bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management Education in Japan: Extent, Directions and Problems
Authors: Suboez Victor
Published: February 2008

The contribution that the function of management makes to economic growth and development is very difficult to assess. Similarly, the role of education in the improvement of management is not beyond debate, unless it is defined so broadly as to include all the other possible avenues in addition to formal systematic education.
Chief Executives' Perceptions of Managerial Success Factors
Authors: Margerison Charles
Published: February 2008

This article outlines the factors Chief Executive Officers consider critical in the development of their own careers. In a study of British CEOs five major factors were identified: interpersonal influencing skills; responsibility for a business sector; a need to achieve results; early leadership experience; and width of business experience. These factors are examined and the implications for managerial work are assessed.
Management Development in the Irish Public Service
Authors: Nicholson Irish
Published: February 2008

The old adage that management is “getting things done through other people” puts the emphasis quite rightly on the human resource aspect, but management also involves objectives, the acquisition and allocation of resources to achieve them, and the environmental constraints both within and outside the organisation. Management is carried out by a wide range of employees from the foreman to the chief executive; the significant differences in terms of development and training needs are those of emphasis and balance. “Getting things done” in this context means solving problems and resolving conflict created by the interplay of resources, objectives and environment in producing the required end product. The complexity of both problems and conflict, and the extent of authority to resolve them will increase as one moves upwards through the organisation.
Mapping as an Aid to Creativity
Authors: Jones Sue , Sims David
Published: February 2008

Mapping techniques offer a problem‐solving faculty for individuals and groups; they help managers access and build on personal wisdom and work as an effective adjunct to such creativity techniques as brainstorming, force field analysis and lateral thinking, directing the creativity released into usable channels. A case study involving a group considering the issue of company diversification into tourism draws the conclusion that knowing there is an explicit technique for handling the output of creative thinking will encourage greater input at the idea production stage.
Intercultural Training for Managers Involved in International Business
Authors: Bogorya Yvonne
Published: February 2008

Managers involved in international business should be concerned with the cultural context of communication. A contrasting of the way the Americans and Japanese perceive reality and thus relate within their individual societies, highlights the danger inherent if one chooses to exist within a strict ethnocentric system, remaining insensitive to other cultures. Business schools should consider cross‐cultural education as an integral programme component to prepare students for the international perspective.
The Making of a Japanese Manager
Authors: Suzuki Norihiko , Skaperdas Katherine
Published: February 2008

Japanese companies encourage a one‐to‐one apprenticeship style training, in which social activities form an integral part, loyalty being slowly nurtured through the junior manager's relationship with his immediate supervisor. Examples of staff development within automobile, steel and food companies show that once the subordinate has outgrown the apprenticeship role, the one‐to‐one bond diffuses to a generalised, company‐directed loyalty. The training is so company‐specific that it does not produce malleable human capital, a problem which may need to be faced as Japanese companies continue to reduce the workforce in response to the post‐1970s oil crisis recession.
Management Education in China
Authors: Limerick David , Davis Jeremy , Fitzroy Peter
Published: February 2008

China is embarked on a state‐led programme of institutional experimentation and learning. Informal data collected during reciprocal visits by Australian and Chinese management educators note that two fundamental areas of reform are being undertaken at enterprise level; the instigation of piecework‐related bonuses and a profit retention system, and the transfer of production/business responsibility from Party executives to those of the enterprise. This commitment has been accompanied by rapid tertiary level management education and extension studies. However, the disciplinary, disintegrated character of such programmes needs to be combated by co‐operative projects, e.g. the MBA programme resulting from co‐operation between the Chinese State Economic Commission and the EEC, in order to produce proactive managers. China's Seventh Five‐Year Plan reaffirms a commitment to developing intellectual resources and expanding higher education.
The Implications of a Skills Approach to Leadership
Authors: Wright Peter L. , Taylor David S.
Published: February 2008

A review of the relevant literature and case study analysis draws the conclusion that a skills approach to leadership makes it possible to describe and provide training in the core skills required in a wide variety of managerial situations. Such skills are most effectively acquired through practice, with feedback and guidance provided by skilled interpersonal skilled tutors. The latter skills are also best learned via feedback and guidance; unless there is a growth in effective interpersonal skills training there will ultimately be a shortage of tutors to pass on the skills learned.
Fifty Years of Assessment Centres: A Retrospective and Prospective View
Authors: Bray Douglas W.
Published: February 2008

