bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretraining Experience and Structure of Surgical Training at a Sub‐Saharan African University
Authors: Galukande Moses , Ozgediz Doruk , Elobu Emmanuel , Kaggwa Sam
Published: April 2013

Background

The common goal of surgical training is to provide effective, well‐rounded surgeons who are capable of providing a safe and competent service that is relevant to the society within which they work. In recent years, the surgical workforce crisis has gained greater attention as a component of the global human resources in health problems in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the models for specialist surgical training in Uganda; (2) evaluate the pretraining experience of surgical trainees; (3) explore training models in the United States and Canada and areas of possible further inquiry and intervention for capacity‐building efforts in surgery and perioperative care.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional descriptive study conducted at Makerere University, College of Health Sciences during 2011–2012. Participants were current and recently graduated surgical residents. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and were entered and analyzed using an excel Microsoft spread sheet. The Makerere University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board approved the study.

Results

Of the 35 potential participants, 23 returned the questionnaires (65 %). Mean age of participants was 29 years with a male/female ratio of 3:1. All worked predominantly in general district hospitals. Pretraining procedures performed numbered 2,125 per participant, which is twice that done by their US and Canadian counterparts during their entire 5‐year training period.

Conclusions

A rich pretraining experience exists in East Africa. This should be taken advantage of to enhance surgical specialist training at the institution and regional level.
Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid production
Authors: Agren Rasmus , Otero José Manuel , Nielsen Jens
Published: April 2013

In this work, we describe the application of a genome-scale metabolic model and flux balance analysis for the prediction of succinic acid overproduction strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The top three single gene deletion strategies, Δmdh1, Δoac1, and Δdic1, were tested using knock-out strains cultivated anaerobically on glucose, coupled with physiological and DNA microarray characterization. While Δmdh1 and Δoac1 strains failed to produce succinate, Δdic1 produced 0.02 C-mol/C-mol glucose, in close agreement with model predictions (0.03 C-mol/C-mol glucose). Transcriptional profiling suggests that succinate formation is coupled to mitochondrial redox balancing, and more specifically, reductive TCA cycle activity. While far from industrial titers, this proof-of-concept suggests that in silico predictions coupled with experimental validation can be used to identify novel and non-intuitive metabolic engineering strategies.
Mumic acids A–E: new diterpenoids from mumiyo
Authors: Kiren Yuko , Nugroho Alfarius Eko , Hirasawa Yusuke , Shirota Osamu , Bekenova Myrzaim , Narbekovich Narbekov Omorbay , Shapilova Marina , Maeno Hiromichi , Morita Hiroshi
Published: April 2013

Five new diterpenoids belonging to labdane and isopimarane skeletons, mumic acids A–E (1–5), have been isolated from mumiyo. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical derivatization.
Physicochemical Investigation of Biocompatible Mixed Surfactant Reverse Micelles: III. Aqueous NaCl Solubilization, Thermodynamic Parameters of Desolubilization Process and Conductometric Studies
Authors: Kundu Kaushik , Paul Bidyut K.
Published: April 2013

Solubilization of water and aqueous NaCl in mixed reverse micelles (RMs) comprising sodium bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate or polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate has been studied at different compositions (Xnonionic = 0–1.0) at a total surfactant concentration, ST = 0.10 × 103 mol m−3 in biocompatible oils of different chemical structures; viz., ethyl oleate (EO), isopropyl myristate (IPM) and isopropyl palmitate (IPP) at 303 K. The enhancement in water solubilization (i.e., synergism) has been evidenced by the addition of nonionic surfactant to dioctyl sulfosuccinate/oil(s)/water systems. Addition of NaCl in these systems at different Xnonionic enhances their solubilization capacities further until a maximum, ωNaCl,max is reached. ωNaCl,max and [NaCl]max (concentration at which maximization of NaCl solubilization occurs) depend on type of nonionic surfactant, its content (Xnonionic) and oil. A new solubilization efficiency parameter (SP*water or SP*NaCl) has been proposed to compare solubilization phenomena in these oils. The energetic parameters of the desolubilization process of water or aqueous NaCl in single and mixed RMs have been estimated. Energetically, the water dissolution process in oil has been found to be more exothermic as well as more organized in IPP. Overall, the dissolution of water and aqueous NaCl in mixed RMs is entropically driven process. Conductance behavior of these systems in the presence of NaCl has been investigated under different [NaCl] at 303 K. An attempt has been made to give an insight to the mechanism of solubilization phenomena, percolation in conductance and microstructures vis‐à‐vis role of biocompatible oils in these systems.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cationic Lipids Derived from Thio Galactose
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Zhou Min , Luo Limei
Published: April 2013

