bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Imaging Brain Development: Benefiting from Individual Variability
Authors: Sharda Megha , Foster Nicholas E.V. , Hyde Krista L.
Published: December 2015

Human brain development is a complex process that evolves from early childhood to young adulthood. Major advances in brain imaging are increasingly being used to characterize the developing brain. These advances have further helped to elucidate the dynamic maturational processes that lead to the emergence of complex cognitive abilities in both typical and atypical development. However, conventional approaches involve categorical group comparison models and tend to disregard the role of widespread interindividual variability in brain development. This review highlights how this variability can inform our understanding of developmental processes. The latest studies in the field of brain development are reviewed, with a particular focus on the role of individual variability and the consequent heterogeneity in brain structural and functional development. This review also highlights how such heterogeneity might be utilized to inform our understanding of complex neuropsychiatric disorders and recommends the use of more dimensional approaches to study brain development.
Краевые задачи для уравнения Шрeдингера с быстроосциллирующим и дельта-образным потенциалами
Authors: Gadylshin Timur Rustemovich
Published: December 2015

В работе рассматриваются краевые задачи на отрезке $[a,b]$
для уравнения Шрeдингера с потенциалом в виде суммы
$q(x,\mu^{-1}x)+\varepsilon^{-1}Q(\varepsilon^{-1}x)$,
где $q(x,\zeta)$ является $1$-периодической по $\zeta$ функцией,
$Q(\xi)$ есть финитная функция, $0\in(a,b)$,
$\mu,\varepsilon$ - малые положительные параметры.
На основе комбинации метода усреднения и метода согласования
асимптотических разложений построены решения этих краевых задач
с точностью до $O(\varepsilon+\mu)$.
Библиография: 11 названий.
Унитарно-инвариантные эргодические матрицы и свободная вероятность
Authors: Bufetov Aleksei Igorevich
Published: December 2015

В данной работе рассматриваются вероятностные меры на пространстве
эрмитовых матриц, которые являются эргодическими относительно
действия сопряжениями бесконечномерной унитарной группой.
Мы доказываем, что собственные значения случайных матриц,
распределенных по этим мерам, удовлетворяют закону больших
чисел. Мы также устанавливаем связь таких моделей случайных
матриц и объектов свободной вероятности - свободно безгранично делимых мер.
Библиография: 7 названий.
Возникновение собственных значений для $\mathcal{PT}$-симметричного оператора в тонкой полосе
Authors: Borisov Denis Ivanovich
Published: December 2015

В работе рассматривается оператор Шрeдингера
в тонкой бесконечной полосе
с $\mathcal{PT}$-симметричными краевыми условиями и
локализованным потенциалом. Рассматривается случай,
когда на краю существенного спектра
эффективного одномерного оператора присутствует
виртуальный уровень. Получены достаточные условия,
гарантирующие трансформацию этого уровня
в изолированное собственное значение,
для которого вычислены первые члены асимптотического разложения.
Также получены достаточные условия отсутствия
такого собственного значения.
Библиография: 38 названий.
Производная Шварца и покрытие дуг пучка окружностей голоморфными функциями
Authors: Dubinin Vladimir Nikolaevich
Published: December 2015

Пусть функция $f$ голоморфна в круге $U=z:|z|<1\}$, $|f(z)|<1$
в $U$, $f(\pm1)=\pm1$ в смысле угловых пределов, и пусть
существуют угловые производные Шварца $S_{f}(\pm1)$, причем
$$
\operatorname{Re} f"(1)+f'(1)(1-f'(1))=-\operatorname{Re} f"(-1)+f'(-1)(1-f'(-1))=0.
$$
При условии, что образ $f(U)$ не содержит открытых дуг пучка
окружностей $\arg[(1+w)/(1-w)]=\theta$, $-\pi/2<\theta<\varphi$,
с концами в точках $w=\pm1$, устанавливается верхняя оценка суммы
$S_{f}(-1)+S_{f}(1)$, зависящая от $\varphi$ и $f'(\pm1)$.
Библиография: 11 названий.
Асимптотика решений уравнения Штурма-Лиувилля с сингулярными коэффициентами
Authors: Vladykina V E , Shkalikov Andrei Andreevich
Published: December 2015

Получены асимптотические представления при $\lambda \to \infty$
в верхней и нижней полуплоскостях для решений уравнения Штурма-Лиувилля
$$
-y"+p(x)y'+q(x)y= \lambda ^2 \rho(x)y, \qquad x\in [a,b] \subset \mathbb{R},
$$
при условии, что $q$ - распределение первого порядка сингулярности, $\rho$ -
положительная абсолютно непрерывная функция, а $p$ принадлежит пространству $L_2[a,b]$.
Библиография: 8 названий.
Relationship Among Strongyloides stercoralis Infection, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection, and Cancer: A 24-Year Cohort Inpatient Study in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Tanaka Teruhisa , Hirata Tetsuo , Parrott Gretchen , Higashiarakawa Miwa , Kinjo Takeshi , Kinjo Tetsu , Hokama Akira , Fujita Jiro
Published: December 2015

