bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
Authors: Shi Guocheng , Zhu Zhongqun , Chen Jimei , Ou Yanqiu , Hong Haifa , Nie Zhiqiang , Zhang Haibo , Liu Xiaoqing , Zheng Jinghao , Sun Qi , Liu Jinfen , Chen Huiwen , Zhuang Jian
Published: November 2016

Background:

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare form of congenital heart disease. This study describes current surgical treatment strategies and experiences in a cohort of patients from 2 congenital cardiac centers in Shanghai and Guangdong in China.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 768 patients operated on between 2005 and 2014. Although most patients (n=690) underwent conventional repair, a sutureless technique was used in 10% (n=78) of cases. A multilevel mixed-effects parametric survival model and a competing-risk analysis were used to analyze associated risk factors for death and recurrent pulmonary venous obstruction (PVO), respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyze the overall survival. The Nelson-Aalen cumulative risk curve was used to compare distributions of time with recurrent PVO.

Results:

The mean surgical age and weight were 214.9±39.2 days and 5.4±3.6 kg, respectively. Obstructed TAPVC (PVO) was documented in 192 (25%) of the 768 patients. There were 38 intraoperative deaths and 13 late deaths. A younger age at the time of repair (
P
=0.001), mixed (
P
=0.004) and infracardiac (
P
=0.035) TAPVC, preoperative PVO (
P
=0.027), prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (
P
<0.001), and longer duration of ventilation (
P
=0.028) were associated with mortality. The median follow-up was 23.2 months (range; 1–112 months). Among the 717 survivors, recurrent PVO was observed in 111 patients (15%). Associated risk factors for recurrent PVO included preoperative PVO (
P
<0.001), infracardiac TAPVC (
P
<0.001), mixed TAPVC (
P
=0.013), and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time (
P
<0.001). Sutureless technique was associated with a lower restenosis rate compared with conventional repair in patients with preoperative PVO (
P
=0.038), except in newborn patients (
P
=0.443). Reintervention for restenosis was performed in 24 patients. The function of most survivors (91%) was classified according to the New York Heart Association as functional class I or II.

Conclusions:

Surgical correction in patients with TAPVC with a biventricular anatomy can achieve an acceptable outcome. Risk factors such as a younger age at the time of repair, infracardiac and mixed TAPVC, and preoperative PVO were associated with a poorer prognosis.
Low-Dose Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Saito Yoshihiko , Okada Sadanori , Ogawa Hisao , Soejima Hirofumi , Sakuma Mio , Nakayama Masafumi , Doi Naofumi , Jinnouchi Hideaki , Waki Masako , Masuda Izuru , Morimoto Takeshi
Published: November 2016

Background:

The long-term efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are still inconclusive.

Methods:

The JPAD trial (Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes) was a randomized, open-label, standard care–controlled trial examining whether low-dose aspirin affected cardiovascular events in 2539 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. Patients were randomly allocated to receive aspirin (81 or 100 mg daily; aspirin group) or no aspirin (no-aspirin group) in the JPAD trial. After that trial ended in 2008, we followed up with the patients until 2015, with no attempt to change the previously assigned therapy. Primary end points were cardiovascular events, including sudden death, fatal or nonfatal coronary artery disease, fatal or nonfatal stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. For the safety analysis, hemorrhagic events, consisting of gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhagic stroke, and bleeding from any other sites, were also analyzed. The primary analysis was conducted for cardiovascular events among patients who retained their original allocation (a per-protocol cohort). Analyses on an intention-to-treat cohort were conducted for hemorrhagic events and statistical sensitivity.

Results:

The median follow-up period was 10.3 years; 1621 patients (64%) were followed up throughout the study; and 2160 patients (85%) retained their original allocation. Low-dose aspirin did not reduce cardiovascular events in the per-protocol cohort (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.91–1.42). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex, glycemic control, kidney function, smoking status, hypertension, and dyslipidemia showed similar results (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.30), with no heterogeneity of efficacy in subgroup analyses stratified by each of these factors (all interaction
P
>0.05). Sensitivity analyses on the intention-to-treat cohort yielded consistent results (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.25). Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 25 patients (2%) in the aspirin group and 12 (0.9%) in the no-aspirin group (
P
=0.03), and the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke was not different between groups.

Conclusions:

Low-dose aspirin did not affect the risk for cardiovascular events but increased risk for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary prevention setting.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00110448.
Neurological Injury in Intermediate‐Risk Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Fanning Jonathon P. , Wesley Allan J. , Walters Darren L. , Eeles Eamonn M. , Barnett Adrian G. , Platts David G. , Clarke Andrew J. , Wong Andrew A. , Strugnell Wendy E. , O'Sullivan Cliona , Tronstad Oystein , Fraser John F.
Published: November 2016

Background

The application of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (
TAVI
) to intermediate‐risk patients is a controversial issue. Of concern, neurological injury in this group remains poorly defined. Among high‐risk and inoperable patients, subclinical injury is reported on average in 75% undergoing the procedure. Although this attendant risk may be acceptable in higher‐risk patients, it may not be so in those of lower risk.

