bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of chronic sleep reduction on the performance of cognitive tasks sensitive to sleep deprivation
Authors: Blagrove Mark , Alexander Carol , Horne James A.
Published: May 2007

In four sleep loss experiments we aimed, first, to compare performance during long‐term sleep reduction with performance during short‐term total sleep deprivation, and second, to measure the effects of both methods of sleep loss on ability to ignore distracting irrelevant stimuli, using a finding embedded figures test (FEFT). Logical reasoning, auditory vigilance and finding embedded figures tasks were shown to be significantly sensitive to one night's sleep deprivation. However, in one sleep reduction study subjects reduced to a mean of 5.2 hours sleep per night for 4 weeks showed no performance deficits on logical reasoning. In a second sleep reduction study subjects reduced to a mean of 4.3 hours sleep per night for 4 nights, and subjects reduced to a mean of 5.3 hours sleep per night for 18 nights, showed no performance deficits on logical reasoning or auditory vigilance, despite their reports of severe increases in subjective sleepiness and reduced concentration. Both these sleep reduction groups, though, did show decrements on the FEFT, which we interpret in terms of dearousal increasing distractibility, which the sleep‐reduced subjects could not overcome with effort, as they did with the other tests.
Graphics in written directions: Appreciated by readers but not writers
Authors: Wright P. , Lickorish A. , Hull A. , Ummelen N.
Published: May 2007

This series of studies investigated the ability of literate adults to exploit communications options that are available to writers but have no counterpart in speech. Specifically it examined people's use of sketches when giving written directions to help a stranger cross town. When writing an informal letter to a friend most directions were given in prose paragraph style (Experiment 1). Almost no‐one included a sketch, even if given a street map as an aid. Yet most subjects could draw adequate sketch maps (Experiment 2), and everyone said yes when asked whether they would include a sketch in a letter. So the previous choices were not constrained either by graphic skill or by judgements concerning the appropriateness of a sketch, When people were asked to 'design' the back page of a leaflet they still did not include a sketch (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 showed that any bias in the instructions was towards rather than against the use of sketches. The need to generate the sketch was removed in Experiment 5 where subjects composed the leaflet page from pre‐formed sections that included alternative routes in both words and diagrams. Nearly all subjects now included a sketch in their directions. In case subjects previously, in haste, had not considered the possibility of including a sketch map, they were made aware of the drawing option by rating the usability of route information in a variety of communication styles immediately before writing their own directions (Experiment 6). People rated directions that included diagrams as significantly more usable, but still most subjects did not include a sketch in the directions they gave. So the communication styles that readers recognized as successful were not determining their choices as writers. It is suggested that, when giving written directions, inexperienced writers rely too heavily on how they would respond as speakers.
Testing the multiplicative hypothesis of intensifiers
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Gaskell George D. , O'muircheartaigh Colm A.
Published: May 2007

The way in which intensifiers affect the meaning of the phrases to which they are applied is investigated. Previous research demonstrates that they often have little impact in between‐subject designs. Here we present research which demonstrates that their effects in within‐subject designs do not conform to the multiplicative hypothesis. Both the psychological mechanisms employed and the implications for survey methodologists are discussed.
False memories of childhood experiences
Authors: Hyman Ira E. , Husband Troy H. , Billings F. James
Published: May 2007

We conducted two experiments to investigate if college students would create false memories of childhood experiences in response to misleading information and repeated interviews. In both experiments we contacted parents to obtain information about events that happened to the students during childhood. In a series of interviews we asked the students to recall the parent‐reported events and one experimenter‐created false event. In the second experiment we varied the age at which we claimed the false event occurred. In both experiments we found that some individuals created false memories in these circumstances and in the second experiment we found no effect of age of attempted incorporation. In the second experiment we also found that those who discussed related background knowledge during the early interviews were more likely to create a false recall. Generalizations to therapy contexts are discussed.
On the nature and development of conditional reasoning in early adolescence
Authors: Verzoni Kathryn , Swan Karen
Published: May 2007

Two studies investigated the conditional reasoning capabilities of eighth grade learners. In Study 1, we analysed conditional reasoning performances for differences in learners' abilities to solve problems correctly and propensities to be tricked into responding to problems in a biconditional manner. There seemed to be a developmental progression in conditional reasoning ability. Most young adolescents reason using memory of domain‐specific memories. However, pragmatic inferential rules may serve as an intermediate level of abstration in reasoners as they progress from the ability to reason using only domain‐specific experience to the ability to use content‐free syntactic rules. In addition, correlation between scores on the Test of Logical Thinking and conditional reasoning performances suggested that ability to reason deductively using inferential rules at progressively higher levels of abstraction is related to cognitive development. In Study 2, we assessed the effectiveness of an instructional application of pragmatic inferential rule theory for development of conditional reasoning abilities. Pragmatic reasoning skill was developed throug engagement in Prolog programming activities involving hierarchical knowledge domains.
Robust ℋ︁∞ filtering for uncertain differential linear repetitive processes
Authors: Wu Ligang , Lam James , Paszke Wojciech , Galkowski Krzysztof , Rogers Eric
Published: May 2007

