bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellular lifespan and senescence: a complex balance between multiple cellular pathways
Authors: Dolivo David , Hernandez Sarah , Dominko Tanja
Published: July 2016

The study of cellular senescence and proliferative lifespan is becoming increasingly important because of the promises of autologous cell therapy, the need for model systems for tissue disease and the implication of senescent cell phenotypes in organismal disease states such as sarcopenia, diabetes and various cancers, among others. Here, we explain the concepts of proliferative cellular lifespan and cellular senescence, and we present factors that have been shown to mediate cellular lifespan positively or negatively. We review much recent literature and present potential molecular mechanisms by which lifespan mediation occurs, drawing from the fields of telomere biology, metabolism, NAD+ and sirtuin biology, growth factor signaling and oxygen and antioxidants. We conclude that cellular lifespan and senescence are complex concepts that are governed by multiple independent and interdependent pathways, and that greater understanding of these pathways, their interactions and their convergence upon specific cellular phenotypes may lead to viable therapies for tissue regeneration and treatment of age‐related pathologies, which are caused by or exacerbated by senescent cells in vivo.
Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins regulate angiotensin‐converting enzyme expression: crosstalk between cellular and endocrine metabolic regulators suggested by RNA interference and genetic studies
Authors: Dhamrait Sukhbir S. , Maubaret Cecilia , Pedersen‐Bjergaard Ulrik , Brull David J. , Gohlke Peter , Payne John R. , World Michael , Thorsteinsson Birger , Humphries Steve E. , Montgomery Hugh E.
Published: July 2016

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) regulate mitochondrial function, and thus cellular metabolism. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) is the central component of endocrine and local tissue renin–angiotensin systems (RAS), which also regulate diverse aspects of whole‐body metabolism and mitochondrial function (partly through altering mitochondrial UCP expression). We show that ACE expression also appears to be regulated by mitochondrial UCPs. In genetic analysis of two unrelated populations (healthy young UK men and Scandinavian diabetic patients) serum ACE (sACE) activity was significantly higher amongst UCP3‐55C (rather than T) and UCP2 I (rather than D) allele carriers. RNA interference against UCP2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells reduced UCP2 mRNA sixfold (P < 0·01) whilst increasing ACE expression within a physiological range (<1·8‐fold at 48 h; P < 0·01). Our findings suggest novel hypotheses. Firstly, cellular feedback regulation may occur between UCPs and ACE. Secondly, cellular UCP regulation of sACE suggests a novel means of crosstalk between (and mutual regulation of) cellular and endocrine metabolism. This might partly explain the reduced risk of developing diabetes and metabolic syndrome with RAS antagonists and offer insight into the origins of cardiovascular disease in which UCPs and ACE both play a role.
The hypoxic microenvironment: A determinant of cancer stem cell evolution
Authors: Carnero Amancio , Lleonart Matilde
Published: July 2016

Tumors are often viewed as unique entities with specific behaviors. However, tumors are a mixture of differentially evolved subpopulations of cells in constant Darwinian evolution, selecting the fittest clone and allowing it to outgrow the rest. As in the natural environment, the niche defines the properties the fittest clones must possess. Therefore, there can be multiple fit clones because of the various microenvironments inside a single tumor. Hypoxia is considered to be a major feature of the tumor microenvironment and is a potential contributor to the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and its enhanced tumorigenicity. The acidic microenvironment around hypoxic cells is accompanied by the activation of a subset of proteases that contribute to metastasis. Because of aberrant angiogenesis and the inaccessibility of their locations, hypoxic cells are less likely to accumulate therapeutic concentrations of chemotherapeutics that can lead to therapeutic resistance. Therefore, the targeting of the hypoxic CSC niche in combination with chemotherapy may provide a promising strategy for eradicating CSCs. In this review, we examine the cancer stem cell hypothesis and its relationship to the microenvironment, specifically to hypoxia and the subsequent metabolic switch and how they shape tumor behavior.
Self‐mutilation in female remanded prisoners II: A cluster analytic approach towards identification of a behavioural syndrome
Authors: COID JEREMY , WILKINS JOHN , COID BINA , EVERITT BRIAN
Published: July 2016

Cluster analysis of phenomenological variables and the associated symptom profile of self‐mutilation in 74 female prisoners identified a subgroup with a disorder of mood who injured themselves as a symptom‐relieving mechanism and received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Marked differences were found between the women in this cluster in the form of their behaviour and on a range of different variables compared with a second, more heterogeneous, cluster who had injured themselves as a reaction to life‐events, psychotic illness, or in a suicide attempt. The relevance of a symptom‐relieving mechanism to research into self‐mutilation and BPD is discussed. It is proposed that future research should concentrate on the ‘affective instability’ component of BPD and the affective symptoms reported by subjects with this diagnosis prior to impulsive behaviours such as self‐mutilation.
Non‐custodial treatment: can psychopaths be treated in the community?
Authors: JOSEPH PHILIP
Published: July 2016

