bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational Vision
Authors: Larwood Laurie , Kriger Mark P. , Falbe Cecilia M.
Published: March 2007

No previous research has examined systematically the construct of organizational vision in academic administration. The study presented here used a questionnaire design to evaluate and analyze the types of visions held by deans of AACSB business schools. A total of 128 deans responded from a random sample of 250 schools. Cluster analysis of the responses yielded three distinct groups for the 26-item vision instrument: proactive visionaries, reactive loners, and reactive communicators. The study also examined the question whether vision is partly a product of the individual or the situation, finding evidence supporting both sources. Suggestions are offered for further research and for application in the consulting process.
Contingent Supervisory Behavior
Authors: Bryant Scott E. , Gurman Ernest B.
Published: March 2007

Effective supervisory behavior is conceptualized and examined in terms of operant psychology. A total of 365 subordinates rated 82 first-line supervisors on traditional and operant leader behaviors. Analyses showed that monitoring and consequence behaviors made significant contributions to the prediction of the supervisors' performance ratings over that associated with initiating structure and consideration alone. The results support the generality of an operant model of supervision, and the practicality of rating operant-type behaviors to predict supervisory performance without the intrusion of direct observation.
Corporate Entrepreneurship
Authors: Chung Lai Hong , Gibbons Patrick T.
Published: March 2007

This article posits that entrepreneurial behavior within an organization can only be effectively created and controlled through an appropriate corporate culture. Corporate culture is viewed as a social structure that possesses two facets that are central to entrepreneurship. The first facet is a superstructure that provides an ideology to which organizational participants can commit to. The second is a sociostructure that facilitates the emergence of social capital, which can provide a form of sustainable competitive advantage.
Skills, Incentives, and Control
Authors: Kowtha N. Rao
Published: March 2007

In recent years, agency and transaction cost approaches to incentives and control highlighted e issue of performance measurement. Although the general propositions of these economic theories have been supported in research, there are theoretical gaps with regard to the effects of uncertainty on control. Also, implications of employee skills for control have been ignored in these approaches. This article integrates the two economic approaches and develops a framework incorporating skill level as a determinant of control. Hypotheses derived from this framework were tested in two merchant shipping companies employing crews of different nationalities. The results suggest that performance ambiguity and employee skill level are significant predictors of controls. The results also indicate that the choice between behavior-based and output-based controls may be driven more by job characteristics than nationality. Using these results, implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Global Behavior in a Population of Adaptive Competitive Agents
Authors: Hui P.M. , Kwong Y.R. , Cheung Ping , Johnson N.F.
Published: March 2007

We present computer simulations and analysis for the global behavior arising from a population of heterogeneous social agents acting with bounded rationality. The particular model studied, termed the "bar-attendance" model, offers a simple paradigm for such complex adaptive systems involving competitive agents. The model considers p adaptive agents, each possessing n predic tion rules chosen randomly from a pool of N , who attempt to attend a bar where the seating capacity is s. The global attendance time-series x(t) has a mean near, but not equal to, s . Surprisingly, the standard deviation or "volatility" of x(t) can show a minimum with increasing adaptability of the individual agents. Various arguments based on random walk models are dis cussed. It is shown that effects of crowding have to be included in order to understand the volatil ity in this system.
A Fuzzy Approach to Material Selection in Mechanical Design
Authors: Koning Jean-Luc
Published: March 2007

