bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-replaced Mandibular First Molars and Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction
Authors: Gupta SK , Pratibha PK , Bhat KM , Mutalik S , Guddattu V
Published: May 2014

Background: Mandibular first molars serve as key teeth of occlusion. Non replacement of these teeth may affect stability of the dentition and have long term effects on the Temperomandibular joint. The purpose of this study was to observe the association between nonreplaced mandibular molars and temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). Methods: A total of 174 patients, both male and female with missing mandibular first molars, were included in the study. The changes due to non-replacement of mandibular molars were observed clinically. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was examined for clinical and radiographic changes. Intra oral findings were correlated with TMJ findings. Results: Supra eruption of opposing maxillary molars and drift of adjacent teeth had a significant association with asymptomatic clicking of the TMJ. Further, patients with deep bite had radiographic findings of condylar flattening. Clicking of the TMJ was a frequent finding in patients with longer duration of molar loss. Conclusion: Missing molars not only have periodontal implications but also far reaching effects on the condylar health of the associated TMJ. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 57-62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10360
Autoimmune thyroiditis: clinical presentation in a Nepalese population
Authors: Paudel K , Paudel B
Published: May 2014

Background: Hypothyroidism has a wide range of clinical presentations. This study was conducted to describe the clinical manifestations of chronic Hashimoto`s thyroiditis (HT) in a Nepalese population. We also tried to identify symptoms or signs characteristic for HT. Methods: During the study period, all newly diagnosed patients with hypothyroidism were interviewed about symptoms, and clinical signs were assessed. The data of hypothyroid patients were divided in two groups: TPO antibody positive and TPO antibody negative. The symptoms and signs of the two groups were analyzed and compared. Results: Among the 88 hypothyroid patients, 33 (37.5%) had positive TPO antibody levels. Female patients were more likely to be TPO antibody positive (41.3% among female and 15.4% among male). The most frequent symptoms were lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, tingling sensation and weight gain, and the most frequent signs were facial puffiness and non-pitting pedal edema, in both groups. Statistical analysis revealed, that cold intolerance, decreased appetite and insomnia were significantly more prevalent symptoms in the TPO antibody positive group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hashimoto`s thyroiditis is a common cause of primary hypothyroidism. It is not possible to differentiate it from the clinical presentation. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 68-71 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10362
Silent meningioma leading to death
Authors: Bhattacharya P , Chattopadhyay S
Published: May 2014

Benign intracranial meningiomas are seldom the cause of death in elderly.It may be the triggering factor for a sequence of events which may ultimately lead to death. The silent nature of such tumors leads to delay in diagnosis and thus proper management. Findings at autopsy may confirm the diagnosis and cause of death in such cases. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 72-73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10364
Perspective Games
Authors: Willems Philippe
Published: May 2014

This article draws attention to the transition in print culture that took place between the 1830s and the 1850s, allowing for a new flexibility in format and new relations between word and image. Within this wider context, Cham was an innovator who adapted literary techniques such as mise en abyme, oxymoron and synecdoche to visual storytelling. The article focuses on links between Cham's work and Tristram Shandy: I show how Cham introduces Sterne's reflexivity into his comic strips, using unorthodox framing and inserting blind panels as a deliberate interference in transmission, impeding the reader's privileged point of view. Cham deploys a number of parodic devices to demystify canonical texts: for example, in an incursion across diegetic boundaries, he kills off characters from Victor Hugo's Les Misérables with a few well-aimed swipes from a vast pen.
Students’ perception of the learning environment at Xavier University School of Medicine, Aruba: a follow-up study
Authors: Shankar P. Ravi , Bharti Rishi , Ramireddy Ravi , Balasubramanium Ramanan , Nuguri Vivek
Published: May 2014

Xavier University School of Medicine admits students mainly from the United States and Canada to the undergraduate medical program. A previous study conducted in June 2013 used the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure to measure the educational environment and impact of different teaching and learning methods in the program. The present study aims to obtain information about students’ perceptions of changes in the educational environment, which underwent modifications in teaching and learning, in January 2014. Information was collected about the participants’ semester of study, gender, nationality, and age. Students’ perceptions of the educational environment were documented by noting their degree of agreement with a set of 50 statements grouped into five categories. Average scores were compared among different groups. The mean total and category scores were compared to those of the 2013 study. Sixty of the sixty-nine students (86.9%) who enrolled in the undergraduate medical program participated in the survey. The majority were male, aged 20¬–¬25 years, and of American nationality. The mean±SD total score was 151.32±18.3. The mean scores for students’ perception in the survey categories were perception of teaching/learning (38.45), perception of teachers (33.90), academic self-perceptions (22.95), perception of atmosphere (36.32), and social self-perception (19.70). There were no significant differences in these scores among the different groups. All scores except those for academic self-perception were significantly higher in the present study compared to the previous one (P < 0.05). The above results will be of particular interest to schools that plan to transition to an integrated curriculum.
Men, Masons and Melancholy: The Singularly Masculine Ghost Stories of Rudyard Kipling
Authors: Hughes William
Published: May 2014

