bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring deep Mediterranean rhodolith beds
Authors: Basso Daniela , Babbini Lorenza , Kaleb Sara , Bracchi Valentina A. , Falace Annalisa
Published: December 2015

The protocols available for sampling and monitoring shallow subtidal rhodolith beds (RBs) are inadequate for the deep Mediterranean analogues, and need calibration in order to attain comparable results.

After reviewing the present knowledge of the specificities of Mediterranean RBs, and in the framework of the ongoing international effort for their conservation, a two‐step approach is suggested for their definition, identification, delimitation, description, and monitoring.

Regional mapping should be improved, and RBs should be identified and delimited as those areas of the sea floor with >10% cover of live rhodoliths over a minimum surface of 500 m2, on 1:10000 scale. More detailed scales (at least 1:1000) should be used for monitoring selected RBs, in order to detect significant changes through time.

Beside location and areal extent, the description of RBs should include the occurrence of macroscopic sedimentary structures of the sea floor, thickness of live cover, mean percentage cover of live thalli and surface live/dead ratio, cover of dominant morphologies of rhodoliths (simplified on a ternary diagram), and volumetrically important calcareous algal species.

For the purpose of assessment of the ecological status and the evaluation of human‐induced impacts, quantitative data about community composition are required. The comparative assessment of ecological status and the identification of RBs of high conservation value for special protection should consider the natural geographic and seasonal/annual variability of RBs.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reporting by‐catch and mortalities in targeted biological field surveys on fishes
Authors: Ellender Bruce R. , Wasserman Ryan J. , Ndaleni Phumza M. , Mofu Lubabalo , Wu Yu , Weyl Olaf L. F.
Published: December 2015

There is a paucity of information on the mortality of fishes and the capture and mortality of non‐target by‐catch organisms during scientific fish research surveys.

To investigate the extent of by‐catch and reporting by biologists during fish surveys, a questionnaire survey of active field biologists in southern Africa was undertaken together with two case studies of field surveys from nine river systems in southern Africa.

The majority of researchers questioned record non‐target organisms only occasionally (40%), and very few collect additional biological information (15%) with some not recording any information at all (20%). The vast majority of researchers do not, however, present or publish by‐catch or mortality data despite this information having been collected. The case studies using fish field surveys show that while by‐catch is often low, non‐fish vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles and mammals) and invertebrates such as large crustaceans are often present. Fish surveys also resulted in unwanted mortality of both target and by‐catch organisms.

It is proposed that reporting by‐catch during field surveys of fishes can provide important information on distribution, abundance and population structures of certain non‐target fauna and that in addition to by‐catch considerations, indirect mortality associated with gear use should also be reported and recorded. Such information will aid in the assessment of risk of deploying certain gear types in certain environments.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of mole external genitalia: Setting the record straight
Authors: Sinclair Adriane Watkins , Glickman Stephen E. , Baskin Laurence , Cunha Gerald R.
Published: December 2015

Anatomy of male and female external genitalia of adult mice (Mus musculus) and broad‐footed moles (Scapanus latimanus) was re‐examined to provide more meaningful anatomical terminology. In the past the perineal appendage of male broad‐footed moles has been called the penis, while the female perineal appendage has been given several terms (e.g. clitoris, penile clitoris, peniform clitoris and others). Histological examination demonstrates that perineal appendages of male and female broad‐footed moles are the prepuce, which in both sexes are covered externally with a hair‐bearing epidermis and lacks erectile bodies. The inner preputial epithelium is non‐hair‐bearing and defines the preputial space in both sexes. The penis of broad‐footed moles lies deep within the preputial space, is an “internal organ” in the resting state and contains the penile urethra, os penis, and erectile bodies. The clitoris of broad‐footed moles is defined by a U‐shaped clitoral epithelial lamina. Residing within clitoral stroma encompassed by the clitoral epithelial lamina is the corpus cavernosum, blood‐filled spaces and the urethra. External genitalia of male and female mice are anatomically similar to that of broad‐footed moles with the exception that in female mice the clitoris contains a small os clitoridis and lacks defined erectile bodies, while male mice have an os penis and a prominent distal cartilaginous structure within the male urogenital mating protuberance (MUMP). Clitori of female broad‐footed moles lack an os clitoridis but contain defined erectile bodies, while male moles have an os penis similar to the mouse but lack the distal cartilaginous structure. Anat Rec, 299:385–399, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
O6‐Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferase Repair Activity Towards Intrastrand Cross‐Linked DNA is Influenced by the Internucleotide Linkage
Authors: O'Flaherty Derek K. , Wilds Christopher J.
Published: December 2015

Oligonucleotides containing an alkylene intrastrand cross‐link (IaCL) between the O6‐atoms of two consecutive 2′‐deoxyguanosines (dG) were prepared by solid‐phase synthesis. UV thermal denaturation studies of duplexes containing butylene and heptylene IaCL revealed a 20 °C reduction in stability compared to the unmodified duplexes. Circular dichroism profiles of these IaCL DNA duplexes exhibited signatures consistent with B‐form DNA. Human O6‐alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) was capable of repairing both IaCL containing duplexes with slightly greater efficiency towards the heptylene analog. Interestingly, repair efficiencies of hAGT towards these IaCL were lower compared to O6‐alkylene linked IaCL lacking the 5′‐3′‐phosphodiester linkage between the connected 2′‐deoxyguanosine residues. These results demonstrate that the proficiency of hAGT activity towards IaCL at the O6‐atom of dG is influenced by the backbone phosphodiester linkage between the cross‐linked residues.
Exploring the Effect of Co3O4 Nanocatalysts with Different Dimensional Architectures on Methane Combustion
Authors: Sun Yongnan , Liu Jingwei , Song Jianjun , Huang Shuangshuang , Yang Nating , Zhang Jun , Sun Yuhan , Zhu Yan
Published: December 2015

