bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International multicentre psychometric evaluation of patient‐reported outcome data for the treatment of Peyronie's disease
Authors: Kueronya Verena , Miernik Arkadius , Stupar Slavisa , Kojovic Vladimir , Hatzichristodoulou Georgios , Egydio Paulo H. , Tosev Georgi , Falcone Marco , De Luca Francesco , Mulalic Demir , Djordjevic Miroslav , Schoenthaler Martin , Fahr Christian , Kuehhas Franklin E.
Published: October 2014

Objective

To compare patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) of surgical correction of Peyronie's disease (PD) with the Nesbit procedure, plaque incision and grafting, and the insertion of a malleable penile implant after surgical correction of penile curvature.

Patients and Methods

We performed a retrospective review of men who underwent surgical correction of PD between January 2010 and December 2012 at six international centres. Treatment‐related PROs and satisfaction were evaluated with a non‐validated questionnaire.

Results

The response rate to the questionnaire was 70.9%, resulting in a study cohort of 206 patients. The Nesbit procedure, plaque incision with grafting, or implantation of a malleable penile prosthesis was performed in 50, 48, and 108 patients, respectively. Overall, 79.1% reported a subjective loss of penile length due to PD preoperatively (range 2.1–3.2 cm). Those patients treated with a malleable penile implant reported the greatest subjective penile length loss, due to PD. A subjective loss of penile length of >2.5 cm resulted in reduced preoperative sex ability. Postoperatively, 78.0%, 29.2% and 24.1% patients in the Nesbit, grafting, and implant groups reported a postoperative, subjective loss of penile length (range 0.4–1.2 cm), with 86.3%, 78.6%, and 82.1% of the patients in each group, respectively, being bothered by the loss of length.

Conclusions

Penile length loss due to PD affects most patients. Further penile length loss due to the surgical correction leads to bother among the affected patients, irrespective of the magnitude of the loss. The Nesbit procedure was associated with the highest losses in penile length. In patients with PD and severe erectile dysfunction, a concomitant lengthening procedure may be offered to patients to help overcome the psychological burden caused by the loss of penile length.
Academic Risk and Resilience in the Context of Homelessness
Authors: Masten Ann S. , Cutuli J. J. , Herbers Janette E. , Hinz Elizabeth , Obradović Jelena , Wenzel Amanda J.
Published: October 2014

Family homelessness in the United States has increased over the past two decades, raising concerns about associated risks for child development. In this article, we describe a translational research program focused on academic risk and resilience in homeless and highly mobile children. We find that although these children share many risk factors with other disadvantaged children, they are higher on an underlying continuum of risk. Additionally, marked variability has been observed among children who experience homelessness, both in risk level and achievement, with many children manifesting resilience. We discuss implications for research and efforts to address disparities in achievement.
Teachers' Daily Interactions With Children: An Essential Ingredient in Effective Early Childhood Programs
Authors: Hamre Bridget K.
Published: October 2014

To ensure that investments in expanding early childhood programs are effective in supporting children's school readiness, early childhood settings must include responsive and cognitively stimulating daily interactions between teachers and children. Few young children are exposed to the types of teacher–child interactions needed to help ensure that they are prepared to start kindergarten. In this article, I review studies identifying teacher–child interactions that promote children's development and documenting how systematic professional development enhances these areas of teachers' practice. I also address the limits to research and the policy implications of this work.
“Everything Happens for a Reason”: Children's Beliefs About Purpose in Life Events
Authors: Banerjee Konika , Bloom Paul
Published: October 2014

Do children believe that “everything happens for a reason?” That is, do children endorse purpose‐based, teleological explanations for significant life events, as they do for social behavior, artifacts, biological properties, and natural kinds? Across three experiments, 5‐ to 7‐year‐olds (N = 80), 8‐ to 10‐year‐olds (N = 72), and adults (N = 91) chose between teleological and nonteleological accounts of significant life events and judged how helpful those accounts were for understanding an event's cause. Five‐ to 7‐year‐olds favored teleological explanations, but this preference diminished with age. Five‐ to 7‐year‐olds and 8‐ to 10‐year‐olds also found teleological explanations more helpful than did adults. Perceiving purpose in life events may therefore have roots in childhood, potentially reflecting a more general sensitivity to purpose in the social and natural worlds.
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cocosoid palms (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae) inferred from sequences of six WRKY gene family loci
Authors: Meerow Alan W. , Noblick Larry , Salas‐Leiva Dayana E. , Sanchez Vanessa , Francisco‐Ortega Javier , Jestrow Brett , Nakamura Kyoko
Published: October 2014

