bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of varying degrees of powdery mildew infection (Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill) on the volatile compounds of Chardonnay grapes, must and wine
Authors: Rusjan Denis , Jug Tjaša , Kralj Mojca Bavcon
Published: October 2016

Aims: The aims of this study are (i) to trace the major components responsible for the unpleasant mushroom, earthy and geranium odour in the transformation from grapes to wine in response to powdery mildew infection intensities, (ii) to determine the impact of an aggressive infection on volatile compounds in grapes and wine, and (iii) to determine their effect on the olfactory-taste evaluation of the resulting Chardonnay wine.

Methods and results: A GC-MS technique was used to investigate the impacts of different degrees of oidium infections (0, 10, 50 and 100% of infected grapes) on the presence of volatiles in grapes, musts and wines. The number of volatiles was higher in oidium-infected grapes than in noninfected grapes, especially for terpenes, aldehydes and alcohols, with 1- octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, 2-heptanol and 2-octenal, the volatiles reminiscent of mushroom-, geranium-, and earthy-like odours, being detected in oidiuminfected grapes only. After overnight clarification, 1-octen-3-ol and 2- heptanol but also methyl-2-furoate were the only mushroom reminiscent volatiles detected in the musts. The infection also caused higher amounts of acetic acid, furfural and some of its derivates (2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, furaneol), most ethyl esters (except ethyl caprylate), 1-hexanol, maltol and 1-decanol in musts. After alcoholic fermentation the number of esters in young wines increased, whereas that of aldehydes decreased, especially in the wines produced from severely infected grapes. Though it was not detected by sensory analysis, we assume that the intensification of the odours reminiscent of pineapple, banana and coconut in the aged wines produced from infected grapes was likely a consequence of the increased amount of esters.

Conclusion: Powdery mildew infection statistically decreased the freshness but enhanced the malty, sweet mouthfeel of Chardonnay wine, and neither the mushroom odour nor taste were perceived, which contradict some previously published findings.

Significance and impact of the study: This study gives an answer to the significant problem of wine production from oidium-infected grapes. It reports for the first time the traceability of volatiles highly related to mushroom, earthy and geranium odours from the Chardonnay grapes to the wines. The overnight must clarification decreased the impacts of unpleasant volatiles on must and wine odour. This suggested that the oidium infection of the grapes does not necessarily hinder the production of wine, as no unpleasant odour could be sensory evaluated, not even in the wines made from highly infected grapes.
Context Based Software Development Knowledge Map
Authors: E.Fayad Dr. Mohamed , A. Flood Charles
Published: October 2016

The rich and complex elements existing across the development process that define the ultimate goal of the developers’ team could be viewed as their context. This can be viewed across different dimensions and is helpful for a team of developers to remain within a predefined limit. In other words, they can easily recognize their boundaries and are able to view the scope of the software under development. This document clearly defines the dimensions that characterize the work environment of developers in context based software development. It also illustrates the knowledge maps by using enduring business themes, business objects and industrial objects, which create a comprehensive pattern in a software development context. These models and design patterns also provide a new dimension for the developer in a context based development. Furthermore, it gives them a clear perspective to use these design patterns to develop a number of applications on top of it. The developer can use extraction, analysis and availability to gain new knowledge, while using context based software development process. The patterns developed also provide a rich working environment to a particular developer and enables him/her to relate to the task that is being developed. The use case section provides a clear example and of how these enduring business themes and business objects can be mapped to an application leading the way for the user to design similar applications and use cases, to make use of these available design patterns and benefit and be more productive in the process of context based software development.
Point‐of‐care management of fulminant hyperfibrinolysis in the Emergency Department after hanging trauma
Authors: Giordano Stefano , Spiezia Luca , Casacanditella Graziana , Pizziol Alessandra , Simioni Paolo
Published: October 2016

Fulminant hyperfibrinolysis has a mortality rate of 80‐100% and requires early treatment with anti‐fibrinolytics and fibrinogen. In cases of major trauma, rapid coagulation assessment and control are fundamental to successful patient management. Standard laboratory coagulation tests take time and are insufficient in describing Trauma‐Induced Coagulopathy. Point‐Of‐Care (POC) tests such as ROTEM® (rotational thromboelastometry) and MULTIPLATE® (impedance aggregometry) can overcome these limitations and are effective as a guide to coagulation status and requirements for transfusion support. We report the successful POC management of fulminant hyperfibrinolysis after a hanging trauma in a man admitted to the Emergency Department.
Paradoxical Vocal Cord Motion terminated by sevoflurane inhalation: a case report and review of the condition
Authors: Barry Maeve , Fitzpatrick Gerry
Published: October 2016

Paradoxical vocal cord motion (PVCM) is an episodic and abnormal adduction of the vocal cords giving rise to stridor, wheeze, shortness of breath (SOB), cough and chest tightness. It is often mistaken for asthma so the incidence of the disorder is unknown but it may be as high as 22% in patients who present to the Emergency Department with acute dyspnoea. The pathophysiology of PVCM is not well understood but is thought to include both psychological and physical components. Management is based upon speech and language therapy as well as identifying and removing triggers. A number of strategies aimed at terminating acute episodes have been described, including CPAP, inspiratory valve devices, speech and language techniques, nebulised lidocaine, heliox and benzodiazepines. We describe the case of a 56 year old male with a longstanding history of brittle asthma, in whom an acute episode of PVCM was terminated with sevoflurane, an intervention that averted the need for tracheal intubation.
Villamosenergia előállítása megújuló energiaforrások segítségével egy település példáján keresztül
Authors: Csizmadia Ivett , Győri Barnabás , Kulcsár Balázs
Published: October 2016

