bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Base and Top of the Coral-rock in Barbados
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

1. The coral-rock commences nearly everywhere with a basal bed of varying thickness containing a fauna of pre-Pleistocene aspect among which the genus Haliotis (absent from these coasts at the present day), Pleurotomaria, Meiocardia, etc., are noticeable. This faunule may have lived at a depth of 700–1,000 feet.

2. The supposition that the southerly anticlines are a later uplift than the main portion of Barbados is supported by the absence of ravines, and the presence of post-coral-rock beds which occur as coastal veneers at low altitudes, and in greater thickness in the south-east corner near Whitehaven.

3. The south-east part of the island from Consett Point to Ragged Point has probably extended further seawards in comparatively recent times ; the series of converging faults and dislocations in the cliff sections suggest that the thrusts from the west or south-west may have been resisted by this part of the island.

4. The relative claims of fault-scarping or marine erosion in production of the rising terraces is discussed ; and new information regarding the thickness of the coral-rock at sea-level from a boring is detailed.

5. The finding of a faunule with Pliocene or possibly Miocene affinities at the base of the coral-rock puts the Oceanic series further back, into the Miocene.
The Fishes of the “Crangopsis Bed” at Ardross, Fifeshire
Authors: White Errol Ivor
Published: May 2009

One of the first authors to note the Ardross fauna was the Rev. T. Brown (1861, pp. 394–5), who “detected small scales of some species of Palaeoniscus, and a good specimen of an Amblypterus, which seemed to be theA. striatus.There were teeth and scales also of a Holoptychius; and their resemblance to the figure of theH. portlocki… seemed to be complete”.

The fauna was summarized by Peach (1902, pp. 357–375), who, in addition to two plants, four arthropods, five brachiopods, and six lamellibranchs, gave the following list of fishes:—
The Subgenera of Lichas
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In 1902 the author proposed a new classification of the genus Lichas, introducing several new subgeneric names. Gürich's valuable paper dealing with the same subject, which was published late in 1901, unfortunately only came into his hands after his article was in the press, so that full justice could not be done to it. Since that time a considerable amount of work has been done on the genus Lichas, but the principles governing the classification put forward in 1902 have not been upset, and no fundamental modifications have been introduced, though many new species have been described and several new subgeneric or generic divisions have been established.
A System of Basic Intrusions at the Northern End of the Island of Sark
Authors: Wooldridge S. W. , Cornes H. W.
Published: May 2009

A recent investigation of the igneous rocks of Sark revealed the presence of an interesting series of basic intrusions particularly well exposed near the northern extremity of the island. Some of the phenomena there seen seem to be identical with those described by Harker from the Isle of Muck in rocks of widely different age, and they throw some light upon the mechanics of intrusion.
Cambrian Fossils from the Dead Sea
Authors: King W. B. R.
Published: May 2009

The fossils described below were collected by Messrs. B. K. N. Wyllie, Keir A. Campbell, and G. M. Lees, working on behalf of the Turkish Petroleum Company, who have kindly made arrangements for me to investigate their collection, which proves to be of some interest.
A Submerged Forest in Bigbury Bay
Authors: Winder Thomas
Published: May 2009

The Memoirs of the Geological Survey (355–6) contain a note of the 1866 exposure of the submerged forest at Thurlestone Sands in Bigbury Bay. This is usually covered by sand and (except between half tide and low tide) by a considerable depth of water. The writer has reported to the Authorities of the Geological Survey a further exposure in March, 1923, which they consider “The best exposure that has ever been visible” and which they desire him to put on record.
On some Ordovician Fossils from Northern Argentina
Authors: Harrington H. J.
Published: May 2009

The list of fossils described in this paper and their stratigraphical distribution is shown in the Table on p. 122.

TheKainellaandLeiostegiumzones of the Quebrada del Toro are the equivalent of the Late Ozarkian of Western North America.

The fauna of the arenaceous-calcareous beds of the marine-glacial deposits of the Saladillo group is not characteristic enough to enable an exact determination of the age. Nevertheless, from the stratigraphical position of these beds, they could be considered as indicating Upper Beekmantown age.

The lower part of the Parcha group, with the single determinable fossilBasilicoides taurinusgen. et sp. nov. has been provisionally referred to the Llandeilian.

The faunule of theAsaphelluszone of the Quebrada de Chalala shows affinities with part of the Tremadocian of England, the Tomkolian of South Chosen, and the upper zones of the “ Ceratopygeregion ” of Scandinavia.

