bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Röntgenanalyse der Systeme Wolfram‐Kohlenstoff und Molybdän‐Kohlenstoff
Authors: Westgren Arne , Phragmén Gösta
Published: January 2005

Eine Röntgenanalyse der Systeme WC und MoC hat zu den folgenden Ergebnissen geführt:

Bei etwa 30 Atomprozent Kohlenstoff tritt in den beiden Systemen eine Phase der Struktur hexagonaler dichtester Kugelpackung auf, die wahrscheinlich eine feste Lösung von Kohlenstoff in Wolfram oder Molybdän darstellt. Sie wäre demgemäß ein dem kohlenstoffhaltigen γ‐Eisen (Austenit) gewissermaßen analoges Gebilde. Der Kohlenstoffgehalt der MoC ‐ Phase von diesem Typus ist innerhalb eines kleinen Intervalles variabel.

Im WC‐Systeme kommt auch eine 50 Atomprozent Kohlenstoff enthaltende Phase vor. Die Wolframatome derselben sind in einem einfachen hexagonalen Gitter angeordnet. Seite der Basisfläche des Elementarprismas: 2,901 Å; Höhe desselben: 2,830 Å (mittlerer Fehler etwa 0,003 Å); Achsenverhältnis 0,975. Diese Phase ist vermutlich, was schon früher angenommen worden ist, das Carbid WC. Wenn sie diese chemische Verbindung darstellt, muß ihre Symmetrie trigonal sein, und die Koordinaten des Kohlenstoffatomes im Elementarprisma sind wahrscheinlich [[⅓, ⅔, ½]].
Beiträge zur Chemie der Platinmetalle. VI. Über die Rolle des Kohlenoxyds bei der Darstellung von Ruthentrichlorid durch direkte Vereinigung der Bestandteile
Authors: Remy H. , Wagner Th.
Published: January 2005

Durch vergleichende Versuche wurde außer Frage gestellt, daß die Chlorierung von Ruthenmetall durch Kohlenoxyd wesentlich gefördert wird. Die Wirkung des Kohlenoxyds beruht bei Verwendung sauerstofffreien Chlors auf Auflockerung des Metalls, bei Verwendung sauerstoffhaltigen Chlors zudem auf Unschädlichmachung des Sauerstoffs.

Ruthendioxyd wird durch Überleiten von Kohlenoxyd in der Hitze zum Metall reduziert. Durch ein Gemisch von Chlor und Kohlenoxyd kmn Ruthendioxyd unmittelbar in Ruthentrichlorid übergeführt werden.
Die Erzeugung von lonen bei chemischen Umwandlungen und der Mechanismus induzierter, photochemischer und katalytischer Reaktionen
Authors: Dhar N. R.
Published: January 2005

Es gibt viele Beweise zugunsten der Ansicht, daß bei che‐mischen Reaktionen, insbesondere bei exothermen Reaktionen, Ionisation stattfindet.
Die Elektrolytische Verarbeitung von Messingabfällen in salzsaurer Lösung
Authors: Stender W. W.
Published: January 2005

Es wurden die Schwierigkeiten einer Messingelektrolyse im großen erörtert.
Quantitative Bestimmung des Kaliums mit Hilfe elektrometrischer Titration
Authors: Rauch August
Published: January 2005

Es wurde ein indirektes maßanalytisches Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Kaliums ausgearbeitet.

Die Methode beruht darauf, daß das zu bestimmende Kalium, dessen Menge 0,1 g nicht unterschreiten soll, in neutraler oder schwach alkalischer, alkoholisch‐wäßriger Lösung mit einem gemessenen Überschuß Calciumferrocyanidlösung als schwer lösliches Kaliumcalciumferrocyanid ausgefällt wir. Das überschüssige Calciumferrocyanid wird in einem aliquoten Teil des Filtrats durch potentiometrische Titration mit Zinksulfatlösung ermittelt.
Über das System NH4NO3(NH4)2SO4H2O
Authors: Jänecke Ernst , Eissner W. , Brill Rudolf
Published: January 2005

Es wurden die Löslichkeitsverhältnisse in dem System H2ONH4NO3(NH4)2SO4 ermittelt, wobei sich zeigte, daß entgegen anderen Angaben außer dem Doppelsalz (NH4)2SO4·2 NH4NO3 kein anderes existiert.

Das vollkommene Schmelzdiagramm des Systemes NH4NO3(NH4)2SO4 wurde mitgeteilt. Es bilden sich Mischkristalle nach NH4NO3 und das vorher genannte Doppelsalz (NH4)2SO4·2NH4NO3·Die Umwandlungspunkte von NH4NO3 werden durch (NH4)2SO4 erniedrigt.
Über die Oxydation des zweiwertigen Chroms unter Luftabschluß in wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Asmanow Assen
Published: January 2005

Im vorhergehenden werden Versuchsergebnisse mitgeteilt, aus denen zu ersehen ist:

Wie man am besten zu reinen und haltbaren Salzen des zweiwertigen Chroms gelangen kann.

Daß die Oxydation des Cr”︁ in wäßriger Lösung unter Luftabschluß und H2‐Entwicklung bei Anwendung von Platinblech als Katalysator etwas schneller verläuft, wenn die Lösung HCI enthält, langsamer, wenn die Lösung H2SO4 enthält. Ohne Platin ist eine H2‐Entwicklung in H2SO4‐saurer Lösung (selbst von 10 n‐H2SO4) gar nicht zu beobachten, dagegen sehr wohl in HCI‐saurer Lösung.

