bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality Factors Associated with the Ponzo Illusion: Study using the Co-Twin Method
Authors: Matheny Adam P. , Brown Anne M.
Published: September 2011

29 pairs of 9 to 11-yr.-old MZ twins (11 male, 18 female) who were discordant on the magnitude of their susceptibility to the Ponzo illusion were given the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ). The Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-ranks test was used to determine whether the twins with relatively larger magnitudes of the Ponzo illusion than their co-twins also manifested systematic differences on CPQ factor scores. Among males, twins with larger magnitudes of the illusion were relatively more calm and stable (Factor C), conscientious (Factor G), critical, restrained and evaluative (Factor J); among females the twins with larger magnitudes of the illusion were more calm and stable (Factor C), more shrewd (Factor N), and less apprehensive and anxious (Factor O) than their co-twins. Results are discussed in terms of Piaget's theory of children's deployment of attention and Kagan's reflective-impulsive dimension in children's cognitive judgments.
Masculinity-Femininity and Self-Concept
Authors: Bieliauskas Vytautas J. , Mikesell Richard H.
Published: September 2011

101 male college students were administered the Franck Drawing Completion Test and Tennessee Self-concept Scale to determine to what degree the self-concept and sexual identification are related. It was hypothesized that individuals with clearer sexual identification have more positive self-concepts. The results did not support the hypothesis, because the correlations were nonsignificant. The reasons were evaluated, among which the possibility that the self-concept scale lacks validity was given a more prominent consideration.
Individual Differences in Behavioral Reactions of Psychiatric Patients to Brief Partial Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Adams Henry B. , Cooper G. David , Carrera Richard N.
Published: September 2011

30 hospitalized psychiatric in-patients exposed to a few hours of partial sensory deprivation (SD) showed a wide range of individual differences in their reactions. Reduced symptoms and improved intellectual functioning after SD were the predominant group trends, but some individuals showed substantial changes in opposite directions. Individual differences in behavioral reactions during and after SD were significantly related to MMPI personality characteristics. Symptom reduction after SD was a function of characteristics quite different from those usually associated with prognosis for conventional verbal psychotherapy. The results suggested that many persons unlikely to benefit from traditional therapeutic procedures might show improved personality and intellectual functioning after a brief exposure to SD. There were many other complex relationships between personality variables and reactions to SD.
Sex Role, Status, and Perceived Competence among First-Graders
Authors: Pollis Nicholas P. , Doyle Donald C.
Published: September 2011

23 first-graders ranked themselves sociometrically and judged each other's performance on an unstructured task. These 6-yr.-olds formed heterosexual groups and, contrary to other evidence, male-dominance socialization was operative at that age level. Ss' group and individual performance scores and their sociometric and group performance scores were significantly correlated, showing that status differentials were not spurious and that perceived competence was shared individually and collectively
Interaction Affecting Interjudge Reliability of Nonverbal Behavior
Authors: Butterfield Gary
Published: September 2011

As a follow-up of a previous finding, 12 college student judges were asked to record frequency of “ah” and pause nonverbal speech nonfluencies for four interviewees. Lending some support to the previous finding, no significant interaction effect was found for the more reliably scored disruption, “ah,” in a 2 × 12 factorial analysis, but this was not the case for the less reliably scored disruption, pause.
Incident Light Velocimetry
Authors: Roberts Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

A velocimeter employing secondary emission photomultipliers has been described. A softball or other light colored object is detected against a black background under room ambient light conditions. The throwing field is triangular with a useable area of approximately 30 ft2.
Study of “Adventure Clusters” of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Personal Opinion Survey
Authors: Bascuas Joseph , Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

The Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Personal Opinion Survey were administered to 101 high school juniors. A significant correlation of .17 ( p < .05) was obtained between the adventure scales of the two tests. Additional findings include a link between creative attitudes and extra-version.
Scalar Perception and Judgment of Angles
Authors: Stacey Barrie G. , Maclean Iain E.
Published: September 2011

W. C. Gogel's analysis of the problems associated with scalar perceptions is outlined with particular reference to the measurement of perceived size and distance (perceived extent). The results of a previous experiment of the authors concerned with the perception of angular extent are used to evaluate Gogel's analysis critically. It is concluded that his propositions and experimental results lack generality. In particular there are severe problems associated with the application of calibration equations to response indices of perceived extent under reduced- or minimal-cue conditions of observation. However, there is no doubt about the significance of the problems raised by Gogel's analysis.
Selection of Visual Dimensions by Aphasic and Non-Aphasic Children
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Berman Leslie A.
Published: September 2011

This investigation compared the visual dimensions selected by 12 aphasic and 12 normal children in a match-to-sample task. The stimulus dimensions were color, size, orientation, and form. The selection preferences for the four dimensions did not differ significantly in the two groups. Accordingly, the aphasic and normal children were concluded to respond to the experimental task using similar perceptual strategies and nonverbal behavior.
20-Channel Drinkometer
Authors: Reus James F. , Cullen Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

