bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypoxic tolerance of Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis embryos at heartbeat stage
Authors: Chen Shixi , Hong Wanshu , Zhou Wei , Zhang Qiyong
Published: December 2006

Tolerance of hypoxia in Chinese black sleeper (Bostrichthys sinensis) embryos at heartbeat stage was examined at different oxygen concentrations. Embryonic response to hypoxic conditions was expressed in terms of the intensity of variation in heartbeat rate (V). Exposure of the embryos at 25°C to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/l dissolved oxygen (DO), caused bradycardia, which was developed within the first 10 min of hypoxia, followed by a plateau, and lasted until termination of the hypoxia. The V values were significantly affected by DO concentrations (P<0.01). Exposure of the embryos to 0.2 mg/l DO at 25°C caused a periodic heartbeat (including a period of heartbeat and a period of silence). This phenomenon was first recorded in the present study. During the period of heartbeat, the heartbeat rates were faster at first (147±5 beats per min), and then decreased gradually until the period of silence. As the exposure time increased, the duration of heartbeat was prolonged significantly from 43.4±2.4 second to 126.2±8.2 second (P<0.01), and the duration of silence was also prolonged significantly from 68.0±5.5 second to 247.9±11.5 second (P<0.01). At the beginning of exposure, the primary heartbeat rates displayed tachycardia, and their V values were significantly lower than the V values of average heartbeat rates (P<0.05). However, the V values were not significantly different between primary heartbeat rate and average heartbeat rate after 90 min exposure (P>0.05).
Shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of a telomere-located essential gene of Leishmania
Authors: SQUINA F. M. , PEDROSA A. L. , NUNES V. S. , CRUZ A. K. , TOSI L. R. O.
Published: December 2006

Leishmania mutants have contributed greatly to extend our knowledge of this parasite's biology. Here we report the use of the mariner in vitro transposition system as a source of reagents for shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of Leishmania genes. The locus-specific integration was achieved by the disruption of the subtelomeric gene encoding a DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit (RPC2). Further inactivation of RPC2 alleles required the complementation of the intact gene, which was transfected in an episomal context. However, attempts to generate a RPC2 chromosomal null mutant resulted in genomic rearrangements that maintained copies of the intact locus in the genome. The maintenance of the RPC2 chromosomal locus in complemented mutants was not mediated by an increase in the number of copies and did not involve chromosomal translocations, which are the typical characteristics of the genomic plasticity of this parasite. Unlike the endogenous locus, the selectable marker used to disrupt RPC2 did not display a tendency to remain in its chromosomal location but was targeted into supernumerary episomal molecules.
PROCESSES WITH RANDOM REGULATION
Authors: Stirzaker David
Published: December 2006

We consider a class of stochastic models for systems subject to random
regulation. We derive expressions for the distribution of the intervals
between regulating instants and for the transient and equilibrium
properties of the process. Some of these are evaluated explicitly for some
models of interest.
NEGATIVE PROBABILITIES AT WORK IN THE
M/D/1 QUEUE
Authors: Tijms Henk , Staats Koen
Published: December 2006

This article derives amazingly accurate approximations to the state
probabilities and waiting-time probabilities in the
M/D/1 queue using a two-phase process with
negative probabilities to approximate the deterministic service time. The
approximations are in the form of explicit expressions involving geometric
and exponential terms. The approximations extend to the finite-capacity
M/D/1/N + 1 queue.
RANDOM FINITE SUBSETS WITH EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Siegrist Kyle
Published: December 2006

Let S denote the collection of all finite subsets of
.
We define an operation on S that makes S into a
positive semigroup with set inclusion as the associated partial order.
Positive semigroups are the natural home for probability distributions
with exponential properties, such as the memoryless and constant rate
properties. We show that there are no exponential distributions on
S, but that S can be partitioned into subsemigroups,
each of which supports a one-parameter family of exponential
distributions. We then find the distribution on S that is closest
to exponential, in a certain sense. This work might have applications to
the problem of selecting a finite sample from a countably infinite
population in the most random way.
Spatial and temporal chromatic contrast: Effects on chromatic
discrimination for stimuli varying in L- and M-cone excitation
Authors: ZELE ANDREW J. , SMITH VIVIANNE C. , POKORNY JOEL
Published: December 2006

Discrimination for equiluminant chromatic stimuli that vary in L- and
M-cone excitation depends on the chromaticity difference between the test
field and the surrounding area. The current study investigated the effect
of the proximity in space and time of a surround to the test field on
chromatic contrast discrimination. The experimental paradigm isolated
spatial, temporal, and spatial-and-temporal chromatic contrast effects on
discrimination. Chromatic contrast discrimination thresholds were assessed
by a four-alternative spatial forced-choice procedure. Stimuli were either
metameric to the equal energy spectrum, or varied in L-cone activation
along a line of constant S-cone activation. A model based on primate
parvocellular pathway physiology described the data. Spatial and temporal
contrast produced equivalent reductions in chromatic discriminability as
the chromatic difference between the test and surround increased. For all
test chromaticities, discrimination was best in the absence of chromatic
contrast. Chromatic contrast discrimination is determined by either the
spatial or temporal contrast component of the signal.
Seismic characteristics of central Brazil crust and upper mantle: A deep seismic refraction study
Authors: Soares José E. , Berrocal Jesus , Fuck Reinhardt A. , Mooney Walter D. , Ventura Dhébora B. R.
Published: December 2006

