bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water erosion risk prediction in eucalyptus plantations
Authors: Silva Mayesse Aparecida da , Silva Marx Leandro Naves , Curi Nilton , Oliveira Anna Hoffmann , Avanzi Junior Cesar , Norton Lloyd Darrell
Published: June 2014

Eucalyptus plantations are normally found in vulnerable ecosystems such as steep slope, soil with low natural fertility and lands that were degraded by agriculture. The objective of this study was to obtain Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) factors and use them to estimate water erosion risk in regions with eucalyptus planted. The USLE factors were obtained in field plots under natural rainfall in the Rio Doce Basin, MG, Brazil, and the model applied to assess erosion risk using USLE in a Geographic Information System. The study area showed rainfall-runoff erosivity values from 10,721 to 10,642 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Some soils (Latosols) had very low erodibility values (2.0 x 10-4 and 1.0 x 10-4t h MJ-1 mm-1), the topographic factor ranged from 0.03 to 10.57 and crop and management factor values obtained for native forest, eucalyptus and planted pasture were 0.09, 0.12 and 0.22, respectively. Water erosion risk estimates for current land use indicated that the areas where should receive more attention were mainly areas with greater topographic factors and those with Cambisols. Planning of forestry activities in this region should consider implementation of other conservation practices beyond those already used, reducing areas with a greater risk of soil erosion and increasing areas with very low risk.
Fiber level for laying hens during the growing phase
Authors: Freitas Ednardo Rodrigues , Braz Nádia de Melo , Watanabe Pedro Henrique , Cruz Carlos Eduardo Braga , Nascimento Germano Augusto Jerônimo do , Bezerra Roseane Madeira
Published: June 2014

Feeding management of laying hens has been focused on the direct influence of nutrient intake on weight gain, especially at growing phase. This study evaluates nutrient digestibility, performance, development of the digestive tract, body composition, and bone quality of two strains of laying hens fed with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) during the growing phase from the 7th to the 12th week of age. A total of 1,296 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two strains x three levels of NDF) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment. Semi-heavy (Hy Line Brown) and light-strain (Lohman LSL) pullets were allotted to dietary treatments consisting of 14.50, 16.50, and 18.50% NDF. An interaction between strains and NDF levels was observed only for feed/gain ratio and light-strain pullets had lower performance with 18.50% NDF. The increasing levels of NDF in the diet reduced the coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy, and the values of metabolizable energy. Higher levels of NDF in the diet increased the relative weight of liver and intestines and reduced gizzard weight. It was also observed differences between bone quality and composition of the femur and tibia of light and semi-heavy hens. The increase in NDF level in ration for growing phase laying hens above 14.50% decreases the nutrient digestibility and the metabolizable energy of the diet; however, it does not affect the carcass composition, bone quality, feed intake, and weight gain, although it may impair feed conversion of light-strain pullets.
O solo de Django Reinhardt em Flèche d'Or
Authors: Cugny Laurent , Araújo Fabiano
Published: June 2014

Transcrição e análise do solo de Django Reinhardt na música Flèche d'Or, de sua autoria. Os aspectos estruturais e harmônicos desta obra, gravada em janeiro de 1952, revelam forte semelhança com Milestones de Miles Davis, gravada em 1958, que é a aceita como a primeira do jazz modal. O artigo apresenta, também, uma transcrição dos acentos e deslocamentos feitos pelo baterista Pierre Lemarchand, para demonstrar um erro de compasso que pode ser explicado pelo caráter inédito deste tipo de forma musical no jazz da época. A análise revela no solo de Django, uma abordagem outside tanto em termos harmônicos quanto rítmicos.
Além da música: repensando Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Authors: Etlinger Sarah A. , Borém Fausto
Published: June 2014

A discussão crítica sobre o Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts ClubBand tem sido consistentemente consolidada em relação à importância do álbum, especialmente em relação às inovações musicais e maneiras com que mudou a cultura do rock. Quando se menciona a capa do álbum, esta é analisada em termos de sua relação simbólica com o conteúdo das inovações musicais do disco. Entretanto, teóricos como Kenneth Womack e Todd F. Davis examinaram a relação dos Beatles com a teoria crítica, enquanto que Ian Inglis explora o trabalho cultural contido nas capas dos álbuns dos Beatles. Ao invés de tratar da relação música e imagem, este artigo busca expandir a discussão além de seu valor para a música popular, focando em três contextos visuais: pop art, fotomontagem e a história do design em capas de álbuns. Defendo, no presente artigo, que Sgt. Pepper marca uma mudança na maneira como a imagem da banda desempenha uma crítica auto-reflexiva, tanto por meio do conteúdo visual da imagem quanto nos processos pelos quais foi criada, o que faz a capa do álbum transcender um simples bem de consumo ou uma embalagem exótica. A confluência entre pop art e fotomontagem e permeia essa discussão, uma vez que ambos movimentos estão engajados com a questão da representação e o status quo por meio da apropriação de imagens da comunicação de massa.
Terra dos Pássaros: a permanência de elementos da contracultura na produção de Toninho Horta nos anos de 1970
Authors: Nicodemo Thaís Lima , Santos Rafael dos
Published: June 2014

