bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter From the Editor
Authors: Vaughan-Eden Viola
Published: January 2016

Building upon the vision of National Organization of Forensic Social Work (NOFSW), the Journal endeavors to advance social justice through interpro-fessional collaboration. If we have learned anything in recent months, it is clear we must forge onward with advancing best practice standards and guidelines concerning the every day injustice faced by society’s most oppressed and vulnerable members. In this volume you will find articles written by authors of varying disciplines on a range of forensic topics across the lifespan. These researchers and practitioners address issues in child protection, incarcerated parents, intimate partner violence, ethical practice, anddeath penalty mitigation. As we think about the future of mental health practice and social policy, it is imperative that we prepare the next generation of practitioners, researchers, and policy makers through the development and dissemination of quality forensic social work curricula. To this end, JFSW promotes evidence-based research for the purpose of educating and supporting our members and the broader field of forensic professionals.The 2015 NOFSW Conference—Forensic Practice: Promoting Social Justice for All Through Policy and Practice Reform—was outstanding. We had two magnificent keynote presentations. The first day was Social Justice in America: From Ferguson to Charleston. Where Do We Go From Here? with panelists, Dr. Darla Spence Coffey, President of the Council on Social Work Education, Dr. Charles E. Lewis, Jr., President of Congressional Research Institute for Social Work and Policy, and Dr. Darrell P. Wheeler, President of the National Association of Social Workers. Our second day keynote was Let’s Get Free: Social Work and the Movement for Black Livesby Dr. Phillipe Copeland. For those who were not able to join us, we have included Dr. Copeland’s thought provoking keynote speech as a commentary in this volume. In addition, we were honored that one of our editorialboard members, Dr. Carlton Munson, received the Sol Gothard Lifetime Achievement Award at the conference. Dr. Munson was instrumental in the development of theJournal and contributed to its first issue with apiece on practice standards. We want to thank all the contributors, authors, reviewers, and staff who make this journal such a success. As you read this volume, think about joining us June 17–19, 2016 in New Orleans for our conference—Forensic Practice: Courage for Change. As forensic practitioners you know this workis not for the faint-hearted. We must continue to Take a Courageous StepToward Change. Thank you for all you do in service to others.
Differentiation of mammary tumors and reduction in metastasis upon Malat1 lncRNA loss
Authors: Arun Gayatri , Diermeier Sarah , Akerman Martin , Chang Kung-Chi , Wilkinson J. Erby , Hearn Stephen , Kim Youngsoo , MacLeod A. Robert , Krainer Adrian R. , Norton Larry , Brogi Edi , Egeblad Mikala , Spector David L.
Published: January 2016

Genome-wide analyses have identified thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Malat1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) is among the most abundant lncRNAs whose expression is altered in numerous cancers. Here we report that genetic loss or systemic knockdown of Malat1 using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus)-PyMT mouse mammary carcinoma model results in slower tumor growth accompanied by significant differentiation into cystic tumors and a reduction in metastasis. Furthermore, Malat1 loss results in a reduction of branching morphogenesis in MMTV-PyMT- and Her2/neu-amplified tumor organoids, increased cell adhesion, and loss of migration. At the molecular level, Malat1 knockdown results in alterations in gene expression and changes in splicing patterns of genes involved in differentiation and protumorigenic signaling pathways. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time a functional role of Malat1 in regulating critical processes in mammary cancer pathogenesis. Thus, Malat1 represents an exciting therapeutic target, and Malat1 ASOs represent a potential therapy for inhibiting breast cancer progression.
Opposing effects of TIGAR- and RAC1-derived ROS on Wnt-driven proliferation in the mouse intestine
Authors: Cheung Eric C. , Lee Pearl , Ceteci Fatih , Nixon Colin , Blyth Karen , Sansom Owen J. , Vousden Karen H.
Published: January 2016

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in numerous cell responses, including proliferation, DNA damage, and cell death. Based on these disparate activities, both promotion and inhibition of ROS have been proposed for cancer therapy. However, how the ROS response is determined is not clear. We examined the activities of ROS in a model ofApcdeletion, where loss of the Wnt target geneMycboth rescues APC loss and prevents ROS accumulation. Following APC loss, Myc has been shown to up-regulate RAC1 to promote proliferative ROS through NADPH oxidase (NOX). However, APC loss also increased the expression of TIGAR, which functions to limit ROS. To explore this paradox, we used three-dimensional (3D) cultures and in vivo models to show that deletion ofTIGARincreased ROS damage and inhibited proliferation. These responses were suppressed by limiting damaging ROS but enhanced by lowering proproliferative NOX-derived ROS. Despite having opposing effects on ROS levels, loss of TIGAR and RAC1 cooperated to suppress intestinal proliferation following APC loss. Our results indicate that the pro- and anti-proliferative effects of ROS can be independently modulated in the same cell, with two key targets in the Wnt pathway functioning to integrate the different ROS signals for optimal cell proliferation.
Orthotopic Injection of Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Aiello Nicole M. , Rhim Andrew D. , Stanger Ben Z.
Published: January 2016