Die Gegenwart von NH4Cl in 1 n‐HCl‐Lösung beschleunigt die Oxydation ohne Platin so weit, daß sie meßbar wird.

In ammoniakalischen Lösungen verläuft die Oxydation viel schneller als in sauren, und zwar am schnellsten in solchen, die Ammonsulfat enthalten. Mit Vergrößerung der Konzentration des NH3 wird auch die Geschwindigkeit der Oxydation vergrößert. Dasselbe gilt in anderem Verhältnis auch von der Konzentration des (NH4)2SO4.

Die Oxydation in ammoniakalischen Lösungen wird durch Cr…︁ katalytisch beschleunigt, verläuft also, wenn man von reinem Cr‥‐salz ausgeht, autokatalytisch

.
The “Friendly visitor” program data: A reply to Denney
Authors: Reinke Barbara , Holmes David S.
Published: January 2005

Conclusion

In summary, Denney's failure to obtain the original results with her reanalyses can be attributed to the fact that she (a) scored some variables differently, (b) included an inappropriate subjects who was not entered into the original analyses, (c) excluded appropriate subjects who were used in the original analyses, (d) included an additional invalid dependent measure previously dicarded, and (e) may have used a different residualization algorithm. In view of these differences, it is not surprising that the multivariate and unvariate results that she obtained were different from those originally reported.

We hope that now the procedural differences that account for the inconsistencies alleged by Denney are clear.
Community integration of the mentally III in residential facilities
Authors: Kruzich Jean M.
Published: January 2005

This study's results complement recent studies that support the importance of the relationship of environmental influences on the social adjustment on a sample largely residing in intermediate care and skilled nursing facilities, support the generalizability of the findings to facilities offering higher levels of care.

These findings point to the importance of residential care administrators articulating a philosophy through their programming, physical environment, and emotional climate that supports clients' attempts to become part of the larger community. The importance of management practices in determining how involved residents are in the community supports the notion that facility staff and administrators' explicit and implicit expectations play a major role in determining the client's integration in the larger community. The normalizing influence of staff and clients jointly engaging in activities suggests that facility administrators and mental health consultants underscore the importance of staff's day‐to‐day routine activities and interaction in the adjustment of clients. To the degree that staff encourage increased client growth in functioning and provide an environment that gives clear message of the individual's value and uniqueness and offers skills that reinforce the client's development, former state hospital patients are far more likely to be active participants in the communities to which they have returned.
Perceptions of social support, receipt of supportive behaviors, and locus of control as moderators of the effects of chronic stress
Authors: Cummins Robert C.
Published: January 2005

Conclusion

Although the cross‐sectional methodology of the present study limits causal inference, the results concerning the buffering effects of received social support for those who have perceptions of internal locus of control corroborates previous research and thus suggests that causal interpretations offered may have some validity.

Several general conclusions appear justified from the present study. First, it appears a measure of social support that asks respondents to report on the receipt of particular supportive actions yields different information than a measure that asks respondents to rate the amount of support available to them. Second, perceptions of internal locus of control in combination with receipt of supportive behaviors has a stress‐buffering effect. Third, perceptions concerning locus of control appear important in determining the direct and moderating effects of perceived social support on psychological distress. Finally, the interpretation of social support by stress interactions in which support acts as a “negative buffer,” i.e., increases the stress‐symptom relation, may increase our understanding of the role of social support in coping with stress.
Preconditioning with the prostacyclin analog epoprostenol and cobra venom factor prevents reperfusion injury and hyperacute rejection in discordant liver xenotransplantation
Authors: Meyer zu Vilsendorf Andreas , Link Claudia , Jörns Anne , Nagel Eckhard , Köhl Jörg
Published: December 2004

Abstract:Liver xenografts transplanted from guinea pig to rat suffer from inadequate organ reperfusion and initial dysfunction, despite sufficient complement depletion using cobra venom factor (CVF). Reperfusion injury is prevented when complement depleted donors are treated with the prostacyclin analog epoprostenol. Histological analysis suggests that epoprostenol preconditioning prevents post‐reperfusion spasms of the intrahepatic branches of the portal vein and strongly reduces appearance of hepatocyte apoptosis shortly after transplantation. Cobra‐venom‐treated rats show breakdown of glucose metabolism and die in acute hypoglycaemia, whereas the additional application of epoprostenol restores gluconeogenesis. Consequently, recipient survival after epoprostenol and CVF treatment is significantly improved compared with animals receiving CVF only (5.1 ± 2.6 h vs. 17.9 ± 5.1 h). These data demonstrate that initial dysfunction of discordant liver grafts in the guinea‐pig‐to‐rat species combination, can be overcome by the application of epoprostenol combined with CVF. Using this pharmacologic regimen, the discordant guinea‐pig‐to‐rat model appears useful to study further questions concerning functional and immunological compatibility of a discordant liver xenograft.
Aberrant T‐Cell Receptor Signalling of Interferon‐γ‐ and Tumour Necrosis Factor‐α‐Producing Cytotoxic CD8+ Vδ1/Vβ16 T Cells in a Patient with Chronic Neutropenia
Authors: Bank I. , Cohen L. , Kneller A. , De Rosbo N. K. , Book M. , Ben‐Nun A.
Published: December 2004

