bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of G Protein βγ Subunit Signaling Abrogates Nephritis in Lupus‐Prone Mice
Authors: Rangel‐Moreno Javier , To Jesi Y. , Owen Teresa , Goldman Bruce I. , Smrcka Alan V. , Anolik Jennifer H.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Despite considerable advances in the understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there is still an urgent need for new and more targeted treatment approaches. We previously demonstrated that small‐molecule blockade of G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) signaling inhibits acute inflammation through inhibition of chemokine receptor signal transduction. We undertook this study to determine whether inhibition of Gβγ signaling ameliorates disease in a mouse model of SLE.

Methods

Lupus‐prone (NZB × NZW)F1 female mice were prophylactically or therapeutically treated with the small‐molecule Gβγ inhibitor gallein. Tissue samples were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. The development and extent of nephritis were assessed by monitoring proteinuria and by immunohistochemical analysis. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and total IgG and anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody–secreting cells were measured by enzyme‐linked immunospot assay.

Results

Gallein inhibited accumulation of T cells and germinal center (GC) B cells in the spleen. Both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment reduced GC size, decreased antibody‐secreting cell production in the spleen, and markedly decreased accumulation of autoreactive anti‐dsDNA antibody–secreting cells in kidneys. Gallein also reduced immune complex deposition in kidneys. Finally, gallein treatment dramatically inhibited kidney inflammation, prevented glomerular damage, and decreased proteinuria. Mechanistically, gallein inhibited immune cell migration and signaling in response to chemokines in vitro, which suggests that its mechanisms of action in vivo are inhibition of migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation and inhibition of immune cell maturation.

Conclusion

Overall, these data demonstrate the potential use of gallein or novel inhibitors of Gβγ signaling in SLE treatment.
IgE Inhibits Toll‐like Receptor 7– and Toll‐like Receptor 9–Mediated Expression of Interferon‐α by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Khoryati Liliane , Augusto Jean‐François , Shipley Emilie , Contin‐Bordes Cécile , Douchet Isabelle , Mitrovic Stéphane , Truchetet Marie‐Elise , Lazaro Estibaliz , Duffau Pierre , Couzi Lionel , Jacquemin Clément , Barnetche Thomas , Vacher Pierre , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Blanco Patrick , Richez Christophe ,   on behalf of the Fédération Hospitalo‐Universitaire ACRONIM
Published: March 2016

Objective

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) play a central role in pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through their unique ability to produce large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) upon Toll‐like receptor 7 (TLR‐7) and TLR‐9 triggering. PDCs express specific surface regulatory receptors involved in negative regulation of IFNα secretion. These receptors use the γ‐chain of high‐affinity Fc receptor (FcR) for IgE, FcɛRI. We undertook this study to test our hypothesis that IgE engagement of FcɛRI on PDCs may impact IFNα production in SLE patients.

Methods

Serum levels of total IgE were measured in healthy volunteers, SLE patients, and patients with IgE‐dependent allergic disorders. FcɛRI expression on PDCs from SLE patients was evaluated by flow cytometry. Purified PDCs were incubated with monoclonal IgE for 24 hours, then stimulated for 18 hours with TLR agonists or immune complexes (ICs). IFNα production by PDCs was detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of TLR‐7, TLR‐9, and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF‐7) in PDCs was quantified by quantitative real‐time PCR.

Results

We observed significantly higher IgE levels in SLE patients with quiescent disease than in those with active disease. In SLE patients, IgE levels correlated inversely with disease activity. IgE levels were not associated with the presence of antinuclear IgE. Purified PDCs treated for 24 hours with monoclonal IgE up‐regulated FcɛRI expression in an IgE dose–dependent manner. IgE‐treated PDCs significantly decreased IFNα secretion and down‐regulated CCR7 expression upon stimulation with TLR‐7 and TLR‐9 ligands and ICs from lupus patients. IgE treatment down‐regulated expression of TLR‐9 and IRF‐7.

Conclusion

Our results support the notion that IgE plays a protective role in SLE pathogenesis through the modulation of inflammatory response by PDCs.
Reduction of Cerebral and Corpus Callosum Volumes in Childhood‐Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis
Authors: Tamires Lapa Aline , Postal Mariana , Angélica Sinicato Nailú , Geraldo Ferreira Weslley , Siqueira Bellini Bruna , Teixeira Fernandes Paula , Rittner Leticia , Marini Roberto , Cendes Fernando , Appenzeller Simone
Published: March 2016

Objective

There have been few studies in which the prevalence of cerebral atrophy in childhood‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurements. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of cerebral and corpus callosum atrophy in childhood‐onset SLE and to determine the possible relationships between atrophy and clinical, laboratory, and treatment features of the disease.

Methods

We included 76 patients with childhood‐onset SLE (69 female and 7 male; median age 16 years) and 66 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Neurologic manifestations were analyzed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. These SLE patients were further assessed for clinical and laboratory manifestations of SLE, disease activity (using the SLE Disease Activity Index), damage (using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index), and current and cumulative drug exposures. Scans were performed with a Philips 3.0T MRI scanner using a standardized protocol.

Results

Childhood‐onset SLE patients had significantly smaller cerebral and corpus callosum volumes than controls (median cerebral volume 1,067.9 cm3 versus 1,172.7 cm3 and median corpus callosum volume 11.6 cm3 versus 13.7 cm3; P < 0.001). The presence of structural abnormalities was observed in 42 patients (55.3%) with childhood‐onset SLE. The presence of cerebral atrophy was associated with anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) (P = 0.02), anti–double‐stranded DNA (P = 0.02), and cumulative corticosteroid dose (P = 0.04). The presence of corpus callosum atrophy was associated with low complement level (P = 0.006) and acute confusional state (P = 0.01). Serum levels of S100B or high molecular weight neurofilament and the presence of anti–ribosomal P were not associated with atrophy.

