bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation models for monitoring child growth
Authors: Argyle Jenny , Seheult Allan H. , Wooff David A.
Published: June 2007

Growth measurements of children, such as weight and height, are monitored regularly, particularly in infancy, to assess whether or not a child's growth is normal when compared with a reference population of the same age and sex. Here, after a suitable power transformation to normality of the reference population, we model temporal evolution of the standardized deviation (Z‐score) of the transformed measurement of a normal child from the reference population as a Gaussian process with zero mean and unit variance. This paper concentrates on modelling and fitting the serial correlation structure of the process, with the benefit that monitoring growth at specific ages is not crucial, statistically. Exploratory analysis of various observed correlation matrices has suggested that a particular two‐parameter Markovian form is a good representation of the correlation function in infancy. The main implication for growth monitoring is that we only need to condition on the most recentZ‐score to inform a clinician's judgement about a child's growth based on its currentZ‐score. Inferences about the correlation parameters derive from likelihood methods based either on observedZ‐scores or, if raw data are unavailable, on an observed correlation matrix. The Markov model is compared with a previously studied six‐parameter correlation model. Data from major child growth studies in Newcastle and Cambridge are used to illustrate the methods and compare predictions from the two models. We argue that the Markov model serves as a pragmatic choice for growth monitoring in infancy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Sandwich‐Platten‐System (SPS)
Authors: Kennedy Stephen
Published: June 2007

SPS wurde ursprünglich als Plattenverkleidung von Offshore‐Konstruktionen sowie Arbeitsplattformen im kanadischen Beaufort‐Meer zum Schutz vor (Schiffs‐)Anprall entwickelt. Innerhalb der vergangenen 13 Jahre wurden für SPS umfangreiche Untersuchungen zu Materialverhalten und ‐eigenschaften und Brandschutz durchgeführt sowie Bemessungsregeln für die Konstruktion entwickelt. Zudem wurden spezielle Verbindungsdetails entworfen und der Arbeitsablauf für Herstellung, Reparatur und Qualitätsüberwachung optimiert – insbesondere für den Baustelleneinsatz bei SPS‐Overlay‐Maßnahmen. Diese Arbeiten und Untersuchungen, die in diesem Aufsatz vorgestellt werden, zeigen deutlich, dass sich mit SPS‐Platten gleiche Tragfähigkeiten wie mit konventionell versteiften Stahlplatten erzielen lassen, wobei bei gleichzeitiger Gewährleistung der Wirtschaftlichkeit eine Reihe weiterer Vorteile bei Leistungsfähigkeit und Sicherheit erlangt werden können.
Amphetamine sensitization elevates CaMKIIß mRNA
Authors: Greenstein Rachel , Novak Gabriela , Seeman Philip
Published: June 2007

Recent studies have shown that the elevation in calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) may play an important role in amphetamine‐induced dopamine release, as well as in the increase of dopamine D2 receptor high‐affinitystates in psychosis. Because amphetamine sensitization is a widely used animal model of psychosis or schizophrenia, we investigated whether amphetamine sensitization results in an overall increase in the α and β subunits of CaMKII. To answer this question, we measured CaMKII α and β subunit mRNA expression using Real‐Time Quantitative PCR in amphetamine‐sensitized rat striata, compared to saline‐treated controls. The results were then standardized to β‐glucuronidase, a housekeeping gene. Our results showed a statistically significant increase in the CaMKII β subunit, and an increase in the α subunit which did not reach statistical significance. Because the levels of both CaMKIIβ and CaMKIIα play a role in neuronal function and synapse formation, the present finding of an elevated level of CaMKII β and α subunit mRNA in the amphetamine‐sensitized model of psychosis points to the possibility of dysregulated levels of CaMKII subunits in human psychosis. Synapse 61:827–834, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D2dopamine receptors recruit a GABA component for their attenuation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the adult rat prefrontal cortex
Authors: Tseng Kuei Y. , O'Donnell Patricio
Published: June 2007

The dopamine modulation of neuronal excitability in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) changes during critical late periods of postnatal development. In particular, D2receptors activate fast‐spiking interneurons after, and not before, adolescence. To test the functional impact of this change, we investigated the effects of dopamine agonists on PFC excitatory synaptic transmission with whole‐cell recordings from deep‐layer pyramidal neurons in brain slices obtained from prepubertal [postnatal day (PD) 28–35] and postpubertal (PD > 51) rats. Electrical stimulation of superficial layers elicited a fast AMPA/kainate excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). In the adult PFC, the D2agonist quinpirole decreased EPSP amplitude, an effect that lasted for at least 25 min after drug washout and was blocked by the D2antagonist eticlopride. The late component of this effect was blocked by the GABA‐A antagonist picrotoxin without affecting the early inhibition. Quinpirole also decreased EPSP amplitude in deep‐layer pyramidal neurons from prepubertal rats, but this response was not affected by picrotoxin. A D1agonist, on the other hand, did not affect the pyramidal neuron EPSP. These results indicate that D2, not D1, receptors attenuate local excitatory synaptic transmission in the adult PFC, and this effect of D2involves a recruitment of local GABAergic activity. Synapse 61:843–850, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential modulation of a 40 kDa catecholamine regulated protein in the core and shell subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens following chronic quinpirole and haloperidol administration in the rat
Authors: Gabriele Joseph , Thomas Nancy , N‐Marandi Sevil , Mishra Ram
Published: June 2007

