bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTICS PROPERTIES OF SNAIL FED SESAME (Sesamum indicum) SEED MEAL
Authors: ADETOLA O. O. , POPOOLA Y. A. , OKERE L. A. , TENIOLA A. A. , OWOSIBO O. T. , OMOTOSO O. S.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding snail with sesame seed meal as replacement for groundnut cake meal fraction of the diet on physico-chemical and organoleptic properties. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) snails of mean weight 175±2.7g were randomly allotted into four dietary treatments replicated three times and each replicate contained ten snails per replicate in a completely randomized design. Four diets were formulated to contain SSM at 0% (SSM, )Control, 50% (SSM22), 75% (SSM) and 100% (SSM) as replacement for soybean meal fraction in the diet of growing snails. The diets were formulated to contain about 24% crude protein and energy of 2400 kcal/kgME. Carcass analysis was carried out at the end of the feeding trial. There was no significant difference(P>0.05) in the crude protein (CP) of the meat in all the treatment. The result of the organoleptic properties of the meat shows that the taste, colour, flavor and texture of the meat were not influenced by (P>0.05) the varying inclusion of SSM in the diet across the treatments as generally accepted by the panelists and significant differences were not observed in all the treatments (P>0.05). The results revealed that sesame seed meal could be used to replace groundnut cake meal partially orwholly in the diet of snail.
IN-VIVO DETERMINATION OF NO OBSERVED ADVERSE EFFECT LEVEL AND NO OBSERVED EFFECT LEVEL (NOAEL AND NOEL) OF FIPRONIL IN RATS USING HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES AND LIVER MARKERS
Authors: OMOJA V. U. , IHEDIOHA T. E. , OBA P. E. , AGINA O. A. , NGOLE E. M. E.
Published: December 2024

There is the need to determine the no observed adverse effect level and no observed effect level (NOAEL and NOEL) of fipronil using haematological indices and liver markers of albino rats as recent trend in development of resistance by pests may lead to increasing the quantity of fipronil required to control them. Acute toxicity of fipronil (Terminator") was performed in rats using modified up and down method to determine the lethal dose fifty (LDse). Sub-acute study of fipronil (Terminator") was performed using twenty four rats assigned into four groups to determine the no observed adverse effect level and no observed effect level (NOAEL and NOEL) of fipronil. The rats were treated with 4.0, 1.0 and 0.25 mg/kg body weight, bw of fipronil (Terminator) orally for groups A, B and C respectively. Rats in group D was treated with 10ml/kg water and serve as the control. Both the Terminator® and water were given daily for 28 days. Hematological indices (haemoglobin concentration, Hb; red blood cell counts, RBC; packed cell volume, PCV and total white blood cell counts, TWBC) and Liver markers (alkaline phosphotase, ALP; albumin, Albumin; Total protein, TP; total cholesterol, TCHOL) were assessed on days 0, 14 and 28. Results for acute toxicity tests revealed decreased feed consumption, decreased grooming, hind limb paralysis, prolonged recumbency, and death among rats. The LDso was estimated at 62.98mg/kg. For the sub-acute study, results of PCV, Hb, TWBC and RBC of rats in group A showed a decrease (P<0.05) on day 14 and 28 compared to other groups. The NOAEL and NOEL of fipronil was estimated to be 4.0 and 1.0 mg/kg respectively.
HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF MALE RABBITS FED DIETARY CERIUM OXIDE
Authors: OYEFESI S. D. , AKINMUYISITAN L. W. , ADU O. A.
Published: December 2024

In an 8-week feeding experiment, 32 growing buck rabbits with an average weight of 1366.56±37.54g, were used to assess the effects of inclusion of different dietary concentrations of Cerium oxide (CeO), a Rare Earth Element, at 0, 50, 100, 150ppm on blood characteristics. The animals were randomly allotted to the four dietary groups, with eight animals per group. Blood samples were collectedfrom the ear vein of each animal on the last day of the experiment for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The results showed no significant influence of dietary cerium oxide on serum biochemical parameters and haematology (except for packed cell volume, white blood cell and monocyte that were significantly (P<0.05) increased).
EFFECT OF FEEDING FORAGES FORTIFIED WITH CONCENTRATE AND MILKING TIME ON SOME NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES' COLOSTRUM
Authors: ENIOLORUNDA O. O. , IAPATA E. S. , SEHINDEMI S. O.
Published: December 2024

