First measurements of volcanic gas composition at Bagana volcano, Papua New Guinea
Authors: McCormick Kilbride Brendan , Liu Emma , Wood Kieran , Wilkes Thomas , Schipper Ian , Mulina Kila , Richardson Thomas , Werner Cynthia , McGonigle Andrew , Pering Tom , Aiuppa Alessandro , Bitetto Marcello , Giudice Gaetano , Itikarai Ima 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;Bagana volcano, Papua New Guinea, is among Earth&amp;#8217;s youngest and most active volcanoes. Bagana typically exhibits multi-year episodes of lava extrusion, interspersed with pause periods characterised by strong passive degassing. Based on satellite-based observations, Bagana is the third ranked global source of volcanic sulfur dioxide over the past 15 years. Recent work based on global correlations between volcanic gas composition and magma trace element chemistry has predicted that it may be the fifth ranked global volcanic deep carbon source. However, this indirect estimate of Bagana&amp;#8217;s potential carbon budget has yet to be ground-truthed by in-situ sampling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We visited Bagana in September 2019 and made the first measurements of the chemical composition of the volcano&amp;#8217;s summit gas plume. We placed a miniaturized MultiGAS sensor array on board an unoccupied aerial system (UAS, or drone) and flew the sensors through the plume. Our aircraft flew beyond visual line of sight, reaching the gas plume from around 7 km horizontal distance and 2 km altitude below the summit. Such long-range UAS flights offer immense potential for studying gas emissions from such steep, active or remote volcanoes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our MultiGAS flights found relatively low concentrations of both sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in the Bagana plume. Moreover, we made coincident remote sensing measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions using ground- and UAS-based ultraviolet spectroscopy and calculated SO2 fluxes of only ~400 tonnes per day. These are an order of magnitude below the typical fluxes inferred from satellite observations. Combining MultiGAS plume composition (CO2/SO2 molar ratio, mean ~3.4) and SO2 fluxes allow us to estimate Bagana&amp;#8217;s CO2 flux into the atmosphere as only ~1360 t/d.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our interpretation of these results is that the volcano is presently in a low state of activity. From satellite observations, we note the cessation of the most recent extrusive episode several weeks prior to our field campaign. The lack of the anticipated strong passive degassing often observed by spaceborne UV sensors is likely a result of &amp;#8220;scrubbing&amp;#8221; in the volcanic edifice, where rising gases interact with groundwater, resulting in dissolution of sulfur species into the groundwater and perhaps precipitation of sulfur-bearing minerals into edifice fractures. As the volcano moves towards a future extrusive episode, we might anticipate the gradual drying out of the hydrothermal system and a shift towards more truly magmatic gas compositions. Our results show that short campaign measurements may not provide data which are representative of a volcano&amp;#8217;s longterm behaviour and we suggest that caution is needed in using such data to calculate or extrapolate regional and global volatile emissions inventories.&lt;/p&gt;