bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Investigating the Relation between Change and Initial Value in Longitudinal Blood Pressure Data: II. Comparison with Other Methods
Authors: Blomqvist Nils , Svärdsudd Kurt
Published: July 2017

Whether initial value affects blood pressure change or not is of interest in longitudinal blood pressure studies. The change/initial value relationship is. however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon, as blood pressure measurements contain random errors (short-term intn-individual variation and measurement errors). Two methods (here called C and D) of avoiding this bias have earlier been proposed and used in population studies in South Wales and Framingham, with conflicting results. In the preceding paper a new method of avoiding the bias has been presented. In the present paper a comparison of the new method with the two earlier is made by applying them to the same data set. Method C indicates, as in South Wales, a highly significant positive relationship, while method D (as in Framingham) and the new method give a regression coefficient close to zero. The structure of the three methods is analysed. Method C is shown to be valid only under very restricted conditions and is best avoided. Method D gives a fairly accurate result, but underestimates the coefficient by approximately 30% in this case. The new method proposed seems to be the best method hitherto for this kind of analysis.
Work and Disability at the Age of 30 Years: A Sociomedical Study of a Birth-cohort frorm Bergen: III. Disability as related to medical, psychological and educational background
Authors: Kinge Finn Olav
Published: July 2017

This article deals with occupational disability at the age of 30 years, seen in the light of medical, psychological and educational background. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. This birth-cohort was followed-up in the compulsory school system at age 14 years, and again at age 30 years, concluding at 1st June 1971. Only those of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971, a total of 1331 persons, are included in the present analysis. The diagnoses discussed are based on data obtained from disability pension case records, from the National Insurance Institution files and from the Public Welfare office files. Results of medical and psychological examinations made on a stratified random sample of the cohort are also used. Thirty-seven persons (2.8%) of the total of 1331 were found to be disabled according to the criteria set for this study. The prevailing primary diagnosis was mental disorder, as 25 of the disabled had this diagnosis, oligophrenia being dominant. The former pupils in the different types of compulsory school attended at age 14 years show a frequency of disability at age 30 years as follows: junior high school 0.8%, continuation school 1.3%, elementary school classes for slow learners 10.7%. special schools for the educable mentally retarded 32.7%, and receiving services for the mentally retarded, 97.0%
Mortality by Marital Status and Social Class in Finland during 1969–1971: Mortality from Natural and Violent Causes
Authors: Koskenvuo Markku , Sarna Seppo , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: July 2017

In this paper a study of the distribution of mortality rates by social class and marital status for men and women in three age groups (25–44, 45–64 and 65–84) is presented. Natural and violent causes of death are analysed separately. The death certificates of Finnish citizens for the years 1969. 1970 and 1971 (totalling 137780) were analysed and mortality rates standardized using as reference population the data from the 1970 census. It is shown that certain combinations of social class and marital status can be considered as significant risk factors for mortality in the Finnish population.
Unemployment and Hospitalization among Bricklayers
Authors: Lajer Matilde
Published: July 2017

677 active members of the bricklayers' trade union in Aarhus have been investigated with regard to unemployment and hospitalization during the period April 1, 1972–March 31, 1978. Information concerning unemployment was obtained through the bricklayers' trade union, and information about hospitalization from the hospital administration registry of three counties of Northern Jutland and from the Danish Central Psychiatric Register. Using logit analysis it was found that admission to a hospital increased the risk of unemployment, and that unemployment increased the risk of hospitalization. Admission to a psychiatric department appeared within a latency period of 0–1 years. A latency period of 1/2–1 1/2 years was observed before admission to a medical department. Admission to a surgical department occurred 1/2–2 1/2 years after accumulated unemployment. The risk of admission to a psychiatric department was seven times as high for bricklayers who have been unemployed more than 50% of the time compared with those who have been unemployed less of the time, although the calculation was based on relatively few individuals. The risk of admission to medical wards was twice as high, and the risk of admission to surgical wards was almost twice as high among those with much unemployment.
Mortality Studies in Unskilled and Semi-Skilled Workers in Denmark
Authors: Lynge Elsebeth , Jeune Bernard
Published: July 2017

Results from two Danish studies on mortality among male unskilled and semi-skilled workers are compared. The first study is based on union data, the second study on census data. Apparently conflicting results are found to be identical after making adjustment for differences in the study populations and standard populations. The male unskilled and semi-skilled workers have an excess mortality in the younger age groups which decreases with increasing age.
Incidence of Disability Pensions among Slaughterhouse Workers in Denmark
Authors: Hansen Niels Sten , Jeune Bernard
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study was to examine whether slaughterhouse workers (SW) in Denmark have a higher incidence of disability than expected in comparison with the general population and the sub-group of the population that is gainfully employed, especially with regard to pensions awarded for incapacity related to the musculo-skeletal system. There were 122 male SW who were awarded disability pensions (medium or high level of compensation) in the 3-year period 1977–79 as compared with the expected figure, 152.3 ( p<0.05) and 40 disability pensions awarded to female SW as compared with 30.7 (0.05 p<0.10). In men the Standardized Disability Ratio (SDR) increases with age. High SDRs are observed for diagnosis in the musculo-skeletal system for both sexes. The difference between observed and expected values does not change appreciably when the expected values are calculated on the basis of age-specific incidence rates among all actively employed people. Problems of the study design and selection bias are discussed to facilitate the interpretation of results. A possible deleterious effect of meatpacking on the musculo-skeletal system calls for further investigation.
Social Factors and Life Events as Predictors for Children's Health
Authors: Aagaard Jørgen
Published: July 2017

