bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Device-guided breathing as a possible tool to improve the outcome of exposure therapy
Authors: de Jong Maartje Cathelijne , Boersma Cornelis Hendrikus
Published: May 2010

Exposure therapy is a widely used treatment for patients with post-traumatic stress dis -order. It involves reduction of fear through progressive exposure to frightening stimuli in a therapeutic environment. Here we propose a new method designed to improve the effectiveness of exposure therapy. We hypothesized that device-guided breathing during exposure therapy can increase the capability of the patient to undergo effective exposure. The successful application of the method is described for a single patient. Using a device to slow and regularize breathing, the patient was calmed and experienced a greater sense of control and a profound effect of the exposure. The use of the breathing-guiding device is believed to reduce arousal level and excitability of sympathetic “fight-flight” behaviors. The present study suggests that device-guided breathing integrated with exposure therapy may provide a practically feasible and potentially promising non-pharmacological treatment after trauma.
Synchronous malignant vagal paraganglioma with contralateral carotid body paraganglioma treated by radiation therapy
Authors: Kataria Tejinder , Bisht Shyam Singh , Mitra Swarupa , Abhishek Ashu , Potharaju Suryaprakash , Chakarvarty Devlina
Published: May 2010

Paragangliomas are rare tumors and very few cases of malignant vagal paraganglioma with synchronous carotid body paraganglioma have been reported. We report a case of a 20-year old male who presented with slow growing bilateral neck masses of eight years duration. He had symptoms of dysphagia to solids, occasional mouth breathing and hoarseness of voice. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) performed where he lived showed a sinus histiocytosis and he was administered anti-tubercular treatment for six months without any improvement in his symptoms. His physical examination revealed pulsatile, soft to firm, non-tender swellings over the anterolateral neck confined to the upper-mid jugulo-diagastric region on both sides. Direct laryngoscopy examination revealed a bulge on the posterior pharyngeal wall and another over the right lateral pharyngeal wall. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 99mTc-labeled octreotide scan and angiography diagnosed the swellings as carotid body paraganglioma, stage III on the right side with left-sided vagal malignant paraganglioma. Surgery was ruled out as a high morbidity with additional risk to life was expected due to the highly vascular nature of the tumor. The patient was treated with radiation therapy by image guided radiation to a dose of 5040cGy in 28 fractions. At a follow-up at 16 months, the tumors have regressed bilaterally and the patient can take solids with ease.
Malignant melanoma of the mandibular gingiva
Authors: Fauzdar Sandeep , Rao Dipesh D , Arthanari Kaneesh Karthik , Krishnan Gopal , Naikmasur Venkatesh G , Revanappa Manjunatha M
Published: May 2010

Oral malignant melanoma is an infrequent neoplasia making up less than 1% of all melanomas, which exhibits much more aggressive behavior than those found on the skin. We present an aggressive case of oral malignant melanoma located on the mandibular gingiva in a 24-year-old male patient, who developed metastases to not only the regional lymph nodes but also the lungs and liver. The advanced stage of the disease contraindicated any surgical intervention and palliative chemotherapy was planned.
Problems (and solutions) in the study of male breast cancer
Authors: Speirs Valerie , Pollock Steven , Shaaban Abeer M , Hanby Andrew M
Published: May 2010

