bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Attitudes toward Alcoholism Instrument: A Measure of Attitudes toward Alcoholics and the Nature and Causes of Alcoholism *
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tamerin John S.
Published: January 2006

This study describes the development of a 24‐item instrument dealing with attitudes toward alcoholics and alcoholism. Data are presented for 135 graduate students on six conceptually derived scales referable to attitudes toward alcoholics: Psychological Etiology, Physical‐Genetic Etiology, Social Rejection, Humanism, Moral Weakness, and the Medical Illness Model. The scales were found to be relatively independent of one another and only minimally related to social desirability, sex of respondents, education, and age. In addition, a factor analysis was done. Satisfactory test‐retest reliabilities were established for the scales on a new sample of 30 Ss. Validation data are also reported revealing that 41 hospitalized alcoholics had more negative views of alcoholics and were more likely to regard alcoholism as an illness caused by a physical disturbance than were non‐alcoholics. Moreover, for non‐alcoholics there was a significant inverse relationship between the reported quantity of alcohol consumed and the tendency to characterize the alcoholic as morally weak.
Alcoholism Treatment in Trinidad
Authors: Lloyd A. J.
Published: January 2006

Of a total patient population of 152 in Trinidad treated in 1965 through a program of build up, emetine, education and group therapy, 115 were followed up approximately one year following treatment. Thirty‐three per cent were discovered to be abstinent or very largely sober, and 52 per cent were drinking. A further study was undertaken to ascertain how many of the abstinent and sober remained so at the end of seven years, and in 1973, of the 45 located,49 per cent remained abstinent entirely, or were largely sober, 35per cent were drinking, and 11 per cent were dead through alcohol related problems. The remainder could not be traced.

No evidence supports the proposition that membership in A.A. is the best insurance for ultimate sobriety. Nor is treatment by any one particular means–either emetine alone, or emetine plus active A.A. membership subsequently–insurance for successful outcome.

This study also fails to substantiate certain studies that suggest that the best predictor of subsequent sobriety and successful achievement in life is abstinence after either six months or one year. In the Trinidad sample almost 50 per cent had returned to alcohol, at least half of them relapsing early after the 1966 follow‐up.
Self‐reported Mood and Drinking Patterns following Hospital Treatment for Alcoholism
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Riley Edward P. , Ornstein Peter
Published: January 2006

129 male subjects were assessed three months following treatment at a VA Hospital Alcohol Rehabilitation Unit. Based upon this assessment, subjects were classified as either abstinent, improved, or unimproved compared to prehospital drinking patterns. On a self‐rating mood questionnaire given at the 3 month follow‐up, it was found that abstinent subjects had a very low degree of affective disturbance. The unimproved subjects had the highest level with the improved subjects falling intermediate to the other two groups. The results are discussed in terms of a possible pattern of denial by abstinent subjects.
The Determination of Inferiority Feelings and their Contribution to Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: Hays Peter
Published: January 2006

104 patients with inferiority fellings are reviewed in an attempt to discover factors leading to the development of this personality feature. Genetic and environmental causes seem to operate, but do so in an unexpectedly independent way: however they operate, they appear to produce psychiatric illness associated with the deviation more commonly in females, The psychiatric illness suffered by these patients include an excess of addictions, drug and alcohol dependents, and psychotic depressive reactions.

Comments, including stone pertaining In the prevention of the personality deviation and thus of its important morbid concomitants are offered on the. findings.
Alcohol Consumption and Self‐disclosure
Authors: Miller P. McC. , Ingham J. G. , Plant M. A. , Miller Tiiu‐Imbi
Published: January 2006

The relationship between self‐disclosure and alcohol consumption was investigated in two samples (total N=344) drawn from an Edinburgh general practice. For the abstainer up to moderate drinker categories, self‐disclosure increases with consumption for both men and women. In the heavy drinker category (which contains only 1 woman) the men do not conform to this pattern and tend to be somewhat low in self‐disclosure. Some possible relationships between heavy drinking, extroversion and self‐disclosure are discussed.
Alcoholism and Occupation: A Review
Authors: Plant Martin A.
Published: January 2006

The post‐war literature associating alcoholism with specific occupations is reviewed. It is concluded that some occupations do have particularly high alcoholism rates, though whether these are due to selection factors, or job pressure, remains unclear.
Treating the Problem Drinking Driver: Some Notes on the Time Required to Achieve Impact
Authors: Argeriou Milton , Manohar Velandy
Published: January 2006

The experience of a court‐related problem drinking driver outpatient treatment center is examined through an analysis of selected process and outcome measures on 277 problem drinking males. The data support the contention that a minimum of 6 months involvement in a treatment program is sufficient to achieve impact upon emerging problem drinkers and insufficient to achieve all treatment objectives with severe problem drinkers. The data reflect previous research findings that time in treatment and not type of treatment is the more crucial variable in modifying drinking behavior. A plea is made to direct energies to the development of additional early intervention mechanisms by which problem drinking individuals can be detected and maintained in treatment.
Perceptions of Marijuana and its Effects: A Comparison of Users and Nonusers*
Authors: Traub Stuart H.
Published: January 2006