This study evaluated the prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection in the population. In addition, this study investigated the relationship between S. stercoralis infection or HTLV-1 infection and a patient's risk of developing related cancers. This is a retrospective cohort study of 5,209 patients. The prevalence of S. stercoralis infection was 5.2% among all patients. The prevalence among men (6.3%) was significantly higher than among women (3.6%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among this population was 13.6% and the prevalence among women (15.5%) was significantly higher than that of men (12.3%, P < 0.001). HTLV-1 seroprevalence was higher in patients with liver cancer (P = 0.003, odds ratio [OR]: 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 2.95) and in those with lymphoma other than adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) (P = 0.005, adjusted OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.36, 5.62) if compared with patients without any neoplasm. The prevalence of both S. stercoralis and HTLV-1 in the Okinawan population has been steadily decreasing over the past 24 years. HTLV-1 infection significantly increases the odds of developing liver cancer and lymphomas other than ATLL.
Annual variations of carbonaceous PM2.5 in Malaysia: influence by Indonesian peatland fires
Authors: Fujii Y. , Tohno S. , Amil N. , Latif M. T. , Oda M. , Matsumoto J. , Mizohata A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. In this study, we quantified carbonaceous PM2.5 in Malaysia through annual observations of PM2.5, focusing on organic compounds derived from biomass burning. We determined organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon and concentrations of solvent-extractable organic compounds (biomarkers derived from biomass burning sources and n-alkanes). We observed seasonal variations in the concentrations of pyrolyzed OC (OP), levoglucosan (LG), mannosan (MN), galactosan, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid (VA) and cholesterol. The average concentrations of OP, LG, MN, galactosan, VA and cholesterol were higher during the southwestern monsoon season (June–September) than during the northeastern monsoon season (December–March), and these differences were statistically significant. Conversely, the syringaldehyde concentration during the southwestern monsoon season was lower. The PM2.5 OP / OC4 mass ratio allowed distinguishing the seven samples, which have been affected by the Indonesian peatland fires (IPFs). In addition, we observed significant differences in the concentrations between the Indonesian peatland fire (IPF) and other samples of many chemical species. Thus, the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Malaysia appeared to be significantly influenced by IPFs during the southwestern monsoon season. Furthermore, we evaluated two indicators, the vanillic acid / syringic acid (VA / SA) and LG / MN mass ratios, which have been suggested as indicators of IPFs. The LG / MN mass ratio ranged from 14 to 22 in the IPF samples and from 11 to 31 in the other samples. Thus, the respective variation ranges partially overlapped. Consequently, this ratio did not satisfactorily reflect the effects of IPFs in Malaysia. In contrast, the VA / SA mass ratio may serve as a good indicator, since it significantly differed between the IPF and other samples. However, the OP / OC4 mass ratio provided more remarkable differences than the VA / SA mass ratio, offering an even better indicator. Finally, we extracted biomass burning emissions' sources such as IPF, softwood/hardwood burning and meat cooking through varimax-rotated principal component analysis.
Evaluation and application of multi-decadal visibility data for trend analysis of atmospheric haze
Authors: Li C. , Martin R. V. , Boys B. L. , van Donkelaar A. , Ruzzante S.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. There are few multi-decadal observations of atmospheric aerosols worldwide. This study applies global hourly visibility (Vis) observations at more than 3000 stations to investigate historical trends in atmospheric haze over 1945–1996 for the US, and over 1973–2013 for Europe and Eastern Asia. A comprehensive data screening and processing framework is developed and applied to minimize uncertainties and construct monthly statistics of inverse visibility (1/Vis). This data processing includes removal of relatively clean cases with high uncertainty, and change point detection to identify and separate methodological discontinuities such as the introduction of instrumentation. Although the relation between 1/Vis and bext varies across different stations, spatially coherent trends of the screened 1/Vis exhibit consistency with the temporal evolution of collocated aerosol measurements, including the atmospheric extinction coefficient (bext) trend of −2.4 % yr−1 (95 % CI: −3.7, −1.1 % yr−1) vs. 1/Vis trend of −1.6 % yr−1 (95 % CI: −2.4, −0.8 % yr−1) over the US for 1989–1996, and the fine aerosol mass (PM2.5) trend of −5.8 % yr−1 (95 % CI: −7.8, −4.2 % yr−1) vs. 1/Vis trend of −3.4 % yr−1 (95 % CI: −4.4, −2.4 % yr−1) over Europe for 2006–2013. Regional 1/Vis and EDGAR sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions are significantly correlated over the eastern US for 1970–1995 (r=0.73), over Europe for 1973–2008 (r ~ 0.9) and over China for 1973–2008 (r ~ 0.9). Consistent "reversal points" from increasing to decreasing in SO2 emission data are also captured by the regional 1/Vis time series (e.g. late 1970s for the eastern US, early 1980s for Western Europe, late 1980s for Eastern Europe, and mid 2000s for China). The consistency of inferred 1/Vis trends with other in situ measurements and emission data demonstrates promise in applying these reconstructed 1/Vis data for historical air quality studies.
Climatology of the aerosol optical depth by components from the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and a high-resolution chemistry transport model
Authors: Lee H. , Kalashnikova O. V. , Suzuki K. , Braverman A. , Garay M. J. , Kahn R. A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Joint Aerosol (JOINT_AS) Level 3 product provides a global, descriptive summary of MISR Level 2 aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol type information for each month between March 2000 and the present. Using Version 1 of JOINT_AS, which is based on the operational (Version 22) MISR Level 2 aerosol product, this study analyzes, for the first time, characteristics of observed and simulated distributions of AOD for three broad classes of aerosols: non-absorbing, absorbing, and non-spherical – near or downwind of their major source regions. The statistical moments (means, standard deviations, and skewnesses) and distributions of AOD by components derived from the JOINT_AS are compared with results from the SPectral RadIatioN-TrAnSport (SPRINTARS) model, a chemistry transport model (CTM) with very high spatial and temporal resolution. Overall, the AOD distributions of combined MISR aerosol types show good agreement with those from SPRINTARS. Marginal distributions of AOD for each aerosol type in both MISR and SPRINTARS show considerable high positive skewness, which indicates the importance of including extreme AOD events when comparing satellite retrievals with models. The MISR JOINT_AS product will greatly facilitate comparisons between satellite observations and model simulations of aerosols by type.
Intercomparison of snowfall estimates derived from the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar and the ground-based weather radar network over Sweden