Arecaceae tribe Cocoseae is the most economically important tribe of palms, including both coconut and African oil palm. It is mostly represented in the Neotropics, with one and two genera endemic to South Africa and Madagascar, respectively. Using primers for six single copy WRKY gene family loci, we amplified DNA from 96 samples representing all genera of the palm tribe Cocoseae as well as outgroup tribes Reinhardtieae and Roystoneae. We compared parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian (B) analysis of the supermatrix with three species‐tree estimation approaches. Subtribe Elaeidinae is sister to the Bactridinae in all analyses. Within subtribe Attaleinae, Lytocaryum, previously nested in Syagrus, is now positioned by MP and ML as sister to the former, with high support; B maintains Lytocaryum embedded within Syagrus. Both MP and ML resolve Cocos as sister to Syagrus; B positions Cocos as sister to Attalea. Bactridineae is composed of two sister clades, Bactris and Desmoncus in one, for which there is morphological support, and a second comprising Acrocomia, Astrocaryum, and Aiphanes. Two B and one ML gene tree‐species estimation approaches are incongruent with the supermatrix in a few critical intergeneric clades, but resolve the same infrageneric relationships. The biogeographic history of the Cocoseae is dominated by dispersal events. The tribe originated in the late Cretaceous in South America. Evaluated together, the supermatrix and species tree analyses presented in this paper provide the most accurate picture of the evolutionary history of the tribe to date, with more congruence than incongruence among the various methodologies.
Effect of implant design in immediate loading. A randomized, controlled, split‐mouth, prospective clinical trial
Authors: Torroella‐Saura Gerard , Mareque‐Bueno Javier , Cabratosa‐Termes Josep , Hernández‐Alfaro Federico , Ferrés‐Padró Eduard , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis
Published: October 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different designs, tapered vs cylindrical, on the primary stability of implants placed with an immediate loading protocol in edentulous mandibles to support fixed prostheses within occlusal contacts during the first 48 h.

Material and methods

Tapered and cylindrical implants were placed in a split‐mouth study using the same implant protocol in ten patients with edentulous jaws. A total of 20 tapered implants (test group) and 20 cylindrical implants (control group) were placed. All implants were loaded immediately with provisional fixed prostheses during the healing period before the final restoration. The implants were evaluated at the implant placement by analyzing the insertion torque values (ITVs) and the resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and after the healing period of three months, the success of those implants and the marginal bone loss were evaluated.

Results

Two cylindrical implants were mobile within the same patient and no tapered implants failed, resulting in implant survival rates of 90% and 100%, respectively after three months. The ITVs were statistically significantly different (P = 0.0210) for the tapered implants than for the cylindrical implants. However, no statistically significant differences in RFA values were found (P = 0.6063) when comparing the implant designs and the primary stability measured with implant stability quotient (ISQ) values. The control group resulted in a mean bone loss after three months of 0.91 mm while the test group resulted 0.42 mm.

Conclusion

The tapered implant achieved greater primary stability values measured with ITVs and less marginal bone loss than the cylindrical implants.
Gavagai Is as Gavagai Does: Learning Nouns and Verbs From Cross‐Situational Statistics
Authors: Monaghan Padraic , Mattock Karen , Davies Robert A. I. , Smith Alastair C.
Published: October 2014

Learning to map words onto their referents is difficult, because there are multiple possibilities for forming these mappings. Cross‐situational learning studies have shown that word‐object mappings can be learned across multiple situations, as can verbs when presented in a syntactic context. However, these previous studies have presented either nouns or verbs in ambiguous contexts and thus bypass much of the complexity of multiple grammatical categories in speech. We show that noun word learning in adults is robust when objects are moving, and that verbs can also be learned from similar scenes without additional syntactic information. Furthermore, we show that both nouns and verbs can be acquired simultaneously, thus resolving category‐level as well as individual word‐level ambiguity. However, nouns were learned more quickly than verbs, and we discuss this in light of previous studies investigating the noun advantage in word learning.
Memory Errors Reveal a Bias to Spontaneously Generalize to Categories
Authors: Sutherland Shelbie L. , Cimpian Andrei , Leslie Sarah‐Jane , Gelman Susan A.
Published: October 2014

Much evidence suggests that, from a young age, humans are able to generalize information learned about a subset of a category to the category itself. Here, we propose that—beyond simply being able to perform such generalizations—people arebiasedto generalize to categories, such that they routinely make spontaneous, implicit category generalizations from information that licenses such generalizations. To demonstrate the existence of this bias, we asked participants to perform a task in which category generalizations would distract from the main goal of the task, leading to a characteristic pattern of errors. Specifically, participants were asked to memorize two types of novel facts: quantified facts about sets of kind members (e.g., facts aboutallormany stups) and generic facts about entire kinds (e.g., facts aboutzorbsas a kind). Moreover, half of the facts concerned properties that are typically generalizable to an animal kind (e.g., eating fruits and vegetables), and half concerned properties that are typically more idiosyncratic (e.g., getting mud in their hair). We predicted that—because of the hypothesized bias—participants would spontaneously generalize the quantified facts to the corresponding kinds, and would do so more frequently for the facts about generalizable (rather than idiosyncratic) properties. In turn, these generalizations would lead to a higher rate of quantified‐to‐genericmemory errorsfor the generalizable properties. The results of four experiments (N = 449) supported this prediction. Moreover, the same generalizable‐versus‐idiosyncratic difference in memory errors occurred even under cognitive load, which suggests that the hypothesized bias operates unnoticed in the background, requiring few cognitive resources. In sum, this evidence suggests the presence of a powerful bias to draw generalizations about kinds.
Group interaction in problem‐based learning tutorials: a systematic review
Authors: Azer S. A. , Azer D.
Published: October 2014

Introduction

This review aimed at identifying studies on group interaction in problem‐based learning (PBL) and elucidate methods used, factors affecting group interaction and the relationship between interaction and student's learning.