We previously found that the peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MCs) (PBMCs) of a patient with chronic neutropenia contained an expanded population of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells using a variable (V) region δ1 gene product in the T‐cell receptor‐α (TCR‐α) polypeptide [Vδ1‐constant(C)α+ T cells]. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification products have now revealed a productive Vδ1/joining (J)αIGRJa03/Cα rearrangement of the TCR‐α gene, predominantly associated with a Vβ16/Dβ2.1/Jβ2.1/Cβ2 TCR‐β gene, in these cells. Furthermore, we detected a markedly deficient proliferative response of the patient PBMCs to triggering with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the CD3 molecule, contrasting with a substantial response to the Vβ3, 12, 14, 15, 17 and 20‐specific staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) superantigen, suggesting defective TCR‐mediated activation of the Vδ1+/Vβ16+ clone. Moreover, whereas triggering of Vδ1– T cells cultured with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) by MoAb to the CD3 molecule enhanced proliferation, Vδ1‐Cα+ T cells were inhibited by MoAbs to either CD3 or Vδ1. Vδ1‐Cα+ T‐cell clones spontaneously secrete interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and were further induced to release tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α) when triggered by anti‐CD3 plus phorbol ester. Aberrant signalling by the clonotypic TCR together with the functional properties of the CD8+ Vδ1+/Vβ16+ clone may thus contribute to the immunohaematological abnormalities observed in this patient.
Microbial fossilization in carbonate sediments: a result of the bacterial surface involvement in dolomite precipitation
Authors: Van Lith Yvonne , Warthmann Rolf , Vasconcelos Crisogono , McKenzie Judith A.
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT Recent dolomitic sediment samples from Lagoa Vermelha, Brazil, were examined microscopically to study the process of bacterial fossilization in carbonate sediments. Bacteria‐like bodies were intimately associated with carbonate mineral surfaces, and coatings on the former demonstrate the calcification of single bacterial cells. The bacterial fossilization process in Lagoa Vermelha sediments was simulated in the laboratory by cultivation of mixed and pure cultures of sulphate‐reducing bacteria, which were isolated from the Lagoa Vermelha sediments. These cultures produced carbonate minerals that were studied to provide insight into the initiation of the fossilization process. In mixed culture experiments, bacterial colonies became calcified, whereas in pure culture experiments, single bacterial cells were associated with dolomite surfaces. Dolomite nucleated exclusively in bacterial colonies, intimately associated with extracellular organic matter and bacterial cells. Electrophoretic mobility measurements of the bacterial cells in electrolyte solutions demonstrated the specific adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ onto the cell surfaces, indicating the role of the bacterial surface in carbonate nucleation and bacterial fossilization. The affinity of the cells for Mg2+ was related to the capability of the strains to mediate dolomite formation. Combined with sulphate uptake, which dissociates the [MgSO4]0 ion pair and increases the Mg2+ availability, the concentration of Mg2+ ions in the microenvironment around the cells, where the conditions are favourable for dolomite precipitation, may be the key to overcome the kinetic barrier to dolomite formation. These results demonstrate that bacterial fossilization is a consequence of the cell surface involvement in carbonate precipitation, implying that fossilized bacterial bodies can be used as a tool to recognize microbially mediated carbonates.
Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with comments on the subtribal classification of Limenitidini
Authors: Willmott Keith R.
Published: December 2004

Abstract.  A two‐stage cladistic analysis of 114 characters from adult and immature stage morphology provided phylogenetic hypotheses for the diverse Neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus Adelpha Hübner. Higher‐level cladistic relationships were inferred for thirty Adelpha species and twenty other species of Limenitidini, confirming the monophyly of Adelpha as currently conceived and indicating several montane Asian species as potential sister taxa for the genus. Cladistic relationships between all eighty‐five Adelpha species were then inferred using three outgroup combinations. Basal and terminal nodes were reasonably resolved and supported, but a low proportion of non‐wing pattern characters resulted in weak resolution and support in the middle of the tree. The most basal members of Adelpha feed on the temperate or montane plant family Caprifoliaceae, suggesting that a switch from this family early in the evolutionary history was important in subsequent diversification into tropical lowland habitats. The cladograms confirm suspicions of earlier authors that dorsal mimetic wing patterns have convergently evolved a number of times in Adelpha. The subtribal classification of Limenitidini is discussed and both Lebadea (from Parthenina) and Neptina are transferred to Limenitidina, whereas Cymothoe, Bhagadatta and Pseudoneptis (all formerly Limenitidina) are regarded as incertae sedis.
Phylogenetic analysis of higher‐level relationships of Odonata
Authors: Rehn Andrew C.
Published: December 2004

