bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Receptivity to Expatriate Assignment
Authors: Abraham Rebecca
Published: January 2008

This study is an empirical investigation of receptivity to expatriate assignment in culturally similar and dissimilar environments. The theoretical underpinnings of the study emerge from a model of the expatriate adjustment process which views the determinants as anticipatory adjustment variables antecedent to actual adjustment. Vertical individualism, career distance and corporate career policy along with role clarity and economic development as moderators were found to significantly explain willingness to relocate to culturally similar environments. Economic development, corporate family policy and career distance were significant predictors of mobility to culturally dissimilar environments. The proposed model for culturally similar environments substantially improves explanatory power over an existing model. Implications of the study in conjunction with predictors from the domestic mobility and international adjustment literature are discussed.
Sales Promotion in a World Economy
Authors: Smith Martin C.
Published: January 2008

Investigates how sales promotion relates to the product base of a given country; gives factors to be considered by international companies in the world economy; believes political realities are most often the product of a country's cultural heritage and assesses the differing government practices in socialist states and democratic states. Continues to describe the four types of existing economies: first world; second world; third world; and fourth world in relation to the world production market.
Cross‐cultural Management: A Personal View
Authors: Welsh Dianne H.B.
Published: January 2008

Briefly provides a personal view of the necessity of cross‐cultural management, the main reasons being: access to newly freed communist countries; little empirical information to compare global management; the need to develop and test diverse theories; and the need to change which research methods are acceptable to fit differing cultures.
A Comparative Research on International Executive Compensation
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , Crowder Mark
Published: January 2008

An effective compensation programme for expatriates must provide adequate incentives to encourage the right persons to accept overseas assignments and to do their best in meeting the company's strategic goals. To attract, motivate and retain high‐quality expatriates, the company should make the compensation programme not only equitable and compatible to domestic rates, but also flexible and competitive at world market rates. Income varies among various countries which have different economic systems and development levels, distinct political and legal institutions, and particular traditions and cultural backgrounds. Outlines trends in international executives' compensation in Europe, Japan, China and Asia. In addition, covers variables including base salary, hardship or site allowances, premiums, cost‐of‐living adjustments, housing and utilities allowances, taxes, and individual benefits for expatriates.
A Research into Industrial Relations Considerations under NAFTA
Authors: Allen Ronald S.
Published: January 2008

Written for an international industrial relations class in the Hagan School of Business, explores the potential difficulties of cultural variations of the USA, Canada and Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The key areas evaluated are industrial relations, unions, politics and cultural diversity. Aims to identify existing and potential problem areas, discuss them, and suggest possible ways to solve or approach these problems as we move into a more global business community. Also discusses the Americanization of Mexico as a developing nation and attempts to export American management styles to Mexico.
Privatizing Canneries in Hungary
Authors: Bartley Douglas L. , Minor Michael S.
Published: January 2008

Restructuring activities in Eastern Europe have been widely discussed. Examines firm‐level impediments to the conversion of state‐owned enterprises to market‐oriented firms operated for a profit. Based on the experience gained in several consultancies in Hungarian plants, the greatest problems faced by these firms may be at the operational level — accounting, personnel decisions, manufacturing processes. Suggestions for improvements in each of these areas, and others, are offered.
The Marketing Concept — Necessary, but Sufficient?
Authors: Elliott Gregory R.
Published: January 2008

The marketing concept, as a cornerstone of contemporary marketing theory, stands as one of its most enduring tenets.
Construction Export Marketing:The Singapore Experience
Authors: Sui Pheng Low
Published: January 2008

The construction industries in developing countries can play a significant role in stimulating economic growth. Like many of these countries, the construction industry in Singapore has similarly evolved through an infancy phase to now reach a stage of maturity as the economy braces itself to officially become the first developed nation on the Equator by the end of the 1990s. The influence of the construction industry on the Singapore economy has been the subject of much study. None, however, has shown the stages through which the industry has evolved over the last 25 years, since Singapore gained independence in 1965, nor the role played by the government in rationalising the marketing capacities and level of sophistication among indigenous construction firms. This article seeks to explore the rationale behind the key development policies, strategies and marketing programmes implemented by the Singapore government for the local construction industry.
Modelling the Sales Margins Required for Positive Cash Flows
Authors: Scott D.R.
Published: January 2008

Many standard texts (for example, see) identify that business, through the marketing function, relates to the profitable satisfaction of customer needs and wants. In general, however, the concept of cash flow and contribution margins is seldom mentioned in non‐financial texts, except in the case of strategic models such as that described by Henderson, when it tends to be utilised mainly in an abstract and historical sense rather than in a dynamic sense.
The Export Behavior of Firms in Singapore: An Application of the Stage of Internationalization Model
Authors: Hakam A.N. , Theng Lau Geok , Boon Kong Shong
Published: January 2008

