bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired Protein Quality Control During Left Ventricular Remodeling in Mice With Cardiac Restricted Overexpression of Tumor Necrosis Factor
Authors: Hartupee Justin , Szalai Gabor D. , Wang Wei , Ma Xiucui , Diwan Abhinav , Mann Douglas L.
Published: December 2017

Background:

Sustained inflammation in the heart is sufficient to provoke left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling. Although inflammation has been linked to many of the biological changes responsible for adverse left ventricular remodeling, the relationship between inflammation and protein quality control in the heart is not well understood.

Methods and Results:

To study the relationship between chronic inflammation and protein quality control, we used a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy driven by cardiac restricted overexpression of TNF (tumor necrosis factor;
Myh6
-sTNF).
Myh6
-sTNF mice develop protein aggregates containing ubiquitin-tagged proteins within cardiac myocytes related to proteasome dysfunction and impaired autophagy. The 26S proteasome was dysfunctional despite normal function of the core 20S subunit. We found an accumulation of autophagy substrates in
Myh6
-sTNF mice, which were also seen in tissue from patients with end-stage heart failure. Moreover, there was evidence of impaired autophagosome clearance after chloroquine administration in these mice indicative of impaired autophagic flux. Finally, there was increased mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation, which has been linked to inhibition of both the proteasome and autophagy.

Conclusions:

Myh6
-sTNF mice with sustained inflammatory signaling develop proteasome dysfunction and impaired autophagic flux that is associated with enhanced mTORC1 activation.
MicroRNA-100 Suppresses Chronic Vascular Inflammation by Stimulation of Endothelial Autophagy
Authors: Pankratz Franziska , Hohnloser Catherine , Bemtgen Xavier , Jaenich Caterina , Kreuzaler Sheena , Hoefer Imo , Pasterkamp Gerard , Mastroianni Justin , Zeiser Robert , Smolka Christian , Schneider Laura , Martin Julien , Juschkat Maike , Helbing Thomas , Moser Martin , Bode Christoph , Grundmann Sebastian
Published: December 2017

Rationale:

The interaction of circulating cells within the vascular wall is a critical event in chronic inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis, but the control of the vascular inflammatory state is still largely unclear.

Objective:

This study was undertaken to characterize the function of the endothelial-enriched microRNA miR-100 during vascular inflammation and atherogenesis.

Methods and Results:

Based on a transcriptome analysis of endothelial cells after miR-100 overexpression, we identified miR-100 as a potent suppressor of endothelial adhesion molecule expression, resulting in attenuated leukocyte–endothelial interaction in vitro and in vivo as shown by flow cytometry and intravital imaging. Mechanistically, miR-100 directly repressed several components of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-signaling, including mammalian target of rapamycin and raptor, which resulted in a stimulation of endothelial autophagy and attenuated nuclear factor κB signaling in vitro and in vivo. In a low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient atherosclerotic mouse model, pharmacological inhibition of miR-100 resulted in enhanced plaque lesion formation and a higher macrophage content of the plaque, whereas a systemic miR-100 replacement therapy had protective effects and attenuated atherogenesis, resulting in a decrease of plaque area by 45%. Finally, analysis of miR-100 expression in >70 samples obtained during carotid endarterectomy revealed that local miR-100 expression was inversely correlated with inflammatory cell content in patients.

Conclusions:

In summary, we describe an anti-inflammatory function of miR-100 in the vascular response to injury and inflammation and identify an important novel modulator of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and autophagy in the vascular system. Our findings of miR-100 as a potential protective anti-athero-miR suggest that the therapeutic replacement of this microRNA could be a potential strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, in the future.
Cardiac Insulin Signaling Regulates Glycolysis Through Phosphofructokinase 2 Content and Activity
Authors: Bockus Lee B. , Matsuzaki Satoshi , Vadvalkar Shraddha S. , Young Zachary T. , Giorgione Jennifer R. , Newhardt Maria F. , Kinter Michael , Humphries Kenneth M.
Published: December 2017

Background

The healthy heart has a dynamic capacity to respond and adapt to changes in nutrient availability. Diabetes mellitus disrupts this metabolic flexibility and promotes cardiomyopathy through mechanisms that are not completely understood. Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK‐2) is a primary regulator of cardiac glycolysis and substrate selection, yet its regulation under normal and pathological conditions is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine how changes in insulin signaling affect PFK‐2 content, activity, and cardiac metabolism.

