bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kenosis and its Discontents: Towards an Augustinian Account of Divine Humility
Authors: Pardue Stephen
Published: July 2012

After many years of dormancy, the concept of kenosis has recently received widespread and lively attention from contemporary theologians. Yet, in the midst of this revival, there has emerged a steady stream of critique of the concept because of its apparently adverse doctrinal and ethical implications. Less remarked upon, but equally important, is an analogous and long-standing debate about the nature and pervasiveness that we should assign to humility in Christian teaching. Indeed, the interweaving of humility and kenosis in Philippians 2 arguably requires that the two rise or fall together; even if the concepts are not semantically equal, their meanings and their theological implications overlap in manifold and important ways. This article surveys the current state of the question, and argues that the works of Augustine yield valuable insights regarding the most knotty problems emerging from contemporary disputes about kenosis and humility. In the first part, I outline several recent perspectives on kenosis, aiming to bring clarity to the discussion. Along the way, I note the similarities between kenosis and humility as they function theologically, and I offer a summary of the qualities that a theologically sound account of those concepts would need to exhibit in order to address the valid concerns which have so far been raised. In the second part, I propose that closer attention to the theme of humility (both human and divine) may shed new and important light on kenosis debates, suggesting that Augustine is the ideal theologian on whom to test this theory. To this end, I explore Augustine's explanations of christology and language, suggesting that these are the loci through which Augustine's perspective on humility – both divine and human – is best expressed. In both cases, Augustinian humility strikes a noteworthy balance between restraint and empowerment and offers an instructive vantage point from which to address the complex and lively discussions about kenosis. While the African bishop may not offer a decisive resolution of these matters, his approach to them does hold significant promise for a depiction of humility and kenosis which incorporates the valid concerns of critics while simultaneously preserving an unavoidable and central aspect of Christian doctrine.
Narratives and explanations during mealtime conversations in Norway and the U.S.
Authors: Aukrust Vibeke Grøver , Snow Catherine E.
Published: July 2012

Mealtimes reveal culturally specific ways of talking, and constitute opportunities for socialization of children into those ways. In 22 Norwegian families and 22 American families, matched for age and gender of preschoolaged child and for participant constellation, mealtimes were examined for the occurrence and type of narrative and explanatory talk. All indices suggested that the Norwegian families produced more narrative talk – in particular, talk about minor deviations from social scripts – whereas the American families produced more explanatory talk, particularly talk focused on explanations for physical events or for individual behaviors. When Norwegian families gave explanations, they were likely to be focused on social norms and deviations from them, like their narratives. The results are interpreted in relation to the Norwegian cultural values of mitigated collectivism, egalitarianism, homogeneity, and implicit social rules, in contrast to American values of individualism, diversity, and explicit formulation and transmission of civic values. (Socialization, culture, narrative, explanation, family, mealtimes, Norway, USA.)
Micro language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework
Authors: Nahir Moshe
Published: July 2012

Supported by contemporary evidence, this study discusses the revival of Hebrew a century ago (within two or three decades), with a focus on the actual total shift of pre-Israel Palestine's Jewish community from Yiddish and several other languages to Hebrew as an all-purpose means of communication. First, four “factors” that prevailed prior to and during the revival are discussed: the “communicative”, “political”, “religious”, and “literary.” The study then proposes schematically that the shift to Hebrew evolved in a cycle consisting of four consecutive albeit partially overlapping “steps”: (1) The children are instilled with desired language attitudes. (2) The children acquire the code, Hebrew. (3) The children transfer Hebrew, now a second language, out of the schools. (4) With these children now adults, their newly born receive Hebrew as a first language. Finally, the study suggests that, in the absence of a central authority, the revival can be seen as a case of “micro language planning,” in which potential speakers constituted “language planning agents” active in “language planning cells.” (Language revival, Hebrew, language planning, language shift, vernacular)
Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation
Authors: Drew Paul , Holt Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

In conversation, speakers occasionally use figurative expressions such as “had a good innings,” “take with a pinch of salt,” or “come to the end of her tether.” This article investigates WHERE in conversation such expressions are used, in terms of their sequential distribution. One clear distributional pattern is found: Figurative expressions occur regularly in topic transition sequences, and specifically in the turn where a topic is summarized, thereby initiating the closing of a topic. The paper discusses some of the distinctive features of the topic termination/transition sequences with which figurative closings are associated, particularly participants' orientation to their moving to new topics. Finally, the interactional use of figurative expressions is considered in the context of instances where their use fails to secure topical closure, manifesting some conflict (disaffiliation, etc.) between the participants. (Figurative expressions, idioms, conversation, topic)
Recent sediments and sedimentation in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Farrow George E.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Little land-derived material currently reaches the sea. Inland deposits are dominantly organic, peat succeeding lacustrine diatomite. Marine sediments result from the wave and tidal current reworking of Pleistocene glacial debris, with an admixture of Holocene skeletal carbonate. Muddy sands are accumulating in glacially overdeepened and tidally scoured hollows, reworked from moraine and outwash. Lag gravels occur on the shallows.

