bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shotgun proteomics of human bile in hilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Farid Shahid G. , Craven Rachel A. , Peng Jianhe , Bonney Glenn K. , Perkins David N. , Selby Peter J. , Rajendra Prasad K. , Banks Rosamonde E.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2134–2138, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000653
Identification of a novel protein isoform derived from cancer‐related splicing variants using combined analysis of transcriptome and proteome
Authors: Hatakeyama Keiichi , Ohshima Keiichi , Fukuda Yorikane , Ogura Shun‐ichiro , Terashima Masanori , Yamaguchi Ken , Mochizuki Tohru
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2275–2282, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201100016
Proteomic analysis of Escherichia coli associated with urinary tract infections
Authors: Smith Andrew , van Rooyen Jan‐Pierre , Argo Evelyn , Cash Phillip
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2283–2293, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000626
A comparative MudPIT analysis identifies different expression profiles in heart compartments
Authors: Comunian Claudio , Rusconi Francesca , De Palma Antonella , Brunetti Pietro , Catalucci Daniele , Mauri Pier L.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2320–2328, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000479
Characterizing the proteome of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by shotgun mass spectrometry
Authors: Martins‐de‐Souza Daniel , Guest Paul C. , Steeb Hannah , Pietsch Sandra , Rahmoune Hassan , Harris Laura W. , Bahn Sabine
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2347–2353, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000718
Identification of proteins secreted by head and neck cancer cell lines using LC‐MS/MS: Strategy for discovery of candidate serological biomarkers
Authors: Ralhan Ranju , Masui Olena , DeSouza Leroi V. , Matta Ajay , Macha Muzafar , Michael Siu K. W.
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2363–2376, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000186
Proteomic analysis of urinary exosomes from patients of early IgA nephropathy and thin basement membrane nephropathy
Authors: Moon Pyong‐Gon , Lee Jeong‐Eun , You Sungyong , Kim Taek‐Kyun , Cho Ji‐Hoon , Kim In‐San , Kwon Tae‐Hwan , Kim Chan‐Duck , Park Sun‐Hee , Hwang Daehee , Kim Yong‐Lim , Baek Moon‐Chang
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2011, 11, 2459–2475, DOI 10.1002/pmic.201000443
Therapeutic plasma proteins – application of proteomics in process optimization, validation, and analysis of the final product
Authors: Gaso‐Sokac Dajana , Kovac Spomenka , Clifton James , Josic Djuro
Published: October 2011

This article was originally published in Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 1104–1117, DOI 10.1002/elps.201000641
Has process safety management missed the boat?
Authors: Paradies Mark
Published: October 2011

The US Nuclear Navy has an exceptional record of reactor process safety. In over 50 years of nuclear plant operations with as many as 100 operational reactors, the Nuclear Navy has not had a single loss of life or major environmental accident because of process safety. Compare this to the record of all too frequent serious process safety accidents in industries covered by OSHA's process safety management (PSM) regulation and one may wonder, “What's caused the difference?”

Although some may say that comparing a military organization and civilian industrial facilities is impossible, this article compares Rickover's reactor process safety philosophy to the regulations and guidelines applied to industrial PSM to provide readers with potential ideas for improving the implementation of PSM. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
In situ GISAXS monitoring of Langmuir nanoparticle multilayer degradation processes induced by UV photolysis
Authors: Vegso Karol , Siffalovic Peter , Weis Martin , Jergel Matej , Benkovicova Monika , Majkova Eva , Chitu Livia , Halahovets Yuryi , Luby Stefan , Capek Ignac , Satka Alexander
Published: October 2011

In continuation of our previous studies on Langmuir nanoparticle films we prepared well‐ordered bilayer film on the air–water interface in the Langmuir–Blodgett trough. The distance of neighboring nanoparticles was adjustable by shortening the carbon chain length by UV–ozone irradiation. Kinetics of the nanoparticle reassembly in multilayer structure was monitored in time by grazing‐incidence small angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) technique. The interparticle distance determined from the first lateral peak positions decayed exponentially with characteristic time of 102 ± 13 s. The final GISAXS pattern proves nanoparticle multilayer collapse and multilayer agglomeration at the end of the UV exposition.
Antiinflammatory Effects of Traditional Korean Medicine, JinPi‐tang and Its Active Ingredient, Hesperidin in HaCaT cells
Authors: Moon Phil‐Dong , Kim Hyung‐Mim
Published: October 2011

