bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecolalia de Luís Quintais: para uma proposta de tradução como procura do esquecimento
Authors: Bertoneri Gaia
Published: December 2021

No presente artigo, pretendemos analisar a obra do poeta português contemporâneo Luís Quintais a partir da nossa própria experiência de tradução do português para o italiano como tentativa de investigação da mesma. Apresentaremos portanto o projeto da antologia poética Ecolalia, publicado em Itália pela editora LietoColle em 2018, cujo lançamento foi feito com a presença do autor no âmbito do Festival literário Pordenonelegge. O tema que relaciona a obra do autor e a estrutura da antologia italiana é a memória. Em primeiro lugar, apresentaremos a obra de Luís Quintais através de alguns poemas incluídos na antologia mencionada. Em segundo lugar, tentaremos assim aplicar à nossa reflexão sobre o trabalho de tradução aquilo que Walter Benjamin chamava processo de «reativação do eco do original» (Benjamin, 1962: 44) onde o esquecimento é a marca mais importante para estudar a obra do poeta português. Estudaremos esse aspecto tentando nos questionar sobre o sentido de ‘ecolalia’ debatido em Linguísticaa (HELLER-ROAZEN, 2007), que é também especialista em tradutologia e tradutor, evidenciando o papel da memória nos sujeitos afásicos. Por último, demostraremos como esse aspecto da memória se revela eficaz para o exercício de tradução quer na atividade de tradutores profissionais quer na nossa proposta de tradução do portuês para o italiano.

Palavras-chave: Poesia Portuguesa Contemporânea. Luís Quintais. Tradução. Memória. Esquecimento.
(Un)fit for 55! Ohne eine verschärfte Governance-Verordnung sind die Klimaziele 2030 nicht zu erreichen
Authors: Knodt Michèle , Müller Rainer , Schlacke Sabine , Ringel Marc
Published: December 2021

The European Commission's “Fit for 55” package of July 2021 provides for a significant increase in renewable energy and energy efficiency targets in the European Union (EU). However, the EU’s competences in the energy sector are severely limited and subject to sovereignty. Already in 2018, the EU adopted a Governance Regulation that provides for a hardening of the otherwise only soft governance in the areas of renewable energies and energy efficiency due to the lack of European competences. It is intended to ensure that the Commission's recommendations for improving national energy and climate plans are implemented by the member states. An analysis of the quality of implementation of these recommendations now shows that this has a positive effect in areas with harder soft governance but still needs improvement. Increasing the targets of regulatory action cannot be successful without revising the Governance Regulation and hardening soft governance along with it. Otherwise, the EU is not fit for its 55 percent target in 2030.
Soziale Medien und der Wandel von Staatlichkeit in der Digitalisierung
Authors: Lambach Daniel
Published: December 2021

Die Digitalisierung verändert den Staat. Dabei sind soziale Medien ein wichtiger Resonanzraum von sowie ein Handlungsfeld für Staaten. Zum einen finden sich in sozialen Medien Repräsentationen von Staatlichkeit, zum anderen sind Staaten dort auch als digitale Akteure unterwegs. Aus der organisatorischen Zersplitterung des Staates entstehen jedoch Kohärenzprobleme in seiner Onlinekommunikation. Dennoch eröffnen soziale Medien auch Chancen zur Adaption und Erweiterung von Handlungsrepertoires. Dies wird an zwei Beispielen klassischer Staatstätigkeit illustriert: digitale Diplomatie und Informationskrieg. In beiden Fällen werden traditionelle Praktiken von Staatlichkeit nicht revolutioniert, sondern angepasst und weiterentwickelt. Daher plädiert der Artikel dafür, bei der Analyse des Wandels von Staatlichkeit in der Digitalisierung dessen Handeln in den sozialen Medien zentral zu berücksichtigen.
Die Rolle sozialer Medien für zivilgesellschaftliche Advocacy: Individualisierung, Vermachtung, Kommerzialisierung?
Authors: Schneiker Andrea , Ecker-Ehrhardt Matthias
Published: December 2021

Die Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) haben sich bisher nur in Ansätzen mit der Nutzung sozialer Medien durch Advocacy-Organisationen befasst. Dabei werden die von den Organisationen genutzten Strategien hauptsächlich aus den Eigenschaften der sozialen Medien abgeleitet. Weitgehend unberücksichtigt bleiben jedoch die in diese Strategien einbezogenen individuellen Nutzer*innen und ihre Motivationen. Wir argumentieren, dass es notwendig ist, sowohl die Charakteristika sozialer Medien als auch die Motivationen individueller Nutzer*innen zu berücksichtigen. Nur dadurch ergibt sich erstens ein umfassendes Bild davon, wie Advocacy-Organisationen soziale Medien strategisch nutzen, und zweitens vor welchen Herausforderungen die Organisationen dabei stehen. Bestehende Trends der Individualisierung, Vermachtung und Kommerzialisierung werden durch den strategischen Einsatz sozialer Medien für digitale Advocacy verstärkt.
Militär im Risikomanagement? – Strategische Ausrichtung von Streitkräften im Klimawandel
Authors: Bayer Stefan , Struck Simon
Published: December 2021