Owing to its rarity, large-scale retrospective studies in male breast cancer have suffered from the small numbers of cases available for study from any one center. Here we describe our experience in establishing a large collection of male breast cancers in tissue microarray format suitable for biomarker analysis by immunohistochemistry.
Aged organic aerosol in the Eastern Mediterranean: the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment – 2008
Authors: Hildebrandt L. , Engelhart G. J. , Mohr C. , Kostenidou E. , Lanz V. A. , Bougiatioti A. , DeCarlo P. F. , Prevot A. S. H. , Baltensperger U. , Mihalopoulos N. , Donahue N. M. , Pandis S. N.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Aged organic aerosol (OA) was measured at a remote coastal site on the island of Crete, Greece during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment-2008 (FAME-2008), which was part of the EUCAARI intensive campaign of May 2008. The site at Finokalia is influenced by air masses from different source regions, including long-range transport of pollution from continental Europe. A quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (Q-AMS) was employed to measure the size-resolved chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1), and to estimate the extent of oxidation of the organic aerosol. Factor analysis was used to gain insights into the processes and sources affecting the OA composition. The particles were internally mixed and liquid. The largest fraction of the dry NR-PM1 sampled was ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate, followed by organics and a small amount of nitrate. The variability in OA composition could be explained with two factors of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) with differing extents of oxidation but similar volatility. Hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) was not detected. There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in the bulk composition of NR-PM1 such as total sulfate or total organic aerosol concentrations. However, the OA composition exhibited statistically significant diurnal variation with more oxidized OA in the afternoon. The organic aerosol was highly oxidized, regardless of the source region. Total OA concentrations also varied little with source region, suggesting that local sources had only a small effect on OA concentrations measured at Finokalia. The aerosol was transported for about one day before arriving at the site, corresponding to an OH exposure of approximately 4×1011 molecules cm−3 s. The constant extent of oxidation suggests that atmospheric aging results in a highly oxidized OA at these OH exposures, regardless of the aerosol source.
NO3 radical measurements in a polluted marine environment: links to ozone formation
Authors: McLaren R. , Wojtal P. , Majonis D. , McCourt J. , Halla J. D. , Brook J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Nighttime chemistry in polluted regions is dominated by the nitrate radical (NO3) including its direct reaction with natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons, its reaction with NO2 to form N2O5, and subsequent reactions of N2O5 to form HNO3 and chlorine containing photolabile species. We report nighttime measurements of NO3, NO2, and O3, in the polluted marine boundary layer southwest of Vancouver, BC during a three week study in the summer of 2005. The concentration of N2O5 was calculated using the well known equilibrium, NO3+NO2↔N2O5. Median overnight mixing ratios of NO3, N2O5 and NO2 were 10.3 ppt, 122 ppt and 8.3 ppb with median N2O5/NO3 molar ratios of 13.1 and median nocturnal partitioning of 4.9%. Due to the high levels of NO2 that can inhibit approach to steady-state, we use a method for calculating NO3 lifetimes that does not assume the steady-state approximation. Median and average lifetimes of NO3 in the NO3-N2O5 nighttime reservoir were 1.1–2.3 min. We have determined nocturnal profiles of the pseudo first order loss coefficient of NO3 and the first order loss coefficients of N2O5 by regression of the NO3 inverse lifetimes with the [N2O5]/[NO3] ratio. Direct losses of NO3 are highest early in the night, tapering off as the night proceeds. The magnitude of the first order loss coefficient of N2O5 is consistent with, but not verification of, recommended homogeneous rate coefficients for reaction of N2O5 with water vapor early in the night, but increases significantly in the latter part of the night when relative humidity increases beyond 75%, consistent with heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with aerosols with a rate constant khet=(1.2±0.4)×10−3 s−1−(1.6±0.4)×10−3 s−1. Analysis indicates that a correlation exists between overnight integrated N2O5 concentrations in the marine boundary layer, a surrogate for the accumulation of chlorine containing photolabile species, and maximum 1-h average O3 at stations in the Lower Fraser Valley the next day when there is clear evidence of a sea breeze transporting marine air into the valley. The range of maximum 1-h average O3 increase attributable to the correlation is ΔO3=+1.1 to +8.3 ppb throughout the study for the average of 20 stations, although higher increases are seen for stations far downwind of the coastal urban area. The correlation is still statistically significant on the second day after a nighttime accumulation, but with a different spatial pattern favouring increased O3 at the coastal urban stations, consistent with transport of polluted air back to the coast.
Bayesian discharge rating curves based on B-spline smoothing functions
Authors: Ingimarsson K. M. , Hrafnkelsson B. , Gardarsson S. M. , Snorrason A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Discharge in rivers is commonly estimated by the use of a rating curve constructed from pairs of measured water elevations and discharges at a specific location. The Bayesian approach has been successfully applied to estimate discharge rating curves that are based on the standard power-law. In this paper the standard power-law model is extended by adding a B-spline function. The extended model is compared to the standard power-law model by applying the models to discharge data sets from sixty one different rivers. In addition four rivers are analyzed in detail to demonstrate the benefit of the extended model. The models are compared using two measures, the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) and Bayes factor. The former provides robust comparison of fit adjusting for the different complexity of the models and the latter measures the evidence of one model against the other. The extended model captures deviations in the data from the standard power-law but reduces to the standard power-law when that model is adequate. The extended model provides substantially better fit than the standard power-law model for about 30% of the rivers and performs better for 60% of the rivers when extrapolating large discharge values.
Elaboration of Monophasic and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrate by Pulsed Electrodeposition Current
Authors: Benhayoune Hicham , Drevet Richard , Fauré Joel , Potiron Sylvain , Gloriant Thierry , Oudadesse Hassane , Laurent‐Maquin Dominique
Published: May 2010

Calcium phosphate coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates are elaborated by pulsed electrodeposition. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the coatings are characterized by SEM–EDS. The obtained results are systematically confirmed at the nanometre scale using TEM. Moreover, XRD is performed in order to identify the coatings phases. The results show that pulsed electrodeposition allows uniform coatings to be obtained without the holes and craters usually observed with classical electrodeposition. After appropriate heat treatment, these coatings have a biphasic composition of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate. Moreover, the addition of 9% H2O2 to the electrolyte leads to monophasic coatings made of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. As an indication of the passive nature of the electrodeposited coating, electrochemical potentiodynamic tests are performed in physiological solution in order to determine the corrosion behaviour of these coatings.
The First Anionic Thia‐Fries Rearrangements at Ferrocene: Ready Access to Trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐Substituted Hydroxyferrocenes and an Extremely High Interannular Stereoinduction between Cyclopentadienyl Ligands
Authors: Werner Georg , Lehmann Christian W. , Butenschön Holger
Published: May 2010