The stratigraphical relationship between theKainellaandLeiostegiumzones of the pre-Puna and theAsaphelluszone of Purmamarca is not known.
Precambrian Para-Gneisses of Southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

1. Garnet gneisses of sedimentary origin are described from the oldest group of sediments recognized in Southern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The high-grade metamorphism which these rocks have undergone has resulted in the development of felspar, garnet (almandine), sillimanite, and green spinel. 2. The mineralogical association of these constituents is described, and their genetic relations are discussed. 3. A sedimentary origin of these gneisses is attested by their interbanding with undoubted sediments, their mineralogical composition, and lastly by chemical analysis. 4. In the garnet gneisses developed in the Grenville series of North America, notably those of the Adirondack region, and in the province of Quebec, these para-gneisses find their most striking analogues.
The Rate of Sedimentation on Salt Marshes on Scolt Head Island, Norfolk
Authors: Steers J. A.
Published: May 2009

A brief note on this subject was published in the GeologicalMagazine, Vol. LXXII, October, 1935. In September of that year certain more detailed experiments were prepared, whose object was to afford a means of measuring the rate of accretion of tidal silt on different types of marsh in various parts of the island complex. Reference to Text-fig. 1 will show that five lines were prepared. In each case patches of fine and distinctive light brown Lower Greensand were spread over the marsh at measured intervals. Sometimes the patches, each about 2–3 feet in diameter, were put down at regular distances, but, on account of the number of small creeks and salt pans intersected by any straight line across a marsh, it. was usually more convenient to make the intervals between patches irregular. The sand was spread as a fine layer in and on the vegetation, and after it had been covered by one or two big tides, it settled down easily on the true marsh surface under the plant covering. It was then only a matter of time before it was covered by tidal silt. The sand was put down in September, 1935, and the measurements of accretion were made at the end of June, 1937.
Transfusion Phenomena in Lamprophyre Dykes and their bearing on Petrogenesis
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

The present investigation establishes the following facts:—

(1) Xenoliths of vein quartz in a vogesite dyke near Kircubbin, Ards Peninsula, Co. Down, exhibit felspathic replacement-rims.

(2) The replacement-rims have developed as a result of the introduction of alk-aluminous emanations, and to a smaller extent of cafemic constituents, into the quartz xenoliths.

(3) Rheomorphic leucocratic veins extend from the felspathized rims through the lamprophyre, the veins being essentially similar in type to felspathic dykes which are associated with British Caledonian lamprophyres.

(4) Phenomena similar to those of (1), (2), and (3) are developed in the Newmains dyke, Dumfriesshire.

(5) Quartz lenticles in potash-enriched hornfels in the vicinity of the Newmains dyke exhibit similar replacement-rims, and thus bear witness to the high degree of mobility of the emanations which brought about the felspathization.

(6) Felspathization of xenoliths is shown, by reference to various recorded examples, to be a phenomenon which characterizes British Caledonian lamprophyres.

(7) The Caledonian dyke suite: lamprophyre—porphyrite—porphyry is shown to parallel the rock suites developed by processes of metasomatism and rheomorphism in individual heterogeneous intrusions.

(8) Ultrabasic types, such as hornblende-peridotite, biotite-peridotite, hornblendite, biotite-pyroxenite, and scyelite, are shown to be the most basic members of the lamprophyre suite.

(9) Chemically, the various components (a) of single heterogeneous lamprophyre dykes and (b) of the Caledonian dyke suite as a whole are shown to be expressible in terms of sialic material, alk-aluminous emanations, and cafemic emanations, the latter being directly related to the ultrabasic types listed in (8).
Stratigraphical Correlation by Small Foraminifera in Palestine and Adjoining Countries
Authors: Henson F. R. S.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of the present note is to give a synopsis of the most important differences between assemblages of small foraminifera from rocks of Upper Cretaceous, Eogene, and Neogene age respectively, in the Middle Eastern region.
Note on Anthraconauta calcifera in the Upper Coal Measures of Denbighshire
Authors: Simpson Henry H.
Published: May 2009

The diminutive lamellibranch Anthraconaitta calcifera (Hind) was described by Hind in 1899, and the specimens were from a limestone at the bottom of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Beds, the middle division of the Upper Coal Measures of North Staffordshire. Similar shells occur at the base of the Coed-yr-allt Beds, the middle division of the Upper Coal Measures of Denbighshire (Gibson, 1901)and further specimens have since been noted (Wedd, 1928). A critical study has recently been made of specimens of A. calcifera from the type locality in North Staffordshire (Dix and Trueman 1931).
A Note on “Buchanan's Laterite”
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

In 1909 I wrote a letter to the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE (p. 431) objecting to a statement in a review of the late Sir John Harrison's Goldfields of British Guiana that only products of weathering containing free aluminium hydroxide in hot moist climates should be considered as laterite. This letter led to contributions from the late J. W. Evans, T. Crook, and Sir John Harrison. It is particularly interesting now to read again J. W. Evans's remarks. In the volume for 1910, pp. 189, 190, he said hehad intimate acquaintance with the material to which the name laterite was first given in the area in which it was typically developed. On p. 190 he said that laterite varies, but one feature remains constant, the small amount of combined silica in proportion to the alumina present and that “it is in this respect that laterites differ from clays, which also occur as tropical decomposition products and are sometimes incorrectly described as laterites ”. On p. 381 of the same volume J. W. Evans wrote: “I admit that he (Buchanan) did not know its true chemical composition, but in spite of that it must be accepted as the type of what we ought to call laterite.”
Note on a Collection of Echinoids from the Limestone lenticles in the Sand-pits of Shenley Hill
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