Past reports have shown dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole (QNP) and the DA D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol (HAL) display a significant increase in expression of catecholamine regulated protein (CRP40) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the striatum, respectively. The present study investigated the in vivo effects of QNP and HAL on CRP40 protein levels within the core and shell subcompartments of the NAcc. As significant homology exists between CRP40 and Hsp70/Hsc70, parallel studies with inducible Hsp70 and constitutive Hsc70 were conducted to establish the specificity with respect to QNP on Hsp70 and CRP40. Results demonstrated that CRP40 protein was significantly expressed in the shell relative to the core region of NAcc following chronic QNP (+16.28% ± 0.42%, P < 0.05) and CRP40 protein was significantly expressed in the core vs. the shell following chronic HAL (+36.02% ± 0.75%, P < 0.05). There was no significant change in Hsp70 protein levels following chronic QNP or HAL administration. The results demonstrated selective modulation of CRP40 within NAcc by QNP and HAL treatment, without affecting Hsp70. Synapse 61:835–842, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of Niemann–Pick disease type C in two children with miglustat: Initial responses and maintenance of effects over 1 year
Authors: Chien Y.‐H. , Lee N.‐C. , Tsai L.‐K. , Huang A.‐C. , Peng S.‐F. , Chen S.‐J. , Hwu W.‐L.
Published: June 2007

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NP‐C) is a lipid storage disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in the lysosomal/late endosomal system of certain cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and visceral organs. Clinical symptoms include progressive neurological deterioration and visceral organomegaly. Miglustat, a small iminosugar molecule approved for the treatment of Gaucher disease, reversibly inhibits glucosylceramide synthase, which catalyses the first committed step in glycosphingolipid synthesis. The physicochemical properties of miglustat allow it to cross the blood–brain barrier and suggest possible benefits in lysosomal storage diseases affecting the CNS. Here, we present findings in two children with NP‐C, aged 14 years (patient 1) and 9 years (patient 2), treated with miglustat for 1 year. Before treatment, patient 1 presented with severe difficulties in swallowing and walking, and patient 2 with problems mostly affecting communication and social interaction. Videofluoroscopic studies in patient 1 demonstrated a substantial improvement in swallowing by month 6 of treatment, and ambulation index measurements indicated improved walking. Mini Mental‐State Examination (MMSE) assessments in patient 2 showed cognitive improvement by month 6, which was sustained up to month 12. Liver/spleen volume and plasma chitotriosidase activities were stabilized in both cases. There was no weight loss during treatment. Patient 1 experienced severe but self‐limiting paresthesia, which was not associated with peripheral neuropathy. We conclude that miglustat can provide therapeutic benefits in CNS symptoms and allows stabilization of systemic disease in childhood‐onset NP‐C. Further follow‐up is crucial to determine the long‐term maintenance of these effects.
Soy fatty acid oxidation with sodium hypochlorite monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Pinglang , Tao Bernard Y.
Published: June 2007

The oxidation process of soy fatty acids by sodium hypochlorite with ruthenium trichloride catalyst was examined at different temperatures and active chlorine:fatty acid molar ratios. 1H and 13C distortionless enhancement by polarized transfer nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques were used to monitor oxidation of the double bonds in unsaturated lipids by measuring the peak integration ratio of double‐bond peaks:methylene‐methyl peaks. This NMR monitoring technique proved to be an excellent means to quantify double‐bond reactions. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was used to identify mono‐ and diacid products, separated by hexane/methylene chloride extraction, as well as other oxidation products. While the presence of ruthenium catalyst increased the initial rate of oxidation, it also catalyzed the decomposition of hypochlorite, decreasing the available reactive chlorine, resulting in a delay in complete oxidation. A 9:1 molar ratio of active chlorine to fatty acids completely oxidized all double bonds of soy fatty acids. However, the yield of low‐molecular‐weight monoacid oxidation products was only 17%, indicating the probable formation of hydroxy fatty acids.
Phosphorus in oil. Production of molybdenum blue derivative at ambient temperature using noncarcinogenic reagents
Authors: Tosi Enzo A. , Cazzoli Ampelio F. , Tapiz Luis M.
Published: June 2007

