bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure Of The Energy Balance In The Ice Sheet-Atmosphere System As An Index Of Antarctic Glaciation (Abstract only)
Authors: Aver'yanov V. G.
Published: September 2017

Various methods have been used to estimate mean multi-year values of moisture, radiation, and heat exchange in the Antarctic ice sheet/atmosphere system. The major components of the balance have been determined as absolute and relative values. The net advection of moisture is taken as 100%, of which 83% is deposited as accumulation on the ice sheet, and the residue in the atmosphere is 15%; loss from the icesheet surface is 2%. In the radiation balance, input at the top of the atmosphere is 57%, absorption in the atmosphere is 43%, loss due to reflected shortwave radiation is 35%, and long-wave radiation from the atmosphere is 78%, while net outgoing long-wave radiation from the surface is 9%. The heat-budget components are:

The Antarctic ice sheet is a vast heat sink. Constant negative surface-radiation balance and low temperature of the ice sheet suggests that it will survive with even small amounts of precipitation. Thus the contemporary glaciation of Antarctica is rather stable.
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet: The Problem of Palaeoglaciological Reconstruction (Abstract only)
Authors: Bardin V.I.
Published: September 2017

Palaeoglaciological studies, including glaciogeomorphological observations and comprehensive studies of the composition of glacial deposits, undertaken by scientists of a number of countries, enable the major stages in the evolution of glaciation of some regions of East Antarctica to be outlined.

In this report, palaeoglaciological reconstructions for certain key territories: Queen Maud Land, Mac. Robertson Land, and Victoria Land are considered. The completeness and reliability of such reconstructions are also discussed.

The region of Prince Charles Mountains (Mac. Robertson Land) turned out to be one of the most significant for palaeoglaciology. In this region, the author has discovered and studied glacial deposits of at least six age stages, their formation having taken place during approximately 20 Ma.

An attempt is made to compare the results of regional studies and to present the evolution of the development of the whole East Antarctic ice sheet in space and time.

Different examples of palaeoglaciological reconstructions of the ice sheet of East Antarctica are presented, the possibilities of different approaches are evaluated practically, and schematic maps of the change in glaciation of East Antarctic regions at different evolutional stages, compiled by the author, are presented for discussion.
The Vertical Structure of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and Palaeoclimatic Interpretation of the Data (Abstract only)
Authors: Korotkevich Ye. , Petrov V.N. , Barkov N.I. , Lipenkov V.Ya.
Published: September 2017

The ice core from the 1 415 m Vostok bore hole has been studied. It was found that the ice-grain size increases with depth in the upper 700 m, a sharp gradient change occurring in the 300 to 400 m range. The grain cross-section area at depths of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 m was 1.1, 2.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.6, and 3.3 mm2 respectively. Since grain size is a function of age, and is determined by initial size and growth rate, the latter being exponentially related to ice temperature, an attempt was made to interpret the obtained data in terms of palaeoclimatology.

Calculations show that the upper part of the ice sheet (down to 300 m depth) formed during the past 12 ka, and grew under temperatures higher than those at which the lower part of the ice formed, that is ice at 300 to 700 m depth. This conclusion was confirmed by the results of oxygen isotope analysis.

The air content of ice at depths 100 to 650, 650 to 850, 850 to 1 100, and 1 100 to 1 400 m reduced to normal conditions was 65, 70, 75, and 70 mm3 g−1 respectively. Calculations suggest that 3 to 30 ka BP the ice-sheet elevation at Vostok station was close to the present one, while 30 to 40, 40 to 55, and 55 to 75 ka BP it was 500, 1 000, and 500 m lower than at present, respectively.
Control Exerted by Sea-Ice Extent Over Oxygen Isotope Ratios In Coastal Antarctic Precipitation (Abstract only)
Authors: Weaver Clark , Bromwich David H.
Published: September 2017

The observations of the stable oxygen isotope composition δ of precipitation at the coastal Syowa station for 1974, which are reported and analyzed by Kato (1977, 1978), are reassessed on a monthly time scale. The relationship between oxygen isotope ratio and temperature is examined in detail. The mean temperature of the preceding month, rather than the temperature at the time of sample collection, has the best association with monthly averaged δ. This one-month lagged relationship suggests the strong influence of sea ice which is related to the average temperature in the same fashion. Linear regression analyses, using monthly variations of Antarctic seaice extent for 1974, as reported by Zwally and others (1979), reveal the following interrelationships which provide good support for the contention that sea-ice extent is a dominant factor for δ values in coastal Antarctic precipitation: For August 1974 the δ values are persistently less than those predicted by sea-ice area. Over the Southern Ocean, the zonal circulation in August was weak in comparison to the 1972–79 average. It is hypothesized that this anomalous circulation resulted in the source region of moisture precipitated at Syowa being located substantially farther north.

