bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Castor polyols for urethane foams
Authors: Ehrlich A. , Smith M. K. , Patton T. C.
Published: May 2007

A systematic investigation of some 21 castor polyols as base materials for preparing urethane foams was carried out. Prepolymers were prepared both from individual castor polyols and from mixtures of them with an anhydrous castor oil. Foams formed from these prepolymers were checked for shrinkage on cure, density, and modulus.

From the wide range of results obtained it is evident that castor polyols can serve as effective urethane components. Aside from serving as major polyols for reaction with di‐isocyanates, they can also be used as modifying polyols a) to speed up prepolymer preparation, b) to adjust prepolymer viscosity to any required degree, c) to minimize loss of modulus on humid aging, and as cross‐linking centers with negligible loss of foam modulus. Details covering the preparation of a nonshrinking, semi‐rigid, light‐weight urethane foam based on an 85% anhydrous castor oil/15% epoxidized castor oil mix are outlined in the article.
Monomer and amino resin modified tall oil fatty acid alkyds
Authors: Kraft William M. , Forschirm Alex
Published: May 2007

Monomer modified tall oil fatty acid trimethylolethane medium type of phthalic alkyds made by the High Polymer Alkyd Technique show improved properties in dry time, mar resistance, and flexibility as compared with monomer modified conventional prepared systems.

Greater hardness, less color degradation, greater resistance to extended periods at high temperature, and alkali and detergent resistances result from the urea and melamine resin modifications of tall oil fatty acid High Polymer alkyds than is obtained with similarly modified conventional alkyds.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit hepatic stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 gene in diabetic mice
Authors: Waters Katrina M. , Ntambi James M.
Published: May 2007

Insulin and dietary fructose independently induce stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression in diabetic mouse liver. In the present study, we again used diabetic mice and supplemented a high fructose diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to determine the selective repression of SCD1 gene expression by dietary PUFA, as previously shown in normal mice. We saw dramatic repression of SCD1 mRNA expression, with trilinolenin at 3% and triarachidonin at 1% supplementation. We also observed significant repression of insulin‐induced SCD1 mRNA upon supplementation of the noninducing starch diet with PUFA. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PUFA negatively regulate hepatic gene expression through an insulin‐independent mechanism.
Effects of different polunsaturated fatty acids on growth‐related early gene expression and cell growth
Authors: Sellmayer A. , Danesch U. , Weber P. C.
Published: May 2007

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on expression of early‐response genesc‐fos and Egr‐1 and induction of cell growth were assessed in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Stimulation with arachidonic acid increased mRNA levels ofc‐fos and Egr‐1. This effect was inhibited by preincubation with cyclooxygenase inhibitors and restored by addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the predominant eicosanoid produced in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Further signaling of PGE2 was mediated by a protein kinase C‐dependent pathway, since downregulation, or inhibition, of protein kinase C reduced increases in mRNA levels. Parallel to the stimulatory effects on mRNA levels, AA and PGE2 also increased cell growth, as determined by uptake of [3H]‐thymidine. In contrast to arachidonic acid, n‐3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) did not increasec‐fos and Egr‐1 mRNA levels or cell growth. Furthermore, preliminary data indicate that EPA and DHA even reduce the stimulatory effect of AA, which is associated with reduced formation of PGE2. In conclusion, our data indicate that AA increases expression of growth‐related early genesc‐fos and Egr‐1 in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts by its conversion to PGE2 and subsequent activation of protein kinase C, whereas n‐3 fatty acids do not activate this signaling cascade.
A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Siguel Edward
Published: May 2007

Dietary and plasma fatty acids have been linked to total cholesterol but not to the ratio of total/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLC). To evaluate the relationship between dietary and plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and TC/HDLC, we analyzed cross‐sectional and longitudinal data using 519 plasma samples (50% men, 50% women) from subjects participating in the Framingham Heart Study and results from a study feeding diets rich in either n‐6 linoleic acid or n‐3 α‐linolenic acid with or without fish oil supplements (n‐3 derivatives). Values of TC/HDLC are inversely related to the percent of plasma PUFA when both variables are measured at the same time in different subjects,R=0.82,P<0.000001. PUFA in phospholipids increase in response to increased dietary intake of different PUFA, either n‐3 or n‐6 or fish oils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between TC/HDLC and the percent of PUFA in phospholipids,R=0.97,P<0.001. The relationship was similar regardless of the source and type of dietary fatty acids. A similar relationship existed when only the baseline points were considered. When plasma PUFA % increases, either in response to a diet high in PUFA or across different subjects, TC/HDLC ratios decline. Evaluation of plasma fatty acid profiles and increased balanced dietary intake of PUFA to bring fatty acid profiles of subjects with low PUFA plasma levels closer to the profile of a healthy reference group is an effective approach to reduce high TC/HDLC. Reductions of more than 50% in TC/HDLC appear feasible with dietary modification alone. Further research into fatty acid metabolic activity may determine the biochemical basis of common dysplipidemias.
Synthesis of fat in response to alterations in diet: Insights from new stable isotope methodologies
Authors: Hellerstein Marc K.
Published: May 2007

