bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Reactive Auxiliaries for the Dye-Resist Treatment of Wool: Part II
Authors: Haarer Jutta , Höcker Hartwig
Published: March 2007

The sorption behavior of reactive dye-resist compounds and their localization on wool fibers were investigated, and the influence of structural changes in the dye molecule on resist effectiveness was determined. The anionic dyes selected varied in acidity, dye-fiber bonding type, and migration behavior. Resistance against hydrophobic dyes was poor. A minimum of dye acidity was needed to obtain a significant resist effect. Further, low migration ability led to higher resist effects.
Cellulase Treatment of Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Ueda M. , Koo H. , Wakida T. , Yoshimura Y.
Published: March 2007

We have studied the rate of catalytic hydrolysis of cotton fabrics by a cellulase enzyme in the presence of surfactants in treatment solution. We found that both anionic and cationic surfactants apparently inhibit the cellulase catalytic reaction, whereas nonionic surfactant do not. The inhibitory actions of the surfactants are similar to that of dyes that were studied in a previous paper. The actions have been attributed to the electrostatic interactions between charged inhibitory compounds and the cellulase enzyme in a treatment solution and on the cotton substrate.
Goniophotometric Assessment of Bulk-Related "Optical" Carpet Streaks in Finished Nylon Carpets
Authors: Miller R.W. , Guelpa E. , Southern J.H. , Spivak S.M.
Published: March 2007

Further work on bulk-related "optical" carpet streaks is reported here, focusing on their instrumental characterization. Texturing process conditions have been adjusted to create bulk variation in both commercial staple and bulk-continuous-filament (BCF) products. For the staple items, bulk is characterized in the fiber, in the pre- and postheat set yarns, and in the carpet tuft itself. Both the staple fiber and heat-set yam methods are new. Yarns from both carpet manufacturing processes have been implanted as tuftlines into multiple carpet backgrounds, each background made with different levels of bulk. Sixty such staple and 144 BCF implants, most obvious streaks because of their bulk differences, have been evaluated by graders for intensity and shade; these grades correlate well with those ranked instrumentally ( R2 = 0.91 and 0.94, respectively) and, for the staple products, with various measures of bulk ( R2 from 0.78 to 0.95). Goniophotometry has also been used to ascribe the unique optical effect commonly seen in bulk-related streaks, that of changing shade with view direction, to the carpet's surface filament configuration.
High Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Wet Bundle Tensile Strength of Weathered Wool
Authors: Schmidt H. , Wortmann F.-J.
Published: March 2007

Prolonged irradiation with light causes a variety of chemical and structural modi fications in wool fibers. This study investigates the time dependence of such modifi cations using determinations of the relative native α-helix content ( HX r) and wet bundle tensile strength ( Rw). For all conditions, HXr decreases with time following on the In-time scale curves of very similar shapes, which can be superimposed onto a common mastercurve relating to a first-order denaturation process. A strong pro tagonistic effect of humidity is detected. The time-dependence of tensile strength shows a pronounced qualitative similarity to the HXr- results. Data set interrelation is well described by linear regression with and without a y-axis intercept. The significance of this observation with respect to the structure of the intermediate filaments is discussed.
Assessing Carpet Appearance Retention by Image Analysis
Authors: Bugao Xu
Published: March 2007

Emphasis on carpet appearance retention in recent research has created an interest in developing reliable and efficient methods for evaluating carpet appearance. A number of image analysis techniques have been applied for this purpose. The current study attempts to expand application of image analysis to assessing appearance change in tufted carpets by means of tuft characterization, since tuft characteristics such as ge ometry, orientation, and spatial arrangement are key factors in visual assessment and therefore in image analysis of carpet appearance. Beginning with a brief review of image analysis methods previously applied, this paper focuses on the uses of three techniques—shape, orientation, and spatial pattern analyses—for tuft characterization. Digital image processing techniques necessary for enhancing carpet images are also introduced. The experimental materials consist of two sets of wool carpets and two sets of nylon carpets of different wear levels.
The Stress/Strain Curve of α-Keratin Fibers and the Structure of the Intermediate Filament
Authors: Wortmann F.-J. , Zahn H.
Published: March 2007

Staying in the tradition of Astbury's hypothesis about the role of the α ⇔ β trans formation for the stress/ strain-curve of wool fibers and of Feughelman's X/Y-zones model, the interrelation between the morphological structure of keratin fibers and the shape of their stress/strain-curve in water is reevaluated. The yield and post-yield regions can be attributed to the opening up of two distinctly different and well defined portions of the monomer of the intermediate filament; the increased slope in the post- yield region can be attributed to the influence of the sulfur bonds in one of the segments. The role of the sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange reaction for the appearance of the post-yield region is pointed out and the molecular mechanisms for achieving the max imum possible strain are discussed.
Filling Patterning with a Replicate Color: Reduced Minimax Movement Due to Edge Redundancy
Authors: Dawson R.M.
Published: March 2007

