bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Stereotypes of Early Adolescent White Children
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Karson Michael
Published: September 2011

406 white, lower-middle class junior high school students served as Ss in a study of racial attitudes. Ss were asked to attribute each of 48 items from a verbal checklist to a picture of either a white or a black male. The results indicated that Ss held a predominantly unfavorable view of the black figure and a preponderantly positive view of the white figure.
Evidence for Cagemate Preference in the Laboratory Rat
Authors: Syme G. J. , Syme Lesley A.
Published: September 2011

3 illustrative studies using a time-sample photographic method for the measurement of sociability and social preference in rats showed that, in contrast to previous findings, rats prefer cagemates over strangers when placed in a novel environment. An alternative analysis of social distances is discussed.
Use of the Zung in Identifying Potential Student Adjustment Problems
Authors: Ivanoff John M. , Layman Jane A. , Von Singer Ronald
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of Zung's self-rating of depression as a screening device for early identification of students' potential adjustment problems. An adaptation of the scale was administered to 87 middle-school students and for cross-validation to 39 sixth grade students. The scale successfully identified those students rated by teachers and principals as having adjustment problems. Its potential use by a school counselor was outlined.
The Kds-1: Validity, Reliability and Independence among Symptom Clusters for Clinic and Normal Samples
Authors: Wogan Michael , Amdur Millard , Kupfer David J. , Detre Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

This report replicates earlier findings with the KDS-1 scale in discriminating between normal and clinic groups. Certain statistical tests of reliability and independence among the symptom clusters support the notion that KDS-1 can be used to measure different psychopathological syndromes.
Choice of Defense Mechanisms and Their Relationship to Mood Level
Authors: Clum George A. , Clum Judith
Published: September 2011

Preferences for defense mechanisms as measured by the Defense Mechanism Inventory were related to average mood level as assessed in normal Ss over a 30-day period. As predicted, males ( n = 23) who tended to prefer defense mechanisms centering around denial, repression, and intellectualization tended to be less depressed, more energetic, and less angry than males who preferred to act out their frustrations against others. Furthermore, as predicted, mood level was more likely to be related to the cognitive, as opposed to the action, component of the defense mechanism. No relationships were found between preference for defense mechanisms and mood level by the 32 women.
Knowledge about Drug Abuse in an American Small Town
Authors: McKee Michael R.
Published: September 2011

In a small (pop. 25,000) Eastern community in the United States, “counselors” (teachers, parents, police, mental health clinic workers, and ministers) and high school students were interviewed and tested to ascertain knowledge regarding drugs. Data suggest that less is known about certain categories of drugs than others; drug users are more knowledgeable about drugs than non-users; police scored consistently lower than other “counselors” and students; and those with higher levels of formal education scored higher. Particular problems and areas of ignorance among the (usually non-drug using) adults who give counsel require identification to aid in establishing more realistic, efficient, and effective organizing, staffing, and operating of programs.
Test of Social Inference for Retarded Adolescents: Measuring Social-Cue Perception
Authors: Dejung John E. , Holen Michael C. , Edmonson Barbara
Published: September 2011

The Test of Social Inference is a 35-item individually administered, pictorial instrument designed to test the ability of retarded adolescents to interpret social cues appropriately. Very high interexaminer and high retest correlations were obtained though retest gains were common. Equivalent short forms have been developed. An examination of 1335 Ss in 9 geographical locations showed the test to be unbiased with respect to race and place of residence and uncorrelated with chronological age. Slight sex differences were found favoring males. Discrimination between public school-EMR Ss, institutionalized-EMR Ss, and non-retarded Ss on the basis of test scores was evident. The test correlated moderately with IQ but proved somewhat more highly related to a variety of social behavioral and psychological criteria than to IQ.
Conformity in Preschool Disadvantaged Children as Related to Field-Dependence, Sex, and Verbal Reinforcement
Authors: Busch John Christian , De Ridder Lawrence M.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to determine whether there was an interaction between Crutchfield-type conformity procedures and rod-and-frame performance or sex. These procedures were designed to produce conformity of an individual to a simulated group and to reduce conformity through verbal reinforcement. 96 Head Start Ss were administered the rod-and-frame task; conformity while working on a visual discrimination task was recorded. Experimental manipulation of conformity was partially demonstrated; reinforcement reduced conformity of girls but not boys. Predicted interactions with field-dependence were not observed.
Effects of Incarceration as Measured by the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis
Authors: Fraas Louis A.
Published: September 2011

The Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis is receiving increasing attention as a counseling tool in the military, particularly in relation to deviant behavior. In evaluating 76 incarcerated soldiers upon entering a correctional training program and again the week they left the program, the inventory was administered. Those receiving dishonorable discharges during the 9-wk. program ( N = 17 and those completing the program ( N = 59) were compared using a one-way analysis of variance on each of 11 scales. Changes in scale scores are interpreted as indicative of Ss' increased apprehension and perception of more negative implications in themselves.
Measurement of Alphabetical Organization in Free Recall
Authors: Thompson W. Douglas
Published: September 2011

A method for measuring the extent to which Ss alphabetize their emissions in free-recall experiments is presented. The measure takes account of chance-expected alphabetizing and has fixed upper and lower bounds. Computation of alphabetizing scores for some sample data demonstrated the effectiveness of the measure in assessing a specific strategy used by many Ss.
Attitudes about Marijuana and Political Views
Authors: Baer Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Beliefs about the legalization of marijuana were compared with political views for a Boston sample of 1350 high school and college students users and nonusers of the drug. Conservatives more likely agreed than liberal nonusers of marijuana that users and sellers should be severely punished and less likely agreed that present penalties for users were too severe. However, for those Ss with some marijuana experience, no significant association occurred between political beliefs and response to these statements. Results suggest that, with regard to attitudes about legalization of marijuana and political views, experience with the drug is an important factor.
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Avoid Appearing Incompetent
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a self-report measure of the motive to avoid appearing incompetent is discussed. The reliability coefficient (KR-20) obtained for the final form of the 36-item, true-false scale was .89 for a sample of 355 undergraduates.
Humor Ratings as a Function of Weight and Food Deprivation
Authors: Coulter Susan K. , Wunderlich Richard A. , Ball Michael F. , Canary John J.
Published: September 2011

40 obese and 40 normal-weighted Ss rated 10 food-related, 10 neutral, and 10 hostile cartoons. Half of the Ss rated the cartoons before eating and half rated them after eating. The hypothesis that weight and the manipulation of hunger would differentially affect the food-cartoon ratings was not supported. The hypothesis that the obese would rate the hostile and neutral cartoons higher than would the normal-weighted Ss also did not receive support. A striking similarity of ratings on all cartoon groups was noted and discussed. Future research suggestions for stricter controls on deprivation time and amount eaten were made.
Developing Correspondence between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior: Switching Sequences
Authors: Israel Allen C.
Published: September 2011

Preschool children in a free-play situation experienced two training situations where verbal and nonverbal behaviors were reinforced: doing then saying and saying then doing. The effects of these two sequences on the training of correspondence was examined. Correspondence was defined as the presence of both the verbal and nonverbal target behaviors. Children experienced two doing-saying sequences followed by one saying-doing sequence. Initially, reinforcement of both verbal and nonverbal behavior produced significantly higher rates of correspondence than reinforcement of verbal behavior alone. However, during the second activity reinforcement of verbal behavior alone was sufficient to produce higher levels of correspondence. Switching the sequences of behaviors to saying-doing during the third activity, produced results similar to those obtained for the first activity. The results are discussed in terms of training “generalized” correspondence; specifically, the effect learning a doing-saying sequence had upon the subsequent introduction to a saying-doing sequence.
Personality and Mood Correlates of Schedule of Recent Experience Scores
Authors: Costantini Arthur F. , Davis Jack , Braun John R. , Iervolino Annette
Published: September 2011

The relationship between high degrees of life style changes and personality and mood factors was explored. 262 university students completed the Schedule of Recent Experience, a device quantifying the psychological magnitude of experienced changes in a given time period, the Psychological Screening Inventory and the Profile of Mood States. Scores on the Schedule of Recent Experience had significant positive correlations with Profile of Mood States scores of tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and total mood disturbance. They also significantly and positively correlated with the Psychological Screening Inventory scores of alienation, social nonconformity, and expression, and negatively with defensiveness. The pattern of personality and mood correlates of scores on the Schedule was consistent with a hypothesis that adverse psychological consequences may result from a great deal of change.
Context, Meaning, and Transfer of Verbal Behavior
Authors: Sassenrath Julius M. , Yonge George D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments, with 54 and 60 college Ss, respectively, had paired-associate words varied either in or out of a sentence context in training; had stimulus, response or both S-R similarity varied in 3 lists of paired-associate words or sentences between training and transfer; and had the meaning relationships of words within the 3 lists of paired-associate words or sentences between training and transfer varied in six ways: unrelated, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, associates, and identical. Both experiments were designed as 2 (context) by 3 (lists) by 6 (meaning) with repeated measures for meaning. In Exp. I, the paired-associate words for the transfer task were not in a sentence context and in Exp. II the same paired-associate words were in a sentence context. The results indicated that there was reliably greater transfer for words that had homonym, associate or identical than unrelated, synonym, or antonym meaning relationships between training and transfer. This was true whether the paired-associate words were in or out of context in training or in transfer. Only when the training and transfer tasks were in context was there more transfer of learning due to context than no context. Contrary to the theory of transfer, there was no difference due to S, R, or S-R similarity being varied between training and transfer.
Student Activist and Establishment Orientations: Conflict of Values or Misperception?
Authors: Wallace Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

