bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOW‐HEAD HYDROPOWER IMPACTS ON STREAM DISSOLVED OXYGEN1
Authors: Thene John R. , Stefan Heinz G. , Daniil Ekaterini I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method to evaluate the effect of hydropower development on downstream dissolved oxygen (DO) is presented for a low head dam. Water, previously aerated during release over spillways and under gates, is diverted through the hydropower facility without further aeration. The oxygen transfer that occurs as a result of air entrainment at the various release points of a dam is measured. Oxygen transfer efficiencies are calculated and incorporated into an oxygen transfer model to predict average release DO concentrations. This model is used to systematically determine the effect of hydropower operation on downstream DO. Operational alternatives are investigated and a simple operational guide is developed to mitigate the effects of hydropower operation. Combinations of reduced generation and optimal releases from the dam allow the hydropower facility to operate within DO standards.
FARM INCOME AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS FROM REDUCING SURFACE WATER SEDIMENT DELWERIES1
Authors: Piper Steven , Huang Wen‐Yuan , Ribaudo Marc
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potential surface water and ground water quality tradeoff implications from the nonpoint source provisions of the 1987 Water Quality Act are investigated in this paper using a national linear programming model developed at Iowa State University and modified by the Economic Research Service and the Leaching Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals (LEACH) Handbook developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The linear programming model is used to maximize net farm revenue using optimal combinations of crop rotations and tillage practices for each region of the United States given natural resource constraints. The LEACH handbook is used to determine the relative potential for pesticides to leach below the root zone for different soil types, hydrologic conditions, pesticides used, and tillage practices. The results indicate that imposing a surface water quality erosion constraint aimed at reducing sediment concentrations results in a larger decrease in farm income than imposing a uniform 5 ton per acre per year erosion constraint. Both constraints could result in regional improvement in ground water quality in some regions of the country while decreasing ground water quality in other regions.
HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DELAWARE RWER BASIN1
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Ayers Mark A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Thornthwaite water balance and combinations of temperature and precipitation changes representing climate change were used to estimate changes in seasonal soil‐moisture and runoff in the Delaware River basin. Winter warming may cause a greater proportion of precipitation in the northern part of the basin to fall as rain, which may increase winter runoff and decrease spring and summer runoff. Estimates of total annual runoff indicate that a 5 percent increase in precipitation would be needed to counteract runoff decreases resulting from a warming of 2°C; a 15 percent increase for a warming of 4°C. A warming of 2° to 4°C, without precipitation increases, may cause a 9 to 25 percent decrease in runoff. The general circulation model derived changes in annual runoff ranged from −39 to +9 percent. Results generally agree with those obtained in studies elsewhere. The changes in runoff agree in direction but differ in magnitude. In this humid temperate climate, where precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, decreases in snow accumulation in the northern part of the basin and increases in evapotranspiration throughout the basin could change the timing of runoff and significantly reduce total annual water availability unless precipitation were to increase concurrently.
THE ROLE OF ADVISORY BOARDS IN A WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCY1
Authors: Gillies J. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Since Saskatchewan assumed the responsibility for managing the Province's water resources in 1930, the importance of the Province's water resources has been recognized by assigning the responsibility for managing the resource to higher levels in the government structure. With such recognition, there tended to be an overlapping of responsibilities that resulted in undefined areas of jurisdiction and duplication of services. Also, there was no opportunity for direct public participation in the management structure. These deficiencies were recognized, and following a series of public hearings a “Cabinet Committee on Water Concerns” in 1983 concluded that the most appropriate government structure for managing the water resources of Saskatchewan would be a Crown corporation. As a result, in 1984 the Saskatchewan Water Corporation was formed and given the responsibility to manage, administer, develop, control, and protect the water and related land resources in Saskatchewan. An important aspect of this responsibility was that the corporation should initiate a process of public involvement. Thus, six “Regional Watershed Advisory Boards” were established. The Advisory Boards provide the Corporation with a linkage to the general public by providing advice, participating in policy revision and development, and assisting Corporation staff in other related water management activities.
ESTIMATED BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE IN DILUTE LAKES1
Authors: Brakke David F , Henriksen Ame , Norton Stephen A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Lake water sulfate values were examined for two areas in western Norway and the western United States presently receiving low levels of sulfate in atmospheric deposition. Data from these areas were used to estimate background concentrations of sulfate in lakes found in areas currently receiving acidic deposition. The two areas contain dilute lakes with concentrations of sea‐salt corrected Ca+ Mg less than 50 μeq/l or conductivity < 10μS cm‐1and receive precipitation with volume‐weighted mean pH > 4.8. Based on observations from these areas, we conclude that background sulfate concentrations were probably no more than 10 to 15 μeq L‐1for areas of Norway and the U.S. containing lakes with low concentrations of base cations. For southern Norway and the northeastern U.S., present lakewater sulfate concentrations represent an increase of 7 to 10 fold above these estimated background values.
