bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green care in Wrocław hospital gardens
Authors: Górska-Kłęk Lucyna , Zaguła Martyna , Adamczyk Kamila , Czerniak Anna , Jarosik Małgorzata , Sobiech Krzysztof A.
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Green care includes a variety of therapies based a natural relationship between humans and nature which manifests itself in their inborn positive emotional reaction to the natural environment. Natural settings are particularly favorable for patients as they help them recover mentally and physically, and they can be used for rehabilitation. Worldwide it is increasingly common to consider the use and adaptation of hospital gardens for therapeutic purposes. The aim of the study was to describe and discuss the current state and use of Wrocław hospital grounds for the needs of nature walk therapy and horticultural therapy.

Material and methods: Green spaces on Wrocław hospital grounds were analyzed. Each hospital was evaluated and the data were recorded on an evaluation sheet (general description of the hospital, location, state and development of green spaces) accompanied by a photographic documentation and interviews with the hospital staff and patients.

Results: Nature walk therapy and horticultural therapy are hardly ever used in hospitals in Wrocław. If they are used, it is always a passive form of activity.

Conclusions: Lack of adequate facilities and green spaces make the hospital surroundings unfriendly and inaccessible to patients.
Thermovision techniques for evaluation of the effect of hippotherapy on changes in lower limb temperature in children with cerebral palsy (CP) – a pilot study
Authors: Dziuba Alicja Katarzyna , Dudek Krzysztof , Kobel-Buys Krystyna , Żurek Grzegorz , Smajda Ewa
Published: July 2016

Introduction: of the study. The elevated muscle tension in lower limbs (LL) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) results in the abnormal pressure on major blood vessels. Consequently, this leads to the disturbances in the circulatory system and a reduction in the temperature in lower limbs. This study assesses thermal effects of a single-session hippotherapy in LL in CP children by means of a non-invasive thermovision technique. Materials and methods: The study included 9 children with CP aged 11,8 ± 4,5 who were treated with hippotherapy. A thermovision camera was used for measurements of the temperature on the surface of lower limbs in anterior, posterior, lateral and medial parts before and after the hippotherapy. Results: The increase in the temperature was observed in the areas of lower limbs which remain directly in contact with the horse’s body. The Wilcoxon test (p<0,01) revealed statistically significant changes in the temperature of the posterior regions in lower limbs. Conclusions: Hippotherapy causes an increase in the temperature of lower limbs in the areas directly involved in contact with the horse’s body. When continuing the study, the factors required for positive effects of the hippotherapy, such as the quality of the therapy and patient’s activation should also be taken into consideration.
Analysis of training loads in the introductory micro-cycle during the phase of specific preparation of wheelchair tennis players
Authors: Bolach Eugeniusz , Bolach Bartosz , Seniuk Katarzyna
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Wheelchair tennis is one of disability sports. The training structure is based on the theory of training of able-bodied people but elements of rehabilitation are included. The aim of the study was to present and analyze the training loads during training sessions of the introductory micro-cycle in the phase of specific preparation of wheelchair tennis players.

Material and methods: 15 wheelchair tennis players from 5 different sports clubs participated in the study. They were divided into two groups according to their age and length of sports career. Their blood pressure (RR) was measured twice: before and after each training session. Also their heart rate (HR) was recorded at 5 specific moments of the training sessions of the introductory micro-cycle in the phase of specific preparation: - at the beginning of training, after a 10-minute warm-up, peak heart rate during training, at the end of training and after 10-minute restitution.

Results and Conclusion: It was found that older athletes had a faster increase in heart rate during a warm-up, on average reached the maximal HR values sooner than the younger athletes, and during restitution their mean HR value decreased more slowly. A faster increase in heart rate during a warm-up and its slower decrease during restitution was observed in athletes with a longer sports career. They also reached maximal HR value later than those with a shorter sports career. The changes in mean HR values during training sessions were slower in the athletes with a higher performance level. Also their heart rate values decreased faster during restitution. The athletes’ mean blood pressure after training was higher compared with its value before training, which indicates that time of restitution was not sufficient or there were few breaks during training.
A beautiful body?
Authors: Dobrowolski Robert
Published: July 2016

Since the second half of the 19th century, the notion of beauty has been gradually losing its classical meaning. More and more often, our aesthetic tastes are met by that which is violent and based on creaking dissonances. Similarly, the body of a contemporary human is perceived today in a different way than it was in ancient Rome or Greece. The attractiveness of body depends now to a lesser extent than then on the arrangement of its build, appearance, and function into a harmonious whole, reflecting the idealized world of nature. The sentimentalism of the beautiful is being replaced by the aesthetics of functional machinery, and what was until recently rejected with disgust begins to be considered desirable. Not condemning all these occurrences in advance, it is worth considering if this re-aesthetization of human body is beneficial to the humanity.
Assessment of suppleness of children in early school age
Authors: Izydorczyk-Styś Alicja , Izydorczyk-Styś Bartłomiej
Published: July 2016

Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess suppleness of children in early school age.