Conclusion

Structural brain abnormalities were observed in 55.3% of the patients and were associated with neuropsychiatric manifestations, aCL, and corticosteroid use. To determine permanent neurologic damage, longitudinal studies must be conducted in these patients.
Cumulative Corticosteroid Dose Over Fifty‐Two Weeks in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pooled Analyses From the Phase III Belimumab Trials
Authors: van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Petri Michelle , Wallace Daniel J. , Roth David A. , Molta Charles T. , Hammer Anne E. , Tang Yongqiang , Thompson April
Published: March 2016

Objective

To examine the effects of treatment with belimumab on corticosteroid dose in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) over 52 weeks in 2 randomized, controlled trials.

Methods

Data on patients who were taking corticosteroids at baseline in the Study of Belimumab in Subjects with SLE trials were pooled post hoc to compare patients who received belimumab 10 mg/kg plus standard therapy with those who received placebo plus standard therapy. The primary end point was cumulative change from baseline in corticosteroid dose (prednisone equivalent) through week 52. Further analyses specifically examined oral corticosteroid dose.

Results

At baseline, 966 of 1,125 patients (86%) were receiving corticosteroids (478 belimumab 10 mg/kg and 488 placebo). Most were women (94%), their mean age was 37.1 years, mean Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the SLE Disease Activity Index score was 9.8, and mean corticosteroid dosage was 12.5 mg/day. Over 52 weeks, there was a smaller increase in mean cumulative corticosteroid dose for the belimumab group than for the placebo group (531.2 mg versus 916.3 mg; P < 0.0001). Compared with placebo, the mean of all decreases in cumulative corticosteroid dose was higher with belimumab (P = 0.0165), and the mean of all increases was lower (P = 0.0005). More patients in the belimumab group had decreases in oral corticosteroid dose (38.5% versus 30.9%), and fewer had increases in dose (18.4% versus 30.7%), compared with placebo. Adverse events were comparable across groups.

Conclusion

Our findings show a significantly smaller increase in cumulative corticosteroid dose over 1 year, more patients with decreases in oral corticosteroid dose, and fewer patients with increases in oral corticosteroid dose in the belimumab group compared with the placebo group. These data suggest that belimumab may be steroid sparing.
A Three‐Photon Active Organic Fluorophore for Deep Tissue Ratiometric Imaging of Intracellular Divalent Zinc
Authors: Philips Divya Susan , Sreejith Sivaramapanicker , He Tingchao , Menon Nishanth Venugopal , Anees Palapuravan , Mathew Jomon , Sajikumar Sreedharan , Kang Yuejun , Stuparu Mihaiela Corina , Sun Handong , Zhao Yanli , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: March 2016

Deep tissue bioimaging with three‐photon (3P) excitation using near‐infrared (NIR) light in the second IR window (1.0–1.4 μm) could provide high resolution images with an improved signal‐to‐noise ratio. Herein, we report a photostable and nontoxic 3P excitable donor‐π‐acceptor system (GMP) having 3P cross‐section (σ3) of 1.78×10−80 cm6 s2 photon−2 and action cross‐section (σ3η3) of 2.31×10−81 cm6 s2 photon−2, which provides ratiometric fluorescence response with divalent zinc ions in aqueous conditions. The probe signals the Zn2+ binding at 530 and 600 nm, respectively, upon 1150 nm excitation with enhanced σ3 of 1.85×10−80 cm6 s2 photon−2 and σ3η3 of 3.33×10−81 cm6 s2 photon−2. The application of this probe is demonstrated for ratiometric 3P imaging of Zn2+ in vitro using HuH‐7 cell lines. Furthermore, the Zn2+ concentration in rat hippocampal slices was imaged at 1150 nm excitation after incubation with GMP, illustrating its potential as a 3P ratiometric probe for deep tissue Zn2+ ion imaging.
Sustainable bioproducts in Brazil: disputes and agreements on a common ground agenda for agriculture and nature protection
Authors: Sparovek Gerd , Antoniazzi Laura Barcellos , Barretto Alberto , Barros Ana Cristina , Benevides Maria , Berndes Göran , do Prado Braga Estevão , Calmon Miguel , Groke Paulo Henrique , de Avelar Marques Fábio Nogueira , Nogueira Mauricio Palma , Guedes Pinto Luis Fernando , Precioso Vinicius
Published: March 2016

A key question for food, biofuels, and bioproducts production is how agriculture affects the environment, and social and economic development. In Brazil, a large agricultural producer and among the biologically wealthiest of nations, this question is challenging and opinions often clash. The Brazilian parliament and several stakeholders have recently debated the revision of the Forest Act, the most important legal framework for conservation of natural vegetation on Brazilian private agricultural lands. Past decades have shown improvements in the agricultural sector with respect to productivity and efficiency, along with great reductions in deforestation and growth of environmentally certified production. However, the opposing sides in the debate have ignored this progress and instead continue to entrench their respective combative positions. A structured exchange involving nine experts associated with major producer interests (livestock, crops, planted forest, and charcoal) and environmental NGOs was moderated based on a framework that sorted viewpoints into four categories: (i) common ground – compatible interests considered to be high priority for Brazilian sustainable agricultural development; (ii) serving exclusive nature conservation interest; (iii) serving exclusive agricultural production interest; and (iv) mainly serving the purpose of sustaining dispute. We conclude that the majority of actions and expected future trends reflect achievements and ambitions to balance production and conservation, but much public opinion – and in turn decisions in the parliament and government for agriculture and conservation – is shaped by a perceived conflict between these objectives and a debate that has become, at least to some extent, an end in itself. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Limitations, depressive symptoms, and quality of life among a population‐based sample of young adults with congenital heart defects
Authors: Farr Sherry L. , Oster Matthew E. , Simeone Regina M. , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Honein Margaret A.
Published: March 2016

Background

Little population‐based data exist on limitations and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with congenital heart defects (CHD).

