bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Cements with Non Silicate Activators
Authors: Bilek Vlastimil , Khestl Filip , Mec Pavel
Published: May 2017

Hybrid cements represent a relatively new type of binders which combines some of the advantages of Ordinary Portland Cement and an application of mineral admixtures and alkali activation. Hybrid cements form then blends containing a low portion of OPC and a high proportion of mineral additions (such as blast furnace flag, fly ash, metakaoline, ...). This paper discusses the properties of mortars based on carbonate based activators. Mixtures composed from Ordinary Portland Cement, ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash and mechanically pre-activated fly ash were optimised with the target to achieve sufficient compressive strength. The influence of ratios between powder compounds, the dosage of activator and water to binder ratios are presented.
Evaluation of Three-Point Bending Fracture Tests of Selected Concrete: Crack Initiation and Acoustic Emission Parameters
Authors: Šimonová Hana , Topolář Libor , Havlíková Ivana , Matysík Michal , Daněk Petr , Keršner Zbyněk
Published: May 2017

In this paper, authors concentrate attention on crack initiation and acoustic emission (AE) parameters obtained from records of three-point bending fracture tests on eight sets of concrete specimens with initial stress concentrator at the age of 28 days. Resistance to stable and unstable crack propagation was quantified via evaluation of load vs crack mouth opening displacement diagrams using Double-K fracture model. The AE technique was used to monitor damage process taking place during testing in specimens.
Roof Structural System Study with Use of UHPC
Authors: Holý Milan
Published: May 2017

This paper deals with the roof structural system using prestressed girders made of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). One of the aims of this study is to verify whether the option of the UHPC girders could be under certain boundary conditions competitive with the commonly used construction materials. Due to its high strength, UHPC enables the design of the structural elements with the high load bearing capacity and with smaller slenderness compared to normal strength concrete elements. The price of UHPC is currently still very high compared to the normal strength concretes or steel. Therefore, its use for the usual designed structures does not recently seem too economically attractive. The effect of material savings is nonnegligible in the case, that a self-weight of the structure forms dominant component of the total load. In addition to the high strength, UHPC has very high resistance to environmental influences. It is therefore likely, that UHPC could be advantageously applied e.g. for the roofing of industrial buildings of chemical plants with high aggressive environments, because there are high demands on the life cycle of the structure.
Railway side mapping of alien plant distributions in Mpumalanga, South Africa
Authors: Mararakanye Ndifelani , Magoro Modau N. , Matshaya Nomakhazi N. , Rabothata Matome C. , Ncobeni Sthembele R.
Published: May 2017

Background: Alien plant invasions are among the major threats to natural and semi-natural ecosystems in South Africa on approximately 18 million hectares of land. Much of the available data are not suitable for planning of local scale management because it is presented at a quarter degree grid square scale, which makes accurate location and estimates of invaded areas difficult.Objectives: The aim was to identify the dominant alien plant species and quantify their areal extent along a 479 km railway corridor in the Mpumalanga province.Method: The extent of the invaded area was obtained by manual digitising of alien plant distribution and density from Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre 5 imagery and by further applying an Iterative Self-Organising Data Analysis technique of the unsupervised classification method. Species’ occurrences were located and identified in the field using a Global Positioning System.Results: The most dominant invaders in terms of the number of individual polygons and the infested area were Eucalyptus spp., Acacia spp., Populus alba L., Pinus patula Schltdl Cham., Salix babylonica L. and Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston. These species have also been previously classified as major invaders, although the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act regulations permit their planting provided spreading to adjacent areas is avoided except for C. decapetala, which must be cleared under all circumstances.Conclusion: Knowledge of the species’ occurrence and their extent will assist landowners and relevant authorities to control the spread of alien plants, which impact rail safety, agricultural production, water availability and biodiversity.
Reoriented Investment Protocol – a Christian-ethical perspective on investments
Authors: Bøsterud Morten , Vorster Jacobus M.
Published: May 2017

The current state of economic globalisation and attendant cross border flow of capital and investments has spurred interest for what ethically sound financial practices, which are increasing among secular politicians, investors and academics, entails. Time may have come to address this state of international financial activity from a Christian-ethical perspective.Traditional approaches, both within secular and ecclesiastical communities, have been focused on what should not be permitted to invest in from a moral standpoint. Breaking with this tradition, the authors present a creative and constructive moral approach towards investment activity where focus is on how investments may contribute to society while promoting Christian values. This new investment methodology, Reoriented Investment Protocol (RIP), is based on the reformed paradigm. It attains a systematic approach where investors need to react in alignment with constructive scripturally based ethical guidelines rather than merely avoiding immoral practices. The central argument of the article is that investments are always value-driven and never ethically neutral, and thus that investment activity should be performed under sound moral guidance from scripturally based constructive Christian-ethical guidelines.
Breastfeeding and swallowing in a neonate with mild hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Krüger Esedra , Kritzinger Alta , Pottas Lidia
Published: May 2017

