bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific Detection of Cultivable Helicobacter pylori Cells from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Moreno Yolanda , Ferrús Mª Antonía
Published: June 2012

Background

Helicobacter pylori is present in surface water and wastewater, and biofilms in drinking water systems have been reported as possible reservoirs of H. pylori. However, its ability to survive in an infectious state in the environment is hindered because it rapidly loses its cultivability. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori in wastewater treatment plants to understand the role of wastewater in the pathogen's transmission.

Materials and Methods

A modified filter technique was used to obtain a positive H. pylori culture, and specific detection of this pathogen was achieved with FISH and PCR techniques.

Results

A total of six positive H. pylori cultures were obtained from the water samples, and molecular techniques positively identified H. pylori in 21 culture‐negative samples.

Conclusions

The combination of a culturing procedure after sample filtration followed by the application of a molecular method, such as PCR or FISH, provides a specific tool for the detection, identification, and direct visualization of cultivable and therefore viable H. pylori cells from complex mixed communities such as water samples.
Outcomes of a Headache‐Specific Cross‐Sectional Multidisciplinary Treatment Program
Authors: Wallasch Thomas‐Martin , Angeli Andreas , Kropp Peter
Published: June 2012

Aim.— Chronic headache is a disabling disorder that is frequently poorly managed in general clinical practice.

Objectives.— To investigate primary (headache frequency in days/month) and secondary (headache‐related disability, lost work/school time, anxiety and depression, amount and intake frequency of acute medication) 12‐month outcomes of a headache‐specific cross‐sectional outpatient and inpatient multidisciplinary treatment program using a dedicated computer system for data collection and corresponding between integrated care team in a tertiary headache center and practicing headache specialists.

Background.— A need for integrated headache care using comprehensive and standardized assessment for diagnosis of headache, psychiatric comorbidity, and burden of disease exists. There are little published data on long‐term efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment programs for chronic headache.

Design.— A prospective, observational, 12‐month, follow‐up study.

Subjects and Methods.— Prospectively recruited consecutive patients with frequent difficult‐to‐treat headaches (n = 201; 63 migraine, 11 tension‐type headache, 59 combined migraine/tension‐type headache, and 68 medication overuse headache) were enrolled. Outcome measures included prospective headache diaries, a medication survey, Migraine Disability Assessment, 12‐item short form health survey, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results.— The primary outcome of a reduction of ≥50% of headache frequency (days/month) was observed in 62.7%. Mean headache frequency decreased from 14.4 ± 8.2 to 7.6 ± 8.3 days/month, P < .0001. Secondary outcomes improved significantly in the total cohort and all headache subgroups. Predictors for good outcome were younger age, few days lost at work/school, and familiarity with progressive muscle relaxation therapy at baseline.

Conclusions.— The present analysis provided support for a cross‐sectional multidisciplinary integrated headache‐care program.
The Impact of Extended‐Cycle Vaginal Ring Contraception on Migraine Aura: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Calhoun Anne , Ford Sutapa , Pruitt Amy
Published: June 2012

Objective.— To determine whether extended‐cycle dosing of an ultralow dose vaginal ring contraceptive decreases frequency of migraine aura and prevents menstrual related migraine (MRM).

Background.— Many women are denied therapy with combined hormonal contraceptives due to published guidelines that recommend against their use in migraine with aura (MwA). The concern is that these products might further elevate the risk of ischemic stroke that accompanies aura. Stroke risk has been reported to vary directly with aura frequency, and aura frequency in turn has been shown to have a direct relationship to estrogen concentration. With the evolution of increasingly lower dosed combined hormonal contraceptives, we now have formulations that – provided that ovulation is inhibited – result in lower peak levels of estrogen than the concentrations attained during the native menstrual cycle. These formulations would thus be expected to result in a lower frequency of migraine aura. Furthermore, as extended‐cycle therapy eliminates monthly estrogen withdrawals, this therapy would likewise be expected to prevent MRM.

Methods.— This pilot study is an institutional review board‐approved retrospective database review. We queried our database of 830 women seen in a subspecialty menstrual migraine clinic to identify women who met all inclusion criteria: (1) current history of MwA; (2) confirmed diagnosis of MRM; and (3) treatment with extended‐cycle dosing of a transvaginal ring contraceptive containing 0.120 mg etonogestrel/15 µg ethinyl estradiol. Standardized calendars that specifically document bleeding patterns, headache details, and occurrence of aura are required of all patients in this clinic.

Results.— Twenty‐eight women met study criteria, none of whom were smokers. Of these, 5 discontinued use of etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol within the first month, leaving 23 evaluable subjects. At baseline, subjects averaged 3.23 migraine auras/month (range: 0.1‐12). With extended dosing of the vaginal ring contraceptive, median frequency was reduced to 0.23 auras per month following treatment after a mean observation of 7.8 months (P < .0005). No subject reported an increase in aura frequency. On this regimen, MRM was eliminated in 91.3% of the evaluable subjects.

