bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical niche conservatism and the species richness gradient of North American butterflies
Authors: Hawkins Bradford A. , DeVries Philip J.
Published: May 2009

Aim  We explore the potential role of the ‘tropical conservatism hypothesis’ in explaining the butterfly species richness gradient in North America. Its applicability can be derived from the tropical origin of butterflies and the presumed difficulties in evolving the cold tolerance required to permit the colonization and permanent occupation of the temperate zone.

Location  North America.

Methods  Digitized range maps for butterfly species north of Mexico were used to map richness for all species, species with distributions north of the Tropic of Capricorn (Extratropicals), and species that also occupy the tropics (Tropicals). A phylogeny resolved to subfamily was used to map the geographical pattern of mean root distance, a metric of the evolutionary development of assemblages. Regression models and general linear models examined environmental correlates of overall richness and for Extratropicals vs. Tropicals, patterns in summer vs. winter, and patterns in northern vs. southern North America.

Results  Species in more basal subfamilies dominate the south, whereas more derived clades occupy the north. There is also a ‘latitudinal’ richness gradient in Canada/Alaska, whereas in the conterminous USA richness primarily varies longitudinally. Overall richness is associated with broad‐ and mesoscale temperature gradients. The richness of Tropicals is strongly associated with temperature and distance from winter population sources. The richness of Extratropicals in the north is most strongly correlated with the pattern of glacial retreat since the more recent Ice Age, whereas in the south, richness is positively associated with the range of temperatures in mountains and the presence of forests but is negatively correlated with the broad‐scale temperature gradient.

Main conclusions  The tropical conservatism hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the complex structure of the species richness gradient. The Canada/Alaska fauna comprises temperate, boreal and tundra species that are nevertheless constrained by cold climates and limited vegetation, coupled with possible post‐Pleistocene recolonization lags. In the USA tropical species are constrained by temperature in winter as well as recolonization distances in summer, whereas temperate‐zone groups are richer in cooler climates in mountains and forests, where winter conditions are more suitable for diapause. The evolution of cold tolerance is key to both the evolutionary and ecological patterns.
Humoral and cell‐mediated immunity to MSP3 peptides in adults immunized with MSP3 in malaria endemic area, Burkina Faso
Authors: NEBIE I. , DIARRA A. , OUEDRAOGO A. , TIONO A. B. , KONATE A. T. , GANSANE A. , SOULAMA I. , COUSENS S. , LEROY O. , SIRIMA S. B.
Published: May 2009

We performed a single‐blind, randomized phase 1 trial of the long synthetic peptide (LSP) of merozoite surface protein‐3 (MSP3) in adults living in Burkina Faso. Thirty eligible volunteers were randomized to receive either the MSP3‐LSP candidate vaccine or tetanus toxoid vaccine as a control. A dose of each vaccine was administered on days 0, 28 and 112 and the vaccine was formulated with aluminium hydroxide. Humoral immune responses were assessed by ELISA at days 0, 28, 56, 112, 140, 252 and 365 and cell‐mediated immune responses by lymphoproliferation assay and by ELISA on days 0, 56 and 140. IgG responses to four peptides of MSP3 were similar in both vaccine groups. Higher IgG concentrations were recorded after the beginning of malaria high transmission season in both vaccine groups. The lymphocyte proliferation and the production of IFN‐γ in response to stimulation with the four overlapping peptides increased following vaccination in the MSP3‐LSP vaccine group, but did not change appreciably in the control group. In contrast to natural infection, MSP3‐LSP did not boost humoral responses to the four overlapping peptides of MSP3 to any detectable degree in our semi‐immune adult. MSP3‐LSP may be more immunogenic in young children with little or no acquired immunity.
Respiratory chain alternative enzymes as tools to better understand and counteract respiratory chain deficiencies in human cells and animals
Authors: Rustin Pierre , Jacobs Howard T ,   for the Alternatives consortium
Published: May 2009

Mitochondrial respiratory chain defects are now recognized to underlie a large number of human diseases with a spectacular variety in their phenotypic presentations. Despite progress made in the elucidation of their molecular basis, these diseases remain essentially untreatable. To date, most strategies to counteract these diseases, either in vitro or in vivo have proven unsuccessful. In humans, the respiratory chain lacks several redox active proteins long known in many micro‐organisms, as well as in plants, and, as found recently, even in some metazoans. These alternative enzymes, e.g. the cyanide‐insensitive alternative oxidase and the internal rotenone‐insensitive NADH dehydrogenase, confer a significant flexibility to the respiratory chain, allowing it to overcome potential constraints exerted by the cell phosphorylation potential or by environmental xenobiotics. In plants, these alternative enzymes, activated by a subset of keto‐acids, including pyruvate, are essentially engaged under highly reducing conditions. Because these are conditions observed in patients with respiratory chain dysfunction, we made the hypothesis that expression of these proteins might be of benefit in such situations. The observation that a functional alternative oxidase from Ciona intestinalis could be expressed in mammalian cells without obvious detrimental effect has provided a basis to develop a research programme to test the hypothesis, within an ad hoc international consortium, that this paper aims to describe. Combining research on human cells, flies and mice, the project aims, firstly, to verify that expressing these alternative enzymes is physiologically benign, useful as a tool to delineate the mechanisms of respiratory chain dysfunction and, finally, test their potential therapeutic benefit.
Venous air embolism induces both platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia
Authors: SCHÄFER S. T. , NEUMANN A. , LINDEMANN J. , GÖRLINGER K. , PETERS J.
Published: May 2009

Background: In vitro, air bubbles can induce platelet activation and platelet to air bubble binding. We therefore tested in vivo the hypothesis that venous air embolism (VAE) induces (1) platelet dysfunction and (2) thrombocytopenia.

