bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A coupled structural and flow approach for numerical simulation of the light resin transfer moulding process. I: Model outline
Authors: Hutchinson JR , Schubel PJ , Said R
Published: March 2014

The first part of this two-part study introduces an approach for a numerical model of the composite manufacturing method light resin transfer moulding. Discussion of process physics and relevant literature is used to develop a coupled finite element and infusion software simulation of both the structural and flow elements of the method, with the aim of producing an accurate and comprehensive model. This theoretical overview of the model acts as a precursor to the final part of the research where results are presented and verified and a wind energy case-study application will be demonstrated.
The Growth of Federal Criminal Justice Policy Making
Authors: Stolz Barbara Ann
Published: March 2014

To expand the federal criminal justice role, Congress has generally used one of three authorities: (a) the interstate commerce clause, (b) the power to tax, and (c) the “power of the purse” to provide grants-in-aid to states and localities. This article, however, focuses on the use of the federal responsibility to protect the constitutional and statutory rights of citizens to expand this role. Specifically, it analyzes the instrumental (tangible) and expressive (symbolic) functions of civil rights laws on the (a) trafficking of persons; (b) civil rights of persons institutionalized in state prisons, jails, and juvenile justice facilities and systems; and (c) conduct of state and local law enforcement agencies. This analysis will contribute to our understanding of how such laws have expanded the federal criminal justice role by establishing new federal crimes and violations and defining good policy and practice for state and local criminal justice systems.
The Politics of Research Production, Promotion, and Utilization in Educational Policy
Authors: Lubienski Christopher , Scott Janelle , DeBray Elizabeth
Published: March 2014

Researchers have noted with concern the often weak link between research evidence and policymaking, particularly in some areas such as education. In this introductory essay—dedicated to the late Carol Weiss—we consider this issue first by reflecting on how changing historical conditions can shape institutional demands on and for research production, promotion, and use. This leads to the questions: How can institutions use evidence on different policy options? How do policymakers and other information consumers sort through competing claims? Are new processes and institutions emerging to shape research use? In view of the current calls from public policymakers in the government and private policymakers in philanthropies for rigorous research on the effectiveness of policy interventions, we compare the relative role of research use in education policy to other issues, such as climate science, and highlight the growing role of intermediate actors as they shape research use. And we consider some common characteristics of these policy issues that may contribute to misuse or disuse, as well as to greater consideration of research. We offer an overview of the understanding of research use in education and point to the need to explore new theoretical frameworks and methodologies. The essay ends with an overview of the papers in the issue.
Consequential Validity of Accountability Policy
Authors: Brewer Curtis , Knoeppel Robert C. , Lindle Jane Clark
Published: March 2014

Educational accountability policy rests heavily on the assessments used to influence teaching, learning, and school improvement. A long-debated aspect of assessment use, consequential validity, plays an important role in public interpretation of assessment use whether for individual students or for state policy. The purpose of this survey study was to explore stakeholders’ perceptions of the variety of tests used in classrooms and schools, especially how testing is used to improve teaching and learning. Results indicated that the majority of stakeholders do not value state assessments and do not see the assessments as useful in the teaching and learning process. However, a proportion of minority respondents were optimistic that state assessments have potential for school improvement.
Schooling Mobile Phones
Authors: Philip Thomas M. , Garcia Antero
Published: March 2014

Mobile devices are increasingly upheld as powerful tools for learning and school reform. In this article, we prioritize youth voices to critically examine assumptions about student interest in mobile devices that often drive the incorporation of new technologies into schools. By demonstrating how the very meaning of mobile phones shift as they are institutionalized and by highlighting the divergences between adult and youth assumptions about these devices, we make a significant contribution to policy debates about the role of new digital technologies in the classroom. In addition, we explore challenges such as privacy, freedom, and resource-use that emerge when scaling-upthe use of mobile technologies in the classroom.
Experimental investigations and development of cutting force model for self-propelled rotary face milling cutter in machining of titanium alloy
Authors: Jegaraj J John Rozario , Raju CS , Ramesh Kumar K , Rao CSP
Published: March 2014

In self-propelled rotary tool machining, a circular cutting tool insert is used that continuously rotates about its axis during machining, as the tool is fed into the workpiece. The continuous rotation of the insert allows the insert to cool between engagements and improves tool life. In order to make use of this methodology for rough machining and bulk material removal in machining of aerospace materials, a self-propelled rotary face milling cutter is developed at Defence Research and Development Laboratory, Hyderabad. This cutter was developed to study the influence of inclination angle on the cutting forces generated during machining, and hence the cutter is provided with the provision to have the inclination angle of the insert for 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°. This article discusses the performance of the developed self-propelled rotary face milling cutter in face milling of titanium alloy at different inclination angles. The cutting forces developed in FX, FY and FZ directions are evaluated at different cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and inclination angles. The cutting forces obtained in self-propelled rotary face milling cutter is compared with that of conventional face milling cutter and the results are presented and discussed. Finally, regression models for prediction of cutting forces are developed.
Ethical problems related to intravenous fluids in nursing homes
Authors: Horntvedt May-Elin T , Romøren Maria , Solvoll Betty-Ann
Published: March 2014