Conclusion.— In this sample of women with both MwA and MRM, use of an extended‐cycle vaginal ring contraceptive was associated with a reduced frequency of migraine aura and with resolution of MRM. This cannot be extrapolated to suggest that stroke risk in MwA will be similarly reduced. Studies to evaluate this relationship are warranted.
Rationale and study design of a three‐period, 58‐week trial of ferric citrate as a phosphate binder in patients with ESRD on dialysis
Authors: Umanath Kausik , Sika Mohammed , Niecestro Robert , Connelly Carolyn , Schulman Gerald , Koury Mark J. , Lewis Julia B. , Dwyer Jamie P. ,   Collaborative Study Group
Published: June 2012

Chronic kidney disease associated mineral and bone disorders arise as a result of aberrant bone mineral metabolism in patients with advancing levels of renal dysfunction and end‐stage renal disease. One of the cornerstones of treatment is the use of phosphate‐binding agents. We describe the rationale and study design for a clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of ferric citrate as a phosphate binder. This trial is a three‐period, international, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of ferric citrate as a phosphate binder, consisting of a 2‐week washout period, a 52‐week safety assessment period in which subjects are randomized to ferric citrate or active control, and a 4‐week efficacy assessment period in which subjects randomized to ferric citrate in the safety assessment period are randomized to ferric citrate or placebo. Eligible subjects include end‐stage renal disease patients who have been treated with thrice‐weekly hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for at least 3 months in dialysis clinics in the United States and Israel. Primary outcome measure will be the effect of ferric citrate vs. placebo on the change in serum phosphorus. Safety assessments will be performed by monitoring adverse events, concomitant medication use, and sequential blood chemistries (including iron parameters, phosphorus, and calcium). This three‐period trial will assess the efficacy of ferric citrate as a phosphate binder. If proven safe and efficacious, ferric citrate will likely provide an additional phosphate binder to treat chronic kidney disease associated mineral and bone disorders.
Predictors of Young People's Charitable Intentions to Donate Money: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Perspective
Authors: KNOWLES SIMON R. , HYDE MELISSA K. , WHITE KATHERINE M.
Published: June 2012

An extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used to predict young people's intentions to donate money to charities in the future. Students (N = 210; 18–24 years) completed a questionnaire assessing their attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control (PBC), moral obligation, past behavior, and intentions toward donating money. Regression analyses revealed that the extended TPB explained 61% of the variance in intentions to donate money. Attitude, PBC, moral norm, and past behavior predicted intentions, representing future targets for charitable‐giving interventions.
Wettability versus electrostatic forces in fibronectin and albumin adsorption to titanium surfaces
Authors: Kohavi David , Badihi Hauslich Liad , Rosen Graciela , Steinberg Doron , Sela Michael N.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

Although the enhancement of plasma protein adsorption to titanium (
Ti
) following wetting has been recognized, the relationship between wettability and electrostatic forces has remained unclear. Thus, we have carried out a series of studies to determine the role of wettability and electrostatic forces on protein adsorption.

Methods

Titanium disks with different surfaces were wetted with a range of solutions, two of which contained divalent positive ions (
Ca
and
Mg
). Unwetted disks served as a control. Subsequently, the wetted disks were subjected to three treatment regimes: (1) incubation in human serum albumin (HSA) or human serum fibronectin (HSF); (2) drying the wetted disks, followed by incubation in HSA or HSF; and (3) following protein adsorption, the
Ca
originating in the wetting solutions was removed by divalent positive ions chelator treatment (EGTA), and the remaining quantities were assessed. The quantity of the adsorbed proteins was determined by ELISA.

Results

It was found that in the case of HSA, adsorption was enhanced by the wettability, the presence of
Ca
and
Mg
in the wetting solution, and the existence of rough surfaces. For HSF, the wettability and rough surfaces enhanced adsorption.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that in addition to wettability, the composition of the wetting solution affects the protein adsorption. While wetting reduces the time for the HSA and HSF adsorption to reach saturation, the electrostatic forces enhance the amount of HSA adsorption. Thus, the protein adsorption capacity of titanium rough surfaces can be selectively manipulated by changing of the wetting solution.
Immunological aspects of fresh‐frozen allogeneic bone grafting for lateral ridge augmentation
Authors: Spin‐Neto Rubens , Stavropoulos Andreas , de Freitas Rubens Moreno , Pereira Luís Antônio Violin Dias , Carlos Iracilda Zeppone , Marcantonio Elcio
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To present some immunological aspects of fresh‐frozen allogeneic bone grafting for lateral bone augmentation, based on the quantitative evaluation of IL‐10, IL‐1β, IFN‐ γ and TNF‐ α in patients sera.

Material and methods

Thirty‐three partially or totally edentulous patients received fresh‐frozen allogeneic bone (AL – 20 patients) or autologous bone onlay block grafts (AT – 13 patients) prior to oral implant placement. Blood samples were collected from each patient at various time‐points during a 6 month‐period (baseline, 14, 30, 90 and 180 days postoperatively). Quantitative evaluation of IL‐10, IL‐1β, IFN‐ γ and TNF‐ α was performed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

For all evaluated markers and at all evaluated periods, inter‐group comparisons showed no statistically significant differences between the groups, while the observed values were within normal levels. For AL‐treated patients, intra‐group evaluation showed statistically significant increase of TNF‐α from baseline to 90 (P < 0.001) and 180 (P < 0.01) days, and from 14 to 90 (P < 0.01) and 180 (P < 0.05) days. IFN‐ γ showed intercalated results, with a decrease from baseline to 14 days (P < 0.05), and increase from 14 to 90 days (P < 0.001) and 180 (P < 0.05) days. No differences between the periods of evaluation were found for the AT group.