The determination of phosphorus content in crude and degummed oils, especially soybean oil, is commonly used to monitor the efficiency of the degumming process. Techniques for phosphorus determination are based on calcination of the oil in the presence of zinc or magnesium oxide, followed by phosphomolybdate formation, a subsequent reduction and a spectrophotometric determination of the final product, molybdenum blue. Several reducing agents have been employed, all of which need heating to develop color, and then cooling before the absorbance is measured. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of potassium antimonyl tartrate as a catalyst for the phosphomolybdate reduction with ascorbic acid at room temperature, to evaluate the useful life of reagents, comparative kinetics of molybdenum blue formation (with and without catalyst addition) and the extent of phosphorus recovery, and to compare these results with those from AOCS Official Method Ca 12–55.
Fatty acids of the seeds from pine species of the Ponderosa‐Banksiana and Halepensis sections. The peculiar taxonomic position of Pinus pinaster
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Comps Bernard , Deluc Laurent G. , Marpeau Anne M.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid compositions of pine seed oils were determined from 11 species of the Banksiana subsection and three species of the Ponderosa subsection. All were collected in North America (United States, Mexico, and Cuba). These analyses also included the seed oils from the unique European species of the Ponderosa‐Banksiana section (Banksiana subsection), Pinus pinaster, and from three pine species of the Halepensis section, which are related to the Banksiana subsection. Emphasis was placed on their Δ5‐olefinic acid content and profile. Principal‐component analysis of fatty acid compositions showed that all North American species constituted a fairly homogeneous group. However, P. jeffreyi was slightly eccentric, and P. pinaster, a west‐Mediterranean species, was completely isolated from the North American group. Other species from the Banksiana and Ponderosa subsections could not be distinguished on the basis of their seed oil fatty acid compositions. With respect to Δ5‐olefinic acids, the North American species (except for P. jeffreyi) had 5,9‐18:2, 5,9,12‐18:3, 5,11‐20:2, and 5,11,14‐20:3 acid concentrations in the ranges 1.9 to 3.2, 17.7 to 22.9, 0.2 to 0.4, and 2.0 to 3.5%, respectively (sum, 22.7–28.5%). Levels of corresponding acids in P. pinaster were 0.9, 7.9, 0.9, and 7.0%, respectively (sum, 16.7%). Other differences were observed for linoleic acid (42.6 to 48.6% vs. 52.2%) and α‐linolenic acid (0.3 to 0.6% vs. 1.4%). Pinus pinaster was close to species of the Halepensis section (5,9‐18:2, 0.5 to 1.0%; 5,9,12‐18:3, 3.1 to 4.4%; 5,11‐20:2, 0.4 to 0.5%; 5,11,14‐20:3, 3.6 to 5.4%; sum, 8.6–11.1%), which were clearly separated from the Ponderosa‐Banksiana section. Among all pines analyzed, P. pinaster presented the highest level of sciadonic (5,11,14‐20:3) acid, a component that has three ethylenic bonds in common with arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids.
Physicochemical characteristics and thermal stability of Jordanian jojoba oil
Authors: Allawzi M. , Abu‐Arabi M. K. , Al‐zoubi H. S. , Tamimi A.
Published: June 2007

Viscosity, flash point, refractive index, viscosity index, specific gravity, aniline point, foam testing, color stability, ash content, water content, saponification value, iodine value, and other properties were investigated for Jordanian jojoba oil. Results showed that jojoba oil has low ash and water contents and high flash point and viscosity index. Viscosity and specific gravity changed only slightly with temperatures. As an additive, jojoba oil improved the viscosity index of lubricants from 100 to 130. When subjected to heating and cooling from 40 to 200°C, the chemical structure, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index remained almost constant. Thus, jojoba oil was highly stable in this temperature range.
Culture of osteogenic cells from human alveolar bone: A useful source of alkaline phosphatase
Authors: Simão Ana Maria S. , Beloti Marcio M. , Rosa Adalberto L. , De Oliveira Paulo T. , Granjeiro José Mauro , Pizauro João M. , Ciancaglini Pietro
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to obtain membrane‐bound alkaline phosphatase from osteoblastic‐like cells of human alveolar bone. Cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion and maintained in primary culture in osteogenic medium until subconfluence. First passage cells were cultured in the same medium and at 7, 14, and 21 days, total protein content, collagen content, and alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated. Bone‐like nodule formation was evaluated at 21 days. Cells in primary culture at day 14 were washed with Tris—HCl buffer, and used to extract the membrane‐bound alkaline phosphatase. Cells expressed osteoblastic phenotype. The apparent optimum pH for PNPP hydrolysis by the enzyme was pH 10.0. This enzyme also hydrolyzes ATP, ADP, fructose‐1‐phosphate, fructose‐6‐phosphate, pyrophosphate and β‐glycerophosphate. PNPPase activity was reduced by typical inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase. SDS‐PAGE of membrane fraction showed a single band with activity of ∼120 kDa that could be solubilized by phospholipase C or Polidocanol.
Cell‐surface H+‐ATP synthase as a potential molecular target for anti‐obesity drugs
Authors: Arakaki Naokatu , Kita Toshiyuki , Shibata Hirofumi , Higuti Tomihiko
Published: June 2007

Here we show that the cell‐surface expression of the alpha subunit of H+‐ATP synthase is markedly increased during adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of differentiated adipocytes with small molecule inhibitors of H+‐ATP synthase or antibodies against alpha and beta subunits of H+‐ATP synthase leads to a decrease in cytosolic lipid droplet accumulation. Apolipoprotein A‐I, which has been shown to bind to the ectopic β‐chain of H+‐ATP synthase and inhibit the activity of cell‐surface H+‐ATP synthase, also was found to inhibit cytosolic lipid accumulation. These results suggest that the cell‐surface H+‐ATP synthase has a previously unsuspected role in lipid metabolism in adipocytes.
Rekindling of Nurse‐Midwifery in Brazil: Public Policy and Childbirth Trends
Authors: Carr Marylou , Riesco Maria Luiza Gonzalez
Published: June 2007

