bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of Ultrastructural Changes in Mouse Pancreatic Acinar Cells Caused by Foreign Serum
Authors: Nevalainen Timo J.
Published: October 2008

Quantitative changes in the pancreatic acinar cell organelles were studied in BALB/c mice injected with 1.0 ml fresh rabbit serum intraperitoneally. Groups of 5 mice were killed at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after the serum injection. Pancreatic tissue was processed for electron microscopy by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation and Epon embedding. The proportions of acinar cell cytoplasm (volume fractions) occupied by zymogen granules, granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and lysosomes (including autophagosomes) were determined by the point counting method from electron micrographs. The volume fraction of lysosomes increased during the first 3 h and remained markedly elevated up to 12 h. The volume fractions of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum decreased slightly in 12 h. The volume fraction of zymogen granules increased from 12 to 28% in 12 h. It was concluded that the secretory mechanism of pancreatic acinar cells was injured by the foreign serum. The injury caused accumulation of zymogen granules and increased autophagic activity in the acinar cells.
Establishment and Characterization of a Cell Line Derived from Human Colon Adenocarcinoma (HuCCL-14)
Authors: Yaniv A. , Altboum Z. , Gazit A. , Bloch-Shtacher N. , Eylan E.
Published: October 2008

A continuous human colon carcinoma cell line (HuCCL-14) was established whose cells possess an epithelial-like morphology and are capable of growing in soft agar and on monolayers of normal cells. HuCCL-14 cells yielded high levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, and the analysis of their chromosomal constitution revealed a mode of 70 chromosomes per cell. HuCCL-14 cells produce malignant tumors when injected into nude mice. Preliminary virologic studies indicate the release of RNA particles having a density of 1.15-1.19 g/ml.
Selective Effect of Fractions of a Yeast Extract (PCO) on Normal and Malignant Cells
Authors: Poydock Eymard , Fardon J.C. , Tsuchiya Y. , Cook E.S.
Published: October 2008

The selective action of two fractions of PCO (a yeast extract) on normal and malignant cells was demonstrated. In vivo, the mitotic activity of malignant cells was inhibited by the methanol-insoluble fraction of PCO, whereas the methanol-soluble fraction caused no inhibition. The in vitro studies, however, showed inhibition of mitoses with both fractions. The malignant cells employed in vitro and in vivo were the Krebs-2 and Ehrlich carcinomas. The nonneoplastic cells tested in vitro were established cultures of epithelial-like cells from murine bone marrow and thymus, and corneal epithelium and peripheral blood in vivo.
Effect of Pulsed Low-Power Ultrasound on Growing Tissues
Authors: Pizzarello Donald J. , Vivino Alfred , Newall Joseph , Wolsky Alexander
Published: October 2008

Pulsed ultrasound at 2.25 MHz was delivered by a transducer having an average power output of 1.5 mW to a transplantable mouse lymphosarcoma for 5 min. The transplantability of the tumor was reduced. No change in mitotic index as a result of insonation was noted.
Dependence of Cell-Mediated Immune Lysis of the EL-4 Ascitic Lymphoma on Its Population Composition and Rhythm
Authors: De Bernardo Erica , Bolander Karen , Claus George
Published: October 2008

Investigations on cell-mediated immune release of 51Cr from the EL-4 ascitic lymphoma showed that daily rhythmic changes can be correlated with the dominance of certain cell types in the population. Cells in compartment 1 – i.e., those representing true G₀, early G1S and M – are most sensitive to effector cell attack. During the established 96-hour appearance cycle of the population, each day a different compartment will predominate, with corresponding variations in percent immune release. On days when spontaneous 51Cr- release shows a maximum, immune release is minimal. The differences between maximal values of immune release may reach more than 300%, when findings from different days in the appearance cycle are compared.
Silica Toxicity for Macrophages in vitro: a New Cytotoxicity Test
Authors: Keusch F. , Rüttner J.R.
Published: October 2008

Soluble factors released from silica-damaged macrophages inhibit proliferation of various haematopoietic cells in long term cultures. The same holds true for damage induced by heat, non-physiological pH, freezing and thawing. This phenomenon is dose-dependent and correlates with the degree of macrophage viability. Thus, a base for measuring the amount of damage to the macrophage is established.
Glucocorticoid Modulation of Adrenocorticotropin-Induced Melanogenesis in the Cloudman S-91 Melanoma in vitro
Authors: Abramowitz Joel , Chavin Walter
Published: October 2008

The acute in vitro action of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone alone and in combination were determined in the Cloudman S-91 melanoma grown in vivo. Hormone-treated melanoma dice (5-240 min) were analyzed for tyrosinase activity (EC 1.14.18.1), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). ACTH elevated cAMP levels in the S-91 melanoma. However, these increases in cAMP were not accompanied by increased tyrosinase activity. Corticosterone depressed cAMP levels while stimulating tyrosinase activity. ACTH plus corticosterone produced an early cAMP peak followed by depression. ACTH plus corticosterone stimulated tyrosinase activity coincident with the early cAMP peak followed by a drop in tyrosinase activity which was subsequently elevated. cGMP levels were not altered by any hormone treatment. The results indicate that cAMP is not the sole modulator of tyrosinase activity and suggest the interaction of ACTH, corticosterone and cAMP in the regulation of melanoma tyrosinase activity.
Protective Effect of Rabbit Immune Serum Administered Orally to Rats Infected by a Human Pathogenic Strain of E. coli
Authors: Rivier D. , Sobotka J.
Published: October 2008

