ПРО ПОЧАТКОВУ ОСВІТУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ МЕНШИН ЗАКАРПАТТЯ: ІСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ
Authors:   Мукачівський державний університет, ФІзеші Октавія 
Published: October 2024

The article analyzes the historical and pedagogical retrospective of the primary education of national minorities in Transcarpathia in the XX-th century. The process of formation and development of primary education for the national minorities of Transcarpathia in the XX-th century is substantiated as consequential changes in its organization and content of activities determined by the state-territorial subordination of the region. Purpose: analysis of the peculiarities of education of national minorities in primary schools of Transcarpathia in the historical and pedagogical context of the XX-th century. Methods: content analysis of historical, historical-pedagogical, archival and reference sources on the researched problem; a problem-chronological method for studying the dynamics of the influence of educational processes and ensuring the right of national minorities to education in primary schools in Transcarpathian. Results & Conclusions: It was established that at each historical stage of the state-territorial re-subordination of the Transcarpathian lands, the educational policy regarding the education of children representing national minorities who lived in the territory of Transcarpathia changed. During the Austro-Hungarian period at the beginning of the XX-th century, the education of children representing national minorities (the Ruthenians-Ukrainians, Slovaks, Roma, Romanians) was significantly reduced due to the adoption of Law XXVII (in 1907), which regulated the issue of education in all educational institutions in the state (Hungarian) language. The Czechoslovak period was marked by a liberal attitude towards representatives of the local population due to the provision of education in primary schools in the native language of representatives of national minorities (the Ruthenians-Ukrainians, Hungarians, Romanians, Germans). Moreover, during this period, the first primary school for Roma children was opened in Eastern Europe, but education was conducted in the Slovak language. Later, during the Hungarian return during the events of World War II, the Ruthenians-Ukrainians, Germans, Romanians and Slovaks had the opportunity to study in schools in their native language. The beginning of the Soviet period in Transcarpathia was characterized by mass ethnic cleansing of the Hungarians, Germans, the assignment of the Romanians to Moldovan nationality, etc., which was accompanied by the mass closing of schools for children of national minorities, and later, under the motto of international education, the opening of schools with bilingual education (for Hungarian and Romanian children). The period of independence of Ukraine at the end of the XX-th century opened opportunities for providing primary education for representatives of all national minorities who live compactly on the territory of Transcarpathia. Key words: primary education, national minorities, primary schools for children of the Ruthenians-Ukrainians, Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks, Germans, Roma, Transcarpathia.