Unilateral filling selection by means of magazine-type filling-patterning mechanisms occurs on both shuttle and Sulzer-type gripper-projectile looms, and large magazine movements can limit the speeds of such looms. However, replicate colors can be used when there is spare filling patterning capacity that may allow one or two previously required color changes to be totally eliminated. It may then be possible to reduce the minimax movement needed for a given filling color repeat. The use of a single replicate color in three, four, and five color repeats is analyzed. For a six color machine, this covers all cases in which color change redundancy could reduce the minimax movement needed, and these cases are all identified. Any such reductions are by one step only.
Ageing of Solid Polyester-Based Polyurethane
Authors: Rek V. , Bravar M. , Jocić T.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the light, oxygen and humidity on solid polyurethane has been studied. The investigations were performed on polyurethane prepared from polyester and aromatic diisocyanate.
Melt Rheology of Some Specialty Polymers
Authors: Saini D.R. , Shenoy A.V.
Published: March 2007

Speciality engineering thermoplastics are steadily gaining importance in a wide variety of high temperature applications due to their excellent performance char acteristics at elevated temperatures. A knowledge of the rheological behaviour of these speciality polymers over an industrially relevant range of shear rate and temperature is essential m the design of polymer processing equipment, process optimization and trouble-shooting. A method proposed earlier has been extended to estimate the complete flow curves for some of the important speciality poly mers such as polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether sulfone, polyaryl sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyetherimide and polyarylates, through the use of the developed grade- and temperature-independent unified curves along with the appropriate melt flow index value. The master curves have been fitted by appropriate rheological models and then using a single integral constitutive equation of the BKZ type the unified normal stress difference curves have been predicted. These unified normal stress difference curves would be useful for determining the elastic flow parameters for the speciality polymer melts merely from the knowledge of the melt flow index.
Some Studies on Water-Extended Polyester
Authors: Ikladious N.E. , Doss N.L. , Mohsen R.M.
Published: March 2007

Three unsaturated polyester resins were prepared and used with styrene monomer to produce water composites. The emulsion stability of the water- extended polyesters using different concentrations of triethanol amine as an emulsifier was studied.

The water content and the mechanical properties of the cured composites were also investigated.
Analysis of Polymer Blends by Rheological Techniques
Authors: Utracki L.A.
Published: March 2007

There is a growing commercial and academic interest in polymer blends and alloys. For these materials, the properties depend strongly on the flow induced morphology and on the distribution of residual stresses. To optimize the pro cessing and properties, it is important to know both the melt rheology and the orientation of the dispersed phase. This presentation concentrates on the first aspect. It would be impossible to understand the rheology of polymer blends without comparing their behavior to that of simpler, better known systems: solution, emulsion, foam, suspension or even polymer composites. The follow ing themes are discussed here: influence of equilibrium thermodynamics on rheology of homologous or miscible blends; effects of stress, strain and composi tions on flow morphology; effects of the interphase; correlations between rheological functions; yield phenomena; and extrudate swell.
Microcellular Urethane Technology Applied to Automobile Suspension Systems
Authors: Tondato C. , Hull D.
Published: March 2007

The use of microcellular urethane jounce bumpers in McPherson type suspension systems has increased in the last few years primarily because they offer improved comfort, more sound absorption, lighter weight, and smaller size than rubber bumpers. The McPherson strut type of suspension means that a much longer deflection of the shock absorber can occur; and consequently, the elastomeric bumper, which is situated on the top of the suspension, requires a correspondingly greater deflection in order to prevent discontinuity of reaction during the deformation of the suspension system. Under these conditions, the deflection/reaction characteristics of rubber require rubber bumpers with overall dimensions and weight greater than that desired for lighter, smaller automobiles.
New Weather Resistant RIM Systems for Automotive Window Encapsulation
Authors: Slocum G.H. , Thompson T.N. , Fluharty C.E.
Published: March 2007

RIM encapsulated modular windows are now being used on several vehicles and growth in their use can be predicted. Advantages in glass handling, inven tory control, assembly and appearance propell this growth. One disadvantage that retards this growth, however, is the old problem of weatherability of urethanes, even if they are pigmented. This has necessitated the use of either an in-mold-coating or a post paint as a protective coating for the urethane, adding to the cost of the process.
Optimized Processing of Microcellular Polyurethane Systems Through Catalyst and Surfactant Technology
Authors: Andrew G.D. , Smith N.K.
Published: March 2007