Abstract.This is the most comprehensive analysis of higher‐level relationships in Odonata conducted thus far. The analysis was based on a detailed study of the skeletal morphology and wing venation of adults, complemented with a few larval characters, resulting in 122 phylogenetically informative characters. Eighty‐five genera from forty‐five currently recognized families and subfamilies were examined. In most cases, several species were chosen to serve as exemplars for a given genus. The seven fossil outgroup taxa included were exemplar genera from five successively more distant odonatoid orders and suborders: Tarsophlebiidae (the closest sister group of Odonata, previously placed as a family within ‘Anisozygoptera’), Archizygoptera, Protanisoptera, Protodonata and Geroptera. Parsimony analysis of the data, in which characters were treated both under equal weights and implied weighting, produced cladograms that were highly congruent, and in spite of considerable homoplasy in the odonate data, many groupings in the most parsimonious cladograms were well supported in all analyses, as indicated by Bremer support. The analyses supported the monophyly of both Anisoptera and Zygoptera, contrary to the well known hypothesis of zygopteran paraphyly. Within Zygoptera, two large sister clades were indicated, one comprised of the classical (Selysian) Calopterygoidea, except that Amphipterygidae, which have traditionally been placed as a calopterygoid family, nested within the other large zygopteran clade comprised of Fraser's ‘Lestinoidea’ plus ‘Coenagrionoidea’ (both of which were shown to be paraphyletic as currently defined).Philogangaalone appeared as the sister group to the rest of the Zygoptera in unweighted cladograms, whereasPhiloganga + Diphlebiacomprised the sister group to the remaining Zygoptera in all weighted cladograms. ‘Anisozygoptera’ was confirmed as a paraphyletic assemblage that forms a ‘grade’ towards the true Anisoptera, withEpiophlebiaas the most basal taxon. Within Anisoptera, Petaluridae appeared as the sister group to other dragonflies.
Three SAC1‐like genes show overlapping patterns of expression in Arabidopsis but are remarkably silent during embryo development
Authors: Despres Barbara , Bouissonnié Fabrice , Wu Hui‐Ju , Gomord Véronique , Guilleminot Jocelyne , Grellet Françoise , Berger Frédéric , Delseny Michel , Devic Martine
Published: December 2004

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SAC1 gene encodes a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase (PPIPase) that modulates the levels of phosphoinositides, which are key regulators of a number of signal transduction processes. SAC1p has been implicated in multiple cellular functions: actin cytoskeleton organization, secretory functions, inositol metabolism, ATP transport, and multiple‐drug sensitivity. Here, we describe the characterization of three genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSAC1a, AtSAC1b, and AtSAC1c, encoding proteins similar to those of yeast SAC1p. We demonstrated that the three AtSAC1 proteins are functional homologs of the yeast SAC1p because they can rescue the cold‐sensitive and inositol auxotroph yeast sac1‐null mutant strain. The fact that Arabidopsis and yeast SAC1 genes derived from a common ancestor suggests that this plant multigenic family is involved in the phosphoinositide pathway and in a range of cellular functions similar to those in yeast. Using GFP fusion experiments, we demonstrate that the three AtSAC1 proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. Their expression patterns are overlapping, with at least two members expressed in each organ. Remarkably, AtSAC1 genes are not expressed during seed development, and therefore additional phosphatases are required to control phosphoinositide levels in seeds.
A chemical‐regulated inducible RNAi system in plants
Authors: Guo Hui‐Shan , Fei Ji‐Feng , Xie Qi , Chua Nam‐Hai
Published: December 2004

Constitutive expression of an intron‐containing self‐complementary ‘hairpin’ RNA (ihpRNA) has recently been shown to efficiently silence target genes in transgenic plants. However, this technique cannot be applied to genes whose silencing may block plant regeneration or result in embryo lethality. To obviate these potential problems, we have used a chemical‐inducible Cre/loxP (CLX) recombination system to trigger the expression of an intron‐containing inverted‐repeat RNA (RNAi) in plants. A detailed characterization of the inducible RNAi system in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana plants demonstrated that this system is stringently controlled. Moreover, it can be used to induce silencing of both transgenes and endogenous genes at different developmental stages and at high efficiency and without any detectable secondary affects. In addition to inducing complete silencing, the RNAi can be produced at various times after germination to initiate and obtain different degrees of gene silencing. Upon induction, transgenic plants with genetic chimera were obtained as demonstrated by PCR analysis. Such chimeric plants may provide a useful system to study signaling mechanisms of gene silencing in Arabidopsis as well as other cases of long‐distance signaling without grafting. The merits of using the inducible CLX system for RNAi expression are discussed.
Asymmetric expression of a poplar ACC oxidase controls ethylene production during gravitational induction of tension wood
Authors: Andersson‐Gunnerås Sara , Hellgren Jenny M. , Björklund Simon , Regan Sharon , Moritz Thomas , Sundberg Björn
Published: December 2004

