bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion versus posterior cervical foraminotomy for the treatment of single-level unilateral cervical radiculopathy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Fang Wenguang , Huang Lijun , Feng Feng , Yang Bu , He Lei , Du Guizhong , Xie Peigen , Chen Zihao
Published: June 2020

Background

To compare the effectiveness and safety of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with posterior cervical foraminotomy (PCF) for patients diagnosed with single-level unilateral cervical radiculopathy.

Methods

Relevant studies comparing ACDF with PCF for cervical radiculopathy were searched in an electronic database. After data extraction and quality assessment of included studies, a meta-analysis was done by using the RevMan 5.3 software. The random effects model was used if there was heterogeneity between studies; otherwise, the fixed effects model was used.

Results

A total of 3 randomized controlled trials (RCT) and 12 retrospective studies including 52705 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and patients’ satisfaction (P > 0.05) between treatment groups. The complication rate of the PCF group was equivalent compared with the ACDF group (P = 0.60), but the reoperation rate following PCF was on the higher side (P = 0.02). Data analysis also showed that the PCF group was associated with shorter operation time (P = 0.001) and shorter length of hospital stay (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Among patients with single-level unilateral cervical radiculopathy, PCF has comparable effectiveness and complication rate compared with ACDF. It seems that PCF is a sufficient alternative procedure with shorter operation time, shorter length of hospital stay, and less total hospital cost for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. However, the higher reoperation rate following PCF should be also taken into consideration.
MicroRNA-30a-5pme: a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma in tissue and urine samples
Authors: Outeiro-Pinho Gonçalo , Barros-Silva Daniela , Aznar Elena , Sousa Ana-Isabel , Vieira-Coimbra Márcia , Oliveira Jorge , Gonçalves Céline S. , Costa Bruno M. , Junker Kerstin , Henrique Rui , Jerónimo Carmen
Published: June 2020

Background

The rising incidence of renal cell carcinomas (RCC) constitutes a significant challenge owing to risk of overtreatment. Because aberrant microRNA (miR) promoter methylation contributes to cancer development, we investigated whether altered miR-30a-5p expression associates with DNA promoter methylation and evaluated the usefulness as clear cell RCC (ccRCC) diagnostic and prognostic markers.

Methods

Genome-wide methylome and RNA sequencing data from a set of ccRCC and normal tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were integrated to identify candidate CpG loci involved in cancer onset. MiR-30a-5p expression and promoter methylation were quantitatively assessed by PCR in a tissue set (Cohort #1) and urine sets (Cohorts #2 and 3) from IPOPorto and Homburg University Hospital. Non-parametric tests were used for comparing continuous variables. MiR-30a-5p promoter methylation (miR-30a-5pme) performance as diagnostic (receiver operator characteristics [ROC] - validity estimates) and prognostic [metastasis-free (MFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS)] biomarker was further validated in urine samples from ccRCC patients by Kaplan Meier curves (with log rank) and both univariable and multivariable analysis.

Results

Two significant hypermethylated CpG loci in TCGA ccRCC samples, correlating with miR-30a-5p transcriptional downregulation, were disclosed. MiR-30a-5pme in ccRCC tissues was confirmed in an independent patient’s cohort of IPOPorto and associated with shorter time to relapse. In urine samples, miR-30a-5pme levels identified cancer both in testing and validation cohorts, with 83% sensitivity/53% specificity and 63% sensitivity/67% specificity, respectively. Moreover, higher miR-30a-5pme levels independently predicted metastatic dissemination and survival.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study validating the diagnostic and prognostic potential of miR-30a-5pme for ccRCC in urine samples, providing new insights for its clinical usefulness as non-invasive cancer biomarker.
The gut microbiome’s role in the development, maintenance, and outcomes of sepsis
Authors: Adelman Max W. , Woodworth Michael H. , Langelier Charles , Busch Lindsay M. , Kempker Jordan A. , Kraft Colleen S. , Martin Greg S.
Published: June 2020

The gut microbiome regulates a number of homeostatic mechanisms in the healthy host including immune function and gut barrier protection. Loss of normal gut microbial structure and function has been associated with diseases as diverse as Clostridioides difficile infection, asthma, and epilepsy. Recent evidence has also demonstrated a link between the gut microbiome and sepsis. In this review, we focus on three key areas of the interaction between the gut microbiome and sepsis. First, prior to sepsis onset, gut microbiome alteration increases sepsis susceptibility through several mechanisms, including (a) allowing for expansion of pathogenic intestinal bacteria, (b) priming the immune system for a robust pro-inflammatory response, and (c) decreasing production of beneficial microbial products such as short-chain fatty acids. Second, once sepsis is established, gut microbiome disruption worsens and increases susceptibility to end-organ dysfunction. Third, there is limited evidence that microbiome-based therapeutics, including probiotics and selective digestive decontamination, may decrease sepsis risk and improve sepsis outcomes in select patient populations, but concerns about safety have limited uptake. Case reports of a different microbiome-based therapy, fecal microbiota transplantation, have shown correlation with gut microbial structure restoration and decreased inflammatory response, but these results require further validation. While much of the evidence linking the gut microbiome and sepsis has been established in pre-clinical studies, clinical evidence is lacking in many areas. To address this, we outline a potential research agenda for further investigating the interaction between the gut microbiome and sepsis.
Universal promoter scanning by Pol II during transcription initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Qiu Chenxi , Jin Huiyan , Vvedenskaya Irina , Llenas Jordi Abante , Zhao Tingting , Malik Indranil , Visbisky Alex M. , Schwartz Scott L. , Cui Ping , Čabart Pavel , Han Kang Hoo , Lai William K. M. , Metz Richard P. , Johnson Charles D. , Sze Sing-Hoi , Pugh B. Franklin , Nickels Bryce E. , Kaplan Craig D.
Published: June 2020

