bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KEUNTUNGAN INVESTASI di PASAR KEUANGAN PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Lastri Lastri , Purba Elvis Fresly , Sihotang Jusmer , Tampubolon Novianti
Published: September 2022

Investments can be made in various types in the financial market. Some of them are gold, stock, foreign exchange and deposit investments. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is very difficult to make profitable and safe investments. This research was conducted to determine which types of investments are safe to do during the COVID-19 pandemic. By using the Kruskal Wallis test, which is non-parametric statistics, which is an alternative to the one-way ANOVA test that can be used if the sample is not normally distributed. From the results of the Kruskal Wallis Test, it was found that the most profitable type of investment in the financial market during the covid-19 pandemic was stock investment and the results of statistical tests showed that there were significant differences that were profitable from the types of investments in gold, stocks, and foreign exchange.
ANALISIS DIMENSI KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PASIEN BPJS MANDIRI RAWAT JALAN PADA RUMAH SAKIT BINA KASIH MEDAN
Authors: Sagala Roslinda , Marbun Gembira
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of service quality consisting of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, tangible, partial and simultaneous empathy on inpatient satisfaction at Bina Kasih General Hospital Medan. . The population of all BPJS Mandiri patients hospitalized at Bina Kasih Hospital, Medan. The sample is 96 respondents, the data collection method is through questionnaires and documentation, the analysis method is multiple regression. The regression equation: KP = 2.641 + 0.305K + 0.108Kt + 0.103Ky + 0.203B + 0.131E means that reliability, responsiveness, confidence, tangibles and empathy have a positive effect on patient satisfaction and the reliability dimension has a greater influence on inpatient satisfaction compared to other variables. The results of the F test indicate that reliability, responsiveness, confidence, tangibles and empathy have a simultaneous and significant effect on patient satisfaction, so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The results of the t-test showed that reliability, responsiveness, confidence, tangibles and empathy had a partial and significant effect on patient satisfaction, so H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. The value of the determinant coefficient (R Square) is 0.514, meaning that inpatient satisfaction can be explained by the dimensions of service quality (reliability, responsiveness, confidence, tangibles and empathy) of 51.4% while another 48.6% is explained by other unexplained factors. in this research such as security, promotion and communication. The Bina Kasih Hospital Medan should improve the quality of service regarding the variables of responsiveness, confidence/guarantee, tangible and empathy.
Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Update Data dan Upload Proposal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Melalui Simlitabmas
Authors: Saragih Rusmin , Nurhayati Nurhayati , Pasaribu Tioria , Manik Fuzy Yustika , Fatmaira Zira , Sitompul Juliana Naftali , Gultom Imeldawaty , Puspadini Ratih
Published: September 2022

Tridarma perguruan tinggi terdiri atas tiga point yaitu Pendidikan dan pengajaran, penelitian serta pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Dosen masih sering mengabaikan hal yang menunjang tugasnya selain mengajar dikelas. Untuk meningkatkan animo dosen dalam melakukan penelitian dan pengabdian, maka pemerintah melalui kemendikbud membuka hibah DRTPM. Melalui hibah ini seluruh dosen di akan bersaing untuk memenangkan hibah tersebut dengan skema-skema yang disediakan. Sebagian dosen STIe LMII Medan masih belum terlalu memahami prosedur pelaksanaan yang disediakan Simlitabmas.bTujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah agar dosen-dosen di STIe LMII Medan dapat menggunakan simlitabmas dengan baik.. Pemecahan masalah yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pelatihan dan pendampingan penggunaan simlitabmas. Dengan diadakan pelatihan dan pedampingan penggunaan aplikasi Simlitabmas bagi dosen STIe LMII Medan, dosen akan bisa menggunakan aplikasi simlitabmas dan pemanfaatan dibidang penelitian dan pengabdian. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian Seluruh dosen tersebut sudah bisa login dan menggunakan aplikasi simlitabmas untuk mengupdate profil serta mengunggah proposal. Peserta telah memiliki Pengetahuan dan wawasan bahwa aplikasi simlitabmas sangat penting untuk meningkatkan karir peserta di bidang penelitian dan pengabdian. Wawasan dan pengetahuan peserta sudah meningkat, hal ini terlihat saat peserta sudah mampu mengoprasikan dan menggunakan semua menu yang ada di aplikasi simlitabmas. Sehingga diharapkan nantinya dosen-dosen STIe LMII Medan dapat mengikuti hibah DRTPM ini dengan tanpa adanya kesulitan dalam penggunaan Simlitabmas.
Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi Untuk Masuk Pada Era Disrupsi
Authors: Harianja Andy Paul , Sitorus Rofita Enjelina , Manurung Jakaria
Published: September 2022

GBKP Rg Sibolangit yang berlokasi di JL. Jamin Ginting Km 39,5 Sibolangit, Kecamatan Sibolangit, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, merupakan salah satu Runggun GBKP yang memiliki jumlah remaja yang potensial untuk melaksanakan kegiatan kaum muda. Potensi kaum muda tersebut dilihat sebagai potensi yang baik untuk memahami pemanfaatan teknologi informasi pada era disrupsi yang sudah memasuki era 5.0. Generasi Z saat ini diharapkan tidak lagi hanya sebagai pengguna teknolgi namun harus berkontribusi untuk memberikan ide dan inovasi dari penggunaaan teknologi untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup manusia. Pengabdian pada masyarakat ini dilakukan sebagai upaya membantu masyarakat khususnya remaja untuk bisa menangkap peluang pemanfaatan teknologi khususnya internet.
Pemberian Motivasi dan Pelatihan Operasi Hitung Aritmetika Sosial di Panti Asuhan Gratia Children Medan
Authors: Tampubolon Kennedi , Sianturi Chandra Frenki , Hutabarat Sumiati
Published: September 2022

Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat merupakan salah satu unsur Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi yang wajib dilaksanakan oleh setiap dosen profesional. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan di Panti Asuhan Gratia Children Medan dalam rangka meningkatkan motivasi anak-anak Panti Asuhan dalam pelatihan operasi hitung Aritmetika Sosial. Hal ini dilakukan karena dari hasil observasi terhadap anak-anak diperoleh data yakni motivasi diri yang rendah serta kurangnya pengetahuan ilmu berhitung khususnya Aritmetika Sosial. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masalah di atas adalah semangat dan minat belajar yang rendah, hal ini mungkin berkaitan dengan latar belakang si anak sebelumnya tidak terurus dengan baik, ditelantarkan orang tua, keluarga berantakan atau tidak harmonis, bahkan ada yang telah kehilangan ke dua orang tua atau yatim piatu. Fakta di lapangan menunjukkan anak-anak Panti Asuhan sering luput dari perhatian Program Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. Untuk itulah tim pelaksana pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini merasa terpanggil untuk memberi sumbangsih dalam membimbing dan mendidik anak-anak Panti Asuhan Gratia Children Medan dalam mengatasi masalah yang ada, sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan Motivasi belajar dan bangkit dari keterpurukan semangat serta mampu menerapkan  Ilmu Aritmetika Sosial untuk memecahkan persoalan sederhana yang sering dihadapi dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari
Pembekalan Ilmu Geometri tentang Ragam dan Bentuk Bangun-Bangun Datar dan Ruang kepada Anak-Anak Asuh di Panti Asuhan Talenta Delpita Medan
Authors: Tampubolon Kennedi , Sianturi Chandra Frenki , Tarigan Pilipus
Published: September 2022

Salah satu tugas penting yang wajib di lakukan oleh seorang dosen propesional adalah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM). PKM merupakan salah satu unsur Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi yang berisi: Pengajaran, Penelitian dan Pengabdian.  Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini dilaksanakan di Panti Asuhan Talenta Delpita Medan dalam rangka meninggkatkan motivasi diri dan pengetahuan anak-anak asuh dalam bidang Ilmu Geometri khususnya tentang Ragam dan Bentuk-bentuk Bangun Datar dan Bangun Ruang. Fakta di lapangan menunjukkan kurangnya semangat atau motivasi  anak-anak dalam belajar dan rendahnya pengetahuan tentang pemahaman Ilmu Geometri yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Menurut Pimpinan Panti Asuhan, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi masalah diatas tidak terlepas dari perasaan trauma  karena latar belakang sianak yang berasal dari keluarga yang berantakan atau ditelantarkan orang tua, keluarga tidak mampu atau miskin dan bahkan ada anak yang yatim atau piatu atau kedua-duanya. Namun perlahan-lahan masalah psikologi ini mulai diatasi oleh pihak pengelola Panti Asuhan. Sedangkan masalah ilmu pendidikan formalnya di bantu oleh Tim PKM sebagai mitra Panti Asuhan. Sebagai tindak lanjut PKM sebelumnya yang telah di laksanakan di tempat yang sama maka Tim Pelaksana PKM berkomitmen untuk melanjutkan Tugas PKM ini secara berkesinambungan dengan materi yang berbeda sesuai dengan apa yang telah di programkan oleh Tim PKM Universitas Budi Darma Medan. Hal ini dirasakan merupakan suatu amanah dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa kepada kami sebagai Tim PKM dalam membantu dan memberi sumbangsih kepada siapa saja ( Kelompok/komunitas atau Organisasi) yang patut di bantu dalam hal ini anak – anak  Panti Asuhan Talenta Delpita Medan. Mudah-mudahan apa yang kami perbuat diharapkan dapat bermanfaat dan meningkatkan semangat dan pengetahuan anak-anak untuk di terapkan dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari.
Legality of Using Blockchain to Support INSTEX and Other Special Purpose Vehicles to Enable Humanitarian Trade with Sanctioned States
Authors: Truby Jon
Published: September 2022

This article studies the availability, legality and risks associated with utilizing blockchain technology to support the EU’s special purpose vehicle, the Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX), to enable humanitarian trade with Iran within the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Such findings can further be applicable to other special purpose vehicles outside of INSTEX, which would help the EU to maintain foreign policy independence when third country unilateral sanctions apply. It does this by examining why INSTEX stalled and how blockchain could solve such problems. This requires an examination of the reach of US sanctions on Iran. Sanctions regimes commonly exempt financial transactions for humanitarian purposes, but it can be extremely difficult to conduct such legitimate transactions in times of sanctions. This risks human catastrophe of the most vulnerable and can undermine global pandemic relief programmes. Rather than undermine sanctions, the purpose herein is to facilitate humanitarian trade with the maximum level of control and oversight by exploring Blockchain options and legality.

blockchain, special purpose vehicles, SPVs, humanitarian payments, single-purpose digital currency, sanctions, fintech, digital currencies, Sanctions Compliance
ISDS and Nazis or History Without Context: A Reply to Gary Born
Authors: Živković Velimir
Published: September 2022