This paper will be published in full elsewhere.
Metamorphism of Dry Snow as a Result of Temperature Gradient and Vapor Density Differences
Authors: Adams E. E. , Brown R. L.
Published: September 2017

A heat conduction equation for the determination of the temperature profile in a snowpack is developed. The magnitude of the temperature gradient tends to increase as the snow surface is approached, with local minima through layers of high snow density and local maxima above and below these layers. Calculations are made of the difference in vapor density in the pore and over the ice grain surfaces which border the pore. In the presence of sufficient temperature and temperature gradient, faceted crystals will develop near the top of the pore, as ice is sublimed away from the surfaces in the lower region. There will be a reduction in the percentage of rounded grains as the faceted form develops. The process is demonstrated to be enhanced at warm temperatures and large temperature gradients in low density snow.
Effective Shear Viscosity and Effective Bulk Viscosity of Firn of a Temperate Glacier (Kesselwandferner, Ötztal Alps, 1967-1978)
Authors: Ambach Walter , Eisner Heinrich
Published: September 2017

Strain-rate measurements were carried out over eleven years on a firn pit 20 m deep in a temperate glacier. The stress strain-rate relation was applied in terms of invariants, because of the multiaxial state of stresses. The shear viscosity and the bulk viscosity were calculated as a function of depth and density. The result must be understood in terms of effective viscosities as the dependence of the viscosity from the state of stresses is unknown in this analysis.
On Measuring Flexural Properties of Ice Using Cantilever Beams
Authors: Frederking R. M. W. , Timco G. W.
Published: September 2017

Tests have been performed on fine-grained, columnar, freshwater ice sheets 40 to 70 mm thick grown in a refrigerated model basin. Cantilever beams of various geometries were tested for lengths ranging from 200 to 2 000 mm and widths of 50 to 250 mm. Analysis of the results in terms of simple elastic beam theory indicated that modulus increased with increasing beam length and decreasing bean width. An analytical model for beam deflection was developed, taking into account the effects of buoyancy, shear, and rotation and deflection at the root. This model satisfactorily explained the observed deflection behaviour and the apparent geometry dependence of the modulus. Flexura! strength was independent of beam length, but decreased with increasing beam width. Flexural strength was independent of loading rate, whereas modulus decreased with increased loading time.
Quasar Black Hole Mass Estimates from High-Ionization Lines: Breaking a Taboo?
Authors: Marziani Paola , Olmo Ascensión , Martínez-Aldama Mary , Dultzin Deborah , Negrete Alenka , Bon Edi , Bon Natasa , D’Onofrio Mauro
Published: September 2017

Can high ionization lines such as CIV λ 1549 provide useful virial broadening estimators for computing the mass of the supermassive black holes that power the quasar phenomenon? The question has been dismissed by several workers as a rhetorical one because blue-shifted, non-virial emission associated with gas outflows is often prominent in CIV λ 1549 line profiles. In this contribution, we first summarize the evidence suggesting that the FWHM of low-ionization lines like H β and MgII λ 2800 provide reliable virial broadening estimators over a broad range of luminosity. We confirm that the line widths of CIV λ 1549 is not immediately offering a virial broadening estimator equivalent to the width of low-ionization lines. However, capitalizing on the results of Coatman et al. (2016) and Sulentic et al. (2017), we suggest a correction to FWHM CIV λ 1549 for Eddington ratio and luminosity effects that, however, remains cumbersome to apply in practice. Intermediate ionization lines (IP ∼ 20–30 eV; AlIII λ 1860 and SiIII] λ 1892) may provide a better virial broadening estimator for high redshift quasars, but larger samples are needed to assess their reliability. Ultimately, they may be associated with the broad-line region radius estimated from the photoionization method introduced by Negrete et al. (2013) to obtain black hole mass estimates independent from scaling laws.
Mapping the Potential Global Range of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys, with Particular Reference to New Zealand
Authors: Fraser Diane , Kumar Shivani , Aguilar Glenn
Published: September 2017

Originating from Asia, the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) is a significant pest of horticultural/agricultural crops, grapes, woody ornamental and herbaceous plants, and is also a nuisance to people, due to its overwintering behavior in human habitation. The global range of this pest is steadily increasing and previous predictions of environmental suitability have shown New Zealand to be highly suitable. Due to the economic value of horticultural and agricultural industries to the New Zealand economy, it is vital to understand the range of potential risk within the country. Global and New Zealand potential suitability for BMSB was modeled using three algorithms and the resulting predictions ensembled to predict the potential range under current climatic conditions and under trajectories of future low (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP, 2.6) and high (RCP 8.5) greenhouse gas emissions for both 2050 and 2070. Under current conditions, models showed a high global suitability within latitudes 25°–50° N, southern South America, southeast and southwest regions of Australia and large areas of New Zealand. Modeling the effect of climate change on BMSB range in New Zealand resulted in a southerly range shift over time, particularly with high emissions trajectory. Currently, BMSB is not established in New Zealand and it is vital that this remains the case.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of FeCoCrNiMo0.2 High Entropy Coatings Prepared by Air Plasma Spray and the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel Spray Processes
Authors: Li Tianchen , Liu Yong , Liu Bin , Guo Wenmin , Xu Liyou
Published: September 2017

