bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cycles of Activity, Group Composition, and Diet of Lemur mongoz mongoz Linnaeus 1766 in Madagascar
Authors: Sussman Robert W. , Tattersall Ian
Published: September 2008

A preliminary study of the ecology and behavior of Lemur mongoz mongoz was carried out in the northwest of Madagascar. The animals were observed for approximately 250 h in July till August, 1973, and for 50 h in June, 1974. L.m.mongoz has been reported to be diurnal and to live in groups of 6–8 individuals. However, we found the animals to be nocturnal and that groups contained an adult male, an adult female and their offspring (groups numbering from 2 to 4 individuals). L. m. mongoz is thus the only species of the genus Lemur studied to date that is active exclusively at night and that lives in family groups. L.m.mongoz was also found to have a very specialized diet. During our study, it was observed to feed on only five species of plant and mainly on the nectar-producing parts (flowers and nectaries) of four of these species. It spent most of its feeding time licking nectar from the flowers of the kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra, and is probably a major pollinator of this tree in Madagascar. In Africa and South and Central America, the kapok tree is usually bat-pollinated. A dietary preference for nectar, although common among bats, has not previously been observed in primates.
Fishing Behaviour in Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy, 1812 (Prosimiae; Lorisiformes; Galagidae)
Authors: Welker Christian
Published: September 2008

Galago crassicaudatus is able to prey on fish swimming in a water basin. It was evident that the younger animals learned the fishing behaviour from older ones.
Chromosomal Analysis of the Pygmy Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) with a Comparison to Man
Authors: Bogart M. H. , Benirschke K.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of Pan paniscus is reexamined by G-banding and examined for the first time by C-banding. In addition, examination of the chromosomes by the use of the fluorochromes adreamycine and 33258 Hoechst is undertaken. C-banding showed a surprising pattern with numerous terminal C-bands, an interstitial C-band, and several chromosomes lacking C-bands. Polymorphic conditions for C-bands are also identified involving several pairs. In a comparison to the chromosomes of man, G-banding revealed two pericentric inversions not previously observed. Only chromosome pairs No. 9, 11, 12 and the X are similar to man’s by all techniques employed.
Why Did the Strepsirhine Tooth Comb Evolve?
Authors: Szalay Frederick S. , Seligsohn Daniel
Published: September 2008

The hypothesis that the original strepsirhine tooth comb evolved for scraping gum is examined. The comparative morphology of the anterior dentition does not corroborate this view, and our study suggests that the primitive tooth comb, which was 6-toothed, evolved for the maintenance of the five, evenly distributed narrow spaces in between them. Unlike the incisors of other groups, platyrrhines or catarrhines, for example, the apical extremities in the primitive condition are not closer to one another than the basal portions of these teeth. The biological role responsible for the evolution of the function of the original tooth comb is believed to be fur-combing. Subsequent modifications in numerous lineages altered both morphology and function as a result of new roles, and this tended to obscure the cause of origin of this character complex.
The Recent Rise to the Alpha-Rank in a Population of Free-Living Chimpanzees
Authors: Riss David , Goodall Jane
Published: September 2008

The recent rise of a high-ranking adult male chimpanzee to the alpha male position of the Gombe National Park’s Kasakela chimpanzee community is reported. The male Figan is the fourth individual to assume this status in the wild chimpanzees’ social hierarchy during Good all’s 16 year study in Tanzania. The paper describes the overthrow of the previous top-ranking male, and the manner in which Figan has maintained his new position after the take-over. Emphasis is placed upon his relationship with his elder male sibling, Faben, and the second highest-ranking male in the community, Evered.
Effects of Geographic Transfer on the Timing of Seasonal Breeding of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Varley Margaret A. , Vessey Stephen H.
Published: September 2008

This is a study of the effects of geographic transfer on the timing of seasonal breeding of free-living rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago and La Parguera islands in Puerto Rico. The results demonstrated a progressive shift in the breeding season of the transferred group. The full shift required a period of 2 years. Change from one environment to another produced shifts in onset of estrous. The explanation for this phenomenon proposes an interaction between the specific reproductive state of the female, which may or may not be sensitive to a particular environmental change, and the environmental variation which is correlated with onset of breeding.
Neue Beobachtungen und Überlegungen zur Pathologie des Primatenschädels
Authors: Schultz M. , Starck D.
Published: September 2008

The problem of ‘Gundu’ in primates is discussed. Cases of so-called ‘Gundu’ in the literature, two cases in Gorilla and one in Lagothrix, are dealt with. Histological and X-ray techniques are used. One case (Lagothrix) represents the so-called simian bone disease, which is a metabolic disorder and is due to a secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. The other two cases (Gorilla) show symmetrical bony tumors of the maxilla. The origin is uncertain. Gundu, Paget’s disease and primary hyperparathyroidism Reckling-hausen have not been observed in primates so far.
Brightness Preference in Nocturnal and Diurnal South American Monkeys
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H.
Published: September 2008

