bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and construction status of SG-II 5PW laser facility
Authors: Zhu Jianqiang , Xie Xinglong , Sun Meizhi , Kang Jun , Yang Qingwei , Guo Ailin , Zhu Haidong , Zhu Ping , Gao Qi , Liang Xiao , Cui Ziruo , Yang Shunhua , Zhang Cheng , Lin Zunqi
Published: June 2018

We present a recent progress of the SG-II 5PW facility, which designed a multi-petawatt ultrashort pulse laser based on optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA). The prior two optical parametric amplifiers have been accomplished and chirped pulses with an energy of 49.7 J and a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) spectrum bandwidth of 85 nm have been achieved. In the PW-scale optical parametric amplification (OPA), with the pump pulse that has an energy of 118 J from the second harmonic generation of the SG-II 7th beam, the pump-to-signal conversion efficiency is up to 41.9%, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest among all of the reported values for OPCPA systems. The compressed pulse is higher than 37 J in 21 fs (1.76 PW), and the focal spot is ${\sim}10~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ after the closed-loop corrections by the adaptive optics. Limited by the repetition of the pump laser, the SG-II 5PW facility operates one shot per hour. It has successfully been employed for high energy physics experiments.
An experimental decomposition of nonlinear forces on a surface-piercing column: Stokes-type expansions of the force harmonics
Authors: Chen L. F. , Zang J. , Taylor P. H. , Sun L. , Morgan G. C. J. , Grice J. , Orszaghova J. , Tello Ruiz M.
Published: June 2018

Wave loading on marine structures is the major external force to be considered in the design of such structures. The accurate prediction of the nonlinear high-order components of the wave loading has been an unresolved challenging problem. In this paper, the nonlinear harmonic components of hydrodynamic forces on a bottom-mounted vertical cylinder are investigated experimentally. A large number of experiments were conducted in the Danish Hydraulic Institute shallow water wave basin on the cylinder, both on a flat bed and a sloping bed, as part of a European collaborative research project. High-quality data sets for focused wave groups have been collected for a wide range of wave conditions. The high-order harmonic force components are separated by applying the ‘phase-inversion’ method to the measured force time histories for a crest focused wave group and the same wave group inverted. This separation method is found to work well even for locally violent nearly-breaking waves formed from bidirectional wave pairs. It is also found that the $n$th-harmonic force scales with the $n$th power of the envelope of both the linear undisturbed free-surface elevation and the linear force component in both time variation and amplitude. This allows estimation of the higher-order harmonic shapes and time histories from knowledge of the linear component alone. The experiments also show that the harmonic structure of the wave loading on the cylinder is virtually unaltered by the introduction of a sloping bed, depending only on the local wave properties at the cylinder. Furthermore, our new experimental results reveal that for certain wave cases the linear loading is actually less than 40 % of the total wave loading and the high-order harmonics contribute more than 60 % of the loading. The significance of this striking new result is that it reveals the importance of high-order nonlinear wave loading on offshore structures and means that such loading should be considered in their design.
Interaction of fluvial and eolian sedimentation processes, and response to climate change since the last glacial in a semiarid environment along the Yellow River
Authors: Wang Xianyan , Ma Junfei , Yi Shuangwen , Vandenberghe Jef , Dai Yan , Lu Huayu
Published: June 2018

Interactions of fluvial and eolian processes are prominent in dryland environments and can significantly change Earth surface morphology. Here, we report on sediment records of eolian and fluvial interactions since the last glacial period, in the semiarid area of northwest China, at the limit of the Southeast Asian monsoon. Sediment sequences of last glacial and Holocene terraces of the Yellow River are composed of channel gravels, overlain by flood sands, eolian dunes, and flood loams. These sequences, dated by optically stimulated luminescence, record interlinks between fluvial and eolian processes and their response to climate change. Sedimentologic structures and grain-size analysis show flood loams, consisting of windblown sediment, deposited from floodwater suspended sediment. The gravel and sand were deposited during cold periods. During transitions from cold to warm phases, the river incised, and dunes were formed by deflation of channel and floodplain deposits (>70 and 21–16 ka). Dunes also formed at ~0.8 ka, probably after human intervention. After dune formation, flood loam covered dunes without erosion during peak discharges at the beginning of the subsequent warm period. The fluctuations of the Southeast Asian monsoon as a moisture-transporting agent have perhaps been the driving force for interactions between fluvial and eolian processes in this semiarid environment.
Self-inhibiting thermal conduction in a high-, whistler-unstable plasma
Authors: Komarov S. , Schekochihin A. A. , Churazov E. , Spitkovsky A.
Published: June 2018

A heat flux in a high-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ plasma with low collisionality triggers the whistler instability. Quasilinear theory predicts saturation of the instability in a marginal state characterized by a heat flux that is fully controlled by electron scattering off magnetic perturbations. This marginal heat flux does not depend on the temperature gradient and scales as $1/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. We confirm this theoretical prediction by performing numerical particle-in-cell simulations of the instability. We further calculate the saturation level of magnetic perturbations and the electron scattering rate as functions of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and the temperature gradient to identify the saturation mechanism as quasilinear. Suppression of the heat flux is caused by oblique whistlers with magnetic-energy density distributed over a wide range of propagation angles. This result can be applied to high-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ astrophysical plasmas, such as the intracluster medium, where thermal conduction at sharp temperature gradients along magnetic-field lines can be significantly suppressed. We provide a convenient expression for the amount of suppression of the heat flux relative to the classical Spitzer value as a function of the temperature gradient and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. For a turbulent plasma, the additional independent suppression by the mirror instability is capable of producing large total suppression factors (several tens in galaxy clusters) in regions with strong temperature gradients.
Are planetary dynamos driven by helical waves?
Authors: Davidson P. A. , Ranjan A.
Published: June 2018