Das Scheitern internationaler Klimaschutzregime wird trotz des Pariser-Vertrages von 2015 zunehmend offener diskutiert. Gleichzeitig manifestiert sich der Klimawandel bereits heute in verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen. Die daraus resultierenden Implikationen für die Sicherheitspolitik beeinflussen auch die strategische Ausrichtung von Streitkräften. Wie im Nachfolgenden gezeigt wird, strukturiert diese sich entlang einer Risikologik. Ein Risikomanagement strebt dabei einerseits an, präventiv den Klimawandel weitestgehend zu vermeiden, indem Klimapolitik im Militär betrieben wird (Green Military). Andererseits soll die Schadenshöhe von eintretenden Klimaeffekten durch Streitkräfte minimiert werden. Beide diskutierten Managementstrategien zeigen auf, dass einzelstaatliche und autoritative Bearbeitungen in der strategischen Ausrichtung der Streitkräfte im Klimawandel an ihre Grenzen stoßen und kooperatives Handeln zur Resilienzsteigerung gegen einen sich verschärfenden Klimawandel deutlich wichtiger werden wird.
Die Territorialisierung der Global Commons
Authors: Lambach Daniel , Diehl Carlo
Published: December 2021

Global Commons sind Gemeingüter in Räumen jenseits nationalstaatlicher Kontrolle: die Ozeane und der Meeresboden, die Atmosphäre, der Weltraum und die Polregionen. Während die Forschung zur Regulierung von Global Commons vor allem deren Effektivität zur nachhaltigen Ressourcennutzung untersucht, ist wenig über ihre Entstehung oder Nicht-Entstehung sowie ihre Dynamiken bekannt. In diesem Aufsatz argumentieren wir, dass die Territorialisierung von Global Commons, also ihre Parzellierung und Aufteilung unter staatliche Kontrolle, heute anders abläuft als in früherer Zeit. Während es lange üblich war, dass durch Territorialisierung souveräne Ansprüche auf Commons-Räume entstanden, vollzog sich Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts ein Normwandel, so dass Territorialisierung seither fast ausschließlich auf funktionale Kontrollrechte begrenzt wird. Ein Vergleich von 13 Fällen in den fünf Domänen der Global Commons deutet an, dass Prozesse der De- und Reterritorialisierung bestehender Arrangements durch technologischen Wandel und die daraus entstehenden Nutzungskonflikte und sicherheitspolitischen Rivalitäten angestoßen werden.
Mitleids- und Hilfsmüdigkeit bei humanitären Krisen: Zum Effekt übermäßigen Medienkonsums
Authors: Daßler Benjamin , Zangl Bernhard , Meegdenburg Hilde van
Published: December 2021

Auf sozialpsychologische Theorien der Compassion Fatigue zurückgreifend wird im vorliegenden Beitrag eine neue Forschungsperspektive entwickelt, die den Zusammenhang zwischen übermäßigem Konsum politischer Medieninhalte einerseits und Mitleids- und Hilfsmüdigkeit andererseits in den Blick nimmt. Die These ist, dass ein Medienkonsum, der mit einer übermäßigen Konfrontation mit menschlichen Leiderfahrungen einhergeht, zu emotionaler Abstumpfung führen kann. Deshalb trägt insbesondere ein wenig intensiver, zugleich aber häufiger Medienkonsum dazu bei, dass Bürger*innen unter anderem bei humanitären Krisen nur noch begrenzt Mitleid mit und Hilfsbereitschaft für die Opfer empfinden. Sie unterstützen humanitäre Hilfs- und Interventionsmaßnahmen ihres Staates zur Linderung des menschlichen Leids viel weniger als Bürger*innen deren Medienkonsum weniger häufig oder aber intensiver erfolgt. Diese These der medienbedingten Mitleids- und Hilfsmüdigkeit bei humanitären Krisen wird im vorliegenden Beitrag theoretisch entwickelt und gestützt auf Daten einer Umfrage empirisch plausibilisiert. Damit wird eine neue Forschungsperspektive für die Analyse humanitärer Hilfspolitiken moderner Demokratien (sowie ihrer Außenpolitik ganz allgemein) eröffnet.
Kulturalistische (Wirtschafts)Ethik
Authors: Beschorner Thomas , Hübscher Marc C. , Kettner Matthias
Published: December 2021

