bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Method Validation for the Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and Ochratoxin A in Processed Cereal-Based Foods by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Gazioğlu Işil , Kolak Ufuk
Published: August 2015

Modified AOAC 991.31 and AOAC 2000.03 methods for the simultaneous determination of total aflatoxins (AFs), aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A (OTA) in processed cereal-based foods by RP-HPLC coupled with fluorescence detection were validated. A KOBRA® Cell derivatization system was used to analyze total AFs. One of the modifications was the extraction procedure of mycotoxins. Both AFs and OTA were extracted with methanol–water (75 + 25, v/v) and purified with an immunoaffinity column before HPLC analysis. The modified methods were validated by measuring the specificity, selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, recovery, LOD, and LOQ parameters. The validated methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in 81 processed cereal-based foods purchased in Turkey. These rapid, sensitive, simple, and validated methods are suitable for the simultaneous determination of AFs and OTA in the processed cereal-based foods.
TLC-Direct Bioautography as a Bioassay Guided Method for Investigation of Antibacterial Compounds in Hypericum perforatum L.
Authors: Jesionek Wioleta , Móricz Ágnes M , Alberti Ágnes , Ott Péter G , Kocsis Béla , Horváth Györgyi , Choma Irena M
Published: August 2015

Fast high-throughput TLC-direct bioautography (DB) is an effect-directed analysis method that enables searching for biologically active (e.g., antimicrobial) substances in complex mixtures like plant extracts. The principle of the method is that separation and detection of biological properties of given mixture components is performed directly on a TLC plate. In searching for antibacterial activity, the developed plate is immersed in a bacterial broth, and bacteria grow directly on its layer during a proper incubation time. Inhibition zones are formed in places where antimicrobial components are located. The active compounds can be further identified using spectroscopic techniques. The aim of our study was investigation of plant components of Hypericum perforatum L. tincture by TLC-DB using nine bacterial strains: Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, Xanthomonascampestris pv. vesicatoria, and Aliivibrio fischeri. Compounds showing the widest range of antimicrobial activity were isolated using semipreparative TLC and identified as apigenin, 3,8'-biapigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and linolenic acid by TLC, HPLC-diode array detection, and HPLC/MS/MS techniques.
Simultaneous Quantification of Five Bioactive Flavonoids in High Altitude Plant Actinocarya tibetica by LC-ESI-MS/MS
Authors: Singh Baljinder , Jain Shreyans K , Bharate Sandip B , Kushwaha Manoj , Gupta Ajai Prakash , Vishwakarma Ram A
Published: August 2015

An LC/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of five flavonoids, i.e., mosloflavone, negletein, gardenin B, 5-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone, and 5,6,7-trimethoxyflavone, in different ultrasound assisted solvent extracts of Actinocarya tibetica. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Chromolith Speed ROD RP-18e column with gradient elution using methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water. The calibration curves of all five analytes showed good linearity (R2 > 0.991). Accuracy and precision were within the required limits. The developed method could serve as an effective method for QC of A.tibetica. The investigated compounds were determined simultaneously for the first time in A.tibetica or any other plant.
A Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Selected Thyme (Thymus) Species by Means of the Dot Blot Test with Direct Bioautographic Detection
Authors: Orłowska Marta , Kowalska Teresa , Sajewicz Mieczysław , Jesionek Wioleta , Choma Irena M , Majer-Dziedzic Barbara , Szymczak Grażyna , Waksmundzka-Hajnos Monika
Published: August 2015

Bioautography carried out with the aid of thin-layer chromatographic adsorbents can be used to assess antibacterial activity in samples of different origin. It can either be used as a simple and cost-effective detection method applied to a developed chromatogram, or to the dot blot test performed on a chromatographic plate, where total antibacterial activity of a sample is scrutinized. It was an aim of this study to compare antibacterial activity of 18 thyme (Thymus) specimens and species (originating from the same gardening plot and harvested in the same period of time) by means of a dot blot test with direct bioautography. A two-step extraction of herbal material was applied, and at step two the polar fraction of secondary metabolites was obtained under the earlier optimized extraction conditions [methanol–water (27 + 73, v/v), 130°C]. This fraction was then tested for its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis bacteria. It was established that all investigated extracts exhibited antibacterial activity, yet distinct differences were perceived in the size of the bacterial growth inhibition zones among the compared thyme species. Based on the results obtained, T. citriodorus “golden dwarf” (sample No. 5) and T. marschallianus (sample No. 6) were selected as promising targets for further investigations and possible inclusion in a herbal pharmacopeia, which is an essential scientific novelty of this study.
Le syndicalisme portugais et l’austérité : entre la force des protestations et la fragilité des alliances
Authors: Costa Hermes Augusto
Published: August 2015

L’adoption de mesures d’austérité pour surmonter la crise des dettes souveraines de ces dernières années a accentué la fragilité des syndicats en tant qu’institutions, en mettant aussi à l’épreuve leur capacité de résistance en tant quemouvements. Il n’en demeure pas moins que les syndicats ont cherché à réagir, en s’insurgeant contre les politiques d’austérité. Toutefois, le syndicalisme demeure «orgueilleusement seul», touché par des divisions internes et influencé par des tendances partisanes, semblant dès lors peu enclin à former des alliances avec d’autres groupes et mouvements. Ces derniers, pourtant, partagent souvent des préoccupations semblables à celles des syndicats (la lutte contre la précarité au travail en constituant le meilleur exemple).