Self-defined “activist” and “establishment” oriented students differed significantly in their perception of each other's value systems. The results suggested that the apparent conflict is over which means are to be employed to reach mutually held endstates.
Parent-Child Similarity in Choice of Responses to Frustrating Situations
Authors: Sethi Renuka R.
Published: September 2011

57 sets of middle-class parents and their 8- and 10-yr.-old children were asked to respond to an adult and child version of a semi-projective instrument. The instrument was designed to measure aggressive, dependent and withdrawal choices to frustrative stimuli. Ss were labelled as aggressive, dependent or withdrawing if 60% or more of their response choices fell in one of the three behavior categories. Families were classified as parent-concordant and parent-discordant on the basis of parental agreement in response choices. Children's scores were compared to parents' response scores and family classification. The data strongly supported the hypothesis that parental models influence children's behavior. Children from concordant or discordant families were significantly different in both dependency and withdrawal scores. Further analyses supported the interpretation that modeling is influenced by the combined effects of consistency across situations and concordance between parents.
Adaptation to a Click-Counting Task and its Use in the Simulated Group
Authors: Rhine W. Ray
Published: September 2011

Lower- and middle-class preadolescent girls counted metronome clicks presented in 12 trials under conditions of independent judgment. The lower-class group made substantially more counting errors over the first 9 trials, but counting ability of the two groups was equated after 12 warm-up trials. The results have methodological implications for the use of the click stimulus in simulated group research on social conformity behavior.
Escape Performance as a Function of Delay of Reinforcement and Inescapable Us Trials
Authors: Moffat Gene H. , Koch Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

College Ss were given 75 lever-press escape trials with omission of entertaining material constituting the aversive stimulus. Reinstatement of the recording occurred either 0, 3, 6, or 9 sec. after the escape response. One-half of Ss in each delay group received 15 inescapable trials immediately prior to the escape trials. The results indicated that response latencies for the escape trials were directly related to the delay interval employed. Inescapable pretraining did not differentially affect performance.
Some Personality Correlates of Obese Persons
Authors: Wunderlich Richard A. , Johnson William G. , Ball Michael F.
Published: September 2011

16 obese patients in a volunteer program of weight reduction were given the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) prior to beginning weight reduction. The patients were from 64.6% to 214.7% overweight. It was predicted that they would score lower than the normative group on the Achievement, Affiliation, Dominance, Endurance, Order, Personal adjustment, and Self-control scales, while higher scores were predicted for the Aggression, Exhibitionism, Heterosexuality, and Intraception scales. The predictions were upheld. In addition, the obese sample checked a significantly fewer number of Favorable Adjectives than did the normative group and more descriptive adjectives pertaining to Autonomy.
Dogmatism and Opinions about Mental Illness
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

Opinions about mental illness were studied among a group of introductory psychology students categorized on the basis of their dogmatism. 3 scales were developed to measure belief aspects of opinions concerning the specific categories of homosexual and suicide and the general category of mental illness. Results indicated that highly dogmatic persons tended to hold stereotypical beliefs concerning all categories with a greater intensity than low-dogmatic persons. In addition, both high- and low-dogmatic Ss did not differentiate between suicide and mental illness but did differentiate homosexuality from both these categories. On purely evaluative dimensions of a semantic differential high-dogmatics evaluated homosexuals most negatively while low-dogmatics evaluated homosexuals least negatively. The implications of these data for studies regarding opinions about mental illness are discussed as are their importance for dogmatism theory.
Semantic Clues in Comprehension of Novel Sentences
Authors: Powell Arnold , Peters Ray Gary
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that semantics provide important clues to underlying linguistic structure. The present results supported this suggestion, since self-embedded sentences containing 3 relative clauses were easier to decode when semantic clues were present. Lack of transfer of learning from one set of sentences to another set of similarly constructed sentences was interpreted as supporting models of linguistic competence and language acquisition that give greater emphasis to context-specific processes.
Authoritarianism, Locus of Control, and Tolerance of Ambiguity as Reflected in Membership and Nonmembership in a Women's Liberation Group
Authors: Pawlickp Robert E. , Almquist Carol
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that a relationship exists between a behavioral indicator of a pro-women's liberation movement attitude (joining or not joining a women's liberation group) and various personality measures. 44 college females and 31 female members of a national women's liberation organization from a noncollege population were given the following self-report measures: attitudinal questions concerning the Women's Liberation Movement, demographic questions, the California F-Scale, the I-E scale and the Rydell-Rosen Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale. The women's liberation group members differed significantly from the college female nonmembers in that they reported: (a) more favorable attitudes toward the Women's Liberation Movement, (b) lower levels of authoritarianism, (c) feeling more control over their environment, and (d) more tolerance of ambiguity. Demographically, differences were found between women's liberation group members and college female nonmembers in education, political attitudes, and age. Statistical analysis showed these demographic factors were related, in part, to differences between the samples on the measures of Tolerance of Ambiguity, and the I-E scale but not to influence differences found on the F-scale.
Pavlovian Inhibition of Delay in Cardiac and Somatic Responses in Dogs: Schizokinesis
Authors: Lynch James J.
Published: September 2011