A traditional Korean medicine, JinPi‐tang (JPT), has been used in dermatological therapeutics and cosmeceuticals including antiaging creams and moisturizers. However, it has not been clarified how JPT and its active ingredient, hesperidin (HES), regulates inflammatory reactions in HaCaT cells. Thus, the mechanisms of action of JPT and HES on inflammatory reactions were investigated for the first time in an experimental model. The antiinflammatory effects of JPT and HES in HaCaT cells were investigated by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction as well as western blot analysis. JPT and HES inhibited the H2O2‐induced interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α production as well as its mRNA expression. In addition, JPT and HES inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor‐κB, the phosphorylation of IκBα and the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, as well as the activation of cyclooxygenase‐2. The findings suggest that JPT and HES would be helpful in the treatment of UV radiation‐induced inflammatory skin diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer Attention to an Over‐the‐counter Warning in Four Different Styles of Design
Authors: Gawasane Abhishek , Bix Laura , de la Fuente Javier , Sundar Raghav Prashant , Smith Timothy J.
Published: October 2011

The study consisted of three objectives: (a) to test the relative prominence and conspicuousness of a warning required by US law to be conspicuous; (b) to explore whether or not the conspicuousness of the said warning can be enhanced graphically; and (c) to develop preliminary data for power analysis that would guide decisions related to sample size in future studies.

Seventeen subjects viewed four over‐the‐counter drug packages (each with a different style of warning) along with five other products while wearing an eye tracking device. Four styles of warning were used on the over‐the‐counter drug packages: no outline and no fill, outline and no fill, no outline and fill, and outline and fill. The surface area and the placement of the warnings were held constant across all four designs and were consistent with those on commercially available products. Collected data were broken into five zones: warning, brand name, strength, product benefit and net weight.

Despite the fact that US law requires it to be conspicuous, the tested warning was significantly less noticeable than the brand name (objective one) for all dependent variables analyzed (α = 0.05). No significant difference was indicated for the varied warning designs (objective two). This could be because not much can be done to enhance prominence when constrained to the limited space that is typically used for such warnings or because of the limited sample size. Power calculations suggest that a sample size of nearly 200 subjects would be required to detect a 2.5 s mean difference at 80% confidence (objective three). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a New Antimicrobial Active Packaging for Fresh Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Shelf Life
Authors: Galotto Maria Jose , Valenzuela Ximena , Rodriguez Francisco , Bruna Julio , Guarda Abel
Published: October 2011

Nowadays, consumers demand for fresh, high‐quality seafood products continues to climb, especially in affluent, developed nations. At the same time, there is increasing attention regarding improved utilization of seafood for human consumption; Atlantic salmon is the main species in Chile aquaculture, and most of the salmon are exported as fresh fish to USA.

It is well documented that low storage temperature inhibit bacterial growth and biochemical degradation, thus facilitating prolonged shelf life. Partly freezing the outer fillet layer from −0.5°C to −2.0°C (superchilling) has proven to be more efficient in inhibiting biochemical changes and bacterial spoilage compared with traditional chilling. Nevertheless, antimicrobial active packaging offers the possibility to increase product shelf life through the reduction of the microbiological damage of the product during its transportation, and thus increasing consumer safety and health. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of an active antimicrobial packaging on microbiological growth, sensory attributes and instrumental quality measurements of raw Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets. Flexible plastic films containing Thymol as antimicrobial agent were used for salmon packaging. Salmon were stored at 2°C, 4°C and 8°C. Analyses of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and psicrophilic bacteria count were carried out at 1, 3, 8, 11, 15 and 18 days. L*a*b* colour evolution, overall sensorial properties and chemical evolution were studied. Application of active antimicrobial packaging for fillet salmon reduced the microbial count for least 18 days at 2°C. No modification of the sensorial properties was detected by the sensorial panel, indicating that the antimicrobial compound used in the present study, thymol, is compatible with salmon packaging. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust control of robot manipulators based on uncertainty and disturbance estimation
Authors: Kolhe Jaywant P. , Shaheed Md , Chandar T.S. , Talole S.E.
Published: October 2011

In this work, uncertainty and disturbance estimation (UDE) based robust trajectory tracking controller for rigid link manipulators was proposed. The UDE was employed to estimate the composite uncertainty that comprises the effects of system nonlinearities, external disturbances, and parametric uncertainties. A feedback linearization based controller was designed for trajectory tracking, and the same was augmented by the UDE‐estimated uncertainties to achieve robustness. The resulting controller however required measurement of joint velocities apart from the joint positions. To address the issue, an observer that employed the UDE‐estimated uncertainties for robustness was proposed, giving rise to the UDE‐based controller–observer structure. Closed‐loop stability of the overall system was established. The notable feature of the proposed design was that it neither required accurate plant model nor any information about the uncertainty. Also, the design needed only joint position measurements for its implementation. To demonstrate the effectiveness, simulation results of the proposed approach as applied to the trajectory tracking control of two‐link robotic manipulator and comparison of its performance with some of the well‐known existing controllers were presented. Lastly, hardware implementation of the proposed design for trajectory control of Quanser's single‐link flexible joint module was carried out, and it was shown that the proposed strategy offered a viable approach for designing implementable robust controllers for robots. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐interpreting Organization Design in the Light of Enacted Cognition Theory
Authors: Magalhaes Rodrigo
Published: October 2011

