bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and the Jury System
Authors: Welch Ashton Wesley
Published: May 2019

Discrimination in the jury system has been a matter of constitutional and ethical concern at least since the mid-nineteenth century. Ethnic and linguistic minorities have been disadvantaged by the use of the peremptory challenge, statutory requirements, and administrative practices which compromised the Sixth Amendment provision for a jury of one's peers with its implication for juror impartiality. Attacks on the discriminatory applications of those systems and practices resulted in reduction, as gradual as it was, of the exclusionary practices. Batson vs Kentucky made the Sixth Amendment guarantee more reachable for ethnic and linguistic minorities.
Using African American Perspectives to Promote a More Inclusive Understanding of Human Communication Theory
Authors: Schnell Jim
Published: May 2019

This article addresses the use of African American perspectives as a means of promoting a more inclusive understanding of human communication theory. It describes contributions by African American scholars as they relate to providing a framework for inclusion of other under represented cultures in U.S. society (i.e. Asian American, Latino American, etc.). This objective is becoming more and more relevant because of the increased percentage of U.S. citizens who are of non-European origin. Common sense supports the position that an inclusive curriculum, representative of the many cultural groups that compose the U.S., will appeal to the diverse audience educated in the U.S. today and tomorrow.
The Athlete as Trickster
Authors: Gems Gerald
Published: May 2019

This study invokes hegemony theory to analyze the role and uses of sport as a means to resist dominant group pressures and the adaptation of sporting practices to subordinate groups' needs. The study draws upon literary and anthropological works that support the role of the trickster as a resistive, even manipulative figure, who fulfills both instructive and psychological needs for particular subordinate groups.
Becoming American: The Hmong American Experience
Authors: Yang Kou
Published: May 2019

Hmong Americans, who came from a pre-literate society and rural background, went through many acculturation barriers and have had many successes between the time they first arrived in 1975 and the year 2000. Their first decade was preoccupied with their struggle to overcome cultural shock and acculturation difficulties. The second decade is their turning point to be new Americans, beginning to run for political office, establish business enterprises, achieve in education, and reduce their high rate of unemployment and welfare participation. Hmong Americans in 2000 appeared to have achieved much, yet have some serious challenges still ahead.
Editor's Note
Authors: Scott Otis
Published: May 2019

The articles in this volume represent the interpretative and analytical traditions in ethnic studies scholarship. The first three contributions draw attention to how the tools of literary analysis and inquiry add new perspectives to our understanding of the social realities framing the lives of people of color. The remaining articles using both quantitative and qualitative research methods similarly inform the complex life experiences of people of color. In common these seemingly disparate sets of articles provide sharp and in a couple of instances challenging commentaries on life and living on the margin and the wider social spaces that are circumscribed by color lines.
Ethnicity and Unemployment in Finland
Authors: Saarela Jan , Finnäs Fjalar
Published: May 2019

This research note provides the general findings from a research project analyzing the reasons behind the lower unemployment rate of the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland, compared with the Finnish-speaking majority. The main conclusion is that the unemployment gap cannot be attributed to ethnic-group differences in age, education, place of residence, or industrial structure. We believe that two latent factors are highly relevant in this context: language proficiency and social integration, although no data presently available provides information about such issues.
Editor's Note
Authors: Scott Otis L.
Published: May 2019

This volume introduces a new look for the Ethnic Studies Review. We believe that this bold new presentation of the journal will be eye catching and at the same time will represent a new era and a broadened scope for ESR.
The Politics of Faith in the Work of Lorna Dee Cervantes, Ana Castillo, and Sandra Cisneros
Authors: Pagan Darlene
Published: May 2019

If Chicanas are perceived as a communal threat because they are closer to the carnal, according to the Church, they paradoxically are worshipped as the female divine within indigenous practices like Yoruba or Mexica as well. In the works of Sandra Cisneros, Ana Castillo, and Lorna Dee Cervantes women's religious commitment is revealed through their possible responses to cultural multiplicity: 1) the rejection of one tradition over another, 2) syncretism, or 3) the continual migration between practices despite contradictory impulses. Using irony to address the tension and seeming impossibility of maintaining distinct traditions simultaneously, these writers intimate how women derive strength and a stronger sense of self primarily by moving between traditions.
‘The Story You Were Telling Us’ Re-Reading love in Alice Walker's By The Light of My Father's Smile through Luce Irigaray's Theory
Authors: Görey Özlem
Published: May 2019

This article considers Alice Walker's novel By the Light of My Father's Smile in the light of the theories of French feminist Luce Irigaray. It concentrates particularly on the redefinition of love through the creation of a maternal genealogy. It explores how the severe punishment of one of the daughters, as a result of her love affair with a young Indian boy, results in the deep scarring of all the family for the rest of their lives. Interpreting this traumatic event as a metaphorical Oedipal break from the mother, this discussion aims to show the ways in which both the novelist and the theoretician explore the possibility of redefining the term ‘love’ through the mother-daughter relationship.
What's in a Name? Racial and Ethnic Classifications and the Meaning of Hispanic/Latino in the United States
Authors: Kilty Keith M. , Videl de Haymes Maria
Published: May 2019