This is an attempt to apply the stages of internationalization model to investigate the export behavior of firms in Singapore. The study has identified existing exporters or pre‐exporters by stage of development in which they belong. The factors that distinguish one stage from another were investigated and our findings show that there are statistically significant differences that differentiate one stage from another. On the basis of these differences, we conclude that there are public policy implications and therefore we make recommendations that firms be classified by the stage of their internationalization and that appropriate aid packages be made for firms by the stage of their international development.
Foreign Vacation Selection Process in an Oriental Culture
Authors: Kaynak Erdener , Kucukemiroglu Orsay
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this empirical study is to find out the similarities and differences between first and multiple time Hong Kong holiday makers in their selection of foreign holiday destinations and the type of activities they are engaged in while spending their vacations away from home. Study results indicate that there are demographic, socio‐economic and behavioral differences between first and multiple time Hong Kong overseas visitors. These pronounced differences between the two segments can be used in the development of appropriate marketing strategies to attract higher numbers of tourists to the same destination.
Gleaning Market Intelligence from the Sales Force
Authors: Bonfrer Andre , Peters Don , Mazany Peter
Published: January 2008

An exploratory study examines the relationships between particular managerial practices and qualities of soft intelligence information provided by the sales forces of firms responding to a mail survey. The hypotheses explored were formulated from a review of the literature and anecdotal data. Among the findings are positive associations between managerial practices designed to improve the information provided by the salesforce ‐ such as training, involvement in decision making, recognition and performance evaluation ‐ and various dimensions of the information gleaned from the salesforce. This paper recommends the use of the salesforce as a source of marketing information, and identifies key managerial practices which may be used to improve the flow of information from the salesforce to the organisation's information system.
The Changing Customer Interface of Retail Banking in New Zealand
Authors: Prendergast Gerard , Marr Norman
Published: January 2008

Self‐service technology is challenging the traditional concept of provider‐client interaction in the retail banking industry. Following a review of the literature, this paper discusses the experts' opinions of the role of self‐service technologies and human bank staff in New Zealand retail banking to the years 2000 and 2010. These opinions were identified through a Delphi study held with leading executives from various sectors of the economy. The research indicated that in the future utilisation of home banking by television will be limited to a specific and small market segment. Home banking by personal computer will be relatively more widespread, although it is unlikely to be used by more than twenty per cent of the banking population. Home banking by automated telephone service will be more widespread still, yet acceptance is unlikely to be greater than thirty per cent of the banking population. ‘Staffless branches’ (which are staffed predominately by self‐service technology) will be available in all main city centres before the turn of the century. Automatic Telling Machines (ATMs) will be the most utilised self‐service technology in the future.
Consumer Expertise for Selected Services
Authors: Best Diana
Published: January 2008

The study examines consumer expertise for services and its measurement. Specifically, measures of subjective expertise or confidence, experience or frequency of usage, and two measures of objective expertise are used for two services varying in degree of tangibility. As hypothesised, positive relationships between the different types of expertise do not always exist, particularly as intangibility of the service increases.
The Role of External Technology Acquisition in Product Development: Attitude‐Behaviour Inconsistency Among Small Firms
Authors: Atuahene‐Gima Kwaku , Lowe Julian F.
Published: January 2008

For many small firms, buying technology through licensing has long been regarded as a major route to successful new product development. However, little research aimed at comparing the attitudes of small firms towards buying technology through licensing has been conducted. Using both univariate and multivariate analysis, this article reports an empirical study comparing the characteristics and perceptions of 81 Australian licensee and 107 nonlicensee small firms towards buying technology from international nonaffliated firms. Surprisingly, small nonlicensee firms are found to scan international technology developments more than their licensee counterparts. In addition, whereas nonlicensee firms have higher perceptions of the costs of technology licensing than licensees, paradoxically they also appear to have higher perceived benefits than licensees. Based of this inconsistency between attitude and behavior four types of firms are proposed — active/satisfied licensees, passive/dissatisfied licensees, potential licensees and nonlicensee firms. Theoretical and managerial implications of the results are discussed.
Domestic Production Decision to Displace Malaysian Juice Imports
Authors: Chacko George K. , b Zainal Rohizan , b Mohd Yunus Dagang , b Shahrudin Shahrin
Published: January 2008

