bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Box–Behnken factorial design study of the variables affecting metal electrodeposition in membraneless fluidized bed electrodes
Authors: Tonini George André , Martins Farinos Rosimeire , de Almeida Prado Pedro Forastieri , Martins Ruotolo Luís Augusto
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Heavy metal removal from industrial wastewaters has been studied intensively since it is well known that they can cause severe problems to human health and aquatic life, even at very low concentrations. Traditional precipitation or adsorption technologies only transfer the problem to the solid phase, therefore new technologies, such as electrodeposition using fluidized bed electrodes (FBE), have been considered to avoid contamination.

RESULTS: Copper electrodeposition from diluted solutions was carried out using a membraneless FBE. The supporting electrolyte concentration (Cs) was the main variable affecting the current efficiency (CE), energy consumption (EC), and space‐time yield (Y). Although it does not change the response surface morphology, increasing Cs there was an important improvement of CE, Y, and EC. The effects of current and bed expansion are much more complex, since an interaction effect between these two variables was verified. Considering only the region of active kinetic control, copper can be optimally recovered with CE > 90%, Y ∼93 kg h−1 m−3, and EC ∼3.2 kWh kg−1 by applying the highest levels of the independent variables.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that electrodeposition using a membraneless FBE is an excellent method for the treatment of effluents contaminated with copper or other metals. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Enrichment of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases the capsaicinoids content in Habanero peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)
Authors: Garruña‐Hernández René , Monforte‐González Miriam , Canto‐Aguilar Azucena , Vázquez‐Flota Felipe , Orellana Roger
Published: September 2012

Background

The effects of the increase of atmospheric CO2 on agricultural productivity have been mainly analyzed through its impact on biomass yield, and little attention has been directed to quality traits, such as nutritional or organoleptic attributes. For this study, plants of hot Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were grown in growth chambers under three different CO2 levels: 380 (normal atmospheric value), 760 and 1140 µmol mol−1, and their effects on pod yield, size, color and pungency, were monitored.

Results

The total number of pods per plant increased by 88.5% at the highest CO2, in comparison to plants grown at normal CO2 conditions. Pod size and yield per plant also increased when plants were grown at the highest CO2 concentration (partial pressure). Furthermore, total capsaicinoids contents in ripe peppers under a high CO2 atmosphere were 27% higher than those from plants under lower concentrations, but it was not the case for immature pods.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the increase of atmospheric CO2 could modify specific routes of secondary metabolism as well as others desirable traits, thus affecting the quality of Capsicum pepper products. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Enacting our field
Authors: Ebrahim Alnoor
Published: September 2012

This keynote address examines the pedagogical challenges facing the field of nonprofit management in American higher education. It interrogates four binary distinctions that are commonly used in scholarship and teaching about the social sector but that now show signs of eroding: for‐profit versus nonprofit, funder versus grantee, local versus global, and secular versus faith based. Each distinction is examined with the aim of answering two questions: What are the implications for new theorizing about this field? What are the implications for teaching and action? In closing, the article explores innovations in structuring social sector management programs to educate cross‐sector leaders capable of addressing critical societal problems.
Going global: Strategies for study abroad at the School of Public Service, DePaul University, Chicago
Authors: Patrick Murphy J. , Meyer Victor
Published: September 2012

We offer rational, practical models and examples of successful strategies for study abroad that are appropriate for master‐level, working adults in nonprofit management programs. The models illustrate how to forge partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, institutions, and individuals to meet curricular goals while developing faculty and students. Aligned with university values of being Vincentian, Catholic, and urban, faculty developed a plan to become “international by design.” Over a dozen years, its study abroad offerings grew to fifteen courses in about ten countries annually, extending more and more to developing countries because of institutional mission, faculty and staff interest, and available means.
‘The chicken or the egg?’ dilemma strikes back for the controlling mechanism in chordoma#
Authors: Szuhai Karoly , Hogendoorn Pancras CW
Published: September 2012

Chordoma is a rare malignant tumour of bone showing notochordal differentiation with characteristic expression of the transcription factor brachyury (T). Next to giving insight into its differentiation spectrum, the expression of T can be used as an adjunct diagnostic tool. The expression of brachyury in chordoma is necessary to maintain cell proliferation in chordoma cell lines, indicating that in chordoma it might be a master regulator of oncogenesis. Identification and mapping of the full gene regulatory network in a recent work in The Journal of Pathology by Nelson and colleagues not only shed light on involved pathways but also indicated pathways for targeted therapy, including brachyury itself.
Effect of particle size and surface modification on mechanical properties of poly(para‐dioxanone)/inorganic particles
Authors: Bai Yang , Ma Chi , Wang Pingquan , Fan Zhou , Bai Wei , Xiong Chengdong , Tang Congming
Published: September 2012

