bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of gastric Helicobacter pylori eradication on recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Karaca Semsettin , Seyhan Muammer , Senol Mustafa , Harputluoglu M. Muhip , Ozcan Atilla
Published: May 2008

Background  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been suggested to be associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) as well as many other diseases.

Methods  We conducted a prospective study on a total of 23 patients with RAS to investigate the relationship between H. pylori and RAS as well as the effect of eradication therapy on the recurrence. All patients underwent endoscopic examination and gastric biopsy. The biopsy materials were examined histopathologically whether they contained H. pylori or not. The density of H. pylori was also noted. The patients with H. pylori infection were followed up for up to 1 year after starting the eradication therapy.

Results  Gastric mucosal H. pylori colonization was (+) in 39%, (++) in 39%, (+++) in 9%, and (–) in 13% of the patients, respectively. There were statistically significant decreases in the recurrence rate and amelioration time of RAS by eradication therapy. There were no significant correlations among the intensity of H. pylori with the recurrence rate, number, diameter, and amelioration time of the lesions in 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions  We concluded that eradication of H. pylori may have reducing effects on the recurrence and amelioration period of the RAS.
Pharmacokinetic monitoring of intravenous cyclosporine A in pediatric stem‐cell transplant recipients. The trough level is not enough
Authors: Schrauder A. , Saleh S. , Sykora K. W. , Hoy H. , Welte K. , Boos J. , Hempel G. , Grigull L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  In order to monitor CsA serum levels after SCT, trough levels (C0) are widely used. The aim of this study was to estimate the population and individual PK parameters for patients receiving intravenous CsA after SCT. In 27 pediatric patients after SCT receiving CsA (3 mg/kg/day) every 12 h, a total of 289 CsA concentrations was obtained. To describe the PK parameters of CsA, a two‐compartment model with first order elimination was used. Covariate analysis identified body weight, age, and the co‐administration with itraconazole and tobramycine as factors influencing the Cl. The statistical comparison of AUC, trough level, and C2 indicates a correlation between AUC and C2, but no correlation between the AUC and C0, r = 0.24 (p = 0.146) vs. r = 0.526 (p = 0.000692), respectively. Our results underscore the fact that CsA trough levels do not reflect the drug exposure in patients receiving intravenous CsA after SCT. By contrast, CsA blood levels measured 2–6 h after CsA infusion showed a better correlation with the AUC. Our data provide new information to optimize the balancing act between GvHD‐prophylaxis, graft vs. leukemia effect, and CsA side‐effects after SCT.
Long‐term survival of a child with homozygous protein C deficiency successfully treated with living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Lee Mee Jeong , Kim Kyung Mo , Kim Joon Sung , Kim Yoon Jeong , Lee Young Joo , Ghim Thad T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Homozygous protein C deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder often presenting with purpura fulminans. Fresh frozen plasma and oral anticoagulation have been used in the treatment of this disease. Lately, protein C concentrate has become the treatment of choice. However, protein C concentrate is not yet widely available in many countries. We report a six‐month‐old girl with homozygous protein C deficiency who had suffered from frequent thrombotic episodes. She was successfully treated with living donor liver transplantation. Eight years after the transplantation, she remains symptom free. As described here, the liver transplantation offers an alternative curative treatment for children with homozygous protein C deficiency.
Reducing the variation in performance of antibody titrations
Authors: AuBuchon J. P. , De Wildt‐Eggen J. , Dumont L. J. ,   for the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Collaborative,   the Transfusion Medicine Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists
Published: May 2008

Background  Antibody titration is difficult to standardize. We investigated whether a detailed, uniform procedure for antibody titration would reduce variation in both tube‐based and gel card titres in an international study.

Methods  Laboratories (n = 35) tested proficiency testing material provided by the College of American Pathologists each according to (i) their routine method; (ii) a detailed, uniform method; and (iii) the uniform method titrating the serum sample against a red cell of specified phenotype (D+ C– c+ E+ e– for anti‐D; A1 for anti‐A) instead of the red cell of the same phenotype provided in the proficiency testing kit. Uniform method results were reported with 1+ and w+ end‐points. Paired statistical analyses of variance were conducted using the F‐test.

Results  The variance between laboratories was not significantly reduced with the uniform method using a 1+ end‐point. However, a statistically significant reduction in the variance of anti‐D and anti‐A titres by the tube‐based uniform technique after 37°C incubation and conversion to the antiglobulin (AHG) phase was seen when 19 laboratories reanalysed their results using a w+ end‐point. Too few laboratories reported results with a w+ end‐point in gel card testing to allow analysis. Titration against red cells of the specified phenotype provided by the participating laboratory did not appear to introduce additional variance. Overall, results reported based on the gel card technique at the AHG phase (1+ end‐point) showed reduced variance compared to tube‐based techniques.