Methods and Results

Streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus, high‐fat diet feeding, and fasted mice were used to identify how decreased insulin signaling affects PFK‐2 and cardiac metabolism. Primary adult cardiomyocytes were used to define the mechanisms that regulate PFK‐2 degradation. Both type 1 diabetes mellitus and a high‐fat diet induced a significant decrease in cardiac PFK‐2 protein content without affecting its transcript levels. Overnight fasting also induced a decrease in PFK‐2, suggesting it is rapidly degraded in the absence of insulin signaling. An unbiased metabolomic study demonstrated that decreased PFK‐2 in fasted animals is accompanied by an increase in glycolytic intermediates upstream of phosphofructokianse‐1, whereas those downstream are diminished. Mechanistic studies using cardiomyocytes showed that, in the absence of insulin signaling, PFK‐2 is rapidly degraded via both proteasomal‐ and chaperone‐mediated autophagy.

Conclusions

The loss of PFK‐2 content as a result of reduced insulin signaling impairs the capacity to dynamically regulate glycolysis and elevates the levels of early glycolytic intermediates. Although this may be beneficial in the fasted state to conserve systemic glucose, it represents a pathological impairment in diabetes mellitus.
“A Means of Removing Them Further from Us”: The Struggle for Waterpower on New England's Eastern Frontier
Authors: Bennett Zachary M.
Published: December 2017

This article reframes the Anglo-Wabanaki wars as conflicts fought over river energy. Beginning in the 1680s, Massachusetts officials began building forts away from settlements and next to waterfalls to control prime fishing and portage sites. These river forts, particularly one at Pejepscot Falls in Brunswick, Maine, would trigger conflict more than colonial encroachments on Wabanaki land.
Two replacement names of the genus group of Micronoctuini and a new species of the genus Tentaxus Han & Kononenko from Sabah, East Malaysia (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Hypenodinae). Taxonomic study of Micronoctuini. Contribution I.
Authors: HAN H.L. , KONONENKO V.S.
Published: December 2017

Two replacement names of the genus group in Micronoctuini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Hypenodinae), Tentaxus nom. nov. pro Tentax Fibiger 2011 (unavailable name) and Flaxus nom. nov. pro Flax Fibiger 2011 (unavailable name) are proposed; 43 new conbinations (comb. nov.) are stated. A new species T. zhangweiweii Han & Kononenko, sp. nov. is described from Borneo (Sabah, East Malaysia).
Determination of the Ice Particle Size Distributions Using Observations as the Integrated Constraints
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron
Published: December 2017

The possibility is suggested of estimating particle size distributions (PSD) solely based on the bulk quantities of the hydrometeors. The method, inspired by the maximum entropy principle, can be applied to any predefined general PSD form as long as the number of the free parameters is equal to or less than that of the bulk quantities available. As long as an adopted distribution is “physically based,” these bulk characterizations can recover a fairly accurate PSD estimate.

This method is tested for ice particle measurements from the Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling Experiment (TC4). The total particle number, total mass, and mean size are taken as bulk quantities. The gamma distribution and two distributions obtained under the maximum entropy principle by taking the size and the particle mass, respectively, as a restriction variable are adopted for fit. The fitting error for the two maximum entropy–based distributions is comparable to that of a standard direct fitting method with the gamma distribution. The same procedure works almost equally well when the mean size is removed from the constraint, especially for an exponential distribution.

The results suggest that the total particle number and the total mass of the hydrometeors are sufficient for determining the PSD to a reasonable accuracy when a “physically based” distribution is assumed. In addition to the in situ cloud measurements, remote sensing measurements such as those from radar as well as satellite can be adopted as physical constraints. Possibilities of exploiting different types of measurements should be further pursued.
Calculating State-Dependent Noise in a Linear Inverse Model Framework
Authors: Martinez-Villalobos Cristian , Vimont Daniel J. , Penland Cécile , Newman Matthew , Neelin J. David
Published: December 2017

The most commonly used version of a linear inverse model (LIM) is forced by state-independent noise. Although having several desirable qualities, this formulation can only generate long-term Gaussian statistics. LIM-like systems forced by correlated additive–multiplicative (CAM) noise have been shown to generate deviations from Gaussianity, but parameter estimation methods are only known in the univariate case, limiting their use for the study of coupled variability. This paper presents a methodology to calculate the parameters of the simplest multivariate LIM extension that can generate long-term deviations from Gaussianity. This model (CAM-LIM) consists of a linear deterministic part forced by a diagonal CAM noise formulation, plus an independent additive noise term. This allows for the possibility of representing asymmetric distributions with heavier- or lighter-than-Gaussian tails. The usefulness of this methodology is illustrated in a locally coupled two-variable ocean–atmosphere model of midlatitude variability. Here, a CAM-LIM is calculated from ocean weather station data. Although the time-resolved dynamics is very close to linear at a time scale of a couple of days, significant deviations from Gaussianity are found. In particular, individual probability density functions are skewed with both heavy and light tails. It is shown that these deviations from Gaussianity are well accounted for by the CAM-LIM formulation, without invoking nonlinearity in the time-resolved operator. Estimation methods using knowledge of the CAM-LIM statistical constraints provide robust estimation of the parameters with data lengths typical of geophysical time series, for example, 31 winters for the ocean weather station here.
Surface Moistening Trends in the Northern North American Great Plains Increase the Likelihood of Convective Initiation
Authors: Gerken Tobias , Bromley Gabriel T. , Stoy Paul C.
Published: December 2017