Synthesis of fatty acids, orde novo lipogenesis (DNL), is an intensively researched metabolic pathway whose functional significance and metabolic role have nevertheless remained uncertain. Methodologic problems that limited previous investigations of DNLin vivo and recent methodologic advances that address these problems are discussed here. In particular, deuterated water incorporation and mass isotopomer distribution analysis techniques are described. Recent experimental results in humans based on these techniques are reviewed, emphasizing dietary and hormonal factors that modulate DNL and quantitative significance of DNL under various conditions, including carbohydrate overfeeding. The somewhat surprising finding that DNL appears not to be a quantitatively major pathway even under conditions of surplus carbohydrate energy intake, at least in normal adults on typical Western diets, is discussed in depth. Nutritional and metabolic implications of these results are also noted, and some speculations on possible functional roles of DNL in normal physiology and disease states are presented in this context. In summary, methodologic advances have added to our understanding of DNL and its regulation, but many questions concerning quantitation and function remain unanswered.
Skeletal muscle membrane lipids and insulin resistance
Authors: Storlien L. H. , Pan D. A. , Kriketos A. D. , O'Connor J. , Caterson I. D. , Cooney G. J. , Jenkins A. B. , Baur L. A.
Published: May 2007

Skeletal muscle plays a major role in insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal. This paper reviews the range of evidence in humans and experimental animals demonstrating close associations between insulin action and two major aspects of muscle morphology: fatty acid composition of the major structural lipid (phospholipid) in muscle cell membranes and relative proportions of major muscle fiber types. Workin vitro andin vivo in both rats and humans has shown that incorporation of more unsaturated fatty acids into muscle membrane phospholipid is associated with improved insulin action. As the corollary, a higher proportion of saturated fats is linked to impairment of insulin action (insulin resistance). Studiesin vitro suggest a causal relationship. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) there is some, but not conclusive, evidence that ω‐3 (n−3) PUFA may play a particular role in improving insulin action; certainly a high n−6/n−3 ratio appears deleterious. In relation to fiber type, the more highly oxidative, insulin‐sensitive type 1 and type 2a fibers have a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly n−3, in their membrane phospholipid, compared to the insulin‐resistant, glycolytic, type 2b fibers. These variables, however, can be separated and may act in synergy to modulate insulin action. It remains to establish whether lifestyle (e.g., dietary fatty acid profile and physical activity), genetic predisposition, or a combination are the prime determinants of muscle morphology (particularly membrane lipid profile) and hence insulin action.
Fats in indian diets and their nutritional and health implications
Authors: Ghafoorunissa
Published: May 2007

To arrive at fat requirements for Indians; the contribution of invisible fat should be determined. Total lipids were extracted from common Indian foods, and their fatty acid compositions were determined. This data and information on intake of various foods were used to estimate the contents of “invisible” fat and fatty acids in Indian diets. Taking into account World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and the invisible‐fat intake of Indians, recommendations were made for lower and upper limits of visible fats. In the rural poor, the “visible”‐fat intakes are much lower than estimated minimum requirements. Therefore, to meet the energy needs of low‐income groups, particularly young children, visible‐fat intakes must be increased to recommended levels. The urban high‐income group, however, should reduce dietary fat. Data on intake of various fatty acids in total diet shows that even the recommended lower limit of oil can meet linoleic acid requirements. Intake of α‐linolenic acid is low, however. Increase in dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produces hypolipidemic, anti‐inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Effects of n‐3 PUFA on blood lipids, platelet fatty acid composition, and platelet aggregation were therefore investigated in Indian subjects consuming cereal‐based diets. Supplementation of fish oils (long‐chain n‐3 PUFA) as well as the use of rapeseed oil (α‐linolenic acid) produced beneficial effects. Since the requirements of α‐linolenic acid and/or long‐chain n‐3 PUFA are related to linoleic acid intake, use of more than one oil (correct choice) is recommended for providing a balanced intake of various fatty acids. Analysis of Indian food showed that some foods are good sources of α‐linolenic acid. Regular consumption of these foods can also improve the quality of fat in Indian diets. Nonvegetarians, however, have the choice of eating fish to accomplish this.
Blood pressure, serum lipids, and fatty acids in populations on a lake‐fish diet or on a vegetarian diet in Tanzania
Authors: Pauletto P. , Puato M. , Angeli M. T. , Pessina A. C. , Munhambo A. , Bittolo‐Bon G. , Galli C.
Published: May 2007

