bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrio Species in an Urban Tropical Estuary: Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Interaction with Environmental Parameters, and Possible Public Health Outcomes
Authors: Canellas Anna L. B. , Lopes Isabelle R. , Mello Marianne P. , Paranhos Rodolfo , de Oliveira Bruno F. R. , Laport Marinella S.
Published: May 2021

The genus Vibrio comprises pathogens ubiquitous to marine environments. This study evaluated the cultivable Vibrio community in the Guanabara Bay (GB), a recreational, yet heavily polluted estuary in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Over one year, 66 water samples from three locations along a pollution gradient were investigated. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, revealing 20 Vibrio species, including several potential pathogens. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams (including carbapenems and third-generation cephalosporins), fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Four strains were producers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), all of which carried beta-lactam and heavy metal resistance genes. The toxR gene was detected in all V. parahaemolyticus strains, although none carried the tdh or trh genes. Higher bacterial isolation rates occurred in months marked by higher water temperatures, lower salinities, and lower phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. The presence of non-susceptible Vibrio spp. was related to indicators of eutrophication and sewage inflow. DNA fingerprinting analyses revealed that V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus strains non-susceptible to antimicrobials might persist in these waters throughout the year. Our findings indicate the presence of antimicrobial-resistant and potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. in a recreational environment, raising concerns about the possible risks of human exposure to these waters.
Black Fungi and Hydrocarbons: An Environmental Survey for Alkylbenzene Assimilation
Authors: Baron Noemi Carla , Pagnocca Fernando Carlos , Otsuka Ayumi Aquino , Prenafeta-Boldú Francesc Xavier , Vicente Vânia Aparecida , Attili de Angelis Derlene
Published: May 2021

Environmental pollution with alkylbenzene hydrocarbons such as toluene is a recurring phenomenon. Their toxicity and harmful effect on people and the environment drive the search for sustainable removal techniques such as bioremediation, which is based on the microbial metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. Melanized fungi present extremophilic characteristics, which allow their survival in inhospitable habitats such as those contaminated with hydrocarbons. Screening methodologies for testing the microbial assimilation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) are scarce despite their importance for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon associated areas. In this study, 200 strains of melanized fungi were isolated from four different hydrocarbon-related environments by using selective methods, and their biodiversity was assessed by molecular and ecological analyses. Seventeen genera and 27 species from three main orders, namely Chaetothyriales, Cladosporiales, and Pleosporales, were identified. The ecological analysis showed a particular species distribution according to their original substrate. The isolated strains were also screened for their toluene assimilation potential using a simple and inexpensive methodology based on miniaturized incubations under controlled atmospheres. The biomass produced by the 200 strains with toluene as the sole carbon source was compared against positive and negative controls, with glucose and with only mineral medium, respectively. Nineteen strains were selected as the most promising for further investigation on the biodegradation of alkylbenzenes.
Honeybees Exposure to Natural Feed Additives: How Is the Gut Microbiota Affected?
Authors: Alberoni Daniele , Baffoni Loredana , Braglia Chiara , Gaggìa Francesca , Di Gioia Diana
Published: May 2021

The role of a balanced gut microbiota to maintain health and prevent diseases is largely established in humans and livestock. Conversely, in honeybees, studies on gut microbiota perturbations by external factors have started only recently. Natural methods alternative to chemical products to preserve honeybee health have been proposed, but their effect on the gut microbiota has not been examined in detail. This study aims to investigate the effect of the administration of a bacterial mixture of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillaceae and a commercial product HiveAliveTM on honeybee gut microbiota. The study was developed in 18 hives of about 2500 bees, with six replicates for each experimental condition for a total of three experimental groups. The absolute abundance of main microbial taxa was studied using qPCR and NGS. The results showed that the majority of the administered strains were detected in the gut. On the whole, great perturbations upon the administration of the bacterial mixture and the plant-based commercial product were not observed in the gut microbiota. Significant variations with respect to the untreated control were only observed for Snodgrassella sp. for the bacterial mixture, Bartonella sp. in HiveAliveTM and Bombilactobacillus sp. for both. Therefore, the studied approaches are respectful of the honeybee microbiota composition, conceivably without compromising the bee nutritional, social and ecological functions.
Effects of Operating Parameters on the Froth and Collection Zone Recovery in Flotation: An Industrial Case Study in a 10 m3 Cell
Authors: Ostadrahimi Mahdi , Farrokhpay Saeed , Gharibi Khodakaram , Dehghani Ali
Published: May 2021

The effects of flotation operation parameters, including froth depth, air flowrate, and frother dosage, on the froth and collection zone recovery and the flowrate of particles into the froth phase were investigated in a 10 m3 industrial cell. The results showed that froth recovery increases upon increasing air flowrate and frother dosage, as well as reducing froth depth. While all tested parameters affected the particles that entered into the froth phase, air flowrate and frother dosage showed the most and least significance, respectively. When the air flowrate, frother dosage, and froth depth were 146 m3/h, 150 mL/min, and 5 cm, respectively, froth recovery was found to be above 84%. Also, the effect of the parameters studied on collection zone recovery was different from their effect on the froth zone, with air flowrate having the greatest impact on the former.
Relationship between Chamosite Alteration and Fe-Plugging in Sandstone Pores during Acid In Situ Leaching of Uranium
Authors: Zhao Lixin , Li Po
Published: May 2021