A two‐dimensional model of the Brazilian central crust and upper mantle was obtained from the traveltime interpretation of deep seismic refraction data from the Porangatu and Cavalcante lines, each approximately 300 km long. When the lines were deployed, they overlapped by 50 km, forming an E‐W transect approximately 530 km long across the Tocantins Province and western São Francisco Craton. The Tocantins Province formed during the Neoproterozoic when the São Francisco, the Paranapanema, and the Amazon cratons collided, following the subduction of the former Goiás ocean basin. Average crustal VP and VP/VS ratios, Moho topography, and lateral discontinuities within crustal layers suggest that the crust beneath central Brazil can be associated with major geological domains recognized at the surface. The Moho is an irregular interface, between 36 and 44 km deep, that shows evidences of first‐order tectonic structures. The 8.05 and 8.23 km s−1 P wave velocities identify the upper mantle beneath the Porangatu and Cavalcante lines, respectively. The observed seismic features allow for the identification of (1) the crust has largely felsic composition in the studied region, (2) the absence of the mafic‐ultramafic root beneath the Goiás magmatic arc, and (3) block tectonics in the foreland fold‐and‐thrust belt of the northern Brasília Belt during the Neoproterozoic. Seismic data also suggested that the Bouguer gravimetric discontinuities are mainly compensated by differences in mass distribution within the lithospheric mantle. Finally, the Goiás‐Tocantins seismic belt can be interpreted as a natural seismic alignment related to the Neoproterozoic mantle domain.
Influence of volcanic history on groundwater patterns on the west slope of the Oregon High Cascades
Authors: Jefferson Anne , Grant Gordon , Rose Tim
Published: December 2006

Spring systems on the west slope of the Oregon High Cascades exhibit complex relationships among modern topography, lava flow geometries, and groundwater flow patterns. Seven cold springs were continuously monitored for discharge and temperature in the 2004 water year, and they were periodically sampled for δ18O, δD, tritium, and dissolved noble gases. Anomalously high unit discharges suggest that topographically defined watersheds may not correspond to aquifer boundaries, and oxygen isotope data reveal that mean recharge elevations for the springs are coincident with extensive Holocene lava fields. The 3He/4He ratios in most of the springs are close to atmospheric, implying shallow flow paths, and aquifer thicknesses are estimated to be 30–140 m. Estimates using 3H/3He data with exponential and gamma distributions yield mean transit times of ∼3–14 years. Recharge areas and flow paths are likely controlled by the geographic extent of lava flows, and some groundwater may cross the Cascade crest.
Connections between surface fluxes and the deep circulation in the Sea of Japan
Authors: Luneva Maria V. , Clayson Carol Anne
Published: December 2006

The extent to which seasonably variable surface fluxes and bottom friction can exert a control on the abyssal circulation above localized bottom topography is analyzed in the Japan Sea region through the use of a three‐dimensional eddy‐resolving ocean model. Our simulations show that the bottom friction exerts a first‐order control on the magnitude of the eddy‐driven deep circulation over f/H geostrophic contours, which is inversely dependent on the bottom drag, in accordance with theory. Seasonal surface flux variability acts as a modifier to this theory, depending on the timescale of active forcing relative to bottom friction spin‐down time. Possible physical mechanisms for a varying bottom drag coefficient are proposed. Winter ventilation of isopycnals during deep convection is followed by enhanced drain energy to small‐scale turbulence and strong energy dissipation in intermediate layers leading to a weakening of deep circulation that contradicts the classic ventilation theory.
Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mapping reveals coral mound distribution, morphology, and oceanography in deep water of the Straits of Florida
Authors: Grasmueck Mark , Eberli Gregor P. , Viggiano David A. , Correa Thiago , Rathwell Glenda , Luo Jiangang
Published: December 2006

To make progress in understanding the distribution and genesis of coral mounds in cold and dark water, maps of morphology and oceanographic conditions resolving features at the 1–10 m scale are needed. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) cruising 40 m above the seafloor surveyed a 48 km2 coral mound field in 600–800 m water depth at the base of slope of Great Bahama Bank. The AUV acquired 1–3 meter resolution acoustic backscatter and bathymetry together with current vectors, salinity, and temperature. The multibeam bathymetry resolved more than 200 coral mounds reaching up to 90 m height. Mound morphology is surprisingly diverse and mound distribution follows E‐W oriented off‐bank ridges. Bottom currents reverse every 6 hours indicating tidal flow decoupled from the north flowing surface current. The AUV data fill the gap between low‐resolution surface‐based mapping and visual observations on the seafloor, revealing the dynamic environment and spatial relationships of an entire coral mound field.
Variability of low‐energy ion flux profiles on interplanetary shock fronts
Authors: Neugebauer M. , Giacalone J. , Chollet E. , Lario D.
Published: December 2006