Methods and Results

Forty patients undergoing
TAVI
with the Edwards
SAPIEN
‐
XT
™
prosthesis were prospectively studied. Patients were of intermediate surgical risk, with a mean±standard deviation Society of Thoracic Surgeons score of 5.1±2.5% and a Euro
SCORE II
of 4.8±2.4%; participant age was 82±7 years. Clinically apparent injury was assessed by serial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale assessments, Montreal Cognitive Assessments (Mo
CA
), and with the Confusion Assessment Method. These identified 1 (2.5%) minor stroke, 1 (2.5%) episode of postoperative delirium, and 2 patients (5%) with significant postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Subclinical neurological injury was assessed using brain magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion‐weighted imaging (
DWI
) sequences preprocedure and at 3±1 days postprocedure. This identified 68 new
DWI
lesions present in 60% of participants, with a median±interquartile range of 1±3 lesions/patient and volumes of infarction of 24±19 μL/lesion and 89±218 μL/patient.
DWI
lesions were associated with a statistically significant reduction in early cognition (mean ΔMo
CA
−3.5±1.7) without effect on cognition, quality of life, or functional capacity at 6 months.

Conclusions

Objectively measured subclinical neurological injuries remain a concern in intermediate‐risk patients undergoing
TAVI
and are likely to manifest with early neurocognitive changes.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.anzctr.org.au
. Australian & New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry:
ACTRN
12613000083796.
THSD1
(Thrombospondin Type 1 Domain Containing Protein 1) Mutation in the Pathogenesis of Intracranial Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Santiago-Sim Teresa , Fang Xiaoqian , Hennessy Morgan L. , Nalbach Stephen V. , DePalma Steven R. , Lee Ming Sum , Greenway Steven C. , McDonough Barbara , Hergenroeder Georgene W. , Patek Kyla J. , Colosimo Sarah M. , Qualmann Krista J. , Hagan John P. , Milewicz Dianna M. , MacRae Calum A. , Dymecki Susan M. , Seidman Christine E. , Seidman J.G. , Kim Dong H.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

A ruptured intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the leading cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. This study seeks to define a specific gene whose mutation leads to disease.

Methods—

More than 500 IA probands and 100 affected families were enrolled and clinically characterized. Whole exome sequencing was performed on a large family, revealing a segregating
THSD1
(thrombospondin type 1 domain containing protein 1) mutation.
THSD1
was sequenced in other probands and controls. Thsd1 loss-of-function studies in zebrafish and mice were used for in vivo analyses and functional studies performed using an in vitro endothelial cell model.

Results—

A nonsense mutation in
THSD1
was identified that segregated with the 9 affected (3 suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage and 6 had unruptured IA) and was absent in 13 unaffected family members (LOD score 4.69). Targeted
THSD1
sequencing identified mutations in 8 of 507 unrelated IA probands, including 3 who had suffered subarachnoid hemorrhage (1.6% [95% confidence interval, 0.8%–3.1%]). These
THSD1
mutations/rare variants were highly enriched in our IA patient cohort relative to 89 040 chromosomes in Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) database (
P
<0.0001). In zebrafish and mice, Thsd1 loss-of-function caused cerebral bleeding (which localized to the subarachnoid space in mice) and increased mortality. Mechanistically,
THSD1
loss impaired endothelial cell focal adhesion to the basement membrane. These adhesion defects could be rescued by expression of wild-type
THSD1
but not
THSD1
mutants identified in IA patients.

Conclusions—

This report identifies
THSD1
mutations in familial and sporadic IA patients and shows that
THSD1
loss results in cerebral bleeding in 2 animal models. This finding provides new insight into IA and subarachnoid hemorrhage pathogenesis and provides new understanding of
THSD1
function, which includes endothelial cell to extracellular matrix adhesion.
Optimal Computed Tomographic Perfusion Scan Duration for Assessment of Acute Stroke Lesion Volumes
Authors: Kasasbeh Aimen S. , Christensen Søren , Straka Matus , Mishra Nishant , Mlynash Michael , Bammer Roland , Albers Gregory W. , Lansberg Maarten G.
Published: November 2016

Background and Purpose—

The minimal scan duration needed to obtain reliable lesion volumes with computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) has not been well established in the literature.

Methods—

We retrospectively assessed the impact of gradual truncation of the scan duration on acute ischemic lesion volume measurements. For each scan, we identified its optimal scan time, defined as the shortest scan duration that yields measurements of the ischemic lesion volumes similar to those obtained with longer scanning, and the relative height of the fitted venous output function at its optimal scan time.

