bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Majorana propagator on de Sitter space
Authors: Prokopec Tomislav , Unnithan Vishnu Hari
Published: November 2022

We study the dynamics of Majorana fermions in an expanding de Sitter space and to that aim, by making use of the method of mode sums, we construct the vacuum Feynman propagator for Majorana fermions in de Sitter space. The Majorana condition implies nontrivial identities for the mode functions, which we carefully implement. We note that, under charge conjugation, the propagator transforms to minus itself, but do not discuss in detail the topological implications of this observation. We construct the propagator for a general complex mass and find that it is identical to the corresponding Dirac propagator, meaning that the coupling of fermions to the classical de Sitter gravitational background does not violate charge symmetry, i.e. it respects the Majorana condition. The complex mass propagator differs from its real mass counterpart in that the usual positive and negative energy projectors acquire a chiral rotation which depends on the phase of the mass term. We use our propagator to calculate the one-loop effective action for Majorana fermions, and find that it differs from that of Dirac fermions by a factor of 1/2, which accounts for the reduced number of degrees of freedom of the Majorana particle. Finally, we derive the Majorana and Dirac propagators for mixing n fermionic flavors and show that the number of CP-violating phases for Dirac fermions exceeds that of the Majorana fermions by $${n\left( n-1\right) }/{2}$$

n

n
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1

/
2

. This is vital for understanding how the dynamics of Dirac and Majorana fermions generate different CP-violating effects in the multi-flavor case.
Application of homotopy perturbation method on special third grade fluid flow with viscous dissipation effect over a stretching sheet
Authors: Swain Sradharam , Swain Bharat Keshari , Sahoo Bikash
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates the flow and heat transfer of special third-grade fluid with a viscous dissipation effect over a stretching sheet. This model, adequate for many non-Newtonian fluids, is used to characterize the behavior of the fluids domain. The governing momentum and energy equation are reduced to ordinary nonlinear differential (self-similar) equations via the Lie group transformation method. The Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is applied to solve these obtaining results. For validation, current results have been compared with the fourth-order Runga method (RK4) and shooting technique. The effects of physical parameters on fluid velocity and temperature profile were investigated with the aid of figures and tables by simply altering a single parameter while keeping the others constant. It is observed that both the non-Newtonian parameter and the Prandtl number have the effect of decreasing the temperature of the stretching surface, while the opposite behavior was found for the Eckert number.
Infinite families of homogeneous Bismut Ricci flat manifolds
Authors: Podestà Fabio , Raffero Alberto
Published: November 2022

Starting from compact symmetric spaces of inner type, we provide infinite families of compact homogeneous spaces carrying invariant non-flat Bismut connections with vanishing Ricci tensor. These examples turn out to be generalized symmetric spaces of order [Formula: see text] and (up to coverings) they can be realized as minimal submanifolds of the Bismut flat model spaces, namely compact Lie groups. This construction generalizes the standard Cartan embedding of symmetric spaces.
The Kauffman bracket skein module of the lens spaces via unoriented braids
Authors: Diamantis Ioannis
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we develop a braid theoretic approach for computing the Kauffman bracket skein module of the lens spaces [Formula: see text], KBSM([Formula: see text]), for [Formula: see text]. For doing this, we introduce a new concept, that of an unoriented braid. Unoriented braids are obtained from standard braids by ignoring the natural top-to-bottom orientation of the strands. We first define the generalized Temperley–Lieb algebra of type B, [Formula: see text], which is related to the knot theory of the solid torus ST, and we obtain the universal Kauffman bracket-type invariant, [Formula: see text], for knots and links in ST, via a unique Markov trace constructed on [Formula: see text]. The universal invariant [Formula: see text] is equivalent to the KBSM(ST). For passing now to the KBSM([Formula: see text]), we impose on [Formula: see text] relations coming from the band moves (or slide moves), that is, moves that reflect isotopy in [Formula: see text] but not in ST, and which reflect the surgery description of [Formula: see text], obtaining thus, an infinite system of equations. By construction, solving this infinite system of equations is equivalent to computing KBSM([Formula: see text]). We first present the solution for the case [Formula: see text], which corresponds to obtaining a new basis, [Formula: see text], for KBSM([Formula: see text]) with [Formula: see text] elements. We note that the basis [Formula: see text] is different from the one obtained by Hoste and Przytycki. For dealing with the complexity of the infinite system for the case [Formula: see text], we first show how the new basis [Formula: see text] of KBSM([Formula: see text]) can be obtained using a diagrammatic approach based on unoriented braids, and we finally extend our result to the case [Formula: see text]. The advantage of the braid theoretic approach that we propose for computing skein modules of c.c.o. 3-manifolds, is that the use of braids provides more control on the isotopies of knots and links in the manifolds, and much of the diagrammatic complexity is absorbed into the proofs of the algebraic statements.
On weakly 1-absorbing primary submodules
Authors: Çelikel Ece Yetkin , Koç Suat , Tekir Ünsal , Yıldız Eda
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we introduce weakly 1-absorbing primary submodules of modules over commutative rings. Let [Formula: see text] be a commutative ring with a nonzero identity and [Formula: see text] be a nonzero unital module. A proper submodule [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is said to be a weakly 1-absorbing primary submodule if whenever [Formula: see text] for some nonunit elements [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] then [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] is the prime radical of [Formula: see text] Many properties and characterizations of weakly 1-absorbing primary submodules are given. We also give the relations between weakly 1-absorbing primary submodules and other classical submodules such as weakly prime, weakly primary, weakly 2-absorbing primary submodules. Also, we use them to characterize simple modules.
Digital Skill Transformation and Knowledge Management Challenge in a Global IT Service Firm: An Empirical Study
Authors: Talukder Bijoy
Published: November 2022

