bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Markets beyond the Horizon: Part I
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter turns to the international side of the Great Chasm (i.e., the “demand side”). Herein arises the immense foreign demand for American higher education talent. This demand has been strengthened by the expansion of the world economy in the New Millennium. It has been shaped by the pressing need, in emerging markets, to forge an educated workforce, train professionals, and build institutions that can contribute to the economic, social, and political well-being of the nation. The first part lays the groundwork for the passages that proceed. It elaborates on the following ideas: As a result of tighter U.S. visa restrictions and rising anti-immigrant sentiment, the door to a massive influx of foreign students in the United States has been all but shut. This limitation adds weight to the proposition that if all the world cannot come to America for higher education, then why not take American higher education to all the world? The second part purports to convey a sense of the enormity of international markets for higher education. It explains that by tapping these markets, U.S. colleges and universities can enhance their financial viability. At the same time, they can serve the educational needs of non-U.S. nationals, solidify the economic substructure of U.S. higher education, and strengthen the critical role that America plays, or should play, globally in the realm of ideas.
Institutional Barriers to International Expansion
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

The Great Chasm creates opportunities for U.S. academic institutions to extend their global reach for the benefit of both themselves and non-U.S. nationals who value their services. Hence, it would seem logical for them to do so. Bridging the Great Chasm, however, is not an easy feat for the vast majority of American colleges and universities. It is complicated by a multitude of factors, including a traditional culture that is averse to commercialization, an organizational structure that is operationally slow, and a system of governance that often leads to indecision, conflict, and paralysis. In a highly competitive, rapidly changing economic environment, these factors often work to the detriment of American academic institutions. This chapter explores why they stand in the way of international expansion, and what it would take to remove them.
How to Bridge the Great Chasm
Authors: Joseph Richard J.
Published: January 2023

What are the practicalities of going global? What are the mechanics? What are the inherent risks? This chapter discusses (1) preconditions that must be met before an institution can successfully go global, (2) collaborative arrangements that can facilitate the endeavor, (3) the pitfalls of some of these arrangements, and (4) how they can be managed through quality controls. The chapter also discusses ways to finance the venture, the outsourcing of operational tasks, and the delivery of higher education services online. It offers “nuts-and-bolts” advice on how to bridge the gap between the abundance of U.S. higher education talent and the immense foreign demand for it.
Evidence-based policymaking
Authors: Boswell John
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 examines the pursuit of evidence-based policymaking on public funding of bariatric surgery in England and Wales via the original ‘what works centre’, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Drawing on a mix of policy documents and semi-structured interviews, I chart a growing disconnect between avowedly evidence-based guidelines for this treatment to tackle obesity and clinical practice. Instead of deriding this as a failure of EBPM, I argue that the ongoing contest over the nature and meaning of the evidence is itself generative: this contest enables NICE officials (and allies in the ‘bariatric community’) to promote surgical procedures just as it allows sceptical clinicians and public health experts to push back and make the case for alternative treatments and population-level interventions. I link these insights to emerging scholarship in science and technology studies and interpretive policy analysis to provide a more nuanced account of ‘what works’ for EBPM in practice.
Collaboration
Authors: Boswell John
Published: January 2023

Chapter 5 examines the pursuit of joined-up governance in mitigating the harms of alcohol consumption. Drawing on interview material, I map the cyclical rise and fall of collaboration amid an embittered political debate and complex administrative terrain. I argue that the perennial appeal of collaboration helps actors to forge (and undermine) alliances in pursuit of their preferred outcomes in the face of siloed disjunctures and mutual distrust. I link these insights to ideas about policy learning, boundary spanners and governmentality to further understandings of what makes collaboration ‘work’ even as it fails.
Conclusion
Authors: Boswell John
Published: January 2023