Material and methods: 35 children (16 girls and 19 boys) aged 7, living in rural areas were studied. Suppleness was assessed using the fingertip-to-floor test, standing straight on a levelled platform. The lumbar spine mobility was measured using the Schober method. The length of ischio-shin muscles was assessed based on measurement of the lower limb elevation angle during Laseque test.

Conclusions: The suppleness of 7-year-old children, mainly girls, was reduced. The reduction in body suppleness of the study subjects turned out to be caused by shortening of ischio-shin muscles and/or reduced lumbar spine mobility.
The Analysis of the Impact of the Chosen Factors on the Orthotics Progress in the Distal Parts of the Limbs in Adults
Authors: Nowicka Zofia , Więckowska Karolina , Wrzosek Zdzisława
Published: July 2016

The orthotics is one of the means of impact in rehabilitation and it determines the functional efficiency of the patient [1]. To be able to achieve that aim it must change constantly. Progress in this area is determined by a number of factors including: technological progress, increasing number of injuries, sometimes very complex, increase in diseases of affluence (vascular diseases, cancer, neurological diseases, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus), where orthoses may be applied during the treatment, interdisciplinarity manifested in the creation of science research teams, increasing expectations of the patients for the equipment improvement in a functional and cosmetic aspect.
An Overview of Steel Structures in Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Project
Authors: Su Quanke , Xie Hongbing
Published: July 2016

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge consists of 16km of steel box-girder bridge and 6km of steel
composite girder bridge, and would be the world’s largest and longest offshore steel bridge on
completion. Both types of steel bridge have advantages of light weight, efficiency in load carrying,
structural integrity, proven durability and good seismic performance. They are especially suitable for
shop fabrication, large scale standardized modular structural component assembly and installation,
which would allow effective control of construction activities and working conditions in the ocean
to mitigate and minimize weather induced safety and quality problems, as well as the impact to the
marine environment, marine life and marine traffic. However, manufacturing, transporting and
installation of massive, large-scale modular structural component would present significant
challenges to the lifting equipment, transporting facilities and construction safety management.

In this paper, an overview of the mission and goal, construction constraints, consideration for bridge
type selection, the development of basic design criteria, the quality control and acceptance criteria,
inspection and maintenance accessibility, requirements for transportation and erection of large scale
modular structural components, quality control and innovations in steel fabrication are presented
from the point of the bridge owner. Special studies related to technical challenges such as wind
stability, deck fatigue control, pavement durability, protection coating, as well as experience and
lessons learned will also be discussed.
A New R&D Program “Infrastructure Maintenance, Renovation and Management” in Japan for Innovation in Infrastructure Maintenance and Management
Authors: Fujino Yozo
Published: July 2016

After five decades of development, Japanese stocks of infrastructure have reached enormous amount of over US$7000 billion. Some of the infrastructures are not in good condition now. Japanese government decided to invest on research and development for efficient infrastructure management. A new R&D program named “Infrastructure maintenance, renovation and management” was launched in 2013 under the Japanese Council of Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI)’s Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP). This initiative is expected to prevent further accidents and provide an example for efficient infrastructure maintenance by reducing the burden of maintenance works and cost.
Bentley Bridge Information Modelling – Solution for Bridge Information Mobility
Authors: Samec Vanja
Published: July 2016

Prosperity and quality of life of our modern society is also based on a well-established road network
for movement of goods and passenger traffic. Bridges are a vital, but also vulnerable part of this
network. They are expensive in construction and maintenance – about 1-2% of the construction
expenses have to be invested into maintenance per year. Because of their important role in the
transportation network, great care must be taken during the design and construction phase and in the
following surveillance while it is in service.
Bridge design and analysis is an iterative process. During this process the engineer is looking for
the best solution for given criteria by changing specific system parameters. Engineering experience
helps to reduce the time required, but there will still be a need for many iteration steps until the
design criteria are met. Computer programs nowadays should provide the best possible support for
this design process. The construction sequence combined with long-term effects has an influence on
the target engineering design. Within structural analyses, it is necessary to account for long-term
effects in the calculation and to minimize undesired influences.
Tall Buildings: The Next Generation
Authors: Wood Antony
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates tall buildings from an aesthetic and social, as well as commercial and environmental, viewpoint; as contributing elements in the fabric of a city. Against a backdrop of the large-scale homogenization of cities architecturally around the world, the paper suggests ten design principles which, if adopted in skyscraper design, could result in tall buildings which are more appropriate to the place in which they are located – physically, environmentally, culturally, socially and economically. In doing this, it promotes the need for a new vernacular for the skyscraper in each region of the world, and suggests this would have significant ecological, as well as social, benefits.
Analytical Analysis on Distortion Effect of Twin-I girder BridgeSystems
Authors: Shi Xue-fei , Ma Haiying , Liu Chen
Published: July 2016