Major risk factors for coronary heart disease were assessed in two populations of Tanzania, one on a fish diet (FD) living along the coast of Lake Nyasa, and the other, mainly on a vegetarian diet (VD), living in a farming area. Lower blood pressure values were found in the FD subjects (n=618) vs. VD (n=618) (systolic blood pressure, SBP, 120±15 vs. 135±20,P<0.01; diastolic blood pressure, DBP, 70±9 vs. 78±11,P<0.01, respectively). In an FD subgroup (n=61), total cholesterol (TC) (122 vs. 136 mg/dL,P<0.01); triglycerides (TG) (82 vs. 105 mg/dL,P<0.01); and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] (19.9±18.4 vs. 32.3±22.4,P<0.001) were lower than in a VD subgroup (n=55). Serum fatty acids (FA) in the FD subgroup were as follows: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20∶5) 2.48 vs. 0.72%, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22∶6) 5.93 vs. 1.49%, vs. the VD, respectively. Arachidonic acid (AA) (20∶4n‐6) also was higher in the FD vs. the VD group (9.85 vs. 8.30%,P<0.05), whereas 18∶2n‐6 was about double (23.97 and 14.85%) in VD vs. FD. The peculiar serum FA pattern in FD reflected the FA of dietary fish. In fact, in four main species of lake fish, DHA was 8–19%, higher than EPA (1.8–4.2%), in contrast with the situation in cold‐water fish, and AA was 5.8–8%, higher than in cold‐water fish. The data, obtained in populations strictly on natural, unprocessed, low‐fat diets, show that a diet based on freshwater fish results in lower BP, serum TC, TG, and Lp(a), and suggests that serum AA is not reduced when the major dietary n‐3 is DHA rather than EPA.
Phase behavior of the dimethyldodecyl amine oxide‐H2O system
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: May 2007

An exploratory study of the aqueous system of dimethyldodecyl amine oxide (DDAO) revealed it to be an interesting and instructive surfactant system showing the unusual occurrence of at least 5 stable phases at room temperature舒crystal (100‐about 80% DDAO), neat (about 80–70%), viscous isotropic (70–65%), middle (65–35%) and fluid isotropic or nigre (35–0%) in order of decreasing DDAO content. In many respects the system resembles anionic detergent systems such as that of sodium palmitate, in which, however, viscous isotropic is not observed. The maximum temperatures of existence for crystal, neat and middle are, respectively, 116, 145 and 110C. Neat phase is soft and anisotropic, viscous isotropic is somewhat brittle and isotropic, middle is plastic and anisotropic. The mesomorphic phases are particularly well shown microscopically in 舠dried‐down舡 samples under circular cover glasses. Middle and neat textures under the microscope are typical. At least four crystalline phases were recognized at various degrees of hydration.
The lipid composition of wheat flours varying widely in bread‐making potentialities
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Chung Okkyung , Robinson R. J.
Published: May 2007

Lipids were extracted with petroleum ether (average 0.93%) and with water‐saturated n‐butanol (average 1.20%) from flours milled from composite 8 hard red winter, 5 hard red spring, and each from red soft, durum, and club wheat varieties. The butanol‐extracted lipids were fractionated into nonpolar and polar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography, and the two major fractions were subfractionated by thin‐layer chromatography. The extracted, washed, lipids contained about 52% nonpolar, and 48% polar lipids. Flours milled from durum wheat contained substantially less polar lipids, than flours milled from hard red winter or hard red spring wheats. The triglycerides constituted about 50% of the nonpolar lipids. Among the polar lipids, digalactosyl glyceride was the major component (about 40%); an unidentified compound, and a mixture of monogalactosyl glyceride with phosphatidic acid were about 20% each; and phosphatidyl ethanol amine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine comprised about 4, 7, and 4.5% of the polar lipids, respectively.
Rapid densitometric determination of triglyceride groups by argentation thin layer chromatography
Authors: Chobanov D. , Tarandjiska R. , Chobanova R.
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for the quantitative thin layer chromatographic determination of the triglyceride groups, differing in unsaturation, based on densitometry of the charred bands. Complete separation was achieved by continuous development in an open glass jar. The need for correction coefficients was avoided through addition of bromine to the double bonds prior to charring in the presence of sulphuryl chloride. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated on a standard mixture and on sunflower oil, olive oil, lard, cocoa butter, and beef tallow. The method is applicable for triglyceride group analysis of the most common fats and oils which contain saturated, monoene, and diene acids.
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of jojoba seed
Authors: Yermanos D. M. , Duncan C. C.
Published: May 2007

Data are presented on the composition of jojoba seed harvested from randomly selected individual plants (175 in 1973, 139 in 1974) of the native population at Aguanga, CA. Except for seed yield per plant, which was 2.7 times higher in 1974, wax, protein, and hull content of the seed, as well as fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax, were not very different in the 2 years. A significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was found between seed wt and wax content of the seed. Highly significant (P<0.01) correlations were found in pairs of fatty acids and alcohols except where fatty acid 20∶1 was included. Comparison of data from 22 plants of known identity for the 2 years also showed no significant change in wax content and composition of the seed. By contrast, correlations for seed wt, protein, hull percent, and yield per plant for the same period were all nonsignificant.
Semi‐micro analysis of soap. II. Semi‐micro determination of borax
Authors: Blank E. W. , Griffin Margaret R.
Published: May 2007

A semi‐micro procedure for the determination of borax in soap has been develped based on the fact that strontium metaborate is soluble in an excess of strontium chloride solution, whereas both strontium orthophosphate and silicate are quantitatively precipitated. The strontium metaborate is acidified and the liberated boric acid titrated to α‐Naphtholphathaleint in the presence of mannitol.
Aminimides: II. Antimicrobial effect of short chain fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Kabara J. J. , Haitsma G. V.
Published: May 2007