In the present research, the spherical FeCoCrNiMo0.2 high entropy alloy (HEA) powders with a single FCC solid solution structure were prepared by gas atomization. Subsequently, the FeCoCrNiMo0.2 coatings with a different content of oxide inclusions were prepared by air plasma spraying (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF), respectively. The microstructure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and tribological behaviors of these HEA coatings were investigated. The results showed that both HEA coatings showed a typical lamellar structure with low porosity. Besides the primary FCC phase, a mixture of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and AB2O4 (A = Fe, Co, Ni, and B = Fe, Cr) was identified as the oxide inclusions. The oxide content of the APS coating and HVOF coating was calculated to be 47.0% and 12.7%, respectively. The wear resistance of the APS coating was approximately one order of magnitude higher than that of the HVOF coating. It was mainly attributed to the self-lubricated effect caused by the oxide films. The mass loss of the APS coating was mainly ascribed to the breakaway of the oxide film, while the main wear mechanism of the HVOF coating was the abrasive wear.
Body, Mind and Spirit—Philosophical Reflections for Researching Education about the Holocaust
Authors: Morgan Katalin
Published: September 2017

This reflective essay draws a sketch of the theoretical and philosophical foundations in preparation for conducting a research project that investigates how German school learners deal with the memories of Shoah survivors. The essay explores some communication challenges and opportunities presented by the use of the double linguistic medium—German and English. The central philosophical argument is that there is a conceptual conflation of and confusion around the word Geist (spirit/mind), and that the difference between the spirit and the mind needs to be explored and clarified. For this purpose Hegel’s thoughts on the spirit are considered and related to theories of memory. Also, Theodor Lessing’s reflections on the origins of hatred are touched upon, which he traces back to the splitting of the spirit from the mind. How the body, mind and spirit work together is highlighted with a biographical example of a descendant of a Nazi perpetrator. By way of conclusion, the philosophical and methodological implications for researching education about the Shoah are briefly discussed.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Mytilus coruscus α-d-Glucan (MP-A) in Activated Macrophage Cells via TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK Pathway Inhibition
Authors: Liu Fuyan , Zhang Xiaofeng , Li Yuqiu , Chen Qixin , Liu Fei , Zhu Xiqiang , Mei Li , Song Xinlei , Liu Xia , Song Zhigang , Zhang Jinhua , Zhang Wen , Ling Peixue , Wang Fengshan
Published: September 2017

The hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) has been used as Chinese traditional medicine for thousands of years; however, to date the ingredients responsible for the various beneficial health outcomes attributed to Mytilus coruscus are still unclear. An α-d-Glucan, called MP-A, was isolated from Mytilus coruscus, and observed to exert anti-inflammatory activity in THP-1 human macrophage cells. Specifically, we showed that MP-A treatment inhibited the production of inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, NO, and PGE2, inducible NOS (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), in LPS-activated THP-1 cells. It was also shown to enhance phagocytosis in the analyzed cells, but to severely inhibit the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB P65. Finally, MP-A was found to exhibit a high binding affinity for the cell surface receptor TLR4, but a low affinity for TLR2 and dectin-1, via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The study indicates that MP-A suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α, NO and PEG2 production via TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway inhibition, and suggests that MP-A may be a promising therapeutic candidate for diseases associated with TNF-α, NO, and/or PEG2 overproduction.
PMMA Solution Assisted Room Temperature Bonding for PMMA–PC Hybrid Devices
Authors: Song In-Hyouk , Park Taehyun
Published: September 2017

Recently, thermoplastic polymers have become popular materials for microfluidic chips due to their easy fabrication and low cost. A polymer based microfluidic device can be formed in various fabrication techniques such as laser machining, injection molding, and hot embossing. A new bonding process presented in this paper uses a 2.5% (w/w) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) solution as an adhesive layer to bond dissimilar polymers—PMMA to polycarbonate (PC)—to enclose the PMMA microfluidic channels with PC. This technique has been successfully demonstrated to bond PMMA microchip to PC film. This paper presents bonding strength using a shear strength test and a crack opening method in addition to the fluidic leakage inspection.
Red Blood Cell Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inversely Relates to MRI-Assessed Carotid Plaque Lipid Core Burden in Elders at High Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Bargalló Núria , Gilabert Rosa , Romero-Mamani Edwin-Saúl , Cofán Montserrat , Calder Philip , Fitó Montserrat , Corella Dolores , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Estruch Ramon , Ros Emilio , Sala-Vila Aleix
Published: September 2017

Supplemental marine omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Clinical research on EPA supplied by the regular diet and atherosclerosis is scarce. In the framework of the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 161 older individuals at high vascular risk grouped into different stages of carotid atherosclerosis severity, including those without ultrasound-detected atheroma plaque (n = 38), with plaques <2.0 mm thick (n = 65), and with plaques ≥2.0 mm (n = 79). The latter were asked to undergo contrast-enhanced 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were subsequently grouped into absence (n = 31) or presence (n = 27) of MRI-detectable plaque lipid, a main feature of unstable atheroma plaques. We determined the red blood cell (RBC) proportion of EPA (a valid marker of long-term EPA intake) at enrolment by gas chromatography. In multivariate models, EPA related inversely to MRI-assessed plaque lipid volume, but not to maximum intima-media thickness of internal carotid artery, plaque burden, or MRI-assessed normalized wall index. The inverse association between EPA and plaque lipid content in patients with advanced atherosclerosis supports the notion that this fatty acid might improve cardiovascular health through stabilization of advanced atheroma plaques.
Changes in Bioavailability of Omega-3 (DHA) through Alpha-Tocopheryl Phosphate Mixture (TPM) after Oral Administration in Rats
Authors: Libinaki Roksan , Gavin Paul
Published: September 2017