Conclusions  A detailed, uniform method for antibody titration at 37°C and read at the AHG phase in a tube‐based method with a w+ end‐point reduced interlaboratory variability.
Normal Cross – Sectional Anatomy of the Bovine Digit: Comparison of Computed Tomography and Limb Anatomy
Authors: Raji A. R. , Sardari K. , Mohammadi H. R.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study was to define the structures of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle by using computed tomography scan (CT scan). Transverse, sagital and dorsoplantar CT images of two isolated cattle cadaver digits were obtained using a Siemens ARTX2 Somatom. The CT images were compared to corresponding frozen cross‐sections. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled at each level. The CT images provided anatomical detail of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle. Transversal images provided excellent depiction of anatomical structures when compared to corresponding frozen cross‐sections. The information presented in this paper would serve as an initial reference to the evaluation of CT images of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle.
Bovine Meroanencephaly and Gastroschisis: a Macro and Microscopic Study
Authors: Alberto M. L. V. , Trujillo H. A. G. , Riveros A. C. G. , Lima E. B. , Miglino M. A. , Santos J. M.
Published: May 2008

Congenital malformations correspond to one of the main causes of embryonic loss during the gestational process. They result from interaction of several factors such as multifactor heredity, chromosomal and genetic alterations and environmental agents; however, unknown aetiology also can be present. In this article, we have used 10 embryos, from a frigorific area of Dracena, SP, Brazil, which were fixed in Bouin solution for a macro‐ and micro‐scopic description. We could verify the presence of an encephalic tissue mass on the embryo’s dorsal cranial area, resulting from the non‐formation of part of the cranial cap and from the non‐closing of cephalic neuropore and consequent neuroepithelial cells disorganization. In the abdominal area, the embryos did not show the complete fusion of the body lateral pleats during the abdominal wall formation, and the liver extruded into the amniotic cavity without involvement of the intestine.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor in Brazil: Clinicopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular genetics of 513 cases
Authors: Lopes Lisandro Ferreira , Ojopi Elida B. , Bacchi Carlos E.
Published: May 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Brazil and compare them with cases from other countries. Five hundred and thirteen cases were retrospectively analyzed. HE‐stained sections and clinical information were reviewed and the immunohistochemical expression of CD117, CD34, smooth‐muscle actin, S‐100 protein, desmin, CD44v3 adhesion molecule, p53 protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Ki‐67 antigen was studied using tissue microarrays. Mutation analysis of KIT and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α genes was also performed. There was a slight female predominance (50.3%) and the median age at diagnosis was 59 years. The tumors were mainly located in the stomach (38.4%). Immunohistochemistry showed that CD117 was expressed in 95.7% of cases. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression was observed in 84.4% of tumors. p53 protein expression was found only in 2.6% of cases but all belonged to the high‐risk group for aggressive behavior according to the National Institutes of Health consensus approach. No CD44v3 adhesion molecule expression was detected. KIT exon 11 mutations were the most frequent (62.2%). The present data confirm that gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Brazilian patients do not differ from tumors occurring in other countries.
Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells arising in a mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Hirano Hiroshi , Morita Keiichi , Tachibana Shiro , Okimura Akira , Fujisawa Takashi , Ouchi Sachiko , Nakasho Keiji , Ueyama Shigemitsu , Nishigami Takashi , Terada Nobuyuki
Published: May 2008

A 26‐year‐old woman presented with pain in the left hypochondrium, for which pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed, with total gross excision of a mass. A tumor measuring 11 × 9 cm was found in the pancreas. On cut surface there were two cysts filled with a necrotic substance and hemorrhagic content. Spindle or ovoid‐shaped cells, in the sarcomatous component, had diffusely infiltrated along the inner side of the walls of one cyst. Osteoclast‐like giant cells (OGC) were also contained in the sarcomatous component. Adenoma components of mucinous epithelium with foci of borderline and adenocarcinomatous components were seen on the inner side of the other cyst. An ovarian‐type stroma beneath the epithelial component was seen in the cyst wall. A diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma with OGC arising in a mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas, was made. Seven months after the initial operation the patient had a local recurrence, and the tumor was removed. One month after the second operation, the patient was free of symptoms. Only four cases of undifferentiated carcinoma with OGC arising in MCN, involving an ovarian‐type stroma of the pancreas, have been reported.
Upper airway dimensions in children using rigid video‐bronchoscopy and a computer software: description of a measurement technique
Authors: DALAL PRITI G. , MURRAY DAVID , FENG ANGELA , MOLTER DAVID , McALLISTER JOHN
Published: May 2008

Background:  Pediatric airway management decisions are based primarily on results derived from indirect measures of laryngeal and tracheal dimensions. More recent methods could provide more direct information about absolute and relative changes in airway dimensions associated with growth and development.

Study Objectives:  The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether a ‘video‐bronchoscopic’ measurement method could be used to reliably measure airway dimensions in children and (ii) to provide a preliminary assessment of dimensions of the glottis and cricoid in children of various ages.

Methods:  Following approval from the institutional review board, validation experiments were performed to determine whether measurements obtained from the video image from the bronchoscope provided accurate measurements of tubular objects of known dimensions. The reliability of the measurements was determined by using two independent trained observers to measure video‐bronchoscopic images of the larynx at the level of the glottis and the cricoid in 11 children. The observers measured the video‐bronchoscopic images and airway measurements were obtained in 16 additional children to determine the utility of the measurement method.