Electronic touch-sensitive recording apparatus has been very useful in research wherein drinking (tongue licking) is a dependent variable. Most of the systems used in the past for this purpose were electromechanical in design. The present report describes a relatively low-cost, low-maintenance system using solid state circuitry which is readily purchasable, easily interfaced, and highly reliable.
Effect of Houselight Conditions on Masking of Angularity-Stimulus Control
Authors: Duplissea David C. , Waller T. Gary
Published: September 2011

18 pigeons were given nondifferential training to a white vertical line on a red surround. One group was trained with houselight illumination (Group HL); another was trained without houselight illumination (Group NHL). Stimulus control on the angularity dimension was measured with red and with black surround. The relative gradients on the red and on the black surround did not differ significantly for Group HL but for Group NHL the gradient on the black surround was significantly steeper than on the red surround. The relative gradient on the black surround was steeper for Group NHL than for Group HL but on the red surround the gradients did not differ. The results support the hypothesis that stimuli from a more dominant dimension mask control exercised by stimuli from a less dominant dimension.
Role of Vocal Labeling in Memory for Object Arrangements by Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Chovan William L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of vocal labels in memory using an object arrangement task 60 deaf and 30 hearing Ss were divided into two MA levels, primary and intermediate. Within each level, Ss were assigned to treatment, defined as employing vocal labels. Six groups of 15 Ss each were formed. When the groups were viewed by level, there were significant differences between primary and intermediate Ss. Vocal labels, with some notable exceptions, had little or no facilitating effects on performance of object recall. The results suggested that the availability of additional modes of mediation accounted for differences between the primary and intermediate levels. Data from the object-arrangement task provided implications for further study of conceptual behavior of deaf children.
Effects of Pressure Suits on Seven Psychomotor Skills
Authors: Huchingson Richard D.
Published: September 2011

A battery of tests measuring 7 psychomotor skills were administered to Ss under 5 conditions: an older pressure suit, pressurized and unpressurized; a more recent pressure suit, pressurized and unpressurized; and shirtsleeve conditions. Test performance involving manual dexterity with and without tools was degraded more by suit conditions than was test performance involving arm and wrist movement such as tracking. Performance with the older, USN Mark IV suit at 2.0 psig closely approximated performance with the Gemini 3C-8 at 35 psig, which supports the feasibility of using older suits for selected types of psychomotor research.
A Multi-Purpose Relay Rack
Authors: Davidson Robert S. , Streeb R. David , Bremser Robert
Published: September 2011

Description is reported of an extended 9-ft. relay rack and the electromechanical components with which it might be equipped for maximal efficiency, functional utility and flexibility.
Value Orientations of Sensation-Seekers
Authors: Farley Frank H. , Dionne Mary T.
Published: September 2011

The theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, and religious value orientations of individuals varying on a personality dimension of stimulation or sensation-seeking were studied. 40 college students were given the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Sensation-seeking Scale. “Sensation-seekers” tended to place importance on aesthetic values and deemphasized economic values, but no significant relationship of sensation-seeking to theoretical, social, political, and religious values was indicated
Structured vs Unstructured Visual-Motor Tests for Educable Retarded Children
Authors: Krauft Virginia R. , Krauft Conrad C.
Published: September 2011

To determine correlations among test scores on Berry Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Berry), a structured test, and the Bender-Gestalt (Bender), an unstructured one, half of 24 children (IQs ranging from 50 to 80) were given each test first. Developmental age scores and/or equivalents were obtained. Both Koppitz and Bender methods were used to score the Bender protocols. Intercorrelations between the Bender (Koppitz and Bender scoring) and Berry were statistically significant ( p < .01). For this sample a structured booklet for visual-motor testing (Berry) measures visual-motor skills in a manner comparable to the unstructured Bender.
Sleep Disturbance in Children with Visual-Motor Deficits
Authors: Schroeder Stephen R. , Schroeder Carolyn S. , Ball Brenda
Published: September 2011

The sleep patterns of 6 normals and 6 boys with visual-motor deficits were compared. While none of the usual symptoms of sleep pathology, e.g., insomnia, enuresis, night terrors, or somnambulism, were present in either group, the visual-motor boys showed a marked increase in Stage REM and correlated decrease in Stage 2 sleep. Results were interpreted as in accord with Berger's theory that the biological function of REM sleep is the innervation of anatomical pathways necessary for oculomotor control during waking.
Psychological Differentiation in Passively Oriented Children
Authors: Ladkin Jean Frances , Barker Carol L.
Published: September 2011