The paper entitled "Novel Elastomeric Catalysts" presented at last year's SPI meeting in Reno, Nevada demonstrated substantial benefits in demold and ex tended cream for microcellular systems. This paper will review the status of these catalysts and introduce additional processing advantages for shoe soles identified through additives technology. We will demonstrate how improved processing advantages can be achieved with the use of non-silicon surfactants. Several areas will be investigated such as: Improved flow, improved mixing and increased bonding of urethane to urethane. This paper will demonstrate quality and productivity advantages through the use of fast cure catalyst in combination with an organic surfactant.
Solid State Dynamics of Glassy Polycarbonate-Diluent Systems
Authors: Belfiore Laurence A.
Published: March 2007

The molecular origin of relaxations in glassy polymers remains a subject of considerable discussion. In this work, the sub- TG motions in bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPAPC) are investigated with the aid of high-resolution solid
Substrate Deformation Studies by Photoelasticity in Single Particle Impacts
Authors: Naim M. , Bahadur S.
Published: March 2007

Dynamic photoelasticity methods have been used to study the substrate deformation in polyurethane rubber due to the impact of a 3 mm steel ball with a velocity of 50 m/s and at angles of 30° and 90 ° . The experimental set-up used a multiple-spark camera with an integral polariscope to visualize the dynamic stress field generated by the impact. The stress fields were photographed both in the plane of the impact as well as below it. The analysis of the data showed that the rate of propagation of the stress field was 198 m/s. A maximum strain rate of 2.86 x 103 m/s was determined after a small time following the impact which also coincided with the time of maximum indentation.
Design, Processing and Properties of Painted Polyurethane RIM Parts
Authors: Braun H.-J. , Eyerer P. , Franck U. , Huttner M. , Ludwig H.-J. , Wurster TH
Published: March 2007

The production of automotive exterior body panels in the PUR-RRIM process is a comparatively new technology that provides a great potential for further improvements and makes it possible to produce plastic components for the au tomotive industry that, at relatively thin wall thicknesses, meet maximum re quirements in regard to:
Polyurethane-Based Synthetic Surfaces for Sports Facilities
Authors: Schmitz Werner
Published: March 2007

During the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico, the polyurethane-based syn thetic surface stood its strain test; therefore, it is now fully accepted for the sports sector.
Rheological Properties of Isotactic and Atactic Propylene-Ethylene Copolymers
Authors: Tang Y. , Tzoganakis C. , Vlachopoulos J. , Hamielec A.E.
Published: March 2007

The shear viscosity and extrudate swell of the isotactic and atactic fractions of propylene-ethylene copolymers produced with different ethylene content were measured at various temperatures and shear rates, using a capillary rheometer. In the isotactic fractions of these copolymers, the theoretical ethyl ene content was in the range of 4 to 10 wt%. The results indicate that the shear viscosity is not sensitive to composition for the isotactic copolymers. The tem perature dependence of the viscosity seems to be about the same for both the isotactic and atactic fractions of these copolymers. The extensional viscosity of these copolymers was calculated using Cogswell's analysis of converging flows and it seems that the isotactic copolymers with higher ethylene content exhibit slightly higher extensional viscosity. Finally, results from extrudate swell measurements show that the isotactic copolymers exhibit higher swelling than the atactic fractions tested. Extrudate swell measurements were also carried out after annealing of the samples in an oil bath. No strong effect of the anneal ing process was observed.
Compliance/Incentive Classifications of Organizations
Authors: Zald Mayer N. , Jacobs David
Published: March 2007

A number of incentive-compliance classification systems have been developed to explain differences in the power and hold of organizations in relation to their mem bers. Terms such as "coercive," "normative," "purposive," "solidary," and "material incentive" are used to describe the incentive-compliance base.

These classification systems partially overlap and use terms in different ways. A set of dimensions is introduced to substruct the property space of incentives. Related to the economic conception of utility, the dimensions are negative and positive utility, probability of delivery, transferability, and collective goods. The property space includes most of the prior classifications as specific types. Finally, we introduce power-dependence concepts as an explanatory mechanism.
The Character of Interorganizational Task Environments
Authors: Nuehring Elane M.
Published: March 2007

This study describes and characterizes the interorganizational task environments of 30 community mental health centers (CMHCs). Usingfactor analysis, six types of task environment patterns were identified and correlated with aspects of the organizational context.

