bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mandatory Arrest Law in domestic violence cases and its implementation in New York City
Authors: Milivojevic Sanja
Published: November 2007

This paper contains the analysis of the Mandatory Arrest Law in domestic violence cases in New York State. Introduction includes the subject and main goals of the paper. Second chapter starts with historical development of the police response in domestic violence cases in New York before and after the Mandatory Arrest Law is passed, than analysis of the Law, and ends with one of the programs which Safe Horizon, Victim Service organization, developed in New York City. Third chapter gives the analysis of pro et contra arguments for mandatory arrest provision and results of surveys and studies, which were conducted in United States. In fourth chapter we present the analysis of the research conducted in two police precincts in New York City this year. Paper also contains the list of main problems in implementation of this Law in New York City.
Domestic violence against children
Authors: Mihic Biljana
Published: November 2007

In this paper the author is analysing definitions and basic notions related to domestic violence against children, as one of the most serious forms of violence. The special chapter deals with effects of violence against children and causes of domestic violence against them. Also, the author is analysing different forms of social reaction and considering the problem of legal regulation of mandatory reporting domestic violence against children.
Roger Matthews: Armed robbery crime and society series, Willan publishing, Devon UK, 2002, str. 162
Authors: Vidakovic Ivana
Published: November 2007

nema
Beyond the spiral of hate: Reconstructing positive memory
Authors: Blagojevic Marina
Published: November 2007

(Re) construction of positive memory should provide deconstruction of existing, ruling paradigms about Balkan as the space predestinated for "repeating the history" and eternal antagonisms between different ethnic groups. In this way, the basis will be created for establishment of a new paradigm for understanding of the wars in the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere. Also, the process of reconciliation will be strengthened and the sense of our own individual and collective responsibility for "good" instead of "bad" "destiny" will be developed. "Positive history" is necessary element of both self-understanding and the process of creation of individual, collective and regional identity. It is also necessary element for understanding of THE CONTINUUM OF THE GOODNESS, as well as of imperishability of the need for the exchange and cooperation, and therefore for reconciliation and reconstruction.
Truth and reconciliation: Yes, please! No, thank you!
Authors: Kesic Vesna
Published: November 2007

The case of former Yugoslavia and its successors is specific and a bit different from the other post-conflict societies. First, retributive model of justice is carried out, or it should be carried out, before the International Criminal Tribunal in the Hague. The question is how to start the process of searching for the truth and reconciliation inside and between societies, groups and individuals in newly established countries. There is no such a model in the world, like these in South Africa and some countries in Latin America, which can be applied here, because in this case we are talking about five states, from which at least three were in the war. Also, the character of these conflicts covers the diapason from international conflicts to internal aggression and civil war.
Truth and justice: The challenge for victims at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Armatta Judith
Published: November 2007

The United Nations mandate to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) includes "to render justice to victims." Rendering justice has many facets. It may include arrest, conviction and appropriate sentencing of the perpetrator(s). For a victim to feel justice has been done, it often also requires a public forum where she can tell her story. It requires that she be listened to with respect. It requires that the community acknowledge her suffering. How well can the ICTY accomplish its mission to render justice to victims? Is it sufficient? The presentation will address this question in the context of the ICTY generally and the trial of Slobodan Milosevic in particular.
Northern Ireland and truth and reconciliation healing through remembering: The story so far
Authors: Wall David
Published: November 2007

This paper outlines the work of truth and reconciliation project done in Northern Ireland "Healing through Remembering", and the findings of the Project Group that reported in June 2002. The Paper identifies future actions emerging from the Report.
The preconditions for reconciliation
Authors: Sehic Vehid
Published: November 2007

In this paper preconditions for reconciliation on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, primarily in BiH, are explored. In addition, ideas about the ways for starting and leading process of truth and reconciliation are examined as well.
Psychological basis of the reconciliation process
Authors: Petrovic Nebojsa
Published: November 2007

In the psychological framework, reconciliation is a socio-cultural process, which includes majority of the members of the society, who form new beliefs about former enemies, about their own society and relations between these two groups. This process is about changing the system of beliefs of the members of the society. Maybe the most important change in this ideology of conflict is about the certainty of absolute righteousness of our own aims, which is in contradiction with similar beliefs of the opposite side.
Non-governmental organizations assisting victims of crime in Belgrade: Survey results
Authors: Milivojevic Sanja , Mihic Biljana
Published: November 2007

This paper presents the results of survey regarding non-governmental organizations assisting victims of crime in Belgrade. The survey was completed at the end of 2002 for purposes of establishing a Victim Support Service in Serbia. In introduction authors give a short review of victim support services development in the World and the region, explaining the need for such service in Serbia, the subject and the aim of the article as well as the purpose of the survey. Second part of the paper contains the sample, methodology and the aim of the interview with NGO representatives. In the third section authors present the analysis of the survey data. Finally, in conclusion authors summarize the data and observed problems, suggestions for possible solution and directions of future development of services and organizations assisting victims of crime in Serbia.
Family violence offence in a social context and legal system of Serbia and Montenegro
Authors: Nikolic-Ristanovic Vesna
Published: November 2007