Results—

We analyzed 70 computed tomographic perfusion scans of acute stroke patients. An optimal scan time could not be determined in 11 scans (16%). For the other 59 scans, the median optimal scan time was 32.7 seconds (90th percentile 52.6 seconds; 100th percentile 68.9 seconds), and the median relative height of the fitted venous output function at the optimal scan times was 0.39 (90th percentile 0.02; 100th percentile 0.00). On the basis of a linear model, the optimal scan time was T
0
plus 1.6 times the width of the venous output function (
P
<0.001;
R
2
=0.49).

Conclusions—

This study shows how the optimal duration of a computed tomographic perfusion scan relates to the arrival time and width of the contrast bolus. This knowledge can be used to optimize computed tomographic perfusion scan protocols and to determine whether a scan is of sufficient duration. Provided a baseline (T
0
) of 10 seconds, a total scan duration of 60 to 70 seconds, which includes the entire downslope of the venous output function in most patients, is recommended.
Emotions and Passions in the New Testament
Authors: Inselmann Anke
Published: November 2016

Numerous texts from the New Testament deal with passions in a wide variety of genres. Historical-critical methods have been applied but cannot be regarded as complete. Especially for texts dealing with passions, no consensus of methodology has yet been established. The situation is further complicated by the existence of differing or ambiguous definitions and many unclear categories. This article highlights some important aspects we ought to consider when describing and analyzing passions in their given literary contexts with precision. They belong to abstract concepts; they appear in explicit terms, but also in paraphrases – that is, in a descriptive manner represented by facial expressions and gestures, for example. They are expressed by descriptions of diverse physical symptoms and by metaphors. This variety results in semantic problems. Many additional factors have to be taken into account. The duration, quality, and intensity of passions described ought to be considered. Emotions are embedded in psychological processes, and they might be connected to pragmatic intentions. The different genres and concepts of texts in which they occur should not be neglected either. Most of the emotional phenomena are culturally acquired forms of expression and communication. Therefore, it is always necessary to be aware of the danger of anachronism, and to consider the historical and cultural background along with its respective display rules: namely, the socially accepted patterns and rituals in which these passions could be encountered. In the last section of this article, a functional psychological approach of exegesis with concrete examples is offered to assist with finding suitable methods.
Linguistic Integration Test and Federalism: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Strazzari Davide
Published: November 2016

A good number of European states have introduced legal provisions providing for integration tests for migrants: knowledge of the host state’s language and civic values are required during all stages of a migrant’s stay, either as a precondition for entry or as a criterion for remaining on the state’s territory. In those states where a common nationwide language exists, the choice of the language utilized for the measurement of integration is unproblematic. However, things are different in multinational countries or in countries with national linguistic minorities, where several languages enjoy an official status, according to criteria based upon territorial subdivision. In such cases, subnational units where national minorities are settled may enforce measures with the aim of compelling immigrants to learn the local language rather than the national one. I brand such developments “cultural regional citizenship”. On the basis of a comparative analysis that takes into account the cases of Italy, Spain and Belgium, this article considers how the issue is influenced by intergovernmental relations between national and subnational jurisdictions, on the one hand, and the protection of fundamental rights and the proportionality principle, on the other.
Review of the genus Encolapta Meyrick, 1913 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: helariini) from China, with descriptions of six new species
Authors: YANG MEIQING , LI HOUHUN
Published: November 2016

Seventeen species of the genus Encolapta Meyrick, 1913 from China are reviewed. Six species are described as new: E. bifasciaria sp. nov., E. cornuta sp. nov., E. aciprojecta sp. nov., E. obliquata sp. nov., E. trapezoidea sp. nov. and E. lunata sp. nov.; the previously unknown female of E. marginans (Li et Zheng, 1998) is described for the first time; and one new combination, E. valvispinata (Li, 2002) comb. nov., is proposed. All these species are placed into two species groups based on morphological characters: the tegulifera-group and the epichthonia-group. Photographs of adults and genitalia are provided, along with a key to all the described Chinese species and two maps showing their localities.
The inaequalis species-group (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae, Chrysis) in China, with description of a new species
Authors: ROSA PAOLO , WEI NA-SEN , XU ZAI-FU
Published: November 2016

The Chinese Chrysis of the inaequalis species-group are revised and C. extraordinaria sp. nov. is described. Chrysis extraordinaria sp. nov. is recognisable by the following characteristics: mesopleuron tridentate, apex of T3 with six teeth, and T3 metallic blue, contrasting with T1 and T2 golden to metallic red. A modification to the species-group key by Kimsey & Bohart (1991) is proposed.
New records and species of Crepidodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Eocene European amber, with a brief review of described fossil beetles from Bitterfeld amber
Authors: BUKEJS ANDRIS , BIONDI MAURIZIO , ALEKSEEV VITALII I.
Published: November 2016

