bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No significant muscle atrophy occurs in first dorsal interosseus muscle after incomplete cervical spinal cord injury
Authors: Teunissen A.  , Bakels R.  , Thomas C.K.  , Mulder D.  , Zijdewind I.
Published: February 2025

Purpose: Following spinal cord injury (SCI), atrophy is often observed in muscles innervated from spinal segments below the lesion. We used the twitch interpolation technique to estimate the total force capacity of the first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI, index finger abductor) and compared these data to the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) actually produced by the subject. Methods: Four SCI subjects who had partial voluntary control over their hand muscles, 7 control SCI subjects with intact hand function and 10 able-bodied subjects (AB) performed 3 MVCs and 3 voluntary contractions at 10, 30, 50 and 70% MVC with the right FDI muscle. During the contractions the ulnar nerve was electrically activated (two pulses, interval 10 ms). Muscle force evoked by the stimulation was expressed as a percentage of the potentiated rest twitch and plotted against the background force. Results: MVCs were smaller in the incomplete SCI-group (19.1±3.5N, p<0.005) compared to the control SCI group (40.8±9.1N) and AB-controls (38.1±10.2N). However, the total force capacity as estimated on the basis of regression analysis between the superimposed twitch and background forces resulted in similar forces for all groups (incomplete SCI: 28.5±7.3N, control SCI: 36.4±16.0N, AB-controls: 30.3±6.2N). Conclusion: Comparable total force capacity for all groups suggests that muscle atrophy was insignificant in the SCI-subjects with incomplete injuries.
Mechanical and physiological assessment of pressure ulcer-preventing cushions in a population with spinal cord injury
Authors: Crespo-Ruiz B.  , de la Peña-González A.  , Pérez-Nombela S.  , Gil-Agudo A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose: To develop a multimodal procedure for evaluating pressure ulcer-preventing cushions and conduct a comparison of the biomechanics and tissue response induced by 4 pressure ulcer-preventing cushions most commonly prescribed to patients with spinal cord injury in our hospital. Methods: Firstly, the distribution of pressures at the user-cushion interface was analyzed (Xsensor), and secondly, tissue viability was assessed by transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) (Radiometer TCM 400) in 22 people with thoracic complete spinal cord injury (T1-T2). The variables analyzed were related with the distribution of pressures and contact surface at the user-cushion interface (Pmax, Pm, Psd, Stot, S>60 and % S>60) and tissue response (TcPO2). Results: The dual-compartment air cushion produced the best Pmax, Pm, Psd and Stot results compared to the other cushions (P<0.05). TcPO2 values did not differ significantly between cushions. Conclusion: A method was developed for the multimodal evaluation of pressure ulcer-preventing cushions that enhances our understanding of how these cushions behave and can help to prevent pressure ulcers in both sports and rehabilitation.
Perception of effort during incremental upper body exercise in able-bodied and paraplegic athletes
Authors: Price M.  , Thake C.D.  , Campbell I.G.
Published: February 2025

Purpose: To examine the relationship between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological variables in able bodied and paraplegic athletes during arm crank ergometry (ACE). Methods: Eight male upper body trained able-bodied athletes (AB) and eight male paraplegic athletes (PA; T3 – L1) undertook an incremental ACE test to volitional exhaustion (35W every 2 min, 70 rev.min-1). Expired gas was collected via the Douglas bag technique in the final minute of each stage and analysed for minute ventilation (VE) and oxygen consumption (VO2). Heart rate and RPE were recorded during the last 15 seconds of each stage. Differences between groups for workloads of 35, 70 and 105W were analysed by two-way analysis of variance. Relationships between variables were analysed via Pearsons' correlation. Results: Heart rate was greater for PA when compared to AB between 35 and 105W (main effect; P<0.05) whereas VO2was lower. No differences were observed for VEor RPE (P>0.05). Significant correlations (r=0.73–0.87; P<0.05) were observed between RPE and VO2, %VO2peak, HR and %HRpeak for both groups. VEvs. RPE was best expressed as a curvilinear function. Conclusions: The relationship between RPE and physiological variables in AB and PA athletes during incremental submaximal ACE appears similar.
The Figure Eight Drive: A two-speed drivetrain for handcycles in the developing world
Authors: Bollini M.
Published: February 2025

The Figure-Eight Drive is a novel handcycle drivetrain designed specifically for the developing world. Utilizing a retro-direct chain configuration, the system offers users two forward motion gear ratios that can be switched between by changing the direction of pedaling. Movement in the reverse direction can be achieved by rotating the steering column 180 degrees. The drivetrain was designed at the Massachusetts of Institute of Technology and was successfully implemented and tested during the summer of 2007 at the Association for the Physically Disabled of Kenya in Nairobi, Kenya, where it is now in production. The Figure-Eight Drive can be constructed entirely out of conventional bicycle components already found on handcycles across the developing world. It has been well received by handcycle users and manufacturers because of its simplicity, low-cost, and significant improvement in mobility and usability compared to current single speed and derailleur handcycles currently in production.
Russian Federation
Authors: Khudoley Konstantin K.
Published: February 2025