Conclusions

AL grafting for lateral bone augmentation, similar to AT grafting, does not seem to challenge the immune system significantly.
Long‐term outcome of implants placed with guided bone regeneration (GBR) using resorbable and non‐resorbable membranes after 12–14 years
Authors: Jung Ronald E. , Fenner Nadine , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Zitzmann Nicola U.
Published: June 2012

Aim

The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the long‐term outcome of implants placed simultaneously with guided bone regeneration (GBR) using resorbable and non‐resorbable membranes.

Materials and methods

The original study population consisted of 72 patients receiving a total of 265 implants. In all GBR‐treated sites, demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) was used in combination either with a collagen (CM) or an Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e‐PTFE) membrane. A total of 112 implants was treated with CM, 41 implants were treated with e‐PTFE membranes, and 112 served as a control group because implants were entirely surrounded by bone and did not need any GBR procedures. Clinical and radiographic analyses were performed after a period of 12–14 years.

Results

The median follow‐up time was 12.5 years (range 12–14 years). A total of 58 patients participated in the present investigation, corresponding to 80.5% of the original study population. The cumulative implant survival rate at the follow‐up examination was 93.2%. For the control group the cumulative survival rate was 94.6%, for the CM 91.9%, and for the e‐PTFE 92.6%. Differences among the groups were not statistically significant.

The radiographically determined marginal bone level (MBL) amounted to: control 2.36 mm (SD), CM 2.4 mm (SD), e‐PTFE 2.53 mm (SD). There is no evidence (P < 0.2) that the slope of bone level over time is different for the three treatment groups.

Conclusion

It is concluded that implants placed simultaneously with GBR procedures using resorbable or non‐resorbable membranes reveal a high survival rate ranging from 91.9% to 92.6%, therefore it is considered to be a safe and predictable therapy. [Correction added after online publication 30 November 2012: the marginal bone level of CM, e‐PTFE, and control was corrected to ‘control 2.36 mm (SD), CM 2.4 mm (SD), e‐PTFE 2.53 mm (SD)’ in the Results section]
Atypical fibroxanthoma
Authors: Ziemer Mirjana
Published: June 2012

Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is a rare neoplastic disease of the skin. Since the term was coined in the early 1960s, the disease has been viewed in many ways. For a long time AFX was regarded as a superficial variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). When the concept of MFH was re‐evaluated and the term “undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma” (UPS) introduced, the controversy about the nature of AFX increased. The following review aims at providing an understanding of the present status of diagnosis and therapy of AFX based on the historical context and current data.
A Systematic Review of the Evidence: The Effects of Portion Size Manipulation with Children and Portion Education/Training Interventions on Dietary Intake with Adults
Authors: Small Leigh , Lane Heather , Vaughan Linda , Melnyk Bernadette , McBurnett Danielle
Published: June 2012

Background

Evidence shows that 3–5‐year‐old children undergo important physical and behavioral changes that include being affected by the amount of food they are served, with larger portions of food served resulting in greater dietary intake. This may be a key finding as researchers continue to identify effective treatments for the growing number of preschool children who are overweight or obese. Knowledge of the effects of varying portion sizes on young children's dietary intake is important; however, because parents of young children control the manner in which children are fed, educating parents regarding the estimation of portion sizes is an approach worth exploring as a way to affect the trajectory of their young child's weight gain.

Aims

The purposes of this systematic review were to determine (1) findings regarding the effect of varying portion sizes with young children and (2) the evidence regarding the effects of educating adults to estimate portion sizes. Evidence from this review may guide clinical practice and future research efforts.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted with multiple databases using MeSH Headings and keywords. This search strategy was supplemented by ancestry searches of all relevant articles. Two independent, trained pediatric practitioners determined quality of the studies using established criteria.

Results

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria as portion‐manipulation interventions or portion‐education/training interventions and were appraised. Evidence showed the positive effect of portion sizes on the energy intake of children. In addition, the ability of adults to accurately estimate portion size improved following education/training.

Conclusions

Although many studies have focused on a variety of portion‐related interventions, the influence of portion education with parents of young children has not been well researched. More research is needed to understand the effect of parent‐focused, portion‐education interventions that encourage appropriate energy intake and healthy weight attainment in young children.
From steady‐state to synchronized yeast glycolytic oscillations I: model construction
Authors: du Preez Franco B. , van Niekerk David D. , Kooi Bob , Rohwer Johann M. , Snoep Jacky L.
Published: June 2012

An existing detailed kinetic model for the steady‐state behavior of yeast glycolysis was tested for its ability to simulate dynamic behavior. Using a small subset of experimental data, the original model was adapted by adjusting its parameter values in three optimization steps. Only small adaptations to the original model were required for realistic simulation of experimental data for limit‐cycle oscillations. The greatest changes were required for parameter values for the phosphofructokinase reaction. The importance of ATP for the oscillatory mechanism and NAD(H) for inter‐and intra‐cellular communications and synchronization was evident in the optimization steps and simulation experiments. In an accompanying paper [du Preez F et al. (2012) FEBS J279, 2823–2836], we validate the model for a wide variety of experiments on oscillatory yeast cells. The results are important for re‐use of detailed kinetic models in modular modeling approaches and for approaches such as that used in the Silicon Cell initiative.

