bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo as a Natural Reinforcement in Concrete
Authors: Syazwani Saadun Nor , Majid Masni A. , Hanif Ismail Mohd , Hani Adnan Suraya
Published: May 2022

Bamboo regained popularity as a reinforcement for concrete, especially in simple construction because of its high in tensile strength. Bamboo’s material that has a fast reproduction which increases its suitability to use as a sustainable source especially in construction works. However, when bio-based materials in general, and bamboo in particular, are expected to be used in construction, the sensitivity to moisture and their durability are usually questionable. Physical and mechanical properties bamboo should be improved by treated with chemical to prevent the bamboo from insects, pesticides and ensure the longevity of bamboo. Bamboo fibres are mainly used as a natural reinforcement in concrete that can minimize energy consumption, protect non-renewable natural resources, reduce pollution and maintain a healthy environment. Therefore, this study was to review and collect data for physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing bamboo as a natural reinforcement. The addition percentages of bamboo fibres 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%, used in the research were evaluated. Overall, the bamboo fibres as reinforced concrete for 1.0% to 1.5% are the best ratio of mix designation that have significant increase in compressive and tensile strength that tested and reviewed after 28 days of curing. Meanwhile, the density test for concrete is shown lower compared to the British Standard of steel as reinforced in concrete. The treated bamboo that used chemical treatment were improved the bonding strength and reduced water absorption more than 50% compared to the untreated bamboo. Form the review that have been done, bamboo as reinforces in concrete are suitable for lightweight construction building.
Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Eggshell Waste Powder on Compressive Strength and Heat of Hydration for Concrete
Authors: Meh K M F K , Jamellodin Z , Salleh N , Hamid N A A , Adnan S H
Published: May 2022

The aim of the research is to use palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and eggshell waste powder (ESP) as OPC replacement in concrete. The effects of POFA-ESP on compressive strength and heat of hydration was investigated. These materials were sieved through 45 µm to obtained the similarly OPC particles. The cement replacement of 20% with POFA-ESP was considered. Based on optimum results, the mix proportion of POFA 10% + ESP 10% achieved the optimum compressive strength at 28 days. However, the OPC concrete had the highest compressive strength. In hydration reaction of concrete, the concrete incorporating of 10% POFA+10% ESP has recorded with the highest peak temperature, while the temperature of OPC concrete recorded lower than 10% POFA+10% ESP. It differs from the concrete containing 20% POFA, which has the lowest temperature gains when compared to OPC concrete. It has been observed that the POFA has a low CaO composition. It has been found that the POFA is known has a low composition of CaO. The higher CaO composition is known to have occurred in ESP. This led to higher calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 produced during the hydration process and therefore did not control the heat released from the hydration temperature.
Preliminary Study of Sago Fine Waste as a Sand Replacement Material for Cement Brick
Authors: Hadi Izaan I , Suraya Hani A , Norhayati A.W. , Mohamad Hairi O , Zalipah J , Noor Azlina AH , Norhafizah S , Wimala Mia
Published: May 2022

This paper presented a preliminary results of utilization sago fine waste as a sand replacement material for cement bricks. Sago waste is a by-product of the extraction of sago starch. Usually, the bark is not utilized for other products and being dumped directly into the rivers or left for natural degradation. About 32,250 tons of sago bark waste annually. Sand however usually obtained by using machinery at the riverbank which greatly contribute to damaging the ecosystem of the river and contributing to global warming. For environmental protection and sustainable development, extensive research has been conducted on the production of bricks from waste materials. The replacement percentage of SFW are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% with water content of 50% and 60%. Density, water absorption and compressive strength are the properties that have been investigated. From the results obtained, both density and compressive strength are decreasing as the percentages of SFW increasing. On the other hand, from the data of water absorption it was found that the percentage of water absorption of brick was increased correspond to the increasing percentages of the SFW. Based on the findings, the optimum brick properties are SFW1W0.6 with the strength 5.18 MPa that can be used as non-load bearing bricks and the optimum percentage of water absorption is at 13.33%. From this study, it was found that the replacement of sand by SFW give a significant impact on density, strength, and water absorption performance of concrete brick.
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Circular Opening at Flexure Zone by Various Types of Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Authors: Hamid N.A.A , Salleh N , Ali N , Abdullah S.R , Adnan S.H , Jamellodin Z
Published: May 2022