Beach sands have a local origin, with mixtures of shelly fauna and rock fragments eroded from adjacent cliffs. Beaches are less carbonate-rich than in the Outer Hebrides, except on Coll and Tiree. They are also finer, which encourages well-developed dune systems. Calcareous dunes are locally cemented on Coll, the cementation picking out ‘fossilised’ hoof-prints.

There is no transport of coastal bedload to the shelf, so that offshore sediments are more calcareous. Bivalves, barnacles, gastropods, worm tubes and sea urchins make significant contributions to the shellsand. Underwater television surveys show a diverse suite of sedimentary facies: algal gravels in shallow, sheltered tidal channels; carbonate-rich sand ribbons and sandwaves along the main tidal streams; highly burrowed muds in the deeper, lower energy areas, with many examples of penecontemporaneous nodule formation.
Marine Mollusca of Islay and Skye
Authors: Smith Shelagh M.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Baseline surveys of Islay and Skye show that the shores of the latter island have the more diverse mollusc population. Detailed investigation of the Mollusca associated with algae corroborates the general survey. The reason for the comparative paucity of Mollusca on Islay appears to stem from a number of factors of which the lack of variety of habitats and the shorter shores with little tidal range are the most obvious. Additional work carried out by diving and dredging enhanced the data from Skye, supporting the view that a combination of approaches produces the best results in a baseline survey, and helps to minimise any false impression of a marine fauna which may arise in surveys arbitrarily restricted to above or below low water mark or to a single method of obtaining data. The relationship of the marine molluscan fauna of Islay and Skye to that of west Scotland as a whole is briefly discussed.
Land use and settlement history of the southern Inner Hebrides
Authors: Storrie Margaret C.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The earliest evidence of prehistoric activity in Scotland comes from Jura. Most of Jura has been rather inimical to settlement, in comparison with other islands of the southern Inner Hebrides—Colonsay and Oronsay, Gigha and Cara, and Islay—all endowed with deposits more useful to man than Jura. Land use and settlement in these islands spread from the coasts into and up the river valleys until the first half of the19th century, after which they retreated. There have, however, been several waves of retreat and readvance.

This paper assesses the present stage of research in the chronicle of these changes in the southern islands, pointing to some of the unanswered questions. The archaeological, onomastic and historical evidence is briefly examined against a slowly changing environment that has been relatively favourable, in a Hebridean context. Areal expansion, upward extension and intensified use of the land increased in momentum, with interruptions, after the late medieval period. The time of greatest change began just after the middle of the 18th century and lasted for another century.

Elements of this change and its effects on settlement are discussed, using records and maps from private and official archives, topographic and other writings, and population and agrarian censuses. The important role of landlords, their agents and subsequent planners in instituting, and even containing, change is briefly assessed. In the southern Inner Hebrides an unusual, non-crofting landscape resulted: an estate, farming and sporting landscape, with, in the case of Islay, over a dozen industrial and service villages.

The characteristic ‘Highland Problem’ of landscape and land use, increasingly ill-suited to the needs of later 19th and 20th century economy and society, has been less evident in these islands than in others in the Hebrides, although they now show disturbing trends. Present land use and settlement are briefly examined.
Mineral resources of the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Gribble C. D.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The review examines the commercial potential of deposits of iron ores, lead, chromite, silica-rich rocks and diatomite that the Inner Hebrides possesses. Working quarries are described and their reserves estimated. Careful assessment of all the available data suggests that only the Raasay Ironstone, two diatomite deposits in Skye and an operating sand and gravel deposit at Allt Anavig in Skye merit further, detailed investigation.
NMR relaxation rate of a quantum spin chain with an impurity
Authors: Zvyagin A. A.
Published: July 2012

The relaxation rate of the nuclear magnetic resonance is calculated exactly for a model spin-1/2 chain with the magnetic impurity. It is shown that the deviations of the impurity’s coupling to the chain and the effective impurity’s g-factor from the values of the host chain yield special features in the temperature and magnetic field behavior for the relaxation rate.
Low-dimensional magnetism of spin-½ chain systems of α- and β-TeVO4: A comparative study
Authors: Gnezdilov V. , Lemmens P. , Wulferding D. , Pashkevich Yu. , Lamonova K. , Choi K.-Y. , Afanasiev O. , Gnatchenko S. , Berger H.
Published: July 2012