The unique characteristic of a repetitive process is a series of sweeps or passes through a set of dynamics defined over a finite duration known as the pass length. At the end of each pass, the process is reset and the next time through the output, or pass profile, produced on the previous pass acts as a forcing function on, and hence contributes to, the dynamics of the new pass profile. They are hence a class of systems where a variable must be expressed in terms of two directions of information propagation (from pass‐to‐pass and along a pass, respectively) where the dynamics over the finite pass length are described by a matrix linear differential equation and from pass to pass by a discrete updating structure. This means that filtering/estimation theory/algorithms for, in particular, 2D discrete linear systems is not applicable. In this paper, we solve a general robust filtering problem with a view towards use in many applications where such an action will be required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding‐mode control of the third‐order system subject to velocity, acceleration and input signal constraints
Authors: Bartoszewicz Andrzej , Nowacka Aleksandra
Published: May 2007

In this paper the design of a time‐varying switching plane for the sliding‐mode control of the third‐order system subject to velocity, acceleration and input signal constraints is considered. Initially, the plane passes through the system representative point in the error state space and then it moves with a constant velocity to the origin of the space. Having reached the origin the plane stops moving and remains fixed. The plane parameters (determining angles of inclination and the velocity of its motion) are selected to ensure the minimum integral absolute error (IAE) without violating velocity, acceleration and input signal constraints. The following cases of the switching plane parameters selection are considered. Firstly, the IAE is minimized subject to each of the three constraints separately. Then, every pair of the constraints is considered, and finally all three constraints are taken into account simultaneously. In all the cases the switching plane is chosen in such a way that the reaching phase is eliminated, insensitivity of the system with reference to the external disturbances and the model uncertainty is guaranteed from the very beginning of the proposed control action and fast, monotonic error convergence to zero is achieved. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic and selected elements in marine angiosperms, south‐east coast, NSW, Australia
Authors: Thomson Danielle , Maher William , Foster Simon
Published: May 2007

The leaves of four angiosperm species, the mangrove Avicennia marina, the samphire Sarcocornia quinqueflora, the seablight Suaeda australis and the seagrass Posidonia australis, were sampled from three locations from the south‐east coast of NSW. Mean total arsenic concentrations (mean ± SD) in dry mass for all locations were A. marina (0.38 ± 0.18 to 1.2 ± 0.7 µg g−1), S. quinqueflora (0.13 ± 0.06 to 0.46 ± 0.22 µg g−1), S. australis (0.03 ± 0.06 to 0.05 ± 0.03 µg g−1) and P. australis (0.34 ± 0.10 to 0.65 ± 0.26 µg g−1). Arsenic concentrations were significantly different between species and locations but were consistently low compared with marine macroalgae species. Significant relationships were found between arsenic and iron concentrations for A. marina, S. quinqueflora and P. australis and a negative relationship between arsenic and zinc concentrations for S. quinqueflora. No relationship between arsenic and phosphorus concentrations was found in this study. Angiosperms contained predominantly inorganic arsenic in the water‐extractable and residue fractions with minor concentrations of DMA in the water‐soluble fraction. P. australis also contained dimethylated glycerol and phosphate arsenoriboses. The presence of arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, trimethylated glycerol arsonioribose and an unknown cation in P. australis is most likely due to the presence of epiphytes on fronds. There is no evidence to suggest that angiosperms produce arsenobetaine as arsenic is mostly present as inorganic arsenic. In conclusion, marine angiosperms only accumulate low arsenic concentrations and uptake appears to be dependent on iron uptake but not phosphorus uptake. Marine angiosperms mainly cycle inorganic arsenic with little biomethylation of arsenic occurring. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A screening method for the determination of toluene extractable organotins in water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and rhenium as chemical modifier
Authors: Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Stasinakis Athanasios S. , Lekkas Themistokles D.
Published: May 2007

A simple screening method for the determination of toluene‐extractable organotin compounds in water samples was developed. Organotins [tributyl tin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPhT) and dibutyl tin (DBT)] were extracted from 2 l of water sample with 10 mL of toluene in the presence of 2.5% (v/v) CH3COOH and 1.2% (w/w) NaCl. Aliquots of 240 µl of the toluene extracts were subjected to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, utilizing the hot injection technique (injection temperature 120 °C) and chemical modification. Under these conditions, an enrichment factor of approximately 2000 was achieved. A comparative study of chemical modifiers was performed. Ten metals and mixtures of them were tested and the best results were obtained with 5 µg of Re. The characteristic mass was 90 pg and the instrumental limit of detection was 0.8 µg l−1 (as Sn), for all compounds tested. The overall limit of detection of the method was 2 ng l−1 (as Sn) for an injection aliquot of 240 µl. Quantitative recoveries were obtained for TBT and TPhT, whereas the DBT recovery was 70%. Addition of 0.5% (w/v) of tropolone in the extraction media resulted in 100% recovery of all organotins tested (TBT, DBT, monobutyl tin and TPhT), whereas, at the same time, inorganic tin was practically not recovered at 100‐fold excess. The developed methodology was applied to fresh (lake) and marine waters of Greece and levels between < 2 and 223 ng l−1 were determined. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First approach of a methodological set‐up for selenomethionine chiral speciation in breast and formula milk using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Gómez‐Ariza J. L. , Bernal‐Daza V. , Villegas‐Portero M. J.
Published: May 2007