Database
 The mathematical models described here have been submitted to the JWS Online Cellular Systems Modelling Database and can be accessed at http://jjj.biochem.sun.ac.za/database/dupreez/index.html.
Development of secondary skull sarcoma after treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ohno Makoto , Narita Yoshitaka , Miyakita Yasuji , Okita Yoshiko , Kayama Takamasa , Shibui Soichiro
Published: June 2012

Secondary cancer is a serious late complication in childhood leukemia survivors. Here, we report a case of secondary skull sarcoma developing after treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia, including bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This patient had breast cancer 1 year before treatment for the skull sarcoma. The patient underwent macroscopic total removal of the skull tumor with bone margin with postoperative radiation therapy and did not develop tumor recurrence for 25 months. Our patient's experience suggests that survivors of childhood leukemia are at risk of developing skull sarcoma and that multi‐agent chemotherapy, including anthracycline, TBI used as conditioning for BMT, and development of GVHD, are possible risk factors. Considering the possibility of multiple secondary malignancies in such patients, careful long‐term follow up is mandatory.
Interaction between risk factors for iron deficiency in young children
Authors: BRUNT Deborah R. , GRANT Cameron C. , WALL Clare R. , REED Peter W.
Published: June 2012

Aims:  To describe interactions between risk factors for iron deficiency (ID).

Methods:  A random community sample of 316 children 6–23 months old of whom 13% had ID. Risk factors for ID were determined using logistic regression. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were estimated. An additive relationship between risk factors was present if the RR of ID when both factors were present exceeded the sum of individual RRs of ID.

Results:  Independent risk factors for ID in a multivariate model were prematurity/low birthweight (RR 4.82, 95%CI 1.57–7.42), increased body mass index (5.57, 1.41–12.18), eating fruit only as a snack (3.48, 1.38–7.28), having no milk formula (4.40, 2.06–7.27), daily cow's milk (4.71, 1.99–8.56) and having only homemade first solids (2.91, 1.01–6.40). Eating fruit only as a snack had an additive relationship with three other dietary risk factors: no milk formula (RR 11.75, 95%CI 4.58–19.46), cow's milk daily (13.48, 1.20–42.37) and only homemade first solids (8.66, 3.43–14.76). Larger body mass had an additive relationship with four dietary factors: no milk formula (RR 14.69, 95%CI 1.95–24.00), fruit only as a snack (10.11, 4.59–16.36), cow's milk daily (12.28, 5.97–21.95) and only homemade first solids (7.05, 1.27–16.27). Prematurity/low birthweight had an additive relationship with two dietary risk factors: no milk formula (RR 9.16, 95%CI 2.42–12.11) and only homemade first solids (7.15, 1.47–9.73).

Conclusions:  Risk factors for ID interact to place young children at high risk of ID.
Higher unprocessed red meat, chicken and fish intake is associated with a higher vegetable intake in mid‐age non‐vegetarian women
Authors: JENKINS Laura , MCEVOY Mark , PATTERSON Amanda , SIBBRITT David
Published: June 2012

Aim:  To investigate whether higher intakes of unprocessed red meat, chicken and fish are associated with higher intakes of vegetables in middle‐aged, non‐vegetarian Australian women.

Methods:  Food intake data was collected from a nationally representative sample of 10 530 middle‐aged Australian women (50–55 years) who completed the third survey of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The validated Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies (Version 2) was used. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the association between vegetable intake and four variables: total meat, red meat, chicken and fish intake in grams per day.

Results:  Total meat (regression coefficient (RC) = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.30–0.34; P < 0.001), red meat (RC = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.42–0.48; P < 0.001), chicken (RC = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70–0.85; P < 0.001) and fish intake (RC = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.42–0.53; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher vegetable intakes after adjusting for confounders. The adjusted R2 values for each of the regression models were relatively small (0.1590, 0.1394, 0.0932, 0.0802), indicating that the included predictors did not account for much of the variation in vegetable intake.

Conclusion:  These results provide some evidence that higher intakes of unprocessed red meat, chicken and fish are associated with higher intakes of vegetables. This supports the notion that many Australians who are serving up unprocessed red meat, chicken or fish for their meals are also consuming a number of vegetable serves.
Australian children's food and drink preferences: Implications for health professionals
Authors: PESCUD Melanie , PETTIGREW Simone , DONOVAN Robert J. , COWIE Samantha , FIELDER Lynda
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Children's food and drink preferences play an important role in determining their consumption behaviours, but data pertaining to Australian children's preferences are lacking. The present study investigated children's preferences and health practitioners' assumptions relating to these preferences.