This paper aims to discover key performance indicators (KPIs) influencing digital skill transformation in global IT service firms, reveal its unique features, and assert the effect of these KPIs on firms’ digital skill transformation and knowledge management initiatives. This research is mainly based on primary data. The researcher started data collection by conducting a Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with subject matter experts (SMEs), followed by in-depth personal interviews with the key organisational individuals. Then, a primary survey is carried out using a qualitative questionnaire across all the existing employees of the largest business unit of a global IT service firm. Findings suggest that Total IT Experience (EXP), Reading Time (RT), Effective Mentoring (EM), and Training Effectiveness (TE) primarily impact employees’ digital skill transformation. Besides, the technical capability and understanding of existing employees’ supervisors or managers directly correlate with the project environment, which in turn impact employees’ effectiveness during their digital skill transformation journey.
Mobilizing Instrumental Childcare Support for Postpartum Mothers: Needs for and Barriers to Infant-centric Family Informatics Practices in Hong Kong
Authors: Ko Man Ching , Ma Xiaojuan
Published: November 2022

The availability of effective instrumental support may affect the physical and mental wellness of postpartum mothers. Through an online survey with 84 new mothers in Hong Kong and six-month follow-up interviews with one family, we investigate the practices of our participants mobilizing their support network to help with childcare, their experiences with infant-centric family informatics in the process, and the barriers, needs, and expectations that emerged. Our findings suggest that postpartum mothers may offload different types of babysitting tasks to different caregivers; they try to orchestrate the whole process through assorted communication media but may face a variety of practical and relational challenges. New mothers demand affordable, usable, and accessible information and communication supports to streamline infant-centric family informatics, if applicable. We thus propose a set of design considerations as to how a (connected) system of low-, medium-, and/or high-tech informatics tools could better foster mobilization of instrumental childcare support.
Unpacking the Use of Laboratory Test Results in an Online Health Community throughout the Medical Care Trajectory
Authors: Reynolds Tera L. , Zhang Jiawen , Zheng Kai , Chen Yunan
Published: November 2022

While easy patient access to laboratory test results is necessary for patient engagement in their healthcare, it is not sufficient to enable patients to thrive in this role ? they must be able to understand and act upon these data. In this study, we analyzed posts to an online health community (OHC) that contained a patient's laboratory test results. The objective was to understand the nature of patients' questions related to these data to gain insights into how to better support patients as they individually and collaboratively make sense of their data. We found that patients seek help on the OHC to understand and use their laboratory test results at multiple points in the medical care trajectory. Specifically, in the diagnosis phase, patients tend to be focused on comprehending their data, to be receiving emotionally charged results and, of course, to be engaging the OHC in naming their medical issues. In the treatment phase, patients are often using their laboratory test results to ask more focused questions to identify treatment options, to seek treatment guidance from peers, and to predict the likely course of their disease. Throughout both phases, individuals are highly engaged in the medical process and put in substantial effort to proactively prepare for their care and interactions with doctors. They enlist the OHC in these efforts for many reasons such as a lack of confidence in their doctor. We discuss how gaps in the provision of healthcare services lead to the significant work involved in managing the complex and dynamic interplay between OHCs and the healthcare system. We offer design recommendations both for technologies that provide patients with access to their medical records and for OHCs that will likely continue to play an important role in filling gaps in healthcare services.
Platform-mediated Markets, Online Freelance Workers and Deconstructed Identities
Authors: Munoz Isabel , Dunn Michael , Sawyer Steve , Michaels Emily
Published: November 2022