The conclusion in Chapter 8 brings these threads together to articulate a nuanced, novel and provocative defence of apparently magical thinking in administration and policymaking. My argument here begins by consolidating and reiterating the perfectly rational explanations for why actors cling to naïve ideals for better policymaking that emerge in the forerunning chapters. In this sense, I repeat and clarify here an account of reflective practice in policy work. I show that continuing to appeal to these ideals allows policy actors to justify action (in the face of uncertainty), advance simple claims (in the face of complexity) and, most importantly, channel advocacy and sustain buy-in (in the face of clashing values and interests). The final, procedural benefit is most important because it also lays the bedrock of the stronger, normative argument I make on the back of these empirical findings, based on the theory of deliberative democracy. I argue that this procedural value enables the core democratic norm of reciprocity, understood as common ground in policy debate. In this sense, the shared commitment to these ideals enables publicity, making powerful actors more accountable, and inclusion, allowing lesser resourced actors greater access to and influence over policy work. I conclude by assessing the implications of this argument for the scholarship and practice around apparently ‘naïve’ ideals to improve policymaking in cynical times.
Energy Market Design with Capacity Mechanisms
Authors: Perner Jens , Riechmann Christoph , Street Sam , Balachandar Vikram
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the challenges of the energy-only market, in particular with increasing shares of (subsidized) renewable plant capacity, and considers the circumstances under which intervention in the form of a capacity market may be appropriate. The ‘energy-only’ market, which rewards power plants (and demand-side response providers) for the MWh they produce, is the bedrock of EU internal electricity market design. It can, in principle, ensure the right balance between the additional cost of capacity and reliability of electricity supplies. However, its ability to do so rests in large part on investors in capacity being able to trust that they will be able to profit from high wholesale prices during times of scarcity. In practice, several market failures, compounded by policy and regulatory uncertainty, may prevent this from happening, resulting in less than the optimal level of reliability being delivered. These concerns have led several EU Member States to provide additional remuneration via capacity mechanisms, to ensure the optimal level of reliability. These have predominantly been used to support existing fossil fuel and hydro generation capacity. However, as the electricity sector transitions towards Net Zero, designs will need to adapt to accommodate other forms of capacity, including RES, demand-side response, and new forms of storage.
The Antitrust Perspective to Capacity Mechanisms
Authors: de Hauteclocque Adrien , Sadowska Małgorzata
Published: January 2023

This chapter aims to analyse potential antitrust abuses arising in the context of capacity mechanisms. It classifies them according to capacity mechanism types, and then selects two types of these abuses (auctions and transmission system operator (TSO) practices) to discuss the effectiveness of antitrust rules. It focuses on the issues that could reasonably be tackled under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (cartels and coordinated practices), Article 102 TFEU (the abuse of a dominant position), and parallel national provisions. The chapter concludes that certain types of capacity mechanisms might be more prone to anticompetitive behaviour than others. The choice of a specific capacity mechanism type should take into account the pre-existing market structure, national enforcement framework and powers of energy regulators, as well as competition and financial authorities.
Free Movement of Goods in the Labyrinth of Energy Policy and Capacity Mechanisms
Authors: Oliver Peter , Huhta Kaisa
Published: January 2023

Chapter 11 focuses on capacity mechanisms under the EU rules on free movement of goods. The chapter explains why electricity is considered to be goods in the context of EU free movement law and explores the relationship between state aid and free movement. Through an analysis of the relevant case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, the chapter explains the conditions under which the free movement of goods can be restricted and examines how these rules function in the context of generation adequacy. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how the harmonization of capacity mechanisms in the Clean Energy for All Europeans -package affects the application of the free movement rules and shows how the principle of energy solidarity plays out in the internal market context.
Greece
Authors: Metaxas Antonis
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a thorough critical overview of the efforts put forward to date in order to establish an effective and permanent Greek capacity mechanism along with a short-term strategic reserve mechanism. In this framework and within the scope of the restructuring of the Greek energy market following the (extremely delayed) introduction and subsequent immature implementation of the EU target model, as well as the ongoing decommissioning of the lignite power plants, it remains to be seen whether the Greek energy market will manage to deal effectively with its systemic distortions. This is a task that constitutes a mandatory precondition for workable competition conditions and a true liberalization of the electricity market.
The Netherlands
Authors: Winters Marinus , Govers Tiemen
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the Dutch electricity market. The Netherlands has an energy-only market, in which security of supply is currently secured. However, the installed capacity of renewable electricity production is growing rapidly, which requires dispatchable capacity. At the moment, there are no plans for investments in dispatchable power capacity and the Dutch government decided to phase out coal-fired power plants as of 2030. As a result of these market circumstances, the Dutch government intends to implement an authority for the Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy to order TenneT TSO to set up a strategic reserve. This strategic reserve will be set up in line with the principles of the Electricity Regulation.
Disturbances of the Body and the Soul
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

