bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Language of Colour: Neurology and the Ineffable
Authors: Unwin Nicholas
Published: April 2022

It is often claimed, following Joseph Levine, that there is an ‘explanatory gap’ between ordinary physical facts and the way we perceive things, so that it is impossible to explain, among other things, why colours actually look the way they do. C.L. Hardin, by contrast, argues that there are sufficient asymmetries between colours to traverse this gap. This paper argues that the terms we use to characterize colours, such as ‘warm’ and ‘cool’, are not well understood, and that we need to understand the neurological basis for such associations if we are even to understand what is fully meant by saying, for example, that red is a warm colour. This paper also speculates on how Hardin’s strategy can be generalized.
Conceptual and Methodological Problems with Comparative Work on Artificial Language Learning
Authors: Watumull Jeffrey , Hauser Marc D. , Berwick Robert C.
Published: April 2022

Several theoretical proposals for the evolution of language have sparked a renewed search for comparative data on human and non-human animal computational capacities. However, conceptual confusions still hinder the field, leading to experimental evidence that fails to test for comparable human competences. Here we focus on two conceptual and methodological challenges that affect the field generally: 1) properly characterizing the computational features of the faculty of language in the narrow sense; 2) defining and probing for human language-like computations via artificial language learning experiments in non-human animals. Our intent is to be critical in the service of clarity, in what we agree is an important approach to understanding how language evolved.
Locality in Language and Locality in Brain Oscillatory Structures
Authors: Ramírez Fernández Javier
Published: April 2022

From the perspective of brain oscillations, an explanation is offered as to why external systems of language cannot deal with identical categorial elements in certain local domains. An equivalent locality effect in brain structure is argued for which causes a (cognitively problematic and ambiguous) synchronization of rhythms in the gamma, beta1, and beta2 bands. These rhythms can be related to different categories, and their limited patterns and interactions may explain syntactic constraints on phrases, phases, and Internal Merge.
Why the Left Hemisphere Is Dominant for Speech Production: Connecting the Dots
Authors: Sussman Harvey Martin
Published: April 2022

Evidence from seemingly disparate areas of speech/language research is reviewed to form a unified theoretical account for why the left hemisphere is specialized for speech production. Research findings from studies investigating hemispheric lateralization of infant babbling, the primacy of the syllable in phonological structure, rhyming performance in split-brain patients, rhyming ability and phonetic categorization in children diagnosed with developmental apraxia of speech, rules governing exchange errors in spoonerisms, organizational principles of neocortical control of learned motor behaviors, and multi-electrode recordings of human neuronal responses to speech sounds are described and common threads highlighted. It is suggested that the emergence, in developmental neurogenesis, of a hard-wired, syllabically-organized, neural substrate representing the phonemic sound elements of one’s language, particularly the vocalic nucleus, is the crucial factor underlying the left hemisphere’s dominance for speech production.
The Relationship between Phoneme Production and Perception in Speech-Impaired and Typically-Developing Children
Authors: Stromswold Karin , Lichtenstein Aliza
Published: April 2022

One of the central questions that Eric Lenneberg raised in his seminal book, Biological Foundations of Language is: What is the relationship between language comprehension and language production? This paper reviews Lenneberg’s case study of a child with congenital anarthria and then presents the results of two studies that investigate the relationship between phoneme perception and production. The first study investigates the phoneme identification skills of a child with developmental apraxia who, like the anarthric child studied by Lenneberg, had essentially no speech yet had no difficulty understanding speech. The second study investigates the extent to which 28 typically-developing children’s ability to identify phonemes is related to their ability to produce phonemes. The results of both studies support Lenneberg’s conclusion that children’s ability to perceive speech is not dependent on their ability to produce speech. Thus, Lenneberg’s original case study and the two studies presented in this paper argue against gestural theories of speech perception such as the Motor Theory.
Cognitive Phonetics: The Transduction of Distinctive Features at the Phonology-Phonetics Interface
Authors: Volenec Veno , Reiss Charles
Published: April 2022

We propose that the interface between phonology and phonetics is mediated by a transduction process that converts elementary units of phonological computation, features, into temporally coordinated neuromuscular patterns, called ‘True Phonetic Representations’, which are directly interpretable by the motor system of speech production. Our view of the interface is constrained by substance-free generative phonological assumptions and by insights gained from psycholinguistic and phonetic models of speech production. To distinguish transduction of abstract phonological units into planned neuromuscular patterns from the biomechanics of speech production usually associated with physiological phonetics, we have termed this interface theory ‘Cognitive Phonetics’ (CP). The inner workings of CP are described in terms of Marr’s (1982/2010) tri-level approach, which we used to construct a linking hypothesis relating formal phonology to neurobiological activity. Potential neurobiological correlates supporting various parts of CP are presented. We also argue that CP augments the study of certain phonetic phenomena, most notably coarticulation, and suggest that some phenomena usually considered phonological (e.g., naturalness and gradience) receive better explanations within CP.
PRESENTE Y FUTURO DEL DIAGNÓSTICO DE GESTACIÓN EN EL GANADO BOVINO
Authors: Sice Margaux , Gómez Martín Ángel , Gomis Almendro Jesús
Published: April 2022