In the past, the coordination, monitoring and continuity of psychiatric care were provided within the traditional institution, ‘under one roof and one authority’ to quote Goffman's well‐known phrase (Goffman, 1961) . The process of de‐institutionalisation, both in the USA and the UK, has led to a proliferation of approaches and guidelines for the provision of community‐based psychiatric care, which it is hoped will take over the role played by the asylums of old. The essential features of some of these approaches are drawn out, and their application to psychopathically disordered patients considered. This leads on to a description of my own work with psychopaths at a drop‐in psychiatric clinic in central London.
Psychopathy: a developmental disorder of ethical action
Authors: MULLEN PAUL E.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a group of individuals who in the past would probably have been classified as psychopathically disordered, but who in current nosologies such as DSM‐III‐R would be regarded as sharing elements of the borderline and the antisocial personality disorders. These disorders, it is argued, are developmental in origin and characterised by disturbances of mental state as well as of conduct. The conduct disturbances arise partly from the faulty development of the individual's capacity for moral activity. This disorder in moral activity has its origins in disturbances of self‐awareness coupled with a lack of knowledge or acceptance of social and moral codes of conduct. Equally, the abnormalities of mental state found in this group derive, at least in part, from a faulty development of self‐awareness. Self‐awareness develops from a growing child's interaction with an environment that has the characteristics of stability and concern. This lack of self‐awareness has its roots in failures in the environment or of the developing individual to respond to an adequate environment.
The Psychopathy Checklist and non‐violent offender groups
Authors: HAAPASALO JAANA , PULKKINEN LEA
Published: July 2016

Cleckley’s concept of psychopathy includes characteristics such as superficial charm, unreliability, and affective poverty. In this study, the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) and personality questionnaires (MMPI, CPI, EPQ, and SSS) were used to assess 92 non‐violent male offenders. The variable‐based approach was applied in order to study the structure of the PCL and the relationships between the PCL, the PCL factors and the personality questionnaire scores. The results indicated that the personality scale scores failed to correlate positively with the PCL score, with the exception of the MMPI hypomania score. Two PCL factors emerged: factor 1 related to the core personality characteristics of the Cleckley psychopath, and factor 2 referred to a chronically unstable and antisocial lifestyle. In the person‐oriented approach, three offender groups were distinguished based on the cluster analysis of the PCL items; cluster 1 subjects scored high on factor 1 items describing the personality characteristics of Cleckley’s psychopathy. They were psychopaths with a high level of fraud‐like offences. Severely antisocial offenders, starting their criminal behaviour early and having an active criminal lifestyle, comprised cluster 2. Cluster 3 was a group of non‐psychopathic but antisocial and experience‐seeking offenders. The overall results advocated the importance of the PCL as a method of assessing the Cleckley psychopaths and the usefulness of personoriented analysis in differentiating them from others.
The incidence, antecedents and consequences of the use of the right to silence during police questioning
Authors: MOSTON STEPHEN , STEPHENSON GEOFFREY M. , WILLIAMSON THOMAS M.
Published: July 2016

This paper is in three parts: (1) the incidence of the use of the right to silence in the Metropolitan Police and the case characteristics (such as offence severity and use of legal advice) statistically associated with its use; (2) the effects of silence on the decision to charge or release suspects; and (3) the effects of silence on the conviction of suspects. The data are derived from a study of over 1000 cases in which suspects were questioned by police officers. Silence was used in about 16% of cases; however, it had very little effect on the prosecution and conviction of suspects. Contrary to expectations, suspects who used silence were more likely to be charged than suspects who did not exercise the right. This may be due to the possibility that police officers appear to equate the use of silence with perceived guilt. The use of silence did not affect the chances of conviction in court; however, it was linked to how suspects pleaded in court. Suspects who had earlier used their right to silence were more likely to plead guilty at the outset of a trial than those who had not used this right.
Sex‐related alcohol expectancies in rapists
Authors: McMURRAN MARY , BELLFIELD HELEN
Published: July 2016

Of 17 rapists in an English Special Hospital, nine said that they had committed their offence under the influence of alcohol. Subjects whose offences were alcohol related showed significantly higher levels of self‐reported alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence than did subjects whose offences were not reported to be alcohol related. The alcohol‐related offenders scored significantly higher on an expectancy scale, indicating that they believed they were more likely to do something that is sexually risky after drinking alcohol. Because expectancies may predict future behaviour, they are important to address in intervention. Combined skills training and cue exposure is recommended.
The criminalisation of the mentally ill: does dangerousness take precedence over need for treatment?
Authors: MILLER ROBERT D.
Published: July 2016