Methods: Adult swine (60.8±3.9 kg; n=8) were anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and placed in a semi‐upright position. Air boli (0.5–80 ml) were injected randomly via an ear vein, and arterial blood was sampled after cumulative air dosages of 0, 80, 160, and 240 ml. Coagulation was assessed by impedance aggregometry, rotational thrombelastometry, whole blood count, plasmatic coagulation variables, and fibrinogen, d‐dimer, protein C, and antithrombin plasma concentrations, respectively.

Results: VAE induced a 47% decrease in platelet count (303 vs. 160 nl−1; P<0.001) over the dose range assessed, with haematocrit being unaltered. Furthermore, VAE‐impaired platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, arachidonic acid, collagen, and the thromboxan analogue U46619 over the dose range assessed independent of thrombocytopenia. (P<0.05 vs. baseline). In contrast, rotational thrombelastometry alone was quite insensitive in detecting VAE‐induced coagulation changes, showing only at near lethal air dosages a prolonged clot formation time following activation with tissue factor, contact activator, and during spontaneous coagulation (P<0.05 vs. baseline).

Conclusions: VAE induces both a dose‐dependent decrease in platelet count and a marked decrease in platelet aggregation, independent of thrombocytopenia (P<0.05 vs. baseline).
A new supraglottic airway device: LMA‐Supreme™, comparison with LMA‐Proseal™
Authors: HOSTEN T. , GURKAN Y. , OZDAMAR D. , TEKIN M. , TOKER K. , SOLAK M.
Published: May 2009

Background and objective: The LMA‐Supreme™ (S‐LMA™) is a new supraglottic airway device that presents combined features of flexibility, curved structure and single use and a different cuff structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the oropharyngeal leak pressures (OLP) of LMA‐Proseal™ (P‐LMA™) and S‐LMA™.

Methods: Sixty adult patients were prospectively and randomly allocated to undergo insertion of P‐LMA™ (n=30) or S‐LMA™ (n=30). The cuffs were inflated until the intracuff pressure (ICP) reached 60 cm H2O. Orogastric leak pressures, insertion times, first attempt success rates, fiberoptical assessment of position, cuff pressures, orogastric tube (OGT) placement and OGT insertion times were compared. Unblinded observers collected intraoperative data and blinded observers collected post‐operative data.

Results: The first insertion attempts and time taken to provide an effective airway were similar between the groups. Two patients (P‐LMA™, n=1; S‐LMA™, n=1) were intubated due to excessive oropharyngeal leak and in one patient (P‐LMA™, n=1) due to failed OGT placement. OLPs were similar (P‐LMA™; 26.9±6.6 S‐LMA™; 26.1±5.2). ICP increased significantly in the P‐LMA™ at the 30 and 60 min during anesthesia (P‐LMA™; 80.1±12.8, 92.9±14.4, S‐LMA™; 68.3±10.9, 73.7±15.6). OGT placement was successful in all patients in the S‐LMA™, but failed in five patients in the P‐LMA™ (P=0.02). Fiberoptically determined anatomic position was better with the P‐LMA™ (P=0.03).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that S‐LMA™ had leak pressures similar to the P‐LMA™, and this new airway device proved to be successful during both spontaneous and positive pressure ventilation.
Metabolic responses in ischemic myocardium after inhalation of carbon monoxide
Authors: AHLSTRÖM K. , BIBER B. , ÅBERG A. , WALDENSTRÖM A. , RONQUIST G. , ABRAHAMSSON P. , STRANDÉN P. , JOHANSSON G. , HANEY M. F.
Published: May 2009

Background: To clarify the mechanisms of carbon monoxide (CO) tissue‐protective effects, we studied energy metabolism in an animal model of acute coronary occlusion and pre‐treatment with CO.

Methods: In anesthetized pigs, a coronary snare and microdialysis probes were placed. CO (carboxyhemoglobin 5%) was inhaled for 200 min in test animals, followed by 40 min of coronary occlusion. Microdialysate was analyzed for lactate and glucose, and myocardial tissue samples were analyzed for adenosine tri‐phosphate, adenosine di‐phosphate, and adenosine mono‐phosphate.

Results: Lactate during coronary occlusion was approximately half as high in CO pre‐treated animals and glucose levels decreased to a much lesser degree during ischemia. Energy charge was no different between groups.

