bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Double or Extra? The Identity of Transnational Adoptees in Sweden
Authors: Deguchi Akira
Published: September 2013

Transnational adoption has been well-established and successful in Sweden. The notion of double identity is espoused today, embracing the national identity of the birth country as well as the Swedish identity; but it is often adoptive parents more than adoptees who are concerned with this. Hidden in the double identity, there is a presupposition of the type of axiom expressed in terms such as ’blood is thicker than water’, placing biological origin as the essential value. However, some adoptees are more positive and flexible in constructing their identities, which should be worth more attention. This biologised ideology may discriminate adoptees and immigrants; it betrays a flaw in the Swedish self-image of their society as ’colour blind’ and ’anti racist’.
The Role of Citicoline in Neuroprotection and Neurorepair in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Álvarez-Sabín José , Román Gustavo
Published: September 2013

Advances in acute stroke therapy resulting from thrombolytic treatment, endovascular procedures, and stroke units have improved significantly stroke survival and prognosis; however, for the large majority of patients lacking access to advanced therapies stroke mortality and residual morbidity remain high and many patients become incapacitated by motor and cognitive deficits, with loss of independence in activities of daily living. Therefore, over the past several years, research has been directed to limit the brain lesions produced by acute ischemia (neuroprotection) and to increase the recovery, plasticity and neuroregenerative processes that complement rehabilitation and enhance the possibility of recovery and return to normal functions (neurorepair). Citicoline has therapeutic effects at several stages of the ischemic cascade in acute ischemic stroke and has demonstrated efficiency in a multiplicity of animal models of acute stroke. Long-term treatment with citicoline is safe and effective, improving post-stroke cognitive decline and enhancing patients’ functional recovery. Prolonged citicoline administration at optimal doses has been demonstrated to be remarkably well tolerated and to enhance endogenous mechanisms of neurogenesis and neurorepair contributing to physical therapy and rehabilitation.
Time Eigenstates for Potential Functions without Extremal Points
Authors: Torres-Vega Gabino
Published: September 2013

In a previous paper, we introduced a way to generate a time coordinate system for classical and quantum systems when the potential function has extremal points. In this paper, we deal with the case in which the potential function has no extremal points at all, and we illustrate the method with the harmonic and linear potentials.
Design and Implementation of a High Quality Power Supply Scheme for Distributed Generation in a Micro-Grid
Authors: Xia Mingchao , Li Xiaoliang
Published: September 2013

A low carbon, high efficiency and high quality power supply scheme for Distributed Generation (DG) in a micro-grid is presented. A three-phase, four-leg DG grid-interfacing converter based on the improved structure of a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC, including a series converter and a parallel converter) is adopted, and improved indirect and direct control strategies are proposed. It can be observed that these strategies effectively compensate for voltage sags, voltage swells and voltage distortion, as well as voltage power quality problems resulting from the nonlinear and unbalanced loads in a micro-grid. While solving the coupling interference from series–parallel, the grid-interfacing converter can achieve proper load power sharing in a micro-grid. In particular, an improved minimum-energy compensation method is proposed that can overcome the conventional compensation algorithm defects, ensure the load voltage’s phase angle stability, improve the voltage compensating ability and range, reduce the capacity and cost of converters, and reduce the shock of micro-grid switching between grid-connected mode and islanded mode. Moreover, the advantages/disadvantages and application situation of the two improved control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the performance of the proposed control strategies has been verified through a MATLAB/Simulink simulation under various operating conditions.
Genetic Analysis of West Nile Virus Isolates from an Outbreak in Idaho, United States, 2006–2007
Authors: Grinev Andriyan , Chancey Caren , Añez Germán , Ball Christopher , Winkelman Valerie , Williamson Phillip , Foster Gregory , Stramer Susan , Rios Maria
Published: September 2013

West Nile virus (WNV) appeared in the U.S. in 1999 and has since become endemic, with yearly summer epidemics causing tens of thousands of cases of serious disease over the past 14 years. Analysis of WNV strains isolated during the 2006–2007 epidemic seasons demonstrates that a new genetic variant had emerged coincidentally with an intense outbreak in Idaho during 2006. The isolates belonging to the new variant carry a 13 nt deletion, termed ID-Δ13, located at the variable region of the 3′UTR, and are genetically related. The analysis of deletions and insertions in the 3′UTR of two major lineages of WNV revealed the presence of conserved repeats and two indel motifs in the variable region of the 3′UTR. One human and two bird isolates from the Idaho 2006–2007 outbreaks were sequenced using Illumina technology and within-host variability was analyzed. Continued monitoring of new genetic variants is important for public health as WNV continues to evolve.
Receptor-Targeted, Magneto-Mechanical Stimulation of Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Hu Bin , Haj Alicia , Dobson Jon
Published: September 2013