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with a 5-yr survival rate of only 5%. The location of the pancreas in the abdomen, where it is obscured by other organs, makes it a difficult tissue to study and manipulate. This protocol describes in detail how to orthotopically inject cancer cells into the pancreas in mice. This technique is particularly useful when the cells must be manipulated in ways that cannot be modeled genetically.
Preparation of the Nuclear Matrix for Parallel Microscopy and Biochemical Analyses
Authors: Wilson Rosemary H.C. , Hesketh Emma L. , Coverley Dawn
Published: January 2016

Immobilized proteins within the nucleus are usually identified by treating cells with detergent. The detergent-resistant fraction is often assumed to be chromatin and is described as such in many studies. However, this fraction consists of both chromatin-bound and nuclear-matrix-bound proteins. To investigate nuclear-matrix-bound proteins alone, further separation of these fractions is required; the DNA must be removed so that the remaining proteins can be compared with those from untreated cells. This protocol uses a nonionic detergent (Triton X-100) to remove membranes and soluble proteins from cells under physiologically relevant salt concentrations, followed by extraction with 0.5 m NaCl, digestion with DNase I, and removal of fragmented DNA. It uses a specialized buffer (cytoskeletal buffer) to stabilize the cytoskeleton and nuclear matrix in relatively gentle conditions. Nuclear matrix proteins can then be assessed by either immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoblotting (IB). IB has the advantage of resolving different forms of a protein of interest, and the soluble fractions can be analyzed. The major advantage of IF analysis is that individual cells (rather than homogenized populations) can be monitored, and the spatial arrangement of proteins bound to residual nuclear structures can be revealed.
Generation and Validation of MYTH Baits: iMYTH and tMYTH Variants
Authors: Snider Jamie , Stagljar Igor
Published: January 2016

Generation of baits for membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) screening differs depending on the nature of the protein(s) being studied. When using native yeast proteins with cytoplasmic carboxyl termini, the integrated form of MYTH (iMYTH) is the method of choice. iMYTH involves endogenous carboxy-terminal tagging of the gene of interest within the yeast chromosome, leaving the gene under the control of its natural promoter. When studying proteins not native to yeast, or native yeast proteins with only cytoplasmic amino termini, traditional MYTH (tMYTH) must be used. In the tMYTH approach, amino- or carboxy-terminally tagged proteins are expressed ectopically from a plasmid. In this protocol, we describe the generation and validation of iMYTH and tMYTH baits. MYTH bait generation can typically be completed in ∼1–2 wk.
The Nuclear Matrix: Fractionation Techniques and Analysis
Authors: Wilson Rosemary H.C. , Hesketh Emma L. , Coverley Dawn
Published: January 2016

The first descriptions of an insoluble nuclear structure appeared more than 70 years ago, but it is only in recent years that a sophisticated picture of its significance has begun to emerge. Here we introduce multiple methods for the study of the nuclear matrix.
Quaternary cocrystals: combinatorial synthetic strategies based on long-range synthon Aufbau modules (LSAM)
Authors: Dubey Ritesh , Mir Niyaz A. , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: January 2016

A synthetic strategy is outlined whereby a binary cocrystal may be developed in turn into a ternary and finally into a quaternary cocrystal. The strategy hinges on the concept of the long-range synthon Aufbau module (LSAM) which is a large supramolecular synthon containing more than one type of intermolecular interaction. Modulation of these interactions may be possible with the use of additional molecular components so that higher level cocrystals are produced. We report six quaternary cocrystals here. All are obtained as nearly exclusive crystallization products when four appropriate solid compounds are taken together in solution for crystallization.
Do clusters follow the industry life cycle?
Authors: Valdaliso Jesús M. , Elola Aitziber , Franco Susana
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine whether in old industrial regions, the trajectory of clusters follows that of their corresponding industry or deviates from it and which are the factors that account for cluster evolution. This paper deals with the issue of how established clusters either renew or transform themselves in such regions and how they adapt to changes in their corresponding international industries.

Design/methodology/approach

– This research paper draws from in-depth case studies on six industrial clusters, takes a longitudinal perspective and uses a multi-level and qualitative analysis. Based on existing literature, the paper suggests and exploratory analytical framework with four alternative scenarios for cluster evolution and three broad factors: cluster knowledge base, social capital at cluster and region-level and public policies.

Findings

– Clusters do not always follow the life cycle of its dominant industry. The paper clearly shows a diversity of cluster evolution across clusters and even within clusters (at subcluster level). This study suggests that cluster knowledge diversity and heterogeneity allow to broaden the scope of evolutionary trajectories available; the same goes for social capital at cluster and region levels.

Research limitations/implications

– The main limitation of this paper lies in its qualitative approach that makes its conclusions more suggestive than conclusive. In any case, further research on other Basque clusters may corroborate or question its findings.