Esse artigo apresenta uma análise da produção do compositor e instrumentista Toninho Horta, com enfoque em sua atuação ao longo dos anos 1970 e no processo de elaboração de seu disco inaugural, Terra dos Pássaros, lançado de forma independente, em 1979. Tendo como ponto de partida a MPB e os festivais da canção, em fins dos anos 1960, em um contexto marcado pelo regime autoritário e pela consolidação da indústria cultural, procuramos discutir a permanência de elementos ligados à contracultura na produção de Toninho Horta, perceptíveis em seu discurso, em seu processo criativo e no conteúdo de suas canções, durante os anos 1970. Levamos em consideração a correspondência entre sua concepção musical, ligada a uma dimensão lúdica e "informal", com outras produções, como a do chamado Clube da Esquina e do coletivo de poesia Nuvem Cigana, com os quais Toninho Horta estabeleceu relações. O estudo dessas produções pode contribuir para a compreensão de transformações da canção popular brasileira, durante os anos 1970.
Marta Saré de Edu Lobo: memórias híbridas
Authors: Bastos Everson Ribeiro , Fernandes Adriana
Published: June 2014

Nos anos de 1960, Edu Lobo era reconhecido pela preocupação estética e social em sua música. Os elementos para elaboração destas composições eram oriundos da música nordestina, da bossa nova e posteriormente da música "erudita". A partir de alguns conceitos de hibridismo, buscou-se entender as fontes musicais reelaboradas por Edu Lobo, mais especificamente na canção Memórias de Marta Saré (1968 - Edu Lobo e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri). O resultado deste estudo revela que as hibridações elaboradas nesta canção evidenciam alguns aspectos que explicam a singularidade do compositor, além de mostrar como os próprios conceitos de hibridismo se misturam nesta obra, cuja partitura está publicada às p.159-166 nesse número 30 de Per Musi.
O coletivo anônimo e a trama dos gêneros: subjetivações plurais e intertextualidade no Brasil dos anos 1960
Authors: Neder Alvaro
Published: June 2014

Este ensaio destaca a pouco compreendida pluralidade de gêneros musicais na MPB e na Tropicália da década de 1960, relacionando-a aos abalos vividos no período. Tal pluralidade de gêneros é inédita em um conjunto unitário de práticas na história da música popular brasileira, e argumenta-se que seu surgimento em momento marcado pela busca de participação nas decisões nacionais e diálogo, por parte das populações mais amplas, é significativa. Nesta pesquisa etnomusicológica, gêneros musicais foram compreendidos como discursos e diferentes gêneros foram percebidos como os discursos de diferentes grupos sociais e culturais. Investigando este fenômeno através do conceito de intertextualidade, analisou-se como identidades culturais erigidas em torno de gêneros delimitados foram desconstruídas pela ruptura de fronteiras entre os gêneros. Um sujeito plural emergiu deste processo, desafiando pares binários mutuamente excludentes.
Que bom te ver viva: vozes femininas reivindicando uma outra história
Authors: Bezerra Kátia da Costa
Published: June 2014

O direito de determinar o significado da ditadura militar no Brasil tem sido o centro de uma pol êmica envolvendo membros da esquerda militante e do regime militar. A linguagem usada pelos dois grupos constantemente se revolve em torno de imagens míticas de "heróis", "vítimas" ou "para o bem do povo". Este ensaio discute o filme Que bom te ver viva, de Lúcia Murat, que traz uma nova perspectiva para esse debate. Tendo como ponto de partida o testemunho de oito ex-prisioneiras políticas, o filme procura responder a pergunta "Como sobrevivemos?". O ensaio discute como o filme constrói quadros de memória que vão al ém daqueles tidos como representativos.
Os males do Brasil são: a doença como elemento distintivo da condição de ser brasileiro
Authors: Ferreira Ermelinda Maria Araújo
Published: June 2014

Este ensaio nasceu da intenção de comparar as recolhas de dados sobre a medicina empírico-tradicional em Portugal e no Brasil, por iniciativa de Michel Giacometti, naturalizado português, cujo acervo, recentemente descoberto, foi reunido no volume Artes de Cura e Espanta-Males (2009), e do brasileiro Mário de Andrade, autor do livro Namoros com a Medicina (1937). A similaridade desses trabalhos aponta para o interesse desses pesquisadores sobre a cultura popular - em particular aquela relacionada ao entendimento espontâneo do povo luso-brasileiro sobre os males do corpo e da alma, e de suas interpretações metafóricas e estigmatizantes sobre a doença como um mal social. A partir daí, pretendeu-se tecer uma análise sobre a construção e desconstrução de mitos identitários brasileiros como Jeca Tatu e Macunaíma, analisando seus antecedentes no imaginário literário português e suas repercussões na moderna literatura nacional.
Back to the roots? - Namíbia, Não!, de Aldri Anunciação
Authors: Thorau Henry
Published: June 2014