Background

The majority of eukaryotic promoters utilize multiple transcription start sites (TSSs). How multiple TSSs are specified at individual promoters across eukaryotes is not understood for most species. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a pre-initiation complex (PIC) comprised of Pol II and conserved general transcription factors (GTFs) assembles and opens DNA upstream of TSSs. Evidence from model promoters indicates that the PIC scans from upstream to downstream to identify TSSs. Prior results suggest that TSS distributions at promoters where scanning occurs shift in a polar fashion upon alteration in Pol II catalytic activity or GTF function.

Results

To determine the extent of promoter scanning across promoter classes in S. cerevisiae, we perturb Pol II catalytic activity and GTF function and analyze their effects on TSS usage genome-wide. We find that alterations to Pol II, TFIIB, or TFIIF function widely alter the initiation landscape consistent with promoter scanning operating at all yeast promoters, regardless of promoter class. Promoter architecture, however, can determine the extent of promoter sensitivity to altered Pol II activity in ways that are predicted by a scanning model.

Conclusions

Our observations coupled with previous data validate key predictions of the scanning model for Pol II initiation in yeast, which we term the shooting gallery. In this model, Pol II catalytic activity and the rate and processivity of Pol II scanning together with promoter sequence determine the distribution of TSSs and their usage.
Assembly and annotation of an Ashkenazi human reference genome
Authors: Shumate Alaina , Zimin Aleksey V. , Sherman Rachel M. , Puiu Daniela , Wagner Justin M. , Olson Nathan D. , Pertea Mihaela , Salit Marc L. , Zook Justin M. , Salzberg Steven L.
Published: June 2020

Background

Thousands of experiments and studies use the human reference genome as a resource each year. This single reference genome, GRCh38, is a mosaic created from a small number of individuals, representing a very small sample of the human population. There is a need for reference genomes from multiple human populations to avoid potential biases.

Results

Here, we describe the assembly and annotation of the genome of an Ashkenazi individual and the creation of a new, population-specific human reference genome. This genome is more contiguous and more complete than GRCh38, the latest version of the human reference genome, and is annotated with highly similar gene content. The Ashkenazi reference genome, Ash1, contains 2,973,118,650 nucleotides as compared to 2,937,639,212 in GRCh38. Annotation identified 20,157 protein-coding genes, of which 19,563 are > 99% identical to their counterparts on GRCh38. Most of the remaining genes have small differences. Forty of the protein-coding genes in GRCh38 are missing from Ash1; however, all of these genes are members of multi-gene families for which Ash1 contains other copies. Eleven genes appear on different chromosomes from their homologs in GRCh38. Alignment of DNA sequences from an unrelated Ashkenazi individual to Ash1 identified ~ 1 million fewer homozygous SNPs than alignment of those same sequences to the more-distant GRCh38 genome, illustrating one of the benefits of population-specific reference genomes.

Conclusions

The Ash1 genome is presented as a reference for any genetic studies involving Ashkenazi Jewish individuals.
Acute myocarditis and multisystem inflammatory emerging disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection in critically ill children
Authors: Grimaud Marion , Starck Julie , Levy Michael , Marais Clémence , Chareyre Judith , Khraiche Diala , Leruez-Ville Marianne , Quartier Pierre , Léger Pierre Louis , Geslain Guillaume , Semaan Nada , Moulin Florence , Bendavid Matthieu , Jean Sandrine , Poncelet Géraldine , Renolleau Sylvain , Oualha Mehdi
Published: June 2020

Background

A recent increase in children admitted with hypotensive shock and fever in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak requires an urgent characterization and assessment of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a case series performed at 4 academic tertiary care centers in Paris of all the children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with shock, fever and suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 15th and April 27th, 2020.

Results

20 critically ill children admitted for shock had an acute myocarditis (left ventricular ejection fraction, 35% (25–55); troponin, 269 ng/mL (31–4607)), and arterial hypotension with mainly vasoplegic clinical presentation. The first symptoms before PICU admission were intense abdominal pain and fever for 6 days (1–10). All children had highly elevated C-reactive protein (> 94 mg/L) and procalcitonin (> 1.6 ng/mL) without microbial cause. At least one feature of Kawasaki disease was found in all children (fever, n = 20, skin rash, n = 10; conjunctivitis, n = 6; cheilitis, n = 5; adenitis, n = 2), but none had the typical form. SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology were positive for 10 and 15 children, respectively. One child had both negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology, but had a typical SARS-CoV-2 chest tomography scan. All children but one needed an inotropic/vasoactive drug support (epinephrine, n = 12; milrinone, n = 10; dobutamine, n = 6, norepinephrine, n = 4) and 8 were intubated. All children received intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g per kilogram) with adjuvant corticosteroids (n = 2), IL 1 receptor antagonist (n = 1) or a monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor (n = 1). All children survived and were afebrile with a full left ventricular function recovery at PICU discharge.

