bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Changing European Security Context and the Nordic Region: A View from Germany
Authors: HAFTENDORN HELGA
Published: March 2007

The situation in Europe is changing so fast that any statement, however carefully made, is bound to be overtaken by events. This is especially true for the structures of European security and for the evolving process of German unification. Europe might enter a period of military stability and political change. The peaceful revolution in East Germany and the call by its people for speedy reunification have forced the question of the future of the two German states back on the international agenda. The long-term prospect is for an expansion of a somewhat more loosely knit Western system of collective security to which a unified Germany would belong. The impact on the Nordic region would be significant: instead of providing a Northern support for the Atlantic Alliance, the Nordic region would become a halfway house between East and West or a building block for an all-European security structure in which it could find a congenial home.
The Unfinished Feminist Agenda: The Shifting Forum
Authors: ALIOTTA JILDA M.
Published: March 2007

During the twenty-year period from 1960 to 1980, the legal status of American women changed dramatically. Federal policy shifted from reinforcing social and economic discrimination to providing remedies for those who experienced discrimination. While Congress was active in initiating many of these changes, much of the credit for their implementation must go to the federal courts, especially the U.S. Supreme Court. In the 1980s, however, the federal courts including the Supreme Court became less receptive to the feminist agenda. This situation has forced women's groups to appeal to Congress and state legislatures to reverse or limit the damage created by unfavorable court decisions. The case histories of Title IX of the education amendments of 1972 and legalized abortion illustrate this shift in forum.
Women's Work, Women's Movement: Taking Stock
Authors: STOPER EMILY
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1960s, the women's movement has been strongly associated with the advancement of women's position in the work force. In spite of antidiscrimination laws, women still earn only about 70 percent of what men do. Three strategies to further reduce the wage gap are considered in detail: affirmative action, pay equity, and policies to make it easier to combine work and family life. Questions are raised about the implications of these strategies for the future of the women's movement.
Reading Instructions for Using Commercial Medicines
Authors: EISEMON THOMAS OWEN , RATZLAFF JEANNE , PATEL VIMLA L.
Published: March 2007

Reading product labels is a common and important use of literacy and numeracy skills in daily life. Instructions for commercial oral-rehydration-therapy salt solutions were examined. The products are widely available in rural Kenya, where they are purchased for alleviating the symptoms of life-threatening diarrheal dehydration. Many features of these texts do not facilitate comprehension. Information about preparation, dosage, administration, storage, and precautions is difficult to locate, few discourse conventions are used to enable readers to efficiently process information, and much tacit knowledge is presumed—including knowledge of English even when a Kiswahili translation is provided. Numeracy tasks associated with compliance with the treatment regime cannot be easily performed with school-learned mathematical algorithms. Measuring and teaching functional literacy and numeracy skills necessitates a better understanding of the kinds of texts that readers will encounter and analyzing the comprehension and problem-solving skills they require.
Sociolinguistic Minorities and Scholastic Difficulties in France
Authors: VERMES GENEVIÈVE , KASTENBAUM MICHÈLE
Published: March 2007

In France, 6-17 percent of the adult population can be categorized as functionally illiterate. Most of the illiterate population comprises young adults of immigrant origin from sociolinguistic minorities and has at least six years of schooling in French. Efforts have been made to reduce functional illiteracy, in particular through native-language (NL) courses given in the schools or in community associations. The study described here reports on possible links between these NL courses and students' attitudes toward academic achievement, scholastic activities, and classroom adjustment. The focus is on Arabic NL students. These students evaluated themselves more negatively regarding scholastic achievement than did the rest of the sample; however, they expressed more interest in scholastic activities than the others. However, no differences were observed between students enrolled in Arabic NL courses and those who were not. The discussion centers on a comparison with Portuguese NL pupils, where a difference was observed between pupils enrolled in NL courses and pupils not enrolled in them.
Affirmative Action and Its Negative Repercussions
Authors: REYNOLDS WM. BRADFORD
Published: March 2007