Mechanical cues are employed to promote stem cell differentiation and functional tissue formation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. We have developed a Magnetic Force Bioreactor (MFB) that delivers highly targeted local forces to cells at a pico-newton level, utilizing magnetic micro- and nano-particles to target cell surface receptors. In this study, we investigated the effects of magnetically targeting and actuating specific two mechanical-sensitive cell membrane receptors—platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and integrin ανβ3. It was found that a higher mineral-to-matrix ratio was obtained after three weeks of magneto-mechanical stimulation coupled with osteogenic medium culture by initially targeting PDGFRα compared with targeting integrin ανβ3 and non-treated controls. Moreover, different initiation sites caused a differentiated response profile when using a 2-day-lagged magneto-mechanical stimulation over culture periods of 7 and 12 days). However, both resulted in statistically higher osteogenic marker genes expression compared with immediate magneto-mechanical stimulation. These results provide insights into important parameters for designing appropriate protocols for ex vivo induced bone formation via magneto-mechanical actuation.
Gut Transcription in Helicoverpa zea is Dynamically Altered in Response to Baculovirus Infection
Authors: Noland Jeffrey , Breitenbach Jonathan , Popham Holly , Hum-Musser Sue , Vogel Heiko , Musser Richard
Published: September 2013

The Helicoverpa zea transcriptome was analyzed 24 h after H. zea larvae fed on artificial diet laced with Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV). Significant differential regulation of 1,139 putative genes (p < 0.05 T-test with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate) was detected in the gut epithelial tissue; where 63% of these genes were down-regulated and 37% of genes were up-regulated compared to the mock-infected control. Genes that play important roles in digestive physiology were noted as being generally down-regulated. Among these were aminopeptidases, trypsin-like serine proteases, lipases, esterases and serine proteases. Genes related to the immune response reacted in a complex nature having peptidoglycan binding and viral antigen recognition proteins and antiviral pathway systems down-regulated, whereas antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase were up-regulated. In general, detoxification genes, specifically cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase were down-regulated as a result of infection. This report offers the first comparative transcriptomic study of H. zea compared to HzSNPV infected H. zea and provides further groundwork that will lead to a larger understanding of transcriptional perturbations associated with viral infection and the host response to the viral insult in what is likely the most heavily infected tissue in the insect.
Exotic Alloys Obtained by Condensation of Metallic Vapors
Authors: Slobodrian R.
Published: September 2013

New methods of producing small quantities of exotic alloys from immiscible metals (and elements in general) are described with two examples: An alloy of aluminium with silver and one of aluminium with tungsten. There is no limit to the number of components that can form special alloys by this method and their applications can be foreseen to be quite useful in the future.
Childhood Overweight/Obesity and Pediatric Asthma: The Role of Parental Perception of Child Weight Status
Authors: Musaad Salma , Paige Katie , Teran-Garcia Margarita , Donovan Sharon , Fiese Barbara , The STRONG Kids Research Team
Published: September 2013

Childhood obesity and asthma are on the rise in the U.S. Clinical and epidemiological data suggest a link between the two, in which overweight and obese children are at higher risk for asthma. Prevention of childhood obesity is preferred over treatment, however, in order to be receptive to messages, parents must perceive that their child is overweight. Many parents do not accurately assess their child’s weight status. Herein, the relation between parental perceptions of child weight status, observed body mass index (BMI) percentiles, and a measure of child feeding practices were explored in the context of asthma, food allergy, or both. Out of the children with asthma or food allergy that were classified as overweight/obese by BMI percentiles, 93% were not perceived as overweight/obese by the parent. Mean scores for concern about child weight were higher in children with both asthma and food allergy than either condition alone, yet there were no significant differences among the groups in terms of pressure to eat and restrictive feeding practices. In summary, parents of children with asthma or food allergy were less likely to recognize their child’s overweight/obese status and their feeding practices did not differ from those without asthma and food allergy.
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure: A Practical Guide
Authors: Ebner Nicole , Von Haehling Stephan
Published: September 2013

Iron is an element necessary for cells due to its capacity of transporting oxygen and electrons. One of the important co-morbidities in heart failure is iron deficiency. Iron has relevant biological functions, for example, the formation of haemoglobin, myoglobin and numerous enzymatic groups. The prevalence of iron deficiency increases with the severity of heart failure. For a long time, the influence of iron deficiency was underestimated especially in terms of worsening of cardiovascular diseases and of developing anaemia. In recent years, studies with intravenous iron agents in patients with iron deficiency and cardiovascular diseases indicated new insights in the improvement of therapy. Experimental studies support the understanding of iron metabolism. Many physicians remain doubtful of the use of intravenous iron due to reports of side effects. The aim of this review is to describe iron metabolism in humans, to highlight the influence of iron deficiency on the course and symptoms of heart failure, discuss diagnostic tools of iron deficiency and provide guidance on the use of intravenous iron.
Polyphenols: Benefits to the Cardiovascular System in Health and in Aging
Authors: Khurana Sandhya , Venkataraman Krishnan , Hollingsworth Amanda , Piche Matthew , Tai T.
Published: September 2013

Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of naturally occurring dietary polyphenols in promoting cardiovascular health and emphasized the significant role these compounds play in limiting the effects of cellular aging. Polyphenols such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and curcumin have been acknowledged for having beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, while some have also been shown to be protective in aging. This review highlights the literature surrounding this topic on the prominently studied and documented polyphenols as pertaining to cardiovascular health and aging.
Crop Biometric Maps: The Key to Prediction
Authors: Rovira-Más Francisco , Sáiz-Rubio Verónica
Published: September 2013

The sustainability of agricultural production in the twenty-first century, both in industrialized and developing countries, benefits from the integration of farm management with information technology such that individual plants, rows, or subfields may be endowed with a singular “identity.” This approach approximates the nature of agricultural processes to the engineering of industrial processes. In order to cope with the vast variability of nature and the uncertainties of agricultural production, the concept of crop biometrics is defined as the scientific analysis of agricultural observations confined to spaces of reduced dimensions and known position with the purpose of building prediction models. This article develops the idea of crop biometrics by setting its principles, discussing the selection and quantization of biometric traits, and analyzing the mathematical relationships among measured and predicted traits. Crop biometric maps were applied to the case of a wine-production vineyard, in which vegetation amount, relative altitude in the field, soil compaction, berry size, grape yield, juice pH, and grape sugar content were selected as biometric traits. The enological potential of grapes was assessed with a quality-index map defined as a combination of titratable acidity, sugar content, and must pH. Prediction models for yield and quality were developed for high and low resolution maps, showing the great potential of crop biometric maps as a strategic tool for vineyard growers as well as for crop managers in general, due to the wide versatility of the methodology proposed.
Land Change in the Mission-Aransas Coastal Region, Texas: Implications for Coastal Vulnerability and Protected Areas
Authors: Güneralp Burak , Güneralp İnci , Castillo Cesar , Filippi Anthony
Published: September 2013

The Mission-Aransas coastal region (MACR) in Texas is home to settlements vulnerable to coastal hazards. The region also contains significant biodiversity including several endangered species. The habitats in the bays and estuaries of MACR are especially sensitive to changes in land use/land cover (LULC) within the drainage basins upstream. We examine LULC change in the MACR from 1990 to 2010 and its implications for coastal vulnerability of the built environment and for the biodiversity in the region. Our findings show that, from 1990 to 2010, about a quarter of the MACR experienced LULC change. Developed land increased 71% (from 118 km2 in 1990 to 203 km2 in 2010), by far the greatest proportional change among all land cover classes. The rate of increase of developed land was slightly higher along the coast, 75% (from 65 km2 in 1990 to 114 km2 in 2010). Almost 90% of all developed land was within 50 km of the protected areas in both years. Overall, our findings point to increased exposure of the people and infrastructure to coastal hazards. Given the high social vulnerability in the study area, our study can inform formulation of sustainable management options that minimize both the coastal vulnerability of people and infrastructure and the pressure on the protected areas that are critical for conservation of biodiversity in the region.
Canine Cyanotoxin Poisonings in the United States (1920s–2012): Review of Suspected and Confirmed Cases from Three Data Sources
Authors: Backer Lorraine , Landsberg Jan , Miller Melissa , Keel Kevin , Taylor Tegwin
Published: September 2013

Cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Some species produce potent toxins that can sicken or kill people, domestic animals, and wildlife. Dogs are particularly vulnerable to cyanotoxin poisoning because of their tendency to swim in and drink contaminated water during algal blooms or to ingestalgal mats.. Here, we summarize reports of suspected or confirmed canine cyanotoxin poisonings in the U.S. from three sources: (1) The Harmful Algal Bloom-related Illness Surveillance System (HABISS) of the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); (2) Retrospective case files from a large, regional veterinary hospital in California; and (3) Publicly available scientific and medical manuscripts; written media; and web-based reports from pet owners, veterinarians, and other individuals. We identified 231 discreet cyanobacteria harmful algal bloom (cyanoHAB) events and 368 cases of cyanotoxin poisoning associated with dogs throughout the U.S. between the late 1920s and 2012. The canine cyanotoxin poisoning events reviewed here likely represent a small fraction of cases that occur throughout the U.S. each year.
Update on Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Krakauer Teresa
Published: September 2013

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and related bacterial toxins cause diseases in humans and laboratory animals ranging from food poisoning, acute lung injury to toxic shock. These superantigens bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR), resulting in rapid hyper-activation of the host immune system. In addition to TCR and co-stimulatory signals, proinflammatory mediators activate signaling pathways culminating in cell-stress response, activation of NFκB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This article presents a concise review of superantigen-activated signaling pathways and focuses on the therapeutic challenges against bacterial superantigens.
Signaling Cascades of Pasteurella multocida Toxin in Immune Evasion
Authors: Kubatzky Katharina , Kloos Bianca , Hildebrand Dagmar
Published: September 2013

Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a protein toxin found in toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida. PMT is the causative agent for atrophic rhinitis in pigs, a disease characterized by loss of nasal turbinate bones due to an inhibition of osteoblast function and an increase in osteoclast activity and numbers. Apart from this, PMT acts as a strong mitogen, protects from apoptosis and has an impact on the differentiation and function of immune cells. Many signaling pathways have been elucidated, however, the effect of these signaling cascades as a means to subvert the host’s immune system are just beginning to unravel.
Cancer becomes wasteful: emerging roles of exosomes† in cell‐fate determination
Authors: Wendler Franz , Bota‐Rabassedas Neus , Franch‐Marro Xavier
Published: September 2013

