bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant biology and other issues that relate to the management of water hyacinth: a global perspective with focus on Europe1
Authors: Julien M.
Published: November 2008

Water hyacinth reproduces vegetatively and sexually and seeds are numerous and long‐lived. Rates of vegetative growth are high (weight and numbers can double in less than 1 week in optimal conditions) and governed by temperature and available nutrients. The period from germination to setting seed can be less than 12 weeks. Dispersal of propagules is by flow, man and machines. Biomass of living material is high 90 to > 800 tonnes/ha and comprises around 95% water, and the weed often grows in inaccessible areas. Consequently, social, economic and environmental impacts of water hyacinth are often large and management of the problem becomes very important. However, management of water hyacinth is difficult, and utilization of this weed should not be mistaken as a control measure. Containment and eradication from a catchment may only be accomplished if the invasion is very young, small, isolated and accessible, and if the short‐term resource commitment is high. Most infestations are non‐eradicable because once noticed reaction time is too long. However, in Europe, as the weed invades new areas on the edges of its ecological range, eradication of new infestations could (should) be attempted as this is the most cost effective way to deal with the weed. In addition, pathway shut‐down and awareness campaigns should seek to reduce further new introductions, which, for spread to new regions, are mostly anthropogenic. For established populations the removal of accessible floating biomass can be accomplished using herbicides (if permitted) and by mechanical means. Both are expensive because re‐growth ensures repeated action is necessary. Biological control is a useful tool in warmer climates, less so in cooler climates. It may be more useful in cooler areas if integrated with other management techniques. Additional biological control agents are being studied to improve and broaden the value of biological control. The lack of policies to permit the use of biological control for weeds in Europe limits the ability to manage this weed.
First record of Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Apulia, Southern Italy
Authors: Porcelli F.
Published: November 2008

The presence of Aleurocanthus spiniferus is reported for the first time in Italy. The orange spiny whitefly was identified in April 2008 in the Apulia region. This is also the first record of this citrus pest in Europe.
Apical extrusion of intracanal bacteria following use of various instrumentation techniques
Authors: Kuştarcı A. , Akpınar K. E. , Sümer Z. , Er K. , Bek B.
Published: November 2008

Aim  To evaluate the number of bacteria extruded apically from extracted teeth ex vivo after canal instrumentation using a manual technique and three engine‐driven techniques utilizing nickel–titanium instruments (K3, RaCe, and FlexMaster).

Methodology  Seventy extracted human mandibular premolar teeth with similar dimensions were used. Access cavities were prepared and root canals were then contaminated with a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis and then dried. The contaminated roots were divided into four experimental groups of 15 teeth each and one control group of 10 teeth. G1. RaCe group: the root canals were instrumented using RaCe instruments. G2. K3 group: the root canals were instrumented using K3 instruments. G3. FlexMaster group: the root canals were instrumented using FlexMaster instruments. G4. Manual technique group: the root canals were instrumented using K‐type stainless steel instruments. G5. Control group: no instrumentation was attempted. Bacteria extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected into vials. The resultant microbiological samples were removed from the vials and then incubated in culture media for 24 h. The number of colony‐forming units (CFU) was determined for each sample. The data obtained were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney U‐tests, with α = 0.05 as the level for statistical significance.

Results  There was a significant difference between experimental‐control and engine‐driven‐manual technique groups (P < 0.05). The manual technique was associated with the greatest extrusion of microorganism.

Conclusions  All instrumentation techniques extruded intracanal bacteria apically. No significant difference was found in the number of CFU among the engine‐driven techniques; manual techniques extruded significantly more microorganisms.
Opinions and attitudes of endodontists and general dental practitioners in the UK towards the intra‐canal fracture of endodontic instruments. Part 2
Authors: Madarati A. A. , Watts D. C. , Qualtrough A. J. E.
Published: November 2008

Aim To investigate the attitudes of general dental practitioners (GDPs) and endodontists in the UK towards management of fractured endodontic instruments.

Methodology A questionnaire was sent to 330 systemically selected GDPs and all endodontists working in the UK (170). It was accompanied by a covering letter explaining the aims of the study and indicating that all the information given would remain confidential. Those who did not respond to the first mailing were sent another two mailings. Data were analysed using chi‐square test at P ≤ 0.05.

Results The overall response rate was 75%. Only 18.5% of respondents reported that they would retrieve instruments located in the apical third of root canals with a significantly higher proportion of endodontists (25.9%) compared with that of GDPs (14%) doing so. A significantly higher proportion of endodontists (98.5%) used ultrasonics for removal of fractured instruments compared with GDPs (75.8%). The most common complication of fractured instrument retrieval was thought to be excessive removal of dentine (67%). The majority of respondents (88.5%) reported that they would leave the unsuccessfully removed file in situ and obturate the root canal.

