bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial characteristics of a CANON reactor during the start-up period seeding conventional activated sludge
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Dong , Zeng Hui-ping , Chang Xiao-yan , Zhang Jie
Published: December 2012

An up-flow oxygen-controlled biofilm reactor filled with volcanic filter was used for a completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite (CANON) process. The reactor was successfully established by seeding conventional activated sludge at ambient temperature without additional biomass inoculation. An average total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of 1.1 kg·(m3 d)−1 was achieved after 180 days' operation. The bacterial morphology, community structure and spatial distribution of nitrogen removal microorganisms were analyzed by using some molecular biotechniques. Denaturant gel gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed a distinct community shift of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) during the start-up period, which was not the same as that of aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) or anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). Phylogenetic results indicated the predominance of Nitrosomonas, ‘Candidatus Brocadia fulgida’ and Nitrobacter for nitrogen removal in the system, all of which coexisted without a distinguishable niche on the biofilm.
The effect of aeration on the removal of wastewater-derived pharmaceutical residues from groundwater – a laboratory study
Authors: Burke Victoria , Duennbier Uwe , Massmann Gudrun
Published: December 2012

Several studies on waste- or drinking water treatment processes as well as on groundwater have recently shown that some pharmaceutical residues (PRs) are redox-sensitive. Hence, their (bio)degradation depends on the redox conditions prevalent in the aquifer. Groundwater, providing raw water for drinking water production, is often anoxic and aeration is a widespread treatment method applied mainly to eliminate unwanted iron and manganese from the water. As a side-effect, aeration may trigger the elimination of PRs. Within the present study the influence of aeration on the fate of a number of wastewater derived analgesics and their residues as well as several antimicrobial compounds was investigated. For this purpose, anoxic groundwater was transferred into stainless steel tanks, some of which were aerated while others were continuously kept anoxic. Results prove that the degradation of six phenazone type compounds is dependent on oxygen availability and compounds are efficiently removed under oxic conditions only. Concerning the antimicrobials, doxycycline and trimethoprim were better removed during aeration, whereas a slightly improved removal under anoxic conditions was observed for clindamycin, roxithromycin and clarithromycin. The study provides first laboratory proof of the redox-sensitivity of several organic trace pollutants. In addition, results demonstrate that aeration is an effective treatment for the elimination of a number of wastewater derived PRs.
Über die Radikalität Rousseaus: Freiheit, Gleichheit, Ereignis der Politik
Authors: Nikolic Srdjan
Published: December 2012

In diesem Aufsatz werden ontologische Ans?tze und Folgen von
Russeauschen Freiheitsgedanken - die in seinen Schriften oft im Hintergrund
bleiben - zum Ausdruck gebracht und entwickelt. Nachdr?cklich wird ein
ontolologischer Aspekt der Russeauschen Radikalit?t hervorgehoben, in dem ein
Bruch mit der Naturbande, ein sogenannter Ausgang aus dem Naturzustand und
Schliessen des Gesellschaftsvertrags untrennbar von seiner Auffassung der
Freiheit, Gleichheit und politischen Handeln zu verstehen ist. Es stellt sich
heraus, dass die v?llige Ent?usserung zum radikalen Bruch mit der Natur
f?hrt. Ein unnotwendiges Auftauchen des allgemeinen Willens, wie auch
Entstehung der Freiheit qua Selbstgesetzgebung wird als Ereignis der Politik
ausgelegt, derer bedingung und Gesetz allgemeine Gleichheit ist.
The problem of egoism in Rousseau’s practical philosophy
Authors: Sadzakov Slobodan
Published: December 2012

This paper discusses the aspects of Rousseau?s understandimg of egoism,
primarily those related to his highlighting of historical dimension of the
problem, including the economical reasons for establishing this practical
principle as an important part of the civil reproduction of life. Among other
things, it analyses the contextual connection of egoism with relevant
definitions in Rousseau?s work such as human nature, natural law, general
will etc. and the difference of Rousseau?s overview of this problem from
other important philosophers, for example Hobbes. This paper underlines how
the French philosopher, on the basis of key assumptions of his practical
philosophy, points at the historical dependence and the possibility of
overcoming the egoistic actions, and endeavors to pave the way to a
multilateral practical unlocking of the potentials of freedom in its
political, moral and legal sense.
Autologous serum in treatment of dry eye
Authors: Stankovic-Babic Gordana , Cekic Sonja
Published: December 2012

