bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hind‐limb paraparesis in a rat model for neurolathyrism associated with apoptosis and an impaired vascular endothelial growth factor system in the spinal cord
Authors: Kusama‐Eguchi Kuniko , Yamazaki Yoshiko , Ueda Tadashi , Suda Atsuhiro , Hirayama Yukari , Ikegami Fumio , Watanabe Kazuko , May Mike , Lambein Fernand , Kusama Tadashi
Published: November 2009

Neurolathyrism is a motor neuron disease characterized by lower limb paraparesis. It is associated with ingestion of a plant excitotoxin, β‐N‐oxalyl‐L‐αβ‐diaminopropionic acid (L‐β‐ODAP), an agonist of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate‐type glutamatergic receptors. Previously, a limited model of neurolathyrism was reported for the rat. To improve upon the model, we stressed rat pups by separation from their mothers, followed by the subcutaneous L‐β‐ODAP treatment, resulting in a 4.6‐fold higher incidence (14.0–15.6%) of the paraparesis compared with the prior study. The number and size of motor neurons in these rats were decreased only in the lumbar and sacral cord segments, at approximately 13–36 weeks after treatment. Only lumbar and sacral spinal cord tissue revealed pathological insults typical of physical and ischemic spinal cord injury in the surviving motor neurons. In addition, extensive but transient hemorrhage occurred in the ventral spinal cord parenchyma of the rat, and numerous TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end‐labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells were also observed. In parallel, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐2 (Flk‐1) levels were significantly lowered in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the paraparetic rats compared with their controls, suggesting a failure of the VEGF system to protect neurons against L‐β‐ODAP toxicity. We propose, based on these data, a novel pathological process of motor neuron death induced by peripheral L‐β‐ODAP. For the first time, we present a model of the early molecular events that occur during chemically induced spinal cord injury, which can potentially be applied to other neurodegenerative disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:928–942, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of incisor extraction on jaw and tongue motor representations within face sensorimotor cortex of adult rats
Authors: Avivi‐Arber Limor , Lee Jye‐Chang , Sessle Barry J.
Published: November 2009

Loss of teeth is associated with changes in somatosensory inputs and altered patterns of mastication, but it is unclear whether tooth loss is associated with changes in motor representations within face sensorimotor cortex of rats. We used intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and recordings of cortically evoked muscle electromyographic (EMG) activities to test whether changes occur in the ICMS‐defined motor representations of the left and right jaw muscles [masseter, anterior digastric (LAD, RAD)] and tongue muscle [genioglossus (GG)] within the cytoarchitectonically defined face primary motor cortex (face‐M1) and adjacent face primary somatosensory cortex (face‐S1) 1 week following extraction of the right mandibular incisor in anesthetized (ketamine‐HCl) adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Under local and general anesthesia, an “extraction” group (n = 8) received mucoalveolar bone surgery and extraction of the mandibular right incisor. A “sham‐extraction” group (n = 6) received surgery with no extraction. A “naive” group (n = 6) had neither surgery nor extraction. Data were compared by using mixed‐model repeated‐measures ANOVA. Dental extraction was associated with a significantly increased number of sites within face‐M1 and face‐S1 from which ICMS evoked RAD EMG activities, a lateral shift of the RAD and LAD centers of gravity within face‐M1, shorter onset latencies of ICMS‐evoked GG activities within face‐M1 and face‐S1, and an increased number of sites within face‐M1 from which ICMS simultaneously evoked RAD and GG activities. Our novel findings suggest that dental extraction may be associated with significant neuroplastic changes within the rat's face‐M1 and adjacent face‐S1 that may be related to the animal's ability to adapt to the altered oral state. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1030–1045, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 mRNA in the rat developing forebrain and retina
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Sun , Shin Yoo‐Jin , Lee Ji‐Yeon , Yun Hou , Cha Jung‐Ho , Choi Jae‐Youn , Chun Myung‐Hoon , Lee Mun‐Yong
Published: November 2009

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)‐3, a receptor for VEGF‐C and VEGF‐D, is expressed in neural progenitor cells, but there has been no comprehensive study of its distribution in the developing brain. Here, the temporal and cell‐specific expression of VEGFR‐3 mRNA was studied in the developing rat forebrain and eye. Expression appeared along the ventricular and subventricular zones of the lateral and third ventricles showing ongoing neurogenesis as early as embryonic day 13 but was progressively down‐regulated during development and remained in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult forebrain. VEGFR‐3 expression was also detectable in some differentiating and postmitotic neurons in the developing cerebral cortex, including Cajal‐Retzius cells, cortical plate neurons, and subplate neurons. Expression in the subplate increased significantly during the early postnatal period but was absent by postnatal day 14. It was also highly expressed in nonneural tissues of the eye during development, including the retinal pigment epithelium, the retinal ciliary margin, and the lens, but persisted in a subset of cells in the pigmented ciliary epithelium of the adult eye. In contrast, there was weak or undetectable expression in the early neural retina, but a subset of retinal neurons in the postnatal and mature retina showed intense signals. These unique spatiotemporal mRNA expression patterns suggest that VEGFR‐3 might mediate the regulation of both neurogenesis and adult neuronal function in the rat forebrain and eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1064–1081, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus: Axonal projections to the brainstem
Authors: Geerling Joel C. , Shin Jung‐Won , Chimenti Peter C. , Loewy Arthur D.
Published: November 2009