1-week-old rats were inoculated orally with a strain of E. coli (serotype 078) isolated from the blood of a newborn baby who had died of septicemia. During the 3 weeks following inoculation, approximately 50% of the animals died of septicemia and 60% of the surviving rats had pathogenic bacteria in their rectum. Some of the surviving rats were severely impaired in their development. Autopsy showed evidence of active intestinal infection localized mainly in the ileum and cecum. A rabbit anti-E. coli (strain 23) serum (agglutinating titer: 1/2,500) afforded 100% protection when as little as 0.03 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight was orally administered in a single dose. The immune serum had an effect both on the mortality rate and on the growth of the rats. However, it never affected the survival of pathogenic bacteria in the rectum, even when administered at a daily dose of 1.5 mg of serum protein per gram of rat body weight on 4 consecutive days. The immune rabbit serum had only a weak bactericidal effect in vitro. The hemagglutination inhibition test showed the presence in the immune serum of antibodies against the fimbriae of the pathogenic E. coli strain (titer: 1/1,000). The role of antibody in inhibiting the adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells and/or their progression across the mucous layer are discussed as possible immune mechanisms in the intestinal lumen.
Karyotype Analysis of a Frog Pronephric Tumor Cell Line
Authors: Przybelski Robert J. , Tweedell Kenyon S.
Published: October 2008

Pronephric tumor cell lines, established from explants of a herpes virus induced frog renal adenocarcinoma, were shown to have a aneuploid modal chromosome number of 39. A karyotypic analysis of one line demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations not previously reported for Lucké tumor cells. The cell line was characterized by two marker chromosomes of high incidence, but there was no evidence of a stemline population of tumor cells.
Cell Migration During the Reassembly of Dissociated Embryonic Cells of Sea Urchins
Authors: Hamada Spencer H.
Published: October 2008

Disaggregated single cells from the embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were allowed to reaggregate and reform quasi-normal embryos in culture. In this investigation, emphasis was placed on cell migration and its role during cell segregation. Epithelial cell migration appears to be initiated through the sequential formation of (a) cytoplasmic blebs, (b) microvilli, (c) filopodia and (d) hyaloplasmic lamellae. After functioning as a locomotive structure during cell migration, the lamella enlarges and forms a hyaloplasmic sheet, which makes up part of the blastocoel wall. The blastocoel wall is the first recognizable structure reformed in the reassembling embryo.
Replication of Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells in Monolayer Cultures Stimulated with Embryo Extract
Authors: Baumann Kirk R. , Hosick Howard L.
Published: October 2008

A particulate fraction derived from homogenized chicken embryos was added to primary monolayer cultures of mouse mammary tumor cells. All culture media contained fetal calf serum (10%). After 4 days, the extract had stimulated a twofold increase (relative to controls lacking the extract) in (1) total DNA per culture; (2) the rate of incorporation of labeled DNA precursors; (3) epithelial cell number, and (4) total protein. This integrated growth activity is discussed in terms of the nature and exogenous regulation of neoplastic growth.
Immunological Studies with the HA1 and HA2 Polypeptides of Influenza A Virus Haemagglutinin
Authors: Kuo Y.C. , Oxford J.S. , Schild G.C.
Published: October 2008

HA1 and HA2 polypeptides of influenza A virus haemagglutinin (HA) were separated in purified form using electrophoresis in SDS containing polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) or chloroform-methanol extraction. The populations of HA1 polypeptides were immunogenic but considerably less so than the intact HA molecule and induced antibody which cross-reacted with influenza A and B viruses. After absorption with heterologous influenza B virus, the cross-reacting antibodies were removed and the HA1 antisera then possessed antibodies which reacted only with the cross-reactive (CR) determinants of the HA of the homologous influenza A virus and viruses of the same subtype. Neither strain-specific (SS) nor virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in these anti-HA1 sera. HA2 polypeptides were less immunogenic and anti-HA2 antisera after absorption with influenza B virus failed to react with influenza A virus in immuno double diffusion tests and only reacted with partially denatured HA in the more sensitive single radial diffusion tests.
Cytophotometric Study of the DNA Content in Experimental Pulmonary Granuloma
Authors: Galbenu Paul , Roels Hendrik , Willems Jan
Published: October 2008

Pulmonary granulomas were induced in rabbits with Freund’s complete adjuvant. Histologic alterations, the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amounts determined by a cytophotometric method were studied. The mitotic index and DNA amounts increased significantly within the first hours and reached peak values on the 3rd day, then showed a tendency to decrease after the 7th day. After the 3rd day, a certain dissociation was noted between the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amount. The change in Feulgen-DNA content reflects the functional alterations that characterize pulmonary granuloma.
Potentiation of Leukemogenicity and Infectivity of Rauscher Leukemia Virus by an Enhancing Factor Present in Egg Fluids
Authors: Gazit A. , Eylan E. , Rosen N. , Samucha R.
Published: October 2008

