bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The uses of color
Authors: Morse S. A.
Published: October 2011

Color graphics in AGU publications may be valuable aids to communication, but care will have to be taken to assure that they really contain extra information instead of the same old information in a sexier package. Can anyone tell me, for example, why the essentially monochrome, yellow‐red (left) false color image on the cover of Eos, December 7, 1982, contains more information than a good black and white version would?

Further, any graphical display, whether in color or not, ought to be described in comprehensible terms. The caption to the cited cover of Eos was, I found, confusing in the original version in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) (so much so that I offer a translation1 for the interested reader). The excerpted caption in Eos is all the more confusing for lack of context and illustrates the dangers of excerpting without editing.
Wet January for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The nation's streamflow picture was generally wetter than usual in January, except in the East, according to a check by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.

USGS hydrologists said that more than 80% of the key index gaging stations across the country reported average or above‐average streamflow during January. Of the stations reporting below average streamflow, most were in the eastern part of the country, with small, dry areas reported in Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and Ohio. In the eastern United States—from Maine south to Florida and west to Pennsylvania and Tennessee—21 of the 65 key index stations reported streamflow that was much below average for the month, within the lowest 25% of record.
Climate Variations and Variability: Facts and Theories
Authors: Nicolis C.
Published: October 2011

Ever since the realization, about 20 years ago, that the mild and predictable climate of the first half of our century was an anomaly within the climate's long and turbulent history, specialists, policy makers, and the general public feel increasingly concerned about the possible impacts of climatic change on an overpopulated and energy‐thirsty society. Yet for all its importance, the share of this field in modern scientific literature is surprisingly slim. In this respect, the present book, which compiles the lectures given at the first International School of Climatology organized under the auspices of Ettore Majorana Center and NATO at Erice, Italy, in March 1980 constitutes a welcome contribution.
XANES: Solid state mineral analysis
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Researchers in the field of mineral physics have become aware of new analytical techniques for studying the electronic structure of solids; one such technique is the X ray absorption fine structure (XFAS) method. In this technique the fine structure of the X ray K‐edge, for example, can b e employed as a critical probe of t h e intricacies of a crystal structure (P. A. Lee, P. H. Citrin, P. Eisenberger, and B. M. Kincaid, Rev. Mod. Phys., 53, 799, 1981).

A similar, related technique, X ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES), is a relatively unknown method of studying the electronic structure of solids. XANES is new, and due to its complex nature, data on all but very simple solids have not yet been applied rigorously. Among the first XANES results on minerals is the recent study reported by G. Knapp, B. Veal, H. Pan, and T. Klipper (Solid State Comm. 44, 1343, 1982) on perovskites, magnesiowustites, and other 3d oxides in the zircon and spinel groups. The interpretation of these results is still semiquantitative, being based on ground state and basic selection rule considerations. The results show, however, a strong correlation between near‐edge spectra and crystal structure.
The role of science in the public arena
Authors: Weissman Arthur B.
Published: October 2011

The AGU Congressional Science Fellowship offers scientists a very special opportunity to become directly involved in public policy making at the federal level. As this year's AGU Congressional Science Fellow, I have been working for Senator Christopher J. Dodd (D‐Conn.) as his legislative assistant for environment and energy matters. I would like to describe some of my impressions so far regarding the role of science in public policy.

My sudden transition from academic science to the political arena highlighted for me the differences between the two, which are striking and at times disconcerting. Academic scientists, laden with teaching and often administrative responsibilities, are fond of complaining of the lack of time for creative research and thinking. But, for the most part, they are in an environment which supports and encourages research and independent thinking. In the political world such words as ‘professor’ and ‘research’ can be pejorative or, at best, quaint; professors and research reports may be taken seriously only when they support a given political viewpoint.
Study finds carbon mobility in olivine
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The significance of carbon's existence as a solid solution in olivine is many fold. Currently there are speculations about the contributions of dissolved carbon to the electrical conductivity of minerals that constitute the earth's upper mantle, and for this contribution olivine is a prime candidate. If carbon, once dissolved, is relatively mobile in upper mantle mineral structures, a lot can be speculated about diffusional processes in the upper mantle, the very diffusional processes many geophysicists ordinarily assume to be relatively unimportant. Diffusion—creep processes that support convective overturn in the solid‐state—can be accelerated, perhaps, by the mobility of minor elements.
Can tests identify creative people?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