Conclusions

Acute myocarditis with intense systemic inflammation and atypical Kawasaki disease is an emerging severe pediatric disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early recognition of this disease is needed and referral to an expert center is recommended. A delayed and inappropriate host immunological response is suspected. While underlying mechanisms remain unclear, further investigations are required to target an optimal treatment.
An efficient task offloading scheme in vehicular edge computing
Authors: Raza Salman , Liu Wei , Ahmed Manzoor , Anwar Muhammad Rizwan , Mirza Muhammad Ayzed , Sun Qibo , Wang Shangguang
Published: June 2020

Vehicular edge computing (VEC) is a promising paradigm to offload resource-intensive tasks at the network edge. Owing to time-sensitive and computation-intensive vehicular applications and high mobility scenarios, cost-efficient task offloading in the vehicular environment is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we study the partial task offloading problem in vehicular edge computing in an urban scenario. Where the vehicle computes some part of a task locally, and offload the remaining task to a nearby vehicle and to VEC server subject to the maximum tolerable delay and vehicle’s stay time. To make it cost-efficient, including the cost of the required communication and computing resources, we consider to fully exploit the vehicular available resources. We estimate the transmission rates for the vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication based on practical assumptions. Moreover, we present a mobility-aware partial task offloading algorithm, taking into account the task allocation ratio among the three parts given by the communication environment conditions. Simulation results validate the efficient performance of the proposed scheme that not only enhances the exploitation of vehicular computation resources but also minimizes the overall system cost in comparison to baseline schemes.
Gaussian beam imaging of fractures near the wellbore using sonic logging tools after removing dispersive borehole waves
Authors: Li David , Tian Xiao , Hu Hao , Tang Xiao-Ming , Fang Xinding , Zheng Yingcai
Published: June 2020

The ability to image near-wellbore fractures is critical for wellbore integrity monitoring as well as for energy production and waste disposal. Single-well imaging uses a sonic logging instrument consisting of a source and a receiver array to image geologic structures around a wellbore. We use cross-dipole sources because they can excite waves that can be used to image structures farther away from the wellbore than traditional monopole sources. However, the cross-dipole source also will excite large-amplitude, slowly propagating dispersive waves along the surface of the borehole. These waves will interfere with the formation reflection events. We have adopted a new fracture imaging procedure using sonic data. We first remove the strong amplitude borehole waves using a new nonlinear signal comparison method. We then apply Gaussian beam migration to obtain high-resolution images of the fractures. To verify our method, we first test our method on synthetic data sets modeled using a finite-difference approach. We then validate our method on a field data set collected from a fractured natural gas production well. We are able to obtain high-quality images of the fractures using Gaussian beam migration compared with Kirchhoff migration for the synthetic and field data sets. We also found that a low-frequency source (around 1 kHz) is needed to obtain a sharp image of the fracture because high-frequency wavefields can interact strongly with the fluid-filled borehole.
SC-PSNET: A deep neural network for automatic P- and S-phase detection and arrival-time picker using 1C recordings
Authors: Zheng Jing , Harris Jerry M. , Li Dongzhuo , Al-Rumaih Badr
Published: June 2020

It is important to autopick an event’s arrival time and classify the corresponding phase for seismic data processing. Traditional arrival-time picking algorithms usually need 3C seismograms to classify event phase. However, a large number of borehole seismic data sets are recorded by arrays of hydrophones or distributed acoustic sensing elements whose sensors are 1C and cannot be analyzed for particle motion or phase polarization. With the development of deep learning techniques, researchers have tried data mining with the convolutional neural network (CNN) for seismic phase autopicking. In the previous work, CNN was applied to process 3C seismograms to detect phase and pick arrivals. We have extended this work to process 1C seismic data and focused on two main points. One is the effect of the label vector on the phase detection performance. The other is to propose an architecture to deal with the challenge from the insufficiency of training data in the coverage of different scenarios of [Formula: see text] ratios. Two novel points are summarized after this analysis. First, the width of the label vector can be designed through signal time-frequency analysis. Second, a combination of CNN and recurrent neural network architecture is more suitable for designing a P- and S-phase detector to deal with the challenge from the insufficiency of training data for 1C recordings in time-lapse seismic monitoring. We perform experiments and analysis using synthetic and field time-lapse seismic recordings. The experiments show that it is effective for 1C seismic data processing in time-lapse monitoring surveys.
The pediatric precision oncology study INFORM: Clinical outcome and benefit for molecular subgroups.
Authors: van Tilburg Cornelis Martinus , Pfaff Elke , Pajtler Kristian W. , Langenberg Karin P.S. , Fiesel Petra , Jones Barbara C. , Balasubramanian Gnana Prakash , Stark Sebastian , Johann Pascal D. , Blattner-Johnson Mirjam , Schramm Kathrin , Jäger Natalie , von Deimling Andreas , Dirksen Uta , Freitag Angelika , Witt Ruth , Lichter Peter , Jones David T.W. , Pfister Stefan M. , Witt Olaf
Published: June 2020

