bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LINC01101 and LINC00277 expression levels as novel factors in HPV‐induced cervical neoplasia
Authors: Iancu Iulia Virginia , Anton Gabriela , Botezatu Anca , Huica Irina , Nastase Anca , Socolov Demetra Gabriela , Stanescu Anca Daniela , Dima Simona Olimpia , Bacalbasa Nicolae , Plesa Adriana
Published: August 2017

Recently long non‐coding RNAs were identified as new factors involved in gene expression regulation. To gain insight into expression pattern of these factors related to E7 HPV18 oncogene, this study uses HeLa cell culture transfected with E7‐siRNA. Gene expression profile was investigated using microarray analysis. After analysing the microarray results, we identified 15,387 RNA species differentially expressed in E7‐siRNA‐transfected cells compared with controls (fold change >2). The expression profiles of lncRNA species highlighted 731 lncRNAs and 203 lincRNAs. We selected two lincRNAs (LINC01101 and LINC00277) and we evaluated the expression profile in HPV‐induced neoplasia. Both lincRNAs investigated display a significantly reduced pattern of expression in cervical lesions and cancer, associated with clinical parameters. A connection between HPV presence and lincRNAs was noted. hrHPV‐positive samples exhibit significantly reduced LINC01101 and LINC00277 expression level (P < 0.05). These results provide new insights into involvement of lncRNA in HPV‐induced cervical cancer, enriching our understanding of their potential role in this pathology.
Insulin degludec in the first trimester of pregnancy: Report of two cases
Authors: Milluzzo Agostino , Tumminia Andrea , Scalisi Nunzio M , Frittitta Lucia , Vigneri Riccardo , Sciacca Laura
Published: August 2017

Insulin degludec is an extra‐long‐acting insulin analog that allows for enhanced efficacy and flexibility in the injection time. However, it is not approved for use during pregnancy. We report the pregnancy outcome and newborn conditions in two women with type 1 diabetes who continued preconception degludec treatment during embryogenesis. No pregnancy complication or congenital neonatal malformation was observed. Both babies presented with hypoglycemia and required neonatal intensive care unit admission. Degludec treatment did not cause adverse effects in the mothers or malformations in the newborns. The observed neonatal complications were probably independent of early pregnancy degludec treatment.
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy identifies patients at risk of faster cirrhosis progression
Authors: Ampuero Javier , Montoliú Carmina , Simón‐Talero Macarena , Aguilera Virginia , Millán Raquel , Márquez Celina , Jover Rodrigo , Rico María Carmen , Sendra Carmen , Serra Miguel Ángel , Romero‐Gómez Manuel
Published: August 2017

Background and Aim

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) predicts poor prognosis and could reflect an advanced liver disease. We aimed to assess whether MHE could be a surrogate marker of a further liver disease.

Methods

Prospective multicenter study including 320 cirrhotic patients, followed for up to 5 years, which were classified at baseline in compensated cirrhosis without (stage 1) and with varices (stage 2), one decompensating event (stage 3), and any second decompensating event (stage 4). Cirrhosis progression was defined by a transition towards a different stage (competing events: liver transplant due to hepatocellular carcinoma and non‐liver‐related death). MHE was detected by critical flicker frequency and psychometric tests.

Results

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed in 18.2% (57/314) of patients. Cirrhosis progression occurred in 38.1% (122/320) of patients, while liver transplant was required in 10.9% (35/320), and 19.1% (61/320) died. In competing risk regression, MHE was associated with disease progression: model 1 {subhazard ratio [sHR] 2.34 [95%confidence interval (CI) 1.58–3.46]; P = 0.0001}; model 2 [sHR 2.18 (95%CI 1.43–3.33); P = 0.0001]; model 3 [sHR 2.48 (95%CI 1.63–3.76); P = 0.0001]. The annual incidence rate of progression was higher in MHE patients: stage 1 (19.4 vs 5.6 cases per 100 person‐years); stage 2 (26.8 vs 15.6); stage 3 (45.7 vs 16.5); and stage 4 (40.7 vs 12.8). MHE showed a higher cumulative incidence of disease progression from the first year in decompensated and the third year in compensated cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy was associated with cirrhosis progression and showed a higher cumulative and annual incidence rate of disease progression. MHE could be a surrogate marker of disease progression, irrespective of cirrhosis status, identifying patients at risk of suffering a more aggressive cirrhosis form.
Hope, Coping, and Relationship Quality in Mothers of Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Cless Jessica D. , Nelson Goff Briana S. , Durtschi Jared A.
Published: August 2017

Parenting a child with Down syndrome may pose unique challenges for parents’ relationship quality. This study used structural equation modeling with a sample of 351 mothers of children with Down syndrome to test if hope mediated the association between mothers’ various coping behaviors and mothers’ relationship quality. Hope was defined as a generalized positive state that comes from a personal sense of agency. Results indicated a greater degree of religious coping and internal coping were each significantly associated with more hope, whereas support seeking was not related with more hope. Higher hope was significantly associated with greater relationship quality. Bootstrapped indirect effects from both religious coping and internal coping to hope, and then hope to relationship quality, were identified. Implications for therapists and future research are described.
Physical Activity and School Absenteeism Due to Illness in Adolescents
Authors: de Groot Renate , van Dijk Martin , Savelberg Hans , van Acker Frederik , Kirschner Paul
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Knowledge about the beneficial role of physical activity (PA) for health and school performance is growing. Studies investigating the link between PA and school absenteeism due to illness are lacking. Therefore, we investigated associations between habitual PA and school absenteeism due to illness in adolescents and explored whether mental health and cardiovascular fitness mediated this association.

