bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Farm Mechanization Level for Groundnut Crop in Junagadh District, Gujarat, India
Authors: Verma Monika , Kathiria R. K. , Leelavathi Nakka , Dulawat M. S. , Gadhe S. K.
Published: September 2024

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major leguminous crop grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This survey work was done in the Junagadh district of Gujarat state. Total 45 villages from 9 talukas were selected randomly. A total of 450 farmers were selected for survey with 10 farmers chosen from each village. Data were collected personally by interviewing the respondents with the help of well-structured interview schedule, and it was statistically analyzed. It was observed from the findings that 57 % of the respondents belonged to middle age group, 27 % of the respondents were educated up to medium school level, 72 % of the respondents had medium size of family, 41 % of the respondents had medium sized land holdings, 36 % of the respondents had well source of irrigation, 79 % of the respondents had electric pump and 31 percent of the respondents had tractor. Of those interviewed, 70% used a tractor-drawn cultivator for the preparation of a seed bed, a blade harrow, and a planker. In case of sowing, tractor drawn auto-seed cum fertilizer drill (after monsoon) was used by 46% of the respondents. Mini tractor drawn multi-purpose implement for interculturing was used by 66% of the respondents. About 98% of the respondents used battery sprayer for plant protection. Tractor drawn blade harrow was used for harvesting purpose by 67% of the respondents. At the time of threshing, 99.56% of the respondents used electric or oil engine operated thresher in Junagadh district. Mechanical energy for different operations like seedbed preparations, sowing, interculturing, plant protection, harvesting and threshing was found to be 4419.5, 1543.20, 348.49, 131.98, 1072.33 and 658.62 MJ/ha respectively in Junagadh district. Survey represent that the mean farm power is 45.05 hp and farm mechanization level is 13.92 hp/ha in Junagadh district. Keywords: Groundnut, Farm machinery, Mechanical energy, Farm power, Farm mechanization level.
Barriers to Laminated Film Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities in Engineering Solutions
Authors: Lakhan Calvin
Published: September 2024

Laminated films, extensively used in packaging applications, offer critical properties such as moisture resistance, durability, and mechanical strength, which make them ideal for protecting a wide range of consumer goods. Despite their utility, these materials present significant recycling challenges due to their complex multilayered structures, typically composed of different polymers, metals, and adhesives. This paper aims to explore the principal barriers to the recycling of laminated films, which include material heterogeneity, technical limitations in sorting and processing, and economic constraints that hinder their recovery. Additionally, it examines potential engineering solutions, such as advanced sorting technologies, innovative chemical recycling methods, and the redesign of materials to enhance recyclability. The discussion highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that integrates materials science, process engineering, and policy development to address these barriers effectively.
Conceptualizing Causes and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Migration Patterns in India: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Roy Suman , Ghosh Souvik , Chennamadhava M. , Singh Jahnavi
Published: September 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on migration patterns in India. The pandemic-induced lockdowns and travel restrictions led to a massive reverse migration of labourers from urban centres back to rural areas, disrupting both livelihoods and regional economies. About 91 per cent of the total workforce in the country is from the informal sector, which include mostly daily wage workers such as agricultural labourers, migrant and other workers. According to the Indian government’s data, close to 263 million people are involved in the agriculture sector and more than half of them are part of agricultural labour who do not own farmland but work on others for farm owners, wages, harvest the crops and support the sale of the crops at the mandis (market place). This vulnerable section of people experienced the worst situations during this pandemic of COVID-19 global insurgence. The paper therefore, focuses on the review of the conceptual framework of migration and its triggering causes, as well as highlights the impact of the pandemic on migration. Furthermore, the paper examines the immediate challenges faced by migrants and labourers, including loss of employment, lack of access to social services, and heightened health risks.
Modeling Heat and Mass Transfer in a Wet Terracotta Tube Channel for Evaporative Cooling Application: Influence of Geometrical Parameters
Authors: Windnigda ZOUNGRANA , Makinta BOUKAR , Ousmane COULIBALY , Christian TUBREOUMYA Guy , Antoine BERE
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the influence of design parameters on the performance of a terracotta tube-type evaporative cooling system. A mathematical model was developed based on double film theory and energy and mass conservation equations of the humid air and the wet tube wall in a one-dimensional geometry by applying correlations for heat and mass transfer coefficients and air psychometric properties. A system of non-linear differential equations was established and analytically integrated to obtain the relationship between the operating and the geometrical parameters of the system. Various geometrical parameters were simulated to assess their effects on outlet air temperature, cooling capacity, and wet-bulb effectiveness. The results indicate that increasing the tube equivalent diameter results in higher outlet temperatures and cooling capacity but decreases wet-bulb effectiveness. Conversely, an increased flatness ratio significantly enhances cooling performance and wet-bulb effectiveness due to a larger surface area for heat exchange. Additionally, longer tubes correlate with lower outlet temperatures and higher cooling capacity, indicating improved cooling performance. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate tube dimensions to optimize cooling efficiency in evaporative cooling systems. By balancing hydraulic diameter, flatness ratio, and tube length, engineers can design compact and effective cooling solutions suitable for various applications, ultimately contributing to energy-efficient and sustainable cooling technologies. The modeling approach developed in this study can also be applied to address challenges in geothermal energy extraction, drying of porous solids, food processing and storage, building thermal insulation, nuclear reactor cooling, and seawater desalination.
Hypsometric control on glacier mass balance sensitivity in Alaska and northwest Canada
Authors: McGrath D. , Sass L. , O'Neel S. , Arendt A. , Kienholz C.
Published: February 2017

