bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissociable brain states linked to common and creative object use
Authors: Chrysikou Evangelia G. , Thompson‐Schill Sharon L.
Published: June 2010

Studies of conceptual processing have revealed that the prefrontal cortex is implicated in close‐ended, deliberate memory retrieval, especially the left ventrolateral prefrontal regions. However, much of human thought—particularly that which is characterized as creative—requires more open‐ended, spontaneous memory retrieval. To explore the neural systems that support conceptual processing under these two distinct circumstances, we obtained functional magnetic resonance images from 24 participants either while retrieving the common use of an everyday object (e.g., “blowing your nose,” in response to a picture of a tissue) or while generating a creative (i.e., uncommon but plausible) use for it (e.g., “protective padding in a package”). The patterns of activation during open‐ and closed‐ended tasks were reliably different, with regard to the magnitude of anterior versus posterior activation. Specifically, the close‐ended task (i.e., Common Use task) reliably activated regions of lateral prefrontal cortex, whereas the open‐ended task (i.e., Uncommon Use task) reliably activated regions of occipito‐temporal cortex. Furthermore, there was variability across subjects in the types of responses produced on the open‐ended task that was associated with the magnitude of activation in the middle occipital gyrus on this task. The present experiment is the first to demonstrate a dynamic tradeoff between anterior frontal and posterior occipitotemporal regions brought about by the close‐ or open‐ended task demands. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorus dendrimers and dendrons functionalized with the cage ligand tris(1,2‐dimethylhydrazino)diphosphane
Authors: Rodríguez Lara‐Isabel , Zablocka Maria , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Seco Miquel , Rossell Oriol , Majoral Jean Pierre
Published: June 2010

The synthesis of a new phosphorus dendrimer peripherally functionalized with the cage ligand tris(1,2‐dimethylhydrazino) diphosphane is described. In addition, dendrons (dendritic wedges) containing the same cage ligand at the focal point are also reported along with their corresponding ruthenium derivatives, which are thought to be potential catalysts in aqueous media. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:290–297, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20611
Naturally contaminated shellfish samples: quantification of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in unhydrolysed and hydrolysed extracts and cytotoxicity assessment
Authors: Rodrigues Susana M. , Vale Paulo , Chaveca Teresa , Laires António , Rueff José , Oliveira Nuno G.
Published: June 2010

Contamination of shellfish from the Portuguese coast with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins is a recurrent event, with most of the commercial bivalves contaminated with high percentages of esters of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin‐2 (DTX2). This report describes the quantification of DSP toxins in unhydrolysed and hydrolysed extracts of several cockle and mussel samples naturally contaminated and the evaluation of their cytotoxicity profiles in V79 cells. The quantification of the acyl esters in the shellfish samples involved the cleavage of the ester bond through alkaline hydrolysis and the release of the parent toxins OA and DTX2. Unhydrolysed and hydrolysed extracts were then analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) for the detection and quantification of DSP toxins. The cytotoxicity of the analysed extracts was evaluated using the MTT reduction assay and compared with the cytotoxicity presented by different concentrations of OA standard (1–100 nm). OA exhibited marked cytotoxic effects and decreased cell viability in a dose dependent mode, with an IC50 of 27 nm. The cytotoxicity pattern of unhydrolysed extracts was clearly dependent on the concentration of free toxins. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the esterified toxins present was revealed after their conversion into free toxins by alkaline hydrolysis. For the hydrolysed extracts of cockles and mussels, the cytotoxicity presented was mainly related to the concentration of OA and DTX2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemoglobin concentration variations over time in general medical inpatients
Authors: Agustin Languasco , Nicolas Cazap , Sebastian Marciano , Marina Huber , Abel Novillo , Fernando Poletta , Matias Milberg , Dardo Riveros
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND:

A decrease in hemoglobin concentration [Hb] with no apparent cause is frequently observed in critically ill patients. Scarce information is available about this situation in general ward‐admitted patients (GWAP).

OBJECTIVES:

To describe [Hb] variation with no obvious cause in GWAP, and to estimate the prevalence and predictors of patients with [Hb] decreases ≥1.5 g/dL.

DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS:

Prospective, observational study in internal medicine GWAP, carried out at two teaching hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Patients with a history of, or admitted for diseases associated with decreases in [Hb], as well as those with length of stay less than three days, were excluded.

MEASUREMENTS:

Upon hospitalization, complete personal and clinical data were recorded. Furthermore, Katz index, APACHE II acute physiology score (APS) and Charlson score were calculated. [Hb] and hematocrit (HCT) were also assessed during hospitalization.