In most numerical simulations of the Earth’s core the dynamo is located outside the tangent cylinder and, in a zero-order sense, takes the form of a classical$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{2}$dynamo. Such a dynamo usually requires a distribution of helicity,$h$, which is asymmetric about the equator and in the simulations it is observed that, outside the tangent cylinder, the helicity is predominantly negative in the north and positive in the south. If we are to extrapolate the results of these simulations to the planets, we must understand how this asymmetry in helicity is established and ask if the same mechanism is likely to operate in a planet. In some of the early numerical dynamos, which were too viscous by a factor of at least$10^{9}$, as measured by the Ekman number, the asymmetric helicity distribution was attributed to Ekman pumping. However, Ekman pumping plays much less of a role in more recent, and less viscous, numerical dynamos, and almost certainly plays no significant role in the core of a planet. So the question remains: what establishes the asymmetric helicity distribution in the simulations and is this mechanism likely to carry over to planetary cores? In this paper we review the evidence that planetary dynamos, and their numerical analogues, might be maintained by helical waves, especially inertial waves, excited in and around the equatorial regions. This cartoon arises from the observation that there tends to be a statistical bias in the buoyancy flux towards the equatorial regions, and so waves are preferentially excited there. Moreover, upward (downward) propagating inertial waves carry negative (positive) helicity, which leads naturally to a segregation in$h$.
Tutelage and Regime Survival in Regional Organizations' Democracy Protection
Authors: Closa Carlos , Palestini Stefano
Published: June 2018

Why do states adopt binding and enforceable democracy clauses at the regional level, thereby permitting neighboring states to monitor and potentially sanction their breaches of democracy? To answer this question, the authors test a set of hypotheses in two South American intergovernmental regional organizations,MERCOSURandUNASUR. Following the epistemological and methodological requirements of process-tracing analysis, the authors conducted thirty-six interviews with top-level policymakers and decision makers who were responsible for the design and enforcement of the Protocol of Ushuaia (MERCOSUR), the Protocol of Montevideo (MERCOSUR), and the Protocol of Georgetown (UNASUR). The authors argue that actors formalize these provisions in response to threats to regime survival. Unlike international organizations for the protection of human rights, which rely on the delegation of power to institutions such as supra-state courts, democracy clauses are intergovernmental instruments whose enforcement relies on states’ capabilities. Because of this, the perceptions of governments regarding their own stability and their expectations regarding the future enforcement of the clauses against their own country are causally linked to the decision to support the adoption of the clauses. Thus, governments that perceive themselves as stable democracies or expect that they are too big to be sanctioned support the adoption of democracy clauses because these clauses are functional for others. Conversely, governments that perceive themselves as unstable democracies support the adoption of democracy clauses as functional for themselves. The authors contend that any such asymmetry of self-perceptions and expectations, together with regime protection, explain the move toward the formalization of clauses for the protection of democracy in member states withinMERCOSURandUNASUR.
Sensor-based, time-critical mobility of autonomous robots in cluttered spaces: a harmonic potential approach
Authors: Masoud Ahmad A. , Al-Shaikhi Ali
Published: June 2018

This paper suggests an integrated navigation system for an unmanned ground vehicle operating in an unknown cluttered environment. The navigator supports time-critical mobility making it possible for a mobile robot to reach a target from the first attempt without the need for a dedicated exploration and mapping stage. The robot only uses necessary and sufficient egocentric local sensory data collected on its way to the target. The construction of the navigation structure revolves around key properties of the harmonic potential field approach to motion planning. The robot's trajectory is well-behaved and direct-to-the-goal. It contains only the minimum number of detours necessary to accommodate the sensory data and maintain the robot in a safe, goal-oriented state. The navigation structure is developed and its theoretical basis is explained. Extensive experimental validation of its properties and performance is carried-out using the X80 robotic platform.
An Icy Heaven: Arab Migration on Contemporary Nordic Stages
Authors: LITVIN MARGARET , SELLMAN JOHANNA
Published: June 2018

At the height of the 2015–16 ‘refugee crisis’, how were immigrants and refugees portrayed and self-portrayed on Finnish and Swedish stages? The production and reception of two plays translated from Arabic – Karim Rashed's I Came to See You (2015) and Hassan Blasim's The Digital Hats Game (2016) – reveal a complex politics of representation in both scripting and staging. Reading Blasim and Rashed's works in light of Arab–Nordic literary studies and migration theatre studies, we also set them against two other migration-themed plays staged in Stockholm: Swedish writer Jonas Hassen Khemiri's groundbreaking Invasion! (2006) and British playwright Anders Lustgarten's more recent Lampedusa (2015). Blasim and Rashed, we argue, had to navigate three traps or boxes endemic to Arab diasporic theatre: the audience expectations of biographical voyeurism, orientalism and the allegory of collective worthiness. Both aimed to reject the first two expectations and embrace the third, seeking to define new directions in Nordic–Arab theatre.
Sensitive periods in both L1 and L2: Some conceptual and methodological suggestions
Authors: VERÍSSIMO JOÃO
Published: June 2018

