bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kebijakan Pembangunan Desa Tertinggal Berbasis Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) dan Potensi Lokal
Authors: Suroso Suroso -
Published: June 2020

ENGLISHUnder-developed villages are challenges for local government development so the under-developed villages become developing ones . The objectives of this study are  (1) to identify the existence of under-developed villages  in term of IDM and local potential; and (2) to analyze the development needs for  under- developed villages based on IDM and local potential in the study area. This study used a descriptive-quantitative approach. This study was conducted in Pati Regency.  The research used primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected by observing related documents.  The primary data were obtained through interviews with competent informants. The study used descriptive analysis. The results showed that in Pati Regency there are 15 under- developed villages spread out in 7 districts which have different characterictics in term of IKS, IKE and IKL. The under-developed villages based on IDM mainly need economic development (IKE) and environmental one (IKL). In order to get better achievement, the development for the under-developed villages become developing or developed villages, it should be based on local potentials of the villages. Moreover the development for the under-developed villages become developing or developed villages, it can be realized soon if there are supports from stakeholders including related agencies. INDONESIADesa tertinggal merupakan tantangan pembangunan daerah sehingga desa tersebut bisa menjadi desa berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengidentifikasi eksistensi desa tertinggal dari perspektif IDM dan potensi lokal; dan (2) menganalisis kebutuhan pembangunan desa tertinggal berbasis pada IDM dan potensi lokal di area studi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Pati. Penelitian menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Pengumpulan data sekunder dilakukan dengan observasi dokumen terkait. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara dengan informan yang kompeten. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Kabupaten Pati desa tertinggal sebanyak 15 desa yang tersebar di 7 kecamatan,  dengan karakteristik IDM yang bervariasi pada IKS, IKE dan IKL. Pembangunan desa tertinggal berdasarkan IDM lebih membutuhkan pembangunan ekonomi (IKE) dan pembangunan lingkungan (IKL). Guna memperoleh hasil yang lebih baik, pembangunan  desa tertinggal menuju desa berkembang dan desa maju perlu memperhatikan potensi lokal desa. Selain itu pembangunan desa tertinggal menuju desa berkembang atau maju bisa segera terwujud bila ada  dukungan stakeholder termasuk dinas terkait.
Law and jurists in the historical and cultural process
Authors: Tetiana Bondaruk
Published: June 2020

The article attempts to consider the historical and legal process as part of the cultural process. At the same time, social (social) culture is defined as a common background. Culture appears as a fundamental foundation of the human world, synonymous with its «being», and some forms of culture - art, morality, education, religion, law, are recognized as peculiarities in the context of culture as a complex holistic system. The proposed vision of the study of the concept of «culture-law» determines the application of the method of socio-cultural determination, identifying as leading in explaining any phenomena of cultural factors studied. The main cultural-philosophical approaches are philosophical-anthropological, philosophical-historical, philosophical-axiological. G. Hofstede's cross-cultural methodology is analyzed, attention is paid to the specific characteristics of culture as determinants of the legal process; is considered as an important theoretical characteristic of Ukrainian culture category «boundary»; characterized by the phenomenon of mentality, which can be defined in general terms as an idea of psychological characteristics or «psychological equipment», which constitutes the integrity of the spiritual and mental life of a particular subject (person, community) in a particular cultural space and its correlation with mentality and identity; the focus is on ethnic mentality, attention is drawn to the urgent need to understand law as a culture. In this case, the «profile» of the jurist in one or another era can be considered as a starting point in the characterization of historical, legal and historical-cultural processes, which, given the approach proposed here, can give reasons to apply a generalized definition of «cultural-legal process».
Halperin-Ginsburg Elena – the fate of a woman-lawyer in the context of the era
Authors: Elena Samoilenko
Published: June 2020

Introduction. There are discussed issues of women's access to law. At the time of the Judicial Reform in the Russian Empire in 1864, a Bar was established. Previously, there was no full-fledged institute of judicial protection because of the inquisitive nature of domestic justice. However, in practice, civil service and access to the judiciary, as well as higher legal education, were still closed to women. It was only after the first Russian revolution of 1905–1907 that the question of women's right to be engaged in professional legal activity was considered. They were allowed to higher education. Attempts to pursue a law degree have been made before. So, some Russian women graduated from foreign law departments and came to Russia to get a job in the profession. Despite the fact that diplomas of foreign universities did not equate to the certificates of Russian higher education institutions, they gave the right to take the state exam for the full course of the relevant Russian educational institution. The right of women to practice law became statutory on 1 June 1917. The Provisional Government issued a resolution "On admission of women to court cases", finally having put an end to all disputes and allowed women to fully join the legal community.