This paper discusses how the concept of organization design can be made more relevant if treated as a process of social cognition. It is argued that Varela's enactive cognition approach throws new light on organization design given the way it views the relationship between the system and its environment. In highlighting that any cognitive entity develops its own internal perspective and that it is that perspective which mediates the relationship between the system and its environment, the notion of environmental contingency loses much of its sense. Using this approach as the main intellectual backdrop, as well as the principles behind the social construction of organization, a new systemic model of organization design is put forward. It features a cycle of four key organizational elements (strategic choice, domains of interaction, identity formation and shared meanings) shaped by two types of design rules (procedural/generative and practice based). These elements are interpreted in terms of the key features of enactivism (embodiment, sensemaking, experience, emergence and autonomy) and discussed in the light of extant literature on organization design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viability of Psychological Panarchy: Thought as an Ecology
Authors: Varey William
Published: October 2011

This article considers recent research from the cognitive sciences and developmental psychology and parallels with the characterization of complex ecologies as panarchy systems. Its aim is to assess the viability of the application of panarchy theory to the ecology of human thought. This research suggests that psychosystems, like ecosystems, might be more clearly understood by using panarchy systems principles. Five distinctive features of a panarchy research enquiry are considered to examine the viability of their application to the psychological dynamics operating in complex human social systems. The observation offered is that a detailed theory of psychological panarchy dynamics may provide useful explanations of the role of thought in the intersection between human psychology and socio‐ecological systems. The study concludes that a theory of psychological panarchy is viable, and necessary, if the roles of the observer and the observed are to be understood when enabling the viability, stability and resiliency of complex human societies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopac distribution and regulation in striatal dopaminergic varicosities and extracellular space
Authors: Wallace Lane J. , Traeger Jessica S.
Published: October 2011

DOPAC, the major intermediate metabolite of dopamine, is found in the cytosolic compartment of dopaminergic terminals/varicosities and in the extracellular space. It has been proposed that extracellular DOPAC is derived from newly synthesized dopamine rather than from dopamine in the signaling pool. On the basis of literature data supporting such a concept, we hypothesize a DOPAC synthesis/secretory complex producing extracellular DOPAC and use a computational simulation model of dopaminergic varicosities to estimate the distribution of DOPAC between cytosolic and extracellular compartments, amount of newly synthesized dopamine entering the DOPAC synthesis/secretory complex, and potential regulatory processes in the complex. Results suggest that about two‐thirds of DOPAC is in the extracellular space. Approximately one‐third of newly synthesized dopamine is immediately processed to DOPAC, which is then secreted into extracellular space. Extracellular DOPAC concentration is approximately 300 times higher than extracellular dopamine, and cytosolic DOPAC is ∼18‐fold higher than cytosolic dopamine. We suggest that the high levels of extracellular DOPAC coupled with evidence for its production from newly synthesized dopamine imply the existence of an as yet undiscovered regulatory/signaling role for DOPAC. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Systems Multiple‐Domain Matrix: An organizing framework for modeling large‐scale complex systems
Authors: Bartolomei Jason E. , Hastings Daniel E. , de Neufville Richard , Rhodes Donna H.
Published: October 2011

The scope and complexity of engineered systems are ever‐increasing as burgeoning global markets, unprecedented technological capabilities, rising consumer expectations, and ever‐changing social requirements present difficult design challenges that often extend beyond the traditional engineering paradigm. These challenges require engineers and technical managers to treat the technological systems as a part of a larger whole. Existing system modeling frameworks are limited in scope for representing the information about engineering systems. This paper presents a conceptual framework and an improved modeling framework for engineering systems. Its value is that it allows engineers and managers an improved means to visually arrange information and structure discourse in a way that facilitates better systems engineering. It augments the existing literature by providing a clear and concise framework for an engineering system, and provides a methodology for engineers to tag and organize systems information in ways that allow for better collection, storage, processing, and analysis of systems engineering data. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response function of the CdZnTe SPEAR detector
Authors: Marwaha L. , Tondeur F.
Published: October 2011

The response function of the SPEAR CdZnTe detector developed by eV Microelectronics was studied in detail. This compact detector includes a CdZnTe crystal and a preamplifier. It is operational at room temperature. The energy range of the detector is between 10 keV and 1 MeV, and its relative resolution is less than 4% at 122 keV. The goal of our study was to establish an empirical analytical approximation of the response function to be used in Monte Carlo simulations (e.g. for spectrum unfolding). Various radionuclides were used for the study. The energy spectrum obtained from the detector not only showed smooth peaks but also had a tail on the low‐energy side of the peak. This tail part was more prominent at higher energies. By using the experimental spectrum for various nuclides such as 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co and 137Cs, the parameters required to replicate the experimental response with a peak plus exponential model were evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of climate change on the phenology of winter birds in Yokohama, Japan
Authors: Kobori Hiromi , Kamamoto Takuya , Nomura Hayashi , Oka Kohei , Primack Richard
Published: October 2011