A group of dogs were given a 42-sec. tone followed by shock and the emergence of conditional inhibition of delay in both the cardiac and flexion response systems monitored. All dogs manifested conditional flexion inhibition of delay while the cardiac conditional response varied. In some dogs, maximum heart-rate conditional acceleration occurred concomitantly with the flexion response, while in other dogs maximum cardiac conditional acceleration occurred during the first 20 sec. of the conditional signal for over 300 trials. These patterns were maintained during subsequent discriminative conditioning. These data were discussed in light of the theory of schizokinesis in classical conditioning.
Factors Affecting Occurrence of Experimental Repression
Authors: Morris Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The present study was carried out to determine what effect such nonpersonality factors as the intensity of an aversive stimulus and the type of stimulus contingency had on the demonstration of experimentally induced repression. Using a modified retroactive inhibition paradigm, it was found that the contingent as opposed to the noncontingent use of the aversive stimulus significantly affected the occurrence of experimental repression; however, this effect depended on the intensity level of the stimulus used. The results also suggest that experimental repression can occur whether the aversive stimulus is made contingent on either the response terms or the stimulus terms of the paired-associates used. These findings are discussed with respect to their congruence with the punishment literature, and the occurrence of experimental repression is explained in terms of an avoidance conditioning hypothesis based on Estes' theory.
Evaluation of Occupational Choices in the Marine Corps
Authors: Gilbert Arthur C. F. , Yellen Ted M. I.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the occupational preferences of Marine recruits with regard to occupational fields other than those in aviation. The Marine Assignment Preference Schedule (MAPS), 28 military occupational fields, was administered in May 1972 to approximately 850 Marine recruits at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, who were in their third week of basic training. Analysis showed that the five most preferred military occupational fields as indicated by the recruits first choice were Motor Transport; Military Police; Construction, Equipment and Shore Party; Utilities; and Infantry.
Partial Reinforcement Acquisition and Extinction as Function of Odor Control
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Anderson H. R. , Kerr Douglas M. , Bridges Cecil C.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of albino rats were run in a runway under the same schedule of reward and nonreward, magnitude of reward, N-length and intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Theoretically all groups should have been equally resistant to extinction. The results showed that evacuating odors during acquisition and extinction increased goal speed and resistance to extinction. When odors were not exhausted or were intensified, Ss extinguished at a much faster rate. The study points to the importance of odor control when running Ss in an alley.
Heat Training in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Brosgole Leonard , Ulatowski Paul
Published: September 2011

Heat avoidance was an effective technique in producing a discriminative response in Mongolian gerbils. Rapid relearning occurred after a series of extinction trials. The animals were able to master a successive-cue reversal task, with heat used as a negative reinforcer. In addition, there seemed to be 36-day retention of the discriminative response acquired through the heat-training procedure.
Surprise and Memory as Indices of Concrete Operational Development
Authors: Achenbach Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

Normal and retarded children's use of color, number, length, and continuous quantity as attributes of identity was assessed by presenting them with contrived changes in these properties. Mean Binet MAs were 6.3 for normals and 6.2 for retardates. Surprise to the change of color occurred at lower MAs than surprise to all quantitative properties among normals and to continuous quantity and (nonsignificantly) to length among retardates. More retardates than MA-matched normals were surprised at the change of quantity ( p = .058), but there were no other significant group differences. Study II employed normal children with mean MA = 5.2. Significant relations between surprise and both recognition and reconstruction memory were found for color and number. Surprise and correct memory responses for color preceded those to number, which preceded logical verbal responses to a conventional number-conservation task.
Relationship of Problem Solving to other Cognitive Variables
Authors: Houtz John C. , Ringenbach Susan , Feldhusen John F.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was designed to determine interrelationships between a measure of problem-solving ability and measures of several other cognitive skills. The Purdue Elementary Problem-solving Inventory and tests of logical thinking, concept formation, language development, perceptual skills, response style, and measures of reading, IQ, and school achievement were administered to 1071 second-, fourth-, and sixth-graders from different ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds. Significant correlations between all of the measures and problem solving were obtained. A principal components analysis demonstrated a distinct problem-solving factor, separate from measures of school achievement and language abilities but related to logical thinking and conceptual ability.
Taste Aversion in Albino Rats Using Centrifugal Spin as an Unconditioned Stimulus
Authors: Hutchison Sam L.
Published: September 2011

