bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The organic food market: a quantitative and qualitative overview of international publications
Authors: Dias Valéria da Veiga , Schultz Glauco , Schuster Marcelo da Silva , Talamini Edson , Révillion Jean Philippe
Published: May 2015

The current study aimed to achieve a bibliometric research, map and analyze publications related to the organic food market. Thus, a search in the Web of Science database was carried out, covering the period from 1945 to 2013. The 196studies found were discussed and analyzed. The 20 most relevant articles comprised the h -index and were qualitatively analyzed. They indicated the main themes and relationships found. The bigger number of publications was launched between 2006 and 2012 and they were concentrated in the following fields: agricultural, food, environmental and business. They were written in English language and often published in Qualis A journals (60 %). The qualitative design is the prevailing methodology (interviews and focus groups). The topics mostly discussed issues involving environmental certification, assigned value, consumer motivations, producer-consumer relationship and the comparison between organic and conventional products.
Políticas públicas e internacionalização de empresas brasileiras
Authors: Santos Leandro Bruno
Published: May 2015

A internacionalização produtiva é um processo fundamental para o fortalecimento das empresas e o aumento da competitividade dos países, em função dos seus impactos sobre os fluxos de comércio, tecnologia e divisas estrangeiras. As principais economias desenvolvidas foram pioneiras no apoio à internacionalização comercial e produtiva de suas empresas, com a criação de programas de financiamento, prospecção de mercados, seguros e garantias, missões comerciais. O objetivo subjacente a este texto é analisar, de um lado, o papel desempenhado pelo Estado brasileiro, direta e indiretamente, nos vários ciclos de internacionalização produtiva de empresas locais e, de outro lado, apresentar, detalhadamente, a atuação mais incisiva do Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) na formação de “campeões nacionais” e na internacionalização produtiva durante os primeiros anos deste século. A principal conclusão é que o banco, ao apoiar grupos com atuação em indústrias intensivas em capital e recursos naturais, tem reforçado as especializações regressivas e o padrão tecnológico de adaptação.
Identificação de áreas hidrologicamente sensíveis por meio de modelagem hidrológica e da distribuição espacial de solos e vegetação em ambientes hidromórficos
Authors: Siefert Cesar Augusto Crovador , Santos Irani dos
Published: May 2015

Este artigo apresenta metodologia baseada na dinâmica de processos hidrogeomorfológicos e na relação solo-vegetação para estabelecer o limite de sensibilidade hidrológica da paisagem e identificar as áreas hidrologicamente sensíveis (AHS) na bacia hidrográfica do rio Pequeno, PR (104 km2). As AHS são áreas da bacia hidrográfica que possuem uma maior probabilidade de atingirem o estado de saturação do solo, delimitadas espacialmente a partir da definição de um limite de sensibilidade hidrológica. Aplicou-se o TOPMODEL para a simulação do processo chuva-vazão em escala diária durante o período de 01/08/1983 a 30/11/2010. Os resultados da simulação indicam que as áreas saturadas são extremamente dinâmicas e sensíveis às condições climáticas, com rápida resposta a precipitação e com recessões abruptas em pequenos períodos de estiagem. Foram definidas como AHS as zonas ripárias da bacia, identificadas pela presença de solos hidromórficos e vegetação hidrófila/higrófila. Como estas áreas apresentam probabilidade de saturação igual ou superior a 90%, este valor foi definido como o limite de sensibilidade hidrológica. As AHS identificadas mediante este limite compreendem 20,5% da área total da bacia. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem estabelecer uma forma de delimitação das AHS considerando a integração de condicionantes naturais na paisagem.
Estimativa e modelagem dos estoques de carbono em solos sob áreas de campo limpo úmido do Distrito Federal
Authors: França Andreia Maria da Silva , Paiva Rodrigo José de Oliveira
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a obtenção de parâmetros quantitativos básicos sobre os estoques de carbono em áreas de Campo Limpo Úmido, além da modelagem de função para a estimação do conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo(COS) a partir de parâmetros físicos do solo (ex. textura, densidade). Foram selecionados 4 regiões com Campo Limpo Úmido no Distrito Federal, caracterizadas pelo baixo impacto antrópico, sendo 2 delas sobre gleissolo e 2 sobre plintossolo, tipos de solo mais comuns nessas regiões.. Em cada uma delas foi demarcado um transecto com 4 pontos equidistantes e realizada coleta de material em sete profundidades: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60 cm. Foram determinadas a textura, a densidade aparente e o teor de carbono em cada profundidade. O estoque de carbono médio para as áreas de Campo Limpo Úmido até 60 cm de profundidade foi de 243.16Mg C ha-1e o estoque total estimado para essas áreas no Distrito Federal foi de 205.86 Gg C. Os estoques de carbono e o COS em áreas degleissolo foram maiores do que em áreas de plintossolo. A função obtida com a modelagem das variáveis independentes (densidade, areia, argila e silte) mostrou-se capaz de estimar adequadamente o COS, tanto para gleissolo (R2 = 0,88, RMSD = 1,48; RMSD validação = 1,49) quanto para plintossolo (R2 = 0,77, RMSD = 1,57; RMSD validação = 1,62).
La Educación Zapatista como Base de la Autonomía en el Sureste Mexicano
Authors: Baronnet Bruno
Published: May 2015