The effects of feeding forages fortified with concentrate diet and milking time on some nutritional composition of West African Dwarf (WAD) ewes colostrum was investigated. 19 WAD ewes of weight between 18 and 20kg were procured and pregnancies synchronized with prostaglandin were used for this study. The pregnant ewes were randomly allotted to 5 feeding regimes'. thus: TO Pregnant ewes on permanent grazing of Panicum maximum + Gliricidia sepium; Tl = Pregnant ewes on zero grazing of Panicum maximum Gliricidia sepium + concentrate at first trimester; T2 =Pregnant ewes on zero grazing Panicum maximum Gliricidia Sepium + concentrate at first trimester; T3 = Pregnant ewes on zero grazing of Panicum maximum + Gliricidia sepium + concentrate at third trimester T4 = Pregnant ewes on zero grazing of Panicum maximum + Gliricidia Sepium + Concentrate at third trimester. The animals on Tl — T4 were fed forages at 8am and concentrate at 4pm and the left over recorded. Data were collected on colostrums milked per animal at interval of 2, 12, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours and refrigerated at and analysed in the laboratory with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and statistical analysis was carried out for a completely randomized design at P < 0.05. The results showed that lactose, fat and minerals (Ash) in the pregnant ewes increased in those fed fortified forages and were higher (P < 0.05) in ewes at third trimester than in first hand second trimester pregnancy. It was also observed that lactose, fat and ash reduced as the time of milking increased from 2 hours to 72 hours with colostrum milked at 2 hrs having higher (P< 0.05) values of the nutrients evaluated. It was recommended that forages should be fortified for pregnant ewes especially at third trimester and that lambs should be introduced to colostrums immediately after lambing for higher nutrients.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED WEANER RABBITS FED DEHYDRATED BOVINE RUMEN DIGESTA
Authors: UDEH F. U. , ANI A. O. , UZOCHUKWU I. E. , ONUORA S. I.
Published: December 2024

Twenty four crossbred rabbit of mixed sexes were used to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of dehydrated bovine rumen digesta (DBRD) on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics of weaner rabbits. Four diets were formulated to contain 0% (control), 5, 10 and 15% DBRD. The rabbits were randomly divided into four groups and allotted into four treatments of 6 rabbits each in a completely randomized design (CRD). The trial lasted for 8 weeks. The result showed that the final body weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio values of rabbits on 5, 10 and 15% DBRD diets were comparable (p>0.05) to those of rabbits on the control diet. The average daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) increased as the levels of the test material increased. Nutrient intake by the rabbits were significantly (p<0.05) increased with the increase in DBRD inclusion levels. Apparent nutrient digestibility was affected (p<0.05) significantly by the diets. It was concluded that up to 15% of graded levels of DBRD can be included in the diet of weaner rabbits without any deleterious effect on performance.
NUTRITIVE VALUE AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF BOILED VELVET BEANS (Mucuna utilis) IN RABBITS DIET
Authors: SHAAHU D. T. , TULEUN C. D. , GBUE F. H. , SHITTU H. A.
Published: December 2024

Thirty weaned mixed breed (California, New Zealand, American Chinchilla and Dutch) rabbits weighing 313-330g were used in a study using a completely randomized design with 4 rabbits per treatment, each rabbit representing an experimental unit. The study was aimed to evaluate the growth performance and cost benefit of processed mucuna seed in rabbits diet. Five experimental diets were formulated, with full fat soyabean (FFSB) as the major protein source in treatment 1 (T1). The mucuna seeds boiled at different time intervals were included in each of the other four diets at 20% level to replace FFSB as a major protein source representing treatments 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 4 (T4) and 5 (T5) respectively. Duration of boiling did not have any significant (P>0.05) effect on the dry matter, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract content of the seeds. However, as the boiling time increased, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the crude protein (28.72-27.85) and ash content (3.51-1.98) of the seeds. Rabbit fed T5 with lesser daily feed intake among the mucuna seed diets, were more efficient in diet utilization as they put on more weight than those fed T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Higher profit was generated from sales of rabbit fed TI (0777.99) and lower for mucuna seed diets. Among the mucuna seed diets, however, profit was maximized as duration of boiling increased from 329.97-0582.79 (T2-T5).
EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED GRADED LEVELS OF RAW COCOA BEAN SHELL BASED DIETS
Authors: OLUMIDE M. D. , HAMZAT R. A. , AJAYI O.
Published: December 2024

A total of one hundred and fifty day old Anak broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments with 30 birds per treatment, replicated thrice, in a completely randomized design, the treatments were: A (0% CBS-control diet); B (5% RCBS); C (10% RCBS); D (15% RCBS) and E (20% RCBS). All the birds were fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period of eight weeks. Feed intake and weight gain were monitored. The performance and carcass characteristics were studied. Significant differences were observed in the feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Also significant difference were obtained in the value of plucked weight, eviscerated organ, dressed percentage, while the value obtained for thigh, drumstick and gizzard were not significantly different among the treatment. The graded level of raw cocoa bean shell based diets could effectively replace maize up to 10% in the diets of broilers without any deleterious effects.
EVALUATION OF POLYUNSATURATED TO SATURATED FATTY ACID RATIO IN THE FAT OF DIFFERENT CHICKEN TYPES
Authors: OYEWALE A. O. , SONAIYA E. B.
Published: December 2024