"Entrepreneurial" and "collaborative" task environment patterns were charac teristic of privately sponsored CMHCs, serving multi-county areas and using a large number of affiliated organizations to deliver basic services. "Altruistic" task environ ment patterns, were characteristic of rural CMHCs, organizationally diffused over a large number of branch operating sites. The remaining three task environment re lationship patterns were less clearly linked with contextual aspects of the CMHCs.
Bureaus, Clients, and Congress
Authors: Meier Kenneth John , Van Lohuizen J.R.
Published: March 2007

Richard Fenno, in Power of the Purse, contends that the budget process responds to interest group pressures. This study examines that hypothesis for 20 bureaus in the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal years 1971-1976. Cultivating clientele support both among interest groups and members of Congress appears to aid a bureau's budget position. Bureaus with strong support not only avoid budget cuts but grow rapidly from year to year.
Budgetary Politics and Decision-Making
Authors: Skok James E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a study of the budget process in Pennsylvania state government over the two fiscal years 1975-1976 and 1976-1977 is conducted in an effort to develop a hypothesis which accurately reflects the empirical events of the actual process during that period and which takes into account other recent empirical research findings. It is concluded that in state government budgeting there are two distinct styles of budgetary decision-making- distributive and redistributive. As long as the process remains in a distributive mode, rational-comprehensive approaches and techniques may have some success in influencing the final outcome; however, when the process turns from distributive to redistributive, rational-comprehensive analysis is replaced by traditional partisan-mutual-adjustment techniques.
The Adoptability of Inno Va Tions
Authors: Perry James L. , Danziger James N.
Published: March 2007

Adoptability is the probability that an innovation will be incorprated by an organization. This study explores the question of the adoptability of an innovation for a particular class of technological innovations, computer applications, within the context of American local governments. Four conceptual dimensions are explored to determine their likely independent and interactive influences upon the adoptability of an innovation.
Life Stress, Health, and Blood Pressure in Black College Students
Authors: Myers Hector F. , Bastien Rochelle T. , Miles Ralph E.
Published: March 2007

A multivariate stress and health risk model is pro posed to test the contribution of stress on blood pressure in Black college students. Measures of stress reaction pattern, level of stress exposure, personal level of distress, the availability of social supports, personal and family health history, and health status were ob tained from a sample of 191 Black university students. Multiple regression analyses predicting systolic and diastolic blood pressure overall and by gender sup ported the hypothesis that stress interacts with prior familial health history, personal health status, and level of subjective distress to predict blood pressure. Stress affected health and blood pressure differently for Black males and females.
Implementation of Classroom Research Findings on the Early Language Development of Mentally Handicapped Children
Authors: McConkey Roy , O'Connor Mary
Published: March 2007

Language intervention research with mentally handicapped children has identified techniques of proven effectiveness. However, this information has not been readily available to those professionals in the best position to help the children, namely teachers and their assistants.

In an attempt to do this, a series of five video-programmes was made, illustrating assessment and teaching techniques suited to mentally handicapped children at the 'two-word' stage of expressive language development. These programmes were viewed by nine teachers and assistants and after each, they carried out a practical activity with a child from their class.

The effectiveness of the course was evidenced by changes in the teachers' use of language with the children and improvements in the children's language both during teaching sessions and on a before/after basis.

Three components, which contributed to the success of this project, are identified as a guide to the future implementation of research findings.
Backwardness in Reading and Linguistic/Memory Deficits
Authors: Fisher Eunice
Published: March 2007

This research is aimed at characterizing the differences between good, average and poor young readers on tasks involving memory for orally-presented linguistic mater ial. The results show differences between the groups in their ability to reproduce linguistic material orally, particularly when contextual cues are reduced or linguistic complexity increased. Differences were also found in recognition abilities and in the effect of changing the speed of presentation. These differences were interpreted as being due to poorer speech decoding/memory encoding in the less-able readers, possibly as a result of slower information processing.
Social interaction and language acquisition: Motherese help you
Authors: Durkin Kevin , Rutter D.R. , Tucker Hilarie
Published: March 2007

One of the distinctive features of speech addressed to young children is the deviant use of proper names. In a cross-sectional observational study of mother-infant interactions (with children aged 12, 18 and 24 months), this paper investigates the frequency and functions of this aspect of language input. No differences due to age of child were found, indicating that the phenomenon is not sensitive to the linguistic development of the addressee. The most common functions of name usage are identified as Attention-Orienting and Instruction to Act. We argue that this familiar modification reflects communicative rather than pedagogical (linguistic- instruction) purposes on the part of the parent. We present examples which suggest that the modification, which is present before the addressee reaches the two-word stage, influences the early grammatical constructions of the child. We conclude that the relationship between the contingencies of early social interaction and language acquisition is multi dimensional, and not ubiquitously designed to facilitate language learn ing perse.
Assessing mentally handicapped children's use of sentence structuring rules
Authors: McConkey Roy , Martin Heather , Martin Susan
Published: March 2007