3 experimental and 3 control albino rats were run under a 2-bottle, taste-aversion paradigm which used a lemonade solution as the conditioned stimulus and centrifugal spinning as the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioning was observed after the second pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Support for the hypothesis that conditioning is facilitated by a preference for the conditioned stimulus was found. It was observed that as long as tap water was preferred to the conditioned stimulus solution the conditioned aversion did not appear.
Hypnotic Susceptibility and Reported Religious Experience
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between reported religious experience and hypnotic susceptibility was investigated in an initial sample of 96 Ss. The correlation between a measure of reported religious experience and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility was .36 based upon 81 Ss who completed both measures.
Relation of Altruism to Age, Social Class, and Ethnic Identity
Authors: Lowe Roland , Ritchey Gary
Published: September 2011

The relationship of age, social class, and ethnic identity to altruism was explored. 800 addressed but unstamped letters were dropped (‘lost“) at 4 locations, junior high, senior high, college, and adult sites, evenly distributed between 2 cities, one populated mainly by upper middle-class residents, and one populated mainly by middle and lower middle-class residents. One-half the letters were addressed to someone with a Spanish surname, and one-half to a Caucasian surname. Significant differences in the age and social class variables were found, but not in the ethnic identity variable. Older and upper middle-class Ss displayed more altruism as measured by their greater return rate of the lost letters.
Seasonal Variation of Personality of College Students as Measured by the MMPI
Authors: Cerbus George , Travis Robert J.
Published: September 2011

46 college students were given the short form of the MMPI in December and April. Scores were separately tabulated for each scale of the December and April administrations and group means were computed for analysis of seasonable differences. The Hs and Hy scores were significantly lower ( p < .01) in April, while a significantly lower ( p < .05) K in April contributed to significantly lower Pd in April when K correction is used. A significantly higher April mean was present on Ma without K correction, though using the K correction neutralized this difference. This study does not support hypotheses for an increase of emotional problems in spring except for the area of energy and activity level ( Ma).
Need for Approval as Related to the Effects of Persuasive Communications on Actual, Reported and Intended Behavior Change—A Viable Predictor?
Authors: Rozelle Richard M. , Evans Richard I. , Lasater Thomas M. , Dembroski Theodore M. , Allen Bem P.
Published: September 2011

Need-for-approval scores were examined for possible relationships with various persuasive appeals, including one in which the social-approval content was predicted to have maximal effect on Ss high in need for approval. The study was conducted in the context of a large project in a natural setting ostensibly for the purpose of improving dental hygiene. Dependent measures included behavioral as well as reported responses in all experimental conditions. Although a trend in the predicted direction was obtained for the intention-to-behave measure, need-for-approval scores generally failed to predict the significant changes that were obtained. Implications of utilizing personality measures such as this one as related to attitude-behavior change are discussed.
Models and Creativity
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Evans Robert C.
Published: September 2011

In order to determine whether exposure to a symbolic model could affect creative behavior, 130 male and female college students were randomly exposed to a prolific divergent thinking model, a prolific convergent thinking model, an inadequate convergent thinking model or no model on an unusual uses task. On identical, similar, and generalization tasks, Ss exposed to either convergent model tended to show more convergent responses and fewer divergent responses than those exposed to a divergent thinking model. On 4 of the 9 measures females had significantly higher scores than males, but there were no significant sex by treatment interactions.
An Electromyographic Study of Apprehension about Evaluation
Authors: Chapman Antony J.
Published: September 2011

Frontalis muscle tension was recorded from two groups of 10 Ss as they listened to a humorous recording in the presence of E. One group listened privately on headphones and the other listened to an external speaker, while E appeared to be inattentive in both conditions. The groups were matched on the basis of Ss' EMG resting levels and EMG gradients in previous sessions. Ss who listened privately experienced less apprehension over evaluation and lower levels of muscle tension during the first 4 min. of the recording. Group differences tended to diminish with time. The results are interpreted as support for social-facilitation drive theory.
Behavior Therapy of Thumbsucking in Children: A Punishment (Time-out) and Generalization Effect—What's a Mother to Do?
Authors: Bishop Barbara R. , Stumphauzer Jerome S.
Published: September 2011