Conclusions: CO in the low‐doses tested in this model results in a more favorable energy metabolic condition in that glycolysis is decreased in spite of maintained energy charge. Further work is warranted to clarify the possible mechanistic role of energy metabolism for CO protection.
Anaesthetic requirement and stress hormone responses in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery: anterior vs. posterior approach
Authors: YOO K. Y. , LEE M. K. , JEONG C. W. , KIM S. J. , JEONG S. T. , SHIN M. H. , LEE J. K. , LEE J.
Published: May 2009

Background: The intensity of nociceptive stimuli reflects the severity of tissue injury. The anaesthetic requirement and stress hormonal responses were determined to learn whether they differ according to different surgical approaches (anterior vs. posterior) during the spinal surgery.

Methods: Patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery without neurological deficits were divided into two groups: one having posterior (n=13) and the other having anterior fusion (n=13). The end‐tidal sevoflurane concentrations (ETSEVO) required to maintain the bispectral index score at 40–50 were determined. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), serum osmolality and plasma concentrations of catecholamines, cortisol and vasopressin (AVP) were measured.

Results: There were no differences in MAP, HR, CVP and serum osmolality between the groups. ETSEVO was higher in the anterior than in the posterior group (P<0.05). The plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and cortisol increased in both groups during the surgery, whereas those of epinephrine remained unchanged. AVP concentrations increased during the surgery in the anterior group, and remained unaltered in the posterior group. The anterior group needed more analgesics (P<0.01) during the first 1 h after the operation.

Conclusions: The anterior approach required a deeper level of anaesthesia while undergoing spinal surgery and more use of post‐operative analgesics than the posterior approach. It was also associated with a more pronounced AVP release during the surgery.
Art psychotherapy in a consumer diagnosed with borderline personality disorder: A case study
Authors: Lamont Scott , Brunero Scott , Sutton Dianne
Published: May 2009

This case study reviews 11 sessions of art psychotherapy with a consumer diagnosed with having borderline personality disorder. A consumer who reported difficulty in communicating her lived trauma verbally and engaged in self‐harming behaviour was offered individual art therapy sessions following a consultation between an art therapy student and clinical nurse consultant in an attempt to understand her experiences and to collaboratively engage her. Notes were taken after each session by the art therapy student, reflecting conversations with this consumer while they were engaged in art making, which were subsequently explored within formal clinical supervision sessions with a mental health nurse consultant. An art portfolio is reproduced. It illustrates the expressive power of image creation. The key features of the images were that of lived trauma, the externalization of thoughts and feelings, and intense emotional expression. The results of this chronological art portfolio case study indicated therapeutic benefits from the intervention for this consumer. Further investigations of this type of intervention are warranted within the mental health setting.
Are symptoms associated with increased levels of perceived stress in first‐episode psychosis?
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Jackson Deirdre , Turner Niall , Sutton Marie , Foley Sharon , McWilliams Stephen , Kinsella Anthony , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: May 2009

Several studies report on the presence of external stress and life events prior to the onset and exacerbation of psychotic illness. However, the relationship between the subjective appraisal of stress at first presentation with psychosis is less well understood. This paper reports on the relationship between the individual perception of stress and symptomatology in individuals with first‐episode psychosis at presentation to community mental health services. We assessed 123 individuals using standardized measures of symptoms, quality of life, perceived stress, global functioning, and duration of untreated psychosis. At first presentation, people with more depressive symptoms and reduced overall functioning were more likely to report increased levels of perceived stress. In addition, people with less positive symptoms of psychosis were experiencing higher levels of subjective stress. In terms of stress vulnerability models, it is important to consider how functioning and symptoms can influence individual appraisal of stress. Acknowledging this interaction can provide opportunities for nursing interventions directed at enhancing adaptive coping and provide benchmarks for assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions provided in the acute phase of psychosis. Further research should focus on the interaction between symptoms and individually‐appraised stress over time.
Binary construct analysis of forensic psychiatric nursing in the UK: High, medium, and low security services
Authors: Mason Tom , King Lisa , Dulson Julie
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to identify if differences in perceptions of the role of forensic psychiatric nurses exist across the three levels of secure psychiatric provision: high, medium, and low. Any differences may reflect the type of clinical conditions found in different levels of security provision. An information‐gathering schedule containing a validated 7‐point Likert scale was distributed to 1200 forensic psychiatric nurses across the UK in 2005. A response rate of 34.6 was achieved, with 122 from high‐security, 159 from medium‐security, and 135 from low‐security services. Differences in perceptions regarding role constructs were found across all three levels, with numerous differences being statistically significant using analysis of variance. The main implications are in relation to the development of skills and competencies, which should target specific clinical conditions in relation to effective interventions, the development of a specialist education and training curriculum focused on treatment outcomes, and the need for further research to draw together theory and practice. Finally, creative policy initiatives should be developed to cross‐fertilize the levels of security provision in order that staff may acquire and deliver experiences in high‐, medium‐, and low‐security psychiatric services.
Introducing peer‐group clinical supervision: An action research project
Authors: Lakeman Richard , Glasgow Christine
Published: May 2009