During a period of one year information concerning social background, life events and diseases of children (aged 1—14) admitted to a paediatric department had been obtained. One year after this index hospitalization, information concerning the children's present state of health was obtained. Forty (13%) had been readmitted to hospital during the follow-up year, and the parents of 72 children (23%) reported that their child's present state of health was poor. A multivariate predictor analysis was performed. The associations discovered suggest 1) that the selected social or psycho-social factors do not appear to be of considerable importance for prediction of readmission to hospital, 2) that “poor health” in the children has a very complex prediction pattern, partly due to disease variables, partly due to indices of unfavourable family background.
Geographical and Socioeconomic Distribution of Physical Activity at Work and Leisure Time and Its Relation to Morbidity in a Swedish Rural County
Authors: Haglund Bo J. A.
Published: July 2017

The article is an account of physical activity at work and during leisure time in a Swedish rural county based on a cross-sectional study of a selection of 7986 individuals in the age range 25–75, at 5-year intervals. 70% of the men and 71% of the women participated in the study—carried out in the spring of 1977—comprising a health examination and a combined inquiry/interview poll. 50% of the men and 22% of the women perform either moderately heavy or heavy work, with little variation between age groups. 20% of the men and 8% of the women engage in regular physical exercise and hard training. 14% of the men and 15% of the women are inactive during their leisure hours. Physical activity at work and physical exercise habits vary in different municipalities. Thus in the rural districts, physical activity at work is greater than elsewhere. Any differences between municipalities disappeared after adjustment for age, sex and occupation. Greater physical activity at work is positively correlated to somatic disturbances, one being a high diastolic blood pressure. A high level of physical activity in leisure time is correlated to low total morbidity of somatic disorders and fewer mental disturbances—irrespective of age, sex, physical activity at work and socioeconomic group. An astonishing finding is that there is no correlation between physical activity during leisure time and at work. Nevertheless, there are differences between socioeconomic groups regarding physical activity during leisure hours. Civil servants are those characterized as most active.
Corporate Reported Sick Leave and its Relationship with Education, Responsibility and Blood Pressure
Authors: Malmgren Sture , Andersson Gunnar
Published: July 2017

The investigation group included all 1313 employees of SAAB-SCANIA, Linköping, in the age group 50–59 years. In 1975 they were called during their working hours to the company's Physical Training Centre to be assessed. This investigation included measurements such as systolic blood pressure, height, weight and certain anthropometric measurements. Other information was obtained from the personnel records about sex, age, type of employment, educational grade, degree of responsibility, and reported sick leave in 1974 and 1975 for the workers, and between 1970 and 1975 for the salaried employees. The total number of drop-outs was 238, or 18%. Sick leave is mainly a problem of the long-term absence of a minority of employees with an ever-increasing rate of absence. Sick leave among the salaried employees decreases in relation to higher education and increased responsibility. A high level of responsibility and education characterizes a low-risk group, whereas little responsibility and a low level of education denote a high-risk group with regard to blood pressure and sick leave. A disparity—low education and medium responsibility—has earlier been described as denoting a high risk of psychosomatic diseases. In this study they showed a rate of absence lower than the average at the same time as the blood pressure is above the average.
Alcohol, Patient Compliance and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Tuomilehto Jaakko , Enlund Hannes , Salonen Jukka T. , Nissinen Aulikki
Published: July 2017

The association of self-reported use of alcohol with blood pressure and compliance with antihypertensive medication was studied in a randomly selected population sample in eastern Finland. We found a positive correlation between reported use of alcohol and diastolic blood pressure level and a negative correlation with the reduction of diastolic blood pressure during a five-year treatment. These correlations were independent of age, gender, and blood pressure level 5 years earlier. The use of alcohol was associated, especially in men, with poor compliance with antihypertensive medication. In addition to a possible direct contribution to high blood pressure, alcohol intake resulted in an inadequate control of blood pressure in male hypertensive patients by lowering patient compliance.
The Social and Gynaecological Background of 218 Sterilized Women
Authors: Børdahl Per E.
Published: July 2017

