bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reviews
Authors: Hughes Lorna
Published: January 2012

In these days of research-assessment exercises and cost-cutting measures, if you have not arranged beforehand for the proceedings of your conference to be published, you can expect fewer proposals for papers from experts at the cutting edge of their subject. Many departments will not normally fund attendance at conferences, especially those held abroad, unless there is a concrete outcome which can be added to the departmental publications list. This is why, over the last few years, we have seen such an increase in the number of edited conference papers. Unfortunately (and I certainly do not include this current issue of ALT-J in this statement, because the selection procedure has been really quite cruel), many of these proceedings are of low overall quality. The is no doubt partly because once your paper has been accepted for the conference, you want as much of a guarantee of publication as possible before you turn up and give it, and conference organisers are thus under pressure not to give the copper-bottomed guarantee they cannot of course give, but at least to keep you, as far as possible, in Promise Land. This situation tends to lead to diluted proceedings.DOI:10.1080/0968776960040116
Technology for social work education
Authors: Hopkins Tom , Colombi David
Published: January 2012

The development of technology in social-work education is set not only in the broader context of the use of technology in higher education generally, but also in the parallel context of the use of technology in social work practice. The latter is important for a subject area with two primary characteristics: the need to acquire not just academic knowledge but also professional expertise and understanding of the aims, methods and values of social work; a strong emphasis on practical preparation for work in social work agencies, which is expressed through the universal use of practice placements within agencies as a major component of social-work professional education and training.DOI:10.1080/0968776960040203
Educational software design: applying models of learning
Authors: Richards Stephen
Published: January 2012

The model of learning adopted within this paper is the 'spreading ripples' (SR) model proposed by Race (1994). This model was chosen for two important reasons. First, it makes use of accessible ideas and language, .and is therefore simple. Second, .Race suggests that the model can be used in the design, of educational and training programmes (and can thereby be applied to the design of computer-based learning materials).DOI:10.1080/0968776960040303
Evaluation in a project life-cycle: the hypermedia CAMILLE project
Authors: Chanier Thierry
Published: January 2012

This paper reports on a series of evaluations undertaken in the countries which participated in the CAMILLE project.1 The principal aim of this European project has been the development and delivery of hypermedia courseware in Dutch, Spanish and French. The courseware encompasses the training of general linguistic competencies for beginners (Dutch and Spanish) as well as competencies related to the use of language for specific purposes (French). The target audience includes students in science or business, and technicians or engineers from SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises - small businesses). This report may be of interest to two kinds of reader of this journal, as follows. • Each one of our packages exploit the full range of hypertextual and multimedia facilities currently provided by standard computing platforms. Furthermore, each package offers learners a large-scale learning environment capable of supporting autonomous study. Consequently, these preliminary outcomes relating to the way CAMILLE has been practically used by learners and to its effectiveness are of potential interest to teachers, trainers and educational advisers. • The various experiments conducted by the teams and integrated into the process of software development will be of interest to Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) developers in general. Indeed, within the CAL literature, the issue of integrating evaluation into the life of a project, i.e. either in the course of the development or at the end of it, has often been recommended but much less frequently reported, at least for this type of environment. The paper discusses the constraints, advantages and drawbacks of actually adopting such a procedure.DOI:10.1080/0968776960040307
New technology for interactive CAL: the Origami project
Authors: Harding Robert , Lay Steve , Robinson Peter , Sheppard Dan , Watts Richard
Published: January 2012

For many years, almost since the dawn of computing, people have speculated about the paperless society. Each new technology is heralded as the one that will finally take us to the fully electronic Utopia. However, the use of computers as document preparation tools has actually increased the number of paper documents. The latest mass-market development, the Internet, is unlikely to buck this trend even though the tools used seem to encourage on-screen browsing. The problems inherent with screen presentation have not gone away, while the amount of information available to the average computer user is increasing all the time.DOI:10.1080/0968776970050102
Prospects for summative evaluation of CAL in higher education
Authors: Draper Stephen W.
Published: January 2012

Summative evaluation is evaluation done after software design and production is complete in order to establish its performance and properties. A prototypical case would be the tables produced in the consumer magazine Which? comparing a considerable range of properties of alternative available products (for example, washing machines) that they have measured in their own trials. Thus summative evaluation is not only done after production; it is typically about comparative measurements done to assist decisions concerning purchase.DOI:10.1080/0968776970050106
Multimedia Motion: motivating learners
Authors: Whitelegg E. , Scanlon E. , Hatzipanagos S.
Published: January 2012