Auf der Grundlage eines aufgeklärten Kulturbegriffs schlagen wir eine Neukonzeptualisierung (wirtschafts-)ethischer Theoriebildung vor, die, erstens, zu einem besseren Verständnis von Wirtschaft in der Gesellschaft beiträgt, zweitens, normative Orientierungen bietet und, drittens, diese (positive) sozialwissenschaftliche und (normative) ethische Herangehensweise konsistent zu verbinden vermag. Dabei unterscheiden wir zwischen einer ›Kulturtheorie der Normativität‹ und einer ›normativen Theorie der Kultur‹. Diese beiden Perspektiven auf den Gegenstandsbereich stellen zwei Seiten ein und derselben Medaille dar, deren Zusammenspiel es ermöglicht, eine ›Ethik von unten‹ zu entwickeln, die lebensweltlich verankert ist und zugleich ›normative Höhenentwicklungen‹ erlaubt.
Interconnected Society – Interconnected (Criminal) Law.
Authors: Höffler Katrin , Sommerer Lucia
Published: December 2021

The rhizome is an infinite, dynamic root network without a main branch. It is not just a scientific term that describes the growth of fungi; the image of the rhizome also reflects today’s interconnectedness of society driven by globalisation and digitisation. This article explores how rhizomatic structures are currently mirrored in criminal law (scholarship). First a distinction is drawn between the rhizomatic perspective and existing theoretical concepts for the description of global dependencies, such as the “world (risk) society”. Second the article analyses how new criminal norms are needed to address newly created vulnerabilities. Such novel global vulnerabilities include e.g., computer crimes. Further, it is explained how a world-wide interconnectedness of vulnerabilities may lead to a convergence of criminal law standards. The paper concludes by advocating for an interconnected criminal law scholarship.
Word, Sign and Representation in Descartes
Authors: Ben-Yami Hanoch ,   Zeta Books
Published: December 2021

In the first chapter of his The World, Descartes compares light to words and discusses signs and ideas. This made scholars read into that passage our views of language as a representational medium and consider it Descartes’ model for representation in perception. I show, by contrast, that Descartes does not ascribe there any representational role to language; that to be a sign is for him to have a kind of causal role; and that he is concerned there only with the cause’s lack of resemblance to its effect, not with the representation’s lack of resemblance to what it represents. I support this interpretation by comparisons with other places in Descartes’ corpus and with earlier authors, Descartes’ likely sources. This interpretation may shed light both on Descartes’ understanding of the functioning of language and on the development of his theory of representation in perception.
Ciclos econômicos, morfologia urbana e sistemas territoriais em Urucará (AM)
Authors: Marques Rildo Oliveira , Serrão Arenilton Monteiro , Bartoli Estevan
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo tem por objetivo compreender o crescimento urbano de Urucará (AM) com base nos elementos que compõem a análise da morfologia urbana e as redes de sujeitos locais que dinamizam a economia da cidade e moldam o espaço intraurbano. Para se entender a atual forma e as dimensões do plano urbano, retomam-se aspectos históricos de como a cidade foi se alterando a partir de sua inserção na rede urbana regional por meio de surtos e declínios de ciclos político-econômicos e como isso se refletiu nos planos urbanos estabelecidos. Na sequência, analisa-se a morfologia urbana reconfigurada por sistemas territoriais: Urbano-Ribeirinho (ligado à economia popular) e Urbano-Fluvial (ligado ao capital mercantil e setores dominantes da economia local). Os resultados finais salientam que a expansão urbana é condicionada pelo fator sítio que limita ou potencializa sua apropriação e que a cidade enquanto forma tem possibilitado práticas espaciais a partir de diversas centralidades, condicionando um contínuo movimento entre a sede e interiores.
Playing with time to escape time and space: Slow Music Improvisation in an online space for Mindfulness
Authors: Mayall Jeremy Mark
Published: December 2021

This article is an exegetical look at a series of improvisational concert/performance/co-creations that started in the lockdown of March 2020 in New Zealand. This informal series of livestream concerts has continued to develop since that time, with a range of collaborative performers. This article serves to unpick some of the creative practice and conceptual framework that outline this series from the point of view of individual creative reflection and mindfulness. This series of events were designed to provide space for shared improvisation as a tool for mindfulness in uncertain times. It was also designed to provide some collective moments of reflection through a shared remote experience. But at the core, this series is in exploring ideas of slow improvisation. Working in a purely online context utilising the limitations of video and sound sharing technology to create specific new performative experiences. As a part of this process we as performers are places into a situation that works between individual awareness (as you are in a space by yourself) and collective experience (as you perform together online). This experience is very intuitive and the participants are forced to embrace the uncertainty of the environment and technology, and recognise the spontaneity of improvisational experiences that are mediated through the experience of shifting time, and the disembodied nature of Zoom to create music that has a sense of release and connection.
The influence of national culture on the compensation system in selected countries
Authors: Gašić Dimitrije
Published: December 2021

