bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monarchy
Authors: Félix Joël
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the social and political structures of the absolute monarchy. It explores the extent to which tensions and conflicts in the mid-eighteenth century, in particular disputes between government and parlements, divided the elites over reform and policy, and opened up the realm of politics to public opinion. Reviewing the fate of major reform initiatives through the reigns of both Louis XV and his grandson Louis XVI, it argues that political crises paralysed the ability of royal institutions to enforce authority and generate consensus, thus making the transition from the old regime to the modern world necessary and inevitable.
Numerical Cognition during Cognitive Aging
Authors: Uittenhove Kim , Lemaire Patrick
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of age-related changes and stabilities in numerical cognition. For each component (i.e. approximate and exact number system, quantification, and arithmetic) of numerical cognition, we review changes in participants’ performance during normal and pathological aging in a wide variety of tasks (e.g. number comparison, subitizing, counting, and simple or complex arithmetic problem-solving). We discuss both behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying these performance variations. Moreover, we highlight the importance of taking into account strategic variations. Indeed, investigating strategy repertoire (i.e. how young and older adults accomplish numerical cognitive tasks), selection (i.e. how participants choose strategies on each problem), execution (i.e. how strategies are implemented once selected), and distribution (i.e. how often participants use each available strategy) enables to determine sources of aging effects and individual differences in numerical cognition. Finally, we discuss potential future research to further our understanding of age-related changes in numerical cognition.
Chaste Bodies, Salacious Thoughts
Authors: Elliott Dyan
Published: September 2014

At the centre of the clerical vocation was the conundrum of balancing the clergy’s commitment to chastity with the many aspects of their professional training and responsibilities that either tacitly or overtly concerned sex. On a pedagogical level, there were pagan authors, like the sexually savvy Ovid, who were at the cornerstone of the acquisition of letters. But biblical tradition, theology, and ascetical literature also treated sexuality and sexual temptation very explicitly. Such concerns loom even larger on a practical level. The clergy had always assumed the responsibility of monitoring lay mortality. But the sexually explicit nature of their pastoral obligations would increase exponentially when the Church established a hegemony over marriage and made auricular confession mandatory for the laity in the high Middle Ages. This chapter provides an overview of the many different kinds of sources that lend insight into this, at times, fraught aspect of the clerical vocation.
The Theological Study of Sexuality
Authors: Stuart Elizabeth
Published: September 2014

This article explores the key methodological approaches evident in theologies of sexuality since theological reflection upon sexuality emerged as a distinctive discipline in the latter part of the twentieth century. It charts the movement from a radical valorization of sexuality by conservative, liberal, and gay and lesbian theologians to a fundamental questioning and rejection of the very notion of sexuality. It argues that there is a need for Christian theologians to stop focusing on sexuality as such and turn their attention to right ordering of desire as part of the project of Christian discipleship.
Contributions from Queer Theory
Authors: Cheng Patrick S.
Published: September 2014

This chapter provides an overview of what Christian theologians need to know about queer theory, which is a critical approach to sexuality and gender that challenges the ‘naturalness’ of identities. Based upon developments in queer theory since the early 1990s, the chapter proposes the following four marks of queer theory: (1) identity without essence; (2) transgression; (3) resisting binaries; and (4) social construction. The chapter then discusses four strands of queer theology that correspond with each of the four marks of queer theory. The chapter concludes by suggesting six issues for future queer theological reflection: (1) queer of colour critique; (2) queer post-colonial theory; (3) queer psychoanalytical discourse; (4) queer temporality; (5) queer disability studies; and (6) queer interfaith dialogue.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Iozzio Mary Jo
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines how sex figures in the HIV/AIDS pandemic and how the pandemic may be understood in the light of God’s extravagance and hope for the future. Sex is one of those gifts that human beings have received at the hands of a God of extravagance: a God of infinite possibility, copious generosity, and unparalleled solidarity. The very creation is a manifestation of a fecund imagination and God’s own joy writ large enough to witness sexual diversity—from asexual to heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer—among all living beings. In the human community the gift of sex and one’s identity as a sexual being include the purposes and promises of the extravagance that is sexual creativity in and through diversity. This chapter explores what insights theology can bring to the purposes of sex as creativity/generativity and intimacy-building communion/pleasure, and what intuitions theology can bring to the promises of sex as transcendent experience.
Gay Affections
Authors: Loughlin Gerard P.
Published: September 2014

This chapter considers how gay identities—and so gay affections—were formed in the course of the twentieth century, building on the late nineteenth-century invention of the ‘homosexual’. It also considers earlier construals of same-sex affections and the people who had them, the soft men and hard women of the first century and the sodomites of the eleventh. It thus sketches a history of continuities and discontinuities, of overlapping identities and emotional possibilities. The chapter resists the assumption that gay identity and experience can be reduced to anything less than the multitude of gay people, and that as Christians they have to give an account of themselves in a way that heterosexual Christians do not. The chapter warns against thinking gay identity undone in Christ.
Inclusive Growth and Developmental Governance
Authors: Joseph Richard
Published: September 2014