Materials and Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and HighWire were searched (January 1999 to June 2013) using a combination of pre‐specified search terms. The search words were also used in searching nine journals in dental and medical education. Also edited research books on PBL were searched. Both qualitative and descriptive studies of group interaction were selected and critically appraised.

Results

Finally, 42 of 10,606 papers were included (35 journal articles and seven from research books). The materials used in assessing group interaction varied depending on the methodology design. Forty‐three percent of the studies used video recording to evaluate group interaction. Other studies used indirect approaches such as focus groups, interviews and questionnaires. Factors affecting group interactions were students' and tutors' perceptions, tutor's subject‐matter expertise, training students, tutor's group dynamics. There was no conclusive evidence about the impact of interaction in PBL on learning. Most studies were from medicine (64%), and 35 papers were published in the last 10 years. The majority of studies were conducted in Europe, North America and Asia.

Conclusions

Although there is a progressive increase in publications on PBL group interaction during the last 10 years, there are knowledge gaps and deficiencies in this area and most studies are lacking solid theoretical basis and are descriptive. There is a deficiency in the literature in this area from dentistry and other allied health disciplines.
The thalamic reticular nucleus is activated by cortical spreading depression in freely moving rats: prevention by acute valproate administration
Authors: Tepe Nermin , Filiz Aslı , Dilekoz Ergin , Akcali Didem , Sara Yildirim , Charles Andrew , Bolay Hayrunnisa
Published: October 2014

This study investigated the effect of repetitive cortical spreading depression (CSD) on behaviour and the anatomical and physiological patterns of cellular activation of cortical and subcortical areas in awake, moving rats. Rat behaviours in response to repetitive CSD events evoked by the application of KCl were quantified with electrophysiological recording. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantify anatomical regions of cellular activation. The effects of acute valproic acid administration on the behavioural parameters and cellular activation were evaluated. CSD significantly decreased locomotor activity and induced freezing in awake, moving rats, and stimulated c‐Fos expression in the cortex, trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC), and amygdala. CSD also resulted in a prominent increase in c‐Fos expression in the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) visual sector. Electrophysiological recordings revealed propagation of CSD into the TRN. Valproic acid pretreatment decreased the duration of CSD‐induced freezing episodes and reversed the CSD‐induced reduction in locomotor activity. Acute valproic acid administration also significantly blocked CSD‐induced c‐Fos expression in the TNC and TRN. These findings show that CSD events cause consistent behavioural responses and activate specific brain regions in awake, freely moving rats. Selective activation of TRN by CSD and the suppression of this activation by valproic acid suggest that this brain region may play an important role in migraine pathogenesis and may represent a novel target for migraine therapy.
Functional connectivity in the resting‐state motor networks influences the kinematic processes during motor sequence learning
Authors: Bonzano Laura , Palmaro Eleonora , Teodorescu Roxana , Fleysher Lazar , Inglese Matilde , Bove Marco
Published: October 2014

Neuroimaging studies support the involvement of the cerebello‐cortical and striato‐cortical motor loops in motor sequence learning. Here, we investigated whether the gain of motor sequence learning could depend on a‐priori resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) between motor areas and structures belonging to these circuits. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging session. Afterward, they were asked to reproduce a verbally‐learned sequence of finger opposition movements as fast and as accurately as possible. All subjects increased their movement rate with practice, by reducing the touch duration and/or intertapping interval. The rsFC analysis showed that, at rest, the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) and left and right supplementary motor area (SMA) were mainly connected with other motor areas. The covariate analysis taking into account the different kinematic parameters indicated that the subjects achieving greater movement rate increase were those showing stronger rsFC of the left M1 and SMA with the right lobule VIII of the cerebellum. Notably, the subjects with greater intertapping interval reduction showed stronger rsFC of the left M1 and SMA with the association nuclei of the thalamus. Conversely, the regression analysis with the right M1 and SMA seeds showed only a few significant clusters for the different covariates not located in the cerebellum and thalamus. No common clusters were found between the right M1 and SMA. All of these findings indicated important functional connections at rest of those neural circuits responsible for motor learning improvement, involving the motor areas related to the hemisphere directly controlling the finger movements, the thalamus and cerebellum.
Programmed necrosis and necroptosis signalling
Authors: Feoktistova Maria , Leverkus Martin
Published: October 2014