Methods:  Five hundred and twenty‐four Australian primary schoolchildren completed a written survey to explore their food and drink preferences and 576 health professionals (HPs) participated in an online survey to identify their perceptions of children's preferences. The traffic light system of food classification was used to determine the healthiness of the foods and drinks nominated as favourites by children and HPs. Data were analysed using chi‐square tests to assess the extent to which children's and HPs' responses differed. Differences according to socio‐demographic variables were investigated.

Results:  Children's reported preferences were healthier than HPs expected. Younger children had healthier preferences than their older peers, and girls chose healthier items than boys. Children from the medium socioeconomic schools preferred healthier foods compared with their low socioeconomic peers, but low socioeconomic children preferred healthier drinks compared to medium socioeconomic children. There were no differences between the HPs' results according to demographic variables.

Conclusions:  Given that children are reporting preferences for healthy options yet intakes of healthy foods are suboptimal among Australian children, efforts to improve the health status of Australian children should include strategies to encourage adults to make healthy foods and drinks more available and accessible.
Replacement of the Methylene of Dihydrochalcones with Oxygen: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2‐Phenoxyacetophenones
Authors: Ansari Mahsa , Emami Saeed , Khalilzadeh Mohammad A. , Maghsoodlou Malek T. , Foroumadi Alireza , Faramarzi Mohammad A. , Samadi Nasrin , Ardestani Sussan K.
Published: June 2012

With the aim of finding new bioactive compounds, a series of phenoxyacetophenone derivatives 2 were designed and synthesized as oxygen analogs of dihydrochalcones. Also, phenoxyacetophenones were converted to (Z)‐oxime derivatives 3 and their geometry were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 2 and 3 was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger using micro‐dilution method. In general, oxime derivative 3d containing 4‐fluorophenoxy moiety showed comparable or more potent antifungal activity (MICs = 15.63–31.25 μg/mL) with respect to the reference drug fluconazole against all tested yeasts. In addition, the antileishmanial activity of title compounds was determined against pormastigote form of Leishmania major. All compounds showed mild growth inhibitory activity against promastigotes. The most active compound was unsubstituted phenoxyacetophenone 2a (IC50 = 80 μg/mL). To anticipate the potential use as drugs, the target compounds were evaluated in their drug‐like properties. The in silico values of molecular descriptors for bioactive compounds 2a and 3d revealed that these compounds are within the range set by Lipinski’s ‘Rule of 5’ and show no violation of these rules. Moreover, bioactive compounds 2a and 3d are supposed to be non‐mutagenic and non‐tumorigenic, with no irritating or reproductive effects.
Wooden Legs and Tales of Sorrow Done: The Literary Broken Soldier of the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: PARKES SIMON
Published: June 2012

The literary character of the Broken Soldier is a cathartic presence in much eighteenth‐century writing. In works by authors such as Oliver Goldsmith, Henry Mackenzie and Robert Bage we find the figure of the Broken Soldier as the smashed recipient of society's self‐conscious benevolence. He is a sacrificial figure deflecting the realities of conflict and violence from the home front via his play‐acting and sanctioned tales. The horrors of war that seep back into society are diffused by encounters with the Broken Soldier, allowing echoes of violence to be contained within these literary texts and broken bodies.
Small Bowel Crohn's disease MRI pictorial essay
Authors: Lui Belinda , Sutherland Tom , Lasocki Arian , Hennessy Oliver
Published: June 2012

The focus of this article includes

Revision of normal small bowel anatomy on sequences performed at our institution, with advantages and disadvantages.

Brief summary of the disease.

Appearance of acute active disease.

Usefulness of ancillary findings of active disease.

Appearance of chronic disease both active and inactive.

Complications of Crohn's disease.

Pitfalls and limitations of interpretation.

Clinically relevant reporting through clinician feedback.
Bevacizumab modulates epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in the retinal pigment epithelial cells via connective tissue growth factor up‐regulation
Authors: Chen Ching‐Long , Liang Chang‐Min , Chen Yi‐Hao , Tai Ming‐Cheng , Lu Da‐Wen , Chen Jiann‐Torng
Published: June 2012

Purpose:  To investigate the effect of bevacizumab treatment on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and the induction of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in ARPE‐19 cells and human donor retinal pigment epithelium (HRPE) cells in vitro.

Methods:  We quantitated the protein and gene expression level of CTGF by ELISA. The effect of Fc–Fc receptor (Fc–FcR) interaction on CTGF expression was evaluated by CD64 siRNA silencing. Expression of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition markers, alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and zona occludens protein (ZO‐1) was evaluated by Western blot. Cell migration and collagen gel contraction assay were examined by light microscopy, and collagen production was measured by ELISA.

Results:  Bevacizumab stimulation increased CTGF expression in ARPE‐19 and HRPE cells in a dose‐dependent manner. CD64 gene silencing inhibited the effect of bevacizumab‐induced CTGF up‐regulation. Bevacizumab increased the expression of α‐SMA and decreased the expression of ZO‐1 in ARPE‐19 cells. Bevacizumab also caused the release of type‐1 collagen and increased cell migration and contraction of collagen.