The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) contains many neurons that innervate the brainstem, but information regarding their target sites remains incomplete. Here we labeled neurons in the rat PVH with an anterograde axonal tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL), and studied their descending projections in reference to specific neuronal subpopulations throughout the brainstem. While many of their target sites were identified previously, numerous new observations were made. Major findings include: 1) In the midbrain, the PVH projects lightly to the ventral tegmental area, Edinger‐Westphal nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. 2) In the dorsal pons, the PVH projects heavily to the pre‐locus coeruleus, yet very little to the catecholamine neurons in the locus coeruleus, and selectively targets the viscerosensory subregions of the parabrachial nucleus. 3) In the ventral medulla, the superior salivatory nucleus, retrotrapezoid nucleus, compact and external formations of the nucleus ambiguus, A1 and caudal C1 catecholamine neurons, and caudal pressor area receive dense axonal projections, generally exceeding the PVH projection to the rostral C1 region. 4) The medial nucleus of the solitary tract (including A2 noradrenergic and aldosterone‐sensitive neurons) receives the most extensive projections of the PVH, substantially more than the dorsal vagal nucleus or area postrema. Our findings suggest that the PVH may modulate a range of homeostatic functions, including cerebral and ocular blood flow, corneal and nasal hydration, ingestive behavior, sodium intake, and glucose metabolism, as well as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory activities. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1460–1499, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent Effects on Coordination Chemistry – Stepwise Synthesis and Structural Properties of Monometallic Palladium(II) Complexes and Bimetallic Palladium(II)/Platinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Noh Tae Hwan , Lee Young‐A , Jung Ok‐Sang
Published: November 2009

Stepwise syntheses of monometallic palladium(II) and bimetallic palladium(II)/platinum(II) complexes were carried out in order to measure the metallophilicity of potential tetradentate bis(alkylthio)ylidenemalonato ligands. The reaction of [Pd](SO4) ([Pd] = (Me4en)Pd; Me4en = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) with Ba[L] {L: bis(methylthio)methylenepropanedioato (1); bis(ethylthio)methylenepropanedioato (2); 1,3‐dithiapan‐2‐ylidene‐malonato (3)} produced [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L]. Successive reactions of [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L] with {M}(NO3)2 ({M} = (en)M; en = ethylenediamine; M = PdII, PtII), followed by anion exchange with PF6–, yielded banana‐shaped bimetallic complexes [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L‐S,S′‐{M}](PF6)2. In case of [[Pd]‐O,O′‐1], the bis(alkylthio)methylene group of 1 was bent strikingly from the palladium square plane (dihedral angle = 78.26°), in contrast to the cases of [[Pd]‐O,O′‐3] (120.84°) and [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L‐S,S′‐{M}](PF6)2 (101.75–103.54°). [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L] (L = 1, 2) in Me2SO existed as a mixture of [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L] and [(Me4en‐N)(Me2SO‐S)‐Pd‐O,O′‐L] in a mol ratio of 1:1. For the labile species, a linkage isomeric equilibrium between [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L] and [[Pd]‐O,S‐L] in D2O was observed. [[Pd]‐O,O′‐3] and [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L‐S,S′‐{M}](PF6)2, however, were found to be inert in Me2SO or D2O. Such notably different solution behavior possibly can be explained by the steric hindrance occurring via the dihedral angles between the palladium square plane and the ylidene moiety. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectra of the banana‐shaped bimetallic complexes [[Pd]‐O,O′‐L‐S,S′‐{M}](PF6)2 in CD3CN solution revealed that the amine proton resonances are sensitive to the fluxional motion of the remote bis(alkylthio)ylidene groups, suggesting the occurrence of interconversion between the two “bent‐up” and “bent‐down” forms.
Selective Recognition of β‐Mannosides by Synthetic Tripodal Receptors: A 3D View of the Recognition Mode by NMR
Authors: Ardá Ana , Venturi Chiara , Nativi Cristina , Francesconi Oscar , Cañada F. Javier , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Roelens Stefano
Published: November 2009

Unravelling the structural features of carbohydrate recognition by receptors is a topic of major interest. In recent years, several synthetic receptors capable of binding different sugars with moderate to good affinities and selectivities have been developed. Here we report on the analysis of the three‐dimensional structures of the complexes of two recently derived synthetic tripodal receptors with octyl β‐D‐mannopyranoside, a monosaccharidic glycoside selectively recognized in a polar solvent, by a combination of NMR methods and assisting molecular mechanics calculations. The variations in the chemical shifts upon complexation and the observed intermolecular NOEs were employed to validate the molecular‐mechanics‐derived structures. The structures of the obtained complexes explain the observed mannose selectivity in chemical terms, suggesting that a combination of van der Waals, CH–π and hydrogen‐bonding forces are involved in the formation of the complexes, together with stabilizing conformational effects of the substituents.
Redox Tolerant SOFC Anodes with High Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Ouweltjes J. P. , van Tuel M. , Sillessen M. , Rietveld G.
Published: November 2009