Poly(para‐dioxanone) (PPDO)‐based composites have been prepared by blending PPDO with three different types of CaCO3 particles, CC1 (nano‐CaCO3), CC2 (CaCO3 whisker), and CC3 (silane‐coated CaCO3 whisker). The effects of particles size, interface adhesion, and crystallinity of composites on mechanical properties were discovered through analysis of the morphology of fracture surfaces, thermal characteristics, and crystalline structure. DSC revealed that the CaCO3 particles acted as a nucleating agent and promoted crystallinity of PPDO. The effect of CaCO3 particles on crystallization of PPDO was clearly revealed by using the nucleating efficiency. Smaller size particles exhibit greater nucleating efficiency. Adhesion between PPDO and the CaCO3 particles plays major roles on the mechanical properties of composites. The tensile strength of PPDO was improved over 54%. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polymer mechanochemistry: the design and study of mechanophores
Authors: Brantley Johnathan N , Wiggins Kelly M , Bielawski Christopher W
Published: September 2012

The burgeoning field of polymer mechanochemistry has garnered significant interest in recent years. Mechanochemical transformations are those that are promoted by exogenous forces, and polymer mechanochemistry concentrates on the use of polymer chains to translate mechanical forces to chemical systems. Acoustic fields, particularly ultrasound, have proven to be highly efficient progenitors of tensile stresses within macromolecules and are frequently used to facilitate mechanochemical phenomena. Mechanochemical activation often arises when mechanophores, or functional groups that respond to mechanical perturbation in a controlled manner, are appropriately positioned within a polymer chain to experience tensile forces. A variety of interesting transformations have been realized when well‐designed mechanophores have been properly outfitted with polymer chains, including: thermally inaccessible isomerizations and cycloreversions, symmetry‐forbidden electrocyclic ring openings and activation of latent catalysts. Herein, the chemistry of known mechanophores is summarized and augmented with implications for new opportunities in synthesis and materials science. The focus of this mini‐review is limited to mechanophores that have been specifically adapted for polymer mechanochemistry under acoustic activation. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
A Perspective-Based Understanding of Project Success
Authors: McLeod Laurie , Doolin Bill , MacDonell Stephen G.
Published: September 2012

Answering the call for alternative approaches to researching project management, we explore the evaluation of project success from a subjectivist perspective. An in-depth, longitudinal case study of information systems development in a large manufacturing company was used to investigate how various project stakeholders subjectively perceived the project outcome and what evaluation criteria they drew on in doing so. A conceptual framework is developed for understanding and analyzing evaluations of project success, both formal and informal. The framework highlights how different stakeholder perspectives influence the perceived outcome(s) of a project, and how project evaluations may differ between stakeholders and across time.
Particle Tracking Based Method for Evaluation of Cylinder‐to‐Cylinder Distribution of EGR/Blowby
Authors: Shahabi Peyman Bashi , Niazmand Hamid , Modarres Razavi Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2012

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) method has already shown its benefits on controlling NOx emissions in internal combustion engines. An important issue associated with this method is homogeneous cylinder‐to‐cylinder distribution of the recirculating gas. Any maldistribution leads to power reduction and increase of other pollutants, which are strictly limited by recent emission laws. In addition to EGR, these limitations force the engine manufacturers to recycle blowby gases into the cylinders as homogeneous as possible. Since geometrical parameters and injection locations of EGR/blowby have substantial effects on homogenous cylinder‐to‐cylinder distribution of EGR/blowby gases, any developments in identifying the injecting locations with the least EGR/blowby maldistribution are of great practical importance. The existing experimental and numerical methods for evaluating the EGR/blowby maldistribution are based on the injection of air with different temperature or of different gas (mostly CO2) from the main air stream. However, these methods are time consuming due to the large number of possible injection locations. It has been shown that the most uniform distribution cannot be obtained by just a single injection point; therefore, the study of simultaneous injection points becomes inevitable. Clearly, such a study is practically impossible with the present methods. In this research a new method based on particle tracking is proposed, which greatly reduces the time and effort to find the injection locations with the least maldistribution, especially when multiple injections are considered.
Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge?
Authors: Helbrecht Ilse , Geilenkeuser Tim
Published: September 2012

This article examines recent shifts among German homeowners towards the use of their housing equity under the circumstance of demographic change. Whilst traditionally housing equity was considered a consumer good, recent developments in pension provision and demographics strengthen its position as a pension asset. Consequently, more and more young German households consider their dwelling to be a centrepiece of their financial provisions in preparation for future risks and for retirement. This is clearly a new perspective in a predominantly tenant society. Based on 36 in-depth interviews with members of households, the authors assert that homeowning behaviour and attitudes have evolved differently for different generations and point out distinguishable “housing generations”. The younger a household the more often housing equity features as an investment good, with the downside that with this development continuing inheritances may decline, often the only way young German households can afford buying a house.
Mormon Fertility in Latin America
Authors: Fox Kiira , Heaton Tim B.
Published: September 2012