Originality/value

– The paper offers an empirical and longitudinal study on cluster evolution, very much needed to the ongoing theoretical discussion on this issue. So far, there are very few empirical studies on cluster evolution with this perspective. At the same time, it presents a theoretical framework to analyse diversity of cluster evolution in old industrial regions that builds on Menzel and Fornah’s (2010) model.
Competitive industry clusters and transportation in Minnesota
Authors: Munnich Lee W. , Iacono Michael
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to advance the state of knowledge of the relationship between transportation and economic development by investigating how firms in competitive industry clusters use transportation networks and what role those networks play in the competitiveness of these clusters.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach combines quantitative and qualitative techniques to geographically identify competitive industry clusters and to investigate the role of transportation. The US Cluster Mapping tool is used to identify competitive clusters by employment location quotients in 25 Minnesota metropolitan and micropolitan regions. A total of 12 competitive clusters were selected for further study, and in-depth interviews and site visits were conducted with businesses in each cluster to explore the competitive importance of different modes of transportation.

Findings

– Minnesota’s economic competitiveness is dependent on a well-functioning transportation system in all modes – truck, air, rail, and water. Access to global markets requires rail and truck to reach coastal ports. Air transportation is critical for high-value, low-weight, time-sensitive products such as medical devices or Mayo lab testing samples. Air service is important for customers at Minneapolis – St. Paul, St. Cloud, and Rochester, Duluth, as well as other Minnesota cities. Highway access and reliability is critical for key statewide clusters such as processed food and heavy machinery.

Research limitations/implications

– Study limitations include the representativeness of company interviews in generalizing for a cluster and industry employment as a measure of competitiveness.

Practical implications

– These methods can yield valuable insights into how transportation functions as an input within competitive industry clusters and how it can inform economic development strategies tailored to certain locations and industries.

Originality/value

– This is a first-of-its kind study using industry clusters as a framework for examining the role that transportation plays in economic competitiveness.
Early stage cluster development: a manufacturers-led approach in the aircraft industry
Authors: Steenhuis Harm-Jan , Kiefer Dean
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to explore the early stage of development of a cluster. The literature on early stage of cluster development shows that there are often random effects such as an entrepreneur and spin-off companies, and in this study, a coordinated approach for cluster development is described.

Design/methodology/approach

– A single exploratory case study approach is followed. The aerospace cluster in the Spokane region, State of Washington, is described. Data from a variety of sources are triangulated to enhance the credibility of the case study findings.

Findings

– It was found that although there are many types of collaborations occurring in the region, which involve policy and government organizations, the main driver of the early-stage cluster development is manufacturers-led coordinating mechanism. Individual manufacturers are too small to be successful in the aerospace industry, and they are collaborating to present a united “front” to out-of-the-region customers. Once customers place an order, then within this coordinating mechanism, the work is divided among different manufacturers.

Research limitations/implications

– The research has two main limitations. First, it is a single case study, and therefore, the results may not be generalizable. Second, the cluster is in an early stage of development, so it is not (yet) clear whether this manufacturers-led coordinated approach will have long-term success.

Practical implications

– The studies offer potential for cluster development that go beyond relying on a single entrepreneur or on mostly government- or policy-driven initiatives. Instead, this is an approach that can be used by industry to lift the overall competitiveness of their region.

Social implications

– This cluster development approach offers potential for economic development of smaller regions which mainly consist of small- and medium-sized companies without endowment benefits or a large local customer base.

Originality/value

– This study adds to the existing knowledge on clusters and cluster types. The identified cluster approach does not fit with the main types of clusters that have been identified in the literature. The companies involved are mainly small- to medium-sized companies, but by coordinating their capabilities, they are able to present core capabilities in a much more attractive manner to customers. This cluster development approach is not driven by or achieved through advantages in innovation, vertical or horizontal supply chain competition and advantages, creation of spin-off firms, or a regional demand base as customers are located outside the region. It deviates in terms of the types of companies involved and, mostly, in a sense that it acts as one unit to customers who are located outside the region.
Impact of human resource management on performance in competitive priorities
Authors: Vivares-Vergara Jorge Andrés , Sarache-Castro William Ariel , Naranjo-Valencia Julia Clemencia
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Human resource management (HRM) is considered an important issue in operations strategy (OS). Furthermore, OS effectiveness depends on performance in competitive priorities (CP). However, little empirical evidence exists about the relationship between them. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of HRM on performance in CP.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research was conducted by surveying a sample of medium and large manufacturing companies in the Colombian coffee region. Three groups of variables were studied: performance in CP, HRM practices and factors related to employees. A regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses.

Findings

– No significant relationship was found between HRM practices and performance in CP. Regarding the factors related to employees, two findings were relevant: first, when the companies involve features about the individuals in OS decision making (motivations, personal goals, abilities, etc.) better performance can be observed in CP; second, when employees reach a higher level of satisfaction and job performance, the performance in CP improves as well.