Clinical supervision (CS) has been found to be beneficial in the role development of nurses and can contribute to increased job satisfaction and reduced burnout. However, implementing CS can be resource intensive, and there are few accounts of it being implemented in developing countries. Ten psychiatric nurses in Trinidad engaged in an action research project over a 5‐month period to develop, implement, and undertake an initial evaluation of a model of peer‐group CS for use in routine practice. The participants were involved in undertaking peer‐group CS and contributing to monthly focus groups to reflect on the practices and further refine the model. This inexpensive form of CS was perceived by participants to have positive effects on the way they viewed and practiced nursing. An outline of the model and initial evaluation is presented, but further research is necessary to establish the sustainability of the model in practice.
Humanistic educational theory and the socialization of preregistration mental health nursing students
Authors: Lipscomb Martin , Ishmael Avril
Published: May 2009

In the present study, humanistic educational theory is juxtaposed against forms of socialization that run counter to its precepts and values. It is suggested that, in theory at least, humanistic principles (broadly defined) underpin UK preregistration mental health student training, but that in practice, humanist theory is subverted or destabilized by external social pressures. To support this claim, work by Margaret Archer on the hegemonic role of the state in educational resourcing, planning, and delivery is introduced. This paper questions the integrity and intelligibility of current student experience. It also presents a novel perspective on the theory–practice divide. Although the paper is UK specific, it nonetheless raises questions that are pertinent to nurse training in other countries, where the state plays a dominant coordinating role in service organization and delivery.
Implications of evidence‐based practice for mental health nursing
Authors: Fisher Jacklin E. , Happell Brenda
Published: May 2009

The introduction of evidence‐based practice (EBP) and the hierarchical approach to evidence it engenders within research and evaluation has aroused controversy in the mental health professions. The aim of this paper is to present a critique of EBP with a specific relationship to mental health nursing. It will be argued that in its current form, EBP presents a potential impediment to the facilitation of consumer participation in mental health services and to the recovery model. The need for the consumer voice and the importance of the lived experience of mental illness are not readily reconciled with a strong scientific paradigm that promotes detachment and objectivity. The importance of evidence in contemporary mental health care will also be acknowledged and discussed in light of the current climate of increased consumer knowledge, fiscal constraint, and extensive social criticism of mental health‐care services. The current approach to EBP requires reconstruction to support the consumer‐focused nature of mental health nursing, and to facilitate the implementation of a recovery model for mental health care.
Food web models: a plea for groups
Authors: Allesina Stefano , Pascual Mercedes
Published: May 2009

The concept of a group is ubiquitous in biology. It underlies classifications in evolution and ecology, including those used to describe phylogenetic levels, the habitat and functional roles of organisms in ecosystems. Surprisingly, this concept is not explicitly included in simple models for the structure of food webs, the ecological networks formed by consumer–resource interactions. We present here the simplest possible model based on groups, and show that it performs substantially better than current models at predicting the structure of large food webs. Our group‐based model can be applied to different types of biological and non‐biological networks, and for the first time merges in the same framework two important notions in network theory: that of compartments (sets of highly interacting nodes) and that of roles (sets of nodes that have similar interaction patterns). This model provides a basis to examine the significance of groups in biological networks and to develop more accurate models for ecological network structure. It is especially relevant at a time when a new generation of empirical data is providing increasingly large food webs.
Learning to glow
Authors: Gratton Lynda
Published: May 2009

Create a cooperative environment within your organization and you will radiate energy, innovation and success, says Lynda Gratton.
Using Web 2.0 to create Management 2.0
Authors: Koushik Srinivas , Birkinshaw Julian , Crainer Stuart
Published: May 2009

The latest technology is increasingly utilized as a means of reinventing management. Srinivas Koushik, CIO of the Nationwide Property and Casualty Company, is one of those leading the way. Julian Birkinshaw and Stuart Crainer report his approach.
Making strategic judgements
Authors: Goddard Jules , Eccles Tony
Published: May 2009

Can a case to be made for managers to become less risk‐averse or even act in a manner contrary to conventional wisdom?Jules Goddard and Tony Eccles suggest that may be the best strategy during economic turmoil.
Leading in tough times
Authors: Nicholson Nigel
Published: May 2009

A difficult business climate calls for different leadership skills, says Nigel Nicholson. He offers techniques for helping people to cope with stress and uncertainty and, at the same time, to focus their attention positively on the future.
When management collapses
Authors: Vermeulen Freek
Published: May 2009

Freek Vermeulen took a look at some recent financial events and found an overlooked element. He offers an analysis and suggests a new priority as a solution.
Strategy convergence
Authors: Bonnet Didier , Yip George
Published: May 2009

In fast‐changing industries like communications, having the right strategy is critical to success. Didier Bonnet and George Yip explain why business models and strategic planning must converge into strategic formulation.
Six Sigma – at your service
Authors: Guarraia Peter , Carey Gib , Corbett Alistair , Neuhaus Klaus
Published: May 2009