Assessment centres do work, predicting success in management very well; however, the inclusion of non‐ability characteristics would enrich assessment centre research. Moving into the personality/motivation area may require some special steps in staffing of assessment centres, with qualified psychologists used to interpret the results of personality tests. Where traits and motives are rated on the basis of behavioural simulations, assessors would need thorough training in this new area. Assessment centre practitioners are in the best position to contribute to a greater understanding of the psychology of occupational life since they study individuals thoroughly, and in the context of the total personality.
A Review of Recent Assessment Centre Research
Authors: Sackett Paul R. , Ryan Ann Marie
Published: February 2008

The complexity of the assessment process and variations in the assessment process across organisations are such that many unanswered questions remain. Although review of recent assessment centre research highlights the fact that there is now stronger evidence that centres are effective for women as well as for men; that there is empirical support for the developmental value of serving as an assessor; and that there is more insight into conditions under which coaching may affect performance, over 70 issues in need of further investigation have been identified. These range from assessor selection and certification, to the use of different types of exercises, matching job and exercise complexity, and effect of feedback on subsequent performance. While acknowledging the success of the assessment centre approach, researchers and practitioners should adopt a spirit of active enquiry into understanding and improving the assessment process.
Using Assessment Centres for Management Development—Five Applications
Authors: Boehm Virginia R.
Published: February 2008

Development applications of assessment centres represent an emerging and exciting area for human resources practitioners interested in maximising the benefits of such centres to their organisations and the people who work in them. Five applications are emerging: the use of assessment centre feedback, in itself, as a management development tool; early identification of high potential development programmes; use of centres for diagnosing strengths/weaknesses and devising individual training and development programmes; service as an assessor and as a developmental experience; and the centre as a tool for organisational planning/development.
Management Development and Strategic Management Change
Authors: Marsh Nicholas , MacCormick Alastair , Robinson Paul
Published: February 2008

When a company (through failure to perform) seeks to shift towards adopting a strategic management philosophy then the role and significance of management development also change. An opportunity for the integration of management development into the overall process of management and hence the development of more consistency and accountability in its practice is recommended. An action research project can implement this change. This allows management in the company to design a management development framework. It involves a survey of all managers in the company to assess development needs and preferred methods; in‐depth interviews with a cross‐section of managers to explore key management development issues; and the establishing of a task force of up to 20 managers to interpret the survey and interview results in order to generate a draft management development scheme.
The Effects of Performance Review in Appraisal: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Fletcher Clive
Published: February 2008

From the organisation's point of view, feedback assists effective learning. From the individual's viewpoint it can satisfy any personal need for information on progress and facilitate social comparison with others. Whether criticism achieves any beneficial effects is dependent on the amount of critical feedback; a balanced review of performance, covering strengths and weaknesses; clear, relevant feedback content emphasising the performance of the individual; the availability of other sources of feedback; the extent of subordinate participation in the interview; and the relationship between the manager and the subordinate. Self‐appraisal may be a more robust approach and may overcome many of the problems normally encountered in discussing performance. There is ample evidence for its effectiveness.
Social Learning Theory and Leadership
Authors: Decker Phillip J.
Published: February 2008

Social learning theory specifically acknowledges that most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling. The focus of this approach has been teaching leadership across formal and informal settings. This and the behavioural focus is what distinguishes social learning theory from others as a leadership theory. However it will not become a leadership theory unless the behaviours to be imparted to future leaders are outlined. This has not been done in the social learning context. However, because of its growing importance as a theoretical foundation for the fields of psychology and organisational behaviour as a whole, a social learning approach to leadership would seem to have potential for the future.
Centres of Excellence in Management Development
Authors: Keys Bernard
Published: February 2008

Some of the unique changes impacting on management development throughout the world are explored and some of the creative responses which have been developed by several centres of management in reaction to these changes. Articles are briefly summarised and the reasons for their inclusion explained.
Managing Organisation Fit in Times of Tumult
Authors: Stonebraker Peter W.
Published: February 2008

The key to effective management in times of tumult is organisation fit — the integration or congruence of the organisation. Tumult increases the need to manage the two major areas of fit more closely — organisation domain and external environment. Fit must be considered with equal emphasis in the short, mid and long term. An on‐going, strategic assessment of organisational fit is needed. The nature of the change process and the change variables must be identified. There are six ways that management can intervene between change variables to enhance their fit and four organisation interfaces which are directed towards adaptation to the external environment. This multi‐level change typology identifies three methods of directly managing organisation fit — intrusion, interface and intervention. These methods are discussed and interventions and interfaces described.
Management Development at the Japan‐American Institute of Management Science
Authors: Edge Alfred G. , French Mike
Published: February 2008

