bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KNOWING, BUT NOT DOING, MAKATON
Authors: BAILEY R. D. , TAIT E.
Published: August 2010

A detailed 12–month study with five hearing, severely mentally handicapped, non‐communicating young adults showed comprehension to be an important factor in Makaton Vocabulary Training. There was a general lack of spontaneous expression by all the students in the training. Possible reasons for this are reflected in the results that showed individual differences in comprehension and the rate of learning by the mentally handicapped students.

It is agreed that comprehension precedes Makaton expression. This is in keeping with what we know about the normal development of spoken language. It is also shown that the level of understanding of spoken language improved along with the improvement in understanding Makaton. It is suggested that understanding is an important predictor of the ability to sign but not, in itself, a predictor of spontaneous Makaton expression. The role that it might play as a predictor of Makaton success, understanding and using Makaton, is briefly discussed. Retention scores were investigated to assess this problem. It is also argued that there is a need for working communication models to take account of the different processes that may be involved in learning and using Makaton signing.
Where should the parents of mentally handicapped pre‐school children be trained?
Authors: WOOD JIM , BERRY IAN
Published: August 2010

It is frequently assumed that the best place to train parents how to teach their handicapped children is at home. There are, however, certain economic and organisational advantages in teaching the parents in a hospital/clinic base. In addition, training in such a setting may be more effective in helping the parents acquire a variety of skills and in encouraging them to use such skills independently.
OBSERVATIONS ON ASSESSMENT FOR MORE INDEPENDENT LIVING
Authors: GILLESPIE KEVIN
Published: August 2010

The following events occurred during a recent two week period. Some changes have been made, condensing a number of separate discussions into the one reported but the sense of the discussions remains unaltered.
Mentally handicapped children's responses to vibro‐tactile and other stimuli as evidence for the existence of a sensory hierarchy
Authors: BYRNE DAVID J. , STEVENS CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The responses of 16 mentally handicapped children to a series of sensory stimuli were investigated. Stimuli were either vibro‐tactile, visual or auditory. In addition to their mental handicap, all the children were impaired visually and most suffered a hearing defect. An index of skill development was related to sensory function as derived from the number of their responses to the various sensory stimuli. It was found that.

The vibro‐tactile and visual modalities were the most effective source of stimulation for the majority of the research group.

Children placed higher in the index of skill development tended to score higher on the visual conditions.
Helping staff to select play activities for development of play skills in the mentally handicapped
Authors: HONG CHIA SWEE , COCKERILL HELEN , FORREST JOANNA
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The authors have been involved in running a course comprising a series of seminars on “Play”. The aim was to develop staff skills in observing and selecting appropriate play activities. The article describes the course content and includes comments from course participants and a list of course reading.
SENSORY REINFORCEMENT TABLE for severely retarded and multiply handicapped children*
Authors: GOODALL ELIZABETH , CORBETT JOHN , MURPHY GLYNIS , CALLIAS MARIA
Published: August 2010

A table which provides light, vibration, or sound stimulation on completion of form board tasks is described. Questions relating to the evaluation of such equipment are discussed.
The supportive role of the community mental handicap nurse
Authors: BANKS DAVID
Published: August 2010

In the last few years there has been an encouraging growth in the number of mental handicap nurses working in the community. The role they have to play in providing a service to mentally handicapped people and their carers is becoming increasingly recognised.

Amongst the functions of the community mental handicap nurse is that of giving support to families. The following article attempts to identify some aspects of this supportive work and to suggest some ways in which the nurse may usefully fulfil this function.
The Douglas Ward activity project
Authors: KELLY BRIDGET , HOLLAND JOHN , WEBSTER JOHN
Published: August 2010

This project demonstrated that it was possible to organise and maintain an effective learning environment at ward level for high dependency female adults.

The important aspects of the project may be seen as: firstly, the organisation of the residents into small, family‐sized groups; secondly, the allocation of named members of staff to each of the groups; thirdly, the organisation of weekly meetings to discuss management issues and monitor progress; and finally, the correct choice of activities for each of the residents.
TEACHING PICTURE‐NAMING BY MEANS OF BEHAVIOURAL TECHNIQUES: a study of a mildly handicapped boy with a severe perceptual problem
Authors: KENNEDY PAUL , McGINLEY PATRICK
Published: August 2010

The behavioural modification procedures of prompting, modelling and reinforcement were used to teach picture‐naming to a mildly mentally handicapped boy with a severe perceptual problem. Following five 40‐ minute teaching sessions on consecutive weekdays he performed significantly better on naming not only line drawings used during the teaching sessions but also line drawings which were not used, and line drawings from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Stimulus generalisation and response generalisation are discussed. The role of such teaching interventions in improving children's intelligence is considered.
AN EARLY INTERVENTION PROJECT IN DRUMCAR: a series of eight group meetings for parents of young Down's syndrome children
Authors: MOORE LUCY M.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on a series of small group meetings that were run for parents with a Down's syndrome infant who lived in a rural community. An “educational”, directive approach was taken, and use was made of video recording and the Portage system in conjunction with short talks and general discussion.