Level of psychological differentiation was investigated in boys ( N = 30) categorized as Passive-Aggressive or Normal, and subdivided into two age groups: 6 to 8 and 10 to 12 yr. old. Differentiation was defined in terms of two instruments developed by Witkin, the Children's Embedded Figures Test, and the Sophistication of Body-concept Scale used with human figure drawings. Significantly lower levels of differentiation were observed for Passive-Aggressive Ss over Normal Ss and for younger Ss over older Ss.
Effects of Varying Shock Intensities on Pain-Elicited Aggression in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Bracco Howard F. , Miller Loren L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of varying shock intensities upon the behavior of domestic fowl, wing shock was administered to 7 pairs of Plymouth Rock hens. Administered intensities ranged from 0.0 ma. to 8.5 ma. Results indicated that shock generally reduced the incidence of fighting behavior. This finding contradicts the pain-elicited aggression hypothesis. The painful stimulation may have become associated with defeat in the pecking-order struggle, or resulted in behavior which competed with fighting.
Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Color Preferences
Authors: Choungourian Assador
Published: September 2011

Extraverts ( N = 80), Neurotics ( N = 80), and an undifferentiated group ( N = 160), with equal numbers of males and females in each group coming from 4 diverse national backgrounds, expressed their preferences for 8 Ostwald hues (red, orange, yellow, yellow-green, green, blue-green, blue, and purple) through the method of paired comparisons. The results indicate that there are no significant differences between the color preferences of an undifferentiated group and either Extraverts or Neurotics; however, Neurotics prefer significantly more red and purple than Extraverts, while Extraveits prefer significantly more yellow-green than Neurotics.
Effects of Heart-Rate Increase on Temporal Discrimination and Time Judgment by Two Groups of Delinquents
Authors: Lediett V. , Tong J. E.
Published: September 2011

Institutionalized Ss classified as stable and unstable ( ns = 20) were tested for the discrimination of temporally paired flashes and time production at three levels of activation. The results indicated a differential effect for the low levels of activation which was nullified by the high level for both discrimination and time scores. The comparative results justified regarding time judgment as an information-processing function.
Interrater Reliability for Scoring the Bender Gestalt Using the Koppitz Method
Authors: Kaspar Joseph C. , Lampel Anita K.
Published: September 2011

Two raters, using the Koppitz scoring method, evaluated the Bender protocols of 14 Ss referred for developmental evaluations and 14 non-referred Ss. Results indicated that, although the interrater correlation was high ( r = .90), objective scores were misleading for Ss in the upper age ranges and Ss whose protocols were significantly different from age norms.
Task Definition and Immediate Knowledge of Results in Monitoring Performance
Authors: Strang Harold R.
Published: September 2011

The influences of task definition (test or exercise) and immediate knowledge of results on visual monitoring were examined with 168 university students. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance showed that the only significant effect was a deterioration in recognition over time ( p < .01). An a posteriori analysis, however, indicated that test definition coupled with immediate knowledge depressed high performance ( p < .05).
Emergence of Schizophrenia from Social Biases of Perception
Authors: Zarlock Stanley P.
Published: September 2011

To understand schizophrenic behavior, three views of schizophrenia are examined: the static view, the expectancy view, and the view of interaction. Contrary to the first and second views of schizophrenia, which assume symptoms emanate from a specific biological entity, the view of interaction maintains that schizophrenia is a consequence of an interaction between an observer's clinical biases of perception and the sense impressions he receives upon observing a behaving organism. According to the view of interaction, schizophrenia is a cultural phenomenon which emerges from a social and evolutionary process. Without the presence of social sophistication, a clinical profession could not exist, standard biases of perception could not be sustained, and the phenomenon of schizophrenia could not become manifest.
Novelty, Recency and Frequency Effects on Visual Recognition and Pseudo-Recognition Thresholds
Authors: Pyke Sandra W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of word novelty, recency of experience and frequency on traditional visual recognition and pseudo-recognition thresholds. High-frequency words had lower thresholds but in the absence of tachistoscopic information (pseudo-recognition), the frequency effect disappeared. Recent experience with the test words produced lower thresholds in both studies, as compared with thresholds for less recently experienced words. A significant interaction between novelty and frequency occurred in both studies. Novelty reduced thresholds for low-frequency stimuli but increased thresholds for high-frequency words. It was argued that effects of recency and novelty are more apparent in the pseudo-recognition situation because there is no interference from tachistoscopic fragments. High-frequency competing responses are less likely and novel low-frequency responses have a greater probability of emission.
Tendency to Produce Unusual Visual Perspective as a Predictor of Creative Achievement
Authors: Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

In a long-range prediction study of creative achievement, it was hypothesized that the number of objects presented in unusual visual perspective on the Repeatetd Figures Activity of the Torrance tests would be related to adult creative achievement whereas the number of objects presented in common or usual visual perspective would be unrelated to such criteria. Ss were 144 students in Grades 7, 9, 11, and 12, followed up 12 yr. later. The number of objects presented in unusual visual perspective on the circles test is moderately and significantly related to the criteria of adult creativity ( rs = .39, .49, and .45 for Quantity of Creative Achievements, Quality of Peak Creative Achievements, and Creativeness of Aspirations respectively) and number of objects presented in usual or common perspective is unrelated to these criteria ( rs = –.08, .04, and –.03).
Gender Identity, Stress and Psychological Differentiation in Figure-Drawing Choice
Authors: Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