One of the major reasons the Japanese have been so successful in business is their ability to take a concept or idea from another culture and improve on it in a uniquely Japanese fashion. The management development programmes at the Japan‐American Institute of Management Science (JAIMS) reflect this. A pragmatic approach is adopted with a strong emphasis on computer applications, business simulations, experiential learning and on‐the‐job training. Business simulation is used as a tool to integrate two training programmes, the American Management Programme (AMP) and the Japanese Management Programme (JMP). The simulation demonstrates cultural differences, provides a basis for computer applications, allows participants to interact in an international environment and to deal with real‐world business situations and problems in that environment.
Supervisory Training Programmes in Major US Corporations
Authors: Alpander Guvenc G.
Published: February 2008

The structure of the American corporation is currently changing from one with many middle managers providing the link between upper management and first‐line supervisors to one with few middle managers. A study of the content of supervisory training programmes in light of the changing role and expectations from first‐line management in Fortune 500 companies identifies whether or not corporate training programmes reinforce the technical skills used in performing the traditional supervisory reponsibilities or go beyond these functions, developing interpersonal/interactive and conceptual skills as well. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey of the highest ranking corporate training officers of the Fortune 500 companies, with 155 responses. The most common training topic is performance evaluation (92 per cent), followed by the principles of effective delegation (90 per cent), developing listening skills (83 per cent), improving leadership effectiveness (80 per cent), and how to encourage and obtain subordinate participation in decision making (74 per cent). Almost 70 per cent of companies identified the following as most representative: how to make the work environment conducive to self‐motivation, how to improve quality of the product, how to ensure that established goals are perceived as realistic and relevant by the employees, how to assign specific duties to employees and assisting employees to understand their role in relation to overall company objectives. Most organisations are using their basic supervisory programmes to build employee commitment to the company, to modify employee behaviour and to obtain greater employee involvement. These all indicate company support of collaborative management style. However, in‐depth analysis of the specific contents of the training progammes reveals at least two‐thirds of the companies attempt to reach their goals by providing training in more specific technical skills rather than interpersonal and conceptual skills.
Leveraging Management Development through the Management of Transfer
Authors: Newstrom John W.
Published: February 2008

The critical need to actively manage the transfer of training process is apparent from the scope of industrial training and the relapse rate of the trainee. Transfer management consists of a variety of actions before, during and after training by managers of trainees, management development personnel and management trainees to increase the probability of success. Knowledge of the typical barriers to transfer is useful as they can be removed, diminished, converted to positive forces or countered by balancing forces. The final product of a literature review is a set of 95 distinguishable transfer strategies. These form action propositions for transfer of training. An open‐ended survey of 84 human resource development professionals was conducted in which they were asked to report the most important impediments to training transfer. From this list, a set of nine frequently mentioned factors was derived and presented to a group of 36 trainers who ranked the three most powerful forces against transfer as: lack of on‐the‐job reinforcement, interference from the immediate environment and a non‐supportive organisational climate. The importance of transfer and impediments to it are discussed.
A Unified Manager Development Programme
Authors: Hitt William D.
Published: February 2008

The majority of manager development programmes may be described as “piecemeal”, and the purpose of this article is to present a strategy for a unified programme — in which the various components are working in harmony. The author develops a systems view of a programme, listing eight essential principles. For this programme then to be applied, the support of top management must be gained. The programme itself, in ten steps, is then described.
Management Development: The Fourth Blueprint
Authors: Limerick David , Cunnington Bert
Published: February 2008

Current management development techniques are obsolete. The West has passed through three eras — those of the classical model, the human relations model, and the systems model. The authors, after a research study involving the CEOs of 50 major Australian organisations, believe that organisational thinking is taking a new direction. Development techniques are moving towards more holistic, empathetic, culture‐sensitive technology. The nature of the fourth “blueprint” is analysed, and the managerial competencies it will demand are outlined.
Learning is the Core of Organisational Survival: Action Learning is the Key Integrating Process
Authors: Garratt Bob
Published: February 2008

The central idea of action learning — that for any organism to survive its rate of learning must be equal to or greater than the rate of change in its environment — has stood the test of time, and is used as a reason for selecting and launching action learning processes by management. Little emphasis has been placed on the learning side of the equation; change has always been the predominant factor. The notion of learning, seen as the key commodity necessary to guarantee the survival of the organisation is pursued and developed with examples. The main implications for the organisation by concentrating on action learning are given.
Action Learning: The Development of Field Managers in the Prudential Assurance Company
Authors: Lewis Alec , Marsh Wyndham
Published: February 2008

The process of action learning‐based training of managers in the field staff of the UK division of the Prudential Assurance Company is described, covering its introduction, acceptance and subsequent evolution. The programme undertaken is assessed, including examples of success and failure. The role of managers as set advisers is discussed and it is established that action learning could make a significant contribution to the development of section and district managers.
The Creation of Expert Performers without Years of Conventional Experience: the Landamatic Method
Authors: Landa Lev N.
Published: February 2008