Multimedia Motion is a CD-ROM, designed by Gill Graham and David Glover, for teaching post-16 students about dynamics. It allows students to select data from moving bodies (such as space rockets and tennis players), and to explore how that data can be displayed graphically and what the relationships are between distance moved, velocity, acceleration, impulse, momentum, etc. Use of parts of the disc is incorporated into the Supported Learning in Physics (SLIP) programme, and it is in this context that the evaluation of its use reported here was carried out.DOI:10.1080/0968776970050111
Editorial Research recognition
Authors: Jacobs Gabriel
Published: January 2012

Only partly tongue in cheek, I suggested in ALT-N (number 18, July 1997) that we should consider mounting a Campaign for the Acknowledgement of Research into Educational Technology (CARET). I was astonished by the large number of responses in my mailbox, not one of them dissenting from the views I expressed, and many offering examples of how excellent peer-reviewed publications in good journals, sometimes associated with very respectable research grants, had vanished into the ether when it came to the last Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). Outside education as a discipline (and even there . . . ) , RAE subject panels appear to consider that research into learning technology is not really worth counting. University teachers of languages, history, biology, engineering and so on may produce seminal papers on learning technology within their subject-areas, and for the purposes of their department's RAE rating they might as well not have bothered - indeed, they may even be reprimanded for not having aimed more directly between the RAE goalposts. Even within disciplines such as computer science or psychology, where one might imagine that much research into educational technology would comfortably fit, I know of colleagues who have been on the receiving end of such discouragement.DOI:10.1080/0968776970050301
Computer-based interactive tutorial versus traditional lecture for teaching introductory aspects of pain
Authors: Johnson Mark I. , Dewhurst David G. , William Alan D.
Published: January 2012

Pain is one of the most frequent complaints presenting to medical institutions. However, pain and its management continues to be marginalized in the content of health-care professional education due in part to the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject which makes it difficult to locate within the curriculum (Bonica, 1987; Liebeskind and Melzack, 1987; Marcer and Deighton, 1988; Pilowsky, 1988). Furthermore, the factual elements relating to pain often overlap with other parts of the curriculum, making it impossible to decide who should deliver the information, and how much time can be devoted within the limited time frame of normal health-care professional courses (Max, 1992). The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) core curriculum on pain education was developed to overcome some of these problems (Fields, 1995).DOI:10.1080/0968776970050303
An evaluation of a teaching package constructed using a Web-based lecture recorder
Authors: Segal Judith
Published: January 2012

This paper reports on an evaluation of a teaching package constructed using Audiograph, a Web-based lecture recorder developed at the University of Surrey. Audiograph is described in detail in Jesshope and Shafarenko (1997). Its developer aims to provide a medium by which multimedia teaching packages, based on traditional university lectures, may be developed rapidly by the lecturer(s) concerned (as opposed to professional CAL developers) at low cost. Audiograph is designed so that development time should only be in the order of two hours for every hour of presentation. Packages developed using Audiograph make much use of audio, which is somewhat unusual (apart from in video clips) in a package not dedicated to Computer-Assisted Language Learning or to addressing learning difficulties associated with vision. They also use text and (some) animation.DOI:10.1080/0968776970050304
The design, implementation and evaluation of mass conferencing
Authors: Donert Karl , Brady Sean , Clarkson Jean
Published: January 2012

The development of the PC has opened up many new perspectives in the use of technology for distance learning. Broadband, high-speed telecommunications now make it possible to access, transmit and receive sound, still images, video and other data. This application is normally referred to as videoconferencing (Woodruff and Mosby, 1996). It provides the capability to connect two or more parties separated by distance by means of audio, video and data and allows opportunities for real-time interaction. It is often used by groups of people who gather in a specific setting to communicate with other groups of people who are unable physically to be there. However, the term videoconferencing can be applied to a wide range of situations, such as individual-to-individual discussion and video-lecturing. Lopez and Woodruff (1996) identify four videoconferencing formats: the interview, the virtual meeting, the virtual field trip and the lecture. They state that the least productive of these is normally the lecture which, they suggest, does not promote dialogue or interaction: a lecture is as a one-way process where intellectual resources are transmitted, and as a learning environment does not usually provide opportunities for students to interact with tutors or between themselves. They are unlikely to establish any form of dialogue or to use their own thought processes (King and Honeybone, 1997). Whilst cost-effective in traditional terms, the lecture forum can be a shallow and relatively ineffective learning experience.DOI:10.1080/0968776980060106
Time for a change
Authors: Jacobs Gabriel
Published: January 2012

