bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manchuria
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This chapter depicts the historical landscape of Manchuria at the turn of the twentieth century and highlights the complicated relationship between people, land, religion, and state. Domestic mass migration to Manchuria reshaped the Qing’s frontier in this region and laid the foundation for the Church to grow, as most Catholic villages in Manchuria developed out of domestic immigrant settlements from Shandong and Hebei Provinces. Religion played a critical role in forming and organizing communities that lay outside the state’s effective reach until the early twentieth century. The development of Catholic communities in Manchuria amid the intense political transformation of the modern period tells a significant yet neglected story about religion and local society.
The Missionary
Authors: Li Ji
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes Caubrière’s early years before turning to his arrival in Manchuria and his acclimatization to Chinese village life. A provincial youth growing up in a close religious family in fin-de-siècle France, Caubrière was one of the millions of French men and women who enthusiastically joined the global missionary movement. His passion for evangelization in the Far East demonstrates not only a tradition among French Catholics but also a popular modern adventure in an age of imperial expansion. In his private writings, he acknowledges different values, lifestyles, and societal arrangements, challenging the dichotomies of civilized and ignorant, progress and backwardness. Caubrière’s thoughts and opinions provide a grassroots view on Manchuria’s integration into the global historical narrative, helping us all to understand the opportunities and risks to these individuals.
The Free Will Premise
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: February 2023

Obligation incompatibilism is the thesis that determinism and moral obligation are incompatible. Responsibility incompatibilism is the homologous thesis concerning determinism and responsibility. Central arguments for these two varieties of incompatibilism share the premise that determinism precludes freedom to do otherwise: if all of one’s actions are deterministically produced—if these actions are all outcomes of the past and the laws of nature—then one cannot do otherwise. The proposition that one cannot do otherwise is ambiguous between a strong and weak reading. On the strong or incompatibilist reading—roughly, given the same past and the laws, one could have done otherwise—it seems highly credible that determinism rules out alternatives. On the weak or compatibilist reading—roughly, given a subset of facts of the past and the laws, one could have done otherwise—it is problematic whether determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise. The chapter uncovers features of being weakly able to do otherwise that problematize the weak reading.
“Accompanying the Force” in Modern Armed Conflict
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot
Published: February 2023

Throughout history, non-military personnel have routinely accompanied fighting forces on the battlefield for purposes of providing their goods or services to the forces. Because of their proximity to the fight, it was inevitable that some of these civilians would be captured by the enemy. Given their importance to the armed forces, these civilians were given protected status upon capture. In other words, while these civilians were not considered combatants, they were given the status and protections of prisoners of war. These protections were authorized by the armed forces under the assumption that the services were provided “in the vicinity of armies.” With the evolution of modern technology and its impact on the conduct of warfare, many civilians who provide goods and services no longer need to be on the battlefield or “in the vicinity” of the armed forces they support. For example, logisticians, weapons maintainers, communications supporters, and cyber technicians can accomplish analogous tasks performed by civilians accompanying the armed forces, but can now do so from a distance. This chapter argues that while a “proximity” test continues to be applicable, there are cases where functionality, or a civilian’s importance to the armed forces, might also need to be considered. In other words, there are and will continue to be some civilians who “accompany” the armed forces based on their function only, rather than their proximity, and these civilians should also be afforded the treatment of civilians accompanying the armed forces upon capture.
Levée en Masse in Twenty-First-Century Armed Conflict
Authors: Williams Winston S. , Lawless Robert
Published: February 2023

Under the law of armed conflict, members of a levée en masse are entitled to prisoner of war status upon capture by the enemy. The notion of levée en masse reflects the historical practice of the spontaneous formation of civilian armed resistance to an enemy’s territorial invasion. This chapter examines how levée en masse may apply to future armed conflict in the cyber domain. After highlighting the anticipated role of cyber operations in future armed conflict, the chapter establishes the four elements of levée en masse and analyzes how each element may apply to acts of cyber resistance by civilians in future warfare. The chapter identifies several challenges to the continued suitability of levée en masse in future warfare and discusses potential solutions to these challenges. The chapter concludes with a call for States to address these challenges if they wish to preserve the international legal notion of levée en masse.
Prisoners of War in Space?
Authors: McLaughlin Rob
Published: February 2023