In a test situation where choice was not tied to reinforcement, both squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) consistently chose to view the more luminant of a pair of lights. Over a two log unit range of luminance, the degree of preference in both species for the brighter of two lights was found to depend on their difference in luminance and not on their actual luminances.
Intra-Group Variations in the Dental Eruption Sequence of Macaca fuscata fuscata
Authors: Nass G. Gisela
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to establish general trends of intra-group variations in the dental eruption sequence of a semi-wild troop of Macaca fuscata fuscata. Dental impressions were taken on 128 animals of varying ages. The analysis of the dental casts revealed sexual dimorphism in sequence and timing of eruption.
Annual Reproductive Strategy of the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: September 2008

The physiological and behavioral factors underlying the annual reproductive cycle of the squirrel monkey were evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions. Mating activity following the formation of two social groups served to synchronize the reproductive phases during the subsequent year of observation. Changes in male and female reproductive status were assessed during four designated phases: breeding, pregnancy, lactation and fatting. Behavioral and somatic changes in gonadectomized subjects, living in the social groups, were also evaluated. The variations in behavior and physiology across the year were considered in terms of factors constraining the timing of the natural reproductive pattern.
Middle Ear Morphology of Lemur variegatus
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Wible John R.
Published: September 2008

The middle ear morphology of Lemur variegatus, a strepsirhine primate, is described. Although no promontory branch of the internal carotid artery appears, there is a well-developed ‘promontory canal’ containing a nerve trunk. This structure, which is previously undescribed in strepsirhines, is made up of the tympanic nerve and the internal carotid nerve. The implications of this discovery for paleontology, systematics, and future research are discussed.
Hematological Data of the Laboratory-Maintained Bonnet (Macaca radiata) and the Langur (Presbytis entellus entellus) Monkeys
Authors: Jayaraman S. , Hurkadli K. , Rao S.S.
Published: September 2008

The various hematological parameters of the laboratory-maintained bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) and the langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus) are presented.
Banding Patterns of the Chromosomes of Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785)
Authors: García M. , Miró R. , Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

Q (quinacrine), G (Giemsa) and C (centromere) banding studies permitted to characterize one of the two chromosomal patterns of the species.
Banding Patterns of the Chromosomes of Cebus apella: Unstable Chromosomes and Pericentric Inversion
Authors: García M. , Miró R. , Freitas L. , Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

Quinacrine- and Giemsa-banding studies of the chromosomes of Cebus paella permitted to establish a pattern for the species and revealed an extreme chromosome unstability in the specimens studied. The male showed a pericentric inversion in one of its chromosomes, while the female turned out to have four different cell lines, with multiple structural changes involving several pericentric inversions and one deletion. Comparison with previously reported results indicates the existence of a marked intra- and interspecific chromosome variability.
The Annual Reproductive Cycle of Captive Macaca sylvana
Authors: Roberts Miles S.
Published: September 2008

The annual reproductive cycle of a captive colony of Barbary apes, Macaca sylvana, was examined for the 26-year period from 1950 to 1976 and then compared with the annual reproductive cycle of semifree ranging M. sylvana in Gibraltar. Mating and birthing seasons for the two populations were similar although birth synchrony was more pronounced in the Gibraltar colony. The environmental factors influencing the maintenance of the annual cycles in both localities are examined.
Map Reading by Chimpanzees
Authors: Menzel E. W. , Premack David , Woodruff Guy
Published: September 2008

Infant chimpanzees, after watching a small black-and-white closed-circuit television picture of a familiar caretaker walking out into an outdoor field and disappearing from sight, were more successful in finding the person than if they had been given no such cue; and their performance approximated that which obtained after they had seen the same scene normally, via direct perception.
Diurnal Behavior of Lemur mongoz at Ampijoroa, Madagascar
Authors: Harrington Jonathan E.
Published: September 2008

Lemur mongoz was observed for 28 h between February and July in Ampijoroa, northwestern Madagascar. The animals were diurnal, with peaks of activity in mid-morning and late afternoon. This finding contrasts with other reports that L. mongoz at the same site and somewhat later in the year are nocturnal. Group size was three or four. L. mongoz associated with L. fulvus during group progression and feeding and when giving alarm responses to man. Vocal signals consist of a range of intergrading grunts and shrieks ; olfactory signals of apparent scent marking with the anogenital region, forehead, and palms of the hands; visual signals of mainly unritualized body movements and postures. All of these signals are quite similar to signals of L. fulvus.
A Note on the Birth of a Baboon (Papio anubis)
Authors: Love James A.
Published: September 2008

Parturition in a baboon (Papio anubis) was observed, videotaped and described. Early signs of parturition were noted as was the behaviour of the animal as she delivered the infant.
Cytogenetics and Taxonomy of some South Bolivian Monkeys
Authors: Cambefort Yves , Moro Francoise
Published: September 2008