A sample of 100 marijuana users and 77 nonusers were surveyed with respect to their perceptions of various factors related to the use of marijuana and its effects. Marijuana users and nonusers were not found to differ in terms of demographic variables, perceptions of sources influential in the decision to use marijuana, and perceived reasons for the use of marijuana. Users and nonusers were found to differ with regard to types of drugs used other than marijuana, perception of sources potentially influential in the users' decision to discontinue using marijuana, and perception of effects experienced by marijuana intoxicated persons. Nonusers were thus found to be generally cognizant of factors associated with the use of marijuana but relatively naive concerning the major effects of a marijuana high as perceived by nonusers.
An Evaluation of a Therapeutic Community for Former Drug Users
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Melotte Christopher
Published: January 2006

A descriptive account is given of the operation of one of the fast Concept‐Based Therapeutic Communities to be established in the U.K. The concept of a total institution was found useful to understanding the practice of the program. The fast 100 residents admitted to the house were followed up mainly by personal interview once the majority had left the house for at least six months. Overall, the achievements of the house were similar to those of Concept houses in the U.S. Only a minority of all admissions completed the program and the majority of these were recruited onto the staff or left to work in similar houses. Of all admissions, about one third seemed, over the follow‐up period, to have abstained or to have used drugs less intensely than prior to their admission. Abstinence and infrequent drug use at follow‐up were related to employment and the absence of criminal conviction. Factors associated with outcome are presented and discussed. Some concern is expressed about alcohol use among program graduates and those abstaining from other drugs.
Some Effects of Type of Group and Sex on Attitudes toward Alcohol and Alcoholism*
Authors: Kilty Keith M.
Published: January 2006

Attitudes toward alcohol use as well as alcoholism were compared across three groups: a community sample, a sample of graduate social work students, and a sample of prison inmates who were also members of A. A. The data were concerned with two attitudinal domains: attitudinal affect and cognition (belief). The results indicated more similarity between the community respondents and the prison inmates than for either with the student sample on both kinds of attitudinal measures. Only in terms of familiarity with drinking, drinkers, and treatment resources, were the inmates more similar to the students than to the community sample. Sex differences occurred within the community sample but generally not within the student sample. Attitudes toward alcohol use were consistent with attitudes toward alcoholism, in that both types of attitudes tended to be positive or negative, and familiarity with drinking and alcoholism was not related to attitudinal affect or cognition.
A Retrospective Study of a Selected Population of Drug Dependent Subjects in Kuwait
Authors: Saleh Suheil M. , Demerdash Adel M.
Published: January 2006

A group of first admission alcoholics and drug dependent Kuwaitis, subjects who attended Kuwait Psychiatric Hospital as in patients during 1961–1962 and 1971–1972 were examined. These were compared for prevalence, age, sex and social class.

The number of alcoholics and drug dependents in the first group was 33 comprising 0.7% of the total number of patients, while those admitted during 1971–1972 formed 0.8%. No female patients were observed in the sample.

The mean age of patients suffering from alcoholism or drug dependence in 1971–1972 was significantly higher than that of those examined in 1961–1962.

Most patients in both groups came from occupational classes IV and VI.

While the majority of the 1961–1962 group abused alcohol per se, a number of patients in the second group (1971–1972) were found to be addicted to alien beverages such as Vanilla Extract, Eau de Cologne, After Shave Lotion etc. Others used hypnotics per se or in combination with alcohol to ‘save alcohol’. These last observations could be directly attributed to prohibition.
Acupuncture and Cholinergic Suppression of Withdrawal Symptoms: an Hypothesis
Authors: Mendelson George
Published: January 2006

Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the abstinence syndrome, which follows both narcotic and alcohol withdrawal, is due to an imbalance between central adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter activity, with adrenergic predominance. Based on current knowledge of the neuropharmacology of acupuncture, this hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the efficacy of electro‐acupuncture in the suppression of the symptoms of heroin and alcohol withdrawal.
Total Alcohol Consumption and Excessive Drinking
Authors: Duffy J. C. , Cohen G. R.
Published: January 2006

Work on the distribution of alcohol consumption is reviewed. Some fallacies are pointed out and their implications for use of total alcohol consumption in the epidemiological description of drinking habits are considered.
Use of Isobutyl Nitrite as a Recreational Drug
Authors: Israelstam Stephen , Lambert Sylvia , Oki Gus
Published: January 2006

Information on the use of isobutyl nitrite as a recreational drug and on its side effects was obtained from conversations with 150 users.
The Effect of Treatment in a Therapeutic Community on Intravenous Drug Abuse
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: January 2006