We present a comparative study of the low-dimensional compounds α- and β-TeVO4. Our data clearly show that the change in the local coordination geometry of V4+ ions between α- and β-TeVO4 leads to drastic differences in their magnetic properties. Despite sharing the same crystal structure, the two compounds manifest different magnetic exchange topologies. Both compounds exhibit a transition from ferro- to anti-ferromagnetic correlations with decreasing temperature. This effect, however, is driven by different mechanisms in the two compounds. In addition, dimensional crossover is found in β-TeVO4.
Quasi-monoenergetic spectra from reactions in a beam-target plasma
Authors: Appelbe B. , Chittenden J.
Published: July 2012

We investigate the kinematics of two-body (m1+m2→m3+m4) fusion reactions occurring when a beam interacts with a plasma target. An exact expression for the energy spectrum of the product particles is derived. The derivation shows that there is an anisotropic lower limit on the energy of one of the product species. There is a range of beam energies for which this limit acts to suppress thermal broadening of the energy spectra of the particles emitted in the beam direction. The beam energy at which maximum suppression occurs is identified. At this beam energy, the width of the spectrum can be up to a couple of orders of magnitude narrower than the spectrum produced by a thermal plasma. The results indicate that the highly monoenergetic beams of fusion product particles may be produced from hot plasma targets.
Falls and funny turns
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Falls and fallers 102

Assessment following a fall 104

Interventions to prevent falls 106

Syncope and presyncope 108

HOW TO . . . Distinguish syncope and seizures 110

Balance and dysequilibrium 112

Dizziness 114

HOW TO . . . Manage multifactorial dizziness—clinical example 115

Drop attacks 116

Orthostatic (postural) hypotension 118...
Psychiatry
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Cognitive ageing 204

Impairments in cognitive function without dementia 205

Dementia: overview 206

HOW TO . . . Distinguish delirium from dementia 207

Dementia: assessment 208

HOW TO . . . Investigate a patient with dementia 210

Dementia: common diseases 212

Dementia and parkinsonism 214

Normal pressure hydrocephalus 216

Dementia: less common diseases ...
Renal medicine
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing kidney 384

Acute kidney injury 386

Acute kidney injury: management 388

HOW TO . . . Perform a fluid challenge in AKI/anuria 389

Chronic kidney disease 392

HOW TO . . . Estimate the glomerular filtration rate 393

Chronic kidney disease: complications 394

Renal replacement therapy: dialysis 396

Renal replacement therapy: transplantation ...
Homeostasis
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Volume depletion and dehydration 404

Dehydration: management 406

HOW TO . . . Administer subcutaneous fluid 406

Hyponatraemia: treatment 408

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) 410

HOW TO . . . Perform a short ACTH stimulation test (short Synacthen® test) 411

Hypernatraemia 412

Hyponatraemia: assessment 413

Hypothermia: diagnosis ...
Haematology
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing haematopoietic system 452

Investigating anaemia in older people 453

Iron deficiency anaemia: diagnosis 454

HOW TO . . . Investigate iron deficiency anaemia 455

Iron deficiency anaemia: treatment 456

Macrocytic anaemia 457

Anaemia of chronic disease 458

Paraproteinaemias 459

Multiple myeloma 460

Myelodysplasia and myelodysplastic syndrome ...
Ears
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Deafness and the ageing ear 548

HOW TO . . . Communicate with a deaf person 549

HOW TO . . . Assess hearing 550

Audiology 551

Hearing aids 552

HOW TO . . . Use a hearing aid 554

Tinnitus 556

Vertigo 558

Vertigo: assessment 560

HOW TO . . . Examine the vestibular system 561...
General approach
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

The emergency department 2

Note keeping 4

Radiological requests 6

Triage 7

Discharge, referral, and handover 8

Liaising with GPs 10

Telephone advice 11

Liaising with the ambulance crew 12

Coping as a junior doctor 14

Inappropriate attenders 16

The patient with a label 17...
The Board Examination
Authors: Ghosh Amit K.
Published: July 2012