Background:

Intravenous fluids and/or antibiotics are applied to only a limited extent in Norwegian nursing homes, and the patients are often sent to hospital in these situations. A transfer and a stay in hospital may be unnecessary strains for frail older patients. Given this background, a collaborative research project was initiated in a Norwegian county in 2009. A teaching programme was developed, which aimed to strengthen the awareness of ethics, assessments and practical procedures related to intravenous fluid and/or antibiotics among healthcare professionals.

Objectives:

This qualitative study aimed to increase our knowledge of the ethical problems experienced by nursing home nurses in situations related to the administration of intravenous fluids and/or antibiotics.

Research design:

An exploratory design was used, and five focus group interviews were conducted with 26 registered nurses. A hermeneutic analytic approach was applied.

Ethical considerations:

This study was reported to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services in May 2010. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics approved the collaborative research project.

Findings:

The analysis showed that the nurses experienced difficult decision-making situations, which were interpreted as external pressure and internal pressure. External pressure emerged in interactions with patients and relatives. Organizational factors were also interpreted as external pressure. Internal pressure was interpreted as the nurses’ experience of feeling inadequate in situations where it was difficult to protect the dignity of patients.

Discussion:

These findings correspond with international studies, which show that ethical problems often arise during decision-making situations.

Conclusion:

In agreement with the definition of an ethical problem, we found that the nurses experienced uncertainty and disagreements about how situations should be managed. External and internal pressures related to intravenous fluids and/or antibiotics in nursing homes have not been reported in previous studies. Thus, these findings merit further exploration.
Corporate Social Responsibility: A Way of Life at the Tata Group
Authors: Shah Shashank
Published: March 2014

Over the last 140 years, the Tata Group has been a pioneer not only in corporate India, but has been a leader of sorts in the social sphere also. It has contributed substantially to nation building. Among other initiatives for social development and welfare, it has established eminent institutions, such as, the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS). This article studies the structure of the Tata Group and its main Trusts which facilitate the unique philosophy of the Group that integrates social responsibility and corporate functioning. Over two-thirds of the Tata companies are held by the Trusts, and these Trusts are focussed on social welfare initiatives. This is a unique example in the corporate world deserving a detailed study. This article details some innovative initiatives undertaken by the Tata companies in their respective industries for the society and local community. The study is based on triangulation of data and follows the descriptive research design and the anecdotal style of narration. The data collection has been done by the author through personal interviews with top executives of the Group companies, responses to an Executive Perception Survey on the society and local community, and secondary data gathered through the information available in the public domain.
Existential and Ethical Values in an Information Era
Authors: Baeva Liudmila V.
Published: March 2014

The development of new e-culture becomes one of the most important phenomena of the digital age. The concept ‘e-culture’ has been still developing; though it is evident, that as a phenomenon, it cannot be compared with anything that has ever existed. It requires the necessity of its deep study in general and in terms of axiological and ethical aspects, reflecting the nature of its influence on human world view and behaviour. The author offers the concept of e-culture as a new type of creative activity, the ‘third nature’, progressively replacing ‘living culture’ and natural environment for human beings. Digital culture gives human beings new ways to solve existential problems (death and desolation; not liberty and ethical choice), forming in this regard new dependences and risks for biosocioelectronical subjects developing within its conditions. First of all, internet-dependence refers to such risks. It enhances ‘existential vacuum’, axiological disorientation in the real sphere; deformation of interpersonal communication essence with the virtualization of its sensual and emotional aspects; appearance of new freedom forms of personality ethical choice, generated by virtual interaction. An existential approach to the understanding of e-culture allows us to determine the relation between deep ontological personality problems and new technology achievements of the digital age.
Proposed Framework for Government of India to Effectively Monitor Mandatory CSR Initiatives of Public Sector Enterprises in India
Authors: Atale Nikhil , Helge E.J.
Published: March 2014

India had a rich history of ‘philanthropy’, but over time along with the changes in the macro-economic environment, the concept of social development gradually changed. In the years following economic liberalization, India witnessed rapid economic growth and thus, a new era of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India began. Today, CSR has become embedded into corporate activities in the form of synchronizing their business activities with society and environment, thus ensuring good governance practices and corporate ethics. The skewness of private sector CSR activities is a thought-provoking idea which seeks more government role in CSR activities. In 2010, Department of Public Enterprise (DPE), Government of India introduced ‘mandatory’ CSR policies for 249 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs). The transition from voluntary to mandatory CSR activities is proving difficult for many. As a result, an effective framework is required to ensure the success of ‘mandatory’ CSR initiatives. Hence, a framework is proposed to the DPE for effective management of CSR activities in 249 CPSEs. This article also debates whether CPSEs should be doing mandatory CSR.
Public Administration Ethics: James Svara’s Model
Authors: Urbano Ryan C.
Published: March 2014