In recent years, the paradigm of cell death regulation has changed. Nowadays, not only apoptosis but also several forms of necrosis (e.g. necroptosis) are considered to be regulated. The central roles of receptor‐interacting serine/threonine protein kinase1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed‐lineage kinase domain‐like protein, and the molecular signalling platforms in which these molecules participate, are being intensively studied. In particular, the role of RIPK1, being both a kinase and a scaffold molecule, in different cell death regulatory complexes is of great relevance for the field. This minireview aims to introduce the emerging and dynamic field of necroptosis to the reader, with a specific focus on intracellular signalling pathways involved in this process.
Structure‐specific nuclease activity of RAGs is modulated by sequence, length and phase position of flanking double‐stranded DNA
Authors: Kumari Rupa , Raghavan Sathees C.
Published: October 2014

RAGs (recombination activating genes) are responsible for the generation of antigen receptor diversity through the process of combinatorial joining of different V (variable), D (diversity) and J (joining) gene segments. In addition to its physiological property, wherein RAG functions as a sequence‐specific nuclease, it can also act as a structure‐specific nuclease leading to genomic instability and cancer. In the present study, we investigate the factors that regulate RAG cleavage on non‐B DNA structures. We find that RAG binding and cleavage on heteroduplex DNA is dependent on the length of the double‐stranded flanking region. Besides, the immediate flanking double‐stranded region regulates RAG activity in a sequence‐dependent manner. Interestingly, the cleavage efficiency of RAGs at the heteroduplex region is influenced by the phasing of DNA. Thus, our results suggest that sequence, length and phase positions of the DNA can affect the efficiency of RAG cleavage when it acts as a structure‐specific nuclease. These findings provide novel insights on the regulation of the pathological functions of RAGs.
Kinetic characterization of the human O‐phosphoethanolamine phospho‐lyase reveals unconventional features of this specialized pyridoxal phosphate‐dependent lyase
Authors: Schiroli Davide , Ronda Luca , Peracchi Alessio
Published: October 2014

Human O‐phosphoethanolamine (PEA) phospho‐lyase is a pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of PEA to acetaldehyde, phosphate and ammonia. Physiologically, the enzyme is involved in phospholipid metabolism and is expressed mainly in the brain, where its expression becomes dysregulated in the course of neuropsychiatric diseases. Mechanistically, PEA phospho‐lyase shows a remarkable substrate selectivity, strongly discriminating against other amino compounds structurally similar to PEA. Herein, we studied the enzyme under steady‐state and pre‐steady‐state conditions, analyzing its kinetic features and getting insights into the factors that contribute to its specificity. The pH dependence of the catalytic parameters and the pattern of inhibition by the product phosphate and by other anionic compounds suggest that the active site of PEA phospho‐lyase is optimized to bind dianionic groups and that this is a prime determinant of the enzyme specificity towards PEA. Single‐ and multiple‐wavelength stopped‐flow studies show that upon reaction with PEA the main absorption band of PLP (λmax = 412 nm) rapidly blue‐shifts to ~ 400 nm. Further experiments suggest that the newly formed and rather stable 400‐nm species most probably represents a Michaelis (noncovalent) complex of PEA with the enzyme. Accumulation of such an early intermediate during turnover is unusual for PLP‐dependent enzymes and appears counterproductive for absolute catalytic performance, but it can contribute to optimize substrate specificity. PEA phospho‐lyase may hence represent a case of selectivity–efficiency tradeoff. In turn, the strict specificity of the enzyme seems important to prevent inactivation by other amines, structurally resembling PEA, that occur in the brain.
Positive lymph‐node breast cancer patients – activation of NF‐κB in tumor‐associated leukocytes stimulates cytokine secretion that promotes metastasis via C‐C chemokine receptor CCR7
Authors: El‐Ghonaimy Eslam A. , El‐Shinawi Mohamed , Ibrahim Sherif A. , El‐Ghazaly Hisham , Abd‐El‐Tawab Reda , Nouh Mohamed A. , El‐Mamlouk Tahani , Mohamed Mona M.
Published: October 2014

Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes is most deadly complication among breast cancer patients. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which tumor‐associated leukocytes (TALs) mediate lymph node metastasis. The density of different leukocyte subtypes infiltrating the tumor microenvironment of negative and positive lymph nodes (nLNs, pLNs) in breast cancer patients was measured using immunohistochemistry. In addition, we isolated TALs from blood drained from the axillary tributaries of nLN and pLN patients during breast surgery. Secretions of TALs were subjected to cytokine profiling using a cytokine antibody array. Our results showed an increase in the number of infiltrated CD45+ cells in the carcinoma tissues of pLN patients with the major proportion being myeloid subsets compared with nLN patients. Furthermore, TALs of pLN patients show a significant fivefold increase in the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1α, interferon‐γ, IL‐5, IL‐3 and tumor necrosis factor‐β, and are characterized by enhanced constitutive NF‐κB/p65 signaling compared with TALs isolated from nLN patients. Using an invasion assay, cytokines secreted by TALs of pLN patients were shown to augment the invasive phenotype of breast cancer MCF‐7 and SKBR3 cells compared with nLN patients. Using flow cytometry, we found that C‐C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is significantly overexpressed in breast carcinoma of pLN patients compared with nLNs patients. Intriguingly, CCR7, a mechanistic clue for metastasis, is upregulated in MCF‐7 cells upon stimulation with TAL‐conditioned media of pLN patients. Our findings show that the molecular cues secreted by TALs alone or in combination with CCR7 may emerge as future therapeutic targets for lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.
Predictability of the terrestrial carbon cycle
Authors: Luo Yiqi , Keenan Trevor F. , Smith Matthew
Published: October 2014