If a new appointment can be made before the next issue of ALT-J, this will be my final offering as Editor, which position I have held since the journal was born, with ALT, in 1993. Were I to follow custom and practice in the matter, I would take this singular opportunity to do a sentimental 'retrospective', highlighting milestones in the development of technology-aided teaching and learning over the six years of my editorship, and, in so doing, showing in the best possible light the extent to which the aims of ALT have been achieved. I fear that such an approach would lead to irrefutable platitudes, and those who have read my editorials over the years (how few are they?) will be aware that I have never shunned controversy - indeed, I have been accused on several occasions of wilful and unjustified provocation. Unsubstantiated as this accusation is, I would not wish my last editorial to break with its tradition. In this final comment as Editor, therefore, I shall express a certain frustration.DOI:10.1080/0968776980060201
Reviews
Authors: Pearson Elaine , Jones Eleri , Ingraham Bruce Douglas , Barker Philip , Jacobs Gabriel
Published: January 2012

A rising number of individuals and institutions are now developing multimedia courseware, or interactive multimedia (IMM) as Rob Phillips, calls it. This book sets out to offer practical advice in projects focusing on general issues of design, development and project management. Although it includes an appendix that describes the characteristics of a number of authoring tools, it is largely intended to be independent of any particular software.DOI:10.1080/0968776980060208
Editorial
Authors: Darby Jonathan , Squires David
Published: January 2012

My first encounter with computer-based learning was in 1975 when I trialled packages produced by the Chelsea Science Simulation Project while on teaching practice. Access to the minicomputer running the packages was via modem and teletype, and response times were measured in minutes rather than seconds. Three of the four packages were little more than computer-based lookup tables but the fourth, despite the severe limitations of the technology, inspired me to take computers seriously as tools for learning. The application was a simulation of crossing different strains of fruit fly, a technique beloved of geneticists but impractical for school biology. I was impressed by the use of a computer to achieve something highly educational that was impractical by any other means.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070101
'Learning matters' - adjusting the media mix for academic advantage
Authors: Twining Peter
Published: January 2012

Current trends in higher education are towards a greater emphasis on resource-based learning, often in a 'distance learning' or 'supported self-study' mode. Traditionally this is how Open University (OU) courses are transacted. Within the OU the typical model is for courses to go through a 'production' phase followed by a 'delivery' phase. During the production phase, which often lasts three years, the course materials are developed and tested. Once the course materials are completed, a course will be presented to one cohort of students each year for around five years. This model of production followed by delivery mitigates against changes to course materials once the production phase is completed. This means that course teams have to be totally confident about the educational effectiveness of their materials before the production phase ends.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070102
Supporting organizational change: fostering a more flexible approach to course delivery
Authors: Hart Gail , Ryan Yoni , Bagdon Kerry
Published: January 2012

In Australia, as in the UK, the political, economic and technological contexts within which higher education operates are shifting. Many commentators (e.g. Tiffin and Rajasingham, 1995; Oblinger and Rush, 1997) have predicted that the outcomes for teaching and learning environments will be as shattering to the 'bricks and mortar' universities as the longpredicted tectonic plate shift which will swallow San Francisco.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070108
Staff edutainment on a corporate intranetlessons learned
Authors: Ionesco Vlad
Published: January 2012

The educational level required of a successful member of today's society and working environments is becoming higher and higher. National and commercial education systems are struggling, as increasing numbers of people must be trained within harsh budget constraints. In this context, internet technology has emerged as a new tool in the field of education and training, and the number of applications of this technology is increasing steadily. In order to assess its full potential, it is important to study cases in both educational and business settings.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070109
Editorial
Authors: Squires David , Conole Gráìnne
Published: January 2012

Issue 7.1 represented the annual special issue of selected papers presented at ALT-C 98. This issue is the first time the new editorial team have edited an 'open' issue comprised of papers selected from those submitted as part of the normal refereeing process. The broad scope of the papers in this open issue - courseware design, collaborative learning, evaluation, student use of electronic bibliographic databases, staff development - bears witness to one of the most fascinating aspects of learning technology: its broad-based interdisciplinary nature.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070201
Putting theory into practice: the creation of REALs in the context of today's universities
Authors: Kitts Sally Ann , Hancock John T.
Published: January 2012

Bringing together theory and practice in the context of university teaching is no mean feat. On the one hand, lecturers are challenged and motivated intellectually by the theoretical arguments in the field of education of thinkers such as Grabinger and Dunlap, who have written extensively about comprehensive constructivist learning communities which they term Euch Environments for Active Learning (REALs) (Grabinger and Dunlap, 1995; Grabinger and Dunlap, 1998; Grabinger, Dunlap and Duffield, 1997). Yet, on the other hand, they are also challenged and demotivated on a day-to-day basis with the practicalities of teaching increasing numbers of students with a decreasing unit of resource in institutions where competition for funding is fierce and where there is pressure from external reviews of research and teaching performance.DOI:10.1080/0968776990070202
Wearable learning tools
Authors: Bowskill Jerry , Dyer Nick
Published: January 2012