In this paper author elaborates macro and micro factors which contribute to emergence/aggravation of family violence in a circumstances of social transition, as well as factors which contribute to better protection, assistance and support to victims of violence. Therefore, author presents historical development of lobbying for legal reforms regarding domestic violence, as well as importance and broader context of new incrimination - Domestic Violence - in the legal system of Serbia and Montenegro. Also, in this paper author presents basic principles of the New Model for legal protection from family violence, made by the working group of the Victimology Society of Serbia, describing legal situation that existed before these changes and legal protection of victims after the reform. Author also indicates to an incomplete legal protection of victims - lack of possibilities for arrest, protective measures, restraining orders, and (voluntary or mandatory) treatment of abuser. The importance of monitoring of implementation and further improving of this and other laws is stressed out as well.
Dena Rosenbloom, Mary Beth Williams with Barbara E. Watkins: Life after trauma: Workbook for healing, The Guilford Press, New York, 1999
Authors: Veselinovic Natasa
Published: November 2007

nema
The difficulties of determining the notion of organized crime
Authors: Mrvic-Petrovic Natasa
Published: November 2007

The author emphasizes the most significant difficulties and disagreements in determining the notion of organized crime, which, on one hand, come as a result of a complexity and dynamism of a contemporary organized crime, and on the other hand, may lead to passing the inadequate legislation and/or the failure of actions against the organized crime. Pointing out to the differences between contemporary organized crime and theoretical definitions of it from the first decades of the 20th century, the author concludes that the answer to the organized crime should be systematic, and need to include the rule of law and the principles of division and control of state power. The author suggests that the changes are necessary within the present criminal legislature of Serbia. In these changes the emphasis need to be on the protection of victims rather than on special legal solutions and special court, prosecution and police units for suppression of organized crime.
Parameters of social existence and social functioning of lesbians: Lesbian body in processes of social interactions
Authors: Mrsevic Zorica
Published: November 2007

Analysis of characteristics of a lesbian body in processes of social interaction is a method of analysis social relations of lesbians, their relationships with the heterosexual world and revealing specific lesbian practices, outlooks, habits and customs, behavior and general characteristics of lesbian sub culture. Making somebody different than a "normal human", meaning less human, is the main way of making the whole group target of justified discrimination, violence and hate crime. Therefore, providing understanding of differences provides a ground for personal, political and legal sensitivity, understanding and tolerance towards both the "otherness" and the "others".
Developing support service for victims of hate crime
Authors: Dunn Peter
Published: November 2007

This article describes the nature and development of Victim Support?s services to victims of hate crime in England and Wales. It provides definitions of hate crime, information about its extent, and considers why services for victims of some forms of hate crime have developed faster than others. It concludes with a summary of points made during a discussion at the 2004 European Forum for Victim Services conference about whether or not services to victims of hate crime should be provided by mainstream victim services or specialist agencies.
Supporting children: Victims of crime, within victim support
Authors: Walle Vande
Published: November 2007

All too often, the victimization of children is automatically associated with child abuse and sexual abuse. However, children are also confronted, either directly or indirectly, with other kinds of criminality. In spite of that children usually do not get appropriate support and assistance. In this paper, the establishment and development of services for the support of children-victims of crime in Belgium, as well as European cooperation in this regard, are described.
The process of healing war wounds in Kosova/o
Authors: Murati Gjylbehare
Published: November 2007

This paper offers a short overview of the issues surrounding the so-called pre-reconciliation process in Kosova/o. It does not provide a complete overview of all the relevant topics and discussions in the field, but aims to identify obstacles and constraints that directly hinder the process of reconciliation in this society torn between a violent past and an uncertain future.
Why helping war veterans, at all?
Authors: Beara Vladan , Miljanovic Predrag , Popov Boris
Published: November 2007

"The society for the protection of mental health of the war veterans and victims of the 1991 - 1999 wars" was founded in 1999, as a non-governmental non-partite and non-profit association of citizens whose basic aim is the preservation of mental health of refugees and displaced persons, war veterans (persons who have undergone the experience of war, usually against their will), members of their families and all persons who have been traumatized by the wars in the area of the former SFRY in the period between 1991 and 1999. The current projects involve: 1. The Trauma Center in Novi Sad, which provides psychological and legal assistance to war veterans and all citizens who were endangered by war operations; 2. Counseling services for trauma in Leskovac, Vranje and Bujanovac, whose primary aims are remobilization and treatment of the traumatized participants and casualties of the wars, as well as the decrease of social, political and interethnic tensions; 3. Education of war veterans for the leaders of self-help peer groups and 4. Educational experience seminars for REBT psychotherapeutic work with psychological trauma with the aim to educate experts for more efficient work with traumatized clients.
Melting the ice: Project of students of American university in Bulgaria
Authors: Milosevic Tijana
Published: November 2007

