bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Whyman Susan E.
Published: October 2018

The introduction shows the convergence and intertwining of the Industrial Revolution and the provincial Enlightenment. At the centre of this industrial universe lay Birmingham; and at its centre was Hutton. England’s second city is described in the mid-eighteenth century, and Hutton is used as a lens to explore the book’s themes: the importance of a literate society shared by non-elites; the social category of ‘rough diamonds’; how individuals responded to economic change; political participation in industrial towns; shifts in the modes of authorship; and an analysis of social change. The strategy of using microhistory, biography, and the history of the book is discussed, and exciting new sources are introduced. The discovery that self-education allowed unschooled people to participate in literate society renders visible people who were assumed to be illiterate. This suggests that eighteenth-century literacy was greater than statistics based on formal schooling indicate.
Hutton Becomes a Bookseller
Authors: Whyman Susan E.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 depicts Birmingham’s booming print culture and maps its members, activities, and locations. Bookshops, printers, libraries, lecturers, and debating societies offered self-education to non-elites who enjoyed cultural activities. Hutton sold second-hand books and ran a circulating library. He disseminated useful knowledge for ‘the meaner sort’ and sold cheap paper to workshops. His neglected cashbook (1751–3) lists 1,038 books, stationery, and services. Charts and tables analyse the items he sold by type, subject, price, and sales. The cashbook’s references to ‘reading’ present new evidence of the role of the bookshop as an early community reading centre. Hutton’s very low prices also challenge the orthodoxy that non-elites could not afford to read. The books he sold were practical products, not the pathway to politeness that dominates eighteenth-century studies. Book bills, catalogues, and inventories of the contents of Hutton’s shop reveal the mechanics of selling and consuming books in rare detail.
Introduction
Authors: Lemons J. Derrick
Published: October 2018

The introduction argues that a growing number of anthropologists and theologians are ready to engage each other’s discipline but struggle to find a framework that supports this type of inquiry. In December 2014, J. Derrick Lemons began a project that gathered anthropologists and theologians to discover how theology can aid the research of anthropologists of religion and how anthropology can aid theologians in developing a more nuanced and deeper understanding of faith. From this collaboration, two frameworks emerged—named stratified and transformational—within this approach to research called “theologically engaged anthropology.” The emergence of the field of theologically engaged anthropology opens the door for social scientists to use theology to gain a deeper understanding of religion and for theologians to learn from an engagement with “lived” religion across various times and societies. This introduction defines the stratified and transformational research frameworks.
The Dependence of Sociocultural Anthropology on Theological Anthropology
Authors: Larsen Timothy , King Daniel J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that classic Christian theological anthropology has emphasized that all human beings are part of the one human family descending from Adam and Eve, created in the image of God, yet fallen and sinful. These beliefs have been traditionally expounded with reference to Genesis 1–3. Sociocultural anthropologists, in contrast, have often prided themselves on shedding Christian beliefs. The Genesis narrative, in particular, has been the object of attacks. Nevertheless, when some nineteenth-century freethinking anthropologists argued that belief in the monogenesis of the human race was just the result of the influence of an erroneous Judeo-Christian myth, the discipline weeded such thinking out of its midst. Thus, even as it sidelined Christianity, orthodox anthropology from the founding of the discipline to the present has affirmed the doctrine of the psychic unity of humankind. This essay argues that this foundational conviction of anthropology is informed by Christian thought.
Introduction
Authors: Ceccarelli Paola , Doering Lutz , Fögen Thorsten , Gildenhard Ingo
Published: October 2018

The Introduction surveys scholarly work on letter-writing in the ancient world. While generally of a high standard and often interdisciplinary in nature, bridging such fields as Near Eastern and Jewish Studies, Biblical Studies, Patristics, and Classics, research on ancient epistolography often marginalizes the role of letters in constituting and sustaining communities of various stripes (political, social, ethnic, religious, philosophical). The introduction explores various reasons for this oversight (the overriding importance given to face-to-face communication in public settings, the apparently ‘private’ nature of corresponding via letters, its low rank in the hierarchy of genres, and the marginal status this aspect of letter-writing has in ancient epistolary theory) before outlining why letters played such a vital role in ancient community-building, with an emphasis on long-distance communication, permanence, and the genre’s ideological flexibility and strong pro-social outlook. The second half offers a narrative of the volume, with summaries of its thirteen case studies.
Couriers and Conventions in Cicero’s Epistolary Network
Authors: Bianca-Jeanette Schröder
Published: October 2018