Conclusions:  Bevacizumab exerts pro‐fibrotic effects on human RPE cells at clinical doses by up‐regulation of CTGF expression via an Fc–FcR interaction. This effect of bevacizumab may be one of the underlying mechanisms involved in age‐related macular degeneration therapy or intravitreal bevacizumab‐associated complications.
Measures in rheumatoid arthritis: are we measuring too many parameters
Authors: Chandrashekara S. , Sachin S.
Published: June 2012

The disease activity measures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a lot of unmet need for current clinical demand. With available biological and aggressive disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drug therapy, the goal of RA treatment has moved toward remission or at least tighter control. The current measures lose their ability to discriminate further once the patient gets into minimal disease or tight control. There are more numbers of parameters, measured to assess disease activity, like joint counts, perception scales and laboratory parameters. There are different composite scores like Disease Activity Score, American College of Rheumatology criteria and clinical disease activity index. In this review we have reviewed the evolution of and changing need for these measures. The relevance of some measures and their use and limitations with reference to various characteristics are presented. Inflammation measures to quantify the RA process is the best way to monitor RA disease activity. C‐reactive protein alone or with other biomarkers to specify RA, appear to be good prospective measures.
The form of incentive contracts: agency with moral hazard, risk neutrality, and limited liability
Authors: Poblete Joaquín , Spulber Daniel
Published: June 2012

The analysis obtains a complete characterization of the optimal agency contract with moral hazard, risk neutrality, and limited liability. We introduce a “critical ratio” that indicates the returns to providing the agent with incentives for effort in each random state. The form of the contract is debt (a capped bonus) when the critical ratio is increasing (decreasing) in the state. An increasing critical ratio in the state‐space setting corresponds to the hazard rate order for the reduced‐form distribution of output, which
we term the “decreasing hazard rate in effort property” (DHREP). The critical ratio also yields insights into agency with adverse selection.
How much discretion for risk regulators?
Authors: Hiriart Yolande , Martimort David
Published: June 2012

We analyze the regulation of firms that undertake socially risky activities but can reduce the probability of an accident inflicted on third parties by carrying out non verifiable effort. Congress delegates regulation to an agency, although these two bodies may have different preferences toward the industry. The optimal level of discretion left to the agency results from the following trade‐off: the agency can tailor discretionary policies to its expert knowledge about potential harm, but it implements policies that are too “pro‐industry.” The agency should be given full discretion when the firm is solvent; partial discretion is preferred otherwise. We then investigate how this trade‐off changes as the political and economic landscapes are modified.
Concurrent 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in Ferrets and in a Community in Pennsylvania
Authors: Campagnolo E. R. , Moll M. E. , Tuhacek K. , Simeone A. J. , Miller W. S. , Waller K. O. , Simwale O. , Rankin J. T. , Ostroff S. M.
Published: June 2012

We report a fall 2010 cluster of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) infections in pet ferrets in Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania. The ferrets were associated with one pet shop. The influenza cluster occurred during a period when the existing human surveillance systems had identified little to no pH1N1 in humans in the Lehigh Valley, and there were no routine influenza surveillance systems for exotic pets. The index case was a 2.5‐month‐old neutered male ferret that was presented to a veterinary clinic with severe influenza‐like illness (ILI). In response to laboratory notification of a positive influenza test result, and upon request from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH), the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) conducted an investigation to identify other ill ferrets and to identify the source and extent of infection. PDA notified the PADOH of the pH1N1 infection in the ferrets, leading to enhanced human surveillance and the detection of pH1N1 human infections in the surrounding community. Five additional ferrets with ILI linked to the pet shop were identified. This simultaneous outbreak of ferret and human pH1N1 demonstrates the important link between animal health and public health and highlights the potential use of veterinary clinics for sentinel surveillance of diseases shared between animals and humans.
Meteoritic Iron Phosphide
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Abstract

The composition of schreibersite is very variable, but frequently polygons of iron, nickel‐cobalt, and phosphorus percentages strongly suggest that the formula is Fe2NiP. A secondary maximum in the nickel‐cobalt polygon, together with a study of the individual analyses, indicates that, in general, the phosphide known as rhabdite has somewhat more than the required quantity of nickel, while the more massive, “true” schreibersite contains somewhat less. References are given to work showing that schreibersite is body‐centered tetragonal. Schreibersite lamellae are known to occur parallel to (100), (210), (211), (110) (Brezina lamellae), and (111). The last‐mentioned form is described for the first time in connection with Widmanstätten figures in the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite. It is also somewhat different from a similar occurrence in the Rodeo, Durango, Mexico, meteorite. The name Shepard's lamellae is proposed for the lamellae parallel to (111).
The Willamette, Oregon, Meteorite in History*
Authors: Pruett J. Hugh
Published: June 2012

