bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural complex, death anxiety and individuation during times of populism: a dialogue between Jungian psychology and social psychology
Authors: Osterhold Helge Michael
Published: November 2021

A trend towards political polarization and radicalization is observable in many countries across the world. The rise of populist movements and an increasingly heated polarized discourse in the face of mounting environmental and cultural challenges calls for a multifaceted psychological engagement with these phenomena. C.G. Jung’s vision of individuation remains crucial for understanding, and possibly mitigating, developments towards radicalization and division within and between cultures. This paper considers classic and contemporary depth psychological ideas regarding individuation, shadow work and cultural complexes, and applies these ideas to current socio‐political developments. To further elucidate, Jungian thought is brought into conversation with the findings of a body of literature within social psychology called Terror Management Theory (TMT) which points to unconscious death anxiety as amplifying a sense of separation and otherness, as well as judgment and conflict between individuals and groups. This paper aims to deepen the understanding of current cultural polarization phenomena as well as to collective healing and growth by synthesizing ideas from Jung and TMT research, and to rekindle the fire of individuation as a counter to the trend of polarization, alienation and conflict.
Mapping the psyche‐civilization relationship: how overcoming conceptual dualisms can help us better comprehend the trajectory of the human race
Authors: Forster Darcy L.
Published: November 2021

Global living standards have increased considerably as a result of the progress brought about by human civilization. However, ecological crises, global nuclear armament and an increasing sense of psychological discontent are among a list of things that bring into question the nature of modernity. Often these large‐scale collective issues seem too overwhelming for the individual to ponder in any great depth and thus the question, ‘how are we, as individuals, supposed to address the problems facing broader humanity?’ remains. This paper suggests that it is the underlying conceptual dualisms that prevent an answer to this question, and by mapping the interaction between psyche and civilization, the actions necessary to correct the trajectory of Western civilization may become apparent.
Identification and characterization of Metarhizium majus isolated from the edible insect Protaetia brevitarsis in Korea
Authors: Kwak Kyu‐Won , Aktaruzzaman Md. , Kim Eunsun , Kim Sun Young , Hong Seung‐Beom , Park Ji Yeong , Park Kwanho , Koo Bonwoo , Kim Yong‐Soon
Published: November 2021

Edible insects are considered novel protein sources, and the edible insect breeding industry is growing rapidly. However, fungal pathogens are a major threat to this industry, and appropriate identification of causative agents is important for the development of antifungal agents. In 2019, strains of the fungal pathogen Metarhizium were isolated from infected second and third instar larvae of the economically important edible insect Protaetia brevitarsis, which were collected from separate farms in Gimhae‐si, Gyeongsangnam‐do, Korea. Based on morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and 5′‐region of gene encoding the 1‐α elongation factor, the fungal strains were identified as Metarhizium majus. Here, we report the detailed phylogenetic characteristics and morphological description of this species, which is prevalent in Korea. Identification of the principal disease‐causing agent can help develop disease prevention and antifungal strategies for application in edible insect‐rearing farms.
Changes in physicochemical properties of rice flour by fermentation with koji and its potential use in gluten‐free noodles
Authors: Park Jiwoon , Woo Seung‐Hye , Park Jong‐Dae , Sung Jung Min
Published: November 2021

To use rice flour as an ingredient in gluten‐free noodles, improved texture properties such as increased hardness and reduced adhesiveness are required. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of rice flour obtained by fermenting japonica rice with koji, determined the pasting and textural properties of the resulting gel, and suggested a method for producing gluten‐free noodles. Koji‐fermented rice flour was obtained by fermenting rice grains for 24 and 48 h. Koji fermentation reduced the protein and ash content of the rice and lowered the pH. The change in amylose content was not significant, but the short‐to‐long‐chain ratio of amylopectin increased. Changes in the structural and compositional characteristics facilitated swelling of the rice flour and starch leaching. Variations in the gelatinization and hydration properties of the rice flour increased its peak viscosity and gel hardness, and reduced its gel adhesiveness. Noodles made from koji‐fermented rice flour have improved physical features, such as modified textural properties resulting from a gel texture and increased whiteness, indicating that koji‐fermented rice flour is a desirable noodle ingredient for gluten‐free foods.
Functional and cognitive impairment in the first episode of depression: A systematic review
Authors: Varghese Shawn , Frey Benicio N. , Schneider Maiko A. , Kapczinski Flavio , de Azevedo Cardoso Taiane
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To describe the cognitive and functional impairment in individuals with the first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) as compared to controls and individuals with recurrent MDD. Also to describe the functional and cognitive trajectory after the first episode of MDD.

Methods

A total of 52 studies were included in our systematic review. 32 studies compared the cognitive performance between first episode of depression (FED) and controls, 11 studies compared the cognitive performance between recurrent depression (RD) and FED, 10 compared global functioning between RD and FED, four studies assessed cognition in FED over time, and two studies assessed global functioning in FED over time.

