bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literature, Sociology, and “Our National Game”
Authors: Guttmann Allen
Published: April 2011

When John J. McGraw, the cocky, colorful manager of the New York Giants in the days of their glory, toured the British Isles with his team in 1924, Arthur Conan Doyle ventured a prediction. He thought that baseball might well sweep England, as it had the United States. Doyle seems, in this instance, to have been less insightful than his beloved Holmes. Baseball, the American version of several English ballgames, never caught on among the British. Why not? The easy answer is that our national game is peculiarly American, fitted to American conditions and to the American character. Allan Nevins has placed his considerable prestige as a historian behind the proposition that baseball is “a true expression of the American spirit,” and Jacques Barzun has urged foreigners to learn about baseball if they want to understand America. While it is unquestionably true that games and sports are cultural phenomena which differ from one society to another, the easy answer is too easy. Baseball long has flourished in a culture as different from ours as Japan, where the first club was organized in 1879, and whose two leagues drew nearly 10 million fans in 1962. If baseball is the peculiar product of a peculiarly American culture, how can it be that the English balk while Latin Americans and Japanese, whose cultures are surely further from our own than England's, flock to the bleachers? Perhaps, if puzzles like this one are ever to be worked out, it is best to ask what there is about baseball which enabled it to enjoy, for nearly a century, an almost undisputed claim to the title “our national game.”
Building Culture: The Two New Yorks of Henry James's The American Scene
Authors: McNamara Kevin R.
Published: April 2011

In The American Scene, Henry James's experiences of Harvard's College Yard and Philadelphia's Independence Hall offer paradigms of his relation to his natal land. I begin with these encounters with architecture to suggest how the New York City he recorded in that travel narrative is overdetermined by his manner of approaching it. John Carlos Rowe is surely correct that James's reflection on the fencing of Harvard Yard contains the central meditation on the bestowal of “margins,” James's own term for his principal aesthetic modus operandi: “The formal enclosing of Harvard Yard is comparable to his own activity of giving shape and dimension to the ‘formless,’ often chaotic world he encounters.” This aesthetic closure protects the scene - of a cultural repository - from corrupting exposure to the world of getting and spending, the ever-changing world beyond the gate. Relating the imposed order at Harvard to James's admonition at Independence Hall that one must “be ready, anywhere, everywhere, to read ‘into’ [the American scene] as much as he reads out” (p. 291), Rowe's elaboration on that counsel is crucial: “This interpenetration of man and his world transforms the social product into a cultural expression, the living record of a civilization.” The participant-observer creates an original, nonreproducible artifact by means of the critical consciousness he brings to bear on what are without this additional, but by no means superfluous, element merely the alienating products of alienated labor in industrialized America.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: The First American Novel Translated into Chinese
Authors: Jie Tao
Published: April 2011

When president Lincoln met Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1862 and remarked, “So this is the little lady that started the great big war,” he never imagined that, forty years later, this fictional attack on slavery would cause quite a stir culturally and politically on the other side of the globe, in China.
You Can't Go Home Again: The Problem with Afrocentrism
Authors: Walker Clarence E.
Published: April 2011

In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Karl Marx observes, Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living. And just when they seem engaged in revolutionizing themselves and things, in creating something that has never yet existed, precisely in such periods of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service and borrow from them names, battle cries, and costumes in order to present the new scene of world history in this timehonored disguise and this borrowed language.
The Return of Nat Turner in Sixties America
Authors: Stone Albert E.
Published: April 2011

One of the less publicized public events of thatannus mirabilis1968 was the annual meeting in November of a venerable academic institution, the Southern Historical Association. Convened in New Orleans was a group of intellectuals knit together by, among other professional ties, a common preoccupation with the Southern past. Prominent among these was C. Vann Woodward of Yale, arguably America's most eminent historian of the South. Also present were three famous novelists: Robert Penn Warren, Ralph Ellison, and William Styron. All native-born Southerners (if Oklahoma City, Ellison's birthplace, qualifies as a Southern city), they were there as participants in a panel, chaired by Woodward, on “The Uses of History in Fiction.” The session took place on November 6, the day after the election of Richard Nixon and seven months and two days after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. It was probably the liveliest, best-attended event of an otherwise staid meeting of professors. Much of the interest was generated by the topic and the distinguished panelists, but additional electricity was contributed by a cluster of young blacks in the audience. As passionately interested in the subject as were those on the platform, they were in attendance chiefly to question and challenge Styron. It washisuse of history in fiction upon which much of the evening's discussion devolved.
Naming the West and Making a Name: The Reputations of Bierstadt and Twain
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: April 2011

In the mid-1860s, with the nation immured in a devastating Civil War, two artists emerged as the premier representatives of America's Far West. Albert Bierstadt (1830–1902) and Mark Twain (1835–1910) captured the nation's imagination with images that challenged ideas about the West as well as about art itself. In little more than a decade, however, Bierstadt's paintings were being ignored while Twain's name began to acquire something of its present canonical status. Unremarkable as this divergence in reputations may seem today (when “fifteen minutes of fame” has been promised to every one of us), a century ago Warhol's prediction would have been inconceivable. That in itself makes the receptions first accorded Bierstadt and Twain as interesting as the dramatic divergence later taken in their careers. What was it, one might well ask, that so appealed to contemporaries, and why should Bierstadt's success so quickly have palled while Twain's only continued to grow?