The keynote article (Mayberry & Kluender, 2017) makes an important contribution to questions concerning the existence and characteristics of sensitive periods in language acquisition. Specifically, by comparing groups of non-native L1 and L2 signers, the authors have been able to ingeniously disentangle the effects of maturation from those of early language exposure. Based on L1 versus L2 contrasts, the paper convincingly argues that L2 learning is a “less clear test” of sensitive periods. Nevertheless, we believe Mayberry and Kluender underestimate the evidence for maturational factors in L2 learning, especially that coming from recent research.
Body weight and BMI percentiles for children in the South-East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS)
Authors: Sandjaja Sandjaja , Poh Bee Koon , Rojroongwasinkul Nipa , Le Nguyen Bao Khanh , Soekatri Moesijanti , Wong Jyh Eiin , Boonpraderm Atitada , Huu Chinh Nguyen , Deurenberg Paul , Manios Yannis
Published: June 2018

Objective

The present study aimed to (i) calculate body-weight- and BMI-for-age percentile values for children aged 0·5–12 years participating in the South-East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS); (ii) investigate whether the pooled (i.e. including all countries) SEANUTS weight- and BMI-for-age percentile values can be used for all SEANUTS countries instead of country-specific ones; and (iii) examine whether the pooled SEANUTS percentile values differ from the WHO growth references.

Design

Body weight and length/height were measured. The LMS method was used for calculating smoothened body-weight- and BMI-for-age percentile values. The standardized site effect (SSE) values were used for identifying large differences (i.e.
$\left| {{\rm SSE}} \right|$
>0·5) between the pooled SEANUTS sample and the remaining pooled SEANUTS samples after excluding one single country each time, as well as with WHO growth references.

Setting

Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia.

Subjects

Data from 14 202 eligible children.

Results

The SSE derived from the comparisons of the percentile values between the pooled and the remaining pooled SEANUTS samples were indicative of small/acceptable (i.e.
$\left| {{\rm SSE}} \right|$
≤0·5) differences. In contrast, the comparisons of the pooled SEANUTS sample with WHO revealed large differences in certain percentiles.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study support the use of percentile values derived from the pooled SEANUTS sample for evaluating the weight status of children in each SEANUTS country. Nevertheless, large differences were observed in certain percentiles values when SEANUTS and WHO reference values were compared.
Association of parental investment of time and cost in food provisioning with adherence to dietary guidelines for the consumption of fruits, vegetables and non-core foods in pre-schoolers
Authors: Lee Si Xian Jasmine , Burrows Tracy , Yoong Serene , Wyse Rebecca
Published: June 2018

Objective

To assess whether parent-reported time and cost for provision of food is associated with consumption of fruits, vegetables and non-core foods in pre-schoolers.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Healthy Habits randomised controlled trial. Two subscales of the Children’s Dietary Questionnaire (CDQ) were used to assess fruit and vegetable, and non-core food consumption.

Setting

Thirty pre-schools in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.

Subjects

Parents (n 396) with a child aged 3–5 years attending a participating pre-school were recruited. Parents needed to reside with that child for at least four days per week and have primary responsibility for providing meals and snacks to their child.

Results

Sixty-three per cent of children had a parent-reported subscale score indicating adherence to dietary guidelines for fruit and vegetable intake, while 64% of children had a subscale score indicating they were exceeding dietary guidelines for non-core foods. Regression models revealed significant positive associations between higher CDQ scores for non-core foods (indicating higher consumption levels) and minutes that parents spent preparing food (P=0·032 and 0·025) and amount spent on purchasing food (P=0·043 and 0·020). The magnitude of the effects was small (estimate=0·003 and 0·001).

Conclusions

Time and cost spent by parents on provision of food was not significantly associated with child fruit and vegetable consumption. Further explorations into time spent on food preparation and cost of food procurement are warranted to help address the increased consumption of non-core foods by pre-school children.
Victims of Domestic Violence in Shelters: Impacts on Women and Children
Authors: Fernández-González Liria , Calvete Esther , Orue Izaskun , Mauri Alice
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of domestic violence (DV) on women and their children. The records of women who were admitted to one of two types of shelter (an emergency shelter [n = 834] and a medium-long stay shelter [n = 84]) for victims of DV in Bizkaia (Spain) from 2006–2015 were analyzed. The results showed that up to 80% of the women had mental health problems. In about 20% of cases, a problematic mother-child relationship was identified. Inadequate parenting was present in around 35% of cases. Around 80–90% of the children had witnessed the abuse suffered by their mother, and more than half had been direct victims of some type of abuse. The findings point to actions that shelters can take to address the needs of DV victims. They also highlight the need for separate interventions targeting the needs of children, as well as mothers.
Semianalytical Estimation of Energy Deposition in the Ionosphere by Monochromatic Alfvén Waves
Authors: Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Meng Xing , Mannucci Anthony J. , McGranaghan Ryan M.
Published: June 2018