There was no postal service in antiquity: transmission of letters therefore always involved someone who carried the letter from sender to addressee. This chapter shows that the courier has to be inserted, as an important figure in his own right, into the complex and fascinating picture of etiquette and interaction that defined ancient epistolary communication. With special reference to the correspondence of Cicero, Schröder demonstrates that the author of a letter had to take into account not only the letter’s recipient and other potential readers within his circle (and beyond) but also, and every bit as much, the courier, who loomed over the potential contents of any letter as an inevitable frame and first filter. Detailed readings of passages from Cicero’s epistolary corpus illustrate the implications of this hitherto much-neglected aspect of letter-writing for our understanding of his correspondence.
Tyrants, Letters, and Legitimacy
Authors: Lewis Sian
Published: October 2018

The chapter explores the part played by letters in how tyrants in the world of fifth- and fourth-century BCE Greece exercised power, with a specific emphasis on processes of decision-making and the role of state institutions that embedded the ruler within the wider political community. The focus is on the place and function of letters in the traditions surrounding the rulers of Syracuse (Dionysius I and II, Timoleon, and, moving into the Hellenistic period, Agathocles). A nuanced picture emerges: whereas the classical tyrants did not attempt to impose a model of rule through written communication within their poleis, where traditional oral methods of rule continued, in communications outside the polis tyrants moved gradually towards the letter as part of the consolidation of their rule.
Powers in Dialogue
Authors: Mari Manuela
Published: October 2018

Building on a slate of recent discoveries and publications, the chapter investigates how the Macedonian kings employed letters and so-called diagrammata to interact with and to rule over cities within their reign and regions under their control. It thus brings to life the diplomatic activity between court and constituencies that defined the political culture of fourth-century BCE Macedonia: the different types of missives used by the kings yield important insights into the administrative hierarchies and institutional procedures (as well as the ‘styles’ of exercising power) that sustained royal rule. Specifically, Mari reconsiders the role and function of the epistatai (the local administrators who received the letters and were in charge of distributing the royal message): as initial addressees of the royal correspondence but frequently nominated by the local community, they mediated between centre and periphery and thus functioned as vital nodes in imperial administration.
Letters and Decrees
Authors: Ceccarelli Paola
Published: October 2018

During the Hellenistic period, royal correspondence constituted a challenging mode of diplomacy for polis communities. The chapter offers a case study of how one such community, Magnesia on the Maeander, responded to the challenge. The dossier in question concerns the request of acceptance of a new contest for Artemis Leukophryene, first celebrated in 208 BCE, which Magnesia addressed to all of the Greek world. The answers from kings, leagues, and cities make it possible to compare different ‘discursive styles’, in particular the contrastive ideologies of power instantiated in the royal letter and the city-decree. In addition, Ceccarelli shows how the way in which they were set up in the agora of Magnesia affords insights into the Magnesians’ own perception of these acts of international diplomacy—and how they used the responses to project an image of a political community that was both internally cohesive and well connected with the outside world.
Integrable Models
Authors: Rajeev S. G.
Published: October 2018

Some exceptional situations in fluid mechanics can be modeled by equations that are analytically solvable. The most famous example is the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation for shallow water waves in a channel. The exact soliton solution of this equation is derived. The Lax pair formalism for solving the general initial value problem is outlined. Two hamiltonian formalisms for the KdV equation (Fadeev–Zakharov and Magri) are explained. Then a short review of the geometry of curves (Frenet–Serret equations) is given. They are used to derive a remarkably simple equation for the propagation of a kink along a vortex filament. This equation of Hasimoto has surprising connections to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and to the Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism. An exact soliton solution is found.
Curvature and Instability
Authors: Rajeev S. G.
Published: October 2018

The Euler equations of a rigid body can be understood as the geodesic equations for a metric on the rotation group. A rapid introduction to the Riemannian geometry of Lie groups (following Milnor) is given and illuminated by the example of the rigid body. The deep generalization of Arnold to the case of an incompressible fluid is then explained. The Euler equations of an ideal incompressible fluid are shown to be geodesics of the group of volume preserving diffeomorphisms. The curvature of this metric is calculated. Contrary to the case of the rigid body, the curvature is negative, implying that the dynamics of such a fluid is highly unstable. Some ideas on how geodesic dynamics is modified by dissipation are introduced. This leads to new generalizations of Riemannian geometry.
Spectral Methods
Authors: Rajeev S. G.
Published: October 2018