The world of telecommunications is being rapidly redefined by the Internet. Longer-term trends show that mobile, networked computers will form the basis of the future of personal communications. Not only is the telephone handset becoming mobile, by defauit, but the boundary between phone and computer is set to disappear. Networks for mobile devices are also changing fast, within the next five years the global mobile network will support megabit rather than the current kilobit connections. In summary most phones are becoming mobile, phones are becoming computers and the underlying network is becoming a fast global TCP/IP network.DOI: 10.1080/0968776990070305
Computer-assisted learning as an alternative to didactic lectures: a study of teaching the physics of diagnostic imaging
Authors: Dale V.H. M. , Sullivan M. , Irvine D. R.
Published: January 2012

In recent years there has been an expansion in the number of undergraduate students recruited to the veterinary courses in the UK veterinary schools. This growth in student numbers has not been matched by an increase in academic staff devoted to teaching. In addition, higher education has in the 1990s suffered an approximate 20 per cent reduction in government funding if the effects of inflation and student numbers are taken into account. At the same time there has been a demand for the investigation of teaching quality, leading to the Teaching Quality Assurance process (Ellis, 1993). Thus a number of converging factors have stimulated the need to look for alternative and innovative methods of teaching in veterinary undergraduate education.DOI: 10.1080/0968776990070308
Driving departmental change through evaluation: some outcomes and problems
Authors: Hall Richard , Harding Derek
Published: January 2012

This paper will focus upon some of the outcomes from the first year of the Courseware for History Implementation Consortium (Chic), a Teaching and Learning Technology Programme (TLTP), Phase 3 project. It is particularly important that the consortium addresses the issue of embedding change within organizations if it is to succeed in its aims. However, as Brown (1998) has noted, the integration of learning and teaching innovation into the broader fabric of an institution, by projects with a fixed remit and life cycle, is problematic. Here we will investigate how the Chic project has related evaluation outcomes to disciplinary pedagogical imperatives in order to foster a greater sense of purpose and cohesion towards the project and its objectives. This recognizes the value of evaluation in affecting the context of learning, through the iteration of teaching techniques and resource provision. The resultant implications for institutions, and the barriers to change, need to be examined in the light of the pedagogical context of the history discipline. Whilst accepting the premise that change needs to be placed in the context of institutional policy (Hart, Ryan and Bagdon, 1999; Li and Kaye, 1999), this paper will show how a culture of change can be promoted within departments.DOI: 10.1080/0968776000080103
Learning technology in Scottish higher education - a survey of the views of senior managers, academic staff and 'experts'
Authors: Haywood Jeff , Anderson Charles , Coyle Helen , Day Kate , Haywood Denise , Macleod Hamish
Published: January 2012

Central concerns within the field of learning technology in higher education have been the promotion of institutional change and staff awareness and development. This focus on the need to bring about a 'culture shift' and the importance of 'change agents' is reflected in the Dearing Report (DfEE, 1997) and in Funding Council initiatives such as TLTP and TLTSN (Davies, 1995). It is common for many of us who work in this area to feel that although we see clearly the task ahead, we have little at our disposal by way of evidence about how far we have come. Much of the evidence which does exist, and which has been incorporated into lectures and reports, is anecdotal, local and small scale, although there have been some larger studies, notably the Information Technology Assisted Teaching and Learning project (ITATL, 1997), and a 1999 study of C&IT materials funded by the Funding Councils (HEFCE, 1999a), and in the United States the national survey of desktop computing and IT in higher education (Green, 1989-99). These showed a rapidly increasing use of learning technology in higher education, and some of the limitations and restrictions which staff feel, such as technical support. However, there had been no indepth study of the subject and institution-specific influences on academic staff use of, and attitudes to, learning technology.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080202
Reviews
Authors: Barker Philip , Brown Anne M. , Funnell Peter , Garland Kate , Haslam Paul , Ingraham Bruce , McAleese Ray , McKenna Peter , Offer Lindsay
Published: January 2012

Nowadays, in this current era of the Web, searching the Internet is probably as important (if not more so) as using conventional libraries and the facilities that they contain in order to locate sources of sought-after information. Indeed, the Internet (as an information resource) is now so important that virtually all students (both in schools and colleges) are given some exposure to it at some stage during their education. Because of its importance, there is a 'veritable multitude' of books on searching the Internet. For me, this book is a particularly attractive one because of its low cost, its scope and coverage and, most importantly, the style in which it is written.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080209
Editorial
Authors: Conole Gráinne
Published: January 2012