Desde la perspectiva de los pueblos mayas zapatistas en Chiapas, la educación tiene como sujetos protagónicos a todos los miembros de la comunidad, quienes a menudo participan directamente mediante un sistema renovado de cargos y asambleas, en la construcción de la escuela, la elección de promotores de educación autónoma y la manutención y formación de los mismos. Con metas emancipadoras basadas en la praxis, los contenidos escolares son propuestos y discutidos por integrantes de las familias, autoridades comunitarias y educadores. A pesar de dificultades en la cotidianidad, la autonomía política educativa garantizaría las especificidades identitarias y organizativas propias de las comunidades indígenas al definir el quehacer educativo.
O tempo, a idade e a permanência na escola: um estudo a partir dos livros de matrícula (Rio Grande do Sul, 1895-1919)
Authors: Gil Natália de Lacerda , Hawat Joseane El
Published: May 2015

O presente artigo analisa um conjunto de livros de matrícula, produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 1895 e 1919, buscando compreender, pelos dados de preenchimento e pelas categorias adotadas para a identificação dos inscritos, a trajetória escolar dos alunos, as idades de ingresso e frequência e o tempo de permanência na escola. Pretendeu-se articular as disposições dos decretos relativos à instrução pública com os registros na documentação estudada. Intencionou-se, também, em alguma medida, colaborar na reflexão sobre as potencialidades e os limites da escrituração escolar como fontes que podem contribuir para a compreensão de aspectos da prática escolar e a experiência dos alunos no período indicado.
Meritocracia e os usos da repetência na escola primária pública francesa de 1850 ao início do século 20
Authors: Krop Jérôme
Published: May 2015

O estudo dos usos da repetência no ensino primário francês no século 19 revela até que ponto esta era utilizada para facilitar a aprendizagem dos melhores alunos. Permitindo distinguir a elite escolar destinada ao êxito nos exames que certificavam os estudos primários, a seleção em cada etapa do percurso leva a relegar as crianças com dificuldades às series iniciais, onde é maior o número de alunos inscritos, junto aos jovens ingressantes. Esta situação não ocorre sem efeitos sobre as desigualdades educacionais, mesmo se estas são atenuadas pelo esforço de modernização empreendido pelos republicanos a partir dos anos 1880. Persistem, contudo, sob diferentes formas na história do sistema escolar francês.
A repetência e os serviços escolares da capital federal nos anos 1930
Authors: Paulilo André Luiz
Published: May 2015

Este artigo discute os rumos dos serviços escolares do Departamento de Educação do Distrito Federal entre 1931 e 1935, com base nos resultados estatísticos de rendimento escolar. Assim, aborda-se a produção das estatísticas oficiais para compreender a organização dos serviços de Recenseamento, Matrícula e Frequência, na Divisão de Obrigatoriedade Escolar e Estatística, e de Medida e Eficiência Escolares, na Divisão de Pesquisas Educacionais e, também, as estratégias para conter a evasão e a repetência. A análise da documentação permite concluir que o Departamento de Educação do Distrito Federal se projeta como aparelho estratégico de controle da população escolar.
Os santos nos faxinais: religiosidade e povos tradicionais
Authors: Benatte Antonio Paulo , Campigoto José Adilçon , Carvalho Rosenaldo de
Published: May 2015

Este artigo discute as relações que povos tradicionais - os faxinalenses - estabelecem com o sobrenatural, analisando suas rezas, celebrações e devoções a São João, ao Divino Espírito Santo e a São Roque. Pretende-se dar visibilidade à cultura dessas populações rurais organizadas em torno do uso comum de recursos naturais, notadamente as pastagens, na região Sul e Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. O exame dessas relações permite-nos observar aspectos dessa tradição, como as curas e benzeduras de animais, o conhecimento das plantas medicinais, a demarcação dos espaços, as relações com o tempo, a simbologia do trabalho e do descanso dos animais, as rezas e as festas, o cotidiano e o extraordinário.
Evaluation of a PCR multiplex for detection and differentiation of Mycoplasma synoviae, M. gallisepticum, and M. gallisepticum strain F-vaccine
Authors: Mettifogo Elena , Buzinhani Melissa , Buim Marcos R. , Timenetsky Jorge , Ferreira Antonio J. Piantino
Published: May 2015

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are the mycoplasma infections of most concern for commercial poultry industry. MG infection is commonly designated as chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens and infections sinusitis of turkeys. MS causes sub clinical upper respiratory infection and tenosynovitis or bursitis in chickens and turkeys. The multiplex PCR was standardized to detect simultaneously the MS, MG field strains and MG F-vaccine strain specific. The generic PCR for detection of any species of Mollicutes Class was performed and compared to the multiplex PCR and to PCR using species-specific primers. A total of 129 avian tracheal swabs were collected from broiler-breeders, layer hens and broilers in seven different farms and were examined by multiplex PCR methods. The system (multiplex PCR) demonstrated to be very rapid, sensitive, and specific. Therefore, the results showed a high prevalence of MS in the flocks examined (27.9%), and indicate that the MS is a recurrent pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry flocks.
Celioscopic liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)
Authors: Feranti João P.S. , Guimarães Luciana D. , Oliveira Marília T. de , Hartmann Hellen F. , Souza Fernando W. de , Corrêa Luís F.D. , Silva Marco A.M. , Brun Maurício V.
Published: May 2015