“Landamatics” is a label given by American scholars to designate this algorithmic‐heuristic theory and method of performance, learning and instruction. Landamatics analyses and explains the mental processes which underlie expert performance, learning and decision making. It also defines specific ways of purposeful and accelerated development of such processes in novices and non‐experts through a special course of instruction.
Trends in Management Training and Executive Education: The Revolution Continues
Authors: Bolt James F.
Published: February 2008

A recent survey of major American firms confirms that the trend to increased management training is gaining momentum. Courses relating to strategic planning and implementation, particularly with regard to productivity and competitiveness, are increasing, and more courses are customised to company needs. Monitoring and measuring results are also more important. Training executives will have a higher profile in the corporate structure.
Helping Managers Learn to Learn
Authors: Mumford Alan
Published: February 2008

Too little attention has been paid to the central process — learning — necessary for managerial skills to be developed. The article describes the techniques and processes used by the few people who give explicit attention to helping managers to improve their learning skills. It describes blockages to learning, and then uses descriptions of how these can be tackled through learning biography or through instruments such as the Learning Styles Inventory (Kolb) or the Learning Styles Questionnaire (Honey and Mumford).
Management Development: Competencies, Contracts, Teams and Work‐based Learning
Authors: Prideaux Geoffrey , Ford James E.
Published: February 2008

A recent report has suggested that there is a total inadequacy of management education and development in Britain. One fundamental concern is the design of programmes which focus on the development of effective managers, as opposed to just teaching people about business and management. An innovative management development programme has been developed, based around key adult learning principles such as emphasis on management competencies and work experience based learning.
The Relevance of Ethics to Management Education
Authors: Allan Cooke Robert , Ryan Leo V.
Published: February 2008

Ethics training is important in the preparation of current or future managers, but many people have misconceptions about ethics in general, and business ethics in particular. Those who question the wisdom of business ethics education are ignoring the fact that ethical dilemmas are a standard part of managerial decisions.
Corporate Management Development and Education: The State of the Art
Authors: Fulmer Robert M.
Published: February 2008

In the US more than 250,000 students (a quarter of the total US college population) study business education; in all of Europe, only 3,000 MBAs will graduate this year, and Japan has no MBA programmes at all. Why are business courses so popular in the US? How are the different courses structured? What are the essential elements? How do the courses, and the companies' attitude to the courses, and to training generally, vary?
Beyond Training: A Process Model for Transfer, Evaluation and Institutionalisation
Authors: Hearn W. Mark
Published: February 2008

A five‐stage process model of training is presented which integrates research concerning the transfer, evaluation and institutionalisation of training. The model is designed to enhance the on‐the‐job evaluations of training effectiveness by following up on negative reactions, using additional training, and providing feedback to rectify breakdowns in earlier stages of training use.
Making Leadership Effective: A Three Stage Model
Authors: Neider Linda L. , Schriesheim Chester A.
Published: February 2008

This article briefly reviews the history of leadership theory and practice and outlines the major components of an expectancy or path‐goal approach to the leadership and motivation of subordinates. Key concerns which are necessary for a leader to positively impact on subordinate effort, performance, and satisfaction are outlined. A general diagnostic model is presented which may be used to assess critical antecedent (precursor conditions), process (maintenance functions), and follow‐up (reassessment and monitoring stage) activities which are essential for effective leadership. Implications of this approach for leadership training and development are emphasised.
The Inspirational Processes of Leadership
Authors: Bass Bernard
Published: February 2008

An inspiring leader is perceived by followers to be knowledgeable, enlightened and sensitive to the problems at hand. From this, follower confidence is built. Followers share with the leader common beliefs about what is wrong, beliefs that the leader articulates publicly for them. Unlike the charismatic leader who substitutes for the follower's ego ideal, the inspirational leader can represent and symbolise it.
Managing Participation: A Critical Dimension of Leadership
Authors: Vroom Victor H. , Jago Arthur G.
Published: February 2008

Managers must adapt their leadership styles to fit the demands of the situations they face. One of the necessary manifestations of this view is the need to adapt the form and degree of participation in decision making by subordinates, to the personalities of the subordinates, the decisions to be made and the general organisational circumstances. Managerial leadership is no longer maintaining the status quo. Old habits must be discarded if one is to respond to today's challenges. The authors' experience of working with managers suggests that training focused on analytical models of participation contributes to the critical components of effective leadership.
Action Learning and Excellence in Management Development
Authors: Margerison Charles J.
Published: February 2008

