bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APRICOT PIP SHELLS USED AS AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Yildiz Servet , Emiroglu Mehmet , Atalar Onur
Published: June 2012

To improve the undesired characteristics of concrete, for example high CO2 emission and loss of strata from quarrying of raw materials, environmentally hazardous solid waste could be utilized as cement, sand and/or aggregate replacement. Apricot Pip Shells (APSs) are an environmental problem mainly in the region where apricots are cultivated. The shells are burnt as a fuel by local people in this region. An alternative use for this waste material would be for aggregate replacement in concrete as reported in this paper. In this study, limestone aggregate were substituted by different percentage of APS in the prepared concrete mixes. Unit weight, compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted on the specimens. A decrease was observed in the strength development of the concrete containing APS. This may have resulted from the weak adherence between APSs and cement paste in the interfacial transition zone. However, the unit weight of the concrete decreased for higher APS content in the mix.
AN INSIGHT INTO PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION OF TECHNICAL PERSONNEL IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
Authors: Yadav Devinder K. , Nikraz Hamid
Published: June 2012

The aeronautical industry is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. Industrial activities in this industry started to accelerate in the beginning of the 20th century, and the number of aircraft in airspace for civil purposes started increasing. Consequently, the industry and the personnel associated with aircraft were required to be regulated to ensure the safety and reliability of the product. Currently, various categories of personnel related to operations, airworthiness, and maintenance of aircraft are licensed by statute. Government authorities consider registration or licensing an instrument for controlling and regulating the professionals. This paper is primarily focused on licensing and approval of different categories of aeronautical engineers. It discusses the importance of the licensing of engineers in the aeronautical industry and presents a critical review of various licensing standards and practices, including the standard recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). This paper also argues that the license issued by a contracting state of the ICAO must be fully convertible in another state, because it is granted by a member state in conformance with the standards recommended by the ICAO.
USE OF STATISTICAL REFERENCE METHOD TO IMPROVE FLIGHT SAFETY
Authors: Lazareva Irina , Shestakov Vladimir
Published: June 2012

Statistical comparison as a test of hypotheses about the coincidence of distribution parameters is considered. This allows defining whether the discrepancy in estimations of the distribution parameters of safety indicators is significant or can be justified by inessential changes in the conditions of the experiment-random drifts. Each adverse event is assigned a weight that reflects the probability that it can result in an adverse outcome in a particular flight. Risk (hazard) assessment is represented as a product of the mean value of weight n0 of adverse event Kn and frequency of occurrence Fn of events during the period of time analysed.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPATIAL POSITION OF PERMANENT GPS STATIONS IN THE BALTIC REGION
Authors: Levinskaitė Daiva
Published: June 2012

Since the last decade of the 20th century, data on repeated measurements from the Global Positioning System (hereinafter referred to as GPS) have been commonly used globally to investigate the motion of the Earth's crust. With the use of data on repeated measurements in GPS networks (coordinates of GPS network stations, lengths of spans between the GPS stations or other changes of elements), it is possible to detect horizontal motions of the Earth crust that take place in the period between repeated measurements. The most elementary way of detecting the motions of the Earth's crust is a comparison of the coordinates of identical stations of geodetic networks found on geodetic measurements carried out at different moments. The object of this research is the identification of the spatial position of permanent GPS stations, i.e. changes in spatial coordinates within a certain period.
MECHANISMS OF ERROR DEVELOPMENT IN INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Trifonov-Bogdanov Peter , Zhiravetska Anastasia , Trifonova-Bogdanova Tatjana , Shestakov Vladimir
Published: June 2012

The processes of error development in an inertial navigation system are analysed. With this aim, the standard structures of error development were extracted in the inertial system. Error development was defined in the standard structures. Error development in the inertial navigation system is concluded according to the results obtained in the work.
ERATOSTHENES’ MAP OF THE OECUMENE
Authors: Lukoševičius Viktoras , Duksa Tomas
Published: June 2012

Eratosthenes (circa 276 B.C.–194 B.C.) is considered a famous scientist of ancient Greece. He was a mathematician and geographer. Born in Cyrene, now Shahhat (Libya), he was appointed to teach the son of the Egyptian King Ptolemy III Euergetes. In 240 B.C., he became the third chief librarian the Great Library of Alexandria. Eratosthenes laid basics for mathematical geography. He was the first to calculate precisely in an original way the Earth meridian's length between Syene and Alexandria. For this purpose he used perpendicular projection of the sun rays during summer solstice (06.22) near the town Syene, now Aswan. His estimation of the length of the Earth's radius (6300 km) is close to present estimation (6371 km). He calculated that a year possesses 365.25 days. He also emphasized the significance of maps as the most important thing in geography. Eratosthenes was the first one to use the term “geographem” to describe the Earth. In this way he legitimized the term of geography. He also put into system geographical information from various sources in order to obtain a map of the world as precise as possible.
Gestion et anticipation de la transmission des TPE artisanales : vers une démarche pro-active du dirigeant propriétaire
Authors: Barbot-Grizzo Marie-Christine
Published: June 2012

