bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoking and fatty liver disease in rural therapeutic area residents
Authors: Mikhailova N. V. , Petrunko I. I.
Published: December 2021

Aim: Evaluate the relationship of Smoking with fatty liver disease (FLD) of various etiologies.

Materials and Methods: Out of1568 residents of the rural therapeutic area agreed to participate in the study of 1123 residents of the rural medical area with negative markers of hepatitis B and / or C. The survey included the collection of anamnesis for smoking and alcohol consumption. An objective, laboratory (complete blood count, biochemical liver function tests) and instrumental examination, including ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, were carried out.

Results: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was detected in 247 (22.0%) people, alcoholic liver disease (ALD) — in 276 (24.6%) (p>0.05). 542 people smoked of the surveyed. Among patients with NAFLD, Smoking was 20.2%, their Smoking experience was 35.1±11.5 years, and the Smoking index was 24.5±10.9. Among patients with ALP, Smoking is higher-93.1% (p<0.05), Smoking experience is less — 29.5±9.8 years (p<0.05), as is the Smoking index of 21.8±7.7 (p<0.05). Among smokers, 56.8% had FLD, 83.8% of them were of alcoholic etiology, and 16.2% were non — alcoholic (p<0.05). Among non-smokers, compared with smokers, FLD was detected less frequently — in 37.2% of people (p<0.05), of which alcohol etiology — in 8.8% (p<0.05), non — alcoholic-in 91.2% (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In the rural therapeutic area, 93.1% of ALD sufferers smoke, and 20.2% of NAFLD patients smoke (p<0.05). In patients with NAFLD, the duration of smoking was longer (35.1 ± 11.5) than in patients with ALD — 29.5 ± 9.8 years (p <0.05); the smoking index was 24.5 ± 10.9 and 21.8 ± 7.7 pack-years (p<0.05), respectively. In smokers, FLD was more common (56.8%) than in non-smokers (37.2%) (p<0.05). FLD in smokers was of alcoholic etiology more often (83.8%) than non-alcoholic (16.2%) (p<0.05), in non-smokers non-alcoholic etiology prevailed (91.2%) (p<0.05).
Direct comparison of the effects of liraglutide and dulaglutide on the dynamics of scales and markers of hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Martianova M. V. , Laevskaya M. Yu. , Meltonian A. R. , Bregovskiy V. B. , Babenko A. Yu.
Published: December 2021

Objective. Comparison of the effects of liraglutide and dulaglutide on the dynamics of scales and markers of hepatic fibrosis.

Materials and methods. 35 patients with NAFLD were included in the study and received liraglutide 1.8 mg or dulaglutide 1.5 mg once daily for 6 months.

Results. Body weight and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) decreased significantly and comparable after 6 months of treatment in both groups. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels decreased only in the dulaglutide group. The decrease in the AST level in the dulaglutide group was from 31.9 ± 26.8 to 30.8 ± 10.6 U / L (p = 0.04). The dynamics of the risk of fibrosis reached statistical significance only when assessed on the FIB-4 scale in the liraglutide group when comparing the baseline values and values after 6 months of treatment — 1.18 ± 0.51 and 0.97 ± 0.40, respectively (p = 0.022). In the dulaglutide group, there was also an insignificant positive dynamics of 1.31 ± 0.53 and 1.11 ± 0.23 (p = 0.865), which can be explained by the minimal severity of changes at baseline.

Conclusions. The study demonstrated comparable effects of liraglutide and dulaglutide on metabolic parameters and, at the same time, the advantage of liraglutide in influencing the dynamics of the risk of fibrosis, assessed on the FIB-4 scale. To unequivocally confirm the benefits of liraglutide in the treatment of patients with NAFLD, randomized prospective comparative studies of various aGPP1 on large samples of patients with different stages of NAFLD are needed.
RECOMMENDATIONS ON COPD AND FAMILY PRACTITIONERS: WHAT IS THE LEVEL OF ADHERENCE?
Authors: Y. M. Mostovoy Y. M. , Konstantinovych T. V. , Lindiuk O. R. , Bugaichuk O. V.
Published: December 2021

Y. M. Mostovoy, T. V. Konstantinovych, O. R. Lindiuk, O. V. Bugaichuk Abstract Majority of COPD patients should receive medical care provided by family practitioners. Only the cases of severe, uncontrolled diseases must be managed by pulmonologists. That is why family practitioners must be well informed on actual requirements on diagnosis and treatment of COPD in order to give effective care to this population of patients. Following the aim to study quality of medical care, provided to COPD patients by family practitioners, we analyzed 220 out-patient records (95 men (43,2 %), 125 women (56,8 %); mean age 69 years). Analyzing medical records the attention was mainly focused at two issues — accuracy of diagnosis formulation and correctness of treatment prescription. It was revealed that the clinical group of disease was not mentioned in 107 (48,6 %) patients. This made impossible to prescribe maintenance treatment correctly. Long-acting anticholinergic drugs and it combinations were prescribed unreasonably rarely (11 (5 %) vs needed 97 (44,1 %) cases). On the contrary, short-acting bronchodilators (salbutamol, berodual monotherapy) and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta 2 agonist combination were used in 51 (23,2 %) and 50 (22,7 %) cases, respectively. Among them 48 (48,9 %) patients required hospitalization, use of antibiotics and systemic corticosteroids. This is mainly explained by incorrect use of maintenance therapy for COPD. The authors conclude about low adherence of family practitioners to state and international COPD guidelines. Further work is needed to increase the knowledge of physician regarding COPD diagnosis and treatment along with active consultancy of out-patient facilities by the pulmonologists.
ASTHMA AS A MASK OF ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Authors:   SO “National institute of phthisiology and pulmonology named after F. G. Yanovsky NAMS of Ukraine”, Rekalova O. M.
Published: December 2021