The Russian Federation, unlike the Soviet Union is not NATO's enemy. However, the legacy of the «Cold War» still has an impact on Russia's relations with NATO in political and military spheres. Among several scenarios of future Russia–NATO relations the continuation of present relationship channeled through the Russia–NATO Council seems most likely.
On NATO's Post-Cold War Eastern Enlargement
Authors: Gräbner Justus
Published: February 2025

The overall aim of NATO's Eastern enlargement was to give the young Eastern European democracies a firm security perspective. The NATO enlargement was characterized by the accession to NATO before the admission to EU, by a structured step-wise sequence of fulfilling political and military requirements and by broader political versus more narrowly defined military requirements. This mode of enlargement has had more positive than negative effects. NATO must maintain its basic principles in any further expansion, including the priority of strengthening alliance security.
NATO's Demographic Dilemma
Authors: Simon Jeffrey
Published: February 2025

NATO finds itself increasingly stressed by current and prospective demographic shifts within its membership that will almost certainly hamper its collective ability to deploy operational forces and further strain the transatlantic relationship. The shift from large conscript forces toward smaller, all-volunteer military establishments has had different political consequences in Europe and USA, widening the demographic gap. The diverging patterns could negatively affect the transatlantic relationship and economic growth, leading to Europe's rapid demographic marginalization and relative economic decline by 2050.
Analyzes of Interactions and Context of Performed Actions in Intelligent Virtual Environment
Authors: Babič František  , Paralič Ján  , Raček Michal  , Wagner Jozef
Published: February 2025

This paper presents proposed solution for analyses of performed actions within a virtual intelligent and interactive environment. Investigated environment provides important functionalities that are based on principles of Ambient intelligence paradigm, i.e. context awareness, personalized and adaptive environment, or access through mobile devices. All activities and changes are monitored and stored into a database to provide one source of data for analytical purposes. The other separate (possibly distributed) databases are various knowledge and content repositories with integrated support services for access by different actors in the environment; and an user database with information about users. Data from these repositories are used for visualization of the whole evolution processes or its selected parts through time-line. The visualization contains information about performed events, relevant objects and actors, interactions between users or between users and environment, all described by semantic metadata. Users will have possibility to create potentially interesting working or critical patterns that will be evaluated through historical data. Results of this evaluation can be seen as new practices, ready for further re-use.
Evaluation of Parallel Sparse Matrix Partitioning Software for Parallel Multilevel ILU Preconditioning on Shared-Memory Multiprocessors
Authors: Aliaga José I.  , Bollhöfer Matthias  , Martín Alberto F.  , Quintana-Ortí Enrique S.
Published: February 2025

In this paper we analyze the performance of two parallel sparse matrix partitioning software packages, ParMETIS and PT-SCOTCH. We focus our analysis on the parallel performance of the nested dissection partitioning stage as well as its impact on the performance of the numerical stages of the solution of sparse linear systems via multilevel ILU preconditioned iterative methods. Experimental results on a shared-memory platform with 16 processors show that ParMETIS seems to be the best choice for our approach.
A Parallel Algorithm for the Fixed-length Approximate String Matching Problem for High Throughput Sequencing Technologies
Authors: Iliopoulos Costas S.  , Mouchard Laurent  , Pissis Solon P.
Published: February 2025

The approximate string matching problem is to find all locations at which a query of length m matches a substring of a text of length n with k-or-fewer differences. Nowadays, with the advent of novel high throughput sequencing technologies, the approximate string matching algorithms are used to identify similarities, molecular functions and abnormalities in DNA sequences. We consider a generalization of this problem, the fixed-length approximate string matching problem: given a text t, a pattern ρ and an integer ℓ, compute the optimal alignment of all substrings of ρ of length ℓ and a substring of t. We present a practical parallel algorithm of comparable simplicity that requires onlytime, where w is the word size of the machine (e.g. 32 or 64 in practice) and p the number of processors, by virtue of computing a bit representation of the relocatable dynamic programming matrix for the problem. Thus the algorithm's performance is independent of k and the alphabet size |Σ|.
Making multi-cores mainstream – from security to scalability
Authors: Jesshope Chris  , Hicks Michael  , Lankamp Mike  , Poss Raphael  , Zhang Li
Published: February 2025

In this paper we will introduce work being supported by the EU in the Apple-CORE project (http://www.apple-core.info). This project is pushing the boundaries of programming and systems development in multi-core architectures in an attempt to make multi-core go mainstream, i.e. continuing the current trends in low-power, multi-core architecture to thousands of cores on chip and supporting this in the context of the next generations of PCs. This work supports dataflow principles but with a conventional programming style. The paper describes the underlying execution model, a core design based on this model and its emulation in software. We also consider system issues that impact security. The major benefits of this approach include asynchrony, i.e. the ability to tolerate long latency operations without impacting performance and binary compatibility. We present results that show very high efficiency and good scalability despite the high memory access latency in the proposed chip architecture.
LPT scheduling algorithms with unavailability constraints under uncertainties
Authors: Essafi Adel  , Mahjoub Amine  , Mounié Grégory  , Trystram Denis
Published: February 2025