Benefits of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements are hindered by their poor solubility and bioavailability. This study investigated the bioavailability of various formulations of Omega-3 and tocopheryl phosphate mixture (TPM), following oral administration in rats, and assessed whether TPM could improve the oral absorption of DHA. The rats were administered with a high (265.7 mg/kg) or low dose (88.6 mg/kg) of DHA. TPM was examined at 1:0.1 w/w (low TPM dose) and 1:0.5 w/w (high TPM dose). Over 24 h, the DHA plasma concentration followed a TPM dose-dependent relationship, reflected in the higher mean Cmax values (78.39 and 91.95 μg/mL) and AUC values (1396.60 and 1560.60) for the low and high TPM, respectively. The biggest difference between the low dose DHA control (LDCont) and TPM formulations was at 4 h after supplementation, where the low and high TPM showed a mean 20% (ns) and 50% (p < 0.05) increase in DHA plasma concentrations versus the control formulation. After correcting for baseline endogenous DHA, the mean plasma DHA at 4 h produced by the LD-HTPM was nearly double (90%) the LDC control (p = 0.057). This study demonstrated that co-administering omega-3 with TPM significantly increases the bioavailability of DHA in the plasma, suggesting potential use for commercially available TPM + DHA fortified products.
Separation of Small DNAs by Gel Electrophoresis in a Fused Silica Capillary Coated with a Negatively Charged Copolymer
Authors: Nakazumi Tomoka , Hara Yusuke
Published: September 2017

Active development of compact analytical instruments suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT) requires optimization of existing methods. To aid the development of capillary gel electrophoresis instruments for POCT, we attempted to separate polymerase chain reaction products (small DNAs) using a short, fused silica capillary coated with an acrylamide (AM)/acrylic acid (AA) copolymer (poly(AM-co-AA)). To realize the high capability of this capillary to separate small DNAs, the magnitude of electroosmotic flow (EOF) was controlled by varying the content of negatively charged AA in the copolymer, which significantly affected the separation ability. At an AA content ≥3.75 mol %, sample DNAs could not be injected into the copolymer-coated capillary owing to strong EOF, whereas a 100 bp DNA ladder sample was successfully separated at an AA content of ≤3.5 mol %, showing that even slight AA content variations impact DNA flow. EOF values measured using a neutral coumarin 334 solution suddenly decreased at an AA content of 3.5 mol % relative to those at an AA content of ≥3.75 mol %. Theoretical plate values revealed that an AA content of 2.75 mol % was optimal for separating ladder DNAs with sizes ≥600 bp. Hence, EOF control achieved by varying the amount of negatively charged AA in the poly(AM-co-AA) coating can promote further development of short capillaries for POCT applications.
China’s Tree Residue Sources and Quantity Estimation
Authors: Guo Yiwei , Dan Erli , Liu Xiaoyan , Kong Zhuo , Shi Feng , Jie Changliang
Published: September 2017

In China, due to forest resource scarcity, the problem of timber supply shortage has been around for a long time. The recycling and utilization of tree residues may effectively alleviate the situation and will contribute to emissions reduction and environmental protection. Therefore, this study aims to identify the tree residue resources and estimates their quantity in order to provide a basis for related research, such as its comprehensive utilization. This study redefines and reclassifies tree residue resources, in particular, it adds three tree residue resources: tree seedling residue, sanitation felling residue and urban greening and trimmings. This study divides the forest final felling and bucking residue resource into the stumpage section and the non-stumpage section, respectively, scientifically selects values of the percent of merchantable volume and the proportion of non-stumpage biomass of the stumpage volume, separately estimates the quantity of bamboo felling, bucking and processing residues, classifies the forest product processing zone into the sawing section and the forest product processing section, and estimates the current waste wood recycling quantity by tracking the timber output of previous years. The estimation results for tree residue quantity indicate that China’s tree residue reached 511.63 Mt in 2015, of which the forest tending and thinning residue was 406.76 Mt, nearly four-fifths of the total tree residue. Among the 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), more than half (55.57%) of the potential reserve of tree residues is distributed in the 13 provinces of southern China, 25% in the 10 provinces in the north, and approximately 20% in the plain and hilly areas. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the tree residue reserves showed positive growth. In the past three years (2014–2016), all state-owned forestry farms and collective-owned natural forests stopped commercial felling gradually, which directly resulted in a reduction of log output, thereby also curbing the growth of tree residue to a certain extent. Since the log output has ceased to further decline from 2017, it is predicted that China’s tree residue will continue the upward trend.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Wind Farms by Considering Harmonics Using Discrete Lightning Search Algorithm
Authors: Sirjani Reza
Published: September 2017