Sequential intraperitoneal administration of a low molecular-weight-enhancing factor, isolated from egg fluids, in mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) significantly stimulated viral replication. This was evidenced by elevated levels of viral DNA-polymerase in mouse sera. This stimulation of viral replication correlated with aggrevation of viral leukemogenicity, as reflected by increment of splenomegalic response and shortening of survival time. The in vivo potentiation of replication and leukemogenicity of RLV is achieved at least partly by the enhancing factor at the cellular level, since RLV replication was found to be stimulated also in an in vitro system. We assume that the stimulatory effect of the enhancing factor on viral replication is connected with its stimulatory effect on the synthesis of cellular DNA.
T Cell Activation of Primed Rabbit Blood Lymphocytes by Antigen
Authors: Andersen V. , Pawlita M. , Lefkovits I. , Braun D.G.
Published: October 2008

Activation of primed rabbit PBL by homologous antigen in the early proliferative phase (on days 3–5) mainly involves lymphocytes which neither secrete specific antibody nor contain immunoglobulin in their cell membrane. This stimulation is antigen-specific, and evidence is given that the major proportion of these cells are T lymphocytes. The B cells forming Av-CHO-specific PFC were studied by autoradiography on days 6 and 12 of culture. Since incorporation of radioactive thymidine was found in the majority of PFC, these cells are also in proliferation.
Type C RNA Virus Proteins: Lack of Binding Specificity to Host Cell Chromosomal DNA in vitro
Authors: Miles Kathryn , Schwartz Stephen A.
Published: October 2008

Through the use of two different DNA-protein reconstitution methods, we examined the potential role of type C RNA tumor virus proteins as putative regulatory agents in the control of virus expression. Rauscher murine leukemia virus, purified from chronically infected rat cell cultures, was iodinated in vitro with [125I], and dissociated in a nondetergent high-ionic-strength urea-containing buffer. The chemically separated [125I]-labeled viral polypetides were reconstituted with purified DNA by affinity column chromatography and by gradient dialysis renaturation. In both instances, no detectable amount of radioactivity specifically bound to double-stranded DNA of any origin. This observation was in contrast to the binding behavior of identically prepared and radiolabeled, nonhistone chromosomal proteins purified from rat cell nuclei. This finding may rule out, in eukaryotic cells, a well-described prokaryotic regulatory mechanism for the control of integrated viral gene expression.
Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies Induce Formation of Anti-H-2 Sera and of Idiotypes
Authors: Ramseier H.
Published: October 2008

Alloantisera could be induced in parental strain recipients either by means of alloantigen (skin allografting) or by injecting anti-idiotypic (anti-T cell receptor) sera. The resulting sera displayed activity against H-2 antigens; they also contained soluble idiotypic structures. With these sera anti-idiotypic sera could be provoked in F1 hybrid hosts. If antibody cycles initiated with alloantigen were carried through four runs, specificity appeared to be preserved and titers obtained corresponded to those found in conventionally raised anti-idiotypic sera and in alloantisera.
Representation of Heavy but Not Light Chain Ig Idiotypes on T Cell Receptors for Alloantigens
Authors: Binz H. , Frischknecht H. , Wigzell H.
Published: October 2008

We have analyzed idiotypic determinants on B and T lymphocytes reactive against the same antigenic determinants by the use of different anti-idiotypic antibodies. Such antisera were produced in (Lewis × DA) F, rats against Lewis anti-DA alloantibodies (= B cell product) and Lewis T lymphocyte receptors with the same specificity. We found that B lymphocytes bear unique idiotypic determinants which are not present on the corresponding T lymphocytes. T cell unique (not shared by B lymphocytes) idiotypes were so far not detected. T cells share idiotypic determinants which are present on heavy but not light chains of the corresponding alloantibodies.
Spontaneous Tumors in Nude Mice: Effect of the Viable Yellow Gene
Authors: Stutman O.
Published: October 2008

The incidence and type of spontaneous tumors in athymic nude (nu/nu) mice (partially inbred in CBA/H background) which were also carrying the viable yellow gene (Avy, derived from C57BL/6JAvy mice), were comparable to those observed in the phenotypically normal nu/+ and +/+ control crosses carrying the Avy gene. The Avy gene increases the incidence of spontaneous and induced tumors in most mouse strains. These results would argue against the thymus dependency of the putative immunological surveillance mechanisms.
Establishment of Human Colon Carcinoma Lines in Nude Mice
Authors: Fogh Jørgen , Orfeo Thomas , Tiso John , Sharkey Francis E.
Published: October 2008