The escalating pace of globalization affects the increased need of organizations to develop effective compensation programs. Business cannot be imagined without one of the key things and that is human resources. Creative and productive employees are of great importance for the success of any organization. For the satisfaction and loyalty of employees, the compensation system, which consists of basic pay, incentive pay, and benefits, is of key importance. The goal of the compensation system is to simultaneously ensure the main goals of employees and employers, i.e. the purchasing power and satisfaction of employees, as well as the business success of the company. In times of crisis, determining the amount of basic pay, selecting adequate incentives, and offering various benefits became especially important. The aim of this paper is to present the basic elements of the compensation system in twenty countries around the world and to analyze the impact of national culture on the compensation system. The paper will present the following dimensions of national culture according to Hofstede's classification: distance from power, individualism versus collectivism, male versus female cultures, avoidance of uncertainty, long-term versus short-term orientation, compliant versus restrained cultures. The analysis included twenty countries around the world, which are grouped as follows: the first 8 countries are members of the EU, the other 6 countries are located in the CEE region and the last 6 countries represent very important countries around the world. The paper determines the influence of the dimensions of national culture on the compensation system in selected countries from the European Union, the region of Central and Eastern Europe, and other countries, the paper is the basis for further research in this area.
Cointegration analysis of stock market index and exchange rate: The case of Serbian economy
Authors: Marjanović Milena , Mihailović Ivan , Dimitrijević Ognjen
Published: December 2021

Since the late 90's, the existence and direction of causality between the capital market and foreign exchange market have attracted significant attention of theoretical and empirical researchers. This is because both of these financial variables have an indisputable role in the development of each country's economy. In this paper we use Johansen procedure and Granger causality test to examine the existence and direction of short-run and long-run dynamics between the leading stock market index BELEX15 and RSD/EUR exchange rate in Serbia. Using ADF test we find that both series are integrated of order one, and since the value of Johansen trace statistics confirmed the existence of cointegration, we have proceeded with estimation of the VECM model. According to our VECM model, the BELEX15 index adjusts to the long-run equilibrium relationship at a rate of 11.72% in each period, while the exchange rate adjusts to the long-run equilibrium relationship at a rate of 2.73%. We also find that there is unidirectional causality and that the market index influences the exchange rate movements in the short-run in terms of Granger.
Trade facilitation performance influences on ASEAN trade flows
Authors: Thu Nguyen , Thanh Tran
Published: December 2021

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) considers trade facilitation as a driving force in forming a single market and a single production base. This paper constructs an ASEAN scorecard for measuring the performance of trade facilitation strategic plans by ASEAN member states. Next, a structural gravity model is used in the paper in order to estimate the trade facilitation performance influence on ASEAN trade flows. The fact that the indicator of easing Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) and institutional coordination, on the one hand, and the ASEAN member states' engagement indicator, on the other, had the highest enforcement scores in ASEAN in the period 2017-2019. Those two indicators also exert the biggest influence on ASEAN trade flows, especially ASEAN extra-regional trade.
International law as a factor of modern business
Authors: Stevanović Miroslav , Đurđević Dragan
Published: December 2021

Business today imposes the need to be harmonized not only with domestic, but also with international legal norms and standards. It is impossible to expect entrepreneurs to be acquainted with all normative changes that may affect business, since some of them are not related with the activity itself or administrative support. The subject of this paper is a series of factors of international legal nature, which arise from a new technological development, finance, sustainable development, ecology and other areas, which determine the adjustment of entrepreneurs' attitudes towards the use of legal services. The paper starts from the premise that the environment of new technologies, intensive global interdependence and universalization of values imposes on business the requirement to set in advance according to possible legal problems. The aim of the paper stems from the business function, in addition to profit, to promote social stability, which is why it should meet the requirements of efficiency and sustainability, to ensure competitiveness, which imposes the need to reconsider the appropriate model of using legal teams in business. In this context, the paper analyzes the development of international legal challenges for business, the approach to hiring legal experts and dealing with modern normative frameworks in business. The results of the analysis provide a basis for three conclusions: first, that the use of legal experts in advance is a factor of business efficiency and sustainability, second, that modern business requires reliance on experts with specialized legal skills and, third, that legal representatives become strategic partners of entrepreneurship. defining the future of the business.
External and internal macroeconomic shocks in case of small economy with the currency board
Authors: Vitomir Jelena , Lazić Đorđe
Published: December 2021

External and internal economic shocks can threaten the macroeconomic stability of a small economy. In the currency board regime, there is no role for the Central Bank as a macroeconomic stabilizer in the event of an external or internal shock. In this paper, the research is based on the analysis of eight countries with small economies with currency boards or discretionary monetary policy. The impact and connections between changes in EURIBOR, interest rates, inflation measured by the GDP deflator, money supply and GDP in the period 1997-2015 are analyzed. The paper proves that in countries with a currency board, whose regimes have a harmonized relationship with the European Central Bank and EURIBOR, interest rate shocks are less pronounced. The analysis of the links between EURIBOR, interest rates, money supply, inflation and GDP is not statistically significant in the "experiment" countries. In the control sample of countries with a variable exchange rate, the situation is heterogeneous for individual countries, but statistical significance has been determined in relation to EURIBOR and inflation. We conclude that EURIBOR may be one of the generators of exogenous shocks. In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), there are much more significant internal transmission mechanisms that lead to macroeconomic imbalances. The growth of deposits was preceded by the growth of loans and money supply. This led to a fall in interest rates which the Central Bank of BiH (CBB&H) could not influence due to the currency board. However, the fall in interest rates did not yield the expected results. GDP has shrunk, inflation is falling, while at the same time the high unemployment rate has remained unchanged. The nominal exchange rate of the domestic currency was determined by law, but there was an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which affected the increase in the foreign trade imbalance. The result of the currency board is price stability, nominal exchange rate stability and money supply growth. Negative results are: appreciation of the real exchange rate, faster growth of imports and maintaining a very high unemployment rate. Macroeconomic developments in the BiH economy do not always have the right course that can be expected in mature economies. The achievements and applicability of standard macroeconomic policies are very limited.
Cultural heritage in K&M in the light of implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1244
Authors: Stevanović Miroslav , Đurđević Dragan
Published: December 2021