This paper aims to investigate the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams containing circular opening at mid-beam span and strengthened using externally bonded Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) sheets, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plates. The flexural behaviour including ultimate load, deflection, crack pattern as well as failure mode was investigated. Five RC beams with the dimensions of 1700 mm length and cross section of 200 mm x 250 mm with design concrete strength of 64 N/mm2 were tested under 4-points loading. The tested RC beams consists of solid beam as a control beam, unstrengthened RC beam with circular opening and strengthened RC beams with circular opening. The circular opening with ratio of 0.32 is classified as small opening with diameter of 80 mm was kept constant for all beam specimens. The inclusions of circular opening at the middle of beam span slightly decreased the ultimate load of beam about 6.2% compared to control beam. The reduction of stiffness was also experienced in RC beam with opening. The application of strengthening in beams with circular openings manages to regain the beam capacity about 17.5 to 22.6% higher than the unstrengthened RC beams with opening.
Surface Temperature Profile of Cement Mortar with Infiltrated Water
Authors: Dina Mariana , Anting Nickholas , John Meng Siang Alvin , Hazurina Nor , Sheikh Khalid Faisal , Prasetijo Joewono
Published: May 2022

Leakage detection in concrete is one of interesting field materials engineering. The conventional approach such as using ultrasonic device, are only effective to identify the source due to piping burst. However, leakage due to crack and microcrack that presence in the concrete slab is hard to detect, and its effect only can be observed after long period of time. The objective of this paper is to investigate the temperature profile of mortar with infiltrated water. This experimental work is conducted by using a mortar with the size of 200 mm x 200 mm with the thickness of 50mm. The surface temperature was measured at the bottom part of the mortar, at five designated locations. The temperature measurement was recorded using data logger Graphtec GL200, for every 5 minutes, continuously for 6 hours. The results obtained that p-value of the surface temperature of the mortar surface was 0.3 greater than α = 0.05. Therefore, with 95% number of confident, the null hypothesis of the surface temperature was cannot be rejected. So, we confidently believe that there was enough evidence to accept the null hypothesis. Other than that, the correlation coefficient also found all of the correlation, R2 of the samples was positively strong in between ±0.05 to ±1. As a conclusion, the hypothesis of the experiment was accepted because there was no significantly difference between the surface temperature of the mortar.
Study of the Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Traditional Markets in the New Normal Era in Malang Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Hardianto Hardianto , Edwin Tjahjadi Martinus , Kurnia Sunaryo Dedy , Nyoman Sudiasa I
Published: May 2022

The traditional market waste includes household waste. Handling of waste helps reduce the burden of Temporary Disposal Site (TPS). This study aimed to analyze the generation and composition of market waste as well as traders’ perceptions of health protocols in various market classes in Malang Regency. Calculation of the number of samples with the Slovin method. The method of measuring solid waste generation and composition is using SNI 19-3964-1994 for 8 consecutive days. Measurement of generation in weight/volume based on the source of solid waste. Waste sorting is based on the composition of the waste. The maximum market waste generation is in class 1 of 17.402 kg/m2/day in the vegetable stall, while the minimum waste generation is in class 3 of 0.01 kg/m2/day in the plastic stall. The composition of the existing waste is divided into 11 groups, namely compostable solid waste, paper, plastic, diapers, cloth, glass, wood, cans, metal, hazardous waste, and styrofoam. The results of the questionnaire showed that 75% of market traders have implemented the health protocol well.
Rainwater harvesting at place of worship: a case study in Australia
Authors: Hurayra M A , Rahman A
Published: May 2022

There are several ways of preserving water covering technical, legal and cultural aspects. More recently, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) has become one of the popular means of water-saving. A few studies on RWH system at place of worship have been undertaken; however, there has not been any detailed study in Australia. This research aims to explore how Islamic scripture can be used to promote water conservation among the Muslim community, specifically, this examines the feasibility of a RWH system at St Marys Islamic Centre, New South Wales, Australia where a RWH system is proposed to supplement mains water for regular uses such as washing, gardening, and socio-religious functions. Based on local daily rainfall data, a water balance model has been developed to estimate reliability of a RWH system at the proposed location. The preliminary result shows that for a 10 kL tank size, the average reliability of the proposed RWH system is 69% for 400 people. However, if the tank size increases, reliability also increases and therefore, higher tank size is needed at the proposed site. Finally, this result will be useful to understand the effects of Islamic motivation and RWH on water preservation. It is also expected that the outcomes of this research will promote water conservation in places of worship and community centres across Australia and other countries.
Application of Coastal Protection Structure for Mangrove Rehabilitation & Rejuvenation of West Coast Johor. Case Study: Tanjong Labuh, Batu Pahat, Johor.
Authors: Adib Mohammad Razi Mohd , Shalahuddin Adnan Mohd , Anjang Ahmad Mustaffa , Mohd Salleh Anuar , Mohd Bukari Saifullizan , Ali Saeed Abduh AlGheethi Adel , Mokhtar Arman
Published: May 2022