The question encourages us to transgress the boundaries that separate painting from writing, to shift attention from a given medium onto the larger process by which popularity is won. One of the questions that then emerges is whether artists acclaimed in different media make similar demands upon their audience. Do a certain set of common standards, that is, shape an artist's reception, much as they more self-consciously dictate assessments that scholars will make later on? Or is it simply a matter of being in the right artistic place at the right cultural time? Certainly, the receptions accorded Bierstadt and Twain suggest that the former is true -indeed, that in their case a forceful aesthetic logic was at work.
The light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size in the goldfish retina involves nitric oxide
Authors: DANIELS BRYAN A. , BALDRIDGE WILLIAM H.
Published: April 2011

Horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina have large receptive fields as a result of extensive gap junction coupling. Increased ambient illumination reduces horizontal cell receptive field size. Using the isolated goldfish retina, we have assessed the contribution of nitric oxide to the light-dependent reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size. Horizontal cell receptive field size was assessed by comparing the responses to centered spot and annulus stimuli and from the responses to translated slit stimuli. A period of steady illumination decreased the receptive field size of horizontal cells, as did treatment with the nitric oxide donor (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (100μM). Blocking the endogenous production of nitric oxide with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (1 mM), decreased the light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size. These findings suggest that nitric oxide is involved in light-induced reduction of horizontal cell receptive field size.
Organization of the cerebellum: Correlating zebrin immunochemistry with optic flow zones in the pigeon flocculus
Authors: PAKAN JANELLE M.P. , GRAHAM DAVID J. , GUTIÉRREZ-IBÁÑEZ CRISTIÁN , WYLIE DOUGLAS R.
Published: April 2011

The cerebellar cortex has a fundamental parasagittal organization that is apparent in the physiological response properties of Purkinje cells (PCs) and the expression of several molecular markers such as zebrin II (ZII). ZII is heterogeneously expressed in PCs such that there are sagittal stripes of high expression [ZII immunopositive (ZII+)] interdigitated with stripes of little or no expression [ZII immunonegative (ZII−)]. Several studies in rodents have suggested that climbing fiber (CF) afferents from an individual subnucleus in the inferior olive project to either ZII+ or ZII− stripes but not both. In this report, we show that this is not the case in the pigeon flocculus. The flocculus (the lateral half of folia IXcd and X) receives visual-optokinetic information and is important for generating compensatory eye movements to facilitate gaze stabilization. Previous electrophysiological studies from our lab have shown that the pigeon flocculus consists of four parasagittal zones: 0, 1, 2, and 3. PC complex spike activity (CSA), which reflects CF input, in zones 0 and 2 responds best to rotational optokinetic stimuli about the vertical axis (VA zones), whereas CSA in zones 1 and 3 responds best to rotational optokinetic stimuli about the horizontal axis (HA zones). In addition, folium IXcd consists of seven pairs of ZII+/− stripes. Here, we recorded CSA of floccular PCs to optokinetic stimuli, marked recording locations, and subsequently visualized ZII expression in the flocculus. VA neurons were localized to the P4+/− and P6+/− stripes and HA neurons were localized to the P5+/− and P7− stripes. This is the first study showing that a series of adjacent ZII+/− stripes are tied to specific physiological functions as measured in the responses of PCs to natural stimulation. Moreover, this study shows that the functional zone in the pigeon flocculus spans a ZII+/− stripe pair, which is contrary to the scheme proposed from rodent research.
Broadband permeability measurement method for ferrites at any magnetization state: direct problem
Authors: Lezaca Jorge E. , Quéffélec Patrick , Chevalier Alexis
Published: April 2011

A broadband permeability measurement method based on the full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis of a non-reciprocal transmission line is presented. The dispersion diagram for the first significant modes inside the ferrite loaded section of the line is obtained. The presence of magnetostatic modes generated by the magnetized ferrite inside the line is verified. Using a mode matching technique, the theoretical scattering parameters (S-parameters) of the transmission line are calculated. The full-wave analysis is validated with measurements of material properties in limit cases.
Genomics and synthetic biology as a viable option to intensify sustainable use of biodiversity
Authors: Rech Elibio
Published: April 2011

The Amazon basin is an area of mega-biodiversity. Different models have been proposed^1-8^ for the establishment of an effective conservation policy, increasing sustainability and adding value for biodiversity. Currently, a broad spectrum of technologies from genomics to synthetic biology is available, and these permit the collection, manipulation and effective evaluation of countless organisms, metabolic pathways and molecules that exist as potential products of a large, biodiverse ecosystem. The use of Genomics and synthetic biology may constitute an important tool and be a viable option for the prospection, evaluation and manipulation of biodiversity as advocated as well as be useful for developing methods for sustainable use and the production of novel molecules.
Modulating helicity through amphiphilicity—tuning supramolecular interactions for the controlled assembly of perylenes
Authors: Huang Yongwei , Hu Jianchen , Kuang Wenfeng , Wei Zhixiang , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: April 2011