We fabricated Co3O4 catalysts with different spatial structures, such as zero‐dimensional (nanoparticles), one‐dimensional (nanorods), two‐dimensional (nanoplates), and three‐dimensional (mesoporous and microporous) structures, for methane combustion. The Co3O4 catalysts with different dimensional architectures demonstrated different activities for the breaking of the C−H bond of methane. In particular, Co3O4 with 2 D structure gave rise to the highest activity among all the samples, in which methane could be initially ignited below 200 °C and completely converted to CO2 at 375 °C. This activity is attributed to the collective contribution from all the exposed high‐index planes of 2 D Co3O4 and to more surface‐active species being formed on 2 D Co3O4.
Probing the Limits of Selectivity in a Recognition‐Mediated Reaction Network Embedded within a Dynamic Covalent Library
Authors: Kosikova Tamara , Mackenzie Harry , Philp Douglas
Published: December 2015

Two recognition‐mediated reaction processes operating through reactive binary complexes drive resolution of a 24‐component dynamic covalent library, assembled from individual aldehydes and nucleophiles. The effectiveness of the library resolution and selective amplification of one recognition‐enabled species over another is limited by the difference in the rates of the recognition‐mediated reactive processes and the strength of the recognition processes employed in the dynamic system.
Different Spin‐State Behaviors in Isostructural Solvates of a Molecular Iron(II) Complex
Authors: Cook Laurence J. Kershaw , Kulmaczewski Rafal , Cespedes Oscar , Halcrow Malcolm A.
Published: December 2015

The complex [FeL2][BF4]2 (1; L=4‐(isopropylsulfanyl)‐2,6‐di(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine) forms solvate crystals 1⋅solv (solv=MeNO2, MeCN, EtCN, or Me2CO). Most of these materials lose their solvent sluggishly on heating. However, heating 1⋅MeNO2 at 450 K, or storing 1⋅EtCN under ambient conditions, leads to single‐crystal to single‐crystal exchange of the organic solvent for atmospheric moisture, forming 1⋅H2O. Solvent‐free 1 (1⋅sf) can be generated in situ by annealing 1⋅H2O at 370 K in the diffractometer or magnetometer. The different forms of 1 are isostructural (P21/c, Z=4) and most of them exhibit spin‐crossover (SCO) at 141≤T
≤212 K, depending on their solvent content. The exception is the EtCN solvate, whose pristine crystals remain high‐spin between 3–300 K. The cooperativity of the spin‐transitions depends on the solvent, ranging from gradual and incomplete when solv=acetone to abrupt with 17 K hysteresis when solv=MeCN. Our previously proposed relationship between molecular structure and SCO explains some of these observations, but there is no single structural feature that correlates with SCO in all the 1⋅solv materials. However, changes to the unit cell dimensions during SCO differ significantly between the solvates, and correlate with the SCO cooperativity. In particular, the percentage change in unit cell volume during SCO for the most cooperative material, 1⋅MeCN, is 10 times smaller than for the other 1⋅solv crystals.
Recent Advances in the One‐Step Synthesis of Distally Fluorinated Ketones
Authors: Zeng Yuwen , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: December 2015

Fluorinated ketones are intriguing compounds in synthetic chemistry and life science‐related fields. The development of efficient methodologies to obtain these compounds is of significant importance and has therefore attracted considerable attention. This Minireview highlights recent progress made in the synthesis of fluorine‐containing ketones, with an emphasis on those methods in which the construction of carbonyl groups is synergetic with distal (β‐, γ‐, δ‐, etc.) incorporation of fluorine atoms or fluorinated groups.
Design of Advanced MnO/N‐Gr 3D Walls through Polymer Cross‐Linking for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Tran Ngoc Quang , Kang Bong Kyun , Tiruneh Sintayehu Nibret , Yoon Dae Ho
Published: December 2015

Three‐dimensional, vertically aligned MnO/nitrogen‐doped graphene (3D MnO/N‐Gr) walls were prepared through facile solution‐phase synthesis followed by thermal treatment. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was strategically added to generate cross‐links to simultaneously form 3D wall structures and to incorporate nitrogen atoms into the graphene network. The unique wall features of the as‐prepared 3D MnO/N‐Gr hybirdes provide a large surface area (91.516 m2 g−1) and allow for rapid diffusion of the ion electrolyte, resulting in a high specific capacitance of 378 F g−1 at 0.25 A g−1 and an excellent charge/discharge stability (93.7 % capacity retention after 8000 cycles) in aqueous 1 m Na2SO4 solution as electrolyte. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitors that were rationally designed by using 3D MnO/N‐Gr hybrids exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance in an organic electrolyte with an energy density of 90.6 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 437.5 W kg−1.
Stereodivergent Carbamate Synthesis by Selective in Situ Trapping of Organic Carbonate Intermediates
Authors: Guo Wusheng , Laserna Victor , Martin Eddy , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: December 2015