Glacier hypsometry provides a first‐order approach for assessing a glacier's response to climate forcings. We couple the Randolph Glacier Inventory to a suite of in situ observations and climate model output to examine potential change for the ∼27,000 glaciers in Alaska and northwest Canada through the end of the 21st century. By 2100, based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5–8.5 forcings, summer temperatures are predicted to increase between +2.1 and +4.6°C, while solid precipitation (snow) is predicted to decrease by −6 to −11%, despite a +9 to +21% increase in total precipitation. Snow is predicted to undergo a pronounced decrease in the fall, shifting the start of the accumulation season back by ∼1 month. In response to these forcings, the regional equilibrium line altitude (ELA) may increase by +105 to +225 m by 2100. The mass balance sensitivity to this increase is highly variable, with the most substantive impact for glaciers with either limited elevation ranges (often small (<1 km2) glaciers, which account for 80% of glaciers in the region) or those with top‐heavy geometries, like icefields. For more than 20% of glaciers, future ELAs, given RCP 6.0 forcings, will exceed the maximum elevation of the glacier, resulting in their eventual demise, while for others, accumulation area ratios will decrease by >60%. Our results highlight the first‐order control of hypsometry on individual glacier response to climate change, and the variability that hypsometry introduces to a regional response to a coherent climate perturbation.
Iron isotopic evolution during fractional crystallization of the uppermost Bushveld Complex layered mafic intrusion
Authors: Bilenker Laura D. , VanTongeren Jill A. , Lundstrom Craig C. , Simon Adam C.
Published: February 2017

We present δ56Fe (56Fe/54Fe relative to standard IRMM‐014) data from whole rock and magnetite of the Upper and Upper Main Zones (UUMZ) of the Bushveld Complex. With it, we assess the role of fractional crystallization in controlling the Fe isotopic evolution of a mafic magma. The UUMZ evolved by fractional crystallization of a dry tholeiitic magma to produce gabbros and diorites with cumulus magnetite and fayalitic olivine. Despite previous experimental work indicating a potential for magnetite crystallization to drastically change magma δ56Fe, we observe no change in whole rock δ56Fe above and below magnetite saturation. We also observe no systematic change in whole rock δ56Fe with increasing stratigraphic height, and only a small variation in δ56Fe in magnetite separates above magnetite saturation. Whole rock δ56Fe (errors twice standard deviation, ±2σ) throughout the UUMZ ranges from −0.01 ±0.03‰ to 0.21 ±0.09‰ (δ56FeaverageWR = 0.10 ±0.09‰; n = 21, isotopically light outlier: δ56FeWR = −0.15‰), and magnetites range from 0.28 ±0.04‰ to 0.86 ±0.07‰ (δ56FeaverageMgt = 0.50 ±0.15‰; n = 20), similar to values previously reported for other layered intrusions. We compare our measured δ56FeWR to a model that incorporates the changing normative mineralogy, calculated temperatures, and published fractionation factors of Fe‐bearing phases throughout the UUMZ and produces δ56FeWR values that evolve only in response to fractional crystallization. Our results show that the Fe isotopic composition of a multiply saturated (multiple phases on the liquidus) magma is unlikely to change significantly during fractional crystallization of magnetite due to the competing fractionation of other Fe‐bearing cumulus phases.
Complementizer Agreement
Authors: van Koppen Marjo
Published: February 2017

Complementizers agree in phi‐features with the embedded subject in dialects of German and Dutch, in Tense with the embedded clause in Irish and in phi‐features with the matrix subject in certain African languages. These complementizer agreement phenomena will be the main empirical focus of this chapter. In particular it discusses the empirical generalizations and analyses of complementizer agreement itself as well as the relevance of this phenomenon for the theoretical debate on the interaction between the syntactic and the PF module of the grammar, the analysis of agreement, the relation between T0and C0, and the layout of the left periphery.
MOCVD Growth of Perovskite Multiferroic BiFeO3 Films: The Effect of Doping at the A and/or B Sites on the Structural, Morphological and Ferroelectric Properties
Authors: Catalano Maria Rita , Spedalotto Giuseppe , Condorelli Guglielmo Guido , Malandrino Graziella
Published: February 2017

Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) materials have been the subject of intense research activity in the last two decades. The great interest arises from the BiFeO3 being one of the rare multiferroic compounds in which ferroelectricity and magnetism coexist at room temperature. To improve these properties several studies have been reported on the doping at the A and/or B sites of the BiFeO3 perovskite structure. In this short review, the attention is focused to the synthesis of BiFeO3 and BiFeO3 doped with Ba or Dy at the A site and Ti at the B site through Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). The applied MOCVD process consists of an in situ one step approach using a multi‐metal source precursor mixture containing the Bi(phenyl)3 and Fe(tmhd)3 (phenyl = ‐C6H5; H‐tmhd = 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptandione) as source of Bi and Fe ions. This study evidences the effect of doping on the structural, morphological and piezo/ferroelectric properties of BiFeO3 and doped systems. In summary, this mini‐review illustrates the possibility to apply a simple MOCVD approach to produce good quality pure and doped BiFeO3 films.
CuI Supported on Protonated Trititanate Nanotubes: A Reusable Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Propargylamines via A3‐Coupling
Authors: Reddy Bhoomireddy Rajendra Prasad , Reddy Peddiahgari Vasu Govardhana , Shankar Muthukonda V. , Reddy Bijivemula N.
Published: February 2017

CuI catalysts supported on protonated trititanate nanotubes (CuI/HTNT) were prepared and used as catalysts for the synthesis of propargylamines via A3 (aldehyde, amine and acetylene) coupling under solvent‐free conditions. The results revealed that the CuI/HTNT with 5 wt % CuI had the best catalytic activity. The protocol provides access to a wide range of propargylamines in excellent yields (up to 98 %). The prepared catalysts were characterized by TEM, XRD, N2‐adsorption desorption, EDS and ICP‐MS analysis. The catalyst can be recovered by centrifugation and reused in further catalytic reactions, its activity remaining largely unchanged for five successive runs.
Nonisocyanate polyurethanes from six‐membered cyclic carbonates: Catalysis and side reactions
Authors: Lambeth Robert H. , Mathew Sanyo M. , Baranoski MyVan H. , Housman Kathleen J. , Tran Bao , Oyler Jonathan M.
Published: February 2017

We present a detailed investigation of the aminolysis of six‐membered cyclic carbonates to form (poly)hydroxyurethanes. Model reactions between hexyl amine and trimethylene carbonate were performed under different conditions where we surveyed the effects of temperature and the presence of catalyst on the rate of reaction. Increased temperatures and the presence of catalyst lead to significant increases in the rate of reaction and overall conversion depending on the structure of the catalyst. Similar observations were also made in model polymerization between a carbonate derivative of di(trimethylolpropane) and diaminopentane. However, the increased rates of reaction and conversion only lead to modest gains in molecular weight. In addition, gelation of the polymerization mixture often occurred as well. Nominal and high‐resolution mass spectrometry were used to identify side products that formed during the reaction between trimethylene carbonate and hexyl amine, which explained the gelation of polymerization mixture and lower than expected molecular weights. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44941.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 1,2,4‐Trioxanes as Potential Antimalarial Agents
Authors: Gupta Amit K. , Varshney Kanika , Kumar Vivek , Srivastava Kumkum , Pant Aditya B. , Puri Sunil K. , Saxena Anil K.
Published: February 2017

A series of substituted 1,2,4‐trioxanes were synthesized and evaluated for their antimalarial potential, in silico ADME properties and cytotoxicity on neuronal cell lines. Among the 15 synthesized substituted 1,2,4‐trioxanes, two compounds (compound 15, IC50 = 25.71 nM; compound 21, IC50 = 19.6 nM) exhibited promising in vitro antimalarial potential comparable to those of the existing drugs chloroquine and artemisinin. Both of these compounds were found to be nontoxic up to 20 µM concentration in neuronal PC‐12 cells. Compound 21 may serve as an optimized lead compound because of its less in vitro toxicity and lower probability to cross the blood brain barrier.
Sizes of solar active regions at 8 mm
Authors: Kallunki J. , Uunila M.
Published: February 2017

Background

We investigate the sizes of 86 non‐flaring solar active regions with respect to the brightness temperature at 8 mm and active region magnetic field strength.

Materials and Methods

The data were collected in AprilŰSeptember, 2014, and AprilŰJuly, 2015 at Aalto University, Metsähovi Radio Observatory with the 14‐m radio telescope. The observations were made at the maximum of the solar cycle 24. We used active region magnetic field strength values measured with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory.

Results

We calculated that the mean active region size in percentage of the full solar disk is 3.7 ś 0.86%. In addition, the mean temperature of selected active regions is around 109% of the quiet Sun level and the average magnetic field strength of the studied active region is 1,400 G.

Conclusions

Our results show correlation between active region sizes, the total brightness temperature of the Sun, and the active region magnetic field strengths.
Cost-effectiveness of groin hernia repair from a randomized clinical trial comparing commercial versus low-cost mesh in a low-income country
Authors: Löfgren J , Matovu A , Wladis A , Ibingira C , Nordin P , Galiwango E , Forsberg B C
Published: February 2017

Background

Over 200 million people worldwide live with groin hernia and 20 million are operated on each year. In resource-scarce settings, the superior surgical technique using a synthetic mesh is not affordable. A low-cost alternative is needed. The objective of this study was to calculate and compare costs and cost-effectiveness of inguinal hernia mesh repair using a low-cost versus a commercial mesh in a rural setting in Uganda.

Methods

This is a cost-effectiveness analysis of a double-blinded RCT comparing outcomes from groin hernia mesh repair using a low-cost mesh and a commercially available mesh. Cost-effectiveness was expressed in US dollars (with euros in parentheses, exchange rate 30 December 2016) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.