The first national census was conducted in 1790, and has been repeated at ten year intervals ever since. While census taking has been consistent, the way individuals have been counted and categorized on the basis of race and ethnicity has varied over time. This paper examines how the official census definition of Latinos has changed over the twenty-two census periods. The modifications of the official definition of this group are discussed in relation to changes in national borders, variations in methodology used for census data gathering, and shifting political contexts.
In Search of a “Singular I:” A Structurational Analysis of Passing
Authors: Dawkins Marcia Alesan
Published: May 2019

It is easy to envision the socio-cultural phenomenon of passing as a relic of a bygone era, yet passing is markedly more. From a historical perspective, “passing-as-white” is a strategy of representation through which light-skinned, white-looking, legally non-white Americans attempt(ed) to reconcile “two unreconciled ideals:” their limited opportunities as non-white people in a segregated society with their idealized life goals as full American citizens (DuBois, 1903; Candy, 1998). Recent scholarship on the phenomenon explains that passing is more than a masquerade. Passing can be accidental, incidental, or a committed lifestyle that is noted: when people effectively present themselves as other than who they understand themselves to be…[and] when other people actually see or experience the identity that the passer is projecting, whether the passer is telegraphing that identity by intention or by chance (Kroger, 2003, p. 7-8).
White Conceptions of Racial Hierarchy: Temporary versus Permanent Preferences
Authors: Gayles Jonathan , Tobin Sarah
Published: May 2019

Ideas of race, racial identity, and racial categorization, reflect the inconsistent, context-specific and fluctuating nature of racial meaning (Nagel, 1986; Forbes, 1990; Davis, 1991; Nagel, 1994; Haney-Lopez, 1995; Ignatiev, 1995; Kibria, 1996,1998; Niven & Zilber, 2000; Morning, 2001; Lacy, 2004). Studies of racial hierarchy, specifically, enable an understanding of not only the social construction of race, but also the manner in which ideas of race operate to influence human reality.” Within the United States, race “permeates the lives of the native-born and immigrants alike” (Bashi & McDaniel, 1997, p. 686, see also Bashi, 1998). More specifically, a continuum between white and black persists and is a critical conceptual schema grounding the many manifestations of racism in the United States. This white-to-black continuum is hierarchical as well with whites at the top and blacks at the bottom (Feagin, 2000, p. 220). While the specific history of the United States facilitates this hierarchy, it has also been found beyond the borders of the United States (Small, 1994, Twine, 1998).
Petit Apartheid and the “TB” Syndrome: Police Racial Profiling of Chicana/o Youths in San Jose, California
Authors: Koehler Robert
Published: May 2019

I like to go out on Friday nights and Saturday nights and join up with my homies and walk around the hot spots and get some food. I like to check out the girls and see if I can get something going with them. But every weekend the cops stop me. What the fuck for? I go to school everyday and get treated like a criminal and then, when I want to step out of my house…I get treated like a criminal again! I have never been arrested for nothing! But I always get stopped for walkin' down the street. For walkin' down the street! Am I in a gang (the police ask)? Who's in a gang? Who's carrying a gun, a disrepectful attitude, and stopping people for nothing? The police gang. You don't see me with a gun or knife or harassing anyone! I'm just tryin' to walk down the fucking street. an anonymous sixteen year-old Chicano (Author, 2004)
Are We Happy Yet?: Re-evaluating the Evaluation of Indigenous Community Development
Authors: Gould Kerin
Published: May 2019

As I was working on research into Indigenous community development, I wanted to get an overview of how things are going - are projects improving well-being? What is working and what isn't? I found I couldn't get a clear multi-dimensional picture. So I had to wonder, about evaluation criteria and what the alternatives were. How can we, as academics and researchers and allies, make sense of the available information in such a way that our work is meaningful to the Indigenous communities we work with?
Editor's Notes
Authors: Scott Otis L.
Published: May 2019

The articles in this issue, while diverse in subject matter, focus, and voice, draw our attention to the rich interdisciplinary perspectives framing scholarly excursions into the realm of ethnic studies. The contributing authors of these seven articles draw our attention to how the constructs of human culture be it art, cultural formations, cultural products, or policies and practices can and do inform us about how people interpret, reproduce life and represent living. With some attention we also learn about how a people navigate through the place or places where they find themselves and how they are affected by and affect the societies within they live.
“If You're Black, Get Back!” The Color Complex: Issues of Skin-Tone Bias in the Workplace
Authors: Brown Letisha Engracia Cardoso
Published: May 2019