Tanjung Labuh beach was a muddy beach along the Malacca Strait and the shoreline was the land-sea border. The shoreline has an irregular existence and shifts because of human activities and nature, resulting in erosion and sediment eradication on the shore. The aim of this study focuses on identify the coastline changes from the image taken by using drone and to analyse the data from the image by using ArcGIS mapping software and also to determine soil properties, coastal properties and analyse the movement of sediment transport. DJI Phantom 4 Pro (UAV) is a method used to identify the shoreline changes in study area. Measuring large-scale land recovered by land survey methods such as the complete station and GPS however demands a great deal of time and job investment. Analysis such as specific gravity, hydrometer test and sieve analysis will be carried out to obtain results on the characteristic of sediment for identified coastal erosion. The result shows during the low tide between November 2020 and May 2021 the shoreline changes are visible. This research would allow organizations or some other group to shed light on problems and the construction of this coastal structure can give a significant impact on the ecosystem of mangrove area.
Flood Analysis and Non-Structural Approach for Flood Protection in Sg. Kelantan
Authors: Fatihah Nor Azlan Shah Nurul , Wajihah Abd Hakim Nur , Salleh Md Noor , Ali Maisarah , Fairullazi Ayob Mohd , Sekaran Thayalam , Azmi Ismail Mohd , Zaki Mat Amin Mohd
Published: May 2022

Flooding is categorized as a natural disaster that occurs due to various climatic and geophysical factors. Malaysia is a lucky country as it experiences a tropical climate and generally protected from extreme drought. However, the states located along the east coast of the Peninsular Malaysia such as Kelantan, Terengganu, and Pahang always experienced a heavy flood, especially during the monsoon season due to high intensity of rainfall. The objectives of this paper were to simulate Flood Hydrographs for Various Storm Duration by using Hydrologic Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS), to investigate the location of floodplain at the catchment area of Sg. Kelantan by using River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), to identify the non-structural approach that can reduce the rate of flood based on its topography. By using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS software, the peak discharge from each rainfall stations for different average recurrence interval (ARI) were calculated. Various non-strctural measures to reduce the impacts of flood are discussed.
Statistical modelling of extreme temperature in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Ng J L , Chan K H , Md Noh N I F , Razman R , Surol S , Lee J C , Al-Mansob R A
Published: May 2022

Extreme temperature events bring significant effects on the environment and society. Consequently, investigating the best fit for extreme temperature data is important for hydrological study and event forecasting. The main aim of this study is to determine the best fit probability distribution for monthly and annual extreme temperatures. The maximum temperature data at monthly and annual time scales were obtained from MMD (Malaysia Meteorological department). The temperature data for 40 years were fitted to the 10 probability distributions for each station. The parameters of the distributions were estimated by the maximum likelihood method and L-moment method. Besides, three goodness of fit tests, namely Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), Anderson-Darling (A2) and Chi-Squared Error (CSE) test were applied to evaluate the performances of the distributions. The best fit distribution was selected based on the lowest test scores from the summation of the three goodness of fit tests. The results of this study showed that Generalized Extreme Value distribution was selected as the best-fit distribution, followed by Log-Pearson 3, 3 Parameter Lognormal, Generalized Log Logistic and Gamma distributions. The results of this study can be used as a reference for development planners, agricultural sector, water management agencies in hydrological planning and disaster management.
Continuous variable multipartite entanglement in cascaded nonlinearities
Authors: Misra Goutam , Kumar Ashok
Published: May 2022

Multipartite entanglement is the crucial requirement for quantum information processing, quantum computation, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Therefore, the generation and characterization of such entanglement are primary goals in quantum technologies. Here we theoretically study the multipartite continuous-variable quadrature entanglement generated by three symmetric cascaded nonlinear optical systems. Such cascaded systems allow us to study the bipartite, tripartite and quadripartite entanglement. We use different continuous-variable entanglement criteria to characterize the entanglement. We observe that only a few bipartite combinations show the entanglement out of all possible combinations, while most tripartite combinations are entangled. Interestingly such a system depicts a full quadripartite entanglement. Moreover, we show that, unlike the quadrature sum-variance entanglement criterion, the negative partial transpose criterion can show the entanglement in most cases. The present comprehensive analysis of the generation and characterization of the continuous-variable entanglement with cascaded systems would pave the way to realizing a complex quantum network.
Matrix product state pre-training for quantum machine learning
Authors: Dborin James , Barratt Fergus , Wimalaweera Vinul , Wright Lewis , Green Andrew G
Published: May 2022