The chiral speciation of selenomethionine in breast and formula milk based on species separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography followed by online microwave‐assisted digestion and detection with hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC‐MAD‐HG‐AFS) requires severe sample manipulation to avoid matrix influence. Sample clean‐up for fat and protein elimination using centrifugation and ultrafiltration was optimized, and selenomethionine preconcentration based on cation exchange solid‐phase extraction was studied and optimized. The resulting procedure is suitable for chiral selenium speciation in infant milk with detection limits of 3.1 and 3.5 ng ml−1 as Se for L‐selenomethionine and D‐selenomethionine, respectively. The time necessary for the analysis, about 90 min, including sample clean‐up, analyte preconcentration and chromatographic separation, makes the approach suitable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Unexpected Thermally Stable, Cholesteric Liquid‐Crystalline Helical Polyisocyanides with Memory of Macromolecular Helicity (Chem. Asian J. 6/2007)
Authors: Hase Yoko , Mitsutsuji Yuuki , Ishikawa Masayoshi , Maeda Katsuhiro , Okoshi Kento , Yashima Eiji
Published: May 2007

A good memory for macromolecular helicity is displayed by the one‐handed helical sodium salt of poly(4‐carboxyphenyl isocyanide) after the complete removal of the optically active amines that induced the helicity. This memory persists even with further modification to the side groups of the amide residues, thus giving designer helical polyisocyanides with outstanding thermal stability in solution, some of which also exhibit liquid crystallinity. To find out more, turn to the Full Paper by E. Yashima et al. on page 755 ff.
Empirically based assessment of competence to stand trial: Instrument development and preliminary findings
Authors: Burling Thomas A. , Saylor Conway Fleming
Published: May 2007

An instrument was designed to assist mental health professionals in objectively assessing competence to stand trial. Items were empirically derived based on input from multidisciplinary teams of mental health professionals experienced in working with forensic patients in a state hospital. Procedures were adapted from Goldfried and D'Zurella's five‐stage behavioral‐analytic model for the assessment of social competence. The resulting 15‐item audiotaped scale assessed both legal and social competence based on reported responding in jail, in interactions with lawyers, and in the courtroom. Interrater reliability on scoring of responses ranged from .68–.96. High correlations between social and legal competence (.56–.82) demonstrated the likelihood of overlap of these constructs and the importance of directly addressing both. A pilot intervention program was designed from the instrument and implemented with three forensic patients. Failure to demonstrate change in these subjects is briefly discussed, and recommendations for future efforts in this area are made.
Legal and psychological bases of expert testimony: Surveys of the law and of jurors
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Wissler Roselle L.
Published: May 2007

This article reviews the basic rules of evidence and procedure that provide the basis for the introduction of expert testimony into court. Second, it reviews some of the findings of social psychology regarding expert testimony, primarily the ways in which the structure of society affects what information will reach the court and what is the readiness of the factfinder to deal with that information. Finally, it reports original data on jurors' assessments of a variety of witnesses (viz. physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, chemists, document examiners, polygraph examiners, police, eyewitnesses, firearms experts, and accountants and appraisers). Jurors' differential assessments of the different experts and differences among juror subgroups are reported and some explanations for a few of those differences are tested.
Why amnesia and the law is not a useful topic
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: May 2007

This brief note suggests that amnesia and the law (or any other behavioral condition and the law) is not a jurisprudentially interesting topic because such behavioral conditions do not require distinct legal critera and procedures. Rather, the issues that each raises are examples of more general normative issues, such as the proper criteria for competence or responsibility, that should be addressed more generally and directly. Distinct behavioral conditions are simply factors that should be used as evidence when the law adjudicates or develops more general doctrines.
Child of divorce: An overview
Authors: Wallerstein Judith S.
Published: May 2007

Children of divorce represent a diverse population at risk for subsequent psychological problems, whose interests are insufficiently understood or protected by the legal system or the mental health community. Although many children weather the stress of marital breakdown without psychopathological sequelae, a significant number show lasting difficulties. Information concerning the psychological adaptation of these children has increased rapidly during the past decade, but it remains unequel to the task of guiding family policy in this arena. Current knowledge identifies child gender and developmental stage as crucial factors that interact with the chronic stresses of postdivorce family life to produce short‐and long‐range impediments to the maturation of these vulnerable young people. There is a critical need to facilitate understanding and cooperation between the behavioral sciences and the legal profession on behalf of children in divorced families. The major research tasks relevant to enlightened public policy lie ahead.
The child custody evaluation: Issues and trends
Authors: Simons Virginia , Meyer Karen Grais
Published: May 2007