It is always a popular pursuit by academic administrators to assess the creativity or innovative qualities of scientists in order to evaluate their research capabilities. Of course, traditionally such evaluations have been fraught with subjectivity (i.e., innovative scientists are commonly thought to be weird, under 40 years old, independent, risk‐taking, etc.), and thus such evaluations have not been highly valued. In recent years, through testing, the American Chemical Society (ACS) has attempted to give respectability to the art of predicting the creativity of a scientist. ACS, which draws its members from both industrial and academic laboratories, held a symposium on the subject of evaluating the creativity of scientists. The proceedings were published by ACS as ‘Innovation and U.S. Research: Problems and Recommendations’ (W. N. Smith and C.F. Larson, eds., 1980). In the proceedings, as reported in the July 1982 Chemtec (all quotes here are from the Chemtec article), A. Nisson was able to identify only the following two‐part characteristic of an innovative person: (1) a low threshold to ‘a state of discomfort with some aspect of the order of things, the status quo,’ and (2) ‘an extraordinarily high level of mental stamina enabling him or her to persist until the state of discomfort is removed.’
Field research support
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Center for Field Research is seeking research projects eligible for support by Earthwatch. Earthwatch is a private, volunteer research corps that enables qualified members of the public to join research expeditions both as coworkers and as patrons helping to underwrite expedition costs. To qualify for selection by the center, projects must be designed to make effective use of nonspecialists in field assignments.

Each year, the center selects for support by Earthwatch up to 100 significant projects each year in the sciences and humanities. Current priorities for support include volcanology, climatology, glaciology, oceanography, and research in Latin America (especially that which illuminates interdependencies between North and South America).
Laser Beams in the Atmosphere
Authors: Sassen Kenneth
Published: October 2011

There is a growing, interdisciplinary field of research which I prefer to call lidar meteorology. It involves the probing of the atmosphere with laser beams to measure the various physical parameters of concern to atmospheric scientists. When this is done with a high‐energy, pulsed laser, that is, with a lidar system, the atmosphere can be monitored at unmatched spatial resolution and at reasonably long distances. Gradually, lidar researchers are venturing from their technologically oriented conferences into the realm of the applied atmospheric sciences—they have lately been seen at conferences devoted to air pollution, atmospheric radiation, cloud physics, and even radar meteorology.
Research funds
Authors: Altrock Richard C.
Published: October 2011

Joseph Walder's rambling diatribe against accepting research funds from the Department of Defense (Eos, December 28, 1982, p. 1346) deserves some rebuttal. In particular, I would like to respond to his question, ‘Does acceptance of financial support from military sources make individuals and institutions dependent clients of the Pentagon?’ The answer is: of course not, unless they want to be.

As an Air Force scientist and research contract manager, I can state categorically that we put no pressure upon our contractors to become our ‘clients.’ Indeed, we caution them not to become too dependent upon Air Force funds for continued funding of research projects, due to year‐to‐year changes in programs of interest to the Air Force and availability of funds. The only ‘control’ that we exert over contractors is their voluntary agreement to perform the work that they have unilaterally proposed to do by submitting an unsolicited proposal to us. These proposals are reviewed in‐house, and funding is determined purely on relevance, availability of funds, and our estimate of the quality of the proposed research (investigators, facilities, etc.).
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(2), February 28, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete Long Valley, Colima, and Langila reports are included; the earthquake report is an excerpt.

The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83‐003 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Climatic Geomorphology
Authors: Grove A. T.
Published: October 2011

Although this book opens with a map of the world showing the continents divided into 10 morphoclimatic regions, this is not simply a text book on geomorphology organized climatically. Rather it is a dissertation which attempts to provide an explanation for the morphology of the earth. L. C. King had the same ambition, as had W. Penck and, more diffidently, W. M. Davis. One may continue to be impressed by the clarity and visual attractiveness of Davis's exposition, though dissatisfied with the integration of its elements; W. Penck's ideas, notably his mechanism for piedmont stairway development, are more difficult to appreciate; King's explanation of upland plains in terms of scarp retreat over immense distances as the result of uplift generated by the disruption of the continents fails to convince most geomorphologists.