Dans la première partie de l’article, nous synthétisons quelques-unes des mesures d’austérité, décrivons brièvement les deux principales confédérations syndicales portugaises ainsi que certains acteurs socioprofessionnels, et analysons leurs discours face à la crise. Dans la seconde partie, nous abordons les caractéristiques et les moments principaux des réactions syndicales et de la protestation sociale plus ample face à l’austérité. Finalement, nous identifions certains défis externes et internes auxquels le syndicalisme est confronté au Portugal. D’une part, les syndicats doivent résister aux pressions externes dictées par les politiques d’austérité; d’autre part, ils doivent adopter une action proactive «à partir de l’intérieur», en s’ouvrant à de nouveaux publics (travailleurs précaires non syndiqués, fortement touchés par la crise et l’austérité) et, par conséquent, à de nouvelles formes de protestation sociale. La création d’un syndicat dans le secteur de la musique, du spectacle et de l’audiovisuel et la lutte dans un centre d’appels dans le secteur de la santé sont, à cet égard, deux défis à l’autonomie et à la rénovation des pratiques syndicales, et elles constituent, peut-être, la voie d’un «syndicalisme de travailleurs précaires», inexistant jusqu’à présent.
Lost in the Ocean of Deregulation?
Authors: Kretsos Lefteris , Vogiatzoglou Markos
Published: August 2015

The 2008 financial crisis had a tremendous impact on the Greek economy and society. Since 2010, widespread popular mobilizations have emerged against the austerity measures that were part of the bail-out package proposed to the Greek governments by the Troika of creditors (EU-ECB-IMF). Yet the institutional trade unions have failed to impede the reduction of wage earners’ income, which, by 2013, had dropped by 50% compared to 2008 levels. These unions have also been largely unable to confirm their leading role in mobilizing the working population. This article examines the reasons for the failure of the institutional trade unions to adequately address the austerity challenge. We consider that the explanation of their shortcomings lies in the generic challenges and problems contemporary trade unions are facing, as documented in the relevant international literature, as well as the specific particularities and traits of the Greek socio-political context. We also investigate the alternatives proposed by militant, grassroots labour organizations, such as neighbourhood-based workers’ clubs, industry sector or company-based unions populated by precarious workers, and occupied, self-managed companies. After identifying the strong points of the latter’s contributions, as well as the problems and challenges they are facing, we conclude that a diversified and innovative approach is required on the part of the labour movement in order to simultaneously address and exploit all sources of workers’ power. The article concludes that a process of strategic rapprochement between mainstream and radical unions in Greece is necessary.
Négocier sous contrainte : les modalités d’appropriation du rôle de « partenaire social » par les représentants de la CGT
Authors: Giraud Baptiste
Published: August 2015

Cet article étudie les stratégies de négociation et de mobilisation des dirigeants confédéraux de la CGT à l’occasion de réformes gouvernementales de la protection sociale qui préfiguraient celles qui ont été engagées depuis 2008 en réponse à la “crise” économique. L’analyse de l’autonomie des syndicats dans la négociation de ces réformes doit être réinscrite dans un examen au plus long cours des transformations des formes et des conditions de possibilité de la lutte syndicale. L’étude des pratiques de ces dirigeants syndicaux permet, en particulier, de s’interroger sur les ressorts de leur enrôlement dans ces processus de négociation, ainsi que sur les effets et les dilemmes qu’implique cette action institutionnelle sur leur manière de contester les projets gouvernementaux.

Leur engagement dans ces procédures de concertation n’a rien de mécanique ni de consensuel. Il est, d’abord, le fruit de leur affaiblissement politique et militant. Cette situation modifie leur perception des profits qu’ils peuvent retirer à réinvestir les manières d’être et les outils légitimes dans l’espace de la négociation. Elle les porte notamment à valoriser la production de contre-expertise et de contre-propositions pour justifier leur opposition aux projets gouvernementaux. L’investissement de ces modes d’action institutionnels n’exclut pas le recours à l’arme de l’action collective, mais il contribue à en modifier les usages. D’une part, ces dirigeants syndicaux s’imposent des limites dans leurs stratégies de mobilisation des salariés pour asseoir leur légitimité dans la négociation. D’autre part, ils doivent composer avec de multiples contraintes organisationnelles qui entravent leur capacité à mobiliser leurs adhérents au cours de ces négociations interprofessionnelles.

Contre la tendance à opposer l’institutionnalisation des syndicats à leur capacité à entrer en conflit, l’étude des pratiques des dirigeants de la CGT met donc davantage en évidence les contraintes institutionnelles, politiques et organisationnelles qui influencent la manière dont s’articulent et se reconfigurent les usages syndicaux des outils de la négociation et de l’action collective.
As invasões bárbaras do Brasil e do Canadá (Quebec) : Sistema Público de Saúde não funciona
Authors: Levy Charmain Levy , Dos Santos Paula Raquel
Published: August 2015