Skin-tone has always played a role in the socioeconomic lives of African-Americans, and while there are always successes, there are also those who are not as fortunate. A major success for African Americans has come in the shape of the election of the nation's first AfricanAmerican President, Barack Obama, and, by extension, the first African-American First Lady, Michelle Obama. Among the cries of happiness and hope after the election, there lingers a feeling among many Americans whether Barack Obama would have been elected if he were darker rather than lighter skinned. Though the question is rhetorical at this point the question is nevertheless one asked in many American households. Even after the election and inauguration of the first Black President and the subsequent entrance of the first Black Family into the White House, many critics wonder whether the United States is still a nation absorbed in skin-tone prejudices or has, in the words of the late Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., truly “overcome” them. With such a question in mind, the position of the First Lady becomes a precarious one. While she is not principally responsible for guiding the fate of the nation, her role is a visible one, which makes her presence in the public eye an important one nonetheless. Historically, the First Lady is expected to embody ideals of womanhood such as virtue, beauty, grace, and honor to the nation at large. Up until this point, these ideals have been expressed to young women in this nation as coterminous with the concept of “whiteness.” More pointedly, will images of beauty shift away from narrow Eurocentric standards because a Black First Family resides in the White House?
Orientals Need Apply: Gender-based Asylum in the U.S.
Authors: Takagi Midori
Published: May 2019

Every other year I teach a course entitled “The History of Asian Women in America,” which focuses on the experiences of East, South and Southeast Asian women as they journey to these shores and resettle. Using autobiographies, poetry, journal writings, interviews and academic texts, the students learn from the women what political, social, cultural, economic and ecological conditions prompted them to leave their homelands and why they chose the United States. We learn of their rich cultural backgrounds, their struggles to create a subculture based on their home and host experiences, and the cultural gaps that often appear between the first and subsequent generations. And we also learn how patriarchy affects their lives transnationally. In spite of all this information, inevitably one student always asks “why are Asian cultures so oppressive to women?”
How does race operate among Asian Americans in the labor market?: Occupational segregation and different rewards by occupation among native-born Chinese American and Japanese American male workers
Authors: Lee Chang Won
Published: May 2019

The effect of race in the U.S. labor market has long been controversial. One posits that racial effects have been diminished since the civil rights movement of the 1960s (Alba & Nee, 2003; Sakamoto, Wu, & Tzeng, 2000; Wilson, 1980). Even if some disparities in labor-market outcomes among race groups are found, advocates of this “declining significance of race” thesis do not attribute these disparities to racial discrimination. They, instead, understand the racial gaps as a result of class composition of racial minority groups, classes represented by larger proportions of the working-class population (Wilson, 1980, 1997) as well as unskilled-immigrant workers (Borjas, 1994).
Exchange, Conflict and Coercion: The Ritual Dynamics of the Notting Hill Carnival Past and Present
Authors: Edwards Jennifer , Knottnerus J. David
Published: May 2019

This study investigates patterns of social relationships involving the Notting Hill Carnival. Two theoretical approaches are employed elementary relations theory and structural ritualization theory - to explain how the carnival has been strategically used in very different ways by various groups to accomplish their objectives. We suggest the Notting Hill Carnival is a special collective ritual event that has played a crucial role in three quite different structured arrangements involving coercion, conflict, and exchange since its beginning in Trinidad and subsequently in London. Four time periods where distinct changes in the nature of these relationships have occurred are examined: (1) 1800s Trinidad; (2) the Notting Hill Carnival from 1965-1970; (3) the Notting Hill Carnival from 1971-1989; and (4) the Notting Hill Carnival from 1990-present. This study contributes to the existing literature by focusing on how ritual and these types of relationships are intertwined in the production of the carnival. Implications of this research and possible directions for future research are also discussed.
Social Distances of Whites to Racial or Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Michalikova Nina , Yang Philip Q.
Published: May 2019

Prior research on social distance between racial or ethnic groups in the United States has focused mainly on attitudes of white Americans toward African Americans. Extending previous research, this study analyzes social distances of whites to racial or ethnic minority groups by investigating how whites feel about blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. The main hypothesis is that whites feel coolest toward blacks, warmest toward Asians, and somewhat in between toward Hispanics. The 2002 General Social Survey and ordinary least squares regression are used to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that contrary to our hypothesis, whites feel coolest toward Asians, warmest toward Hispanics, and somewhat in between toward blacks. Nativity, religious similarity/dissimilarity, racial hierarchy and tension, proximity of the country of origin, and group diversity may offer plausible explanations for the unexpected result. This study also examines which types of whites are more likely to maintain a greater or smaller social distance with the three minority groups. Implications of the findings for race and ethnic relations today are addressed.
Ethnicity and Financial Exclusion: How Fringe Banking has taken hold in Ethnic and Immigrant Neighborhoods
Authors: Pauwels Marie-Christine
Published: May 2019