RESULTS:

A total of 338 patients were evaluated, 131 were included. A mean [Hb] decrease of 0.71 g/dL was observed between admission and discharge (P < 0.001; 95% CI, 0.47‐0.97). Forty‐five percent of the included patients had decreases in [Hb] ≥ 1.5 g/dL. This was associated with a higher APS, a higher [Hb] at admission, and a discharge diagnosis of infectious or gastrointestinal disease. No bleeding episodes were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:

An [Hb] decrease was frequently observed during GWAP hospitalization with no evident blood loss. Even though this decrease has multiple causes, the severity of the acute illness seems to play a major role. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:283–288. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Hospitals during recession and recovery: Vulnerable institutions and quality at risk
Authors: Sussman Jeremy B. , Halasyamani Lakshmi K. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: June 2010

For generations, American hospitals have been considered recession‐proof, but there is reason to believe the current economic crisis is an exception. Hospitals have shown declining financial margins and decreased admissions. The severe recession has adversely affected many hospitals' finances, creating a risk of closure and constraining plans for expansion. We believe there is also a risk of harming clinical quality, through decreased staffing that may limit the momentum of the hospital quality movement, especially in fiscally vulnerable institutions. We consider ways the federal government could aid hospitals by promoting hospital quality while providing employment. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:302–305. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Liquid chromatography at critical conditions in ternary mobile phases: Gradient elution along the critical line
Authors: Trathnigg Bernd , Malik Muhammad Imran , Pircher Nicole , Hayden Stephan
Published: June 2010

In ternary mobile phases consisting of acetone, methanol, and water, the retention of PEG on reversed‐phase columns is independent on molar mass at certain compositions of the mobile phase. Along this critical adsorption line, the retention of polypropylene glycol varies quite strongly, which can be utilized in the separation of block copolymers. Gradient elution along the critical line allows a baseline separation of all oligomers in polypropylene glycol up to approximately 25 propylene oxide units. The same resolution can be achieved in the separation of ethylene oxide‐propylene oxide block copolymers, regardless of the length of the ethylene oxide block.
A Persistent epidural mass in a child with B‐lineage ALL
Authors: Molina Blanca , Lassaletta Álvaro , Andion Maitane , Gonzalez‐Vicent Marta , López‐Pino Miguel A. , Madero Luis
Published: June 2010

Epidural spinal cord compression as the initial presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare and serious complication. Extramedullary disease is rarely reported in patients with ALL. The most common sites are bone, followed by soft tissue, skin and lymph nodes. We describe a child with common B—lineage ALL who presented with a mass in the spinal epidural space. She was initially treated with intrathecal chemotherapy and intravenous dexamethasone with total resolution of her clinical symptoms but a persistent epidural mass. An open biopsy of the residual epidural mass was performed 7 months after diagnosis. The histological examination did not reveal any tumor infiltration, only fibrosis. We conclude that a persistent epidural mass in patients with ALL may not indicate resistant disease and may require over a year for resolution, even when response to therapy is adequate. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:727–729. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nasal steroids: concise guide to properties and recommended use
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Scadding Glenis
Published: June 2010

Steve Chaplin and Dr Glenis Scadding provide an overview of the indications, properties and current recommended place in therapy of nasal steroids. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
In‐plane polarization of GaN‐based heterostructures with arbitrary crystal orientation
Authors: Wei Q. Y. , Li T. , Wu Z. H. , Ponce F. A.
Published: June 2010

The total polarization fields of pseudomorphic InxGa1−xN/GaN and AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructures with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 have been calculated as a function of the crystal orientation. Especial attention is placed on the direction and magnitude of in‐plane piezoelectric polarization, which is not negligible for the non‐polar and semi‐polar growth. For an arbitrary crystal orientation, the piezoelectric polarization prevails in the InGaN/GaN system while the spontaneous polarization prevails in the AlGaN/GaN system. The in‐plane potential due to polarization fields in non‐polar epilayers is found to depend on the degree of planarity of the heterojunctions, and on the respective lateral dimensions.
Optical properties of embedded ZnTe nanocrystals in SiO2 thin layer
Authors: Ahmed F. , Naciri A. En , Grob J. J.
Published: June 2010

We have studied the optical properties of ZnTe nanocrystals (ZnTe‐nc) embedded in a SiO2 matrix by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The ZnTe‐nc are embedded in a SiO2 matrix by ion implantation technique. The dose of 2.9 × 1016 cm−2 of tellurium and zinc ions are implanted in a 250 nm thick SiO2 layer thermally grown on Si with respective implantation energies of 180 and 115 keV. Subsequent thermal treatments at 700 °C lead to the formation of ZnTe‐nc. Their size is characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Variable angle ellipsometric measurements are performed in air at room temperature at angles of incidence of 55, 60, and 65°. By taking into account defects caused by ion implantation in silica matrix, the critical points (CPs) dispersion model is used in order to extract the optical responses of the ZnTe‐nc. The determined dielectric function spectra reveals distinct structures attributed to direct band gap and optical transition at higher energy. The observed structures are analyzed by fitting second derivative spectrum of the imaginary part of dielectric function with analytic CP line shapes. Results show good agreement with CPs data.
Application of capacitance–voltage measurements to the determination of interface roughness in nanoparticulate field‐effect transistors
Authors: Okamura Koshi , Nikolova Donna , Mechau Norman , Hahn Horst
Published: June 2010