We advance the concept of deconstructed identity to explain how online workers' identities are being reshaped, diminished and controlled by digital labor platforms. We focus on online freelance workers and contribute to contemporary conceptualizations regarding worker's self-presentation. The empirical basis for our analysis and theorizing build from two rounds of a longitudinal panel study of online freelance workers and their interactions with online labor platforms. Findings illuminate how online freelancer's identity presentation is constrained by the structuring of their profile, the ratings and client feedback, the algorithms used by the digital platform, and platform's terms of use. Data demonstrate that workers' profiles are focused on skills, reflecting the realities of competing for work in under-regulated labor markets. Study participants report the centrality of client and platform ratings of their work, and the need to manage client feedback and ratings as a core part of their online identity presentation. These findings suggest that, far from a subjective and personal story, a freelancer's identity on a digital labor platform is better understood as a standardized depiction of skills, ratings, and metrics controlled by platform algorithms. Coupled with use policies and evolving platform designs, this platform control creates what seems to be a form of indentured servitude. We further note online freelancers both recognize this control and resist their deconstructed identity.
Working with Bounded Collaboration: A Qualitative Study on How Collaboration is Co-constructed around Collaborative Robots in Industry
Authors: Cheon EunJeong , Schneiders Eike , Skov Mikael B.
Published: November 2022

We investigate how collaboration is understood and configured in industrial workplaces with collaborative robots (cobots). Through a qualitative analysis of 115 case studies of companies using cobots and 14 semi-structured interviews with cobot manufacturers and users, we examine the usages of cobots in the manufacturing industry over the entire temporal spectrum from pre-introduction to completed implementation. By synthesizing diverse stakeholders' perspectives, we present a set of main findings; key roles of a few supportive production workers during the adoption of cobots; a fragmentation of work tasks and the resulting loss of job identity among workers; the disunified meaning of "collaboration" which is under constant development; and the collaborative space and the working rhythms between production workers and cobots. By reconsidering what collaboration means in the workplace with cobots, we propose the concept of bounded collaboration, which means that the anticipated collaboration is manifested in a partial and limited manner within a collaborative technology. Finally, we provide practical suggestions for examining and supporting organizations and users in their adoption of cobots.
Behold the Once and Future Me: Online Identity After the End of a Romantic Relationship
Authors: Pinter Anthony T. , Brubaker Jed R.
Published: November 2022

After a romantic relationship ends, individuals are left to deal with the digital remnants of the relationship. These possessions and connections pose difficulties for users -- they are identity markers of an identity that one may no longer want legible to their online audiences. Further, they can cause upsetting moments that might impede moving on from the break-up.

Through interviews with 11 women who had had a recent break-up, this empirical study examined how people managed their online identity after their break-up. We found that people took different actions towards their possessions and connections in service of creating a post-break-up identity. Using Brubaker & Hayes's (2011) representational framework, we find users attempting to deal with connections as if they were possessions, creating tensions that our current systems are ill-suited to address. Turning to Hogan's (2010) framework of the online identity 'exhibition', we see users creating exhibitions for an audience of one -- themselves -- while also making decisions about who is allowed to see their public-facing exhibitions. We conclude by arguing that existing tools are ill-designed to support competing desires to present authentic past and future online identities and offer design suggestions for consideration.
I See You: Examining the Role of Spatial Information in Human-Agent Teams
Authors: Schelble Beau G. , Flathmann Christopher , Musick Geoff , McNeese Nathan J. , Freeman Guo
Published: November 2022

Awareness, and specifically, spatial awareness, has long played a pivotal role in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work research in both theory and design. This significant background gives awareness the ability to answer challenges facing human-agent teams in communication and shared understanding. As such, the current study investigates the effects of spatial information level (low, high) on the development of team cognition and its outcomes in varying compositions of human-agent teams (human-human-agent, human-agent-agent) versus human-only (human-human-human) teams. The mixed-methods study had teams complete several rounds of the NeoCITIES emergency response management simulation and complete various team cognition and perception measures, followed by qualitative free-response questions. The study found that human-only teams did not perform at the same level as human-agent teams, with multi-agent human-agent teams having the best performance. A significant interaction, though with inconclusive simple main effects, displayed the trend that human-agent teams had better team mental model similarity when spatial awareness was high rather than low, while human-only teams experienced the reverse trend. Qualitative findings identified that high spatial awareness jump-started team cognition development, fostered more accurate shared mental models, enhanced the explainability of the agent, and helped the iterative development of team cognition over time.
Heterogeneity in Algorithm-Assisted Decision-Making: A Case Study in Child Abuse Hotline Screening
Authors: Cheng Lingwei , Chouldechova Alexandra
Published: November 2022