Endosurgery has been used for assessment of fish celomatic cavity, as well as for obtaining biopsies for organic analysis. Such minimally invasive access may also be used for the analysis of environmental impact on biomarkers of pollution. In Brazil, studies and literature regarding the use of celioscopy in fish are sparse. The purpose of the current study was to develop a two-port celioscopy technique to obtain liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Six adult female silver catfish were used. The animals were anesthetized and the inspection of the celomatic cavity were performed using a telescope and celioscopic-guided liver biopsy were taken using laparoscopic Kelly forceps. On the early postoperative period, the animals were released in a confined water reservoir where mortality could be checked. The liver samples were sent for histological assessment. There were no complications during surgery on early postoperative period. It was possible to visualize meticulously several organs (liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, swim bladder, ovaries, bowel and transverse septum). In conclusion, the surgical technique and the anesthetic protocol proposed were suitable to perform liver biopsies in silver catfish and provided low morbidity.
Estudo sobre a ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxina B1 na dieta de bovinos leiteiros em São Paulo
Authors: Motta Thiago P. , Frizzarin Adriana , Martins Thamires , Miranda Mariana S. , Arcaro Juliana R.P. , Ambrósio Luiz A. , Pozzi Claudia R.
Published: May 2015

A qualidade da dieta ofertada às vacas em lactação é uma preocupação dos agentes de saúde devido à possibilidade da detecção de micotoxinas prejudiciais a saúde humana e animal. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil da micobiota, determinar a atividade de água (Aa) e a ocorrência natural de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) em dietas ofertadas a vacas em lactação de fazendas leiteiras no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostragens das dietas foram realizadas diretamente dos cochos de lote de 15 vacas, em dois dias consecutivos com intervalos de 24h e a cada 15 dias, perfazendo um período de 45 dias de amostragens por fazenda. A purificação e determinação de AFB1 foram realizadas em colunas de imunoafinidade e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). O estudo da micobiota presente nas amostras das dietas (288) revelou que as leveduras foram predominantes em todas as dietas (83,97 a 99,98%). Foram isolados 15 gêneros de fungos filamentosos, com os gêneros Aspergillus spp (20,09%), Fusarium spp (14,16%) e Penicillium spp (11,48%) os mais prevalentes. As contagens de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias por grama de alimento (UFC. g-1) variaram de 102 a 1011. A atividade de água das amostras variou entre 0,91 a 0,98. Foi detectada a presença de AFB1 em 31,44% das amostras com teores entre 1,68 a 194,51μg.kg-1. Medidas de boas práticas de produção, estocagem e utilização devem ser tomadas para diminuir a ocorrência de AFB1 nas dietas ofertadas às vacas em lactação.
Verificação da transmissão vertical de Neospora spp. em equinos
Authors: Quevedo Pedro S. , Avila Luciana F.C. , Saggin Andréia , Silveira Tony R. , Feijó Lorena S. , Frey Jr Friedrich , Curcio Bruna R. , Farias Nara Amélia R.
Published: May 2015

O gênero protozoário Neospora é reconhecido como causador de desordens reprodutivas e abortos em bovinos. Entre os equinos pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos da infecção por estes protozoários. Atualmente é admitido que os efeitos da infecção por Neospora hughesi em equinos possam ocorrer no sistema nervoso central e, os efeitos provocados pela infecção por Neospora caninum recaiam sobre o sistema reprodutor de éguas. O presente trabalho verificou a presença de imunoglobulinas da classe G no soro sanguíneo de uma população de éguas de cria e, em seus respectivos potros antes da ingestão do colostro. Para execução deste trabalho foi empregada técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), utilizando como antígeno taquizoítos de Neospora caninum, a diluição inicial dos soros das éguas foi de 1:50 e a diluição do soro dos potros empregada foi de 1:16. Foram assistidos 78 partos e todos os potros tiveram seu soro sanguíneo coletado imediatamente após o nascimento. A pesquisa de anticorpos contra Neospora spp. apontou que 50 (64%) éguas e 32 (41%) potros foram positivos. Das 50 éguas que apresentaram anticorpos contra Neospora spp. 24 geraram potros positivos. Entre as 28 éguas que não reagiram, oito deram a luz a potros positivos. De posse dos resultados encontrados podemos concluir que ocorreu a transmissão vertical de Neospora spp. nos equinos pesquisados.
Neoplasmas oculares e de anexos em cães e gatos no Rio Grande do Sul: 265 casos (2009 -2014)
Authors: Hesse Kivia L. , Fredo Gabriela , Guimarães Lorena L.B. , Reis Matheus O. , Pigatto João A.T. , Pavarini Saulo P. , Driemeier David , Sonne Luciana
Published: May 2015

Neoplasias oculares causam desconforto, problemas de visão e podem refletir doenças sistêmicas. Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado para identificar e analisar neoplasmas oculares e de anexos obtidos por biópsias enviadas ao Setor de Patologia Veterinária (SPV) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Durante o período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014 realizou-se 265 diagnósticos de neoplasmas oculares e de anexos, destes 87,5% na espécie canina e em 12,5% na espécie felina. As neoplasias ocorreram mais em animais com idade superior a 12 meses e idosos, e os cães (52/232) e gatos (21/33) sem raça definida foram os mais acometidos. A pálpebra foi o local mais acometido na espécie canina (164/232) e felina (20/33), seguida pela terceira pálpebra em cães (20/232) e órbita nos felinos (5/33). O tumor mais diagnosticado nos cães foi o adenoma meibomiano (82/232) e nos gatos o carcinoma de células escamosas (10/33), ambos em pálpebras. Foram identificados nos cães 24 tipos tumorais e nos gatos 16. Em caninos as neoplasias benignas representaram o maior número de diagnósticos (56%) sendo que em felinos o maior número de casos foi de neoplasias malignas (75,8%).
Red eyes in the necropsy floor: twenty cases of hyphema in dogs and cats
Authors: Martins Tessie Beck , Barros Claudio S.L.
Published: May 2015