This chapter is aimed primarily at candidates preparing for the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM's) certifying or maintenance of certification examination in internal medicine. However, candidates preparing for non-ABIM examinations also may benefit from the information, which covers various aspects of preparation for an examination, strategies to answer the questions effectively, and avoidance of pitfalls. The ABIM has stated that the certifying examination tests the breadth and depth of a candidate's knowledge in internal medicine to ensure that a candidate has attained the necessary proficiency required for the practice of internal medicine. According to the ABIM, the examination has 2 goals: the first is to ensure competence in the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders that have important consequences for patients, and the second is to ensure excellence in the broad domain of internal medicine.
Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Rickman Otis B.
Published: July 2012

Critical care medicine is a multidisciplinary branch of medicine encompassing the provision of organ support to patients who are severely ill. All areas of medicine may have relevance for critically ill patients; however, this review focuses only on aspects of cardiopulmonary monitoring, life support, technologic interventions, and disease states typically managed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Airway management, venous access, respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, and sepsis are reviewed.
Endocrinology
Authors: Mclver Bryan , Tebben Peter J. , Shah Pankaj
Published: July 2012

Numerous chemical messages control various functions at the levels of cells, organs, and organ systems. Such messages may be autocrine (the chemical message directly affects the cell producing it), paracrine (the message has local effects), or endocrine (the message has distant sites of action). Typically, endocrine effects are caused by hormones that are produced by specialized organs, although several important endocrine functions are performed by nonglandular tissues, most prominently the liver and the kidney. Disorders of the hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, and pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are reviewed.
Coagulation (Hemostasis and Thrombosis)
Authors: Pruthi Rajiv K.
Published: July 2012

The coagulation system has 2 essential functions: to maintain hemostasis and to prevent and limit thrombosis. The procoagulant component of the hemostatic system prevents and controls hemorrhage. Vascular injury results in activation of hemostasis, which consists of vasospasm, platelet plug formation (platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation), and fibrin clot formation (by activation of coagulation factors in the procoagulant system). The anticoagulant system prevents excessive formation of blood clots, and the fibrinolytic system breaks down and remodels blood clots. Quantitative abnormalities (deficiencies) and qualitative abnormalities of platelets and coagulation factors lead to bleeding disorders, whereas deficiencies of the anticoagulant system are risk factors for thrombosis. Common disorders of hemostasis and thrombosis are reviewed.
Evaluation of Kidney Function, Glomerular Disease, and Tubulointerstitial Disease
Authors: Fervenza Fernando C.
Published: July 2012

Several measures are used to evaluate kidney function: serum creatinine, urinalysis, renal clearance, and renal imaging. Creatinine is an end product of muscle catabolism and is commonly used as a filtration marker. Dysmorphic erythrocytes in the urinary sediment indicate bleeding in the upper urinary tract. A urine pH less than 5.5 excludes type 1 renal tubular acidosis. A pH greater than 7 suggests infection. Acidic urine is indicative of a high-protein diet, acidosis, and potassium depletion. Alkaline urine is associated with a vegetarian diet, alkalosis and urease-producing bacteria. Clearance of p-aminohippurate is a measure of renal blood flow. Kidney function is evaluated to determine disease states such as glomeruluar disease or tubulointerstitial disease. Clinical manifestations of glomerular injury can vary from the finding of isolated hematuria or proteinuria, or both. In addition, some patients who present with advanced renal insufficiency, hypertension, and shrunken, smooth kidneys are presumed to have chronic glomerulonephritis. Acute and chronic interstitial disease preferentially involves renal tubules.
Management of the Febrile Neutropenic Patient
Authors: Wilson John W. , Estes Lynn L.
Published: July 2012

•Fever: Single oral temperature of ≥38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature of ≥38.0°C (100.4°F) for ≥1 hour

•Neutropenia: A neutrophil count of <500 cells/mm3 or one that is expected to fall below 500/mm3 over the next 48 hours

• Bacteria

• Enterobacteriaceae (eg, ...
Long‐term effects of public policy for displaced workers in Sweden
Authors: Ohlsson Henry , Storrie Donald
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the long‐term effects of policy measures for displaced workers. The focus is on the individuals affected by the closure of the Uddevalla Shipyard in western Sweden in 1985 and the cutbacks at the LKAB mines in northern Sweden in 1983.

Design/methodology/approach

These workers not only experienced job loss, but were also target groups for extraordinary labour market policies. Using register data from Statistics Sweden (labour market status, earnings, education etc.), the authors follow those affected until 1999, comparing their experiences with the development of a large sample of other workers who lost their jobs because of plant closures in 1987‐1988 but who did not receive extraordinary measures.