Background: Specific breastfeeding and swallowing characteristics in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) have not yet been well described in the literature. Considering the relatively high incidence of HIE in resource-poor settings, speech-language therapists should be cognisant of the feeding difficulties in this population during breastfeeding.Objective: To systematically describe the breastfeeding and swallowing of a single case of a neonate diagnosed with mild HIE from admission to discharge.Method: A case study of a 2-day old neonate with mild HIE in a neonatal intensive care unit at an urban teaching hospital, is presented. Data were prospectively collected during four sessions in a 12-day period until the participant’s discharge. Feeding and swallowing were assessed clinically, as well as instrumentally using a video-fluoroscopic swallow study.Results: After parenteral feeding, nasogastric tube feeding commenced. Breastfeeding was introduced on Day 6, as it was considered a safe option, and revealed problematic rooting, shallow latching, short sucking bursts, infrequent swallowing, and a drowsy state of arousal, with coughing and choking. No penetration or aspiration was identified instrumentally. After 13 days, the neonate was breastfeeding safely.Conclusion: Although the pharyngeal stage of swallowing was intact, symptoms of oral stage dysphagia were revealed using a combination of clinical and instrumental measures. Breastfeeding difficulties were identified, exacerbated by poor state regulation, which lead to prolonged hospitalisation. The case study highlights the unexpected long duration of feeding difficulties in an infant with mild HIE and indicates further research.
Using the World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule (2) to assess disability in community-dwelling stroke patients
Authors: Arowoiya Ayorinde I. , Elloker Toughieda , Karachi Farahana , Mlenzana Nondwe , Jacobs-Nzuzi Khuabi Lee-Ann , Rhoda Anthea
Published: May 2017

Background: Measurement of the extent of disability post-stroke is important to determine the impact of disability on these individuals and the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the impact of their disability. Instruments used to measure disability should, however, be culturally sensitive.Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a disability assessment using the World Health Organization’s Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS).Methods: A cross-sectional design was used. The study population included a conveniently selected 226 stroke patients living within community settings. These patients were followed up 6–12 months following the onset of the stroke and are currently residing in the community. Disability was measured using the WHODAS 2.0 and the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The WHODAS 2.0 enabled the assessment of disability within the domains of cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along with others, household activities, work activities and participation. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the University of the Western Cape.Results: In this sample, the domain mostly affected were household activities, with 38% having extreme difficulty with conducting these activities. This was followed by mobility (27%) and self-care (25%) being the domains that participants also had extreme difficulty with. Getting along with others was the domain that most (51%) of the participants had no difficulty with. ANOVA one-way test showed no significant association of participation restrictions with demographics factors.Conclusion: Rehabilitation of patients with stroke should focus on the patient’s ability to engage in household activities, mobility and self-care.
A survey on the singularities of spherical varieties
Authors: Pasquier Boris
Published: May 2017

We list combinatorial criteria of some singularities, which appear in the Minimal Model Program or in the study of (singular) Fano varieties, for spherical varieties. Most of the results of this paper are already known or are quite easy corollary of known results. We collect these results, we precise some proofs and add few results to get a coherent and complete survey.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