Conclusion Both endodontists and GDPs were aware of the limitations of root canal anatomy when removal of fractured instruments was considered. Excessive removal of dentine, the most common complication associated with the removal process, suggests the need for more conservative techniques. Both endodontists and GDPs demonstrated a conservative approach when management of fractured instruments failed. Further studies regarding attitudes of GDPs and endodontists towards some specific aspects of fractured instruments management are required.
An overview of oral health promotion in adolescents
Authors: BRUKIENĖ VILMA , ALEKSEJŪNIENĖ JOLANTA
Published: November 2008

Objective.  The aim of this study was to overview the effectiveness of different strategies used to promote oral health in adolescents.

Methods.  A search of the MEDLINE via OVID database was performed through September 2007. The studies aiming to modify oral health‐related lifestyle in adolescents with experimental pre‐ to post‐test controlled study design were targeted. Oral health‐related knowledge, attitudes, oral hygiene status, gingival health, and caries status were used as outcome measures for the evaluation of changes in adolescent oral health‐related behaviour.

Results.  All studies evaluating knowledge showed cognitive gains. Only slight or no improvement in attitude was reported. The average improvement in oral hygiene was 30–50%. A wide range 0–50% of the effects on gingival health was presented. However, the relapse in oral hygiene status towards baseline values was also observed. Only studies employing professionally applied preventive measures in conjunction with educational activities reported significantly lower caries incidence.

Conclusion.  The limited success of the behavioural interventions and the lack of diversity in methods used do not allow identification of the best ways to promote oral health towards adolescents. Therefore, alternative approaches for oral health promotion in adolescents should be explored.
Autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and risk of malignant lymphomas – an update
Authors: Smedby K. E. , Askling J. , Mariette X. , Baecklund E.
Published: November 2008

As specific autoimmune disorders now constitute established risk factors for malignant lymphomas, we describe this association.

We review reported risk levels, risk determinants, lymphoma subtypes and biological mechanisms in autoimmunity/inflammation, emphasizing on recent findings.

Whilst numerous reports describe average lymphoma risks in large patient groups, there’s a recent shift of focus to risk determinants and the role of inflammatory activity. Studies highlight associations with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, apart from lymphoma development in target organs of inflammation.

Future studies of high‐risk patient subsets using detailed assessments of autoimmunity/inflammation and lymphoma may give important clues to lymphomagenesis.
Shigella flexneri type III secretion system effectors OspB and OspF target the nucleus to downregulate the host inflammatory response via interactions with retinoblastoma protein
Authors: Zurawski Daniel V. , Mumy Karen L. , Faherty Christina S. , McCormick Beth A. , Maurelli Anthony T.
Published: November 2008

OspF, OspG and IpaH9.8 are type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors of Shigella flexneri that downregulate the host innate immune response. OspF modifies mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways and polymorphonuclear leucocyte transepithelial migration associated with Shigella invasion. OspF also localizes in the nucleus to mediate chromatin remodelling, resulting in reduced transcription of inflammatory cytokines. We now report that OspB can be added to the set of S. flexneri T3SS effectors required to modulate the innate immune response. T84 cells infected with a ΔospB mutant resulted in reduced polymorphonuclear leucocyte transepithelial migration and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling. Tagged versions of OspB localized with endosomes and the nucleus. Further, T84 cells infected with the ΔospB mutant showed increased levels of secreted IL‐8 compared with wild‐type infected cells. Both GST–OspB and GST–OspF coprecipitated retinoblastoma protein from host cell lysates. Because ΔospB and ΔospF mutants share similar phenotypes, and OspB and OspF share a host binding partner, we propose that OspB and OspF facilitate the remodelling of chromatin via interactions with retinoblastoma protein, resulting in diminished inflammatory cytokine production. The requirement of multiple T3SS effectors to modulate the innate immune response correlates to the complexity of the human immune system.
Capsule anchoring in Bacillus anthracis occurs by a transpeptidation reaction that is inhibited by capsidin
Authors: Richter Stefan , Anderson Valerie J. , Garufi Gabriella , Lu Lianghua , Budzik Jonathan M. , Joachimiak Andrzej , He Chuan , Schneewind Olaf , Missiakas Dominique
Published: November 2008

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a dangerous biological weapon, as spores derived from drug‐resistant strains cause infections for which antibiotic therapy is no longer effective. We sought to develop an anti‐infective therapy for anthrax and targeted CapD, an enzyme that cleaves poly‐γ‐d‐glutamate capsule and generates amide bonds with peptidoglycan cross‐bridges to deposit capsular material into the envelope of B. anthracis. In agreement with the model that capsule confers protection from phagocytic clearance, B. anthracis capD variants failed to deposit capsule into the envelope and displayed defects in anthrax pathogenesis. By screening chemical libraries, we identified the CapD inhibitor capsidin, 4‐[(4‐bromophenyl)thio]‐3‐(diacetylamino)benzoic acid), which covalently modifies the active‐site threonine of the transpeptidase. Capsidin treatment blocked capsular assembly by B. anthracis and enabled phagocytic killing of non‐encapsulated vegetative forms.
The CprS sensor kinase of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni influences biofilm formation and is required for optimal chick colonization
Authors: Svensson Sarah L. , Davis Lindsay M. , MacKichan Joanna K. , Allan Brenda J. , Pajaniappan Mohanasundari , Thompson Stuart A. , Gaynor Erin C.
Published: November 2008