Should we produce a product not produced before? With trade occupying as much as 94.8% of GNP in some ASEAN countries, their entry into the domestic market to displace a foreign import is a vital issue‐which is seldom, if ever, discussed in the literature. Our innovative use of Monte Carlo simulation estimates the market share of a FUTURE Malaysian product, enabling a preliminary decision on market entry to displace imports.
The Marketing of Pharmaceuticals in Japan by American Firms
Authors: Pahud de Mortanges Charles , Rietbroek Jan‐Willem , MacLean Johns Cort
Published: January 2008

States that although Japan's pharmaceutical industry has succeeded in steadily advancing its total sales revenues in recent years, its market share of worldwide volume has actually retreated slightly. Its major competitor continues to be the USA, while its three top European rivals: Germany, France and Italy ‐ in combination ‐ have consistently outperformed Japan. Significantly, Japan remains the single largest recipient of US pharmaceutical exports with a surplus over imports of more than $500 billion. Discusses various findings based on survey results within Japan's market structure. Posits that the US experience shows that successfully operating on the Japanese market requires considerable preparation, especially in the areas of distribution and promotion. Owing to the technical segmentation and endemic distribution system of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry, concludes that it is unlikely that the pharmaceutical industry in Japan will rise to dominate this industrial sector on a global basis as they have prevailed in others.
Productivity, Performance Measurement and Management in Logistics
Authors: Stabler Alan
Published: January 2008

Provides a critique of the present state of the art of productivity and performance measurement and management in logistics. The nature of logistics makes normal measures of productivity, based on an output/input concept, not always appropriate. Indicator or proxy approaches can be more suitable and would relate the quality of the system to total cost, complementing conventional total productivity thinking. Highlights the main ingredients of strategic logistics performance. Develops analytical frameworks and models to aid management in planning and decision making, both operationally and strategically. Discusses the challenges of such integrated approaches, accentuating the effectiveness of the productivity philosophy in logistics. The competitive key battlegrounds include quality, productivity, speed and innovation, all linked to good business ethics. Compares Japanese and Western logistics management approaches to productivity and performance.
The Impact of Culture on the Adoption of High Technology Products
Authors: Slowikowski Sue , Jarratt Denise G.
Published: January 2008

Although culture appears to be an important element in consumer behaviour, few have researched its direct impact on the adoption of innovation. In an exploratory study, research was conducted with migrants from Vietnam and Poland to examine the impact of culture on the adoption of high technology products. Specifically, data were examined for differences in adoption of these products between Vietnamese and Polish migrants to Australia; and the effect of cultural factors of “traditions,” “religion” and “fatality” (beliefs about man's inability to control nature), on adoption. This research was a preliminary study, but the results indicate that culture has an important role in the adoption process of high technology products.
Foreign Direct Investment in the Asia‐Pacific Region: Overview of Recent Trends and Patterns
Authors: Chadee Doren D. , Schlichting Deborah A.
Published: January 2008

APEC represents the world's most powerful economies. Although much trade related research has been undertaken on APEC countries, investment in the region is still not well understood. This paper provides an overview of FDI of selected APEC economies. Three main themes emerge from this review. First, APEC economies have experienced phenomenal growth in FDI over the last twenty years although such growth is uneven among countries. Second, FDI appears to shift from the primary sector into the manufacturing and tertiary sectors of the economy as economies grow further. Thus, future FDI in APEC economies will likely be relatively higher in the tertiary sector as the poorer members of APEC continue to grow. Third, FDI is found to contribute positively to economic growth in all economies considered although results show that FDI in the tertiary sector generally leads to higher economic growth.
The Ownership Structure of Japanese Service Firms: A Study of Parent‐Subsidiary Relationships
Authors: Rose Elizabeth L. , Ito Kiyohiko
Published: January 2008

The relationship between parent firms and their subsidiaries is a crucial aspect of corporate governance, and is increasingly complex in the global environment. We analyze an organizational arrangement quite common in Japan, the corporate spinoff, focusing on the relationship between parent firms in the Japanese service sector and their spinoff subsidiaries. The level of parental ownership is negatively related to the parent firm's net income and number of subsidiaries, but positively related to its advertising expenditures. In addition, parent firms tend to have lower ownership of more profitable subsidiaries. The ownership arrangement between the parent and the subsidiary appears to be based on issues broader than direct profit maximization.
Cooperative Relations In International Joint Ventures
Authors: Arvid Scherling Steven , Wang Olivia L.H.
Published: January 2008