Whether preferential treatment comes packaged as a quota, a goal-and-timetable, a set-aside, or affirmative action, the consequence is the same. Favoring certain individuals because of race, gender, religion, or national origin inescapably means that individuals not similarly endowed are disfavored for the most offensive of reasons. To pretend such action is affirmative—or that such discrimination is benign—mocks the valiant struggle for an equal opportunity society that has defined America's domestic agenda for the last four decades. The nation lost sight of this fundamental truth during the decade of the 1970s and permitted governments to fashion affirmative action policies that made race, gender, and nationality the final arbiter of employment, student admissions, and contract decisions. It took a series of Supreme Court rulings in the late 1980s to right that wrong and restore the equality ideal that the Court had earlier resurrected in Brown v. Board of Education.
Affirmative Action in Government Employment
Authors: KELLOUGH J. EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Affirmative action in government is important not only for the equitable distribution of employment opportunities but as a symbol of the nation's commitment to end discrimination against minorities and women and to make government more responsive to their interests. This article examines the development of affirmative action policy in employment at the federal, state, and local levels. Recent federal political appointments are noted. Research that has attempted to assess the effects of affirmative action is discussed.
Continental Economic Integration: Modeling the Impact on Labor
Authors: STANFORD JAMES
Published: March 2007

Many labor representatives in the United States and Canada fear that a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will lead to a redirection of investment toward low-wage regions of the continent, consequently reducing wages and employment opportunities in higher-wage areas. These concerns seem to contradict several traditional conclusions of economic theory, and the results of quantitative economic models have suggested that a NAFTA could be beneficial for workers in all three countries. These modeling efforts, however, have been based on highly restrictive assumptions regarding international investment flows, the functioning of labor markets, and other features of the economy. More realistic trade and investment models are needed in order to fairly judge the risks and opportunities posed to labor by continental integration. Some suggestions for future research are provided.
Immigration Control in Australia
Authors: BIRRELL ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Like Canada and the United States, Australia has encountered increasing difficulties in regulating international migration movements. Australia's physical isolation and rigorous entry procedures have limited the arrival of undocumented migrants to a trickle. But the number coming as students, visitors, and under other short-term visas who subsequently overstay these visas and apply to change their status to permanent residence while in Australia has increased sharply since the early 1980s. The management of these claims has proved difficult because of judicial leniency and the advocacy of humanitarian and ethnic lobby groups. However, since the late 1980s, the Australian government has introduced a series of tough legislative and administrative measures that appear to have significantly diminished the problem. These measures have been much tougher than those enforced in North America. It is argued that this Australian response can be traced to the heritage of control that has shaped Australia's immigration policies and Australians' conceptions of themselves as a nation.
Local Responses to Global Change
Authors: MLINAR ZDRAVKO
Published: March 2007

The changing meaning and role of local democracy are assessed in the context of the transformation of territorial social organization and local-global convergence. The autonomization of regional, local, sublocal, and individual actors is dependent on simultaneous supranational and global integration. In place of the zerosum logic of centralization-decentralization, focus should be shifted to the rapprochement of the levels of decision making and their power sharing. Advances in global integration are not a negation of localism. They contribute to the shift to a localism that is deliberate and open to the rest of the world. Openness involves an increasing choice of alternatives and a lower probability but heightened effectiveness of participation (voice) within local institutional structures. While involvement in undifferentiated, general forms of local democracy stagnates or even declines, participation with respect to more specific and close issues tends to be stable or even to increase. There is a hybridization of governmental and nongovernmental frameworks of participation that provides prospects for a strengthening of civil society.
The Rule of Law in Small Wars
Authors: O'BRIEN WILLIAM V.
Published: March 2007

Small wars are often mixed civil-international wars characterized by extremes of mutual hatred. Still, the international law of war sets the standards for all armed conflicts. War-decision law regulates recourse to armed force. War-conduct law governs belligerent practice. There are two justifications for recourse to armed force: enforcement action ordered by the U.N. Security Council and individual and collective self-defense. Despite the principle of nonintervention, interventions have been frequent in small wars. The difficulty with applying war-decision law to small wars arises from the fact that such wars are often not conventional wars, making determination of aggression difficult. Application of war-conduct law confronts difficulties with determining belligerent status, dealing with guerrilla and terror tactics, preserving the ban on chemical and biological weapons, and protecting prisoners of war and occupied populations in small wars. The best sanction for the laws of war is self-enforcement by responsible belligerents.
The Turkish Imbroglio: Its Kurds
Authors: BROWN JAMES
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the current Kurdish problem in Turkey, the Turkish government's reaction to the issues raised by this problem, and the challenge the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK) poses to Ankara through its tactics of intimidation and terrorism. This imbroglio is also detailed in both political and economic terms. The article goes on to analyze the implications of this conflict for Turkey's relations with Europe, the United States, and other regional players, such as Syria, Iraq, and Iran. The conflict could jeopardize Turkey's relations with Europe and Washington and limit Ankara's role as a stabilizing influence in the region, thereby limiting its role regionally and internationally. This linkage to the West will be very difficult to substitute. In addition, civil violence and terrorist acts by the PKK could deter foreign investments and undermine tourism, thus affecting Turkey's long-range economic plans. Finally, the future prospects and options that Turkey might consider in bringing this conflict to a manageable solution are assessed.
Constraints on Third Party Flexibility
Authors: BOTES JOHANNES , MITCHELL CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