This paper concentrates on two types of material-related reasoning that occur in engineering design selection and substitution Selec tion is based on criteria set out by the designer and is often associated with the process of designing new artifacts from scratch Substitution, on the other hand, is done when new designs are created by adapting and reusing parts of previous designs This involves reevaluating the reasons for a particular material that was used in the base design, and determining whether the same, or new criteria are relevant in the target design Once the new criteria are established, appropriate materials are selected and substituted The substitution step, hence, subsumes the selection task. We present a material selection/substitution system that is used as part of a larger case-based design environment [9]. The material selection system helps the designer adapt previous designs by suggesting material substitutions that better suit the target application The system is in tended to provide support, from the conceptual to the detailed stages of design, and reason about material properties expressed in both numeri cal and qualitative terms The system relies on the material selection charts developed by Prof Ashby of Cambridge University. To enable qualita tive reasoning about the charts, we have developed an encoding based on fuzzy set theory This allows access of materials using specifications expressed in terms of fuzzy orders of magnitude.
A Data Management Model for Design Change Control
Authors: Krishnamurthy Karthik , Law Kincho H.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a data management model to support collaborative design environments Specifically, the proposed model describes a multidisciplinary project in terms of the independent evolution of designs from the participating disciplines The model monitors inde pendent design activities by systematically tracking component descriptions in the individual disciplines Projects are coordinated through asyn chronous communication of design changes This paper discusses two salient features of the given model First, we specify a three-layered closely coupled framework of versions, assemblies, and configurations In this framework, versions maintain evolving descriptions of primitive en tities within a single discipline Assemblies integrate component instances to describe more complex entities, as well as designs within single dis ciplines Configurations provide a framework to describe an overall project design that is composed of designs from multiple disciplines Secondly, we introduce equivalent operations as single data operations that summarize the effect of a sequence of changes on an instance description, and apply this concept to detect, store, and manage changes among versions of a primitive entity The close coupling of the version, assembly, and configuration levels enables changes at various assembly and configuration levels to be characterized by recursively combining changes computed at the version level We use a simple example of a multidisciplinary facility design project to demonstrate the change manage ment capabilities of the model This example has been tested on a prototype implementation in the AUTOCAD environment using AUTOLISP as the programming interface
Modeling and Simulation in Enterprise Integration—A Framework and an Application in the Offshore Oil Industry
Authors: Christensen L.C. , Christiansen T.R. , Jin Y. , Kunz J. , Levitt R.E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a framework and methodology that make systematic use of model definition formalization and analysis to en hance enterprise integration in engineering projects Our definition of enterprise models is based on a philosophy for thinking about enterprise in terms of 'an Organization carrying out a set of Processes to create one or more Products which satisfy predefined Objectives " This frame work, which we have denoted the OPPO, illustrates our belief that enterprise models must give a complete and correct description of relevant aspects of reality in order to address their stated purpose Based on the OPPO framework and an information processing view of project enter prise, we formalize our models using a methodology for describing coordination requirements This is based on a set of interaction matrices to develop so called ' houses of complexity, uncertainty and interdependence ' that describe important dependencies between project require ments (objectives), deliverables (products), activities (process) and team members (organization) We use these dependencies as a basis for deriving measures of the coordination which must take place between various project participants during project execution We can then use these coordination requirements as input to analysis, in the Virtual Design Team (VDT) object oriented discrete event simulation environment The simulation results can be used for systematically assessing predicted effects of proposed changes The framework methodology and analysis is illustrated by an example from engineering design of subsea modules for oil and gas production in offshore field development The results from simulation give various performance measures, including critical path duration, work volume (a substitute for cost), and process performance in coordination (error handling and communication attendance)
A Multidisciplinary Concurrent Design Environment for Consumer Electronic Product Design
Authors: Wang Fu-Chung , Wright Paul K. , Richards Brian C.
Published: March 2007

Most consumer electronic products are electromechanical systems consisting of mechanical components such as structures, enclo sures, and mechanisms combined with electrical components such as printed circuit boards (PCBs) power supplies wires (harness), and switches The design of such multidisciplinary products involves high coordination and cooperation between the two different engineering fields of mechanical and electrical design However, in spite of the advancements of CAD tool development in design automation technology within each field, a gap still exists for good communication between the designers in these two fields during the course of the design This gap makes the design process of such products time-consuming and error prone This paper describes a research effort that facilitates multidisciplinary con current design for consumer electronic products The focus is on how to integrate mechanical and electrical CAD tools into a more flexible and extensible concurrent design environment to share and communicate critical design information during the design process A multidisciplinary cuncurrent design environment based on the CAD framework concept is described Approaches for integrating the design data and information in such a multidisciplinary design environment are discussed A prototyping system for the concurrent design of consumer electronic products is also presented with two preliminary design examples
Concurrent Engineering (CE) in Product Design: A Multicriteria Decision-Making Approach
Authors: Myint San
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a decision-making framework for modeling the design of a discrete part and product for a concurrent engi neering environment. The decision-making aid approach is applied in a situation where the product is existing and needs to be modified or redesigned. The approach comprises mainly of two phases: so called "product realization" and "product optimization." The methodology is applied to a gear box design problem and is implemented in a computerized environment.
Two Systems/One Client: Bringing Families and Schools Together
Authors: Caffery Tom , Erdman Phyllis , Cook Deborah
Published: March 2007

The existing literature that describes the application of family therapy in school settings is replete with inconsistencies in design and implementation. The first part of this article provides an overview of some of these approaches and addresses some of the problems that have been encountered. The second part of the article describes the development of a family/school pilot project that was implemented in a small university town in north Texas.
A Millennial Moment: Analysis of the Research Literature Review Articles
Authors: Kleist David M.
Published: March 2007