The complexity and competitiveness of global business is increasingly being managed by international strategic alliances. As a result, the two central tenets of market‐based‐capitalism, that competitive market forces ensure optimum innovation‐led growth and that individual firms can best accomplish this by competition rather than cooperation, are being re‐examined. These tenets directed management in an elaborate process of alliances control, which is now giving way to a system of control based on trust. The economic model explaining the formation of alliances and the research on joint venture alliances are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of trust and a process‐approach to trust development. Finally, a case methodology to examine evolving IJV relationships is proposed.
Newprodex: A Knowledge‐based Expert System for industrial Product Screening and Development in international Marketing
Authors: Di Benedetto C. Anthony , Calantone Roger J. , Raj Victor
Published: January 2008

Expert systems are computer systems, built through interaction with actual experts, that mimic human experts within a narrow domain. This paper describes the development of an expert system, NEWPRODEX, designed to screen industrial product concepts, identify potential financial successes, and diagnose opportunities for concept enhancement to improve its chances of success on the international marketplace. A running example illustrating a sample application of the NEWPRODEX system is provided. The concluding section discusses directions for model improvement.
SEXISM and LINGUISTICS
Authors: Spender Dale
Published: January 2008

Where does knowledge come from? Who makes it up? What purpose does it serve? Unfortunately, while these are fundamental questions for us, they are questions that are rarely asked.
EDUCATION FOR WOMEN IN THE 1980's
Authors: Cockerill Janet
Published: January 2008

At times of uncertainty, society has seen women — and women have seen themselves — as exemplifying the ‘old’ values. They have tried to hang on to what they had — keeping the home fires burning, conserving traditional attitudes, fighting to keep the familiar pattern going, weeping whilst men worked. These have been women's responses to danger and to change. Few women of the past have breasted danger or given change a nudge forward. When they have — and a glance at the short list makes this very clear — their quality has consisted not only in their personal characteristics but in their utilisation of the opportunity life gave them of acquiring the knowledge which was an essential basis for their action. The tragedy for women, and hence for society generally, has been that so few of them had the chance to acquire that knowledge. Without knowledge and the confidence that comes from it no one can plan for the future in such a way as to conserve what is of value in the past, whilst adapting to the challenge of present and making a constructive contribution to the future. So women have hitherto played little part in the evolution of new social, political and economic responses to challenging situations.
THE MOST DIFFICULT REVOLUTION: WOMEN AND TRADE UNIONS
Authors: Cook Alice H.
Published: January 2008

Historically trade unions were in the forefront of social reform, campaigning against child labour, against the 12‐hour day and for free public education and universal suffrage. But with their achievement of great power and influence in the modern societies they have been less sensitive to the present day exploited and oppressed — to women and guestworkers and all those foreign in colour and language, in customs, sex and tastes. To be sure these groups are often unfamiliar with unions, and reluctant to join them even if invited because of the fear of employer reprisal and their weak position in the labour market. Characterised as they have been by transiency, dependency and divided loyalties, the unions long wished them away or accepted them if they behaved like native men, that is to say in an understandable way and with acceptable rationality. Although the similarities between the problems of women and foreign workers or workers of colour in the labour markets of the industrialised countries is an intriguing study, we shall here look specifically at the case of women, recognising the while that their problems are not unique and their oppression not unprecedented.
WOMEN AT VOLVO
Authors: Hitch Margaret
Published: January 2008

For women working at Volvo, the first hope for equal status began with the arrival of the new President, Mr. Gyllenhammar, in 1970. In his previous job he had been involved in equality programmes and many women at Volvo regarded his arrival as the advent of a new era.
The Effect of Immigration on Women's Roles in Various Countries
Authors: Hartman Harriet , Hartman Moshe
Published: January 2008

The contribution of immigrants in general to the labour force of the receiving country and the ramifications (positive and negative) of this contribution have received a fair amount of attention, in the past, since many immigrant policies are formulated after considering the potential contribution or damage immigrants can make to the economic development of the country and selectively regulating the type of immigrants allowed to enter accordingly. Most of this attention has been given to immigrants in general, although subgroups of immigrants differ greatly in their own particular needs.
Three Years with an Act on Equality
Authors: Kolstad Eva
Published: January 2008

An Asian delegate to the UN‐conference of Women in Copenhagen 1980 asked the Norwegian Ombud:
Job Evaluation, Equal Pay, and the Trade Unions
Authors: McNally Joyce
Published: January 2008