The participating parents were asked for their comments on the meetings and for their suggestions on how they could be improved.
EIGHT YEARS LATER IN BIRMINGHAM: a follow‐up of children with severe learning difficulties
Authors: SMITH BERYL , PHILLIPS CHARLES J.
Published: August 2010

About eight years ago a study was made of severely mentally handicapped children living at home and receiving education in day schools in the City of Birmingham. They were born in the years 1961‐47. The results of a follow‐up enquiry of some 200 subjects are reported for survival, living situation, schooling, and provisions after leaving school.
Teaching coin discrimination
Authors: Mclvor Maura , McGinley Patrick
Published: August 2010

Seven mildly mentally handicapped children aged between 6 and 11 years were taught to identify a 10p piece using an errorless learning procedure. These children each underwent 10 trials in which they were presented with two items. One item was a 10p piece, the other item varied depending on the current stage of the programme. The children had to identify the 10p piece and they were reinforced if they made the correct identification. A post‐test was then carried out — each child had to identify the three 10p pieces which were in a selection of nine coins placed in the child's hand. Six of the seven children learned the discrimination and the results (t = 7.10, df = 6, p < 0.001) show a significant difference between the error scores on the post‐test and pre‐test. Very few errors were made during training. These results support the validity and utility of the errorless learning procedure.
Independence skills: learning to use the bus
Authors: Grossmark Robert
Published: August 2010

A mentally handicapped hostel resident was trained to use the bus. The psychological procedures of modelling, and prompting and fading were used. The rationale and the training are described and subsequently discussed.
HOSPITAL AND FURTHER EDUCATION — A COMING TOGETHER
Authors: Morgan Penny , Brannen Rick
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: There has been recent interest in the extension of adult education facilities to mentally handicapped people. However this idea has tended to be limited to day courses for mentally handicapped people living in the community or activities for students attending adult training centres.

At Blofield Hall, a hostel attached to Little Plumstead Hospital on the outskirts of Norwich, the need for further education in an adult setting was identified by staff and residents. This paper details the setting up and operation of evening courses for the residents by Norwich City College, and comments on the success of this venture.
With time to spare
Authors: Atkinson Dorothy
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The author draws on recent research findings to answer the general question, “What do people with mental handicaps, living in the community, do in their spare time?”. The paper examines whether their leisure activities bring them into contact with ordinary people and promote their social integration into local communities.
Self‐concept assessment: a case study
Authors: Oliver Chris
Published: August 2010

It has been suggested that repertory grid technique may be a useful method for assessing self‐concept in people with mental handicaps. This case study, involving a 14‐year‐old girl with Down's syndrome, shows how this method was successfully employed. The resultant grid showed the girl did not see herself as being similar to other children with mental handicaps. It also showed her desire not to be part of this group.
Special care?
Authors: Hunt Ann
Published: August 2010

The community services received by 67 children severely handicapped by tuberous sclerosis were investigated by interviewing their parents. 60 per cent of the children at school were in special care units, and 81 per cent had multiple handicaps. 25 per cent of parents had no contact with community services, and 45 per cent no contact with a social worker. This had implications for the large number of parents who did not receive respite care. It was more difficult for adults with multiple handicaps to receive care in the community.
MOVING FROM HOSPITAL TO THE COMMUNITY: factors influencing the life styles of people with mental handicaps
Authors: Atkinson Dorothy
Published: August 2010

This paper draws on the findings of a two‐part study of 55 people discharged from three mental handicap hospitals during the decade 1971–81 to live more independently in the community. Part one, a retrospective study of hospital records, provided data on their lives before they moved. Part two was a follow‐up study of the remaining 50 people living in community settings after their move. A detailed account of their current life styles was compiled from data from social services records, interviews with social workers, and interviews with the people themselves.

Hospital records varied in their completeness but they did describe the people's personalities (personal qualities and motivation), close friendships, outside social contacts, and daytime activities. These four factors were looked at again in relation to their current life styles. The paper discusses the trends that emerged.
Plymouth and West Devon mental handicap strategy: AN EVALUATION APPROACH
Authors: McBrien Judith
Published: August 2010

Plymouth and West Devon have enjoyed a coherent Joint Strategic Plan for the development of services for adults with mental handicaps since 1984. A multi‐agency group of professionals and parents was formed in 1985 to undertake an evaluation of the strategy. This article reports on the form and function of the group, and the scope of the evaluations under way: for example, resettlement from hospital; levels of community integration; contrasting models of day care; psychiatric treatment; and the use of buildings. It also comments on the benefits and pitfalls of service personnel designing and executing an evaluation of the service they themselves plan and deliver.
CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR AND COMMUNITY SERVICES: 5. Structuring staff and client activity
Authors: McCool Christine , Barrett Sheila , Emerson Eric , Toogood Sandy , Hughes Heather , Cummings Richard
Published: August 2010

This paper describes important programmatic components of small, community based, residential services for people with severe mental handicaps and challenging behaviours. The approach described advocates the use of procedures to plan staff activity in considerable detail in order to achieve goals in the areas of supporting people's engagement in functional, age‐appropriate activities and managing inappropriate behaviour.
Day services for people with mental handicaps: A PURPOSE IN LIFE?
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Cattermole Martin , Markova Ivana
Published: August 2010

There is a continuing debate about the future of day services for people with mental handicaps. In this study people who attended adult training centres were interviewed to ascertain their views on their day placements. They were glad to have somewhere to go during the day and enjoyed elements of the daily programmes. However, most people felt that in the long‐term the services did not make a positive contribution to their lives and wished for ordinary jobs.
Local objections to community‐based houses for people with mental handicaps
Authors: Roycroft Patrick , Hames Annette
Published: August 2010

This article describes a survey carried out in England which identified factors associated with neighbourhood objections to community housing for people with mental handicaps. The five most common concerns of neighbours were: devaluation of neighbourhood property; the behaviour of residents; noise from the houses; risk to neighbours' children; and increased traffic.