For more than 7 years, a variety of authors have written articles for this section of The Family Journal reviewing research in the family and couple counseling field. The coming of the millennium has prompted this author to consider trends and gaps in the research review section. Discussion of future research review possibilities will be discussed.
Surviving Suicide: The Impact on the Family
Authors: Jaques Jodi D.
Published: March 2007

The impact of suicide on the surviving family members has not been thoroughly examined in the literature. This column explores the impact of the suicide of an individual who belonged to a family with two parents and more than one sibling. Parental and sibling grief reactions are provided. Factors related to the family system’s adaptation as well as the adaptation of parental/marital and sibling subsystems are discussed. Finally, interventions and recommendations for helping professionals working with surviving family members are offered.
Theory: Does it Matter?
Authors: May Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the meaning and importance of family theory to practice are explored. The evolution of family theories is acknowledged.
The Unexpected Cotherapist
Authors: Softas-Nall Basilia C. , Baldo Tracy D.
Published: March 2007

The following case is an illustration of an unexpected “cotherapist,” who facilitated rapport in a counseling session. This true story provides a humorous vignette of how resistance was overcome.
Ethical Considerations for the Use of Family Therapy in Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: Whittinghill David
Published: March 2007

This article examines the unique ethical considerations for the provision of family therapy as substance abuse treatment. Use of family therapy as substance abuse treatment has grown rapidly, but the ethical codes that guide clinical practice have not kept pace. Ethical pitfalls specific to family counseling within alcohol and drug treatment programs are identified and guiding ethical principles are presented.
Using Diagnosis and DSM-III-R and IV in Marriage and Family Counseling and Therapy: Increasing Treatment Outcomes without Losing Heart or Soul
Authors: Carlson Jon , Hinkle J. Scott , Sperry Len
Published: March 2007

This article urges mamrage andfamily counselors/therapists (MFC/Ts) to become familiar with theDSM-III-R and IV system as an important tool for effective diagnosis and tailored treatment. TheDSM-III-R with two additional assessment perspectives allows the counselor to rapidly integrate the large data base of couple and family work.
Donald S. Williamson: Intergenerational Family Theorist and Therapist
Authors: Lawson David M.
Published: March 2007

Donald S. Williamson is a leading figure in intergenerational family therapy. This interview focused on his early attraction and introduction to thefield offamily therapy, his development and use of the concept of personal authority in the family system, and his views on family therapy and the training of marriage and family therapists.
Using Self-Report Assessment in Couples Counseling
Authors: Hawley Dale R.
Published: March 2007

Self-report assessment instruments do not seem to be widely used aonwg marriage and family counselors. The purpose of this article is to illustrate ways in which self-report instruments may be used to augment clinical assessment in counseling with couples. Potential barriers and benefits to using self-report instruments in counseling are identified. A case study using an assessment tool measuring multiple areas of relationship functining (ENRICH) is presented. Implications for treatment are discussed.
Counselor Responsibility within Managed Mental Health Care
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Several aspects of third-party payment arrangements often raise ethical concerns relative to confit of interest, but none so clearly as the managed mental health care (MMHC) model's utilization review process. A recent article fram the family counseling literature explores the parameters surrounding this issue and offers recommendatios relative to how c(mflict resolution might best occur
Time-Limited Counseling, Invisible Rationing, and Informed Consent
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

A journal special section comprising three related articles recently appeared in the professional mental health literature. This tripartite special section maintains that when managed care companies reduce the cost of mental health services by substituting time-limited counseling for longer term treatment, a condition identified as "invisible rationing" results. The articles offer ethical, legal, and practice implications for marriage andfamily counselors operating within a managed care context.
Confidentiality and the Duty to Report: A Case Study
Authors: Watts Richard E.
Published: March 2007

In the course of counseling, marriage and family counselors may experience the dilemma of deciding between the necessity of keeping confidential what clients have shared versus the counselor’s duty to report and protect individuals and society in general. In this article, the author presents a case study followed by discussion addressing the issue of confidentiality and the duty to report.
Use of the Identified Patient as the Helper in Family Therapy
Authors: Odom Marilyn , Snow Jason N. , Kern Roy M.
Published: March 2007