While previous research has identified religion as an influence of fertility, how context changes the nature of that relationship remains little understood. Using census data from Brazil, Chile and Mexico, this study examines whether the high fertility pattern of one pronatalist, American-born religion (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [LDSs]) translates to the Latin American context. Results indicate that it does, but only among a subgroup as the pronatalist pattern is masked by member's educational attainment and mixed religion marriages. When these attributes are accounted for LDS fertility is high in Latin America, especially among the more educated. This study highlights both the importance of member characteristics in influencing fertility and the role of selective recruiting in determining how and whether these characteristics vary by context.
Effect of cycloheximide on epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking and signaling
Authors: Oksvold Morten P. , Pedersen Nina Marie , Forfang Lise , Smeland Erlend B.
Published: September 2012

EEA1
and
EGFR
colocalize by fluorescence microscopy (View interaction).
Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: Results from the WHO Multi‐country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence
Authors: Pallitto Christina C. , García‐Moreno Claudia , Jansen Henrica A.F.M. , Heise Lori , Ellsberg Mary , Watts Charlotte ,   WHO Multi‐Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence
Published: September 2012

Objective

To explore how intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with unintended pregnancy and abortion in primarily low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Methods

Population data are presented from 17 518 ever‐partnered women participating in the WHO Multi‐country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence in 15 sites in 10 countries. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, associations between physical and/or sexual partner violence and abortion and unintended pregnancy were explored.

Results

Women with a history of IPV had significantly higher odds of unintended pregnancy in 8 of 14 sites and of abortion in 12 of 15 sites. Pooled estimates showed increased odds of unintended pregnancy (adjusted OR 1.69; 95% CI, 1.53–1.86) and abortion (adjusted OR 2.68; 95% CI, 2.34–3.06), after adjusting for confounding factors. Reducing IPV by 50% could potentially reduce unintended pregnancy by 2%–18% and abortion by 4.5%–40%, according to population‐attributable risk estimates.

Conclusion

IPV is a consistent and strong risk factor for unintended pregnancy and abortion across a variety of settings. Unintended pregnancy terminated through unsafe abortion can result in death or serious complications. Therefore, reducing IPV can significantly reduce risks to maternal and reproductive health.
From Africa to Brazil
Authors: Hawthorne Walter
Published: September 2012

From Africa to Brazil traces the flows of enslaved Africans from the broad region of Africa called Upper Guinea to Amazonia, Brazil. These two regions, though separated by an ocean, were made one by a slave route. Walter Hawthorne considers why planters in Amazonia wanted African slaves, why and how those sent to Amazonia were enslaved, and what their Middle Passage experience was like. The book is also concerned with how Africans in diaspora shaped labor regimes, determined the nature of their family lives, and crafted religious beliefs that were similar to those they had known before enslavement. It presents the only book-length examination of African slavery in Amazonia and identifies with precision the locations in Africa from where members of a large diaspora in the Americas hailed. From Africa to Brazil also proposes new directions for scholarship focused on how immigrant groups created new or recreated old cultures.
Episcopal Power and Ecclesiastical Reform in the German Empire
Authors: Eldevik John
Published: September 2012

Focusing on the way bishops in the eleventh century used the ecclesiastical tithe - church taxes - to develop or re-order ties of loyalty and dependence within their dioceses, this book offers a new perspective on episcopacy in medieval Germany and Italy. Using three broad case studies from the dioceses of Mainz, Salzburg and Lucca in Tuscany, John Eldevik places the social dynamics of collecting the church tithe within current debates about religious reform, social change and the so-called 'feudal revolution' in the eleventh century, and analyses a key economic institution, the medieval tithe, as a social and political phenomenon. By examining episcopal churches and their possessions not in institutional terms, but as social networks which bishops were obliged to negotiate and construct over time using legal, historiographical and interpersonal means, this comparative study casts fresh light on the history of early medieval society.
The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719
Authors: Faruqui Munis D.
Published: September 2012

For more than 200 years, the Mughal emperors ruled supreme in northern India. How was it possible that a Muslim, ethnically Turkish, Persian-speaking dynasty established itself in the Indian subcontinent to become one of the largest and most dynamic empires on earth? In this rigorous new interpretation of the period, Munis D. Faruqui explores Mughal state formation through the pivotal role of the Mughal princes. In a challenge to previous scholarship, the book suggests that far from undermining the foundations of empire, the court intrigues and political backbiting that were features of Mughal political life - and that frequently resulted in rebellions and wars of succession - actually helped spread, deepen and mobilise Mughal power through an empire-wide network of friends and allies. This engaging book, which uses a vast archive of European and Persian sources, takes the reader from the founding of the empire under Babur to its decline in the 1700s.
Europe and the Maritime World
Authors: Miller Michael B.
Published: September 2012