Findings

Estimations of the net effect of the extraordinary measures find that they did have positive long‐term effects for the displaced shipyard workers and miners. They have higher employment, not higher unemployment, and higher earnings than the comparison group.

Originality/value

The authors are not aware of any previous research on the effects of labour market policy addressing displacement in the long term.
Exploring the affordance and acceptance of an e‐reader device as a collaborative learning system
Authors: Seet Boon‐Chong , Goh Tiong‐Thye
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The aim of this research is to identify users' perceived affordances and explore how they influence the acceptance of an e‐reader device collaborative learning system.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reports on two studies conducted to identify and explore perceived affordances. The first study enabled four users to experience a collaborative problem‐solving task to elicit perceived affordances. The second study developed and used a survey instrument based on a modified technology acceptance model with 54 participants to investigate the influences of the affordances on users' acceptance using the partial least square technique.

Findings

Five major affordance factors were found to be significantly influencing users' acceptance of the proposed system. These affordance factors are: mobility affordance, support affordance, connectivity affordance, immediacy affordance, and collaborative affordance. Surprisingly, sustainability affordance was found to have limited influence on the acceptance of the proposed system.

Research limitations/implications

The findings can be applied to other e‐reader devices with features similar to iLiad such as Sony PRS, Kobo, Nook, PocketBook and Viewsonic. Prototyping is a critical design process which aims to elicit user experiences. The research implies that the prototype system is capable of generating perceived affordances that are useful for e‐reader device development in order to enhance acceptance. The convenience sample used in the survey is biased towards male participants. As male and female users perceive information and communications technologies (ICT) differently, caution should be taken when applying the findings to the general population.

Practical implications

Practitioners should focus on utilising the support affordance of the system and identifying clear learning goals with the help of collaborative affordance as the learning pedagogy. System designers should focus on creating a good range of visible support affordances that are intuitive, while enhancing or complementing the collaborative learning affordances. The design of an integrated chat application is important as it lays the foundation for ensuring that collaborative learning with e‐reader devices is possible.

Originality/value

E‐reader devices have not been studied extensively as collaborative learning systems. This research is believed to be the first to integrate and explore the use of an e‐reader device in a collaborative learning environment. This study introduces the concept of composite affordance with a modified technology acceptance model for investigating users' acceptance of an e‐reader device as a collaborative learning system.
Developing an asset management value improvement model (a‐VIM) approach for an airport operational engineering environment
Authors: Gibbons Paul M. , Kennedy Colin , Burgess Stuart C. , Godfrey Patrick
Published: July 2012

Purpose

A previous attempt to implement the use of historical measures of asset management effectiveness – as part of a value improvement model (VIM) for repetitive processes – had not been 100 percent successful within an airport operational engineering environment. Taking into account the more holistic approach realised through applying a soft systems methodology (SSM), the purpose of this paper was to use the CATWOE (Customers, Actors, Transaction, World View, Owner and Environment) tool to gain an understanding of the root definition of the problem statement developing a conceptual model used to facilitate an improvement to the implementation process.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology taken incorporated an action research approach combining case study research with an action research process of planning, observing and reflecting summarized as taking an action case research design.

Findings

This research has developed a visual and systematic framework that enables managers to understand, analyse and improve value in their asset management repetitive processes. The CATWOE root definition tool has been used to create a conceptual model of the problem area providing a holistic view of the stakeholders and the internal and external environmental constraints that the VIM for asset management sits within.

Research limitations/implications

The research was completed in‐situ at a single airport focused on a single group of assets managed by a single group of stakeholders. Future research should look to further develop the VIM and CATWOE approach in other asset management environments such as manufacturing as well as asset intensive service industries.

Originality/value

This research has taken a soft systems approach and successfully applied it to the implementation of hard systems measurements of asset management effectiveness within an airport operational engineering environment. Other managers with asset management responsibilities will find this approach useful in achieving their core objective to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their assets and the teams employed to maintain them at minimal total cost.
An empirical study of the influence of intensity of competition on the deployment of contemporary management accounting practices and managerial techniques in Egyptian firms
Authors: Abdel‐Maksoud Ahmed , Abdallah Wagdy , Youssef Mayada
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of managers’ perception of the importance of aspects of competition on levels of deployment of contemporary management accounting practices (CMAPs) and analyzing that impact on levels of implementation of innovative managerial practices (IMP) and advanced manufacturing technologies (AMTs) in use in Egyptian manufacturing firms.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey of manufacturing firms operating in the three biggest industrial areas in Egypt was carried out in 2005. Data were collected through interviews, using structured questionnaire forms, which were carried out with managers of the surveyed firms.