For the first time we derive an analytical expression for energy deposition by propagating monochromatic Alfvén waves in the collisional ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT). Based on empirical models of IT parameters, we show an approximately 10% increase in efficiency of energy deposition at high latitudes and about 150 km altitude by Alfvén waves at 5 Hz as compared to static fields of the same magnitude. We analyze the dependence of the wave energy deposition on geomagnetic activity through a Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM) simulation of IT conditions during the 13–14 October 2016 geomagnetic storm. The peak Alfvén wave contribution occurs in the E layer and lower part of the F layer. Wave‐induced heating is shown to increase in the daytime and postdusk high‐latitude F layer during the storm due to increased wave‐modified conductivity. We estimate that the Alfvén wave contribution to the IT energy budget can reach about 30% of the value of static Joule heating during a strong storm and that the actual percentage increase is dependent on latitude and altitude. This effect carries important implications for ionospheric dynamics, especially for density enhancement in the daytime cusp, heating in the vicinity of auroral arcs and ion outflow.
The Role of an Intense Front on the Connectivity of the Western Mediterranean Sea: The Cartagena‐Tenes Front
Authors: Hernández‐Carrasco I. , Orfila A.
Published: June 2018

A combined space and time domain Self‐Organizing Maps analysis of Altimetry‐derived finite‐size Lyapunov exponents is used to extract characteristic spatial patterns of mesoscale features and to classify the western Mediterranean in regions of different variability of mixing activity. In particular, a recurrent and intense front is unveiled between Cartagena, Spain, and Tenes, Algeria, in the eastern boundary of the Alboran Sea, the here called Cartagena‐Tenes front (CTF). The temporal evolution and the frequency of occurrence of the spatial patterns and the regional variability of the mixing structures together with additional complementary Lagrangian diagnosis have been used to investigate the effect of the CFT on the regional flow connectivity. The seasonal behavior in the flux of particles through the domain associated with the degree of activation of the CTF shows that surface connectivity between the Alboran Sea and the western Mediterranean is stronger during winter and spring when the CTF is not active. Furthermore, the analysis shows that CTF becomes stronger than the Almeria‐Oran front over particular time periods, controlling the transport processes in this area. The impact of these fronts on transported substances has been analyzed based on Chlorophyll‐a satellite distribution, showing how the Lagrangian Coherent Structures, separate regions of different connectivity properties, affecting on the dynamical and biological behavior.
Relative Sea Level, Tides, and Extreme Water Levels in Boston Harbor From 1825 to 2018
Authors: Talke S. A. , Kemp A. C. , Woodruff J.
Published: June 2018

Using newly‐discovered archival measurements, we construct an instrumental record of water levels and storm tides in Boston (MA) since 1825. After ascertaining the 19th century datum and correcting for a 0–0.03 m bias in the modern tide‐gauge record, we show that local, decadally‐averaged relative sea level (RSL) rose by 0.28 ± 0.05 m since 1826, with an acceleration of 0.023 ± 0.009 mm/yr2. Tide range decreased by 5.5% between 1830 and 1910, due in large part to dredging and filling of Boston Harbor, and trended slightly upward thereafter. An evaluation of storm events since 1825 suggests that trends in flood risk are driven by RSL rise, with a small contribution by tidal trends. Sea‐level rise also interacts with the 18.6 year nodal cycle in tide amplitudes to produce decadal fluctuations in hazard. Conditional sampling of the 1825–2018 record shows that storm tides with a 0.01–0.5 annual probability (100 and 2 year events) are 0.1–0.2 m larger during periods with above‐average tidal amplitudes. Similarly, the once‐in‐25 year event during elevated tidal forcing becomes a once‐in‐100 year event during periods of reduced tides. A plurality of historic flood events—including floods in 1851, 1978, and 2018—occurred near the peak of the tidal nodal cycle. Projections to the year 2100 suggest that decadal fluctuations in tide characteristics will interact with relative sea‐level rise to produce a fluctuating hazard over time, with periods of relative stationarity (e.g., the 2020s) bracketed by relatively abrupt increases in flood hazard (the early 2030s).
Orientation and Stability of Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection X Line
Authors: Liu Yi‐Hsin , Hesse M. , Li T. C. , Kuznetsova M. , Le A.
Published: June 2018

The orientation and stability of the reconnection x line in asymmetric geometry is studied using three‐dimensional (3‐D) particle‐in‐cell simulations. We initiate reconnection at the center of a large simulation domain to minimize the boundary effect. The resulting x line has sufficient freedom to develop along an optimal orientation, and it remains laminar. Companion 2‐D simulations indicate that this x line orientation maximizes the reconnection rate. The divergence of the nongyrotropic pressure tensor breaks the frozen‐in condition, consistent with its 2‐D counterpart. We then design 3‐D simulations with one dimension being short to fix the x line orientation but long enough to allow the growth of the fastest growing oblique tearing modes. This numerical experiment suggests that reconnection tends to radiate secondary oblique tearing modes if it is externally (globally) forced to proceed along an orientation not favored by the local physics. The development of oblique structure easily leads to turbulence inside small periodic systems.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Counter Equatorial Electrojet: Average Properties as Deduced From CHAMP Observations
Authors: Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann , Xu Hong‐wen , Alken Patrick
Published: June 2018