The aim of the article is to cover the little-known biography of one of the first Ukrainian women lawyers, Elena Halperin-Ginsburg.

Results. The article deals with the life and creative activity of one of the first Ukrainian women lawyers, Ginsburg Elena Abramivna. There is given a general overview of the scientific, educational and journalistic activity of Elena. Among other things, the focus is on its activities in Kyiv. Elena has collaborated on various issues of criminal law with such publications as the "Journal of the Ministry of Justice", "Journal of Criminal Law and Procedure". In the period from 1909 to 1916, she actively published her works in the largest circulation provincial newspaper of the Russian Empire of his time, “Kievskaya Mysl’" On the pages of the periodicals, Elena highlights the most pressing and acute issues of social life. In Kyiv, she organizes a patronage for prisoners, participates in the League for the Protection of Childhood and drafts its statute. She initiated the creation of a juvenile court in 1914 in Kyiv. She actively works at the Kyiv Women's Public Assembly, lectures at the People's House.
Cultural Heritage in Juridical Realm of Things
Authors: Oleksandr Malyshev
Published: June 2020

Introduction. This article deals with the concepts of cultural heritage and cultural property from the standpoint of legal history and philosophy. This research reflection was inspired by the Draft Law of Ukraine “On Cultural Market Goods”. The author follows the path determined by language and by peculiarities of civil law tradition. It is high time to return to a dialectical understanding of Romance and Germanic traditions as two contradictive poles of heritage law understanding in Continental Europe.

The aim of the article is the analysis of the correlation of “cultural heritage” and “cultural property” notions within international law and national law of Ukraine, and integration of these notions into the united concept of heritage law.

Results. First, the fundamental terms and definitions – for instance, “bien” (French) and “Sache” (German) – related to the property law have been analysed in relevant civil codes of Romance and Germanic traditions. The property law in the civil law tradition provides a certain legal description of the whole visible and abstract world. Hence, the way passed from the Napoleonic Code to the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch was both the development of legal forms, as well as the evolution of the world outlook reflected in the legal texts.

In the French Code civil, one can observe a baroque pattern of the world of things, especially manifested by a difficult correlation between “bien” and “chose” concepts. The definition of “Sache” in Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch demonstrates the positivistic world vision. Because Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch is more advanced from the legal drafting methodology, its specific patterns and notions were implemented by the civil codes of the majority of European countries. On the contrary, in the heritage law realm, the Romance “bien” concept has been dominating.

Conclusions. Paper states that the Romance law tradition and, particularly, the French doctrine of the civil law have a determining impact on the roots and on the formation of the modern vision of the cultural property. Hence, such doctrinal foundations seem to be efficient for a systematic and organic comprehension of the heritage law.
Territorial governance in Ukraine: constitutional and legal bases
Authors: Mykola Pukhtynskyi
Published: June 2020

Introduction. The aim of the article. The article examines the relevance of the study and specification of problems regarding the constitutional and legal foundations of territorial governance in Ukraine. They are considered in the context of reforming the administrative-territorial system, the system of territorial organization of public power, transformation of local self-government on the basis of decentralization of public power. Emphasis is placed on the notion of governance as a new paradigm for the development of public power and public management in the context of modern unitarism of Ukraine.

Results. Investigation of the territorial aspects of governance requires reflection, analysis and clarification of a complex of issues. Among them, it is advisable to identify the following.

1. Theoretical and methodological principles of governance in its territorial dimension.

2. Actually territorial principles of governance in the disclosure of provisions on constitutional and legal understanding of territorial governance; establishment and development of the territorial governance system; territorial community governance, subregional and regional governance.

3. Foreign experience of territorial governance in the context of the European concept of good governance of territorial governance; regulatory and legal regulation of good governance in Council of Europe, European Union documents; implementation of good territorial governance in Ukraine in the conditions of preservation and development of its unitary principles.

4. Improvement of territorial governance in the process of realization of innovations of the state regional policy in the conditions of age-political confrontation, realization of administrative and administrative-territorial reforms in understanding of the constitutional aspects of transformation of territorial governance; transformation of territorial governance with decentralization of public power; governance of the reform of the administrative and territorial structure.

