bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydatid Cyst Disease of the Thyroid Gland: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Akbulut Sami , Demircan Firat , Sogutcu Nilgun
Published: January 2015

Hydatid cyst disease may develop in any organ of the body, most frequently in the liver and lung, but occasionally can affect other organs such as the thyroid gland. Although the prevalence of thyroidal cyst disease varies by region, literature data suggest that it ranges between 0% and 3.4%. The aim of this report was to share 2 cases with thyroid hydatid cyst. Two female patients aged 26 and 57 years were admitted to our outpatient clinic with different complaints. While the first case presented with front of the neck swelling and pain, the second case presented with hoarseness, sore throat, and neck swelling. Both patients were living in a rural area in the southeastern region of Turkey and had had a long history of animal contact. Both patients had undergone previous surgeries for hydatid cyst disease. Both patients presented with a clinical picture consistent with typical multinodular goiter, and both underwent total thyroidectomy after detailed examinations and tests. The exact diagnosis was made after histopathologic examination in both patients. They both had a negative indirect hemagglutination test studied from blood samples. They both have had no recurrences during a 4-year follow-up. In conclusion, although thyroid gland is rarely affected, hydatid cyst disease should not be overlooked in differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of thyroid gland in patients who live in regions where hydatid cyst disease is endemic and who had hydatid cysts in other regions of their body.
Phytoplankton phenology in the coastal upwelling region off central‐southern Chile (35°S–38°S): Time‐space variability, coupling to environmental factors, and sources of uncertainty in the estimates
Authors: Corredor‐Acosta Andrea , Morales Carmen E. , Hormazabal Samuel , Andrade Isabel , Correa‐Ramirez Marco A.
Published: January 2015

The annual cycle and phenology of phytoplankton (satellite‐derived chlorophyll‐a, Chl‐a) in the coastal upwelling region off central‐southern Chile, their time‐space variation, the extent of their coupling with those of wind‐driven upwelling (as Zonal Ekman Transport, ZET), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) were analyzed using a ∼10 year satellite time series (2002–2012). Wavelet analysis (WA) was applied to extract the dominant frequencies of variability and their recurrence, to derive the phenological indexes, and to assess the extent of the coupling between Chl‐a and environmental forcing in the annual frequency. Index estimates were obtained from minimum and maximum accumulated values in two different frequency bands, annual (WA‐ANF) and all except the synoptic (WA‐ALF). The annual frequency was dominant in all the variables; however, the annual cycle and phenology of Chl‐a displayed higher submeso and mesoscale variability. The mean onset date of Chl‐a was similar to those of PAR and ZET with WA‐ALF and cross WA indicated that, for the most part, their annual cycles were coupled or coherent. Few interannual changes in Chl‐a phenology were detected, including a ∼1 month longer duration (WA‐ALF) during La Niña 2010–2011. The mean anomalies in the magnitudes of Chl‐a and ZET during the upwelling season showed a slight but significant trend, negative for Chl‐a and positive for ZET, while SST remained relatively constant. This pattern was unexpected since three La Niña‐related conditions were identified during the 2007–2012 period.
Exotic crust formation on Mercury: Consequences of a shallow, FeO‐poor mantle
Authors: Vander Kaaden Kathleen E. , McCubbin Francis M.
Published: January 2015

The range in density and compressibility of Mercurian melt compositions was determined to better understand the products of a possible Mercurian magma ocean and subsequent volcanism. Our experiments indicate that the only mineral to remain buoyant with respect to melts of the Mercurian mantle is graphite; consequently, it is the only candidate mineral to have composed a primary floatation crust during a global magma ocean. This exotic result is further supported by Mercury's volatile‐rich nature and inexplicably darkened surface. Additionally, our experiments illustrate that partial melts of the Mercurian mantle that compose the secondary crust were buoyant over the entire mantle depth and could have come from as deep as the core‐mantle boundary. Furthermore, Mercury could have erupted higher percentages of its partial melts compared to other terrestrial planets because magmas would not have stalled during ascent due to gravitational forces. These findings stem from the FeO‐poor composition and shallow depth of Mercury's mantle, which has resulted in both low‐melt density and a very limited range in melt density responsible for Mercury's primary and secondary crusts. The enigmatically darkened, yet low‐FeO surface, which is observed today, can be explained by secondary volcanism and impact processes that have since mixed the primary and secondary crustal materials.
Solid Supported 9‐Amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinine as Efficient Organocatalyst for Stereoselective Reactions in Batch and Under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Porta Riccardo , Benaglia Maurizio , Coccia Francesca , Cozzi Franco , Puglisi Alessandra
Published: January 2015

Polystyrene‐supported 9‐amino‐9‐deoxy‐epi‐quinine was synthesized through co‐polymerization of an ad hoc‐designed chiral monomer with divinylbenzene, in the presence of azobis(isobutyronitile) (AIBN) as radical initiator and toluene and 1‐dodecanol as porogenic solvents. The heterogenized catalyst efficiently promoted the reaction of isobutyric aldehyde with β‐nitrostyrene, in very high yield and enantioselectivity, comparable or even higher than that of the homogeneous counterpart (up to 95% ee). The recyclability of the catalyst, its general applicability and its successful application to other reactions was also demonstrated. Finally, for the first time, a 9‐amino‐epi‐quinine derivative was employed to perform an enantioselective Michael reaction under continuous‐flow conditions; by using a home‐made, packed‐bed catalytic reactor, the aldehyde addition to nitrostyrene was successfully realized in flow mode, leading to the product in up to 93% ee.

