. Whereas ~90% of the ammonium deposition to the global ocean has previously been attributed to anthropogenic sources, the evidence at Bermuda suggests that the anthropogenic contribution could be much smaller.
Hydrogen site analysis of hydrous ringwoodite in mantle transition zone by pulsed neutron diffraction
Authors: Purevjav Narangoo , Okuchi Takuo , Tomioka Naotaka , Abe Jun , Harjo Stefanus
Published: September 2014

Hydrogen site positions and occupancies in the crystal structure of synthetic hydrous ringwoodite have been determined for the first time by high‐resolution neutron powder diffraction conducted at the pulsed neutron source at Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J‐PARC). It is demonstrated that hydrogen exchanges not only with Mg or Fe but also with Si cations to form hydroxyl and hydrogen bonding, both within the relevant octahedra or tetrahedra created by their surrounding oxygen anions. The hydrated octahedra shrink, whereas the hydrated tetrahedra expand. The occurrence of simultaneous hydration of octahedra and tetraheda is thus unambiguously confirmed, whereby the latter plays an especially unique role in reducing seismic velocity and for enhancing the electrical conductivity of ringwoodite at high pressures and temperatures. These results provide distinctive implications for discussing the physical properties of hydrous ringwoodite occurring in the mantle transition zone and evaluating the actual water content in the zone.
Four corners: The largest US methane anomaly viewed from space
Authors: Kort Eric A. , Frankenberg Christian , Costigan Keeley R. , Lindenmaier Rodica , Dubey Manvendra K. , Wunch Debra
Published: September 2014

Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and ozone precursor. Quantifying methane emissions is critical for projecting and mitigating changes to climate and air quality. Here we present CH4 observations made from space combined with Earth‐based remote sensing column measurements. Results indicate the largest anomalous CH4 levels viewable from space over the conterminous U.S. are located at the Four Corners region in the Southwest U.S. Emissions exceeding inventory estimates, totaling 0.59 Tg CH4/yr [0.50–0.67; 2σ], are necessary to bring high‐resolution simulations and observations into agreement. This underestimated source approaches 10% of the EPA estimate of total U.S. CH4 emissions from natural gas. The persistence of this CH4 signal from 2003 onward indicates that the source is likely from established gas, coal, and coalbed methane mining and processing. This work demonstrates that space‐based observations can identify anomalous CH4 emission source regions and quantify their emissions with the use of a transport model.
Topographic effects on spatiotemporal variations of short‐duration rainfall events in warm season of central North China
Authors: Yuan Weihua , Sun Wei , Chen Haoming , Yu Rucong
Published: September 2014

Statistical analyses of the hourly station rainfall observation over the recent 8 years show that rainfalls in the warm season (May–October) of the central North China are dominated by short‐duration rainfall events (lasting less than or equal to 6 h) and the southeastward delayed diurnal phases of total rainfall revealed by previous studies are mainly contributed by the propagating short‐duration rainfall rather than the long‐duration rainfall as that along the Yangtze River Valley. The spatiotemporal features of rainfall events are highly correlated with elevation heights. The largest frequency of short‐duration rainfall events locates in the southeastern inner periphery of Taihangshan and Yanshan mountains. Rainfall over the northwestern mountains often occurs in the afternoon. Some rainfall events propagate southeastward and influence the rainfall in the southeastern foothills and plain. The rainfall with short‐duration time mainly begins around the late evening in the southeastern plain, and even later in coastal regions. The understanding of topographic effects to rainfall events is discussed based on reanalysis and station data. Results indicate that the topography influences the diurnal varied surface or low‐level temperature, moisture, and wind fields, which benefit rainfall events occurring in the afternoon over the northwestern mountains first and the southeastward propagation afterward.
Rapid urbanization and changes in spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in Beijing metropolitan area
Authors: Song Xiaomeng , Zhang Jianyun , AghaKouchak Amir , Roy Shouraseni Sen , Xuan Yunqing , Wang Guoqing , He Ruimin , Wang Xiaojun , Liu Cuishan
Published: September 2014

