bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct responses of antagonistic and mutualistic networks to agricultural intensification
Authors: Morrison Beth M. L. , Dirzo Rodolfo
Published: June 2020

Species interaction networks, which govern the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem processes within ecological communities, are being rapidly altered by anthropogenic activities worldwide. Studies on the response of species interaction networks to anthropogenic disturbance have almost exclusively focused on one interaction type at a time, such as mutualistic or antagonistic interactions, making it challenging to decipher how networks of different interaction types respond to the same anthropogenic disturbance. Moreover, few studies have simultaneously focused on the two main components of network structure: network topology (i.e., architecture) and network ecology (i.e., species identities and interaction turnover), thereby limiting our understanding of the ecological drivers underlying changes in network topology in response to anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we used 16,400 plant–pollinator and plant–herbivore interaction observations from 16 sites along an agricultural intensification gradient to compare changes in network topology and ecology between mutualistic and antagonistic networks. We measured two aspects of network topology—nestedness and modularity—and found that although the mutualistic networks were consistently more nested than antagonistic networks and antagonistic networks were consistently more modular, the rate of change in nestedness and modularity along the gradient was comparable between the two network types. Change in network ecology, however, was distinct between mutualistic and antagonistic networks, with partner switching making a significantly larger contribution to interaction turnover in the mutualistic networks than in the antagonistic networks, and species turnover being a strong contributor to interaction turnover in the antagonistic networks. The ecological and topological changes we observed in the antagonistic and mutualistic networks have different implications for pollinator and herbivore communities in agricultural landscapes, and support the idea that pollinators are more labile in their interaction partner choice, whereas herbivores form more reciprocally specialized, and therefore more vulnerable, interactions. Our results also demonstrate that studying both topological and ecological network structure can help to elucidate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on ecological communities, with applications for conservation and restoration of species interactions and the ecosystem processes they maintain.
Lixisenatide in type 1 diabetes: A randomised control trial of the effect of lixisenatide on post‐meal glucose excursions and glucagon in type 1 diabetes patients
Authors: Ballav Chitrabhanu , Dhere Archana , Kennedy Irene , Agbaje Olorunsola F. , White Sarah , Franklin Rachel , Hartmann Bolette , Holst Jens J. , Holman Rury R. , Owen Katharine R.
Published: June 2020

Aims

The GLP1 agonist lixisenatide is glucagonostatic and reduces post‐prandial blood glucose (PPBG) in type 2 diabetes. This study investigates its impact in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

In a blinded, crossover trial, 25 patients with T1D were randomised to 4 weeks adjunctive treatment with lixisenatide (L) or placebo (P), with a 4‐week washout period. The primary outcome was percentage of 3 hours PPBG in target (4‐10 mmol/L) assessed by CGM before and after treatment. Participants also underwent post‐treatment standardised mixed meal test (MMT, n = 25) and hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamp (n = 15).

Results

PPBG CGM readings in target were similar between L vs P (Mean % ± SE, breakfast 45.4 ± 6.0 vs 44.3 ± 6.0, P = .48, lunch 45.5 ± 5.8 vs 50.6 ± 5.3, P = .27 and dinner 43.0 ± 6.7 vs 47.7 ± 5.6, P = .30). HbA1C was similar between L vs P (64.7 ± 1.6 vs 64.1 ± 1.6 mmol/mol, P = .30). Prandial insulin fell after lixisenatide (dose change −0.7 ± 0.6 vs +2.4 ± 0.7 units/d, P = .004), but basal insulin dose was similar between groups. The post‐MMT glucose area under the curve (AUC) was lower with L than P (392.0 ± 167.7 vs 628.1 ± 132.5 mmol/L × min, P < .001), as was the corresponding glucagon AUC (140.0 ± 110.0 vs 304.2 ± 148.2 nmol/L × min, P < .001). Glucagon and counter‐regulatory hormone values at a blood glucose of 2.4 mmol/L during the hypoglycaemic clamp were similar between L and P.

Conclusion

In T1D, PPBG values were not altered by adjunctive lixisenatide although prandial insulin dose fell. Glucose and glucagon level during an MMT were significantly lower after lixisenatide, without affecting counter‐regulatory response during hypoglycaemia.
Propagermanium administration for patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: A randomized pilot trial
Authors: Hara Akinori , Shimizu Miho , Hamaguchi Erika , Kakuda Hirokazu , Ikeda Kenzo , Okumura Toshiya , Kitagawa Kiyoki , Koshino Yoshitaka , Kobayashi Motoo , Takasawa Kazuya , Hisada Yukimasa , Toyama Tadashi , Iwata Yasunori , Sakai Norihiko , Wada Takashi
Published: June 2020

Aims

We assessed the potential efficacy and safety of propagermanium (PG), an organic compound that inhibits the C–C chemokine receptor type 2, administration in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Furthermore, we assessed the feasibility of future studies.

