bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTRESORES ACADÉMICOS EN ESTUDIANTES MIGRANTES Y NO MIGRANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CATOLICA DE SANTA MARÍA
Authors: Chávez Anaya Tania , Cuadros Rivera María Mercedes , López Maque Araceli , Montoya Zea María Fernanda , Requena Esquieros Nikolle , Talavera Aliga Yomira
Published: January 2021

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo para identificar los principales estresores desencadenantes del estrés académico en los estudiantes migrantes y no migrantes de la Universidad Católica Santa María donde se evaluó de forma voluntaria y anónima, se tomó una muestra de 150 estudiantes (38 varones y 112 mujeres) ,75 estudiantes eran migrantes y 75 no migrantes, con una edad promedio de 19 años con una desviación estándar de 2.604. Para ello se utilizó la Escala de Estresores Académicos (ECEA), con un diseño de investigación descriptivo-cuantitativo. De acuerdo a los resultados se encontró que tanto estudiantes migrantes como no migrantes presentaron los mismos niveles de estrés y estos se manifiestan por igual, sin importar el sexo o procedencia a excepción del factor intervenciones en público que se encontró una diferencia significativa en relación a los estudiantes migrantes.
Student Attitudes to Use the Internet
Authors: Gurmińska Katarzyna , Tarapata Jolanta
Published: January 2021

W artykule została podjęta próba zbadania postaw studentów wobec korzystania z Internetu. Przeprowadzona wśród studentów ankieta dotyczyła różnych obszarów funkcjonowania w sieci – w wymiarze indywidualnym i grupowym. Poruszono takie zagadnienia, jak zmiana stylu pracy, kwestie tożsamości w sieci, konsekwencje emocjonalne związane z używaniem Internetu oraz funkcjonowanie poznawcze.
Pengembangan Media Interaktif pada Pembelajaran Matematika Berbasis Kompetensi Abad 21
Authors: Sumiyati Sumiyati , Anriani Nurul , Setiani Yani
Published: January 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan media pembelajaran berupa powerpoint interaktif yang berbasis kompetensi abad 21 pada materi segiempat kelas VII SMP/MTs semester genap. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan atau Research and Development (RD). Model pengembangan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini mengacu pada model pengembangan menurut Borg dan Gall yang meliputi tujuh langkah pokok, yaitu: analisis kebutuhan, kemampuan peneliti sebagai pengembang, produk yang dikembangkan, konsep produk, pengembangan produk, uji ahli dan uji coba lapangan. Hasil penelitian produk media pembelajaran berupa powerpoint interaktif berbantuan iSpring Suite 8 yang berbasis kompetensi abad 21 pada materi segiempat di kelas VII SMP/MTs. Hasil uji kelayakan media pembelajaran ini diperoleh berdasarkan data dari angket penilaian para ahli, yaitu ahli media, ahli materi dan ahli bahasa. Hasil dari ahli media yaitu 87,5%, dari ahli materi 80,62%, dari ahli bahasa 82,69%, semua penilaian para ahli mencapai kategori sangat layak. Sedangkan kepraktisan media pembelajaran diperoleh dari data angket penilaian guru matematika yang hasilnya didapat 77,5% mencapai kategori sangat layak. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara keseluruhan media interaktif pada pembelajaran matematika berupa powerpoint berbantuan iSpring Suite 8 yang berbasis kompetensi abad 21 pada materi segiempat layak digunakan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran matematika.
ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL MATEMATIKA BERDASARKAN KERANGKA PENILAIAN TAKSONOMI TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY 2019
Authors: Alawiyah Neng Nida Yulianti , Patmawati Hetty , Muhtadi Dedi
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis butir soal Ujian Nasional matematika SMP tahun ajaran 2018/2019 berdasarkan domain konten dan kognitif taksonomi TIMSS 2019 serta menganalisis perbedaan antara soal Ujian Nasional dengan soal TIMSS. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian adalah soal Ujian Nasional matematika SMP tahun ajaran 2018/2019. Pengumpulan data menggunakan dokumentasi dan wawancara.  Instrumen penelitian menggunakan  instrumen lembar analisis butir soal. Teknik untuk menganalisis data meliputi mereduksi data, penyajian data, dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu: 1) butir soal Ujian Nasional matematika SMP tahun 2018/2019 berdasarkan domain konten taksonomi TIMSS 2019, domain bilangan dengan proporsi 25% tidak sesuai karena kurang dari TIMSS 2019 namun lingkup materi sesuai, domain aljabar dengan proporsi 32,5% kurang ideal karena melebihi TIMSS 2019 dan lingkup materi tidak sesuai, domain geometri dengan proporsi 27,5% kurang ideal karena melebihi TIMSS 2019 dan lingkup materi tidak sesuai, dan domain data dan probabilitas dengan proporsi 15% tidak sesuai karena kurang dari TIMSS 2019 namun lingkup materi sesuai. 2) butir soal Ujian Nasional matematika SMP tahun 2018/2019 berdasarkan domain kognitif taksonomi TIMSS 2019, domain pengetahuan dengan proporsi 40% melebihi TIMSS namun persebaran aspek kognitif merata, domain penerapan dengan proporsi 40% sesuai dengan TIMSS dan persebaran aspek merata, dan domain penalaran dengan proporsi 20% kurang dari TIMSS dan persebaran aspek kognitif tidak merata. Selain itu terdapat tiga kategori perbedaan soal Ujian Nasional dengan soal TIMSS: 1) domain kognitif soal UN lebih rendah dari pada soal TIMSS; 2) domain kognitif soal UN lebih tinggi dari pada soal TIMSS; 3) domain kognitif soal UN setara dengan soal TIMSS.
Prevalência da perda de peso em pacientes cardiopatas atendidos pelo SUS de uma
instituição filantrópica
Authors: Braga Gabriela Bernabé , Azevedo Emanuela dos Santos , Nunes Vinicius Santana
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Weight loss during hospitalization is a prevalent fact in the hospital environment that
affects a significant number of hospitalized patients. Marked weight loss can lead to malnutrition
and increase the risk of infections, decreased wound healing capacity, increased hospital stay and,
consequently, increase hospital costs and even death. The present study assessed the prevalence of
weight loss in cardiac patients hospitalized by SUS. Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional,
descriptive and analytical study carried out in a philanthropic hospital in the city of Vila Velha, ES,
with data obtained through electronic medical records of adult heart disease patients, related to
nutritional screening and other variables in the period from January to December 2018. Results:
Data from 62 patients were analyzed, 58.1% male and 69.4% elderly. Of the evaluated patients,
41.9% were detected with nutritional risk at admission and 43.5% at hospital discharge. 46.6%
of the patients had weight loss during hospitalization and in relation to BMI, 14.5% of patients
were malnourished, 32.3% were obese. Conclusion: The frequency of weight loss in hospitalized
cardiac patients is worrisome and the fact that a large portion is already entering the hospital
environment with nutritional risk highlights the importance of early nutritional assessment and
intervention regardless of the type of pathology presented.
Comparative Analysis of the Results of Traditional and New Distance Learning Method Among the Master’s Degree Students and Physicians in Uzbekistan
Authors: Zokhid Abdurakhimov
Published: January 2021