Lean Six Sigma is the bedrock of quality initiatives in manufacturing companies. Can this approach be used in service companies? It already is, and Peter Guarraia, Gib Carey, Alistair Corbett and Klaus Neuhaus show how techniques long used by Motorola and Toyota can be used in your company.
Think again: Why good leaders make bad decisions
Authors: Finkelstein Sydney , Whitehead Jo , Campbell Andrew
Published: May 2009

Sydney Finkelstein, Jo Whitehead, and Andrew Campbell studied decisions made around the world and researched those that were flawed at their inception. Their caveats for making decisions will help you to avoid some common errors.
Understanding creativity: The manager as artist
Authors: Reckhenrich Jörg , Kupp Martin , Anderson Jamie
Published: May 2009

“Think outside the box” is the slogan of countless creativity experts who rightly connect creative thinking to corporate innovation. Jörg Reckhenrich, Martin Kupp and Jamie Anderson advocate, instead, that you think outside the canvas. A review of the thinking of the German artist, Joseph Beuys, shows how managers can unleash bold new ideas.
Global warning
Authors: Blowfield Michael
Published: May 2009

Climate change is, according to Michael Blowfield, a reality that business leaders must not just accept. They must also be at the forefront of solving this global crisis.
Is Rule by Majorities Special?
Authors: Ward Hugh , Weale Albert
Published: May 2009

One way of making decisions is for political associates or their representatives to vote on each issue separately in accordance with the majority principle and then take the cumulative outcomes of such majority decision making to define the collective choice for public policy. We call such a system one of majorities rule. Thought of in spatial terms, majorities rule is equivalent to the principle of making decisions according to the issue-by-issue median of voter preferences. If popular control and political equality are core democratic values, they can be rendered as requirements on a collective choice rule, involving resoluteness, anonymity, strategy-proofness and responsiveness. These requirements entail that the collective decision rule be a percentile method. If we then add a requirement of impartiality, as exhibited in a collective choice rule which would be chosen behind a veil of ignorance, then the issue-by-issue median is uniquely identified as a fair rule. Hence, majorities rule is special. Some objections to this line of reasoning are considered.
Concurrent Elections and Voter Turnout: The Effect of the De-Linking of State Elections on Electoral Participation in India's Parliamentary Polls, 1971-2004
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba
Published: May 2009

This article examines the effect that the decoupling of state and national elections has had on voter turnout in India's national parliamentary polls since 1971. According to conventional wisdom in the comparative literature on electoral turnout, separate elections to multiple levels and/or branches of government should depress turnout relative to co-temporal polls, ceteris paribus. The evidence from Indian elections provides strong confirmation for this hypothesis. This suggests that political decentralization through separate national and local elections may actually weaken citizens' incentives to participate in the democratic electoral process.
Latin American Canadians Rethink Their Political Spaces: Grass-Roots or Electoral Participation?
Authors: Ginieniewicz Jorge
Published: May 2009

Framed by the debate on the decline of party politics and the rise of grass-roots participation, this article explores the civic and political involvement of a group of Latin American immigrants in the city of Toronto. The data were drawn from 100 interviews and two focus groups, one composed of participants who, in Canada, participated at the grass-roots level, and another focused on interviewees who were engaged in political parties. Overall results indicate that, compared to Latin America, in Canada there was a decline in the levels of engagement in formal politics, particularly in political parties, and a slight increase in the levels of participation in grass-roots politics. Associated with grass-roots politics is the perception that it is possible to transform the social reality. Disappointment with the traditional forms of political representation accompanied by a sense of distrust of political parties dominated both focus groups. Limited command of English, low socio-economic status and lack of knowledge of the ‘dynamics of Canadian politics’ were identified as factors that reduced the opportunities for this community to become more politically active. Interestingly, these obstacles seem to be more prevalent in electoral than in grassroots politics.
Future Directions: Social Development in the Context of Social Justice
Authors: Killen Melanie , Smetana Judith G.
Published: May 2009

Many societies and cultures have become increasingly diverse and heterogeneous over the past decade. This diversity has a direct bearing on social justice in children's and adolescents' social development. Increased diversity can have positive consequences, such as the possibility for increased empathy, tolerance, perspective taking, and the celebration of various cultural traditions and values, but it can also result in increased prejudice, bias, and discrimination. In this article, we suggest that incorporating a focus on social justice can transform the field of social development. This can be done by considering the larger societal context of diversity or heterogeneity when investigating children's peer interactions, attitudes, group identity, and social experience. In addition, new findings that incorporate social justice concerns have implications for designing interventions to enhance children's healthy social development. We highlight and discuss recent areas of research that bear on this perspective and discuss avenues for future research and investigation.
Pots and political economy: enamel‐wealth, gender, and patriarchy in Mali
Authors: Cunningham Jerimy J.
Published: May 2009

This article examines how the consumption of domestic vessels allows women from the Inland Niger Delta of Mali to negotiate the political economies they enter following their marriage. Enamel serving vessels are the centrepieces of wedding trousseaus that decorate women's houses during the early years of their marriage. I suggest that these objects display a bride's social and economic power in a way that shelters her from exploitation within patriarchal households. Enamel consumption provides an example of how the ‘materiality’ of commodities may be enlisted to construct new senses of selfhood during periods of social liminality. More generally, my case study shows how women employ the ambiguities embodied in commodity consumption to confront patriarchal control of their labour and income.