This is the first part of a longitudinal follow-up study of 218 consecutively sterilized women. The operations were performed at the Gynaecological Department of Akershus Central Hospital during the period May 22nd 1973 to February 1, 1974. The mean age of the women was 33.5 years, their mean parity 2.8. They could not be distinguished from the women of the same age in the county at large with regard to incomes, education or housing conditions. The usage of contraception was widespread, but not consistent. Fifty-eight per cent of the operations were performed postabortion, 69% of the women had at least one, 21% at least two induced abortions before the sterilization. Family planning was the predominant stated motive for sterilization, and the present study indicates that the sterilization legislation of 1934 was outdated some years before it was succeeded by a new law. Sterilization was suggested by the doctor in 40%, at abortion application in 30%.
Oral Health in Finland and the Soviet Union
Authors: Nyyssönen Viljo , Paunio Ilkka , Borovsky Jevgenij
Published: July 2017

To develop the functions of a health care system it is essential to compare and evaluate the systems of different countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the importance of collaborative studies in the field of epidemiology. In countries with similar social systems the basis for health care is usually the same. Comparison of health care in such countries is relatively easy because in most cases the criteria for functions, diagnosis, etc. are similar. Comparison of countries having different bases for health care and different philosophies of research is much more complicated and time-consuming. Soviet health care, including oral health care, is based on community responsibility and has complex prophylaxis as its main emphasis. In the USSR there are no private dentists. All dental services are available at polyclinics located either near the place of residence or at the work place. In Finland there are two separate systems for oral health care. Children up to the age of 18 and some special groups of the adult population (pregnant women, military recruits, and students) are treated in municipal polyclinics (called health centres in Finland). Otherwise, the adult population is treated mainly by private dentists. The study will be carried out in three towns in Finland and six towns in the USSR. The aim of this study is to describe the causal epidemiology of dental caries among children 6 to 7, 9 and 12 years old in Finland and the Soviet Union. In addition, certain measures and compounds for caries prevention will be tested during 3 years of follow-up. Our results will help the authorities of both countries to develop and replan the functions of communal dental care for the populations included in this study.
Survival Rates among Seventh Day Adventists Compared with the General Population in Poland
Authors: Jedrychowski Wieslaw , Tobiasz-Adamczyk Beata , Olma Antoni , Gradzikiewicz Piotr
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the work was to test the hypothesis that the survival rate is higher among the Seventh Day Adventists (SDA) than in the general population of Poland, because of the strictly respected customs adhered to by members of this church community, such as abstinence from smoking and from alcohol. The data on life expectancy in the SDA community covered a total of 236 members of this denomination in Kraków (86 males and 150 females). The survival probability rates were estimated by the life table method, for both men and women separately, and were subsequently compared with the corresponding parameters of the Polish Life Tables. Over a period of 10 years, in which these data were studied, there were 11 deaths in males and 24 deaths in females. Mean age at death was 71.9 years among men and 75.1 among women. The survival curves traced over the age groups of both sexes of SDA members were fairly similar, but they were markedly higher than in the general population of Poland. In the general population the survival rates for people over 40 years old were higher in females than in males, whereas no corresponding sex differences in rates concerning SDA members were observed. The greater benefit in life expectancy is gained in the SDA group in comparison with men in the general population. This is attributable to their abstinence from very harmful habits, otherwise more widespread in this sex group.
Who Were Reached by and Participated in a One Year Newspaper Health Information Campaign?
Authors: Malmgren Sture , Andersson Gunnar
Published: July 2017

In 1977–1978 the newspaper Östgöta Correspondenten (Corren) had a one year campaign for better health. The campaign was called “Piggare med Corren” (Get fit with the Corren) and included anti-smoking, dietary and exercise components. It was given great publicity in the newspaper. The purposes of this investigation were to examine the changes in dietary, exercise and smoking habits of the registered participants, the effects on well-being related to those changes, and to determine the effects of the campaign on the whole population of the city of Linköping. This article focuses upon questionnaire response, dropout and participation. Information on the registrants was collected by registration forms, monthly reports, fitness tests and questionnaires. 62% answered the questionnaire. Those who did not return the questionnaire were also studied. Most of the people in Linköping knew of the campaign, but only a small number registered (2.5%). There was greater response among women between the ages of 30–49; and less among those who had poor dietary, exercise or smoking habits. Most inclined to answer the questionnaires were those who had comparatively better exercise and smoking habits before the campaign. This group also improved their exercise habits and capacities for absorbing oxygen (VO2 max).
Twinning Rates by Residence in Denmark 1978 to 1982
Authors: Olsen Jørn , Knudsen Lisbeth B.
Published: July 2017

It has been suggested in the literature that twinning rates are reduced by psychosocial stress associated with urban life. No support for this hypothesis was found in a study based upon the 5762 twins and 280158 singletons that were born in Denmark in the period 1978 to 1982.
Wearing of Spectacles and Occurrence of Ocular Symptoms in Close Work in Different Occupations
Authors: Pärssinen O. , Kirjonen J. , Saari K. M.
Published: July 2017

To study the wearing of spectacles in different occupations we sent a questionnaire to all 26- and 46-year-old people (altogether 3 337 subjects) in the Jyväskylä district. 69% in the older age group and 42% in the younger age group had spectacles. Women wore spectacles more often than men. There was a correlation between the use of spectacles and accurate occupational close work. The proportion of those wearing spectacles was highest in subjects working, at least partly, with Visual Display Units (VDU). Farmers, industrial workers and service personnel wore spectacles less often than those in other occupations.