Gary Born’s article ‘The 1933 Directives on Arbitration of the German Reich: Echoes of the Past?’ fascinates for good and not so good reasons in almost equal measure. The author skillfully illuminated a rarely-discussed episode of arbitral legal history and aimed to apply its lessons to current debates surrounding investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) reform. The overarching argument is that criticism and/or reform of investor-state arbitration is reckless and reminiscent of National Socialist efforts to curb private-public arbitration – risking undermining the rule of law and even allowing ‘history to repeat itself’. As much as the legal history part is a worthy contribution, this later part is laden with problematic claims and unfortunate parallels. The criticisms and potential (fairly limited) reforms of ISDS are portrayed as missteps towards a totalitarian abyss. Yet as much as investor-state arbitration can sometimes help promote the rule of law, it is not an indispensable ‘bulwark’ against state oppression. ISDS is a historically recent invention, with an even more recent case law. It deals with wide-reaching and objectively often controversial substantive rules, making reform proposals unsurprising. Crucially, even if investorstate arbitration disappeared completely, the history of Nazi horrors would not repeat itself.

commercial arbitration, investor-state arbitration, history of arbitration, ISDS reform, Nazism
What’s the Law? How Indian Courts Should Determine the Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement
Authors: Bhattacharya Shouvik , Rajurkar Saurav
Published: September 2022

Determination of the law governing the arbitration agreement is a long-standing subject of controversy. The highest courts in the United Kingdom and Singapore have now provided definitive guidance in their respective jurisdictions using a largely identical test, which we call a common choice of law framework. No such common framework for determining the law of the arbitration agreement exists in India. Despite the Indian Supreme Court’s early observations on this issue in NTPC v. Singer (1992), subsequent Supreme Court and High Court decisions have adopted varying approaches, which has resulted in jurisprudential uncertainty. We argue that consistent with India’s increasing friendliness to arbitration and the Indian Supreme Court’s prior decisions, Indian courts should adopt the common choice of law framework as articulated in the United Kingdom and Singapore. We further argue that the Indian courts should recognize the validation principle as articulated by the UK Supreme Court.

Law governing the arbitration agreement, choice of law, validation principle, closest and most real connection, reasonable commercial parties, business efficacy, pro-arbitration approach
Practical Considerations on the Notion of ‘Advantage’ and the Application of Market Economy Operator Test in the Context of Financial Instruments
Authors: Dascalescu Florin , Houtman Marc
Published: September 2022

This article focuses on the notion of ‘advantage’, as an element necessary for a national measure to be qualified as state aid. Behaving like a private economic operator implies that the state remains profitoriented and does not grant an advantage to a recipient undertaking (i.e., no aid). In order to determine that economic transactions carried out by public bodies do not confer an advantage on the recipient, the European courts have developed, as of the mid-1980s, a test which implies the comparison between the state and a private economic operator. This article focuses on a number of key issues arising when applying the ‘market economy operator test’ (MEOT) to Member States’ (MSs’) investments, especially in the area of financial instruments, e.g., equity or quasi-equity investments, loans or guarantees. The recent EU soft law indicates the forms that the MEOT may take and clarifies the state’s role in co-investments in financial instruments, together with private investors. The existing EU case-law may be useful for subtracting some principles to assist practitioners with designing financial products in line with the MEOT and avoid the negative effects of illegal aid recovery. We conclude that more proxies may be provided via soft law by the European Commission for designing financial products under the MEOT, in an effort to increase access to finance to European companies.

state aid, MEOT, private investor, financial instruments, risk finance measures
Compulsory v. Voluntary Merger Notification Mechanism: Implications of China’s Enforcement for Young Competition Jurisdictions
Authors: Hou Liyang , LI Jian
Published: September 2022

The internationally dominant compulsory notification mechanism under merger control aims to remedy anti-competitive harm by blocking or conditionally approving mergers ex ante. However, such a mechanism is not free from disadvantages. As an alternative, the voluntary notification mechanism, though superficially producing fewer deterrence effects, is in effect no worse than the compulsory mechanism (CM), given its significantly less implementation costs. In order to examine which mechanism suits a given jurisdiction, it is necessary to evaluate the costs and benefits for the implementation of such a mechanism. The enforcement of the CM in China can be argued to present insufficient benefits and high costs, due to the extreme low proportion of blocked and conditional approved cases, as well as the unsatisfactory deterrence effect, and the significant constraints by implementing resources, in particular human capital. Such a particular situation in China implies that the voluntary mechanism (VM) might be advisable to be a more feasible option for young competition jurisdictions.

Merger Control, Compulsory Notification, Voluntary Notification, Cost and Benefit Analysis, Young Antitrust Jurisdictions
EVOLUÇÃO E COMPARAÇÃO: UMA ANÁLISE HERMENÊUTICA E POLIFÔNICA DA CARTA DE DIREITO ORIUNDA DA REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA E SEUS REFLEXOS NA DEMOCRACIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Dos Santos Arissandra Andreia , Silveira Gabriel Eidelwein , Gomes Thays Rodrigues
Published: September 2022

Esta investigação traz uma análise sobre a evolução do Estado de Direito moderno, comparando-o com os direitos civis e políticos adquiridos na Carta de Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão (1789), no contexto da revolução Francesa, em consonância com os artigos presentes na Seção dos direitos fundamentais e sociais da Constituição Federativa da República Brasileira, promulgada em (1988). Nesse estudo, demos ênfase à investigação da dimensão da linguagem nas vozes que permeiam os discursos presentes nos documentos supracitados. Quanto à metodologia, essa pesquisa é bibliográfica, de cunho qualitativo-interpretativo, tendo como método de categorização dos artigos nos documentos mencionados, a tabela comparativa. Para embasamento teórico respaldamos a nossa análise segundo as concepções de Bakhtin (1997); Barroso (2018); Bobbio (2000); Comparato (2010); Streck & Morais (2000), entre outros. Para tanto, os resultados desta pesquisa apontam o caráter hermenêutico e polifônico nos documentos mencionados, por isso existe a possibilidade de inter-relacionar duas gerações do estado de direito, a saber, os reflexos do “estado liberal” no “estado democrático”. Nessa perspectiva, como critério de análise, esboçamos um cruzamento textual com as teorias dos filósofos precursores do iluminismo, a saber: Rousseau, que discorre sobre a soberania popular e a lei como expressão da vontade geral; Voltaire que preconiza a liberdade religiosa, de expressão e de imprensa; Montesquieu, principiador da teoria da tripartição dos poderes; e John Locke, que deixou sua marca por defender o direito à propriedade.
ATUAÇÃO DOCENTE COM ÉTICA E ESTÉTICA COMO FUNDAMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL E TECNOLÓGICA – A EPT À LUZ DOS CONCEITOS FREIREANOS
Authors: Marques Doris Day Rodrigues , Rezende Marcelo Chaer , Marques Welisson
Published: September 2022