Cluster of computers are more and more popular for running applications. Such computing architectures are composed of collections of processors that are not always continuously available over time. Usually, the corresponding unavailabilities are not precisely known in advance because they are often subject to disturbances.
Efficient streaming applications on multi-core with FastFlow: the biosequence alignment test-bed
Authors: Aldinucci Marco  , Danelutto Marco  , Meneghin Massimiliano  , Torquati Massimo  , Kilpatrick Peter
Published: February 2025

Shared-memory multi-core architectures are becoming increasingly popular. While their parallelism and peak performance is ever increasing, their efficiency is often disappointing due to memory fence overheads. In this paper we present FastFlow, a programming methodology based on lock-free queues explicitly designed for programming streaming applications on multi-cores. The potential of FastFlow is evaluated on micro-benchmarks and on the Smith-Waterman sequence alignment application, which exhibits a substantial speedup against the state-of-the-art multi-threaded implementation (SWPS3 x86/SSE2).
ACCFS – Virtual File System Support for Host Coupled Run-Time Reconfigurable FPGAs
Authors: Strunk Jochen  , Heinig Andreas  , Volkmer Toni  , Rehm Wolfgang  , Schick Heiko
Published: February 2025

In this paper a solution for the integration of FPGAs into host systems is presented. For managing user requests targeting FPGA tasks, including configuration and communication, the software framework ACCFS (ACCelerator File System) is utilized, which is built on a virtual file system (VFS). Such a system can be used for offloading compute kernels on the FPGA. Applying run-time reconfiguration on dynamically and partially reconfigurable (DPR) FPGAs allows to build plug-in FPGA solutions, consisting only of a single FPGA, without the need of external bridges or a second FPGA to handle host communication. Run-time reconfiguration also enables multi user and multi context support on the FPGA based on the VFS approach. Run-time reconfigurable modules (RTRMs) allow FPGA module creation on demand by the user. For the implementation on a HyperTransport (HT) coupled FPGA, the HT cave was extended in such a way that it provides an infrastructure for dealing with multiple run-time reconfigurable modules. In a case study two distinct compute kernel offload functions are implemented as RTRMs. Multiple instances of these RTRMs can be provided to the user on demand during run-time.
Investigation of Microstructural Effects on Electrical Resistivity and their Implications for Eddy Current Methods in Measuring Residual Stresses in IN718
Authors: Parthasarathy Triplicane A.  , Boone Sonya  , Rao Satish I.  , Wang Ping  , Nagy Peter  , Blodgett Mark
Published: February 2025

The various metallurgical sources that influence electrical conductivity were identified and analyzed using literature data. Systematic experiments were conducted to understand the effects of manufacturing heat treatment on the metallurgical variables and the attendant effects on conductivity measured using eddy current technique. The data was used to generate a calibrated model that captures the effects of metallurgical changes on electrical conductivity.
Non-Iterative Imaging Methods for Electrical Resistance Tomography: Comparison Between Two Fast Methods
Authors: Calvano Flavio  , Rubinacci Guglielmo  , Tamburrino Antonello
Published: February 2025

Electrical Impedance Tomography is a technique capable to locate inclusions in a conducting body by means of static measurements collected on its surface. The shape of each defect is determined starting from the estimate of the conductivity changes with respect to a reference configuration. This inverse problem is non-linear and ill-posed and it requires a considerable computational cost, especially when solved by means of iterative algorithms requiring the solution of one direct problem per iteration. In this paper we present a comparison between two different non-iterative methods that are a viable alternative to expensive iterative reconstruction methods. Moreover, for one of these methods, we present also a novel processing algorithm. Numerical experiments confirm the reliability of the proposed methods.
The Calculation Eddy Current Probe Impedance Due to Cracks in Bore Holes
Authors: Bowler John R.  , Theodoulidis Theodoros P.
Published: February 2025

We have computed the impedance variations of coils due to cracks in bore holes using a boundary element method. The problem is formulated using a scalar analysis of the electromagnetic field into transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. A formal solution of the scalar equations gives the potentials in integral form with scalar kernels. The kernels take account of cross-coupling between the modes that is a consequence of ensuring the continuity of the tangential electric and magnetic fields at the surface of the hole. A dyadic kernel, formed using the scalar Green's kernels, incorporates the field continuity conditions at the surface of the hole. As a results, the flaw field is simply expressed as an integral over the flaw region. Following an earlier calculation for planar structures, the effect of a crack is represented by a current dipole layer. An electric integral equation determines the dipole density at the crack but instead of solving the equation directly, a numerical approximation is found from a system of linear simultaneous equations derived using a boundary elements approximation. The probe impedance variation can be computed for infinitesimally thin cracks and for slots with a small opening. Numerical predictions of the coil impedance due to the crack have been compared with results from finite element calculations showing close agreement.
Design of Patch Sensors for Microwave Nondestructive Evaluation of Aircraft Radomes
Authors: Li Yang  , Bowler Nicola
Published: February 2025