Application of twin I-girder bridge structure is very few in China. The structure is designed based on the requirement of bridge industrialization construction. So the structure has typically same spans, same cross section depth, and same cross section width with only two I girders and large deck width. Due to large deck width and weak torsional stiffness of I girders, the effect of distortion is more significant than traditional I girder system. The paper developed parametric study to investigate the distortion behaviour of twin I-girder bridge structure. The results show that it is not reasonable to use transverse distribution coefficient do design twin I-girder bridges. A modified coefficient is required.
Bending Capacity of Orthotropic Composite Bridge Deck with T-Shaped Steel Ribs
Authors: Su Qingtian , Zeng Minggen , Dai Changyuan , Wu Chong , Shao Changyu
Published: July 2016

A new type of steel-concrete composite deck is proposed in this paper. The new composite bridge deck comprises the orthotropic steel plate with T-shaped steel ribs and the concrete, adjoining steel plate and concrete overlay together with studs. The steel plate can play the role of framework for the concrete overlay and save the on-site construction time. The new type composite deck can eliminate the problems of fatigue failure and pavement failure,compared with conventional orthotropic steel deck system.

For the structural type of thiscomposite deck is not used in the actual bridge and its mechanical performance are not revealed in literatures, in this paper two full-scalespecimens with T-shaped ribs were designed and fabricated. The mechanical behaviour of the new orthotropic composite deck was tested. Particularly, their bending capacity in sagging and hogging zone was carefully investigated. In the experiment, the load-deflection relation, the load-slip relation, concrete strains and steel strains were tested. The static load test proves that the bending capacity of the composite bridge deck was high and the elastic-plastic performance was obvious. The test result proved that the orthotropic composite bridge deck with T-shaped ribs behaves excellent bearing capacity and can be used in bridges.
Torsional Behavior of a Under-Deck Cable-Stayed Footbridge
Authors: Yuan Aimin , Sha Yangfeng , Dai Hang
Published: July 2016

Many under-deck cable-stayed bridges have been designed and built with highly innovative morphologies. Under an eccentric pedestrian load, the extremely low torsional stiffness of such footbridge makes them highly prone to torsional failure.

The aim of this paper is to propose inverse W type struts with both side inward inclined plane cables and central vertical plane cables to improve the torsional capacity of under-deck cable-stayed footbridges. Combined a real footbridge, the effectiveness of the proposed design arrangements is evaluated by comparing the structural response with or without countermeasures. Results show that the proposed method can enhance the torsional capacity.
Effects of Higher Modes on Tall Piers
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Jianzhong , Guan Zhongguo
Published: July 2016

To get adapt to the rugged topography, lots of bridges with tall piers have been constructed in west
China. Because of large self-mass and long fundamental period, the failure progress of tall piers
under excitation of earthquake records was significantly influenced by their higher modes.
Considering the contribution from higher modes, presented paper investigated the damage and
failure progress of tall piers using incremental dynamic analysis method. The results showed that
with contribution of higher modes of piers, multiple plastic zones could form along pier height
under strong earthquake; if current displacement based and capacity protective method were applied
to tall piers, large errors would be led to.
The Combined Force Characteristics for The Pavement Layer of Steel Decks Under The Influence of Vehicle Load
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhang Dengjing , Ji Bohai , Xie Faxiang
Published: July 2016

The influence of vehicle load on the force state of the paving layers for orthotropic steel decks in different seasons was studied in the research. To begin with, by applying the fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge as the research object, this research established the model for the half cross-section of steel box beam (MHCSBB) using the ANSYS finite element software. Then, the finite element method was used to calculate the position which is most adverse for the force of the pavement layers under loading at different positions. Meanwhile, the influences of varying temperatures in different seasons and different overload proportions (30%, 50%, 70% and 100%) on the force state of the pavement layers were taken into account. Based on this, this research comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of the varying forces of the orthotropic steel deck under different vehicle loads. Finally, it was obtained that vehicle overloading should be effectively controlled under the conditions of low and high temperatures, so as to improve the force state and thus lengthen the service life of the pavement layer of the steel deck.
Constructing Mode Shapes of a Girder Bridge Using Responses of a Moving Vehicle Under Impact Excitation
Authors: Au Francis T. K. , Qi Zhongqiang
Published: July 2016