Time‐intensity profiles of 20–126 keV ions across interplanetary shocks are studied using data from ACE and Wind to determine the dependence of the profiles on spacecraft separation. Each pair of time‐intensity profiles is examined to determine whether or not the same features (flat, classic energetic storm particle (ESP) rise, spikes, step functions, or complex patterns) are seen at both spacecraft. The persistence of particle profile patterns has a scale length in the plane of the shock of ∼2.9 Mkm, but the scale length along the shock normal direction is not well determined.
Characteristic low‐temperature magnetic properties of aluminous goethite [α‐(Fe, Al)OOH] explained
Authors: Liu Qingsong , Yu Yongjae , Torrent José , Roberts Andrew P. , Pan Yongxin , Zhu Rixiang
Published: December 2006

Goethite (α‐FeOOH) is an antiferromagnetic iron oxyhydroxide that forms as a weathering product of iron‐bearing minerals. We systematically investigated the low‐ and room temperature properties of well‐defined aluminous goethites [α‐(Fe, Al)OOH] with varying grain size and Al content. A marked decrease in the Néel temperature with increasing Al content for goethite lowers the blocking temperature distribution, which produces an increase in the remanent magnetization on cooling. The zero‐field‐cooled (ZFC) and field‐cooled (FC) curves are irreversible. This is due to an additional partial thermal remanent magnetization (pTRM), which is acquired at low temperatures during the FC process because the initial 300 K remanence is far from being saturated due to the extremely high saturation field of goethite. This pTRM can be thermally demagnetized when reheating a sample back to 300 K. Finally, a sharp decrease in the bulk coercivity at 11–13 mol % Al is mostly caused by a broad coercivity distribution due to nonuniformity of Al substitution, which becomes more significant with increasing Al content. The positive correlation between pTRM acquisition during the FC process and the bulk coercivity strongly indicates that the ZFC/FC behavior is controlled by the bulk coercivity, which is, in turn, determined by Al substitution. This explanation of the characteristic low‐temperature magnetic properties of Al goethite provides important constraints for identifying natural Al goethite bearing samples and quantitatively estimating the contributions of this mineral to the bulk magnetic properties of such samples.
A comparison of sea surface temperatures from microwave remote sensing of the Labrador Sea with in situ measurements and model simulations
Authors: Emery William J. , Brandt Peter , Funk Andreas , Böning Claus
Published: December 2006

As one of the few places in the ocean where winter cooling and mixing creates conditions where water from the surface can penetrate into the deep ocean the Labrador Sea is an area of interest to people studying climate change in the ocean. Persistent cloud cover over this area makes it impossible to use infrared satellite imagery to relate space/time changes in sea surface temperature (SST) to changes in surface currents and air‐sea interaction. Using passive microwave SSTs from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E), we plot space/time changes in SST in the Labrador Sea and relate these changes to both simultaneous in situ measurements of temperature and numerical model SSTs. A direct comparison between the microwave SSTs, infrared SSTs, and in situ temperatures measured from profiling floats reveals that the microwave SSTs are a good representation of space/time changes in infrared SST and in ocean temperatures down to 10 m below the sea surface. Comparisons between the microwave SSTs and time series of temperatures at depths below 50 m reveal that winter/spring surface cooling makes the SST similar to temperatures at these deeper depths in the convection region of the central Labrador Sea. Detailed comparison of the annual cycle between the microwave SSTs and the model SST and 10 m currents reveals overall good agreement and some interesting differences.
Turbulent bulk transfer coefficients and ozone deposition velocity in the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research into Transport and Transformation
Authors: Fairall C. W. , Bariteau L. , Grachev A. A. , Hill R. J. , Wolfe D. E. , Brewer W. A. , Tucker S. C. , Hare J. E. , Angevine W. M.
Published: December 2006

In this paper, we examine observations of shallow, stable boundary layers in the cool waters of the Gulf of Maine between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Nova Scotia, obtained in the 2004 New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS‐04), which was part of the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research into Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). The observations described herein were made from the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown. The ship was instrumented for measurements of meteorological, gas‐phase and aerosol atmospheric chemistry variables. Meteorological instrumentation included a Doppler lidar, a radar wind profiler, rawinsonde equipment, and a surface flux package. In this study, we focus on direct comparisons of the NEAQS‐04 flux observations with the COARE bulk flux algorithm to investigate possible coastal influences on air‐sea interactions. We found significant suppression of the transfer coefficients for momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat; the suppression was correlated with lighter winds, more stable surface layers, S‐SE wind direction, and lower boundary layer heights. Analysis of the details shows the suppression is not a measurement, stability correction, or surface wave effect. The correlation with boundary layer height is consistent with an interpretation that our measurements at 18‐m height do not realize the full surface flux in shallow boundary layers. We also find that a bulk Richardson number threshold of 0.1 gives a better estimate of boundary layer height than 0.25 or 0.5. Mean ozone deposition velocity is estimated as 0.44 mm s−1, corresponding to a boundary removal timescale of about 1 day.
Late Miocene carbon isotope records and marine biological productivity: Was there a (dusty) link?
Authors: Diester‐Haass Liselotte , Billups Katharina , Emeis Kay C.
Published: December 2006