Over one‐fifth of the houses in the sample experienced organised opposition, whilst a much greater percentage experienced some hostility. Significantly more opposed houses than unopposed houses had a history of previous problems with neighbours. The other difference between houses which had experienced organised opposition and those which had not was the degree of consultation with local people prior to opening. Houses which had experienced organised opposition had been involved in more consultation with neighbours through letters, informal visits, and formal meetings.

It was encouraging to find that most of the hostility dissipated following the opening of the houses. The level of integration and acceptance by local communities, however, never became very positive.
TEACHING PEDESTRIAN SKILLS to adults with severe mental handicaps
Authors: Michie Amanda M. , Lindsay William R. , Baty Frances J. , Smith Anne H. W.
Published: August 2010

Pedestrian skills relating to crossing busy roads and using pedestrian crossings were taught to two women with severe mental handicaps. Training and assessment sessions were all held in real traffic conditions.

The required target behaviours were trained using the techniques of role play, modelling, practice, shaping, and prompting. Base line, post‐training, and generalisation assessments were conducted in both conditions. The women's performances in all the sessions were video‐taped and analysed by two independent raters.

Both women showed an improvement during training which was maintained at the post‐training and generalisation assessments.
An anxiety management group: strengths and pitfalls
Authors: Turk Vicky , Francis Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

An anxiety management group, which used adaptations of traditional cognitive‐behavioural techniques, was offered to eight adults with mild or moderate mental handicaps. Group members reported that sharing their experiences of anxiety, and learning new skills, such as abdominal breathing and relaxation, were the most effective methods employed. Suggested changes for the organisation of future groups are considered.
Staff Training in the Management of Violence and Aggression:
Authors: McDonnell Andrew , Dearden Bob , Richens Alan
Published: August 2010

The first article in this series emphasised the setting conditions required for staff training in the management of violence and aggression. This second article presents strategies for avoidance and escape in the management of potentially violent situations using non‐violent methods. One simple, non‐violent method is illustrated.
Education About the Laws and Social Rules Relating to Sexual Behaviour
Authors: Charman Tony , Clare Isabel
Published: August 2010

Poor knowledge of the laws relating to sex and of the social rules governing sexual behaviour may contribute to a putative vulnerability to sexual offending among men with mental handicaps. A pilot group which involved providing education in these areas for men with mild mental handicaps and histories of sexual offending and also, in some cases, sexual victimisation is described. Details of the materials used and the sessions are given. Gaps in knowledge and inappropriate attitudes were identified among the participants. The limitations of the group and its positive aspects in providing a forum in which the men could begin to share their sexual difficulties are discussed.
Implementing Quality Assurance: Auditing Residential Services for People With Mental Handicaps
Authors: Watson Elisabeth , Perkins Elizabeth , Louden David , Fenton Margaret
Published: August 2010

This article reports on the format and implementation of a quality audit, Monyhull Audit Technique for Environmental Evaluation (MATEE), to evaluate the quality of residential services for people with mental handicaps. It is suggested that the key to successful quality auditing lies in the way in which the system is operationalised. The audit must be ongoing rather than a ‘one‐off’ event. The procedure needs to be clearly specified, important aspects of which should include positive monitoring, regular follow‐up on objectives and maximal involvement of care staff. Some of the benefits of this type of quality assurance are discussed.
The Education and Training for Change Programme: Part 2: The Use of a Mutual Support Model to Inform Staff Development
Authors: de Podesta Sean , Cole Angela , Ezelle Lesley Anne
Published: August 2010

This article looks at the staff development strategy devised as part of the Education and Training for Change (ETCH) programme for Basildon & Thurrock Services for people with learning disabilities. The strategy covers all staff in the service, and takes account of the needs of staff facing possibly imminent hospital closure. The model of mutual support that underpins the strategy is described: it offers a positive view of change and an interpretation of hospital closure that has implications for both training provision and service management.
Virtual enclaves: the influence of alumni email lists on the workspaces of transnational software engineers
Authors: MONTGOMERY ALESIA F.
Published: August 2010

At the turn of the twentieth century, ethnic enclaves helped immigrants to find jobs and to adjust to their surroundings. In the twenty‐first century, transnational professionals also have other spaces of support: the ‘virtual’ enclaves made possible by new communication tools. Based on interviews with high‐tech professionals over the course of an industry boom and downturn, in this article I trace the institutions that affected structures of online help with work. For some engineers from India and Taiwan, alumni ties, maintained by email lists, were important; these transnational workers had an allegiance to their ‘batch’ (university cohort) that the US‐born workers lacked. Their far‐flung, multi‐tiered alumni lists combined the benefits of strong and weak ties: deep commitments and unique information. This study makes a contribution to theorization of immigrant adjustment, social capital and work technologies.
Reflections on interviewing children and young people as a method of inquiry in exploring their perspectives on integration/inclusion
Authors: Lewis Ann
Published: August 2010