There has been a sustained increase in economic growth in Africa since the mid-1990s. However, most economies have not yet experienced transformation to greater productivity and global competitiveness. It is argued by some experts that what Africa needs are the industrial policy strategies that have transformed East Asian economies. Such policies are associated, in their initial phase, with autocratic regimes. On the other hand, it is widely believed that it is the liberalization of African political and economic systems that made possible today’s “rising” or “emergent” Africa. A contrary hypothesis has been advanced by one group of scholars that a new form of political and economic governance—developmental patrimonialism as exemplified by the Rwandan and Ethiopian governments—suggests a better pathway from poverty to inclusive growth. This paper examines these contrasting arguments. It concludes with the need for greater discussion and research on developmental governance and the building of coherent and effective democratic states.
Remaking Europe after the First World War
Authors: Fischer Conan
Published: September 2014

Victorious Allied governments legitimized wartime sacrifice with promises of domestic prosperity and a peaceful international order. An American-sponsored League of Nations would mediate relations between liberal-democratic nation states. However, although parliamentary government was consolidated across north-western Europe, the peace fell short, failing to accommodate Bolshevik Russia or reach a legitimate settlement with a new and fragile German democracy. Paris deemed the settlement inadequate; the US Congress refused to ratify the German treaty and remained outwith the League; China and Japan were estranged by blatant European racialism and colonialism. All of Europe struggled to restore economic life and eastern Europe experienced famine. Rather than parliamentary democracy, militarist and oligarchic regimes eventually took power across this region, where societies remained largely pre-industrial and ethnically unstable. In Italy, a new authoritarian, militaristic mass movement, fascism, took power, providing an early model of sorts for Hitler’s National Socialists. However, the League of Nations survived and, generations later, liberal democracy has consolidated across Europe.
Interwar Crises and Europe’s Unfinished Empires
Authors: Stanard Matthew G.
Published: September 2014

The period 1914–45 represents the height of European overseas empire even as seeds were sown hastening imperialism’s demise. Colonies were ‘unfinished empires’ in the process of becoming, although frequent resorts to violence in the colonies indicated the limits of Europe’s grasp. Although many emerged from the First World War dubious about European so-called civilization, the civilizing mission survived and flourished, suggesting Europe’s enduring self-confidence. Development became a dominant discourse while the Great Depression quickened colonial exploitation. Emigration and settlement on expropriated lands slowed relative to Europe’s rapid expansion in the 1800s, yet formal colonialism proceeded apace, with few exceptions. Development and exploitation led to forced or voluntary migration of colonial subjects on a large scale. Cold War ideological competition was ‘exported’ to much of the colonial world. Non-Europeans used networks to claim their rights and attack European colonial rule, and they and the colonies influenced Europe, which developed various ‘colonial cultures’.
Europe’s Civil Wars, 1941–1949
Authors: Roshwald Aviel
Published: September 2014

A number of the conflicts that wracked European countries under Axis-power occupation during the Second World War can be understood as civil wars. This analytical prism should be seen as complementing rather than replacing the more conventional pairing of collaboration and resistance. The three European cases from this period that best fit conventional notions of civil war in terms of the intensity and duration of fighting among co-nationals are Greece, Yugoslavia, and Italy. A comparative analysis can yield insights into the complex interplay of historical continuities and ruptures, and of nationalist and internationalist frames of reference, in shaping the agendas and choices of participants in these violent struggles.
Europe, the War, and the Colonial World
Authors: Thomas Martin
Published: September 2014

The fact that we know the end points of formal colonial rule may lead us to forget that, for those involved, the process appeared less determined and more contingent. It is deceptively easy to trip over the supposed ‘milestone’ of the Second World War, ascribing undue influence to a failing capacity or will to rule among the colonial powers themselves. Such generalizations leave no room for agency among colonized peoples themselves and dismiss both rulers and ruled as essentially homogenous, almost preprogrammed to behave stereotypically as reactionaries or revolutionaries. Recognizing these interpretive problems, political analysts of European decolonization are now more divided over the extent to which the Second World War prefigured the end of European colonial rule. Much of the evidence for a strong causal link is powerful. By 1950 the geopolitical maps of eastern, southern, and western Asia were markedly less colonial. The justificatory language for empire was also different, evidence of the turn towards a technocratic administrative style that would soon become the norm in much of the global South. If basic political rights were frequently denied within dependent territories, a stronger accent on improved living standards gave imperial powers something with which to muffle the rising chorus of transnational criticism against colonial abuses. For all that, the concept of the Second World War as a watershed in the end of empires should not be accepted uncritically. This chapter explores the reasons why.
The New Diplomacy and the New Europe, 1916–1922
Authors: Sharp Alan
Published: September 2014