Hyphema (hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye) can be caused by several mechanisms and can easily be detected in routine ophthalmic or necroscopic examination as discolored red eye(s). The purpose of this study is to report the cause of hyphema diagnosed as a postmortem finding in dogs and cats. Twenty cases, 14 dogs and six cats of several ages and breeds and of both sexes were included in the study. Hyphema presented as a unilateral (14 cases out of 20) or bilateral (6/20) disorder in dogs and cats and extension of hemorrhage varied from minimal to diffuse. Hyphema was secondary to systemic disease (15/20) or occurred as a primary ocular lesion (5/20) in four dogs and one cat. Primary hyphema was always unilateral. In four of these cases, the cause of hyphema was trauma and remaining case was caused by phacoclastic uveitis in a dog with bilateral hypermature cataract. Various causes of bleeding disorders were found related to secondary hyphema: in decreasing order of frequency, they included vasculitis (8/15), systemic hypertension (5/15), and acquired coagulopathies (2/15). Vasculitis due to feline infectious peritonitis accounted for half of the cases (n=3) of systemic hyphema in cats. The various pathological aspects and pathogenesis of hyphema in dogs and cats are described and discussed.
Lactated Ringer's solution or 0.9% sodium chloride as fluid therapy in pigeons (Columba livia) submitted to humerus osteosynthesis
Authors: Carregaro Adriano B. , Gehrcke Martielo I. , Marques Jenifer S. , Silva André N.E. , Gomes Kleber T.
Published: May 2015

The study aimed to compare the effects of intraosseous infusion of lactated Ringer's and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions on the electrolytes and acid-base balance in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis. Eighteen pigeons were undergoing to isoflurane anesthesia by an avalvular circuit system. They were randomly assigned into two groups (n=9) receiving lactated Ringer's solution (LR) or 0.9% sodium chloride (SC), in a continuous infusion rate of 20mL/kg/h, by using an intraosseous catheter into the tibiotarsus during 60-minute anesthetic procedure. Heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured every 10 min. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 minutes to analyze blood pH, PvCO2, HCO3 -, Na+ and K+. Blood gases and electrolytes showed respiratory acidosis in both groups during induction, under physical restraint. This acidosis was evidenced by a decrease of pH since 0 min, associated with a compensatory response, observed by increasing of HCO3 - concentration, at 30 and 60 min. It was not observed any changes on Na+ and K+ serum concentrations. According to the results, there is no reason for choosing one of the two solutions, and it could be concluded that both fluid therapy solutions do not promote any impact on acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis.
Postdispersal Weed Seed Predation and Invertebrate Activity Density in Three Tillage Regimes
Authors: van der Laat Rocio , Owen Micheal D. K. , Liebman Matt , Leon Ramon G.
Published: May 2015

Field experiments were conducted near Boone, IA, to quantify postdispersal seed predation of common lambsquarters and common waterhemp in corn (2003) and soybean (2004) managed with conventional, reduced, and zero-tillage systems. Seed predation in each tillage regime was quantified using selective exclusion treatments during July through September 2003 and June through October 2004. In addition, the activity density of ground-dwelling invertebrates was estimated with pitfall traps. Choice and no-choice feeding trials were conducted in the laboratory using the most abundant weed seed predators found in the field to determine seed preferences of the potential predator organisms. The greatest seed loss occurred during July and August. In 2003, seed predation was lower in zero tillage than in conventional and reduced tillages, but no differences in seed predation between tillage regimes were observed in 2004. Maximum seed predation for common lambsquarters was 53% in 2003 and 64% in 2004. Common waterhemp seed predation reached 80% in 2003 and 85% in 2004. The majority of seed predation was by invertebrate organisms. The most common invertebrate species captured with pitfall traps were field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicusDe Geer [Gryllidae, Orthoptera]) and ground beetles (Harpalus pensylvanicusBurmeister [Coleoptera, Carabidae]). In 2003, field crickets were relatively more abundant in conventional and reduced tillage than in zero-tillage plots. In 2004, field crickets were more abundant in the reduced tillage than in the other two tillage regimes. No differences were detected for ground beetles among tillage regimes (P = 0.57). Choice and no-choice feeding experiments confirmed the preferences of field crickets and ground beetles for common lambsquarters and common waterhemp seeds over the larger seeds of giant foxtail and velvetleaf. Under field conditions, the activity density of field crickets was a significant predictor of common lambsquarters (r2= 0.47) and common waterhemp (r2= 0.53) seed predation. Positive relationships were also detected between the activity density of ground beetles and common lambsquarters (r2= 0.30) and common waterhemp (r2= 0.30) seed predation. This research demonstrated that weed seed predation is an important component affecting weed seedbanks and that crop management practices that favor the activity of predators such as field crickets or ground beetles could influence weed populations. Also, the results suggested that tillage is more important in determining the number of weed seeds available on the soil surface to predators than directly affecting predator activity density.
Die herkonseptualisering van volhoubaarheid ná die dekade van opvoeding vir volhoubare ontwikkeling
Authors: Ontong K , le Grange L
Published: May 2015