Mentally handicapped children's use of two-word sentence rules was examined in three different contexts (involving pictorial and object material) and on two separate occasions (4 weeks apart). 'Action + Object' sentences were the most frequently given throughout and were elicited more often with objects than with pictures. However the children showed little consistency in their sentence usage across the three contexts and over the two sessions. Hence this study highlights the need for language assessments to be done within a range of contexts and on a repeated basis in order to obtain accurate information on which to base teaching programmes and to evaluate their effectiveness.
Explicit models of language: a child's-eye view of language functions
Authors: Taylor M. Ean
Published: March 2007

Using Halliday's 'Relevant Models of Language' as a basis, this article reports a study undertaken with a 7-year-old girl, exploring her ability to explain language functions. It shows that, where a suitable metalanguage is possessed, a child can make explicit a multi-dimensional view of language; pace Halliday, the child's repertoire is seen to include a Ritual model.
The child's conceptualization of speech and language
Authors: Edwards Dorothy , Curtis Scott
Published: March 2007

This project was planned to inquire into some aspects of the child's concept of the speech act. Eighty elementary school children, with ages from 5 to 14 years, were interviewed to determine their views on such matters as how people talk, why babies can't talk, etc. The children's responses were categorized and are discussed as they changed across age levels.
Children's story-retelling
Authors: Geva Esther , Olson David
Published: March 2007

Children listen to stories from an early age, and are thus exposed to a rich source of well-formed and well-structured texts. This paper examines the relationship between children's progress in learning to read and their use of specialized linguistic features in retelling stories. The effectiveness of story-retelling is analysed from three per spectives: the use of story structure features, type of recall and the presence of oral and written language features. Children, aged 6 years, are found to include most story structure features in their retellings, though certain types of endings are typically omitted and differences in content are found between good and less skilled readers.
Young children's coordination of gestural and linguistic reference
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Anselmi Dina , Farrar Michael Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

The current study investigated the relationship between young children's linguistic and nonlinguistic communicative strategies. Twenty-three children, 20-44 months of age, served as subjects. In a naturalistic setting, an adult gave signs of noncomprehension (a contingent query) to each of the child's object references. The child's original linguistic reference and use of gestures were recorded and compared to his/her subsequent linguistic and gestural responses to the adult query. Results showed that the children used gestures more often with pronouns than with nouns: either to clarify a linguistic reference from the original utterance or to supplement a linguistic response to the adult query. This would imply that two- to three-year- old children are aware of the communicative principle that pronouns 'need' gestures more than nouns, and more generally, that they are capable of coordinating their linguistic and nonlinguistic communi cative strategies.
The two fields of child language research
Authors: Bennett-Kastor Tina L.
Published: March 2007

It is clear that child language research (CLR) is a field of considerable disunity, in terms of theory as well as practice, but especially as regards practice. This paper argues that a major source of inconsistency in CLR at the level of data and method is the diverse disciplinary back grounds of its practitioners. The disciplinary orientation of the senior authors of over 150 published research reports in ten different journals between 1970 and 1985 was used as an independent variable in the examination of various methodological practices. Specifically, one can observe a division between linguists and those trained in the humanities on the one hand, and psychologists and those trained in the social sciences on the other hand. Both groups contribute to CLR, but their contributions differ, sometimes radically, in the domain of in quiry, in the methods employed to collect, preserve, and analyse data, and even in the presentation of results.
Language facilitation through stories: recasting and modelling
Authors: Pemberton Elizabeth F. , Watkins Ruth V.
Published: March 2007

Past research has demonstrated that recasts can facilitate young children's language development, even when embedded into stories. A recast occurs when one sentence is immediately followed by another sentence which reiterates the meaning of the first, but changes one or more of its syntactical components. Twenty 3- and 4-year-old Head Start children participated in this study. Ten children were read a story which incorporated recasts into its 20-page text. Ten different children were read a story similar in every aspect to the recast story (length, pictures, vocabulary, and syntactical complexity) except that this story modelled forms rather than recasting them. Modelling differs from recasting in that there is no paired presentation of sentences. Elicitation tasks measured both groups' syntactic and lexical abilities before and after the story readings. Analyses of covariance, using pre-test scores as covariates, indicated no significant differences between the recasting and modelling groups. Both groups made equal language gains. A key factor in these results may be the shared meaning between com municators allowed by both recasts and models. These data suggest further research regarding educational and clinical applications of both recasting and modelling.
Topic relations in mother-child conversation
Authors: Hoff-Ginsberg Erika
Published: March 2007