The current emphasis on dangerousness as a criterion for both civil and criminal commitments in the USA results from a confluence of political and legal factors which have little to do with the provision of appropriate treatment to mentally disordered persons. These factors have resulted in significant changes in the types of persons involuntarily hospitalised, and the stages of their disorders when interventions are to be permitted. As a result, hospitalised patients are more likely to have personality disorders, to have criminal histories, and to be resistant to treatment than was the case prior to deinstitutionalisation. The rising proportions of such patients consumes scarce resources and complicates treatment for those patients who are potentially responsive to treatment. This situation is unlikely to change as long as society expresses a preference through its laws for short‐term protection from harm over the provision of effective treatment.
The treatment and security needs of patients in special hospitals
Authors: MADEN A. , CURLE C. , MEUX C. , BURROW S. , GUNN J.
Published: July 2016

The treatment and security needs of a 20% cross‐section of patients in the three maximum‐security hospitals of England and Wales are described. Data were collected from case notes and interviews with each patient and with the clinical team. Patients were described in term.s of their diagnosis, source of admission and reasons for admission, past psychiatric treatment, present clinical features and estimated needs for psychiatric treatment and secure containment. The sample consisted of 296 cases. Most patients had been admitted from prison, although only 10% were serving a sentence; 21% were detained under non‐criminal treatment orders. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (55%) and 14% suffered from other psychoses. Most patients had long histories of psychiatric treatment and 39% were inpatients at the time of the behaviour which lead to their admission. The problem mentioned most often in admission reports was repeated assaults (56%), with the most frequent victims being other patients or hospital staff. Both the research and clinical teams rated over 80% as needing medium or higher security, with the research team identifying a need for maximum security in 37%, whilst the clinical team put this figure at 50%. A similar range of diagnoses and clinical problems was identified in patients rated as needing medium or maximum security, suggesting differences in severity only, with many patients on the borderline between these categories. The most common clinical problems were lack of insight, difficulty relating to other people and failure to respond to medication. Absconding risk was identified as an obstacle to transfer to lesser security in only 9% of patients. Only 2% of patients were expected to show any improvement in their clinical condition over the next year and only 5% were expected to improve in the next 5 years. These predictions are consistent with the long histories of hospitalisation in many patients. Between one‐ and two‐thirds of patients rated as needing medium security would require this level of security for more than 2 years, making them unsuitable for most units. Many special hospital patients’ do not require all aspects of maximum security but most have a high level of chronic psychiatric disability and extensive treatment needs. The success of any attempt to move them out of the special hospitals will depend on providing care elsewhere, particularly long‐term medium secure care, which is lacking at present. The quality of life and chances of transfer of many special hospital patients could be improved by a greater emphasis on treatment and rehabilitation within the hospitals. This has important resource implications.
Health in young persons’ establishments: treating the damaged and preventing harm
Authors: BAILEY SUSAN
Published: July 2016

In the UK, physical institutions for children and other young people, such as residential schools, hospitals or prisons, have become as unpopular in concept as such institutions for adults. By 1990 only about 13 000 young people were so institutionalised, compared with 60 000 in 1970. Two consequent themes have emerged, however, which are familiar to those working with adults. The first is that the population still in residential accommodation, secure or otherwise, shows a much higher level of psychiatric disorder and gross neurological and behavioural disturbance than such a population 20 years ago, and secondly that inadequate provision is made — either in an immediately practical or in a research sense — for those not getting access to the physical institutions. This paper criticises a national tendency to provide simplistic reactive solutions to each new problem as it arises, and emphasises the importance of recapturing an overview of the range, extent and development of problem careers and of attending to the complexity of individual need rather than over‐commitment to philosophical and theoretical management models — or even dogma. It is increasingly apparent that as part of the acknowledgement of individual variance, and offering full potential for change, specialist child and adolescent health service input is important. A tendency to deny the extent of health, including mental health, problems among young people in favour of family and social explanations for deviancy has led to the dearth of trained specialists. This must be addressed quickly if ‘the community’ is not to become a mere extension of failing institutions, and the physical institutions themselves sumps for youngsters with the most intractable problems, where those problems are only compounded. The surge of recent deaths of young people in custody is just one indication of the current failing not only of the institutions themselves, but of the total system of which those institutions are a part.
Sexual and injecting behaviours in prisons: from disciplinary problem to public health conundrum
Authors: STRANG JOHN
Published: July 2016