Kipling's Indian ghost stories concern men – and men in company – just as much as they concern the occult or indeed the Empire and its British cultural origins. They arguably differ, though, from the conventional ghost story through their marked insistence upon the communal response to occult visitation – the need or drive to make haunting something which, if faced alone, is necessarily shared, and so dissipated in the act of communication. Masculinity, too, is characteristically interrogated here. In place of comfortable, familial – and familiar – surroundings, the protagonist is disorientated by the mutability of his environment, its shifts between imposed British paradigms and realities and enduring indigenous difference. In Kipling's supernatural fiction, the cliché of male bonding that promotes single-sex collegiate, fraternal or professional relationships perceptibly sustains the sometimes-temporary connection between disparate individuals immersed in the unprecedented stresses of colonial hauntings, ocean-borne monstrosity or wartime trauma.
Science, Ghosts and Vision: Catherine Crowe's Bodies of Evidence and the Critique of Masculinity
Authors: Heholt Ruth
Published: May 2014

This essay looks at the ghost tales of the prominent mid-Victorian spiritualist Catherine Crowe. In an early precursor to the Society for Psychical Research's 1895 ‘Census of Hallucinations’, her most famous book The Night Side of Nature (1848) published people's tales of poltergeists, prophetic dreams, ghost sightings and uncanny coincidences through stories, anecdotes and reported personal experience. Crowe believed in the naturalness of the supernatural and her intention was to present the plethora of what she saw as ‘evidence’ to the scientific community for a hearing and as a starting place for examination. The body of evidence Crowe presented, however, was – far from being objective, distanced, testable or repeatable – subjective, personal, anecdotal and transient. Placing emphasis on intuition and experience, Crowe wanted science to look in a different way at psychic experiences, and to expand its narrow, supposedly rational and objective vision. Her tales look directly at white, upper-class Victorian men, and their bodies are presented for scrutiny as part of the evidence she wants (masculine) science to look at. This chapter argues that these ghost tales disrupt any narratives of unified, whole masculinity through the visibility and the presence of the male body and the questioning of science and rationality. Today, Crowe has fallen out of fashion; however, her work has proved to be prophetic in its concerns. This essay argues that in Crowe's own bodies of evidence, she blends the empirical and the spiritual, the objective and the subjective in a way that undermines the dominant certainties of science, empirical vision and masculinity.
The Double-Edged Sword: Conserved Functions of Extracellular Hsp90 in Wound Healing and Cancer
Authors: Hance Michael , Nolan Krystal , Isaacs Jennifer
Published: May 2014

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) represent a diverse group of chaperones that play a vital role in the protection of cells against numerous environmental stresses. Although our understanding of chaperone biology has deepened over the last decade, the “atypical” extracellular functions of Hsps have remained somewhat enigmatic and comparatively understudied. The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone is a prototypic model for an Hsp family member exhibiting a duality of intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellular Hsp90 is best known as a master regulator of protein folding. Cancers are particularly adept at exploiting this function of Hsp90, providing the impetus for the robust clinical development of small molecule Hsp90 inhibitors. However, in addition to its maintenance of protein homeostasis, Hsp90 has also been identified as an extracellular protein. Although early reports ascribed immunoregulatory functions to extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90), recent studies have illuminated expanded functions for eHsp90 in wound healing and cancer. While the intended physiological role of eHsp90 remains enigmatic, its evolutionarily conserved functions in wound healing are easily co-opted during malignancy, a pathology sharing many properties of wounded tissue. This review will highlight the emerging functions of eHsp90 and shed light on its seemingly dichotomous roles as a benevolent facilitator of wound healing and as a sinister effector of tumor progression.
The Ubiquitin-Conjugating System: Multiple Roles in Viral Replication and Infection
Authors: Calistri Arianna , Munegato Denis , Carli Ilaria , Parolin Cristina , Palù Giorgio
Published: May 2014

Through the combined action of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, conjugation of ubiquitin to a target protein acts as a reversible post-translational modification functionally similar to phosphorylation. Indeed, ubiquitination is more and more recognized as a central process for the fine regulation of many cellular pathways. Due to their nature as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the most conserved host cell machineries for their own replication. Thus, it is not surprising that members from almost every viral family are challenged by ubiquitin mediated mechanisms in different steps of their life cycle and have evolved in order to by-pass or exploit the cellular ubiquitin conjugating system to maximize their chance to establish a successful infection. In this review we will present several examples of the complex interplay that links viruses and the ubiquitin conjugation machinery, with a special focus on the mechanisms evolved by the human immunodeficiency virus to escape from cellular restriction factors and to exit from infected cells.
Condition Parameter Modeling for Anomaly Detection in Wind Turbines
Authors: Yan Yonglong , Li Jian , Gao David
Published: May 2014