This third part analyzes the condition of lovesickness, or amor hereos, a psychosomatic disease believed to affect predominantly aristocratic men who had a melancholic complexion or acquired one on account of their erotic illness. This condition received a lot of attention from medical professionals because it was believed to engender other melancholic diseases, including depression, madness, and if it went untreated, death. After the introduction of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Constantine the African’s Viaticum, and Bernard of Gordon’s Lilium medicinae into European culture, lovesickness became a favorite topic in medical commentary and in literature. Representations of lovesick characters abound in early medieval aesthetic expression throughout Europe, including in Provençal lyrical poetry, Italian Dolce stil novo, Andalusian kharjas, and Galician-Portuguese various poetic genres. In King Alfonso’s Cantigas, amor hereos acquires new levels of meaning because the foremost effect of lovesickness was an overvaluation of the object of desire. Since most lovesick victims had previously been fervent devotees of the Virgin Mary, the overvaluation of the loved one usually represents a displacement of their devotion for Mary onto the beloved. In this context, therefore, amor hereos is a condition that has a direct effect on the body and the mind, as well as on the soul.
Diseases of the Soul inCantigas de Santa Maria
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

The last section of the book, which contains three chapters, studies the spiritual condition of acedia, or religious melancholia. Acedia, one of the seven deadly sins in the Middle Ages, was originally believed to affect only anchorites practicing a contemplative life in the dessert of Alexandria. The condition went through a process of transvaluation characterized by three stages: first it affected anchorites in deserts, then it disturbed monks and nuns, and finally all humankind. Alfonso X’s Cantigas is a key witness to the evolution of acedia, as this vice attacks not only religious men and women but also lay people, allegedly including the monarch himself. Through the study of cantigas 88, 254, and 365, this chapter shows how this physical, mental, and spiritual disease upended the lives of religious men, compelling them to renounce their order and fleeing the cloister. These spiritual pitfalls caused great anxiety not only in the institution of the Church but also in medieval authors and the public in general. The Alfonsine Cantigas, hence, function simultaneously as a means of allaying the author’s acedia (melancholia) and as a warning to readers against the danger of this feared condition.
Medical Theory and the Emergence of Humanistic Culture
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

Medical Theory and the Emergence of Humanistic Culture
Justifying Strict Liability
Authors: Cappelletti Marco
Published: January 2023

This book explores in a comparative perspective the most significant arguments that different legal actors put forward to justify the imposition of strict liability in tort in four legal systems, two common law (England and the United States) and two civil law (France and Italy). These justifications are ‘risk’, ‘accident avoidance’, the ‘deep-pockets’ argument, ‘loss spreading’, ‘victim protection’, ‘reduction in administrative costs’, and ‘individual responsibility’. By looking at how these justifications are used in the four legal systems, the book unearths a wide variety of patterns of reasoning, which reflect the different ways in which legal actors across the four laws think about strict liability. Moreover, the book assesses the significance (ie the justificatory weight) of the arguments, showing that these can assume varying significance within and across the four laws and that such variations reflect different views as to the values and goals which should guide strict liability and inspire tort law more generally. Overall, the book seeks to improve our understanding of strict liability, to shed light on the significance and role of the justifications put forward for its imposition, and to enhance our comprehension of aspects of the different tort cultures featuring in the four legal systems studied.
Corporate Authoritarian Practices
Authors: Glasius Marlies
Published: January 2023

The chapter examines corporate authoritarian practices in the context of copper and cobalt mining by multinational corporations in Katanga, DRC. It starts with a focus on the Swiss multinational Glencore and the Chinese state-owned company CNMC Huachin, before zooming out to demonstrate broader patterns of silencing, secrecy, and lies by other multinational mining corporations operating in the region. This ‘overdetermined’ case suitably exposes various configurations of actors engaged in corporate-led authoritarian practices surrounding the mines. Concessions came about, and tax evasion was facilitated, through high-level engagement with state and regional politicians. Corporations and state actors kept secrets from and told lies to local communities, NGOs, and state environmental agencies about environmental impact. Corporations, local traders, and a host of security services colluded to exploit, deceive, and occasionally silence artisanal miners. In Chinese companies, workers were routinely fired when voicing discontent. Corporate social responsibility expectations, and increased attention to transparency in the extractive sector in particular, appear to have impacted corporate behaviour. However, for some companies, such expectations have actually increased incentives for corporate sabotage of accountability. While the consequences of increased involvement of corporations headquartered in non-democratic states such as China and Kazakhstan still require further study, the evidence does not suggest that these companies are necessarily more likely to engage in authoritarian practices than western-based companies.
Max Horkheimer and the Original Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