Family therapy can be used as an effective intervention to help alcoholic mothers and their children. The Adlerian approach to family therapy views the alcoholic family as discouraged, and treatment strategies are designed to increase the social interest of the mother as well as to increase her parenting skills. A case study is presented of an alcoholic mother who has an only child in a residential treatment center. In birth order dynamics, the only child has a tendency to be overly responsible or “parentified.” The family therapist capitalized on this trait by introducing parenting material to the child and encouraging the child to present this information to his mother through various role-plays. The mother actively participated in the sessions, thus increasing her knowledge of responsible parenting and building her self-esteem.
Career Maturity, Life Role Salience, and Racial/Ethnic Identity in Black and Asian American College Students
Authors: Carter Robert T. , Constantine Madonna G.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined racial/ethnic identity attitudes, career maturity, and life role salience in Black and Asian American college students. Multivariate analyses of variance and canonical correlation analyses were used to explore the associations among these variables. Among Black Americans, significant relationships were found between racial identity attitudes and several life role salience domains. In the Asian American sample, cultural identity attitudes were significantly related to several career maturity domains. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the career development of Black and Asian Americans.
A New Generation of Self-Report Methodology and Validity Evidence of the Ability Explorer
Authors: Harrington Thomas , Harrington Joan
Published: March 2007

Ability scores derived from a new generation of self-report methodology are reported that show patterns which differentiate between college majors. Validation evidence based on job analysis data and self-report concurrent samples is presented.
Concurrent Validity of the 1994 Self-Directed Search for Chinese High School Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Leung S. Alvin , Hou Zhi-jin
Published: March 2007

This study examined the degree of correspondence between the Self-Directed Search (SDS) interest codes of Chinese high school students in Hong Kong (456 girls and 321 boys) and their choices of academic track, university majors, and career. Students in the Science track had higher Realistic and Investigative scores, and students in the Arts track had higher Artistic, Social, and Enterprising scores. The correspondence between the high-point interest code and tentative choices of university majors and career (i.e., hit rates) was generally lower than those reported by past research studies in the United States. There were also gender differences in the SDS scores as well as in the degree of choice congruence. The findings provided some support for the concurrent validity of the SDS for Chinese high school students. The implications of the results on the cross-cultural validity of the SDS are discussed.
Family Interaction Patterns and College Student Career Development
Authors: Hartung Paul J. , Lewis Daniel M. , May Kathleen , Niles Spencer G.
Published: March 2007

We examined whether and how family interaction patterns relate to role salience and vocational identity in a predominantly Anglo-American college student sample (107 women, 65 men). Results indicated significant links between perceived emotional closeness and structural flexibility in the family-of-origin and higher levels of participation in, commitment to, and value expectations for home and family roles. Levels of work-role salience and vocational identity were not significantly related to family-of-origin interaction patterns. Appraising and attending to family-of-origin dynamics may be useful in career assessment and counseling that involves helping clients understand and fit family into their life-careers. Ultimately, determining with more certainty the precise degree of transportability of the family circumplex model to the vocational domain will require continued research in this vein.
Using the Strong Interest Inventory® and the Skills Confidence Inventory to Explain Career Goals
Authors: Chartrand Judy M. , Borgen Fred H. , Betz Nancy E. , Donnay David
Published: March 2007

This article describes how interests and self-efficacy constructs contribute to a better understanding of career behaviors and goals. Specifically, the Strong Interest Inventory and the Skills Confidence Inventory instruments are reviewed and research is presented to illustrate their combined theoretical utility. Examples of how collectively to apply these tools in career assessment are presented. Finally, areas for future research are proposed.
Career Assessment and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: March 2007

This article begins with a brief overview of the theories underlying the development of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (CDMSE; Taylor & Betz, 1983), specifically Bandura's self-efficacy (1977, 1986) theory and Crites's career maturity theory (1978). Research on the correlates and consequences of career decision- making self-efficacy is reviewed, especially that showing the strong relationships of career self-efficacy to career indecision and other indices of problems in career decision-making. This article also reviews the uses of the CDMSE in the design and evaluation of educational and counseling interventions designed to increase perceptions of self-efficacy in relationship to the process of career decision-making.
Assessing Career Search Self-Efficacy: Construct Evidence and Developmental Antecedents
Authors: Solberg V. Scott
Published: March 2007