ASTHMA AS A MASK OF ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT O. M. Rekalova Abstract Asthma is a heterogeneous diseases with multiple phenotypes, 5–10 % of which are associated with severe course of disease, resistant to standard therapy. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), being a separate disease (ICD-10: B44.9 — aspergillosis unspecified), may mimic asthma. A literature review of major statements regarding ABPA, focusing on definition, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, association of different forms of asthma with fungal sensitization and Th2-response, stage, radiological picture, diagnostic algorithm in asthma and cystic fibrosis, characteristics of major applicable lab tests, principles and algorithm of treatment of ABPA patients, and treatment prospects. Lung radiological data using computer modeling from patient with ABPA (clinical case) has been presented as an illustration. Key words: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), asthma, diagnosis, treatment. Ukr. P
Analisis Laporan Keuangan
Authors: Jannah Miftahul
Published: December 2021

Analisis laporan keuangan adalah suatu proses penelitian laporan keuangan beserta unsur-unsurnyan yang bertujun untuk mengevaluasi dan memprediksi kondisi keuangan perusahaan atau badan usaha yang juga mengevaluasi hasil-hasil yang telah dicapai perusahaan atau badan usaha pada masa lalu dan sekarang. Analisis terhadap laporan keuangan suatu perusahaan pada dasarnya karena ingin mengetahui toingkat keuntungan, tingkat risiko dan tingkat Kesehatan suatu perusahaan. Analisis semacam ini mengharuskan seorang analis untuk melakukan beberapa hal:1. Menentukan dengan jelas tujuan analisis2. Memahami konsep-konsep dan prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari laporan keuangan dan rasio-rasio keuangan yang diturunkan dari laporan keuangan tersebut. 3. Memahami kondisi perekonomian dan kondisi bisnis lain pada umumnya yang berkaitan dengan perusahaan dan mempengaruhi tujuan perusahaan.Sebelum melakukan analisis seorang analis harus memahami ketiga Langkah diatas, baru kemudian melakukan analisis menggunakan alat-alat analisis seperti rasio keuangan atau rasio-rasio lainnya.
The role of confucianism in sociopolitics of the Nguyen dynasty in the first half of the 19th century
Authors: 子 鬼谷
Published: December 2021

The research focuses on how the Nguyen dynasty it became the first to have the largest territory in the history of Vietnam in its nearly 60 years of establishing and reigning over the unified country in the first half of the 19th century. It is seen that in terms of organizing the state apparatus, Gia Long and Minh Mang retained the system of agencies of the previous dynasties and continued reforms to ensure socio-political stability in their governance at that time. The study also clarifies the social role of Confucianism in the Nguyen dynasty, i.e. in the first half of the 19th century, which, in our opinion, is theoretically and practically significant, with the hope of further unraveling the role of Confucianism in that period.
Entropic Information Theory: Formulae and Quantum Gravity, Bits from bit
Authors: denis olivier
Published: December 2021

We show here that entropic information is capable of unifying all aspects of the universe at all scales in a coherent and global theoretical mathematical framework materialized by entropic information framework, theory and formulas, where dark matter, dark energy and gravity are truly informationals processes and where information is code and code is what creates the process, it is itself the process. Mass, energy and movement of information are respectively dark matter, dark energy, and gravity. Here, we reconcile general relativity and quantum mechanics by introducing quantum gravity for the Planckian scale. The formulas of entropic information are expressed in natural units, physical units of measurement based only on universal constants, constants, which refer to the basic structure of the laws of physics: C and G are part of the structure of space-time in general relativity, and h captures the relationship between energy and frequency that is the basis of quantum mechanics. Here we show that entropic information formulas are able to present entropic information in various unifying aspects and introduce gravity at the Planck scale. We prove that Entropic information theory is thus building the bridge between general relativity and quantum mechanics
A Robust Method for Detecting Item Misfit in Large Scale Assessments
Authors: von Davier Matthias , Bezirhan Ummugul
Published: December 2021

Viable methods for the identification of item misfit or Differential Item Functioning (DIF) are central to scale construction and sound measurement. Many approaches rely on the derivation of a limiting distribution under the assumption that a certain model fits the data perfectly. Typical assumptions such as the monotonicity and population independence of item functions are present even in classical test theory but are more explicitly stated when using item response theory or other latent variable models for the assessment of item fit. The work presented here provides an alternative approach that does not assume perfect model data fit, but rather uses Tukey’s concept of contaminated distributions and proposes an application of robust outlier detection in order to flag items for which adequate model data fit cannot be established.
Out-of-vocabulary but not meaningless: Evidence for semantic-priming effects in pseudoword processing
Authors: Gatti Daniele , Marelli Marco , Rinaldi Luca
Published: December 2021