This chapter reconstructs the original paradigm of critical theory, conceived by the young Max Horkheimer at the head of an interdisciplinary group of philosophers, psychologists, economists, and literary scholars associated with the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research in the interwar Weimar Republic. The young Horkheimer maintained a firm yet undogmatic commitment to a fairly orthodox interpretation of historical materialism, while his perhaps most original contribution to social theory was his and Erich Fromm’s synthesis of the Marxian critique of political economy and Freudian psychoanalysis in an account of the basic structure of monopoly capitalism and its deep-seated forces of reification and cultivation of authoritarian personality types. However, his truly lasting philosophical contribution is the idea of critical theory itself, which was first formulated as an interdisciplinary programme of dialectical ‘interpenetration’ of philosophy and social inquiry and a materialist Ideologiekritik of the distorted expressions that the truth content of bourgeois concepts and moral ideas receive in bourgeois thought. This programme informed an ambitious empirical research project into the revolutionary ‘readiness’ of the German proletariat, which proved disappointing, however, and gradually transformed into the more defensive project of explaining the rise of National Socialism in Germany. Moreover, the chapter argues that the most overlooked part of Horkheimer’s original paradigm is his attractive but underdeveloped normative idea of a ‘reasonable society’ and his conception of critical theory as itself a theory of justice, albeit distinct in important ways from bourgeois or traditional theories of justice that also predominate in the contemporary academy.
Horkheimer’s Original Paradigm and the Idea of a Critical Theory of World Society
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Relying on recent postcolonial theory, Chapter 2 argues that Horkheimer’s original paradigm was ultimately unable to redeem its global claim to validity, because its weddedness to historical materialism at the same time commits Horkheimer to a ‘stagist’ philosophy of history, which sees global variations as temporally coexisting stages of epochal development and thus threatens to collapse the sociological dimension of a critical theory of world society into its historical dimension. Moreover, the chapter also argues that the young Horkheimer subscribed to a then-prevalent ‘Promethean’ interpretation of historical materialism, which sees ever-increasing human mastery over nature as an essential condition of human emancipation. Although this interpretation of Marx’s thought has subsequently been disputed, there remains little room in the young Horkheimer’s thought for ecological concerns about the natural limits to human production. Nevertheless, the chapter maintains that a critical theory of contemporary world society must salvage from Horkheimer’s original paradigm not only the idea of a critical theory of justice, but also the critical engagement with political economy, which has all but disappeared from recent paradigms of critical theory, rendering them blind to some of the constitutive injustices of global capitalist modernity. Finally, the chapter suggests that Horkheimer’s early work may also be helpful in accounting for the rise of authoritarian populism across and beyond the West in recent years.
Adorno’s Negativist Paradigm and the Idea of a Critical Theory of World Society
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 argues that Adorno’s negativist paradigm rests on two fundamentally flawed assumptions: first, the idea of late-capitalism as an ‘expressive totality’, in whose abstractions the concrete global context of application vanishes, and second, that economic and political power has fused in an all-pervasive system of administration and delusion, which renders his paradigm unable to grasp the asymmetrical power that globalized market forces wield over fragmented states in contemporary world society. However, the chapter also maintains that Adorno’s central concern with non-identity is acutely relevant for a critical theory of world society in at least two ways: in terms of the relationship between reason and nature and the ‘ecological dialectic of enlightenment’ actualized by the prospect of catastrophic anthropogenic climate change, and in terms of the postcolonial concern with the ‘non-identical’ of Western modernity. The chapter argues that both of these concerns must be integrated into a critical theory of world society, but without embracing the theoretical cul-de-sacs and practical impasse of Adorno’s negativist paradigm. Finally, the chapter insists on Adorno’s insight that the reconciliation with nature, which today has become an existential imperative, cannot be achieved in theory, as some ‘new materialist’ philosophers may seem to suggest, but ultimately only in practice.
Jürgen Habermas and the Communicative Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 5 reconstructs Jürgen Habermas’s communicative paradigm of critical theory, which responds to the limitations of Adorno’s negativist paradigm and seeks to grasp the emancipatory potential of the new-founded constitutional-democratic order of postwar Europe. In doing so, Habermas undertakes a turn to an intersubjective paradigm of reason and develops a philosophical foundation for a critical theory of society in a pragmatic reconstruction of the universal rational infrastructure that he finds in ordinary language communication. This reconstruction of communicative reason enables Habermas to develop a sophisticated theory of social evolution and an ambitious social theory that sees modern capitalist society as both a cultural lifeworld and a system of functional subsystems. This two-concept theory of communicative action in turn allows Habermas to reconceptualize the concept of reification as a pervasive social pathology of modern democratic capitalism: namely, as the colonization of the lifeworld by systems imperatives, which undercuts the social and psychological conditions of individual autonomy. Habermas’s reconstruction of communicative reason also grounds the normative dimension of his critical theory, which comprises an account of the moral point of view in terms of a theory of discourse ethics and a reconstruction of the ‘self-understanding’ of modern constitutional democracy. He construes the latter in terms of a system of rights and a two-track theory of deliberative politics that charts how processes of democratic will-formation in the public sphere are channelled through an elected parliament, which submits the functional subsystems of the capitalist market and the public administration to democratically enacted law.
Axel Honneth and the Recognition Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 7 reconstructs Axel Honneth’s recognition paradigm of critical theory. His defining concern with recognition is motivated by a critique of Habermas’s power-free account of the lifeworld and a concomitant aspiration to eschew systems theory and develop a monistic social theory that conceives of power relations as struggles for recognition within the lifeworld, where moral consciousness and individual identity are forged in the heat of social conflict. Honneth develops this idea into a theory of three spheres of recognition as a formal conception of the good life, which, in his later work, is explicitly construed as a communicative conception of freedom, or of the necessary social and psychological conditions of individual autonomy. Building on this theory, Honneth’s mature work undertakes a reformulation of Hegel’s Rechtsphilosophie as a ‘theory of justice as social analysis’, which reconstructs and criticizes the major institutions of social freedom in modern Western society across the domains of personal relationships, the market economy, and the democratic constitutional state. The chapter also offers a systematic account of three conceptions of power that we find in the Frankfurt School tradition of critical theory.
Amy Allen’s Contextualist Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 9 introduces the first of two emerging paradigms of critical theory, through which the shape of a critical theory of world society begins to take form: namely, the emerging contextualist paradigm of Amy Allen. First, the chapter argues that Allen is right to foreground the concept of subjection and that the Frankfurt School has generally been complacent about the extent to which subordinating racial and gender norms are introduced into the very formation of the subject. Moreover, given the extent to which power and resources in contemporary world society are still ordered along formally disestablished colonial and imperial lines, the chapter argues, with Allen, that a critical theory of world society must integrate the reflexive check of problematizing critique. However, the chapter also maintains that this self-problematizing mode of critique is by itself insufficient and that Allen’s principled or metanormative contextualism is unable to ground a critical theory of world society, since what she offers is ultimately a limited framework for the self-interrogation of Western capitalist modernity.
Politicians' Reading of Public Opinion and its Biases
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