The mode shapes of a bridge are important modal properties for many purposes. Traditional methods for constructing mode shapes often require installation of instruments on the bridge for collection of dynamic responses. However, these methods are not only costly but also inconvenient. Therefore a method for constructing the mode shapes of simply supported bridges based on Hilbert Transform is developed. By using the dynamic responses extracted from a moving vehicle, an algorithm is devised to construct the mode shapes. Compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method uses only the information from the moving vehicle. Moreover, additional impact excitation on the vehicle helps to excite the bridge. This helps to improve the accuracy. A numerical study is presented to discuss the effects of measurement noise, road surface roughness and vehicle speed on the accuracy of results.
Resonance of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Under Trains
Authors: Fu Chunyu
Published: July 2016

By considering the vertical-horizontal interations, this paper investigates the effect of the prestress on the vibration of the bridge subjected to high-speed trains. Lagrange’s equations are adopted to obtain the finite element equations of motion for the train-bridge coupling system, where the horizontal-vertical interaction is represented by an equivalent stiffness, and the effect of high-order displacements is expressed by an equivalent load. The proposed method is validated by a simply supported bridge, and the results show that due to the effects of horizontal-vertical interactions, the horizontal prestress forces can enlarge the vertical displacements of the bridge at resonance, while the vertical vehicular loads can cause the bridge vibration in horizontal direction.
Effect of Strain Level on Corrosion of Prestressing Steel Strands
Authors: Wu Xun , Li Hui
Published: July 2016

This paper presents the results of slat spary accelerated corrosion test to analyze the effect of strain level on corrosion of prestressing steel strands. Corrosion degree of corroded prestressing steel strands was measured and mechanical performance of corroded prestressing steel strands was obtained by tension test. The results show that the yielding strength and ultimate strength decrease with increasing corrosion degree and the decrease of elongation is more serious. It is found the higher the level of prestressing, the greater the corrosion degree. The strain influence coefficient of corrosion degree is obtained. Strain level has no notable effect on mechanical performance of corroded prestressing steel.
Influence Analysis of the Corrosion Factors Effect on the Corrosion Rate of Steel Wires of Main Cable of Suspension Bridge
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Tang Maolin , Shen Ruili
Published: July 2016

The corrosion state of the steel wires in the main cable of suspension bridge is very important for the assessment of remaining life of the whole bridge. But until now, the assessment model has not been established. To solve this problem, the quantitative analysis of the factors effecting on the corrosion rate of steel wires of main cable is proposed based on the orthogonal analysis method in this paper. On the first, the Primary and secondary relationships of various factors affecting the corrosion rate of the main cable steels of suspension bridge is determined by using the 2kfactor design method. Then, the quantitative relationship between corrosion factors and corrosion rate is established based on the interaction of various factors. The theoretical analysis and data calculation show that, the NaCl concentration, relative humidity, stress, temperature and pH values are the main factors to effect the corrosion rate of main cable steel wires. The affection of NaCl concentration is the maximum, while the temperature is the minimum, Moreover, all the factors are independent with each other except the pH value, the pH value is interconnection with other factors. The influence analysis of the paper can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the assessment of suspension bridge main cable life.
Galvanic Corrosion Protection for Bridge Structures
Authors: Liao Haixue
Published: July 2016

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) system has been installed in bridges to protect bridges from corrosion since 1970s. When ICCP systems are properly monitored and maintained, corrosion is minimized or virtually stopped. However, many installed ICCP systems are not working to their full potentials due to lack of qualified personnel and maintenance budgets.

Galvanic anodes have been included in patch repairs of steel reinforced concrete structural elements suffering from corrosion since the mid-nineties. Drilled Galvanic anodes are used in many concrete structures where corrosion potentials are high and/or chloride level is high but corrosion does not progress to the extent causing concrete damages. These two types of anodes has been included in the recently published ACI RAP Bulletin 8 ‘Installation of Embedded Galvanic Anodes’ (1).

Recognizing the inadequate monitoring and maintenance of impressed current cathodic protection that will make it in-effective, with the successful experience of galvanic anodes in patch repairs, a new galvanic cathodic protection system was developed in 2003, a trial using this distributed galvanic anodes was conducted in bridge deck overlay to address the global corrosion issues in the structure in Canada in 2003. The trial had been monitored for 12 years and was considered a success. The newly developed distributed galvanic anode system has been used in various bridge applications, including abutment overbuild, concrete deck overlay, concrete jackets for columns, piers and marine piles around the world since its inception.