METHODS

We studied 328 students in grades 7 and 9 (mean age 13.8 years; 49% boys). The PA was measured objectively by an ActivPAL3™ accelerometer attached on the thigh during 1 full week (24 hours/day). Depressive symptoms and self‐esteem were self‐reported by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D) and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, respectively, and included as a proxy for mental health in the analyses. Cardiovascular fitness was measured by the 20‐m shuttle‐run test. School absenteeism due to illness data was provided by the school administration.

RESULTS

The PA was not significantly associated with school absenteeism, though there was an indirect association between PA and school absenteeism by cardiovascular fitness.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiovascular fitness mediates the association between PA and school absenteeism due to illness. Thus, cardiovascular fitness of students should be improved to reduce school absenteeism due to illness.
Heterogeneity, impatience, and dynamic private provision of a discrete public good
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhra K. , Tokovenko Oleksiy , Sardana Kavita
Published: August 2017

We analyze dynamic private provision of a discrete public good by heterogeneous agents, who differ in terms of their levels of impatience, in a differential game framework. In contrast to the strategic complementarity result for homogeneous individuals, we show that an asymmetric completion Markov perfect equilibrium exists, where the individual contributions and the strategic behaviors depend crucially on an impatience differential: the difference in rates of time preference across groups of individuals. When this differential is insignificant, contributions of both types of individuals are strategic complements. On the other hand, when this impatience differential exceeds a threshold, the contributions of impatient individuals become strategic substitutes, whereas the contributions of patient individuals remain strategic complements. We show that group size has an interesting role to play in the strategic behavior: increasing the number of patient individuals aggravates the incentives to free‐ride by the impatient agents. We also derive a condition under which all the socially beneficial projects get completed in the equilibrium.
Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on Caudal Vena Cava Diameter Measured by Sonography in Healthy Foals: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tuplin M.C. , Romero A.E. , Boysen S.R.
Published: August 2017

Background

Intravascular volume assessment in foals is challenging. In humans, intravascular volume status is estimated by the caudal vena cava (CVC) collapsibility index (CVC‐CI) defined as (CVC diameter at maximum expiration [CVCmax] – CVC diameter at minimal inspiration [CVCmin])/CVCmax × 100%.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine whether the CVC could be sonographically measured in healthy foals, determine differences in CVCmax and CVCmin, and calculate inter‐ and intrarater variability between 2 examiners. We hypothesized that the CVC could be measured sonographically at the subxiphoid view and that there would be a difference between CVCmax and CVCmin values.

Animals

Sixty privately owned foals <1‐month‐old.

Methods

Prospective study. A longitudinal subxiphoid sonographic window in standing foals was used. The CVCmax and CVCmin were analyzed by a linear mixed effect model. Inter‐rater agreement and intrarater variability were expressed by Bland‐Altman and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively.

Results

Measurements were attained from 58 of 60 foals with mean age of 15 ± 7.9 days and mean weight of 75.7 ± 17.7 kg. The CVCmax was significantly different from CVCmin (D = 0.515, SE = 0.031, P < 0.001). Inter‐rater agreement of the CVC‐CI differed by an average of −0.9% (95% limits of agreement, −12.5 to +10.7%). Intrarater variability of CVCmax was 0.540 and 0.545, of CVCmin was 0.550 and 0.594, and of CVC‐CI was 0.894 and 0.853 for observers 1 and 2, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results indicate it is possible to reliably measure the CVC sonographically in healthy foals, and the CVC‐CI may prove useful in assessing the intravascular volume status in hypovolemic foals.
A methodology based on insecticide impregnated filter paper for monitoring resistance to deltamethrin in Triatoma infestans field populations
Authors: REMÓN C. , LOBBIA P. , ZERBA E. , MOUGABURE‐CUETO G.
Published: August 2017