A new family of surfactants, aminimides, has been screened forin vitro antimicrobial activity. These compounds are active against both bacteria and yeast, activity being a function of chain length. Maximum activity for acetimide and acrylimide amine derivatives was extablished with chain lengths of C14–C16. Homologous compounds with lower or higher chain lengths were less active. While showing low antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria, mixtures containing C12 and C16 gave good activity against gram negative strains without losing gram positive activity. Aminimides gave low acute LD50’s (200–400 mg/kg) when tested in mice by intraperitoneal injection.
Sulfur derivatives of N,N‐Disubstituted amides of long chain fatty acids and their antimicrobial activities
Authors: Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Sumrell G. , Novak A. F.
Published: May 2007

Mercaptoacetic acid was added to the internal double bond of N,N‐disubstituted oleamides and the terminal double bond of 11‐undecenoylmorpholine. Unreacted starting materials were removed by distillation and as urea complexes. The internal carboxyl group of N,N‐disubstituted‐9(10)‐(carboxymethylthio)stearamides and the terminal carboxyl group of 11‐(carboxymethylthio)undecanamide were esterified. Screening for broad range antimicrobial activity againstCandida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, andAspergillus species indicated that all compounds tested were active. However, 9(10)‐(carbomethoxymethylthio)stearoylmorpholine and 9(10)‐carbethoxymethylthio)stearoyl‐4‐methylpiperidine were the most effective and strongly inhibited the growth of all organisms tested.
Flavor evaluation of copper‐nickel hydrogenated soybean oil and blends with unhydrogenated oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Beal R. E. , Warner K. , Boundy B. K.
Published: May 2007

Soybean oils hydrogenated to zero linolenate in the pilot plant with a mixed copper‐nickel catalyst and a straight copper chromite catalyst were evaluated and compared for flavor and odor. Hydrogenated oils were winterized and deodorized and stabilized with butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, citric acid, and methyl silicone. Taste panel flavor scores of stored oils and room odor scores of oil at frying temperature were similar for oils hydrogenated either with straight copper chromite or with mixed copper chromite‐nickel catalysts. Blends containing 1, 2, and 3% linolenate made from unhydrogenated soybean salad oil and soybean oil hydrogenated to 0% linolenate with mixed copper chromite‐nickel catalyst were similarly evaluated. Panel responses indicated a blend of 29% unhydrogenated soybean salad oil and 71% hydrogenated soybean oil scored slightly lower than the hydrogenated soybean oil.
Effect of weather damage on the chemical composition of soybeans
Authors: Krober Orland A. , Collins F. I.
Published: May 2007

Soybean samples containing a large proportion of damaged seed were separated into sound and damaged portions and these portions were then analyzed chemically.

Analysis of these samples indicated that damage to the seed caused considerable variation in percentages of oil, protein, ash, and in iodine number and acid of the oil. Sugars in the damaged portions of the soybean samples were generally low when compared with the sound portions.

Weather damaging of soybean seed caused a marked increase in percentage of crude protein. Oil percentages were sometimes higher and sometimes lower in the damaged portions. The iodine number of the oil was usually but slightly affected, and the acid number was higher in the damaged portions.

In order that the chemical analysis of the samples may be representative of the true composition of a strain, the seed analyzed should be of good quality and contain no more than a small proportion of damaged seed.
Studies on the isomers of major monoenoic acids in rapeseed and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oil
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Page B. D.
Published: May 2007

An analytical procedure is presented for studies on the composition of hydrogenated oils containing C20 and C22 fatty acids. The method involves an initial separation of esters by preparative gas liquid chromatography into fractions of equal chain length. Each fraction is subsequently studied in detail by gas liquid chromatography, argentation thin layer chromatography, IR spectroscopy, and microozonolysis. Results are presented from a study of the isomers of major monoenoic acids in commercial samples of rapeseed and partially hydrogenated rapeseed oils.
The relationship of structure to properties in surfactants
Authors: Rosen Milton J.
Published: May 2007

Changes in the various structural units present in surfactants strongly affect the interfacial properties shown by these materials. Such properties as surface tension reduction, micelle formation, wetting, foaming and defoaming, detergency, and dispersion of solids all show marked changes with variations in both the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the surfactant molecule, reflecting the processes occurring on a molecular level. Changes in these properties caused by such factors as the length and nature of the hydrophobic group, branching or unsaturation in the hydrophobic group, the nature of the hydrophilic group and its position in the molecule, and the presence or absence of an ionic charge are described and explained in terms of the molecular processes involved.
Sterol additives as polymerization inhibitors for frying oils
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J.
Published: May 2007

Addition of certain vegetable oil unsaponifiables to safflower oil protects it from oxidative polymerization during heating at frying temperature. The unsaponifiables isolated from olive, corn, wheat germ andVernonia anthelmintica oils were found to be effective. The fraction responsible for this effect is largely sterol in nature. Although the common plant sterols show no antioxidant activity, the 4‐α‐methyl sterols function well. The sterols fromVernonia oil, which contain no 4‐α‐methyl group, are also active. It appears that an isofucosterol side chain may be the structural feature required to obtain this protective effect.
Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at perkins, Oklahoma in 1968
Authors: Young C. T. , Mason M. E. , Matlock R. S. , Waller G. R.
Published: May 2007