There has been increasing interest in eliciting the views of children and young people; one arena for this has been the integration/inclusion context. However the increasing emphasis on the right of children to be heard has tended to emphasise the fact of production over the complexities of elicitation and interpretation. Ethical considerations in interviewing children about integration/inclusion include issues relating to confidentiality, anonymity, protocols, consent, assent and intrusion. Sampling issues include access, mode of communication and selection of data for analysis. This paper also discusses the use of various interview strategies applicable in this context. They include the merits of various ways of initiating (e.g. use of statements rather than questions) and sustaining (e.g. use of pause, interviewer phrasing) the dialogue. It is concluded that researchers in this field need to be rigorous in acknowledging and probing the complexities of child interviews in the integration/inclusion context.
The effect of insulin in combination with selenium on blood glucose and GLUT4 expression in the cardiac muscle of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Xu Tian‐Jiao , Yuan Bing‐Xiang , Zou Ya‐Min , Zang Wei‐Jin
Published: August 2010

We evaluated the effect of a combination of low doses of insulin (1 U/kg/day) and selenium (180 μg/kg/day) on general physiological parameters and the level of glucose transporter (GLUT4) in the cardiac muscle of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were treated with insulin, selenium and a combination of insulin and selenium for 4 weeks. The levels of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c were estimated; the level of the GLUT4 in the cardiac muscle was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Insulin in combination with selenium could significantly lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels and could restore disturbances in GLUT4 level in the cardiac muscle. The treatment with insulin was only partially effective in the restoration of diabetic alterations. We conclude that there was cooperation between insulin and selenium, and that the treatment of diabetic rats with combined doses of insulin and selenium was effective in the control of blood glucose and correction of altered GLUT4 distribution in diabetic rat hearts.
A review of the management of 323 consecutive patients seen in a specific learning difficulties clinic
Authors: Evans Bruce J.W. , Patel Ragini , Wilkins Arnold J. , Lightstone Anita , Eperjesi Frank , Speedwell Lynne , Duffy John
Published: August 2010

Visual correlates of specific learning difficulties (SpLD) include: binocular instability, low amplitude of accommodation, and Meares–Irlen Syndrome. Meares–Irlen Syndrome describes asthenopia and perceptual distortions which are alleviated by using individually prescribed coloured filters. Data from 323 consecutive patients seen over a 15 month period in an optometric clinic specialising in SpLD are reviewed. Visual symptoms and headaches were common. 48% of patients were given a conventional optometric intervention (spectacles, orthoptic exercises) and 50% were issued with coloured filters, usually for a trial period. 40% of those who were given orthoptic exercises were later issued with coloured overlays. 32% of those who were issued with coloured overlays were ultimately prescribed Precision Tinted lenses. Approximately half the sample were telephoned more than a year after the last clinical appointment. More than 70% of those who were prescribed Precision Tints were still wearing them daily, and results for this intervention compared favourably with data for non‐tinted spectacles. The data suggest that many people with SpLD need optometric care and that the optometrist needs to be skilled in orthoptic techniques and cognisant of recent research on coloured filters.
Sensitivity analysis of the knapsack sharing problem: perturbation of the profit of an item
Authors: Belgacem T. , Hifi M.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we study the sensitivity of the optimum of a max–min combinatorial optimization problem, namely the knapsack sharing problem, to the perturbation of the profit of an arbitrary item. We mainly establish the interval limits of each perturbed item by applying a reduction of the original problem into a series of single knapsack problems. We propose a solution procedure in order to establish these interval limits. The principle of the method is to stabilize the optimal solution in the perturbed problem, following two cases: (i) when the item belongs to an optimal class and (ii) when the item belongs to a non‐optimal class. We also consider either the problem admits a unique or multiple optimal classes. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method on several problem instances in the literature.
Do Mutual Funds Profit from the Accruals Anomaly?
Authors: ALI ASHIQ , CHEN XUANJUAN , YAO TONG , YU TONG
Published: August 2010

Using data on both fund stockholdings and fund returns, we examine whether actively managed equity mutual funds trade on and profit from the accruals anomaly. We find that few, if any, mutual funds trade on the anomaly. The top 10% of mutual funds that have the highest portfolio weights in low‐accruals stocks have a greater, but still relatively small, exposure to low‐accruals stocks. Nonetheless, these funds make significant profit net of actual transaction costs, exhibiting an average Fama‐French three‐factor alpha of 2.83% per year. We also find that these funds are smaller, less diversified, and exhibit higher fund return volatility and higher fund flow volatility.
A Reexamination of the Tradeoff between the Future Benefit and Riskiness of R&D Increases
Authors: EBERHART ALLAN , MAXWELL WILLIAM , SIDDIQUE AKHTAR
Published: August 2010