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have been widely recognized for their role in intercellular communication of the immune response system. In the past few years, significance has been given to exosomes in the induction and modulation of cell‐fate‐inducing signalling pathways, such as the Hedgehog (Hh), Wnts, Notch, transforming growth factor (TGF‐β), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways, placing them in the wider context of development and also of cancer. These protein families induce signalling cascades responsible for tissue specification, homeostasis and maintenance. Exosomes contribute to cell‐fate signal secretion, and vice versa exosome secretion can be induced by these proteins. Interestingly, exosomes can also transfer their mRNA to host cells or modulate the signalling pathways directly by the removal of downstream effector molecules from the cell. Surprisingly, much of what we know about the function of exosomes in cell determination is gathered from pathological transformed cancer cells and wound healing while data about their biogenesis and biology in normal developing and adult tissue lag behind. In this report, we will summarize some of the published literature and point to current advances and questions in this fast‐developing topic. In a brief foray, we will also update and shortly discuss their potential in diagnosis and targeted cancer treatment.
Cuestión mapuche, descentralización del Estado y autonomía regional
Authors: Marimán José A.
Published: September 2013

En concentrant la population Mapuche dans des «reducciones», en l'isolant du point de vue géographique et en la marginalisant économiquement et socialement, la «pacification» de l'Araucanie et la politique officielle qui s'est installée, ont favorisé, sans le vouloir, la reproduction d'une culture spécifiquement Mapuche. Celle-ci est à la base de la mobilisation identitaire actuelle, à laquelle ne sont pas étrangères les fractions migrantes de la population. La conquête de l'« autonomie politico-territoriale du peuple Mapuche » ne s'avère pas une entreprise facile, mais il est possible de la faire avancer dans le cadre d'un « Statut d'Autonomie Régionale » qui viendrait s'inscrire dans la mouvance officielle de régionalisation et de décentralisation. Le contexte semble favorable, vu le profil « négociateur » qu'adopte l'Etat dans cette étape démocratique.
Downregulation of LIMK1 Level Inhibits Migration of Lung Cancer Cells and Enhances Sensitivity to Chemotherapy Drugs
Authors: Chen Qingyong , Jiao Demin , Hu Huizhen , Song Jia , Yan Jie , Wu Lijun , Xu Li-Qun
Published: September 2013

LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) is a member of a novel class of serine‐threonine protein kinases, which plays an important role in malignant transformation. High expression of LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) has been detected in various invasive cancers. Here, we showed that LIMK1 was overexpressed
in non-small cell lung cancer tissues (NSCLC) and cell lines. Expression of LIMK1 was detected in 115 of 150 lung cancer tissues, the frequency being more significant than in lung tissues. In addition, overexpression of LIMK1 was also associated with high TNM stage and lymph node metastasis
in NSCLC patients. Moreover, RNAi-mediated suppression of LIMK1 expression markedly inhibited migration and invasion of 801D lung cancer cells. Furthermore, silencing of LIMK1 sensitized 801D cells to chemotherapeutic drugs of cisplatin and gemcitabine. These results indicate that the overexpression
of LIMK1 is tightly associated with an aggressive phenotype of lung cancer cells, knockdown of LIMK1 suppressed cell migration and invasion, enhanced chemosensitivity, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Attribute-level encryption of data in public android databases
Authors: Loftis Charles , Chen Tennyson , Cirella Jonathan
Published: September 2013

Android mobile devices have become an attractive consumer product because of their portability, high-definition screens, long battery life, intuitive user interface, and ubiquitous competitive vendor pricing. The very feature that has helped with the proliferation of the devices is also one of the most problematic: their portability could result in theft, potentially allowing data to be compromised. For applications deployed to these devices, data security requirements need to be incorporated in the design process so these devices can be considered viable data collection tools. Researchers at RTI have been working to secure data on Android mobile devices so that selected information on the device can be encrypted and therefore difficult to obtain illegitimately while still making confidential data easy to access. We have developed software that will encrypt specific attributes of databases residing on the internal secure digital card (SD card) of Android devices. The method we have developed could also benefit other Android applications requiring secure storage of data on globally readable and writable databases. In this occasional paper, we discuss the technologies and methods used in our Android database encryption/ decryption implementation and their potential scalability to broader applications.
DETERMINANTS OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH COMMERCIALIZATION IN IRAN GAS INDUSTRY
Authors: Anbardan Yaghoub Zahedi
Published: September 2013

The aim of this research is to identify determinants of academic research commercialization in the Iranian gas industry. For this purpose, we have applied a mixed research methodology. After reviewing the literature we conducted interviews with academics that have experience in the gas industry commercialization in order to develop the research questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed by codifying the interviews. To analyze the quantitative results we applied the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA). The results show that there are 6 latent variables and 28 observed variables including the gas industry academic research commercialization requirements and prerequisites in Iran.
MODELS AS TOOLS OF ANALYSIS OF A NETWORK ORGANISATION
Authors: Pająk Wojciech
Published: September 2013