Results

The majority of studies (n = 22/32, 68.8%) found that FED subjects performed significantly worse than controls on cognitive tests, with processing speed (n = 12) and executive/working memory (n = 11) being the most commonly impaired domains. Seven out of 11 studies (63.6%) found that RD performed significantly worse than FED, with verbal learning and memory being the most commonly impaired domain (n = 4). Most studies (n = 7/10, 70%) did not find a significant difference in global functioning between RD and FED. In three of four longitudinal studies assessing cognition, subgroup analyses were used instead of directly assessing cognition in FED over time while the remaining study found significant cognitive declines over time in FED when compared to controls. The two longitudinal studies assessing functional trajectory found that functioning significantly improved over time, possibly due to the improvement of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

There is strong evidence that cognitive impairment is present during the first episode of depression, and individuals with multiple episodes display greater cognitive impairment than individuals with a single episode. Future studies aimed at identifying predictors of cognitive and functional impairment after the first episode of depression are needed to describe the functional and cognitive trajectory of individuals with the first episode of MDD over time.
Lessons from the development and delivery of a rural suicide prevention program
Authors: Handley Tonelle E. , Davies Kate , Booth Angela , Dalton Hazel , Perkins David
Published: November 2021

Aims

Suicide prevention remains a priority in rural and remote Australia, where suicide rates continue to be higher than those in urban communities. This commentary describes the Good SPACE suicide prevention program, and the lessons learned from delivering this program over a 14‐year period.

Context

The Good SPACE program has been operating in rural New South Wales since 2007. The program focuses on educating rural community members to recognise the signs of suicide vulnerability, and how to take appropriate action if they encounter someone considering suicide.

Approach

Communities are selected to receive Good SPACE training in consultation with key stakeholder organisations, or by request from communities. Across the life of the program, key challenges in its administration have included short‐term funding arrangements and staff turnover. Strengths have included the ability to adapt content to meet the needs of rural communities (eg from an initial focus on helping farmers during periods of drought, to a broader focus on all rural residents and a wider range of adversities). As the program moves forward, emphasis will be placed on harder‐to‐reach populations, including males and those with lower mental health literacy.

Conclusion

The Good SPACE program has ongoing funding to adapt its content and continue administration through the Rural Adversity Mental Health Program (https://www.ramhp.com.au/). The lessons learned throughout the life of the program might be of use to other organisations aiming to provide community‐based education programs in rural and remote communities.
Epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular allergy
Authors: Singh Neera , Diebold Yolanda , Sahu Srikant K. , Leonardi Andrea
Published: November 2021

The epithelial barrier is the first line of defense that forms a protective barrier against pathogens, pollutants, and allergens. Epithelial barrier dysfunction has been recently implicated in the development of allergic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and rhinitis. However, there is limited knowledge on epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular allergy (OA). Since the ocular surface is directly exposed to the environment, it is important to understand the role of ocular epithelia and their dysfunction in OA. Impaired epithelial barrier enhances allergen uptake, which lead to activation of immune responses and development of chronic inflammation as seen in allergies. Abnormal expression of tight junction proteins that helps to maintain epithelial integrity has been reported in OA but sufficient data not available in chronic atopic (AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), the pathophysiology of which is not just complex, but also the current treatments are not completely effective. This review provides an overview of studies, which indicates the role of barrier dysfunction in OA, and highlights how ocular barrier dysfunction possibly contributes to the disease pathogenesis. The review also explores the potential of ocular epithelial barrier repair strategies as preventive and therapeutic approach.
Renal allograft compartment syndrome: a review
Authors: Tang Linda , Lee Taina , Yuen Lawrence , Pleass Henry
Published: November 2021

Renal allograft compartment syndrome (RACS) is the result of extrinsic compression resulting in graft dysfunction and loss due to ischaemia. A literature review was performed by computerized searches from the following data sources Medline, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Risk factors include size mismatch between graft and recipient. Intraoperative suspicion should be exercised if there is poor tissue turgor, cyanosis and loss of urine output upon fascial closure. Doppler ultrasound is the modality of choice amongst the literature to aid in diagnosis of RACS. From our study, the accepted form of treatment is early detection and appropriate surgical intervention. Nevertheless, it is clear from the paucity of literature that further investigation into this area of transplantation is necessary.
Corruption and tax revenues: Evidence from Italian regions
Authors: Capasso Salvatore , Cicatiello Lorenzo , De Simone Elina , Santoro Lodovico
Published: November 2021