A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUTURE RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITIES1
Authors: Singh Krishan P. , Durgunog̃lu Au
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A new method has been developed for estimating future reservoir storage capacities, allowing for sediment deposition and compaction. Reservoir sedimentation surveys for 117 reservoirs, conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey over the past 60 years, were used to determine regional constants K to represent the severity of sediment deposition in the reservoirs. More than half of the 82 water supply reservoirs investigated had records of reservoir sedimentation surveys, and their K values were calculated by using data from those sediment surveys. The average K values of the remaining non‐surveyed water supply reservoirs were estimated from the regional distribution of the K values. Other important factors considered in the estimation of future reservoir storage capacities are the trap efficiency of the reservoirs and the variation of density of sediment deposits due to compaction. The model can also be used for analyzing the economics of alternative sites and of design features that can be incorporated in dams for reducing reservoir sedimentation.
WATER BALANCE AT A LOW‐LEVEL RADIOACTIVE‐WASTE DISPOSAL SITE1
Authors: Healy Richard W. , Gray John R. , de Vries M. Peter. , Mills Patrick C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water balance at a low‐level radioactive‐waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois was studied from July 1982 through June 1984. Continuous data collection allowed estimates to be made for each component of the water‐balance equation independent of other components. The average annual precipitation was 948 millimeters. Average annual evapotranspiration was estimated at 637 millimeters, runoff was 160 millimeters, change in water storage in a waste‐trench cover was 24 millimeters, and deep percolation was 208 millimeters. The magnitude of the difference between precipitation and all other components (81 millimeters per year) indicates that, in a similar environment, the water‐budget method would be useful in estimating evapotranspiration, but questionable for estimation of other components. Precipitation depth and temporal distribution had a very strong effect on all other components of the water‐balance equation. Due to the variability of precipitation from year to year, it appears that two years of data are inadequate for characterization of the long‐term average water balance at the site.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY PLANNING AND MANAGING OF WATER REUSE1
Authors: Mohorjy Abdullah M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines a rapidly expanding area of water supplies, specifically water reclamation and reuse, and provides a comprehensive planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives. The methodology uses five phases: goal setting, identification of reuse opportunities, development and evaluation of planning alternatives, assessment of water reuse linkages, and making decisions and recommendations. A tool called “input‐output modeling” is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio‐economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study.

Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water in the world, but water quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. The challenge in planning systems is to maximize the utilization of water reuse in the fact of these constraints. The importance of multidisciplinary collaboration cannot be overemphasized.

This paper assesses the potential for water reclamation and reuse in developing countries by considering the relationships among the pertinent technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, but in order to ensure the efficient transfer of waste water reuse technology into the society, the methodology seeks to provide a conceptual model which integrates the hydrologic and socioeconomic aspects of water resources planning and water reuse within the study area. (KEY WORDS: water reuse; water reclamation; planning; methodology; model; reuse technology; socio‐hydrologic systems; socioeconomic systems.)
SOME STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS1
Authors: Kite Geoff
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Some of the statistical techniques and results presented in publications in hydrology and water resources are, at best, misleading and, in other cases, plain wrong. The author discusses examples that he has found in recent publications. One reason for the number of doubtful papers may be simply that the total number of papers is increasing so fast; seven new journals in hydrology and water resources have been issued in the last few years.
DESIGN OF A DIVERSION SYSTEM TO MANAGE THE FIRST FLUSH1
Authors: Kuo Chin Y. , Zhu Jun‐un
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: To manage the first flush of storm runoff in urbanized areas, a diversion box and detention basin system has been proposed for a new storm sewer system or for retrofitting an existing system. A software package for a personal computer has been developed to facilitate the analysis and design of the system. Hydrographs and pollutographs are generated at the inlet and outlet of the diversion box and the detention basin. The peak outflow and peak pollutant concentrations are compared with the allowable outflow and pollutant concentration for urban stormwater quantity and quality management. The model is developed for both analysis and design purposes.