Résumé La très grande majorité des entreprises à céder sont des TPE. Très peu de recherches académiques sont exclusivement consacrées à leurs transmissions alors même que leurs spécificités en augmentent les difficultés, surtout lorsqu’une succession familiale est impossible. À partir d’une étude qualitative sur le processus de transmission des TPE artisanales, cet article insiste sur la nécessité de préparer le dirigeant et l’entreprise à tout mode de transmission. Au final, un outil d’auto-diagnostic de préparation à la transmission pour la TPE artisanale et son dirigeant susceptible de favoriser ce transfert, en insistant sur la dimension psychologique prépondérante de ce processus, est proposé.
La prospective, une source d'apprentissage organisationnel ? : revue de la littérature et analyse critique
Authors: Bootz Jean-Philippe
Published: June 2012

Résumé Les phénomènes d’apprentissage constituent aujourd’hui, aux yeux de la plupart des observateurs concernés, une préoccupation croissante de la prospective appliquée aux organisations, à travers notamment la recherche d’intégration entre la réflexion (prospective) et l’action (stratégique). Si un consensus semble ainsi émerger entre les praticiens et les théoriciens de la discipline sur la forte connexité qui lie l’apprentissage (et plus particulièrement l’apprentissage organisationnel) et la prospective, la véritable nature de ce lien demeure floue et ambiguë. L’objet de cet article est, à travers une investigation structurée et critique de la littérature, de lever le voile sur ce lien et d’analyser ainsi les dimensions cognitives de la prospective. Ce travail d’exploration laisse apparaître trois approches principales et souligne les limites de ces réflexions hétérogènes.
Emergence d'une culture négociée dans le cadre des projets ERP
Authors: Saint-Léger Guy , Beeler Betty
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article propose une nouvelle approche de la question du facteur culturel dans les échecs des projets d’implantation des systèmes ERP. Cette approche, celle de la « culture négociée », prône le caractère dynamique et évolutif des cultures à l’opposé de la vision déterministe. Elle consiste à créer les conditions permettant l’émergence d’une culture commune entre les personnes de cultures différentes dans l’intérêt de l’atteinte de leurs objectifs communs. Le concept de la culture négociée offre des perspectives intéressantes pour le pilotage des projets ERP, car il traite les divergences culturelles comme une source d’opportunité plutôt qu’une source de blocage. En nous appuyant sur l’approche socio-économique du centre de recherche ISEOR, nous analysons le cas du redressement d’une phase post-ERP en difficulté et montrons comment le pilotage du projet a favorisé l’émergence d’une culture commune à tous les acteurs ainsi que l’appropriation et l’usage de l’outil intégré par ces derniers.
Les aides du manager en situation professionnelle : techniques de la distanciation
Authors: Boisseau Christophe , Pariente Pierre
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse aux aides mobilisées par les managers pour prendre de la distance en situation professionnelle. Il s’appuie sur une étude réalisée sur 41 témoignages pour identifier les formes d’aides utilisées propres à prendre de la distance. La notion de distance apparaît comme un facteur explicatif du recours privilégié aux aides non contractuelles face à une situation stratégique.
La place du coaching dans l'accompagnement de l'entrepreneuriat : l'évolution des idées et des pratiques en France, sa traduction dans les faits en Languedoc-Roussillon
Authors: Cloët Héloïse , Vernazobres Philippe
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article porte sur l’accompagnement d’entrepreneurs en région Languedoc-Roussillon. Il permet de mettre en évidence les difficultés de diffusion et d’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques, malgré les efforts déployés par une association locale de coachs, en mobilisant la théorie de l’entrepreneuriat institutionnel.
Les coachs, ni muets ni inactifs face à la dimension critique de leur travail !
Authors: Fatien Diochon Pauline , Nizet Jean
Published: June 2012

Résumé Alors que le rôle social et organisationnel du coaching pratiqué dans les organisations fait l’objet de débats, cet article montre que les coachs français sont loin d’y rester muets ou inactifs. Ces praticiens identifient en effet dans leur travail deux dimensions critiques, institutionnelles et individuelles, qui se traduisent pour certains par des comportements spécifiques. Cette étude contribue alors à interroger la dimension critique intrinsèque du coaching.
Comment gérer le retour d'expatriation et utiliser les compétences acquises par les expatriés ?
Authors: Barmeyer Christoph , Davoine Eric
Published: June 2012