Since the emergence of AIDS it is indefensible to regard the sexual and drug taking behaviours of people in institutions from a simplistic moral perspective. They are now matters for research and planning in a public health context, and well beyond even traditional institutional control systems. This paper focuses on probably the largest institutional group to be at risk themselves, and subsequently also to increase risk for the wider community. The relationship between imprisonment and risk in this context, however, is poorly understood, and neither the will nor the skills to intervene effectively can therefore be developed. Conditions in closed institutions seem particularly likely to increase the spread of such infections, and yet prison (or other institutions), even if they provide nothing else, could provide an opportunity for breaking destructive cycles in these behaviours. There is, indeed, even the possiblilty that imprisonment — by virtue of behaviours leading to it — is to some extent a`symptom’ of significant change in risk taking in sexual or drug activities. Current estimates of the size of the problem are presented together with guidance on where more knowledge is urgently needed.
Institutionalism revisited
Authors: Wing J.K.
Published: July 2016

The sociological background to clinical studies of the effects of large single‐specialty psychiatric hospitals on their long‐term residents is briefly discussed. The review emphasises the continuities in structure and function between complex organisations of many kinds irrespective of their geographical situation. The aims, methods and results of a study of three mental hospitals during an 8‐year period in the 1960s are reviewed with a view to their relevance for the institutions of the 1990s. It is concluded that the concept of institutionalism, in both its narrow and its broader sense, remains highly relevant to present day problems and that lessons learned 30 years ago have yet to be fully applied.
Broadmoor, Rampton and Ashworth: Can good practice prevent potential future disasters in high‐security hospitals?
Authors: BINGLEY WILLIAM
Published: July 2016

Broadmoor, Ashworth and Rampton hospitals are the three special hospitals providing psychiatric care and treatment in high security for people in England and Wales who have a mental disorder and who are judged to pose a substantial risk of serious violence or other dangerous behaviour. As total institutions, each has been the subject of a number of scandals and consequent enquiries, despite a number of changes in management. While some would consider that the only way of preventing future disasters is closure, it is argued that, although further radical change remains necessary, the adoption of clear objectives and in‐service enthusiasm for open and reliable monitoring of their attainment could reduce risks to an acceptable level.
The optimum size of a high‐security unit for mentally disordered offenders
Authors: FINLAY-JONES ROBERT , NIELSSEN OLAV
Published: July 2016

‘Special’ hospitals in England (i.e. maximum‐security hospitals for mentally disordered offenders, including psychopaths) are thought to be too big. On the other hand, there is concern that there is a size below which maximum security containment could become financially inefficient, inhumane or even dangerous. Is there an optimum solution? In this paper we consider the optimum size of a place for the treatment, and eventually rehabilitation to the community, of mentally disordered offenders held in maximum security. We cannot answer the question of size without taking into account principles of rehabilitation, quality of care, cost‐effectiveness, the probable length of stay of the prisoner patient, the architecture of secure units and the psychology of dangerous people. We conclude that the notion of an optimum absolute size for such a place, in terms of either people or bricks and mortar, is a nonsense. However, we do produce an arabesque formula, based neither on numbers nor on acres, but on the nearness to, and the population density of, the community which has attempted to segregate the inmates.
Criminal, penal and life histories of chronic offenders: risk and protective factors and early identification
Authors: FARRINGTON DAVID P. , WEST DONALD J.
Published: July 2016

The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 London males from 8 to 32 years. Up to age 32, just 24 — termed ‘chronic offenders’ in this paper — committed half of all the recorded offences. This paper documents their criminal and penal histories. Nearly all were sent to a penal institution at some stage. When asked about the effects of penal treatment, most thought that it had had no effect or that it had made them less likely to reoffend. The chronic offenders differed markedly from the non‐chronic offenders and from non‐offenders in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Generally, chronic offenders were leading more dysfunctional lives in adulthood. The most important childhood risk factors for chronic offending were troublesomeness, daring, a delinquent sibling and a convicted parent. Most of the chronics might have been predicted at age 10 on the basis of troublesome behaviour or social background features. Vulnerable males who did not become convicted offenders tended to be socially isolated and to be living relatively unsuccessful lives at age 32. Hence ameliorative treatment might be justified for almost all high‐risk boys identifiable at age 10.
A survey of forensic psychologists’ work with sex offenders in England and Wales
Authors: HOUSTON JULIA C. , THOMSON PAULINE , WRAGG JILLIAN
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the results of a survey of the extent and variety of work with sex offenders by psychologists working in different forensic settings in England and Wales. A postal questionnaire was sent out to all 199 psychologists in the special hospitals, regional forensic psychiatry services, prisons and youth treatment service requesting details about their work with sex offenders during the year June 1991 to July 1992. The results are described under the headings of assessment and treatment; supervision, consultation, teaching and training; research and evaluation. The discussion highlights some of the patterns and trends of the work of forensic psychologists with sex offenders, together with the range of psychological interventions. There are also patterns within services. Results of the survey highlight the links psychologists have with other disciplines in working with sex offenders and raise questions about the most appropriate model of psychology practice, given the limited resources.
Research and the mentally disordered offender: findings and implications of an international research register
Authors: GRUBIN DON
Published: July 2016