MODELING OF LEAKAGE THROUGH CRACKED CLAY LINERS ‐ II: A NEW PERSPECTIVE1
Authors: Miller Carol J. , Mishra Manoj
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An hydraulic description of moisture transport through the compacted clay layers of a landfill cover liner is presented. Previous descriptions have assumed that micro‐pore processes control the transport. The present description incorporates the influence of voids or macro‐pores created by desiccation cracking. The existence and importance of cracks is documented using laboratory and field data. Although micro‐pore flow can be modeled confidently using Darcy's Law, the contribution of macro‐pore flow is often neglected because of the lack of field verified models to describe its occurrence. The variety of modes and mechanisms of flow that are operative in flow through cracked clay liners is discussed, and analogies are made to familiar concepts in open channel flow theory. The discussion provides the conceptual framework for the development of a numerical model to simulate both the micro‐ and macro‐pore flow phenomena.
ACCOUNTING FOR DISCREPANCIES IN PAN EVAPORATION CALCULATIONS1
Authors: Gunderson Lance H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four experiments were made to document and account for differences in evaporation data that were calculated using pans equipped with float‐activated recorders and pans with hook gauge/rain gauge instrumentation. Paired in‐pan comparisons indicated that evaporation differences were not due to the technique of measuring water level within the pan. Also, the recorder float‐lag did not account for the differences. By sampling rainfall events, it was found that evaporation pans and standard (8 in. orifice) rain gauges record significantly different amounts of rain, which results in differences in calculated evaporation on rainy days. Monitoring networks with evaporation pans should have uniform instrumentation that accurately records rainfall into the pans for consistent results.
SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND HYDROLOGY AND EVALUATION OF THE SPUR HYDROLOGY MODEL1
Authors: Wilcox Bradford P. , Hanson Clayton L. , Ross Wight J. , Blackburn Wilbert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An excellent hydrologic record on sagebrush range‐land has been developed at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho. The objectives of this paper were two‐fold: (1) to analyze and describe the hydrologic record (8–18 years) from four sagebrush watersheds (1–83 ha); and (2) to evaluate the hydrology component of SPUR, a comprehensive rangeland model. The watersheds represent a gradient in elevation (1180–1658 m) and precipitation (240–350 mm/yr). Runoff was a small fraction (> 2 percent) of the total water budget for all of the watersheds. It occurred very infrequently at the three lower elevation watersheds: Summit, Flats, and Nancy Gulch. At Lower Sheep, the highest elevation watershed, runoff occurred most years for a period of 1 to 17 weeks in the winter. Frozen soil combined with rainfall or snowmelt was associated with most of the runoff from Flats and Nancy Gulch. At Summit summertime thunderstorms produced all of the runoff. The average annual sediment yield from all of the watersheds was low (17–950 kg/ha). It was highest from Summit, which had well developed alluvial channels and very steep slopes. SPUR was able to simulate runoff with reasonable accuracy only at Summit, where frozen soils were not a factor. There was poor correlation between predicted and actual annual 8ediment loss. The model tended to overpredict evapotranspiration early in the growing season and underpredict it in the late summer.
TESTING FOR TREND IN LAKE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES1
Authors: Taylor Charles H. , Loftis Jim C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The detection of gradual trends in water quality time series is increasing in importance as concern grows for diffuse sources of pollution such as acid precipitation and agricultural non‐point sources. A significant body of literature has arisen dealing with trend detection in water quality variables that exhibit seasonal patterns. Much of the literature has dealt with seasonality of the first moment. However, little has been mentioned about seasonality in the variance, and its effect upon the performance of trend detection techniques. In this paper, eight methods of trend detection that arise from both the statistical literature as well as the water quality literature have been compared by means of a simulation study. Varying degrees of seasonality in both the variances and the means have been introduced into the artificial data, and the performances of these procedures are analyzed. Since the focus is on lake and ground water quality monitoring, quarterly sampling and short to moderate record lengths are examined.
THE DETERMINATION OF AN OPTIMAL POLICY FOR PROTECTING GROUND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Huang Wen‐Yuan , Uni Noel D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An analytical framework is presented that identifies the tradeoffa that a regional authority desiring to enhance ground water quality is confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households while endeavoring to maximize net regional welfare. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
HUMAN STABILITY IN A HIGH FLOOD HAZARD ZONE1
Authors: Abt S.R. , Wittier R.J. , Taylor A. , Love D.J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The delineation of high flood hazard zones within a flood plain is usually independent of the hydraulic parameters that constitute a life threatening situation. In order to define human instability in high hazard areas, a study was conducted to identify when an adult human could not stand or maneuver in a simulated flood flow. An analysis was performed on a rigid body monolith resulting in a toppling hazard envelope curve (velocity vs. depth). A 120 lb monolith was then constructed and tested to relate the actual flow velocity and depth at toppling to theory. A series of human subjects (90–201 Ibs) were placed in a recirculating flume and tested to determine the velocity and depth of flow that caused their instability.