Dolgozatunkban Komádi város megújuló energetikai adottságát vizsgáljuk. Kitérünk arra, hogy jelenleg milyen módon hasznosítja a város a lehetőségeit, valamint javaslatokat adunk arra, hogy az önkormányzati épületek villamosenergia-igényét milyen módon lehetne megújuló energiaforrások segítségével biztosítani.
Saját fejlesztésű vezérlőrendszer
Authors: Erdei Timotei , Molnár Zsolt , Husi Géza
Published: October 2016

A Debreceni Egyetem Épületmechatronikai kutatóközpontjában, a központban a legújabb épületautomatizálási eszközök kaptak helyett az oktatás színvonalának növelése érdekében. Az általunk kifejlesztett rendszer egy egyedülálló beágyazott rendszer, amely újrakonfigurálható és szabályozható az adott feladatok ellátása végett. A vezérlő rendszer bizonyítottan alkalmas lehet ipari gyártósori rendszerekbe való integrálásra.
A tufakő Egerben és környékén
Authors: Juhász Péter , Csanády Gábor
Published: October 2016

Dolgozatomban, a helyben nagy mennyiségben fellelhető kőzet keletkezésével, és annak felhasználásávalfoglalkoztam.
Befejezetlen terek
Authors: Korózs Dóra , Zombor Gábor
Published: October 2016

TDK dolgozatom a befejezetlen terek vizsgálatával foglalkozik. A kutatásom elsősorban tér fogalmának definiálásával, a tér adaptív jellemzőivel, valamint a befejezetlenség kérdéskörének vizsgálatával foglalkozik különböző szempontrendszerek segítségével.
Towards a High Reliable Enforcement of Safety Regulations - A Workflow Meta Data Model and Probabilistic Failure Management Approach
Authors: Thimm Heiko Henning
Published: October 2016

Today’s companies are able to automate the enforcement of Environmental, Health and Safety (EH&S) duties through the use of workflow management technology. This approach requires to specify activities that are combined to workflow models for EH&S enforcement duties. In order to meet given safety regulations these activities are to be completed correctly and within given deadlines. Otherwise, activity failures emerge which may lead to breaches against safety regulations. A novel domain-specific workflow meta data model is proposed. The model enables a system to detect and predict activity failures through the use of data about the company, failure statistics, and activity proxies. Since the detection and prediction methods are based on the evaluation of constraints specified on EH&S regulations, a system approach is proposed that builds on the integration of a Workflow Management System (WMS) with an EH&S Compliance Information System. Main principles of the failure detection and prediction are described. For EH&S managers the system shall provide insights into the current failure situation. This can help to prevent and mitigate critical situations such as safety enforcement measures that are behind their deadlines. As a result a more reliable enforcement of safety regulations can be achieved.
Efeito do período de armazenamento, local e tipo de tratamento sobre a qualidade de ovos brancos para consumo humano
Authors: Sfaciotte Ricardo Antonio Pilegi , Barbosa Maria José Baptista , Wosiacki Sheila Rezler , Cardozo Rejane Machado , Martins Raquel Reis
Published: October 2016

The quality of the eggs is determined by external aspects, they are related to the quality of the bark as its structure and hygiene, and the internal aspects such as the characteristics of the yolk, the air chamber, albumen, color, odor and taste, being that all of these characteristics leads to the acceptability of the product by consumers. The time of storage and temperature of the eggs has great influence to indicate the quality of the egg. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of time in days and the storage location and type of treatment (washing and immersion with mineral oil) in the external and internal quality of white eggs of laying hens for human consumption. The treatments consisted of six (6) storage periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35), two (2) local storage (refrigerator and environment) and three (3) types of treatment (washed with water current, not washed and brushed the wider end with mineral oil). The variables studied were egg weight, albumen height, yolk height and width. In this study, we observed that independent of treatment (washed eggs, not washed and brushed with mineral oil), preserved in refrigerator were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in quality for highegg yolk and height albumen, compared with the environment. For the width of the yolk and egg weight, the effects were varied. Thus, it was concluded that by means of this test the eggs lose their qualitative properties over time if they are not kept in low temperature conditions, whether they are brushed with oil, cleaned with running water or not.
Impactos do uso da somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) sobre a reprodução de ruminantes*
Authors: Dambit Tamiris Franke , Sant’ana Valéria Caobianco , Santos Robson Oliveira dos , Ferreira Márcio Augusto , Varoni Paulo César
Published: October 2016

Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (rbST) has been identified as a substance that can positively impact the reproduction of ruminants, there are, however, few studies published of its use in this area, perhaps because  rbST has been banned in many countries. Also known as growth hormone, somatotropin causes favorable reactions related to improving reproductive characteristic such as conception rate, in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro embryo culture among others. More studies are needed in order to better understand the effects of rbST and its possible use as a tool to improve the reproduction of ruminants. This article is a review of the literature on the possible effects of rbST in the reproduction of ruminants.
Decreased ultrasound echogenicity as a thyroid hypofunction marker and correlation with autoantibody levels
Authors: Dimic Dragan , Velojic-Golubovic Milena , Radenkovic Sasa , Radojkovic Danijela , Pesic Milica
Published: October 2016

Background/Aim. The value of ultrasound in functional disorders can be significant. That is why the question arises on the use of ultrasound examination of thyroid gland and its echogenicity as a screening method in early detection of disfunctions, of the gland primarily subclinical and clinical forms of hypothyreoidism. The objective of this paper was to determine antibodies of thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobuline antibodies (anti-TG) increase frequency in relation to the character of ultrasound echogenicity as well as to estimate the frequency of subclinically and clinically obvious hypothyreoidism in relation to the changed echogenicity. Methods. Study included 656 patients in outpatient clinic during 2014. All examinees underwent ultrasound examination of thyroid gland, the blood was taken for determination of free thyroxine (FT4), thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), anti-TPO and anti-TG. The patients were divided into two groups; the group A with normal echogenicity of thyroid gland tissue, and the group B with decreased echogenicity. The group B was divided into two subgroups, B1 with a mildly decreased and B2 with significantly decreased echogenicity. Results. TPO antibody, TSH and TG antibody positivity and their mean values in the group B were significantly higher, as well as in subgroups B1 and B2, in relation to the group A (p < 0.001). In the group A, only 4 (1%) examinees were indicated with subclinical hypothyreoidism. In the group B, the sublinical hypothyreoidism was indicated in 42, while the clinical hypothyreoidism was indicated in 16 examinees. Fifty-eight (25%) examinees suffered from thyroid gland altered function. In the subgroup B1, 16 examinees were indicated with subclinical and 4 with clinical hypothyreoidism. Twenty (11%) examinees suffered from altered thyroid function. In the group B2, the subclinical hypothyreoidism was found in 26 examinees, while the clinical hypothyreoidism was found in 12. Thirty-eight (76%) examinees suffered from altered thyroid function. Conclusion. The ultrasound screening of thyroid gland plays an important role in early detection of thyroid disfunction, i.e., sublinical and clinical hypothyreoidism. Decreased ultrasound echogenicity represents the significant marker of altered thyroid gland function. In these persons we have determined the high percentage of subclinical and clinical hypothyreoidism frequency.
Brain GLUT4 Knockout Mice Have Impaired Glucose Tolerance, Decreased Insulin Sensitivity, and Impaired Hypoglycemic Counterregulation
Authors: Reno Candace M. , Puente Erwin C. , Sheng Zhenyu , Daphna-Iken Dorit , Bree Adam J. , Routh Vanessa H. , Kahn Barbara B. , Fisher Simon J.
Published: October 2016

GLUT4 in muscle and adipose tissue is important in maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, the role of insulin-responsive GLUT4 in the central nervous system has not been well characterized. To assess its importance, a selective knockout of brain GLUT4 (BG4KO) was generated by crossing Nestin-Cre mice with GLUT4-floxed mice. BG4KO mice had a 99% reduction in GLUT4 protein expression throughout the brain. Despite normal feeding and fasting glycemia, BG4KO mice were glucose intolerant, demonstrated hepatic insulin resistance, and had reduced glucose uptake in the brain. In response to hypoglycemia, BG4KO mice had impaired glucose sensing, noted by impaired epinephrine and glucagon responses and impaired c-fos activation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Moreover, in vitro glucose sensing of glucose-inhibitory neurons from the ventromedial hypothalamus was impaired in BG4KO mice. In summary, BG4KO mice are glucose intolerant, insulin resistant, and have impaired glucose sensing, indicating a critical role for brain GLUT4 in sensing and responding to changes in blood glucose.
Tangled Up in Blue: Unraveling the Links Between Emotional Distress and Treatment Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gonzalez Jeffrey S. , Kane Naomi S. , Binko Deborah H. , Shapira Amit , Hoogendoorn Claire J.
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE

We conducted comprehensive assessments of emotional distress to examine relations with diabetes medication adherence over time.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Ethnically and socioeconomically diverse adults treated for type 2 diabetes completed validated self-reports (SRs) for diabetes distress and depression, were administered semistructured depression interviews, and provided blood samples for A1C. Medication adherence among 104 participants was electronically monitored (EM) over the subsequent 3 months; validated SRs of medication adherence were also obtained. Hierarchical linear regression evaluated independent effects of diabetes distress and depression on adherence.