In the last decade, nurse‐midwifery in Brazil has experienced many changes both professionally and politically. In the 1990s, Brazil's Ministry of Health generated policies to improve childbirth services. Included in these policy initiatives was legislation for the reimbursement of nurse‐midwifery services and a substantial increase in financing of nurse‐midwifery schools throughout the country. It was during this period that the Brazilian National Nurse‐Midwifery Organization was formed to provide professional leadership and an alternative model of childbirth care. The future is hopeful, but the nurse‐midwifery profession will need collective determination to succeed in changing practices and improving services to women and families.
Outcomes of Planned Home Birth: An Integrative Review
Authors: Fullerton Judith T. , Navarro Ana M. , Young Susan H.
Published: June 2007

Current evidence indicates the critical importance of several factors that contribute to improved perinatal outcomes: a facilitating environment at the place of birth, skilled birth attendance, and the continuum of perinatal care for women and newborns. This level of care is often referred to as “first‐level” care, and is most readily provided in birthing centers and primary level health facilities. However, there is a body of evidence that has been compiled over the past several decades that addresses the safety of planned home birth, under circumstances that emulate these elements of “first‐level” care. These studies demonstrate a remarkable consistency in the generally favorable results of maternal and neonatal outcomes, both over time and among diverse population groups. These outcomes are also favorable when viewed in comparison to various reference groups (birth center births, planned hospital births, and vital statistics). These data should influence policy in support of planned home birth, including policy that endorses building or sustaining a home birth infrastructure in parallel to the efforts to build capacity for facility‐based birth. Such public policy would also be in keeping with the fundamental right of women to have choice in childbirth, particularly when options are equally good.
Women's Descriptions of Postpartum Health Problems: Preliminary Findings from Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Sibley Lynn M. , Blum Lauren S. , Kalim Nahid , Hruschka Daniel , Edmonds Joyce K. , Koblinsky Marge
Published: June 2007

Complications of childbirth kill more than 500,000 women each year. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of death. Because nearly half the women who give birth at home in developing countries are cared for by unskilled attendants, it is critical to understand how women and their caregivers recognize bleeding and decide to seek help when needed. Using an approach that combined systematic qualitative data collection and multivariate analysis, we identified local cultural theories that women and traditional birth attendants in rural Bangladesh use to recognize and care for postpartum problems, including PPH. These preliminary findings will be used to further explore cultural norms related to PPH and their possible modes of transmission. The overall approach may be used to develop or improve birth preparedness and complication readiness, a core global safe motherhood intervention.
Simply Not There: The Impact of International Migration of Nurses and Midwives—Perspectives from Guyana
Authors: Anderson Barbara A. , Isaacs Alexander A.
Published: June 2007

The shortage of nurses and midwives across the world and the migratory trends of these scarce professionals—primarily from low‐income countries to fill staffing needs in high‐income countries—are critical international health care issues. This article reviews some of the demographic, educational, and socioeconomic factors driving this global trend, the impact on health care delivery in low‐income countries, and the effect on the implementation of global public health initiatives. Nurses and midwives migrate from low‐income nations while concurrently qualified applicants are rejected from educational programs in high‐income countries. The impact of migration on the viability of the health care delivery system in Guyana, South America, is presented as an exemplar nation within the broader global context of ethical dilemmas, pressures on educational systems, and the anti‐ and promigration arguments.
Learning From the Community to Improve Maternal—Child Health and Nutrition: The Positive Deviance/Hearth Approach
Authors: Schooley Janine , Morales Linda
Published: June 2007

The “traditional” use of the Positive Deviance approach to behavior change involves studying children who thrive despite adversity, identifying uncommon model behaviors among Positive Deviant families, and then designing and implementing an intervention to replicate these behaviors among mothers of malnourished children. This article presents the results of a literature review designed to gather information on the role of the Positive Deviance/Hearth methodology in social and behavior change. Examples of how the methodology has been applied beyond infant and child malnutrition to address other health areas, such as improving pregnancy outcomes, are explored. An analysis of Positive Deviance programming being carried out by Project Concern International in Guatemala and Indonesia is conducted. The role of cultural context in the design and implementation of Positive Deviance/Hearth, as well as the role of Positive Deviance in affecting social and behavior change, require further exploration. The issues related to cultural context and the challenges for monitoring and evaluation of program outcomes are presented.
Reclaiming Birth, Health, and Community: Midwifery in the Inuit Villages of Nunavik, Canada
Authors: Van Wagner Vicki , Epoo Brenda , Nastapoka Julie , Harney Evelyn
Published: June 2007