Die afgelope dekade (2005-2014) is gekenmerk deur verskeie bewusmakingsveldtogte aangaande volhoubare ontwikkeling. Nietemin, tesame met die veelvoudige waarskuwings wat die behoefte aan 'n volhoubare leefstyl beklemtoon, is die omgewing steeds besig om teen 'n geweldige spoed agteruit te gaan. Hierdie agteruitgang is onder meer sigbaar in die globale omgewingsprobleme soos klimaatsverandering, die afname in biodiversiteit, besoedeling, ontbossing en 'n groeiende werkloosheidsyfer. Verskeie opvoedkundige pogings is reeds aangewend om die erns van die globale sosio-ekologiese krisis te belemtoon, insluitend die Verenigde Nasies se verklaring aangaande die dekade van opvoeding vir volhoubare ontwikkeling (2005-2014). Ten spyte hiervan blyk dit dat onderwysers steeds voortgaan om te onderrig asof daar geen planetêre noodgeval bestaan nie. Nou, na die laaste jaar van die dekade van opvoeding vir volhoubare ontwikkeling, kan daar gevra word: Hoe kan onderwysers en skole volhoubaarheid ná afloop van hierdie dekade opnuut aanspreek? In hierdie artikel word daar aangevoer dat onderwysers en skole eerstens die term "volhoubaarheid" binne omgewingsopvoeding moet herkonseptualiseer voordat daar na die implementering van nuwe pedagogieë gekyk word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie artikel is dus (a) om 'n konseptuele raamwerk van só 'n veranderde siening voor te stel deur die moontlikheid van volhoubaarheid as 'n denkraamwerk te bespreek en (b) die implikasies daarvan vir onderwysers en skole te verken.
Riglyne vir die ontwikkeling van 'n professionele-ontwikkelingsprogram ooreenkomstig 'n werkswinkel-, ondersteunings- en mentorskapsmodel (WOM-model)
Authors: Marais E , Nel C , du Toit C
Published: May 2015

Die Suid-Afrikaanse onderwysstelsel beleef vir die soveelste keer 'n proses van verandering. 'n Belangrike aspek van enige verandering in die onderwysstelsel is die professionele ontwikkeling van die onderwysers wat in die praktyk staan. Volgens die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Basiese Onderwys is die implementering van professioneleontwikkelingsprogramme van groot waarde omdat dit die skoolstelsel transformeer en vernuwe. Volgens die Departement van Basiese Onderwys moet onderwysers en skoolhoofde die belangrikheid van professioneleontwikkelings-programme insien omdat dit waarde tot die opleiding en ontwikkeling van onderwysers kan toevoeg. Wanneer 'n professioneleontwikkelingsprogram ontwikkel word, is dit belangrik dat daar met groot sorg besluite geneem word, veral in terme van wie die professioneleontwikkelingspro-gram moet aanbied en bywoon, wat as deel van die professioneleontwikkelingsprogram ingesluit moet word en hoe die spesifieke program aangebied moet word. Buiten hierdie hoofaspekte is daar ook ander aangeleenthede wat in ag geneem moet word vir die praktiese beplanning en aanbieding van enige professioneleontwikkelingsprogram. Die doel van hierdie artikel is om riglyne te verskaf vir die beplanning en aanbieding van 'n professioneleontwikkelingsprogram ooreenkomstig die WOM-model.
Medidas corporais e características de carcaça de bubalinos Mediterrâneo castrados e inteiros
Authors: Ramalho Renata de Oliveira Santos , Rodrigues Victor Cruz , Couto Douglas Mena do , Pitombo Renata Silveira , Souza Daniele Duarte Nunes de , Araújo Alexandre Herculano Borges de
Published: May 2015

Neste estudo, foi avaliado o efeito da condição sexual sobre medidas corporais e características de carcaça, bem como as correlações entre as mesmas, utilizando registros de 20 búfalos Mediterrâneo (BM), sendo 10 castrados e 10 inteiros, provenientes da Fazenda Três Morros, em Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro, abatidos com média de 462,05 kg (±28,34). Os animais foram criados em regime de pasto, recebendo sal mineral à vontade. Foram obtidas as seguintes medidas corporais: profundidade torácica (PRT), comprimento da garupa (CG), altura da cernelha (AC), largura da garupa (LG), altura da garupa (AG), distância entre os ísquios (DIS), espessura de coxão (ECX), perímetro torácico (PT) e comprimento dorso lombo (DOR). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e correlação de Pearson. Os animais castrados tiveram maior rendimento de carcaça que os inteiros. Os animais inteiros tiveram maior rendimento de couro que os animais castrados, o que influenciou o menor rendimento de carcaça em relação aos castrados. Não houve diferença para rendimentos de patas, vísceras e cabeça em função da condição sexual. Houve correlação significativa (P<0,05) entre o peso de abate (PA) e as seguintes medidas corporais: PT, PRT, LG, DIS e AC.
Avaliação do consumo de leite e produtos lácteos informais e do conhecimento da população sobre os seus agravos à saúde pública, em um município do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Vidal-Martins Ana Maria Centola , Bürger Karina Paes , Gonçalves Ana Carolina Siqueira , Grisólio Ana Paula Rodomilli , Aguilar Carlos Eduardo Gamero , Rossi Gabriel Augusto Marques
Published: May 2015