Ethical issues arising from public administration are quite complex and difficult. Using a monistic normative ethical approach to these issues may not be very helpful. Thus James Svara’s three-pronged approach to public administration ethics is proposed in order to show its plausibility. The case of Dr Stockman in Henrik Ibsen’s play An Enemy of the People is examined as a way of demonstrating the significance of Svara’s model.
Book Review: Subhash Sharma, Wisdom & Consciousness from the East: Life, Living & Leadership
Authors: Bhattacharya Sonali , Bhattacharya Shubhasheesh
Published: March 2014

Subhash Sharma, Wisdom & Consciousness from the East: Life, Living & Leadership, 2013, Bangalore: IBA Publications, pp. 212, ₹ 320, ISBN 978-81-920996-3-7.
What Works in Developing Nations to Get Children Into School or Keep Them There?
Authors: Petrosino Anthony , Morgan Claire , Fronius Trevor , Tanner-Smith Emily E. , Boruch Robert F.
Published: March 2014

Due to evidence linking education and development, funding has been invested in interventions relevant to getting youth into school and keeping them there. This article reports on a systematic review of impact studies of these school enrollment interventions. Reports were identified through electronic searches of bibliographic databases and other methods. To be eligible, studies (1) assessed impact on primary or secondary school enrollment outcomes; (2) used a rigorous design; (3) were conducted in a low- or middle-income nation; (4) included at least one quantifiable measure of enrollment or related outcomes; (5) were available before December 2009; and (6) included data on participants post-1990. A coding instrument extracted data on study characteristics from each report. Standardized mean difference effect sizes were computed for the first effect reported. The sample includes 73 evaluations. The average effect size was positive across all outcomes. However, the results varied. Studies that focused on building new schools and other infrastructure interventions reported the largest average effects.
The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare
Authors: Barth Richard P. , Gilmore Grover C. , Flynn Marilyn S. , Fraser Mark W. , Brekke John S.
Published: March 2014

Conceptualized by social work deans and actualized with the support of major social work organizations, the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare was established in 2009. This article describes the historical context and creation of the Academy, whose objectives include recognizing outstanding social work scholars and practitioners; informing social policy by serving as a signal scientific source of information for the social work profession and agencies seeking information; promoting the examination of social policy and the application of research to the design and development of more effective public policies, social welfare programs, and social work practice; and celebrating excellence in research, education, and practice. The Academy’s 72 members have been selected using the methods of the National Academy of Science. The Academy’s first substantive effort is the Grand Challenges of Social Work Initiative, designed to help transform social work science, education, and practice around visionary and achievable challenges.
Student Assistance Program Outcomes for Students at Risk for Suicide
Authors: Biddle Virginia Sue , Kern John , Brent David A. , Thurkettle Mary Ann , Puskar Kathryn R. , Sekula L. Kathleen
Published: March 2014

Pennsylvania’s response to adolescent suicide is its Student Assistance Program (SAP). SAP has been funded for 27 years although no statewide outcome studies using case-level data have been conducted. This study used logistic regression to examine drug-/alcohol-related behaviors and suspensions of suicidal students who participated in SAP. Of the 46 services, 10 best predicted ( p < .01) that these undesirable outcomes would cease. Although no study subjects died by suicide, 42 of 374,626 referred students did die by suicide. Suicidal students who did not participate had double the rate of suicide of suicidal participants of SAP. Students referred for other reasons also killed themselves. Further work must be done to assess all referred students for suicide risk, examine educational outcomes, monitor substance-related crimes and overdoses, and examine school-related factors postmortem. Evidence from this study can be used by researchers to plan future studies and by Pennsylvania’s school nurses when planning services.
Stability of an extemporaneously prepared bleomycin–lidocaine–epinephrine intradermal admixture used in dermatology
Authors: Kateb Nabil El , Chaussard Michael , Bellenger Patrice , Petit Antoine , Faure Pierre
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Bleomycin (0.75 g/L)–lidocaine (3.5 g/L)–epinephrine (3.5 mg/L) admixture (BLE) is indicated for keloids treatment. Effect of short-term storage, influence of BLE components and temperature on efficacy and chemical compatibility of bleomycin were studied.

Methods

The stability study of BLE was conducted in polypropylene infusion bags at 4℃ and 22℃ over a period of 7 days versus bleomycin diluted alone in normal saline and stored in the same conditions. Active Bleomycin fractions, bleomycin A2 (BA2) and bleomycin B2 (BB2) and inactive demethylbleomycin A2 (DBA2) were analyzed by a validated stability-indicating HPLC method.