Results:  There was good agreement between the direct and video‐bronchoscopic measurement techniques (Bland and Altman plot) for both the cross‐sectional area (CSA) and the diameter of objects. The interobserver measures for cricoid and glottis were reproducible as indicated by the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for cricoid anteroposterior diameter (CCC = 0.98, r = 0.98, accuracy = 0.99) and transverse diameter (CCC = 0.93, r = 0.8, accuracy = 0.99) as well as for the glottic anteroposterior diameter (r = 0.8, accuracy = 0.8, CCC = 0.6) and the glottic transverse diameter(r = 0.8, accuracy = 0.74, CCC = 0.6). Overall, for the 27 children studied [mean age 73 months (±24.7, range 30–140], the mean value of the cricoid CSA [45.3 mm2 (±13.9)] was found to be greater than the glottic CSA [16.2 mm2 (±10.1)].

Conclusions:  The video‐bronchoscopic imaging method provided an accurate, reliable measure of pediatric airway dimensions. This technique could be applied to assess absolute and relative airway size associated with growth and development. The relationship between glottic and cricoid dimensions during growth and development in children needs further investigation across various age groups.
Efficacy of ketamine and midazolam as co‐induction agents with propofol for laryngeal mask insertion in children
Authors: GOEL SHIBA , BHARDWAJ NEERJA , JAIN KAJAL
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  Use of midazolam and ketamine lowers the induction dose of propofol (co‐induction) producing hemodynamic stability.

Background:  Large doses of propofol needed for induction and laryngeal mask (LM) insertion in children may be associated with hemodynamic and respiratory effects. Co‐induction has the advantage of reducing dose and therefore maintaining hemodynamic stability.

Aim:  To examine the effect of co‐induction on hemodynamics, LM insertion and recovery in children.

Methods/Materials:  A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, controlled study was conducted in 60 ASA I/II children, age 1–8 years. Normal saline, ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1, midazolam 0.05 mg·kg−1 were administered in groups P (propofol), PK (propofol–ketamine) and PM (propofol–midazolam), respectively, 2 min prior to the administration of the induction dose of propofol. Propofol 3.5 mg·kg−1 (group P) or 2.5 mg·kg−1 (groups PK and PM) was used for induction, LM inserted 30 s later and insertion conditions assessed. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded immediately after propofol bolus, then every min till 2 min after LMA insertion. Recovery was assessed using Steward’s Score.

Result:  In group P, systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed a significantly greater decrease compared to group PK and group PM (P < 0.005). Only 5% of patients in groups PK and PM showed >20% fall in SBP compared to 89% in group P (P < 0.005). More children in groups PK and PM had acceptable conditions for LM insertion compared to group P (P < 0.05). The time to achieve Steward Score of 6 was longer in groups PK and PM compared to group P (P < 0.005).

Conclusion:  In children, the combination of propofol with ketamine or midazolam produces stable hemodynamics and improved LM insertion conditions but is associated with delayed recovery.
Ultrasound‐guided serial ilioinguinal nerve blocks for management of chronic groin pain secondary to ilioinguinal neuralgia in adolescents
Authors: SURESH SANTHANAM , PATEL AMISH , PORFYRIS SUZANNE , RYEE MI‐YOUNG
Published: May 2008

We examined the efficacy of serial ilioinguinal nerve blocks using ultrasound guidance for management of chronic inguinal pain secondary to persistent ilioinguinal neuralgia in adolescents. This case series consists of two adolescents who had persistent inguinal pain secondary to ilioinguinal neuralgia who were treated with conventional pain medications that did not relieve the pain. One patient had pain immediately following surgery while the other had pain several months after an injury. Serial ilioinguinal nerve blocks were performed with local anesthetic solution using ultrasound guidance in an outpatient setting. Both the adolescents had complete relief of pain symptoms and were able to resume normal activities. There were no adverse effects associated with the blocks. Performance of serial ilioinguinal nerve blocks using ultrasonography in an outpatient setting in adolescents and adolescents with ilioinguinal neuralgia may reduce pain and allow these adolescents to resume their normal activities.
Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of intravenous propacetamol vs rectal paracetamol in children after major craniofacial surgery
Authors: PRINS SANDRA A. , VAN DIJK MONIQUE , VAN LEEUWEN PIM , SEARLE SUSAN , ANDERSON BRIAN J. , TIBBOEL DICK , MATHOT RON A.A.
Published: May 2008

Background:  The pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of intravenous and rectal paracetamol were compared in nonventilated infants after craniofacial surgery in a double‐blind placebo controlled study.

Methods:  During surgery all infants (6 months–2 years) received a rectal loading dose of 40 mg·kg−1 paracetamol 2 h before anticipated extubation. On admittance to the pediatric surgical ICU, the children were randomized to receive either a 15 min intravenous infusion of 40 mg·kg−1 propacetamol, a prodrug of paracetamol, or 20 mg·kg−1 paracetamol rectally every 6 h. A population pharmacokinetic analysis of the paracetamol plasma concentration time‐profiles was undertaken using nonlinear mixed effects models. The visual analogue scale (VAS) (score 0–10 cm) and COMFORT Behavior scale (score 6–30) were used to monitor analgesia in the 24‐h period following surgery.