SOFC anodes that contain substantial amounts of nickel, easily lose mechanical integrity due to redox cycling. One of the solutions to that, is to replace nickel with compounds that exhibit low volume changes between oxidising and reducing conditions. This paper gives the results obtained on anode assemblies with functional layer consisting of gadolinia doped ceria mixed with highly dispersed nickel and anode contact layer consisting of Ni and the perovskite La0.9Mn0.8Ni0.2O3 – δ. The results indicate that electrical conduction of this perovskite under SOFC anode conditions allows for anode assemblies with reduced nickel content, which results in increased redox resistance while high electrochemical performance is maintained. The redox tolerance that was investigated at 850 °C on electrolyte supported cells, is highest for anode functional layer consisting of 80 wt.‐% Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 20 wt.‐% highly dispersed nickel combined with anode contact layer consisting of 70 wt.‐% nickel and 30 wt.‐% La0.9Mn0.8Ni0.2O3 – δ, with a degradation of the current density at 0.7 V of 10% after 50 redox cycles, and 23% after 100 redox cycles. The driving force for the observed degradation is nickel agglomeration that occurs even when the nickel content is below the nickel percolation threshold.
Global challenges to replicating HR: The role of people, processes, and systems
Authors: Morris Shad S. , Wright Patrick M. , Trevor Jonathan , Stiles Philip , Stahl Günter K. , Snell Scott , Paauwe Jaap , Farndale Elaine
Published: November 2009

Global firms often struggle to replicate practices among their culturally and geographically dispersed subsidiaries. Part of the reason for this is that certain practices, including human resource management (HRM) practices, are complex and context specific. In this study, we develop a framework to help identify how firms might overcome challenges of practice replication through alignment of information systems, application processes, and people. We find that managerial alignment of formal processes and systems, along with informal alignment of people (shared objectives), improve the capability of a multinational corporation (MNC) to replicate human resource practices across subsidiaries. We also discuss managerial implications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interannual variability of circulation–rainfall relationship in Taiwan during the Mei‐yu season
Authors: Chen Jau‐Ming , Chu Jung‐Lien , Shih Ching‐Feng , Tung Yea‐Ching
Published: November 2009

This study aims to investigate interannual variability of seasonal rainfall in Taiwan during the Mei‐yu season (May–June). Its relationship with the low‐level circulation anomaly and associated large‐scale regulatory processes are also examined. It is found that the circulation–rainfall relationship is largely determined by the spatial distribution between Taiwan and the circulation anomaly off the southeastern coastlines of East Asia. For seasons when Taiwan lies under and near the anomalous circulation centre, strong downward (upward) motion and anomalous easterly (southwesterly) moisture flux assocaited with an anomalous high (low) provide large‐scale environments favourable to decreased (increased) Mei‐yu rainfall in Taiwan, resulting in a negative correlation in the circulation–rainfall relationship (anomalous high vs anomalous dry and anomalous low vs anomalous wet). For seasons when Taiwan is located over the northern boundary of the circulation anomaly, anomalous southwesterly (northeasterly) moisture flux induced by an anomalous high (low) enhances (suppresses) moisture supplies from the South China Sea into Taiwan to set up large‐scale conditions suitable for increased (decreased) Mei‐yu rainfall. A positive correlation in the circulation–rainfall relationship (anomalous high vs anomalous wet and anomalous low vs anomalous dry) thus occurs.

The Pacific subtropical high (PSH) and monsoon trough (MT) tend to have a coherent spatial (eastward or westward) displacement in each rainfall variability type. The appearance of a low‐level anomalous high (low) in the Taiwan region corresponds to a PSH expansion (retreat) and a MT retreat (expansion) towards the west (east). A strong (moderate) displacement in the PSH and MT is accompanied by a low‐level circulation anomaly centering near (south of) Taiwan and a negative‐correlation (positive‐correlation) variability type. Analyses also suggest that large‐scale processes at low latitudes play a more important role than midlatitudinal transient activity in regulating interannual variability of Mei‐yu rainfall over subtropical Taiwan. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Two‐dimensional correlation Raman spectroscopy for characterizing protein structure and dynamics
Authors: Shashilov Victor A. , Lednev Igor K.
Published: November 2009

Since the initial introduction of the basic concept almost twenty years ago, two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCoS) has become a popular analytical tool applicable to a broad range of science problems. Vibrational spectroscopy remains the major area of 2DCoS applications where infrared spectroscopy is the most popular technique followed by Raman and Near Infrared spectroscopies. An increasing number of publications over the past few years have established Raman 2DCoS as a powerful problem solving technique in protein studies. In this review we provide a critical survey of recent protein studies using the 2DCoS Raman approach. We also analyze common misconceptions and potential pitfalls in the interpretation of 2D correlation data. Over the past decade, there have been a number of publications pointing to artifacts associated with visualization and interpretation of 2D correlation maps. We demonstrate here how some of the ‘artifacts’ of the 2DCoS approach in ‐ reality turn into the strength of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of biologically active diterpenoic acids by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Talian Ivan , Oriňák Andrej , Efremov Evtim V. , Ariese Freek , Kaniansky Dušan , Oriňáková Renáta , Hübner Jörg
Published: November 2009