Trans carbamates have been prepared in a diastereoselective approach by a judicious one‐pot combination of organic carbonates, prepared in situ, and suitable amine reagents under appropriate reaction conditions. This unprecedented approach allows for stereodivergence from a single oxirane substrate with easy access to both cis and trans carbamate isomers with high stereoselectivity (>19:1 d.r.). Key to the control of the diastereoselective nature of the conversions that lead to the trans carbamates is the in situ formation of trans‐configured oligo/polycarbonates through Al catalysis, which provides the targeted products after aminolysis. The present results demonstrate the valorization of a renewable carbon‐based reagent (CO2) into new valuable scaffolds and an unusual stereocontrol exerted through carbonate intermediates. A series of control experiments support the proposed mechanistic rationale towards the trans carbamate products, which is based on the trapping of an in situ formed trans‐configured oligo/polycarbonate.
Indole Synthesis through Sequential Electrophilic N−H and C−H Bond Activation Using Iodine(III) Reactivity
Authors: Fra Laura , Muñiz Kilian
Published: December 2015

An intramolecular approach towards the regioselective construction of 2,3‐diarylated indoles is reported. The reaction follows an intramolecular electrophilic N−H and C−H bond functionalization between the aniline and acetylene. This methodology employs the concept of a traceless tether to provide access to the free 2,3‐diarylated indole products comprising a total of 18 examples. Hypervalent iodine reagents were identified as suitable promoters and four different protocols are provided, including stoichiometric and catalytic transformations.
Methane Dehydro‐Aromatization: Potential of a Mo/MCM‐22 Catalyst and Hydrogene‐Selective Membranes
Authors: Gao Kaidi , Yang Jianhua , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Hamel Christof
Published: December 2015

The exploitation of methane to produce aromates is already seen for a long time as very attractive. Although investigated intensively, methane dehydro‐aromatization (MDA) is far from being applied industrially. MDA under non‐oxidative conditions is severely limited by thermodynamics and rapid catalyst deactivation. Mo/MCM‐22 was reported as a promising catalyst. Thus, kinetic experiments were performed to parametrize rate expressions and to identify trends regarding the selectivity‐conversion behavior including catalyst deactivation. Finally, mass transfer was described mathematically to evaluate the potential of hydrogen‐selective membranes within a membrane reactor of the extractor type. Such a removal would be beneficial to overcome the thermodynamic limitations.
Sweating: A Specific Predictor of ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among the Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Sweating In Myocardial Infarction (SWIMI) Study Group
Authors: Gokhroo Rajendra K. , Ranwa Bhanwar L. , Kishor Kamal , Priti Kumari , Ananthraj Avinash , Gupta Sajal , Bisht Devendra
Published: December 2015

Background

Today, cardiologists seek to minimize time from symptom onset to interventional treatment for the most favorable results.

Hypothesis

In the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptom complex, sweating can differentiate ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from non–ST‐segment elevation ACS (NSTE‐ACS) during early hours of infarction.

Methods

This single‐center, prospective, observational study compared symptoms of STEMI and NSTE‐ACS patients admitted from August 2012 to July 2014.

Results

Of 12 913 patients, 90.56% met ACS criteria. Among these, 22.51% had STEMI. Typical angina was the most common symptom (83.82%). On stepwise multiple regression, sweating (odds ratio: 97.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.16‐114.14, P < 0.0001) and typical angina (odds ratio: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.18‐3.38, P < 0.001) had significant association with STEMI. For diagnosis of STEMI, positive likelihood ratio (LR) and positive predictive value (PPV) were highest for typical angina with sweating (LR: 11.17, 95% CI: 10.31‐12.1; PPV: 76.09, 95% CI: 74.37‐77.75), followed by sweating with atypical angina (LR: 3.6, 95% CI: 3.07‐4.21; PPV: 50.61, 95% CI: 46.45‐54.76), typical angina (LR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.07; PPV: 22.97, 95% CI: 22.11‐23.84), and atypical angina (LR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69‐0.87; PPV: 18.09, 95% CI: 16.32‐19.97). C statistic values of 0.859 for typical angina with sweating and 0.519 for typical angina alone reflected high discriminatory value of sweating for STEMI prediction.

Conclusions

Presence of sweating with ACS symptoms predicts probability of STEMI, even before clinical confirmation. Sweating in association with typical or atypical angina is a much better predictor of STEMI than NSTE‐ACS.
Degradation of Phenolic Compounds in Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Silica‐Immobilized Bacteria in Internal Loop Airlift Bioreactors
Authors: Khongkhaem Piyamart , Suttinun Oramas , Intasiri Amarawan , Pinyakong Onruthai , Luepromchai Ekawan
Published: December 2015

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is usually treated using biological systems. However, phenolic compounds remain in the treated POME. This study aimed to remove phenolic compounds from POME using silica‐immobilized Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1. Treated POME samples were collected from the final stabilization ponds of two palm oil mills in Thailand. In batch experiments, the silica‐immobilized bacteria effectively degraded 100–500 mg/L phenolic compounds (e.g., caffeic acid, ferulic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, catechol, and 3‐methylcatechol) in synthetic wastewater and completely removed up to 1000 mg/L amended phenol from both treated POME samples. When 25 g/L silica‐immobilized bacteria were used in an internal loop airlift bioreactor with a hydraulic retention time of 5 h, 83 and 60% of the initial 26.7 and 112 mg/L phenolic compounds in the treated POME samples were removed. The bioreactor was operated continuously for 1200 h, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria remained trapped inside the silica matrix. This bioreactor could be used for post‐treatment of POME.
No Scientific Debate in the Zero‐Valent Iron Literature
Authors: Noubactep Chicgoua
Published: December 2015