There is no state practice around the application of the international armed conflict prisoner of war (POW) regime in space. However, there is little reason to doubt that the applicable law—primarily from 1949 Geneva Convention III and 1977 Additional Protocol I—applies to the space domain. This chapter consequently deals with the following issues: whether a habitable space object, or an installation on a celestial body, could be a place of internment; the limitations of the space environment in terms of meeting necessary conditions of detention; and the challenges of applying the POW regime and certain specific space law regimes in relation to the situation of military astronauts and personnel of spacecraft.
Military Assimilation and the 1949 Third Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War
Authors: Watts Sean
Published: February 2023

The notion that prisoners of war are effectively integrated into the armed forces of their captor is a prominent mischaracterization of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949. Respected sources bill this military assimilation as a central or general principle of prisoner of war treatment and have leveraged that claim to support overreaching assertions of treatment obligations owed to prisoners of war. In fact, military assimilation features neither universally nor uniformly in the Convention. Instead, the Convention resorts to military assimilation only selectively and in many cases, for compelling reasons of humanity, abandons previous treaties’ provisions of the concept. A correct understanding of how military assimilation features in the Convention is not only important to rigorous and faithful application of the law of war. It is an essential bulwark against unfounded and unsanctioned restraints on States’ internment of enemy forces in armed conflict.
Education
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 begins by briefly reviewing the history of education as a form of social protection. This chapter then discusses broad trends in the globalization of higher education against which migration-driven education, education-driven migration, and brain circulation take shape. Migration-driven education includes education to meet the needs of migrants and their children. Education-driven migration refers to people who relocate in search of educational opportunities that are better than those in their countries of origin. Untangling the effects of a globalized education sector from changes produced by transnational migration is difficult because they are deeply entwined. While many examples in Chapter 2 focus on the higher education sector, the developments this chapter describes are also transforming primary and secondary education.
Labor
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra
Published: February 2023

Chapter 3 shifts the analytical focus to labor and asks how the individuals who facilitate social protection for others, whether as direct service providers, remittance senders, or both, seek or receive social protection in their role as workers. As such, instead of focusing on different types of workers, this chapter primarily focuses on how workplace rights are (or are not) available via the state, the market, or nongovernmental organizations. It does, however, give special consideration to domestic workers, who are perhaps the clearest example of how protections for some may mean precarity for others. Although the scope here is limited to policies governing workplace conditions, the cases are global, and as such, it uncovers and discusses numerous tensions: the ease with which global capital can cross borders as compared to global workers, the interaction between labor rights and immigration rights, and the limitations of private versus public enforcement of labor rights.
Aging and Elder Care
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra
Published: February 2023

Chapter 5 examines the ways older people’s rights to protections are transformed under the circumstances of transnational migration. This chapter highlights four groups at the intersection of aging, transnational migration, and social protection: (1) international retirement migrants, (2) parents whose children emigrate abroad, (3) older immigrants who return to their countries of origin, and (4) migrant elder care workers. Differences across these groups underscore the stratified nature of resource environments for the elderly and their families. While some seniors are able to create plentiful resource environments, the exchange of people, money, services, and information between societies also creates new dilemmas and controversies. As states redefine social and legal citizenship—and, by so doing, extend, block, regulate, and outsource social protections for noncitizens and residents—market actors emerge as important purveyors of services for those who can afford them. Market-based care, however, leaves behind those who lack resources and exacerbates already stark inequalities. Among the most vulnerable are elder care workers themselves.
Prospects for Jewish Studies in Poland: An Update for a New Decade
Authors: Wodziński Marcin
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the most recent developments in Jewish studies in Poland. It traces the motivations of undergraduate students who have chosen to major in Jewish studies over the past ten years. It demonstrates their motivations remain strongly correlated with wider public debates, though at the same time they have become increasingly pragmatic. Next, a bibliometric analysis reveals that research interests among Polish scholars, as reflected in two databases: academic articles and research grants, are dominated by ethnocentrism; a focus on a selected set of topics (mostly Holocaust and antisemitism); and an increasing interest in contemporary issues to the detriment of historical studies. The concluding section turns to the question of the possible research interests of the emerging generation of scholars, as reflected in doctoral dissertations on Jewish topics currently being written in Poland.
History, Biography, Social and Gender Studies
Authors: Lederhendler Eli
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines Jews at Work: Their Economic Progress in the American Labor Market, written by Barry R. Chiswick. It acknowledges how Jews are doing remarkably and economically well in the United State compared to other ethnic and religious groups. Chiswick dedicated a tremendous amount of effort to using theoretical and methodological tools to understand Jewish economic success. Indeed, Chiswick’s work covers earnings and occupational attainment, experiences of Soviet Jewish immigrants, the comparison between Jewish women and non-Jewish women, and the relationship between labor market outcomes and involvement in Jewish life. The chapter also addresses how Chiswick sheds light on the issue of the sustainability of Jewish success since Judaism is a time-intensive religion.
Pragmatism for Philosophy of Science
Authors: Andersen H. K. , Mitchell Sandra D.
Published: February 2023