Results:  Twelve infants received intravenous propacetamol and 14 paracetamol suppositories. Paracetamol pharmacokinetics were described according to a two‐compartmental model with linear disposition. Pharmacokinetic parameters were standardized to a 70 kg person using allometric ‘1/4 power’ models. Parameter estimates were: absorption half‐life from the rectum 4.6 h, propacetamol hydrolysis half‐life 0.028 h, clearance 12 l·h−1·70 kg−1, intercompartmental clearance 116 l·h−1·70 kg−1, central and peripheral volume of distribution 7.9 and 44 l·70 kg−1, respectively. During the 24‐h study period 22 infants exhibited VAS scores <4 cm, which was considered a cutoff point. On single occasions four patients, two in each group, exhibited a VAS score ≥4 cm. Nine patients in the rectal treatment group and three patients in the intravenous treatment group received midazolam for COMFORT‐B scores exceeding 17 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Intravenous propacetamol proved to be more effective than rectal paracetamol in infants after craniofacial surgery. Midazolam was more frequently administered to patients receiving paracetamol suppositories, indicating that these children experienced more distress, possibly caused by pain.
Feasibility of ultrasound‐guided peripheral nerve block catheters for pain control on pediatric medical missions in developing countries
Authors: MARIANO EDWARD R. , ILFELD BRIAN M. , CHENG GLORIA S. , NICODEMUS HECTOR F. , SURESH SANTHANAM
Published: May 2008

Continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB) are effective for postoperative pain management in children in the hospital and at home. CPNB techniques are particularly advantageous when compared with systemic or oral opioids on medical missions to unfamiliar environments with minimal monitoring capacity. In addition, ultrasound‐guidance facilitates the placement of perineural catheters in anesthetized children even in the absence of commercially packaged regional anesthesia equipment. We present a series of successful cases employing ultrasound‐guided CPNB for postoperative analgesia on medical missions and discuss the impact of this technology on present and future patients in underserved countries.
Genetic diversity of Daphnia magna populations enhances resistance to parasites
Authors: Altermatt Florian , Ebert Dieter
Published: May 2008

The diversity‐disease hypothesis states that decreased genetic diversity in host populations increases the incidence of diseases caused by pathogens (= monoculture effect) and eventually influences ecosystem functioning. The monoculture effect is well‐known from crop studies and may be partially specific to the artificial situation in agriculture. The effect received little attention in animal populations of different diversities. Compared with plants, animals are mobile and exhibiting social interactions. We followed the spread of a microsporidian parasite in semi‐natural outdoor Daphnia magna populations of low and high genetic diversity. We used randomly selected, naturally occurring host genotypes. Host populations of low diversity were initially monoclonal, while the host populations of high diversity started with 10 genotypes per replicate. We found that the parasite spread significantly better in host populations of low diversity compared with host populations of high diversity, independent of parasite diversity. The difference was visible over a 3‐year period. Host genotypic diversity did not affect host population density. Our experiment demonstrated a monoculture effect in independently replicated semi‐natural zooplankton populations, indicating that the monoculture effect may be relevant beyond agriculture.
Weight loss in obese men by caloric restriction and high‐dose diazoxide–mediated insulin suppression
Authors: Van Boekel G. , Loves S. , Van Sorge A. , Ruinemans‐Koerts J. , Rijnders T. , De Boer H.
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To examine the concept whether high‐dose diazoxide (DZX)–mediated insulin suppression, in combination with moderate caloric restriction and increased physical activity, can establish a weight loss of at least 15% in obese hyperinsulinaemic men.

Design:  Open, uncontrolled, 6‐month pilot study. Energy intake was reduced by 30%, and walking for at least 30 min a day was strongly recommended. DZX treatment was started at 50 mg t.i.d. and increased by 50 mg per dose every 4 weeks to a maximum of 300 mg t.i.d., unless hyperglycaemia or other side‐effects occurred.

Subjects and Methods:  Eighteen obese hyperinsulinaemic men with a body mass index of 30–35 kg/m2. Measurements included body weight, body composition, blood pressure, glycaemic control, insulin response, adiponectin and serum lipids.

Results:  Body weight decreased by 9.4 kg (95% CI: 5.6–13.2 kg, p < 0.001), waist circumference reduced by 9.2 cm (95% CI: 5.3–12.9 cm, p < 0.001) and total body fat mass decreased by 23.3% (95% CI: 13.7–32.9%, p < 0.001), without a concomitant change in soft tissue lean body mass or bone mass. Fat loss was inversely related to fasting insulin levels achieved at 6 months (r = −0.76, p < 0.002). Diastolic blood pressure decreased by 10.9 mmHg (95% CI: 6.5–15.4 mmHg, p < 0.002). Fasting and postmeal peak insulin levels were reduced by about 65% (p < 0.001) and decreased to the normal range for non‐obese men. Fasting and postmeal peak glucose levels increased by 0.8 ± 0.3 mmol/l (p = 0.01) and 1.4 ± 0.7 mmol/l (p = 0.06) respectively. Haemoglobin A1c rose by 0.5% to 5.9 ± 0.2%.