Thenumerical solution of ordinary differential equations (ODEs)with boundary conditions is studied here. Functions are approximated by polynomials in a Chebychev basis. Sections then cover spectral discretization, sampling, interpolation, differentiation, integration, and the basic ODE. Following Trefethen et al., differential operators are approximated as rectangular matrices. Boundary conditions add additional rows that turn them into square matrices. These can then be diagonalized using standard linear algebra methods. After studying various simple model problems, this method is applied to the Orr–Sommerfeld equation, deriving results originally due to Orszag. The difficulties of pushing spectral methods to higher dimensions are outlined.
Networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

The study of networks, including computer networks, social networks, and biological networks, has attracted enormous interest in recent years. The rise of the Internet and the wide availability of inexpensive computers have made it possible to gather and analyse network data on an unprecendented scale, and the development of new theoretical tools has allowed us to extract knowledge from networks of many different kinds. The study of networks is broadly interdisciplinary and developments have occurred in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer and information sciences, biology, and the social science. This book brings together the most important breakthroughts in each of these fields and presents them in a unified fashion, highlighting the strong interconnections between work in different areas. Topics covered include the measurement of networks; methods for analysing network data, including methods developed in physics, statistics, and sociology; fundamentals of graph theory; computer algorithms, including spectral algorithms and community detection; mathematical models of networks such as random graph models and generative models; and models of processes taking place on networks.
Technological networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

An introduction to technological networks and their measurement. The internet is discussed at some length, including a description of its overall structure, methods for measuring it based on traceroute and the Border Gateway Protocol, and representations of the network at the level of routers, domains, and autonomous systems. Other technological networks discussed in this chapter include the telephone network, power grids, transportation networks, and distribution networks.
Mathematics of networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

An introduction to the mathematical tools used in the study of networks. Topics discussed include: the adjacency matrix; weighted, directed, acyclic, and bipartite networks; multilayer and dynamic networks; trees; planar networks. Some basic properties of networks are then discussed, including degrees, density and sparsity, paths on networks, component structure, and connectivity and cut sets. The final part of the chapter focuses on the graph Laplacian and its applications to network visualization, graph partitioning, the theory of random walks, and other problems.
Measures and metrics
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the measures and metrics that are used to quantify network structure. The chapter starts with a discussion of centrality measures, which are used to identify central or important nodes in networks. Measures discussed include degree centrality, eigenvector centrality, PageRank, closeness, and betweenness. This is followed by a discussion of groupings of nodes like cliques and components, transitivity measures including the clustering coefficient, structural balance in networks, similarity measures, and assortative mixing.
The structure of real-world networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

This chapter brings together the ideas and techniques developed in previous chapters, applying them to a range of real-world networks to describe and understand the structure of those networks. Topics discussed include the observed component structure of networks, average path lengths between nodes and the small-world effect, degree distributions including power-law distributions and scale-free networks, clustering and transitivity, and assortative mixing.
Percolation and network resilience
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

A discussion of the site percolation process on networks and its application as a model of network resilience. The chapter starts with a description of the percolation process, in which nodes are randomly removed from a network, and of the percolation phase transition at which a giant percolating cluster forms. The properties of percolation on configuration model networks are studied, including networks with power-law degree distributions, and including both uniform and non-uniform removal of nodes. Computer algorithms for simulating percolation on real-world networks are also discussed, and numerical results are given for several example networks, including the internet and a social network.
Dynamical systems on networks
Authors: Newman Mark
Published: October 2018

An introduction to the theory of dynamical systems on networks. This chapter starts with a short introduction to classical (non-network) dynamical systems theory, including linear stability analysis, fixed points, and limit cycles. Dynamical systems on networks are introduced, focusing initially on systems with only one variable per node and progressing to multi-variable systems. Linear stability analysis is developed in detail, leading to master stability conditions and the connection between stability and the spectral properties of networks. The chapter ends with a discussion of synchronization phenomena, the stability of limit cycles, and master stability conditions for synchronization.
Strengthening Redistribution
Authors: Nolan Brian , Leventi Chrysa , Sutherland Holly , Tasseva Iva
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with redistribution by the state via cash transfers and direct taxes, which is influential on how incomes evolve for working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution. It looks at trends in redistribution over recent decades across the OECD, and investigates via in-depth analysis of alternative strategies put forward by Atkinson (2015) applied to the UK how redistributive capacity can best be strengthened. One approach is to increase direct taxes in a progressive fashion and use the proceeds to enhance the generosity and impact of existing cash transfers for adults and children. More radically, such a tax increase and increased payments for children could be combined with a ‘basic income’ for all adults. The initial impacts of these measures on overall inequality and on incomes around and below the middle of the distribution are investigated via a micro-simulation exercise, and broader lessons for rich countries brought out.
Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?
Authors: Paskov Marii , Madia Joan E. , Goedemé Tim
Published: October 2018