The article uses two very different examples of third party mediation to illustrate the argument that intermediary flexibility has two aspects: freedom from constraint and capacity to undertake an influential interventive role by carrying out a variety of important functions. It concludes that both aspects are important for the success of mediation initiatives—although each confers very different advantages on particular mediator types and circumstances—and that the constituencies of other types of mediators need to be delineated and analyzed before further general propositions can be advanced.
Risk and Justice: Rethinking the Concept of Compensation
Authors: FIELD PATRICK , RAIFFA HOWARD , SUSSKIND LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

In recent years, environmental justice advocates have made a convincing claim that risky facilities have been disproportionately clustered in poor communities and communities of color. NIMBYism (not in my backyard) has spread from predominantly white, affluent suburbs to poorer communities of color. In this article, we propose a means of addressing environmental inequities and breaking the siting impasse. We think that poor communities of color might use the proposed siting of risky facilities as a basis for negotiating substantial improvements in the well-being of their communities. We propose to embed siting negotiations in the preparation of broader development packages, jointly created with citizens of poor neighborhoods and communities of color, so that health risks are reduced, the environment is improved, and all residents are better off. As far as justice is concerned, the perceived fairness of the process by which risks are communicated and selected, and risk management strategies are devised, is as important as the actual allocation of risk.
Asia-Pacific Economic Links and the Future of Hong Kong
Authors: HAULMAN CLYDE A.
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong is closely linked to both China and the United States. This article discusses Hong Kong's economy and the effects that Sino-American relations will have on Hong Kong as the new Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic. It provides a critique of both the pessimistic and the optimistic views of Hong Kong's future: Hong Kong will prosper because China will ensure its success, or Hong Kong will suffer from China's political control. Analysis of the economic factors suggests that the territory is likely to fare quite well in the years following the transition. Nonetheless, the potential effect of political changes in China, the possibility of troubles in Sino-American relations, and the difficulty of reforming China's economy and integrating it into that of the world are some of the factors suggesting that the long-term outlook appears less favorable.
Civil Society in Transition: Interest Politics in Israel
Authors: YISHAI YAEL
Published: March 2007

Civil society in Israel evolved in three phases as a response to state strategies. In the first phase, the state, aided by a fundamental vision and disciplined political parties, adopted a strategy of active inclusion, based on comprehensive mobilization of social actors. In the second phase, the state shifted to active exclusion, delegitimizing challenging groups such as the feminists and social protest movements. The Law of Associations, mandating state surveillance of groups' organization and activities, consolidated active exclusion. In the third phase, the state shifted to passive exclusion, decreasing its interference with civil society. Consequently, six developments on the social scene are discernible: a rise in the number of civic organizations, a change in the nature of civil society, a change in associations' strategies, a change in their access to decision makers, a change in their impact, and their legitimation.
Federal Involvement in U.S. Gaming Regulation
Authors: FREY JAMES H.
Published: March 2007

The federal government has a relatively long history of regulating gambling, but gambling has not been a very intense or consistent concern. For the most part, states have been left to their own resources in gambling regulation, and the federal government was interested in controlling gambling only to the extent that organized crime was a factor. The expansion of legal gambling to almost every state, the growth of Indian gaming, the need to generate new sources of revenue, the alarming potential of Internet gambling, and the growing impact of the gambling industry on the national economy have stimulated renewed interest on the part of the federal government in the regulation, not necessarily the prohibition, of gambling. The recent establishment of the National Gambling Impact Study Commission is indicative of this concern.
10. Of Time and the Textbooks
Authors: Krislov Sam
Published: March 2007

Is the latest textbook necessarily the most up-to-date? Twelve new (since mid-1956) textbooks on basic national government were found to contain little or no reference to two new developments of some import. The author concludes that the latest text provides instructors with no reliable substitute for individual initiative in keeping informed.
2. Reduction of Tension in Legislatures
Authors: Mitchell William C.
Published: March 2007

The many ways in which legislators behave to reduce their personal, interpersonal, and collective ten sions of the legislative process are indicated. Tech niques of investigation are suggested. Actions, such as excessive formality, become understandably function al, rather than simply ludicrous, in the new logical context.
Bhave's Sarvodaya Society
Authors: Shah Romesh
Published: March 2007