Samples were taken from the liver and the abdominal fat of the carcasses of male and female broilers (meat type), layers (egg type) and locals (dual purpose type). Lipids were extracted and subjected to volumetric analysis, iodine number determination, thin layer chromatography (TLC) with iodine staining and high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to determine the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio. The study concluded that female chickens, meat type chickens and abdominal fat samples had higher (P<0.05) lipid quantities than male chickens, layer and dual purpose chickens and liver samples, respectively. The P/S ratio of lipids extracted from the abdominal fat and from the liver did not differ (P<0.05) from each other.
PROXIMATE AND GROSS ENERGY COMPOSITION OF CASSAVA PEEL MEAL FERMENTED WITH VARYING LEVELS OF BAKER'S YEAST
Authors: OBASI I. U. , OBASI E. N. , EZEOKEKE C. T. , ETUK E. B.
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to determine the proximate and energy composition of cassava peel meal fermented with baker's yeast. Fresh cassava peels (CPM) were milled and divided into four groups. Fach group was randomly assigned to Angel baker's yeast at 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, respectively. Each group was assigned to 0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours fermentation duration respectively. Results from this study indicated a significant (P<0.05) increase in crude protein CP) content of CPM with increasing levels of yeast, resulting in T0.60 yeast level recording significantly (P<0.05) higher value (13.50%) than T0.00% (6.59%). The crude fibre content of cassava peel meal (CPM) treated with different levels of baker's yeast showed no significant (P>0.05) difference. Ether Extract (EE) decreased with increasing levels of baker's yeast from T0.20%). No discernable trend was recorded in the ash content of CPM at different levels of baker's yeast, though the control (T0.00%) recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher ash value (11.38%) than T0.20% and T0.60%. Baker's yeast levels effect showed a consistent decline in NFE values with increasing levels of baker's yeast, values for T0.00% and T0.20% were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those for T0.40% and T0.60%. The baker's yeast level effect showed increased gross energy with increasing levels of baker's yeast.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND THE COEFFICIENT OF PREFERENCE BY RABBITS OF TROPICAL FORAGES
Authors: ABU O. A. , TURNER L. S.
Published: December 2024

The suitability and chemical composition of seven forages (M. oleifera, F. thonningii, L. leucocephala, E. cyclocarpum, G. sepium, A. saman and A. indica) as feed resources for feeding domestic rabbits during the dry season was studied. The acceptability was determined by cafeteria method using five adult rabbits weighing 700-750g. The acceptability of the forages was best in M. oleifera followed by F. thoninngii. G. sepium, L. leucocephala and E. cyclocarpum had similar acceptability while A. indica and A. Saman had low acceptability. The order of acceptability was: M. oleifera, F. thonningii, L. leucocephala, E. cyclocarpum, G. sepium, A. indica, and A. saman. The chemical analysis of the five most acceptable forages showed that F. thoninngii had the least CP of 10.3% compared to the others forages that had CP ranging from 24 -30%. M. oleifera also had the least CF of 9.0% compared to the other forages CF which range 14 -19% F. thonningii and L. leucocephala also had low EE of 6.0 and 8.0 % respectively. The ADF and NDF fractions of the five most acceptable forages were in the same range. In conclusion all the five most acceptable forages namely: M. oleifera, F. thonningii, L .leucocephala, E. cyclocarpum, G. sepium are possible feed resources suitable for feeding rabbits especially during the dry season.
EFFECTS OF HOT RED PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) IN DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: ADEDOYIN A. A. , BAMIMORE A. I. , MOSOBALAJE M. A.
Published: December 2024

EFFECTS OF HOT RED PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) IN DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKENSA. A. ADEDOYIN1, A. I. BAMIMORE, M. A. MOSOBALAJE08,00'College of Education, Lanlate.08. Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora. *Correspondence:akintundedoyin@yahoo.com: 08139396741ABSTRACT 0.692A study using 180, two weeks old Anak broiler chicks 45 birds/treatment with nine replicates and five birds per replicate was conducted to evaluate the effects of hot red pepper (HRP) powder as natural feed additives on growth performance of broiler chickens. Completely Randomized Design was adopted (CRD). Commercial broiler diets used where formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks containing HRP powder at levels 0%, 1.0%, 1.25% and 1.5%. Results showed that significant increase (P<0.05) in Average Feed Intake(AFI) ranged from 77.81g to 74.16g with broilers fed 1% HRP inclusion diet and control diet respectively. Broilers fed the control diet 0.0% HRP inclusion had lower (P>0.05) Average Body Weight Gain (ABWG) (38.11g) as well as least Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)(1.96). Significant cost/kg weight gain was found in birds fed HRP inclusion diets 2,3, and 4. Conclusively, hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) inclusion has the potential of enhancing feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and cost/kg weight gain of broiler chickens. Broilers tolerate up to 1.5% without adverse effects on performance. Keywords: Anak, Average feed intake, feed additives, Broiler chicken.
IN-VITRO ASSESSMENT OF SOME HIGH FIBRE FEEDSTUFFS AS PROBIOTICS IN BROILER DIETS
Authors: ADERIBIGBE T. A. , ATTEH J. O. , OKUKPE K. M.
Published: December 2024

Recent development of antibiotics-resistant pathogens in poultry which poses threat to human health has necessitated the search for alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPS) to improve gut microflora in poultry diets. One of the alternatives to AGPS are probiotics which are beneficial organisms. Prebiotics are by-products of digestion of polysaccharides which poultry do not have enzymes to digest but are food for probiotics. Advent of enzymes makes this digestion possible. The prebiotic potentials of enzyme supplemented high fibre feedstuffs (HFFs) are not known. This study was conducted to screen some HFFs such as wheat bran (WB), maize bran (MB), palm kernel cake (PKC), rice husk (RH) and brewers dried grain (BDG) for production of oligosaccharides through xylanase digestion. Five high fibre feedstuffs (HFFs) (WB, BDG, PKC, RH and MB) screened for oligosaccharides production using the Benedict's test showed that all the feedstuffs screened except maize bran tested positive for the presence of oligosaccharides. The increase in dietary levels of HFFS generally could increase feed intake, reduced weight gain and increased feed/gain ratio (P<0.05). Enzyme Supplementation generally reduced feed intake while improving crude protein retention (P<0.05). There was no significantly different (P>0.05) interaction between the nutrients and enzyme studied. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation of high fibre feedstuffs could improve growth performance, nutrient retention and increased concentration of beneficial microbes in gut. Use of enzymes is therefore recommended when HFFs are required as prebiotic source in the gut of broilers.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE FRUIT, HUSK AND NUT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA (INDIAN ALMOND) AS FEED SUPPLEMENT FOR RUMINANTS IN THE HUMID TROPICS
Authors: AKINWANDE V. O. , MAKO A. , OYEGUNWA A. , ADEKOYEJO S. , LAWAL H. A.
Published: December 2024