In the older age group 70% and in the younger age group 11% of the subjects considered that they do not have good near vision without spectacles. Of those who used spectacles, 90% in the older and 52% in the younger age group reported that their near vision is better with spectacles than without them. In both age groups there was a positive correlation between the use of spectacles and the duration of daily close work.

Subjective ocular symptoms occurred equally in different close work categories in the younger age group. In the older age group, those doing VDU work and reading and writing work had less symptoms of eye problems than those in other job categories.
Perinatal Epidemiology—A Nordic Challenge
Authors: Bakketeig Leiv S.
Published: July 2017

The focus within perinatal epidemiology has to a large extent been on death and survival as the measures of outcome and less so on measures of morbidity. Too few studies have related perinatal events to measures of health beyond the infancy period, even in the Nordic countries where infant populations may easily be followed through time. Medical birth registries have been established in all the Nordic countries over the period 1967 (Norway) through 1987 (Finland). Unique ID-numbers facilitate linkage within and between these registries as well as record linkages with other data sets. Although outstanding examples of such research exist within perinatal epidemiology, till now we have not taken enough advantage of these valuable sources of data. In the Nordic countries three main areas of perinatal epidemiology would seem to attract considerable attention in the years to come. One area is the study of the association between social factors and adverse outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth. Studies based on record linkages of health registry and census data have recently revealed associations of a kind and magnitude which till now obviously have been disregarded in the Nordic countries. Two other areas of research are longitudinal studies where perinatal exposure is linked with health effects later in life or in later generations. Such studies will be feasible with increasing years of observation of the individuals included in the medical birth registries and the possibilities of generation studies will open up as our registries age.
The Accordance of Diagnoses in a Computerized Sick-Leave Register with Doctor's Certificates and Medical Records
Authors: Ljungdahl Lars O. , Bjurulf Per
Published: July 2017

A register has been built for planned epidemiological studies of sick-leave, containing all cases exceeding 6 days in a population of 184,000, over a period of 3 years. The diagnoses were coded from medical certificates. To assess the quality of this information this study reviews the medical certificates of 2,364 cases. In 299 cases the corresponding medical records are reviewed and independent diagnoses made. The coding and entering of data into the register is correct in 98% of cases. The independently-made diagnoses match exactly the ones registered in 50% of cases. When grouping the diagnoses into 39 groups, the match on group level is 72%. Ten percentage points of the mismatch are caused by specified overlaps between groups. The remaining 18% mismatch is caused mainly by different interpretations or unspecific labelling of the disease states, not so much by them being obscure in themselves or by doctors covering up unpleasant diagnoses.
Are Geographical Differences in Cardiovascular Mortality Due to Morbidity Differences or to Methodological Differences? The Project “Myocardial Infarction in Mid-Sweden”
Authors: Nerbrand Christina , Svärdsudd Kurt , Hörte Lars-Gunnar , Tibblin Gösta
Published: July 2017

Geographical variations in cardiovascular mortality have been reported from Mid-Sweden. IHD mortality for men aged 45–64 was 60% higher in the western part than in the east. Mortality from stroke for men aged 45–74 was 73% higher on the west. Similar differences were found for women. One possible explanation could be that there are no incidence differences but that the mortality differences are due to different survival rates or to difffences certifying the cause of death. These two possible explanations were tested in this study. Data for all patients hospitalised during the 10-year period 1972–1981 for myocardial infarction or stroke in a high mortality area, the County of Värmland in the west, and a low mortality area, the County of Uppsala in the east, were collected. In addition, a substudy was performed where the basis for the death certificate diagnosis was studied. The western area generally had a higher case fatality rate than the eastern. However, a larger proportion of the deaths the eastern area, occurred outside hospital, so that the net effect would be that the differences found were not large enough to explain the mortality differences. The autopsy rate in the western part was lower than in the east but since a larger protortion af the deaths occurred in hospital the rank order for IHD and stoke mortality between east and west was the same whether all IHD or stroke deaths were counted or only those considered the most well documented.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Occupation in Denmark
Authors: Skov Torsten , Lynge Elsebeth
Published: July 2017