Resumo : Refletir sobre a funcionalidade das novas vidas diante dos inúmeros cenários e desafios que são oferecidos ao longo do cotidiano, está e a proposta deste texto. As invasões bárbaras que sucedem ao longo da história passam pelos navegantes e aportam na corrupção e no cativeiro da qualidade de vida de uma liberdade prometida. A promoção da saúde e o eixo norteador deste dialogo com referência sobre os sistemas de saúde do Brasil e do Canada. O objeto de intercepção e a universalidade e a igualdade de atenção e acesso aos serviços e a atenção de saúde. Para o momento pós movimentos sociais reivindicatórios no Brasil e apresentado um convite para a responsabilização e a autonomia em saúde, sugerimos iniciativas e o assumir de vontades que podem se traduzir em atitudes de trazer para si e assumir a parte que nos compete nas etapas de crescimento e desenvolvimento pessoal e social para termos uma saúde pública equânime e universal como um direito Humano e de cidadania.Palavras chave : Promoção da saúde, Sistema de saúde, Política de saúde Brasil, Politica de saúde Canadá.
Burnout syndrome in nursing professionals from urgency and emergency services
Authors: Cardoso Portela Nytale Lindsay , De Oliveira Pedrosa Aliny , Santos Cunha Juliane Danielly , Soares Monte Luma Ravena , Silva Gomes Raimundo Nonato , Campêlo Lago Eliana
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Analisar como os estudos científicos descrevem a síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de enfermagem de serviços de urgência e emergência. Métodos: Revisão integrativa de literatura realizada através das bases de dados BDENF, IBECS, LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO, por meio dos descritores: esgotamento profissional and enfermagem. Das 3087 publicações selecionadas pelos descritores, apenas 11 artigos atenderam os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: Dentre os artigos selecionados, 07 tratavam do estresse; 04 falavam da qualidade de vida e lazer; 01 abordava sobre os sintomas somáticos associados ao Burnout e 03 detalhavam sobre a síndrome de Burnout, abordando os fatores preditores e as dimensões sintomatológicas de acordo com o Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusão: Esse estudo é importante para que população, profissionais e gestores adquiram conhecimento acerca da síndrome, podendo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de enfrentamento, que irão minimizar os riscos de desencadeamento do Burnout. Descritores: Esgotamento profissional, Enfermagem, Síndrome.
The nurse and the theme of leprosy in the school context: case studies
Authors: Pinheiro Mônica Gisele Costa , Medeiros Ilana Barros Gomes , Monteiro Akemi Iwata , Simpson Clélia Albino
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento de escolares sobre a hanseníase e proporcionar ações de educação em saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um como descritivo, uma vez que descreve a experiência vivenciada por graduandos de enfermagem durante a execução de uma atividade de extensão focada na realização de diálogos relacionados à hanseníase, como forma de educação e promoção da saúde. Foram considerados os princípios éticos da pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, e após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, sob parecer nº 072/09 e CAAE 00780051000-09, a pesquisa foi iniciada. Resultados: Evidenciou-se que as atividades de educação em saúde, dirigidas aos escolares, com ênfase na hanseníase, são de fundamental importância, pois denotam a apropriação de conhecimento relacionado à doença. Conclusão: O empedramento sobre hanseníase pode contribuir com a disseminação de tais conhecimentos, visto que os escolares poderão se sentir instigados a divulgar as informações a outras pessoas, como familiares. Descritores: Enfermagem, Educação em Saúde, Hanseníase.
The voice of the teacher: a tool that needs care
Authors: Trigueiro Janaína Von Sõhsten , Silva Mariane Lorena Souza , Brandão Rebeca Silva , Torquato Isolda Maria Barros , Nogueira Matheus Figueiredo , Alves Giorvan Ânderson Dos Santos
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Descrever a vivência de participantes do projeto de extensão “Educando o educador: promovendo a saúde ocupacional do professor” durante ações educativas direcionadas à conscientização da preservação da voz do professor. Método: Relato de experiência de natureza descritiva que abrangeu professores da zona urbana da rede municipal de ensino de Cuité-PB, realizado nos semestres acadêmicos de 2012, com oficinas semanais que adotaram as seguintes etapas: dinâmica de acolhimento, resgate do conhecimento prévio, explanação acerca do tema, esclarecimento de dúvidas e exercício vocal. Resultados: Houve a sensibilização dos professores quanto à prevenção da saúde vocal, levando-os a refletir sobre seus hábitos, sobretudo os prejudiciais, para assim corrigi-los. Conclusão: Diante da falta de cuidados com a saúde do professor e da importância de transformação na sua qualidade de vida, a resposta positiva ao projeto é um feedback da necessidade de atenção à saúde docente, principalmente a vocal. Descritores: Saúde do Trabalhador, Docentes, Voz, Promoção da Saúde.
"Heart of a student": integrative therapy community in the university context
Authors: Nunes Priscila Campos , Saraiva Alynne Mendonça , Moura Samilla Gonçalves de , Silva Priscilla Maria de Castro , Ferreira Filha Maria de Oliveira , Bezerra Sabrina Talita Teotônio
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Conhecer as repercussões da Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI) entre os estudantes de enfermagem da UFCG - Campus Cuité. Método: Pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, com tipologia exploratória descritiva. Resultados: Foram apresentados e discutidos em uma categoria analítica: (Re)Descobrindo caminhos: as participações nas rodas de terapia comunitária integrativa. Por fim, observou-se que a terapia se faz como prática efetiva de cuidado que valoriza a promoção da saúde, promove vínculos e tem repercussões positivas na vida dos participantes. Conclusão: Espera-se que o estudo contribua para ampliar o conhecimento acerca das práticas integrativas, da TCI em especial, de modo a incentivar espaços de partilha, de cuidado integral e humanizado.
Mapa de risco como instrumento para a identificação de riscos ocupacionais: revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Sobral da Silva Monteiro Gicely Regina , Sobral da Silva Mirely Eunice , Oliveira Regina Célia de
Published: August 2015