Hybrid quantum–classical algorithms are a promising candidate for developing uses for NISQ devices. In particular, parametrised quantum circuits (PQCs) paired with classical optimizers have been used as a basis for quantum chemistry and quantum optimization problems. Tensor network methods are being increasingly used as a classical machine learning tool, as well as a tool for studying quantum systems. We introduce a circuit pre-training method based on matrix product state machine learning methods, and demonstrate that it accelerates training of PQCs for both supervised learning, energy minimization, and combinatorial optimization.
Enhanced water oxidation reaction activity of Mn3O4 nanocrystals in an alkaline medium by doping transition-metal ions
Authors: Saraswathi P , Babu Anjaly , Ramarao S D , Uday Kumar K , Borkar Hitesh , Rajesh Ch , Kumar K Raghavendra
Published: May 2022

Designing low-cost, Earth-abundant, and non-precious catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reactions is particularly important for accelerating the development of sustainable energy sources and, further, can be fed to fuel cells. In the present work, we report the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of a metal-oxide catalyst, Mn3O4, and study the effect of transition metal doping (Cu and Fe) on the OER activity of Mn3O4 in an alkaline medium. The Mn3O4 and transition metal (Cu and Fe) doped Mn3O4 catalysts were prepared using a hydrothermal reaction technique. Powder x-ray diffraction studies revealed that these compounds adopt a tetragonal spinel structure with an I41/amd space group, and this is further supported with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic measurements. These results are further supported by high-resolution transmission electron microscopic measurements. The electrochemical measurements of these catalysts reveal that the transition metal (Cu and Fe) doped Mn3O4 catalysts show better OER activity than pristine Mn3O4 (MO). The transition metal (Cu and Fe) doped Mn3O4 catalysts exhibit lower overpotential for the OER (η
MCO = 300 mV and η
MFO = 240 mV) than the MO (η
MO = 350 mV) catalyst. The better performance of Fe-doped Mn3O4 is further supported by turnover frequency calculations.
Broadband subwavelength tunable valley edge states induced by fluid filling acoustic metastructure
Authors: Yang Tao , Chen Meng , Liu Yu , Xiao Boya , Wang Xilin , Pei Dongliang , Jiang Heng , Wang Yuren
Published: May 2022

Topological acoustic insulators demonstrate unusual characteristics in manipulating sound wave, which attract much attention from researchers. However, most of the recent researches are based on passive system, hampering their dispersion tunability. In this paper, a broadband subwavelength tunable fluid filling acoustic topological metastructure is studied. It is composed of perforated cells with tunable water height in the hole, which enables the dispersion of the edge state to be tuned. The inversion symmetry is broken by expanding and shrinking the adjacent holes in the unit cell. Thus, the valley Hall states with opposite Chern number form at the K point in the Brillouin zone. The edge states emerge at the boundary of the different valley Hall phases. The robustness of the edge states is verified by the straight and Z-shaped waveguide. Furthermore, the dispersion of the edge state can be altered continuously by raising and reducing the water height, giving rise to broadband variable topological states, which greatly expands the bandwidth from 40 Hz to 1033 Hz. This work offers a new method to control the topological states and shows great potential for practical application.
Comparing surface wind stress and sea surface temperature biases over the tropical and subtropical oceans in subsets of CMIP6 models categorized by frozen hydrometeors-radiation interactions
Authors: Li J-L F , Xu Kuan-Man , Lee Wei-Liang , Jiang J H , Tsai Yu-Cian , Fetzer Eric , Stephens Graeme , Wang Yi-Hui , Yu Jia-Yuh
Published: May 2022

We evaluate the simulations of surface wind stress (TAU) and sea surface temperature (SST) over subtropical and tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans in subsets of CMIP6 models that are categorized by frozen hydrometeors-radiation interactions. The CMIP6 models are divided into two subsets with combined (SON1) and separated (SON2) radiative properties of cloud ice and falling ice (snow) and compared to the set with cloud ice radiative effects only (NOS). There is evidence that these hydrometeors-radiation interaction treatments induce different atmospheric dynamic responses that influence the surface properties. Excessive westerly TAU and meridional TAU divergence away from convective zones are reduced significantly in SON1 and SON2 relative to NOS against QuikSCAT observations; while the differences between SON2 and SON1 are small. SON2 reduces cold SST biases over north oceans and equatorial zones drastically (1 to 2 K), and warm biases (up to 1 K) off the coasts of America and zonal TAU biases are reduced relative to NOS. Unlike SON2, SON1 improves SSTs mainly over south of Pacific Ocean and limited areas over the tropical belts relative to NOS although TAU is reduced drastically as in SON2, implying that other factors play a role in degrading the SST simulations in SON1 relative to SON2. SON2 outperforms NOS and SON1 in the seasonal cycles of SST mean biases and mean absolute biases averaged over the equatorial area, north ocean, and South Pacific against ERSST observations. Despite the significant improvements in TAU and SST simulations, SON2 models still exhibit non-trivial biases over south and north flanks of equatorial zones. These results suggest that there are direct linkages of TAU with SST changes resulting from the hydrometeors-radiation interactions in SON2, but not in SON1, relative to NOS, implying that a separated treatment of cloud ice and falling ice radiative properties in climate models is preferred.
Numerical methods for efficient GW calculations and the applications in low-dimensional systems
Authors: Gao Weiwei , Xia Weiyi , Zhang Peihong , R Chelikowsky James , Zhao Jijun
Published: May 2022