The latest FDIC survey (2012) on Americans excluded from regular banking services reported that between 8% and 20% of American households have either little or no relationship with a bank, savings institution, credit union, or other mainstream financial service providers. The only option for these customers, many of whom are ethnic minorities and immigrant communities, is to turn to AFS - Alternative Financial Services-the official name of fringe banking. Fringe banks like Ace Cash Express, EZLoans, or Mr. Payroll deliberately target the low- to moderate-income inner-city residents, often because these neighborhoods have become deserted by regular banks, making it difficult for these groups to apply for loans, credit cards, and mortgages. The American banking industry has indeed become polarized between banks in the top tier of the system who cater to the wealthier and less risky customers located in the affluent suburbs, and a market of second and third tier outlets, ranging from pawnshops and payday lenders to check-cashing outlets and cash-and-carry agencies. These outlets practice usurious interest rates and are booming today in the wake of the recent financial meltdown.
The Fundi Effect: Activism through Empowerment
Authors: Lee Tony Jamal
Published: May 2019

The participatory democracy strategy of organization used by Ella Baker was greatly productive in grassroots activism, and has the potential to strengthen the political struggles of the present to the height of the movements in times past. Ella Baker was a prominent figure in the black freedom struggle. She was active in fighting for equal rights for Afrikans in America for over five decades. Her approach was characterized by an ability to mobilize and influence youth to action. In this work, there will be an analytical examination of how this methodology is equipped to stand the tests of time through what will be called The Fundi Effect. The Fundi Effect is a method of activism that is capable of being applied inter-generationally, and has the ability to address the reactionary manner with which injustice is dealt in attempts at social movements at present.
Enacting “Smoke, Lilies, and Jade” as Black Gay Print Culture
Authors: Christian Shawn Anthony
Published: May 2019

This essay offers a comparative analysis of the ways that Isaac Julien's Looking for Langston (1989) and Rodney Evans's Brother to Brother (2005) inscribe Richard Bruce Nugent's landmark short story “Smoke, Lilies, and Jade” (1926). Both films are examples of how “Smoke,” which was first published in the short-lived but infamous journal FIRE!!, now functions as much more than an artifact from the Harlem Renaissance's dynamic print culture. As I contend through this analysis, “Smoke” is a central diegetic element in both films. It enables Looking's visual depiction of the sojourn that Nugent's protagonist Alex has with his male lover “Beauty” and Brother's depiction of an intergenerational collaboration that honors Nugent as a black gay male artist. Through honorific interpretations of “Smoke, Lilies, and Jade,” Looking for Langston and Brother to Brother affirm a black gay print culture as indispensable to black gay film.
Closing the Gap: A Research Agenda for the Study of Health Needs among American Indian/Native Hawaiian Transgender Individuals
Authors: Vernon Irene S , Jackson Trudie
Published: May 2019

Objectives: To explore health research needs of American Indian and Native Hawaiian (AIINH) transgender individuals. Methods: This qualitative study is composed of four focus groups and one informal meeting, totaling 42 AIINH transgender individuals in four major cities. The theoretical and methodological approaches combined grounded theory with the principles of community based participatory research. Results: Healthcare and resiliency are two main themes that emerged as research needs with important subcategories within them. Access to quality care from medical professionals and access to care that is unique to their trans gender status were subcategories within healthcare. Lived experiences, culture, and history were factors found to contribute to their resiliency. Conclusions: There are a number of factors that lead to health disparities among AIINH people. They include the lack of quality care due to the negative encounters with health providers, health care providers' limited knowledge of trans gender issues, and lack of transgender specific services. This must be researched further along with health provider care, attitudes, beliefs, and education. Understanding the lived lives of AIINH trans gender individuals and utilizing their culture and history in health interventions may improve their health and overall wellbeing.
A Case for Decentering Whiteness in Education
Authors: Utt Jamie
Published: May 2019

Ethnic Studies undermines and challenges the racism inherent in dominant education systems by centering identities and epistemologies of people of Color. While much focus has been paid to the damage done to students of Color by White teachers and the White standard curriculum, this paper addresses the intellectual and material benefit White students disproportionately gain from this curriculum. Through a mixed-methods empirical study examining social studies textbooks and standards from Texas and California, the author argues that the standard White canon acts as a form of White/Western studies that directly privileges White students. Critical Race Theory, Critical Whiteness Studies, Pierre Bourdieu cultural reproduction, and Tara Yosso’s community cultural wealth provide theoretical frameworks in calling for a broader implementation of Ethnic Studies programs and pedagogies while calling for reform of traditional curriculum and standards that act as couriers of dominant capital for White students.
Fostering Interethnic Contact and Integrative Peace Education in the University Settings of Rwanda
Authors: Hussein Jeylan Wolyie
Published: May 2019

In the effort to reemerge from the scourge of the genocide, Rwanda needs to adapt reliable reconstructive and re-integrative processes. Peace education programs are among the interventions that can help the effort toward interethnic reintegration. Peace education can help students rethink history, reframe memories and differences, reconsider narratives and myths that lead to interethnic rivalry, and reimagine ways of tackling sources of interethnic tensions. This article proposes Interethnic Contact and Integrative Peace Education Programs (ICIPEPs) to inspire reflection on and critical engagement with broader sociopolitical, ideological and historic-political issues in peace education classrooms in Rwandan universities. ICIPEPs is a broadly based, context-specific, and flexibly adaptable framework that promotes critical engagement and conscious understanding. The article discusses what peace and civic educators in Rwanda can and may need to do to ensure the contribution of ICIPEPs in peace building and societal reconstruction. The article underlines that though they need strong knowledge, pedagogical, theoretical, and value bases for participation in ICIPEPs, peace educators are expected to avail themselves to different demands and challenges by adapting reflective and engaged educational praxis.
Cabergoline in severe ectopic or occult Cushing’s syndrome
Authors: Ilie Mirela Diana , Raverot Véronique , Tronc François , Vasiljevic Alexandre , Borson-Chazot Françoise , Raverot Gérald
Published: May 2019