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.
Fluctuations of Electron and Nuclear Spins
Authors: Glazov M. M.
Published: October 2018

In thermal equilibrium, both electron and nuclear spin systems are unpolarized on average, but characterized by nonzero fluctuations. These fluctuations are inevitable due to the quantum-mechanical nature of spin. The physics of spin fluctuations in electron and nucelar systems is studied in this chapter. The intensity and dynamics of these inevitable stochastic fluctuations of spins contain information on spin relaxation and decoherence times, spin precession period, and interactions in spin systems. The theory of spin fluctuations in semiconductor nanosystems as well as experimental advances in the field of spin noise spectroscopy are reviewed. Specific situations where the spin noise spectroscopy can be particularly useful for spin dynamics studies are discussed, the analysis of recent progress in the field of nonequlibrium spin fluctuations is also presented.
Issues arising from quantum physics
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The unresolved problem of the physical interpretation of quantum theory is laid out, and comments on existing attempts to solve it are given. The chapter then discusses ways in which the quantum picture of physical reality may or may not have something to offer to our understanding of human identity and divine action. It is unknown whether the physical expression of human identity relies on the more subtle features of quantum states. If it does, then it may be physically impossible to make copies of personal beings such as humans, and it may be invalid to invoke a reductionist model of brain function. However, this remains unknown and it is premature to make extensive claims. The same applies to the question of divine action. But quantum physics offers many positive lessons in truth-seeking, technology, humility, living with unanswered questions, and in enlarging our theological imagination.
General relativity, language, and learning
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

General relativity is the theory of space, time, and gravity introduced by Albert Einstein. The chapter introduces the concepts of this theory, for a general reader, with a view to showing how they offer useful wider perspectives on language and learning. Space–time is an elusive reality, never directly perceived yet always the arena for what is perceived. When space–time is itself malleable and dynamic, our attempts to probe it are fraught with the difficulty that we don’t initially know even what type of question we may be asking. The empirical answers teach us what our questions really mean. This offers useful metaphors and lessons in thinking, especially to the more subtle and more demanding task of theological reflection.
The argument from design
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The argument from design is, generically, an attempt to argue from features of the natural world to the conclusion that it is the result of intelligent or considered creative action. The chapter examines various forms of this argument, especially those involving fine tuning, and finds them wanting. An approach based on Bayesian accumulation of evidence is also critiqued. The problem with all these approaches is that they misconstrue the situation one is in when it comes to deciding on what basis a relationship to God should be built. A relationship built on impersonal foundations can only be impersonal. But it remains perfectly appropriate to embrace the human instinct to allow a sense of wonder to increase one’s openness to God. Furthermore, the very inclination to see physical events as intelligible is itself a religious response, a recognition that the world is neither arbitrary nor meaningless.
Biological evolution
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The chapter discusses the history of life on Earth, and the lessons to be learned from the neo-Darwinian synthesis of evolutionary biology. The long and complex sequence of events in the evolutionary history of life on Earth requires considered interpretation. The neo-Darwinian synthesis is well-supported by evidence and gives rich insight into this process, but does not itself furnish a complete explanation or understanding of living things. This is because a process of exploration can only explore; it cannot fully dictate and can only partially constrain what type of thing will be found. What is found is constrained by other considerations, such as what is possible, and what can make sense. A brief critique of some of Richard Dawkins’ work is given, and also of the movement known as ‘Intelligent Design’. Education policy is well served by a fair appraisal of informed opinion in this area.
A conversation about naturalism
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

This is the record of a second conversation between the authors (cf. Chapter 2), this time on the subject of the philosophical position called naturalism. Here naturalism is the view that human experience is best understood by regarding the physical world as the whole of what can be said to be real or to exist. The authors express some sympathy with what naturalism affirms, but do not subscribe to it. They are wary of forms of speech about the transcendent which end up making it just about ‘more stuff’. Such speech has gone wrong, but it is hard to find religious language which goes right. Analogies from music and writing can be helpful but remain limited. The experience of encounter with God should be assessed through the impact this has on human character. The analysis of the physical process here is not the whole story.
The struggle is nothing new
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of the Earth argued by Copernicus and Galileo. Aristotelian physics was constructed from ideas around change, form, and substance, which together implied the physical universe must have existed into the infinite past. This conflicted with religious ideas about time itself having been brought into being in the finite past. Bonaventure wished to reject Aristotelian science, but others such as Averroes and Aquinas adopted a more nuanced view, in which the meaning of statements is to be drawn with reference to their context. Something similar happened in the resolution of the seventeenth-century dispute about Earth’s motion. From the perspective of Einstein’s General Relativity, statements about motion, including accelerated motion, are never absolute but always relative to frame of reference.
Miracles and reasonable belief
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

