bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How are nicotine vaping products represented to pharmacists? A content analysis of Australian pharmacy news sources
Authors: Erku Daniel A , Zhang Rebecca , Gartner Coral E , Morphett Kylie , Steadman Kathryn J
Published: April 2020

Background

With the growing popularity and use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs), it is important that pharmacists have evidence-based information in order to provide guidance to their customers. The news media can play an important role in shaping how pharmacists think, feel and act regarding NVPs. This paper examines how NVPs are portrayed and framed in Australian pharmacy news sources.

Methods

Four leading Australian online pharmacy professional news sources were searched for articles published between 2007 and August 2019. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed to explore how the safety, efficacy and regulation of NVPs was communicated.

Results

We identified and analysed 103 relevant articles. Academic research findings and/or expert opinions were either cited or referenced most often, appearing in a total of 59% of articles analysed, followed by government sources quoted in 41% of articles. Health effects and safety issues of NVPs were the most frequently mentioned topic appearing in a total of 79% of the stories, followed by NVP-related regulatory issues (47%). The majority of NVP-related articles were framed in a loss rather than gain contexts, with more emphasis given to the concern that NVPs have the potential to addict youth to nicotine and undermine Australia’s progress in tobacco control.

Conclusion

Australian pharmacy news media have more often reported the potential risks than the potential benefits of NVPs. Such portrayal is likely to contribute to misperceptions about the relative harm of NVPs. Pharmacy staff need access to unbiased and evidence-based guidance on how to handle customer enquiries regarding NVPs.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance: The Role of Executive Compensation
Authors: Cavaco Sandra , Crifo Patricia , Guidoux Aymeric
Published: April 2020

This article examines the relationship between corporate governance and corporate sustainability by focusing on an essential component of companies' governance structure: executive compensation programs. We propose an original empirical strategy based on a large set of the biggest capitalizations in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the period 2004–2018, with explicit measures of how companies integrate into executive managers' remuneration precise criteria of corporate social responsibility, an incentive scheme called corporate social responsibility (CSR) contracting. Our results show that proposing executive compensation programs including CSR criteria has a negative impact on financial performance, and a large positive impact on extra‐financial performance based on the following dimensions: relationship with customers and suppliers, and community involvement. Second, we explore the moderating role of the corporate governance model by distinguishing the impact between firms with a shareholder or stakeholder corporate governance model and reveal significant differences in the impact of CSR contracting. For firms with a stakeholder corporate governance model, CSR contracting is no longer associated with a fall of financial performance and has a large positive impact on human resources, environmental, and human rights performance. On the other hand, CSR contracting has a negative impact on financial performance but no impact on extra‐financial performance for firms with a shareholder corporate governance model.
Measuring the ‘dose’ of person‐centred care in aged care: Development of staff and family questionnaires
Authors: Porock Davina , Li Junxin , Chang Yu‐Ping
Published: April 2020

Aims

To develop a theoretically and psychometrically sound instrument to measure the ‘dose’ of person‐centred care practice in long‐term care.

Background

Although person‐centred care has been adopted for long‐term care across the world, there is a lack of theory‐based instruments to measure its impact. Two questionnaires were developed to measure person‐centred care from the perspectives of staff and family based on current person‐centred care frameworks: Kitwood, Nolan, and Eden Alternative.

Methods

Phase I: literature review and focus groups identified potential items for the questionnaires. Phase II: academic experts, local staff, and family members of residents assessed content validity. Phase III: psychometric testing.

Results

A 34‐item staff questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.942) with two factors “Making person‐centredness real” and “Making the environment meaningful for life and work”. A 30‐item family questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.947), with three factors “Staff care about what is meaningful to my family member”, “Staff know and respect my family member”, and “We are all part of a family”. The factors did not directly reflect the theoretical constructs from Kitwood's and Nolan's work.

Conclusion

Two instruments, capturing the ‘dose’ or active practice of delivering person‐centred care, have demonstrated sound psychometric properties. The study contributes to understanding the theoretical components of person‐centred care.

Impact

The study addressed the lack of robust tools to measure how much person‐centred care is taking place in aged care facilities.

Staff and family questionnaires were produced based on strong theoretical foundations combining concepts of prominent person‐centred theories and rigorous psychometric testing.

The instruments can be used to determine if person‐centred care makes a difference, to compare if person‐centred care changes or develops over time or between facilities. Ultimately residents, families, and staff will benefit from the ability to measure how much person‐centred care residents receive.
Unravelling the evolution of Africa’s drainage basins through a widespread freshwater fish, the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Van Steenberge Maarten W. , Vanhove Maarten P. M. , Chocha Manda Auguste , Larmuseau Maarten H. D. , Swart Belinda L. , Khang’Mate Faustin , Arndt Allan , Hellemans Bart , Van Houdt Jeroen , Micha Jean‐Claude , Koblmüller Stephan , Roodt‐Wilding Rouvay , Volckaert Filip A. M.
Published: April 2020

Aim

The formation history of Africa's current river basins remains largely unknown. In order to date changes in landscape and climate, we studied the biogeography of the African freshwater fish with the largest natural distribution. We also validated biogeographical units.