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Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Arylation of Anilides with Boronic Acids, Borinic Acids and Potassium Trifluoroborates
Authors: Hubrich Jonathan , Himmler Thomas , Rodefeld Lars , Ackermann Lutz
Published: January 2015

An in situ generated cationic ruthenium(II) catalyst allowed for robust CH arylations of anilides with boronic acids. The optimized ruthenium catalyst was found to be both site selective and chemoselective, thereby providing the monoarylated products in excellent yields with ample substrate scope. The catalyst’s high efficacy furthermore set the stage for efficient CH arylations with borinic acids as well as potassium trifluoroborates.

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Understanding cubic equations of state: A search for the hidden clues of their success
Authors: Wilczek‐Vera Grazyna , Vera Juan H.
Published: January 2015

This work investigates the hidden details that are responsible for the practical success of cubic equations of state (EOS) in phase equilibrium calculations. A detailed consideration of the van der Waals method for evaluating the pure compound EOS parameters sheds new light on the reasons why the elimination of the actual critical volume as parameter was also adopted in the Redlich–Kwong and the Peng–Robinson (PR) frameworks. It is shown that an interesting relationship for the critical compressibility factor arising from the Martin–Hou method opens a new door for future exploration of different frameworks. A consideration of the key steps of Soave's reasoning for determining the temperature dependence of the attractive parameter explains the larger success of the Stryjek–Vera modification of PR EOS over the PR EOSs. A reference to the extension of cubic EOS to calculate liquid densities and enthalpies and a ready to use algorithm for the evaluation of the roots of a cubic equation are included for instructional purposes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2824–2831, 2015
An experimental investigation on the influence of phenol on the solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of NaOH
Authors: Jödecke Michael , Xia Jianzhong , Pérez‐Salado Kamps Álvaro , Maurer Gerd
Published: January 2015

Experimental results are presented for the solubility of CO2 in an aqueous solution of phenol and NaOH (molalties in water: phenol: 0.5; NaOH: 1.0) at (314, 354, and 395) K and pressures up to 10 MPa. The experimental work extends recent investigations on the influence of phenol as well as of (phenol + NaCl) on the solubility of CO2 in water. In contrast to those previous investigations, the strong electrolyte reacts with carbon dioxide and also with phenol. The experimental results are compared with predictions from a thermodynamic model. That model combines a model for the “chemical” solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of NaOH with a model for the “physical” solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of phenol. An extension is introduced to account for the chemical reaction between the weak acid phenol and the strong base sodium hydroxide. The prediction results nicely agree with the new experimental data. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2832–2840, 2015
Experimental and theoretical study of the intrinsic kinetics for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO2 over Cu–Fe–Zr/HZSM‐5
Authors: Qin Zu‐zeng , Su Tong‐ming , Ji Hong‐bing , Jiang Yue‐xiu , Liu Rui‐wen , Chen Jian‐hua
Published: January 2015

An intrinsic kinetics model was established for CO2 hydrogenation to dimethyl ether (DME) with a Cu–Fe–Zr/HZSM‐5 catalyst based on H2/CO2 adsorption, simulation, and calculation of methanol synthesis from CO2 intermediates and experimental data. H2/CO2‐temperature programmed desorption results show a dissociative H2 adsorption on Cu site; CO2 was linearly adsorbed on Fe3O4 weak base sites of the catalyst; the adsorbing capacity of H2 and CO2 increased after Zr‐doping. Density functional theory analysis of methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 revealed a formate pathway. Methanol synthesis was the rate‐limiting step (173.72 kJ·mol−1 activation energy) of the overall CO2 hydrogenation reaction, and formation of H2CO is the rate‐determining step of methanol synthesis. Relative errors between calculated and experimental data of partial pressures of all components were less than 10%. Therefore, the kinetics model may be an accurate descriptor of intrinsic kinetics of CO2 hydrogenation to DME. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1613–1627, 2015
Spin‐Labelling of Host‐Guest Assemblies with Nitroxide Radicals
Authors: Mezzina Elisabetta , Manoni Roberta , Romano Francesco , Lucarini Marco
Published: January 2015

Within the developing interface between free radicals and supramolecular chemistry, nitroxides play a special role because they are stable and easy to functionalize. This Focus Review summarizes recent progress in the design and synthesis of paramagnetic host‐guest complexes characterized by the presence of a nitroxide label covalently linked to the organic macrocycle. Examples include the synthesis of open‐shell, mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), such as rotaxanes, in which the dumbbell, the wheel, or both are tagged with nitroxide radicals, and how electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy methods have been used for detecting and identifying the assemblies and for clarifying their structure and properties.
SiP Double Bonds: Experimental and Theoretical Study of an NHC‐Stabilized Phosphasilenylidene
Authors: Geiß Daniel , Arz Marius I. , Straßmann Martin , Schnakenburg Gregor , Filippou Alexander C.
Published: January 2015