This article describes the Inuulitsivik midwifery service and education program, an internationally recognized approach to returning childbirth to the remote Hudson coast communities of Nunavik, the Inuit region of Quebec, Canada. The service is seen as a model of community‐based education of Aboriginal midwives, integrating both traditional and modern approaches to care and education. Developed in response to criticisms of the policy of evacuating women from the region in order to give birth in hospitals in southern Canada, the midwifery service is integrally linked to community development, cultural revival, and healing from the impacts of colonization. The midwifery‐led collaborative model of care involves effective teamwork between midwives, physicians, and nurses working in the remote villages and at the regional and tertiary referral centers. Evaluative research has shown improved outcomes for this approach to returning birth to remote communities, and this article reports on recent data. Despite regional recognition and wide acknowledgement of their success in developing and sustaining a model for remote maternity care and aboriginal education for the past 20 years, the Nunavik midwives have not achieved formal recognition of their graduates under the Quebec Midwifery Act.
Endoscopic endonasal laser versus endonasal surgical dacryocystorhinostomy for epiphora due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction: prospective, randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Maini S , Raghava N , Youngs R , Evans K , Trivedi S , Foy C , Mackintosh G
Published: June 2007

Background:

Rhinostomy patency is a problem in all forms of dacryocystorhinostomy. Laser-assisted procedures are potentially fast and result in excellent haemostasis. However, they may induce more fibroblastic activity, resulting in excessive scarring and stenosis of the rhinostomy, compared with non-laser dissection.

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to compare subjective outcomes following dacryocystorhinostomy conducted with endoscopic endonasal laser and with endonasal surgical techniques.

Study design:

Prospective, randomised, controlled trial comparing potassium titanyl phosphate endonasal laser dissection with endonasal surgical techniques, for dacryocystorhinostomy to treat epiphora due to primary, acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

Participants:

One hundred and twenty-six adult patients with chronic epiphora due to primary, acquired nasolacrimal sac or duct obstruction.

Interventions:

Interventions comprised endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy, performed using potassium titanyl phosphate laser or surgical dissection, in order to open the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.

Outcome measures:

These were: symptom score and symptom relief of epiphora (at three and 12 months post-procedure); duration and ease of procedure; and duration of hospital stay.

Results:

Sixty patients underwent endonasal laser dacryocystorhinostomy and 66 underwent endonasal surgical dacryocystorhinostomy. Symptomatic success was 82 per cent at three months and 68 per cent at 12 months in the laser group, and 76 per cent at three months and 74 per cent at 12 months in the surgical group. A two-point reduction in the symptom score was associated with symptomatic success at three and 12 months. Eight patients randomised to the laser group required additional instrumentation in order to remove thick bone over the lacrimal sac.

Conclusions:

At three months, endonasal laser dacryocystorhinostomy had better results than endonasal surgical dacryocystorhinostomy. However, at 12 months, the surgical procedure had better results than the laser procedure. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at three or 12 months with regard to symptomatic outcome. The ease of procedure (on a scale of zero to 10) was 4.5 for the laser procedure and 4.1 for the surgical procedure. The average times for the procedures were 25 minutes in the laser group and 20 minutes in the surgical group. No statistical difference was found when comparing: symptom score improvement for local anaestheticvsgeneral anaesthetic; ages over and under 70 years; laterality; or operating surgeon. Change in the symptom score was a useful indicator of symptomatic success.
Hrothgar's horses: feral or thoroughbred?
Authors: Neville Jennifer
Published: June 2007

This article sets forth the contrast between the image of the horses in Beowulf and the image of Anglo-Saxon horses that can be derived from archaeology, historical narratives, wills, law codes and glossaries. It focuses particularly on the issue of colour, represented in the poem by the difficult word fealu and its derivative, æppelfealu. It argues that the horses described in Beowulf do not match up closely with Anglo-Saxon horses recorded in any century and that they would have struck the poem's tenth-century audience as very strange. This strangeness has implications for our understanding of Anglo-Saxon reception of the poem.
High prevalence of HIV infection among rural tea plantation residents in Kericho, Kenya
Authors: FOGLIA G. , SATEREN W. B. , RENZULLO P. O. , BAUTISTA C. T. , LANGAT L. , WASUNNA M. K. , SINGER D. E. , SCOTT P. T. , ROBB M. L. , BIRX D. L.
Published: June 2007

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemiology among residents of a rural agricultural plantation in Kericho, Kenya was studied. HIV-1 prevalence was 14·3%, and was higher among women (19·1%) than men (11·3%). Risk factors associated with HIV-1 for men were age (⩾25 years), marital history (one or more marriages), age difference from current spouse (⩾5 years), Luo ethnicity, sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms in the past 6 months, circumcision (protective), and sexual activity (⩾7 years). Among women, risk factors associated with HIV-1 were age (25–29 years, ⩾35 years), marital history (one or more marriages), age difference from current spouse (⩾10 years), Luo ethnicity, STI symptoms in the past 6 months, and a STI history in the past 5 years. Most participants (96%) expressed a willingness to participate in a future HIV vaccine study. These findings will facilitate targeted intervention and prevention measures for HIV-1 infection in Kericho.
Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history
Authors: KUZMIN I. V. , HUGHES G. J. , BOTVINKIN A. D. , GRIBENCHA S. G. , RUPPRECHT C. E.
Published: June 2007