Sandstone pore-plugging is a serious problem that bothers acid in situ leaching (ISL) uranium deposit, but currently, the mechanism of pore-plugging has not attracted much attention. In this study, using X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, and X-ray diffraction, we present both macro- and micro-evidence of pore-plugging occurred during acid in situ mining of sandstone uranium deposit at Yili Basin, NW (northwest) China. Our study reveals that in comparison with normal sandstones, the plugged sandstones are yellow in color and have relatively high contents of Fe and chamosite. The plugging in studied samples is mainly caused by precipitation of Fe(OH)3 at a pH of 2.0–4.0 for quantitative effect and by precipitation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) as well. Alteration/dissolution of chamosite and to a lesser extent, Fe-bearing microcline and muscovite, may have contributed iron for Fe(OH)3 precipitation. It is suggested that adjustment of injection pH < 2.0 throughout the leaching passage would be an effective way to avoid/minimize this type of sandstone pore-plugging.
Medicinal Plants with Anti-Leukemic Effects: A Review
Authors: Maher Tahani , Ahmad Raus Raha , Daddiouaissa Djabir , Ahmad Farah , Adzhar Noor Suhana , Latif Elda Surhaida , Abdulhafiz Ferid , Mohammed Arifullah
Published: May 2021

Leukemia is a leukocyte cancer that is characterized by anarchic growth of immature immune cells in the bone marrow, blood and spleen. There are many forms of leukemia, and the best course of therapy and the chance of a patient’s survival depend on the type of leukemic disease. Different forms of drugs have been used to treat leukemia. Due to the adverse effects associated with such therapies and drug resistance, the search for safer and more effective drugs remains one of the most challenging areas of research. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are important to improving outcomes. Almost half of the drugs utilized nowadays in treating cancer are from natural products and their derivatives. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of anti-leukemic drugs. The cytotoxicity and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of these plants to leukemic cells and their isolated compounds were investigated. Effort has been made throughout this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in leukemia therapies using plant-derived compounds and the crude extracts from various medicinal plants. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of these plants are discussed.
Organic Hollow Mesoporous Silica as a Promising Sandalwood Essential Oil Carrier
Authors: Xiao Zuobing , Bao Heqing , Jia Shuhan , Bao Yutian , Niu Yunwei , Kou Xingran
Published: May 2021

As film-forming agents, fillers and adsorbents, microplastics are often added to daily personal care products. Because of their chemical stability, they remain in the environment for thousands of years, endangering the safety of the environment and human health. Therefore, it is urgent to find an environmentally friendly substitute for microplastics. Using n-octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silicon sources, a novel, environmentally friendly, organic hollow mesoporous silica system is designed with a high loading capacity and excellent adsorption characteristics in this work. In our methodology, sandalwood essential oil (SEO) was successfully loaded into the nanoparticle cavities, and was involved in the formation of Pickering emulsion as well, with a content of up to 40% (w/w). The developed system was a stable carrier for the dispersion of SEO in water. This system can not only overcome the shortcomings of poor water solubility and volatility of sandalwood essential oil, but also act as a microplastic substitute with broad prospects in the cosmetics and personal care industry, laying a foundation for the preparation and applications of high loading capacity microcapsules in aqueous media.
Labor productivity on motor transport in the agricultural sector: the essence and Economic assessment
Authors: Maksimushkin M. N.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the economic assessment of road transport in the agricultural sector of the economy. In particular, the algorithm of calculation of labor productivity indices characterizing the intensity of the production process is given.
Organization of work of educational organizations to promote employment of graduates with disabilities: issues of theory and practice
Authors: Novikov V. G. , Gridasova E. A.
Published: May 2021

This article deals with issues related to the activities of an educational organization to promote employment of graduates of educational organizations that belong to the category of persons with disabilities and persons with disabilities. Attention is paid to the problems of formation and functioning of specialized structural divisions in higher education institutions, the structure and requirements for the personnel of such a division, the system of building an individual career trajectory and promoting employment, working with a psychologist in self-determination and building an individual career, organizing work practices for people with disabilities, working with potential employers.
Problems of the realization of economic relations in the subcomplex of milk production
Authors: Anokhin V. , Anokhina A.
Published: May 2021

The improvement of economic relationships is the important direction of the realization of the decisions on radical reorganization of management by economy and developments of the market relations. The organization of the system of the economic relations under the conditions of transition to market economy only gathers force. The experience of such organization in a subcomplex of milk production is thus far small, new forms of the intraeconomic relations take root slowly though formally market elements of the economic relations are widespread quite widely. Based on this the problem of formation of the economic relations was solved by finding of optimum organizational decisions at improvement of the existing systems in which all their elements are coordinated together.
Determinants of tax burden and their impact on labor productivity
Authors: Kopytina O. T. , Evsyukova T. G.
Published: May 2021

Were investigated the issues of the labor tax burden structure in Russia, including the foreign point of view. There are several methods for calculating the tax burden indicator, the value of which varies depending on the selected base indicator. Tax preferences, being one of the tools to increase labor productivity, mean reducing the tax burden on labor. The paper is devoted to the calculation of tax burdens and the defi nition of robust relationship with the production workforce. A correlation analysis was carried out, based on the identifi cation of a weak connection between the general tax burden and the production workforce. But at the same time, a stable relationship has been established between the tax burden and insurance contributions to extrabudgetary funds and labor productivity in agriculture.
ROAD SURFACE OF THE PAVEMENT COATING BRIDGE
Authors: Vysotskaya M. , Kurlykina A. , Kuznecov D. , Tkacheva A.
Published: May 2021