O leite é um alimento de elevado valor nutricional e considerado um dos principais produtos de origem animal consumidos nos dias de hoje. O Brasil destaca-se como um dos principais produtores de leite do mundo e desde 2006 vem apresentando aumento crescente em sua produção. Por outro lado, também se observa desde o início da década de 1990, crescimento do chamado leite e produtos lácteos informais (alimentos comercializados sem qualquer tipo de inspeção), representando desafio a ser vencido com relação à segurança alimentar. Muitas são as enfermidades que podem ser transmitidas por esses alimentos, como por exemplo, a tuberculose e a brucelose e poucos são os consumidores que estão atentos a essas informações. O fato agrava-se ao pensar que o leite e os produtos lácteos compõem a dieta de muitas crianças, idosos e pessoas imunocomprometidas, o que pode tornar esse quadro mais grave. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, por meio da aplicação de questionários em 23 bairros do município de São José do Rio Preto, o perfil de 805 entrevistados, que consomem ou não leite e produtos lácteos, o conhecimento que os mesmos apresentavam sobre as doenças transmitidas pelo leite e seus derivados e o significado dos selos dos Serviços de Inspeção. Como resultado, observou-se que 97,76% (787/805) dos entrevistados consomem leite ou seus derivados, e aproximadamente 30% são obtidos por meios informais de comércio. A forma de consumo desse produto é bastante variável, mas 3,93% (31/787) dos consumidores do município ainda ingerem leite cru sem a fervura ou pasteurização e 65,96% (531/805) dos consumidores desconhecem a possível transmissão de doenças através da ingestão do leite. Além disso, 80,24% (646/805) dos consumidores não procuram nas embalagens se o produto passou por algum tipo de fiscalização antes de chegar ao comércio - identificação através dos selos dos órgãos de inspeção sanitária. A obtenção desses dados visou colaborar para o desenvolvimento de programas preventivos no município, e as informações obtidas estão disponíveis para auxiliar os serviços de fiscalização na redução da comercialização de leite e derivados informais como também nas campanhas de esclarecimento para os consumidores.
Perfil do consumo de pescado na cidade de Belo Horizonte, MG
Authors: Tavares Guilherme Campos , Aquino Renan Marcos Araújo de , Palhares Mariana Malacco , Santos Raquel Ribeiro Dias , Bonfim Lara Macêdo , Teixeira Lilian Viana
Published: May 2015

Objetivou-se determinar a frequência de consumo de pescado na cidade de Belo Horizonte e determinar principais locais de aquisição e consumo do produto. Para tanto, foram entrevistadas 396 pessoas através de um formulário contendo onze perguntas. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados em software de edição de planilha eletrônica e gráficos gerados. A carne de peixe é a menos consumida na cidade de Belo Horizonte. A frequência de consumo foi duas ou mais vezes ao mês (25,3%). O principal local de consumo foi a residência dos entrevistados (80,3%) e os supermercados foram determinados como o local de maior aquisição (71,5%).
John Dewey and the Cult of Efficiency
Authors: Yengo Carmine
Published: May 2015

Numerous critics of modern American education hold John Dewey responsible for many of its faults. Is it possible that John Dewey encouraged the widely criticized"cult of efficiency?" Through an analysis of Dewey's educational and social philosophy, the author claims that Dewey in fact foresaw the harmful effects of excessive emphasis upon efficiency in American schools and American society.
Effect of Early Father Absence on Scholastic Aptitude
Authors: Carlsmith Lyn
Published: May 2015

This article reports the results of an investigation into the effect of father absence on young children in terms of the patterns of math and verbal aptitude scores which these children later attain on college entrance examinations. The author relates the findings to sex-identification theory.
Around the Edge of Language: Intonation
Authors: Bolinger Dwight
Published: May 2015

The surface of the ocean responds to the forces that act upon it in movements resembling the ups and downs of the human voice. If our vision could take it all in at once, we would discern several types of motion, involving a greater and greater expanse of sea and volume of water: ripples, waves, swells, and tides. It would be more accurate to say ripples on waves on swells on tides,because each larger movement carries the smaller ones on its back.
What Grammar?
Authors: Gleason, Jr. H.
Published: May 2015

An educated man should be able to think rationally and incisively about his environment and about his human situation. Yet the ideal of the educated man is seldom approached in one of the most significant facets of his life: language. Adult Americans are badly informed about language and endemically prone to naive reasoning on any linguistic question. Moreover,they have no better insight into their own English tongue than into language in general, and this is, perhaps, the most serious failure of liberal humanistic objectives in American education.
Language Disorders in Childhood
Authors: Lenneberg Eric
Published: May 2015

The differential diagnosis of speech and language disorders in children is a practical pediatric problem with direct consequences on plans for treatment and general management. There is a wide-spread preference among practicing physicians and educators to refer the child to others (speech correctionists,social workers, or otolaryngologists) who may or may not have experience in all of the areas that have a direct bearing on the development of speech and language.
The Language of African Literature
Authors: Mphahlele Ezekiel
Published: May 2015

