bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Arabic Freud
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: May 2018

In 1945, psychologist Yusuf Murad introduced an Arabic term borrowed from the medieval Sufi philosopher and mystic Ibn ʿArabi—al-la-shuʿur—as a translation for Sigmund Freud's concept of the unconscious. By the late 1950s, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams had been translated into Arabic for an eager Egyptian public. This book challenges the notion of a strict divide between psychoanalysis and Islam by tracing how postwar thinkers in Egypt blended psychoanalytic theories with concepts from classical Islamic thought in a creative encounter of ethical engagement. The book provides an in-depth examination of psychoanalysis in Egypt and reveals how a new science of psychology—or “science of the soul,” as it came to be called—was inextricably linked to Islam and mysticism. It explores how Freudian ideas of the unconscious were crucial to the formation of modern discourses of subjectivity in areas as diverse as psychology, Islamic philosophy, and the law. Founding figures of Egyptian psychoanalysis, the book shows, debated the temporality of the psyche, mystical states, the sexual drive, and the Oedipus complex, while offering startling insights into the nature of psychic life, ethics, and eros. The book invites us to rethink the relationship between psychoanalysis and religion in the modern era. Mapping the points of intersection between Islamic discourses and psychoanalytic thought, it illustrates how the Arabic Freud, like psychoanalysis itself, was elaborated across the space of human difference.
Psychoanalysis and the Psyche
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers Freudian itineraries in postwar Egypt through an exploration of the work of Yusuf Murad, the founder of a school of thought within the psychological sciences, and the journal he coedited from 1945 to 1953, Majallat ʿIlm al-Nafs. By training a generation of scholars, Murad left a wide-ranging legacy on psychology, philosophy, and the wider academic fields of the humanities and the social sciences. Melding key concepts from psychoanalysis with classical Islamic concepts, Murad elaborated a psychological theory of the subject as an integrative agent, embodying a complex synthesis of unity and multiplicity. Theorizing the temporality of the subject, the epistemology of psychoanalysis and the analytic structure, and the socius, Murad both drew upon and departed from European psychoanalytic thought, while often insisting on the epistemological and ethical heterogeneity of different theories of the self.
Psychoanalysis before the Law
Authors: El Shakry Omnia
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces a debate spawned by professor of criminal psychology Muhammad Fathi, while paying particular attention to the social role of the criminal at midcentury. It argues that the convergences or divergences found between psychoanalysis and the law were in part related to disputes regarding the causal nature of crime. Further complicating these debates was the juridical status of psychoanalysis itself as it struggled to assert its autonomy as a field of therapeutic practice within the Egyptian legal system. At the center of all of these arguments lay the criminal, themselves increasingly enmeshed within new legal and forensic practices, as well as multiple legal regimes over the course of the twentieth century.
Domi et Militiae: Elite Religion at Rome in Response to External Triumphs and Crises
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines questions of traditional, ancestral gods as well as religious practices and the acceptance or rejection of new foreign deities and rituals in the Middle Roman Republic. In particular, it shows how disparate behaviors domi militiaeque reveal the religious intentions and motivations of the Roman ruling elite. The chapter begins with a discussion of accumulative civic polytheism in the context of elite-instrumentalism, focusing on the cases of Bacchanalia and Magna Mater. It then explores how Roman religion became increasingly chaotic and ever more intractable as Mediterranean-wide hegemony came into existence. It also describes military evocationes as a means for an immigrant deity to come to Rome, along with the concept of human sacrifice in the Roman Republic. It argues that there was an inconsistency in the reception of new state cults and that governing elites tried their best to maintain the pax deorum.
Problem, Background, Method
Authors: Simonton Matthew
Published: May 2018

This book examines the rule of the few, or oligarchia (oligarchy), in ancient Greece. It considers the relationship between the rulers and the wider male citizenry (demos) of an oligarchically governed polis, the extent to which oligarchic rule was contested by popular movements, and how oligarchs might have collectively responded in an atempt to retain their power. This introductory chapter discusses the lack of studies devoted to ancient Greek oligarchia and how the meaning of oligarchia, both as a concept and as a form of political practice, relates to dēmokratia (democracy). It also provides an overview of the book's methodological approach, explores the extent to which the ideas of “institutions” and the “New Institutionalism” can be adapted and applied to the ancient world, and introduces some relevant concepts such as “equilibrium,” “common knowledge,” “coordination,” the “collective action problem,” and a few elementary games from game theory.