This chapter introduces the volume, highlighting key themes and programmatic features of a pragmatist approach to topics in philosophy of science and metaphysics. Pragmatism is a potent tool at the interface between methodological and applied questions arising from scientific practice, and the underlying ontological or metaphysical commitments that are implied by or frame those questions. For topics at the intersection of philosophy of science and metaphysics, pragmatism is an effective way to take entrenched debates and re-frame them in ways that challenge old dichotomies and offer more fruitful paths forward. Pragmatist approaches here involve the inextricability of methodological or epistemological commitments with more fundamental or metaphysical questions. Many traditional dichotomies such as realism versus antirealism, truth versus idealization, unification versus disunity, are challenged, and alternatives developed from a more holist and pragmatist perspective.
Sketch of Some Themes for a Pragmatist Philosophy of Science
Authors: Woodward James
Published: February 2023

This chapter sketches one possible form that a pragmatist philosophy of science might take. It defends general philosophy of science, although not in the form it has traditionally taken, and along with this, a focus on methodology as a legitimate concern for philosophers of science. The chapter emphasizes the idea that good methodology depends on specific empirical assumptions about the subject matter to which the methodology is applied but the chapter also argues that common methodological problems arise across different areas of science—the investigation of these forms is an important part of the subject matter of general philosophy of science. Connections are made between some classical pragmatist themes (e.g., rejection of spectator theories of knowledge, skepticism about overly literal understandings of representation) and issues in contemporary philosophy of science. The author’s intention is to be provocative.
The Bearable Thinness of Being
Authors: Mitchell Sandra D.
Published: February 2023

Taking a pragmatist stance toward the practices and products of science shapes our answers to central philosophical questions. This chapter develops a pragmatist/interactionist defense of realism. It rejects the dichotomy on offer between structural (top-down) and causal (bottom-up) defenses of the reality of phenomena. Inspired by the work of J. J. Gibson, an ecological psychologist, the chapter describes how scientists’ conceptual and representational practices work in concert with their observational and experimental ones to stabilize acceptance of a claim of realism. What is real is what is jointly afforded by philosophical presumptions about causation, theoretical representations of the purported phenomena, and inferences from experimental data.
Pragmatism, Perennialism, and the Physics of Ignorance
Authors: Ruetsche Laura
Published: February 2023

Investigating the foundations of quantum field theories, I have suggested that theory specification has a pragmatic dimension: strategies for equipping physical theories with content, if sensibly pursued, eventuate in contents indexed not only (or not just) to the way the world is, but also to our aims in using our theories and the circumstances we use them in. Here I assess the “fundamentalist” response, that the apparent appeal of pragmatizing content rests on transient artifacts of the present incomplete state of physics. Fundamental physics, the response continues, can be properly understood if only it’s understood as representing the way the world is. Insofar as none of the physics we have now is genuinely fundamental, we can’t directly assess this fundamentalist response. Undertaking an indirect assessment, I develop two reasons to predict that future scientific theories, including theories of “fundamental physics,” will continue to be best understood as possessing pragmatized content.
Conceptual idealism: the basic idea
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter outlines the main ideas of the positive proposal defended in this book. It formulates a version of idealism, labelled conceptual idealism, with the notion of a harmony between our thought and reality, and it presents an argument that idealism so formulated is correct. This argument comes from the philosophy of language and proceeds via the defense of a certain view of what we do when we talk about facts, labeled internalism. It proceeds by considering an objection that no view merely about our language alone could establish that there is a harmony between two separate things: our language and reality. An outline is given how this objection is to be answered, which will be developed in later chapters.
Inescapable concepts
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on how it is possible to draw substantial metaphysical conclusions from simply investigating our own representations of reality. It shows how this can be done in general, but then raises an issue concerning the quality of such results tied to the quality of the representations from which they are drawn. However, one can show in special cases that these results are of the highest quality. And we can again do this simply from thinking about our representations alone. This is connected to showing that certain concepts are inescapable in the sense of it being irrational to replace them with an alternative. The significance of such inescapable concepts is discussed, as well as a series of candidates for being an inescapable concept, in particular that of a fact.
The immanent stance
Authors: Hofweber Thomas
Published: February 2023