Talking enthusiastically about her visit to Europe, a leading African woman in South Africa said to a group of listeners a few years ago, "The role of the woman in Europe fascinated me so much that I wanted to write more about it to you folks at home. I wished I could write with all my ten fingers." The last phrase was an invention, unlike the number of African proverbs she so often put over in English during her public speeches, such as "no hand can wash itself properly," which was intended to exhort the listeners to unity.
Secondary School-Leavers in Ghana: Expectations and Reality
Authors: Foster Philip
Published: May 2015

The author's research on the relation between secondary education and the occupations of schoolleavers in Ghana casts some new perspectives on the manpower needs of the underdeveloped nation.
American Education Reforms in Japan Twelve Years Later
Authors: Duke Ben
Published: May 2015

Within the "oppositionist" political climate of Japanese education, the author examines the origins of post-Occupation reforms and analyzes some of the conflicting interests which are shaping Japan's economic and educational future.
Teaching, Acting, and Behaving
Authors: Green Thomas
Published: May 2015

Distinguishing between "acting" and "behaving"the author denies the claim that "learning a rule"is exemplified by "correct" behavior. He rejects the idea that "the aim of teaching is to change behavior" and concludes that only human action can create norms.
The Computer and Information Retrieval: School Law a Case Study
Authors: Asher J. William , Kurfeerst Marvin
Published: May 2015

Through a description of the application of Information Retrieval techniques to school law the authors suggest the immense potential electronic computers have for helping man cope with the nearly unmanageable proliferation of his own knowledge.
Philosophical Models of Teaching
Authors: Scheffler Israel
Published: May 2015

The author synthesizes and examines three philosophical models of teaching and suggests new criteria for assessing the purposes of education.
Are Our Universities Schools?
Authors: Johnson Jr. Henry
Published: May 2015

From the author's distinction between a school and a publicly supported center for research and development flows a principle to clarify the current ambiguous debate on the American university.
The Class-Hour Economy
Authors: Schellenberg James
Published: May 2015

A sociologist examines the pressures and assumptions that make ubiquitous the use of time as the unit of academic credit in American higher education.
Education and Politics in Developing Countries
Authors: Abernethy David , Coombe Trevor
Published: May 2015

The authors examine the interaction between education and politics in the new nations. They give particular attention to the tendency of education to induce political instability—as well as stability.
On the Role of Linguistics in the Teaching of English
Authors: Rosenbaum Peter
Published: May 2015

The author finds transformational grammar preferable to structural linguistics even though the former approach entails some problems for classroom teaching. He then provides examples showing how transformational grammar might clarify questions concerning the assumptions which underlie curricula in composition.
A Structure for Teaching the Language Arts
Authors: Calitri Charles
Published: May 2015

The author defines and explicates a four level approach to the teaching of the language arts, with a view to offering a more meaningful structure for the student's linguistic development than is provided by the essentially unilateral classroom procedures traditionally employed.
Uses of the Past in General Education
Authors: Jones Howard Mumford
Published: May 2015

The author appraises some existing conceptions of general education, particularly the great books approach and historical survey courses. He proposes forms of general education which will help to overcome parochialism through studies which emphasize cultural and historical contrasts rather than continuities.
D. H. Lawrence: Critic of the Schools
Authors: Jarrett James
Published: May 2015

Drawing from a variety of original sources, the author presents D. H. Lawrence's views on education and thereby calls attention to a dimension of Lawrence seldom encountered in the educational literature.
The Effect of Segregation on the Aspirations of Negro Youth
Authors: St. John Nancy Hoyt
Published: May 2015

The author tests the hypothesis that there is a negative relationship between the degree of segregation and the aspiration level of Negro students. Her findings fail to support this hypothesis, suggesting that this relationship is more complex than is generally assumed.
Preface
Authors: Cremin Lawrence
Published: May 2015

The relationship between intellectuals and the schools constitutes a classical problem, dating, I suppose, from the earliest efforts of the Sophists to reconstruct the curriculum of Periclean Athens. But it is a problem that has changed radically in modern times, as the intellectual community has grown in size,power, and self-consciousness, and as the schools have become increasingly popular professionalized, and bureaucratized. At the outset, one is immediately involved in definitions, since the way the problem is perceived will depend ultimately on how its terms are defined. Shall we, with Seymour Martin Lipset, include as intellectuals "all those who create, distribute, and applyculture," or shall we rather, with Richard Hofstadter, distinguish more precisely between men of intellect, who "examine, ponder, wonder, theorize,imagine," and men of intelligence, who "grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust"? The choice will not only determine which men we consider at particular times in history, it will inevitably condition our judgments of these men and of the roles they played. Similarly, shall we define the school in quite specific twentieth-century terms, as a formal institution clearly distinguishable from, say, the church or the museum, or shall we define it more comprehensively to include all the institutions in which continuous, deliberate,systematic instruction takes place? Once again, the choice will be decisive in determining which data bear on the problem and how we treat those data.
Intellectuals and the Schools: A Case History
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: May 2015

Acknowledging the school's need for advice from scholars, the author seeks reasons for what he argues are the inadequacies of recent efforts in mathematics curricula. Professors, influenced by some general trends in universities, have taken a too-narrow view of what they should offer to the schools, he feels.
The Artist as Teacher, the Poet as Troublemaker
Authors: Meredith William
Published: May 2015

Through the creative and performing arts, a student can achieve his own vision of his experience. An artist who teaches can best show his students"how to say things" and can encourage their personal vision if he has what the author calls"affection" and "just moral discernment," qualities that are important for the artist and the teacher alike.
Toward a Definition of Orthodoxy: THE PATRICIAN SOUTH AND THE COMMON SCHOOLS
Authors: Taylor William
Published: May 2015