Materials and methods

We recruited patients from nine medical institutions in Japan for this randomized, open‐label, parallel two‐arm pilot trial. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, age 30‐75 years, dipstick proteinuria of ≥1+ or urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) of ≥30 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients were randomly assigned (1:2) using a minimization algorithm to either continuing usual care or concomitant administration of 30 mg PG per day for 12 months. The primary outcome was the change in UACR from baseline to 12 months. We also collected safety information for all patients who received at least one dose of PG.

Results

We enrolled 29 patients, 10 were assigned to continue usual care and 19 to receive PG. Changes in UACR by PG in addition to the usual care were 25.0% (95% CI −20.4%, 96.5%, P = .33). No severe adverse events or renal events were observed during the study.

Conclusion

Although the treatment with PG was generally well tolerated, the dosage of 30 mg/d for 12 months did not reduce albuminuria when used in addition to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Efficacy of PG should be verified in future definitive trials.
18F‐FDG PET/CT brain glucose metabolism as a marker of different types of depression comorbidity in chronic heart failure patients with impaired systolic function
Authors: Lyra Vassiliki , Parissis John , Kallergi Maria , Rizos Emmanouil , Filippatos Gerasimos , Kremastinos Dimitrios , Chatziioannou Sofia
Published: June 2020

Aims

Depression is an important issue in heart failure (HF). The study investigated whole‐brain and regional brain glucose metabolism in HF patients and its association with depression comorbidity.

Methods and results

Twenty‐nine hospitalized patients with symptomatic systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%), New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II–IV and mean age of 55.5 ± 12.0 years, had psychometric questionnaires before discharge and an 18F‐FDG PET/CT brain scan after discharge. Semi‐automated image analysis was performed on all cases and 30 matched controls. The metabolic parameter mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) was calculated for the whole brain and three brain regions implicated in depression pathogenesis. A standardized SUVmean was also estimated by dividing regional brain SUVmean with whole‐brain SUVmean. Cases had lower average whole‐brain SUVmean (3.90 ± 1.49 vs. 5.10 ± 1.35, P = 0.001) and average regional brain SUVmean (4.57 ± 2.31 vs. 9.96 ± 3.58, P < 0.001) compared to controls. Whole‐brain SUVmean had a significant correlation with patient age, NYHA class, diabetes, creatinine levels, depression, and cognitive impairment. Regional brain SUVmean was correlated with whole‐brain SUVmean and depression. The standardized SUVmean, in particular, was found to be a robust index that could differentiate HF patients with ‘epiphenomenal’ (>0.93) or ‘real’ (≤0.93) depression.

Conclusion

Heart failure patients with more severe disease showed whole‐brain and regional brain hypometabolism in 18F‐FDG PET/CT. Depressed HF patients (Beck Depression Inventory score >13) exhibited different metabolic patterns that could be used to differentiate between ‘epiphenomenal’ and ‘real’ depression. Namely, presence of whole‐brain hypometabolism suggested ‘epiphenomenal’ depression, whereas absence suggested ‘real’ depression. Presence of significant relative regional brain hypometabolism enhanced the likelihood of ‘real’ depression diagnosis.
Metal‐Catalyzed Regiospecific (4+3) Cyclization of 2‐Indolylmethanols with ortho‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Zhou Si‐Jia , Sun Meng , Wang Jing‐Yi , Yu Xian‐Yang , Lu Han , Zhang Yu‐Chen , Shi Feng
Published: June 2020

The first metal‐catalyzed C3‐nucleophilic (4+3) cyclization of 2‐indolylmethanols with stable ortho‐quinone methides has been established, which constructed indole‐based seven‐membered heterocycles in high yields (70 %‐98 %) with regiospecificity. This reaction has tackled the challenges in exploring the C3‐nucleophilicity of 2‐indolylmethanols, which will contribute to the chemistry of 2‐indolylmethanols, especially to metal‐catalyzed cyclizations of 2‐indolylmethanols. In addition, this approach will provide a useful method for constructing indole‐based seven‐membered heterocycles with high efficiency and regioselectivity.
Homocyclic o‐dicarboxaldehydes: Derivatization reagents for sensitive analysis of amino acids and related compounds by capillary and microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Celá Andrea , Glatz Zdeněk
Published: June 2020