This study investigates changes in temporal trends and spatial patterns of precipitation in Beijing over the last six decades. These changes are discussed in the context of rapid urbanization and the growing imbalance between water supply and demand in Beijing. We observed significant decreases in precipitation amounts from 1950 to 2012, with the annual precipitation decreasing by 32% at a decadal rate of 28.5 mm. In particular, precipitation decrease is more pronounced in the summer and warm seasons when water use is at its seasonal peak. We further analyzed hourly precipitation data from 43 rain gauges between 1980 and 2012 to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of both precipitation amount and intensity across six distinct subregions in Beijing. No significant spatial variations in precipitation changes were identified, but slightly greater amounts of precipitation were noted in the urban areas (plains) than in the surrounding suburbs (mountains), due to the effect of urbanization and topography. Precipitation intensity has increased substantially, especially at the hourly duration, as evidenced by the more frequent occurrence of extreme storms. The observed decreased water availability and the increase in extreme weather events require more integrated water management, particularly given the expectation of a warmer and more variable climate, the continued rapid growth of the Beijing metropolis, and the intensifying conflict between water supply and demand.
River basin organization around the main stem: Scale invariance in tributary branching and the incremental area function
Authors: Gangodagamage Chandana , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Belmont Patrick
Published: September 2014

The incremental increase in contributing area along a main stem river, called here the incremental area function (IAF), has direct relevance to the spatial heterogeneity of environmental fluxes (water, sediment, nutrients, etc.) entering the stream from hillslopes and side tributaries. It also dictates, to a large extent, possible ecohydrologic discontinuities or transitions resulting from large tributary contributions. Mathematically, the IAF directly reflects the topological and geometrical structure of the river network and maps the two‐dimensional landscape organization into a one‐dimensional function. In this paper, we use two approaches to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the IAF. First, we implement a multithreshold decomposition on IAF to study the distribution of distances between tributaries as a function of the imposed threshold contributing area and verify the presence of a simple power law scaling relationship between the threshold and the average distance between tributaries. Second, we use a wavelet‐based multiscale approach and document the presence of statistical self‐affinity (multifractality) in the IAF with a high intermittency coefficient, reflecting the complex arrangement of extreme contributions of different size tributaries. We propose a multiplicative cascade model, parameterized in terms of basin‐specific properties, to statistically simulate the IAF along the main stem. Finally, we point out the relation between the IAF and the widely used width function of a basin and show how the latter can be constructed from the former via a convolution on the self‐similar structure of a tree.
Gender in occupational health research of farmworkers: A systematic review
Authors: Habib Rima R. , Hojeij Safa , Elzein Kareem
Published: September 2014

Background

Farmwork is one of the most hazardous occupations for men and women. Research suggests sex/gender shapes hazardous workplace exposures and outcomes for farmworkers. This paper reviews the occupational health literature on farmworkers, assessing how gender is treated and interpreted in exposure‐outcome studies.

Methods

The paper evaluates peer‐reviewed articles on men and women farmworkers' health published between 2000 and 2012 in PubMed or SCOPUS. Articles were identified and analyzed for approaches toward sampling, data analysis, and use of exposure indicators in relation to sex/gender.

Results

18% of articles reported on and interpreted sex/gender differences in health outcomes and exposures. Sex/gender dynamics often shaped health outcomes, yet adequate data was not collected on established sex/gender risk factors relating to study outcomes.