Attempts originally directed towards the generation of ferrocyne (1,2‐dehydroferrocene, 4) and ferrocenediyne (1,2,1′,2′‐tetradehydroferrocene, 5) by triflate elimination from the respective ferrocenyl triflates led to the discovery of the first anionic thia‐Fries rearrangements at a five‐membered ring. These reactions take place with remarkable efficiency under very mild reaction conditions and yield the respective trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐substituted ferrocenols. Most remarkably, the reaction starting from 1,1′‐ferrocenediyl ditriflate (9) adopts an extremely high interannular stereoinduction in that exclusively the meso rearrangement product, meso‐2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)‐1,1′‐ferrocenediol (16), is formed, the corresponding racemic product 17 is not observed. It is shown that the second anionic thia‐Fries rearrangement proceeds at a much larger rate than the first one. The stereochemistry and the high rate of this reaction are explained on the basis of electronic as well as steric considerations. The redox behavior of some of the unprecedented ferrocene derivatives has been characterized by cyclovoltammetry.
Fabrication of aragonite rosette superstructure through the weak interaction between nonionic polymers and Ca2+
Authors: Shi Shuxian , Su Zhiqiang , Wei Hao , Chen Xiaonong
Published: May 2010

The controlled formation of aragonite by simple method under ambient condition is a big challenge for biomaterial scientists. In this article, we took poly (N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as an example to investigate the influence of water‐soluble nonionic polymers on the polymorphs of CaCO3 via CO2 diffusion method under ambient pressure and temperature, and found that the existence of PVP molecules favors the formation of aragonite with rosette superstructure. A possible mechanism is proposed that nonionic polymers can be doped into amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) particles and further participate in the transformation process from ACC to aragonite and then promotes the formation of rosette superstructure through parallel aggregation by crosslinking the aragonite nuclei. The experiments of CaCO3 crystallization in presence of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) confirmed the mechanism. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
One‐step synthesis of star‐block copolymers via simultaneous free radical polymerization of styrene and ring opening polymerization of ε‐caprolacton using tetrafunctional iniferter
Authors: Ozturk Temel , Cakmak Ismail
Published: May 2010

Star‐block copolymers comprised of poly(styrene) (S) core and four poly(ε‐caprolacton) (ε‐CL) arms were synthesized by the combination of free radical polymerization (FRP) of S and ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐CL in one‐step in the presence of tetrafunctional ineferter. The block copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and fractional precipitation method. 1H ‐NMR and FTIR spectroscopy and GPC studies of the obtained polymers indicate that star‐block copolymers easily formed as result of combination FRP and ROP in one‐step. The γ values (solvent/precipitant volume ratio) were observed between 1.04–2.72 (mL/mL) from fractional measurements. The results show that when the initial S feed increased, the molecular weights of the star‐block copolymers also increased and the polydispersities of the polymers decreased. Mw/Mn values of the products were measured between 1.4 and 2.86 from GPC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Indocyanine green–enhanced imaging of antigen‐induced arthritis with an integrated optical imaging/radiography system
Authors: Meier Reinhard , Krug Christian , Golovko Daniel , Boddington Sophie , Piontek Guido , Rudelius Martina , Sutton Elizabeth J. , Baur‐Melnyk Andrea , Jones Ella F. , Daldrup‐Link Heike E.
Published: May 2010

Objective

To evaluate a combined indocyanine green–enhanced optical imaging/radiography system for the detection of arthritic joints in a rat model of antigen‐induced arthritis.

Methods

Arthritis of the knee and ankle joints was induced in 6 Harlan rats, using peptidoglycan–polysaccharide polymers. Three rats served as untreated controls. Optical imaging of the knee and ankle joints was done with an integrated optical imaging/radiography system before and up to 24 hours following intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg indocyanine green. The fluorescence signal intensities of arthritic and normal joints were compared for significant differences, using generalized estimating equation models. Specimens of knee and ankle joints were further processed and evaluated by histology.

Results

Immediately after administration, indocyanine green provided a significant increase in the fluorescence signal of arthritic joints compared with baseline values (P < 0.05). The fluorescence signal of arthritic joints was significantly higher compared with that of nonarthritic control joints at 1–720 minutes after intravenous injection (P < 0.05). Fusion of indocyanine green–enhanced optical imaging and radiography allowed for anatomic coregistration of the inflamed tissue with the associated joint. Hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed marked synovial inflammation of arthritic joints and the absence of inflammation in control joints.

Conclusion

Indocyanine green–enhanced optical imaging is a clinically applicable tool for detection of arthritic tissue. Using relatively high doses of indocyanine green, long‐term enhanced fluorescence of arthritic joints can be achieved. This may facilitate simultaneous evaluations of multiple joints in a clinical setting. Fusion of indocyanine green–enhanced optical imaging scans with radiography increases anatomic resolution.
Solution‐Processed Bulk‐Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells Based on Dendritic and Star‐Shaped D‐π‐A Organic Dyes
Authors: Wang Jin‐Liang , He Zhicai , Wu Hongbin , Cui Haibo , Li Yan , Gong Qihuang , Cao Yong , Pei Jian
Published: May 2010