Social change over most of the globe moves from lesser to greater organization, from agricultural to industrial life. Yet Gandhi and his disciple, Vinoba Bhave, en visioned a different type of social order, one in which agricultural village life would be perfected to meet the needs of all its members. Bhave's Bhoodan movement of land redistribution is a direct means to this end. The author, Romesh Shah, studied in Bombay and presently is an instructor in New York University's Division of General Education; he is also a group counsellor at the Henry Street Settlement in New York City.
American Society and its Sociology
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: March 2007

An Abstract of "La société Américaine et sa sociologie," from CAHIERS INTER NATIONAL DE SOCIOLOGIE, XXVI (January-June, 1959), pp. 55-80, in which a well- known French social scientist turns a candid eye on his American counterparts.
Organization for Scientific Productivity
Authors: Gordon Gerald , Anderson Odin , Marquis Sue
Published: March 2007

A description of one of the more significant research projects in the organization of creativity is presented for general informa tion and criticism by the authors, who are with the Health Infor mation Foundation.
Democratic Control Through Social Invention
Authors: MacKinnon William J.
Published: March 2007

Writing from the University of Arizona, a psychologist sets forth a general attitude towards innovation in politics and government, along with several suggestions of inventions to be perfected.
The Scientist - A Changing Social Type
Authors: Krohn Roger G.
Published: March 2007

Most discussions about the personality of the scientist assume that he must have certain traits, such as individuality, in order to be successful. Professor Krohn of Memorial University of Newfoundland examines such assumptions with inter esting results.
Some Current Research On Effectiveness of Educational Simulations: Implications for Alternative Strategies
Authors: Cherryholmes Cleo H.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation of six studies suggests that the case for learning and attitude change resulting from simulation games may not be as strong as has been claimed. Alternative ways of using simulations to maximize learning are then presented. The author, who has just received his Ph.D. in political science from Northwestern University, is now Assistant Professor of Political Science and Research Associate at the Social Science Teaching Institute, Michigan State University.
BLACK REVOLUTION: A Matter of Definition
Authors: Ricks Timothy
Published: March 2007

This generation, especially of our people, has a burden, more so than any other time in history. The most important thing that we can learn to do today is to think for ourselves. Malcolm X, December 31, 1964
The Changing Nature of the Professions
Authors: Vickers Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

The paper by Sir Geoffrey Vickers leads off this issue because he identifies very cogently what professions have in common and draws important conclusions about education designed to prepare professionals for their roles. His six "dimensions" constitute a prospectus for education, not only for professionals, but for those whose aspirations require similar attributes. He also does us a service by identifying the "multiprofessional profession," a concept which carries with it another idea with which we are concerned: that there is need to deal responsibly with matters that pertain to emerging as well as to traditional professions.
Toward a Healthy Public
Authors: KROGER FRED
Published: March 2007

The leading causes of preventable disease, disability, and premature death are primarily associated with lifestyle and behaviors. Future advances in health are likely to come from the social and behavioral sciences rather than from the biomedical, and health communication can play an integral role in shaping those advances. Three foundation pieces are suggested that health communicators can build on to strengthen our contributions to a healthier future: adopting rigorous and scientific standards of professionalism, establishing communication systems that include rather than exclude the traditionally underserved populations, and improving our own capacity and willingness to hear the wisdom and the wants of the populations we serve—the consumers.
Social Comparison, Advertising, and Consumer Discontent
Authors: RICHINS MARSHA L.
Published: March 2007

Consumers encounter countless advertising images during the course of everyday life. Many of these images are idealized, representing life more as it is imagined than as it actually exists. This article uses theories originating in social psychology to examine the impact these idealized advertising images have on consumers' perceptions of their lives, particularly with respect to their material possessions. Using social comparison theory as a basis, the author argues that exposure to idealized images leads consumers to compare, often unconsciously, their own lives with those represented in idealized advertising images. In addition, information integration frameworks are used to explain how repeated exposure to idealized images raises consumers' expectations and influences their perceptions of how their lives ought to be, particularly in terms of their material possessions. The result of both these processes, for some consumers, is consumer discontent and an increased desire for more.
Dividing the Indivisible
Authors: YOUNG H. PEYTON
Published: March 2007

An office, or a mistress, cannot be apportioned out like a common.