Europe and the Maritime World: A Twentieth-Century History offers a framework for understanding globalization over the past century. Through a detailed analysis of ports, shipping and trading companies whose networks spanned the world, Michael B. Miller shows how a European maritime infrastructure made modern production and consumer societies possible. He argues that the combination of overseas connections and close ties to home ports contributed to globalization. Miller also explains how the ability to manage merchant shipping's complex logistics was central to the outcome of both world wars. He chronicles transformations in hierarchies, culture, identities and port city space, all of which produced a new and different maritime world by the end of the century.
Pearls, not Problems: Exploring Transformative Education in Indigenous Australian Studies
Authors: Mackinlay Elizabeth , Barney Katelyn
Published: September 2012

This article explores the shift in terminology that occurred in a 2-year Australian Learning and Teaching
Council (ALTC)-funded curriculum renewal project that set out to broadly explore current teaching and learning
practice in Indigenous Australian studies (
www.teaching4change.edu.au). While we started with the term ‘Problem-Based Learning’, it became clear
as the project progressed that the terminology we were using was not politically or pedagogically appropriate.
As the data began to reveal, the research team became increasingly uncomfortable with the colonial
underpinnings and associations of the term ‘Problem-Based Learning’ (PBL), and began to explore the
possibility of redefining what we do as something else entirely. A key outcome of the project was that PBL
became PEARL, to describe the Political, Embodied, Active, and Reflective aspects of this teaching and
learning approach in Indigenous Australian studies. The shift from PBL to PEARL was unexpected, but has
resulted in exciting possibilities for migrating and extending theories of teaching and learning in Indigenous
Australian studies into critical pedagogy, critical race theory and transformative education. Drawing on
critical pedagogy, critical race theory and transformative education theory, this article explores the
rationale behind the shift in terminology from PBL to PEARL. We also draw on student data from focus groups,
questionnaires and lecturer reflection to examine the ways the results from this project hold great potential
for the further implementation of PEARL into primary and secondary classrooms, specifically in relation to
pedagogical practice in embedding Indigenous perspectives.
Teacher Education, Aboriginal Studies and the New National Curriculum
Authors: Andersen Clair
Published: September 2012

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in Australian schools continue to have poor education and health outcomes, and the introduction of a new national curriculum may assist in redressing this situation. This curriculum emphasises recommendations which have been circulating in the sector over many years, to require teacher education institutions to provide their students with an understanding of past and contemporary experiences of Indigenous Australians, as well as the social, economic and health disadvantages that challenge Indigenous communities, and to equip them to integrate Indigenous issues into their future teaching programs. This article, while focusing on teacher education developments at the University of Tasmania (UTAS) to meet National Standards and Frameworks for preservice teachers, provides some general background, and identifies recently developed resources, including the potential for Indigenous centres within universities to assist educators.
Unemployment and the Democratic Electoral Advantage
Authors: WRIGHT JOHN R.
Published: September 2012

This article calls into question the conventional wisdom that incumbent parties are rewarded when unemployment is low and punished when it is high. Using county-level data on unemployment and election returns for 175 midterm gubernatorial elections and 4 presidential elections from 1994 to 2010, the analysis finds that unemployment and the Democratic vote for president and governor move together. Other things being equal, higher unemployment increases the vote shares of Democratic candidates. The effect is greatest when Republicans are the incumbent party, but Democrats benefit from unemployment even when they are in control. The explanation for these findings is that unemployment is a partisan issue for voters, not a valence issue, and that the Democratic Party “owns” unemployment. When unemployment is high or rising, Democratic candidates can successfully convince voters that they are the party best able to solve the problem.
The prebiotic effect ofAnoectochilus formosanusand its consequences on bone health
Authors: Yang Li-Chan , Wu Jin-Bin , Lu Ting-Jang , Lin Wen-Chuan
Published: September 2012

The present study evaluated the prebiotic effect of a standardised aqueous extract ofAnoectochilus formosanus(SAEAF) and its effects on osteoporosis in ovariectomised (OVX) rats. The OVX rats were randomly divided into five groups and orally treated with water, SAEAF (200 and 400 mg/kg daily) and inulin (400 mg/kg daily) for 12 weeks. The sham group was orally treated with water. The SAEAF treatment enhanced the number of faecal bifidobacteria in OVX rats. The results of a Ca-balance experiment showed that SAEAF increased apparent Ca absorption and retention. The OVX rats were killed after SAEAF treatment lasting 12 weeks. The SAEAF decreased the caecal pH values and increased the caecal wall weight, caecal mucosa calbindin-D9k mRNA expression, free-Ca concentration and levels of SCFA in the caecum. The mineral content, density and biomechanical strength of bones were lower in OVX rats than the sham group, but these bone losses were prevented by SAEAF administration. Microtomography scanning showed that the SAEAF-treated rats had higher trabecular bone volume than the OVX rats. These results suggest that SAEAF prevented bone loss associated with ovarian hormone deficiency in the rats.
Hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity
Authors: Williams Lynda M.
Published: September 2012