Terrestrial ecosystems sequester roughly 30% of anthropogenic carbon emission. However this estimate has not been directly deduced from studies of terrestrial ecosystems themselves, but inferred from atmospheric and oceanic data. This raises a question: to what extent is the terrestrial carbon cycle intrinsically predictable? In this paper, we investigated fundamental properties of the terrestrial carbon cycle, examined its intrinsic predictability, and proposed a suite of future research directions to improve empirical understanding and model predictive ability. Specifically, we isolated endogenous internal processes of the terrestrial carbon cycle from exogenous forcing variables. The internal processes share five fundamental properties (i.e., compartmentalization, carbon input through photosynthesis, partitioning among pools, donor pool‐dominant transfers, and the first‐order decay) among all types of ecosystems on the Earth. The five properties together result in an emergent constraint on predictability of various carbon cycle components in response to five classes of exogenous forcing. Future observational and experimental research should be focused on those less predictive components while modeling research needs to improve model predictive ability for those highly predictive components. We argue that an understanding of predictability should provide guidance on future observational, experimental and modeling research.
Something New or More of the Same in the Bidding Wars for Big Business?
Authors: McCarthy Linda
Published: October 2014

The economic downturn that began in 2007–2008 was blamed by some commentators on neoliberalism and pro‐business policies. So we might expect U.S. state and local governments to have responded with policy changes affecting their neoliberal economic development strategies. Based on this assumption, this paper is a theoretically informed examination of recent high‐profile bidding wars in Wisconsin. The highest profile example was in 2009 when General Motors chose a plant in Michigan over Wisconsin and Tennessee for a new small car line. Wisconsin's Commerce Secretary characterized Michigan's $1.2 billion incentive offer as “absolutely crazy” (compared with his state's $409 million offer!). My main research question is how have Wisconsin state and local governments adjusted their neoliberal economic development efforts in these bidding wars given the recent economic downturn and weak economy? This paper uses the largest incentive offers in Wisconsin during the tenure of the current and previous state governors within the context of ten themes drawn from the literature to problematize the neoliberal policy of bidding for big business. It concludes by considering the implications for economic development policies.
Application of multicriteria decision analysis in health care: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Adunlin Georges , Diaby Vakaramoko , Xiao Hong
Published: October 2014

Background

The use of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) in health care has become common. However, the literature lacks systematic review trend analysis on the application of MCDA in health care.

Aim

To systematically identify applications of MCDA to the areas of health care, and to report on publication trends.

Methods

English language studies published from January 1, 1980 until October 1, 2013 were included. Electronic databases searches were supplemented by searching conference proceedings and relevant journals. Studies considered for inclusion were those using MCDA techniques within the areas of health care, and involving the participation of decision makers. A bibliometric analysis was undertaken to present the publication trends.

Results

A total of 66 citations met the inclusion criteria. An increase in publication trend occurred in the years 1990, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2008, and 2012. For the remaining years, the publication trend was either steady or declining. The trend shows that the number of publications reached its highest peak in 2012 (n = 9). Medical Decision Making was the dominant with the highest number published papers (n = 7). The majority of the studies were conducted in the US (n = 29). Medical Decision Making journal published the highest number of articles (n = 7). Analytic Hierarchy Process (n = 33) was the most used MCDA technique. Cancer was the most researched disease topic (n = 12). The most covered area of application was diagnosis and treatment (n = 26).

Conclusion

The review shows that MCDA has been applied to a broad range of areas in the health care, with the use of a variety of methodological approaches. Further research is needed to develop practice guidelines for the appropriate application and reporting of MCDA methods.
New remains of the EoceneProphaethonand the early evolution of tropicbirds (Phaethontiformes)
Authors: Mayr Gerald
Published: October 2014