Methods

We used 2004 to 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data to identify a population‐based sample of young adults ages 18 to 40 years reporting health symptoms or healthcare encounters in the previous year. Comparing adults reporting CHD to others, we examined the prevalence of cognitive, physical, and activity limitations, depressive symptoms, and physical and mental HRQoL. We used chi square tests to examine differences in demographic characteristics, logistic regression to generate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR), and linear regression to examine HRQoL. Multivariable associations were adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. All analyses were conducted in SUDAAN using weights to account for clustering within sampling units and nonresponse.

Results

Fifty‐nine adults reported CHD (weighted prevalence = 0.1%; representing 700,000 U.S. adults from 2004 to 2012 or, on average, 80,000 per year) and 54,011 did not. No demographic characteristics differed significantly by CHD status except health insurance; 31.5% of adults with CHD, compared with 11.0% without, reported public insurance (p = 0.01). Compared with their counterparts, adults reporting CHD had a higher prevalence of cognitive (aPR = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 7.2), physical (aPR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.9, 8.2), and activity limitations (aPR = 4.8, 95% CI: 2.6, 9.1), and poorer physical HRQoL (p = 0.004). No differences were observed in depressive symptoms and mental HRQoL by CHD status.

Conclusion

Physical health and cognitive abilities of adults with CHD were compromised compared with adults without CHD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:580–586, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ion currents in embryo development
Authors: Tosti Elisabetta , Boni Raffaele , Gallo Alessandra
Published: March 2016

Ion channels are proteins expressed in the plasma membrane of electrogenic cells. In the zygote and blastomeres of the developing embryo, electrical modifications result from ion currents that flow through these channels. This phenomenon implies that ion current activity exerts a specific developmental function, and plays a crucial role in signal transduction and the control of embryogenesis, from the early cleavage stages and during growth and development of the embryo. This review describes the involvement of ion currents in early embryo development, from marine invertebrates to human, focusing on the occurrence, modulation, and dynamic role of ion fluxes taking place on the zygote and blastomere plasma membrane, and at the intercellular communication between embryo cell stages. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:6–18, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectroscopic, electrochemical and molecular docking studies of dothiepin and doxepin with bovine serum albumin and DNA base
Authors: Rajendiran N , Thulasidhasan J
Published: March 2016

The interaction of dothiepin (DOT) and doxepin (DOX) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a DNA base (adenine) was studied using UV–visible, fluorescence, attenuated total reflection–infra‐red (ATR‐IR), cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking methods. Strong fluorescence quenching was observed upon interaction of DOT and DOX with BSA/adenine and the mechanism suggested static quenching. Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces needed to stabilize the copolymer. Upon addition of the drugs: (i) the tautomeric equilibrium structure of the adenine was changed; and (ii) the oxidation and the reduction peaks of the adenine/BSA interaction shifted towards high and low potentials, respectively. In ATR‐IR, the band shift of amides I and II indicated a change in secondary structure of BSA upon binding to DOT and DOX drugs. The reduction in voltammetric current in the presence of BSA/adenine was attributed to slow diffusion of BSA/adenine binding with DOX/DOT. The docking method indicated that the drug moiety interacted with the BSA molecule. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Prison to the Community: The AB109 Experience in Los Angeles County
Authors: Chavira Cynthia , Botello Timothy , Lagomasino Isabel T.
Published: March 2016

California's Assembly Bill (AB) 109, commonly referred to as “realignment,” resulted from two major class action lawsuits, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that inadequate medical and mental health care in the California state prisons was a violation of inmates’ Eighth Amendment rights protecting them from cruel and unusual punishment. These deficiencies were attributed to state prison overcrowding. California responded by enacting new legislation, AB109, which allowed transfer of responsibility for low‐level offenders from the state to local counties. This qualitative pilot study used semi‐structured interviews to examine the experiences of 10 mentally ill individuals on AB109 probation in Los Angeles County, including their experiences with community mental health services. Interviews with four treatment providers at a Los Angeles treatment program for AB109 probationers were also conducted to illustrate providers’ perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to providing treatment to AB109 probationers. AB109 probationers reported encountering several barriers that negatively impacted their ability to access and utilize mental health services, including lack of education about AB109; problems with housing, transportation, and funding; and lack of social support. Treatment providers reported similar barriers. Several recommendations are proposed to improve the AB109 experience and to help reduce recidivism, which was a goal of AB109. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probation Officer Role Emphases and Use of Risk Assessment Information before and after Training
Authors: Ricks Elijah P. , Eno Louden Jennifer , Kennealy Patrick J.
Published: March 2016

This research examined how probation officers use risk information about offenders, and how its use is affected by what aspects of their role they emphasize. Officers (N = 152) were invited to complete surveys before and after a risk assessment tool training (46.0–65.8% participation rate). Surveys assessed estimates of reoffense and officers' likely supervision approach given a probationer's risk level. Officers tended to overestimate the likelihood of medium‐ and high‐risk offenders to reoffend. As risk level rose, officers tended to increase the number of meetings and referrals. Officers' role emphases were related to how they perceived low‐risk offenders' likelihood to reoffend, but not for offenders at other risk levels. There was relative consistency in officers' role emphases, supervision decisions, and responses to violations, so that differences in practice did not appear to be systematic. Most officers' risk perceptions were more realistic after training. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enigmatic human tails: A review of their history, embryology, classification, and clinical manifestations
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Malefant Jason , Loukas Marios , Jerry Oakes W. , Oskouian Rod J. , Fries Fabian N.
Published: March 2016