Three poorly detectable, biologically active diterpenoic acids, kaurenoic, abietic, and gibberellic acid, were studied by using different modes of Raman spectroscopy. Because of their structural similarities, in the absence of strongly polarizable groups, conventional Raman spectroscopy is not suitable for their unambiguous identification, especially not in solution. We attempted to increase the sensitivity by applying UV‐resonance Raman spectroscopy and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) techniques. The UV‐Raman spectra of the three compounds in ethanol/water 50:50 showed only very few enhanced Raman lines. SERS spectra with 514‐nm excitation with Ag colloids were also relatively weak. The best SERS spectra were obtained with 785‐nm excitation on a novel nanostructured substrate, ‘black silicon’ coated with a 400‐nm gold layer. The spectra showed clear differences, and these ‘fingerprints’ would be suitable for the unambiguous identification of these diterpenoic acids. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Our favorite materials: Silica hydride stationary phases
Authors: Pesek Joseph J. , Matyska Maria T.
Published: November 2009

“Chance favors the prepared mind.”

Louis Pasteur

“Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. ”

Albert Einstein

As so succinctly stated by these two famous scientists, it is sometimes necessary to step outside the bounds of traditional thinking and look at ideas that many claim to be impossible based on preconceived notions rather than experimental data. This review is dedicated to those open‐minded scientists who are willing to evaluate new concepts objectively rather than dismiss new approaches with outdated theories.
A prospective study of sex differences in the lifetime risk of posttraumatic stress disorder among abused and neglected children grown up
Authors: Koenen Karestan C. , Widom Cathy Spatz
Published: November 2009

In the general population, women's lifetime risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is twice that of men's. However, evidence is contradictory as to whether this sex difference is present among child abuse/neglect victims. The authors examined sex differences in PTSD among a sample of 674 individuals with documented child abuse/neglect histories assessed for PTSD in adulthood. Across all types of abuse/neglect, women were more than twice as likely to develop PTSD as men. The sex difference was greatest among sexual abuse victims. Female victims' greater revictimization explained a substantial proportion (39%) of the sex differences in PTSD risk. Future research should identify mechanisms that make female victims particularly vulnerable to revictimization and the development of PTSD.
Application of Input Trajectory Optimisation of Ziegler‐Natta Catalysed Gas‐Phase Olefin Polymerisation Reactor Systems
Authors: Rawatlal Randhir
Published: November 2009

Summary: In this work, an alternative formulation of the Population Balance Model (PBM) is proposed to simplify the mathematical structure of the reactor model. The method is based on the segregation approach applied to the recently developed unsteady state Residence Time Distribution (RTD). It is shown that the model can predict the performance of a reactor system under unsteady flow and composition conditions. Case studies involving time‐varying catalyst flowrates, reactor temperature and reactor pressure were simulated and found to predict reactor performance with reasonable accuracy. The model was used to propose a grade transition strategy that could reduce transition time by as much as two hours.
Influence of Silica Support Size on the Polymerisation of Ethylene Using a Supported Metallocene Catalyst
Authors: Tisse Virginie F. , Briquel Rémi M. , McKenna Timothy F.L.
Published: November 2009

In the current work, we will focus on the influence of support properties on the activity and molecular weights of polyethylene produced with a metallocene supported on silica treated with MAO. It is demonstrated that relatively small changes in the size of the silica particles have a profound effect on the activity of the growing particles, and that not all particles in a given batch of catalyst behave in the same manner.
Heterogeneous Copolymerization of Ethylene and α‐olefins Using Aluminohydride‐Zirconocene/SiO2/MAO by High‐Throughput Screening
Authors: Charles Rogelio , Estrada Alba Nidia , Lugo Luis , Revilla Javier , García Maricela , Pérez Odilia
Published: November 2009

Copolymerizations of ethylene and α‐olefins (1‐hexene and 1‐octene) using a supported catalyst derived from the activation of a zirconocene aluminohydride complex with PMAO and MMAO are reported. The supported (nBu‐Cp2ZrH3AlH2)/SiO2/MAO system was evaluated by high‐throughput techniques, in order to find approaches to the optimal copolymerization conditions. The polymerization reactions were carried out in a parallel polymerization reactors system (PPR) by Symyx Technologies, Inc. The screening of the activity of the supported system and the molecular weight (MW) of the polymers and copolymers obtained in the PPR, allowed us to optimize copolymerization conditions, like hydrogen (H2) addition to control MW and molecular weight distribution (MWD), polymerization temperature, cocatalyst ratio, and solvent type. The copolymerization reactions were scaled‐up in order to validate the performance of the catalytic system at higher polymerization scales, according to the results obtained in the combinatorial phase. The scaled‐up copolymerizations of ethylene with 1‐hexene and 1‐octene, showed high activities and MW, and low comonomer incorporation (from 0.3 to 1.3 mol‐%, determined by 13C NMR). However, the crystallinity (Xc), thermal properties (Tc and Tm) and densities of the polyethylenes obtained with the supported (nBu‐Cp2ZrH3AlH2)/SiO2/MAO system, were significantly modified, approaching those of metallocene linear low‐density polyethylenes (mLLDPE).
Mechanics of land subsidence due to groundwater pumping
Authors: Budhu Muniram , Adiyaman Ibrahim Bahadir
Published: November 2009