Este artigo, de base teórico-reflexiva, visa analisar a atuação do educador com ética e estética como fundamentos da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (doravante EPT).  Analisamos como a atuação do Educador e da Educadora podem ser pautados na ética e na estética à luz da literatura de Paulo Freire (1966, 1978, 1979a, 1979b, 1982a, 1982b, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001). A EPT necessita da implementação de políticas comprometidas com a Educação Pública gratuita, laica e de qualidade. Nesse sentido, não pode se ater à mera formação do educando para, apenas, abastecer às necessidades mercadológicas sob pena de perpetuar a dualidade histórica do ensino profissional no país. A EPT deve se pautar na formação omnilateral dos alunos, pela integração da formação profissional com a científica. Nessa empreitada, mobilizados alguns conceitos freireanos, quer seja, de consciência crítica, ação-reflexão, educação libertadora e dialogicidade. Nesse exercício de reflexão epistemológica, concluímos que o primeiro conceito, consciência crítica, é entendido como a inserção do educando com o mundo e não apenas neste; educando cônscio de seus direitos e obrigações no pleno exercício da cidadania. O segundo conceito, o binômio dialético ação-reflexão, deve ser escorado na práxis, isto é, a ação desacompanhada da reflexão resume-se à realização de atos de mera execução, praticados mecanicamente, meramente reflexas e não reflexivas. Por sua vez, a simples concepção reflexiva, subjetiva, desassistida da práxis é estéril e, por isso, não possibilita a conduta transformadora dos homens e das mulheres. O terceiro conceito, Educação libertadora, serve como força motriz da ascensão social dos excluídos e das excluídas, como seres humanos que são e não simples objetos. E, por fim, o último conceito, dialogicidade; aponta para o diálogo respeitoso e ético entre os atores educacionais em um plano horizontal.
O PROJETO POLÍTICO-PEDAGÓGICO COMO INSTRUMENTO DE FORTALECIMENTO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA
Authors: Santos Kely Cristina
Published: September 2022

Assegurar o direito à educação para o público da modalidade de Jovens e Adultos durante a pandemia da COVID19, fez com que uma escola pública municipal de esnino de EJA regatasse seu Projeto Político Pedagógico com a intencionalidade de validar e significar as novas orientações para o realização do processo educativo de forma remota. Neste documento havia o registro das discussões coletivas  sobre a identidade da escola, sobre as concepções de ensino e sobre o curriculo freireano crítico-libertador que traz o destaque para a máxima: ‘qual o conhecimento de importa?, que naquele momento se fazia indispensável no planejamento dos educadores.
DOIS LADOS DE UMA MESMA MOEDA:TRÁFICO E ALFORRIAS NA PERMANENTE REPRODUÇÃO DA ESCRAVIDÃO EM MINAS GERAIS (SÃO JOÃO DEL-REI, PRIMEIRA METADE DO SÉCULO XIX)
Authors: Castro Bruno Martins de
Published: September 2022

Considerando a importância de Minas Gerais como a maior província escravista do Império do Brasil, neste artigo analisamos as dinâmicas das alforrias cartoriais de São João del-Rei em suas conexões com as conjunturas econômica e demográfica do tráfico negreiro. À vista do clássico debate historiográfico sobre a reprodução das escravarias mineiras, evidenciamos como, em alguns momentos, as taxas das manumissões sanjoanenses acompanharam, muito de perto, as oscilações do tráfico atlântico e interno. Em relação aos preços nominais das alforrias, pudemos verificar, ao confrontá-los com as avaliações de escravizados feitas nos inventários post mortem, que eles tenderam a acompanhar as flutuações nos padrões de preços do mercado. Se variáveis como gênero, idade, condição física e de saúde dos cativos foram levadas em conta para fixar o preço das alforrias, apontamos que a dimensão relacional entre os escravizados e seus senhores foi fundamental nesse processo.
TERÖRLE MÜCADELEDE SOSYAL AĞ ANALİZİ TEKNİKLERİNİN KULLANILMASI
Authors: TÜRKMEN Hamza
Published: September 2022