Conclusions. These issues are actualized in the context of the modernization of the Constitution of Ukraine, the need for systematic updating of the constitutional regulation of the territorial organization of power, continuation of processes of decentralization of public power, unification of territorial communities, inter-municipal cooperation, changes in the system of administrative-territorial structure, the emergence of new entities, institutions of executive power.
Functions of constitutional and legal responsibility: methodological problems of research
Authors: Nataliya Batanova
Published: June 2020

The article considers the problems of the theory of functions of constitutional and legal responsibility. The characteristic features of the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility are analyzed. It substantiates the correlation and relationship between the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility and the functions of the Constitution, the functions of constitutional law, the functions of the state, etc.

It is proved that the functions of constitutional and legal responsibility are characterized by legal features that reveal the essence and content of this category, in particular: 1) express the nature and content of this type of legal responsibility, its purpose in society and the state, as well as its place in the system of protection of the Constitution and constitutional order; 2) interrelated with the main functions of the state; 3) is an active way of acting of constitutional and legal responsibility and constitutional law as a whole (its principles, tasks, functions); 4) having an objective nature, on the one hand, is a form of purposeful willful behavior or activity of the subjects of constitutional liability and constitutional law in general (subjects of instances of constitutional responsibility and subjects of violators of constitutional law and order (delinquents)), and, on the other hand, the system of legal states that give rise to the constitutional rights and obligations of participants in constitutional-controversial and constitutional-conflict relations; 5) directly related to the system of constitutional law institutions (people, state, elections and referendums, bodies and officials of state power and local self-government, people and citizens, territorial hromadas, political parties, etc.); 6) are in synergy with the sources of constitutional law as a branch of law (above all the Constitution and its functions); 7) directly affect the constitutional and legal relations (first of all, constitutionally-controversial and constitutional-conflict) and their properties, subject-object composition, constitutional legal facts; 8)are organically related to the functions of constitutional law as a legal science and academic discipline and the like, etc.

The definition of the concept of the functions of constitutional legal responsibility as the main normative and organizationally secured areas and types of its influence on the constitutional and legal relations with the purpose of protection of the Constitution, restoration of the constitutional order and proper fulfillment of tasks, functions and powers of the subjects of these relations, constitutional disputes between them and overcoming constitutional conflicts is formulated.
Land lease contract. Dynamic of invalidity
Authors: Oleksandr Polivodskyі
Published: June 2020

The article is devoted to the issues of invalidity of land lease contracts. The author points out that the problem is important and significant both for the theory and practice. Cases on land lease contract validity contain significant part of disputes in Ukrainian business and civil courts, that demonstrates topicality of the problem and demand to the ideas, conception and solution.

Author proposes considers the problem of invalidity in dynamic, in accordance to the sequences of legal facts and conditions that are related to invalidity of contracts, proposes his own phases of invalidity (preceding or preparation; committing contract; executing contract; contestation of validity of the contract; legal consideration and application of effects of invalidity) as well as corresponding stages of invalidity of the contracts. In this view, the article contains analysis of legislation and it’s specific in aspect that is related to the issues of invalidity of land lease contract. The author made analysis of literature proposes changes to legislation on invalidity of land lease contract.

The author points out that form of the land lease contract is not conditioned by registration of rights and contract itself, meanwhile, parties agreed another conditions/

Among others, the author proposes consider land lease contract as real contract (not consensual), that committed at the moment of signing, proposes application of the principle of legitimate expectations to relations that are related to invalidity agreement and proposes changes to legislation.
The system of principles of civil justice in Ukraine: problematic issues of genesis, structure and forms of legislative consolidation.
Authors: Hennadiy Tymchenko
Published: June 2020

The article analyzes the system of principles of civil procedure. The basis of the proposed understanding and the author's approach to the study is the need of a wider interpretation of the concept, which is considered as its legislative regulation restricts the possibility of studying phenomena only quantitative indicators. To characterize the system as an abstract model of cognition and in the context of improvement of legal technique, it is important to identify the real relationship principles, and the degree of conditionality and complementarity with each other, and the relationship of the evolution of social relations and structures of the system, the ratio of its elements with other provisions of law.

The author proves that the system of principles of justice as part of the typology of modern processes should be determined initially only desirable model of proceedings, limiting this approach to legislative discretion, and notes the possibility of in-depth knowledge of the system structure only at the intersection of different knowledge, not only and not so much for the procedural doctrine. This will facilitate the allocation of objective factors, the emergence and formation of this system and its development. Such factors include the nature and essence of the state system, economic and political condition of the state, values and priorities that have developed in society at the present stage of its development, the expectations and needs of the society in judicial protection, judicial practice, the goals and objectives of the proceedings, the historical factors that determined the nature of the proceedings, the achievements of legal science.