A microwave technique for nondestructive evaluation of radome sandwich structures is presented. The method employs a rectangular patch sensor for detecting defects of the radome core, such as water ingression, in the form of a change in resonant frequency of the sensor due to permittivity variations in the test-piece. Using well-established models that predict the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna in the presence of a dielectric superstrate, the effects of different patch sensor parameters on sensor performance are analyzed. Based on this analysis, design of a half-wave patch sensor is optimized. A prototype half-wave patch sensor is fabricated and tested. Experimental results show that the sensitivity of the sensor to permittivity changes in the core of a laminar structure is better than Δϵ = 0.046.
A Simple Time-Domain Method to Characterize a Conductor-Backed Low-Conductivity Material
Authors: Rothwell Edward  , Fenner Raenita  , Crowgey Benjamin
Published: February 2025

A simple method is presented to extract the dielectric constant and conductivity of a low-loss conductor-backed material layer using measured natural resonance frequencies. Because the material is assumed to have a small value of conductivity, a number of approximations can be invoked that simplify the computation of the theoretical natural frequencies and thus make the technique more robust. Experimental results are used to validate the approximations and demonstrate the usefulness of the technique.
Analysis of Concentric Coplanar Capacitor for Quantitative Dielectrometry
Authors: Chen Tianming  , Bowler Nicola
Published: February 2025

A concentric coplanar capacitive sensor is designed for the quantitative characterization of material properties for dielectrics. The sensor output signal, transcapacitance CT, is related to the thickness and dielectric constant of the material under test. Electrostatic Green's functions due to point charges over different dielectric structures are derived through the Hankel transform in cylindrical coordinates, given the cylindrical symmetry of the proposed sensor. Numerical implementations based on the Green's functions are presented. Benchmark experiment results are provided and excellent agreement with numerical results is observed.
High-Frequency Eddy Current Conductivity Measurement for Near-Surface Layer Characterization
Authors: Hillmann Susanne  , Dayoub Razan  , RÖllig Mike  , Meyendorf Norbert  , Heuer Henning
Published: February 2025

Modifications on surfaces in mechanical engineering or electronic industry are used to enhance performance or lifetime of technical systems. Surfaces and surface coatings are specifically processed to adjust required properties depending on the component's task. There are several processes, e.g. coating of conductive or non-conductive layers, or special mechanical treatments. In many applications it is essential to control the surface layer properties, because the thickness and quality of these layers define future performance of the entire product and may change during fabrication or operation. This paper presents a new Eddy Current device, which is able to measure at very high frequencies up to 100 MHz. By using high frequencies, we are able to characterize thin conducting layers, near to the surface with minor influences of the substrate. Due to the skin effect depending penetration depth, the use of frequency sweeps in the range of 3 decades allows to obtain information on electrical conductivity from different depths below the surface. The information about the conductivity can be used to distinguish parameters of mono and multi layer structures, such as the material itself, thickness, hardness, stress, states of cold work, and microstructure properties. The paper presents results from samples with different conductive coating on conductive substrates and the analysis of different mechanically treated surfaces like shot peened surfaces
On the Limitations of Eddy Current Residual Stress Profiling in Precipitation-Hardened Nickel-Base Superalloys
Authors: Blodgett Mark  , Abu-Nabah Bassam  , Hassan Waled  , Nagy Peter B.
Published: February 2025

Recent research results indicated that eddy current conductivity measurements might be exploited for nondestructive evaluation of subsurface residual stresses in surface-treated nickel-base superalloy components. This paper presents new results that indicate that in some popular nickel-base superalloys the relationship between the electric conductivity profile and the sought residual stress profile is more tenuous than previously thought. It is shown that in IN718 the relationship is very sensitive to the state of precipitation hardening and, if left uncorrected, could render the eddy current technique unsuitable for residual stress profiling in components of 36 HRC or harder, i.e., in most critical engine applications. The presented experimental results show that the observed dramatic change in the eddy current response of hardened IN718 to surface treatment is caused by very fine nanometer-scale features of the microstructure, such as γ' and γ" precipitates, rather than micrometer-scale features, such as changing grain size or carbide precipitates.
Genes-Environment Interaction and Development of PTSD
Authors: Rozanov Vsevolod A.
Published: February 2025