The presence of a human tail is a rare and intriguing phenomenon. While cases have been reported in the literature, confusion remains with respect to the proper classification, definition, and treatment methods. We review the literature concerning this anatomical derailment. We also consider the importance of excluding underlying congenital anomalies in these patients to prevent neurological deficits and other abnormal manifestations. Clin. Anat. 29:430–438, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The value of breast MRI in high‐risk patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer to exclude invasive disease in the contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: Is there a role to choose wisely patients for sentinel node biopsy?
Authors: Freitas Vivianne , Crystal Pavel , Kulkarni Supriya R. , Ghai Sandeep , Bukhanov Karina , Escallon Jaime , Scaranelo Anabel M.
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of clinically and mammographically occult disease using breast MRI in a cohort of cancer patients undergoing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) and the utmost indication of axillary assessment (sentinel node biopsy (SLNB)) for this side. A retrospective review of patients with unilateral invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) from institutional MRI registry data (2004–2010) was conducted. Characteristics of patients undergoing CPM with breast MRI obtained less than 6 month before surgery were evaluated. A total of 2322 consecutive patients diagnosed with DCIS or stage I to III infiltrating breast cancer underwent preoperative breast MRI. Of these, 1376 patients (59.2%) had contralateral clinical breast exam and mammography without abnormalities; and 116 patients (4.9%) underwent CPM (28 excluded patients had breast MRI more than 6 months before CPM). The mean age of the 88 patients was 49 years (range 28–76 years). Two (2.3%) DCIS identified on surgical pathology specimen were not depicted by MRI and the 5 mm T1N0 invasive cancer (1.1%) was identified on MRI. Preoperative MRI showed 95% accuracy to demonstrate absence of occult disease with negative predicted value (NPV) of 98% (95% CI: 91.64–99.64%). Occult disease was present in 3.4% of CPM. MRI accurately identified the case of invasive cancer in this cohort. The high negative predictive value suggests that MRI can be used to select patients without consideration of SLNB for the contralateral side.
Multiplex determination of serological signatures in the sera of colorectal cancer patients using hydrogel biochips
Authors: Butvilovskaya Veronika I. , Popletaeva Sofya B. , Chechetkin Vladimir R. , Zubtsova Zhanna I. , Tsybulskaya Marya V. , Samokhina Larisa O. , Vinnitskii Leonid I. , Ragimov Aligeydar A. , Pozharitskaya Elena I. , Grigor´eva Galina A. , Meshalkina Natalya Y. , Golysheva Svetlana V. , Shilova Nadezhda V. , Bovin Nicolai V. , Zasedatelev Aleksander S. , Rubina Alla Y.
Published: March 2016

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in industrialized countries. Despite the advances in diagnostics and development of new drugs, the 5‐year survival remains only 60–65%. Our approach to early diagnostics of CRC is based on the determination of serological signatures with an array of hemispherical hydrogel cells containing immobilized proteins and oligosaccharides (glycochip). The compounds immobilized on the glycochip include tumor‐associated glycans (SiaTn, Tn, TF, LeC, LeY, SiaLeA, and Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ) and antibodies against human immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and IgM. The glycochip detects antibodies against tumor‐associated glycans in patients’ sera. The simultaneous measurement of the levels of immunoglobulins enhances the diagnostic impact of the signatures. In this work, we found previously unreported increase in antibodies against oligosaccharide Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ in patients with CRC. In parallel with these experiments, we determined the levels of oncomarkers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA) 19–9, CA 125, CA 15–3, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) using another gel‐based biochip with immobilized antibodies (oncochip) developed earlier in our laboratory. In total, 69 samples from healthy donors, 33 from patients with colorectal carcinoma, and 27 from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases were studied. The use of combined signatures of antiglycan antibodies and oncomarkers provides much better predictive value than the conventional measurement of oncomarkers CEA and CA 19–9. Positive predictive value of CRC diagnoses using together glycochip and oncochip reached 95% with the sensitivity and specificity 88% and 98%, respectively. Thus, the combination of antibody profiling with detection of conventional oncomarkers proved to be a promising tool in diagnostics of CRC.
Dynamic changes of driver genes’ mutations across clinical stages in nine cancer types
Authors: Li Xia
Published: March 2016

The driver genes play critical roles for tumorigenesis, and the number of identified driver genes reached plateau. But how they act during different cancer development stages is lack of knowledge. We investigated 138 driver genes’ mutation changes across clinical stages using 3,477 cases in nine cancer types from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and constructed their temporal order relationships. We also examined the codon changes for the widely mutated TP53 and PIK3CA in tumor stages. Combinations of one to three driver genes specifically dominated in each cancer. Across the clinical stages, we categorized three patterns for the behaviors of driver genes’ mutation changes in the nine cancer types: recurrently mutated in all the stages and triggering other mutations; certain mutations lost meanwhile other mutations emerged; mutations dominated across entire stages, while other mutations gradually appeared or disappeared. We observed different codon changes dominated in different stages and revealed mutations recurrently occurring on the hotspot regions of the coding sequence may be the core factor for driver genes’ tumorigenesis. Our results highlighted the dynamic changes of oncogenesis roles in different clinical stages and suggested different diagnostic decision making according to the clinical stages of patients.
Monitoring Conformational Changes in the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EGFR
Authors: Becker Christian , Öcal Sinan , Nguyen Hoang D. , Phan Trang , Keul Marina , Simard Jeffrey R. , Rauh Daniel
Published: March 2016

The receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR is regulated by complex conformational changes, and this conformational control is disturbed in certain types of cancer. Many ligands are known to bind EGFR in its active conformation, thereby preventing ATP from binding. Only a few ligands are known to stabilize EGFR in its inactive conformation, thus providing novel strategies for perturbing EGFR activity. We report a direct binding assay that enables the identification of novel ligands that bind to and stabilize the inactive conformation of EGFR.
Tube formation in the first trimester placental trophoblast cells: Differential effects of angiogenic growth factors and fatty acids
Authors: Pandya Abhilash D. , Das Mrinal K. , Sarkar Arnab , Vilasagaram Srinivas , Basak Sanjay , Duttaroy Asim K.
Published: March 2016