Amino acids are essential compounds for living organisms, and their determination in biological fluids is crucial for the clinical analysis and diagnosis of many diseases. However, the detection of most amino acids is hindered by the lack of a strong chromophore/fluorophore or electrochemically active group in their chemical structures. The highly sensitive determination of amino acids often requires derivatization. Capillary electrophoresis is a separation technique with excellent characteristics for the analysis of amino acids in biological fluids. Moreover, it offers the possibility of precapillary, on‐capillary, or postcapillary derivatization. Each derivatization approach has specific demands in terms of the chemistry involved in the derivatization, which is discussed in this review. The family of homocyclic o‐dicarboxaldehyde compounds, namely o‐phthalaldehyde, naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde, and anthracene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde, are powerful derivatization reagents for the determination of amino acids and related compounds. In the presence of suitable nucleophiles they react with the primary amino group to form both fluorescent and electroactive derivatives. Moreover, the reaction rate enables all of the derivatization approaches mentioned above. This review focuses on articles that deal with using these reagents for the derivatization of amino acids and related compounds for ultraviolet‐visible spectrometry, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. Applications in capillary and microchip electrophoresis are summarized and discussed.
Bladder cancer hunting: A microfluidic paper‐based analytical device
Authors: Jiang Qingyun , Han Tingting , Ren Haijun , Aziz Aziz Ur Rehman , Li Na , Zhang Hangyu , Zhang Zhengyao , Liu Bo
Published: June 2020

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and it is becoming a prevalent malignancy. Most of the regular clinical examinations are prompt evaluations with cystoscopy, renal function testing, which require high‐precision instrument, well‐trained operators, and high cost. In this study, a microfluidic paper‐based analytical device (μPAD) was fabricated to detect nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) and bladder cancer antigen (BTA) from the urine samples. Urine samples were collected from 11 bladder cancer patients and 10 well‐beings as experiment and control groups, respectively, to verify the working efficiency of μPAD. A remarkable checkout efficiency of up to 90.91% was found from the results. Meanwhile, this method is feasible for home‐based self‐detection from urine samples within 10 min for the total process, which provides a new way for quick, economical, and convenient tumor diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and drug response.
Analysis and design of low‐power and high‐gain complementary metal oxide semi‐conductor low noise amplifier operating at 28 GHz frequency for millimeter wave LEOS, local multiport distribution system and radar application
Authors: Suganthi K , Malarvizhi S
Published: June 2020

Low‐noise amplifier supports broadband standards with the advantage of low‐power, high‐gain, and low noise figure (NF). The low‐frequency design of this low‐noise amplifier (LNA) is used for multistandard wireless applications and the high‐frequency design of this LNA can be used in millimeter wave radar applications. This LNA is designed at the front‐end for amplification in the receiver side, so that signal to noise is adjusted on the multistandard receivers. LNA permits performance of the design with various parameters like NF, power efficiency, gain of the LNA, figure of merits, and linearity of the low‐noise amplifier. In 28 GHz, millimeter wave (mmW) circuits' design and analysis with high gain, low power, low NF, and wide bandwidth are preferred for radio frequency front end. This paper discusses, the Cascode design of CMOS LNA circuit at 28 GHz, and the novelty of the design is that it can operate at two different set of frequency bands (21 and 28 GHz) and it is multiband and multitunable. The design's conversion gain (S21) of 17.4 dB, NF of 4 dB, stability of 1, power optimized to 22.3 mW, and area of 0.399mm2 are reported. The input and output reflection coefficients are S11 ≤ −10 dB and S22 ≤ −10 dB. Electromagnetic simulation is performed using advanced design system tool. Output power of the proposed design is 2 dBm, transition frequency (fT) is 64GHz, and maximum operating frequency (fmax) is 96GHz. The observed results show that the proposed CMOS LNA design finds its suitability in mmW cloud radar application of mono‐pulse radar system and radar front‐end receiver circuits.
The Value of Real‐Time Pricing for Utilities and Customers
Authors: Behrens Justin , Hulsebosch Tom , Zolton Kaiti
Published: June 2020

As distributed energy resources (DERs) expand across electricity grids and the transportation and building sectors rapidly electrify, loads become less predictable. Utilities are looking for ways to continue providing reliable service to customers while managing the electric grid to meet changing supply and use patterns. This article explores the value that real‐time pricing of electricity can provide to customers, utilities, and generators by providing greater insight on energy use and load profiles.
The dental externship: an educational methodology for extramural experiences
Authors: Caine RL
Published: June 2020

Although this pilot program in extramural experiences failed to confront any major injustices of the health care system, the establishment of the externship succeeded in filling a major gap in the present curriculum. The selected sites afforded students the experience of relating to psychiatric patients, institutional bureaucracy, and incarcerated populations. Social attitudes appeared modified as a consequence of the externship, and a commitment to improve the delivery system was made.
A survey of extramural experiences for dental students
Authors: Gardiner JF , Lotzkar S
Published: June 2020