The Manipulation of Information
Authors: Simonton Matthew
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how Classical Greek oligarchs manipulated information in the specific context of the polis. In ancient Greece, “official” information was capable of being monopolized and manipulated, depending upon how many people were present at the site of its original production and circulation. The chapter argues that it was characteristic of a successful oligarchy to restrict this primary audience as much as possible to the members of the political class and to oversee how the information produced at their own secret political meetings was later promulgated. Three types of information manipulation were used by Classical Greek oligarchs: secrecy, projection, and selectivity. An example of oligarchic polis that deployed selectivity to its long-term advantage was the Thessalian city of Pharsalus.
Shrines For Lares in Rome
Authors: Flower Harriet I.
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the many types of shrines for lares in public places in Rome, from the largest to the smallest. It starts with two temples (aedes) and moves on through various local shrines to named lares (notably the praestites and grundiles) and ultimately to the shrines at the crossroads (compita). Pliny tells us that the census of Vespasian and Titus officially recorded 265 compita larum (crossroads shrines for lares) in AD 73–74. These crossroads shrines are considered in relation to other local shrines, particularly open-air ones (sacella) that did not have cult buildings. The chapter also offers an overview of street shrines in Pompeii, and concludes with a broader consideration of the nature of lares and of the many places they inhabited and protected.
Augustus and Lares Augusti
Authors: Flower Harriet I.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the nature of Augustus' religious reform, its implementation by the princeps, and its impact in the city. It uses a combination of approaches to elucidate the variety of ancient source material and the intersections between the different pieces of surviving evidence. A consideration of Octavian/Augustus' role and image in the city before 8/7 BC serves to introduce a more detailed analysis of the moment of religious reform itself, as far as we can understand it from our slim evidence. The chapter also looks at lares augusti in their own right and in the context of their cult at the crossroads shrines, and argues that no cult of Augustus' genius was to be found at the crossroads in Rome or in the home during his lifetime.
Policies
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explains the distinction between the concepts of “actions” and “policies,” along with the implications of this distinction. An action is defined as a possible move that is available to a player during a game, whereas a policy is a decision rule that a player uses to select actions, based on available information. In game theory, the word “strategy” is commonly inferred to be synonymous to policy. The chapter first illustrates the actions vs. policies distinction by considering a game in marketing known as the advertising campaign game. It then discusses the war of attrition game as an example of a multi-stage game and an open-loop game called zebra in the lake game before concluding with practice exercises related to the Nash equilibrium and a chicken game with alternate play, with their corresponding solutions.
Computation of Mixed Saddle-Point Equilibrium Policies
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the computation of mixed saddle-point equilibrium policies. In view of the Minimax Theorem, the mixed saddle-point equilibria can be determined by computing the mixed security policies for both players. For 2 x 2 games, the mixed security policy can be computed in closed form using the “graphical method.” After providing an overview of the graphical method, the chapter considers a systematic numerical procedure to find the linear program solution for mixed saddle-point equilibria and the use of MATLAB's Optimization Toolbox to numerically solve linear programs. It then describes a strictly dominating policy and a “weakly” dominating policy before concluding with practice exercises and their corresponding solutions, along with an additional exercise.
Stochastic Policies for Games in Extensive Form
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses two types of stochastic policy for extensive form game representation as well as the existence and computation of saddle-point equilibrium. For games in extensive form, a mixed policy corresponds to selecting a pure policy in random based on a previously selected probability distribution before the game starts, and then playing that policy throughout the game. It is assumed that the random selections by both players are done statistically independently and the players will try to optimize the expected outcome of the game. After providing an overview of mixed policies and saddle-point equilibria, the chapter considers the behavioral policy for games in extensive form. It also explores behavioral saddle-point equilibrium, behavioral vs. mixed policy, recursive computation of equilibria for feedback games, mixed vs. behavioral order interchangeability, and non-feedback games. It concludes with practice exercises and their corresponding solutions, along with additional exercises.
Two-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter defines a number of key concepts for non-zero-sum games involving two players. It begins by considering a two-player game G in which two players P₁ and P₂ are allowed to select policies within action spaces Γ‎₁ and Γ‎₂, respectively. Each player wants to minimize their own outcome, and does not care about the outcome of the other player. The chapter proceeds by discussing the security policy and Nash equilibrium for two-player non-zero-sum games, bimatrix games, admissible Nash equilibrium, and mixed policy. It also explores the order interchangeability property for Nash equilibria in best-response equivalent games before concluding with practice exercises and their corresponding solutions, along with additional exercises.