The paper presents models which may be applied as tools of analysis of a network organisation. The starting point of the discussion is defining the following terms: supply chain and network organisation. Further parts of the paper present basic assumptions analysis of a network organisation. Then the study characterises the best known models utilised in analysis of a network organisation. The purpose of the article is to define the notion and the essence of network organizations and to present the models used for their analysis.
L'identification génétique et la discrétion des controverses scientifiques dans son usage par la justice pénale
Authors: Renard Bertrand
Published: September 2013

L’identification par analyse ADN en justice pénale jouit d’une réputation de solidité que rien ne semble pouvoir démentir. En explorant les boîtes noires des pratiques d’expertise, tellement opaques pour les acteurs judiciaires, notre recherche révèle pourtant, conformément à une littérature critique anglo-saxonne, l’existence d’incertitudes scientifiques parfois déterminantes sur les choix législatifs ou pratiques. Dépassant le rôle de simple lanceur d’alerte, cette contribution s’attache à déceler les mécanismes sociaux qui tantôt autorisent ou non la résolution des controverses sur le plan scientifique et la levée des incertitudes, tantôt maintiennent ces incertitudes hors de la perception des acteurs judiciaires et politiques, de sorte qu’elles restent discrètes, voire totalement masquées.
Innovation, routinisation et gestion de l'imprévu dans les audiences par visioconférence
Authors: Dumoulin Laurence , Licoppe Christian
Published: September 2013

Cet article explore la façon dont la visioconférence pour réaliser des audiences met à l’épreuve le fonctionnement judiciaire * . À partir du cas d’audiences ayant lieu entre un site judiciaire et un site pénitentiaire, les auteurs montrent que ce dispositif travaille la justice, dans ses différentes dimensions, organisationnelle, institutionnelle et juridique. Ils analysent les mécanismes et processus par lesquels les acteurs de l’audience tentent de gérer cette situation inédite, en faisant appel, sur le vif, à leur imagination technologique, juridique et interactionnelle. La production de règles locales contribue à définir ce qu’est pratiquement la visioconférence pour tenir des audiences en même temps qu’à stabiliser et routiniser les interactions. Mais cette domestication de la technologie est fragile, notamment parce que les audiences par visioconférence sont vulnérables à l’aléa technique. L’analyse d’une audience dans laquelle est intervenu un problème technique permet de saisir comment le problème est collectivement traité à la fois comme une rupture qu’il faut réparer par une solidarité autour de la poursuite de l’activité et comme une épreuve pour la visioconférence. À la croisée entre sociologie du droit et sociologie des usages, cet article repose principalement sur un corpus d’audiences filmées dans des chambres de l’instruction françaises.
La technologie de mise à distance des condamnés en France. La centralisation informatique des données socio-judiciaires
Authors: de Larminat Xavier
Published: September 2013

Le processus de centralisation informatique des données socio-judiciaires au sein des services pénitentiaires d’insertion et de probation en France constitue un révélateur des nouvelles formes de rationalité qui dominent actuellement le paysage de l’exécution des peines. À partir de l’observation des usages du logiciel APPI et du Diagnostic à visée criminologique (DAVC) qui y a été récemment intégré, on montrera comment ces technologies favorisent la mise à distance des condamnés par leurs effets de standardisation et d’évaluation, qui s’opposent aux motifs d’individualisation et d’accompagnement social qui prévalaient jusqu’à leur avènement.
Entry Deterrence Through Cooperative R&D Over-Investment
Authors: Christin Clémence
Published: September 2013

Accords de recherche et développement, sur-investissement et barrières à l’entrée Nous mettons en évidence des conditions sous lesquelles un accord de recherche et développement (R&D) peut augmenter les prix finaux et ainsi être néfaste aux consommateurs, bien qu’il conduise les entreprises membres de l’accord à augmenter leurs efforts de recherche et développement. Nous nous intéressons à un cas dans lequel les entreprises se font concurrence à la fois sur le marché aval et sur le marché amont, où elles achètent toutes le même facteur de production nécessaire pour faire de la R&D. Le secteur est composé d’une frange concurrentielle et de deux entreprises stratégiques, qui prennent leurs décisions avant la frange sur les deux marchés. Quand une entreprise stratégique augmente sa demande pour l’input nécessaire aux activités de recherche et développement, cela augmente le coût de toutes ses concurrentes, et rend ainsi plus difficile l’entrée de nouvelles entreprises dans la frange concurrentielle. Ceci conduit à une baisse de la concurrence sur le marché aval, et augmente le prix final. Par conséquent, un accord de recherche et développement peut permettre aux entreprises membres de l’accord de mettre en place une stratégie de sur-achat de l’input nécessaire aux activités de recherche et développement, aux dépens des entreprises concurrentes et des consommateurs. Classification JEL : L13, L24, L41.
Transfert et for intérieur
Authors: Neyraut Michel
Published: September 2013