An analysis was made of the occurrence in Denmark of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men and women by socioeconomic group and detailed occupation, using a linkage between cancer registry data on incidence (1970–1980) and census data on industry and occupation (1970). No socioeconomic gradient in the risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was found. Significantly increased relative risks were found in a number of detailed occupational groups including female physicians, female family workers in retail trade and transport; and male fitters, and gold, silver, and electroplate workers in metal industry. Also male cowmen experienced a significantly increased risk, whereas the risk was not increased for farming in general. Tabulations of clusters of detailed occupational groups suggested that groups with potential exposure to infections and chemical agents may experience an increased risk for NHL.
Cancer Incidence among Icelandic Farmers 1977–1987
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir Hólmfriour , Rafnsson Vilhjálmur
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the present study was to describe the cancer pattern in a cohort of farmers in Iceland and to compare their cancer incidence to that of other Icelandic males. This is a retrospective cohort study. The study population was obtained from a register at the Farmers' Pension Fund and comprised 5922 men. Viewed as a whole the cohort shows a significant lower incidence for all tumours than expected. The same is true of SIR for cancer of colon, lung, prostate, bladder and other urinary organs with SIR of 47, 41, 71 and 51, respectively. However, some etiologic factors may contribute to the increased risk of some cancer sites among farmers. There was an excess for Hodgkin's disease SIR 251, and for cancer of lips, skin (excl. melanomas), nervous system, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia with SIR of 183, 150, 128, 142 and 151, respectively, however not statistically significant. The authors suggest that something in farmers lifestyle protects them from various kinds of cancer.
Occupational Cervico-Brachial Disorders among Dentists Psychosocial work Environment, Personal Harmony and Life-Satisfaction
Authors: Rundcrantz Britta-Lena , Johnsson Birgitta , Moritz Ulrich , Roxendal Gertrud
Published: July 2017

The aim of the investigation was to compare dentists with and without occupational cervico-brachial disorders with regard to some psychosocial variables (work environment, personal harmony and life-satisfaction) and professional position. The investigation is based on a questionnaire sent to 143 randomly selected official dentists in Malmöhus District and the Municipality of Malmö. Of these, 96 dentists had symptoms while 47 had not. Dentists with symptoms showed less satisfaction with their work environment than dentists without. Those with symptoms experienced their work load as being more unsatisfactory, were more burdened by anxiety, had poorer psychosomatic health and less confidence in the future than dentists without symptoms. These differences were significant between the groups. It was found that specialists, both with and without cervico-brachial symptoms, were more satisfied with their psychosocial work environment than general practitioners, especially regarding their personal control over their work and the stimulation of their work. The specialists also had more self-confidence and experienced less anxiety than general practitioners and head dentists.
Premature Deaths among Men in a Swedish Municipality—Social Characteristics Prior to Death
Authors: Hallberg Hans , Mattsson Bengt
Published: July 2017

Premature deaths among 91 men in a Swedish municipality were analyzed regarding social class, immigrant status and their contacts with the Social Services because of alcohol abuse. Unskilled manual workers were overrepresented (54% versus 28% in an age-adjusted male reference group) and self-employed (other than professionals) were under-represented (4% versus 15%). The job situation was, however, rather stable and low unemployment (1%) was at hand. The proportion of men born in Finland was high (20%). All men in this group belonged to the lowest social class. Single men (ummarried or divorced) were overrepresented compared to the Swedish group (72% versus 40%). Cardio-vascular disease was a common cause of death among the Finnish men (56% versus 36%). Combining medical and social data revealed alcohol abuse among 40% of the 91 men (50% among the Finnish and 37% among the Swedish men). The most complete information was given by the primary health care records where 89% with alcohol abuse were identified, which is a high proportion compared to other studies. Only 28% were considered to have alcohol abuse according to the Social Services.
A Survey on the use of Alternative Drugs During Pregnancy
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Mäntyranta Taina , Malin Maili , Koponen Päivikki
Published: July 2017

Objective. To describe the use of alternative drugs during pregnancy. Design. A trial including 3 surveys on drug use during pregnancy in maternity centers in one area of Finland in 1985–86 (study 1), and a retrospective survey in 2 maternity hospitals in Finland in 1988 (study 2). Patients and methods. Study 1: 2912 pregnant women (about 94% of pregnant women in the area during the study period); 97–88% returned questionnaires. Study 2: 180 out of 181 consecutive women giving birth. In study 1, drug use (including drug-like products) in the last two weeks was asked by questionnaires around 12th, 28th, and 36th gestation weeks. In study 2, women were interviewed 2–3 days after birth asking about any drugs used during pregnancy. Due to the method of asking, our studies underestimate the level of using alternative drugs. Results. In study 1, a total of 97 (3.6%) pregnant women reported use of alternative drugs. Most drugs were dietary supplements, and by current knowledge harmless. But a few women had used (potentially) dangerous drugs. The users were from the higher social class and they had also used pharmaceutical specialties more often than non-users. In study 2, 14% had used alternative drugs at some time during pregnancy. Conclusion. Because our surveys showed that alternative drugs are used, possibly with increasing frequency, during pregnancy, further studies on safety are needed.
Epidemiological Research Needs Access to Data
Authors: Helgason Tómas
Published: July 2017

Data protection laws and their implementation have led to serious restrictions on access to personal data for research purposes. This seriously affects the development of social medicine and public health by making effective prevention of illness, and rational planning of health services, and their evaluation impossible in many instances. The conflict between people's need for knowledge about prevention and cure of illness and the control over personal data must be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to change the laws and ensure access to data for research use in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the European Science Foundation.
An Update on Knowledge and Sexual Behaviour Among Students in Greenland
Authors: Werdelin Lillian , Misfeldt Jens , Melbye Mads , Olsen Jørn
Published: July 2017