Jeremy Collier, Essays Upon Several Moral Subjects
The Misperception of Public Opinion Toward Capital Punishment
Authors: McGARRELL EDMUND F. , SANDYS MARLA
Published: March 2007

Appellate courts in the United States, including the U.S. Supreme Court, have looked to public opinion and legislative trends to interpret the meaning of “evolving standards of decency” in determining whether capital punishment violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. Bowers's spuriousness explanation of public support for capital punishment suggests that lawmakers and appellate judges have misinterpreted public sentiment. Specifically, although the public voices general support for the death penalty, that support vanishes when citizens are given the option of life in prison without possibility of parole coupled with a requirement of work and restitution. This research tests and finds support for Bowers's explanation with data from a sample of Indiana citizens. In addition, the study extends the model by presenting data from Indiana legislators showing that indeed lawmakers do misread the opinions of their constituents on this important issue.
Chronic Disease Self-Management
Authors: LORIG KATE
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of chronic disease continues to increase as our population ages. Today, many older people have more than one chronic condition. Thus comorbidity is a problem for both the individual and for our health care system. This article discusses the rationale and definition for a self-management model. In addition, it gives examples from both medical care and health education of how this model has been applied. Finally, it defines the key components for patient education programs built on this model. These include (a) content presentation focused on patients' perceived needs, (b) practice and feedback in new skills, including decision making and problem solving, (c) attention to emotional and role management in addition to medical management, (d) use of techniques to increase patients' confidence in their ability to manage their conditions, and (e) emphasis on the patients' active role in the physician/patient relationship.
The Ideal Candidate Revisited
Authors: TRENT JUDITH S. , TRENT JIMMIE D. , MONGEAU PAUL A. , SHORT-THOMPSON CADY
Published: March 2007

The view of image as a transaction between all that a candidate says and does and the way in which voters compare that behavior to their personal vision of what a candidate should be inspires at least three questions important to campaign communication. First, although the ability or power of the media to affect the success or failure of political campaigns and candidates is popularly believed and has been documented by researchers, do the views of individual members of the media regarding the ideal qualities required of president candidates differ significantly from those of voters? Second, do the characteristics or criteria of the “ideal candidate” ascribed by the media and/or the electorate vary from election to election? And finally, do the evaluative dimensions of “idealness” differ by party affiliation, age, or gender? The answers to these questions were determined from the results of a survey of 388 professional journalists covering and 734 citizens attending rallies in New Hampshire during the presidential primaries of 1988, 1992, and 1996.
Mapping Campaign Discourse
Authors: JAMIESON KATHLEEN HALL , WALDMAN PAUL
Published: March 2007

This article, which is a report of the Campaign Discourse Mapping Project, draws on the speeches, ads, and news of the 1960, 1980, 1988, 1992, and 1996 campaigns to debunk three widely held beliefs about presidential campaign discourse: that it has become more negative, that reporting on it has become more negative, and that there is little new from day to day in the stump speeches of the major party presidential condidates.
Gender and Nazism
Authors: BERNTSON MARIT A. , AULT BRIAN
Published: March 2007

Women have always been part of the national project, yet research on political participation is just beginning to theorize about women's involvement in extremist politics. This project examines women's participation in the pre-1933 Nazi Party (NSDAP) by using (a) an interest-based theoretical model of participation that stresses the importance of material interests and incentives and (b) an expanded interest-based model that incorporates social-psychological incentives and those embedded in social ties to the NSDAP. Quantitative and qualitative analyses on three sources of historical data show support for both models but greater support for the expanded interest-based model. Social-psychological incentives and those embedded in women's social ties to the NSDAP strongly affected women's decisions to join the party. Further research on contemporary cases of women's participation in far Right politics would provide a better test of the models, as well as models that examine how identities shape interests and political behavior.
Explaining the Past and Predicting the Future
Authors: MANICAS PETER T.
Published: March 2007

A proper understanding of both the limits and strengths of futures research requires some commitments both in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of history. For example, those who believe that science explains by subsumption under laws hold that explanation and prediction are symmetrical. Similarly, those who believe that history is law-governed cannot find an appropriate place for contingency in history. On the view argued here, one can always explain where one could not predict. On the other hand, if it is acknowledged that action is structured, then one can say that some outcomes are very likely, ceteris paribus, and others not.
A Mixed-Motive Perspective on the Economics Versus Environment Debate
Authors: HOFFMAN ANDREW J. , GILLESPIE JAMES JUDSON , MOORE DON A. , WADE-BENZONI KIMBERLY A. , THOMPSON LEIGH L. , BAZERMAN MAX H.
Published: March 2007

The debate over the relationship between economic development and environmental protection has polarized into the opposing perspectives of win-lose (distributive bargaining) or win-win (integrative bargaining) outcomes, reminiscent of the debate that occurred within the negotiations field 15 years ago. The authors argue that such polarization is unnecessary and inaccurate. Conflict between economics and the environment is neither purely win-win nor win-lose, but rather, it is a mixed-motive situation. In presenting this argument, the authors draw from the negotiations and managerial decision-making literature. Further-more, they consider some strategies for exposing mixed-motive solutions to environmental problems in the future.
Patterns of Cultural Choice
Authors: PETERSON RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