Traditional management education sessions are based upon the usual lecture inputs on concepts, ideas and research. They are followed up by historical standard case studies, together with experiential simulations, all supported by group discussions. The process of action learning confronts the reality rather than studying a hypothetical situation. It confronts the use of skills in situ, rather than learn in one place and transfer the learning to another place. The article outlines how action learning can be applied to the process of management development and the key differences from the conventional approach.
Managing Career Development
Authors: Evans Paul
Published: February 2008

How career management becomes a tool for strategic control and development is outlined. Three phases to career development are identified: exploration, establishment and mid‐late career. On this basis career management questions and the implications of research are explored, leading to the conclusion that to view a career as a purely vertical ladder is too simplistic particularly within the context of leaner organisational structures and fast growth organisations.
UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR THERMAL, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELING
Authors: Wachutka Gerhard
Published: February 2008

The “thermodynamic model” constitutes a unified theoretical framework for the coupled simulation of carrier and energy flow in semiconductor devices under general ambient conditions such as, e.g., the presence of a quasi‐static magnetic field or the interaction with an electromagnetic radiation field (light). The current relations governing particle and heat transport are derived from the principles of irreversible phenomenological thermodynamics; the driving forces include drift, diffusion, thermal diffusion, and deflection by the Lorentz force. All transport coefficients may be interpreted in terms of well‐known thermodynamic effects and, hence, can be obtained from theoretical calculations as well as directly from experimental data. The thermodynamic model allows the consistent treatment of a wide variety of physical phenomena which are relevant for both the operation of electronic devices (e.g., lattice heating, hot carrier and low temperature effects) and the function of microsensors and actuators (e.g., thermoelectricity, galvanomagnetism and thermomagnetism).
NOVEL: A NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC MODEL FOR THERMAL OXIDATION OF SILICON
Authors: Peng J.P. , Chidambarrao D. , Srinivasan G.R.
Published: February 2008

We have developed a computer oxidation modeling program, named NOVEL, which has been integrated into our process simulator FINDPRO. It combines the modified Deal‐Grove growth rate model with a nonlinear viscoclastic deformation model to predict both the oxide shape and stress. Modeling the thermal oxidation of silicon presents several numerical challenges. First, the oxide region expands and deforms extensively during the process which has to be modeled as a moving boundary, large deformation problem. Second, the SiO2 mechanical property changes from clastic to viscoclastic to viscous as the processing temperature is changed from a value below the the glass transition temperature (960°C) to one above it. The viscoclastic deformation model which is adequate over the entire temperature range of interest has an intrinsic numerical singularity when the oxide viscosity (divided by time) becomes relatively lower than the elastic modulus at high temperatures. These must be handled appropriately to ensure that the modeled results are correct. In this paper, we present details of how NOVEL solves the above mentioned problems. We show examples of low temperature/high pressure oxidation of a LOCOS structure, trench isolation structure, and the technique by which the finite element program NOVEL interfaces with the finite difference process simulator FINDPRO.
TRANSIENT AND SMALL‐SIGNAL HIGH‐FREQUENCY SIMULATION OF NUMERICAL DEVICE MODELS EMBEDDED IN AN EXTERNAL CIRCUIT
Authors: Schröter Michael
Published: February 2008

A program for numerical simulation of two‐dimensional semiconductor devices coupled with an external circuit is described. The circuit equations are formulated using modified nodal analysis to allow an arbitrary configuration of elements like, e.g., also semiconductor compact models. Coupling to the numerical devices is attained via their admittance matrix leading to a two‐level Newton method. To calculate this matrix two methods are compared: (a) a linearization scheme and (b) a secant method. The comparison shows a significant speed advantage of the secant method despite its lower rate of convergence. The linearization scheme, however, is the more stable and robust method and should be used in critical cases where convergence problems can occur. An efficient bypassing scheme was developed for the linearization scheme leading to a computation speed comparable to that of the secant method, but maintaining the better convergence properties. A further advantage of the two‐level Newton method used in this work is that the CPU‐time consuming solution for the numerical devices can be done in parallel on different processors. Several examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed simulator.
BULK IMAGE EFFECTS OF PHOTORESIST IN THREE‐DIMENSIONAL PROFILE SIMULATION
Authors: ISHIZUKA Tatsumi
Published: February 2008

3D bulk image effects in high‐NA lens lithography are studied through 3D exposure and development simulations by applying a Mack model to the 3D exposure process.
A USEFUL ANALOGY BETWEEN SEMICONDUCTOR VOLTAGE‐CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS AND COMBUSTION BRANCHING DIAGRAMS
Authors: Gustafson Karl
Published: February 2008