Non-arbitrary phenomena in language, such as systematic association in the form-meaning interface, have been widely reported in the literature. Exploiting such systematic associations previous studies have demonstrated that pseudowords can be indicative of meaning. However, whether semantic activation from words and pseudowords is supported by the very same processes, activating a common semantic memory system, is currently not known. Here, we take advantage of recent progresses from computational linguistics models allowing to induce meaning representations for out-of-vocabulary strings of letters via domain-general associative-learning mechanisms applied to natural language. We combined these models with data from priming tasks, in which participants are showed two strings of letters presented sequentially one after the other and are then asked to indicate if the latter is a word or a pseudoword. In Experiment 1 we re-analyzed the data of the largest behavioral database on semantic priming, while in Experiment 2 we ran an independent replication on a new language, Italian, controlling for a series of possible confounds. Results were consistent across the two experiments and showed that the prime-word meaning interferes with the semantic pattern elicited by the target pseudoword (i.e., at increasing estimated semantic relatedness between prime word and target pseudoword, participants’ reaction times increased and accuracy decreased). These findings indicate that the same associative mechanisms governing word meaning also subserve the processing of pseudowords, suggesting in turn that human semantic memory can be conceived as a distributional system that builds upon a general-purpose capacity of extracting knowledge from complex statistical patterns.
Knowledge of Unsafe Abortion among Female Students in Nepal
Authors: Acharya Chandra Mani , Adhikari Bipin Bahadur
Published: December 2021

The term 'abortion' is a deliberate termination of unwanted human pregnancy. To save maternal health and life and control population growth, abortion has been legally permitted in Nepal since 2002. Most of the female youths stay away from home and are vulnerable to risky behavior regarding sex related matters. They have no proper knowledge about unsafe abortion. The objective of this article is to investigate the knowledge about unsafe abortion among the female youths in Pokhara. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 133 BBS first-year female students by using the simple random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared to assess the participants’ socio-demographic factors along with their knowledge about unsafe abortion. The association of knowledge was categorized with selected variables. Out of the 133 respondents, 49.6 percent were from the age group 19-20, 46.6 percent from the group of Janjati, 78.2 percent from the group of Hindu followers and 86.5 percent from the single respondents. The majority of the respondents (71.4 percent) were found to have the knowledge that over-bleeding was the consequence of abortion. Among the total respondents, 58 percent respondents had good knowledge about unsafe abortion and 15 percent had poor knowledge about unsafe abortion. No significant connection of age with knowledge of unsafe abortion has been observed during the study as the p value is greater than 0.05 at 95 confidence level, but other variables like caste, religion, place of residence and marital status have been found to have a significant relation with knowledge of unsafe abortion because p value is smaller than 0.05 at 95 confidence level.
Produksi Etanol Berbahan Baku Molasses Melalui Proses Fermentasi Menggunakan Ragi Roti
Authors: Mirzayanti Yustia Wulandari , . Sugiono , Kurniayati Reta
Published: December 2021

One of the alternatives and renewable energy that is being developed is ethanol.
Ethanol is better known as Gasohol. Molasses can make Gasohol through the
synthesis of molasses fermentation using a yeast starter. This study aims to
analyze how the effect of the addition of baker's yeast, the length of fermentation
incubation time on the resulting alcohol content. In addition, the yield obtained
from the highest amount of ethanol production in the molasses fermentation
process. Ethanol production through fermentation synthesis using the help of
microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the objective review, the
variation used is the amount of baker's yeast, namely 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5%
glucose levels. The fermentation times were 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours (T =
30?C and pH = 5). Based on these variations, the highest alcohol production
was 11%, obtained by adding 0.2% of yeast to the glucose content in the solution.
The incubation time is 72 hours. The yield obtained for the highest alcohol
content is 4.48%
ЦИФРОВОЙ КАПИТАЛИЗМ: СЕТЬ/ИЕРАРХИЯ, ВЕКТОР
Authors: Наумова Е. И. , Бондарев В. Г.
Published: December 2021