A basic problem to be solved is the means by which the land surface is lowered to produce extensive plains developed on solid rock, which may then be dissected, with the preservation of extensive fragments apparently little modified.
Earthquakes up worldwide in 1982
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Fifty‐six ‘significant earthquakes’ were recorded in 1982, up from the 1981 tally of 51, according to a recent report from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In addition, in the United States there were 33 more ‘felt’ earthquakes in 1982 than in 1981. The number of lives lost worldwide to earthquakes, however, dropped by one‐third. A significant earthquake is defined as one that registers 6.5 or above on the Richter scale or one of smaller magnitude that causes casualties or considerable damage. Felt earthquakes are nonsignificant quakes that are reported as being felt by people. The data are compiled by the USGS from 3,000 seismograph stations around the world.
Salton sea minerals
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The long‐held notion that precious metals, minerals, and other useful substances can be extracted from natural waters is starting to become realized at several locations of geothermal brines. In a recent study by A. Maimoni of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory it was determined that there is a high potential for minerals recovery from the hot brines of a 1000‐MWe geothermal power station at the Salton Sea geothermal field in southern California. The study estimated that the revenue from the minerals could substantially exceed that from the power station (Geothermics, 11, 239–258, 1982).

According to the study, ‘A 1000‐MWe power plant could recover 14–31% of the U.S. demand for manganese.’ In the example of lithium production, such a geothermal plant could produce 5–10 times the annual world output of lithium. Large quantities of lead and zinc could be extracted, as well as significant amounts of gold, platinum, and silver. The chemical composition of the brines is incredibly complex, however, for reasons not currently understood.
Scorecard on winter weather forecast
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A comparison of the observed temperatures and precipitation for this past winter (maps on left) with predicted temperatures and precipitation (maps on right) shows that the National Weather Service (NWS) temperature prediction was below par, but that the NWS precipitation forecast was ‘quite good,’ according to Don L. Gilman, chief of the NWS long‐range forecast branch. The predictions, issued November 29, 1982 (Eos, December 14, 1982, p. 1211), covered December, January, and February.

NWS long‐range forecasters had thought that frigid Arctic air would swoop far south to bring below‐normal temperatures to the western United States. Instead, an east Pacific trough, which may have been the strongest since 1900, brought a strong influx of air from the west, according to Gilman. The intense, low‐pressure anomaly in the east Pacific, with the strong westerly winds, teamed with heavy rains south and southwest of Hawaii and warm equatorial Pacific waters to bring warm, wet air to the western United States. The results (see maps): Throughout most of the country, observed temperatures were above normal (A) or normal (N), while observed precipitation was heavy (H) o r normal (no code). Below‐normal temperatures (B) occurred only in a portion of the southcentral U.S. and the Florida Keys. Light precipitation (L) fell over two patches in the northern plains, in the Appalachian region, and along the Maine coast.
Isotope fractionation
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A rash of new controversy has emerged around the subject of mass‐independent isotope fractionation effects, particularly in the case of the oxygen isotopes. To be sure, the controversy has been around for awhile, but it has been given new impetus by the results of a recent study by Mark H. Thiemens and John E. Heidenreich III of the University of California, San Diego (Science, March 4, 1983).

Gustav Arrhenius has been trying to convince the planetary science community that chemical effects in isotope fractionation processes could explain observations in meteorites that appear to be outside of the traditionally understood mass‐dependent fractionations (G. Arrhenius, J . L. McCrumb, and N. F. Friedman, Astrophys. Space Sci, 65, 297, 1974). Robert Clayton had made the basic observations of oxygen in carbonaceous chondrites that the slope of the δ17 versus δ18 line was 1 instead of the slope of ½ characteristic of terrestrial rocks and lunar samples (Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 28, 501, 1978). The mass‐independent effects were ascribed to the apparent contribution of an ancient presolar system component of O16.
NSF graduate awards
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Of the 450 college students offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in 1983–1984 in the natural and social sciences, mathematics, and engineering, 40 plan to pursue graduate studies in earth, ocean, or space sciences. None of the 50 science students awarded NSF minority graduate fellowship awards plans to study in the geophysics‐related sciences.

Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $6,900 per year for full‐time graduate study. An annual cost‐of‐education allowance of $4,000 is provided by NSF in lieu of all tuition and fees to the institution selected by each fellow for graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.
Desert Dust: Origin, Characteristics, and Effect on Man
Authors: Folger David W.
Published: October 2011

This volume is the result of a 1977 symposium convened in Denver, Colo., by the editor under the sponsorship of the Committee on Arid Lands of the American Association of Science. Twenty‐four authors were involved in the presentation of 15 papers, 11 of which appear in the volume. Ten other papers not presented at the meeting were subsequently added. The 303 pages are well illustrated with about 225 figures and tables. The papers cover an enormous range of phenomena, from transport of dust globally to transport of dust from abandoned farms to adjacent highways. It even contains one paper on Martian dust movement but it is not interplanetary, although the editor's preface implies as much.
Monsoon research
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Forecasting monsoons is one of four research areas proposed as part of an expanded program of collaborative projects by U.S. and Indian scientists and engineers, according to George A. Keyworth, II, science advisor to President Reagan and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). The other proposed research areas are health, agriculture and biomass production, and decentralized electrical power sources.

During the next 6 months, scientists will ‘scope out research projects’ and detail specific research activities, according to Roger Doyon, head of the Africa and Asia section of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Directorate for Scientific, Technological, and International Affairs. Most of the actual research will begin with the advent of fiscal 1984.
Ocean science in the NRC
Authors: Baker D. James
Published: October 2011

Oceanographers all share an interest in the environment and want to make progress understanding it. To make progress in this and in other aspects of our science we need a steady influx of young scientists, better ways of observing and computing, and new ideas about how things work. We need to have a community agreement on a few goals, and we need to convince our government that our science and technology is worth supporting.

How do we get these things accomplished? On the small scale, we work through our local institutions, a method that has served much of our science very well. On the larger scale, we need groups of various kinds. For example, UNOLS [Universities National Oceanographic Laboratories System], made up of all the operators of the academic fleet, helps to schedule the ships and advises NSF on funding priorities. Similarly, the Deep‐Sea Drilling Project is coordinated by a group made up of the ten institutions that operate ocean‐going research ships: Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
Drilling update
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

At its March 31 meeting the governing board of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), designated Texas A&M University to direct scientific operations for the new phase of scientific ocean drilling. William Merrell, associate dean of geosciences at Texas A&M, is leading an interim planning team in implementing the recommendations of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Crustal Studies (Eos, February 22, 1983, p. 73). The ad hoc group, chaired by Charles Drake, recommended that scientific ocean drilling be pursued not with the Glomar Challenger or the Glomar Explorer, but with one of the roughly half‐dozen commercial drilling ships that have become available with the slackening of the commercial drilling market.

Foremost of the tasks facing the interim planning team is to write a request for proposals (RFP) for a drill ship and to define performance criteria for a commercial drilling platform. The RFP is expected to be issued by Texas A&M in 6–8 weeks, according to Philip Rabinowitz, acting project director and a professor in the university's oceanography department. Once those tasks are completed and a successful bidder is found, a formal proposal will be made to NSF through JOI. The proposal will be subject to the usual NSF peer review process. If the proposal is approved, Rabinowitz said that Texas A&M would expect actual drilling to begin in October 1984. In addition to Merrell and Rabinowitz, the interim planning team also includes acting chief scientist Stefan Gartner.
Giving through life insurance
Authors: Reed John C.
Published: October 2011

Your Union's Gift Steering Committee has pointed out from time to time various methods of contributing to the Union that may provide certain members with the satisfaction of recognizing the value and attainments of the organization, and the part it played in the individual's career, combined with a maximum of convenience as well as tax and other advantages. One such method is to make the Union a beneficiary of one or more life insurance policies.

The committee recently learned of an example of such giving that seems so pertinent to the committee's thinking that it is here called to the attention of the membership. The example is a gift to The George Washington University (GW) and was discussed in some detail on page 3 of the November 1982 GW Times under the heading ‘Getting and Giving: Carol Brosnari's Story.’
Keyworth urges setting priorities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A strong advocate of scientists setting priorities within their disciplines, George A. Keyworth, II, President Reagan's science advisor and director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, recently offered three possible consequences if such priorities are not set.

‘I'm especially worried about the continued inability—or unwillingness—of the science community to agree among themselves about priorities—or to abide by their decisions when they can agree,’ he said [emphasis his]. ‘I wouldn't think it necessary that I remind them that these are tough times. I'll add that for anyone depending on federal funding, they're going to remain tough, times for quite a while,’ Keyworth told the American Physical Society at its mid‐April meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Law and guidelines
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

‘Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106 [exclusive rights in copyrighted works], the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include— ‘(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; ′(2) the nature of the copyrighted work; ′(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and ′(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.’
Apollo 18?
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Allan Hills, Antarctica, was the site where meteorite sample ALPHA81005 was discovered recently, emprisoned in polar ice (Eos, November 30, 1982). Within the past few months there has been an intense effort by several groups of investigators in the United States and a few in Europe to analyze small fractions of what was initially a small (3× 2.5×3 cm) specimen of the meteorite. The reason for the excitement is that A81005 has probably turned out to be a sample of the moon.