The supramolecular structures of designed H-bonding amphiphilic perylene-based materials were modulated through simple solvent interactions.
Roles of two protein phosphatases, Reg1-Glc7 and Sit4, and glycogen synthesis in regulation of SNF1 protein kinase
Authors: Ruiz Amparo , Xu Xinjing , Carlson Marian
Published: April 2011

The SNF1 protein kinase of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is a member of the SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinase family, which is essential for metabolic control, energy homeostasis, and stress responses in eukaryotes. SNF1 is activated in response to glucose limitation by phosphorylation of Thr210 on the activation loop of the catalytic subunit Snf1. The SNF1 β-subunit contains a glycogen-binding domain that has been implicated in glucose inhibition of Snf1 Thr210 phosphorylation. To assess the role of glycogen, we examined Snf1 phosphorylation in strains with altered glycogen metabolism. A
reg1Δ
mutant, lacking Reg1-Glc7 protein phosphatase 1, exhibits elevated glycogen accumulation and phosphorylation of Snf1 during growth on high levels of glucose. Unexpectedly, mutations that abolished glycogen synthesis also restored Thr210 dephosphorylation in glucose-grown
reg1Δ
cells, indicating that elevated glycogen synthesis contributes to activation of SNF1 and that another phosphatase acts on Snf1. We present evidence that Sit4, a type 2A-like protein phosphatase, contributes to dephosphorylation of Snf1 Thr210. Finally, evidence that the effects of glycogen are not mediated by binding to the β-subunit raises the possibility that elevated glycogen synthesis alters glucose metabolism and thereby reduces glucose signaling to the SNF1 pathway.
Selective stimulation of IL-4 receptor on smooth muscle induces airway hyperresponsiveness in mice
Authors: Perkins Charles , Yanase Noriko , Smulian George , Gildea Lucy , Orekov Tatyana , Potter Crystal , Brombacher Frank , Aronow Bruce , Wills-Karp Marsha , Finkelman Fred D.
Published: April 2011

Production of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 is increased in both human asthma and mouse asthma models, and Stat6 activation by the common IL-4/IL-13R drives most mouse model pathophysiology, including airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). However, the precise cellular mechanisms through which IL-4Rα induces AHR remain unclear. Overzealous bronchial smooth muscle constriction is thought to underlie AHR in human asthma, but the smooth muscle contribution to AHR has never been directly assessed. Furthermore, differences in mouse versus human airway anatomy and observations that selective IL-13 stimulation of Stat6 in airway epithelium induces murine AHR raise questions about the importance of direct IL-4R effects on smooth muscle in murine asthma models and the relevance of these models to human asthma. Using transgenic mice in which smooth muscle is the only cell type that expresses or fails to express IL-4Rα, we demonstrate that direct smooth muscle activation by IL-4, IL-13, or allergen is sufficient but not necessary to induce AHR. Five genes known to promote smooth muscle migration, proliferation, and contractility are activated by IL-13 in smooth muscle in vivo. These observations demonstrate that IL-4Rα promotes AHR through multiple mechanisms and provide a model for testing smooth muscle–directed asthma therapeutics.
Does Local Labeling Complement or Compete with Other Sustainable Labels? A Conjoint Analysis of Direct and Joint Values for Fresh Produce Claim
Authors: Onozaka Yuko , McFadden Dawn Thilmany
Published: April 2011

As a way to explore the increasing use of sustainability labels in the marketplace, this study analyzes the differential values and interactive effects of sustainable production claims (organic, fair trade, and carbon footprint) and location claims through a conjoint choice experiment included in a 2008 U.S. survey. Locally grown is the highest valued claim, and its value is further enhanced with fair trade certification, but carbon‐intensive local products are discounted more severely than those sourced from other locations. Some negatively valued claims (imports and carbon footprint) can be mitigated by combining them with other claims (organic and fair trade).
Capital Services in U.S. Agriculture: Concepts, Comparisons, and the Treatment of Interest Rates
Authors: Andersen Matt A. , Alston Julian M. , Pardey Philip G.
Published: April 2011

This paper begins with a review of the methods and assumptions used to measure capital service flows. Two data series on capital inputs in U.S. agriculture are briefly described and compared. We show that measures of capital services are sensitive to the treatment of interest rates. Notably, the use of fixed versus variable market rates significantly affects measures of the quantity and productivity of agricultural capital in the United States. We conclude that when calculating capital usage in U.S. agriculture, the use of a fixed interest rate generates more plausible estimates than the use of an annual market rate.
Medium‐ and Long‐Term Participation in Microcredit: An Evaluation Using a New Panel Dataset from Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Asadul
Published: April 2011

The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of medium‐ and long‐term participation in microcredit programs. It utilizes a new, and large, panel dataset collected from treatment and control households from 1997 to 2005. The data enables us to identify continuing participants in the program as well as newcomers and leavers. We employ different estimation strategies including difference‐in‐difference‐in‐difference and propensity score matching methods to control for selection bias. The impact estimates indicate that the benefits from microcredit vary more than proportionately with the duration of participation in a program. Larger benefits are realized from longer‐term participation, and the benefits continue to accrue beyond departure from the program. The findings indicate the need to observe longer periods of participation to provide a reliable basis for assessing the effectiveness of microcredit lending.
Estimating Treatment Effects in the Presence of Noncompliance and Nonresponse: The Generalized Endogenous Treatment Model
Authors: Esterling Kevin M. , Neblo Michael A. , Lazer David M. J.
Published: April 2011