Many previous studies document a positive relation between research and development (R&D) and equity value. Though R&D can increase equity value by increasing firm value, it can also increase equity value at the expense of bondholder wealth through an increase in firm risk because equity is analogous to a call option on the underlying firm value. Shi [2003] tests this hypothesis by examining the relation between a firm's R&D intensity and its bond ratings and risk premiums at issuance. His results show that the net effect of R&D is negative for bondholders. We reexamine Shi's [2003] findings and in so doing make three contributions to the literature. First, we find that Shi's [2003] results are sensitive to the method of measuring R&D intensity. When we use what we argue is a better measure of R&D intensity, we find that the net effect of R&D is positive for bondholders. Second, when we use tests that Shi [2003] recognizes are even better than the ones that he uses, we find even stronger evidence of the positive effect of R&D on bondholders. Third, we examine cross‐sectional differences in the effect of R&D on debtholders. Consistent with our main finding, we document a negative relation between R&D increases and default risk. The default risk reduction is also more pronounced for firms with higher initial default scores (where the debtholders have more to gain from an R&D increase) and for firms with more bank debt (where the debtholders have greater covenant protection from the possible detriments associated with R&D increases).
A Case of Cutaneous Mastocytosis in a Child with Prominent Langerhans Cell Infiltration
Authors: Mitsuya Juniku , Hara Hiroyuki , Fukuda Naozumi , Terui Tadashi
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We recently encountered a 2‐year‐old boy with slightly infiltrative brown papules on the face, trunk, and extremities. Stroking of one of the papules produced an urticarial wheal (positive Darier’s sign). Histopathologic tests revealed a dense infiltration of mast cells containing numerous granules and showing metachromasia under Toluidine blue staining. Immunohistochemical tests revealed that these cells were positive for CD68 and for c‐kit. In addition, dermal dendritic cells that were positive for S100 and CD1a immunostaining were intermingled with the mast cells. We confirmed through electron microscopy that the dermal dendritic cells that were observed adjacent to the infiltration of mast cells had Birbeck granules in their cytoplasm, namely Langerhans cells. However, because of the greater numbers of mast cells than Langerhans cells, and because of the absence of both monomorphic LC proliferation and systemic symptoms of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, the present case favors a diagnosis of cutaneous mastocytosis in a child with Langerhans cell infiltration.
Ankyloblepharon–Ectodermal Dysplasia–Clefting Syndrome: A Novel p63 Mutation Associated with Generalized Neonatal Erosions
Authors: Sawardekar Shilpa S. , Zaenglein Andrea L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Ankyloblepharon‐ectodermal dysplasia‐clefting (AEC) syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by ankyloblepharon (congenital adhesions of the eyelids), ectodermal dysplasia, and orofacial clefts. Here, we report the case of an infant born with severe ectodermal dysplasia including generalized neonatal erosions with scalp involvement, facial clefting but notably without ankyloblepharon. Mutational analysis of the p63 gene showed a novel heterozygous T>C nucleotide substitution on exon 14 (I597T). To our knowledge, this is a novel mutation that has not previously been reported in the pathogenesis of AEC, or other p63‐related syndromes. This case further highlights the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of p63 syndromes.
Neonatal Rhabdomyosarcoma Misdiagnosed as a Congenital Hemangioma
Authors: Megarbane Hala , Doz Francois , Manach Yves , Fletcher Christopher , Jaubert Francis , de Prost Yves , Hamel‐Teillac Dominique
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Highly vascularized malignant soft‐tissue tumors can clinically and radiologically mimic deep hemangiomas. We present a case of congenital rhabdomyosarcoma of the neck, which was initially identified as congenital hemangioma.
Terra Firma‐forme Dermatosis in a 4‐Month‐Old Girl
Authors: BERK DAVID R. , BRUCKNER ANNA L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Terra firma‐forme dermatosis (TFFD) is an idiopathic condition characterized by asymptomatic, dirtlike, thinly papillomatous, hyperpigmented plaques which cannot be removed with routine cleansing, but clear with firm wiping with 70% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol. Commonly involved sites include the neck, trunk, and umbilicus. Most reports have described adolescents or young adults with a history of normal hygiene and vigorous but unsuccessful attempts at cleansing the affected areas. We describe a 4‐month‐old girl with TFFD, who is the youngest patient thus far reported with this condition.
HELICAL CHLOROPLASTS IN A STICHOCOCCUS‐TYPE ALGA1
Authors: Sorokin Constantine , Corbett M. K. , Nishino Shirley
Published: August 2010

Shape of the chloroplast in the green, rod‐shaped alga, isolated in our laboratory, depends on factors affecting cell growth. Under conditions of slow growth, the chloroplast is a simple plate‐like girdle characteristic of Stichococcus of the order Ulotrichales. Under conditions of rapid growth, the chloroplast, by extension, attenuation, and twisting, takes the shape of a helix resembling spiral chloroplasts of several genera of the order Zygnematales (or Conjuga(es). The attenuation and twisting of the chloroplast increase in the course of development of individual cells so that helical shape is most pronounced in mature cells approaching the division stage.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MITOSIS IN THE MARINE RED ALGA MEMBRANOPTERA PLATYPHYLLA1,2
Authors: McDonald Kent
Published: August 2010