Results

The cost difference resulting from the choice of mesh was $124·7 (€118·1). In the low-cost mesh group, the cost per DALY averted and QALY gained were $16·8 (€15·9) and $7·6 (€7·2) respectively. The corresponding costs were $58·2 (€55·1) and $33·3 (€31·5) in the commercial mesh group. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken including cost variations and different health outcome scenarios. The maximum costs per DALY averted and QALY gained were $148·4 (€140·5) and $84·7 (€80·2) respectively.

Conclusion

Repair using both meshes was highly cost-effective in the study setting. A potential cost reduction of over $120 (nearly €120) per operation with use of the low-cost mesh is important if the mesh technique is to be made available to the many millions of patients in countries with limited resources. Trial registration number: ISRCTN20596933 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Simultaneous quantification of antofloxacin and its major metabolite in human urine by HPLC–MS/MS, and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Ma Yunsu , Wang Qianru , Zhang Hongwen , Xie Lijun , Chen Juan , Huang Mao , Liu Yun , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Libin , Sun Luning , Ou Ning
Published: February 2017

This study presents a high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of antofloxacinin and its main metabolite – N‐demethylated metabolite (N‐DM) – in human urine. Ornidazole was used as the internal standard. This was a clinical urine recovery study, in which 10 healthy Chinese volunteers were intravenously administered a single 200 mg dose of antofloxacin hydrochloride. Compounds were extracted by albumen precipitation, after which samples were isocratically eluted using a Poroshell 120 SB‐C18 column, and were analysed using HPLC–MS/MS under electronic spray ionization positive ion mode. The method was successfully applied in a urine pharmacokinetic study of antofloxacinin, with a detection range of 0.02/0.01 to 200/100 μg/mL (for antofioxacin/N‐DM).The average percentages of antofioxacin/N‐DM measured in urinary excretion frp, 10 volunteers were 54.9 ± 5.7/8.2 ± 2.5% in 120 h duration.
Anatomical insights of the palmaris brevis muscle for clinical procedures of the hand
Authors: Kim Da‐Hye , Bae Jung‐Hee , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the present study is to provide useful data for anatomists and clinicians by describing the topography of the palmaris brevis muscle, taking particular note of its morphology and distribution pattern of the nerve and artery. Forty‐nine hands from Korean adult cadavers were used in this study. Parameters with respect to the size, scale, and location of the muscle were measured using a ultrasonography system, digital caliper, and surgical microscope. Histologic sections were obtained to clarify the positional relationship with surrounding tissues. The branches of the ulnar nerve and artery, which supply the muscle, were observed. The minimum and maximum depths in which the palmaris brevis muscle can be existed, including the thickness of the skin (1.9 mm), were 3.7 and 6.9 mm, respectively. It was inserted into the hypothenar fascia and the dermis. The main trunk of the ulnar nerve and artery were positioned under the lateral side of the muscle. The richest arborization of perforating branches of the ulnar nerve and artery was mostly confined to the distal section of the lateral side of the muscle. Our findings provide theoretical evidence of the palmaris brevis muscle for clinical procedures of the hand, such as botulinum toxin injection. Clinicians should pay attention not to injure the ulnar artery under the lateral side of the muscle. Botulinum toxin should be injected at a depth of between approximately 2 and 7 mm, considering the range of depth of the muscle. Clin. Anat. 30:397–403, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adoption of azygos, hemiazygos, and dartos
Authors: Neumann Paul E.
Published: February 2017

Exceptions to the anatomical nomenclature rule that names must be in proper Latin include a few terms that contain borrowed Greek adjectives that are not declined like Latin words. Adoption of these adjectives into Latin would change about a half‐dozen terms, e.g., vena azyga, vena hemiazyga, and fascia darta. The anatomical nomenclature rules apply only to the Latin terms, so there is no requirement to alter the way azygos, hemiazygos, and dartos are used in equivalent terms in other languages. Clin. Anat. 30:450–451, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The “red door” controversy—Middlesbrough's asylum seekers and the discursive politics of racism
Authors: Bates David
Published: February 2017

This article explores some of the ways in which the current refugee “crisis” has played out in the North East of England, with a particular focus on media coverage of asylum in Middlesbrough, the town with the highest proportion of asylum seekers in the country. In January 2016, Middlesbrough made national headlines when it was claimed that the homes of asylum seekers in the town had been made identifiable through the distinctive colour of their houses' front doors, leading to occupants being singled out for violence and abuse. Drawing on critical discourse analysis of national and local newspaper features and online media content, the article examines contrasting constructions of racism, place, and class in the media's coverage of the “red door” controversy. It is argued that even these humanised constructions of asylum seekers draw on discourses that obscure the existence of elite‐driven cultural and institutional racisms that are a defining feature of Britain's asylum process. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Balloon‐Microcatheter technique for treatment of coronary artery perforations
Authors: Garbo Roberto , Oreglia Jacopo A. , Gasparini Gabriele L.
Published: February 2017

Coronary perforation (CP) is a rare but potentially lethal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Management of CP is mainly conditioned by the extension of coronary rupture and location of the perforation. Successful treatment is highly affected by the operator's familiarity with tools and dedicated techniques to achieve prompt sealing of the disruption. We describe a “Balloon‐Microcatheter” technique that may allow fast, safe, and effective management of CP with a single ≥ 6 Fr guiding catheter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does pre‐PCIFFR predict post‐PCI blood flow increase? do we need IMR too?
Authors: Kern Morton J. , Seto Arnold H.
Published: February 2017

Key Points

This detailed physiologic study found that coronary flow increases in most but not all arteries after successful PCI.