The domiciliary presence of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after control interventions was reported in recent years. Toxicological studies showed high levels of resistance to pyrethroids suggesting resistance as one of the main causes of deficient control. The aim of the present study was to develop a protocol to test resistance to deltamethrin in T. infestans collected from the field by discriminate concentration. To evaluate field insects, the effect of age (early vs. later) and nutritional state (starved vs. fed) on the deltamethrin susceptibility of each developmental stage was studied. Topical and insecticide impregnated paper bioassays were used. Using the impregnated paper, the susceptibility to deltamethrin was not affected by the age of the stadium and the nutritional states, and varied with the post‐exposure time and with the different developmental stages. A discriminant concentration of deltamethrin (0.36% w/v) impregnated in filter paper was established for all developmental stages. Finally, the methodology and the discriminant concentration were evaluated in the laboratory showing high sensitivity in the discrimination of resistance. The present study developed a methodology of exposure to insecticide impregnated papers and proposes a protocol to test T. infestans in field populations with the aim to detect early evolution of resistance to deltamethrin.
Tumour‐associated microglia/macrophages predict poor prognosis in high‐grade gliomas and correlate with an aggressive tumour subtype
Authors: Sørensen M. D. , Dahlrot R. H. , Boldt H. B. , Hansen S. , Kristensen B. W.
Published: August 2017

Aims

Glioblastomas are highly aggressive and treatment resistant. Increasing evidence suggests that tumour‐associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) facilitate tumour progression by acquiring a M2‐like phenotype. Our objective was to investigate the prognostic value of TAMs in gliomas using automated quantitative double immunofluorescence.

Methods

Samples from 240 patients with primary glioma were stained with antibodies against ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule‐1 (IBA‐1) and cluster of differentiation 204 (CD204) to detect TAMs and M2‐like TAMs. The expression levels were quantified by software‐based classifiers. The associations between TAMs, gemistocytic cells and glioblastoma subtype were examined with immuno‐ and haematoxylin–eosin stainings. Three tissue arrays containing glioblastoma specimens were included to study IBA‐1/CD204 levels in central tumour and tumour periphery and to characterize CD204+ cells.

Results

Our data revealed that the amount of especially CD204+ TAMs increases with malignancy grade. In grade III–IV, high CD204 expression was associated with shorter survival, while high IBA‐1 intensity correlated with a longer survival. In grade IV, CD204 showed independent prognostic value when adjusting for clinical data and the methylation status of O6‐methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase. Our findings were confirmed in two bioinformatics databases. TAMs were more abundant in central tumour tissue, mesenchymal glioblastomas and gliomas with many gemistocytic cells. CD204+ TAMs co‐expressed proteins related to tumour aggressiveness including matrix metallopeptidase‐14 and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α.

Conclusions

This is the first study to use automated quantitative immunofluorescence to determine the prognostic impact of TAMs. Our results suggest that M2‐like TAMs hold an unfavourable prognostic value in high‐grade gliomas and may contribute to a pro‐tumourigenic microenvironment.
Levelling the playing field in police recruitment: Evidence from a field experiment on test performance
Authors: Linos Elizabeth , Reinhard Joanne , Ruda Simon
Published: August 2017

How to increase diversity in the police is an unanswered question that has received significant political and media attention. One area of intervention is the recruitment process itself. This study reports the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in a police force that was experiencing a disproportionate drop in minority applicants during one particular test. Drawing on insights from the literatures on stereotype threat, belonging uncertainty and values affirmation exercises, we redesigned the wording on the email inviting applicants to participate in the test. The results show a 50 per cent increase in the probability of passing the test for minority applicants in the treatment group, with no effect on white applicants. Therefore, the intervention closed the racial gap in the pass rate without lowering the recruitment standard or changing the assessment questions.
UVA‐Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Red Blood Cells of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Sayed Alaa El‐Din Hamid
Published: August 2017

Ultraviolet‐A light (UVA)‐induced DNA damage and repair in red blood cells to investigate the sensitivity of African catfish to UVA exposure is reported. Fishes were irradiated with various doses of UVA light (15, 30, and 60 min day−1 for 3 days). Morphological and nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells were observed in the fish exposed to UVA compared with controls. Morphological alterations such as acanthocytes, crenated cells, swollen cells, teardrop‐like cells, hemolyzed cells, and sickle cells were observed. Those alterations were increased after 24 h exposure to UVA light and decreased at 14 days after exposure. The percentage of apoptosis was higher in red blood cells exposed to higher doses of UVA light. No micronuclei were detected, but small nuclear abnormalities such as deformed and eccentric nuclei were observed in some groups. We concluded that exposure to UVA light induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and morphological alterations in red blood cells in catfish; however, catfish were found to be less sensitive to UVA light than wild‐type medaka.
Photocrosslinking of Polyglycidol and Its Derivative: Route to Thermoresponsive Hydrogels
Authors: Utrata‐Wesołek Alicja , Żymełka‐Miara Iwona , Kowalczuk Agnieszka , Trzebicka Barbara , Dworak Andrzej
Published: August 2017

Hydrogels of biologically well‐tolerated, high‐molar‐mass polyglycidol (PGl) and its thermoresponsive derivative poly(glycidol‐co‐ethyl glycidyl carbamate) have been obtained by direct UV crosslinking in the solid state. Polymers with molar masses up to 1.45 × 106 g mol−1 were crosslinked in the presence of benzophenone or (4‐benzoylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride as photosensitizers. The photosensitizer concentration was varied from 2 to 10 wt%. The influence of polymer composition and photosensitizer type and amount on the crosslinking efficiency, swelling and temperature behavior of the obtained hydrogels was investigated. The photocrosslinking of PGl and poly(glycidol‐co‐ethyl glycidyl carbamate) led to hydrogels with swelling degrees up to 1700%. The swelling degrees of the hydrogels decreased with the increase of the environmental temperature indicating the thermoresponsive nature of gels. The swelling of obtained gels can be controlled by varying the composition of the copolymer precursor and by the network density.
Impact of kiwifruit bacterial canker on productivity of cv. Hayward kiwifruit using observational data and multivariable analysis
Authors: Froud K. J. , Beresford R. M. , Cogger N. C.
Published: August 2017

A virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa), which causes bacterial canker in kiwifruit, was first recorded in New Zealand in November 2010. This strain has severely affected Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit productivity but its effect on green Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit productivity has been variable. An observational study design was used to develop explanatory models to quantify the impacts of Psa infection on productivity (tray equivalents per hectare) of Hayward kiwifruit harvested in 2012, using data captured by industry from 2599 orchards. A total of 934 orchards were Psa positive at the end of the study period. Multivariable linear regression was used to model 2012 productivity in the presence of Psa, while controlling for regional differences, elevation, 2011 productivity, harvest dates and application of agrichemicals. The model showed productivity was initially higher in the presence of Psa, and was not reduced until after 1 year of infection. The relationship between protective spray use and productivity was also quantified. It is likely that improved disease management has offset the impact of the disease and future research should consider a reassessment of the effects of disease after longer term exposure to Psa in New Zealand. The use of an observational cohort study to assess disease impacts using multivariable analysis could have wider application in the field of plant epidemiology.
A Two‐Step Approach for Analysis of Nonignorable Missing Outcomes in Longitudinal Regression: an Application to Upstate KIDS Study
Authors: Liu Danping , Yeung Edwina H. , McLain Alexander C. , Xie Yunlong , Buck Louis Germaine M. , Sundaram Rajeshwari
Published: August 2017

Background

Imperfect follow‐up in longitudinal studies commonly leads to missing outcome data that can potentially bias the inference when the missingness is nonignorable; that is, the propensity of missingness depends on missing values in the data. In the Upstate KIDS Study, we seek to determine if the missingness of child development outcomes is nonignorable, and how a simple model assuming ignorable missingness would compare with more complicated models for a nonignorable mechanism.

Methods

To correct for nonignorable missingness, the shared random effects model (SREM) jointly models the outcome and the missing mechanism. However, the computational complexity and lack of software packages has limited its practical applications. This paper proposes a novel two‐step approach to handle nonignorable missing outcomes in generalized linear mixed models. We first analyse the missing mechanism with a generalized linear mixed model and predict values of the random effects; then, the outcome model is fitted adjusting for the predicted random effects to account for heterogeneity in the missingness propensity.

Results

Extensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed method is a reliable approximation to SREM, with a much faster computation. The nonignorability of missing data in the Upstate KIDS Study is estimated to be mild to moderate, and the analyses using the two‐step approach or SREM are similar to the model assuming ignorable missingness.

Conclusions

The two‐step approach is a computationally straightforward method that can be conducted as sensitivity analyses in longitudinal studies to examine violations to the ignorable missingness assumption and the implications relative to health outcomes.
Antenatal Corticosteroid Prophylaxis in Singleton and Multiple Pregnancies
Authors: Gagliardi Luigi , Lucchini Renato , Bellù Roberto , Zanini Rinaldo
Published: August 2017

Background

The effects of antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) in multiple pregnancies are disputed. In this article, we examined whether estimated effects differ in singletons and multiples and in small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants.

Methods

We studied 17 073 singletons (81% treated with ANS) and 8274 multiples (86% treated) born at 24–33 weeks from the Italian Neonatal Network (2005–2013). We used Poisson regression models with robust variance to estimate adjusted risk ratios (RR) of in‐hospital death, severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and the composite outcome of severe IVH and death.

Results

Mortality was lower among ANS‐treated vs. ANS‐untreated infants, both in singletons (RR 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58, 0.68) and in multiples (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73, 0.98). IVH and the composite outcome of IVH and death, but not PVL, also occurred less frequently among ANS‐treated infants. For these outcomes, the effect of ANS was stronger in singletons than in multiples (+35%, +32%, and +22% for death, IVH, and the composite outcome, respectively). Also among SGA infants, singletons, and multiples, ANS‐treated infants had lower risk of death, IVH and of composite outcome than untreated ones.

Conclusions

In this large cohort of preterm infants, both multiples and singletons treated with ANS had a lower risk of mortality, of severe IVH, and of composite outcome of IVH and death, both in the overall sample and in SGA infants. Although ANS effect was weaker in multiples, our results support current recommendations to administer ANS prophylaxis in multiple pregnancies at risk of preterm delivery.
Differences in Body Mass Index between Siblings Who Are Discordant for Exposure to Antenatal Maternal Smoking
Authors: Aucott Lorna , Bhattacharya Sohinee , McNeill Geraldine , Turner Steve
Published: August 2017

Background

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased childhood body mass index (BMI), but the relationship may be due to confounding by maternal factors. This study tested the hypothesis that siblings born to mothers who begin to smoke between pregnancies will have higher BMI than older unexposed siblings.