Data collected from the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, used widely in wind farms to obtain operational and condition information about wind turbines (WTs), is of important significance for anomaly detection in wind turbines. The paper presents a novel model for wind turbine anomaly detection mainly based on SCADA data and a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) for automatic selection of the condition parameters. The SCADA data sets are determined through analysis of the cumulative probability distribution of wind speed and the relationship between output power and wind speed. The automatic BPNN-based parameter selection is for reduction of redundant parameters for anomaly detection in wind turbines. Through investigation of cases of WT faults, the validity of the automatic parameter selection-based model for WT anomaly detection is verified.
Towards Horizontal Architecture for Autonomic M2M Service Networks
Authors: Latvakoski Juhani , Alaya Mahdi , Ganem Herve , Jubeh Bashar , Iivari Antti , Leguay Jeremie , Bosch Jaume , Granqvist Niclas
Published: May 2014

Today, increasing number of industrial application cases rely on the Machine to Machine (M2M) services exposed from physical devices. Such M2M services enable interaction of physical world with the core processes of company information systems. However, there are grand challenges related to complexity and “vertical silos” limiting the M2M market scale and interoperability. It is here expected that horizontal approach for the system architecture is required for solving these challenges. Therefore, a set of architectural principles and key enablers for the horizontal architecture have been specified in this work. A selected set of key enablers called as autonomic M2M manager, M2M service capabilities, M2M messaging system, M2M gateways towards energy constrained M2M asset devices and creation of trust to enable end-to-end security for M2M applications have been developed. The developed key enablers have been evaluated separately in different scenarios dealing with smart metering, car sharing and electric bike experiments. The evaluation results shows that the provided architectural principles, and developed key enablers establish a solid ground for future research and seem to enable communication between objects and applications, which are not initially been designed to communicate together. The aim as the next step in this research is to create a combined experimental system to evaluate the system interoperability and performance in a more detailed manner.
Surveillance of Social and Geographic Inequalities in Housing-Related Issues: The Case of the Eastern Townships, Quebec (Canada)
Authors: Roy Mathieu , Généreux Mélissa , Laverdière Émélie , Vanasse Alain
Published: May 2014

Even though health inequalities are conditioned by many aspects of the environment, much of the existing research focuses on the social environment. This emphasis has the effect to neglect other environmental aspects such as its physical dimension. The physical environment, which is linked to housing conditions, may contribute to the uneven distribution of health. In this study, we examined 19 housing-related issues among a representative sample of 2,000 adults residing in a Quebec (Canada) health region characterized by a mix of rural, semi-rural, and urban areas. The distribution of these issues was examined according to socioeconomic and geographic indicators of social position. Summary measures of inequalities were assessed. Our results showed that the prevalence of nearly all housing-related issues was higher among low-income households compared to more affluent ones. Highly educated individuals showed better housing conditions, whereas different issues tended to cluster in deprived or densely populated areas. To conclude, we observed steep gradients between social class and poor housing conditions. This may explain a substantial part of health inequality on the regional scale. The surveillance of housing-related issues is therefore essential to properly inform and mobilize local stakeholders and to develop interventions that target vulnerable groups on this level.
A GIS Based Approach for Assessing the Association between Air Pollution and Asthma in New York State, USA
Authors: Gorai Amit , Tuluri Francis , Tchounwou Paul
Published: May 2014

Studies on asthma have shown that air pollution can lead to increased asthma prevalence. The aim of this study is to examine the association between air pollution (fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3)) and human health (asthma emergency department visit rate (AEVR) and asthma discharge rate (ADR)) among residents of New York, USA during the period 2005 to 2007. Annual rates of asthma were calculated from population estimates for 2005, 2006, and 2007 and number of asthma hospital discharge and emergency department visits. Population data for New York were taken from US Bureau of Census, and asthma data were obtained from New York State Department of Health, National Asthma Survey surveillance report. Data on the concentrations of PM2.5, SO2 and ground level ozone were obtained from various air quality monitoring stations distributed in different counties. Annual means of these concentrations were compared to annual variations in asthma prevalence by using Pearson correlation coefficient. We found different associations between the annual mean concentration of PM2.5, SO2 and surface ozone and the annual rates of asthma discharge and asthma emergency visit from 2005 to 2007. A positive correlation coefficient was observed between the annual mean concentration of PM2.5, and SO2 and the annual rates of asthma discharge and asthma emergency department visit from 2005 to 2007. However, the correlation coefficient between annual mean concentrations of ground ozone and the annual rates of asthma discharge and asthma emergency visit was found to be negative from 2005 to 2007. Our study suggests that the association between elevated concentrations of PM2.5 and SO2 and asthma prevalence among residents of New York State in USA is consistent enough to assume concretely a plausible and significant association.
Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease Analysis by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics
Authors: Liu Yahui , Qing Hong , Deng Yulin
Published: May 2014