On the part of the Republic of Serbia, the UN Security Council has established a temporary mandate of the United Nations. During this mandate, self-government institutions should be developed, until a political solution is reached about the final political status of that part of the territory. As the territorialization of any political community implies the tradition in specific region, thus among the elements for considering are the historical ones, which are evidenced by the cultural heritage in the area. This significance is recognized at the international level and heritage enjoys international protection. In the case of Kosovo and Metohija, under the complex administration mechanism of the United Nations, temporary Kosovo institutions and the European Union, there is a large scale destruction of religious buildings, cemeteries and other sites related to the history and life of the Serbian people there. This paper looks into the implementation of the umbrella legal framework under which the destruction of cultural heritage is possible. In this context, we look at the responsibilities for protection, the theoretical approach behind current practice and the possibilities mandated by Security Council Resolution 1244. The aim of this work is to examine whether the practice of non-compliance with international law regarding the protection of cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija is a consequence of noncompliance or inconsistent application of a legally binding Security Council resolution. The analysis shows that the current protection mechanism is inadequate, that apologetic approaches are being developed in theory that justify distortion of historical facts and voluntaristic targeted interpretation of law, but that Resolution 1244 is not an obstacle to the protection of cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija. Direct involvment of the Republic of Serbia with other international subjects in protection of its heritage is in line with the development in international cultural law, which increasingly imposes the need to ensure the coordination of international entities for the implementation of international norms governing the obligation to protect cultural goods and sites. As the Republic of Serbia is the party to relevant international agreements and has a legitimate interest in preserving its identity and heritage in Kosovo and Metohija, the complexity of relations regarding the province's final status requires a special strategy to protect cultural heritage and to insist on consistent implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244.
Regulation of teachers' salaries and verification of certificates in Kosovo and Metohija in the period from 1878 to 1912
Authors: Simić Mirjana
Published: December 2021

The position of the Serbian schools and teachers in Kosovo and Metohija was harsh and insecure due to constant attack and criticism from the Turks and Arbanasi. The Turkish government considered the teachers to be the people actively working on achieving Serbian national interests, and the schools were believed to be places where the utmost authority of the Turkish government and state is being constantly undermined. Educational politics sought to make schools places where students and bearers of national cultural prosperity are educated. Perceived this way, elementary school and conception of education and upbringing, instigated high demands from future educators. Teachers were required to be both transmitters of knowledge as well as the national workers and educators. Unable to start fundamental social changes, teachers focused their social work on awakening national consciousness and preserving school self-government based on the privileges of the Patriarchate and on informing the Consulate about all events in their area. Serbian government used their reports for official protests in front of Turkish Porta as well as for informing the world public about the position of their countrymen in Ottoman Empire. Thus, most of all, the Turkish state authorities challenged the work permit of Serbian schools. Teachers had to confirm their school diplomas before the competent authorities in the town of Skoplje, which fundamentally changed the social position of Serbian schools.
Hacker attacks as a form of syber terrorism
Authors: Klisarić Sanja
Published: December 2021

As we are referred intensively and inevitably to all the contents that are important to us on the Internet, the number of hacker attacks is by the logic of things, more and more frequent. This phenomenon warns that all state security systems are under constant threat from cyber terrorism. This paper analyzez the hacker attack as a phenomenon, as a consequence and cause, but also as an instrument of cyber terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to point out those elements of this type of terrorism that are not adequately represented, and thus not recognized in a way that should be taken seriously and opposed. The paper presents observations that aim to point out the way in which hacker attacks could be suppressed and intercepted.
Cyber crime as a security risk on the internet
Authors: Darijević Vićentije
Published: December 2021

The development of the Internet affects human society in two ways: it enables society to progress and endangers security.Online access platforms facilitate business, education and contacts.On the other hand, individuals who access virtual platforms expose their privacy and their assets to the risk of cyber attacks.Unfortunately, one gets the impression that legislation cannot keep pace with technological advances so that many crimes committed on the internet remain unsanctioned. This paper points out the characteristics of cybercrime, gives an overview of international documents aimed at establishing cyber security.A list of domestic legislative regulations by which the Republic of Serbia seeks to solve the problems caused by cybercrime is also given.It also points out the characteristics of this type of crime that directly affect the impossibility of global regulation and protection of Internet users.
Limitations on freedom of expression in practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the notion of disinformation
Authors: Đukanović Anđela
Published: December 2021