Analyzing the code of civil procedure of Ukraine, the researcher critically evaluates legislative solution to the problem of principles in civil proceedings. The author notes the influence of European legal thought on domestic justice and his doctrine, the gradual process of adaptation of our legislation to the European standards of judicial protection, the convergence of the different procedural cultures. In this regard, the increasingly manifest trend add-ons of civil procedure, following rule of law, with new provisions that apply for considering them as principles and represent the foreign theory and practice.
To the history of the founding of the Koretsky Institute of State and Law of the National Ukrainian Academy of Science: new facts and documents
Authors: Igor Usenko
Published: June 2020

Introduction. The article is devoted to insufficiently studied history of founding of the leading scientific legal institution of Ukraine. On a purely documentary basis, with the introduction to the scientific circulation of new archival materials the events that accompanied the creation of the State and Law Branch in the AS UkrSSR system are highlighted and analyzed.

The circumstances that accompanied the foundation of the Institute were analyzed for the first time in 1999 by the academician Yu. S. Shemshuchenko.

The aim of the article. The purpose of this exploration is to complete the scientific reconstruction of the process of founding of our institute through the introduction of new archival documents into the scientific circulation, clarification of the author's idea of creating the institute, deepening of the understanding of the position of the state institutions of the UkrSSR and the USSR and the personal role of the academician V. M. Koretsky in this process.

Results. A true history of legal science is only possible on the basis of a critical understanding of the primary sources, the search of which was the most important component of this study. The author analyzed the little-known published documents; the documents from the funds of the Central State Archives of Public Associations of Ukraine, the Central State Archives of Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine and the State Archives of the Russian Federation that have been introduced into scientific circulation; generalized information from the materials of the scientific archive of the Koretsky Institute of State and Law and some other primary sources. The question of formation of the idea of creating a legal academic institute and its development in the decisions of state, communist and academic structures is investigated. Particular attention is paid to Professor V. I. Boshko's appeal to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (b) on the expediency of establishing of a Law Institute in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, registered on April 4, 1947, and the figures of those party functionaries (who also happened to be highly qualified scientists at the same time) directly involved in reviewing this appeal.

Сonclusions. Many well-known personalities and qualified scientists have made efforts to establish an academic law institution in Ukraine. At the same time, no confirmation has been found for the thesis about the decisive role of D. Z. Manuilskyi in this process, as well as for the opinion that the academic institution of the legal profile was needed first and foremost for the theoretical substantiation of the international legal personality of the Ukrainian SSR. Ways of further investigation of the problem are proposed, and a proposal for publishing of a large collection of documents and materials on the basis of an in-depth archival search is introduced.
Conditions of admissibility of procedural analogy in criminal proceedings in Ukraine
Authors: Nadiia Drozdovych
Published: June 2020

The article deals with the role of procedural analogy in the process of overcoming legislative gaps. The objectivity of the causes of such a legal phenomenon is established and their main types are indicated. At the same time, the current state of the legislative definition of procedural analogy in the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine is described, as well as the relevance of this issue in the doctrine of the criminal process; the author's various scientific approaches to the admissibility of procedural analogy in the field of criminal procedural legal relations are ascertained, and a scientific discussion is considered on the possibility of using the procedural analogy as a means of overcoming the gaps in the statutory regulation. Therefore, the paper deals with the place of procedural analogy among other ways of overcoming the gaps (interpretation and judicial precedent), which gives the opinion that the procedural analogy is the most expeditious way of eliminating the legislative gaps up to the moment of legislative settlement of a particular issue and performs the function of providing the most effective solution to a specific legal situation and to ensure compliance with the principles of a fair criminal trial in the absence of certain criminal procedural norms. Against this background, an understanding of the procedural analogy as a way to increase the efficiency of the law enforcement is proposed. The main presentation of the article is related to the consideration of the theoretical and forensic and practical aspect of determining the conditions under which a procedural analogy is permissible in criminal proceedings. A description of theoretical ideas about the conditions under which a procedural analogy can be used is also provided, and a generalized version of such conditions is given as a result. Along with the doctrinal ideas on the admissibility of the use of procedural analogy in criminal proceedings, the conditions under which the application of legal norms by analogy is not allowed are also noted. Such provisions on cases of inadmissible application of procedural analogy were also reflected in the case law of the court of cassation, examples of which are given in the publication, with the separation of the formed legal conclusions on particular issues of application or inadmissibility of application of procedural analogy in criminal proceedings.
The child right to be heard in court (using the 1980 Hague Convention in Ukraine as an example)
Authors: Iryna Protsenko
Published: June 2020