Location

Continental Africa.

Taxon

Clarias gariepinus sl.

Methods

We investigated mitochondrial cytb sequences of 443 individuals from 97 localities, using a haplotype network and a genetic landscape analysis. We inferred a dated phylogeny using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches and reconstructed ancestral areas with S‐DEC and S‐DIVA models. Microsatellite genotyping complemented the mitochondrial approach in the Congo basin, where the latter revealed complex patterns.

Results

Limited differentiation is found in northern and south‐western Africa, and sharp genetic differentiation in the continent's east and centre. Populations with affinities to neighbouring basins occur at the edges of the Congo province. High diversity exists in the south of the Congo basin. The Zambezi province is partitioned into eastern, central and western sectors. In the east, specimens were related to those from the Congo. In the west, they were similar to Southern representatives. Phylogenetic inference placed the origin of C. gariepinus in the East Coast, with intraspecific diversification starting around the Great Lakes. These events occurred ca. 4.8–1.65 and 2.3–0.8 MYA respectively.

Main conclusions

Clades of C. gariepinus sl. show a clear geographical signature. The origin of C. gariepinus in the East Coast and diversification around the Great Lakes coincided with the periods of increased aridity. Low genetic differentiation in northern and southern Africa may result from connectivity during recent periods of higher rainfall. In contrast to other widespread African freshwater fish, colonization rather than extinction seemed to mediate distribution patterns. This can be explained by a high ecological tolerance. We highlight the species’ suitability to study landscape and climate evolution at various scales.
Development of a fluorescent microwave‐assisted synthesized carbon dots/Cu2+ probe for rapid detection of tea polyphenols
Authors: Wei Qingyi , Liu Ting , Pu Hongbin , Sun Da‐Wen
Published: April 2020

Tea polyphenols (TPs) are a major functional ingredient in tea, but current traditional detection methods for TPs are generally time‐consuming and involve a lot of organic chemicals. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) with a high quantum yield of 73.66% was prepared using a rapid, safe, and economical way. The synthesized CDs had an average particle size of 5 nm in diameter and showed a strong emission peak at 445 nm when the excitation wavelength was 350 nm. Additionally, a fluorescent CDs/Cu2+ probe was employed for detection of TPs. This fluorescent sensing approach allowed for detecting TPs in the range between 1 and 30 μg/mL with a low detection limit of 0.31 μg/mL. Besides, satisfactory recoveries of 101.11–106.97% in spiked real tea samples were obtained by this present probe. The outcomes confirmed the applicability of the fluorescent CDs/Cu2+ probe for TPs measurements in spiked real samples. Moreover, as compared with the standard Folin–Ciocalteu method, the probe was facile and time‐saving for the detection of TPs. Therefore, it is hoped that this effective way could also be employed to quantify phenolic compounds from other herbal plants in future studies.

Practical Applications

In this paper, low toxicity, low cost, simple synthetic, and water solubility of carbon dots (CDs) coupled with Cu2+ was applied as a fluorescent probe to detect TPs. Compared with the traditional method, good applicability was shown with the proposed method for TPs measurements in real tea samples, indicating great potential for monitoring the content of TPs in tea. In the future, it could provide a sensitive and effective way of detecting phenolic compounds from other herbal plants for the industry.
Clinical assessment of uterine artery embolization combined with curettage when treating patients with cesarean scar pregnancy: A retrospective study of 169 cases
Authors: Li Xiaolin , Niu Haiying , Li Jing , Zhang Lizhi , Qu Quanxin
Published: April 2020

Aim

Recent years have witnessed an elevated incidence of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). However, the clinical complications and consequences of uterine artery embolization (UAE) and curettage treatment for CSP patients are not clear. We aimed to assess menstrual recovery and other clinically pertinent factors after UAE and curettage treatment in CSP patients.

Methods

A total of 169 CSP patients who underwent UAE combined with curettage between August 2013 and August 2017 were enrolled in this study. The menstruation recovery was recorded, and the factors that potentially affected menstrual blood volume (MBV) were analyzed.

Results

Among the 169 CSP cases, 36 had asymptomatics (21.3%), 133 vaginal hemorrhage (78.7%) and 19 lower abdominal pain (11.2%). The success rate of treatment was 96.4% with six patients undergoing further treatment. The follow‐up assessment was performed in 139 of 169 patients. About 83 of 139 (59.7%) patients had reduced MBV, and 2 patients (1.4%) had amenorrhea. There was a significant difference in numbers of abortions between the decreased and normal MBV group (P = 0.0276). Importantly, 16 of 42 cases who were planning on having babies became pregnant, with 8 from the decreased (8/27) and normal MBV (8/15) group each.