Results and discussion

BA2 and BB2 remained stable for up to 7 days, in both types of bleomycin preparations, whatever the temperature (<10% loss of the initial peak response). In BLE, DBA2 fraction (2.2% at T0) decreased with time. Less degradation was noted with refrigeration (remained % at day 7: 0.86 ± 0.06% at 4℃ versus 0.43 ± 0.02% at 22℃; p = 0.0004). A degradation product (DP) was observed. More significant percentage (of the total of bleomycin fractions) was reached at room temperature (at day 7, 0.97 ± 0.03% at 4℃ versus 1.41 ± 0.06% at 22℃, p = 0.0004). DP attained an identification threshold of 0.5% between the third and fourth days at 4℃ and between the first and the second days at 22℃.

Conclusion

A maximum of three days storage at 4℃ and only one day at 22℃ was approved for BLE.
Doing the Right Thing or Doing the Thing Right
Authors: Thorpe Andrea Stevenson
Published: March 2014

This article discusses implications of participant withdrawal for inductive research. I describe and analyze how a third of my participants withdrew from a grounded theory study. I position my example, ensuing issues, and potential solutions as reflective of inductive methodologies as a whole. The crux of the problem is the disruption inflicted by withdrawal on inductive processes of generating knowledge. I examine the subsequent methodological and ethical issues in trying to determine the best course of action following withdrawal. I suggest three potential options for researchers: Continuing the study with partial data, continuing the study with all data, and discontinuing the study. Motivated by my experience, and wider theoretical considerations, I present several suggestions and questions, with the aim of supporting researchers in determining the best course of action for their individual field circumstances.
The power of human rights tribunals: Compliance with the European Court of Human Rights and domestic policy change
Authors: Hillebrecht Courtney
Published: March 2014

When international human rights tribunals like the European Court of Human Rights find states responsible for human rights abuses, they ask governments to pay reparation to the victims, engage in symbolic measures, and enact the policy changes necessary to ensure that the violations do not recur. This article considers the conditions under which states comply with these rulings, especially when the tribunals are unable and often unwilling to provide strict enforcement. This article extends current theories about the domestic politics of compliance with international human rights law to the case of the European Court of Human Rights. This article analyzes a new, hand-coded data set on states’ compliance with over 1000 discrete obligations handed down by the European Court of Human Rights that ask states to change their human rights policies. The results of these analyses suggest that robust domestic institutions, particularly executive constraints, are the key to compliance with the European Court of Human Rights. When domestic institutions enforce the Court’s rulings, the results can be significant changes in states’ human rights policies and practices.
A pilot study of a mobile-phone-based home monitoring system to assist in remote interventions in cases of acute exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Ding Hang , Karunanithi Mohan , Kanagasingam Yogi , Vignarajan Janardhan , Moodley Yuben
Published: March 2014

We conducted a six-month feasibility study of a mobile-phone-based home monitoring system, called M-COPD. Patients with a history of moderate Acute Exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) were given a mobile phone to record major symptoms (dyspnoea, sputum colour and volume), minor symptoms (cough and wheezing) and vital signs. A care team remotely monitored the recorded data and provided clinical interventions. Eight patients (mean age 65 years) completed the trial. Ten acute exacerbations occurred during the trial and were successfully treated at home. Prior to the AECOPD episode, the combined score of the major symptoms increased significantly ( P < 0.05). Following the intervention, it decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) within two weeks and returned to the baseline. The score of the minor symptoms also increased significantly ( P < 0.05), but the decrease following the intervention was not significant. There were significantly fewer hospital admissions during the trial, fewer ED presentations and fewer GP visits than in a six-month matched period in the preceding year. The results demonstrate the potential of home monitoring for analysing respiratory symptoms for early intervention of AECOPD.
A pilot study of telepractice delivery for teaching listening and spoken language to children with hearing loss
Authors: Constantinescu Gabriella , Waite Monique , Dornan Dimity , Rushbrooke Emma , Brown Jackie , McGovern Jane , Ryan Michelle , Hill Anne
Published: March 2014

Telemedicine (“telepractice”) allows improved access to specialised early intervention services such as Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT) for children with hearing loss. We investigated the effectiveness of a tele-AVT programme (eAVT) in the spoken language development of a group of young children with hearing loss. In a retrospective study we compared the language outcomes of children with bilateral hearing loss receiving eAVT with a control group who received therapy In Person. Seven children in each group (mean age 2.4 years) were matched on pre-amplification hearing level for the better hearing ear, age at optimal amplification and enrolment in the AVT programme. The eAVT sessions were conducted via Skype. Results on the Preschool Language Scale-4 were compared at 2 years post optimal amplification. There were no significant differences in language scores between the two groups. Language scores for the children in the eAVT group were within the normal range for children with normal hearing. The results suggest that early intervention AVT via telepractice may be as effective as delivery In Person for children with hearing loss.
Cineradiographic Examination of Articulatory Movement of Pseudo-Tongue, Hyoid, and Mandible in Congenital Aglossia
Authors: McMicken Betty , Vento-Wilson Margaret , Von Berg Shelley , Rogers Kelly
Published: March 2014