Conclusion:  High‐dose DZX–mediated insulin suppression, in combination with moderate caloric restriction and lifestyle advice, is associated with a clinically relevant degree of weight reduction. A more extensive exploration is warranted to optimize this mode of treatment and to further clarify its risks and benefits.
A Principal‐Agent Model for Evaluating the Economic Value of a Traceability System: A Case Study with Injection‐site Lesion Control in Fed Cattle
Authors: Resende-Filho Moises A. , Buhr Brian L.
Published: May 2008

Traceability can link the identity of cattle feeders with retail beef cuts. The economic problem for the packer implementing traceability is to choose the level of investment in traceability and the level of incentive payments to cattle feeders so that cattle feeders will avoid production actions that can damage retail beef cuts. A case study of injection‐site lesions in cattle is the basis for technical parameters to numerically solve this principal‐agent problem. Results show that cattle feeders will give injections in sites preferred by the packer even with low rates of successful tracking and minimal incentives.
Robust Estimation in the Normal Mixture Model Based on Robust Clustering
Authors: Cuesta-Albertos J. A. , Matrán C. , Mayo-Iscar A.
Published: May 2008

We introduce a robust estimation procedure that is based on the choice of a representative trimmed subsample through an initial robust clustering procedure, and subsequent improvements based on maximum likelihood. To obtain the initial trimming we resort to the trimmed k-means, a simple procedure designed for finding the core of the clusters under appropriate configurations. By handling the trimmed data as censored, maximum likelihood estimation provides in each step the location and shape of the next trimming. Data-driven restrictions on the parameters, requiring that every distribution in the mixture must be sufficiently represented in the initial clustered region, allow singularities to be avoided and guarantee the existence of the estimator. Our analysis includes robustness properties and asymptotic results as well as worked examples.
Phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase and protein kinase C zeta mediate retinoic acid induction of DARPP‐32 in medium size spiny neurons in vitro
Authors: Pedrini Steve , Bogush Alexey , Ehrlich Michelle E
Published: May 2008

Mature striatal medium size spiny neurons express the dopamine and cAMP‐regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (DARPP‐32), but little is known about the mechanisms regulating its levels, or the specification of fully differentiated neuronal subtypes. Cell extrinsic molecules that increase DARPP‐32 mRNA and/or protein levels include retinoic acid (RA), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and estrogen (E2). We now demonstrate that RA regulates DARPP‐32 mRNA and protein in primary striatal neuronal cultures. Furthermore, DARPP‐32 induction by RA in vitro requires phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase, but is independent of tropomyosin‐related kinase B, cyclin‐dependent kinase 5, and protein kinase B. Using pharmacologic inhibitors of various isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), we also demonstrate that DARPP‐32 induction by RA in vitro is dependent on PKC zeta (PKCζ). Thus, the signal transduction pathways mediated by RA are very different than those mediating DARPP‐32 induction by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. These data support the presence of multiple signal transduction pathways mediating expression of DARPP‐32 in vitro, including a novel, important pathway via which phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinase regulates the contribution of PKCζ.
Extension, subversion, containment: eco‐nationalism and (post)colonial nature in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Ginn Franklin
Published: May 2008

National identity in many post‐colonial states is predicated on nature being outside and antecedent to culture and the colonial project. This paper questions the historical and essentialist assumptions underpinning this vision using New Zealand as a case study, and in particular the Christchurch Botanic Gardens in the nineteenth century. I argue that the Gardens were a site in the multi‐species extension of colonial space, but that far from being docile entities, non‐humans kicked back to change the very nature of the project. New Zealand's eco‐nationalist project is described as not only an attempt to order the past, present and future lives of non‐humans (invasive, native and migrant alike), but also to sanitise the colonial expropriation of the indigenous and to preclude any mode of relating to ‘nature’ that might subvert the essentialisms inherent in a preservationist ethic. Situated between three modes of critique: nature‐as‐ideology; nature as complex but real; and an ontological exposure of hidden hybridity, I make a modest move beyond (re)description of naturecultures to normative critique of their constitutive relations.
A New Method for Estimating Race/Ethnicity and Associated Disparities Where Administrative Records Lack Self‐Reported Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Elliott Marc N. , Fremont Allen , Morrison Peter A. , Pantoja Philip , Lurie Nicole
Published: May 2008

Objective. To efficiently estimate race/ethnicity using administrative records to facilitate health care organizations' efforts to address disparities when self‐reported race/ethnicity data are unavailable.

Data Source. Surname, geocoded residential address, and self‐reported race/ethnicity from 1,973,362 enrollees of a national health plan.

Study Design. We compare the accuracy of a Bayesian approach to combining surname and geocoded information to estimate race/ethnicity to two other indirect methods: a non‐Bayesian method that combines surname and geocoded information and geocoded information alone. We assess accuracy with respect to estimating (1) individual race/ethnicity and (2) overall racial/ethnic prevalence in a population.

Principal Findings. The Bayesian approach was 74 percent more efficient than geocoding alone in estimating individual race/ethnicity and 56 percent more efficient in estimating the prevalence of racial/ethnic groups, outperforming the non‐Bayesian hybrid on both measures. The non‐Bayesian hybrid was more efficient than geocoding alone in estimating individual race/ethnicity but less efficient with respect to prevalence (p<.05 for all differences).