A partial skeleton of the early Eocene tropicbirdProphaethon shrubsolei(Prophaethontidae) from the London Clay of Walton‐on‐the‐Naze (UK) is described. Most of the bones preserved in this fossil have not been described previously forProphaethonor prophaethontids in general. The pelvis and leg bones ofProphaethon, including the previously unknown tarsometatarsus, are very different from modern tropicbirds and show a strong similarity to procellariiform birds, especially albatrosses. Rather than employing plunge‐diving like their extant relatives, prophaethontids therefore probably used foraging strategies similar to those of modern albatrosses, which seize food on the sea surface. Prophaethontids also appear to have been less pelagic than extant tropicbirds, and these different life modes, as well as the disappearance of Phaethontiformes from northern latitudes, attest to major changes in Northern Hemispheric marine avifaunas during the Cenozoic, which also affected other pelagic birds. The reasons for the profound changes in the historical biogeography and way of living of tropicbirds are unknown, but ecological competition and predation at breeding sites are likely to have played a role.
Climax of the Covenant vs Apocalyptic Invasion: A Theological Analysis of a Contemporary Debate in Pauline Exegesis
Authors: van Driel Edwin Chr.
Published: October 2014

Focusing on the work of N.T. Wright, J. Louis Martyn and Douglas Harink, in this article I offer a theological analysis of the debate between salvation‐historical and apocalyptic readings of Paul as a debate in Christology. I argue that in the end both these positions are christologically deficient in ironically similar ways: both positions conceive of Christ as accidental to the divine intent for creation, a notion that falls short of the robust Christology Paul adheres to. I offer an alternative that preserves both the notions of a salvific history and an apocalyptic revelation, but is also imbedded in what I call a supralapsarian Christology.
A Philosophical Audacity: Barth's Notion of Experience between Neo‐Kantianism and Nietzsche
Authors: Feneuil Anthony
Published: October 2014

This article addresses Barth's dialectical notion of experience in the 1920s. I argue that the theoretical problem raised by recent studies on Barth's notion of experience after his break with liberalism (i.e. the apparent inconsistency between Barth's move towards an increasingly neo‐Kantian understanding of experience and his emphasis on the existential and psychological dimensions of experience) can be solved by the hypothesis of a Nietzschean influence on Barth's epistemology in the 1920s. I defend not only the historical plausibility but also the conceptual fecundity of such a hypothesis, which casts a new light on Barth's relation to philosophy and the notion of experience, and lays the basis for a consistent Barthian theology of experience.
Effectiveness of a standardized treatment protocol for children with active non‐cavitated occlusal lesions on erupting permanent molars
Authors: de Oliveira Renata Schlesner , Zenkner Júlio Eduardo do Amaral , Maltz Marisa , Rodrigues Jonas Almeida
Published: October 2014

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment for non‐cavitated occlusal lesions on erupting permanent molars and to verify whether initial eruption stage and final biofilm accumulation are associated with lesions activity after the treatment.

Methods

Forty‐eight patients aged from 5 to 13 years old were selected. Molars with active non‐cavitated lesions on the occlusal surface were classified according to eruption stage. Patients received a treatment for 4 weeks based on oral health instructions and fluoride applications. Three weeks after the end of the treatment, 39 patients were reassessed and lesion activity status and biofilm accumulation were recorded. Odds ratios were obtained using generalized estimating equations with logistic link function.

Results

Partially erupted molars were more prone to remain caries‐active than molars in full occlusion (E1: OR = 301.1; E2: OR = 49.0 and E3: OR = 1107.3). High biofilm accumulation was associated with the presence of active lesions.

Conclusions

Biofilm accumulation and eruption stage strongly influenced the effectiveness of a treatment for dental caries.
Resolution and Analysis of Spatial Variations and Patterns in an Urban Lake with Rapid Profiling Instrumentation
Authors: Prestigiacomo Anthony R. , Effler Steven W. , Matthews David A.
Published: October 2014

Rapid response vertical profiling instrumentation was used to document spatial variability and patterns in a small urban lake, Onondaga Lake, associated with multiple drivers. Paired profiles of temperature, specific conductance (SC), turbidity (Tn), fluorometric chlorophyll a (Chlf), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−) were collected at >30 fixed locations (a “gridding”) weekly, over the spring to fall interval of several years. These gridding data are analyzed (1) to characterize phytoplankton (Chlf) patchiness in the lake's upper waters, (2) to establish the representativeness of a single long‐term site for monitoring lake‐wide conditions, and (3) to resolve spatial patterns of multiple tracers imparted by buoyancy effects of inflows. Multiple buoyancy signatures were resolved, including overflows from less dense inflows, and interflows to metalimnetic depths and underflows to the bottom from the plunging of more dense inputs. Three different metrics had utility as tracers in depicting the buoyancy signatures as follows: (1) SC, for salinity‐enriched tributaries and the more dilute river that receives the lake's outflow, (2) Tn, for the tributaries during runoff events, and (3) NO3−, for the effluent of a domestic waste treatment facility and from the addition of NO3− solution to control methyl mercury. The plunging inflow phenomenon, which frequently prevailed, has important management implications.
Dramatic osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with oral bisphosphonates, periodontitis, and dental implant removal
Authors: Fernández Ayora Alberto , Herion Francine , Rompen Eric , Reginster Jean Yves , Magremanne Michèle , Lambert France
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Osteoporosis affects millions of elderly patients, and anti‐resorptive drugs (ARD) such as bisphosphonates (BP) represent the first‐line therapy. Despite the benefits related to the use of these medications, osteonecrosis of the jaw is a significant complication in a subset of patients receiving these drugs.