Solution‐processed inorganic field‐effect transistors (FETs) are mostly composed of nanocrystalline semiconductors as active layers. Since carriers are induced at the interface between the nanocrystalline semiconductor and the dielectric, the roughness at the interface has a significant influence on the performance of the FETs. The interface is, however, buried in the nanocrystalline layer and cannot be accessed from the surface; no quantitative probing methods are available so far. In this article, it is proposed to apply capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements on nanoparticulate capacitors to examine the interface roughness, which enables us to evaluate the correlation between the interface roughness and the performance of nanoparticulate zinc oxide (ZnO) FETs.
How different variants of orbit diagrams influence student explanations of the seasons
Authors: Lee Victor R.
Published: June 2010

The cause of the seasons is often associated with a very particular alternative conception: That the earth's orbit around the sun is highly elongated, and the differences in distance result in variations in temperature. It has been suggested that the standard diagrams used to depict the earth's orbit may be in some way responsible for the initial appearance and overall maintenance of this incorrect conceptualization; the elongated shape of the orbit is thought of as a conceptualization cue that invites a fairly predictable way of reasoning. To test whether that is indeed the case, six variants of diagrams depicting differently shaped earth orbits around the sun were presented to 652 ninth‐grade students in the United States. From responses to a written assessment, students' ideas about what caused the seasons were identified and analyzed. Elongation of orbit did not appear to have an effect, and there was no reinforcement effect for students who initially believed in an elongated orbit. Additional analyses show instead that other features in the diagrams can instead be more influential as conceptualization cues, such as shading or overlapping shapes, but these cues' influence on student reasoning depend on which other cues accompany them. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:985–1007, 2010
Identification with encrypted biometric data
Authors: Bringer Julien , Chabanne Hervé , Kindarji Bruno
Published: June 2010

Biometrics make human identification possible with a sample of a biometric trait and an associated database. Classical identification techniques lead to privacy concerns. This paper introduces a new method to identify someone using his biometrics in an encrypted way. Our construction combines Bloom Filters with Storage and Locality‐Sensitive Hashing. We apply this error‐tolerant scheme, in a Hamming space, to achieve biometric identification in an efficient way. This is the first non‐trivial identification scheme dealing with fuzziness and encrypted data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Judgment and decision making
Authors: Fischhoff Baruch
Published: June 2010

The study of judgment and decision making entails three interrelated forms of research: (1) normative analysis, identifying the best courses of action, given decision makers' values; (2) descriptive studies, examining actual behavior in terms comparable to the normative analyses; and (3) prescriptive interventions, helping individuals to make better choices, bridging the gap between the normative ideal and the descriptive reality. The research is grounded in analytical foundations shared by economics, psychology, philosophy, and management science. Those foundations provide a framework for accommodating affective and social factors that shape and complement the cognitive processes of decision making. The decision sciences have grown through applications requiring collaboration with subject matter experts, familiar with the substance of the choices and the opportunities for interventions. Over the past half century, the field has shifted its emphasis from predicting choices, which can be successful without theoretical insight, to understanding the processes shaping them. Those processes are often revealed through biases that suggest non‐normative processes. The practical importance of these biases depends on the sensitivity of specific decisions and the support that individuals have in making them. As a result, the field offers no simple summary of individuals' competence as decision makers, but a suite of theories and methods suited to capturing these sensitivities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
La Philosophie et l'art de mourir du XVIe siècle
Authors: Chené-Williams Adèle
Published: June 2010

La méditation sur la mort au début du XVIe siècle se développe à la mesure des exigences humanistes qui viennent équilibrer par la raison la hantise médiévale du péché, de la repentance et de la miséricorde.

Au moment de l'exil d'Holbein en Angleterre, les représentations de la mort suscitent encore la frayeur qu'accompagne une douloureuse tristesse en face de la fragilité de la vie. Simulachres et historiees faces de la mart (1526), en plus de compatir à la souffrance humaine et de dénoncer l'injustice et l'oppression, font surgir la mort au œeur de l'activité humaine et ainsi accentuent la conscience du temps présent, la fulgurance de l'instant.
Rawls' Theory of Justice
Authors: Macleod A. M.
Published: June 2010

Rawls' main aim inA Theory of Justiceis to provide a viable alternative to the utilitarianism which has dominated so much modern moral philosophy. Although philosophers have long recognised the difficulties in the way of acceptance of a utilitarian account of judgments of justice, they have often responded by seeking merely to reformulate the principle of utility. Other philosophers, with a juster appreciation of the seriousness of these difficulties, have been prepared to reject utilitarianism in all its guises, but they have failed (in Rawl's opinion) “to construct a workable and systematic moral conception to oppose it”. What is needed, beyond a powerful reaffirmation of the familiar objections to utilitarian accounts of justice, is the careful elaboration of a radically non-utilitarian theory of justice. It is this need which Rawls sets out to meet in his book.
La Commune de Paris, Fête populaire
Authors: Lefebvre Henri
Published: June 2010

De la spontanéité révolutionnaire, je dénnerai une prèmiere définition, extrêmement sommaire, qu'il faudra affiner. La spontanédité, c'est un mouvement et un événement qui ont des causes, qui ont des conditions, qui ont des raisons et des motivations, mais qui tendent a les deborder et à les dépasser. La spontan´ité constitue une expérience politique.
A propos d'un essai sur le jeune Marx
Authors: Lamy Jean-Maurice
Published: June 2010