The test results determined that the product number, which is the product of the velocity and depth at toppling of the monolith, closely compared to the theoretical envelope curve. The monolith results represent the lower limit of human stability. Also, the product number appeared to be a predictor of human instability in flood flow. A relationship was developed to estimate the product number at which a human subject becomes unstable as a function of the height and weight of the subject.
COMPARISON OF REGRESSION AND TIME‐SERIES METHODS FOR SYNTHESIZING MISSING STREAMFLOW RECORDS1
Authors: Beauchamp J.J. , Downing D.J. , Railsback S.F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regression and time‐series techniques have been used to synthesize and predict the stream flow at the Foresta Bridge gage from information at the upstream Pohono Bridge gage on the Merced River near Yosemite National Park. Using the available data from two time periods (calendar year 1979 and water year 1986), we evaluated the two techniques in their ability to model the variation in the observed flows and in their ability to predict stream flow at the Foresta Bridge gage for the 1979 time period with data from the 1986 time period. Both techniques produced reasonably good estimates and forecasts of the flow at the downstream gage. However, the regression model was found to have a significant amount of autocorrelation in the residuals, which the time‐series model was able to eliminate. The time‐series technique presented can be of great assistance in arriving at reasonable estimates of flow in data sets that have large missing portions of data.
A COMPARISON OF STREAMFLOW GENERATION MODELS FOR RESERVOIR CAPACITY‐YIELD ANALYSIS1
Authors: Savic Dragan A. , Burn Donald H. , Zrinji Zolt
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An analysis of four streamflow generation schemes for the use in the estimation of the required conservation storage for a single reservoir is presented. The comparison of the generating schemes should aid in the selection of an appropriate model type for the reservoir sizing problem. The streamflow generation models are compared using two criteria. The first comparison is between the statistics of the generated streamflow sequences and the corresponding statistics from the historical record. The second evaluation compares the median reservoir size determined by each model with the required storage based on the historical flow sequence. The results of a comparative analysis for monthly streamflow data for the Rzav River in Yugoslavia are presented and discussed. The results indicate that both evaluation criteria are required to discriminate between the various options.
RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN WATER CONTAMINATION EMERGENCIES1
Authors: Waterstone Marvin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Contamination of supplies by a wide variety of pollutants has long presented water managers with difficult problems. In the last fifteen years the issue of groundwater contamination has received a great deal of attention. Most work has focused on the source side of the problem. Questions have included: where do pollutants come from, how widespread is the problem, and what are the effects of the contaminants on human health and the environment? Very little work, however, has yet been done on the response side of this issue. Are water managers aware of water pollution problems (actual or potential) and their magnitude, and how well prepared are they to deal with contamination situations if they should develop? This paper reports results from a study of such questions for the southern New Jersey area. The study was intended to assess both the methodological and substantive issues involved in an empirical investigation of response capability. In addition to reporting methodological findings, the paper concludes that, while problem awareness is relatively high, actual preparedness and response capabilities are strikingly low.
APPLICATION OF THE U.S.G.S. DIFFUSION HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR URBAN FLOODPLAIN ANAYSIS1
Authors: Hromadka T.V. , Walker T.R. , Yen C.C. , DeVries J.J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The two‐dimensional Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model, DHM, is applied to the evaluation of floodplain depths resulting from an overflow of a leveed river. The environmental concerns of flood protection and high flow velocities can be better studied with the help of the two‐dimensional DHM flow model than by use of the one‐dimensional modeling techniques. In the test case, some of the predicted flood depth differences between the DHM and the one‐dimensional approach (i.e., HEC‐2) are found to be significant. Although the DHM generates considerable information, it is easy to use and does not require expertise beyond that required for use of the one‐dimensional approaches.
MONITORING STRATEGIES TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH WATER QUALITY OBJIECTIVES1
Authors: Valiela Diana , Whitfield Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long‐term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance.

If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance‐driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance‐driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard deviation.