A series of D‐π‐A organic dendritic and star‐shaped molecules based on three various chromophores (i.e., the truxene nodes, triphenylamine moieties as the donor, and benzothiadiazole chromophore as the acceptor) and their corresponding model compounds are facilely developed. Their photophysical and electrochemical properties are investigated in detail by UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescent spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. By changing the various conjugated spacers (i.e., single bond, double bond, and triple bond) among the three chromophores of dendritic series, their photophysical properties (that is, the one‐photon absorption range and two‐photon absorption cross‐section values) are effectively modulated. All D‐π‐A conjugated oligomers show a broad and strong absorption band from 250 to 700 nm in thin films. Solution‐processed bulk‐heterojunction photovoltaic devices using our oligomer as donor and PCBM as acceptor are fabricated and measured. The power conversion efficiency of the devices based on our oligomers continuously increases from DBTTr to TRTD2A as a result of an increasing relative absorption intensity in longer wavelength region by changing the donor‐acceptor ratio and conjugated spacers between the donor and acceptor. The power conversion efficiency of the devices based on TRTD2A was 0.54 % under the illumination of AM 1.5 and 100 mW cm−2, which is the highest value recorded based on D‐π‐A conjugated oligomers containing triphenylamine moieties and benzothiadiazole chromophores with truxene to date.
Protease Immobilization on γ‐Fe2O3/Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Synthesis of Oligopeptides in Organic Solvents
Authors: Xin Bao‐juan , Si Shu‐feng , Xing Guo‐wen
Published: May 2010

The use of nanobiocatalysts, with the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology, is considered as an exciting and rapidly emerging area. The use of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, as enzyme immobilization carriers, has drawn great attention because of their unique properties, such as controllable particle size, large surface area, modifiable surface, and easy recovery. In this study, various γ‐Fe2O3/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with immobilized proteases were successfully prepared by three different immobilization strategies including A) direct binding, B) with thiophene as a linker, and C) with triazole as a linker. The oligopeptides syntheses catalyzed by these magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with immobilized proteases were systematically studied. Our results show that i) for magnetic nanoparticles immobilized α‐chymotrypsin, both immobilization strategies A and B furnished good reusability for the Z‐Tyr‐Gly‐Gly‐OEt synthesis, the MNPs enzymes can be readily used at least five times without significant loss of its catalytic performance: ii) In the case of Z‐Asp‐Phe‐OMe synthesis catalyzed by magnetic nanoparticles immobilized thermolysin, immobilization Strategy B provided the best recyclability: iii) For the immobilized papain, although Strategy A or B afforded an immobilized enzyme for the first cycle of Z‐Ala‐Leu‐NHNHPh synthesis in good yield, their subsequent catalytic activity decreased rapidly. In general, the γ‐Fe2O3 MNPs were better for use as an immobilization matrix, rather than the Fe3O4 MNPs, owing to their smaller particle size and higher surface area.
Das Fernrohr in den Alpen
Authors: Schwind Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

In den Jahren 2007/2008 entstand im deutschen Alpenraum ein Museumsbau außergewöhnlichen Formats. Ein auf einer einzelnen Stütze stehendes Bauwerk von 34 m Länge ragt etwa 7 m über eine Felskante hinaus, so dass ein ungehinderter Blick auf das 1300 m tiefer gelegene Mittenwald ermöglich wird. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt Konzeption, Tragwerksplanung und Bauausführung für ein Bauwerk, das in einer für deutsche Verhältnisse ungewöhnlichen Umgebung unter ungewöhnlichen Witterungs‐ und Arbeitsverhältnissen errichtet wurde.

The telescope in the Alps. During 2007/2008 an extraordinary building structure was erected which serves as a museum in the German Alps. A building supported on only one column being 34 meters long and cantilevers 7 meters from the edge of the mountain top. This construction enables the visitor to overlook freely the town and landscapes of Mittenwald 1300 meters beneath. This paper describes the conception, the planning of structural framework and the construction itself concerning a building in an unusual environment and under exceptional weather and working conditions.
Der “Steg Süd” am Bahnhofsareal Remscheid
Authors: Feyerabend Manfred
Published: May 2010

Der “Steg Süd” am Bahnhofsareal Remscheid ist der Dreh‐ und Angelpunkt im neugeschaffenen Einzelhandelszentrum am revitalisierten Bahnhofsareal in Remscheid. Das im Zuge der “Regionale 2006” geschaffene Brückenbauwerk bildet den gestalterischen Mittelpunkt des neuen Centers und schafft darüber hinaus Wegeverbindungen in verschiedenen räumlichen Ebenen zwischen Stadtteilen, Bauwerken und Verkehrsinfrastrukturen.

Southern Pedestrian bridge at Remscheid Central Station. The southern pedestrian bridge at Remscheid Central Station is the heart of the new shopping centre, which was erected on the redeveloped Remscheid central station area. The bridge makes up the architectural face of the new centre and beyond that creates new connecting passages on different spatial levels between municipal areas, buildings and traffic facilities. The bridge is part of the project “Regionale 2006”.
Development and validation of amitriptyline and its metabolite in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Bhatt Mitesh , Shah Sanjay , Shivprakash
Published: May 2010