If ignored, noncompliance with a treatment or nonresponse on outcome measures can bias estimates of treatment effects in a randomized experiment. To identify and estimate causal treatment effects in the case where compliance and response depend on unobservables, we propose the parametric generalized endogenous treatment (GET) model. GET incorporates behavioral responses within an experiment to measure each subject's latent compliance type and identifies causal effects via principal stratification. Using simulation methods and an application to field experimental data, we show GET has a dramatically lower mean squared error for treatment effect estimates than existing approaches to principal stratification that impute, rather than measure, compliance type. In addition, we show that GET allows one to relax and test the instrumental variable exclusion restriction assumption, to test for the presence of treatment effect heterogeneity across a range of compliance types, and to test for treatment ignorability when treatment and control samples are balanced on observable covariates.
Pediatric allergy and immunology in Italy
Authors: Tozzi Alberto E. , Armenio Lucio , Bernardini Roberto , Boner Attilio , Calvani Mauro , Cardinale Fabio , Cavagni Giovanni , Dondi Arianna , Duse Marzia , Fiocchi Alessandro , Marseglia Gian L. , Miraglia del Giudice Michele , Muraro Antonella , Pajno Giovanni B. , Paravati Francesco , Peroni Diego , Tripodi Salvatore , Ugazio Alberto G. , Indinnimeo Luciana
Published: April 2011

To cite this article: Tozzi AE, Armenio L, Bernardini R, Boner A, Calvani M, Cardinale F, Cavagni G, Dondi A, Duse M, Fiocchi A, Marseglia GL, Miraglia del Giudice M, Muraro A, Pajno GB, Paravati F, Peroni D, Tripodi S, Ugazio AG, Indinnimeo L. Pediatric allergy and immunology in Italy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 267–276.

In Italy, according to the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood study, the prevalence of current asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema in 2006 was 7.9%, 6.5%, and 10.1% among children aged 6–7 and 8.4%, 15.5%, and 7.75% among children aged 13–14 yr. University education in this field is provided by the Postgraduate Schools of Pediatrics and those of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, as well as several annual Master courses. The Italian Society of Pediatric Allergology and Immunology (SIAIP) was founded in 1996 and counts about 1000 members. SIAIP promotes evidence‐based management of allergic children and disseminates information to patients and their families through a quite innovative website and the National Journal ‘Rivista Italiana di Allergologia Pediatrica’. In the last decade, four major regional, inter‐regional, and national web‐based networks have been created to link pediatric allergy centers and to share their clinical protocols and epidemiologic data. In addition, National Registers of Primary Immune‐deficiencies and on Pediatric HIV link all clinical excellence centers. Research projects in the field of pediatric allergy and immunology are founded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) and by the National Research Council (CNR), but the overall investments in this research area are quite low. Only a handful Italian excellence centers participate in European Projects on Pediatric Allergy and Immunology within the 7th Framework Program. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology currently hosts two Italians in its Executive Committee (EC) and one in the EC of the Pediatric Section; moreover, major European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology meetings and courses in the area of pediatrics (e.g., PAAM, Venice, 2009) have been held in Italy in the last 3 yr. Italian hallmarks in the management of allergic diseases in childhood are a quite alive and spread interest in Molecular Allergology and a remarkable predominance of sublingual (SLIT) compared to the subcutaneous (SCIT) immunotherapy.
Early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: Correlation with vesico‐urethral anastomosis location in the pelvic cavity measured by postoperative cystography
Authors: Jeong Seong Jin , Yi Junseok , Chung Min Soo , Kim Dae Sung , Lee Won Ki , Park Hongzoo , Yoon Cheol Yong , Hong Sung Kyu , Byun Seok‐Soo , Lee Sang Eun
Published: April 2011

Objectives:  To determine the association of vesico‐urethral anastomosis location (VUAL) with early recovery of urinary continence (UC) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 678 patients who underwent RP was carried out. Patients were divided into three groups based on the VUAL as determined by postoperative cystography: group I – VUAL above the upper margin of the symphysis pubis (SP), group II – between the upper margin and the middle of the SP, and group III – below the middle of the SP. Early recovery of UC was defined as using no pads or an occasional security pad within 3 months. Recovery rates were compared between the groups and factors predicting an early recovery of UC were investigated.

Results:  Among all patients, 62.2% achieved an early recovery of UC. Patients in group I were younger, with a longer membranous urethra, greater percent of nerve sparing and shorter time to continence than those in groups II or III. Early recovery rates were 89.5%, 69.8% and 40.7% in group I, II and III, respectively (P < 0.001). VUAL remained an independent predictor of early recovery of UC (OR 3.2 for group I vs II and 10.8 for group I vs III [P < 0.001]) when adjusted for age, operative time, membranous urethral length and operation by surgeon with high surgical volume.