Algorithmic risk assessment tools are now commonplace in public sector domains such as criminal justice and human services. These tools are intended to aid decision makers in systematically using rich and complex data captured in administrative systems. In this study we investigate sources of heterogeneity in the alignment between worker decisions and algorithmic risk scores in the context of a real world child abuse hotline screening use case. Specifically, we focus on heterogeneity related to worker experience. We find that senior workers are far more likely to screen in referrals for investigation, even after we control for the observed algorithmic risk score and other case characteristics. We also observe that the decisions of less-experienced workers are more closely aligned with algorithmic risk scores than those of senior workers who had decision-making experience prior to the tool being introduced. While screening decisions vary across child race, we do not find evidence of racial differences in the relationship between worker experience and screening decisions. Our findings indicate that it is important for agencies and system designers to consider ways of preserving institutional knowledge when introducing algorithms into high employee turnover settings such as child welfare call screening.
Exploring the Online Micro-targeting Practices of Small, Medium, and Large Businesses
Authors: Chouaki Salim , Bouzenia Islem , Goga Oana , Roussillon Beatrice
Published: November 2022

Facebook and other advertising platforms exploit users' data for marketing purposes by allowing advertisers to select specific users and target them with well-crafted messages (the practice is being called micro-targeting). However, advertisers such as Cambridge Analytica have maliciously used these targeting features to manipulate users in the context of elections. The European Commission plans to restrict or even ban some targeting functionalities in the new European Democracy Action Plan act to protect users from such harms. The difficulty in finding appropriate restrictions is that we do not know the economic impact of these restrictions on regular advertisers. In this paper, to inform the debate, we take a first step by understanding who is advertising on Facebook and how they use the targeting functionalities of ad platforms. For this, we asked 890 U.S. users to install a monitoring tool on their browsers to collect the ads they receive on Facebook and information about how these ads were targeted. By matching advertisers on Facebook with their LinkedIn profiles, we could see that 71% of advertisers are small and medium-sized businesses with 200 employees or less, and they are responsible for 61% of ads and 57% of ad impressions. Regarding micro-targeting, we found that only 32% of small and medium-sized businesses and 30% of large-sized businesses in our dataset micro-target at least one of their ads. These results should not be interpreted as micro-targeting not being useful as a marketing strategy, but rather that advertisers prefer to outsource the micro-targeting task to ad platforms. Indeed, to deliver ads, Facebook is employing optimization algorithms that exploit user data to decide which users should see what ads; which basically means ad platforms are performing an algorithmic-driven micro-targeting. Hence, when setting restrictions on micro-targeting, legislators should take into account both the traditional advertiser-driven micro-targeting as well as algorithmic-driven micro-targeting performed by ad platforms.
Many Destinations, Many Pathways: A Quantitative Analysis of Legitimate Peripheral Participation in Scratch
Authors: Cheng Ruijia , Hill Benjamin Mako
Published: November 2022

Although informal online learning communities have proliferated over the last two decades, a fundamental question remains: What are the users of these communities expected to learn? Guided by the work of Etienne Wenger on communities of practice, we identify three distinct types of learning goals common to online informal learning communities: the development of domain skills, the development of identity as a community member, and the development of community-specific values and practices. Given these goals, what is the best way to support learning? Drawing from previous research in social computing, we ask how different types of legitimate peripheral participation by newcomers-contribution to core tasks, engagement with practice proxies, social bonding, and feedback exchange-may be associated with these three learning goals. Using data from the Scratch online community, we conduct a quantitative analysis to explore these questions. Our study contributes both theoretical insights and empirical evidence on how different types of learning occur in informal online environments.
Emotional Labor in Everyday Resilience: Class-Based Experiences of Navigating Unemployment Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.
Authors: Lu Alex Jiahong , Gilhool Anna , Hsiao Joey Chiao-Yin , Dillahunt Tawanna R.
Published: November 2022