Since the 1930s, the modern science of aqueous iron corrosion has been established by scientists like J. O'M. Bockris, M. Cohen, U. R. Evans, Y. M. Kolotrykin, G. Okamoto, M. Pourbaix, H. H. Uhlig, or K. J. Vetter. Yet, the electrochemical nature of aqueous iron corrosion is seriously questioned by flawed science. Especially, metallic iron (Fe0) was mistakenly introduced in the 1990s as an environmental reducing agent. Fe0was then successfully used in subsurface permeable reactive barriers to treat contaminated groundwater. This commentary recalls that observed contaminant degradation/reduction is not the cathodic reaction simultaneous to iron oxidative dissolution. It is concluded that the Fe0remediation community is working against creativity and innovation.
A method for accurate pH mapping with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI
Authors: Sun Phillip Zhe , Xiao Gang , Zhou Iris Yuwen , Guo Yingkun , Wu Renhua
Published: December 2015

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI holds enormous promise for imaging pH. Whereas the routine CEST‐weighted MRI contrast is complex and susceptible to confounding factors such as labile proton ratio, chemical shift, bulk water relaxation and RF saturation, ratiometric CEST imaging simplifies pH determination. However, the conventional ratiometric CEST (RCEST) MRI approach is limited to CEST agents with multiple exchangeable groups. To address this limitation, RF power‐based ratiometric CEST (PRCEST) imaging has been proposed that ratios CEST effects obtained under different RF power levels. Nevertheless, due to concomitant RF saturation (spillover) effect, the recently proposed PRCEST imaging is somewhat dependent on parameters including bulk water relaxation time and chemical shift. Herein we hypothesized that RF power‐based ratiometric analysis of RF spillover effect‐corrected inverse CEST asymmetry (PRICEST) provides enhanced pH measurement. The postulation was verified numerically, and validated experimentally using an in vitro phantom. Briefly, our study showed that the difference between MRI‐determined pH (pHMRI) and electrode‐measured pH being 0.12 ± 0.13 and 0.04 ± 0.03 for PRCEST and PRICEST imaging, respectively, and the newly proposed PRICEST imaging provides significantly more accurate pH determination than PRCEST imaging (P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Notably, the exchange rate shows dominantly base‐catalysed relationship with pH, independent of creatine concentration (P > 0.10, Analysis of Covariance). In addition, the derived labile proton ratio linearly scales with creatine concentration (P < 0.01, Pearson Regression). To summarize, PRICEST MRI provides concentration‐independent pH imaging, augmenting prior quantitative CEST methods for accurate pH mapping. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of race in oncogenic driver prevalence and outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma: Results from the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium
Authors: Steuer Conor E. , Behera Madhusmita , Berry Lynne , Kim Sungjin , Rossi Michael , Sica Gabriel , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Johnson Bruce E. , Kris Mark G. , Bunn Paul A. , Khuri Fadlo R. , Garon Edward B. , Ramalingam Suresh S.
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

The discovery of oncogenic drivers has ushered in a new era for lung cancer, but the role of these mutations in different racial/ethnic minorities has been understudied. The Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium 1 (LCMC1) database was investigated to evaluate the frequency and impact of oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinomas in the racial/ethnic minority patient population.

METHODS

Patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinomas from 14 US sites were enrolled in the LCMC1. Tumor samples were collected from 2009 through 2012 with multiplex genotyping performed on 10 oncogenic drivers (KRAS, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements,ERBB2[formerly human epidermal growth factor receptor 2],BRAF,PIK3CA,METamplification,NRAS,MEK1, andAKT1). Patients were classified as white, Asian, African American (AA), or Latino. The driver mutation frequency, the treatments, and the survival from diagnosis were determined.

RESULTS

One thousand seven patients were included. Whites represented the majority (n = 838); there were 60 AAs, 48 Asians, and 28 Latinos. Asian patients had the highest rate of oncogenic drivers with 81% (n = 39), and they were followed by Latinos with 68% (n = 19), whites with 61% (n = 511), and AAs with 53% (n = 32). For AAs, theEGFRmutation frequency was 22%, theKRASfrequency was 17%, and theALKfrequency was 4%. Asian patients were most likely to receive targeted therapies (51% vs 27% for AAs). There were no significant differences in overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences were observed in the prevalence of oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinomas and in subsequent treatments among racial groups. The lowest frequency of drivers was seen for AA patients; however, more than half of AA patients had a driver, and those treated with targeted therapy had outcomes similar to those of other races.Cancer2016;122:766–772.©2015 American Cancer Society.
‘Do You Practice What You Preach?’ A Qualitative Exploration of Therapists' Personal Practice of Compassion Focused Therapy
Authors: Gale Corinne , Schröder Thomas , Gilbert Paul
Published: December 2015

Background

Therapists' personal practice of therapy techniques can impact on a range of areas, including: empathy for the client, therapeutic understanding, therapist skills and self‐awareness. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) draws extensively on personal practice during training, and on‐going personal practice is encouraged. However, the impact of this has not been examined.