Conclusion:  VUAL represents an independent predictor of recovery of UC after RP. A higher VUAL is associated with a higher rate of early recovery of UC.
The Valuation Differences Between Stock Option and Restricted Stock Grants for US Firms
Authors: Irving James H. , Landsman Wayne R. , Lindsey Bradley P.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  In this study, we document a significant shift over the past several years from stock option‐based compensation to restricted stock‐based compensation. Additionally, we evaluate whether stock option grants and restricted stock grants result in similar valuation consequences for firms. We estimate cross‐sectional valuation equations that include the value of stock option and restricted stock grants summed over the current and past two years, residual income, and book value of equity, after controlling for endogeneity. Consistent with prior research, our findings indicate that the market on average values stock option grants positively. However, in contrast to stock option grants, restricted stock grants are valued negatively. This result is consistent with restricted stock grants lacking the positive incentive effects of stock options and being viewed as a liability or expense to the firm.
ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL ORIGIN OF HEMATITE‐BASED RED PIGMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS: THE CASE OF RIPARO DALMERI (TRENTO, ITALY)
Authors: GIALANELLA S. , BELLI R. , DALMERI G. , LONARDELLI I. , MATTARELLI M. , MONTAGNA M. , TONIUTTI L.
Published: April 2011

This study concerns those crystallographic and microstructural features that can provide indications on the actual origin of red pigments based on hematite (Fe2O3). The main features of natural and artificial hematite are recalled and used to discuss the results obtained from the characterization of red‐ochre samples coming from the Palaeolithic site of Riparo Dalmeri, a rock‐shelter located in northeastern Italy, dated to 13 000 cal. bp, and notorious for the presence, among the other finds, of red‐painted calcareous stones. Painting and the treatment of leather and hides obtained from the intensive hunting activity were the main uses of the hematite‐based red‐ochres at Riparo Dalmeri. It turns out that hematite was mostly obtained from the thermal treatment of goethite, which, unlike hematite, was and still is widely available in the neighbourhood of the site.
The ketogenic diet for Dravet syndrome and other epileptic encephalopathies: An Italian consensus
Authors: Veggiotti Pierangelo , Burlina Alberto , Coppola Giangennaro , Cusmai Raffaella , De Giorgis Valentina , Guerrini Renzo , Tagliabue Anna , Bernardina Bernardo Dalla
Published: April 2011

Ketogenic diet is a nonpharmacologic treatment for childhood epilepsy not amenable to drugs. At the present time, two works based on national research, one in Germany and one in the United States provide international guidelines to ensure a correct management of the ketogenic diet. Our Italian collaborative study group was set up in order to formulate a consensus statement regarding the clinical management of the ketogenic diet, patient selection, pre–ketogenic diet, counseling, setting and enforcement of dietary induction of ketosis, follow‐up management, and eventual discontinuation of the diet.
RESISTANCE PATTERNS TO VARIOUS ORGANOPHOS‐PHORUS INSECTICIDES IN SOME STRAINS OF HOUSEFLIES
Authors: OPPENOORTH F. J.
Published: April 2011

The susceptibility of one susceptible and six resistant strains of houseflies to 13 organo‐phosphorus compounds was measured with a contact method. Five of the strains bad been selected, both in the field and in the laboratory, with diazinon, parathion or malathion. One strain had been strongly selected with γ‐BHC. The susceptibility of the strains is shown in Fig. 1. The BHC selected strain had only a low level of resistance to organophosphates. Higher levels were present in all organophosphate selected strains, each of which exhibited its own characteristic resistance pattern. This indicates that a relatively large number of resistance mechanisms may be present.

As resistance to the thiophosphates is of the same order of magnitude as that to their oxygen analogues, it follows that the resistance mechanism is not a slower conversion of the thiophosphatcs into the phosphates. Resistance to a number of dimethyl compounds is low, and little difference is present between the resistant strains. This resistance is probably brought about mainly by less specific factors. The genetical basis of the low all‐esterase content of the phosphate resistant strains is discussed.

FORMEN DER RESISTENZ GEGENÜBER ORGANISCHEN PHOSPHORVERBINDUNGEN BEI EINIGEN STUBENFLIEGEN‐STÄMMEN

Die Empfindlichkeit eines normal‐sensiblen und von sechs resistenten Stubenfliegen‐Stämmen gegenüber 13 organischen Phosphorverbindungen wurde mit Hilfe einer Kontakt‐Methode gemessen. Fünf dieser Stämme waren sowohl im Freiem wie auch im Labor, mit Diazinon, Parathion oder Malathion selektiert worden. Ein Stamm war stark mit γ‐BHC selektiert worden. Die Empfindlichkeit der Stämme ist in Fig. 1 dargestellt. Der mit γ‐BHC selektierte Stamm wies nur eine niedrige Resistenz gegenüber den organischen Phosphorverbindungen auf. Höhere Resistenz wurde in den mit organischen Phosphorverbindungen selektierten Stämmen gefunden; jeder dieser Stämmen zeigte eine eigene, charakteristische Form der Resistenz. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß eine relativ grössere Zahl von Resistenz‐mechanismen vorhanden ist.

Aus der Tatsache, daß Resistenz gegen die Thioverbindungen und ihre entsprechenden Sauerstoff‐Analoge ungefähr gleich groß ist, wird geschlossen, daß eine langsamere Umwandlung in die Phosphate als Resistenz‐mechanismus nicht in Betracht kommen kann.