James and Grace Lee Boggs built a remarkable life together grounded in their shared commitment to making the next American revolution. By disposition and background, they were two very different people. They set out on disparate life trajectories and traveled distinct paths to radical politics, with little that would predict convergence. Yet, their paths crossed in the early 1950s. By that time, Grace and Jimmy had both become committed revolutionaries through participating in their respective spaces of radical politics over the preceding decade. As a couple, they reinforced the political project that each had come to separately and that emerged as the central objective of their partnered lives: apprehending the specific pathways for revolutionary transformation most appropriate for and unique to the historical moment in the United States. This shared commitment to conceptualizing a distinctly American revolution, in combination with their diverse backgrounds and experiences, allowed them to learn from each other and grow together in remarkable ways. From the beginning of their courtship in 1953 to his death in 1993, James and Grace Lee Boggs forged a unique and generative partnership sustained through their shared intellectual work and political activism....
Making a Way Out of No Way
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses James Boggs’s childhood and upbringing in the Deep South. It presents his education and his proximity to racial terror. It concludes as he rides the rails north, seeking work in Detroit.
Black Radical Detroit
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows James Boggs as he secures a job in the automobile industry in Detroit. He becomes committed to the labor movement and joins the UAW. He joins the SWP but breaks away to join a new organization called Correspondence.
Revolutionary Marxism
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes how Grace Lee Boggs engaged with radical politics upon her arrival in Chicago. After joining the Workers Party, she became a Trotskyist. She used her connections to the radical left to work with Chicago’s black community, wrote articles in the Trotskyite press in support of the March on Washington Movement, and eventually met C.L.R. James and joined the Johnson-Forest Tendency in splitting from the Socialist Workers Party. She ultimately helps form and publish Correspondence.
Facing Multiple Realities
Authors: Ward Stephen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Correspondence’s reaction to three major events in 1956 and 1957: the Hungarian Revolution, the independence of Ghana, and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. C.L.R. James pushed the writers at Correspondence to focus on the Hungarian revolution above all else, while James and Grace Lee Boggs sought to emphasize colonial revolts.
Sharing This Walk
Authors: Biondi Karina
Published: May 2017

The First Command of Capital (Primeiro Comando do Capital - PCC) is a São Paulo prison gang, founded in the 1990s, that has expanded into the most powerful criminal network in Brazil. Karina Biondi’s rich ethnography of the PCC is uniquely informed by her insider-outsider status. Prior to his acquittal, Biondi’s husband was incarcerated in a PCC-dominated prison for several years. During the period of Biondi’s intense and intimate visits with her husband and her extensive fieldwork in prisons and on the streets of São Paulo, the PCC effectively controlled more than 90 percent of São Paulo’s 147 prison facilities.
Available for the first time in English, Biondi's riveting portrait of the PCC illuminates how the organization operates inside and outside of prison, creatively elaborating on a decentered, non-hierarchical, and far-reaching command system. This system challenges both the police forces against which the PCC has declared war and the methods and analytic concepts traditionally employed by social scientists concerned with organized crime, incarceration, and policing. Biondi posits that the PCC embodies a “politics of transcendence,” a group identity that is braided together with, but also autonomous from, its decentralized parts. Biondi also situates the PCC in relation to redemocratization and rampant socioeconomic inequality in Brazil, as well as to counter-state movements, crime, and punishment in the Americas.
The Politics of Immanence
Authors: Biondi Karina
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the micropolitics that support the existence of the First Command of Capital (Primeiro Comando da Capital - PCC). These micropolitics includes projects, manipulative efforts, strategies, but also improvisations, unexpected and random possibilities. The ethnography of these practices reveals that those who participate in PCC arrive at their destinations not because of the organization of the PCC, but because of their "dispositions". The dynamic that emanates from these dispositions bears remarkable difference to more standard concepts of "organized crime" or "criminal organization". The role of the PCC, even though it includes baskets of strategies and projects, is permeated instead by chance and is made real and powerful by the dispositions of its participants, who make do in relation to that chance.
The Politics of Transcendence
Authors: Biondi Karina
Published: May 2017

The fragile consistency generated by the politics described in chapter 3 gains stability when it takes on a transcendent form that is both the product and the producer of the immanence that permeates it. Hence, the ways that “de-individualizing” processes operate in the materialization of a power that gains autonomy from and superiority over its producers are the subject of chapter 4. This chapter makes clear the efficacy and strength of a force field called the First Command of Capital (Primeiro Comando da Capital – PCC) by offering an analysis of territorializing processes that take place alongside the phenomenon of de-individualization. Most importantly, this chapter seeks to describe the construction of a localized form of transcendence, or the establishment of an imaginative figure whose perplexing concreteness avoids ultimate transcendence by working as a machine that seeks liberty and resists all subjectification in its avoidance of the constitution of power as put forth by the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Biondi Karina
Published: May 2017