Introduction. The treatment of dry eye by autologous serum is a simple and
inexpensive treatment option. It is particularly effective in severe forms of
dry eye as well as for chemical eye injuries, and it is justified by the
presence of essential tear components which are not found in preparations of
artificial tears. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of
autologous serum therapy in the patients with dry eye. Material and Methods.
We monitored the effect of one-month treatment of dry eye by autologous serum
(used with artificial tear preparations) in 50 rheumatology patients (23 men
and 27 women) aged 26-65 years at the Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical
Center Nis. We analyzed ocular discomfort and the values of objective
parameters for the evaluation of tear film at baseline and one month later
(Schirmer I, Tears Break Up Time and Rose Bengal). Results. A statistically
significant reduction of subjective complaints was found in the patients
after the treatment by autologous serum (p<0.05), along with a minimal
improvement of objective tests for checking the tear film quality. Discussion
and Conclusion. The use of autologous serum in dry eye therapy should provide
benefit to the patients, relieve symptoms and improve objective parameters
for the evaluation of dry eye. Both doctors and patients should be adequately
informed, and proper screening of potential users of this method should be
done. Not only additional tests of therapeutic effect of autologous serum (as
well as of umbilical cord serum or autologous plasma) are needed but also
parallel clinical and histopathological examination and analysis of the
effects of this type of treatment of dry eye.
Chemical composition of complete fodder mixes for pig diet during 2007-2009
Authors: Sefer Dragan , Petrujkic Branislav , Markovic Radmila , Grdovic Svetlana , Radulovic Stamen , Jovanovic Dragoljub
Published: December 2012

Intensive pig breeding implies, among other things, the use of complete mixes
in their diet in correspondence with the animals? age and purpose. In the
course of a threeyear period (2007-2009) the accredited laboratory of the
Department for Nutrition and Botanics of the Faculty for Veterinary Medicine,
Univerisity of Belgrade, analysed 65 fodder mix samples from the territory of
Serbia intended for the diet of all categories of pigs, namely: 6 samples of
complete mixes for the diet of pregnant sows and gilts, 9 samples of complete
mixes for the diet of nursing sows and boar, 4 samples of complete mixes for
enhanced diet of piglets, 13 samples of complete mixes for piglets in
programme I up to 15 kg, 12 samples of complete mixes for piglets in
programme II from 15-25 kg, 10 samples of complete mixes for growing pigs in
fattening programme I from 25-60 kg, and 11 samples of complete mixes for
pigs in fattening programme II from 60-100 kg. The analyses covered the
contents of the elementary nutritive matter and the obtained results were
compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on the
quality of animal feed (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No.
41/09). It was established that there were certain deviations with regard to
the values presented in the Regulations on the quality of animal feed
(Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/09) in the average protein
content in complete mixes for piglet diet II, 15-25 kg (17.89?1.19%) and in
the mixes for growing pig diet II, 60-100 kg (13.95?0.53%). The established
average fat content was lower in the mixes for enhanced piglet diet (5.99?
0.72%) and in mixes for piglet diet I, up to 15 kg (4.95?1.41%). A higher
average cellulose content (4.08?0.73%) was established in mixes for enhanced
piglet diet. Furthermore, significant differences from the values prescribed
under the Regulations were established in certain samples. The established
differences in the chemical composition of certain samples of the examined
mixes without a doubt indicate the need for constant and multilevel
monitoring of raw materials and finished products in order to preserve health
and to ensure the best possible utilization of the production potential of
animals.
Expression of cytokeratins 5/6 and cytokeratin 17 in invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: Ivkovic-Kapicl Tatjana , Panjkovic Milana , Nikolic Ivan , Djilas-Ivanovic Dragana , Knezevic-Usaj Slavica
Published: December 2012