Based on six relatively well-preserved specimens from Eocene Baltic amber, Crepidodera tertiotertiaria sp. nov. is described. The new species is illustrated and compared with morphologically similar extant and fossil relatives. It is the third described fossil species of Crepidodera Chevrolat. In addition to the new taxon, new fossil records of C. decolorata Nadein & Perkovsky from Baltic and Bitterfeld amber are presented. A key to species of Crepidodera described from fossil resins is provided, and a checklist of Coleoptera described from Bitterfeld amber is compiled.
Cambarus (Depressicambarus) clairitae, a new species of crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from Alabama with a review of the halli Group in the subgenus Depressicambarus
Authors: SCHUSTER GUENTER A. , TAYLOR CHRISTOPHER A.
Published: November 2016

Cambarus (Depressicambarus) clairitae, new species, is an epigean crayfish from two drainages of the Locust Fork system in Blount and Jefferson counties, Alabama. It belongs to the halli Group in the subgenus Depressicambarus. The new species is morphologically most similar to Cambarus (Depressicambarus) englishi. They differ in a several morphological characters. Cambarus englishi has a more strongly recurved central projection, a wider areola, and a more distinct and set off rostral acumen than the new species. It also has light gray to white antennae while the antennae of the new species are brown. In addition to the description of the new species, the halli Group in Alabama is discussed.
Historical Land-Cover Change Impacts on Climate: Comparative Assessment of LUCID and CMIP5 Multimodel Experiments
Authors: Lejeune Quentin , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Davin Edouard L.
Published: November 2016

During the industrial period, many regions experienced a reduction in forest cover and an expansion of agricultural areas, in particular North America, northern Eurasia, and South Asia. Here, results from the Land-Use and Climate, Identification of Robust Impacts (LUCID) and CMIP5 model intercomparison projects are compared in order to investigate how land-cover changes (LCC) in these regions have locally impacted the biophysical land surface properties, like albedo and evapotranspiration, and how this has affected seasonal mean temperature as well as its diurnal cycle. The impact of LCC is extracted from climate simulations, including all historical forcings, using a method that is shown to capture well the sign and the seasonal cycle of the impacts diagnosed from single-forcing experiments in most cases.

The model comparison reveals that both the LUCID and CMIP5 models agree on the albedo-induced reduction of mean winter temperatures over midlatitudes. In contrast, there is less agreement concerning the response of the latent heat flux and, subsequently, mean temperature during summer, when evaporative cooling plays a more important role. Overall, a majority of models exhibit a local warming effect of LCC during this season, contrasting with results from the LUCID studies. A striking result is that none of the analyzed models reproduce well the changes in the diurnal cycle identified in present-day observations of the effect of deforestation. However, overall the CMIP5 models better simulate the observed summer daytime warming effect compared to the LUCID models, as well as the winter nighttime cooling effect.
Abyssal Upwelling and Downwelling Driven by Near-Boundary Mixing
Authors: McDougall Trevor J. , Ferrari Raffaele
Published: November 2016

A buoyancy and volume budget analysis of bottom-intensified mixing in the abyssal ocean reveals simple expressions for the strong upwelling in very thin continental boundary layers and the interior near-boundary downwelling in the stratified ocean interior. For a given amount of Antarctic Bottom Water that is upwelled through neutral density surfaces in the abyssal ocean (between 2000 and 5000 m), up to 5 times this volume flux is upwelled in narrow, turbulent, sloping bottom boundary layers, while up to 4 times the net upward volume transport of Bottom Water flows downward across isopycnals in the near-boundary stratified ocean interior. These ratios are a direct result of a buoyancy budget with respect to buoyancy surfaces, and these ratios are calculated from knowledge of the stratification in the abyss along with the assumed e-folding height that characterizes the decrease of the magnitude of the turbulent diapycnal buoyancy flux away from the seafloor. These strong diapycnal upward and downward volume transports are confined to a few hundred kilometers of the continental boundaries, with no appreciable diapycnal motion in the bulk of the interior ocean.
Absolute Velocity Estimates from Autonomous Underwater Gliders Equipped with Doppler Current Profilers
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Sherman Jeffrey T. , Owens W. Brechner , George Lawrence
Published: November 2016

Doppler current profilers on autonomous underwater gliders measure water velocity relative to the moving glider over vertical ranges of O(10) m. Measurements obtained with 1-MHz Nortek acoustic Doppler dual current profilers (AD2CPs) on Spray gliders deployed off Southern California, west of the Galápagos Archipelago, and in the Gulf Stream are used to demonstrate methods of estimating absolute horizontal velocities in the upper 1000 m of the ocean. Relative velocity measurements nearest to a glider are used to infer dive-dependent flight parameters, which are then used to correct estimates of absolute vertically averaged currents to account for the accumulation of biofouling during months-long glider missions. The inverse method for combining Doppler profiler measurements of relative velocity with absolute references to estimate profiles of absolute horizontal velocity is reviewed and expanded to include additional constraints on the velocity solutions. Errors arising from both instrumental bias and decreased abundance of acoustic scatterers at depth are considered. Though demonstrated with measurements from a particular combination of platform and instrument, these techniques should be applicable to other combinations of gliders and Doppler current profilers.
Polar Fourier Transform Processing of Marine Radar Signals
Authors: Lyzenga David R.
Published: November 2016