This publication shortly reviews some latest studies in which development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is discussed from the point of view of complex interaction between genetic, environmental and personality variables. PTSD is an ideal disorder from this point of view because it requires exposure to traumatic stressors. On the other hand very much depends on the past experience. Parental styles may have long lasting consequences for the individual responsiveness to stressors with regards of the genetic makeup. This reactivity is explained through epigenetic changes involving transcription factors, cortisol receptor being one of them. Existing experimental data are in good concordance and it is possible to suggest a model for PTSD development based on G×E.
Our Experience in Treatment of Veterans of Polish Military Contingents with Combat Related Stress Disorders
Authors: Ilnicki Stanisław  , Radzikowski Andrzej  , Szymanska Sylwia  , Zbyszewski Maciej  , Tworus Radosław  , Ilnicki Piotr  , Laskowska Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

The paper presents participation of Polish Military Contingents (PMC) in multinational missions and military operations in the years 2003-2009 with special attention paid to Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Iraq and International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. The volume, structure and dy-namics of the PMC’s combat losses in these operations are presented. Our own experience in treatment of 111 veterans with combat-related stress disorders is discussed. The paper also presents a summary of attempts in use of the Virtual Reality Assisted Exposure-Based Treatment for veterans suffering of PTSD as well as problems occurring in treatment and re-adaptation of PMC veterans after their return to Poland.
The Use of Simulation Models and Optimization Techniques in Environmental Management: The Example of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs
Authors: Seppelt Ralf  , Lautenbach Sven
Published: February 2025

Environmental processes support human well-being by a number of goods and services, commonly referred to as ecosystem services. Since these services are not included in market prices, suboptimal decisions (e.g., on land use systems) result. An analysis of the trade-offs between market goods and ecosystem services can be used to achieve better-informed decisions. Including biophysical process into the trade-off analysis allows for a greater flexibility as well as for an increased reliability of the results of these trade-off analyses. We introduce the most important concepts of environmental modeling and show how these concepts can be used to study ecosystem service trade-offs using the example of an agricultural watershed in southern Maryland, USA. We study how land use can be optimized for this region. The multifunctionality of the landscape is reflected in multidimensional performance criterion based on crop yield, fertilization costs, and water quality issues. We varied the shadow prices for water quality and studied the effects on optimal land use patterns. In a second step, we analyzed trade-offs between crop yield, water quality, and other ecosystem services. The results indicate nonlinearity in some of the trade-offs.
The Study of the Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Field in a Bar of Elliptical Cross-Section
Authors: Apanasewicz Stanisław  , Pawłowski Stanisław  , Plewako Jolanta
Published: February 2025

A new, semi-analytic method of calculation of the electromagnetic field distribution in bars of convex cross-cross-section, with sinusoidal current flowing, has been presented. By omitting the Maxwell's displacement current the only problem to solve is the Helmholtz equations within the bar and Laplace ones beyond it. The solution is in the form of function series, with coefficients calculated based on boundary conditions. These functions are being solved at the edge into the Fourier series, and by comparing them we obtain the algebraic linear equation system (solved numerically). In the article the results and illustration of calculations for the bar of elliptical cross-cross-section have been presented.
3D Analytical Calculation of the End Winding Effect for the Taking into Account in the 2D Numerical Modelling of Asynchronous Machines
Authors: Bouchekhou Hocine  , Mekideche Mohamed Rachid  , Hamane Ahmed  , Mohdeb Naamane  , Boulassel Ammar  , Allag Hichem  , Belli Zoubida
Published: February 2025

The aim of this paper is to present the analytical method for the calculation of the three-dimensional end winding effect of asynchronous machine, this calculation is based on the application of Biot and Savart law at a three dimensional geometric end winding model of a squirrel cage asynchronous motor. For the taking account of this effect, an approach with this analytical calculation and the numerical bi-dimensional modelling of the machine, based with the finite element method, is presented. In this case the influence of the core iron in the end winding calculation is also considered.
2-D Analytical Evaluation of Magnetic Field and Unbalanced Magnetic Pull in Isotropic Electrical Machines with Eccentric Rotor
Authors: Di Gerlando A.  , Foglia G.  , Iacchetti M.  , Perini R.
Published: February 2025

The unbalanced magnetic pull is analytically modelled, referring to cylindrical rotor a.c. machines. Even if under some simplifying hypotheses (no homopolar flux, sinusoidal space distribution of the current density, no saturation, no parallel paths), various compact and significant expressions of field and force are obtained, for any number of pole pairs. Some FEM simulations and comparison with test data confirm the soundness of the proposed approach.
The Torque-Free Phenomena of Disc-Type Ultrasonic Motors
Authors: Akiyama Yuji  , Niwa Yuta
Published: February 2025