Résumé L’employé expatrié a acquis des compétences et une expertise pendant son expérience à l’étranger, un capital que l’entreprise gagne à faire fructifier. Mais comment réintégrer les expatriés de manière à leur permettre de mettre à profit les compétences et les connaissances qu’ils ont accumulées à l’étranger ? Nous appuyant sur une revue de la documentation et sur une étude au sein d’une grande entreprise allemande considérée comme avant-gardiste dans ce domaine, nous présentons une synthèse des compétences qu’une expatriation permet d’acquérir. Par la suite, nous exposons trois grands axes d’action qu’une entreprise peut adopter pour gérer avec succès le retour de ses cadres expatriés, soit la gestion des carrières, le développement des interactions et la valorisation des compétences des expatriés.
The Formal Design Models of Digraph Architectures and Behaviors
Authors: Wang Yingxu , Adewumi Aderemi
Published: June 2012

Graphs are one of the most fundamental and widely used non-linear hierarchical structures of linked nodes. Problems in sciences and engineering can be formulated and solved by the graph model. This paper develops a comprehensive design pattern of formal digraphs using the Doubly-Linked List (DLL) architecture. The most complicated form of graphs known as the weighted digraph is selected as a general graph model, based on it simple graphs such as nondirected and/or nonweighted ones can be easily derived and tailored. A rigorous denotational mathematics, Real-Time Process Algebra (RTPA), is adopted, which allows both architectural and behavioral models of digraphs to be rigorously designed and implemented in a top-down approach. The architectural models of digraphs are created using RTPA architectural modeling methodologies known as the Unified Data Models (UDMs). The physical model of digraphs is implemented using nodes of DLL dynamically created in the memory. The behavioral models of digraphs are specified and refined by a set of 18 Unified Process Models (UPMs) in three categories namely the management operations, traversal operations, and node manipulation operations. This work has been applied in a number of real-time and nonreal-time system designs and specifications such as a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS+), graph-based and tree-based applications, and the ADT library for an RTPA-based automatic code generation tool.
Imaging of Cystic and Cyst-like Lesions of the Mediastinum with Pathologic Correlation
Authors: Ödev Kemal , Arıbaş Bilgin K. , Nayman Alaaddin , Arıbaş Olgun K. , Altınok Tamer , Küçükapan Ahmet
Published: June 2012

Cystic masses of the mediastinum are a heterogenous group of asymptomatic or symptomatic, congenital, infectious, or neoplastic lesions. For early and correct diagnosis, evaluation, and optimal patient management of cystic mediastinal masses in infants, children, or adults imaging plays an important role. A non-invasive and sensitive imaging modality is an efficient and cost-effective tool. Multidetector computed tomography (MDTC) with volumetric acquisition provides fast acquisition of high resolution images and multiplanar reconstruction. Both 2D and 3D imaging in mediastinal imaging help in surgical planning and assessing resectability of mediastinal lesions. MR imaging has many advantages over other modalities for detecting and identifying cystic, or fluid-filled mediastinal masses, because of its intrinsic high soft tissue contrast and direct multiplanar imaging capabilities. However, histological tissue analysis may be required to differentiate a cystic lesion from other cyst-like or low-attenuation lesions.
Preliminary observation of temperature profiles by radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) with a 1280 MHz lower atmospheric wind profiler at Gadanki, India
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sarma T. V. , Srinivasulu P. , Tsuda T.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. A UHF wind profiler operating at 1280 MHz has been developed at NARL for atmospheric studies in the planetary boundary layer. In order to explore application of radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) technique to this profiler, a suitable acoustic attachment was designed and preliminary experiments were conducted on 27–30 August 2010. Height profiles of virtual temperature, Tv, in the planetary boundary layer were derived with 1 μs and 0.25 μs pulse transmission, corresponding to a height resolution of 150 m and about 40 m, respectively. Diurnal variation of Tv is clearly recognized, and perturbations of Tv are also seen in association with a precipitation event. Simultaneous profiles obtained from the MST Radar-RASS and an onsite 50 m tower demonstrate the capability to continuously profile the atmospheric temperature from near the ground to upper tropospheric altitudes.
A Photon‐Fueled Gate‐Like Delivery System Using i‐Motif DNA Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: He Dinggeng , He Xiaoxiao , Wang Kemin , Cao Jie , Zhao Yingxiang
Published: June 2012

A novel photon‐fueled gate‐like mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)‐based delivery system is reported. In this system, the malachite green carbinol base (MGCB) is immobilized on the nanochannel wall of MSN as a light‐induced hydroxide ion emitter and i‐motif DNA is grafted on the surface of MSN as a cap. Photoirradiation with 365 nm wavelength UV light makes MGCB molecules dissociate into malachite green (MG) cations and OH− ions, which induce the i‐motif DNA to unfold into the single‐stranded form due to the increase of the pH in the solution. Therefore, the pores are uncapped and the entrapped guest molecules are released. After the light is turned off, the MG cations recombine with the OH− ions and return to the MGCB forms. The pH value thus decreases and the single‐stranded DNA switches back to i‐motif structure to cap the pore again. Because of the photon‐fueled MGCB‐dependent DNA conformation changes, the i‐motif DNA‐gated switch can be easily operated by turning the light on or off. Importantly, the opening/closing protocol is highly reversible and a partial cargo release can be easily achieved at will. This proof‐of‐concept may promote the application of DNA in the controlled release and can also provide a way to design various photon‐fueled controlled‐release systems using a combination of some photoirradiated pH‐jump systems and other kinds of pH‐sensitive linkers.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel acetylene‐ and maleimide‐terminated benzoxazine and its high‐performance thermosets
Authors: Gao Yu , Huang Farong , Zhou Yan , Du Lei
Published: June 2012