Methods

Maternal details from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank were linked to the Study of Trends in Obesity in North East Scotland which holds offspring BMI at 5 years of age. Change in maternal smoking status between pregnancies was linked to offspring BMI and also to the difference in BMI between siblings.

Results

Maternal smoking status in successive pregnancies was linked to child BMI at age 5 years in 6581 mother–child pairs of whom 718 included sibling pars. Children whose mothers had quit, started smoking or smoked in consecutive pregnancies had higher BMI compared with those not exposed to maternal smoking. Siblings born after onset of maternal smoking had higher mean BMI z score (0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01, 0.36) compared with unexposed older siblings. Mean BMI z score was also higher by mean of 0.10 (95% CI 0.01, 0.20) in younger sibling compared with older siblings born to mothers who smoked in both pregnancies. BMI z score was not significantly different between siblings whose mothers quit between pregnancies.

Conclusions

In utero exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the likelihood of increased BMI in childhood.
Comparative proteomic analysis provides novel insights into chlorophyll biosynthesis in celery under temperature stress
Authors: Huang Wei , Ma Hong‐Yu , Huang Ying , Li Yan , Wang Guang‐Long , Jiang Qian , Wang Feng , Xiong Ai‐Sheng
Published: August 2017

Chlorophyll (Chl) is essential for light harvesting and energy transduction in photosynthesis. A proper amount of Chl within plant cells is important to celery (Apium graveolens) yield and quality. Temperature stress is an influential abiotic stress affecting Chl biosynthesis and plant growth. There are limited proteomic studies regarding Chl accumulation under temperature stress in celery leaves. Here, the proteins from celery leaves under different temperature treatments (4, 25 and 38°C) were analyzed using a proteomic approach. There were 71 proteins identified through MALDI‐TOF‐TOF analysis. The relative abundance of proteins involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein metabolism, amino acid metabolism, antioxidant and polyamine biosynthesis were enhanced under cold stress. These temperature stress‐responsive proteins may establish a new homeostasis to enhance temperature tolerance. Magnesium chelatase (Mg‐chelatase) and glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSAT), related to Chl biosynthesis, showed increased abundances under cold stress. Meanwhile, the Chl contents were decreased in heat‐ and cold‐stressed celery leaves. The inhibition of Chl biosynthesis may be due to the downregulated mRNA levels of 15 genes involved in Chl biosynthesis. The study will expand our knowledge on Chl biosynthesis and the temperature tolerance mechanisms in celery leaves.
Why Externalist Representationalism is a Form of Disjunctivism
Authors: Gow Laura
Published: August 2017

Externalist representationalism is touted as a superior rival to naïve realism, and yet a careful analysis of the externalist representationalist's analysis of our ordinary perceptual experiences shows the view to be far closer to naïve realism than we might have expected. One of the central advertised benefits of representationalist views in general is that they are compatible with the idea that ordinary, illusory and hallucinatory perceptual experiences are of the same fundamental kind. Naïve realists are forced to deny the ‘common fundamental kind claim’ and adopt disjunctivism. However, I argue that externalist representationalism is also a version of disjunctivism. Consequently, one of the main rivals to naïve realism turns out not to be a rival at all.
Is There Any Hope? How Climate Change News Imagery and Text Influence Audience Emotions and Support for Climate Mitigation Policies
Authors: Feldman Lauren , Hart P. Sol
Published: August 2017

Using a national sample, this study experimentally tests the effects of news visuals and texts that emphasize either the causes and impacts of climate change or actions that can be taken to address climate change. We test the effects of variations in text and imagery on discrete emotions (i.e., hope, fear, and anger) and, indirectly, on support for climate mitigation policies. Political ideology is examined as a moderator. The findings indicate that news images and texts that focus on climate‐oriented actions can increase hope and, in the case of texts, decrease fear and anger, and these effects generally hold across the ideological spectrum. In turn, the influence of emotions on policy support depends on ideology: Hope and fear increase support for climate policies for all ideological groups but particularly conservatives, whereas anger polarizes the opinions of liberals and conservatives. Implications for climate change communication that appeals to emotions are discussed.
Comparing transfusion reaction rates for various plasma types: a systematic review and meta‐analysis/regression
Authors: Saadah Nicholas H. , van Hout Fabienne M.A. , Schipperus Martin R. , le Cessie Saskia , Middelburg Rutger A. , Wiersum‐Osselton Johanna C. , van der Bom Johanna G.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

We estimated rates for common plasma‐associated transfusion reactions and compared reported rates for various plasma types.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of peer‐reviewed articles that reported plasma transfusion reaction rates. Random‐effects pooled rates were calculated and compared between plasma types. Meta‐regression was used to compare various plasma types with regard to their reported plasma transfusion reaction rates.