A recently compiled register of research relating to the mentally disordered offender is now available for consultation. This article describes its background and outlines some of the findings which emerged from an examination of the research contained within it. On this basis, recommendations are made for the direction of future research effort.
Current provision and recommendations for the management of psychosocial morbidity following disaster in England
Authors: ADSHEAD GWEN , CANTERBURY RACHEL , ROSE SUZANNA
Published: July 2016

Although disasters remain statistically rare events, the last decade has seen an increase in the number of major incidents affecting the UK. Concurrent with this increase has come clinical data, showing how psychosocial health may be adversely affected by disasters. There is good evidence that many victims of traumatic stress suffer from depression and suicidal behaviour; two of the English Department of Health’s stated objectives for reduction in their publication, Health of the Nation. The objectives of this paper were to give the Department of Health a survey of the current provision of psychosocial care after disasters at English regional health authority level and to make recommendations regarding good practice in the care of victims of trauma by healthcare professionals. The methodology used was varied. Letters were sent to all the regional public health departments asking for information about the psychological care element within their major incident plans. The findings showed that the provision for psychosocial care following a disaster in England is extremely variable and although there are undoubtedly regions with considerable expertise and interest, there are also regions where provision appears to be minimal or non‐existent. The provision of specialist traumatic stress services at regional level is recommended.
The applicability and utility of the MMPI‐based offender classification system in a correctional mental health unit
Authors: BOHN JR MARTIN J. , CARBONELL JOYCE L. , MEGARGEE EDWIN I.
Published: July 2016

This study investigated the applicability and utility of Megargee and Bohn's MMPI‐based offender classification system in correctional mental health units (MHUs). Previous studies found that 11 MHU samples (n = 1723) had substantially more offenders classified in the more pathological MMPI types than did 21 samples (n = 5881) drawn from general male populations in US prisons. In this study of 63 severely disturbed felons, 43% belonged to the most pathological type (‘group How’). Comparing MHU patients with general offenders from the same IvfIvIPI types on staff ratings and case history variables, we found that the MHU patients were significantly poorer in adjustment. Within the MHU sample, there was no difference in case history variables or adjustment ratings between those in the most and least severe MMPI types. These findings differed from those of studies using less severely disturbed, more heterogeneous, MHU populations. It was concluded that, in settings in which the entire population is flagrantly disturbed, the MMPI‐based system is more useful in screening potential admissions than it is in making meaningful distinctions among those already admitted.
Alleged false confession, voluntariness and ‘free will': testifying against the Israeli General Security Service
Authors: GUDJONSSON GISLI H.
Published: July 2016

The concept of ‘voluntariness’ is commonly used within adversarial legal systems to determine the admissibility of disputed confessions. This paper describes a confession extracted by the Israeli General Security Service (GSS) and highlights the legal and psychological issues concerned. It is concluded that, in Israeli military law, what is legally allowed may not permit the exercise of free will and freedom of choice. The criteria used to decide on ‘voluntariness’ are adjusted to suit the purposes of a given legal system.
The relations between accidents, deviance and leisure time
Authors: JUNGEF MARIANNE , WIEGERSMA AUKE
Published: July 2016

This article is concerned with two questions. (1) Is there a relation between mild deviance and involvement in accidents? (2) Are there correlates of problem behaviour which are also correlates of involvement in accidents? The findings show that participation in mild deviance is strongly associated with having been involved in an accident. To investigate whether there are common correlates the study looked at leisure‐time activities. Generally it is found that leisure‐time activities are related to deviance as well as to accident involvement. This supports the claim for a common aetiology of oth accidents and deviance. The results support the idea that there is an exposure effect of leisure‐time activities on accidents, as well as the fact that individuals have a differential accident liability. Support for this latter explanation comes from the finding that certain variables which decrease exposure (such as passive forms of leisure time) do increase the likelihood of accidents. The results have theoretical implications which are briefly discussed. For example the findings indicate that explanations of crime need to include individual differences and cannot resort to macro‐level explanations only (such as subculture or strain theories) . An important policy implication is that social services in general (such as health services and correctional services) do, to a certain extent, deal with the same (type of) individuals.
Japan needs more forensic psychiatrists
Authors: REED ALISON
Published: July 2016