This paper presents the formulation of the basic mechanics governing the changes in stress states from groundwater pumping and comparisons among predicted land subsidence from this mechanics with existing analyses and field data. Land subsidence is a growing, global problem caused by petroleum and groundwater withdrawal, mining operations, natural settlement, hydro‐compaction, settlement of collapsible soils, settlement of organic soils and sinkholes. This paper is concerned with the land subsidence due to groundwater level decline by groundwater pumping. It is shown that the stress state consists of asymmetric stresses that are best simulated by a Cosserat rather than a Cauchy continuum. Land subsidence from groundwater level decline consists of vertical compression (consolidation), shear displacement and macro‐rotation. The latter occurs when conditions are favorable (e.g. at a vertical interface) for the micro‐rotation imposed by asymmetric stresses to become macro‐rotation. When the length of the cone of depression is beyond √2 times the thickness of the aquifer, simple shear on vertical planes with rotation is the predominant deformation mode. Otherwise, simple shear on horizontal planes is present. The predicted subsidence using the mechanics developed in this paper compares well with data from satellite‐borne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stature estimation in a central Patagonian prehispanic population: development of new models considering specific body proportions
Authors: Béguelin M.
Published: November 2009

Stature estimation of individuals from extinct human populations is a classic topic in anthropology. The estimations, using regression formulae generated from different reference samples, display different results. This fact is related to inter‐populational differences in body proportions, which is a phenotypic trait mainly correlated with climatic parameters. The aim of this paper is to address the problem of stature estimation of an archaeological skeletal sample from Patagonia – a region for which there are no specific models available – using different methods and considering differences in body proportions between reference and target populations. The sample used in this analysis is composed of 35 Late Holocene adults of both sexes recovered in central Patagonia (Argentina). The stature of each individual was first reconstructed using the anatomical method [Fully G. 1956. Une nouvelle me´thode de de´termination de la taille. Annales Medicine Legale 35: 266–273], which has no assumptions on body proportions. The results were compared with estimations based on 32 different regression formulae [Trotter M, Gleser G. 1958. A re‐evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements taken during life and the long bones after death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16: 79–124. 10.1002/ajpa.1330160106] and three femur/stature ratios [Feldesman MR, Fountain RL. 1996. Race specificity and the femur/stature ratio. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100: 207–224. 10.1002/(SICI)1096‐8644(199606)]. The average reconstructed stature was 160.8 cm for females (95% confidence band = 155.6–166.2 cm), and 170.5 cm for males (95% confidence band = 168.8–172.2 cm). Most of the comparisons of the regression formulae and femur/stature ratios showed significant differences, which are explained by differences in body proportions between the Patagonian sample and the ones chosen as reference. Finally, a set of new equations was developed using simple regression techniques. It is suggested that whenever possible, population‐specific formulae should be used in archaeological studies. In any other situation, the choice of a reference population should be made by taking into account its geographic (latitudinal) provenance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe vertebral collapse in a juvenile from the graveyard (13th/14th–19th centuries) of the São Miguel church (Castelo Branco, Portugal): differential palaeopathological diagnosis
Authors: Matos V. , Marques C. , Lopes C.
Published: November 2009

Diseases that culminate into vertebral collapse are of intricate diagnosis both in palaeopathology and modern clinical practice. When analysing human skeletal remains from the archaeological record this difficulty is amplified due to the absence of complementary medical diagnostic information. This is especially evident when the distinction between tuberculous and pyogenic spondylitis is intended. Taking into consideration this challenging task and based on the macroscopic and radiological study of the skeleton number 8, a specimen exhumed from the East necropolis (13th/14th to 19th centuries) of the São Miguel church, at the Portuguese city of Castelo Branco, the aims of the work here presented are to discuss the range of possible aetiological factors, especially infectious ones, ascribable to the striking pathological changes noticed on this 12‐year‐old individual. These included alterations on the axial skeleton, namely extensive vertebral destruction, presenting as a gibbus deformity, and correlated thoracic deformities. Consubstantiated on palaeopathological and clinical research, tuberculous spondylitis seems to be the most probable cause for the reported lesions. However, the scrutiny between this condition and other pyogenic spinal infections is of extreme complexity when analysing ancient human remains and deserves in‐depth future investigations. Within the framework of the Portuguese archaeological record, the specimen here presented is of major relevance since the pattern and severity of the spinal osseous changes observed were not previously reported. Further, if tuberculous spondylitis is assumed as the most probable diagnosis, the case here presented represents one of the earliest skeletal evidence of this condition in Portugal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated models of school‐based prevention: Logic and theory
Authors: Domitrovich Celene E. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Greenberg Mark T. , Embry Dennis , Poduska Jeanne M. , Ialongo Nicholas S.
Published: November 2009