Custody disputes are often the crisis point in the divorcing process and the numbers of contested custody cases are increasing. Mental health professionals are being called upon to provide evaluations of these families more frequently than ever. This article focuses on how to perform child custody evaluations. It touches on the highly troublesome cases where accusations of abuse and alcoholism have been made, and how to convey to attorneys the findings of an evaluation. It begins by reviewing developments in child custody law and concludes by addressing the problems between behavioral sciences and the law in these stressful cases. The presentation of clinical examples provides a view of the decision making process, while addressing the contextual setting for these cases as well.
Impasse‐directed mediation with high conflict families in custody disputes
Authors: Campbell Linda E. G. , Johnston Janet R.
Published: May 2007

In this article we review current mediation models for resolving custody and visitation disputes and their success rates and identify the characteristics of a subpopulation with poor outcome: those parents who are in high conflict, ambivalent about separation, emotionally distressed, and limited in their capacity to protect their children. Based on an understanding of what creates impasses, and how children are affected, we present a new model of mediation for this subpopulation. Preliminary outcome data using this model with 80 families is reported. Implications for establishing a network of services for divorcing families are discussed.
The right to refuse treatment: What the research reveals
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S. , Hoge Steven K.
Published: May 2007

This review encompasses all published and many unpublished studies of refusal of antipsychotic medication by psychiatric inpatients. Many of the extant studies in this area have methodologic flaws in the means employed to gather or analyze data; where relevant to the points being considered, these flaws are noted. The review is broken down into five sections: frequency of refusal, characteristics of medication refusers, reasons for refusal, the natural history of medication refusal, and responses to refusal. A final section summarizes the extent of our knowledge today and points to future areas of investigation.
The right to refuse treatment in Oregon: A two‐year statewide experience
Authors: Godard Sally L. , Bloom Joseph D. , Williams Mary H. , Faulkner Larry R.
Published: May 2007

The right to refuse treatment seems well established for psychiatric patients. Individual states, however, have very different procedures for managing this right and for overriding the refusal. Oregon's administrative procedure for override depends on an evaluation by an independent examining psychiatrist. This article empirically examines the 432 refusals leading to override requests in three Oregon psychiatric institutions in 1983 and 1984. Treatment refusal was found to be a common occurrence in all age groups. Those who refused treatment were seriously ill, unemployed, single individuals with previous psychiatric hospitalizations. Most refused treatment because of denial of their illness or delusional thinking about medication. Most refusals were overridden following the independent psychiatrist's examination. Because of the significant cost of the override procedure to the patient and the mental health system, the authors propose a new procedure which combines parts of the current procedure with a requirement that, at the time of the civil commitment hearing, the judge makes a separate decision as to the patient's competency to make treatment decisions.
Drug treatment refusal, diagnosis, and length of hospitalization in involuntary psychiatric patients
Authors: Zito Julie Magno , Hendel Darwin D. , Mitchell James E. , Routt William W.
Published: May 2007

A retrospective study of 664 involuntary psychotic inpatients who were discharged in a 27‐month period indicated that 18% refused antipsychotic drug treatment. Statistical differences between refusers and consenters were found in diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and dosage of antipsychotic medications prescribed at the time of discharge. Compared with consenters, refusers were more often diagnosed as having bipolar or schizoaffective disorder while a majority of consenting patients were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. The variance in length of stay was explained by diagnosis alone. Refusers were receiving antipsychotic medication at discharge of one‐half the average daily dosage of consenters. Both refusal status and diagnosis were found to contribute statistically to the variance in antipsychotic drug dosage.
Homicide and the insanity defense: A comparison of sane and insane murderers
Authors: Packer Ira K.
Published: May 2007

A sample of 50 homicide defendants acquitted by reason of insanity (NGRI) was compared with a group of 50 defendants who were evaluated for insanity and found to be criminally responsible (CR). Significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of prior psychiatric and criminal histories and nature of the homicide (i.e., relationship to victim). The dispositions of those found NGRI were also examined on the above variables.
State and regional differences in U.S. infant homicide rates in relation to sociocultural characteristics of the states
Authors: Straus Murray A.
Published: May 2007

Infant homicide rates for the United States from 1960 to 1980 were examinedto determine if the etiological pattern associated with adult homicides also applies to homicide of infants. Although the rates for males and for nonwhites are higher than for females and whites, in other respects the infant rates did not follow the adult pattern. The rates for infants did not increase betweeen 1960 and 1980, and no significant correlations were found with 22 variables which explain a large percentage of the state‐to‐state variation in adult homicide. Consequently, criminal justice and public health policies based on the etiology of adult homicide may not apply to infant homicides.
Psychiatric malpractice in the military
Authors: Armitage David T.
Published: May 2007