Politicians care a lot about public opinion, they put great effort into getting to know what the people want. They almost constantly assess public opinion through a large variety of sources. And although most of them define themselves as trustees, in their actual day-to-day decision-making almost all politicians behave as delegates in the sense that they hardly ever deliberately cross public opinion but act in line with it (or act not at all). Notwithstanding their great focus on public opinion, politicians’ perceptions of what it is that the people want are remarkably inaccurate. They not only misjudge the share of people supporting specific policies, they also quite often position the majority on the wrong side of the debate. Their perceptions of public opinion are not only inaccurate, but most of the time biased as well. Politicians perceive the public to hold more right-wing positions than it actually does. Together, the inaccuracy and bias of politicians’ public opinion perceptions challenge the idea that elected representatives make representative democracy work by relying on their public opinion perceptions. In Flanders (in Belgium), the political system this book looks at, politicians do everything within their power to understand citizens’ preferences, but they do not always succeed in acting responsively because of their mistaken perceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter sets the stage and introduces the two main aims of the book: assessing to what extent politicians care about and invest in estimating public opinion on the one hand, and establishing whether and to what extent politicians’ perceptions of public opinion are inaccurate and biased on the other. Additionally, the chapter makes the case for examining the case of Belgium (Flanders) and argues that there is nothing special about Belgium for politicians in that country to relate differently to public opinion compared to politicians in many other countries. Further, it presents the empirical material the book draws upon and explains how qualitative and quantitative data is combined, and what one can learn from these two types of data.
Reading and Perceiving Public Opinion as a Mechanism of Representation
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

The chapter argues why students of representation should consider politicians’ reading of public opinion. Previous empirical and theoretical work is referenced to show that how politicians make sense of public opinion, and especially the conclusions they reach about the state of public opinion, have an important impact on their legislative behavior and on their political behavior more generally. Whenever scholars have looked at the perceptions of politicians they have found them to matter. That perceptions are consequential, not only applies to “delegate-style” politics whereby elected representatives maximize responsiveness to people’s preferences but also to “trustee-style” politics as politicians who decide not to follow public opinion need a good explanation for their divergence from the public’s immediate wishes. And knowing public opinion helps in finding the right words. Finally, the chapter explains that there is little previous work on how politicians read public opinion and on how accurate politicians’ perceptions are.
Ambivalent Attitudes toward Public Opinion
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