At times of major educational change we are reminded of those things of lasting value which are of formative significance for learning and teaching - those things which empower students to gain riches in the form of knowledge, understanding and skill. At the threshold of the twenty-first century it is good to acknowledge, again, that our main job as educators, learning technologists and researchers is at all times to encourage and foster such richness in all of our students. Learning technology has an exceptionally productive potential role to play in this empowerment: the role of the Association of Learning Technology in promoting good practice in the use of learning technologies is therefore particularly highlighted at the start of a new century.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080301
Further education in transition
Authors: Martin Joyce , Brown John , MacDonald Jean , Gain Meg
Published: January 2012

In 1992 the Further and Higher Education Act created the English further education sector by taking colleges out of LEA control and bringing into existence the Further Education Funding Council (FEFC). As in higher education (HE), similar funding arrangements exist for further education in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.DOI:10.1080/0968776000080302
Usage, attitudes and workload implications for a Web-based learning environment
Authors: Collis Betty , Messing John
Published: January 2012

The tools and features of Web-based course-management systems vary (see http:llwww.ctt.bc, callandonlinel, for an analysis and comparison of several commercially available systems) but typically include tools to support the organization of the course, tools to support communication, tools to support student activities such as submission of assignments and collaborative work, and 'back-office' tools to handle user registration, maintenance of user data, and, in some systems, tools to tailor the view of a course site made available to a registered user (Robson, 1999). Although many tools and features are available in such Web-based learning environments, it is not the case that instructors necessarily make use of all these tools and features. Rankin (2000) for example, notes that 'most instructors have failed to take full advantage of the growing resources available to them online'. Rankin suggests that the creation and incorporation of templates into course Web sites could be a strategy to provide instructors with a simple and effective way of developing their Web-accessible materials. Such templates are the basic building blocks of the TeleTOP learning environment used at the University of Twente.DOI:10.1080/09687760108656772
The importance of'goodness of fit' between organizational culture and climate in the management of change: a case study in the development of online learning
Authors: McMurray Donald W.
Published: January 2012

The National Education Association in the USA in a recently released report entitled 'Quality on the line' (National Education Association, 2000) identified twenty-four quality measures as being essential to ensuring excellence in Internet-based learning. While establishing best practice benchmarks for the provision of quality online distance education, the report does not fully address important policy issues in relation to the role of technology in the selection of appropriate teaching and learning strategies. Furthermore, it does not address the important question of the management of organizational change in today's higher education environment. This paper explores the nexus between organizational culture and organizational climate in the management of change process by presenting a case study of an Australian regional university currently undertaking the development of online courses.DOI:10.1080/09687760108656777
The distributed development of quality courses for a virtual university
Authors: Oliver Martin , Bradley Claire , Boyle Tom
Published: January 2012

The perceived need for global competition in higher education has led to the proliferation of projects and initiatives focused on the development of online education (see, for example, Smith and Oliver, 2000). Much resource and effort is being invested in this area, but there has been relatively little research into effective development and quality assurance models that can support the creation of online courses. Still less has been carried out that considers the particular developmental challenges posed by distributed teams of authors.DOI:10.1080/0968776010090203
Integrating groupware technology into the learning environment
Authors: Shaikh Abdul Naeem , Macaulay Linda
Published: January 2012

The challenge of teaching computer-supported co-operative working (CSCW) and groupware concepts to software engineering students using a 'theory and practice' approach was taken by Macaulay, at the Department of Computation, UMIST, United Kingdom. The first author had assisted from the very beginning and, thus, shared the valuable insights and lessons that came in the introduction of groupware and its subsequent use within the learning environment. Although this challenge was met with a degree of success from the very first year (Macaulay, Shaikh and Young, 1998), attempts were made to learn further lessons each year (in terms of what worked and what did not) and to incorporate them into the following year.DOI:10.1080/0968776010090206
Designing intelligent computer-based simulations: a pragmatic approach
Authors: Garrett Bernard M. , Callear David
Published: January 2012

There has been great interest in the potential use of multimedia computer-based learning (CBL) packages within higher education. The effectiveness of such systems, however, remains controversial. There are suggestions that such multimedia applications may hold no advantage over traditional formats (Barron and Atkins, 1994; Ellis, 1994; Laurillard, 1995; Simms, 1997; Leibowitz, 1999). One area where multimedia CBL may still prove its value is in the simulation of activities where experiential learning is expensive, undesirable or even dangerous.DOI:10.1080/0968776010090302
Can virtual seminars be used cost-effectively to enhance student learning?
Authors: Halfpenny Peter , Wellings Sonja
Published: January 2012