The expansion of the First Command of the Capital (PCC), making it the most powerful criminal network in Brazil, happened after the addition of “Equality” to its “ideals”. This incorporation provoked a series of mechanisms and strategies to produce a “Command” between “equals”, nourishing a tension that infiltrates and spreads out across all the political dimensions of the PCC. This chapter examines the diverse plans through whichPCC politics operates. One of these plans mentions the PCC as transcendence, something that only exists because of their immanent forces. This approach reflects an immanentist anthropology on a transcendent construction, an anthropology that permits one to think about transcendence without imagining that it pre-exists. This PCC-as-transcendence, produced in the immanence and mixed to it, results on a decentered, non-hierarchical social formation. The PCC is thus presented as a creative social formation that challenges the concept of organized crime and offers another approach to the notion of the prison gang.
Forcing Us Together in Self-Defense
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the difficult environment faced by unions amidst the Cold War. Communists and other radicals, who had proven themselves steady allies of African American and Mexican American working people from San Antonio to Houston, struggled to prove their patriotism. Veteran activists responded to this repression by redirecting their activism into new channels, often in the electoral arena.
Trying to Reach Substantially Unanimous Agreement
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the 1961 campaign for Lyndon Johnson’s senate seat. Henry B. Gonzalez and Maury Maverick Jr., the two liberal legislators and frequent allies from San Antonio, each declared their candidacies for the seat. Meanwhile, Mexican-American organizers sought to convert Viva Kennedy clubs into a permanent organization and a force in Texas politics. Their new group, the Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASO), would bring together a diverse collection of mexicano labor, civil rights, and political activists that—despite their common cultural heritage—would debate the organization’s program and methods throughout its formative years.
Separating the Wheat from the Chaff
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the growing militancy of PASO and African American activists from 1962 on. In response to conservative democratic gubernatorial candidate John Connally, African American and Mexican American activists would both take to the streets, reenergizing their respective civil rights movements with new campaigns for complete integration, real political power, and equal economic opportunity.
They’ll Never Separate Us Again
Authors: Krochmal Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the rise of the Democratic Coalition in Texas. Before it was extinguished, the coalition would reach deeper into the state’s black and brown neighborhoods than ever before, reactivating old networks of veteran activists and recruiting and training tens of thousands of new grassroots organizers. It would create additional space for PASO and labor to extend their joint organizing efforts and would help the Texas AFL-CIO become a civil rights organization in its own right. And it would support the arrival of the black civil rights movement on a statewide level, resulting in a new wave of direct action protests and culminating in the state’s largest demonstration to date.
Difference without Grievance
Authors: Bow Leslie
Published: May 2017

Leslie Bow argues that Asian Americans hold a precarious place in the American imagination and within academic institutions as well. The simultaneous erasure and celebration of cultural difference, its uncertain capital, and the ambiguity about where Asian Americans stand in the in the history of social injury and its redress are, Bow explains, all inseparable from the ways in which they are located on American campuses. In her essay, she explores the ways in which this climate might impact the ambiguous place that Asian Americans inhabit within academia as "over-represented" minorities.
Performative Testimony and the Practice of Dismissal
Authors: Davidson Jane Chin , Reddy Deepa S.
Published: May 2017

The overall inquiry of Jane Chin Davidson and Deepa S. Reddy essay can be understood as an investigation of the tyranny of dismissing women of color in women's studies communities by silencing them. This essay looks empirically at specific experiences in women's studies for what they are—attempts to delimit voice, speech, naming, and ultimately, contestations made by minority women in the community. Chin Davidson and Reddy conceive of "dismissal" as a practice that is inextricable from the speech act and through a consideration of Kimberely Crenshaw and Derrida seek to renegotiate actions that subordinates expression, participation, and membership in a community that is called "women's studies," the name itself signifying a particular, narrow membership that fails to recognize the shifting constituencies that make up its community.
Balancing the Passion for Activism with the Demands of Tenure
Authors: Few-Demo April L. , Piercy Fred P. , Stremmel Andrew J.
Published: May 2017

In an essay that demonstrates what is possible when senior faculty work with junior faculty throughout the tenure process, April Few-Demo discusses the challenge of balancing her commitment to diversity and social justice with the demands of tenure. She reflects on how racism and sexism within the classroom have defined her professional identity as an activist scholar. Her colleagues Fred P. Piercy, and Andrew J. Stremmel discuss how they advised her throughout this process, ask us to think more carefully about how we assess junior faculty, and provide a model for how to make the case for faculty of color who might feel a different pull towards activism than their white counterparts.
Cast Your Net Wide
Authors: Matthew Patricia A.
Published: May 2017

E. France White’s reflection as a dean and vice provost are juxtaposed against the questions and aspirations of two junior scholars (Ariana Alexander and Jennifer Williams) who are developing academic careers on and off the tenure track at a time when student protestors area seeking to study with a more diverse professoriate. Connected through their experiences at New York University, the women discuss the role of scholarship and community engagement and consider the issue of community engagement during the Black Lives Matter movement. Set against the backdrop of Morgan State University’s response to the Freddie Gray killing, the essay poses more questions than it answers but also challenges administrators to put material support behind their calls for faculty leadership during times of social unrest.
Power and Joy
Authors: Dunn Christopher
Published: May 2017