The Van Roosbroeck semiconductor device equations are put into useful analogy with the Arrhenius equations of combustion theory. Both, when written in appropriate variables, enjoy (suffer) exponential nonlinearities. Here, we present this analogy in rather simple terms. It is proposed that this analogy be further developed.
QUANTUM TRANSPORT: NOVEL APPROACHES IN THE FORMULATION AND APPLICATIONS TO QUANTUM‐BASED SOLID‐STATE DEVICES
Authors: Buot F.A. , Jensen K.L.
Published: February 2008

A novel approach to many‐body quantum transport theory which emphasize the role of localized orbitals, and their lattice Fourier transforms, as dynamical basis states is given. The formalism allows for the calculations of particle quantum trajectories, describing individual elementary space and time‐dependent events in quantum processes. It is demonstrated that the particle quantum trajectories exhibit behavior quite identical to that of classical particles acted upon by a new “effective quantum force”. The present technique for calculating the quantum force can be applied to a procedure for incorporating space and time‐dependent quantum tunneling in Selfconsistent Ensembe Particle Monte Carlo (SEPMC) technique for multidimensional device analysis.
APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING IN LVDT DESIGN
Authors: Sylculslci J.K. , Sykulska E. , Hughes S.T.
Published: February 2008

Application of finite‐element modelling of magnetic fields in a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) is demonstrated and electromagnetics of such devices briefly discussed. A finite‐element aided design of a particular LVDT, built and tested at USITT, Southampton, is used to illustrate practical aspects of such modelling.
BENCHMARK TESTS FOR OPEN BOUNDARY PROBLEMS
Authors: Sroka Jan , Starzyński Jacek
Published: February 2008

In the paper establishing the benchmark tests for open boundary problems as it has been done in other branches of electromagnetic field calculations is proposed. Consideration is given to what input and output data should be defined for the benchmark problems. In the appendix one proposal for benchmark problems is presented.
MODELLING TOOTH RIPPLE LOSSES IN THE SOLID POLE FACES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
Authors: Stoll R.L. , Sytulski J.K.
Published: February 2008

The armature slots produce flux density pulsations in the pole face and hence eddy current losses, the calculation of which has not been fully satisfactory to date. One consideration ignored is that, since the ac field in the pole face oscillates in the presence of a strong dc field, eddy currents are induced by a field whose mean value is at a point on the B/H curve dictated by the dc flux density so that the incremental permeability becomes important. In order to study this effect we require knowledge of both relative (?r) and incremental (pri) permeabilities. Some measurements have been made of ?ri as a function of Hdc in a ring sample and form the basis on which an analytical model of the phenomenon has been developed and some finite‐element studies have been performed.
ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN TRANSFORMER CORES USING PERSONAL COMPUTERS
Authors: BASAK A. , YU C.H.
Published: February 2008

The finite element technique has been used to develop a software package which, with the help of an IBM/PC 386 computer, can determine two dimensional magnetic fields and power loss in transformer cores. The program takes into account both the non‐linear B‐H characteristic and the anisotropy of the core material.
ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR IN A TUBULAR INDUCTION DEVICE WITH A HYBRID F.E.M‐B.E.M TECHNIQUE
Authors: Pichon L. , Razek A.
Published: February 2008

In the proposed paper a model permitting force analysis in tubular induction devices is presented. A hybrid finite element‐boundary element method using time stepping is used to compute the electromagnetic force; this force is introduced in the mechanical equation to determine the acceleration. Numerical values are compared to experimental values.
A COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT VELOCITY‐SPACE TRANSPORT MODEL FOR DEVICE SIMULATION
Authors: Dunn Douglas E.
Published: February 2008

An improved velocity‐space carrier transport model is presented, based on a direct solution of the Boltzmann Transport Equation. This model attempts to achieve the computational efficiency required for device simulation, while still solving for the distribution function itself. This preserves critical fine structure effects due a non‐ideal band structure and forward scattering mechanisms. The model includes a numerically efficient representation of three dimensional k‐space formulated around a 1D velocity‐space variable, and the particle energy. The number of empirical parameters in the model is reduced to a single constant per scattering mechanism. A physically intuitive solution algorithm is developed which repeatedly shifts and shapes the estimate of the distribution until convergence. Results are presented for the steady‐state homogeneous case in silicon and GaAs, which are of comparable computational cost as drift‐diffusion simulations.
ETCH PROFILE EVOLUTION IN LOW PRESSURE RF PLASMA WITH AXIAL MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Mathur B.P. , Arshak K.I. , Mc Donagh D. , Arshak A.
Published: February 2008