LBA10503

Background: Several pediatric precision oncology programs have identified molecular actionable variants. However, the clinical benefit is largely unknown. We here report a target prioritization algorithm and associated clinical outcome. Methods: INFORM is a prospective, non-interventional, multi-center, multi-national, and feasibility registry collecting clinical and molecular data. Patients with refractory/relapsed/progressive malignant disease, including primary diagnosis high-risk entities, can be enrolled. Fresh frozen tumor material (incl. germline DNA) was subjected to WES, lcWGS, RNA-Seq, RNA expression array and DNA-methylation. A weekly interdisciplinary molecular board reviewed and prioritized alterations based on a 7- step scale from ‘very high’ to ‘very low’, depending on the type of alteration and its entity specific relevance (described by Worst et al. Eur J Cancer 2016). Results: To date, more than 1300 patients were enrolled. 525 patients finished follow-up and were included in this analysis. They were enrolled in 72 centers in 8 countries. The median age was 12.0 (range 0 - 40) years. Average turnaround time from submission to report was 25.4 days. Median PFS and OS were 116 (95% CI 105 – 135) and 289 (95% CI 250 – 335) days. The distribution of the highest priority target per patient was: very high 8.0%, high 14.8%, moderate 20.3%, intermediate 23.6%, borderline 14.4%, low 2.5%, very low 1.0% and no actionable target 15.4%. 149 patients received targeted treatment on the basis of identified targets, of which 20 had a very high priority target (mostly ALK, BRAF and NRAS mutations and MET and NTRK-fusions) with a median PFS of 204.5 (95% CI 91.0 – 628.0) compared to 114 (95% CI 103 – 133) days in all other 505 patients (p = 0.0095). OS did not show clinically relevant differences. Explorative analysis of the time to progression (TTP) ratio (before compared to after enrollment) showed that patients treated according to a very high priority target had a higher TTP ratio (1.0) compared to all other patients (0.7). Possible predisposition syndromes were identified in 7.8% of patients, half of which were newly diagnosed. Methylation analysis provided a diagnosis refinement in 8% of CNS tumors. Conclusions: Pediatric precision oncology in a real world, multi-national setting is feasible. The prioritization algorithm identifies subgroups benefitting from molecularly matched targeted treatment. Still, for the patients without a very high priority target further layers of molecular and functional data should be incorporated in future programs.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Genomic Heterogeneity Between Eastern and Western Patients
Authors: Cao Jingyu , Hu Jing , Liu Siqin , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Abdel-Wahab Reham , Xu Junjie , Li Qiang , Yan Maolin , Feng Yujie , Lin Jianzhen , Zhao Songhui , Wang Jian , Kwong Lawrence N. , Hu Jinwei , Carapeto Fernando , Borad Mitesh J. , Wang Kai , Javle Milind , Zhao Haitao
Published: June 2020

PURPOSE

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCCA), a global health problem, is increasing in incidence and has differing etiologies worldwide. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is rapidly being incorporated into the clinical management of biliary cancers. IHCCA is enriched with actionable mutations, and there are several promising targeted therapies under development. NGS data from Asia, where IHCCA is most prevalent, are limited.

METHODS

Comprehensive genomic profiling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 164 Asian and 283 Western patients with IHCCA was performed using NGS. We measured the distribution of DNA repair genetic aberrations (GAs) in IHCCA, along with actionable mutations. Also, we evaluated the association between DNA repair GAs and tumor mutation burden (TMB). Based on the TMB status, patients were distinguished into 3 levels: low (< 6 mut/Mb), intermediate (6-10 mut/Mb), and high (TMB-H; ≥ 10 mut/Mb).

RESULTS

Seventy-two percent of Asian patients had ≥ 1 actionable GA, with a significantly higher frequency in KMT2C , BRCA1/2, and DDR2 compared with Western patients ( P = .02, .003, and .003, respectively); 60.9% of Western patients had ≥ 1 actionable GA and higher frequency of CDKN2A/B and IDH1/2 GAs ( P = .0004 and < .001, respectively). GAs in nuclear factor kappa B pathway regulators and DNA repair genes occurred more frequently in Asian patients ( P = .006 and .001, respectively). There was a higher frequency of TMB-H in Asian compared with the Western cohort (12.2% v 5.9%; P = .07).

CONCLUSION

A higher burden of DNA repair mutations and frequency of patients with TMB-H in the Asian IHCCA cohort compared with the Western patients suggests a potential role for DNA repair and immune checkpoint inhibitors in the Asian population. Future clinical trials should account for this genetic heterogeneity.
Blood Cell Disorders and the Nervous System
Authors: Merkler Alexander E.
Published: June 2020

purpose of review

This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neurologic complications of common and rare blood cell disorders.

recent findings

A growing number of preventive treatment options are available for stroke in sickle cell disease. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and immune thrombocytopenia can lead to stroke. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura frequently causes neurologic symptoms and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with neurologic symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia. Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia are rare causes of stroke.

summary

This article discusses sickle cell disease and the most recent advances in stroke preventive therapy as well as neurologic complications of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, immune thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocythemia.
The transcription factor E2A drives neural differentiation in pluripotent cells
Authors: Rao Chandrika , Malaguti Mattias , Mason John O. , Lowell Sally
Published: June 2020