Land management impacts atmospheric boundary layer processes, and recent trends reducing the practice of summer fallow have led to increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature in the Canadian Prairie provinces during summer. It is unclear if such trends also impact the hydrometeorology of the adjacent U.S. northern Great Plains, parts of which have seen similar changes in land management. Here, MERRA-2 reanalysis data, eddy covariance observations, and a mixed-layer (ML) atmospheric modeling framework are combined to demonstrate that the likelihood of convectively preconditioned conditions has increased by approximately 10% since the mid-1980s and is now more sensitive to further decreases in the Bowen ratio (Bo) and maximum daily net radiation in northeastern Montana. Convective season Bo in the study area has decreased from approximately 2 to 1 from the 1980s until the present, largely due to simultaneous increases in latent heat flux and decreases in sensible heat flux, consistent with observed decreases of summer fallow and increases in cropping. Daily net radiation has not changed despite a significant decrease in May and June humidity lapse rates from the 1980s to present. Future research should determine the area of the U.S. Great Plains that has seen changes in the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer height and lifted condensation level and their crossings as a necessary condition for convective precipitation to occur and ascertain if ongoing changes in land management will lead to future changes in convective outcomes.
Probabilistic Verification of Storm Prediction Center Convective Outlooks
Authors: Herman Gregory R. , Nielsen Erik R. , Schumacher Russ S.
Published: December 2017

Eight years’ worth of day 1 and 4.5 years’ worth of day 2–3 probabilistic convective outlooks from the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) are converted to probability grids spanning the continental United States (CONUS). These results are then evaluated using standard probabilistic forecast metrics including the Brier skill score and reliability diagrams. Forecasts are gridded in two different ways: one with a high-resolution grid and interpolation between probability contours and another on an 80-km-spaced grid without interpolation. Overall, the highest skill is found for severe wind forecasts and the lowest skill is observed for tornadoes; for significant severe criteria, the opposite discrepancy is observed, with highest forecast skill for significant tornadoes and approximately no overall forecast skill for significant severe winds. Highest climatology-relative skill is generally observed over the central and northern Great Plains and Midwest, with the lowest—and often negative—skill seen in the West, southern Texas, and the Atlantic Southeast. No discernible year-to-year trend in skill was identified; seasonally, forecasts verified the best in the spring and late autumn and worst in the summer and early autumn. Forecasts are also evaluated in CAPE-versus-shear parameter space; forecasts struggle most in very low shear but also in high-shear, low-CAPE environments. In aggregate, forecasts for all variables verified more skillfully using interpolated probability grids, suggesting utility in interpreting forecasts as a continuous field. Forecast reliability results depend substantially on the interpretation of the forecast fields, but day 1 and day 2–3 tornado outlooks consistently exhibit an underforecast bias.
The Influence of External and Internal Stakeholder Pressures on the Implementation of Upstream Environmental Supply Chain Practices
Authors: Graham Stephanie
Published: December 2017

This study examines the independent and combined influences of internal and external antecedents to upstream environmental practices. Proactive environmental strategy is considered as an internal antecedent and competitive pressure as an external antecedent. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis is used to test the hypothesized relationships using data from a sample of 149 manufacturing companies located within the U.K. food industry. The results suggest that proactive strategy and competitive pressure exert both independent and combined influences on environmental supply chain practices. Proactive strategy appears to be a stronger driver of these practices, suggesting that internal stakeholders such as directors, managers, and employees may be more influential in the adoption of certain practices than external stakeholder pressures. This article builds upon the recent wave of research highlighting the potential for internal and external factors to generate a combined influence on the adoption of environmental practices within companies and their supply chains.
Impact of Religion-Based Caste System on the Dynamics of Indian Trade Unions: Evidence From Two State-Owned Organizations in North India
Authors: Pandey Jatin , Varkkey Biju
Published: December 2017