Evidence in support of career search self-efficacy as a construct is provided through a review of relevant empirical literature. Career search self-efficacy involves one's beliefs about one's own ability to successfully perform career exploration activities. Empirical research supports career search self-efficacy as a construct related to but separate from, agentic personality traits and as related to a number of career outcomes such as career exploration and vocational identity. Empirical research also supports the importance of agency, family processes, identity, and the environment as determinants of career search self-efficacy. A model linking the sources of career search self- efficacy with the effects of career search self-efficacy provides a number of avenues for future research.
Assessment of Perceived Occupational Opportunity for Black Americans
Authors: Chung Y. Barry , Harmon Lenore W.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the development of two new instruments for assessing perceived occupational opportunity for Black Americans: the Perceived Occupational Opportunity Scale—Form B and the Perceived Occupational Discrimination Scale-Form B. Study 1 reports the development of the two measures and the reliability and validity data collected from 231 Black undergraduate students at a midwestern university. Study 2 reports additional reliability and validity data collected from 105 Black and 72 White high school students in a southern metropolitan city. Results suggested adequate reliability and validity evidence for the two scales. Differences in responses to the measures among the three samples were interpreted in a theoretical framework. Practical and research implications of the two measures are discussed.
Reliability and Validity of the Career Influence Inventory: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fisher Teresa A. , Stafford Mary E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this psychometric study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Career Influence Inventory (CII), an instrument designed to assess perceived influences on career development and planning. The CII was administered to 564 undergraduates from several southwestern United States universities. Results of the exploratory factor analysis with an oblique rotation revealed that six constructs comprised the CII: parent, teacher, and friend influences, negative social events, high school academic experiences and self-efficacy, and ethnic-gender expectations. Findings indicate that the negative social events factor should be viewed as an emerging construct in comprehending career development and planning. The Cronbach's alphas for the six factors ranged from .74 to .91. The moderate correlations among most CII factors suggest the dynamic nature of career influences.
Environmental Cooperation at APEC: The First Five Years
Authors: Zarsky Lyuba , Hunter Jason
Published: March 2007

This article develops a theoretical framework of environmental regionalism to assess the environmental track record of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. The first section outlines why and how APEC nations need to cooperate on environmental issues. The authors argue that APEC, defined primarily by a high level of regional economic integration, must address three tasks: (a) building common norms, (b) increasing environmental capacities, and (c) coordinating domestic resource and environmental policy, especially in sectors that are heavily involved in regional trade and investment. The second section examines the politics and consensus-building style of environmental diplomacy at APEC. The third section describes APEC's achievements between 1993—when environmental issues moved into the mainstream—and June 1997—when environment ministers approved the implementation of a regional action program. The final section concludes that, although it has built up some momentum, environmental diplomacy at APEC has not yet reached critical mass.
Inequality in CO2 Emissions Between Poor and Rich Countries
Authors: Heil Mark T. , Wodon Quentin T.
Published: March 2007

Threatened by global warming, most countries agree on the importance of global greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Yet disagreements persist on the distributional issues involved. Poor countries challenge historical and current inequalities in per capita emissions. Rich countries fear the disruptions that may accompany future reductions of their emissions. This article measures the inequality in per capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production and the contributions of poor and rich countries to this inequality through a group decomposition of the Gini index 1960 to 1990. Emissions became only marginally less unequal over the period. The impact on inequality of proposals to curtail future emissions through reductions proportional to current emissions, gross domestic product, and population, as well as fixed and sliding combinations, are discussed. Finally, it is shown how the Gini analysis could be applied to quasi-emissions, which incorporate emissions transactions through a tradable emissions permit system and/or joint implementation.
Empirical Research on International Environmental Policy: Designing Qualitative Case Studies
Authors: Mitchell Ronald , Bernauer Thomas
Published: March 2007

Although empirical research on international environmental politics and policy (IEP) will, by necessity, rely on qualitative case studies, this methodology remains less developed than quantitative procedures. Analysts using qualitative case studies to evaluate and generalize causal inferences can improve their research by following six key research steps. Selecting cases carefully, drawing appropriate causal inferences, and addressing the tension between specificity and generalizability prove particularly important. Analysts should develop theoretically meaningful propositions before selecting cases. Theoretically and practically interesting questions often cannot be answered with politically "hot" cases. Drawing internally valid causal inferences requires clearly defining and measuring dependent, independent, and control variables and selecting cases to control for exogenous variables. Focusing on "hard cases" and explicitly analyzing rival hypotheses produce stronger causal inferences. Analysts should give precedence to internal validity over external validity in their findings. Examples drawn from several environmental issue areas illustrate the method and criteria.
A Shortened Version of the MMPI-2
Authors: Dahlstrom W. Grant , Archer Robert P.
Published: March 2007