The rapid changes in medical theory and practice require physicians to undertake continuing medicaleducation. The low level of qualifications of physicians can eventually lead to medical errors. There is aspecial currency to measure and evaluate the obsolescence of knowledge, the so-called half-life of knowledge.Materials and Method: Analysis of results and evaluations using various forms of training method onone topic between 2nd year master’s degree students (masters) of Tashkent pediatric medical institute andphysicians. Training was conducted traditionally (face-to-face form for periods of each time 1 hundred 10minutes) and distance-based (internet point of-care learning and journal-based continual medical education).The results of tests among 72 masters and 84 physicians were retrospectively analyzed.Results: According to the study, it was found that the average rating in the group of Masters via traditionalmethod with an “unsatisfactory” evaluation was 2 (4%) while in the group of physicians with the sametest the number with an unsatisfactory evaluation was 9 (21%), (which is four times more). The number ofMasters who received a satisfactory evaluation was 12 (23%) (18 physicians received the same evaluation,representing 43%). The number of Masters who got a good evaluation was 23 (43%) and only 10 or 24 %of the physicians got the same score (which is twice less than the result of masters) and 16 (30%) Mastersreceived an excellent rating (5 physicians received the same mark or this was 3 times less).Discussion: More than half of the physicians (being 27 or 64%) responded to the test with an evaluationof “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory”, while only 14 (26% or 2.5 times less) Masters received such marks.Only 15 (35%) physicians received “good” or “excellent” rating, whereas among the masters, this result was39 (60% or 2 times higher than the responses of physicians). However, among the participant soft the onlineprogram unsatisfactory response was not observed. 8 (42%) participants answered satisfactorily, 11 (58%)of the participants responded with good or excellent marks.Conclusions: Following the results of the analysis, the study showed that the increase in theoreticalknowledge has been identified in a larger number of masters. The knowledge gained through traditionalteaching or distance (online and journal form of training) learning, seems virtually identical, and the studyseems to indicate that they even surpass the traditional method of training.
State Rubricator of Scientific and Myoma, Senior Reproductive Age and IVF/IVF+ICSI is there Any Connection?
Authors: M.M. Maksudova
Published: January 2021

In women of older reproductive age, due to the physiological decrease in the ovarian reserve and morefrequent concomitant gynecological disorders, the effectiveness of the IVF/IVF-ICSI protocols is significantlyreduced, which is associated with a smaller number of obtained oocytes and low quality of embryos 5.
Study of Hematological Changes in Local Goats (Capran Aegagrus) at Al-Najaf Province, Iraq
Authors: Mujeeb Towfik Shamsa
Published: January 2021