What does it mean to say that something is miraculous, and is it reasonable to form the opinion that such things can happen? The chapter combines human experience and philosophical reflection. It is difficult to formulate a tight definition of miracles, yet we have some pragmatic notion of what we mean by the term. The same can be said of ‘laws of nature’. Attempts to show that it is never reasonable to think that a miracle occurred are themselves faulty. This includes Hume’s argument about human testimony, as well as more recent philosophical attempts. But this does not deflect our intellectual duty to be cautious, to care about truth, to seek scientific understanding, and not be gullible. A miraculous event is out of the ordinary, but not arbitrarily so; it exhibits a larger pattern. Human life involves a combination of complimentary modes of thinking.
Wisdom and miracles
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew
Published: October 2018

Further objections to miracles, such as moral and theological objections, are examined. These give valuable cautions. If miracles are possible, then their extreme rarity is troubling from the point of view of justice; a complete impossibility might be easier to understand. Augustine was right to oppose the idea that miracles represent a breakdown of lawful order. Christian commitment involves a duty of honesty and straight-dealing in questions of healthcare. Jesus himself strongly opposed the mindset that asks for impressive marvels rather than help in living right. Notwithstanding all this, we affirm, in company with other Christians, that after Jesus of Nazareth was dead, he was given new life in an embodied, tangible, visible, audible, coherent, insightful, dynamic form. We affirm this out of a sense of duty and in response to evidence, but we acknowledge that the evidence does not on its own compel the response.
Resultatives at synchronic and diachronic levels
Authors: Hu Xuhui
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates how a theory of events can be combined and be compatible with the theory of parametric variation in the generative tradition. At the diachronic level, Chinese resultatives developed from serial verb constructions with two subjacent verbal predicates in Old Chinese. The two adjacent verbs are reanalyzed as components of a single de-adjectival verb in the period of Middle Chinese due to language acquirers’ preference for structural simplicity. At the synchronic level, the preference for computational efficiency is also responsible for the fact that English style resultatives are not attested in Chinese. The English style resultatives are not attested in Romance languages due to a property in the lexicon of Romance languages: the valuation of the [uDiv] feature, or verbal feature, has to be achieved via incorporation in Romance languages, thus rejecting the operation of feature sharing that is crucial for the derivation of the English-style resultatives.
Returning Heroes and Greek Colonists
Authors: Malkin Irad
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the ‘right of return’. This was accorded to Greeks who went overseas in the great colonizing period and the evidence for it is largely epigraphic.
Emotional Returns
Authors: Lowe N.J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter exploits modern theoretical and ‘emotionological’ work. In particular, it applies the concept of ‘place attachment’ (the emotional bonds between people and places, as already articulated in the Odyssey) to nostoi in Greek drama. It discusses New Comedy as well as Attic tragedy.
Atoms and Souls
Authors: Arthur Richard T. W.
Published: October 2018

This chapter is built around the resolution of an enigma: why do atoms feature so prominently in Leibniz’s earlier writings when indivisibility is precluded by actually infinite division, which he upheld even then? It is argued that Leibniz’s early atoms are divided within, under an impenetrable crust, and that he is heir to a rich chymical and medical tradition of atomism that conceives atoms as having internal complexity and as being united by forms. His attachment to this tradition is theologically motivated, as signalled by his early advocacy of traduction, and the appeal to atoms to guarantee the integrity and indestructibility of the soul.
Framework
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

This chapter sets out and motivates a framework for naturalizing content, ‘varitel semantics’. It is based on the explanatory advantages that flow from realism about the vehicles of content. Its distinctive features include: pluralism; eschewing representation consumers; being testing against a desideratum concerning representational explanation rather than against intuitions; and a proposal about the way exploitable relations, vehicle processing and a system’s functions come together to constitute content.
Structural Correspondence
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