The present paper describes developmental changes in the topic relations in mother-child conversation. The data base consisted of five videotaped records of 45-minute sessions of mother-child play. The subjects were three dyads observed once when the children were 1;7, 2;2, and 2;8. The younger two children were observed a second time, six months later. In cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of the dyads, it was observed that the more linguistically advanced children initiated a greater proportion of conversational topics and also elicited more topic-continuing replies from their mothers. In addition, child responsiveness to maternal speech was greatest when maternal speech continued the topic of the child's prior utterance. The results suggest children's conversational skills influence their own language-learning experiences. Implications for accounts of environ mental contributions to language acquisition are discussed.
Parents'talk to their infants: the importance of context
Authors: Lewis Charlie , Gregory Susan
Published: March 2007

This study examines two theories concerning the nature of parents' talk to their young children. The Differential Experience Hypothesis posits that mothers' and fathers' speech styles are distinguishable and each serves a different function in the child's language development. In contrast the Context Hypothesis argues that observed differences between parents are the product of the different contexts in which parent-toddler interaction is examined. An analysis of mothers' and fathers' talk to their 10- and 15-month-olds during three activities- book play, toy play and free play - revealed that both the structure and function of parental language were influenced most by the nature of play in which parent-child pairs were engaged. Variation between mothers and fathers may, therefore, reflect a predisposition for parents to engage in different activities when their language is recorded for examination. Moreover, it is argued that these differ ences reflect their idiosyncratic perceptions of socially expected behaviour.
Interactional predictors of early language
Authors: Smith Connie B. , Adamson Lauren B. , Bakeman Roger
Published: March 2007

In this report we ask how mother-infant interaction affects the rate of early language acquisition. Mothers and 15-month-old infants were videotaped playing at home. Coders described (a) infants' attention to people and/or objects, (b) mothers' use of literal and conventional acts to direct infants' attention and (c) functions of mothers' utterances. Taken together, these aspects of mother-infant play predicted 40% of the variance in infants' vocabulary size at 18 months. Significant unique contributions to this prediction were made by mothers' conven tional object-marking and metalingual use of language. The more mothers highlighted both (a) shared objects using conventional means, and (b) the linguistic code, the greater the variety of words their infants used at 18 months of age.
Young children's sensitivity to direct and indirect request structure
Authors: Ledbetter Patricia J. , Dent Cathy H.
Published: March 2007

Effects of request structure and listener characteristics on young children's compliance with requests were examined in two experi ments. In Experiment 1, an adult used direct (imperative) requests (e.g., 'Give me ...'/'What is ... ?'), indirect embedded requests (e.g., 'Can you give me ... ?'/`Can you tell me ... ?'), and hint requests (e.g., 'The water is spilling ...'/`I wonder what ...') for action and information. The requests were used with 3- and 5-year- olds (10 at each age) in structured play interactions. Five-year-olds complied with all request forms more often than 3-year-olds. Within action requests, both groups complied with the embedded form most often, followed by the direct then hint forms. Within information requests, they complied with the direct form most often, followed by embedded then hint forms. In Experiment 2, syntactically simple and complex direct and embedded forms were used with 4-year-olds grouped for tested language comprehension ability. The 15 low-ability children complied most frequently with simple direct and simple action requests. The 15 high-ability children surpassed low-ability children in compliance with complex direct, simple embedded, complex action, and simple and complex information requests. In contrast with previous studies, our findings show differential responsiveness to requests as a function of request structure and syntactic complexity as well as age.
Prelinguistic phonetic contingency: data from Down syndrome
Authors: Velleman Shelley L. , Mangipudi Latha , Locke John L.
Published: March 2007

Maternal contingent responding may be an important factor in facilitating the language development of both normally developing and various at-risk populations. However, the majority of recent work has failed to differentiate phonetic from semantic contingency. Data from a longitudinal study illustrate differences in maternal contingent response patterns to children with and without Down syndrome, and suggest an important role for maternal phonetic contingency in lan guage development, especially during the prelinguistic period.
Prespeech and early speech development of two late talkers
Authors: Stoel-Gammon Carol
Published: March 2007

Speech samples of 34 children were analysed to determine patterns of babbling and early word productions from 9 to 24 months. The present study focuses on the vocal and verbal development of two 'late talkers' in the group who did not meet the criterion for achieving the Meaningful Speech Stage until 24 months. Analysis of these subjects' prespeech utterances revealed that one of them produced few canonical babbles from 9 to 21 months; the other displayed an unusual pattern of sound preference in his babbles. At 24 months, word productions of both late talkers evidenced more limited phonetic repertoires and simpler syllable shapes than those used by their peers. These findings suggest that atypical babbling may be associated with delays in the acquisition of meaningful speech.
Educational Broadcasting in Japan
Authors: Mizukoshi Toshiyuki
Published: March 2007

Diffusion and development of educational broadcasting in Japan has been so rapid as to leave little room for comparison. However, due to this rapid growth, many problems and difficulties have appeared and must be solved.