This paper first introduces some corrosion basics and cathodic protection, then discusses the levels of galvanic corrosion protection and its applications.
BIM for Bridge Design
Authors: Luo Yulin , Liu Yateng
Published: July 2016

This paper briefly introduce the definition of BIM, different standards of BIM, and emphasis the application of BIM in bridge design. Though BIM is widely used in other industries like aerospace industry, BIM usage in bridge still have some limitations. However, envision of BIM utilization in bridge expects to a huge enhancement.
Giant Observation Wheel in Bangkok
Authors: Buddee Samard
Published: July 2016

The first giant observation wheel in Bangkok (Bangkok Eye) is completed in 2012, and still maintain the biggest observation wheel in Bangkok. This paper shows the engineering principles of foundation design for the giant wheel. The superstructure of the GOW model R60SV was imported from Dutch Wheels, Netherland.
New Models for Structural Analysis of Composite Beams
Authors: Turmo José , Xu Dong , Lozano Jose Antonio , Mirambell Enrique
Published: July 2016

Most codes assume a rigid interaction between concrete and steel in composite beams. This assumption assumes that there is no relative slip at the interface of both materials and Navier’s hypothesis is fully applicable. Nevertheless, all shear connections are flexible to some extent and therefore, full interaction is rarely achieved in practice. For this reason, partial interaction, with a relative slip at the interface, always appears in actual structures. The simulation of this relative slip is of primary importance because it affects both the deflections and the stresses in concrete and steel members. To carry out this simulation, a number of analytical and numerical models are proposed in the literature. The main problem of most of these models is that they cannot be easily applied for design work. To fill this gap, a two-dimensional finite element model is proposed. In this model, the different elements of the composite beams are simulated only by frame elements, easing its practical application. To validate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed model, a finite element model is verified against those results obtained by analytical equations available in the literature.
Experimental Study of Model Cable Inter-supported by a Shape Memory Alloy Wire
Authors: Zhou H. J. , Sun L. M. , Yao G. Z. , Xing F. , Zhou L. B.
Published: July 2016

This study proposed and tested a system of a stay cable transversely attached with a tensioned Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wire. Cyclic tension loading test of pre-tensioned 0.5mm diameter SMA wire was firstly conducted. The effective modulus and energy dissipation per unit volume were derived from the tested hysteretic loops of pre-tensioned SMA wire. The pre-strain effects on the effective modulus and energy dissipation of SMA wire was discussed based on the test results. Then vibration mitigation experiment of a model stay cable transversely attached with a tensioned SMA wire was conducted. The strain level of SMA wire was calculated from the stay cable force increment. Both the 1st and the 2nd in-plane vibration mode were tested in the experiment. The effects of the SMA wire installation location and pre-strain on frequency and damping ratio of the model-cable-SMA-wire system were discussed. The test results confirmed there was an optimal pre-strain of SMA wire for the maximum mode damping larger than 0.50%. The study confirmed great potential application of pre-strained SMA wire as cross-ties for stay cable vibration mitigation.
Vibration Control of Stay Cable Using Mr Damper Based on Optimal Nonlinear Damper Force
Authors: Liu Tingting , Huang Hongwei , Sun Limin
Published: July 2016

Mechanical dampers have been proved to be one of the most effective countermeasures for vibration mitigation of stay cables in various cable-stayed bridges.However, for long stay cables, as the installation height of the damper is restricted due to the aesthetic concern,passive dampers may not provide sufficient supplemental damping for suppressing multi-mode cable vibrations. Therefore, semi-active MR damper has received significant attention in recent years because of its adaptability of active control without inquiring large power resources.The highly nonlinear feature of the MR material leads to a relatively complex representation of its mathematical model, resulting in difficulties of carrying out effective control strategies on cable vibration. In this paper, a simple semi-active control strategy is proposed for tuning the MR damper real-time based on the nonlinear dampermodel. The amplitude dependent friction force is first selected as desired control force. Then the nonlinear Bouc-wen model is employed to accurately portray the salient characteristics of the MR damper, and a piecewise linear interpolation scheme is used to determine the input current of MR damper corresponding to the real-time damping force requirement. Simulation study has been carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed semi-active control scheme for cable vibration control.
Comparison of Direct and Iterative Methods for Model Updating of a Curved Cable-stayed Bridge Using Experimental Modal Data
Authors: Fa Guanzhe , Mazzarolo Enrico , He Leqia , Briseghella Bruno , Fenu Luigi , Zordan Tobia
Published: July 2016

In the paper both a direct method and a sensitivity-based iterative method have been applied to update a finite element model of a curved cable-stayed bridge. The direct method is known as the Douglas-Reid algorithm. The sensitivity-based method is a Trust-Region algorithm. Thirteen experimental modes identified between 0 and 10 Hz under ambient condition have been considered as reference modal data. An a-priori finite element model has been implemented by using the SAP2000 software. The model has been firstly manually tuned and then updated through computational procedures implemented in MATLAB. The results of the direct and the iterative methods have been compared to each other for the specific case study.
Bridge Evaluation using Structural Health Monitoring and Field Testing
Authors: Su Dan , Xia Ye , Nassif Hani H.
Published: July 2016