Case presentation

This report documents a case of dramatic bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis associated with periodontitis and dental implant removal in an osteoporotic patient treated with per os bisphosphonates for an uninterrupted period of 15 years.

Conclusion

The aim of this report was to discuss the administration period of BP in the treatment of osteoporosis, the decision‐making and clinical management of severe MRONJ and the indications for dental implant placement in these specific patients.
Controls on metamorphic equilibration: the importance of intergranular solubilities mediated by fluid composition
Authors: Carlson W. D. , Hixon J. D. , Garber J. M. , Bodnar R. J.
Published: October 2014

A dramatic demonstration of the role of intergranular solubility in promoting chemical equilibration during metamorphism is found in the unusual zoning of garnet in pelitic schist exposed at Harpswell Neck, Maine, USA. Many garnet crystals have irregular, patchy distributions of Mn, Cr, Fe and Mg in their inclusion‐rich interiors, transitioning to smooth, concentric zoning in their inclusion‐poor outer rims; in contrast, zoning of Ca and Y is comparatively smooth and concentric throughout. We re‐assess the disputed origin of these zoning features by examining garnet growth in the context of the thermal and structural history of the rocks, and by evaluating the record of fluid–rock interaction revealed in outcrop‐scale veining and fluid‐inclusion assemblages. The transition in the character of garnet zoning correlates with the onset of a synkinematic, simple‐shear‐dominated phase of garnet growth and with a shift in the composition of the intergranular fluid from CO2‐rich to H2O‐rich. Compositional variations in garnet are therefore best explained by a two‐stage growth history in which intergranular diffusive fluxes reflect differences in the concentration of dissolved species in these two contrasting fluids. Interiors of garnet crystals grew in the presence of a CO2‐rich fluid, in which limited solubility for Mn and Cr (and perhaps Fe and Mg) produced patchy disequilibrium overprint zoning, while appreciable solubility for Ca and Y permitted their rock‐wide equilibration. Rims grew in the presence of an H2O‐rich fluid, in which high intergranular concentrations for all elements except Cr enabled diffusion over length scales sufficient for rock‐wide equilibration. This striking example of partial chemical equilibrium during reaction and porphyroblast growth implies that thermal effects may commonly be subsidiary in importance to solubilities in the intergranular medium as determinants of length scales for metamorphic equilibration.
Aging and brain rejuvenation as systemic events
Authors: Bouchard Jill , Villeda Saul A.
Published: October 2014

The effects of aging were traditionally thought to be immutable, particularly evident in the loss of plasticity and cognitive abilities occurring in the aged central nervous system (CNS). However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that extrinsic systemic manipulations such as exercise, caloric restriction, and changing blood composition by heterochronic parabiosis or young plasma administration can partially counteract this age‐related loss of plasticity in the aged brain. In this review, we discuss the process of aging and rejuvenation as systemic events. We summarize genetic studies that demonstrate a surprising level of malleability in organismal lifespan, and highlight the potential for systemic manipulations to functionally reverse the effects of aging in the CNS. Based on mounting evidence, we propose that rejuvenating effects of systemic manipulations are mediated, in part, by blood‐borne ‘pro‐youthful’ factors. Thus, systemic manipulations promoting a younger blood composition provide effective strategies to rejuvenate the aged brain. As a consequence, we can now consider reactivating latent plasticity dormant in the aged CNS as a means to rejuvenate regenerative, synaptic, and cognitive functions late in life, with potential implications even for extending lifespan.

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We review evidence of brain rejuvenation focusing on several systemic manipulations – exercise, caloric restriction, heterochronic parabiosis, and young plasma administration – and their ability to restore regenerative capacity, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function in the brain.
Hypoxia interferes with aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Jacob Aude , Potin Sophie , Saubaméa Bruno , Crete Dominique , Scherrmann Jean‐Michel , Curis Emmanuel , Peyssonnaux Carole , Declèves Xavier
Published: October 2014

The expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor was detected at transcript level in freshly isolated human brain microvessels and in the hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line. Recent studies have demonstrated that AhR pathway is able to crosstalk with other pathways such as hypoxia signaling pathway. Therefore, we used the hCMEC/D3 cell line to investigate the potential crosstalk between AhR and hypoxia signaling pathways. First, we performed two different hypoxia‐like procedures in hCMEC/D3 cells; namely, exposition of cells to 150 μM deferoxamine or to glucose and oxygen deprivation for 6 h. These two procedures led to hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and HIF‐2α proteins accumulation together with a significant induction of the two well‐known hypoxia‐inducible genes VEGF and GLUT‐1. Both HIF‐1α and ‐2α functionally mediated hypoxia response in the hCMEC/D3 cells. Then, we observed that a 6 h exposure to 25 nM 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin, a strong AhR ligand, up‐regulated CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression, and that this effect was AhR dependent. Regarding AhR and hypoxia crosstalk, our experiments revealed that an asymmetric interference between these two pathways effectively occurred in hCMEC/D3 cells: hypoxia pathway interfered with AhR signaling but not the other way around.