Illustrations are given by the authors of chromosome banding patterns of three species of monkeys: douroucouli, black-capped capuchin and squirrel monkey- The precise locality of the animals in southern Bolivia is known. This enables a taxonomic discussion on the value of some names of these animals.
Food Transfer by Wild Till Monkeys (Callicebus torquatus torquatus)
Authors: Starin E. D.
Published: September 2008

The behaviors and food types associated with wild titi monkey food transfer are described and analyzed. Food transfer is not considered altruistic, and possible benefits are explored by exmaining the context and consequences of food transfer.
The Birth and Early Development of a Captive Sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli
Authors: Eaglen R. H. , Boskoff K. J.
Published: September 2008

We report here our observations on parturition and infant development up to five months in a captive sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli. Comparisons are made with other reports of Propithecus. In describing the acquisition of developmental landmarks, a distinction is made between the first sighting of a behavior pattern and its regular occurrence in the infant’s repertoire. We describe the development of locomotor abilities, grooming, feeding, play, and social interactions. In general, maturation of Propithecus is slow relative to species of the genus Lemur.
Olfactory Demarcation of Territorial Boundaries by a Primate — Propithecus verreauxi
Authors: Mertl-Millhollen A.S.
Published: September 2008

Field observations of a troop of sifaka revealed that they scent mark the boundary areas of their territory far more than they do the interior, both during normal daily movements and during battles between adjacent troops. They are active throughout the territory but spend more time and have a higher frequency of marking at the periphery.
Effects of Age, Sex, and Reproductive Status on Scent Marking Frequencies in the Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia
Authors: Kleiman D.G. , Mack D.S
Published: September 2008

This study reports on the longitudinal changes in scent marking frequencies of male and female lion tamarins in relation to age, reproductive status, and group composition. Juvenile males and females in family groups and subordinate males in trios (2 males, 1 female) scent marked infrequently. Juvenile females scent marked less than juvenile males and began scent marking later. Adult pair-bonded males and females scent marked with similar frequencies. Females showed scent marking increases during mid-pregnancy, but their scent marking decreased both before and again after parturition. Both males and females exhibited decreases in scent marking while transporting dependent infants.
Activity Patterns in a Stumptail Macaque Group (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: September 2008

Activity profiles from a group of stumptail monkeys differed significantly from the profiles previously reported for pigtail monkeys, mangabeys and geladas scored under nearly identical conditions. Variables such as sex, weather and time of day, however, often had similar influences on the activity profiles of several or all of the groups. Data obtained on the stumptail monkeys in this study were more similar to data collected on other groups of stumptails, living under very different conditions, than to the data collected on different species living under nearly identical conditions. Infant care patterns in the stumptails included interactions with adult males and females and were not significantly influenced by kinship.
Some Observations on the Ecology of the Bonobo Chimpanzee (Pan paniscus, Schwarz 1929) Near Lake Tumba, Zaire
Authors: Horn Arthur D.
Published: September 2008

After a brief review of the climate and forests of the central basin of Zaire, some observations on the ecology of the bonobo chimpanzees of the Lake Tumba region are presented. It was found that the bonobo is wide ranging and lives in small groups in the Lake Tumba region. Data on their social structure, nesting behavior, locomotor behavior and feeding behavior are presented and discussed.
Social Organization in a Group of Free-Ranging Patas Monkeys
Authors: Kaplan J.R. , Zucker E.
Published: September 2008

A free-ranging group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) was studied at the Caribbean Primate Research Center through parts of a complete seasonal cycle. Analysis of the data revealed that dispersal was the major strategy utilized by individuals in the performance of intragroup social behavior. Dominance phenomena were not found to be of major importance in the organization of intragroup social behavior despite the presence of a linear, stable dominance hierarchy among the adult females. The data further suggested that genealogical relationships were relatively insignificant in their effect on the patterning of intragroup behavior.
Adult Male Positioning in Baboon Progressions: Order and Chaos Revisited
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Westlund Bruce J.
Published: September 2008

Evidence of nonrandom positioning among adult males is crucial for a protection theory of the spatial organization of baboon progressions. In a recent study it was suggested that systematic positioning of troop members other than mothers and infants is so slight and rare that progressions may be regarded as essentially random. This suggestion depends upon debatable methodological points presumably downgrading previous findings of nonrandom order. Reanalysis of data from this study revealed numerous analytical and statistical problems, as well as serious calculation and other errors, and showed that the findings are consistent with results of the present and previous research. Adult males tended toward the front or back of progressions, a tendency which was intensified in potentially dangerous situations. Dominant males were disproportionately more often frontward and subordinate males rearward. Nonrandom order, which was found for a variety of circumstances at high levels of statistical significance, was unusually general in that it occurred in 6 studies, 7 troops, 2 species, and 5 locations. Such generality is consistent with a protection theory postulating phylogenetic underpinnings of a sociospatial organization which allows an advanced primate to adapt to terrestrial coexistence with predators.
Anatomy and Systematic Significance of the Penis of the Pygmy Chimpanzee, Pan paniscus
Authors: Izor Robert J. , Walchuk Sandra L. , Wilkins Laurie
Published: September 2008