Ten years of geomagnetic field observations by the CHAMP satellite are used for a systematic investigation of the counter equatorial electrojet (CEJ). For the first time a comprehensive characterization of CEJ is presented. CEJs occur preferably during early morning, and their occurrence rate is down to 4% at noon. The CEJ occurrence rate shows a clear annual variation with a peak around July–August and a secondary peak in January. The late summer peak is related to the effect of meteor dust ablation. The CEJ amplitude is closely controlled by magnetic activity, showing a good correlation with the aP index. Nonmigrating solar tides are the main reason for longitudinal patterns of occurrence rate. The most prominent wavenumber 1 longitudinal structures during all seasons can be attributed to the tidal components SW3 and SPW1. The wavenumber 4 becomes largest during late summer‐autumn season, which is related to the DE3 component. Also, the influence of lunar tides is evident in the CEJ occurrence rate. Strongest modulation of the CEJ by the semidiurnal lunar M2 tide is observed around January, which is responsible for the secondary CEJ occurrence peak in January. Both the solar and lunar tidal waves appear out of phase between CEJ and equatorial electrojet, implying that the same tidal mechanisms influence both current systems. Changes of solar wind conditions can also influence the CEJ. Immediately after a sudden increase of solar wind input CEJs are depressed, but about 3 hr after that event CEJs are strongly enhanced because of the disturbance wind dynamo.
YAP promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation by regulating β-catenin signaling
Authors: Pan Jin-Xiu , Xiong Lei , Zhao Kai , Zeng Peng , Wang Bo , Tang Fu-Lei , Sun Dong , Guo Hao-han , Yang Xiao , Cui Shun , Xia Wen-Fang , Mei Lin , Xiong Wen-Cheng
Published: June 2018

YAP (yes-associated protein) is a transcriptional factor that is negatively regulated by Hippo pathway, a conserved pathway for the development and size control of multiple organs. The exact function of YAP in bone homeostasis remains controversial. Here we provide evidence for YAP’s function in promoting osteogenesis, suppressing adipogenesis, and thus maintaining bone homeostasis. YAP is selectively expressed in osteoblast (OB)-lineage cells. Conditionally knocking out Yap in the OB lineage in mice reduces cell proliferation and OB differentiation and increases adipocyte formation, resulting in a trabecular bone loss. Mechanistically, YAP interacts with β-catenin and is necessary for maintenance of nuclear β-catenin level and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Expression of β-catenin in YAP-deficient BMSCs (bone marrow stromal cells) diminishes the osteogenesis deficit. These results thus identify YAP-β-catenin as an important pathway for osteogenesis during adult bone remodeling and uncover a mechanism underlying YAP regulation of bone homeostasis.
Visualizing hydrogen-induced reshaping and edge activation in MoS2 and Co-promoted MoS2 catalyst clusters
Authors: Grønborg Signe S. , Salazar Norberto , Bruix Albert , Rodríguez-Fernández Jonathan , Thomsen Sean D. , Hammer Bjørk , Lauritsen Jeppe V.
Published: June 2018

Hydrodesulfurization catalysis ensures upgrading and purification of fossil fuels to comply with increasingly strict regulations on S emissions. The future shift toward more diverse and lower-quality crude oil supplies, high in S content, requires attention to improvements of the complex sulfided CoMo catalyst based on a fundamental understanding of its working principles. In this study, we use scanning tunneling microscopy to directly visualize and quantify how reducing conditions transforms both cluster shapes and edge terminations in MoS2and promoted CoMoS-type hydrodesulfurization catalysts. The reduced catalyst clusters are shown to be terminated with a fractional coverage of sulfur, representative of the catalyst in its active state. By adsorption of a proton-accepting molecular marker, we can furthermore directly evidence the presence of catalytically relevant S–H groups on the Co-promoted edge. The experimentally observed cluster structure is predicted by theory to be identical to the structure present under catalytic working conditions.
Genetic fine-mapping of the Iowan SNCA gene triplication in a patient with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Zafar Faria , Valappil Ruksana Azhu , Kim Sam , Johansen Krisztina K. , Chang Anne Lynn S. , Tetrud James W. , Eis Peggy S. , Hatchwell Eli , Langston J. William , Dickson Dennis W. , Schüle Birgitt
Published: June 2018

The “Iowa kindred,” a large Iowan family with autosomal-dominant Parkinson’s disease, has been followed clinically since the 1920s at the Mayo Clinic. In 2003, the genetic cause was determined to be a 1.7 Mb triplication of the alpha-synuclein genomic locus. Affected individuals present with an early-onset, severe parkinsonism-dementia syndrome. Here, we present a descendant of the Iowa kindred with novel, disease-associated non-motor findings of reduced heart rate variability, complete anosmia, and a rare skin condition called colloid milium. At autopsy, key neuropathological findings were compatible with diffuse Lewy body disease. Using high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array analysis to fine-map the genomic breakpoints, we observed two independent recombination events of the SNCA locus that resulted in a genomic triplication of twelve genes, including SNCA, and the disruption of two genes, HERC6 and CCSER1, at the genomic breakpoints. In conclusion, we provide further evidence that the mere two-fold overexpression of alpha-synuclein leads to a fulminant alpha-synucleinopathy with rapid progression and severe clinical and neuropathological features.
Unveiling structural, chemical and magnetic interfacial peculiarities in ε-Fe2O3/GaN (0001) epitaxial films
Authors: Ukleev Victor , Suturin Sergey , Nakajima Taro , Arima Taka-hisa , Saerbeck Thomas , Hanashima Takayasu , Sitnikova Alla , Kirilenko Demid , Yakovlev Nikolai , Sokolov Nikolai
Published: June 2018