Goat is among widespread small ruminants in the Iraq and important animal provides nutrient resourcesfor as well as economical source. The blood values and hematologicalparameters can be greatly affected byenvironmental factors such as stress, low grassland pasture, parturition and climate. Thus, it can be reflectedby blood analysis and reliable medium for health and illness status of individual animals.200 of normal and healthy goats (90 males and 110 Females) were selected depending on clinical examinationin Al-Najaf slaughterhouse (Al-Najaf, Iraq). The study was conducted during the summer season. The goutswere divided into subgroups according to sex and age. Then, Blood samples were collected from the jugularvein for the determination of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cells count, and white blood cellscount and sub determination of white blood cell was included neutrophils, small and large lymphocytes,monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and band-cell. Result showed there are nonsignificant different betweenmale and female hematological parameters in all age period except small lymphocytes in gout larger than1 year old and Neutrophils for less than 6-month age. In Conclusion: This study includes values that areconsidered to be the first to be published for the difference in local goats’ breeds (Capran Aegagrus) At Al-Najaf Province, Iraq. Such data is considered as preliminary data which can be used as a reference for furtherstudies.Aim of Study: The aim of the study was to measure hematological parameters in order to monitor the healthstatus of goat breeding with different age in males and female goat.
Understanding Patient Compliance During Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Snigdha Pattanaik
Published: January 2021

The practice of orthodontics has sometimes been described as involving two distinct but related processes,the physiological-mechanical and the psychological-educational. Proper application of appliances to thephysiological-mechanical is essential to successful treatment, but no amount of attention by the orthodontistto sophisticated techniques is likely to have much effect, if those efforts are met with resistance or indifferenceon the part of the patient. But how does one counter that indifference or overcome that resistance? How doesone even understand it? This is a most serious and baffling problem, because it is very difficult for those inthe health professions to distinguish which patients will be compliant and which will not, and to know whatto do about it.
Applied Aspect of Saliva in Orthodontics
Authors: Snigdha Pattanaik
Published: January 2021

Saliva influences oral health both through its non-specific physicochemical properties, as well as throughmore specific effects. The proline-rich proteins, statherin and the histatins are salivary proteins that influencecalcium phosphate chemistry, initial plaque formation and candida infection. Increases or decreases inmastication may affect saliva output. Fixed orthodontic appliances introduce an additional constituent to theoral cavity complex that may enhance the environment in a variety of ways. On the other hand, Orthodontictreatment leads to changes in the oral environmental factors that encourage changes in salivary flow rate,viscosity, pH, bacterial count, increased plaque index, and other more things which all are factors supplementthe risk of caries activity and shake the stability of the oral environment. This manuscript highlights theeffect of saliva on orthodontic treatment.
Nursing Bottle Syndrome: An Overview
Authors: Ayesh Das
Published: January 2021

Nowadays people face several dental issues among them one of the major issues is Nursing Bottle Syndrome.It affects preschool children and infants worldwide. It is one of the common childhood diseases. Driven bya dysbiosis state of oral micro-organism mainly caused by a sugar-rich diet. Little one less than 36 monthsof period if any indication of tooth decay seen than its a sign of acute Nursing Bottle Syndrome. Existenceof single or many blights, lost or restored milk teeth in children aged 5 years or smaller starts with milkor fresh snow spot along the free gingival margin on the surface near the lip of upper central and lateraleyetooth which often goes undetected by folks and caregivers, spreading later to the (deciduous) maxillaryand mandibular first molars,maxillary and mandibular canine followed by maxillary and mandibular 2ndmolar whereas the mandibular molars are not affected (the teeth are affected in the order they erupt). Dentalcare acts as a major part of dental function and is required for phonetic and all-round self-development ofindividuals.
The Effect of the Quality of Health Services on the Satisfaction of Patients at the East Langsa Community Health Center
Authors: Murdiatama Desy , Rifai Ahmad , Anggraeni Indah
Published: January 2021

Service quality and patient satisfaction are the two most important things in Community Health Center (puskesmas) services. This study aims to see the effect of the quality of health services on outpatient satisfaction at Langsa Timur Public Health Center, Langsa City in 2020. This type of research is a quantitative research which is an analytical survey with a cross sectional study approach. The population in this study were 2,116 people. A sample of 95 people using the Slovin formula. The analysis used is univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square test and multivariate analysis with linear regression test, measuring instruments used questionnaires and data processing using computerized with a significance level of P-Sign <0.05. The results of this study are based on the results of univariate analysis, as many as 64 people were dissatisfied and 31 people were satisfied. The results of multivariate analysis showed that physical evidence and responsiveness had an influence on patient satisfaction and physical evidence was dominant. The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of physical evidence and responsiveness on outpatient satisfaction at Langsa Timur Public Health Center, Langsa City.
POETICS OF MYTH IN N. IZHENDEY’S POEM “THE VOICE OF THE UNBORN CHILD”
Authors: Софронова Ирина Владимировна , Артемьев Юрий Михайлович , Исаев Юрий Николаевич
Published: January 2021