Computation of Nash Equilibria for Bimatrix Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the computation of the Nash equilibrium for bimatrix games. It begins by considering a different version of the battle of the sexes game introduced in Chapter 9, in which action 1 corresponds to going to the baby shower and action 2 to the football game. In this new version no one really wants to go to the football game alone (cost of 3), but going to the baby shower alone is a little better (cost of 0). After finding the mixed Nash equilibrium for this case, the chapter describes the computation of a completely mixed Nash equilibrium and the numerical computation of a mixed Nash equilibrium. It concludes with a practice exercise and the corresponding solution, along with an additional exercise.
Potential Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces a special class of N-player games, the so-called potential games, for which the Nash equilibrium is guaranteed to exist and is generally easy to find. It begins by considering a game with N players P₁, P₂, . . ., P(subscript N), which are allowed to select policies from the action spaces Γ‎₁, Γ‎₂, . . ., Γ‎(subscript N), respectively. The notation is given for the outcome of the game for the player Pᵢ and all players wanting to minimize their own outcomes. The chapter goes on to discuss identical interests games, minimum vs. Nash equilibrium in potential games, bimatrix potential games, characterization of potential games, and potential games with interval action spaces. It concludes with practice exercises and their corresponding solutions, along with an additional exercise.
Dynamic Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses a new class of games known as dynamic games. It begins by considering a two-player multi-stage game in extensive form in which the overall tree structure can be mathematically described in a manner that actually allows for games that are more general than those typically described in extensive form. These include games described by graphs that are not trees, games with infinitely many stages, and games with action spaces that are not finite sets. The equation for solving dynamic games is often called the dynamics of the game. The chapter also examines the information structures of dynamic games and concludes with an overview of continuous time differential games and differential games with variable termination time.
One-Player Differential Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on one-player continuous time dynamic games, that is, the optimal control of a continuous time dynamical system. It begins by considering a one-player continuous time differential game in which the (only) player wants to minimize either using an open-loop policy or a state-feedback policy. It then discusses continuous time cost-to-go, with the following conclusion: regardless of the information structure considered (open loop, state feedback, or other), it is not possible to obtain a cost lower than cost-to-go. It also explores continuous time dynamic programming, linear quadratic dynamic games, and differential games with variable termination time before concluding with a practice exercise and the corresponding solution.
State-Feedback Zero-Sum Differential Games
Authors: Hespanha João P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the computation of the saddle-point equilibrium of a zero-sum continuous time dynamic game in a state-feedback policy. It begins by considering the solution for two-player zero sum dynamic games in continuous time, assuming a finite horizon integral cost that Player 1 wants to minimize and Player 2 wants to maximize, and taking into account a state feedback information structure. Continuous time dynamic programming can also be used to construct saddle-point equilibria in state-feedback policies. The discussion then turns to continuous time linear quadratic dynamic games and the use of dynamic programming to construct a saddle-point equilibrium in a state-feedback policy for a two-player zero sum differential game with variable termination time. The chapter also describes pursuit-evasion games before concluding with a practice exercise and the corresponding solution.
A Star Is Born
Authors: Chambers John , Mitton Jacqueline
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the nature and composition of the Milky Way galaxy. The main component of the Milky Way is a rotating disk of stars some 100,000 light-years across but only about 1,000 light-years thick. Between the stars lies an extremely tenuous mixture of gas and fine dust grains called the interstellar medium. The disk of stars is only about 1,000 light-years thick but becomes thicker near the Milky Way's center, where a bar-shaped bulge of densely packed stars surrounds a supermassive black hole at the heart of the galaxy. Enveloping the thin stellar disk is an extended disk of gas about 10 times thicker. Today, stars are forming in the Milky Way at a rate equivalent to one solar-mass star every year. Judging by the age of its oldest members, the Milky Way has been giving birth to new stars for over 13 billion years.
Introduction
Authors: Hanioğlu M. Şükrü
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book, which seeks to place the founder of the modern Turkish republic in his historical context. This approach shows Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to be an intellectual and social product of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Contrary to the approach of mainstream Turkish historiography, Atatürk should not be viewed as a solitary genius impervious to his upbringing, early socialization, education, institutional membership, social milieu, and intellectual environment. The book also traces Atatürk's intellectual development, which is the least well-researched aspect of his life and work. Clearly, he was not an intellectual in the strict sense of the word, but the evolution of his ideas strongly influenced his policies.