A psychometrically sound method of prorating scores from a shortened version of the MMPI-2 is presented to approximate the full-scale raw scores on the basic scales. After a brief review of the history of short versions of the original MMPI and their strengths and weaknesses, justifications for developing and publishing this new version are offered. In spite of the risk of abuse by harassed and over-worked clinicians, there are cogent reasons to make this set of procedures available to practitioners and research investigators. These procedures were devised on the data from the 2,600 men and women in the original MMPI-2 restandardization sample and cross-validated on a sample of 632 test records from a psychiatric inpatient service. The dependability of estimated single raw scores as well as of the patterning of the prorated profile patterns is explored.
Assessing Adolescents' Personality with the NEO PI-R
Authors: De Fruyt Filip , Mervielde Ivan , Hoekstra Hans A. , Rolland Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

The suitability of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) to assess adolescents' personality traits was investigated in an unselected heterogeneous sample of 469 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. They were further administered the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (HiPIC) to allow an examination of convergent and discriminant validity. The adult NEO PI-R factor structure proved to be highly replicable in the sample of adolescents, with all facet scales primarily loading on the expected factors, independent of the age group. Domain and facet internal consistency coefficients were comparable to those obtained in adult samples, with less than 12% of the items showing corrected item-facet correlations below 1 .20 1. Although, in general, adolescents reported few difficulties with the comprehensibility of the items, they tend to report more problems with the Openness to Ideas (05) and Openness to Values (06) items. Correlations between NEO PI-R and HiPIC scales underscored the convergent and discriminant validity of the NEO facets and HiPIC scales. It was concluded that the NEO PI-R in its present form is useful for assessing adolescents' traits at the primary level, but additional research is necessary to infer the most appropriate facet level structure.
Concurrent Validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition As an Intelligence and Achievement Screener for Low SES African American Children
Authors: Campbell Jonathan M. , Bell Stephen K. , Keith Lori K.
Published: March 2007

Authors tested the validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Third Edition (PPVT-III) as a screening measure for intelligence and achievement. The PPVT-III and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) were administered to 416 African American children of low socioeconomic status in a counterbalanced design. Results indicated that the PPVT-III correlated .58 with the KABC Mental Processing Composite (MPC) score; however, participants scored significantly lower (M = 8.3 points) on the PPVT-III than on the MPC. Although receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses supported the use of the PPVT-III as a valid intellectual and achievement screener, the selection of a single cutoff score for the PPVT-IIJ was problematic. The purpose of the screening program should guide selection of a cutoff score for the PPVT-III.
Comparison of Timeline Follow-Back and Averaging Methods for Quantifying Alcohol Consumption in Treatment Research
Authors: Cervantes Elizabeth A. , Miller William R. , Tonigan J. Scott
Published: March 2007

There is as yet no consensus regarding how best to quantify alcohol consumption as an outcome measure in treatment research. Two commonly used methods were compared: the timeline follow-back procedure which reconstructs daily drinking via a calendar, and the grid averaging method employed in the Drinker Profile system. A sample of outpatients being treated for alcoholism was interviewed using both approaches. Similar, though not identical, consumption patterns were obtained with each measure accounting for approximately half of the variance in the other. The relative advantages of these two assessment approaches are considered.
A Short Form of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumples Scales
Authors: Soldz Stephen , Budman Simon , Demby Annette , Merry Jocelyn
Published: March 2007

The 127-item Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) has proven useful in capturing clinically important aspects of client's interpersonal functioning. Alden, Wiggins, and Pincus constructed a 64-item circumplex form of the IIP (IIP-C). We found that an even shorter form was needed for situations involving the screening of patients in a brief time. We, therefore, constructed a 32-item short circumplex form (IIP-SC). This form was found to exhibit excellent internal consistency reliability and strong test-retest correlations in three outpatient samples. It was found to correlate highly with the longer forms of the IIP and to show similar treatment responsiveness to them. The IIP-SC has also been demonstrated to correspond closely to the circumplex model of interpersonal behavior. The IIP-SC is, thus, an adequate substitute for the complete IIP in settings where brevity is important.
Emotional Distress Following Stroke: Interpretive Limitations of the SCL-90-R
Authors: Woessner Russell , Caplan Bruce
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of affective status in medical patients is frequently hampered by the uncertain validity, questionable relevance, or both, of certain items on measures used for this purpose. In this study, we examined the validity of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as a measure of psychological distress in stroke patients. Those SCL-90-R symptoms (N = 19) that were designated by at least 8 of 10 expert raters as "usual consequences of stroke" were labeled "stroke symptoms." These items loaded primarily on the Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Depression scales. Among a sample of 30 patients hospitalized for acute rehabilitation following unilateral stroke, average scores fell at or above the 70th percentile (relative to normative data given in the manual) on five of the nine symptom dimensions and on all three summary indices of distress. Significantly elevated rates of endorsement were found in the stroke group on 12 of the 19 "stroke symptoms" and on 20 of the remaining symptoms as well. Participants with right-hemisphere lesions generally reported higher levels of distress than did the smaller group of patients with left hemisphere involvement. Our study suggests that at least some portion of SCL-90-R elevations is likely to be attributable to endorsement of phenomena that comprise part of the "natural history" of stroke. Our findings underscore the need for clinicians to examine individual responses of neurological patients on such self-report measures, as simple interpretation of summary scale scores can be highly misleading.
Performance of Children with Traumatic Brain Injury on the Cognitive Assessment System
Authors: Gutentag Scott S. , Naglieri Jack A. , Yeates Keith Owen
Published: March 2007