Authors: Norin L. , Devasthale A. , L'Ecuyer T. S. , Wood N. B. , Smalley M.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Accurate snowfall estimates are important for both weather and climate applications. Ground-based weather radars and space-based satellite sensors are often used as viable alternatives to rain gauges to estimate precipitation in this context. In particular, the Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on board CloudSat is proving to be a useful tool to map snowfall globally, in part due to its high sensitivity to light precipitation and its ability to provide near-global vertical structure. CloudSat snowfall estimates play a particularly important role in the high-latitude regions as other ground-based observations become sparse and passive satellite sensors suffer from inherent limitations. In this paper, snowfall estimates from two observing systems – Swerad, the Swedish national weather radar network, and CloudSat – are compared. Swerad offers a well-calibrated data set of precipitation rates with high spatial and temporal resolution, at very high latitudes. The measurements are anchored to rain gauges and provide valuable insights into the usefulness of CloudSat CPR's snowfall estimates in the polar regions. In total, 7.2 × 105 matchups of CloudSat and Swerad observations from 2008 through 2010 were intercompared, covering all but the summer months (June to September). The intercomparison shows encouraging agreement between the two observing systems despite their different sensitivities and user applications. The best agreement is observed when CloudSat passes close to a Swerad station (46–82 km), where the observational conditions for both systems are comparable. Larger disagreements outside this range suggest that both platforms have difficulty with shallow snow but for different reasons. The correlation between Swerad and CloudSat degrades with increasing distance from the nearest Swerad station, as Swerad's sensitivity decreases as a function of distance. Swerad also tends to overshoot low-level precipitating systems further away from the station, leading to an underestimation of snowfall rate and occasionally to missing precipitation altogether. Several statistical metrics – including the probability of detection, false alarm rate, hit rate, and Pierce's skill score – are calculated. The sensitivity of these metrics to the snowfall rate, as well as to the distance from the nearest radar station, are summarised. This highlights the strengths and the limitations of both observing systems at the lower and upper ends of the snowfall distributions as well as the range of uncertainties that can be expected from these systems in high-latitude regions.
Accurate mobile remote sensing of XCO2 and XCH4 latitudinal transects from aboard a research vessel
Authors: Klappenbach F. , Bertleff M. , Kostinek J. , Hase F. , Blumenstock T. , Agusti-Panareda A. , Razinger M. , Butz A.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. A portable Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), model EM27/SUN, was deployed onboard the research vessel Polarstern to measure the column-average dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) and methane (XCH4) by means of direct sunlight absorption spectrometry. We report on technical developments as well as data calibration and reduction measures required to achieve the targeted accuracy of fractions of a percent in retrieved XCO2 and XCH4 while operating the instrument under field conditions onboard the moving platform during a 6-week cruise on the Atlantic from Cape Town (South Africa, 34° S, 18° E; 5 March 2014) to Bremerhaven (Germany, 54° N, 19° E; 14 April 2014). We demonstrate that our solar tracker typically achieved a tracking precision of better than 0.05° toward the center of the sun throughout the ship cruise which facilitates accurate XCO2 and XCH4 retrievals even under harsh ambient wind conditions. We define several quality filters that screen spectra, e.g., when the field of view was partially obstructed by ship structures or when the lines-of-sight crossed the ship exhaust plume. The measurements in clean oceanic air, can be used to characterize a spurious air-mass dependency. After the campaign, deployment of the spectrometer alongside the TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) instrument at Karlsruhe, Germany, allowed for determining a calibration factor that makes the entire campaign record traceable to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards. Comparisons to observations of the GOSAT satellite and concentration fields modeled by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) demonstrate that the observational setup is well suited to provide validation opportunities above the ocean and along interhemispheric transects.
Effects of a windthrow disturbance on the carbon balance of a broadleaf deciduous forest in Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yamanoi K. , Mizoguchi Y. , Utsugi H.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Forests play an important role in the terrestrial carbon balance, with most being in a carbon sequestration stage. The net carbon releases that occur result from forest disturbance, and windthrow is a typical disturbance event affecting the forest carbon balance in eastern Asia. The CO2 flux has been measured using the eddy covariance method in a deciduous broadleaf forest (Japanese white birch, Japanese oak, and castor aralia) in Hokkaido, where incidental damage by the strong Typhoon Songda in 2004 occurred. We also used the biometrical method to demonstrate the CO2 flux within the forest in detail. Damaged trees amounted to 40 % of all trees, and they remained on site where they were not extracted by forest management. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re), and net ecosystem production were 1350, 975, and 375 g C m−2 yr−1 before the disturbance and 1262, 1359, and −97 g C m−2 yr−1 2 years after the disturbance, respectively. Before the disturbance, the forest was an evident carbon sink, and it subsequently transformed into a net carbon source. Because of increased light intensity at the forest floor, the leaf area index and biomass of the undergrowth (Sasa kurilensis and S. senanensis) increased by factors of 2.4 and 1.7, respectively, in 3 years subsequent to the disturbance. The photosynthesis of Sasa increased rapidly and contributed to the total GPP after the disturbance. The annual GPP only decreased by 6 % just after the disturbance. On the other hand, the annual Re increased by 39 % mainly because of the decomposition of residual coarse-wood debris. The carbon balance after the disturbance was controlled by the new growth and the decomposition of residues. The forest management, which resulted in the dead trees remaining at the study site, strongly affected the carbon balance over the years. When comparing the carbon uptake efficiency at the study site with that at others, including those with various kinds of disturbances, we emphasized the importance of forest management as well as disturbance type in the carbon balance.
Impacts of climate and reclamation on temporal variations in CH4 emissions from different wetlands in China: from 1950 to 2010
Authors: Li T. , Zhang W. , Zhang Q. , Lu Y. , Wang G. , Niu Z. , Raivonen M. , Vesala T.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Natural wetlands are among the most important sources of atmospheric methane and thus important for better understanding the long-term temporal variations in the atmospheric methane concentration. During the last 60 years, wetlands have experienced extensive conversion and impacts from climate warming which might result in complicated temporal and spatial variations in the changes of the wetland methane emissions. In this paper, we present a modeling framework, integrating CH4MODwetland, TOPMODEL, and TEM models, to analyze the temporal and spatial variations in CH4 emissions from natural wetlands (including inland marshes/swamps, coastal wetlands, lakes, and rivers) in China. Our analysis revealed a total increase of 25.5 %, averaging 0.52 g m−2 per decade, in the national CH4 fluxes from 1950 to 2010, which was mainly induced by climate warming. Larger CH4 flux increases occurred in northeastern, northern, and northwestern China, where there have been higher temperature rises. However, decreases in precipitation due to climate warming offset the increment of CH4 fluxes in these regions. The CH4 fluxes from the wetland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibited the lowest CH4 increase (0.17 g m−2 per decade). Although climate warming has accelerated CH4 fluxes, the total amount of national CH4 emissions decreased by approximately 2.35 Tg (1.91–2.81 Tg), i.e., from 4.50 Tg in the early 1950s to 2.15 Tg in the late 2000s, due to the wetland loss totalling 17.0 million ha. Of this reduction, 0.26 Tg (0.24–0.28 Tg) was derived from lakes and rivers, 0.16 Tg (0.13–0.20 Tg) from coastal wetlands, and 1.92 Tg (1.54–2.33 Tg) from inland wetlands. Spatially, northeastern China contributed the most to the total reduction, with a loss of 1.68 Tg. The wetland CH4 emissions reduced by more than half in most regions in China except for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, where the CH4 decrease was only 23.3 %.
Observations of the atmosphere and surface state over Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica using unmanned aircraft systems