Introducing this joint effort to account empirically for taste, Peterson advances the concept “patterns of cultural choice,” and contrasts it with “lifestyle,”“subculture,”“culture class,”“taste culture,” and “status group.” He then introduces the eight research articles, which employ alternative strategies of isolating choice patterns.
Sex Stereotypes
Authors: RUBLE THOMAS L. , COHEN RENAE , RUBLE DIANE N.
Published: March 2007

We see evidence everyday that sex roles are changing in American society. Yet it appears that changes in the stereotypes of women and men have not kept pace with changing role options. Specifically, women still are viewed as possessing personality characteristics that are considered inappropriate for performing effectively in high-level positions. This article examines a number of employment and career issues that may be affected by sex stereotypes. The available research suggests that sex stereotypes operate at various stages in one's career and provide a series of barriers for women aspiring to positions that traditionally have been dominated by males.
Firm Level Performance Implications of Nonmarket Actions
Authors: Shaffer Brian , Quasney Thomas J. , Grimm Curtis M.
Published: March 2007

This article draws from theories of business-government relations and Austrian economics to develop a model relating firm performance to the firm’s market and nonmarket actions. Nonmarket actions represent one mechanism for the implementation of firm strategies. The model is tested using an original data set covering airlines serving international routes in the North Atlantic region. Results suggest that nonmarket actions have a positive and significant impact on performance, measured in three ways: profits, market share, and capacity utilization.
The Effects of Managerial Values on Social Issues Evaluation: An Empirical Examination
Authors: Sharfman Mark P. , Pinkston Tammie S. , Sigerstad Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that due to the value-laden nature of social issues, managerial values, as a framework or schema, play an important role in the social issues evaluation process. Our data show that there is clearly a relationship between the issues managers evaluate as important and the values of those managers, with values being defined according to the Carroll typology—economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic. It was apparent that the values held by the managers sampled determined how various sets of issues—community, political, and regulatory—were evaluated in terms of importance. This result suggests that the issues evaluation process, which should be objective, is not.
Corporate Social Performance As a Competitive Advantage in Attracting a Quality Workforce
Authors: Greening Daniel W. , Turban Daniel B.
Published: March 2007

Several researchers have suggested that a talented, quality workforce will become a more important source of competitive advantage for firms in the future. Drawing on social identity theory and signaling theory, the authors hypothesize that firms can use their corporate social performance (CSP) activities to attract job applicants. Specifically, signaling theory suggests that a firm’s CSP sends signals to prospective job applicants about what it would be like to work for a firm. Social identity theory suggests that job applicants have higher self-images whenworking for socially responsive firms over their less responsive counterparts. The authors conducted an experiment in which they manipulated CSP and found that prospective job applicants are more likely to pursue jobs from socially responsible firms than from firms with poor social performance reputations. The implications of these findings for academicians and practitioners alike are discussed.
Socially Irresponsible and Illegal Behavior and Shareholder Wealth
Authors: Frooman Jeff
Published: March 2007

This article provides empirical results indicating that acting in a socially respon- sible and lawful manner is a necessary, though not sufficient, condition for increasing shareholder wealth. It meta-analyzes 27 event studies that have mea- sured the stock market's reaction to incidences of socially irresponsible and illicit behavior. It finds that for firms engaging in socially irresponsible and illicit behavior, the effect on shareholder wealth is negative (wealth decreases), statisti- cally significant (p < .001), and so substantial in size (D = -.932) that the distribution of abnormal returns is shifted nearly a full standard deviation to the left (i.e., negatively) from their expected standard normal distribution. This result gives rationally self-interested firms a self-interested reason to act in a socially responsible and law-abiding manner. It also provides support for a moral position called enlightened self-interest, which prescribes that firms should act in a socially responsible manner to promote the shareholders' interests.
The Myth of the Trusting Culture
Authors: Strong Kelly , Weber James
Published: March 2007

Recent studies suggest that trust is culturally determined and that differentials in trust exist globally between cultures. The trusting culture may be an artifact given that there is little empirical support for such a notion. The results of an international survey of 122 business leaders failed to reveal significant differences in trust between cultures.
A Nonidealist's Guide to Dispute Resolution
Authors: Rosenberg Victor L. , Kelley Patricia C. , Kidder Ralph D.
Published: March 2007