The Scientism of the Young Turks
Authors: Hanioğlu M. Şükrü
Published: May 2018

This chapter details how Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's attitudes and policies were to be shaped to an extraordinary degree by the ideas he encountered and the experiences he underwent as an activist in the Young Turk movement. The core group that led the movement was made up of cadets, students, and graduates of the major royal colleges. An overwhelming number of these young men were disciples of a peculiar mid-nineteenth-century German philosophy known as Vulgärmaterialismus. This was a vulgarized version of the doctrine of materialism, fusing popular notions of materialism, scientism, and Darwinism into a simplistic creed that upheld the role of science in society. The Late Ottoman version of this materialism was a further simplification of the German original and a medley of highly disparate ideas, the common denominator of which was the rejection of religion.
Introduction: The Veil
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book is about how it feels to live a mathematician's double life: one life within this framework of professional autonomy, answerable only to their colleagues, and the other life in the world at large. It is written for readers without specialized training, which means it is primarily an account of mathematics as a way of life. Technical material is introduced only when it serves to illustrate a point and, as far as possible, only at the level of dinner-party conversation. The reader is warned at the outset that the author's objective is not to arrive at definitive conclusions but rather to elaborate on what Herbert Mehrtens calls “the usual answer to the question of what mathematics is,” namely, by pointing: “This is how one does mathematics.”
How I Acquired Charisma
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the notion of charisma in mathematics. The word charisma colloquially means a kind of personal magnetism, often mixed with glamour. As in other academic disciplines, charisma brings power in the conventional sense: power to organize one's time, power to set the research agenda, power to attract talented students and to place them in prominent positions, as well as material perks, including the generous salary that helps distinguish a “great job” from a “good job.” Departmental rankings are broadly charisma based, so that a professor at one of the top U.S. mathematics departments will be perceived as charismatic.
Further Investigations of the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with the question of whether mathematicians recognize themselves in the increasingly frequent cinematic images of their profession. It considers the work of Edward Frenkel, a mathematician and author, codirector, and star of a twenty-six- minute independent film entitled Rites of Love and Math, about a mathematician who has a secret love affair with a beautiful Japanese woman named Mariko. It suggests that Frenkel's Rites is consciously modeled on Mishima's film Yûkoku, also known as Patriotism or The Rite of Love and Death. Rites is also most explosively scandalous in its confusion of genres—practically a category mistake—focused precisely on the reconciliation Henric evokes of “spirit and flesh,” more classically known as the mind–body problem.
How to Explain Number Theory at a Dinner Party
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses transcendental numbers. The first transcendental number was exhibited by Joseph Liouville in 1844; it was a number λ‎ he concocted for just that purpose, but it answers the question,“Are there any transcendental numbers? ”, and therefore certainly qualifies as a number. The statement that Liouville “exhibited” the number means that he wrote down a description and used this description to show that there is no polynomial f for which f(λ‎) = 0. If all transcendental numbers were as artificial as Liouville's λ‎, transcendence would never have grown into a mathematical theory. Methods were soon developed, however, to show that some familiar numbers are transcendental.
A Mathematical Dream and Its Interpretation
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter details the author's dream about the cohomology of unramified coverings of Drinfel'd upper half-spaces, which brought him an insight that he could not quite recover but was certain that he should not let slip away. He remained at the edge of wakefulness for several minutes, until the insight solidified to the point of being expressible in words—or, more accurately, a combination of words and images to which he could associate mathematical content. Over the next few weeks his ideas grew clearer as he reread Henri Carayol's article and discussed the problem with colleagues in Paris and Orsay; by December 29 the insight that came to him in his dream had taken the form of a research program that he described in detail in a letter to Michael Rapoport.
How to Explain Number Theory at a Dinner Party
Authors: Harris Michael
Published: May 2018

This chapter continues the discussion began in Chapter α‎. It presents the fourth and final part of author's response to the question, “What is it you do in number theory, anyway?” Here he deals with the Birch–Swinnerton–Dyer (BSD) conjecture. The BSD conjecture was the guiding problem for the first part of his career and has the distinction of being one of the seven Clay Millenium Prize Problems, whose solution carries a million dollar price tag. The BSD conjecture is an attempt to discern order in the apparently unpredictable nature of solutions to elliptic curves, following Hasse's theorem, which places strict limits on the numbers of approximate solutions for varying p.
Fundamentals of Financial Markets
Authors: Sornette Didier
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the fundamental characteristics and properties of stock markets and the way prices vary from one instant to the next. It first introduces the standard view about price variations and returns on the stock market, using a simple toy model to illustrate why arbitrage opportunities (the possibility to get a “free lunch”) are often washed out by the intelligent investment of informed traders, giving rise to the concept of the efficient stock market. It then considers the efficient market hypothesis in relation to random walk by analyzing Louis Bachelier's thesis that the trajectories of stock market prices are identical to random walks. It also examines how information is incorporated in prices, thus destroying potential “free lunches.” Finally, it explains the trade-off between risk and expected return.