9/11 saldırıları sonrası terör örgütleri üzerinde yapılan birçok çalışma, terör örgütlerinin merkezsiz yapılar olarak yapılandığını göstermektedir. Her ne kadar bu örgütlerin hiyerarşik yapılanmaları mevcut olsa da terör eylemlerini, merkezden bağımsız, hücre tipi yapılanmalar gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu hücreler, örgütün ideolojisini takip eden, bu amaçla terör faaliyetlerini hayata geçiren; fakat bunları yaparken merkezden emir alma ihtiyacı duymayan yapılardır. Hiyerarşik yapıları yok etmek için kullanılan geleneksel yöntemler, merkezsiz örgütlerle mücadelede yeterli olmayacaktır. Hücre yapılanması kuvvetli olan bir terör örgütünün lideri etkisiz hale getirilse bile örgüt, eylemlerine devam edebilecektir. Terör hücreleri, birbirleri ile bağlantıya geçebildikleri sürece faaliyetlerini sürdürebilir. Hücre tipi yapılanmalar, toplum içerisinde terörist kimliğini saklayarak, oldukça sıradan görünmeye çalışan terör örgütü mensuplarından oluşmaktadır. Bu tip örgüt üyelerini tespit etmek oldukça zordur. Sosyal ağ analizi yöntemleri ile örtülü örgüt ağı ortaya çıkartılabilir. Örgüt, aktörler arasındaki iletişimin ortadan kaldırılmasıyla faaliyetlerini yapamaz hale getirilebilir. Doğru aktörlerin etkisiz hale getirilmesi, örgütü felç duruma sokacaktır.
Birbal Sahni
Authors: Sreshta R.R.
Published: September 2022

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Orientation of quartz grains in some Indian silicified woods
Authors: Sen J.
Published: September 2022

The quartz fabric of some underformed Indian silicified woods has been studied. All the fabric diagrams show girdles - preferred orientation girdling round the longitudinal axis of the tree trunks. The diagrams are of growth fabric determined by the anisotropy of the wood itself. The main principle involved is that the symmetry of the original wood structure should be preserved in the symmetry of the dimensional and the lattice patterns of the quartz fabric.

The dissolved silicates enter the original wood through pore solution. They possibly crystallize by some sort of 'mimetic' crystallization.
Palynology of the North Karanpura basin, Bihar, India 4. Subsurface Palynology of the bore-hole no. K.5
Authors: Kar R.K.
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with subsurface Palynology of Barakar Stage and Barren Measures present in the bore-hole no. K.5, located in the Baral-Raniganj-Kevendai area, North Karanpura basin (Sheet no. 73E/1), Bihar, India. 34 dispersed spore pollen genera and 39 species have been recovered from Barakar Stage while Barren Measures have yielded 51 genera and 67 species. The palynological assemblage of both Stages comprises trilete, monolete, monosaccate, bisaccate, polysaccate, polyplicate and colpate spores-pollen. The palynological assemblage of Barren Measures have been subdivided into three palynological zones on the basis of percentage of spores-pollen in the material.
Sur la presence d'un bois de meliacees dans le tertiaire du fezzan oriental : Entandrophragmoxylon boureaui louvet
Authors: Koeniguer J.C. , Louvet P.
Published: September 2022

The fossil wood described in this paper (Entandrophragmoxylon boureaui Louvet, cotype, Meliacees), has been discovered in the Tertiary of the Libyan Desert (Eo-Oligocene of the Eastern Fezzan).
Taxonomic observations on the genus Sewardioxylon Gupta - a junior synonym of Fascisvarioxylon Jain
Authors: Jain K.P.
Published: September 2022

In the present article the systematic position of Sewardioxylon Gupta (1971) has been discussed and proposed to consider Sewardioxylon Gupta as a junior synonym of Fascisvarioxylon Jain (1964). A new combination Fascisvarioxylon sahnii (Gupta) has been made.
Palynology of the Marine Intercalations in the Lower Gondwana of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Lele K.M. , Chandra Anil
Published: September 2022

Associations of miospores and marine acritarchs are described from the marine intercalations in the Lower Gondwanas near Manendragarh and Umaria. The Manendragarh mioflora is typically Talchir in its dominating content of monosaccate forms. Associated acritarchs are very rare. The Umaria assemblage is poor in miospores but marine acritarchs arc abundant amongst which Foveofusa gen. nov. is distinguished. The palynological, biostratigraphical and environmental aspects of the palynological associations are briefly discussed.
A microscopic study of some Raniganj Coals
Authors: Navale G.K.B. , Srivastava S.C.
Published: September 2022

Coal samples from Poniati, Dishergarh, Samla, Narainkuri and Nega seams (top and bottom) from Raniganj Coalfield were examined microscopically to know the physical composition and nature of the coal seams. The study reveals that then coals are banded component types derived from heterogenous phyto-organic material. Lignogene (Vitrinite) constituents derived from lignified cell walls are conspicuous microcomponents of the coals. 'Liptogene (Liptinite) constituents derived from pollen and spore coat, plant cuticles and fusinised resins form secondary proportions in the coal composition.

The macerated coal consists of tracheids, cuticles, spores and pollen. About 20 genera were identified in conformity with the latest trends in spore morphography. The most frequently encountered spore genera in descending order are Striatopieeites, Sulealisporites, Striatopodoearpites, Horriditriletes, Cyclogranisporites, Thymospora, Leiotriletes and other minor forms.

Major portion of organic constituents were probably derived from rich gymnospermous flora and the later coal-forming swamps were coalified mostly by Vitrinization process. It is apparent that during the formation of the peat the cell wall substances reacting to biochemical dissolution and decay were humified arresting the disintegration and the plant material became compacted initiating the vitrinization.
Origin of 'Floating Islands' in the lakes at Khajiar and Rewalsar in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Chhaya
Published: September 2022

In the present communication, the origin of 'floating islands' in the lakes at Khajiar and Rewalsar, both situated in Himachal Pradesh, has been discussed. For the first time, the origin of 'floating islands' at the above two sites is determined through stratigraphical and pollen analytical investigations, supported by C-14 assays. Age of the 'floating island' at Khajiar is estimated to be about 700 A.D. The 'floating islands' seen at Rewalsar, which are of different shapes and sizes, are inferred to be of much recent origin as compared to the one at Khajiar.
Cretaceous microplankton from Senegal basin, N.W. Africa.1 Some new genera, species and combinations of diniflagellates.
Authors: Jain K.P. , Millepied P.
Published: September 2022

Preliminary results of authors' study of the microplankton in Cretaceous (Barremian-Maestrichtian) sequence of Senegal Basin, N.W. Africa, are given. In the present article only some non-tabulate fossil dinoflagellates are considered. They are assigned to five genera (two new), twelve species (all new) and eight combinations (all new).