Greenland is a considered high risk area for a self-sustained heterosexual HIV-epidemic due to rather relaxed sexual norms in larger segments of the population and a high incidence of sexual transmitted diseases. However, the prevalence of HIV-positives is still low. As part of a monitoring programme longitudinal studies of young peoples' knowledge and sexual behaviour has been established. This paper presents results from the second survey among all students in vocational training and all 10th grade students in the public schools. Previous studies were performed in 1988 and 1989. The present study which took place in April 1991 involved a total of 1201 students, or about 85% of all students in the target groups (95% among students present on the day of surveying). Data collection was based upon standardized self-administered questionnaires. The study showed better knowledge than previously but no marked change in sexual habits. The age of sexual début even appeared to be decreasing. More than half reported a sexual début before the age of 15. More than 20% reported 10 sexual partners or more within the last year. HIV has still not reached the young population in Greenland but when it happens the present sexual behaviour carries a high risk of a self-sustained epidemic.
The Nordland Health Study
Authors: Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Stensvold Inger , Fylkesnes Knut , Kristiansen Ivar S. , Thelle Dag S.
Published: July 2017

In 1988/89, 10,497 men and women aged 40–42 were invited to a health screening in the County of Nordland in northern Norway. The screening procedure comprised completion of a questionnaire, measurement of blood pressure, weight, height and collection of a non-fasting blood sample. Eighty-two percent of the invited population attended the screening. They were given another questionnaire which covered a broad spectrum of relevant topics. Eighty-seven percent of the attenders returned this questionnaire by mail. Non-attenders to the screening tended to be single. Non-responders to the second questionnaire did not differ much from responders, the most consistent finding was a slightly higher heart rate in non-responders. Non-responding men had somewhat higher serum total cholesterol and tended to be smokers.
Application of a shape memory alloy in a smart thermal clutch or brake
Authors: Fawcett J N , Burdess J S
Published: July 2017

The use of a shape memory alloy sensor in a novel emergency brake is described. Tests on a prototype unit fitted to a conveyer roller show that it is capable of bringing the roller rapidly to rest should a bearing overheat. The basic design can be used to provide a very cheap emergency brake with a high torque capacity and requires no electrical power to hold the brake in the off condition.
Evaluating the Effect of Temperature and Vapor Concentration on the Organic Vapor Barrier Properties of Polymer Membranes by an Isostatic Procedure
Authors: Huang S. J. , Giacin J. R.
Published: July 2017

The present study describes the permeability of selected organic vapors through a series of commercially available polymeric films utilizing the MAS Technology Model 2000 Permeability test system and considers the concentration and temperature dependency of the mass transfer process, as well as the application of the Arrhenius expression for estimating permeability coefficient values for high barrier polymer structures. In addition to determining the permeability and diffusion coefficient values, a consistency analysis was performed on experimental permeability data to establish variation in system parameters and to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of the diffusion and sorption processes associated with the permeation process.
Comparison of EVA and Polyolefin Plastomer as Blend Components in Various Film Applications
Authors: Patel Rajen M. , Saavedra Pepe , Hinton Carlos , deGroot Jackie
Published: July 2017

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers at various%VA content and AFFINITY** polyolefin plastomers (POP) were evaluated as blend components in various film applications rich in LDPE and LLDPE. The EVA resin miscibility with LDPE or LLDPE decreased as the VA content increased so that high VA EVA resins were partially or completely immiscible with LDPE or LLDPE resins. Both POP resins were miscible with LDPE or LLDPE resins. The blown films of LDPE/POP blends gave lower heat seal initiation temperature and lower haze compared to LDPE/EVA blended films. This is due to immiscibility of Elvax 3165 (18% VA) and Elvax 3128 (9% VA) with the LDPE resin. The impact and tear resistance of the POP based blown films were also superior. Oriented films of blends of POP with LLDPE and ULDPE resins exhibited significantly lower haze compared to blends of 12% VA EVA with LLDPE and ULDPE resins. Again, this is due to partial immiscibility of 12% VA EVA with LLDPE and ULDPE resins. The oriented films of blends of POP with LLDPE and ULDPE resins exhibited similar shrinkage at 90'C compared to blends of 12% VA EVA with LLDPE and ULDPE resins.
Recycling solid waste materials to develop instructional resources for art education
Authors: Yeboah Rita , Asante Eric Appau , Opoku-Asare Nana Afia
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this research was to explore waste materials and turn them into appropriate instructional resources for teaching art lessons in Ghana. This was necessary because primary, junior and senior high school art teachers in Ghana mostly teach their lessons without using instructional resources because of non-provision of instructional resources by the government. The study adopted the exploratory and descriptive research methods to carry out the study. Paper, fabric and plastic waste materials were selected and worked with. The research found that waste materials can be recycled to create appropriate and useful instructional resources that are very practical for teaching and learning of art lessons. This research projects to art teachers that they can freely turn collected waste materials into very useful instructional resources which they can use to teach effective lessons to help their students understand what they taught well and easily.
Social engagements through art activities for two children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Lee Gabrielle T. , Chou Wan-Chi , Feng Hua
Published: July 2017