Two double chain cationic lipids QAS Cn‐2‐S (n = 12, 14) derived from thio galactose and carbamate‐linkage tertiary amine were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by MS, TOF‐MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The QAS C12‐2‐S revealed superior surface activity compared with QAS C14‐2‐S with lower CMC and γCMC. Though Lipo C12‐2‐S displayed large average particle‐size with high polydispersity, positive charged Lipo Cn‐2‐S can be combined with the negative charged DNA, also negatively stained TEM images confirmed the formation of vesicles. All the above prove that the Lipo Cn‐2‐S is helpful for gene transfection.
Interactions Between Oil Substrates and Glucose on Pure Cultures of Ruminal Lipase‐Producing Bacteria
Authors: Edwards H. D. , Anderson R. C. , Taylor T. M. , Miller R. K. , Hardin M. D. , Nisbet D. J. , Krueger N. A. , Smith S. B.
Published: April 2013

The hydrolysis of free fatty acids from lipids is a prerequisite for biohydrogenation, a process that effectively saturates free fatty acids. Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 5s and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have long been thought to be the major contributors to ruminal lipolysis; however, Propionibacterium avidum and acnes recently have been identified as contributing lipase activity in the rumen. In order to further characterize the lipase activity of these bacterial populations, each was grown with three different lipid substrates, olive oil, corn oil, and flaxseed oil (3 %). Because different finishing rations contain varying levels of glycogen (a source of free glucose) this study also documented the effects of glucose on lipolysis. P. avidum and A. lipolyticus 5s demonstrated the most rapid rates (P < 0.05) of lipolysis for cultures grown with olive oil and flaxseed oil, respectively. A. lipolyticus, B. fibrisolvens, and P. avidum more effectively hydrolyzed flaxseed oil than olive oil or corn oil, especially in the presence of 0.02 % glucose. Conversely, P. acnes hydrolyzed corn oil more readily than olive oil or flaxseed oil and glucose had no effect on lipolytic rate. Thus, these bacterial species demonstrated different specificities for oil substrates and different sensitivities to glucose.
Ownership of patient care: a behavioural definition and stepwise approach to
diagnosing problems in trainees
Authors: Kimberly McLaren Kimberly , Lord Julie , Murray Suzanne B. , Levy Mitchell , Ciechanowski Paul , Markman Jesse , Ratzliff Anna , Cowley Deborah S. , Grodesky Michael
Published: April 2013

In medical education, behavioural definitions allow for more effective evaluation
and supervision. Ownership of patient care is a complex area of trainee development that
crosses multiple areas of evaluation and may lack clear behavioural definitions. In an
effort to define ownership for educational purposes, the authors surveyed psychiatry
teaching faculty and trainees about behaviours that would indicate that a physician is
demonstrating ownership of patient care. Emerging themes were identified through
analysis of narrative responses in this qualitative descriptive study. Forty-one faculty
(54 %) and 29 trainees (52 %) responded. Both faculty and trainees identified seven core
elements of ownership: advocacy, autonomy, commitment, communication, follow-through,
knowledge and teamwork. These seven elements provide a consensus-derived behavioural
definition that can be used to determine competency or identify deficits. The proposed
two-step process enables supervisors to identify problematic ownership behaviours and
determine whether there is a deficit of knowledge, skill or attitude. Further, the
theory of planned behaviour is applied to better understand the relationship between
attitudes, intentions and subsequent behaviour. By structuring the diagnosis of problems
with ownership of patient care, supervisors are able to provide actionable feedback and
intervention in a naturalistic setting. Three examples are presented to illustrate this
stepwise process.
Bewegungsförderung bei Pflegebedürftigkeit – zielgruppenspezifische Interventionen fehlen
Authors: Horn Annett , Vogt Dominique , Kleina Thomas , Schaeffer Doris
Published: April 2013

Einleitung

Besonders ältere und alte Menschen leiden häufig unter chronischen Erkrankungen, die ursächlich für Funktionseinbußen sind und gleichzeitig das Risiko des Abrutschens in Pflegebedürftigkeit in sich bergen. Doch auch pflegebedürftige Menschen verfügen über gesundheitliche Potenziale, die es durch Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention zu stärken gilt. Der Bewegungsförderung kommt dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zu, jedoch fehlt es noch an auf die Zielgruppe abgestimmten Interventionen
Sturzprävention als kommunale Aufgabe
Authors: Klein Diana , Küpper Michaela , Rapp Kilian , Becker Clemens , Benzinger Petra
Published: April 2013

Einleitung

Evidenzbasierte Maßnahmen zur Sturzprävention stehen bereits zur Verfügung. Vielmehr geht es nun um erfolgversprechende Strategien, diese Maßnahmen nachhaltig in kommunale Strukturen einzubetten und damit der gesamten älteren Bevölkerung, in Abhängigkeit von deren Bedarf, zukommen zu lassen. Sturzprävention und Steigerung der körperlichen Aktivität im Alter kann nicht Aufgabe vereinzelter Institutionen sein. Sie muss als gemeinsame Herausforderung aller kommunalen Akteure verstanden werden.
Unconventional gold placers of the China tectonic depression (Vitim Plateau, East Siberia)
Authors: Roslyakov N.A. , Kirillov M.V. , Morozova N.S. , Zhmodik S.M. , Kalinin Yu.A. , Nesterenko G.V. , Roslyakova N.V. , Belyanin D.K. , Kolpakov V.V.
Published: April 2013