The status of all the Lower Cretaceous species of the genus Deflandrea is discussed and it is suggested that they be segregated as a separate genus. The stratigraphic importance of these fossils has also been brought to light with the remark that Deflandrea can be treated as an Upper Cretaceous Tertiary genus.
Fossil woods from the tertiary of Burma
Authors: Prakash U.
Published: September 2022

Fossil woods representing the genera Dipterocarpus and Shorea-Pentacme of Dipterocarpaceae, Gluta-Melanorrhoea of Anacardiaceae, Sterculia of Sterculiaceae, Acacia, Cynometra, Cassia and Afzelia-Intsia of Leguminosae, Lagerstroemia of Lythraceae, and a dicot wood of uncertain affinities have been investigated from the Tertiary beds of Burma. These woods are noteworthy owing to their fine structural preservation and from the standpoint of their palaeogeographical distribution. Modern comparable forms of these fossils are still found in the forests of Burma indicating thereby that there has been no appreciable change in the climatic conditions of this region since the existence of this flora, which flourished under the tropical, mesophytic conditions. An attempt has also been made to assign a precise age to the woods based on the floral assemblage.
Observations on the Post-Triassic Gondwana sequence of India
Authors: Shah S.C. , Singh Gopal , Gururaja M.N.
Published: September 2022

The post-Triassic Gondwana sequence of India is one of the well developed in the Gondwanaland. Its flora has been helpful in establishing the stratigraphy of thick continental deposits of this period. The sedimentary sequences containing this flora are developed in widely scattered Gondwana basins of the Peninsula namely, the Rajmahal hills, Bihar; Satpura and South Rewa Gondwana basins, Madhya Pradesh; Pranhita-Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra; East Coast and Gujarat. In the light of the recent studies the stratigraphic position of the floral assemblages has been reviewed in the paper.

The flora is known to continue without any break throughout the Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. The lower age limit of the floral sequence commences in Lower Jurassic and as such the views expressed by Spath (1933) and Arkell (1956) suggesting the absence of entire Jurassic continental deposits of India is no more tenable.

The flora associated with Lower Cretaceous marine fauna on the East Coast indicates the range of the Jurassic floral elements into the Lower Cretaceous rather than suggesting any palaeontological contradiction between the faunal and floral evidences as thought earlier.
Palynology of the teritary sediments in the Cauvery basin. 2. Oligocene-Miocene palynoflora from the subsurface
Authors: Venkatachala B.S. , Rawat M.S.
Published: September 2022

Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Dehra Dun

Subsurface sediments occurring in Karaikal, Madanam and Mannargudi wells drilled by the Oil & Natural Gas Commission are studied. Oligocene-Miocene palynological assemblages recorded from the subcrop sequences of Karaikal and Madanam wells are discussed in the present paper. 68 genera and 96 species of spore and pollen and microplankton are recognised in this study, of which 7 genera and 42 species are newly proposed. Detailed descriptive analysis and differential diagnosis are given to exemplify the new taxa. The following three main palynological zones are recognised.

Magnastriatites cauveriensis zone.

Lacrimapollis pilosus zone

Tricollareporites eclzinatus zone.

Zone 3, designated as Tricollareporites echinafus zone is further subdivided into two subzones as follows:

Verrucatosporites bullatus subzone.

Malavacearumpollis paucibaculatus subzone.

The abundant angiosperm pollen assemblages recovered in the wells studied, point out that the vegetation that provided material to the Oligocene-Miocene deposits in this basin were chiefly angiospermous. Marine phyto-plankton are recorded only in Oligocene-Lower Miocene sediments. Pteridophytic representatives form a sub-dominant group of plants. Fungal remains show a uniform distribution and form 5-10% of the total assemblage. Pollen of arborescent angiosperm families are more in number as compared to the herbaceous ones. Mangrove elements, such as pollen of Rhizophoraceae, Araliaceae, Lecythidaceae as well as Schizaeaceous spores are present in good number. The overall representation of plant families in general point to swampy tropical warm humid climate, deposited under neritic environment. Marine phytoplankton are confined to hystrichosphaerid remains and recorded only in Oligocene and Lower Miocene sediments.
Ten locular petrified fruit from the deccan intertrappean series of India
Authors: Chitaley S.D. , Sheikh M.T.
Published: September 2022

The petrified fruit described in this paper was collected in June 1969 from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The fruit is more or less round and flatish, measuring 11 X 8 mm. in size. It is ten chambered with a very poorly preserved central axis. The fruit wall is wavy with ten prominent ridges marking ten loculi. The ten septae separating the ten loculi are narrow towards the central axis and broad and dome shaped towards the peripheral wall. The fruit shows a septicidal dehiscence. Ten vascular bundles are in a ring in the central axis one against each septum. The vascular traces are seen in the septae and in the fruit wall. Each loculus is filled with a single seed occupying the whole chamber. The seed measuring 4 mm. long, 1·7 mm. broad at its broadest peripheral region and 7 mm. thick is placed in each chamber with its length at right angles to the central axis. Towards the central axis, it is narrowing down, showing micropyle in some transverse sections of the fruit.