The intrinsic mechanisms that link extracellular signalling to the onset of neural differentiation are not well understood. In pluripotent mouse cells, BMP blocks entry into the neural lineage via transcriptional upregulation of Inhibitor of Differentiation (Id) factors. We have previously identified that the major binding partner of Id proteins in pluripotent cells is the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), E2A. Id1 can prevent E2A from forming heterodimers with bHLH TFs or from forming homodimers. Here, we show that overexpression of a forced E2A homodimer is sufficient to drive robust neural commitment in pluripotent cells, even under non-permissive conditions. Conversely, we find that E2A null cells display a defect in their neural differentiation capacity. E2A acts as an upstream activator of neural lineage genes, including Sox1 and Foxd4, and as a repressor of Nodal signalling. Our results suggest a crucial role for E2A in establishing neural lineage commitment in pluripotent cells.
The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex mediates the robust recruitment of Polo to DNA lesions during mitosis in Drosophila
Authors: Landmann Cedric , Pierre-Elies Priscillia , Goutte-Gattat Damien , Montembault Emilie , Claverie Marie-Charlotte , Royou Anne
Published: June 2020

The DNA damage sensor Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and Polo kinase are recruited to DNA lesions during mitosis. However, their mechanism of recruitment is elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging combined with micro-irradiation of single chromosomes, we analyze the dynamics of Polo and Mre11 at DNA lesions during mitosis in Drosophila. These two proteins display distinct kinetics. Whereas Polo kinetics at double-strand breaks (DSBs) are Cdk1-driven, Mre11 promptly but briefly associates with DSBs regardless of the phase of mitosis and re-associates with DSBs in the proceeding interphase. Mechanistically, Polo kinase activity is required for its own recruitment and that of the mitotic proteins BubR1 and Bub3 to DSBs. Moreover, depletion of Rad50 severely impaired Polo kinetics at mitotic DSBs. Conversely, ectopic tethering of Mre11 to chromatin was sufficient to recruit Polo. Our study highlights a novel pathway that links the DSB sensor Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and Polo kinase to initiate a prompt, decisive response to the presence of DNA damage during mitosis.
Ionoregulatory aspects of the hypoxia-induced osmorespiratory compromise in the euryhaline Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus): the effects of salinity
Authors: Giacomin Marina , Onukwufor John O. , Schulte Patricia M. , Wood Chris M.
Published: June 2020

The osmorespiratory compromise is a physiological trade-off between the characteristics of the gill that promote respiratory gas-exchange and those that limit passive fluxes of ions and water with the environment. In hypoxia, changes in gill blood flow patterns and functional surface area that increase gas transfer can promote an exacerbation in ion and water fluxes. Our goal was to determine whether the osmorespiratory compromise is flexible, depending on environmental salinity (fresh, isosmotic and sea water) and oxygen levels (hypoxia) in euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Plasma ion concentrations were minimally affected by hypoxia, indicating a maintenance of osmoregulatory homeostasis. In FW-killifish, hypoxia exposure reduced branchial Na+/K+-ATPase and NEM-sensitive-ATPase activities, as well as diffusive water flux rates. Unidirectional Na+ influx and Na+ efflux decreased during hypoxia in FW, but net Na+ flux remained unchanged. Net loss rates of Cl−, K+ and ammonia were also attenuated in hypoxia, suggesting both transcellular and paracellular reductions in permeability. These reductions appeared to be regulated phenomena as fluxes were restored immediately in normoxia. Na+ flux rates increased during hypoxia in 11 ppt, but decreased in 35 ppt, the latter suggesting a similar response to hypoxia as in FW. In summary, FW- and SW-killifish experience a reduction in gill permeability, as seen in other hypoxia-tolerant species. Fish acclimated to isosmotic salinity increased Na+ influx and efflux rates, as well as paracellular permeability in hypoxia, responses in accord with the predictions of the classic osmorespiratory compromise.
Pt-Pd Nanoalloy for the Unprecedented Activation of Carbon-Fluorine Bond at Low Temperature
Authors: Dhital Raghu Nath , Nomura Keigo , Sato Yoshinori , Haesuwannakij Setsiri , Ehara Masahiro , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: June 2020

Carbon-fluorine bonds are considered the most inert organic functionality and their selective transformation under mild conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a highly active Pt-Pd nanoalloy as a robust catalyst for the transformation of C-F bonds into C-H bonds at low temperature, a reaction that has hitherto often required harsh conditions. The alloying of Pt with Pd is crucial to promote the overall C-F bond. DFT calculations elucidated that the key step is the selective oxidative addition of the O-H bond of 2-propanol to a Pd center prior to C-F bond activation at a Pt site, which crucially reduces the activation energy of the C-F bond cleavage. Therefore, both Pt and Pd work independently but synergistically to promote the overall reaction.
COPO: a metadata platform for brokering FAIR data in the life sciences
Authors: Shaw Felix , Etuk Anthony , Minotto Alice , Gonzalez-Beltran Alejandra , Johnson David , Rocca-Serra Phillipe , Laporte Marie-Angélique , Arnaud Elizabeth , Devare Medha , Kersey Paul , Sansone Susanna-Assunta , Davey Robert P.
Published: June 2020

Scientific innovation is increasingly reliant on data and computational resources. Much of today’s life science research involves generating, processing, and reusing heterogeneous datasets that are growing exponentially in size. Demand for technical experts (data scientists and bioinformaticians) to process these data is at an all-time high, but these are not typically trained in good data management practices. That said, we have come a long way in the last decade, with funders, publishers, and researchers themselves making the case for open, interoperable data as a key component of an open science philosophy. In response, recognition of the FAIR Principles (that data should be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) has become commonplace. However, both technical and cultural challenges for the implementation of these principles still exist when storing, managing, analysing and disseminating both legacy and new data.