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common chronic and destructive disease. The early diagnosis of AD is difficult, thus the need for clinically applicable biomarkers development is growing rapidly. There are many methods to biomarker discovery and identification. In this review, we aim to summarize Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics studies on AD and discuss thoroughly the methods to identify candidate biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. This review will also discuss the potential research areas on biomarkers.
Nanosize Control on Porous β-MnO2 and Their Catalytic Activity in CO Oxidation and N2O Decomposition
Authors: Ren Yu , Ma Zhen , Dai Sheng
Published: May 2014

A major challenge in the synthesis of porous metal oxides is the control of pore size and/or wall thickness that may affect the performance of these materials. Herein, nanoporous β-MnO2 samples were prepared using different hard templates, e.g., ordered mesoporous silica SBA-15 and KIT-6, disordered mesoporous silica, and colloidal silica. These samples were characterized by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and N2 adsorption-desorption. The pore size distribution of β-MnO2 was tuned by the different hard templates and their preparation details. Catalytic activities in CO oxidation and N2O decomposition were tested and the mesoporous β-MnO2 samples demonstrated superior catalytic activities compared with their bulk counterpart.
Influence of Column Axial Load and Heat Affected Zone on the Strength of Aluminium Column Web in Tension
Authors: De Matteis Gianfranco , Sarracco Gianluca , Brando Giuseppe , Mazzolani Federico
Published: May 2014

The component method for aluminium joints has been recently introduced in some codes and guidelines. Nevertheless, it is still in need of some development and improvement, as in some cases it was obtained by adapting the existing formulations that are valid for steel. The current paper presents the main outcomes of a parametric analysis carried out by means of finite element (FE) numerical models for determining the influence of both column axial load and heat affected zone—in the case of welded details—on the structural response of the column web in a tension component. The proposed study integrates previous research carried out by the authors, where the influence of the assumed alloy was investigated and interpreted by corrective parameters expressed as a function of both the material strain hardening and ductility.
Éducation et chômage dans les modèles dappariement : une revue de littérature
Authors: Charlot Olivier
Published: May 2014

This article surveys the literature that uses matching models to analyze the relationship between education and unemployment. The aim is to explain the existence of a positive correlation between education and unemployment observed in some European countries over the past decades. The literature emphasizes two mechanisms : (1) unemployment may raise the incentives to education, as education reduces the chances of being unemployed ; (2) higher educational attainment may increase unemployment , at least for the less skilled. The final section examines the efficiency of education decisions in an unemployment context. Workers may under-invest in education owing to a hold-up problem, but may over-invest because education increases the probability of leaving unemployment.
Le chômage structurel dans une petite économie ouverte. Application au Luxembourg
Authors: Durand Alex
Published: May 2014

Cet article a pour objet la détermination d’une mesure de Non Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) pour la petite économie ouverte luxembourgeoise. Le modèle de Wage and Price Setting , développé par Layard et alii (1991 ), permet dans sa forme réduite de définir le concept de NAIRU (OCDE, 2000). De plus, le modèle de Kuttner (1994), initialement destiné à déterminer une mesure de la production potentielle, fournit un cadre empirique suffisant pour produire une estimation de cet indicateur (DG Ecfin, 2002). Les estimations obtenues tendent à montrer que les tensions sur le marché du travail, appréhendées en termes de déviation du chômage effectif par rapport au NAIRU, contribuent à expliquer une part de l’inflation au Luxembourg.
Les économistes sont-ils chartistes ou fondamentalistes ? Une enquête auprès de quatre-vingt chercheurs français
Authors: Bessec Marie
Published: May 2014

Les enquêtes auprès des cambistes se sont multipliées depuis une dizaine d’années. En revanche, il n’existe pas d’étude sur la vision universitaire du fonctionnement du marché des changes. Cet article vise à combler cette lacune. Nous avons réalisé en novembre 2002 un sondage au sein de plusieurs universités françaises. Les répondants indiquent ne pas croire en une influence des variables fondamentales à court terme. En particulier , ils rejettent l’intérêt pratique de la PPA (Parité de Pouvoir d’Achat) en courte période. En revanche, les modèles de fondamentaux retrouveraient leur utilité à moyen et long terme. La confrontation de ces résultats à ceux obtenus sur le marché des changes américain démontre que ce point de vue est peu éloigné de celui des professionnels du marché.
Analyse économique de la rentabilité des filtres à particules sur les véhicules diesels neufs
Authors: Massé Emmanuel
Published: May 2014