Authors: Cassano J. J. , Seefeldt M. W. , Palo S. , Knuth S. L. , Bradley A. C. , Herrman P. D. , Kernebone P. A. , Logan N. J.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. In September 2012 five Aerosonde unmanned aircraft were used to make measurements of the atmospheric state over the Terra Nova Bay polynya, Antarctica, to explore the details of air – sea ice – ocean coupling. A total of 14 flights were completed in September 2012. Ten of the flight missions consisted of two unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) sampling the atmosphere over Terra Nova Bay on five different days, with one UAS focusing on the downwind evolution of the air mass and a second UAS flying transects roughly perpendicular to the low level winds. The data from these coordinated UAS flights provide a comprehensive three-dimensional data set of the atmospheric state (air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind) and surface skin temperature over Terra Nova Bay. The remaining UAS flights during the September 2012 field campaign included two local flights near McMurdo Station for flight testing, a single UAS flight to Terra Nova Bay, and a single UAS flight over the Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea polynya. A dataset containing the atmospheric and surface data as well as operational aircraft data has been submitted to the United States Antarctic Program Data Coordination Center (USAP-DCC, http://www.usap-data.org/) for free access (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?NSF-ANT10-43657, doi:10.15784/600125).
Block and boulder transport in Eastern Samar (Philippines) during Supertyphoon Haiyan
Authors: May S. M. , Engel M. , Brill D. , Cuadra C. , Lagmay A. M. F. , Santiago J. , Suarez J. K. , Reyes M. , Brückner H.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Fields of dislodged boulders and blocks record catastrophic coastal flooding during strong storms or tsunamis and play a pivotal role in coastal hazard assessment. Along the rocky carbonate coast of Eastern Samar (Philippines) we documented longshore transport of a block of 180 t and boulders (up to 23.5 t) shifted upslope to elevations of up to 10 m above mean lower low water level during Supertyphoon Haiyan on 8 November 2013. Initiation-of-motion approaches indicate that boulder dislocation occurred with flow velocities of 8.9–9.6 m s−1, which significantly exceeds depth-averaged flow velocities of a local coupled hydrodynamic and wave model (Delft3D) of the typhoon with a maximum < 1.5 m s−1. These results, in combination with recently published phase-resolving wave models, support the hypothesis that infragravity waves induced by the typhoon were responsible for the remarkable flooding pattern in Eastern Samar, which are not resolved in phase-averaged storm surge models. Our findings show that tsunamis and hydrodynamic conditions induced by tropical cyclones may shift boulders of similar size and, therefore, demand a careful re-evaluation of storm-related transport where it, based on the boulder's sheer size, has previously been ascribed to tsunamis.
Evaluation of the Plant–Craig stochastic convection scheme in an ensemble forecasting system
Authors: Keane R. J. , Plant R. S. , Tennant W. J.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. The Plant–Craig stochastic convection parameterization (version 2.0) is implemented in the Met Office Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS-R) and is assessed in comparison with the standard convection scheme with a simple stochastic element only, from random parameter variation. A set of 34 ensemble forecasts, each with 24 members, is considered, over the month of July 2009. Deterministic and probabilistic measures of the precipitation forecasts are assessed. The Plant–Craig parameterization is found to improve probabilistic forecast measures, particularly the results for lower precipitation thresholds. The impact on deterministic forecasts at the grid scale is neutral, although the Plant–Craig scheme does deliver improvements when forecasts are made over larger areas. The improvements found are greater in conditions of relatively weak synoptic forcing, for which convective precipitation is likely to be less predictable.
Hazard interaction analysis for multi-hazard risk assessment: a systematic classification based on hazard-forming environment
Authors: Liu B. , Siu Y. L. , Mitchell G.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. This paper develops a systematic hazard interaction classification based on the geophysical environment that natural hazards arise from – the hazard-forming environment. According to their contribution to natural hazards, geophysical environmental factors in the hazard-forming environment were categorized into two types. The first are relatively stable factors which construct the precondition for the occurrence of natural hazards, whilst the second are trigger factors, which determine the frequency and magnitude of hazards. Different combinations of geophysical environmental factors induce different hazards. Based on these geophysical environmental factors for some major hazards, the stable factors are used to identify which kinds of natural hazards influence a given area, and trigger factors are used to classify the relationships between these hazards into four types: independent, mutex, parallel and series relationships. This classification helps to ensure all possible hazard interactions among different hazards are considered in multi-hazard risk assessment. This can effectively fill the gap in current multi-hazard risk assessment methods which to date only consider domino effects. In addition, based on this classification, the probability and magnitude of multiple interacting natural hazards occurring together can be calculated. Hence, the developed hazard interaction classification provides a useful tool to facilitate improved multi-hazard risk assessment.
Brief Communication: An update of the article "Modeling flood damages under climate change conditions – a case study for Germany"
Authors: Hattermann F. F. , Huang S. , Burghoff O. , Hoffmann P. , Kundzewicz Z. W.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. In our first study on possible flood damages under climate change in Germany, we reported that a considerable increase in flood related losses can be expected in future, warmer, climate. However, the general significance of the study was limited by the fact that outcome of only one Global Climate Model (GCM) was used as large scale climate driver, while many studies report that GCM models are often the largest source of uncertainty in impact modeling. Here we show that a much broader set of global and regional climate model combinations as climate driver shows trends which are in line with the original results and even give a stronger increase of damages.
Observations of seasonal and diurnal glacier velocities at Mount Rainier, Washington, using terrestrial radar interferometry
Authors: Allstadt K. E. , Shean D. E. , Campbell A. , Fahnestock M. , Malone S. D.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. We present surface velocity maps derived from repeat terrestrial radar interferometry (TRI) measurements and use these time series to examine seasonal and diurnal dynamics of alpine glaciers at Mount Rainier, Washington. We show that the Nisqually and Emmons glaciers have small slope-parallel velocities near the summit (< 0.2 m day−1), high velocities over their upper and central regions (1.0–1.5 m day−1), and stagnant debris-covered regions near the terminus (< 0.05 m day−1). Velocity uncertainties are as low as ±0.02–0.08 m day−1. We document a large seasonal velocity decrease of 0.2–0.7 m day−1 (−25 to −50 %) from July to November for most of the Nisqually Glacier, excluding the icefall, suggesting significant seasonal subglacial water storage under most of the glacier. We did not detect diurnal variability above the noise level. Simple 2-D ice flow modeling using TRI velocities suggests that sliding accounts for 91 and 99 % of the July velocity field for the Emmons and Nisqually glaciers with possible ranges of 60–97 and 93–99.5 %, respectively, when considering model uncertainty. We validate our observations against recent in situ velocity measurements and examine the long-term evolution of Nisqually Glacier dynamics through comparisons with historical velocity data. This study shows that repeat TRI measurements with > 10 km range can be used to investigate spatial and temporal variability of alpine glacier dynamics over large areas, including hazardous and inaccessible areas.
Valoración de impacto ambiental por pesticidas agrícolas.
Authors: Schaaf Alejandro Alberto
Published: December 2015