Structural correspondence is the other exploitable relation that figures in our case studies. It is found in the cognitive map realized by place cells in the hippocampus. When an exploitable structural correspondence is exploited in the service of a system’s performance of its task functions, it is thereby constituted as a UE structural correspondence. In some cases where there is a superficially attractive structural correspondence, it can turn out that the correspondence is not being made use of; indeed, that structural representation does not arise. These cases are contrasted with two further cases where an exploitable structural correspondence is exploited. A structural correspondence may hold only approximately. That notion is defined and put to work.
Standard Objections
Authors: Shea Nicholas
Published: October 2018

Varitel semantics has several resources for dealing with indeterminacy. It gives rise to more determinate contents than informational semantics or consumer-based teleosemantics. The remaining indeterminacy is a virtue: it is what we should expect in simpler systems with fewer interacting components. Some of the non-conceptual representations in our case studies exhibit some features exemplified by concepts: semantically significant constituent structure; unsaturated components; and limited, domain-specific generality. A historical component is needed to bring into view the explanandum to which representational explanation is directed, namely successful and unsuccessful behaviour. We should not expect representational explanation to get a grip, in these simple cases, without some period in which behavioural outcomes have been stabilized. Even a short period of interaction will establish some task functions and contents. Varitel semantics does not reduce misrepresentation to malfunction. Misrepresentation does not imply failure to perform a task function, nor the converse.
Twenty-First Century Policing?
Authors: Fielding Nigel G.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 discusses the implications of managerialism and organizational structure for police professionalism, with a substantial discussion of the role of Police and Crime Commissioners. It looks at two principal aspects of the contemporary managerial agenda—the use of targets and Key Performance Indicators, and the drive for force amalgamations and mergers. It sets this agenda in the context of the individual officer’s accommodation to the police organization. Technology is a mark of the twenty-first century and the chapter considers both conventional ‘blunderbuss’ technologies and the rising importance of social media, forensic use of DNA, and techniques for combatting cybercrime. It highlights three distinctive challenges of contemporary times: domestic abuse, mental health, and organized/gang crime. It closes by considering the importance of community policing to the public, its effectiveness, and the challenge it poses to training.
Manuscript Matters
Authors: Crowley Lara M.
Published: October 2018

Manuscript Matters illuminates responses to some of John Donne’s most elusive texts by his contemporary audiences. Since examples of seventeenth-century literary criticism prove somewhat rare and frequently ambiguous, this book emphasizes a critical framework rarely used for exhibiting early readers’ exegeses of literary texts: the complete manuscripts containing them. Many literary manuscripts that include poems by Donne and his contemporaries were compiled during their lifetimes, often by members of their circles. For this reason, and because various early modern poems and prose works satirize topical events and prominent figures in highly coded language, attempting to understand early literary interpretations proves challenging but highly valuable. Compilers, scribes, owners, and other readers—men and women who shared in Donne’s political, religious, and social contexts—offer clues to their literary responses within a range of features related to the construction and subsequent use of the manuscripts. This study’s findings call us to investigate more extensively and systematically how certain early manuscripts were constructed through analysis of such features as scripts, titles, sequence of contents, ascriptions, and variant diction. While such studies can throw light on many early modern texts, exploring artifacts containing Donne’s works proves particularly useful because more of his poetry circulated in manuscript than did that of any other early modern poet. Manuscript Matters engages Donne’s satiric, lyric, and religious poetry, as well as his prose paradoxes and problems—refocusing modern interpretation through an early modern lens.
The electromagnetic potentials
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter expresses the fields E
(
r, t) and B
(
r, t) in terms of the electromagnetic potentials Ф(
r, t) and A
(
r, t), and shows that these potentials are defined only up to a gauge transformation. This leads the reader naturally to the Coulomb and Lorenz gauges which are usually encountered in textbooks. The inhomogeneous wave equations whose solutions are the retarded electromagnetic potentials are also considered, as well as the Lienard–Wiechert potentials for an arbitrarily moving point charge. A few questions are included in which the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian of a point charge are expressed in terms of Ф and A. The chapter concludes by deriving a multipole expansion for the dynamic vector potential which will provide the starting point in our treatment of electromagnetic radiation later on in Chapter 11
Electromagnetic radiation
Authors: Pierrus J.
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins by expressing the multipole expansion of the dynamic vector potential A
(
r, t) in terms of electric and magnetic multipole moments. Differentiation of A
(
r, t) leads directly to the fields E
(
r, t) and B
(
r, t), which have a component transporting energy away from the sources to infinity. This component is called electromagnetic radiation and it arises only when electric charges experience an acceleration. A range of questions deal with the various types of radiation, including electric dipole and magnetic dipole–electric quadrupole. Larmor’s formula is applied in both its non-relativistic and relativistic forms. Also considered are some applications involving antennas, antenna arrays and the scattering of radiation by a free electron.
Law Is an Institution, an Artifact, and a Practice
Authors: Ehrenberg Kenneth M.
Published: October 2018