Diesel engines emit particules into the atmosphere at the time of combustion . The inhalation of these particules leads to an increase in the incidence of cardio-respiratory disease and reduces life expectancy . For some years now , several carmakers have developed technologies to limit the particle emissions from diesel-engined vehicles . This study shows that the health benefits substantially outweigh the costs involved in the installation of particule filters on new vehicles . It would therefore be of benefit to society if it were made compulsory to equip all new vehicles with particule filters , with priority given to heavy goods vehicles.
Lévaluation des réglementations : transports et environnement
Authors: Bureau Dominique
Published: May 2014

On the basis of two case studies , we try to identify the obstacles to the adoption of environmental policy instruments more efficient than the regulatory approach in the field of transport . Noise regulation at Charles de Gaulle Airport illustrates the economics of the problem and allows us to weigh up the gains that could be obtained by economic instruments . The case of control of urban sprawl highlights the role of pre-existing distortions in sectoral regulations , which act as subsidies harmful to the environment , and above all the need to improve their quality .
Impact d’une réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune par le découplage
Authors: Labonne Julien , Jayet Pierre-Alain
Published: May 2014

The reduction of the distortions to trade launched in 1992 and 1999 has led the CAP to systematise the uncoupling of agricultural aids from agricultural production . This analysis , focused on the price effect , makes it possible to assess the expected advantage to society , by means of model simulations under an assumption of constant European budgetary expenditure . Depending on the level of the uncoupling premium offered in substitution for existing aids , there is a change in the numbers of “ losers ” and “ winners ”, in their location , in the variation of the surplus , with the advantage as between producers and taxpayers for the 15-member EU compared with Agenda 2000 unchanged at euros 1,8 billion . The figure would be euros 0,8 billion in the case of partial uncoupling similar to that contained in the 2003 Luxembourg agreement .
Droits à la retraite et mortalité différentielle
Authors: Roger Muriel , Rapoport Benoît , Magnac Thierry , Bommier Antoine
Published: May 2014

Nous estimons, à partir de données administratives françaises , l’Échantillon Interrégimes des Retraités, la mortalité différentielle entre 1997 et 2001 de générations nées entre 1906 et 1930 selon le montant des pensions de retraite. La mortalité différentielle est significative pour les hommes mais ne l’est pas pour les femmes. Dans notre échantillon, un doublement du revenu entraîne une baisse du taux instantané de mortalité d’environ 10% pour les hommes. Une évaluation illustrative montre que si la mortalité différentielle ne remet pas en cause, d’un point de vue monétaire, le caractère redistributif du système de retraite français elle semble en affecter significativement l’amplitude.
Une estimation du coût dabattement de la pollution atmosphérique pour les entreprises françaises
Authors: Riedinger Nicolas , Hauvuy Erwan
Published: May 2014

The Cost of Air Pollution Abatement for French Firms.

We estimate a technology of air pollution abatement, defined as a relation between conventional production, emissions and inputs specifically allocated to environmental protection. We use original firm-level data on both air emissions and investments in abatement equipment and “ clean ” processes. Carrying out estimations on an unbalanced panel of 428 firms over the period 1992-1999, we find that the marginal cost of abatement in the case of sulphur dioxides exceeds the current French tax rate several times over. This suggests that, for this pollutant, the level of emissions is currently determined much more by performance standards than by the tax.
Rente foncière et anticipations dans le périurbain
Authors: Napoléone Claude , Geniaux Ghislain
Published: May 2014

Land Rent and Anticipations in Peri-Urban Areas.

Urban sprawl modifies the structure of areas far beyond the actual urban cores, especially via agricultural and residential land markets in peri-urban areas. For an explicit examination of anticipations made on the future use of arable lands, we develop a two-stage hedonic model with a Box-Cox transformation of the endogenous variable, control of heteroscedasticity and of spatial autocorrelation. Our estimates are based on transactions in agricultural and urban land over 10 years on real estate markets in the Bouches-du-Rhône département, and on detailed descriptions of the environment of the property concerned, obtained through a Geographical Information System. We demonstrate that anticipation effects have a predominant impact on the market in agricultural land and that the institutional regulation of this market by land-use plans is not sufficient to keep them under control.
Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials
Authors: Zhao Jun , Frank Bettina , Neubrech Frank , Zhang Chunjie , Braun Paul V , Giessen Harald
Published: May 2014

Many nano-optical applications require a suitable nanofabrication technology. Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography has proven to be a low-cost and large-area alternative for the fabrication of complex plasmonic nanostructures as well as metamaterials. In this paper, we describe the fabrication process step by step. We manufacture a variety of different plasmonic structures ranging from simple nano-antennas over complex chiral structures to stacked composite materials for applications such as sensing. Additionally, we give details on the control of the nanostructure lateral density which allows for the multilayer-fabrication of complex nanostructures. In two accompanying movies, the fabrication strategy is explained and details are being demonstrated in the lab. The movies can be found at the website of Beilstein TV.
Characterization of apple seed oil with Denomination of Origin from Asturias, Spain
Authors: Bada J. C. , León-Camacho M. , Copovi P. , Alonso L.
Published: May 2014