The penis of Pan paniscus shares many characteristics with that of the common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, including an undivided corpus cavernosum, epidermal keratinized spicules, presence of a baculum, and absence of a glans. Our findings do not support the conclusion that the genus Pan is ancestral to or convergent on any other pongid genus or Homo.
Effects of Environmental Factors and Exogenous Gonadotropin Treatment on Interanimal Distance and Successful Breeding in a Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus) Colony
Authors: Burke D. B. , Kuehl T. J. , Dukelow W. R.
Published: September 2008

Mean interanimal distance among squirrel monkeys did not differ according to sex class and was not influenced by gonadotropin treatment of the females. Fluctuations in temperature on different observation days led to proportionate changes in mean interanimal distance. Pregnancies were diagnosed in both the full-time exposure group and the limited male exposure group.
The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Significance of the Carotid Arteries and Nerves in Strepsirhine Primates
Authors: Conroy G. C. , Packer D. J.
Published: September 2008

The internal carotid artery in lorisiform primates was identified on the basis of its close association with the internal carotid nerve (postsynaptic sympathetic trunk). An atrophic vessel in the lorisine Arctocebus resembles the internal carotid artery of Lemur in that it enters the tympanic bulla and promontory tube closely associated with the internal carotid nerve. According to this criterion of homology, the enigmatic lorisiform extrabullar carotid artery is not homologous with the internal carotid (promontory) artery of lemuri-form primates or the medial internal carotid artery of the dog. Hypotheses about strepsirhine evolution must take these morphological facts into account.
Genetic Markers in Primates: Pedigree Patterns of a Breeding Group of Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvana Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Schmitt J. , Ritter H. , Schmidt C. , Witt R.
Published: September 2008

The genotypes of 48 barbary macaques were determined with respect to four diallelic systems: ABO blood groups, transferrin, soluble glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and pancreatic amylase. Paternity tests were performed for 32 offspring of 13 (14) females from an established breeding group which contained 3 sexually mature males.
Genetic Variants of Properdin Factor B (Bf) in Papio hamadryas Baboons
Authors: Dykes D. D. , Crawford M. H. , Polesky H. F.
Published: September 2008

Immunofixation of serum samples from 810 Papio hamadryas for properdin factor B demonstrated three alleles BfsupS/supsubPh/sub, BfsupF/supsubPh/sub and BfsupF0.70/supsubPh/sub with gene frequencies of 0.6438, 0.2951 and 0.0611 respectively. 50 pedigrees were used to demonstrate autosomal codominant inheritance of this protein.
Communities of Baboon Troops (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rasmussen D. R.
Published: September 2008

Daily censuses were collected on a troop of 108–130 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) for 22 months. 12 adult females, 5 subadult males, and 26 adult males either emigrated from or immigrated into the troop. 10 adult females immigrated into the troop over a 4-month period. 2 adult females emigrated from the troop. 1 of the latter probably conceived while absent. This female returned to the troop when pregnant and subsequently bore and successfully raised the offspring. There was a strong negative correlation between the relative size of the subadult males ( a correlate of age) and the date on which they emigrated. Only 6 old and past-prime males never emigrated from the troop.
Variable Territoriality among Tantalus Monkeys in Cameroon
Authors: Kavanagh Michael
Published: September 2008

The socio-ecology of representative groups of tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) was observed during 1974–1975 in three habitats in Cameroon. Observations took place during the wet and dry seasons in sahelian savannah, guinea savannah and farmed forest. In the sahel, large groups did not appear to defend territories. In the other two habitats, smaller groups did so. The different patterns of territoriality and group size appeared to be the result of differences in food supply and predation pressures.
A New Species of Niptomomys (Microsyopidae) from the Early Eocene of Wyoming
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F. , Gingerich Philip D.
Published: September 2008

A new, relatively large species of Niptomomys is described from the late Wasatchian of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The importance of a stratigraphic approach to problems of species-level phylogeny is stressed, and then applied to an investigation of the evolutionary history of Niptomomys. The new Niptomomys species may have evolved gradually from early Wasatchian Niptomomys doreenae in the Bighorn Basin and vicinity, or it may have evolved elsewhere and replaced the earlier form relatively rapidly. The available evidence is not yet sufficient to distinguish between these two alternatives.
Failure of Lactation to Have a Consistent Effect on Interbirth Interval in the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus
Authors: Lunn S.F. , McNeilly A.S.
Published: September 2008

Analysis of intervals between successive births, or of the interval between spontaneous or induced abortion and subsequent birth, indicate that unlike most primates for which information is available, lactation does not consistently influence the ability of the common marmoset to conceive during the early post-partum period.
Reproductive Behavior in Varecia variegat a
Authors: Foerg Renate
Published: September 2008