Conclusions. The Bayesian Surname and Geocoding (BSG) method presented here efficiently integrates administrative data, substantially improving upon what is possible with a single source or from other hybrid methods; it offers a powerful tool that can help health care organizations address disparities until self‐reported race/ethnicity data are available.
Cancer Incidence in Elderly Medicare and Dually Eligible Beneficiaries
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Luo Zhehui , Given Charles W.
Published: May 2008

Objective. We assessed how Medicaid enrollment and race influence cancer incidence among patients age 65 years and older.

Data Sources and Method. Population‐based Michigan Tumor Registry was merged with Medicaid eligibility files for 1996 through 2000. All analyses were age‐adjusted and gender‐specific. We compared cancer incidence in the elderly Medicaid population to the cancer incidence in the Medicare population. We then examined cancer incidence in patients continuously enrolled in Medicaid 12 or more months relative to the incidence in the Medicare population.

Principal Findings. When comparing cancer incidence in Medicaid patients without regard to enrollment before diagnosis, the incidence rates of prostate cancer in black men and colorectal cancer in black women were statistically higher relative to the incidence rates in white patients. The overall cancer incidence rate for all cancers combined was statistically significantly higher for black women and men compared with white women and men (incidence rate ratio=1.18 and 1.48, 95 percent confidence interval 1.05–1.32 and 1.28–1.71, respectively). In dually eligible patients enrolled 12 or more months before diagnosis, an excess cancer incident was observed for black patients relative to white patients in every cancer site examined with the exception of lung cancer.

Conclusions. Medicaid data in addition to Medicare data revealed patterns of cancer incidence that varied according to Medicaid enrollment and race. These findings suggest that the cancer burden among African Americans and dually eligible patients is substantial.
Measuring the relative importance of preferences for country of origin in China, France, Niger, and the United States
Authors: Ehmke Mariah D. , Lusk Jayson L. , Tyner Wallace
Published: May 2008

Recent labeling policies in developed countries place new focus on origin labeling, especially country of origin labeling, for a variety of food products. It is not clear if this new emphasis on origin is the result of more ethnocentric consumer preferences for food. We measure consumer preferences for country of origin in four different international locations and one domestic control location using a conjoint experiment to test the null hypotheses that consumers do not have stronger own‐country preferences. In addition, we compare the relative importance of consumer preferences for origin to their preferences for genetically modified food and pesticide‐free production using attribute coefficients from within location ordered probit models. The study was conducted in China, France, Niger, and the United States. We find consumers tend to prefer food from their own location indicating ethnocentric tendencies do play a role in shaping country‐of‐origin preferences. Country of origin is generally less important to consumers than genetically modified food content and pesticide use in food production.
Assessing the impact of NERICA on income and poverty in central and western Uganda
Authors: Kijima Yoko , Otsuka Keijiro , Sserunkuuma Dick
Published: May 2008

Persistent food shortage and poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) are major development issues. New Rice for Africa (NERICA) was developed to boost crop yield and income of rural households in SSA. Although its high‐yielding traits have become fairly well known, there is no empirical analysis of its impact on income and poverty. By taking the case of Uganda where a NERICA promoting program was initiated as one of the major poverty eradication measures, this study attempts to compare actual income with the hypothetical income without NERICA. We found that introduction of NERICA decreases poverty to a significant extent without deteriorating income distribution.
A model of optimal import phytosanitary inspection under capacity constraint
Authors: Surkov Ilya V. , Oude Lansink Alfons G. J. M. , Van Kooten Olaf , Van Der Werf Wopke
Published: May 2008

Growth and liberalization of world trade have increased the risks of introduction of quarantine plant pests into importing countries. Import inspection of incoming commodities is a major tool for prevention of pest introductions related to world trade, but inspection capacities are limited. This article develops a theoretical and an empirical model for the optimal allocation of inspection effort for phytosanitary inspection of imported commodities when the inspecting agency has a limited capacity. It is shown that the optimal allocation of inspection effort equalizes marginal costs of pest introduction across risky commodity pathways. The numerical illustration finds the optimal allocation of inspection effort of chrysanthemum cuttings imported in the Netherlands. The numerical results suggest that ceteris paribus, greater inspection effort should be allocated to pathways whose inspection yields a greater reduction in the expected costs of pest introduction. The numerical results also suggest that import inspection has a high marginal benefit. In particular, we found that each additional euro of the inspection capacity decreases the expected costs of pest introduction from 18 to 49 euros, depending on the initial inspection capacity.
Acculturation is associated with the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia in community‐treated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Sundram S. , Lambert T. , Piskulic D.
Published: May 2008

Objective:  Ethnicity is a risk factor for tardive dyskinesia (TD) and other antipsychotic drug‐induced movement disorders (ADIMD). It is unclear whether this association is mediated through genetic, environmental or cultural factors individually or in combination. This pilot study aimed to explore this interaction by determining if acculturation in migrant groups contributed to the prevalence of ADIMD.

Method:  Culturally diverse but relatively genetically homogeneous (white Caucasian) patients with schizophrenia (n = 40) treated at a single site were assessed for the presence of ADIMD and level of acculturation.