The content and composition of lipids isolated from the seeds of seven apple species from Asturias (Spain) were characterized. The highest content in oil corresponded to Collao (22.73±0.81 g·100 g-1 of seed), followed by Raxao and Riega (20.19±0.74 g·100 g-1 of seed; 19.67±0.85 g·100 g-1 of seed), respectively. The linoleic acid was found to be the main component in Limón Montés (60.78±3.07%) followed by Riega (60.01±3.41%). Solarina seed oil was the one with the highest content in total sterols (558.52±9.42 mg·100 g-1 of oil) while Blanquina was the one that presents the lowest amount (166.55±1.89 mg·100 g-1 of oil). Phosphatidylcholine (70.58±3.85%) was found to be the main constituent in Blanquina followed by Collaos (55.55±2.96%). Raxao presented the highest content in β-tocopherol (125.29±12.62) and α-tocopherol was the most important tocopherol in Limón Montés (84.68±5.61 mg·kg-1 of oil). The main triglycerides were LLP (41.17±1.98-39.32±1.66%) followed by LLL (27.12±1.32−17.80±1.96%). Good separation among specie samples according to the statistical analysis of the principal component (PCs) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was obtained.
Olive Anthracnose and its effect on oil quality
Authors: Moral J. , Xaviér C. , Roca L. F. , Romero J. , Moreda W. , Trapero A.
Published: May 2014

Olive (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. europaea) is one of the first domesticated and cultivated trees that is widely distributed in the Mediterranean regions. The Anthracnose, caused by the two complex fungal species Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, is the most important disease adversely affecting the olive oil quality. Even so, the effect of Anthracnose on oil quality is largely unknown and many questions remain unanswered. This offers a unique opportunity to study how Colletotrichum species, cultivars, infection type (latent or visible) and severity, and other factors that may affect different parameters of oil quality, such us acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270, phenolic compounds, or alkyl esters. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the biology, epidemiology, and management of Anthracnose and its effect on olive oil quality.
Putting Clusters to Work
Authors: Genoff Rodin , Sheather Graeme
Published: May 2014

This chapter illustrates the effect of clusters on company performance through rigorous mapping of the patterns and strength of relationships between companies applied in the Aalborg region of Hub North, Denmark. This case study has been selected from similar industry cluster projects undertaken between 1999 and 2013 in Midjutland, Denmark, Dalarna, Sweden, mining regions in Queensland, and the Playford industrial region in South Australia. A conceptual methodology and suite of tools that have translated cluster theory into bottom up business outcomes for companies participating in these cluster projects demonstrates how a deeper understanding of clusters can contribute to the economic development of industrial regions. The methodology and findings described in this chapter pioneer new insights and ways to analyse emerging cluster developments.
Design-Led Innovation
Authors: Bucolo Sam , Wrigley Cara
Published: May 2014

This chapter focuses on demonstrating the role of Design-Led Innovation (DLI) as an enabler for the success of Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within high growth environments. This chapter is targeted toward businesses that may have been exposed to the concept of design previously at a product level and now seek to better understand its value through implementation at a strategic level offering. The decision to engage in the DLI process is made by firms who want to remain competitive as they struggle to compete in high cost environments, such as the state of the Australian economy at present. The results presented in this chapter outline the challenges in the adoption of the DLI process and the implications it can have. An understanding of the value of DLI in practice—as an enabler of business transformation in Australia—is of benefit to government and the broader design community.
Making Visible “The Invisible Hand”
Authors: Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: May 2014

Agent-based computer simulation is the central (revolutionary) challenge for the future of Social Sciences. The foundational issue of the Social Sciences is the micro-macro link, the relation between cognition and individual behavior and social self-organizing and complex structures. There are no approaches for understanding its (causal) mechanisms better than computer simulation. Special attention should be devoted to the “immergent” top-down feedback on the agent control system. This chapter also attempts to explain a techno-political revolution allowed by distributed computing, and in particular “agents”; agent-based simulation, agents embedded in the smart environment, and agents as representing and mediating in human negotiation and agreement. The social “planning” was doomed to fail for intrinsic political and cognitive limits. MAS and Social Simulation will provide a platform/instrument for social policies, for planning and decision-making; and for focused monitoring and participation. However the solution of the “problem” can never been merely “technical”. The solution requires processes of political negotiation and decision.
On Agent Interactions Governed by Morality
Authors: Coelho Helder , Costa António Carlos da Rocha , Trigo Paulo
Published: May 2014