AT the request of Mr. H. Woods, F.R.S., I have examined a small series of Echinoids belonging to the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, collected by the late J. F. Walker from the sand-pits on Shenley Hill, near Leighton Buzzard. Mr. G. W. Lamplugh has sent me four additional specimens from the same locality. The matrix seems to be the same in all the examples except D, and agrees absolutely with a sample of the Limestone-lentides sent for comparison by Dr. F. L. Kitchin. The age of this Limestone is a subject of controversy (see Geol. Mag., January—March, 1920), and a critical analysis of its fauna seems the only means of deciding the issue. Unfortunately, most of the Echinoids are very indifferently preserved so that specific determination is often doubtful, and in some cases impossible.
On the Geological Features of the Oil Region in the Northern Punjab (British India)
Authors: Preiswerk H.
Published: May 2009

Occurrence of the Oil.—The oilfield of Jaba and those of Rawalpindi and Fatehjang are identical from the stratigraphical point of view. At Jaba, too, the oil is to be found in the contact zone between the Nummulitic limestone and the younger gypsiferous clays of the Upper Nummulitic. These gypsiferous clays represent a bed well adapted to favour the accumulation of oil, wherever they cover the limestone at a moderate inclination. The oil issues only from the limestone, but the cellular limestone, too, may be oil-bearing in depth. It may be pointed out that cellular limestones of the same character accompany the oil-shows at Gunda, the main oil-spring in the neighbourhood of Fatehjang.
“Lissons”
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

In the Oolitic rocks of the Cotteswold Hills fissures are of frequent occurrence. Noticeable phenomena are that when snow or hoar frost is on the ground it is usually melted or not deposited along the lines of these fissures and that air is usually continuously expelled from them.
The Marginal Features of a Basic Dyke at Peldar Tor, Charnwood Forest
Authors: Richardson W. Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the most westerly working of Peldar Tor Quarry, in the northwest district of Charnwood Forest, a basic dyke is intruded into the porphyroid. Professor T. G. Bonney1 briefly described the dyke in 1915. The intrusion shows a remarkable laminated margin, and the present paper is chiefly directed to a consideration of this feature.
The Lower Carboniferous Chert Formations of Derbyshire
Authors: Sargent H. C.
Published: May 2009

THE origin of chert has of late been discussed with renewed activity, especially in American scientific journals. Difference of opinion centres mainly round the question of the source of the silica; whether it is of direct inorganic origin, or the result of the solution and redeposition of organic silica. Further points at issue relate to the age and formation of the chert; whether it is an original deposit contemporaneous with the country rock, or a metasomatic replacement of the latter and therefore of later age.
The “Incised Meanders” near Pont-erwyd, Cardiganshire
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

In the neighbourhood of Pont-erwyd and Devil’s Bridge in North Cardiganshire, the Afon Rheidol flows through a series of gorges; and it seems probable that these have not all of them the same history.
Notes on the Pre-Cambrian of the Canadian Shield with Reference to Pre-Cambrian Nomenclature
Authors: Brock R. W.
Published: May 2009

The pre-Cambrian geology in Canada is in an unsatisfactory condition, due not so much, to disagreement regarding fundamental facts and history, as to words and the control they exercise upon ideas.
The Geology of the Fintry, Gargunnock, and Touch Hills
Authors: Dixon C. G.
Published: May 2009

The area included in this survey comprises that part of the Clyde Plateau Lavas and associated sediments which lie within the Geological Survey 1 in. Sheet, number 39. This northern portion of the Campsie Fells was previously mapped for the Geological Survey by Peach and Jack, but the lavas were not separated into their petrographic types. It is this latter task that constitutes the main part of the work of this paper.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

AMMONITES VARIANS J. Sowerby2 is a composite species, based on five syntypes, which are preserved in the British Museum (Natural History),3 and have long been accessible to any reviser who wished to select a lectotype from among these syntypes. Nobody, however, has yet done so. In the days of the early revisers, of course, from Mantell and Brongniart (1822) to Sharpe (1853), nomenclatorial restrictions were unknown; and even when Semenow (1899)4 dealt with Sowerby's species, he accepted the customary interpretation of Schloenbachia varians without going back to Sowerby's original description and figures. Semenow took d'Orbigny's5 excellent figure as typical, and his restriction seemed to me convenient to adopt,6 if not actually binding. But on going more fully into the matter I discovered not only that Semenow's selection (if it be selection) is not valid but also that none of the forms which authors nowadays identify with Schloenbachia varians agrees either with Sowerby's description or with any of the syntypes in the British Museum. It is thus highly desirable to discuss this common zonal ammonite species and place its interpretation on a sound footing.
The Green Beds of South Knapdale
Authors: McCallien William J.
Published: May 2009

In his description of the older rocks of Kintyre the writer has described in some detail the field characters of the Green Beds of that peninsula. Many difficulties were met with in the southern part of Kintyre where the rock-groups are repeated by folding. The chief of these difficulties were occasioned by the knowledge that schists identical in composition and appearance to the Green Beds occur at many different horizons below the Erins Quartzite.
Some Triassic Lamellibranchs from Brazil and Paraguay
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