Conclusion

UAE combined with curettage treatment in CSP patients demonstrates a favorable success rate, which can also reduce MBV and proceeding pregnancy rate.
Immigration, new religious symbols, and the dynamics of neighborhoods
Authors: Blind Ina , Dahlberg Matz
Published: April 2020

Last decades' non‐western immigration to Europe has resulted in culturally and religiously more diverse populations in many countries. One manifestation of this diversification is new features in the cityscape. Using a quasiexperimental approach, in which an unexpected political process that led way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden is combined with rich, daily, information on housing sales and detailed monthly information on internal migration, this paper examines how one such new feature affects neighborhood dynamics. While our results indicate that the calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence of increased residential segregation between natives and immigrants.
Exploring the biotransformation of N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (an aryl valproic acid derivative) by CYP2C11, using in silico predictions and in vitro studies
Authors: Mendieta-Wejebe Jessica Elena , Silva-Trujillo Arianna , Bello Martiniano , Mendoza-Figueroa Humberto L , Galindo-Alvarez Norma Lizeth , Albores Arnulfo , Tamay-Cach Feliciano , Rosales-Hernández Martha Cecilia , Romero-Castro Aurelio , Correa-Basurto José
Published: April 2020

Objectives

N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide (HO-AAVPA), a derivative of valproic acid (VPA), has been proposed as a potential anticancer agent due to its improved antiproliferative effects in some cancer cell lines. Although there is evidence that VPA is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C11 rat isoform, HO-AAVPA CYP-mediated metabolism has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, in this work, the biotransformation of HO-AAVPA by CYP2C11 was investigated.

Methods

Kinetic parameters and spectral interaction between HO-AAVPA and CYP were evaluated using rat liver microsomes. The participation of CYP2C11 in metabolism of HO-AAVPA was confirmed by cimetidine (CIM) inhibition assay. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations coupled to MMGBSA methods were used in theoretical study.

Key findings

HO-AAVPA is metabolized by CYP enzymes (KM = 38.94 µm), yielding a hydroxylated metabolite according to its HPLC retention time (5.4 min) and MS analysis (252.2 m/z). In addition, CIM inhibition in rat liver microsomes (Ki = 59.23 µm) confirmed that CYP2C11 is mainly involved in HO-AAVPA metabolism. Furthermore, HO-AAVPA interacts with CYP2C11 as a type I ligand. HO-AAVPA is stabilized at the CYP2C11 ligand recognition site through a map of interactions similar to other typical CYP2C11 substrates.

Conclusion

Therefore, rat liver CYP2C11 isoform is able to metabolize HO-AAVPA.
Evidence against a large effect of sleep in protecting verbal memories from interference
Authors: Pöhlchen Dorothee , Pawlizki Annedore , Gais Steffen , Schönauer Monika
Published: April 2020

Abstract

The human brain has evolved to acquire novel information rapidly while serving the need to store long‐term memories in a stable and lasting form. Presenting interfering information directly after learning can lead to forgetting of the original material. It has been suggested that sleep aids the stabilization of new memories and protects them from interference. Here, we aim to replicate in two separate experiments the claim that sleep protects memories from retroactive interference (Current Biology, 16, 2006 and 1290; PLoS ONE, 4, 2009 and e4117). We let participants study wordlists before letting them sleep for an afternoon nap or for a full night. In a control condition, subjects stayed awake for the same amount of time. After the consolidation interval, participants learnt an interfering wordlist and were tested on memory of the original wordlist. Sleep did not stabilize memory for the original wordlist in either study. We discuss our findings in the light of recent advances in computational neuroscience, and conclude that the stabilizing effect of sleep against interference has been overestimated.
Depth and grazing intensity are the main drivers of subtidal hardground benthic community structure on tropical south Atlantic reefs
Authors: Mantelatto Marcelo Checoli , Oliveira Anderson Eduardo Silva de , Menegola Carla , Casares Fernanda Araujo , Creed Joel Christopher
Published: April 2020

Marine hardground bottom (subtidal) benthic (sessile) communities (HBBC) are subjected to various biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors that can vary over space and time and interact with one another. To evaluate the main drivers of the structure of HBBC in a large tropical bay in the southwest Atlantic (Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil), a total of 98 HBBC were sampled using visually estimated quadrats. Ten variables (depth, grazing intensity, irradiance, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate), and chlorophyll a concentrations) were also measured. A total of 74 main space‐occupying taxon/functional groups were recorded which fell into six major HBBC groups. These were organized by depth/irradiance and grazing intensities which explained part of the HBBC variation: (a) Communities dominated by zoantharians occurred in the shallow, highest irradiance sites; (b) foliose and erect algae were inversely related to depth and grazing intensity; (c) crustose coralline algae dominated at greater depths and/or under higher grazing intensity; (d) zooxanthellate corals were associated with shallower and heterotrophic invertebrates with deeper stations; (e) photosynthetically efficient algae were associated with deeper stations, with more encrusting forms under higher grazing intensities; and (f) multi‐species turf‐forming algae were ubiquitous (did not present association with any of the measured variables). As communities’ components and main structuring factors were similar to those found in coral reefs, these communities represent compatible receptor habitats for poleward escape, migration, and range extension under the present global warming scenario.
Incapacitating effects of fungal coinfection in a novel pathogen system
Authors: McDonald Cait A. , Longo Ana V. , Lips Karen R. , Zamudio Kelly R.
Published: April 2020