A growing number of studies have shown that a diet high in long chain SFA and/or obesity cause profound changes to the energy balance centres of the hypothalamus which results in the loss of central leptin and insulin sensitivity. Insensitivity to these important anorexigenic messengers of nutritional status perpetuates the development of both obesity and peripheral insulin insensitivity. A high-fat diet induces changes in the hypothalamus that include an increase in markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy defect and changes in the rate of apoptosis and neuronal regeneration. In addition, a number of mechanisms have recently come to light that are important in the hypothalamic control of energy balance, which could play a role in perpetuating the effect of a high-fat diet on hypothalamic dysfunction. These include: reactive oxygen species as an important second messenger, lipid metabolism, autophagy and neuronal and synaptic plasticity. The importance of nutritional activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 and the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase subunit β/NK-κB and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 1 inflammatory pathways in linking a high-fat diet to obesity and insulin insensitivity via the hypothalamus is now widely recognised. All of the hypothalamic changes induced by a high-fat diet appear to be causally linked and inhibitors of inflammation, ER stress and autophagy defect can prevent or reverse the development of obesity pointing to potential drug targets in the prevention of obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
Xenophon's Anabasis from Character to Narrator
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: September 2012

Xenophon participated in the March of the Ten Thousand, but in the Anabasis, instead of parading his autopsy, he keeps his narratorial persona separate from his character. This separation, however, is subtly blurred when, on the one hand, the narrator adopts the perspective of the character, who is by far the most prominent focalizing instance in the narrative, and, on the other hand, the character appropriates narratorial functions: Xenophon the character comes to the fore as embedded narrator and commentator of the events. Furthermore, his references to the past can be read as meta-historical, i.e. they shed light on the commemorative act of the Anabasis. While the choice of a hetero-diegetic narrator helps Xenophon to enhance the credibility of the account of his deeds, the intricate entanglement of narrator and character contributes to the characterization of himself as the privileged agent in the March of the Ten Thousand.
Archilochus the ‘Anti-Hero’? Heroism, Flight and Values in Homer and the New Archilochus Fragment (P.Oxy LXIX 4708)
Authors: Swift L.A.
Published: September 2012

This article investigates how flight in battle is presented in the newly discovered Archilochus fragment (P.Oxy LXIX 4708) and compares it to the Homeric treatment of the issue. It argues that the traditional dichotomy between scholars who see Archilochus as ‘subverting’ epic values and those who see him as continuous with them is too simplistic, and that the new poem provides clear evidence of a more nuanced approach to epic material. The fragment's approach reflects many of the subtleties found in Homeric attitudes to flight, and in this respect we see Archilochus using the cultural authority of epic to add weight to his argument. Nevertheless, the choice of the Telephus myth, which tells the story of a mistaken conflict, is an ironic one, and the narrative foregrounds the ways in which the Achaeans at Mysia fall short of heroic norms and perhaps casts aspersions on the contemporary scenario to which the mythological conflict appears to be compared. Hence the poem contains competing strands of consolation, celebration of an aristeia and mockery in a way which demonstrates Archilochus' varied and subtle relationship to epic.
From Slave to Litigant: African Americans in Court in the Postwar South, 1865–1920
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: September 2012

In 1859, after the death of his mistress, a slave named Mat Fine was taken to the Jefferson, Kentucky, County Court House “in the inventory of Lucy Fine's estate as her property.” There, he was inventoried along with her other possessions. Only a few years later, just after the Civil War, Fine returned to the local court house as a defendant in a civil case over the money his former mistress had left him in her will. There he stood before the civil court, as a person, rather than a piece of property, boldly laid out the terms of the will, and claimed his portion. Both the local court and state supreme court ruled in his favor.
Zionist Settlers and the English Private Trust in Mandate Palestine
Authors: Hofri-Winogradow Adam S.
Published: September 2012

The basic colonial encounter involved a colonizing power and colonized locals. Some colonial situations were more complex, involving a third element: settlers of nonlocal stock originating in an ethnos, or nation, different than that with which the colonizer was identified. Two prominent examples from the annals of the British Empire are the French inhabitants of Nouvelle France after France ceded it to the British in 1763, and the Dutch inhabitants of the Cape Colony after the British conquest of 1806. The British typically permitted such settler populations to retain at least parts of the laws to which they were accustomed, which laws were often based on the laws of the settlers' jurisdiction of origin. As regards settler use of English law, the English sometimes provided for the application of parts of it to non-British settlers, while blocking such settlers' attempts to use other parts. The part of English law most commonly applied to non-British colonial subjects, both settlers and natives, was commercial law, in order to facilitate commerce between different parts of the Empire. The parts least commonly applied to such inhabitants were family law, land law, and the law of inheritance.
Assessing the role of current andcumulativeexposure in simultaneous bilingual acquisition: The case of Dutch gender
Authors: UNSWORTH SHARON
Published: September 2012