A novel acetylene‐ and maleimide‐terminated benzoxazine, 3‐(3‐ethynylphenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐6‐(N‐maleimido)‐1,3‐benzoxazine (MBZ‐apa), was successfully synthesized with N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)maleimide, paraformaldehyde, and 3‐aminophenylacetylene. The structure of the benzoxazine is confirmed by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies. MBZ‐apa is easily dissolved in common organic solvents. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study thermal cross‐linking behavior of MBZ‐apa. The DSC curve shows only a single exothermic peak due to the oxazine ring‐opening polymerization and the polymerization of the acetylene and maleimide groups occurring simultaneously in the same temperature range. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) reveals that the novel polybenzoxazine exhibits high glass‐transition temperature (Tg) (ca. 348°C). The storage modulus arrives at 4.5 GPa in the range of room temperature to 330°C. The polybenzoxazine exhibits good thermal stability as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Pyrolysis‐GC/MS) was employed to characterize the polybenzoxazine. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Using a process‐based catchment‐scale model for enhancing field‐based stream assessments and predicting stream fish assemblages
Authors: kautza Adam , Sullivan S. MaŽeika P.
Published: June 2012

Catchment‐modelling techniques, although not yet widely used in biological contexts, may be a valuable tool in the management and conservation of stream fishes. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a catchment‐scale hydrologic model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), to explain characteristics of stream fish assemblages and to enhance current field‐based stream assessments.

Stream fish assemblages, instream habitat, geomorphology, and water quality were surveyed in 16 study catchments in Ohio, USA. Subsequently, SWAT was used to model stream discharge, sediment flux and concentration, and nitrogen and phosphorus yields for each catchment.

Principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression were used to explore potential relationships between environmental factors (both reach‐level measurements and SWAT‐modelled catchment‐scale processes) and fish assemblage descriptors assessed within the framework of an Ohio fish‐based Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI).

Reach‐level factors contributed to three of the four significant regression models, explaining 12% to 14% of the variation in fish species richness, the number of darter (Etheostoma) species, and the number of sensitive/intolerant species. SWAT‐modelled parameters including minimum and mean annual flow and sediment yields explained significant variation in total IBI scores (57%), species richness (63%), the number of darter species (60%), and the number of sensitive/intolerant species (61%).

The results support the utility of SWAT as a complement to field‐based surveys. It is proposed that process‐based catchment‐modelling techniques such as SWAT could improve stream fish management and conservation efforts when used as a screening tool to target streams and catchments for subsequent field surveys and as a method to model potential impacts to stream ecosystems and fish assemblages in highly sensitive areas and/or inaccessible catchments.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between water quality and indigenous and alien crayfish distribution in the Czech Republic: patterns and conservation implications
Authors: Svobodová Jitka , Douda Karel , Štambergová Monika , Picek JiŘí , Vlach Pavel , Fischer David
Published: June 2012

Although the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus L.) and stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium Schr.) are critically endangered European species, their water quality requirements are not sufficiently known.

This study aimed to investigate the physico‐chemical tolerance range of the noble and stone crayfish in the Czech Republic compared with those of the invasive spiny‐cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus Raf.). At 1008 sites with crayfish either absent or present, the following 18 physico‐chemical variables were investigated: dissolved oxygen, pH, BOD5, CODCr, ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrite, nitrate ions, zinc, copper, iron, aluminium, calcium, sulphates, chlorides, total phosphorus, suspended solids, and conductivity.

For the noble and stone crayfish, only minor differences in water quality were found. This indicates that the water quality requirements of these indigenous crayfish are likely to be very similar. However, significant differences in water quality were observed between locations inhabited by indigenous crayfish and those inhabited by the invasive spiny‐cheek crayfish.

Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the invasive species is able to survive in locations with lower water quality. Simple logistic regression models were then used to examine relationships between the presence or absence of noble crayfish and each evaluated water quality variable. The presence of this species was related significantly with those variables that indicate nutrient enrichment (particularly ammonium, BOD5, and nitrite) and to iron.