Die Resistenz gegenüber einigen Methyl‐verbindungen ist gering, und in den einzelnen Stämmen nur wenig verschieden. Diese Resistenz wird wahrscheinlich durch weniger spezifisische Faktoren verursacht. Die genetische Grundlage des niedrigen All‐esterasen‐gehalts in den Phosphat‐resistenten Stämmen wird diskutiert.
BIMOLECULAR RATE CONSTANTS FOR ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INHIBITORS OF FLY HEAD CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: KRYSAN J. L. , CHADWICK L. E.
Published: April 2011

The bimolecuiar rate constant for the reaction of SD 3562 (α‐isomer of 3‐(dimethoxyphos‐phinyloxy)‐N,N‐dirnethylcrotonamide) with fly head Cholinesterase (ChE) was determined as 2.024 × 104 liters mole−1min.−1; and for TEPP (tetraethylpyrophosphate) as 1.022 × 108 liters mole−1min.−1. Bimolecuiar rate constants for 11 other organophosphorus inhibitors of fly head ChE are cited from the literature. When similar indices are available for a greater variety of inhibitors, it should be possible to assess the relationship between chemical structure and inhibitory potency and to make useful deductions as to the configuration and properties of the enzyme.

DIE REAKTIONSGESCHWINDIGKEIT ALS MASS DER HEMMUNG DER CHOLINESTERASE DES STUBENFLIEGENKOPFES DURCH ORGANISCHE PHOSPHORV ERBINDUNGEN

Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante bietet ein genaues Mass für die Hemmung der Cholinesterase durch organische Phosphorverbindingen. Für zwei weitere solcher Stoffe sind hier die Konstanten bestimmt worden:

SD‐3562 (α‐isomer von 3‐(dimerhoxyphosphinyloxy)‐N, N‐dimethylcxotonamid) 2.024 × 104 liter rnol−1min−1; und

TEPP (tetraäthylpyrophosphat)

1.022 × 108 liter mol−1min−1.

Verbindungen, die infolge starker Hemmungsfähigkeit nur in sehr niedriger Konzentration untersucht werden können, erleiden dabei durch Nebenreaktionen unverhältnismässig grosse Verluste. Dies erschwert die Schätzung, doch lässt sieh trotzdem die Konstante öfter annäherungsweise bestimmen. Die obigen Angaben über TEPP geben ein Beispiel dafür.

Bisher ist die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante für nur 13 Hemmstoffe der Insektencholinesterase ermittelt worden, eine Zahl, die noch nicht ausreicht, um etwaige Beziehungen zwischen Bau und Hemmungsfähigkeit der Verbindungen klarzulegen. Zu diesem Ziel, wie auch zur Abschätzung der Eigenschaften des Enzyms selbst, ist eine viel grössere Menge solcher Bestimmungen erwünscht.
Crack Initiation Process for Semicircular Notched Plate in Fatigue Test at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Bubphachot Bopit , Watanabe Osamu , Kawasaki Nobuchika , Kasahara Naoto
Published: April 2011

Crack initiation and propagation process of fatigue test in semicircular notched plates at elevated temperature were conducted under strain-controlled condition in order to study the crack initiation/propagation/coalescence process and load decrease in structure having stress concentration. Test specimens made of SUS304 stainless steel are tested at 550°C and the geometry of the semicircular notched plate specimens are changed by diameter size of the circular notch in both of single-notched specimens and double-notched specimens. Photographs in all cycles were recorded to investigate crack initiation/propagation/coalescence as a function of number of applied cycle. The typical crack process is predicted by using the simplified method, namely, stress redistribution locus method as well as Neuber’s formula.
Lysozyme expression in microscopic colitis
Authors: Rubio Carlos A
Published: April 2011

Aims

To audit the cellular expression of the innate antibacterial enzyme lysozyme in colonic biopsies from a cohort of patients having microscopic colitis (MC—collagenous colitis (CC) or lymphocytic colitis (LC)). Results were compared with those recorded in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the colon (ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's colitis).

Methods

Fifty-five consecutive cases having biopsies from the left colon were investigated: 27 MC (14 CC and 13 LC) and 28 IBD (14 UC and 14 Crohn's colitis). Sections were stained with antilysozyme antibody. Twelve cases (3 CC, 3 LC, 3 UC and 3 Crohn's colitis) were challenged with the macrophage marker CD68 (clone PG-M1).

Results

In MC, marked lysozyme expression in the colonic crypts was recorded in CC (p<0.05). The number of cases with metaplastic Paneth cells was higher in CC than in LC (p<0.05). In IBD, only active Crohn's colitis displayed marked lysozyme expression in the colonic crypts. Marked lysozyme immune-reactivity in subepitheliallamina propria mucosa (lpm)macrophages was found in LC (LC vs CC p<0.05).