Holocene shallow (0.5–4.5 m, rarely more) and Pliocene–Pleistocene deep (>25 m) placers occur within the China tectonic depression. The shallow placers are associated with the formation of the present-day drainage valleys of the China River under permafrost conditions, and the deep ones are localized within the preglacial paleovalleys of the river basin. An integrated geological and geochemical study was carried out at ten shallow commercial placers, eight of which are classified as poorly studied and “unconventional.” Placers are considered “unconventional” based on their technological characteristics (commercial gold is small (–0.25 to +0.1 mm), thin (–0.1 mm), and micron-sized or “bound” (invisible)), geomorphologic conditions of formation, confinement to the oxidized zone of active permafrost, significant portion of fine hydrogenic gold, and several other minor features.

The formation of shallow “unconventional” placers is controlled by the conditions of active permafrost. Under aerobic conditions, suprapermafrost waters form an oxidized zone, in which iron hydroxides impart a yellowish reddish color to water-bearing rocks. Long-lived geochemical barriers (biogenic, reduction, electrochemical, sorption, and others), including gravitational differentiation, play an important role in the concentration of small and thin gold.

Alluvial deposits in Meso-Cenozoic tectonic depressions, such as the China basin, are the most promising in terms of “unconventional” placers. The main factors favoring the formation of these localities and the criteria for their assessment are large feeding sources of gold (mainly carbonaceous and sulfide) mineralization, endogenic and exogenic dispersion aureoles with thin and invisible gold; increased thickness of the suprapermafrost active layer and its temporal and spatial stability, contributing to the formation and functioning of oxidized horizons with the accumulation of ferric hydroxide and hydrogenic gold; specific morphologic varieties of hydrogenic gold, which are the fundamental criterion for primary gold mineralization with migratable metal; fine-clastic clay-rich composition of recent alluvial or alluvial-talus sediments, produced by water reworking of ancient gold-bearing weathering crusts; and development of broad floodplains filled with Holocene sediments and their junction with talus-solifluction erosional slopes.
Trace elements as indicators of the physicochemical conditions of mineral formation in hydrothermal sulfide systems
Authors: Tauson V.L. , Babkin D.N. , Akimov V.V. , Lipko S.V. , Smagunov N.V. , Parkhomenko I.Yu.
Published: April 2013

The three-mode distribution of trace-element (TE) concentrations is observed in accordance with three main forms of TE occurrence in mineral: structural, surficial, and phase (native TE phases). Minerals of hydrothermally synthesized pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite–greenockite assemblage in the presence of Au and Mn are studied. Discrimination of modes is made, using the method of statistical sample of analytical data for single crystals (SSADSC), which is based on the postulate that individual crystals can contain predominantly one of possible forms. This is supported by study of Cd modes of occurrence by element thermorelease atomic-absorption spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic-force microscopy were used to examine the surficial TE forms. It has been confirmed that the dependence of the TE content on the crystal size in the sample is mainly due to surficial nonautonomous phases absorbing TEs. The effect of correspondence of chemical-component forms on the surfaces of coexisting minerals is also corroborated. This phenomenon is not related to the mutual contamination of phases but is due to the induction of the corresponding states of chemical forms in coexisting nonautonomous phases. It is possible to obtain true coefficients of interface distribution, characterizing structural TE impurities. These coefficients differ strongly from apparent distribution coefficients calculated from the bulk contents of impurities, except for Mn in pyrrhotite and magnetite, where its structural mode is predominant. The results obtained show that TEs can be used as quantitative geochemical indicators, which help to obtain correct information about the parameters of mineral formation and TE contents in the fluid phase.
Hollow-core photonic crystal fibre for high power laser beam delivery
Authors: Wang Yingying , Alharbi Meshaal , Bradley Thomas D. , Fourcade-Dutin Coralie , Debord Benoît , Beaudou Benoît , Gerôme Frédéric , Benabid Fetah
Published: April 2013

We review the use of hollow-core photonic crystal fibre (HC-PCF) for high power laser beam delivery. A comparison of bandgap HC-PCF with Kagome-lattice HC-PCF on the geometry, guidance mechanism, and optical properties shows that the Kagome-type HC-PCF is an ideal host for high power laser beam transportation because of its large core size, low attenuation, broadband transmission, single-mode guidance, low dispersion and the ultra-low optical overlap between the core-guided modes and the silica core-surround. The power handling capability of Kagome-type HC-PCF is further experimentally demonstrated by millijoule nanosecond laser spark ignition and ${\sim }100~\mathrm{\mu} \mathrm{J} $ sub-picosecond laser pulse transportation and compression.
Heat wave fast ignition in inertial confinement energy
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Pinhasi Shirly Vinikman
Published: April 2013