Este artigo analisa como a "comédia negra" Namíbia, Não!, do jovem dramaturgo baiano Aldri Anunciação, elabora as últimas consequências da famosa democracia racial brasileira e dos direitos humanos, e como vai até os limites do discurso pós-colonialista "politicamente correto" no Brasil do século XXI.
Percepção de fala: desempenho de indivíduos usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual com microfone direcional
Authors: Mondelli Maria Fernanda Capoani Garcia , Almeida Caio César Calderon de
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho da percepção de fala no ruído, de indivíduos com perda auditiva, usuários de Aparelho de Amplificação Sonora Individual (AASI) com microfone direcional, nas seguintes situações: sem AASI, com AASI e microfone omnidirecional e com AASI e microfone direcional. Métodos Estudo de coorte histórica, com corte transversal, e participação de 45 sujeitos bilateralmente adaptados com AASI de tecnologia digital. Os sujeitos foram avaliados por meio do teste HINT - Brasil, em três momentos: sem AASI, com AASI e microfone omnidirecional ativado e com AASI e microfone direcional ativado. Resultados Por meio de análise de medidas descritivas e testes estatísticos foi possível verificar diferença entre as três condições de avaliação: sem AASI, com AASI e microfone direcional e com AASI e microfone omnidirecional, sendo o menor valor de p para o microfone direcional ativado. Conclusão A ativação do microfone direcional contribui para o melhor desempenho da percepção de fala em situação de ruído controlado.
A duração da pausa silente difere entre palavras de classe aberta ou fechada?
Authors: Pedott Paula Renata , Bacchin Letícia Bondezan , Cáceres-Assenço Ana Manhani , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Verificar se o tempo médio das pausas silentes difere para a classe das palavras (aberta ou fechada) e se há diferença entre esse tempo para crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem e crianças com distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL), em cada tipo de palavra. Métodos Participaram da pesquisa 40 crianças em desenvolvimento típico de linguagem e 20 com DEL, com idade variando entre 7 e 10 anos. Cada sujeito elaborou 15 narrativas, baseadas em uma sequência de quatro cenas cada. Após a transcrição das amostras, as palavras foram classificadas como de classe aberta (substantivo, adjetivo, verbo, advérbio e numeral), ou fechada (artigo, preposição, pronome, conjunção e interjeição). Em um segundo momento, as amostras foram submetidas a um software para análise das pausas silentes, que permitiu o levantamento do tempo (milissegundos) das pausas imediatamente anteriores a cada uma dessas categorias gramaticais. Resultados Em ambos os grupos, a pausa silente foi mais longa quando precedia as palavras de classe fechada, sendo que o grupo com DEL, em geral, apresentou pausas silentes mais longas que seus pares. Conclusão A duração da pausa silente varia conforme a classe gramatical da palavra que será enunciada, sendo menor quando precede palavras de classe aberta. Além disso, o fato de os indivíduos com DEL apresentarem pausas silentes mais longas que seus pares, confirma a menor velocidade de seu processamento linguístico.
A interferência do status de linguagem expressiva na pontuação do Autism Behavior Checklist em autistas verbais e não verbais
Authors: Tamanaha Ana Carina , Marteleto Marcia Regina Fumagalli , Perissinoto Jacy
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Verificar a interferência do status da linguagem expressiva na pontuação do Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), comparando crianças autistas não verbais e verbais. Métodos A amostra foi constituída por 68 crianças autistas, de ambos os gêneros, entre 3 e 12 anos, divididas em dois grupos: 28 crianças não verbais (Grupo GNV) e 40 verbais (Grupo GV). Utilizamos o ABC, composto por 57 comportamentos não adaptativos, que foi respondido pelas mães, em forma de entrevista. Resultados Os GNV e GV não diferiram entre si na pontuação média Total do ABC. Na área verbal, a pontuação média do GV foi maior que a do GNV. Quando se excluiu os comportamentos dessa área, a pontuação média total foi reduzida. No entanto, não houve diferença nas médias das outras áreas. Conclusão As crianças verbais apresentaram maior prejuízo na área Linguagem do que as crianças não verbais. Ao excluirmos todos os comportamentos não adaptativos dessa área, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos.
A perspectiva de professores quanto ao trabalho com crianças com autismo
Authors: Pimentel Ana Gabriela Lopes , Fernandes Fernanda Dreux Miranda
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Identificar e descrever as dificuldades e o valor atribuído ao trabalho com crianças com autismo, por professores. Métodos Participaram deste estudo 51 professores de escolas regulares e especiais, que tinham crianças com DEA dentre seus alunos. Um questionário fechado, tipo classificação, foi respondido pelos professores, sobre o papel que exercem em relação ao aluno, suas dificuldades e habilidades no que se refere ao aluno, suas observações sobre comportamentos e interesses da criança e estratégias de comunicação usadas por ambos. Resultados Os professores responderam que a sua influência era, principalmente, relacionada à comunicação e às relações interpessoais e que as dificuldades, predominantemente associadas à aprendizagem, comunicação e comportamento da criança. Consideraram que a escola oferece apoio suficiente para seu trabalho, mas que há pouca contribuição de outros profissionais e falta de tecnologia de ensino adequada. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os professores estão despreparados para ensinar alunos com DEA, necessitando de melhores instruções e mais apoio de outros profissionais, podendo, assim, proporcionar educação de melhor qualidade para essas crianças.
Características vocais e emocionais de professores e não professores com baixa e alta ansiedade
Authors: Almeida Larissa Nadjara Alves , Lopes Leonardo Wanderley , Costa Denise Batista da , Silva Eveline Gonçalves , Cunha Germana Maria Soares da , Almeida Anna Alice Figueirêdo de
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Comparar características vocais e emocionais em grupos de professores e não professores com baixa e alta ansiedade. Métodos Participaram do estudo 93 sujeitos, de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 18 e 59 anos, divididos em quatro grupos: professores com baixa ansiedade (PBA), professores com alta ansiedade (PAA), não professores com baixa ansiedade (NPBA) e não professores com alta ansiedade (NPAA). Os parâmetros vocais foram mensurados por meio dos instrumentos Questionário de Sinais e Sintomas Vocais (QSSV), Protocolo de Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV), Índice de Desvantagem Vocal (IDV), além da gravação de fala e vogal sustentada, avaliada por três fonoaudiólogos, a partir da Escala Analógico-Visual (EAV). Para avaliação dos parâmetros emocionais, utilizou-se o Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ) e o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE). Resultados Constatou-se que os grupos com alta ansiedade relataram sintomas indicativos de alto nível de estresse e depressão, sendo que o grupo de professores apresentou maior número de sintomas emocionais. Quanto aos parâmetros vocais, observou-se que os professores com alta ansiedade expressaram maior número de sintomas vocais, maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida em voz, maior desvio global da qualidade vocal e alto índice de desvantagem vocal, quando comparados com os demais grupos. Conclusão Os indivíduos com alta ansiedade tiveram maior comprometimento emocional, vocal e na qualidade de vida, sobretudo aqueles que têm a voz como instrumento de trabalho, os professores.
Efeitos da reabilitação fonoaudiológica na desvantagem vocal de cantores populares profissionais
Authors: Silva Fernanda Ferreira da , Moreti Felipe , Oliveira Gisele , Behlau Mara
Published: June 2014