A small collection of Triassic fossils from three localities and two horizons has been sent me by Dr. Euzebio de Oliveira for determination. Some of them (Nos. 1–10, 12–18) come from Rio Claro, Canoinhas, Sta. Catharina, and occur in the same hard siliceous oolitic rock as those which were first described from this locality. One specimen (No. 11) in a similar matrix comes from Colonia Vieira, Canoinhas, and all these specimens were collected by Aristomenas Duarte. They belong to the fauna which was described by the author from Rio Claro and other localities in 1929 and 1932, and a long list of fossils was then given. But we have now to add three new species.
The Influence of Earth Movements on Climate
Authors: Lewis R. G.
Published: May 2009

In the early days of the study of glaciation the problem appeared to be a simple one: we are used to an ice-bound North Pole, and it was natural to assume that the boundary for some reason spread southwards to cover Scandinavia, Scotland, and even some of England. When it was further learnt that North America showed signs of extensive glaciation, this news fell naturally into place and scientists began to form hypotheses to account for a worldwide refrigeration. Quite soon, however, investigators in the countries concerned began to disagree as to the phases, and even the number, of glaciations: the centre of dispersal of the Scandinavian ice was found to be near the head of the Gulf of Bothnia; English geologists were inclined to favour only one glaciation, with certain retreats and advances; Boule would allow three glaciations, while Penck and Bruckner in their classical work on the Alps proved four in their region; Günz, Mindel, Riss, and Würm (with a short climatic improvement at the maximum); followed by the Bühl advance, Gschnitz Stadium and Daun readvance. But these Alpine phases cannot be followed into Italy. Gortani says (1): “Among us, too, Penck had disciples; and we, too, sought all means of adapting his system to the observed facts. But all attempts are vain because (a) nowhere are Günzian moraines to be found; (b) nowhere are to be found traces of more than one true interglacial with a warm climate and (c) the last two advances of the glaciers, where they have left separable traces, show themselves as two principal phases of one glaciation of medium intensity.”
Evidence of a Further Glacial Episode within the Valley of the Lower Thames
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: May 2009

During the past year excavations have been continued in the deposits filling the channel cut through the Coombe Rock of post-Early Mousterian (Levalloisian) age and situated between Northfleet and Swanscombe. “The floor” at the base of the succession has continued to yield a fine series of contemporary Middle Mousterian (Levalloisian) implements, together with artifacts derived from the Coombe Rock and earlier deposits. Associated with the implements are the remains of Elephas primigenius, Rhinoceros antiquitatis, Microtus arvalis, M. anglicus, and M. nivalis.
Gotlandian Vulcanicity in Western Europe
Authors: Turner J. Selwyn
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

The distribution of Gotlandian volcanic rocks covers a narrow belt running about N. 82° W.–S. 82° E., from South-west Ireland to Bohemia. The rocks comprise rhyolites, andesites, “keratophyres,” diabases, and basalts. Their age varies from early Valentian (Brabant) to Upper Salopian (Bohemia).

The Gotlandian vulcanicity, as a whole, was independent of the preceding Taconic orogeny, neither is its distribution parallel to the main Caledonian folding. The Irish-Belgian section of the belt corresponds closely to the northern boundary of the Westphalian Zone of the Variscan folding, a structural line of fundamental character. The Anglo-Irish occurrences are related to the intersection of this line with Caledonian and Malvernian structures ; those of Belgium and Bohemia are more truly geosynclinal in character.
On Some Sponges and a Coral of Upper Cretaceous Age from Toco Bay, Trinidad
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

The material to be described here comprises the sponges and, a coral collected by Dr. C. T. Trechmann at Toco, Trinidad, and mentioned by him in the foregoing paper. All the specimens have been kindly presented by him to the British Museum (Natural History).
The Coelacanth Fishes from Madagascar
Authors: Moy-Thomas J. A.
Published: May 2009

Very little has been written about the Coelacanths from Madagascar, although those from similar formations in East Greenland and Spitsbergen are about the best known members of this group. Smith Woodward (1910) described and figured a single specimen asCoelacanthus madagascariensis, distinguished from other members of the genus by the ornament of closely set tubercles on the operculum. Further specimens were figured by Priem (1924) and attributed toC. madagascariensis, but no attempt at any detailed description was made. Dr. E. I. White, of the British Museum (Natural History), very kindly placed at my disposal a collection of these fish, which he had obtained himself. The material examined during this investigation consisted of these specimens, twenty-eight in number, and the original specimen described by Smith Woodward. The specimens were nearly all external moulds (although in some a certain amount of bone still remained) in ferruginous clay nodules. Very little preparation was necessary except washing. This treatment produced wonderful results in some cases and almost perfect impressions of the head were obtained. So perfect were these casts in many cases that the pores of the lateral line canal were left as small hummocks making parts of this system easy to identify.
The Spherulitic Ironstones of West Yorkshire
Authors: Deans T.
Published: May 2009