Currently, many wind farms exist throughout the world and, in some cases, supply a significant portion of energy to networks. However, numerous uncertainties remain with respect to the amount of energy generated by wind turbines and other sophisticated operational aspects, such as voltage and reactive power management, which requires further development and consideration. To fix the problem of poor reactive power compensation in wind farms, optimal capacitor placement has been proposed in existing wind farms as a simple and relatively inexpensive method. However, the use of induction generators, transformers, and additional capacitors represent potential problems for the harmonics of a system and therefore must be taken into account at wind farms. The optimal location and size of capacitors at buses of an 80-MW wind farm were determined according to modelled wind speed, system equivalent circuits, and harmonics in order to minimize energy losses, optimize reactive power and reduce the management costs. The discrete version of the lightning search algorithm (DLSA) is a powerful and flexible nature-inspired optimization technique that was developed and implemented herein for optimal capacitor placement in wind farms. The obtained results are compared with the results of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the discrete harmony search algorithm (DHSA).
Identifying Emerging Trends of Financial Business Method Patents
Authors: Lee Won , Sohn So
Published: September 2017

Financial technology has become an important part of the banking industry in recent times. This study attempts to propose a framework to identify emerging areas and trends using financial business method patents. Based on the abstracts of financial business method patents registered at the United States Patent and Trademark Office, this study first applies latent Dirichlet allocation to identify emerging topics. The probability of the annual occurrence of each topic is adjusted through the exponentially weighted moving average to reflect the importance of the recent probability of topics. Each topic is classified as “hot” or “cold” depending on whether the exponentially weighted moving average of the probabilities exceeds the threshold. We applied survival analysis to the time gap of recurrently becoming hot from a cold status with the associated factor of financial business method patents. The findings suggest that the topic with the short granted period and high forward citation is likely to become hot. In addition, the topic that is aged and specific in narrow areas is likely to continuously change into the hot or cold status. The approach proposed in this study contributes toward understanding topic emergence in the financial area and pursuing sustainable development.
PERK Signal-Modulated Protein Translation Promotes the Survivability of Dengue 2 Virus-Infected Mosquito Cells and Extends Viral Replication
Authors: Hou Jiun-Nan , Chen Tien-Huang , Chiang Yi-Hsuan , Peng Jing-Yun , Yang Tsong-Han , Cheng Chih-Chieh , Sofiyatun Eny , Chiu Cheng-Hsun , Chiang-Ni Chuan , Chen Wei-June
Published: September 2017

Survival of mosquitoes from dengue virus (DENV) infection is a prerequisite of viral transmission to the host. This study aimed to see how mosquito cells can survive the infection during prosperous replication of the virus. In C6/36 cells, global protein translation was shut down after infection by DENV type 2 (DENV2). However, it returned to a normal level when infected cells were treated with an inhibitor of the protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK) signaling pathway. Based on a 7-Methylguanosine 5′-triphosphate (m7GTP) pull-down assay, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex was also identified in DENV2-infected cells. This suggests that most mosquito proteins are synthesized via canonical cap-dependent translation. When the PERK signal pathway was inhibited, both accumulation of reactive oxygen species and changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential increased. This suggested that ER stress response was alleviated through the PERK-mediated shutdown of global proteins in DENV2-infected C6/36 cells. In the meantime, the activities of caspases-9 and -3 and the apoptosis-related cell death rate increased in C6/36 cells with PERK inhibition. This reflected that the PERK-signaling pathway is involved in determining cell survival, presumably by reducing DENV2-induced ER stress. Looking at the PERK downstream target, α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), an increased phosphorylation status was only shown in infected C6/36 cells. This indicated that recruitment of ribosome binding to the mRNA 5′-cap structure could have been impaired in cap-dependent translation. It turned out that shutdown of cellular protein translation resulted in a pro-survival effect on mosquito cells in response to DENV2 infection. As synthesis of viral proteins was not affected by the PERK signal pathway, an alternate mode other than cap-dependent translation may be utilized. This finding provides insights into elucidating how the PERK signal pathway modulates dynamic translation of proteins and helps mosquito cells survive continuous replication of the DENV2. It was ecologically important for virus amplification in mosquitoes and transmission to humans.
Adsorption Capacity of a Volcanic Rock—Used in ConstructedWetlands—For Carbamazepine Removal, and Its Modification with Biofilm Growth
Authors: Tejeda Allan , Barrera Arturo , Zurita Florentina
Published: September 2017