Objetivo Verificar o efeito de um programa de reabilitação de voz na desvantagem vocal autorrelatada por um questionário, em cantores populares profissionais com disfonia. Métodos Quarenta e nove cantores populares profissionais, entre 18 e 45 anos, avaliados pelo otorrinolaringologista e diagnosticados como portadores de disfonia comportamental, com ou sem lesão de massa, relacionada, em maior ou menor grau, ao comportamento vocal, foram encaminhados para fonoterapia. Os cantores foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Experimental (GE), com 29 cantores submetidos à fonoterapia imediata e Controle (GC), com 20 cantores aguardando em fila de espera do serviço para terapia fonoaudiológica, atendidos após a finalização da pesquisa. Todos os participantes responderam ao protocolo de Índice de Desvantagem para o Canto Moderno (IDCM) e autoavaliaram suas vozes falada e cantada, na primeira e na última sessão de atendimento (avaliação e reavaliação). Resultados Houve diferença entre o GE e o GC no momento pós-terapia, para todos os escores do protocolo IDCM. Não houve mudanças em relação ao número de aulas de canto, após a intervenção. O GE relatou melhoria na qualidade da voz falada e cantada. Conclusão Cantores populares profissionais que realizaram terapia fonoaudiológica apresentaram redução na desvantagem vocal autorrelatada no canto, quando comparados aos cantores com queixas vocais e sem tratamento.
Pattern of Egg Maturation and Oviposition forMicroplitis rufiventris(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Wasps Given Different Schedules of Host Availability and Food Resources
Authors: Hegazi Esmat , Khafagi Wedad , Schlyter Fredrik
Published: June 2014

The effects of the oviposition regime on egg maturation rate in the synovigenic parasitoid, Microplitis rufiventris Kokujev were investigated. In non-ovipositing wasps, females normally reach a peak of egg maturation rate on 1 d posteclosion. Egg maturation slowed down once the maximum oviduct egg load was reached on 2 d posteclosion. In wasps manipulated for 20 ovipositions per day, the egg maturation rate during the first 3 d posteclosion was lower compared with those manipulated for 40 ovipositions per day. The rate of egg maturation in 1-d-old wasps was found to be the highest for those that experienced 60 ovipositions per day. The maturation rate in females offered unlimited hosts was not significantly greater than those manipulated for 40 ovipositions per day. The act of oviposition significantly increased the rate of egg maturation and minimized egg resorption in the female wasp. The distribution of mature eggs in the ovaries at death is apparently associated with the oviposition regime. Trade-offs between egg maturation rate and female longevity were quite evident.
Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of a buoyant plume above a cylinder
Authors: Grafsrønningen Stig , Jensen Atle
Published: June 2014

Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of a horizontal heated cylinder with Rayleigh number Ra = 9·4 × 107 were carried out and compared with experimental data. Different one-point closure models were used, both two-equation turbulence models and more sophisticated Reynolds stress models. The results approach the laminar solution regardless of the model used, and thus turbulent effects that occur downstream of the cylinder are not captured and the ensemble averaged results differ significantly from the experimental results. Nevertheless, the simulations are examples of mainstay engineering approaches and illustrate possible problems and pitfalls when using commercial general-purpose computational fluid dynamics codes without comparison against experimental results or other means of verification. Natural convection heat transfer from a single horizontal cylinder at intermediate Rayleigh numbers is a well-examined classical problem within heat transfer research. However, even though the geometry is very simple, the problem involves rather complex flow features that are hardly amendable by Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations or even large eddy simulations.
Prospective Instructional Design: Establishing Conditions for Emergent Learning
Authors: Critchfield Thomas S. , Twyman Janet S.
Published: June 2014