Il s'agit en l'espèce du Marx auteur d'une thèse de doctorat sur la Différence de la philosophie de la nature chez Démocrite et chez Épicure. On ne tient plus cet écrit pour un simple travail scolaire, destiné à satisfaire les exigences d'un stupide examen, selon l'expression de B. Bauer. Il s'est taillé une place dans le corpus épicurien, figurant par exemple dans la bibliographic de Bréhier-Schuhl, alors que l'ouvrage érudit de Goedeckemeyer sur le même thème n'y apparaît pas. Marx y a mis explicitement en parallèle le post-hégélianisme, outre qu'il a consacré une note aux deux factions qui composaient la postérité de Hegel. Son travail est un document fort utile pour éclairer l'actualité post-hégélienne et singulièrement, en ce qui le concerne, ce qu'il appelle lui-même le passage de la discipline à la liberté.
Hume's Scepticism
Authors: Robison Wade L.
Published: June 2010

Since Norman Kemp Smith's 1905 article on “The Naturalism of Hume,” there have been two competing theories on the general nature and import of Hume's philosophy. One is that which Kemp Smith attributes to a long line of English and Scottish philosophers, including his target there, Thomas Hill Green. That theory is that “Hume has no set of positive beliefs, and merely develops to a sceptical conclusion the principles which he inherits from Locke and Berkeley” (S149). The conclusion, to quote the first of the long line, Thomas Reid, is that

There is neither matter nor mind in the universe; nothing but impressions and ideas. What we call a body, is only a bundle of sensations; and what we call the mind, is only a bundle of thoughts, passions, and emotions, without any subject.
Locke et le savoir de probabilité
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: June 2010

Dans l'Essay concerning Human Understanding, Locke entreprend de déterminer la nature et les limites du savoir pour l'homme. Il accepte, semble-t-il, l'idée d'une certitude a priori, c'est-à-dire, d'après l'usage du XVIIe siècle, d'une certitude liée à la « lumière naturelle », à l'activité de l'entendement, lorsqu'il perçoit la connexion nécessaire des idées. Les critiques contenues dans le Premier Livre de I'Essay indiquent clairement qu'il ne saurait être question d'interpréter le savoir humain comme s'il se fondait sur des principes évidents, « inscrits » dans l'âme de telle sorte qu'elle pût en prendre conscience avant toute expérience effective; mais, par contre, il n'y a jamais, pour Locke, de conflit entre les principes rationnels dans leur nécessité logique et leur émergence progressive dans la conscience à partir de données de l'expérience: les maximes logiques, comme le principe d'identité, ne sont pas innées, mais elles sont certaines, d'une certitude nécessaire.
Les présupposés et les produits métaphysiques de la science et de la technique contemporaines
Authors: Bunge Mario
Published: June 2010

On aurait du mal à trouver de la métaphysique dans la science moderne. Les théories scientifiques ne nous parlent pas de l'objet, du changement, du hasard, de la vie ou de la pensée en général. Et les données expérimentales ne renferment pas d'idées métaphysiques non plus. À première vue, donc, la science moderne est étrangère, voire hostile, à la métaphysique.

Cette conclusion repose sur la supposition tacite que la science est identique à la somme des produits de la recherche scientifique. Or, cette supposition est fausse: la recherche est une activité qui ne sauiait être confondue avec ses produits. Et l'échafaudage heuristique servant à la recherche, constitué d'idées de toutes sortes, pourrait contenir des composantes métaphysiques.
Anamnesis: Platonic Doctrine or Sophistic Absurdity?
Authors: Cobb William S.
Published: June 2010

There are two basic ways in which the phenomenon of learning is explicated in the Platonic dialogues: First, by means of an analogy with vision, and second, by arguing that the acquisition of knowledge is really anamnesis (recollection). The analogy with vision is the more common of the two and occurs throughout the dialogues. The passage in the Republic comparing the sun and the good (508c-509b) is the best known instance of this approach to the clarification of learning. The basic point of this explication is that the mind, like the eye, in order to discover truth must be turned in the right direction and be trained to apprehend and distinguish the characters of the objects it beholds. In this context, the acquisition of knowledge is clearly a discovery of that which was not previously known, just as the man who escapes from the cave sees what he had not previously seen (Republic, 514a-516c), and at the end of the ascent of the heavenly ladder one “begins to see” what he has not seen before (Symposium, 211b 8).
A Bill of Rights: A Reply to R. N. McLaughlin
Authors: Stewart Carole Borowski
Published: June 2010

In a recently published article, R. N. McLaughlin argues for what he calls an “open form” of bill of rights, in preference to the standard closed form. Such an open form would consist of a directive to the courts “to invalidate laws which offend fundamental morals by depriving citizens of basic rights, or by forcing them to deprive others of basic rights.” A standard form consists, of course, of a list of rights which are not to be violated. His reason for making this proposal is that he does not think the standard form is capable of keeping pace with the changing moral codes which such a bill is supposed to reflect, whereas the open form would by its very nature do so. I should like, in what follows, to argue that the open form presents a number of serious problems which the standard form does not, and that a standard form is in the end to be preferred, both because it does not present these new problems and because it need not be as inflexible in the face of changing moral standards as McLaughlin thinks.
Organicisme en biologie et en psychologie
Authors: Pirlot Paul
Published: June 2010

Dans un ouvrage dont la lecture récente m'a incité à ecrire cet article, le professeur Ludwig von Bertalanffy, attaché jusqu'il y a peu de temps à l'Université del'Alberta à Edmonton, a présenté un nouveau plaidoyer en faveur de l'organicisme.