RESULTS

Mean ± SD 3-month medication adherence was 76.1% ± 25.7% for EM and 83.7% ± 21.9% for SR. Higher levels of SR (P < 0.001) and interview-based (P < 0.05) depressive symptom severity (P < 0.05) and diabetes-related distress (P < 0.01) showed a significant bivariate association with EM and SR nonadherence. Regression models showed baseline diabetes distress was a significant independent predictor of EM (β = −0.29; P = 0.001) and SR adherence (β = −0.24; P < 0.02) at follow-up. SR depression was an independent predictor of EM and SR adherence and reduced the effects of diabetes distress to nonsignificance. Subsequent models indicated this effect was driven by somatic rather than cognitive-affective symptoms of depression. Results were consistent but weaker for interview-based depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings support diabetes-related distress and depression symptom severity as risk factors for type 2 diabetes medication nonadherence. Somatic symptoms captured by depression measures, but not cognitive-affective symptoms, independently predict nonadherence and should be further investigated as a potential link between emotional distress and nonadherence.
Novel Defect-correction High-order, in Space and Time, Accurate Schemes for Parabolic Singularly Perturbed Convection-diffusion Problems
Authors: Hemker Pieter W. , Shishkin Gregorii I. , Shishkin Lidia P.
Published: October 2016

New high-order accurate finite difference schemes based on defect correction are considered for an initial boundary-value problem on an interval for singularly
perturbed parabolic PDEs with convection; the highest space derivative in the equation is multiplied by the perturbation parameter ε. Solutions of the
well-known classical numerical schemes for such problems do not converge ε-uniformly (the errors of such schemes depend on the value of the parameter ε and are comparable
with the solution itself for small values of ε). The convergence order of the existing ε-uniformly convergent schemes does not exceed 1 in space and time. In this paper,
using a defect correction technique, we construct a special difference scheme that converges ε-uniformly with the second (up to a logarithmic factor) order of accuracy with
respect to x and with the second order of accuracy and higher with respect to t.
On Convergence of the Exponentially Fitted Finite Volume Method With an Anisotropic Mesh Refinement for a Singularly Perturbed Convection-diffusion Equation
Authors: Wang Song , Angermann Lutz
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a convergence analysis for the exponentially fitted finite volume method in two dimensions applied
to a linear singularly perturbed convection-diffusion equation with exponential boundary layers. The method is formulated
as a nonconforming Petrov-Galerkin finite element method with an exponentially fitted trial space and a piecewise constant
test space. The corresponding bilinear form is proved to be coercive with respect to a discrete energy norm. Numerical results are presented to
verify the theoretical rates of convergence.
Performance and Properties of an Additive Manufactured Coil for Inductive Heat Treatment in the MHz Range*
Authors: Habschied M. , Dietrich S. , Heussen D. , Schulze V.
Published: October 2016

In inductive heat treatment, the induction coil design plays an important role in the localization of heat generation. Therefore, the combination of an optimized coil geometry and frequency choice determines the workpiece properties and applicability of close-to-contour hardening for small parts or thin hardened layers. Additive manufacturing of copper alloys in the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process offers a method to build coils with high design flexibility and precision. Conventional coil manufacturing methods are reaching their limitations due to the conflicting geometry specifications at the applied frequency range. In the present work, a characterization is presented and the performance of an SLM manufactured coil in MHz induction application of small surface hardened wires of steel is examined.
Ein neuer Ansatz zur Regelung von Plasmanitrierprozessen mittels Plasmanitrierkennzahl*
Authors: Skalecki M. G. , Klümper-Westkamp H. , Hoffmann F. , Bischoff S. , Rohde J. , Winter K.-M.
Published: October 2016

Kurzfassung

Das Plasmanitrieren ist ein thermochemisches Wärmebehandlungsverfahren für Stahlbauteile, bei dem durch die Bildung einer Nitridschicht der Verschleißwiderstand, die Dauerfestigkeit und die Korrosionsbeständigkeit erhöht werden. Plasmanitrieren wird nach dem Stand der Technik mit festen Begasungsraten und Plasmaparametern durchgeführt. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass in der Plasmanitrieratmosphäre aus den Prozessgasen Stickstoff und Wasserstoff signifikante und charakteristische Mengen Ammoniak gebildet werden. Das Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist es, daraus Grundlagen für eine Regelung abzuleiten. Hierzu wird der Einfluss einiger Plasmaparameter auf die Atmosphäre sowie auf die Bildung von Ammoniak beim Plasmanitrieren ermittelt. Der Ammoniakgehalt wird mittels geeigneter Analysatoren im Abgasstrom gemessen. Aus den Gasanteilen der Atmosphäre und des Abgases kann eine Plasmanitrierkennzahl berechnet werden, die mit der Nitrierkennzahl aus dem Gasnitrieren vergleichbar ist. Durch die Anwendung der Plasmanitrierkennzahl lassen sich die Nitrierergebnisse bezüglich der Bildung und Zusammensetzung der Verbindungsschicht geregelt einstellen.
Bearing Steels for Induction Hardening – Part II
Authors: Wendel M. , Hoffmann F. , Datchary W.
Published: October 2016