Instructional designers plan current student experiences that promote future competence. There is a wide agreement that current instruction should allow students to “go beyond the information given” by demonstrating novel understanding. Less clear is what instructional efforts yield what specific emergent knowledge. Under these conditions, emergent learning remains an untestable, and therefore unscientific, concept. We describe a framework that creates emergent learning in both novice and experienced learners, and in many academic subjects, specifying preconditions that will yield specific emergent learning outcomes, and thereby promoting a desirable level of prospective precision in the planning of future student competence.
Using a New Spectroscopy Tool to Quantify Elemental Concentrations and TOC in an Unconventional Shale Gas Reservoir: Case Studies from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Salim Ahmed , Meridji Yacine , Musharfi Nedhal , Al-Waheed Hilal , Saldungaray Pablo , Herron Susan , Polyakov Marina
Published: June 2014

The increasing complexity of today's reservoirs requires a good understanding of a formation's mineralogy to make an accurate petrophysical analysis. This is particularly true in the case of unconventional reservoirs, for which the quantification of both mineralogy and organic carbon content is critical to confidently appraise and develop new prospects.

A new spectroscopy tool is being applied to evaluate challenging shale gas reservoirs. The new measurements quantify key mineral-forming elements with higher precision and accuracy than previously possible. The new technology provides a direct determination of total organic carbon (TOC), which is an important parameter in the evaluation of kerogen-rich unconventional reservoirs.

Accurate lithology and kerogen volumes ultimately affect the estimation of porosity and free and adsorbed gas saturations, which are critical for evaluating resources and planning for further field development. Mineralogy can also be used in geomechanical models to determine completion quality, design stimulation operations, and specify intervals for perforation.

The results obtained show excellent agreement with core data for TOC, elemental concentrations, and mineral abundances. One of the main advantages of computing TOC directly from carbon is that it does not require calibration to core data as do empirical methods based on local correlations that use more indirect measurements such as bulk density, sonic-resistivity overlay, or uranium concentration. The robustness of the proposed direct carbon approach is illustrated by comparing it with core and well-established methods for estimating TOC, such as the Schmoker technique.
Extending the Applicability of Chemical EOR in High Salinity, High Temperature & Fractured Carbonate Reservoir Through Viscoelastic Surfactants
Authors: Azad M. S. , Sultan A. S
Published: June 2014

Carbonate reservoirs possess the greatest challenge for chemical EOR methods. The challenges limiting the applicability of chemical EOR in carbonate reservoirs are the harsh reservoir conditions and the presence of fractures. Harsh conditions include high salinity, hardness and temperature. These conditions make most of the conventional surfactants and polymers ineffective. Fractures in carbonate reservoir provide the easy conduit for injected slugs to break through the production wells, thereby reducing the sweep efficiency drastically. Thus the carbonate reservoirs are not the best candidate for chemical EOR methods.

Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) is the self-assembling surfactant that contributes to displacement and sweep efficiency through the formation of wormlike micelles (WLM). WLM can generate higher viscosity especially at the harsh conditions. The positive impact of VES towards salinity, hardness and temperature could favor its applicability as an EOR fluid. Elastic nature of VES could block the fractures. Three different Viscoelastic surfactants (Ethomin, Armovis and Aquadat) are screened based on WLM growth and IFT. The optimum VES is chosen then. The optimum VES is studied at various concentrations. Surfactants and polymers are added to VES forming S/VES and VES/P system.

High Viscosity meant for mobility control and low IFT meant for oil mobilization are the two important parameters which any formulation in chemical EOR is desired for. Hence, ViscosistyIFT ratio of VES, S/VES and VES/P systems are studied individually with sea water of 57000 ppm at the temperature of 70°C. The potential formulation is reported. The potential of VES as the diversion fluid is also studied.

Results indicated that Armovis could endure the harsh conditions among the three VES studied. VES system performs better followed by VES/P. VES can be a potential diversion agent.
Water – Chemical Treatment, Management and Cost
Authors: Wiggett Adrian J.
Published: June 2014

Recycling produced water for re-use in gas and oil fields for hydraulic fracturing and re-injection to maintain reservoir pressure is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of this natural resource. This is especially the case when these activities are not near a readily available source of ‘free water’ such as seawater or an aquifer.

We explore ways to use water management to lower Operational Expenditure OPEX overall by eliminating fresh water sourcing, transportation, storage and its treatment as well as the storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of produced or flow-back water.

The water management approach enables operators to re-use produced waters in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Pre-treatment testing and analysis characterizes the chemistry of the water to ensure an effective fracturing fluid design and to determine the appropriate water treatment solution for every application. By using a comprehensive water treatment suite of technologies, we demonstrate that virtually any oilfield water can be treated. Post-treatment testing confirms the water meets the customer's specific requirements.