Conclusion

Research can better incorporate sex/gender analysis into design, analytical and interpretive approaches to better explore its mediation of health outcomes in light of emerging calls to mainstream gender research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1344–1367, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
Obsessive compulsive symptom dimensions and neuroticism: An examination of shared genetic and environmental risk
Authors: Bergin Jocilyn , Verhulst Brad , Aggen Steven H. , Neale Michael C. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Bienvenu Oscar J. , Hettema John M.
Published: September 2014

Individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder can display diverse and heterogeneous patterns of symptoms. Little is known about the relationship between obsessive‐compulsive symptom (OCS) dimensions and normal personality traits, particularly those that increase risk for other internalizing disorders. In this study of 1,382 individuals from female–female twin pairs, we examined the relationship between self‐report OCS dimensions derived from the Padua Inventory and Eysenck's personality traits neuroticism and extraversion. We conducted factor analysis to determine their phenotypic structure followed by twin analyses to determine their genetic and environmental sources of covariation. A three‐factor solution, with dimensions corresponding to checking, aggressive obsessions, and contamination, was the best fit for the Padua OCS items. These dimensions were significantly and somewhat variably associated with neuroticism but negligibly associated with extraversion. The genetic correlations between neuroticism and these three OCS dimensions were moderate to high (0.66 with checking, 0.89 with aggressive obsessions, and 0.40 with contamination). However, the estimated genetic correlation between neuroticism and a unified latent OCS construct was smaller (0.32). Overall this study suggests that genetic, and to a smaller extent environmental, factors underlying neuroticism may act differentially as risk factors for OCS dimensions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ‐116C/G polymorphism in XBP1 gene is associated with psychiatric illness in Asian population: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Cheng Dan , Zhang Kan , Zhen Guohua , Xue Zheng
Published: September 2014

X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a pivotal transcription factor and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness. The association between XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism and risk of psychiatric illness has been investigated in different populations. However, the results of these studies remain conflicting. Therefore, we performed a systematic meta‐analysis to evaluate the association between XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism and the overall psychiatric illness risk. Pubmed, Embase, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) were searched for case‐control studies on the association between XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism and psychiatric illness risk published up to July 31, 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to access the strength of this association. Fourteen case‐control studies including 3,512 cases and 4,889 controls were included. Overall, no significant association was found between XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism and the risk of psychiatric illness (C/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.92–1.17, P = 0.54). However, there was a significant association between this polymorphism and the psychiatric illness in Asian population (C/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.00–1.61, P = 0.05; G/G + C/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.05–1.65, P = 0.02). Furthermore, we found a significant association between XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism and the risk of bipolar disorder in Asian population (C/G vs. C/C: OR = 1.81, 95%CI = 1.15–2.86, P = 0.01). The XBP1 ‐116C/G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of bipolar disorder in Asian population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dietary preferences of a submontane population of the rare Nigerian‐Cameroon chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, Nigeria
Authors: Dutton Paul , Chapman Hazel
Published: September 2014

We investigated the dietary preferences of chimpanzees residing in a Nigerian submontane forest using a combination of fecal analysis, observations of feeding remains, evidence from feeding tools and fruiting phenological data between April 2010 and March 2011. A total of 495 fecal samples were collected in which 52 fruit taxa were identified as having being consumed by chimpanzees, including 22 identified to species level and two identified to genus level.Ficus(seven species) was the most common seed genus identified, occurring in 61.2% of all fecal samples. Based on fecal analysis and phenological data, Ngel Nyaki chimpanzees do not solely consume fruits based on their availability within the habitat; while the proportion of fruit consumed did reflect the relative availability of fruit in the forest for some fruit species,Ficuswas a preferred fruit even when scarce. In contrast, the proportion consumed of other fruit species was low relative to the abundance of their fruit available in the forest. Our results from the Rank Preference Index (RPI) suggest that relative preferences in fruit are seasonal. We discuss the role ofFicusin the diet of chimpanzees in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve. Am. J. Primatol. 77:86–97, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term effects of tetanus toxoid inoculation on the demography and life expectancy of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques
Authors: Kessler Matthew J. , Hernández Pacheco Raisa , Rawlins Richard G. , Ruiz‐Lambrides Angelina , Delgado Diana L. , Sabat Alberto M.
Published: September 2014

Tetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging population of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago prior to 1985 when the entire colony was given its first dose of tetanus toxoid. The immediate reduction in mortality that followed tetanus toxoid inoculation (TTI) has been documented, but the long‐term demographic effects of eliminating tetanus infections have not. This study uses the Cayo Santiago demographic database to construct comparative life tables 12 years before, and 12 years after, TTI. Life tables and matrix projection models are used to test for differences in: (i) survival among all individuals as well as among social groups, (ii) long‐term fitness of the population, (iii) age distribution, (iv) reproductive value, and (v) life expectancy. A retrospective life table response experiment (LTRE) was performed to determine which life cycle transition contributed most to observed changes in long‐term fitness of the population post‐TTI. Elimination of clinical tetanus infections through mass inoculation improved the health and well‐being of the monkeys. It also profoundly affected the population by increasing survivorship and long‐term fitness, decreasing the differences in survival rates among social groups, shifting the population's age distribution towards older individuals, and increasing reproductive value and life expectancy. These findings are significant because they demonstrate the long‐term effects of eradicating a major cause of mortality at a single point in time on survival, reproduction, and overall demography of a naturalistic population of primates. Am. J. Primatol. 77:211–221, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exchanging grooming, but not tolerance and aggression in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Campennì Marco , Manciocco Arianna , Vitale Augusto , Schino Gabriele
Published: September 2014

In this study, we investigated the reciprocal exchanges of grooming, tolerance and reduced aggression in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a cooperatively breeding primate whose groups are typically characterized by uniformly high genetic relatedness and high interdependency between group members. Both partner control and partner choice processes played a role in the reciprocal exchanges of grooming. In contrast, we did not find any evidence of reciprocity between grooming and tolerance over a preferred food source or between grooming and reduced aggression. Thus, reciprocity seems to play a variable role in the exchange of cooperative behaviors in marmosets. Am. J. Primatol. 77:222–228, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hematological parameters and the variations resulting from stress of Alouatta caraya during a wildlife rescue program in Brazil
Authors: Sánchez‐Sarmiento Angélica María , Zwarg Ticiana , Fernandes‐Santos Renata Carolina , Guimarães‐Luiz Thaís , Genoy‐Puerto Alexander , Matushima Eliana Reiko
Published: September 2014

Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are major threats to the conservation status of New World primates, such as the howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Brazil, where vegetation destruction is often associated with projects such as Small Hydro Power Plant (SHP) construction. The resulting stress from the implementation of this type of enterprise may be a factor that influences individual susceptibility against pathogens and can determine the success or failure of mitigation measures proposed by responsible and/or requested companies by environmental agencies. To perform health monitoring and to understand physiological changes that ensued from the stress of capturing and keeping primates in captivity, we determined the blood profile of A. caraya rescued at the time of capture (N = 15) and in captivity (N = 11). Complete blood counts (CBCs) performed at the time of capture showed hematological changes compatible with acute stress, such as evident neutrophilic leukocytosis (WBCs; females = 20.48 ± 7.26; males = 18.78 ± 10.39 × 109/L). In captivity, monocytosis was observed in both sexes (females = 1.34 ± 0.26; males = 0.39 ± 0.32 × 109/L; U‐test, P = 0.01), suggesting chronic stress. In females, there was also statistically significant eosinopenia (0.28 ± 0.10 × 109/L; U‐test, P = 0.01) and hematocrit increases (39.00 ± 1.41%; U‐test, P = 0.01). Thus, data shows the impact of both capture related acute stress as well as captivity chronic stress, suggesting that primate management in the implementation of these projects causes significant changes in physiological parameters and, consequently, animal health. Whereas chronic stress is an inducer of immunosuppression and susceptibility to pathogen factors, monitoring hematological parameters in captive animals can act as an indicator of health status, contributing to the success of management and conservation wildlife programs. Am. J. Primatol. 77:246–253, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BetweenAndes andAmazon: The genetic profile of theArawak‐speakingYanesha
Authors: Barbieri Chiara , Heggarty Paul , Yang Yao Daniele , Ferri Gianmarco , De Fanti Sara , Sarno Stefania , Ciani Graziella , Boattini Alessio , Luiselli Donata , Pettener Davide
Published: September 2014