During the COVID-19 global health crisis, institutions, policymakers, and academics alike have called for practicing resilience to overcome its ongoing disruptions. This paper contributes a comparative study of the job search experiences of working-class and upper-middle-class job seekers, particularly in relation to their resilience practices during the pandemic. Drawing from in-depth interviews with 12 working-class and 11 upper-middle-class job seekers in the U.S., we unpack challenges resulting from both the pandemic and unemployment and job seekers' novel practices of navigating these challenges in their everyday disrupted life. Job seekers' ongoing negotiation with their resources, situations, and surroundings gives practical meanings to building everyday resilience, which we theorize as an ongoing process of becoming resilient. While job seekers across classes experienced similar challenges, working-class job seekers took on additional emotional labor in their everyday resilience due to their limited experience in the digital job search space, competition with higher-degree holding job seekers applying for the same jobs, limited social support networks, and at times, isolation. By foregrounding the uneven distribution of emotional labor in realizing the promise of resilience along class lines, this work cautions against the romanticization of resilience and calls for a more critical and nuanced understanding of resilience in CSCW.
"I needed to solve their overwhelmness": How System Administration Work was Affected by COVID-19
Authors: Kaur Mannat , Parkin Simon , Janssen Marijn , Fiebig Tobias
Published: November 2022

The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic made working from home -- wherever working remotely is possible -- the norm for what had previously been office-based jobs across the world. This change in how we work created a challenging situation for system administrators (sysadmins), as they are the ones building and maintaining the digital infrastructure our world relies on.

In this paper, we examine how system administration work changed early in the pandemic from sysadmins' personal perspectives, through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. We find that sysadmins faced a two-sided crisis: While sysadmins' own work environment changed, they also had to react to the new situation and facilitate stable options to work online for themselves and their colleagues, supporting their users in adapting to the crisis. This finding embeds into earlier work on the connection between IT (security) work and the notion of 'care', where we substantiate these earlier findings with results from a repeatable method grounded in coordination theory.

Furthermore, while we find that sysadmins perceived no major changes in the way they work, by consecutively probing our interviewees, we find that they did experience several counter-intuitive effects on their work. This includes that while day-to-day communication became inherently more difficult, other tasks were streamlined by the remote working format and were seen as having become easier. Finally, by structuring our results according to a model of coordination and communication, we identify changes in sysadmins' coordination patterns. From these we derive recommendations for how system administration work can be coordinated, ranging beyond the immediate pandemic response and the transition to any 'new normal' way of working.
What Do Users Think of Promotional Gamification Schemes? A Qualitative Case Study in a Question Answering Website
Authors: Hadi Mogavi Reza , Zhang Yuanhao , Haq Ehsan-Ul , Wu Yongjin , Hui Pan , Ma Xiaojuan
Published: November 2022

In recent years, studies on the user experience have emerged as an indispensable part of any gamification research. The study of user experience enables gamification designers and practitioners to design or adapt their gamification schemes in a more knowledgeable and efficacious manner. However, one popular gamification scheme that has largely remained under-researched in terms of user experience is promotional gamification, which refers to an optional and time-limited gamification program that usually mounts an already gamified platform to increase user incentive and engagement for a short span of time (e.g., during the holiday season). The current study undertakes the first steps necessary to explore users' experiences of working with a promotional gamification scheme in a large-scale online community. To this end, we conduct an extensive qualitative case study of users' experiences with a promotional gamification scheme on the Community Question Answering Website (CQA) of Stack Exchange, called Winter Bash (WB). Notably, the purpose of WB is to operate as a makeshift solution that prevents the decline in user contributions during the holiday season. However, like many other gamification schemes, WB is not devoid of issues, and our research helps identify those issues without overlooking the WB's strengths. Our study denotes not only the first (empirical) typology of users' affective responses to promotional gamification schemes but also the first classification of (de)motivational factors involved in user engagement. At its core, this study comprises two salient parts: (1) a content analysis of user-generated data regarding WB (from the past eight years), and (2) a series of semi-structured interviews with 17 international users who are familiar with WB. We triangulate our findings from (1) and (2) by performing a similar content analysis for two other promotional gamification schemes, namely "Answerathon" (from Travel Meta) and "Discussion Tournament" (from Reddit). Based on the findings of this study, we present certain guidelines for gamification designers and practitioners, enabling them to deploy or adapt their promotional gamification schemes in a more knowledgeable and effective manner. Finally, our work is concluded by highlighting a few novel research opportunities for researchers invested in the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW).
Feedback Exchange and Online Affinity: A Case Study of Online Fanfiction Writers
Authors: Cheng Ruijia , Frens Jenna
Published: November 2022