A survey was conducted of the chairmen of the departments of community dentistry (or an equivalent department) within all full‐curriculum dental schools in the United States as of September 1973, to obtain information on the rane of extramural experiences, the departmental responsibilities for these experiences, the times and the distributions of the experiences, and on feedback related to the experiences. Thirty‐six respondents reported a wide variety of experiences with most activities under the auspices of departments of community dentistry. A trend toward concentration of the extramural experiences in the latter years of the curriculum was noted. Feedback from both the participating dental students and the patients was mostly positive to strongly positive. Most responding chairmen agreed that the extramural experiences may be helping to create a more socially conscious graduate, although few had conducted formal evaluations of the programs which could support this impression.
Effect of an extramural program of dental care for the special patient on attitudes of students
Authors: Miller SL , Heil J
Published: June 2020

All too frequently, courses and clinical experiences are introduced in dental education merely becausse they seem to be the popular things to do. Unfortunately, however, just as frequently such experiences are inappropriately planned and developed; they fail to achieve the basic purpose behind their introduction. This study reports such a failure in dental education. A course in dental care for the special patient was hastily and inadequately conceived and implemented. Thecourse did not achieve its objective'in fact, had it been allowed to continuein subsequent years, it could have done more harm than good. The means exist for evaluating whatever id done, and the educator should be willing to accept failure as well as success. The recognition and identification of failure can infact serve a worthwhile purpose, to the advantage of the system, if the elementscontributing to the failure are identified and proper changes are introduced.
Peer review of a dental curriculum: how one school did it
Authors: Morse PK , Dirksen TR
Published: June 2020

The Curriculum Committee of the Medical College of Georgia implemented a formal course‐by‐course review of their entire dental curriculum after first adopting positions with respect to faculty philosophical concerns. The strategy adopted was to evaluate the articulation of the various courses into a coherent whole by using reviewers who taught related courses but were outside the particular department or discipline. In general, findings indicated a satisfactory degree of articulation. Some reviewers reported serendipitous outcomes for themselves as a result of reviewing the courses of others.
Barriers to identification and motivation of minority group members for dentistry
Authors: Mulvihill JE
Published: June 2020

The barriers preventing dental students from pursuing dental careers are formidable, and the lack of commitment is really the major one. Before future students can become informed and motivated and can commit themselves to a career in dentistry, they must see the full sustained and honest commitment of those who teach and advise them, as well as of those who practice the profession. Once assured of this, they can proceed together with the profession to dismantle the other barriers.
Academic tenure and collective bargaining in American dental schools
Authors: Whitman NA
Published: June 2020

In thier survey of organizational structures in American dental schools, Dilts and Fields reported that the organization and administration of dental schools are of importance in the operation and attainment of educational goals. If one institutional goal is to provide faculty with attractive working conditions, then academic tenure and collective bargaining are important. In this respect, dental schools run true to higher education form. Having great variability, tenure systems were reported to be universal in dental schools. On the other hand, collective bargaining was found to be a new phenomenon on trial. The experience of dental schools with academic tenure and the trial of collective bargaining are of some interest to all college educators. Dilts and Fields concluded that “Although dental education is traditional in nature, resisting changes as do other phases of higher education, the results indicate that dental education is dynamic and is responding to internal as well as external needs.” Dental educators may wish to follow these tenure and union issues to help determine successful policies for the conditions of dental faculty employment.
The basic science curriculun problem in dental education: some causes and solutions
Authors: Adams AB
Published: June 2020

At present there is no established purpose generally agreed on by members of the dental profession for the basic sciences in the dental curriculum. Such a purpose, supported by the entire profession, is considered a necessary first step in improving the basic science curriculum. Substantive basic science courses should be taught by instructors, holding a Ph.D. degree. These basic science instructructors, however, need the respect of the clinical faculty in order to be effective in teaching dental students. They also need to be given professional opportunity equal to that given clinical faculty if they are to commit themselves to dental education. The role of the clinical faculty in teaching the scientific basis of clinical methods is described, and the need for cooperation and communication between the basic science and clinical faculties is emphasized. Regularly scheduled faculty workshops are recommended for this purpose. A decrease in student contact time for clinical faculty is also suggested. The dental profession, led by dental educators, with advice from other health professionals, dental students, and the general public, is the logical body to define the purpose of basic science in dental education.
Comparison of personal values among freshman and senior dental students and dental faculty
Authors: Silberman SL
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of dental education on the values of dental students and dental faculty. This was accomplished by testing five hypotheses. The results of the study indicate no significant differences between freshmen and senior students' values; infer no apparent changes in student values during a dental education; indicate no significant differences between part‐time faculty and full‐time faculty; support a positive association among all groups, i.e., freshmen, seniors, full‐ and part‐time faculty; rank‐order the values for all groups from highest to lowest (theoretical, aesthetic, political, economic, social, and religious); and show some significant differences between students as a group and faculty as a group. If a more objective means of choosing dental students is desired, then further research will be needed to determine the characteristics of the type of practitioner that is needed. The presented data help in defining one aspect of the collective personality of dental students and dental faculties.
Undergraduate grades, class standings, and performance in a graduate orthodontics curriculum
Authors: Harris JE , Kowalski CJ
Published: June 2020