The phenomenon of disinformation spreading is a well-known phenomenon. The problem has intensified primarily due to advances in technology. In addition, there is an increased desire for additional information in circumstances of uncertainty and crisis. Some states even resorted to vague or too strict laws or derogations of rights in case of public emergency. While examining whether there is a need for interference with freedom of expression, it seems that the European Court of Human Rights does not give special relevance to the term of disinformation. Nevertheless, two key elements of disinformation can be distinguished. Disinformation is tied to the information's veracity and the intent of the information provider. When determining whether an interference with freedom of expression is justified, the European Court of Human Rights gives these elements some weight, along with comprehensive analysis of other relevant factors. Fear from spreading disinformation must not lead the authorities to simply adopt strict and/or vague laws with severe penalties, which might fail to meet the requirements of freedom of expression protection. However, the term of disinformation can have value in policymaking directed at raising the credibility of information in general.
Challenges of accounting in the modern digital environment
Authors: Vićentijević Kosana
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the implications of the accounting profession in the context of digitization and smart financial reporting. The importance of digital transformation of accounting and auditing teams in the direction of using digital technologies and professional skills for compiling and disclosing smart financial reports of economic entities is emphasized. In this context, the paper lists the skills and knowledge that should be improved by accounting professionals for new sophisticated accounting information systems. The paper concludes that the application of digital accounting will enable the improvement of financial reporting of economic entities at the national and global level.
Responsibility of internal auditors in the management of fraud risks
Authors: Stanišić Mile
Published: December 2021

When fraud occurs in the organization, many wonder - where was the internal audit. The aim of this work is to determine what are the responsibilities of internal audit in the management of fraud risks and what regulations define them. Internal Auditing Standards and the Code of Ethics for Internal Auditors are places where the responsibility of internal auditors for managing fraud risks is established, and the Internal Audit Charter is a document that authorizes internal auditors. The internal audit function plays an important role in the overall monitoring of fraud risk management programs. This is primarily evident from the independent assurance that the internal audit function provides to the Board and management that existing fraud risk management controls are adequately planned and efective.
The concept of national treasures under Polish and EU cultural heritage law
Authors: Jakubowski Andrzej
Published: December 2021

"National treasure" is one of the key notions of cultural heritage law. It is of particular relevance for the European Union in the context of the free movement of goods in the Single Market and the permitted exceptions to this freedom. In principle, it refers to those objects "possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value" whose preservation is in the vital cultural interest of the Member State concerned. Hence national law constraints on their import and export do not violate treaty obligations in force so long as such constraints are not arbitrary or do not constitute disguised restrictions on trade between Member States. The question arises, however, as to the practical meaning of this notion, i.e. whether Member States can freely determine what constitutes a "national treasure". This article seeks to answer that question by analysing how the notion of national treasures was transposed into the Polish legal system in 2017, and what the consequences of this recent regulatory intervention might be.
Investment arbitration and the MFN conundrum: The long and winding road from Maffezini to Içkale
Authors: Živković Uroš
Published: December 2021

Interpretation of the most-favored nation clause in investment treaty arbitration has been sparking debates for the better part of two decades. The paper examines the issue from the perspective of two opposing ends-a broad stance of the seminal decision in Maffezini Case and a recent more restrictive approach undertaken by the arbitral tribunal in Içkale decision, in order to paint in broad strokes the outlines of a balancing act mechanism in interpretation that author puts forward.
Christology in the works of Justin the Philosopher and the Martyr
Authors: Milić Ružica
Published: December 2021

Justin the Philosopher and the Martyr is an important figure in the history of the early Christian church. This paper will present Justin's thought, which is essentially Christocentric. The originality of Justin's Christology lies in revising the notion of the Logos and giving that notion a new meaning - the Christian meaning. The basic claim from which Justin starts is that the Logos is Christ who is God. The Logos, although God, differs from the Father only numerically, not by nature. That is why one of the main determinations of God the Father is the First God, while the Logos is the Second God. The conclusions that are imposed about the consequences of Justin's Christology directly affect the life of every Christian and they are multiple; namely, they concern man's salvation (soteriological consequences), ecclesiological consequences (liturgical life), but also eschatological consequences (hopes for the event of the second coming of Christ and the resurrection of the dead). The aim of this article is to shed light on the main features of Justin's Christology, through whose prism Justin derives other aspects of the Christian faith and thus positions man as a relational being, primarily determined by three relations: to God, to the world and to himself.
Cultural heritage in Kosovo through the eyes of Rebecca West
Authors: Stojanović-Šešlak Ivana
Published: December 2021