The fruit, husk and nut of Terminalia catappa (Indian almond) was investigated for nutrient content. The result revealed that the chemical composition varied significantly (P<0.05), with the dry matter ranging from 87.23-94.19% in nut and husk respectively. The crude protein ranged from 4.22-14.83 % in husk and nut respectively. The neutral detergent fibre also ranged from 26.21-46.90 % in the nut and husk respectively. The parts were implicated for antinutrients, tannin, saponin, phytate and oxalate, no significant differences was observed among the parts of the seed. The macro mineral content showed no significant variation, but the highest value (0.251%) of calcium was obtained in the nut. The micro minerals investigated differed significantly (P<0.05). The husk had the highest value for zinc and lead (52.7 and 11.4 mg/kg) respectively, while the nut had the lowest value (31.7 and 2.7mg/kg). The highest value of copper (5.1 mg/kg) and manganese (46.6 mg/kg) was recorded for nut, while the lowest value was recorded for fruit. The highest value (208.4 mg/kg) of iron was recorded for nut, while the lowest (192.5 mg/kg) was recorded for fruit. All minerals analyzed are within the recommended limit for proper functioning of the body system These result showed that the fruit, husk and nut of Terminalia catappa can be used as feed supplement for ruminants in the Tropics.
RUMEN METABOLISM AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED VARYING INCLUSION LEVELS OF WYNN CASSIA (Chamaecrista rotundifolia) MEAL DIET
Authors: BALA A. G. , HASSAN M. R. , TANKO R. J. , ABDU S. B. , BELLO S. S. , IBRAHIM U. B. , ISHIAKU Y. M. , AHMED S. A. , IBRAHIM H. , MIJINYAWA M. A.
Published: December 2024

An experiment was carried out to investigate the rumen metabolism and economic analysis of Red Sokoto bucks fed varying inclusion levels of Chamaecrista rotundifolia (CR) meal diet. The experiment consisted of 12 Red Sokoto bucks which were balanced for weight and assigned to four dietary treatments containing varying inclusion levels of CR meal (0, 25, 50 and 75%). The bucks were individually pen-fed with the experiment diets at 3% body weight with three bucks per treatment in a Complete Randomize Design for a period of 90 days. Results of this experiment showed that, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in rumen pH across all the treatment groups. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) in bucks fed control diet compared to those fed 75% CR inclusion level (12.68 vs. 14.32 mmol/L). Also, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) with 25% CR inclusion level compared to with 75% CR inclusion level (29.01 vs. 26.76 mg/100ml). However, there is a decrease in the cost of feed/kg gain at 75% inclusion level compared to the control group (N190.60 vs. N942.38). It was hence, revealed from this study that farmers under smallholder production system could include CR meal up to 75% in the diet of Red Sokoto bucks for better performance and reduction in the cost of production without any detrimental effect on rumen metabolites of the animals. Thereby, increasing profit and betters the living standard of farmers in Nigeria.
NUTRIENTS INTAKE AND WEIGHT GAIN OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED MAIZE OFFAL SUBSTITUTED WITH UREA-MOLASSES TREATED CASSAVA PEEL DIETS
Authors: FAJEMISI A. N. , IBHAZE G. A. , FADIYIMU A. A. , OGUNJEMITE G. E.
Published: December 2024

A study that involved 20 West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 11⁄2-2 years with an average live weight of 13.86kg was carried out to evaluate nutrients intake, weight gain, nitrogen retention and feed to gain ratio of WAD goats fed maize offal substituted with urea-molasses treated cassava peels meal. The goats were divided into 5 groups of four goats per group and allotted to individual pens in a completely randomly design. The experimental period lasted for 63days excluding two weeks of adaptation. Five diets were formulated such that maize offal was substituted with ensiled urea- molasses cassava peels at ratio 0% (A), 20% (B), 30% (C), 40% (D), 50% (E) respectively. Diet D had the highest recorded value of 22.10% CP while diet B had highest NDF (32.39%) and energy (16.61KJ/100gDM). Nutrients intake, daily weight gain and feed to gain ratio were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatments except nitrogen retention, hemicelluloses and cellulose. The highest dry matter (549.42g/day) and crude protein (108. 95g/day) intake were observed in goats fed diet B. All the diets were adequately utilized however, goats fed diet B have the best weight gain (61.90g/day) and convert their feed to flesh better than others goats. Hence, the diet was palatable, acceptable and tolerable to the goats without a sign of ill-health. Thus, maize offal replaced with ensiled 20% urea-molasses treated cassava peels meal could be a good source of protein and energy that would enhance nutrient utilization by ruminants (sheep and goats) and reduce cost.
DETERMINATION OF THE CHEMICAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF CATTLE FORE-STOMACH DIGESTA (FSD) ENSILED WITH UREA AND RICE MILLING WASTE (RMW)
Authors: KWAIDO A. A. , NASIRU A. , MUHAMMAD N.
Published: December 2024