An experimental and theoretical study of the first compound featuring a SiP bond to a two‐coordinate silicon atom is reported. The NHC‐stabilized phosphasilenylidene (IDipp)SiPMes* (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene, Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2) was prepared by SiMe3Cl elimination from SiCl2(IDipp) and LiP(Mes*)SiMe3 and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. It has a planar trans‐bent geometry with a short SiP distance of 2.1188(7) Å and acute bonding angles at Si (96.90(6)°) and P (95.38(6)°). The bonding parameters indicate the presence of a SiP bond with a lone electron pair of high s‐character at Si and P, in agreement with natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Comparative cyclic voltammetric and UV/Vis spectroscopic experiments of this compound, the disilicon(0) compound (IDipp)SiSi(IDipp), and the diphosphene Mes*PPMes* reveal, in combination with quantum chemical calculations, the isolobal relationship of the three double‐bond systems.
An Enzyme Cascade Synthesis of ε‐Caprolactone and its Oligomers
Authors: Schmidt Sandy , Scherkus Christian , Muschiol Jan , Menyes Ulf , Winkler Till , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald , Liese Andreas , Herz Hans‐Georg , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: January 2015

Poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) is chemically produced on an industrial scale in spite of the need for hazardous peracetic acid as an oxidation reagent. Although Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMO) in principle enable the enzymatic synthesis of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) directly from cyclohexanone with molecular oxygen, current systems suffer from low productivity and are subject to substrate and product inhibition. The major limitations for such a biocatalytic route to produce this bulk chemical were overcome by combining an alcohol dehydrogenase with a BVMO to enable the efficient oxidation of cyclohexanol to ε‐CL. Key to success was a subsequent direct ring‐opening oligomerization of in situ formed ε‐CL in the aqueous phase by using lipase A from Candida antarctica, thus efficiently solving the product inhibition problem and leading to the formation of oligo‐ε‐CL at more than 20 g L−1 when starting from 200 mM cyclohexanol. This oligomer is easily chemically polymerized to PCL.
Electron Tunneling Rates in Respiratory Complex I Are Tuned for Efficient Energy Conversion
Authors: de Vries Simon , Dörner Katerina , Strampraad Marc J. F. , Friedrich Thorsten
Published: January 2015

Respiratory complex I converts the free energy of ubiquinone reduction by NADH into a proton motive force, a redox reaction catalyzed by flavin mononucleotide(FMN) and a chain of seven iron–sulfur centers. Electron transfer rates between the centers were determined by ultrafast freeze‐quenching and analysis by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The complex rapidly oxidizes three NADH molecules. The electron‐tunneling rate between the most distant centers in the middle of the chain depends on the redox state of center N2 at the end of the chain, and is sixfold slower when N2 is reduced. The conformational changes that accompany reduction of N2 decrease the electronic coupling of the longest electron‐tunneling step. The chain of iron–sulfur centers is not just a simple electron‐conducting wire; it regulates the electron‐tunneling rate synchronizing it with conformation‐mediated proton pumping, enabling efficient energy conversion. Synchronization of rates is a principle means of enhancing the specificity of enzymatic reactions.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Lundurine B and Determination of Its Absolute Stereochemistry
Authors: Nakajima Masaya , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi
Published: January 2015

A total synthesis of the Kopsia tenuis alkaloid (−)‐lundurine B has been achieved. A quaternary chiral carbon has been created by an asymmetric deprotonation using a symmetric spiro cyclohexanone intermediate with a chiral lithium amide. The hexacyclic skeleton was sequentially constructed through metal‐mediated reactions. The absolute stereochemistry of intermediate 5 has been unambiguously established by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. This is the first description of the absolute stereochemistry of Kopsia tenuis alkaloids based on chemical synthesis.
Stigma by Association Among Family Members of People with a Mental Illness: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: van der Sanden Remko L. M. , Bos Arjan E. R. , Stutterheim Sarah E. , Pryor John B. , Kok Gerjo
Published: January 2015

People with mental illness are not the sole recipients of stigmatisation; their immediate family members may be subjected to stigma by association. Through semi‐structured interviews, we investigated experiences of stigma by association among 23 immediate family members of people with mental illness. Participants reported experiencing stigma by association from community members, mental health professionals, and civil servants. Familial relationship, co‐residence, and the gender of participants appeared to play a role in their stigma experiences; parents and spouses reported different manifestations of stigma by association than siblings and children, participants who lived together with their family member with mental illness reported increased experiences of stigma by association, and in contrast to male participants, female participants reported others thinking they are overprotective and as such perpetuated, maintained, or sustained their family members' mental illness. The relevance of these factors points to the need for tailored education and emotional support provision to family members of people with mental illness. Moreover, in‐service training for mental health professionals should include the development of relevant social skills that enable the recognition of familial relationships and roles, and family members' fears, concerns, and problems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epimerization at C‐3′′ in Butirosin Biosynthesis by an NAD+‐Dependent Dehydrogenase BtrE and an NADPH‐Dependent Reductase BtrF
Authors: Takeishi Ryohei , Kudo Fumitaka , Numakura Mario , Eguchi Tadashi
Published: January 2015