The Millstone Grit and Coal Measure rocks of West Yorkshire include a series of sedimentary ironstones characterized by the spherulitic habit of the siderite. These rocks have been examined in detail in Airedale and Calderdale, and in brief visits to East Lancashire and South-West Yorkshire the author has recognized a similar development of ironstones, and so believes that the substance of this paper may be generally applicable to the whole of the central and southern Pennine region.
Notes on the Amazon
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

So little is known about the geology of the Amazon that it seems worth while recording a few observations made during a recent journey up that river.
On the Marine Gravels at March, Cambridgeshire
Authors: Baden-Powell D. F. W.
Published: May 2009

Since the Fenland Research Committee was formed in 1932, several papers have appeared, under its auspices, describing recent research work in the Fen District. The present article is a contribution to the work of this Committee, but describes deposits which are earlier in date than those which have been dealt with so far. The marine gravels have long been known near the town of March in Cambridgeshire, and the object here is to collect what is known up to the present (1934) about this deposit and to discuss its relation to the glacial and implementiferous deposits of southern Fenland and in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. The term “March Gravel” will be used here in reference to the sands and gravels which contain marine organisms and which are found on the “islands” between Peterborough on the west and the “Bedford River”, near Manea, on the east.
Starfish from the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Spencer W. K. , Groom Theodore
Published: May 2009

Some thirty years ago two species of Ophiuroidea and one Astereroid species were collected by one of us (Theodore Groom) from a small quarry near Rorrington in the Shelve District of Shropshire. There originally were several specimens but unfortunately the majority of these are now represented by plasticine casts only. The original material, was mislaid during a loan and was recovered in part only last year. The finder’s provisional description and figures, as well as his notes on the precise horizon and locality are still missing. It may be added that when, soon after the discovery of the specimens, their importance was realized an attempt was made to gain more material, the site was found to be built over. The specimens which are still to hand have been examined by Dr. Stubblefield, who says that there is no doubt that the matrix is that of the Spy Grit, a low Caradoc horizon, probably in the zone of Mesograptus multidens. It is from approximately this horizon that the majority of the British Ordovician starfish have been collected.
Notes on a collection of Dentalium neohexagonum S. and P.
Authors: Greger D. K.
Published: May 2009

Through the kindness of a correspondent in Southern California, the writer recently acquired a series of 320 superb examples of Dentalium neohexagonum S. and P. collected from the Fernando formation of that state. The following somewhat detailed account of the variations occurring in the collection may prove of interest to students of the Scaphopoda. Our study of this series is supplemented by the addition of other material of the species, collected by Charles Sternberg, from the Pleistocene in the vicinity of San Quintin, Baja California, Mexico, and a few examples of the species, now found living off the California coast, dredged by Henry Hemphill.
The Relative Seismicity of Different Regions of the World
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The seismicity of any region depends partly on the frequency, and partly on the intensity, of the earthquakes that occur within it. If earthquakes of all intensities are included in making such estimates, the weight to be given to the intensity must at present be to a great extent arbitrary. If, however, the determination is confined to earthquakes of the highest degrees of intensity, the results, though incomplete as representatives of the actual seismicities of the various regions considered, may yet give with some approach to accuracy their relative order of magnitude. The object of this brief paper is to provide such estimates for the various regions of the world and for the provinces of Italy that are shaken by destructive earthquakes.
The Sequence and Structure of the South-east Portion of the Leicestershire Coalfield
Authors: Boulton W. S.
Published: May 2009

In 1916 the Whitwick, South Leicestershire, and Ellistown Collieries put down a boring near Ellistown Colliery in Leicestershire to prove the measures below the Deep or Roaster Coal. Early in the following year Professor W. W. Watts and I examined in detail the cores of this boring, and collected samples of the rocks and fossils from them. The rock-descriptions in the journal of the boring-foreman were checked and in many cases altered and enlarged by Professor Watts and myself after examining specimens in the laboratory, some of them in thin slices under the microscope. Mr. R. Bullen Newton, of the Natural History Museum, was good enough to name some of the fossils.
The Ordovician Rocks of New Zealand
Authors: Benson W. N. , Keble R. A.
Published: May 2009

Throughout the western portion of the South Island of New Zealand there extends a series of high ranges made up very largely of unfossiliferous greywacke and argillite, with rarely limestone. Parts of these formations have been variously grouped as the Aorere and Mount Arthur series and considered to be of Ordovician age.
Memorandum on an Excursion to Newry Igneous Complex, Co. Down, August, 1935
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

Last summer Miss D. L. Reynolds kindly organized an excursion of ten, all told, to discuss her recent paper on “The Eastern End of the Newry Igneous Complex”(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xc, 1934, p. 585). We were introduced in most helpful fashion to both field exposures and microscope slices. In some particulars, differences of interpretation arose; and at the conclusion I circulated a brief memorandum. This by request I now offer, with trifling changes, for publication. Page and figure references, unless otherwise defined, apply to Miss Reynolds's paper.
Enderbite, A New Member of the Charnockite Series
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

The term “charnockite series” is now commonly in use for a group of genetically related rocks ranging from ultrabasic to acid members having the chemical and mineralogical features of the rock suite of the type area of Madras (Holland, 1893, 1900). The acid member “charnockite” is defined by Holland (1926) as “essentially a hypersthene granite…composed of hypersthene, microcline, quartz, and iron ores…”.
The Ballachulish Lag at Callert, Loch Leven
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