We examine whether or not a relationship exists between the late Miocene carbon isotope shift (∼7.6–6.6 Ma) and marine productivity at four sites from the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Ocean Drilling Program Sites 721, 1146, 1172, and 846). We use a multiproxy approach based on benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates, elemental ratios, and dissolution indices, and we compare these data to benthic foraminiferal δ13C values measured on the same samples. Although some of these sites have been targeted previously in studies of either the late Miocene/early Pliocene “biogenic bloom” (Sites 721 and 846) or the late Miocene carbon isotope shift (Site 1172), our records are the first to establish paired proxy records of carbon isotopes and paleoproductivity allowing a direct assessment of a potential link. Our results indicate that at all sites, productivity increased sometime during the δ13C shift; at three sites (721, 1146, and 846), productivity increased at the beginning of the shift. The correlation coefficients derived from linear regression between micropaleontologically derived productivity and foraminiferal δ13C values are relatively high during the time interval containing the late Miocene δ13C shift (and statistically significant at three of the sites). Carbon flux and isotope mass balance considerations illustrate that transfer of organic matter between the terrestrial and marine reservoirs together with enhanced oceanic upwelling best approximates observed changes in carbon isotope records and paleoproductivity. We note that long‐term trend in the Site 846 paleoproductivity record can be correlated to the long‐term trend in the Site 848 eolian flux reconstructions of Hovan (1995) hinting at a link between strengthened wind regime and productivity during the late Miocene.
Oligosaccharides, neoglycoproteins and humanized plastics: their biocatalytic synthesis and possible medical applications
Authors: Nahálka Jozef , Shao Jun , Gemeiner Peter
Published: December 2006

Glycobiology has become one of the fastest growing branches of the biological sciences. Glycomics, which is the study of an organism's entire array of oligosaccharides, is now emerging as the third informatics wave after genomics and proteomics. For example, it is possible to see this progress in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/pathway/map/map01110.html). The interest in this area stems from the realization that carbohydrates, especially oligosaccharides, and their interactions with proteins, play diverse informative roles in all organisms, and that more than half of all proteins are glycosylated. When the biological and pharmaceutical importance of glycoconjugates is considered, it is surprising how little glycobiotechnology has developed. This review reports the latest developments in the biocatalytic synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, with special attention paid to the glycosyltransferase approach. The second part of the review takes the ‘conceptual approach’ and covers possible medical applications of synthesized glycoconjugates. Various new examples of the conjugation of glyco‐informative saccharide sequence to known pharmaceuticals or biomaterials are cited.
Study of static and dynamic first hyperpolarizabilities using time-dependent density functional quadratic response theory with local contribution and natural bond orbital analysis
Authors: Ye Aijun , Autschbach Jochen
Published: December 2006

We apply time-dependent density-functional quadratic response theory to investigate the static and dynamic second-order polarizabilities (first hyperpolarizability) β. A new implementation using Slater-type basis functions, numerical integration, and density fitting techniques is reported. The second order coupled perturbed Kohn-Sham equations are solved and the second-order perturbed charge density is obtained. It is useful to highlight atomic and bond contributions to understand the relation between molecular structure and properties. Four moderately sized molecules (para-nitroaniline and derivatives thereof) are investigated to assess the accuracy of the time-dependent density-functional theory computations and to investigate the distribution of the second-order charge density as well as the “β density.” Our results highlight the contributions from atoms and bonds on different functional groups to the total value of β with Mulliken-type and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses, and demonstrate in some cases how contributions from a particular bond may be identified easily by visual inspection of the β density. In addition, the position of side group substitution on carbon-carbon bonds significantly affects the hyperpolarizability. A contribution analysis as performed here might be helpful for the design of new materials with desired properties.
Fluorescence enhancement of quantum dots enclosed in Au nanopockets with subwavelength aperture
Authors: Liu Gang L. , Kim Jaeyoun , Lu Yu , Lee Luke P.
Published: December 2006

The authors observed strong fluorescence (FL) enhancement from CdSe quantum dots (QDs) partially encapsulated in a smooth Au film with subwavelength apertures. So far, the fluorescence of QDs placed on smooth metallic surfaces has been mostly quenched unless the surface was roughened in nanoscale. The pocketed QD FL emitted through the nanoaperture exhibited up to fivefold enhancement when compared with those from QDs on plain Au or glass surfaces. The enhancement depends strongly on the film thickness and becomes maximized at 50nm. This study shows that the dependence may be closely related to the surface plasmon-polariton characteristics of the Au layer.
Self-diffusion constants in silicon: Ab initio calculations in combination with classical rate theory
Authors: Hwang Chi-Ok
Published: December 2006

We demonstrate that local-density approximation in combination with the dynamical matrix method is a plausible method for calculating diffusion constants in solids. Especially we compute the diffusivity of the neutral self-interstitial in silicon bulk. The climbing image nudged elastic band method is used for the energy barrier and the transition state atomic configuration. The diffusion prefactor is obtained by using a classical rate theory, the dynamical matrix method. We compare with the diffusivity from another alternative way, ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations, at 1500 K. They are in good agreement.
Investigation of deep levels in n-type 4H-SiC epilayers irradiated with low-energy electrons
Authors: Danno Katsunori , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: December 2006