Plus précisément, Bertalanffy y propose à nos réflexions deux thèmes distincts mais qui sont traités, partiellement imbriqués l'un dans l'autre, dans chacune des deux parties du livre. D'une part, il s'agit d'une relance de ce qu'on appelle la théorie des systemes en biologie ou organicisme; d'autre part, l'auteur nous fait une pressante invitation à étendre les concepts organicistes au domaine de la psychologie humaine. En examinant critiquement ces deux themes, nous pourrons aussi tenter d'apprécier l'importance qu'a prise l'organicisme depuis qu'ont paru les deux premiers ouvrages où Bertalanffy s'en est fait l'avocat, en 1928 et 1932.
Why Language is not an Instrument
Authors: Greenlee Douglas
Published: June 2010

Language, said Locke, “is the great instrument and common tie of society.” “Language,” said Dewey, is “the tool of tools.” According to Wittgenstein, “Language is an instrument.” The instrumental characterization of language has had a long and respectable history, which is a curious fact, considering that as often as not philosophers and others who have affirmed it have evidenced less than full satisfaction with it. It is perhaps such dissatisfaction that urged Locke to add the qualification of “common tie” and that moved Wittgenstein to throw in the suggestion that language is “a form of life” (p. 8).
La ‘Politique’ comme philosophie morale chez Aristote
Authors: Trépanier Emmanuel
Published: June 2010

L'ethique à Nicomaque s'ouvre par une introduction qui fait problème. Et peut-être le fait-elle davantage de ce que nous sommes habitués d'entendre que pour correspondre à la distinction entre individu, société domestique et société civile, la philosophie morale doit se diviser en trois sciences distinctes qui, à transposer simplement les dénominations anciennes, sont: la Monastique, l'Economique et la Politique. Cette division des sciences morales aurait pour fondement de droit que si l'homme est animal sociable, toute société à laquelle il appartient ne comporte pas plus qu'une unité d'ordre, c'est-à-dire que toutes les opérations que l'homme pose ne sont pas nécessairement des opérations de ces sociétés mêmes, des opérations de l'homme en tant qu'il est formellement partie de ces sociétés. On est ainsi conduit à présumer qu'il ne saurait y avoir de confusion possible entre ces trois sciences: chacune a son nom propre pour se tailler dans l'agir humain un domaine tout à fait spécifique.
Confessions philosophiques: Coleridge et Marcel
Authors: Joos Ernest
Published: June 2010

Si l'on en croit Marcel Proust il faut admettre qu'on n'écrit qu'une seule œuvre. Mais alors on doit également accepter comme vraie l'inverse de cette proposition, notamment, si les préoccupations d'un auteur ne se suivent pas, si l'écrivain ou le philosophe voltige d'une fleur à l'autre, s'il se laisse tenter par mille aventures de l'esprit il peut à la rigueur mériter le titre peu flatteur de dilettante. La grandeur de toute œuvre de vie consiste dans sa profonde unité, unité qui se forme derrière, ou si l'on veut au-delà des systèmes ou des théories. Heidegger nomme l'impenśe de l'auteur ce que Gide appelle la part du Dieu ou la part du diable. Mais l'impensé n'est le caché, le voilé que par rapport à ce qui est dévoilé, à ce qui est pensé. Il n'est donc autre que l'infra-structure. C'est à cette structuration alors que l'impensé doit son importance dans l'édifice de nos pensées. Autrement dit, les pensées claires ont leur racine dans le clair-obscur. Il y a toutefois un clair-obscur qui n'en est un que pour le lecteur. L'auteur y est plus à l'aise. C'est le domaine des confessions. Les confessions peuvent prendre des formes différentes, toutefois leur caractéristique générate permet de les distinguer des autres œuvres. Ainsi, quand un philosophe décide de publier son œuvre de jeunesse, dirions-nous, cela tombe dans la catégorie des confessions, tout comme les entretiens avec… et les testaments philosophiques.
On Ontology and Politics: A Polemic
Authors: Sheridan James F
Published: June 2010

There are those who say that the changes in the position of Jean-Paul Sartre from the publication of L'Être et le néant to the appearance of Critique de la raison dialectique constitute a “radical conversion”. Some attribute this conversion to the influence of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Sartre has given support to this claim by acknowledging that Merleau-Ponty taught him politics and in doing so helped to move Sartre from the fierce individualism of his early period to the position which culminated in CRD, a position informed by a much greater appreciation for social entanglement. But what is not clear is that Merleau-Ponty's influence upon Sartre extended to Sartre's fundamental convictions, particularly to his fundamental ontological theses. Kwant tells us that Merleau-Ponty's objections to Sartre in the last days of his life indicate that he believed that Sartre had not altered his ontological views. Sartre has not commented upon that issue. It is of vital interest because Merleau-Ponty explicitly claimed in Les Aventures de la dialectique that Sartre's mistaken political views were a consequence of his mistaken ontological principles. Were this true and were it true that Sartre had not made significant alterations in his ontology, one would expect that Merleau-Ponty would have to have said that Sartre's political views in CRD were similarly mistaken. We know that he did make some comments to that effect but, since Merleau-Ponty's tragic death prevented the full articulation of his latest opinions, we cannot be certain.
Sellars in '70 at 90
Authors: Johnson A. H.
Published: June 2010