The Introduction discusses the term “counterculture” in relation to diverse historical contexts to refer to individual and collective resistance to political authority, social conventions, or established aesthetic values. To illustrate some of the values and concerns of the counterculture, the author discusses three poems associated with poesia marginal in Brazil. While noting its theoretical formulation in relation to youth culture and dissent in the United States during the 1960s, the author shows how the term applied to diverse Latin American contexts during the Cold War period, notably Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile. In relation to Brazil, I discuss the counterculture in relation to the the rise of an authoritarian military that stifled civil society dissent and censored artistic expression, producing what some critics called the vazio cultural, or “cultural void.” Finally, I show how the counterculture emerged with Tropicália, an artistic movement that coalesced in 1968 with particular strength in the field of popular music.
Experience the Experimental
Authors: Dunn Christopher
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 explores the connections between the artistic avantgarde and the counterculture. A small, but influential group of artists sometimes identified as “marginal” or “underground” coalesced in the aftermath of Tropicália. Cultura marginal may be located at the intersection of two cultural phenomenon: On one hand it had deep affinities with the emergent counterculture. On the other hand, cultura marginal was indebted to the mid-century constructivist avant-garde, especially neo-concretism. The author discusses the work of experimental artist, Hélio Oiticica and Lygia Clark, who developed a series of environmental and performative works that demanded the active participation of spectators to create meaning. The author explores Oiticica’s dialogue with experimental writer and songwriter, Waly Salomão, whose work circulated within the rarified field of experimental writing, while also finding a mass audience through popular music, notably in the performances of Gal Costa. The author devotes a section to the journalist and artist Torquato Neto, who promoted cultura marginal and also performed in “Nosferato no Brasil,” a celebrated example of Super 8 film. Finally, the author analyzes the publication Navilouca, a graphic and textual project that brought together key figures of cultura marginal and the avantgarde.
Julius Chambers Emerges
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts Julius Chambers's achievements during college, graduate school, and law school. After graduating summa cum laude from North Carolina College for Negroes and obtaining his masters degree in history at the University of Michigan, Chambers was admitted to the University of North Carolina School of Law, desegregated the prior decade by federal court order over the forceful objections of University and North Carolina officials. Chambers, despite being ranked 112th among the 114 students admitted to the Class of 1962 and notwithstanding a generally unwelcoming, often hostile atmosphere at the Law School and on campus, became editor-in-chief of the Law Review and graduated first in his class. This chapter also details Chambers's marriage to Vivian Giles and the couple's decision to move to New York City when, after no North Carolina law firm would grant Chambers a job interview, Columbia Law School quickly stepped forward with the offer of a one-year fellowship.
Launching the North Carolina Campaign, 1964–1965
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes Chambers's return to North Carolina in July 1964, and his success in quickly elevating North Carolina to the forefront of the LDF's national litigation campaign to translate provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to overcome racial segregation in public accommodation, schools, and employment. Chambers, who opened his small office in Charlotte the same week that Lyndon Johnson signed the new Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, quickly assumed leadership of the Legal Redress Committee of the North Carolina NAACP, which had long spearheaded civil rights litigation in the state. Chambers barnstormed North Carolina to inform black citizens of their rights and prospective new remedies afforded by the Civil Rights Act and soon launched a spate of new legal actions targeting the state's largest school district and employers. In January of 1965, as Chambers addressed a rally at a black church in New Bern, his car was dynamited; local legal authorities showed little enthusiasm to prosecute the Klan-affiliated assailants.
School Desegregation and the Swann Case
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Chambers's and his firm's immense contributions to the legal campaign to end school desegregation in the U.S. Chambers filed federal lawsuits against scores of recalcitrant school districts across North Carolina. His most significant victory was the landmark Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ruling from the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971, hailed as the most significant schools ruling since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Litigating Swann at trial, Chambers convinced federal District Court Judge James B. McMillan to authorize the busing and other remedies to overcome a system of racially dual schools. Later, still just 34-years old, Chambers argued the case for the Legal Defense Fund at the U.S. Supreme Court. Chief Justice Warren Burger's unanimous opinion appeared an unqualified endorsement by the High Court of the use of aggressive remedies finally to defeat school desegregation. By the mid-1970s Charlotte had come to serve as a national model of successful transition to desegregated schools.
Taking On the Struggle
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of the Chambers firm representing African American defendants in the criminal courts, an arena of ubiquitous racial bias and frequent injustice. At times, the skill and determination of the firm's lawyers, including Charles Becton and James Lanning, was enough to prevail, as in the trial of a young black police officer tried for murder following his shooting of a white man during an altercation, where the firm won an acquittal despite a trial atmosphere shaped by the threat of potential Klan violence. In key cases where state and federal authorities were insistent on winning convictions of African American defendants they characterized as "black militants," however, James Ferguson and other of the firm’s lawyers could do little to counter the combined efforts of hostile prosecutors and judges and unsympathetic white juries. Several such cases, including those of the Wilmington 10 and Charlotte 3, would gain national and international notoriety; many years later, discoveries confirming prosecutorial and other misconduct at trial would result in voided convictions.
Epilogue
Authors: Rosen Richard A. , Mosnier Joseph
Published: May 2017