The GW approximation (GWA) of quasiparticle self-energy is a well-established method for quantitative description of single-particle excitations and has been successfully applied to a wide range of systems. However, the relatively huge computational cost and non-trivial convergence behavior hinder the applications of the GWA in large and complex material systems. Due to the recent interest in low-dimensional materials, such as two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets and nanoclusters, researchers have focused on designing novel numerical methods for efficient and accurate prediction of quasiparticle excitations in low-dimensional materials. This topical review recaps the basic concepts of the GWA and presents several conventional code implementations. We review some of the most recent advances in innovative GWA methods and reformulations, focusing on applications to 2D and localized systems.
Innovation in Family Business
Authors: De Massis Alfredo , Rondi Emanuela , Appleton Samuel Wayne
Published: May 2022

The involvement of families in firms’ ownership, management, and governance is a key driver of organizational attitudes, behaviors, and performances, especially those related to innovation. Starting from the beginning of the 21st century, the academic interest toward family firm innovation has bloomed. This body of research has mostly emerged from family firm scholars, while mainstream innovation scholars have often overlooked family variables in their studies. Indeed, innovation is one of the main areas in family firm research, integrating family and business aspects, leading to a plethora of sometimes contradictory findings. Initially, research compared innovation between family and nonfamily firms. While this approach has been beneficial to the rise of this stream of research and underlined the idiosyncratic characteristics of family firms on this matter, it soon emerged that within family firms there is a high degree of heterogeneity, especially in their attributes and the way they relate to innovation. Therefore, scholars have delved deeper into the heterogeneous influence that different types and degrees of family involvement in the firm can exert on innovation. This vast body of literature can be reconciled according to an antecedents–activities–outcomes framework allowing to attune current understanding of family firm innovation and recommend directions for future research. While most of current research has examined the antecedents of family business innovation, further examination of the activity of innovating in family firms is needed. Fostering accessibility to this literature allows students, practitioners, and scholars to grasp and digest this insightful area of family business research. It also encourages an extension of the range of perspectives adopted to examine innovation in family firms, contributing to advance current knowledge.
LGBTQ+ Workers
Authors: Eger Elizabeth K. , Litrenta Morgan L. , Kane Sierra R. , Senegal Lace D.
Published: May 2022

LGBTQ+ people face unique organizational communication dilemmas at work. In the United States, LGBTQ+ workers communicate their gender, sexuality, and other intersecting identities and experiences through complex interactions with coworkers, supervisors, customers, publics, organizations, and institutions. They also utilize specific communication strategies to navigate exclusionary policies and practices and organize for intersectional justice. Five central research themes for LGBTQ+ workers in the current literature include (a) workplace discrimination, (b) disclosure at work, (c) navigating interpersonal relationships at work, (d) inclusive and exclusive policies, and (e) intersectional work experiences and organizing.

First, the lived experiences of discrimination, exclusion, and violence in organizations, including from coworkers, managers, and customers, present a plethora of challenges from organizational entry to exit. LGBTQ+ workers face high levels of unemployment and underemployment and experience frequent microaggressions. Queer, trans, and intersex workers also experience prevalent workplace discrimination, uncertainty, and systemic barriers when attempting to use fluctuating national and state laws for workplace protections. Second, such discrimination creates unique risks that LGBTQ+ workers must navigate when it comes to disclosing their identities at work. The complexities of workplace disclosure of LGBTQ+ identities and experiences become apparent through closeting, passing, and outing communication. These three communication strategies for queer, trans, and intersex survival are often read as secretive or deceptive by heterosexual or cisgender coworkers and managers. Closeting communication may also involve concealing information about personal and family relationships at work and other identity intersections. Third, LGBTQ+ people must navigate workplace relationships, particularly with heterosexual and/or cisgender coworkers and managers and in organizations that assume cisheteronormativity. Fourth, policies structure LGBTQ+ workers’ lives, including both the positive impacts of inclusive policies and discrimination and violence via exclusionary policies. Fifth and finally, intersectionality is crucial to theorize when examining LGBTQ+ workers’ communication. It is not enough to just investigate sexuality or gender identity, as they are interwoven with race, class, disability, religion, nationality, age, and more. Important exemplars also showcase how intersectional organizing can create transformative and empowering experiences for LGBTQ+ people. By centering LGBTQ+ workers, this article examines their unique and complex organizational communication needs and proposes future research.
Media Literacy and Communication
Authors: Scharrer Erica , Zhou Yuxi
Published: May 2022