Eight varieties of peanuts were grown under measured field conditions. Seed obtained at five successive harvest dates and separated into three maturity levels were analyzed for fatty acid composition of oil. Mature peanuts were mostly higher in stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids, and lower in linoleic (18:2), arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) acids. Oleic‐linoleic ratios, which are correlated with oil stability, were higher in mature peanuts.
Systematic isolation and identification of minor components in heated and unheated fat
Authors: Artman Neil R. , Smith Donald E.
Published: May 2007

Although animal studies have shown that the chemical reactions occurring in fats during frying do not make them unsuited for food use, questions continue to arise about the products of these reactions and their significance. The purpose of this work was to identify as many as possible of the monomeric products that form when fats are heated in the air. Cottonseed oil was kept at 182 C for six 8 hr days; then it was converted to methyl esters. The distillable, non‐urea‐adductable fraction (DNUA) of the esters was separated into 96 fractions by gradient elution chromatography on silica gel. Each fraction was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). One hundred thirty‐six components were observed, corresponding to 0.42% of the fat. Many of the components were isolated by preparative GLC. Fifty‐one were partially or completely characterized. The most abundant components of the DNUA were octadecenoate and octadecadienoate which had not been removed completely by urea adduction. Esters of alicyclic fatty acids made up 34% of the characterized material. These cyclic materials are probably responsible for the toxic effects that have been seen when DNUA was isolated and fed to rats at high dietary levels. Many of the other components appear to be of little biological interest. No components present in substantial amounts remain uncharacterized.
Polymorphism of mixed triglycerides containing odd fatty acids
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Stewart C. B. , Fehl A. J.
Published: May 2007

Paris of CnC(n+1)Cn (i.e., C16C17C16 and C18C19C18) and CnC(n‐1)Cn triglycerides (C16C15C16 and C18C17C18) triglycerides,n even, were prepared to compare with CnC(n+2)Cn and CnC(n‐2)Cn glycerides, respectively, in polymorphic behavior. It was found that CnC(n+1)Cn compounds were β′ tending and CnC(n‐1)Cn compounds β tending in line with their all‐even counterparts. The glyceride C11C13C11 is β′ stable, like C10C12C10 and C16C18C16, and seems closely related to them in physical behavior and diffraction characteristics.
1‐Octen‐3‐ol and its relation to other oxidative cleavage products from esters of linoleic acid
Authors: Hoffmann G.
Published: May 2007

By means of preparative GLC, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 2‐trans‐heptenal could be isolated from mildly oxidized linoleic acid ester and from oils containing this acid (e.g., soybean oil). A hypothesis for the origin of these two substances in natural products is given. The absence of 2‐trans‐octenal in the cleavage products from methyl linoleate, its presence in oils and the controversial experimental results obtained by various investigators, seem to be reconcilable by assuming the formation of an acetal. The suggested acetal may, on intermolecular cyclic rearrangement and cleavage, give 1‐octen‐3‐ol.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of soybean fatty acid content
Authors: Diers B. W. , Shoemaker R. C.
Published: May 2007

The quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil depends greatly upon its fatty acid composition. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci affecting the relative content of the fatty acids composing soybean seed oil. The mapping was done in a population formed from a cross between aG. max experimental line and aG. soja plant introduction. Sixty F2‐derived lines from this population were genotyped with 243 restriction fragment length polymorphism, five isozyme, one storage protein and three morphological markers. The genotyped lines were grown in a replicated trial, and the seed harvested was analyzed for palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. Markers significantly (P>0.005) associated with each fatty acid were found. Individual markers were associated with up to 38% of the total variance in specific fatty acids among the F2 lines. The greatest associations between markers and fatty acid content were observed with markers on two major linkage groups.
Effect of thioanisole and trimethylene sulfide on the oxidation and yellowing of methyl linolenate
Authors: Kumarathasan Rajkumar , Chaudhuri Satya N. , Hunter Norman R. , Gesser Hyman D.
Published: May 2007

The effect of thioanisole and trimethylene sulfide on the autoxidation and yellowing of methyl linolenate has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, respectively. The progress of autoxidation was followed by measuring the NMR integration of vinylic protons with respect to methoxy protons, which served as the internal standard, as a function of time. The degree of yellowing was determined by measuring the difference in absorbance at 400 nm and 450 nm as a function of time. Both thioanisole and trimethylene sulfide enhanced the autoxidation of methyl linolenate. Inhibition of yellowing was observed only with trimethylene sulfide.
Antioxidant activity in leaves of some mediterranean plants
Authors: Chevolleau S. , Mallet J. F. , Ucciani E. , Gamisans J. , Gruber M.
Published: May 2007

Hexane and methanol leaf extracts of sixteen Mediterranean plant species were obtained by percolation. Higher yields were observed for methanol (16.4–47.8%) than for hexane extracts (1.3–13%). Antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by a rapid spectrophotometric method involving the combined oxidation of beta‐carotene and linoleic acid. Leaf extracts were thus characterized by an Antioxidant Activity Coefficient (AAC) ranging from 0 to 1000. Hexane extracts gave much higher AAC values than the corresponding methanol extracts. In both cases, myrtle (Myrtus communis) showed the best antioxidant effectiveness.
Rapid synthesis and purification of vitamin a esters
Authors: Azais‐Braesco V. , Forget A. , Mercier M. , Grolier P.
Published: May 2007