Available data indicates that the incidence of malpractice in military psychiatry, involving both civilian and active duty beneficiaries, is the lowest of all specialties and may be lower than in the civilian sector. Recovery for malpractice damages by means of claim versus suit is restricted to civilian patients; active duty service members recover through a special disability system. The federal government provides military psychiatrists with considerable protection from personal financial loss when involved in malpractice, but there may be limits to that protection. There have been recent efforts to criminally prosecute military physicians in some instances. A registry review of military psychiatry malpractice cases from1978 to 1987provides a profile of the malpractice situation and suggests areas of practice that need vigilance. The Department of Defense has established a broad‐based, comprehensive program of quality assurance and risk management in the interest of maximizing the benefit of medical care and minimizing substandard practice.
Paediatric intervention in child protection
Authors: Hobbs C. J.
Published: May 2007

Since BASPCAN was founded 12 years ago an enormous amount has been achieved in both understanding and responding to the problems of child maltreatment. Paediatricians have played their part along with others, although the traditional view of medicine was that this was a social problem outside medical responsibility. Attitudes are changing and there is an increasing appreciation of the importance of maltreatment in many child health problems. It is also now accepted that doctors can only be effective if they work together in teams with other professionals. The consequences of child maltreatment present to paediatricians in many ways and symptoms and signs linked to abuse are common in clinical practice. Today the role of the paediatrician is much clearer and there is more guidance and information available about the diagnosis of sexual abuse. 1991 was the beginning of a new era in child protection where it will be seen whether the new insights acquired over the past decade can be applied for the welfare of children and families.
Social work intervention to protect children: Aspects of research and practice
Authors: Stevenson Olive
Published: May 2007

This paper seeks to bring together three issues about which I have felt a nagging, persistent sense of unease over the past 10 years or more. They can be formulated thus: (a) Why is there a great divide between the professional debate on child abuse and that about other aspects of child care policy and practice; (b) Why is accepted good practice so often not carried out; (c) Why are the related implications of research so hard to translate into effective practice? These questions become even more pressing in the present political climate and in the context of the Implementation of the Children Act 1989.
Protecting the child witness in the courtroom
Authors: Davies Graham
Published: May 2007

The 1988 and 1991 Criminal Justice Acts have transformed the law and procedure governing the appearance of children as witnesses in criminal trials. Traditional legal constraints such as the competency test, the requirement of corroboration, the special warning to the jury and the hearsay rule have all been abolished or extensively qualified. In addition, the 1988 Act introduced a major procedural change in the form of the video‐link which was designed to make it easier for children to give their evidence. A survey of existing research confirms that children do find the giving of evidence in open court stressful and that the experience may have long‐term adverse consequences. A study for the Home Office indicated widespread acceptance of the use of the video‐link among courtroom personnel and observational data confirm its effectiveness in empowering children's testimony. The 1991 Act allows pre‐recorded video‐taped interviews to be admitted as evidence in criminal cases but retains live cross‐examination via the link. The legal requirements of such interviews will place heavy demands on interdisciplinary cooperation in training and the establishment of good practice. The impact of this novel scheme on child witnesses and the court deserves rigorous evaluation.
Sexual abuse and juvenile delinquency
Authors: Takii Yasutaka
Published: May 2007

Case records were reviewed of 214 young women admitted to a Juvenile Classification Home in Japan for delinquent behaviour between 1983 and 1987. In 10 cases there were reports of a history of sexual abuse and these were 3 times more likely to be admitted to a Detention Home than other cases. All 10 women came from disrupted and economically disadvantaged family backgrounds. Most were depressed with low self‐esteem. Five women were physically abused prior to sexual abuse, but behavioural problems were only concurrent and consequent to the sexual abuse. Most of the women were not believed by their mothers at the time of disclosure. Those women who were later believed by their mothers were more likely to return home (with the perpetrators no longer present) and less likely to continue to be victims of sexual abuse.
New initiatives in training
Authors: Hollows Anne , Armstrong Helen
Published: May 2007

Training Update will bring you news from trainers and ideas about training. In each edition we plan to provide a round‐up of currently available training materials around a particular theme, drawn from our evaluation programme.
Foster care: The protection and training of carers' children
Authors: Martin Gill
Published: May 2007

One of the risk factors in foster placement breakdown is the presence of the carers' own children. A project is described through which carers' children express their feelings and conflicts and present a demand for a review of foster care, to be seen as care by families, not only parents. Many children in care have a powerful psychological impact on their carers, and the impact on other children in the household is underestimated and poorly understood. There is a confusion of role between carers' children and children who are fostered—on the one hand, the former are peers, and on the other, considerable demands of patience and understanding are made on them. This understanding, and perhaps also fear of allegations, may make them prematurely adult and distort aspects of their own development. The need for further research into the direct experience of foster care is highlighted and a training model of preparation for carers and their children is described, based on direct work with adolescents.
Training for frontline workers
Authors: Braun Dorit , Armstrong Helen
Published: May 2007