Le for intérieur est le parloir de l’esprit, témoignant d’une organisation rhétorique de la pensée et détenteur éventuel d’une intime conviction . Lors de sa mise en jeu dans la situation analytique, il y rencontre le transfert qui assure la double fonction de représenter l’altérité et de supporter la prévalence d’un type de relation antérieurement déterminé. Le contre-transfert participe de l’ensemble du processus et court le risque de se constituer comme demande alors même qu’on n’attend de lui qu’une réponse. Les applications technologiques des réseaux sociaux révèlent le désir inconscient de proclamer à la terre entière ce que le for intérieur prétendait ne garder que par devers lui.
L'analyste est perçu et/mais ignoré
Authors: Israël Paul
Published: September 2013

Prenant en compte la fréquence des pathologies limites dans la pratique psychanalytique, ce court article vise à montrer que dans ces cures l’attachement des patients s’apparente souvent à une addiction perceptive, et réalise un faux transfert, forme de résistance à ce que serait le transfert interprétable et analysable. Rappelant les caractéristiques du fonctionnement « limite » qui privilégie l’agir au détriment de la représentation, l’auteur fonde sa réflexion pratique sur une lecture du fonctionnement limite situant celui-ci aux limites même de la métapsychologie, là où s’origine la vie psychique, entre excitation et pulsion. Il rappelle qu’en l’absence d’associations puisant dans la vie représentationnelle, la cure est l’occasion d’échanges agis, qu’ils soient comportementaux, gestuels, ou simplement verbaux. Il propose de ne pas récuser systématiquement ces agirs comme témoins d’une collusion transféro-contre-transférentielle, mais plutôt de les utiliser comme les jalons d’une histoire de la cure. Le terme d’interprét-Action vise à traiter ces moments comme des saynètes inattendues dont la perlaboration fera autant de points de passage possibles vers des réminiscences ou des rêves qui rendront leur place aux objets historiques disqualifiés. Dans ces cures dont il faut accepter qu’elles soient souvent longues, et même très longues, le travail psychanalytique peut espérer qu’adviennent les premiers éléments d’un transfert qui permettra de passer de l’interprét-Action, aux interprétations proprement dites.
Français par le livre
Authors: Fouilleron Thomas
Published: September 2013

Les généalogies mythiques connaissent, dans toute l’Europe de la première modernité, une exceptionnelle floraison. Alors que l’âge d’or de ces récits fabuleux est passé, les Grimaldi de Monaco publient en 1647, presque à contre-courant, leurs incroyables origines, dans un ouvrage à l’allure savante, Genealogica et Historica Grimaldœ Gentis arbor . Alors que le prince Honoré II a abandonné le camp espagnol en 1641 et s’est placé sous la protection française, son secrétaire accommode la tradition familiale à la nécessité géopolitique en donnant aux maîtres de Monaco des racines françaises et un lointain cousinage avec la lignée royale. Immédiatement perçu comme une supercherie, ce livre de naturalité n’en traverse pas moins le siècle des Lumières et reste, jusqu’à la fin du xix e siècle, le corps de doctrine généalogique officiel d’une dynastie oublieuse de sa mère patrie italienne, car menacée dans sa souveraineté même par le mouvement du Risorgimento.
Un hormigón autocompactante eco-amigable con áridos gruesos reciclados
Authors: Pereira-de Oliveira L. A. , Nepomuceno M. , Rangel M.
Published: September 2013

Los usos potenciales de áridos gruesos reciclados en la composición del hormigón autocompactante (SCC) aumenta el valor ecológico y en parte resuelve los problemas de los sitios de disposición de residuos generados por la construcción y la demolición de las estructuras. Por lo tanto, este trabajo presenta un estudio experimental de las propiedades de SCC en el cual los áridos gruesos naturales fueron reemplazados por distintos porcentajes de áridos reciclados, es decir, 0% (SCC), el 10% (SCCR10), el 20% (SCCR20), el 30% (SCCR30) y el 40% (SCCR40). Los resultados del hormigón fresco (propiedades reológicas y la auto-compactación), como las propiedades de hormigón endurecido (resistencia a la compresión, densidad y módulo de elasticidad dinámico), muestran sólo pequeñas discrepancias. Desde el punto de vista del comportamiento mecánico, los resultados confirman la viabilidad de incorporar áridos gruesos reciclados en los SCC demostrando el carácter conservador de los límites actualmente recomendados.
Agentes Locales Ambientales (ALAs): Hacia la ciudad sostenible
Authors: Marín-Herbert S.
Published: September 2013