Observations made largely from summer breeding sites in Europe and North America have been used to document the effects of climate change on many bird species. We extend these studies by examining 23 years of observations between 1986 and 2008 of six winter bird species made by citizens at a city park in Yokohama, Japan. Bird species arrive in autumn and spend the winter in the area, before departing in the late winter or spring. On average, birds species are arriving 9 days later than in the past and are departing on average 21 days earlier, meaning that the average duration of their stay in Yokohama is about 1 month shorter now than in the past. Patterns of changes over time varied among species, but departure dates changed for more species than did arrival dates. Dates of departure and arrival were sometimes correlated with monthly average temperatures—later arrivals and earlier departures were associated with warmer temperatures. In addition, interannual variation in arrival and departure dates were strongly correlated across species, suggesting that species were responding to the same or similar environmental cues. This study provides a clear demonstration of the value of using citizens to make observations that contribute to research in climate change biology.
Organization of multimedia data for conceptual search based on ontologies
Authors: de Paula Luciano Bernardes , Villaça Rodolfo da Silva , Magalhães Maurício Ferreira
Published: October 2011

Nowadays, there is a large volume of semantically annotated multimedia data available in the Semantic Web. These data have originated from several different sources, generating new issues about their storage and retrieval. In this scenario, simple ontologies are commonly used to define knowledge domains and classify data into concepts, establishing relations between them. Such conceptual relationship may be measured by a similarity function which allows the search to be performed by similarity in an indexing system. The contribution of this paper is to propose how to organize multimedia data using this conceptual classification in LSH (Locality Sensitive Hashing) functions, facilitating the conceptual search in distributed systems like P2P networks.
Exploring Regional Differences in Chinese Consumer Acceptance of New Mobile Technology: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Song Jinzhu , Drennan Judy C. , Andrews Lynda M.
Published: October 2011

This study examines consumer adoption of 3G mobile technology in China. The qualitative study involved 45 in-depth interviews undertaken in three major Chinese cities to explore the beliefs and attitudes which determine Chinese consumers’ acceptance of the mobile technological innovation. The findings are compared and contrasted against those reported in Western studies. The variations underpinning adoption of 3G between consumers in the three regional cities were identified. Specifically, it was found that the regions differed in terms of the relative importance of the identified adoption determinants, such as perceived social outcomes for using the innovation and the effects of social influence on the adoption. These findings provide subtle insight into the nature of Chinese consumers’ responses to new mobile technologies and a better understanding of variations among regional Chinese consumers.
Comparison of 2- and 3-Dimensional Shoulder Ultrasound to Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Community Hospital for the Detection of Supraspinatus Rotator Cuff Tears with Improved Worktime Room Efficiency
Authors: Co Steven , Bhalla Sonny , Rowan Kevin , Aippersbach Sven , Bicknell Simon
Published: October 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether 3-dimensional (3D) volumetric acquisition of shoulder ultrasound (US) data for supraspinatus rotator cuff tears is as sensitive when compared with conventional 2-dimensional (2D) US and routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whether there is improved workroom time efficiency when using the 3D technique compared with the 2D technique.

Methods

In this prospective study, 39 shoulders underwent US and MRI examination of their rotator cuff to confirm the accuracy of both the 2D and 3D techniques. The difference in sensitivities was compared by using confidence interval analysis. The mean times required to obtain the 2D and 3D US data and to review the scans were compared by using a 1-tailed Wilcoxon test.

Results

Sensitivity and specificity of 2D US in detecting supraspinatus full- and partial-thickness tears was 100% and 96%, and 80% and 100%, respectively, and similar values were obtained with 3D US at 100% and 100%, and 90% and 96.6%, respectively. Analysis of the confidence limits of the sensitivities showed no significant difference. The mean time (± SD) of the overall 2D examination of the shoulder, including interpretation was 10.02 ± 3.28 minutes, whereas, for the 3D examination, it was 7.08 ± 0.35 minutes. Comparison between the 2 cohorts when using a 1-tailed Wilcoxon test showed a statistically significant difference ( P < .05).

Conclusion

3D US of the shoulder is as accurate as 2D US when compared with MRI for the diagnosis of full- and partial-thickness supraspinatus rotator cuff tears, and 3D US examination significantly reduced the time between the initial scan and the radiologist interpretation, ultimately improving workplace efficiency.
Dietary glycaemic load and intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in 1040 hospitalised adult Chinese subjects
Authors: Lv Li , Yao Yushi , Wang Lei
Published: October 2011