Seeing law as an artifact might raise concerns about a metaphysical clash between this view and one in which law is described as a practice. Many have argued that seeing law as an artifact is compatible with, or even demanded by, H.L.A. Hart’s legal positivism, in which law is based on a practice theory rule (and which this chapter shows to fit nicely with Raimo Tuomela’s understanding of social practices). However, Scott Shapiro has attacked Hart’s view for committing a category mistake, claiming rules and practices are ontologically distinct. Seeing law as a kind of artifact helps to show how practices can be normative in that artifacts come bundled with (weak) norms of usage and (stronger) norms of recognition. Lingering doubts about seeing law as a kind of artifact are addressed in this chapter by understanding its institutional nature.
A Strange Kind of Artifact
Authors: Tuzet Giovanni
Published: October 2018

This chapter argues that, assuming that law is a kind of artifact (which is a reasonable assumption, when one excludes that it is a natural kind), it is interesting to inquire into the particular features of it. Indeed it is a strange kind of artifact, for it has a set of properties that are quite different from those of everyday artifacts such as tables and chairs. First, law is not a material artifact (as a table) but an intellectual one. Second, it is different from other intellectual artifacts (as poems) because it is normative. Third, it is different from an individual creation because it is social: it exists only in, and for, a society. And four, as a social artifact, it cannot be reduced to some authors’ intentions, nor to some users’: in fact it is the interplay of different social actors (such as legislators, scholars, judges, etc.) that makes up the law.
Women of Substance in Homeric Epic
Authors: Canevaro Lilah Grace
Published: October 2018

Women in Greek epic are treated as objects, as commodities to be exchanged in marriage or as the spoils of warfare. However, women also use objects to negotiate their own agency, subverting the male viewpoint by using the very form they themselves are thought by men to embody. Female objects in Homer can be symbolically significant and powerfully characterizing. They can be tools of recognition and identification. They can pause narrative and be used agonistically. They can send messages and be vessels for memory. This book brings together Gender Theory and the burgeoning field of New Materialisms, combining an approach predicated on the idea of the woman as object with one which questions the very distinction between subject and object. This productive tension leads us to decentre the male subject—and to put centre stage not only the woman as object but also the agency of women and objects. Homeric women are shown to be not only objectified but also well-versed users of objects. This is something that Homer portrays clearly, that Odysseus understands—but that has often escaped many other men, from Odysseus’ alter ego Aethon in Odyssey 19 to modern experts on Homeric epic.
Introduction
Authors: Goldschmidt Nora , Graziosi Barbara
Published: October 2018

The Introduction sheds light on the reception of classical poetry by focusing on the materiality of the poets’ bodies and their tombs. It outlines four sets of issues, or commonplaces, that govern the organization of the entire volume. The first concerns the opposition between literature and material culture, the life of the mind vs the apprehensions of the body—which fails to acknowledge that poetry emerges from and is attended to by the mortal body. The second concerns the religious significance of the tomb and its location in a mythical landscape which is shaped, in part, by poetry. The third investigates the literary graveyard as a place where poets’ bodies and poetic corpora are collected. Finally, the alleged ‘tomb of Virgil’ provides a specific site where the major claims made in this volume can be most easily be tested.
Ennius’ imago between Tomb and Text
Authors: Martelli Francesca
Published: October 2018

Between the third and first centuries BCE, a tomb near the Via Appia not only served as a funerary monument for the Scipiones but was also believed to have once contained the statue of a man from outside the family: Quintus Ennius. This chapter considers how Ennius’ poetry and portrait contributed to the circulation of political prestige. Linking the story of his statue to a later image of the poet in Varro’s De poetis, it argues that Varro’s collection of author portraits and the practice of erecting busts of authors in libraries are best seen as a form of entombment—situating the poet’s imago alongside those of his literary forebears in a space that recognizes their identity as a group, much like the tomb of the Scipiones, or, indeed, any Roman atrium that collects the imagines of a family’s ancestors.
Ovid’s Tombs
Authors: Goldschmidt Nora
Published: October 2018