Reproductive behavior, sexual behavior, and aggression related to mating were observed in several different groups of captive lemurs (Varecia variegata ) during a period of four breeding seasons. Vaginal smears were taken regularly from all subadult and adult females throughout their reproductive cycles. The testicle size of all subadult and adult males was measured periodically over the study period.
The Nocturnal Behavior of Caged Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta )
Authors: Erffmeyer Elizabeth Shoenfelt
Published: September 2008

The behavior of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta ) was observed via videotape recording during the 12 hour period from 6.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. Adult animals were housed in male/female pairs under one of three cage conditions: individual cage, mating cage and a larger ‘group’ cage. 20 categories of behavior were assessed and the resultant behavior was described and quantitatively compared across cage conditions. The animals spent almost the entire night in a sitting position, either alone or while huddling with another animal. Sitting and huddling behavior are near-perfect complements to each other in terms of the frequency of occurrence; taken together they account for almost the entire nocturnal behavior. Other activity rarely displaces these behaviors. The animals tended to be relatively active in the early evening. As night fell, they settled down to relative inactivity, which they maintained until the morning. The activity level gradually increased as dawn approached.
Premaxillary-Maxillary Suture Asymmetry in a Juvenile Gorilla
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2008

A specimen of juvenile gorilla was found that had the premaxillary-maxillary suture coursing between the lateral deciduous incisor and deciduous canine on one side of the jaw, but between the central and lateral deciduous incisors on the other; in the latter, the suture also separates the alveolus of the lateral deciduous incisor from the crypt of the growing successional lateral incisor. Rather than dismiss this exception to the traditional dictum of tooth identification – which is based on the position to teeth relative to this suture – as some inconsequential anomaly, an attempt is made to understand how this can occur within the confines of present understanding of dentofacial growth and development and developmental theory. An hypothesis relating tooth and tooth class identification is presented in the context of ectomesenchymally predifferentiated stem progenitors and subsequent tooth class proliferation.
The Bp Graded Blood Group System of the Baboon: Its Relationship with Macaque Red Cell Antigens
Authors: Socha Wladyslaw W. , Moor-Jankowski Jan , Ruffié Jacques
Published: September 2008

The first blood group system to be defined in baboons by means of isoimmune agglutinating reagents is composed of five graded types: B4, B3, B2, B1and b, inherited, as postulated, by five allelic genes with decreasing dominance order. There are significant differences in distribution of the Bp blood groups between hamadryas baboons on the one hand, and cynocephalus and anubis on the other, which may serve as auxiliary taxonomic criteria. Antibodies of specificities related to the Bp graded antigens are found in the sera of presumably nonimmunized baboons, and also in the rhesus isoimmune antisera that detect one of the subtypes of the so-called Drh graded system of macaques. These findings point to ubiquity of the Bp or Bp-like antigens, and to the close serological relationship between Bp baboon and Drh macaque red cell antigens, perhaps as evidence of a common ancestral antigen which gave rise to a diverging set of graded subspecificities of baboon and macaque red cells, respectively.
The Karyotype of Galago crassicaudatus Is Ancestral for Lorisiforms
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Couturier J. , Warter S. , Dutrillaux B.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype, comprised of 62 chromosomes, of Galago crassicaudatus is described. It is compared to the karyotype of Galago senegalensis and to that of the presumed common ancestor to Lorisiforms, previously reconstructed. Most of the reconstructed chromosomes were found, unmodified, in G. crassicaudatus, strengthening the validity of the reconstruction.
Effects of Reproductive State on Vocalizations in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Smith Harriet J. , Newman John D. , Bernhards Deborah E. , Symmes David
Published: September 2008

Vocalizations and behavior of a group of 6 squirrel monkeys, 2 males and 4 females, were recorded during the nonbreeding and breeding seasons. Behavioral and physical criteria were used to determine the presence of estrus. During the breeding season the types of vocalizations uttered by estrous females changed, and the adult male increased his rate of vocalizing. Err vocalizations by estrous females were associated with increased following and initiation of affiliative behavior with the adult male, and may have functioned to facilitate these interactions. Errs appeared to be related to changes in female reproductive state rather than to the behavior of others. The adult male increased vocalizations associated with sexual and aggressive behavior (squeals and cackles), primarily in response to the estrous females’ persistent initiation of interactions with him. We concluded that certain vocalizations in Saimiri reflected changes in the reproductive state of males and females, and functioned to mediate changes in social bonding during the breeding season.
Lactation and Fertility: An Examination of Nursing and Interbirth Intervals in Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus)
Authors: French Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2008