This study shows that graduate performance correlates poorly with undergraduate class standing; that relatively large differences in class standing are not generally accompanied by correspondingly large differences in grade point average; and that performance in just ten courses, taken in the freshman and sophomores years, predicts, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88, the final undergraduate class ranking of a student. It is argued that variables other than class rank should receive more weight in the selection of graduate dental students. Undergraduate orthodontics courses made no significant contribution to this prediction. These factors, when combined with a failure to include other relevant factors in selecting graduate students (in particular, the failure to take into account any postgraduate clinical experience), explain the low correlation between undergraduate class rank and performance in the graduate orthodontics program. It is suggested therefore that factors other than undergraduate class rank receive considerably more weight in the selection process.
A plastic tube technique for direct vision of endodontic procedures
Authors: Fleisher RM , Heintz CE
Published: June 2020

A technique for the direct visualization of endodontic procedures utilizing clear plastic tubes machined to simulate root canals is described. The visualization of endodontic procedures allows for their evaluation by the clinician as well as their use as an adjunct to didactic courses in endodontics. During mechanical instrumentation it is evident that a concerted effort must be made to debride all of the walls of a canal. Hydraulic forces are seen to play a major role in irrigation and in applying root canal cement. The technique also reveals voids in the completed root canal filling when verticle condensation is used to obturate the canals.
Overdentures and swing lock partial dentures as alternatives to traditional removable prosthodontics: a survey of American dental schools
Authors: Renner RP , Foerth D , Antos E
Published: June 2020

The surveys were intended to determine the amount of exposure students received in undergraduate education to swing lock partials and overdenture service. The results show that even though the concept of overdenture service is taught at all dental schools, the number of students who actually complete cases is small. The concept of swing lock partial dentures is taught in only half the dental schools.
Pharmacology national board examinations: factors that may influence performance
Authors: Neidle EA , Kahn N
Published: June 2020

Data from a survey of pharmacology courses in 60 dental schools were used to determine whether certain teaching variables affect performance in pharmacology National Board examinations. In addition, three‐year class‐averaged pharmacology scores and, rarely, one‐year averaged scores were correlated with several admissions variables. While correlations between some admissions variables and pharmacology scores were quite good, the averaged pharmacology scores were not powerfully affected by course length, placement of the course in the curriculum, length of the curriculum, or the presence of a dentally trained pharmacologist in the department. It is suggested that other factors, related to the student and his capabilities, influence performance on National Boards. Dental pharmacology courses should be designed to given students the best possible exposure to an important basic science, not to make them perform well on National Boards, because student performance on National Boards may be independent of the nature of the didactic courses.
The professional role of the dental hygienist as viewed by accreditation commissioners and consultants
Authors: Vanable ED
Published: June 2020

Members of the Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs and of its associated Committee D (Committee on Dental Hygiene) were asked a series of questions designed to elicit their positions on (1) the occupational status of dental hygiene in society at large and in the social prestige hierarchy of the dental profession, (2) reference groups for dental hygienists, (3) ethical norms for the hygienist role, (4) revivalism movements within dental hygiene, and (5) images of the “ideal dental hygienist.” Results indicate that commissioners and consultants see dental hygienists as (1) ranking 7.1 on a ten‐point scale of professional status in the community‐at‐large, (2) somewhat lower than dentists but higher than other auxiliaries in the social hierarchy of the dental profession, (3) socially referenced to dentists rather than hygienists, (4) primarily oral health educators with strong clinical skills, (5) better educated and more skilled now than they have ever been before, (6) bound to essentially the same ethics as dentists, except for self‐regulation, and (7) much too aggressive at the national level for their own good. The ideal dental hygienist was seen as a behavioral change specialist with (1) clinical skills, (2) an attitude of service to patients (3) a willingness to work with dentists to increase the scope of dental hygiene duties in the preventive and periodontal areas, and (4) a willingness to leave the decisions regarding the profession of dental hygiene to dentists.
Beliefs of dental faculty and students about effective clinical teaching behaviors
Authors: Myers B
Published: June 2020

Both faculty and students in the College of Dentistry at The Ohio State University participated in a study to identify their beliefs about what clinical instructors should do to be effective and efficient teachers. In the first stage of a two‐stage study, dental faculty members were asked to write out in as much detail as possible what things they believed clinical instructors should do when teaching. Similarly, junior and senior dental students were asked to describe what clinical instructor behaviors they believed enhanced their learning. All the descriptions were read and summarized, and a checklist of the behaviors was constructed. In the second stage both faculty and students were asked to respond to the importance of each behavior. The responses were factor analyzed, and the most important specific behaviors were identified. Five of the factors seem to describe dimensions of teaching of special importance for dental clinical faculty.
Self‐instruction in dentistry: a critique
Authors: Guild RE
Published: June 2020