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We studied the putative crosstalk of AhR and hypoxia pathways in hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. While hypoxia decreased the expression of the two AhR target genes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, AhR activation results in no change in hypoxia target gene expression. This is the first sign of AhR and hypoxia pathway crosstalk in an in vitro model of the human cerebral endothelium.
The effects of nesfatin‐1 in the paraventricular nucleus on gastric motility and its potential regulation by the lateral hypothalamic area in rats
Authors: Guo Fei‐fei , Xu Luo , Gao Sheng‐li , Sun Xiang‐rong , Li Zhi‐ling , Gong Yan‐ling
Published: October 2014

The current study investigated the effects of nesfatin‐1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on gastric motility and the regulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Using single unit recordings in the PVN, we show that nesfatin‐1 inhibited the majority of the gastric distention (GD)‐excitatory neurons and excited more than half of the GD‐inhibitory (GD‐I) neurons in the PVN, which were weakened by oxytocin receptor antagonist H4928. Gastric motility experiments showed that administration of nesfatin‐1 in the PVN decreased gastric motility, which was also partly prevented by H4928. The nesfatin‐1 concentration producing a half‐maximal response (EC50) in the PVN was lower than the value in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, while nesfatin‐1 in the reuniens thalamic nucleus had no effect on gastric motility. Retrograde tracing and immunofluorescent staining showed that nucleobindin‐2/nesfatin‐1 and fluorogold double‐labeled neurons were observed in the LHA. Electrical LHA stimulation changed the firing rate of GD‐responsive neurons in the PVN. Pre‐administration of an anti‐ nucleobindin‐2/nesfatin‐1 antibody in the PVN strengthened gastric motility and decreased the discharging of the GD‐I neurons induced by electrical stimulation of the LHA. These results demonstrate that nesfatin‐1 in the PVN could serve as an inhibitory factor to inhibit gastric motility, which might be regulated by the LHA.

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Nesfatin‐1 regulated the gastric distension (GD)‐responsive neurons and reduced gastric motility in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which were partly blocked by H4928. Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) increased the firing activities of GD‐responsive neurons in the PVN and promoted the gastric motility. NUCB2/nesfatin‐1/fluorogold double‐labeled neurons were identified in the LHA, indicating that nesfatin‐1 in the PVN could play a pivotal role in the central control of gastric motility and the LHA may participate in the regulatory process. NUCB2 = nucleobindin‐2
Work–family conflict and social undermining behaviour: An examination of PO fit and gender differences
Authors: Scott Kristin L. , Ingram Amy , Zagenczyk Thomas J. , Shoss Mindy K.
Published: October 2014

In this study, we develop and test a novel theoretical model that addresses the relationship between work–family conflict (WFC), sex, PO fit perceptions (PO fit) and social undermining behaviour. Drawing on the source attribution perspective and role theory, we hypothesize that WFC is positively associated with social undermining behaviour at a later point in time and this relationship is explained in part by diminished PO fit perceptions. Furthermore, we argue that female employees reporting high levels of WFC are more likely to engage in undermining behaviour relative to men when PO fit is considered as a mediating variable. Specifically, we assert that PO fit is depleted to a larger extent for female than for male workers and, subsequently, is associated with higher levels of undermining behaviour. In a sample of over 300 full‐time working adults employed across a variety of occupations, we found support for each of our predictions. Implications for research and practice are addressed.

Practitioner points

Work–family conflict contributes to co‐worker‐directed social undermining behaviour because it weakens person–organization fit perceptions – especially among women.

Organizational leaders can create a stronger sense of community among employees, offer avenues for support as well as resources that can help workers cope with the difficulties associated with WFC.

Leaders implementing interventions should try to maintain a sense of ‘fit’ and belongingness within the organization and let workers know they are valued even in the face of high levels of work‐related demands and challenges.
Rehabilitation of oral function with removable dentures – still an option?
Authors: Xie Q. , Ding T. , Yang G.
Published: October 2014

Tooth loss is a chronic disability, which makes it difficult for patients to perform essential tasks such as eating, communicating with others and socialising. Numerous studies have revealed and addressed the recent rapid development of various prosthodontic materials and treatment patterns. Oral rehabilitation with dentures exerts a great influence on people's daily life and has tremendous social implications. Dentures help to restore an individual's sense of normality and ability to interact normally. With the introduction and progression of implant technology, many troublesome issues can now be solved simply. Nowadays, more and more attention has been paid to new trends (implant‐assisted restoration and fixed prostheses). However, removable dentures may be a more appropriate solution under some circumstances, such as if they are a patient's preferred option, if remaining oral tissues are in poor condition, or if they provide the most cost‐effective form of treatment. Thus, removable dentures are still an option for the rehabilitation of oral function. The purpose of this article was to retrospectively review the applications of removable dentures and to emphasise their indispensable status.