This paper investigates the role of amount of current andcumulativeexposure in bilingual development and ultimate attainment by exploring the extent to which simultaneous bilingual children's knowledge of grammatical gender is affected by current and previous amount of exposure, including in the early years. Elicited production and grammaticality judgement data collected from 136 English–Dutch-speaking bilingual children aged between three and 17 years are used to examine the lexical and grammatical aspects of Dutch gender, viz. definite determiners and adjectival inflection. It is argued that the results are more consistent with a rule-based than a piecemeal approach to acquisition (Blom, Polišenskà & Weerman, 2008a; Gathercole & Thomas, 2005, 2009), and that non-target performance on the production task can be explained by the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (Haznedar & Schwartz, 1997; Prévost & White, 2000; Weerman, Duijnmeijer & Orgassa, 2011).
The third open answer set programming competition
Authors: CALIMERI FRANCESCO , IANNI GIOVAMBATTISTA , RICCA FRANCESCO
Published: September 2012

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a well-established paradigm of declarative programming in close relationship with other declarative formalisms such as SAT Modulo Theories, Constraint Handling Rules, FO(.), PDDL and many others. Since its first informal editions, ASP systems have been compared in the now well-established ASP Competition. The Third (Open) ASP Competition, as the sequel to the ASP Competitions Series held at the University of Potsdam in Germany (2006–2007) and at the University of Leuven in Belgium in 2009, took place at the University of Calabria (Italy) in the first half of 2011. Participants competed on a pre-selected collection of benchmark problems, taken from a variety of domains as well as real world applications. The Competition ran on two tracks: the Model and Solve (M&S) Track, based on an open problem encoding, and open language, and open to any kind of system based on a declarative specification paradigm; and the System Track, run on the basis of fixed, public problem encodings, written in a standard ASP language. This paper discusses the format of the competition and the rationale behind it, then reports the results for both tracks. Comparison with the second ASP competition and state-of-the-art solutions for some of the benchmark domains is eventually discussed.
Decadal changes in surface air temperature variability and cold surge characteristics over northeast Asia and their relation with the Arctic Oscillation for the past three decades (1979–2011)
Authors: Woo Sung‐Ho , Kim Baek‐Min , Jeong Jee‐Hoon , Kim Seong‐Joong , Lim Gyu‐Ho
Published: September 2012

Decadal changes in surface air temperature (SAT) variability and cold surge characteristics over Northeast Asia during late winter (January–March) are analyzed for the past three decades. Power spectrum analysis of SAT reveals that the low‐frequency variabilities with a period longer than 10 days are significantly enhanced, while the high‐frequency variabilities with a period shorter than 10 days are weakened in the 1980s and 2000s. Moreover, cold surges were stronger and lasted longer during the 1980s and 2000s compared to those that occurred in the 1990s. Here, we propose that large‐scale atmospheric conditions manifested by a different phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) provide preconditioning for a cold surge event, which showed a prominent decadal fluctuation. The more (less) frequent strong and long‐lasting cold surge occurrences in the 1980s and 2000s (1990s) are preceded by the more dominant negative (positive) phase of the AO. Lag‐composite analyses for cold surge events categorized by the AO phases indicate that stronger and longer‐lasting cold air advection dominates at the lower‐level, when upper‐level wave train and coastal trough are developed over East Asia under the strong negative AO phase. These results suggest that the decadal changes in SAT variability and cold surge characteristics are strongly associated with the decadal changes in the phase distribution of the AO.
Stochastic determination of entrainment risk in uniformly sized sediment beds at low transport stages: 1. Theory
Authors: Tregnaghi Matteo , Bottacin‐Busolin Andrea , Marion Andrea , Tait Simon
Published: September 2012

The entrainment of sediments in rivers exhibits an intermittent behavior. Incipient motion should therefore be described as a random process requiring a stochastic predictive approach. The effect of near‐bed turbulence on grain entrainment and the variation in bed particle stability due to local surface heterogeneity are included into a probabilistic framework. The intuitive evidence that hydrodynamic forces acting on the sediment bed and the resistance to motion of the bed particles are two mutually dependent aspects of a unique process is modeled by introducing a conditional independence hypothesis. Based on this concept, new insights into the stochastic aspects of incipient motion are obtained. For low ratios of the boundary shear stress to the critical shear stress, by including the mutual dependence of different processes the new theoretical development predicts up to 50% larger probabilities of grain removal from the bed surface compared to Grass' original formulation. This follows from the entrainment risk being not only dependent on the distributions of fluid forces and grain resistance, but also on the correlation that these distributions exhibit in relation to the geometrical configuration of the sediment bed. This complex interaction is neglected in existing probabilistic models of sediment transport. It is then demonstrated that such additional contribution explains better the influence of both flow turbulence and particle arrangement on key features of the overall grain entrainment process.
Stochastic determination of entrainment risk in uniformly sized sediment beds at low transport stages: 2. Experiments
Authors: Tregnaghi Matteo , Bottacin‐Busolin Andrea , Tait Simon , Marion Andrea
Published: September 2012