This is a case study report focusing on qualitative improvements in social and emotional communications of two children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who participated in a behavioural art programme. This study took place in a classroom located in an autism research centre affiliated with a university in the central area of Taiwan. Two 6-year-old boys with autism were referred to this programme because of their poor social skills and frequent emotional outbursts both at home and in school. The art programme, consisting of opportunities to increase social communication skills with a behaviour-analytic instructional methodology, was implemented once a week for a total of seventeen sessions. Qualitative improvements in social and emotional communications were analysed from the participant’s artwork, their statements about their work, and parents’ and teachers’ reports regarding the children’s social interactions. Results indicated that this behaviourally oriented art programme helped to facilitate both the children’s expression of their own emotions as well as social interactions with each other during the art sessions. Improvement in social communication skills also became apparent at home and school.
Educational space: Photo-based educational research
Authors: Mena-De Torres Jaime , Roldán Joaquín
Published: July 2017

Artistic photographers have been engaging with educational contexts since the early twentieth century. According to Spirn and Sullivan (2005), visual creation offers a tool for reasoning which, if based on aesthetical concepts, allows us to discover new information and patterns for research into educational contexts.

In this visual essay, organized by pairs of images, we propose a photographic research project based on key visual elements obtained from studying several artistic photographers. Each pair is structured by comparisons, through which the enquiry and its argumentation is established. The visual essay examines how artistic photography can provide visual clues to explore an educational space.
Internship terrains: Psychogeographically mapping place
Authors: Bertling Joy G.
Published: July 2017

Art teacher candidates, recently beginning their internships/student teaching experiences, engaged in a form of arts-based educational research (ABER) to examine their larger teaching contexts – the communities surrounding their placement schools – through a performance-based, map-based approach. Much like the Situationists’ psychogeographies of the 1950s and 1960s, where artist geographers wandered the urban landscapes in attempts to construct interpretive readings of well-known European cities, interns began by playfully ‘drifting’ through the geographic environments of their school zones. Through the act of drifting, interns conducted enquiries into their own sense of place. ‘Maps’ of place embodied these explorations and discoveries. Such explorations of place are vital as educators seek to construct rich understandings of their students’ lived worlds and to provide appropriate, relevant learning experiences. This visual essay explores the value and possibilities of one ABER approach for teacher education.
Book Reviews
Authors: Horlik Veronika , Souleles Nicos , Turner Renée
Published: July 2017

Sloppy Craft, Postdisciplinarity and the Crafts, Elaine Cheasly Paterson and Susan Surette (eds) (2015) London: Bloomsbury Academic, 200 pp., ISBN: 9781472534880, h/bk, £22.00

The Routledge International Handbook of the Arts and Education, Mike Fleming, Liora Bresler and John O’toole (eds) (2015) Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 424 pp., ISBN: 9780415839211, h/bk, £131.00

Against Value in the Arts and Education, SAM Ladkin, Robert Mckay and Emile BOJESEN (eds) (2016) London: Rowman & Littlefield International, 446 pp., ISBN: 178348490X, p/bk, £ 26.95
Os adultos e suas escritas pré-alfabéticas
Authors: Takada Paula Monteiro
Published: July 2017

Este artigo é uma síntese de um estudo1 no qual analisamos as soluções utilizadas por adultos não alfabéticos na tarefa de escrever e interpretar uma lista de palavras escritas com lápis sobre papel e, em seguida, no computador. Encontramos a produção de escritas silábico-alfabéticas compostas por escritas silábicas justapostas, uso de letras com a função de recheio gráfico, uso de letras como coringa, hipótese do nome da sílaba e alternâncias grafo-fônicas, desordens com pertinências, tal como verificado por Molinari (2007), Quinteros (1997) e Ferreiro (2009).
Reflexões acerca de um desenho de curso de Língua Inglesa à luz da complexidade: uma proposta inclusiva
Authors: César Cynthia Fernanda Ferreira
Published: July 2017

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar minhas reflexões acerca dos princípios norteadores de um desenho de curso de Língua Inglesa baseado no paradigma da complexidade que possam auxiliar professores de Língua Inglesa em suas práticas pedagógicas em salas de aula inclusivas. Uma reforma no pensamento, como afirma Morin (2008), pode ser um caminho para uma nova forma de aprender e ensinar. Assim sendo, pretendo discutir neste texto a relação do paradigma da complexidade com a elaboração de um desenho de curso de Língua Inglesa que atenda a proposta vigente da inclusão escolar. Para isso, recorrerei à proposta de metodologia de projetos de Behrens (2006) e ao enfoque complexo globalizador de Zaballa (2002). Dessa forma, este artigo tem a intenção de colaborar com a área de formação de professores de Língua Inglesa que atuarão ou atuam em salas de aulas inclusivas.
Entrevista: Renato Janine Ribeiro - “Uma onda educativa é a via do Brasil”
Authors: Prado Ricardo
Published: July 2017