In 1916 President Woodrow Wilson of the United States demanded ‘a new and more wholesome diplomacy’ to replace the international architecture that had failed to prevent the war that was currently engulfing the world. This chapter investigates some of the origins of this ‘New Diplomacy’ and the attempts made at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference to implement its principles, most notably the creation of the League of Nations, attempts to encourage world disarmament, and the application of national self-determination, which advocates hoped would create a stable and peaceful ‘New Europe’. The clash between aspirations and reality was highlighted by the problems inherent in applying national self-determination to hopelessly ethnographically mixed regions and in seeking a fair and reasonable solution to reparations and inter-Allied debts. The chapter concludes with a survey of the post-war settlement, its practicalities and its reputation.
Karrāmiyya
Authors: Zysow Aron
Published: September 2014

The background for the emergence in the third/ninth century of the Karrāmiyya as an intellectually aggressive form of traditionism lies in the strongly Ḥanafī anti-Jahmī milieu of the Eastern Islamic world. Although they never played a major role in the history of Islamic theology comparable to that of their rivals the Mu`tazilīs, Ash`arites, and Māturīdīs, the Karrāmiyya did leave indelible traces in theological literature by virtue of their vigorous and elaborate defence of a number of controversial teachings. These include their definition of faith (īmān) exclusively in terms of a verbal profession, their assertion, likely under Stoic influence, that God is corporeal and stands in a spatial relation to his throne, and their analysis of divine action as necessarily involving a process within God that others saw as undermining God’s immutability and timelessness.
Hume on the External World
Authors: Dicker Georges
Published: September 2014

Like Descartes, Locke, and Berkeley before him, Hume propounds a theory of the external world or of what, in his case, is better called belief in the existence of body. The success or failure of his discussion rests not on any conclusion reached about the status of this belief—its reasonableness or unreasonableness, its truth or falsity--but only on whether, in accordance with his purpose of providing a “science of MAN,” his explanation of why we have the belief is convincing. Furthermore, Hume identifies two versions of the belief: an ordinary or “vulgar” version that we all hold until we confront the arguments that demonstrate its falsity and a “philosophical” version that we are driven to by those arguments but that has no rational foundation. This chapter analyzes Hume’s treatment of both versions and offers an internal criticism as well as some criticism from the standpoint of contemporary analytic philosophy.
Hume, Kant, and the Standard of Taste
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: September 2014

Kant suggests that the chief advantage of his theory of taste over Hume’s is its a priori rather than empirical foundation. But his claim to have provided such a foundation for judgments of taste is questionable, and, in the end, both authors ground judgments of taste in a canon of proven or classical objects of taste rather than in determinate principles of taste. However, Kant does go beyond Hume in sketching a theory of aesthetic production, as well as reception in the form of his theory of artistic genius, according to which works of genius can be exemplars for the originality of subsequent artists as well as stimuli for the free play of imagination and understanding in their audiences.
Hume’s Taste and the Rationalist Critique
Authors: Kivy Peter
Published: September 2014

The concept of genius—artistic genius in particular—is generally thought of as a quintessentially nineteenth-century phenomenon: the cornerstone, in fact, of German Romanticism. Kant’s treatment of the concept has always been recognized as the source from which the early Romantics drew. But the fact of the matter is that it is to the British Enlightenment that we must look for the first modern formulation of the concept of artistic genius. For it was already well formed and clearly recognizable before Kant got his hands on it. In this article, the author begins by suggesting two ancient sources for the concept of genius as it developed in eighteenth-century Britain, then goes on to discuss the contributions to the concept of Joseph Addison, Edward Young, Alexander Gerard, William Duff, and Gerard again, who dipped his oar in twice.
Hume, Free Will, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Pitson Tony
Published: September 2014

This chapter aims to relate Hume’s discussion of liberty and necessity to central themes in his philosophy, including causation, the self, the distinction between virtue and vice, and naturalism as a response to skepticism. From this perspective, many points of contact with contemporary discussions of free will and moral responsibility emerge. Hume’s account of moral responsibility, with its implications for the conditions under which ascriptions of responsibility are withheld or qualified, is considered in detail. The notion of agent autonomy is linked to Hume’s distinction between the calm and violent passions. The kind of self-determination for which Hume allows here is distinguished from that of the libertarian and is also contrasted with the problematic notion of responsibility for self that leads to skepticism about the very possibility of moral responsibility. Hume’s appeal to “common life” provides a naturalistic response to skepticism in this, as well as in other philosophical contexts.
Hume on Practical Reason
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: September 2014