School‐based prevention programs can positively impact a range of social, emotional, and behavioral outcomes. Yet the current climate of accountability pressures schools to restrict activities that are not perceived as part of the core curriculum. Building on models from public health and prevention science, we describe an integrated approach to school‐based prevention. These models leverage the most effective structural and content components of social–emotional and behavioral health prevention interventions. Integrated interventions are expected to have additive and synergistic effects that result in greater impacts on multiple student outcomes. Integrated programs are also expected to be more efficient to deliver, easier to implement with high quality and integrity, and more sustainable. We provide a detailed example of the process through which the PAX‐Good Behavior Game and the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum were integrated into the PATHS to PAX model. Implications for future research are proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insights from the crystal structure of the sixth BRCT domain of topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1
Authors: Leung Charles Chung Yun , Kellogg Elizabeth , Kuhnert Anja , Hänel Frank , Baker David , Glover J. N. Mark
Published: November 2009

Topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1 (TopBP1) is a major player in the DNA damage response and interacts with a number of protein partners via its eight BRCA1 carboxy‐terminal (BRCT) domains. In particular, the sixth BRCT domain of TopBP1 has been implicated in binding to the phosphorylated transcription factor, E2F1, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP‐1), where the latter interaction is responsible for the poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation of TopBP1. To gain a better understanding of the nature of TopBP1 BRCT6 interactions, we solved the crystal structure of BRCT6 to 1.34 Å. The crystal structure reveals a degenerate phospho‐peptide binding pocket and lacks conserved hydrophobic residues involved in packing of tandem BRCT repeats, which, together with results from phospho‐peptide binding studies, strongly suggest that TopBP1 BRCT6 independently does not function as a phospho‐peptide binding domain. We further provide insight into poly(ADP‐ribose) binding and sites of potential modification by PARP‐1.
Mutational analysis of active‐site residues in the Mycobacterium leprae RecA intein, a LAGLIDADG homing endonuclease: Asp122 and Asp193 are crucial to the double‐stranded DNA cleavage activity whereas Asp218 is not
Authors: Singh Pawan , Tripathi Pankaj , Muniyappa K.
Published: November 2009

Mycobacterium leprae recA harbors an in‐frame insertion sequence that encodes an intein homing endonuclease (PI‐MleI). Most inteins (intein endonucleases) possess two conserved LAGLIDADG (DOD) motifs at their active center. A common feature of LAGLIDADG‐type homing endonucleases is that they recognize and cleave the same or very similar DNA sequences. However, PI‐MleI is distinctive from other members of the family of LAGLIDADG‐type HEases for its modular structure with functionally separable domains for DNA‐binding and cleavage, each with distinct sequence preferences. Sequence alignment analyses of PI‐MleI revealed three putative LAGLIDADG motifs; however, there is conflicting bioinformatics data in regard to their identity and specific location within the intein polypeptide. To resolve this conflict and to determine the active‐site residues essential for DNA target site recognition and double‐stranded DNA cleavage, we performed site‐directed mutagenesis of presumptive catalytic residues in the LAGLIDADG motifs. Analysis of target DNA recognition and kinetic parameters of the wild‐type PI‐MleI and its variants disclosed that the two amino acid residues, Asp122 (in Block C) and Asp193 (in functional Block E), are crucial to the double‐stranded DNA endonuclease activity, whereas Asp218 (in pseudo‐Block E) is not. However, despite the reduced catalytic activity, the PI‐MleI variants, like the wild‐type PI‐MleI, generated a footprint of the same length around the insertion site. The D122T variant showed significantly reduced catalytic activity, and D122A and D193A mutations although failed to affect their DNA‐binding affinities, but abolished the double‐stranded DNA cleavage activity. On the other hand, D122C variant showed approximately twofold higher double‐stranded DNA cleavage activity, compared with the wild‐type PI‐MleI. These results provide compelling evidence that Asp122 and Asp193 in DOD motif I and II, respectively, are bona fide active‐site residues essential for DNA cleavage activity. The implications of these results are discussed in this report.
Primary sequence and site‐selective hydroxylation of prolines in isoforms of a major peanut allergen protein Ara h 2
Authors: Li Jinxi , Shefcheck Kevin , Callahan John , Fenselau Catherine
Published: November 2009

The Ara h 2 proteins are major determinants of peanut allergens. These proteins have not been fully studied at the molecular level. It has been previously proposed that there are two isoforms of Ara h 2, based on primary structures that were deduced from two reported cDNA sequences. In this report, four isoforms have been purified and characterized individually. Mass spectrometric methods have been used to determine the protein sequences and to define post‐translational modifications for all four isoforms. Two pairs of isoforms have been identified, corresponding to a long‐chain form and a form that is shorter by 12 amino acids. Each pair is further differentiated by the presence or absence of a two amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Modifications that were characterized include site‐specific hydroxylation of proline residues, but no glycosylation was found, in contrast to previous reports.
An easterly tip jet off Cape Farewell, Greenland. II: Simulations and dynamics
Authors: Outten S. D. , Renfrew I. A. , Petersen G. N.
Published: November 2009