Integrating water management service technical expertise with water chemistry and chemical treatments maximizes hydrocarbon production, minimizes reservoir damage, and reduces the costs of fresh water sourcing by as much as 90%. The techniques also offer real routes for oil operators to meet regulatory requirements, mitigating environmental impact.
A Novel Method to Boost Production from Low Production Gas Wells to Increase Overall Recovery and Avoid Well Intervention
Authors: Al-Malki Bandar H. , Baqawi Ahmed M. , Peeran Syed M , Beg N
Published: June 2014

Gas-condensate fields producing under natural depletion are often faced with the challenge of finding adequate, long term and cost effective solutions to energize the pressure decline in the old gas wells after long years of production and drainage depletion. The most common practice is re-entry operation utilizing a workover rig to target a new section in the reservoir or implement a new completion to conduct an advanced stimulation technique. These options are expensive and not the most effective as there will be a lengthy idle time until the workover is conducted. The problem is worsened as reservoir pressure falls below dew point which could cause liquid loading compounded by water production issues in the wellbore.

The primary objective is to boost the wellhead pressure to overcome the back pressure imposed by the downstream main gas flow system. Other than an expensive option of a workover job with a rig, a boosting system can be acquired in such cases to maintain production or to prolong the production life of the fields and increase the total rate of hydrocarbon recovery.

The innovative use of Velocity Spool (VS), commercially known as Surface Jet Pump (SJP), technology is one of the simplest and most cost effective ways to boost low pressure and revive dead wells. The SJP (or VS) system is a device that has no rotating parts which utilises pressure energy from high pressure well (or group of wells) to help low pressure well (or group of wells) flow against high pressure upstream facilities without the need for compression. Furthermore, the Velocity Spool can defer or replace the eventual use of conventional technology, such as compressors. It can also save considerable capital and operating costs associated with re-entries.

The SJP system has been successfully applied worldwide onshore/offshore to generate incremental production and optimise production process. However, the application discussed in this paper under the applied conditions is the first of its kind worldwide. This paper provides details of the recent novel SJP (VS) system applications in Saudi Aramco onshore gas fields. The implementation involved installation of the VS on ten different Low Pressure (LP) gas wells to utilize the strong stream HP well(s) that were drilled recently or producing from a more prolific reservoir section.

Recent field examples of this technology from Saudi Arabia are covered in this paper. The paper also addresses the economic aspects of the technology applications by giving an indication of the payback periods that can be achieved from the added revenue or from cost savings. Field applications have shown that the recovery of the capital spent in installing SJP (VS) systems is generally achieved within a few weeks to a few months.
Downhole Electrical Disconnect Tool Enables the Parting and Subsequent ReConnection of the Upper Completion Containing an ESP from the Lower Intelligent Completion
Authors: Izetti Ronaldo , Pinto Hardy , Rosas Fabio , Minassa Lorenzzo , Vayeda Ravi , Deyo Benjamin , Bhat Gireesh , Rodrigues Desiderio , Bonfim Antonio
Published: June 2014

Intelligent completions and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are realizing greater oilfield acceptance because of their capabilities to improve recoveries, especially in multi-zone wells where production can be controlled and optimized without intervention. Previously, when ESPs had to be removed for routine maintenance, the whole completion had to be pulled, which would require significant time, risk, and cost. Now, an electrical disconnect tool exists that enables ESPs to be changed out without requiring the lower intelligent completion to be removed. This paper discusses the equipment and methodology recently used in a trial test offshore Brazil to reliably disconnect an ESP in the upper completion from the lower intelligent completion that had two interval-control valves (ICVs) and two dual-sensor pressure/temperature gauges. The trial test required the disconnect sub to be disconnected from the receptacle, then reconnected again, followed by an ICV and gauge function test to prove the reliability of the wet mate connector in the electro-hydraulic disconnect tool.

This paper highlights the successful case history of the new disconnect tool installed in January 2013 in the Carapeba field, offshore Brazil. The paper will discuss the technical aspects of the concept, the well-planning details, completion procedures, installation lessons learned, and tool design improvements that will be adopted for use in future wells.

This installation will initiate the use of electrical disconnect tools for upcoming intelligent completions involving ESPs, sub-surface safety valves, or long horizontal sections that may require the lower completion to be installed on drill pipe.
A Graphical Method to Evaluate Multi-Reservoir Commingling
Authors: Barri Assad , Alnuaim Sami
Published: June 2014

Commingling technique is one of the completion design methods that have been used in many oil fields to increase oil production. This technique is used mainly when pay zones have similar rock and oil properties. Previously in vertical wells, commingling was done by opening pay zones to the well bore, but recently specially in horizontal and multi-lateral technology, commingling is achieved by drilling many lateral holes into the pay zones from the same main hole, and producing all of them at the same time. Before deciding on the commingling, some situations need to be addressed before deciding on whether it is optimum to commingle all or some of zones together or not.

In this paper, a graphical method has been proposed to assist on the commingling decision by evaluating two completion scenarios and analyze both of them graphically. This method is focused mainly on the effect of the bubble point pressure rather than the other factors because it has a major impact on the productions especially if the commingled zones have different values.