Practical implications

– Considering the importance of HRM practices, appropriate adjustment and application should be sought to improve company performance. Furthermore, factors related to employees (features about the individuals, job satisfaction and employee performance), must be properly aligned with the OS.

Originality/value

– The paper addresses an issue supported by little empirical evidence. Because few studies have considered the total set of CP identified in the literature review, the authors applied an indicator to establish the global performance of the production system according to the market requirements. Traditionally, HRM has been studied from the perspective of management practices, giving little attention to employees. In this research, the authors consider not only this perspective but also the effects of factors related to employees on performance in CP when they are aligned with the OS.
Harmonizing management accounting in international subsidiaries: beyond national borders
Authors: Endenich Christoph , Hoffjan Andreas , Schlichting Teresa , Trapp Rouven
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to explore if and how companies strive for a harmonization of management accounting systems in their international business units to support company-wide consistent strategy implementation and to analyze the underlying drivers and pitfalls. Our paper is motivated by the tension between the need for consistent strategy implementation in the different international business units of multinational companies and the traditional differences in management accounting practices across countries.

Design/methodology/approach

– The field study comprised semi-structured in-depth interviews with management accounting experts in selected German and Spanish business units of 15 major German multinational companies.

Findings

– The authors identified strong efforts for company-wide harmonization of management accounting practices and found that beside explicit initiatives set by corporate headquarters, more implicit pressures such as the education of management accountants, the work of global consultancies and the use of standardized ERP-systems constitute strong drivers of the identified harmonization.

Practical implications

– The findings highlight implicit pressures as important drivers of the harmonization of management accounting systems in the international business units of multinational companies. Taking these implicit pressures into consideration can help multinational companies striving for a harmonization of business unit management accounting for consistent strategy implementation.

Originality/value

– Building on a unique sample of pairs of German and Spanish business units of 15 major German companies, the field study explores harmonization practices and its drivers in multinational companies.
Reputation on the line: the Starbucks cases
Authors: Hutt Roger W.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The paper aims to increase the understanding of reputational-risk management by examining company responses to potentially reputation-damaging incidents.

Design/methodology/approach

– Incidents with potential for damaging Starbucks Corporation’s reputation were described and summarized as were the company’s responses to those incidents.

Findings

– It was observed that the complexity of resolving a reputation-damaging incident was inversely related to its closeness to the company’s core business. Also, the longevity of incidents suggests the persistent influence of past events.

Research limitations/implications

– Limitations are that findings are not generalizable beyond this case study and that the bulk of the information collected pertained to one of the five incidents examined. Potential hypotheses for future research are suggested.

Practical implications

– Findings provide reference points and a context for managers responding to reputation-damaging incidents.

Originality/value

– The paper illustrates how reputation-damaging incidents can be complex and difficult to resolve the more removed they are from the company’s core business.
Cost of quality: findings of a wood products
'
manufacturer
Authors: Malik Tahir Mumtaz , Khalid Rameez , Zulqarnain Ali , Iqbal Syed Amir
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Today substantial investments are made to improve the bottom line and cost of quality (CoQ) is a tool that identifies weaker areas where these investments should be directed. In literature, the authors find various CoQ models and their applications but it is deficient in providing a standard format of a “Quality Cost Procedure” for a CoQ program’s company-wide deployment. A procedure was thus developed and its effectiveness was evaluated implementation. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– CoQ program was implemented in the production department of a wood products’ manufacturer using the action research approach. Prevention, Appraisal and Failure Cost model was employed. Data collection was challenging, however, stakeholders were interviewed, data were acquired from Management Information System and various reports were reviewed for cost elements.

Findings

– Total CoQ as a percentage of sales was found to be 11, while as a percentage of material cost was 15 percent. It was found through the implementation that development of a quality cost procedure is highly iterative in nature and a standard format is proposed in the Appendix. This procedure worked satisfactorily and the company is confident in moving to the next phase of company-wide deployment of CoQ Program.

Originality/value

– A robust “Quality Cost Procedure” is developed, which not only helped the company but will serve CoQ implementers in their operational as well as tactical levels of management. CoQ implementation prior development of procedure brought conviction and accredited it. Practitioners can mold this procedure as per need, which will further enhance the body of knowledge on CoQ.
An ANP based selective assembly approach incorporating Taguchi’s quality loss function to improve quality of placements in technical institutions
Authors: Upadhayay Lalit , Vrat Prem
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The performance of technical institutions in India is reflected through the level of campus placements. It is vital for them to have efficient, effective and robust placement policies. Selective assembly is a technique used in manufacturing industry in improving the quality of assemblies from relatively low-quality components. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology using selective assembly approach to improve the quality of placements of technical institutions in India.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents a conceptual model for campus placement process by integrating Selective Assembly, Taguchi’s quality loss function (QLF) and analytic network process (ANP). The data used in the study was taken through surveys and expert opinions. In this paper, for “Selective Assembly” the terminology, “Selective Recruitment” has been used at appropriate places in the context of technical education.