The Hague Convention on Civil Law Aspects of International Child Abduction in 1980 introduced a mechanism for resolving issues related to the illegal export or maintenance of children by persons closely related to them. According to this mechanism, executive and judicial authorities must take measures to quickly return the child to the state of his usual place of residence. However, such a return may be refused if there are circumstances specified in the 1980 Convention. One of these is the court's identification of the child’s objections to his return, however, provided that the child has reached an age and level of maturity at which his opinion should be taken into account. Therefore, the court of Ukraine finds out the opinion of the child only if he considers that he has reached the required age and level of maturity. However, the abstractness of the wording of this circumstance leads to the fact that when considering return cases in Ukrainian courts, the child’s opinion is often not heard unreasonably (for example, if the court considers the child’s age insufficient to clarify his opinion, or because the defendant does not insist on hearing the views of the child, or because the parties fail to provide evidence that the child has reached the required age and level of maturity).

In our opinion, the courts, in order to avoid such errors, should more actively implement the stipulated in Art. 13 of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine the right, on its own initiative, to collect evidence regarding the subject of the dispute, in particular, by appointing a psychological examination aimed at determining the level of development of the child. Clarification of the views of the child should also be carried out with mandatory consideration of the provisions of Article 12 of the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which governs the right of a child to be heard. At the same time, it is worth introducing into the judicial practice of Ukraine the approaches enshrined in the Comments of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child of General Order № 12 (2009) “The Right of the Child to be Heard”, in particular, related to assessing the child’s ability to express his thoughts
Policy and law in the works of Ukrainian scientists of the late XIX – early XX centuries
Authors: Oksana Kukuruz
Published: June 2020

The need for a comprehensive study of such important social regulators as politics and law actualizes the works of thinkers who created their political and legal concepts in conditions similar to the present – in a period of social transformation. The purpose of this article is to highlight ideas of O. Stronin, M. Drahomanov, B. Kistiakivskyi, S. Dnistrianskyi and V. Starosolskyi regarding the concepts of “policy” and “law”, the relationship between these phenomena.

According to the results of the analysis, the author believes that the following ideas of scientists are original and useful for modern state-building and law-making: 1) all phenomena in society are interconnected; ensuring the real needs of society depends on the existence of law, justice and truth in it (O. Stronin); 2) an important basis of democratic policy is knowledge of the peculiarities of their country; science should be directed to the study of phenomena in dynamics; theory should provide scientifically sound practical guidance (M. Drahomanov); 3) it is impossible to create a single concept of law, because there are several such concepts; to develop the scientific policy and policy of law required; an interdisciplinary approach should be applied to the study of social phenomena (B. Kistiakivskyi); 4) policy and law have the same foundations; law is a norm of public life, and politics is a method of managing and predicting social relations; lawyers (“the right of lawyers”) must play an important role in the lawmaking process (S. Dnistrianskyi); 5) in studies of state and law, a dualistic (sociological-legal) approach should be used; the legitimacy of the state depends on the interpretation (legal or political) of the act of self-establishment of the state, political law; scientists should not only produce theoretical guidelines, but also develop practical recommendations (V. Starosolskyi).

The article also emphasizes the significant contribution of the above-mentioned scientists to the development of methodology for the research of policy and law, as well as the understanding of science as a necessary basis for policy and law.
Protection of national security of Ukraine: The role of mass media
Authors: Ostap Kostyuk
Published: June 2020

Today, in the context of the problem of protection of the national security bases, the destructive/criminogenic influence of those media that spread false or distorted information should be recognized. If such information inflames interethnic and inter-religious enmity, it promotes aggression and violence, separatism and terrorism in Ukraine. If the activities of the media are aimed at causing damage to the national security of Ukraine, then they should bear the responsibility provided for by the law, including criminal ones. In addition, the media should be actively involved in shaping public opinion, responsible attitude of the population to the rule of law, lawful activity of law enforcement agencies and the court. The development of scientific, theoretical and practical foundations for the prevention of crimes against national security of Ukraine should include the concept of minimizing the criminogenic influence of the media and enhancing their educational activities in order to form a legal culture, patriotism and justice of the citizens of Ukraine. In this context, the media play a leading role in the formation of a collective consciousness that creates a moral and patriotic social environment that compels each person to adopt the modes of action and thinking that are prevalent in this society. In the future, the findings obtained will help to develop the measures necessary for the effective implementation of educational propaganda by the domestic media among all segments of the population aimed at maintaining and securing the bases of Ukraine's national security. Prospects for improving the media activities in the field of ensuring the foundations of Ukraine's national security should be considered in the context of enhancing their positive impact on the will and consciousness of citizens.
Viceroyalty system in the Dnieper Ukraine (1780–1796): historiography of the topic
Authors: Sergii Shkarupa
Published: June 2020

Introduction. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the exercise of state power in Ukraine. Examples are the special order of local self-government in separate regions of two Ukrainian regions, discussions about introduction of the prefect institute, etc. These factors make the study of this historical experience relevant. Viceroyalty as an administrative-territorial unit were introduced throughout the Russian Empire in the process of administrative reform of Catherine II. This reform aimed at separating the courts from the administration, the electoral status of the state bodies, some decentralization and bringing the authorities closer to the population. However, the viceroys had virtually unlimited power in all areas.