As globalization lowers geographic barriers to movement, coinfection with novel and enzootic pathogens is increasingly likely. Novel and enzootic pathogens can interact synergistically or antagonistically, leading to increased or decreased disease severity. Here we examine host immune responses to coinfection with two closely related fungal pathogens: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Both pathogens have had detrimental effects on amphibian populations, with Bd now largely enzootic, while Bsal is currently spreading and causing epizootics. Recent experimental work revealed that newts coinfected with Bd and Bsal had significantly higher mortality than those infected with either pathogen alone. Here we characterize host immunogenomic responses to chytrid coinfection relative to single infection. Across several classes of immune genes including pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, and MHC, coinfected host gene expression was weakly upregulated or comparable to that seen in single Bd infection, but significantly decreased when compared to Bsal infection. Combined with strong complement pathway downregulation and keratin upregulation, these results indicate that coinfection with Bd and Bsal compromises immune responses active against Bsal alone. As Bsal continues to invade naïve habitats where Bd is enzootic, coinfection will be increasingly common. If other Bd‐susceptible species in the region have similar responses, interactions between the two pathogens could cause severe population and community‐level declines.
NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy: molecular insights into their interdependence
Authors: Yue J. , Wei Y. J. , Yang X. L. , Liu S. Y. , Yang H. , Zhang C. ‐Q.
Published: April 2020

Aim

Nod‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome‐mediated inflammation has emerged as a contributor to epileptogenesis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an important role in epilepsy‐induced neurodegeneration. NLRP3 activation and ERS reactions share the same induction factors, suggesting that these processes may be interdependent. However, the correlation between NLRP3 and ERS in TLE has not been confirmed.

Methods

The expression patterns of NLRP3 inflammasome and ERS‐related markers in the temporal neocortices of TLE patients were investigated by western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent labelling. Correlations between the protein levels of NLRP3 and the expression of ERS‐related markers were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation test. To observe the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and ERS, inhibitors were used in a status epilepticus (SE) model.

Results

Our results show that NLRP3 inflammasome components and ERS‐related markers were upregulated in the temporal neocortices of TLE patients, and were mainly localized to neurons, astrocytes and microglia. We found a positive correlation between the protein levels of NLRP3 and the expression of ERS‐related markers in the temporal neocortices of 20 TLE patients. Furthermore, after blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950, the expression of ERS‐related markers was markedly decreased in the hippocampi of SE mice. Moreover, TUDCA, a specific ERS inhibitor, also reduced the expression of NLRP3 components in the hippocampus under SE conditions.

Conclusion

Taken together, our data reveal the interdependence of the NLRP3 inflammasome and ERS in the epileptogenic zone of TLE patients and in the hippocampi of mice in the early post‐SE phase.
Efficacy of Buzzy® on pain and anxiety during catheterization in children
Authors: Yılmaz Dilek , Özyazıcıoğlu Nurcan , Çıtak Tunç Gülseren , Aydın Ayla İrem , Atak Meryem , Duygulu Şengül , Demirtaş Zeliha
Published: April 2020

Background

The use of a peripheral intravenous cannula is a common clinical practice, and it is known to be a major source of pain and anxiety in children. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the use of the Buzzy® on pain and anxiety in children during peripheral cannula application.

Methods

The research sample consisted of 60 children between the ages of 8 and 16. For children in the experimental group, external cold and vibration were applied by means of the Buzzy® device. Before and during the peripheral intravenous cannula procedure, the levels of fear and anxiety relating to the procedure of the child patients in both the experimental and control groups were assessed by the children themselves and by an independent observer. Immediately after the vein entry procedure had been carried out, the level of pain felt by the children was determined.

Results

The results of the statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the anxiety levels of the groups before and after the procedure (P > 0.05). The results of the statistical analysis also showed no statistically significant difference between the postprocedural mean pain scores of the children as reported by the children themselves and by the observer (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

In this study, unlike most studies in the literature, the conclusion was reached that the use of the Buzzy® to reduce pain and anxiety during the application of a peripheral intravenous cannula in children was not effective.
The nitrification process for nitrogen removal in biofloc system aquaculture
Authors: Robles‐Porchas Glen Ricardo , Gollas‐Galván Teresa , Martínez‐Porchas Marcel , Martínez‐Cordova Luis Rafael , Miranda‐Baeza Anselmo , Vargas‐Albores Francisco
Published: April 2020