Para llevar a cabo el diagnóstico de gestación en el ganado bovino, se debe utilizar un método preciso, seguro, económico y que se pueda realizar de manera temprana. Aunque varias técnicas están actualmente disponibles en el mercado, otras siguen todavía en desarrollo, siendo posibles herramientas diagnósticas a tener en cuenta en un futuro. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión sobre las diversas técnicas de diagnóstico de gestación (DG) y su potencial uso a nivel comercial, tanto en el presente como en el futuro, de la ganadería bovina. Los métodos directos para el DG, como son la palpación directa o la ecografía del tracto reproductor vía transrectal, siguen siendo los más empleados en la actualidad durante el control gestacional en el ganado vacuno. Son técnicas diagnósticas con buenos resultados y son interesantes a nivel económico, pero son herramientas invasivas y requieren una cierta experiencia por parte del técnico que las realiza. En general, se aplican a partir de la 3ª-4ª semana posterior a la inseminación artificial. Por otro lado, los métodos indirectos de DG son menos invasivos que los directos. Mediante este tipo de diagnósticos vía indirecta se puede detectar la presencia o ausencia de un embrión, sin visualizar directamente estructuras gestacionales. Existen métodos indirectos físicos, como la vigilancia del retorno al estro, así como técnicas indirectas bioquímicas, que permiten evaluar mediante el uso de kits rápidos ciertas sustancias como la progesterona (P4) o las Glicoproteínas Asociadas a la Gestación (GPAG), producidas durante la gestación de forma temprana. Otras técnicas novedosas y prometedoras, pero que todavía se encuentran en desarrollo, son la evaluación de moléculas como el interferón tau (IFNt), los micro-ARN (miARN) y/o los Factores de Gestación Temprana (FGT).
Un instrumento de evaluación del aprendizaje para el manejo de catéteres venosos periféricos: adaptación, extensión y validación en español
Authors: Garcia-Expósito Judith , Reguant Mercedes , Almenta Saavedra Jose Alberto , Díaz Segura Claudia , Roca Judith
Published: April 2022

Nursing practice should be based on available evidence-based practice because of its impact on patient safety in care. Its use should not only be encouraged in professionals but should begin in nursing education. The objective of this study is to translate, adapt, extend and validate a learning assessment instrument in relation to knowledge of peripheral venous catheter management. A two-stage process was followed: 1) translation, adaptation and extension of the instrument; and 2) psychometric testing. The study included 675 nursing students. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.703 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91. The instrument was fairly balanced in terms of difficulty: 46.6% easy items, 13.3% items of medium difficulty and 53.3% of high difficulty. In conclusion, it is a simple instrument to use and to score. The Spanish version has good psychometric properties and provides a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of knowledge for the management of catheters.

La práctica de enfermería debe basarse en la práctica basada en la evidencia disponible debido a su impacto en la atención segura del paciente. Su uso no solo debe fomentarse en los profesionales, sino que debe iniciarse en la formación en enfermería. El objetivo de este estudio se basa en traducir, adaptar y validar un instrumento de evaluación del conocimiento basado en la evidencia científica disponible en relación al manejo de los catéteres venosos periféricos. Se siguió un proceso en dos etapas: 1) traducción, adaptación y ampliación del instrumento; y 2) pruebas psicométricas. El estudio incluyó 675 estudiantes de enfermería. El coeficiente de consistencia interna alfa de Cronbach fue 0,703 y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.91. El instrumento se presentó bastante equilibrado en cuanto a dificultad: 46,6% de ítems fáciles, 13.3% de ítems de dificultad media y 53.3% de alta dificultad. En conclusión, es un instrumento simple de utilizar y de puntuar. La versión española tiene unas buenas propiedades psicométricas y proporciona un instrumento válido y fiable para la valoración de los conocimientos basados en la evidencia para un manejo óptimo de catéteres venosos periféricos en personas portadoras.
Business Philosophy from The Perspective of Islamic Thought
Authors:   Baghdad University, Collage of Islamic Sciences, Ammar Bassem Saleh
Published: April 2022