COPO is a computational system that attempts to address some of these challenges by enabling scientists to describe their research objects (raw or processed data, publications, samples, images, etc.) using community-sanctioned metadata sets and vocabularies, and then use public or institutional repositories to share them with the wider scientific community. COPO encourages data generators to adhere to appropriate metadata standards when publishing research objects, using semantic terms to add meaning to them and specify relationships between them. This allows data consumers, be they people or machines, to find, aggregate, and analyse data which would otherwise be private or invisible, building upon existing standards to push the state of the art in scientific data dissemination whilst minimising the burden of data publication and sharing.
Asymmetric Attention and Stock Returns
Authors: Cziraki Peter , Mondria Jordi , Wu Thomas
Published: June 2020

This paper constructs a new measure of attention allocation by local investors relative to nonlocals using aggregate search volume from Google. We first present a conceptual framework in which local investors optimally choose to focus their attention on local stocks when they receive private news, leading to an asymmetric allocation of attention between local and nonlocal investors. Consistent with the main prediction of this framework, we find that firms attracting abnormally high asymmetric attention from local relative to nonlocal investors earn higher returns. A portfolio that goes long in stocks with high asymmetric attention and short in stocks with low asymmetric attention has an alpha of 32 basis points per month. The results are stronger for stocks with a greater degree of information friction. The new measure of asymmetric attention allows one to infer the arrival of unobservable private information by observing investors’ attention allocation behavior.

This paper was accepted by Karl Diether, finance.
Análise dos conteúdos de alimentação e nutrição nos livros didáticos de Ciências do ensino fundamental da rede pública de ensino
Authors: De Lima Milena Magalhães , Toral Natacha
Published: June 2020

Objetivo: Analisar conteúdos de alimentação e nutrição nos livros didáticos de Ciências do 5º, 6º e 7° anos do ensino fundamental da rede pública. Método: Foram avaliados 100% dos exemplares (n=39) aprovados nos Guias dos Livros de Ciências do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático de 2016 e 2017. Identificou-se presença ou ausência de oito temas nos livros: Alimentação e desenvolvimento; Hábitos alimentares e influências culturais e sociais; Alimentação, nutrição e saúde; Sistemas alimentares; Rotulagem nutricional; Higiene, conservação e preparo dos alimentos; Mídia e saúde; e Alimentação escolar. Analisou-se a qualidade de textos e imagens por parâmetros como adequação à série, clareza, desenvolvimento e contextualização e/ou grau de relação textual e imagética e nível de atualização. Por meio de pontos atribuídos, os conteúdos foram categorizados em fraco, regular, bom ou excelente. Resultados: A maioria dos livros obteve pouca abordagem alimentar e nutricional. O tema “Alimentação e desenvolvimento” esteve em apenas 55,4% dos livros do quinto ano, não sendo aprofundado posteriormente. Alguns temas apresentaram textos classificados como regulares ou bons. Nenhum texto foi considerado fraco. Notou-se frequente abordagem sobre pirâmides alimentares. Verificou-se ausência e/ou falta de desenvolvimento quanto à higienização dos alimentos. Todos os exemplares apresentaram textos e imagens adequados à série. Conclusão: “Mídia e saúde”, “Alimentação escolar”, “Alimentação, nutrição e saúde” e “Rotulagem nutricional” são temas pouco presentes nos livros, mas quando abordados, tiveram classificação excelente. Os demais temas, apesar de frequentes, precisam de aprimoramentos na qualidade da abordagem.
Crônica de uma crise anunciada: o Brasil paralisado sobre rodas
Authors: Cruz de Sousa Jr. Gustavo
Published: June 2020

A greve dos caminhoneiros iniciada em 21 de maio de 2018, também chamada de Crise do Diesel, foi a maior paralisação da categoria em toda a história brasileira, estendendo-se por dez dias consecutivos e levando o Brasil, um país que utiliza majoritariamente a matriz rodoviária para o transporte de cargas, próximo a um colapso no fornecimento de produtos e serviços. Na pauta de reivindicações dos grevistas, figuravam questões como a redução no preço do diesel e o fim da política de reajuste de preços implementada pela Petrobras, que atrelava o preço dos combustíveis à cotação da moeda norte-americana. O presente artigo pretende estudar como os caminhoneiros se mobilizaram e se estruturaram durante o período que antecedeu a greve e durante esta, bem como analisar sua atuação durante todo o conflito. Considerando-se as múltiplas facetas dos atores envolvidos na iniciativa de interromper o transporte de cargas no país — empresários, trabalhadores autônomos e empregados —, será inicialmente feita a identificação de classe, tomando por base a tipologia de classes de Erik Wright, para se compreender efetivamente quem são os caminhoneiros. O conceito de ethos de posição será utilizado, ainda, para se entender de que forma elementos, a exemplo da solidariedade de classe, contribuíram para se chegar a um cenário de conflito. Posteriormente, à luz da Teoria das Ações Coletivas Conflitivas de Guy Bajoit, observados os processos de privação, frustração, mobilização e organização, serão analisadas as ações empreendidas pelos atores societais envolvidos na luta contra os movimentos envidados pelos atores estatais na tentativa de pôr um fim à paralisação.
Cidade, patrimônio e favela no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Leite Leonardo Perdigão , Vasconcellos Pedro Jorge Lo Duca
Published: June 2020