Deep levels in n-type 4H-SiC epilayers have been investigated by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 centers are dominant in as-grown samples. After electron irradiation at 116 keV, by which only carbon atoms may be displaced, the Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 concentrations are significantly increased. The Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 centers are stable up to 1500–1600 °C and their concentrations are decreased by annealing at 1600–1700 °C. In the irradiated samples, the trap concentrations of the Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 centers are increased with the 0.7 power of the electron fluence. The concentrations of the Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 centers are very close to each other in all kinds of samples, as-grown, as-irradiated, and annealed ones, even though the condition of growth, irradiation (energy and fluence), and annealing has been changed. This result suggests that both Z1∕2 and EH6∕7 centers microscopically contain the same defect such as a carbon vacancy.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow under a uniform magnetic field for large-scale structures at high Reynolds number
Authors: Satake Shin-ichi , Kunugi Tomoaki , Takase Kazuyuki , Ose Yasuo
Published: December 2006

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent channel flow with high Reynolds number has been carried out to show the effects of the magnetic field. In this study, the Reynolds number for channel flow based on bulk velocity Ub, viscosity ν, and channel width 2δ was set to be constant; Reb=2δUb∕ν=45818. A uniform magnetic field was applied in the direction of the wall normal. The value of the Hartmann number, Ha were 32.5 and 65, where Ha=2δB0σ∕ρν. The turbulent quantities such as the mean flow, turbulent stress, and turbulent statistics were obtained by DNS. Although the influence of the magnetohydrodynamic dissipation terms in the turbulent kinetic energy budget was small, large-scale turbulent structures, e.g., vertical structures, low-speed streaks, ejection, and sweep, were found to decrease at the central region of the channel. Consequently, the difference between production and dissipation in the turbulent kinetic energy decreased with increasing Hartmann number at the central region and large-scale structures at this region were reduced.
Aggregation-governed oriented growth of inorganic crystals at an organic template
Authors: Kewalramani Sumit , Dommett Geoffrey , Kim Kyungil , Evmenenko Guennadi , Mo Haiding , Stripe Benjamin , Dutta Pulak
Published: December 2006

X-ray studies performed during the growth of CdCO3 and MnCO3 crystals from supersaturated aqueous solutions, at fatty acid monolayer templates, reveal that the nucleates are nearly three-dimensional powders below a threshold supersaturation. However, at higher supersaturations, the crystals are preferentially oriented with the {0 1 2} direction vertical. Scanning electron microscope images of samples transferred to substrates show discrete crystals at low concentrations, while at higher concentrations the crystals self-aggregate to form linear chains and sheets. The authors speculate that preferential alignment at the organic-inorganic interface is enhanced as a consequence of oriented aggregation of crystals. The role of monolayer-ion interactions in governing the morphologies and the resulting orientation of the inorganic nucleate is discussed.
Human lupus autoantibodies against NMDA receptors mediate cognitive impairment
Authors: Kowal Czeslawa , DeGiorgio Lorraine A. , Lee Ji Y. , Edgar Mark A. , Huerta Patricio T. , Volpe Bruce T. , Diamond Betty
Published: December 2006

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus, which often entails cognitive disturbances and memory loss, has become a major complication for lupus patients. Previously, we developed a murine model of neuropsychiatric lupus based on Abs that cross-react with dsDNA and the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). We showed that these murine Abs impair cognition when they access the CNS through a breach in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Because studies show that lupus patients possess anti-NMDAR Abs in their serum and cerebrospinal fluid, we decided to investigate whether these human Abs contribute to cognitive dysfunction. Here, we show that serum with reactivity to DNA and NMDAR extracted from lupus patients elicited cognitive impairment in mice receiving the serum intravenously and given lipopolysaccharide to compromise the BBB integrity. Brain histopathology showed hippocampal neuron damage, and behavioral testing revealed hippocampus-dependent memory impairment. To determine whether anti-NMDAR Abs exist in the brains of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, we eluted IgG from a patient's brain. The IgG bound DNA and NMDAR and caused neuronal apoptosis when injected into mouse brains. We examined four more brains of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus and found that they displayed endogenous IgG colocalizing with anti-NMDAR Abs. Our results indicate that lupus patients have circulating anti-NMDAR Abs capable of causing neuronal damage and memory deficit, if they breach the BBB, and that the Abs exist within patients' brains. Which aspects of neuropsychiatric lupus may be mediated by anti-NMDAR Abs, how often, and in which patients are now important clinical questions.
Multiwalled ice helixes and ice nanotubes
Authors: Bai Jaeil , Wang Jun , Zeng X. C.
Published: December 2006