The effects of stress and Ss' psychological differentiation on figure drawing choice are explored in a study in which 28 Ss viewed two anxiety-evoking and two neutral films. Stress was significantly ( p < .05) related to the drawing of opposite-sex first. The more psychologically differentiated group alone displayed a significant ( p < .05) shift, whereas the less differentiated group did not. The major determinant of figure drawn first is S's gender identity but it is influenced by situational and personality variables.
Intrahemispheric Mediation of Diametrically Opposed Visual Habits
Authors: Boles Thomas J. , Sheridan Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Of 21 pigmented rats, 13 were surgically restricted to a single cerebral hemisphere and were then sequentially given monocular training on each of 2 diametrically opposed visual pattern discriminations mediated by opposite eyes. 8 served as controls. All but 4 Ss (3 operated and 1 control) were able to learn the opposing discriminations. Acquisition by way of ipsilateral visual pathways was slower than acquisition by way of fibers from the contralateral eye, a finding consistent with known anatomic density of the two optic fiber systems.
Sex Attribution to Hypothetical Persons Described by Adjective Trait Lists
Authors: Koenig Fredrick
Published: September 2011

277 students wrote descriptions of hypothetical persons based on a set of four adjectives. The set of 4 adjectives consisted of one of the following: 4 masculine traits, 4 neutral traits, 2 masculine/2 feminine traits, and 4 feminine traits. Comparisons were made of the description based on these adjectives as to whether the hypothetical person described was male or female. Most of the descriptions were male with the proportion of males decreasing according to the number of female traits included in the adjective list. This was true even for the list made up of all female traits.
Rate of Apparent Magnification as a Cue to Distance: Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Ton William H.
Published: September 2011

O s made judgments of the apparent rate of magnification of an approaching object as a cue to its distance. Os were separated into 2 groups of 20 on the basis of their relative field dependency. Os viewed a radially moving target which provided the sensation of movement in depth. 2 target sizes and 2 values of rate of movement were used. Half of each group of 20 Os viewed the large target, and 10 viewed the small target, but at both rates of movement. Os were to judge if the target appeared near or far. A significantly larger proportion of near judgments were associated with the high rate of movement.
Improvement of Absolute Distance Estimation Underwater
Authors: Ferris Steven H.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of absolute distance underwater were obtained before and after training sessions in which observers were informed of the correct distance after each of a series of judgments. Training in water substantially improved performance, whereas training in air improved performance only in clear water. Training in one body of water did not adequately transfer to performance in another body of water if there was a large difference in water turbidity.
Differing “Creativities” in the Wit and the Clown
Authors: Singer David L. , Berkowitz Leonard
Published: September 2011

Two different types of creativity measures—Wallach and Kogan's measure of ideational/associational creativity, and Singer's adaptive regression scale—as well as sociometric rating scales and SAT scores were obtained from members of a college fraternity. As predicted from an analysis of the processes underlying witticism and clowning, “wits” were high on ideational creativity but not on adaptive regression and “clowns” were high on adaptive regression but not on ideational creativity. Ideational creativity, adaptive regression, and SAT scores were independent of one another. These results support the value of distinguishing among channels or dimensions of creative information processing and attempting to link these to creative behavior through task analyses.
Visual Feedback Training in Auditory Localization by Nursery School Children
Authors: Warren David H. , Judy Shirley J.
Published: September 2011

18 nursery school Ss were tested on 2 auditory localization tasks and a visual control task. After the initial test, 3 equivalent groups were formed. The groups received various auditory training procedures for several weeks, and improvements in localization were assessed periodically. Auditory training with visual confirmation produced the most improvement compared to a non-trained control group, but auditory training with no visual confirmation was also effective. The training procedures were especially effective for younger Ss. Despite large differences in localization ability at the beginning of the study, by the end the younger Ss had improved to virtually the same level as the older Ss. There was thus no evidence to suggest a qualitative difference in the perceptual integration abilities of younger and older nursery school Ss.
Lightness, Embeddedness, and Contrast
Authors: Flock Howard R.
Published: September 2011

A rnonocularly observed, upright trapezoid appeared darker than when observed binocularly, but it also appeared slanted under monocular and upright under binocular viewing. When slanted, it may be said to have been more embedded in its background. When embeddedness was then controlled, the lightness difference between monocular and binocular viewing was markedly reduced toward zero. These effects were independent of the location of the illuminating-source. Although the results could be interpreted to mean that one percept influences a second, it should be noted that the cited mean effects were never greater than .11 log ft-L.
Achievement Prediction of ‘High-Risk’ Children
Authors: Serwer Blanche J. , Shapiro Bernard J. , Shapiro Phyllis P.
Published: September 2011