Thumbsucking and finger-scratching behaviors were examined under punishing conditions using time-out from positive reinforcement (T-O), and T-O with instruction. Four nursery school children, ages 3½ to 5 yr., served as Ss. A generalization measure, during storytime in the nursery school, was taken prior to the initiation of treatment sessions and 1 mo. after treatment. Treatment consisted of four sessions during which the child was seated in front of a TV set and invited to watch Saturday morning cartoons. One E recorded seconds of thumbsucking and of not sucking. The other E sat slightly behind the child and operated a remote control switch controlling the TV. When the child inserted his thumb into his mouth, the cartoon was turned off (T-O). Removal of the thumb reinstated the cartoon. 2 of the children were instructed as to why the TV was turned off (T-O with instruction); one was not (T-O). Results indicated that both conditions stopped thumbsucking. Generalization appeared greater for the T-O instructed Ss. A control S not receiving the treatment, continued with a high rate of thumbsucking. The method and results are discussed in terms of applicability for behavior therapy in the home, school or clinic.
Pattern of Reinforcement and Intertrial Interval Effects on Acquisition and Extinction Performance in Humans
Authors: Jernstedt G. C.
Published: September 2011

College students made observing responses in a discrete-trial instrumental-conditioning situation. Intertrial intervals from 1 to 10 sec. were factorially combined with patterns of reinforcement involving different total numbers of non-reinforcements, numbers of successively occurring non-reinforcements, and numbers of non-reinforced—reinforced trial transitions. In agreement with previous studies with rats, Exp. 1 indicated that intertrial interval interacts with pattern of reinforcement and accounts for a large percentage of the total variance. Contrary to previous studies with rats, Exp. 2 indicated that the effects of intertrial interval with humans are due to more than just those intertrial intervals near a non-reinforced—reinforced trial transition. Though much of the basic human and animal partial-reinforcement data are similar, the theoretical accounts apparently should differ.
Classroom Implementation of Self-Enhancing Education
Authors: Williams John D.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-three teachers who had been involved in a week-long self-enhancing education workshop and had been employed in one of two project schools for at least 1 yr. were compared on 11 measures of interaction analysis with 26 teachers who served as controls. Significant differences ( p < .05) were found on 6 measures, showing the project teachers had been successful in implementing the self-enhancing education process at the classroom level.
Peak versus Mean Amount of Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning with Children
Authors: Rettig Edward B. , Clement Paul W.
Published: September 2011

Four variable-amount reinforcement schedules were used with 120 6-, 7-, and 8-yr.-old children. These schedules constituted one of the factors in a three-factor analysis of covariance design, with S's age and sex being the second and third factors, respectively. Each S was run for a single session consisting of 3 components: (a) 3 min. of baseline, (b) 36 reinforcements under one of the four schedules, and (c) 10 min. of extinction. Frequency of lever pulls was the dependent variable, and marbles were used as reinforcers. There were reliable ( P < 0.05) acquisition effects across groups but not between groups. Extinction was slow to occur for the across-groups data. There were no main treatment effects for the between-groups extinction data, but a significant ( p < 0.01) interaction was obtained between schedules and sex of Ss.
Risk in Decision Making across College Students' Major Fields
Authors: Sims Thomas K. , Harley Cecelia , Weiner Elliot A.
Published: September 2011

Individual and group risk decisions across college students' major fields were compared. Data for 45 Ss, 15 each in 3 major fields, showed a significant shift to risk when Ss took part in group as opposed to individual decisions. Liberal arts groups showed significantly more risk than science groups.
Intellectual Ability, Concept Rule and Effectiveness of Selection and Reception as Methods of Stimulus Presentation
Authors: Flaherty Thomas F. , Flaherty John J.
Published: September 2011

Selection and reception concept-attainment paradigms were compared in a study employing a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures factorial design in which the variables were (a) paradigm (selection or reception), (b) concept rule (conjunction or conditional), (c) intellectual ability (high or low), (d) problems (two per S). Results indicated that with regard to the number of cards to solution: reception was superior to selection, the conditional rule was more difficult than the conjunctive, the performance of Ss of high intellectual ability was better than that of Ss of lesser ability, improvement occurred from Problem 1 to Problem 2. In addition, the interaction of intellectual ability and paradigm was statistically significant as was the interaction of paradigm and concept rule.
Interference in a Paired-Associate Transfer of Training Paradigm as a Function of Breadth of Categorization
Authors: Hart James J.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that category width could differentially predict interference in an (A-Br) transfer of training paradigm. Pettigrew's Estimation Questionnaire was the measure of category width. 18 college students were tested in each of the three category-width levels of the experimental group (A-B; A-Br), 9 Ss were tested in each of the three category-width levels of the control group (C-D; A-Br). Broad categorizers had significantly fewer correct responses and significantly more errors of intrusion on the second list than did either the narrow or the medium categorizers. There were no significant differences between narrow and medium categorizers on number of correct responses or errors of intrusion.
Motivational Effects of Being Promised an Opportunity to Engage in Social Comparison
Authors: Evans James F.
Published: September 2011