The study aims to investigate whether cytosolic fatty acid‐binding protein‐4 (FABP4) is involved in angiogenic growth factors‐ and fatty acid‐induced tube formation in first trimester placental trophoblast cells, HTR8/SVneo. We determined the tube formation both at basal as well as stimulated levels in the absence and presence of inhibitors of FABP4 and VEGF signaling pathways. Basal level of tube formation was maximally reduced in the presence of 50 µM of FABP4 inhibitor compared with those by VEGF signaling pathway inhibitors (rapamycin, L‐NAME, and p38 MAP kinase inhibitor). Whereas docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n‐3 (DHA)‐, and VEGF‐induced tube formation was maximally inhibited by p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (63.7 and 34.5%, respectively), however, leptin‐induced tube formation was inhibited maximally by FABP4 inhibitor (50.7%). ANGPTL4 and oleic acid (OA)‐induced tube formation was not blocked by any of these inhibitors. The FABP4 inhibitor inhibited cell growth stimulated by DHA, leptin, VEGF, and OA (P < 0.05) but was not affected by ANGPTL4. VEGF, leptin, and OA also increased FABP4 protein level in these cells, though the uptake of fatty acids by these cells was not affected by the presence of FABP4 inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that FABP4 may be involved in part in the basal level, and stimulated tube formation by VEGF, DHA, and leptin, whereas it has little or no effect in ANGPTL4‐ and OA‐induced tube formation in these cells. Thus, FABP4 may play a differential role in fatty acids and angiogenic growth factors‐mediated tube formation in the first trimester trophoblast cells in vitro.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) treatment induces apoptosis in cultured rat mesangial cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress activation
Authors: Park Min‐Jung , Oh Ki‐Seok , Nho Jong‐Hyun , Kim Gye‐Yeop , Kim Dong‐Il
Published: March 2016

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a high risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been reported to promote cellular dysfunction via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation in various cells. Additionally, increased serum ADMA levels have been observed in incipient kidney diseases. Previously, we reported that activated ER stress is associated with mesangial cell apoptosis, observed mainly in overt nephropathy or chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effect of ADMA on mesangial cell apoptosis is unknown. Thus, we investigated the effects of ADMA on mesangial cell apoptosis and ER stress signaling. ADMA treatment increased caspase‐3 activity and activated three branches of ER stress signaling (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) that induce mesangial cell apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibitors of ER stress (inhibitors of PERK, IRE1, and S1P) attenuated ADMA‐induced cleavage of caspase‐3 and induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, these inhibitors diminished the number of apoptotic cells induced by ADMA treatment. Taken together, our results indicated that ADMA treatment induces mesangial cell apoptosis via ER stress signaling. These results suggest that ADMA‐induced mesangial cell apoptosis could contribute to the progression of overt nephropathy and CKD.
Severe cerebral involvement due to idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome
Authors: Günes Ali Riza , Berlit Peter , Weber Ralph
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical Message

The idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome (ISCLS) is a rare disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of hypotension, hypoalbuminemia, and hemoconcentration, which is often misdiagnosed due to overlapping features with other diseases. Even though cerebral involvement is uncommon, a broad awareness is crucial, because of its life‐threatening character.
Ionic and Electronic Transport in Alluaudite Na2+2xFe2−x(SO4)3
Authors: Lu Jiechen , Yamada Atsuo
Published: March 2016

Alluaudite‐type Na2+2xFe2−x(SO4)3 has recently been discovered as a 3.8 V (highest ever Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potential) cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries. Contrary to the sluggish kinetics caused by the large Na+ radius in most cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, this alluaudite‐type compound shows superior high‐rate capability during electrochemical cycling. Here, to explore the underlying factors for the fast kinetics, we experimentally investigate the inherent ionic and electronic transport of this alluaudite phase by using impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic polarization. Compared with the commercial cathode material, LiFePO4, we demonstrate four and two orders of magnitude higher intrinsic ionic and electronic conductivity, respectively, which underpin its superior high‐rate capability in terms of electrode performance.
Heteroatom Effects on the Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Ag25(SR)18 and Its Dopants
Authors: Kang Xi , Chen Shuang , Jin Shan , Song Yongbo , Xu Yajie , Yu Haizhu , Sheng Hongting , Zhu Manzhou
Published: March 2016

The structure–property correlations of silver nanoclusters (NCs) have rarely been studied, owing to the lack of appropriate materials and the instability of silver NCs. Herein, we show that substituting the central atom of the Ag25(SR)18 NC with another metal atom (i.e. Pd, Pt, or Au) can influence the optical and electrochemical properties. The significant blueshift in optical absorption spectra (compared to Ag25) illustrates the unique electronic perturbation caused by the incorporated heteroatom. In addition, voltammetric measurements were performed to explore the electrochemical properties of Ag NCs for the first time. The O2−O1 potential spacings for different NCs follow the sequence of Pd1Ag24< Ag25< Pt1Ag24< Au1Ag24, and this sequence explains the instability of Ag25 compared to Au1Ag24. Meanwhile, the HOMO–LUMO gaps calculated from differential pulse voltammetry measurements are consistent with those derived from the optical absorption spectra. This study provides further understanding of the structure–property correlations of Ag NCs.
ChemInform Abstract: A SECOND ORDER PERTUBATION THEORY FOR SYSTEMS WITH ′SOFT′ INTERMOLECULAR REPULSIONS
Authors: BOUBLIK T.
Published: March 2016

Ein einfacher Störungsausdruck 2. Ordnung für Systeme wird vorgeschlagen, die aus einfachen Kugelmolekülen mit einem Paarwechselwirkungspotential bestehen, das einen Term weicher Abstoßung enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF HALOGENIDE IONS AND MONOVALENT CATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF A MULTILAYER OXIDE ON A PLATINUM ELECTRODE
Authors: SPALEK O. , BALEJ J.
Published: March 2016

Der Einfluß einwertiger Kationen und Anionen auf die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit von Oberflächenoxiden auf Pt in In H2SO4 bei Potentialen von 2,0‐2,8 V (gegen eine H2‐Elektrode) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: IONEN‐ UND ISOTOPENAUSTAUSCH AN K2SIF6‐NIEDERSCHLAEGEN
Authors: WINZER ACHIM , GEYER RUDOLF , SYRING WOLFGANG
Published: March 2016