Of the timeless debate over the aims and means of education, the author traces that portion that was carried on in the antebellum South. He places it in the context of Southern intellectual history and shows how the turn toward a preoccupation with orthodoxy and social control reflected "the society itself—its aspirations, its fears and, in fact, its very attitude toward knowledge itself."
Education and Community
Authors: Newmann Fred , Oliver Donald
Published: May 2015

This essay presents a dissenting view of prevailing concepts of education and approaches to educational reform. Reforms currently directed at American schools are grounded in conceptual and institutional frameworks that fail to confront the most fundamental problems of our age. The authors outline the nature of these problems,suggest ways in which education in America both reflects and exacerbates the problems, and finally sketch an educational model they feel is more appropriate to the challenges of modern America.
Race and Equal Educational Opportunity
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas
Published: May 2015

After reviewing several studies that support the Coleman finding on the significance of the social-class climate of the school's student body, the author considers effects which can be attributed specifically to racial-composition factors. He distinguishes between a "desegregated" school and an "integrated" school, and discusses the explanatory power of this "crucial distinction." The author concludes with an examination of questions concerning the dynamics of the interracial classroom suggested by the Equality of Educational Opportunity survey data. Two processes are considered in some detail: "fate control" and "social evaluation."
Social Stratification and Higher Education
Authors: Jencks Christopher
Published: May 2015

The effect of educational attainment on adult occupational status is often exaggerated,but higher education is nonetheless an important route to a good job. The middle class have always made disproportionate use of this tool for self-advancement,and the gap is not narrowing. The role of tuition charges and academic tests in maintaining the middle-class advantage is not as great as many suppose; class differences in motivation probably play the decisive role. Even if access to higher education became more equal, however, this would not necessarily make American life more satisfactory. The central problem seems to be inequality, not immobility,and while the two are closely related, measures intended to achieve one may not promote the other.
Public Knowledge and Private Men: Political Impact in the Post-Kerr Era
Authors: Litt Edgar
Published: May 2015

After discussing the changing relationship between the university and the world of public policy-making, the author traces implications for the political development of students in such altered institutions. Taking issue with current models of political socialization, he argues that research must include the systemic context of individual political development, and that universities could view their growing influence as an educational tool rather than simply a service for government.
Patterns of Political Learning
Authors: Jennings M. Kent , Niemi Richard
Published: May 2015

The authors take issue with a widely accepted developmental model which suggests that almost all of political socialization occurs in the elementary school years. They re-examine some of the research on which the model was based in light of original data gathered by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan.
Some Educational Implications of the Humanistic Psychologies
Authors: Maslow Abraham
Published: May 2015

The theoretical and empirical work of Dr. Maslow, which has helped to form a"Third Force" psychology, has been recognized widely within that discipline, which honors him this year as President of the American Psychological Association. In this essay, the relevance for education of much of his psychological theorizing is examined in detail, as the author explores the reinforcing role of "peakexperiences,"and discusses the general educational imperatives to be derived from his views of the process of "self-actualization."
How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement
Authors: Jensen Arthur
Published: May 2015

Arthur Jensen argues that the failure of recent compensatory education efforts to produce lasting effects on children's IQ and achievement suggests that the premises on which these efforts have been based should be reexamined.
Has Compensatory Education Failed? Has It Been Attempted?
Authors: Hunt J. McV.
Published: May 2015

While Professor Hunt finds much of interest in parts of Jensen's article, he objects strongly to some of its conclusions. Hunt fails to find satisfactory evidence that we may make the assertions about genetic differences determining the intelligence of Negroes and whites which Jensen has offered. He finds Jensen's claims about the high heritability of intelligence unsubstantiated; he finds Jensen's conclusion that observed group mean differences in IQ scores among Negro and white populations are genetically determined to be even less supportable. Hunt offers an alternative hypothesis: given the necessary relationship between the physical structure of the nervous system and the behavior of the system (as in IQ),we must provide rich post-natal experience in order to develop the inherent structures. He offers analogies from animal research which suggest that the physical development of the brain is directly influenced by its information-processing activities—these activities are particularly effective in neo-natal organisms.
Correspondence
Authors: Anderson, Jr. E.
Published: May 2015

To the Editors:

Certain rather sensationalistic accounts in the popular press directed my attention to Arthur Jensen's article. The article will no doubt receive comments from persons more qualified than I in psychology, testing, and education. However, as an anthropologist, I can raise some points that may not be mentioned by other workers.
Why/How to Build School Buildings
Authors: De Carlo Giancarlo
Published: May 2015

In a period of crisis of values like the one which we are going through at present, we cannot deal with problems of "how to" without first posing the problems of "why." If we were to begin discussing immediately the best way to build school buildings for contemporary society without first clarifying the reasons for which contemporary society needs school buildings, we would run the risk of taking for granted definitions and judgments which may not make sense any more; and our speculations would turn out to be sand castles.
Those Places They Call Schools
Authors: Coles Robert
Published: May 2015

People like me visit a large number of schools, talk with the principals and assistant principals and teachers and children,then leave and soon enough have our say: this school had some interesting things going inside it; that one was awful;the children over here are learning practically nothing; the children over there may be picking some things up in the classroom, but the price—psychological, emotional, spiritual if you will—they pay for the achievement is much too high.