O filósofo e ex-ministro da Educação Renato Janine Ribeiro passou seis meses na Esplanada dos Ministérios, em meio a uma crise política que assumiria proporções avassaladoras. Ao tomar posse, em abril de 2015, conforme lembra nesta entrevista, o impeachment era uma possibilidade. Ao ser exonerado, em novembro do mesmo ano, era uma forte probabilidade.
Olhar atento às vulnerabilidades infantis
Authors: Gomes Lisandra Ogg
Published: July 2017

FREITAS, Marcos Cezar de; PRADO, Renata Lopes Costa. O professor e as vulnerabilidades infantis. São Paulo: Cortez, 2016, 144 p.
Os Desafios no Ensino da História
Authors: Morais Maria José Lopes de Sousa
Published: July 2017

Garantir uma educação de qualidade  para todos é um dever do estado. Municipio e União e se adequam conforme as necessidades e a demanda da legislação vigente independente de classe social, cultura, economia, política,localidade e estória.Para que haja uma educação de qualidade é fundamental que na transmissão de conhecimentos haja uma compreensão e uma adequação, que promovam uma reflexão, uma curiosidade,um senso crítico e um interesse de participar por parte do aluno desde o ensino infantil.O professor tem papel essencial nesse processo,já que tem a obrigação de transmitir os conteúdos com clareza e utilizando o cotidiano para uma melhor concretização da aprendizagem,provocando uma reflexão e participação mais efetiva do aluno na escola e na sua localidade.Quando o aluno ingressa no ensino fundamental está com a sua mente em formação, o que permite uma ampliação de suas características pessoais que poderão na sua vida adulta ainda serem observadas,já que a formação da cidadania que deveria ser iniciada pela família, também é transmitida pela escola.Na formação do aluno, a disciplina de história é fundamental pois conhecendo o passado,se entende o presente  na busca de um futuro melhor.Isso porque a historia permite a compreensão de ações e gerações em tempos diferentes.A disciplina de história permite a transmissão de fatos que permite o aluno fazer comparações com os dias atuais e seu cotidiano despertando assim curiosidades e interesse de ser parte dela, mesmo que no momento seja só na sua localidade e quem sabe futuramente como parte ampla da história.
Repensar el vínculo entre la educación y el mundo del trabajo desde la perspectiva de género: Reflexiones a partir de un estudio longitudinal en el Gran Buenos Aires
Authors: Miranda Ana , Arancibia Milena
Published: July 2017

Existe una fuerte tradición de estudios sobre educación y trabajo en América Latina, de gran riqueza conceptual y trabajo empírico. En su interior, hay fuertes consensos que señalan que el  pasaje entre la educación y el mundo del trabajo se presenta de forma cada vez más diferenciada, individualizada y extendida, configurando procesos de transición ampliamente desiguales. La producción es amplia y se encuentra presente en numerosos países de la región, pero ha avanzado escasamente en tensionar la lectura del vínculo entre la educación y el trabajo desde la perspectiva de género, y ha dejado de lado la investigación sobre el vínculo entre educación y trabajo reproductivo. El presente artículo aborda el análisis de los hallazgos obtenidos a partir de un estudio de seguimiento de egresados en el marco del Programa de Estudios Longitudinales Gramáticas de la Juventud con sede en FLACSO Argentina. Expone resultados de entrevistas retrospectivas realizadas con jóvenes mujeres que reconstruyen el recorrido completo de la transición entre la educación secundaria y el mundo del trabajo o el sector de los cuidados. Las conclusiones proponen incorporar la perspectiva de género en los estudios de transición a la adultez incorporando al sector de los cuidados, con el objetivo de aportar elementos analíticos en la construcción de sistemas de protección y de la justicia social.
On the non-existence of cyclic splitting fields for division algebras
Authors: Motiee Mehran
Published: July 2017

Let D be a division algebra over its center F of degree n.
Consider the group

μ
Z

⁢

(
D
)

=

μ
n

⁢

(
F
)

/
Z

⁢

(

D
′

)

{\mu_{Z}(D)=\mu_{n}(F)/Z(D^{\prime})}

, where

μ
n

⁢

(
F
)

{\mu_{n}(F)}

is the group of all the n-th roots of unity in

F
*

{F^{*}}

, and

Z
⁢

(

D
′

)

{Z(D^{\prime})}

is the center of the commutator subgroup of the group of units

D
*

{D^{*}}

of D.
It is shown that if

μ
Z

⁢

(

D

⊗
F

L

)

≠
1

{\mu_{Z}(D\otimes_{F}L)\neq 1}

for some L containing all the primitive

n
k

{n^{k}}

-th roots of unity for all positive integers k,
then D is not split by any cyclic extension of F.
This criterion is employed to prove that some special classes of division algebras are not cyclically split.