A method based on ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) in combination with solid‐phase extraction for sample pretreatment has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of amitriptyline and its main metabolite in human plasma. The extraction of the analytes from plasma samples was carried out by means of a selective SPE procedure using hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges. The assay involves a simple solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure of 0.2 mL of human plasma and analysis was performed on a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode via electrospray ionization (ESI). The standard calibration curve was linear over the ranges 0.370–95.539 ng/mL for amitriptyline and 0.365–94.374 ng/mL for nortriptyline, expressed by the linear correlation coefficient r2, which was better than 0.995 for both. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy of the quality control samples were within 10.0%. The recovery was 85.3, 88.4 and 80.7% for amitriptyline, nortriptyline and doxepin respectively. Total run time was 1.2 min only for each sample, which makes it possible to analyze more than 400 samples per day. The method was highly reproducible and gave peaks with excellent chromatography properties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous and group determination methods for designated substances by HPLC with multi‐channel electrochemical detection and their application to real samples
Authors: Min Jun Zhe , Yamashita Kazuhide , Toyo'oka Toshimasa , Inagaki Shinsuke , Higashi Tatsuya , Kikura‐Hanajiri Ruri , Goda Yukihiro
Published: May 2010

Many psychotropic substances are illegally available on the streets and/or via the Internet. This wide distribution has become a serious social problem. To control this problem, many substances have been controlled as ‘designated substances’ (Shitei‐Yakubutsu) in Japan since April 2007 by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, including tryptamines, phenethylamines and piperazines. In the present study, simultaneous determination methods using HPLC with multi‐channel electrochemical detection (MECD) were developed for the designated substances. The proposed methods utilizing online electrochemical oxidation are the first report on the simultaneous determination of various designated substances. The methods involve direct determination and require no complicated pretreatments such as fluorescence labeling. The designated substances were separated by reversed‐phase chromatography using a TSK‐gel ODS‐100V (4.6 × 250 mm, i.d., 3 µm) and gradient elution by a mixture of potassium phosphate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile. The total separation of 31 designated substances was successfully performed but required long chromatographic run times. Thus, the designated substances were divided into three groups: (1) tryptamines, (2) phenethylamines and (3) piperazines and others. They were then analyzed by HPLC‐MECD as another separation method. The suitable applied voltages for each designated substance were determined based upon the hydrodynamic voltammogram. The limits of detection (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3) of the designated substances for the most suitable voltages were in the range of 17.1 pg (5‐MeO‐MIPT) to 117 ng (indan‐2‐amine). The calibration curves based on the peak heights were linearly related to the amounts of the designated substances (R2 > 0.999). Good accuracy and precision by intra‐day assay and inter‐day assay were also obtained using the present procedures. The proposed methods were applied to the analyses of the designated substance in several real samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paresthesia and hypesthesia in the dorsum of the foot as the presenting complaints of a ganglion cyst of the foot
Authors: Casal Diogo , Bilhim Tiago , Pais Diogo , Almeida Maria A. , O'Neill João G.
Published: May 2010

Although ganglion cysts of the foot represent a substantial amount of lumps in this region, they rarely cause peripheral nerve symptoms. We describe the clinical case of a 43‐year‐old female with complaints in the previous three months of hypesthesia and paresthesia in the anterior portion of the medial half of the dorsum of her left foot that extended into the first interdigital cleft. She associated the start of her neurological symptoms to the appearance of a lump in the dorsum of the foot. A presumptive diagnosis of compression of the medial branch of the deep fibular nerve and of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve in the dorsum of the foot by a ganglion cyst was made. Ultrasonography confirmed the cystic nature of the lesion and surgery allowed complete excision of a mass arising from the joint between the medial and intermediate cuneiform bones that was compressing the deep fibular nerve and the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. Pathological examination confirmed that the lesion was a cystic ganglion. As far as the authors know, the simultaneous compression of the medial branch of the deep fibular nerve and of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve in the dorsum of the foot by a ganglion cyst has not been described before. Clin. Anat. 23:606–610, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inorganic Precipitated Silica Gel. Part 1: Gelation Kinetics and Gel Properties
Authors: Quarch K. , Kind M.
Published: May 2010

Precipitated silica (SiO2) is industrially produced by mixing a silicate solution with acid in a semi‐batch process. Polycondensation of monomeric silica leads to the formation of particles which aggregate and eventually form a particulate gel. However, this is instantly fragmented by the mechanical energy input caused by the stirrer. Shrinkage and compaction of these fragments lead to the final product aggregates. It is the aim of this study to enable tailoring of the structure and size of these product particles via the process parameters. The present paper describes the influence of the parameters temperature, ionic strength, and composition, which affect the pH, on the properties of unstirred gels regarding their elasticity and thus their fragmentation behavior. Gelation time may be qualitatively estimated solely from the concentration of the feed materials.
Framework for explicit drift correction in multivariate calibration models
Authors: Gujral Paman , Amrhein Michael , Wise Barry M. , Bonvin Dominique
Published: May 2010