This paper investigates the impact of corruption on tax revenues. Drawing on Italian regional data that distinguish between corruption crimes in which public officers play an active role (active corruption) and crimes in which there is collusion between the public officers and their private counterparts (passive corruption), the paper shows that only active corruption harms tax revenues. We argue that active corruption alters the incentives for honest taxpayers, leading to inefficiencies and a greater distance between citizens and public authorities, because it generates uncooperative public administration and reduces the perceived fairness of public systems. The estimates confirm the hypothesis and the results call for greater attention to be paid to the quality of public administration.
Potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the national and regional incidence, epidemiology and diagnostic testing of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden, 2020
Authors: Saarentausta Katariina , Ivarsson Lovisa , Jacobsson Susanne , Herrmann Björn , Sundqvist Martin , Unemo Magnus
Published: November 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has challenged the societies and health care systems globally, and resulted in many social and physical distancing restrictions to limit the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. These restrictions have also likely affected the frequency of intimate contacts and the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Compared to most other countries, Sweden especially in Spring‐Autumn 2020 pursued mainly milder voluntary, that is, not mandatory enforced by laws, recommended restrictions and the impacts of these on society and spread of STIs remain largely unknown. We describe the potential impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the national and regional incidence, epidemiology and diagnostic testing of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden in 2020. Compared to 2019, we found a significant decrease in incidence of chlamydia (−4.5%) and gonorrhoea (−17.5%), and in diagnostic testing (−10.5% for chlamydia, −9.4% for gonorrhoea) in 2020. However, the decrease in chlamydia incidence, which has mainly been decreasing in the last 10 years, was not significant when compared with the average incidence in 2017–2019. The largest decrease in national incidence of both infections was observed among young and heterosexual patients, however, some Swedish regions showed an increased incidence, particularly of chlamydia. Increased “internet‐based self‐sampling” testing approach partly compensated for a decreased attendance at STI clinics. Studies, including sexual behaviour, prevention, reasons for attending STI health care, STIs in different anatomical sites and management of STIs, are required to elucidate the impact of COVID‐19‐associated social and physical distancing restrictions on sexual activity and the incidence and epidemiology of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden.
Adolescents’ sleep and adjustment: Reciprocal effects
Authors: Kelly Ryan J. , Zeringue Megan M. , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: November 2021

Reciprocal relations between sleep and adjustment were investigated. Participants included 246 adolescents (M = 15.80 years; 67.5% White, 32.5% Black/African American; 53% female, 47% male) at Time 1 (data collected 2012–2013), 227 at Time 2 (M = 16.78 years) and 215 at Time 3 (M = 17.70 years). Sleep–wake variables were measured with self‐reports (sleepiness) and actigraphy (average sleep minutes and efficiency, variability in sleep minutes and efficiency). Adolescents reported on depression and anxiety symptoms, and parents reported on externalizing problems. Greater variability in sleep duration and efficiency as well as sleepiness predicted adjustment problems (range of R2: 36%–60%). Reciprocal relations were supported mostly for sleepiness (range of R2: 16%–32%). Results help understand bidirectional relations between sleep and adjustment.
Anti‐IgE effect of small‐molecule‐compound arctigenin on food allergy in association with a distinct transcriptome profile
Authors: Cao Mingzhuo , Liu Changda , Srivastava Kamal. D. , Lin Adora , Lazarski Christopher , Wang Lu , Maskey Anish , Song Ying , Chen Xiaoke , Yang Nan , Zambrano Linda , Bushko Renna , Nowak‐Wegrzyn Anna , Cox Amanda , Liu Zhigang , Huang Weihua , Dunkin David , Miao Mingsan , Li Xiu‐Min
Published: November 2021

Background

Excessive production of IgE plays a major role in the pathology of food allergy. In an attempt to identify anti‐IgE natural products, Arctium Lappa was one of the most effective herbs among approximately 300 screened medicinal herbs. However, little is known about its anti‐IgE compounds.

Objective

To identify compounds from Arctium Lappa for targeted therapy on IgE production and explore their underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Liquid‐liquid extraction and column chromatographic methods were used to purify the compounds. IgE inhibitory effects were determined on IgE‐producing human myeloma U266 cells, peanut‐allergic murine model and PBMCs from food‐allergic patients. Genes involved in IgE inhibition in PBMCs were studied by RNA sequencing.

Results

The main compounds isolated were identified as arctiin and arctigenin. Both compounds significantly inhibited IgE production in U266 cells, with arctigenin the most potent (IC50=5.09μg/mL). Arctigenin (at a dose of 13 mg/kg) markedly reduced peanut‐specific IgE levels, blocked hypothermia and histamine release in a peanut‐allergic mouse model. Arctigenin also significantly reduced IgE production and Th2 cytokines (IL‐5, IL‐13) by PBMCs. We found 479 differentially expressed genes in PBMCs with arctigenin treatment (p < .001 and fold‑change ≥1.5), involving 24 gene ontology terms (p < .001, FDR <0.05); cell division was the most significant. Eleven genes including UBE2C and BCL6 were validated by qPCR.