the world today becoming a small village because of the unprecedented proliferation of social media and the amazing development in the information network and the speed of delivery of the idea, which makes the search for authenticity of the idea is of great importance, especially with the existence of international systems to establish the idea, The idea of the work, which is attracted by the trends of capitalism and communism, casts a shadow over the authenticity of this idea. The Islamic conception precedes Western perceptions and the various situations, a vision stemming from the spirit of Sharia and in line with the needs of man and away from monopoly and cheating and deception. The study also discussed the economic theories that exist today and how to construct the Islamic perception to combat unemployment, which contributed to social systems by strengthening them. The research also contributed to strengthening the link between the faith and the work, which makes the worker observe the pleasure of God in his work away from dependence, deception and fraud. Of the systems that are trying to seize them in accordance with the rationales of decay. This research came in two studies dealt with the first of them conceptual framework and general frameworks to achieve the philosophy of work according to the Islamic vision in the second section to address the Western perception and the attitude of Islamic thought. The study concluded by emphasizing the distinction between Islamic thought and Western thought in its vision of work as a concept, a reality and an executive tool.
Mitologi Tentang Makhluk Supernatural Dalam Kalangan Etnik- Etnik di Daerah Pitas Sabah: Tinjauan Menurut Perspektif Islam
Authors:   Department of the Quran and al-Hadith, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Khairulnazrin Nasir  , Ishak Suliaman  ,   Department of the Quran and al-Hadith, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya
Published: April 2022

Mitologi adalah suatu domain yang wujud dan menjadi kelaziman dalam mana-mana budaya, bangsa, etnik dan komuniti di seluruh dunia. Skalanya menjangkau alam nyata, sehingga ke alam ghaib. Entiti signifikan dalam mitologi antaranya adalah makhluk supernatural. Etnik dan bangsa di negara ini turut memiliki mitologi tentang makhluk supernatural, termasuklah etnik-etnik peribumi yang beragama Islam di daerah Pitas, Sabah. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti mitologi tentang makhluk supernatural yang terdapat dalam kalangan mereka. Kaedah pengumpulan data adalah menggunakan metode temu bual. Seramai tujuh orang informan telah dipilih, yang terdiri daripada kalangan tokoh- tokoh masyarakat tempatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahawa mitologi tentang makhluk supernatural banyak dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan animisme. Hal ini mendorong segelintir anggota masyarakat terlibat dengan perkara syirik, khurafat dan tahayul, seperti ritual pemujaan dan black magic. Justeru, perkara ini perlu diberi perhatian oleh setiap pihak, khususnya jabatan agama, dan pendakwah, demi menjaga kelestarian akidah yang sahih dalam kalangan masyarakat.
The 4th Industrial Revolution: Contemplations on Curriculum Review and Its Implementation in the Malaysian Higher Education Institutes
Authors: A Majid Faizah , Md Zamin Ainul Azmin
Published: April 2022

The higher education landscape is once again undergoing massive transformation. Not more than two decades ago, it was the advancement of digital technology and globalization that drove the need for transformation in higher education. At present, the transformation is driven by the need to face the challenges of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR). Much discourse has been centered on debating the roles of higher education in meeting the demands of 4IR. This paper aims to address similar issue by discussing the curriculum reviews done by higher education institutes in embracing 4IR. As curriculum is central to any academic programs, it is vital that the curriculum review done by the higher education institutes in catering to the growing needs of 4IR be examined. The close look at the curriculum review initiatives will focus on the changes done in terms of subject contents, methods of delivery and methods of assessment. Further, the academics’ perceptions of the curriculum review and how the curriculum is to be implemented are investigated. The findings shed some lights on the contemplations of the academics amidst the initiative to provide higher education curriculum that meet the requirements of the Ministry of Education and the needs of 4IR. It is expected that curriculum departments in the higher education institutes could find the findings useful in bridging the gap between the academics’ concerns and the need to meet the challenges of 4IR through the revised curriculum implementation.
The Development of Islamic Studies: A Proposed Model
Authors: Hamid Fahmy Zarkasyi
Published: April 2022

This article is aimed at elaborating the challenge of Islamic studies in the universities of contemporary Muslim worlds and its proposed solution. This delves at the outset the Muslim intellectual tradition in the past where Muslim established their own discipline of knowledge and subsequently assimilated some concepts and theories from other civilizations. However, unlike Muslim intellectual in the past, the contemporary Muslims intellectual adopted different concepts, theories and approaches in the field of Islamic studies and modern sciences from foreign civilization without prior process of assimilation. As a result, Muslim minds are confused whether they have to employ foreign concepts and theories or hold the concepts and theories from Islamic intellectual tradition. In this predicament the researcher proposed two steps: first is that Muslims intellectual in the Islamic universities should develop Islamic studies in response to the contemporary challenge by re-conceptualizing key concepts of various field of Islamic studies. Second, Muslim intellectual should work on the process of assimilation or Islamization of modern sciences by criticizing, selecting, adapting, remolding and refining foreign concepts incompatible with Islam to form Muslim own discipline of knowledge.
Insight into Prophetic Ijtihād:An Analysis of Muhammad’s Legal Thinking
Authors: Noyo Sarkun Mif Rohim
Published: April 2022