Background/Aim. Cytokeratins (CK) 5/6 and 17, myoepithelial markers, are also
expressed in a proportion of breast carcinomas. Breast carcinomas expressing
basal epithelium cytokeratins constitute a tumor subgroup that shows common
but heterogeneous morphological, genetical, and immunophenotypical features
and is associated with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to
determine the incidence of basal expression of cytokines CK5/6 and CK17 in
the tested samples of ductal invasive breast cancers, as well as to test the
presence of a correlation of tumor expression of basal cytokines and
clinicopathological prognostic factors: age, the level of histological
differentiation, hormone receptor status, HER2 (human epidermal prowth factor
receptor 2) protein expresion and HER2 gene amplification in tumorous tissue.
Methods. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the CK5/6 and CK17
status of 121 ductal invasive breast cancers. The results thus obtained were
compared with clinicopathological characteristics. Results. From the 117
analyzed tumor specimens, 22% and 30% were immunohistochemically positive for
CK5/6 and CK17, respectively. Basal cytokeratins showed significant inverse
relationship with estrogen and progesterone receptor status and HER2 protein
expression. CK5/6 and CK17 immunoreactivities were directly associated with
triple-negative phenotype and higher histological grade. Conclusion. Our
findings are similar to reports that tumours expression of basal cytokeratins
are correlated with adverse pathological parameters. Given the limited number
of emerging therapeutic targets in these tumors, routine IHC identification
of basal-like subtype as a poor prognostic group of breast cancer could be
based on the expression of basal CKs.
Some basic relationships among transforms, convolution products, first variations and inverse transforms
Authors: Chang Seung , Chung Hyun , Skoug David
Published: December 2012

In this paper we obtain several basic formulas for generalized integral transforms, convolution products, first variations and inverse integral transforms of functionals defined on function space.
Properties of water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan film modified by hydrophobic poly(propylene glycol)
Authors: Zhu Guo-Quan , Wang Fa-Gang , Liu Yu-Ying , Gao Qiao-Chun
Published: December 2012

A series of water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) blend films with various CMCS/PPG mole ratios were prepared by the solution casting method. Morphology of the CMCS/PPG blend films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of the CMCS/PPG blend films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, and contact angle tests. It was found that the introduction of PPG can markedly affect the morphology and the properties of CMCS films.
Thin mesoporous polyaniline films manifesting a water-promoted photovoltaic effect
Authors: Gospodinova Natalia , Tomšík Elena , Romanova Julia
Published: December 2012

Photovoltaic cells composed of thin mesoporous polyaniline films sandwiched between an indium-tin oxide anode and aluminium cathode have been fabricated. The cells show an increase in the photo-generated open-circuit voltage (V oc) from 0.2 V to 0.6 V and stable-in-time V oc generation following the addition of water containing highly hydrated ions, e.g. tap water.We explain the waterpromoted photo-voltaic effect by the polarity of the water environment. Theoretical calculations show that increasing the solvent polarity increases the energy of the electronic transition related to the measured V oc. The stable-in-time V oc generation could be explained by the increase in the lifetime of the excitons as well as by their more efficient dissociation in the interpenetrating network of polyaniline and water. The penetration of water into the mesoporous polyaniline films is promoted by the presence of highly hydrated ions.
Nachhaltige Land- und Forstwirtschaft im Berggebiet: das Forschungsprojekt «Mountland»
Authors: Huber Robert , Walz Ariane , Rigling Andreas
Published: December 2012

Sustainable agriculture and forestry in mountain regions: the “Mountland” project

Future climate and land-use changes are key challenges to maintain forest ecosystem goods and services especially in mountain regions. In this context, the goal of the “Mountland” project was to investigate the sensitivity of the provision of mountain ecosystem services to both climatic and land-use changes, and to suggest policies and governance structures for mitigating the impact of such changes and enhancing sustainable management practices in mountain regions. An integrative approach was applied in the project, combining methods from economics and the political and natural sciences. This introductory article of the present special issue illustrates the conceptual framework, presents the case study regions and the overall research questions of the project. This forms the basis for the five articles of this special issue which summarize the research with respect to forest ecosystems and policy.
Reflections on a British ‘Re-civilising’ Mission: Sarah (Bowdich) Lee's Playing at Settlers, or the Faggot House
Authors: Orr Mary
Published: December 2012

Imperial and colonial juvenile literature is assumed to be ‘an excellent reflector of the dominant ideas of an age’ (Mackenzie). This article by contrast argues for a less mimetic view through close rereading of Mrs R. Lee's Playing at Settlers, or the Faggot House (1855) , particularly its unfinished critiques of high colonialism from within. The actions of its enlightened British juvenile protagonists to educate their peers, and adult interlocutors, makes this text ‘settler’ and ‘Robinsonade’ fiction with a difference, as much for Britons at home as for those overseas. The tensions, cultural specificities and multi-colonial dimensions of the text explored in this article then suggest avenues for further research on juvenile works of the period, whether British or other European. Recovery of other similar, yet forgotten, works for children not only invites more informed reappraisal of them, but also of over-zealous postcolonial readings of the ‘civilising mission’ that have denied vociferous counter-colonial voices in juvenile, next-generational form.
‘On some precipice in a dream’: Representations of Guilt in Contemporary Young Adult Gay and Lesbian Fiction
Authors: Norbury Kate
Published: December 2012