Melting the ice is the project which aim is resolution of ethnic conflicts between Serbs and Albanians from Kosovo. The idea about the project came from several students of American University in Bulgaria (AUBG). The original idea of the project was to organize the series of panel discussions with participation of students, Serbs and Albanians. The main aim of the project is to help remove in confidence and prejudices and preparation of students to work on the same issue after coming back to their communities.
Steps toward the establishment of dialogue in Kosovo: Experiences of the Center for non-violent resistance
Authors: Djurdjevic Nenad
Published: November 2007

The beginning of the initiative of acquainting and rapprochement of the two sides - the Serbs and the Albanians - began by the end of 2001 in Vienna, at the initiative of the United States Peace Institute (USPI). The distinctive feature of the meeting was a high degree of mistrust and distance among the participants. The participants were the representatives of political parties from Serbia and Kosovo. There were no representatives of the local Serbs. The cooperation continued through a series of meetings that were organized on the level of the civil society, because it was assumed that the civil society is more dynamic, unrestricted by the limitations of daily politics and that it is capable of bringing about a major breakthrough in the Serbian - Albanian relations.
Picturing truth and reconciliation
Authors: Liebmann Marian
Published: November 2007

This is an account of the workshop run at the conference Truth and reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia: Where are we now and where to go? Even in such a short workshop, it seemed that it was possible to share difficult areas of the past, and move on to looking at hopes for the future. The use of art materials seemed to facilitate the expression of aspects difficult to put into words. There seems to be potential for extending this method. Yet it is not without its dangers, if used with a vulnerable group of people, or in an insecure situation, or in an insensitive way. It could open doors which are difficult to shut again. The ability of art to bring up memories and emotions is both its strength and its risk.
Workshops with refugees: Special experiences from the work with elderly people
Authors: Kostic Miomira , Djordjevic Radmila
Published: November 2007

The authors explain the phenomenon of refuge as a form of experience which differentiate refugees from indigenous population. They explore changes in number and geographical distribution of refugees in Serbia and Montenegro. Also, the method of work and goals of the humanitarian organization "Hi Neighbor" are elaborated. The paper is focused on the workshops with elderly people. One of the workshop activities is drawing on the topic "My personal space". In the pictures drawn by refugees the readiness for establishment of "life line", interrupted "somewhere", by the war and refuge, is pronounced.
Ian Ward: Introduction to critical legal theory, Cavendish Publishing, London, 2004, str. 215.
Authors: Jovanovic Sladjana
Published: November 2007

nema
Research on children abuse in Lithuania and its importance for prevention of juvenile crime
Authors: Rokas Uscila
Published: November 2007

The main goal of this paper is to present an overview of children victims? situation in Lithuania and to reveal possible forms and effects of inversion of victim - child and offender. The article presents an analysis of official statistic of 2004 on children victimization in Lithuania and invokes data of several selective researches in the area. It defines the conception of inversion of victim and offender, presents certain kinds, types and classifications of inversion. An analysis of accumulative and cyclical inversion of victim - child and offender from the perspective of victimology is introduced. The author presents the inversion of victim - child and offender as a dynamic phenomenon, as a result of interaction between the processes of criminalization and victimization. Victimology, having a unique target of research, analyses the phenomenon of the inversion of participants or participant of victimic event, which has not been given adequate focus in law or other social sciences, although it is very important in organizing educational process.
Nensi Adler: Preziveli iz gulaga - s one strane sovjetskog sistema, Beogradski krug, Beograd, 2005
Authors: Savicic Dalibor
Published: November 2007

nema
Serbian press about refugees: 1990–2005
Authors: Grujic Jelena
Published: November 2007

In this paper Serbian press? approach toward refugees as a topic, for period of last fifteen years is analyzed. The analyses is built up on huge database of all articles about refugees published in progovernment and independent daily and weekly Serbian press, in mentioned period. Results of this research are crushing: differences of approaches in pro-government and independent press are minor; both press profiles, despite of what was expected, were shown equal lack of understanding toward the topic, contributing to social marginalization of refugees. Professional ethical codex have been remarkably violated all the time. These findings are part of a forthcoming book "Political framing of refugees: 1990. ? 2005.".
Restorative and retributive justice in the context of war and war crimes
Authors: Nils Christie
Published: November 2007

In this paper, the author is dealing with the relationship between restorative and retributive responses to war and war crimes. Starting from labeling theory and critical criminology, the author argues that the crime does not exist and what exist are behaviors which may be terrible, but, which depending on the context may be considered punishable or not. In the basis of punishment is dealing with consequences, not with causes, which makes that retributive approach has considerable limitations. Regarding this, the author argues for restrictive use of punishment and emphasis the need of creating social systems in which ordinary people would be able to come together and jointly discuss the problems they have and the way of solving them. It is important to give an opportunity to victims to tell what have happened to them, what are their pains; but also to the offenders to express what and why they did what they had done. This is the only way of having an impact on the causes, i. e. on repairmen of the disturbed social relations and reconciliation between parties in conflict.
Association joint action for truth and reconciliation: Coordination of civil society initiatives and increasing of social visibility of third way toward facing the past
Authors: Nikolic-Ristanovic Vesna , Hanak Natasa
Published: November 2007