Structural health monitoring provides an efficient way to monitor and evaluate the performance of infrastructure. With the introduction of new materials and construction methods, various types of bridges are being instrumented with monitoring devices to determine their performance as well as their response to various loading conditions. Among many other objectives, this includes monitoring concrete deck cracking behavior, measuring time-dependent deformations such as camber and deflection, evaluate and load rate existing bridges, and validation of new design or construction provisions. In this study, various types of instrumentation techniques were used to monitor and test bridges. The monitoring and testing results incorporated with Finite Element Modeling (FEM) hereafter can be used to evaluate the performance and cracking potential of new concrete deck for highway bridges, which would improve the construction techniques and extend the service life of the structure. Moreover, since most of the railway bridges in New Jersey are approaching 100 years of age and these bridges experiences different degree of deterioration due to repeated live loads and environmental effects during their service years. This paper developed a refined method to load rate and evaluate the performance of the bridge using structural health monitoring and field testing.
Vibration Analysis of a Damaged Discrete Beam-Like Bridge Subjected to a Moving Vehicle
Authors: Lu Huali , Zhu Jinsong , Xiong Chunbao
Published: July 2016

The vibrational behavior of a damaged beam-like bridge with one or several nonpropagating edge cracks subjected to a moving vehicle is studied in this paper. The effect of the crack depth, the crack location, the moving vehicle mass, the moving vehicle velocity on the beam-like bridge deflection will be analyzed through a numerical example using vehicle-bridge coupled vibration programme established by MATLAB combined with finite element software ANSYS. The model predictions are shown to be accurate for both the undamaged and the damaged cases, and the vibration characteristics of damaged beam structure subjected to a moving vehicle obtained from the simulation can provide evidence for the damage identification and bridge condition assessment.
Temperature Filed Experimental Study of Longitudinally Connected Ballastless Track On Bridge in One Year Period
Authors: Su Haiting , Yan Bin , Dai Gonglian
Published: July 2016

There are about 4500 kilometers CRTSⅡ (longitudinal continuous slab ballastless track) in the operating high-speed railway in China now. The track plate surface cracks are easily caused on Longitudinal continuous track structure under the temperature load. To get the temperature distribution in this structure, a continuous observation of CRTSⅡ(China Railway Track SystemⅡ) by using temperature sensors was taken in China. Based on one year’s observation the time- dependent deformations of vertical temperature gradient in different kind of season were discussed. Based on statistics and curve-fitting, raised temperature load models which was fit for the typical area in China. The analysis results showed that: The unballasted track temperature field is influenced by many environmental factors, and the temperature field is formed by collective coupling, and one of the main factors is the solar radiation. The changing of the temperature in the track structure is fast, the temperature changing value of surface was 16℃ in maximum, 8℃ in average, the temperature changing value became small, and the time of maximum temperature come late with the increase of distance to surface. Fitting curve of vertical temperature gradient in longitudinally connected ballastless track on connected bridge can be exponential curve, and the distribution law matched the provisions about the vertical temperature gradient of the code for design of railway bridge and culvert in China.
Study on Utilizing Carbon Fiber Mortar as Sensor to Investigate the Fatigue Damage of Concrete Deck Slab
Authors: Xu Chen , Takahashi Hideyuki , Masuya Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Takahumi , Yokoyama Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

This paper shows a fundamental study on using Carbon Fiber Mortar(CFM) asa sort of sensor to investigate the fatigue damage of concrete deck slabbased on its electrical sensitivity to the material mechanical performance. In this study, two volume percentages of the short carbon fibers mixed into the mortar were considered, which were around 0.2% and 0.4%. The influences of the atmosphere temperature, the embedded rebar and the electrical measuring time on the material electrical conductivity were tested at first. And then the CFM were mounted into the concrete deck slab specimens. These slab specimens were designed for the wheel loading fatigue tests. The observations indicated that the electrical conductivity of the mounted CFM varied with the fatigue damage development generally. It confirmed the feasibility of using CFM as a sensor to reflect the slab mechanical status.
Big Data Based Daily Maintenance and Inspection System of Bridges
Authors: Song Jinbo , Zhu Jinsong
Published: July 2016

The inspection systems of routine maintenance of bridges based on big data which are discussed in actually applied in this paper, the typical bridges, such as Aixi Lake Bridge in Nanchang, Hero Bridge and so on are used practically with good effects. The using features and applicability of products are enhanced to further realize achievement transformation. The appearance and the status of bridges are collected and arranged by this system to evaluate working conditions of bridges in future, to point out a possible developing trend, to provide suggestions for bridge maintenance in future, to provide accurate and comprehensive data for the bridge reinforcement and reconstruction.
Reliability Assessment for Bridge Structure Based on Multiple Failure Modes
Authors: Zhang Liye , Sun Limin , Guo Xuedong
Published: July 2016