After subcutaneous inoculation into nude mice of 24 human colon adeno-carcinomas, growth, defined as histopathologically confirmed tumor growth which has been passed, was observed in 13 cases (54%). Tumors from metastatic sites showed higher take rates (58%) than tumors from primary sites or recurrent tumors (50%). Nine continuous tumor lines were established (69% of growing tumors) with metastatic tumors establishing more readily (100% of growing tumors) than primary tumors (40%). The average period in primary transplant was shorter for metastasis (8.3 weeks), than for primary tumors (18.5 weeks); total material 10.6 weeks. Average periods between passages were shorter than primary transplant times; these periods were shorter for metastases (6.6 weeks) than for primary tumors (9.4 weeks); total material 7.4 weeks. Of four growing tumors not established as continuous lines, three were primary and one a recurrent tumor, and the loss of tumor growth occurred in very early passages, not later than passage 3. All nude mouse-grown colon tumors were moderately well differentiated.
Increased Nuclear Size in BHK21 Cells after Treatment with Non-Toxic Levels of Calf Thymus Histones
Authors: Latner A.L. , Turner G.A. , Cornell C.
Published: October 2008

The effect of treatment with either whole calf thymus histones, or individually isolated histones, or polyarginine, or polylysine, on the nuclear size of BHK21 cells has been investigated. Incubation of the cells with mixed histones (12.5–44 µg/ml) for 1 h considerably increased nuclear size. Increasing the histone concentration and/or the incubation time resulted in a decrease in the effect and could result in no change in nuclear size. Treatment of the cells with polyarginine or polylysine did not affect nuclear size. Experiments with individually isolated histones showed that the nuclear size effect was almost exclusively due to the histone H4. It is argued that the changes observed most likely resulted from interaction of H4 with the nucleus, and could reflect the properties of this particular histone molecule.
Analysis of the Progress of Hormone-Receptor Amplification during Differentiation in Regenerating Planarians
Authors: Csaba G. , Kádár M.
Published: October 2008

Planarians developing from isolated regenerates, when pretreated with epinephrine at different periods of their second regeneration, show a higher rate of sugar uptake than the controls, which were not treated with epinephrine. The hormone receptor development can be influenced most effectively by pretreatments performed during the 1–3 and 6–9 day periods, though some effect can be evoked at any time in the course of the second regeneration. The head regenerates developing from the anterior end of the original midpiece (and regenerating tails the second time, BJ were found to be most sensitive, while the similar regenerates developing from the hindpiece of the original planarian (C) showed the weakest reactivity. The experiments provide further evidence that the hormone receptors’ activity can be amplified in the course of regenerative development, leading thus – at a later stage – to a more intense sugar uptake response of the cells.
Single Cilia in the Articular Cartilage of the Cat
Authors: Meier-Vismara Elisabetta , Walker Norbert , Vogel Alfred
Published: October 2008

Single cilia (SC) in the articular cartilage of the cat are described with regard to structure, frequency and intracellular location. Comparison is made with their occurrence in the cartilage of other pecies or in other tissues; special consideration is given to their developmental stages. In the 1-year-old cat examined, about 20% of the cells showed SC with a predominantly intracellular course and some of them did not reach the extracellular space at all. Cross-sections of the proximal region of SC reveal the familiar 9+0 pattern; towards the distal end, the number of doublets and the diameter of the shaft are decreasing. It is concluded that most of the SC encountered are undergoing involution.
Nonrandom Correlation between Selective Distribution of Virogenic 5-Bromodeoxyuridine and DNA-Binding Nonhistone Proteins in Rat DNA
Authors: Schwartz Stephen A.
Published: October 2008

In order to more accurately determine a mechanism for the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-mediated activation of endogenous type C virus from normal rat embryo cells, nonhistone nuclear protein-DNA interactions were analyzed in vitro. Native, as well as kinetically fractioned DNA samples previously labeled with either [3H]-thymidine or [3H]-BrdU were combined with DNA-binding nonhistones and characterized according to distribution of the isotopes, and extent and localization of protein-binding sites. As before, [3H]-BrdU was relatively more concentrated in repetitive DNA as compared to [3H]-thymidine. Using a membrane filter retention assay, nearly 60% of complete, 37% of repetitive, and 12% of nonrepeated DNA-protein reconstituted complexes were retained on the filters regardless of isotopic precursor. However, a proportionately greater amount of [3H]-BrdU than [3H]-thymidine was recovered following extensive digestion of renatured complexes with DNase I, even though comparable amounts of DNA were acid-insoluble. The disproportionate binding of nonhistones to repetitive DNA, especially BrdU-substituted regions, may be related to the highly specific, well-characterized modifications in eukaryotic transcription attributed to the analog.
The Effect of Sulfhydryl and Amino Group Reagents on Human Lymphocyte – Sheep Erythrocyte Rosettes
Authors: Tsokos George C. , Papamichail Michail G.
Published: October 2008

We have studied the influence of certain chemical groups, located on the surface of lymphocytes or sheep red blood cells, on the ability of these cells to form spontaneous rosettes. We found that fluorescamine, which reacts with amino groups, inhibits rosette formation, while p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, which binds to sulfhydryl groups, increases the percentage of the rosette-forming lymphocytes. The possible mechanism of action of the above reagents is discussed.
Inhibition by Cerulenin of RNA and Lipid Synthesis in Limnaea (Mollusc) Embryos
Authors: Brahmachary R.L. , Ray B.
Published: October 2008