Feedback is a critical piece of the creative process. Prior CSCW research has invented peer-based and crowd-based systems that exchange feedback between online strangers at scale. However, creators run into socio-psychological challenges when engaging in online critique exchange with people they have never met. In this study, we step back and take a different approach to investigate online feedback by casting our attention to creators in online affinity spaces, where feedback exchange happens naturally as part of the interest-driven participatory culture. We present an interview study with 29 fanfiction writers that investigated how they seek feedback online, and how they identified and built connections with feedback providers. We identify four distinct feedback practices and unpack the social needs in feedback exchange. Our findings surface the importance of affinity and trust in online feedback exchange and illustrate how writers built relationships with feedback providers in public and private online spaces. Inspired by the powerful stories we heard about connection and feedback, we conclude with a series of design considerations for future feedback systems-namely addressing a range of social needs in feedback, helping feedback seekers signal interests and identity, supporting authentic relationships in feedback exchange, and building inclusive, safe community spaces for feedback.
Reactions to Fact Checking
Authors: Appling Scott , Bruckman Amy , De Choudhury Munmun
Published: November 2022

How do the reasons people post misinformation affect how they respond to fact checking interventions? In this research, we conducted a qualitative study of people who shared misinformation. We started with stories marked as false by a popular fact checker, Snopes, and identified people who posted those stories on Reddit. We interviewed the posters about the story they shared and their five behaviorally distinct personas: Reason to Disagree, Changed Belief, Steadfast Non-Standard Belief, Sharing to Debunk, and Sharing for Humor. Our findings suggest that research to craft better interventions to counter misinformation might benefit from tailoring to specific personas that can serve as design tools for on-going misinformation intervention research.
Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks
Authors: Yin Likang , Chakraborti Mahasweta , Yan Yibo , Schweik Charles , Frey Seth , Filkov Vladimir
Published: November 2022

Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored.

In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.
'Transparency is Meant for Control' and Vice Versa: Learning from Co-designing and Evaluating Algorithmic News Recommenders
Authors: Storms Elias , Alvarado Oscar , Monteiro-Krebs Luciana
Published: November 2022

Algorithmic systems that recommend content often lack transparency about how they come to their suggestions. One area in which recommender systems are increasingly prevalent is online news distribution. In this paper, we explore how a lack of transparency of (news) recommenders can be tackled by involving users in the design of interface elements. In the context of automated decision-making, legislative frameworks such as the GDPR in Europe introduce a specific conception of transparency, granting 'data subjects' specific rights and imposing obligations on service providers. An important related question is how people using personalized recommender systems relate to the issue of transparency, not as legal data subjects but as users. This paper builds upon a two-phase study on how users conceive of transparency and related issues in the context of algorithmic news recommenders. We organized co-design workshops to elicit participants' 'algorithmic imaginaries' and invited them to ideate interface elements for increased transparency. This revealed the importance of combining legible transparency features with features that increase user control. We then conducted a qualitative evaluation of mock-up prototypes to investigate users' preferences and concerns when dealing with design features to increase transparency and control. Our investigation illustrates how users' expectations and impressions of news recommenders are closely related to their news reading practices. On a broader level, we show how transparency and control are conceptually intertwined. Transparency without control leaves users frustrated. Conversely, without a basic level of transparency into how a system works, users remain unsure of the impact of controls.
Revolting from Abroad: The Formation of a Lebanese Transnational Public
Authors: Armouch Sarah , Talhouk Reem , Vlachokyriakos Vasilis
Published: November 2022

Nowadays social movements are driven by networks of people who resort to social media platforms to rally, self-organise and coordinate action around a shared cause, which can be referred to as the formation of publics. Due to years of political instability, conflicts, corruption, sectarianism, economic collapse and declining living conditions, in October 2019 Lebanon witnessed uprisings which transcended into a wider social movement. As the movement unfolded, Lebanese diaspora members living across the world formed their own publics in support of the Lebanese revolution that interfaced with the local Lebanon-based publics. As such, a broader transnational public emerged as a result of the coordinated online and offline efforts between diaspora actors and local actors, which had a crucial role in mitigating the aftermath of the compounded crises that hit Lebanon. In this paper, through observation and interviews with Lebanese diaspora members, we contribute a socio-technical understanding of the formation of a transnational public, with a particular focus on the underlying infrastructures that enabled its creation. Furthermore, we surface the challenges in relation to sustaining such a diaspora public and its interfacing with local publics in Lebanon. We contribute empirical insights that highlight how different technological tools and platforms, coupled with social processes built within diaspora groups and with local actors, led to the formation of such a multilayered transnational public.
Imagined Online Communities: Communionship, Sovereignty, and Inclusiveness in Facebook Groups
Authors: Sultana Sharifa , Saha Pratyasha , Hasan Shaid , Alam S.M. Raihanul , Akter Rokeya , Islam Md Mirajul , Arnob Raihan Islam , Islam A.K.M. Najmul , Al-Ameen Mahdi Nasrullah , Ahmed Syed Ishtiaque
Published: November 2022