If some concepts cannot rationally be replaced by our own lights, does this mean that they are perfect fit for the world, or that we are trapped into having to think that these concepts have to be used, even if they are a bad match for reality? This chapter argues that even though it is possible to be trapped by one’s inescapable concepts, we are not now trapped by our concepts. The significance of one’s own inescapable concepts can be appreciated by taking the immanent stance and by keeping in mind that in inquiry we aim to answer questions that we ourselves asked. This stance is contrasted with the transcendent stance, and the difference is made vivid by considering Eklund’s recent discussion of thin normative concepts. The immanent stance is closely tied to a general approach towards making progress in metaphysics, which is labelled immanent metaphysics.
‘À bas les Anglais!’
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: February 2023

This chapter addresses issues of integration and rejection. For migrants, although moving to the Continent sometimes involved travelling short distances, the environments they encountered could be very different from their places of origin in Britain. Overall, they were welcomed by local authorities, provided they did not become involved in local religious, political, or social disputes. We still know little about the interactions between British migrants and local populations. The social history of these encounters has traditionally pointed to a dichotomy between Anglophilia and Anglophobia. Migrants, however, are an ideal population for the study of ‘diplomacy from below’. This chapter addresses British labourers’ different interactions with the local populations, at work, in the localities where they lived, or in places through which they passed (harbours, etc.). There is some evidence of friendly relations between migrant workers and the local people, with whom they could work, share lodgings, worship, play, drink, and associate. While most sources document the absence of real antagonisms with local communities, several outbursts of xenophobia can be identified, such as the 1848 crisis in France, when the combination of the economic crisis and the fall of the July Monarchy led to several demonstrations against British workers. Some had been living in France for years but now, faced with unemployment and local animosity, had no choice but to leave. This chapter assesses this flashpoint of hostility, exploring what it can tell us about xenophobia, including its modern-day forms.
Global Financial Governance and Banking Regulation
Authors: Alexander Kern
Published: February 2023

This chapter sheds light on the decision-making processes in international financial standard setting bodies and it analyses critically whether or not the views and interests of other countries and stakeholder groups outside are adequately taken into account in the development of international banking supervisory standards. It discusses how post-crisis international financial regulatory reforms have increased the number of countries involved in international standard setting from the small number of advanced industrialized countries pre-crisis to a much broader grouping that includes large emerging market and developing countries and representatives from regional trading blocs. Although international financial standard setting bodies have made significant progress in broadening decision-making to include more representation from a wider number of countries, these bodies still do not meaningfully involve other countries (outside of the G20) in decision-making, nor do they take their views into account. Moreover, international financial bodies still neither consult nor involve stakeholder groups that represent broader societal interests.
China and Vietnam in Global Finance Governance
Authors: Zhang Weiwei
Published: February 2023

This chapter compares China’s and Vietnam’s participation in four key global financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). It traces their participation from the beginnings of their respective economic reform and presents an evolutionary picture of their participation over the years. It explores whether China’s and Vietnam’s level of participation in these institutions have changed over time, and if so, what the factors are that enabled such change. Finally, the chapter investigates whether each country’s influence in global finance governance has changed over time, and if so, whether this influence is related to their increased participation in these four institutions.
On Expanding the Theory of Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Brummer Christopher J
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides a discussion of the key points that emerged from the chapters on the reforms to improve stakeholder participation in global finance governance and offers a critical reflection about the questions that remain open and the avenues for further research. It is noteworthy that formerly marginalized or excluded countries might be able to wield a surprising amount of influence, though most administrative reforms implied that such stakeholder participation remains highly diluted. At the same time, the entire regulatory ecosystem has to be taken into account. Reforms concerning organizational membership or voting power should be viewed in conjunction with other changes—from the inclusion of heads of state to administrative and procedural innovations aimed at enhancing the influence of non-members.
Global Health Governance and Stakeholder Participation
Authors: Gartner David
Published: February 2023