Media literacy refers to the ability to interact with media from a position of active inquiry, carefully considering media texts, the forces and factors that shape those texts, and the ways in which audiences interpret the texts or otherwise respond. Media access, use, creation, analysis, and evaluation skills are considered essential for citizenship in the contemporary world. Media literacy education encompasses efforts to advance media literacy within a group of individuals and spur their motivation to apply media literacy skills and perspectives in interactions with media. Yet, there are barriers that impede the widespread adoption of media literacy education in various global locations. There is disparity, for instance, in the degree to which local, regional, or national policies support media literacy education in schools as well as in the training, funding, or other resources available to educators.

Considerable variability in the assumptions and objectives that scholars and practitioners bring to media literacy education has been identified. Some of that variability reflects differing emphases in Communication and Media Studies paradigms including whether media literacy education should be considered as a means of protecting children and adolescents from the potential for negative effects of media. Sometimes positioned as an alternative to a more protectionist approach, media literacy education can be viewed as a platform from which to encourage young people’s creative self-expression and to emphasize their (and others’) agency rather than vulnerability. The ways in which media literacy education is carried out and how and what is assessed to determine what such education can achieve differs, as well. In spite of these differences, there are overarching commonalities in media literacy conceptualization and empirical evidence that media literacy education can build skills necessary for citizenship in an increasingly media- and information-rich world.
Nationalism
Authors: Garner Renaud-Philippe
Published: May 2022

Nationalism is a set of beliefs about the nation: its origins, nature, and value. For nationalists, we are particular social animals. On the one hand, our lives are structured by a profound sense of togetherness and similarity: We share languages and memories. On the other hand, our lives are characterized by deep divisions and differences: We draw borders and contest historical narratives. For nationalism, humanity is neither a single species-wide community nor an aggregation of individuals but divided into distinct and unique nations. At the heart of nationalism are claims about our identity and needs as social animals that form the basis of a series of normative claims. To answer the question “what should I do” or “how should I live,” one must first answer the questions “who am I” and “where do I belong.” Nationalism says that our membership in a nation takes precedence and ultimately must guide our choices and actions. In terms of guiding choice and action, nationalist thought proposes a specific form of partiality. Rather than treat the interests or claims of persons and groups impartially, the nationalist demands that one favors one’s own, either as a group or as individual persons. While nationalism does not claim to be the only form of partiality, it does claim to outrank all others: Loyalty or obligations to other groups or identities are subordinated to national loyalty. Together, these claims function as a political ideology. Nationalism identifies the nation as the central form of community and elevates it to the object of supreme loyalty. This fundamental concern for the nation and its flourishing can be fragmented into narrower aims or objectives: national autonomy, national identity, and national unity. Debate on nationalism tends to divide into two clusters, one descriptive and one normative, that only make partial contact. For historians and sociologists, the questions are explanatory: What is nationalism, what is a nation, how are they related, and when and how did they emerge? Philosophers and political theorists focus on the justification of nationalism or nationalist claims: Is national loyalty defensible, what are the limits of this loyalty, how do we rank our loyalties, and does nationalism conflict with human rights?
Counterproductive Work Behaviors
Authors: Searle Rosalind H.
Published: May 2022

Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) can be a significant activity within workplaces. Psychological study outlines different perspectives as to why these arise. Traditional views position CWB as an individual factor that enables their detection and nonselection. While deviance may emanate from one person, if left unchallenged it can rapidly spread throughout a workplace, altering the prevailing values, norms, and behaviors, and in the process becoming more enduring and toxic. Alternatively, the source of CWB can emerge outside the individual with a context that depletes the individual’s own regulatory resources. Those engaging in CWB can be unaware of their behaviors, with moral disengagement mechanisms used to reframe cognitions about their activities, which leads to more pervasive collective moral decline. Inhibiting CWB requires active processes of both individual self-reflection and self-regulation, which can be easily derailed in stress-inducing contexts, but are constrained through self-reflection and also social and legal sanctions. However, through the means of selecting and shaping their environments, fear of social sanction can be diminished, actively assisted by colluding networks of silence, that protect and even embolden instigators, further muting their targets, and driving those willing to report out of the organization. In these ways prevailing norms become distorted. Increasingly, a traditional binary notion of “good” and “bad” people is being challenged as oversimplistic, with research showing CWB as a complex process. Its antecedents can be individual, but they may also be situational, or the result of prior “good” deeds. The exploration of four distinct approaches offers very different insights into the antecedents, processes, and outcomes, and potential means to more effectively intervene, and inhibit their occurrence.
Trans and Gender Diverse Youth and Education
Authors: Kassen Jenny E.
Published: May 2022