Results of the studies are the first tangible evidence that fragments of the moon's surface can be ejected and land on the earth. It is assumed that such a sample escapes from the moon's gravitation after ejection by impact of a meteorite on the lunar surface. It is also assumed, of course, that we know enough about the chemical and physical properties of the moon's surface rocks and minerals to make a positive identification of such a sample. The results of the studies go far beyond the testing of ejecta‐trajectory calculations, mass—velocity distribution models, and earth—moon orbital dynamic theories. This sample may be the first evidence of the complex chemical and physical interaction of the earth—moon system.
Satellite sale update
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A senior Department of Commerce official whose connections with the Communications Satellite Corp. (Comsat) regarding the proposed sale of the weather and land satellites (Eos, March 22, 1983, p. 113) have been the subject of congressional inquiry has resigned. Comsat is considered the frontrunner of those looking to purchase the satellites.

Guy W. Fiske, Deputy Secretary of Commerce, submitted his letter of resignation on May 10; the resignation became effective May 14. He had been scheduled to testify to two House Science and Technology subcommittees this month on the nature, extent, and propriety of his relationship with Comsat. As Eos went to press, it was unclear whether Fiske would still be asked to testify.
Hydrology to name grant winner
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Hydrology Section will announce at the 1983 AGU Spring Meeting the recipient of the first Horton Research Grant. The grant was established at the section's Executive Committee meeting at the 1982 AGU Fall Meeting. The $4,500 grant is to support research projects in hydrology and water resources by Ph.D. candidates in American institutions of higher education and is to be awarded annually to a single recipient. Appropriate topics would be in hydrology (including its physical, chemical, or biological aspects) or in water resources policy sciences (including economics, systems analysis, sociology, and law).
Sea‐level changes investigated
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) is launching a plan to identify and quantify the processes of sea‐level change by producing detailed local histories that can be analysed and correlated for tectonic, climatic, tidal, and oceanographic fluctuations. The project, called IGCP‐200, will be conducted through 1987. Its purpose is to provide a basis for predicting near‐future changes for application to a variety of coastal problems, with particular reference to densely populated, low‐lying coastal areas.

Sea‐level variations are actually a complex of local, regional, and global processes. Sea‐level data contain a wealth of information concerning internal and external effects and provide the only possibility for reconstructing paleogeoid surfaces and testing complex models. Project IGCP‐200 intends to investigate these modulating factors and their interactions in an attempt to define the scales at which changes in sea‐level occur, the associated effects on coastal and shelf deposit evolution, and to separate and quantify the causes of these changes (eustasy, isostasy, rheology, tectonics, climate, oceanic changes, astronomical effects, human influences, etc.).
The Road to Jaramillo
Authors: Frankel Henry
Published: October 2011

William Glen has written a highly detailed account of the overall development of the time scale for geomagnetic reversals based upon the potassium‐argon dating of young volcanic rocks. His treatment begins with an account of the methods developed at Berkeley during the 1950s by John Reynolds, Garniss Curtis, and Jack Evernden for dating geologically young rocks. Then he details the use of these methods by Allan Cox, Richard Doell, and Brent Dalrymple at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif., and Ian McDougall and Don H. Tarling at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra to date magnetic rocks. And finally he covers the use of the resultant time scale in the confirmation of the Vine‐Matthews‐Morley hypothesis.
High‐latitude radiowaves
Authors: Hunsucker R. D. , Greenwald Ray
Published: October 2011

The first International URSI Symposium covering high‐latitude radiowave studies of the atmosphere from the troposphere to the magnetosphere was held at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks, August 9–13, 1982. The symposium was directed toward the new radio techniques that have been developed, many in the past two or three years, for probing the atmosphere from high geomagnetic latitudes. These systems include the VHF Mesosphere/Stratosphere/Troposphere (MST) radar, the European scatter radars, a new generation of HF digital ionospheric sounders, HF ionospheric ‘heaters’ and VHF coherent oblique backscatter radars (STARE and SABRE).