This chapter analyses the rule of stakeholder participation in major global health institutions including the World Bank, the World Health Organization, GAVI, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. In recent decades, there has been a dramatic shift from models based on transparency and observer status for non-state actors to speaking rights, voting rights, and even potential veto rights for different stakeholders within global health institutions. The conceptualization of participation within global health institutions has also shifted from a focus on individual stakeholders often selected by the institution itself to broader constituencies of stakeholders who select their own representatives.
China and Vietnam in Global Health Governance
Authors: Cheng Cindy , Do Anh
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the consequences of institutional reforms in global health governance. Specifically, it investigates and compares changes in the voice and influence of Chinese and Vietnamese stakeholders—and assesses whether and to what extent those changes are attributable to recent institutional reforms adopted by GAVI, the Global Fund, ICH, IMDRF, GlobalG.A.P. and the Codex Alimentarius Commission, to increase the participation and influence of previously marginalized stakeholders. We argue that whether institutional change leads to greater Chinese or Vietnamese participation and influence is conditioned by three factors: issue salience, participant resources and institutional specificity. Although issue salience is high for both countries across these global health bodies, China’s engagement is more substantive than Vietnam’s, partly because of China’s greater economic and political resources. With regards to institutional specificity, Chinese and Vietnamese voice and influence have increased to a greater extent where country-specific domestic knowledge is necessary for achieving the global governance bodies’ goals, as is the case for GAVI and the Global Fund, than in global bodies that develop general standards or rules with broad international applicability, such as ICH, IMDRF, GlobalG.A.P. and Codex.
How Much do Health Actors from the Global South Influence Global Health Governance? A Response
Authors: Moon Suerie
Published: February 2023

Recent reforms across a broad range of global governance institutions to broaden and deepen meaningful participation by previously marginalized stakeholders have been significant, yet there is a long way to go. Middle-income country (MICs) governments and non-state actors can and do wield significant influence in global health governance processes, but sporadically rather than systematically. In global governance institutions with both health and economic objectives, public and private economic actors from developing countries exhibit much greater capacity to make use of existing and new channels for participation than health actors. Conversely, public interest non-state actors from the Global South seem largely absent. That said, while larger countries and commercial non-state actors have greater resources to wield influence, skilled leaders from smaller countries and NGOs have demonstrated that size does not always predict influence. Finally, protecting public health in developing countries in global governance processes remains a daunting challenge, despite participation reforms.
The World Health Organization’s Engagement with Non-State Actors
Authors: Gopakumar K M
Published: February 2023

Participation deficiency is considered one of the failures of the global governance project. However, the participation of non-state actors (NSA), especially corporations, brings benefits along with certain kinds of risk. The most important risk is the undermining of public interest in development sectors such as health through undue influence. In the context of WHO these engagements with NSAs—especially with the private sector—have resulted in undue influence, which often compromised the public health concerns. The World Health Assembly, the highest decision-making body of the WHO, in 2016 adopted Framework of Engagements with Non-State Actors (FENSA) to regulate the WHO’s engagements with NSA. This article examines the effectiveness of the FENSA provisions, as implemented, in checking the undue influence from the private sector. It argues that a poor implementation of FENSA bears the danger of legitimizing the undue influence of the private sector on the WHO.
Public Power and Private Stakeholders
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: February 2023

Twenty-first-century governance is increasingly characterized by multi-stakeholder governance. Although States remain the primary and most powerful actors in world politics, governments and international organizations are increasingly granting access and influence to private actors in a range of important global issues. Drawing from examples in global finance governance, global health governance, and other policy fields, this chapter seeks to examine and explain the evolution of this trend. Its core argument is that public power can be—and often is—strengthened by the inclusion of private power. The rise of private actors in global governance has not come at the expense of public actors, but instead often works to the political benefit of those public actors. This symbiotic relationship between public and private actors is insufficiently appreciated and helps to account for the striking rise of ‘multi-stakeholderism’ in global governance and the increase in stakeholder participation.
Tumor Necrosis Factor inhibitors
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

During the last 2 decades, increasingly more effective drugs have become available for treatment of patients who fail to adequately respond to NSAIDs. They are grouped under the term “biologics,” “biologicals,” or “biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs” (b-DMARDs). They include TNF inhibitors (TNFi), the subject of this chapter, and IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i), discussed in the next chapter, and many others that are used for other disease. They do not cure arthritis and will help only if you continue taking them at the recommended dose. They slow progression of AS/axSpA that becomes noticeable 2 to 4 years after initiation of treatment, especially if the treatment is initiated in the early stages of the disease. Biologics are costly because they are produced by using biotechnology that requires living microorganisms or animal or human cells, or that contains components of living organisms. TNF-inhibitors are generally well tolerated, but you need to discuss with your healthcare providers and pharmacist about the most common as well as potentially serious adverse effects.
Living with the disease and its socio-economic impact
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: February 2023