The Yanesha are a Peruvian population who inhabit an environment transitional between the Andes and Amazonia. They present cultural traits characteristic of both regions, including in the language they speak: Yanesha belongs to the Arawak language family (which very likely originated in the Amazon/Orinoco lowlands), but has been strongly influenced by Quechua, the most widespread language family of the Andes. Given their location and cultural make‐up, the Yanesha make for an ideal case study for investigating language and population dynamics across the Andes‐Amazonia divide. In this study, we analyze data from high and mid‐altitude Yanesha villages, both Y chromosome (17 STRs and 16 SNPs diagnostic for assigning haplogroups) and mtDNA data (control region sequences and 3 SNPs and one INDEL diagnostic for assigning haplogroups). We uncover sex‐biased genetic trends that probably arose in different stages: first, a male‐biased gene flow from Andean regions, genetically consistent with highland Quechua‐speakers and probably dating back to Inca expansion; and second, traces of European contact consistent with Y chromosome lineages from Italy and Tyrol, in line with historically documented migrations. Most research in the history, archaeology and linguistics of South America has long been characterized by perceptions of a sharp divide between the Andes and Amazonia; our results serve as a clear case‐study confirming demographic flows across that ‘divide’. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:600–609, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American journal of physical Anthropology published by Wiley Periodocals, Inc.
Effects of the elective introduction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on outcomes in pediatric myocarditis cases
Authors: Nosaka Nobuyuki , Muguruma Takashi , Fujiwara Takeo , Enomoto Yuki , Toida Chiaki , Morishima Tsuneo
Published: September 2014

Aim

To investigate the necessary indicators to diagnose pediatric myocarditis and choose appropriate candidates for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children aged <16 years of age who were diagnosed with myocarditis and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit in a Japanese children's hospital from 2002 to 2013. We collected demographic data and symptoms and signs during the entire clinical course, investigated the survival and neurological outcomes, and identified the predictors of death.

Results

Twenty‐nine patients (median age, 5 years) met the inclusion criteria. Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms occurred in approximately 80% of the patients as initial symptoms and central nervous system symptoms were the most frequent symptom on emergency presentation (41%). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was administered to 16 patients; of these, five died. Of the 24 surviving patients, 23 achieved favorable neurological outcomes. Four of eight patients died following cardiopulmonary resuscitation‐triggered extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and one of eight died following elective extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Multivariate analysis using stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed creatinine level as an independent predictor of death.

Conclusion

It is important to consider myocarditis when evaluating children with gastrointestinal or central nervous system symptoms. The elective introduction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation before the completion of end‐organ dysfunction has a positive effect on outcomes in pediatric myocarditis cases. Transfer to an institution that can initiate extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support should be promptly considered when managing pediatric myocarditis.
Surface modification of halloysite nanotubes with l‐lactic acid: An effective route to high‐performance poly(l‐lactide) composites
Authors: Xu Wan , Luo Binghong , Wen Wei , Xie Weijing , Wang Xiaoying , Liu Mingxian , Zhou Changren
Published: September 2014