Objetivo: Investigar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre as elaborações de mapa de riscos; descrever os riscos ocupacionais abordados nas produções científicas e as medidas de prevenção e proteção à saúde do trabalhador. Método: Revisão de literatura integrativa. Foram realizadas buscas de artigos científicos publicados na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), nas bases de dados LILACS, SCIELO e BDENF, selecionados artigos dos últimos 10 anos, na íntegra, em português, que contivessem os descritores e respondessem ao objetivo do estudo.  Resultados: A análise temática de conteúdo identificou duas categorias: Mapa de risco: definições e contribuições; Medidas de prevenção às doenças e agravos visando à promoção à saúde dos profissionais, com duas subcategorias: Ambiente Hospitalar e Atenção Primária à Saúde. Conclusão: O mapeamento é importante para facilitar a identificação dos riscos e elaboração de medidas importantes de promoção à saúde do trabalhador.
Exploring the mineralogical heterogeneities of the Louisville Seamount Trail
Authors: Dorais Michael J.
Published: August 2015

Diopside phenocrysts of the Louisville Seamount Trail show an increase in Ti, Al, and Na with decreasing Mg/(Mg + Fe) as is typical for clinopyroxene in alkalic basalts. Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of calculated liquids from LA‐ICPMS analyses are comparable to whole‐rock and glass values. Exceptions are clinopyroxene crystals from the Rigil Seamount, the second oldest seamount drilled at the northern end of the chain. Some crystals from this site are strongly zoned with distinct compositional boundaries between cores and mantles. The cores have high Mg/(Mg + Fe) and low Al and Ti concentrations compared to the mantles and phenocrysts. Major element, clinopyroxene discrimination diagrams indicate that the clinopyroxene mantles and phenocrysts crystallized from alkalic basalts. In contrast, the Mg‐rich cores have tholeiitic affinities. The REE abundances of the cores are similar to that of clinopyroxene from transitional tholeiites of the Kerguelen Archipelago. Calculated liquid La/Yb values for the cores have ratios that are similar to transitional tholeiites in Hawaii, whereas the mantles have higher La/Yb values similar to Hawaiian alkalic basalts. The major and trace element compositions of clinopyroxene cores from the Rigil seamount suggest that a transitional tholeiitic magma was present, but no evidence for Hawaiian shield‐type tholeiites was found. Plagioclase crystals from the Rigil seamount have 86Sr/86Sr from 0.70306 to 0.70363, within the range of FOZO. The transitional tholeiitic signature of the Mg‐rich clinopyroxene cores probably did not have a distinct source compared to other Louisville magmas, but more likely indicates a higher degree of partial melting (2–5%) of that FOZO source.
Theoretical basis for at‐many‐stations hydraulic geometry
Authors: Gleason Colin J. , Wang Jida
Published: August 2015

At‐many‐stations hydraulic geometry (AMHG) is a recently discovered set of geomorphic relationships showing that the empirical parameters of at‐a‐station hydraulic geometry (AHG) are functionally related along a river. This empirical conclusion seemingly refutes previous decades of research defining AHG as spatially independent and site specific. Furthermore, AMHG was the centerpiece of an unprecedented recent methodology that successfully estimated river discharge solely from satellite imagery. Despite these important implications, AMHG has remained an empirical phenomenon without theoretical explanation. Here we provide the mathematical basis for AMHG, showing that it arises when independent AHG curves within a reach intersect near the same values of discharge and width, depth, or velocity. The strength of observed AMHG is determined by the degree of this convergence. Finally, we show that AMHG enables discharge estimation by defining a set of possible estimated discharges that often match true discharges and propose its future interpretation as a fluvial index.
Ionospheric response to infrasonic‐acoustic waves generated by natural hazard events
Authors: Zettergren M. D. , Snively J. B.
Published: August 2015

Recent measurements of GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC) reveal acoustic wave periods of ∼1–4 min in the F region ionosphere following natural hazard events, such as earthquakes, severe weather, and volcanoes. Here we simulate the ionospheric responses to infrasonic‐acoustic waves, generated by vertical accelerations at the Earth's surface or within the lower atmosphere, using a compressible atmospheric dynamics model to perturb a multifluid ionospheric model. Response dependencies on wave source geometry and spectrum are investigated at middle, low, and equatorial latitudes. Results suggest constraints on wave amplitudes that are consistent with observations and that provide insight on the geographical variability of TEC signatures and their dependence on the geometry of wave velocity field perturbations relative to the ambient geomagnetic field. Asymmetries of responses poleward and equatorward from the wave sources indicate that electron perturbations are enhanced on the equatorward side while field aligned currents are driven principally on the poleward side, due to alignments of acoustic wave velocities parallel and perpendicular to field lines, respectively. Acoustic‐wave‐driven TEC perturbations are shown to have periods of ∼3–4 min, which are consistent with the fraction of the spectrum that remains following strong dissipation throughout the thermosphere. Furthermore, thermospheric acoustic waves couple with ion sound waves throughout the F region and topside ionosphere, driving plasma disturbances with similar periods and faster phase speeds. The associated magnetic perturbations of the simulated waves are calculated to be observable and may provide new observational insight in addition to that provided by GPS TEC measurements.
Forest soil carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio responses to elevated CO2
Authors: Hockaday William C. , Gallagher Morgan E. , Masiello Caroline A. , Baldock Jeffrey A. , Iversen Colleen M. , Norby Richard J.
Published: August 2015