Various esters of retinol (vitamin A) have been synthesized in high yields from fatty acids in one step, at room temperature in the presence of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Under anhydrous conditions, this technique avoids the occurrence of undesirable substances. The esters are separated quickly and efficiently from unreacted starting materials by flash chromatography on a silica gel column with a hexane/ether mixture as elution solvent.
Thickness Dependence of Critical Current of Superfluid 3He Film
Authors: Saitoh Masamichi , Kono Kimitoshi
Published: May 2007

We have measured the critical current Jc, which is defined as the onset of dissipative flow, for a thickness range from 0.3 to 4 μm using inter-digitated capacitors. In the thickness dependence of Jc, two distinct dissipation regimes were observed. The crossover occurred at a thickness of ∼1 μm.
Stigmatization of Repetitive Hand Use in Newspaper Reports of Hand Illness
Authors: Anthony Shawn , Lozano-Calderon Santiago , Ring David
Published: May 2007

Failure to provide a balanced evidence-based consideration of the role of activity in illness can stigmatize individuals and their activities. We assessed the prevalence of language that stigmatized repetitive hand use and those that use their hand repetitively in newspaper coverage of common hand illnesses. The LexisNexis Academic database was used to search five major US newspapers for articles containing keywords about common hand illnesses during a 3-year period. Article language was assessed for stigmatization of activities involving repetitive hand use as well as for stigmatization of patients who use their hand repetitively. One hundred and twenty-four articles on hand illnesses were identified. Of these, 65.3% of articles stigmatized activities involving repetitive hand use, including 96.6% of articles discussing overuse injury of the hand, 90% of articles discussing tendonitis or tenosynovitis, and 51.8% of articles discussing carpal tunnel syndrome. Patient stigmatization was documented in 30.6% of the newspaper articles. Stigmatizing statements were most commonly made by journalists (94.8%), followed by patients (3.1%), and physicians (2.1%). Language that stigmatizes repetitive hand use and patients who use their hand repetitively is prevalent among US newspaper articles. Both health professionals and journalists reporting health-related news should be more sensitive to the use of stigmatizing language and provide a more balanced, measured, and evidenced-based account of hand illnesses.
Conversion of Methyl Oleate to Branched‐Chain Derivatives
Authors: Dailey Oliver D. , Prevost Nicolette
Published: May 2007

Studies were conducted in the synthetic conversion of oleic acid to mid‐chain branched fatty acids. Methyl oleate was brominated in the allylic positions. Reaction of the allylic bromides with lithium dimethylcuprate gave primarily the desired branched‐chain derivatives (93% of product mixture). The product had a significantly lower crystallization temperature in comparison with methyl oleate. Reaction of the allylic bromides with lithium di‐n‐butylcuprate or lithium di‐sec‐butylcuprate also gave branched‐chain derivatives, but in this instance there was the complication of attack on the ester functionality in the fashion of a Grignard reagent. Details of the syntheses and the properties of the products (with emphasis on low‐temperature properties) are discussed.
Myostatin and MyoD family expression in skeletal muscle of IGF‐1 knockout mice
Authors: Miyake Masato , Hayashi Shinichiro , Sato Tomomi , Taketa Yoshikazu , Watanabe Kouichi , Hayashi Shinji , Tanaka Sachi , Ohwada Shyuichi , Aso Hisashi , Yamaguchi Takahiro
Published: May 2007

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is a positive regulator in proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells, while myostatin (MSTN) is a member of transforming growth factor β superfamily that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The present study was performed to detail whether a correlation exists between MSTN and IGF‐1 in skeletal muscle of IGF‐1 knockout mice (IGF‐1−/−) and their wild type (WT; i.e., IGF‐1+/+) littermates. The body weight of IGF‐1−/− animals was 32% that of WT littermates. The fiber cross‐sectional areas (CSA) and number of fibers in M. rectus femoris of IGF‐1−/− animals were 49 and 59% those of WT animals, respectively. Thus, muscle hypoplasia of IGF‐1−/− undoubtedly was confirmed. Myostatin mRNA levels and protein levels were similar between M. gastrocnemius of IGF‐1−/− and WT animals. Myostatin immunoreactivity was similarly localized in muscle fibers of both IGF‐1−/− and WT M. rectus femoris. The mRNA levels of MyoD family (Myf5, MyoD, MRF4, myogenin) were differentially expressed in IGF‐1−/− M. gastrocnemius, in which the mRNA expression of MRF4 and myogenin was significantly lower, whereas there were no changes in the mRNA expression of Myf5 and MyoD. These findings first describe that myostatin expression is not influenced by intrinsic failure of IGF‐1, although MRF4 and myogenin are downregulated.
No ecological effect modification of the association between negative life experiences and later psychopathology in adolescence: A longitudinal community study in adolescents
Authors: Gunther Nicole , Drukker Marjan , Feron Frans , Os Jim van
Published: May 2007

Background

The aim of the study was to examine the potential contribution of exposure to bullying and adverse life events to the development of psychopathology in adolescents, and possible effect modification by neighbourhood social capital.