Recent activity and interest in self‐instruction and programmed self‐instruction emerged from studies which demonstrated the central importance of learner response with prompt consequences. Self‐instructional procedures in formal education, e.g., teaching machines, were initially designed to be an improvement over conventional show‐and‐tell instruction in the arrangement of systematic student response, prompt consequences, and student self‐pacing. A minority of self‐instructional procedures in dentistry reflect that intent. The evidence discussed suggests that dental education may be the worse for that omission. Suggestions for the improvement of self‐instructional in dentistry are presented.
A training model for alternative teaching methods for a school of dentistry
Authors: Yanoff JM , Allender R
Published: June 2020

In the summer of 1974 the University of Louisville contracted with an educational consulting team to develop a training program to build alternative teaching methods for the school's educational program. A four‐stage model consonant with the goals and objectives of the administration, the faculty, and the consultants was established. The uniqueness of the model was its personalization to individual faculty members' needs and educational interests. While other intervention processes which address the cognitive aspects of education have been developed, this model focused upon the real day‐to‐day problems faced by faculty. The model addressed itself to people rather than to theory and dealt with interpersonal behavior, communication skills, and classroom dynamics in education. This paper described the four phases of the training model developed for the University of Louisville and discusses the results of using the model.
Faculty evaluation: review of the literature most pertinent to dental education
Authors: Chambers DW
Published: June 2020

Each dental school will fashion its own faculty evaluation system. The results will be a network of activities related to such questions as these: What are valid sources of information? Which aspects of instructors' responsibilities are most significant? Which questions need answers? How should the system be operated? This review has focused on what is currently being discussed and attempted in each of these critical areas. Faculty evaluation takes place in an essentially political context, and dental educators are now awakening to the political forces at work in the profession. Faculty evaluation is also a scientific process, or at least one capable of being greatly improved by rigorous, empirical study, which has yet to be performed. Finally, the exact form of faculty evaluation developed at each school will likely be unique, since it will depend on the institution's resources, size, funding base, academic affiliation, and the personal preferences of concerned individuals. The degree of success or failure of an evaluation system will depend on how the chosen combination of purposes, sources, objects of evaluation, and implementation strategy serves the needs of the school and its personnel.
Movies and dental perceptual‐motor skills
Authors: Guild RE
Published: June 2020

The burgeoning popularity of motion pictures in dental education, despite the absence of supporting data, presents the possibility that the medium is being used uncritically. Assumptions underlying the choice and production of dental films are enumerated and critiqued. The assumption that the typical dental procedure film provides a useful model of dental motions is seriously questioned. Potentially superior alternatives are proposed.
The physicians assistant: a new breed of dental educator
Authors: DeVore L , Shapiro S
Published: June 2020

This article presents the concept of the physicians assistant as a new manpower source for teaching physical diagnosis in the dental school curriculum, and describes the role of the physicians assistant at The University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry. The education and training of the physicians assistant are explored, and his or her qualifications for teaching this type of course are considered. The advantages and cost effectiveness of using this type of educator, rather than a physician, are discussed. Finally, the positive impact of these new educators at Oklahoma is reviewed. Based on our experience, we suggest that other colleges of dentistry investigate this new manpower resource.
Faculty qualifications and teaching responsibilities of community college dental hygiene faculty
Authors: Hedl JJ , Kinney MB
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this survey was to assess the current status of community college dental hygiene faculty qualifications in relationship to assigned teaching responsibilities. Data were collected on 508 full‐time and part‐time faculty from 92 of the 101 community college dental hygiene programs active in the spring of 1977. The majority of faculty degrees were in nondental hygiene disciplines, particularly at the graduate level. The predominant degree was in education. Teaching assignments were generally independent of degree levels and dental hygienists had major teaching assignments in all biomedical, dental, and clinical science areas. Of the dental hygienists serving as program directors, 71% had degrees at or above the master's level. The hypothesis that newer programs tend to have less qualified faculty was not supported. These findings should be of assistance to academic programs preparing dental hygienists for teaching careers by delineating the nature of current teaching assignments in community college settings.
Improving slide illustrated presentations
Authors: Cooley RL , Barkmeier WW
Published: June 2020

Slide illustrated presentations can be improved with dual image projection. A dissolve control unit can be used to enhance the presentation of sequence material and also can be incorporated into the dual image system of the slide delivery.
Improved reliability of dental radiography by application of x‐ray beam‐guiding instruments: a two‐year report
Authors: Jensen TW
Published: June 2020