Findings

– Selective matching of students’ skills done through ANP minimizes the total loss in terms of opportunity cost. Taguchi’s QLF concept was used to evaluate the total loss, in terms of opportunity cost, and to validate the superiority of selective assembly technique over the conventional selection process.

Practical implications

– The paper outlines measures that can help policy makers to successfully implement the suggested methodology to improve the quality of placements.

Originality/value

– The application of selective recruitment in the campus placement process is a unique feature in the area of technical education in India. The role of ANP in selective recruitment and assessment of the process through Taguchi’s QLF, illustrate the importance of integrated approach adopted in the selection process.
Molecular Autopsy of Desmosomal Protein Plakophilin‐2 in Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome
Authors: Huang Lei , Tang Shuangbo , Peng Longyun , Chen Yili , Cheng Jianding
Published: January 2016

Plakophilin‐2 (PKP2) variants could produce a phenotype of Brugada syndrome (BrS), which seems to be most likely the same allelic disorder as some sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS). All coding regions of PKP2 gene in 119 SUNDS victims were genetically screened using PCR and direct Sanger sequencing methods. Three novel mutations (p.Ala159Thr, p.Val200Val, and p.Gly265Glu), one novel rare polymorphism (p.Thr723Thr), and eight reported polymorphisms were identified. A compound mutation (p.Ala159Thr and p.Gly265Glu) and a rare polymorphism (p.Thr723Thr) were found in one SUNDS case with absence of the cardiomyopathic features. The detected compound mutation identified in this first investigation of PKP2 genetic phenotype in SUNDS is regarded as the plausible genetic cause of this SUNDS case. The rare incidence of PKP2 mutation in SUNDS (1%) supports the previous viewpoint that SUNDS is most likely an allelic disorder as BrS.
Non‐vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Absolute Benefit and Harm Assessments Yield Novel Insights
Authors: Kumana Cyrus R. , Cheung Bernard M.Y. , Siu David C.W. , Tse Hung‐Fat , Lauder Ian J.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

Benefits and/or harms (including costs) of non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus warfarin therapy need appreciation in relative and absolute terms.

Methods

Accordingly, we derived clinically relevant relative and absolute benefit/harm parameters for NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) compared to warfarin from four clinical trials involving atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. For each trial, we tabulated patient numbers enduring four important outcomes and calculated unadjusted relative risk reduction (RRR) and number needed to treat (NNT)/year values (and 95% confidence intervals) for the NAOC compared to warfarin. These outcomes were as follows: stroke/systemic embolism (primary endpoint), hemorrhagic stroke, major bleeds, and death. We also addressed drug acquisition costs.

Results

Each NOAC was noninferior to warfarin for primary‐outcome prevention; RRRs were 12–33% and NNT/year values were 182–481, and all but one indicated statistically significant superiority. All the NOACs yielded statistically significant reductions in hemorrhagic stroke risk; RRRs were 42–74% and NNT/year values were 364–528. Major bleeding risk was comparable in both groups. Apixaban yielded a lower NNT/year for preventing death than for primary‐outcome prevention. Compared to warfarin, NOAC acquisition costs were 70‐ to 140‐fold greater.

Conclusions

For the primary outcome, the absolute benefits of NOACs were modest (NNT/year values being large). Reduced hemorrhagic stroke rates with NOACs could be due to superior embolic infarct prevention and fewer consequential hemorrhagic transformations. Among apixaban recipients, the absolute mortality benefit exceeded that for the primary outcome, indicating prevention of additional unrelated deaths. The substantially greater NOAC acquisition costs need viewing against probable greater safety and the avoidance of monitoring bleeding risks.
Maternal Exposure to Ethanol During Pregnancy and Lactation Affects Glutamatergic System and Induces Oxidative Stress in Offspring Hippocampus
Authors: Cesconetto Patricia A. , Andrade Camila M. , Cattani Daiane , Domingues Juliana T. , Parisotto Eduardo B. , Filho Danilo W. , Zamoner Ariane
Published: January 2016

Background

Alcohol abuse during pregnancy leads to intellectual disability and morphological defects in the offspring. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chronic maternal ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy and lactation on glutamatergic transmission regulation, energy deficit, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the offspring.

Methods

EtOH was administered to dams in drinking water at increasing doses (2 to 20%) from the gestation day 5 to lactation day 21. EtOH and tap water intake by treated and control groups, respectively, were measured daily.