With the expansion of university student numbers over the past decade, deteriorating staiT-student ratios have necessitated a re-evaluation of teaching and learning practices. In general, the amount of direct contact between staff and students has diminished. Lecture audiences have grown larger and there is less opportunity within or immediately after lectures for interaction between students and lecturers. Seminars, classes and tutorials have also grown and they often have fifteen or more students in them, allowing on average only four minutes or fewer of active participation by each member over the course of an hour'sDOI:10.1080/0968776010090305
Comparison of Aerological Soundings made Simultaneously by Radio-Sonde and Aircraft
Authors: Ludlam F. H. , Saunders P. M.
Published: January 2012

On five separate occasions soundings were made at the same time by Väisälä radio-sonde and by an aircraft equipped with electrical resistance thermometers. Display of the results leads to the conclusion that the temperature indicated by the radio-sonde was too high by an amount which usually was between 1 and 1½°C, but occasionally reached 2½ to 3½°C. The usual difference can be accounted for by the known effects of lag and radiation error, and it is recommended that even in the lower troposphere appropriate corrections should be made as a routine in conditions of sunny weather and steep lapse rate. Because of the excessive lag often shown by the radio-sonde hygrometer unit (of hair), shallow layers of very dry air are not indicated at all in the radio-sonde soundings.
A Case Study of an Easterly Jet Stream in the Tropics
Authors: Alaka M. A.
Published: January 2012

An easterly current at 200 mb over the Southern Bahamas and Florida is identified as a jet stream which had originated in middle latitudes and had travelled along the eastern periphery of the dynamic anticyclone situated over the South Eastern United States. The properties of this current are studied and compared with those associated with middle latitudes jet streams. It is found that although this current is comparatively weak (core velocity about 70 kts), horizontal and vertical wind shears near its axis are comparable with those observed near the usually much stronger middle latitudes jet streams.

The mechanism responsible for the concentration of the kinetic energy in this narrow current is shown to be independent of any temperature contrast between two air masses in the lower and middle troposphere. The jet is further shown to be maintained by pressure heads and the continuous production and destruction of kinetic energy involved in its maintenance and motion occur as a result of accelerations in more or less laminar flow rather than by lateral or frictional stresses. Finally, the observed weather distribution is found to be influenced by the resonance and interference of the upper jet stream with waves in the lower easterlies.
An Experiment on Artificial Stimulation of Precipitation in the Snowy Mountains Region of Australia
Authors: Adderley E. E. , Twomey S.
Published: January 2012

A long-term experiment on the artificial stimulation of rain over an area has been in progress in the Snowy Mountains region of south-east Australia. The form of the experiment is described, and preliminary results from the first six months’ operation are presented.
The Strong Index Change Period from January 1 to January 7, 1956
Authors: Defant Fr. , Taba H.
Published: January 2012

In continuation of a recent paper (Defant, Taba, 1957) a seven days period (January 1–7, 1956) has been investigated on a hemispheric scale. During this period strong world wide changes in the circulation type occurred. Such a circulation change from a meridional into a zonal type* has been studied for the first time by means of hemispheric tropopause maps and by using a special technique of dividing the total available material of atmospheric sound ings into three different groups as described in the previous paper. The following points summarize the results:

1. The hemispheric tropopause maps are most suitable for obtaining a clear picture of three dimensional structure of the atmosphere. The distribution of cold and warm air masses can easily be seen. Breaks in tropopause heights give an immediate impression of the location and the form of the two principal westwind maxima of the westerlies (polarfront jet and subtropical jet). The concentrations in the temperature field of the tropopause level are a further guide for the location of the main wind belts. This temperature field makes it possible to picture the meandering structure of the wind belts and shows the interaction of tropical and mid-latitude circulation. Clear distinction has to be made between subtropical and polar jet.

2. By the use of this method strong northward displacements of the tropical atmosphere have been shown. At the same time a strong meandering behaviour of the subtropical jet appears. These tropical impulses play a dominating role in producing pronounced changes in mid-latitude circulation and for the generation of large blocking anticyclones.

3. During the seven days period the character of soundings in the three selected groups (north of the polar jet, between the two jets and south of the subtropical jet) remained nearly unchanged.

4. Whenever the tropical atmosphere shifted northward stations inside deep troughs having a polar isothermal structure in the stratosphere showed a strong cooling in the higher stratosphere and at the end of the period even the polar stations showed the same feature. It is thought that this cooling is mainly due to advection from the tropical regions, but outgoing radiation and vertical motion may contribute.

5. A possible cyclic change and three dimensional interaction of the three different parts of the atmosphere is outlined at the end of the paper.