Roy Wood Sellars was born in Seaforth, Ontario in 1880. In 1970 he published two massive volumes. One is entitled: The Principles, Perspectives, and Problems of Philosophy; the other: Social Problems and Political Horizons. In the same year an extensive collection of his articles and essays, Principles of Emergent Realism appeared.
La Connaissance quantitative et la connaissance qualitative. Essai D'une Nouvelle Confrontation
Authors: Wojciechowski Jerzy A.
Published: June 2010

C'est un fait que nous distinguons entre la connaissance quantitative et la connaissance qualitative. L'analyse de cette distinction remonte à l'Antiquité. Depuis Aristote, elle semble être acceptée comme définitive. L'épistémologie réaliste du Stagirite Justine la distinction par la différence objective entre les catégories de qualité et de quantité, irréductibles l'une à l'autre. Selon cette optique, les deux modes de connaissance nous offrent deux perspectives différentes sur le monde matériel. Ces deux perspectives se complètent l'une l'autre. Il faut tout de même se demander si les deux sont jugées également nécessaires pour la connaissance sensible du monde perceptible. La question est d'autant plus importante qu'on considère la connaissance sensible comme point de départ du processus intellectuel qui mène, ou doit en principe mener, à la connaissance substantielle de la réalité matérielle.
Extraordinary Language and Medieval Logic
Authors: Trentman John
Published: June 2010

Dr. Desmond Paul Henry has recently published a systematic survey of his research on Anselm's logic which makes use of some of his previously published studies but includes much new material as well. Readers who know his earlier work will not be disappointed in this book. It evidences his usual combination of serious medieval scholarship, acumen in modern logic, and insight into the subtleties of logical problems new and old. It also demonstrates beyond doubt the remarkable skill exercised by St. Anselm in his discussions of a very wide range of logical problems involving such things as paronymy, modal arguments, moral reasoning, numerically definite reasoning, identity, forms of inference, and a variety of puzzles involving contrasts between real and apparent logical form. There is much here of very great interest to both the medievalist and the logician. Henry is also very careful and self-conscious about Anselm's methodology, and he attempts to locate Anselm's work within the general development of medieval logic. I hope that no one will feel excused from reading this book and will miss the rich results of Dr. Henry's studies from the fact that I intend here to argue that his view of the development of medieval logic is highly misleading and seems to involve the use of a distinction which, although it has twentieth-century analogues, is not applicable to medieval logic. First, I shall outline Henry's view; then I shall suggest some counter-evidence; finally I shall suggest that Henry's tools for bringing out and expounding Anselm's method have some problems of their own.
The Truth about Gods and Men
Authors: Sparshott F. E.
Published: June 2010

In his discussion of Plato's treatment of education in Republic II–III, Mr. Crombie writes that the Platonic Socrates “assumes that we tend to become like the characters in the books which we admire; and this,” he adds, “will never do.” He attributes this alleged assumption to a “simple-minded psychology”, but it is not clear what he thinks the psychology is. His words suggest that we are supposed to become like all of the characters in any book we admire, but since these characters are certain to be unlike each other this cannot be what he means. Again, it is odd that it should be admiration of a book that moves us to become like the characters in it, rather than the fact that it has excited or moved us. The notion one would have expected Crombie to attribute to Plato is rather that we tend to become like characters we admire in books that move us; and perhaps this is what he means. Even so, there is something odd in the notion of admiring a character in a book, since such a character is not a real person. What is really meant must be, I think, that books that move us in certain ways tend to arouse in us admiration for character traits of the kinds typified by the characters sympathetically or powerfully portrayed in those books, and that this admiration then leads us to assume those traits ourselves.
La Phénoménologie économique de Fernand Dumont
Authors: Lagueux Maurice
Published: June 2010

Le dernier livre de Fernand Dumont — si l'on excepte son récent recueil de poèmes — se présente à première vue comme un ouvrage à deux versants: un versant épistémologique constitue la première partie consacrée à « la crise et la reconstruction de l'objet » en sciences économiques, un versant dit « phénoménologique » (deuxième partie) porte non plus sur la science mais sur « le monde économique ».