Objectives

To explore therapists' experiences of personal practice in relation to CFT, and the impact this has upon them and their therapeutic work.

Design

A qualitative approach was adopted, using inductive thematic analysis.

Methods

Ten therapists, who had trained in CFT, took part in a semi‐structured interview to explore their experiences of personal practice.

Results

Five main themes were identified. These highlighted that: (1) experiences of personal practice often felt strange to start with but were surprisingly powerful; (2) with practice, the exercises became more automatic and could be adopted as a ‘way of life’; (3) personal practice was felt to increase both self‐compassion and compassion for others; (4) personal practice often helped participants to feel more present for their clients; and (5) participants were more aware of what they were bringing to therapy.

Conclusions

This exploratory study demonstrated that personal practice is an important part of CFT training and can have a positive impact upon therapists both personally and professionally. It is concluded that the results justify further research in order to establish the applicability of these findings with a larger sample. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

Personal practice facilitates experiential learning and is an important element of CFT training, which impacts on both personal and professional development.

CFT trainers need to ensure that sufficient time is provided for both personal practice and reflection.

CFT trainees should be aware that initial reactions to personal practice can be powerful and sometimes unsettling. As for therapy itself, working through fears, blocks and resistances is important.

Personal practice is a valuable self‐care strategy, and therapists are encouraged to engage in personal practice after training.
Pharmacogenomic information in FDA‐approved drug labels: Application to pediatric patients
Authors: Green DJ , Mummaneni P , Kim IW , Oh JM , Pacanowski M , Burckart GJ
Published: December 2015

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) information is increasingly being incorporated into US Food and Drug Administration‐approved drug labels. We reviewed the data source (adults vs. pediatrics) of PGx information in approved drug labels and assessed the suitability of applying adult‐derived PGx information and related prescribing recommendations to the care of pediatric patients. We identified 65 drugs with labels containing PGx information and that have also been evaluated in children and found that in the majority of cases (56/65, 86%), the PGx information described was derived from adult studies. The application of PGx information from adults to pediatrics was deemed suitable for 71.4% (n = 40) of the drugs and unclear for 28.6% (n = 16). An ontogeny effect, limited or conflicting data regarding ontogeny of the genetic biomarker, or a difference in the pathophysiology or progression of the adult vs. pediatric disease were the primary reasons for deeming direct application from adults to pediatrics unclear.
Passivation Layer and Cathodic Redox Reactions in Sodium‐Ion Batteries Probed by HAXPES
Authors: Doubaji Siham , Philippe Bertrand , Saadoune Ismael , Gorgoi Mihaela , Gustafsson Torbjorn , Solhy Abderrahim , Valvo Mario , Rensmo Håkan , Edström Kristina
Published: December 2015

The cathode material P2‐NaxCo2/3Mn2/9Ni1/9O2, which could be used in Na‐ion batteries, was investigated through synchrotron‐based hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Nondestructive analysis was made through the electrode/electrolyte interface of the first electrochemical cycle to ensure access to information not only on the active material, but also on the passivation layer formed at the electrode surface and referred to as the solid permeable interface (SPI). This investigation clearly shows the role of the SPI and the complexity of the redox reactions. Cobalt, nickel, and manganese are all electrochemically active upon cycling between 4.5 and 2.0 V; all are in the 4+ state at the end of charging. Reduction to Co3+, Ni3+, and Mn3+ occurs upon discharging and, at low potential, there is partial reversible reduction to Co2+ and Ni2+. A thin layer of Na2CO3 and NaF covers the pristine electrode and reversible dissolution/reformation of these compounds is observed during the first cycle. The salt degradation products in the SPI show a dependence on potential. Phosphates mainly form at the end of the charging cycle (4.5 V), whereas fluorophosphates are produced at the end of discharging (2.0 V).
Electrosynthesis of Biomimetic Manganese–Calcium Oxides for Water Oxidation Catalysis—Atomic Structure and Functionality
Authors: González‐Flores Diego , Zaharieva Ivelina , Heidkamp Jonathan , Chernev Petko , Martínez‐Moreno Elías , Pasquini Chiara , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Klingan Katharina , Gernet Ulrich , Fischer Anna , Dau Holger
Published: December 2015

Water‐oxidizing calcium–manganese oxides, which mimic the inorganic core of the biological catalyst, were synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy at the manganese and calcium K edges. The amorphous, birnesite‐type oxides are obtained through a simple protocol that involves electrodeposition followed by active‐site creation through annealing at moderate temperatures. Calcium ions are inessential, but tune the electrocatalytic properties. For increasing calcium/manganese molar ratios, both Tafel slopes and exchange current densities decrease gradually, resulting in optimal catalytic performance at calcium/manganese molar ratios of close to 10 %. Tracking UV/Vis absorption changes during electrochemical operation suggests that inactive oxides reach their highest, all‐MnIV oxidation state at comparably low electrode potentials. The ability to undergo redox transitions and the presence of a minor fraction of MnIII ions at catalytic potentials is identified as a prerequisite for catalytic activity.
In Situ Monitoring Capabiities of Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectroscopy in Industrial Plasma Processes
Authors: Lang N. , Macherius U. , Glitsch S. , Zimmermann H. , Röpcke J. , van Helden J. H.
Published: December 2015