RESULTS

Forty‐eight studies reported transfusion reaction rates for fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP; mixed‐sex and male‐only), amotosalen INTERCEPT FFP, methylene blue‐treated FFP, and solvent/detergent‐treated pooled plasma. Random‐effects pooled average rates for FFP were: allergic reactions, 92/105 units transfused (95% confidence interval [CI], 46‐184/105 units transfused); febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs), 12/105 units transfused (95% CI, 7‐22/105 units transfused); transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO), 6/105 units transfused (95% CI, 1‐30/105 units transfused); transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI), 1.8/105 units transfused (95% CI, 1.2‐2.7/105 units transfused); and anaphylactic reactions, 0.8/105 units transfused (95% CI, 0‐45.7/105 units transfused). Risk differences between plasma types were not significant for allergic reactions, TACO, or anaphylactic reactions. Methylene blue‐treated FFP led to fewer FNHTRs than FFP (risk difference = −15.3 FNHTRs/105 units transfused; 95% CI, −24.7 to −7.1 reactions/105 units transfused); and male‐only FFP led to fewer cases of TRALI than mixed‐sex FFP (risk difference = −0.74 TRALI/105 units transfused; 95% CI, −2.42 to −0.42 injuries/105 units transfused).

CONCLUSION

Meta‐regression demonstrates that the rate of FNHTRs is lower for methylene blue‐treated compared with FFP, and the rate of TRALI is lower for male‐only than for mixed‐sex FFP; whereas no significant differences are observed between plasma types for allergic reactions, TACO, or anaphylactic reactions. Reported transfusion reaction rates suffer from high heterogeneity.
The impact of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate on Mexican manufacturing exports to theUS: A cointegration approach
Authors: Cuevas Víctor
Published: August 2017

This paper makes use of three econometric methods and three time intervals to evaluate the long‐term effects of several key variables on Mexican manufacturing exports to theUS. The evidence across econometric techniques and sample periods systematically indicates that: (i) a real depreciation of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate reduces Mexican manufacturing exports by lowering the price of Chinese goods in theUSmarket; (ii) a depreciation of the peso‐dollar real exchange rate generates a strong supply‐side effect due to the high import content of Mexican manufacturing exports, which ultimately leads to lower (rather than higher) sales in theUS; and (iii) external demand and labour productivity are positively related to manufacturing exports, whereas real wages are negatively related. Therefore, a falling external demand for Mexican manufacturing products or a real depreciation of the Chinese currency could, to some extent, be offset by increasing labour productivity faster than wages. These findings reflect two fundamental problems of the Mexican economy: (i) low investment in high‐quality formal instruction and proper training programs, which gives rise to severe bottleneck points for faster labour productivity growth and (ii) excessive reliance of the export‐oriented manufacturing industry on foreign suppliers of intermediate inputs.
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario smallholder chicken flocks
Authors: Lebert L. , Martz S.‐L. , Janecko N. , Deckert A. E. , Agunos A. , Reid A. , Rubin J. E. , Reid‐Smith R. J. , McEwen S. A.
Published: August 2017

Surveillance is an important component of an overall strategy to address antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food animals and the food chain. The poultry market has many points of entry into the Canadian food chain, and some production practices are underrepresented in terms of surveillance. For example, pathogen carriage and antimicrobial resistance surveillance data are limited in smallholder chicken flocks raised for slaughter at provincially inspected abattoirs. In Canada, antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from commercial broiler chicken flocks, slaughtered at federally inspected abattoirs, is monitored by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The objective of this study was to establish baseline information of antimicrobial resistance presence in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from smallholder flocks in Ontario, utilizing CIPARS collection and isolation methodologies, and to compare findings with CIPARS federally inspected abattoir data from Ontario, Canada. Five chickens per flock were sampled from 205 smallholder flocks. Of 1,025 samples, the E. coli prevalence was 99% (1,022/1,025), and 47% (483/1,022) of positive E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, as compared to results reported for the CIPARS commercial flocks, E. coli isolates from smallholder flocks had significantly lower resistance prevalence to six of 14 individual antimicrobials. Recovery of E. coli did not differ between federally inspected and provincially inspected flocks. Salmonella prevalence at the bird level in smallholder flocks was 0.3% (3/1,025), significantly lower (p ≪ 0.0001, 95% CI 0.080%–0.86%) than federally inspected commercial flocks. The overall differences found between the commercial and smallholder flocks may be explained by differences in poultry husbandry practices and hatchery sources.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Dynamic Behaviors of a Hydraulic Power Take-Off Cylinder Using Spectral Representation Method
Authors: Brito Moisés , Teixeira Luis , Canelas Ricardo B. , Ferreira Rui M. L. , Neves Maria G.
Published: August 2017