To improve the interfacial bonding between halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA), a simple surface modification of HNTs with l‐lactic acid via direct condensation polymerization has been developed. Two modified HNTs were obtained: HNTs grafting with l‐lactic acid (l‐HNTs) and HNTs grafting with poly(l‐lactide) (p‐HNTs). The structures and properties of l‐HNTs and p‐HNTs were investigated. Then, a series of HNTs/PLLA, l‐HNTs/PLLA and p‐HNTs/PLLA composites were prepared using a solution casting method and were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM), field scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. Results showed that l‐lactic acid and PLLA could be easily grafted onto the surface of HNTs by forming an Al carboxylate bond and following with condensation polymerization, and the amounts of the l‐lactic acid and PLLA grafted on the surface of the HNTs were 5.08 and 14.47%, respectively. The surface‐grafted l‐lactic acid and PLLA played the important role in improving the interfacial bonding between the nanotubes and matrix. The l‐HNTs and p‐HNTs can disperse more uniformly in and show better compatibility with the PLLA matrix than untreated HNTs. As a result, the l‐HNTs/PLLA and p‐HNTs/PLLA composites had better tensile properties than that of the HNTs/PLLA composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41451.
Coloration properties and chemo‐rheological characterization of a dioxazine pigment‐based monodispersed masterbatch
Authors: Buccella Mauro , Dorigato Andrea , Crugnola Franco , Caldara Mauro , Fambri Luca
Published: September 2014

A dioxazine‐based color pigment was added to a commercial polyamide 6 (PA6) through an extrusion process, in order to prepare monoconcentrated violet masterbatches through different production set‐up. A detailed characterization of the resulting materials was carried out in order to find the best processing parameters combination to optimize pigment dispersion and to reduce the clogging power. The preparation of masterbatches with repeated extrusions markedly reduced the filter pressure value and increased the Relative Color Strength, while filtration did not significantly influence pigment dispersion. Rheological measurements and end‐groups analysis were conducted on the same materials with the aim to evaluate their thermal degradation resistance, and the thermal stability of the compounds was retained even upon three extrusions. Therefore, it can be concluded that a proper optimization of the process parameters could lead to an important reduction of the production waste, increasing the quality of the final product. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41452.
A facile dip‐coating approach to prepare SiO2/fluoropolymer coating for superhydrophobic and superoleophobic fabrics with self‐cleaning property
Authors: Lin Jing , Zheng Cheng , Ye WenJin , Wang HuaQuan , Feng DanYan , Li QiaoYi , Huan BoWei
Published: September 2014

In this study, a facile, two‐step dip‐coating approach was reported for the fabrication of the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic cotton fabrics. It was confirmed that the superhydrophobic and superoleophobic composite thin film containing modified‐SiO2 nanoparticles and fluoropolymer had been successfully fabricated on the cotton fabrics surface, the results demonstrated that the treated cotton fabrics showed good performances, such as superhydrophobicity and superoleophobicity, low water and oil absorption ability, self‐cleaning property and good laundering durability, so forth. The above approach can be applied to potentially advance superhydrophobic and superoleophobic fabrics materials for a variety of applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41458.
Detachment of a bubble anchored to a vertical cylindrical surface in quiescent liquid and grid generated turbulence
Authors: Wang Guichao , Sathe Mayur , Mitra Subhasish , Jameson Graeme J. , Evans Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2014

Turbulence plays a critical role in detachment process of bubble from a solid surface. To investigate this effect, detachment process of a stationary air bubble from a nozzle in both quiescent and turbulent liquid field was studied. A stationary vertical (flat‐ended) needle of ID 1.24 mm was used as a nozzle to generate a bubble which was anchored to the needle tip. Different sizes of bubbles were generated in quiescent liquid. Volume and contact angle for these bubbles were measured precisely using microscopic imaging technique and correlated. In the quiescent case experiments, a constant contact angle of 90° and bubble diameter of 3.05 ± 0.004 mm were obtained consistently. A simple force balance approach was proposed assuming bubble in equilibrium to determine this maximum bubble diameter during detachment. The detached bubble size calculated using this approach agreed fairly well with the experimental results. An oscillating grid device capable of operating at different frequencies was then applied to generate a homogeneous, near‐isotropic turbulent velocity field around the anchored bubble. It was observed that for detachment of smaller bubbles, higher turbulence intensity was indeed necessary. The turbulent flow field was quantified using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique and resolved into flow structures (eddies) of different length scales using a Gaussian filter. It was concluded that smaller eddies perturbed the bubble interface whilst the larger eddies contributed to weakening of the capillary force causing the bubble detachment. Energy dissipation profile obtained from the PIV images indicated significant energy dissipation near the bubble compared to the bulk fluid which supported the fact that strong interactions between bubble and eddies were indeed responsible for bubble detachment.
Formation of microcapsules by complex coacervation
Authors: Ach Delphine , Briançon Stéphanie , Broze Guy , Puel François , Rivoire Alain , Galvan Jean‐Marc , Chevalier Yves
Published: September 2014