The study concluded that commingling decision becomes more likely when the commingled zones have similar saturation pressure; and vice versa. It also concluded that commingling decision becomes more likely when the zone that has the highest value of saturation pressure is deeper than the rest of the pay zones or it has a higher productivity index as compared to the rest of pay zones.
Successful Field Application of Aqueous-Based Formation Consolidation Treatment Implemented in Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Songire Sumit , Hassan Amro , Amer Mohamed , Farid Saber , Luijkx Jean-Marie , AbdelKhaleq Mohamed
Published: June 2014

Sand production can be challenging for many operators in unconsolidated formations. The production of formation sand and fines can cause erosion damage to both surface and downhole equipment, resulting in major well intervention and sand disposal costs.

Conventional resin consolidation systems have been successfully used to prevent solids production in short, homogenous intervals. However, resin consolidation attempts in longer intervals have resulted in erratic success rates, which could be attributed to a lack of complete and uniform treatment of the entire interval length. A recently developed aqueous-based resin (ABR) system has helped provide effective and efficient treatment of significantly longer intervals, has improved health, safety, security, environmental (HSSE) compatibility, and can help improve various operational considerations.

This paper discusses results of laboratory testing and the subsequent successful treatment using the ABR system within a well located in Nile Delta, which was the first attempt of its kind in Egypt.

Sieve analysis revealed unsorted formation sand, which usually requires a gravel pack completion, rather than a standalone screen; however, because of limitations with respect to wellbore diameter (5 in.), it was difficult to complete the well using conventional gravel pack completion methods.

Additionally, the well had a history of unsuccessful treatment using a non-resin product, which modifies the surface potential charges of the sand grains and reduces the repelling forces between them. The well was still producing sand after that treatment; thus, the decision was made to treat the interval using the ABR system. Thereafter, hydrocarbon production, at a rate of 5.5 MMscf/D, was monitored and sand production from the well decreased by more than 95%, with no impairment to hydrocarbon production.
Evaluate Fracturing Fluid Performance for Hydraulic Stimulation in Pre-Khuff Sandstone Reservoirs of Ghawar Gas Field
Authors: Das Prasanta , Rahim Zillur
Published: June 2014

The choice of stimulation fluids and proppants are very important for successful proppant fracturing. Saudi Aramco along with a few service companies had put lot of efforts on the development of the Ghawar gas field mainly in the Pre-Khuff sandstone formations in the past years. A good understanding of the fracturing fluids and its performance downhole is the key to successful stimulation of gas wells.

The design of a fracturing fluid depends on several reservoir properties such as bottomhole static temperature, reservoir fluid properties, formation permeability, rock mechanical properties etc. The pre-Khuff reservoir possesses very high temperature (in the range of 290-3400F) and high fracture gradient (0.6-0.95). Choice of particular fluid systems used during proppant fracturing is mainly governed by the bottomhole static temperature, treatment time and cost. Different types of borate-crosslinked, metal-crosslinked and viscoelastic fluid systems were used in the past with different proppant concentration. One of the major concerns with the crosslinked fracturing fluids is the damage created in the formation due to non-uniform broken fluid and unbroken gel left inside the formation after the treatment is performed. The paper provides an assessment on different fracturing fluids pumped in pre-Khuff sandstone formations and compares the performance in terms of formation damage and well deliverability from actual case histories. The paper also provides recommendations that can be implemented to assess and minimize formation damage from unbroken gel and achieve improved production.

The paper provides an overview on the different fracturing fluids, current design practices, probable damage severity due to unbroken gel and fracturing fluid performance with respect to production improvement through case studies. The study can be used as a lesson learnt for selection of right stimulation fluid and evaluation of formation damage due to fracturing fluid performance for other reservoir conditions.
A Saudi Arabia Giant Field Development: Lessons from Integrating Technologies
Authors: Arukhe James , Harthi Mabkhout , Namlah Sultan , Ahmari Abdulrahman
Published: June 2014

Discrete technology solutions, such as real time data acquisition, distributed temperature sensing, etc., applied on a selected-well basis, seem to serve field development engineers well sometimes. For engineers to continually improve field-wide operations and attain the cost and production advantages necessary to stay competitive in an industry shifting to cost-effective applications, integrating workflows is a strategic imperative. Engineers will need to concentrate and excel not just on specific technologies, but on holistic rigless operations success driven by more attention to integration than individual technology solutions. The challenge facing asset teams remains how to execute comprehensive plans to make significantly higher returns from capital technology spending in the field.

The scope of this paper is to present how engineers have adopted technology integration and alignment of CT reach and stimulation technology solutions for the specific situation of successfully developing and managing major oil carbonate field in readiness for a major production milestone. The approach presented entails an all-inclusive project-based method that involves performance reviews, elimination or reduction of idle times through close monitoring of incremental project stages, optimizing operational efficiency through increasing the speed of material delivery to the well sites, and improvement of logistics of people and equipment. The approach involves unifying role-based, process-based, and production workflows throughout the operation and building on a learning curve with each successive rigless operation. From the safe job execution of many rigless activities, a model or scorecard is available to control important variables, assess the effectiveness of specific technologies, and provide support for leading or lagging indicators.