Hydraulic cylinders are generally used as power take-off (PTO) mechanisms in wave energy converters (WECs). The dynamic behavior of its PTO force, which integrates friction and pressure forces, is a difficult constraint to include in an analytical or in a numerical model. In this paper, the PTO force characteristics of a hydraulic cylinder are experimentally and numerically investigated under different magnitudes of controlled excitation force. In order to characterize the dynamic behaviors of PTO force, the displacement, acceleration, and pressure in the cylinder chamber for given excitation forces are measured. The pressure force is calculated using the measured value of the pressure, and the friction force is calculated based on the equation of motion using measured values of the pressure, excitation force, and acceleration of the piston. Experimental results show clearly a strong nonlinear force–velocity characteristics, including stochastic and hysteretic behaviors. To model the hysteretic behavior, the modified LuGre model is used for the friction force and a new approach is proposed for the pressure force. To model the stochastic behavior of the friction and pressure forces, the spectral representation method is used. The systematically comparison between measured and simulated results shows that the numerical model captures most of dynamic behaviors of PTO force.
Modeling and Analysis of Onboard Refueling Vapor Evaporative Emission for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Ding Hao , He Ren , Deng Xiaoxi
Published: August 2017

Fuel vapor-containment system (FVS) is a kind of vapor recovery device in the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and has a great advantage on the fuel vapor recovery. The general refueling progress of the FVS has been studied in detail and divided into two different stages: the decompression stage and the refueling stage. Then, the two different stages' mathematical models have been developed based on the binary diffusion theory and time-variation diffusion theory, and simulated using matlab to calculate the evaporative emission with regard to time. Finally, the author has made the experiments on the decompression emissions and refueling emissions. The analysis shows that the test results are well coincided with the evaluation of mathematical model.
Modulation of prefrontal cortex excitation/inhibition balance rescues social behavior in
CNTNAP2
-deficient mice
Authors: Selimbeyoglu Aslihan , Kim Christina K. , Inoue Masatoshi , Lee Soo Yeun , Hong Alice S. O. , Kauvar Isaac , Ramakrishnan Charu , Fenno Lief E. , Davidson Thomas J. , Wright Matthew , Deisseroth Karl
Published: August 2017

Using optogenetics to modulate the excitation/inhibition balance in the prefrontal cortex of an autism-like mouse model rescued social behavior deficits.
A phenotypically and functionally distinct human T
H
2 cell subpopulation is associated with allergic disorders
Authors: Wambre Erik , Bajzik Veronique , DeLong Jonathan H. , O’Brien Kimberly , Nguyen Quynh-Anh , Speake Cate , Gersuk Vivian H. , DeBerg Hannah A. , Whalen Elizabeth , Ni Chester , Farrington Mary , Jeong David , Robinson David , Linsley Peter S. , Vickery Brian P. , Kwok William W.
Published: August 2017

A unique T helper cell signature in allergic patients isolates the pathogenic cells and provides a target for disease intervention.
Comment on “Using geospatial mapping to design HIV elimination strategies for sub-Saharan Africa”
Authors: Fontaine Christopher , Mahy Mary , Izazola José-Antonio , Ghys Peter D.
Published: August 2017

A recent study showed how geospatial mapping can be used to improve Lesotho’s HIV treatment program to achieve the 90-90-90 targets set by the United Nations but incorrectly describes “treatment as prevention” as the UN’s strategy for a successful national AIDS response.
Pinning allergies on pathogenic T
H
2 cells
Authors: Cousins David J.
Published: August 2017

A new subtype of T
H
2 cell emerges as the pathogenic cell type in allergic disease and is deleted during allergen-specific immunotherapy (Wambre
et al
., this issue).
Dengue Virus-Infected Dendritic Cells, but Not Monocytes, Activate Natural Killer Cells through a Contact-Dependent Mechanism Involving Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Costa Vivian Vasconcelos , Ye Weijian , Chen Qingfeng , Teixeira Mauro Martins , Preiser Peter , Ooi Eng Eong , Chen Jianzhu
Published: August 2017

Natural killer (NK) cells play a protective role against dengue virus (DENV) infection, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Using an optimized humanized mouse model, we show that human NK cells, through the secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), are critical in the early defense against DENV infection. Depletion of NK cells or neutralization of IFN-γ leads to increased viremia and more severe thrombocytopenia and liver damage in humanized mice.In vitrostudies using autologous human NK cells show that DENV-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs), but not monocytes, activate NK cells in a contact-dependent manner, resulting in upregulation of CD69 and CD25 and secretion of IFN-γ. Blocking adhesion molecules (LFA-1, DNAM-1, CD2, and 2β4) on NK cells abolishes NK cell activation, IFN-γ secretion, and the control of DENV replication. NK cells activated by infected MDDCs also inhibit DENV infection in monocytes. These findings show the essential role of human NK cells in protection against acute DENV infectionin vivo, identify adhesion molecules and dendritic cells required for NK cell activation, and delineate the sequence of events for NK cell activation and protection against DENV infection.