This research examined cineradiographic films (CRF) of articulatory movements in a person with congenital aglossia (PWCA) during speech production of four phrases. Pearson correlations and a multiple regression model investigated co-variation of independent variables, positions of mandible and hyoid; and pseudo-tongue-dependent variables, positions of mylohyoid and tongue base. Results suggest that backing/fronting of the mandible assisted the mylohyoid/tongue base in making mid-antero-posterior constrictions. Co-linearity findings suggest the best predictor of tongue base movement was mandible for back sounds. Hyoid movement was highly correlated with mandibular movement horizontally, but hyoid acted independently vertically and possibly with greater phonemic specialty in the PWCA. Findings suggest hyoid was a strong determinant of vertically dependent variable movement in all phrases. The extent of hyoid activity was a unique finding and one that may begin to explain relative intelligibility in this PWCA. Observed changes in vocal tract length may have influenced F2 transitional/vowel midpoint values.
Changing Demographics and the Shifting Nature of Careers
Authors: Lyons Sean T. , Ng Eddy S. , Schweitzer Linda
Published: March 2014

Research on human resource development is needed to empirically document the changing nature of careers among successive generational cohorts of workers. This article offers a conceptual framework for examining shifting careers, which accounts for important demographic shifts occurring in the labor force. Our research framework provides a comprehensive set of career-related variables (including career expectations, experience, and outcomes) for investigation. We illustrate the need to consider confounding influences of other demographic shifts in the study of changing careers, using the Canadian context as an illustrative example. We further argue that generational differences may be confounded with gender, immigration, and socioeconomic effects, and therefore, all three effects need to be considered simultaneously with generation. We identify some of the challenges faced by organizations in adjusting to these shifts and conclude with directions for future research.
Plasticity and Response to Action Observation
Authors: Brunner Iris C. , Skouen Jan Sture , Ersland Lars , Grüner Renate
Published: March 2014

Background. Action observation has been suggested as a possible gateway to retraining arm motor function post stroke. However, it is unclear if the neuronal response to action observation is affected by stroke and if it changes during the course of recovery. Objective. To examine longitudinal changes in neuronal activity in a group of patients with subacute stroke when observing and executing a bimanual movement task. Methods. Eighteen patients were examined twice using 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging; 1 to 2 weeks and 3 months post stroke symptom onset. Eighteen control participants were examined once. Image time series were analyzed (SPM8) and correlated with clinical motor function scores. Results. During action observation and execution, an overlap of neuronal activation was observed in the superior and inferior parietal lobe, precentral gyrus, insula, and inferior temporal gyrus in both control participants and patients ( P < .05; false discovery rate corrected). The neuronal response in the observation task increased from 1 to 2 weeks to 3 months after stroke. Most activated clusters were observed in the inferior temporal gyrus, the thalamus and movement-related areas, such as the premotor, supplementary and motor cortex (BA4, BA6). Increased activation of cerebellum and premotor area correlated with improved arm motor function. Most patients had regained full movement ability. Conclusions. Plastic changes in neurons responding to action observation and action execution occurred in accordance with clinical recovery. The involvement of motor areas when observing actions early and later after stroke may constitute a possible access to the motor system.
Corticospinal Excitability as a Predictor of Functional Gains at the Affected Upper Limb Following Robotic Training in Chronic Stroke Survivors
Authors: Milot Marie-Hélène , Spencer Steven J. , Chan Vicky , Allington James P. , Klein Julius , Chou Cathy , Pearson-Fuhrhop Kristin , Bobrow James E. , Reinkensmeyer David J. , Cramer Steven C.
Published: March 2014

Background. Robotic training can help improve function of a paretic limb following a stroke, but individuals respond differently to the training. A predictor of functional gains might improve the ability to select those individuals more likely to benefit from robot-based therapy. Studies evaluating predictors of functional improvement after a robotic training are scarce. One study has found that white matter tract integrity predicts functional gains following a robotic training of the hand and wrist. Objective. To determine the predictive ability of behavioral and brain measures in order to improve selection of individuals for robotic training. Methods: Twenty subjects with chronic stroke participated in an 8-week course of robotic exoskeletal training for the arm. Before training, a clinical evaluation, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were each measured as predictors. Final functional gain was defined as change in the Box and Block Test (BBT). Measures significant in bivariate analysis were fed into a multivariate linear regression model. Results. Training was associated with an average gain of 6 ± 5 blocks on the BBT ( P < .0001). Bivariate analysis revealed that lower baseline motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude on TMS, and lower laterality M1 index on fMRI each significantly correlated with greater BBT change. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, baseline MEP magnitude was the only measure that remained significant. Conclusion. Subjects with lower baseline MEP magnitude benefited the most from robotic training of the affected arm. These subjects might have reserve remaining for the training to boost corticospinal excitability, translating into functional gains.
Common Prefrontal Regions Activate During Self-Control of Craving, Emotion, and Motor Impulses in Smokers
Authors: Tabibnia Golnaz , Creswell J. David , Kraynak Thomas E. , Westbrook Cecilia , Julson Erica , Tindle Hilary A.
Published: March 2014