Introductory psychology students ( n = 34) participated in an experiment to investigate the hypothesis that promising an opportunity to engage in social comparison would be motivational. The dependent variables were performance on a digit symbol task and tonic heart rate. The results showed that a promise of an opportunity to engage in social comparison did have motivational effects. Ss who were promised an opportunity to engage in social comparison manifested a significantly greater improvement in performance as well as a significantly greater increase in tonic heart rate than Ss in the control condition. It was pointed out that future research will have to determine why being promised an opportunity to engage in social comparison is motivational.
Correlations among Nonverbal Expressions of Anxiety
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Jurich Julie A.
Published: September 2011

40 female college students were videotaped in an interview during which they were questioned about sexual attitudes. Independent pairs of judges rated Ss using these videotapes. Pearson product-moment correlations among 12 nonverbal ratings, a finger sweat index, and Ss' subjective evaluation of anxiety yielded low relationships among S's subjective rating, the number of times S touched her head, articulation errors, and the other variables; high correlations among finger sweat index, rater's global rating, immediacy, tone, postural relaxation, speech errors, filled pauses, editorial errors, and eye contact; and moderate correlations among rate of speech, posture shifts, etc.
Sensitivity of the Experiential World Inventory to Psychedelic Drug States
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Bates Rodney A. , Harvey William M.
Published: September 2011

The Experiential World Inventory (EWI) was administered under two conditions to each of 40 Ss who were drug abusers. The set oriented toward the recall of a psychedelic experience produced markedly elevated profiles, particularly on scales reflecting altered perceptions of the world and changes in the body image.
Presence of the Double Standard in a College Population
Authors: Schalmo Gail B. , Levin Bernard H.
Published: September 2011

315 students in a southern university completed a questionnaire anonymously. Males were less likely ( p < .01) than females to report guilt consequent to extramarital coitus, but there were no sex differences in either perceived bad reputation or resulting emotional problems. Experienced women were more often married than were experienced men; more men than women admitted to being experienced. These data provide evidence that the impact of the double standard on behavior, while probably reduced, is still fairly strong. Exploration of differences between males and females in their attitudes toward sexual relations and in their behavior has been described in the literature.
Further Replication of Factors of Psychopathology in the Interview, Ward Behavior and Self-Reported Ratings of Hospitalized Depressed Patients
Authors: Schulterbrandt Joy G. , Raskin Allen , Reatig Natalie
Published: September 2011

Factors of psychopathology in the interview, ward behavior, and self-reported ratings were initially obtained for 124 depressed patients from nine hospitals and subsequently replicated in an independent sample of 648 depressed patients from these same plus one additional hospital. The present study provided a further test of the generalizability and stability of these factors in a third independent sample of 325 depressed patients from these same hospitals. These factors appeared to be quite stable across the three studies and could be categorized into 10 major areas of psychopathology: Depressed Mood, Hostility, Guilty-Ashamed, Anxiety, Sleep Disturbances, Interest and Involvement in Activities, Paranoid Projections, Cognitive Loss, Apathy-Motor Retardation, and Hypochondriasis.
Aggression, Social Pressure and Asymptote in Laboratory Mouse Populations
Authors: Levin Bernard H. , Vandenbergh John G. , Cole James Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Freely growing populations of BALB/cJ, C57BR/cdJ and C57BL/6J mice were maintained until after asymptote in the presence of ad libitum food and water. If aggression were an index of social pressure then aggression at asymptote should be stable. After asymptote was reached aggression increased in two of the three strains. Therefore aggression as measured here does not index social pressure. BALB/cJ populations had more aggression and fewer mice at asymptote than did populations of the other two strains. The relative aggressiveness of these three strains depends on the environment in which they are observed.
Free-Pairing, Imagery, and Proactive Inhibition in Multilist Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Read J. D.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of Ss ( n = 45) learned and recalled five paired-associate lists which differed in terms of the pair construction procedure: one group constructed pairs for learning, another served as a yoked control for the S-generated pairings and, in the other, pairs were randomly constructed by E. The mixed-list design also included two levels of stimulus imagery. All groups demonstrated decreased recall as the number of lists learned increased; however, the magnitude of proactive inhibition observed was significantly less for Ss who generated their own pairings than for Ss in the remaining two groups.
Two Kinds of Research on Evaluation
Authors: Mackler Bernard
Published: September 2011

Evaluation of research may be formative and summative as Scriven (1969) described. Formerly we spoke of applied and basic research.
Intelligence and Belief in the Supernatural
Authors: Salter Charles A. , Routledge Lewis M.
Published: September 2011