An easterly tip jet that occurred on 21 February 2007 off Cape Farewell, Greenland, is examined. In Part I of this article aircraft observations were described. Now, in Part II, numerical simulations and an analysis of the dynamical forcing mechanisms are presented. The simulations make use of a limited‐area 12 km resolution configuration of the Met Office's Unified Model. Sea‐surface temperatures and sea‐ice concentrations have been replaced using the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) product, addressing a boundary‐layer temperature bias, while roughness lengths over sea ice have been updated, addressing a wind‐speed bias. These modifications ensured a reasonably accurate simulation: generally within 1–2 K and 2–3 m s−1 when compared with dropsonde observations. A momentum‐budget analysis along a curved locus through the core of the jet has been derived. Off southeast Greenland, the easterly tip jet was in cross‐jet geostrophic balance, but was being accelerated downstream by an along‐jet pressure gradient. Over the curved part of the locus, as the jet rounded Cape Farewell, a cross‐jet residual suggests that the jet was unbalanced at the height of the jet core. This residual decreases with height so that an approximate gradient wind balance applies in the upper part of the jet. The anticyclonic curvature, characteristic of easterly tip jets, was caused by a dramatic decrease in the cross‐jet pressure‐gradient force at the end of the barrier, after which the jet aligned with the synoptic‐scale isobars and returned to approximate geostrophic balance. The momentum budget is shown to be robust and applicable to other cases. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Towards Designer Microparticles: Simultaneous Control of Anisotropy, Shape, and Size
Authors: Bhaskar Srijanani , Pollock Kelly Marie , Yoshida Mutsumi , Lahann Joerg
Published: November 2009

Biodegradable, compositionally anisotropic microparticles with two distinct compartments that exhibit controlled shapes and sizes are fabricated. These multifunctional particles are prepared by electrohydrodynamic co‐jetting of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) polymer solutions. By varying different solution and process parameters, namely, concentration and flow rate, a variety of non‐equilibrium bicompartmental shapes, such as discoid and rod‐shaped microparticles are produced in high yields. Optimization of jetting parameters, combined with filtration, results in near‐perfect, bicompartmental spherical particles in the size range of 3–5 µm. Simultaneous control over anisotropy, size, shape, and surface structure provides an opportunity to create truly multifunctional microparticles for a variety of biological applications, such as drug delivery, diagnostic assays, and theranostics.
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) alters its feeding niche in response to changing food resources: direct observations in simulated ponds
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Mustafizur , Kadowaki Shusaku , Balcombe Stephen Richard , Wahab Md. Abdul
Published: November 2009

We used customized fish tanks as model fish ponds to observe grazing, swimming, and conspecific social behavior of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under variable food‐resource conditions to assess alterations in feeding niche. Different food and feeding situations were created by using only pond water or pond water plus pond bottom sediment or pond water plus pond bottom sediment and artificial feeding. All tanks were fertilized twice, prior to stocking and 2 weeks later after starting the experiment to stimulate natural food production. Common carp preferred artificial feed over benthic macroinvertebrates, followed by zooplankton. Common carp did not prefer any group of phytoplankton in any treatment. Common carp was mainly benthic in habitat choice, feeding on benthic macroinvertebrates when only plankton and benthic macroinvertebrates were available in the system. In the absence of benthic macroinvertebrates, their feeding niche shifted from near the bottom of the tanks to the water column where they spent 85% of the total time and fed principally on zooplankton. Common carp readily switched to artificial feed when available, which led to better growth. Common carp preferred to graze individually. Behavioral observations of common carp in tanks yielded new information that assists our understanding of their ecological niche. This knowledge could be potentially used to further the development of common carp aquaculture.
Unexpected diversity of RNase P, an ancient tRNA processing enzyme: Challenges and prospects
Authors: Lai Lien B. , Vioque Agustín , Kirsebom Leif A. , Gopalan Venkat
Published: November 2009

For an enzyme functioning predominantly in a seemingly housekeeping role of 5′ tRNA maturation, RNase P displays a remarkable diversity in subunit make‐up across the three domains of life. Despite the protein complexity of this ribonucleoprotein enzyme increasing dramatically from bacteria to eukarya, the catalytic function rests with the RNA subunit during evolution. However, the recent demonstration of a protein‐only human mitochondrial RNase P has added further intrigue to the compositional variability of this enzyme. In this review, we discuss some possible reasons underlying the structural diversity of the active sites, and use them as thematic bases for elaborating new directions to understand how functional variations might have contributed to the complex evolution of RNase P.
Ethanol increases GABA release in the embryonic avian retina
Authors: Pohl‐Guimarães Fernanda , Calaza Karin da Costa , Yamasaki Edna Nanami , Kubrusly Regina Célia Cussa , de Melo Reis Ricardo Augusto
Published: November 2009