We report six phases of high-density nano-ice predicted to form within carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high pressure. High-density nano-ice self-assembled within smaller-diameter CNT (17,0) exhibits a double-walled helical structure where the outer wall consists of four double-stranded helixes, which resemble a DNA double helix, and the inner wall is a quadruple-stranded helix. Four other double-walled nano-ices, self-assembled respectively in two larger-diameter CNTs (20,0 and 22,0), display tubular structure. Within CNT (24,0), the confined water can freeze spontaneously into a triple-walled helical nano-ice where the outer wall is an 18-stranded helix and the middle and inner walls are hextuple-stranded helixes.
The Roles and Perspectives of School Mental Health Professionals in Promoting Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Romer Daniel , McIntosh Mary
Published: December 2006

This chapter presents research conducted as part of the Sunnylands Adolescent Mental Health Initiative to gain a greater understanding of the roles and prespectives of school mental health professionals in identifying, treating and preventing mental health problems in adolescents.
John Evershed, 1864-1956
Authors: Stratton Frederick John Marrian
Published: December 2006

John Evershed was born on 26 February 1864 at Gomshall in Surrey. He was the seventh child of John Evershed and Sophia, daughter of David Brent Price of Portsmouth. John Aubrey, F.R.S., in his
History of Surrey
, refers to the Eversheds of Evershed, in the parish of Ockley ‘a family here rather before than since the Conquest’. The earliest member of the family, of whom there is record, was Thomas de Evereshavede, a witness to a charter in 1240. The Eversheds wrere yeoman farmers and have been traced from father to son living on the same farm for 500 years, until 1716, when the last John Evershed of Evershed, Sheriff of Surrey, died without heirs. Evershed’s grandfather, John Evershed of Albury, was descended from a younger branch of the family, who had continued as yeoman farmers in the neighbouring parish of Newdigate. He was the last of the branch to carry on an unbroken family tradition as yeoman farmers in Surrey for over 600 years. Evershed’s maternal great-grandfather kept a shop in Portsmouth where he sold nautical almanacs and charts; he was well known to Nelson. The only relative of Evershed’s of scientific attainments was his brother Sydney, who invented electrical apparatus and electrical measuring instruments for the Navy and carried out researches in permanent magnetism. Evershed was educated at a preparatory school of the Unitarian persuasion at Brighton, where he had Neville Chamberlain as a school-fellow, and at a more advanced school at Croydon, where, as he said ‘by a lucky accident I passed the only examination I have ever been subjected to’. He remembered stealing out of bed at Brighton in the middle of the night to see a fine comet (Coggia 1874). While still at school, when the planet Mars was in a near opposition (1877), he constructed a telescope with odd lenses.
Agnes Arber, 1879-1960
Authors: Thomas Hugh Hamshaw
Published: December 2006

Agnes Arber was born in 1879, the eldest child of a cultured family, whose members achieved distinction in different fields. Her father, Henry Robert Robertson, was an artist of Scottish extraction, whose father, a man of considerable botanical interests, also with gifts as an artist, had a private school at Slough. Her mother, Agnes Lucy Turner, was a descendant of Robert Chamberlain, who founded the china works of Chamberlain & Son at Worcester, and her mother’s relatives included John Davidson, the African explorer, and George Fownes, both of whom were Fellows of the Royal Society. Her brother, Donald Straun Robertson, M.A., F.B.A., was Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge and author of various books on classical subjects. Her sister, Janet Robertson, was a portrait painter. At an early age her mother inspired her with an interest in plants and her father gave her regular drawing lessons from the age of three until she went to school. This early training developed her powers of observation, and laid the foundation of the skill and artistry which later formed such a notable feature of her books and papers.
Harold Spencer Jones, 1890-1960
Authors: Woolley Richard Van Der Riet
Published: December 2006

Harold Spencer Jones was the third child, and eldest son, of Henry Charles Jones, an accountant, and Sarah Ryland, who had been a schoolmistress. He was born in Kensington on 29 March 1890 and exhibited as a child a remarkable interest in mathematics. He was encouraged in his mathematical interests by his parents, and went to Latymer Upper School, from which he won a scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge. He took a First Class in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos in 1909, and was a Wrangler in Part II of the Tripos in 1911. He then read Part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos, in Physics, and again secured a First. He was second Smith’s Prizeman in 1913 and Isaac Newton Student in 1912. In 1913 he was elected to a Fellowship in Jesus College. In 1913 he was appointed Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory, which was then at Greenwich, where he remained for ten years, with some interruption occasioned by the 1914-1918 war. During Spencer Jones’s first period at Greenwich he went to Russia with C. R. Davidson to observe the eclipse of 1914. He wrote several papers on a subject which remained one of great interest to him, namely the variation of latitude, as observed by the Cookson floating telescope. He also made a determination of the photographic magnitude scale of the North Polar Sequence. In the midst of these activities, he was appointed to the office of H.M. Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope, taking up office in 1923. He was, of course, a young man to be appointed to such a position, in which he was director of a large observatory.
Alick Isaacs, 1921-1967
Authors: Andrewes Christopher Howard
Published: December 2006