Of 300 kindergarten children in a suburban school system, 62 were identified as possible learning problems on the basis of teachers' ratings and comprehensive test batteries. In considering the different scales in terms of their ability to predict first grade achievement for these children, the best predictors were (a) teachers' ratings, (b) the various number pretests (e.g., Digit Span, Arithmetic), (c) the reading readiness rating derived from the Metropolitan Readiness Tests, and (d) knowledge of letter names. Although many of the tests showed poor predictive value for ‘high risk’ children, this is in no way a comment on their usefulness as diagnostic or clinical instruments for other purposes.
Intellectual Ability and Performance on a Non-Verbal Problem-Solving Task
Authors: Chiles W. D. , Smith Roger C.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted in which performance on a non-verbal problem-solving task was correlated with the Otis Quick-scoring Mental Ability Test and the Raven Progressive Matrices Test. The problem-solving task, called “code-lock,” required Ss to determine the correct sequence in which to push 5 buttons in order to turn on a light. Measures of how quickly S responded and how many errors were made on each problem were taken from 45 college student volunteers. Results indicated substantial correlations (.50 to .60) between time measures on the code-lock task and the Otis but very limited relationships between the Raven and each code-lock measure.
Negro-White Differences in Children's Movement
Authors: Guttentag Marcia
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous movement responses of Negro and white lower-class and white middle-class 4-yr.-olds were recorded on video tape under several controlled conditions. Tapes were coded for total movement and for gross movement response. Negro children emitted a significantly greater number of movement responses and a greater variety of movement response than did both white groups.
Constancy of Teachers' Perceptions of Students—A Multidimensional Scaling Study
Authors: Clark Andrew K. , Maguire Thomas O. , Glass Gene V.
Published: September 2011

Teachers made similarity judgments of student descriptions which varied on the dimensions of classroom behavior, academic aptitude, and parental relationship. The multidimensional configuration derived from a computer analysis of the similarities bore a close correspondence to the configuration obtained in a previous study which employed different methods of data collection and analysis.
P300—An Orienting Reaction in the Human Auditory Evoked Response
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Kopell Bert S.
Published: September 2011

The auditory average evoked response (AER) to unpredictable changes in tone-burst frequency was studied in 12 human Ss who were instructed to ignore all tones. In the vertex-ear leads the AERs to frequent tones contained the usual negative-positive complex (N1-P2-N2). The AERs to infrequent tones generally were more positive in the 300-msec. region as compared to that region of the AERs to frequent tones. This positivity decreased during the session as did the N1-P2 amplitudes. Average N1-P2 amplitudes were not different for the two stimulus conditions.
Multidimensional Scale Analysis of Elementary Teachers' Impressions of Selected Social Reinforcers
Authors: Langhorne John E. , Stone Leroy A. , Coles Gary J.
Published: September 2011

A recently proposed multidimensional similarity analysis methodology was used to analyze the dimensionality of a set of selected classroom social reinforcers. Judges were elementary school teachers who frequently administered such reinforcers. The three extracted evaluation dimensions, accounting for 81% of the judgmental variance, were all readily interpretable. The success of this exploratory application of a multidimensional scaling procedure in the realm of educational concerns suggested further uses for such investigative methodologies with regard to other forms of educational judgment-evaluation.
Neurogenic Findings in Reading-Retarded Children as a Function of Visual Perceptual Ability
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

The incidence of birth abnormalities, EEG abnormalities, motor clumsiness, and hyperactivity and/or distractibility was investigated in matched groups of reading retarded children with high and low visual perception. As predicted, the incidence of these four factors was significantly higher in Ss of low visual perception than in Ss who were high. The mean reading achievement of the high perceivers was significantly lower than that of the low perceivers.
Effects of Work Surface Angles on Productive Efficiency of Females on a Simple Manual Task
Authors: Less Menahem , Warren W. , Eickelberg B. , Palgi Shuka
Published: September 2011

The effects of angularity on production efficiency were studied with 12 randomly selected college females. The degree of accuracy in hitting traveling lights from near to far targets with the two hands symmetrically and simultaneously was measured at 4 angles (0°, 6°, 12°, and 18°), using a highly sophisticated work station, which allows for small increments in three-dimensional space planes. Results showed a significant angle effect ( p = .10). Individual comparisons indicated that the 12° angle was significantly superior to 0° ( p = .05) and 18° ( p = .10) angles. No other comparisons were significant. Possible causes for these phenomena are suggested.
Effect of Auxiliary Acoustic Stimulation on Two-Flash Fusion Thresholds of Reading Disabled Children: A Study Using Nitrazepam
Authors: Fenelon Bernard , Wortley Sandra
Published: September 2011