Campylobacter jejuni, a prevalent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, must adapt to different environments to be a successful pathogen. We previously identified a C. jejuni two‐component regulatory system (Cj1226/7c) as upregulated during cell infections. Analyses described herein led us to designate the system CprRS (Campylobacterplanktonic growth regulation). While the response regulator was essential, a cprS sensor kinase mutant was viable. The ΔcprS mutant displayed an apparent growth defect and formed dramatically enhanced and accelerated biofilms independent of upregulation of previously characterized surface polysaccharides. ΔcprS also displayed a striking dose‐dependent defect for colonization of chicks and was modestly enhanced for intracellular survival in INT407 cells. Proteomics analyses identified changes consistent with modulation of essential metabolic genes, upregulation of stress tolerance proteins, and increased expression of MOMP and FlaA. Consistent with expression profiling, we observed enhanced motility and secretion in ΔcprS, and decreased osmotolerance and oxidative stress tolerance. We also found that C. jejuni biofilms contain a DNase I‐sensitive component and that biofilm formation is influenced by deoxycholate and the metabolic substrate fumarate. These results suggest that CprRS influences expression of factors important for biofilm formation, colonization and stress tolerance, and also add to our understanding of C. jejuni biofilm physiology.
Ebastine in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria
Authors: Sastre J.
Published: November 2008

Histamine is a key mediator in the development of allergy symptoms, and oral H1‐antihistamines are among the most widely used treatments for symptomatic relief in conditions such as allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. Ebastine is a second‐generation antihistamine which has been shown to be an effective treatment for both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. In controlled clinical trials in adult and adolescent patients with allergic rhinitis, ebastine 10 mg once‐daily improved symptoms to a significantly greater extent than placebo and to a similar extent as loratadine 10 mg and cetirizine 10 mg (both once‐daily), while ebastine 20 mg proved to be more effective than these two comparator antihistamines. In addition, ebastine was significantly more effective than placebo at relieving the symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Ebastine provides efficacy throughout the 24‐h dosing interval with once‐daily administration and clinical benefit is seen from the first day of treatment. Small studies have found beneficial effects for ebastine in patients with other disorders, including cold urticaria, dermographic urticaria, atopic asthma, mosquito bites and (in combination with pseudoephedrine) the common cold. In addition to the regular ebastine tablet, a fast‐dissolving tablet (FDT) formulation, which disintegrates in the mouth without the aid of a drink, is also available. It has been shown to be bioequivalent to the regular tablet, and to be significantly more effective than desloratadine at reducing histamine‐induced cutaneous wheals. A number of patient surveys demonstrated that the majority of individuals who tried the fast‐dissolving formulation reported it to be convenient for use, fast‐acting and preferred it to their previous antihistamine medication. Perhaps most importantly, a large proportion of patients indicated that they would prefer to use this new formulation in the future. Ebastine has a rapid onset of action and it can be administered once‐daily, with or without food. Dose modifications are not needed in elderly patients, or in those with renal or mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Ebastine is generally well‐tolerated, and clinical studies showed that at usual therapeutic doses of 10 and 20 mg once‐daily, it had no clinically relevant adverse effects on cognitive function and psychomotor performance or on cardiovascular function. In conclusion, ebastine is an effective and generally well‐tolerated treatment for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. In addition to the regular tablet formulation, ebastine is available as a FDT, providing a treatment option that is particularly convenient for patients.
Outcome of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients transplanted with matched unrelated donors vs allele‐mismatched donors: a single centre study
Authors: Hauzenberger D. , Schaffer M. , Ringdén O. , Hassan Z. , Omazic B. , Mattsson J. , Wikström A.‐C. , Remberger M.
Published: November 2008

We studied the importance of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 high‐resolution matching on the outcome of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with matched unrelated donors (MUDs) vs single allele‐mismatched unrelated donors. Fifty consecutive HSCT patients receiving an HLA‐A, ‐B or ‐DR allele‐level‐mismatched unrelated graft (mmUD) were compared with a matched cohort of 100 patients with an HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DR‐MUD. Rejection occurred in seven patients (14%) in the mmUD group and in four patients (4%) in the MUD group (P = 0.04), but this was mainly an effect of HLA‐C mismatch. The cumulative incidence of acute graft vs host disease (GVHD) grades II–IV were 61%, 26% and 33% in the class I mmUD, class II mmUD and MUD groups, respectively. In multivariate analysis, HLA class I mismatch was associated with an increased risk of acute GVHD grades II–IV (2.09, P = 0.007) and transplant‐related mortality (TRM) (1.99, P = 0.06). The 5‐year overall survival was 81% in patients with a class II allele‐mismatched donor compared with 52% (P = 0.025) and 50% (P = 0.017) in patients with a class I mismatch and a MUD. In multivariate analysis, HLA class II allele mismatch was associated with improved survival (3.38, P = 0.019). Relapse‐free survival were 53%, 37% and 42% in patients with a class II mmUD, class I mmUD and a MUD, respectively (not significant). An HLA‐C or ‐DQ mismatch had no significant impact on survival, TRM and relapse. In conclusion, compared with MUD, HLA class I allele mmUD had an increased risk of acute GVHD and TRM.
Molecular mechanisms of HLA association with autoimmune diseases
Authors: Caillat‐Zucman S.
Published: November 2008