В научной статье рассматриваются мифологические образы, мотивы, детали, используемые в творчестве чувашского поэта Николая Ижендея (Петрова). Целью работы является определение роли и значения поэтики мифа в поэме «Суралман ача сасси» («Голос нерожденного ребенка»). Посредством поэтики мифа поэт создает новый вариант мифа о происхождении Ардури (Лешего), применяет для этого представление народа о добром и злом началах, загробном мире, духах предков, описание обрядов, связанных с рождением ребенка. Нестабильное положение в обществе приводит к разрушению связи между поколениями. На этом фоне автор рассматривает проблему судьбы чувашского языка, будущего нации. Предупреждает нас о возможных трагических последствиях, изображая смерть нерожденного ребенка. Мифологические образы и детали позволили поэту передать специфику смутного, переходного периода развития истории страны и народа. Мифологизм способствует углублению семантического пространства художественного текста, придает трагизм сказанному. Смысловое значение используемых поэтом мифологических образов типично и для других авторов чувашской литературы. В завершение статьи делается вывод о том, что поэт использует поэтику мифа для создания своеобразного художественного мира, для описания актуальных проблем современности.

The article considers mythological images, motives, details employed in the works of the Chuvash poet Nikolay Izhendey (Petrov). The aim of the work is to determine the role and significance of the poetics of myth in the poem “Shuralmanachasassi” (“The voice of the unborn child”). Through the poetics of the myth, the poet creates a new version of the myth of the origin of Arshuri (wood spirit), bases on the idea of the people of good and evil principles, the afterlife, the spirits of ancestors, the description of the rituals associated with the birth of a child. The unstable situation in society leads to the generation gap. Against this background, the author examines the problem of the fate of the Chuvash language, the future of the nation; warns us against possible tragic consequences by depicting the death of an unborn child. Mythological images and details allowed the poet to convey the specifics of the vague, transitional period in the development of the history of the country and the people. Mythologism contributes to the deepening of the semantic space of the literary text, adds tragedy to what was said. The semantic meaning of the mythological images used by the poet is typical for other authors of the Chuvash literature. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the poet uses the poetics of myth to create a kind of artistic world, to describe the pressing problems of our time.
REFLECTION OF OVERESTIMATED SELF-ESTEEM IN RUSSIAN AND CHINESE PROVERBS: LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECT
Authors: Шан Вэньцин
Published: January 2021

Отношение к людям и определение своего места в обществе входит в систему нравственных измерений человека, поэтому завышенная самооценка, которая на лексическом уровне номинируется словами заносчивый, чванливый, спесь, высокомерный и др., является фактором, привлекающим внимание говорящих. Она влечет за собой определенные последствия, подлежит оценке носителями языка и культуры - преимущественно негативной - и способствует формированию в культуре стереотипных представлений, принимающих форму пословичных обобщений, о поведении и психологии самоуверенных людей.Анализ массива русских пословиц на фоне китайских с точки зрения выражения в них семантики завышенной самооценки, реализуемой разными средствами, позволяет увидеть расхождения и совпадения в стереотипных представлениях и способах их вербализации. В статье приводятся 7 подгрупп русских паремий, выделенных в соответствии с выражаемыми ими лингвокультурными установками, часть из которых вербализуется и в китайском языке. Вместе с тем несомненны различия в пословицах двух народов, состоящие в отсутствии некоторых представлений у одного из них.

The attitude towards other people and the determination of one’s place in society are included in the system of human moral measurements, therefore, overestimated self-esteem, which is lexically nominated by the words arrogant, snooty, conceited, hubris, etc., is a factor that attracts the attention of speakers. It entails certain consequences, is subject to assessment by native speakers of a language and culture - mostly negative - and contributes to the formation in culture of stereotypical ideas about the behavior and psychology of self-confident people, which takes the form of proverbial generalizations.The analysis of the Russian paremias against the background of the Chinese paremias in terms of expressing the semantics of overestimated self-esteem, which is verbalized by different means, makes it possible to see differences and similarities in stereotypical notions and ways of their verbalization.The article presents 7 subgroups of the Russian paremias, distinguished in accordance with the linguocultural ideas expressed by them, some of which are also verbalized in Chinese. At the same time, there are undoubted differences in the proverbs of the two peoples, consisting in the absence of some ideas expressed by proverbs.
СONTENT BASES OF A LEARNER CENTERED APPROACH IN DISTANCE LEARNING OF ARTS STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY
Authors: Горбачева Диана Александровна , Костенко Елизавета Владимировна
Published: January 2021

В статье рассматриваются содержательные основы личностно ориентированного подхода в дистанционном обучении студентов художественных специальностей в процессе обучения в вузе. В 2020 году весь мир столкнулся с неожиданной для всех ситуацией - пандемией COVID-19, в связи с чем все учебные заведения в РФ были переведены на дистанционное обучение. Следовательно, перед всем миром встал вопрос эффективной организации дистанционного образования. На основе анализа научной литературы по педагогике, психологии, изучения практического опыта дистанционного обучения творческим дисциплинам нами были сформулированы цели личностно ориентированного обучения, а также представлены основные его проблемы. В статье рассматривались методы и принципы профессионального обучения студентов художественных специальностей с применением информационных технологий на примере студентов - будущих художников монументальной живописи исходя из целей личностно ориентированного обучения в рамках дистанционного обучения. В технологиях дистанционного обучения заложен личностно ориентированный потенциал, который реализуется в формировании самостоятельности, ответственности, информационной культуры студента, если преподаватель грамотно подбирает технологии, учитывая личные особенности, опыт, уровень актуального и ближайшего развития студента.