Context

Cabergoline has been shown to have some effect in the treatment of moderate Cushing’s disease, but its effectiveness in Cushing’s syndrome of ectopic or occult origin remains to be investigated.

Case series

In this case series, cabergoline was used in combination with steroidogenesis inhibitors in nine patients with severe Cushing’s syndrome of ectopic or occult origin. Cabergoline’s effectiveness enabled rapid withdrawal of the steroidogenesis inhibitors and long-term control of the hypercortisolism in three of the cases.

Review of the literature

In the literature, we found only 11 cases of ectopic or occult Cushing’s syndrome treated with dopamine receptor agonists, alone or in combination. Yet of these 11 cases, 10 responded.

Conclusions

Although limited, the existing experience highlights the potential value of cabergoline in the treatment of ectopic or occult Cushing’s syndrome.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Precision medicine in neuroendocrine neoplasms: an update on current management and future perspectives
Authors: Gaudenzi Germano , Dicitore Alessandra , Carra Silvia , Saronni Davide , Pozza Carlotta , Giannetta Elisa , Persani Luca , Vitale Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are traditionally considered as a single group of rare malignancies that originate from the highly spread neuroendocrine system. The clinical management is complex due to the high heterogeneity of these neoplasms in terms of clinical aggressiveness and response to the therapy. Indeed, a multidisciplinary approach is required to reach a personalization of the therapy, including cancer rehabilitation. In this review, we discuss the possibility to adopt a precision medicine (PM) approach in the management of NENs. To this purpose, we summarize current knowledge and future perspectives about biomarkers and preclinical in vitro and in vivo platforms, potentially useful to inform clinicians about the prognosis and for tailoring therapy in patients with NENs. This approach may represent a breakthrough in the therapy and tertiary prevention of these tumors.
Phospholipids of Synaptic Membranes in the Pathogenesis of Encephalopathy During Hemorrhagic Shock (Review)
Authors: Leskova G. F.
Published: May 2019

Correction of brain cell damages caused by massive blood loss is one of the urgent problems of hemorrhagic shock, which ensures the need in clarification of mechanisms of such damages with the prospect of developing strategies to restore the functional activity of neurons. Analysis of the data presented in the review suggests that the dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism underlies both structural damage of synaptic membranes and their functions, including receptor signaling, the disturbances of which lead to encephalopathy in hemorrhagic shock. Correction of synaptic membranes phospholipid composition seems to possess a potential for increasing the effectiveness of treatment of shock-induced brain function disorders.
Weed communities in the organic cultivation of fresh maize intercropped with legumes and coffee husk
Authors: Dos Santos Tamara Rocha , Cardoso Galvão João Carlos , Giehl Jeferson , Coelho Steliane Pereira , Campos Silvane De Almeida , Mendonça Beatriz Ferreira
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytosociology of the weed communities in maize intercropped with legumes and coffee husk in an organic production system, emphasizing on the relative importance of the weeds and their biomass. The experiment was implemented with the following treatments: T1 - Maize intercropped with Phaseolus vulgaris and weed mowing, T2 – maize intercropped with Crotalaria juncea and weed mowing, T3 - Maize intercropped with Canavalia ensiformis and weed mowing, T4 - Maize intercropped with Cajanus cajan and weed mowing, T5 - Maize grown on soil covered with coffee husk (100 m3 ha-1) and manual weeding and T6 - Maize grown under conventional tillage system and manual weeding (control). The treatments were performed under a random block design with five replications each. A phytosociological analysis of the weeds was performed at stages V4, V8, and R1 to determine the relative importance (RI%) and biomass. The lowest biomass (11.6 g m-2) of weeds occurred when maize was grown on soil covered with coffee husk. In total, 13 species of weeds were identified, being Cyperus rotundus L. the most prevailing species (%). From this study, it was determined that growing maize on soil covered with coffee husk is an alternative to suppress weeds in the organic fresh maize system when coffee husk is available.
Characterization, performance and level of technology adoption of the plantain agro-systems in Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Alvarez Albanés Eddie Yacir , González Gordon Roberto Antonio , Sánchez Jaiver Danilo , Castañeda Sánchez Darío Antonio
Published: May 2019