Abstract In 1902, Ellis Hughes found the Willamette, Oregon, meteorite on a hillside near Oregon City. It was on property belonging to the Oregon Iron & Steel Company. Unable to buy the land, Hughes constructed a crude truck, loaded the 16‐ton object onto it, and, by means of a windless and horse, secretly moved it three‐quarters of a mile to his own house, after three months of work. There he exhibited it to the public for a fee of 25 cents. The company from whose land the meteorite was moved soon brought suit to recover it. The lower court awarded it to the company. Hughes appealed to the State Supreme Court, and, on July 17, 1905, the high court decided that such objects are real estate and belong to the land where they are found. The company then moved the already famous object to Portland, where it was exhibited at the Lewis and Clark Exposition. On February 15, 1906, Mrs. William Dodge II of New York bought the meteorite from the owners and presented it to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. There it has since remained.
The Piñon, New Mexico, Siderite
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract The Piñon, New Mexico, siderite came into the writer's hands in May, 1932. The meteorite was a rather shapeless mass weighing about 17.85 kgs. (39 1/4 lbs.). It proved to be a nickel‐rich ataxite, with a nickel content of 16.32%, according to a chemical analysis by F. G. Hawley, which is given in full. The meteorite is preserved chiefly in the State Agricultural College of New Mexico at Mesilla Park and in the Nininger Collection in Denver, Colorado.
Three New Siderites from Kentucky: Campbellsville, Clark County, and Providence*
Authors: Young David M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

On June 3, 1929, the seventeenth Kentucky meteorite (Campbellsville) was ploughed from a field by Mr. E. B. Watson on the farm of Edgar Cox, near Campbellsville, Taylor County, Kentucky. The original weight of the iron was 34 pounds, about one‐half of which has been distributed. It is classed as a coarse octahedrite (Og) and has the following chemical composition: iron, 88.99%; nickel, 10.27%; cobalt, 0.26%; and traces of carbon, silica, manganese, copper, and titanium.

The eighteenth meteorite from Kentucky (Clark County) was found in 1937. It was purchased by Mr. J. D. Figgins of the Bernheim Museum, who exchanged most of it with the American Meteorite Laboratory, where it will be described. The original weight was 26 pounds.

The latest identification of a siderite in Kentucky (Providence) was made in July, 1938, although the specimen was found 35 years before. Mr. W. T. Yeager, owner of a farm located about one mile southwest of Providence, Trimble County, Kentucky, found the iron in 1903 in an orchard where it was exposed at the surface of the ground. Unaware of its true character, but interested because of its weight, he kept the specimen as a curiosity until it became known to the writer. The weight is 15 pounds, and although badly oxidized, the coarse octahedral crystallization is well defined. The meteorite is classed as a coarse octahedrite (Og) and contains 88.54% iron, 10.30% nickel, 0.30% cobalt, etc.
Philippine Tektites and the Tektite Problem in General*
Authors: Beyer H. Otley
Published: June 2012

Great showers of tektites fell upon certain parts of the earth at widely separated geologic periods. The four major geologic groups are:

The typical forms—spheroids, disks, or oval, cylindrical, dumb‐bell‐shaped, and pointed, drop‐shaped bodies—suggest natural shapes assumed by molten glass revolving in the atmosphere or a similar gaseous medium. The Australites show a partial re‐fusing of the original glass sphere and backward flow, producing a peculiar button‐like appearance.

Group three, which includes the Philippine tektites, may be divided into four major subgroups: (1) Indochinites; (2) Rizalites; (3) Billitonites and Malaysianites; and (4) Java Tektites. The characteristics etc. of these bodies are discussed in some detail.

Of the various theories of the origin of tektites, three are still worthy of consideration. These are: (1) the theory of volcanic or other earthly origin; (2) the burning, light‐metal meteorite theory; and (3) the meteorite explosion‐crater theory. An astronomical theory of tektites, proposed by Dr. W. Carl Rufus, is summarized and briefly criticized, pro and con.

The Philippines present a unique opportunity for the study of the richest known deposit of tektites in their natural environment. The only local students of the problem are the writer and Dr. Miguel Selga, S.J., joined recently by Mr. J. Van Eck. To stimulate local interest, the present outline was presented to the Philippine National Research Council.

The Ivory‐Coast deposit, believed to be Mesozoic;

The Moldavites, or European, from the Helvetian strata of mid‐Miocene;

The Indo‐malaysianites, undoubtedly mid‐Pleistocene; and

The Australites, believed to be post‐Pleistocene or recent.
Some Practical Aspects of Meteoritics
Authors: Nininger H. H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

It is believed that a thoroughgoing program of research on meteorites and meteoric phenomena would yield knowledge of a practical nature. Some of the areas of life in which meteoritical research may prove of value are: weather forecasting, the lighting industry, mineral deposits, metallurgy, aëronautics, ballistics, and radio.
A Statistical Study of the Meteoritic Falls of the World as of Date 1941 January 1
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. , Slanin Boris
Published: June 2012

This paper contains 3 tables of statistics, as of date 1941 January 1, for the meteoritic falls of (1) the United States, (2) countries other than the United States, and (3) the continents and the world (1392 falls in all) and a brief discussion of the contents of each table. The data for the tables have been taken from a manuscript catalog of the meteoritic falls of the world now in process of compilation by the writers. The paper ends with a consideration of some 15 factors that favor the recovery of meteorites.
Statistical Studies of the Meteoritic Falls of the World: 3. Their Time Distribution*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. , Slanin Boris
Published: June 2012