A large part of our public is familiar with the name of the British-Irish author Rebecca West. Domestic journalism abounds with texts about the author due to her extremely positive writing about Serbs and Serbian culture. In the travelogue Black Lamb and the Gray Falcon, West expresses great admiration for our cultural heritage and understanding of our identity, which she identifies with the poem The Fall of the Serbian Empire. During her stay in Macedonia, she was introduced to Bishop Nikolaj, whom she considered one of the most extraordinary people she had ever met. In her travelogue, the author draws a comparison between the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 and England in 1939. In this paper, we will try to present her experience of monasteries in Kosovo, pointing to the fact that she considered herself different from other Western authors who, like herself, wrote about the Balkans.
A short review of titania-graphene oxide based composites as a photocatalysts
Authors: Stepić Katarina , Ljupković Radomir , Ickovski Jovana , Zarubica Aleksandra
Published: December 2021

New and effective methods of water purification are necessary to minimize pollution. Many methods have been used in wastewater treatment, but sorption is considered as an easy and economic process. The efficiency of any sorption process mainly depends on the physicochemical properties of the used adsorbent. Since photocatalysts can initiate reactions of decomposition organic contaminants under ultraviolet or sunlight irradiation without using chemicals or producing chemical wastes, photocatalytic reactions are considered a sustainable way to remove a variety of environmental pollutants. Ultraviolet water purification became the most effective method of water disinfection and purification. Heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts have recently emerged as an efficient material for purifying water. The crystal structure is crucial for photocatalytic activity and efficiency of semiconductors, thus optimal parameters must be provided during the preparation of photocatalysts. To overcome problems with semiconductors usage, the use of co-catalysts and photocatalyst carriers is one of the solutions. Recently, much emphasis has been placed on using graphene oxide (GO) supported semiconductor photocatalysts. In this paper, a short review of composites of titanium dioxide and graphene oxide-based materials is given.
Analysis of the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic through the sojourn tax and the attitudes of the respondents
Authors: Jakovljević Nemanja
Published: December 2021

The impact of the global epidemic caused by the appearance and spread of the Covid19 virus has led to strong effects on all human labor activities, of which tourism stands out, as the activity most affected by the virus. Less than two years have passed since the outbreak of the epidemic, and tourism, as an activity, has slowly begun to return to its pre-epidemic state since the complete collapse at the interstate level. This paper will analyze the impact of the current global epidemic on tourism in the Republic of Serbia through the analysis of the sojourn tax in the period of 3 consecutive years from 2018 to 2020, while researching the attitudes of sampled respondents on tourist visits during the epidemic. The issue of the tourist tax and its positive and negative sides will also be considered. The main conclusion is that the revenues from the tourist tax in most local self-government units recorded a declining trend, which in most cases was not significant, as a result of a good state strategy and encouragement of domestic tourism during the global closure and crisis caused by the pandemic Covid19. Most of the total number of respondents are satisfied with the level of tourist services in their home country and after the pandemic they will visit domestic tourist destinations more often.
Las emergencias constitucionales no regladas o insuficientemente regladas: una aproximación teórico-práctica
Authors: Fernández de Casadevante Mayordomo Pablo
Published: December 2021

Junto con las habituales controversias jurídicas, abordadas desde el derecho de la normalidad, surgen a veces ciertas situaciones que, amenazando la propia subsistencia del orden constitucional, requieren la aplicación de medidas extraordinarias. Son supuestos que implican una mayor acumulación de poder pero que siguen exigiendo el respeto a determinadas premisas jurídicas básicas, ello con el fin de prevenir conductas autoritarias. Siendo las emergencias no regladas o insuficientemente regladas el ejemplo más extremo de ello, en la primera parte del trabajo comprobaremos como, hasta en esos supuestos deauténtica excepción, existen criterios jurídicos suficientes para afrontar el peligro con garantías. Acto seguido, veremos ya la manera en que los poderes públicos han aplicado esos parámetros en España, con experiencias netamente positivas y otras que no lo han sido tanto. Crucial resulta, a este último respecto, la reciente STC 148/2021, de 14 de julio, estableciendo la inconstitucionalidad parcial del RD 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, de declaración del estado de alarma contra la COVID-19. Porque, no cabiendo la suspensión de derechos fundamentales bajo dicha figura, debería haberse recurrido al estado de excepción, en cuanto que instrumento que exige el permiso parlamentario previo a la adopción de semejantes medidas.
Repertorio bibliográfico sobre el derecho de excepción español en perspectiva constitucional
Authors: González Moro Alicia
Published: December 2021