Ethylene is produced in wood‐forming tissues, and when applied exogenously, it has been shown to cause profound effects on the pattern and rate of wood development. However, the molecular regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during wood formation is poorly understood. We have characterised an abundant 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase gene (PttACO1) in the wood‐forming tissues of Populus tremula (L.) × P. tremuloides (Michx). PttACO1 is primarily expressed in developing secondary xylem, and is specifically upregulated during secondary wall formation. Nevertheless, according to GC–MS analysis combined with tangential cryosectioning, the distribution of ACC was found to be fairly uniform across the cambial‐region tissues. Gravitational stimulation, which causes tension wood to form on the upper side of the stem, resulted in a strong induction of PttACO1 expression and ACC oxidase activity in the tension wood‐forming tissues. The ACC levels increased in parallel to the PttACO1 expression. However, the increase on the upper (tension wood) side was only minor, whereas large amounts of both ACC and its hydrolysable conjugates accumulated on the lower (opposite) side of the stem. This suggests that the relatively low level of ACC on the tension wood side is a result of its conversion to ethylene by the highly upregulated PttACO1, and the concurrent accumulation of ACC on the opposite side of the wood is because of the low PttACO1 levels. We conclude that PttACO1 and ACC oxidase activity, but not ACC availability, are important in the control of the asymmetric ethylene production within the poplar stem when tension wood is induced by gravitational stimulation.
Transcript profiles and deduced changes of metabolic pathways in maternal and filial tissues of developing barley grains
Authors: Sreenivasulu Nese , Altschmied Lothar , Radchuk Volodymyr , Gubatz Sabine , Wobus Ulrich , Weschke Winfriede
Published: December 2004

Different aspects of barley grain development have been studied in detail, but a more global analysis of gene expression patterns is still missing. We have employed macro arrays, containing 1184 unique sequences from 1421 barley cDNA fragments, to study gene expression profiles in maternal and filial tissues of developing barley caryopses from fertilization to early storage phase. Principle component analysis (PCA) defined distinct expression networks in the pre‐storage (0, 2, and 4 days after flowering (DAF)) and early storage phase (10 and 12 DAF). During an intermediate phase (6 and 8 DAF), PCA visualizes a dramatic re‐programming of the transcriptional machinery. In maternal tissues, a large set of protein‐mobilizing enzyme mRNAs, together with upregulated lipid‐mobilizing enzyme and downregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging enzyme genes, suggests mobilization of stored compounds and programmed cell death (PCD). In the filial tissue fraction, a set of genes highly expressed during the pre‐storage phase is involved in growth processes, including cell wall biosynthesis. The data suggest that the necessary UDP‐glucose is provided both by sucrose synthase (isoform 3) and an invertase‐driven pathway. Further, major developmental changes in pathways producing energy are predicted. A bell‐shaped expression profile with a peak during the intermediate phase is characteristic for genes associated with photosynthesis and ATP production. The photosynthesis‐determined increase of ATP concentration could be a prerequisite for the initiation of grain filling, dominated by starch and storage protein synthesis. Storage product accumulation is accompanied by high transcriptional activity of genes involved in glycolysis and fermentation, as well as in the citric acid cycle.
Retrospective evaluation of sex hormones and steroid hormone intermediates in dogs with alopecia
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Hnilica Keith A. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Oliver Jack W.
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if there are specific steroid hormone aberrations associated with suspect endocrine alopecias in dogs in whom hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism have been excluded. Steroid hormone panels submitted to the UTCVM endocrinology laboratory over a 7.5‐year period (783 samples) from dogs with alopecia were reviewed. During this period, 276 dogs met the criteria for inclusion and were comprised of 54 different breeds. Approximately 73% of dogs had at least one baseline or post‐ACTH stimulation steroid hormone intermediate greater than the normal range. The most frequent hormone elevation noted was for progesterone (57.6% of samples). When compared with normal dogs, oestradiol was significantly greater in Keeshond dogs and progesterone was significantly greater in Pomeranian and Siberian Husky dogs. Not all individual dogs had hormone abnormalities. Chow Chow, Samoyed and Malamute dogs had the greatest percentage of normal steroid hormone intermediates of the dogs in this study. Baseline cortisol concentrations were significantly correlated with progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) and androstenedione. Results of this study suggest that the pathomechanism of the alopecia, at least for some breeds, may not relate to steroid hormone intermediates and emphasizes the need for breed specific normals.
Large‐Scale HCV RNA Screening in First‐Time Blood Donors: The First Step Towards Genomic Screening of Blood Donations
Authors: Petrik Juraj , Hewitt Patricia , Barbara John , Allain Jean‐Pierre ,   HCV RNA Screening Study Group
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives:
Individual genomic screening for viruses in blood donations is becoming increasingly pressing as an alternative to pool testing to improve the safety of the blood supply. Materials and Methods: To determine the feasibility and, possibly, efficacy of genomic screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the blood service setting, a representative population of first‐time blood donors was screened individually with a semi‐automated genomic amplification assay for HCV RNA. First‐time blood donors in two blood centres in the United Kingdom were screened in parallel for anti‐HCV and HCV RNA by RT‐PCR. Results: 8,417 serum samples were screened. A 99.95% specificity was observed and one anti‐HCV‐positive, HCV‐RNA‐positive donation was found. No seronegative HCV‐RNA‐positive donations were detected. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the low prevalence of HCV infection in blood donors from the London area and demonstrate the high level of performance of the individual genomic screening method used in this study. When fully automated, such a method would be a highly suitable candidate for routine, automated genomic screening of HCV and, subsequently, of other pathogenic blood‐borne viruses.
Sensitivity of PCR Assays for the Determination of Hepatitis A Virus RNA in Plasma Pools
Authors: Saldanha J. ,   HAV Collaborative Study Group
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives:
A collaborative study was organised to establish a hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA standard for genomic amplification assays (GAT). Materials and Methods: A panel of 10 samples consisting of a 10‐fold serial dilution of wild‐type HAV diluted in HAVnegative cryosupernatant and samples of the diluent were sent to 14 laboratories in duplicate for testing for HAV RNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Results: Data returned by 12 laboratories indicated that the sensitivities of the assays performed by different laboratories were fairly close: there was a 100‐fold difference in sensitivity between the majority of laboratories. Only one laboratory reported false‐positive results. Conclusion: A 10−5 dilution of the virus in cryosupernatant could be an appropriate working reagent for GAT assays for HAV RNA in plasma pools.
A Second Outbreak of Hepatitis C Virus Infection from Anti‐D Immunoglobulin in Ireland
Authors: Smith Donald B. , Lawlor Emer , Power Joan , O'Riordan Joan , McAllister Jane , Lycett Carol , Davidson Fiona , Pathirana Steve , Garson Jeremy A. , Tedder Richard S. , Lee Yap Peng , Simmonds Peter
Published: December 2004