Two kinds of ultrasonic motors are known. One is a ring type with a small torque for auto focusing a camera. Another is a disk type for use as a power actuator. In this paper, a simulation by ATILA Soft ware was performed to elucidation the torque-free phenomenon of the disc rotor type for the latter power actuators, and the abnormal noise-generating phenomenon was successfully educed.
Third Harmonic Restraint Technique for the Cleaner Universal Motor Under Phase Angle Controlled Power Controller
Authors: Niwa Yuta  , Akiyama Yuji
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the simulation technique of the harmonic current under phase angle control of a universal motor. The harmonic current generates the damage-by-fire accident of the transformer and phase advance capacitor, both of which are connected to an electric power system. This problem has warranted new standards imposed by the IEC. Comparatively, the universal motor for vacuum cleaners is powered by phase angle control by TRIAC. The key differentiator among these products is cost, a key issue in the current discussions with the IEC. Our team sought to analyze the performance of the harmonic current of the universal motor under strict analysis conditions. The result coincided with the actual measurement of the instantaneous value of the harmonic current at the time of the phase angle control. Therefore, our team concluded it is possible for developers to consider harmonics restraint and differentiation.
Finite Element Analysis and Comparison Parameters of Permanent Magnet Synchronous and Two-Ply Solid Rotor Induction Motors
Authors: Kruchinina Irina  , Danilevich Janush  , Antipov Victor  , Khozikov Yuvenaliy  , Ivanova Anna
Published: February 2025

This paper deals with the FEA study of permanent magnet synchronous and two-ply rotor induction motor 3150 kW, 500 rpm and analysis of line-starting behavior, calculation of its parameters and performances are represented. The synchronous PM motor can reach the speed of rotation close to synchronous one if the asynchronous electromagnetic torque will be greater than the braking electromagnetic torque. Success of the synchronous PM motor starting stage depends only on rotor operation factors.
Analysis of a Half-Speed Synchronous Reluctance Motor
Authors: Fukami Tadashi  , Tabata Kazuhito  , Yasuta Shintaro  , Shima Kazuo
Published: February 2025

This paper provides an understanding of the operation of a half-speed synchronous reluctance motor (HS-SynRM). The HS-SynRM is a self-excited synchronous motor which incorporates a diode into one phase of the stator winding of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM). Its performance characteristics were analyzed theoretically using a d-q model, and the results were confirmed through experiments. Despite the absence of damper windings, the HS-SynRM can be self-started as an induction motor, and its operation is stable against sudden load changes.
Analytical Force and Stiffness Calculations for Magnetic Bearings and Vibration Isolation
Authors: Janssen J.L.G.  , Paulides J.J.H.  , Lomonova E.A.
Published: February 2025

Accurate vibration isolation and magnetic levitation are becoming ever more important in the high-precision industry. Nowadays, magnetic bearings based on permanent magnets are increasingly considered for vibration isolation. This article proposes a novel extension to the existing analytical equations for the interaction force between permanent magnets, suitable for the frequently occurring situations where their respective side surfaces are aligned. Further, the analytical stiffness matrix necessary for the design and analysis of such a magnetic bearing is proposed. The analytical force and stiffness expressions are derived for the cases where the conventional analytical expressions are difficult to solve and they are subsequently compared with results obtained using the Maxwell Stress method. With these adapted expressions it is possible to optimize planar bearing structures without having to correct for non-solving configurations.
Finite Element Method Model Improvement for the Conducted Emission Analysis of a Lighting Fixture
Authors: Namba Yoshihiko  , Kida Tomoyuki  , Hirata Katsuhiro  , Ikejiri Shohei  , Obayashi Fuminao
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a technique for the multi-scale numerical modeling of conducted emissions for the inverter lighting fixture placed in a large space of a shielded room. The analysis employs the 3-D finite element method. It is experimentally understood that conducted emissions are mainly generated by the common mode current, therefore the displacement current is also taken into consideration in the model. That is, precise FEM model is employed only for the region displacement current influences. The validity of the computation was confirmed by a comparison with measured results of a lighting fixture.
Modeling of the Lightning Discharge in the Presence of a Vertical Lightning Rod: The Influence of the Lightning Rod Height
Authors: Khelil D.  , Bouazabia S.  , Teguar M.
Published: February 2025

Our study is a lightning discharge modeling, in an environment protected by a vertical lightning rod. This modeling allows us to determine the impact point of the discharge according to the position of the lightning rod, and to study the influence of its height on its protection zone with considering the outfall channel as a pure conductor.
Electromagnetic Phenomena in Inductively Torches Systems with and Without Plasma
Authors: Ikhlef N.  , Leroy O.  , Mékidèche M.R.  , Belli Z.  , Rezig A.
Published: February 2025

This paper describes electromagnetic (EM) phenomena in plasma torches systems with and without plasma, at atmospheric pressure. Steady fluid flow and temperature equations are simultaneously solved (direct method) using a finite elements formulation for optically thin argon plasmas under the assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and laminar flow. The electromagnetic field equations are formulated in terms of potential vector. The governing magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations for an inductive plasma flow under LTE are presented, appropriate boundary conditions are given, and nonlinear parameters, such as the thermal and electrical conductivity of the gas and input power used in the simulation, are detailed.
Accurate Magnetic Field Evaluation for Overhead Power Lines
Authors: Machado V. Maló  , Borges Jorge  , De Sousa Jorge
Published: February 2025