Conclusions

The increased production of the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme in CC and LC supports a bacterial aetiology for these two diseases. Lysozyme upregulation in different cell types (epithelial vs macrophages) supports the notion that CC and LC might be two different maladies.
Historical perspectives in diagnostic clinical pathology: development of the pregnancy test
Authors: Haarburger David , Pillay Tahir S
Published: April 2011

This is the first in a series of articles dealing with developments in the history of diagnostic pathology and laboratory medicine for theJournal of Clinical Pathology. The pregnancy test kits of today can give an accurate result within 2 min and are as easily available in the laboratory as they are for over-the-counter purchase. Such kits also find a use in the emergency room when dealing with the diagnosis of sudden abdominal pain in a woman of childbearing age. It is not immediately obvious that the simple urine dipstick tests of today reflect the cumulative knowledge of almost a century of reproductive biology, immunology and clinical chemistry.
Exposure and genetics increase risk of beryllium sensitisation and chronic beryllium disease in the nuclear weapons industry
Authors: Van Dyke Michael V , Martyny John W , Mroz Margaret M , Silveira Lori J , Strand Matt , Cragle Donna L , Tankersley William G , Wells Susan M , Newman Lee S , Maier Lisa A
Published: April 2011

Objectives

Beryllium sensitisation (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are caused by exposure to beryllium with susceptibility affected by at least one well-studied genetic host factor, a glutamic acid residue at position 69 (E69) of the HLA-DPβ chain (DPβE69). However, the nature of the relationship between exposure and carriage of the DPβE69 genotype has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between DPβE69 and exposure in BeS and CBD.

Methods

Current and former workers (n=181) from a US nuclear weapons production facility, the Y-12 National Security Complex (Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA), were enrolled in a case–control study including 35 individuals with BeS and 19 with CBD. HLA-DPB1 genotypes were determined by PCR-SSP. Beryllium exposures were assessed through worker interviews and industrial hygiene assessment of work tasks.

Results

After removing the confounding effect of potential beryllium exposure at another facility, multivariate models showed a sixfold (OR 6.06, 95% CI 1.96 to 18.7) increased odds for BeS and CBD combined among DPβE69 carriers and a fourfold (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.0) increased odds for those exposed over an assigned lifetime-weighted average exposure of 0.1 μg/m3. Those with both risk factors had higher increased odds (OR 24.1, 95% CI 4.77 to 122).

Conclusion

DPβE69 carriage and high exposure to beryllium appear to contribute individually to the development of BeS and CBD. Among workers at a beryllium-using facility, the magnitude of risk associated with either elevated beryllium exposure or carriage of DPβE69 alone appears to be similar.
QUADRISECANT APPROXIMATION OF HEXAGONAL TREFOIL KNOT
Authors: JIN GYO TAEK , PARK SEOJUNG
Published: April 2011

It is known that every nontrivial knot has at least two quadrisecants. Given a knot, we mark each intersection point of each of its quadrisecants. Replacing each subarc between two nearby marked points with a straight line segment joining them, we obtain a polygonal closed curve which we will call the quadrisecant approximation of the given knot. We show that for any hexagonal trefoil knot, there are only three quadrisecants, and the resulting quadrisecant approximation has the same knot type.
SOLUTION FOR THE LMG MODEL HAMILTONIAN BASED ON THE RECURRENCE FORMULA AND JACOBI MATRIX
Authors: ALIPOUR Z. , JAFARIZADEH M. A. , FOOLADI N. , SUFIANI R.
Published: April 2011

Based on the recursion relation formulas and the Jacobi matrix from the theory of orthogonal polynomials, a numeric solution for the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick (LMG) model Hamiltonian is given, without considering any restriction on the parameters specifying the strengths of the interactions included in the LMG model. Moreover, via this method, we have studied the shape phase transitions for one example of nuclei. At the end we compare the results thus obtained with those of Bethe ansatz and Hartree–Fock methods.
NONSTRANGE BARYONIA
Authors: GERASYUTA S. M. , MATSKEVICH E. E.
Published: April 2011

The relativistic six-quark equations including the u, d quarks and antiquarks are found. The nonstrange baryonia [Formula: see text] are constructed without the mixing of the quarks and antiquarks. The relativistic six-quark amplitudes of the baryonia are calculated. The poles of these amplitudes determine the masses of baryonia. 16 masses of baryonia are predicted.
VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF AN HIGH-ORDER SPECTRAL DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR FLOW INDUCED NOISE SIMULATION
Authors: PARSANI MATTEO , GHORBANIASL GHADER , LACOR CHRIS
Published: April 2011

The main goal of this paper is to develop an efficient numerical algorithm to compute the radiated far field noise provided by an unsteady flow field from bodies in arbitrary motion. The method computes a turbulent flow field in the near fields using a high-order spectral difference method coupled with large-eddy simulation approach. The unsteady equations are solved by advancing in time using a second-order backward difference formulae scheme. The nonlinear algebraic system arising from the time discretization is solved with the nonlinear lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel algorithm. In the second step, the method calculates the far field sound pressure based on the acoustic source information provided by the first step simulation. The method is based on the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings approach, which provides noise contributions for monopole, dipole and quadrupole acoustic sources. This paper will focus on the validation and assessment of this hybrid approach using different test cases. The test cases used are: a laminar flow over a two-dimensional (2D) open cavity at Re = 1.5 × 103 and M = 0.15 and a laminar flow past a 2D square cylinder at Re = 200 and M = 0.5. In order to show the application of the numerical method in industrial cases and to assess its capability for sound field simulation, a three-dimensional turbulent flow in a muffler at Re = 4.665 × 104 and M = 0.05 has been chosen as a third test case. The flow results show good agreement with numerical and experimental reference solutions. Comparison of the computed noise results with those of reference solutions also shows that the numerical approach predicts noise accurately.
PREDICTION OF NOISE GENERATED BY A ROUND NOZZLE JET FLOW USING COMPUTATIONAL AEROACOUSTICS
Authors: UZUN ALI , HUSSAINI M. YOUSUFF
Published: April 2011