Surface induction hardening, through induction hardening, and induction tempering of components like rolling elements or rings are established in production and are further developed in research and development. Among others, the used steel grade for induction hardening is one important factor affecting the induction hardening result. The present study benchmarks potential and existing bearing steels in terms of their induction hardening response. Steel grades with low to high carbon contents and different alloying strategies were selected. The robustness of the heat treatment result depending on the selected steels and their conditions prior to induction hardening, shall be pointed out. A dilatometer study was used to compare the sensitivity of martensite start temperature (MS), hardness after quenching, prior austenite grain size, and appearance of non-martensitic transformation products, for varied process parameters. The study showed the pronounced effect of the steels prior microstructure, prior to induction hardening, on the hardening response. The alloying with silicon and manganese reduced the amount of non-martensitic transformation products after hardening. Increasing amounts of alloying elements led in general to larger changes in MS temperature and lower hardness after hardening.
Randschichtgefüge aufgekohlter und bainitisch umgewandelter Bauteile und deren Festigkeitseigenschaften* – Teil 1: Untersuchungen des Umwandlungsverhaltens
Authors: Steinbacher M. , Hoffmann F. , Zoch H.-W.
Published: October 2016

Kurzfassung

Hoch belastete Bauteile wie Zahnräder werden zumeist einsatzgehärtet, um die spezifische Beanspruchbarkeit an der Zahnflanke und im Zahnfuß einzustellen. Der Wärmebehandlungsprozess umfasst hier Aufkohlen, gefolgt von Abschrecken auf RT in gasförmigen oder flüssigen Medien. Das Ergebnis der Wärmebehandlung ist in den meisten Fällen ein vornehmlich martensitisches Gefüge. Die Vorgaben für das Gefüge der Randschicht sehen üblicherweise ein Mischgefüge aus Martensit und fein verteilten Restaustenit sowie weitestgehend eine Freiheit von Carbidausscheidungen und diffusionsgesteuert gebildeten Gefügen wie Ferrit, Perlit oder Bainit vor. Insbesondere eine isothermische Umwandlung des aufgekohlten Bauteils in der unteren Bainitstufe verspricht jedoch aufgrund der gesteigerten Zähigkeit des Bainits gegenüber dem hoch kohlenstoffhaltigen Martensit Vorteile für die mechanischen Kennwerte so behandelter Bauteile. Möchte man dieses Verfahren beim „Einsatzhärten“ anwenden, sind aufgrund der bainitischen Umwandlung weitere Veränderungen im Prozess notwendig. So müssen in Abhängigkeit von der zuvor durchgeführten Aufkohlung und dem dabei eingestellten Randkohlenstoffgehalt die Umwandlungstemperatur und -dauer angepasst werden. Die Festlegung der Parameter setzt voraus, dass das Umwandlungsverhalten bekannt ist oder universell verwendete Parameter trotz einer damit verbundenen Gefügevariation im Ergebnis keinen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die Festigkeitskennwerte nehmen. Die Ergebnisse und mechanischen Kennwerte wurden systematisch untersucht und werden hier vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Psychometric Personality Differences Between Candidates in Astronaut Selection
Authors: Mittelstädt Justin M. , Pecena Yvonne , Oubaid Viktor , Maschke Peter
Published: October 2016

INTRODUCTION: This paper investigates personality traits as potential factors for success in an astronaut selection by comparing personality profiles of unsuccessful and successful astronaut candidates in different phases of the ESA selection procedure. It is further addressed
whether personality traits could predict an overall assessment rating at the end of the selection.METHODS: In 2008/2009, ESA performed an astronaut selection with 902 candidates who were either psychologically recommended for mission training (N = 46) or failed in basic aptitude
(N = 710) or Assessment Center and interview testing (N = 146). Candidates completed the Temperament Structure Scales (TSS) and the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R).RESULTS: Those candidates who failed in basic aptitude testing showed higher levels of Neuroticism
(M = 49.8) than the candidates who passed that phase (M = 45.4 and M = 41.6). Additionally, candidates who failed in basic testing had lower levels of Agreeableness (M = 132.9) than recommended candidates (M = 138.1). TSS scales for Achievement (r
= 0.19) and Vitality (r = 0.18) showed a significant correlation with the overall assessment rating given by a panel board after a final interview.DISCUSSION: Results indicate that a personality profile similar to Helmreich’s “Right Stuff” is beneficial
in astronaut selection. Influences of test anxiety on performance are discussed.Mittelstädt JM, Pecena Y, Oubaid V, Maschke P. Psychometric personality differences between candidates in astronaut selection. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(11):933–939.
A Two-Temperature Open-Source CFD Model for Hypersonic Reacting Flows, Part One: Zero-Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Casseau Vincent , Palharini Rodrigo , Scanlon Thomas , Brown Richard
Published: October 2016

A two-temperature CFD (computational fluid dynamics) solver is a prerequisite to any spacecraft re-entry numerical study that aims at producing results with a satisfactory level of accuracy within realistic timescales. In this respect, a new two-temperature CFD solver, hy2Foam, has been developed within the framework of the open-source CFD platform OpenFOAM for the prediction of hypersonic reacting flows. This solver makes the distinct juncture between the trans-rotational and multiple vibrational-electronic temperatures. hy2Foam has the capability to model vibrational-translational and vibrational-vibrational energy exchanges in an eleven-species air mixture. It makes use of either the Park TTv model or the coupled vibration-dissociation-vibration (CVDV) model to handle chemistry-vibration coupling and it can simulate flows with or without electronic energy. Verification of the code for various zero-dimensional adiabatic heat baths of progressive complexity has been carried out. hy2Foam has been shown to produce results in good agreement with those given by the CFD code LeMANS (The Michigan Aerothermodynamic Navier-Stokes solver) and previously published data. A comparison is also performed with the open-source DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) code dsmcFoam. It has been demonstrated that the use of the CVDV model and rates derived from Quantum-Kinetic theory promote a satisfactory consistency between the CFD and DSMC chemistry modules.
Sustainable Development of Rural Areas in the EU and China: A Common Strategy for Architectural Design, Research Practice and Decision-Making
Authors: Cattaneo Tiziano , Giorgi Emanuele , Ni Minqing , Manzoni Giorgio
Published: October 2016