Objective:
To investigate the infectivity for hepatitis C virus (HCV) of intravenous anti‐D immunoglobulin batches manufactured in Ireland between 1991 and 1994. Methods: Women who had received anti‐D manufactured between 1991 and 1994 were screened for serological markers of HCV infection and for the presence of HCV RNA by RT‐PCR amplification and virus genotyping. Results: 44 women exposed to anti‐D manufactured between 1991 and 1994 were polymerase chain reaction positive for HCV RNA, 19 of whom were infected with genotype 3a virus shown by phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B gene to be closely related to that from the single implicated donor. Conclusions: Anti‐D manufactured in 1991–1994 transmitted infection of HCV genotype 3a. The prevalence of HCV‐specific antibody in anti‐D recipients was relatively low (0.59%), consistent with the low leve! of virus RNA in these anti‐D batches.
Detection of Hepatitis C Core Antigen in the Antibody Negative ‘Window’ Phase of Hepatitis C Infection
Authors: Peterson J. , Green G. , Iida K. , Caldwell B. , Kerrison P. , Bernich S. , Aoyagi K. , Lee S.R.
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives:
Despite improvements in assays for anti–HCV, there remains a significant delay before the appearance of antibodies following infection, during which, circulating viral RNA is present. We have evaluated a prototype assay for the serological detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) core antigen with specimens derived from the early phase of HCV infection. Materials and Methods: Serial specimens from 24 individuals undergoing HCV seroconversion were tested for the presence of anti–HCV, HCV RNA and HCV core antigen. Results: HCV antigen was detected at the same time as HCV RNA in 83% (20/24) cases. The mean time to the first detection of HCV antigen was approximately 1 day later than HCV RNA. Overall, 87% of HCV–RNA–positive specimens contained detectable HCV core antigen. Conclusion: These results indicate that HCV core antigen can be identified by routine serological ELISA in specimens from the early antibody–negative phase of HCV infection. A test for HCV core antigen may be a useful test for identifying window phase blood donations from antibody negative donors infected with HCV.
Cataracts in the Bichon Frise
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Wallace Margaret R. , Andrew Stacy E. , MacKay Edward O. , Samuelson Don A.
Published: December 2004

PurposeTo determine the clinical characteristics of possible inherited cataract in the Bichon Frise breed. These characteristics include the relative frequency, gender effects, site of first cataract formation, age of onset, relationship of age to cataract maturity, and other concurrent pre‐ and postoperative ophthalmic diseases.

MethodsFour different populations of Bichon Frise were examined. They included: (1) referred patients of the University of Florida (VMTH; 1990–2000); (2) patients from other universities and large institutions (VMDB; 1970–2000); (3) patients from the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF; 1970–2000); and (4) special patients recruited from eye clinics and ACVO specialty practices (1995–2001). Blood samples were obtained from many patients for future DNA analyzes. Statistical comparisons between groups were by general linear andanovaanalyzes, andP< 0.05 was considered significant.

ResultsThe four populations of cataractous and total Bichon Frise dogs included: (1) UF‐VMTH: 57 cataractous dogs; (2) VMDB: 406 dogs (28%) with cataracts; total dogs − 1407; (3) CERF: 505 cataractous dogs (6%); total dogs − 8222; and (4) ACVO: 223 cataractous dogs (57%); total dogs − 391. In each population group, gender did not affect cataract distribution. Dogs between 2 and 8 years of age were most frequently affected, and initial cataract involvement affected equally the anterior and posterior cortices. Immature cataracts occurred more often in younger dogs, and hypermature cataracts were more frequently diagnosed in older dogs. Dogs with early cataracts were encountered more frequently in the CERF population. Pre‐ and postoperative retinal detachments (RD) were not infrequently diagnosed in the UF‐VMTH and VMDB groups. RD in the UF‐VMTH and VMDB groups occurred in 33% and 13% of the patients, respectively.