Findings

The research findings indicate that within the six aspects, quality came first in ranking, followed by customer service and delivery, second and third, then innovation, price and flexibility respectively. Interestingly, respondents rank highly the importance of all aspects of competition included. Findings also show high levels of implementation of CMAPs and IMPs in the surveyed firms, while levels of implementation of CMTs are found to be below average.

Originality/value

The paper adds to the knowledge of contemporary management accounting practices and managerial techniques in Egyptian firms.
Analysis of warpage and residual stress in plastic ball grid array package after post mold cure
Authors: Yi Sung , Lam Tatiana M.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a design and material selection guideline for a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package in order to improve its reliability and manufacturing ability after post mold cure.

Design/methodology/approach

Numerical experiments based on a three‐dimensional (3‐D) viscoelastic finite element method have been conducted to evaluate governing damage mechanisms after post mold cure (PMC) for PBGA packages. The parametric studies for the PBGA package with various molding compounds have been performed. A wide range of the modulus (1MPa∼15GPa) and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) (10ppm∼300ppm) are evaluated to see feasibility of a new class of material set in the molding compound. Effects of thermo‐mechanical properties of selected molding compound on the warpage and residual stress of the PBGA are analyzed.

Findings

The present study shows that the material properties such as modulus and CTE of molding compounds play an important role in warpages and reliability of PBGA packages. After post mold cure, compressive normal stress σxx is observed in the silicon die, while tensile stress occurs in the rest of the PBGA package. The maximum normal stress σxx is observed at the center of the silicon die and decreases near the edge of the package. As the coefficient of thermal expansion of the silicon die is substantially less than that of the molding compound or substrate, the molding compound and the substrate are trying to shrink more when temperature decreases and in turn compressing the silicon chip. The molding compound with low modulus produces low stresses in the Si die and the die attach. Moreover, for the low modulus case, the CTE of molding compound does not affect the warpage of the PBGA package and the stresses in the silicon die or the die attach. However, for the high modulus case, the warpage and stresses are increased significantly by increasing the CTE of molding compound.

Research limitations/implications

It is suggested that adhesion strengths of die attaches should be studied in future studies, since those affect the delamination between dies and substrates.

Practical implications

The findings can be used as general design guidelines for a PBGA package.

Originality/value

The results presented in the paper will be very useful to designers of PBGAs.
Responses to job insecurity
Authors: Kang Dae‐seok , Gold Jeff , Kim Daewon
Published: July 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on a career perspective to investigate the association between employee experience of job insecurity and work‐related behaviors, specifically discretionary extra‐role and impression management behaviors. A second purpose is to analyze the interaction effect of perceived employability and job insecurity on extra‐role and impression management behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a sample of 207 supervisor‐subordinate dyads in Korean banking and financial institutions, the relationships between job insecurity and extra‐role or impression management as two career behaviors are tested. The interaction effects of employability and job insecurity on behavioral options are also tested.

Findings

The results showed that the perception of job insecurity led to both reduced extra‐role and impression management behavior and the intensity of withdrawal increased as employability increased.

Research limitations/implications

The findings provide a fundamental new insight into how a careerist orientation functions in the age of job insecurity.

Practical implications

Extra‐role and impression management behaviors may be an individual's method of career management, especially in the context of job insecurity, allowing managers to capture a more dynamic picture of an individual's career choice in a new employment relationship.

Originality/value

The paper adopts a career perspective in investigating employee extra‐role and impression management behaviors under conditions of declining job security. It adds further value by showing the moderating effect of employability on such behaviors.
How much for cash?
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Nadin Sara , Windebank Jan
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the cash‐in‐hand consumer culture in the property and construction sector. The conventional assumption has been that consumers using cash‐in‐hand transactions are rational economic actors doing so simply to save money. Here, this is evaluated critically.

Design/methodology/approach

To do this, evidence from a 2007 Eurobarometer survey involving 26,659 face‐to‐face interviews in 27 European Union member states is reported.

Findings

The finding is that saving money is the sole motive of consumers in just 38 per cent of cash‐in‐hand transactions in the European property and construction sector, one of several rationales in 38 per cent of exchanges and not cited as a rationale in the remaining 24 per cent of cases. Besides, saving money, consumers engage in cash‐in‐hand transactions to circumvent the shortcomings of formal sector provision in terms of its availability, speed and quality, as well as for social and redistributive rationales.

Research limitations/implications

This paper reveals the need for in‐depth qualitative research to unravel consumers' complex and heterogeneous rationales for using this sphere.