The oxidative ratio (OR) of the biosphere is the stoichiometric ratio (O2/CO2) of gas exchange by photosynthesis and respiration—a key parameter in budgeting calculations of the land and ocean carbon sinks. Carbon cycle‐climate feedbacks could alter the OR of the biosphere by affecting the quantity and quality of organic matter in plant biomass and soil carbon pools. This study considers the effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) on the OR of a hardwood forest after nine growing seasons of Free‐Air CO2Enrichment. We measured changes in the carbon oxidation state (Cox) of biomass and soil carbon pools as a proxy for the ecosystem OR. The OR of net primary production, 1.039, was not affected by elevated [CO2]. However, the Coxof the soil carbon pool was 40% higher at elevated [CO2], and the estimated OR values for soil respiration increased from 1.006 at ambient [CO2] to 1.054 at elevated [CO2]. A biochemical inventory of the soil organic matter ascribed the increases in Coxand OR to faster turnover of reduced substrates, lignin and lipids, at elevated [CO2]. This implicates the heterotrophic soil community response to elevated [CO2] as a driver of disequilibrium in the ecosystem OR. The oxidation of soil carbon pool constitutes an unexpected terrestrial O2sink. Carbon budgets constructed under the assumption of OR equilibrium would equate such a terrestrial O2sink to CO2uptake by the ocean. The potential for climate‐driven disequilibriua in the cycling of O2and CO2warrants further investigation.
Visible Light‐Triggered On‐Demand Drug Release from Hybrid Hydrogels and its Application in Transdermal Patches
Authors: Kim Haneul , Lee Hyeonjin , Seong Keum‐Yong , Lee Eunsu , Yang Seung Yun , Yoon Jinhwan
Published: August 2015

On‐demand release from stimuli‐responsive hydrogels has received great attention due to an increasing clinical need. Here, we have prepared spherical hydrogel beads showing visible light‐induced volume change at body temper­ature. By spray injection of the monomer solution using the alginate templ­ating method, hybrid beads of several hundred micrometers, consisting of temperature‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone) hydrogel and magnetite nanoparticles (MNP), are produced. MNP dispersed in the hydrogel matrix absorbed visible light and generated heat, increasing the temperature of the matrix and resulting in shrinkage of the beads proportional to light intensity. It is demonstrated that light‐induced volume change of dexamethasone‐loaded hybrid beads result in on‐demand and localized release of the drug by exposure to moderate visible light. As a potential application of the light‐sensitive hybrid hydrogel beads, a transdermal patch is developed that incorporates drug‐loaded hydrogel beads in multiple drug reservoirs, achieving enhanced release of a model drug when exposed to visible light. This platform should be applicable to on‐demand, sequential, and long‐term release of drugs via light exposure.
Mechanistic Understanding of the Plasmonic Enhancement for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Tuo , Gong Jinlong
Published: August 2015

H2 generation by solar water splitting is one of the most promising solutions to meet the increasing energy demands of the fast developing society. However, the efficiency of solar‐water‐splitting systems is still too low for practical applications, which requires further enhancement via different strategies such as doping, construction of heterojunctions, morphology control, and optimization of the crystal structure. Recently, integration of plasmonic metals to semiconductor photocatalysts has been proved to be an effective way to improve their photocatalytic activities. Thus, in‐depth understanding of the enhancement mechanisms is of great importance for better utilization of the plasmonic effect. This review describes the relevant mechanisms from three aspects, including: i) light absorption and scattering; ii) hot‐electron injection and iii) plasmon‐induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET). Perspectives are also proposed to trigger further innovative thinking on plasmonic‐enhanced solar water splitting.
Efficient recovery of high‐purity aniline from aqueous solutions using pervaporation‐fractional condensation system
Authors: Li Chuncheng , Zhang Xinru , Hao Xiaogang , Wang Minmin , Ding Chuan , Wang Zhongde , Wang Yinan , Guan Guoqing , Abudula Abuliti
Published: August 2015

Selective recovery of valuable minor component with high‐purity form from dilute aqueous solution is an interesting issue in the area of organophilic pervaporation. High‐purity aniline was recovered with a high production rate from dilute aqueous solution by a pervaporation‐fractional condensation (PVFC) coupling system. The effects of downstream pressure and temperature (the first condenser) on the performance of PVFC system were investigated based on experimental measurements and Aspen simulations. Sorption and desorption experiments demonstrated that the sorption selectivity of poly(ether block amide) (PEBA‐2533) membrane to aniline was extremely high, indicating excellent pervaporation performance for aniline/water solutions. The perfect integration of high‐performance PEBA‐2533 membrane with the fractional condensation process yielded high production rate of 1222.5 g/(m2 h) as well as high recovery efficiency (86.5%) for recovering high‐purity aniline in the first condenser when feed concentration and temperature were 1 wt % and 80°C, respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4445–4455, 2015
First‐principles based group additivity values for thermochemical properties of substituted aromatic compounds
Authors: Ince Alper , Carstensen Hans‐Heinrich , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Marin Guy B.
Published: August 2015