The current topic of the reliability of bridge structures in modern conditions and the role of the structural layers of the roadway (road surface) in increasing and maintaining their operational reliability and durability are considered. The existing standard designs of road surface clothing and the materials used for their arrangement are considered. The analysis and systematization of information from Russian and foreign sources on the construction of the clothing of the driving road indicates the prospects and technical and operational advantages of using cast asphalt concrete mixtures in the upper layers of the bridge pavement. It is noted that an effective road surface made of this material is capable of resisting existing loads, taking into account the specifics of the operation of the asphalt concrete surface during the established service life, additionally performing the protective waterproofing function of the metal structures of the bridge structure. The analysis of the literature demonstrates that active scientific research on the development and creation of effective cast asphalt concrete mixtures is primarily associated with the production and modification of its bituminous part, as a medium capable of initiating "self-healing" of the composite, independently eliminating structural defects. The rich experience of various methods of modifying bituminous binders, accumulated over the past few decades, allows to predict the prospects for using cast asphalt concrete in the construction of the roadway of bridge structures, based on improved binders, in order to create new high-quality materials that can improve the quality of the bridge network in the country.
IMPROVEMENT OF CLIMATE SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF COMFORT AND PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ORTHODOX CULTURAL FACILITIES
Authors: YEryemkin A. , Ponomareva I. , Trofimov D.
Published: May 2021

A special feature of Orthodox religious buildings is the presence in the worship hall of works of architecture, artistic murals, icons, frescoes, iconostases of historical and cultural value. The specificity of religious buildings: churches, temples and cathedrals is also year-round services and gatherings of a large number of parishioners and staff, reaching several thousand people. It is known that several dozen candlesticks with burning candles are installed in the halls of worship, and hundreds of kilograms of candles are burned throughout the year. Heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide, which emit harmful substances from people, and when candles are burned - soot, smoke, moisture, heat, carbon dioxide settle on the inner surfaces of the worship hall on the elements of design and decoration. As a result, the expensive decoration of the hall darkens over the years from smoke, moisture and other hazards - heat, moisture, carbon dioxide negatively affect the comfort conditions and well-being of parishioners and staff. To ensure the preservation of historical and cultural values and comfortable conditions, high requirements are imposed on the climatic parameters of the internal Orthodox religious buildings in the worship hall: churches, temples and cathedrals.
TOTHE BIOGRAPHY OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER P.O. SALMANOVICH
Authors: Zolotareva M. , Nikitin Y. , Granstrem M.
Published: May 2021

Peter Onufrievich Salmanovich graduated from the School of Civil Engineers in St. Petersburg. At this time, graduates of this educational institution worked in all areas related to various types of construction activities. Salmanovich is a prominent representative of the pleiades of graduates of the School of Civil Engineers. He made a significant contribution to the history of architecture and engineering related to the development of the railway industry in the second half of the XIX century, through the introduction of advanced technologies and engineering solutions. Along with his practice, Salmanovich was active in teaching at various higher educational institutions for the training of specialists in architectural and engineering specialties. It is no exaggeration to say that Salmanovich stood at the origins of the development of Russian engineering and construction science, the rise of which occurred in the second half of the XIX century. His scientific heritage is striking – textbooks and lecture courses on topical issues of the theory and practice of construction activities. Another area of activity of Salmanovich was public activity related to the improvement of construction legislation, existing norms and rules in the field of design and construction of buildings and structures.

To date, the creative heritage of Salmanovich is insufficiently studied and has not received a proper assessment. This article allows to more clearly present the personality, the scope of scientific and practical interests of this talented architect, engineer, teacher, propagandist of all the best in the field of construction practice and urban improvement.
La question de l’échelle dans la peinture de vases grecque
Authors: Halm-Tisserant Monique
Published: May 2021

Liées, depuis le haut archaïsme, à l’introduction du récit dans les arts décoratifs, les variantes d’échelle remettent en cause les lois qui régissent la composition de l’image (itération, isocéphalie). Les variantes ont pour objet de traduire, par des diminutions, la spécificité de certaines figures ou de résoudre les problèmes structurels de l’image peinte (syntagmes, accroissement vertical ou horizontal des schèmes). Elles permettent de surcroît la suggestion de la profondeur en proportionnant le schème anthropomorphe au contexte de la nature et en diminuant les échelles dans les plans successifs de la perspective.
Stylisation et problèmes d’échelle dans l’art laténien
Authors: Adam Anne-Marie
Published: May 2021

Si, à La Tène Ancienne, la forte stylisation constatée dans l’imagerie celtique semble reléguer au second plan les problèmes d’échelle, au profit de la recherche d’un effet avant tout décoratif, il n’en est pas de même à partir du IIIe siècle, dans le cas de l’évolution des représentations monétaires. L’étude des transformations variées subies en Gaule par les images d’avers et de revers du statère macédonien de Philippe II met en évidence l’importance des questions d’échelle et de proportion entre les différents éléments qui composent l’image. Et, même si nous ne comprenons pas tout le sens de ces représentations celtiques, il apparaît évident que le choix conscient des rapports de proportion est ici d’ordre symbolique, voire religieux.
Métrologie interprétative sur la statuaire de Qaitbay
Authors: Hairy Isabelle
Published: May 2021