El uso de agroquímicos en Argentina se ha fortalecido junto con la expansión agrícola. El objetivo de este trabajo es la elaboración de una metodología para calcular el impacto ambiental que los pesticidas causan en el medio ambiente teniendo en cuenta los siguientes factores: "ecotoxicología": categoría toxicológica, toxicidad en abejas, aves y peces; "Toxicidad humana": carcinogenicidad, neurotoxicidad, alteraciones endocrinas, genotoxicidad y capacidad irritativa; "Comportamiento ambiental": la persistencia en el agua / sedimento, persistencia en el suelo y bioconcentración. Estos factores fueron clasificados como bajo, medio, alto o muy alto, de acuerdo con su nivel de toxicidad. Los resultados indican que los plaguicidas más tóxicos son los insecticidas. La mayoría de los pesticidas utilizados son la toxicidad media (43,75%), seguido de baja y alta toxicidad (21,88%) y, los de muy alta toxicidad (12,5%). La metodología propuesta podría ser utilizada como una herramienta de monitoreo, gestión o educación ambiental.
Cuestiones de escala en el ámbito de la “Huella Hídrica”.
Authors: Sotelo Pérez María
Published: December 2015

La aplicación de la “Huella Hídrica” a la realidad española debe hacerse desde la consciencia de que hasta hace relativamente poco, el pensamiento científico dominante era el reduccionismo, cuyo enfoque considera que basta un conocimiento detallado de cada uno de los componentes de un sistema y de sus leyes fundamentales, para entenderlo globalmente. Y es que, el interés por este indicador surge de la importancia que cobran conceptos como “escasez” y “contaminación” del agua, como consecuencia directa e indirecta de la actividad humana sobre los sistemas hídricos, tanto en España como en los países de América Latina; con el fin de mejorar la gestión –desde la oferta y la demanda- de los recursos hídricos del planeta y reducir las desigualdades territoriales. De este modo, en el presente estudio se realiza una estimación de la “Huella Hídrica” de España y América Latina, así como de a la Red de Parques Nacionales Españoles, tanto a nivel económico como ambiental, describiendo los recursos hídricos utilizados, necesarios para satisfacer la demanda de bienes y servicios consumidos, en los prolegómenos del siglo XXI.
Las infraestructuras de recarga y el despegue del vehículo eléctrico.
Authors: Miranda Hernández José María , Iglesias González Nieves
Published: December 2015