The association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules with many autoimmune diseases has been long known. Yet, the molecular basis for these associations remains unclear for most of these diseases because of the lack of identification of a primary target autoantigen or autoantigens. In two frequent autoimmune disorders, however, celiac disease and type 1 diabetes, recent progress in the identification of immunogenic antigen epitopes and analysis of crystal structure of particular HLA molecules in complex with disease‐specific epitopes has allowed for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease association. In this review, these two diseases will be analyzed in detail to show how HLA polymorphisms may directly contribute to susceptibility to, or protection from, disease. Such analyses have significant interest in clinical practice to identify at‐risk individuals and elaborate new therapeutic strategies aiming at inhibiting or preventing the autoimmune process.
Behavioral Syndromes in Stable Social Groups: An Artifact of External Constraints?
Authors: Nelson Ximena J. , Wilson David R. , Evans Christopher S.
Published: November 2008

Individuals of many species differ consistently in their behavioral reactions toward different stimuli, such as predators, rivals, and potential mates. These typical reactions, described as ‘behavioral syndromes’ or ‘personalities,’ appear to be heritable and therefore subject to selection. We studied behavioral syndromes in 36 male fowl living in 12 social groups and found that individuals behaved consistently over time. Furthermore, responses to different contexts (anti‐predator, foraging, and territorial) were inter‐correlated, suggesting that males exhibited comparable behavioral traits in these functionally distinct situations. We subsequently isolated the same roosters and conducted tests in a ‘virtual environment,’ using high‐resolution digital video sequences to simulate the anti‐predator, foraging, and territorial contexts that they had experienced outdoors. Under these controlled conditions, repeatability persisted but individual responses to the three classes of stimuli failed to predict one another. These were instead context‐specific. In particular, production of each type of vocal signal was independent, implying that calls in the repertoire are controlled by distinct mechanisms. Our results show that extrinsic factors, such as social position, can be responsible for the appearance of traits that could readily be mistaken for the product of endogenous characters.
Why Do Dolphins Form Mixed‐Species Associations in the Azores?
Authors: Quérouil Sophie , Silva Mónica A. , Cascão Irma , Magalhães Sara , Seabra Maria Inês , Machete Miguel A. , Santos Ricardo S.
Published: November 2008

Mixed‐species associations are temporary associations between individuals of different species that are often observed in birds, primates and cetaceans. They have been interpreted as a strategy to reduce predation risk, enhance foraging success and/or provide a social advantage. In the archipelago of the Azores, four species of dolphins are commonly involved in mixed‐species associations: the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, and the spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis. In order to understand the reasons why dolphins associate, we analysed field data collected since 1999 by research scientists and trained observers placed onboard fishing vessels. In total, 113 mixed‐species groups were observed out of 5720 sightings. The temporal distribution, habitat (water depth, distance to the coast), behaviour (i.e. feeding, travelling, socializing), size and composition of mixed‐species groups were compared with those of single‐species groups. Results did not support the predation avoidance hypothesis and gave little support to the social advantage hypothesis. The foraging advantage hypothesis was the most convincing. However, the benefits of mixed‐species associations appeared to depend on the species. Associations were likely to be opportunistic in the larger bottlenose dolphin, while there seemed to be some evolutionary constraints favouring associations in the rarer striped dolphin. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the formation of mixed‐species groups depends on several environmental factors, and therefore may constitute an adaptive response.
The Mechanistic Basis of a Large Male Mating Advantage in Two Freshwater Amphipod Species
Authors: Cothran Rickey D.
Published: November 2008

In many animals, body size plays an important role in determining both ecological success and mating success. Thus, the expression of body size within a population is often the result of the interaction between natural selection and sexual selection. Here, I examine the mechanistic basis for a large male mating advantage in two freshwater amphipod species that differ ecologically. Traditionally, size‐biased mating patterns in amphipods have been attributed to the advantage of large size in male–male competition for females. In this study, when direct male–male interactions were eliminated (via tethering), large males had a mating advantage similar to that observed under control conditions (males free to interact) and in previous field and laboratory studies. These results suggest that male–female interactions play an important role in selecting for large male size. There was, however, some evidence for male takeovers in the species that shows the stronger size‐based mating bias. Takeovers occurred in 33% of trials when smaller males were in the position of defender, i.e. paired with the female. Therefore, takeovers by larger males may also contribute to the strong size‐based mating biases observed in this species.
Estimation of heritability for superficial digital flexor tendon injury by Gibbs sampling in the Thoroughbred racehorse
Authors: Oki H. , Miyake T. , Kasashima Y. , Sasaki Y.
Published: November 2008

The superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury causes considerable wastage of racing Thoroughbreds. In this study, the heritability of SDFT injury of the forelimbs was estimated in the Thoroughbred racehorses based on the Bayesian analysis with Gibbs sampling using threshold animal models. New horse patients of SDFT injury at the age of 2–5 years accommodated in the training centers in 2005 were used for the analyses. Based on clinical data of 8198 horses, heritability of SDFT was estimated to be the order of 0.17 (posterior mode) to 0.19 ± 0.05 (posterior mean ± posterior SD).
Identification of Potential Vectors and Alternative Plant Hosts for the Phytoplasma Associated with Napier Grass Stunt Disease in Ethiopia
Authors: Arocha Yaima , Zerfy Teme , Abebe Germa , Proud Janice , Hanson Jean , Wilson Michael , Jones Phil , Lucas John
Published: November 2008

Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), the most important forage crop in East Africa, has recently been affected by a devastating disease named Napier Grass Stunt (NGS). A phytoplasma of group 16SrI has been associated with NGS in Kenya and Uganda, whereas in Ethiopia, group 16SrIII was previously identified in NGS affected fields. However, no insect vectors or alternative hosts have been recorded for NGS in East Africa. During 2005, surveys were conducted at NGS‐affected plantations of Debre‐Zeit and Zwai field stations in Addis Ababa. Leaf samples were collected from weeds located in and surrounding the NGS‐affected areas. Leafhopper species were also surveyed by vacuum sampling in a search for natural phytoplasma vectors. Total DNA was extracted from plants and insects, and used as a template in nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) with universal 16S rRNA phytoplasma primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), sequencing of PCR products and phylogenetic analysis were conducted for a finer identification and characterization of the phytoplasma associated with NGS. A 16SrIII‐A phytoplasma with 100% of identity in the 16S rRNA sequence with that of the previously identified one in Napier Grass (accession no. DQ305977) was identified from alfalfa, Medicago sativa (accession no. DQ305982), Cynodon dactylon (accession no. DQ3058983), Exitianus sp. (DQ305980) and Leptodelphax dymas collected in Debre Zeit (accession no. DQ305979) and Zwai (accession no. DQ305978). These findings suggest that M. sativa and Cy. dactylon are alternative reservoirs, and Exitianus sp. and L. dymas, potential vectors of the 16SrIII‐A phytoplasma, which may have epidemiological implications in spreading NGS in Ethiopia.
Antioxidants in Colostrum and Milk of Sows and Cows
Authors: Albera E , Kankofer M
Published: November 2008

Contents

On account of the oxidative stress conditions that may appear during parturition, colostrum should provide with not only nutritional and immunological components but also antioxidative protection of newborn. There is evidence that apart from well‐known antioxidative enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase or low molecular antioxidants, proteins like lactoperoxidase (LPO), lactoferrin (LF) and ceruloplasmin (CP) may exert antioxidative properties in colostrum. The aim of present study was to determine and to evaluate LPO, LF and CP activities in colostrum and milk of sows and cows. Samples were collected from 16 healthy cows five times: immediately after parturition, 12, 24 and 48 h, and 7 days postpartum as well as from 14 healthy sows five times: immediately after parturition, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h later. Examined parameters were determined spectrophotometrically at 412, 560 and 540 nm respectively. LPO activity was higher in sows as in cows and increased significantly within examined time. LF ability to inhibit superoxide radical generation was higher in sows as in cows and increased significantly within examined time. CP oxidase activity was higher in cows as in sows and decreased significantly during experimental period. In conclusion, antioxidative defence system in colostrum shows dynamic changes that allow for providing with necessary protection from oxidative stress conditions, which may appear after parturition.
Distinct Effects of Boar Seminal Plasma Fractions Exhibiting Different Protein Profiles on the Functionality of Highly Diluted Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: García EM , Calvete JJ , Sanz L , Roca J , Martínez EA , Vázquez JM
Published: November 2008

Contents

The aim of this study was to evaluate how different protein profiles of seminal plasma (SP) fractions affect sperm functionality in vitro. Ejaculates from three boars were separated into six fractions. The fractions differed from each other in their sperm content, in their total SP protein content, and their spermadhesin PSP‐I/PSP‐II and heparin‐binding protein (HBP) concentrations. Spermatozoa were mainly recovered in fraction 2 (sperm‐rich fraction, >1800 × 106 spermatozoa/ml), whereas the pre‐sperm fraction 1 and the post‐sperm fractions 4–6 contained low numbers of spermatozoa (<500 × 106/ml). Except in fraction 2, the total SP protein concentration and the concentration of both, spermadhesin PSP‐I/PSP‐II and the HBPs increased with fraction order. Distinct time‐dependent effects were observed on motility characteristics and membrane integrity of highly diluted boar spermatozoa upon incubation with a 10% dilution of the SP from each fraction. The highest sperm viability was recorded after exposure for 5 h to fraction 2, followed by fractions 1 and 3. The percentages of motile spermatozoa also differed significantly among fractions after 5 h of incubation. Spermatozoa incubated with SP of fractions 1–3 showed the highest percentage motility. We conclude that different SP fractions exert distinct effects on the functionality of highly diluted boar spermatozoa. Fractions 1–3 appear to promote sperm survival, whereas fractions 4–6 seem to be harmful for preserving the physiological functions of highly diluted boar spermatozoa.
Morphological Study of the Effects of the GnRH Superagonist Deslorelin on the Canine Testis and Prostate Gland
Authors: Junaidi A , Williamson PE , Trigg TE , Cummins JM , Martin GB
Published: November 2008