Practical implications

The implication is that changing the cost/benefit ratio confronting consumers when choosing to use the cash‐in‐hand economy is unlikely to be successful since cost is, in most cases, not their only rationale. Instead, attention needs to be given to improving the availability, speed, reliability and quality of formal sector provision and dealing with cash‐in‐hand work conducted for social and redistributive purposes.

Originality/value

This paper refutes the assumption that goods and services are acquired from the cash‐in‐hand economy solely in order to save money.
“Entrepreneurial cooperation”
Authors: van Nattem Ronald , Proveniers Adri
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Total outsourcing is now a common strategy for delivery of building maintenance and facilities services. Standing on the cross roads of “vanish or reinvent oneself” the Maintenance and Control Division of the corporate real estate management (CREM) Service of the Eindhoven University of Technology puts new focus on the operational aspect of CREM and gives less weight to the outside market. Based on engineering management viewpoints on CREM rather than pure economic management viewpoints, the purpose of this paper is to investigate under what conditions a mutual cooperation between in‐house staff and external contractors is successful in implementing new solutions, in effective as well as efficient ways.

Design/methodology/approach

A single case methodology in the format of a real business case. Based on theoretical and pragmatic engineering management principles, a business case was developed with the help of a well‐known Business Consultancy. The business case had an interim evaluation and will have a final evaluation.

Findings

From the interim evaluation, it can be concluded that the CREM entrepreneurial cooperation is on the right track towards promising results in reaching its efficiency and effectiveness goals. Real cooperation in joint cross‐functional expert teams is felt as experimental and thus time consuming. So CREM entrepreneurial cooperation is only suitable for complex CREM situations where there is a real need for innovative solutions. In spite of this, a sufficient number of large and some international external contractors in diverse aspects of building and building services were willing to participate in CREM entrepreneurial cooperation. In line with the English saying “the proof of the pudding is in the eating”, the official tendering of the next round will prove if the external contractors will be as satisfied as the university with the business case results.

Originality/value

The paper offers a non‐conformist view on mainstream outsourcing trends based on engineering management viewpoints on CREM, rather than pure economic management viewpoints. Also, the business case format of the case study is original.
Online tracking: questioning the power of informed consent
Authors: van Eijk N. , Helberger N. , Kool L. , van der Plas A. , van der Sloot B.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The paper aims to report the main findings of a study for the Dutch Regulatory Authority for the Telecommunications sector OPTA to explore how the new European “cookie rules” in the ePrivacy Directive impact on behavioral advertising practices via the storing and reading of cookies. The paper identifies the main dilemmas with the implementation of the new European rules. The Dutch case provides a valuable reality check also outside The Netherlands. Even before the amendment of the directive, The Netherlands already had an opt‐in system in place. From the Dutch experience important lessons can be learned also for other European countries.

Design/methodology/approach

After a brief analysis of the legal situation in Europe and in The Netherlands (section 2), section 3 reports about the findings of a survey among the main providers of targeted advertising in The Netherlands to explore the current use of cookies and targeted advertising practices. Section 4 describes the findings of a qualitative survey among Dutch internet users with the goal to define their level of skills and knowledge, acceptance of and behavior towards the placing and reading of cookies. A concluding section (section 5) summarizes the main findings and identifies implications for the future policy debate.

Findings

The results show that the majority of the surveyed parties involved in behavioral advertising do not inform users about the storing of cookies or the purposes of data processing of the subsequently obtained data, neither have they obtained users' consent for the storage of cookies. The authors also found that the majority of users lack the skills and knowledge to handle cookies.

Social implications

The findings critically question the wisdom of the “informed consent regime” that currently lies at the heart of Europe's ePrivacy Directive. The paper concludes with reflections about the concrete policy implications of the study, and a number of concrete suggestions of how to approach the future debate with regard to the regulation of online tracking and cookies.

Originality/value

The approach of the paper is original in that it combines legal analysis with two surveys: one among behavioral advertisers and one among online users. This approach permits us to better understand the efficacy of the new legal rules, to make predictions regarding the level of compliance with the new rules and identify areas in this highly topical debate that require further attention.
A note on US institutional equity flows to Brazil
Authors: French Joseph J. , Li Wei‐Xuan
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to understand the long‐run dynamics between returns, commodity prices, volatility, and US equity investment into Brazil. This research is prompted by the rapid increase in foreign equity investment into Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach

To address long‐run dynamic nature of the variables, multivariate autoregressive model is fitted for the period of January 1998 to May 2008. To achieve identification of this model, restrictions are imposed based on underlying financial theory and the nature of the data.