Le présent article examine la manière dont la consommation de récipients domestiques permet aux femmes du Delta intérieur du Niger, au Mali, de négocier les économies politiques dans lesquelles elles entrent en se mariant. Pièces maîtresses du trousseau, les plats de service émaillés ornent la maison des femmes pendant les premières années de leur mariage. L'auteur suggère que ces objets affichent le pouvoir social et économique de l'épouse d'une manière qui la protège de l'exploitation dans un foyer patriarcal. La consommation d'émail est un exemple de la façon dont la « matérialité» des biens peut être mise à profit pour créer de nouveaux sens de soi dans les phases de liminalité sociale. Plus généralement, cette étude de cas montre comment les femmes profitent des ambiguïtés inhérentes à la consommation de marchandises pour s'opposer au contrôle patriarcal de leur travail et de leur revenu.
Bride abduction in post‐Soviet Central Asia: marking a shift towards patriarchy through local discourses of shame and tradition
Authors: Werner Cynthia
Published: May 2009

The apparent revival of non‐consensual bride abduction in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan is somewhat surprising seventy years after the Soviet state banned the practice and introduced sweeping legislation to emancipate women. This article relies on local discourses of shame and tradition to explain changing marriage practices and to mark a shift towards greater patriarchy in post‐Soviet Central Asia. Discourses of shame are mobilized by local actors in support of the popular view that a woman should ‘stay’ after being abducted. Women can and do resist abductions, but they risk dealing with the burden of shame. Further, in Kyrgyzstan, where bride abduction is increasingly re‐imagined as a national tradition, women and activists who challenge this practice can be viewed as traitors to their ethnicity. In post‐Soviet society, these discourses of shame and tradition have helped men assert further control over female mobility and female sexuality.

Le renouveau des enlèvements non consentis de femmes au Kazakhstan et au Kirghizstan peut surprendre, soixante‐dix ans après l'interdiction de cette pratique par l'État soviétique et la mise en place d'une législation volontariste pour l'émancipation des femmes. Sur la base des discours locaux sur la honte et la tradition, l'article explique ce changement de pratiques matrimoniales et met en lumière la résurgence du patriarcat en Asie centrale postsoviétique. Les discours sur la honte sont mobilisés par les acteurs locaux à l'appui de l'idée populaire qu'une femme doit « rester » après avoir été enlevée. Les femmes peuvent résister aux enlèvements, et résistent effectivement, mais s'exposent ainsi au poids de la honte. Par ailleurs, au Kirghizstan, où le rapt des femmes est de plus en plus ré‐imaginé comme une tradition nationale, les femmes et les militants qui contestent cette pratique peuvent être accusés de trahison envers leurs racines ethniques. Ces discours sur la honte et la tradition ont aidé les hommes à reprendre le contrôle de la mobilité et de la sexualité des femmes dans la société postsoviétique.
To know or not to know? Practices of knowledge and ignorance among Bidayuhs in an ‘impurely’ Christian world
Authors: Chua Liana
Published: May 2009

This article seeks to render ignorance analytically and ethnographically productive by exploring practices and tropes of knowing and not‐knowing among young Christian Bidayuhs in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. It argues that these Bidayuhs' professed ignorance of the old ‘religion’,adat gawai, cannot be dismissed as a simple lack of knowledge or reflection of sheer indifference. Instead, their invocations of ignorance could be understood as a productive, empowering device for dealing with the dangers of living in a world in which religious conversion remains an ongoing, incomplete process. Through this ethnographic analysis, the article also offers a reflexive critique of the knowledge‐centred impulses that often shape anthropology's epistemological and methodological projects.

L'auteure cherche à rendre l'ignorance féconde du point de vue anecdotique et ethnographique en explorant les pratiques et figures rhétoriques liées à la connaissance et à l'ignorance chez les jeunes Bidayuhs chrétiens du Sarawak, dans la partie malaise de Bornéo. Elle affirme que l'ignorance de « l'ancienne religion »,adat gawai, professée par ces Bidayuhs ne peut pas être réduite à un manque de connaissance ou à l'expression d'une simple indifférence. Elle pourrait, au contraire, constituer un dispositif productif et efficace permettant de gérer les dangers d'un monde dans lequel la conversion religieuse reste un processus permanent et incomplet. Par cette étude ethnographique, l'article offre aussi une critique des impulsions centrées sur le savoir qui donnent souvent forme aux projets épistémologiques et méthodologiques de l'anthropologie.
Hagiographic narrative and monastic practice: Buddhist morality and mastery amongst Thai Buddhist nuns
Authors: Cook Joanna
Published: May 2009

Drawing on ethnographic analysis of the life‐story of a contemporary Thai Buddhist nun (mae chee), this article argues that narrative convention must be understood as constitutive as well as communicative. In hagiographic convention and ascetic discipline gender distinctions are not understood as relevant for spiritual attainment. The use of hagiography by male and female religious professionals located in a gendered hierarchy suggests that religious practice may not be sufficiently accounted for through an analytical framework of domination and subordination. Rather, power is more usefully located within the relations and practices that form the conditions of the subject.