The following discussion of these various problems, which are related chiefly to production and utilization of educatonal broadcasting, is centred primarily around TV, and includes suggestions for several major innovative features which would vastly improve the system.
Application of an Automated Item Selection Method to Real Data
Authors: Stocking Martha L. , Swanson Len , Pearlman Mari
Published: March 2007

A method of automatically selecting items for inclusion in a test that has constraints on item content and statistical properties was applied to real data. Two tests were assembled by test specialists who assemble such tests on a routine basis. Using the same pool of items and the same constraints, the two tests were reassembled auto matically. Test specialists not involved in the original manual assembly compared the tests constructed manually to the tests constructed automatically. The results indicated that the progress of automated test assembly methods lies in improving item banking systems, classification schemes, and quality control measures, rather than in the development of different algorithms or in the improvement of computer time and cost.
Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Angel Financial Networks
Authors: Steier Lloyd , Greenwood Royston
Published: March 2007

The success of a new venture often depends on an entrepreneur's ability to establish a network of supportive relationships. The mobilization of financial resources is a particularly important entrepreneurial activity. Informal or `angel' investors represent a significant source of venture capital. However, the challenges of organizing and managing a supportive angel network are considerable. This paper reports the findings of a longitudinal study of the development and evolution of an angel financial network within a newly created firm and further refines how theories of social capital and structural holes might be usefully applied to an entrepreneurial context. Suggestions for further research are presented in the form of propositions.
Racing and Back-Pedalling into the Future: New Product Introduction and Organizational Mortality in the US Bicycle Industry, 1880-1918
Authors: Dowell Glen , Swaminathan Anand
Published: March 2007

We hypothesize that some overlap of production between and within product generations reduces firm mortality, as it allows firms to retain valuable routines. Excessive overlap, however, becomes harmful. An analysis of the effects of new product introduction on mortality rates among the population of US bicycle producers over 1880-1918 supports our hypotheses. Our results suggest the value of separating out the content effects of innovation, which are often positive, from the process effects which tend to be disruptive.
Institutional Pressures and Symbolic Displays in a GAO Context
Authors: Dirsmith Mark W. , Fogarty Timothy J. , Gupta Parveen
Published: March 2007

Two key organizational properties have long been studied: (1) the manner in which instrumental work processes are performed, and (2) the symbolic display of rational practice in response to institutional pressures. However, the relationship between these properties has proven to be contentious. For example, at different times, the sociology of professions, institutional theory and loose coupling perspectives have proposed that they should be decoupled and then loosely coupled with one another. Extending beyond these contending propositions, it has also been reasoned that a duality inheres in many elements of organizational structure such that they may be simultaneously instrumental and symbolic in character.

To evaluate the relationship among institutional pressures, instrumental work processes and coordination practices, we administered a questionnaire to audit teams in the US General Accounting Office (GAO). Statistical results, augmented with field interviews, suggest that instrumental work processes are loosely coupled with, rather than decoupled from, institutional pressures and their attendant symbolic displays of rational practice. Extending beyond the loose coupling concept, we also found that institutional pressures incite the symbolic facets of instrumental tasks and coordination practices, while GAO professional activities both embody and incite the instrumental facets of institutional pressures. Implications for future research in alternative organizational contexts are explored.
Power, Control and Computer-Based Performance Monitoring: Repertoires, Resistance and Subjectivities
Authors: Ball Kirstie , Wilson David C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines Computer-based Performance Monitoring (CBPM) in two UK financial services organizations. In doing so, it examines and critiques the existing manner in which this area has been theorized by both traditional and critical organization theorists. It then offers an alternative analysis of CBPM in terms of power, control and resistance, which involves the close interrogation of subject positioning within the speech of those who are subject to and manage this technology. By examining subject positions in interpretive repertoires, the paper demonstrates how power, control and resistance are constituted at an individual level and are specifically linked to the use (and abuse) of CBPM technology. It then further considers the nature and origins of the interpretive repertoires in relation to their organizational contexts, describing the differential circulation of disciplinary power in each. CBPM is thus understood as a politically neutral technology of power, which, when mobilized by management and discursively interwoven into practice becomes a potent force within local organizational sites. The central message of this paper is that it is possible to reveal the intertwining of individual and institutional discourses purely by examining technologies, practices and subjectivities in local organizational sites.
Haute Couture and Prêt-à-Porter: The Popular Press and the Diffusion of Management Practices
Authors: Mazza Carmelo , Alvarez Jose Luis
Published: March 2007