Butirosin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic consisting two epimers at C‐3′′ of ribostamycin/xylostasin with a unique 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxybutyrate moiety at C‐1 of the aminocyclitol 2‐deoxystreptamine (2DOS). To date, most of the enzymes encoded in the biosynthetic gene cluster for butirosin, from the producing strain Bacillus circulans, have been characterized. A few unknown functional proteins, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor‐dependent dehydrogenase/reductase (BtrE and BtrF), are supposed to be involved in the epimerization at C‐3′′ of butirosin B/ribostamycin but remain to be characterized. Herein, the conversion of ribostamycin to xylsostasin by BtrE and BtrF in the presence of NAD+ and NADPH was demonstrated. BtrE oxidized the C‐3′′ of ribostamycin with NAD+ to yield 3′′‐oxoribostamycin. BtrF then reduced the generated 3′′‐oxoribostamycin with NADPH to produce xylostasin. This reaction step was the last piece of butirosin biosynthesis to be described.
Flow reduction of a neonatal stented arterial duct by covered coronary stent
Authors: Demir Fadli , Cools Bjorn , Gewillig Marc
Published: January 2015

The final flow rate through a stented duct is variable and depends on stent diameter, ductal length, and ductal tissue protrusion after ductal constriction. Typically after duct stenting, there is initially mild overperfusion which may require some antifailure treatment. Severe heart failure is uncommon, but in some cases flow reduction is required. We present a case of overperfusion after arterial duct stent implantation which was successfully managed with implantation of covered stents. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcutaneous removal of an intravenous catheter fragment using a spider FX™ Embolic Protection device
Authors: Sowinski Heather , Kobayashi Daisuke , Turner Daniel R.
Published: January 2015

Long‐term use of intravenous catheters can lead to catheter fracture and embolization of fragments. Transcutaneous retrieval of these catheter fragments can be challenging because of their fragility. We report an 8‐year‐old boy with Hemophilia disease who underwent removal of intravenous Port catheter after 7 years of use, resulting in embolization of fractured catheter fragments into the distal pulmonary arteries. The snare technique to pull the snared fragment into a sheath was unsuccessful, and it leads to further breakdown due to its fragility. An alternative technique using a combination of a snare kit and a Spider FX™ Embolic Protection Device was employed. This technique allowed the fragments to be secured proximally with the basket device and distally with the snare. The unit was then pulled through a sheath and removed from the body. To our knowledge, Spider FX™ Device has not been used in this way before. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The “Chimney approach” for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: A strategy for trans axillarian bareback approach in patients with no other access options
Authors: Biasco L. , De Backer O. , Holme S. , Søndergaard L. , Jönsson A.
Published: January 2015

Aim

to describe the procedural steps and to report the short term follow up of our initial experience with an axillarian bareback Dacron graft based technique that could potentially reduce the rate of vascular and ischemic complications during transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with contraindications to trans‐femoral approach and with patent left internal mammary arterial graft to left anterior descending coronary artery (LIMA‐LAD) or small caliber axillarian/subclavian arteries.

Methods and Results

Four patients were treated with TAVI implantation with a trans axillarian bareback approach. Three out of four had a patent LIMA‐LAD graft. In three patients, femoral approach was not considered as an option for the presence of diffuse peripheral vascular disease, while in one for the small caliber of iliac‐femoral arteries. All procedures were performed under general anaesthesia. No procedural complications occurred.

Conclusions

In this initial experience, the axillarian bareback approach technique allowed a safe and successful TAVI implant in a subgroup of patients with a high risk of procedural complications due to the presence of a patent LIMA‐LAD or vessels of small caliber. Considering the increasing number of patients referred for TAVI, in the next future the axillarian bareback approach could represent a safer alternative to direct cannulation in patients with severe aortic stenosis with no other access options. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the boomerang wire vascular access management system versus manual compression alone during percutaneous diagnostic and interventional cardiovascular procedures: The boomerang™ wire vascular access management trial II
Authors: Goswami Nilesh J. , Smalling Ronnie G. , Sinha Shantanu , Gammon Roger S. , Ramaiah Venkatesh G.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the use of the Boomerang™ Wire as an adjunct to manual compression (MC) in patients requiring diagnostic (Dx) or interventional (Ix) percutaneous procedures.

Background

MC remains the standard of care for closure of femoral artery access sites. Adjunctive use of a device to facilitate closure, reduce time to hemostasis (TTH) and ambulation (TTA) without increasing complication rates could reduce costs and hospital resource demands.

Methods

The Boomerang™ Trial was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial comparing use of the Boomerang™ wire, (Cardiva Medical, Sunnyvale, CA) in conjunction with MC versus MC alone to achieve hemostasis in Dx and Ix patients undergoing percutaneous procedures requiring femoral artery access. Endpoints included TTH, TTA, major, and minor access‐site related complications. Subjects were randomized 3:1, Boomerang versus MC.

Results

No minor or major device‐related adverse events were reported. Nondevice related complication rates were 3 (0.9%) in the Boomerang arm (n = 327) and 1 (0.8%) in MC arm (n = 123). Mean TTH for Boomerang vs. MC was 11.2 ± 4.3 vs. 23.2 ± 11 min for Dx (P < 0.0001) and 13.9 ± 5.4 vs. 38.4 ± 57.3 min for Ix patients (P < 0.0001). Mean TTA for Boomerang vs. MC was 3.3 ± 3.0 vs. 4.5 ± 2.0 hr (P < 0.0001)for Dx and 5.4 ± 3.3 vs. 6.8 ± 3.2 hr (P < 0.0001) for Ix patients.