En procédant à l'analyse ethnographique de l'histoire de la vie d'une nonne bouddhiste (mae chee) thaïe, l'auteur avance que la convention narrative doit être appréhendée comme constitutive aussi bien que communicative. Dans la convention hagiographique et la discipline ascétique, les distinctions entre les sexes ne sont pas considérées comme pertinentes pour atteindre l'illumination. L'usage de l'hagiographie par les religieux, hommes et femmes, placés dans le cadre d'une hiérarchie sexuée, suggère que le cadre analytique de domination et de subordination est peut‐être insuffisant pour appréhender la pratique religieuse, et qu'il serait plus utile de situer le pouvoir dans les relations et pratiques qui conditionnent le sujet.
Entering, and returning from, the underworld: reconstituting Silbury Hill by combining a quantified landscape phenomenology with archaeoastronomy
Authors: Sims Lionel
Published: May 2009

Landscape phenomenology limits the number of possible narratives for interpreting prehistoric monuments through the embodied experience of walking their remains in their landscape. While this method may improve upon an archaeology that narrows interpretation to single site excavations isolated in Euclidean space, it has been criticized for deploying unsubstantiated metaphors as an interpretative resource. Contemporary archaeoastronomy's dominant methodology submits regional groups of prehistoric monuments to rigorous statistical methods for testing whether perceived alignments were in fact intended by their builders. However, it is presently unable to saturate alignment findings with meaning, and reaches its limits when monuments are found to align on local landscape features rather than ‘astronomical’ bodies. Through a detailed examination of Silbury Hill in its landscape and late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age monument context, this article shows that problems in both methods can be transcended by studying the emergent properties generated by their combination. These emergent properties are consistent with the predictions of a recent anthropological model of lunar‐solar conflation.

La phénoménologie du paysage limite le nombre d'interprétations possibles des vestiges préhistoriques à celle obtenue par l'expérience vécue d'un arpentage dans leurs alentours. Bien que cette méthode puisse enrichir l'archéologie, qui restreint l'interprétation aux seules fouilles du site isolé dans l'espace euclidien, elle est critiquée pour l'usage de métaphores infondées comme sources d'interprétation. Par ailleurs, la méthodologie dominante de l'archéoastronomie contemporaine consiste à appliquer à des groupes régionaux de monuments préhistoriques des méthodes statistiques rigoureuses pour vérifier si les alignements perçus avaient effectivement été projetés par leurs constructeurs. Elle ne peut cependant pas saturer de signification les alignements retrouvés et atteint ses limites quand les monuments s'avèrent alignés sur des repères locaux du paysage plutôt que sur des corps « astronomiques ». À travers un examen détaillé de Silbury Hill dans son paysage et dans son contexte monumental du Néolithique et du Bronze ancien, l'article montre que les points faibles des deux méthodes peuvent être transcendés si l'on étudie les propriétés émergentes nées de leur combinaison. Ces nouvelles propriétés sont cohérentes avec les prédictions récentes d'un modèle anthropologique de rapprochement entre temps lunaire et temps solaire.
Beyond nature versus culture: cultural variation as an evolved characteristic*
Authors: Nettle Daniel
Published: May 2009

There is a perceived dichotomy between evolutionary explanations for behaviour and social or cultural ones. In this essay, I attempt to dissolve this dichotomy by pointing out that organisms are susceptible to social or cultural influence because they have evolved mechanisms that make them so. I review two classes of evolutionary explanation for cultural variation, ‘evoked’ and ‘transmitted’ culture, and argue that these two classes of mechanism enrich and strengthen existing social science accounts, as well as making new predictions. I suggest a high degree of mutual compatibility and potential gains from trade between the social and biological sciences.

Les explications du comportement opposent deux écoles de pensée, privilégiant les explications par l'évolution (biologique) et par le social ou la culture. Dans cet article, l'auteur tente de résoudre cette dichotomie en montrant que les organismes sont sensibles aux influences sociales et culturelles parce qu'ils ont acquis au cours de leur évolution des mécanismes qui leur confèrent cette sensibilité. Il étudie deux classes d'explications évolutionnistes des variations culturelles, celle de la culture «évoquée » et celle de la culture « transmise », et avance que ces deux types de mécanismes enrichissent et renforcent les comptes‐rendus existants, tout en permettant de nouvelles prédictions. L'article suggère qu'il existe une grande compatibilité mutuelle et qu'il y a beaucoup à gagner des échanges entre sciences sociales et naturelles.
Heidegger's Generative Thesis
Authors: Fisher Tony
Published: May 2009