O presente trabalho tem como foco, fundamentado nas problematizações teóricas de Michel de Certeau, discutir novas práticas museais e museológicas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a saber: o Museu de Favela Pavão-Pavãozinho Cantagalo; a Galeria Providência; e o Museu Nami. Também analisamos como essas novas iniciativas se pautam em visões não ortodoxas dos conceitos de patrimônio, memória e museu. Consideramos que a entrada de novos atores em cena com voz ativa sobre suas histórias e experiências cria novas relações de forças, modelos e iniciativas que, muitas vezes, escapam a modelos tradicionais já consagrados e contribuem para a dinâmica fluída da compreensão de patrimônio e memória. Além disso, percebe-se a vontade das favelas de se mostrarem como parte integrante da cidade, desafiando a lógica do senso comum. O estudo, pois, mescla pesquisas de campo realizadas nos três locais, com pressupostos teóricos da Museologia Social.
A construção da “República de Ipanema” no Rio de Janeiro dos anos 1960
Authors: Queiroz Andréa Cristina De Barros
Published: June 2020

Nos anos 1960, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro foi concebida a partir do ideário construído sobre a memória de uma “República Ipanemense”, lócus da Zona Sul carioca onde se amalgamou uma parcela da vanguarda boêmio-literária nacional, principalmente porque o bairro foi o polo difusor de diferentes movimentos sociais, políticos e culturais que se tornaram importantes no cenário de oposição à ditadura civil-militar no país, como: a contracultura; o Cinema Novo; a Esquerda Festiva; a Banda de Ipanema e o jornal O Pasquim. Neste contexto, foi construída uma memória sobre uma Ipanema Cosmopolita em oposição a Ipanema Provinciana, ou seja, mais que um bairro carioca, era uma “República” que representava a metonímia de Brasil, que lançava moda, hábitos e costumes para outras regiões da cidade e para o país, que apesar de sua popularidade nacional, não era popular e sim bastante elitizada, ao contribuir pra disseminar a cultura do carioquismo.
A revista O Observador Econômico e Financeiro e as favelas cariocas: fotografia documental e os regimes de representação da pobreza urbana (1942-1953)
Authors: Oliveira Samuel Silva Rodrigues de
Published: June 2020

O artigo analisa as fotorreportagens com imagens de favelas na revista O Observador Econômico e Financeiro, no período de 1942 e 1953, quando o fotografo Mozar Alves da Silva fez parte da equipe editorial do periódico. Criada em 1936 por Valentin Rebouças, O Observador Econômico e Financeiro foi uma revista especializada em análises sociais e econômicas, sendo um dos locus do debate desenvolvimentista. Na década de 1940, a revista incorporou parte das inovações gráficas introduzidas pelo O Cruzeiro, dando maior destaque às fotografias em suas reportagens que documentavam as transformações econômicas do país. O tema das favelas foi pauta de reportagens que abordavam a modernização urbana da Capital Federal. As fotografias reiteravam o mito da Favela no Rio de Janeiro e dramatizavam discursos e estigmas da pobreza urbana a partir do debate da “marginalidade social”.
Política, história e instituições republicanas no primeiro Quattrocento: a Florença de Leonardo Bruni
Authors: Pinto Fabrina Magalhães
Published: June 2020

Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444), chanceler e historiador, é autor de um dos principais elogios da cidade de Florença deste período. Ao escrever a Laudatio florentinae urbis (1403-1404), o humanista descreve Florença e seu governo como uma cidade bem ordenada, bela, salubre, livre e participativa. O artigo analisa este texto não apenas como peça retórica, mas ressalta os ideais republicanos de liberdade, autogoverno e cidadania. De um ponto de vista institucional, a Laudatio oferece as bases do governo misto, que se tornaria um aspecto central do republicanismo renascentista. Dos antigos, Bruni retira a ideia de divisão dos poderes a partir da clássica tríade monarquia, aristocracia e democracia, com a separação de funções em cada uma destas formas puras. Bruni ressalta que ambos os aspectos da Antiguidade podem ser encontrados nas instituições florentinas de seu tempo, de tal modo que ele observa no fato histórico a realização de uma teoria política antiga, complementando, pois, a idealização da cidade.
PANDEMIAS
Authors: Gracia Diego
Published: June 2020

Las enfermedades se clasifican, de acuerdo con sus características, de varios modos. Uno, muy clásico, es dividirlas en agudas y crónicas. Se encuentra ya en la literatura hipocrática. Otro es diferenciar las que afectan a individuos aislados de las que seextienden por poblaciones. En este último caso, puede suceder que estén presentes en un medio de modo continuo, en cuyo caso hablamos de enfermedades endémicas, o que se extiendan por toda o por una parte importante de la población, pero de forma aguda, discontinua o intermitente. En este caso se habla de enfermedades epidémicas. Cuando una epidemia afecta no a una población concreta,sino que invade el globo entero, se habla de pandemia.
Improvement in Mental Health Outcomes and Caregiver Service Experiences Associated With the START Program
Authors: Kalb Luther G. , Beasley Joan , Caoili Andrea , Klein Ann
Published: June 2020