The chapter explores the general attitudes Belgian politicians hold with regard to public opinion. It finds that politicians’ feelings vis-à-vis public opinion are characterized by ambivalence. On the one hand, the principled attitude of many politicians is one of reluctance to follow public opinion. Averse to anything that resembles populism, politicians declare in great numbers to operate independently from public opinion and to act as “trustees,” following their own convictions instead of public opinion. On the other hand, though, the chapter testifies that politicians think that reading public opinion is a core part of their job. They find it crucially important, not only out of electoral necessity but also because they consider it their duty to know what the people want. Despite declaring in great numbers that ideology ought to trump public opinion as a driver of their actions, Belgian politicians are strongly committed to public opinion.
Measuring Accuracy and Bias of Public Opinion Perceptions
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

The chapter explains the book’s methodology to measure politicians’ public opinion perceptions in detail. The essence of the approach to perceptual accuracy is that politicians estimate the percentage of popular support for various specific policy proposals (e.g., “The most polluting cars should be banned from inner cities”) and that their estimations are compared with actual support for these policies as measured through a large-scale, representative public opinion survey. Importantly, not only were politicians asked to assess the support among Belgian citizens in general but also among the politician’s own party electorate. The chapter also explains why and how policy proposals were chosen, provides descriptive evidence for each of the eight chosen policies, and presents the societal and political discussions surrounding the concrete policies.
The Right-wing Bias in Politicians’ Collective Public Opinion Perceptions
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

The chapter looks at politicians’ estimations of public opinion in the aggregate and finds that, as a group, Belgian politicians do not really hold accurate perceptions. Collectively, they make relatively big mistakes, with misjudgments of popular support mounting up to twenty percentage points for certain policy proposals. Most importantly, the data reveal a clear right-wing, or conservative, bias in politicians’ perceptions. Politicians consider citizens systematically as being more supportive for right-wing policies and less supportive for left-wing policies than they actually are. This applies to both their assessments of general public opinion and to their assessment of their own party electorate’s opinion. Building on Chapter 3 which showed that these perceptions strongly affect politicians’ political actions, the chapter speculates about the consequences of inaccurate and biased perceptions for actual policymaking.
Kinematics and strain
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the basic method for describing the motion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration in a deforming solid. For small displacement gradients, the concept of infinitesimal strain and infinitesimal rotation are introduced. Geometric constructions which elucidate normal and shear strains are discussed in detail. The matrix representation of all six components of strain is introduced, as well as the representation of strain in indicial notation. Important canonical states of homogeneous strain—uniaxial strain, simple shear, pure shear, and uniform compaction/dilatation—are analyzed in detail. Additionally, the notions of strain deviator and volumetric strain are developed.
Fatigue
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces methods for analyzing the fatigue failure of materials under oscillating loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant fatigue failure analysis are discussed. The defect-free approach is developed using the classical concept of S-N curves and endurance limits. Additionally the strain-life approach to defect-free fatigue analysis is developed using the Coffin–Manson relation for low-cycle fatigue and the Basquin relation for high-cycle fatigue. Cumulative fatigue damage using Miner’s rule is also discussed. In a defect-tolerant approach, where a component is assumed to have a pre-existing crack located at the most highly stressed location, it is presumed that such a crack grows incrementally to a critical size. The Paris law for incremental crack growth is presented and discussed.
Linear viscoelasticity under oscillatory strain and stress
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses linear viscoelasticity under steady-state oscillatory loading. Storage and loss moduli and storage and loss compliances for oscillatory conditions are discussed, as are loss tangents, phase lag, damping capacity, and energy dissipation. The concept of complex moduli to understand viscoelastic material behavior is discussed.
Shakespeare Beyond the Green World
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew
Published: January 2023