This paper describes the results of a research project to develop a set of goals and strategies aimed at policymakers, stakeholders, researchers, designers and/or some other groups of citizens’ communities whose development actions are undertaken in a specific rural context. The aim of the project was to move beyond the knowledge of the articulated architectural and social evolution of the rural areas in both the EU and China, looking at the local and global challenges, at the need for continuous adaptation and at the experiences of resilience that the countryside faces today. The paper shows, through two-pronged methods, such as semantic analysis and a meta-project design, that a common strategy can be set to support actions for the development of rural areas both in China and the EU. In doing so, this study has defined a strategy system tool that is a type of interactive and generative key-checklist that can be used by stakeholders in specific contexts, becoming a reading tool, a set of design guidelines or a decision facilitator support system. The results achieved have been tested through design application in two meta-projects that confirm the validity of the whole research framework with the aim of promoting a sustainable development and enhancement of places and rural communities.
Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China
Authors: Yang Fen , Yang Chongming , Liu Yuzhong , Peng Shuzhen , Liu Bei , Gao Xudong , Tan Xiaodong
Published: October 2016

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a risk indicator for some eye diseases. However, the association between BMI and Visual Impairment (VI) was not quite certain in Chinese students. Our aim was to assess the relationship between BMI and VI with a cross-sectional study. A total of 3771 students aged 6–21 years, including 729 with VI, were sampled from 24 schools in Huangpi District of central China to participate in the study. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling was adopted. Each of the students answered a questionnaire and had physical and eye examinations. The association between BMI and VI was examined with logistic regression and threshold effect analysis. The prevalence of VI was 19.33% (729/3771). Compared to normal and underweight, overweight/obese students showed a stronger relation with VI in age- and sex-adjusted (Odds Ratio (OR) = 16.16, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 12.37–21.09, p < 0.001) and multivariable models (OR = 8.32, 95% CI: 6.13–11.30, p < 0.001). There was a nonlinear dose–response relation between levels of BMI and the prevalence of VI (p < 0.001). A high level of BMI (≥19.81 kg/m2) was associated with a higher VI prevalence (adjusted OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15–1.25, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study demonstrated BMI levels were significantly associated with the prevalence of VI.
Development of Bt Rice and Bt Maize in China and Their Efficacy in Target Pest Control
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Hallerman Eric , Peng Yufa , Li Yunhe
Published: October 2016

Rice and maize are important cereal crops that serve as staple foods, feed, and industrial material in China. Multiple factors constrain the production of both crops, among which insect pests are an important one. Lepidopteran pests cause enormous yield losses for the crops annually. In order to control these pests, China plays an active role in development and application of genetic engineering (GE) to crops, and dozens of GE rice and GE maize lines expressing insecticidal proteins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been developed. Many lines have entered environmental release, field testing, and preproduction testing, and laboratory and field experiments have shown that most of the Bt rice and Bt maize lines developed in China exhibited effective control of major target lepidopteran pests on rice (Chilo suppressalis, Scirpophaga incertulas, and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and maize (Ostrinia furnacalis), demonstrating bright prospects for application. However, none of these Bt lines has yet been commercially planted through this writing in 2016. Challenges and perspectives for development and application of Bt rice and maize in China are discussed. This article provides a general context for colleagues to learn about research and development of Bt crops in China, and may shed light on future work in this field.
Dissecting Candida albicans Infection from the Perspective of C. albicans Virulence and Omics Approaches on Host–Pathogen Interaction: A Review
Authors: Chin Voon , Lee Tze , Rusliza Basir , Chong Pei
Published: October 2016