A set of 7 Benson group additive values (GAV) together with 15 correction terms for non‐nearest neighbor interactions (NNI) is developed to calculate the gas phase standard enthalpies of formation, entropies and heat capacities of monocyclic aromatic compounds containing methyl, ethyl, vinyl, formyl, hydroxyl, and methoxy substituents. These GAVs are obtained through least squares regression of a database of thermodynamic properties of 143 molecules, calculated at the post‐Hartree–Fock G4 composite method. Out of the 15 NNIs, which account for several well‐known substituent effects in aromatic molecules, 13 have been determined for the first time. All but two group additively calculated standard enthalpies of formation agree within 4 kJ mol−1. The entropies and the heat capacities generally deviate less than 4 J mol−1 K−1 from the ab initio results. Natural bond orbital analysis is utilized to identify the underlying causes of the observed NNIs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3858–3870, 2015
Process intensification on the separation of benzene and thiophene by extractive distillation
Authors: Han Jingli , Lei Zhigang , Dong Yichun , Dai Chengna , Chen Biaohua
Published: August 2015

The separation of benzene and trace thiophene by extractive distillation was intensified in two aspects, that is, selection of a suitable entrainer and improvement of the process. The mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and an ionic liquid (IL) was chosen as the entrainer. Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) experiments using pure DMF and a mixed entrainer were conducted, and UNIFAC model for ILs was extended to the benzene‐thiophene‐DMF‐IL system. The results demonstrated that volatilization loss of DMF in the vapor phase was significantly reduced by adding IL. Moreover, an improved process with only four columns using a mixed entrainer was proposed. The results indicated that the improved process is more promising for decreasing energy consumption and equipment investment compared with the conventional six‐column process. The total heat duties of reboilers and condensers was decreased by 6.47% and 6.41%, respectively. The process intensification strategy may be directly extended to separate trace components of other systems. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4470–4480, 2015
PtZn‐ETS‐2: A novel catalyst for ethane dehydrogenation
Authors: Yu Zhengnan , Sawada James A. , An Weizhu , Kuznicki Steven M.
Published: August 2015

Catalysts having unprecedented selectivity toward ethane dehydrogentation were prepared by combining platinum and zinc on the surface of the titanate ETS‐2. This high surface area, sodium titanate ion exchanger affords high metal dispersion, presents many active sites to the gas stream, and is free of any pore structure that can influence mass transfer to and away from the active sites. It was determined that the addition of zinc to platinum‐loaded ETS‐2 changes the electronic properties of the metals and significantly improves the specificity of the catalyst. By changing the zinc‐to‐platinum ratio, and by manipulating the space velocity of the gas, the production of side products and coke can be suppressed or eliminated. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4367–4376, 2015
Mixed matrix membranes based on 6FDA polyimide with silica and zeolite microsphere dispersed phases
Authors: Zornoza Beatriz , Téllez Carlos , Coronas Joaquín , Esekhile Omoyemen , Koros William J.
Published: August 2015

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) prepared with 6FDA‐DAM polymer using ordered mesoporous silica MCM‐41 spheres (MSSs), Grignard surface functionalized MSSs (Mg‐MSSs) and hollow zeolite spheres are studied to evaluate the effects of surface modification on performance. Performance near or above the so‐called permeability‐selectivity trade‐off curve was achieved for the H2/CH4, CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 systems. Two loadings (8 wt % and 16 wt %) of MSSs were tested using both constant volume and Wicke–Kallenbach sweep gas permeation systems. Besides single gas H2, CO2, O2, N2, and CH4 tests, mixed gas (50/50 vol %) selectivities were obtained for H2/CH4, CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 and found to show enhancements vs. single gases for CO2 including cases. Mg‐MSS/6FDA‐DAM was the best performing MMM with H2/CH4, CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and O2/N2 separation selectivities of 21.8 (794 Barrer of H2), 24.4 (1214 Barrer of CO2), 31.5 (1245 Barrer of CO2), and 4.3 (178 Barrer of O2), respectively. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4481–4490, 2015
Tiwanaku influence and social inequality: A bioarchaeological, biogeochemical, and contextual analysis of the Larache cemetery, San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile
Authors: Torres‐Rouff Christina , Knudson Kelly J. , Pestle William J. , Stovel Emily M.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

To assess the relationship between the Tiwanaku polity and the individuals buried at the Middle Horizon (∼AD500‐1000) cemetery of Larache in northern Chile, a site that has been singled out as a potential elite foreign enclave.

Materials and Methods

We explore this association through the skeletal remains of 48 individuals interred at the cemetery of Larache using bioarchaeological, biogeochemical, and artifactual evidence. Data from cranial modification practices, violent injury, and the mortuary assemblage are used to explore culturally constructed elements of status and identity, radiogenic strontium isotope analyses provide us with a perspective on the geographic origins of these individuals, and stable carbon and nitrogen analyses allow discussion of paleodiet and access to resources.

Results

Radiogenic strontium isotope values show the presence of multiple first generation migrants at Larache. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data reveal significant differences among individuals. The mortuary context reveals a standard pattern for the oases but also includes a series of unusual burials with abundant gold and few other objects. Interestingly, both local and nonlocal individuals with different head shapes had access to the differentiated burial context; however nonlocal individuals appear to be the only ones with a heavily maize‐based diet.

Conclusions

Our evidence shows that Larache served as a burial place for a diverse, yet culturally integrated and potentially elite segment of the Atacameño population, but not a foreign enclave as had been postulated. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:592–606, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CO Oxidation Promoted by the Gold Dimer in Au2VO3− and Au2VO4− Clusters
Authors: Wang Li‐Na , Li Zi‐Yu , Liu Qing‐Yu , Meng Jing‐Heng , He Sheng‐Gui , Ma Tong‐Mei
Published: August 2015

Investigations on the reactivity of atomic clusters have led to the identification of the elementary steps involved in catalytic CO oxidation, a prototypical reaction in heterogeneous catalysis. The atomic oxygen species O.− and O2− bonded to early‐transition‐metal oxide clusters have been shown to oxidize CO. This study reports that when an Au2 dimer is incorporated within the cluster, the molecular oxygen species O22− bonded to vanadium can be activated to oxidize CO under thermal collision conditions. The gold dimer was doped into Au2VO4− cluster ions which then reacted with CO in an ion‐trap reactor to produce Au2VO3− and then Au2VO2−. The dynamic nature of gold in terms of electron storage and release promotes CO oxidation and OO bond reduction. The oxidation of CO by atomic clusters in this study parallels similar behavior reported for the oxidation of CO by supported gold catalysts.
Säurevermittelte Bildung von Radikalen oder Baeyer‐Villiger‐Oxidation, ausgehend von Criegee‐Addukten
Authors: Schweitzer‐Chaput Bertrand , Kurtén Theo , Klussmann Martin
Published: August 2015

Die säurevermittelte Reaktion von Ketonen mit Hydroperoxiden führt zur Bildung von Radikalen. Dieser Prozess verläuft unter ähnlichen Reaktionsbedingungen wie die Baeyer‐Villiger‐Oxidation, aber das Ergebnis ähnelt der Bildung von Hydroxylradikalen durch Ozonolyse von Olefinen in der Atmosphäre. Während die Baeyer‐Villiger‐Oxidation bevorzugt Persäuren verwendet, um aus Ketonen Ester zu bilden, kondensieren Alkylhydroperoxide und H2O2 mit Ketonen zu Alkenylperoxiden, die rasch homolytisch zerfallen. Beide Reaktionen verlaufen wahrscheinlich über Criegee‐Addukte, wobei die elektronischen Eigenschaften der Peroxidreste den weiteren Reaktionspfad bestimmen. DFT‐Rechnungen und experimentelle Befunde stützen die These, dass, anders als bisher angenommen, die Baeyer‐Villiger‐Reaktion mit Hydroperoxiden und Wasserstoffperoxid nicht grundsätzlich schwierig ist, die alternative Radikalbildung jedoch stärker bevorzugt wird.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) of a Cubic Metal Cluster with Multicentered MnIMnI Bonds
Authors: Hu Huan‐Cheng , Hu Han‐Shi , Zhao Bin , Cui Ping , Cheng Peng , Li Jun
Published: August 2015

MOFs with both multicentered metal–metal bonds and low‐oxidation‐state (LOS) metal ions have been underexplored hitherto. Here we report the first cubic [MnI8] cluster‐based MOF (1) with multicentered MnIMnI bonds and +1 oxidation state of manganese (MnI or Mn(I)), as is supported by single‐crystal structure determination, XPS analyses, and quantum chemical studies. Compound 1 possesses the shortest MnIMnI bond of 2.372 Å. Theoretical studies with density functional theory (DFT) reveal extensive electron delocalization over the [MnI8] cube. The 48 electrons in the [MnI8] cube fully occupy half of the 3d‐based and the lowest 4s‐based bonding orbitals, with six electrons lying at the nonbonding 3d‐orbitals. This bonding feature renders so‐called cubic aromaticity. Magnetic properties measurements show that 1 is an antiferromagnet. This work is expected to inspire further investigation of cubic metal–metal bonding, MOF materials with LOS metals, and metalloaromatic theory.
The flame‐retardant properties and mechanisms of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/hexakis (para‐allyloxyphenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene systems
Authors: Li Jiawei , Pan Feng , Zeng Xiandong , Xu Hong , Zhang Linping , Zhong Yi , Sui Xiaofeng , Mao Zhiping
Published: August 2015

Para‐allyl ether phenol derivative of cyclophosphazene (PACP) was prepared and used as a filler to modify the flame‐retardant properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by melting‐blending. The mechanism of flame‐retardant was discussed and the influences of flame‐retardant contents to the mechanical properties were studied. The results revealed that the incorporation of only 5 phpp PACP (0.37 wt % phosphorus containing) into PET matrix can distinctly increase the flame retardancy of PET/PACP composition, and it has a little effect on the mechanical properties of PET. The high flame‐retardant performance of PET/PACP composite was attributed to the combination of condensed‐phase flame retardant and gas‐phase flame retardant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42711.
Preparation and properties of high‐performance recyclable ethylene propylene diene rubber
Authors: Kim Jung‐Soo , Bae Jong‐Woo , Lee Jin‐Hyok , Lee Young‐Hee , Kim Han‐Do
Published: August 2015