Gametophyte germlings from unialgal cultures of Membranoptera platyphylla were examined with the electron microscope. The events of mitosis were observed in dividing cells near the thallus apex. In prophase the nucleus is spindle‐shaped and surrounded by microtubules and a layer of endoplasmic reticulum. A unique organelle, the polar ring, is present at each pole; its junction is not clear. At metaphase the nuclear envelope is intact except for fenestrations at the poles. Spindle microtubules are attached to distinct kinetochores on the chromosomes and continuous pole‐to‐pole microtubules are present. The nucleolus has dispersed but, its granular components are still evident in the nucleoplasm. As the chromosomes separate, the nucleus elongates and finally constricts in the middle to produce 2 daughter nuclei.
SYNAPTONEMAL COMPLEXES IN RED ALGAE1,2
Authors: Kugrens Paul , West John A.
Published: August 2010

The presence of synaptonemal complexes in the nuclei of young tetraspore mother cells is described for the first time in the red algae. Synaptonemal complexes were found in Janczewskia gardneri Setchell, Levringiella gardneri Setchell, Gonimophyllum skottsbergii Setchell, and Polycoryne gardneri Setchell. The synaptonemal complexes consist of 2 lateral, dark‐staining elements from which small fibrils extend to form a less densely staining central element. With minor variations, the dimensions and structure of these synaptonemal complexes correspond to those found in other organisms.
SOME CORTICOLOUS ALGAE OF MCMINN COUNTY, TENNESSEE, U.S.A.1
Authors: Cox Edmond R. , Hightower Joan
Published: August 2010

Eisrhty‐one unialgal isolates comprising 10 genera (Chlorophygeae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae) were cultured from samples of tree bark scrapings removed from 5 species of trees on the campus of Tennessee Wesleyan College in Athens, Tennessee, U.S.A.
SUBSTRATE COMPETITION BETWEEN A SALT MARSH DIATOM AND A BACTERIAL POPULATION1
Authors: Saks Norman M. , Kahn Eileen G.
Published: August 2010

Cylindrotheca closteriumEhrenberg, a benthic marine diatom, competes successfully withAeromonassp. a bacterium from the same environment, for low molecular weight organic substrates when they are presented at natural concentrations (1–10 μM). In short term (1 h) experiments, the uptake of mannose byC. closteriumwas enhanced in light. Seventy percent of the total uptake of mannose by both species was effected byC. closteriumover a 1 h period in light. The diatom population was also competitive in darkness. The algal portion of glucose uptake over 1 h was 71% when both populations were given the substrate initially. Percentages of total amino acid uptake forC. closteriumranged from 33% glycine in light to 73% leucine in darkness when both species were given substrate initially.Cylindrothecahad smaller percentages of glucose and aspartic acid total uptake in competition experiments run to stationary phase (10 days).
FINE STRUCTURE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF VESICLE CELLS OF THE RED ALGA ANTITHAMNION DEFECTUM (CERAMIACEAE)1
Authors: Young David N. , West John A.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the refractile, vesiculate cells (“blasenzellen,”“cellules secretrices,”“gland cells”) of Antithamnion defectum Kylin were examined. The refringent vacuolar contents disclosed two components of differing density: an electron opaque, proteinaceous matrix material surrounding cores of irregularly shaped, less opaque material. The cores contain less protein and more unknown material than the matrix. Part or all of the vacuolar material is synthesized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and deposited in smooth surfaced cisternae that swell to form vesicles. Mitochondria are usually associated with stacks of the swelling cisternae. The vesicles enlarge by continued deposition of synthesized material and coalescence with other vesicles. All vesicles eventually coalesce to form the mature vacuole. A crystalline array of fibrils develops in the cytoplasm during later stages of vacuole enlargement. The crystal contains a sulfated, acidic polysaccharidic material. The chloroplasts, if present, and nucleus degenerate at vacuole maturity. Active release of the vacuolar material does not occur, and organelles for extracellular secretion are not present. Structural evidence suggests a storage, rather than secretory, function for the cells.
OCCURRENCE OF TRI‐LAMELLAR BODIES IN ISOLATES OF NOSTOC (CYANOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Jensen Thomas E.
Published: August 2010

Tri‐lamellar bodies were observed in eight of 29 isolates of Nostoc examined. They appeared identical to the previously described bodies in various species of Anabaena. The bodies consist of three discoid lamellae each ca. 0.3 μm diam and 8 nm thick. The outer lamella (closest to the plasma membrane) is separated from the middle lamella by a 12 nm space whereas the middle and inner lamellae are ca. 8 nm apart. Osmiophilic striations 3 nm wide were generally observed running between the lamellae. Osmiophilic β granules were usually associated with the inner lamella. The bodies were most always located close to the plasma membrane along the longitudinal wall near the junction of the cross and longitudinal walls. In three isolates the bodies located near the cross walls were associated with gas vesicles and possessed a slightly different morphology. These tri‐lamellar bodies consisted of three discoid lamellae, each ca. 2 nm thick, ca. 25 nm apart with electron dense material between the inner and middle lamellae. Pores 20 nm diam and ca. 60 nm apart were observed in layer 2 of the cell wall adjacent to the tri‐lamellar bodies. These wall pores were also observed in isolates lacking tri‐lamellar bodies.
EFFECT OF INDOLE‐3‐ACETIC ACID ON GROWTH OFCODIUM FRAGILESUBSP.TOMENTOSOIDES(CHLOROPHYCEAE) IN CULTURE1
Authors: Hanisak M. Dennis
Published: August 2010