* meridional and zonal with respect to the form of polarfront jet.
On the General Circulation over Eastern Asia (III)
Authors: None
Published: January 2012

The averaged vertical motion and the heat sources and sinks have been computed for the normal maps for January and July. The perturbations in the westerlies due to large-scale heat sources and sinks and to the earth’s topography are discussed, first using the theory of small perturbations and secondly allowing the perturbations to be of a finite amplitude. Section 2 contains a discussion of the dynamic influence of the topography on the daily weather systems.
Comparative Studies of 500 mb Barotropic Forecasts Based on Different Analyses
Authors: Berggren Roy
Published: January 2012

Some barotropic 500 mb forecasts are compared in the following manners:

1 comparison of the differences between forecasts made from analyses with identical boundary regions but different inner parts

2 comparison of forecasts made from two independent analyses based on identical material, and

3 comparison between forecasts based on two analyses with identical inner region but different boundary regions.

The result of a computation of the standard deviation of the vorticity and the Jacobian J (η, φ) is given and discussed, the deviation being due entirely to the personal factor in upper air analysis.
Ein numerisches Verfahren zur Errechnung von Windstau und Gezeiten in Randmeeren
Authors: Fischer Günter
Published: January 2012

A finite difference method for determining water heights and movements in adjacent seas is developed. For this purpose the vertically integrated equations of motion and the continuity equation are transformed into an explicit system of difference equations, which are solved stepwise in time with an electronic computer. The question of numerical stability is investigated in detail. To obtain computational stability for the system in question, it is not sufficient to satisfy a condition similar to the Courant Friedrichs Lewy criterion, as there is also an upper limit of the timestep itself, which depends on the frictional coefficient and the boriolis parameter. The influence of a smoothing technique and the mesh size of the grid on the results is also examined. Some computations of storm surges and tides in the North Sea are presented and are compared in selected cases with the results of other methods or with observations. The computations of tidal waves and currents in the North Sea, where the wave was prescribed only at the open ends, give a reasonable agreement with observed conditions.
Kartenmässige Darstellung atmosphärischer Felder auf dem Schirm einer Kathodenstrahlörohrel
Authors: Wippermann F.
Published: January 2012

Short description of a program which allows to display on the screen of a cathode ray tube by iso-lines an atmospheric field given for discrete grid-points only.
A Theoretical Power-Law for the Size Distribution of Small Particles or Drops falling through the Atmosphere
Authors: Welander Pierre
Published: January 2012

A theoretical study is made of the size distribution of small particles or drops in the atmosphere as produced by vertical motion and coalescence. It is demonstrated that a power-law distribution is a possible solution both in the time-dependent case, when conditions are assumed to be spatially homogeneous, and in the steady state case. The theory is in special applied to cloud droplets falling and coalescing under the effect of gravity and Stokes friction. In this case it is found that the frequency distribution falls off as r−5 in the time-dependent case and as r−3 in the steady state case, r being the radius. A comparison with observed size distributions of droplets in the range 20–80 microns given by Weickmann and aufm Kampe indicate that, on an average, the r−5-distribution and the r−3-distribution are reasonable approximations for fair weather cumulus clouds and for cumulus congestus- and cumulonimbus clouds, respectively. In the time-dependent case the theory predicts that the concentration of droplets of a given size should change inversely to a linear function of time. After a definite time T, infinite concentrations are reached and the model breaks down. This characteristic growth time is inversely proportional to the initial concentration of particles. For the mean concentration of cloud droplets given by Weickmann and aufm Kampe, T takes on values of the order 150 seconds, assuming that only droplets which differ in radii less than 10 times coalesce.
On the Application of Trajectory Methods in Numerical Forecasting
Authors: Wiin-Nielsen A.
Published: January 2012

On the basis of a comparison between the results so far obtained by the usual numerical methods in physical weather prediction and the graphical methods it is likely that certain defects in the present forecast methods are due to the Eulerian technique. The possibilities for the use of a quasi-Lagrangian technique are investigated, and it is found that such a technique is possible and becomes especially simple when combined with a space-smoothing which eliminates the shorter fast moving waves in the spectrum. The Lagrangian method of computation is described in the barotropic case and also for a simplified two-parameter baroclinic model.
A Numerical Iiivestigation of Certain Features of the General Circulation
Authors: Bryan Kirk
Published: January 2012

The space variables of a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic model, which includes non-adiabatic terms and a variable static stability, are expanded in a few leading terms of a spherical harmonic series. The terms are chosen to specify a zonal current with a belt of easterlies and westerlies, and a single baroclinic wave. These expansions are used to transform the equations of the model into a set of thirteen ordinary differential equations. Numerical experiments have been carried out with this system for different wave lengths of disturbance and different levels of heating contrast. The solutions indicate that the system combines many effects noted in the “dishpan” experiments and theoretical stability studies of large-scale motions.
Effects of the Solar Flares of 7 July 1958: Observed at Kiruna Geophysical Observatory, Sweden
Authors: Hultqvist Bengt , Aarons Jules , Ortner Johannes
Published: January 2012

The very strong effects in the auroral zone of the solar flares of 7 July 1958 as observed at Kiruna Geophysical Observatory by means of magnetometers, an ionospheric sounder, a cosmic noise absorption receiver (riometer), oblique auroral reflection receivers, transpolar communications receivers, and cosmic ray telescopes are reported and discussed. Several remarkable features of the terrestrial disturbances were observed:

Extremely strong absorption became apparent a few hours after the solar flare. In spite of a linearly increasing absorption during the first seven hours after the flare no change in height or critical frequency of the F2 layer was noted during this period.