Depuis la découverte en 1961 des premiers fragments sculptés immergés au pied du fort de Qaitbay à Alexandrie, la collection de statuaire s’est enrichie grâce notamment aux travaux effectués par le Centre d’Études Alexandrines (CEAlex) sur le site depuis 1994. En 2003, le CEAlex était en mesure de proposer les restitutions d’une série de statues : 4 couples de statues féminines et masculines représentant des pharaons, pour certains des souverains lagides, et leurs épouses en Isis, ainsi qu’une statue masculine représentant un roi. De leur étude, liée à celle d’une porte monumentale ayant appartenu au Phare d’Alexandrie, se dégage des caractéristiques technique, stylistique et métrologique qui intéressent l’étude de la sculpture de l’époque hellénistique. Le système de proportions mis en évidence par l’analyse des mesures pourrait constituer une des clefs de l’interprétation du groupe sculpté.
Choisir le meilleur: la royauté élective à Rome selon Denys d’Halicarnasse
Authors: Fromentin Valérie
Published: May 2021

According to the historiographers’ unanimous tradition, since Romulus kings in Rome were elected by the populus Romanus after a fixed procedure. In particular, the one who stood as candidate to the votes was preselected by senators for his personal qualities : he had to be «the best » , and that is why Romans would not waver in choosing a foreigner, provided that he should come up to that degree of excellence. Thus the new king was legitimate on a double ground, political and moral. Among all the trustworthy authorities we have, Dionysius of Halicarnassus is one who lays the most significant stress on the part played by personal value in the choice of a king. Using mainly a comparison with Livy, this article intends to bring to light and explain how original Dionysius’s report is on that matter of the royal election.
La Sparte de Platon
Authors: Lévy Edmond
Published: May 2021

In the Republic, the Spartan form of government, which Plato called timocracy, appears as the least bad of the imperfect governments. It adds to its own features those of aristocracy and of oligarchy, while the timocratic man is caracterized by passion and ambition. In the Laws, of the three Doric cities of the Peloponnesos Sparta is presented as the only one that could preserve a balanced constitution, combining double monarchy, gerousia and ephors : this government is therefore an harmonious association of the different forms of government.

The Lacedemonian society is less praised. In the Laws, the rough treatment of the Hilots is briefly criticized, while Spartan women are now blamed for their dissolute behaviour. Plato attacks also the excessive militarism of the Spartans and their neglecting «mousike » while favouring gymnastics. Their pederasty, considered with sympathy in the Republic, is severely condemned in the Laws.
Un autre conte de deux cités ou… Athéniennes et fières de l’être
Authors: Jacquemin Anne
Published: May 2021

Quoiqu’il ne soit que rarement attesté — les Athéniennes ayant peu l’occasion de faire des consécrations ou de mourir à l’étranger, en particulier à cause du préjugé qui s’attache à l’émigration des citoyens —, l’ethnique féminin Ἀθηναία existe et l’épigraphie ignore l’emploi d’ Ἀττική comme ctétique pseudoethnique féminin. Les usages grammaticaux expliquent l’emploi de l’expression ὁ δῆμος τῶν γυναικῶν face au δῆμος τῶν Ἀθηναίων dans les Thesmophories et Aristophane utilise le vocabulaire des relations entre Athènes et ses alliés, en donnant le rôle hégémonique au peuple des femmes.
Le sang et la blessure dans l’imagerie vasculaire de la guerre en Grèce
Authors: Halm-Tisserant Monique
Published: May 2021

Résumé –. Lorsqu’ils ont choisi de représenter dans l’iconographie de la guerre, porteuse des valeurs du combat homérique, le sang et la blessure, les peintres de vases ont recouru à une formulation soit symbolique (signe de l’arme), soit métaphorique (bandage héroïsant), soit naturaliste, peignant les différentes phases de de l’hémorragie (jets, saccades, coagulation) et les plaies (à cavité rectiligne, à cavité arrondie), fondant leurs transpositions graphiques sur l’observation et sur les descriptions des écrits poétiques et médicaux.
Offrandes orientales de prestige et notion d’archaïsme à la haute époque archaïque
Authors: Hoffmann Saint-Pierre Catherine
Published: May 2021

Abstract–. Since the research done by Louis Gernet, we know that objects carry some further values than just material and technical qualities. Archaeological remains, and particularly prestigious items, convey symbolic speeches depending on the archaeological context. During the Archaic period, some prestigious offerings dedicated in Greek sanctuaries recall, by their real or symbolic use, the archaic elite way of life. Some of these artefacts were displayed in the Homeric epics, a poetry used as The Reference to the Past, all along Antiquity. Thus, those dedications carried the values of “ archaism”. Among them, oriental offerings were, because of their origin, the most prestigious and valuable. Those items evoked the main activities of the elite living in archaic cities, such as war, banquet and hospitality, political power. The change of space and use – from movable objects to dedications erected in sanctuaries – increased some of their value, but it implied a modification of their function while still keeping the memory of an old time : this allusion to the Past reinforced in a new context their prestige which reflected also on the people who offered them. Moreover, these “ archaic” artefacts received new values and sometimes new uses due to their ancient prestigious functions. These objects described in the epics were manipulated by those who had the power : they were carrying ideas of prestige in sanctuaries, but with different modality involving new strategy from the dedicators.
La notion d’archaïsme et l’identité culturelle en Nabatène
Authors: Roche Marie-Jeanne
Published: May 2021