After the passing away of the Prophet Muhammad, there were different perspectives regarding ijtihād (independent reasoning) and how it relates to the role of Muhammad as a Rasul (Messenger) and a Nabi (Prophet) among the Muslims. The Muslims were divided into two contending groups: one believing that Muhammad never carried out the ijtihad, the fact that he was ma‘sum, while the other asserting that the he might actually have carried it out. This last was in reference to a number of verses in the Qur’ān that are considered mutashābih. This article attempts at analysing the legal thinking of the Prophet of Islam by providing an insight into Muhammad’s ijtihād with direct reference to Manhaj al-Fikr al-Tawasuthīyyah and Manhaj al-Fikr al-Ishlahīyyah. Our knowledge of the methods propounded in these two kitabs may help us in reconciling the two differing Muslim perspectives regarding the role of the Prophet Muhammad in ijtihad, prior to the post-prophetic consolidation of Islamic law.
Sufi Music and the Issue of Identity in Post 2011 Tunisia
Authors: Abdellatif Soumaya
Published: April 2022

The paper examines the meanings of the new configuration of Sufi music through "Al Ziara" performances and the intense youth interest in this musical genre, through crosscutting with the issue of cultural belonging and shaping the salient features of identity given the intertwine of the Sufi chanting and its related practices with popular culture. Based on a qualitative approach, in which were applied half-directed interviews technique and focus groups with 20 young men and women from different states of the Republic of Tunisia, the study pointed out as one of its results the role of Sufi music in dissolving the dichotomy between tradition and modernity.This tendency is manifested through the restoration of cultural elements inherent in the cultural heritage at the spiritual and social level alike , but through the cultural adaptation and renewal of old forms, as well as through the embrace of the ancient and the modern at the technical level. The study revealed the relationship between the resonance that Sufi music senses when represented in “Al Ziara” performances , and the need and desire to belonging despite the different symbolic value of this musical kind and its purposes in terms of its individual (social escalation) and collective (new social links) functions.
Argumentation in the Glorious Qur’an: A Rhetorical Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: Al-Khazaali Musaab A. Raheem
Published: April 2022

The study aims via a qualitative discourse analytic method to investigate the pragmatic and rhetorical devices and strategies in the Qur’anic argumentation. In an attempt to contribute to the pragmatic and rhetorical understanding of argumentation in the Glorious Qur’an depending on contemporary models, the study has focused on originating the notion of Hijãj in both Arabic and Western rhetoric in their pragmatic and dialectic spheres. The findings revealed that the most important strategies that are employed in the Glorious Qur’an involve rhetorical questions, speech acts, argumentative structures and persuasive rhetorical moves (logos, pathos and ethos). The paper concludes with the finding that the Qur’an has a highly organized structure of argumentation which is based on a set of dialectic, pragmatic and rhetorical devices and strategies including strategic maneuvers and rhetorical questions.
Counter-Hegemonic Discourse on Islam in Malaysia: A Case Study of Malaysiakini’s Coverage Regarding the Issue of Halal Certification by Jakim
Authors: Mohd Sofian Muhammad Raqib
Published: April 2022

News reports on Islam have gained more attention in recent times because they are often associated with conflicts, which have led to a negative public perception of the religion. In the context of Malaysia, Islam is often associated with conflicts arising from political factors or actions taken by religious authorities against any organisation or individual that provokes public discussion. Islam is also said to have been used as a hegemonic tool by the government to maintain the existing status quo and control public perception. However, the discourse on issues involving Islam has also become more open after the emergence of digital news portals that enable hegemonic counter arguments to be discussed widely among members in the mentioned medium. This study focuses on the discourse by a digital news portal, Malaysiakini, involving the application of halal certificate by Aunty Anne’s, which was rejected by Jakim. Using the critical discourse analysis and approaches introduced by van Dijk (2006), the findings showed that Malaysiakini has provided fair and equitable coverage of the case study, which is thoroughly discussed in this article. Nonetheless, Malaysiakini equally appears to be bold in criticising and questioning the actions taken by Jakim and links it with Islamisation in Malaysia.
Simulation research on nucleation mechanism of graphene deposition assisted by diamond grain boundary
Authors: Chen Shan-Deng , Bai Qing-Shun , Dou Yu-Hao , Guo Wan-Min , Wang Hong-Fei , Du Yun-Long ,   School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
Published: April 2022