Il convient donc ici de mettre en lumière la façon dont s'articulent ces deux parties et pour ce faire, il peut être intéressant de s'arrêter d'abord a la seconde où ceux qui se sont intéressés au développement de la pensée de Fernand Dumont n'auront pas de mal à retrouver les grandes lignes de celle-ci.
La Psychologie de Platon selon Yvon Brès
Authors: Lafrance Yvon
Published: June 2010

L'ouvrage de M. Yvon Brès sur la Psychologie de Platon se rattache à la meilleure tradition des grands platonisants français. Nous connaissions déjà l'interprétation historique et systématique de Robin (1935), celle mystico-chrétienne, d'inspiration néo-platonicienne de Festugière (1936), l'approche littéraire de Schaerer (1938) et ses recherches sur les rapports entre la pensée et l'expression dans les dialogues platoniciens, l'interprétation structuraliste de Goldschmidt (1947), celle historique et évolutionniste de Schuhl (1954), l'approche socio-politique de Luccioni (1958) et de Chatelet (1965), l'interprétation « idéalisante » de Moreau (1967). 1967). A cette longue liste M. Brès vient d'ajouter son approche freudienne de l'œuvre platonicienne. L'ouvrage n'a guère été improvisé puisque M. Brès nous signale qu'il était déjà sur le métier dans les années 1960–61 (p. 18). Nous n'avons pas de peine à le croire si nous en jugeons par la qualité du travail que l'auteur offre à ses lecteurs. Laissant de côté les détails d'interprétation nous aimerions discuter avec l'auteur les problèmes généraux, d'ordre méthodologique, que pose une approche freudienne de l'ensemble des dialogues platoniciens.
La Méthodologie de Bolzano. Un thème dans la genèse de la pensée phénoménologique et de l'humanisme de notre temps
Authors: Danek Jaromir
Published: June 2010

Le point de départ est logique. Et la logique signifie pour Bolzano une théorie et une méthodologie des sciences. Son œuvre maîtresse, la Doctrine de la Science (WL) est ainsi un livre de logique. Lorsqu'il examine les fondements de toute science, c'est-à-dire, lorsqu'il les définit comme un ensemble de lois analytiques et universelles qui, à leur tour, constituent une science en soi, Bolzano fait bien une analyse de type spécifiquement logique, mais dans le même moment, c'est véritablement sa philosophie qu'il réalise, à savoir, la philosophie des fondements objectifs et a priori de la réalité concrète.
The Problem of Criteria of Pain
Authors: Margolis Joseph
Published: June 2010

It is readily conceded that “pain” is a term in a public language. But the concession leads us at once to speak of a criterion or criteria for its proper ascription; and the concept of a criterion of pain is a particularly difficult concept to lay bare. The issue has its classic source in Wittgenstein, where it extends far beyond the boundaries of mental entities. It is hard to say what Wittgenstein's view actually is regarding criteria; and it may be more profitable to canvass certain untenable possibilities, with an eye to the problem, than to settle what can only be a question of a sort of archaeology.
De l'Esprit laïque médiéval à la laïcité moderne
Authors: Bérubé Camille
Published: June 2010

Cette étude a un double objectif: 10 dégager les grandes lignes de l'ouvrage de Georges de Lagarde, La Naissance de l'Esprit laïque au Moyen Age, tout spécialement du volume V, Guillaume d'Ockham, Critique des structures ecclésiales; 20 retracer les origines de la doctrine actuelle de la laïcité de l'État et ses incidences dans la Constitution dogmatique de l'Église. En un temps où l'Église catholique prend pleinement conscience d'elle-même et approfondit le message qu'elle doit transmettre au monde, l'histoire des manifestations de l'esprit laïque, à une époque qui passe pour avoir réalisé mieux qu'aucune autre l'idéal de la chrétienté, mérite de retenir l'attention. Car cette histoire se prolonge jusqu'à nous.
What Rousseau meant by the General Will
Authors: McAdam James
Published: June 2010

It maybe thought that it is no longer important to understand what Rousseau meant by the General Will. It might be argued that since the term is not used by contemporary political writers it can be assumed that the concept has nothing 10 contribute to the understanding of present-day problems. Or, it might be urged that the meaning given to the General Will by such a disciple as Bosanquet is richer and more useful than what Rousseau himself meant by it. Even if both of these claims can be justified, there is still a need, as long as Rousseau remains prominent in political thought, to try to understand what he meant by his chief concept. Thus, my aim in almost all of this paper is to expound and interpret.
Bare Particulars and Acquaintance: A Reply to Mr. Trentman
Authors: Barber Kenneth
Published: June 2010

Consider two red disks having the same non-relational properties. That they are two and not one, it is claimed by some philosophers, can only be accounted for by claiming that each disk contains an individuator, i.e., a bare particular, which is merely numerically different from the particular in the other disk. While sucli a claim is clearly dialectical, one need not rest the case for bare particulars solely on the dialectical argument. One can, by giving an accurate phenomenological description of the situation containing the two red disks, also attempt to show that one is in fact acquainted with such entities. This latter possibility, however, has recently been challenged by Trentman on the grounds that one cannot give such a description without presupposing the existence of bare particulars.
Unrecognized Particulars: A Reply to Mr. Barber
Authors: Trentman John
Published: June 2010