Forty-one newly sequenced isolates of Arctic and Arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from GenBank. Four phylogenetic lineages of Arctic viruses were identified. Arctic-1 viruses circulate in Ontario, Arctic-2 viruses circulate in Siberia and Alaska, Arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage Arctic-4 circulates locally in Alaska. The oldest available isolates from Siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the Arctic-2 and Arctic-3 lineages and share 98·6–99·2% N gene identity with contemporary viruses. Two lineages of Arctic-like viruses were identified in southern Asia and the Middle East (Arctic-like-1) and eastern Asia (Arctic-like-2). A time-scaled tree demonstrates that the time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Arctic and Arctic-like viruses is dated between 1255 and 1786. Evolution of the Arctic viruses has occurred through a northerly spread. The Arctic-like-2 lineage diverged first, whereas Arctic viruses share a TMRCA with Arctic-like-1 viruses.
Magnetic screening and heavy metal pollution studies in soils from Marambio Station, Antarctica
Authors: Chaparro Marcos A.E. , Nuñez Héctor , Lirio Juan M. , Gogorza Claudia S.G. , Sinito Ana M.
Published: June 2007

Magnetic screening as a cost-effective and non-time-consuming approach has been successfully carried out in Marambio soils and seems to be a suitable method for contamination assessment in Antarctic areas. Ferromagnetic minerals are found in most samples, and magnetite-like carriers are especially dominant in samples collected near pollution sources. Lead and zinc are the main trace elements that have adversely impacted on some areas in this station, both are end products from different pollution sources derived from fuel combustion and residues, solid waste, paints, etc. The correlation results between magnetic and chemical variables show moderate relationships varying from 0.409 to 0.663; this fact supports the use of magnetic parameters, such as magnetic susceptibility and bivariate ratios, for pollution monitoring. The magnetic properties, heavy metal contents, and related maps of these soils can be considered as a reference in the area for future temporal and/or spatial work.
Zoogeography of the Antarctic ascidian fauna in relation to the sub-Antarctic and South America
Authors: Primo Carmen , Vázquez Elsa
Published: June 2007

This study of the relationships between the Antarctic, sub-Antarctic and South America biogeographical regions used both existing and new data. We constructed a presence/absence matrix of 237 species for 27 biogeographical divisions which included the Amsterdam-Saint Paul and Tristan da Cunha islands. Species and areas were classified using cluster analysis combined with MDS ordination. Six main groups were obtained from the species classification: 1) Amsterdam-Saint Paul, and 2) Tristan da Cunha species, 3) species from the Macquarie Province, 4) species from the sub-Antarctic Region, 5) Antarctic species and species distributed in the cold regions, 6) South American species. The biogeographical components were dominated by the endemic (although it is not as high as in other groups), Antarctic-South America and Southern Hemisphere elements. Except for Amsterdam-Saint Paul, Tristan da Cunha and Bouvet, the areas considered were grouped together with Macquarie being rather related to New Zealand regions. We speculate that the Antarctic Region may have acted as an “evolutionary incubator”, providing a centre of origin for sub-Antarctic and South American ascidians.
Borers and encrusters as indicators of the presence of hermit crabs in Antarctic Eocene gastropods shells
Authors: Casadio Silvio , Parras Ana , Griffin Miguel , Marenssi Sergio
Published: June 2007

The community of encrusting and boring organisms developed on shells of the gastropodAntarctodarwinella elliotifrom the lower section of the La Meseta Formation (Eocene) exposed on Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctic Peninsula, allows inference that the shells were inhabited by hermit crabs. A Chi-square Independence Test revealed that the community - dominated by polychaetes and bryozoans - shows preference for the aperture interior area of the shell. A subsequent Cochran Q Test indicated that the differences in frequency of encrusting and boring organisms as counted on the different interior sectors of the aperture were statistically significant. Thus, polychaetes, boring bryozoans, and encrusting bryozoans, do not show the same frequency in each interior sector of the aperture; they are more frequent on the columella (P< 0.0001,P< 0.01 andP< 0.001 respectively). Encrusting bryozoans also appear to show a preference - albeit not as high as on the columella - for the outer lip. This community of boring and encrusting organisms and their distribution on the shell confirms that the shells were inhabited by hermit crabs. The community is similar to that described in Recent hermitted shells from mid-latitude temperate water environments, suggesting that such communities were already established in the Eocene.
Thermodynamic properties of Mg2SiO4 liquid at ultra‐high pressures from shock measurements to 200 GPa on forsterite and wadsleyite
Authors: Mosenfelder Jed L. , Asimow Paul D. , Ahrens Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Polycrystalline samples of Mg2SiO4 forsterite and wadsleyite were synthesized and then dynamically loaded to pressures of 39–200 GPa. Differences in initial density and internal energy between these two phases lead to distinct Hugoniots, each characterized by multiple phase regimes. Transformation to the high‐pressure phase assemblage MgO + MgSiO3 perovksite is complete by 100 GPa for forsterite starting material but incomplete for wadsleyite. The datum for wadsleyite shocked to 136 GPa, however, is consistent with the assemblage MgO + MgSiO3 post‐perovksite. Marked increases in density along the Hugoniots of both phases between ∼130 and 150 GPa are inconsistent with any known solid‐solid phase transformation in the Mg2SiO4 system but can be explained by melting. Density increases upon melting are consistent with a similar density increase observed in the MgSiO3 system. This implies that melts with compositions over the entire Mg/Si range likely for the mantle would be negatively or neutrally buoyant at conditions close to the core‐mantle boundary, supporting the partial melt hypothesis to explain the occurrence of ultra‐low velocity zones at the base of the mantle. From the energetic difference between the high‐pressure segments of the two Hugoniots, we estimate a Grüneisen parameter (γ) of 2.6 ± 0.35 for Mg2SiO4‐liquid between 150 and 200 GPa. Comparison to low‐pressure data and fitting of the absolute pressures along the melt Hugoniots both require that γ for the melt increases with increasing density. Similar behavior was recently predicted in MgSiO3 liquid via molecular dynamics simulations. This result changes estimates of the temperature profile, and hence the dynamics, of a deep terrestrial magma ocean.
Effect of hydration state on the frictional properties of montmorillonite‐based fault gouge
Authors: Ikari Matt J. , Saffer Demian M. , Marone Chris
Published: June 2007