Contents

The present study is part of a programme of research designed to evaluate the efficacy of the GnRH superagonist, deslorelin (d‐Trp6‐Pro9‐des‐Gly10‐LHRH ethylamide), as a contraceptive for male dogs. Adult dogs were assigned to a completely randomized design comprising six groups of four animals. Each dog in the control group received a blank implant (placebo) and each dog in the other five groups received a 6 mg deslorelin implant. One group of deslorelin‐treated dogs was sacrificed on each of days 16, 26, 41, 101 and 620, and testicular and prostate tissues were collected for study by light and electron microscopy. On days 16 and 26 after implantation, we observed partial disruption of the seminiferous tubules, with early spermatids shed into the lumen. On days 41 and 101 after implantation, 90–100% of the seminiferous tubules were atrophic and aspermatogenic. On day 101 after implantation, 99% of all sections showed atrophy of the epithelium and shrinkage of epithelial height in the ductus epididymides. On days 41 and 101 after implantation, prostate tissue showed complete atrophy of the glandular epithelium (100% of sections) and an apparent increase in the relative proportion of connective tissue. At the electron microscopic level, in dogs treated with deslorelin for 41 and 101 days, the Sertoli cells were smaller and their nucleoli appeared smaller than in the control dogs. The nucleoli of the Leydig cells were atrophied and prostate glandular epithelium showed reduced epithelial height, atrophy of the nucleolus and an absence of secretory granules. Tissues collected during the recovery phase revealed a complete recovery of spermatogenesis. In conclusion, slow‐release implants containing deslorelin induce a striking atrophy of the testes and prostate gland by 26 days after implantation, explaining the previously reported loss of ejaculate and arrest of sperm output. At histological level, the entire process appears to be completely reversible, in accordance with data on endocrine variables and semen production.
Smooth Muscle Cells of the Bovine Cervical Stroma may have a Secretory, rather than a Contractile Function during Parturition
Authors: Van Engelen E , Breeveld‐Dwarkasing VNA , Everts ME , Van Der Weyden GC , Taverne MAM , Rutten VPMG
Published: November 2008

Contents

The bovine cervix contains a large amount of smooth muscle cells distributed over an outer muscular layer and within a stromal layer. The stromal layer exhibits no electromyographic (EMG) activity at parturition. This leads to the question whether the stromal smooth muscle cells of the bovine cervix are prepared to contract with parturition, or whether they have another function. To this end, cervical biopsies were repeatedly taken from 10 pregnant cows at day‐185 and ‐275 of gestation, at spontaneous, uncomplicated calving and at 30 days after calving. The smooth muscle bundles of the stroma were immunohistochemically analysed (n = 5) with regard to their integrity and cellular density, and the degree of staining for connexin‐43, smooth muscle actin α (SMA), desmin and vimentin. Additionally, the mRNA expression for connexin‐43, SMA, desmin and vimentin was determined with RT‐PCR (n = 5). The smooth muscle tissue was arranged in bundles, also at parturition. However, the cellular density of these bundles and the SMA mRNA expression were decreased at parturition. Additionally, the SMA staining and connexin‐43 expression and staining remained constant during pregnancy and at parturition. This might indicate that stromal smooth muscle cells are not prepared to contract with parturition, in contrast to the myometrial smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells, stained for SMA, also expressed vimentin, and the proportion of co‐expression was increased at day‐275 of pregnancy. This suggests that the stromal smooth muscle cells predominantly have a secretory function in cows.
Assessment of Differences in Some Indicators of Pain in Double Muscled Belgian Blue Cows Following Naturally Calving vs Caesarean Section
Authors: Kolkman I , Aerts S , Vervaecke H , Vicca J , Vandelook J , De Kruif A , Opsomer G , Lips D
Published: November 2008

Contents

This article describes a study of the behaviour of double muscled Belgian Blue (BB) cows during the peri partum period to assess the differences in pain perception in cows calving per vaginam vs cows delivering by caesarean section (CS). In one herd, a total of 30 multiparous cows, of which 17 delivered by CS and 13 calved per vaginam, were closely observed at approximately 1 month before calving and at days 1, 3 and 14 after parturition. The main behavioural indicators of pain were alertness, transition in posture from standing to lying and vice versa, aggressive behaviour, vocalization, rumination quality, reaction on wound and vulva pressure and the percentage of visible eye‐white. The main significant differences were lower overall activity and more transition in posture in animals that delivered by CS than in cows that calved naturally. Less time was spent on eating and ruminating in the CS group, their total resting time was longer and their total standing time was shorter. These significant differences were only observed on the first day after calving. Cows of the CS group reacted significantly more when pressure was put on the left flank on the first, third and fourteenth day after calving, whereas animals that calved per vaginam showed more reaction when pressure was put on the area around the vulva, but only on the first day. Based on the results of the present study, we can conclude that there are some significant short‐term behavioural differences between BB cows that calve naturally and those that deliver by CS, but in general, the differences are subtle and of short duration.
LEUCOCYTE RECRUITMENT UNDER FLUID SHEAR: MECHANICAL AND MOLECULAR REGULATION WITHIN THE INFLAMMATORY SYNAPSE
Authors: Simon Scott I , Sarantos Melissa R , Green Chad E , Schaff Ulrich Y
Published: November 2008

Nature has evolved an exquisite system for regulation of leucocyte recruitment at sites of tissue inflammation. Mechanical energy translated to the red and white blood cells transports them from large arteries down to the microcirculation.