Conclusion

Arctigenin markedly inhibited IgE production in U266 cells, peanut‐allergic murine model and PBMCs from allergic patients by down‐regulating cell division, cell cycle‐related genes and up‐regulating anti‐inflammatory factors.
“Big” Sounds Bigger in More Widely Spoken Languages
Authors: Lev‐Ari Shiri , Kancheva Ivet , Marston Louise , Morris Hannah , Swingler Teah , Zaynudinova Madina
Published: November 2021

Larger communities face more communication barriers. We propose that languages spoken by larger communities adapt and overcome these greater barriers by increasing their reliance on sound symbolism, as sound symbolism can facilitate communication. To test whether widely spoken languages are more sound symbolic, participants listened to recordings of the words big and small in widely spoken and less common languages and guessed their meanings. Accuracy was higher for words from widely spoken languages providing evidence that widely spoken languages harbor more sound symbolism. Preliminary results also suggest that widely spoken languages rely on different sound symbolic patterns than less common languages. Community size can thus shape linguistic forms and influence the tools that languages use to facilitate communication.
Comparing weight‐based dosing of tacrolimus XR in obese and non‐obese renal transplant recipients
Authors: Breslin Nadine T. , Hedvat Jessica , Salerno David M. , Jandovitz Nicholas , Patel Chandni , Lee Sara , Lange Nicholas W.
Published: November 2021

The recommended initial weight‐based dose of extended‐release (XR) tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) is 0.14 mg/kg/day. However, no data exist regarding dosing recommendations for obese patients specifically. The aim of this study was to evaluate weight‐based dosing requirements in a cohort of obese KTR who were initiated on de novo tacrolimus XR post‐transplantation. The primary outcome was weight‐based dosing requirements (mg/kg/day) on post‐operative day (POD) 7 and 14. Of the 254 KTR, 81 (31%) were obese. The median therapeutic dose on POD7 was 0.1 versus 0.12 vs. 0.14 mg/kg/day in the BMI > 30 kg/m2, BMI 25–30 kg/m2, and BMI < 25 kg/m2, respectively, (p = .0001). This result was similar on POD14; median therapeutic dose was 0.09 versus 0.11 versus 0.15 mg/kg/day in the BMI > 30 kg/m2, BMI 25–30 kg/m2, and BMI < 25 kg/m2, respectively, (p < .001). Therapeutic dose on POD7 and POD14 based on ideal body was similar in all cohorts (p = .238, p = .923, respectively). This finding was supported by a strong linear relationship between ideal body weight (IBW) and therapeutic dose (r = .929). In both obese and non‐obese KTR, IBW had a stronger correlation with the therapeutic dose for tacrolimus XR.
Differences of adrenal‐derived androgens in 5α‐reductase deficiency versus androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: Han Bing , Zhu Hui , Yao Haijun , Ren Jianwei , O’Day Patrick , Wang Hao , Zhu Wenjiao , Cheng Tong , Auchus Richard J. , Qiao Jie
Published: November 2021

Steroid 5α‐reductase type 2 deficiency (5α‐RD2) and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) are difficult to distinguish clinically and biochemically, and adrenal‐derived androgens have not been investigated in these conditions using modern methods. The objective of the study was to compare Chinese patients with 5α‐RD2, AIS, and healthy men. Sixteen patients with 5α‐RD2, 10 patients with AIS, and 39 healthy men were included. Serum androgen profiles were compared in these subjects using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Based on clinical features and laboratory tests, 5α‐RD2 and AIS were diagnosed and confirmed by genotyping. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) were both significantly lower in patients with 5α‐RD2 than AIS (p < 0.0001). The T/DHT ratio was higher in 5α‐RD2 (4.5–88.6) than AIS (13.4–26.7) or healthy men (7.6–40.5). Using LC‐MS/MS, a cutoff T/DHT value of 27.3 correctly diagnosed 5α‐RD2 versus AIS with sensitivity 93.8% and specificity 100%. Among the adrenal‐derived 11‐oxygenated androgens, 11β‐hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and 11‐ketoandrostenedione (11KA4) were also lower in patients with 5α‐RD2 than those of patients with AIS. In contrast, 11β‐hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) was higher in 5α‐RD2 than AIS. Furthermore, a 11OHT/11OHA4 cutoff value of 0.048 could also distinguish 5α‐RD2 from AIS. Thus, both elevated T/DHT values above 27.3 and the unexpected 11‐oxygenated androgen profile, with a 11OHT/11OHA4 ratio greater than 0.048, distinguished 5α‐RD2 from AIS. These data suggest that the metabolism of both gonadal and adrenal‐derived androgens is altered in 5α‐RD2.
Lay understandings of drug‐gene interactions: The right medication, the right dose, at the right time, but what are the right words?
Authors: Meagher Karen M. , Stuttgen Finn Kelsey , Curtis Susan H. , Borucki Jack , Beck Annika T. , Cheema Amal W. , Sharp Richard R.
Published: November 2021

As pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing increases in popularity, lay concepts of drug‐gene interactions set the stage for shared decision making in precision medicine. Few studies explore what recipients of PGx results think is happening in their bodies when a drug‐gene interaction is discovered. To characterize biobank participants’ understanding of PGx research results, we conducted a focus group study, which took place after PGx variants conferring increased risk of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency were disclosed to biobank contributors. DPD deficiency confers an increased risk of adverse reaction to commonly used cancer chemotherapeutics. Ten focus groups were conducted, ranging from two to eight participants. Fifty‐four individuals participated in focus groups. A framework approach was used for descriptive and explanatory analysis. Descriptive themes included participants’ efforts to make sense of PGx findings as they related to: (1) health implications, (2) drugs, and (3) genetics. Explanatory analysis supplied a functional framework of how participant word choices can perform different purposes in PGx communication. Results bear three main implications for PGx research‐related disclosure. First, participants’ use of various terms suggest participants generally understanding their PGx results, including how positive PGx results differ from positive disease susceptibility genetic results. Second, PGx disclosure in biobanking can involve participant conflation of drug‐gene interactions with allergies or other types of medical reactions. Third, the functional framework suggests a need to move beyond a deficit model of genetic literacy in PGx communication. Together, findings provide an initial evidence base for supporting bidirectional expert‐recipient PGx results communication.
Trait‐habitat associations explain novel bird assemblages mixing native and alien species across New Zealand landscapes
Authors: Barnagaud Jean‐Yves , Brockerhoff Eckehard G. , Mossion Raphaël , Dufour Paul , Pavoine Sandrine , Deconchat Marc , Barbaro Luc
Published: November 2021

Aim

Species introductions have reshaped island faunas for the last 200 years, often threatening native biodiversity. Approximately equal numbers of native and alien species currently co‐occur in the New Zealand avifauna, but they show distinct habitat use. Antagonistic interactions, habitat affinities and legacies of introduction history may concur to explain their segregation along habitat gradients. To investigate these processes, we explored how habitat, ecological traits and introduction history relate with the current composition of bird assemblages.

Location

New Zealand

Taxon

Birds

Methods

We analysed 917 bird point counts spread along habitat and elevation gradients in the Canterbury region, South Island and related 10 ecological traits to landscape composition using a three‐table ordination method known as “RLQ analysis”, accounting for spatial autocorrelation and phylogeny. We tested whether alien species’ positions in the RLQ were related to proxies of introduction history.

Results

Eighteen endemic, 11 native and 19 alien species were distributed along a gradient from forest to open‐habitat assemblages, in relation to foraging mode, nesting site and body size. A second gradient segregated species between native and exotic forests according to territoriality, sedentarity and diet. Traits accounted for the separation of native and alien bird species in forests, but not in open habitats. Phylogenetic signals emerged from the separation of native and alien species by forest type, and spatial structures suggested a landscape‐level, rather than regional or local determinism. These correlations were independent of introduction history, although open‐habitat assemblages tended to host alien species introduced later in time.

Main conclusions

Habitat type and resource availability explain the spatial partitioning of New Zealand bird assemblages between native and alien species more consistently than competitive exclusion. We conclude that trait‐mediated ecological differences among species have likely played a predominant role in species’ segregation among landscapes, while maintaining endemic bird assemblages in native forests.
Non‐adjunctive continuous glucose monitoring for control of hypoglycaemia (COACH): Results of a post‐approval observational study
Authors: Beck Stayce E. , Kelly Colleen , Price David A. ,   for the COACH Study Group
Published: November 2021

Objective

Prior to the Continuous Monitoring and Control of Hypoglycaemia (COACH) study described herein, no study had been powered to evaluate the impact of non‐adjunctive RT‐CGM use on the rate of debilitating moderate or severe hypoglycaemic events.

Research Design and Methods

In this 12‐month observational study, adults with insulin‐requiring diabetes who were new to RT‐CGM participated in a 6‐month control phase where insulin dosing decisions were based on self monitoring of blood glucose values, followed by a 6‐month phase where decisions were based on RT‐CGM data (i.e. non‐adjunctive RT‐CGM use); recommendations for RT‐CGM use were made according to sites' usual care. The primary outcome was change in debilitating moderate (requiring second‐party assistance) and severe (resulting in seizures or loss of consciousness) hypoglycaemic event frequency. Secondary outcomes included changes in HbA1c and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) frequency.

Results

A total of 519 participants with mean (SD) age 50.3 (16.1) years and baseline HbA1c 8.0% (1.4%) completed the study, of whom 32.8% had impaired hypoglycaemia awareness and 33.5% had type 2 diabetes (T2D). The mean (SE) per‐patient frequency of hypoglycaemic events decreased by 63% from 0.08 (0.016) during the SMBG phase to 0.03 (0.010) during the RT‐CGM phase (p = 0.005). HbA1c decreased during the RT‐CGM phase both for participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D and there was a trend towards larger reductions among individuals with higher baseline HbA1c.

Conclusions

Among adults with insulin‐requiring diabetes, non‐adjunctive use of RT‐CGM data is safe, resulting in significantly fewer debilitating hypoglycaemic events than management using SMBG.
Acute changes in mitral valve geometry after percutaneous valve repair with MitraClip XTR by three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Tusa Maurizio B. , Barletta Marta , Popolo Rubbio Antonio , Travaglio Nicole , Saffioti Silvia , Granata Giuseppina , Mantovani Valentina , Stefanini Elisa , Corciu Anca I. , Testa Luca , Bedogni Francesco
Published: November 2021

Background

Mitral valve (MV) repair with MitraClip system is a safe treatment option for high‐risk patients with significant mitral regurgitation (MR). We aimed to characterize, by three‐dimensional echocardiography (3D‐E), changes occurring in MV after implantation of third generation MitraClip XTR device, with specific reference to the underlying MR mechanism (functional vs degenerative, FMR vs DMR).