An accelerated micro-foil is used to ignite a pre-compressed cylindrical shell containing deuterium–tritium fuel. The well-known shock wave ignition criterion and a novel criterion based on heat wave ignition are developed in this work. It is shown that for heat ignition very high impact velocities are required. It is suggested that a multi-petawatt laser can accelerate a micro-foil to relativistic velocities in a very short time duration (˜picosecond) of the laser pulse. The cylindrical geometry suggested here for the fast ignition approach has the advantage of geometrically separating the nanosecond lasers that compress the target from the picosecond laser that accelerates the foil. The present model suggests that nuclear fusion by micro-foil impact ignition could be attained with currently existing technology.
Depth-integrated equation for large-scale modelling of low-frequency hydroacoustic waves
Authors: Sammarco P. , Cecioni C. , Bellotti G. , Abdolali A.
Published: April 2013

We present a depth-integrated equation for the mechanics of propagation of low-frequency hydroacoustic waves due to a sudden bottom displacement associated with earthquakes. The model equation can be used for numerical prediction in large-scale domains, overcoming the computational difficulties of three-dimensional models and so creating a solid base for tsunami early warning systems.
Jumping – ship – can have its costs: implications of predation and host plant species for the maintenance of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) colour polymorphism
Authors: Balog Adalbert
Published: April 2013

The interplay between the host plant of an insect herbivore and an insect predator (here two-spot ladybird beetles; Adalia bipunctata (L).; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), feeding upon such a herbivore was examined in the laboratory as factors possibly determining the differential abundance and success of green and red host races of pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. The experiment comprised three treatments: two host plants (bean and clover), two treatment levels (control and predation) and three colour morph levels (green alone, red alone and green and red in mixture). Green morphs had higher fitness on the general host plant, bean Vicia faba, than on the derived host, clover (Trifolium pratense), in the absence of predation. Although green morph fitness was reduced by predation when infesting bean together with reds, there was no observable net fitness loss due to predation on clover in mixed colonies with red morphs. Red morphs exhibited fitness loss alone on both bean and clover, while clover plants seemingly prevented fitness loss in the presence of predation when red morphs were mixed with green ones. According to this scenario, when colour morphs existed as a mixed colony, the net fitness of either pea aphid morph was not influenced by predation on clover. Predators had significant effects only on red morphs on broad bean either when alone or were mixed together with green morphs. Thus, only red morphs experienced the benefits of switching from the general to the derived host red clover in the presence of predation. For green morphs, there was no apparent cost of switching host plants when they faced predation. Hence, the co-existence of green-red colour polymorphism of pea aphids on single host plants appears to be maintained by the morph gaining fitness on the derived host due to a host plant– and predation–reduction effect. These findings have important implications for understanding the ecology and evolution of host switching by different colour-plant host adapted races of pea aphids.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF PASSION FRUIT (PASSIFLORA EDULIS SIMS): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V.
Published: April 2013

It is generally accepted that the two forms of Passiflora edulis, the golden and the purple, originated on the edges of tropical rainforests in Brazil. Extensive hybridisation has since taken place between these two forms and their hybrids. The passion fruit (a vine) is now grown throughout the tropics and subtropics. A limited amount of basic, fundamental research has been published on the water relations of passion fruit. Leaf production and expansion are both sensitive to water deficits, while water stress reduces leaf and floral bud initiation. A single axillary flower bud forms at each leaf node of new growth along with a tendril. Flower bud development and fruit set are less sensitive to water stress than leaf initiation. Heavy rain during pollination prevents fertilization. Unevenness in crop distribution during the year is possibly linked to water stress and temperature variation. Potential evapotranspiration rates in Brazil varied between 3.5 mm d−1 and 5.8 mm d−1. The value for the crop coefficient increases from about 0.6 during apical vegetative growth up to about 1.25 during flowering and fruiting. Water productivities still need to be determined. Micro-sprinklers and drip are the most effective ways of applying irrigation water with precision to passion fruit. Opportunities exist for international cooperation in research projects of mutual interest on passion fruit water relations.
Abstract: Stochastic Dominance in the Laplace Transformation Domain
Authors: Perrakis Stylianos
Published: April 2013

This paper examines the problem of the selection of first-, second-, and thirddegree undominated portfolios by using the properties of the Laplace transform (L-T) of the distributions of portfolio returns. It is assumed that the joint distribution of n interdependent prospects, as well as its Laplace transform, is known or may be estimated from past data. Next, it is shown that the L-T of the portfolio returns may be expressed very simply in terms of the L-T of the joint distribution. A theorem is then proved, which uses results from L-T theory and shows that stochastic dominance between two portfolios of first-, second- or third-degree may be expressed by inequalities between the L-T's of the portfolios and their derivatives. It is also shown through an example how this theorem may be used in finding undominated portfolios.
Women in the Malayan Communist Party, 1942–89
Authors: Musa Mahani
Published: April 2013