PROBLEMS AND METHODS INVOLVED IN RELATING LAND USE TO GROUND‐WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Barringer Thomas , Dunn Dennis , Battaglin William , Vowinkel Eric
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Efforts to relate shallow ground‐water quality to the land use near a well lead to several statistical difficulties. These include potential uncertainty in land‐use categorical data due to misclassification, data closure, distributional skewing, and spatial autocorrelation. Methods of addressing these problems are, respectively, the establishment of limits on minimum buffer radius, the estimation of contrasts, rank‐based tests of association, and sub‐sampling to prevent buffer overlap. Relations between the presence of purgeable organic compounds in ground water and land use are used to illustrate these problems and methods.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AFFECTING AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE1
Authors: Hendrickson Paul L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Thermal energy storage involves the capture and storage of thermal energy (either heat or chill) during one time period for use at a later period. Storage of thermal energy in aquifers on a seasonal basis is one promising application of the technology that has been implemented in several foreign countries and is currently undergoing field testing in the U.S. Potential developers of aquifer thermal energy storage projects will face a number of regulatory requirements at the federal, state, and local level of government. These can include meeting: (1) surface land and ground water use restrictions, (2) regulations relating to withdrawal of ground water, and (3) requirements for reinjecting thermally altered ground waters. Separate permits for ground water withdrawal and reinjection may be required. The permit process is likely to involve opportunities for public comment and may involve contested proceedings.
CHARGES FOR URBAN RUNOFF: ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION1
Authors: Lindsey Greg
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Maryland officials have identified stormwater utilities as a potential method of financing programs to control nutrients in urban stormwater runoff that are proposed in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Plan. This paper reviews a number of issues related to the equity, efficiency and acceptability of user charge schemes. Overall, charges are found to be preferable to property taxes from both equity and efficiency perspectives. In addition, evidence suggests that elected officials will support creation of utilities. Obstacles to the implementation of utilities are identified.
INFILTRATION EVALUATION OF FOUR MECHANICAL RAINFALL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN SIERRA NEVADA WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Guerrant D. G. , Miller W. W. , Mahannah C. N. , Narayanan R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Little quantitative site‐specific infiltration, runoff and sediment transport data for Tahoe Basin soils under varying storm events or stage of development are available. Modular (Ml), F‐type (M2), Impact nozzle (M3), and Impact‐Fan nozzle (M4) rainfall simulators were evaluated as to their practicality and ability to characterize infiltration for the Cagwin Soil Series within the Tahoe Basin. Three slope (0–15,15–30, >30%) and four plot conditions (natural with duff [P1], natural without duff [P2], disturbed without duff [P3], and disturbed with duff [P4]) were studied. The measured data were incorporated into a modified Philip's infiltration model and multiple non‐linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships between method, slope, plot condition, and infiltration characteristics.t Simulation methods Ml and M4 produced statistically similar (P=0.01) infiltration data, as did M2 and M3 which produced lower infiltration rates. All were found suitable for use in Sierra Nevada watersheds. Ml was considered most practical. Slope had negligible effect on infiltration. The plot condition was found to significantly influence infiltration, and the effect of each plot condition was significantly different. Final infiltration rates ranged from 4.7 to 6.2 cm/hr. Thus, the Cagwin soil demonstrated moderate to high infiltration rates even when exposed to extreme storm conditions (8–10 cm/hr).
POND SIZING FOR RATIONAL FORMULA HYDROGRAPHS1
Authors: Aron Gert , Kibler David F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Modified Rational formula hydrograph and the Yarnell generalized rainfall chart are generally accepted procedures for sizing storm water detention ponds for small drainage areas. A procedure has been developed to choose the rainfall duration which, for a chosen return period, will result in the largest required storage volume of a detention pond. A graphical solution has been provided and its use has been described by application to an example.
EFFECTS OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES, BOISE RWER, IDAHO1
Authors: Frenzel S. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Aquatic communities in the Boise River were examined from October 1987 to March 1988 to determine whether they were adversely affected by trace elements in effluents from two Boise wastewater treatment facilities. Trace‐element concentrations in the Boise River were less than or near analytical‐detection levels and were less than chronic toxicity criteria when detectable. Insect communities colonizing artificial substrates upstream and downstream from the wastewater treatment facilities were strongly associated, and coefficients of community loss indicated that effluents had benign enriching effects. The distributions of trace‐element‐intolerant mayflies indicated that trace‐element concentrations in effluents did not adversely affect intolerant organisms in the Boise River. Condition factor of whitefish was significantly increased downstream from the Lander Street wastewater treatment facility and was significantly decreased downstream from the West Boise wastewater treatment facility.