Breeding records from a colony of Saguinus o. oedipus were examined to determine the influence of nursing on the return to a fertile status in adult females. The overall interbirth interval (IBI) was 208.5 ± 16.3 days. Nursing status (nursing vs. non-nursing) and number of infants nursed (0, 1 or 2) did not influence IBI. The lack of effects of nursing on fertility appears to be a general trait in callitrichid primates.
Postcranium of Adapis parisiensis and Leptadapis magnus (Adapiformes, Primates)
Authors: Dagosto Marian
Published: September 2008

The late Eocene European adapid Adapis parisiensis shares many postcranial features with the extant Lorisinae, suggesting that it was a nonleaping, slow-moving arboreal quadruped. The slightly older Leptadapis magnus was a larger, more robustly built strepsirhine, similar in some ways to Varecia insignis. Both taxa are quite different postcranially from the American Eocene adapids Pelycodus, Notharctus, and Smilodectes, and from an earlier European adapid from Messel. A phylogenetic analysis of these post-cranial features argues against an ancestral relationship between these two adapine species and anthropoids or these two adapines and Lemuriformes. The similarities between Adapis and lorisines and Leptadapis and Varecia are considered to be convergences.
Hematology of the Lesser Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus). A Preliminary Study
Authors: Goukassian Ph. Der
Published: September 2008

Some blood values of 86 lesser mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) maintained in captivity are presented. These are comparable with those of other prosimians: PCV 51.7%, RBC 9.2 × 106/mm3, MCV 57.5 μm3, WBC 12,900/mm3, lymphocytes 59.7%, neutrophils 30.7%, monocytes 4.8%, eosinophils 4.2%, basophils 0.6%. We noted no significant difference between the sexes except that the percentage of lymphocytes was slightly lower in the females (with a corresponding percentage of neutrophils slightly higher). The lymphocyte:neutrophil ratio decreases with age, particularly in young animals; the hematocrit does not vary in adults.
Some Histological Aspects of the Palmar Digital Pads in the Vervet Monkey
Authors: Kimani James Kirumbi
Published: September 2008

The stuctural organisation of the digital touch pads has been investigated in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) by light microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the subcutaneous tissue of the terminal digital pad consists of a highly organised septal framework containing large amounts of elastic fibres, with adipose tissue sweat gland compartments lying between the connective tissue septa. It is suggested that the presence of elastic fibres in the septal framework of the terminal digital pad is an important factor in accomplishing an even more supple response to prehensile and tactile activities of the hand.
Morphology of the Interorbital Region of Saimiri sciureus
Authors: Maier Wolfgang
Published: September 2008

The skull of the platyrrhine primate Saimiri sciureus is distinguished by a large interorbital fenestra. Juvenile skulls still show a bony interorbital septum with some small gaps. A morphogenetic study was undertaken to better understand the structures of the interorbital region, which represents a linkage between the base of the braincase and the nasal skeleton. Already in early ontogenetic stages a reduction of the posterior portion of the nasal capsule and of the cartilaginous interorbital septum are observed, resulting in the formation of a primary interorbital fenestra. A bony interorbital septum is mainly formed in perinatal age stages by ossification of the presphenoid and by medial fusion of the frontals; the primary interorbital fenestra is retained as a small opening. It only occurs in late juvenile stages when the definitive interorbital fenestra develops by secondary transformation of bone into a membrane of dense connective tissue; this process is most probably caused by mechanical friction of the very closely approximated eyes of both sides.
Cementum Annulus Counts Provide a Means for Age Determination in Macaca mulatta (Primates, Anthropoidea)
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Rasmussen D. Tab. , Beard K. Christopher
Published: September 2008

14 teeth of 8 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) of known age were analyzed to assess the usefulness of cementum annuli counts as a means of estimating chronological age. Methods used were histological examination of stained thin sections by light microscopy, and examination of polished and etched epoxy-embedded sections by scanning electron microscopy. In 11 of 14 cases, the known chronological ages of the individuals fell within the predicted age ranges based on cementum annuli counts; in 2 other cases, it fell within half a year of the ranges. Cementum annulus counts can provide valuable information about the age of primates living in semitropical environments. This is the most accurate method for aging skele-tally adult primates that has yet been tested on animals of known age.
Sexual Dimorphism of the Weight of the Skull in African Cercopithecidae (Primates, Catarrhini)
Authors: Lenglet G.L.
Published: September 2008

As we had to determine the sex of Cercopithecidae with the help of their skulls, we employed the usual method of measuring the length of their canines. Since we had to consider some doubtful cases, we wondered if we could confirm the diagnosis on the basis of another practical variable. Skull weight seemed to be one such possibility. We weighed 447 skulls from different genera and species of African Cercopithecidae. Whereas the t test confirmed the existence of a sexual dimorphism at this level, discriminant analysis gave a discriminating value to the weights of skulls.
Inheritance of Song Parameters in the Gibbon Song, Analysed in 2 Hybrid Gibbons (Hylobates pileatus × H. lar)
Authors: Geissmann Thomas
Published: September 2008