Heavenly Mathematics
Authors: Van Brummelen Glen
Published: May 2018

This book traces the rich history of spherical trigonometry, revealing how the cultures of classical Greece, medieval Islam, and the modern West used this forgotten art to chart the heavens and the Earth. Once at the heart of astronomy and ocean-going navigation for two millennia, the discipline was also a mainstay of mathematics education for centuries and taught widely until the 1950s. The book explores this exquisite branch of mathematics and its role in ancient astronomy, geography, and cartography; Islamic religious rituals; celestial navigation; polyhedra; stereographic projection; and more. The book conveys the sheer beauty of spherical trigonometry, providing readers with a new appreciation of its elegant proofs and often surprising conclusions. It is illustrated throughout with stunning historical images and informative drawings and diagrams. It also features easy-to-use appendices as well as exercises that originally appeared in textbooks from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Mittleman Alan L.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter first considers the concept of human nature, raising questions such as how human nature and nature as such are related, and how are both related to person. It then turns to what the Jewish tradition says about human nature. It sets out the book's focus, namely a dialogue between contemporary perspectives and traditional Jewish thoughts on human nature. Both sides have something to gain from the dialogue; both have something to lose from shunning it. Judaism risks intellectual irrelevance by failing to engage with the challenges of contemporary thought. Contemporary thought risks attenuating its moral seriousness if it ignores one of the sources of Western civilization. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
California Dreaming
Authors: McCray W. Patrick
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the “existential crisis” faced by nanotechnology. A few years after nanotechnology blossomed into a global research initiative that consumed billions of government and corporate dollars, questions began to emerge over about what nanotechnology was and who was a nanotechnologist. Fundamentally, nanotechnology's own history was the catalyst for its existential angst. Vastly different interpretations of nanotechnology, both as a research program and as a vision for the future, emerged between Drexler's early publications and the launching of a major national initiative in the United States two decades later. To complicate things further, just as enthusiasts co-opted Gerard O'Neill's ideas, Drexler's visioneering took on a life of its own.
Introduction: What Is Complexity?
Authors: Charbonneau Paul
Published: May 2018

This book investigates complex systems that are idealizations of naturally occurring phenomena characterized by the autonomous generation of structures and patterns at macroscopic scales. It provides material and guidance to allow the reader to learn about complexity through hands-on experimentation with complex systems with the aid of computer programs. Each chapter thus presents a simple computational model of natural complex phenomena ranging from avalanches and earthquakes to solar flares, epidemics, and ant colonies. This introductory chapter explains what complexity is, with emphasis on the fact that defining it is not a simple endeavor, and that it is not the same as randomness or chaos. It also shows that open dissipative systems are complex and clarifies what natural complexity means. Finally, it describes the computer programs listed in this book and suggests materials for further reading about complexity.
Epilogue: Natural Complexity
Authors: Charbonneau Paul
Published: May 2018

In this epilogue, the author reflects on complexity in nature, first by sharing his observations on lichens in the slickrock mountain bike trails of the Moab region in southeastern Utah. More specifically, the author talks about the spiral patterns and inward-curling growth fronts in various types of crustose lichens in Moab. He then compares his hike on slickrock with Johannes Kepler's morning walk in Prague, which led to the formulation of the now-famous Kepler's three laws of planetary motion. The author also considers Kepler's hypothesis relating natural order to geometry, along with his views on the unity of nature, before discussing solar flares as well as emergence and natural order. Finally, he suggests a list of materials for further reading.
Worked as a Huckster
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on hucksters who peddled farm produce in towns, brought town goods to farms, in the nineteenth century. The social role of the huckster offers an exceptional opportunity to probe the moral ambiguities of American culture as the nation transitioned from an agrarian to an urban economy. In simplest terms, hucksters occupied a liminal space that was neither fully rural nor fully urban, connecting the two as they passed goods from one to the other. They served as a significant commercial link antecedent to the establishment of large-scale wholesale and retail markets. As important as this role was economically, its cultural significance was equally important. By their own account and in the many accounts that contemporaries gave of them, hucksters transgressed familiar occupational and spatial categories and in so doing dramatized both in negation and in affirmation the shifting meaning of those categories.