IMPORTANCEDengue is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease with a range of symptoms, from mild fever to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever. The diverse disease manifestation is thought to result from a complex interplay between viral and host factors. Using mice engrafted with a human immune system, we show that human NK cells inhibit virus infection through secretion of the cytokine gamma interferon and reduce disease pathogenesis, including depletion of platelets and liver damage. During a natural infection, DENV initially infects dendritic cells in the skin. We find that NK cells interact with infected dendritic cells through physical contact mediated by adhesion molecules and become activated before they can control virus infection. These results show a critical role of human NK cells in controlling DENV infectionin vivoand reveal the sequence of molecular and cellular events that activate NK cells to control dengue virus infection.
B Cell Requirement for Robust Regulatory T Cell Responses to Friend Retrovirus Infection
Authors: Moore Tyler C. , Gonzaga Lorena M. , Mather Jennifer M. , Messer Ronald J. , Hasenkrug Kim J.
Published: August 2017

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive cells of the immune system that control autoimmune reactivity. Tregs also respond during immune reactions to infectious agents in order to limit immunopathological damage from potent effectors such as CD8+cytolytic T lymphocytes. We have used the Friend virus (FV) model of retroviral infection in mice to investigate how viral infections induce Tregs. During acute FV infection, there is significant activation and expansion of thymus-derived (natural) Tregs that suppress virus-specific CD8+T cell responses. Unlike conventional T cells, the responding Tregs are not virus specific, so the mechanisms that induce their expansion are of great interest. We now show that B cells provide essential signals for Treg expansion during FV infection. Treg responses are greatly diminished in B cell-deficient mice but can be restored by adoptive transfers of B cells at the time of infection. The feeble Treg responses in B cell-deficient mice are associated with enhanced virus-specific CD8+T cell responses and accelerated virus control during the first 2 weeks of infection.In vitroexperiments demonstrated that B cells promote Treg activation and proliferation through a glucocorticoid-induced receptor superfamily member 18 (GITR) ligand-dependent mechanism. Thus, B cells play paradoxically opposing roles during FV infection. They provide proliferative signals to immunsosuppressive Tregs, which slows early virus control, and they also produce virus-specific antibodies, which are essential for long-term virus control.

IMPORTANCEWhen infectious agents invade a host, numerous immunological mechanisms are deployed to limit their replication, neutralize their spread, and destroy the host cells harboring the infection. Since immune responses also have a strong capacity to damage host cells and tissues, their magnitude, potency, and duration are under regulatory control. Regulatory T cells are an important component of this control, and the mechanisms that induce them to respond and exert immunosuppressive regulation are of great interest. In the current report, we show that B cells, the cells responsible for making pathogen-specific antibodies, are also involved in promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells during a retroviral infection.In vitrostudies demonstrated that they do so via stimulation of the Tregs through interactions between cell surface molecules: GITR interactions with its ligand (GITRL) on B cells and GITR on regulatory T cells. These findings point the way toward therapeutics to better treat infections and autoimmune diseases.
Burden of child and adolescent obesity on health services in England
Authors: Viner Russell M , Kinra Sanjay , Nicholls Dasha , Cole Tim , Kessel Anthony , Christie Deborah , White Billy , Croker Helen , Wong Ian C K , Saxena Sonia
Published: August 2017

Objective

To assess the numbers of obese children and young people (CYP) eligible for assessment and management at each stage of the childhood obesity pathway in England.

Design

Pathway modelling study, operationalising the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance on childhood obesity management against national survey data.

Setting

Data on CYP aged 2–18 years from the Health Survey for England 2006 to 2013.

Main outcome measures

Clinical obesity (body mass index (BMI) >98th centile), extreme obesity (BMI ≥99.86th centile); family history of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes; obesity comorbidities defined as primary care detectable (hypertension, orthopaedic or mobility problems, bullying or psychological distress) or secondary care detectable (dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, high glycated haemoglobin, abnormal liver function).

Results

11.2% (1.22 million) of CYP in England were eligible for primary care assessment and for community lifestyle modification. 2.6% (n=283 500) CYP were estimated to be likely to attend primary care. 5.1% (n=556 000) were eligible for secondary care referral. Among those aged 13–18 years, 8.2% (n=309 000) were eligible for antiobesity drug therapy and 2.4% (90 500) of English CYP were eligible for bariatric surgery. CYP from the most deprived quintile were 1.5-fold to 3-fold more likely to be eligible for obesity management.

Conclusions

There is a mismatch between population burden and available data on service use for obesity in CYP in England, particularly among deprived young people. There is a need for consistent evidence-based commissioning of services across the childhood obesity pathway based on population burden.
An illusion of septic shock: acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis with multiorgan dysfunction
Authors: Jakkidi Manisha , Basmadjian Carine , Roy Satyajeet
Published: August 2017

Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a rare cutaneous eruption, most often caused by commonly used antibiotics. It is characterised by an acute onset of non-follicular sterile pustular rash and erythema within hours or days of drug exposure and usually resolves spontaneously within 1–2 weeks once the drug is discontinued. Haemodynamic involvement in the form of shock is rare. Here, we present a severe case of AGEP, manifesting with systemic involvement and haemodynamic instability resulting in shock with multiorgan dysfunction. The associated drugs were erythromycin and fluconazole with a possible combined effect of these two drugs that resulted in systemic involvement. Our patient improved markedly, both haemodynamically and dermatologically, after discontinuation of the drugs and with systemic steroid therapy.