IMR decreases on average after PCI, in contrast with prior studies.

Future studies combining pressure and flow indices will define the role of physiologic assessment beyond FFR in predicting outcomes.
Iron‐Containing SSZ‐39 (AEI) Zeolite: An Active and Stable High‐Temperature NH3‐SCR Catalyst
Authors: Martín Nuria , Vennestrøm Peter N. R. , Thøgersen Joakim R. , Moliner Manuel , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2017

The preparation of the iron‐containing SSZ‐39 zeolite is described for the first time through two different synthesis methods: post‐synthetic cation exchange and one‐pot synthesis. The nature and stability of the iron species within the different Fe‐SSZ‐39 materials have been studied through different characterization techniques, and their catalytic activity has been evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia. The directly synthetized Fe‐SSZ‐39 performs better for the SCR of NOx with ammonia than other related Fe‐zeolites, particularly at elevated reaction temperatures (above 450 °C), and presents improved hydrothermal stability when aged under severe conditions.
Borylative Radical Cyclizations of Benzo[3,4]cyclodec‐3‐ene‐1,5‐diynes and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Boranes
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Hirose Daisuke , Curran Dennis P. , Taniguchi Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2017

Borylative radical cyclization of benzo[3,4]cyclodec‐3‐ene‐1,5‐diynes to provide 5‐borylated 6,7,8,9‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]azulenes has been developed. The experimental results suggest that the reaction proceeds by a radical chain mechanism, in which di‐tert‐butyl hyponitrite (TBHN) works as a good radical initiator to form boryl radicals from N‐heterocyclic carbene–boranes (NHC‐boranes). The present reaction is a rare model that illustrates addition of boryl radicals to alkynes.
Rapid and Complete Conversion of CH3NH3PbI3 for Perovskite/C60 Planar‐Heterojunction Solar Cells by Two‐Step Deposition
Authors: Sun Weihai , Li Yunlong , Yan Weibo , Peng Haitao , Ye Senyun , Rao Haixia , Zhao Ziran , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: February 2017

In the present work, we proposed an improved two‐step deposition method by optimizing the reaction temperature and the dipping time for the fabrication of perovskite films. The perovskite film fabricated at 70 C exhibits a full surface coverage and a smooth uniform crystal morphology with a particle size up to micrometer scale. The corresponding inverted perovskite solar cell with a structure of ITO/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene‐sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)/CH3NH3PbI3/C60/2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BCP)/Ag displayed a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.6% than that of the device fabricated at 20 C (8.06%), as well as the high reproducibility. The small but meaningful modification for two‐step deposition would provide an efficient and convenient way to optimize planar perovskite solar cells and facilitate the potential applications of perovskite solar cells more widely.
Probing the Interactions of Cytotoxic [Pt(1S,2S‐DACH)(5,6‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline)] and Its PtIV Derivatives with Human Serum
Authors: Harper Benjamin W. J. , Friedman‐Ezra Aviva , Sirota Roman , Petruzzella Emanuele , Aldrich‐Wright Janice R. , Gibson Dan
Published: February 2017

The discrepancy between the in vitro cytotoxic results and the in vivo performance of Pt56MeSS prompted us to look into its interactions and those of its PtIV derivatives with human serum (HS), human serum albumin (HSA), lipoproteins, and serum‐supplemented cell culture media. The PtII complex, Pt56MeSS, binds noncovalently and reversibly to slow‐tumbling proteins in HS and in cell culture media and interacts through the phenanthroline group with HSA, with a Kd value of ∼1.5×10−6 m. All PtIV complexes were found to be stable toward reduction in HS, but those with axial carboxylate ligands, cct‐[Pt(1S,2S‐DACH)(5,6‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenantroline)(acetato)2](TFA)2 (Pt56MeSS(OAc)2) and cct‐[Pt(1S,2S‐DACH)(5,6‐dimehtyl‐1,10‐phenantroline)(phenylbutyrato)2](TFA)2 (Pt56MeSS(PhB)2), were spontaneously reduced at pH 7 or higher in phosphate buffer, but not in Tris buffer (pH 8). HS also decreased the rate of reduction by ascorbate of the PtIV complexes relative to the reduction rates in phosphate buffer, suggesting that for this compound class, phosphate buffer is not a good model for HS.
Organization of the connections between claustrum and cortex in the mouse
Authors: Wang Quanxin , Ng Lydia , Harris Julie A. , Feng David , Li Yang , Royall Josh J. , Oh Seung Wook , Bernard Amy , Sunkin Susan M. , Koch Christof , Zeng Hongkui
Published: February 2017