The epilogue examines the legacy of the efforts by Julius Chambers and his firm through the mid-1970s. In 1984, Chambers, widely acknowledged as an exceptionally skilled civil rights litigator and legal strategist, succeeded Jack Greenberg as director-counsel of Legal Defense and Education Fund. From that post Chambers coordinated the legal struggle for civil rights for nine years, mostly attempting to fend off the increasingly reactionary policies of the Reagan administration and of the legal positions on race advanced by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice William Rehnquist. In 1993, Chambers resigned as LDF director-counsel and returned to North Carolina, where he was installed as chancellor of his undergraduate alma mater, now North Carolina Central University, in Durham. Chambers retired in 2001and, after an absence of nearly twenty years, returned to Charlotte where he rejoined the firm on a limited basis. He meanwhile served the inaugural director of the UNC Center for Civil Rights, housed within the UNC Law School. Chambers, whose efforts advanced federal civil rights law to its apogee in the early to mid-1970s and who thus stands out as the most important African American civil rights attorney in the generation following Thurgood Marshall, died on August 2, 2013.
Circuits
Authors: Bronfman Alejandra
Published: May 2017

This chapter relates the workings of circuits of information in U.S.-occupied Haiti (1915-1934). Upon their arrival, Marines encountered rich yet elusive circuits of news, rumor and gossip driven by Haiti’s peripatetic market women. Attempts to access or bypass these circuits with nascent wireless and telephone networks had limited success. These circuits came together most strikingly in the U.S. Marines’ use of radio sets as torture devices to electrocute Haitians during interrogations.
Voice
Authors: Bronfman Alejandra
Published: May 2017

Taking up the problem of whether and how radio broadcasts spoke to Caribbean audiences, this chapter explores the introduction of the sounds of blackness throughout the region. The sounds of what Kamau Brathwaite called “nation language” entered the soundscapes of Haiti and Kingston with implications for the politics of belonging in the late 1950s. The voices and sounds of people speaking--in addition to singing—in creole generated a new interest in broadcasting. Radio personalities like Louise Bennett revitalized a marginalized medium and convinced ordinary people that the radio could speak to them. In Haiti, one of the first regular programs to use creole was “Le Quart d’Heure de Frère Hiss,” sponsored by Nelson Rockefeller’s Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and staffed by Haitian actors and writers. The traditions of creole and the technological innovations that enabled the implementation of broadcasting in the Caribbean should not be imagined as two forms of media in conflict with one another. Rather they were both necessary to the production of broadcasting as a modern medium.
The Organization of Christian Aid
Authors: Blankenship Anne M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter Two surveys the actions of concerned Christians outside of the camps. Once Japanese Americans were confined, a proliferation of Christian organizations formed to aid incarcerees. Their greatest efforts went toward supporting worship in the camps and resettling Japanese Americans outside of the camps during the war. The latter required the transformation of public opinion in addition to finding employment and housing for former incarcerees. Publications and speakers encouraged Americans to welcome Japanese Americans as they left the camps. Seeking to decrease racism nationally, activists faced resistance from fearful and racist congregants and pastors. The Federal Council of Churches, the Home Mission Council of North America, the American Friends Service Committee, regional church groups, Christian missionaries, and churches around the country contributed organizational support, pastoral guidance, and material aid.
Experiences of Christianity in the Camps
Authors: Blankenship Anne M.
Published: May 2017

Incarcerated Christians frequently thanked God for giving them the strength to endure the incarceration and developed a variety of faith communities to provide additional support. The focus of Chapter Four turns away from church leaders to examine how lay (non-ordained) Christians experienced camp life. Buddhists joined Protestants and Catholics to organize interfaith memorial services for Nikkei soldiers killed in action, while pacifists and others resisted the military draft. This chapter expands the book’s focus to highlight Christian youth culture at a camp in Arizona and the hardships at Tule Lake, where incarcerees attacked Japanese Christians for cooperating with camp officials. The roots of Asian American theologies began growing in the camps in response to this rejection and suffering.
Epilogue
Authors: Blankenship Anne M.
Published: May 2017

The Japanese problem compel[led] the church to face other minority problems.