As more young people find language to describe their gendered experiences, education as a field is reckoning with how to best support and affirm them in schools. Research centering on the experiences of transgender and gender diverse students (TGDSs) has brought to light many issues that impact on their school experiences, such as lack of curricular visibility, in-school support, and lack of appropriate facilities, illuminating the systemic forces at play that hamper TGDS participation and livability in schools and drawing attention to the violence that is enacted against them through erasure and overt transphobia. Examining the pervasive violence that TGDSs face at school through a framework of epistemic injustice provides an entry point conceptualizing of violence as extending beyond direct physical or verbal victimization to include the harm done when an individual is disqualified by others as a knower of their own experience. Cultural cisgenderism, the systemic erasure of TGD people in all aspects of society, is the vehicle by which epistemic injustice organizationally and instructionally informs and creates school climates where TGDSs come to be subject to verbal and physical aggression. Understanding the violence that impacts on every aspect of TGDSs’ academic trajectories as expressions of cultural cisgenderism and epistemic violence provides educators with options for intentionally examining the ways in which school systems are complicit in the production of a silence and invisibility around gender diversity which cultivates unsafe gender climates and thus facilitates more overt forms of harm. Examining the more insidious and normalized forms of epistemic violence opens up space to probe more deeply into how a positive—not merely bearable—school experience might be imagined for and with TGDSs.
Household Finance
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Zhang Jian , Zou Xin
Published: May 2022

Households are one of the key participants in the economy. Households provide land, labor, and capital to the external economy, in exchange for incomes including rents, wages, interests, and profits; the incomes are then utilized to buy goods and services from the external economy again, rendering an income flow circular. This suggests that households make complicated decisions in almost all areas of economics and finance, which constitute the scope of household finance studies. Specifically, household finance encompasses the following three topics: (a) how households make financial decisions regarding saving, consumption, investment, housing, and borrowing; (b) how organizations provide goods and services to satisfy these financial functions; and (c) how external interventions (from firms, governments, or other parties) such as financial technology (FinTech) affect these financial activities.

Despite the important stake in the financial system, it was not until recent decades that household finance became a prosperous research field. For many years, financial studies mostly focused on financial markets, nonfinancial corporations, and financial institutions and intermediaries, with households being delivered as a simplified representative agent. Classical economic models do consider households in the economic system, but mainly focus on their functions in the income flow circular (i.e., the saving or demand for products). Recently, the household finance field received more attention and has produced a large strand of theoretical and empirical studies due to the incremental participation of households in financial markets, the observed consequences of events such as financial crises, the availability of more detailed high-quality granular data, and the regulations and interventions induced by technology innovation.
Financial Frictions and International Trade: A Review
Authors: Kohn David , Leibovici Fernando , Szkup Michal
Published: May 2022

This article reviews recent studies on the impact of financial frictions on international trade. We first present evidence on the relation between measures of access to external finance and export decisions. We then present an analytical framework to analyze the impact of financial frictions on firms’ export decisions. Finally, we review recent applications of this framework to investigate the impact of financial frictions on international trade dynamics across firms, across industries, and in the aggregate. We discuss related empirical, theoretical, and quantitative studies throughout.
Urbanization and Emerging Cities: Infrastructure and Housing
Authors: Duranton Gilles , Venables Anthony J.
Published: May 2022

Urbanization is a central challenge of our times. At its core, it is an urban development challenge that requires addressing transportation and housing in cities. Transport improvements can reduce travel times and improve the spatial reach of urban dwellers. But these improvements may be crowded out by latent demand for travel and may lead to worse congestion, pollution, and other negative externalities associated with urban traffic. To evaluate the effects of transport improvements, direct travel effects must be measured. Then, an improvement in traffic conditions somewhere may spill over to other areas. Firms and residents may also relocate, so economic growth close to a transport improvement may just result from a displacement of economic activity from other areas. Conversely, better accessibility is expected to foster agglomeration effects and increase productivity. Valuing these changes is difficult, as it requires being able to quantify many externalities such as congestion delays, scheduling gains, and greater job accessibility. Housing policies present different challenges. More fundamental policies seek to enable housing construction by offering more secure property rights, up-to-date land registries, and competent land-use planning—all complex endeavors and all necessary. Other housing policies rely on heavy government interventions to provide housing directly to large segments of the urban population. These policies often flop because governments fail to link housing provision with job accessibility and appropriate land-use planning. Housing is also an expensive asset that requires significant initial funding, while credit constraints abound in the urbanizing world. Policymakers also need to choose between small improvements to extremely low-quality informal housing, retrofitting modern housing in already-built urban areas, or urban expansion. All these options involve sharp trade-offs, subtle induced effects, and complex interactions with transport. All these effects are difficult to measure and challenging to value.
Ten Lessons From a Career in Global Health: Guidance to Those Considering a Life Working With the Poor Countries of the World
Authors: Rohde Jon
Published: May 2022