Latent‐variable calibrations using principal component regression and partial least‐squares regression are often compromised by drift such as systematic disturbances and offsets. This paper presents a two‐step framework that facilitates the evaluation and comparison of explicit drift‐correction methods. In the first step, the drift subspace is estimated using different types of correction data in a master/slave setting. The correction data are measured for the slave with drift and computed for the master with no drift. In the second step, the original calibration data are corrected for the estimated drift subspace using shrinkage or orthogonal projection. The two cases of no correction and drift correction by orthogonal projection can be seen as special cases of shrinkage. The two‐step framework is illustrated with four different experimental data sets. The first three examples study drift correction on one instrument (temperature effects, spectral differences between samples obtained from different plants, instrumental drift), while the fourth example studies calibration transfer between two instruments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutral Pentacoordinate Halogeno‐ and Pseudohalogenosilicon(IV) Complexes with an SiSONCX Skeleton (X=F, Cl, Br, I, N, C): Synthesis and Structural Characterization in the Solid State and in Solution
Authors: Metz Stefan , Theis Bastian , Burschka Christian , Tacke Reinhold
Published: May 2010

A series of neutral pentacoordinate silicon(IV) complexes with an SiSONCX skeleton (X=F, Cl, Br, I, N, or C) was synthesized and structurally characterized by multinuclear solution‐state and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. These compounds contain an identical tridentate dianionic S,N,O ligand, a monodentate (pseudo)halogeno ligand (F, Cl, Br, I, NCS, N3, or CN), and a monodentate organyl ligand (methyl, phenyl, 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, or pentafluorophenyl). For most of these compounds, a dynamic equilibrium between the pentacoordinate silicon(IV) complex and two isomeric tetracoordinate silicon species in solution was observed. Most surprisingly, comparison of two series of analogous compounds containing fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo ligands demonstrated that pentacoordination in these series of silicon(IV) complexes is favored in the rank order I≈Br>Cl>F; i.e., increasing the softness of the halogeno ligand favors pentacoordination.
Modellierung von Adsorption, Diffusion und katalysierten Reaktionen in porösen Medien
Authors: Keil F. J.
Published: May 2010

Es werden Porenmodelle und die Optimierung von Porenstrukturen beschrieben. Eine Multiskalenmethode zur vollständigen Beschreibung von katalytischen Prozessen in porösen Katalysatorträgern (Mehrkomponentenadsorption, Diffusion und Reaktion) auf molekularer Ebene wird erläutert, ebenso wie die Maßstabvergrößerung bis zum Reaktor. Desweiteren werden die Ergebnisse für verschiedene Anwendungen vorgestellt.
Kompostite auf Basis von Zeolithen oder geordnet mesoporösen Oxiden für Anwendungen in der Photonik und Sensorik
Authors: Wark M.
Published: May 2010

Mikroporöse Zeolithe oder Aluminiumphosphate und mesoporöse Oxide, in deren Poren Farbstoffmoleküle oder Halbleiter‐Nanopartikel stabilisiert sind, lassen sich auf unterschiedlichste Weise herstellen. Die optischen Eigenschaften dieser Systeme sind gezielt beeinflussbar, wodurch eine weitgehende Anpassung auf die jeweils durch die geplante Anwendung vorgegebenen Bedingungen möglich ist. Zu beachten sind dabei neben Wirt/Gast‐Wechselwirkungen auch Gast/Gast‐Wechselwirkungen, wobei die Wechselwirkungen einer Sorte an Gastspezies untereinander meist unerwünscht sind, weil sie zu Aggregation führen. Die Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen, gezielt eingebrachten Gastspezies hingegen bergen ein hohes, noch weitgehend unerforschtes Potenzial. Während das Anwendungspotenzial von Metallcluster/Zeolith‐Kompositen in der heterogenen Katalyse schon sehr stark ausgeschöpft ist, ergeben sich, für Wirt/Gast‐Systeme, die optische aktive Substanzen als Gäste enthalten, noch eine Reihe von Möglichkeiten in den Bereichen Photonik, Sensorik, Photokatalyse, Optoelektronik und Photoelektrochemie. Die drei letztgenannten Bereiche könnten sehr stark von der derzeitigen Entwicklung von elektrisch leitfähigen Halbleiterstrukturen mit geordneter Porenstruktur profitieren.
Biocatalytic kinetic resolution of rac‐1‐phenylethanol and rac‐2‐pentanol in hexane medium: ACYL donor and water content effects
Authors: de los Ríos A. P. , Hernández‐Fernández F. J. , Tomás‐Alonso F. , Gómez D. , Víllora G.
Published: May 2010

The kinetic resolutions of rac‐1‐phenylethanol and rac‐2‐pentanol by transesterification with vinyl esters catalysed by a commercial immobilised Candida antarctica lipase B were successfully carried out in hexane medium. This enzyme showed very high enantioselectivity for both substrates. The influence of the water content of the medium on the synthetic activity, selectivity and enantioselectivity of the enzyme was analysed, with the optimal amount of water about 100 ppm. Our results also showed that the activity per gram enzymatic derivate of CaLB was slightly higher with butyl butyrate as acyl donor.
Simulating the impact of kraft pulping and bleaching parameters on Eucalyptus camaldulensis pulp properties using MATLAB
Authors: Fatehi Pedram , Arabshahi Shahab , Ziaee Zainab , Malinen Raimo O. , Ni Yonghao
Published: May 2010