I wish to correct by 40 feet the position hitherto assigned to the outcrop of the Ballachulish Slide (or Lag as it is safe to call it) in one of its four easily accessible exposures on the shores of Loch Leven. The change does not appreciably affect the mapping as shown on Sheet 53 of the Geological Survey one-inch-to-the-mile map of Scotland, but it is of some importance on the ground. The locality lies on the north shore of Loch Leven, within a few yards of the main road, opposite a small cottage, midway between Callert House and Callert Cottage. A conspicuous little summerhouse is built on the eastern edge of the quartzite listed below. The dip of all the formations is very steep, so that the breadths of outcrop, measured at right angles to strike, correspond roughly with thicknesses. Details are as follows:—
Contributions to the Petrology of Barnavave, Carlingford, I.F.S.—1. The Junction Hybrids
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

This is the first of a series of contributions dealing with various aspects of the petrology of Barnavave Mountain which have not been touched upon by earlier investigators. The general relationships existing between the various rock types on Barnavave were first described by Traill in 1878, though some of the rock types had been previously dealt with by Haughton. This was followed by the now classical work of Sollas on some of the hybrids occurring on the western side of the mountain. These are at present being redescribed by Dr. G. D. Osborne in a paper which will appear shortly. More recently, the Carlingford area as a whole has been dealt with by Richey and Osborne has described the metamorphosed limestones of the region. Many of the rock types, however, have never been described in detail, if at all, and it is with these that the present contributions are concerned. The author wishes to express his thanks to Prof. W. J. Pugh, Prof. C. E. Tilley and Dr. G. D. Osborne for facilitating the work in various ways, to acknowledge a grant from the Worts fund and a Royal Society grant which defrayed the cost of two of the analyses. The field work was carried out in 1932 but unforeseen circumstances prevented the earlier working up and publication of the results.
Thermal Contraction, Land Bridges, and Geosynclines
Authors: Thompson P. R.
Published: May 2009

Consideration of the continental areas over which the sea spread at various times during the course of geological history leads to the impression that perhaps every part of the land surface of the earth was, at one time or another, raised from a position below sea-level. The present land surface seems to have grown around ancient nuclei owing to the compression of the granitic, sedimentary, and other rocks of which the continental layers are composed. At certain times the compressive forces acted so strongly upon these rocks that the average height of the land reached maximum values, which might have been as great as 3,000 feet. Then denudation, and perhaps other processes, coming into operation and persisting through ages of comparative quiescence, lowered the surface, sometimes to minimum average levels, which might have been as low as 500 feet. There have been a few comparatively short periods of exceptionally high relief, separated by longer periods of low relief. Assuming that the land was raised by horizontal compression, the diminution in surface area of the earth necessary to produce a change in level of 2,500 feet would be very considerable. Instead of considering the change from a minimum average height of 500 feet to a maximum of 3,000 feet, it may be more convenient in the first place to consider the elevation of, say, the continental layers of Dr. H. Jeffreys from sea-level to the average height of the present land surface, that is about 2,500 feet, or 762 metres. It will be supposed, then, that the continental layers, as they now exist, were developed from layers consisting of 1 km. of sediments of specific gravity 2·4, 10 km. of granite of specific gravity 2·6, and 20 km. of tachylyte of specific gravity 2·9, the whole resting on dunite of specific gravity 3·3.
The Middle Carboniferous of Russia
Authors: Semichatov S. V.
Published: May 2009

The present paper summarizes some of the recent work on the stratigraphy of the Middle Carboniferous in the south-eastern and eastern parts of European USSR., work which throws new light on the position of the Moscovian stage in the Carboniferous succession. The Moscovian stage is at the present generally accepted as corresponding to the whole of the Middle Carboniferous (Danshin, Schwetzow, Khimenkow, and others), but the evidence of a break at the base of the Moscovian beds near Moscow justifies us in putting the question—is the Moscovian stage to be regarded as corresponding to the whole series of Middle Carboniferous deposits or was the deposition of the Moscovian series of beds preceded by erosion not only of part of the Lower Carboniferous, but also of part of the Middle Carboniferous? At the same time the new data concerning the character of the boundary of the Moscovian with the Upper Carboniferous tends to prove that at this boundary also there are signs of a hiatus.
A Review of Dinantian and Namurian Vulcanicity in North-Western and Central Europe
Authors: Turner J. Selwyn
Published: May 2009

Introduction

In collaboration with Dr. R. G. S. Hudson, the author recently discussed the correlation of the Namurian and Dinantian strata of Western Europe (17) and reviewed the Variscan orogenic movements which attended their deposition (18). Only incidental reference, however, was made to the igneous activity of the periods under consideration and it is the purpose of the present communication to rectify this omission.
The Coastal Plateaux of South Wales
Authors: Goskar Kathleen L. , Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