Partiendo de un marco de referencia, como la Agenda Local 21 (1) o la Carta de Leipzig (2), cualquier acción encaminada a una mejora en la calidad de vida de una ciudad a través de modelos urbanos más sostenibles, requiere una modificación en las conductas de sus habitantes. El proyecto ALAs, motiva este cambio a través del paso directo a la acción liderada por los más jóvenes a través del Sistema Educativo quien mediante un efecto multiplicador (compañeros, familiares, vecinos) y a través de la acción directa en sus barrios, consigue fomentar la participación autónoma de la población en la mejora de la sostenibilidad (3)y la calidad de vida de su ciudad. A la secuencia “concienciación - acción - medición - motivación se han incorporado herramientas como el GIS que apoyan la estrategia de acción en los barrios controlando su e! cacia y e! ciencia en la consecución de los objetivos.
ECOENVOLVENTES I+D. Envolventes arquitectónicas con alto desempeño térmico y bajo impacto ambiental para zonas geoclimáticas tropicales
Authors: Varini C.
Published: September 2013

“Ecoenvolventes” plantea el desarrollo de soluciones de envolventes arquitectónicas para clima tropical húmedo, que permiten el control pasivo de las ganancias térmicas en sus superficies permitiendo el mejoramiento de las condiciones internas e generar condiciones de confort sin el uso de máquinas térmicas. Principios, diseño, tecnologías y aspectos medioambientales son expresamente definidos en función de las peculiares condiciones (e.i. geo-climáticas, tecnológicas, de biodiversidad, económicas y antrópicas) presentes en las regiones colombianas con baja altitud, caracterizadas por altas temperaturas a lo largo de todo el año. Simulaciones térmicas y CFD orientan el proceso de verificación experimental en un laboratorio permanente contando con convenios con empresas locales y know-how disponible in situ.
An Economic Impact Analysis of South Texas Landowner Hunting Operation Expenses
Authors: Dodd Erika P. , Bryant Fred C. , Brennan Leonard A. , Gilliland Charles , Dudensing Rebekka , McCorkle Dean
Published: September 2013

Hunting is an important source of economic activity for rural South Texas. However, little is known about the economic impacts associated with landowner expenses. Questionnaires were mailed to landowners across the South Texas region to collect expense data related to managing hunting operations. The data included expense information on 248 ranches and encompassed 692,564 hunted hectares. The software IMPLAN was used to calculate the economic impact of these expense data. Total expenditures for the region were an estimated $114.4 million. Landowners who responded to our survey (n  =  200) generated an estimated $166.1 million in economic output. With a direct impact of $108.9 million, the total value added to the South Texas economy was an estimated $75.7 million, which supported 1,635 jobs. Landowner expenditures contribute significantly to the economy of the South Texas region and should be a consideration of those who maintain or create policy that impacts wildlife conservation in the region.
Object Motion Rendering with the String-based Haptic Interface SPIDAR for Enhanced Video Viewing Experience
Authors: Jayasiri Anusha , Akahane Katsuhito , Sato Makoto
Published: September 2013

With the invention of immersive displays and high technology multimedia systems, there is an interest of viewers for more realistic and interactive experience with video media. Their viewing experience can be further enhanced by letting them to feel the motion of objects in a video through haptic interface, as it is an additional sensation over seeing and hearing it. The objective of this research is to use the string based haptic interface, SPIDAR to interact with the video and enable the viewers to feel the motion of objects in it, beyond passive watching and listening. We propose two methods for object motion rendering i.e. linear gain controller method and nonlinear gain controller method. Further, we evaluated those two methods with the participation of real users, with the objective of identifying the better one. We can conclude that using a nonlinear gain controller method is more effective than using a linear gain controller method for object motion rendering because from that method user can get a continuous feeling of the movement of objects in the video. Based on the feedback of real users, we can also conclude that haptic motion rendering of a video sequence enhances the viewing experience of viewers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/icter.v6i1.6096 International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions 2013 6(1)
Neutrophils Amplify Autoimmune Central Nervous System Infiltrates by Maturing Local APCs
Authors: Steinbach Karin , Piedavent Melanie , Bauer Simone , Neumann Johannes T. , Friese Manuel A.
Published: September 2013

Multiple sclerosis is considered to be initiated by a deregulated, myelin-specific T cell response. However, the formation of inflammatory CNS lesions and the contribution of different leukocyte subsets in setting up these lesions are still incompletely understood. In this study, we show that, in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, neutrophil granulocytes are important contributors in preparing CNS inflammation. Preclinical single-dose Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils delayed the onset and continuous depletion attenuated the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, whereas the generation of a myelin-specific T cell response remained unaffected. Neutrophil-related enzymes such as myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase did not contribute in mounting CNS inflammation, as analyzed by using respective knockout mice and inhibitors. CNS-infiltrating neutrophils secreted proinflammatory molecules and matured bone marrow–derived dendritic cells in vitro, which in turn enhanced their ability to restimulate myelin-specific T cells. This was mirrored in vivo, in which depletion of neutrophils specifically impaired maturation of microglia and macrophages into professional APCs, resulting in a diminished amplification of early CNS inflammation. Therefore, inside the CNS neutrophils provide local cofactors that are required for the maturation of myeloid cells into professional APCs representing an essential step for the local restimulation of myelin-specific T cells and the development of autoimmune disease.
Suprachiasmatic Astrocytes Modulate the Circadian Clock in Response to TNF-α
Authors: Duhart José M. , Leone María Juliana , Paladino Natalia , Evans Jennifer A. , Castanon-Cervantes Oscar , Davidson Alec J. , Golombek Diego A.
Published: September 2013