Results:  Higher levels of acculturation correlated with an increased prevalence of TD and akathisia but not Parkinsonism. The level of acculturation significantly predicted TD.

Conclusion:  This study identifies for the first time that acculturation significantly contributes to the prevalence of TD and akathisia but not Parkinsonism in culturally diverse migrant populations and must be accounted for when explaining ethnic variation in rates of ADIMD.
Cognitive‐behavioural therapy for late‐life anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hendriks G. J. , Oude Voshaar R. C. , Keijsers G. P. J. , Hoogduin C. A. L. , Van Balkom A. J. L. M.
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To examine and estimate the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) for late‐life anxiety disorders.

Method:  A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing CBT with i) a waiting‐list control condition and ii) an active control condition controlling for non‐specific effects in patients aged over 60 years and suffering from an anxiety disorder. The main outcome parameter of individual studies, i.e. effect on anxiety, was pooled using the standardized mean difference (SMD).

Results:  Seven papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including nine randomized controlled comparisons for 297 patients. Anxiety symptoms were significantly more reduced following CBT than after either a waiting‐list control condition [SMD = −0.44 (95 CI: −0.84 −0.04), P = 0.03] or an active control condition [SMD = −0.51 (95 CI: −0.81, −0.21), P<0.001]. Additionally, CBT significantly alleviated accompanying symptoms of worrying and depression.

Conclusion:  Cognitive‐behavioural therapy is efficacious for the treatment of late‐life anxiety disorders.
A novel fibrinogen variant – Liberec: dysfibrinogenaemia associated with γ Tyr262Cys substitution
Authors: Kotlín Roman , Sobotková Alžběta , Suttnar Jiří , Salaj Peter , Walterová Lenka , Riedel Tomáš , Reicheltová Zuzana , Dyr Jan Evangelista
Published: May 2008

Objective:  A 22‐yr‐old woman had abnormal preoperative coagulation test results and congenital dysfibrinogenaemia was suspected.

Patients and methods:  The patient from Liberec (Czech Republic) had a low fibrinogen plasma level as determined by Clauss method, normal fibrinogen level as determined by immunoturbidimetrical method, and prolonged thrombin time. To identify the genetic mutation responsible for this dysfibrinogen, genomic DNA extracted from the blood was analysed. Fibrin polymerisation measurement, kinetics of fibrinopeptide release, fibrinogen clottability measurement and scanning electron microscopy were performed.

Results:  DNA sequencing showed the heterozygous fibrinogen γ Y262C mutation. Kinetics of fibrinopeptide release was normal, however fibrin polymerisation was impaired. Fibrinogen clottability measurement showed that only about 45% molecules of fibrinogen are involved in the clot formation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed thicker fibres, which were significantly different from the normal control.

Conclusion:  A case of dysfibrinogenaemia, found by routine coagulation testing, was genetically identified as a novel fibrinogen variant (γ Y262C) that has been named Liberec.
John Martin Wood (1938–2008) – Pioneering biochemist, educator and communicator
Authors: Tobin Desmond J. , Pittelkow Mark R. , Slominski Andrzej
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  John Martin Wood, Emeritus Professor of Medical Biochemistry at the University of Bradford died in Wieck by Greifswald, Germany after a short illness on February 5, 2008 – just short of his 70th year. John worked as a pioneering biochemist and educator in the US and in Britain across two research careers. He devoted the first twenty‐five years to the role of transition metals in biology, and his last twenty‐years to cutaneous enzymology and melanogenesis. Working together with his wife Professor Karin U. Schallreuter, his research on oxidative stress handling in skin and on the expression of a cutaneous catecholaminergic system will help direct research in these fields for many years to come. John impressed on his fellow cutaneous researchers and students the critical importance of appreciating the true role of enzymes in skin health and disease. This obituary aims to contextualize the significant contributions made by this remarkable man to experimental dermatology.
Removal of percutaneously inserted central venous catheters in neonates is associated with the occurrence of sepsis
Authors: Van Den Hoogen Agnes , Brouwer Mieke J , Gerards Leo J , Fleer André , Krediet Tannette G
Published: May 2008

Background: Clinical signs of sepsis are frequently observed after removal of a percutaneously inserted central venous catheter (PCVC) in neonates admitted at our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). To substantiate this finding and to evaluate the effect of antibiotics administered at the time of removal of a PCVC, we conducted a retrospective study among all infants with a PCVC, admitted at our NICU during 2002 and 2005.

Methods: Clinical data, infectious complications and use of antibiotics were studied retrospectively.