An innovative and effective approach for reliability assessment is proposed in this paper. Three failure modes had been studied based on maximum tensile stress of reinforcement, maximum deflection and maximum crack width. Reliability index and correlation coefficient had been calculated by using design point method. Furthermore, membership functions were successfully used for fuzzy and random reliability analysis. In this study, multiple failure modes is considered as a series-connection system for its reliability analysis. Thus, the fuzzy and random failure probability of series-connection system had been calculated according to reliability index and correlation coefficient of every failure mode. The example illustrated that fuzzy and random failure probability can be computed by membership functions and limit state functions based on multiple failure modes. And through boundary estimated method, the proposed fuzzy and random reliability assessment method in this paper is confirmed credible.
Future Building - Carbon for Bridges, Roofs and Facades
Authors: Schlaich Mike , Liu Yue
Published: July 2016

The properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs), very high strength, light weight, zero corrosion and no fatigue can fully be exploited for cable structures. The ideal structures for CFRP cables are highly pre-tensioned cable systems that are loaded orthogonally to their cable axes. High performance structures, such as stress-ribbon bridges, long-span roofs and facades made of CFRP can already be built economically today. In order to prove this point, CFRP prototype structures, a stress-ribbon bridge and a small spoked wheel cable roof built at the Technische Universität Berlin, are presented. First, however, cable structures, CFRP materials and existing CFRP cable structures are introduced in general.
Experimental Study on Shear Behavior of Prestressed Ultra-High Performance Concrete I-girders
Authors: Zheng Hui , Fang Zhi
Published: July 2016

As a new generation of concrete, UHPC (Ultra-High Performance Concrete) has attracted great research attention for its ultra-high strength and high durability. In the present paper, experimental results from tests on eight prestressed UHPC I-section girders failing in shear are reported herein. The beams with UHPCof 120 Mpa in compression were designed to assess the ability to carry shear stress in thin webbed prestressed beams with stirrups. The test variables were the level of prestressing, shear span-depth ratio (a/d)and stirrup ratio. Shear deformation, shear capacity and crack pattern were experimentally investigated in detail. The equation based on ACI 544.4r-R1999 Code could better predict the shear strength than ACI 318-11 Code. The mean test to calculation ratio value of ACI 544.4r- R1999 Code was about 1.82. RPC, as a new high performance concrete, was different from high concrete and fiber reinforced concrete.
Application of Tuned Mass Dampers for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge for Mitigation of Wind Vibrations
Authors: Xie Hongbing , Su Quanke , Huber Peter
Published: July 2016

The steel deck design of the series of bridges within the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge results in natural frequencies requiring additional damping measures by Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs). At the hand of the specified structural data, the authors explain the technical solution for the applied Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) and highlight their benefits. Such TMD protection systems not only ensure structural safety combined with durability, but also presenting potential commercial relevance, as they may reduce the total construction costs compared to stiffening measures.
Design for the Crossing Over the River Mersey (UK): Suspension Bridge
Authors: Rizzo Fabio , D'Asdia Piero , Speziale Federica
Published: July 2016

As part of a larger research aimed at studying the aerodynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of single box decks for long-span suspension bridges in order to provide general guide lines of preliminary design, the new crossing over the River Mersey in the Liverpool area (UK) is presented as a case- study. The research focuses on three generic cross-sections characterized by a different nose. Bridge deck preliminary design is performed according to Eurocode 1 and 3; static wind tunnel tests on the bridge deck are carried out in order to acquire pressure coefficients. Static force coefficients are obtained through the integration of the mean pressure distribution on the deck surface. Aeroelastic wind tunnel tests were performed in order to acquire flutter derivatives. FEM analyses are performed on the full scale model using forces time histories evaluated with aerodynamic coefficients obtained from pressure coefficients. Critical flutter velocity is calculated in order to study the global bridge instability. Results are presented.
Dimensionless Free Vibration Analysis of Suspension Bridges Considering Hanger Extensibility and Various Girder Types
Authors: Choi Dong-Ho , Gwon Sun-Gil
Published: July 2016

In this paper, free vibration analyses with an improved continuum model for three-span suspension bridges are performed to study the effects of hanger extensibility on free vertical vibrations. The improved model can consider extensible hangers as well as various girder types such as hinged, continuous, and floating girders. To derive the equations of motion for this model, the coupled differential equations for the vertical deflections of the main cable and girder are presented. The Galerkin’s method with the shape functions for the main cable and girder is introduced into the differential equations, and it leads the equations to a matrix form. The natural frequencies of a three-span suspension bridge are evaluated from the equations with the six dimensionless parameters. In the parametric analyses, the effect of the hanger extensibility is observed.
Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge – Conceptual Design of Bridges
Authors: Hussain Naeem , Carter Matt , Yeung Ngai , Wong Carlos
Published: July 2016