This paper describes a method of processing marine radar signals for the purpose of generating phase-resolved surface elevation maps as well as statistical measures of ocean surface wave fields. The method is well suited to the processing of data collected by marine radars because it allows for the incorporation of effects dependent on the radar look direction relative to the propagation direction of ocean waves. Applications to Doppler radar and backscattered power measurements are described, and example results are presented using simulated radar data.
Ensemble Postprocessing of Daily Precipitation Sums over Complex Terrain Using Censored High-Resolution Standardized Anomalies
Authors: Stauffer Reto , Umlauf Nikolaus , Messner Jakob W. , Mayr Georg J. , Zeileis Achim
Published: November 2016

Probabilistic forecasts provided by numerical ensemble prediction systems have systematic errors and are typically underdispersive. This is especially true over complex topography with extensive terrain-induced small-scale effects, which cannot be resolved by the ensemble system. To alleviate these errors, statistical postprocessing methods are often applied to calibrate the forecasts. This article presents a new full-distributional spatial postprocessing method for daily precipitation sums based on the standardized anomaly model output statistics (SAMOS) approach. Observations and forecasts are transformed into standardized anomalies by subtracting the long-term climatological mean and dividing by the climatological standard deviation. This removes all site-specific characteristics from the data and makes it possible to fit one single regression model for all stations at once. As the model does not depend on the station locations, it directly allows the creation of probabilistic forecasts for any arbitrary location. SAMOS uses a left-censored power-transformed logistic response distribution to account for the large fraction of zero observations (dry days), the limitation to nonnegative values, and the positive skewness of the data. ECMWF reforecasts are used for model training and to correct the ECMWF ensemble forecasts with the big advantage that SAMOS does not require an extensive archive of past ensemble forecasts as only the most recent four reforecasts are needed, and it automatically adapts to changes in the ECMWF ensemble model. The application of the new method to the central Alps shows that the new method is able to depict the small-scale properties and returns accurate fully probabilistic spatial forecasts.
A New Characterization within the Spatial Verification Framework for False Alarms, Misses, and Overall Patterns
Authors: Gilleland Eric
Published: November 2016

This paper proposes new diagnostic plots that take advantage of the lack of symmetry in the mean-error distance measure (MED) for binary images to yield a new concept of false alarms and misses appropriate to the spatial setting where the measure does not require perfect matching to be a hit or correct negative. Additionally, three previously proposed geometric indices that provide complementary information about forecast performance are used to produce useful diagnostic plots for forecast performance. The diagnostics are applied to previously analyzed case studies from the spatial forecast verification Intercomparison Project (ICP) to facilitate a comparison with more complicated methods. Relatively new test cases from the Mesoscale Verification Intercomparison over Complex Terrain (MesoVICT) project are also employed for future comparisons. It is found that the proposed techniques provide useful information about forecast model behavior by way of a succinct, easy-to-implement method that can be complementary to other measures of forecast performance.
Not So Simple
Authors: Garlick Jeremy
Published: November 2016

China’s rise to the status of a global power is a very complex phenomenon. Yet students of international relations (IR) are taught that a good theory should be ‘parsimonious’, meaning that it should explain a lot with a little. In relation to China’s rise, the problem with theoretical parsimony may be not what it includes but what it leaves out. This article argues that lack of explanatory breadth and depth in connection with China’s IRs demonstrates a shortcoming in mainstream IR theories such as neorealism, offensive realism and constructivism. A candidate for an IR theory which explains more with more is complexity theory (CT), which utilises a conceptual toolkit including non-linearity, feedback effects, emergent properties and complex adaptive systems. CT’s toolkit, already used in the natural sciences, seems a good candidate to explain the hard-to-predict phenomena that emerge in the international sphere, but has not yet been developed into a clear theoretical lens in IR. In this article, the rise of China is analysed through the lenses of three mainstream theories and CT in order to assess the strengths and shortcomings of each approach and to suggest how CT’s ‘conceptual toolkit’ might be utilised to flesh out existing IR theories in order to explain China’s rise more fully.
Bilingual Education in Xinjiang in the Post-2009 Period
Authors: Gupta Sonika , Veena R.
Published: November 2016

This article analyses strategies of minority education currently in place in Xinjiang in the context of the second generation ethnic policy debate in China. The article argues that the 2009 ethnic riots in Xinjiang coupled with the change of leadership in China has significantly hardened the state’s approach to aggressively promoting Putonghua (standard Chinese). This policy is facing significant structural and political challenges in its implementation and acceptance in Xinjiang. The policy to universalise Putonghua in all Xinjiang schools is likely to produce more resistance to the statist agenda rather than resulting in the intended outcome of integration.
Small Prizes Improve Food Selection in a School Cafeteria Without Increasing Waste
Authors: Hudgens Michelle E. , Barnes Allison S. , Lockhart Mary Kate , Ellsworth Samantha C. , Beckford Monna , Siegel Robert M.
Published: November 2016