Results: A PCVC was inserted in 345 infants. Sepsis occurred in 90/345 (26%) infants, in 50/90 (56%) during indwelling PCVC and in 40/90 (44%) after removal of the PCVC. Of the latter 40 sepsis episodes, 24 (60%) occurred within 5 days after removal of a PCVC with a clustering of 21 cases of sepsis within 72 h after the removal. The remaining 16 episodes occurred after 7 days. Administration of antibiotics during removal of the PCVC significantly reduced the incidence of sepsis: 22/213 (10.3%) cases of sepsis occurred when no antibiotics were administered versus 2/132 (1.5%) cases of sepsis when antibiotics were administered (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Our study suggests that peripherally inserted central venous catheters are associated with sepsis not only during the indwelling period of the catheter, but also after removal. Administration of antibiotics targeted at the time of removal of the catheter significantly reduced the incidence of sepsis. Future prospective studies are warranted to confirm this observation.
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON INDIVIDUALS' TURNOVER DECISIONS: A META‐ANALYTIC PATH MODEL
Authors: ZIMMERMAN RYAN D.
Published: May 2008

Historically, researchers have sought to identify environmental causes of employee turnover. This paradigm has led to the underemphasis of individual differences as being an important cause of individuals' turnover decisions. The results of the meta‐analysis show that personality traits do have an impact on individuals' turnover intentions and behaviors. The trait of Emotional Stability best predicted (negatively) employees' intentions to quit, whereas the traits of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness best predicted (negatively) actual turnover decisions. A theoretically developed path model showed important direct effects from personality to intentions to quit and turnover behaviors that were not captured through job satisfaction or job performance. These direct effects indicate that employees who are low on Emotional Stability may intend to quit for reasons other than dissatisfaction with their jobs or not being able to perform their jobs well. The direct effects on turnover suggest that individuals who are low on Agreeableness or high on Openness may engage in unplanned quitting. Personality traits had stronger relationships with outcomes than did non‐self‐report measures of job complexity/job characteristics.
LINKING O*NET DESCRIPTORS TO OCCUPATIONAL LITERACY REQUIREMENTS USING JOB COMPONENT VALIDATION
Authors: LaPOLICE CHRISTELLE C. , CARTER GARY W. , JOHNSON JEFF W.
Published: May 2008

In this study, we demonstrated the usefulness of Occupational Information Network (O*NET) job analysis data for identifying applied adult literacy requirements across occupations. This was accomplished using a job component validity approach relating O*NET knowledge, skill, ability, and generalized work activity descriptor data to literacy test scores on the national adult literacy survey (NALS). Mean scores on prose, document, and quantitative literacy were estimated for 902 O*NET‐SOC occupations using descriptor data at the occupation level. Multiple correlation coefficients ranging from .79 to .81 (corrected for shrinkage) were found when predicting literacy scores from O*NET descriptors. Results of this study showed that 3 different types of applied adult literacy were highly predictable from the O*NET descriptors.
The R.A.N.A. Scheme and Small Animal Practice—II. Problems of Organized Theoretical Instruction and Examinations
Authors: Startup F. G.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The author reviews some of the problems that have been encountered in providing organized courses of instruction for Registered Animal Nursing Auxiliary trainees. Facilities provided at training centres are reviewed together with the provision of lecturers for the courses. The examination organization is discussed together with the creation of standards for the students to attain.

Résumé— –L'auteur passe en revue quelques‐uns des problèmes rencontrés dans 1'organisation des cours destinés à former des Auxiliaires Vétérinaires Diplômés: facilités données aux centres d'enseigne‐ment, dispositions à prendre pour s'assurer la collaboration de professeurs, organisation des examens et établissement du niveau que les étudiants devraient atteindre.

Zusammenfassung— Der Verfasser bespricht einige der Probleme, die dabei auftraten, denjenigen, die sich zu registrierten Tierpflegehelfern ausbilden lassen wollten, organisierte Schulungskurse zu bieten. Er beschreibt die in den Ausbildungszentren gegebenen Möglichkeiten, sowie die Bereit‐stellung von Dozenten fur die Kurse. Es wird die Organisation von Examen und die Schaffung eines bestimmten Niveaus, das die Studenten erreichen sollen, besprochen.
The Administration and Dosage of Drugs to Budgerigars
Authors: DALL JOHN A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The administration of drugs to budgerigars is discussed with particular reference to the parenteral route using microlitre syringes. Calculation of the therapeutic dose is based on published work and personal experience. The use of graphs to estimate dosage rates is suggested.

Résumé— La question de l'administration de drogues aux perruches est discutée en faisant des références particulières à la route parenterale eri employant des seringues microlitres. Le calcul de la dose thérapeutique est basé sur des oeuvres publicées ainsi que sur une expérience personnelle. L'on suggère l'emploi de graphiques pour en estimer les taux de dosage.

Zusammenfassung— Das Einspritzen von Wellensittichen mit Drogen wird unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des parenteralen Weges bei Benutzung von Mikroliter‐Spritzen behandelt. Die Schätzung der therapeutischen Dosis stützt sich auf veröffentlichte Arbeiten und persönliche Erfahrung. Die Verwendung von graphischen Darstellungen zur Schätzung der Dosis wird empfohlen.
The Closed Reduction and Repair of Radio‐Ulna Fractures in the Dog
Authors: FROST R. CHURCHILL
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The method of treating clinical cases of radio‐ulna fractures and the results obtained are described.

Résumé— L'auteur décrit le procédé employé pour trailer les fractures radio‐cubitales, ainsi que les résultats obtenus.

Zusammenfassung— Die Methode zur Behandlung klinischer Fa!Ie von Frakturen an Elle und Speiche und die dabei gewonnenen Ergebnisse werden beschrieben.