Demands on dental practitioners for documentation of patient needs plus evidence of high rates of inadequate radiographs in teaching and practice reveal a need for accurate, simplified radiographic techniques. New procedures using X‐ray beam‐guiding instruments were used for all periapical films in a clinical teaching program. Data collected over two years showed a high procedural reliability with these instruments. The film quality and low retake rate may have been due to the beam‐guiding effect that also assures minimum patient exposure to radiation. Since beam‐guiding instruments may also reduce the time expenditure in teaching and practice, the proposed procedures may be able to provide better radiography for less expense.
Criterion‐oriented grading system for preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course
Authors: Dhuru VB , Rypel TS , Johnston WM
Published: June 2020

The object of this study was to evaluate instructor reliabilities when using empirical or traditional and criterion‐oriented grading methods. To do so, 52 sample preparations made in plastic teeth by freshman dental students in the preclinical operative dentistry laboratory course were graded by 12 instructors. The preparations included those for amalgam, inlay, and gold foil restorations. The instructors were divided into two groups according to their teaching experience. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated by using a one way analysis of variance technique. The criterion method, in general, yielded greater intraclass correlation coefficients. The increase in the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be significant at the alpha = 0.10 error level for all restorations judged by experienced instructors. The different degrees of increase in correlation may be attributed to the vary ing clinical biases of the instructors and the differences in the types of preparations.
The impact of a curriculum change on student attitude and ultimate professional behavior
Authors: Lange BM , Pudwill ML , Simon JF
Published: June 2020

The longitudinal effects of curriculum changes on student attitude and the relationship between attitudes as students and behavior as a professionals in practice are explored in this paper. A curriculum change (treatment of handicapped patients) was planned, introduced, and its effects on student attitude and professional behavior monitored. Findings indicate that: (1) exposure to handicapping conditions significantly lowered student humanitarian attitudes about the treatment of handicapped patients, (2) involvement with handicapped, regardless of the type of involvement (i.e. clinical or supervising oral hygiene care), appears to adversely affect humanitarian attitudes of students regarding handicapped patients. (3) student estimation of their future behavior is not a reliable indication of their future behavior, and (4) changes in curriculum should not be evaluated from student attitudes alone.
Grade averages and DAT scores as predictors of performance in dental school
Authors: Wood WW
Published: June 2020

Admission into dental faculties is based on preprofessional average, prerequisite average, and DAT scores among other criteria. This study investigated the predictive validity of these variables on success in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of British Columbia. Data on 312 students admitted between 1969 and 1976 were subjected to multiple regression analyses. Results showed that overall preprofessional average significantly correlated .17 to .29 with nine first‐ and second‐year course grades, .36 with first‐year average, and .29 with second‐year average. DAT manual average correlated significantly with five course grades from .20 to .36, .20 with second‐year average, and .30 with third‐year average grades. Chalk carving correlated significantly .20 to .40 with five course grades and .24 with third‐year average. It is recommended that overall average and chalk carving be given equal emphasis in the selection process.
An auxiliary evaluation of dental student management style
Authors: Hartley LS , Scheetz JP
Published: June 2020

An instrument has been developed to identify a dental student's leadership style. This instrument is used in the TEAM program at the University of Louisville as an aid in teaching dental students basic personnel management principles.
A study of the impact of Project ACORDE on dental education in the United States
Authors: Kress GC , Silversin JB , Colenback PR
Published: June 2020

As part of an evaluation of Project ACCORDE a questionnaire survey was conducted of all U.S. dental school deans, heads, and selected faculty of operative dentistry departments, and selected directors and key faculty of dental hygiene and assisting programs. The survey was supplemented by on‐site visits to four dental school operative dentistry departments and five dental auxiliary training programs where the Restoration of Cavity Preparations with Amalgam and Tooth‐Colored Materials package was used. The visits included observation of instruction and interviews with faculty and students. This paper summarizes the results including: the extent to which the materials have been adopted, user and nonuser reactions, perceived costs and benefits, and implications for the future of Project ACORDE.
The CASE system for cancer education
Authors: Burzynski NJ , Kupchella CE , Calhoon TB , Reid KH
Published: June 2020

A Computer‐Assisted‐Self‐Evaluation (CASE) program in oncology is described. The program is based on motivation by immediate, informative feedback, and involves the computer‐guided interaction of a student with a series of microfiche cards. The computer leads the student through a series of 16 questions and associated explanations and recommendations based on the answer choices. Since all textual materials are placed on microfiche cards, the computer is only required to print simple, prearranged sentences and comments. As a result four students, using different CASE topics, can time‐share the same computer terminal. This time‐sharing capability, together with the large but compact, low cost information storage afforded by the use of microfiche, makes the cost of this system comparable to that of conventional study aids. The use of the CASE system as an educational aid and self‐tutoring mechanism has been well accepted by faculty and students.
The effect of supplemental lecture, evaluation method and instructional type on student performance in a preclinical technique project
Authors: Gershen JA , Jedrychowski
Published: June 2020