The growth of high-quality graphene is always a focused issue in the field of two-dimensional materials, and the growth of graphene on brand new substrates has received considerable attention from scholars especially. The research on the nucleation mechanism of graphene deposited on a polycrystalline diamond substrate is of significance in the large-scale preparation of graphene in practice. Here in this work, the direct growth without transfer process of graphene on a diamond substrate is used to obtain the high-quality graphene. The reactive molecular dynamics simulation technology is adopted to imitate the process of graphene deposition and growth on bi-crystal diamond assisted by nickel catalyzed at an atomic level. The effect of the bi-crystal diamond grain boundary on the dynamic behavior of graphene nucleation and growth process is studied. The results demonstrate that the grain boundary carbon atoms can be used as a supplementary carbon source to diffuse into the nickel free surface and participate in the nucleation and growth of graphene. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the diffusion behavior of carbon atoms is explored, finding that high temperature facilitates the dissociation of atoms in the grain boundary. When the deposition temperature equals 1700 K, it is most conducive to the diffusion of grain boundary carbon atoms in the nickel lattice, which effectively enhances the nucleation density of graphene. Besides, the effect of the deposition carbon source flow rate on the surface quality of graphene is explored, finding that the high-quality graphene surface can be obtained by adopting a lower carbon deposit rate of 1 ps–1 at 1700 K. In brief, the research results obtained not only provide an effective theoretical model and analysis of the mechanism for diamond grain boundary assisted graphene deposition and growth, but also reveal the regular pattern of influence of deposition temperature and deposition carbon source flow rate on the surface quality of synthesized graphene. The present study can lay a theoretical foundation for the fabrication and application of new functional graphene-polycrystalline diamond heterostructures in the fields of ultra-precision manufacturing and microelectronics.
Analysis of protein-heparin interactions using a portable SPR instrument
Authors: Su Dunhao , Li Yong , Yates Edwin A. , Skidmore Mark A. , Lima Marcelo A. , Fernig David G.
Published: April 2022

Optical biosensors such as those based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) are a key analytical tool for understanding biomolecular interactions and function as well as the quantitative analysis of analytes in a wide variety of settings. The advent of portable SPR instruments enables analyses in the field. A critical step in method development is the passivation and functionalisation of the sensor surface. We describe the assembly of a surface of thiolated oleyl ethylene glycol/biotin oleyl ethylene glycol and its functionalisation with streptavidin and reducing end biotinylated heparin for a portable SPR instrument. Such surfaces can be batch prepared and stored. Two examples of the analysis of heparin-binding proteins are presented. The binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 and competition for the binding of a heparan sulfate sulfotransferase by a library of selectively modified heparins and suramin, which identify the selectivity of the enzyme for sulfated structures in the polysaccharide and demonstrate suramin as a competitor for the enzyme’s sugar acceptor site. Heparin functionalised surfaces should have a wide applicability, since this polysaccharide is a close structural analogue of the host cell surface polysaccharide, heparan sulfate, a receptor for many endogenous proteins and viruses.
Dentinal Microcrack Formation by Different Rotary Endodontic File Systems: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Patil Suvarna , Mohite Pramod , Gupta Divya , Dudulwar Divya
Published: April 2022

Introduction: During endodontic treatment, biomechanical preparation of the root canals constitutes one of the prime steps to enable bacterial eradication, irrigant percolation and three dimensional obturation of the canal space. Currently used rotary endodontic instruments generate stresses in the dentinal walls as microcracks and craze lines which can eventually precipitate vertical root fractures. This endangers the prognosis of an endodontically treated tooth or can even lead to tooth extractions. Aim: To compare dentinal micro-crack formation during biomechanical preparation by different Nickel-Titanium rotary endodontic instruments, Reciprocating single file system and Self-Adjusting File (SAF) using a stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: The study was a randomised controlled trial conducted for a total duration of two months. A total of eighty extracted human mandibular molars with intact mesial roots were selected. Endodontic access was achieved. Hyflex CM file (Coltene), One Shape file (Micromega), Twisted File (TF; SybronEndo, Orange, CA), One endo file (Nano endo), ProTaper Next file (Dentsply Maillefer), Reciproc file (VDW) and SAFs were used to prepare the samples, leaving ten teeth unprepared which served as control. Sectioning of the prepared samples were carried out perpendicular to their long axes at 9, 6 and 3 mm. Under 40X magnification of a stereomicroscope, digital images of each section were recorded with the aid of a digital camera. Examination of each specimen was carried out by two operators to verify the presence of dentinal defects/microcracks. The statistical analysis was done by Chi-square test. Results: Except the control group, all the remaining groups recorded the presence of dentinal defects. The incidence of cracks was highest in One Endo (40%) followed by One Shape, Twisted (30%), Protaper Next (23.33%), Reciproc (10%), Hyflex (6.6%), SAF (3.3%) and control (0%). A significant difference was found for the cracks in coronal section between the file systems (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Usage of nickel titanium rotary instruments leads to the formation of microcracks or craze lines in root dentine. Instruments which have Matellurgical (M) wire or Controlled Memory (CM) wire in their metallurgy result in fewer formations of micro-cracks. When compared to multiple rotary files system, a reciprocating file led to the induction of lesser number of radicular cracks. SAF creates minimal cracks as compared to other file systems.
Indigenous Herbs and Spices in Selected Areas of North Cotabato: An Ethnobotanical Survey
Authors: Mancao Liezl S.
Published: April 2022

Aims: To establish an ethnobotanical data on the various species of herbs and spices in selected areas of North Cotabato.

Study Design: The study was carried out using observational and descriptive survey type of research

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from January 2013 to January 2014.

Methodology: this study was conducted using structured interview and actual field survey visit. Samples collected were identified using field Guidelines by Remollo [1]. Selected samples of plants were propagated in a nursery and Conservation and distribution status were determined using the Redlist 2010.