Religion and its envisaged structures have both macro- and micro-level implications for business. Of the many stratification schemas prevalent in India, two macro-social stratification schemas are important at the workplace: caste, which has been an age-old, religion-mandated, closed social stratification prevalent in Hinduism that had led to inequality in the society, and trade union, which is a relatively new and optional open workplace stratification that empowers workers and fosters equality. This study tries to decipher whether these two structures influence each other; if yes how and why do they influence each other (the tensions and contradictions that may happen between them), and whether the influence is uniform for all members. We conducted in-depth interviews with 43 trade union members, three trade union leaders of two state-owned organizations in North India. Initially, we found that caste does not have any superficial effect on the relationship between union members. However, a deeper analysis reveals that roots of this social reality reflect in the social and workplace exchanges between union members, and affect their social identity and loyalty. In the discussion we present a model of twin loyalties between union and caste. From the institutional logic perspective, we also delineate the caste and trade union perspective, and show how there is a change in trade union identity because of the influence of caste-based logic. Our findings have implications for industrial democracy, worker representation, and union effectiveness.
Evaluation of Oritavancin Use at a Community Hospital
Authors: Co Daniel , Roebuck Leslie , VanLandingham Jason
Published: December 2017

Background: Oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections. The prolonged half-life of this agent allows for a course of therapy to be completed with a single dose. Oritavancin was added to our formulary as an option for treatment of acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infection to reduce admission and length of stay. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether oritavancin is used appropriately at our hospital and to evaluate the impact to the institution. Methods: A retrospective and concurrent chart review was performed on all patients who had received oritavancin within our health system between June 2015 and December 2016. The primary endpoint was to determine the appropriateness of oritavancin use. Secondary endpoints include documenting readmission rates for patients prescribed oritavancin and assessing potential financial benefits to the institution. Results: In the 67 patients identified, 51 (76%) patients received oritavancin for an appropriate indication. Orders from infectious disease physicians constituted 81% of inappropriate cases of oritavancin use. No patients who received oritavancin required readmission within 14 days of therapy. The estimated potential financial benefit to our institution when using oritavancin to prevent hospital admissions was $653,451. Conclusions: The majority of oritavancin use at our institution is appropriate according to indication. Oritavancin offers an outpatient option for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections with the potential to decrease hospital cost by reducing admissions and length of stay.
A Comparative Assessment of Implant Site Viability in Humans and Rats
Authors: Chen C.-H. , Pei X. , Tulu U.S. , Aghvami M. , Chen C.-T. , Gaudillière D. , Arioka M. , Maghazeh Moghim M. , Bahat O. , Kolinski M. , Crosby T.R. , Felderhoff A. , Brunski J.B. , Helms J.A.
Published: December 2017

Our long-term objective is to devise methods to improve osteotomy site preparation and, in doing so, facilitate implant osseointegration. As a first step in this process, we developed a standardized oral osteotomy model in ovariectomized rats. There were 2 unique features to this model: first, the rats exhibited an osteopenic phenotype, reminiscent of the bone health that has been reported for the average dental implant patient population. Second, osteotomies were produced in healed tooth extraction sites and therefore represented the placement of most implants in patients. Commercially available drills were then used to produce osteotomies in a patient cohort and in the rat model. Molecular, cellular, and histologic analyses demonstrated a close alignment between the responses of human and rodent alveolar bone to osteotomy site preparation. Most notably in both patients and rats, all drilling tools created a zone of dead and dying osteocytes around the osteotomy. In rat tissues, which could be collected at multiple time points after osteotomy, the fate of the dead alveolar bone was followed. Over the course of a week, osteoclast activity was responsible for resorbing the necrotic bone, which in turn stimulated the deposition of a new bone matrix by osteoblasts. Collectively, these analyses support the use of an ovariectomy surgery rat model to gain insights into the response of human bone to osteotomy site preparation. The data also suggest that reducing the zone of osteocyte death will improve osteotomy site viability, leading to faster new bone formation around implants.
Teacher Education and the Ideology of Social Control
Authors: Giroux Henry A.
Published: December 2017

This paper examines the relationship between teacher education and the ideology of social control. It does this by looking at the dialectical tension that exists between teacher-education programs and the dominant society through a set of concepts that link as well as demonstrate the interplay of power, ideology, biography, and history. It further illuminates this interplay by analyzing the rationality that presently dominates these programs. Finally, the paper not only examines the implications of this rationality for teacher-education programs, it also points to ways in which it can be overcome.
Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work
Authors: Anyon Jean
Published: December 2017

This article discusses examples of work tasks and interaction in five elementary schools in contrasting social class communities. The examples illustrate differences in classroom experience and curriculum knowledge among the schools. The paper also assesses student work in each social setting in the light of a theoretical approach to social class analysis. It is suggested that there is a “hidden curriculum” in school work that has profound implication for theory—and practice—in education.
Behind a High School Literacy Policy: The Surfacing of a Hidden Curriculum
Authors: Simon Roger I. , Willinsky John
Published: December 2017