K2SiF6‐Niederschläge wurden aus ZnSiF6‐Lösung mit KNO3 in wäßrigem Methanol erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DER WERTIGKEIT UND DES IONENRADIUS VON ZUSAETZEN AUF DIE STRUKTUR UND DIE DEHYDRIERUNGSAKTIVITAET DES SYSTEMS AL2O3‐CR2O3 (MIT 7,5 MOL‐PROZENTIGEM CR2O3) 2. MITT. NATUR DER BEI DER DEHYDRIERUNG AKTIVEN PLAETZE UND BEDEUTUNG VON CR(VI)‐IONEN
Authors: TRAYNARD PHILIPPE , MASSON JACQUELINE , DELMON B.
Published: March 2016

EPR‐, kristallographische und Aktztvitätsuntersuchungen an Al2O3‐Cr2O3‐ Dehydrierungskatalysatoren mit M2O(M: Li‐Cs)‐ oder Tl ‐ bzw. Ba" ‐ Zusatz bestätigen, daß tetraedrisch koordinierte Cr(III)‐Ionen die katalytisch aktive Form sind.
ChemInform Abstract: ′AROMATIC′ SUBSTITUENT CONSTANTS FOR STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY CORRELATIONS
Authors: HANSCH C. , LEO A. , UNGER S. H. , KI HWAN KIM KI HWAN KIM , NIKAITANI D. , LIEN E. J.
Published: March 2016

235 verschiedene Substituenten an aromatischen Ringen werden hinsichtlich physikochemischer Eigenschaften (Hydrophobie, IR‐, UV‐, NMR‐Absorption) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVOLYTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE CIS‐ AND TRANS‐1‐TOSYLOXYCYCLOPENTANE 3,4‐EPOXIDES, THE ABSENCE OF NEIGHBORING EPOXY GROUP PARTICIPATION
Authors: HORNBACK J. M.
Published: March 2016

3‐Cyclopentenol (I) liefert die isomeren Epoxide (IIa) und (IIIa), aus denen die Tosylate (IIb) und (IIIb) bzw. die Acetate (IIc) und (IIIc) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOPOPULATION CONTROL PART 4, FACILITATION OF INTRAMOLECULAR CONJUGATE ADDITION OF THE HYDROXYL GROUP
Authors: BORCHARDT RONALD T. , COHEN LOUIS A.
Published: March 2016

Das durch Reduktion mit Na‐borhydrid in Gegenwart von Bortrifluorid aus dem Cumarinderivat (I) dargestellte Chromanol (II) liefert bei der Oxidation mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (NBS) in wäßrigem Acetat‐Puffer das Hydroxypropylbenzochinon (III), wobei UV‐spektroskopisch das Hydroxydienon (VI) als Intermediärprodukt nachgewiesen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW FREE‐RADICAL CYCLISATION USING REDOX‐TRANSFER INITIATING SYSTEMS
Authors: PICCARDI P. , MODENA M. , MASSARDO P.
Published: March 2016

Die Trichlormethyl‐Verbindungen (II) bzw. (VII) bzw. (IX) reagieren in Gegenwart von Kupferchlorid, Acetonitril und Triäthylamin‐hydrochlorid (III) zu den Cyclisierungs‐Produkten (IV), bzw. (VIII), bzw. (X) und (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF THE DIENOL‐BENZENE REARRANGEMENT
Authors: VITULLO V. P. , CASHEN M. J.
Published: March 2016

4‐Methyl‐4‐trichlormethyl‐cyclohexadienon (I) wird zum Carbinol (IIa) reduziert, aus dem die Chlorverbindung (IIb) und der Äther (IIc) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROXIDE 56. MITT. SYNTHESE DEUTERIERTER NITROXIDRADIKALE
Authors: CHIARELLI R. , RASSAT A.
Published: March 2016

Die Synthesen der perdeuterierten Nitroxide (V), (X), (XII) bzw. (XIII) und des tertnßutans (XV) bzw. des Aminoalkohols (VIII) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: OBSERVATION BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF FREE RADICALS IN REACTIONS OF DIALKYLPLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES WITH ALKENES
Authors: HARGREAVES N. G. , PUDDEPHATT R. J. , SUTCLIFFE L. H. , THOMPSON P. J.
Published: March 2016

Die Platin‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit Fumarsäurediäthylester (II) und der Nitroso= Verbindung (III) bei Raumtemperatur unter Lichtausschluß zu den Radikalen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOPOPULATION CONTROL PART 6, CONFORMATIONAL SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE OXIDATION PATHWAYS
Authors: BORCHARDT RONALD T. , COHEN LOUIS A.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Oxidation der Dihydrocumarine (Ia) bzw. (III) mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (NBS) in H218O enthaltender Lösung entstehen die Chinone (IIa) bzw. (IV), die das Sauerstoffisotop in der Chinoncarbonylgruppe enthalten.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF CAROTENOID EPOXIDES AND FURANOIDS BY ALKALINE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Authors: MOLNAR P. , SZABOLCS J.
Published: March 2016

Die Permanganatoxidation von Carotinepoxiden und verwandten Verbindungen wurde untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐CATALYSED OXIDATION OF ACETYLENES AND DIAZO‐KETONES
Authors: MATLIN STEPHEN A. , SAMMES PETER G.
Published: March 2016

Die M0‐katalysierte Oxidation z.B. des Acetylens (IV) mit tert.‐Butylhydroperoxid liefert neben Benzil (V) die Benzoesäuredenvate (VI) und (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE IN ALKYLPYRIDINES
Authors: PARHAM W. E. , OLSON P. E.
Published: March 2016

Sofem eine Ausbildung anionischer Strukturen wie (II) möglich ist, können alky: lierte N‐Heterocyclen wie (I), (III), (IV) oder (V) selektiv in 2‐, 4‐ und 6‐Benzyl‐Stellung deuteriert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF TRIALKYLBORANES WITH THE ALPHA‐LITHIO DERIVATIVES OF BIS(PHENYLTHIO)METHANE AND OF 1,1‐BIS(PHENYLTHIO)PENTANE, A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
Authors: YAMAMOTO S. , SHIONO M. , MUKAIYAMA T.
Published: March 2016