Este trabajo revisa la evolución y estado actual de la automoción eléctrica; analiza las ventajas ambientales, de eficiencia energética y de costes del motor eléctrico frente al de combustión interna; y presenta como limitaciones para el uso del vehículo eléctrico, el desarrollo actual de las baterías recargables y la lenta implantación de electrolineras. Con el objetivo de contribuir al desarrollo de una actividad económica respetuosa con el medio ambiente y basada en nuevas tecnologías, se proyecta, a partir de experiencias previas, una instalación de puntos de recarga para una ciudad de 50.000 habitantes con un parque de 100 vehículos eléctricos que dispone de dos plazas de recarga rápida (poste trifásico 400V CA), siete plazas de recarga lenta (postes monofásicos 230V CA) y de 50 módulos fotovoltaicos que producen diariamente la energía equivalente a la recarga lenta de un vehículo en los meses fríos y de dos en los meses cálidos.
Identidad territorial y paisaje. Evolución morfológica de los núcleos en Castilla y León.
Authors: Cortés Pedrosa Juan
Published: December 2015

Este estudio intenta esclarecer las transformaciones físicas y socioeconómicas de los asentamientos rurales de la región española de Castilla y León, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Se analiza la evolución temporal de la forma urbana a través de un Sistema de Información Geográfico (SIG), calculando unos índices métricos y comparándolos con la información demográfica histórica. Los resultados pretenden mostrar los efectos de la especialización funcional económica, causada por la integración en las jerarquías productivas globales, sobre la estructura urbana. La pérdida gradual de las características tradicionales de los pueblos castellanos, como la compacidad y la integración en el entorno, debido a la pérdida o degradación de la arquitectura popular y la construcción de nuevas edificaciones industriales, supone un riesgo para las futuras políticas de desarrollo local. Se considera necesario preservar la identidad paisajística y evitar la destrucción del patrimonio cultural para poder revitalizar estos territorios.
Control estructural de agrietamientos poligonales en la Pedriza del Manzanares (Madrid)
Authors: Garcia-Rodríguez Manuel
Published: December 2015

Los agrietamientos poligonales representan una forma común de modelado granítico cuyo origen y evolución continúa en fase de estudio, no existiendo una sistematización de estas estructuras diversas. Algunos autores explican su origen por procesos geodinámicos internos, relacionándolo con movimientos de planos de fractura en estados tardíos de consolidación magmática. Otros autores atribuyen su formación y desarrollo a factores externos relacionados con el régimen climático. La gran variedad de agrietamientos poligonales requiere la utilización de un número mayor de variables para definir los distintos orígenes, y las posibles interrelaciones entre los factores externos e internos, así como para explicar la evolución de dichas estructuras y avanzar en la clasificación de los patrones concretos. Este trabajo pretende contribuir a sistematizar los mecanismos que intervienen en el desarrollo de agrietamientos poligonales. Para ello se estudian únicamente agrietamientos poligonales formados sobre planos de fractura verticales o subverticales. En particular se establecen relaciones entre la presencia de agrietamientos poligonales y la red de fracturación, la altura de aparición, la orientación e inclinación de la pared, la morfología de las placas y la profundidad de incisión de las grietas perimetrales. Por otra parte, establece relaciones entre procesos geodinámicos internos y procesos de meteorización externos.
Disponibilidad del recurso hídrico en la microcuenca del río Bermúdez. Región central de Costa Rica.
Authors: Hernando Echevarría Ligia , Orozco Montoya Ricardo
Published: December 2015