A study of the effects of selected physical properties of acoustic stimulation on Two-flash Threshold (TFT) of dyslexic children on individually established dosages of active drug (Nitrazepam) or placebo, and non-problem readers (Normals) on placebo ( ns = 8). Auxiliary acoustic stimulation (1000-cps tone) was applied following determination of basic TFT, with Onset, Intensity and Duration of tone each varied at two levels. Analyses of variance yielded significant main effects for Groups and Onset (effect significant between the two dyslexic groups only) and a significant Groups × Onset × Duration interaction. The hypothesis of greater acuity (lower TFT) in the active drug group than in the placebo group of dyslexics was supported. The significant second-order interaction is interpreted in terms of (a) facilitation of response in the active drug group, produced by the action of Nitrazepam on systems mediating attention; (b) the differential alerting and distracting effects in the untreated dyslexics produced by the various combined conditions of auxiliary stimulation.
Effects of Prolonged Dark Adaptation on Autokinetic Movement
Authors: White Roger Clayton
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of prolonged dark adaptation on autokinetic movement 2 groups of 10 Ss with equal numbers of men and women were subjected to 1 hr. or 5 min. of dark adaptation before tests on autokinetic judgments. Ss dark adapted for 1 hr. had shorter latency of onset of movement ( p < .001) than Ss with 5 min. of dark adaptation. There was no significant difference between men and women.
Relationship of Projective to Direct Expression of Selected Needs for Nonpsychotic SS
Authors: Rodgers Charles W.
Published: September 2011

TAT-assessed need strengths of Aggression, Achievement, and Nurturance were compared with self-reported strength of these needs for groups of nonpsychotic Ss differing in the presumed strength of the needs, sex, years of schooling, and socioeconomic status. The following conclusions appear justified: (a) Interjudge reliabilities greater than .90 can be obtained for assessing need strengths from TAT protocols; (b) Projectively assessed and self-reported need strengths were not highly related for any need investigated for any group of Ss; (c) The relationship of projectively assessed to self-reported need strength of any need was not meaningfully differential across groups.
Specificity of Training as Indicated by Heart-Rate Response to Exercise
Authors: Hartung G. Harley
Published: September 2011

Heart rates of 30 male Ss were monitored prior to, during, and in recovery from a standard treadmill walk. 10 Ss were trained distance runners and were considered trained in the specific work studied. 10 Ss were conditioned swimmers but were doing a type of work for which they were not trained. The runners had significantly better mean endurance times (time to heart rates 110, 130, 150, and 170) than the swimmers, even though both had previously undergone extensive endurance training. The swimmers did not perform significantly better than a group of nontrained Ss except to heart rate 130. In recovery to heart rate 130, there was no significant difference among the means of the three groups. The only significant difference among group means to final recovery heart rate was between the runners and the nontrained group.
Aniseikonic Perception by Women of Their Own Breasts
Authors: Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that the smaller a woman's breasts the less she will perceive them as altered when viewing them aniseikonically. The results for 42 married women ( Mdnage = 22 yr.) supported the hypothesis and suggested the usefulness of aniseikonic perception for measuring the localization of anxiety about the body.
Color Vision in a Chromatic Ganzfeld with Introduction of Inhomogeneity
Authors: Welch Robert B. , Ayers Anne Louise
Published: September 2011

5 groups of human Ss were exposed to a chromatic (red) Ganzfeld. In one condition the Ganzfeld was completely homogeneous; the fields for the remaining groups each contained an unfocussable dot of varying size. The dependent variable was latency of color disappearance (to a specified criterion). Excluding the results of the homogeneous group, adaptation time increased as a linear function of size of dot. With the addition of the homogeneous group, the relationship became nonmonotonic, adaptation time for this group being greater than or equal to that of all but the group exposed to the largest dot.
Operant Control of Autonomic Functions: Biofeedback Bibliography
Authors: Schaefer Sigrid , Engel Rolf R.
Published: September 2011

280 references to studies on instrumental or operant learning of autonomically controlled responses in humans and animals are grouped into category: books, review articles and theoretical discussions; cortical activity; electromyogram; cardiovascular activity; electrodermal activity; remaining autonomic functions; therapeutical applications; instrumentation and methodology; and miscellaneous.
Variability Judgments in a Three-Category Pattern Classification Task
Authors: Corum Charles R. , Brown Bill R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to delineate Ss' capabilities for learning to recognize different levels of stimulus variability in a schema-formation task. Ss were required to classify, without knowledge of results, 30 sets (6 stimuli per set) of complex, multidimensional histoforms which were distortions of three different population prototypes; Ss then provided scaled judgments of stimulus variability following each classification response. Results showed that Ss whose classifications were consistent with the prototype-defined categories also learned to recognize several different magnitudes of prototype distortion, whereas the inconsistent Ss failed to exhibit any degree of variability learning. The supposition that deviant stimuli may be processed and stored in memory as pattern-specific corrections was thus supported, at least with respect to the variability-learning requirement.
Reversal and Rotation Errors by Normal and Retarded Readers
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