It has been posited that self-regulation of behaviors, emotions, and temptations may rely on a common resource. Recent reviews have suggested that this common resource may include the inferior frontal cortex. However, to our knowledge, no single functional neuroimaging study has investigated this hypothesis. We obtained functional MRI scans of 25 abstinent, treatment-seeking cigarette smokers as they completed motor, affective, and craving self-control tasks before smoking-cessation treatment. We identified two regions in the left inferior frontal cortex and a region in the presupplementary motor area that were commonly activated in all three tasks. Furthermore, psychophysiological-interaction analyses suggested that the inferior frontal cortex may involve dissociable pathways in each self-control domain. Specifically, the inferior frontal cortex showed negative functional connectivity with large portions of the thalamus and precentral gyrus during motor stopping, with the insula and other portions of the thalamus during craving regulation, and, potentially, with a small limbic region during emotion regulation. We discuss implications for understanding self-control mechanisms.
What Makes Me Screen for HIV? Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Conducting Recommended Routine HIV Testing among Primary Care Physicians in the Southeastern United States
Authors: White Becky L. , Walsh Joan , Rayasam Swati , Pathman Donald E. , Adimora Adaora A. , Golin Carol E.
Published: March 2014

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recommended routinely testing patients (aged 13-64) for HIV since 2006. However, many physicians do not routinely test. From January 2011 to March 2012, we conducted 18 in-depth individual interviews and explored primary care physicians' perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implementing routine HIV testing in North Carolina. Physicians' comments were categorized thematically and fell into 5 groups: policy, community, practice, physician, and patient. Lack of universal reimbursement was identified as the major policy barrier. Participants believed endorsement from the United States Preventive Services Tasks Force would facilitate adoption of routine HIV testing policies. Physicians reported HIV/AIDS stigma, socially conservative communities, lack of confidentiality, and rural geography as community barriers. Physicians believed public HIV testing campaigns would legitimize testing and decrease stigma in communities. Physicians cited time constraints and competing clinical priorities as physician barriers that could be overcome by delegating testing to nursing staff. HIV test refusal, low HIV risk perception, and stigma emerged as patient barriers. Physicians recommended adoption of routine HIV testing for all patients to facilitate and destigmatize testing. Physicians continue to experience a variety of barriers when implementing routine HIV testing in primary care settings. Our findings support multilevel approaches to enhance physician routine HIV testing in primary care settings.
Intravenous injection of a foamy virus vector to correct canine SCID-X1
Authors: Burtner Christopher R. , Beard Brian C. , Kennedy Douglas R. , Wohlfahrt Martin E. , Adair Jennifer E. , Trobridge Grant D. , Scharenberg Andrew M. , Torgerson Troy R. , Rawlings David J. , Felsburg Peter J. , Kiem Hans-Peter
Published: March 2014

Current approaches to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy involve the collection and ex vivo manipulation of HSCs, a process associated with loss of stem cell multipotency and engraftment potential. An alternative approach for correcting blood-related diseases is the direct intravenous administration of viral vectors, so-called in vivo gene therapy. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of in vivo gene therapy using a foamy virus vector for the correction of canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). In newborn SCID-X1 dogs, injection of a foamy virus vector expressing the human IL2RG gene resulted in an expansion of lymphocytes expressing the common γ chain and the development of CD3+ T lymphocytes. CD3+ cells expressed CD4 and CD8 coreceptors, underwent antigen receptor gene rearrangement, and demonstrated functional maturity in response to T-cell mitogens. Retroviral integration site analysis in 4 animals revealed a polyclonal pattern of integration in all dogs with evidence for dominant clones. These results demonstrate that a foamy virus vector can be administered with therapeutic benefit in the SCID-X1 dog, a clinically relevant preclinical model for in vivo gene therapy.
Concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface coastal sediments of the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Wang Zucheng , Liu Zhanfei , Xu Kehui , Mayer Lawrence M , Zhang Zulin , Kolker Alexander S , Wu Wei
Published: March 2014