Our purpose is to argue that the articulation of school language policies deserves careful attention as they implicitly formulate a hidden curriculum with reference to the relation between education and society. The function of conceptions of literacy in the reproduction of social order is discussed in the context of a specific school language policy developed in a large urban high school in Ontario. Within the context of this specific policy we consider the cultural value of correct form and the intimate relation between social convention and social control. Such an ideological analysis of conceptions of curriculum and associated pedagogy is seen as central to understanding the limits of curriculum reform.
The Hidden Curriculum and Qualitative Inquiry as States of Mind
Authors: Vallance Elizabeth
Published: December 2017

Although two recently fashionable items in educational discourse (the hidden curriculum and qualitative inquiry) have been strangely isolated from each other in the literature, qualitative inquiry methods may well be the most appropriate tools available for studying the hidden curriculum. Both concepts demand an approach to educational research which is unlike that adopted in studying regularly observable educational events using traditional (“quantitative”) research methods. The state of mind required by inquiry into the hidden curriculum is by definition open to unknowns and attuned to the subtle and irregular qualities of schooling. Much the same can be said of qualitative inquiry methods. Though the study of the hidden curriculum can benefit from some traditional research methodologies, the concept demands that we also be willing to venture into uncharted territory. Qualitative inquiry provides a means of inquiry which is loosened from traditional constraints, just as the hidden curriculum is a subject of investigation which escapes the traditional definitions of schooling. The two concepts challenge each other in potentially productive ways. Together they may encourage more flexibility both in defining what is educationally important and in understanding how those important qualities of schooling operate.
Can the Schools Build a New Social Order?
Authors: Kohl Herbert
Published: December 2017

Although George Counts' 1932 challenge to American teachers provides a good framework for re-evaluating the roles of schools and teachers in society, his assumption that the schools alone can bring about a new social order is not likely. Teachers can expose their students to a variety of beliefs and social systems and raise issues ignored by the curriculum. They can also take stands as citizens to change society, but in the long run, all groups in society must be involved in a long-term struggle to build a social and economic democracy.
Creative Writing in English Education: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Brand Alice Glarden
Published: December 2017

This review considers the history of school-based creative writing in the light of today's professional perspective. Curricular documents in English education throughout the twentieth century indicate a growing pedagogical disjunction between advocates of the personal, expressive functions of writing and defenders of its utilitarian functions, though this trend included periods of reconciliation and retreat. The overview concludes that the merits of creative written expression must be cogently defended during the current back-to-basics movement because of its intrinsic therapeutic, functional, and purely intellectual benefits.
Social Stratification Processes in Secondary Schools: A Comparison of Beverly Hills High School and Morningside High School
Authors: Mickelson Roslyn Arlin
Published: December 2017

This article provides an empirical test for Bowles and Gintis's correspondence principle. By examining the internal workings of two Los Angeles suburban high schools, one is a wealthy white community and the other in a racially mixed working-class community, this paper represents an effort to explore the concrete dimensions of the ways schools integrate adolescents into the economic system through a structured correspondence between the social relations of the school and those of production.
Aspects of Gender Analysis in Recent Feminist Psychological Thought and their Implications for Curriculum
Authors: Johnson Lee , Pinar William F.
Published: December 2017

The article reviews the trend toward “gender analysis” in recent feminist theorizing, focusing on recurring concepts in the work of three particular women, Dorothy Dinnerstein, Nancy Chodorow, and Gayle Rubin. Although theoretical differences are discussed, the article emphasizes the similar conclusions which the authors reach regarding the kind of social action which might effect a break-up of gender-linked rigidity. The essay concludes with a discussion of the implications of gender analysis for educators, including comments on textbooks, teacher training, epistemology, curriculum research, and administration.
Language Policies in American Education
Authors: Brisk Maria Estela Allende
Published: December 2017

This paper outlines the historical evolution of language policies in American education. It traces the multilingual history of the United States, citing several cases where children were taught in their native language, thus belying the myth that bilingual education is a new phenomenon in this country. While multilingual education and cultural diversity were accepted during the 19th century, the massive immigration of Eastern and Southern Europeans from the 1880's until the first World War created a sharp reaction on the part of educational policymakers, and the trend turned sharply in favor of assimilation and against cultural and linguistic pluralism. From the end of the 19th century until the 1950's, English was strictly imposed as the national language and the mandatory language of instruction. It is only in the last two decades that linguistic minorities have asserted their right to cultural and linguistic maintenance.