Morality tells agents what they ought to do, and this defines their identity and character. This chapter deals with moral behaviour, following the classical view in Philosophy that defends character as a state concerned with choice, and able to direct the agent decision-taking. The authors also include new values regarding agent moral signature that may enhance the evaluation of agents, namely on reputation and satisfaction. So, the popularity of the agents can be measured with more depth, and not only for organizations but also for social networks.
Agent-Based Simulation of Electric Energy Consumers
Authors: Mota Fernanda , Santos Iverton , Dimuro Graçaliz , Rosa Vagner , Botelho Silvia
Published: May 2014

The electric energy consumption is one of the main indicators of both the economic development and the quality of life of a society. However, the electric energy consumption data of individual home use is hard to obtain due to several reasons, such as privacy issues. In this sense, the social simulation based on multiagent systems comes as a promising option to deal with this difficulty through the production of synthetic electric energy consumption data. In a multiagent system the intelligent global behavior can be achieved from the behavior of the individual agents and their interactions. This chapter proposes a tool for simulation of electric energy consumers, based on multiagent systems concepts using the NetLogo tool. The tool simulates the residential consumption during working days and presented as a result the synthetic data average monthly consumption of residences, which varies according to income. So, the analysis of the produced simulation results show that economic consumers of the income 1 in the summer season had the lowest consumption among all other consumers and consumers noneconomic income 6 in the winter season had the highest.
Building ABMs to Control the Emergence of Crisis Analyzing Agents' Behavior
Authors: Arciero Luca , Picillo Cristina , Solomon Sorin , Terna Pietro
Published: May 2014

Agent-based models (ABMs) are quite new in the modeling landscape; they emerged on the scene in the 1990s. ABMs have a clear advantage over other approaches: they create the capacity to manage learning processes in agents and discover novelties in their behavior. In addition to bounded rationality assumptions, ABMs share a number of peculiar characteristics: first of all, a bottom-up perspective is assumed where the properties of macro-dynamics are emergent properties of micro-dynamics involving individuals as heterogeneous agents who live in complex systems that evolve through time. To apply this framework to financial crisis analysis, a simplified implementation of the SWARM protocol (www.swarm.org), based on Python, is introduced. The result is the Swarm-Like Agent Protocol in Python (SLAPP). Using SLAPP, it is possible to focus on natural phenomena and social behavior. In the case of this chapter, the authors focus on the banking system, recreating the interactions of a community of financial institutions that act in the payment system and in the interbank market for short-term liquidity.
Activation of the STING Adaptor Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis
Authors: Lemos Henrique , Huang Lei , Chandler Phillip R. , Mohamed Eslam , Souza Guilherme R. , Li Lingqian , Pacholczyk Gabriela , Barber Glen N. , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Munn David H. , Mellor Andrew L.
Published: May 2014

Cytosolic DNA sensing activates the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) adaptor to induce IFN type I (IFN-αβ) production. Constitutive DNA sensing to induce sustained STING activation incites tolerance breakdown, leading to autoimmunity. In this study, we show that systemic treatments with DNA nanoparticles (DNPs) induced potent immune regulatory responses via STING signaling that suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) when administered to mice after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), at EAE onset, or at peak disease severity. DNP treatments attenuated infiltration of effector T cells into the CNS and suppressed innate and adaptive immune responses to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunization in spleen. Therapeutic responses were not observed in mice treated with cargo DNA or cationic polymers alone, indicating that DNP uptake and cargo DNA sensing by cells with regulatory functions was essential for therapeutic responses to manifest. Intact STING and IFN-αβ receptor genes, but not IFN-γ receptor genes, were essential for therapeutic responses to DNPs to manifest. Treatments with cyclic diguanylate monophosphate to activate STING also delayed EAE onset and reduced disease severity. Therapeutic responses to DNPs were critically dependent on IDO enzyme activity in hematopoietic cells. Thus, DNPs and cyclic diguanylate monophosphate attenuate EAE by inducing dominant T cell regulatory responses via the STING/IFN-αβ/IDO pathway that suppress CNS-specific autoimmunity. These findings reveal dichotomous roles for the STING/IFN-αβ pathway in either stimulating or suppressing autoimmunity and identify STING-activating reagents as a novel class of immune modulatory drugs.
Cathepsins Limit Macrophage Necroptosis through Cleavage of Rip1 Kinase
Authors: McComb Scott , Shutinoski Bojan , Thurston Susan , Cessford Erin , Kumar Kriti , Sad Subash
Published: May 2014