Results: A total of forty-eight (48) species of herbs and spices belonging to thirty-eight (38) genera and twenty-seven (27) families were found in four study areas in North Cotabato. The species richness and abundance and the diversity index were generated on the study. Out of the 48 species, Euphorbia neriifolia Linn was categorized as critically endangered, Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal (Kalingag), Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Katmon) and Koordersiodendron pinnatum (Blanco) Merr. (Amugis) belong to the vulnerable category (VU), and four belong to near threatened category (NT) namely: Hoya multiflora (Blume) Desne, Pangium edule Reinw. Ex Blume, Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK. and Morinda umbellata Linn.

Various parts of the plants were used as herbs and spices. These were the fruits, seeds, young leaves or shoots, flowers, bark and saps, young stems, rhizomes, tubers that were prepared and cooked with different dishes.

Two plant species, Atuna racemosa Rafin.ssp. racemosa and Euphorbia neriifolia Linn were subjected to phytochemical screening and were positive for saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Both showed absence of anthraquinones.

Conclusion: A baseline survey of indigenous herbs and spices in the four study sites with emphasis on the characterization of species richness and abundance.
The Academic Performance of Female Students in Integrated Science in Junior High Schools: Evidence from Aowin Municipality, Western North Region of Ghana
Authors: Brew Evans Austin , Mensah Fiifi , Buabeng Isaac , Quainoo Jnr. Eric Atta , Azewara Moses Azerimi , Owusu Michael Afreh
Published: April 2022

The study investigated factors responsible for the low performance of female students in integrated science in some selected Junior High Schools (JHS) in the Aowin Municipal of Western North region of Ghana. The study employed descriptive research design to investigate the determinants of female students’ poor performance in the subject. The sample size for the study comprised 375 JHS female students selected from five educational circuits in the Aowin Municipal.  A four-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree) was developed and administered to the participants. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, specifically, mean and standard deviation. Findings revealed poor psychological state, teachers’ teaching practices/procedures and students’ socio-economic background as possible factors responsible for female students’ low academic performance in integrated science subject. It was recommended among others that the Municipal education office should organize workshops and seminars on the state-of-the-art procedure of teaching science subjects in the basic schools with particular emphasis on how to create a good learning atmosphere for the female students.
Saving and Spending Attitudes of College Students
Authors: Casilagan Jennifer , C. Aznar Emanuel
Published: April 2022

Aims: To determine the saving and spending attitudes of college students.

Study Design: Descriptive and semi-quantitative.

Place and Duration of Study: Malita, Davao Occidental, Philippines during the first semester of 2019-2020

Methodology: The respondents of the study were chosen using the Slovin formula. One hundred thirty-three college students were involved. Data were gathered through an adapted survey questionnaire.

Results: Generally, the mean age of the respondents was 20.54. Most of them were female. The respondents saved money regularly for emergency use. Their parents were their usual source of money and they kept their savings in the piggy bank. The money they obtained was commonly spent on school projects. Others did not have savings due to lack of money. Only few of the respondents deposited their savings in the banks. It was also found that age determined the saving attitude. Conversely, if considered individually, saving attitude had no significant difference with gender and marital status but when grouped together, saving attitude had significant difference with gender and marital status. It implicated that saving money should be introduced early among the children.
Metal Pollution, Ecological and Health Risks Status of the Open Waters from the Lagoon Area II of Ébrié System (Côte d'Ivoire)
Authors: Agolé Mahi Arthur MAHI , Marcel Konan YAO , Jean Stéphane CLAON , Albert TROKOUREY
Published: April 2022

The assessments of the seasonal metal pollution, as well as the subsequent likely ecological and health risks, of the open waters from the lagoon area II of Ébrié system were the subject of this study. For this purpose, the seasonal mean of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents of these waters determined over the period from June 2020 to May 2021 were used. The water quality guidelines SEQ-Eau (version 2) and NQE DCE-UE 2018/240 were used to assess the seasonal ecological quality of these waters. As for the seasonal biota health risks, they have been assessed with the water quality guidelines of NYSDEC, US-EPA and SAVEX. Those concerning to Human health risks, they were with WQSSW of Port Gamble S'Klallam tribe. The results showed an important ecological degradation of these waters in all seasons. This has been due to As, Cd, Hg, Ni, and Pb. The likely biota health risks are also significant in all seasons, due to As, Hg, Ni, and Pb. As for the likely Human health risks, they are also important in all seasons. They are due to As, Hg, and Ni over the study period.
Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic using Multivariate Data Analysis: A Case for Nigeria
Authors: Nkwoada Amarachi , Amakom Chijioke , Ndubuisi Ugochukwu , Okoro Mary
Published: April 2022

Background: The reduction of dataset dimensions for better presentation, visualization, postulation testing, and clarification has not been reported by researchers in Nigeria COVID-19 cases. To realize the impact and magnitude of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, univariate statistical analysis is monotonous in describing daily reported datasets. However, to truly understand the events and contrasting outcomes for different states in developing nations like Nigeria, multivariate analytical tools were applied to envisage and differentiate states more specifically and precisely. We made use of data analysis tools that can display the arrangement of data points in fewer proportions while keeping the dissimilarity of the original data to a feasible extent, and cluster states according to their results on the established proportions.