Not a Fanatic
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

One of the more difficult aspects of middle-class respectability has been getting it right when it comes to displays of emotion—too little and a person seems stoical, indifferent, cold; too much and a person is likely to be accused of wearing their feelings on their sleeve, incapable of self-control, being dangerous, overzealous, a fanatic. Religion is a particularly interesting context in which to consider the display of emotion. This chapter examines how accusations of zealotry populated nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discussions of American religion. Zealotry was a contested idea that religious leaders, public officials, scholars, and the popular press discussed repeatedly. It was good, many commentators argued, for Americans to be zealous. But it was not good to be labeled a zealot. Zealots were led too much by their emotions. They were easily confused, frequently irrational, and sometimes dangerous.
Dying Young
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role that religion played—and how that role changed—as immigrants assimilated into American culture. Although the question has been examined many times and from many different angles, relatively little attention has focused on the tensions that often developed between the supportive roles congregations performed for their members and the conflicts that emerged within and among congregations as ethnic traditions evolved. How congregations dealt with these tensions and how they maintained solidarity were integral to how they functioned as moral communities. And that in turn provides an important perspective from which to understand the role that respectability played in the nineteenth century. Immigrant congregations supported their members' sense of being respectable, God-fearing Americans while adhering to distinctive beliefs and practices that also put them at risk of being perceived as outsiders.
Excessive Profits
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses how the wealthy provided a contrasting category—an “other”—that offered ordinary, nonwealthy Americans ways to think about who we were by discussing who we were not. The wealthy had what everyone else presumably wanted: money, power, lavish homes, the wherewithal to live in luxury. They could be the standard to which ordinary people aspired, the best evidence that the American Dream could be attained. However, popular discussions frequently set them apart negatively. Their wealth and power seemed excessive, undemocratic, perhaps immoral, and at times harmful to the well-being of society. Criticism increased during economic crises and when concentrated wealth seemed to be accumulating at everyone else's expense. Critics said the wealthy were greedy, shallow, unfair, manipulative, perhaps guilty of fraud, and on occasion guilty of profiteering. The criticisms also reflected ideals to which ordinary people were expected to adhere.
Naughty Children
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the question of whether and, if so, to what extent and how negative examples played a prominent role in the stories and lessons through which children were expected to learn what it meant to be a respectable member of society. It argues that the stories, advice books, and media accounts in which nineteenth-century readers learned about naughty children contributed to the broader tendencies in American culture to define what was respectable by maligning particular people and activities that did not conform to those expectations. Narratives featuring naughty children communicated more than simple truths about the value of being well mannered. They went a great deal further toward instilling fear and revulsion. The dark side inhabited by bad boys and girls was dangerous. It inflicted its own punishments in tears and misfortune.
Othering
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the concept of othering. Othering is the process through which a person or group is turned into somebody different from us, an “other” from whom it is possible to distance ourselves. It is at heart a relational process that occurs in social interaction, real and imagined, as a person or group defines itself in contrast with and in opposition to someone else. The most salient instances in which othering occurs are the ones in which a cultural distinction based on a power differential or struggle for power exists. However, examples taken from the nineteenth century, in which ordinary people negotiated the meanings of middle-class respectability, demonstrate that significant symbolic boundaries often were not sharply defined and often did not fall neatly along major cultural fault lines.
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Halina , Bellman Jonathan D.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter discusses how Fryderyk Chopin stands like the protagonist of his own opera, an exiled Polish patriot whose tragic personal life is seen against the turbulent historical events of his time, while (paradoxically) his career continued to flourish in the warm glow of the July Monarchy, fading with the onset of the 1848 revolutions. Yet, as his gaze remained turned to the country of his childhood and the loved ones who stayed behind, many of his pieces spoke for and of Poland. The chapter cites Jankiel's “Concert of Concerts” as a way of introducting Chopin, being one of the most famous passages in Polish literature that describes a vision of Poland's history as expressed through music.
Józef Sikorski’s “Recollection of Chopin”: The Earliest Essay on Chopin and His Music
Authors: Goldberg Halina
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on “Recollection of Chopin” by Józef Sikorski, the earliest extended essay on the composer's life and works. The author's emotional language captures the immediacy and poignancy of the response to the news of Chopin's death in the composer's Warsaw circles. A close reading, however, also reveals striking similarities between Sikorski's effusive prose and the overlapping metaphoric vocabularies of German Idealism and Polish political messianism: the figurative language is deployed to locate Chopin and his artistic achievement within these two philosophical frameworks. Moreover, Sikorski was among the first critics to offer perceptive analytical observations on Chopin's compositional strategies and his innovative musical language.