ECONOMIC POLICIES FOR REGULATING AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER1
Authors: Knapp Keith C. , Dinar Ariel , Nash Phyllis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Agricultural drainage water is a major source of environmental pollution in many areas. This paper reviews the literature on the economics of nonpoint‐source pollution and applies it to the regulation of agricultural drainage water. Four types of regulatory policies are considered. The empirical analysis is carried out for cotton production in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Variable inputs are the quantity of water applied and the type of irrigation system. All four policies can achieve economic efficiency under the conditions assumed here, but the policies differ in terms of the distributional impacts and administrative requirements.
STATE WATER PLANNING: A FORUM FOR PROACTWELY RESOLVING WATER POLICY DISPUTES1
Authors: McKinney Matthew J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the arid West, the development and implementation of water policy often results in disputes among water users, resource managers, and policy makers. Although significant attempts have been made to improve public involvement and dispute resolution in water resources planning, the traditional planning process has not historically played this role for a variety of reasons. Water resources planning can become a forum for proactively resolving water policy disputes by employing the principles of environmental dispute resolution. The purpose of this article is to explore the role of collaborative, consensus‐building planning processes in resolving water policy disputes. The Montana State Water Plan is evaluated as an example of such a process, and a model state water planning process is outlined.
ERRORS IN ESTIMATED STREAMFLOW PARAMETERS AND STORAGES FOR UNGAUGED CATCHMENTS1
Authors: Gan K C. , McMahon T A. , O'Neill I. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: For a set of 81 catchments in southeast Victoria, Australia, predictive equations were developed by least squares regression of the mean and coefficient of variation of annual Streamflow against a variety of rainfall and physiographic parameters. The data were also divided into subsets according to catchment size, subregion, or record length of investigate if the relationships differed significantly between subsets. Only the catchment area and some rainfall statistical parameters were found to be significant. Streamflow parameters predicted by the regression equations were used to estimate storage requirements in ungauged catchments. The influence of errors in the Streamflow parameters on the storage error was examined.
STORMFLOW AND SEDIMENT LOSS FROM INTENSIVELY MANAGED FOREST WATERSHEDS IN EAST TEXAS1
Authors: Blackburn W. H. , Knight R. W. , Wood J. C. , Pearson H. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Five small (4 ha) forested watersheds in East Texas were instrumented in December 1980 to determine the effect of forest harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and livestock grazing on stormflow, peak discharge rate, and sediment loss. After three pretreatment years, four of the watersheds were treated as follows: (1) clearcutting followed by roller chopping; (2) clearcutting following by shearing and windrowing; (3) clearcutting following by shearing, windrowing, and continuous grazing; and (4) clearcutting followed by shearing, windrowing, and rotational grazing. Clearcut harvesting and all site preparation treatments significantly increased stormflow, peak discharge, and sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Roller chopping and shearing/windrowing had little impact on sediment loss from these watersheds and appears to be a sound forest conservation practice for gently sloping watersheds (> 8 percent). As applied, livestock grazing had minimal impact on stormflow and peak discharge. The moderately stocked continuously grazed treatment had little impact on sediment loss, but the high stocking density of the rotational grazing treatment increased sediment losses over the undisturbed condition. Sediment losses from these intensively managed forest watersheds, even though significantly greater than from undisturbed conditions, were within the range of sediment losses from undisturbed watersheds in the Southeast, below the range of losses from mechanically prepared watersheds elsewhere, and well below potential losses from pasture and cropland.
A STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR URBAN AREAS IN KUWAIT1
Authors: Zaghioul Nabil A. , Al‐Shurbaji Abdel‐Rahman M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive study was conducted to implement the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for urban areas in Kuwait. The updated version of the model designed to run on an IBM Personal Computer and compatibles (PCSWMM3.2C) was utilized. The study revealed that urban runoff simulation in arid areas by the SWMM model is a powerful and efficient tool in designing drainage systems and as such, a viable replacement of the commonly used rational method. It was found that only the streets and paved areas that are hydraulically connected to the drainage system contribute to runoff. Fine and coarse discretization approaches were used in the study. The difference between the hydrographs simulated by the two approaches were relatively small. The performance of the existing drainage system and the accuracy of the design method used were tested using a 25‐year storm. The result of the simulation revealed that the storm sewers were oversized by factors ranging from 1.2 to 3.6.

The SWMM model was used to estimate the storm water runoff volume collected from all urbanized areas in Kuwait City. The annual expected harvested runoff water was found to be significant; however, the quality of runoff water needs to be assessed before a decision is made on its reuse.