Hume’s views about practical reason are often characterized in terms of his “double Humeanism”— i.e. the conjunction of the Humean Theory of Motivation (HTM) and the Humean Theory of Reasons (HTR). But Hume actually endorsed neither the HTM nor the HTR. Instead, the purpose of his discussion of these issues was to attack certain claims about the role of the faculty of reason in the practical domain. As such, Hume’s discussion is part of a far more radical philosophical project than anything in contemporary “Humeanism”: a wholesale assault on the idea that the faculty of reason has any special normative authority in either the theoretical or practical sphere. In this way, it is only by resisting the attribution of the HTM and HTR to Hume that we can see just how deep Hume’s antirationalism extends.
The Nature and Functions of Sympathy in Hume’s Philosophy
Authors: Vitz Rico
Published: September 2014

This chapter outlines key details of Hume’s account of sympathy, which play an important role not only in his ethics and his social philosophy, but also in his cognitive psychology and, consequently, in his epistemology as well as his philosophy of religion. The presentation of Hume’s account is threefold. The first section of the paper elucidates the nature of sympathy, drawing on some of the more recent ways in which Hume’s commentators have attempted to resolve the interpretive puzzles Hume’s works present. The second section explicates some of the functions sympathy has in Hume’s philosophy, including not only three that have been particularly prominent in the secondary literature, but also two others that have received considerably less attention. The final section summarizes Hume’s account of the nature and functions of sympathy and briefly suggests some of the ways in which these aspects of Hume’s moral psychology seem to be supported by contemporary psychological research.
Hume’s Theory of Ideas
Authors: Waxman Wayne
Published: September 2014

Commentators divide on whether the basic elements of Hume’s philosophy—perceptions, their division into impressions and ideas, and their associative relation—should be construed as objects and relations between objects or as representations of objects and their relations. Although the latter reading is generally favored, in this chapter the author argues that the textual evidence favors the former and that Hume’s philosophy should be interpreted accordingly. The focus is on Part 1 of the first book of the Treatise (T 1.1) but subsequent texts are considered as well, particularly passages in Part 4, Sections 2 and 6 (T 1.4.2 and 6).
Neurogenethics
Authors: Canli Turhan
Published: September 2014

Ethical inquiry has followed advances in biology for decades, and different fields within biology have given rise to overlapping yet distinct areas of ethical inquiry. Genethics focuses on the ethics of genetics. Neuroethics focuses on the ethics of neuroscience. The author suggests that developments in molecular psychology, in which the tools of molecular biology are applied to study behavior, bring a new confluence of factors to generate a set of new questions, unique to the combination of neuroscience and genetics: neurogenethics—the ethics of neurogenetics. The questions are unique and novel because they emerge when genetic techniques are applied to the brain: to reprogram neural circuits and psychological processes, better predict behavior, personalize mental health treatment, and understand the Self. This chapter outlines the problem space and discusses specific examples of future neurogenethics research areas: viral-mediated gene therapy directed at the brain, optogenetics, imaging genetics, therapygenetics, and direct-to-consumer genomics.
The Complex Ethical Consequences of “Simple” Theoretical Choices
Authors: Frank Robert H.
Published: September 2014

Many economists are reluctant to confront ethical issues directly, saying that whether an action is good or bad requires value judgments best left to philosophers. But that disclaimer rings hollow. Economics, after all, was founded by moral philosophers, and links between the disciplines remain strong. Today’s economists are actually well positioned to contribute useful insights on ethical questions. This chapter attempts to defend three simple claims: (1) that the emphasis on narrow self-interest in economic models has had some regrettable side effects; (2) that cost–benefit analysis can help shrink the scope of disagreement about whether the recent rise in income inequality is morally worrisome; and (3) that the emphasis on ordinal preferences has handicapped economists’ thinking about a broad range of ethical choices.
The Ethics Problem
Authors: Levy David M. , Peart Sandra J.
Published: September 2014

The collective action problem of economic experts was diagnosed acutely by Knight and Pigou in the 1930s. The interest of economists as a group is in pursuing the public good of truth; the interest of an individual economist is in pursuing the private good of happiness. Pigou’s example is the pursuit of political influence. Deviation from truth-seeking devastates the theory of governance as objective inquiry laid out by Knight and John Rawls, as we saw in the eugenic era. We reformulate the Knight–Rawls position as truth-seeking contingent on a presupposed system. The best case for the Knight–Rawls position is transparency, where presuppositions are common knowledge. If transparency is infeasible making the nontransparency of inquiry itself transparent will serve as a second-best solution to warn third parties to make adjustments. A code of ethics can itself serve as a warning about the temptation. Pigou’s concern about nonpecuniary temptation should be added to the American Economic Association code of ethics.
Going Institutional
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R.
Published: September 2014