Women's involvement in the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) since its establishment in 1930 until they laid down their arms in 1989 contributed much to the strength of the party. Women in the MCP have been presented largely as nurses, cooks, seamstresses, couriers, and wireless/radio operators, but they went through hardship and danger and fought the same battles as the male guerrillas. A few even climbed to the top party posts through hard work, intelligence and personal sacrifice. This paper recovers the role of women in the Malayan communist movement during the Second World War, the Emergency and after by tracing the careers and lives of party heroines / female role models as well as some ordinary cadres. Major questions include the motivations of women who joined the MCP and the challenges they faced in their roles as propagandists, comrades, guerrilla fighters and in the communist villages. This investigation provides more insight into how the revolutionary struggle transformed these Malayan women.
Masculinity reborn: Chivalry, misogyny, potency and violence in the Philippines’ Muslim South, 1899–1913
Authors: Hawkins Michael C.
Published: April 2013

This article offers an examination of the gendering of the Philippines' Muslim South under American military rule (1899–1913) through discourses of violence against women. It explores the exposition and discussion of cases involving abuse, murder, enslavement, and violence in both official and unofficial reports, which revealed a critical discourse of gender construction for both coloniser and colonised in Moro Province.
Upholding Filipino nationhood: The debate over Mindanao in the Philippine Legislature, 1907–1913
Authors: Suzuki Nobutaka
Published: April 2013

Christian Filipino legislators in the bicameral US civil administration played a hitherto unacknowledged role in pushing for the colonisation of Mindanao, as part of the Philippines, by proposing a series of Assembly bills (between 1907 to 1913) aimed at establishing migrant farming colonies on Mindanao. This legislative process was fuelled by anger over the unequal power relations between the Filipino-dominated Assembly and the American-dominated Commission, as well as rivalry between resident Christian Filipino leaders versus the American military government, business interests and some Muslim datus in Mindanao itself for control over its land and resources. Focusing on the motives and intentions of the bills' drafters, this study concludes that despite it being a Spanish legacy, the Christian Filipino elite's territorial map — emphasising the integrity of a nation comprising Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao — provided the basis for their claim of Philippine sovereignty over Mindanao.
The everyday politics of the underground trade in Burma by the Yunnanese Chinese since the Burmese socialist Era
Authors: Chang Wen-Chin
Published: April 2013

When the Burmese military junta implemented a repressive economy that nationalised trade and industry during the socialist period (1962–88), a black market economy sprang up and predominated. Despite regime change in 1988 and the subsequent adoption of a market-oriented economy, the underground trade has nevertheless continued and thrived. The Yunnanese Chinese merchants of Burma have played a significant role in the contraband economy over the span of regimes. Based on a non-state-centred perspective, this paper aims to look into the everyday politics of the underground trade conducted by the Yunnanese Chinese moving between Burma, Thailand and Yunnan and analyses the country's politico-economic landscape since 1962.
Mother–young cohabitation in Phronimella elongata and Phronima spp. (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea, Phronimidae)
Authors: Aoki Masakazu N. , Matsumoto-Ohshima Chie , Hirose Euichi , Nishikawa Jun
Published: April 2013

Reproductive characteristics of poorly studied hyperiid amphipods, especially Phronimella elongata, are described. Among nine species of hand-collected phronimids, females of Phronimella elongata, Phronima dunbari and Phronima sedentaria cohabited with their young in a ‘barrel' derived from gelatinous zooplankton. Five growth stages of young were identified in Phronimella elongata: young of stages I–IV were found with the mother in the barrel, but stage-V young clinged to the mother retaining no barrel. The cohabiting young in Phronimella elongata and Phronima sedentaria always consisted of single growth stage. In a single female of Phronima dunbari, however, two different stages of young coexisted in a barrel. In Phronimella elongata, the mother size significantly correlated with the number of brooded eggs or cohabiting young regardless of growth stages of young. Considerable variation in the number of eggs or young per female among phronimid species may attribute to the differences in the volumes of the brood pouches.
“Symbols in Silence”: Edward Gordon Craig and the Engraving of Wordless Drama
Authors: Buckley Jennifer
Published: April 2013

In his bookOn the Art of the Theatre(1911), Edward Gordon Craig recounted seeing a sign on the stage door at the Munich Künstlertheater that momentarily made him think he had discovered “heaven.” “Sprechen Streng Verboten” (speaking strictly forbidden), it read. So eager was he to find comrades who shared his radical vision of a wordless drama that Craig had misread an ordinary request for backstage silence as a ban ononstagespeech. Although he sadly admitted that the German theatre was not as advanced as he had hoped, Craig insisted that the sign contained the “clue” to a modern theatrical renaissance—one he believed himself fully prepared to begin, if only someone else would provide the funds.
Kant's Practical Postulates and the Limits of the Critical System
Authors: Gardner Sebastian
Published: April 2013