Abstract: For William Blattner, Heidegger's phenomenology fails to demonstrate how a nonsuccessive temporal manifold can ‘generate’ the appropriate sequence of world‐time Nows. Without this he cannot explain the ‘derivative’ status of ordinary time. In this article I show that it is only Blattner's reconstruction that makes failure inevitable. Specifically, Blattner is wrong in the way he sets out the explanatory burden, arguing that the structure of world‐time must meet the traditional requirements of ordinary time logic if the derivation is to succeed. He takes this to mean: mundane ‘tasks’, the contents of world‐time nows, must form a transitive series, importing back into world‐time the very structure that Heidegger says is derived by its levelling‐off. I argue, instead, that world‐time nows, seen at the level of lived content, can be quite ‘irrational’ but this is perfectly consistent with the generative thesis. Adapting Blattner's useful suggestion that temporality is sequence building or ‘iterative’ I show that iteration does not manifest itself at the level of tasks but at the ‘existential’ level of my involvement in a task. Depriving that involvement of its expressive content is what accounts for the levelling‐off of the world‐time now and thus the derivation of the ordinary concept of time.
Playing the Odds: A New Response to Lucretius's Symmetry Argument
Authors: Simon Jeremy R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract: Most commentators have assumed that Lucretius's symmetry argument against the fear of death is flawed. There remains, however, dispute as to what the flaw is. After establishing what I understand the target of Lucretius's argument to be (a desire for a longer life as such), I argue for a novel interpretation of what the flaw is, namely, that extending one's life into the time before one was actually born would be an uncertain bet for one who wanted to extend his life, whereas extending one's life beyond the time one actually dies is a sure bet. This account of what the flaw is has the particular merit of relying only on simple concepts used in everyday reasoning and thus can explain why Lucretius's argument gains no traction even in the absence of sophisticated philosophical analysis.
HIV‐infected long‐term nonprogressors display a unique correlative pattern between the interleukin‐7/interleukin‐7 receptor circuit and T‐cell homeostasis
Authors: Marchetti G , Riva A , Cesari M , Bellistrì G M , Gianelli E , Casabianca A , Orlandi C , Magnani M , Meroni L , D'Arminio Monforte A , Mussini C , Cossarizza A , Galli M , Gori A ,   for the Elvis Study Group
Published: May 2009

Background

We hypothesized that there may be a correlation between the interleukin‐7 (IL‐7)/IL‐7 receptor (IL‐7R) regulatory system and parameters of T‐cell homeostasis in HIV‐infected long‐term nonprogressors (LTNPs) as compared with patients with disease progression.

Methods

The possibility of a correlation between T‐cell homeostatic parameters and IL‐7/IL‐7R was investigated in 22 LTNPs (CD4 count ≥500 cells/μL for >10 years) vs. HIV‐positive patients at different disease stages [12 early: CD4 count ≥400 cells/μL; 15 late (AIDS‐presenters): CD4 count ≤150 cells/μL].

Results

Compared with early‐stage HIV‐positive patients, LTNPs displayed a higher circulating IL‐7 concentration (P=0.05), which was positively associated with higher IL‐7Rα expression and a higher T‐cell receptor excision circle (TREC) content specifically within CD4 cells (P<0.05). Compared with late‐stage disease patients, early‐stage disease patients displayed a lower IL‐7 concentration (P<0.01) and higher percentages of IL‐7Rα+ CD4 and CD8 cells (P=0.05). IL‐7 was positively correlated with the percentage of TREC+ CD4 cells (P<0.01), which translated into a higher percentage of naïve CD4 cells in early‐stage disease patients than in late‐stage disease patients; however, the CD4 cells in early‐stage disease patients were less enriched in recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) compared with LTNPs (P<0.05). In late‐stage AIDS‐developing patients, substantially increased IL‐7 was correlated with a decreased percentage of IL‐7Rα+ CD4 cells (P=0.01), which resulted in these patients having a significantly lower percentage of naïve T cells (P<0.01) and a significantly lower content of TREC (P<0.01) than the other patients.

Conclusions

The maintenance of high CD4 cell counts in LTNPs was associated with a specific IL‐7/IL‐7R pattern characterized by increased IL‐7 and highest IL‐7Rα‐expressing CD4 cells relative to other patients. Compared with patients with late‐stage disease, LTNPs displayed a phenotypically naïve, less activated CD4 cell pool highly enriched in RTEs, suggesting the existence of a compensatory IL‐7‐mediated pathway specifically sustaining peripheral CD4 counts.
The Sex Offender Register: Some Observations on the Time Periods for Registration
Authors: THOMAS TERRY
Published: May 2009

Abstract: The sex offender register requires offenders to notify the police every time their circumstances change. This notification requirement continues for time periods dependent on the severity of sentence received; some offenders are subject to a lifetime's registration. This article considers the basis of these time periods and the necessity of introducing a form of appeal to allow revision or suspension of the registration requirement for people unlikely to reoffend. Without such a form of judicial oversight the register could just become a meaningless ritual for many low‐risk offenders who could be in danger of silting up the register and distracting from work with high‐risk offenders.