Medical research has suffered a sad blow in the death at the early age of 45 of Alick Isaacs, the discoverer of interferon and one of Britain’s leading virologists. ‘His paternal grandparents, Barnet Galinsky and Leah Schreiber, hailed from the small towns of Saki and Tels in Lithuania, where, so far as is known, their ancestors had lived for generations as peasants and small traders. Alick’s grandmother, whom he knew well in his boyhood, was a shrewd and kindly woman. About the year 1880 anti-Semitic oppression, which had long been a feature of the Lithuanian scene, was intensified and many Jews, Alick’s grandparents among them, fled the country. On arrival in England, unable to speak the language, Alick’s grandfather gave his name to the immigration officials as Barnet the son of Isaac, and thus received the English surname Isaacs. At first he settled in Leeds where he worked as a tailor’s presser. It was there that he married and that Alick’s father Louis, the first of the five children of the marriage, was born in 1890. Soon after, his parents moved to Wigan and then to Glasgow, where the family settled in the Gorbals area. Barnet was barely able to support his family, and at the age of 12 Louis left school and started work as a butcher’s message boy. Louis was everything that his father was not—intelligent, ambitious, cheerful and hard-working. From his earliest days he was determined to drag his family from the poverty in which they lived and to attain the standards of material and cultural well-being which he saw around him.
Walter Stiles, 1886-1966
Authors: James William Owen
Published: December 2006

Walter Stiles was born on 23 August 1886 at Shepherd’s Bush, Hammersmith. He was the eldest child of the family and had one sister born three years later. Both his parents were Londoners. His father, Walter Stiles (1861-1938), was an artist who worked in wood and clay and whose work ornamented many large houses in London and elsewhere. His mother was Elizabeth Sarah Stiles (
née
Dury; 1859-1943). His grandfather, James Stiles, was a corn merchant of Pimlico and the family appears previously to have been long settled in Kent in the neighbourhood of Cobham. James’s brother, Walter Stiles, at Cobham, was the grandfather of Walter Stanley Stiles, F.R.S. On 7 July 1920 Walter Stiles married Edith Ethel May Harwood at St Mary’s Church, Stamford Brook, Hammersmith. Her parents came from the West Country, her father from Wiltshire and her mother from Dorset. There were two children; Walter born in 1922 and Ruth Mary born in 1927. The son graduated in physics at the University of Birmingham and now works on irrigation problems as a member of the staff of the Grassland Research Institute, Hurley, Berkshire. The daughter, after graduating at Birmingham in Spanish and Portuguese, went on to the University of Madrid and is now a lecturer in Spanish at Torquay Technical College. Stiles’s education commenced at the public elementary school in Westville Road, Shepherd’s Bush (1890-1897). He then, with the assistance of L.C.C. junior and intermediate scholarships, went to Latymer Upper School, Hammersmith, of which he afterwards wrote in enthusiastic terms. Very much, he said, was due to the wisdom of the headmaster, the Reverend C. J. Smith, who, from a modest beginning in 1895, raised the school to a leading position among the grammar schools of London. Personally, he felt that he owed a great deal to the teaching of the Mathematics and Senior Science Master, G. M. Grace, who was a source of inspiration to his pupils. Contemporary with Stiles were Harold Spencer Jones, later F.R.S. and Astronomer Royal; G. K. Livers, afterwards Professor of Mathematics at University College, Cardiff; and D. Orson Wood, for many years an Editor of
Science Progress
.
Vernon Herbert Blackman, 1872-1967
Authors: Porter Helen Kemp
Published: December 2006

V. H. Blackman’s academic career spanned an era during which botany became an experimental subject and the interpretation of plant behaviour in terms of contemporary chemistry, physics and mathematics was an exciting new prospect. In Britain during the latter part of the nineteenth century, as he himself remarked, classification was pursued with an enthusiasm which almost excluded other aspects of botany; a circumstance attributed to the expansion of Empire which gave access to many new floras. Blackman belonged to the generations of men whose schooling was entirely in the classical tradition but who yet became professors of science subjects. In the nineteenth century such men expected to teach and discuss every aspect of their chosen discipline and prosecution of research was not an obligation for the teacher; the incentive was curiosity and the reward intellectual. Vocational opportunities were limited to the small university community, the schools and the herbaria of the state institutions. The men who accepted these posts were usually characterized by a strict sense of duty, a high standard of integrity, and a respect for learning. In the university they had almost complete freedom of action and time to think. Blackman was a fastidious and somewhat shy man who maintained the exacting standards of such scholars. He was always immaculate in appearance, unfailingly courteous and never apparently hurried. He trusted his staff and students absolutely and in an effortless and perhaps unconscious manner exercised a remarkable and benign authority which served to impress on those who worked with him, to their lasting benefit, the value of his tenets. Vernon Herbert Blackman was born on 8 January 1872 at a house in York Road, Lambeth, near Waterloo Station. His father, Frederick Blackman, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., practised medicine in the area which included slum streets into which his sisters were not allowed.
Rupert Edward Cecil Lee Guinness, Second Earl of Iveagh, 1874-1967
Authors: Kay Herbert Davenport
Published: December 2006