The article discusses the content bases of a learner centered approach in distance learning of Arts university students. In 2020, the whole world faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, all educational institutions in the Russian Federation were transferred to distance learning. The whole world had to deal with the issue of effective organization of distance education. Basing on the analysis of scientific works on pedagogy, psychology, studying the practical experience of distance learning in creative disciplines, the authors have posed the goals of a learner centered education, as well as identified the main problems. The article considers the methods and principles of teaching Arts students on the example of future muralists, basing on the goals of learner centered approach in the framework of distance learning. Distance learning technologies have a learner centered potential, which is implemented in the formation of independence, responsibility, and information culture of the student, if the lecturer competently selects technologies, taking into account personal characteristics, experience, and the level of current and immediate development of the student.
DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL REASON AS THE PURPOSE OF EXTRACURRICULAR EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
Authors: Петрова Мария Петровна
Published: January 2021

На основе идей российского теоретика педагогики А. Асмолова автор подходит к необходимости исследования системы дополнительного образования детей как к механизму формирования практического разума в трех направлениях: овладение умениями и навыками технического мышления; овладение межкультурными компетенциями; раскрытие креативного мышления, творческих способностей детей. Анализируя процесс образования как механизма воспроизводства и преемственности поколений посредством соответствующих историческому периоду способов передачи информации, автор заключает, что в советской, а затем и российской системе сложилось весьма неудачное определение уровней и видов образования: дошкольное, дополнительное, послевузовское и т. д. Определение данных уровней исходит из организационного критерия - школоцентрированного и вузоцентрированного отношения к образовательному процессу. По мнению автора, следовало бы исходить из понимания непрерывности образования в течение всей жизни и ведущих достижений человека на различных его этапах. Дополнительное образование детей строится на принципе неформализации образования [5], что раскрывает новые возможности в условиях расшколивания, усиления внимания к практическим компетенциям, различным видам умений и навыков.

Basing on the ideas of A. Asmolov, the Russian theorist of pedagogy, the author approaches the study of the system of extracurricular education of children as a mechanism for the development of practical reason in three directions: mastering the skills of technical thinking; mastering the intercultural competences; developing creative thinking and creative abilities at children. Analyzing the process of education as a mechanism of reproduction and succession of generations by means of relevant information transfer methods, the author concludes that in the Soviet, then in the Russian system, there has been a rather lame determination of the levels and types of education: preschool, additional, postgraduate, etc. The determination of these levels is based on the organizational criterion: school-centered and university-centered approach to the educational process. According to the author, one should proceed from an understanding of the continuity of a person’s education and achievements of at various stages throughout his or her life. Extracurricular education of children is based on the principle of nonformalization of education [5], which opens up new opportunities in the context of training, paying more attention to practical competences, cultivating various skills.
‘When I feel inclined to read poetry I take down my Dictionary’: Poets and Dictionaries, Dictionaries and Poets
Authors: Brewer Charlotte
Published: January 2021

Many poets choose to use unusual as well as usual words, exploiting their different possible senses, registers, and sounds, together with their varying cultural, geographical, historical, and etymological associations. In consequence, both poets and other writers have regularly turned to dictionaries to provide raw material for their writing, not least to dictionaries with quotations from other writers. Dictionaries have returned the compliment: from Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Language (1755) onwards, many monolingual dictionaries of English – and its constituent geographical varieties – have drawn upon the language of well-known writers to support their definitions of usage. This chapter discusses the mutual attraction between poets and dictionaries, and explores the linguistic issues that this relationship raises, particularly for the OED, with reference to writers and critics such as T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Hugh MacDiarmid, Seamus Heaney, and others.
Lexicography and Modern Poetry
Authors: Sperling Matthew
Published: January 2021

‘Lexicography and Modern Poetry’ provides an overview of the various uses that poets have made of dictionaries since the 1960s. Works by a number of poets from Britain and the United States are discussed, chiefly W. H. Auden, J. H. Prynne, and R. F. Langley, but also Charles Olson, Robert Hass, and Harryette Mullen, among others. Following its early acknowledgement of Michael Davidson’s recognition of the ‘lexical insert’, the essay draws a number of connections between Auden, Prynne, and Langley, before the final section collates a range of examples that illustrate a number of the ways in which poets have attempted to challenge the authority of the dictionary.
A Collected Unconscious: James Merrill’s Dictionaries
Authors: Blades Andrew
Published: January 2021