The purpose of this URSI symposium was to present and discuss results obtained with these new techniques and to work toward putting together coherent, consistent models of a high‐latitude atmospheric structure and dynamics using these new results. It also provided an opportunity for meetings of special URSI working groups.
Subangstrom microscopy
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Materials scientists, solid state geophysicists, geochemists, and mineralogists are becoming increasingly interested in examining surfaces of crystals at ultrahigh resolution. Modern scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques have resolution of better than 10−8 m (100 Å) a requirement for studying microexsolution features in crystals. Electron microscopy and microprofilometer techniques have become standard in the examination of surface features of polished crystals. There remain numerous features, atomic clusters, lattice point crystals and defect phenomena that have not been resolved, but which will be amenable to the newly invented scanning tunneling microscopy methods.
SURF request
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Southeastern Undersea Research Facility (SURF) of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW) has issued are quest for proposals to conduct research on the continental shelf of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico during calendar year 1984. The research would be part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Undersea Program.

SURF is one of four national undersea programs established by NOAA's Office of Undersea Research to improve the understanding and management of marine resources. The program is operated by UNCW under a cooperative agreement with NOAA and is sponsored by the Southeastern Consortium for Undersea Research Efforts (SECURE), an association of academic and research institutions and government agencies from Virginia, North Carolina,. South Carolina, and Georgia.
Flow cytometry and sorting
Authors: Yentsch Clarice M.
Published: October 2011

For the first time oceanographers have a tool, known as a flow cytometer and sorter, which is useful for simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters of individual cells and particles at rapid rates. We are now able to exploit the fluorescent capability of pigments and stains as signals to quantify and separate subpopulations of cells and particles in the 1.0 to 150 μm size range. Analysis rates exceed 1000 cells per second and high sensitivity is attained using laser excitation.

The addition of this new technology to the ocean sciences will enable researchers to address problems which were previously intractable. The first unit, funded by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation, will be at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, in the laboratory of Clarice M. Yentsch and David A. Phinney. In anticipation of this award, a workshop course on flow cytometry (FCM) and sorting techniques was held from October 24 through November 1, 1982, at the Bermuda Biological Station.
Shuttle woes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Shortages of spare parts and delays caused by unexpected repairs are most likely to interfere with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) goal of 30 annual space shuttle launches by 1990, according to a National Research Council panel. NASA's chances of meeting the goal of 30 launches per year are “impossible or highly improbable” with four orbiters and “marginal” with a five‐orbiter fleet, the panel says. Furthermore, the lack of spare parts or delays caused by unexpected repairs are more likely to limit shuttle launches than will shortages of major units such as external tanks or solid rocket boosters.

Four orbiters could support between 17 and 25 annual launches by about 1990; five orbiters could support between 22 and 31, according to the Panel to Assess Constraints on Space Shuttle Launch Rates, chaired by William T. Hamilton, a consultant to the Boeing Co. and retired vice president and chief scientist of the Boeing Military Airplane Co. NASA's plans, however, call for 24 space shuttle launches per year in 1988, 30 in 1990, and 40 in 1992.
Nominations for officers 1984–1986
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following nominees were presented by the Union and section nominating committees and were accepted by the Council:

Members of AGU are invited to submit additional nominees by petition in accordance with the bylaws. Each petition must be signed by at least 1% of the voting members of the Union or section, as the case may be, and such petitions must be received by the General Secretary by September 15, 1983. The number of names required to make a petition nomination is as follows: Union, 151; Geodesy, 6; Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, 7; Hydrology, 26; Atmospheric Sciences, 11; Ocean Sciences, 21; Planetology, 7; Seismology, 15; Solar‐Planetary Relationships, 18; Tectonophysics, 15; and Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology, 16.
STARE system looks at ULF magnetics
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

STARE (Scandinavian Twin Auroral Radar Experiment) has analyzed magnetospheric ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in the ionosphere since 1977. STARE data analysis recently discussed by J. J. Singer of the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Massachusetts, includes new explanations of the oscillations that occur in the shell structure of the geomagnetic field (Nature, May 5, 1983, p. 17).

The ULF pulsations (periods from tens of seconds to 10 min) were thought to be standing hydromagnetic waves that resonate on geomagnetic field lines. Singer describes these waves as having the unusual character of periods that increase as a function of latitude. This phenomenon may clarify the nature of their source and of the characteristics between individual oscillating geomagnetic shells. Singer notes the argument supporting the standing‐wave theory as being the consistency of the wave periods with the time it takes Alfvén waves to travel along geomagnetic field lines between ionospheric reflection boundaries.
Year of oceans?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

John V. Byrne, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has proposed that 1984 be observed as the Year of the Oceans. The year should be devoted to defining and clarifying the U.S.'s ocean and coastal goals and “rallying the support to achieve them,” Byrne recently told oceanographers attending the Coastal Zone ′83 gathering in San Diego, Calif.