The metastable ε-Fe2O3 is known to be the most intriguing ferrimagnetic and multiferroic iron oxide phase exhibiting a bunch of exciting physical properties both below and above room temperature. The present paper unveils the structural and magnetic peculiarities of a few nm thick interface layer discovered in these films by a number of techniques. The polarized neutron reflectometry data suggests that the interface layer resembles GaFeO3 in composition and density and is magnetically softer than the rest of the ε-Fe2O3 film. While the in-depth density variation is in agreement with the transmission electron microscopy measurements, the layer-resolved magnetization profiles are qualitatively consistent with the unusual wasp-waist magnetization curves observed by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. Interestingly a noticeable Ga diffusion into the ε-Fe2O3 films has been detected by secondary ion mass spectroscopy providing a clue to the mechanisms guiding the nucleation of exotic metastable epsilon ferrite phase on GaN at high growth temperature and influencing the interfacial properties of the studied films.
Radiologists can detect the ‘gist’ of breast cancer before any overt signs of cancer appear
Authors: Brennan Patrick C. , Gandomkar Ziba , Ekpo Ernest U. , Tapia Kriscia , Trieu Phuong D. , Lewis Sarah J. , Wolfe Jeremy M. , Evans Karla K.
Published: June 2018

Radiologists can detect abnormality in mammograms at above-chance levels after a momentary glimpse of an image. The study investigated this instantaneous perception of an abnormality, known as a “gist” response, when 23 radiologists viewed prior mammograms of women that were reported as normal, but later diagnosed with breast cancer at subsequent screening. Five categories of cases were included: current cancer-containing mammograms, current mammograms of the normal breast contralateral to the cancer, prior mammograms of normal cases, prior mammograms with visible cancer signs in a breast from women who were initially reported as normal, but later diagnosed with breast cancer at subsequent screening in the same breast, and prior mammograms without any visible cancer signs from women labelled as initially normal but subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Our findings suggest that readers can distinguish patients who were diagnosed with cancer, from individuals without breast cancer (normal category), at above-chance levels based on a half-second glimpse of the mammogram even before any lesion becomes visible on the mammogram. Although 20 of the 23 radiologists demonstrated this ability, radiologists’ abilities for perceiving the gist of the abnormal varied between the readers and appeared to be linked to expertise. These results could have implications for identifying women of higher than average risk of a future malignancy event, thus impacting upon tailored screening strategies.
Author Correction: Applications and efficiencies of the first cat 63K DNA array
Authors: Gandolfi Barbara , Alhaddad Hasan , Abdi Mona , Bach Leslie H. , Creighton Erica K. , Davis Brian W. , Decker Jared E. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Ginns Edward I. , Grahn Jennifer C. , Grahn Robert A. , Haase Bianca , Haggstrom Jens , Hamilton Michael J. , Helps Christopher R. , Kurushima Jennifer D. , Lohi Hannes , Longeri Maria , Malik Richard , Meurs Kathryn M. , Montague Michael J. , Mullikin James C. , Murphy William J. , Nilson Sara M. , Pedersen Niels C. , Peterson Carlyn B. , Rusbridge Clare , Saif Rashid , Shelton G. Diane , Warren Wesley C. , Wasim Muhammad , Lyons Leslie A.
Published: June 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Author Correction: Novel scaffolds for inhibition of Cruzipain identified from high-throughput screening of anti-kinetoplastid chemical boxes
Authors: Salas-Sarduy Emir , Landaburu Lionel Urán , Karpiak Joel , Madauss Kevin P. , Cazzulo Juan José , Agüero Fernán , Alvarez Vanina Eder
Published: June 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Molecular profiling and sequential somatic mutation shift in hypermutator tumours harbouring POLE mutations
Authors: Hatakeyama Keiichi , Ohshima Keiichi , Nagashima Takeshi , Ohnami Shumpei , Ohnami Sumiko , Serizawa Masakuni , Shimoda Yuji , Maruyama Koji , Akiyama Yasuto , Urakami Kenichi , Kusuhara Masatoshi , Mochizuki Tohru , Yamaguchi Ken
Published: June 2018

Defective DNA polymerase ε (POLE) proofreading leads to extensive somatic mutations that exhibit biased mutational properties; however, the characteristics of POLE-mutated tumours remain unclear. In the present study, we describe a molecular profile using whole exome sequencing based on the transition of somatic mutations in 10 POLE-mutated solid tumours that were obtained from 2,042 Japanese patients. The bias of accumulated variations in these mutants was quantified to follow a pattern of somatic mutations, thereby classifying the sequential mutation shift into three periods. During the period prior to occurrence of the aberrant POLE, bare accumulation of mutations in cancer-related genes was observed, whereas PTEN was highly mutated in conjunction with or subsequent to the event, suggesting that POLE and PTEN mutations were responsible for the development of POLE-mutated tumours. Furthermore, homologous recombination was restored following the occurrence of PTEN mutations. Our strategy for estimation of the footprint of somatic mutations may provide new insight towards the understanding of mutation-driven tumourigenesis.
Enhancing coherence via tuning coupling range in nonlocally coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators
Authors: Zhao Nannan , Sun Zhongkui , Xu Wei
Published: June 2018