It has recently been shown that programmed necrosis, necroptosis, may play a key role in the development of inflammation. Deciphering the regulation of this pathway within immune cells may therefore have implications in pathology associated with inflammatory diseases. We show that treatment of macrophages with the pan caspase inhibitor (zVAD-FMK) results in both increased phosphorylation and decreased cleavage of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (Rip1), leading to necroptosis that is dependent on autocrine TNF signaling. Stimulation of cells with TLR agonists such as LPS in the presence of zVAD-FMK also induced Rip1-phosphorylation via a TNFR-independent mechanism. Further examination of Rip1 expression under these stimulatory conditions revealed a regulatory cleavage of Rip1 in macrophages that is not apparently attributable to caspase-8. Instead, we provide novel evidence that cysteine family cathepsins, which are highly abundant in myeloid cells, can also cleave Rip1 kinase. Using small interfering RNA knockdown, specific cathepsin inhibitors, and cell-free cleavage assays, we demonstrate that cysteine cathepsins B and S can directly cleave Rip1. Finally, we demonstrate that only through combined inhibition of cathepsins and caspase-8 could a potent induction of macrophage necroptosis be achieved. These data reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of necroptosis by cathepsins within macrophage cells.
The Second Christ, Saint Francis of Assisi and ecological consciousness
Authors: Viviers Hendrik
Published: May 2014

Even though the life stories of Jesus and the so-called second Christ, Francis of Assisi, incline to the fantastical, their value for a modern ecological consciousness is defendable. Behind Francis� personification of nature and his mystical experiences of nature lie an intuitive sense of interconnectedness and interdependence, of being fully part of the natural web of life (confirmed by empirical science). The same is true of the immanence of Jesus. Religious figures like Francis and Jesus can provide a sound moral attitude towards caring for the natural world, but attitudes need to be informed by scientific knowledge to act ecologically correct. A partnership between attitudes and knowledge hopefully contains good news for a sustainable �green� planet.Intradisciplinary and/or�interdisciplinary�implications: Ecological hermeneutics (part of liberation theology or hermeneutics) challenges traditional theologies� often anthropocentric bias in the intra-disciplinary arena. It respects the interconnectedness or interdependence of human and non-human life, including the non-organic, empirically substantiated by natural science. This shared realisation allows for a fruitful inter-disciplinary discourse with science to address the global ecological crisis.
A Hilbert expansion method for the rigorous sharp interface limit of the generalized Cahn–Hilliard equation
Authors: Antonopoulou Dimitra C. , Karali Georgia , Orlandi Enza
Published: May 2014

We consider Cahn–Hilliard equations with external forcing terms. Energy decreasing and mass conservation might not hold. We show that level surfaces of the solutions of such generalized Cahn–Hilliard equations tend to the solutions of a moving boundary problem under the assumption that classical solution of the latter exists. Our strategy is to construct approximate solutions of the generalized Cahn–Hilliard equation by the Hilbert expansion method used in kinetic theory and proposed for the standard Cahn–Hilliard equation, by Carlen, Carvalho and Orlandi, [14]. The constructed approximate solutions allow to derive rigorously the sharp interface limit of the generalized Cahn–Hilliard equations and higher order corrections to the limiting motion. We then estimate the difference between the true solutions and the approximate solutions by spectral analysis, as in [1].
On the equations of landscape formation
Authors: Chen Alex , Darbon Jérôme , Buttazzo Giuseppe , Santambrogio Filippo , Morel Jean-Michel
Published: May 2014

This paper starts by establishing a list of the main physical and empirical laws that have been proposed for modeling landscape evolution. Then it proposes a detailed mathematical discussion of several classic landscape evolution models. This discussion permits to distinguish
a priori
laws from
a posteriori
laws governing landscape evolution. While the first kind of law relies on physical principles, the second kind stems from the observation of actual stable landscapes. It emerges from the analysis of several models that the
a posteriori
laws are often used to create hybrid models combining fundamental physical laws with empirical modeling. Such models can be valid near equilibrium. Nevertheless, this situation is not satisfactory from a mathematical standpoint. One would like to be able to deduce the
a posteriori
laws from a mathematical analysis, or at the very least to observe them from numerical simulations using only
a priori
physical laws. Such a mathematical and numerical research programme is sketched here. We propose a minimal landscape model coping with the main features of all models. This model singles out three spatially distributed scalar state variables, namely the landscape elevation, the water elevation, and the sediment concentration in water. These state variables are linked by three partial differential equations coping with the three main features identified in the literature as the main phenomena shaping a landscape:
erosion
,
sedimentation
and
creep
, and respecting conservation laws for water and sediment. Based on these equations, the first numerical simulations confirm that valley formation and drainage network formation can be simulated on virgin artificial landscapes. A first surprising result seems to emerge from these simulations: the valley spacing depends not only on a relation between the creep and erosion parameters, but is also strongly influenced by the sedimentation rate and by the rainfall intensity. The conjectured mathematical instability and non-uniqueness of landscape evolution is illustrated numerically. On the other hand numerical stability of real landscape topographies under realistic values for their evolution is also observed. The overall modeling and numerical tests suggest that existence and partial regularity results might be obtained under minimal assumptions (such as a positive rain density or a positive creep model).