In The Changing Light at Sandover (1982), James Merrill sketches a tableau of his study, singling out his hardbound set of the Oxford English Dictionary. Indeed, dictionaries were never far from his desk, and their presence is felt in much of his poetry, from interpolated definitions to pastiche etymologies and puns whose effectiveness depends upon a deep and lasting knowledge of the OED and American Heritage Dictionary. This essay takes as its starting point Merrill’s belief that dictionaries constitute a ‘collective unconscious’, discussing how the spirits of the dead are invoked not just by way of Merrill’s poetic experiments with Ouija boards, but through his ongoing fascination with the buried histories of words themselves. In close readings of Sandover, as well as some of Merrill’s later lyrics, it charts the poet’s lifelong preoccupation with acts of definition, and suggests that his poetry ultimately takes more delight in the ramifications of words than their roots.
Long Poems about Everything: Dictionary as Subject and Model for Poem, 1974–2016
Authors: Goodland Giles
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the use of dictionaries and books of reference as a motif and a formal device in American poetry, particularly in the avant-garde stream, from Zukofsky to the Language poets, with special reference to the work of Ron Silliman and Tina Darragh. It distinguishes long poems in the Whitman tradition, which attempt to comprehend the world in the form of lists and extended descriptions, often using alphabetical orderings or other kinds of organisation similar to dictionaries, and smaller works of visual poetry able to subvert the notion of definition in a dictionary.
The Cry of the World
Authors: Glissant Édouard
Published: January 2021

Introduces some key concepts: hybridity, ‘Relation’, the relation between oral and written language, creolization, the chaos-world, multilingualism and ‘opacity’ (i.e., we do not need to understand the other in order to relate to him/her.) From now on, we can all hear the cry of the world, i.e. we are conscious of struggles in faraway places, and we live in ‘common places’ that we are learning to share. Glissant contrasts the ‘system’ with its positive alternative, the ‘trace’. Identity is recast as a relational ‘rhizome’ (cf Deleuze and Guattari), rather than a single self-sufficient ‘root’. (p.11). He stresses the importance of defending languages that are in danger of disappearing, but also discusses the virtues of translation. He describes the founding of the International Writers Parliament in Strasbourg.
The Time of the Other
Authors: Glissant Édouard
Published: January 2021

Glissant introduces the concept of measure, seen as both a search for depth and the inspiration of the spatial expanse. This is followed by a long section on the European Middle Ages, where diversity gradually gives way to classicism. He discusses our anxiety about our contemporary loss of control over history; and then the rhetorics of orality, and whether the transcendence and the sacred connotations of writing is being challenged. Orality is seen as a form of Relation, characterized by multiplicity and circularity as opposed to the linearity of traditional rhetoric. Baroque art in the Americas is linked with orality.
Punctuations
Authors: Glissant Édouard
Published: January 2021

As its title perhaps suggests, this chapter – even more than the others - covers a number of disparate themes. Glissant starts by contrasting continents with archipelagoes: continents are sites of intolerance and rigidity, whereas the archipelagoes of the Caribbean and Pacific Oceans promote diversity, mixing and passage. He goes on to praise the work of the Islamist scholar Jacques Berque, and then discusses Senghor, who together with Césaire founded the Negritude movement. The chapter then returns to familiar themes: land versus territory; creolization; atavistic versus composite cultures; identity as root and as rhizome; and Genesis and filiation. It concludes with a discussion of the writer Maurice Roche, whom he compares with Leiris.
Objections to this ‘Treatise’ by Mathieu Beluse, and Reply
Authors: Glissant Édouard
Published: January 2021

Here Glissant returns to the importance of creolization in preserving diversity, and contrasts it with the notion of integration, which suppresses diversity and exerts pressure on individuals to conform to the dominant culture of the country they are living in, thus promoting an ideal of uniformity. In this context he then discusses the motives and experiences of immigration. The final section of the chapter is devoted to the popularization of science.
Madama Butterfly Revised
Authors: Monserrati Michele
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 introduces a view of the journey in Japan from a female perspective. The few examples of Italian women writers in Japan are concentrated in the second half of the 20th century, in particular during the 1980s, with the increasing transformation of women’s roles in both societies. As travel was traditionally conceived of as a male privilege and dominated by his mode of narration, the chapter argues that the women’s travelogues to Japan bring (although not always) a fresh perspective and an alternative look at Japanese society, with particular regard to the image of women. This chapter builds on the reactions that Italian women travelers experienced when observing a similar process of change in gender power relations in Japan. By contrasting Eurocentric views (Angela Staude) with cosmopolitan approaches (Antonietta Pastore), this chapters shows the shortcomings of a gender theory that poses essentializing differences between men and womens’ travel narratives, while at the same time recognizes in the woman traveler a ‘potential’ ability to detect and, therefore, sanction inequalities and discriminations.
Introduction: Temp/orality in Law and East African Literature
Authors: Leman Peter
Published: January 2021