In this paper the activities and results of the work within Victimology Society of Serbia project "From remembering the past toward positive future" during 2005 are presented. In addition, plans for the future are presented as well. Special attention is given to the establishment of Association Joint action for truth and reconciliation as well as to the promotion of Third way toward facing the past.
Karen Boyle: Media and Violence: Gendering the Debates (Mediji i nasilje: porodnjavanje rasprave) Sage Publications, 2005
Authors: Mihic Biljana
Published: November 2007

nema
Alternative sanctions and measures in the criminal justice system of Slovenia
Authors: Selih Alenka
Published: November 2007

The paper presents the ways of introducing both material and procedural alternative measures into the criminal justice system of Slovenia from the beginning of 1990s, particularly into the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure in 1995 (with the further amendments). That relates to both adult and juvenile offenders. Regarding implementation, the author emphasizes characteristics of the implementation of both groups of institutions; pays attention to the fact that procedural institutions are more important for prosecution of minor criminal offences; points out the importance of the personal factor that contributes to the implementation of new provisions; and gives an overview of the first experiment in the Slovenian judiciary related to that. The author gives an analysis of problems dealt with in the Slovenian doctrine and judicial practice in connection with alternative ways of proceeding; she points out, in particular, the imperfections of legal solutions; the unclear competences in implementation of alternative sanctions and problems resulting from such a situation.
Grupa autora: Alternative zatvorskim kaznama; Fond za otvoreno drustvo, Beograd, 2005
Authors: Vasiljevic Danica
Published: November 2007

nema
Discrimination of women on work place - relation to maternity, disability and women’s health
Authors: Dobrosavljevic-Grujic Ljiljana
Published: November 2007

A special kind of discrimination of women on work place is that related to their psychophysical condition. Whereas the health condition is often a pretext for discrimination of pregnant women, young mothers, sick and disabled women workers, the mobbing at work is discrimination that may have psychical troubles as a consequence. We present a brief analysis of relevant international and domestic regulations, demonstrating explicitly their breaking on the examples from the work of SOS Hotline for women victims of discrimination at work. The conclusion is that for struggle against the discrimination related to psychophysical condition of workingwomen it is important to fight against breaking the positive legal regulations, as well as working on their improvement. .
Kostelic-Martic Andreja: Mobing: psihicko maltretiranje na radnom mjestu: Skolska knjiga, Zagreb, 2005, str. 131
Authors: Kovacevic Marina
Published: November 2007

nema
Development and performance evaluation of solid freeform fabrication system by using dual laser sintering process
Authors: Kim Dong Soo , Lee Won Hee , Bae Sung Woo , Choi Kyung Hyun
Published: November 2007

A solid freeform fabrication (SFF) system using selective laser sintering (SLS) is currently recognized as a leading process and SLS extends the application to machinery and automobiles due to the various materials employed. In order to develop a more elaborate and rapid system for fabricating large objects compared to existing SLS, this study employs a new selective dual-laser sintering process. It contains a three-axis, dynamic focusing scanner system for scanning large areas instead of the existing fθ lens used in commercial SLS. Therefore, the unique scanning path generation is necessary to eliminate the factors of quality deterioration in case of fabricating larger objects. Also, this paper will address development of a SFF system which employs the dual laser system and the unique scanning device. In the SLS, the sintering temperature, laser beam power and layer thickness have a great influence on sintering of the polymer. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of a scanning path and fabrication parameters on the sintering process and to fabricate the various three-dimensional objects using polymer powders.
Experimental observation of keyhole shapes in the laser welding of aluminum blanks
Authors: Aalderink B. J. , Aarts R. G. K. M. , de Lange D. F. , Meijer J.
Published: November 2007

A camera-based in situ monitoring system for the Nd:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser keyhole welding process of aluminium has been developed. The use of an external illumination source for image formation decouples the performance of this system from many process parameters. A prototype of the monitoring system was used to investigate two different welding modes, which have been observed during the laser welding process of AA5182 alloy sheets. One welding mode results in a circular keyhole shape, while the second mode has a more elliptical shape. Welds resulting from both welding modes also have a different surface structure at the top and bottom weld surface. Mechanical tests showed a marginal difference in mechanical properties of both welding types. However, the welding mode with an elliptical keyhole shape is more susceptible to holes in the weld seam. Experiments showed that this welding process can be visualized well with the developed monitoring system and that both welding modes can be distinguished clearly.
Effect of Focus of Attention and Age on Motor Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Emanuel Michal , Jarus Tal , Bart Orit
Published: November 2007

Background and Purpose

Adult participants benefit more from external focus than internal focus when learning a new motor skill. Because learners from different age groups use different learning strategies, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effect of attention focus varies among children and adults.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty-four children and 32 adults were randomly assigned to internal or external focus-of-attention practice groups. Throwing darts toward a static target, participants performed 50 acquisition trials, 20 retention trials, and 20 transfer trials.

Results

The results indicate that focus of attention varies between children and adults in accuracy and variability in the acquisition phase and in accuracy in the transfer phase. No interactions were found in the retention phase.