All people admitted to a concept based therapeutic community during the fast two years were followed up between two and four years after leaving residence. The frequency of drug injection before admission and during the follow‐up period was investigated. There was a significant association between longer periods of residence and lower frequencies of subsequent drug injection. A group of residents who remained in treatment for longer than six months showed a significant reduction in frequency of drug injection compared to their own pre‐admission levels.
Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Social Productivity in a Suburban Patient Population
Authors: Jacobs Phillip E. , Doft Ellen B. , Roger James
Published: January 2006

Patient social productivity in a large (N = 226) suburban methadone programme was studied over a 52 month period, Most patients were productive on entry. Of those patients staying in treatment throughout the length of the study, 94 per cent were socially productive. After 36 months, in treatment, 74 per cent of those patients nonproductive at entry became productive.
Socio‐economic Functions of Finnish Restaurants *
Authors: Koskikallio Ilpo
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this paper is to disentangle the relationship between alcohol control policy and commercial policy. Restaurant trade and the development of on the premises consumption has been used as an example of this relationship. Developments in the Finnish restaurant trade form a good framework for this kind of analysis because of the big changes within the past few decades. The analysis shows clearly that the conflict between alcohol control policy and commercial policy tends to narrow down the scope for the pursuit of alcohol control policy. This article attempts to emphasize that influences brought to bear on commercial policy must be seen as a part ‐ and often very central part ‐ of the totality of alcohol control policy.
Psychological Test Data of Depressed, Nondepressed and Relapsed Alcoholics Receiving Pharmacological Aversion *
Authors: Zielinski Joseph J.
Published: January 2006

A test battery consisting of the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to newly admitted alcoholic patients receiving pharmacological aversion treatment at a private facility. The results found 42 per cent of these patients to be clinically depressed. This depressed group was also significantly more depressed than relapsed patients readmitted for further treatment. The depressed group appeared qualitatively different in being younger and in reporting significantly more psycho‐pathology on the MMPI. In addition, significant sex differences appeared in that women reported more psychopathology and less overall social skill than their male counterparts. Arguments were presented for both assessing and treating depression and social skill deficits in multifaceted treatment programmes for alcoholics.
A.A. Ideology among Alcohol Treatment Directors
Authors: Boscarino Joseph
Published: January 2006

Mail‐return questionnaires were used to test the hypothesis that Alcohol Treatment Centre (ATC) directors who scored high on A.A. ideology would evaluate A.A. more favourably, would recommend that a broader range of problem‐drinker types affiliate with A.A., and would come from institutions which offered more A.A. activities. Analysis of the data confirmed all aspects of this hypothesis. Implications are suggested.
Parents' Alcohol Consumption and Children's Knowledge of Drinks and Usage Patterns
Authors: Jahoda G. , Davies J. B. , Tagg S.
Published: January 2006

Although many workers have speculated about the nature of parental drinking models upon the development of attitudes towards, and knowledge of, alcoholic drink amongst children, there has until recently been no systematic study of these precise issues. In the present study, parents' own self‐reported alcohol consumption was compared with children's knowledge of specific drinks and normative usage patterns. Whilst developmental trends were discerned in the results, most of the children made correct discriminations overall, very few scoring zero or negative (reversed) discrimination scores. Exhaustive examination of the data failed to reveal any consistent pattern of relationships between children's knowledge and the drinking model provided by their own parents. Precisely the same result was obtained from a similar study carried out by Penrose [5] in the U.S.A., One can therefore have some confidence in the negative finding, which has important implications for health education.
The Association Between per capita Consumption of Alcohol and the Proportion of Excessive Consumers – A reply to Skog
Authors: Duffy John C.
Published: January 2006

This paper replies to Skog's criticism of previous papers by Duffy, and Duffy and Cohen.
Primary Syndromes of Alcohol Abuse: Their Measurement and Correlates
Authors: Skinner Harvey A.
Published: January 2006

A factor analysis of the Alcohol Use Inventory identified four major syndromes of alcohol abuse in a clinical sample of N = 274 individuals. The first factor, labelled Alcohol Dependence, was characterized by loss of behavioural control when drinking, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, repeated attempts to stop drinking, and a compulsive drinking style. This factor was correlated with chronic social debilitation and various aspects of psychopathology. Factor I provided empirical evidence for the alcohol dependence syndrome described by Edwards and Gross. The second factor, termed Perceived Benefits From Drinking, was defined by a sustained drinking style and belief that alcohol use facilitates social and mental functioning. A correlation with anxiety symptoms indicated that drinking may be used to cope with stressful situations, especially in social interactions. The third factor was Marital Discord and encompassed drinking problems that either instigated or resulted from marital difficulties. The fourth factor, Polydrug Abuse, was marked by the use of illicit drugs in conjunction with a gregarious style of drinking. High scorers on this factor tended to be younger, socially deviant and rebellious. The results from this study supported a quantitative, multiple syndrome conception of alcohol abuse. Individuals may be ordered along several dimensions according to their level of problem severity.
Legal Aspects of Alcoholism and Other Addictions: Some Basic Conceptual Issues
Authors: Fingarette Herbert
Published: January 2006