Results

Results showed that EtOH exposure does not affect fluid intake over the course of pregnancy and lactation. The toxicity of maternal exposure to EtOH was demonstrated by decreased offspring body weight at experimental age, on postnatal day 21. Moreover, maternal EtOH exposure decreased 45Ca2+ influx in the offspring's hippocampus. Corroborating this finding, EtOH increased both Na+‐dependent and Na+‐independent glial [14C]‐glutamate uptake in hippocampus of immature rats. Also, maternal EtOH exposure decreased glutamine synthetase activity and induced aspartate aminotransferase enzymatic activity, suggesting that in EtOH‐exposed offspring hippocampus, glutamate is preferentially used as a fuel in tricarboxylic acid cycle instead of being converted into glutamine. In addition, EtOH exposure decreased [U‐14C]‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose uptake in offspring hippocampus.

Conclusions

The decline in glucose transport coincided with increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting an adaptative response in EtOH‐exposed offspring hippocampus, using lactate as an alternative fuel. These events were associated with oxidative damage, as demonstrated by changes in the enzymatic antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation. Taken together, the results demonstrate that maternal exposure to EtOH during pregnancy and lactation impairs glutamatergic transmission, as well as inducing oxidative stress and energy deficit in immature rat hippocampus.
Nicotine Enhances the Hypnotic and Hypothermic Effects of Alcohol in the Mouse
Authors: Slater Cassandra A. , Jackson Asti , Muldoon Pretal P. , Dawson Anton , O'Brien Megan , Soll Lindsey G. , Abdullah Rehab , Carroll F. Ivy , Tapper Andrew R. , Miles Michael F. , Banks Matthew L. , Bettinger Jill C. , Damaj Imad M.
Published: January 2016

Background

Ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine abuse are 2 leading causes of preventable mortality in the world, but little is known about the pharmacological mechanisms mediating co‐abuse. Few studies have examined the interaction of the acute effects of EtOH and nicotine. Here, we examine the effects of nicotine administration on the duration of EtOH‐induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) and characterize the nature of their pharmacological interactions in C57BL/6J mice.

Methods

We assessed the effects of EtOH and nicotine and the nature of their interaction in the LORR test using isobolographic analysis after acute injection in C57BL/6J male mice. Next, we examined the importance of receptor efficacy using nicotinic partial agonists varenicline and sazetidine. We evaluated the involvement of major nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes using nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine and nicotinic α4‐ and α7‐knockout mice. The selectivity of nicotine's actions on EtOH‐induced LORR was examined by testing nicotine's effects on the hypnotic properties of ketamine and pentobarbital. We also assessed the development of tolerance after repeated nicotine exposure. Last, we assessed whether the effects of nicotine on EtOH‐induced LORR extend to hypothermia and EtOH intake in the drinking in the dark (DID) paradigm.

Results

We found that acute nicotine injection enhances EtOH's hypnotic effects in a synergistic manner and that receptor efficacy plays an important role in this interaction. Furthermore, tolerance developed to the enhancement of EtOH's hypnotic effects by nicotine after repeated exposure of the drug. α4* and α7 nAChRs seem to play an important role in nicotine–EtOH interaction in the LORR test. In addition, the magnitude of EtOH‐induced LORR enhancement by nicotine was more pronounced in C57BL/6J than DBA/2J mice. Furthermore, acute nicotine enhanced ketamine and pentobarbital hypnotic effects in the mouse. Finally, nicotine enhanced EtOH‐induced hypothermia but decreased EtOH intake in the DID test.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that nicotine synergistically enhances EtOH‐induced LORR in the mouse.
Professional Asian Football Leagues and the Global Market
Authors: Szymanski Stefan
Published: January 2016

This paper considers the development potential for professional football (soccer) leagues in Asia. This is set in the context of a global market where playing talent is easily bought and sold, and fans are attracted by the highest quality of play which they mostly consume via screens. The paper highlights the relative underdevelopment of Asian leagues given the size and growing economic power of the Asian markets, and suggests some ways in which this might change in the future.
The Long‐Term Impacts of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games on Economic and Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: Miyoshi Koyo , Sasaki Masaru
Published: January 2016

This paper aims to assess the long‐term effects of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympic Games on various economic and labor market outcomes in Nagano Prefecture. One‐shot and large‐size events, such as the Olympic Games, are expected to boost the local economy and create jobs, thus leading to lower unemployment. In addition, the tightening of the local labor market eventually raises wages. Using the synthetic control methodology, we build counterfactual dynamics of various economic and labor market outcomes for Nagano Prefecture, and then compare these outcomes with the actual data for these variables. This allows us to determine how the local economic and labor market outcomes in Nagano Prefecture would have been different had the 1998 Olympic Games not been held there.
Role of Sport in International Relations: National Rebirth and Renewal
Authors: Cha Victor
Published: January 2016

The modern history of sports is inextricably intertwined with national pride, international prestige, and world politics. In many ways, sport has created spillover effects that go beyond sporting results. First, it has played an important role in nation‐building and as a benchmark of national identity. Second, it has served as a vessel through which nations and people assert political independence and to express a distinctive identity. Third, it acts as a conduit of power, allowing nations such as Australia to augment its global status and position on the world stage. Last, sport constitutes a means of contextualizing the renewal or rebirth of a nation, like the success of the 1964 Tokyo Games for post‐war Japan.
Collation of data on applicants, offers, acceptances, students and graduates in veterinary science in Australia 2001–2013
Authors: Smyth GB
Published: January 2016

Objective

To collate data on the numbers of applications, offers, acceptances, students and graduates at Australian veterinary schools between 2001 and 2013.