Cerulenin, a new antibiotic known to inhibit lipid synthesis in yeast, fungi and bacterial systems, has been tested with Limnaea embryos. In the presence of 40–50 µg/ml cerulenin, lipid synthesis is inhibited by about 65% while RNA synthesis is inhibited by about 35% as is evident from the incorporation of 14C-acetate and 14C-uracil, respectively. In embryos treated with cerulenin, washed and returned to normal medium to which 14C-uracil was added, RNA synthesis continued normally. Such pretreatment with actinomycin, however, inhibits lipid synthesis by about 50%. Cerulenin treatment of eggs at the early morula or uncleaved stage for 30 min leads to a marked abnormality at the late veliger stage, and the embryos die before hatching. These results have been discussed in comparison with the known effects of actinomycin. As, unlike actinomycin, cerulenin has no delayed action, the present experiment offers a system for exploring the delayed effects of early transcription.
Inhibiting Effect of Vitamins C and B12 on the Mitotic Activity of Ascites Tumors
Authors: Poydock Eymard , Fardon J.C. , Gallina D. , Ferro V. , Heher C.
Published: October 2008

The mitotic activity of the transplantable mouse tumors, Sarcoma 37, Krebs-2, and Ehrlich carcinomas, in the ascites form, were inhibited after treatment with a mixture of vitamins C and B12 with no apparent toxic side effects. These vitamins when administered alone, at the same dosage, did not seem to have any apparent effect on mitosis or the morphology of the cells studied. Microscopic examinations of the stained ascites fluid taken from the mice treated with the vitamin mixture showed few tumor cells, and these in various stages of disintegration. Also, an increase in lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils were noticed; however, later in the experiment, no tumor cells could be found and monocytes and macrophages were abundant.
Particular RNA Fragments as Promoters of Leukocyte and Platelet Formation in Rabbits
Authors: Beljanski Mirko , Plawecki Michel
Published: October 2008

Under well-defined conditions, ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli is fragmented by pancreatic ribonuclease, leading to the appearance of particular RNA fragments. Some of these fragments act as primers for in vitro replication of DNA extracted from blood-cell and platelet-forming tissues. In experimental rabbits they restore in a rapid and harmless way normal circulating leukocyte and platelet levels when these have been drastically decreased by various chemotherapeutic agents mainly used in anticancer therapy. Imbalance between polynuclear and lymphocyte count provoked in rabbits by cyclophosphamide can be rapidly corrected by treating the animal with active RNA fragments.
On the Role of Calcium in Adhesion of Cells to Solid Substrates
Authors: Damluji R. , Riley P.A.
Published: October 2008

Experiments are described which show that while the presence of calcium in the medium is required for the cells to maintain their adhesion, it is not necessary for the initial attachment of 3T3 cells to solid substrates. Cells are detached by treatment with urea at 4 °C suggesting that adhesion may involve hydrogen bonding between the cell surface and the substratum. Although most of the cell-bound calcium is removed by trypsin, the detaching effect of trypsinisation can be inhibited at low temperature suggesting that ionic calcium bridges are probably not directly involved in retaining the cells on the surface. Cells are made totally insensitive to removal by trypsin by prior washing with lanthanum. Our findings suggest that the external role of calcium in cell adhesion is exerted indirectly. We conclude that the cell presents to the exterior at least two physiochemical classes of molecule. One class composed of hydrogen bond-forming adhesive material (possibly proteins) and another class of anti-adhesive molecules (possibly glycoproteins). These two components are somehow separated in the formation of adhesive ‘plaques’ and this process is apparently uninfluenced by the calcium concentration in the medium. However, the maintenance of the localised zones of adhesion is aided by factors which prevent their disruption by the intrusion into them of anti-adhesive molecules diffusing from adjacent regions of the cell membrane. These factors include cooling below the transition temperature of the membrane lipids and lateral cross-linking of non-adhesive elements by calcium. By contrast, conditions which reduce the stability of the separation of adhesive and non-adhesive surface components would be expected to diminish the overall adhesiveness of cells to the substratum.
Effects of Cadmium on Polyribosome Sedimentation Pattern in Mouse Liver
Authors: Car N. , Naranscik P. , Gamulin S.
Published: October 2008

Cadmium injected to mice provokes an acute disaggregation of hepatic polyribosomes. The effect appears within 15 min, it is maximal after 1 h and then gradually disappears. The reaggregation of polyribosomes takes place 6–12 h after injection. The disaggregation of polyribosomes is linear with log doses in a range of 7.25–20 µmol/kg CdCl2. Cycloheximide pretreatment prevents the disaggregation of polyribosomes in the livers of cadmium-treated mice.
Biological Activity of Synthetic Subunits of Streptococcus Peptidoglycan
Authors: Rotta J. , Rýc M. , Mašek K. , Zaoral M.
Published: October 2008

The ability of some synthetically prepared analogues of Streptococcus peptidoglycan subunits (dipeptide, tetrapeptide, glycodipeptide and glycotetrapeptide) to cause fever in rabbits and lysis of rabbit blood platelets was studied. While di- and tetrapeptides did not exhibit these activities, glycodipeptides and glycotetrapeptides displayed pyrogenic and thrombocytolytic activities comparable with those of natural peptidoglycans.
Suppressive Action of Candida albicans on the Immune Response in Mice
Authors: Vardinon Nurith , Segal Esther
Published: October 2008