Статья касается темы цифрового капитализма с точки зрения сетевого и векторалистского подходов. Традиционно переход к технологической эре в развитии экономики и общества связан с тенденцией описания и осмысления мира через термин «сеть». На смену традиционным способам организации общественных отношений, основанным на иерархическом/вертикальном принципе, приходит принцип сети, который несет в себе горизонтальную логику выстраивания разного типа отношений, что реализует в себе демократические ценности равного доступа к ресурсам и распределению благ. В исследовании осмыслен переход к цифровой экономике через процесс создания языка программирования (Altair Basic)/кода и программы Linux, в качестве ключевого события, которое изменило мир. Изначально, язык программирования не продавался и никому не принадлежал. Создание кода стало началом для сети как принципа организации структуры общества и экономики, которая изначально строилась на логике открытого доступа к информации, кооперации и равенстве. Создание операционной системы Windows изменило ситуацию: язык программирования оказался объектом владения, и компания Била Гейтса стала первым монополистом в области цифровой экономики. С этого момента сеть меняет свою структуру, она становится сложной, комплексной и внутри нее начинает воспроизводиться принцип иерархии. Сети трансформируются в капитализм платформ, где работают принципы роста, предпочтительного присоединения и свободы выбора. Сложная структура сетей базируется на принципах «включения» (как можно большего числа акторов) и «степенного распределения» предпочтений, таким образом иерархия оказывается имманентна сети, что позволяет говорить о воспроизведении системы неравенства внутри последней. Векторалистский подход показывает, что результатом данной тенденции становится появление новых классов «векторалистов» и «хакеров», которые находятся в состоянии конфликта как между собой, так и с существующим до сих пор классом «капиталистов», данная борьба является ключевой в вопросе распределения финансовых и когнитивных ресурсов в мире.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ ИСТОКИ И СЦЕНАРИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВНУТРИПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО КРИЗИСА В США: КОНФЛИКТОГЕННОСТЬ ПРЕЗИДЕНТСТВА ДЖ. БАЙДЕНА
Authors: Шевченко Е. С. , Бурда М. А.
Published: December 2021

Мировая общественность внимательно наблюдает за развитием политических событий, развернувшихся сегодня на фоне эскалации внутриполитического кризиса в США, наиболее остро проявившегося в свете президентства Дж. Байдена. Недовольство американского общества конкретными результатами реализации внутриполитических проектов, усиление общественно-политической дифференциации, игнорирование предложений американской стороны на глобальном политическом уровне являются далеко не исчерпывающим списком системных проблем американской политики. Речь идет о кризисе американской политической системы в целом и работы политической элиты США в частности. Весьма непроницательно ограничивать происхождение и динамику развития кризисных проявлений спецификой президентства Д. Трампа. Очевиден тот факт, что реальные причины на порядок сложнее и противоречивее, чем это может показаться на первый взгляд. На поверхности найти ответы вряд ли удастся, поскольку объективно предыстория датируется куда более ранним периодом, чем победа Д. Трампа на выборах президента США в 2016 году. И в результате американцам приходится иметь дело с тем, что политическое руководство США не в состоянии проводить прогрессивный политический курс и брать ответственность за те или иные совершенные в политической плоскости действия. А существующая политическая реальность все больше напоминает площадку для политических игр и показательных имиджевых мероприятий. Канву обсуждения составляют вопросы, связанные с обзором некоторых истоков и сценариев развития внутриполитического кризиса в США. Особый интерес представляет вопрос определения конфликтогенности политического положения 46-го президента США.
VEGF: A Key Player not Only in Macular Degeneration. A Review
Authors: Slíva Jiří
Published: December 2021

The issue of macular retinal degeneration is one of the key areas of ophthalmology. Recent advances in the targeted delivery of vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) suppressants have significantly impacted the patient's prognosis in the form of a significant deceleration in disease progression.
Some of the drugs have gradually found their use in other indications (central retinal vein occlusion or diabetic macular edema). The following text
gives a brief look at the physiology of VEGF, but not only in the eye, but throughout the human body, particularly in the context of adverse effects
resulting from systemic inhibition of its effects.
Influence of geometric parameters of screw nozzles of a twin screw extrusion press on the oil output
Authors: Hudzenko Maksym , Vasyliv Volodymyr , Mushtruk Mikhailo , Zheplinska Mariia , Palamarchuk Ihor , Burova Zinaida , Sarana Viktor
Published: December 2021

The relevance of the study is due to the search for rational geometric parameters of screw nozzles and the identification of the influence of the compression ratio of twin screw extrusion presses on the oil compression process. An important criterion in this paper is the indicator of the value of oil yield to obtain economic profit. From the analysis of optimisation methods in similar studies, the following variable geometric parameters of screw nozzles were selected for twin screw extruders: axial pitch, channel width between turns, rig width of the turn, and nozzle length. Two sets of experimental working bodies with modified geometric parameters were manufactured based on theoretical calculations and computer modelling to improve the working bodies of the EK 75/1200 twin screw extrusion press. Their theoretical compression ratio is determined, which is 5.50 and 4.33, respectively. It is also defined for the basic set of working bodies, which was recommended by the manufacturer, which was 4.69. It is established that the general nature of changes in the free volume along the length of the screw shaft is accompanied by an uneven decrease from 40 to 80% toward the press cake output. From the reviewed scientific literature, it was identified that the nature of changes in the free volume of turns along the length of the screw shaft characterises the correctness of its design. However, after analysing the results of the work performed, it was determined that the selection of rational geometric parameters of the working bodies should be considered in conjunction with other structural parameters, which will further intensify the oil compression process. It is experimentally confirmed that the oil yield depends on the degree of compression due to the geometric parameters of the screw nozzles. The oil yield increased by 0.9% when using a set of working bodies of set 1 when compared with the basic set of working bodies from the manufacturer’s factory (set 2) in terms of volume of processed raw materials per unit will bring additional profit. It was determined that with the production volume of 50 tons of oil with an improved set of working bodies (set 1), the economic effect amounted to UAH 19,250
Assessment of humidity regime of enclosing structures with a ball of insulation on the example of a training housing building in NULES of Ukraine
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Antypov I. , Shelimanova O. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Tarasenko S. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Martynyuk L. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Voronina E. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Published: December 2021