This paper contains a study of all the authentic meteoritic falls of the world, 1314 in number (21 of date earlier than 1790 and 1293 of date 1790 and later), for which reasonably reliable information concerning the time of fall or find is available. By means of a series of tables and graphs, the following subjects are treated: (1) the observed falls by years; (2) the unobserved falls by years; (3) both kinds of falls by years; (4) the observed falls by months; and (5) the observed falls by hours. The average numbers of falls for the decade 1930–39 are compared with the corresponding numbers for the 150‐year interval 1790–1939. The general increase in meteoritical activity, particularly since 1920, is apparent from the material of the paper.
Synthetic Symmetry in Mutual‐Induction Balances: A Practical Problem with Meteorite Detectors*
Authors: Wisman Franklin Otis
Published: June 2012

As has been pointed out in a paper by Dr. Lincoln La Paz recently published in these Contributions (P. A., 50, 157–165, March, 1942), efforts to apply electromagnetic detectors to the problem of locating buried iron meteorites have encountered many difficulties inherent in the instruments employed. In an instrument recently devised by the author, some of these difficulties are eliminated. The new detector has only half the weight and bulk of any comparable instrument, and power‐supply requirements have been materially decreased. The purpose of this paper is to derive the fundamental relations that must be observed in the design of such an instrument.
Nitrogen and its Compounds in Meteorites
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

Mention is made of free nitrogen, titanium nitride (osbornite), cyanogen, and previously reported occurrences of ammonium compounds in meteorites. Ammonia is reported as present in all of the 8 meteoritic stones tested. A new method of analysis is described which was used to determine the amount of ammonia in stones of 5 falls. In Holbrook, Arizona, the ammonia is shown to be present as a compound, at least partly soluble in water. The nitrogen found by Lipman appears to have been largely ammonium nitrogen. Lipman's failure to find water‐soluble nitrates or nitrites is confirmed; in addition, no cyanides were found in Holbrook.
A Preliminary Note on the Exclusively Meteoritic Minerals
Authors: Neuerburg George J.
Published: June 2012

It is shown in this preliminary note that the earlier lists of the exclusively meteoritic minerals are in error. On the basis of a review and an analysis of the available literature, it is proposed that a tentative, revised list of these minerals should include the following: daubréelite, kosmochlor, merrillite, oldhamite, osbornite, phosphorus, schreibersite, taenite, and weinbergerite.
A Fire Caused Reportedly by a Meteorite
Authors: Mather Bryant
Published: June 2012

This paper contains an account of a fire caused reportedly by the fall of a meteorite at 10:20 P.M., on August 11, 1945, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Desiderata for a General or Comprehensive Catalog of the Meteoritic Falls of the World*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: June 2012

The following 10 “desiderata” for a general or comprehensive catalog of the meteoritic falls of the world are discussed in order: (1) coördinate number; (2) name; (3) class; (4) time of fall or find; (5) total weight; (6) number etc. of individual masses; (7) additional data for a multiple fall or a shower; (8) physical and chemical characters; (9) depositories; and (10) bibliography. A set of abbreviations, for words most often used in the description of meteorites, meteoritic falls, etc., is recommended.
Atomic Bombs, the Tektite Problem, and “Contraterrene” Meteorites
Authors: Khan A. R.
Published: June 2012

Silica debris reported from the explosion of atomic bombs may solve the problem of tektites and support the hypothesis of “contraterrene” meteorites.
Meteoritical Pictographs
Authors: La Paz Lincoln
Published: June 2012

This paper calls attention to certain undoubtedly genuine meteoritical pictographs and to other examples of picture‐writing that probably have meteoritical significance. It is urged that anthropologists, archeologists, and ethnologists coöperate with meteoriticists in the collection, collation, and dating of pictographs portraying meteoritical phenomena.
The Cavour, South Dakota, Aerolites (980,442)
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: June 2012

The Cavour, Beadle County, South Dakota, aerolites (C.N. = 980,442) belong to a shower of at least 7 stones. The description based on one of them shows that the fall is an old one, because the specimen is badly oxidized. Analyses are given (in Table 1) of the soluble silicate, insoluble silicate, and metal. The last‐named component is present partly in the form of small plates, in addition to the more common irregular grains. The stone is probably a brecciated crystalline chondrite (symbol = C, kb).
A Reply to an Article by Mr. Brandon Barringer on the Origin of the “Carolina Bays”*
Authors: Prouty William F.
Published: June 2012

The 5 points of criticism raised by Mr. Brandon Barringer against the probable meteoritic origin of the “Carolina Bays” are each briefly discussed, and the conclusion is reached that these objections are not valid under the existing conditions and under the modified meteoritic theory of bay origin.
A Composite Spectrum of a Perseid Meteor of 1948*
Authors: Russell John A.
Published: June 2012

A spectrum of a Perseid meteor, observed on 1948 August 11, from a place near Blairsden, Plumas County, California, is discussed. This spectrum exhibits, along successive segments of the visible path of the meteor, the characteristics of all 3 spectral types, Z, X, Y, in that order. These variations in the spectrum of a single meteor substantiate the hypothesis that differences in meteor spectra result from changes in the excitation of the meteoritic vapor, rather than from differences in the composition of the meteorites themselves.