Most people with AS/axSpA and related SpA can cope well and continue to have a very productive and active lifestyle, especially with the advent of more effective drug therapies and earlier diagnoses of their diseases. They can mostly maintain their level of employment in manual and semi-skilled work force. Some patients, especially those with severe AS with complete spinal fusion and physically demanding jobs, may need to change their type of work, decrease their work hours, or experience temporary work disability and possible job loss. Occupational therapists can be very helpful in making the employer aware of the patient specific physical limitations and needs. They can also come up with necessary work adaptations agreeable with the employer. Looking physically different from the rest of the population can present psychological problems, but most people are able to come to terms with this with or without psychosocial counseling. Most of the socio-economic factors associated with higher cost to the patient and the society are related to uncontrolled disease activity and functional disability. Therefore, early appropriate treatment is crucial, and interventions that maintain or improve patients’ functional ability are likely to have the greatest potential to decrease the costs of AS/axSpA.
Intuition in Business
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

We’re all familiar with those perplexing situations where we ‘just know’ without knowing how or why we know. This is intuition. It might be the job candidate’s CV that checks all the boxes but somehow doesn’t stack up or the entrepreneur’s pitch that sounds too good to be true. Why do these types of decisions so often leave us in ‘two minds’? The simple answer is that we have, metaphorically speaking, two minds in one brain: an ‘analytical mind’ and an ‘intuitive mind’. They sometimes come to quite different conclusions about what we ought to do. But rather than thinking of them as competing with each other we could think of them as complementing each other. The main idea of this book is that our analytical mind evolved to ‘solve’ whilst our intuitive mind evolved to ‘sense’. Neither is infallible. Intuition works well when it’s used by the right person under the right circumstances; it works badly when it’s used to make judgements and take decisions to which it is ill-suited and wasn’t designed for in the first place. In this book Eugene Sadler-Smith reveals how our intuitions can be both flawed and marvellous at the same time, explains the science behind intuition, and shows how you can make intelligent use of your intuition to sense and solve your way through a world which is fast-moving, complex, and uncertain.
Making Sense of Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that intuition ‘senses’ whilst its counterpart, analysis, ‘solves’. The concepts of risk and uncertainty demonstrate the limits of rationality (that it is ‘bounded’) and illustrate how informed intuition expands experienced decision-makers’ capabilities, especially when rationality reaches its limits. Intuition is defined. The differences between intuition and instinct are explained. A caveat is offered for those who are tempted to trust their intuition unreservedly. As well as helping us to take decisive and incisive action, intuition helps us to make sense of situations that initially do not make sense. Opening evidence is offered for how and why managers use intuition to take decisions; the conditions under which it is likely to be successful are discussed, and this idea is developed throughout the book. The chapter concludes with a discussion of intuition in the age of artificial intelligence (AI) and speculates on the prospects for an ‘artificial intuition’ as a new, and perhaps ultimate, form of AI.
The ‘Two-Minds’ Model
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that cognition is accomplished in two ways: fast, automatic and unconscious (known as ‘Type 1 processing); slow, deliberate, and conscious (‘Type 2’). Human beings have, metaphorically speaking, ‘two minds in one brain’ (known as ‘dual-process theory’). Various nomenclatures are used, e.g., ‘System 1’ (the intuitive system) and ‘System 2’ (the analytical system), ‘old mind’ and ‘new mind’ (which reflects their evolutionary origins, etc.). Conflict and cooperation between the two systems is discussed and debated. One dual-process theory in particular, regarded by some as a landmark contribution, is singled out for attention: Seymour Epstein’s ‘Cognitive-Experiential Theory’ (CET). The applications of dual-processing in business are discussed. The chapter concludes with the debate about when should intuitive (System 1) processing be trusted. Guidelines for when to go with your gut are provided based on a distinction between ‘kind learning structures’/‘high-validity environments’, which build good intuitions, and ‘wicked learning structures’/‘low-validity environments’, which do not.
Core Processes of Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that there are multiple brain systems which are the neural bases for intuitive cognition. ‘Two minds in one brain’ can be thought of as a metaphor for two different types of thinking. There is no one part of the brain where System 1 (including intuition) is located exclusively, and the idea that intuition is in the right brain is considered a neuromyth. The limitations of the traditional methods used by business researchers are acknowledged and the methods of neuroscience are discussed as an alternative way to ‘capture’ the biological bases of intuition. Five of the ‘core processes’ of intuition that have been identified and studied using the methods of neuroscience are proposed. These core processes are: ‘perceptions of coherence’; ‘pattern recognition’; ‘somatic markers’; ‘interoception’; and the ‘mirror mechanism’. The neural correlates of these core processes are discussed. The relevance of these five core processes of intuition for problem-solving and decision-making is business is explored.
The Social Sense
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that many of our everyday social judgements are accomplished intuitively through the processes of mirroring, mentalizing, and thin slicing. The process of mentalizing combined with mirroring gives us the ability to anticipate and make sense of the thoughts that may be driving another person’s behaviour. Whilst mirroring is automatic, fast, and unconscious, mentalizing can be more deliberate. Both are required in order to arrive at complex social judgements. The process of ‘thin slicing’, discovered by Naline Ambady, is fast and automatic and occurs outside of conscious awareness; it is used to arrive at judgements about another person’s affective state, motivations, and intentions. Matthew Lieberman’s dual-system model (a ‘reflexive’ X-System and a ‘reflective’ C-System) of social cognition is discussed as an overall framework that captures both the social and the moral senses. The applications of mentalizing, social intuition, thin slicing, and the X- and C-Systems in business are explored.
Making an Impact through Intuition
Authors: Sadler-Smith Eugene
Published: February 2023