Background

Coastal sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico have a high potential of being contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), due to extensive petroleum exploration and transportation activities. In this study we evaluated the spatial distribution and contamination sources of PAHs, as well as the bioavailable fraction in the bulk PAH pool, in surface marsh and shelf sediments (top 5 cm) of the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Results

PAH concentrations in this region ranged from 100 to 856 ng g−1, with the highest concentrations in Mississippi River mouth sediments followed by marsh sediments and then the lowest concentrations in shelf sediments. The PAH concentrations correlated positively with atomic C/N ratios of sedimentary organic matter (OM), suggesting that terrestrial OM preferentially sorbs PAHs relative to marine OM. PAHs with 2 rings were more abundant than those with 5–6 rings in continental shelf sediments, while the opposite was found in marsh sediments. This distribution pattern suggests different contamination sources between shelf and marsh sediments. Based on diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers and principal component analysis, shelf sediment PAHs were petrogenic and those from marsh sediments were pyrogenic. The proportions of bioavailable PAHs in total PAHs were low, ranging from 0.02% to 0.06%, with higher fractions found in marsh than shelf sediments.

Conclusion

PAH distribution and composition differences between marsh and shelf sediments were influenced by grain size, contamination sources, and the types of organic matter associated with PAHs. Concentrations of PAHs in the study area were below effects low-range, suggesting a low risk to organisms and limited transfer of PAHs into food web. From the source analysis, PAHs in shelf sediments mainly originated from direct petroleum contamination, while those in marsh sediments were from combustion of fossil fuels.
ShatterProof: operational detection and quantification of chromothripsis
Authors: Govind Shaylan K , Zia Amin , Hennings-Yeomans Pablo H , Watson John D , Fraser Michael , Anghel Catalina , Wyatt Alexander W , van der Kwast Theodorus , Collins Colin C , McPherson John D , Bristow Robert G , Boutros Paul C
Published: March 2014

Background

Chromothripsis, a newly discovered type of complex genomic rearrangement, has been implicated in the evolution of several types of cancers. To date, it has been described in bone cancer, SHH-medulloblastoma and acute myeloid leukemia, amongst others, however there are still no formal or automated methods for detecting or annotating it in high throughput sequencing data. As such, findings of chromothripsis are difficult to compare and many cases likely escape detection altogether.

Results

We introduce ShatterProof, a software tool for detecting and quantifying chromothriptic events. ShatterProof takes structural variation calls (translocations, copy-number variations, short insertions and loss of heterozygosity) produced by any algorithm and using an operational definition of chromothripsis performs robust statistical tests to accurately predict the presence and location of chromothriptic events. Validation of our tool was conducted using clinical data sets including matched normal, prostate cancer samples in addition to the colorectal cancer and SCLC data sets used in the original description of chromothripsis.

Conclusions

ShatterProof is computationally efficient, having low memory requirements and near linear computation time. This allows it to become a standard component of sequencing analysis pipelines, enabling researchers to routinely and accurately assess samples for chromothripsis. Source code and documentation can be found at http://search.cpan.org/~sgovind/Shatterproof.
Improved linkage analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci using bulk segregants unveils a novel determinant of high ethanol tolerance in yeast
Authors: Duitama Jorge , Sánchez-Rodríguez Aminael , Goovaerts Annelies , Pulido-Tamayo Sergio , Hubmann Georg , Foulquié-Moreno María R , Thevelein Johan M , Verstrepen Kevin J , Marchal Kathleen
Published: March 2014

Background

Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) coupled to high throughput sequencing is a powerful method to map genomic regions related with phenotypes of interest. It relies on crossing two parents, one inferior and one superior for a trait of interest. Segregants displaying the trait of the superior parent are pooled, the DNA extracted and sequenced. Genomic regions linked to the trait of interest are identified by searching the pool for overrepresented alleles that normally originate from the superior parent. BSA data analysis is non-trivial due to sequencing, alignment and screening errors.

Results

To increase the power of the BSA technology and obtain a better distinction between spuriously and truly linked regions, we developed EXPLoRA (EXtraction of over-rePresented aLleles in BSA), an algorithm for BSA data analysis that explicitly models the dependency between neighboring marker sites by exploiting the properties of linkage disequilibrium through a Hidden Markov Model (HMM).

Reanalyzing a BSA dataset for high ethanol tolerance in yeast allowed reliably identifying QTLs linked to this phenotype that could not be identified with statistical significance in the original study. Experimental validation of one of the least pronounced linked regions, by identifying its causative gene VPS70, confirmed the potential of our method.