A long the coast of South Wales is a series of plateaux, mostly at heights up to just over 400 feet above sea-level. They meet the coast in lines of cliffs, varied in character and often of great beauty. The most westerly area, in south and west Pembrokeshire, is the most perfectly developed, its level sky-line having been commented on by numerous writers (Dixon, 1921, p. 2; North, 1929, p. 23). The Gower peninsula, which is detached from the other coastal plateaux by Carmarthen and Swansea Bays, shows similar features, as does also the Vale of Glamorgan which stretches from the shores of Swansea Bay almost to Cardiff.
Tertiary and Quaternary Beds of Tobago, West Indies
Authors: Teechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

TOBAGO, a picturesque island 26 miles long and 7½ miles wide, lies 20 miles north-east of Trinidad and rises to a height of about 1,900 feet. Geographically it is an indirect lateral offshoot of the Northern Range of Trinidad but geologically its structure has distinct and individual characters. The sequence of formations has been describedby Mr. E. H. Cunningham Craig and my sketch map is adapted from his map with a few additions, such as the Arca patricia bed at Red Point and the outlier of coral rock at Plymouth. I spent about a week on the island and devoted most of the time to work on the later formations.
New Sections showing the Junction of the Cambrian and Pre-cambrian at Nuneaton
Authors: Wills L. J. , Shotton F. W.
Published: May 2009

IN the course of the Leicester meeting of the British Association in 1933, Section C visited the Nuneaton district and saw, amongst other exposures, sections showing the junction of the Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian. Two of these have never been previously described, and the most striking one (that in the north corner of Messrs. Boon’s quarry) was only first seen by the writers when on a preliminary tour of the excursion route. Both sections merit description, in view of the light which they throw upon the nature of the unconformable junction of the two systems, and upon the character of the Pre-Cambrian rocks and their relation to the rocks of Charnwood Forest.
Some Boulders from the Chalk of Betchworth, Surrey
Authors: Double I. S.
Published: May 2009

The presence of small quantities of detrital (terrigenous) minerals in the Chalk has been recorded from such widely-separated areas as Northern France (1), the Isle of Wight (2), Antrim (3), Mull (4), and East Anglia (5), but the discoveries of boulders in that formation appear to be restricted to the south-east of England. These records may be due to the greater extent of the workings in the Chalk of that area, and hence the greater frequency with which these “foreigners” are uncovered, or to some definite geographical conditions prevailing in Cretaceous times. The information available seems to prove that Betchworth has yielded more boulders than all other areas added together. In 1897, W. P. B. Stebbing (6) described two granitic rocks from that area. The present paper deals with a small collection of nineteen boulders made by the late Gerard Weedon Butler, also from Betchworth. Since these notes were first drafted the writer has been informed that a collection of something like 70 boulders, mainly from Betchworth, has been added since 1912 to those that were already in the Museum of Practical Geology.
The Ouachita Basin of Oklahoma vis-a-vis the Craven Lowlands of Yorkshire
Authors: Dixon E. E. L.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for February the limestone-boulders in the Bowland Shales of School Share near Settle were redescribed by Dr. R. G. S. Hudson and the writer, and the conclusion reached that they represented a landslip from a fault-scarp raised along part of the Craven Fault-system during the mid-Carboniferous earth-movement. Whilst that article was in the press the writer became aware that great limestone-boulders occur in the Caney Shale of Oklahoma and that they have occasioned much discussion or even, owing to their size and varied fossils, uncertainty as to the age of the associated beds. His interest was piqued, for he recalled that a close comparison had been drawn by Bisat between the contrast of Bowland Shale (Culm) and Yoredale facies of sedimentation, displayed in the Craven Lowlands and in the Craven Uplands and the Yorkshire Dales, and a contrast in Oklahoma between the sedimentation in the Ouachita Mountains and that in the nearby Arbuckle Mountains.
Some Recent Contributions to the Pleistocene Succession in England
Authors: Sandford K. S.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

Certain facts have emerged from recent work on Pleistocene problems which allow us to review the position and to mark certain dating points in the correlation of British glacial deposits.
On the Occurrence of Custerite and Monticellite in Metamorphosed Limestone from the Carlingford District, Co. Louth, Ireland
Authors: Osborne G. D.
Published: May 2009

WHILE recently investigating the contact metamorphism of the scattered Carboniferous liestone outcrops in the neighbourhood of Carlingford and Barnavave, Co. Louth, some striking rocks containing large crystals of mica and calcite, and small crystals of pyroxene and spinel were found by the writer at the south-east end of Barnavave Mountain. During the microscopic examination of this material the minerals in question were detected, and it is the purpose of this note to place this interesting occurrence on record.
The Pattern of a Contracting Earth
Authors: Bull A. J.
Published: May 2009