“Today we see ferment in ocean and coastal concerns,” Byrne said. Among the examples he cited was the proclamation issued by President Reagan on March 10 declaring an exclusive economic zone within 200 miles of the coast where the United States will exercise jurisdiction for the purposes of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources (Eos, June 7, 1983, p. 402). In addition, “legislation has been introduced to define the outer continental shelf, deep seabed minerals, ocean thermal energy, marine pollution, fisheries, and other oceanic concerns,” Byrne said. “In both houses of the U.S. Congress, legislators are considering bills that would establish a National Oceans Policy Commission,” he added.
Earth dating by ion probe
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The ion microprobe is an instrument that is finally coming into its own in isotope and trace‐element analysis of particulate mineral samples. The idealized ion microprobe would be able to analyze sample volumes of less than one cubic micrometer. The analysis would include major‐element bulk composition and the chemical formula of the mineral being analyzed. More essential, the analysis would also contain trace‐element composition and isotopic abundances because the ion microprobe employs a mass spectrograph as its analytical device. Ideally then, an investigator would be able to obtain major‐, minor‐, and trace‐element data and be able to date geologically a small portion of a mineral crystal instantaneously and simultaneously. That this ideal is being realized today is evident in the recent results of W. Compston and colleagues at the Australian National University. Compston et al. have dated zircon crystals from Mount Narrayer in western Australia at 4.2 billion years, the oldest date of a terrestrial sample (New Scientist May 19, 1983). How these dates will stand up vis a vis the oldest whole‐rock dates (3.8 billion years for samples from West Greenland) remains to be seen. The Mount Narrayer date is for single grains extracted from a sedimentary rock. The Greenland whole‐rock dates were obtained by more conventional, though nonetheless state‐of‐the‐art, mass‐spectrometry techniques.
Recent Trends in Hydrogeology, 1982
Authors: Anderson Mary P.
Published: October 2011

Recent Trends in Hydrogeology consists of a set of papers presented during a birthday party on February 9, 1979. The birthday party, or, more properly, the symposium, was convened to honor a distinguished hydrogeologist, Paul A. Witherspoon, on his 60th birthday. Many of the papers were written by Witherspoon's former students as well as by his current colleagues at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley.

A preface by the editor (T. N. Narasimhan) provides an introduction to the volume and short commentaries on each of the 23 papers as well as ideas on probable future directions in hydrogeology. According to the preface, the purpose of the symposium was “to attempt a reasonable coverage of the important facets of hydrogeology” and “to provide a global picture of hydrogeology” where hydrogeology is defined as “the discipline concerned with those geologic processes that are influenced by water,” presumably meaning subsurface water. Hence, the material covered in this volume is broad, ranging from topics traditionally associated with hydrogeology, such as well hydraulics and regional flow system analysis, to more exotic subjects, such as geothermal resources and induced seismicity. As a result, only those with the most catholic interests will read all 23 papers.
Senior scientists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A small task force of volunteer senior scientists and engineers was organized recently under the aegis of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) “to utilize its collective talents for the betterment of society and to provide opportunities for individual personal accomplishment and enrichment.” Among the projects under consideration are assisting the Washington, D.C., school system to improve its science and mathematics instruction and assessing the impact of technology on older persons.

One of the task force's first projects is to develop a roster of retired scientists and engineers in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area to garner volunteer talent for future projects.
[Comment on] BOSP members
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

The new Board on Ocean Science and Policy (BOSP) (Eos, June 7, 1983, p. 402) met for the first time on May 4. John B. Slaughter, former director of the National Science Foundation and now chancellor of the University of Maryland in College Park, is the board's chairman. Other board members are D. James Baker, Jr. (University of Washington, Seattle); Kirk Bryan (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University); John P. Craven (University of Hawaii); Charles L. Drake (Dartmouth College); Paul M. Fye (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution); Edward D. Goldberg (Scripps Institution of Oceanography); G. Ross Heath (Oregon State University); Judith T. Kildow (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); John A. Knauss (University of Rhode Island); James J. McCarthy (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University); H. William Menard (Scripps Institution of Oceanography); C. Barry Raleigh (Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory); Roger Revelle (University of California, San Diego); David A. Ross (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution); Brian J. Rothschild (University of Maryland); William M. Sackett (University of South Florida); John H. Steele (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution); and Carl Wunsch (MIT). Wallace Broecker (Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory), an original board member, resigned after the first meeting. Broecker told Eos that combining the science and policy boards resulted in a new board whose mission is too broad. A new board member will be appointed in Broecker's place
1983 William Bowie Medal to Syun‐iti Akimoto
Authors: Liebermann Robert C. , Akimoto Syun‐iti
Published: October 2011