Conclusions

EXPLoRA has a performance at least as good as the state-of-the-art and it is robust even at low signal to noise ratio’s i.e. when the true linkage signal is diluted by sampling, screening errors or when few segregants are available.
Computational reverse chemical ecology: Virtual screening and predicting behaviorally active semiochemicals for Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: P D Kamala Jayanthi , Kempraj Vivek , Aurade Ravindra M , Kumar Roy Tapas , K S Shivashankara , Verghese Abraham
Published: March 2014

Background

Semiochemical is a generic term used for a chemical substance that influences the behaviour of an organism. It is a common term used in the field of chemical ecology to encompass pheromones, allomones, kairomones, attractants and repellents. Insects have mastered the art of using semiochemicals as communication signals and rely on them to find mates, host or habitat. This dependency of insects on semiochemicals has allowed chemical ecologists to develop environment friendly pest management strategies. However, discovering semiochemicals is a laborious process that involves a plethora of behavioural and analytical techniques, making it expansively time consuming. Recently, reverse chemical ecology approach using odorant binding proteins (OBPs) as target for elucidating behaviourally active compounds is gaining eminence. In this scenario, we describe a “computational reverse chemical ecology” approach for rapid screening of potential semiochemicals.

Results

We illustrate the high prediction accuracy of our computational method. We screened 25 semiochemicals for their binding potential to a GOBP of B. dorsalis using molecular docking (in silico) and molecular dynamics. Parallely, compounds were subjected to fluorescent quenching assays (Experimental). The correlation between in silico and experimental data were significant (r
2 = 0.9408; P < 0.0001). Further, predicted compounds were subjected to behavioral bioassays and were found to be highly attractive to insects.

Conclusions

The present study provides a unique methodology for rapid screening and predicting behaviorally active semiochemicals. This methodology may be developed as a viable approach for prospecting active semiochemicals for pest control, which otherwise is a laborious process.
Peritoneal metastatic adenocarcinoma possibly due to a gastric duplication cyst: a case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Kuiliang , Lin Xiangchun , Wu Jing , Liu Hong , Meng Mingming , Su Hui , Tai Weiping , Chang Hong
Published: March 2014

Background

Gastric duplication cysts are rare congenital abnormalities, and malignant transformation of these duplications is also thought to be rare.

Case presentation

During a routine health checkup, a 28-year-old man underwent abdominal sonography followed by computed tomography (CT) with contrast agent, which revealed a cystic lesion with no enhancement. Laparoscopic surgery showed a 10 × 10 cm cyst adhering to the gastric corpus. However, attempts to remove the lesion en bloc were unsuccessful, and the ruptured cyst had contaminated the peritoneal cavity. Gastric duplication was diagnosed from microscopic examination of the cyst. Seven months later, the patient suffered a progressive increase in ascites, and repeated cytological analysis showed small nests of adenocarcinoma cells, with primary lesion unknown. Diagnostic laparoscopy showed multiple white nodules scattered over the surface of the liver, greater omentum, and peritoneum. Biopsy of the omental nodules confirmed adenocarcinoma, while carcinomatosis was diagnosed in the peritoneum.

Conclusions

Clinical presentation and chronological developments indicated that the malignancy probably originated from the gastric duplication cyst. This case highlights the importance of accurate preoperative diagnosis and optimal surgical management for gastric duplication as well as considering the potential existence of malignant transformation during surgical evaluation of adult patients with gastric duplication cysts.
Multivariable regression analysis of febrile neutropenia occurrence in early breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy assessing patient-related, chemotherapy-related and genetic risk factors
Authors: Pfeil Alena M , Vulsteke Christof , Paridaens Robert , Dieudonné Anne-Sophie , Pettengell Ruth , Hatse Sigrid , Neven Patrick , Lambrechts Diether , Szucs Thomas D , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Wildiers Hans
Published: March 2014

Background

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is common in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Risk factors for FN have been reported, but risk models that include genetic variability have yet to be described. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of patient-related, chemotherapy-related, and genetic risk factors.

Methods

Data from consecutive breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with 4–6 cycles of fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) or three cycles of FEC and docetaxel were retrospectively recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess risk of FN during FEC chemotherapy cycles.

Results

Overall, 166 (16.7%) out of 994 patients developed FN. Significant risk factors for FN in any cycle and the first cycle were lower platelet count (OR = 0.78 [0.65; 0.93]) and haemoglobin (OR = 0.81 [0.67; 0.98]) and homozygous carriers of the rs4148350 variant T-allele (OR = 6.7 [1.04; 43.17]) in MRP1. Other significant factors for FN in any cycle were higher alanine aminotransferase (OR = 1.02 [1.01; 1.03]), carriers of the rs246221 variant C-allele (OR = 2.0 [1.03; 3.86]) in MRP1 and the rs351855 variant C-allele (OR = 2.48 [1.13; 5.44]) in FGFR4. Lower height (OR = 0.62 [0.41; 0.92]) increased risk of FN in the first cycle.

Conclusions

Both established clinical risk factors and genetic factors predicted FN in breast cancer patients. Prediction was improved by adding genetic information but overall remained limited. Internal validity was satisfactory. Further independent validation is required to confirm these findings.