The song of a male and a female hybrid gibbon (Hylobates pileatus × H. lar) is described. Comparison with the song of both parental species revealed that at least some of the hybrid’s song characteristics were inherited. Although several studies have tentatively suggested a genetical determination of gibbon song patterns, there have been no previous analyses of gibbon singing behaviour which conclusively documented this phenomenon. Attention is drawn to similarities between the song of the hybrids and gibbon species other than the parental ones, and their significance is considered.
Gustatory Threshold Values of Xylitol in Primates
Authors: Haefeli Robert J. , Glaser Dieter
Published: September 2008

The gustatory threshold values of xylitol solutions were determined in some non-human primates and compared with those of humans. Furthermore, the threshold values of xylitol and sucrose were compared.
Duration of the Third Stage of Labor in a Female Yellow Baboon from Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Phillips-Conroy Jane E. , Rogers Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2008

In human obstetrical practice, placental retention is defined as failure of placental expulsion within 45 min of fetal delivery, and is of concern given the potential for hemorrhage or infection. Because of the difficulty in observing the parturition event, few data exist on variation in the duration of this stage of labor in free-ranging primates. In Mikumi National Park in Tanzania we recorded an interval in excess of 2 h between delivery of the infant and expulsion of the placenta in a yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). This observation is a significant addition to our knowledge of normal parturition in the wild.
Morphology and Variation in the Posterior Dentition of Picrodus silberlingi (Picrodontidae)
Authors: Williams John A.
Published: September 2008

The Picrodontidae is a unique family of early Tertiary Primates. Previous discussions of picrodontid dental morphology centered on limited samples. This analysis uses a much larger sample to more completely describe the posterior dentition of Picrodus silberlingi. A diagnostic feature of the members of this family is the presence of a highly modified and enlarged anterior cheek tooth. This tooth, generally regarded as a first molar, displays the highest degree of discrete variation. The remaining molars, although unusual for plesiadapiforms, are less variable in both metric and nonmetric characteristics. The morphology of these cheek teeth is analogous to that of the nectar and pollen eating Glossophagine bats and suggests that the picrodontids possessed a similar dietary adaptation. The results of this analysis support the retention of P. silberlingi as a single species, even though a temporal increase in size was noted. P. silberlingi appears significantly larger than the newly described species Picrodus (-Draconodus) apertus.
Early Miocene Cercopithecids from Buluk, Northern Kenya
Authors: Leakey Meave
Published: September 2008

A study of Early Miocene cercopithecids recovered recently from Buluk, northern Kenya, emphasizes the morphological similarities of early monkeys from northern and eastern Africa. The Buluk specimens show close affinities with the North African Prohylobates and the East African Victoriapithecus. The two genera share characters which are not found in the later cercopithecid subfamilies but which define the subfamily Victoriapithecinae.
Vocalizations and Associated Behaviours in Adult Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Zimmermann Elke
Published: September 2008

Vocalizations and concurrent behaviours of adult slow loris kept in small groups under seminatural conditions were recorded during their nocturnal activity period. According to structural criteria 8 fairly distinct call types were determined which could be related to one of the two functionally defined sound categories, ‘contact and contact-seeking’ and ‘aggressive and defensive calls’. Comparison with other bioacoustic studies of the family Lorisidae revealed general trends in the evolution of call systems in two subfamilies Lorisinae and Galaginae.
Diurnal Variation of Several Blood Parameters in the Owl Monkey, Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra
Authors: Klein Rüdiger , Bleiholder Bärbel , Jung Albrecht , Erkert Hans G.
Published: September 2008

Diurnal variations in normal hemogram, total serum protein and serum iron are documented in 6 adult owl monkeys, Aotus trivirgatus gríseimembra, maintained in an artificial LD 12:12 (35:0.08 1x) with light phase from 03.00 to 15.00 h Central European time. Statistically significant high amplitude rhythms occurred in total leukocyte and in eosinophil numbers with acrophases at 06.35 and 09.53 h, respectively. Erythrocyte numbers and hemoglobin concentration showed statistically significant low amplitude rhythms with almost identical acrophases. Total serum protein exhibited a 10% daily fluctuation. Serum iron concentration showed high amplitude daily variations with a 60% mean range of oscillation.
Ecology of the Saddle-Back Tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri on the Río Pacaya, Northeastern Peru
Authors: Soini P.
Published: September 2008

Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri was studied intermittently over a period of 5 years. Quantitative data on the diet, habitat use, ranging, and daily activities of one focal troop were gathered between November 1979 and January 1982. Modal troop size was 6 independently moving animals (observed range: 2–10). Troop size fluctuated over time, largely due to subadult/adult emigrations and immigrations. Population density was 15 animals/km2. Births occurred year-round, but a clear-cut peak season extended from December to March. The study troop occupied a defended home range of 15.7–16.5 ha. Treefall habitat was preferred over all other habitat types, and only 27% of the daytime was spent in non-edge tall-forest habitat. The troop spent 82% of the daytime in the lower forest strata (50% in the shrub stratum), below 11 m, and only 2 % in the highest stratum, above 20 m. Daily path length averaged 1,405 m. Daily ranging pattern showed seasonal changes related to seasonal fluctuation of fruit availability. Daily activities consisted of insect foraging (45 %), resting and grooming (32%), feeding on plant resources (14%), travel (6%), watching (2%), and others (1 %). Fruits, plant exudate, nectar, arthropods, frogs and lizards comprised the principal food resources. Fruit was the most important plant food, except during the peak dry season when 58% of plant-feeding time was spent consuming exudate. Nectar was an important resource in the early dry season. Bachelor groups of Saimiri boliviensis associated frequently with the study troop, and Saimiri was the most important resource competitor. The tamarins showed strong and consistent avoidance behavior towards Cebus apella.
Acquisition of Nut-Cracking Behaviour by 2 Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Visalberghi Elisabetta
Published: September 2008

The acquisition of nut-cracking behaviour was investigated in two naive groups of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Two adult males acquired this behaviour independently and without any ad hoc training. The opportunity to freely explore and manipulate the ‘hammers’ favoured the discovery of the correct and successful spatial relationship between the nut and the tool. The other group members did not seem to learn the use of tools either independently or by observing their proficient cagemates.
Evolution of Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Phylogeny of Apes
Authors: Dugoujon Jean-Michel , Hazout Serge
Published: September 2008

Serum samples from 72 Pan troglodytes, 5 Pan paniscus, 22 Gorilla gorilla, 23 Pongo pygmaeus abelii, 5 Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, 2 hybrids P.p. abelii × P.p. pygmaeus and 13 Hylobates for were tested for Gm(1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 28), Km(1) and Bm(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) immunoglobulin allotypes by the classical hemagglutination inhibition method. The distribution of the various alleles and phenotypes makes it possible to distinguish each species or subspecies. Common chimpanzees have the richest polymorphism. Pygmy chimpanzees share common phenotypes with gorillas. Bornean and Sumatran orangutans have their own patterns of polymorphism, as do gibbons. Our principal component plot and dendrogram are compatible with the traditional classification of Hominoidea [e.g. Simpson, Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. 85: 1–350, 1945] in 3 families: Hom-inidae, Pongidae and Hylobatidae.
Cercopithecus hamlyni kahuziensis (Primates, Cercopithecidae): une nouvelle sous-espèce de la forêt de bambous du Parc National ‘Kahuzi-Biega’ (Zaïre)
Authors: Colyn M. , Rahm U.
Published: September 2008

The owl-faced guenon, Cercopithecus hamlyni, inhabits an extensive rainforest region bounded by the River Zaire/Lualaba in the west, by the Lindi/Nepoko river complex in the north, by the Virunga volcano range in the east and by the rainforest limit in the south. The ecology of this primate species is as yet poorly documented. A new subspecies, C hamlyni kahuziensis, is described on the basis of three skins and one skull collected by U. Rahm and now stored in the collection of the Basel Natural History Museum. The usual T-pattern of white hairs on the nose and brows found in C. hamlyni hamlyni is replaced by black hairs in the new subspecies. Further, the dorsal parts of the body, including the back, flanks and proximal half of the tail, are uniformly dark olive green in colour. The distinctive silver gray hairs found on the thighs, perianal region and tail-base of C. hamlyni hamlyni are lacking. The belly, the limbs and the distal half of the tail are black. Dimensions of the skin and skull are provided for the holotype (subadult male specimen), along with photographs of the skull and of a live juvenile animal. Study of museum specimens indicates that features of C. hamlyni hamlyni are relatively consistent within the subspecies and are sharply distinct from those of C. hamlyni kahuziensis.
The Behavioral Repertoire of the Black-and-White Ruffed Lemur, Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae)
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Seeligson Martha L. , Macedonia Joseph M.
Published: September 2008

A stable social group of 7 semifree-ranging black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) was studied for 4 months to catalog the behavioral repertoire of this species. Observations focussed on particular aspects of behavior were conducted before and after this 4-month period to supplement information gathered. Behavior in 11 major categories is detailed: postures, terrestrial locomotion, arboreal locomotion, feeding behavior, vocalizations, scent-marking, affinitive social behavior, agonistic social behavior, play behavior, sexual behavior, and parental behavior. Ruffed lemurs frequently used body positions and locomotor patterns unusual among lemurids, including bipedal hanging and long-descent leaps. These behaviors reinforce dental evidence that Varecia are among the most frugivorous of the Malagasy lemurs. Low intragroup cohesion, infrequent social interaction, and antiphonal use of several long-distance vocalizations suggest that ruffed lemurs naturally exhibit fission-fusion sociality. Social structure based on interindividual familiarity probably extends across foraging parties for several of the diurnally active lemurs; however, thus far only Varecia seems likely to exhibit fission-fusion sociality analogous to that seen in spider monkeys and chimpanzees.