Candida bloodstream infections remain the most frequent life-threatening fungal disease, with Candida albicans accounting for 70% to 80% of the Candida isolates recovered from infected patients. In nature, Candida species are part of the normal commensal flora in mammalian hosts. However, they can transform into pathogens once the host immune system is weakened or breached. More recently, mortality attributed to Candida infections has continued to increase due to both inherent and acquired drug resistance in Candida, the inefficacy of the available antifungal drugs, tedious diagnostic procedures, and a rising number of immunocompromised patients. Adoption of animal models, viz. minihosts, mice, and zebrafish, has brought us closer to unraveling the pathogenesis and complexity of Candida infection in human hosts, leading towards the discovery of biomarkers and identification of potential therapeutic agents. In addition, the advancement of omics technologies offers a holistic view of the Candida-host interaction in a non-targeted and non-biased manner. Hence, in this review, we seek to summarize past and present milestone findings on C. albicans virulence, adoption of animal models in the study of C. albicans infection, and the application of omics technologies in the study of Candida–host interaction. A profound understanding of the interaction between host defense and pathogenesis is imperative for better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies in future.
The Effects of Exercise and Kinesio Tape on Physical Limitations in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Castrogiovanni Paola , Di Giunta Angelo , Guglielmino Claudia , Roggio Federico , Romeo Domenico , Fidone Federica , Imbesi Rosa , Loreto Carla , Castorina Sergio , Musumeci Giuseppe
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of kinesio taping (KT) in combination with moderate adapted exercise on the functional outcome of patients with knee osteoarthritis. We included 66 patients who presented pain and functional impairment with osteoarthritis. At the end of the treatment, only 57 patients remained because nine patients were excluded. Patients were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: (1) exercise group; (2) exercise KT with tension application (stabilizing effect) group; (3) exercise KT without tension application (draining effect) group. We used different methods of investigation: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, the Visual Analogue Scaling Score for Pain, the Timed Up and Go test and analgesic consumption. Our results showed a reduction in knee pain, improvement in knee function and also less need for medication in patients with knee osteoarthritis treated with kinesio taping in combination with exercise for, at least, a period of three months. In conclusion, we can assert that therapeutic knee kinesio taping in association with a moderate adapted training is an effective method for the management of pain and disability limitations in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
The “Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology” Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Gait and Posture
Authors: Castrogiovanni Paola , Szychlinska Marta , Lorenzetti Silvio , Ljubisavljevic Milos
Published: October 2016

We are glad to introduce the third Journal Club. The third edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last years in the field of Gait and Posture, chosen by our Editorial Board members. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you a passion for sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
Multi-Phase Friction and Wear Reduction by Copper Nanopartices
Authors: Scherge Matthias , Böttcher Roman , Kürten Dominik , Linsler Dominic
Published: October 2016

Finely dispersed copper nanoparticles were added as an additive to fully-formulated engine oils. The copper additive was in colloidal form, with an inner core of Cu2+ atoms covered by surfactants to form stable reverse micelles that are completely dispersible in the base oil. The tribological process to form protective films at the metal surface is comprised of three phases. Phase I can be considered a physical process involving the build-up of polar molecules by absorption to produce a friction modifier film, whereas phases II and III have to be treated as mechanochemical processes comprising a combination of redox reactions and a third body formation. The tribological performance was investigated using atomic force microscopy, a microtribometer, a pin-on-disk tribometer in combination with continuous and high-resolution wear measurements with radionuclide technique, and high pressure stressing in a thrust roller bearing test rig. In addition, the nanostructure of the additive was characterized by atomic force microscopy. Finally, the chemical composition of the metal surface was analyzed using photoelectron spectroscopy.
Interior Fracture Mechanism Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of Surface-Hardened Gear Steel under Axial Loading
Authors: Li Wei , Deng Hailong , Liu Pengfei
Published: October 2016

The interior defect-induced fracture of surface-hardened metallic materials in the long life region has become a key issue on engineering design. In the present study, the axial loading test with fully reversed condition was performed to examine the fatigue property of a surface-carburized low alloy gear steel in the long life region. Results show that this steel represents the duplex S-N (stress-number of cycles) characteristics without conventional fatigue limit related to 107 cycles. Fatigue cracks are all originated from the interior inclusions in the matrix region due to the inhabitation effect of carburized layer. The inclusion induced fracture with fisheye occurs in the short life region below 5 × 105 cycles, whereas the inclusion induced fracture with fine granular area (FGA) and fisheye occurs in the long life region beyond 106 cycles. The stress intensity factor range at the front of FGA can be regarded as the threshold value controlling stable growth of interior long crack. The evaluated maximum inclusion size in the effective damage volume of specimen is about 27.29 μm. Considering the size relationships between fisheye and FGA, and inclusion, the developed life prediction method involving crack growth can be acceptable on the basis of the good agreement between the predicted and experimental results.
Towards Water Soluble Mitochondria-Targeting Theranostic Osmium(II) Triazole-Based Complexes
Authors: Omar Salem , Scattergood Paul , McKenzie Luke , Bryant Helen , Weinstein Julia , Elliott Paul
Published: October 2016

The complex [Os(btzpy)2][PF6]2 (1, btzpy = 2,6-bis(1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine) has been prepared and characterised. Complex 1 exhibits phosphorescence (λem = 595 nm, τ = 937 ns, φem = 9.3% in degassed acetonitrile) in contrast to its known ruthenium(II) analogue, which is non-emissive at room temperature. The complex undergoes significant oxygen-dependent quenching of emission with a 43-fold reduction in luminescence intensity between degassed and aerated acetonitrile solutions, indicating its potential to act as a singlet oxygen sensitiser. Complex 1 underwent counterion metathesis to yield [Os(btzpy)2]Cl2 (1Cl), which shows near identical optical absorption and emission spectra to those of 1. Direct measurement of the yield of singlet oxygen sensitised by 1Cl was carried out (φ (1O2) = 57%) for air equilibrated acetonitrile solutions. On the basis of these photophysical properties, preliminary cellular uptake and luminescence microscopy imaging studies were conducted. Complex 1Cl readily entered the cancer cell lines HeLa and U2OS with mitochondrial staining seen and intense emission allowing for imaging at concentrations as low as 1 μM. Long-term toxicity results indicate low toxicity in HeLa cells with LD50 >100 μM. Osmium(II) complexes based on 1 therefore present an excellent platform for the development of novel theranostic agents for anticancer activity.
A Vision-Based Approach for Building Telecare and Telerehabilitation Services
Authors: Barriga Angela , Conejero José , Hernández Juan , Jurado Elena , Moguel Enrique , Sánchez-Figueroa Fernando
Published: October 2016