We report on laboratory experiments examining the effect of hydration state on the frictional properties of simulated clay and quartz fault gouge. We tested four mixtures of Ca‐montmorillonite and quartz (100, 70, 50, and 30% montmorillonite) at four hydration states: dry (<4.50 wt% water), one water interlayer equivalent (4.5–8.7 wt% water), two layers (8.7–16.0 wt% water), and three layer (>16.0 wt% water). We controlled the hydration state using either oven drying (for <13 wt% H2O) or saline solutions (to achieve >13 wt% H2O under conditions of controlled relative humidity). For each clay/quartz mixture and hydration state, we measured frictional properties over a range of normal stresses (5–100 MPa) and sliding velocities (1–300 μm/s). We observe a systematic decrease in the coefficient of friction (μ) with increasing water content, normal stress, and clay content. Values of μ for 50/50 mixtures range from 0.57 to 0.64 dry and decrease to 0.21–0.55 for the most hydrated cases (wet). For layers of 100% montmorillonite, μ ranges from 0.41–0.62 dry to 0.03–0.29 wet. As water content is increased from 0 to 20.0 wt%, the friction rate parameter a‐b becomes increasingly positive. Variation in a‐b values decreases dramatically as normal stress increases. If our experimental results can be applied to natural fault gouge, the combination of stress state, hydration state, and quartz content that facilitates unstable fault behavior implies that the onset of shallow seismicity in subduction zones is more complicated than a simple transition from smectite to illite.
Observations of the summer Red Sea circulation
Authors: Sofianos Sarantis S. , Johns William E.
Published: June 2007

Aiming at exploring and understanding the summer circulation in the Red Sea, a cruise was conducted in the basin during the summer of 2001 involving hydrographic, meteorological, and direct current observations. The most prominent feature, characteristic of the summer circulation and exchange with the Indian Ocean, is a temperature, salinity, and oxygen minimum located around a depth of 75 m at the southern end of the basin, associated with Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water inflowing from the Gulf of Aden during the summer season as an intruding subsurface layer. Stirring and mixing with ambient waters lead to marked increases in temperature (from 16.5 to almost 33°C) and salinity (from 35.7 to more than 38 psu) in this layer by the time it reaches midbasin. The observed circulation presents a very vigorous pattern with strong variability and intense features that extend the width of the basin. A permanent cyclone, detected in the northern Red Sea, verifies previous observations and modeling studies, while in the central sector of the basin a series of very strong anticyclones were observed with maximum velocities exceeding 1 m/s. The three‐layer flow pattern, representative of the summer exchange between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, is observed in the strait of Bab el Mandeb. In the southern part of the basin the layer flow is characterized by strong banking of the inflows and outflows against the coasts. Both surface and intermediate water masses involved in the summer Red Sea circulation present prominent spatial variability in their characteristics, indicating that the eddy field and mixing processes play an important role in the summer Red Sea circulation.
Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau, western Colorado
Authors: Berlin Maureen M. , Anderson Robert S.
Published: June 2007

The Roan Plateau in western Colorado constitutes a natural experiment for studying landscape response to a drop in base level. Late Cenozoic incision of the upper Colorado River led to elevational isolation of the Plateau and initiation of a wave of incision into its southern edge. Knickpoints (oversteepened reaches that contain waterfalls 60–110 m in height) mark the upstream extent of this headward propagating wave. That this incision has occurred in a laterally extensive, well‐stratified, and essentially flat‐lying bedrock and in an area with relatively uniform climate, implies that it should serve as a good test of existing knickpoint propagation models. We predict the locations of knickpoints by using a stream power‐based celerity model, in which knickpoint recession rate is a power function of drainage area and is proportional to rock susceptibility to erosion. Models of the Parachute and Roan drainages (17 and 16 knickpoints, respectively) show expected rapid initial knickpoint propagation rates, which decline as drainage area decreases stepwise at tributary junctions. The modeled positions of knickpoints match well with observed features, using a single combination of parameters to model retreat in both drainage basins. We compare our celerity model results with past studies and explore how longitudinal profile analysis may be used to derive independently the exponent on drainage area in the celerity model.
Pareto‐optimal solutions for environmental flow schemes incorporating the intra‐annual and interannual variability of the natural flow regime
Authors: Shiau Jenq‐Tzong , Wu Fu‐Chun
Published: June 2007