This fruit is different from all the known fossil fruits from India. Comparisons with the living fruits have shown that it resembles most the fruits of Malvaceae. However, resemblances not being complete with any of its genera, the present fossil fruit is given a new name, Daberocarpon gerhardii, gen. et sp. nov.
Palynological delimitation of the lower gondwanas in the north Karanpura sedimentary basin, India
Authors: Kar R.K.
Published: September 2022

The Lower Gondwana outcrops exposed in the North Karanpura sedimentary basin comprise Talchir, Karharbari, Barakar, Barren Measures and Raniganj formations. A lot of surface and subsurface samples have been palynologically investigated from all these formations. It has been observed that in Talchir, the assemblage is dominated by monosaccates. The Lower Karharbari is dominated by triletes followed by monosaccates while in the Upper Karharbari monosaccates are dominant and bisaccates are next in abundance. In the Lower Barakar, the assemblage is dominated by striate bisaccates and monosaccates are found in small percentage. The next palynological zone in Barakar is dominated by triletes where there are thick coal seams. In the Upper Barakar, triletes dwindle down and striate bisaccates predominate. The Barren Measures is also dominated by striate bisaccates but presence of a monosaccate genus viz. Densipollenites in good percentage easily distinguishes this formation from the upper and lower ones. In the Raniganj, striate bisaccates are in abundance and where there are thick coal seams, triletes and monoletes are found in appreciable percentage. Eight palynological zones have been established.

It is observed that the various formations of the Lower Gondwanas in the North Karanpura sedimentary basin can be demarcated by means of palynological fossils. The relative dominance or paucity of triletes, monosaccates and bisaccates can be effectively used for demarcation of the various formations. It is observed that change in palynological assemblage from one formation to another is gradual and the palynological demarcation exactly between the uppermost and lowermost parts of the two successive formations based on lithology is rather difficult. After this transitional zone, the palynological assemblage gradually differs from one another and thus palynological boundary between the two formations can be marked satisfactorily.
Pollen analysis and palaeobotany of impression bearing sediments in the lower Karewas
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Robert R.
Published: September 2022

The paper describes a comparative account of pollen content and the megafossils in the Lower Karewa deposits at Ningle Nullah, Laredura, Dangarpur and Liddarmarg.

At Ningle Nullah pollen analysis reveals dense Oak woods although not a single leaf impression of Quercus has been found in the megafossils. At Liddarmarg, Dangarpur and Laredura the dominance of Quercus among the leaf impression is not equally reflected in the pollen spectra. Conifers absent in the megafossils are represented by low frequencies. Members of Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Papilionaceae, Cornaceae, well represented among megafossils, are absent or poorly represented in pollen record. Trapa abundant in megafossils is either absent or extremely rare in pollen spectra.

The paper emphasises the importance of both micro-and megafossil data in the reconstruction of past vegetation.
Organic remains from Dharwar sediments
Authors: Venkatachala B.S. , Bhandari L.L. , Chaube A.N. , Rawat M.S.
Published: September 2022

Microfossils are recovered from the Dharwar-Shimoga Schist belt of the Archaean complex of Mysore State. The fossils are assigned to 13 genera and 21 species of microfossils grouped under Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Sphaeromorphitae. Unidentifiable organic plates perhaps of animal origin are also recorded. A detailed comparison with the available Precambrian records in the literature is made. It is concluded that the Dharwar microbiota is more advanced than the Early Pre-cambrian and more primitive than the Late Precambrian microbiota. Thus a Middle Precambrian to Early Late Precambrian age is assigned.
Palynostratigraphy of the sedimentary formations of Assam, India:4. Age of the laitryngew-mawkma coal-bearing sandstones and their relationship with the Charra formation
Authors: Dutta S.K. , Sah S.C.D.
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with the age of the coal-bearing sandstones of the Laitryngew-Mawkma area and their relationship with the Cherra Formation. Climatic condition and depositional environment at the time of deposition have been summarized. Since Medlicott first distinguished the coal-bearing sandstones of Laitryngew-Mawkma area, the age of these rock units have tacitly been accepted as the “Lakadong Sandstone Stage" (Lower-Middle Eocene). On the basis of stratigraphical similarity, they have been equated with the coal-bearing sandstone of Mawmluh (Lower Cherrapunji; Longitude 91°42'30" E: Latitude 25°15'15"N). Recent palynological and palaeontological studies of the sedimentary formations of the South Shillong Plateau have shown that these coal-bearing sandstones may be slightly older than what they were previously regarded. The results of the heavy mineral studies also seem to conform to palynological dating.

Since these sandstones apparently seem to be older than the Lakadong Sandstone, they may be a continuation of the sedimentary succession developed at Cherrapunji, and hence Palaeocene in age. The fossils suggest the prevalence of subtropical climate and a shallow, fresh-water or lagoonal environment of deposition.
Fossil algae from the lower miocene of cutch (India)
Authors: Pal A.K. , Ghosh R.N.
Published: September 2022

Coralline algae from the Khari Series of Cutch are recorded. Five species (two of them new) belonging to four genera (one new) are described. These are Lithophyllum aft. L. kladosum Johnson, Mesophyllum commune Lemoine, Aethesolithon problematicum Johnson, A. cutchensis sp. nov. and Archaeoporolithon miocenicum gen. et sp. nov.  The algal evidence suggests a Lower Miocene age for the formation containing them.
Further observations on glossotheca Surange & Maheshwari: Male fructification of glossopteridales
Authors: Surange K.R. , Chandra Shaila
Published: September 2022