Abstract.– The question of traditionalism or even archaism (a deliberate use of old concepts) in Nabataean civilisation is investigated through language and script, religion and art. In script and religion, it is possible to distinguish simple traditionalism (the use of Aramaic writing, the worship of aniconic betyls) from archaism (the elaborate style of official writing, the eye idols). But in the arts, the situation is less clear : it seems that orientalizing art is rather an alternative to Hellenistic conceptions than a reference to a past, which has not left much memory.
Svastikas et compositions tournoyantes dans l’iconographie de l’Orient ancien : étude de cas
Authors: Beyer Dominique
Published: May 2021

Dans l’iconographie du Proche-Orient ancien, les compositions tournoyantes ont été assez peu étudiées. Dans une enquête portant sur le mouvement, il paraît intéressant d’examiner, à côté du motif récurrent du svastika, les différentes formules adoptées ici et là, sur le mode figuratif ou abstrait, pour suggérer visuellement la rotation, le tournoiement. Les réalisations les plus saisissantes restent sans doute celles des peintres céramistes de la tradition préhistorique, de Samarra à Suse par exemple.
À propos du mouvement dans les bas-reliefs néo-assyriens
Authors: Gillmann Nicolas
Published: May 2021

Concerning movement in Neo-Assyrian reliefs, no study has been undertaken yet in order to deal specially with this question. The author tried in this paper to examine this subject, by comparing Assyrian art with both Greek and Egyptian arts. The purpose of these comparisons is to emphasize the uniqueness of Assyrian works in the rendering of movement. It also refers to some currents of contemporary art in order to show the originality of Assyrian art in the field of dynamics.
La mudrâ, mouvement et geste symbolique des mains
Authors: Tarzi Zémaryalaï
Published: May 2021

To explain the mudras or in other words the movements of the hands, the author analyzed more then 2836 Buddhist representations from four regions or sites of the North West of India like Swat (Butkara I and Saïdu Sharif), Kapisa (Shotorak), Gandhara, Hadda and their artefacts cut in schist or moulded in stucco and clay in order to study their rate and probability. He specifies his investigation in quoting chosen examples of these regions, the cradle of the mudras, some of them being codified have been transmitted to south East Asia such as Abhayamudrâ (lack of fear), Dhyannamudrâ (meditation) Dharmacakramudrâ (teaching and preaching) and Bhumisparsamudâ (taking the earth to witness). Other mudras very close to their Hellenistic prototype such as the movements of the fore-arm slantwise or with the hand along the body, and the right hip or thigh had no following up in their evolution towards south Asia. On the other hand, other mudras often carried out by minor characters such as Añjalimudrâ made up by Indian artists since the IInd century BC became the world wide mudras of greeting, donation and prayer. This article gives plausible explanation on this subject.
Esculape, l’Afrique et la Grèce
Authors: Benseddik Nacéra
Published: May 2021

En Afrique, le culte d’Esculape a dû, comme nombre d’autres cultes, composer avec les croyances libyques et puniques autochtones. Il apparaît néanmoins encore, çà et là, dans les différentes provinces, fidèle à ses origines grecques par le rituel, l’iconographie ou les choix architecturaux. Ainsi, l’Asclépieium de Lambèse se veut, au milieu du IIe siècle après J.-C., un lien avec la Grèce classique, avec ses Asklépieia et plus précisément avec celui d’Epidaure, le plus prestigieux de tous.
Xénophon, Sparte, et Phlionte
Authors: Pontier Pierre
Published: May 2021

In the Hellenica, Xenophon shows a double concern in the story of the small city Phlious. First, he accounts for the foreign policy of the king Agesilaos and his φιλεταιρία, though with some reserves ; then, he praises the achievement of the faithful city after Leuctra. This praise of the Phliasian pistis aims at making up for the bad impression the siege had left in Greece. The digression about Phlious, which is to be taken as the paradigm of the small city as well as the heir to Spartan values and to the pragmatism of Agesilaos, partakes of a more general political thinking about small and great cities. This narrative could thus be seen as a valuable political alternative against Thebes, the Arcadians, and the new cities of Peloponnese (Megalopolis, Messene), about which the historian does not want to talk.
La présentation de Sparte par Xénophon dans les Helléniques, la République des Lacédémoniens et l’Agésilas
Authors: Daverio-Rocchi Giovanna
Published: May 2021