The early archives of the Royal Society contain a substantial proportion of contributions dealing with the application of ‘natural knowledge’ to the improvement of agriculture. The Georgical Committee, with its title of obvious derivation, was appointed in March 1664, and consisted of no less than 32 Fellows—then a large fraction of the existing Fellowship. It concerned itself with both experience and experiment in relation to soil fertility and to good husbandry practice, seeking the new knowledge necessary to improve crop yields and the quality of agricultural produce. Later, two Fellows, Viscount Townshend (‘Turnip Townshend’) of Raynham in Norfolk (1674-1738) and the Marquess of Rockingham (1730-1782), had sufficient capital and drive to carry into practice on their large estates some of the more promising results that were slowly accumulating, derived either from their own or from previous experiments. It was increasingly realized among such Fellows and their friends also interested in agricultural progress that to improve the yields of farm crops and to produce better farm animals, studies of the underlying botany, soil science, physiology and medicine were essential. In this enterprising company of ‘improvers’ the second Lord Iveagh would not have found himself a stranger.
Edward Foyle Collingwood, 1900 - 1970
Authors: Cartwright Mary Lucy , Hayman Walter Kurt
Published: December 2006

Edward Foyle Collingwood was born on 17 January 1900 at Lilburn Tower, near Wooler, Northumberland, and died suddenly of a heart attack at Lilburn Tower on 25 October 1970. He came of a very old Northumberland family whose roots go back before 1600 and branches of it spread all over the country, but what is of much greater significance from the scientific point of view is that he was descended from John, the third brother of Admiral Lord Collingwood of Caldbourne and Hethpool, the two older brothers dying without issue. John’s only son, Edward John, bought Lilburn Tower in 1842 from the trustees of H. J. W. Collingwood of Cornhill, and was succeeded one after another by his three sons, Edward John, a bachelor who died in 1903, Arthur Burdett who died without issue in 1927, and Colonel Cuthbert George who had lived at Glanton Pyke and moved to Lilburn Tower in 1928. He immediately handed over the Lilburn Estates to his eldest son, Edward Foyle, the subject of this notice, who was in fact only three generations removed from the Admiral. Edward Foyle Collingwood’s mother Dorothy, still living at the time of writing, is the daughter of the Rev. William Fawcett of Somerford Keynes, Gloucestershire, and the name Foyle recalls her grandmother who was coheiress with her sister of the Somerford Keynes estate, and his mother was always a strong influence in the family. Three other sons were born in quick succession so that they formed a close-knit family and were able to do together all the usual country sports and pastimes of boys and did them well, especially shooting and fishing. Edward went to Osborne in 1913, Dartmouth in 1914, and a year later joined the Navy as a midshipman in H.M.S.
Collingwood
(by special arrangement). Two of his brothers survive him, Group Captain C. J. Collingwood who followed him through Osborne and Dartmouth just one year behind, and the youngest, Lieutenant-General Sir George Collingwood.
Kathleen Lonsdale, 28 January 1903 - 1 April 1971
Authors: Hodgkin Dorothy Mary Crowfoot
Published: December 2006

Kathleen Yardley was born in Newbridge, Southern Ireland, on 28 January 1903. She once wrote: ‘Perhaps, for my sake, it was as well that there was no testimony against a high birth rate in those days.’ She was the youngest of ten children, four girls and six boys. Her family was poor, at times wretchedly so. Four of her brothers died in infancy. Her father, Harry Frederick Yardley, had left his own family at the age of ten, becoming first a telegraph boy and then a postman. He married in 1889 (aged thirty-one) and is described on the marriage certificate as ‘Lobby Office Post office, batchelor, son of Daniel Yardley, deed., tailor’. He joined the army through the City of London Volunteers and fought in the South African war, finally becoming regimental sergeant major. There is a family tradition that he received special commendation on discharge for improvements he had introduced in firing techniques. Kathleen was born when he returned from the wars to Ireland to be postmaster in charge of a staff of six at Newbridge post office; this was near to the Curragh camp and dealt with the mail for the Black and Tans. He was an intelligent man, read widely from books he had picked up from junk stalls on almost any subject, the antiquities of Peru, the birds of Western Australia, encyclopaedias, anything that took his fancy. In later years he lived apart from his family (for a time in charge of the post office at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire), he visited them only occasionally, then very often quarrelling with them. He drank at times and kept his wife chronically short of money: all the children were persuaded by their mother at an early age to ‘sign the pledge’. It now seems possible that his irritability was due to diabetes which he contracted before it could be treated by insulin. He retired early, owing to ill health, when Kathleen was twelve, and died of Bright’s disease when she was twenty. Kathleen wrote: ‘I think he was fond of us and did not know how to show it. I wish that I could have been fonder of him. I think that it was from him that I inherited my passion for facts.’
Robert Robinson, 13 September 1886 - 8 February 1975
Authors: Todd Alexander Robertus , Cornforth John Warcup
Published: December 2006

In Sir Robert Robinson’s long career he occupied an unusually large number of important positions in different academic centres and carried out a prodigious amount of research on a variety of topics in organic chemistry. In preparing a biographical memoir it soon became clear to the authors that it would be in the interest of clarity if personal biography and the description of his scientific contributions could be separated; this we have endeavoured to do.