Fore-Stomach Digesta (FSD) is the partly digested feed from slaughtered animals which offer a used option as a feed alternative. This study was conducted to determine the chemical and mineral composition of cattle Fore-Stomach-digesta (FSD) ensiled with Urea and rice milling waste (RMW). Fore-Stomach Digesta (FSD) from cattle was collected at the Sokoto abattoir. These samples were dried and then thoroughly mixed with urea and rice milling waste and ensiled for three weeks. The results showed that Dry Matter (DM) values of FSD from cattle was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treatments that were not ensiled (treatment D) compared to those that were ensiled (treatments A, B and C). The crude protein (CP) contents 18-19% obtained from the present study were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to that of FSD when not ensiled. The general trend in the nutrient detergent fibre (NDF) contents of the diets shows that unensiled materials (treatment D) contained more NDF than the other treatments. The implications are that treated in this way partly digested matter from slaughtered animals can provide a low cost, nutrient rich feed option for farmers especially in the dry season.
RUMINAL DEGRADABILITY OF WOOD ASH EXTRACT (WAE) TREATED Pennicetum pedicellatum AND ITS POTENTIAL USE IN RUMINANT DIETS
Authors: MIDAU A. , ONYIMONYI A. E. , MOHOMMED I. D. , AGUUSTINE C. , YAHYA M. M. , SARKIS I. I.
Published: December 2024

The objective of this study was to determine the ruminal degradability of dry matter in situ, for urea treated Maize stover. The dry matter disappearance in M1 ranged from 34.61-48.43 in 396 hours respectively, M2 ranged from 34.47-77.67 within 3-96hours, M3 ranged from 34.23-76.54 within the incubation period of 3-96 hours and M4 from 37.24-78.86 between 3-96 hours incubation periods respectively. Ruminal DM disappearances increased with rumen incubation time for all the treatments (3 to 96h). Treatment M4 had the highest value at all times and the lowest DM disappearances were found in treatment M1. The values recorded for treatment M2, M3 and M4 had no significant difference between each other, but had significant (P<0.05) difference when compared to treatment M1. The fitted values, values was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the measured values in all the treatments with M1 recorded the lowest values and M4 with the significantly (P<0.05) higher values. There is an indication that incubation period had significant (P<0.05) influence on the feed materials, as there was a positive relationship between incubation period and dry matter disappearance. There was also similar positive correlation between the amount urea inclusion and dry matter disappearance.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND RUMINAL DEGRADATION OF UREA- AND LIME- TREATED GROUNDNUT SHELLS IN YANKASA RAMS
Authors: MILLAM J. J. , ABDU S. B.
Published: December 2024

The evaluation of alkali chemical treatment on groundnut shells (GNS) using urea, lime and urea-lime on its nutritive value was examined based on in sacco rumen degradation. Untreated (UTGNS), urea treated (UGNS), lime treated (LGNS) and urea-lime treated (ULGNS) groundnut shells were incubated at different incubation intervals in the rumen of 3 fistulated Yankasa rams. The GNS were treated with 5% urea, 5% lime and 5% urea-lime, ensiled for a period of 3 weeks. The results revealed significant differences in the parameters measured. There was improvement in the hydrolysis of the cell wall components (lignin, ADF and NDF); CP was increased by 8.53%, when urea-lime was used to treat the GNS. The DM disappearance in ULGNS appeared to be faster within the treatment groups.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ASSSESSEMENT OF SMOKED TILAPIA FISH (Tilapia zilli) FISH USING AN IMPROVED TRADITIONAL SMOKING KILN
Authors: GANA E. S. , OYERO J. O. , MOHAMMED K.
Published: December 2024

This experiment titled the Bacteriological assessment of Tilapia fish using an improved traditional smoking kiln compared the bacterial load between traditional smoking kiln and improved traditional smoking kiln. The data was subjected to ANOVA of variance, Duncan multiple test was used to separate the means using the SPPS values obtained for the traditional smoking kiln ranges from 1.53C × 10-6±0.1, 9.75a×10-6±0.38, 10.22a×10-6±0.57 and 12.17a×10-6±0.03 while that of improved traditional smoking kiln ranges from1.53C ×10-6±0.1, 9.75a×10-6±0.38, the result obtained were significantly different P>0.05,the bacterial isolated had the following frequency which are Staphylococcus aureus 30%, Sporosarcina species 18%, Bacillus substilis 34% and Clostridium botilium 18% respectively. The study concluded that bacterial are heavily implicated in the traditional smoking kiln(TSK) when compared to improved traditional smoking kiln (ITSK). The study recommends that other preservative measures should be undertaken such as addition of brine, proper handling processes to minimize the incidence of harmful bacterial load.
DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF MALABAR SPINACH (Basella alba) LEAVES EXTRACTS AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, SURVIVAL AND CONDITION FACTOR OF JUVENILES Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Olusola S. E. , Abbah J. O.
Published: December 2024