Fluvial sediment transport is caused by a complex interaction of interdependent grain and fluid processes many of which are stochastic in nature and cannot be adequately represented by deterministic equations. Random variable analysis has been used previously but limited data are available to describe the variability of grain resistance combined with particle arrangements, and thus validate such analysis. In this study low to medium bed load transport tests were carried out in a flume where sediment movement was monitored using a three‐camera 3D PIV system. Simultaneous grain motion and flow velocity measurements were made on a plane located slightly above and parallel to the sediment bed. Detailed statistical velocity information was acquired to model the velocity distribution at the bed level. This was combined with the joint probabilistic distribution of particle exposures and grain resistance to motion, which were obtained from discrete particle modeling (DPM) simulations. DPM simulations were used to provide a stochastic mathematical description of the risk that a stationary particle is entrained by the flow. Predictions from the stochastic model equations replicated the observed pulsation in sediment transport. This demonstrates that it is possible to simulate sediment entrainment and transport at a high resolution by adequately modeling all the sub‐processes. A number of flow patterns were identified that caused large fluctuations of the entrainment rate. These all exhibit high velocity flow structures, but they selectively cause the dislodgement of individual particles located at different positions. This selective behavior follows from the variability of the interaction between the near‐bed flow and the particles having different exposure.
Closing a sediment budget for a reconfigured reach of the Provo River, Utah, United States
Authors: Erwin Susannah O. , Schmidt John C. , Wheaton Joseph M. , Wilcock Peter R.
Published: September 2012

We quantified all components of a fluvial sediment budget for a discrete flood on an aggrading gravel bed river. Bed load transport rates were measured at the upstream and downstream ends of a 4 km study area on the Provo River, Utah, during a dam‐controlled flood. We also collected high‐resolution measurements of channel topography before and after the controlled flood for the entire reach. Topographic uncertainty in the digital elevation models (DEM) was characterized using a spatially variable approach. The net sediment flux provided unambiguous indication of storage. Sediment input to the reach (319 m3) exceeded output (32 m3), producing a net accumulation of approximately 290 m3. The difference between the scour and fill was also positive (470 m3), but uncertainty in the topographic differencing was larger than the observed net storage. Thus, the budget would have been indeterminate if based on morphologic data alone. Although topographic differencing was not sufficiently accurate to indicate net storage, it was able to demonstrate that internal erosion was a larger sediment source than the net sediment flux. The magnitude of total erosion (1454 m3) and deposition (1926 m3) was considerably larger than net change in storage, showing that internal sources and sinks were the dominant driver of channel change. The findings provide guidance for the development of sediment budgets in settings in which one must choose between a morphological approach and the direct measurement of sediment flux.
Errata‐based correction of marine geophysical trackline data
Authors: Chandler Michael T. , Wessel Paul
Published: September 2012

We announce the completion of 5,230 errata correction tables which remove extreme, obvious errors from the National Geophysical Data Center's marine geophysical trackline archive. Along with a range of error types correctable using along‐track analysis, we determined that ∼62% of gravity surveys omit raw measurements and that ∼89% of magnetic anomalies are outdated and require recomputing. These errata tables reduce median global crossovers from 27.3 m to 24.0 m (bathymetry), 81.6 nT to 29.6 nT (magnetic anomalies) and 6.0 mGal to 4.4 mGal (free air gravity). We consider these methods gentler and more fundamental than the predominant crossover approach in that along‐track corrections affect only data flagged as erroneous by a reviewer; the vast majority of data are left unchanged. Removal of obvious errors is an important initial step that should precede crossover analysis, interpolation, and gridding, thereby strengthening the scientific analysis.
Scaling surf zone turbulence
Authors: Feddersen Falk
Published: September 2012

Turbulence in the surf zone, the shallow region adjacent to the shoreline, has a key role in beach erosion, fertilization, dispersal, and larval settlement of marine invertebrates, and microbial contamination dilution in beach waters. Breaking‐wave generated (the dominant source) surf zone turbulence is understood poorly. A new surf zone turbulent dissipation rateϵ scaling is derived, that collapses new field surf zone ϵobservations with relatively high skill compared to other scalings. The vertically‐uniform length‐scale is 1/6 the water depth, and 15% of the wave‐energy flux gradient is dissipated below the mean surface. Field and laboratory surf zone turbulence observations are shown to be consistent using the scaling. The non‐dimensional surf zone diffusivity and suspended sediment profile can be applied to sediment transport and a range of biological processes including microbial pathogen contamination of beach waters.
Intensification of extratropical cyclones associated with the polar jet change in the CMIP5 global warming projections
Authors: Mizuta Ryo
Published: September 2012