Conclusions

Boomerang™ use, in conjunction with MC, was associated with low rates of complications and demonstrated that Boomerang™ as an adjunct to MC can significantly decrease TTH and TTA after both Dx and Ix procedures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Asymmetric Borylation of β‐Chloroalkyl Aryl Ketones and Related Compounds
Authors: Jiang Quanbin , Guo Tenglong , Yu Zhengkun
Published: January 2015

The Cu‐catalyzed, one‐pot tandem (asymmetric) borylation of β‐chloroalkyl aryl ketones via the in situ generated acyclic enones with bis(pinacolato)diboron was achieved efficiently to reach up to 97 % yield and 99 % enantioselectivity for the formal sp3 CCl borylation products. The present methodology provides an efficient alternative route to (chiral) alkylboron compounds.
In Situ Fluorescence Microscopy Study of the Interfacial Inhomogeneity of DNA Mixed Self‐Assembled Monolayers at Gold Electrodes
Authors: Meunier Anne , Triffaux Eleonore , Bizzotto Dan , Buess‐Herman Claudine , Doneux Thomas
Published: January 2015

Mixed self‐assembled monolayers composed of a fluorescently labeled DNA and a mercaptobutanol diluent immobilized on gold electrodes were characterized by electrochemical measurements coupled with in situ fluorescence microscopy. The reductive desorption of the self‐assembled monolayers was monitored in real time through variations in the capacitance and fluorescence intensity. Desorption occurred in several steps, which was related to substrate crystallinity. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of spatial heterogeneities in the form of highly fluorescent aggregates that remained at the electrode surface even after a reductive desorption step. This in situ electrofluorescence microscopy technique is useful to optimize the formation of the mixed layer to obtain a homogeneous distribution of the probes, which thus improves the efficiency of the recognition process in the development of biosensors.
A Qualitative Exploration of the Use of Attachment Theory in Adult Psychological Therapy
Authors: Burke Eilish , Danquah Adam , Berry Katherine
Published: January 2015

There is a growing interest into how attachment theory can inform psychotherapeutic practice with adults. This study aimed to explore how a group of therapists with an interest in attachment theory use it in their work with adult clients. A cross‐sectional qualitative design was adopted. Sampling, data collection and analysis procedures were guided by grounded theory principles. Semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with 12 therapists from a variety of training backgrounds. Data were coded and developed into thematic categories. Six primary themes were identified to describe how attachment theory influenced the clinical practice of the sample through the following: (i) complementing other therapeutic models; (ii) providing a framework to understand the development of clients' mental health problems; (iii) working with different attachment styles; (iv) thinking about the therapeutic relationship as an attachment relationship; (iv) influencing the different stages of the therapeutic process; and (vi) influencing clinical service design and delivery. It is concluded that attachment theory can play a significant role in influencing the practice of therapists and can be usefully adopted to complement therapeutic processes irrespective of the therapist's dominant clinical orientation. Further research is needed to explore the views of clinicians from different theoretical orientations and to investigate the security of the client–therapist attachment within the context of therapeutic change processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Attachment theory may have implications for practice across a range of different types of therapy and may help therapists to bridge apparent differences between modality‐specific formulation and techniques.

Attachment theory can be used to understand the development of mental health problems. Therapists should assess and formulate clients' attachment styles, and these formulations should guide therapeutic approaches.

Attachment theory provides a comprehensive framework for facilitating the therapist's attentiveness to relational issues and use of the therapeutic relationship as a fulcrum for change.

The principles of attachment theory can be used to inform all stages of the therapeutic process, as well as the design and delivery of mental health services.
Defoliation effects of Diorhabda carinulata on tamarisk evapotranspiration and groundwater levels
Authors: Sueki Sachiko , Acharya Kumud , Huntington Justin , Liebert Ryan , Healey John , Jasoni Richard , Young Michael
Published: January 2015

Diorhabda carinulata (northern tamarisk beetle) has been released in the western United States as a biological control agent for the invasive plant Tamarix spp. (tamarisk). A few studies have been conducted analysing the effects of beetle defoliation on tamarisk water consumption, but predefoliation and post‐defoliation comparison based on field data is scarce. The question of whether beetles substantially alter tamarisk water consumption is still open for discussion. In this study, an eddy covariance station and groundwater monitoring well were installed in a tamarisk stand along the Virgin River near Mesquite, NV, in 2010 to observe the impacts of tamarisk defoliation on evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater levels. ET was calculated using the eddy covariance method and the White method and supported by Landsat remote sensing estimates. Data collected in 2010 established a baseline since the beetles arrived at the site in late 2010 and started feeding on foliage causing tamarisk trees to turn to brown during 2011. Repeated defoliations in 2011 and 2012 show that post‐defoliation ET values and magnitude of diurnal groundwater‐level fluctuations decreased compared with the predefoliation values. Estimated annual ET and annual average daily groundwater fluctuations were reduced by 18% and 35%, respectively. However, the magnitude of effects of defoliation was dependent on the growth stage of tamarisk at the time of defoliation. Also, ET recovered within a month as tamarisk established new leaves. Results from this study suggest that long‐term changes in ET are highly dependent on repeated defoliation occurrences over several years. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term high altitude exposure at 3454 m is well tolerated in patients with stable heart failure
Authors: Schmid Jean‐Paul , Nobel Daniel , Brugger Nicolas , Novak Jan , Palau Patricia , Trepp Anja , Wilhelm Matthias , Saner Hugo
Published: January 2015

Aims

High altitude exposure for the purpose of tourism is very popular in mountainous regions and is considered to be safe for patients with stable CAD and preserved LV function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the haemodynamic response to exercise and electrical stability by Holter monitoring in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and an EF <40%.