S.l(2)(b) of the UK Equal Pay Act provides that where a woman's work has been rated as equivalent with that of a man — in other words given an equal value under a job evaluation scheme — she is entitled to equality of treatment for any term of her contract covered by the scheme. The Act, however, does not oblige employers to carry out job evaluation exercises. Women who are not, therefore, employed on ‘like work’ with men (S.1(2)(a), and who are not covered by a job evaluation scheme, cannot claim equal pay under UK law.
Implementing an Equal Opportunities Audit
Authors: Pettman Barrie O.
Published: January 2008

During the last few decades, most nations have seen a significant growth in the number and proportion of women, especially married women, in the labour force. However, the cultural norms of many of these countries remain ambivalent about the employment of women outside the home. Rarely, outside socialist countries, do nations fully accept or endorse the employment of women. Political constraints reinforce ambivalent social and cultural attitudes and generate resistance to the acceptance of the costs involved, and benefits to be gained, in adjusting society's structure to the changing roles of women and assisting in the integration of women into the labour force without discrimination.
A PROFILE OF WOMEN ENGINEERS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Boulgarides James D.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of the study described in this article was to develop a demographic profile of women engineers in Southern California. Other factors investigated were the opportunities, pay comparison with males, priorities, sexual preference for superior and subordinates, problems women face, satisfaction with the job and personal values.
Women and Mining — Policies for Opening Up Blue Collar Work
Authors: Byrne Eileen
Published: January 2008

The author focuses on one occupational area—mining—and suggests some implications of the available evidence of women's entry to this male bastion of work and power in society. Two key areas are: the need to enforce national standards in the labour market to remove discrimination against admitting women to “male” occupations and the development of positive‐discriminatory training for women currently under‐represented in or barred from a male‐dominated employment sector.
Women and Tax
Authors: Wilkinson Margaret
Published: January 2008

Sex discrimination is embedded in the personal income tax system of the UK which favours married men and operates against married women. The view that women are men's dependants, institutionalised in the tax system, offends very many women and should have no place in a society committed to equality between the sexes.
NOWME — Birth of an Idea
Authors: Faulder Carolyn
Published: January 2008

The inside story behind setting up the new National Organisation for Women's Management Education—from conception to the moment today where it is poised to launch an appeal for funds. Her description of the many backroom problems her group en‐countered and the nitty gritty details that have to be considered at every stage of planning will interest anyone who has ever thought of doing something similar, or just wondered how it could be achieved.
The Identity Dilemmas of Being a Woman Manager
Authors: Marshall Judi
Published: January 2008

The acceptance of male as the norm within much literature about women managers is paralleled in individuals' estrangement from their own female qualities.
Male and Female Managers Compared
Authors: Usher Denise
Published: January 2008

Gradually, more and more women are being introduced to top managerial positions, providing a new challenge for educators, employers and organisational psychologists who are interested in the special characteristics of women that might be of relevance to their performance and success in a supervisory role.
Denise Lecoultre
Authors: Dymond W.R.
Published: January 2008

An appreciation, by colleagues, of the work of Denise Lecoultre for the OECD.
Equal Opportunity in New Zealand Legislation and Implementation
Authors: Place Helen
Published: January 2008

This article looks at the status of women in New Zealand: their career expectations; working patterns; attitudes towards women as managers; equal opportunity legislation made so far.
Not the Marrying Kind
Authors: Penman Robyn , Stolk Yvonne
Published: January 2008

A review by Virginia Novarra This book is based on an important and very unusual piece of research: a survey of 435 single (i.e. never married), and childless women in Melbourne between the ages of 30 and 65 and not living as a couple. Despite its Australian provenance, it can be taken as representing the position in the rest of the industrialised world. ‘The stereotype of single women portrays them as lonely, unfulfilled, anxious, neurotic, physically disadvantaged and sexually abnormal people. We have failed to find one woman with these features, although some of them were present in some women.” (p. 154).
Moving Overseas: Making the Decision
Authors: Piet‐Pelon Nancy J. , Hornby Barbara
Published: January 2008

Women should not be afraid to consider the motivation behind, and implications of, overseas moves, particularly when the impetus comes from their partner's career rather then their own. For the non‐career wife, alternatives to complete family moves can be considered. The more women require employing organisations to consider family needs, the more responsive these organisations will have to become. For the woman who intends to pursue her own career alongside her partner's in the new country, it must be remembered that opportunities may not be readily available. The woman who has a serious professional career and is unwilling to modify her goals may be best to remain at home and continue her chosen path. The female partner who wishes to work but not necessarily follow a specific career stream has flexibility as her paramount asset, but will also need self‐confidence and perseverence to seek or create job opportunities overseas.
Managing The Career Break
Authors: Knowles Wilf
Published: January 2008