A 56 day experiment was aimed to determine the dietary supplementation of Malabar spinach leaves (Basella alba) (BA) extracts and Chloramphenicol (CHRL) on growth, survival and condition factor of juveniles Clarias gariepinus. Fish with average weight of 4.11±0.01g were distributed into five treatments, replicated twice with 20 fish per replicate. Experimental diets consist of control (0%), BA2 (1%), BA3 (2%), CHRL4 (30mg/kg), and (BA+CHRL) 5 (2%) were fed twice daily to the experimental fish at 3% body weight of 45% crude protein. Biological indices (Mean weight gain, Specific growth rate, Survival rate, Nitrogen metabolism, Protein efficiency ratio and Protein intake) were determined. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P=0.05. The result indicated that, fish fed the diets supplemented with BA and CHRL enhanced weight gain, specific growth rate, survival rate, Nitrogen metabolism, protein efficiency ratio and protein intake when compared to the control diets (P<0.05). The result suggested that BA extracts, and combination of the plant with chloramphenicol would positively enhance growth, survival and health status of C. gariepinus juveniles.
EFFICACY OF DIETARY FEEDING STIMULANTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION OF Clarias gariepinus JUVENILES
Authors: Olusola S. E.
Published: December 2024

The efficacy of Almond Leaves (AL) extracts and Vitamin C (VIT C) as an ingredient in the diet of Clarias gariepinus of mean weight (4.86±0.02g) was evaluated over a 56-day rearing period. Five experimental diets: Control (0%), AL2 (1%), AL3 (2%), VITC4 (250mg/kg), and (VITC+AL) 5 were formulated and replicated twice at 45% crude protein. Weight gain (WG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Productive Value (PPV), and Nitrogen Metabolism (NM) were measured. Data wereanalyzed using ANOVA at P = 0.05. Results showed that the fish on VIT C and AL extracts based diets had higher values in WG, SGR, FCR, PPV, and NM and they were significantly difference (p<0.05) than those on control diet. The results suggest that inclusion of VIT C and AL leaves extracts in fish diets for two months could positively affect growth of C. gariepinus juveniles in organic and sustainable aquaculture.
DETERMINANTS OF ARTISANS’ HOUSEHOLDS BEEF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE IN NEW BUSSA, NIGER STATE
Authors: ADEBAYO O. A , UMUNNA M. O.
Published: December 2024

This study determined the factors influencing households’ beef consumption expenditure in New-Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria. Systematic sampling technique was purposively used to select 150 artisans’ households for the study. Data were obtained through the use of a questionnaire. Percentages, means and Linear Regression were used to analyze data. Results showed that the respondents mean age, household size, household heads income and other household members’ income were 39 years, 7 members, N38768.20 per month and N23,632.33 per month respectively. Majority of the respondents (75.3%) weremale, married (80.7%) and possessed Secondary School Certificate (45.8%). The study concluded that household heads’ income (β = 0.34), other household members’ income (β = 0.51) and expenditure on other meat types (β = 0.04) significantly (p < 0.05) determined artisans’ household beef consumption expenditure in the study area. It is therefore recommended that price intervention programmes be introduced in order to stabilize the fluctuation in beef prices and also ensure increase in purchasing power of people’s income so as to ultimately improve of nutritional status of the people.
EVALUATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODIFIED MALIAN TRAPS IN TAGWAI DAM OF NIGER STATE
Authors: Yusuf J. , Lamai S. L. , Yakubu U. P.
Published: December 2024

The evaluation to comparatively determine the efficiency of a traditional and modified Malian traps in capture fishery was conducted in Tagwai Dam, Niger State to ascertain the productivity of the dam and also find out the possibility of adapting the Modified Malian trap by fisherfolk as one of the conservation tools in fishery management. The outcome of the catches revealed that traditionalMalian trap caught 131 fishes, comprising of Sarotherodon galileus. Tilapia zillii, Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus and Synodontis membraneceous. While modified semi-circular trap caught 58 fishes of same species and modified rectangular Malian traps also caught similar species excluding Hydrocynus forskalii. The species diversity index calculated for the traditional and modified Malian traps were 0.47 0.41 and 0.39 respectively. Based on the results, it was concluded that the traditional traps had higher catches than modified traps due to the smaller mesh size of the net used with no significant difference (P>0.05) between their biomass. Hence in terms of catch efficiency, the modified trap, proofed to have the potential in competing for species selectivity and biomass with its traditional counterpart and also efficient in trapping mostly large bodied size fish and allowed the escape of juvenile fishes. Modified Malian trap of this nature is recommended as one of the potential fishing gears in conserving aquatic resources.
ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF GROWING COCKERELS FED MIXED SAW DUST AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT OFFAL.
Authors: OGUNGBENRO S. D. , AMUSA H. O. , OSENI T. A. , ADAM T. O. , BAKO B. , OGUNGBENRO B. O.
Published: December 2024