Growth ofCodium fragilesubsp.tomentosoides(van Goor) Silva in culture depends upon the season of seawater collection. One factor responsible for this variation in growth may be indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). When 10−9to 10−4M IAA is added to cultures ofCodium fragile,optimum growth is at 10−6M. The response to exogenous IAA depends upon the time of year when the sea‐water is collected. The growth in a range of known IAA concentrations allows the prediction of a seasonal cycle of IAA, or its physiological equivalent, in Rhode Island coastal waters. Such a compound may be an important ecological factor for some algal species.
OCCURRENCE OF GLYCOLATE DEHYDROGENASE AND GLYCOLATE OXIDASE IN SOME COCCOID, ZOOSPORE‐PRODUCING GREEN ALGAE1
Authors: Bullock Kenneth W. , Deason Temd R. , O'Kelley Joseph C.
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐seven species of coccoid, zoospore‐producing green algae representing 16 genera in the Chlorococcales and Chlorosarcinales were assayed for glycolate oxidase or glycolate dehydrogenase. Only Planophila terrestris Groover & Bold and Fasciculochloris boldii Trainor, contained glycolate oxidase whereas the others contained glycolate dehydrogenase. Representative algae were grown under varying conditions and assayed to determine any effects on these glycolate enzymes. Although specific rates of enzyme activity often varied widely, the form of glycolate enzyme present was not affected.
DIATOM MINERALIZATION OF SILICIC ACID IV. KINETICS OF SOLUBLE Si POOL FORMATION IN EXPONENTIALLY GROWING AND SYNCHRONIZED NAVICULA PELLICULOSA1
Authors: Sullivan Cornelius W.
Published: August 2010

Silicic acid taken up from the growth medium by Navicula pelliculosa (Bréb.) Hilse was shown to enter at least two compartments: i) soluble pools; ii) insoluble fraction comprised predominantly of the silica frustule. Soluble Si pools were extracted by a variety of agents from cells uniformly labeled for ten generations in medium containing 68Ge‐Si(OH)4. 100 C water soluble and 0 C perchloric acid (PCA) soluble Si pools of 680 mM Si·l−1 and 490 mM Si·l−1 cell water represented 13 and 9%, respectively, of total, cell Si in exponential growth phase cells. Uniformly labeled cells synchronized by the combined synchronization technique accumulate at the cell cycle stage where silica frustule development is initiated. These cells contain water and PCA soluble pools of 10 nmol Si·106 cells−1 and‐8.8 nmol Si·106 cells−1, respectively. On addition of Si(OH)4, a rapid uptake ensues allowing the Si pool to expand 2.5‐fold, apparently to provide precursors of the silica frustule.
A STARCH GRAIN‐MITOCHONDRION‐DICTYOSOME ASSOCIATION INBATRACHOSPERMUM(RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Aghajanian John G.
Published: August 2010

InBatrachospermum sirodotiiSkuja the dictyosome‐mitochondrion association, commonly reported in other red algae, includes a floridean starch grain during periods of intense dictyosomal activity. Such an organellar assemblage may serve to provide the most efficient means of energy flow during periods of peak dictyosomal activity.
LIFE HISTORIES IN THE PHYLLOPHORACEAE (RHODOPHYTA: GIGARTINALES) FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. I.GYMNOGONGRUS LINEARISANDG. LEPTOPHYLLUS1
Authors: DeCew Thomas C. , West John A.
Published: August 2010

Carpospores ofGymnogongrus linearis(C. Ag.) J. Ag. collected from Sonoma Co., California were cultured and gave rise to crustose plants. Tetrasporogenesis could not be induced. However, tetraspores from field‐collected crustose tetrasporophytes found nearG. linearisfrom San Mateo Co., California were cultured. These field crusts superficially resemblePetrocelis middendorffii(Ruprecht) Kjellman, but differ in size, color, number of tetrasporangia per filament, and distal dichotomous branching of the perithallial filaments. Tetraspores gave rise to upright plants identical toG. linearis. Gymnogongrus leptophyllusJ. Ag. collected from California and Baja California, Mexico were found as narrow and wide forms. Narrow form isolates recycled directly without producing a crustose tetrasporophyte. These are interpreted as apogamous. Carpospores of the wide form grew into crusts resemblingPetrocelis (=Erythrodermis) haematisHollenberg. Tetrasporogenesis was induced in culture by abrasion or dehydration. Tetraspores from field‐collected crusts and laboratory cultured tetrasporophytes grew into plants identical toG. leptophyllus, completing a sexual life history with an alternation of heteromorphic generations.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE DIATOM GENUS EUNOTIA1
Authors: Morrow Angela C. , Deason Temd R. , Clayton Deborah
Published: August 2010

A new species of the diatom genus Eunotia is described. The species, E. catillifera Morrow, is distinguished by the presence of fin‐like plates, or transapical ridges, which alternate with the striae on the valve faces. This alga appears to be intermediate between the more typical Eunotia species and Semiorbis Patr. This observation suggests that Semiorbis hemicyclus (Ehr.) Patr. in Patrick and Reimer be returned to Eunotia hemicyclus Ralfs in Pritchard and that the use of the generic name Semiorbis be discontinued.
ALGAL CELL DISRUPTION USING A PYREX TISSUE GRINDER AND THE B. BRAUN HOMOGENIZER1
Authors: Rehnberg Bradley G. , Schultz Donald A. , Raschke Ronald L.
Published: August 2010