This study was carried out to determine whether Candida albicans infection has a suppressive effect on the immune response in mice and, if so, whether the suppressive effect influences the response towards T-dependent or T-independent antigens. ICR mice were injected with SRBC with or without C. albicans, or with bacterial LPS with or without C. albicans. The immune response of the mice towards SRBC or towards the LPS was compared by the assay for PFC, hemagglutination and hemolysis tests. The results showed a decrease in the number of PFC in spleens of mice inoculated with SRBC and C. albicans as compared to mice inoculated with SRBC alone, but no decrease in animals injected with LPS and C. albicans as compared to those immunized with LPS alone. No significant differences in the titers of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in sera of mice inoculated with SRBC or with SRBC and C. albicans were observed. C. albicans infection had no effect at all on the hemagglutinins and hemolysins titers in sera of mice inoculated with LPS. These data indicate that C. albicans affects the early phase of the immune response primarily towards T dependent antigens.
Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts Implanted under the Renal Capsule of Normal Immunocompetent Mice
Authors: Bogden Arthur E. , Haskell Paula M. , LePage Doreen J. , Kelton Diane E. , Cobb William R. , Esber Henry J.
Published: October 2008

The subrenal capsule technique proved effective in demonstrating that the growth of human tumors in normal, immunocompetent animals for 6 days was quantifiable in ocular micrometer units. Positive growth was demonstrable not only with human tumors that had been established in serial transplantation in athymic nude mouse hosts, but also with primary surgical explants. Growth rates of transplantation-established xenograft systems were similar whether implanted in athymic nude or in normal immunocompetent animals indicating that the 6-day time-frame successfully evades growth inhibitory effects of immunologic origin. Immunosuppression with a single dose of cyclophosphamide did not appear to affect growth rate, but permitted the tumors to grow larger extending the time to reach peak size. Significantly, xenografts of primary surgical explants showed positive growth more frequently in 6 days (82%) in the immunocompetent animal than in 11 days (30%) in the immunodeficient athymic nude mouse.
Phagocytosis and Resorption during the Reassembly of Dissociated Embryonic Cells of Sea Urchins
Authors: Hamada Spencer H.
Published: October 2008

Time-lapse and electron microscopic observations were made on both epithelial and mesenchymal cells during the reassembly of embryos from dissociated cells of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In epithelial cells, where lysosomes are produced through the fusion of saccules formed from Golgi bodies, both phagocytosis of cell debris and resorption of differentiated cell structures were observed. In these cells, the lysosomes migrate and fuse with both autosomes and phagosomes. On the other hand, in the mesenchyme cells, where lysosomes are produced through the direct enlargement of the Golgi body’s cisterna, neither phagocytosis nor resorption was observed. The migration of the lysosomes to the epithelial cell margins is the first indication of a re-establishment of cellular polarity after dissociation.
Effect of Hormones and Related Compounds on the Multiplication of Tetrahymena
Authors: Csaba G. , Németh G. , Prohászka J.
Published: October 2008

The vertebrate hormone triiodothyronine, the commonly occurring animal and plant hormone serotonin, and the plant alkaloid gramine, chemically related to the latter, stimulated the multiplication of Tetrahymena. Neither epinephrine nor gibberellin had such an effect. These experimental observations support the previous suggestion that unicellular animals possess structures capable of responding to certain hormones, which do not seem to elicit specific responses of the unicellular animal, but rather act through the activation of certain general functions.
A Simple Lectin-Mediated Cell-Adhesion Method for Investigating the Cell Surface
Authors: Guy D. , Latner Latner , Turner G.A.
Published: October 2008

A very simple, rapid and reproducible method has been developed for studying the interaction of lectins with the cell surface. This involves determining the number of adherent cells after shaking cell suspensions in Petri dishes which have had a lectin coupled to their surface using 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morρholinoethyl) carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate. Using concanavalin A coupled to 60 mm diameter dishes and between 1.5 and 2 X 106 tumour cells, this adhesion reached a maximum after 10 min shaking. Maximum cell adhesion also varied according to the particular lectin used. Adhesion was absent or was very low if cells were shaken in untreated dishes, or in dishes coupled to bovine serum albumin, or in the presence of the lectin-specific sugar-competitor. Under conditions of maximum cell adhesion, the binding of two different lymphosarcoma lines to four different lectins was very similar, whereas the binding of a carcinoma line to these lectins was completely different from that observed for the lymphosarcomas.
Inhibition of Spindle Assembly by Colchicine and of Cell Cycle by Cycloheximide
Authors: Sentein P.
Published: October 2008

In cleavage mitoses colchicine (2 × 10-3M) does not interrupt the cycle of chromatin and its action is exerted on all the mitotic phases. Cycloheximide (10-3M) prevents normal condensation of the chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope; it brings on various nuclear abnormalities, particularly irregularities in chromosome condensation. At 10-4M, cycloheximide allows some mitoses, often abnormal ones, but anaphase is inhibited. The action of colchicine, more efficient upon the spindle, obscures the action of cycloheximide when both substances are associated. In return, cycloheximide imposes its action upon chromosome condensation, so that the structure of the nuclei treated by both substances is determined by cycloheximide.
Cellular Tumorigenicity in Nude Mice. Role of Susceptibility to Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Klein Abraham S. , Plata Fernando , Jackson Marian J. , Shin Seung-il
Published: October 2008