Aquaculture is an economic activity that faces the unavoidable problem of water quality detriment, which is mainly generated by the improper management of production ponds, including inadequate water circulation and aeration, accumulation of undigested food residues, excretion of metabolic by‐products by the cultivated organisms and other. In addition, the increase in suspended organic matter together with the presence and generation of nitrogen compounds can severely affect the physiology of the animal, leading to significant losses in production. Ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) are toxic in different scales and environmental conditions; therefore, reducing their concentrations in the culture units has paramount relevance. In this regard, bioflocs are an efficient alternative to transform nitrogen compounds into a non‐toxic form, taking advantage of the capabilities of the microbial communities conforming them. Also, nitrogen can be harnessed and incorporated as organic nitrogen, making the biofloc a source of useful natural food for the cultivated organism. The substantial reduction in the rate of water exchange favoured by the biofloc technology (BFT) is a beneficial advantage for both the production systems and the environment, diminishing the risk of introducing pathogens into the pond in parallel with the improvement in the water quality of effluents. Ammonia oxidation is an advantage adding value to the BFT systems and is discussed in this review.
Insights into Flood Risk Misperceptions of Homeowners in the Dutch River Delta
Authors: Mol Jantsje M. , Botzen W. J. Wouter , Blasch Julia E. , de Moel Hans
Published: April 2020

Flooding is one of the most significant natural disasters worldwide. Nevertheless, voluntary take‐up of individual damage reduction measures is low. A potential explanation is that flood risk perceptions of individual homeowners are below objective estimates of flood risk, which may imply that they underestimate the flood risk and the damage that can be avoided by damage reduction measures. The aim of this article is to assess possible flood risk misperceptions of floodplain residents in the Netherlands, and to offer insights into factors that are related with under‐ or overestimation of perceived flood risk. We analyzed survey data of 1,848 homeowners in the Dutch river delta and examine how perceptions of flood probability and damage relate to objective risk assessments, such as safety standards of dikes, as well as heuristics, including the availability heuristic and the affect heuristic. Results show that many Dutch floodplain inhabitants significantly overestimate the probability, but underestimate the maximum expected water level of a flood. We further observe that many respondents apply the availability heuristic.
In vitro elution of amikacin and Dispersin B from a polymer hydrogel
Authors: Hagen Chris R. M. , Singh Ameet , Weese J. Scott , Marshall Quinn , zur Linden Alex , Gibson Thomas W. G.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To characterize the in vitro elution of amikacin and Dispersin B (β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase) in a degradable hydrogel.

Study design

In vitro, prospective study.

Methods

Amikacin (group A; 40 mg/mL), Dispersin B (group D; 70 μg/mL), or combined amikacin and Dispersin B (group AD; 40 mg/mL and 70 μg/mL, respectively) were added to a hydrogel. Ten aliquots per group were incubated in phosphate‐buffered saline that was exchanged at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours and then once daily for 10 days. Eluted amikacin and Dispersin B were quantitated by using an amikacin reagent kit and a Dispersin B enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit, respectively. Time point drug concentrations were compared between groups by using repeated‐measures analysis of variance, and total drug elution was compared by using an area under the curve calculation.

Results

Amikacin alone, Dispersin B alone, and amikacin and Dispersin B combined together underwent rapid elution in the first 24 hours, followed by a gradual decrease over 10 days. The concentration of Dispersin B eluted in group D was higher at 1 day and lower from day 5 to day 10 compared with that in group AD. The concentration of amikacin eluted in group A was higher at 1, 4, and 8 hours and on day 10 and lower on day 1 compared with that in group AD. The total elution of amikacin was greater from group AD compared with that from group A (P = .02).

Conclusion

Combining amikacin and Dispersin B had an affect on the total elution of amikacin but not Dispersin B.

Clinical significance

The combination of amikacin and Dispersin B in a degradable hydrogel could allow local treatment of complex infections without the requirement for multiple invasive procedures.
Deep ocean long range underwater navigation
Authors: Mikhalevsky Peter N. , Sperry Brian J. , Woolfe Katherine F. , Dzieciuch Matthew A. , Worcester Peter F.
Published: April 2020

A long range Underwater Navigation Algorithm (UNA) is described that provides a geolocation underwater while submerged without having to surface for a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position. The UNA only uses measured acoustic travel times from a constellation of underwater acoustic sources analogous to the constellation of satellites in GNSS. The UNA positions are calculated without any a priori track, position or sound speed information, and thus provide a “Cold Start” capability. The algorithm was tested using data from the 2010–2011 Philippine Sea Experiment in which six sources were deployed in a pentagon ∼400 km on a side. 502 positions of hydrophones in a bottom-moored vertical line array at depths of 485–3037 m drifting in a tidal watch circle up to 600 m in diameter were computed. The sources were 129–450 km from the hydrophone receivers. The mean UNA position error from ground truth was 58 m with a standard deviation of 32 m. The UNA Cold Start Algorithm position can be used as the point in the ocean for calculating acoustic model runs from the source positions with a four-dimensional sound speed field from a general circulation model to improve the accuracy.
Influence of bilateral cochlear implants on vocal control
Authors: Kirchner Abbigail , Loucks Torrey M. , Abbs Elizabeth , Shi Kevin , Yu Jeff W. , Aronoff Justin M.
Published: April 2020