Revisiting Chopin’s Tubercular Song, or, An Opera in the Making
Authors: Kasunic David
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines a crucially important but overlooked aspect of Chopin's biography—the link between his illness and his perceived singing, and that what seems to occasion this singing is a disease that progressively hollows out one's lungs. As such, Chopin as singer becomes a metaphor for the lyric creativity of the tubercular Romantic artist, which, as Susan Sontag observes, became such a cliché in the nineteenth century that at the end of the century one critic suggested that it was the progressive disappearance of tuberculosis which accounted for the current decline of literature and the arts. The chapter shows how the pathbreaking work of the French diagnostic pathologist René Laënnec (1781–1826) challenges this generalized metaphoric reading of the reception of Chopin.
Karol Kurpiński on the Musical Expression of Polish National Sentiment
Authors: Goldberg Halina
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the work of one of Poland's leading opera composers, Karol Kurpińnski, who devoted a good deal of thought to the relationship between text and music. Kurpińnski's observations often concerned broader questions of mimesis and expression, especially as they relate to music's ability to convey national sentiments. Kurpińnski wanted to understand how music can portray a specific character or narrative whether text is present or absent. In his writings, Kurpińnski advocated the use of familiar musical gestures and topics, as well as musical quotations, to create musical narratives, but he warned that they needed to be used in a manner that results in a continuous, flowing speech.
Chopin and Improvisation
Authors: Rink John
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about how the conventional practices and values of classical performance today differ radically from those of Chopin's musical world. Perhaps the most fundamental difference concerns the significant role played by improvisation in public and private musical circles during the first few decades of the nineteenth century. Whereas modern performers tend to ascribe authority to the inferred intentions of composers and to the notational artifacts that have been handed down over successive generations, musicians some two hundred years ago approached written texts with much greater flexibility and freedom. The chapter shows how, during Chopin's lifetime, professional performers sought to dazzle their audiences with daring improvisations on themes proposed by individual listeners and on familiar melodies drawn from folk traditions or the latest operas.
Chopin Among the Pianists in Paris
Authors: Rosenblum Sandra P.
Published: May 2018

This chapter demonstrates how, while in the French capital, Chopin immersed himself in the world of opera and developed friendships with numerous opera stars. The French grand opéra influenced his harmonic and dramatic language, but it was the Italianate bel canto style that nourished his predilection for the singing tone. Yet, however French his disposition, the seeds for all these elements of Chopin's musical aesthetic and pianism were sown in Warsaw, long before he ever sought the wider world. In his early years, Chopin would also have had the opportunity to learn from performances by other first-rate artists, a host of opera stars, and several pianists in Warsaw whose performance styles he is known to have admired.
The Hand of Chopin: Documents and Commentary
Authors: Eigeldinger Jean-Jacques
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents reproductions of four studies of hands that have been attributed to Maurice Sand-Dudevant. If these drawings—or even a single one of them—indeed portray the hand of Chopin, at present they are the only ones known to have been made during the pianist's lifetime. Whatever the case, these drawings were done early in Maurice's artistic career, when he studied with Eugène Delacroix and copied many anatomical studies, especially those of hands. Finding them gathered in this way suggests that all the drawings were based on the same model, as seen through certain details—especially the shape of the fingernails, which are cut short.
Introduction
Authors: Roller Matthew B.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter talks about the upsurge of scholarly interest, over the past fifteen years, in Roman dining practices and foodways. The concerted attention of historians, archaeologists, and literary critics has greatly enhanced their understanding of the physical environments, social dynamics, and symbolic operations of the Roman convivium. The positions assigned to the guests, the kinds of food and entertainment on offer, and even the give-and-take of convivial conversation all participate in the construction and maintenance of social hierarchies. Being concerned with how bodily bearing relates to social hierarchy, the chapter pursues this sociocultural approach. It also seeks to contribute to a second area of burgeoning scholarly interest: the history of the body, and specifically of the ways in which a Roman's social position and subjectivity were expressed in and constructed through bodily dispositions and movements.
Dining Children: Posture, Pedagogy, and Coming-of-Age
Authors: Roller Matthew B.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the analysis of freeborn children's posture in the context of Roman (and Graeco-Roman) dining. It aims to understand children's dining posture more broadly, along with the meanings associated with the various practices. Free children are marked for status and privilege by their convivial posture, just as free adults and slaves are. The “handbook” view is that, if such children were present at all among the adults, they sat, and that males only began to recline upon assuming the toga virilis. This view finds corroboration in other adult roles that freeborn youths are supposed to have assumed along with the toga virilis: the beginnings of military service; enrollment as citizens in the tabularium; the dedication of the bulla to the household Lar; the formal entry of young aristocrats into public life.