To obtain high‐performance recyclable ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), EPDM was chemically functionalized as follows: EPDM was grafted with citraconic acid (CCA) by radical melt polymerization to produce a grafted EPDM (EPDM‐g‐CCA), and EPDM‐g‐CCA was reacted with various amino acids by melt condensation reaction to give amidated copolymers (EPDM‐g‐CCA‐2‐Am, EPDM‐g‐CCA‐7‐Am, and EPDM‐g‐CCA‐12‐Am, where the n indicates the carbon number of amino acid), and then ionomers (EPDM‐g‐CCA/n‐Am/Io) were prepared by melt reaction of EPDM‐g‐CCA/n‐Ams with Zinc oxide (ZnO)/zinc stearate (ZnSt). The mechanical properties/compression set (CS) resistance (elasticity)/recyclability of pristine EPDM, EPDM‐g‐CCA, EPDM‐g‐CCA/n‐Am, and ionomers sheet samples were compared. The tensile strength/modulus, tear strength, and elasticity of samples were mostly increased in the order of ionomers>EPDM‐g‐CCA/n‐Ams>EPDM‐g‐CCA>pristine EPDM. The properties of ionomers increased significantly with increasing the carbon number in amino acid up to seven, and then levelled off or decreased a little. The tensile strength/elasticity (compression set resistance) of recyclable ionomer (EPDM‐g‐CCA/7‐Am/Io) was found to be ∼9.42/∼2.31 times of pristine EPDM, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42718.
One pot blending of biopolymer‐TiO2 composite membranes with enhanced mechanical strength
Authors: Huang Zhonghua , Li Weijing , Liu Zhengli , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2015

A biopolymer‐TiO2 composite membrane was prepared by blending of N‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethylammonium) propyl] chloride chitosan and cellulose acetate with nano‐TiO2 particles as the introduced inorganic components. It was verified that the amino groups (NH2) of chitosan (CTS) were partly grafted by stronger hydrophilic group 
according to the 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of N‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐trimethylammonium) propyl] chloride chitosan and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The structure, microcosmic morphology, water flux, swelling properties, and thermal stability of the composite membranes were characterized. With the mass ratio of cellulose acetate to CTS being 50 wt %, the mole ratio of CTS to glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride being 1 : 1, and drying temperature being 60°C in 70% acetic acid, the formed biopolymer‐TiO2 composite membranes exhibited enhanced mechanical strength (84.29 MPa), lower swelling degree (101.36%), and improved antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative Escherichia coli (Rosetta and DH5α) and Gram‐positive Bacillus subtilis. The existence of nano‐TiO2 particles and the introduction of stronger cationic group synergistically improved the antibacterial properties of the biopolymer‐TiO2 composite membranes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42732.
Development of the Superaltricial Monk Parakeet (Aves, Psittaciformes): Embryo Staging, Growth, and Heterochronies
Authors: Carril Julieta , Tambussi Claudia P.
Published: August 2015

Knowledge about the embryonic stages of birds is important in answering many questions about development and evolution. We give the first description of 41 embryological stages of the monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) on the basis of external morphology and comparison with the chicken. We also provide measurements of some external morphological characters (i.e. body mass, crown‐rump, beak, forelimb, and third toe lengths) and perform comparisons with other precocial and altricial birds with the aim of identifying heterochronous developmental features. The following differences in the development of characters in the monk parakeet when compared with other birds were found: (1) delay of the feathers primordia, (2) wing buds initially greater than leg buds, (3) forelimbs and hindlimbs with similar relative size, (4) retroversion of the toe IV, (5) ventral curvature of the upper jaw, (6) positive regressions between stages and beak length with acceleration and higher values and III toe lengths with deceleration and lower values in the monk parakeet compared to the chicken. The growth pattern of the monk paraket Myiopsitta monachus could be influenced by some heterochronic processes like post‐displacement, acceleration and/or deceleration. Results of this research allow the standard identification of stages in different species of parrots, recognize similarities and differences between precocial (the chicken) and altricial species (Myiopsitta), and provide planning data for future studies. Anat Rec, 298:1836–1847, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of a Multiple‐Schedule Arrangement on Mands of a Child with Autism
Authors: Vladescu Jason C. , Kodak Tiffany
Published: August 2015

Clinical applications of multiple‐schedule arrangements have generally been used to produce discriminated manding. The present study evaluated the effects of a multiple‐schedule arrangement with rules on the rate of mands for one child diagnosed with autism. We sought to bring the participant's mands under discriminative control of adult behavior that closely matched naturally occurring discriminative stimuli in the participant's home environment. The results showed that discriminated manding emerged and responding continued in the presence of a novel therapist. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta-analysis comparing early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis
Authors: Wu X -D , Tian X , Liu M -M , Wu L , Zhao S , Zhao L
Published: August 2015

Background

Previous studies comparing early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) with delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC) for acute cholecystitis were incomplete. A meta-analysis was undertaken to compare the cost-effectiveness, quality of life, safety and effectiveness of ELC versus DLC.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared ELC (performed within 7 days of symptom onset) with DLC (undertaken at least 1 week after symptoms had subsided) for acute cholecystitis.

Results

Sixteen studies reporting on 15 RCTs comprising 1625 patients were included. Compared with DLC, ELC was associated with lower hospital costs, fewer work days lost (mean difference (MD) –11·07 (95 per cent c.i. –16·21 to −5·94) days; P < 0·001), higher patient satisfaction and quality of life, lower risk of wound infection (relative risk 0·65, 95 per cent c.i. 0·47 to 0·91; P = 0·01) and shorter hospital stay (MD −3·38 (−4·23 to −2·52) days; P < 0·001), but a longer duration of operation (MD 11·12 (4·57 to 17·67) min; P < 0·001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in mortality, bile duct injury, bile leakage, conversion to open cholecystectomy or overall complications.

Conclusion

For patients with acute cholecystitis, ELC appears as safe and effective as DLC. ELC might be associated with lower hospital costs, fewer work days lost, and greater patient satisfaction.