The 45th William Bowie Medal is awarded to Syun‐iti Akimoto for his pioneering work in the application of high‐pressure, high‐temperature research to geophysical problems. It is a great honor and personal pleasure for me to present to you this warm and generous man, whom I have admired and respected for many years, to receive AGU's most prestigious award. Akimoto joins the ranks of other distinguished scientists in the field of mineral physics who have received the William Bowie Medal: Leason Adams in 1950, Francis Birch in 1960, and A. E. Ringwood in 1974.

High‐pressure geophysics research was virtually nonexistent in Japan before 1960. In the 22 years since he joined the faculty of the Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP) of the University of Tokyo, Akimoto has played the leading role in building Japanese high‐pressure research as applied to the earth's mantle up to the level where, according to Ted Ringwood, Japan leads the world. Ringwood further attests that, “Akimoto has accomplished this by the example of scientific excellence which he has set in all his research and by his generous encouragement of younger workers.”
NASA FY1984
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The White House budget request for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for fiscal year 1984 contains a number of continuing problems for outside investigators in universities and in the private sector. Nonetheless, the budget climate for NASA seems to be improving. (For more information on the budget for FY 1984, see Eos, February 15, 1983, p. 65, and May 17, 1983, p. 378.)

Several new program starts are responsible for the feeling of optimism being sensed in many sectors of the scientific community. These include the Venus Radar Mapper, a shuttle‐tethered satellite to study the earth's upper atmosphere (the tether could be 100 km in length), and the EUVE experiment (Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer).
Hess centennial
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

June 24 marked the 100th birthday of Victor F. Hess, the discoverer of cosmic radiation. The Austrian‐born scientist received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1936 with Carl Anderson of the California Institute of Technology, who discovered the positron. When he died in 1964, Hess had more than 150 articles and publications to his credit.

In 1910, while a lecturer at the University of Vienna, Hess launched an unusual series of experiments to measure the conductivity of air. He made 10 balloon ascents, half of these at night. On the basis of these experiments, he concluded that “radiation of very high penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above.” One ascent made during a solar eclipse proved that the sun could not be the main source of cosmic rays.
Cooke‐Ravian Volume of Volcanological Papers
Authors: Newhall Chris
Published: October 2011

A splendid volume entitled Volcanism in Australasia and edited by R. W. Johnson (Elsevier, New York, 1976) introduced many readers to volcanoes of Papua New Guinea. Now, Johnson and the Geological Survey of Papua New Guinea have published an equally splendid sequel that is a tribute to volcanologists Rob Cooke and Elias Ravian, killed during the 1979 eruption of Karkar Volcano. From Bam and Blup Blup to Bagana and beyond, 25 papers in the new work cover a wide variety of topics—including reconnaissance mapping and stratigraphic studies, interpretations of legends and old historical records, detailed studies of Karkar lavas and Rabaul pyroclastic deposits, and documentation of the precursors and characteristics of some recent eruptions. A wide variety of volcanoes is also covered, from small stratovolcanoes and domes to large calderas.
Aeromagnetic data workshop
Authors: Clark David M. , Hittelman Allen M.
Published: October 2011

A workshop on aeromagnetic data, sponsored by the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, was held in Boulder, Colo., November 16–18, 1982, to evaluate the requirements for a national aeromagnetic database. The following recommendations were developed by J . R. Heirtzler, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; W. J. Hinze, Purdue University; A. M. Hittelman, ARCO Exploration Company; K. Svendsen, CIRES, University of Colorado; D. M. Clark, National Geophysical Data Center; T. M, Anderson, Union Oil of California; and P. Ochsner and R. Van Nieuwenhuise, Cities Service.

1. A national aeromagnetic anomaly data file of available digital data and a central distribution center are urgently needed in the United States.