RUNOFF VOLUME ESTIMATION USING GIS TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Stuebe Miki M. , Johnston Douglas M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rainfall runoff of six watersheds was modeled via the Soil Conservation Service runoff curve number model in two ways: conventionally (manually) and via a geographic information system (GIS). Input data (elevation, soils, and landcover) were digital for the latter method. In contrast to previous studies, the GIS was ised for all phases of the modeling process, including watershed delineation and routing of runoff. A comparison between the two methods was consistent with results reported by others and indicates that the use of a GIS is an acceptable alternative to the conventional method for watersheds lacking relatively flat terrain. Given this limitation, the GIS method may prove advantageous over manual methods when study areas are large or numerous, runoff is modeled repetitively, alternative landcover scenarios are explored, or a digital database already exists for the study area.
LINEAR PROGRAMS FOR NONLINEAR HYDROLOGIC ESTIMATION1
Authors: Loaiciga Hugo A. , Church Richard L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The minimization of the sum of absolute deviations and the minimization of the absolute maximum deviation (mini‐max) were transformed into equivalent linear programs for the estimation of parameters in a transient and linear hydrologic system. It is demonstrated that these two methods yield viable parameter estimates that are globally optimal and reproduce properly the timing and magnitude of hydrologic events and associated variables such as total runoff. The two linear estimation methods compared favorably with the popular least‐squares nonlinear estimation method. The generality of the theoretical developments shows that linear program equivalents are adequate competitors of nonlinear methods of hydrologic estimation and parameter calibration.
OPTIMAL BATHYMETRY OF TYRRHENIAN SEA BY STOCHASTIC INTERPOLATORS1
Authors: Gambolati Giuseppe , Galeati Giorgio
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The analysis of the sea depth in the vicinity of a thermal power plant is important in view of the heat dispersion and transport of the cooling water discharged from the energy production processes. The bathymetry of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the area facing the thermoelectric plant being built at Montalto di Castro, Italy, is reconstructed with the aid of the kriging technique. The large number of measurements (2038) precludes the use of a global interpolation model. At the same time, the steepness of the variogram suggests that the stochastic process is likely non‐stationary. The latter problem is managed by detrending the observed records with a fourth‐order polynomial drift determined with the least squares method. The global approach is replaced with local models with an influence radius of 70 m and a minimal number of interpolation records equal to 10. The detrended residuals appear to be second‐order stationary having an isotropic vaniogram that is fitted equally well by a linear or a spherical function. The average size of the local interpolation models is 28, which ensures a high cemputational efficiency. The bathymetry of the sea area of interest is then reconstructed over a regular grid with a total of 3570 nodes. The estimation standard deviation maps show that the accuracy of the prediction is even greater than the prescribed tolerance (= 0.2 m) and indicate that future data collection campaigns require a less dense and, therefore, less expensive recording network. The redundant measurement profiles are identified. Their elimination still allows for bathymetry estimates affected by interpolation errors that fall within the project specifications.
LABORATORY AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN OPEN CHANNELS1
Authors: Won Seo Il
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The non‐Fickian nature of the longitudinal dispersion in natural channels during low flow has been investigated using both laboratory experiments and the numerical solution of the proposed mathematical model which is based on a set of mass balance equations describing the dispersion and mass exchange mechanisms. Laboratory experiments, which involved collection of channel geometry, hydraulic, and dye dispersion test data, were conducted to obtain sets of experimental data on a model of four pool and riffle sequences in a 161‐ft long tilting flume in the Hydrosystems Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign. The experimental results indicate that flow over the model pool‐riffle sequences is highly nonuniform. Concentration‐time curves are significantly skewed with long tails. The mixing and dispersion in the laboratory channel was simulated using a numerical solution of the mathematical model in which the finite difference method developed by Stone and Brian (1963) was used as a solution technique. The comparison between measured and predicted concentration‐time curves shows that there is a good level of agreement in the general shape, peak concentration, and time to peak. The proposed model shows significant improvement over the conventional Fickian model in predicting dispersion processes in natural channels under low flow conditions.