Schemes for managing the career break will not only assist women in long‐term career planning but will also ensure that the employer retains a group of trained people who will be returning to work, whether full‐ or part‐time or with flexible working arrangements. A review of the appropriate legislation, and some workable examples provided by National Westminster Bank, F International, ICL, and Rank Xerox, indicate a range of alternatives open to employers. A complete programme should include such main elements as equal opportunity measures; remedial measures (e.g. induction courses emphasising women's career opportunities, special re‐training for those returning to work); and support measures (day‐care provision, flexible hours, paternity leave, extended maternity leave). It is vital that employers do not ignore the 50 per cent of the country's human resources which happen to be female; schemes for managing the career break, within the framework of a comprehensive programme of positive action, will provide a strategy for ensuring that this does not happen.
Sexual Harassment in Britain
Authors: Hemming Heather
Published: January 2008

Further research on sexual harassment at work is necessary to persuade management to implement policies and grievance procedures covering this area in the workplace. Superior/subordinate harassment is the most serious problem for women in “feminine” occupations, the real problem being posed by middle‐class men with higher occupational status. Co‐worker harassment is more of a problem for middle‐class women in management and professions, these women being in direct competition with middle‐class men who cannot use occupational power over them. Harassment of women in factories (or other non‐traditional women's work) is a problem when women
Meeting the Challenge ‐Women's Training and Development in the UK
Authors: Cooke Ann
Published: January 2008

Women's increased participation in the workforce over the last ten years is clearly reflected in the growth and widening scope of the Women and Training Group, set up in 1979 with the Manpower Services Commission's support to provide a forum for national training bodies to exchange information, ideas and experiences on women's training opportunities. An overview of the Group's history and achievements to date underlines its ability to appraise and reflect the changing scene for women and organisations constantly. Forward strategy includes becoming more involved with policy makers in organisations, closer liaison with professional associations and wider representation at major events and on policy making groups. The aim is also to enable men and women to work together as equals, adopting a more integrated approach in the process.
Working Women Abroad — West Germany
Authors: Berthoin Antal Ariane , Krebsbach‐Gnath Camilla
Published: January 2008

Women workers in industrialised countries essentially face the same challenges: to achieve equal opportunities in the labour market in terms of quantity, type and level of occupation and remuneration; to develop a societal structure supportive of the reconciliation of family and work responsibilities for both men and women. Countries deal with these changes in different ways. Compared with the USA, the participation of women in the labour market in the Federal Republic shows that a great deal has been achieved in some areas but not in others. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the employment of women in the FRG since 1945 are summarised and background factors (education, legislation, political activities) that have influenced developments in the past. Based on these historical aspects and the most recent developments in Germany and abroad the future outlook is discussed.
Developing an Equal Opportunity Programme: The Case of a Large Dutch Bank
Authors: de Jong Attie M.
Published: January 2008

Establishing an equal opportunity personnel policy in a Dutch organisation is dependent on the goodwill, initiative and perseverence of a number of key members of the organisation. Outside pressure from the government, labour movement or employers' associations is still too weak to have any noticeable effect on company policy regarding equal employment. A policy plan must be followed by decisions to put it into effect; allocation of responsibility for execution; methods to monitor whether the policy is being followed; and internal publicity and public relations to make the programme known throughout the whole organisation. Where large organisations are involved, consideration must be given to introducing the policy in the same way as a project. In spite of the lack of prior commitment, a Dutch study that examined the position of women and the possibility of achieving a more even distribution of banking positions among men and women in 1980 affected a particular bank's personnel policy. An equal opportunity programme took shape between 1980 and 1985. The problems that arose and the manner in which they were solved is discussed.
The Psychology of Women: A View from the States
Authors: Basow Susan A.
Published: January 2008

The history of the field of the psychology of women in the USA has three distinct phases. The first, between 1940 and 1960, saw the struggle for recognition by women psychologists. The second, during the late 1960s and early 1970s saw women demanding to be taken seriously as psychologists as well as researchers and research subjects. This led to the establishment of the Association for Women in Psychology and the Division of the Psychology of Women. One complements the other although they both have their own roles. Their efforts have led to a rise in status and visibility of the psychology of women as a field and of women psychologists as members of their profession. The third phase, which started in the 1980s and continues now, must deal with the old issues as well as new issues of maintaining commitment and enthusiasm.
Revolutionaries, Superwomen or Ordinary Members: The Participation of Women in Trade Unions
Authors: Horton Christine A N
Published: January 2008