ConclusionsCataracts were first encountered in CERF and VMDB data between 1975 and 1979 and have increased since this time. As expected, both similarities and differences between the four different populations of Bichon Frise were encountered. Both sexes of dogs are equally affected. The anterior and posterior cortical areas of the lens were first involved and dogs 2–8 years of age are most frequently affected. Cataracts affected younger dogs in the CERF group and older cataractous dogs in the other populations. Cataract formation appears to be inherited in the Bichon Frise dog. The frequency of pre‐ and postoperative retinal detachments present higher risks for cataract surgery in this breed.
THE CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: Calcium Phosphate Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Block Geoffrey , Port Friedrich K
Published: December 2004

Traditional risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) do not adequately explain the considerable increase in cardiovascular mortality observed among patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD): these patients experience mortality rates 10–100 times those without ESRD. Disorders of mineral metabolism, including abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D, represent cardiovascular risk factors unique to the ESRD population. These disturbances manifest clinically through the promotion of extraskeletal calcification and disorders of bone remodeling, two processes which appear to share a common pathogenesis. This article presents evidence describing the impact of calcification‐induced arterial stiffness on cardiovascular outcomes of patients with ESRD, along with data relating altered mineral metabolism to all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality. Specific management recommendations include 1) early intervention to prevent the development of overt secondary hyperparathyroidism, 2) a more judicious strategy for vitamin D therapy, and 3) a thoughtful approach to the use of calcium‐containing phosphate binders, taking into account the underlying bone remodeling disorder and the presence or absence of extraskeletal calcium accumulation.
Adacolumn, an Adsorptive Carrier Based Granulocyte and MonocyteApheresis Device for the Treatment of Inflammatory and RefractoryDiseases Associated with Leukocytes
Authors: Saniabadi Abby R , Hanai Hiroyuki , Takeuchi Ken , Umemura Kazuo , Adachi Taro , Shima Chikako , Bjarnason Ingvar , Lofberg Robert
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Apheresis has been recognized both economically and therapeuticallyas a novel approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases,and certain others, which respond poorly to drug therapy. This reportis about Adacolumn, an adsorptive carrier based granulocyteand monocyte apheresis device with a volume of 335 mL,filled with about 220 g of cellulose acetate beads of 2 mmdiameter as the column adsorptive carriers. Pre‐ and post‐columnleukocyte counts have shown that the carriers adsorb about 65% ofgranulocytes, 55% of monocytes and 2% of lymphocytesfrom the blood in the column. Additionally, after apheresis, thereis a marked decrease in inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α,IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐8) produced by blood leukocytes,together with down‐modulation of l‐selectinand the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Adacolumn has been used to treatpatients with rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and HIV infection. Typicalapheresis sessions have been 4–10, at a frequency of oneor two sessions per week. Treatment of patients with Adacolumn hasbeen associated with very promising efficacy and safety data. Accordingly,in Japan, Adacolumn has been approved by the Ministry of Healthfor the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, Adacolumnmet the required quality and safety standards for medical devices andreceived an EC certification (CE‐mark) from TUV in 1999. However,although Adacolumn carriers are very efficient in depleting excessand activated granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages, theclinical efficacy associated with Adacolumn apheresis cannot befully explained on the basis of reducing granulocytes and monocytesper se. Hence, a long lasting effect on inflammatory cytokine generation,chemokine activities or immunomodulation is likely, but the precisemechanisms involved are not fully understood yet.
Clinical Applications of CD34+ Cell‐selected Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
Authors: Kawabata Y. , Hirokawa M. , Komatsuda A. , Sawada K.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are increasingly used for stem cell transplantation after high dose chemotherapy. CD34+ cell selection has also been done for use in autologous transplantation studies. Bone marrow (BM) may contain tumor cells at the time of harvesting, and on re‐infusion, these cells could contribute to a subsequent relapse. Similarly, tumor cell contamination of PBSC collections has been found in a number of studies. Therefore, purging contaminating tumor cells may prevent cases of relapse. As most tumor cell types do not express CD34 antigen, one of the most widespread applications of CD34+ cell selection is likely to be in tumor cell purging. Similarly, CD34+ cell selection has aided allogeneic transplantation studies. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cases of allogeneic transplantation. As aGVHD is mediated by donor T cells, removal of T cells from the graft by CD34+ cell selection may ensure prophylaxis against aGVHD. Further, high‐dose immunosuppression followed by CD34+ cell‐selected stem cell rescue is theoretically reasonable as a therapeutic tool for patients with autoimmune disease resistant to conventional therapy. However, patients given T cell‐depleted transplantation have an increased risk of opportunistic infection as well as malignancies related to immunosuppression; therefore, close monitoring is warranted. We describe here clinical applications of CD34+ cell‐selected PBSC for a variety of diseases, with special emphasis on the efficacy as well as drawbacks of this novel technique.
Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope as Monitoring Tool for Physical Training in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Tsuyuki Kazuo , Kimura Yasuo , Chiashi Kouichi , Matsushita Choken , Ninomiya Kenji , Choh Kohtetsu , Hase Hiroki , Dohi Shunichirou
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to clarify the utility of oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) as a monitoring tool, and to investigate the effects of physical training in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Seventeen patients (Trained Group) received physical training 2–3 times per week for 20 weeks at the intervals between exercise tests. Patients underwent a combination training of bicycle ergometry, walking and jogging for 30 min duration. The intensity of physical training was adjusted to maintain the exercising heart rate at between 50 and 60% of the peak heart rate. Twelve patients (Control Group) lived without physical training throughout the 20 weeks. Both the Groups received the symptom limited exercise tests before and after the 20 week physical training. Minute ventilation (V̇E), carbon dioxide output (V̇CO2) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) were continuously measured during the exercise tests. Oxygen uptake efficiency slope was derived from the logarithmic relation between V̇O2 and V̇E during an incremental exercise test. In the Trained Group, OUES after physical training (30.1 ± 5.8) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that before physical training (25.2 ± 2.6), while in the Control Group, OUES did not change in this study period of 20 weeks. In the Trained Group, changes in OUES correlated with those in the maximum oxygen uptake (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and the anaerobic threshold (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). It was suggested that OUES was applicable as a monitoring tool for cardiorespiratory functional reserve during physical training in HD patients.
An example of anti‐Jra
Authors: Tritchler Joseph E.
Published: December 2004