Through Facebook "Group" feature, users often sensitize communionships, join different Facebook groups, and establish imagined communities with known people and strangers. In our interview study with 32 admins and users of Facebook groups, we explored the influential factors of such communionships, the challenges the Facebook group admins face while managing these communities, and how they resolve those. Our findings show that admins set rules for the entry and maintenance of the groups, monitor members' activities, and often limit their actions or mute them during conflicts. Thus, the members and admins of the groups together grow a sensibility of sovereignty within the community on Facebook. While the imagined sovereignty in Facebook groups is empowering, this empowerment may not be perceived and experienced evenly by everyone in such online communities. To explain this, we build on the concept of "Imagined Communities' by Benedict Anderson [16 ] and argue that there is a tension between Facebook admins' perceived sovereignty and other users' empowerment in practice. Our work joins the body of CSCW literature that aims at designing more sustainable and collaborative tools for specific communities on Facebook groups and other similar platforms.
Gig Platforms as Faux Infrastructure: A Case Study of Women Beauty Workers in India
Authors: Anjali Anwar Ira , Thomas Michaelanne , Toyama Kentaro , Hui Julie
Published: November 2022

In order to sustain everyday life in India during pandemic induced lockdowns, home service gig platforms materialized to provide essential services for urban society. As unemployment worsened, these gig platforms also emerged as key sources of paid work for gig workers, with some platforms promising an unusual degree of health and financial support for their gig workforce. Through semi-structured interviews, we examine how women beauty workers engaged with the infrastructural promise extended by home service gig platforms during the pandemic. While gig platforms promoted the potential of stable income and social security in the context of the Global South, we investigate the reality behind this image. We find that various breakdowns, from miscommunication around localized travel restrictions to limited platform helpline access, introduces day-to-day unpredictability for gig workers, hindering access to paid work as well as other platform extended benefits. We suggest that home service gig platforms actually serve as 'faux infrastructure,' in which the privatized logics work to enclose public value, while pushing the burden of access onto gig workers who must perform additional, often unpaid labors, in order to fill last-mile service gaps.
Understanding the Microtask Crowdsourcing Experience for Workers with Disabilities: A Comparative View
Authors: Rechkemmer Amy , Yin Ming
Published: November 2022

Microtask crowdsourcing holds great potential as an employment opportunity with the flexibility and anonymity that individuals with disability may require. Though prior research has explored the accessibility of crowd work, the lived crowd work experiences of the broader community of workers with disability are still largely under-explored, especially when it comes to how their experiences are similar to or different from the experiences of workers without disability. In this work, we aim to obtain a deeper understanding of the microtask crowdsourcing experience for people with disabilities, especially regarding their financial and social experiences of participating in crowd work, along with the benefits and challenges that they encounter through this work. Specifically, we first surveyed 1,200 crowd workers both with and without disability about their experiences using the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform, and the differences we found inspired the design of a follow-up survey to gain greater understanding of the crowd work experience for workers with disability. Our findings reveal that workers with disability receive unique benefits from performing crowd work, such as a greater sense of purpose, but also encounter many challenges, such as completing tasks on time and earning a livable wage, causing them to turn to online communities for assistance. Although many of the challenges they face are not unique to crowd workers with disability, workers with disability may be disproportionately impacted by these challenges. From our findings, we provide implications for crowd platforms, as well as the gig economy as a whole, that seek to promote greater consideration of workers with a diverse range of conditions to create a more valuable work experience for them.
The Craft and Coordination of Data Curation: Complicating Workflow Views of Data Science
Authors: Thomer Andrea K. , Akmon Dharma , York Jeremy J. , Tyler Allison R. B. , Polasek Faye , Lafia Sara , Hemphill Libby , Yakel Elizabeth
Published: November 2022