Receiving a cochlear implant (CI) can improve fundamental frequency (F0) control for deaf individuals, resulting in increased vocal pitch control. However, it is unclear whether using bilateral CIs, which often result in mismatched pitch perception between ears, will counter this benefit. To investigate this, 23 bilateral CI users were asked to produce a sustained vocalization using one CI, the other CI, both CIs, or neither. Additionally, a set of eight normal hearing participants completed the sustained vocalization task as a control group. The results indicated that F0 control is worse with both CIs compared to using the ear that yields the lowest vocal variability. The results also indicated that there was a large range of F0 variability even for the relatively stable portion of the vocalization, spanning from 6 to 46 cents. These results suggest that bilateral CIs can detrimentally affect vocal control.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blair-DeLeon Nancy A. , Struck Christopher J.
Published: April 2020

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To browse the latest copy of our catalog, visit our website at https://acousticalsociety.org/download-catalog/.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the national catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are also available via the ASA Standards home page: https://acousticalsociety.org/acoustical-society-standards/.
Prediction of Antibiotic Susceptibility for Urinary Tract Infection in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Hebert Courtney , Gao Yuan , Rahman Protiva , Dewart Courtney , Lustberg Mark , Pancholi Preeti , Stevenson Kurt , Shah Nirav S. , Hade Erinn M.
Published: April 2020

Empiric antibiotic prescribing can be supported by guidelines and/or local antibiograms, but these have limitations. We sought to use data from a comprehensive electronic health record to use statistical learning to develop predictive models for individual antibiotics that incorporate patient- and hospital-specific factors. This paper reports on the development and validation of these models with a large retrospective cohort. This was a retrospective cohort study including hospitalized patients with positive urine cultures in the first 48 h of hospitalization at a 1,500-bed tertiary-care hospital over a 4.
Genomic Epidemiology of Complex, Multispecies, Plasmid-Borne
bla
KPC
Carbapenemase in
Enterobacterales
in the United Kingdom from 2009 to 2014
Authors: Stoesser Nicole , Phan Hang T. T. , Seale Anna C. , Aiken Zoie , Thomas Stephanie , Smith Matthew , Wyllie David , George Ryan , Sebra Robert , Mathers Amy J. , Vaughan Alison , Peto Timothy E. A. , Ellington Matthew J. , Hopkins Katie L. , Crook Derrick W. , Orlek Alex , Welfare William , Cawthorne Julie , Lenney Cheryl , Dodgson Andrew , Woodford Neil , Walker A. Sarah ,   the TRACE Investigators’ Group, Aiken Zoie , Akinremi Oluwafemi , Ali Aiysha , Cawthorne Julie , Cleary Paul , Crook Derrick W. , Decraene Valerie , Dodgson Andrew , Doumith Michel , Ellington Matthew J. , George Ryan , Grimshaw John , Guiver Malcolm , Hill Robert , Hopkins Katie L. , Jones Rachel , Lenney Cheryl , Mathers Amy J. , McEwan Ashley , Moore Ginny , Neilson Mark , Neilson Sarah , Peto Timothy E. A. , Phan Hang T. T. , Regan Mark , Seale Anna C. , Stoesser Nicole , Turner-Gardner Jay , Watts Vicky , Walker A. Sarah , Walker Jimmy , Wyllie David , Welfare William , Woodford Neil
Published: April 2020

Carbapenem resistance in
Enterobacterales
is a public health threat.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
carbapenemase (encoded by alleles of the
bla
KPC
family) is one of the most common transmissible carbapenem resistance mechanisms worldwide. The dissemination of
bla
KPC
historically has been associated with distinct
K. pneumoniae
lineages (clonal group 258 [CG258]), a particular plasmid family (pKpQIL), and a composite transposon (Tn
4401
).
Activity of Plazomicin Tested against
Enterobacterales
Isolates Collected from U.S. Hospitals in 2016–2017: Effect of Different Breakpoint Criteria on Susceptibility Rates among Aminoglycosides
Authors: Castanheira Mariana , Sader Helio S. , Mendes Rodrigo E. , Jones Ronald N.
Published: April 2020

Plazomicin was active against 97.0% of 8,783
Enterobacterales
isolates collected in the United States (2016 and 2017), and only 6 isolates carried 16S rRNA methyltransferases conferring resistance to virtually all aminoglycosides. Plazomicin (89.2% to 95.9% susceptible) displayed greater activity than amikacin (72.5% to 78.6%), gentamicin (30.4% to 45.9%), and tobramycin (7.8% to 22.4%) against carbapenem-resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates. The discrepancies among the susceptibility rates for these agents was greater when applying breakpoints generated using the same stringent contemporary methods applied to determine plazomicin breakpoints.
Identification and Characterization of a Small-Molecule Rabies Virus Entry Inhibitor
Authors: Du Pont Venice , Wirblich Christoph , Yoon Jeong-Joong , Cox Robert M. , Schnell Matthias J. , Plemper Richard K.
Published: April 2020