This paper is a contribution to the magnetic field evaluation due to overhead power lines. The soil correction terms, based on Carson's solution, are included in their complete form and are evaluated resorting to numerical techniques. Results for the magnetic induction field are presented for a typical high voltage power transmission line. Comparisons are made with empirical data as well as with results obtained using other numerical methods.
Pulsed Eddy Currents in Non-Destructive Evaluation of Defects in Conductive Materials
Authors: Smetana Milan  , Strapacova Tatiana  , Janousek Ladislav
Published: February 2025

Pulsed eddy current (PEC) is a new technique of non-destructive material evaluation (NDE). In comparison with other eddy current techniques, PEC uses pulsed excitation that is characterized by wide frequency content and thus the response carries more complex information about a tested object. PEC method is used in many NDE common applications such as inspection of defects, measurement of conductivity and estimation of material thickness. This paper focuses on material defects' classification using PEC method. Various shapes of pulses are utilized to drive the eddy-currents in a tested object. Responses due to a crack are sensed and information contents concerning the crack dimensions are discussed. Numerical investigations as well as experimental results are presented in the paper.
Shaping of Source Currents for ECT of Non Circular Tubes
Authors: Ferraioli Fabrizio  , Formisano Alessandro  , Iacotucci Francesco  , Martone Raffaele
Published: February 2025

An automated Eddy Current Testing (ECT) method to inspect non circular metallic tubular parts, usually inspected manually, is presented. The basic idea is to project (physically or virtually) the sources of a classical rotating field ECT device on a surface following the profile of the inspected tube, in order to get a “travelling field”, giving the same possibilities as rotating field for ECT of circular tubes. In this paper a “physical” projection of source currents will be used to demonstrate that the “projected” field map achieves better performance than the use of standard rotating field, in the second part it is presented the procedure to get a “virtual” sources projection in order to use an excitation system positioned on a cylindrical geometry to investigate a tube with generic cross-section. In this paper for exemplification purpose an elliptical tube is investigated.
Finite Element Modeling of the Hysteresis Effect in a Magnetorheological Brake
Authors: Demersseman Richard  , Benabou Abdelkader  , Clénet Stéphane  , Lemaire-Semail Betty
Published: February 2025

The torque developed by a magnetorheological brake can exhibit a hysteretic behaviour when experiencing a time varying magnetic field. In this work, we focus on the numerical study of such phenomenon using 2D Finite Element (FE) analysis. The torque evolution is investigated when considering successively nonlinear and hysteretic behaviour laws in the ferromagnetic parts.
Magneto-Plastic Approach for Electromagnetic Forming
Authors: Hamane Ahmed  , Mekideche Mohamed Rachid  , Bouchekhou Hocine  , Belli Zoubida
Published: February 2025

The present paper describes a numerical method to solve the problem of the electromagnetic forming of clamped thin circular metal sheets by using a flat spiral coil. The method involves circuit analysis, electromagnetic field calculation and the dynamic plastic deformation of the workpiece. The goals of the study are to take in the cont the geometries update in the electromagnetic problem. To have the correct force distribution acting on the workpiece, the electromagnetic problem must be solved for each step of the deformation. In addition, the remesh generation at each time step is proposed.
Finite Element Analysis of an Electromagnetic Linear Displacement Transducer
Authors: Gheorghe Felicia  , Fireteanu Virgiliu
Published: February 2025

This paper deals with is the study of a linear displacement transducer based on finite element analysis. The electromagnetic configuration of the transducer consists in a sensor head and a mobile pattern guide in two variants – an eddy current solid conductor guide, respectively a magnetic pattern guide. The linear displacement – output voltage dependences are evaluated, the influence of the supply frequency and magnetic permeability is studied and the structure of the magnetic field and of the current density are analyzed in order to obtain pertinent information for optimal design of such a magnetic transducer.
Intelligence Processing for Decision Support in Defence and Security
Authors: Biermann Joachim
Published: February 2025