Communications from election candidates, officeholders, and government programs often project an air of candor and forthrightness. In reality, however, they are invariably intentional and strategic – constructed to promote campaigns, sell legislation, and explain benefits and fees to constituents. This chapter traces two seminal developments of modern political communication. First, political strategy has become enormously more sophisticated to exploit vulnerabilities in the ways individuals process information and form evaluations. Second, the nature of political communications itself has qualitatively changed. Political communications are typically equated with “situational framing” - the intentional efforts of political actors to target individuals within specific situations and moments of time. We now live in an era increasingly defined, however, by institution-based communications and framing. This chapter addresses two elements: the substantial expansion of the White House’s administrative capacity for crafted communications and the routinized and consequential messages of established policies. Institutions-based communications have, under certain circumstances, more enduring and deeper effects than situational framing.
Music as Political Communication
Authors: Street John
Published: September 2014

This chapter examines the ways in which music acts as political communication and plays an important role in politics. It notes that the contemporary study of political communication has tended to overlook the role that sound plays and provides an account of the ways in which music has been associated with political communication through protest, propaganda, and resistance. The chapter then explains how music can be understood to communicate politics and discusses how political communication scholars might study music’s role in the public sphere and civic engagement. It concludes by arguing that sound should be featured more prominently in political communication research than it is currently.
Visual Interpolation and Extrapolation of Contours
Authors: Fulvio Jacqueline M. , Singh Manish , Maloney Larry
Published: September 2014

Computing object boundaries from fragmented image data poses a formidable problem for the visual system. Contours in the image are typically fragmented due to the prevalence of occlusion and camouflage (hence insufficient image contrast). Given two or more such fragments, the visual system must determine not only whether they belong to a single extended contour, but also what shape the contour takes in the “missing” regions. The authors review psychophysical studies investigating how human observers visually interpolate and extrapolate contours. The results point to shape constraints embodied in the visual processing of contours that allow us to formulate consistency criteria for successful interpolation. The authors also discuss various theoretical models of contour interpolation in light of these findings.
A Consciousness-Based Look at Spontaneous Creativity
Authors: Sarath Ed
Published: September 2014

This chapter explores improvisation from a consciousness-based standpoint. Examination of an inner mechanics for the transcendent experience frequently reported by improvisers sets the stage for consciousness-based distinctions between improvisation and composition processes, in which improvisation is extricated from common misclassification as an accelerated subspecies of composition. Temporal, cultural, and linguistic factors are considered in distinguishing between improvisatory and compositional paradigms. The intimate melding between musicians and listeners in peak improvised performance is paralleled with the deep collective communion associated with group meditation practice as indicative of a nonlocal, intersubjective field of consciousness, empirical support for which suggests that possible societal benefits may result from certain applications. An “improvisatory hermeneutics” is considered as a means for new ways of perceiving global challenges and paradigmatic change that centers intersubjectivity and other anomalous possibilities not commonly embraced in academic and public policy discourse.
The Anti-Theological Theology of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authors: Armenteros Carolina
Published: September 2014

Rousseau’s theology, like much of his philosophy, is paradoxical. It comprises both a rejection of traditional Christian dogma—notably original sin—as incommensurate with reason, and a defense of Christianity and political religion as institutions transcending the rationalism of the Enlightenment. His thoughts on religion may thus be considered to comprise an anti-theological theology. This chapter discusses the private religion that Rousseau espoused in the Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar, and the civil religion he described in the last chapter of the Social Contract. It points out that his fame as an anti-theologian derives from his anti-intellectualism and personal mystical inclinations. It likewise recounts the influence that his religious thought exercised in Europe until the turn of the nineteenth century.
Sin, Grace, and Free Choice in Post-Reformation Reformed Theology
Authors: Hampton Stephen
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses Reformed thought on sin, grace, free choice, and ethics, by focusing on some prominent theologians—particularly Samuel Maresius, Francis Turretin, Petrus van Mastricht, and Pierre Du Moulin. It argues that the freedom and moral capacity of human beings is central to the Reformed theological vision. The Reformed deploy careful distinctions to demonstrate that the fundamental contingency of human action is compatible with the divine decrees. The disastrous effects of the Fall are highlighted, but the persistence of natural human faculties is also underlined. God’s grace is conceived as working so powerfully within the elect, that it invariably achieves its end, but not by undermining the rational faculties of its recipients. In ethics, the Reformed are shown to have a strong commitment both to natural law and virtue ethics, without tension with their overarching commitment to God’s revealed law.
The Place of God in the Philosophy of Tanabe Hajime
Authors: Heisig James W.
Published: September 2014