Nonlocal coupling, as an important connection topology among nonlinear oscillators, has attracted increasing attention recently with the research boom of chimera states. So far, most previous investigations have focused on nonlocally coupled systems interacted via similar variables. In this work, we report the evolutions of dynamical behaviors in the nonlocally coupled Stuart–Landau oscillators by applying conjugate variables feedback. Through rigorous analysis, we find that the oscillation death (OD) can convert into the amplitude death (AD) via the cluster state with the increasing of coupling range, making the AD regions to be expanded infinitely along two directions of both the natural frequency and the coupling strength. Moreover, the limit cycle oscillation (OS) region and the mixed region of OD and OS will turn to anti-synchronization state through amplitude-mediated chimera. Therefore, the procedure from local coupling to nonlocal one implies indeed the continuous enhancement of coherence among neighboring oscillators in coupled systems.
Immunoprofiles of human Sertoli cells infected with Zika virus reveals unique insights into host-pathogen crosstalk
Authors: Strange Daniel P. , Green Richard , Siemann David N. , Gale Michael , Verma Saguna
Published: June 2018

Confirmed reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) in seminal fluid months after clearance of viremia suggests that ZIKV can establish persistent infection in the seminiferous tubules, an immune privileged site of the testis. The seminiferous tubule epithelium is mainly composed of Sertoli cells that function to nourish and protect developing germ cells. We recently demonstrated that primary human Sertoli cells (hSeC) were highly susceptible to ZIKV as compared to dengue virus without causing cell death and thus may act as a reservoir for ZIKV in the testes. However, the cellular and immune responses of hSeC to infection with ZIKV or any other virus are not yet characterized. Using genome-wide RNA-seq to compare immunoprofiles of hSeC, we show that the most prominent response to ZIKV at early stage of infection was suppression of cell growth and proliferation functional pathways. Peak virus replication was associated with induction of multiple antiviral defense pathways. Unique ZIKV-associated signatures included dysregulation of germ cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling. This study demonstrates that hSeC are capable of signaling through canonical pro-inflammatory pathways and provides insights into unique cell-type-specific response induced by ZIKV in association with viral persistence in the testes.
Recurrent development of song idiosyncrasy without auditory inputs in the canary, an open-ended vocal learner
Authors: Mori Chihiro , Liu Wan-chun , Wada Kazuhiro
Published: June 2018

Complex learned behaviors, like bird song and human speech, develop under the influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Accordingly, learned behaviors comprise species specificity and individual variability. Auditory information plays a critical role in vocal learning by songbirds, both to memorize tutor songs and to monitor own vocalizations. Nevertheless, audition-deprived songbirds develop structured, species-specific song patterns. It remains to be elucidated how the auditory input contributes to the development of individual variability of song characteristics. Here we show that an open-ended vocal learner, the canary, annually recapitulates individually unique songs without audition. Although the total number of syllable types was reduced by auditory deprivation, other vocal phenotypes examined in the syllable, phrase, and syntax of songs were conserved between the 1st and 2nd years, both in deafened and intact birds. In deafened canaries, approximately 60% of the syllables were yearly reproduced with consistent acoustic features, whereas the remaining syllables were replaced with new ones in an annual cycle of song development. These results indicate that the open-ended vocal learning of canaries involves an audition-independent mechanism for the development of recurrent song idiosyncrasy.
Effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on smoking, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues
Authors: Mondino Marine , Luck David , Grot Stéphanie , Januel Dominique , Suaud-Chagny Marie-Françoise , Poulet Emmanuel , Brunelin Jérôme
Published: June 2018

Recent studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may reduce craving and smoking. However, little is known regarding brain correlates of these behavioral changes. We aimed to evaluate whether 10 sessions of tDCS modulate cigarette consumption, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues in subjects with tobacco use disorder (TUD). In a double blind parallel-arms study, 29 subjects with TUD who wished to quit smoking were randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of either active or sham tDCS applied with the anode over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a large cathode over the left occipital region. As compared to sham, active tDCS significantly reduced smoking craving and increased brain reactivity to smoking-cues within the right posterior cingulate, as measured with a functional magnetic resonance imaging event-related paradigm. However, we failed to find a significant difference between active and sham groups regarding the self-reported number of cigarettes smoked and the exhaled carbon monoxide during one month. These findings suggested that 10 sessions of tDCS over the right DLPFC may reduce craving by modulating activity within the resisting-to-smoke network but might not be significantly more effective than sham to decrease cigarette consumption.
Accelerometer-based predictive models of fall risk in older women: a pilot study
Authors: Hua Andrew , Quicksall Zachary , Di Chongzhi , Motl Robert , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Schatz Bruce , Buchner David M.
Published: June 2018