Anti‐Jra is an antibody that has been detected in at least 15 individuals that are known to lack the corresponding high frequency antigen. An example of this antibody with anti‐Jra specificity was found in a woman upon routine prenatal antibody screening and was evaluated for involvement in a hemolytic process which occurred in the newborn.
The Effect of Delayed Refrigeration on Red Blood Cells, Platelet Concentrates and Cryoprecipitable AHF
Authors: Avoy D. R. , Ellisor S. S. , Nolan N. J. , Cox R. S. , Franco J. A. , Harbury C. B. , Schrier S. L. , Pool J. G.
Published: December 2004

The effect of delaying blood processing for six hours while maintaining it at ambient temperature was investigated. Blood drawn from volunteers on two occasions was processed immediately (I) or after a six‐hour delay (D). The effects of the delay on the efficacy and safety of red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF were studied. There was a more rapid decrease in 2,3‐DPG in the delayed group during 21 days of refrigerated storage. ATP levels declined at similar rates. 24‐hour survival of 51CR‐labeled autologous cells was slightly better (p = .05) in the (I) group but excellent for both. Total platelets, per cent recovery and pH at 72 hours were identical for both groups. All cultures were sterile. There was no difference in total AHF recovered or per cent recovery between the two groups. To increase the availability of blood components, a six‐hour processing delay seems warranted.
Antithrombin III in Fresh Frozen Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, and Cryoprecipitate‐depleted Plasma
Authors: Mintz P. D. , Blatt P. M. , Kuhns W. J. , Roberts H. R.
Published: December 2004

Antithrombin III (AT III) is a plasma protein that inhibits several activated procoagulants. Hereditary disease or acquired conditions such as severe hepatic dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome and intravascular coagulation may be associated with reduced levels of AT III. Its replacement may be essential in controlling thrombosis. In order to determine the most effective form of replacement, we compared AT III biological activity and antigen levels in conventionally prepared fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryoprecipitate depleted plasma (CDP). Both the activity and antigen levels were comparable in all three products (approximately 100%) and AT III was not concentrated in cryoprecipitate. These results indicate that conventionally prepared CDP, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate contain equal quantities volume for volume of AT III. On this basis, all products are equally effective as therapy for AT III deficiency, but CDP and fresh frozen plasma are recommended as convenient sources of this factor.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with predominance of IgA autoantibody
Authors: Wolf C. F. W. , Wolf D. J. , Peterson P. , Brandstetter R. D. , Hansen D. E.
Published: December 2004

A 71‐year‐old woman with severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia had negative direct antiglobulin tests using commercial broad spectrum antisera. Her unwashed cells agglutinated spontaneously in the potentiating medium polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution or in hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) solution. A strongly positive direct antiglobulin test was obtained with specific antihuman IgA sea with or without PVP. In PVP solution, small amounts of IgG, IgM, and complement components were also detected on her cells. The findings illustrate the ability of anti‐human IgA to detect autoimmune red blood cell sensitization when other immunoglobulin classes of autoantibody are below detectable levels or absent. Also illustrated is the value of PVP and Polybrene in detecting agglutination in the evaluation of “antiglobulin negative” hemolytic anemia.
An apparent anti‐Jka reacting only in the presence of methyl esters of hydroxybenzoic acid
Authors: Halima D. , Garratty G. , Bueno R.
Published: December 2004

An apparent anti‐Jka, reacting only in the presence of methyl esters of hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), was detected in an individual with Jk (a+) red blood cells. The antibody was first detected when a commercial low‐ ionic‐strength‐solution preparation containing the preservative methyl paraben (a methyl ester of hydroxybenzoic acid) was used in compatibility testing. Negative reactions were obtained when regular saline, albumin, and enzyme technics were employed. The positive indirect antiglobulin tests were due to cell‐bound complement; no IgG was detected. The patient had no clinical or hematologic evidence of hemolytic anemia and was transfused with Jk(a+) red blood cells with no ill effects. It is postulated that immune complexes formed between the antibody and the chemical may result in a site complementary to some aspect of the Jka antigen. When this complex binds to Jk(a+) cells, complement is activated and some complement components remain on the cells. We do not know why only Jk(a+) cells were involved in these reactions.
Absorption and elution of anti‐Hy from one of four Gy(a−) human red blood cell samples
Authors: Reid M.E. , Ellisor S.S. , Sabo B.
Published: December 2004

A red blood cell sample typed as Gy(a‐) on direct testing did not absorb or elute anti‐Gya, but unexpectedly absorbed and eluted anti‐Hy. Three other Gy(a‐) red blood cell samples from unrelated individuals failed to absorb and elute anti‐Hy.