Punning on the dual meaning of the Latin word corpus as both ‘body’ and ‘body of work’, Ovid attempted to define the future of his oeuvre with reference to the future entombment of his body, fusing his textual and biological bodies in his works. No one ever found out where Ovid was truly buried, which means that the poet’s body did, in fact, disappear into the realm of textuality. But rather than accepting the material disappearance of the poet’s bones, an alternative reception history has emerged, poised between literary reception and material culture. Ovid’s tomb takes centre stage in this story, as later generations of readers—from the author of the medieval De vetula to early modern tomb-hunters in Romania and Rome—continued to discover and rediscover the poet’s long-lost grave by engaging in creative dialogue with the poet’s work.
Poets’ Corners in Greek Epigram Collections
Authors: Höschele Regina
Published: October 2018

Exploring the position and interaction of poets’ tombs within Greek epigram collections, this chapter illustrates how poetry books could function as imagined literary graveyards, through which readers were invited to stroll in their mind. After contemplating a series of poems on playwrights by Dioscurides, it reflects upon the likely arrangement of poets’ tombs within Meleager’s and Philip’s Garlands. While Meleager combined a long series of epitaphs on poets at the beginning of his funerary book (concluded by a sequence of self-epitaphs), Philip excerpted primarily epitaphs starting with alpha, which permitted him to place them within the first section of his alphabetically organized anthology.
Dead Letters and Buried Meaning
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines recurrent epitaphic formulae in the Aeneid, including those applied to Dido, Misenus, Caieta, and Cretheus, which have a metatextual force, amplifying associations between Virgil’s oeuvre and his tomb. In particular, the succession of epitaphs for Palinurus and the account of his demise resonate respectively with Virgil’s attested ‘auto-epitaph’ and with the supposed circumstances of the poet’s death, narrated in the Suetonius-Donatus Vita. Finally, the pre-proemium to the Aeneid, the sphragis to the Georgics, and the closing verse of the Eclogues account for the intensification of the customary paradoxes of absence and representation which are conveyed by the auto-epitaph attributed to Virgil himself.
(Departures) Natural Bodies
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

Paying close attention to figures of flight and departure in several early poems, and in particular to “Sensation,” a short poem written in 1870, Chapter 1 re-assesses Rimbaud’s relation to Théodore de Banville and, more generally, the importance of Parnassian poetry at the end of the Second Empire. It shows how “Sensation” stages a reflection on the body and its senses (or aesthetic sensuality), on poetry and nature, that offers us a glimpse into the complex historical and poetic moment in which Rimbaud composed the poem and addressed it to Banville, exploring both Rimbaud’s relation to the politics of aestheticism and a corporeal ecopoetics in the early Rimbaud—a poetics that sees the body as fundamentally involved in the natural world as a kind of inner difference, the presence of something “naturally unnatural” the ultimate figure of which may be poetry itself.
(Prognosis) Happy Bodies, Happy Hours: “Au Cabaret-vert, cinq heures du soir”
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

The question raised at the end of Chapter 2—“what would a world without the poor being left out in the cold look like?”—finds a response in the poem “Au Cabaret-vert, cinq heures du soir”: namely, such a world would look like the modest utopia of a working-class cabaret, a space of pleasure, idleness, and community in which the brutalizing rhythms and discipline of the working day are negated in and by a poetry of the everyday. (Particular attention will be paid here to the prosodic and metric structure of the alexandrine, and the importance of irregular forms such as the “libertine sonnet.”) Foregrounded in this chapter, finally, is the rhetorical, cultural, and political role that sites of working-class “indisciplinarity” such as bars and cabarets played in Second Empire political and literary discourse on class difference and democracy.
(Conclusion) Other Bodies
Authors: St. Clair Robert
Published: October 2018

Focusing on Rimbaud’s artistic activity in the Cercle zutique in the autumn of 1871, Chapter 5 proposes that we think of parody as a form of dialogical poetic critique, an artistic practice illustrating, in condensed form, the over-arching argument concerning poetic materiality that is at the heart of the present study. In the Album zutique we find Rimbaud at the center of an ephemeral poetic community that doubles as a sort of archive of the recently repressed Paris Commune, and we find Rimbaud himself gleefully pushing the limits not only of acceptable poetic and social behavior, but of French verse in its formal intelligibility too. Engaging in particular with a parodic sonnet that Rimbaud and Verlaine jointly composed, “L’Idole—Sonnet du trou du cul,” this chapter seeks to account for how the mode of writing—the poetics and politics—at stake in this collaborative sonnet goes “beyond the parody principle.”