This paper demonstrates an application of computational aeroacoustics to the prediction of noise generated by a round nozzle jet flow. In this study, the nozzle internal flow and the free jet flow outside are computed simultaneously by a high-order accurate, multi-block, large-eddy simulation (LES) code with overset grid capability. To simulate the jet flow field and its radiated noise, we solve the governing equations on approximately 370 million grid points using high-fidelity numerical schemes developed for computational aeroacoustics. Projection of the near-field noise to the far-field is accomplished by coupling the LES data with the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings method. The main emphasis of these simulations is to compute the jet flow in sufficient detail to accurately capture the physical processes that lead to noise generation. Two separate simulations are performed using turbulent and laminar inflow conditions at the jet nozzle inlet. Simulation results are compared with the corresponding experimental measurements. Results show that nozzle inflow conditions have an influence on the jet flow field and far-field noise.
Endogenous and Exogenous CD1-Binding Glycolipids
Authors: Cheng Janice M. H. , Khan Ashna A. , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Stocker Bridget L.
Published: April 2011

In the same way that peptide antigens are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, glycolipid antigens can also activate the immune response via binding to CD1 proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate CD1-restricted T cells. In humans, there are five members of the CD1 family, termed CD1a–e, of which CD1a–d are involved in glycolipid presentation at the cell surface, while CD1e is involved in the intracellular trafficking of glycolipid antigens. Both endogenous (self-derived) and exogenous (non-self-derived) glycolipids have been shown to bind to members of the CD1 family with varying degrees of specificity. In this paper we focus on the key glycolipids that bind to the different members of the CD1 family.
A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies a Locus on Chromosome 14q21 as a Predictor of Leukocyte Telomere Length and as a Marker of Susceptibility for Bladder Cancer
Authors: Gu Jian , Chen Meng , Shete Sanjay , Amos Christopher I. , Kamat Ashish , Ye Yuanqing , Lin Jie , Dinney Colin P. , Wu Xifeng
Published: April 2011

Telomeres play a critical role in maintaining genome integrity. Telomere shortening is associated with the risk of many aging-related diseases. Classic twin studies have shown that genetic components may contribute up to 80% of the heritability of telomere length. In the study we report here that we used a multistage genome-wide association study to identify genetic determinants of telomere length. The mean telomere length in peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. We first analyzed 300,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 459 healthy controls, finding 15,120 SNPs associated with telomere length at P < 0.05. We then validated these SNPs in two independent populations comprising 890 and 270 healthy controls, respectively. Four SNPs, including rs398652 on 14q21, were associated with telomere length across all three populations (pooled P values of <10−5). The variant alleles of these SNPs were associated with longer telomere length. We then analyzed the association of these SNPs with the risk of bladder cancer in a large case–control study. The variant allele of rs398652 was associated with a significantly reduced risk of bladder cancer (odds ratio = 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.97; P = 0.025), consistent with the correlation of this variant allele with longer telomeres. We then conducted a mediation analysis to examine whether the association between rs398652 and reduced bladder cancer risk is mediated by telomere length, finding that telomere length was a significant mediator of the relationship between rs398652 and bladder cancer (P = 0.013), explaining 14% of the effect. In conclusion, we found that the SNP rs398652 on 14q21 was associated with longer telomere length and a reduced risk of bladder cancer and that a portion of the effect of this SNP on bladder cancer risk was mediated by telomere length. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 514–21. ©2011 AACR.
Walking the Walk from Genes through Telomere Maintenance to Cancer Risk
Authors: Blackburn Elizabeth H.
Published: April 2011

Recent studies have shown associations between human population single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and white blood cell telomere shortness; independently, telomere shortness has been associated with higher risks of various cancers. However, no single previous study simultaneously linked a given SNP both with telomere length and reduced risk of cancer. In this issue of the journal (beginning on page 514), Gu and colleagues report four new SNPs associated, in three cohorts, with telomere length. One of these SNPs predicted risk for bladder cancer, an effect partially mediated by telomere length. Interventions that could forestall telomere shortening should be explored for their potential to reduce cancer risks. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 473–5. ©2011 AACR.
The Augustinian Type of Theodicy: Is It Outdated?
Authors: Vorster Nico
Published: April 2011

In his famous work ‘Evil and the God of love,’ John Hick suggests that the ‘Augustinian’ type of theodicy is based on an outdated worldview and ought to be replaced by what he calls an ‘Irenaean’ type of theodicy. This article examines Hick’s claim by analyzing the views of the three main theological exponents of the Augustinian paradigm on evil namely Augustine, John Calvin and Karl Barth. It suggests that Reformed theology rethinks its linear concept of time and considers the possibility that the Fall could be an event in time with an eternal significance that works both ‘backwards’ and ‘forwards’. The article concludes that weaknesses in the Augustinian paradigm can be resolved from within, and that no need exists for Reformed theologians to replace the Augustinian paradigm with an alternative Ireneaen paradigm that reject key Scriptural teachings on creation and sin.