Children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were compared to a matched sample of neurologically normal children and adolescents on several measures of cognitive processing. Each of the children in the TBI group had experienced a closed head injury of moderate to severe magnitude. Participants in both the TBI (n = 22) and control (n = 22) groups ranged in age from 9 to 17 years and lived in the midwestern United States. They were all administered the Cognitive Assessment System (Naglieri & Das, 1997a). Children with TBI earned significantly lower scores in the domains of Planning and Attention than the matched control group. Within-group comparisons showed that the TBI group's Planning and Attention scores were significantly lower than their Simultaneous and Successive scores. The results are consistent with previous literature demonstrating poor performance on measures of attention and executive functions among children who have experienced TBI.
DSM-IV Cluster a Personality Disorder Diagnoses among Young Adults with a 2-7 8 MMPI Profile
Authors: Merritt Rebecca Davis , Balogh Deborah Ware , Kok Cynthia J.
Published: March 2007

The present study evaluated the presence of DSM-IV personality disorders among young adults from a nonclinical setting who produced an MMPI 2-7-8 profile in comparison to a group of MMPI-defined controls. Categorical and dimensional analyses of personality disorders were evaluated. Participants in the 2-7-8 group (n = 20) received significantly more personality disorder diagnoses than did controls (n = 29), and 85% of these individuals received at least one Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) diagnosis in contrast to only 6.9% of controls (categorical analysis). The 2-7-8 group also received significantly more Cluster A diagnoses than Cluster B or C diagnoses. When dimensional analyses were applied (subclinical diagnoses), 95% of the 2-7-8 group evidenced Cluster A features. Comorbidity patterns were also evaluated; the most frequent comorbid diagnosis for the 2-7-8 group was Avoidant Personality Disorder (n = 8), consistent with Meehl's (1962, 1989, 1990) conceptualization of schizotypy. These results support the use of the MMPI 2-7-8 profile as an indicator of schizophrenia-related pathology within nonclinical samples of young adults.
Refining the Measurement of Axis II: A Q-Sort Procedure for Assessing Personality Pathology
Authors: Shedler Jonathan , Westen Drew
Published: March 2007

The measurement of personality disorders (PDs) has proven to be a difficult enterprise. This article describes two initial studies of the validity and reliability of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP), a Q-sort procedure that quantifies clinical judgment, which may be useful both for assessing personality pathology and for empirically refining Axis II categories and diagnostic criteria. In the first study, 153 clinicians from a random national sample used a version of the Q-sort to describe either a prototype or actual patient with either a borderline, antisocial, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder. Correlations between aggregated prototype and actual patient profiles provided evidence for convergent and discriminant validity, and a cluster-analytic procedure (Q-factor analysis) produced revised criteria for the four disorders that minimized the problem of comorbidity. In Study 2, a pilot sample of patients were interviewed using a clinical research interview that mirrors the way clinicians assess personality and PDs. The study yielded promising results with respect to the possibility of obtaining reliable Q-sort descriptions based on an interview that resembles a clinical interview rather than the direct-question format used in current Axis II structured interviews. It also produced strong correlations between Q-sort descriptions made by interview and those made independently by the treating clinician, further supporting the validity of the instrument. The findings suggest the potential utility of the SWAP as a measure of PDs and as a method for empirically refining Axis II categories and criteria.
Reliability and Validity of the SA-45: Further Evidence from a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Maruish Mark E. , Bershadsky Boris , Goldstein Leonard
Published: March 2007