When assessing the thermal condition of the building and the parameters of the microclimate of the premises, the main factors influencing its thermal inertia were identified and taken into account. An assessment of the influence of the resistance of enclosing structures on the efficiency of the heating system, taking into account the influence of external and internal climatic parameters in the dynamic mode. It is shown that the time factor and depth of regulation, as well as the outdoor air temperature are important factors. Researches are carried out and the expediency of introduction of a duty mode of heating of buildings of HIGH SCHOOLS is estimated. The given algorithm of control of process of heat release (especially in the presence of a point of "breaking" - average (them) on the schedule) in addition increases accuracy of the decisions of the specified problems and reduces a temperature deviation by 4 ÷ 6 ° C in comparison with usual ("linear") dependence that allows to correct more precisely release of the heat carrier in system of heating of a structure at introduction of a standby mode. It was found that it took about 6.5 hours to achieve normalized air temperature and space heating in the forced (after a long stay on duty). It is shown that the heat consumption of the system in such conditions of its operation compared to the nominal mode increased by 25% (taking into account the limit value of the specific allowance from table H1 DBN B.2.5-67: 2013 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"), but for the entire period the action of the standby mode savings amounted to about 6-8% of energy consumed. Taking into account the design of the outer walls of the object of study, the temperature graph of the heating system was adjusted taking into account the value of the internal heat capacity of the building when implementing on-duty heating, which, according to preliminary estimates, will: improve comfort in the room; to reduce heating costs of the educational and administrative building of NULES of Ukraine by 10-12% for the heating period. Key words: enclosing structure, humidity conditions, dew point, partial pressure, water vapor
The Role of Respiratory Support in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Development in Extremely Premature Children with Functional Ductus Arteriosus
Authors:   E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Bakhmetieva O.B. ,   Perm, Russian Federation,   Perm Regional Clinical Hospital; Perm, Russian Federation, Nikolenko A.V. ,   E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Perm, Russian Federation, Biyanov A.N. ,   E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Perm, Russian Federation, Permyakova M.A. ,   Perm Regional Clinical Hospital; Perm, Russian Federation, Mamunts M.A. ,   E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Perm, Russian Federation
Published: December 2021

Objective of the Review: To analyse the available information on the potential impact from respiratory support on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development in extremely premature children with functional ductus arteriosus. Key Points. In recent decade, the problem of premature children has become very acute as a result of introduction of the new live birth criteria. The most common complication of a premature birth is BPD because of the morphofunctional immaturity of an extremely premature child. BPD is diagnosed in approximately 20% of newborns with the gestational age (GA) of less than 30 weeks and body weight of less than 1,500g; and in over 40% of newborns with GA of less than 28 weeks. Children with extremely low body weight (500–999g) and low body weight (1,000–1,499g) at birth have BPD in 35–80%, and 7–30% of cases, respectively. One problem aggravating the condition of premature children is a haemodynamically functional patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the prevalence of which is in inverse relation to GA. Conclusion. The studies demonstrate the correlation between PDA and BPD development. The impact of artificial pulmonary ventilation on the haemodynamical significance of PDA and BPD development needs further evaluation. Keywords: premature children, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respiratory support, patent ductus arteriosus.
Portrayal of Parents and Children Behavior: A Study of TV Drama Serials in Pakistan
Authors: Tahir Kiran , Ashraf Atif , Ghafar Majid ul
Published: December 2021

This paper endeavors to explore the portrayal of parents in prime-time entertainment television dramas of Pakistan. Representation of the parenting style and children's response to their parents in the top three entertainment channels has been analyzed. Total 147 episodes of targeted drama serials of ARY, Hum, and Geo TV were selected through purposive sampling. The study found that the authoritative parenting style was most prevailing in the drama serials. The behavior of the children towards their parents was respectful except in the Drama serials broadcasted by ARY Digital. As Parents' respect is dominant in private entertainment channels of Pakistan, so the findings indicate that Pakistani entertainment television dramas play a vital role in safeguarding cultural norms of the country.
A Phenomenological Exploration of School Leadership Development Programme: Improved	Practices of School Leaders a Breakthrough Triumph in	the Province of Punjab
Authors: Saleem Samia , Saeed Muhammad
Published: December 2021