In recent years increased consideration has been given to the human rights of Japanese psychiatric patients and there have been significant improvements in the care afforded to them. It is argued that mentally disordered offenders have not yet benefited to the same extent as general psychiatric patients and further improvements could be achieved. This paper describes the forensic mental health system in Japan and institutions which provide services for mentally disordered offenders. At present there are no hospital units specifically designed to care for mentally ill offenders and most are detained within general psychiatric facilities. There is no equivalent to Part III of the English Mental Health Act 1983 enabling courts and prisons to transfer people to hospital, so that offender patients are detained by the use of civil sections as defined in the Japanese ‘Mental Health Law’ of 1987 (translated by the Mental Health Division of the Health Service Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan,1988). Some mentally abnormal offenders are incarcerated in prison or medical prisons where they can be treated against their will and where they do not have effective access to an independent appeal system. It is the author’s view that the development of forensic psychiatry would be an important stimulus to improving the care given to mentally disordered offenders both within institutions and in the community.
Low self‐control as a precursor to crime and accidents in a Finnish longitudinal study
Authors: PULKKINEN LEA , HAMALAINEN MINNA
Published: July 2016

The results of a Finnish longitudinal study of social development with a random sample of 196 males and 173 females tracked from age 8 to 32 revealed that the concept of self‐control is useful when the risks of crime and casualty (accidents) are described; low self‐control in childhood and adolescence is a precursor to crime and accidents. Neither the relationship between low self‐control and crime, nor that between low self‐control and casualty were linear, however, as significant results were obtained only for subjects exhibiting prominent negative behaviour (above 75th percentile) patterned with other problem behaviours. The study suggests that problem behaviours and adverse life conditions accumulate in these individuals. A person‐orientated approach would be needed to complement traditional quantitative studies for understanding the effects of accumulated risk factors on crime and casualty.
Forensic psychotherapy in Britain: its role in assessment, treatment and training
Authors: NORTON KINGSLEY , McGAULEY GILL
Published: July 2016

Forensic psychotherapy is a developing specialty within psychiatry. It has an important role to play in the often intertwined assessment and treatment of personality‐disordered individuals, both within and outside institutional forensic settings. Different aspects of this role involving the patient, the carers and the environment are discussed. The training of forensic psychotherapists is considered.
Assembly of Multi‐Phthalocyanines on a Porphyrin Template by Fourfold Rotaxane Formation
Authors: Yamada Yasuyuki , Kato Tatsuhisa , Tanaka Kentaro
Published: July 2016

A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24‐crown‐8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear CuII complex, in which two CuII phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal‐free porphyrin template, revealed that two CuII phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=
spins in the ground state of the Cu2+ ions in the heterotrimer.
Pseudopeptide‐Based Hydrogels Trapping Methylene Blue and Eosin Y
Authors: Milli Lorenzo , Zanna Nicola , Merlettini Andrea , Di Giosia Matteo , Calvaresi Matteo , Focarete Maria Letizia , Tomasini Claudia
Published: July 2016

We present herein the preparation of four different hydrogels based on the pseudopeptide gelator Fmoc‐l‐Phe‐d‐Oxd‐OH (Fmoc=fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl), either by changing the gelator concentration or adding graphene oxide (GO) to the water solution. The hydrogels have been analysed by rheological studies that demonstrated that pure hydrogels are slightly stronger compared to GO‐loaded hydrogels. Then the hydrogels efficiency to trap the cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic eosin Y (EY) dyes has been analyzed. MB is efficiently trapped by both the pure hydrogel and the GO‐loaded hydrogel through π–π interactions and electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the removal of the anionic EY is achieved in less satisfactory yields, due to the unfavourable electrostatic interactions between the dye, the gelator and GO.
De la congruence de valeurs à la marque employeur: quelles conséquences pour l'identification et le bouche‐à‐oreille vis‐à‐vis de l'organisation?
Authors: Charbonnier‐Voirin Audrey , Poujol Juliet F. , Vignolles Alexandra
Published: July 2016

The war for talent has led organizations to develop a strong employer brand to attract and retain skilled employees. Few studies have examined the antecedents and consequences of the internal employer brand. We focus on the influence of employee‐organization values congruence on the employee's perception of the employer brand and on the influence of the employer brand on organizational identification and positive word‐of‐mouth vis‐à‐vis the employer. Results from a survey of 308 employees show that the employer brand fully mediates the relationship between values congruence and organizational identification and positive word‐of‐mouth. These results have theoretical and managerial implications in terms of employer branding. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Bead‐Supported Ethylene Diamine‐Functionalized Carbon Nanofibers: An Efficient Adsorbent for Salicylic Acid
Authors: Talreja Neetu , Verma Nishith , Kumar Dinesh
Published: July 2016