The topic that I wish to consider is the significance, both systematic and historical, for Kant's system as a whole, of the postulates of pure practical reason, more specifically, of the two theological postulates concerning the existence of God and personal immortality which form the basis of Kant's moral theology. My discussion will focus on the problems of Kant's moral theology in the eyes of his early contemporaries, for whom it constituted a crux in Kant's project. Different views were taken by Kant's contemporaries of what exactly these problems signified regarding the future of Critical philosophy. For the thinkers I will be looking at here, the miscarriage of the moral theology constituted a fatal fault in the Kantian project. For the German Idealists, the moral theology instead provided a vital clue as to how the Kantian system could be transformed into a more radical idealism, while confirming that it needed to be. The role of the practical postulates in the development of German Idealism demands a separate treatment; what I will argue here is simply that the practical postulates do indeed represent a point at which Kant's philosophical system displays a deep and interesting tension, in light of which both historical responses are prima facie intelligible.
Reply to Redding, Rosen and Wood
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: April 2013

Hegel's Philosophy of Right is more than a major work of political and legal philosophy; it is a battleground for two different interpretive approaches. My Hegel's Political Philosophy: A Systematic Reading of the Philosophy of Right argues that these approaches are mistaken about their differences and that one approach offers a more compelling interpretation of Hegel's Philosophy of Right than the other. I will briefly outline my defence of the systematic reading of the Philosophy of Right before replying to the constructive criticisms raised by Redding, Rosen and Wood.

There are two different interpretative approaches to understanding Hegel's Philosophy of Right. These are the metaphysical and the non-metaphysical readings. The former often highlight Hegel's insistence that some political states may be considered more ‘true’ or ‘actual’ than others. This reading also often emphasises the special place of religion in Hegel's philosophical system, for example. In contrast, the non-metaphysical reading argues that such an interpretation is not only unattractive, but perhaps even unnecessary because Hegel's views on ‘actuality’ and ‘actualization’ are less controversial than traditional metaphysical readings of Hegel's philosophy have claimed. Commentators must choose between these competing camps and interpretations of Hegel's work are conceived within these approaches. Importantly, each reading claims that its approach best captures Hegel's philosophical importance. But would Hegel endorse either the metaphysical or non-metaphysical reading?

The problem is that this debate rests on a central misconception about Hegel's philosophy. The debate is characterized as a disagreement about the role and perhaps the very existence of metaphysics in Hegel's philosophy. But this is a false impression. It is virtually nowhere in doubt that metaphysics is present in Hegel's philosophy, including his Philosophy of Right. Therefore, the debate between a ‘metaphysical’ and ‘non-metaphysical’ reading of Hegel's works is not a debate about whether these works contain metaphysics. The characterization of the debate invites a false impression about what is at stake.
Hegel and Naturalism
Authors: Papazoglou Alexis
Published: April 2013

In the recent Hegel literature there has been an effort to portray Hegel's philosophy as compatible with naturalism, or even as a form of naturalism (see for example Pippin 2008 and Pinkard 2012). Despite the attractions of such a project, there is, it seems to me, another, and potentially more interesting way of looking at the relationship of Hegel to naturalism. Instead of showing how Hegel's philosophy can be compatible with naturalism, I propose to show how Hegel's philosophy offers a challenge to naturalism. Naturalism has become the dominant ideology in much of contemporary analytic philosophy (Kim 2003: 84), but also within other disciplines. Evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics, which attract a lot of media attention, attempt to explain the human mind and human behavior in purely naturalistic terms, usually in terms of the biological past and makeup of humans (Pinker 2002). Philosophy's task is, among other things, to examine the assumptions of human practices including its own. In that vein I am interested in showing how Hegel can be seen as someone offering a challenge to our contemporary philosophical culture and its underlying naturalist premise.

Of course that Hegel never explicitly talks about naturalism in his writings already presents us with the problem of risking anachronism. The other great problem is the fact that naturalism is an elusive philosophical position. There are a few different versions of the key theses of naturalism, so that if our aim is to diagnose Hegel's philosophy as naturalist or anti-naturalist it would seem we have to pick which version of naturalism we are going to work with.
Image Processing Algorithms For Deep-Space Autonomous Optical Navigation
Authors: Li Shuang , Lu Ruikun , Zhang Liu , Peng Yuming
Published: April 2013

As Earth-based radio tracking navigation is severely limited because of communications constraints and low relative navigation accuracy, autonomous optical navigation capabilities are essential for both robotic and manned deep-space exploration missions. Image processing is considered one of the key technologies for autonomous optical navigation to extract high-precision navigation observables from a raw image. New image processing algorithms for deep-space autonomous optical navigation are developed in this paper. First, multiple image pre-processing and the Canny edge detection algorithm are adopted to identify the edges of target celestial bodies and simultaneously remove the potential false edges. Secondly, two new limb profile fitting algorithms are proposed based on the Least Squares method and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, respectively, with the assumption that the perspective projection of a target celestial body on the image plane will form an ellipse. Next, the line-of-sight (LOS) vector from the spacecraft to the centroid of the observed object is obtained. This is taken as the navigation measurement observable and input to the navigation filter algorithm. Finally, the image processing algorithms developed in this paper are validated using both synthetic simulated images and real flight images from theMESSENGERmission.
Tuberculosis infection in wildlife from the Ruaha ecosystem Tanzania: implications for wildlife, domestic animals, and human health
Authors: CLIFFORD D. L. , KAZWALA R. R. , SADIKI H. , ROUG A. , MUSE E. A. , COPPOLILLO P. C. , MAZET J. A. K.
Published: April 2013

Mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen of conservation, livestock, and public health concern, was detected in eight species of wildlife inhabiting protected areas bordering endemic livestock grazing lands. We tested tissues from 179 opportunistically sampled hunter-killed, depredation, road-killed, and live-captured wild animals, representing 30 species, in and adjacent to Ruaha National Park in south-central Tanzania. Tissue culture and PCR were used to detect 12 (8·1%)M. bovis-infected animals and 15 (10·1%) animals infected with non-tuberculosis complex mycobacteria. Kirk's dik-dik, vervet monkey, and yellow baboon were confirmed infected for the first time. TheM. bovisspoligotype isolated from infected wildlife was identical to local livestock, providing evidence for livestock–wildlife pathogen transmission. Thus we advocate an ecosystem-based approach for bovine tuberculosis management that improves critical ecological functions in protected areas and grazing lands, reduces focal population density build-up along the edges of protected areas, and minimizes ecological stressors that increase animals’ susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis.
Response to concurrent cetuximab: radiotherapy following failure of platinum-based induction chemotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx
Authors: Pettit L. , Ramachandra P.
Published: April 2013

Concurrent chemoradiation is the standard of care in the non-surgical management of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. Cetuximab can be used as an alternative to platinum for concomitant radiotherapy and the addition of cetuximab to cisplatin has been reported to improve response rates compared with cisplatin alone. We report two cases of patients who progressed through platinum-based induction chemotherapy and subsequently achieved a complete response with concurrent cetuximab radiotherapy.
Do factors of emotion-focussed patient care and communication impact job stress, satisfaction and burnout in radiation therapists?
Authors: Diggens Justine , Chesson Therese
Published: April 2013

Objectives

To investigate levels and sources of job stress, job satisfaction and burnout experienced by radiation therapists (RTs) in an Australian cancer hospital, and determine the factors of emotion-focussed patient care and communication that contribute to RTs’ stress and burnout.

Methods

One hundred and thirteen RTs working in a dedicated cancer hospital in Australia completed a self-report questionnaire.

Results

Twelve percent of RTs reported job stress while 73·5% reported job satisfaction in their current work roles. Up to 19% of RTs experienced burnout as measured on the Maslach Burnout Inventory scales. Emotion-focussed care and communication with patients was found to have links with job stress and burnout, but also with job reward and satisfaction. A range of organisational, personal and support factors were associated with RTs’ experiences, including training and confidence in emotion-focussed patient communication.

Conclusion

Emotion-focussed care and patient communication contributes to both job stress and burnout, as well as job satisfaction. RTs’ experience of job stress, satisfaction or burnout are likely to vary according to a range of personal, demographic and organisational factors.
Inverse planned constant dose rate volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) as an efficient alternative to five-field intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate
Authors: McGarry Conor K. , McMahon Stephen J. , Craft David , O'Sullivan Joe M. , Prise Kevin M. , Hounsell Alan R.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The aim of this work was to determine if volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans, created for constant dose-rate (cdrVMAT) delivery are a viable alternative to step and shoot five-field intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Materials and methods

The cdrVMAT plans, inverse planned on a treatment planning system with no solution to account for couch top or rails, were created for delivery on a linear accelerator with no variable dose rate control system. A series of five-field IMRT and cdrVMAT plans were created using dual partial arcs (gantry rotating between 260° and 100°) with 4° control points for ten prostate patients with the average rectal constraint incrementally increased. Pareto fronts were compared for the planning target volume homogeneity and average rectal dose between the two techniques for each patient. Also investigated were tumour control probability and normal tissue complication probability values for each technique. The delivery parameters [monitor units (MU) and time] and delivery accuracy of the IMRT and VMAT plans were also compared.

Results

Pareto fronts showed that the dual partial arc plans were superior to the five-field IMRT plans, particularly for the clinically acceptable plans where average rectal doses were less for rotational plans (p = 0·009) with no statistical difference in target homogeneity. The cdrVMAT plans had significantly more MU (p = 0·005) but the average delivery time was significantly less than the IMRT plans by 42%. All clinically acceptable cdrVMAT plans were accurate in their delivery (gamma 99·2 ± 1·1%, 3%3 mm criteria).

Conclusions

Accurate delivery of dual partial arc cdrVMAT avoiding the couch top and rails has been demonstrated.
Effect of correction/calibration factors on accuracy of in vivo dose delivery with cylindrical n-type Isorad diode in conventional radiotherapy
Authors: Islam Kashif , ul Haque Asdar , Hussain Muzaffar , Murad Sohail , Muhammad Khan , Ashfaq Asma , Islam Atif
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The main aim was to use pre-calculated correction factors and calibration factors for measurement of accuracy of dose delivery before implementation of such in vivo dosimetry on real patients visiting for first radiation treatment. These factors were verified by generating the most common treatment plans on human phantom except for breast and colon using cobalt-60 unit.