A total of 96 day- old cockerel chicks were obtained and allocated into 6 brooding units of 16 birds andreplicated twice in a complete randomized design experiment. At the 9th week the birds were moved to therearing units which housed 16 Cockerels chickens per treatment and were offered one of the three dietarytreatments for the duration of the experiment. Experimental diets were introduced from 9-12 weeks. Threesubstitution levels of mixed saw dust substituting wheat offal at 0, 50 and 100% levels respectively. Theresults showed that there were significantly (p<0.05) difference across the dietary treatments. The lowestvalues (₦124.57) for the cost of feed in (₦/kg) was obtained in growing cockerels fed diet 3 while the highest value (₦130.97) was obtained for the cost of feed in ₦/kg in growing cockerels fed diet 1. The result obtained in this research showed that the lowest cost (₦12,457.00) was recorded for the production of 100kg of feed for growing cockerels fed diet 3 while the highest cost (₦13,097.00) was recorded for the production of 100kg of feed for growing cockerels fed diet 1. It could be concluded that the use of mixed saw dust as a substitute for wheat offal resulted in a decreased in the cost of growing cockerel and thereby increased the profitability of cockerel farmers/producers.
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES AMONG PASTORALISTS AT THE LADDUGA (KACHIA) GRAZING RESERVE IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Sani I. , Haruna S. K. , Musa B. , Usman S. , Umar R.
Published: December 2024

This paper assessed the impact of climate change and adaptation strategies among pastoralists in Kachiagrazing reserve in Kaduna State. A Focal Group Discussion and structured questionnaire were used tointerview 120 randomly selected pastoralists to obtain the data, which were analysed using descriptivestatistics and logit model to ascertain the level of awareness of pastoralists to climate change, the sourcesof Information about climate change, the determinants of pastoralists adaptation to climate change, and theimpact of climate variability and adaptation strategies by the pastoralists. The results indicate that over 80%of the respondents are aware of climate change. This high level of awareness was due to the influence ofradio on the lives of the pastoralists, extension activities of the National Livestock Project Division (NLPD)and through personal observation by the respondents. Age of the pastoralists, animal rearing experience,membership of cooperative society and education level have significant impact on pastoralists adaptationto climate change. Disease condition of the heard due to increased rainfall which favours the growth ofdisease causing microorganisms is one of the adverse impact of climate variability. The major adaptationtechniques employed by the pastoralists to deal with the problem is through adequate treatment andmedication as reported by about 65% of the respondents. Other measures include: harvesting of foragematerial for use during the dry season and movement to the fadama areas where fodder and water areavailable and the purchase of fodder materials supplied from within and outside the reserve. Therefore,Government policies and investment strategies must support education, extension services and informationabout adaptation to climate change.
STATE OF INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS PROCESSING IN NIGERIA: THE MISSING LINK
Authors: Oluwafemi R. A. , Yakubu J..G.
Published: December 2024

Animal product and processing is a very important aspect of animal production and Nigeria is a major hub of animal product consumption in West Africa. It is also one of the largest livestock-raising countries in the region. Meeting the ever-increasing domestic demand and access to these flourishing markets are major status for Nigeria and for the neighboring Sahel countries that raise livestock. However, post-harvest processing and infrastructural management of the food production chain remains a major challenge. Some of the factors militating against successful animal products and processing amongst many include: need for trained human capital, low level of education, product safety and quality, effective communication, adoption of new knowledge, information and technology and lack of facilities. This paper aims at reviewing the state of infrastructure, technology and animal products and processing in Nigeria.
Population dynamics of cattle slaughtered in a transient slab of the international cattle market Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Komolafe P. L. , Babayemi O. J. , Thomas K. A. , Ewuola E. O.
Published: December 2024

The influx of cattle into Nigerian abattoirs is on the increase with little or no documentation on slaughtering activities and types of cattle slaughtered. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the Population dynamics of cattle slaughtered in the study area. The study was carried out at Akinyele international cattle market, Ibadan over a period of 5 weeks between 7am-7pm to ascertain information on the population of cattle slaughtered, breeds, sex, size and the time of slaughtering. The result showed that a total of 1839 cattle were being slaughtered. These include White Fulani (43.2%), Red Bororo (35%), Gudali (19.8%) and Kuri (2%). Slaughtering activities starts at 7am with most of the animals (62.7%) slaughtered between 7-10am from Monday to Sunday. The highest number of cattle is processed on Fridays (35.9%) while the lowest are on Sundays (4.5%). More female cattle (73.3%) were slaughtered compared to 16.7% for male cattle with 57.2% (medium) of the cattle in the mid-age category. White Fulani and Red Bororo were the predominant breeds of cattle slaughtered at Akinyele international cattle market, Ibadan.
ADOPTION OF IMPROVED FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES AMONG FARMERS IN IWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: UMUNNA M. O. , UMUNNA M. O. , IBRAHIM A. O.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to examine the adoption of improved feeding technologies among livestock farmers in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state. A purposive sampling method was used to select 100 livestock farmers for the study. Primary data were collected from the livestock farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as means, frequency and percentages. Findings revealed that the mean age of the farmers was 48.44 years and most were married male with a mean family size of 6 persons. Most (83%) of the farmers were literate with majority (69.8%). The major source of awareness for the improved feeding technologies was agricultural extension agents. Soybean wastes had the highest level of awareness (85%) and adoption (55%) among the farmers. There was an increase in the cost feeding of the animals from N516.00 before the adoption of the innovation to N4146.00 after adoption. There was also an increase in the average income per production cycle from N54600.55 before adoption to N135500.50 after adoption. High cost of raw materials was ranked the first constraint to adoption of innovation. It was recommended that farmers should be encouraged to adopt innovation through the provision of financial assistance by relevant institutions while increasing awareness on benefits of adopting feeding technologies through extension.
BEEF CATTLE HOUSING AND HANDLING TECHNIQUES IN MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Kubkomawa H. I. , Kenneth–Chukwu A. M. , Krumah J. L. , Yerima I. N. , Audu Z. , Nafarnda W. D.
Published: December 2024