Discussion and Conclusion

The findings suggest that external focus is more effective than internal focus in adults; therefore, physical therapists should instruct adult clients to focus their attention externally to facilitate motor learning. Physical therapists working with children should perhaps direct the client's attention internally; however, further study is needed.
The Bush Doctrine, Democratization, and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Fiala Andrew
Published: November 2007

What has come to be known as ‘the Bush Doctrine’ is an idealistic
approach to international relations that imagines a world transformed
by the promise of democracy and that sees military force as an appropriate
means to utilize in pursuit of this goal. The Bush Doctrine has
been described in various ways. It has been called ‘democratic realism,’
‘national security liberalism,’ ‘democratic globalism,’ and ‘messianic
universalism’.1 Another common claim is that this view is
‘neoconservative’.2 In what follows I will employ the term ‘neoconservative’
as a convenient and commonly accepted name for the ideas
that underlie the Bush Doctrine. The Bush Doctrine has been
expressed in numerous speeches by President Bush and members of
his administration.3 It is stated in the policy of the National Security
Strategy of the United States.4 And it was employed in the invasion of
Iraq. The hopeful aspiration of the Bush Doctrine is that democratization
will result in peace.
Study on Energy Input, Output and Energy Use Efficiency of Major Jute Based Cropping Pattern
Authors: Khan MA , Hossain SMA
Published: November 2007

An investigation was undertaken in Jute Research Regional Station, BJRI, Kishoreganj during the period of 2000 - 2001 to 2002 - 2003 to evaluate the energy input, energy output and output-input ratio of some selected jute based cropping pattern. the result showed that the highest energy input (42,928 MJ ha-1) was noted for Jute (oli.)- T. aman rice-Potato, which was closely followed by Jute (cap.)-T. aman rice-Potato cropping pattern (39.856 MJ ha-1). The lowest energy input (19,947 MJ ha-1) was found for Jute (cap.)-T. aman rice-Fallow pattern. The highest energy output from main product was recorded in Jute- T. aman rice-Potato cropping pattern while the lowest from Jute-Fallow-Wheat pattern. However, the highest total energy output was obtained from Jute-T. aman rice-Wheat (4,01,332-403851 MJ ha-1) which was followed by Jute-T. aman rice-Potato (3,66,729-3,73,949 MJ ha-1) and Jute-T. aman rice-Lentil (2,88,906-3,33,416 MJ ha-1), although the energy output from main product of potato containing cropping pattern was the highest. The energy output from by-product was more compared to main product for all the cropping patterns. Between two jute based cropping patterns, olitorius jute containing pattern required higher energy input than that of capsular is but energy output was higher in capsularis jute containing pattern. Output-input ratio of cropping pattern was maximum (14.5) in 2-crop pattern where rabi crops were absent. It indicated that rabi crops had lower energy output compared to other kharif crops.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(2), 195-202, 2007
Le bassin du Congo, notes de géographie physique
Authors: Fourmarier Paul
Published: November 2007

Parmi les éléments les plus caractéristiques de la géographie physique du Congo, il y a lieu d'envisager : l'orientation de la côte de l'Océan, le relief continental, la disposition du réseau hydrographique.

L'examen comparatif de la carte physique et de la carte géolo gique montre une relation évidente entre ces éléments et la constitution géologique du territoire. On voit la côte s'allonger parallèlement à la bande de terrains récents située au pied Ouest des monts de Cristal ; la grande dépression centrale correspond à la cuvette tectonique formée par les terrains récents de la série permo-triasique et au grand développement des formations récentes (système de la Husira) : la ligne de faîte, entourant d'une ceinture continue la dépression centrale, correspond aux terrains anciens plus ou moins plissés et métamorphiques. a) L'orientation de la ligne de rivage de l'Atlantique est d'origine relativement ancienne ; elle est en relation avec la transgression de la mer crétacée, qui s'est faite approximativement du Sud-Ouest vers le Nord-Est dans la région voisine de l'embouchure du Congo, et avec les balancements de la mer tertiaire. Elle paraît être indépendante de l'évolution des terrains à l'intérieur du continent. h) L'orographie, en relation apparente avec la résistance relative des roches à l'érosion, trouve cependant son origine dans les déforma- tions récentes du sol; le relief du bassin du Congo, spécialement dans la bordure de la cuvette centrale, a le type rajeuni très caractéristique. Ces déformations récentes ne sont cependant que l'accentuation de mouvements plus anciens. La crête des monts de Cristal est parallèle à l'ancienne chaîne plissée antépermienne, allant du Congo occidental au Katanga. La crête surbaissée limitant au Nord la cuvette centrale est une ride parallèle à la précédente. La région montagneuse de l'Est doit son relief à l'accentuation de mouvements orthogonaux à la direction précédente et en relation avec le grand bombement subméridien de l'Afrique orientale, mais elle le doit aussi au jeu d'un réseau de fractures radiales à deux directions conjuguées principales. c) Le réseau hydrographique a une origine complexe, encore obscure pour la plupart de ses éléments. Quelques grands lacs sont en relation avec les zones d'affaissement ou d'effondrement, d'autres résultent du barrage d'une vallée. Quant au cours même du fleuve Congo et de ses affluents principaux, il donne l'impression d'un cours originel profondément modifié par les mouvements du sol, avec, selon toute vraisemblance, intervention de phénomènes de capture. Certains cours d'eau sont d'origine structurale et se sont superposés à des déformations du sol d'allure synclinale ou à des effondrements.
Les multiplexes cinématographiques : un nouvel enjeu territorial / Cinema complexes and new territorial questions
Authors: Blin Eric
Published: November 2007