Data curation is the process of making a dataset fit-for-use and archivable. It is critical to data-intensive science because it makes complex data pipelines possible, studies reproducible, and data reusable. Yet the complexities of the hands-on, technical, and intellectual work of data curation is frequently overlooked or downplayed. Obscuring the work of data curation not only renders the labor and contributions of data curators invisible but also hides the impact that curators' work has on the later usability, reliability, and reproducibility of data. To better understand the work and impact of data curation, we conducted a close examination of data curation at a large social science data repository, the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). We asked: What does curatorial work entail at ICPSR, and what work is more or less visible to different stakeholders and in different contexts? And, how is that curatorial work coordinated across the organization? We triangulated accounts of data curation from interviews and records of curation in Jira tickets to develop a rich and detailed account of curatorial work. While we identified numerous curatorial actions performed by ICPSR curators, we also found that curators rely on a number of craft practices to perform their jobs. The reality of their work practices defies the rote sequence of events implied by many life cycle or workflow models. Further, we show that craft practices are needed to enact data curation best practices and standards. The craft that goes into data curation is often invisible to end users, but it is well recognized by ICPSR curators and their supervisors. Explicitly acknowledging and supporting data curators as craftspeople is important in creating sustainable and successful curatorial infrastructures.
"For an App Supposed to Make Its Users Feel Better, It Sure is a Joke" - An Analysis of User Reviews of Mobile Mental Health Applications
Authors: Haque Md Romael , Rubya Sabirat
Published: November 2022

Mobile mental health applications are seen as a promising way to fulfill the growing need for mental health care. Although there are more than ten thousand mental health apps available on app marketplaces, such as Google Play and Apple App Store, many of them are not evidence-based, or have been minimally evaluated or regulated. The real-life experience and concerns of the app users are largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed 2159 user reviews from 117 Android apps and 2764 user reviews from 76 iOS apps. Our findings include the critiques around inconsistent moderation standards and lack of transparency. App-embedded social features and chatbots were criticized for providing little support during crises. We provide research and design implications for future mental health app developers, discuss the necessity of developing a comprehensive and centralized app development guideline, and the opportunities of incorporating existing AI technology in mental health chatbots.
"Give Everybody [..] a Little Bit More Equity": Content Creator Perspectives and Responses to the Algorithmic Demonetization of Content Associated with Disadvantaged Groups
Authors: Kingsley Sara , Sinha Proteeti , Wang Clara , Eslami Motahhare , Hong Jason I.
Published: November 2022

Algorithmic systems help manage the governance of digital platforms featuring user-generated content, including how money is distributed to creators from the profits a platform earns from advertising on this content. However, creators producing content about disadvantaged populations have reported that these kinds of systems are biased, having associated their content with prohibited or unsafe content, leading to what creators believed were error-prone decisions to demonetize their videos. Motivated by these reports, we present the results of 20 interviews with YouTube creators and a content analysis of videos, tweets, and news about demonetization cases to understand YouTubers' perceptions of demonetization affecting videos featuring disadvantaged or vulnerable populations, as well as creator responses to demonetization, and what kinds of tools and infrastructure support they desired. We found creators had concerns about YouTube's algorithmic system stereotyping content featuring vulnerable demographics in harmful ways, for example by labeling it "unsafe'' for children or families -- creators believed these demonetization errors led to a range of economic, social, and personal harms. To provide more context to these findings, we analyzed and report on the technique a few creators used to audit YouTube's algorithms to learn what could cause the demonetization of videos featuring LGBTQ people, culture and/or social issues. In response to the varying beliefs about the causes and harms of demonetization errors, we found our interviewees wanted more reliable information and statistics about demonetization cases and errors, more control over their content and advertising, and better economic security.
"With a hint she will remember": Collaborative Storytelling and Culture Sharing between Immigrant Grandparents and Grandchildren Via Magic Thing Designs
Authors: Liaqat Amna , Axtell Benett , Munteanu Cosmin
Published: November 2022

The timeless social activity of passing down oral stories preserves family memory, identity, values, and culture. Existing tools for family memories often take a techno-determinist approach by focusing on the mechanics of connecting families and the resulting documentation, rather than the social process of sharing stories and morals, and largely without considering the specific needs of immigrant families. For immigrant families, cultural exchange, particularly crucial across grandparent and grandchild generations, is threatened by the language and cultural barriers emerging from displacement and migration. As a result, immigrant grandparents and their young grandchildren struggle with fostering social kinship, leading to social disconnect and loss of cultural heritage. In our research, we collaborate with multi-generational and culturally-at-risk immigrant families through Participatory Design activities towards the design of reminiscence tools that support their needs focusing on language and cultural connection. We report on the designs created by families and propose design guidelines supporting cultural resilience, focusing on flexible, visual storytelling.