The immune and the circadian systems interact in a bidirectional fashion. The master circadian oscillator, located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, responds to peripheral and local immune stimuli, such as proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial endotoxin. Astrocytes exert several immune functions in the CNS, and there is growing evidence that points toward a role of these cells in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The aim of this work was to assess the response of SCN astrocytes to immune stimuli, particularly to the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. TNF-α applied to cultures of SCN astrocytes from Per2luc knockin mice altered both the phase and amplitude of PER2 expression rhythms, in a phase-dependent manner. Furthermore, conditioned media from SCN astrocyte cultures transiently challenged with TNF-α induced an increase in Per1 expression in NIH 3T3 cells, which was blocked by TNF-α antagonism. In addition, these conditioned media could induce phase shifts in SCN PER2 rhythms and, when administered intracerebroventricularly, induced phase delays in behavioral circadian rhythms and SCN activation in control mice, but not in TNFR-1 mutants. In summary, our results show that TNF-α modulates the molecular clock of SCN astrocytes in vitro, and also that, in response to this molecule, SCN astrocytes can modulate clock gene expression in other cells and tissues, and induce phase shifts in a circadian behavioral output in vivo. These findings suggest a role for astroglial cells in the alteration of circadian timing by immune activation.
Preclinical In Vivo Modeling of Cytokine Release Syndrome Induced by ErbB-Retargeted Human T Cells: Identifying a Window of Therapeutic Opportunity?
Authors: van der Stegen Sjoukje J. C. , Davies David M. , Wilkie Scott , Foster Julie , Sosabowski Jane K. , Burnet Jerome , Whilding Lynsey M. , Petrovic Roseanna M. , Ghaem-Maghami Sadaf , Mather Stephen , Jeannon Jean-Pierre , Parente-Pereira Ana C. , Maher John
Published: September 2013

The ErbB network is dysregulated in many solid tumors. To exploit this, we have developed a chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) named T1E28z that targets several pathogenetically relevant ErbB dimers. T1E28z is coexpressed with a chimeric cytokine receptor named 4αβ (combination termed T4), enabling the selective expansion of engineered T cells using IL-4. Human T4+ T cells exhibit antitumor activity against several ErbB+ cancer types. However, ErbB receptors are also expressed in several healthy tissues, raising concerns about toxic potential. In this study, we have evaluated safety of T4 immunotherapy in vivo using a SCID beige mouse model. We show that the human T1E28z CAR efficiently recognizes mouse ErbB+ cells, rendering this species suitable to evaluate preclinical toxicity. Administration of T4+ T cells using the i.v. or intratumoral routes achieves partial tumor regression without clinical or histopathologic toxicity. In contrast, when delivered i.p., tumor reduction is accompanied by dose-dependent side effects. Toxicity mediated by T4+ T cells results from target recognition in both tumor and healthy tissues, leading to release of both human (IL-2/IFN-γ) and murine (IL-6) cytokines. In extreme cases, outcome is lethal. Both toxicity and IL-6 release can be ameliorated by prior macrophage depletion, consistent with clinical data that implicate IL-6 in this pathogenic event. These data demonstrate that CAR-induced cytokine release syndrome can be modeled in mice that express target Ag in an appropriate distribution. Furthermore, our findings argue that ErbB-retargeted T cells can achieve therapeutic benefit in the absence of unacceptable toxicity, providing that route of administration and dose are carefully optimized.
Estrogen Signaling through the G Protein–Coupled Estrogen Receptor Regulates Granulocyte Activation in Fish
Authors: Cabas Isabel , Rodenas M. Carmen , Abellán Emilia , Meseguer José , Mulero Victoriano , García-Ayala Alfonsa
Published: September 2013

Neutrophils are major participants in innate host responses. It is well known that estrogens have an immune-modulatory role, and some evidence exists that neutrophil physiology can be altered by these molecules. Traditionally, estrogens act via classical nuclear estrogen receptors, but the identification of a G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a membrane estrogen receptor that binds estradiol and other estrogens, has opened up the possibility of exploring additional estrogen-mediated effects. However, information on the importance of GPER for immunity, especially, in neutrophils is scant. In this study, we report that gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) acidophilic granulocytes, which are the functional equivalent of mammalian neutrophils, express GPER at both mRNA and protein levels. By using a GPER selective agonist, G1, it was found that GPER activation in vitro slightly reduced the respiratory burst of acidophilic granulocytes and drastically altered the expression profile of several genes encoding major pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In addition, GPER signaling in vivo modulated adaptive immunity. Finally, a cAMP analog mimicked the effects of G1 in the induction of the gene coding for PG-endoperoxide synthase 2 and in the induction of CREB phosphorylation, whereas pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase A superinduced PG-endoperoxide synthase 2. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that estrogens are able to modulate vertebrate granulocyte functions through a GPER/cAMP/protein kinase A/CREB signaling pathway and could establish therapeutic targets for several immune disorders in which estrogens play a prominent role.