Methods: Pearson's correlation coefficient, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis analyzed the data from 36 states of Nigeria and the FCT-Abuja; with COVID-19 cases for 6 months, eligible states included in the analysis are those with total cases of 20 or more with no irregular data.

Results: After performing Pearson's correlation coefficient, it reveals that the month of July, August, and October correlated with the discharged cases and active cases among the states but increased in the last quarter of 2020. The principal component analysis identified that total death emerged as the principal component for Lagos state was from October through December while Delta, Edo, Rivers, and Kano state were behind. Hierarchical cluster analysis associated the EndSars protest to have equally contributed to the striking clusters in some other states like Rivers, Enugu and Delta.

Conclusions: In summary, accurate multivariate analyses have shown to be of great value and can simplify concepts, impacts, communicate research findings, and reinforce decision-taking and public-policy drivers.
Effect of Integrated Use of Nitrogen and Biofertilizer on Yield of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
Authors: Anushruti . , Singh Diwaker , Yadav Shatrunjay
Published: April 2022

An investigation was conducted at research farm, Department of Horticulture, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi (U.P.) during 2018-19 to assess the effect of integrated use of nitrogen and biofertilizer on growth of cabbage cv. Golden Acre. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments viz. T0- Control, T1 - Azotobacter, T2 – Azospirillum, T3 - 75 % RDN + No biofertilizer, T4 - 75% of RDN + Azotobacter, T5 - 75% of RDN + Azospirillum, T6 - 100% of RDN + No Biofertilizer, T7 - 100% of RDN + Azotobacter, T8 - 100% of RDN + Azospirillum, T9 - 125% of RDN + No Biofertilizer, T10 - 125% of RDN + Azotobacter, T11- 125% of RDN + Azospirillum were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The experimental findings revealed that number of days taken to 50% head maturity (65.21), number of days taken to 100% head maturity (73.23), diameter of stem (19.70 mm), head diameter (96.28 mm), gross weight per plant (1.71 kg), net weight of head per plant (1.48 kg), yield of head per plot (7.57 kg), yield of head per hectare (406.01 q/ha) were recorded under 75% of RDN + Azotobacter treated plot. Overall results indicated that conjoint use of inorganic N and biofertilizers (Azotobacter & Azospirillum) significantly increased the performance of cabbage as compared to chemical fertilizers alone. In this investigation, application of 75% of RDN + Azotobacter reduced the 25% chemical nitrogen.
Study of Socio-personal Characteristics of Backyard Poultry Farmers of Bihar
Authors: Bharti Rakhi , Kumar Pankaj , Mukerjee M. K. , Rajak S. K.
Published: April 2022

Backyard poultry has been recognized as an effective tool for poverty alleviation especially in the rural areas. Since time immemorial backyard poultry farming has played an important role to meet the domestic as well as socio-cultural needs of the rural people. The present study was conducted in three purposively selected districts. Two blocks were selected out of which 50 respondents were randomly selected. Total 300 respondents were selected for the research study. Various socio-personal (age, family type, educational qualification) were the important factors which have contributed to the rearing of the backyard poultry by the poultry farmers. It was found that majority (52.33%) of the respondents were from middle age group followed by (33.00) young age group. So far family type is concerned it was found that majority (61.67%) of the respondents were from joint family. Further about (37.33%) of the respondents were educated up to high school level followed by (21.67%) up to primary school level, (19.67%) up to middle school level. These study help us to explore the rearing and societal adoption pattern of the backyard poultry farming which will help us to find the area and how we could put more emphasis for the successful practicing of backyard poultry farming.
Assessment of Radionuclide Concentration Associated With Locally Produced Palm Kernel Oil in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ajibade Oluwadamilola Ayoola , Oluwasusi Taye Victoria , Adeleye Michael Oluwasanmi , Akinyose Fisayo Cornelius , Tchokossa Pascal
Published: April 2022

This study assesses the natural radioactivity as well as their derived health implication in locally produced palm kernel oil in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 16 samples were collected from eight major factories in four towns in the study area.  Thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI (Tl)) scintillation detector was used to determine the activity concentration of these radionuclides and the results obtained were used to calculate radiological impact parameters. The results show that the radionuclides detected and quantified in this study came from the naturally-occurring radionuclides 238U and 232Th decay series, as well as non-series 40K. The overall mean concentrations for 40K, 232Th and 238U in all the samples were 14.68 ± 1.55, 6.03 ± 1.74 and 5.55 ± 2.09 Bq L-1, respectively. The range of measured activities in the palm kernel oil varies within the same factory which may be due to the fact that the production processes and most especially the source of the palm kernel used by the factories and nature of the soil where the palm tree is planted varied. The estimations of all radiological impact parameters were found to be lower than their respective world average values. These low values imply that the probability of suffering serious radiation hazards is low in the areas.
Nutritional and Physiological Requirement of Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif Causing Purple Blotch of Onion
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Godara S. L. , Meena A. K. , Partap Mahendra
Published: April 2022