The aim of this research was to identify and evaluate socioeconomic and agronomic indicators of plantain agro-systems in 14 municipalities located in the Southwest and Urabá subregions of Antioquia. These subregions present high commitment on the plantain crop, but with different levels in its management and trade. In order to address this research 197 socio-agronomic surveys were conducted; the survey was composed by 93 questions covering the following topics: general information, sources of income, plantain crop management, marketing of the fruit and environmental management. It was found that the production of Dominico Harton in the Southwest varies between 3 and 5 t year-1. On the other hand, it was observed that 84% of the plots established with plantain crops are classified as small producers, with areas sown under 5 ha. In addition, it was determined that the farms that sold to traders, in general, presented higher gross income than those who offer to collection centers. The production of Harton in Urabá was between 7 and 23 t year-1. The lands with the highest income were those who sold their products to traders or by direct sales in the modalities fruit in cases or fruit infield, respectively. In both sub-regions, the largest proportion of the area established in plantain corresponds to the premises of peasant economy, small producers that till for the agronomic maintenance of the crops. However, the yields presented in the Southwest subregion suggest the necessity for higher technical intervention in the crop.
Influence of temperature on the occurrence of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) parasitoids in tobacco crops in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Pezzini Cleder , Silva Daniela Da Costa e , Köhler Andreas
Published: May 2019

The aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is considered one of the main pests in tobacco crops. By knowing their natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasp, is the first step to develop management strategies for the biological control of the aphids using local agents. For the success of using this tool, it must be considered some environmental factors like thermal tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to survey the occurrence of the parasitoids of M. persicae associated with tobacco crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the influence of temperature on the occurrence of these parasitoid species. During four crop seasons, tobacco leaves infested with aphids were collected in 42 cities of Rio Grande do Sul. The leaves with aphids were conditioned in plastic containers for ten days for later screening and verification of parasitoids’ emergence. In total, 2963 individuals of two emerging species were sampled: 78% were Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and 22% were Praon volucre (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Among the 42 cities sampled, the occurrence of parasitoids was detected in 25 of them. Under the conditions of this study, it was confirmed the influence of the temperature on the populations of the parasitoids of M. persicae. Individuals of P. volucre occurred preferably in temperatures below 22 °C, unlike to A. colemani, which preferred higher temperatures, above 22 °C, showing a different thermal tolerance between both species.
Competencias ciudadanas: una reconstrucción conceptual en el marco de la Educación Cívica costarricense
Authors: Arce Ramírez Henry
Published: May 2019

Este ensayo presenta la conceptualización de las competencias ciudadanas dentro del contexto educativo costarricense, mediante el análisis de posturas teóricas y prácticas de diferentes autores y una valoración del abordaje que se realiza en la dimensión de competencias ciudadanas del programa de estudio de Educación Cívica 2009. El propósito es generar espacios de reflexión de la propuesta planteada por el Ministerio de Educación Pública con relación a las competencias para la participación ciudadana activa y la convivencia democrática, así como, el impacto positivo que tienen para el fortalecimiento de la calidad de vida del estudiantado y la sociedad en general. Entre las principales conclusiones de este trabajo se destaca la coherencia que tiene la propuesta de competencias ciudadanas con los referentes teóricos y metodológicos analizados, la importancia de la mediación pedagógica, la responsabilidad de los docentes en la formación integral del estudiantado y la necesidad de ampliar este tipo de aprendizajes ciudadanos en todas las asignaturas del currículo nacional.
De “herederos y corajudos”: La imagen pública de la docencia en la prensa gráfica argentina
Authors: Iglesias Andrea
Published: May 2019

El siguiente artículo presenta las conclusiones de una investigación en la cual analizamos la construcción de la imagen pública de las personas docentes de la escuela secundaria según la prensa gráfica argentina. Si bien, la problemática docente ha tomado visibilidad en los medios masivos, en los últimos años en los países de la región, consideramos que nuestro objeto de estudio ha sido aún poco explorado dentro del campo educativo. En este sentido, y en el contexto de la obligatoriedad del nivel medio en la Argentina y la expansión del nivel superior en la región, examinamos aquí si la formación y el desempeño del cuerpo docente son elementos noticiables, teniendo en cuenta que la prensa construye representaciones que forman parte de la agenda pública e influyen en la percepción del púbico. Desde un abordaje cualitativo y una perspectiva interdisciplinaria que combina elementos de la historiografía, la sociología de los medios y el análisis crítico del discurso, realizamos un trabajo comparativo a partir de un corpus de 530 notas de tres diarios impresos de circulación nacional (La Nación, Clarín y Página 12) para el período 2000-2013. Los resultados indican quela formación y desempeño de las personas docentes están presentes en la agenda mediática. Concluimos que, en su mayoría, los diarios construyen una imagen desprestigiada y de desvalorización hacia el trabajo docente. La investigación permitió aportar las formas en que la prensa gráfica construye un discurso que deslegitima la profesión. Resta en futuras líneas de investigación indagar los efectos sobre la carrera docente que provoca dicha imagen.
Perfil lipídico y ensayos de las actividades antioxidante, insecticida y antialimentaria de la esponja marina Iotrochota birotulata (Iotrochotidae: Demospongiae)
Authors: Pastrana Franco Orlando José , Santafe Patiño Gilmar Gabriel , Sánchez Romero Emy Luz
Published: May 2019