Unpicking the ecopolitics of Shakespeare’s plays at the Stuart court, this book establishes that the playwright was remarkably attentive to the environmental issues of his era. As a court dramatist, he designed his plays to captivate a patron deeply involved in both the conservation and exploitation of a burgeoning empire’s natural resources. Spurred by James’s campaign to unify his kingdoms, the Jacobean Shakespeare ventures beyond the green and pleasant lowlands of England to chart the wild topographies of an expansionist Great Britain: the blasted heath in Macbeth, the mines of Scotland in Timon of Athens, the overfished North Sea in Pericles, the Welsh mountains in Cymbeline, the Arctic fur country in The Winter’s Tale, the fens in The Tempest, overcrowded London and empty Ulster in Measure for Measure and Coriolanus, and the night in Antony and Cleopatra and King Lear. While these plays often simulate a monarch’s-eye view of the natural world, they also reveal that Crown policies were fiercely contested from below. In addition to trekking beyond verdant landscapes, Shakespeare Beyond the Green World seeks to mitigate the Anglocentric and anthropocentric bias of the archive by putting the plays into conversation with texts in which the subaltern wild growls back. Combining deep dives into environmental history with close readings of Shakespearean wordplay, original typography, and original performance conditions, this book rewilds the Renaissance stage. It spotlights Shakespeare’s tendency to humanize beasts and bestialize allegedly godlike monarchs, debunking fantasies of human exceptionalism. By clarifying how the Jacobean plays expose monarchical dominion as ecological tyranny, this study remains scrupulously historicist while reasserting Shakespearean drama’s scorching relevance in the Anthropocene.
“A Booth in Vanity Fair”
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1, “A Booth in Vanity Fair”: Charity Bazaars and the Methods of Fiction, narrates the progress of fundraising bazaars from their beginnings in the post–Napoleonic War era to the end of the nineteenth century when massive fairs held during London’s social season were a well-entrenched tradition. The author utilizes newspaper data to give a trajectory of bazaar development and draws broadly from material written and printed in conjunction with bazaars, including advertisements, press coverage, broadsheets, pamphlets, gift books, and instruction manuals. Together, these materials demonstrate the ways in which philanthropists adopted techniques from fiction to stage bazaars as vital scenes of civil society.
Fair Value
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 explores Harriet Martineau’s Dawn Island, published to be sold at the 1845 Anti-Corn Law Bazaar held in London’s Covent Garden Theatre. In keeping with the purpose of the bazaar, the tale purports to preach the doctrine of free trade. However, at a bazaar where the parodic market form of a ladies’ fancy fair clashed with the decidedly free-trade agenda of the Anti-Corn Law League, Martineau used her tale to critique the means League organizers used to devalue women’s labor. With pointed irony, the bazaar provided a venue where she could market a text to raise funds for the League, while that same text incorporated a subtle yet pointed critique of League methods.
Kenya
Authors: Gichohi Matthew K. , Arriola Leonardo R.
Published: January 2023

Kenya’s uneven progress toward democracy is closely linked to the political control of institutions. Kenyan presidents have consistently employed lawfare—the manipulation of constitutional, legislative, and judicial institutions—to protect executive power and limit liberalization. Kenyan civil society and opposition parties have often failed to rein in the executive through legal strategies because their interests have diverged at critical moments of reform. Members of the opposition, in particular, have allowed themselves to be coopted by presidents during key reform episodes, thereby weakening pressure for overhauling the executive’s constitutional powers. Kenyan presidents have also exploited their role as national leaders, institutionally and symbolically, to depict international criticism as neocolonial or unwarranted interventions. However, the international relationship has been a relatively weaker and inconsistent instrument for Kenyan presidents to obstruct democratization. Because Kenyan governments remain dependent on international finance and aid, they have been unable to prevent civil society groups from using their own international linkages to lobby for international pressure for democratic reform. As a result, while Kenyan presidents regularly depict themselves as defenders of the national interest, they have only been able to use sovereignty claims to buy themselves time in delaying reforms.
Malawi
Authors: Gloppen Siri , Kanyongolo Fidelis , Shen-Bayh Fiona , Wang Vibeke
Published: January 2023

Constitutional democracy in Malawi has prevailed despite a series of setbacks. The chapter links this resilience to the interaction between state actors like the judiciary, civil society actors, and a shifting political opposition that at critical junctures have succeeded in confining or overturning authoritarian attempts, often in a concerted cooperation with international actors. The judiciary has remained largely independent, despite recurring attempts by the executive to exert undue influence through threats, bribes, irregular appointments, and removal of judges. The courts in Malawi have been able to maintain a supportive constituency in civil society as well as in the political opposition. This support is in turn mobilized to protect the courts at critical moments. Although the relations between the government and international pro-democracy forces have been characterized by fits and starts (not unlike Malawi’s democratic trajectory), international actors have at critical moments contributed toward safeguarding judicial independence and accountability mechanisms that have kept political channels open. Donor support and leverage contribute to both the mobilizing potential of civil society and the relative restraint of the government.
Conclusion
Authors: Arriola Leonardo R. , Rakner Lise , van de Walle Nicolas
Published: January 2023