Per precisare le coordinate secondo le quali definire l’alterità di Sparta nelle Elleniche, occorre partire dalla specificità che le distinguono, senza però ignorare i punti di contatto e ponendo attenzione alle differenze con la Costituzione degli Spartani e l’Agesilao, che insieme all’opera storica costituiscono il trittico letterario con il quale Senofonte costruisce la sua rappresentazione della città. L’alterità è riconoscibile da moduli stilistici e narrativi. E’ una Sparta al plurale, ricca di protagonisti, che si distacca sia dal modello collettivo e dalla chiusura verso il mondo esterno che definisce la società degli homoioi secondo la Costituzione degli Spartani, sia dall’Agesilao, perché l’esemplarità della condotta è presentata come una pratica regolare di ogni Spartiate e non come comportamento eccezionale del sovrano in virtù della sua statura morale. E’ una storia parlata, perché il racconto evenemenziale è inframmezzato da numerosi discorsi e dialoghi, in contrasto con il codice del silenzio che costituisce una delle cifre principali del modello spartano. Tramite la pluralità dei protagonisti e la discorsività Senofonte ha disegnato un quadro alternativo al modello tradizionale del kosmos spartano, ma funzionale al programma storico di presentare una città calata a tutto tondo nella rete delle relazioni internazionali del suo tempo. Si registrano peraltro cambiamenti di prospettiva nella visione storica delle Elleniche : si va dalla internazionalità dei navarchi, giocata sul piano individuale, al ruolo centrale di Sparta nella rete dei contatti tra la Grecia e la Persia, e, infine, alla vocazione panellenica della città, passando per il progetto della egemonia condivisa tra Sparta e Atene.
Chasse et érotisme dans les mythes d'Ougarit
Authors: Husser Jean-Marie
Published: May 2021

The search for the Eastern origins of the Adonis myth brings us directly back to the Ugaritic legend of Aqhat. The death of the hero, killed during a hunting expedition by the goddess Anat, herself a huntress, takes on its full meaning only if one takes into account a symbolic code in which images of hunting and of eroticism combine to signify the coming of age of youths and their belonging to the world of adult men. This symbolic code is brought to light through the study of some metaphors in the mythological texts.
Interactions religieuses entre la Messara (Crète) et la Méditerranée orientale aux XIIe-VIIe siècles avant J.-C.
Authors: Lefèvre-Novaro Daniela
Published: May 2021

Les échanges commerciaux entre la Crète et la Méditerranée orientale, bien attestés à l’Age du Bronze, diminuent sensiblement pendant le XIIe et le XIe siècle. Cette raréfaction, liée aux bouleversements qui affectent ces régions à partir de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, n’entrave pas les influences religieuses réciproques, attestées par l’emprunt de symboles et de types iconographiques. Les phénomènes d’interaction religieuse entre la Crète, Chypre et la côte du Levant permettent de détecter un réseau de relations qui se réorganisent au cours des XIIe-VIIIe siècles.
La forêt qui cache l'arbre. De l'"Arbre-de-la-Vie" levantin aux diptères ioniques et à l'ordre corinthien
Authors: Petit Thierry
Published: May 2021

La double volute des chapiteaux dits «proto-éoliques» palestiniens et cypriotes est en réalité une synecdoque de l’Arbre-de-la-Vie biblique, tel qu’il apparaît sur nombre de représentations figurées. Ce symbole passera dans le monde égéen dans les ordres éolique et ionique. Une étape intermédiaire dans la création de ces ordres pourrait bien être attestée à Chypre, où l’association de la double volute, des denticules et de «fasces» s’observe à plusieurs reprises dans ce que l’on pourrait appeler un «ordre proto-éolique cypriote» . La signification eschatologique du motif ne s’est pas perdue en transitant vers l’ouest. Elle se retrouve aussi dans la création de l’ordre corinthien, de l’Antiquité à la Renaissance.
Grec σκύβαλον en latin
Authors: Bonnet Guillaume
Published: May 2021

We follow here the semantic development in Occident of a technical Greek word, which J.-L. Perpillou already studied in the Hellenistic world, until it becomes an insult in early medieval latin. Known in Rome initially as a «xenism» of medical use, it spread as an insult from a passage of New Testament Ph 3, 8, from its translation by Hieronymus, and through a climate of contempt for Jewish religion.
Les pratiques sympotiques à l'époque impériale. Des exemples de transferts culturels
Authors: Nadeau Robin
Published: May 2021

De nombreuses études récentes permettent de remettre en question le «modèle » du symposion grec «classique » à l’époque impériale. L’apparition de la femme mariée dans le banquet grec, notamment chez Plutarque et Clément d’Alexandrie, indique une évolution des moeurs et des pratiques. En parallèle, l’apparition du triclinium en pays hellènes, selon des témoignages littéraires et archéologiques, permettent également d’évoquer une modification de l’espace sympotique grec. Somme toute, le banquet en territoire hellène semble incorporer des éléments du banquet romain, en montrant à la fois des transferts culturels et le caractère dynamique du banquet, qui évolue en relation avec le contexte sociopolitique.
La consommation du vin en Grèce ancienne : idéalisation et réalité
Authors: García Soler María José
Published: May 2021

L’image du vin dans la littérature grecque présente un double aspect. D’abord, le vin est une composante très importante de la vie sociale des Grecs, en particulier dans le cadre du symposion. Ensuite, c’est une boisson qu’il fallait consommer selon des règles fixées qui permettaient aux buveurs de profiter des effets bénéfiques du vin. Mais les fréquents conseils de modération, les nombreux exemples de transgression des normes et la satire des auteurs comiques indiquent que la réalité était tout autre et que, souvent, la force du vin imposait sa propre loi.
Styles géométriques et production céramique du Géométrique grec
Authors: Halm-Tisserant Monique
Published: May 2021