Overall, although the indigenous crayfish species were found at several sampling sites that had impaired water quality, the statistical analyses indicate that the indigenous species require water of high quality. Improvement in water quality is therefore an important step in sustaining indigenous crayfish populations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Politeness improves interactivity in dense crowds
Authors: Allen Brian F. , Magnenat‐Thalmann Nadia , Thalmann Daniel
Published: June 2012

Traversing dense crowds can be challenging, but it is especially difficult in a virtual environment where the user is limited to simple input devices. Predicting near‐future user movements with a hidden Markov model allows nearby autonomous agents to react politely, that is, to specifically avoid impeding the movement of the user. This predictive model and simple avoidance scheme are tested by six subjects in 360 short interactive games and by a 10‐participant two‐alternative forced choice questionnaire. Polite agents are found to significantly improve the player's ability to navigate quickly and without collision, and the resulting character movements showed increased naturalness for two of the three game scenarios. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Syntheses of new Camphorsulfonylated Ligands Derived from 2‐Amino‐2′‐Hydroxy‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl and Their Enantioselectivities in the Addition of Dialkylzinc Reagents to Aldehydes
Authors: Bian Guangling , Huang Huayin , Zong Hua , Song Ling
Published: June 2012

A series of new camphorsulfonylated ligands derived from chiral 2‐amino‐2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (NOBIN) and (+)‐camphorsulfonic acid were synthesized by a short and simple synthetic sequence, and their enantioselective catalytic activities were assessed in the nucleophilic addition reaction of dialkylzinc reagents to aldehydes in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The most efficient ligand, N‐hydroxycamphorsulfonylated (S)‐NOBIN, gave (S)‐addition products with good yields and up to 87% of ee value. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR results of the titanium titration experiments on this ligand indicate that the most likely catalytic reactive species involved in this catalytic asymmetric addition is a bimetallic titanium complex. A possible catalytic reaction mechanism is proposed. Chirality 24:825–832, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Electrochemistry of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Electrodes
Authors: Berger Thomas , Monllor‐Satoca Damián , Jankulovska Milena , Lana‐Villarreal Teresa , Gómez Roberto
Published: June 2012

Several of the multiple applications of titanium dioxide nanomaterials are directly related to the introduction or generation of charge carriers in the oxide. Thus, electrochemistry plays a central role in the understanding of the factors that must be controlled for the optimization of the material for each application. Herein, the main conceptual tools needed to address the study of the electrochemical properties of TiO2 nanostructured electrodes are reviewed, as well as the electrochemical methods to prepare and modify them. Particular attention is paid to the dark electrochemical response of these nanomaterials and its direct connection with the TiO2 electronic structure, interfacial area and grain boundary density. The physical bases for the generation of currents under illumination are also presented. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the kinetics of charge‐carrier transfer to solution determines the sign and value of the photocurrent. Furthermore, methods for extracting kinetic information from open‐circuit potential and photocurrent measurements are briefly presented. Some aspects of the combination of electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements are also dealt with. Finally, some of the applications of TiO2 nanostructured samples derived from their electrochemical properties are concisely reviewed. Particular attention is paid to photocatalytic processes and, to a lesser extent, to photosynthetic reactions as well as to applications related to energy from the aspects of both saving (electrochromic layers) and accumulation (batteries). The use of TiO2 nanomaterials in solar cells is not covered, as a number of reviews have been published addressing this issue.
Immune system gene dysregulation in autism and schizophrenia
Authors: Michel Maximilian , Schmidt Martin J. , Mirnics Karoly
Published: June 2012

Gene*environment interactions play critical roles in the emergence of autism and schizophrenia pathophysiology. In both disorders, recent genetic association studies have provided evidence for disease‐linked variation in immune system genes and postmortem gene expression studies have shown extensive chronic immune abnormalities in brains of diseased subjects. Furthermore, peripheral biomarker studies revealed that both innate and adaptive immune systems are dysregulated. In both disorders symptoms of the disease correlate with the immune system dysfunction; yet, in autism this process appears to be chronic and sustained, while in schizophrenia it is exacerbated during acute episodes. Furthermore, since immune abnormalities endure into adulthood and anti‐inflammatory agents appear to be beneficial, it is likely that these immune changes actively contribute to disease symptoms. Modeling these changes in animals provided further evidence that prenatal maternal immune activation alters neurodevelopment and leads to behavioral changes that are relevant for autism and schizophrenia. The converging evidence strongly argues that neurodevelopmental immune insults and genetic background critically interact and result in increased risk for either autism or schizophrenia. Further research in these areas may improve prenatal health screening in genetically at‐risk families and may also lead to new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Bubble collapse in compressible fluids using a spectral element marker particle method. Part 2. Viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Lind S. J. , Phillips T. N.
Published: June 2012

This paper is concerned with the development of a high‐order numerical scheme for two‐phase viscoelastic flows. In the companion paper, herein referred to as Part 1, the scheme is applied to the modelling of two‐phase Newtonian flows. The particular problem of the collapse of a 2D bubble in the vicinity of a rigid boundary is considered. Attention is given to the construction of the most general form of the compressible Oldroyd B model that is consistent with the compressible Newtonian and upper‐convected Maxwell models in the appropriate limits. The governing equations are discretized using the spectral element method, and the two phases are modelled using a marker particle method. A comprehensive set of results is presented for the problem of bubble collapse near a rigid wall, and qualitative agreement is obtained with other numerical studies and experimental observations. Viscoelastic effects that are predicted include increased bubble oscillation with increasing Weissenberg number and considerable bubble deformation and cusping near the wall. Most importantly, it has been shown that viscoelasticity has the ability to prevent jet formation and therefore is likely to have a mitigating effect on cavitation damage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrooxidation of Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Mixture on Platinum and Palladium in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Li Z. Y. , Liang Y. J. , Jiang S. P. , Shan X. D. , Lin M. L. , Xu C. W.
Published: June 2012