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 59 patients, who underwent intra‐procedural 3D‐E before and after device deployment. Three‐D datasets were analyzed off‐line, using a dedicated semiautomatic software, to obtain parametric quantification of mitral anatomy.

Results

Post‐procedural MR of mild or lesser degree was achieved in 40 patients (68%), with no differences between FMR and DMR (p 0.9). After MitraClip XTR implantation, the FMR group experienced an immediate annular resizing, with reduction of antero‐posterior diameter (p 0.024) and sphericity index (p 0.017), next to a recovery of physiological saddle‐shape, defined by lower non‐planar angle (p ≤0.001) and higher annulus height to commissural width ratio (p ≤0.001). On the opposite, the DMR group revealed a significant decrease of maximum annular velocity (p 0.027), addressing a mechanic effect of the device deployment. Finally, baseline anterior mitral leaflet angle was found as an independent predictor of acute procedural result (OR 6.7, [CI 1.01–44.33], p 0.049).

Conclusions

MitraClip XTR implantation acts in restoring the original mitral geometry, with distinctive effects according to MR mechanism. Three‐D parametric quantification of MV sheds new light on changes occurring in the valvular apparatus, and helps identifying possible new predictors of acute procedural success.
Low serum 25‐Hydroxy (OH) vitamin D levels are associated with increased arterial stiffness in healthy children: An echocardiographic study from Turkey
Authors: Azak Emine , Cetin Ibrahim Ilker
Published: November 2021

Objective

Arterial stiffness refers to arterial wall rigidity, particularly in central vessels, and is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in many chronic diseases. 25‐Hydroxy (OH) vitamin D has beneficial effects on blood pressure, vascular endothelial function, and arterial stiffness; most importantly, its deficiency is common worldwide. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the role of 25‐OH vitamin D deficiency in arterial stiffness development and its relationship with arterial stiffness in healthy children.

Methods

This study included 80 patients with low levels of 25‐OH vitamin D and 40 healthy control subjects. The study participants were then divided into three groups: group 1 consisted of patients with a deficient 25‐OH D level of < 19.9 ng/ml, group 2 with an insufficient 25‐OH D level between 20 and 29.9 ng/ml; group 3 were considered control group with a sufficient serum 25‐OH vitamin D level of ≥30 ng/ml. Aortic strain, distensibility, stiffness index, and standard left ventricular measurements were calculated using M‐mode echocardiographic data.

Results

Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and inter‐ventricular septal diastolic thickness (IVST) appeared to increase in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. Aortic strain and distensibility were significantly decreased in group 1, whereas aortic stiffness index and elastic modulus were significantly increased. The aortic stiffness index was negatively correlated with serum 25‐OH vitamin D levels; however, aortic strain, aortic distensibility, and LVMI were positively correlated.

Conclusions

Our study results revealed a significant relationship between 25‐OH vitamin D levels indicative of a deficiency and aortic stiffness. Hence, we suggest that arterial stiffness may also occur in healthy children with a 25‐OH vitamin D deficiency. Future in‐depth studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms underlying the aortic stiffness development associated with 25‐OH vitamin D deficiency.
The effects of levodopa in the spatiotemporal gait parameters are mediated by self‐selected gait speed in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ávila de Oliveira Júlia , Bazán Paulo Rodrigo , de Oliveira Claudia Eunice Neves , Treza Renata de Castro , Hondo Sandy Mikie , Los Angeles Emanuele , Bernardo Claudionor , de Oliveira Luana dos Santos , Carvalho Margarete de Jesus , de Lima‐Pardini Andrea C. , Coelho Daniel Boari
Published: November 2021

In individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), the medication induces different and inconsistent results in the spatiotemporal parameters of gait, making it difficult to understand its effects on gait. As spatiotemporal gait parameters have been reported to be affected by gait speed, it is essential to consider the gait speed when studying walking biomechanics to interpret the results better when comparing the gait pattern of different conditions. Since the medication alters the self‐selected gait speed of individuals with PD, this study analysed whether the change in gait speed can explain the selective effects of l‐DOPA on the spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with PD. We analysed the spatiotemporal gait parameters at the self‐selected speed of 22 individuals with PD under ON and OFF states of l‐DOPA medication. Bayesian mediation analysis evaluated which gait variables were affected by the medication state and checked if those effects were mediated by speed changes induced by medication. The gait speed was significantly higher among ON compared with OFF medication. All the spatiotemporal parameters of the gait were mediated by speed, with proportions of mediation close to 1 (effect entirely explained by speed changes). Our results show that a change in gait speed better explains the changes in the spatiotemporal gait parameters than the ON–OFF phenomenon. As an implication for rehabilitation, our results suggest that it is possible to assess the effect of l‐DOPA on improving motor symptoms related to gait disorders by measuring gait speed.
The hippocampus shows an own‐age bias during unfamiliar face viewing
Authors: Koen Joshua D. , Hauck Nedra , Rugg Michael D.
Published: November 2021