Le déferlement récent des multiplexes sur le territoire français suscite bien des remous. Ces nouveaux cinémas, qui surpassent en taille et en qualité tous les cinémas en place et proposent une nouvelle approche de consommation tournée vers le loisir, relancent la fréquentation cinématographique. Participant du mouvement de périphérisation, ils installent pour la première fois hors des centres-villes, jouent le rôle de locomotive pour d'autres équipements mais menacent les cinémas traditionnels contraints à s'adapter. En outre, par l'intérêt financier qu'ils suscitent et les enjeux qu'ils représentent pour l'animation et l'image d'un territoire, ils sont vite devenus l'objet de convoitises, de conflits intercommunaux, de querelles intestines qui relancent les rivalités centre-périphérie et nuisent à l'équilibre de agglomération. C'est pourquoi des commissions départementales ont été créées sur le modèle de celles qui contrôlent la mise en place des grandes surfaces commerciales pour éviter le développement anarchique des multiplexes et protéger les centres-villes. Ces commissions sont nécessaires mais encore imparfaites. Parallèlement, la coopération intercommunale, sans cesse invoquée dans la construction des équipements d'agglomération, doit être encouragée.
Ordres et désordres dans les villes argentines, l'exemple de Alto Comedero, San Salvador de Jujuy / Orders and Disorders in Argentina's Cities, the Example of Alto Comedero, San Salvador de Jujuy
Authors: Fournier Jean-Marc
Published: November 2007

This paper seeks to evaluate the relevance of the notions of order and disorder in the understanding of the power relationships underlying the development of Argentina's suburbs (urban peripheries). It focuses on the links between spatial order and disorder, on one hand, and social order and disorder, on the other. By looking into the example of Alto Comedo - a city of 60 000 built from scratch in less than ten years and located in the suburbs of San Salvador de Jujuy, in the North-west of the country - we observed that the urban space reflects several types of orders: colonial, military, religious, informal economic, repressive, festive, etc. All of them are affected by a set of disorders: legal, political, urban, social, etc. The actors involved in the reproduction of spatial segregation are thus clearly identified. The social order imposed by the upper classes perpetuates its domination upon the geographical space ofthe cities, and thereby on the disadvantaged social groups, which are rejected to the suburbs.
Les risques liés aux carrières souterraines. Diversité des réponses et aménagement en Île-de-France / Quarries hazard : diversity of the responses and urban planning in Île-de-France
Authors: Veyret Yvette , Bouchon Sara
Published: November 2007

Les risques liés aux carrières constituent en Île-de-France, en raison de l'ancienneté et de l'importance des extractions de matériaux dans le sous-sol (craie, calcaire grossier, gypse) une source de problèmes en termes d'aménagement. Les réponses ont très tôt été techniques à travers l'existence dès le XVIIIe siècle de l'Inspection Générale des Carrières créée à Paris. Elles sont rapidement apparues insuffisantes face à une urbanisation croissante. Diverses réglementations ont donc été appliquées, le Plan de prévention des risques (PPR) constituant la plus récente. Le bilan (encore préliminaire) que nous avons effectué témoigne de la diversité de la prise en compte du risque dans les politiques urbaines et de l'importance du critère économique. Un tel constat conduit à opposer les grosses opérations immobilières dans l'aménagement au détriment des petits propriétaires qui généralement ne disposent pas des moyens nécessaires pour gérer le risque les concernant.
Les marais endigués de la Ria Formosa (Algarve) face à un siècle de développement économique. Le cas de la réserve naturelle de Ludo / One century of economic development in the reclaimed marshes of the Ria Formosa (Agarve). The example of the Ludo nature reserve
Authors: Goeldner-Gianella Lydie , Arnaud-Fassetta Gilles , Bertrand Frédéric , Baron-Yellès Nassima , Costa Stéphane , Davidson Robert , Beltrando Gérard
Published: November 2007

The lagoon of Ria Formosa, located on the southern coastof Portugal, contains large areas of marshes, which, as is the case of Ludo, west of the lagoon, had partially been reclaimed and drained at the end of the 19th century. The lack of information about such reclamation works in Portugal, the failure of the agricultural improvement of the Ludo marshes and the diversity of the wet-lands formed after this complex history, makes it an interesting case study. Moreover, despite their status as natural reserve, these marshes are affected by increasing environmental damages and by growing economic pressures ; it is presently surrounded by intensive farming zones, extending golf resorts and Taro's urban sprawling. Thus, using several methods and techniques (corings, D-GPS measures, salinity measures, use of historical archives, interview), we tried to determine the possible durability of this natural reserve and to evaluate the effective power of a natural park when confronted with powerful socio-economic forces.
Le Canada dans le monde
Authors: Holmes John W.
Published: November 2007

Fermement attachés aux principes des Nations-Unies, les Canadiens sont aujourd'hui divisés sur leur rôle à l'intérieur de l'OTAN.