Women constitute over 50 per cent of NALGO membership but are still under‐represented at all levels within the union. Previous explanations of trade union activism have ignored gender differences in union participation. They have not taken the impact of the sexual division of labour within the home and workplace into account. Many unions have failed to recognise the effect this has had on the ability of women to participate fully in the union's organisation. If women are to participate fully their domestic commitments must be taken into account. The union's expectations of its lay officers need to be examined.
Smoking Motivations and Cessation Rates: An Analysis of Gender‐Based Differences
Authors: Batten Liz
Published: January 2008

The pharmacological addition syndrome which integrates the complex factors involved in maintenance of smoking as a behaviour, has led to many attempts to find aneffective cessation treatment, either through replacement therapy or through behavioural programmes or a combination of both. Research carried out by the Wessex branch of Operation Smokestop, a project providing training, support and research for community‐based self‐help stop‐smoking groups, reveals that the problem may now be more fruitfully examined through a social and political framework. Such influences may prove to have more bearing on the suggested gender‐based differences in smoking and cessation than that of nicotine alone. Women smoke as a way of dealing with their daily lives. Health and addiction worries result in their greater numbers of attempts to stop smoking. Significant drops in prevalence for women are not found since they are more likely to relapse through their dependence and because girls are taking up smoking at a greater rate than boys. Women are not smoking more to be more like men but because they feel powerless and unable to change their cultural, social and political and economic environments. The results are based on 516 Smoking Patterns test questionnaires which produce a picture of an individual's smoking motivations based on seven factors.
Feminist Social Psychology: Evolving Paradigms
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: January 2008

Feminist research acknowledges the centrality of female knowledge and experience. Within this two further strands can be identified: that many feminist researchers place an emphasis on the social construction of meaning, with particular emphasis on the role of language as the primary vehicle of such constructions; and that within the centrality of female knowledge and experience is a feminist analysis of the role of power in determining the form and representation of social knowledge. The latter is an acknowledgement that feminist research is not just an extension of traditional research in non‐sexist ways and areas of relevance to women but that it must entail a critical evaluation of the research process in terms of its ability to illuminate women's experiences. This should comprise three strands — a critique of traditional theories and methods, the development of more appropriate theories and methods for studying the experience of women and the analysis of the role of the researcher within his/her research.
Opportunities for Female Employment in Superstore Retailing
Authors: Dawson John A. , Findlay Anne M. , Sparks Leigh
Published: January 2008

This article assesses the specific employment opportunities for women in the retail superstore. The result of a sample survey (part of a wider study of retail employment) are compared with the responses to comparable questions from the Department of Employment survey of the late 1970s. The focus is on three areas: occupational segregation in a changing retail environment; female employment and life cycle stage; and female attitudes towards employment.
Comparable Worth and Compensation: Complexities and Controversies in the United States
Authors: Cohen Murray E. , Fryer Cohen Cynthia
Published: January 2008

A large earnings gap between men and women has persisted in the USA despite legislation intended to reduce it. One cause of this has been thought to be systematic marketplace undervaluing of tasks performed by women. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sought to address this perceived inequity by reviving a 1940s concept, “comparable worth”. This article examines litigation that sought to enforce the legal requirement of “equal pay for comparable worth” and the implementation problems and controversies that ensue.
Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value and How to Achieve It: A Practical Approach
Authors: Wright Phillip C.
Published: January 2008

Legislation is being prepared in both Canada and the USA to force a new social reality on the workplace in which pay systems will be made equitable. The vehicle will be job evaluation. This article details, in practical terms, how job evaluation techniques can be used as a means of social‐reorientation towards a new era of industrial relations.
Women in Scientific Professions: The Emerging Trends
Authors: Sharma Sarla
Published: January 2008

A brief historical account of women in science is given as introduction to discussion of their present situation in the USA. Factors affecting female achievement and interest in science and in scientific careers include education, socio‐cultural and personal factors. Obstacles and constraints for women during preparation for scientific professions are also described together with myths about women and recent trends. Strategies for increasing their participation are proposed.
Women Engineers : Conditions at University and in the Profession in West Germany
Authors: Rudolph Hedwig , Janshen Doris , Rudolph Hedwig
Published: January 2008

This research attempted to provide a scholarly answer to why so few West German women choose engineering as a profession. The study was qualitative: 100 biographically structured interviews. A complex picture emerged. Recommendations are then made as to how women's integration into the profession might be eased without the price of over‐adaptation to male patterns of behaviour.
Male and Female Economic Activity and Employment in Great Britain, 1984–1987
Authors: Pettman Barrie O.
Published: January 2008