La peinture de l’époque Géométrique (Xe-VIIIe s.) s’inscrit dans la continuité de l’histoire de la céramique grecque et apparaît tout à la fois comme une résurgence de l’art du Néolithique (Cyclades) et l’aboutissement de l’évolution de l’art mycénien, commencée à l’HRIIIC. L’approche comparative met en évidence le caractère atemporel, l’identité des procédures, propres à ce mode d’expression conceptuel, versus de la représentation figurative mimétique. Fondée sur la projection des formes naturelles dans les figures de la géométrie, la peinture de vases géométrique doit être abordée au plan structural (compositions), ornemental et figuratif (schèmes anthropomorphes), en fonction des procédés techniques (aplat, rabattement), des degrés d’iconicité, allant de la schématisation partielle (atelier du Dipylon) à l’abstraction (arts indigènes de Grande Grèce). Phénomène esthétique, l’art géométrique est aussi un produit de l’histoire, consécutif, selon les lieux et les périodes, à des mutations sociétales, des bouleversements culturels (diffusion de l’alphabet), des revendications identitaires (subgéométrique de l’Apulie).
La réception de l'art géométrique grec dans l'historiographie (fin du XIXe-milieu du XXe siècle)
Authors: Siebert Gérard
Published: May 2021

Gegen Ende des 19. Jh., in einem kulturellen Kontext, der sowohl durch den akademischen Kunstgeschmack als durch die Jugendstilerzeugnisse geprägt war, fand der griechische geometrische Stil kaum Anhaltspunkte in irgend welcher Klassifizierung. Die Kleinbronzen-und die Vasenfunde aus Olympia und aus dem Friedhof am Eridanos in Athen erwiesen ein Repertoire und eine Darstellungsart, die allgemein als „ primitiv“ galt. Die Vorstufen eines für die griechische Formenwelt so fremdartigen Stils suchte man sowohl im Nahen Osten (besonders auf Zypern), als in der indo-germanischen Vorgeschichte. Erfahrene Forscher betonten dennoch die Aussagekraft der Mensch-und Tiergestalten, sowie die harmonische Anpassung des Dekors an den keramischen Hintergrund. Allmählich wurden auch die richtige Chronologie und die Vielfalt der regionalen Wekstätte herausgearbeitet. Mit dem Auftritt des geometrischen Stils, Vorzeichen der Modernität, begann die Ästhetik der Mimesis ihren Vorrang einzubüßen.
Rire devant l'Aréopage ? (Eschine, I, 84)
Authors: Bouchet Christian
Published: May 2021

Dans le C. Timarque, 81-84, Eschine met en scène le porte-parole de l’Aréopage, Autolykos, qui déclenche les rires de l’assemblée quand il expose les projets de Timarque, alors même qu’il ne faut pas rire devant l’Aréopage. Dans le C. Ctésiphon, 20, ce même Aréopage est défini comme σκυθρωπός, «sévère » ou «sombre » . Dans les deux cas, l’Aréopage et le rire ne vont pas de pair. Après avoir analysé la vision particulière qu’Eschine propose de ce tribunal, je tâcherai de déterminer les raisons du rire qui éclate dans le C. Timarque. S’agit-il d’un rire vengeur, Eschine ayant un contentieux avec l’Aréopage ? Rien ne l’atteste vraiment. Il me semble que ce rire entre plutôt dans une stratégie rhétorique et judiciaire, à laquelle l’Aréopage, malgré sa solennité, n’échappe pas.
Ἁμαρτία. Étude lexicale et thématique de la notion de faute dans la Bibliothèque historique de Diodore de Sicile
Authors: Giovannelli-Jouanna Pascale
Published: May 2021

L’étude proposée ici comporte deux parties. La première est une analyse lexicale des occurrences des représentants de la famille d’ἁμαρτία dans le corpus de la Bibliothèque historique. Elle permet d’introduire une différence entre ἁμαρτία désignant une faute qui s’ignore initialement en tant que manquement, et ἁμάρτημα caractérisant un acte qui est par essence une infraction à un code. Elle permet également de mettre en évidence d’abord la pluralité des emplois d’ ἁμαρτάνω, qui couvre le sens premier de « manquer sa cible » aussi bien que des sens figurés dérivés tels que « échouer » ou « commettre une faute ou causer un tort », et dont les formes participiales fournissent des substituts lexicaux à ἁμαρτία et ἁμάρτημα. La seconde partie étudie le thème de l’ ἁμαρτία dans l’ensemble de la Bibliothèque historique. Elle montre d’abord que la faute intègre de façon récurrente un schéma binaire l’opposant au bienfait. Elle permet ensuite de caractériser le pouvoir tyrannique en tant que pouvoir dévoyé et criminel. Elle éclaire enfin la pratique historiographique de Diodore par l’analyse de ce qui constitue à ses yeux les « fautes » des historiens.
Le vocabulaire du commandement chez Aristophane
Authors: Jay-Robert Ghislaine
Published: May 2021

The vocabulary of order in Aristophanes is not well represented, but offers some interesting particularities. We establish that the comic poet differentiates political power from the others and does not believe in a strong and just power. Power, in the Athenian democracy, is disparaged and identified with the relation between master and slave. So Aristophanes prefers other relations that are not based only upon domination.
Le vocabulaire du commandement chez Isocrate
Authors: Bouchet Christian
Published: May 2021