This article examines the training needs of people who work directly with children and families–frontline workers. It argues that such people are working with child abuse, whether they have recognized this to be the case or not. The article outlines work that needs to be covered in training of frontline workers, in order that they can respond effectively to abused children and undertake appropriate prevention work. A range of relevant publications which can support this training are discussed.
Child protection training for teachers
Authors: Oxley Bernadette , Sanderson Kath
Published: May 2007

These notes make particular reference to the central role that members of the education service can play in protecting children, within the context of both the Children Act and Working Together. They also provide a brief account of training available for teachers in Rochdale, in both single agency and multi‐disciplinary courses. The importance of multi‐agency working and training is emphasized and the main issues included in the new Rochdale multi‐disciplinary training courses are identified.
Beyond belief: Beyond help? Report on a helpline advertised after the transmission of a channel 4 film on ritual abuse
Authors: Scott Sara
Published: May 2007

This paper summarizes the calls received on a national helpline promoted after the screening of a television programme on ritual abuse in the Dispatches series on Channel 4 in February 1992. The helpline was organized by the educational charity Broadcasting Support Services. The helpline dealt with 191 calls of which nearly half concerned ritual abuse. Thirty‐nine per cent of all calls were from current victims or survivors of ritual abuse.
Ritual abuse: Consequences for professionals
Authors: Youngson Sheila C.
Published: May 2007

This paper details the results of a questionnaire survey completed by 71 members of a national support group of workers in the field of ritual abuse, investigating the extent and nature of personal, interpersonal and professional stress factors involved in such work. The results indicate that professional work in the field of ritual abuse frequently gives rise to negative changes in behaviour and in physical and emotional health among workers. Support and supervision requirements are also addressed, as is the possibility/probability of threat and intimidation. The discussion proposes, and considers, three hypotheses: that workers in the field of ritual abuse are currently professionally isolated; that ritual abuse work is qualitatively different from other work; and that ritual abuse work may involve threat and intimidation.
Abuse of children in day care centres: Characteristics and consequences
Authors: Kelley Susan J.
Published: May 2007

While day care sexual abuse cases share features in common with sexual abuse in other settings, many characteristics of abuse in day care settings merit special attention. These factors include the young age of the child victims, the involvement of multiple victims and multiple perpetrators, females as perpetrators, use of extreme threats, severity of the abuse, and in some instances ritualistic activities. Research findings support clinical impressions that children are negatively impacted by sexual abuse in day care. Consequences of abuse in day care include anxiety, excessive fearfulness, behavioural disturbances, sexual acting out and sleep disorders. Parents whose children are abused in day care centres also experience psychological distress with symptom profiles consistent with post‐traumatic stress disorder. Abuse of children in day care settings warrants a specialized treatment approach. A major goal of treatment is to decrease symptomatology among all family members.
Assessing parents with learning disabilities: The parental skills model
Authors: McGaw Sue , Sturmey Peter
Published: May 2007

Definitions of what constitutes adequate or inadequate parenting continue to be unclear. Not surprisingly, professionals who are required to formulate opinions regarding parental competency often experience difficulties with this task. These difficulties are further compounded when the assessment involves parents with learning disabilities. They comprise a heterogeneous population many of whom have varying deficits and skills. The Parental Skills Model outlined in this paper is offered as a guide to professionals in their assessment of such parents. The model focuses on three primary areas which have been identified as crucial to parenting, namely, parents' life skills, familial history and access to support/resources. When difficulties are encountered by parents with learning disabilities in any of these three areas it appears to have a direct and indirect effect on the child's care and development. A model of good practice is proposed and illustrated with a case study.
Evidence, incidence, gender and age in sexual abuse of children perpetrated by children. Towards a developmental analysis of child sexual abuse
Authors: Glasgow David , Horne Louise , Calam Rachel , Cox Antony
Published: May 2007

This paper describes a study of all children alleged to have sexually abused children in the city of Liverpool during a 12‐month period. The nature of the evidence in the allegations is reviewed and each designated as ‘stronger’ or ‘weaker’. On this basis annual incidence figures are calculated for children being investigated as possibly or probably having abused another child. Systematic age banding of child perpetrators is extended to a similar age banding of alleged adult perpetrators. An adolescent is more than twice as likely to be suspected of having perpetrated CSA than any other comparable age band in adulthood or childhood. This emphasizes a developmental perspective on sexual offending across the lifespan.
GPs' and health visitors' participation in child protection case conferences
Authors: Simpson Christine M. , Simpson Richard J. , Power Kevin G. , Salter Anne , Williams Gwenllian‐Jane
Published: May 2007

This study was conducted in two related but separate phases. Phase one compared the frequency and type of participation by general practitioners and health visitors in child protection case conferences. Two hundred consecutive case conferences involving 83 general practitioners from 33 practices were independently reviewed and scored to assess the level of general practitioner and health visitor participation, whether by written report and/or by attendance. Health visitors showed a far higher level of participation in case conferences than general practitioners and their attendance was more often rated essential by the social worker than that of the general practitioner.