The dry development of a photoresist is modelled using the analytical solution of the Boltzmann equation. It is proposed that at very low pressure and in the presence of a magnetic field, the etch rate of the resist can be calculated by integrating the ion flux. The simulation results illustrates improvement in both microuniformity and macrouniformity when the resist is etched under these process conditions.
DETERMINISTIC PARTICLE SIMULATION OF MULTIHETEROJUNCTION SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES: THE SEMICLASSICAL AND QUANTUM CASES
Authors: Cebrián E. , Mustieles F.J.
Published: February 2008

The progress of semiconductor fabrication technology, particularly the heteroepitaxial technology (MOCVD, MBE, etc.) has permitted the fabrication of structures and devices whose behaviour is dominated by ballistic and/or quantum‐interference effects through heterojunctions.
TOPOGRAPHY SIMULATION IN PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND A MODIFIED STRING ALGORITHM
Authors: Arshak K.I. , McDonagh D. , Mathur B.P. , Arshak A.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, simulation of topography effects in photolithography is examined using the two‐dimensional PC based simulator called SLITS (Simulation of Lithography on Topographic Substrates). This program uses FEA software (in‐house written) to solve wave propagation in a photoresist layer and a modified String Algorithm for photoresist development. The simulated results illustrates the effect of topography on the latent and relief images.
ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF DOUBLE‐SIDE PLANAR TRAVELLING WAVE INDUCTION HEATING SYSTEMS
Authors: Dughiero F. , Lupi S. , Siega P.
Published: February 2008

The heating of flat workpieces of different materials and geometrical characteristics (width, thickness) is often required in the metal industry. The temperature requirements depend on the process to which the workpiece should undergo and the mechanical and chemical characteristics which must be obtained by the heat treatment. For certain applications in which the electrical resistivity of the workpiece material is low or the ratio between the width and thickness of the body is high, the classical longitudinal flux induction heating is efficient only if high frequencies are used. A good alternative is the travelling wave induction heating (TWIH) which has a structure similar to the linear induction machines (LIM).
Effective management controls
Authors: Josephs R.
Published: February 2008

From all the modern management echniques which have been developed, two clear divisions of controls have emerged; the control which is applied before the event and that which is applied after the event. Although the former is aimed at the prevention, and the latter at the cure, of adverse situations, it must always be remembered that a manager needs to use the controls in order to be fully competent. Application incorporating Management by Exception to the manufacture of printed circuits can lead to a much improved profit. As an example, the Purchase Control Report, chosen because purchases constitute a high proportion of the total costs, enables the manager to ensure that a cash problem never arises from his purchasing actions. This same thinking adopted for other activities produces an increase in performance and can encourage the preparation of an operating plan, or Budget, which is the company's plan for profit and acceptable cash flow. The whole control system thus comprises the Budget, the drive to ensure its achievement in a positive manner by proper use of before the event controls, and the monitoring of the actual performance against the target after the event by the periodic management accounts. The proper use of ratios is an important aid to control. As an example, the return on capital ratio is used to show that a proposal to purchase an NC drilling machine should not be approved because of the significantly adverse effect on profitability.
THE CORROSION‐PROTECTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPES
Authors: Franquin J.
Published: February 2008

This article, by a noted French authority, summarises the work done in French territories over the past 30 years, and presents the conclusions derived from these long and thorough investigations. The author is a chemical and geological engineer and is a Docteur ès Sciences of the University of Nancy. He has long been associated with prestressed concrete work and is currently the President of the Concrete Group of the Commission Europèenne de la Corrosion.
PROTECTION BY METALLIZATION AGAINST MARINE CORROSION AND THE EFFECTS OF SEA‐WATER LIFE
Authors: Orlowski P.
Published: February 2008

In the protection against corrosion of lock gates and other harbour structures, the life expectation of the protection given is of major importance because of the high cost of drying off structures and repainting them. This paper discusses the factors involved and describes some case histories of marine protection.
CATHODIC PROTECTION COATINGS
Authors: Clark P.
Published: February 2008

Cathodic protection used in conjunction with surface coatings is now an accepted part of the engineering world, yet relatively little has been done to produce new types of coatings suitable for this important application. The author, who gives here a summary of the information at present available, hopes that some fundamental research can soon be started.
Organisation and Administration of R&D Personnel in Japan
Authors: Sato Hiroki , Imano Koichiro , Yahata Shigemi , Davis Scott T.
Published: February 2008