The connections between the claustrum and the cortex in mouse are systematically investigated with adeno‐associated virus (AAV), an anterograde viral tracer. We first define the boundary and the three‐dimensional structure of the claustrum based on a variety of molecular and anatomical data. From AAV injections into 42 neocortical and allocortical areas, we conclude that most cortical areas send bilateral projections to the claustrum, the majority being denser on the ipsilateral side. This includes prelimbic, infralimbic, medial, ventrolateral and lateral orbital, ventral retrosplenial, dorsal and posterior agranular insular, visceral, temporal association, dorsal and ventral auditory, ectorhinal, perirhinal, lateral entorhinal, and anteromedial, posteromedial, lateroposterior, laterointermediate, and postrhinal visual areas. In contrast, the cingulate and the secondary motor areas send denser projections to the contralateral claustrum than to the ipsilateral one. The gustatory, primary auditory, primary visual, rostrolateral visual, and medial entorhinal cortices send projections only to the ipsilateral claustrum. Primary motor, primary somatosensory and subicular areas barely send projections to either ipsi‐ or contralateral claustrum. Corticoclaustral projections are organized in a rough topographic manner, with variable projection strengths. We find that the claustrum, in turn, sends widespread projections preferentially to ipsilateral cortical areas with different projection strengths and laminar distribution patterns and to certain contralateral cortical areas. Our quantitative results show that the claustrum has strong reciprocal and bilateral connections with prefrontal and cingulate areas as well as strong reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral temporal and retrohippocampal areas, suggesting that it may play a crucial role in a variety of cognitive processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1–1, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arithmetic Spectral Transitions for the Maryland Model
Authors: Jitomirskaya Svetlana , Liu Wencai
Published: February 2017

We give a precise description of spectra of the Maryland model

urn:x-wiley:0010-3640:media:cpa21688:cpa21688-math-0001

for all values of parameters. We introduce an arithmetically defined index and show that for ,

urn:x-wiley:0010-3640:media:cpa21688:cpa21688-math-0004

and

urn:x-wiley:0010-3640:media:cpa21688:cpa21688-math-0005

Since , this gives a complete description of the spectral decomposition for all values of parameters λ, α, and θ, making it the first case of a family where arithmetic spectral transition is described without any parameter exclusion. The set of eigenvalues can be explicitly identified for all parameters, using the quantization condition. We also establish, for the first time for this or any other model, a quantization condition for singular continuous spectrum (an arithmetically defined measure zero set that supports singular continuous measures) for all parameters.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple access based on different lengths super orthogonal codes to support QoS of M2M communications in next generation networks
Authors: Ghavimi Fayezeh , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa
Published: February 2017

Global connectivity, low latency, and ready‐to‐use infrastructure of next generation wireless (NGW) networks provide a platform for machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communications on a large scale. However, M2M communications over NGW networks pose significant challenges because of different data rates, diverse applications, and a large number of connections. In this paper, we address M2M challenges over NGW networks, and in particular, we focus on random access overload issue and diverse quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements to enable M2M communications in the context of NGW networks. To enable massive M2M access while QoS guarantees, we propose group‐based M2M communications on the basis of identical transmission protocols and QoS requirements. Furthermore, to guarantee low energy consumption for M2M devices in the same group, we propose a decentralized group‐head selection scheme. In addition, a solution is proposed by using an effective capacity concept to provide QoS guarantees for M2M devices with a strict time constraint. A new random access approach based on different lengths super orthogonal codes is proposed to ease massive random access challenges with provisioning diverse QoS requirements of M2M communications in heterogeneous NGW networks.
The first complete mitogenome of the South China deep‐sea giant isopod Bathynomus sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) allows insights into the early mitogenomic evolution of isopods
Authors: Shen Yanjun , Kou Qi , Zhong Zaixuan , Li Xinzheng , He Lisheng , He Shunping , Gan Xiaoni
Published: February 2017

In this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of the South China deep‐sea giant isopod Bathynomus sp. was determined, and this study is the first to explore in detail the mt genome of a deep‐sea member of the order Isopoda. This species belongs to the genus Bathynomus, the members of which are saprophagous residents of the deep‐sea benthic environment; based on their large size, Bathynomus is included in the “supergiant group” of isopods. The mt genome of Bathynomus sp. is 14,965 bp in length and consists of 13 protein‐coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, only 18 transfer RNA genes, and a noncoding control region 362 bp in length, which is the smallest control region discovered in Isopoda to date. Although the overall genome organization is typical for metazoans, the mt genome of Bathynomus sp. shows a number of derived characters, such as an inversion of 10 genes when compared to the pancrustacean ground pattern. Rearrangements in some genes (e.g., cob, trnT, nad5, and trnF) are shared by nearly all isopod mt genomes analyzed thus far, and when compared to the putative isopod ground pattern, five rearrangements were found in Bathynomus sp. Two tRNAs exhibit modified secondary structures: The TΨC arm is absent from trnQ, and trnC lacks the DHU. Within the class Malacostraca, trnC arm loss is only found in other isopods. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Bathynomus sp. (Cymothoida) and Sphaeroma serratum (Sphaeromatidea) form a single clade, although it is unclear whether Cymothoida is monophyletic or paraphyletic. Moreover, the evolutionary rate of Bathynomus sp. (dN/dS [nonsynonymous mutational rate/synonymous mutational rate] = 0.0705) is the slowest measured to date among Cymothoida, which may be associated with its relatively constant deep‐sea environment. Overall, our results may provide useful information for understanding the evolution of deep‐sea Isopoda species.
Host sharing by the honey bee parasites Lotmaria passim and Nosema ceranae
Authors: Tritschler Manuel , Retschnig Gina , Yañez Orlando , Williams Geoffrey R. , Neumann Peter
Published: February 2017