The bridges on the HKZMB comprise of approximately 22.9km of bridges in Chinese Mainland waters and approximately 9 km of bridges in Hong Kong waters. The concept and design development of the bridges on the Chinese Mainland waters were undertaken jointly by the Chinese consultant HPDI and ARUP, and in Hong Kong waters by ARUP. There will be 4 navigation channel bridges on the crossing and the Jiuzhou Bridge near Zhuhai is set to become the iconic face of the crossing. The paper will describe the initial concept and development of the design of the bridges that were taken forward for implementation with particular emphasis on the Jiuzhou Bridge.
The practice of BIM-integrated structural design of high-rise building
Authors: Wang Y. , Qu Tao , Cao Qian , you Carl , Zhao Jian-guang
Published: July 2016

Building information modelling (BIM) as an AEC digital approach is already far beyond its original modelling definition; moreover, BIM has turned into a general project solution by providing a single unified digital environment which is able to integrate all sorts of information of entire project and use them to perform simulations and analysis.

In one of our complex high-rise office projects, BIM-integrated structural design was introduced in the early concept and scheme design stages to integrate modelling, analysis, optimization and collaboration. With the BIM platform, good collaboration and high productivity were achieved in this project.
Multilevel Constrained Optimal Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Lateral System for Tall Buildings
Authors: Cao Benfeng , Zhao Xin
Published: July 2016

A multilevel constrained optimal structural design method is developed in this paper for reinforced concrete lateral system for tall buildings. The design constraints of reinforced concrete members under different performance requirements are categorized into three levels, namely component level, assembly level and global level. The component level constraints, for example the member strength and service ability requirements, are those design constraints related to certain structural component. The assembly and global design constraints, for example the frame shear ratio and storey drift ratio, are commonly related to the design variables of several or all structural components. The multilevel constrained optimal structural design method applies a bottom-up methodology to uncouple the design constraints from component level to global level, and the effectiveness and adaptability of this optimal structural design method are illustrated by a real frame-core tall building project.
Parametric Excitation of Mooring Cables for Submerged Floating Tunnels
Authors: Cantero Daniel , Rønnquist Anders , Naess Arvid
Published: July 2016

The ferry links crossing the fjords along the west coast of Norway are going to be replaced by fixed links. Among the proposed solutions is the construction of Submerged Floating Tunnels (SFT). A mooring system should be used to restrain the movements of these floating structures. Long period waves, such as swell waves, parametrically excite the system and might result in excessive vibrations in the cable. This paper presents the equations of motion of the mooring line and derives an analytical expression, which allows for a quick identification of the system’s stability. This expression is obtained through the Harmonic Balance Method (HBM) with two harmonic terms. The contribution of multiple modes of vibration is investigated for the case of small sag to span ratios. The expression is compared with the results from a numerical model, revealing the applicability of the proposed formulation.
Advancement of Immersed Tunnel Construction Technologies in Sub-sea Crossings
Authors: Yang Wen-Wu , Ozgur Ozturk
Published: July 2016

With the advanced technologies and the innovative solutions in sub-sea tunnel crossings in the recent years, very deep and very long sea crossings with immersed tunnelling technology under challenging ground and environmental conditions becomes feasible and competitive.

Unique design solutions and innovative construction methods are being adopted for longer and deeper sub-sea crossings by immersed tunnelling method.

Making use of advanced technologies such as BIM from preliminary design stage until end of the construction optimizes the proposed solutions and maximizes the efficiency of the engineering works.

This paper discusses about the recent advancement/improvement of immersed tunnel construction technologies applied for sub-sea crossings by giving examples from the recent mega projects.
Structural Sustainability, Quality Control, Durability and Robustness of Underground Metro Structures
Authors: Dutta Majumdar Jyotirmoya , Hati Aniruddha , Banerjee Neil
Published: July 2016

Underground Metro Rail forms an integral and essential part of infrastructure in any rapidly developing country. Sustainability of these structures depends on durability of the components, which, in turn, is related to factors like quality of the design considered, material used, construction procedure etc. Different chemical agents react with concrete and impair their durability. With the exception of design, these requirements for durability are difﬁcult to characterize with certainty because most of these depend on human factors and environmental uncertainties. Robustness is another important factor contributing to sustainability. It enables the structure to survive unforeseen or unusual events without excessive damage or loss of function. This paper represents various criteria which are essentially being followed during design, construction and maintenance phases to attain the durability, quality and robustness of an underground metro structure.
Innovative Technology at the Deconstruction of Bridges
Authors: Reintjes Karl-Heinz
Published: July 2016

Special methods had to be developed for the deconstruction of two bridges in the course of the widening of the motorway A7 in Hamburg. At one bridge blocks of ultra high strength concrete with steel fibres are used as temporary anchoring of the prestress tendons. At the other bridge the old concrete superstructure is removed by a special incremental launching backwards.