The SIDs reported by Pacific Observatories at the time of the flares were not observed at Kiruna although Kiruna was on the sunlit side of the earth.

A magnetic storm and a large decrease in the counting rate of the meson component of cosmic radiation appeared simultaneously 31 hours after the flare.

The maximum absorption at 27.6 Mc recorded during this period surmounted 20 decibels.
The Horizontal and Vertical Wind Profiles of the Subtropical and Polar Jet for January 1–7, 1956 and the Variation of the Equivalent Barotropic Level
Authors: Taba Hessam
Published: January 2012

All the available wind information over central, west and north Europe, the Atlantic Ocean, the United States and Canada has been studied for a period of seven days, January 1–7, 1956 0300 Z. The axis of the subtropical and the polar jets have been chosen as reference coordinates. Mean horizontal and vertical wind profiles have been computed at 100 km intervals from the axis of both jets and are discussed. Based on these profiles, the average wind and the equivalent barotropic level is computed. It is shown that the height of the equivalent barotropic level changes as the distance from the axis of the jet varies. The equivalent barotropic level is shown to have a maximum height of 432 mb at the axis of the subtropical jet and a minimum height of 560 at a distance of 1,000 km north of the polar jet. Finally, an average E.B.L. is computed and is shown to have a height of 505 mb.
On the Coastal Generation of Internal Tides
Authors: Rattray, Jr. Maurice
Published: January 2012

Differential equations, boundary, and discontinuity conditions are obtained which relate the internal tide to the surface tide in a two-layer system. Solutions of these equations give internal tides which may be large compared to the surface tide. In the coastal region these internal tides are standing waves and further offshore they attain the characteristics of progressive waves traveling seaward.
Remarks on Correlation Methods in Geophysics
Authors: McDonald James E.
Published: January 2012

From consideration of several studies of the sampling properties of the product-moment correlation coefficient r it is concluded first that undue concern has been expressed for the problem of non-normality in correlation studies in geophysics, and second, that use of geophysically adequate significance tests and confidence limits for r can almost always he achieved through use of the simple standard error of r. A growing tendency in climatology and hydrology to employ unnecessarily elaborate methods appears to stem from unrealistic emphasis which mathematical statisticians frequently place upon theoretical refinements, emphasis that loses sight of the limits of accuracy inherent in the very type of data usually subjected to statistical analysis.
Measurements of the Air Concentration of Gross Fission Product Radioactivity during the IGY July 1957–December 1958
Authors: Lockhart, Jr. L. B. , Patterson, Jr. R. L.
Published: January 2012

Measurements of the gross fission product radioactivity in the air at 21 sites along the 80th meridian 2nd 4 sites in the North Pacific area are reported for the period July 1957–December 1958. The activity levels at the various sites are related both to the stratospheric deposition of nuclear debris and to the direct introduction of radioactive material into the troposphere upwind of the collecting sites.

Radioactive debris injected into the troposphere at any particular site spreads rather rapidly throughout the same hemisphere but rarely crosses the equator in any quantity. An exception to this occurred during the Hardtack series in the Pacific when massive quantities of activity were transported to the Southern Hemisphere by winds in the upper troposphere.

It is again shown that periods of heavy rainfall, such as occur during the rainy season in Panama, cause a general decrease in the concentration of fission products in the air.
Measurements of the Vertical Distribution of Atmospheric Chloride Particles
Authors: Durbin W. G. , White G. D.
Published: January 2012

An account is given of about 250 impactions made on ten flights to sample chloride particles. The particles are captured on small perspex slides coated with a gelatin-silver nitrate solution and become manifest as circular discs. The calibration of the method is described and the lower limit of detection is found to be about 10-13 gm. NaCl.

The results show that, in the main, chloride particles originate from the sea surface but there is a possibility that the land or the coast produce some in the range 10-11 to 10-13 g. Particle concentrations are found up to about 2,000 litre-1 and total chloride contents up to 230 μg m-3. The variations of these particle concentrations with height, wind speed, state of sea and the three-day history of the sampled air are discussed.

Data are also presented on the concentrations of dust particles which were inadvertently sampled simultaneously with the chloride particles.