IS IT REALISTIC TO DEFINE A 100‐YEAR DROUGHT FOR WATER MANAGEMENT?1
Authors: Chang Tiao J. , Stenson Jennifer R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The concept of recurrence interval has been used for years in engineering designs. Can the same concept be applied to the drought analysis? This paper uses the plotting position method to define drought of various recurrence intervals based on stream‐flow data. The method of truncation level was applied to the same data to examine the defined drought. Based on the method of truncation level, drought duration and its corresponding flow deficit were investigated. Eighteen flow gage stations from the Scioto River Basin in Ohio were selected for the study. The results show that flows of 100‐year droughts using the plotting position method are practically nil. On the other hand, flows of droughts using the truncation method are gradually decreasing with an increase in truncation level, where flows of 95 percent are approximately equal to those of two‐year droughts defined by the plotting position. It is also shown that there is a strung correlation between drought duration and deficit.
SIMPLE DESIGN FOR SIMULTANEOUS STEADY‐STATE INFILTRATION EXPERIMENTS WITH RING INFILTROMETERS1
Authors: Loague Keith
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A successful procedure for measuring steady‐state infiltration rates at remote locations is described. The equipment for the simultaneous experiments is of simple design, inexpensive, and rugged. A total of 247 steady‐state infiltration measurements were made across a small rangeland catchment using the procedure as described. The reason for the measurements was to characterize the spatial variability of infiltration across the catchment. The limiting factor for the multiple‐ring system as employed in this study was a sufficient water supply to conduct the experiments to completion.
RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION: CASA DEL AGUA1
Authors: Karpiscak Martin M. , Foster Kennith E. , Schmidt Nancy
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A single‐family residence in Tucson, Arizona, was retrofitted with water‐conserving fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and graywater reuse systems. During a four‐year study, efficient use of water was shown to significantly decrease demand for domestic water at the house without reducing the residents' quality of life. The use of municipal water was reduced by 66 percent to 148 gallons per day (gpd) and total household use was reduced by 27 percent to 245 gpd. Graywater reuse averaged approximately 77 gpd or 32 percent of the total household water use. Evaporative cooling required about 15 gpd. Water use for toilet flushing was only 9 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) or 14 percent of interior water use.
NEGOTIATION TECHNIQUES TO RESOLVE WESTERN WATER DISPUTES1
Authors: Lamb Berton L. , Taylor Jonathan G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts. Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands‐on negotiation. This literature can be a guide in water conflicts. This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow. The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining. Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keep decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests.
MULTIYEAR DROUGHT SIMULATION1
Authors: Wijayaratne Lankeswara H. , Golub Eugene
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Previous studies on multiyear droughts have often been limited to the analysis of historic annual flow series. A major disadvantage in this approach can be described as the unavailability of long historic flow records needed to obtain a significant number of drought events for the analysis. To overcome this difficulty, the present study proposes to use synthetically generated annual flow series. A methodology is presented to model annual flows based on an analysis of the harmonic and stochastic properties of the observed flows. Once the model is determined, it can be utilized to generate a flow series of desired length so as to include many hydrologic cycles within the process.

The key parameter for a successful drought study is the truncation level used to distinguish low flows from high flows. In this paper, a concept of selecting the truncation level is also presented. The drought simulation procedure is illustrated by a case study of the Pequest watershed in New Jersey.

For the above watershed, multiyear droughts were derived from both historic and generated flow series. Three important drought parameters, namely, the duration, severity, and magnitude, were determined for each drought event, and their probability distributions were studied. It was found that gamma and log normal probaility functions produce the best fit for the duration and severity, respectively. The derived probability curves from generated flows can be reliably used to predict the longest drought duration and the largest drought severity within a given return period.
BENEFITS OF TRANSFERRING STREAMFLOW PRIORITY FROM AGRICULTURAL TO NON‐AGRICULTURAL USE1
Authors: Bosch Darrell J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In Virginia, as in many states, priority to streamflow is held by riparian landowners who are predominantly agricultural users. The streamfiow may also have a high potential value to non‐agricultural users who do not have riparian rights. The potential benefits of transferring streamfiow priority rights from agricultural to non‐agricultural use were evaluated using simulation for an eastern Virginia watershed. Lowering irrigators' priority to streamflow reduced crop yields and irrigated returns in some years because of inadequate water supplies. However, the transfer of priorities increased the likelihood that the urban reservoir would be able to withdraw water from the stream without interruption. As a result, priority trades reduced the size of reservoir needed to meet a given water requirement by municipal users. The resulting savings in reservoir construction and maintenance costs more than offset the losses to irrigators. Net savings could be achieved even if the reservoir were required to release water periodically to maintain a minimum level of instream flow. The conclusion is that the state should encourage trading of access to streamflow in order to increase the use efficiency of streamfiows. Alternative means by which the state can facilitate water exchanges are discussed.