The performance of mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol (EG) oxidation has been studied on both Pt and Pd electrodes in alkaline medium. The activity of EG oxidation is better than that of methanol oxidation and the stability of EG oxidation is better than that of methanol and ethanol oxidation on the Pd electrode. The onset potential for ethanol oxidation is more negative 200 mV than that of EG, however the stability of EG oxidation on the Pd electrode is better than that of ethanol oxidation. The performance of methanol oxidation improves pronouncedly by adding a small amount of EG on both Pt and Pd electrodes. The onset potential and peak potential of mixture of methanol and EG oxidation are close to or more negative than that of sole methanol and EG oxidation on the Pd electrode. The mixture of methanol and EG is more easily to be electrochemically oxidized and gives a better performance than sole methanol and EG on the Pd electrode. The results show that the mixture of methanol and EG is a promising candidate as fuel in direct alcohol fuel cells.
How Did We Learn Best? A Retrospective Survey of Clinical Psychology Training in the United Kingdom
Authors: Nel Pieter W. , Pezzolesi Cinzia , Stott Dave J.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

This U.K.‐based study aimed to investigate qualified clinical psychologists’ perceptions of the value and usefulness of the learning activities experienced during their training in clinical psychology.

Design

Members (N = 357) of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the British Psychological Society (BPS) completed a self‐report questionnaire about their training as clinical psychologists.

Results

The results indicate that most clinical psychologists believe that they learnt mainly through doing and by observing others’ clinical practice. They also highlight the importance of the learning relationship and the value of personal therapy for learning.

Conclusions

The findings point to the need for more training of trainers, especially clinical supervisors. They also draw attention to the need for more research to establish which learning activities contribute most / least to trainees’ developing competence.
GULLY FAN MORPHODYNAMICS IN A SMALL CATCHMENT IN THE EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Manjoro M. , Rowntree K. , Kakembo V. , Foster I. D. L.
Published: June 2012

Fans, in association with hillslope gullies and badlands and their impact on the catchment sediment cascade, slope‐channel connectivity and local landscape evolution, have been reported in diverse geomorphic environments. However, research on the development and morphodynamics of gully fans is still in its infancy in South Africa. An investigation was undertaken in mid‐slope discontinuous gullies in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa using field surveys and sediment source fingerprinting techniques to establish the dynamics of fan systems and their impacts on‐slope sediments. Findings showed that a sediment core collected from the upper region of the fan was composed mainly of sediment mobilised from subsurface sources, whereas that from the lower region of the fan consisted mostly of sediment from surface sources. 137Cs data were consistent with the sediment source fingerprinting results, confirming the respective surface and subsurface origins of the sediment in the sampled cores. Additionally, 137Cs pointed to the recent formation of the fan. Geomorphic reconstruction of the fan did not support a cut and fill mode of gully fan development. Rather, the fan formed as a consequence of discontinuous gullies in the mid‐slope leading to on‐slope sediment deposition and slope‐channel decoupling. It was also observed that hillslope sediment storage in the gully fan is temporally variable. Changes in the balance of morphodynamic processes may lead to sediment flushing and slope‐channel coupling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of two mesenchymal cell populations on hepatocytes and lymphocytes
Authors: Gómez-Aristizábal Alejandro , Ng Corey , Ng Joseph , Davies John E.
Published: June 2012

The inflammatory response to liver injury plays an important role in the onset of liver fibrosis, which may ultimately lead to liver failure. The attenuation of inflammation and hepatocyte rescue are, therefore, of the utmost importance for recovery. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from adult bone marrow have been shown to rescue hepatocyte function. Here we explore a more plentiful source of neonatal MSCs: human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs). We cocultured HUCPVCs or bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) with rat hepatocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in order to identify their effects on hepatocyte functionality and the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (phaPBMCs). The expression of hepatotrophic factors by both types of MSCs in the presence of hepatocytes and the functional implications of blocking putative MSC anti-inflammatory factors were compared. Both types of MSCs improved albumin secretion, ureagenesis, hepatospecific gene expression, cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, and functional hepatocyte mass maintenance. However, although HUCPVCs had an improved effect on the maintenance of ureagenesis, BM-MSCs had a strong effect on hepatocyte CYP activity. Additionally, each MSC type differentially expressed putative hepatotrophic factors, whereas phaPBMC proliferation was significantly decreased. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was the main immunosuppressive mechanism used by both types of MSCs, but HUCPVCs exhibited higher expression of programmed death 1 ligands. However, the functional significance of the difference in anti-inflammatory factor expression still remains to be elucidated. Thus, both MSC types can serve as hepatocyte stromal cells and mitigate inflammation with IDO, but they present differences in the manner in which they affect hepatocytes and in the expression of both hepatotrophic and anti-inflammatory factors. Liver Transpl 18:1384–1394, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
EGFR inhibitor BIBU induces apoptosis and defective autophagy in glioma cells
Authors: Ghildiyal Ruchi , Dixit Deobrat , Sen Ellora
Published: June 2012