In this study, the aim was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of a volcanic rock commonly used in Mexico as filter medium in constructed wetlands (locally named tezontle) for carbamazepine (CBZ) adsorption, as well as to analyze the change in its capacity with biofilm growth. Adsorption essays were carried out under batch conditions by evaluating two particle sizes of tezontle, two values of the solution pH, and two temperatures; from these essays, optimal conditions for carbamazepine adsorption were obtained. The optimal conditions (pH 8, 25 °C and 0.85–2.0 mm particle-size) were used to evaluate the adsorption capacity of tezontle with biofilm, which was promoted through tezontle exposition to wastewater in glass columns, for six months. The maximum adsorption capacity of clean tezontle was 3.48 µg/g; while for the tezontle with biofilm, the minimum value was 1.75 µg/g (after the second week) and the maximum, was 3.3 µg/g (after six months) with a clear tendency of increasing over time. The adsorption kinetic was fitted to a pseudo-second model for both tezontle without biofilm and with biofilm, thus indicating a chemisorption process. On clean tezontle, both acid active sites (AAS) and basic active sites (BAS) were found in 0.087 and 0.147 meq/g, respectively. The increase in the adsorption capacity of tezontle with biofilm, along the time was correlated with a higher concentration of BAS, presumably from a greater development of biofilm. The presence of biofilm onto tezontle surface was confirmed through FTIR and FE-SEM. These results confirm the essential role of filter media for pharmaceutical removal in constructed wetlands (CWs).
Let Us Listen to Patients: Underutilization of Peritoneal Dialysis from Patients’ Perspectives
Authors: Dahlan Randah A. , Alsuwaida Abdulkareem O. , Farrash Mai S. , Qureshi Mohammad A. , Hejaili Fayez , Sayyari Abdullah A. Al
Published: September 2017

Despite the fact that many of the medical outcome data of peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been improving over the past few years, PD remains an underutilized modality in many countries worldwide. Most nephrologists in those countries report a high rate of patients’ refusal. We conducted this survey-based study to determine the obstacles behind underutilization of PD in Saudi Arabia from patients’ perspectives and to understand the reasons for their refusal. Nine-hundred and twenty hemodialysis (HD) patients, who had never been on PD before, participated in this study. Responses obtained from patients indicate that their refusal of PD could be because they had not received proper counseling and education about PD from their treating nephrologists throughout the course of their disease.
Proceedings of the International Forensic Radiology Research Summit May 10–11, 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Authors: Jones Nicole S. , Ropero-Miller Jeri D. , Waltke Heather , McLeod-Henning Danielle , Weiss Danielle , Barcus Hannah
Published: September 2017

On May 10–11, 2016, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI; Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice of the Netherlands), the International Society for Forensic Radiology and Imaging (ISFRI), the International Association of Forensic Radiographers (IAFR), and NIJ’s Forensic Technology Center of Excellence (FTCoE) at RTI International organized and convened the International Forensic Radiology Research Summit (IFRRS) at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. The summit assembled 40 international subject matter experts in forensic radiology, to include researchers, practitioners, government employees, and professional staff from 14 countries. The goal of this 2-day summit was to identify gaps, challenges, and research needs to produce a road map to success regarding the state of forensic radiology, including formulating a plan to address the obstacles to implementation of advanced imaging technologies in medicolegal investigations. These proceedings summarize the meeting’s important exchange of technical and operational information, ideas, and solutions for the community and other stakeholders of forensic radiology.
Trident: A Universal Tool for Generating Synthetic Absorption Spectra from Astrophysical Simulations
Authors: Hummels Cameron B. , Smith Britton D. , Silvia Devin W.
Published: September 2017

Hydrodynamical simulations are increasingly able to accurately model physical systems on stellar, galactic, and cosmological scales; however, the utility of these simulations is often limited by our ability to directly compare them with the data sets produced by observers: spectra, photometry, etc. To address this problem, we have created trident, a Python-based open-source tool for post-processing hydrodynamical simulations to produce synthetic absorption spectra and related data. trident can (i) create absorption-line spectra for any trajectory through a simulated data set mimicking both background quasar and down-the-barrel configurations; (ii) reproduce the spectral characteristics of common instruments like the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph; (iii) operate across the ultraviolet, optical, and infrared using customizable absorption-line lists; (iv) trace simulated physical structures directly to spectral features; (v) approximate the presence of ion species absent from the simulation outputs; (vi) generate column density maps for any ion; and (vii) provide support for all major astrophysical hydrodynamical codes. trident was originally developed to aid in the interpretation of observations of the circumgalactic medium and intergalactic medium, but it remains a general tool applicable in other contexts.
Pebble Accretion in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Xu Ziyan , Bai Xue-Ning , Murray-Clay Ruth A.
Published: September 2017

It has been realized in recent years that the accretion of pebble-sized dust particles onto planetary cores is an important mode of core growth, which enables the formation of giant planets at large distances and assists planet formation in general. The pebble accretion theory is built upon the orbit theory of dust particles in a laminar protoplanetary disk (PPD). For sufficiently large core mass (in the “Hill regime”), essentially all particles of appropriate sizes entering the Hill sphere can be captured. However, the outer regions of PPDs are expected to be weakly turbulent due to the magnetorotational instability (MRI), where turbulent stirring of particle orbits may affect the efficiency of pebble accretion. We conduct shearing-box simulations of pebble accretion with different levels of MRI turbulence (strongly turbulent assuming ideal magnetohydrodynamics, weakly turbulent in the presence of ambipolar diffusion, and laminar) and different core masses to test the efficiency of pebble accretion at a microphysical level. We find that accretion remains efficient for marginally coupled particles (dimensionless stopping time