The present study investigated the neural correlates of the own‐age bias for face recognition in a repetition suppression paradigm. Healthy young and older adults viewed upright and inverted unfamiliar faces. Some of the upright faces were repeated following one of two delays (lag 0 or lag 11). Repetition suppression effects were observed in bilateral fusiform cortex. However, there were no significant effects indicating an own‐age bias in repetition suppression. The absence of these effects is arguably inconsistent with perceptual expertise accounts of own‐age biases in face processing. By contrast, the right anterior hippocampus showed an own‐age bias (greater activity for own‐age compared to other‐age faces) when viewing an unfamiliar face for the first time. Given the importance of the hippocampus for episodic memory encoding, we conjecture that the increased hippocampal activity for own‐age relative to other‐age faces reflects differential engagement of neural processes supporting the episodic encoding of faces and might provide insight into the neural underpinnings of own‐age biases in face recognition memory.
Genetic guidelines for translocations: Maintaining intraspecific diversity in the lion (Panthera leo)
Authors: Bertola Laura D. , Miller Susan M. , Williams Vivienne L. , Naude Vincent N. , Coals Peter , Dures Simon G. , Henschel Philipp , Chege Monica , Sogbohossou Etotépé A. , Ndiaye Arame , Kiki Martial , Gaylard Angela , Ikanda Dennis K. , Becker Matthew S. , Lindsey Peter
Published: November 2021

Conservation translocations have become an important management tool, particularly for large wildlife species such as the lion (Panthera leo). When planning translocations, the genetic background of populations needs to be taken into account; failure to do so risks disrupting existing patterns of genetic variation, ultimately leading to genetic homogenization, and thereby reducing resilience and adaptability of the species. We urge wildlife managers to include knowledge of the genetic background of source/target populations, as well as species‐wide patterns, in any management intervention. We present a hierarchical decision‐making tool in which we list 132 lion populations/lion conservation units and provide information on genetic assignment, uncertainty and suitability for translocation for each source/target combination. By including four levels of suitability, from ‘first choice’ to ‘no option’, we provide managers with a range of options. To illustrate the extent of international trade of lions, and the potential disruption of natural patterns of intraspecific diversity, we mined the CITES Trade Database for estimated trade quantities of live individuals imported into lion range states during the past 4 decades. We identified 1056 recorded individuals with a potential risk of interbreeding with wild lions, 772 being captive‐sourced. Scoring each of the records with our decision‐making tool illustrates that only 7% of the translocated individuals were ‘first choice’ and 73% were ‘no option’. We acknowledge that other, nongenetic factors are important in the decision‐making process, and hence a pragmatic approach is needed. A framework in which source/target populations are scored based on suitability is not only relevant to lion, but also to other species of wildlife that are frequently translocated. We hope that the presented overview supports managers to include genetics in future management decisions and contributes towards conservation of the lion in its full diversity.
Early redox homeostasis disruption contributes to the differential cytotoxicity of imiquimod on transformed and normal endothelial cells
Authors: Rocco Rodrigo , Cambindo Botto Adrián E. , Muñoz Manuel J. , Reingruber Hernán , Wainstok Rosa , Cochón Adriana , Gazzaniga Silvina
Published: November 2021

The off‐label use of imiquimod (IQ) for hemangioma treatment has shown clinical benefits. We have previously reported a selective direct IQ‐cytotoxic effect on transformed (H5V) vs. normal (1G11) endothelial cells (EC). In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying this selective cytotoxicity in terms of TLR7/8 receptor expression, NF‐κB signalling and time‐dependent modifications of oxidative stress parameters (ROS: reactive oxygen species, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities, GSH/GSSG and lipid peroxidation). TLR7/8 level was extremely low in both cell lines, and IQ did not upregulate TLR7/8 expression or activate NF‐κB signalling. IQ significantly induced ROS in H5V after 2 h and strongly affected antioxidant defenses. After 12 h, enzyme activities were restored to baseline levels but a robust drop in GSH/GSSG persisted together with increased lipid peroxidation levels and a marked mitochondrial dysfunction. Although in normal IQ‐treated EC some oxidative stress parameters were affected after 4 h, mitochondrial health and GSH/GSSG ratio remained notably unaffected after 12 h. Therefore, the early alterations (0–2 h) in transformed EC breached redox homeostasis as strongly as to enhance their susceptibility to IQ. This interesting facet of IQ as redox disruptor could broaden its therapeutic potential for other skin malignancies, alone or in adjuvant schemes.
eIF4E‐homologous protein (4EHP): a multifarious cap‐binding protein
Authors: Christie Mary , Igreja Cátia
Published: November 2021