This article formulates a conceptual thesis. It is proposed that questions about the legal status of ‘alcoholics’ or other ‘addicts’ fall into two main types. Questions of Type 1 concern the individual's legal responsibility or liability regarding a particular act on a past occasion. Questions of Type 2 concern the characterization of patterns of addictive conduct over time, probabilities as to classes of addiction‐related acts. Answers to Type 1 questions rest ultimately on the ‘voluntariness’ of the act. ‘Voluntariness’ is a legal concept having a legal policy component as well as a psychological component. For understanding the psychological component, the structure of current scientific knowledge is a clear mismatch. Therefore related legal policy is controversy‐wracked. But for answering Type 2 questions, the structure of current knowledge is basically a good match. This overall analysis is the background for some legal policy suggestions.
Benzodiazepine Dependence
Authors: Petursson H. , Lader M. H.
Published: January 2006

Benzodiazepines, the most widely used of all drugs, are powerful anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. Dependence is difficult to induce in animals but has been induced by high doses in man. Case reports of benzodiazepine dependence are rare compared with the usage of these drugs, but do not provide a proper epidemiological framework for the estimation of risk. Patients taking these drugs for four months or more may develop a physical withdrawal syndrome, characterized by anxiety, dysphoria, malaise, depersonalization, and by perceptual changes such as hyperacusis and unsteadiness. In our experience drawn from over 20 patients, withdrawal from therapeutic doses of a benzodiazepine may be attended by a fully‐developed physical withdrawal syndrome.
Alcohol and Bone Disease
Authors: Parsons Victor , Gundy Timothy
Published: January 2006

The increased risk of fracture in alcoholics is in part due to their increased risk of trauma, but a generalised skeletal disease may also occur in alcoholics. The exact nature and prevalence of alcohol‐related bone disease is unknown. The pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial and related to nutritional problems, endocrine and metabolic effects and possible direct effects of alcohol.
Cessation of High Frequency Gambling and ‘Withdrawal’ Symptoms
Authors: Wray Ian , Dickerson Mark G.
Published: January 2006

A retrospective survey of high frequency gamblers (members of Gamblers Anonymous) suggested that, on ceasing to bet, some 30–40 per cent reported significant disturbance of mood and/or behaviour. The content and frequency of these reported disturbances were similar to those reported by high frequency alcohol drinkers on cessation of drinking and it was suggested that in the context of a study of alcohol and related problems they would be labelled ‘withdrawal’ symptoms. Greater disturbance reported by individual gamblers was associated with aspects of previous gambling such as, betting just at the ‘off, or when a favourable price was quoted, being ‘extremely excited’ while listening to a race, exhibiting more than one behaviour out of the following, pacing around, fidgeting, shouting out, and ‘often’ changing his selection at the last moment. The level of disturbance was also associated with the difficulty experienced in suddenly trying to stop betting. The implications of these tentative findings were briefly explored in relation to the concept of addiction.
Statistical Approaches to the Classification of Alcohol and Drug Addiction
Authors: Skinner Harvey A.
Published: January 2006

This article critically reviews the literature from statistical attempts to derive empirical classifications of alcohol and drug abuse. Consideration is given to the search for discrete subtypes using cluster analysis, as well as to attempts to identify major dimensions along which individuals are ordered using factor analysis. Several important conclusions are drawn. First, this research is at an early stage of development and refinements are needed in methodology before it is likely to have broad impact. Next, only limited content areas have been examined to date. For instance, the clustering research on alcoholism has curiously avoided a direct focus on alcohol use patterns, but instead has predominantly studied personality variables. Moreover, the empirical research has not been well integrated with either theory or clinical practice. Although statistical methods have not been instrumental for the identification of new syndromes, these techniques do provide a powerful technology for refining provisional syndromes as well as for making diagnoses more objective and reliable.
Minimizing Alcohol Related Offences by Enforcement of the Existing Licensing Legislation
Authors: Jeffs B. W. , Saunders W. M.
Published: January 2006

Two parallel investigations were conducted to assess the involvement of alcohol in police work. In the first, all persons arrested were asked whether they had taken alcohol in the four hours prior to the commission of their offence. The results confirm the belief that a considerable proportion of police work is alcohol, related. In the second study, the effect of a new polity on the supervision of licensed premises was assessed. The results indicated that this new practice may have been responsible for a drop in the commission of illegal behaviours. The implications of both studies, in terms of police practice and education of police officers about alcohol, are considered.
The Coordination of Treatment Services for Problem Drinkers: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Rush Brian R.
Published: January 2006