The incidence of and relationships among word and letter reversals in writing and Bender-Gestalt rotation errors were investigated in matched samples of 100 normal and 100 retarded readers. No significant differences in the incidence of reversal and rotation errors were found in the two groups. Word reversal was an isolated finding with low frequency, while letter reversal and Bender rotation were less isolated and more frequent. The significance of examining for such errors by elementary school children to predict reading retardation is discussed in the light of the research findings.
Alpha and Problem Solving: A Demonstration
Authors: Andreassi John L.
Published: September 2011

A significantly greater amount of alpha activity occurred during rest than problem solution. No difference in alpha activity was recorded from over the right and left occipital hemispheres during problem solving. There were significantly more eye movements during mental activity than during rest.
Autokinesis for Meaningful Stimuli and the Effect of Set
Authors: Lindauer Martin S. , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: September 2011

An autokinetic effect for 6 meaningful stimuli was measured in terms of speed, acceleration, and change in direction and as a function of stimulus labels suggesting sets for fast, neutral, or slow movement. Apparent movement was found for all stimuli on each of the three types of movement measures; the change-in-direction measure significantly differentiated the six stimuli; and the fast set of labels significantly influenced accelerations. A frame of reference conception of the perception of apparent movement, based on familiarity and expectation, which is likely to occur under ambiguous stimulus circumstances, was discussed.
Effects of Visual Imagery on Visual Sensitivity and Pupil Diameter
Authors: Reeves Adam , Segal Sydney Joelson
Published: September 2011

Sensitivity to a visual stimulus can be reduced by instructions to S to maintain a visual image (Segal, 1971). Imagery in turn may produce an increase in pupil diameter (Simpson & Paivio, 1966). It is possible that changes in pupil diameter might change sensitivity in the experimental conditions used by Segal, so that the decline in sensitivity produced by imagery might be a result of pupillary dilation in response to imagery. This possible explanation of the decline in sensitivity was tested in this experiment and rejected. Other possible peripheral explanations of the effect require further research, including possible changes in accommodation that might be induced by visual imagery.
Differential Adoption of Norms by High-Status and Low-Status Members of Informal Groups
Authors: Macneil M. K. , Pace Dorothy
Published: September 2011

Individuals who were high-status and low-status members of real-groups of teenaged males were placed in task situations with E's 4 collaborators who gave prescribed arbitrary ranges of estimates in autokinesis and numerosity-judgment tasks. Individuals who held high status responded to the social clues in the situations more efficiently. A new judgment situation, “the shotgun,” provides a numerosity-estimation task which is statistically comparable to the classic autokinetic situation and is ego-involving for American teenaged males.
Codability of Polygon Patterns
Authors: Mavrides Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

39 Ss were presented with a code containing 13 categories, e.g., Area, Associations, and instructed to provide 5 descriptive statements for each of 20 polygons. Statements were ranked in order of importance. Ss showed greater agreement in category choice for the description of some polygons, and such agreement as was present decreased as the importance of the statement in question decreased ( p < .05). When descriptions produced by the first group of Ss were given to a second group ( n = 17), systematic differences in identification of polygons from the statements alone became obvious. Polygons associated with greater agreement in category choice for the most important statement were also those identified more accurately by the second group ( p < .05). Further relationships of category usage to physical measures of polygons, e.g., size, are also discussed.
An Empirical Validation of the Relation between Rorschach White-Space and Oppositionality
Authors: Stein Mark L.
Published: September 2011

Although the Rorschach white-space response ( S) has been traditionally interpreted in terms of oppositional tendencies, attempts to validate this relationship have been hampered by the lack of a criterion-specific measure of oppositionality. As part of a broader investigation of the relationship between handedness and personality styles, a rating-scale measure of oppositionality was designed. Oppositionality ratings were obtained for 40 male Navy enlisted men and correlated with white-space scores earned by each S on the Rorschach test. Significant positive correlations between degree of rated oppositionality and amount of white-space perception were obtained. High levels of white-space response were found to be most effective in prediction of degree of rated oppositionality.
Kinetic Visual Imagery
Authors: Brosgole Leonard , Neylon Ann
Published: September 2011

Movement of the hand in total darkness by 7 sighted Ss gave rise to a sense of motion visually. This phenomenon was called kinetic visual imagery. The kinetic imagery was followed by the impression of being able to see the hand. The phenomenal visualization of the hand was clearly distinguished from the images of imagination, memory, and hallucination. The conditions necessary to produce the effect were described, along with theoretical considerations and implications.
Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with and without Path Constraints
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: September 2011