Plasmas in interaction with surfaces are of key importance in a wide range of applications, which include materials technology, microelectronics, environmental issues, and biomedicine. The intense use of plasma technological processes demands proper plasma diagnostic techniques for monitoring, controlling and optimization purposes in industrial environments. In particular, for the improvement of the efficiency of a production process, in situ diagnostic techniques with online capabilities are favorable. From the middle of the last decade a variety of phenomena in molecular non‐equilibrium plasmas in which many short‐lived and stable species are produced have been successfully studied with quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS) in the mid‐infrared spectral range. It has been possible to determine absolute concentrations of species, temperatures, degrees of dissociation, dynamics of reaction processes and phenomena involving plasma‐surface interactions using spectroscopy, thereby providing a link with chemical and kinetic modelling of the plasma. Since quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emit near room temperature, i.e., without the need of cryogenic cooling, very compact and robust spectroscopic instruments can be designed. This has stimulated the adaptation of infrared spectroscopic techniques to industrial requirements. Recent applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy using QCLs for in situ monitoring of plasma processes in industrial environments are reviewed. Examples which emphasize the capabilities of QCLAS as plasma diagnostic technique in industrial plasma processes will be given. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic Investigations of Plasma Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Processes Using an Active Screen: A Comparative Plasma Chemical Study of Two Reactor Types
Authors: Hamann S. , Börner K. , Burlacov I. , Spies H.‐J. , Röpcke J.
Published: December 2015

Low‐pressure pulsed DC N2‐H2 plasmas with admixtures of CH4 were investigated in a comparative study in two different types of reactors, (i) a cylindrical industrial scale active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) reactor and (ii) a laboratory scale plasma nitriding monitoring reactor (PLANIMOR) with a linear electrode configuration. Applying infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (IRLAS) the evolution of the molecular concentrations of four stable molecules, CH4, HCN, NH3, and C2H2 has been monitored. The degree of dissociation of the carbon containing precursor, CH4, varied between 80 and 95%. The concentrations of the molecular reaction products have been found in a range of 1011 to 1016 molecules cm–3. By analyzing the development of the molecular concentrations at changes of the screen plasma power, the gas mixture and the admixture of CH4, a similar behavior of the monitored species depending on the varied parameters has been found in both reactors with NH3 and HCN as the main products of plasma conversion. The fragmentation efficiency of methane has been determined, decreasing from 2.4 to 0.8 × 1015 molecules J–1 with the increasing power of the screen plasmas in both reactors. With the help of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) the rotational temperature of the N+2 ions in the plasma could be determined, being in a range of 650…920 K where the rotational temperature of the screen plasma in the ASPN reactor is approximately 100 K higher than that in PLANIMOR. Also with power the ionic component of nitrogen molecules, i.e. the intensity of the N+2 ‐(0‐0) band of the first negative system, which has been used as the reference parameter for comparing both reactors, increases strongly in relation to the intensity of the neutral component, represented by the N2‐(0‐0) band of the second positive system. In addition, steel samples have been treated in both the ASPN reactor and PLANIMOR leading to comparable nitriding results. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma of the lung: Metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma of the lung‐a morphologic pitfall on cytology and aberrant CD10 expression on histology
Authors: Nambirajan Aruna , Jain Deepali , Malik Prabhat , Arava Sudheer , Mathur Sandeep R.
Published: December 2015

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare aggressive soft tissue sarcoma of young adults, typically arising in the deep soft tissue of lower extremities. Although cytomorphology is characteristic enough for an accurate diagnosis in typical clinical scenarios, problems arise when it occurs in older patients, atypical sites, or in primary evaluation at metastatic sites. A 48‐year‐old smoker presented with breathlessness and headache for 2 months. Imaging showed a heterogeneous enhancing lesion of 6 cm × 6 cm in right middle lobe of lung, smaller miliary nodules in bilateral lungs, multiple bilateral cerebral lesions, and a mass of 3 cm × 3 cm in the left thigh. Primary lung carcinoma with brain and thigh metastases was the clinical diagnosis. Fine‐needle aspiration smears of the lung lesion showed cohesive fragments of large cells with a prominent traversing branching capillary network and discohesion at periphery resulting in a pseudo‐papillary appearance. Tumor cells had fine granular to vacuolated cytoplasm, frayed borders, and prominent nucleoli. Trucut biopsy from the same showed a tumor arranged in nests composed of large polygonal cells, immunopositive for CD10. Possibility of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was offered. Abdominal imaging was, however, normal. Core biopsy from thigh showed a similar tumor, immunonegative for epithelial markers, with cytoplasmic periodic‐acid‐schiff positive rhomboid crystals, clinching the final diagnosis of ASPS with lung and brain metastases. There is considerable morphological and immunohistochemical overlap between ASPS and RCC. Bare nuclei on air dried smears, binucleation, metachromatic basement membrane material are subtle pointers toward ASPS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:250–254. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attachment and mentalization and their association with child and adolescent eating pathology: A systematic review
Authors: Jewell Tom , Collyer Hannah , Gardner Tessa , Tchanturia Kate , Simic Mima , Fonagy Peter , Eisler Ivan
Published: December 2015

Objective

Insecure attachment and mentalizing difficulties have been associated with eating pathology in adulthood. However, it is unclear whether eating pathology is associated with attachment or mentalization in children. The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature in this emerging field.

Method

Electronic databases were used to search for articles.