This study examined outcomes from the Systemic, Therapeutic, Assessment, Resources, and Treatment (START) program, a community-based tertiary care model for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and mental health needs. The sample included 111 START service users and their family caregivers, who were receiving START Clinical Team services, located in the Northeast and Southwest regions of the United States. Results from the analyses found a significant 1-year pre-post improvement in caregiver service experiences and mental health symptoms of the service user. A significant decrease in psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department visits was also found (all p < .01). These data suggest that START holds promise in improving outcomes, for both the caregiver and service user, while reducing dependence on costly and restrictive hospital-based services.
Sensitivity improvement by optimized optical switching and curve fitting in a cavity ring-down spectrometer: publisher’s note
Authors: Zhang Weipeng , Wei Haoyun , Chen Xinyi , Li Yan
Published: June 2020

This publisher’s note amends an award ID in the Funding section
of Appl.
Opt. 57, 8487
(2018)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.57.008487.
Imperfect-interaction-free entanglement purification on stationary systems for solid quantum repeaters
Authors: Wang Guan-Yu , Ai Qing , Deng Fu-Guo , Ren Bao-Cang
Published: June 2020

Solid quantum repeater is a core part in a large-scale quantum network. Entanglement purification, the key technique in a quantum repeater, is used to distill high-quality nonlocal entanglement from an ensemble in a mixed entangled state and to depress the vicious influence on quantum information carriers caused by noise. Here, we present an imperfect-interaction-free entanglement purification on nonlocal electron spins in quantum dots for solid quantum repeaters, using faithful parity check on electron spins. The faithful parity check can make correct judgement on the parity mode without destructing the nonlocal solid entanglement even with the imperfect interaction between a QD embedded inside a microcavity and a circularly polarized photon in the nearly realistic condition. Therefore, the imperfect-interaction-free entanglement purification can prevent the maximally entangled states from being changed into partially entangled ones and guarantee the fidelity of the nonlocal mixed state to a desired one after purification. As this scheme is feasible in the nearly realistic condition with imperfect interaction, the requirements for experimental implementation will be relaxed. These distinctive features make this imperfect-interaction-free entanglement purification have more practical applications in solid quantum repeaters for a large-scale quantum network.
Distinct spatiotemporal imaging of femtosecond surface plasmon polaritons assisted with the opening of the two-color quantum pathway effect
Authors: Zhao Zhenlong , Lang Peng , Qin Yulu , Ji Boyu , Song Xiaowei , Lin Jingquan
Published: June 2020

Accurately capturing the spatiotemporal information of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is the basis for expanding SPP applications. Here, we report spatio-temporal evolution imaging of femtosecond SPPs launched from a rectangular trench in silver film with a 400-nm light pulse assisted femtosecond laser interferometric time-resolved (ITR) photoemission electron microscopy. It is found that introducing the 400nm light pulse in the spatially separated near-infrared (NIR) laser pump-probe ITR scheme enables distinct spatiotemporal imaging of the femtosecond SPPs with a weak probe pulse in the ITR scheme, which is free from the risk of sample damage due to the required high monochromatic field for a clear photoelectron image as well as the entangled interference fringe (between the SPPs and probe pulse) in the usual spatially overlapped pump-probe ITR scheme. The demonstrated great improvement of the visibility of the SPPs spatiotemporal image with an additional 400nm light pulse scheme facilitates further analysis of the femtosecond SPPs, and carrier wavelength (785nm), group velocity (0.94C) and phase velocity (0.98C) of SPPs are extracted from the distinct spatio-temporal evolution images of SPPs. Furthermore, the modulation of photoemission induced by the quantum pathway interference effect in the 400nm-assisted scheme is proposed to play a major role in the distinct visualization for SPPs. The probabilities of electrons in different quantum pathways are obtained quantitatively through fitting the experimental results with the quantum pathway interference model. The probability that electrons emit through the quantum pathway allows us to quantitatively analyze the contribution to electron emission from the different quantum pathways. These findings pave a way for the spatiotemporal imaging of the near-infrared light-induced SPPs, such as the communication wave band using PEEM.
Backward terahertz difference frequency generation via modal phase-matching in a planar LiNbO3 waveguide
Authors: Carnio B. N. , Elezzabi A. Y.
Published: June 2020

The backward difference frequency generation process is used to produce narrowband terahertz radiation via modal phase-matching in a

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idler modes are selected to satisfy the backward difference frequency generation phase-matching condition, thus allowing narrowband (i.e., 

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linewidth) terahertz radiation generation in the spectral range of 2.4–3.2 THz. To date, this is the first investigation of terahertz radiation generation in a waveguide via the modal phase-matched backward difference frequency generation process.
Self-amplifying memory based on multiple cascading four-wave mixing via recoil-induced resonance
Authors: Lopez J. P. , de Melo A. M. G. , Tabosa J. W. R.
Published: June 2020

We report on a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of optical memory that allows for the amplification of the optical signal carrying the stored information during its reading process. The memory mechanism is demonstrated in an ensemble of cold cesium atoms and is based on the multiple parametric four-wave mixing exploring the external atomic degrees of freedom via recoil-induced resonances. We have particularly demonstrated the storage of light carrying orbital angular momentum with a fourfold amplifying factor for the retrieved signal during the reading process. Memory lifetimes of the order of hundreds of microseconds have been measured, and possible applications for this self-amplifying memory are discussed.