Methods

Two waves of routine, longitudinal, standard health examinations at local community paediatric health services, pertaining to 749 adolescents living in Maastricht (The Netherlands) who were attending second grade of secondary school (age 13/14 years) and approximately 2 years later going to the fourth grade (age 15/16 years), were analysed. A self-report questionnaire was used, including measures of psychopathology and two measures of negative life experiences, exposure to bullying and adverse life events, that were available for both age groups and subjected to (multilevel) regression analysis.

Results

Exposure to bullying in the past school-year as well as the experience of adverse life events over a 12 month period, at the age of 13/14 years, predicted an increase in psychopathology at follow-up. Exposure to bullying was associated with the development of hyperactivity and emotional problems, while the experience of adverse life events predicted the development of conduct problems. Family-related adverse events had greatest effect sizes. Effects of bullying and adverse life events were not moderated by neighbourhood social capital.

Conclusion

Negative life experiences impact on liability to psychopathology in adolescents independent of the wider social environment.
Random walk and breaking trend in financial series: An econometric critique of unit root tests
Authors: Rahman Abdul , Saadi Samir
Published: May 2007

The present note sheds light on several pitfalls associated with unit root tests that are overlooked by a growing volume of literature in financial economics. Specifically, several studies have confused unit root tests with the Random Walk hypothesis. Unit root tests are not designed for such a task since they aim at investigating whether a time series is difference‐stationary or trend‐stationary and are not, therefore, predictability tests. Secondly, we emphasize some serious shortcomings associated with the widely used unit root test developed by Zivot and Andrews [Zivot, E. & Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil‐price shock, and the unit‐root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270.]. In particular, we stress that results from the Zivot–Andrews test are sensitive to the methods employed to calculate the critical values and to select the maxim lag k. Furthermore, Zivot–Andrews test imposes a one time structural break in a time series; however recent studies showed that not counting for other true structural breaks may bias the results and may cause a spurious rejection of the unit root null hypothesis. Finally, we support our arguments by an empirical example based on the findings of Narayan and Smyth [Narayan, K.P. & Smyth, R. (2004). Is South Korea's stock market efficient? Applied Economics Letters, 11, 707–710.] with regards to the efficiency of South Korean stock market. We show that contrary to what the authors claim, the KSE (KOSPI) price index is predictable, and hence the South Korean stock market is not informationally efficient.
Late Quaternary distal tephra-fall deposits in lacustrine sediments, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: de Fontaine Christian S. , Kaufman Darrell S. , Scott Anderson R. , Werner Al , Waythomas Christopher F. , Brown Thomas A.
Published: May 2007

Tephra-fall deposits from Cook Inlet volcanoes were detected in sediment cores from Tustumena and Paradox Lakes, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, using magnetic susceptibility and petrography. The ages of tephra layers were estimated using 21 14C ages on macrofossils. Tephras layers are typically fine, gray ash, 1–5 mm thick, and composed of varying proportions of glass shards, pumice, and glass-coated phenocrysts. Of the two lakes, Paradox Lake contained a higher frequency of tephra (0.8 tephra/100 yr; 109 over the 13,200-yr record). The unusually large number of tephra in this lake relative to others previously studied in the area is attributed to the lake's physiography, sedimentology, and limnology. The frequency of ash fall was not constant through the Holocene. In Paradox Lake, tephra layers are absent between ca. 800–2200, 3800–4800, and 9000–10,300 cal yr BP, despite continuously layered lacustrine sediment. In contrast, between 5000 and 9000 cal yr BP, an average of 1.7 tephra layers are present per 100 yr. The peak period of tephra fall (7000–9000 cal yr BP; 2.6 tephra/100 yr) in Paradox Lake is consistent with the increase in volcanism between 7000 and 9000 yr ago recorded in the Greenland ice cores.
ENT manifestations in Iranian patients with primary antibody deficiencies
Authors: Aghamohammadi A , Moazzami K , Rezaei N , Karimi A , Movahedi M , Gharagozlou M , Abdollahzade S , Pouladi N , Kouhi A , Moin M
Published: May 2007

Objective:

One hundred and nine patients with primary antibody deficiencies were selected in order to determine the frequency of ENT complications.

Method:

Demographic information and ENT medical histories were collected for each patient. Duration of study for each patient was divided into two periods of before diagnosis and after diagnosis and the initiation of treatment.

Results:

Eighty-two of 109 patients (75.2 per cent) experienced ENT infections during the course of the disease (63: otitis media, 75: sinusitis and nine: mastoiditis). At the time of diagnosis, 52 (47.7 per cent) out of 109 patients presented with an ENT symptom. The frequencies of episodes were 27 for sinusitis and 25 for otitis media (one complicated with mastoiditis). After immunoglobulin replacement therapy the incidence of otitis media was reduced from 1.75 before treatment to 0.39 after treatment per patient per year (p = 0.008). The incidence of sinusitis also significantly decreased from 2.38 to 0.78 (pvalue = 0.011).