Metabolic diseases in China have been on the rise during recent decades. To investigate dietary glycaemic load (GL) and its correlation with the prevalence of metabolic diseases in hospitalised Chinese adults, we analysed the total energy and macronutrient intakes in 1040 patients. Dietary GL was calculated based upon glycaemic index (GI), carbohydrate content and daily intake of individual foods. Dietary patterns at different dietary GL levels and the distribution of dietary GL were analysed in patients from the internal medical departments v. those from surgical departments. Height and weight were measured using a standardised protocol. The present study results demonstrated that in hospitalised adults, 95·5 % of dietary GL came from cereals. Average GL was higher in male patients than in female patients, and was higher in patients from surgical departments than in patients from medical departments. Patients with lower dietary GL consumed inadequate carbohydrates and excessive fats, and therefore had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. Dietary GL analysis may be helpful to nutrition assessment and rational diet intervention in hospitalised Chinese patients.
Toll-like receptors 1–9 are elevated in livers with fructose-induced hepatic steatosis
Authors: Wagnerberger Sabine , Spruss Astrid , Kanuri Giridhar , Volynets Valentina , Stahl Carolin , Bischoff Stephan C. , Bergheim Ina
Published: October 2011

Studies in animals and human subjects indicate that gut-derived bacterial endotoxins may play a critical role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, we investigated if the liver is also sensitised by other microbial components during the onset of fructose-induced steatosis in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were either fed with 30 % fructose solution or tap water (control) with or without antibiotics for 8 weeks. Expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)1–9, TNF-α, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and number of F4/80 positive cells in the liver were assessed. Occludin protein, DNA of microbiota in the small and large intestine and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) in plasma were analysed using Western blot, DNA fingerprinting and ELISA, respectively. F4/80 positive cells were determined by immunohistochemistry. The accumulation of TAG found in the livers of fructose-fed mice was associated with a significant induction of TLR 1–4 and 6–8. Plasma RBP4 concentration and hepatic mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, iNOS, MyD88 and number of F4/80 positive cells of fructose-fed animals were significantly higher than those of controls; however, these effects of fructose were attenuated in antibiotic-treated mice. Whereas protein concentration of occludin was lower in the duodenum of fructose-treated mice, no systematic alterations of microbiota were found in this part of the intestine. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that (1) an increased intestinal translocation of microbial components and (2) an increased number of F4/80 positive cells and induction of several TLR and dependent pathways (e.g. MyD88 and iNOS) may be involved in the onset of fructose-induced NAFLD.
Seasonality of the dietary dimension of household food security in urban Burkina Faso
Authors: Becquey Elodie , Delpeuch Francis , Konaté Amadou M. , Delsol Hervé , Lange Matthias , Zoungrana Mahama , Martin-Prevel Yves
Published: October 2011

Food insecurity is affecting an increasing number of urban poor in the developing world. Yet seasonal characteristics of food intakes have rarely been studied in West African cities. The objective of the present study was to assess the seasonality of the dietary dimension of household food security in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). In 2007, two sets of data were collected during the lean and post-harvest seasons, respectively, on a representative sample of 1056 households. At each season, two non-consecutive 24 h recalls were performed at the household level. Food prices were also recorded. Household food security was assessed by the household's mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for energy and eleven micronutrients. Changes in the MAR according to the season were analysed by mixed multivariate linear regression. Results showed that intakes of energy and of ten micronutrients were significantly lower during the lean season than during the post-harvest season, leading to a lower MAR in the lean season (49·61 v. 53·57, P < 0·0001). This was related to less frequent consumption and consumption of smaller amounts of vegetables and of foods prepared at home. Food security relied heavily on food expenses (P < 0·0001) and on the price of meat/fish (P = 0·026). Households with economically dependent adults (P = 0·021) and larger households (P < 0·0001) were the most vulnerable, whereas education (P = 0·030), social network (P = 0·054) and urban origin other than Ouagadougou (P = 0·040) played a positive role in food security. To achieve food security in Ouagadougou, access to micronutrient-dense foods needs to be ensured in all seasons.
Evaluation of general nutrition knowledge in elite Australian athletes
Authors: Spendlove Jessica K. , Heaney Susan E. , Gifford Janelle A. , Prvan Tania , Denyer Gareth S. , O'Connor Helen T.
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate and benchmark the level of general nutrition knowledge in elite Australian athletes (EA) against a similar aged community (CM) and criterion sample with dietetic training (DT). EA (n175), CM (n116) and DT (n53) completed the General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (GNKQ), which assesses four domains (sections A–D) of general nutrition knowledge (section A: dietary guidelines; section B: sources of nutrients; section C: choosing everyday foods; section D: diet–disease relationships). Age, sex and education level were collected in all groups, and athletic calibre and sport type (team or individual) in EA. Dietitians and nutrition scientists (n53) re-examined the GNKQ for content validity, resulting in instrument revision (R-GNKQ; ninety-six items). Psychometric assessment (internal consistency: Cronbach-α; test–retest: Spearman rank correlation) was performed in a sub-sample (n28). Independentttests, ANOVA and ANCOVA (χ2for categorical variables) were used to assess between-group differences. DT scored higher than EA and CM in all sub-sections and overall (P < 0·005). EA scored lower than CM in GNKQ for section B (P < 0·005) and overall (P < 0·005), and in R-GNKQ for section B (P < 0·005), section C (P < 0·005), section D (P = 0·006) and overall (P < 0·005). Overall score was influenced by age (P = 0·036 for GNKQ:P = 0·053 for R-GNKQ), sex (P = 0·016 for GNKQ:P = 0·003 for R-GNKQ) and athletic calibre (P = 0·029 for R-GNKQ only), but not level of education, living situation or ethnicity. EA and CM performed best on section A and worst on D. EA had lower overall general knowledge scores than CM. This was significantly influenced by age and sex.
Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterol sterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Authors: Casas-Agustench Patricia , Serra Mercè , Pérez-Heras Ana , Cofán Montserrat , Pintó Xavier , Trautwein Elke A. , Ros Emilio
Published: October 2011