We recently demonstrated that small prizes given for a “Power Plate” (plain fat-free milk, entrée, fruit and vegetable) can be used in an elementary school cafeteria to increase healthful food selection by over 300%. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in food waste when the Power Plate (PP) program is implemented. The PP intervention was conducted at an inner-city elementary school. Emoticons were placed next to the preferred foods and children were given a small prize if they selected the PP. Data were obtained by observation and cash register receipts. The trays of 111 students before the intervention and 96 after were examined for content and waste. PP selection increased from 2% to 73% ( P < .001). There was no significant change in waste. We conclude that small prizes as an incentive for better food selection does not lead to an increase food waste.
Accuracy of a Pediatric Behavioral Health Screener to Detect Untreated Behavioral Health Problems in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Chaffin Mark , Campbell Christopher , Whitworth Danielle N. , Gillaspy Stephen R. , Bard David , Bonner Barbara L. , Wolraich Mark L.
Published: November 2016

An estimated 10% to 20% of youth in primary care exhibit behavioral symptoms and may go underdetected. Most screeners identify risk base of symptoms alone, irrespective of functional impairment. To address this issue, the Pediatric Symptom Checklist–17 (PSC-17), a widely used symptom screener, was combined with functional impairment and current behavioral services enrollment items to form the Pediatric Behavioral Health Screen (PBHS) and assessed compared to the full Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). A total of 267 youth between 6 and 16 years of age were administered the screener and the CBCL. Areas under the receiver operating curves approached or exceeded 0.90 in all analyses, reflecting excellent classification accuracy. Almost no false negatives were observed among currently untreated cases with functional impairment. No differential item functioning was found. Performance of the PSC-17 as a pediatric primary care behavioral health screener supported previous research, and additional functional impairment items to form the PBHS appeared useful, particularly for interpreting borderline range scores.
Veterans’ Perspectives on the Psychosocial Impact of Killing in War
Authors: Purcell Natalie , Koenig Christopher J. , Bosch Jeane , Maguen Shira
Published: November 2016

Based on focus group and individual interviews with 26 combat veterans, this qualitative thematic analysis examines the psychosocial and interpersonal consequences of killing in war. It describes the consequences that veterans identify as most relevant in their lives, including postwar changes in emotions, cognitions, relationships, and identity. Furthermore, it illustrates the linked psychological and social dimensions of those consequences—namely, how the impact of killing in war is rooted in the unique perspectives, actions, and experiences of individual veterans, as well as the social worlds they confront upon returning from war. We found that, for many veterans, killing provokes a moral conflict with a lasting impact on their sense of self, spirituality, and relationships with others. In working with combat veterans, mental health professionals should be sensitive to the complexities of discussing killing and attuned to the psychosocial challenges veterans may face after taking a life in war.
From Prison to the Community: Assessing the Direct, Reciprocal, and Indirect Effects of Parolees on Neighborhood Structure and Crime
Authors: Chamberlain Alyssa W.
Published: November 2016

This study examines the direct, reciprocal, and indirect effects of parolees on neighborhoods, including residential vacancies, property sales, public assistance, and crime. Cross-lagged autoregressive models are estimated using a unique data set containing annual neighborhood information on parolees, crime rates, and neighborhood structure in the city of Cleveland, Ohio, between 2000 and 2008. Results suggest parolees degrade neighborhood structure, and these effects are direct, reciprocal, and indirect. Understanding how the presence of parolees can contribute to changes in neighborhood processes linked to crime will broaden our understanding of the effects that parolees have on communities and highlight additional areas for intervention.
Why Do Easterners Have Lower Well-Being Than Westerners? The Role of Others’ Approval Contingencies of Self-Worth in the Cross-Cultural Differences in Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Liu Cheng-Hong , Chiu Yi-Hsing Claire , Chang Jen-Ho
Published: November 2016

Previous studies have shown that Easterners generally perceive themselves as having lower subjective well-being compared with Westerners, and several mechanisms causing such differences have been identified. However, few studies have analyzed the causes of such differences from the perspective of the cross-cultural differences in the meanings of important life events such as whether people receive approval from others. Specifically, events regarding others’ approval might have different meanings to and influences on Easterners and Westerners. Thus, the degree of fluctuation of people’s views of self-worth in response to these events (i.e., others’ approval contingencies of self-worth [CSW]) probably differs between Easterners and Westerners. This may be a reason for cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. We investigated two samples of undergraduate students from Taiwan and the United States to examine the mediating role of others’ approval CSW in forming cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. The results revealed that Taiwanese participants exhibited lower subjective well-being and higher others’ approval CSW than American participants. In addition, others’ approval CSW partially mediated the cross-cultural differences in subjective well-being. Thus, one reason for lower subjective well-being among Easterners was likely that their self-esteem was more prone to larger fluctuations depending on whether they receive approval from others in everyday life.
Fraction Intervention for Students With Mathematics Difficulties: Lessons Learned From Five Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Malone Amelia S. , Schumacher Robin F. , Namkung Jessica , Wang Amber
Published: November 2016