—Executive Secretary Mark Dawber, Home Missions Council of North America

Christian efforts to confront the incarceration of Japanese Americans revealed shifting attitudes about diversity within American Christianity, the role of race in America, and the limits to which religious institutions will comply with unjust government policy. Progressive Christian leaders addressed systematic and personal discrimination that rent the United States. Only Quakers and a few individuals actively opposed the incarceration from its inception. Joined by Roman Catholics and mainline Protestants, who eventually lobbied for its end, they organized campaigns to alleviate the crisis, educate white parishioners, and minister to incarcerated Christians. Japanese Americans responded to the incarceration and the mixed responses of churches by forming new theologies and negotiating compliance with directives made on their behalf....
Heaven Ain’t Hard to Find
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 focuses primarily on African Americans with some comparisons to other racialized groups. It lays the foundation for understanding the collective black experience from 1850 to 1870. It considers the racial climate and social hierarchy, particularly, the ways in which black Angelenos established a community within the larger society. By examining the lives of the first families in the city, this chapter shows how people connected with one another in order to secure access to education and economic opportunity.
They Were All Filled with the Holy Ghost!
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5, “They Were All Filled With the Holy Ghost!,” emphasizes the role of African American religious institutions, focusing primarily on the early years of the Azusa Street Revival, 1906 – 1908, a multiracial cultural event which marked the beginning of modern Pentecostalism. It investigates the individual histories of the movement’s founder, William J. Seymour, and his teacher, Charles Fox Parham, the movement’s multiracial constituency, and specific activities of laypeople within the movement. This chapter contextualizes the Pentecostalism in Los Angeles as illustrative of the city’s multicultural and multiracial characteristics.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Marne L.
Published: May 2017

At the beginning of the twentieth century, two of the most prominent African American leaders, W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, visited California. Washington visited twice, in 1903 and in 1914. Du Bois traveled to the state in 1913, and wrote extensively about Los Angeles in his ...
Introduction
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter briefly outlines the history of racial discrimination in the rural South and the ways social justice activists continued the struggle for equality in the decades following the civil rights movement. Civil rights legislation failed to adequately address the economic legacies of past discrimintation, which were compounded by the mass displacement of agricultural workers from the land in the mid-twentieth century. Activists’ calls for government intervention to provide employment, income, education, housing, and health care for displaced workers generated strong resistance from regional elites whose preferred solution to the crisis was for displaced workers to leave. The ideological and political struggles that ensued had consequences for all Americans, not just African Americans, and helped shape national responses to labor displacement during the transition from industrial capitalism to finance capitalism in the late twentieth century.
Okra Is a Threat
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the rise of the low-income cooperative movement and the opportunities it offered for rural poor people to take charge of their economic destiny. In response to layoffs and evictions, activists formed cooperative enterprises that provided employment to displaced workers. Cooperatives represented an attempt to establish a measure of economic independence for rural poor people and thus facilitate political participation in a region where many African Americans still feared losing their homes or livelihoods if they tried to challenge the social order. Creating black-owned businesses founded on cooperative principles also demonstrated that alternatives existed to capitalist economic structures that exploited and then discarded black labor. Despite some internal weaknesses and hostility from white supremacists that hindered their effectiveness, cooperatives showed significant promise as a model for alleviating rural poverty.
To Build Something, Where They Are
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the efforts of the Federation of Southern Cooperatives to encourage cooperative enterprises and other economic development initiatives in rural southern communities. The services it provided to cooperatives ensured the survival of many black-owned businesses and encouraged African Americans to remain in the South instead of migrating away. The FSC’s activist staff continued the struggles for civil rights and social justice by working to increase black representation in economic development initiatives, encouraging black political participation, and organizing local communities to fight persistent racism. These efforts generated resistance from powerful white southerners. In 1979, accusations that the FSC was misusing government grants to fund political activities sparked an eighteen-month-long investigation that disrupted and weakened the organization, despite finding no evidence of wrongdoing.
Government Cannot Solve Our Problems
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines connections between reponses to labor displacement in the 1960s rural South and the mass layoffs that afflicted industrial workers later in the twentieth century. Antigovernment sentiment and extreme individualism of the type promoted by those who opposed government intervention to address the southern agricultural crisis made their way into mainstream thinking after the 1960s. Despite rising unemployment rates resulting from deindustrialization and globalization, economic policy in the 1980s and 1990s emphasized spending cuts, deregulation of businesses, and evisceration of the social safety net. These decisions generated increasing economic inequality throughout the United States. When the global financial crisis of 2008 threw millions of people out of work, opposition to government intervention in the economy prevented Congress from adopting the kinds of creative solutions to poverty and unemployment that had been advocated by social justice activists in the 1960s.
Conclusion
Authors: de Jong Greta
Published: May 2017