Regulation theories focus primarily on the behavior of regulatory agencies. In this article, the authors elevate the level of analysis to study the disputes these agencies address. This change of analytic level has two advantages. First, it highlights the importance of other forms of dispute resolution. Second, it provides for specific dispute resolution strategies. The article uses systems and behavioral theories as the underpinnings of a broad model of societal regulation that offers strategies for avoiding and managing societal disputes.
Business and Naturalism
Authors: Fort Timothy L.
Published: March 2007

Bill Frederick’s work calls on business ethicists to consider religion as well as nature. Because there are naturally wired religious impulses in human beings and because of the fairness of including normative approaches meaningful for business people, Frederick suggests that the “R” in CSR4 should represent religion. This article takes up the theme in terms of the emerging field of naturalist theology, particularly (although embryonically) as stated by theologian Paul Tillich. Doing so creates (a) connections between “God as Life” and nature and (b) linkages of the notions of symbol, culture, and transcendence. In addition to avoiding the socalled “naturalistic fallacy,” this integration can foster ethical business behavior.
The Economic Turn in Comparative Politics
Authors: Levi Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article emphasizes comparative politics research that combines the tools and theories of economics, primarily microeconomics, with the tools and theories of political science. It traces and assesses the transformation of comparative political economy into an approach that actually is both political and economic and outlines a research agenda for the future.
The Imitation-innovation Trade-off
Authors: JACOBY WADE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the proposition that there is a trade-off between imitation and innovation when state elites try to “borrow” institutional designs from other polities. After synthesizing theoretical propositions both for and against a trade-off, the article develops evidence from case studies of two periods in which such institutional borrowing was widely practiced: the post-World War II American occupation of Germany and German reunification after 1989. It concludes that imitation sparked innovation in both periods, although for two very different reasons. The article emphasizes the relation of the research findings to theories of institutional creation and change.
Does Tactical Voting Matter?
Authors: KIM HEEMIN , FORDING RICHARD C.
Published: March 2007

Although much has been written about tactical voting, few studies have attempted to show its impact on the seat distribution within Parliament and subsequent government makeup in countries with single-member plurality systems. The authors attempt to assess the magnitude and impact of tactical voting in recent British general elections. They build a model of tactical voting by identifying factors known to affect the level of tactical voting measurable using available data. Based on this model, they generate predicted levels of tactical voting for all parties within each district. Based on these predicted values, they adjust actual election data to produce a new set of data containing a would-be election outcome in the absence of tactical voting. By comparing actual election data, adjusted election data, and the seat share of political parties in the parliaments after these elections, they discuss the political impact of tactical voting in the United Kingdom.
Paths to Advancement in Japanese Bureaucracy
Authors: KOH B. C. , KIM JAE-ON
Published: March 2007

Based on biographical data, this study analyzes the factors affecting advancement in Japan's higher civil service. Through path analysis, it evaluates in a systematic way not only the relative importance of three widely acknowledged factors of advancement—university background, field of study, and higher civil service examinations—but also the manner in which they interact with one another. It also assesses the impact of a civil servant's “track record” on advancement. Finally, after examining the seniority principle in the context of Japanese cultural norms and the findings pertaining to merit-oriented variables, the study suggests that the seniority principle does not produce stagnation but rather facilitates mobility at the highest levels of Japanese bureaucracy.
Calibrating the Clocks
Authors: DOLAN MICHAEL B. , LERNER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The article by Chase-Dunn, Pallas, and Kentor (1982) presents a critique of previously used research designs and two “new” multilevel designs for testing propositions about the world-system. Recognizing that world-system analysis presents researchers with methodological conundrums such as the degrees of freedom problem, we welcome attempts to adapt designs or create new ones that can enable tests of research hypotheses derived from theories of the world-system. Because the research design, with its many potential ramifications, has a vital place in the research process, discussions of the subject are important and require critical reading.
Political Determinants of Population Dynamics
Authors: KUGLER JACEK , ORGANSKI A. F.K. , JOHNSON J. TIMOTHY , COHEN YOUSSEF
Published: March 2007

The article suggests that the massive transformation of the political system often referred to as “political development” is responsible for the movement from high to low birth-and death rates in national populations. The effect of the changing political system is independent of (and in addition to) the effects of socioeconomic changes previously presented in the theory of demographic demographic transition. The article reports first the nature of the systematic connection between change in the political system on the one hand and change in vital rates on the other. Second, it presents a new empirical measure of the capacity and effectiveness of whole political systems.
Explanation of Variation and Detection of Covariation
Authors: FRENDREIS JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