Global health, defined by the World Health Organization as “priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide,” is an expanded view of traditional public health. While utilizing many of the tools widely taught in schools of public health, its emphasis is both on reaching the poorest and most isolated populations and transferring knowledge and skills for their benefit. Extensive and continuous field interactions and collaboration with the populations for whom health interventions are intended to benefit are very important. Thus, immersion in local culture and society, language skills, and active listening are key attributes for a global health professional to acquire. These apply to local health workers as well as expatriates. A broad array of disciplinary insights, ranging from clinical medicine to social sciences, communication strategies, and team building, are often more valuable than a single technocentric expertise, enabling a more holistic approach to health problems. The ability to simplify suggested techniques and interventions and especially the ability to create a culturally understood logic behind biomedical explanations go a long way to establishing acceptance of health messages and advice. Introducing new ideas, habits, and procedures incrementally rather than in one large dose of instructions or training has more lasting impact on both trainees and the targeted population. Invariably, delegating both authority and responsibility to “lower-level” workers—that is, those closer to the people through tradition, familiarity, and geographic access—results in greater acceptability and uptake of desired behaviors. Learning in the field is best accomplished from observing and emulating mentor figures—those who best exemplify the attributes of a widely accepted and respected health leader. In time, one’s own role as a mentor for new recruits facilitates the transfer of attitudes and approaches that embody these important principles of global health work. In the end, one’s impact on communities will be measured by the people and institutions that one inspires and leaves to carry on the work into the future.
The Atmosphere of Uranus
Authors: Fletcher Leigh N.
Published: May 2022

Uranus provides a unique laboratory to test current understanding of planetary atmospheres under extreme conditions. Multi-spectral observations from Voyager, ground-based observatories, and space telescopes have revealed a delicately banded atmosphere punctuated by storms, waves, and dark vortices, evolving slowly under the seasonal influence of Uranus’s extreme axial tilt. Condensables like methane and hydrogen sulphide play a crucial role in shaping circulation, clouds, and storm phenomena via latent heat release through condensation, strong equator-to-pole gradients suggestive of equatorial upwelling and polar subsidence, and the formation of stabilizing layers that may decouple different circulation and convective regimes as a function of depth. Phase transitions in the watery depths may also decouple Uranus’s atmosphere from motions within the interior. Weak vertical mixing and low atmospheric temperatures associated with Uranus’s negligible internal heat means that stratospheric methane photochemistry occurs in a unique high-pressure regime, decoupled from the influx of external oxygen. The low homopause also allows for the formation of an extensive ionosphere. Finally, the atmosphere provides a window on the bulk composition of Uranus—the ice-to-rock ratio, supersolar elemental and isotopic enrichments inferred from remote sensing, and future in situ measurements—providing key insights into its formation and subsequent migration.

As a cold, hydrogen-dominated, intermediate-sized, slowly rotating, and chemically enriched world, Uranus could be the closest and best example of atmospheric processes on a class of worlds that may dominate the census of planets beyond our own solar system. Future missions to the Uranian system must carry a suite of instrumentation capable of advancing knowledge of the time-variable circulation, composition, meteorology, chemistry, and clouds on this enigmatic “ice giant.”
Development Financing in Latin America
Authors: Stanley Leondard E. , Vivares Ernesto
Published: May 2022

Development finance (DF) schemes in Latin America have shifted from neoliberal and conservative to neo-developmentalist and populist approaches with no effect on political, economic, social, and environmental circumstances. Regardless of the political-ideological bias of the ruling coalition, critical problems related to the contradictions imposed by the global insertion model have remained the same. The dynamics of ideas, institutions, and actors illustrate the DF network of power and legitimacy. The governance of DF is a contested historical process in which opposite ideas about development, supported by antagonistic groups, confront the political-economic orientations. Different governances are institutional devices that reflect diverse development ideas and specific political-economic settings. Regardless of the model, a generalized crisis questions financial globalization and advises a rethinking of the financing schemes.