Consequent upon routine and seamless inclusion of technology-based exercises at a project level, rigless activities have been completed over 60% faster than when the campaigns started nearly five years ago. Monetizing this value of technology integration in auditable and quantifiable terms translate to significant gains over the course of the rigless campaign. Through integration, engineers can implement effective programs for improvement in service levels and improve operations. Eventually these gains translate to fewer obstacles to project delivery.
Multiphase Flow Measurement Modeling of an Oil-Water Flow through an Orifice Plate
Authors: Noui-Mehidi Mohamed N. , Black Michael J.
Published: June 2014

Multiphase flow metering is still a challenging research area, especially when flow of immiscible liquids is considered. Actual flow models in oil and water mixtures treat, in most cases, the flow as a homogenous mixture omitting the nature of the dispersion, the slippage between phases and its implications on the measurements accuracy. Computational fluid dynamics have provided substantial improvement in capturing the flow features of multiphase mixtures. The present work is related to numerical simulations of flows through a modified orifice plate meter combined with a bluff body. The flow simulation using a mesoscopic approach has revealed the existence of a pulsation mechanism that has a characteristic frequency proportional to the flow rate.
Equilibrium Swelling and Syneresis Properties of Xanthan Gum/Cr(III) Gels
Authors: Gales J. R. , Young T. S. , Willhite G. P. , Green D. W.
Published: June 2014

Swelling and syneresis behavior was measured by equilibrium swelling of xanthan gum-Cr(III) gels that had been aged for over 100 days. The dependence of swelling on pH, temperature and presence of calcium ion was determined. Degree of swelling varied from + 66% to -71% over the range of parameters investigated. Theoretical considerations are discussed.
Chatom Gas Condensate Cycling Project
Authors: Tompkins M. W. , Ebbs D. J. , Thomas L. K. , Dixon T. N.
Published: June 2014

A sour gas condensate reservoir simulation study using a three-dimensional black oil model with extended PVT capability for history matching and predicting residue gas cycling is presented. This rich, retrograde condensate reservoir was simulated to assist with operation and development planning including the eventual blowdown.

Paper (SPE 17353) first presented at the SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 17-20, 1988.
Design and Application of an Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Recovery System for the West Kiehl Field
Authors: Clark S. R. , Pitts M. J. , Smith S. M.
Published: June 2014

The West Kiehl Unit, Crook County, Wyoming produces from the Minnelusa Lower "B" Sand reservoir. Original oil in place (OOIP) is estimated at 238, 481 m3. Estimated ultimate primary production is 27, 028 m3 or 11% OOIP. Four enhanced oil recovery methods were considered for application in this reservoir: conventional waterflood, polymer flood, an alkaline-polymer flood, and an alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flood. Estimated ultimate recoveries are 95, 392 m3 (40% OOIP), 95, 392 m3 (40% OOIP), 95, 392 m3 (40% OOIP), and 135, 934 m3 (56% OOIP), respectively. The polymer flood is expected to deplete the field faster than a conventional waterflood without an increase in ultimate recovery, while the ASP technology is expected to extend the field life and increase ultimate recovery dramatically. The ASP process has been implemented and early performance is very good.

Two purposes are being served by implementation of the West Kiehl alkaline-surfactant-polymer flood. The first is to recover additional oil not recoverable by a waterflood or a polymer flood. The second is to pilot this potentially significant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for other Minnelusa reservoirs. If this method proves successful, it will represent a sizable increase in ultimate recovery with the incremental oil recovery ranging as high as 25% OOIP.

This paper discusses the goal for utilizing the alkaline-surfactant-polymer technology at the West Kiehl. Further, it details the development of the West Kiehl Field project including laboratory studies, reservoir parameters, initial injection and production history, facilities design, and operations of the flood.
A New Approach for Simulation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation Above Fracture Pressure by Modifying a Thermal Simulator
Authors: Lin C. Y.
Published: June 2014

A fracture propagation model that includes fracture propagation kinematics and heat transfer between the fracture and the reservoir was developed by modifying an existing thermal simulator. The induced fracture was assumed to be highly conductive, and fracture storage was neglected. The model was applied to simulate cyclic steam stimulation processes for a typical heavy oil reservoir. In single-well simulation, a lag time between the beginning of the injection and the initiation of the fracture is predicted. This lag time increases with the cycle number while the maximum fracture length decreases with the cycle number. The fracture characteristics in multi-well pattern simulation are drastically different from the single-well case because of well interactions.
Viscous Fingering in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Araktingi U. G. , Orr F. M.
Published: June 2014

Formulation of a particle-tracking model for calculation of unstable flow in heterogeneous porous media is described. Model calculations are compared with unstable laboratory-scale displacement experiments, and excellent agreement is demonstrated.

Simulations of unstable displacements in heterogeneous porous media are also described. They indicate that if variations in permeability are uncorrelated, or if the variance of the permeability field is small, then finger patterns are similar to those observed for homogeneous porous media. When the permeability is sufficiently variable and the correlation length is a significant fraction of the flow length, however, the permeability distribution dominates the formation of ringers, and the fingers follow the same path regardless of the mobility ratio. A heterogeneity index, defined as the product of variance and dimensionless correlation length, is used to characterize the transition from flow dominated by viscous fingering to flow dominated by the spatial distribution of permeability.