El presente repertorio bibliográfico clasifica en cuatro grandes categorías las publicaciones que analizan las dimensiones constitucionales del derecho de excepción en España. El primer grupo engloba aquellas obras que estudian los estados de emergencia en el ordenamiento jurídico español, destinando un apartado específico a las investigaciones que hacen balance de su aplicación en el contexto de la crisis sanitaria provocada por la pandemia de la COVID-19. El segundo recoge los libros, capítulos de libro y artículos que versan sobre la afectación de los derechos fundamentales en tiempos de emergencia constitucional. La tercera categoría aborda el funcionamiento de las instituciones y la distribución territorial del poder político bajo la vigencia del derecho de excepción. Por último, el elenco final de publicaciones ofrece una mirada internacional y comparada que enriquece el análisis jurídico de las situaciones de excepcionalidad constitucional.
Usabilidade como fator de adoção de bancas digitais por leitores analógicos
Authors: Bertagnolli Bruno Cavalheiro , Mager Gabriela Botelho
Published: December 2021

Dados recentes do mercado editorial de revistas mostram que 82% dos leitores consomem apenas versão impressa. Considerando a usabilidade como um fator de adoção de produtos digitais, a pesquisa analisa qual impacto de requisitos relacionados às metas de desempenho e satisfação do usuário na percepção de uso de uma banca digital partindo-se da percepção de leitores exclusivamente analógicos. O estudo exploratório e descritivo é resultado de um processo de avaliação de usabilidade onde foram analisados 4 parâmetros relacionados à meta de desempenho e 9 parâmetros relacionados à meta de satisfação. Os resultados apontam que usuários de faixas etárias mais jovens são mais críticos e fatores relacionados a desempenho não afetam a percepção de qualidade de uso. Por outro lado, os fatores Esforço, Tela e Terminologia (ligados à meta de satisfação) tiveram maior impacto na percepção positiva de uso. Conclui-se que os leitores analógicos desejam um sistema de banca digital mais funcional que possibilite uma melhor transição para a mídia digital. Os apontamentos podem ajudar a melhorar a qualidade da interface de sistemas similares atendendo melhor as necessidades de usuários adotantes de plataformas digitais de leitura.
Análise da tarefa de lavar roupas
Authors: Adam Dominique Leite , Okimoto Maria Lucia Leite Ribeiro
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo mapear e analisar como as pessoas com e sem deficiência visual interagem com a máquina de lavar roupas a fim de identificar estratégias de uso que impactam na acessibilidade, usabilidade e experiência de uso. Para tanto foi realizado um estudo exploratório com cinco pessoas (duas com visão normal e três cegas) que consistiu na observação da tarefa de lavar roupas, associada a questionários pré e pós-teste. Os resultados do estudo apontam que as pessoas, de modo geral, buscam orientações de usuários mais experientes para garantir o uso assertivo, e que pessoas cegas customizam a interface do produto a fim de torná-la utilizável. Este estudo conclui que a falta de um processo de desenvolvimento pautado nos princípios do Design Universal e na abordagem do Design Centrado no Usuário, considerando o público com deficiência corrobora para a falta de acessibilidade dos produtos, apontando para a necessidade de princípios norteadores de projeto de apoio aos designers e engenheiros de produto.
Facebook comme plate-forme de développement des compétences professionnelles des enseignants et des étudiants de langue: une étude de cas
Authors: Katsinopoulou Maria Eleni
Published: December 2021

En la actualidad, la difusión de tecnologías y, en particular, la creación de redes sociales, exige que los profesores de idiomas aprendan nuevos datos en sus prácticas docentes. Sin embargo, al observar la red, comentamos la existencia de muchas comunidades, especialmente en Facebook, cuyo objetivo es informar a los profesores y a los estudiantes de idiomas acerca de los nuevos conocimientos. ¿Cuáles son las razones por las que un profesor de idiomas o un estudiante se convierte en miembro de estas comunidades? ¿Los sitios de redes sociales ayudan a los profesores de idiomas a mejorar sus aptitudes profesionales? El desarrollo de habilidades profesionales es una de las acciones más importantes que se necesitan para que un estudiante de idiomas obtenga una carrera docente.

Nowadays, the diffusion of technologies, and in particular social networking, requires language teachers to learn new data in their teaching practices. Yet, by observing on the net, we remark the existence of many communities, especially on Facebook, which aim to inform teachers and language students about new knowledge. What are the reasons why a language teacher or student becomes a member of these communities? Do social networking sites help language teachers improving their professional skills? Developing professional skills is one of the most significant actions required for a language student to secure a teaching career.

De nos jours, la propagation des technologies et plus particulièrement, du réseautage social imposent aux enseignants de langues de nouvelles données dans leurs pratiques d’enseignement. Pourtant, en naviguant sur le net, nous constatons l’existence de beaucoup de communautés, notamment sur Facebook, qui ont pour but d’informer les enseignants et les étudiants de langue sur de nouvelles connaissances. Par la suite, nous étudierons si les enseignants et les futurs enseignants continuent à rejoindre des groupes sur Facebook, même après avoir obtenu leur diplôme. Quelles sont, alors, les raisons pour lesquelles un enseignant ou un étudiant de langues devient membre de ces communautés ? Le réseautage social aide-t-il les enseignants de langue à améliorer leurs compétences professionnelles ? La formation personnelle des enseignants de langue joue un rôle important pour améliorer les connaissances et les compétences d’un professeur.