Neutrophils overcome the drag forces of blood flow by forming selectin and integrin adhesive bonds with the endothelium that coats the vessel wall. Leucocyte adhesion receptors have evolved unique mechanical and chemical properties that optimize for sequential binding and uptake of traction forces.

In the present brief review, we address how dispersive forces acting on a neutrophil in shear flow function to stabilize and synchronize bond formation within a macromolecular membrane complex we denote the inflammatory synapse.
Increased staining for phosphorylated AKT and nuclear factor‐κB p65 and their relationship with prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Guo Rui‐Xia , Qiao Yu‐Huan , Zhou Yan , Li Liu‐Xia , Shi Hui‐Rong , Chen Kui‐Sheng
Published: November 2008

AKT plays an important role in malignant behavior of tumors. The purpose of the present study was to determine the expression of phosphorylated AKT (P‐AKT) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 and their association with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in epithelial ovarian tumor. On immunohistochemistry 115 samples of ovarian tissue that included 68 specimens of epithelial ovarian cancer, 12 of borderline tumor, 24 of epithelial benign tumor and 11 of normal ovary, were evaluated. Sixty‐three patients with ovarian cancer were followed up from 7 to 68 months. The positive expression rate of P‐AKT and NF‐κB p65 were higher in epithelial ovarian cancer than in normal ovarian tissue (P < 0.01). Elevated P‐AKT or NF‐κB p65 expression was significantly correlated with late clinical stage (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) and poor histological differentiation (both P < 0.01). P‐AKT expression was significantly correlated with NF‐κB p65 immunostaining (φ = 0.272, P < 0.05). Elevated expression of P‐AKT was negatively correlated with the survival of ovarian cancer patients, but it was not an independent prognostic factor after multivariate analysis. Overexpression of P‐AKT and NF‐κB p65 were involved in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer. P‐AKT might contribute to the malignant transformation through NF‐κBp65 upregulation.
Mucin‐producing gallbladder adenocarcinoma with focal small cell and large cell neuroendocrine differentiation associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction
Authors: Oshiro Hisashi , Matsuo Kenichi , Mawatari Hironori , Inayama Yoshiaki , Yamanaka Shoji , Nagahama Kiyotaka , Endo Itaru , Shimada Hiroshi , Nakajima Atsushi , Kubota Kensuke
Published: November 2008

Herein is reported a case of mucin‐producing carcinoma of the gallbladder in a 55‐year‐old Japanese woman. Although the patient's status and laboratory data initially suggested biliary pancreatitis due to gallstone, radiography and endoscopy confirmed the presence of pancreaticobiliary maljunction and a gallbladder tumor with excessive mucin, in which the duodenal papilla and the common bile duct were impacted. Following surgery, the gallbladder tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as a mixed endocrine–exocrine carcinoma. The carcinoma predominantly consisted of papillary, but also contained some tubular adenocarcinomatous components. Additionally, small foci of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomatous components were observed. There was no evidence of lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, or direct invasion outside the gallbladder. Thus, the final classification of pT2N0M0 stage II was given to this lesion, according to the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer guidelines. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the carcinoma had not recurred in the absence of chemoradiotherapy for a period of 20 months. Mucin‐producing gallbladder carcinoma is a rare clinical condition that can occur in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Detailed investigation of this condition is important to develop and refine effective therapeutic strategies.
Postoperative spindle cell nodule of the breast: Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation following endo‐surgery
Authors: Garijo María Francisca , Val‐Bernal José Fernando , Vega Alfonso , Val Daniel
Published: November 2008

Despite the frequent use of fine‐needle aspiration, core biopsy and surgery, postoperative spindle cell nodule (PSCN) is a rare pathological complication that may be diagnostically treacherous. Presented herein is the case of a 52‐year‐old woman who developed a 7 mm mammary nodular lesion 66 days after removal of an area of columnar cell hyperplasia involving cellular and architectural atypia, performed with the Mammotome Breast Biopsy System. The lesion was highly cellular and composed of intersecting fascicles of plump spindle cells with blunt‐ended elongated nuclei and nucleoli easily visible. Interspersed mononuclear cells and hemosiderin‐laden macrophages were evident. PSCN is a reactive, benign myofibroblastic proliferation. Differential diagnosis includes benign and malignant spindle cell lesions of the breast. Recognition of this reactive lesion will avoid overdiagnosis of spindle cell malignant tumor. Attention to clinicopathological and histological features should result in accurate recognition of this lesion.
Ductal adenoma of the breast: Immunohistochemistry of two cases
Authors: Terada Tadashi
Published: November 2008