Materials and methods

Six treatment plans were generated, i.e. nasopharynx, bladder, prostate, brain, larynx and lung of human phantom, total 18 fields were planned keeping in view the correction factors which are to be verified. MULTIDATA Decision Support System 2.5, Shimadzu simulator, Isorad diode-n type, electrometer patient dose monitor and ATOM Adult male human phantom were used.

Results and conclusion

For 18 fields, the dose delivery was accurate in the range 0·29–6·74%. The deviation between measured and expected doses to nasopharynx, lung, bladder, prostate, brain and larynx cases of human phantom ranged from 1·44–3·89%, 0·29–0·54%, 0·44–6·18%, 0·54–5·16%, 0·33–4·90%, 5·58–6·74%, respectively. In 30 palliative patient cases, the first radiation treatment was also monitored. The accuracy of dosimety ranged from 1·05% to 5·35%. This study is helpful to identify areas of improvement in treatment of patients like quality control/quality assurance (QA) of treatment planning system, beam data modifications, machine repair maintenance, QA audit in radiotherapy.
Economics of a low-carbon future
Authors: Hanley Nick , Brennan Dervla
Published: April 2013

This paper sets out some of the economic factors underpinning Scotland's move to a low-carbon economy. Economics matters, since it addresses the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the costs of climate change impacts, and the economic factors that motivate individuals' behaviour and the behaviour of businesses. All of these are important in understanding the barriers to meeting targets and to successful adaptation, and in thinking about how these barriers can be lifted. We discuss the relative merits of market mechanisms such as carbon taxes and cap-and-trade, the cost of including additional targets, and the issue of counting carbon embedded in imported goods. An efficient way of achieving carbon reductions is to widen the scope of carbon trading to include forestry, transport and agriculture. Energy efficiency in businesses and households and adaptation to climate change are a priority, because the benefits will be felt in the short term and at the local level.
Society and a low-carbon future: individual behaviour change or new social values and priorities?
Authors: Webb Janette
Published: April 2013

Although Scottish and UK governments have ambitious targets for climate change mitigation, and there is increased understanding of the risks to future prosperity of fossil fuel energy dependence, limited practical progress has been made by the advanced economies in reducing carbon emissions, especially when embedded emissions in imported consumer goods are taken into account. Significant contributory factors are the social and cultural values, beliefs and practices, which result in risks of climate change being regarded as secondary to short-term pressures for economic growth and increased consumer spending. The result is that climate change and transition to a low-carbon society become ‘back of the mind’ issues. Current policy designed to lower carbon emissions from household consumption treats society as a series of individuals, each responding rationally to market incentives to maximise short-term personal gain. ‘Greener choices’ are incentivised and encouraged by social marketing, but, at best, this approach will achieve only very gradual change. An alternative model treats society as comprising historically evolving, dynamic social systems and cultures that are capable of dealing with transformational change, when there is a shared understanding of the reasons for acting. From this perspective, society can implement step changes in behaviour through collaborative action in the interests of the longer-term common good. Political momentum can be gathered for new legislative and/or taxation measures, as for example in the case of the strong programme for tobacco control legislation in Scotland and the UK. By focusing on social and technical infrastructures, the built environment, and the regeneration of local economies, rather than on individual behaviours, government investment can have far greater impact. A distinctively Scottish narrative for a low-carbon society can create momentum for transition through shared understanding of the risks of climate change, and its meanings for social life, cultures, economic relationships and values.
What happened to harmonization of the PTSD diagnosis? The divergence of ICD11 and DSM5
Authors: Bisson J. I.
Published: April 2013

The development of ICD11 and DSM5 was seen as an opportunity to harmonize the two major classification systems for mental disorders. The proposed ICD11 and DSM5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD are markedly different. The implications of this remain to be seen, but have the potential to cause confusion to PTSD sufferers, clinicians, researchers and others impacted on by the condition.
On Joint Life Annuities
Authors: M'Lauchlan James John
Published: April 2013

Recent investigations in the theory of life contingencies have thrown new light on the treatment of problems involving the probability of survival of several lives. For the exact solution of such problems by older methods, there are required complete tables of annuities (or other integral functions) on the number of lives to be dealt with. The time and labour necessary for the computation of tables of annuities on three or more joint lives, for every combination of ages, are so great as to have hitherto effectually prevented their construction; while tables of annuities on all combinations of quinquennial ages, like the joint-life tables given by Price and Milne, or the tables of annuities on three joint lives published by Filipowski in 1850, cannot generally be applied without a troublesome and uncertain process of interpolation. When, therefore, cases involving more than two lives have occurred, it has been usual in dealing with them to employ methods of approximation, leading to more or less error in the final result. Of late years, however, it has been found possible to express, with considerable exactness, the rate of mortality during the greater period of adult life, as a function of the age, by means of an hypothesis having at the same time important a priori considerations in its favour. Corresponding expressions have been deduced, representing the values of annuities on any number of joint lives, and relations have been established which enable us to determine the values of such annuities from tables of moderate extent, with considerable certainty and accuracy.