Just before starting university education, 339 Ss had small, but significant negative correlations between intelligence and both traditional and avant garde supernatural beliefs. A year later, an independent sample of 241 Ss maintained the significant negative correlation with traditional beliefs but had a non-significant correlation with avant garde beliefs. Religious background was the most significant predictor of beliefs, indicating that socialization had more effect than intelligence and university education in determining beliefs of these Ss.
Cognitive Complexity: A Brief Synthesis of Theoretical Approaches and a Concept Attainment Task Analogue to Cognitive Structure
Authors: MacNeil Lawrence W.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive complexity is seen as comprised of two components, a discriminating and an integrating structure. Theorists have tended to concentrate on one structural component or the other, often ignoring important conceptual distinctions between approaches. A concept-attainment analogue to cognitive complexity is presented to aid in analysing the components of cognitive complexity and theoretical approaches to cognitive complexity.
Sensitivity Training and Self-Actualization
Authors: Gilligan John F.
Published: September 2011

50 T-group volunteers who experienced a 24-hr. sensitivity training weekend were compared with a group of 55 student volunteers who had no training. Both groups responded to the Personal Orientation Inventory, a measure of self-actualization, in a pre-post, 6-wk., follow-up design. The T-groups were led by 10 paraprofessionals. Volunteers were found after training to be guided more by their own internal values, feelings and goals, and less controlled by external influences than were nonparticipants. This level of inner directedness or self-actualization was still significantly higher 6 wk. after the training weekend.
Multi-Dimensional Measures of Novelty Experiencing, Sensation Seeking, and Ability: Correlational Analysis for Male and Female College Samples
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry
Published: September 2011

The four scales of the Novelty-experiencing Scale and the five scales of the Sensation-seeking Scale were administered to male and female college students. With the exception of the general scale of the Sensation-seeking Scale, which correlated substantially with its four remaining scales and one of the Novelty-experiencing scales, the sub-scales generally had only low to moderate rs within each of the scales and between all scales. Significant sex differences were found for five of the sub-scales. Although several of the sub-scales had low but significant correlations with SAT measures, both tests were relatively independent of the ability measures.
Measurement and Modification of Incestuous Behavior: A Case Study
Authors: Harbert Terry L. , Barlow David H. , Hersen Michel , Austin James B.
Published: September 2011

Treatment of a 52-yr.-old male complaining of repeated incestuous behavior with his daughter is described. Objective and subjective measures of incestuous interest were devised along with ratings of normal father-daughter interaction. Covert sensitization, employing noxious scenes based on subjectively reported aversive aspects of the incestuous behavior, eliminated incestuous interest but did not de-value appropriate interaction.
Estrous Cycle and Temporal Pattern of Feeding in Female Rats
Authors: Jennings Wilmar A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of the estrous cycle and access to running wheels on the pattern of feeding were studied in 24 female albino rats using two methods, an indirect method (photocell beam interruption) and a direct observation of feeding. Although aspects of feeding differed with the method, the following results obtained with both methods. A minimum in the number of bursts of feeding and to a lesser extent the duration of bursts of feeding occurred in estrus. The estrous cycle and access-to-running wheel conditions interacted in affecting the organization of bursts into longer meal-taking periods. The results were considered consistent with the notion that estrus raises the threshold of feeding as a response to stimuli.
Experimenter-Supplied and Subject-Originated Mnemonics in Retention of Word-Pairs
Authors: Pines Michael B. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of E-supplied and S-originated first-letter and descriptive-sentence mnemonics were compared to a simple-repetition condition. Ss using E-supplied schemes suffered no significant losses in recall of 10 word-pairs over 6 wk., while Ss in the other 3 conditions showed significant retention losses at 2-day and 6-wk. intervals. The E-supplied schemes were significantly superior to S-originated schemes which in turn excelled the simple-repetition condition. There were no differences in recall between the two E-supplied groups or between the two S-originated conditions. It was concluded that the source of the mnemonic was the crucial variable affecting recall.
Early Cigarette Smoking and Drug Use: Some Comments, Data and Thoughts
Authors: Fracchia John , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

This paper considers some recently reported cigarette smoking and drug-use data which indicate teenage smokers have a greater probability of using or becoming involved with illicit drugs than non-smoking peers. It is suggested that the epidemiological concept of high risk groups be applied to relationship between the use of socially approved substances like tobacco by young people and subsequent drug experiences because it acknowledges the empirical covariance between these events but does not have as strong causal implications as a “stepping stone” notion. By this, it is implied that a person who begins smoking, for example, at age 10 when his reference group will begin at age 15, may be more likely to become involved with substance abuse. Further suggested the decision to use drugs is an individual one which appears to be influenced by a multiplicity of factors as availability, personal needs, values, peer influences, personality characteristics and previous behavioral tendencies.