There was no evidence in those cases where social workers rated the general practitioner's attendance as essential that this resulted in increased general practitioner participation. General practitioners were equally unlikely to participate in initial, first review and subsequent review case conferences. Most importantly, general practitioner participation/non‐participation was not related to length of notice given.

In phase two, 76 general practitioners from the sample of 83 were interviewed in order to elicit factors underlying their decision on participation in child protection case conferences. Personal and practice characteristics and attitudes towards the case conference and towards social workers were examined and subsequently analysed. No significant associations were discovered apart from a link between previous training in child protection and a less negative attitude towards communication with social workers and the belief that the general practitioner's participation in the case conference helps him/her in the subsequent management of the case. Personal contact between local social workers and the primary health care team was seen as likely to be helpful in the establishment of a climate of trust which would facilitate the flow of sensitive information in both directions. Health visitors were often regarded by general practitioners as fulfilling the role of delegate to the case conference without having any formal remit to carry out this task.
Choosing between child protection programmes
Authors: Briggs Freda , Hawkins Russell M. F.
Published: May 2007

In 1985, Victorian police (Melbourne, Australia) adopted „Protective Behaviours”︁ and promoted it nationwide as a school‐based child protection programme. New Zealand police examined and rejected this „empowerment”︁ model and, with the cooperation of the Ministry of Education, created their own stage‐by‐stage school curriculum for children of 5 years upwards. Three hundred and seventy‐eight Australian and New Zealand children were interviewed before and after using the programmes, with a 12‐month interval to assess retention rates. The New Zealand method was more effective in increasing children's safety knowledge. In both countries, success related to the factors of social class, level of teacher commitment and parent participation in the programme. Descriptions of the two types of programmes are presented to help informed choice regarding child protection programmes.
How parentline helps
Authors: Burton Virginia , Baisden Carole
Published: May 2007

In their Editorial‐Child Abuse Review Vol. 3: 1‐3–Kevin Browne and Margaret Lynch called for “more support for families and children in need”. They highlighted the necessity of increasing resources for children and families in need. PARENTLINE is one such source of support. PARENTLINE began in 1973 as a UK community‐based response to the death of Maria Colwell, the first public acknowledgement in modem times of the existence of child abuse and neglect. PARENTLINE offers a safe, non‐judgemental, non‐threatening support service to anyone who parents a child, in an atmosphere where parents can feel comfortable talking about anything or any problem that concerns them or any child in their family. They are given time in which they can be sensitively and closely listened to and are helped to talk through and identify their own solutions and strategies wherever possible.
Breaking the intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Beyond the mother‐child relationship
Authors: Langeland Willie , Dijkstra Sietske
Published: May 2007

Studies comparing abusive and non‐abusive parents who were abused as children are reviewed to determine protective factors that may lead to a break in the transmission pattern.

Non‐abusers have several factors in common. For instance: they have extensive emotional and social support from significant others. they are aware of what happened to them as children and are openly angry about their abuse. and many of them received (psycho)therapy as adolescents or young adults. Discovering protective factors by which some parents overcome a family pattern of abuse is valuable in guiding both prevention and intervention efforts. A brief discussion of the influence of methodological variations of different studies on reported transmission rates precedes the review. Furthermore. attention is given to the underrepresentation of (abusive) fathers in theory as well as in research on child abuse. The effects of undervaluation of gender differences are discussed in terms of their importance in the occurrence and (breaks in the) transmission of child abuse.
Über N‐Glykoside des N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamins und des 2.3.4.6‐Tetraacetyl‐D‐glucosamins
Authors: Bertho Alfred , Koziollek Dorothea
Published: May 2007

In einer vorausgehenden Mitteilung(3) waren Synthesen von N′‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosaminiden und deren O‐Triacetylderivaten mit primären aromatischen Aminen als Aglykonen beschrieben worden. Die vorliegende Mitteilung berichtet über weitere Vertreter dieser Verbindungsklassen, die außer aromatischen Aminen Aralkylamine, p‐Aminobenzoesäuren und α‐Aminosäuren als Aglykone enthalten. In einigen Fällen wurden optisch reine Anomere dargestellt.
Notiz über das Naphthalin‐selenenylchlorid‐(2)
Authors: Pitombo Luiz R. M.
Published: May 2007

Naphthalin‐selenenylchlorid‐(2) wurde aus Dinaphthyl‐(2.2′)‐diselenid in chloroform, Benzol‐ oder Tetrachlorkohlenstofflösung hergestellt. Es werden Reaktionen beschrieben, die seine große Reaktionsfähigkeit zeigen.
Über die bindungsisomerisierende Wirkung der Schwefelsäure bei der Alkylierung des Benzols mit Hepten‐(1)
Authors: Asinger Friedrich , Geiseler Gerhard , Beetz Walter
Published: May 2007