The paper further discusses the important state and federal court cases which have had an effect on present bilingual education legislation, and the enforcement of that legislation. It points out some of the major questions which need to be addressed in the development of a national language policy. The case made for introducing literacy in the native language for linguistic minority children should serve as a guideline for future language policy in the United States.
Inservice Education: Who Should Pay?
Authors: Case James H.
Published: December 2017

Americans are ambivalent about universal public education. We increasingly see schools as the primary means of socializing our children, but we want a freedom of choice and a degree of quality which seem to be incompatible with mass education. Our ambivalence is especially evident when we are asked to pay not simply for teaching but for improvements in teaching—e.g., inservice education. Since it is almost impossible to measure the real benefits (or to define the ultimate beneficiaries) of inservice education, we judge its worth by measuring outcomes of secondary importance and by defining its apparent beneficiaries. By so simplifying the complexities of teaching and by then arguing about who should pay for inservice education on the basis of our simplifications, we tend to misconstrue or discard one of the few means available to us to achieve our real objective of good schooling for all children.
The Artist Teacher
Authors: Rubin Louis
Published: December 2017

This article explores the concept of teaching artistry and its potential for making teachers and classrooms more vital and appealing and, consequently, increasing the motivation and intellectual development of the learner. The teacher as artist chooses worthy aims and accomplishes these aims by utilizing creative invention as well as an impressive repertoire of technical skills. Informal experiments focusing on lessons as dramatic episodes, classroom atmosphere, and classroom staging suggest that the artistry of teachers can be heightened. But inspired teaching demands a greater reliance on imagination and intuition, attributes discouraged in the customary pre-service and in-service training of teachers.
The Role of the School-Based Tutor in the Professional Development of Teachers
Authors: McMahon Agnes
Published: December 2017

This paper examines ways in which a teacher appointed as professional tutor can support staff development activities in a school. Three task areas are identified: support for students in initial training, induction programmes for beginning teachers, and in-service activities for experienced staff. Reference is made to the experience gained in the Teacher Induction Pilot Scheme Project concerning the tutor role. It is argued that a more productive way forward is to concentrate on the staff development tasks that a school has to undertake rather than on the question of who should carry them out. The James Report's suggestion that each school should have a professional tutor with responsibility for staff development will be the correct solution in some cases but not in all.
Education for Parenthood 1981
Authors: White Burton
Published: December 2017

In this report, the author presents the case for the importance of education during the first three years of life, and he recommends that educational resources be made available for everyone raising children. The author traces the evolution of views on early education from before the inception of Heads tart programs (1965) to the present. He also examines the parallel evolution of ideas on human development in light of the sharply accelerated research effort since 1965. He concludes that parents should be regarded as the child's first teachers and given the kinds of resources any teachers need to do their job well, i.e., pre- and in-service training, help with assessment and special services, reasonable working conditions, etc.
Infant Intervention and Parent Education: The Necessity for an Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Derevensky Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2017

Considerable attention has been given to a growing literature concerning early infant stimulation and parent education programs for the ‘high risk’ infant. While specific innovative intervention programs have been implemented for these ‘high risk’ children, little work has been done toward the implementation of preventative psychotherapeutic models for the normal child. This paper describes the Ready-Set-Go Infant-Child-Parent Program and its implementation stressing the necessity for an interdisciplinary team approach in establishing a viable and effective infant stimulation-parent education program.
The Politics of Middle-Class Success in an Inner-City Public School
Authors: Sieber R. Timothy
Published: December 2017

Recent ethnography of minority and working-class schooling has shown how wider structural factors like class stratification, poverty, and racism influence observable patterns of failure and under achievement in the classroom. In contrast, ethnography in middle-class schools and classrooms has not seriously probed similar structural bases of middle-class children's success, instead attributing this success to a presumed equivalence between the “middle-class culture” of the children's homes and the culture of the school and its staff.

This study traces the history and effects of middle-class involvement in the public elementary school of a gentrifying inner-city neighborhood in New York City. Segregated into their special classrooms with distinctive curriculum and organization, the school's middle-class children were more successful than their poor and working-class peers. Their success was not the result, in Bourdieu's terms, of the “cultural capital” afforded by their middle-class upbringing. The school staff, in fact, disapproved of many elements of the children's class culture. Rather, the children's successful standing within the school had been the object, and achievement, of their parents' long-standing political struggles against the school's staff and other parents. This case illustrates that school success is as much an active social construction—both inside and outside the school—as school failure has been shown to be.
Self-Contained Ethnography or a Science of Phenomenal Forms and Inner Relations
Authors: Sharp Rachel
Published: December 2017

This article develops a critique of ethnography in educational research. It is argued that ethnography concerns the study of the phenomenal forms of everyday life. Beyond these phenomenal forms are inner relations, causal processes, and generative mechanisms which are often invisible to the actors. A science of social totalities, deriving from Marx, is advocated which can elaborate the relationship between phenomenal forms, the world of appearances, and deeper social structural causal mechanisms. This science cannot be generated by ethnography alone but only through historical and comparative analyses of modes of production in history. The argument is illustrated by an imaginary ethnographic study of a typical “fascist” school in Germany and by a discussion of developments taking place in schooling systems in the contemporary world.