An experiment was carried out to study the nutritional requirement and response of different physiological parameters viz., temperature and pH on mycelial growth of different isolates of Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif causing purple blotch of onion. The five different pH levels, temperature, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were tested for their effect on mycelial growth and sporulation of A. porri. The results showed that the maximum mycelial growth and sporulation of A. porri was observed at pH 7.0 and minimum at pH 9.0. In temperature range the maximum mycelial growth and sporulation was recorded at 30 oC and minimum at 10 o. The mycelial growth of A. porri was different on Czapek’s dox agar basal medium with different carbon sources. Maximum radial growth was observed on maltose followed by sucrose and minimum on dextrose maltose. The mycelial growth of A. porri grown on varied Czapek’s dox agar basal medium with different nitrogen sources. Maximum mycelial growth and sporulation was observed on potassium nitrate followed by sodium nitrate and minimum on urea, respectively.
Evaluation of Some Haematological Parameters in the Management of HBV Infection Treatment Outcome in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Ifeoma Obu Sylvia , Ifechukwudelu Amilo Grace , Chiatogu Ibeh Nancy , Friday Ehiaghe Alfred , Chukwuanukwu Rebecca Chinyelu , Oscar Unimnebeshi Agiande , Omoyemen Nosahkare Osakue , Ogenyi Samuel , Imuetiyan Ehiaghe Joy , Raphael Erhunmunse Usiosefe
Published: April 2022

Aims: To evaluate Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection treatment outcome using the levels of white blood cells, haemoglobin, platelets counts and other red cell indices of HBV positive treatment naïve, on treatment at 3- and 6-months subjects attending gastro-enterology clinic in Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

Study Design: Cross-Sectional and longitudinal study.

Place and Duration of Study: Federal Medical Centre Asaba (FMC) and Iykenson Medical and Diagnostic Co. Ltd, Awka. Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, between August 2019 and September 2020.

Methodology: A total of one hundred and fifteen (115) adults aged 22 – 64 years participated in this study. The study sites for this work comprised of Federal Medical Centre Asaba (FMC) and Iykenson Medical and Diagnostic Co. Ltd, Awka. The cross-sectional study consists of fifty (50) confirmed hepatitis B negative subjects as negative controls whereas, the follow-up study consists sixty-five (65) treatment naïve HBV positive subjects which were followed-up at three and six months on treatment with tenovofir respectively. Four (4) of the participants (two in three months post treatment and two six months post treatment) dropped-out of the research due to time constraint. Blood samples were collected from the subjects in EDTA bottles and were used for the analysis of white blood cell (WBC count), haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet count (PLT). Statistical Package for social Science (SPSS) software version 26 was used in the analysis of data and P<.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: There were no significant difference (P>.05) in neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil and monocyte in the study population among the four groups whereas, the level of total white blood cell counts was significantly lower in the HBV naïve, one month post treatment and three-month post treatment when compared with the control group. The levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin and mean cell haemoglobin concentration were significantly lower in the HBV naïve, three months on treatment and six-months on treatment when compared with the control group (P<.05).

Conclusion: In conclusion, it is possible that HBV infection has effect on iron metabolism and production of haematological precursor cells which are reflected in low levels of haemoglobin, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC as such these parameters could be used as co – markers to viral load in monitoring the treatment outcome of HBV infection in Nigeria.
Lentil Breeding: Present State and Future Prospects
Authors: Kumar Anil , Yadav P. , Seema . , Kumar R. R. , Kushwaha A. , Rashid Md. H. , Tarannum N.
Published: April 2022

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is one of the vital grain legume crops that originated from L. culinaris Medik.ssp. orientalisin the Near East. It is an essential food source that is capable of contributing energy, proteins and iron to human diet. Major concern of lentil producing countries is to have a stable high seed yield in addition to resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. The activities of domestication and selection in the course of crop evolution have led to reduction in genetic variation in the current cultivars and species, which is a major drawback for lentil breeding. The improvement of many monogenic traits has been carried out by conventional breeding techniques like selection and recombination. However, these improvements still lack in addressing economic traits like yield as they are governed by polygenes and G x E interaction. Various species in the genus Lens can aid to enhancement of genetic variation for target lentil traits to develop new varieties. Induced mutagenesis is another vital breeding method which can ease the availability of lentil genomic resources. Commendable success stories in applications of molecular markers and biotechnological techniques will further speed-up the development of improved varieties. This review article majourly dealt on present status on genetic improvement in lentil and a compendium of important aspects of lentil diversity, genetics and breeding with the way forward.