Rabies PEP depends on anti-RABV IgG, which is expensive and in limited supply in geographical areas with the highest disease burden. Replacing the IgG component with a cost-effective and shelf-stable small-molecule antiviral could address this unmet clinical need by expanding access to life-saving medication. This study has established a robust protocol for high-throughput anti-RABV drug screens and identified a chemically well-behaved, first-in-class hit with nanomolar anti-RABV potency that blocks RABV G protein-mediated viral entry. Resistance mapping revealed a druggable site formed by the G protein fusion loops that has not previously emerged as a target for neutralizing antibodies. Discovery of this RABV entry inhibitor establishes a new molecular probe to advance further mechanistic and structural characterization of RABV G that may aid in the design of a next-generation clinical candidate against RABV.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Susceptibility Map for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Authors: Nguyen Austin , David Julianne K. , Maden Sean K. , Wood Mary A. , Weeder Benjamin R. , Nellore Abhinav , Thompson Reid F.
Published: April 2020

Individual genetic variation may help to explain different immune responses to a virus across a population. In particular, understanding how variation in HLA may affect the course of COVID-19 could help identify individuals at higher risk from the disease. HLA typing can be fast and inexpensive. Pairing HLA typing with COVID-19 testing where feasible could improve assessment of severity of viral disease in the population. Following the development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, individuals with high-risk HLA types could be prioritized for vaccination.
Temporal Dynamics of the Adult Female Lower Urinary Tract Microbiota
Authors: Price Travis K. , Wolff Birte , Halverson Thomas , Limeira Roberto , Brubaker Linda , Dong Qunfeng , Mueller Elizabeth R. , Wolfe Alan J.
Published: April 2020

Following the discovery of the collective human urinary microbiota, important knowledge gaps remain, including the stability and variability of this microbial niche over time. Initial urinary studies preferentially utilized samples obtained by transurethral catheterization to minimize contributions from vulvovaginal microbes. However, catheterization has the potential to alter the urinary microbiota; therefore, voided specimens are preferred for longitudinal studies. In this report, we describe microbial findings obtained by daily assessment over 3 months in a small cohort of adult women. We found that, similarly to vaginal microbiotas, lower urinary tract (LUT) microbiotas are dynamic, with changes relating to several factors, particularly menstruation and vaginal intercourse. Our study results show that LUT microbiotas are both dynamic and resilient. They also offer novel opportunities to target LUT microbiotas by preventative or therapeutic means, through risk and/or protective factor modification.
Integrating CRISPR-Enabled Trackable Genome Engineering and Transcriptomic Analysis of Global Regulators for Antibiotic Resistance Selection and Identification in Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Cong , Choudhury Alaksh , Zhang Shuanghong , Garst Andrew D. , Song Xin , Liu Xunli , Chen Tao , Gill Ryan T. , Wang Zhiwen
Published: April 2020

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to public health care and motivates efforts to understand the means by which resistance acquisition occurs and how this can be combatted. To address these challenges, we expedited the identification of novel mutations that enable complex phenotypic changes that result in improved tolerance to antibiotics by integrating CREATE and transcriptomic analysis of global regulators. The results give us a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to tetracycline antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics and also indicate that the method may be used for quickly identifying resistance-related mutations.
A Laurentian margin subduction perspective: Geodynamic constraints from phase equilibria modeling of barroisite greenstones, northern USA Appalachians
Authors: Honsberger I.W. , Laird J. , Johnson J.E.
Published: April 2020

Phase equilibria modeling of sodic-calcic amphibole-epidote assemblages in greenstones in the northern Appalachians, USA, is compatible with relatively shallow subduction of the early Paleozoic Laurentian margin along the Laurentia-Gondwana suture zone during closure of a portion of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Pseudosection and isopleth calculations demonstrate that peak metamorphic conditions ranged between 0.65 GPa, 480 °C and 0.85 GPa, 495 °C down-dip along the subducted Laurentian continental margin between ∼20 km and ∼30 km depth. Quantitative petrological data are explained in the context of an Early Ordovician geodynamic model involving shallow subduction of relatively young, warm, and buoyant Laurentian margin continental-oceanic lithosphere and Iapetus Ocean crust beneath a relatively warm and wet peri-Gondwanan continental arc. A relatively warm subduction zone setting may have contributed to the formation of a thin, ductile metasedimentary rock-rich channel between the down-going Laurentian slab and the overriding continental arc. This accretionary channel accommodated metamorphism and tectonization of continental margin sediments and mafic volcanic rocks (greenstones) of the Laurentian margin and provided a pathway for exhumation of serpentinite slivers and rare eclogite blocks. Restricted asthenospheric flow in the forearc mantle wedge provides one explanation for the lack of ophiolites and absence of a well-preserved ultra-high-pressure terrane in central and northern Vermont. Exhumation of the subducted portion of the Laurentian margin may have been temperature triggered due to increased asthenospheric flow following a slab tear at relatively shallow depths.
Eversion technique versus conventional endarterectomy with patch angioplasty in carotid surgery: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials
Authors: Marsman Martijn S. , Wetterslev Jorn , Vriens Patrick W.H.E. , Bleys Ronald L.A.W. , Jahrome Abdelkarime Kh. , Moll Frans L. , Keus Frederik , Koning Giel G.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Traditional carotid endarterectomy is considered to be the standard technique for prevention of a new stroke in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis. Use of patch angioplasty to restore the arterial wall after longitudinal endarterectomy is, to date, not unequivocally proven to be superior to eversion technique. A systematic review is needed for evaluation of benefits and harms of the eversion technique versus the traditional endarterectomy with patch angioplasty in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis.