Findings

The paper finds consistent with a long literature, that US institutional equity investment is forecasted by past returns on the Brazilian stock index (BOVESPA). The paper also documents the important role of commodity prices in forecasting US equity flows to Brazil, a variable that has not been considered in much of existing literature. Finally, the paper uncovers a strong relationship between US equity flows to Brazil and measures of risk. The paper documents that an unexpected shock to US equity flows increases the volatility of the Brazilian equity market beyond what could be predicted by other variables in the system. The strong joint dynamics among US portfolio equity flows and the risk and return of the Brazilian equity market demonstrates the need for policy makers in Brazil to monitor short‐term portfolio flows.

Originality/value

There is a broad literature on the dynamics of US investment in emerging and developed markets but very little work focuses directly on Brazil. Additionally, this work is one of the first to explicitly consider the role of commodity prices on the dynamics of foreign equity flows to resource rich nations.
Implications of the Japan model for corporate governance and management for China and other emerging economies in Asia
Authors: Nakamura Masao , Fruin W. Mark
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The Chinese economy, among other developing economies in Asia, has experienced extraordinary growth in the last decade. Yet, for China and other newly emerging economies in Asia to grow in a sustainable manner, good corporate governance and management mechanisms must be in place. The authors aim to explore this issue in this paper. The authors also aim to particularly point out that Japan's experience both before after the Second World War will be relevant as a model for China's public and business development policy decision‐making.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply well‐established theories of economic development and organizational structures of business organizations to Japan's experience before and after the Second World War and then to contemporary China's experience. The analysis of Japan uses the substantial research findings on the development of that country available in the business history literature.

Findings

The paper's analysis shows multiple ways in which China and other emerging East Asian economies can take advantage of Japan's experience (which is called the Japan model here) for their own development policies and achieve sustainable growth in the long run. For example, it is expected that Japan's experiences may be relevant in areas such as: firm formation and the utility of business groups of various types; development of industrial relations and employment practices; interactions between business and government in the promotion of economic development; and how these factors relate to technology advances on a worldwide basis.

Originality/value

The findings reported in this paper also contribute marginally to the literature by considering the recent experience of Chinese private and state‐owned corporations, including international joint ventures, in the context of Japan's experience in its economic and business development history.
Consumption of renao at a Taiwan night market
Authors: Ackerman David , Walker Kristen
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the physical environment of night markets in Taiwan, mediated by “renao” (translated as bustling with noise and excitement) on need fulfillment and shopping satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

Grounded theory, interviews and observation in Study One identify concepts important to understanding why consumers shopped in night markets. Study Two employs a survey method to test findings from Study One concerning relationships between fulfillment of social and hedonic needs, physical factors and renao on consumer perceptions of the night market.

Findings

This paper suggests dense physical environments of night markets serve needs of consumers in cultures with an interdependent self‐concept by creating renao. The physical environment impacts the social and experiential needs fulfilled by shopping there, ultimately affecting satisfaction with and use of the market. They also find the dynamics of renao in a collectivist society act as a mediating factor in this process.

Research limitations/implications

The experience of being around many people creating bustle and excitement in the retail environment is important to need fulfillment and satisfaction of shoppers in this collectivist culture. Future research could expand to other collectivist cultures and compare results with those for shoppers in individualist cultures.

Practical implications

This research will help those in tourism and hospitality planning understand how socio‐cultural norms influence use of retail space and leisure shopping satisfaction.

Originality/value

This paper provides evidence that consumers in collectivist cultures may be more attracted to densely concentrated retail spaces.
The role of brand equity on mergers and acquisition in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Srivastava R.K.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of brand equity on mergers and acquisition (M&A) in the pharmaceutical sector; also to emphasize the various strategies and the benefits incurred in the arena of M&A in this sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The author studies two major mergers in recent years, i.e. the Daiichi‐Ranbaxy and the Pfizer‐Wyeth deals. Brand equities were calculated. This study applied the “RKS” model developed by the author and Inter‐brand model for calculation of brand equity. The results obtained after the application of the two models were analysed for financial‐based decisions.

Findings

The study captures the perceived importance of brand equity factors to M&A decision making. Although this strategy carries a high price tag, it offers quick returns, including access to new markets or a stronger position in current markets. A study on the recent acquisition and mergers in the pharmaceutical industry indicates that there is consolidation in medical devices, generic and consumer health segments of the healthcare industry.

Originality/value

The paper studies two recent mergers which indicate that often these decisions are based on emotion rather than rationality. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should be more rational while taking decisions on mergers or acquisition.