The aim of the article. The article is aimed on historiographcal overview of the of the viceroyalty system.

Results. The article looks at pre-revolutionary sources on relevant topics that began to appear at the end of the eighteenth century, exploring the Soviet and modern periods. The article also presents the work of foreign researchers. The greatest number of works belongs to the modern period, and it is obvious.

Among these sources, special attention is paid to the works related to the functioning of various elements of the administrative reform of Catherine II in the territory of modern Ukraine. These are works related to the coverage of the processes of transformation of Ukrainian autonomy into one of the imperial peripheral territories.

Сonclusions. Analysis of the historiography and characteristic of the source base shows that a considerable number of sources have been accumulated in Ukraine and abroad. At the same time, it should be noted that there is still no complex historical legal study on relevant topics, which leads to further in-depth study of the viceroyalty system, to use historical experience, in particular, in modern processes of administrative and territorial reform in Ukraine.
Efficient Probabilistic Joint Inversion of Direct Current Resistivity and Small-Loop Electromagnetic Data
Authors: Bobe Christin , Hanssens Daan , Hermans Thomas , Van De Vijver Ellen
Published: June 2020

Often, multiple geophysical measurements are sensitive to the same subsurface parameters. In this case, joint inversions are mostly preferred over two (or more) separate inversions of the geophysical data sets due to the expected reduction of the non-uniqueness in the joint inverse solution. This reduction can be quantified using Bayesian inversions. However, standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches are computationally expensive for most geophysical inverse problems. We present the Kalman ensemble generator (KEG) method as an efficient alternative to the standard MCMC inversion approaches. As proof of concept, we provide two synthetic studies of joint inversion of frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) and direct current (DC) resistivity data for a parameter model with vertical variation in electrical conductivity. For both studies, joint results show a considerable improvement for the joint framework over the separate inversions. This improvement consists of (1) an uncertainty reduction in the posterior probability density function and (2) an ensemble mean that is closer to the synthetic true electrical conductivities. Finally, we apply the KEG joint inversion to FDEM and DC resistivity field data. Joint field data inversions improve in the same way seen for the synthetic studies.
The Issues and Challenges of Local Government Units in the Era of Population Ageing
Authors: Maj-Waśniowska Katarzyna , Jedynak Tomasz
Published: June 2020

So far, issues related to the effects of ageing have been studied mainly from the perspective of national policy and international analyses. The study fills the research gap in this area focusing on the impact of demographic changes on the policy of local government units (LGUs). In the first section, a literature review of the research conducted so far has been performed. The empirical part contains the results of the study that was carried out on a sample of 131 municipalities of the Małopolska Voivodeship. The results obtained were subject to statistical analysis, based upon elements of descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and hierarchical clustering (k-means algorithm, Ward’s method) and statistical inference (Chi-square tests). It was found that the most important social problems identified by municipalities include in particular: demographic processes (indicated as significant by 71% of municipalities), population migrations (76%), unemployment (88%), alcoholism (93%) and poverty (75%). On the other hand, the following problems are perceived to a lesser extent: deficits in the level of education (15%) and social capital (36%), as well as participation in public (31%) and cultural (34%) life. However, only a few municipalities, mainly ones that are larger and more urbanised, see the key importance of the intensity of the ageing process (33% of cities with powiat rights, 14% of urban municipalities and only 4% of rural municipalities). Studies also indicate that in the light of the diagnosis of current problems, the greatest challenges associated with an ageing population are related to the lack of adequate financial resources, a decrease in a municipality’s income, a deteriorating situation in the local labour market, reduced family care potential, increased health care costs and social aid. It was also noted that from the municipalities’ point of view, the consequences of an ageing population will not only have a financial dimension, but will also require a certain redefinition of the catalogue of tasks to be carried out.
Multi-Bale Handling Unit for Efficient Logistics
Authors: Grisso Robert “Bobby” , Cundiff John , Comer Kevin
Published: June 2020