Current clinical methods of screening older adults for fall risk have difficulties. We analyzed data on 67 women (mean age = 77.5 years) who participated in the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (OPACH) study within the Women’s Health Initiative and in an accelerometer calibration substudy. Participants completed the short physical performance battery (SPPB), questions about falls in the past year, and a timed 400-m walk while wearing a hip triaxial accelerometer (30 Hz). Women with SPPB ≤ 9 and 1+reported falls (n = 19) were grouped as high fall risk; women with SPPB = 10–12 and 0 reported falls (n = 48) were grouped as low fall risk. Random Forests were trained to classify women into these groups, based upon traditional measures of gait and/or signal-based features extracted from accelerometer data. Eleven models investigated combined feature effects on classification accuracy, using 10-fold cross-validation. The models had an average 73.7% accuracy, 81.1% precision, and 0.706 AUC. The best performing model including triaxial data, cross-correlations, and traditional measures of gait had 78.9% accuracy, 84.4% precision, and 0.846 AUC. Mediolateral signal-based measures—coefficient of variance, cross-correlation with anteroposterior accelerations, and mean acceleration—ranked as the top 3 features. The classification accuracy is promising, given research on probabilistic models of falls indicates accuracies ≥80% are challenging to achieve. The results suggest accelerometer-based measures captured during walking are potentially useful in screening older women for fall risk. We are applying algorithms developed in this paper on an OPACH dataset of 5000 women with a 1-year prospective falls log and week-long, free-living accelerometer data.
Sea turtle fibropapilloma tumors share genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities with human cancers
Authors: Duffy David J. , Schnitzler Christine , Karpinski Lorraine , Thomas Rachel , Whilde Jenny , Eastman Catherine , Yang Calvin , Krstic Aleksandar , Rollinson Devon , Zirkelbach Bette , Yetsko Kelsey , Burkhalter Brooke , Martindale Mark Q.
Published: June 2018

Wildlife populations are under intense anthropogenic pressures, with the geographic range of many species shrinking, dramatic reductions in population numbers and undisturbed habitats, and biodiversity loss. It is postulated that we are in the midst of a sixth (Anthropocene) mass extinction event, the first to be induced by human activity. Further, threatening vulnerable species is the increased rate of emerging diseases, another consequence of anthropogenic activities. Innovative approaches are required to help maintain healthy populations until the chronic underlying causes of these issues can be addressed. Fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles is one such wildlife disease. Here, we applied precision-medicine-based approaches to profile fibropapillomatosis tumors to better understand their biology, identify novel therapeutics, and gain insights into viral and environmental triggers for fibropapillomatosis. We show that fibropapillomatosis tumors share genetic vulnerabilities with human cancer types, revealing that they are amenable to treatment with human anti-cancer therapeutics.
Controlled growth of a porous hydroxyapatite nanoparticle coating on a titanium fiber for rapid and efficient solid-phase microextraction of polar chlorophenols, triclosan and bisphenol A from environmental water
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Jin Panxia , Zhou Shanshan , Wang Xuemei , Du Xinzhen
Published: June 2018

A porous HANP coating was fabricated on a Ti fiber substrate with a TiO2MP template for selective SPME of phenolic analytes.
Twin and dislocation mechanisms in tensile W single crystal with temperature change: a molecular dynamics study
Authors: Feng Ya-Xin , Shang Jia-Xiang , Qin Sheng-Jian , Lu Guang-Hong , Chen Yue
Published: June 2018

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the orientation and temperature dependence of tensile response in single crystal W.
Insights into mechanism and selectivity in ruthenium(ii)-catalysed ortho-arylation reactions directed by Lewis basic groups
Authors: McIntyre Jamie , Mayoral-Soler Irene , Salvador Pedro , Poater Albert , Nelson David J.
Published: June 2018

We report a detailed study of the mechanism and selectivity of ruthenium-catalysed C–H arylation reactions directed by Lewis basic heterocycles.
Structural and thermodynamic stability of uranyl–deferiprone complexes and the removal efficacy of U(vi) at the cellular level
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Ji Guoxun , Shi Cen , Diwu Juan , Chen Lanhua , Gui Daxiang , Wan Jianmei , Silver Mark A. , Wang Jianqiang , Wang Shuao
Published: June 2018

This work reports the structural and thermodynamic stability of uranyl–deferiprone complexes and the removal efficacy of U(vi) at the cellular level.
Graphene oxide antagonizes the toxic response to arsenicviaactivation of protective autophagy and suppression of the arsenic-binding protein LEC-1 inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Dai Hui , Liu Yun , Wang Jingjing , Nie Yaguang , Sun Yuxiang , Wang Mudi , Wang Dayan , Yang Zhen , Cheng Lei , Wang Juan , Weng Jian , Wang Qiuquan , Wang Fangyue , Wu Lijun , Zhao Guoping , Xu An
Published: June 2018

The mechanism of GO-decreased As(iii) toxicity.
A fully verified theoretical analysis of strain-photonic coupling for quantum wells embedded in wavy nanoribbons
Authors: Zhang Jiushuang , Xu Yun , Jiang Yu , Bai Lin , Chen Huamin , Li Jian , Wang Lei , Wu Weitong , Song Guofeng
Published: June 2018

For optoelectronic devices, an attractive research field involves the flexible adjustment of the band gap in semiconductor quantum well (QW) structures by strain engineering.