It is certainly true that Isocrates was not an expert in military matters. Yet he wrote a lot about command, hegemony and power. How did he express it ? The ἡγεμών and the ἡγεμονία, which are to be distinguished from the ἀρχή, compose the first class of words. The second one is made of these terms : πρωτεύειν, προστῆναι, ἐπιστατεῖν, διοικεῖν, συστῆσαι, and ἐπιμέλεια. A systematic analysis, word by word, will prove that Isocrates has enlarged his view of command, which, in the case of Athens, is not to be restricted to military command. Lastly, the fast reading of a letter from [ Aristotle] to Philip will show the echo of the Isocratean discourse on this subject.
Le vocabulaire du commandement dans les traités militaires
Authors: Boëldieu-Trevet Jeannine
Published: May 2021

The vocabulary of command is analyzed in four different military treaties : On the cavalry commander by Xenophon, Poliorketica by Aeneas Tacticus, Tactics by Asclepiodotus and The General by Onasander. The terms which best define three of the aspects of command – i. e. to command (status and position of the one who commands), to order and to be obeyed – are purified from their original polysemy between the fourth century BC and the first century AD and thanks to quasi-technical specialized meanings, gradually highlight the orders and their execution more than the status of the one who commands.
Aristote platonicien? Platon a-t-il fait amende honorable?
Authors: Lévy Edmond
Published: May 2021

In many passages, even as late as the Laws, Plato appears to maintain his theory about ideas or forms of artefacts. The text of Metaphysics A9 991 b3-9 (and M5 1080 a 2-8) which seems to suggest that there were no such ideas, may have been misread : it is possible that it was not Plato but an Aristotle who thought or said of himself that he was a Platonician who in this text rejects the forms of a house or of a ring.
Donner à voir la différence. Détail et singularité dans la chapelle de Khnoumhotep II à Béni Hassan (XIXe siècle av. n. è., Égypte)
Authors: Donnat Sylvie
Published: May 2021

Résumé–. Bien que la peinture funéraire pharaonique ne propose pas une imitation réaliste du monde observé, mais plutôt une sorte de modélisation du réel guidée par un principe de représentation appelé «aspective » , le soin porté au détail, comme procédé particularisant un motif spécifique ou une oeuvre dans son ensemble, peut se révéler important dans certaines tombes remarquables. À travers le bel exemple de la chapelle funéraire de Khnoumhotep II à Béni Hassan, on essaiera de montrer, d’une part, que les rigides conventions du dessin égyptien n’interdisent pas le rendu détaillé de certains éléments du monde qui suscitent spécialement l’attention des artistes pharaoniques – notamment ce qui relève de l’irruption de l’altérité dans l’univers de l’homme égyptien –, et, d’autre part, qu’un détail original dans une scène peut être utilisé pour singulariser un programme décoratif autrement soumis à des règles iconographiques normatives assez strictes.
D'une condition sociale à un statut politique, les ambiguïtés du thète
Authors: Jacquemin Anne
Published: May 2021

Le mot thète renvoie à deux réalités, une réalité économique et sociale, celle du salarié libre, et une réalité politique à Athènes, celle du citoyen pauvre, théoriquement en dehors du groupe des mobilisables, des contribuables et de ceux qui font de la politique. Cette classe destinée à disparaître dans une démocratie guerrière et impérialiste par intégration au monde des soldats de milice est en fait sortie de la citoyenneté.
Intégrés ou dénoncés : la place faite aux pauvres dans les discours grecs sur la démocratie
Authors: Lenfant Dominique
Published: May 2021

An original feature of Athenian democracy was to give prominence to the poor in political life. I analyze here the place they had in representations of democracy, mainly on the basis of three texts : praise and criticism of that political system in Herodotus’ narrative (3.80-82), a speech to the glory of Athens made by Pericles in Thucydides’ history (2.37-41) and the antidemocratic pamphlet attributed to Xenophon (Constitution of the Athenians). What emerges is that the more one is hostile to democracy, the more one speaks of the poor. Pseudo-Xenophon begins a tradition which denounces democracy as a system which ensures the immoral domination of the rich by the poor. Although it has a well-attested filiation in the political philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, this view remained a marginal one in Athenian society. As for the official and popular democratic conception, it does not depict the system as exclusively favouring the poor. It avoids any idea of social antagonism, so as to depict the civic body as a harmonious unit, which helped strengthen its cohesion.
Poverty as argument in Athenian forensic speeches
Authors: Cecchet Lucia
Published: May 2021

This article explores the way in which common assumptions concerning poverty were used to construct persuasion strategies in Athenian forensic speeches. These rhetorical tactics were supported by the dramatized presentation to the court of “poor people”. They provide valuable information on the perception of – and imagery on – poverty in the Athenian society of the late fifth and fourth centuries BC.
L'ἐπιστάτης et le στρατηγὸς καὶ ἐπιστάτης τῆς πόλεως. Problèmes ouverts d'administration du pouvoir entre Séleucides et Parthes
Authors: Muccioli Federicomaria
Published: May 2021

L’article, qui s’inscrit dans les discussions portant sur la datation de l’inscription OGIS 254, de provenance inconnue, propose une réflexion sur la fonction de stratège et épistate de la cité qui se trouve mentionnée dans cette inscription : si les épistates sont connus du royaume séleucide, le cumul des fonctions de stratège et épistate constitue bien une spécificité arsacide. Elle s’explique probablement par la situation politique troublée qu’ont connue les cités de Mésopotamie à certaines périodes de la domination arsacide. Une datation arsacide pour OGIS 254 ne fait donc guère de doute ; certains indices incitent en outre à penser qu’elle provient de Babylone.