While there are many arguments in favour of improved coordination of services used by people with alcohol‐related problems, several features of present service delivery arrangements may impede efforts in this direction. Mechanisms whereby inter‐service coordination might be enhanced are suggested and a project with a service coordination objective is described.
Methodological Problems in the Analysis of Temporal Covariation Between Alcohol Consumption and Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Skog Ole‐Jørgen
Published: January 2006

The possibility is discussed of testing the hypothesis of protective effects of alcohol against ischemic heart disease on time series data. It is argued that in order to obtain meaningful results, it is necessary to filter the data (remove trends) before correlating per capita alcohol consumption and mortality rates. In Norway, both alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality have been increasing, giving the impression of positive relation between the variables. However, the filtered data shows signs of a negative relation, as predicted by the protection hypothesis. The reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed.
Natural History of Male Alcoholism V: Is Alcoholism the Cart or the Horse to Sociopathy?
Authors: Vaillant George E.
Published: January 2006

The report presents a prospective 33 year follow‐up of 456 disadvantaged urban males selected for nondelinquency in early adolescence. Seventy‐one men had developed alcohol dependence and by Robins’criteria 32 men could be classified sociopathic. Once one disorder developed the other often followed, but primary alcoholism and sociopathy appeared to have different premorbid etiologies. Unstable, unhappy childhood environments per se appeared selectively to predispose to sociopathy and sociopathy appeared to reflect personality disorder. In contrast, familial alcoholism and a cultural background that prohibited childhood drinking but sanctioned adult drunkeness led selectively to alcoholism.
Effect of Economic Changes on Scottish Drinking Habits 1978–82
Authors: Kendell R. E. , de Roumanie M. , Ritson E. B.
Published: January 2006

An increase in excise duty on beer and other alcoholic beverages in March 1981 caused their price to increase faster than the retail price index and average disposable incomes. Unemployment was rising simultaneously. The influence of these economic changes on drinking habits was explored by comparing the survey responses of 463‘regular drinkers’in the Lothians in 1978/79 and 1981/82. Total alcohol consumption fell by 18 per cent between these two occasions, and associated adverse effects by 16 per cent. The influences of social class, income, and employment and marital status, and of changes in these, were examined. Although rising unemployment was responsible for up to 20 per cent of the reduction in consumption, and heavy drinkers appeared to be selectively at risk of losing their jobs, the increased price of alcohol was the major influence. Heavy drinkers and dependent drinkers both reduced their consumption at least as much as light or moderate drinkers and suffered fewer adverse effects as a result. Increasing the excise duty on alcohol can therefore be an effective public health measure.
Survival Methods in the Evaluation of the Outcome of Alcoholism Treatment*
Authors: Poikolainen Kari
Published: January 2006

If patients are closely followed up after treatment for alcoholism, survival methods allow a more informative and efficient analysis of the post‐treatment experience that the more conventional cross‐sectional analyses at the end of the follow‐up period. This article outlines the basic concepts of survival analysis, describes both nonparametric and parametric methods, and discusses problems that may be encountered in research on the outcome of alcoholism treatment, when using these methods.
Objective Determination of Benzodiazepine Use and Abuse in Alcoholics
Authors: Busto Usoa , Simpkins Jan , Sellers Edward M. , Sisson Barry , Segal Ruth
Published: January 2006

The extent of concurrent use and abuse of benzodiazepines and alcohol in chronic alcoholics is not known. Prospective data collected on 216 consecutive outpatient referrals between 1 June and 31 July 1981 (age range, 16 to 70 years, 75 per cent men) showed that benzodiazepines were detected in the urine of 33 per cent of patients undergoing medical assessment. Other drugs identified in urine were ethanol (5.0 %), codeine (1.99 %) and barbiturates (1.5 %). According to patient histories, the predictive value of benzodiazepine allegation was high for positive and negative allegation (0.87 and 0.83, respectively), indicating that patients reliably report benzodiazepine use if questioned. However, only one patient considered himself to be a benzodiazepine abuser. The proportion of women with a positive test for benzodiazepines (48%) was significantly higher than that of men (28%: X – 7.7; p <0.005). Among patients alleging use of benzodiazepines (n = 61), 54 per cent obtained the drug directly by prescription while 46 per cent obtained it indirectly (e.g. a relative, illicit source). Benzodiazepines were taken most frequently for anxiety (53%) and occasionally for alcohol withdrawal (10%). Forty‐seven (54%) of the patients could be considered abusers of benzodiazepines (i.e. indirect source and/or cumulative drug exposure of >2700 mg of diazepam or equivalent and a positive urine test). These results · indicate that benzodiazepines are very commonly used and abused by alcoholics. Treatment programmes for alcoholics should identify such patients, consider directing treatment toward control of benzodiazepine use, and monitor changes in benzodiazepine use during and after treatment.
Drugs and Social Policy: The Establishment of Drug Control in Britain 1900–30
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: January 2006