In the last few years, telerehabilitation and telecare have become important topics in healthcare since they enable people to remain independent in their own homes by providing person-centered technologies to support the individual. These technologies allows elderly people to be assisted in their home, instead of traveling to a clinic, providing them wellbeing and personalized health care. The literature shows a great number of interesting proposals to address telerehabilitation and telecare scenarios, which may be mainly categorized into two broad groups, namely wearable devices and context-aware systems. However, we believe that these apparently different scenarios may be addressed by a single context-aware approach, concretely a vision-based system that can operate automatically in a non-intrusive way for the elderly, and this is the goal of this paper. We present a general approach based on 3D cameras and neural network algorithms that offers an efficient solution for two different scenarios of telerehabilitation and telecare for elderly people. Our empirical analysis reveals the effectiveness and accuracy of the algorithms presented in our approach and provides more than promising results when the neural network parameters are properly adjusted.
CCD-Based Skinning Injury Recognition on Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Comparison between Visible and Biospeckle Imaging
Authors: Gao Yingwang , Geng Jinfeng , Rao Xiuqin , Ying Yibin
Published: October 2016

Skinning injury on potato tubers is a kind of superficial wound that is generally inflicted by mechanical forces during harvest and postharvest handling operations. Though skinning injury is pervasive and obstructive, its detection is very limited. This study attempted to identify injured skin using two CCD (Charge Coupled Device) sensor-based machine vision technologies, i.e., visible imaging and biospeckle imaging. The identification of skinning injury was realized via exploiting features extracted from varied ROIs (Region of Interests). The features extracted from visible images were pixel-wise color and texture features, while region-wise BA (Biospeckle Activity) was calculated from biospeckle imaging. In addition, the calculation of BA using varied numbers of speckle patterns were compared. Finally, extracted features were implemented into classifiers of LS-SVM (Least Square Support Vector Machine) and BLR (Binary Logistic Regression), respectively. Results showed that color features performed better than texture features in classifying sound skin and injured skin, especially for injured skin stored no less than 1 day, with the average classification accuracy of 90%. Image capturing and processing efficiency can be speeded up in biospeckle imaging, with captured 512 frames reduced to 125 frames. Classification results obtained based on the feature of BA were acceptable for early skinning injury stored within 1 day, with the accuracy of 88.10%. It is concluded that skinning injury can be recognized by visible and biospeckle imaging during different stages. Visible imaging has the aptitude in recognizing stale skinning injury, while fresh injury can be discriminated by biospeckle imaging.
Chloroplast sequence of treegourd (Crescentia cujete, Bignoniaceae) to study phylogeography and domestication
Authors: Moreira Priscila Ambrósio , Mariac Cédric , Scarcelli Nora , Couderc Marie , Rodrigues Doriane Picanço , Clement Charles R. , Vigouroux Yves
Published: October 2016

Premise of the study:

Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae) fruit rinds are traditionally used for storage vessels and handicrafts. We assembled its chloroplast genome and identified single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Methods and Results:

Using a genome skimming approach, the whole chloroplast of C. cujete was assembled using 3,106,928 sequence reads of 150 bp. The chloroplast is 154,662 bp in length, structurally divided into a large single copy region (84,788 bp), a small single copy region (18,299 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (51,575 bp) with 88 genes annotated. By resequencing the whole chloroplast, we identified 66 SNPs in C. cujete (N = 30) and 68 SNPs in C. amazonica (N = 6). Nucleotide diversity was estimated at 1.1 × 10−3 and 3.5 × 10−3 for C. cujete and C. amazonica, respectively.

Conclusions:

This broadened C. cujete genetic toolkit will be important to study the origin, domestication, diversity, and phylogeography of treegourds in the Neotropics.
Development of microsatellite markers for the clonal shrub Orixa japonica (Rutaceae) using 454 sequencing
Authors: Tamaki Ichiro , Setsuko Suzuki , Sugai Kyoko , Yanagisawa Nao
Published: October 2016

Premise of the study:

Microsatellite markers were developed for a dioecious shrub, Orixa japonica (Rutaceae). Because O. japonica vigorously propagates by vegetative growth, microsatellite markers can be used to identify clonal relationships among its ramets.

Methods and Results:

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified by 454 next‐generation sequencing. The number of alleles and expected heterozygosity for each locus among four populations ranged from two to 10 and from 0.140 to 0.875, respectively. Five of the 16 loci showed a low null allele frequency. Because Orixa is a monotypic genus, cross‐amplification in a consubfamilial species, Skimmia japonica, was tested, and only one locus showed polymorphism.

Conclusions:

These microsatellite markers developed for O. japonica contribute to clone identification for studies examining the clonal structure and true sex ratio in the wild. Moreover, five markers that have a low null allele frequency can also be used for estimating mating systems or performing parentage analysis.