The present study describes the removal of salicylic acid (SA) from water by adsorption using ethylene diamine (EDA)‐functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNFs)‐containing porous carbon beads (∼0.5 mm). Briefly, the phenolic beads, separately synthesized using suspension polymerization, were carbonized and activated. The CNFs were grown on the carbon beads, using chemical vapor deposition, and the prepared fibrous beads functionalized with EDA were used as an adsorbent for SA. The prepared materials were characterized by their physico‐chemical properties, including specific surface area, surface morphology, and surface functional groups. The adsorption tests performed over the initial SA concentration range of 100–1500 mg/L revealed the adsorption capacity of the materials to be ∼682 mg/g, which was considerably larger than that of the adsorbents discussed in the literature for SA. The zeta‐potential analysis attributed enhanced adsorption to the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the solute molecules and the EDA‐functionalized surface of the CNFs. The material and method developed in this study for the remediation of the SA‐laden wastewater may be extended to other acidic pollutants present in pharmaceutical effluents.
Fragment‐Based Discovery of 5‐Arylisatin‐Based Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 13
Authors: Agamennone Mariangela , Belov Dmitry S. , Laghezza Antonio , Ivanov Vladimir N. , Novoselov Anton M. , Andreev Ivan A. , Ratmanova Nina K. , Altieri Andrea , Tortorella Paolo , Kurkin Alexander V.
Published: July 2016

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well‐established targets for several pathologies. In particular, MMP‐2 and MMP‐13 play a prominent role in cancer progression. In this study, a structure‐based screening campaign was applied to prioritize metalloproteinase‐oriented fragments. This computational model was applied to a representative fragment set from the publically available EDASA Scientific compound library. These fragments were prioritized, and the top‐ranking hits were tested in a biological assay to validate the model. Two scaffolds showed consistent activity in the assay, and the isatin‐based compounds were the most interesting. These latter fragments have significant potential as tools for the design and realization of novel MMP inhibitors. In addition to their micromolar activity, the chemical synthesis affords flexible and creative access to their analogues.
Phase 1 and 2 study of carboplatin and pralatrexate in patients with recurrent, platinum‐sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer
Authors: del Carmen Marcela G. , Supko Jeff G. , Horick Nora K. , Rauh‐Hain J. Alejandro , Clark Rachel M. , Campos Susana M. , Krasner Carolyn N. , Atkinson Tina , Birrer Michael J.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The objective of this phase 1 and 2 trial was to identify the appropriate dose of combined carboplatin and pralatrexate for patients with recurrent, platinum‐sensitive ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer.

METHODS

In phase 1, patients received carboplatin (at an area under the curve of 5) and increasing doses of pralatrexate until the maximum‐tolerated dose (MTD) of pralatrexate was achieved. The primary endpoint was the response rate. Additional endpoints were safety, response duration, progression‐free survival, overall survival, and pharmacokinetics.

RESULTS

Thirty patients were enrolled in phase 1, and 20 were enrolled in phase 2. Of all 50 patients, 49 completed the study. The mean patient age was 59 years, and patients completed a median of 6 cycles. The MTD for pralatrexate was 105 mg/m2. The clinical benefit rate (complete responses plus partial responses plus stable disease) was 86%. Of 26 patients who received the MTD, 12 had a partial response, 11 had stable disease, and 2 had disease progression. The progression‐free survival rate at 3 and 6 months was 87% and 79%, respectively; and the overall survival rate was 98% at 6 and 12 months and 66% at 24 months. Of 30 patients, 18 (60%) in phase 1 experienced an adverse event of any grade; and, of those, 4 patients (13%) had a grade 3 or greater adverse event. In phase 2, 12 patients (60%) had an adverse event of any grade, and 4 (20%) had grade 3 or greater toxicity. There was a significant reduction in the total body clearance of pralatrexate when it was received concurrently with carboplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

Most patients responded to carboplatin‐pralatrexate combination. This regimen is well tolerated and effective in this patient population. Cancer 2016;122:3297–3306. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A comparative analysis of survival outcomes between pancreatectomy and chemotherapy for elderly patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Marmor Schelomo , Burke Erin E. , Virnig Beth A. , Jensen Eric H. , Tuttle Todd M.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

The survival rates after pancreatectomy for elderly patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas remain poor. Elderly patients have increased perioperative mortality rates, higher morbidity rates, and higher rates of continued inpatient nursing care after pancreatectomy. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the outcomes of surgical resection versus chemotherapy (with or without radiotherapy) for elderly patients with potentially resectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

METHODS

Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data for 2000 through 2010, the authors examined the relationship between patient characteristics and receipt of surgery using multivariate logistic regression. The patient cohort was restricted to patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and stage II disease and Charlson Comorbidity index of ≤2. The association between treatment (surgery or chemotherapy without surgery) and hazard of death was evaluated using Kaplan‐Meier Cox proportional hazards modeling.