Plant sterol (PS)-supplemented foods are recommended to help in lowering serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Few studies have examined the efficacy of PS-enriched skimmed milk (SM) or semi-SM enriched with vegetable fat (PS-VFM). There is also insufficient information on factors predictive of LDL-C responses to PS. We examined the effects of PS-SM (0·1 % dairy fat) and PS-VFM (0·1 % dairy fat plus 1·5 % vegetable fat) on serum lipids and non-cholesterol sterols in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. In a placebo-controlled, crossover study, forty-three subjects with LDL-C>1300 mg/l were randomly assigned to three 4-week treatment periods: control SM, PS-SM and PS-VFM, with 500 ml milk with or without 3·4 g PS esters (2 g free PS). Serum concentrations of lipids and non-cholesterol sterols were measured. Compared to control, LDL-C decreased by 8·0 and 7·4 % (P < 0·015, both) in the PS-SM and PS-VFM periods, respectively. Serum lathosterol:cholesterol (C) ratios increased by 11–25 %, while sitosterol:C and campesterol:C ratios increased by 70–120 % with both the PS-fortified milk. Adjusted LDL-C reductions were variably enhanced in participants with basal low serum lathosterol/C or conversely high sitosterol/C and campesterol/C. Subjects with post-treatment serum PS:C ratios above the median showed mean LDL-C changes of − 5·9 to − 10·4 %, compared with 1·7 to − 2·9 % below the median. In conclusion, consumption of 2 g/d of PS as PS-SM and PS-VFM lowered LDL-C in hypercholesterolaemic subjects to a similar extent. Basal and post-treatment changes in markers of cholesterol metabolism indicating low cholesterol synthesis and high cholesterol absorption predicted improved LDL-C responses to PS.
A large-scale intervention to introduce orange sweet potato in rural Mozambique increases vitamin A intakes among children and women
Authors: Hotz Christine , Loechl Cornelia , de Brauw Alan , Eozenou Patrick , Gilligan Daniel , Moursi Mourad , Munhaua Bernardino , van Jaarsveld Paul , Carriquiry Alicia , Meenakshi J. V.
Published: October 2011

β-Carotene-rich orange sweet potato (OSP) has been shown to improve vitamin A status of infants and young children in controlled efficacy trials and in a small-scale effectiveness study with intensive exposure to project inputs. However, the potential of this important food crop to reduce the risk of vitamin A deficiency in deficient populations will depend on the ability to distribute OSP vines and promote its household production and consumption on a large scale. In rural Mozambique, we conducted a randomised, controlled effectiveness study of a large-scale intervention to promote household-level OSP production and consumption using integrated agricultural, demand creation/behaviour change and marketing components. The following two intervention models were compared: a low-intensity (1 year) and a high-intensity (nearly 3 years) training model. The primary nutrition outcomes were OSP and vitamin A intakes by children 6–35 months and 3–5·5 years of age, and women. The intervention resulted in significant net increases in OSP intakes (model 1: 46, 48 and 97 g/d) and vitamin A intakes (model 1: 263, 254 and 492 μg retinol activity equivalents/d) among the younger children, older children and women, respectively. OSP accounted for 47–60 % of all sweet potato consumed and, among reference children, provided 80 % of total vitamin A intakes. A similar magnitude of impact was observed for both models, suggesting that group-level trainings in nutrition and agriculture could be limited to the first project year without compromising impact. Introduction of OSP to rural, sweet potato-producing communities in Mozambique is an effective way to improve vitamin A intakes.
Oral administration of insulin-like growth factor-I from colostral whey reduces blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Authors: Hwang Kyung-A , Hwang Yu-Jin , Ha Woelkyu , Choo Young-Kug , Ko Kisung
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of the insulin-like growth factor-I-rich fraction (IGF-I-RF) from bovine colostral whey on the regulation of blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. We obtained a peptide fraction containing IGF-I (10 ng/mg protein) from Holstein colostrum within 24 h after parturition by using ultrafiltration. The blood glucose levels of STZ-induced diabetic mice fed with IGF-I-RF (50 μg/kg per d) were significantly reduced by 11 and 33 % at weeks 2 and 4, respectively (P < 0·05). The body weights of STZ-induced diabetic mice increased following the oral administration of the IGF-I-RF. The kidney weights of STZ-induced diabetic mice decreased significantly (P < 0·05) following the administration of the IGF-I-RF, and the liver weights of STZ-induced diabetic mice decreased significantly (P < 0·05) following the administration of 50 μg/kg per d of the IGF-I-RF. The present results indicate that the IGF-I-RF obtained from Holstein colostrum could be a useful component for an alternative therapeutic modality for the treatment of diabetes in insulin-resistant patients.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Pseudococcidae surveyed on crops and ornamental plants in Spain
Authors: Beltrà A. , Soto A. , Malausa T.
Published: October 2011