The formation of drug control policy in Britain in the first three decades of the twentieth century is reviewed. Pharmaceutical controls over sales, based on professional self–regulation gave way to controls on possession and use during the First World War. These war–time restrictions were the basis of the 1920 Dangerous Drugs Act which fulfilled Britain's international treaty obligations. During the 1920s, the Home Office attempted to establish a penal policy on the American model; the Rolleston Report of 1926 established the ‘British system’ of drug control. The ‘political'significance of British drug control in this period, in particular its polemical use in the struggles to liberalise American drug policies in the 1960s, has inhibited a more developed analysis of policy. The tensions over policy and the 1926 Report were not simply battles between rival conceptions of control or a ‘victory’ for the ‘medical model’. This approach ignores the control aspects of both penal and medical views and the complexity of the interactions between them. The 1926 Report was not a ‘medical victory’ but/the result of an accommodation and collaboration between medical and bureaucratic elites with similar interests at stake.
Obsessed with Moderation: The Drink Trades and the Drink Question (1870–1930)
Authors: Weir R. B.
Published: January 2006

In 1931 the Royal Commission on Licensing concluded that the drink problem was no longer a ‘gigantic eviľ. Measured by the reduction inper capita consumption, the resolution of the drink question’ took place mainly in the early years of the twentieth century. This (taper contrasts the respective fortunes of the temperance movement and the drink trades and argues that before 1900 the drink trades displayed little concern about the anti‐drink campaign. Only after 1900 when total demand fell and a wider range of polity options were proposed, did the drink trades react. Even so, the anti‐drink campaigners greatly overestimated the economic, political and social influence of the drink interest. Business records of firms and trade associations in the Scotch whisky industry show that it was not until ‘the People's Budget’ of 1909 which increased excise duty on spirits that the industry began to subscribe to the Conservative party and to attempt to influence shareholders and employees. With the First World War, stringent controls on drink consumption and production were proposed but in direct negotiations with the Government whisky producers were able to modify the proposals. Patent still distillers met a national need for munitions spirit and yeast. Nationalisation of the drink industry was not supported by the whisky trade, in contrast to the brewing industry. After the war, Scotch whisky producers continued to see the anti‐drink campaign, especially prohibition, as a threat and developed more effective means of defence. How relevant trade defence and legislation were to the resolution of the drink question remains doubtful as underlying cultural changes altered the use made of leisure time and the distribution of consumer expenditure.
The Alcohol Problem in America: From Temperance to Alcoholism
Authors: Levine Harry Gene
Published: January 2006

This paper traces the ideology and politics of the ‘liquor problem’ in America from its invention or discovery at the end of the 18th century up to the present. In the 17th and 18th centuries alcohol was highly regarded, universally consumed, and even Puritans called it‘the Good Creature of God'. In the early 19th century, physicians and laymen developed and promulgated a new scientific and popular view of alcohol as an addicting, toxic, and dangerously unpredictable stimulant ‐ and they organized a mass movement to spread their ideas and to get people to give up drinking. Throughout the 19th century, temperance supporters regularly referred to alcohol addiction as a disease beyond the control of the will and engaged in reform and treatment efforts for habitual drunkards. They campaigned against alcohol because they believed it to be the cause of most of the major social problems in America. In short, they made alcohol a scape‐goat.

The paper then discusses the passage and repeal of national Constitutional prohibition. They should be understood in the context of the new economic and political conditions of 20th century America ‐ especially the new power of the corporation, the decline of the old middle class, and the rapid growth of the industrial working class. The middle class supported prohibition as a panacea for many social problems, but the 18th Amendment's passage was achieved partly through the help of the corporate sector. Similarly, the repeal effort was led by the key elements of the corporate rich. Repeal was passed, and alcohol regulatory systems were designed and put into place, in the midst of the Great Depression ‐ in large part as a response to the political forces the Depression unleashed.

Since the 1930s, concerns and policies about alcohol have focused on helping to aid the treatment and recovery of‘alcoholics'. The paper traces the development of Alcoholics Anonymous and the spread of its ideas about alcoholism and its organizational forms; it also briefly looks at new public health and social scientific ideas about ‘alcohol problems’ or ‘alcohol abuse'. The paper suggests that both alcoholism and public health conceptions have much more in common with 19th century temperance ideas than is usually thought. Indeed, nearly all present day ideas ‐ like addiction ‐ are derived from temperance ideas. Further, both 19th and 20th century forumulations have a tendency to blame drinking and individual behaviour for many problems which have much broader political and economic causes.
The Correlates of Serious Alcohol‐Related Consequences and Illicit Drug Use Amongst a Cohort of Scottish Teenagers
Authors: Plant Martin A. , Peck David F. , Stuart Ray
Published: January 2006