A theory of reproduction is required which locates the analysis of capitalist schooling systems in a broader theory of the reproduction of all the economic, political, and ideological requirements for capitalist accumulation and the role of the state in this process. Ethnography carried out in schools informed by such a theory has a political rationale. It can lay the foundations for a critique of the world of appearances in everyday life, a necessary part of any political practice designed to produce a society in which essence and appearance are at one.
Towards a Theory of Knowledge Acquisition for Black Children
Authors: Gordon Beverly M.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this paper is twofold. Initially, the paper describes the impact of educational research and theory on the policies and practices implemented in elementary schools, and the potentially devastating effects such practices can have on the student clientele. It is argued that the perceptions of Black children as portrayed in educational theory have been misguided, based on the assumptions, theories, and research studies that have questionable historical premises. As a result of these theoretical misconceptions, schooling practices are inappropriate and stifle the intellectual growth and development of these children.

The focus then shifts to the main thesis which describes the early and advanced psycho-motor development of Black children and the need for a socially interactive knowledge acquisition pattern compatible with their learning needs. The social interactive learning style in elementary curriculum theory formation is an important but relatively unexplored aspect of social science research.
Children's Play as a form of Resistance in the Classroom
Authors: King Nancy R.
Published: December 2017

This study explores the resistance embodied in children's classroom play and the responses teachers make to such resistance. Children's definitions of work and play in elementary school reveal three varieties of classroom play: instrumental play, recreation, and illicit play. Each variety includes elements of both accommodation and resistance. Teachers respond to children's play in four ways: they ignore it, incorporate it, contain it, or suppress it. Each of these reactions serves to maintain their control of classroom events without banning play entirely from the elementary curriculum.
Ideology and Agency in the Process of Schooling
Authors: Giroux Henry A.
Published: December 2017

The concept of ideology is interrogated as the necessary basis for a more fully developed theory of emancipatory pedagogy. It is argued that within the Marxist tradition ideology has largely been defined in terms of domination and that a more dynamic concept of ideology must be developed that includes the notions of agency, struggle, and critique. It is argued that ideology must be viewed as dialectical, including consciousness, meaning, and material practices, and in particular including the categories of struggle and power. The three areas of the unconscious, common sense, and critical consciousness are analyzed in terms of their ideological functions and possibilities. Classroom material practices are then examined to illuminate the ways in which meaning is constructed and made material in texts and social relationships. These texts and social practices are examined in turn through the concepts of reproduction, production and reconstruction.
How Illiteracy Became a Problem (And Literacy Stopped Being One)
Authors: Donald James
Published: December 2017

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the conjunction of fairly widespread literacy with a new radical political discourse produced a powerful cultural movement in England. In responding to it, the ruling bloc devised new modes of ideological intervention which had significant effects on the shape of the emerging state apparatus. By the time Forster's Education Act was introduced in 1870, the political “problem” had been redefined in terms of the illiteracy, deficient language, and debased tastes of working-class pupils. This history raises questions about the conceptualization of hegemony and resistance in the sociology of education.
Discourses of Power, The Dialectics of Understanding, The Power of Literacy
Authors: Bennett Adrian T.
Published: December 2017

The study of literacy has recently been made a major focus of attention in socio-, psycho-, and anthropological linguistics. Our understanding of how literacy affects both consciousness and social relations is still enormously vague, though sociolinguists have greatly expanded our knowledge of the nature, forms, and uses of a variety of literacies. They cannot, however, answer the question: Why do particular modes of literacy correlate with particular modes of social organization, cultural form, and political and economic developments? In order to answer this question one must examine the constitution of meanings along with the simultaneous constitution of social relations. They are clearly in a dialectical relationship, at least in some forms of discourse, as is demonstrated through an analysis of a narrative elicited from a highly creative Mexican-American child. But the specifics of that dialectic need to be examined—on both interpersonal and institutional levels—before we can say we are thinking about the relationships of power, communicative practice, and consciousness.
Inequality Remade: The Theory of Correspondence and the Context of French Immersion in Northern Ontario
Authors: Olson C. Paul
Published: December 2017

The French Immersion program in northern Ontario is examined in the light of the correspondence theory of Bowles and Gintis. It is argued that to view schools as simply a means of reproducing class-stratified society is inadequate and distorting. Instead, it is argued that we need to consider the ways in which schools also produce social inequality through the mediation of social actors. The motivation and actions of middle-class parents in controlling French Immersion programs for the benefit of their own children are examined. It is argued that schools must be recognized as sites of contestation and struggle and that both the form of transmission and the content of schooling are open to real reform as part of the struggle to build a more democratic, just society.
Tales of Rebellion and Resistance: The Landscape of Early Institutional Life
Authors: Suransky Valerie Polakow
Published: December 2017