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are common invasive pests in Europe, causing major problems on crops and ornamental plants. However, very few data are available concerning the mealybug fauna of southern Europe. This lack of data and the difficulty of identifying mealybugs morphologically by traditional techniques currently limit the perspectives for efficient specific pest management. The aim of this study was to provide multi-criterion characterization of mealybugs surveyed in eastern Spain in order to facilitate their routine identification through DNA sequencing or the use of derived species-specific molecular tools. We characterised 33 mealybug populations infesting crops and ornamental plants in eastern Spain, using a combination of molecular and morphological techniques, including the sequencing of the universal barcode DNA region cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). This characterisation has led to the identification of ten species and provides sequence data for three previously unsequenced species, contributing to the phylogenetic knowledge of the family Pseudococcidae. In addition, the intraspecific variations found in the populations of five mealybug species provide insight into their invasion history.
Explaining Mass Support for Agricultural Protectionism: Evidence from a Survey Experiment During the Global Recession
Authors: Naoi Megumi , Kume Ikuo
Published: October 2011

Why are citizens in advanced industrialized countries willing to accept high prices for agricultural products? Conventional wisdom suggests that agricultural interests secure government protection because producers are concentrated and better politically organized than diffused consumers. Due to its focus on producer capacity for collective action, however, the literature fails to account for the high levels of mass support for agricultural protectionism in advanced industrialized nations. This article presents new evidence from a survey experiment in Japan conducted during the recent global recession (December 2008) that accounts for this puzzle. Using randomly assigned visual stimuli, the experiment activates respondents' identification with either producer or consumer interests and proceeds to ask attitudinal questions regarding food imports. The results suggest that consumer priming has no reductive or additive effects on the respondents' support for liberalizing food imports. Surprisingly, producer priming increases respondents' opposition to food import, particularly among those who fear future job insecurity. We further disentangle the puzzling finding that consumers think like producers on the issue of food import along two mechanisms: “sympathy” for farmers and “projection” of their own job insecurity. The results lend strong support to the projection hypothesis.
Explaining External Support for Insurgent Groups
Authors: Salehyan Idean , Gleditsch Kristian Skrede , Cunningham David E.
Published: October 2011

Many rebel organizations receive significant assistance from external governments, yet the reasons why some rebels attract foreign support while others do not is poorly understood. We analyze factors determining external support for insurgent groups from a principal-agent perspective. We focus on both the supply side, that is, when states are willing to support insurgent groups in other states, and the demand side, that is, when groups are willing to accept such support, with the conditions that this may entail. We test our hypotheses using new disaggregated data on insurgent groups and foreign support. Our results indicate that external rebel support is influenced by characteristics of the rebel group as well as linkages between rebel groups and actors in other countries. More specifically, we find that external support is more likely for moderately strong groups where support is more likely to be offered and accepted, in the presence of transnational constituencies, international rivalries, and when the government receives foreign support.
Older women and their representations of old age: a qualitative analysis
Authors: QUÉNIART ANNE , CHARPENTIER MICHÈLE
Published: October 2011

In this article we shall be analysing the representations of old age and ageing made by three generations of older women with different life stories (single, married, children and childless). Our principal findings, based on a qualitative analysis of 25 in-depth interviews conducted with three generations of older women (65–74, 75–84 and 85 and older), mainly reveal their reluctance and even refusal to define themselves as ‘older or elderly women’, largely due to persistent stereotypes linking old age to dependency, social isolation and fragility. Aware of the social prejudice regarding women and old age, they reject it unanimously. Older women represent a challenge to these homogenising preconceptions of old age, which they, on the contrary, experience in a multitude of ways, often enjoyable. Their conceptions of ‘ageing well’ are diverse and do not correspond to a clinical definition of ageing. Their representations of ‘ageing well’ and of ageing express positive values of autonomy, independence, consistency and integrity, maintenance of physical and intellectual health, and being socially active so they can ‘stay in the swing of things’, in the continuum of their lives and future projects, rather breaking with contemporary life or existing on the margins of society.
REASSURANCE FOR THE LOGIC OF PARADOX
Authors: CRABBÉ MARCEL
Published: October 2011