The importance of aberrant EGFR signaling in glioblastoma progression and the promise of EGFR‐specific therapies, prompted us to determine the efficacy of novel EGFR inhibitor BIBU‐1361 [(3‐chloro‐4‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐[6‐(4‐diethylaminomethyl‐piperidin‐1‐yl)‐pyrimido [5,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine] in affecting glioma survival. BIBU induced apoptosis in a caspase‐dependent manner and induced cell cycle arrest in glioma cells. Apoptosis was accompanied by decreased EGFR levels and its increased distribution towards caveolin rich lipid raft microdomains. BIBU inhibited pro‐survival pathways Akt/mTOR and gp130/JAK/STAT3; and decreased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐6. BIBU caused increased LC3‐I to LC3‐II conversion and triggered the internalization of EGFR within vacuoles along with its increased co‐localization with LC3‐II. BIBU caused accumulation of p62 and increased levels of cleaved forms of Beclin‐1 in all the cell lines tested. Importantly, BIBU failed to initiate execution of autophagy as pharmacological inhibition of autophagy with 3‐Methyladenine or Bafilomycin failed to rescue BIBU mediated death. The ability of BIBU to abrogate Akt and STAT3 activation, induce apoptosis and prevent execution of autophagy warrants its investigation as a potent anti‐glioma target. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Convergence of the mixed finite element method for Maxwell's equations with nonlinear conductivity
Authors: Durand S. , Slodička M.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we study a numerical scheme to solve coupled Maxwell's equations with a nonlinear conductivity. This model plays an important role in the study of type‐II superconductors. The approximation scheme is based on backward Euler discretization in time and mixed conforming finite elements in space. We will prove convergence of this scheme to the unique weak solution of the problem and develop the corresponding error estimates. As a next step, we study the stability of the scheme in the quasi‐static limit ϵ → 0 and present the corresponding convergence rate. Finally, we support the theory by several numerical experiments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds Isolated from Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula Assessed by Means of Thin‐layer Chromatography DPPH˙ Rapid Test
Authors: Cieśla Łukasz , Kowalska Iwona , Oleszek Wiesław , Stochmal Anna
Published: June 2012

Introduction

The structure of polyphenolic compounds influences their anti‐oxidant potential. Finding a simple, rapid and reliable analytical method to study the structure–activity relationships for numerous samples is challenging.

Objective

To develop a simple thin‐layer chromotography–2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhdrazyl (TLC–DPPH˙) protocol with image processing to study the influence of the structure of polyphenols on observed direct anti‐oxidant properties.

Methodology

First, compounds exhibiting free radical scavenging activities were chosen from among the isolated compounds with the application of a rapid TLC dot‐blot test. The active ones were further chromatographed on silica gel plates using the mobile phase: acetonitrile:water:chloroform:formic acid (60:15:10:5, v/v/v/v). Subsequently the plates were stained with DPPH˙ methanolic solution. An improved image processing protocol was used to quantitatively measure the polyphenols’ activity.

Results

The application of a properly optimised chromatographic system enabled separation of the investigated compounds from dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) that influences the results of an anti‐oxidant test. New solutions enabling better data processing are proposed. It has been discovered that acylation of flavonoid glycosides with hydroxycinnamic acids increases their direct anti‐oxidant properties. Some of the analysed glycosides acylated with ferulic acid molecule were found to be the most potent free radical scavengers from among those analysed. The amount of sugar moieties as well as their type also influenced the observed activity.

Conclusion

A simple, rapid and reliable TLC–DPPH˙ test with image processing has been developed enabling comparison of free radical scavenging activity of plant polyphenols. The influence of different structural features on the observed activity was measured successfully. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tyrosinase‐mediated in situ forming hydrogels from biodegradable chondroitin sulfate–tyramine conjugates
Authors: Jin Rong , Lou Bo , Lin Chao
Published: June 2012