The introductory chapter establishes a critical framework for reading oral jurisprudence in East Africa in relationship to narratives of temporality in British colonial law, colonial and postcolonial literatures, and modern law generally. I begin with a brief analysis of the 2012 trial Mutua and others v. The Foreign Commonwealth Office to illustrate the relationship between law and time and the lasting effects of the British Empire’s “crisis of modernity,” or simultaneous promotion of and retreat from modernity as it faced resistance in the colonies. I then theorize the oral-legalistic strategies that colonial subjects developed to exploit this crisis and restore, imaginatively at first, what was lost in the encounter with colonial time. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o has argued that orature, in particular, “played the most important role” in anti-colonial struggles, and this is so because of its relationship to the deep history of colonial law, which unwittingly empowered legalistic orature with the force of subversion as well as restoration. I conclude with a discussion of East Africa’s important but misunderstood place in the history and development of modern law.
Between Formal and Infinite Time: Labor Law and Revolutionary Futures in Kenyan Popular Performance
Authors: Leman Peter
Published: January 2021

Chapter two examines Kenyan orature and revolutionary performance in relationship to the history of colonial labour law, which became increasingly oppressive through emergency regulations. Among the most important responses to this history is that offered by novelist, activist, and playwright Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. Recognizing that the state and the oral artist are “rivals” in articulating and disseminating the law and, further, that orature played “the most important role” in anti-colonial struggles, Ngũgĩ draws heavily on Kikuyu and other Kenyan oral traditions in addressing the history of exceptionalized labour law and its lasting effects in the postcolonial period. Through workers’ songs, revolutionary hymns, proverbs, and myths, Ngũgĩ’s theatre draws on the performative force of oral jurisprudence to challenge the temporal foundations of colonial labour law and also explore alternative models of democratic work that embody a vision of Kenya’s future. Specifically, I argue that through oratorical strategies (including formal open-endedness) in The Trial of Dedan Kimathi (1976) and “Mother, Sing for Me” (1983), Ngũgĩ and his co-authors “[break] the barrier between formal and infinite time,” constellating (in the Benjaminian sense) past moments of revolution with both the present and possible revolutionary futures.
The Arrival of Motorcars
Authors: Yoshikawa Saeko
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the earliest period of motor tourism and how the Lake District responded to the gathering motor revolution. In 1897 one of the first adventurous motorists, Henry Sturmey, successfully crossed Kirkstone Pass, and within a decade the first motor tourists began to penetrate all corners of the district. As their numbers increased so did complaints about dust, noise, fumes, speed, and the expense of building and maintaining the roads. Proposals to make a new road over remote Styhead Pass, for example, provoked disputes just as the railway projects had done, and Wordsworth was summoned to defend mountain solitudes and the rights of walkers against invading motorists. The chapter reveals how motor tourism rapidly transformed people’s awareness of the environment in which they lived and travelled, and how Wordsworthian values of natural beauty and quiet, the sense of retirement, and the recreational value of walking were increasingly drawing tourists’ attention.
Landscape, Industry, Piety
Authors: Jones Kathryn N. , Tully Carol , Williams Heather
Published: January 2021

French texts written during the French Revolution, the period of rapid industrialization that followed it, and the 1904-1905 Welsh Revival are shown to reflect concerns in France. Following the Revolution the young Republic was grappling with the reinvention of its own past, and both the Gauls and Celts came into vogue. This is reflected in the development of travelogues to Wales, in which Switzerland, the dominant Romantic point of comparison slowly gives way to a concern with Celticness, and Brittany becomes the preferred prism through which to view Wales. A wish to view industrial progress and feats of engineering first hand is the other factor responsible for the huge increase in French travelogues to Wales during the course of the nineteenth century. By the start of the twentieth century however, the industrial communities of south Wales are the setting for a religious Revival, and travelogues from this period interpret the Revival as a specifically Welsh phenomenon. The chapter concludes that the Revival narratives constitute a paradigmatic shift, as continental travellers begin to view Wales on its own terms, rather than through the filters of Switzerland, Brittany or England.
Patriotism, Pan-Celticism and the Welsh Cultural Paradigm in Travel Writing in French from 1830 to 1900
Authors: Jones Kathryn N. , Tully Carol , Williams Heather
Published: January 2021

This chapter covers the period when Wales’s Celticness dominated French views. It contrasts travelogues by ‘Celtomaniac’ visitors with those by travellers with other agendas, such as social justice. While industrial locations in south Wales continued to attract French interest, discussion of the Welsh language and culture is now often inseparable from the descriptions of the changing landscape and workforce. A number of these texts describe Eisteddfodau, and discussion of a cluster of travelogues prompted by the visit of a Breton delegation to the Cardiff National Eisteddfod of 1899 considers to what extent these travellers’ idealized expectations of Wales as a role model, in terms of its ability to adapt to modernity while preserving its traditions, are met. Nevertheless, this episode also suggests the extent to which encounters between peripheries remain within and become subsumed by the mediating framework of the relationship with the centre, as Bretons and Welsh negate their reciprocal cultural identities by designating the other as English and French. Both French chapters show Wales going from a little-known quantity to being considered as an intriguing Celtic ‘other’.
Identity, Celtomania and the Narrative of Wales in Travel Writing in German from 1850 to 1905
Authors: Jones Kathryn N. , Tully Carol , Williams Heather
Published: January 2021