The athymic nude mouse is a useful animal model for assaying the neoplastic growth potential in vivo of animal cells transformed in vitro. Despite the demonstrated absence of thymus-dependent immunological functions, however, the nude mouse has now been shown to reject transplants of certain highly malignant heterologous tumors. In addition, a few transformed mammalian cell lines that exhibit all or most of the cellular phenotypes usually associated with malignancy fail to grow as tumors when injected into nude mice. In a continuing study to identify the in vitro phenotypes associated with tumor-forming ability in vivo, we investigated the role of cellular susceptibility to the naturally occurring, thymus-independent lymphocytes (natural killer or NK cells) in determining tumor induction by animal cells in nude mice. A representative collection of animal cells (ranging from normal human diploid cell strains to highly tumorigenic clonal cell lines, either transformed in vitro or derived from experimental tumors) was tested to see if the ability of cells to form tumors is consistently correlated with their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis measured in vitro with splenic leukocytes from nude mice. If the physiological role of the NK cells in vivo were to recognize, and possibly to destroy, incipient tumor cells in situ, a direct association between cellular tumorigenicity and susceptibility to NK activity, might be expected. If, on the other hand, the formation of growing tumors by animal cells in nude mice depended on their ability to escape the cytolytic activity of NK cells, cellular tumorigenicity would be associated with cellular resistance to NK cells. Results obtained in this study failed to confirm either of these associations. Thus, cellular susceptibility to NK cells, at least as determined by direct cytotoxicity assay in vitro, is not a useful predictive indicator of cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice.
In vitro Effect of D-Isoascorbic Acid and Betaine Hydrate Alone and in Combination on Normal and Malignant Cells
Authors: Freidel J.F. , Fardon J.C. , Tsuchiya Y. , Nutini L.G.
Published: October 2008

D-Isoascorbic acid, an isomer of vitamin C, and betaine hydrate (quaternary amine) were found to inhibit mitoses of sarcoma 37, Ehrlich carcinoma, and L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. However, the combined effects of these compounds produced a greater inhibitory activity than when either was administered individually.
Justin Martyr
Authors: Parvis Paul
Published: October 2008

Justin is an early Christian figure who is very much of his own time, yet his ideas and intellectual legacy transcend temporal confines. He does not represent just a snapshot of the Christianity of Rome in the mid-second century, but was a courageous figure who challenged the prevailing philosophical systems of his own day with a muscular and robust presentation of Christian thought. Rather Justin, leader of a `schoolchurch' in Rome, is a key figure in the early development of Christianity. Some of the ideas he offered remain central to Christian thinking.
The Ancient Church at Megiddo: The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance 1
Authors: Adams Edward
Published: October 2008

This article discusses the recently reported discovery of an ancient Christian structure at Megiddo in northern Israel and the controversy surrounding it. It begins with an account of the archaeological finds, in particular the mosaic floor and the inscriptions in it. A summary of the debate over dating follows, which focuses on the excavator's dating and the grounds on which it is reached, and challenges to that chronology. The rest of the article assesses the potential significance of the discovery at Megiddo for the archaeology of early Christianity, for the study of early ecclesiastical architecture, and for our knowledge of early Christian belief and Church life.
Martin Hengel's Impact on English-speaking Scholarship1
Authors: Hurtado Larry W.
Published: October 2008

Professor Martin Hengel is one of the most widely respected and influential New Testament scholars of the late twentieth century. Though German, he has also been very widely read and influential among English-language scholars, his influence facilitated through the prompt translation of so many of his works. He is also distinguished in having made major contributions to the study of second-temple Judaism as well as the NT and early Christianity.
Identifying Academically Gifted English-Language Learners Using Nonverbal Tests
Authors: Lohman David F. , Korb Katrina A. , Lakin Joni M.
Published: October 2008

In this study, the authors compare the validity of three nonverbal tests for the purpose of identifying academically gifted English-language learners (ELLs). Participants were 1,198 elementary children (approximately 40% ELLs). All were administered the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven), the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT), and Form 6 of the Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT). Results show that the U.S. national norms for the Raven substantially overestimate the number of high-scoring children; that because of errors in norming, the NNAT overestimates the number of both high-scoring and low-scoring children; that primary-level ELL children score especially poorly on the NNAT; that the standard error of measurement was twice as large for the NNAT as for the Raven or the CogAT; that ELL children scored .5 to .67 standard deviations lower than non-ELL children on the three nonverbal tests; and that none of the nonverbal tests predict achievement for ELL students very well.