The trypanosome Lotmaria passim and the microsporidian Nosema ceranae are common parasites of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, intestine, but the nature of interactions between them is unknown. Here, we took advantage of naturally occurring infections and quantified infection loads of individual workers (N = 408) originating from three apiaries (four colonies per apiary) using PCR to test for interactions between these two parasites. For that purpose, we measured the frequency of single and double infections, estimated the parasite loads of single and double infections, and determined the type of correlation between both parasites in double infections. If interactions between both parasites are strong and antagonistic, single infections should be more frequent than double infections, double infections will have lower parasite loads than single infections, and double infections will present a negative correlation. Overall, a total of 88 workers were infected with N. ceranae, 53 with L. passim, and eight with both parasites. Although both parasites were found in all three apiaries, there were significant differences among apiaries in the proportions of infected bees. The data show no significant differences between the expected and observed frequencies of single‐ and double‐infected bees. While the infection loads of individual bees were significantly higher for L. passim compared to N. ceranae, there were no significant differences in infection loads between single‐ and double‐infected hosts for both parasites. These results suggest no strong interactions between the two parasites in honey bees, possibly due to spatial separation in the host. The significant positive correlation between L. passim and N. ceranae infection loads in double‐infected hosts therefore most likely results from differences among individual hosts rather than cooperation between parasites. Even if hosts are infected by multiple parasites, this does not necessarily imply that there are any significant interactions between them.
FRT Method for Matrix Converter to Ensure Compatibility between Generator Torque Control and Grid Reactive Current Control
Authors: TAKAHASHI HIROKI , ITOH JUN‐ICHI
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes a fault ride through (FRT) method for a matrix converter in a grid‐connected system to control the grid reactive current and generator torque during a three‐phase short voltage sag. In the proposed method, the control period of the system is divided into three modes. In the first mode, all switches are turned off, and in the second mode, a zero vector is obtained at the output of the matrix converter. By using these two modes along with a snubber circuit in the matrix converter, the generator torque is controlled during the three‐phase voltage sag. Further, in the third mode, a nonzero vector is selected to connect the generator to the grid for providing the reactive current to the grid. In addition, the paper proposes a feedback control to obtain a stable ride through operation. From the experimental results, it is confirmed that grid reactive current of 0.86 p.u. and generator torque of 1.07 p.u. are achieved by the proposed FRT method during the three‐phase voltage sag.
Intraluminal MRI Probe Using Small Size Variable Capacitor
Authors: MATSUNAGA TADAO , MATSUOKA YUICHIRO , NAKAZONO MASAYOSHI , KURODA KAGAYAKI , ESASHI MASAYOSHI , HAGA YOICHI
Published: February 2017

An intraluminal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe holds promise to achieve a higher resolution image of a small pathological lesion than conventional external probes. Such an intraluminal probe requires precise resonant frequency tuning to 63.865 MHz and impedance matching to 50 Ω, if used for instance in a 1.5‐T scanner. Tuning and matching have to be performed after inserted into the subject body as electric permittivity varies according to the tissue location. Thus, in this study, a novel intraluminal MRI probe, which can be tuned and matched remotely by voltage‐controlled, MOSFET‐type variable capacitors was developed and fabricated. The imaging capability and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was evaluated in an agar phantom.
Air Density Compensation of Tuning Fork Sensor Using Kalman Filter
Authors: OKAMOTO KOHEI , AIKAWA NAOYUKI
Published: February 2017

Vibration sensor is used as a sensor to measure pressure, force, acceleration, and density. In particular, tuning fork sensor is suitable as a sensor for electronic balance due to high sensitivity to the force and its long‐term stability. However, tuning force sensor is affected by the temperature and the air density. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate the effects of them. In the conventional method, we could not compensate adequately for the abrupt change in the air density into the delay of smoothing filter. In this paper, we propose accurate compensation method of the drift, which is caused by changing the air density of tuning fork sensor. Applying Kalman filter, the drift of the tuning fork sensor can be very small even with an abrupt change in the air density and there is noise in the measured atmospheric pressure and the frequency.
Parallel Processing Method of Map Simplification on Spatial DB
Authors: TOMA ERIKO , TAMADA TAKASHI , SAKAIRI TAKEO , KAMEI KATSUYUKI , KONAKA HIROKI
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we propose a parallel processing method of map simplification using spatial database that supports data management, spatial operations, and spatial queries. This method simplifies geometry figures in parallel without splitting original figures on boundaries of meshes that are conventionally used as rectangular data management units. The simplified result of our method has fewer vertices than a conventional method, since unnecessary vertices are not added in the simplification process. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of our method, its processing time and simplified results for actual map data are compared with those of the conventional method.
Discrimination of Positive/Negative Attitude Using Optical Flow and Prosody Information
Authors: KOBAYASHI YUTA , NAKAMURA MUNEHIRO , NAMBO HIDETAKA , KIMURA HARUHIKO
Published: February 2017