Moving from “Engineering” oriented R&D
being characterised by research aimed at
meeting immediate market needs,
Japanese companies are developing new
organisational and administrative
structures to permit original R&D. They
are also forced to solve problems of
growing labour‐costs and shortages of
managerial posts stemming from the
ageing of the workforce. Within this wider
process, reforms of the personnel
administration of R&D are being initiated.
The key characteristics lie in the fact that
such modifications as expansions in the
scope of rotation and clarification and
diversification of career paths are
common to engineers/scientists of all
levels. This being the case, one can
expect that the Japanese style of
personnel administration system will
change along the lines of one which
emphasises uniformity among employees
both in terms of career path and method
for determining reward. Within the ongoing
fundamental reform, a new model
of creative and original R&D is expected
to emerge in Japan.
Phylogeny and diversification of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Ribera Ignacio , Vogler Alfried P. , Balke Michael
Published: February 2008

Dytiscidae is the most diverse family of beetles in which both adults and larvae are aquatic, with examples of extreme morphological and ecological adaptations. Despite continuous attention from systematists and ecologists, existing phylogenetic hypotheses remain unsatisfactory because of limited taxon sampling or low node support. Here we provide a phylogenetic tree inferred from four gene fragments (cox1, rrnL, H3 and SSU, ≈ 4000 aligned base pairs), including 222 species in 116 of 174 known genera and 25 of 26 tribes. We aligned ribosomal genes prior to tree building with parsimony and Bayesian methods using three approaches: progressive pair‐wise alignment with refinement, progressive alignment modeling the evolution of indels, and deletion of hypervariable sites. Results were generally congruent across alignment and tree inference methods. Basal relationships were not well defined, although we identified 28 well supported lineages corresponding to recognized tribes or groups of genera, among which the most prominent novel results were the polyphyly of Dytiscinae; the grouping of Pachydrini with Bidessini, Peschetius with Methlini and Coptotomus within Copelatinae; the monophyly of all Australian Hydroporini (Necterosoma group), and their relationship with the Graptodytes and Deronectes groups plus Hygrotini. We found support for a clade formed by Hydroporinae plus Laccophilini, and their sister relationship with Cybistrini and Copelatinae. The tree provided a framework for the analysis of species diversification in Dytiscidae. We found a positive correlation between the number of species in a lineage and the age of the crown group as estimated through a molecular clock approach, but the correlation with the stem age was non‐significant. Imbalances between sister clades were significant for several nodes, but the residuals of the regression of species numbers with the crown age of the group identified only Bidessini and the Coptotomus + Agaporomorphus clade as lineages with, respectively, above and below expected levels of species diversity.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.
Evolution of genomes, host shifts and the geographic spread of SARS‐CoV and related coronaviruses
Authors: Janies Daniel , Habib Farhat , Alexandrov Boyan , Hill Andrew , Pol Diego
Published: February 2008

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel human illness caused by a previously unrecognized coronavirus (CoV) termed SARS‐CoV. There are conflicting reports on the animal reservoir of SARS‐CoV. Many of the groups that argue carnivores are the original reservoir of SARS‐CoV use a phylogeny to support their argument. However, the phylogenies in these studies often lack outgroup and rooting criteria necessary to determine the origins of SARS‐CoV. Recently, SARS‐CoV has been isolated from various species of Chiroptera from China (e.g., Rhinolophus sinicus) thus leading to reconsideration of the original reservoir of SARS‐CoV. We evaluated the hypothesis that SARS‐CoV isolated from Chiroptera are the original zoonotic source for SARS‐CoV by sampling SARS‐CoV and non‐SARS‐CoV from diverse hosts including Chiroptera, as well as carnivores, artiodactyls, rodents, birds and humans. Regardless of alignment parameters, optimality criteria, or isolate sampling, the resulting phylogenies clearly show that the SARS‐CoV was transmitted to small carnivores well after the epidemic of SARS in humans that began in late 2002. The SARS‐CoV isolates from small carnivores in Shenzhen markets form a terminal clade that emerged recently from within the radiation of human SARS‐CoV. There is evidence of subsequent exchange of SARS‐CoV between humans and carnivores. In addition SARS‐CoV was transmitted independently from humans to farmed pigs (Sus scrofa). The position of SARS‐CoV isolates from Chiroptera are basal to the SARS‐CoV clade isolated from humans and carnivores. Although sequence data indicate that Chiroptera are a good candidate for the original reservoir of SARS‐CoV, the structural biology of the spike protein of SARS‐CoV isolated from Chiroptera suggests that these viruses are not able to interact with the human variant of the receptor of SARS‐CoV, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In SARS‐CoV we study, both visually and statistically, labile genomic fragments and, putative key mutations of the spike protein that may be associated with host shifts. We display host shifts and candidate mutations on trees projected in virtual globes depicting the spread of SARS‐CoV. These results suggest that more sampling of coronaviruses from diverse hosts, especially Chiroptera, carnivores and primates, will be required to understand the genomic and biochemical evolution of coronaviruses, including SARS‐CoV.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2008.