Die Bis‐(phenylthio)‐alkane (I) werden mit Butyllithium in die Lithiumverbindungen (II) umgewandelt und diese mit den Trialkylboranen (III) zu den Salzen (IV) umgesetzt, die sich unter Abspaltung von Lithiumthiophenolat in die neuen Trialkylborane (V) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF N‐CARBOXYMETHYL AMINO ACID FROM THE REACTION OF ALPHA‐AMINO ACID WITH GLYOXAL
Authors: CHUYEN N. V. , KURATA T. , FUJIMAKI M.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Aminosäuren (I) mit Glyoxal (II) in wäßxiger acetatgepufferter Lösung bei 100°C bilden sich die Carboxymethylaminosäuren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ALIPHATIC SULFINIC ACIDS
Authors: FILBY W. G. , GUENTHER K. , PENZHORN R. D.
Published: March 2016

Die Oxidation der Mercaptane (I) mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure liefert zunächst die Sulfinigsäuren (II), die weiter zu den Sulfinsäuren (III) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PRECURSORS AND DERIVATIVES OF BIS(PERFLUOROALKYL)SULFOXIDES
Authors: SHREEVE JEAN'NE M.
Published: March 2016

Übersicht über Synthese und Reaktionen.
ChemInform Abstract: BROMODIFLUOROMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM SALTS, A CONVENIENT SOURCE OF DIFLUOROCARBENE
Authors: BURTON DONALD J. , NAAE DOUGLAS G.
Published: March 2016

Das aus Triphenylphosphin (I) und Difluordibrommethan (II) in Triglyme entstehende Phosphoniumbromid (III) reagiert mit den Olefinen (IV) und CsF zu den Cyclopropanen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PROPERTIES OF THE (4)ANNULENE SYSTEM, INDUCED PARAMAGNETIC RING CURRENT
Authors: MASAMUNE S. , NAKAMURA NOBUO , SUDA M. , ONA H.
Published: March 2016

In einem 1:1‐Gemisch aus Diäthyläther und THF entsteht bei ‐110°C aus Methyl‐ Li‐diazoacetat und Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐cyclopropeniumtetrafluoroborat das Addukt (I) in 88%iger Ausbeute, dessen Photolyse bei ‐78°C in sauerstoff‐freiem Pentan das Annulenderivat (II) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESE UND REAKTIVES VERHALTEN VON BENZYLSULFINSAEUREESTERN UND ‐AMIDEN
Authors: WENSCHUH EBERHARD , LANKAU HELMUT
Published: March 2016

Reaktion des Sulfinylchlorids (I) mit den Alkoholen (II) gibt die Sulfinsäureester (III); analog werden mit den Aminen (VII) die Amide (VIII) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PARTLY REDUCED BIPHENYLS AS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS PART 3, CIS‐ AND TRANS‐4‐ARYL‐4‐METHOXYCYCLOHEXAMINES
Authors: LEDNICER D. , EMMERT D. E. , LAHTI R. , RUDZIK A. D.
Published: March 2016

Aus den 4‐Aryl‐4‐hydroxy‐cyclohexanonen (I) entstehen die Ketale (II) und die Äther (III), die nach Hydrolyse zu (IV) zu den Carbinolen (V) und (VI) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF CYCLO‐OCTENYLIDENE DERIVATIVES WITH BENZENE AND BF3.(C2H5)2O
Authors: ATKINSON R. S. , GREEN R. H.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen des Cyclooctenyliden‐esters (Ia) mit Bortrifluoridätherat in Benzol erhält man (IIa) und (IIb), aus (Ib) entsteht das Bicyclononan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL BIOREDUCTIVE ALKYLATING AGENTS PART 2, ANTITUMOR EFFECT AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF NAPHTHOQUINONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: AI JENG LIN AI JENG LIN , PARDINI R. S. , COSBY L. A. , LILLIS B. J. , SHANSKY C. W. , SARTORELLI A. C.
Published: March 2016

Eine Vielzahl von 2,3‐substituierten Naphthochinonen wird nach bekannten Verfahren zur Untersuchung auf tumorhemmende Wirkung hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MODIFIZIERTE WICHTERLE‐REAKTION, EIN NEUER WEG ZUR SYNTHESE VON DELTA(2)‐CYCLOHEXENONEN
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , MATSUMOTO T.
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen der Chlorbutenylketone (I) bzw. (III) bilden sich in Lösungsmittelsystemen wie Perchlorsäure‐Ameisensäure, Bromwasserstoff‐Ameisensäure und Bromwasserstoff‐Essigsäure die cyclischen Ketone (II) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF SOME ALPHA‐ AND BETA‐SUBSTITUTED STYRENES IN THE PRESENCE OF ETHYLALUMINUM DICHLORIDE
Authors: WOLOVSKY R. , MAOZ N.
Published: March 2016

α‐Methylstyrol (I) liefert in Gegenwart von Äthylaluminiumdichlorid (II) die beiden Oligomeren (III) und (IV), aus β‐Methylstyrol (V) erhält man die Oligomeren (VI) und (VII), aus 1,1‐Diphenyl‐äthyle:n (VIII) entsteht das Dimere (IX), das gesättigte Diphenyläthan (X) sowie unter energischen Bedingungen das 1‐Methyl‐3,3‐diphenylindan (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: TETRACYCLINE STUDIES PART 4, SOME NOVEL CYCLISATIONS THROUGH BENZOPHENONE CARBANIONS, INCLUDING A NEW SYNTHESIS OF ANTHRAQUINONES
Authors: HASSALL CEDRIC H. , MORGAN BARRY A.
Published: March 2016