The main idea of this chapter is that the informed and intelligent use of intuition can create positive impact for individuals and organizations as well as wider society and the economy. In order for this to happen, intuition needs to be cultivated and nurtured, and this can be achieved by (in alphabetical order): ‘coaching’ (to build expertise), ‘debiasing’ (to overcome errors), ‘diagnosing’ (to find out what your preferred thinking style is), ‘incubating’ (to put the unconscious mind to work on a problem), ‘inferring’ (to come up with an inference-to-best-explanation), ‘integrating, imagining, and iterating’ (to build on the complementary strengths of intuition and analysis), ‘interocepting’ (to hone intuitive awareness), ‘interpreting’ (to make sense of intuitions), ‘learning’ (to understand when intuition works and when it does not), ‘practising’ (because quality, not just quantity, of practice makes perfect), and ‘seeking feedback’ (because taking intuitive decisions without feedback is one of the best ways to develop bad intuitions). ‘Intuitive intelligence’ is a vital component of management and leadership; the ability to recognize if, when, and how to ‘go with your gut’ is one of the keys to impactful performance in the volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous workplaces of the twenty-first century.
Vitality Forms
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides a detailed review of the forms, defined as vitality forms by Daniel Stern, that characterize the dynamics of an action or an emotional reaction. This concept has twofold relevance for the purposes of this book: firstly, no action or emotion expression exists without being qualified by a vitality form and the differences between the various vitality forms cannot be interpreted in terms of difference of content; secondly, the capacity of representing our own vitality forms and those of others plays a key role in the appearance and development of various forms of intersubjectivity. Although research in the field of vitality forms is still in the early stages, there is data to support the proposition that the mirror property for action-related vitality forms is present in certain brain structures, such as the dorso-central portion of the insula.
Introduction: “Fifteen Brahmins and Fifteen Thieves”
Authors: Senthil Babu D.
Published: February 2023

The Introduction sets out the historiographical context for the book and argues for a historical reconstruction of mathematical practices. The historical and material conditions of knowledge transmission compel us to do so. It makes a case for considering occupational activities in administration and in institutions of teaching and learning as sites for mathematical practice. It argues for an approach that will transcend the dichotomies of pure and applied or that of nation and region often implicit in historiographical approaches. It summarizes the approach through key arguments proposed in each chapter of the book.
Phenomenological Approaches in the History of Ethnomusicology
Authors: Berger Harris M. , VanderHamm David , Riedel Friedlind
Published: February 2023