Tanabe Hajime (1885–1962) was one of the pivotal figures in the Kyoto School. The present essay focuses on his idea of God as a gateway to understanding the unfolding of his major philosophical ideas. Despite criticisms of the Christian God, Tanabe gradually transformed the notion in the light of his rediscovery of Buddhist thought and the elaboration of ideas of absolute nothingness, the cultural specificity of rationality, and historical praxis. After a brief capitulation to nationalist thinking during the Pacific War, he undertook a radical rethinking of the philosophical vocation and took a more conciliatory approach to religious faith. His idea of God transformed into a “nothingness-in-love” and the appeal to supporting Christian ideas became a regular feature in his writings. The essay concludes with an attempt to locate an underlying motivation for Tanabe’s concern with the idea of God.
Japanese Christian Philosophies
Authors: Terao Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2014

Japanese Christianity’s encounter with and response to Western philosophy, blossoming after World War II falls into roughly seven stages: (1) Mukyōkai (or No-church) Christian philosophies developed in tandem with democratic thinking on politics and economics; (2) Christian philosophies developed via classical philology and limited to liberal arts departments in national universities; (3) Marxist and socialist Christian philosophies growing out ofa humanistic harmonization of Christianity and leftist thinking; (4) Christian philosophies of religion seeking to integrate Kantian philosophy and Christian anthropology; (5) Christian philosophies in a Buddhist key influenced by the philosophies of Nishida Kitarō and Takizawa Katsumi; (6) Generative Christian philosophies stimulated by the antiontological strain in Hebrew thinking and vigorous criticism of the modern West; and (7) Popular Christian philosophy focused on basic issues of Japanese life. These “intellectual experiments” undertaken by Japanese Christian philosophers form an important chapter in the ongoing quest for a truly World Christianity.
Hospice and Palliative Care
Authors: Clark David
Published: September 2014

Hospice and palliative care have shared but divergent histories. By the early 20th century, a new focus on end-of-life care had also appeared. Despite a lack of definitional precision within these models, there is a fragile but emergent evidence base and a growing professionalization of the field. As awareness increases about the rising number of deaths in the world, competing claims also emerge about the manner of our dying. These go beyond the field itself to include support for assisted dying, greater emphasis on community resilience in the face of aging and death, plus growing environmental awareness of the significance of rising death rates. These require interdisciplinary thinking, as well the injection of new ideas from cognate fields in the health and social sciences.
Morgellons Disease Presenting As an Eyelid Lesion
Authors: Sandhu Rasanamar K. , Steele Eric A.
Published: September 2014

Morgellons disease is characterized by complaints of uncomfortable skin sensations and fibers emanating from nonhealing skin lesions. Morgellons disease is well-known in the dermatology and psychiatry literature, where it is typically considered a subtype of delusional parasitosis, but it has not yet been described in the ophthalmology literature. A patient with self-reported Morgellons disease is presented, who was referred for evaluation of left lower eyelid ectropion. She reported that her skin was infested with fibers that were “trying to get down into the eyelid.” On examination, she had ectropion of the left lower eyelid, broken cilia, and an ulcerated left upper eyelid lesion concerning for carcinoma. Biopsy of the lesion was consistent with excoriation. Treatment of her ectropion was deferred out of concern for wound dehiscence, given the patient’s aggressive excoriation behavior. This case is presented to make the ophthalmologist aware of this disorder and to highlight the appropriate clinical management.
Leporid immunoglobulin G shows evidence of strong selective pressure on the hinge and CH3 domains
Authors: Pinheiro Ana , Woof Jenny M. , Almeida Tereza , Abrantes Joana , Alves Paulo C. , Gortázar Christian , Esteves Pedro J.
Published: September 2014

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant serum immunoglobulin and has the longest serum half-life of all the antibody classes. The European rabbit IgG has been of significant importance in immunological research, and is therefore well characterized. However, the IgG of other leporids has been disregarded. To evaluate the evolution of this gene in leporids, we sequenced the completeIGHGfor six other genera:Bunolagus,Brachylagus,Lepus,Pentalagus,RomerolagusandSylvilagus. The newly sequenced leporidIGHGgene has an organization and structure similar to that of the European rabbit IgG. A gradient in leporid IgG constant domain diversity was observed, with the CH1 being the most conserved and the CH3 the most variable domain. Positive selection was found to be acting on all constant domains, but with a greater incidence in the CH3 domain, where a cluster of three positively selected sites was identified. In the hinge region, only three polymorphic positions were observed. The same hinge length was observed for all leporids. Unlike the variation observed for the European rabbit, all 11Lepusspecies studied share exactly the same hinge motif, suggesting its maintenance as a result of an advantageous structure or conformation.
In vitro antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of arbidol and structurally related derivatives in herpes simplex virus type 1-infected human keratinocytes (HaCat)
Authors: Perfetto Brunella , Filosa Rosanna , De Gregorio Vincenza , Peduto Antonella , La Gatta Annalisa , de Caprariis Paolo , Tufano Maria Antonietta , Donnarumma Giovanna
Published: September 2014