Methods and results

We studied 29 HF patients with a peak VO2 >50% of the predicted (25 men, age 60.0 ± 8.9 years, EF 28.8 ± 5.4%) at 540 and 3454 m after an ascent using public transport. Assessments of exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise test), haemodynamic response (inert gas rebreathing system), and susceptibility to arrhythmias (Holter ECG recording) were performed. None of the patients (19 with ischaemic heart disease, 11 with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator) had to return prematurely to the lowland site. Two patients presented symptoms of mild mountain sickness, and one patient developed a self‐limited ventricular tachycardia during maximal exercise at high altitude. Mean peak VO2 at the lowland site was 18.5 ± 3.6 mL/min/kg and decreased by 22.2% (P < 0.001) at high altitude. Mean resting heart rate increased from 74.3 ± 12.3 to 83.3 ± 13.4 b.p.m., P < 0.001. No statistically significant difference in premature ventricular contractions (92 ± 150/h at 540 m vs. 111 ± 196/h at 3454 m, P = 0.284) was noted.

Conclusion

Patients with stable chronic HF and a peak VO2 >50% of the predicted tolerate a short exposure to an altitude of 3454 m well, even during exercise. However, it cannot be excluded that the susceptibility to ventricular tachyarrhythmias during exercise is increased in some subjects.
3D Microporous Lanthanide–Organic Frameworks Constructed from Left‐ and Right‐Handed Helical Chains: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Tunable Photo­luminescence
Authors: Huo Rui , Li Xia , Ma Dou
Published: January 2015

New lanthanide–organic frameworks, [Ln2(2,6‐NDS)3(IP)(H2O)4]·H2O {Ln = Sm (1), Eu (2), Tb (3); 2,6‐NDS = 2,6‐Anaphthalenedisulfonate, IP = 1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]‐phenanthroline}, were synthesized and characterized. These complexes are isostructural and have three‐dimensional structures (3D) composed of a pair of entanglement double helixes. The structure is an open framework with rhombic channels filled with uncoordinated water molecules. The photoluminescence properties of the SmIII complex (1) and EuIII/TbIII‐doped complex were explored by adjusting the excitation wavelengths. Interestingly, SmIII complex 1 generated a white‐light emission, whereas the EuIII/TbIII‐doped complex (Tb0.95Eu0.05) allowed the realization of white‐light emission under broad UV wavelengths. An energy transfer for TbIII 5D4→EuIII 5D0 was observed.
Two Rearrangement Pathways in the Geminal Acylation of 2‐Methoxyoxazolidines Leading to Substituted 1,4‐Oxazines
Authors: Moulins Jonathan R. , Hughes Jeremy A. , Doyle Lauren E. , Cameron T. Stanley , Burnell D. Jean
Published: January 2015

Lewis acid‐mediated geminal acylation of 2‐methoxyoxazolidines with five‐ or six‐membered acyloins followed by heterocyclization afforded 1,4‐oxazines fused to cyclopentenone or cyclohexenone rings. Overall yields ranged from 30 to 73 %. The position of the carbonyl group in the products depended on whether or not water was present during the ring‐expanding acyl migration step. The route lacking water during the acyl migration step was best conducted in one pot. The addition of water effected cleavage of a silyloxy group in the intermediate during the initial Mukaiyama aldol reaction prior to the acyl migration.
Elucidating the Structural Isomerism of Fluorescent Strigolactone Analogue CISA‐1
Authors: Goossens Hannelore , Heugebaert Thomas S. A. , Dereli Busra , Van Overtveldt Melissa , Karahan Ozlem , Dogan Ilknur , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Aviyente Viktorya , Catak Saron , Stevens Christian V.
Published: January 2015

The synthesis of a new potent strigolactone analogue (CISA‐1), resulting in the formation of two interconverting structural isomers, which could not be identified, was recently reported. In the present study, a combined computational and experimental approach is used to identify the exact nature of these structural isomers. Although standard experimental techniques could not be used to determine the identity of the isomers, chromatographic methods excluded E/Z isomerisation. Computational 1H NMR chemical shift values and DFT calculations on interconversion barriers strongly suggest that the CISA‐1 isomers were interconverting (Z)‐configured atropisomers.
Diastereodivergent Pictet–Spengler Cyclization of Bicyclic N‐Acyliminium Ions: Controlling a Quaternary Stereocenter
Authors: de Carné‐Carnavalet Benoît , Krieger Jean‐Philippe , Folléas Benoît , Brayer Jean‐Louis , Demoute Jean‐Pierre , Meyer Christophe , Cossy Janine
Published: January 2015