Mr Barber has admirably understood what he calls my first argument. Unfortunately, he thinks it does not succeed in demonstrating that the phenomenological argument Jbr the existence of bare particulars is circular. Or, rather, he thinks t he phenomeno-logical argument need not be taken in the way I suggested but can be put so that my argument will not apply to it. His attempted phenomenological rejuvenation of the putative acquaintance with bare particulars will not do. Indeed, it can be used to illustrate one of the points I tried to make in my original paper.
Existentialism and Biology
Authors: Goudge T. A.
Published: June 2010

Philosophers of existentialist outlook, although obsessed with the human condition, have neglected the fact that men have bodies and arc members of the animal kingdom. Because of this neglect, two opportunities have been missed. Existentialists have failed to draw upon the knowledge amassed by biology about living things and about man's place in the organic world. They have also failed to take a look at biological phenomena in the light of their own conceptual scheme. As a result, they have had a one-sided view of what the human condition is and have misconstrued the nature of man. It is therefore an event worthy of notice when a philosopher sympathetic to existentialism deals seriously with these matters, as Professor Jonas does in his interesting book.
The Beginning of the World
Authors: Wallace James D.
Published: June 2010

Kant offered the following proof for the thesis that the world has a beginning in time:

If we assume that the world has no beginning in time, then up to every given moment an eternity has elapsed, and there has passed away in the world an infinite series of successive states of things. Now the infinity of a series consists in the fact that it can never be completed through successive synthesis. It thus follows that it is impossible for an infinite world-series to have passed away, and that a beginning of the world is therefore a necessary condition of the world's existence.
Family Resemblances and Paradigm Cases
Authors: Coder David
Published: June 2010

Current discussions of how words have meaning owe a great deal to the two ideas of family resemblances and paradigm cases. But the relations between these ideas have not been examined sufficiently. Some people regard the ideas as pretty much the same, or at least as complementary. Others regard them as distinct but compatible instruments for ordinary language analysis. I believe that both attitudes are probably wrong. Almost certainly, neither attitude is justified given the most common understandings of the two ideas.
Trying
Authors: McCormick Suzanne , Thalberg Irving
Published: June 2010

The notion of trying is vital to any theory of action. You could hardly analyse much of what people do without mentioning their efforts, successful and unsuccessful. A man's desires and decisions find expression in his attempts. What you are trying to do is also a prime example of what you know without benefit of evidence and observation. It might seem that little attention has been devoted to this central concept because it is philosophically trouble-free. Isn't trying simply exerting yourself—mentally or physically—as a means of bringing about some result you want? And just as you can think of anything under the sun, can't you try to do anything at all? These and similar natural views of trying call forth a swarm of minor, but challenging problems. To begin with, there are at least three relevant species of trying besides the pre-eminent cause-effect or meansends type. I won't take time to belabor the suggestion that trying is merely bracing yourself inwardly, while manifesting your subcutaneous capers through your behavior. But this quaint hypothesis does raise problems. Is trying just doing something? To what extent is it constituted by the agent's intentions and beliefs? As for what a person can try to do, a random survey indicates that there are unsuspected limits. It sounds absurd to describe a person as attempting to choke, to misplace something, to feel pain, to get annoyed or discouraged.
The Ontology of the Tractatus
Authors: Narveson Anne
Published: June 2010

It is often quite proper, philosophically speaking, to raise objections to a philosophical inquiry because it is seeking an answer to a question which ought not to have been raised in the first place. So in this instance, one might maintain that it is illegitimate to ask questions about the metaphysics of the Tractatus, just because the Tractatus is not the sort of book which is supposed to have a particular metaphysics. The Tractatus, we have heard said, is a book on the philosophy of language, not one on metaphysics; it is a specification of what language is, or ought to be like, and is not meant to have anything to do with the metaphysical constitution of the world.
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Actions
Authors: Radcliff Peter
Published: June 2010

Whether one can decide or choose to believe is a difficult problem, with important consequences for ethics. An appeal to ordinary language is not likely to be decisive. On occasion, “I choose to believe,” “he adopted the belief,” and “do not believe,” find use. Of course, one can decide or choose to pursue belief. Pascal gave a prescription for producing certain religious beliefs. There are other prescriptions for other beliefs. Is there a stronger sense in which I can decide or choose to believe ? I do not use a causal recipe in performing many actions. Is there some way of choosing or deciding to believe that does not involve causal recipes.
De l'Esprit laïque du Moyen Age à la Laïcite moderne: II — Laïcité de L'État Moderne in the main title
Authors: Bérubé Camille
Published: June 2010

Le mouvement laïque du Moyen Age nous est apparu, en gros, comme un phénomène chrétien, parce qu'inhérent à la structure même du christianisme médiéval. Georges de Lagarde le définit comme la revendication par les princes chrétiens d'attributions exercées par les autorités ecclésiastiques, tant dans l'ordre spirituel que dans l'ordre temporel. Il reflète un état social caractéristique du Moyen Age chrétien. D'une part, en effet, les nations chrétiennes appartiennent à une même et unique chrétienté où la distinction entre le citoyen et le chrétien n'a de conséquences pratiques que pour d'infimes minorités juives ou hérétiques vivant en marge de la communauté. D'autre part, l'autorité civile se présente plus volontiers comme une participation à la plénitude de puissance du pape, au temporel comme spirituel, que comme une institution de droit naturel.