A project designed to demonstrate the benefits of integrating behavioral healthcare services in primary medical care settings provided an opportunity to further investigate the psychometric properties of the SA45 using data from a sample of 126 adults seeking medical services in a family practice setting. Specifically, the appropriateness of the SA45's adult nonpatient norms, as well as cross-validation of its test-retest reliability and construct validity, was investigated from the first set of data gathered for this project. The results suggested that use of the SA45 nonpatient norms with primary care populations is appropriate. Three-month test-retest correlations between Depression scale scores and SA-45 and SA-24-predicted GSI scores were found to be moderate but highly significant. In addition, correlations among the SA-45 scales and indices and their correlations with the SF-12 Mental and Physical Component Summary scales added further support for the psychometric integrity of the SA-45. Finally, only partial indirect support was obtained for the SA-45's ability to accurately classify patients as requiring further evaluation for behavioral health problems. Limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
Discriminant Validity of Self-Reported Anxiety and Depression in Children: Generalizability to Clinic Referred and Ethnically Diverse Populations
Authors: Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Morris Tracy L. , Beidel Deborah C. , Scotti Joseph R. , McLeer Susan V.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, we investigated the relation of childhood anxiety and depression with 240 children (56% clinical referrals, 44% nonclinical referrals) ages 8 to 14 years. Participants were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), two commonly used self-report measures of childhood anxiety and depression. The principal focus of this study was to examine the discriminant validity of these measures at the level of individual items through factor analysis. Although high correlations were found between overall scores on the CDI and STAIC, factor analysis yielded distinct factors of anxiety and depression. Thus, with the inclusion of clinic-referred and ethnically diverse groups, the present study provided support for the generalizability of findings of similar research with non-clinic-referred, primarily-Caucasian samples.
Internship Training in Psychological Assessment: Has Managed Care had an Impact?
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Belter Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Training directors of 84 APA-approved internship programs in psychology responded to a survey on the current status and recent changes in internship training in psychological assessment. There appears to be a slight decline in emphasis on assessment in general, although it is still considered to be an important component of training. There was a surprising endorsement of traditional assessment instruments as important for clinical practice, in spite of a trend toward decreased emphasis on projective methods. The majority of programs have maintained the same degree of emphasis on objective measures, intelligence tests, behavioral methods, and the interview, while increasing emphasis on neuropsychological assessment. Less than half (43%) of the training directors reported that their programs have been significantly affected by managed care, suggesting that the majority of internship sites are somewhat insulated from present trends in marketplace pressures regarding reimbursement for psychological testing. The implications of potential future trends are discussed.
Huntington's Disease: Lessons from and for Molecular Neuroscience
Authors: Young Anne B.
Published: March 2007

The past 2 decades have witnessed an explosion in molecular neurogenetics and neurobiology. The aggres sive application of new techniques to the dominantly inherited disorder, Huntington's disease, defined the standard for the positional cloning of human genetic diseases. A parallel effort from neurobiologists and clinicians has set the stage for the development of potential new therapies for the disease. Along the winding road to finding the gene, many lessons were learned by clinicians and scientists alike. The next decade of research offers new challenges and rewards for those involved with this disease. The Neuroscientist 1:51- 58, 1995
Coupling in Glial Cells: Who Is Coupled, and Why
Authors: Sontheimer Harald
Published: March 2007

One of the features that distinguishes glial cells from most other brain cells is their ability to communicate with each other through cytoplasmic connections established by gap- junctions. Gap-junctions are cell-cell channels composed of two connexons, one con tributed by each communicating cell. These connexons are formed by six connexin mol ecules that assemble in a hexagonal array to form a central pore. As is common for channel proteins, connexins comprise a superfamily of at least 12 members, with molecular weights ranging from 26 to 50 kDa and overall sequence identities of 50%. In the brain, only two connexins are expressed to a significant degree. These are connexin 43 (Cx43), which is the predominant molecular unit of astrocytic gap-junctions, and connexin 32 (Cx32), which forms the gap-junctions in oligodendrocytes and some neurons. The pore formed by these connexins is permeant to ions and small hydrophilic molecules with molecular weights <1 kDa. Molecules believed to be trafficking through gap-junctions include metabolites and second messengers, but hydrophobic molecules and most pro teins are excluded. It is believed that large numbers of glial cells, and particularly astro cytes, participate in syncytia in which cells share a common cytoplasm. Gap-junctions are thought to integrate regional variances between cells and provide a diffusional pathway to facilitate the sequestration and redistribution of ions and neurotransmitters. Recent evidence suggests that astrocytic gap-junction may also allow the passage of cell-cell signals, permitting information to spread in the form of regenerative Ca2+ changes through a glial network. The Neuroscientist 1:188-191, 1995