In this work, Eucalyptus camaldulensis was evaluated as the raw material for chemical pulp under different pulping and bleaching conditions. The pulping was carried out at different H‐factors, and at different effective alkalis. The resulting pulps were then oxygen delignified and bleached using various dosages of bleaching chemicals in a D0EpD1 sequence. The effect of independent variables (pulping or bleaching variables) on dependent variables (pulp properties) was analysed based on the multivariable least square method via MATLAB software. An agreement was found between the results predicted from the models and the experimental data. To obtain a kappa number of 15, the optimum pulping conditions were a temperature of 155°C, a time of 225 min, and an EA of 23%. Also, the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of cooked pulp was significantly decreased in the chlorine dioxide bleaching stages, and was only marginally related to the final HexA content of bleached pulps.
Heat transfer metrology issues in two‐phase bubble column reactors
Authors: Béliard Pierre‐Emmanuel , Schweich Daniel , Clément Patrice , Gauthier‐Maradei Paola , Dromard Nicolas
Published: May 2010

The metrology and the impact of various parameters and operating conditions on the bulk‐to‐tube heat transfer coefficients in two‐phase bubble columns are investigated on a small‐scale mock‐up. It is shown that (1) quasi‐adiabatic conditions can be reached in the column; (2) the bulk‐to‐tube heat transfer coefficients for each U‐tube downward and upward sections may or may not differ significantly, depending on the way uncertainty of the measurements is estimated; (3) using the different measurements and uncertainty estimates for given conditions, a mean heat transfer coefficient over all tubes is estimated within ±5%. The consequences for bulk‐to‐tube heat transfer coefficient prediction in a larger column are discussed.
Liquid load point determination in a reactive distillation packing by X‐ray tomography
Authors: Aferka S. , Viva A. , Brunazzi E. , Marchot P. , Crine M. , Toye D.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we report on the use of X‐ray tomography to determine the liquid load point in 0.1 m diameter modular catalytic distillation packings Katapak‐SP11 and Katapak‐SP12. The liquid load point corresponds to the overall packed bed liquid load above which there is an increment in the liquid flowing outside the catalytic baskets and the catalytic baskets themselves are saturated with liquid. From tomographic images, we show that several factors affect the wetting and filling of catalytic baskets. The complex hybrid structure of catalytic packings influences the liquid distribution inside the elements. The liquid preferentially fills the external catalytic baskets because they receive the liquid not only from the packing element situated above but also from the wall wipers. Moreover, liquid hold‐up inside a catalytic basket section depends significantly on the vertical position in the packing element and on the position of the packing in the column packed bed. The counter–current gas flow speeds up the process of liquid filling of the baskets, also for low liquid loads. The non‐uniform distribution of liquid in catalytic basket which is observed experimentally makes the identification of a unique liquid load point not straightforward.
Kinetic study of hydrogen transfer from benzyl alcohol to aliphatic aldehydes catalysed by heterogenised ruthenium(II) catalysts
Authors: Liu Z. S. , Rempel G. L.
Published: May 2010

Aliphatic aldehydes were reduced to corresponding alcohols by transfer hydrogenation in the presence of Ru(II) complexes bound to swellable polymer matrices. Benzyl alcohol was used as hydrogen donor because of its strong hydrogen donor ability. The kinetics of the reaction has been measured between 100 and 140°C. The results showed that reaction rate depended on the structure of aldehydes and concentrations of aldehyde. Also reaction rate depended on the concentration of hydrogen donor, and on the amount of catalyst. The reaction proceeded efficiently in halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. The metal leaching was different for different catalytic runs and it was most pronounced in the first catalytic run. The observed activation energy, Ea = 18 ± 1 kcal/mol was obtained, suggested that process in predominantly chemically controlled reaction. A general reaction mechanism and rate equation have been proposed.
Chemical reactors of special geometry for the precipitation of mineral particles
Authors: Rousseaux Jean‐Marc , Muhr Hervé , Plasari Edouard
Published: May 2010

Precipitation of pseudo‐boehmite particles is experimentally investigated. The experiments have been carried out in three chemical reactors specially designed to achieve an effective control of the properties of mineral particles produced by precipitation. The chemical reactors are the Sliding‐Surface Mixing Device, the Special Rushton Turbine Reactor and the Vortex Effect Reactor. The mixing efficiency of these new mixing devices is experimentally evaluated and the influence of reactor geometries, operating parameters and initial supersaturation on pseudo‐boehmite particle properties is studied. The particle properties evaluated are particle size distribution, crystallite size, BET surface area, porous volume, mean pore radius and particle shape. A comparison of the particle properties obtained with the three reactors is made.
Modelling high concentration settling slurry flows
Authors: Gillies Randall G. , Shook Clifton A.
Published: May 2010

The well‐known two‐layer model for predicting friction losses for pipeline flows of settling slurries has been extended to solids concentrations above 35% by volume. This has been achieved by incorporating new experimental results to account for increases in friction which have been observed with “settling” slurries at high concentrations. The kinetic (fluid‐like) friction appears to increase with solids concentration in a manner which suggests that particle‐wall contact plays an important role. The experiments also suggest that the fraction of the total solids which contributes Coulombic (velocity insensitive) friction also increases to some extent at high concentrations. This effect is expressed in a tentative correlation which employs a slurry Reynolds number. In addition, new experimental measurements of delivered and in‐situ concentrations have been used to test predictions made with the previous version of the model. The measurements show that the interracial friction factor proposed recently by Wilson and coworkers is preferable for slurries of coarse particles.
Radial voidage variation in CFB risers
Authors: Issangya Allan S. , Grace John R. , Bai Dingrong , Zhu Jingxu
Published: May 2010