Method

Data were obtained from the Australian Department of Education, the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Graduate Careers Australia and the Australian Veterinary Association Ltd.

Results

The number of eligible applicants for veterinary science courses increased from 1540 in 2001 to 2243 in 2013 (46% increase). Offers for places ranged from 400 in 2001 to 643 in 2013 (61% increase) and acceptances ranged from 254 in 2001 to 457 in 2013 (80% increase).The total number of students enrolled ranged from 1641 in 2001 to 3036 in 2013 (85% increase). Female students increased from 1195 in 2001 to 2340 in 2013 (96% increase) and male students increased from 446 to 696 (56%) over this time period. Domestic students numbered 1411 in 2001 and 2391 in 2013 (69% increase). International students increased from 230 in 2001 to 643 in 2013 (180% increase). Students entering veterinary courses numbered 389 in 2001 and increased to 688 in 2013 (77% increase). Graduates increased from 312 in 2001 to 561 in 2013 (80% increase). Percent of recent veterinary graduates seeking full‐time employment was 7.6% in 2001 and increased to 21.2% in 2013. Median starting salaries for veterinary graduates in Australia were A$34,000 in 2001 and A$46,000 in 2013 (35% increase).

Conclusions

These data provide additional information about the ongoing increase in the numbers of domestic and international students studying veterinary science at Australian universities. Between 2001 and 2013 the numbers of Australian veterinary students and graduates increased at a greater rate than the Australian population.
The transitional semi‐evergreen bushland in Ethiopia: characterization and mapping of its distribution using predictive modelling
Authors: van Breugel Paulo , Friis Ib , Demissew Sebsebe
Published: January 2016

Question

Evergreen bushlands in Ethiopia have been inadequately studied and mapped. We address the question whether there is a transitional semi‐evergreen bushland on the eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Highlands, with unique floristic characteristics that distinguish it from the evergreen bushlands in other parts of Ethiopia and eastern Africa.

Methods

Based on a review of the recent descriptions of evergreen bushlands in Ethiopia, we hypothesize that there is a distinct zone of natural semi‐evergreen bushland, which is restricted to the eastern and southeastern escarpment of the Ethiopian Highlands. In contrast, evergreen bushlands in other parts of Ethiopia are considered to be of a secondary nature. To test this hypothesis, we carried out qualitative vegetation surveys in 354 locations across Ethiopia and classified the vegetation in these locations based on the occurrences of indicator species. Based on this data, we created predictive distribution models of the semi‐evergreen bushland in Ethiopia using various environmental distribution models. We furthermore compared the occurrences of characteristic evergreen bushland species in Ethiopia with the occurrence of these species within the evergreen bushlands in Kenya and Uganda.

Results

The vegetation surveys confirmed the existence of a distinct type of evergreen bushland vegetation. The transitional semi‐evergreen bushland forms a transitional zone between the Acacia–Commiphora woodland and bushland and the Afromontane forest on the eastern and southeastern escarpments of Ethiopia, but is also characterized by a number of species that, within Ethiopia, are unique to this zone. Most of the characteristic species of the transitional semi‐evergreen bushland are not found or only in lower densities in western Ethiopia. There is, furthermore, a limited overlap in characteristic species of the evergreen bushlands of Kenya and Uganda.

Conclusions

Our results provide important information on the hitherto inadequately studied semi‐evergreen bushland of Ethiopia. It highlights the unique character of this part of the evergreen bushlands in Ethiopia, which we argue should be taken into account for future conservation planning.
How well are the optimal serum 25OHD concentrations reached in high‐dose intermittent vitamin D therapy? a placebo‐controlled study on comparison between 100 000 IU and 200 000 IU of oral D3 every 3 months in elderly women
Authors: Välimäki Ville‐Valtteri , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Pekkarinen Tuula , Välimäki Matti J.
Published: January 2016

Objective

Intermittent dosing may improve adherence to vitamin D therapy. Dosing regimen should maintain optimal serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels over all the year. We compared two dosing regimens, the primary outcome being the percentage of 25OHD measurements reaching the targets of 75 nmol/l or 50 nmol/l after baseline.

Design

Randomized, placebo‐controlled parallel group comparison.

Patients

Sixty women aged 75·0 ± 2·9 years.

Interventions

100 000 IU (group 1D) or 200 000 IU (2D) of vitamin D3 or placebo orally every 3 months plus calcium 1 g daily for 1 year.

Measurements

Serum 25OHD, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, PTH, sclerostin, ionized calcium, urinary calcium, renal function, bone turnover markers.