Further results are reported from the first phase of a follow‐up study of drinking habits and alcohol‐related consequences amongst 1,036 Scottish teenagers.M These data revealed that for both males and females, having serious alcohol‐related consequences was significantly positively correlated with tobacco consumption and with the use of illicit drugs.M These results lend support to existing evidence indicating that multiple drug use is commonplace amongst young people whose use of alcohol is heavy or, in the case of males, causes problems.
Secondary Prevention of Alcoholism and the Centres D'Hygiène Alimentaire
Authors: Chick Jonathan
Published: January 2006

France has invested in a mode of secondary prevention for alcoholism, the Centres ?Hygiène Alimentaire (C.H.A.). Early problem drinkers detected in industry, general hospitals, by social services, and drinking/driving offenders are referred for assessment and advice. The approach is medical. Among drinking/driving offenders in Soissons, a majority attend the C.H.A. and a majority of attenders return for follow‐up. A randomized, controlled outcome study has not been performed, but the results of the Soissons C.H.A. are promising, as are some early results in two other projects.
An Industrial Alcohol Policy: The Characteristics of Worker Success
Authors: Beaumont P. B. , Allsop S. J.
Published: January 2006

Characteristics associated with success of problem drinkers m workplace treatment settings remain obscure. The development of interventions in such settings tend to rely on generalizations from non‐workplace treatment settings and untested assumptions. The present study seeks to ascertain the characteristics of success in a workplace setting. A company with an alcohol policy provided records of all individuals referred for treatment over α 4 year period (N = 48). Analysis of the data indicated that older, longer service employees were likely to be more successful in this company. It was also evident that self‐referral was associated with ‘poor’ outcome. The significance of this result is discussed in relation to prognostic factors in the industrial setting and the relevance to future development of industrial alcohol policies.
Ethanol is Cirrhogenic, Whatever the Beverage
Authors: Tuyns A.J. , Estfcve J. , Pequignot G.
Published: January 2006

The risk of developing ascitic cirrhosis is a linear function of daily alcohol consumption. This paper examines whether the relation is the same for all alcoholic beverages; this seems to be the case, with the possible exception of beer, which might entail an excess risk.
A Sociological Analysis of Commitment Generation in Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Donovan Marjorie E.
Published: January 2006

This paper utilizes a conceptual framework of commitment generation in voluntary organizations formulated by Rosabeth Moss Kanter in order to provide a sociological explanation for the success of Alcoholics Anonymous in the treatment of alcohol abuse. This paper demonstrates that Alcoholics Anonymous is systematically organized around the processes of sacrifice, investment, renunciation, communion, mortification and transcendence. An examination will be made of how those processes function to generate and sustain a strong commitment to sobriety among its members. In addition, consideration will be given to how those processes function to submit to social control salient aspects of collective life that have implications for commitment, including individual identity, interpersonal intimacy, work, recruitment, sanctions, extra‐group ties and ideology.
Scoring Smack: The Illicit Heroin Market in London, 1980–1983
Authors: Lewis Roger , Hartnoll Richard , Bryer Susan , Daviaud Emmanuelle , Mitcheson Martin
Published: January 2006

An illicit heroin market has existed in London since the 1960s. From 1970 illicit supplies from Southeast Asia and subsequently Southwest Asia increased. Two hundred and twenty‐four reports on ‘retail’ and ‘wholesale’ illicit heroin prices were collected between 1980and 1983. Over that period the average retail price reported was £7 8 per gram, almost twice the average wholesale price of £41.00. Between October 1980 and June 1983, retail and wholesale prices fell by 20–25 per cent relative to inflation. Reports from heroin users and other indicators over this period suggest that heroin availability increased and that dilution (‘cutting’) was much less significant than in the United States. The distribution system and the effect of price fluctuation on consumption are discussed. It is argued that retail and wholesale heroin prices provide a useful indicator of market conditions. The evidence points to a flourishing and expanding market in illicit heroin.
Effects of Nicotine Chewing Gum on Smoking Cessation in Routine Clinical Use
Authors: Hjalmarson Agneta I. M.
Published: January 2006

This is a study of the value of(adding nicotine chewing gum to group smoking cessation therapy. The results from three periods of such therapy are compared. In periods I and III treatment included group support therapy and nicotine chewing gum. In period II the group support therapy was identical, but the nicotine replacement chewing gum was, for reasons not provoked by the study, unavailable. The study spans the years 1975–1980 and a total of 2404 smokers.

In period I, when the gum was available on a clinical trials basis, 25 per cent of the individuals treated with group therapy including nicotine chewing gum remained abstinent at a 12‐month follow‐up. This figure decreased significantly, to 18 per cent, in period II when the gum was unavailable, to recover to 25 per cent in period III, after introduction of the gum on the pharmaceutical market.