A new correlation for estimating local voidage in CFB risers is provided based on data obtained in a riser of diameter 76 mm and height 6 m using FCC particles at superficial gas velocities between 4 and 8 m/s and solids circulation fluxes up to 425 kg/m2s. This equation also works well for a wide range of operating conditions and risers of larger size and for other particles. The correlation appears to have broader applicability than previous ones. It is especially useful for estimating the local voidage in the dense zone of CFB risers and CFB risers operating under the dense suspension upflow regime where few experimental data are currently available.
An investigation of complex hybrid suspension flows by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Graham Lachlan J.W. , Pullum Lionel
Published: May 2010

An increasing number of industrially relevant suspensions, e.g., stabilized flows, backfill and codisposal systems, differ from conventional transport systems. Analysis of these suspensions is difficult due to their non‐Newtonian behavior and increased particle/particle interaction. This paper presents data obtained in a 100 mm diameter pipe test loop using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The flows considered are “stable” suspensions of coarse particles in visco‐plastic carrier fluids that are capable of statically suspending the solids. Particle concentration and fluid velocity maps are presented for a number of flow conditions which show that laminar flow of these suspensions is stratified rather than homogenous.
Hydrodynamics of gas fluidized beds with mixture of group D and B particles
Authors: Ajbar Abdelhamid , Alhumaizi Khalid , Ibrahim Ahmed , Asif Mohammad
Published: May 2010

The dynamics of a gas‐solid fluidized bed containing Geldart Group D particles mixed with a small proportion of Geldart Group B particles are investigated using pressure fluctuations data. Time series analysis, using a variety of nonlinear dynamics tools, shows that the slugging present with Group D particles can be suppressed by the addition of a small proportion of Group B particles. The power spectra and the auto‐correlation function are used for a preliminary evaluation of dominant slug frequencies. It is shown that the bed fluidized with the mixture of Group D and B particles behaves in a less periodic manner and is dominated by more random bubble motion. On the other hand, the correlation integral is used to analyze the chaotic behaviour of the flow, through evaluation of the fractal structure of the reconstructed attractors. It is shown that the bed fluidized with Group D particles is characterized by a combination of steady slug motion and irregular particles motion. The behaviour of the fluidized bed of Group D/B particles mixture is characterized by a single correlation dimension for a wide range of fluidization velocities.
Experimental research on drag reduction by polymer additives in a turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Xueming Shao , Jianzhong Lin , Tao Wu , Yulin Li
Published: May 2010

In order to investigate the effects of injection position on drag reduction as well as further the effects of polymer additives on turbulent structures, LDA measurements of turbulent pipe flows were conducted. The results show that the amount of drag reduction grows with the increase of the Reynolds number, and injecting the polymer at the centre of pipe is more effective than at the wall. Due to the addition of polymer solution, the axial, radial r.m.s. velocity fluctuations and Reynolds stress decrease over the entire pipe cross‐section, the time auto‐correlation coefficients of axial and radial velocity fluctuation at the centre of pipe decay more slowly, the number of spectrum peaks is decreased, and the peak shifts towards lower wave numbers. The results also reveal that, due to the addition of polymer solution, the large‐scale vortices are enhanced and small‐scale vortices are suppressed.
Étude de l'évaporation par convection forcée au‐dessus de corps tournants à symétrie de révolution dans un fluide au repos
Authors: Zeghmati Belkacem , Nardin Philippe , Rondot Daniel , Le Palec Georges
Published: May 2010

Ce travail est consacre à une approche théorique et expérimentale du problème de l'évaporation au‐dessus d'un corps à symétrie de révolution soumis à un flux de densité constante. Les équations régissant les transferts de masse et de chaleur sont développées dans le cadre de l'approximation de la couche limite laminaire et dans l'hypothèse d'un flux d'évaporation pariétal obéissant aux conditions de la première phase de séchage. Nous présentons les résultats numériques obtenus dans le cas du disque tournant et de la sphère tournante. La validation expérimentale est basée sur la pyrométrie et la thermographic infrarouge. Des comparisons avec les résultats théoriques sont faites dans le cas du disque tournant.
Sequenced aeration in a membrane bioreactor: Specific nitrogen removal rates
Authors: Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Tazi‐Pain Annie , Buisson Hervé , Wisniewski Christelle , Grasmick Alain
Published: May 2010

The aim of this work was to quantify the activity of autotrophic and heterotrophic populations present in a submerged membrane bioreactor submitted to a sequenced aeration, ensuring alternate nitrification and denitrification (BIOSEP® process). Specific nitrification and denitrification rates were determined over a fifteen‐month running period, with and without physico‐chemical phosphorus removal. The results show (i) zero‐order kinetics; (ii) a specific activity independent of MLVSS concentration; and (iii) an evolution of the nitrification kinetics directly linked to an evolution of the nitrifying population within the unit. The study confirmed that denitrification kinetics depend on the concentration and on the nature of wastewater organic matter.