The article presents a selection of preliminary results from the 1987 Labour Force Survey for Great Britain vis‐à‐vis male and female economic activity rates together with comparisons with 1984.
PREDICTING ATTITUDES TOWARD AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN ADVANCEMENT
Authors: Pat McEnrue Mary
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which women and minorities may refuse to actively pursue positions which provide the chance to exercise more authority and responsibility because they perceive that the opportunities are really phantom (that is, the officially announced openings have already unofficially been filled). It also examines the impact of this phenomenon and other factors on employees' attitudes towards affirmative action.
RECONCILING: WORK AND HOME, CAREER AND FAMILY
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: January 2008

How can the woman manager who wishes to “take time out” to have children in today's turbulent business environment maintain contact with the “world of work” and subsequently re‐establish a position on a career ladder?
EQUAL VALUE THROUGH JOB EVALUATION: PERSPECTIVES ON RECENT BRITISH EXPERIENCE
Authors: Richbell Suzanne
Published: January 2008

The article is set against a background of evidence that women often find themselves in low status, low paid and part‐time work. It examines the potential of job evaluation as a vehicle to operationalise the concept of equal value.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN ISRAEL
Authors: Izraeli Dafna N.
Published: January 2008

The changing patterns of female labour force participation, the strategies women use to juggle work and family life, public policy regarding women's employment and the impact of all these for equal opportunity, are analysed for the Israeli situation.
WOMEN IN THE INDUSTRIES AND SERVICE SECTORS IN INDIA
Authors: Gupta Meena
Published: January 2008

The article examines the trends in the employment of women in the industries and service sectors in India, their conditions of work and their problems.
LABOUR LAW AND FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
Authors: Joshi Rama J.
Published: January 2008

The article looks at the historical evolution of female labour in India, at the legal provisions and at the impact of labour legislation on female labour.
MEN'S LEADERSHIP — POWER, VISION AND VALUES
Authors: McAndrew Brian
Published: January 2008

The author concludes that what drives men to the top is not helpful in leading and changing organisations. He challenges, however, the notion that solutions start with powerful men withholding good leadership. He advocates that environments which encourage all to act powerfully are a better solution. Leaders need leaders not followers. He suggests that outward facing organisations are better for working against powerlessness. The ability to write your own action programme is a measure, he suggests, that of your personal power in the organisation. The extent to which that is compatible with the objectives of an organisation is a measure of the power of the organisation and the individuals within it. He illustrates his belief with extracts from personal vision, values and action statements published by him in the London Borough of Enfield.
CREATING A NEW MEN'S LEADERSHIP: DEVELOPING A THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Simmons Michael
Published: January 2008

The programmes to create equal opportunities for women that have taken place and the ensuing need to find ways to enlist male managers as allies has prompted fresh thinking about the specific training needs of men. The conditioning of young men and the expectations placed upon them as adults limits their effectiveness as leaders. The article describes a new training for men called “CREATING A NEW MEN' LEADERSHIP” that is designed to assist them to overcome the effects of gender conditioning on their leadership. It examines men's leadership, how it is effected by gender conditioning and the oppression of men, the assumptions and the approach used in the training, and it proposes a startegy for establishing this work as a central part of the development of men as leaders over the next ten years.
COURAGE AND SPARK: DISCOVERING NEW MEANINGS AND EXPRESSIONS OF LEADERSHIP BY MEN
Authors: Bluckert Peter
Published: January 2008

Men are faced with major new challenges in both their work environments and their personal lives. As such, more and more men are looking for places to explore the prominent issues in their lives. This article speaks to the experience of four Men's Groups and examines how the groups operated and what came out of them. It reflects on the process of personal change for these men and its implications for leadership development. Certain key ingredients for creating a change environment are identified: support, good listening, challenge, taking risks and making close, genuine connections with each other. It suggests that men can and do change, particularly if they make a strong commitment to their own development and learning. The importance of personal counselling and therapy work to this change process is outlined in some detail.
LEADERSHIP, MEN AND EQUALITY
Authors: Ruth Sean
Published: January 2008

This article describes a workshop to develop men in organisations to take leadership in promoting equality. The nature of men's conditioning and the stresses associated with leadership are seen to reinforce one another in producing rigid and isolated leadership. Successfully developing men's leadership depends on giving men the opportunity to deal with both of these issues. Useful questions for men to address are suggested in the article. What emerged from this workshop was the contrast between stereotypes of men and masculinity and the actual feelings and difficulties of the participating men. The workshop also highlighted how men's conditioning is reinforced by organisational expectations as to how men should behave if they are to get ahead in their careers. Finally, the workshop showed the usefulness of separtate training for men where the focus is on positive role for men in supporting equality.