Several mechanisms underlying ethanol action in GABAergic synapses have been proposed, one of these mechanisms is on GABA release. Here, we report that in ovo exposure to ethanol induces an increase on GABA release in the embryonic chick retina. Eleven‐day‐old chick embryos (E11) received an injection of either phosphate buffer saline (PBS) or ethanol (10%, v/v, diluted in PBS), and were allowed to develop until E16. A single glutamate stimulus (2 mM) showed approximately a 40% increase on GABA release in E16 retinas when compared to controls. The effect was dependent on NMDA receptors and GAD65 mRNA levels, which were increased following the ethanol treatment. However, the numbers of GABA‐, GAD‐, and NR1‐immunoreactive cells, and the expression levels of these proteins, were not affected. We conclude that ethanol treatment at a time point when synapses are being formed during development selectively increases GABA release in the retina via a NMDA receptor‐dependent process.
Formal control and social control in domestic and international buyer–supplier relationships
Authors: Li Yuan , Xie En , Teo Hock‐Hai , Peng Mike W.
Published: November 2009

Focusing on long‐term buyer–supplier relationships, this article addresses two questions: (1) What are the antecedents that lead to the adoption of formal control, social control, or both? (2) What is the nature of the relationship between formal control and social control ‐ are they substitutes or complements? We develop a model to investigate the impact of the length of cooperation and institutionalization on the use of control mechanisms. Further, we argue that in China, formal control and social control may be substitutes in domestic buyer–supplier relationships, but they may be complements in international relationships. Survey data collected nationwide with executives in 380 domestic and 200 international buyer–supplier relationships in China are used to test our hypotheses.
Problems portraying migrants in Applied Linguistics research
Authors: Block David
Published: November 2009

This paper is a very personal attempt to explore the problematics of portraying migrants in Applied Linguistics research. I begin with a discussion of identity, in particular what we might mean when we use the term, and from there I go on to explore its fundamental imprecision through an analysis of a census question about ethnicity. I then consider migration and the problematics of naming migrants in research, first examining an example of my own research and then expanding the discussion to wider issues. I conclude the paper with a brief consideration of the epistemological status of portrayals in research.
SO(3) quantum invariants are dense
Authors: WONG HELEN
Published: November 2009

We show that whenr≥ 5 is prime, the SO(3) Witten–Reshetikhin–Turaev quantum invariants for three-manifolds at the levelrform a dense set in the complex plane. This confirms a conjecture of Larsen and Wang.
Sets of zero discrete harmonic density
Authors: GRAHAM COLIN C. , HARE KATHRYN E.
Published: November 2009

Let G be a compact, connected, abelian group with dual group Γ. The set E ⊂ has zero discrete harmonic density (z.d.h.d.) if for every open U ⊂ G and μ ∈ Md(G) there exists ν ∈ Md(U) with = on E. I0 sets in the duals of these groups have z.d.h.d. We give properties of such sets, exhibit non-Sidon sets having z.d.h.d., and prove union theorems. In particular, we prove that unions of I0 sets have z.d.h.d. and provide a new approach to two long-standing problems involving Sidon sets.
L’âgisme : Adaptation française d’une mesure et test d’un modèle structural des effets de l’empathie, l’orientation à la dominance sociale et le dogmatisme sur l’âgisme
Authors: Boudjemad Valérian , Gana Kamel
Published: November 2009

This article presents two studies dealing with ageism. The objective of the first study was to adapt to French language and validate the Fraboni of Ageism Scale-Revised (FSA-R) which contains 23 items, while the objective of the second study was to test a structural model containing ageism as measured by the FSA-R and the “Big Three”: empathy, social dominance orientation, and dogmatism, controlled for by sex and age. The results of the first study (n = 323) generated a version of the FSA-R comprising 14 items, of which the psychometric properties were very satisfactory. Using structural equation modelling and bootstrap procedure, the results of the second study (n = 284) showed a direct negative and significant effect of empathy on agism. They also showed that this negative effect was mediated by dogmatism and social dominance orientation, which both exerted a positive effect on ageism.
Genetic improvement for alpaca fibre production in the Peruvian Altiplano: the Pacomarca experience
Authors: Morante R. , Goyache F. , Burgos A. , Cervantes I. , Pérez-Cabal M.A. , Gutiérrez J.P.
Published: November 2009

Pacomarca is an experimental ranch founded by the INCA group to act as a selection nucleus from which basic genetic improvement of alpaca fibre can spread throughout the rural communities in the Peruvian Altiplano. State-of-art techniques in animal science, such as performance recording or assisted reproduction including embryo transfer, are applied to demonstrate their usefulness in the Altiplano conditions. Pacomarca has developed useful software (Paco Pro) to carry out the integral processing of production and reproduction data. Mating is carried out individually, and gestation is diagnosed via ultrasound. Breeding values estimated from a modern genetic evaluation are used for selection, and embryo transfer is applied to increase the selection intensity. However, the objective of Pacomarca goes beyond, extending its advances to the small rural communities. Training courses for farmers are organised while searching for new ways of improving the performance of alpacas both technically and scientifically.