The major driver of the phenomenology research was to explore the lived experiences of school heads about the School Leadership Development Programme (SLDP) in improved practices of leadership in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in public sector schools of Punjab. The sample of the study was based on the geographical distribution of the province of Punjab i.e., central, southern and northern. The seven districts were taken, and 14 SHs were selected through purposive sampling. The in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted after the prior consent of the participants. The instruments were self-developed and validated from five experts along with Mock interview practice. The researcher collected the data personally, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that SLDP is inseparable in the development of improved practices of SHs. It was strongly recommended to continue the SLDP encased with certain paraphernalia to get better results in the future.
Exploring the Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Shah Salyha Zulfiqar Ali , Asghar Muhammad Muzammil , Riaz Umber
Published: December 2021

Economic growth varies across different countries. Various potential factors have been identified over the years, but finding relevant determinants of growth has been a real issue for empirical investigation. This paper has attempted to examine different macro-economic variables that play a significant role in accelerating economic growth from 1970 to 2019. The econometric results show that human capital, financial development, and industrial production are the encouraging factors of economic growth, while the variable trade openness shows a negative effect on economic growth in Pakistan. Government should design policies to invest inhuman capital and fixed assets; this will create job opportunities for the people and leads to high economic growth.
Технологія виготовлення і математичні моделі апаратів високого тиску
Authors: Федірко Павло , Девін Владлен , Ткачук Василь , Бурдега Василь
Published: December 2021

Апарати високого тиску широко використовують у галузі переробки сільськогосподарської продукції, харчових виробництв, у різних галузях промисловості. Від досконалості їхньої конструкції залежать надійність роботи апаратів, безпека обслуговуючого персоналу, продуктивність і в кінцевому підсумку собівартість продукції. Особливістю проєктування апаратів є те, що їх розрахунок регламентується численними нормативними документами – державними і галузевими стандартами, нормами тощо.

У результаті моделювання й розрахунку проаналізовані апарати високого тиску у вигляді циліндра в одно-, дво- і тришаровому виконанні, визначені еквівалентні напруження і натяги. Визначено вагові співвідношення. Апарати в тришаровому виконанні є міцними і найменш металомісткими, що суттєво зменшує вагу.

Результатом представленої роботи є висновок про те, що спроєктувати апарат високого тиску на основі багатошарової конструкції є більш доцільним. Використання представлених теоретичних викладок дозволить дотриматися всіх вимог чинних нормативних документів, зменшити металомісткість устаткування, збільшити надійність його роботи, знизити собівартість і, зрештою, підвищити якість продукції, яка виробляється. При цьому основою розрахунків є правильний вибір і складання розрахункових схем, опрацювання різних типів конструкцій та алгоритмів. Основними методиками розрахунку апаратів високого тиску є використання загального рівняння масообміну із застосуванням формули Ламе та визначенням еквівалентних напружень в елементах апарата високого тиску.

Подальше застосування теоретичних розрахунків на стадії проєктування дасть змогу розробникам знайти опти­маль­ні геометричні форми й розміри вузлів конструкції, виходячи з навантажень, які реально діють у процесі експлуатації уста­новки, що не завжди можливо зробити з використанням аналітичних залежностей.
Polityka w muzyce, muzyka w polityce. Przypadek zespołu Hucuł Kalipso
Authors: Ksenicz Igor
Published: December 2021

Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o zaangażowanie polityczne ukraińskiej muzyki popularnej na przykładzie zespołu Hucuł Kalipso (HK). Grupa z Czerniowców wykonuje „hucuł-hop”, czyli połączenie muzyki afroamerykańskiej z folklorem huculskim. W swoich tekstach HK porusza przede wszystkim tematykę społeczną, której istotną część stanowi polityka. Zawarty w utworach żartobliwy komentarz można uznać za krytykę zastanych na Ukrainie patologii: paternalizmu, korupcji, kumoterstwa i populizmu. HK należy do grupy świadomych społecznie popularnych artystów ukraińskich promujących nowoczesny patriotyzm.
Między stereotypem a mitem – huculski Józef Wittlin
Authors: Choroszy Jan Andrzej
Published: December 2021

W dwóch powieściowych dziełach Józefa Wittlina, w Soli ziemi i zachowanym fragmencie Zdrowej śmierci, znajdują się liczne odniesienia do tematyki huculskiej (Huculszczyzny i wschodniokarpackich górali). Pisarz wykorzystał stereotyp i mit wypracowane w XIX wieku, przenosząc je na dwie postaci głównych bohaterów. W powojennej korespondencji ze Stanisławem Vincenzem, autorem cyklu Na wysokiej połoninie, aluzyjne odwołania do Huculszczyzny Wittlin wiąże z własną sytuacją osobistą na emigracji. Autor opracowania stawia pytanie o związek, jaki istnieje między wątkami huculskimi w tekstach należących do historii literatury i w egodokumentach. Metodą, która pozwala opisać tę relację, jest antropologia doświadczenia wywodząca się z hermeneutyki Wilhelma Diltheya, a rozwinięta przez Edwarda M. Brunera. W dwóch powieściowych dziełach Józefa Wittlina, w Soli ziemi i zachowanym fragmencie Zdrowej śmierci, znajdują się liczne odniesienia do tematyki huculskiej (Huculszczyzny i wschodniokarpackich górali). Pisarz wykorzystał stereotyp i mit wypracowane w XIX wieku, przenosząc je na dwie postaci głównych bohaterów. W powojennej korespondencji ze Stanisławem Vincenzem, autorem cyklu Na wysokiej połoninie, aluzyjne odwołania do Huculszczyzny Wittlin wiąże z własną sytuacją osobistą na emigracji. Autor opracowania stawia pytanie o związek, jaki istnieje między wątkami huculskimi w tekstach należących do historii literatury i w egodokumentach. Metodą, która pozwala opisać tę relację, jest antropologia doświadczenia wywodząca się z hermeneutyki Wilhelma Diltheya, a rozwinięta przez Edwarda M. Brunera.
Vrt’anês K’rtoł. Treatise “On the iconoclasts”
Authors: Рамазян А. С.
Published: December 2021