THE most generally accepted explanation of the formation of mountains has been that of a slowly contracting earth with a solid crust accommodating itself to a shrinking interior. As the assumed shrinking proceeds, so the crust has to fold and fracture in order to occupy a smaller area. Such movements, particularly folding, would be facilitated by the hot glassy substratum on which the crust is believed to rest. Now it might be supposed on general grounds that wherever the crust was at all uniform in texture some regular pattern of folds or fractures would be formed. Since the floors of the oceans, particularly the Pacific, are believed to be fairly uniform, and to consist largely of basaltic material, these should show the pattern well; but the continents in spite of their more varied constitution should also show something of a regular pattern. Therefore if one could ascertain what would be the pattern of a contracting sphere, then this should be tracable in the tectonic structures of the earth’s crust, and if the thermal contraction hypothesis is the real cause of these structures, in this way it should be possible to apply a crucial test to the validity of the hypothesis.
The Age of the Lundy Island Granite
Authors: Davison E. H.
Published: May 2009

IN the Geological Survey Memoir on Ardnamurchan, North-West Mull and Coll, it was stated that the Lundy Island granite is very similar to the granites of Mourne Mountains and Arran, and is probably of Tertiary age. As this suggestion seemed to be contrary to the opinion of geologists familiar with the West of England, who generally consider the Lundy Island granite to be of the same age as the granites of Devon and Cornwall, it was thought desirable to settle the question, if possible.
Origin of the “Beef” in the Lias Shales of the Dorset Coast.
Authors: Tarr W. A.
Published: May 2009

It is believed that the “ beef ” in the shales-with-“ beef ” resulted from the leaching of the CaCO3 of a fine porous marl by a groundwater solution, and its subsequent redeposition. The initial redeposition was about the grains of calcite along bedding planes or similar divisional openings, and, as more material was added by the solutions moving to these planes, each original grain developed into a fibre in the layer of “ beef ”. Growth was from both sides, but took place faster on the upper side because the dominant movement of the water was downward. Growth stopped due to the exhaustion of the supply of CaCO3 in the marl or CO2 in the solution. The thin paper-shales between the layers of “ beef ” may represent the concentration of the original clay of the marl. This explanation of the origin of the “ beef ” would probably apply to other fibrous deposits of calcite, also.
Some New Ordovician Species of Conularia from Girvan
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

Amongst Mr. James L. Begg’s recent collections of fossils from the Upper Bala (Starfish Bed) of Thraive Glen, Girvan, there are several specimens of the genus Conularia, one of which has the apertural lobes well preserved, which is apparently unique in British Ordovician examples of this genus, and another shows internal structures of peculiar interest. A third new species is closely related to the one which Miss Slater named C. hispida, and a fourth is allied to C. plicata Slater. In Miss Slater’s monograph 1 on the British Conulariae, published in 1907, the following four species were described from the Upper Bala of Thraive Glen: C. cf. aspersa Lindstr., which is typically a Wenlock species; C. hispida Slater, which was also founded on Wenlock specimens; and C. plicata Slater and C. planiseptata Slater, which were recorded only from Thraive Glen.
Richmondian Trilobites from Akpatok Island
Authors: Cox Ian
Published: May 2009

The Trilobites, which include one new species, here described were collected by the writer from Akpatok Island 1 in Ungava Bay while on the Oxford Hudson Straits Expedition in 1931. The single species of graptolite found there has already been described 2; in addition to the trilobites, there are brachiopods, corals, crinoids, gasteropods, cephalopods, and ostracods, which still await identification. The following species of trilobites are here recorded: Isotelus iowensis Owen, Megalaspis beckeri Slocom, Illaenus eucentrus Troedsson, Illaenus groenlandicus Troedsson, Bumastus sp., Calymene cf. fayettensis Slocom, Calymene cf. meeki Foerste, Encrinurus sp., Ceraurus horridus Troedsson, Ceraurus tuberosus Troedsson, Ceraurinus icarus (Billings), Ceraurinus daedalus sp. nov., Pterygometopus fredricki Slocom.
On the Presence of the Zones of Anthracomya lenisulcata and Carbonicola ovalis in the Culm Measures of North Devon
Authors: Simpson Brian
Published: May 2009

The age of the Culm Measures of North Devon and, in particular, those of the Bideford Area, with which this paper is concerned, has long presented a difficult problem.
The Steinheim Basin and the Pretoria Salt Pan. Volcanic or Meteoric Origin?
Authors: Rohleder Herbert P. T.
Published: May 2009

When looking through the bibliography referring to the crypto– volcanic phenomena of Swabia we find that it has been quite customary to explain the origin of the “Steinheim Basin” by the well–known facts which have been ascertained in the Ries of Nördlingen. When doing so one important fact has been deliberately ignored, viz, that only the Steinheim basin is actually cryptovolcanic, whereas the Ries of Nördlingen exhibits undeniable proofs of extensive volcanic activity. There are rhyolitic tuffs, weathered– out lava cords and lava slabs, partly absorbed crystalline rocks, et alia. In the case of the Ries of Nördlingen the explanation of the vast caldera and the various geologic abnormalities must obviously be sought in volcanic activity.
On the Silurian CoralCyathaxonia siluriensisM’Coy
Authors: Butler A. J.
Published: May 2009

CYATHAXONIA siluriensisM’Coy is a small and rather rare rugose coral, which persists from the Woolhope Limestone to the Upper Ludlow. It is here placed as the genotype ofSyringaxonLindström, and an account is given of its structure and development.