The temporal variations of natural flows are essential elements for preserving the ecological health of a river which are addressed in this paper by the environmental flow schemes that incorporate the intra‐annual and interannual variability of the natural flow regime. We present an optimization framework to find the Pareto‐optimal solutions for various flow schemes. The proposed framework integrates (1) the range of variability approach for evaluating the hydrologic alterations; (2) the standardized precipitation index approach for establishing the variation criteria for the wet, normal, and dry years; (3) a weir operation model for simulating the system of flows; and (4) a multiobjective optimization genetic algorithm for search of the Pareto‐optimal solutions. The proposed framework is applied to the Kaoping diversion weir in Taiwan. The results reveal that the time‐varying schemes incorporating the intra‐annual variability in the environmental flow prescriptions promote the ecosystem and human needs fitness. Incorporation of the interannual flow variability using different criteria established for three types of water year further promotes both fitnesses. The merit of incorporating the interannual variability may be superimposed on that of incorporating only the intra‐annual flow variability. The Pareto‐optimal solutions searched with a limited range of flows replicate satisfactorily those obtained with a full search range. The limited‐range Pareto front may be used as a surrogate of the full‐range one if feasible prescriptions are to be found among the regular flows.
A synthesis of single scattering albedo of biomass burning aerosol over southern Africa during SAFARI 2000
Authors: Leahy L. V. , Anderson T. L. , Eck T. F. , Bergstrom R. W.
Published: June 2007

We present a synthesis of single scattering albedo for biomass burning aerosol from the SAFARI 2000 field campaign. Values at 550 nm were derived from three methods: airborne in situ measurements of aerosol scattering and absorption; airborne flux radiometry; and ground‐based sun‐photometer/radiometer retrievals from AERONET. Collocated comparisons indicate that uncertainties are well understood for all three methods. The new (Version 2) AERONET retrieval gives substantially lower single scattering albedo over bright surfaces, and the comparisons herein represent the first independent check of this retrieval. Combined in situ and AERONET data yield a regional value of 0.85 ± 0.02 (mean and total uncertainty), which we propose is representative of single scattering albedo for the Southern African region during the biomass burning season. This value agrees with the “highly absorbing smoke” model used in MODIS aerosol retrievals, but indicates that many of the AeroCom models overestimate single scattering albedo for this region and season.
Isovist Analysis Captures Properties of Space Relevant for Locomotion and Experience
Authors: Wiener Jan M , Franz Gerald , Rossmanith Nicole , Reichelt Andreas , Mallot Hanspeter A , Bülthoff Heinrich H
Published: June 2007

In a series of exploratory experiments we investigated interrelations between structure and shape of architectural indoor spaces on the one hand, and affective experience and navigation behaviour on the other hand. For this, isovist-based descriptions of 16 virtual indoor scenes were correlated with behavioural data from the experimental tasks. For all tasks—two active navigation tasks and an introspective appraisal of experiential qualities—strong correlations between subjects' behaviour and a small set of quantitative measurands derived from the isovists were found. The outcomes suggest that isovist analysis captures behaviourally relevant properties of space and is therefore a promising general means for predicting central experiential qualities of architecture and navigation behaviour.
Neustonic distribution of decapod planktonic stages and competence of brachyuran megalopae in coastal waters
Authors: Moreira Fabiana T. , Harari Joseph , Flores Augusto A. V.
Published: June 2007

Settlement rate may not reflect larval supply to coastal waters in different marine invertebrates and demersal fishes. The importance of near-shore oceanography and behaviour of late larval stages may be underestimated. The present study conducted neustonic sampling over station grids and along full-length transects at two embayments in south-eastern Brazil to (1) compare diurnal and nocturnal occurrence of most frequent decapod stages to assess their vertical movements, (2) describe the formation of larval patches and (3) measure competence of crab megalopae according to their distance to recruitment grounds. Several shrimp species apparently undergo a diel vertical migration, swimming crab megalopae showed no vertical movements and megalopae of the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus transversus revealed a reversed vertical migration. During the day, crab megalopae aggregated in convergence zones just below surface slicks. These larvae consisted of advanced, pre-moult stages, at both mid-bay and near-shore patches. Competence, measured as the time to metamorphosis in captivity, was similar between larval patches within each taxon. Yet, subtidal portunids moulted faster to juveniles than intertidal grapsids, possibly because they were closer to settlement grounds. Megalopae of Pachygrapsus from benthic collectors moulted faster than those from bay areas. These results suggest that alternative vertical migration patterns of late megalopae favour onshore transport, and actual competence takes place very close to suitable substrates, where larvae may remain for days before settlement. Lack of correlation between larval supply and settlement for Pachygrapsus suggests that biological processes, besides onshore transport, may play an important role in determining settlement success of coastal crabs.