Los mares ocupan aproximadamente tres cuartas partes de la tierra constituyendo el hábitat de una gran cantidad de especies de flora y fauna. Como parte de los organismos marinos, los phylum bioquímicamente más estudiados son Porífera, Cnidaria y más recientemente Ascomycota, de todos ellos se han aislado e identificado un gran número de compuestos químicos, los cuales han mostrado diferentes tipos de actividades biológicas, principalmente citotóxica, bactericida y antioxidante, entre otras. En esta investigación se estudió la esponja marina Iotrochota birotulata recolectada en Punta Bello-Córdoba en el Caribe colombiano lográndose determinar su perfil lipídico a partir del análisis de los correspondientes espectros de masas de sus compuestos constituyentes, fueron identificados 19 ácidos grasos, los cuales son reportados por primera vez para esta especie. Además fueron identificados 10 esteroles. Se encontraron ácidos grasos con cadenas carbonadas entre C15 y C27, mostrando una amplia diversidad estructural lo cual es característico del phylum porífera. En cuanto a los esteroles se encontraron estructuras principalmente con núcleos Δ5 y Δ7 que son los más abundantes en las esponjas. Se encontró moderada actividad antioxidante en la estabilización del catión radical ABTS+• y baja actividad en la estabilización del radical DPPH•, el mayor valor de inhibición se encontró en el extracto acuoso con un valor de IC50 de 43.9 µg/ml frente al catión radical ABTS+•, mostrando que I. birotulata puede producir compuestos con moderada actividad antioxidante. En el ensayo de actividad insecticida, se encontró afectación larval en los extractos metanólico y acuoso en todas las concentraciones y en todos los tiempos de exposición evaluados frente a Spodoptera frugiperda, también se determinó que estos extractos inducen un efecto antialimentario en las larvas como parte del mecanismo insecticida. Se determinaron las condiciones y los tiempos de exposición óptimos para la mejor eficiencia del ensayo, las cuales fueron de 3 000 µg/ml y 48 h para el extracto metanólico y 2 000 µg/ml y 24 h para el extracto acuoso, respectivamente. En conclusión, los extractos evaluados de I. birotulata mostraron moderada actividad antioxidante y buenas e interesantes actividades insecticida y antialimentaria.
Sinergias mitigación - adaptación al cambio climático en sistemas de producción de café (Coffea arabica), de Tolima, Colombia
Authors: Canal Daza Diana Skarly , Andrade Castañeda Hernan Jair
Published: May 2019

El cambio climático del planeta es generado principalmente por el incremento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) ha establecido la mitigación y adaptación como estrategias para enfrentar el cambio climático; sin embargo, ambas estrategias se han evaluado poco en conjunto. Con el objetivo de estudiar las posibles sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación, se evaluaron tres sistemas de producción de café en el municipio de Líbano: sistemas agroforestales (SAF) con Cordia allidora, SAF con plátano y monocultivos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Como indicador de mitigación se estimó la huella de carbono en la producción y procesamiento del grano; mientras que la adaptación se midió como la diversidad de hormigas presentes. Los SAF con C. allidora favorecen tanto la mitigación como la adaptación al cambio climático, tienen una huella de carbono positiva además, tienen una mayor riqueza de géneros de hormigas (12.81 vs -3.0 vs -6.4 Mg CO2e/ha/año en huella de carbono y 1.3 vs 0.6 vs 0.6 de Índice de Margalef de hormigas en SAF con C. alliodora, SAF con plátano y monocultivo, respectivamente). Los sistemas de producción agrícola, manejados de forma amigable con el medio ambiente y en asocio con árboles nativos, son una buena estrategia para implementar programas de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Incluir árboles nativos favorece económicamente a los productores, e incrementa los lugares de refugio y las condiciones mínimas de sobrevivencia, semejantes a los ecosistemas naturales para que los diferentes grupos de animales logren adaptarse a los cambios.
Onthophagus landolti and Canthon indigaceus chevrolati (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) are attracted to the feces of ivermectin-treated cattle in the Mexican tropics
Authors: Rodríguez-Vivas Roger Ivan , Basto-Estrella Gertrudis del Socorro , Reyes-Novelo Enrique , Pérez-Cogollo Luis Carlos , Arcila-Fuentes William , Ojeda-Chi Melina Maribel , Martínez-M Imelda
Published: May 2019