Arbidol (ARB) is an antiviral drug that has broad-spectrum activity against a number of viral infections. To date, there are no specific data regarding its effects against a herpesvirus. Here, the in vitro antiviral effect of ARB and structurally related derivatives were evaluated in HaCat cells on different steps of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication: adsorption, entry and post-entry. The simplified pyrrolidine analogue, 9a2, showed the best antiviral activity in vitro by reducing the plaque numbers by about 50 % instead of 42 % obtained with ARB at the same concentration. Furthermore, we have reported that all tested compounds evaluated for their immunomodulatory activity showed the ability to reduce the viral proteins VP16 and ICP27 and to modify the virus-induced cytokine expression, allowing the host cell a more efficient antiviral response.
A high resolution 7-Tesla resting-state fMRI test-retest dataset with cognitive and physiological measures
Authors: Gorgolewski Krzysztof Jacek , Mendes Natacha , Wilfling Domenica , Wladimirow Elisabeth , Gauthier Claudine J. , Bonnen Tyler , Ruby Florence J. M. , Trampel Robert , Bazin Pierre-Louis , Cozatl Roberto , Smallwood Jonathan , Margulies Daniel S.
Published: September 2014

Here we present a test-retest dataset of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data acquired at rest. 22 participants were scanned during two sessions spaced one week apart. Each session includes two 1.5 mm isotropic whole-brain scans and one 0.75 mm isotropic scan of the prefrontal cortex, giving a total of six timepoints. Additionally, the dataset includes measures of mood, sustained attention, blood pressure, respiration, pulse, and the content of self-generated thoughts (mind wandering). This data enables the investigation of sources of both intra- and inter-session variability not only limited to physiological changes, but also including alterations in cognitive and affective states, at high spatial resolution. The dataset is accompanied by a detailed experimental protocol and source code of all stimuli used.
Duplicate and Conquer: Multiple Homologs ofPHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE1Enhance Phosphorus Acquisition and Sorghum Performance on Low-Phosphorus Soils
Authors: Hufnagel Barbara , de Sousa Sylvia M. , Assis Lidianne , Guimaraes Claudia T. , Leiser Willmar , Azevedo Gabriel C. , Negri Barbara , Larson Brandon G. , Shaff Jon E. , Pastina Maria Marta , Barros Beatriz A. , Weltzien Eva , Rattunde Henry Frederick W. , Viana Joao H. , Clark Randy T. , Falcão Alexandre , Gazaffi Rodrigo , Garcia Antonio Augusto F. , Schaffert Robert E. , Kochian Leon V. , Magalhaes Jurandir V.
Published: September 2014

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is a major constraint for crop production in tropical regions. The rice (Oryza sativa) protein kinase, PHOSPHORUS-STARVATION TOLERANCE1 (OsPSTOL1), was previously shown to enhance P acquisition and grain yield in rice under P deficiency. We investigated the role of homologs of OsPSTOL1 in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) performance under low P. Association mapping was undertaken in two sorghum association panels phenotyped for P uptake, root system morphology and architecture in hydroponics and grain yield and biomass accumulation under low-P conditions, in Brazil and/or in Mali. Root length and root surface area were positively correlated with grain yield under low P in the soil, emphasizing the importance of P acquisition efficiency in sorghum adaptation to low-P availability. SbPSTOL1 alleles reducing root diameter were associated with enhanced P uptake under low P in hydroponics, whereas Sb03g006765 and Sb03g0031680 alleles increasing root surface area also increased grain yield in a low-P soil. SbPSTOL1 genes colocalized with quantitative trait loci for traits underlying root morphology and dry weight accumulation under low P via linkage mapping. Consistent allelic effects for enhanced sorghum performance under low P between association panels, including enhanced grain yield under low P in the soil in Brazil, point toward a relatively stable role for Sb03g006765 across genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions. This study indicates that multiple SbPSTOL1 genes have a more general role in the root system, not only enhancing root morphology traits but also changing root system architecture, which leads to grain yield gain under low-P availability in the soil.
Two precatalysts for application in asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation
Authors: Meißner Antje , Pribbenow Cornelia , Drexler Hans-Joachim , Heller Detlef
Published: September 2014

The title compounds, [(1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-dicyclopentane](η4-norbornadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoridoborate, [Rh(C34H36P2)(C7H8)]BF4, (I), and [(1R,1′R,2R,2′R)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-dicyclopentane][η4-(Z,Z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene]rhodium(I) tetrafluoridoborate dichloromethane monosolvate, [Rh(C34H36P2)(C8H12)]BF4·CH2Cl2, (II), are applied as precatalysts in asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation,e.g.in the reduction of dehydroamino acids, affording excellent enantiomeric excesses [Zhu, Cao, Jiang & Zhang (1997).J. Am. Chem. Soc.119, 1799–1800].
The relative importance of number, duration and intensity of cold stress events in determining survival and energetics of an overwintering insect
Authors: Marshall Katie E. , Sinclair Brent J.
Published: September 2014

The relationship between abiotic stress and fitness in an individual is usually described by the intensity and duration of stress. Yet in natural systems, variability in abiotic stress is common. Since individuals have physiological and fitness responses to single bouts of stress, frequency of stress may also determine the lifetime success of an organism. However, the majority of laboratory studies have focused only on the effects of single stress events.