Conclusion:

ENT infections are common medical problems in primary antibody deficiency patients. Persistent and recurrent ENT infections should be suspected as originating from a possible underlying immunodeficiency.
Purchasing power and pagodas: The Sīma monastic boundary and consumer politics in Cambodia
Authors: Kent Alexandra
Published: May 2007

Cambodia is now in the midst of reconstruction after decades of organised violence and socio-cultural disruption. This paper explores how rural Cambodians are trying to recreate order in their local worlds and it questions what impact the recent deluge of consumer values, delivered through a post-socialist political filter, is having on these efforts.
Austronesians in linguistic disguise: Fataluku cultural fusion in East Timor
Authors: McWilliam Andrew
Published: May 2007

This paper explores the relationship between language and cultural practice in the Fataluku language community of East Timor. A Papuan language and member of what is referred to as the Trans New Guinea Phylum (TNGP) of languages, Fataluku society nevertheless exhibits many cultural ideas and practices suggesting a long period of engagement and accommodation to Austronesian cosmopolitanism. The idea that Fataluku speakers are ‘Austronesians in disguise’ points to the significance of cultural hybridity on the Austronesian boundary.
Past cultivation is a factor driving organization of dry grassland ground-active beetle communities
Authors: FADDA SYLVAIN , ORGEAS JEROME , PONEL PHILIPPE , BUISSON ELISE , TORRE FRANCK , DUTOIT THIERRY
Published: May 2007

The steppes of the Mediterranean Basin, traditionally managed since ancient times, have been drastically degraded by recent human activities, and are a valuable model to study the impact of present and past anthropogenic disturbances. Climate and edaphic constraints and free sheep grazing have contributed for over 6000 years to the development of a steppe unique to France, but similar to many others in the Mediterranean Basin. This steppe is increasingly threatened by both industrialization and cultivation, and formerly-cultivated plots developed less species-rich vegetation than the steppe. Here, sampling with pitfall traps showed that formerly-cultivated plots hosted more diverse beetle assemblages owing to the presence of ruderal plants, which had greater nutritional value and hosted more phytophagous insects, beetles or other groups, enhancing prey diversity. The steppe had a less species-rich assemblage, but included many species typical of arid areas, some of which are threatened. Former disturbances led to the settlement of ubiquitous species, which increased the overall species richness, but decreased the biological value for conservation. Conservationists have to decide whether they would rather maintain beetle species diversity or biological value.
Moment-free numerical approximation of highly oscillatory integrals with stationary points
Authors: OLVER SHEEHAN
Published: May 2007

This article presents a method for the numerical quadrature of highly oscillatory integrals with stationary points. We begin with the derivation of a new asymptotic expansion, which has the property that the accuracy improves as the frequency of oscillations increases. This asymptotic expansion is closely related to the method of stationary phase, but presented in a way that allows the derivation of an alternate approximation method that has similar asymptotic behaviour, but with significantly greater accuracy. This approximation method does not require moments.
Logic programming with satisfiability
Authors: CODISH MICHAEL , LAGOON VITALY , STUCKEY PETER J.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a Prolog interface to the MiniSat satisfiability solver. Logic programming with satisfiability combines the strengths of the two paradigms: logic programming for encoding search problems into satisfiability on the one hand and efficient SAT solving on the other. This synergy between these two exposes a programming paradigm that we propose here as a logic programming pearl. To illustrate logic programming with SAT solving, we give an example Prolog program that solves instances of Partial MAXSAT.
Observational evidence for stellar-mass black holes
Authors: Casares Jorge
Published: May 2007

Radial velocity studies of X-ray binaries provide the most solid evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black holes. We currently have 20 confirmed cases, with dynamical masses in excess of 3 M⊙. Accurate masses have been obtained for a subset of systems which gives us a hint at the mass spectrum of the black hole population. This review summarizes the history of black hole discoveries and presents the latest results in the field.
Black holes and magnetic fields
Authors: Bičák Jiří , Karas Vladimír , Ledvinka Tomáš
Published: May 2007

Stationary axisymmetric magnetic fields are expelled from outer horizons of black holes as they become extremal. Extreme black holes exhibit Meissner effect also within exact Einstein–Maxwell theory and in string theories in higher dimensions. Since maximally rotating black holes are expected to be astrophysically most important, the expulsion of the magnetic flux from their horizons represents a potential threat to an electromagnetic mechanism launching the jets at the account of black-hole rotation.
Black hole accretion: theoretical limits and observational implications
Authors: Heinzeller Dominikus , Duschl Wolfgang J. , Mineshige Shin , Ohsuga Ken
Published: May 2007

Recently, the issue of the role of the Eddington limit in accretion discs became a matter of debate. While the classical (spherical) Eddington limit is certainly an over-simplification, it is not really clear how to treat it in a flattened structure like an accretion disc. We calculate the critical accretion rates and resulting disc luminosities for various disc models corresponding to the classical Eddington limit by equating the attractive and repulsive forces locally. We also discuss the observational appearance of such highly accreting systems by analyzing their spectral energy distributions. Our calculations indicate that the allowed mass accretion rates differ considerably from what one expects by applying the Eddington limit in its classical form, while the luminosities only weakly exceed their classical equivalent. Depending on the orientation of the disc relative to the observer, mild relativistic beaming turns out to have an important influence on the disc spectra. Thus, possible super-Eddington accretion, combined with mild relativistic beaming, supports the idea that ultraluminous X-ray sources host stellar mass black holes and accounts partially for the observed high temperatures of these objects.