The cap‐binding protein 4EHP/eIF4E2 has been a recent object of interest in the field of post‐transcriptional gene regulation and translational control. From ribosome‐associated quality control, to RNA decay and microRNA‐mediated gene silencing, this member of the eIF4E protein family regulates gene expression through numerous pathways. Low in abundance but ubiquitously expressed, 4EHP interacts with different binding partners to form multiple protein complexes that regulate translation in a variety of biological contexts. Documented functions of 4EHP primarily relate to its role as a translational repressor, but recent findings indicate that it might also participate in the activation of translation in specific settings. In this review, we discuss the known functions, properties and mechanisms that involve 4EHP in the control of gene expression. We also discuss our current understanding of how 4EHP processes are regulated in eukaryotic cells, and the diseases implicated with dysregulation of 4EHP‐mediated translational control.
Fatigue life calculation of notched specimens by modified Wöhler curve method and theory of critical distance under multiaxial random loading
Authors: Luo Zhengbo , Chen Huaihai , Wang Jie , Zheng Ronghui
Published: November 2021

Reformulation of a critical plane‐based multiaxial fatigue criterion named as Modified Wöhler Curve Method (MWCM) in the frequency domain is proposed; moreover, it is combined with the theory of critical distance (TCD) to implement vibration fatigue lifetime prediction of notched specimens subjected to complex multiaxial random loading. Firstly, a frequency‐domain formulation of the maximum variance method (MVM) is proposed for determining the critical plane with high computational efficiency. Then, a reference fatigue curve is defined through the frequency‐domain formulation of the reference stress ratio corresponding to the critical plane. Finally, the power spectral density (PSD) function of the resolved shear stress along the maximum variance direction is applied with the Bendat/Tovo–Benasciutti (TB) method to implement fatigue damage estimation of mechanical components. Both the time‐domain formulation and the proposed frequency‐domain formulation of the MWCM combined with the TCD are applied to the experimental results from the literature, concerning notched specimens made of 2024‐T4 aluminum alloy tested under various nonproportional bending‐torsion random vibration fatigue loading.
Effectiveness of dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.) control in new leys and established grassland following the application of herbicides
Authors: O Donovan Timothy , Casey Imelda A. , Humphreys James
Published: November 2021

Docks are a widespread problem in intensively managed grassland, requiring repeated pesticide applications for control purposes. New European Union pesticide regulations aim to restrict pesticide use. This necessitates improved efficiency of pesticide use including the most effective time to apply them during the target weed's lifecycle. The experimental site (52°21 N, 7°18 W) was reseeded with perennial ryegrass in October 2009. A plot (5 m × 10 m) experiment was laid down in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and eight replicates. Four herbicides licensed for use in new leys (NLH) were each applied in April 2010. Four herbicides licensed for use in established grassland (EGH) were each applied 2 years later in April 2012. The ninth treatment was an untreated control. Dock numbers were measured over 5 years (2010–2014) and herbage production over 3 years (2012–2014). Across all treatments, dock numbers were relatively low until the fourth year during which there was more than a three‐fold increase due to clonal propagation. NLH gave more (p < .001) effective and enduring control than EGH. EGH varied in their effectiveness with (p < .001) recovery of individually marked docks that were ‘apparently dead’ following EGH application. In 2014 dock herbage dry‐matter (DM) production (t ha−1) was 3.41 in the control compared with 0.55 for NLH and 1.38 for EGH. Across all treatments in 2014 grass DM production declined with increasing dock herbage DM production (t ha−1): grass = 11.17 – 1.047 × dock (R2 = .73; p < .001). More eco‐efficient control of docks was achieved by herbicide application to new leys.
Experts' perception of support for people with dementia and their families during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Kazawa Kana , Akishita Masahiro , Ikeda Manabu , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Ishii Shinya
Published: November 2021

Aim

This study aimed to explore the perceptions of dementia experts on support for people with dementia (PWD) and their families, considering PWD's vulnerability regarding COVID‐19 prevention.

Methods

A collaborative qualitative study was conducted, involving Hiroshima University, the Japan Geriatrics Society, the Japan Society for Dementia Research, and the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society. An anonymous, self‐reported questionnaire survey was sent to dementia experts from 456 medical centers for dementia in Japan. The responses were categorized in a qualitative inductive manner.

Results

A total of 214 experts from 119 centers responded (facility recovery rate: 26.1%). Four core themes emerged from the data analysis. Of these themes, three were related to support for infection prevention and related issues and response to infection: (i) support for continuation of daily life while preventing infection; (ii) support to mitigate the unfavorable effects of infection prevention measures; and (iii) decision‐making support and treatment for infected PWD. The remaining theme, (iv) community building for PWD living together, was extracted as a basis for facilitating themes (i) to (iii). Furthermore, in each theme, the roles of medical and long‐term care facilities, administration, and the need for community collaboration were identified.

Conclusions

Dementia experts strongly felt the need not only for short‐term support to prevent the spread of infection to PWD and their families during the pandemic, but also for long‐term support to enable them to maintain their daily lives and mitigate the impact of infection prevention measures. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 26–31.