Es wurden die vier isomeren Phenylheptane synthetisiert und ihre Infrarotabsorption im Bereich zwischen 5000 und 400/cm untersucht. Unter 700/cm zeigen die einzelnen Isomeren charakteristische Banden, die ihre Identifizierung in Gemischen ermöglichen. Die infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchung der Reaktionsprodukte bei der Alkylierung von Benzol mit Hepten‐(1) unter Verwendung von verschieden konzentrierten Schwefelsäuren als Katalysator ergab, daß stets alle theoretisch möglichen Isomeren in etwa äquimolaren Verhältnissen gebildet werden und daß es nicht möglich ist, bei Verwendung definierter Olefine zu einheitlichen Reaktionsprodukten zu gelangen. — Dieses Resultat stellt die gegenteiligen Befunde von LENNEMAN und Mitarbb. richtig, wonach bei der Alkylierung von Benzol mit Δ1‐Olefinen in Gegenwart von konz. Schwefelsäure nur 2‐Phenyl‐alkane entstehen, und zeigt, daß ihre Ergebnisse auf unzureichende infrarotspektroskopische Untersuchungen zurückzuführen sind.
Konstitution des Nimbins, I Natur der funktionellen Gruppen
Authors: Narasimhan N. S.
Published: May 2007

Nimbin besitzt die Summenformel C30H36O9 und ist pentacyclisch. Es enthält einen Furanring sowie eine Acetoxy‐, eine Methoxy‐, zwei Methylester‐ und eine α.β‐ungesättigte Carbonylgruppe. Eine der Methylestergruppen ist konjugiert zu einer Doppelbindung. Aus Nimbin entsteht nach Reduktion mit Platindioxyd durch Dehydrierung mit Pd/Tierkohle ein Trimethyl‐naphthalin.
Über Aromatenkomplexe von Metallen, XXVI. IR‐Untersuchungen an Cyclopentadienyl‐Metall‐Komplexen
Authors: Fritz Heinz P.
Published: May 2007

Die von Fe(C5H5)2, Ru(C5H5)2 und Ni(C5H5)2 bekannte Frequenzzuordnung wird auf 19 Cyclopentadienyl‐Metall‐Verbindungen ausgedehnt. Zur Charakterisierung von C5H5‐Liganden werden 5 Frequenzbereiche angegeben und Abweichungen von der D5h‐Symmetrie diskutiert. An Hand bestimmter Schwingungen kann, ohne im Bereich des CsBr‐Prismas zu messen, eine ungefähre Aussage über den salzartigen bzw. kovalenten Bindungstyp der Verbindungen gemacht werden. Ein aromatischer Charakter des nicht π‐gebundenen C5H5⊖‐Ions ist auf Grund des IR‐Spektrums in Frage gestellt.
Schwefelhaltige Ligninpräparate und ihr Vergleich mit Modellsubstanzen
Authors: Freudenberg Karl , Seib Karl , Dall Klaus
Published: May 2007

Die unmittelbare Titration des phenolischen Hydroxyls in der Lignin‐thioglykolsäure hat 0.43 phen. OH pro C9‐Einheit ergeben, während nach dem optischen Verfahren (Δϵ‐Methode) nur die Hälfte gefunden wird. An den kristallinen Modellen I, II und IV haben wir die Brauchbarkeit des Titrationsverfahrens bestätigt. In diesen Säuren überlagert sich der Δϵ‐Effekt der Phenolgruppe mit dem der Carboxylgruppe. In der Lignin‐thioglykolsäure ist zweieinhalb mal soviel Carboxyl wie Phenolhydroxyl vorhanden. Ein Teil der Divergenz zwischen Titration und optischer Messung dürfte auf dem optischen Verhalten der Carboxylgruppen beruhen. Für die Lignin‐thioglykolsäure wird ein neues Darstellungsverfahren angegeben. An den von B. Holmberg mitgeteilten Analysen der Lignin‐thioglykolsäure wird die Oxydationsstufe der C9‐Einheit erörtert.
Reaktionen mit Nitrosodisulfonat, XXII. Triphenylen‐chinon‐(1.2)
Authors: Teuber Hans‐Joachim , Lindner Helmut
Published: May 2007

2‐Hydroxy‐triphenylen reagiert nicht mit Kalium‐nitrosodisulfonat, kuppelt jedoch mit Diazoniumsalzen. Führt man in 1‐Stellung eine zweite Hydroxygruppe ein, so läßt sich die Dihydroxyverbindung zu Triphenylen‐chinon‐(1.2) dehydrieren. 3‐Hydroxy‐phenanthren geht in Phenanthren‐chinon‐(3.4) über.