Beginning in the late 1970s, ethnomusicologists began to engage with ideas from phenomenology (a movement within Continental European philosophy). This article discusses key concepts from phenomenology and explores how ethnomusicologists developed them to address fundamental issues in the study of music and culture—the problem of musical meaning and musical interpretation, the nature of the performance event, and questions of music and being. Tracing the intellectual history of phenomenological ethnomusicology, the article synthesizes findings from research on a broad range of musical traditions and offers new insights into a variety of topics of interest to contemporary music scholars, including embodiment, self-reflexivity, flow and musical involvement, trance, time and temporality, research methods, and the politics of music. The article closes by discussing the explosion of phenomenological work in ethnomusicology that has occurred in recent years and suggests new directions for research.
History of Higher Education in Asia-Pacific
Authors: Neubauer Deane
Published: February 2023

The history of higher education in Asia emanates from both Buddhist and Confucian traditions extending back for thousands of years, initially in China and India and extending to Japan in the fifth century. Significant expansion and transformation took place over the duration and extent of the region’s colonization by European powers from the sixteenth century onward. A third developmental stage dates from the post-World War II period as a regional system resulting in various platforms for differentiation based on combinations of national, regional, and global dynamics. More recently these have been characterized by maturing patterns of integration and exchange of students, faculty and research attenuated by the increasingly pervasive system of global higher education rankings. This continuously developing system is currently being considerably impacted by the ongoing dynamics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic with uncertain consequences.
The Ranking Game
Authors: Lo William Yat Wai , Allen Ryan M.
Published: February 2023

This chapter analyses the prevalence of global university rankings within the context of intensified global competition in higher education and the associated call for developing world-class universities in Asia. It argues that higher education internationalization within the Asian context has been considered a way to catch up and compete with the Western world. Such a desire to catch up with the West has been justified within the region-wide call for building world-class universities in some Asian societies, such as Mainland China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Malaysia where governments employ rankings as a policy instrument to measure and monitor the performance of their universities and to steer their higher education sectors towards a global standard. Based on this analysis, the chapter illustrates an antinomy of the power of global university rankings, which suggests that rankings provide universities with a clear pathway to academic and research excellence but narrow scholarly diversity.
Professional Education
Authors: Chan Sheng-Ju , Chou Hua-Chi
Published: February 2023

In light of the rapid growth of higher education in Asia in recent years, we have seen the expansion of academic disciplines, subjects, and professional training at the university level. These developments have furthered the progress of professional education. Originally, only a few jobs were regarded as professions, such as medicine and architecture. This scope has gradually expanded to include other knowledge domains, such as design, business, engineering, and education. Various models promote the notion of “professional education” in different countries. Within this wider context, this chapter aims to decipher the different models of professional education in the Asian region, using Japan, China, India, and Taiwan as case studies due to their unique modalities. The findings identify three models of professional education in Asia: government-led, professional council, and mixed-market. Emerging issues include the balance between quality and quantity, the integration of academic components and practical skills, internationalization, and a qualification framework.
Internationalization and Mobility
Authors: Collins Christopher S. , Jones Alexander H.
Published: February 2023

Globalization creates conditions for higher education institutions to collaborate, and in this chapter the authors examine the state of international collaboration. The means by which internationalization in Asia often occurs includes degree sharing, twinning agreements, franchised programs, validated programs, distance learning, and branch campuses. Beyond an encyclopedic overview of Asian higher education collaboration, the authors apply an anthropological method to ask, “Are these methods effective?” Utilizing a case study of the Tokyo Convention, which is an international effort to advance Asian higher education mobility, the authors implement Appadurai’s concepts of global scapes as one analytical tool to assess the effectiveness of mobility. Documenting the providers and methods of internationalization is vital to understanding the current era of Asian higher education, but a more acute issue is to clarify why mobility matters, what it is accomplishing, and whether or not it is worth the investment.
Private Philanthropy in Higher Education in Asia
Authors: Lam Swee-Sum
Published: February 2023

Private philanthropy in higher education is an emerging trend in Asia. This exploratory study evaluates the possible strategic role, outcome, and impact of philanthropic giving to higher education, quality of education, and financial sustainability in a small sample of Asia-Pacific countries. Through a series of regression analyses in the chapter, results indicate that contemporaneous giving to higher education in these Asia-Pacific countries does not explain quality of education. Notwithstanding, there is some evidence that philanthropy is building sustainability into education and research offerings in a couple of the top-ranked public universities. Endowment is a funding strategy that possibly impacts the ability of a university or a funded program to sustain itself financially into the future. Nonetheless, findings of this exploratory study do point to the influential role that socio-economic, cultural, and regulatory conditions play in affecting the academic reputation of a country’s higher education.