The author reports herein two cases of ductal adenoma of the breast with an emphasis on immunohistochemistry. Both cases (patient 1, 58‐year‐old woman; patient 2, 78‐year‐old woman) were clinically suspected as carcinoma, and core biopsies were ‘indeterminate’ or ‘suspicious for malignancy’. Excisional biopsy and wide excision were performed. Histologically, both cases were ductal adenomas composed of ductal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells. Patient 1 had extensive apocrine metaplasia. Immunohistochemically, myoepithelial cells were noted in both cases; cytokeratin (CK) 14 and p63 were the most reliable myoepithelial markers, followed by CD10, α‐smooth muscle actin and S100 protein. CK profile was as follows: positive expression of CK5/6, CK18, CK19, and high‐molecular‐weight CK, and negative expression of CK20. This CK profile was the same as that of non‐tumorous ducts, suggesting that the CK profile does not alter in tumorigenesis. The tumor cells expressed p53 protein (case 1, positive cell percentage 5%; case 2, 7%), c‐erbB2 (HER2/neu, 76%, 64%), CEA (5%, 0%), estrogen receptor (33%, 84%), but were negative for progesterone receptor. Ki‐67 labeling was 5% and 3%, respectively. MUC apomucin expression was as follows: MUC1, 92%, 100%; MUC2, 0%, 0%; MUC5AC, 0%, 0%; and MUC6, 5%, 0%. Non‐tumorous ducts expressed MUC1, but were negative for MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6.
Pseudomembranous aspergillus tracheobronchitis superimposed on post‐tuberculosis tracheal stenosis
Authors: PORNSURIYASAK Prapaporn , MURGU Septimiu , COLT Henri
Published: November 2008

Pseudomembranous aspergillus tracheobronchitis superimposed on post‐tuberculosis tracheal stenosis has not been previously reported. In the patient described in this case report, the airway obstruction was worsened by aspergillus infection which responded to antifungal therapy and debridement of pseudomembranous tissues by rigid bronchoscopic procedures. A silicone stent was successfully placed in the trachea to restore airway patency when there was no more evidence of tracheobronchial aspergillosis. This case raises the questions of whether, how and when to restore airway patency in patients with tracheal stenosis and concurrent aspergillus tracheobronchitis.
Constrictive bronchiolitis associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune multi‐organ syndrome
Authors: MALDONADO Fabien , PITTELKOW Mark R. , RYU Jay H.
Published: November 2008

Background and objective:  Constrictive bronchiolitis is a rare and potentially fatal manifestation of paraneoplastic autoimmune multi‐organ syndrome (PAMS), also called paraneoplastic pemphigus. The current review aimed to assess the frequency and clinical features of constrictive bronchiolitis occurring in patients with PAMS.

Methods:  A computer‐assisted search of medical records identified 17 patients with PAMS seen during the period 1994–2007. Medical records, radiological studies and biopsy results were reviewed.

Results:  There were 10 men and 7 women; the median age at diagnosis of PAMS was 60 years (range 33–72 years). Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were the underlying neoplasms in over two‐thirds of these patients. Constrictive bronchiolitis was diagnosed in three patients who had respiratory symptoms, severe airflow obstruction on pulmonary function testing and evidence of air trapping on CT scanning with no other identifiable cause for these findings. In contrast to previous reports, two of the three patients with constrictive bronchiolitis presented with skin and respiratory manifestations in the absence of a known neoplasm. Seven patients with PAMS died (41%) after a median interval of 13 months (range 1–33 months) and the deaths included two of the constrictive bronchiolitis patients who continued to worsen despite immunosuppressive therapy.

Conclusions:  In a minority of patients with PAMS, constrictive bronchiolitis occurs and tends to cause progressive airflow obstruction that responds poorly to immunosuppressive therapy. Constrictive bronchiolitis in these patients may be manifest prior to the discovery of the underlying neoplasm and the diagnosis of PAMS.
Clinical application of the liquid‐based cytological test in cytological screening of sputum for the diagnosis of lung cancer
Authors: WU Guang‐Ping , WANG En‐Hua , LI Jian‐Hua , FU Zhi‐Min , HAN Shuo
Published: November 2008

Background and objective:  The liquid‐based cytological test (LCT) is successfully and widely used to assess cervical cytology. This study aimed to compare the cytological findings and diagnostic sensitivity of LCT with those of the pick‐and‐smear (PS) method for diagnosing lung cancer.

Methods:  Sputum specimens from 101 patients diagnosed with lung cancer were studied.

Results:  LCT slides showed decreased areas of cell monolayers, a clearer background and distinct, stereoscopic cytological features. The LCT had a significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity for lung cancer (80.2%) than the PS method (63.4%, P < 0.05), particularly for small cell lung carcinoma (P < 0.05). Combination of the LCT with the conventional PS method showed significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity for the detection of adenocarcinoma (80.6%) compared with the PS method alone (55.6%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  LCT is a useful and easily performed technique that can be widely applied, and is suitable for mass screening for the early diagnosis of lung cancer.