Results

Serum 25OHD increased, but the difference between two doses was of borderline significance (P = 0·0554; area under curve analysis). Immediate postadministrative increases were higher in the 2D vs 1D group (P < 0·05) after 3 and 6 months’ dosing. In the 1D and 2D groups, 51·2% and 57·7% of all on‐treatment measurements reached the target of 75 nmol/l. PTH levels differed marginally (P = 0·0759) due to tendency to lowering immediately after vitamin D boluses. Urinary calcium differed between the groups (P = 0·0193) due to increases 1 week after vitamin D dosing.

Conclusions

The doses of 100 000 or 200 000 IU of oral cholecalciferol every 3 months were not capable of stabilizing 25OHD levels over the target of 75 nmol/l over the year. To improve the efficacy of high‐dose vitamin D therapy, the interval between boluses has to be shortened instead of increasing their size.
Healing of BoneCeramic™ at buccal dehiscence defects at implants installed immediately into extraction sockets. An experimental study in dogs
Authors: De Santis Enzo , Lang Niklaus P. , Salata Luiz A. , Pereira Flávia P. , Favero Vittorio , Botticelli Daniele
Published: January 2016

Objective

To assess the healing outcomes at buccal dehiscence defects after 4 months following implant placement immediately into extraction sockets (IPIES) and filled with a mixture of synthetic hydroxyl apatite (HA) 60% and β‐tri‐calcium phosphate (β‐TCP) 40% in comparison with leaving a blood clot.

Material and methods

Eight Labrador dogs were used, and an implant was placed immediately following tooth extraction into the distal alveolus of the third premolars, bilaterally. Standardized buccal defects, 8 mm in depth and 4 mm in width at the coronal and 2 mm in width at the apical outlines were created. A mixture of synthetic HA 60% and β‐TCP 40% was used to fill the defects at the test sites, while the control sites were left unfilled. Collagen membranes were used to cover the defects at both sides, and a non‐submerged healing was allowed. After 4 months of healing, biopsies were obtained and processed for morphometric analysis.

Results

A vertical gain in the extent of the bony crest and of osseointegration levels of 4.2 ± 2.4 and 3.3 ± 2.1 mm at the test sites and of 5.0 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.0 mm at the control sites, respectively, were observed. BIC% within the buccal defects reached similar levels (37–42%) both at test and control sites. None of the means of the variables differed significantly between the two groups. New bone formation within the defects was higher, and the percentage of the connective tissue was lower at the control (65.7 ± 11.7% and 2.5 ± 3.3%, respectively) compared to the test sites (16.8 ± 11.3% and 48.9 ± 29.5%, respectively). These differences were statistically significant.

Conclusions

The use of a mixture of synthetic HA 60% and β‐TCP 40% to fill surgically created buccal dehiscence defects at IPIES sites covered with a collagen membrane did not improve osseointegration in the defect area.
The urban–rural divide
Authors: Binelli Chiara , Loveless Matthew
Published: January 2016

A vast literature has related perceptions of income inequality to individuals' income: the higher the level of income, the less inequality is perceived. Here, examining the perceptions of income and social inequality, we argue that rural or urban residence affects both inequality perceptions and the impact of income on these perceptions. We test the theory using survey data from 12 Central and Eastern European countries and we find that income negatively affects inequality perceptions but only in urban areas. These findings confirm the importance of accounting for urbanity to understand what drives individuals' perceptions of inequality.
Population variability complicates the accurate detection of climate change responses
Authors: McCain Christy , Szewczyk Tim , Bracy Knight Kevin
Published: January 2016

The rush to assess species’ responses to anthropogenic climate change (CC) has underestimated the importance of interannual population variability (PV). Researchers assume sampling rigor alone will lead to an accurate detection of response regardless of the underlying population fluctuations of the species under consideration. Using population simulations across a realistic, empirically based gradient in PV, we show that moderate to high PV can lead to opposite and biased conclusions about CC responses. Between pre‐ and post‐CC sampling bouts of modeled populations as in resurvey studies, there is: (i) A 50% probability of erroneously detecting the opposite trend in population abundance change and nearly zero probability of detecting no change. (ii) Across multiple years of sampling, it is nearly impossible to accurately detect any directional shift in population sizes with even moderate PV. (iii) There is up to 50% probability of detecting a population extirpation when the species is present, but in very low natural abundances. (iv) Under scenarios of moderate to high PV across a species’ range or at the range edges, there is a bias toward erroneous detection of range shifts or contractions. Essentially, the frequency and magnitude of population peaks and troughs greatly impact the accuracy of our CC response measurements. Species with moderate to high PV (many small vertebrates, invertebrates, and annual plants) may be inaccurate ‘canaries in the coal mine’ for CC without pertinent demographic analyses and additional repeat sampling. Variation in PV may explain some idiosyncrasies in CC responses detected so far and urgently needs more careful consideration in design and analysis of CC responses.