In this article, the authors summarize results from 5 randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of intervention to improve the fraction performance of fourth-grade students at risk for difficulty in learning about fractions. The authors begin by explaining the importance of competence with fractions and why an instructional focus on fractions magnitude understanding may improve learning. They then describe an intervention that relies strongly on this type of understanding about fractions instruction, and they provide an overview of the intervention’s overall effects. This is followed by an overview of 5 intervention components for which the authors isolated effects. They conclude by discussing some of the lessons learned from this research program.
Media representations of the Hong Kong police and their mainland counterpart
Authors: Chan Wayne WL , He Holly H
Published: November 2016

Media portrayal of the police constitutes an important aspect of policing in a modern society. Thanks to freedom of the press, Hong Kong’s media can deliver a variety of news reports on the performance of police. Under the principle of ‘one country, two systems’, not only the Hong Kong police but also the police in mainland China are constantly represented in Hong Kong’s news media. The present study attempts to examine the media portrayal of the police by investigating how the Hong Kong police are represented differently from their mainland counterpart during the particular period of Hong Kong’s Occupy Central movement. A content analysis of three major newspapers published in Hong Kong reveals that the media image of the Hong Kong police is not substantially different from that of the mainland police. The findings suggest that the police image tends to remain positive in terms of crime-fighting duties despite the fact that they have been the subject of political controversy in carrying out order-maintenance duties. This article concludes by discussing the theoretical implications for the media portrayal of the police and proposing strategies for extending the study.
Profiles of Coping Strategies in Resilient Adolescents
Authors: Lee Ji Hee , Seo Mi , Lee Minyoung , Park Sung Yoon , Lee Ji Hae , Lee Sang Min
Published: November 2016

To understand how resilient adolescents adapt to adverse situations, this study examined resilient adolescents and their coping strategies. Resilience is the phenomenon characterized by good outcomes despite serious threats to adaptation and/or development. The current study aimed to identify the coping strategy profiles that distinguish a resilient group from three other groups—struggling, competent, and vulnerable—specifically to differentiate the resilient group from the competent group. Descriptive discriminant analysis results indicated that resilient adolescents simultaneously utilized not only problem-focused but also the emotion-focused coping strategies. The competent group primarily used problem-focused coping, while the struggling group primarily used emotion-focused strategies. Finally, the vulnerable adolescents used neither problem-focused nor emotion-focused strategies. Practical implications of the results were discussed to guide professionals.
Who f(o)unded IR: American philanthropies and the discipline of International Relations in Europe
Authors: Kuru Deniz
Published: November 2016

This article aims to present a history of International Relations (IR) that looks at the role of three big American foundations (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Rockefeller, and Ford foundations) in the development of IR as an academic field in continental Europe. Its framework goes beyond the usual disciplinary history narratives that focus on IR’s US or UK trajectories, pointing instead to American foundations’ interwar and early post–World War II influence on French and German IR. The cases emphasize US foundations’ interactions with European scholars and international scholarly organizations as major factors shaping IR’s developmental pathways. This study offers a way to consider foundations’ role in IR’s gradual academic institutionalization by connecting disciplinary historical approaches to disciplinary sociology. Its sociologically conscious position underlines the significance of American philanthropies in a historical narrative and recognizes the relevance of transnational dynamics by going beyond usual emphases on ideas and national contexts.
Multisensory Associative Guided Instruction Components-Spelling
Authors: Hamilton Harley
Published: November 2016

This article describes a multisensory presentation and response system for enhancing the spelling ability of dyslexic children. The unique aspect of MAGICSpell is its system of finger–letter associations and simplified keyboard configuration. Sixteen 10- and 11-year-old dyslexic students practiced the finger–letter associations via various typing games. They then were tested on the spelling of four-letter words with the “er” sound bordered on each end by a consonant. A pretest revealed that the students spelled the target words correctly 3% of the time. After practice with MAGICSpell, the correct responses rose to 84% for the practiced words. The students also significantly increased correct responses for nonpracticed words of the same spelling pattern. This trend held for both typing with the MAGICSpell configuration and writing responses.
Implementing Emergency Online Schools on the Fly as a Means of Responding to School Closures After Disaster Strikes
Authors: Craig Rush S. , Partridge Ashley , Wheeler Joanna
Published: November 2016