This chapter summarizes how responses to the mass displacement of agricultural workers in the 1960s rural South established precedents for the treatment of workers who lost their jobs to deindustrialization and globalization in later decades. It also highlights connections between the southern cooperative movement and later efforts to restore local food systems and support small family farms, suggesting that the activsts involved in that movement left lasting legacies that are worth remembering in the context of rapid technological change and unstable employment that characterizes many sectors of the economy in the twenty-first century.
I Don’t Believe There Is Any North
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

Describes the anxious days in Washington when Lincoln waited for the northern troops to arrive to help defend the capital, and the role governors played in transporting soldiers to the Virginia Theatre as well as other western theatres of the war. It also examines the nation-state alliance that was forged by war
The Grandest Spectacle of the Century
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

Describes the summer of 1861, the ongoing northern mobilization and the war along the Border States in the East and West. Also explores the nature of Lincoln’s limited war aims and the push among governors to expand the war early on.
This Fearful Awakening
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the expansive nature of the Civil War, in particular the trans-Mississippi region as well as the Pacific Coast states. It analyses how Lincoln and the governors worked to secure political victories in the fall of 1861, and how they arranged to manage the vast geography that presumably would come under Union occupation and the financial burdens that coincided with the expanding war.
Does the Governor Say He Will Come for Us?
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the war in the western theatre and the impact of Buell’s capture of Nashville, and the battle of Shiloh, which was the first major victory of the Union army. It examines the role governors played in assisting the armies in the field and they integrated themselves into the rank and file.
There Can Be No Difference of Purpose
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores impact of the emancipation proclamation on the northern states and the rise of the Copperhead movement. It also analyses the government’s decision to allow black enlistment into the Union armies and the divisions at home this caused. Further, it discusses the role of conscription in the North to incentivise volunteering.
The Rebellion Still Refuses to Give Us Either Peace or Rest
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter opens the year 1864, and examines the changing nature of the war and the political culture. It explores the rise of the National Union party, Grant’s reassignment to the East, and his promotion to Lt. General and Chief of all the Union Armies. It also describes the deepening crisis on the home front that governors managed with regard to alleged treasonous conspiracies.
I Claim Not to Have Controlled Events
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the spring elections and the Republican and National Union victories. It also explores the role governors played in assisting Lincoln with replenishing the ranks for the upcoming summer campaigns. It also describes the re-nomination of Lincoln and the impact that had on the northern populace and the northern soldier as well as the ongoing problems of enlisting slaves in the Union armies.
Revolutions Never Go Backward
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the political and military contests in the summer of 1864, and the Confederate resurgence in the Shenandoah Valley, including Jubal Early’s raid into Maryland. It also explores the role governors played in assessing the viability of Lincoln’s election in November
Epilogue
Authors: Engle Stephen D.
Published: May 2017

For all the rhetoric mourning Lincoln’s loss and acknowledging his greatness, Northerners had not forgotten their governors. The war had schooled citizens in governmental power and provided the impetus for state expansion in effecting social and political change. Governors had grown in prominence because they had been willing to accept the challenges necessary to preserve the Union. They managed the vast new organization that reflected a national community. Along the way they adapted to the political tug-of-war between civil and military authorities and between national and local interests that characterized the conflict. Even as soldiers entered the ranks through state regiments, the war had woven them together in a common cause that provided a sense of nationalism. Their experience engendered a more meaningful relationship between the citizen and the government, and, as much as they could, governors became conduits of information and communication. The ballot box made them accountable to the people in guiding them through the war’s vicissitudes....