Putting Research to Use: Do nonverbal reasoning tests level the field for ELL children? Many practitioners have assumed that they do. However ELL children in this study scored 8 to 10 points lower than non-ELL children on the three nonverbal tests. The study also shows that practitioners cannot assume that national norms on the tests are of comparable quality. When put on the same scale as CogAT, Raven scores averaged 10 points higher than CogAT and NNAT scores. For NNAT, the mean is correct but the variability was up to 40% too large. Thus, when using national norms, both the Raven and NNAT will substantially overestimate the number of high-scoring children.
The Psychology of Gifted Adolescents as Measured by the MMPI-A
Authors: Cross Tracy L. , Cassady Jerrell C. , Dixon Felicia A. , Adams Cheryll M.
Published: October 2008

The focus of this study is an examination of gifted students' responses on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent (MMPI-A) in relation to the adolescent norming sample. The comparisons on clinical, content, and Harris—Lingoes scales provide evidence that gifted adolescent boys' and girls' responses do not differ from one another significantly. Furthermore, the data reveal that the assumption held by many that gifted adolescents are more prone to experience heightened rates of neuroticism or personality difficulties is unsupported by the empirical data. Analyses of MMPI-A scores reveal that gifted students' scores are equivalent to or lower than the general population in all areas. The results are discussed as continued empirical evidence that gifted adolescents do not demonstrate abnormal levels of psychological or personality deviance because of their elevated cognitive abilities.

Putting the Research to Work: Educators often subscribe to the notion that gifted adolescents are prone to more neurotic behavior or are more often diagnosed with personality disorders than their age mates. The results of this research indicate that notion is false, particularly for adolescents in a residential academy. Educators should be cognizant of the characteristics and needs of gifted adolescents and use that knowledge in planning services and identification plans for these students.
Psychosocial welfare: Reflections on an emerging field
Authors: Stenner Paul , Taylor David
Published: October 2008

This paper argues that shifting regimes of welfare provision are accompanied by shifting disciplinary practices. Concern with the psychological dimension has always been present in welfare practices but has typically played a subordinate role in political constructions of policy. We raise the idea that we have entered an epoch in which the `psycho' resonates as surely as the `social' alongside `welfare'. We challenge the popular psychologization of well-being which can result, arguing instead that welfare and well-being need to be rethought together and that one implication of this is the need to rethink the knowledge practices of the social and psychological disciplines in relation to changing configurations of welfare.
Human agency and social suffering
Authors: Frost Liz , Hoggett Paul
Published: October 2008

In this paper the authors are primarily exploring the notion of social suffering within a psychosocial paradigm. A brief outline of Bourdieu's concept of social suffering, and a similarly concise explication of the psychosocial subject as contemporarily theorized are given. The central section of the paper looks at some understandings of social suffering that are experienced internally as well as within structural inequalities and power relations. The concept of hurt is considered, offering the internalized injuries of class as an example. Loss is then examined in relation to the severing of, for example, communities and the losses of social recognition and internal esteem. The complex concept of double suffering, in which hurt accrues more hurt and is re-experienced, is then discussed. The welfare subject of contemporary policy and practice is, finally, briefly revisited.
Passionate participation: Emotional experiences and expressions in deliberative forums
Authors: Barnes Marian
Published: October 2008

This article explores the emotional dimension of public participation. It contrasts the understanding of deliberative forums as spaces in which reasoned argument is intended to lead to good policy making, with the importance of values and emotions in motivating action within social movements. In the context of a widening of the participatory sphere and the increasing likelihood that social movement activists will also take part in officially sponsored participation initiatives, it considers the significance of the emotional content of experiences that service users and citizens bring to discussions about policy and service delivery. Drawing on a feminist ethic of care it suggests criteria for assessing the capacity of deliberative practices to encompass an emotional morality and to deliver on aspirations for enhanced well-being, welfare and social justice.
Living documents: A feminist psychosocial approach to the relational politics of policy documentation
Authors: Hunter Shona
Published: October 2008

This paper challenges dominant analyses of policy documents and documentation practices as coercive welfare technologies. Instead it develops an interdisciplinary feminist psychosocial analysis which posits policy documents as material semiotic actors in the process of governance, produced through and productive of the social relations of public service provision. It uses an empirical case study from the author's experience in equalities policy making in education to develop an understanding of the multiple social relations constituted through document production. It applies the concepts of boundary object and transitional phenomena to understand the ways in which policy documents enable collective resistance to dominant constructions of otherness and alterity in equalities work and policy. The paper also considers how this sort of analysis highlights `uncomfortable truths' around the position of critical social researchers in document production for policy purposes.
Refusal, social exclusion and the cycle of rejection: A cynical analysis?
Authors: Scanlon Christopher , Adlam John
Published: October 2008

Despite the best, and at times the worst, efforts of systems of care `to include', there remains a group of people whose refusal to be included remains a problem both for themselves and for society as a whole. Our discussion re-locates the problems arising from the anti-social stance at the heart of this refusal from the internal world of the refuser to phenomena associated with what we have called psychosocial dis-memberment and the ` un-housed mind'. We explore the complex reciprocal relationship between the housed and the un-housed, between society's members and those whom society dis-members and we consider some possible implications for individual workers, staff teams and organizations who are tasked with attempting to house, re-member or otherwise to accommodate such people. We conclude with a challenge to practitioners, academics and policy makers to reframe the philosophical basis of their approach towards these complex psychosocial problems.