One means of sustaining school operations when a disaster makes school buildings inaccessible or inoperable for an extended period of time is to use online and other communication technology to temporarily provide online schooling, also known as emergency online schools. However, the current literature on emergency online schools suggests that fully functioning emergency online schools are possible only through thoughtful planning and development before a disaster strikes. As a result, this article addresses the prospect of rapid development of emergency online schools in situations when schools are closed or inaccessible for a long period of time due to a disaster or other emergency, and there is no emergency online or other alternative school plan currently in place. We posit herein that although a fully functioning emergency online school is likely possible only through thoughtful planning and development, some of the key virtues of emergency online schools are, nevertheless, attainable after a disaster or other emergency necessitates complete school closure. We offer a plan for rapid establishment of an emergency online school as a response to a disaster after a disaster has happened and when complete school closure or inaccessibility was not anticipated as part of the current school crisis response plan and a comprehensive emergency online school plan is not yet established. This article first outlines the resources necessary for rapid creation of emergency online schools then follows with an approach to rapidly instituting emergency online schools as a response after disaster strikes.
Using Learning Analytics to Enhance Student Learning in Online Courses Based on Quality Matters Standards
Authors: Martin Florence , Ndoye Abdou , Wilkins Patricia
Published: November 2016

Quality Matters is recognized as a rigorous set of standards that guide the designer or instructor to design quality online courses. We explore how Quality Matters standards guide the identification and analysis of learning analytics data to monitor and improve online learning. Descriptive data were collected for frequency of use, time spent, and performance and analyzed to identify patterns and trends on how students interact with online course components based on the Quality Matters standards. Major findings of this article provide a framework and guidance for instructors on how data might be collected and analyzed to improve online learning effectiveness.
Online Features of Qzone Weblog for Critical Peer Feedback to Facilitate Business English Writing
Authors: Gao Xianwei , Samuel Moses , Asmawi Adelina
Published: November 2016

Qzone weblog is one of the most popular weblogs in China. This study explores Qzone weblog for critical peer feedback to facilitate Business English writing among the Chinese undergraduates. A qualitative case study is conducted by NVivo 8 to analyze the three research data of semistructured interviews, Business English writing assignments, and critical peer feedback artifacts. Three research questions are focused on the case participants’ perception of this study, the strength and weakness of Qzone for critical peer feedback, and online features of Qzone affecting critical peer feedback in Business English writing. The findings indicate that Qzone weblog is a convenient information communication technology platform for online critical peer feedback among the Chinese undergraduates. The six aspects of strength and five online features are coded by NVivo 8, which are models by NVivo 8 with figures. The weakness of Qzone is the character number limitation for blogging and feedback. The conclusion of this study will be applied for the use of Qzone weblog and other kinds of weblog for online peer feedback in English writing.
PsyToolkit
Authors: Stoet Gijsbert
Published: November 2016

This article reviews PsyToolkit, a free web-based service designed for setting up, running, and analyzing online questionnaires and reaction-time (RT) experiments. It comes with extensive documentation, videos, lessons, and libraries of free-to-use psychological scales and RT experiments. It provides an elaborate interactive environment to use (or modify) the existing questionnaires and experiments from the PsyToolkit library or to design new studies. Once users have set up their study, they can recruit participants for online participation, and data can be downloaded in spreadsheet format after collection. This article provides examples of how questionnaires and RT experiments can be set up using the website. The PsyToolkit links to online questionnaires and experiments, and these links can easily be embedded in social media networks for participant recruitment, including Amazon's Mechanical Turk. PsyToolkit’s exhaustive documentation enables students to work independently. This article finishes with pedagogical considerations.
CDE Perspectives of Providing New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Education Using Formal Vignettes and Simulation
Authors: Ramchandani Neesha , Johnson Kim , Cullen Karen , Hamm Terri , Bisordi Jean , Sullivan-Bolyai Susan
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe the 4 Parent Education Through Simulation-Diabetes (PETS-D) nurse certified diabetes educators’ (CDEs) perspectives of teaching parents of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) early diabetes management skills using formal vignettes and a human patient simulator/human patient simulation (HPS) to augment/enhance the teaching–learning process.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive approach was used. Four CDEs were interviewed by phone about their teaching experiences. Meticulous notes were taken. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The vignettes (and use of HPS) provided structure, especially for parents who were struggling to learn. Certified diabetes educators described a short learning curve to master the use of the HPS manikin. Human patient simulation-enhanced education was described as helpful for teaching multiple caregivers about diabetes. Certified diabetes educators also described factors that affect parent learning, mechanical issues with the HPS, and additional space requirements for HPS-enhanced education.

Conclusion

Vignettes and HPS-enhanced education can successfully be used to educate parents of children with new-onset T1DM and were preferred by the CDEs when compared with previous teaching strategies. The results of this study support the use of both vignette-based and HPS-enhanced education when a child is newly diagnosed with T1DM. Further studies need to be done to see if these effects persist with different populations, during different stages of the disease, and for individuals with other chronic illnesses.