Basenkatalysierte Cyclisierung des aus den Komponenten (I) und (II) erhältlichen Nitrils (III) liefert das Cyananthrol (IV), das zum Anthrachinon (V) oxidiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN MIT DIAZOCARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN 36. MITT. UMSETZUNGEN VON ALPHA‐DIAZOKETONEN MIT DIMETHYLKETEN
Authors: RIED WALTER , KRAEMER RICHARD
Published: March 2016

Die α‐Diazoketone (II) bzw. (IV) setzen sich mit Dimethylketen (III) unter Eliminierung von Stickstoff zu den Butenoliden (I) bzw. den Bis‐butenoliden (V) um.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF ROSENONOLACTONE FROM PODOCARPIC ACID
Authors: HANCOCK W. S. , MANDER L. N. , MASSY‐WESTROPP R. A.
Published: March 2016

Das Epoxid (I) reagiert mit 2 oder 12 Äquivalenten Bortrifluoridätherat zu den Verbindungen (II) bzw. (II), (III) und (IVa), von denen (IVa) in (IVb) oder über (IVc) in das Dithioketal (V) übergeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: NAPHTHO(1,2‐B)THIOPHEN PART 1, PREPARATION AND ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
Authors: CLARKE KENNETH , GREGORY DEREK N. , SCROWSTON RICHARD M.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (IVb) wurde in 5‐stufiger Reaktion (35% Gesamtausbeute) aus dem Tetralon (I) über Aldehyd (II), Ester (III), dessen Dehydrierung mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (88%) in CCl4, Hydrolyse zur Säure (IVa) und Decarboxylierung dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MASSENSPEKTROMETRISCHE STRUKTURFESTLEGUNG VON SYNTHESEPRODUKTEN 4. MITT. SYNTHESE EINIGER NEUER (1‐PHENYL‐4‐PYRAZOLYL)ESSIGSAEUREN UND IHRE MASSENSPEKTROMETRISCHE STRUKTURFESTLEGUNG
Authors: ACHENBACH HANS , RAINER GEORG , KLEMM KURT
Published: March 2016

Durch Cyclisierungsreaktion des Diketons (I) mit Phenylhydrazin (II) und anschließende Verseifung wird das Pyrazol (III) gebildet, während aus den Diketonen (IV) bei analoger Behandlung Gemische der (III) analogen Pyrazole (V) mit.
ChemInform Abstract: PRINS‐REAKTION MIT CYCLOOLEFINEN 1. MITT. REAKTION VON CYCLODODECEN MIT PARAFORMALDEHYD
Authors: KLEIN ERICH , THOEMEL FRANK , ROTH ALBRECHT , STRUWE HARTMUT
Published: March 2016

Bei der Reaktion von Cyclododecen mit Paraformaldehyd wird das Bicylcopentadecen (I) in hoch stereoselektiver Weise als Hauptprodukt gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: CANNABINOIDS, STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY STUDIES RELATED TO 1,2‐DIMETHYLHEPTYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: LOEV B. , BENDER P. E. , DOWALO F. , MACKO E. , FOWLER P. J.
Published: March 2016

Cyclohexanon‐2‐carbonsäureester (I) reagieren mit den Bishydroxyzbenzolen (II) in Gegenwart von Phosphoroxychlorid zu den Kondensationsprodukten (III), die mit den GrignardtVerbindungen (IV) zu den Carbinolen (V) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYHALOGENO‐AROMATIC COMPOUNDS PART 25, QUATERNISATION OF POLYHALOGENOPYRIDINES AND REACTIONS OF THE PYRIDINIUM SALTS
Authors: AGER E. , SUSCHITZKY H.
Published: March 2016

Die Pyridine (I) reagieren mit Methylfluorsulfonat zu den Pyridiniumsalzen (II), die mit Wasser die Pyridone (III) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINE 42. MITT. DARSTELLUNG 2‐ UND 6‐SUBSTITUIERTER 4‐FLUOR‐PYRIMIDINE
Authors: SHKURKO O. P. , BARAM S. G. , MAMAEV V. P.
Published: March 2016

Die 4‐Chlor‐pyrimidine (I) lassen sich durch Behandlung mit CsF (Reaktionsdauer 4‐36 Std.) in N‐Methyl‐pyrrolidon (bei 90‐100°) oder Dimethylformamid (bei 150°C) in die 4‐Fluor‐pyrimidine (II) überführen.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF NUCLEIC ACID BASES WITH EPOXIDES AND LACTONE
Authors: KONDO K. , SATO T. , TAKEMOTO K.
Published: March 2016

Adenin (I) reagiert in Dimethylformamid bei 40°C mit den Epoxiden (II) in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von Natriumhydroxid zu Hydroxyäthylderivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SEVEN‐MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES PART 7, THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 1‐BENZOTHIEPIN AND ITS CHLORINATED DERIVATIVES
Authors: TRAYNELIS V. J. , YOSHIKAWA Y. , SIH J. C. , MILLER L. J. , LIVINGSTON J. R.
Published: March 2016

2,3‐Dihydro‐1‐benzothiepin (I) reagiert mit Sulfurylchlorid in siedendem Petroläther über die isolierbaren Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) zu Naphthalin (IV) und Schwefel.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 3,3,6,6‐TETRAMETHYL‐1‐OXACYCLOHEPTANE‐4,5‐DIONE
Authors: JOHNSON P. Y. , ZITSMAN J. , HATCH C. E.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Diester (I) erhält man bei der Acyloin‐Kondensation, ggfs.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT PREPARATION OF TRIMETHYLBORANE AND TRIAETHYLBORANE
Authors: KOESTER R. , BINGER P. , DAHLHOFF W. V.
Published: March 2016

Das aus Methylchlorid (I) und metallischem Aluminium leicht zugängliche (II) reagiert mit (III) in Xylol bei Temperaturen über 80°C in hoher Ausbeute zu den Produkten (IV) und (V) sowie (VI), wobei Trimethylboran (IV) in 99 %iger Reinheit anfällt.