Nonlinguistic information such as facial expression, gesture, and tone of voice plays an essential role in communication between humans. However, most human–machine interfaces are not designed to utilize nonlinguistic information. In order to develop a natural human–machine interface, this paper presents a system for discriminating positive–negative attitudes from nonlinguistic information. Our system utilizes prosody information and natural facial expression observed in a dialogue. For example, the questioner asks a subject to do something, for example, “Won't you go shopping with me?” And then, the subject shows an ambiguous response, for example, “Umm, shopping…” The proposed system analyzes prosody information and facial expression obtained from the subject. The system combines optical flows and prosody information to increase the accuracy in the discrimination. Evaluation experiments using 678 videos obtained from 23 subjects have shown that our system achieved 81.4% accuracy, which is 4.8% higher in the case when only optical flows were used as training data and 13.8% higher in the case when only prosody information was used as training data.
Induced Change of Electric Self‐Potential and Magnetic Field at the Artificial Explosion
Authors: SAKAI HIDEO , KOBAYASHI TSUYOSHI , IZUMI YOSHINORI , NAKAYAMA TAKESHI , HATTORI KATSUMI
Published: February 2017

Study of the electric self‐potential (SP) and the magnetic field was conducted at the explosion seismic experiment in Ooyama, Toyama Prefecture. The explosion was induced by 450‐kg gun powder placed at a depth of 32.2 m to 75 m. The SP was measured by four electrodes arranged in a line crossing the explosion point, where the distance of each electrode from the explosion ranged from 10 m to 100 m. Induced SP changes consisted of two portions, namely, fluctuations with shorter period (∼10 ms) and fluctuations with longer periods (∼50 ms). Regarding the latter, the amplitude was in proportion to the span length of electrode couples and the fluctuations arrived faster at the electrode couples nearer to the explosion. Furthermore, the increment of ground level in SP was observed in each electrode couple after the explosion, which was concordant with the distribution of apparent resistivity underground studied by the survey. The magnetic field measured by the fluxgate magnetometer at the site 35 m north from the explosion also showed change of a few nT after the explosion. This may have been caused by change of magnetic properties underground.
Flow alteration signatures of diversion hydropower: An analysis of 32 rivers in southwestern China
Authors: Kibler Kelly M. , Alipour Mohammadhossein
Published: February 2017

Hydrologic changes caused by diversion hydropower are poorly described. Herein, we evaluate hydrologic alteration in 32 ungauged rivers developed for diversion hydropower. We simulated long‐term unregulated discharge records before perturbing flows with the hydropower diversion and comparing periods with and without diversion. We detected statistically significant changes to flow regime metrics across all rivers. Magnitudes across a range of flows consistently decreased following diversion, flow variability decreased substantially, and transitions between flows of different magnitudes became more abrupt. Magnitudes of 7‐day minimum flows were lower by a mean of 41 ± 23% (p < .05 for 19 rivers), annual maximum flows decreased significantly (p < .05) in 22 rivers, and 7‐day maximum flows decreased by a mean of 52 ± 18% (p < .05 for 26 rivers). Temporally dynamic low to moderate flows were replaced by static minimal flows, leading to a mean 184 ± 49% increase in flow constancy. Mean duration of events sustained below the prediversion Q75 increased (p < .05 for 32 rivers) from a mean of 3 days to a mean of 27 days after diversion. Mean hydrograph rise and fall rates doubled and tripled, respectively (p < .05 for 28 rivers). We detected few changes to peak flow timing. Although direction of observed change was consistent among the rivers, magnitudes and significance of response often varied between rivers. A proposed diversion index largely explained response variability among the 32 rivers. Results highlight that hydropower systems without storage reservoirs can profoundly affect river flow regimes when water is diverted from the river.
Effects of Substitution of Aliovalent N3– and Cl– Ions in Place of O2– in ZnO: Properties of ZnO1–x–yNxCly (x, y = 0.0–0.5)
Authors: Lingampalli Srinivasa Rao , Prasad Suchitra , Manjunath Krishnappa , Ayyub Mohd Monis , Vishnoi Pratap , Waghmare Umesh V. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: February 2017

Aliovalent anion substitution in metal oxides and other inorganic materials has a remarkable effect on the electronic structures of these materials as recently demonstrated in N‐ and F‐cosubstituted ZnO. We have examined ZnO where O is partially substituted with N and Cl and found significant changes in the bond lengths by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography in the case of ZnO0.6N0.2Cl0.2. Moderate substitution of N and Cl brings the band gap of ZnO down to 1.93 eV and renders ZnO coloured. These materials are photocatalytically active for hydrogen production. Complete substitution of O by N and Cl results in Zn2NCl, a colourless insulator. First‐principles calculations have shown how the presence of a band originating from N‐2p states occupying the top of the valence band is responsible for the reduction in the band gap in ZnO. The calculations have also thrown light on the stability and electronic structures of the N‐ and Cl‐cosubstituted ZnO compounds.