Ivermectin (IVM) is widely used for parasite control in livestock in the tropics. Residual IVM in feces conserves its insecticide activity for weeks and can harm dung beetle (DB) species. Attraction to the feces of IVM-treated cattle was tested using the DB species Onthophagus landolti (Harold) and Canthon indigaceus chevrolati (Harold) as models. Experiments were done under controlled laboratory conditions, semi-controlled field conditions and uncontrolled field conditions. Olfactometers were used in the controlled and semi-controlled trials. The control treatment was baited IVM-free feces, and the experimental treatments were the feces of cattle treated with 1 % IVM (subcutaneous administration; single, 0.2 mg/kg bw dosage) and collected at 5, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment. The uncontrolled field trial involved pitfall traps baited with IVM-free feces or feces from IVM-treated cattle collected five days post-treatment. Under controlled and semi-controlled conditions, the feces of IVM-treated cattle (at 5, 14, 21 or 28 days post-treatment) attracted more O. landolti and C. i. chevrolati individuals than IVM-free feces (P < 0.05). The same response occurred under uncontrolled conditions. This clear attraction for IVM-containing cattle feces by the studied DB species highlights that incorrect IVM use may pose a risk to DB communities in cattle production systems.
Regeneración de Pinus patula (Pinaceae) en ecosistemas naturales y plantaciones, en un gradiente altitudinal andino, Azuay, Ecuador
Authors: Jadán Oswaldo , Cedillo Hugo , Pillacela Priscila , Guallpa Darío , Gordillo Alexandra , Zea Pedro , Díaz Lourdes , Bermúdez Fernando , Arciniegas Andrés , Quizhpe Wilson , Vaca Carlos
Published: May 2019

Los bosques y páramos andinos poseen alta riqueza de especies, pero están amenazados constantemente por deforestación. La regeneración natural arbórea de estos ecosistemas condiciona su estructura y funcionalidad en el futuro, pero ha sido escasamente evaluada. En Los Andes del sur del Ecuador, también existen plantaciones forestales de Pinus patula (pino) abandonadas, que podrían ser escenarios para promover la regeneración natural. En un gradiente altitudinal andino, se evaluó florísticamente parámetros de la regeneración arbórea en dos escenarios de estudio: ecosistemas naturales (páramos herbáceos y bosques naturales) y plantaciones de pino. Para ello la diversidad de la regeneración fue descrita mediante la riqueza de especies, índice de Shannon y composición florística. La abundancia a través del número de individuos; estos parámetros fueron comparados en ambos escenarios. También se determinó qué variables ambientales o predictoras de: cobertura de dosel, edáficas, estructura arbórea, distancia horizontal y fisiográficas, explicaron con mayor magnitud la variación en los parámetros de la regeneración. Para ello se realizó un análisis de partición de la variación. La riqueza y diversidad de especies fueron mayores en los ecosistemas naturales, la composición florística fue diferente y su abundancia fue similar. En los ecosistemas naturales, el área basal y la densidad arbórea explicaron mayormente la variación en la riqueza, diversidad y abundancia. No así en las plantaciones de pino en donde la distancia horizontal hacia los bosques nativos fue la predictora que mayormente las explicó. La mayor diversidad de regeneración en los ecosistemas naturales (bosques) está asociada con la existencia de biotipos arbóreos, arbustivos y disponibilidad de semillas, adicionando a la eficiencia en los procesos de dispersión a nivel de micro-hábitat, aspectos que son limitantes en las plantaciones de pino, en los cuales la dispersión o disponibilidad de semillas depende de la cercanía a los ecosistemas naturales.
Do roadkill aggregations of wild and domestic mammals overlap?
Authors: Carvalho-Roel Carine Firmino , Iannini Custódio Ana Elizabeth , Marçal Júnior Oswaldo
Published: May 2019

Domestic animals are involved in a large number of traffic accidents and they represent danger to humans due to their size. Despite this, few studies consider domestic animals. That is why we evaluate mammals’ roadkill aggregations in order to locate them and to determine if wild and domestic mammals’ roadkills overlap. In addition, we investigate the influence of the landscape on the location of the aggregations. This study was carried out on the BR-050 highway, an area of Cerrado biome, in Southeastern Brazil. The monitoring was executed from April 2012 to March 2013, by car, at an average speed of 60 km/h, with two observers looking for roadkills on the highway. We found 482 mammals’ roadkills, including 260 (54 %) wild mammals, 164 (34 %) domestic and 58 (12.0 %) undetermined specimens. Of the 21 recorded mammal species, five were domestic. The wild mammals’ roadkill rate was 0.03 (± 0.02) individuals/km/day and the domestic roadkill rate was 0.02 (± 0.01). We detected roadkill aggregations for wild and domestic mammals. Roadkill hotspots of domestic mammals and wild mammals did not overlap. The variables that had the highest influence on wild mammals’ roadkill probability were: agriculture and silviculture cover as positive effects and distance to the nearest river, to the urban perimeter and to a natural fragment as negative effects. For domestic mammals these variables were: area of the smallest fragment and distance to a natural fragment as positive effects and silviculture cover as a negative effect. The explanation for the wild and domestic mammals’ roadkill hotspot non overlapping seems to be the effect of each variable in determining the roadkill hotspot since their effect is different for wild and domestic mammals. On the other hand, this non overlapping can be a result of domestic mammals’ scavenging habits. We propose different kinds of mitigation measures in order to reduce domestic and wild mammals’ roadkill.