Results

Twenty‐two studies were identified. In the 15 studies investigating attachment, an association with eating pathology was found in all studies. Mentalizing difficulties and eating pathology were found to be correlated in the seven studies which examined their association.

Discussion

In keeping with the adult literature, cross‐sectional studies of children and adolescents consistently report associations with eating pathology. There is some evidence from prospective studies that insecure attachment may be a risk factor for the development of eating pathology in adolescence. The literature on mentalization and eating pathology suggests that adolescents with anorexia nervosa may have difficulties in recognizing emotions. Further research using clinical samples and well‐validated measures of attachment and mentalization are required to shed further light on this area.
The Nlrp3 inflammasome, IL‐1β, and neutrophil recruitment are required for susceptibility to a nonhealing strain of Leishmania major in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Charmoy Melanie , Hurrell Benjamin P. , Romano Audrey , Lee Sang Hun , Ribeiro‐Gomes Flavia , Riteau Nicolas , Mayer‐Barber Katrin , Tacchini‐Cottier Fabienne , Sacks David L.
Published: December 2015

Infection of C57BL/6 mice with most Leishmania major strains results in a healing lesion and clearance of parasites from the skin. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with the L. major Seidman strain (LmSd), isolated from a patient with chronic lesions, despite eliciting a strong Th1 response, results in a nonhealing lesion, poor parasite clearance, and complete destruction of the ear dermis. We show here that in comparison to a healing strain, LmSd elicited early upregulation of IL‐1β mRNA and IL‐1β‐producing dermal cells and prominent neutrophil recruitment to the infected skin. Mice deficient in Nlrp3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, or caspase‐1/11, or lacking IL‐1β or IL‐1 receptor signaling, developed healing lesions and cleared LmSd from the infection site. Mice resistant to LmSd had a stronger antigen‐specific Th1 response. The possibility that IL‐1β might act through neutrophil recruitment to locally suppress immunity was supported by the healing observed in neutropenic Genista mice. Secretion of mature IL‐1β by LmSd‐infected macrophages in vitro was dependent on activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome and caspase‐1. These data reveal that Nlrp3 inflammasome‐dependent IL‐1β, associated with localized neutrophil recruitment, plays a crucial role in the development of a nonhealing form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in conventionally resistant mice.
CD155/CD226‐interaction impacts on the generation of innate CD8+ thymocytes by regulating iNKT‐cell differentiation
Authors: Georgiev Hristo , Ravens Inga , Shibuya Akira , Förster Reinhold , Bernhardt Günter
Published: December 2015

The cell surface receptor CD155 influences a variety of immune processes by binding to its ligands CD226, CD96, or TIGIT. Here, we report that the interaction of CD155 with CD226 in the thymus of BALB/c mice has a dual function. It directly influences the dwell time of memory‐like CD8+ T cells, while it is indirectly involved in generating these cells. It was shown earlier that a massive emergence of memory‐like CD8 T cells in thymus crucially depends on abundant IL‐4, secreted in steady state by iNKT2 (where iNKT is invariant NKT) cells, a subclass of iNKT cells. Here, we show that absence of either CD155 or CD226 in BALB/c mice causes a profound shift in the iNKT subtype composition in thymus, expanding the frequency and numbers of iNKT1 cells at the expense of iNKT2 cells, as well as iNKT17 cells. This shift results in a drop of available IL‐4 and creates a scenario similar to that observed in C57BL/6 mice, where iNKT1 cells predominate and iNKT2 cells are much less frequent when compared with BALB/c mice. Yet also in C57BL/6 mice, lack of CD155 or CD226 provokes a further decline in iNKT2 cells, suggesting that the observed effects are not restricted to a particular inbred strain.
Multi‐responses Methodology Applied in the Electroanalytical Determination of Hair Dye by Using Printed Carbon Electrode Modified with Graphene
Authors: Hudari Felipe Fantinato , Costa Ferreira Sergio Luis , Zanoni Maria Valnice Boldrin
Published: December 2015

This paper describes a rapid and sensitive method for determination of the hair dye Basic Blue 41 in wastewater samples using screen‐printed carbon electrodes modified with graphene (SPCE/Gr). The method is based on the reversible reduction of azo groups of the dye at potential of −0.23 V/−0.26 V, where both the anodic and cathodic currents increased 1,300 % when compared to screen‐printed carbon (SPCE) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The optimization of a square wave voltammetric method was performed by means of 23 factorial design, Doehlert matrix and multi‐response assays, and the best parameters were: frequency (54.8 Hz), step potential (6 mV), pulse amplitude (43.7 mV) and pH 4.5. The analytical curve was constructed from 3.00×10−8 to 2.01×10−6 mol L−1, with detection and quantification limits of 5.00×10−9 and 1.70×10−8 mol L−1, respectively. The repeatability of the method evaluated for 10 consecutive measurements at concentrations of 1.70×10−7 mol L−1 and 1.70×10−6 mol L−1, showed relative standard deviation of 3.56 and 0.57 %, respectively. The sensor based in SPCE/Gr was successfully applied in wastewater samples collected from a drinking water treatment plant and validated by comparison with HPLC‐DAD method with good accuracy.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Evaluation of Some Novel Thiophene, Pyrazole, Chromene, Pyrazolotriazine Derivatives Bearing Sulfonamide Moiety
Authors: Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: December 2015