This paper presents a design for a feedstock logistics system to supply a bioenergy plant located in the Southeast USA, specifically Piedmont, a physiographic region covering part of five states (VA, NC, SC, GA, and AL). The design uses a perennial grass (switchgrass) as the feedstock. Harvest is done with a round baler, and round bales are stored in single-layer ambient storage in satellite storage locations. New technology, 20-bale racks, was designed as the multi-bale handling unit. The analysis shows how proper design of the interactions between the several unit operations in a “logistics chain” can be used to minimize average delivered cost for the feedstock required for 24/7 operation. Racks are loaded at the satellite storage and delivered by hauling contractors hired by the plant and controlled by a “Feedstock Manager” at the plant to insure approximately the same number of loads are received each day. Single-bale handling at the plant is eliminated, thus the truck unload time is reduced and truck productivity (tons/day) is increased. At-plant handling and storage in 20-bale racks increases plant receiving facility productivity, and gives a reduction in plant cost to supply a continuous steam of material for 24/7 operation.
Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) against Insects and Other Agricultural Pests
Authors: Ruiu Luca
Published: June 2020

The interest in using plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) as biopesticides is significantly growing as a result of the discovery of new properties of certain beneficial microbes in protecting agricultural crops. While several rhizobial species have been widely exploited for their ability to optimize plant use of environmental resources, now the focus is shifted to species that are additionally capable of improving plant health and conferring resistance to abiotic stress and deleterious biotic agents. In some cases, PGPB species may directly act against plant pathogens and parasites through a variety of mechanisms, including competition, protective biofilm formation, and the release of bioactive compounds. The use of this type of bacteria is in line with the principles of ecosustainability and integrated pest management, including the reduction of employing chemical pesticides. Several strains of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Burkholderia, and Streptomyces species have been the subject of specific studies in this direction and are under evaluation for further development for their use in biological control. Accordingly, specific case studies are presented and discussed.
Clonal Behavior in Response to Soil Water Availability in Tempranillo Grapevine cv: From Plant Growth to Water Use Efficiency
Authors: Tortosa Ignacio , Escalona Jose M. , Toro Guillermo , Douthe Cyril , Medrano Hipolito
Published: June 2020

Climate change threatens worldwide grapevine production, especially in Mediterranean areas. To assume this challenge, the replacement of plant material to choose one more adapted to the new environmental conditions has been proposed as one of the possible solutions. Thus, the study of genetic variability in water-use efficiency (WUE) is needed to guarantee the survival of viticulture in those critical areas. In this study, the variability of WUE in 23 Tempranillo clones growth in pots and submitted to well-watered conditions and moderate water stress was studied along two consecutive years. Leaf net photosynthesis (AN), stomatal conductance (gs), and plant growth parameters were measured, in addition the instrisic WUE (AN/gs), biomass production, and water consumed were calculated. Results show a clear genotype effect for most of the studied parameters, but, with an important year by year variability. We identified different clonal behavior in response to soil water availability, that permits to classify them as water-savers vs water-spenders. In general, there was no found relationship between leaf and plant WUE, even some genotypes as 232 or 1048 were coincident in higher leaf WUE showed highly productive in terms of biomass accumulation per unit of water applied.
Herbicide Resistance and Management Options of Papaver rhoeas L. and Centaurea cyanus L. in Europe: A Review
Authors: Stankiewicz-Kosyl Marta , Synowiec Agnieszka , Haliniarz Małgorzata , Wenda-Piesik Anna , Domaradzki Krzysztof , Parylak Danuta , Wrochna Mariola , Pytlarz Elżbieta , Gala-Czekaj Dorota , Marczewska-Kolasa Katarzyna , Marcinkowska Katarzyna , Praczyk Tadeusz
Published: June 2020

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) and cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) are two overwintering weed species found in crop fields in Europe. They are characterised by a similar life cycle, similar competitive efforts, and a spectrum of herbicides recommended for their control. This review summarises the biology and herbicide resistance phenomena of corn poppy and cornflower in Europe. Corn poppy is one of the most dangerous dicotyledonous weeds, having developed herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and growth regulators, especially in Mediterranean countries and Great Britain. Target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors dominates among herbicide-resistant poppy biotypes. The importance of non-target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in this species may be underestimated because non-target site resistance is very often associated with target site resistance. Cornflower, meanwhile, is increasingly rare in European agricultural landscapes, with acetolactate synthase inhibitors-resistant biotypes only listed in Poland. However, the mechanisms of cornflower herbicide resistance are not well recognised. Currently, herbicides mainly from acetolactate synthase and photosystem II inhibitors as well as from synthetic auxins groups are recommended for the control of both weeds. Integrated methods of management of both weeds, especially herbicide-resistant biotypes, continue to be underrepresented.
Effects of Drinking Water Temperature and Flow Rate during Cold Season on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Cecum Microflora of Weaned Piglets
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Li Zeqiang , Zhao Hua , Chen Xiaoling , Tian Gang , Liu Guangmang , Cai Jingyi , Jia Gang
Published: June 2020