Mais il y a chez eux peu de divergences en ce qui concerne l'attitude vis-à-vis des blocs et du Tiers-Monde. (On notera l'accroissement des relations avec le Japon, l'encouragement à l'immigration japonaise et l'attitude indépendante envers la Chine).

Les Canadiens cherchent avant tout à garder leur indépendance en face du géant américain. C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles ils n'ont pas adhéré à l'Organisation des Etats américains.

Le Commonwealth a aidé le Canada à asseoir son prestige international et mérite d'être sauvegardé, le temps d'aplanir les difficultés en Asie et en Afrique.

Puissance moyenne, le Canada a cherché à jouer un rôle de médiateur, mais les résultats ont été décevants. C'est pourquoi la politique étrangère du Canada est susceptible d'être modifiée dans un proche avenir.
Révolution culturelle et politique extérieure chinoises
Authors: Joyaux François
Published: November 2007

II est certain que ce sont les problèmes de politique intérieure qui ont été à l'origine directe de la Révolution Culturelle chinoise.

Toutefois il est possible que trois séries de difficultés extérieures aient eu, également, quelque influence de ce point de vue : la rupture idéologique avec l'U.R.S.S. qui, après les dernières négociations de 1963-64, paraît irréversible ; l'escalade américaine au Vietnam depuis février 1965 et enfin les échecs de politique étrangère que connut la Chine dans le Tiers Monde tout au long de l'année 1965, en particulier en Indonésie.

Inversement, si la Révolution Culturelle a eu des effets surtout sur le plan interne, elle n'est pas sans avoir modifié également la politique extérieure chinoise.

Vis à vis de l'U.R.S.S. et de l'Europe orientale, la Révolution Culturelle a eu pour conséquence première de « bloquer » le conflit à un niveau extrêmement bas, celui des incidents diplomatiques et des attaques sans grand intérêt doctrinal. Par contre, assez paradoxalement, les rapports de la Chine et des Etats-Unis ne semblent pas plus tendus qu'ils ne l'étaient en 1965. La Révolution Culturelle est plus anti-révisionniste et donc plus anti-soviétique qu'elle n'est anti-impérialiste ou tout au moins anti-américaine.

Enfin, les relations entre la Chine et le Tiers-Monde n'ont cessé de se détériorer, en particulier avec l'Inde et l'Indonésie.
Les problèmes agraires de la R.A.U.
Authors: Dumont René
Published: November 2007

Invité par le ministre égyptien de l'agriculture à fournir un rapport sur les problèmes agraires de la R.A.U., l'auteur préconise de limiter le surpeuplement, d'intensifier la production des fruits et du fourrage, d'introduire des vaches et des chèvres hautement laitières, de sélectionner les plantes. Il est partisan d'un encadrement technique à l'aide de coopératives, solution qu'il préfère aux fermes d'Etat, la bureaucratisation étant de toutes façons excessive. L'arrosage devrait être mieux contrôlé, l'eau utilisée par les agriculteurs devrait être payée afin d'éviter le gaspillage. Les importations devraient être réduites et les exportations, notamment de fruits, de légumes et de tabac, accrues. Enfin l'autosatisfaction devrait faire place à l'autocritique.
Vers le Traité de non-prolifération
Authors: Klein Jean
Published: November 2007

La non-prolifération des armes nucléaires est un objectif que la communauté des nations poursuit depuis de longues années. En janvier 1968, les négociations sont entrées dans une phase décisive avec le dépôt par les Etats-Unis et l'Union soviétique d'un projet commun de traité. Ce texte n'a pas obtenu l'approbation de tous les Etats représentés au comité des dix-huit sur le désarmement et a soulevé des résistances en Allemagne. On ne sait si le traité sera ouvert à la signature à l'issue du débat en cours devant l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies, mais son adoption n'aura de signification que s'il s'inscrit dans la perspective d'une réglementation générale des armements.
L'Internationale socialiste : structure et idéologie
Authors: Zorgbibe Charles
Published: November 2007

Après la IIe guerre mondiale, les conférences socialistes se succèdent pour aboutir, en 1951, à créer l'internationale socialiste, qui n'est plus qu'une tribune libre. Aux Congrès et au Conseil annuel, les partis nationaux sont représentés à égalité et non selon leurs effectifs. Les pays asiatiques n'y figurent pas : ils ont créé, en 1953, leur propre organisation.

L'Internationale de la jeunesse socialiste date de 1946 ; organisme de mission plutôt que forum, elle recrute un tiers de ses membres dans les pays du Tiers-Monde. Elle est autonome, mais travaille en collaboration avec l'Internationale socialiste.