Thus, it is found that routine clinical use of nicotine chewing gum as a complement to group treatment improves the long‐term success rate by about one‐third, as compared with treatment using psychological methods alone.
The Development of Community‐based Treatment Systems: An Ontario Perspective 1
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Rush Brian R. , Dwyer David M.
Published: January 2006

In response to the disjointed manner in which addiction treatment services have evolved in Ontario, Canada, the Addiction Research Foundation has promoted the development of coordinated, community‐based treatment systems. This paper describes the plan of action adopted by the Addiction Research Foundation for the establisment of the treatment systems. An approach to the evaluation of the Foundation's work in this area is also described.
The Drinking Man's Disease: The ‘Pre‐History’ of Alcoholism in Georgian Britain
Authors: Porter Roy
Published: January 2006

Drinking played an extremely important social role in eighteenth century England, and heavy drinking was considered manly. At times, especially during the ‘gin craze’ of the 1730s and 1740s, consumption levels rocketed alarmingly, creating vast social and medical problems and perturbing public opinion. The medical writers of Georgian England had no doubt that heavy alcohol consumption was often responsible for ill‐health and disease, and not least was one of the triggers of madness (and for this reason much health advice literature was at pains to moderate consumption). But was habitual drunkenness itself seen as a disease? Conventional wisdom amongst historians is that the disease concept of habitual drunkenness (which later became labelled ‘alcoholism’) essentially stems from the writings of Benjamin Rush and Thomas Trotter. Scrutiny of earlier writers on the subject, however, particularly those of Lettsom, Cheyne and Mandeville, indicates no substantial differences between their outlooks and those of Trotter. Trotter was part of a continuing tradition, rather than the beginning of a new one.
International Review Series: Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Research 1. East Africa
Authors: Acuda S. W.
Published: January 2006

In this article, the author reviews research and publications on alcohol and alcohol problems from East Africa. The review reveals that, despite very heavy consumption of alcohol in the region, very little research has been done to‐date on the problem.

The few papers available have come from anthropological studies on drinking patterns and the role of alcohol in traditional East African societies. Other studies on alcohol and health and alcohol and crime are also reviewed.

The major problems hindering research on alcohol and areas requiring future research are also discussed.
Does Watching Others Smoke Increase Smoking?
Authors: Surawy Christina , Stepney Rob , Cox Tom
Published: January 2006

Response to social cues was studied in two groups of smokers; 14 sedative smokers, who report smoking predominatly under high arousal conditions e.g. anxiety, and 14 stimulant smokers, whose ‘need’ to smoke is greatest under low arousal conditions e.g. boredom. The smoking behaviour of each group was studied in two experimental conditions, during which subjects watched one of two 30 minute video films. The videos were similar apart from the presence of clips of people smoking in one of the films. Seeing people smoke on the video significantly increased smoking rate and intensity in stimulant smokers only. This finding suggests that establishing the precise cues to which different kinds of smokers respond is important in broadening our understanding of the theoretical distinctions made between smokers.
Transient Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome following Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: Sandyk R. , Gillman M. A.
Published: January 2006

A 17‐year‐old man developed transient Gilles de la Tourette syndrome shortly after alcohol withdrawal. Symptomatology ceased spontaneously after 3 months. This report suggests that chronic alcohol intake may alter striatal dopaminergic imbalances that may occasionally precipitate the development of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
Cannabis Criminals Revisited
Authors: ERICKSON PATRICIA G. , MURRAY GLENN F.
Published: January 2006

A follow‐up study of cannabis possession offenders was replicated several years later in order to determine if personal and legal characteristics, individual costs and administrative practices had changed. The two samples were remarkably similar in their characteristics and in reported effects of criminalization at both times; what had altered was the greater efficiency with which police and courts dealt with offenders. It is suggested that this streamlining has institutionalized ‘cannabis criminals'as a fact of criminal justice life in contemporary societies, and removed one pressure for reform of cannabis laws.
Patterns of Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence
Authors: BUSTO USOA , SELLERS EDWARD M. , NARANJO CLAUDIO A. , CAPPELL HOWARD D. , SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA , SIMPKINS JAN
Published: January 2006

Patterns of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence are not well known. Data on drug use and other demographic and clinical characteristics were collected in 176 patients consecutively referred to the Addiction Research Foundation Clinical Institute for assessment and treatment of benzodiazepine abuse and/or dependence. Objective confirmation of benzodiazepine use was obtained in 95% of subjects screened. Two groups of subjects emerged: patients who used only benzodiazepines (median daily dose: 15 mg of diazepam or equivalent) for long periods of time (56%) and those who used benzodiazepines (median daily dose: 40 mg of diazepam or equivalent) in the context of multiple drug abuse (44%). Benzodiazepines were the primary drug of abuse in 23 (32%) of the multiple drug abusers. Patients using only benzodiazepines were significantly older, took lower daily doses and their life‐time benzodiazepine exposure was lower. Diazepam was most frequently alleged in both groups, but relative preference for other benzodiazepines differed. The results have implications for recognition, assessment, management and treatment of benzodiazepine abuse and dependence.