The objective of the study was to survey beef cattle housing and handling techniques in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria in order to make room for improvement to ensure their welfare. One hundred (100) beef producers were randomly selected for oral interviews, discussion and physical observations. All beef cattle producers (100%) use make shift kraals or fenced yards without roofs, while 90% use local handling equipment. The use of elaborate housing and conventional equipment is limited in the study area. Though producers know that, well designed and maintained handling facilities are essential for the safe handling ofbeef cattle and prevention of injury to handlers. Good cattle handling facilities provide high level of control and safe access for the various husbandry tasks. Many accidents involving cattle could be eliminated with better handling facilities. Knowing the correct procedure is important for both the animals and handlers.
POTENTIAL FEEDING VALUE OF FOUR SELECTED BROWSE FODDERS IN GUINEA SAVANNAH, NIGERIA
Authors: OLAFADEHAN O. A. , OTOKPA J.
Published: December 2024

Many wild browse species are undervalued mainly due to paucity of knowledge of their feeding. values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive potentials of four selected browse fodders (Piliostigma thonningii, Detarium microcarpum, Stereo spermum kunthianum and Isober liniadoka) by considering some of their nutritional and anti-nutritional attributes. There were variations in the chemical and mineral compositions and the secondary metabolites of the browse fodders. Dry matter and organic matter contents were similar (P<0.05) among the browse plants studied. D. microcarpum had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein and ether extract. P. thonningi and I. doka were higher in crude fibre (P<0.05) relative to D. microcarpum and S. kunthianum. Ash and oxaloacetate contents were lowest (P<0.05) in S. kunthianum. Calcium contents were higher (P<0.05) in S. kunthianum and I. doka compared with P. thonningii and D. microcarpum. Phosphorus and potassium contents were greatest (P<0.05) in S. kunthianum. Magnesium concentration was highest in D. microcarpum and S. kunthiarum but lowest in P. thonningi (P<0.05). the concentrations of condensed tannins, saponins, phytate and oxalates were higher (P<0.05) in I. doka than in other browse fodders. All the phytochemicals were below the threshold levels at which they induce toxicity in ruminants. The results indicate that the studied browse species are promising fodders that can either be fed solely or as supplements to low nutritive roughages predominantly used for ruminant feeding in smallholder ruminant production systems.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF BROILER FINISHERS FED GRADED LEVELS OF BITTER MELON (Momordica charantia) LEAF MEAL-BASED DIETS
Authors: OKOSUN S. E. , EHEBHA E. T. E. , OKOH P. I.
Published: December 2024

A total of 120 Anak broiler strain of 28 days old were used for the study. Four experimental diets were formulated such that the control treatment (T0) had no Bitter melon leaf meal (BMLM), while treatments 1, 2 and 3 contained 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% of BMLM replacing of soya bean meal. Thirty birds were assigned to each treatment group with three replicates in a complete randomized design and each replicates had 10 birds. The BMLM on analysis revealed the presence of Crude protein (29.62+1.30%), crude fibre (5.14±0.21%), crude fat (1.10±0.11%), nitrogen free extract (NFE) (35.83+0.30%) and ash (15.14±0.10%) as nutrients constituents. The data generated from the feeding trial showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) across the various treatments: To, T1, T2 and T3 in mean feed consumption and weight gain. The highest body weight of 2.40kg recorded from birds on T2 (5.0% BMLM) show that the test ingredient can successfully be incorporated into broiler feed formulation to as high as 5% level replacement for soya bean meal, without any deleterious effect on biological productivity.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED MALTED SORGHUM SPROUT MIXED WITH PINEAPPLE WASTE BASED DIET
Authors: SAKA A. A. , ADEDEJI O. Y. , OGUNLEKE F. O. , ADEKANBI A. O. , YAHAYA M. O.
Published: December 2024

The feeding value of malted sorghum sprout mixed with pineapple waste (MSPW) was evaluated using 16 West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in a completely randomized design for 84 days. The malted sorghum sprout and pineapple waste mixture were obtained at ratio 1:2 (weight/weight) respectively. MSPW was included in compounded ration at varying proportions of 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% MSPW respectively formulate four dietary treatments. Data were collected on growth performance and digestibility. Result showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) on the growth performance parameters measured in this study but the highest value of final body weight (7.79 kg), Average daily weight gain (19.21 g/day), metabolic weight (9.14 g/day) and Concentrate DMI (200.03 g/day) was observed in 20% MSPW while the lowest value was obtained in 40% MSPW. Goats fed 20% MSPW had the best feed conversion ratio value (17.15). Significant differences (P<0.05) among treatments were observed in all the nutrient digestibility parameters measured except the ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and the cellulose. Highest dry matter, crude protein, ash, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and hemicellulose digestibility values were observed in goats fed 20% MSPW. It was concluded that MSPW could be used up to 20% in WAD goats' diet without any adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient utilization purposely to increase animal productivity at least cost.