The diastereoselectivity of the Pictet–Spengler cyclization of bicyclic N‐acyliminium ions that contain a 3‐azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkane core and an electron‐rich π‐nucleophilic moiety, such as an indol‐2‐yl, indol‐3‐yl, 1‐methylpyrrol‐2‐yl, or 3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl group, was examined. The N‐acyliminium ions were generated by protonation of the corresponding enamides or hemiaminals, which were derived from imides. Control of the quaternary stereocenter created at the newly formed ring junction was achieved in a diastereodivergent manner by fine‐tuning the reaction conditions, which determined whether the reaction proceeded under kinetic or thermodynamic control. Mechanistic studies indicated that a retro‐Pictet–Spengler reaction pathway is involved in the equilibration process.
Capacity investigation of on–off keying in noncoherent channel settings at low SNR
Authors: Zhang Peng , Willems Frans M. J. , Huang Li
Published: January 2015

On–off keying (OOK) has repossessed much new research interest to realize green communication for establishing autonomous sensor networks. To realize ultra‐low power wireless design, we investigate the minimum energy per bit required for reliable communication of using OOK in a noncoherent channel setting where envelope detection is applied at the receiver. By defining different OOK channels with average transit power constraints, the achievability of the Shannon limit for both cases of using soft and hard decisions at the channel output is evaluated based on the analysis of the capacity per unit‐cost at low signal‐to‐noise ratio. We demonstrate that in phase fading using hard decisions cannot destroy the capacity only if extremely asymmetric OOK inputs are used with a properly chosen threshold. The corresponding pulse‐position modulation scheme is explicitly studied and demonstrated to be a Shannon‐type solution. Moreover, we also consider a slow Rayleigh fading scenario where the transmitter and receiver have no access to channel realizations. Throughput per unit‐cost results are developed to explore the tradeoff between power efficiency and channel quality for noncoherent OOK using soft and hard decisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid phase field multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method for the incompressible multiphase flow with large density contrast
Authors: Shao J. Y. , Shu C.
Published: January 2015

A hybrid phase field multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is presented in this paper for simulation of multiphase flows with large density contrast. In the present method, the flow field is solved by a lattice Boltzmann equation. Concurrently, the interface of two fluids is captured by solving the macroscopic Cahn‐Hilliard equation using the upwind scheme. To be specific, for simulation of the flow field, an lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) model developed in Shao et al. (Physical Review E, 89 (2014), 033309) for consideration of density contrast in the momentum equation is used. Moreover, in the present work, the multiple relaxation time collision operator is applied to this LBE to enable simulation of problems with large viscosity contrast or high Reynolds number. For the interface capturing, instead of solving another set of LBE as in many phase field LBMs, the macroscopic Cahn‐Hilliard equation is directly solved by using a weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme. In this way, the present hybrid phase field LBM shares full advantages of the phase field LBM while enhancing numerical stability. The ability of the present method to simulate multiphase flow problems with large density contrast is demonstrated by several numerical examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of droplet ejection of thermal inkjet printheads
Authors: Tan Hua , Torniainen Erik , Markel David P. , Browning Robert N K
Published: January 2015

In this study, we present a method to predict the droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printheads including the growth and collapse of a vapor bubble and refill of the firing chamber. The three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a finite‐volume approach with a fixed Cartesian mesh. The piecewise‐linear interface calculation‐based volume‐of‐fluid method is employed to track and reconstruct the ink–air interface. A geometrical computation based on Lagrangian advection is used to compute the mass flux and advance the interface. A simple and efficient model for the bubble dynamics is employed to model the effect of ink vapor on the adjacent ink liquid. To solve the surface tension‐dominated flow accurately, a hierarchical curvature‐estimation method is proposed to adapt to the local grid resolution. The numerical methods mentioned earlier have been implemented in an internal simulation code, CFD3. The numerical examples presented in the study show good performance of CFD3 in prediction of surface tension‐dominated free‐surface flows, for example, droplet ejection in thermal inkjet printing. Currently, CFD3 is used extensively for printhead development within Hewlett‐Packard. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unsteady preconditioning scheme based on convective‐upwind split‐pressure artificial dissipation
Authors: Folkner David , Katz Aaron , Sankaran Venke
Published: January 2015

Obtaining accurate computational results for low‐Mach‐number unsteady flows presents significant challenges for numerical schemes. In this work, we present a novel preconditioning scheme designed to provide good conditioning for these flows at all Strouhal numbers. The approach is based on the convective‐upwind split‐pressure scheme, which naturally facilitates the proper scaling of velocity and pressure dissipation terms for low‐Mach‐number unsteady flows. Unlike traditional matrix dissipation schemes, the preconditioned convective‐upwind split‐pressure scheme formulation provides scalar‐like efficiency and simplicity. Several test cases are presented for steady, unsteady, convection‐dominated, and acoustic‐dominated flows that demonstrate significant improvements in accuracy and convergence rate over traditional preconditioning schemes for a wide range of flow conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb analysis, and fluid inclusion 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Yingchengzi gold deposit, southern Heilongjiang Province, NE China
Authors: Chai Peng , Sun Jing‐Gui , Xing Shu‐Wen , Chen Lei , Han Ji‐Long
Published: January 2015