Le Conseil de l'Internationale a vainement tenté d'étendre sa sphère de supra-nationalité.
Ombres et lumières sur la Tunisie
Authors: Pigasse Jean-Paul
Published: November 2007

La France a gardé, malgré les incidents qui ont marqué l'accession du Maghreb à l'indépendance, une position privilégiée en Afrique du Nord. Elle est en mesure de jouer un rôle positif dans la solution des problèmes qui agitent cette région. De la politique qu'elle va y mener dans le cours des dix prochaines années dépendra pour une grande part la stabilité de la partie occidentale du bassin méditerranéen. C'est pourquoi, il est essentiel qu'elle ait une vision claire du rôle qu'elle peut jouer à l'égard des pays maghrébins et notamment de la Tunisie.
Le général de Gaulle et la politique extérieure
Authors: Vernant Jacques
Published: November 2007

L'action du général de Gaulle est indissociable de sa pensée politique. Elles ont pour fondement la reconnaissance du fait national.

La nation, réalité sociologique, manifeste son existence au dehors par une politique extérieure qui, par définition, doit être indépendante. Quant à son contenu, la politique extérieure est sans doute fonction des diversités historiques qui donnent à chaque Etat une physionomie qui lui est propre et des atouts particuliers. Mais elle tient compte aussi des changements intervenus dans le monde, en particulier depuis 1945. C'est par rapport à ces changements, qui ne vont pas tous dans le même sens, qu'est conçu le rôle de la France, un rôle à la mesure de ses moyens (1).
Les relations économiques entre l'Europe de l'Est et l'Europe de l'Ouest
Authors: Aubert de La Rue Philippe
Published: November 2007

Analysant état et les possibilités de développement des rela tions économiques entre Europe de Ouest et Europe de Est auteur de article est amené une série de constatations Malgré le rythme de croissance des dernières années les échanges entre les deux parties de Europe occupent encore une place rela tivement modeste dans le commerce extérieur de Europe occi dentale ils sont en outre structurellement inégaux dès lors que les exportations ouest-européennes consistent surtout en produits manufacturés de industrie alors que les exportations de Europe de Est comprennent principalement des matières premières et des produits agricoles attachant examiner les causes et les remèdes de ce déséquilibre auteur constate une telle analyse débouche sur des problèmes fondamentaux ordre politique notamment entre autres ceux du cadre bilatéral ou multi latéral de ces relations et des partenaires Etats nationaux ou organisations régionales qui seront appelés en discuter En dépit des difficultés on voit poindre des symptômes encourageants pour avenir de ces relations on peut mentionner dans ce contexte la transformation qui est en train de effectuer dans le domaine des transactions commerciales celles-ci du côté occidental notam ment portent de plus en plus sur des biens de nature globale et complexe et en particulier sur des usines complètes livrées clé en mains au client Europe de Est De tels contrats pourraient être amorce une collaboration plus étendue allant la coopé ration entreprises de manière réaliser entre les deux Europés une division du travail qui permettrait obtenir par une autre voie les avantages que procurent en économie de marché les investisse ments de capitaux étranger
Les conditionnements de la décision politique au Canada
Authors: Lester Normand
Published: November 2007

Analysant les facteurs qui déterminent la politique générale et la politique économique canadiennes, l'auteur conclut tout d'abord à l'influence prépondérante des Etats-Unis dans tous les secteurs de la vie canadienne : de l'industrie aux syndicats, de l'armement à l'exploitation des ressources naturelles, des moyens d'information de masse aux partis politiques. Dans le domaine intérieur, les tensions qui se manifestent et qui se ramènent en dernier ressort au conflit entre la majorité anglophone et la minorité francophone contribuent à dessiner l'image d'un Canada, "pays incertain".
Un point de vue américain sur l'Europe
Authors: Green Andrew Wilson
Published: November 2007

La politique des pays européens est examinée sans indulgence par l'auteur. L'Europe, dont il constate le manque d'unanimité, est-elle en mesure d'aider à la recherche d'un règlement des problèmes de la sécurité européenne ?

Selon l'auteur, la France pourrait difficilement continuer à jouer un rôle prépondérant ; l'Allemagne fédérale aurait, sans contre partie, affermi la position de l'U.R.S.S et il est à craindre qu'elle s'engage un jour dans la voie de la neutralité ; l'Italie est presque ingouvernable ; le Vatican lui-même penche à gauche. Seule la Grande-Bretagne a le même point de vue que les Etats-Unis sur la sauvegarde de l'équilibre stratégique en Europe.

L'auteur préconise pour les Etats-Unis une attitude favorable au maintien des forces américaines en Allemagne, hostile à une neutralisation, encourageant l'entrée de la Grande-Bretagne dans le Marché Commun et la création d'une force nucléaire européenne comportant la collaboration technique de l'Allemagne et de l'Italie.
La situation en Turquie
Authors: Burnouf Denis
Published: November 2007

Les observations de l'auteur, recueillies sur place, concernent certains aspects politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Turquie actuelle.