Counterexamples to reassurance relative to a “less inconsistent” relation between models of the logic of paradox are provided. Another relation, designed to fix the problem in logic without equality, is introduced and discussed in connection with the issue of classical recapture.
STEM on the radio
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

Looking for an Internet radio station focusing on programing about science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM)? The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) announced on 26 September the launch of Science360 Radio, which it says is the first Internet radio stream dedicated to STEM programing. Science360 includes more than 100 radio shows and podcasts that are available on the Web as well as on iPhone and Android devices. The shows originate from a variety of sources, including NSF, other U.S. government agencies, science organizations, universities, and media outlets. For more information, seehttp://science360.gov/files/.
Real‐time stream gage information for smartphones
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

WaterAlert, a service of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), sends text or e‐mail messages to smartphones about rising levels of nearby rivers and streams. The service also can provide updates about groundwater levels, water temperatures, rainfall, and water quality from more than 7000 USGS real‐time stream gages around the country. “WaterAlert can be used by emergency managers and the general public alike as a first alert for a developing flood,” according to Bill Werkheiser, USGS associate director for water. For more information, see http://water.usgs.gov/wateralert.
Space trophy nominations sought
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: October 2011

The Rotary National Award for Space Achievement (RNASA) Foundation is soliciting nominations for its 2012 trophy. The trophy recognizes an outstanding American who has made major contributions to the U.S. space program. Previous awardees include astronaut Neil Armstrong and President George H. W. Bush. Nominations are due by 6 November 2011. For more information, see http://www.rnasa.org/trophy.html or contact chairman@rnasa.org.
Jarvis L. Moyers (1943–2011)
Authors: Duce Robert A. , Schmoltner Ann‐Marie , Keene William C.
Published: October 2011

Jarvis L. Moyers, former director of the Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and long‐term supporter and mentor for atmospheric scientists and, in particular, atmospheric chemists, passed away in Silver Spring, Md., on 22 June 2011. He had been a member of AGU for many years and, at the upcoming Fall Meeting, will be presented posthumously with the 2011 AGU Edward A. Flinn III Award for “unselfish cooperation in research through facilitating, coordinating, and implementing activities.” No one could be more deserving of such an award. His long and distinguished tenure at NSF began as a rotator in the Research Applied to National Needs program in 1976, and he returned to NSF permanently in 1983 as program director for Atmospheric Chemistry. Later he served as section head of the Lower Atmosphere Research section, head of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Facilities section, director of the Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, and acting assistant director for Geosciences at NSF. In 2006, he received the Presidential Distinguished Rank Award “for his outstanding leadership and exemplary record of achievement in service to the nation's science and engineering enterprise.”
Theory and observations of subglacial water
Authors: Oswald Gordon , Hooke Roger
Published: October 2011

Castine Workshop on Subglacial Thaw and Ice Dynamics; Castine, Maine, 24–25 May 2011 New radar data on the distribution of water beneath the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets motivated a meeting of theoreticians, ice sheet modelers, and field glaciologists. The workshop was supported by the University of Maine Climate Change Institute (CCI), the University of Kansas Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (CReSIS), and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs.
Exploring geophysical processes influencing U.S. West Coast precipitation and water supply
Authors: Ralph F. Martin , Prather Kim , Cayan Dan
Published: October 2011

CalWater Science Workshop; La Jolla, California, 8–10 June 2011 CalWater is a multiyear, multiagency research project with two primary research themes: the effects of changing climate on atmospheric rivers (ARs) and associated extreme events, and the potential role of aerosols in modulating cloud properties and precipitation, especially regarding orographic precipitation and water supply. Advances made in CalWater have implications for both water supply and flood control in California and other West Coast areas, both in the near term and in a changing climate.
Integrating empirical studies and global models to improve climate change predictions
Authors: Batterman Sarah A. , Larsen Klaus Steenberg
Published: October 2011

CLIMMANI/INTERFACE Joint Workshop: Nutrient Constraints on the Net Carbon Balance; Keflavik, Iceland, 15–17 June 2011 A challenge to improving predictions of the consequences of climate change is bringing empiricists and theoreticians together to work toward common goals. Critical to this challenge is ensuring that novel, process‐based information is incorporated into the land surface portion of Earth system models and, at the same time, that field‐based experiments are designed to explore model weaknesses. The Integrated Network for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research on Feedbacks to the Atmosphere and Climate (INTERFACE) and Climate Change: Manipulation Experiments in Terrestrial Ecosystems (ClimMani) joint meeting in Iceland fostered interdisciplinary interaction among land modelers, biogeochemists, and ecologists while focusing on nutrient constraints on the net carbon budget. Discussions at the meeting aimed to identify the status of current knowledge, major knowledge gaps, and the steps needed to move forward.