The Yingchengzi gold deposit, located 10 km west of Shalan at the eastern margin of the Zhangguangcai Range, is the only high commercially valuable gold deposit in southern Heilongjiang Province, NE China. This study investigates the chronology and geodynamic mechanisms of igneous activity and metallogenesis within the Yingchengzi gold deposit. New zircon U–Pb data, fluid inclusion 40Ar/39Ar dating, whole‐rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic analysis is presented for the Yingchengzi deposit to constrain its petrogenesis and mineralization. Zircon U–Pb dating of the granite and diabase–porphyrite rocks of the igneous complex yields mean ages of 471.7 ± 5.5 and 434 ± 15 Ma respectively. All samples are high‐K calc‐alkaline or shoshonite rocks, are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and are depleted in high field strength elements, consistent with the geochemical characteristics of arc‐type magmas. The Sr–Nd isotope characteristics indicate that the granite formed by partial melting of the lower crust, including interaction with slab‐derived fluids from an underplated basaltic magma. The primary magma of the diabase–porphyrite was likely derived from the metasomatized mantle wedge by subducted slab‐derived fluids. Both types of intrusive rocks were closely related to subduction of the ocean plate located between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi massifs. However, fluid inclusion 40Ar/39Ar dating indicates that the Yingchengzi gold deposit formed at ~249 Ma, implying that the mineralization is unrelated to both the granite (~472 Ma) and diabase–porphyrite (~434 Ma) intrusions. Considering the tectonic evolution of the study area and adjacent regions, we propose that the Yingchengzi gold deposit was formed in a late Palaeozoic–Early Triassic continental collision regime following the closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. In addition, the Yingchengzi deposit could be classified as a typical orogenic‐type gold deposit occuring in convergent plate margins in collisional orogens, and unlikely an intrusion‐related gold deposit as reported by previous studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelength optimized cross‐polarized wide‐field imaging for noninvasive and rapid evaluation of dermal structures
Authors: Feng Xin , Patel Rakesh , Yaroslavsky Anna N.
Published: January 2015

Changes in the morphology of dermal collagen may indicate aging or pathological processes. At present, there is no technology for in vivo real‐time assessment of collagen structures. Our goal was to introduce and validate polarization optical imaging for noninvasive quantitative evaluation of dermal collagen. Seventeen volunteers participated in the study. Cross‐polarized 440 nm images were acquired noninvasively from facial skin of the study subjects. Collagen content and intensity histogram were computed from the optical images. Quantitative results showed a decrease in the collagen content with increasing age of the subjects. Analysis of the collagen image histogram parameters demonstrated decreasing mean pixel value and increasing full width at half maximum (FWHM) with increasing age. Polarization optical imaging has the potential for rapid noninvasive in vivo evaluation of human dermis.

Cross‐polarized imaging at different wavelengths emphasizes different features of human skin. (A) Skin photograph. (B) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 440 nm. (C) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 570 nm. (D) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 690 nm.

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Cross‐polarized imaging at different wavelengths emphasizes different features of human skin. (A) Skin photograph. (B) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 440 nm. (C) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 570 nm. (D) In vivo cross‐polarized image at 690 nm.
A new approach for optical assessment of directional anisotropy in turbid media
Authors: Ghassemi Pejhman , Moffatt Lauren T. , Shupp Jeffrey W. , Ramella‐Roman Jessica C.
Published: January 2015

A study of polarized light transport in scattering media exhibiting directional anisotropy or linear birefringence is presented in this paper. Novel theoretical and experimental methodologies for the quantification of birefringent alignment based on out‐of‐plane polarized light transport are presented here. A polarized Monte Carlo model and a polarimetric imaging system were devised to predict and measure the impact of birefringence on an impinging linearly polarized light beam. Ex‐vivo experiments conducted on bovine tendon, a biological sample consisting of highly packed type I collagen fibers with birefringent property, showed good agreement with the analytical results.

Top view geometry of the in‐plane (a) and the out‐of‐plane (b) detection. Letter C indicates the location of the detection arm.

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Top view geometry of the in‐plane (a) and the out‐of‐plane (b) detection. Letter C indicates the location of the detection arm.
GJIC Enhances the phototoxicity of photofrin‐mediated photodynamic treatment by the mechanisms related with ROS and Calcium pathways
Authors: Wu Dengpan , Fan Lixia , Xu Chengfang , Liu Zhen , Zhang Yuan , Liu Lucy , Wang Qin , Tao Liang
Published: January 2015

Despite initially positive responses, recurrences after Photodynamic treatment (PDT) can occur and there is need for improvement in the effectiveness of PDT. Our study uniquely showed that there was a significantly gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC)‐dependent PDT cytotoxicity. The presence of GJIC composed of Connexin 32 increased the PDT phototoxicity in transfected HeLa cells and in the xenograft tumors, and the enhanced phototoxicity of Photofrin‐mediated PDT by GJIC was related with ROS and calcium pathways. Our study indicates the possibility that up‐regulation or maintenance of gap junction functionality may be used to increase the efficacy of PDT.

The phototoxicity effect of Photofrin was substantially greater in Dox‐treated cells, which expressed the Cx32 and formed the GJ, than Dox‐untreated.

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The phototoxicity effect of Photofrin was substantially greater in Dox‐treated cells, which expressed the Cx32 and formed the GJ, than Dox‐untreated.