RESULTS

The authors identified 2629 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent either surgery (pancreatectomy) or chemotherapy without surgery. Younger patient age and smaller tumor size were found to be significantly associated with receipt of surgery. For the overall cohort, the median survival rate was significantly longer for those patients treated with surgery compared with those who received chemotherapy (15 months vs 10 months). However, the absolute survival benefit attenuated as the cohort became older.

CONCLUSIONS

The survival benefit associated with surgical resection compared with chemotherapy was very small for certain subgroups of patients (those aged ≥80 years and those with lymph node metastases). The results of the current study indicate that although surgery is associated with a survival benefit in the elderly, chemotherapy should be considered as a legitimate therapeutic alternative. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:3378–3385. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
A community‐based trial of educational interventions with fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer screening uptake among blacks in community settings
Authors: Christy Shannon M. , Davis Stacy N. , Williams Kimberly R. , Zhao Xiuhua , Govindaraju Swapomthi K. , Quinn Gwendolyn P. , Vadaparampil Susan T. , Lin Hui‐Yi , Sutton Steven K. , Roethzeim Richard R. , Shibata David , Meade Cathy D. , Gwede Clement K.
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Intervention studies among individuals in diverse community settings are needed to reduce health disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and mortality rates. The current study compared the efficacy of 2 intervention conditions promoting CRC screening among black individuals.

METHODS

Black individuals ages 50 to 75 years (N = 330) were recruited in community settings in 4 Tampa Bay counties. After obtaining consent and conducting a baseline interview to assess sociodemographic and health‐related variables, participants received either a culturally targeted CRC photonovella booklet plus a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kit or a standard CRC screening brochure plus an FIT kit. The primary outcome was FIT kit screening uptake.

RESULTS

FIT screening uptake at 6 months was 86.7% overall (90.3% in the brochure group and 81.9% in the photonovella group). Controlling for baseline between‐group differences, there was no influence of intervention on FIT kit uptake (P = .756). Significant predictors of not returning an FIT kit included being unable to work (P = .010), having higher religious belief scores (P = .015), and living farther from the cancer center (P = .015).

CONCLUSIONS

Providing FIT kits and educational print materials to black individuals in community settings resulted in high rates of CRC screening. The study also identified subgroups of participants who were less likely to return an FIT kit and provides insight for future interventions. Cancer 2016;122:3288–3296. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Artificial Molecular Photosynthetic Systems: Towards Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Yamamoto Masanori , Tanaka Koji
Published: July 2016

Artificial photosynthesis is of great importance in the production of clean fuels such as hydrogen from sunlight and water. In such systems, water oxidation is kinetically demanding; therefore, efficient catalysts and systems for water oxidation are required. Among the artificial systems, photosynthesis has been recently developed owing to the emergence of efficient molecular catalysts for water oxidation. This Review highlights several important concepts including electron transfer and catalysis, and the representative systems of molecular systems for visible‐light‐driven water oxidation. In addition, the remaining challenges in this field, including the interfacial recombination and the restricted utilization of visible light of over 500 nm, are discussed.
Factors that affect parasitism of black‐tailed prairie dogs by fleas
Authors: Eads David A. , Hoogland John L.
Published: July 2016

Fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) are hematophagous ectoparasites that feed on vertebrate hosts. Fleas can reduce the fitness of hosts by interfering with immune responses, disrupting adaptive behaviors, and transmitting pathogens. The negative effects of fleas on hosts are usually most pronounced when fleas attain high densities. In lab studies, fleas desiccate and die under dry conditions, suggesting that populations of fleas will tend to decline when precipitation is scarce under natural conditions. To test this hypothesis, we compared precipitation vs. parasitism of black‐tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) by fleas at a single colony during May and June of 13 consecutive years (1976–1988) at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA. The number of fleas on prairie dogs decreased with increasing precipitation during both the prior growing season (April through August of the prior year) and the just‐completed winter–spring (January through April of current year). Due to the reduction in available moisture and palatable forage in dry years, herbivorous prairie dogs might have been food‐limited, with weakened behavioral and immunological defenses against fleas. In support of this hypothesis, adult prairie dogs of low mass harbored more fleas than heavier adults. Our results have implications for the spread of plague, an introduced bacterial disease, transmitted by fleas, that devastates prairie dog colonies and, in doing so, can transform grassland ecosystems.