Although water is one of the most important nutrients and is essential for various physiological processes within the body, it does not receive adequate consideration when ensuring optimal nutrition and growth performance in piglets. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drinking water temperature (DWT) and flow rate (DWF) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and cecum microflora in weaned piglets during cold weather. Sixty-four piglets with an average body weight of 8.60 ± 0.5 kg were allotted into four groups with four replicates in each group and four pigs in each replicate. The DWT and DWF were set for each group as follows: (1) 13 °C + 300 mL/min, (2) 13 °C + 700 mL/min, (3) 30 °C + 300 mL/min and (4) 30 °C + 700 mL/min, respectively. All groups were fed the same diet during the 28 d trial. The body weight at day 0 and day 29, as well as daily feed intake, were recorded. Diarrhea severity was assessed every day. Fresh fecal samples were collected for four consecutive days at the end of the experiment for the digestibility test. Cecum content was collected after sacrifice for microbial composition analysis. The results indicated that: (1) DWT at 30 °C promoted the average daily gain (ADG) of weaned piglets considerably (p = 0.043) and decreased feed to weight ratio when compared with DWT at 13 °C (p = 0.045). DWF had no substantial effect on the growth performance of piglets (p > 0.05). (2) The 30 °C DWT groups had higher apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat and energy than the 13 °C DWT groups (p < 0.05), while DWF had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of nutrients (p > 0.05). (3) DWT at 30 °C increased the Bacteroidetes abundance and decreased the Proteobacteria abundance in cecum digesta. The change in these two factors may be related to a decrease in diarrhea and the improvement of growth performance. Different DWF had no substantial effect on the cecum microbial structure. To sum up, providing a DWT of 30 °C to weaned piglets in cold weather reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria in the cecum and improved the apparent nutrient digestibility, which is beneficial for maintaining a healthy intestinal microenvironment and promoting growth performance. A lower DWF of 300 mL/min had no adverse effect on growth performance. Therefore, a combination of 30 °C + 300 mL/min is recommended for weaned piglets during cold weather for the consideration of animal welfare and production efficiency.
Intramammary Infections in Heifers—Time of Onset and Associated Risk Factors
Authors: Nitz Julia , Krömker Volker , Klocke Doris , Wente Nicole , Zhang Yanchao , tho Seeth Martin
Published: June 2020

To reduce the negative effects of mastitis in dairy heifers in early lactation on the future milking performance, the aim of this study was to define the time-related period of intramammary infections and to relate this to risk factors at heifer and quarter level for intramammary infections and subclinical mastitis. In total, 279 German Holstein Frisian heifers in three farms in Northern and Eastern Germany were included in this study. Quarter milk samples for cytomicrobiological examination were collected 3 ± 1 days after calving and 17 ± 3 days after calving, and risk factors at heifer and quarter level associated with intramammary infections and clinical mastitis were recorded during the trial period. Data were analyzed using logistic regression procedures and odds ratios were calculated. Calving at older ages increased the odds of intramammary infections with non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and coryneforms 17 ± 3 days after calving compared to heifers calving at a younger age. Detaching of milking cups during milking is a risk factor for new infections between day 3 ± 1 and 17 ± 3 postpartum. The milk yield after calving is associated with a decrease in intramammary infections with environmental pathogens and clinical mastitis. A high milk yield assists the development of udder edema with an increased risk of intramammary infections with NAS and coryneforms. An increased somatic cell count (SCC) after calving increased the odds of intramammary infections with contagious pathogens 17 ± 3 days postpartum. The early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in dairy heifers. Udder quarters eliminated pathogens during early lactation by 6.9% for cases in this study. New infections manifest themselves up until 17 ± 3 days postpartum, especially with Corynebacterium spp. and NAS. In total, 82.9% of the infected quarters showed new infections with another pathogen species 17 ± 3 days postpartum than 3 ± 1 days postpartum. In conclusion, the early lactation has an important influence on udder health and intramammary infections postpartum in heifers with the possibility that udder quarters eliminate pathogens, but also the danger that new infections manifest themselves. Thus, the prevention of new infections by minimizing the associated risk factors is of great importance.