) even in the presence of strong MRI turbulence. Though more dust particles are brought toward the core by the turbulence, this effect is largely canceled by a reduction in accretion probability. As a result, the overall effect of turbulence on the accretion rate is mainly reflected in the changes in the thickness of the dust layer. On the other hand, we find that the efficiency of pebble accretion for strongly coupled particles (down to

) can be modestly reduced by strong turbulence for low-mass cores.
Model-independent Constraints on Cosmic Curvature and Opacity
Authors: Wang Guo-Jian , Wei Jun-Jie , Li Zheng-Xiang , Xia Jun-Qing , Zhu Zong-Hong
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we propose to estimate the spatial curvature of the universe and the cosmic opacity in a model-independent way with expansion rate measurements, H(z), and type Ia supernova (SNe Ia). On the one hand, using a nonparametric smoothing method Gaussian process, we reconstruct a function H(z) from opacity-free expansion rate measurements. Then, we integrate the H(z) to obtain distance modulus μ
H, which is dependent on the cosmic curvature. On the other hand, distances of SNe Ia can be determined by their photometric observations and thus are opacity-dependent. In our analysis, by confronting distance moduli μ
H with those obtained from SNe Ia, we achieve estimations for both the spatial curvature and the cosmic opacity without any assumptions for the cosmological model. Here, it should be noted that light curve fitting parameters, accounting for the distance estimation of SNe Ia, are determined in a global fit together with the cosmic opacity and spatial curvature to get rid of the dependence of these parameters on cosmology. In addition, we also investigate whether the inclusion of different priors for the present expansion rate (H
0: global estimation, 67.74 ± 0.46 km s−1 Mpc−1, and local measurement, 73.24 ± 1.74 km s−1 Mpc−1) exert influence on the reconstructed H(z) and the following estimations of the spatial curvature and cosmic opacity. Results show that, in general, a spatially flat and transparent universe is preferred by the observations. Moreover, it is suggested that priors for H
0 matter a lot. Finally, we find that there is a strong degeneracy between the curvature and the opacity.
Conflicts between legal policy and rural area management in Poland
Authors: Markuszewska Iwona
Published: September 2017

This paper refers to the issue of the damaging consequences of the ongoing rural area transformation in Poland in a dynamically developing economy, with a simultaneous lack of adequate planning tools of countryside management. Lack of strategic documents recognise the importance of rural area development leads to irreversible changes, presented on the basis of the issue of farmland merging and the depletion of farmland resources. As a solution guaranteeing comprehensive rural management, agrarian arrangement plans of communes (AAPC) and agrarian arrangement projects of villages (AAPV) have been proposed.
The (non)usefulness of the Register of Existing Agricultural and Forest Land Use for monitoring the processes in urban areas
Authors: Foški Mojca
Published: September 2017

The changing of urban land use is the key indicator of spatial processes at work. The only systemic data source in Slovenia that can be employed to monitor land use changes is the Register of Existing Agricultural and Forest Land Use. The hypothesis that the Register is not suitable for monitoring urban land use changes was tested by comparing the data in the “built-up and related land” category for 2002, 2005, 2009, 2011, and 2013. The analysis was carried out at the level of Slovenia, and the results were interpreted in relation to small testing areas in NE Slovenia. We found that the methodology of data capture varied to such a degree that the data fail to reflect the actual changes in urban areas.
The geographical position of the town of Rasa based on Porphyrogenitus and medieval maps
Authors: Grčić Mirko , Grčić Ljiljana , Sibinović Mikica
Published: September 2017

The town of Rasa was mentioned in the tenth-century work De administrando imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The significance of this town in the Middle Ages is indicated by the fact that this toponym appears on old maps created by the greatest European cartographers from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. Based on cartographic and historical geographical sources, this paper considers various perceptions and texts connecting the town of Rasa with today’s town of Ražanj or with the medieval Serbian capital Ras. The subject treated is historical social geography. Five types of sources were used for the historical geography of the Balkans: old maps, chronicles, geographical nomenclature, archeological findings, and ethnographic findings. Based on written sources, geographical names, and geographical logic, the authors provide their own conclusions about the geographical position of the town of Rasa.
Suburbanization and migration in Polish metropolitan areas during political transition
Authors: Gałka Jadwiga , Warych-Juras Anna
Published: September 2017

This article presents the development of suburbanization processes that occurred in Polish metropolitan areas during the political transition from communism. We analyze data on population and migration for municipalities in seven metropolitan areas from 1995 to 2012. Our results show that the suburban development phase was strongly associated with cities’ size and level of economic development. The article concludes that the outflow of the urban population to the suburbs started earliest in centers that had successfully undergone the transition period.
Regional differences in Slovenia from the viewpoint of achieving Europe’s sustainable development
Authors: Vintar Mally Katja
Published: September 2017