In this article the metaphor of the storyteller is employed to argue the case for a critical phenomenology applied to understanding the “text” of the daily life-world of young children in childcare settings. The ideology of “preschooling” is examined and specific case studies of young rebels are presented. With the aid of Gadamer's notion of the “fusion of horizons,” an attempt is made to understand the experiential world of the young child. In the process, themes depicting the social landscape of early institutional life are discussed.
But who Will Let you do It? Counter-Hegemonic Possibilities for Work Education
Authors: Simon Roger I.
Published: December 2017

The implications of vocational education programs are examined through an investigation of educational work experience programs in Ontario. It is argued that work programs are not necessarily simply a means of reproducing existing social relationships and class structure, but provide the opportunity for a critical, counter-hegemonic pedagogy. The value of ethnographic investigation of such programs is argued as a source of both a theoretical analysis of schooling and an oppositional pedagogy.
Dropping Out of High School: The Ideology of School and Work
Authors: Fine Michelle , Rosenberg Pearl
Published: December 2017

This paper explores the tension between prevailing ideologies of the high school dropout as “loser” and data which indicate that many dropouts are highly motivated, intelligent, and critical of educational institutions and labor market opportunities. Attention is paid to who drops out, with a particular focus on gender, race/ethnicity, and class, and to how these dropouts are portrayed in social-science, popular, and teacher-training literature. It is concluded that explanations offered for the “tragedy of the dropouts” which isolate individual or family factors function to delegitimate dropouts' critique of schools and the labor market, bolster the image of education as the great equalizer, and deflect attention away from race, class, and gender biases which operate in schools and at work.
Gender, Schooling and Work
Authors: Wickham Ann
Published: December 2017

The need to consider gender as a central analytic concept in educational research is argued with particular reference to the relationship of schooling and job training. Differences in the experience of girls and boys in schools are discussed, with particular reference to the need to consider race and class backgrounds in any analysis of school experiences. The nature and impact of training programs in schools are then discussed. It is argued that we need to be more sensitive to the categories of class, race, and gender in both research and curricular proposals concerning the relationship of schools to the world of work.
The Ideology of Professionalism in Higher Education
Authors: Meisenhelder Tom
Published: December 2017

This essay begins by describing the components and dimensions of the ideal of professionalism. It is then argued that in the bureaucratic context professionalism functions as an ideology that distorts reality and controls workers. These points are made specific through an analysis of the working situation of college and university faculty. Within the current fiscal crisis in higher education, professionalism becomes the false consciousness of faculty.
Critical Mathematics Education: An Application of Paulo Freire's Epistemology
Authors: Frankenstein Marilyn
Published: December 2017

Paulo Freire's critical education theory is “re-invented” in the context of a mathematics curriculum for urban working-class adults. The problems Freire poses for teachers in that context are explored, and work of other theorists which deepens or questions aspects of Freire's theory is discussed. Next, Freire's theory is applied to teaching basic mathematics and statistics for the social sciences. It is argued that such mathematical literacy is vital in the struggle for liberatory social change in our advanced technological society. Finally, this reflection on practice is used to pose further problems to be explored in the creation and re-creation of the “pedagogy of the oppressed.”
Inviting Poems by Free Association: A Method of Discovering What We Mean
Authors: Turner Alberta
Published: December 2017

In teaching poetry writing, other forms of art, and even courses in the social and natural sciences, images and hypotheses can best be generated by the use of free association. This process induces from the preconscious mind the raw material that makes possible the success of craft.
Some Problems and Purposes of Narrative Analysis in Educational Research
Authors: Collins James
Published: December 2017

The significance of narrative analysis for education research is discussed by reviewing general work on the nature of narrative and examining some of the ways in which narratives vary, especially between cultural groups, by reviewing some of the uses of narratives in classroom activities and classroom-related research, and, finally, by reposing the question of discontinuities between spoken and written forms of narrative. Two narrative studies are discussed which were conducted by the author in public schools in California and Chicago. These were concerned with the relation between oral discourse form, as assessed through narrative analysis, and access to literacy activities in typical urban classrooms. The paper draws on this research to suggest further contributions that narrative analysis can make to educational research by clarifying (a) the nature of cultural difference seen as language difference, (b) the role of syntactic, lexical, and intonational options in the structuring of narrative forms, and (c) how cultural (here, narrative) differences do and do not affect aspects of classroom learning.