Статья посвящена переводу и комментарию одного из древнейших в истории христианской Церкви трактатов по теме иконоборческих споров, имевших место в Армении в конце VI – начале VII в., то есть более чем за сто лет до появления византийского иконоборчества при императоре Льве III Исавре (726 г.). Изучение данного источника позволяет пролить свет на природу иконоборчества в Армении и его возможное влияние на появление иконоборческих идей в Византии. Опираясь на текст трактата «Об иконоборцах» Вртанеса Кертога, автор анализирует аргументацию первых армянских иконоборцев и находит, что она во многом схожа с последующей позицией византийских иконоборцев (ссылки на ветхозаветный запрет изображений, отождествление иконопочитания с поклонением материи, опора на авторитет Евсевия Кесарийского), хотя имеет и свои характерные особенности (ссылки на св. Григория Просветителя и события армянской истории). Основные темы, раскрываемые в статье, – это формулирование учения иконоборцев и иконопочитателей, а также определение факторов, повлиявших на возникновение и развитие иконоборчества в Армении.

The article is devoted to the translation and commentary of one of the oldest in the history of the Christian Church treatises on the iconoclastic controversy that took place in Armenia in the late VI – the beginning of the VII century, that is, more than a hundred years before the advent of the Byzantine iconoclasm under Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (726 g.). The study of this source sheds light on the nature of iconoclasm in Armenia and its possible impact on the emergence of the iconoclastic ideas in Byzantium. Based on the text of the treatise «On Iconoclasts» by Vrt’anês K’rtoł, the author analyzes the argumentation of the first Armenian iconoclasts and finds that it is very similar to the subsequent position of the Byzantine iconoclasts (e.g. references to the Old Testament prohibition of images, the identification of the veneration of icons with the worship of matter, relying on the authority of Eusebius of Caesarea), although it has its own characteristics (references to St. Gregory the Illuminator and events of Armenian history). The main topics covered in the article are: the formulation of the iconoclastics’ doctrine, cross veneration, as well as identification of the factors that influenced the emergence and development of iconoclasm in Armenia.
Conscientious Objection to Abortion: A Comparative International Legal Framework
Authors: Киселева Екатерина Вячеславовна , Кажаева Ольга Сергеевна
Published: December 2021

В настоящем исследовании дается сравнительно-правовой анализ подхода к пониманию содержания и взаимного положения некоторых прав человека, связанных с искусственным прерыванием беременности, понимания, отраженного на универсальном уровне международно- правового сотрудничества государств в актах договорных органов защиты прав человека. Если по существу факт искусственного прерывания беременности поднимает правозащитные вопросы в отношении трёх субъектов (женщины, вынашивающей ребёнка, нерожденного ребёнка и врача, осуществляющего аборт или отказывающегося от проведения такового), то со стороны защиты прав человека речь ведётся почти исключительно о женщине, чья жизнь и материалистически понимаемые интересы приоритизируются над всеми остальными правозащитными аспектами. В настоящей работе сравнению подвергаются именно права различных субъектов, оказывающихся связанными через аборт, объем и защищенность этих прав международным правом. В качестве международно-правовой основы для сравнения взят Международный билль о правах человека. Тезисы авторов иллюстрируются двумя делами в отношении врачей, отказавшихся проводить процедуру аборта исходя из христианских убеждений в Польше и Аргентине, соответственно. Статья подготовлена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 18-011- 00292.

This study provides a comparative legal analysis of the understanding of the content and mutual position of some human rights associated with artificial termination of pregnancy, the understanding reflected at the universal level of international legal inter-state cooperation in the acts of human rights treaty bodies. While, in essence, the fact of artificial termination of pregnancy raises human rights questions in relation to three subjects (a woman carrying a child, an unborn child and a doctor who performs an abortion or refuses to perform it), from the point of human rights protection, it is almost exclusively about a woman, whose life and materialistically understood interests are prioritized over all other human rights aspects. In this work, it is the rights of various subjects who find themselves bound through abortion, the scope and protection of these rights by international law, limited to the International Bill of Human Rights as an international legal basis for comparison are subjected to comparison. The authors illustrate their theses with two cases against the doctors who refused to carry out an abortion procedure for reasons of conscience in accordance with their Christian beliefs in Poland and Argentina, correspondingly. The article was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of research project № 18-011-00292.
Gregorian Chorale as a Cultural Phenomenon of the Early Middle Ages: Background, Formation and Development
Authors: Волков Нестор
Published: December 2021