The process of encapsulation by complex coacervation includes several steps that have been investigated in order to reach a better control over the whole process. This has been carried out for the encapsulation of linseed oil by the classical gelatin/acacia gum pair of coacervating polymers. Fabrication of an oil‐in‐water emulsion is the first step that has been studied so as to reach a definite picture of the emulsification process under intermediate flow regime in a stirred unbaffled vessel. The classical scheme of oil droplet break‐up by turbulent eddies in the turbulent inertial regime gave a fair agreement with the experiments and can be used as a possible framework for a process scale‐up. Polynuclear microcapsules containing several oil droplets have been obtained during the deposition of the coacervate onto the surface of oil droplets. According to the emulsification conditions and microparticles growth caused by multiple droplets encapsulation, microcapsules of ∼130 µm were produced. A video probe immersed in the stirred vessel allowed an in situ monitoring of the successive events taking place as acid was added into the medium. This technique allows dynamic observations of microcapsules formation. These observations confirmed the deposition of coacervate droplets around oil drops and clearly showed that the formation of coacervate particles and their deposition onto oil droplets were successive events.
Dry anaerobic digestion modelling: Parameter sensitivity
Authors: Benbelkacem Hassen , Bollon Julien , Gourdon Rémy , Buffière Pierre
Published: September 2014

A model dedicated to dry anaerobic digestion process was previously developed. This model was based on the ADM1 model and modified to take into account the specificity of dry anaerobic media. The objective of the work presented here was to study the sensitivity to the model of 2 parameters. The first parameter (kLa) was related to mass transfer of the biodegradation products (CH4, CO2, H2) from liquid phase to gas phase. Two gas production behaviours were pointed out, depending on kLa value and corresponding to limiting or non‐limiting transfer rate. A kLa value of 5 d−1 marked the transition. The second parameter (kmX) was linked to biological kinetic reactions. The sensitivity of kmX was important: a variation of ±10 % of its value affected clearly the kinetic consumption of the substrate. A method to determine those parameters was presented. This method was then used to determine both biological kinetic parameter and mass transfer coefficient from batch experimental data of methane production with acetate as organic substrate at two different moisture contents.
Three‐dimensional flow in a thin annular layer of silicon melt with bidirectional temperature gradients
Authors: Wang Fei , Peng Lan , Zhang QuanZhuang
Published: September 2014

Bidirectional temperature gradients coexist virtually in surface tension driven flows. However, the simulations have been performed to the flow with only one temperature gradient. A series of 3 D numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the Marangoni‐thermocapillary flow of silicon melt in a thin annular layer with bidirectional temperature gradients. The temperature gradients are produced by the temperature difference ΔT between walls and the constant heat flux q on the bottom, respectively. When changing q, the melt presents different state evolutions at different ΔT. Furthermore, two critical q are found, one makes the minimum melt temperature higher than the crystallization temperature and the other makes the flow unsteady. Both of the critical heat fluxes decrease with increasing ΔT. q contributes more to the elevation of the melt temperature, while ΔT contributes more to the enhancement of the melt instability. In addition, the melt on the free surface flows mainly along the radial direction.