This study examined two types of instruction, two methods of evaluation, and the effects of a supplemental lecture in teaching a laboratory technique exercise. Students were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) self‐instruction, self‐evaluation; (2) self‐instruction, teacher‐evaluation; (3) teacher‐aided instruction, self evaluation; and (4) teacher‐aided instruction, teacher‐evaluation. In addition, half of the students in each of the four groups received a supplemental lecture. Ratings of technical performance, a didactic posttest, and project completion time, were used as outcome measures. Of 27 main treatment effects tested, 25 demonstrated no significant differences. This study fails to demonstrate any major advantage of using self versus traditional forms of instruction and evaluation when student performance is the primary consideration.
Visiting faculty as clinical evaluators for mock board examinations
Authors: Edwards WS , Nuckles DB
Published: June 2020

Applicants may fail state board examinations because of lack of practice under similar test conditions. Mock state board examinations employing visiting faculty as evaluators help students experience the stress of a real state board exam. Students become accustomed to strangers evaluating their work and receive unbiased evaluations. Other advantages and problems are discussed.
Recruitment of ethnic and socio‐economically disadvantaged students into dentistry
Authors: Claycomb CK , Moreland O , Park RI
Published: June 2020

A program designed to attract and graduate underrepresented minorities and disadvantaged students in dentistry is reported. The program consisted of three phases: career orientation, recruitment, and academic enrichment/retention. In the six years of this program's existence, the number of minority students enrolled increased from 1 to 28, including 12 who were graduated by June 1979. Only two were lost because of academic difficulties. An analysis of grades and tutorial needs showed that students experienced the most difficulty with first‐year basic science courses. Recommendations are presented for program improvement.
A survey of career assistance programs at U.S. dental schools
Authors: Zucker SB , Selby GR , Garbee W
Published: June 2020

1. There is a perceived need among the leaders of our dental schools for career assistance programs for dental students. 2. Current programs and services for transmitting career assistance at a majority of dental educational institutions are either nonexistent or sporadic, and handled informally without carefully coordinated activities. 3. The most frequently used career assistance services, where programs do exist, are a library of career informational materials, formalized arrangements with outside professionals in the community, and placement services. 4. Among the variety of individuals coordinating current programs in career assistance in dental schools, the most common is a member of the administration (primarily the director of student affairs).
Nonresponse bias to mail survey questionnaires within a professional population
Authors: Hovland EJ , Romberg E , Moreland EF
Published: June 2020

Mail survey questionnaires are often used in dental research. In most instances, results depend on a single mailing and an incomplete return rate. The possible bias resulting from excluding nonresponders in tabuling data from mail survey questionnaires in a dentist population was investigated. Two different questionnaires, one soliciting attitudes, the other knowledge, were sent to randomly selected dentists. The differences between the responders and the nonresponders were analyzed with respect to the dentists' demographic data, attitudes, and knowledge. It was concluded that: (1) subject matter does affect dentist response rates to mailed survey questionnaires, (2) there are no differences in demographic data between dentist responders and nonresponders, and (3) nonresponse bias does not affect the results of dental surveys on a typical dentist response rate.
Providing preventive dental care in the community using the team approach: a comparison of five training programs
Authors: Balzer JA , Kleinman DV , Graves RC , Johnson BG , Mann ML , Nizel AE
Published: June 2020

Five dental schools developed training programs for dental and dental auxiliary students in planning and delivering preventive dental services in a community setting. The schools (1) designed a curriculum that would train dental students to plan, organize, and manage the delivery of community preventive services using a team approach; (2) developed a related curriculum for dental auxiliary students; (3) implemented the program intramurally and extramurally in selected community settings; and (4) planned and conducted an evaluation of the program. Each school individualized the program to the interests of its students, the constraints of its curriculum, and the needs of community groups. A total of 228 dental and 576 dental auxiliary students were trained. A full range of community sites and target populations were provided with preventive dentistry services.
Technique models: an endodontic teaching aid
Authors: Goerig AC
Published: June 2020

Many endodontic techniques are difficult to explain and to understand because the student finds them difficult to visualize. The technique model described above enables the student to visualize the relationship between the canals and surrounding anatomical structures. This model also enables the teacher to prepare and compose a step‐by‐step procedure; many times this is impossible to do in a clinical case. The technique model is a vivid, simple, and inexpensive way to demonstrate various endodontic procedures, and can be an invaluable tool in endodontic education.