В данном исследовании автором будет поднят и рассмотрен вопрос развития церковной богослужебной музыки, а именно возникновение в Западной Церкви такого явления как григорианский хорал. Предпосылки его появления можно отследить начиная с ветхозаветных богослужебных песнопений как храмовых, так и более поздних - синагогальных. Затем автор разберет восприятие музыкальной науки в античной среде, такими классиками как Пифагор, Платон, и Аристотель, какое место в культуре и человеческой жизни в целом они ей отводили, какие функции приписывали, а также рассмотрит отношение к музыкальной науке отцов и учителей Церкви, их восприятие музыки как за богослужением, так и вне церковного пространства, но как отдельного культурного явления. Вместе с тем будут рассмотрены политические процессы, происходившие на территориях Западной Церкви, которые в свою очередь и привели сознание Западной Церкви к созданию единого корпуса богослужебных песнопений - григорианского хорала. Также автор даст ответ на вопрос: почему григорианский хорал может по праву считаться символом эпохи Раннего Средневековья, отображением самой культуры того времени.

In this study, the author will raise and consider the issue of the development of Church liturgical music, namely the emergence of such a phenomenon as the Gregorian chorale in the Western Church. The prerequisites for its appearance can be traced back to the old Testament liturgical hymns, both temple and later - synagogue. Then the author will analyze the perception of music science in the ancient environment, such classics as Pythagoras, Plato, and Aristotle, what place they assigned to it in culture and human life in General, what functions they attributed to it, and also consider the attitude of the Church fathers and teachers to music science, their perception of music both at worship and outside the Church space, but as a separate cultural phenomenon. At the same time, we will consider the political processes that took place in the territories of the Western Church, which in turn led the consciousness of the Western Church to create a single corpus of liturgical hymns - the Gregorian chorale. The author will also answer the question: why the Gregorian chorale can rightfully be considered a symbol of the Early middle Ages, a reflection of the culture of that time.
To the Metric Repertoire of G. R. Derzhavin in His Lifetime Collected Works (An Essay in Statistical Analysis)
Authors: Pasternak Ekaterina
Published: December 2021

The article examines the metric repertoire of poems by G.R. Derzhavin in the collected works prepared by himself (Vol. 1–4. St. Petersburg, 1808; Vol. 5. St. Petersburg, 1816). A statistical analysis of the metrics of poems in the first three volumes and in the 5th volume (Vol. 4, which contains dramatic works, was not considered) shows that two tendencies coexist in Derzhavin's work. On the one hand, a large number of poems are written in the usual meters, such as four-foot iambic or four-foot trochee, while statistically the number of poems written in such “usual” meters does not at all coincide with the general trends of the time. It can be assumed that in terms of the distribution of meters according to the number of verses, Derzhavin is ahead of his time. On the other hand, metric experiments are also not uncommon in the “Works”. The poet uses iambic and trochaic varieties, which are not very common in the late 18th – early 19th centuries, three-syllable meters; each volume contains polymetric compositions. There are also more radical experiments: for example, several logaedos or works in which the ancient metric is imitated, but ineptly, which leads to the emergence of texts such as “Polyhymnii”, whose size eventually coincides with the tactician. In the “Works” not all of Derzhavin’s poems are collected, but only those that he wanted to present to the public, therefore, we can assume that, since this corpus of verses was best known to the poet’s readers, including readers-poets, these verses, including number in terms of the choice of meters and their distribution over the volume of poems, could have the most obvious versification influence on the further development of Russian poetry among all the poet’s verses.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВТІЛЕННЯ ФІГУРИ РОМБА В АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКОМУ ОРНАМЕНТАЛЬНОМУ МИСТЕЦТВІ
Authors: Маммадова Фаріда
Published: December 2021

Мета статті — вивчити особливості втілення фігури ромба в азербайджанському орнаментальному мистецтві. Методологія дослідження. В статті використано методи дослідження засновані на детермінантах орнаментації, які є необхідною і доцільною основою для дослідження. Методологічні напрямки даної статті засновані на постулаті, що, таке поняття, як орнаментація, розглядається як прикладна властивість артефакту, з одного боку, і осмисленість орнаментального принципу розвитку, з іншого боку. У статті підкреслюється, що співвіднесення конкретного матеріалу з методами їх аналізу дозволяє оптимізувати дослідження. Наукова новизна даної статті, полягає в тому, що вперше фігура ромба в орнаментальному контексті азербайджанського килимового мистецтва визначається як шаблонна одиниця з особливим функціональним навантаженням. Висновки. Сформульовані в статті особливості семантики фігур ромба дозволяють виявити динаміку розвитку орнаментальності в декоративно-прикладному мистецтві Азербайджану. Система орнаментального змісту, виражена через один з її елементів — фігуру ромба, свідчить про національну специфіку, яка є значущою в контексті килимового мистецтва. Ефективним для дослідження є ступінь мінливості форми ромба. Фіксація орнаментальних типів, а саме модель ромба, дозволяє відтворити механізм формування.