Tyrosinase‐mediated crosslinking of chondroitin sulfate–tyramine (CS‐TA) conjugates was successfully applied in the preparation of biodegradable in situ forming hydrogels under physiological conditions. Depending on the polymer concentration, the degree of substitution of TA residue and the tyrosinase concentration, the gelation times ranged from 2.3 to 129 min. Studies on the gel contents of CS‐TA hydrogels showed that their degrees of crosslinking could be controlled by varying the tyrosinase concentrations. CS‐TA hydrogels could be completely degraded by the chondroitinase ABC within a time range from 6 days to 11 weeks. CS‐TA hydrogels possessed highly elastic properties and their storage moduli varied from 120 to 1300 Pa, as determined by rheological analysis. Scanning electron microscopy observation confirmed that CS‐TA hydrogels contained a well‐interconnected pore structure. A live–dead assay demonstrated that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts incorporated in CS‐TA hydrogels retained their viability. In addition, in vitro release of methylene blue (a photodynamic therapy drug) from CS‐TA hydrogels could be effectively sustained by the drug encapsulation in the hydrogels. This study indicates that tyrosinase‐mediated in situ forming CS‐TA hydrogels are promising for biomedical applications including drug release and tissue engineering. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Peptaibols from two unidentified fungi of the order Hypocreales with cytotoxic, antibiotic, and anthelmintic activities
Authors: Ayers Sloan , Ehrmann Brandie M. , Adcock Audrey F. , Kroll David J. , Carcache de Blanco Esperanza J. , Shen Qi , Swanson Steven M. , Falkinham Joseph O. , Wani Mansukh C. , Mitchell Sheila M. , Pearce Cedric J. , Oberlies Nicholas H.
Published: June 2012

As part of an ongoing investigation of filamentous fungi for anticancer leads, an active culture was identified from the Mycosynthetix library (MSX 70741, of the order Hypocreales, Ascomycota). The fungal extract exhibited cytotoxic activity against the H460 (human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma) cell line, and bioactivity‐directed fractionation yielded peptaibols 1–12 and harzianums A (13) and B (14). Structure elucidation of 1–12 was facilitated by high‐resolution MS/MS using higher‐energy collisional dissociation and by high field NMR (950 MHz). The absolute configuration was determined by Marfey's analysis of the individual amino acids; the time required for such analysis was decreased via the development of a 10‐min ultra performance liquid chromatography method. The isolated peptaibols (1–12), along with three other peptaibols isolated and elucidated from a different fungus (MSX 57715) of the same order (15–17), were examined for activity in a suite of biological assays, including those for cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anthelmintic activities. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LONG‐TERM TAXON‐SPECIFIC RESPONSES OF MACROINVERTEBRATES TO DAM REMOVAL IN A MID‐SIZED SWEDISH STREAM
Authors: Renöfält B. M. , Lejon A. G. C. , Jonsson M. , Nilsson C.
Published: June 2012

Dam removal to restore ecologically impaired rivers is becoming increasingly common. Although the target often is to facilitate fish migration, dam removal has also been assumed to benefit other types of organisms. Because few studies thus far deal with effects of dam removal on stream macroinvertebrates and because results have been equivocal, we investigated both short‐ and longer‐term dam‐removal effects on downstream macroinvertebrate communities. We did this in a before‐and‐after study of the removal of a dam located in a south Swedish stream. We sampled the benthic fauna 6 months before dam removal and both 6 months and 3.5 years after the dam was removed. We compared species composition, taxonomic richness, total densities and densities of macroinvertebrate groups before and after dam removal and between downstream and reference sites. We found that dam removal reduced some macroinvertebrate taxa at the downstream site, but we found no effect on community composition. Although this corroborates results from previous short‐term studies, we also found a reduction of taxonomic richness and that some dam‐removal effects persisted or even increased over time. The most likely explanation for the suppression of benthic macroinvertebrate richness following dam removal is a significantly increased sediment transport from the former reservoir and a subsequent loss of preferred substrates. Our results indicate that adverse dam‐removal effects may be long lasting but taxon specific. We therefore call for longer‐term studies on a variety of organisms to better understand how dam removal may influence downstream macroinvertebrate communities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfoundations of strategic problem formulation
Authors: Baer Markus , Dirks Kurt T. , Nickerson Jackson A.
Published: June 2012

Before a strategy can be developed, the problem it is supposed to address needs to be formulated. We establish the microfoundations of strategic problem formulation by developing a theory that predicts a core set of impediments to formulation that arise when complex, ill‐structured problems are addressed by heterogeneous teams. These impediments fundamentally constrain and narrow problem formulation, thereby limiting solution search and potential value creation. We establish these impediments as a set of design goals, which, if remedied by an appropriately constructed mechanism, can expand problem formulation to be more comprehensive. Finally, we consider how organizations can improve problem formulation by creating a structured process that satisfies the theoretically derived design goals and detail a specific example of this mechanism (collaborative structured inquiry). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between corporate diversification and corporate social performance
Authors: Kang Jingoo
Published: June 2012

Does diversification affect firm response to stakeholder demands and social issues? Despite extensive interest in corporate diversification in the strategy literature, the relationship between diversification and corporate social performance (CSP) remains largely unexplored. In this study, I propose that the level of diversification will be positively related to the CSP of firms. However, when diversified firms have a strong focus on short‐term profit, it may discourage firm response to stakeholder demands and investment in social issues, thereby negatively moderating the positive relationship between the level of diversification and CSP. Empirical testing on a sample of U.S. firms generally supports my predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.