A new species Glossotheca orissiana is described. It has a fertile leaf different in shape than that of Glossotheca utkalensis. The fertile leaf bears three or more pedicels on the abaxial side of the petiole. Each pedicel bifurcates into two and each fork then further divides by dichotomy and the slender final branches bear one sporangium each. Each pedicel thus bears two sporangial clusters. The sporangia are like those of Glossotheca utkalensis. Further observations have been made on Glossotheca indica Surange and Maheshwari. It has a larger fertile leaf, spathulate in shape and a very long petiole.
Dichotomopteris, a new type of fern from lower gondwana of India
Authors: Maithy P.K.
Published: September 2022

Dichotomopteris gen. nov. is instituted for the fern fronds earlier described under Merianopteris, Alethopteris and Ptychocarpus from the Lower Gondwanas of India. Two species of Dichotomopteris, D. major n. comb. and D. lindleyii n. comb. are identified on basis of both sterile and fertile specimens.
Fossil Dicotyledonous woods from the Tertiary of Eastern India
Authors: Prakash U. , Tripathi P.P.
Published: September 2022

Fossil woods representing the genera Elaeocarpus, Mallotus, Afzelia, Bursera, Kayea and Terminalia have been identified from the Tertiary of Tipam sandstones in Assam. Their presence in Eastern India during the Upper Miocene is note-worthy from the standpoint of their palaeographical distribution. The fossil wood of Bursera is known for the first time from India and abroad.
The early domestication of plants in south and southeast Asia - a critical review
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Guzder Statira
Published: September 2022

The paper reviews both the palynological and palaeobotanical evidences that have been put forward to suggest early domestication of plants in the Indian sub-continent, Thailand, Taiwan and China.

It appears that the distinction between cereal and non-cereal pollen grains has been based upon insufficient data, and stages of the earliest occupation phase have not been judiciously inferred from the pollen diagrams.

A careful sifting of all the evidences from India suggests that the domestication of plants commenced around 3,000 B.C.

The alleged earliest records of domestication described from the Spirit Cave in Thailand and radio-carbon dated to 11,500 B.P., on scrutiny suggest a more advanced and discriminating stage in food-gathering, rather than domestication. This paper suggests a more detailed botanical identification of the plant remains and a careful evaluation of ethnographic information towards the inference of early domestication.
Micro-organisms from the Bushimay system (Late Pre-Cambrian) of Kanshi, Zaire
Authors: Maithy P.K.
Published: September 2022

Micro-organisms from the drill core samples recorded from the Bushimay Supergroup (Late Pre-Cambrian) of Kanshi. Zaire are recorded. The micro-organisms consist of remains of algae fungi, acritarcha and indeterminate remains. Among the algae both filamentous and colonial forms are present. The colonial forms are either preserved in the form of globular colony or elongate colony. Many of these colonies are surrounded by a mucilage sheath. The algal remains have been assigned to 9 genera belonging to 14 species. Of these 2 genera Palaeomicrocysts and Chlorogloeaopsis are new. Only 1 genus and 3 species have been referred to fungi. The acritarch remains belong to the groups Sphaeromorphitae, Megasphaeromorphitae. Acanthomorphitae Netromorphitae and the family Tasmanaceae. The spinate forms are rare in the assemblage. The elements belonging to Sphaeromorphitae and Megasphaeromorphitae are common. The assemblage resembles, on the basis of algal and fungal remains. to the Late Pre-Cambrian flora of Bitter Spring Formation of Australia and on the basis of acritarcha remains. the Late Pre-Cambrian (Upper Riphean) acritarcha assemblage of USSR.
Air-borne pollen grains and fungal spores at Lucknow during 1969-1970
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  , Khandelwal Asha
Published: September 2022

The atmosphere of Lucknow has been found highly charged with pollen grains and fungal spores during February, March, April and then September, October, November in the year 1969-70.

There are considerable qualitative and quantitative differences in the pollen calendar prepared earlier by Lakhanpal and Nair (1958) and the pollen calendar of 1969-70. Pollen grains of Casuarina equisetifolia (2.4%), Ricinus communis (2.2%), Emblica officinalis (1.9%), Putranjiva roxbuyghii (1.4%), etc., were not recorded earlier. The shift in the flowering periods of Morus, Ailanthus and Azadirachta has been noted by a month. Long distance transport of Alnus pollen has been noticed in the months of September and October.
Fossil woods from the Lower Siwalik beds of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Prakash U.
Published: September 2022

Fossil woods resembling those of Dipterocarpus, Albizzia, Cassia, Cynometra, Millettia and a species of Dryoxylon are described in the present paper from the Lower Siwalik beds of Khokhra near Nalagarh in Himachal Pradesh. These are Dipterocarpoxylon sivalicus sp. nov., D. nalagarhense sp. nov., D. premacrocarpum sp. nov., Albizzinium eolebbekianum gen. et sp. nov., Cassinium prefistulai gen. et sp. nov., Cynometroxylon indicum Chowdhury & Ghosh, Miliettioxylon pongamiensis sp. nov., and Dryoxylon nahanai sp. nov. Present distribution of the modern comparable forms of the fossil species indicates a more humid climate in this region during the Lower Siwalik period. Dipterocarpus which was once so profuse in this region, now grows in north-eastern and southern parts of India. This is because of a drier climate that has prevailed in this region since the Pliocene.
Actinostelopteris Pakurense gen. et sp. nov, from the Rajmahal Hills, India
Authors: Sharma B.D. , Bohra D.R.
Published: September 2022

Description is given of an interesting plant collected recently from a newly discovered locality of Pakur in the Rajmahal Hills. Vascular cylinder is actinostelic with mesarch protoxylem points. Leaf trace is C-shaped with an adaxial concavity. Outer surface of stem is covered with multicellular scales. Relationships of the new material are discussed with allied families of pteridophytes.