Decision makers in defence and security require timely and accurate situational awareness to prevent or defeat evolving threats. Particularly in the area of unconventional conflicts or homeland security, e.g. in the fight against organized crime and terrorism, heterogeneous and complex non-military factors influence the situation. To be able to automatically support human operators in the intelligence processing, a sound understanding of the reasoning of operators in the human dominated area of heuristic information, processing and fusion is necessary. The main intelligence processing steps, which are not dependent of the area of application, are described in this paper. Large volumes of information and data from various types of sources and agencies have to be processed in order to gain an appropriate awareness of the situation. Structured data is a necessary precondition for any automated processing. Therefore, a particular attention is paid to the collation step, which is the structuring of all incoming information. Special tools supporting military operators in structuring text information are presented as an example of the actual interactive approach to coping with semantic information. A second challenging aspect of the automation of information fusion is the heuristic nature of human decision making. The human method of default reasoning, based on knowledge about the behaviour and structure of adversary factions, can be used for a model-based approach to support the transformation of information into intelligence. For civil security, as in (air)ports or public transportation, near real time data and information processing for situation awareness is more important than long-term reconnaissance for threat detection. The integrated processing of sensor data and background information based on available knowledge about relevant factors of the situation, including tactical and operational behaviour information of the objects under concern, will improve sensor data processing algorithms and contribute to tactical intelligence for threat detection and situational awareness as a necessary precondition for decision support. HAMLeT, a demonstration system for the localization of hazardous material and person tracking, is presented as an example of support for security personnel monitoring an access control areas.
From Netscape to Twitter: Fifteen Years of Mental Health Online
Authors: Grohol John M.
Published: February 2025

The Internet has grown exponentially during the past 15 years, providing greater access to a wider and more diverse population than before. Because of this development, how people use the Internet to learn about and engage in mental health interventions has also changed, and the Internet now has the potential to be cost-effective, convenient, and reach a broader population than traditional face-to-face interventions. This chapter reviews and summarizes the past fifteen years of progress in online mental health, beginning with the major milestones in Internet history. As the Web took form and grew in popularity, mental health websites allowed people to share basic mental health information and their own personal stories with one another. The use of the Internet as a means for people to learn and share with one another has led to blogging, online self-help support groups, and online mental health interventions, such as personalized, interactive, cognitive-behavioral self-help programs and professional-led online therapy. Emerging uses of the Internet – including its use at disaster sites to help victims of trauma – are discussed, as well as the growth of Web 2.0 and Health 2.0 components.
Overview: The 2008 South Ossetian Conflict
Authors: Krzyzowska Jagoda
Published: February 2025

The South Ossetian conflict underlines the dangers of unresolved frozen conflicts in the Black Sea region. The 2008 war resulted in a rapid defeat for Georgia's military forces and in temporary Russian occupation of large areas of Georgian territory. It also demonstrated the vulnerability of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline. This paper examines the causes of the conflict, its consequences for the regional balance of power, and its dampening effect on efforts to integrate Georgia into NATO and the European Union.
Investigation of Hematopoiesis in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Living on the Radionuclide Contaminated Territories
Authors: Diachenko M.V.  , Bilko N.M.  , Dyagil I.S.
Published: February 2025

Twenty years after Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) explosion, several million people (by various estimates, from 5 to 8 million) still reside in areas that will remain highly contaminated by its radioactive pollution for many years to come, since the half-life of the major radioactive element released is a little over 30 years. So, new researches should be made to investigate the influence of Chernobyl accident-related pollution on persons living on the contaminated territories. The aim of this study was to examine functional activity of hematopoietic progenitor cells of persons living on the radiation-polluted territories suffering from Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML). The bone marrow of patients with different phases of CML was examined. Immobilised mononuclear cells were cultivated by applying two cultivation models: in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggested that there is no significant difference between results obtained from both cultivation systems used, and the numbers achieved are comparable and can be used to develop the unique scheme of hematopoiesis in health or disease. Functional activity of Hematopoietic Progenitor cells (HPCs) of persons with CML living on the territories polluted after explosion on Chernobyl NPP is significantly higher in comparison with control data. The shift in bone marrow cell’s count to increased quantity of blast and granulocytic progenitor cells was observed after morphological analysis. The data obtained can be suggested as a confirmation of monoclonal nature of CML.
The Russian Policies in the South Caucasus
Authors: Çelikpala Mitat
Published: February 2025

In the post-2000 period, Russia's relations with the former Soviet geography, or its “near abroad,” are dominated by such issues as energy, namely the dependence of the surrounding countries on Russia, changes in the trade patterns and the impact of globalization, the fight with terrorism, entrenched ethnic conflicts, and the enlargement of Western structures including NATO. In this general framework, the Caucasus has had a special importance for Russia due to its geopolitical and strategic position at the crossroads of energy transit lines, the existence of rich energy resources and the complexity of its ethnic structure. This article aims to analyze Russian Federation's Caucasus policy in a comprehensive manner.
Third Party Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
Authors: Caspersen Nina
Published: February 2025

It is often argued that third party conflict resolution in the Caucasus has failed since the conflicts are not yet ripe for resolution, and due to the obstacles posed by the existence of unrecognised states. This chapter asks if such ‘ripeness’ can be created and it examines the solutions available in these extreme cases of separatist conflict. It finds that the timing of conflict resolution interacts with the process and substance of the approach. There is therefore room for creative diplomacy, but a viable strategy requires a multi-level approach which encompasses the international and the intra-communal level, including in the unrecognised states. Moreover, a solution needs to fudge the issue of sovereignty, and significant third party involvement is needed to make such a settlement both acceptable and sustainable.