We investigated the relative importance of stress parameters including duration, intensity and number of cold events on the short‐term physiology and long‐term fitness in the freeze‐avoiding eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Clemens).

We exposed overwintering 2nd‐instar larvae of C. fumiferana to −5 °C, −10 °C, −15 °C or −20 °C, for either a single exposure of 120 h or repeated 12 h exposures (3, 6 or 10 exposures). Changes in short‐term physiology were quantified by cryoprotectant content, energetic stores and supercooling point. Long‐term fitness effects were measured by rearing individuals after overwintering and recording successful eclosion as adults, development time from 2nd instar to adult, and adult size.

We found that long‐term survival of C. fumiferana was most strongly affected by the number of low‐temperature stress events rather than intensity or duration, despite increased investment into cryoprotection at the expense of glycogen reserves. Sublethal measures such as adult size were unaffected by low‐temperature stress.

Thus, we show that frequency of stress is an important, yet frequently neglected, parameter in the study of the effects of abiotic stress. The responses we documented here suggest that frequency of stress may be an additional important parameter for modelling the effects of abiotic stress on populations.
The nexus of syntrophy‐associated microbiota in anaerobic digestion revealed by long‐term enrichment and community survey
Authors: Narihiro Takashi , Nobu Masaru K. , Kim Na‐Kyung , Kamagata Yoichi , Liu Wen‐Tso
Published: September 2014

Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes are known to effectively convert organic waste to CO2 and CH4, but much of the microbial ecology remains unclear. Specifically, we have limited insights into symbiotic syntroph and methanogen (‘syntrophy’) acid degradation, although they are essential for preventing process deterioration. Also, we often observed many uncharacterized or uncultivated organisms, but poorly understood their role(s) in relation to syntrophy. To define syntrophy‐associated populations, this study enriched methanogenic communities with propionate, butyrate, benzoate, acetate, formate and H2 from two different inocula over 3 years. 16S pyrotag analysis revealed core populations of known syntrophs (six clades) and methanogens (nine clades) associated with acid degradation, and evidence for substrate‐ and/or inoculum‐dependent specificity in syntrophic partnerships. Based on comprehensive re‐evaluation of publically available microbial community data for AD, the known syntrophs and methanogens identified were clearly representatives of the AD‐associated syntrophs and methanogens. In addition, uncultivated clades related to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi were ubiquitously found in AD and enrichments. These organisms may be universally involved in AD syntrophic degradation, but only represented <23% of the yet‐to‐be‐cultivated organisms (89 of 390 clades). Thus, the contribution of these uncultured organisms in AD remains unclear and warrants further investigation.
The Institutionalization of Third Stream Activities in UK Higher Education: The Role of Discourse and Metrics
Authors: Lockett Andy , Wright Mike , Wild Andrew
Published: September 2014

In this paper we examine the institutionalization of a new organizational practice around third stream activities in UK higher education from 1994 to 2008. Employing a longitudinal research design, involving archival, survey and contemporary interview data, we show how a new organizational practice diffused through the use of discourse and metrics around commercialization but over time was threatened on pure economic criteria. In response to the threat we explore how actors worked to institutionalize the new practice, reshaping both discourse and metrics to ensure that they were robust so that they could align with the interests and values of major stakeholders. In addition, actors worked to align discourse and metrics, as any misalignment between the two would have undermined the institutionalization of the new organizational practice.
Reinterpreting the Relation between Motherhood and Paid Work: Second-Generation Immigrant Women in Norway
Authors: Nadim Marjan
Published: September 2014

A pertinent question in contemporary Europe is whether the children of immigrants will reproduce the gender-complementary practices and ideals of the immigrant generation, which often include strong expectations that women should prioritize family obligations over the pursuit of paid work. This article analyses the cultural and moral understandings at stake in second-generation women's reflections on and practices of combining motherhood and paid work, and explores the space for negotiating such understandings in the family. The study is based on in-depth interviews with second-generation women of Pakistani descent in Norway, and interviews with some of their husbands. The findings show that the moral understandings and practices of the parent generation are not merely passed on to the second generation; rather they are challenged and reinterpreted in ways that support mothers' participation in paid work. The article argues that this change is facilitated by the cultural and institutional context that the Norwegian welfare state represents.