La microcuenca del río Bermúdez es parte de la principal zona de explotación hídrica en la región Central de Costa Rica, razón por la cual se realiza un diagnóstico de la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico en esta microcuenca donde se identifican las áreas con mayor problemática de disponibilidad de este recurso. Para ello se calculó un balance hídrico mensual, según uso del suelo, unidad geomorfológica y zona climática. Con base en este balance se determinó y clasificó la disponibilidad del recurso, identificando en la microcuenca solamente tres categorías: alta, media y moderada. No existen áreas de baja disponibilidad de recurso hídrico lo que demuestra que la oferta es suficiente, sin embargo, existe una presión importante sobre el recurso hídrico pues más de la mitad del área de la microcuenca se encuentra con una disponibilidad moderada.
Understanding Formality and Informality in Information System Pre-evaluation (ISIE) Process: Examining Case Research from an Actor Network Theory ANT Perspective
Authors: Shrafat Fayiz Dahash , Akhorshaideh Abdel Hakim O. , Abdallah Ayman Bahjat , Al-Zu'bi Zu'bi M. F.
Published: December 2015

The degree of rigidity in the process of IS evaluation and the dependence on a specific method tends to vary among banks, depending on a combination of many factors. This research focuses on I.S. pre-evaluation as socio-technical process. Central to this is the notion of Request for proposals RFP (Business case) and the analytical toolkit of Actor Network Theory (Latour 1987). Specifically this study attempts to highlight on the level of formality/informality played in the evaluation process by the threads of ‘rigidity issues’ that manifested themselves on the journey throughout the ex ante I.S. business cases in the bank. The study contributes to the existing literature in IS evaluation research by drawing using this case study to infer how pre-evaluation practices are being affected by the developing country context of Jordan. Among the several findings drawn from this research, the informal use of intuition was accommodated within the formal process of IS evaluation demonstrated to be the most prominent. The study highlights the importance of informal evaluation that of “gut feeling” and experience of executives which plays a significant role in the IS evaluation process.
Lineamientos internacionales con enfoque intercultural dirigido a población étnica y migrante.
Authors: Mardones Tricia
Published: December 2015

El presente artículo aborda los lineamientos internacionales con enfoque intercultural dirigido a la población étnica y migrante. El enfoque intercultural busca el reconocimiento de la diversidad y el estatus cultural simétrico para estas diversidades. Dentro de las poblaciones consideradas en gran mayoría por los Organismos Internacionales, se encuentran la étnica y la migrante. La mirada hacia lo étnico está dirigida hacia los pueblos autóctonos de los territorios ancestrales, ubicándose en todos los continentes, sin embargo, Latinoamérica posee la visibilidad mayor de esta población. Por otra parte, se encuentra la población migrante que por distintas razones, ya sea por refugio, trabajo, estudio, etc., deben migrar de sus países de origen a otros donde se encontrarán de paso o de residencia. Ambas poblaciones son miradas por la educación intercultural, centrándose en Europa hacia la población migrante y en América Latina, hacia la población étnica.Considerando este contexto internacional, esta revisión se enmarca en las directrices internacionales dirigidas tanto a la población étnica y migrante como a la educación intercultural que comparte dos funciones básicas de La Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos (1948).
Mariposa en arrullo
Authors: López Rossi
Published: December 2015

“Mariposa en arrullo”, de la serie “Las 20 Mariposas más bellas del mundo” de la Maestra Rossi López Huelva, a exponerse el 18 de noviembre de 2015, en el marco del 48 aniversario de la Universidad Politécnica de Nicaragua (UPOLI).
Hospital management teams – reflections on organizational and medical specialization cultures
Authors: Viitanen Elina , Kokkinen Lauri , Puolijoki Hannu
Published: December 2015

Although hospital management is studied in several branches of science, scarcity of studies investigating management team work in hospitals exist. The purpose of this paper was to study managers’ understanding concerning the role of management team work in specialized health care, as well as management team work methods within the different activity areas in a hospital and in the operational units within their domain. A total of 54 interviews of activity area managers and operational unit managers in one Finnish hospital district in 2007-2008 was analyzed using data-driven content analysis. Work of all management teams focused on financial and operative issues. However, different management teams used different working methods, which implicates the existence of medical specialization-specific work subcultures within a shared organizational culture. The psychiatric activity area appeared the most active and the most future-oriented, whereas the activity area of operative specializations seemed the most defensive, and the activity area of conservative specializations was businesslike and unfocused as regards the future. These differences were portrayed in the teams’ inner dynamics and interaction practices. Activity area work methods did not directly transfer to those of the unit-level management teams. We conclude that management teams may not be optimally used as a forum for strategic issues or innovation throughout hospital organizations and more research is needed in order to better understand the connections between management team work, organizational culture and medical specialization culture.
Perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos ocorridos na ilha de Colares, Pará, Amazônia oriental
Authors: Guimarães Claudio Douglas , Palha Maria Correia , Silva Jean Carlos
Published: December 2015

Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos acidentes ofídicos ocorridos na ilha de Colares, Pará, Brasil. O estudo consistiu em uma investigação epidemiológica transversal a partir da análise de todos os casos de envenenamento por serpentes peçonhentas atendidos no Hospital Municipal e notificados ao Sistema Nacional de Notificações e Agravos (SINAN) do Ministério da Saúde, entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2011. Os dados obtidos a partir das fichas de notificação foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva simples no Microsoft Excel (versão 2007). Foram notificados ao SINAN 94 casos de acidentes ofídicos, sendo observada maior concentração dos envenenamentos no primeiro semestre de cada ano, período em que ocorrem os maiores índices pluviométricos para a região. A maioria dos acidentes aconteceu na zona rural (85,11%), durante a realização dos trabalhos braçais (55,32%), com maior incidência em homens (73,40%), predominantemente provocados por serpentes do gênero Bothrops (69,62%). Foram identificadas falhas no protocolo de soroterapia, sendo verificada sua utilização em dois casos cujas serpentes não eram peçonhentas e não administrado em dois casos confirmados de acidentes ofídicos envolvendo serpentes peçonhentas. O pé foi a região mais acometida (51,06%) e a dor, edema e manifestações vagais foram os sinais mais frequentes. Estes resultados demonstram que o município de Colares segue o perfil dos acidentes ofídicos de outras localidades rurais amazônicas, sendo necessária maior atenção dos profissionais de saúde quanto ao preenchimento das fichas de notificação e aos protocolos terapêuticos dispensados às vítimas.
SQUARE OF THE ERROR OCTONIONIC THEOREM AND HYPERCOMPLEX FOURIER SERIES
Authors: Martinez C. A. P. , Martinez André L. M. , Borges Neto Manoel Ferreira , Castelani Emerson Vitor
Published: December 2015

The focus of this paper is to address some classical results for a class of hypercomplex numbers. More specifically we present an extension of the Square of the Error Theorem and a Bessel inequality for octonions.
ScottKnott: A Package for Performing the Scott-Knott Clustering Algorithm in R
Authors: Jelihovschi Enio , Faria José Cláudio , Allaman Ivan Bezerra
Published: December 2015

Scott-Knott is an hierarchical clustering algorithm used in the ANOVA context, when the researcher is comparing treatment means, with a very important characteristic: it does not present any overlapping in its grouping results. We wrote a code, in R, that performs this algorithm starting from vectors, data.frame, aov or aov.list objects. The results are presented with letters representing groups as well as in graphical way using different colors to differentiate among the distinct groups.
Closed-Form Solution for the Solow Model with Constant Migration
Authors: Juchem Neto João Plínio , Claeyssen Julio Cesar Ruiz , Ritelli Daniele , Mingari Scarpello Giovanni
Published: December 2015

In this work we deal with the Solow economic growth model, when the labor force is ruled by the Malthusian law added by a constant migration rate I. Considering a Cobb-Douglas production function, we prove some stability issues and find a closed-form solution for the emigration case, involving Gauss' Hypergeometric functions. In addition, we prove that, depending on the value of the emigration rate, the economy could collapse, stabilize at a constant level, or grow more slowly than the standard Solow model. Immigration also can be analyzed by the model if the Malthusian manpower is declining.
De koers van de Hoge Raad: (on)voorspelbaar?
Authors: Klaassen C.J.M.
Published: December 2015

De koers van de Hoge Raad: (on)voorspelbaar?

De auteur gaat in op de taak van de Hoge Raad om de rechtseenheid en de rechtsontwikkeling te bevorderen. Aan de hand van een aantal arresten op het terrein van het aansprakelijkheidsrecht stelt zij de vraag of de koers van de Hoge Raad wel voldoende voorspelbaar is en op welke wijze de Hoge Raad de voorspelbaarheid van zijn beslissingen kan verbeteren.
De bijdrage van de civiele cassatieadvocatuur aan de rechterlijke rechtsvorming
Authors: Vranken J.B.M.
Published: December 2015

De bijdrage van de civiele cassatieadvocatuur aan de rechterlijke rechtsvorming

De auteur behandelt de bijdrage van de cassatieadvocatuur aan de rechtsontwikkeling door de Hoge Raad in civiele zaken aan de hand van twee stellingen. De eerste stelling luidt dat de cassatieadvocatuur mede verantwoordelijk is voor de toegang tot de cassatierechtspraak, dat wil zeggen dat de cassatieadvocatuur ervoor dient te zorgen dat bepaalde zaken de Hoge Raad daadwerkelijk bereiken. De tweede stelling is dat versterking van de rechtsvormende taak van de Hoge Raad soms een bredere kennis van de context van de zaak vereist.
Een visie op de taak van de Hoge Raad in de 21e eeuw
Authors: Hermans R.M.
Published: December 2015

Een visie op de taak van de Hoge Raad in de 21e eeuw

In deze bijdrage geeft de auteur vanuit zijn rol als cassatieadvocaat zijn visie op het functioneren van de Hoge Raad.
De objectivering van de bevoordelingsbedoeling in het erfrecht
Authors: Brans F.W. , Raaijmaakers Ph.A.J.
Published: December 2015

De objectivering van de bevoordelingsbedoeling in het erfrecht

Aan de hand van twee uitspraken uit eigen praktijk wordt onderzocht welke omstandigheden een rol kunnen spelen bij de beoordeling of sprake is van een gift, hoe en waarop deze wordt gewaardeerd, of de legitimaire massa daarmee wordt vermeerderd en op welk wettelijk breukdeel daarvan de legitimaris aanspraak kan maken. Conclusie is dat wordt gekeken naar omstandigheden van vóór of tijdens het moment van de gestelde gift (‘objectief’). Omstandigheden van latere datum blijven in beginsel buiten beschouwing, ook als achteraf daaruit een wil of intentie tot bevoordelen kan worden herleid (‘subjectief’).
A note on "oscillation criteria for second-order nonlinear neutral dynamic equations on time scales
Authors: Agwa Hassan Ahmed Hassan , Khodier Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed , Salm Mahmoud Haman Osman
Published: December 2015

In this work, we give a counter example for the main result of the paper \small[Tamkang J. of Math., 43 (1)(2012), 109--122.] and we give the correct formula for some theorems given in their work.