The focus of travelogues shifts from the industrial to the cultural, while the advance of Celtic Studies on the Continent leads to a far deeper engagement with the indigenous culture. Many such engaged writers viewed the development of tourism, of which they were of course a symptom, as a palpable threat to the survival of Welsh culture. This reflects concerns about the situation closer to home as the German states moved towards unification in 1871 and the realisation of a political underpinning to the long-held sense of a common ‘national’ German identity. The image of Wales which emerges by the end of the century is a distillation of cultural elements, - bards, princes, legends, - which can to some extent be seen as an attempt to preserve the cultural alterity deemed to be under threat. This century of Germanophone writing about Wales sees the consolidation of a Welsh narrative which, while sharing numerous themes with Francophone writers, nevertheless addresses over time a number of key German concerns around national identity, the advance of modernity and the place of ancient cultures in the modern world.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Bridget
Published: January 2021

The introduction outlines current scholarship in the field of eschatology in ancient Greece, and it highlights the importance of this book in offering a unique and concentrated study on the dead in fifth-century Greek tragedy. This study extends far beyond the manifest stage-dead by considering, for example, the possible physical and metaphysical effects of exposure and mutilation on the dead in the Underworld, and the different roles the dead play in enacting revenge in the world of the living. The introduction presents the parameters within which the dead are examined in this book, whereby the arguments and conclusions relate specifically to the dead in tragedy and should not and cannot be taken as contemporary fifth-century “beliefs”, although there is inevitable overlap.
The living harming the dead: Exposure, mutilation and exclusion
Authors: Martin Bridget
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the living exposing, mutilating (including maschalismos) and/or denying funeral rites to the dead and argues that these acts should be understood as harmful interaction between the worlds of the living and the dead. It presents a framework for understanding the umbrella terms “burial” and “exposure” and questions the impact of these on the deceased in the tragic Underworld, considering both physical and metaphysical outcomes. It concludes that acts of desecration resulted in dishonour for the deceased that manifested in a dual-world combination of social exclusion in the world of the dead and eventual disappearance from societal memory in the world of the living.
Preface: In Search of the Emerald City: Lessons from the Tin Woodman
Authors: Murray Stuart
Published: January 2021

Near the beginning of L. Frank Baum’s The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), Dorothy and the Scarecrow, en route to the Emerald City, come across the Tin Woodman, a rusting metallic figure, forgotten and left in a wood. When oiled and liberated from his paralysis, the Woodman explains in an extended anecdote to his rescuers the circumstances behind his transformation from human forest labourer to a figure constructed entirely from tin:...
(Post)human Subjects, Disability Deployments
Authors: Murray Stuart
Published: January 2021

Chapter One concentrates on recent theoretical writings on disability and posthumanism and also explores the intellectual spaces in which the subjects take shape, before moveing to a discussion of how these come together in select science fiction films. Disability Studies and critical posthumanism have much in common; a critique of humanist norms; a recognition of complex embodiment; and a commitment to intersectionality and inclusive practice among them. But they also harbour suspicions of one another. The most important divergence between the two subject areas comes in arguments surrounding transhumanism. Transhumanist assertions that the application of future technology will allow for bodily and neurological enhancement, and the ‘improvement’ of humans as a result, are met with hostility by many with disabilities who see in them suggestions that disability is a condition that might, and indeed should, be eradicated in a science-led drive towards ‘perfection’. The chapter will explore these and other debates, especially as they form around cultural representations and the ways stories are told about the bodies and technologies of the future.
Reading Disability in a Time of Posthuman Work: Speed, Sleep and Embodiment
Authors: Murray Stuart
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the place of disability in a time of posthumanist work. Work and employment are categories in which there are many public narratives about the ‘problems’ of people with disabilities. In a contemporary late-capitalist world that privileges ideas of work productivity and efficiency, those with disability are frequently deemed ‘slow’ or inefficient. The chapter explores claims made about 24/7 work cultures, seen through ideas of speed and time. It reads narratives of embodied work, in which disability is a central driver of depictions of subjectivity; and of sleep, a state deemed to be highly ‘unproductive’ and, as such, problematically wasteful. It focuses on a range of contemporary fiction to make its arguments.
Ice, Fire and Flood: A Short Pre-history of Climate Fiction
Authors: Milner Andrew , Burgmann J.R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that catastrophic climate change fictions have been organised around three main tropes: the new ice age, the burning world and the drowned world. Of these, only the last has a deep history in the Western mythos, dating back to stories of a Great Flood in Genesis and the Epic of Gilgamesh. When modern science fiction (SF) began to take shape in the early nineteenth century, it inherited a preoccupation with the Flood from its parent cultures, for example, Mary Shelley’s The Last Man, Richard Jefferies’s After London and Jules Verne’s Sans dessus dessous. This flood motif continued to be important in American pulp SF. Cooling and warming are more recent preoccupations, dating from the widespread acceptance of ice age theory and greenhouse theory in the late nineteenth century. For most of the twentieth century both science and SF were more interested in cooling. But in the closing quarter of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first, widespread scientific concern that anthropogenic warming might more than offset longer-term cooling led to the development of contemporary ‘cli-fi’, concerned primarily with the effects of global heating.