Within the context of EU efforts to achieve the objectives of sustainable development, this article presents the findings of a study that uses a selection of thirty-two economic, social, and environmental indicators to evaluate the extent of achieving these objectives in Slovenian statistical regions from 2010 to 2014. Based on the favorable or unfavorable state and trends established, the indicator values are assigned scores that make it possible to calculate the average values for individual development areas and their total average (i.e., the indicator of sustainable regional development). The calculations confirmed the hypothesis that the differences between Slovenian regions are the greatest with regard to economic issues and the smallest with regard to environmental issues. Both in Slovenia and in the EU in general, unfavorable environmental trends resulting from unsustainable use of energy and natural resources persist, even though Slovenia’s environment remains above average in terms of its conservation.
The use of NDVI and CORINE Land Cover databases for forest management in Serbia
Authors: Jovanović Miomir M. , Milanović Miško M. , Zorn Matija
Published: September 2017

A normalized difference vegetation index provides local forest managers with much essential annual information about the forest inventory. This article evaluates the possible use of NDVI and CORINE Land Cover databases for better forest management in the municipalities of Kursumlija and Topola in Serbia. The forest areas obtained using CLC were up to 11.5% larger than the official forest area estimates, whereas NDVI gave more precise results. This is of a crucial importance for preventing illegal logging, which is very prevalent in southern Serbian municipalities, which have substantial forested territory. NDVI is very promising for Serbia and also for countries that rarely carry out national forest inventories. This method can also easily be applied to other Balkan countries with a similar situation regarding local forest management.
La hidra revolucionaria. Apocalipsis y antiliberalismo en la España del primer tercio del siglo XIX
Authors: Ramón Solans Francisco Javier
Published: September 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo se recurrió al universo profético apocalíptico para interpretar los acontecimientos del convulso período 1793-1825. Para ello, se han trabajado fundamentalmente obras de inspiración profética y prensa de la época. Al poner en diálogo estas fuentes con los acontecimientos que interpretaban hemos buscado recuperar la historicidad de estos documentos, observar las nuevas formas y medios con los que se expresa el discurso profético y destacar su importancia para comprender cómo fueron percibidos los cambios políticos y culturales. Para abordar estas cuestiones, el artículo se centra en cuatro aspectos que ponen de relieve la evolución del discurso profético en el período analizado: los discursos apocalípticos en torno a Napoleón, las profecías sobre la restauración del orden, las profecías antiliberales y, finalmente, los peligros que planteaban las profecías para la Iglesia. En este artículo hemos podido ver cómo el marco profético formó parte de la cultura política católica de inspiración anti-liberal. La profecía no sólo sirvió para interpretar los acontecimientos políticos sino para combatir al enemigo político.
It’s Game Time: Speed, Acceleration, and The Digital Sports Game
Authors: Baerg Andrew
Published: September 2017

This essay takes up the relationship between sport and time through the lens of the digital sports game. As the digital sports game industry has aspired to develop increasingly accurate simulations of professional sport, it has confronted the temporality regimes inherent in real world sport in a variety of different ways. As much as the digital sports game continues to simulate the digital athlete’s relation to time within individual contests with an increasing fidelity, the genre’s relationship to time has also been extended to simulating the athlete’s virtual career. The essay considers the time-sport relation through a ludological analysis of two recent digital sports games: the American football simulation, Madden NFL’17 and the baseball simulation, MLB The Show’16. As different as these sports might be in their construction of time, these sports games share similarities with respect to their treatment of time for the digital athlete and for the player’s time.Drawing on social theorist, John Tomlinson, and his notion of “the culture of speed” and its preoccupation with immediacy, the essay takes up ways in which these games position players with respect to accelerated time and considers the potential consequences of this acceleration for how time is perceived and experienced in the consumption of other forms of mediated sport.
Les activités sportives « hybrides » comme réponse à l’accélération des rythmes de vie
Authors: Quidu Matthieu
Published: September 2017

Dans le monde contemporain, la majorité des acteurs sociaux fait quotidiennement l’expérience d’une accélération effrénée des rythmes de vie. Cette course contre la montre, qui tend à devenir chronique, semble affecter non seulement la sphère des obligations professionnelles et familiales mais aussi le champ des pratiques de loisirs. Dans un contexte de pénurie temporelle, où le temps est devenu une denrée aussi rare que précieuse, consentir d’y consacrer une partie à des activités non productives suppose de pouvoir obtenir un retour sur investissement. Quels types d’activités sportives peuvent satisfaire cette condition en permettant désormais aux pratiquants d’en avoir non seulement pour leur argent mais surtout pour leur temps ? À partir d’une étude de cas, la pratique d’un sport de combat de synthèse, le Mixed Martial Arts, par des étudiants de l’École Normale Supérieure de Lyon et anciens élèves des Classes Préparatoires aguerris à la gestion de l’urgence temporelle, nous montrerons que les activités sportives que nous qualifierons d’« hybrides » apparaissent, pour cette population, comme une réponse particulièrement pertinente au manque de temps en autorisant un engagement jugé rentable et efficient.