Two research strategies, the most similar systems and the most different systems, have each been promoted as being the correct method for conducting comparative research. These two strategies are shown here to be identical in their logical structure, and neither strategy is found to be superior to the other in principle. Their sole differences lie in the amount of variability found in the dependent phenomenon and which independent variables this permits to be eliminated as irrelevant. A research strategy that mixes the two alternatives is proposed as being more feasible, given reasonable expectations about actual research settings.
Labor and the State
Authors: DAVIS CHARLES L. , COLEMAN KENNETH M.
Published: March 2007

To assess corporatist interest intermediation as a mechanism of social control in Venezuela and Mexico, we compare the political attitudes and behavior of workers exposed to corporatist controls to those of other workers. Specifically, the politicization of workers who belong to unions dominated by hegemonic political parties is compared to that of workers affiliated with “autonomous unions” and to that of nonunionized workers. Using survey data collected in 1979 and 1980, it is found that workers who belong to official unions are not more likely to be system supportive than other workers. This pattern holds in both regime settings and for both strategic and nonstrategic industries. We discuss the implications that these findings have on the renegotiation of incorporative bargains between labor movements and hegemonic parties.
Transitions to Democracy and Transition through Transaction
Authors: SHARE DONALD
Published: March 2007

Democratization from authoritarian rule has been an important focus of scholarly interest in the 1980s. However, no typology of democratic transitions currently exists. This article introduces a typology of transitions from authoritarianism to democracy with four major types: incremental democratization, transition through rupture, transition through protracted revolutionary struggle, and transition through transaction. The remainder of the article discusses the conditions for one type of democratic transition, transition through transaction, in Spain (1975-1978). As the Spanish case suggests, the conditions for this type of transition are quite different from those required for other forms of transition. The summary discussion of the Spanish case is divided into a consideration of the conditions for the initiation of transition through transaction, and an examination of the conditions for the implementation of transition through transaction. Both sections emphasize the crucial role of elite attitudes and skill in transitions through transaction.
State Disintegration and Urban-Based Revolutionary Crisis
Authors: FARHI FARIDEH
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of the theoretical insights generated by Theda Skocpol's theory of revolution in explaining the Iranian and Nicaraguan revolutions. The major contention of this study is that she has formulated a useful framework for understanding social revolutions. However, given the manner in which she links her analysis to specific historical context, her propositions need to be modified in order to be applied to more recent revolutionary cases. Her analysis can become more applicable to the contemporary world by (1) locating it in the changing balance of class forces occasioned by combined and uneven development of capitalism on a world scale, (2) developing an understanding of the internal dynamics of states in peripheral formations, and (3) introducing a broader understanding of ideology. These modifications will enable us to explain the changing coalescence of oppositional groupings as manifested in the changing importance of intermediate classes, and to single out a particular type of state as distinctively susceptible to revolution.
Public Perceptions and the Dilemmas of Party Reform in the USSR
Authors: BAHRY DONNA , SILVER BRIAN D.
Published: March 2007

Although the literature on Soviet politics has described the breakdown of discipline and effectiveness of the party under Gorbachev's predecessors, it has paid little attention to individual differences in perceptions of the party and how these differences reflect differences in individual experiences. This study examines the relationship of individual differences in the perceptions of the honesty and competence of local and central party leaders to four background factors: ideological commitment to strong state or collective control, satisfaction with the material quality of life, perceptions of the qualities of primary party secretaries, and direct experiences in citizen-initiated contacts with the party. The study also examines the reasons people give for joining or not joining the party. It is argued that the very effort to hold party members to extremely strict codes of personal conduct, while reducing their special privileges, is likely to hurt the party's ability to recruit members. Moreover, the process of democratization has offered new, alternative avenues for individuals with political or moral agendas to become involved in the political process without joining the party.
Gender and Representation among Legislative Candidates in Australia
Authors: McALLISTER IAN , STUDLAR DONLEY T.
Published: March 2007

Some feminist theory suggests that women have different value priorities compared to men, which should lead to different political perspectives and political behavior among candidates for elected office. By contrast, the theory of responsible party government predicts that there should be few gender-based differences in perspectives and behavior among candidates, due to party discipline. Studies conducted in the United States and elsewhere, however, have consistently shown that legislators are district-oriented, irrespective of party affiliation. In this article, the authors apply multivariate analysis to matched mass-elite survey data collected during the 1987 Australian federal election to analyze the policy views of male and female candidates and to compare them to attitudes among their constituents. For candidates, party dominates political attitudes, with much less influence for constituency opinion and little at all for gender except on the question of advancement for women. These findings are somewhat at variance from similar studies in the United States and Britain.