Democratic Backsliding in Africa? Autocratization, Resilience, and Contention has shown that the region’s democratic experience over the past two decades largely reflects status quo politics: We have witnessed neither substantial progress nor regression in advancing political and civil liberties since the initial transitions of the early 1990s. The observed democratic stagnation obscures the actual political battles playing out between incumbent elites attempting to stay in power and an opposing elite contesting control of the state. African incumbent leaders have strategically used the law and courts to control the contestation for power and participation in politics and they have used sovereigntist claims to shield themselves from the scrutiny or pressure from external actors. Opposition forces have also at times scored significant victories in securing democratic spaces, particularly when they are not directly challenging the core interests of the executive branch. In the concluding chapter we summarize some of the key arguments of the book before examining the findings and generalizations that can be made from the case studies. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the unsettled issue areas in need of further research.
The Volitional Theory of Causation
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: January 2023

This book presents a history of the volitional theory of causation—the philosophical proposal that volition, or will, of the same or broadly the same stamp as that which we experience in our own deliberate and voluntary doings, should be taken as the basis for all causality. Few today know much about the volitional theory of causation, and even fewer have given it any serious attention. But if current opinion regards this suggestion as an unusual one, of minor importance, the historical record shows otherwise, revealing that it is a theory which has been proposed and developed again and again throughout the modern era. Its obscurity is only a recent phenomenon. Starting at the beginning of the Early Modern period and progressing right up modern times, the historical discussion takes in both supporters and critics, as well as both famous and less well-known figures, to tell the story of a long-running debate which contemporary history of philosophy has forgotten.
Visual Arts and Visualization
Authors: Ura Karma
Published: January 2023

A literature survey of spiritual masters and their early temple-residences and extinct gyal khars indicate the impermanence of wall paintings they housed. Yet the techniques of preparing base-coat plaster and palletes of mineral and organic colours for frescoes lasted long. Some plant-based colours are common to both painting and fabric or yarn dyeing. Experiences of pigment preparation were distilled into a theory of colours in the 17th century Tibet and this is recalled in the light of Bhutanese practices. The earliest fresco in the country is that of Paro Taktshang rock face with its style exceedingly alike the 11th century Drathang monastery in south-western Tibet. Evolution of artistic styles is traced from ancient mural paintings of Tamshing temple and Khoma temple to an ‘unsurpassed subtlety’ in Tango Gyalsey Zimchung and Tongsa Lama Lhakhang. With the exception of Drukpa Kunley’s rebelliously haunting poetry, erotic art could not emerge in the monastic environment, but flourished in terms of phallic images on rural houses, though this too is threatened in modern Bhutan. Erotic performances by clowns in mask dance festivals and dances performed naked are linked to rites of fecudinity and fertility. The final part delineates my hypothesis that Vajrayana iconography have been influenced by its primary purpose: to instruct and support meditative visualization.
Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

This is an introductory book for computational neuroscience. The book starts with a high-level overview and some fundamental questions about brain theories, a brief discussion about the role of modeling, and some other basic facts from neuroscience. The book also reviews essential scientific programming in Python and the basic mathematical and statistical concept used in the book. The following part of the book focuses on basic mechanisms and modeling of single neurons or population averages. This starts from detailed discussion of changes in the membrane potentials through ion channels, spike generations, and synaptic plasticity, with increasingly abstractions in the following chapters. After this, the information processing capabilities of basic networks are described, including feedforward and competitive recurrent networks. The last part of the book describes some examples of combining such elementary networks as well as some examples of more system-level models of the brain. This new edition of my book incorporates recent lessons from deep learning. While there are excellent books on deep learning, the emphasis here is their connection to brain processing. An important aspect is thereby the concepts of representational learning and computation with uncertainties. Also, I now included gated recurrent neural networks that are becoming an important fundamental mechanism when thinking about brain processing. While we will not be able to dive into all the recent progress, I hope that the text will guide further specific studies and research.
Introduction and outlook
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

The introductory chapter is outlining the big picture and defines the scope of the computational neuroscience discussed in this book. It outlines some basic facts of brain organization and principles that are important guiding principles. This chapter includes a discussion on the role of scientific modeling in general and in neuroscience specifically. In addition, it outlines a high-level theory of the brain as a predictive model of the world together with some further important principles.