The projected change in intense extratropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere winter due to global warming is investigated using 11 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). In many models, the number of intense surface cyclones (sea‐level pressure below 980 hPa) increases on the polar and downstream side of the storm tracks, and the mean growth rate of the cyclones is enhanced in areas upstream of these regions, especially in the North Pacific. Around these regions, the mean growth rate is highly correlated with the upper‐level zonal wind on a monthly time scale, and its projected change can be largely explained by the zonal wind change. An enhanced polar jet over the North Pacific seen in many models leads to an enhanced mean growth rate of surface cyclones, while less agreement between the models is seen over the North Atlantic.
The observed composition of ions outflowing from Titan
Authors: Westlake J. H. , Paranicas C. P. , Cravens T. E. , Luhmann J. G. , Mandt K. E. , Smith H. T. , Mitchell D. G. , Rymer A. M. , Perry M. E. , Waite J. H. , Wahlund J.‐E.
Published: September 2012

We report on Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) observations above Titan's exobase at altitudes of 2225 km to 3034 km. We observe significant densities of CH5+, HCNH+ and C2H5+that require ion‐molecule reactions to be produced in the quantities observed. The measured composition and ion velocity (about 0.8–1.5 km/s) suggest that the observed ions must have been created deep inside Titan's ionosphere (below the exobase) and then transported to the detection altitude. Plasma motion from below Titan's exobase to large distances can be driven by a combination of thermal pressure and magnetic forces. The observed outward flows may link the main ionosphere with the more distant wake and provide a source of hydrocarbon ions in the Saturnian system.
Why might stratospheric sudden warmings occur with similar frequency in El Niño and La Niña winters?
Authors: Garfinkel C. I. , Butler A. H. , Waugh D. W. , Hurwitz M. M. , Polvani L. M.
Published: September 2012

The effect of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the frequency and character of Northern Hemisphere major mid‐winter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) is evaluated using a meteorological reanalysis data set and comprehensive chemistry‐climate models. There is an apparent inconsistency between the impact of opposite phases of ENSO on the seasonal mean vortex and on SSWs: El Niño leads to an anomalously warm, and La Niña leads to an anomalously cool, seasonal mean polar stratospheric state, but both phases of ENSO lead to an increased SSW frequency. A resolution to this apparent paradox is here proposed: the region in the North Pacific most strongly associated with precursors of SSWs is not strongly influenced by El Niño and La Niña teleconnections. In the observational record, both La Niña and El Niño lead to similar anomalies in the region associated with precursors of SSWs and, consistent with this, there is a similar SSW frequency in La Niña and El Niño winters. A similar correspondence between the penetration of ENSO teleconnections into the SSW precursor region and SSW frequency is found in the comprehensive chemistry‐climate models. The inability of some of the models to capture the observed relationship between La Niña and SSW frequency appears related to whether the modeled ENSO teleconnections result in extreme anomalies in the region most closely associated with SSWs. Finally, it is confirmed that the seasonal mean polar vortex response to ENSO is only weakly related to the relative frequency of SSWs during El Niño and La Niña.
A small predatory core genome in the divergent marine Bacteriovorax marinus SJ and the terrestrial Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
Authors: Crossman Lisa C , Chen Huan , Cerdeño-Tárraga Ana-M , Brooks Karen , Quail Michael A , Pineiro Silvia A , Hobley Laura , Sockett R Elizabeth , Bentley Stephen D , Parkhill Julian , Williams Henry N , Stine O Colin
Published: September 2012

Bacteriovorax marinus SJ is a predatory delta-proteobacterium isolated from a marine environment. The genome sequence of this strain provides an interesting contrast to that of the terrestrial predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus HD100. Based on their predatory lifestyle, Bacteriovorax were originally designated as members of the genus Bdellovibrio but subsequently were re-assigned to a new genus and family based on genetic and phenotypic differences. B. marinus attaches to Gram-negative bacteria, penetrates through the cell wall to form a bdelloplast, in which it replicates, as shown using microscopy. Bacteriovorax is distinct, as it shares only 30% of its gene products with its closest sequenced relatives. Remarkably, 34% of predicted genes over 500 nt in length were completely unique with no significant matches in the databases. As expected, Bacteriovorax shares several characteristic loci with the other delta-proteobacteria. A geneset shared between Bacteriovorax and Bdellovibrio that is not conserved among other delta-proteobacteria such as Myxobacteria (which destroy prey bacteria externally via lysis), or the non-predatory Desulfo-bacteria and Geobacter species was identified. These 291 gene orthologues common to both Bacteriovorax and Bdellovibrio may be the key indicators of host-interaction predatory-specific processes required for prey entry. The locus from Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is implicated in the switch from predatory to prey/host-independent growth. Although the locus is conserved in B. marinus, the sequence has only limited similarity. The results of this study advance understanding of both the similarities and differences between Bdellovibrio and Bacteriovorax and confirm the distant relationship between the two and their separation into different families.