Introduction: American Power at the Global Frontier
Authors: Grygiel Jakub J. , Mitchell A. Wess
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of American power at the global frontier. There are signs that America may be beginning to rethink its approach to alliances. In recent years U.S. policy makers' view of the relative costs and benefits of maintaining far-flung, small-ally networks has begun to shift. The change is partly fueled by adjustments in global geopolitics and the “rise” or resurgence of revisionist states, many of which claim to have historic spheres of influence that overlap with the regions where America's alliance obligations are highest and its strategic reach most constrained. Another driver has been the changing U.S. economic landscape and constraints on the U.S. defense budget. The net effect of these changes in the geopolitical, economic, and political realms has been to challenge the central paradigm on which the United States has based its strategy for managing global alliances since the Second World War.
IFRS based Zakat Reporting: Adoption Rational WesternMethod into Institutional Accountability
Authors: Pamuncak Mohammad Bintang , Possumah Bayu Taufiq , Abdul Hamid3 Zairihan
Published: May 2018

This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of zakat institution and proposes the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) since it has developed and provides various product i.e zakat for productive purpose. This is important, considering that one of the measurement of accountability and transparency of an institution is providing brief financial report towards its beneficaries. Thereby, this study found that practically zakat institution is simillar to the SMEs, and there are 11 strandard of IFRS for SMEs that could be applicable to zakat institutionto achieve accountability and transparency. However, this study is preliminary study that proposes a conceptual frameworkwhich limited to the sharia compliance of IFRS that could be applicable to zakat Institution.Keywords: IFRS for SMEs, SMEs Criteria, Zakat InstitutionJEL Classification:
Occupational Safety And Health (Osh) From Islamic Perspective: A Conceptual Study
Authors: Ismail Afifah Binti , Bin Ahmad Razimi Mohd Shahril
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper illustrates occupational safety and health (OSH) based on Islamic perspective in human resource management. This paper has been written based on the following objectives; a)to state the duty of employer to provide safety workplace and to concern on employee health; b)to list out the management system of OSH based on Islamic perspective as preventive measure.A purely qualitative approach of literature review was done and Islamic OSH is derived from Islamic principles which are guide by Al-Quran and sunnah. The responsibility to preserve safety and health of employee does not only relies to the employer solely but involved all workers, the government and the authority bodies as the runner for the Occupational safety and Health Act  OSHA 1994, Islamic order’s and policy to be implemented in the organization. The Occupational Safety and Health Master Plan (OSHMP) 2020 is a tremendous incentive by the Ministry of Human Resource to cope and minimize the number of accident and injuries in Malaysia.  Keywords: Islamic occupational safety and health, employee safety and health, Islamic management system of OSH
An absence of rights: Homeless families and social housing marketisation in Ireland
Authors: Hearne Rory , Murphy Mary
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses the outcomes of a participatory research process with homeless parents living in Dublin-based emergency accommodation, during which a critical appraisal of a range of government schemes was coconstructed. The focus is on examining the impacts on vulnerable families of the marketisation of social housing. This is examined through the homeless families’ attempts to procure private rented housing using the Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) and their experience of life in family hub emergency accommodation. The significant challenges experienced by homeless families are examined from the perspectives of human rights and capability theory. The paper concludes that the Rent Supplement, Rental Accommodation Scheme and HAP are costly market-oriented schemes and unlikely to provide satisfactory long-term housing solutions, while family hubs are far from ideal from a capability or human rights perspective. Only a significant increase in the direct provision of social housing by local authorities and housing associations can provide ontological security and well-being, and advance human-rights-based social housing.
The limited rights of residential licensees in Ireland: A case for carefully targeted legal reform
Authors: Skeffington Patricia Sheehy
Published: May 2018

Increasing numbers of people live under residential licences as a result of pressure on the housing market. Residential licences arise in disparate circumstances, including in house shares, under the rent-a-room scheme and where people live in their parents’ home. This paper outlines the legal construct of licences: at base, a permission to reside. It sets out factors that distinguish licences from tenancies, in particular the absence of exclusive possession. While licences are subject to minimal regulation in comparison to tenancies, this paper presents licensors’ and licencees’ rights in their constitutional, common-law and statutory context, including standards of accommodation and ‘packing-up’ periods. It reflects on the constitutional position presented by a licensee under a licensor’s tenancy obtaining the right to become a tenant under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2004–16. In particular, it probes whether constitutional rights to the inviolability of the dwelling may be balanced in favour of augmenting licensees’ rights. In this context it posits potential for reform while highlighting the regulatory challenge presented by heterogeneous forms of licences.