A motor‐driven Pyrex tissue grinder (PTG) and the B. Braun cell homogenizer (BH) were used to disrupt cells of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz for chlorophyll extraction. Cell disruption efficiency depended upon the number of cells filtered. Within the range of 2 × 106 to 8–9 × 106 algal cells per 2.4 cm filter, the PTG allowed more complete extractions. Beyond that number of cells, the BH was more efficient. The algal mass corresponding to 8–9 × 106 cells was 0.14–0.17 mg dry weight.
THE INORGANIC CARBON REQUIREMENTS OF CHLAMYDOMONAS SEGNIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) FOR CELL DEVELOPMENT IN SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES1
Authors: Badour Samir S.
Published: August 2010

The time in the cell cycle when CO2 provision was required for cell development and division was determined in synchronous cultures of Chlamydomonas segnis Ettl bubbled with air (0.03% CO2) or air enriched with 5% CO2 under continuous light at 25°C and pH 7. Provision of CO2 (% in air v/v) during the G1‐phase was found to be essential for the completion of the cell cycle. There was no demand for CO2 supply throughout the S‐phase and mitosis. Using cultures adapted to CO2 concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 5% in air, the apparent CO2 concentration (Km) required for the cells to develop during the G‐1‐phase and to attain one half the maximal rates of photo‐synthetic O2 evolution was calculated as 0.05%. This value increased to 0.1 and 0.5% during the S‐phase. For total protein and carbohydrate accumulation, which would reflect inorganic carbon (CO2+ HCO3−) assimilation, the Km (% CO2) were ca. 0.1 and 0.14 throughout the cell cycle, respectively. The CO2 concentration at which the cells exhibited the shortest generation time (6.7 h) was 0.1%. These results showed that during development, cells photosynthesizing (evolving O2) at maximal rates but accumulating protein and carbohydrate at one half the maximal rates or less would complete their vegetative life cycle in the shortest time.
A SURVEY OF AUXOTROPHY IN FIVE FRESHWATER DINOFLAGELLATES (PYRRHOPHYTA)1
Authors: Holt Jack R. , Pfiester Lois A.
Published: August 2010

Peridiniopsis polonicum (Wolosz.) Bourrelly requires vitamin B12, and Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemm. requires thiamin for growth. Unlike marine Peridinium species, Peridinium willei Huit.‐Kaas, P. volzii Lemm., and P. inconspicuum Lemm. do not display auxotrophy. Peridinium volzii is strongly inhibited by concentrations of biotin above 1 μg L−1.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THE ATTACHED DIATOM:COCCONEIS SCUTELLUMVAR.SCUTELLUM: (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Mizuno Makoto
Published: August 2010

The morphology and sexual reproduction of the attached diatom Cocconeis scutellum Ehr. var. scutellum have been investigated using field and culture materials. The diatom grew well at 14–22° C and in a medium using enriched full strength seawater or 50% diluted seawater. One gamete was formed without cytokinesis in a gametangium and one auxospore arose from paired gametangia. The size of gametangia and initial cells were 17.8–29.9 μm and 43.3–59.5 μm, respectively. Valve width decreased linearly with decreasing valve length. The regression coefficient between them was invariable with the change of the environment. The transapical striation densities were 7–12 and 7.5–13.5 in 10 μm in araphid and raphid valves, respectively. The density showed a tendency to increase with decreasing valve length in both valves. The densities in both valves, except the small araphid valve, are invariable with the change of the environment. The relationships between valve length and width, and between valve length and striation density have been compared with those of taxa allied to C. scutellum var. scutellum. It is concluded that C. scutellum var. scutellum, as usually delimited, is a heterogenous taxon.
OCCURRENCE OF A RESISTANT BIOPOLYMER IN THE OUTER WALLS OF THE PARASITIC ALGAPROTOTHECA WICKERHAMII(CHLOROCOCCALSES): ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES1
Authors: Puel FrancÇoise , Largeau Claude , Giraud Georges
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of a resistant biopolymer termed PRP (Polymère Résistant de Prototheca), was demonstrated in the trilaminar outer walls (TLS) of Prototheca wickerhammi Soneda and Tubaki. PRP is located in the two electron‐dense zones of the TLS and accounts for ca. 0.3% of the total algal biomass. Several features of PRP (resistance to non‐oxidative treatments, insolubility in dioxane, mode of deposition, UV fluorescence) were previously observed both in sporopollenins and in the resistant biopolymer of Botryococcus braunii outer walls. However elemental composistion and IR spectra revealed very important structural defferences between the latter material and PRP. Similar elemental compositions, but substantial differences in IR spectra, were noted between PRP and classical sporopollenins. PRP is proabaly derived from the polymerization of terpenic units; but, taking into account the spectroscopic oservations, these monomeric units are not carotenoids. The presence of PRP in the outer walls of P. wickerhamii may be related to the drug and lysosome resistance of this parasitic species.