As a part of ongoing studies in developing new potent antioxidant agents, N‐[4‐(aminosulfonyl)phenyl]‐2‐cyanoacetamide (3) was utilized as key intermediate for the synthesis of some new thiophene, chromene, and pyrazolotriazine pyridine derivatives. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectral data. Representative compounds of the synthesized products were tested and evaluated as antioxidant. Compounds 7 and 30 are promising compounds.
Evaluation of radiation‐induced peripheral nerve injury in rabbits with MR neurography using diffusion tensor imaging and T2 measurements: Correlation with histological and functional changes
Authors: Wan Qi , Wang Shiyang , Zhou Jiaxuan , Zou Qiao , Deng Yingshi , Wang Shouyang , Zheng Xiaoying , Li Xinchun
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To investigate the potential of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and T2 measurements in the evaluation of radiation‐induced peripheral nerve injury (RIPNI).

Materials and Methods

RIPNI was produced in a randomly selected side of sciatic nerve in each of 21 rabbits while the contralateral side served as the control. The limb function and MR parameters were evaluated over a 4‐month period. Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (λ∥), radial diffusivity (λ⊥) and T2 values were obtained using 3T MR for quantitative analysis. Two animals were randomly killed for histological evaluation at each timepoint.

Results

The T2 value of irradiated nerve increased at 1 day (63.95 ± 15.60, P = 0.012) and was restored at 1 month (52.34 ± 5.38, P = 0.105). It increased progressively at 2 to 4 months (60.39 ± 10.60, 66.96 ± 6.08, 75.51 ± 7.39, all P < 0.01). λ⊥ significantly increased at 1 day (0.82 ± 0.44, P = 0.046) and slightly decreased at 1 month (0.61 ± 0.17, P < 0.001). It increased gradually from 2 to 3 months (0.84 ± 0.29, 1.13 ± 0.33, both P < 0.001) followed by a decline at 4 months (0.83 ± 0.17, P < 0.001). FA was statistically lower than the contralateral sides at 1 to 4 months (0.72 ± 0.08, 0.60 ± 0.12, 0.51 ± 0.11, 0.62 ± 0.06, all P < 0.01). Changes in FA and λ⊥ correlated well with the functional and pathological changes in irradiated nerve.

Conclusion

DTI may be a more sensitive and accurate method to evaluate RIPNI compared with T2 measurements. FA and λ⊥ are promising quantitative indices in monitoring RIPNI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1492–1499.
The prognostic significance of serum troponin T levels in Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever patients
Authors: Yilmaz Hülya , Yilmaz Gürdal , Kostakoğlu Uğur , Yaman Hüseyin , Örem Asım , Köksal İftihar
Published: December 2015

Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a disease transmitted by the Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), characterized by severe fever and hemorrhage and with a reported fatality level of 3–30%. Cerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, severe anemia, shock, myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusion may be seen as causes of death. Cardiac troponin T (cTn‐T) is a biochemical marker with high sensitivity and specificity in myocardial injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of serum troponin T levels in CCHF patients. Patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of CCHF and whose serum cTn‐T was investigated were examined retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of presence or absence of hemorrhage. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. One hundred thirty‐five CCHF patients and 72 control subjects were included. Hemorrhage was present in 48 (35.6%) patients. Mean serum cTn‐T level was 17.3 ± 28.0 ng/L in the patients with hemorrhage, 9.98 ± 5.97 ng/L in the non‐hemorrhage patients (P = 0.001) and 6.6P = 2.6 ng/L in the control samples (P < 0.001). At a cTn‐T level cut‐off point of 9 ng/L, area under the ROC curve was 0.797 (95%CI: 0.730–0.854), sensitivity 83.0%, specificity 87.5%, PPD 95.7%, and NPV 60.3%. At logistic regression analysis, a rise in cTn‐T level above 14 ng/L increased the probability of hemorrhage in CCHF patients approximately threefold. An increased troponin T level may be a prognostic risk factor for hemorrhage in CCHF patients. This marker should therefore be borne in mind in determining treatment strategy in these patients.J. Med. Virol. 89:408–412, 2017.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of spatio‐temporal changes in annual and seasonal precipitation variability in South America‐Chile and related ocean–atmosphere circulation patterns
Authors: Valdés‐Pineda Rodrigo , Valdés Juan B. , Diaz Henry F. , Pizarro‐Tapia Roberto
Published: December 2015

Establishing relationships between coupled ocean–atmospheric patterns and precipitation accumulation is important to describe and predict spatio‐temporal variability on annual or seasonal scales, and also to evaluate how this variability is influenced by global warming. The objective of this study was to examine the leading modes of interannual and seasonal (summer, autumn, winter, and spring) precipitation variability in South America‐Chile, and their significant relationship to seasonally aggregated gridded data and climatic indices. Applying exhaustive data quality control measures to data from 238 rain gauges with different lengths of records between 1893 and 2013, a new data set was created with the objective of obtaining reliable records for further analysis. A comprehensive analysis through empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) allowed for determination of the leading modes of annual and seasonal precipitation and their main spatial patterns for the whole country. The percentage of explained variance in the relationship between seasonally aggregated indices and the leading modes of precipitation confirmed that most of the interannual and winter precipitation variability in Chile is linked to the seasonal aggregation of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The leading modes of summer, autumn, and spring precipitation were mostly linked to seasonal aggregations of the Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO).