bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel one-step gas-phase reaction synthesis of transition metal sulfide nanoparticles embedded in carbon matrices for reversible lithium storage
Authors: Lou Peili , Tan Yingbin , Lu Ping , Cui Zhonghui , Guo Xiangxin
Published: August 2016

A novel approach via the gas-phase reaction between metallocenes and sulfur is developed for preparing metal sulfides embedded in carbon matrices.
A cost-effective synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbons as efficient CO2 sorbents
Authors: Ashourirad Babak , Arab Pezhman , Islamoglu Timur , Cychosz Katie A. , Thommes Matthias , El-Kaderi Hani M.
Published: August 2016

Heteroatom-doped porous carbons are generated through a one-step synthesis (including salt formation, carbonization and activation) using an organic monomer as the precursor.
Multi-heteroatom self-doped porous carbon derived from swim bladders for large capacitance supercapacitors
Authors: Hu Lintong , Hou Junxian , Ma Ying , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: August 2016

Multi-heteroatom self-doped porous carbon is synthesized via carbonization and activation of amino-acid-rich swim bladders. It shows a large capacitance when applied in supercapacitors.
Cobalt nickel phosphide nanoparticles decorated carbon nanotubes as advanced hybrid catalysts for hydrogen evolution
Authors: Pan Yuan , Chen Yinjuan , Lin Yan , Cui Peixin , Sun Kaian , Liu Yunqi , Liu Chenguang
Published: August 2016

Cobalt nickel phosphide nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotubes (Co2−xNixP/CNTs) as efficient hybrid catalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic activity.
Clustered swarm : a live swarm‐based traffic load balancing algorithm against traffic jams
Authors: Stolcis Christian , Pfannerstill Elmar
Published: August 2016

Traffic jam. A phenomenon representing one of the biggest and most interesting problems of the 21st century. More than 60% are caused by too many vehicles using the common resource ‘road’. General countermeasures and individual route calculation approaches could not solve the problem until now and can even cause traffic jams under certain circumstances. Current research and developments in the area of mobile communication and car‐IT like vehicle to vehicle communication open up new perspectives in the fight against the expected traffic gridlock. This study introduces a concept and a first implementation of a live swarm‐based algorithm which pursues the aim of a global traffic optimisation by performing a massive load balancing of all road participants to improve the individual routes for the users and thereby represents a potential solution for the traffic jam problem.
Design of circularly polarised beam‐shaped RAs using a single layer of concentric dual split loops
Authors: Yu Jianfeng , Wang Junhui , Chen Lei , Yang Jing , Shi Xiaowei
Published: August 2016

This study presents the design of circularly polarised beam‐shaped reflectarrays (RAs) based on a rotational element. This element is a single layer of concentric dual split‐loop structure using multi‐resonance technique to improve the unit bandwidth. For accuracy and efficiency, a new multi‐step convergence strategy has been used in the intersection approach to avoid local minima. This strategy leads the optimisation to the solution independently of the starting point by gradually varying the target pattern. Two kinds of shaped beams have been calculated. A medium‐sized RA has been designed for a local multipoint distribution system application to validate the modified approach. The numerical result suggests good convergence without critical starting point demand for the intersection approach. The other RA is designed, manufactured and tested for quad‐beam radiation, and it presents a 12.1% 1 dB bandwidth from 13.1 to 14.8 GHz with the axial ratio <3 dB. All the results suggest the rotational element can be a good solution in beam‐shaped RA designs.
Robust two degrees‐of‐freedom single‐current control strategy for LCL‐type grid‐connected DG system under grid‐frequency fluctuation and grid‐impedance variation
Authors: Zhou Leming , Chen Yandong , Luo An , Guerrero Josep M. , Zhou Xiaoping , Chen Zhiyong , Wu Wenhua
Published: August 2016

For LCL‐type grid‐connected distributed generation (DG) system, the grid‐frequency fluctuation and grid‐impedance variation affect the active/reactive power control accuracy and resonance peak suppression, respectively, which would reduce the system robustness. In this study, a robust two degrees‐of‐freedom single‐current control strategy is proposed, which mainly includes the synchronous reference frame quasi‐proportional–integral (SRFQPI) control and robust grid‐current‐feedback active‐damping (RGCFAD) control. The proposed SRFQPI control can compensate the local‐load reactive power, and regulate the instantaneous grid current without steady‐state error regardless of the fundamental frequency fluctuation. Simultaneously, the proposed RGCFAD control effectively damps the LCL‐resonance peak regardless of the grid‐impedance variation, and further improves both transient and steady‐state performances. The stability margin and dynamic response of the overall system are analysed in detail, and the proper parameters are selected without complicated trial. Finally, simulation and experimental results verify the proposed control and design strategies.
Feed‐forward DC‐bus control loop applied to a single‐phase grid‐connected PV system operating with PSO‐based MPPT technique and active power‐line conditioning
Authors: OLiveira da Silva Sérgio Augusto , Sampaio Leonardo Poltronieri , Marcos de Oliveira Fernando , Durand Fábio Renan
Published: August 2016

This study deals with a double‐stage single‐phase grid‐connected photovoltaic (PV) system operating with an additional feed‐forward control loop (FFCL). Owing to the PV array being constantly subjected to abrupt solar irradiance change, the DC‐bus voltage varies and can interfere in adequate PV system operation. Therefore, an FFCL is proposed to improve the DC‐bus voltage dynamic response, and reduce the settling time and overshoot. The FFCL acts on the generation of the inverter current reference, such that the dynamic behaviour of the current injected into the grid is also improved. Furthermore, the PV system performance is affected by problems associated with mismatching phenomena such as partial shading. This problem can be overcome using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique based on particle swarm optimisation (PSO). The PSO‐based MPPT is compared with the conventional perturb‐and‐observe MPPT technique, in order to highlight its effectiveness. In this study, the PV system also performs active power‐line conditioning. Thereby, whereas the step‐up DC–DC converter carries out the MPPT, the proper inverter current reference is computed to inject active power into the grid, as well as perform power‐line conditioning. The performance and effectiveness of the PV system are evaluated through extensive experimental tests.
Le Fort I–Type Osteotomy Retractor
Authors: Mommaerts Maurice Yves
Published: August 2016

A new instrument for retracting the maxilla after mobilization is described. It does neither compress nor inadvertently pierce the lower lip and it does neither obliterate the view nor hinder access to bone removing instruments.
A low-voltage high-speed terahertz spatial light modulator using active metamaterial
Authors: Rout Saroj , Sonkusale Sameer R.
Published: August 2016

An all solid-state metamaterial based terahertz (THz) spatial light modulator (SLM) is presented which uses high mobility 2DEG to manipulate the metamaterial resonant frequency (0.45 THz) leading to terahertz wave modulation. The 2DEG is created by embedding pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistors in the capacitive gap of each electrical-LC resonator, allowing the charge density to be controlled with very low voltage (1 V) and modulating speeds up to 10 MHz while consuming sub-milliwatt power. We have demonstrated our SLM as a 2 × 2 pixel array operating around 0.45 THz by raster scanning a 6 × 6 image of an occluded metal object behind a thick polystyrene screen using a single-pixel THz imaging setup.
Sensitivity of MSE measurements on the beam atomic level population
Authors: Ruiz C. , Kumar S. T. A. , Anderson F. S. B. , Anderson D. T.
Published: August 2016

The effect of variation in atomic level population of a neutral beam on the Motional Stark Effect (MSE) measurements is investigated in the low density plasmas of HSX stellarator. A 30 KeV, 4 A, 3 ms hydrogen diagnostic neutral beam is injected into HSX plasmas of line averaged electron density ranging from 2 to 4 ⋅ 1018 m−3 at a magnetic field of 1 T. For this density range, the excited level population of the hydrogen neutral beam is expected to undergo variations. Doppler shifted and Stark split Hα and Hβ emissions from the beam are simultaneously measured using two cross-calibrated spectrometers. The emission spectrum is simulated and fit to the experimental measurements and the deviation from a statistically populated beam is investigated.
Hybrid waveguide-bulk multi-path interferometer with switchable amplitude and phase
Authors: Keil Robert , Kaufmann Thomas , Kauten Thomas , Gstir Sebastian , Dittel Christoph , Heilmann René , Szameit Alexander , Weihs Gregor
Published: August 2016

We design and realise a hybrid interferometer consisting of three paths based on integrated as well as on bulk optical components. This hybrid construction offers a good compromise between stability and footprint on one side and means of intervention on the other. As experimentally verified by the absence of higher-order interferences, amplitude and phase can be manipulated in all paths independently. In conjunction with single photons, the setup can, therefore, be applied for fundamental investigations on quantum mechanics.
Vibrational circular dichroism from ab initio molecular dynamics and nuclear velocity perturbation theory in the liquid phase
Authors: Scherrer Arne , Vuilleumier Rodolphe , Sebastiani Daniel
Published: August 2016

We report the first fully ab initio calculation of dynamical vibrational circular dichroism spectra in the liquid phase using nuclear velocity perturbation theory (NVPT) derived electronic currents. Our approach is rigorous and general and thus capable of treating weak interactions of chiral molecules as, e.g., chirality transfer from a chiral molecule to an achiral solvent. We use an implementation of the NVPT that is projected along the dynamics to obtain the current and magnetic dipole moments required for accurate intensities. The gauge problem in the liquid phase is resolved in a twofold approach. The electronic expectation values are evaluated in a distributed origin gauge, employing maximally localized Wannier orbitals. In a second step, the gauge invariant spectrum is obtained in terms of a scaled molecular moments, which allows to systematically include solvent effects while keeping a significant signal-to-noise ratio. We give a thorough analysis and discussion of this choice of gauge for the liquid phase. At low temperatures, we recover the established double harmonic approximation. The methodology is applied to chiral molecules ((S)-d2-oxirane and (R)-propylene-oxide) in the gas phase and in solution. We find an excellent agreement with the theoretical and experimental references, including the emergence of signals due to chirality transfer from the solute to the (achiral) solvent.
Comparison of electric dipole and magnetic loop antennas for exciting whistler modes
Authors: Stenzel R. L. , Urrutia J. M.
Published: August 2016

The excitation of low frequency whistler modes from different antennas has been investigated experimentally in a large laboratory plasma. One antenna consists of a linear electric dipole oriented across the uniform ambient magnetic field B0. The other antenna is an elongated loop with dipole moment parallel to B0. Both antennas are driven by the same rf generator which produces a rf burst well below the electron cyclotron frequency. The antenna currents as well as the wave magnetic fields from each antenna are measured. Both the antenna currents and the wave fields of the loop antenna exceed that of the electric dipole by two orders of magnitude. The conclusion is that loop antennas are far superior to dipole antennas for exciting large amplitude whistler modes, a result important for active wave experiments in space plasmas.
Measurements of laser generated soft X-ray emission from irradiated gold foils
Authors: Davis J. S. , Frank Y. , Raicher E. , Fraenkel M. , Keiter P. A. , Klein S. R. , Drake R. P. , Shvarts D.
Published: August 2016

Soft x-ray emission from laser irradiated gold foils was measured at the Omega-60 laser system using the Dante photodiode array. The foils were heated with 2 kJ, 6 ns laser pulses and foil thicknesses were varied between 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μm. Initial Dante analysis indicates peak emission temperatures of roughly 100 eV and 80 eV for the 0.5 μm and 1.0 μm thick foils, respectively, with little measurable emission from the 2.0 μm foils.
An adaptive interpolation scheme for molecular potential energy surfaces
Authors: Kowalewski Markus , Larsson Elisabeth , Heryudono Alfa
Published: August 2016

The calculation of potential energy surfaces for quantum dynamics can be a time consuming task—especially when a high level of theory for the electronic structure calculation is required. We propose an adaptive interpolation algorithm based on polyharmonic splines combined with a partition of unity approach. The adaptive node refinement allows to greatly reduce the number of sample points by employing a local error estimate. The algorithm and its scaling behavior are evaluated for a model function in 2, 3, and 4 dimensions. The developed algorithm allows for a more rapid and reliable interpolation of a potential energy surface within a given accuracy compared to the non-adaptive version.
Design and fabrication of a window for the gas Cherenkov detector 3
Authors: Fatherley V. E. , Bingham D. A. , Cartelli M. D. , DiDomizio R. A. , Griego J. R. , Herrmann H. W. , Lopez F. E. , Oertel J. A. , Pollack M. J.
Published: August 2016

The gas Cherenkov detector 3 was designed at Los Alamos National Laboratory for use in inertial confinement fusion experiments at both the Omega Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. This instrument uses a low-Z gamma-to-electron convertor plate and high pressure gas to convert MeV gammas into UV/visible Cherenkov photons for fast optical detection. This is a follow-on diagnostic from previous versions, with two notable differences: the pressure of the gas is four times higher, and it allows the use of fluorinated gas, requiring metal seals. These changes force significant changes in the window component, having a unique set of requirements and footprint limitations. The selected solution for this component, a sapphire window brazed into a stainless steel flange housing, is described.
Large eddy simulation of the near-field vortex dynamics in starting square jet transitioning into steady state
Authors: Ghasemi A. , Roussinova V. , Barron R. M. , Balachandar R.
Published: August 2016

Large eddy simulation (LES) is carried out to study the vortex dynamics in the near-field of a starting turbulent square jet as well as its evolution into a developed steady jet. Simulations are conducted at Reynolds numbers (Re = UjD/υ) of 8000 and 45 000 based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter D and jet velocity (Uj). A Reynolds stress model was used to simulate the internal flow in the nozzle which provided the inlet conditions for the LES of the jet. To validate the simulations, turbulence statistics are compared with experimental results available for a steady square jet. Evaluation of the probability density function, skewness, and flatness of the centerline streamwise velocity (Uc) shows deviation from the Gaussian distribution in the near-field. Evolution of the self-induced deformation of the leading vortex ring is investigated to further clarify the role of axis-switching. The axis-switching is initiated earlier at low Reynolds number while the completion of the axis-switching process occurred at the same dimensionless time for both Reynolds numbers. The role of pressure distribution on vortex ring deformation is investigated. It is shown that the influence of pressure-induced azimuthal instability tends to deform a two-dimensional vortex ring topology into a three-dimensional one and revert back to a two-dimensional character again. The break-down and diffusion of the tip of the vortex are also studied. Evolution of the shear layer from a starting jet to a developed jet is studied in terms of the vorticity field. For a starting jet, entrainment is shown to occur in the presence of corner hairpin vortices.
High-speed nanoscale characterization of dewetting via dynamic transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Hihath Sahar , Santala Melissa K. , Campbell Geoffrey , van Benthem Klaus
Published: August 2016

The dewetting of thin films can occur in either the solid or the liquid state for which different mass transport mechanisms are expected to control morphological changes. Traditionally, dewetting dynamics have been examined on time scales between several seconds to hours, and length scales ranging between nanometers and millimeters. The determination of mass transport mechanisms on the nanoscale, however, requires nanoscale spatial resolution and much shorter time scales. This study reports the high-speed observation of dewetting phenomena for kinetically constrained Ni thin films on crystalline SrTiO3 substrates. Movie-mode Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscopy (DTEM) was used for high-speed image acquisition during thin film dewetting at different temperatures. DTEM imaging confirmed that the initial stages of film agglomeration include edge retraction, hole formation, and growth. Finite element modeling was used to simulate temperature distributions within the DTEM samples after laser irradiation with different energies. For pulsed laser irradiation at 18 μJ, experimentally observed hole growth suggests that Marangoni flow dominates hole formation in the liquid nickel film. After irradiation with 13.8 μJ, however, the observations suggest that dewetting was initiated by nucleation of voids followed by hole growth through solid-state surface diffusion.
Gradient-driven flux-tube simulations of ion temperature gradient turbulence close to the non-linear threshold
Authors: Peeters A. G. , Rath F. , Buchholz R. , Camenen Y. , Candy J. , Casson F. J. , Grosshauser S. R. , Hornsby W. A. , Strintzi D. , Weikl A.
Published: August 2016

It is shown that Ion Temperature Gradient turbulence close to the threshold exhibits a long time behaviour, with smaller heat fluxes at later times. This reduction is connected with the slow growth of long wave length zonal flows, and consequently, the numerical dissipation on these flows must be sufficiently small. Close to the nonlinear threshold for turbulence generation, a relatively small dissipation can maintain a turbulent state with a sizeable heat flux, through the damping of the zonal flow. Lowering the dissipation causes the turbulence, for temperature gradients close to the threshold, to be subdued. The heat flux then does not go smoothly to zero when the threshold is approached from above. Rather, a finite minimum heat flux is obtained below which no fully developed turbulent state exists. The threshold value of the temperature gradient length at which this finite heat flux is obtained is up to 30% larger compared with the threshold value obtained by extrapolating the heat flux to zero, and the cyclone base case is found to be nonlinearly stable. Transport is subdued when a fully developed staircase structure in the E × B shearing rate forms. Just above the threshold, an incomplete staircase develops, and transport is mediated by avalanche structures which propagate through the marginally stable regions.
Towards quantifying the role of exact exchange in the prediction hydrogen bond spin-spin coupling constants involving fluorine
Authors: San Fabián J. , Omar S. , García de la Vega J. M.
Published: August 2016

The effect of a fraction of Hartree-Fock exchange on the calculated spin-spin coupling constants involving fluorine through a hydrogen bond is analyzed in detail. Coupling constants calculated using wavefunction methods are revisited in order to get high-level calculations using the same basis set. Accurate MCSCF results are obtained using an additive approach. These constants and their contributions are used as a reference for density functional calculations. Within the density functional theory, the Hartree-Fock exchange functional is split in short- and long-range using a modified version of the Coulomb-attenuating method with the SLYP functional as well as with the original B3LYP. Results support the difficulties for calculating hydrogen bond coupling constants using density functional methods when fluorine nuclei are involved. Coupling constants are very sensitive to the Hartree-Fock exchange and it seems that, contrary to other properties, it is important to include this exchange for short-range interactions. Best functionals are tested in two different groups of complexes: those related with anionic clusters of type [F(HF)n]− and those formed by difluoroacetylene and either one or two hydrogen fluoride molecules.
Chemi-ionization reactions of La, Pr, Tb, and Ho with atomic O and La with N2O from 200 to 450 K
Authors: Ard Shaun G. , Shuman Nicholas S. , Martinez Oscar , Armentrout P. B. , Viggiano Albert A.
Published: August 2016

The chemi-ionization rate coefficients of La, Pr, Tb, and Ho with O have been measured from 200 to 450 K using a thermalized flow tube apparatus. Both La and Tb were found to react near the calculated hard sphere collision limit, while the Pr and Ho reactions proceeded at roughly 40% of that limit at all temperatures. The efficiencies of these reactions are considered and the near thermoneutral character of the reaction with Ho can explain this case, whereas an explanation for the inefficiency of the Pr reaction remains elusive. The chemi-ionization reaction of La with N2O was also studied and found to proceed roughly 2 orders of magnitude slower than the competing neutral oxidation pathway. The latter result disagrees with previous literature reports.
Understanding reconstructed Dante spectra using high resolution spectroscopy
Authors: May M. J. , Weaver J. , Widmann K. , Kemp G. E. , Thorn D. , Colvin J. D. , Schneider M. B. , Moore A. , Blue B. E.
Published: August 2016

The Dante is an 18 channel filtered diode array used at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to measure the spectrally and temporally resolved radiation flux between 50 eV and 20 keV from various targets. The absolute flux is determined from the radiometric calibration of the x-ray diodes, filters, and mirrors and a reconstruction algorithm applied to the recorded voltages from each channel. The reconstructed spectra are very low resolution with features consistent with the instrument response and are not necessarily consistent with the spectral emission features from the plasma. Errors may exist between the reconstructed spectra and the actual emission features due to assumptions in the algorithm. Recently, a high resolution convex crystal spectrometer, VIRGIL, has been installed at NIF with the same line of sight as the Dante. Spectra from L-shell Ag and Xe have been recorded by both VIRGIL and Dante. Comparisons of these two spectroscopic measurements yield insights into the accuracy of the Dante reconstructions.
A technique for measuring the quality of an elliptically bent pentaerythritol [PET(002)] crystal
Authors: Haugh M. J. , Jacoby K. D. , Barrios M. A. , Thorn D. , Emig J. A. , Schneider M. B.
Published: August 2016

We present a technique for determining the X-ray spectral quality from each region of an elliptically curved PET(002) crystal. The investigative technique utilizes the shape of the crystal rocking curve which changes significantly as the radius of curvature changes. This unique quality information enables the spectroscopist to verify where in the spectral range that the spectrometer performance is satisfactory and where there are regions that would show spectral distortion. A collection of rocking curve measurements for elliptically curved PET(002) has been built up in our X-ray laboratory. The multi-lamellar model from the XOP software has been used as a guide and corrections were applied to the model based upon measurements. But, the measurement of RI at small radius of curvature shows an anomalous behavior; the multi-lamellar model fails to show this behavior. The effect of this anomalous RI behavior on an X-ray spectrometer calibration is calculated. It is compared to the multi-lamellar model calculation which is completely inadequate for predicting RI for this range of curvature and spectral energies.
Accurate adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps in atoms and molecules employing the third-order spin-flip algebraic diagrammatic construction scheme for the polarization propagator
Authors: Lefrancois Daniel , Rehn Dirk R. , Dreuw Andreas
Published: August 2016

For the calculation of adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps (STG) in diradicaloid systems the spin-flip (SF) variant of the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) scheme for the polarization propagator in third order perturbation theory (SF-ADC(3)) has been applied. Due to the methodology of the SF approach the singlet and triplet states are treated on an equal footing since they are part of the same determinant subspace. This leads to a systematically more accurate description of, e.g., diradicaloid systems than with the corresponding non-SF single-reference methods. Furthermore, using analytical excited state gradients at ADC(3) level, geometry optimizations of the singlet and triplet states were performed leading to a fully consistent description of the systems, leading to only small errors in the calculated STGs ranging between 0.6 and 2.4 kcal/mol with respect to experimental references.
Supersonic molecular beam injection effects on tokamak plasma applied non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbation
Authors: Han Hyunsun , In Y. , Jeon Y. M. , Lee H. Y. , Hahn S. H. , Lee K. D. , Nam Y. U. , Yoon S. W.
Published: August 2016

The change of tokamak plasma behavior by supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) was investigated by applying a three-dimensional magnetic perturbation that could suppress edge localized modes (ELMs). From the time trace of decreasing electron temperature and with increasing plasma density keeping the total confined energy constant, the SMBI seems to act as a cold pulse on the plasma. However, the ELM behaviors were changed drastically (i.e., the symptom of ELM suppression has disappeared). The plasma collisionality in the edge-pedestal region could play a role in the change of the ELM behaviors.
Epitaxial growth and electronic structure of oxyhydride SrVO2H thin films
Authors: Katayama Tsukasa , Chikamatsu Akira , Yamada Keisuke , Shigematsu Kei , Onozuka Tomoya , Minohara Makoto , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Ikenaga Eiji , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: August 2016

Oxyhydride SrVO2H epitaxial thin films were fabricated on SrTiO3 substrates via topotactic hydridation of oxide SrVO3 films using CaH2. Structural and composition analyses suggested that the SrVO2H film possessed one-dimensionally ordered V-H−-V bonds along the out-of-plane direction. The synthesis temperature could be lowered by reducing the film thickness, and the SrVO2H film was reversible to SrVO3 by oxidation through annealing in air. Photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements revealed the V3+ valence state in the SrVO2H film, indicating that the hydrogen existed as hydride. Furthermore, the electronic density of states was highly suppressed at the Fermi energy, consistent with the prediction that tetragonal distortion induces metal to insulation transition.
Polarized digital shearography for simultaneous dual shearing directions measurements
Authors: Xie Xin , Lee Cheok Peng , Li Junrui , Zhang Boyang , Yang Lianxiang
Published: August 2016

The selection of the direction of sensitivity for digital shearography is determined by its shearing direction. As a result, directionally shaped defects could be missed in non-destructive testing using a digital shearography system with only one shearing direction. This paper reports a polarized digital shearography system based on two Mach–Zehnder interferometers, which can create two orthogonal shearing directions and record shearograms in the two orthogonal directions simultaneously. The two shearograms are separated from each other by proper polarization design so that no cross interference occurs. The phase maps of the shearograms are generated by spatial phase shift methods through the introduction of different carrier frequencies in the two orthogonal shearograms and use of the Fourier transform method. This enabled simultaneous dual directional non-destructive testing during continuous loading. Theory derivation, spectrum analysis, and non-destructive testing application results are shown in detail.
Real-time and in situ monitoring of sputter deposition with RHEED for atomic layer controlled growth
Authors: Podkaminer J. P. , Patzner J. J. , Davidson B. A. , Eom C. B.
Published: August 2016

Sputter deposition is a widely used growth technique for a large range of important material systems. Epitaxial films of carbides, nitrides, metals, oxides and more can all be formed during the sputter process which offers the ability to deposit smooth and uniform films from the research level up to an industrial scale. This tunable kinematic deposition process excels in easily adapting for a large range of environments and growth procedures. Despite the vast advantages, there is a significant lack of in situ analysis options during sputtering. In particular, the area of real time atomic layer control is severely deficient. Atomic layer controlled growth of epitaxial thin films and artificially layered superlattices is critical for both understanding their emergent phenomena and engineering novel material systems and devices. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is one of the most common in situ analysis techniques during thin film deposition that is rarely used during sputtering due to the effect of the strong permanent magnets in magnetron sputter sources on the RHEED electron beam. In this work we have solved this problem and designed a novel way to deter the effect of the magnets for a wide range of growth geometries and demonstrate the ability for the first time to have layer-by-layer control during sputter deposition by in situ RHEED.
Application of hydrogen injection and oxidation to low temperature solution-processed oxide semiconductors
Authors: Miyakawa Masashi , Nakata Mitsuru , Tsuji Hiroshi , Fujisaki Yoshihide , Yamamoto Toshihiro
Published: August 2016

Solution-processed oxide semiconductors are promising candidates for the low cost, large scale fabrication of oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). In this work, a method using hydrogen injection and oxidation (HIO) that allows the low temperature solution processing of oxide semiconductors was demonstrated. We found that this method significantly decreases the concentration of residual species while improving the film densification. Additionally, enhanced TFT performance was confirmed following the use of processing temperatures as low as 300 °C. The proposed process is potentially applicable to the fabrication of a wide variety of solution-processed oxide semiconductors.
E-Cadherin Aptamer-Conjugated Delivery of Doxorubicin for Targeted Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Chaudhary Resham , Roy Kislay , Kanwar Rupinder K. , Veedu Rakesh N. , Krishnakumar Subramanian , Cheung Chun Hei Antonio , Verma Anita K. , Kanwar Jagat R.
Published: August 2016

Regardless of the tremendous effort to develop an effective therapeutic approach to combat prostate cancer, target-specific therapy without adverse side effects on healthy tissues and cells is yet to be achieved. Triggered by this craving, we herein report the synthesis of algal chitosan nanoparticles containing DNA aptamer-targeting E-cadherin (Ecad01) using an ionotropic gelation method for target-specific delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) to inhibit prostate cancer cell (DU145) proliferation. The designed chimeric Ecad01-Dox conjugate exhibited excellent targeted internalization, which was evident from a 1.71-fold-increased internalization in DU145 cells, and showed significantly lower uptake (1.92-fold lower) in non-cancerous cells (RWPE-1). Moreover, cell viability assay results showed that 1.0 µM Dox in the Ecad01-Dox conjugate was able to show similar cytotoxicity to 10 µM Dox in DU145 cells, which is indicative of targeted cancer-specific inhibition. Our study clearly demonstrated that encapsulation of Ecad01-Dox conjugate in algal chitosan increased its cellular uptake to 58 % in 30 min, with reduced non-specific cytotoxicity and enhanced chemotherapeutic potential. This could be a simple and an effective targeted drug-delivery strategy that does not require chemical modification of the doxorubicin or the Ecad01 aptamer with potential in developing a therapeutic agent for prostate cancer.
Structural basis for the CsrA-dependent modulation of translation initiation by an ancient regulatory protein
Authors: Altegoer Florian , Rensing Stefan A. , Bange Gert
Published: August 2016

Significance

CsrA proteins are repressors of translation that target the Shine–Dalgarno sequence of the ribosome-binding site. Small noncoding RNAs competitively sequester CsrA by offering multiple binding sites that mimic the Shine–Dalgarno. Antagonism of CsrA by small noncoding RNAs is a widely conserved mechanism of posttranscriptional regulation. Here we present the first crystal structure of protein FliW, which allosterically regulates CsrA in a highly specific manner. Our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the FliW–CsrA regulon is subject to coevolution and represents the ancestral state in flagellated bacteria.
Endogenous macrophage migration inhibitory factor reduces the accumulation and toxicity of misfolded SOD1 in a mouse model of ALS
Authors: Leyton-Jaimes Marcel F. , Benaim Clara , Abu-Hamad Salah , Kahn Joy , Guetta Amos , Bucala Richard , Israelson Adrian
Published: August 2016

Significance

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can be caused by mutations in superoxide dismutase (SOD1), which lead to the accumulation of misfolded SOD1 proteins and to the death of motor neurons. Here we show that endogenous macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) acts as a chaperone for misfolded SOD1 in vivo, because completely eliminating MIF in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of familial ALS enhanced the accumulation of misfolded SOD1, accelerated disease onset and late disease progression, and shortened the lifespan of mice expressing mutant SOD1. This study thus sheds light on the important implications of modulating MIF levels and provides insight into the potential therapeutic role of MIF in suppressing the selective accumulation of misfolded SOD1 in ALS.
Nutrition mediates the expression of cultivar–farmer conflict in a fungus-growing ant
Authors: Shik Jonathan Z. , Gomez Ernesto B. , Kooij Pepijn W. , Santos Juan C. , Wcislo William T. , Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Early subsistence farming implied significant physiological challenges for Neolithic farmers until they genetically isolated their crops through artificial selection and polyploidization. The attine ants faced analogous challenges when they adopted fungus farming 55–60 Mya. Whereas evolutionarily derived attine lineages irreversibly domesticated cultivars approximately 25 Mya and ultimately realized industrial-scale farming, basal lineages retained small-scale farming, diversified, and now coexist with advanced fungus-farmers in most New World tropical ecosystems. We show that management of independent sexual reproduction in cultivars constrained farming productivity, echoing early human farming of unspecialized low-productivity crops. Loss of cultivar gene exchange with nondomesticated relatives likely reduced host–symbiont conflict over reproduction, fostering the rise of ecologically dominant ant-agriculture.
Processing and properties of CuAl2 intermetallic coatings
Authors: Abbasi M. , Verdian M. M.
Published: August 2016

CuAl2 intermetallic powders were consolidated using an atmospheric plasma spraying process. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, no phase change occurred during thermal spraying. The investigation of optical micrographs showed that about 7% porosity was present in the microstructure of the coatings. The coatings showed hardness value up to 575 HV(50 g). The polarisation tests and electrochemical spectroscopy measurements were utilised for electrochemical investigation of the coatings in 1 M H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl media. In H2SO4 environment, the coated and uncoated samples showed similar corrosion rates. However, the coating showed a lower corrosion rate than the substrate in NaCl solution by an order of magnitude. Corrosion of the steel substrate occurred in the NaCl solution, no corrosion was observed in the H2SO4.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Identification of types of landings after blocking in volleyball associated with risk of ACL injury
Authors: Zahradnik David , Jandacka Daniel , Farana Roman , Uchytil Jaroslav , Hamill Joseph
Published: August 2016

Landing with a low knee flexion angle after volleyball block jumps may be associated with an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The aim of the present study was to identify the types of volleyball landings after blocks where the knee flexion angle is found to be under a critical knee flexion angle value of 30° at the instant of the first peak of the ground reaction force (GRF). Synchronized kinematic and kinetic data were collected for each trial. T‐tests were used to determine if each knee flexion angle at the instant of the peak GRF was significantly different from the critical value of 30°. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare knee flexion angle, time to first peak and the magnitude of the first peak of the resultant GRF and knee stiffness. Significantly lower knee flexion angles were found in the “go” landing (p = .01, ES = 0.6) and the “reverse” landing (p = .02, ES = 0.6) only. The results for knee flexion angle and GRF parameters indicated a significant difference between a “reverse” and “go” and other types of landings, except the “side stick” landing for GRF. The “reverse” and “go” landings may present a risk for ACL injury due to the single‐leg landing of these activities that have an associated mediolateral movement.
Judging the Animacy of Words: The Influence of Typicality and Age of Acquisition in a Semantic Decision Task
Authors: Räling Romy , Hanne Sandra , Schröder Astrid , Keßler Carla , Wartenburger Isabell
Published: August 2016

The age at which members of a semantic category are learned (age of acquisition), the typicality they demonstrate within their corresponding category, and the semantic domain to which they belong (living, non-living) are known to influence the speed and accuracy of lexical/semantic processing. So far, only a few studies have looked at the origin of age of acquisition and its interdependence with typicality and semantic domain within the same experimental design. Twenty adult participants performed an animacy decision task in which nouns were classified according to their semantic domain as being living or non-living. Response times were influenced by the independent main effects of each parameter: typicality, age of acquisition, semantic domain, and frequency. However, there were no interactions. The results are discussed with respect to recent models concerning the origin of age of acquisition effects.
Eye movement programming and reading accuracy
Authors: Inhoff Albrecht W , Gregg Julie , Radach Ralph
Published: August 2016

Eye movements were measured during the silent reading of sentences to extract several oculomotor measures. Rather than each measure being examined independently, oculomotor responses were grouped into two types, the assumption being that the grouping would project onto underlying constructs. Properties of forward-directed movements were assumed to reflect the success with which linguistic information was acquired (acquisition), and corrective responses were assumed to reveal readers’ responding to difficulties (correction). These two types of oculomotor responses were linked to indexes of reading accuracy (accuracy), which were obtained from separate materials so that eye movements with one set of materials could be used to predict reading accuracy for another set of materials. Path analyses indicated that correction, but not acquisition, was linked to accuracy. The additional clustering of acquisition, correction, and accuracy scores identified a group of readers with relatively low accuracy scores. These readers were typical in their acquisition of linguistic information but under-used corrective responding.
Visualising the electron density structure of blobs and studying its possible effect on neutral turbulence
Authors: de la Cal E.
Published: August 2016

The electron density n
e of turbulent coherent structures (blobs) has been measured at the edge plasma of the TJ-II stellarator using the helium line ratio technique. A spectroscopic high-speed camera set-up allowed 2D imaging of n
e with spatial resolutions of a few millimetres and exposure times down to 15 µs. The turbulent plasma density structures have been compared with the raw helium emission structures, which in principle should be similar due to the expected relation between both, and although generally positive (negative) emission structures correspond to n
e blobs (holes), we see that the shape is different and that in some cases there is even no correspondence at all. A possible explanation could be that the neutral distribution, which relates the intensity emission with the n
e, varies on the same spatio-temporal scale as the plasma turbulence. This would be the case if the local n
e variations of blobs and holes regulated the neutral density through ionisation, making it also turbulent within our experimental frequency (<100 kHz) and spatial scale (>1 cm). To study this point we simulate the neutrals with a simple transport model to reconstruct the corresponding measured emission profiles using the experimentally obtained n
e and T
e radial profiles. We do this for two cases: one where the neutral distribution is stationary and another where the atoms respond to the measured n
e blob and get locally depleted through ionisation. Comparing the simulated and experimental emission profiles and looking at the characteristic ionisation times we find clear indications that point to the fact that slow thermal neutrals could react to the plasma fluctuations in the 10–100 kHz frequency range, also becoming turbulent.
Des tribades et des godemichés: mollesses viriles dans le
Recueil des dames
de Brantôme
Authors: Maira Daniel
Published: August 2016

Dans le
Recueil des dames
, Brantôme s’intéresse aux pratiques sexuelles des tribades, perçues comme des femmes viriles qui usurpent la vigueur sexuelle des mâles et qui trahissent, par conséquent, leur genre. Brantôme interroge les enjeux liés à la virilité: deux femmes qui s’amusent entre elles, resteraient-elles deux sujets féminins à part entière, ou faudra-t-il plutôt que l’une d’entre elles soit virile ou se virilise afin de se conformer à un modèle de performativité sexuelle qui reproduit le binarisme masculin/féminin et actif/passif? Cet article s’intéresse à la notion renaissante de mollesse par le biais de la représentation et de la construction du masculin dans des scènes qui racontent les relations (homo)sexuelles féminines. Est étudié d’abord le flottement du genre dans les relations lesbiennes: comment les frontières du masculin/féminin sont-elles obligées à se repositionner à chaque fois qu’on s’écarte du modèle qui plaide pour une hétérosexualité obligatoire et androcentrique? Peut-on parler d’un trouble de l’identification masculine, dans le sens que le masculin pourrait se sentir déstabilisé s’il devient remplaçable dans l’une des fonctions qui définissent sa virilité? La performativité du masculin sera ainsi abordée à partir d’une ‘technosexualité’, en l’occurrence avec des godemichés, qui multiplie et diversifie les formes de l’érotisme féminin.
A reassessment of the fecundity type of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in Atlantic Iberian waters (ICES division IXa) shows that indeterminate spawners can cease recruiting oocytes during their spawning season
Authors: Ganias Konstantinos , Mouchlianitis Foivos-Alexandros , Nunes Cristina , Costa Ana-Maria , Angélico Maria-Manuel
Published: August 2016

Following the classic lines of evidence of Hunter et al. (Hunter, J. R., Macewicz, B., Lo, N. C. H., and Kimbrell, A. 1992. Fecundity, spawning, and maturity of female Dover sole Microstomus pacificus, with an evaluation of assumptions and precision. Fishery Bulletin US, 90: 101–128.) on the fecundity type of fishes (determinate vs. indeterminate), the stock of horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) in Atlantic Iberian waters (ICES Division IXa) was shown to exhibit a mixed picture. Total fecundity, the total number of secondary growth (SG) oocytes dropped during the spawning season and there were reproductively active individuals with a distinct size hiatus between primary growth (PG) oocytes and SG oocytes, while no massive atresia was observed in late-season spawners. All of these characteristics matched with evidence for determinate fecundity. However, daily decrease rate of total fecundity was lower than daily specific fecundity (i.e. the number of eggs produced daily per unit weight) by orders of magnitude which suggested that the stock of SG oocytes was replenished during the spawning period through de novo oocyte recruitment. In addition, the maximum number of batches in reproductively active females was lower than the predicted annual number of spawnings, while total fecundity in recent spawners—those containing post-ovulatory follicles—was not lower than the fecundity of the remaining reproductively active females. All of these results suggest that, despite the aforementioned mixed lines of evidence, the fecundity of horse mackerel is clearly indeterminate. We attribute these mixed characteristics to the fact that, unlike most typical indeterminate spawners, horse mackerel ceases to recruit new SG oocytes during the latter part of its spawning season.
Molecular Identification of Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Isolates from the United States and Poland
Authors: Baturo-Ciesniewska Anna , Groves Carol L. , Albrecht Kenneth A. , Grau Craig R. , Willis David K. , Smith Damon L.
Published: August 2016

Symptoms of clover rot caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum or S. sclerotiorum are identical, making differentiation and identification of the causal species difficult and time consuming. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nucleotide sequencing were used to examine 40 isolates of S. trifoliorum (29 from Poland, 11 from the United States) and 55 isolates of S. sclerotiorum (26 from Poland, 29 from the United States). We determined that amplification of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes with TU1/TU2/TU3 and SscadF1/SscadR1 PCR primers and the presence of introns and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as detected with NS1/NS8 and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1/ITS4 PCR primers are effective for rapidly and accurately differentiating between the two species of Sclerotinia. In addition, our research revealed a lack of intraspecies variation within S. sclerotiorum isolates from the United States and Poland using these same molecular markers. We detected a relatively high degree of intraspecies variability among isolates of S. trifoliorum from the United States and Poland using the presence of introns and SNP within the rDNA. SNP and nuclear small-subunit rDNA analyses revealed distinct groups of S. trifoliorum among the isolates used in this study. The results of this study provide useful information for clover breeders and pathologists looking to develop clover varieties with durable resistance.