The transformation of management practices has recently become the object of many theoretical and empirical works. While most of these works focus mainly on universities, business schools and consulting firms, our paper aims at investigating the still largely unexplored role of the popular press in the production and legitimation of management ideas and practices. Based on the content analysis of the articles on human resource management published in the last decade in leading newspapers and magazines in Italy, we argue that popular press is the arena where the legitimacy of management ideas and practices is produced. We also suggest that the dynamics of management practice legitimation in Italy, described in this paper, is representative of similar processes occurring in other European countries.
Developing Managers: The Functional, the Symbolic, the Sacred and the Profane
Authors: Kamoche Ken
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a new perspective on international management by examining the role of culture and management development in creating international expertise, a sense of identity and realizing organizational control. A critical analysis of the culture transmission and management development philosophy and practice of a UK-based transnational reveals how the transmission of culture accomplishes management development objectives, while management development itself serves as a vehicle for the transmission of the desired corporate values. This recursiveness is sustained by a corporate ideology that urges the creation of integrative values and, in turn, is legitimized by the quest for favorable functional and symbolic consequences.
Towards a Process Model of Corporate Greening
Authors: Winn Monika L , Angell Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Internal processes of corporate greening have received little scholarly attention. A two-study investigation of consumer-goods producers, implementing environmental management and subject to the 1991 German Packaging Ordinance offers new insights. Findings from Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis, suggest two independent dimensions of environmental management: Policy Commitment and Approach to Implementation. We expand traditional strategic change models, and generate a typology of four types of corporate greening: Deliberate Reactive, Unrealized, Emergent Active, and Deliberate Proactive greening. These are fleshed out with four known cases in Study 2. Alternative conceptual scenarios, developed to explain those types with inconsistent values for Policy Commitment and Implementation, point to new directions for research on the dynamics of internal processes of corporate greening. We conclude with implications for corporate social performance and strategic process models.
Other Reports and Notices
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander
Published: March 2007

Following Asia's strong economic development, the organization of intangible capital creation in Asia is improving through a dedicated professional management association, multiple research outlets, and diversified research activities. The recent Asia Academy of Management Conference in Singapore offered a glimpse of the rich organizational debates that are emerging in the region. A framework suggests that the most promising area of research will be the contextualized creation of unique new knowledge about `soft' managerial aspects in Asia.
Transforming the Architect: Ownership Form and Archetype Change
Authors: Pinnington Ashly , Morris Timothy
Published: March 2007

The adoption of the incorporated form of ownership in preference to partnership is linked to the shift to a more modem organizational archetype in professional firms. Yet existing empirical research offers insufficient insight into the organizational processes of this transformation in different professional arenas. Where ownership and control become separated, there is a clearer theoretical explanation of the implications for the way the firm is run. Where ownership and control remain inside the firm, however, the consequences are not so clear and have not been well explored. Using survey and interview materials derived from a study of architecture practices, we examine the processes by which differences based on ownership emerge. Then, by drawing on Weberian theories, where they are concerned with professionalization as a project with material and social rewards, we specify more clearly the context for change in professional firms' archetypes. This, we conclude, provides a stronger basis for understanding the change trajectories of firms within professions and comparative organizational analysis between professions.
On the Discursive Construction of Success/Failure in Narratives of Post-Merger Integration
Authors: Vaara Eero
Published: March 2007

This article concentrates on the discursive construction of success and failure in narratives of post-merger integration. Drawing on extensive interview material from eight Finnish-Swedish mergers and acquisitions, the empirical analysis leads to distinguishing four types of discourse — `rationalistic', `cultural', `role-bound' and `individualistic' — that narrators employ in recounting their experiences. In particular, the empirical material illustrates how the discursive frameworks enable specific (discursive) strategies and moves for (re)framing the success/failure, justification/legitimization of one's own actions, and (re)construction of responsibility when dealing with socio-psychological pressures associated with success/failure. The analysis also suggests that, as a result of making use of these discursive strategies and moves, success stories are likely to lead to overly optimistic or, in the case of failure stories, overly pessimistic views on the management's ability to control these change processes. These findings imply that we should take the discursive elements that both constrain our descriptions and explanations seriously, and provide opportunities for more or less intentional (re)interpretations of postmerger integration or other organizational change processes.
Learning in Dynamic Inter-Firm Networks: The Efficacy of Multiple Contacts
Authors: Hagedoorn John , Duysters Geert
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relevance of both efficiency-based and learning-based network behaviour in the context of inter-firm partnering. The effect of these different forms of network behaviour on company performance is analyzed for companies in the international computer industry. Strategies associated with learning through so-called exploratory networks appear to generate a greater impact on technological performance in a dynamic environment than efficiency strategies through exploitative networks.