Methods and outcomes

The review will be conducted according to this protocol following the recommendations of the ‘Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews’ and reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Randomised clinical trials comparing eversion technique versus endarterectomy with patch angioplasty in patients with a symptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery will be included. Primary outcomes are all-cause mortality rate, health-related quality of life and serious adverse events. Secondary outcomes are 30-day stroke and mortality rate, symptomatic arterial restenosis or occlusion and non-serious adverse events. The databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE will be searched (November 2019). We will primarily base our conclusions on meta-analyses of trials with overall low-risk of bias. We will use trial sequential analysis to assist the evaluation of imprecision in Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation. However, if pooled point estimates of all trials are similar to pooled point estimates of trials with overall low risk of bias and there is lack of a statistical significant interaction between estimates from trials with overall high risk of bias and trials with overall low risk of bias we will consider the trial sequential analysis adjusted precision of the estimate achieved in all trials as the result of our meta-analyses.

Ethics and dissemination

The proposed systematic review will collect and analyse data from published studies, therefore, ethical approval is not required. The results of the review will be disseminated by publication in a peer-review journal and submitted for presentation at conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42019119361.
Insight in the development of the mutual trust relationship between trainers and trainees in a workplace-based postgraduate medical training programme: a focus group study among trainers and trainees of the Dutch general practice training programme
Authors: Bonnie Linda H.A. , Visser Mechteld R.M. , Kramer Anneke W.M. , van Dijk Nynke
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Trust plays an important role in workplace-based postgraduate medical education programmes. Trainers must trust their trainees for granting them greater independence. Trainees must trust their trainer for a safe learning environment. As trainers’ and trainees’ trust in each other plays an important role in trainee learning and development, the authors aimed to explore the development of the mutual trust relationship between trainers and trainees.

Setting

This study was performed in a general practice training department in the Netherlands.

Participants

All trainers and trainees of the general practice training department were invited to participate. Fifteen trainers and 34 trainees, voluntarily participated in focus group discussions.

Outcome measures

The authors aimed to gain insight in the factors involved in the development of the mutual trust relationship between trainers and trainees, in order to be able to create a model for the development of a mutual trust relationship between trainers and trainees. The risk-based view of trust was adopted as leading conceptual framework.

Results

In the first stage of trust development, trainers and trainees develop basic trust in each other. Basic trust forms the foundation of the trust relationship. In the second stage, trainers develop trust in trainees taking into account trainees’ working and learning performance, and the context in which the work is performed. Trainees trust their trainer based on the trainer’savailability and accessibility and the personal relationship between the trainee and their trainer. Trainee self-confidence modifies the development of a trust relationship.

Conclusion

The development of a mutual trust relationship between trainers and trainees is a complex process that involves various stages, goals, factors and interactive aspects. As the mutual trust relationship influences the learning environment for trainees, greater emphasis on the mutual trust relationship may improve learning outcomes. Further research may explore the effect of long-term and short-term educational relationships on the trust relationship between trainers and trainees.
Subcutaneous fibrosarcomas with pulmonary metastases in a white tiger (Panthera tigris) and a lion (Panthera leo)
Authors: Eikelberg Deborah Johanna , Allnoch Lisa , Grothmann Pierre , Bohner Julia , Hewicker‐Trautwein Marion
Published: April 2020

Two cases of recurrent subcutaneous fibrosarcomas in a white tiger and a lion were observed and the animals were euthanised humanely due to clinical deterioration. In both animals, postmortem examination revealed multinodular, white to fawn, firm to greasy, subcutaneous masses at the left side of the thorax infiltrating into the adjacent musculature. Furthermore, the tiger showed a single mass and the lion multiple masses in the lung. Histopathologically, the subcutaneous and pulmonary masses consisted of spindle‐shaped neoplastic cells with necrotic areas, and infiltration with multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells labelled positive for vimentin and negative for desmin, factor VIII‐related antigen, smooth muscle actin S100, CD31 and nerve growth factor receptor p75. Thus, the pulmonary tumours were diagnosed as metastases of subcutaneous fibrosarcomas. Like domestic cats, also large, non‐domestic felids could be predisposed for metastasising fibrosarcoma, which may be associated with injections or trauma.