This study shows that a univariate linear model, analogous to Fitts' arm movement model, is appropriate for manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with a maximum information rate of 5.5 bits/sec. which is half that determined by Fitts. For such manipulative tasks with different types of movement path constraints imposed, it is shown that a second-order model with interaction is appropriate for relating movement time to movement information and constraint information, the latter independent variable providing the greatest contribution to movement time.
Conceptual Encoding by Sense Impression
Authors: Kroes William H.
Published: September 2011

Previous research (e.g., Kroes & Libby, 1973) has shown that encoding by sense impression, that is, the classifying of words by the sensory qualities of the stimulus, is not as powerful as classifying by taxonomic or semantic differential characteristics. Because of the consistently poorer performance on sense impression, one may ask whether individuals actually encode by sense impression. Some support comes from Underwood and Richardson (1956) who found that presenting a sense impression category stimulus word such as “round” prompted responses such as barrel, doughnut and so on. From this finding, however, one cannot conclude that words are encoded and actually categorized by their sensory properties. For example, one might touch a satin gown and remark on its softness (an instantaneous sensory impression) but cognitively encode the word “gown” in a taxonomic category such as clothes. The present study examined this problem by use of the concept-shift method. In this method, short lists of symbolic information are presented for future recall. When information presented on succeeding trials is taken from the same category there is a reduction in recall. If information from a different category is presented on a later trial, recall improves to the level obtained in the first trial. This gain on the “shift” trial reflects the fact that the stimulus words are being encoded in a different conceptual category.
Inducing a General Conservation of Liquid Quantity Concept in Young Children: Use of a Basic Rule and Feedback
Authors: Siegler Robert S.
Published: September 2011

5-yr.-olds were taught the conservation of liquid quantity problem and 2 logically complementary nonconservation problems through a combination of feedback and basic 1-sentence rules. Posttest data obtained 3 days after training by a “blind” research assistant showed that Ss who mastered any one of the liquid quantity problems rended to master both of the other 2 as well. In addition, a limited amount of generalization from the liquid quantity problem to untrained-for conservation of solid quantity problems was found. The pattern of results suggested that Ss in the experimental group learned a strategy of attending to operations and connecting them with their consequences.
Extraversion-Introversion and Conceptual Tempo
Authors: Cairns Ed
Published: September 2011

According to Kagan (1966) conceptual tempo is a cognitive style manifested in a child's consistent tendency to respond slowly, making few errors (reflective style) or rapidly making more errors (impulsive style) on the Matching Familiar Figures test. Kagan (1971) has also stated that while “tempo is not viewed as synonymous with the classic meaning of introversion-extraversion, [but] may share some variance with it.” It was the purpose of this study to test this assumption by giving 52 children aged 8 to 9 yr. and 45 aged 11 to 12 yr. the matching figures and the New Junior Maudsley Inventory (Furneaux & Gibson, 1966).
Monitoring Army Radio-Communications Networks at High Altitude
Authors: Cahoon Richard L.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were conducted to determine the effects of high altitude atmospheres on the performance of a simulated Army radio-communication task. Ss monitored 2-hr. tapes of simulated radio traffic at 4 different altitudes (sea level, 13,000 ft., 15,000 ft., and 17,000 ft.). The results of Exp. I indicated a significant drop in performance above 13,000 ft. altitude. However, Exp. II, using highly motivated, radio-trained Ss showed no performance decrements up to 17,000 ft. The data suggest that high motivation and training can compensate for altitude stress on monitoring tasks of relatively short duration.
Teachers' Prediction of Reading Readiness
Authors: Brekke Beverly , Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

Two kindergarten teachers were asked to rate the reading readiness potential of their students ( N = 63). The following school year, the Gates-MacGinitie Tests were administered. Mental age, as measured by the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test was a better predictor on 6 of the 7 readiness subtests. When mental age was partialled out, little correlation remained between reading readiness and the teachers' ratings.
Error Patterns in Two Configurations of a Six-Element Vibrotactile Code
Authors: Towner Ian , Diespecker Don
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 10 male Ss were tested on two versions of a 6-element vibrotactile code. Code A combined two intensities of signal with three durations. For Code B the ratio of intensities to durations was reversed. In terms of total errors there was no significant difference between the groups. However, there were significant differences in error patterns. It is suggested that perceptually easier coding might be achieved by extending the range of intervals along the duration dimension.
Overestimation of Acute Angles
Authors: Ross Douglas A.
Published: September 2011

An explanation was sought for overestimation of acute angles, especially when those angles are presented in a horizontal orientation. 22 Ss ordinally ranked 8 45° angles oriented horizontally and vertically in either a position which would be bisected by the Cartesian axes or in which one arm would be on the axis with respect to how likely it was to suggest a right angle seen tilted in depth. Horizontally oriented angles were ranked most likely to produce the effect (Wilcoxon test, t (18) = 0, p < .01). The explanation was applied to studies which show overestimates of acute angles.