This article explores the representation of guilt in six recent young adult novels, in which it is suggested that teen protagonists still experience guilt in relation to their emerging non-normative sexual identities. The experience of guilt may take several different forms, but all dealt with here are characterised by guilt without agency – that is, the protagonist has not deliberately said or done anything to cause harm to another. In a first pair of novels, guilt is depicted as a consequence of internalised homophobia, with which protagonists must at least partly identify. In a second group, protagonists seem to experience a form of separation guilt from an early age because they fail to conform to the norms of the family. Certain events external to the teen protagonist, and for which they cannot be held responsible, then trigger serious depressive episodes, which jeopardise the protagonist's positive identity development. Finally, characters are depicted as experiencing a form of survivor guilt. A gay protagonist survives the events of 9/11 but endures a breakdown, and, in a second novel, a lesbian protagonist narrates her coming to terms with the death of her best friend.
Effect of Occlusion Amblyopia After Prescribed Full-Time Occlusion on Long-Term Visual Acuity Outcomes
Authors: Longmuir Susannah , Pfeifer Wanda , Scott William , Olson Richard
Published: December 2012

Purpose:

To investigate the incidence and characteristics of occlusion amblyopia with prescribed full-time patching and determine its effect on long-term visual acuity outcomes.

Methods:

The records of patients younger than 10 years diagnosed as having amblyopia between 1970 and 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were prescribed full-time occlusion and observed until completion of therapy.

Results:

Of 597 patients treated for amblyopia by full-time patching, 115 were diagnosed as having occlusion amblyopia (19.3%). Seventy-five percent (86 of 115) developed occlusion amblyopia during the first episode of full-time patching. Occlusion amblyopia occurred more frequently in children prescribed full-time patching at an earlier age (
P
= .0002), with an odds ratio of 8.56 (95% confidence interval: 2.73, 26.84) in children younger than 36 months and 2.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.96, 7.37) in children between 36 and 59 months old. Seven of the patients with occlusion amblyopia did not reverse fixation and continued to fixate with the initially amblyopic eye after treatment. Final visual acuity in these eyes with occlusion amblyopia was 20/30 or better. After cessation of treatment, the final interocular difference in visual acuity was less in patients with a history of occlusion amblyopia (
P
= .003).

Conclusion:

Occlusion amblyopia occurred at all ages, but the incidence decreased with increasing age. Patients who developed occlusion amblyopia with prescribed full-time occlusion had less interocular visual acuity difference than patients who did not, suggesting that development of occlusion amblyopia can indicate the potential for the development of better vision in the originally amblyopic eye.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2013;50:94–101.]
From the heart of the people and to the heart of the people’ Jan F.E. Celliers as the people’s poet
Authors: Glorie Ingrid
Published: December 2012

In this article, Afrikaner nationalism from the first decades of the 20th century is seen against the backdrop of European cultural nationalism. Comparison shows that particular features that have often been considered as unique to Afrikaner nationalism, like hero worship and the investment of nationalist discourse with religious connotations were widespread in 19th century Europe as well. Special attention is paid to the cult around the ‘people’s poet’, Jan F.E. Celliers. Through the veneration for his person and his work, the Afrikaners were drawn closer together as an imagined community. However, the meaning that was attributed to this iconic figure developed over time, in accordance with the changing needs of the Afrikaners as a nation.
‘Never one thing. Always one thing and another’: An introductory comparison of the poetics of Ivan Vladislavić and Etienne Leroux
Authors: Van Schalkwyk Phil
Published: December 2012

‘Never one thing. Always one thing and another’: An introductory comparison of the poetics of Ivan Vladislavić and Etienne Leroux. As a language student at Wits in the 1970s, Ivan Vladislavić’s main subjects were English and Afrikaans. His interest in Afrikaans literature has since been expressed in interviews during which he acknowledged the influence of Afrikaans authors such as Breyten Breytenbach, Jan Rabie, John Miles and Etienne Leroux on his own work.Vladislavić’s writing bears a striking resemblance to the work of Etienne Leroux. Their relatedness in terms of poetics resides in the following: Firstly, both authors have risen above a mode of writing which either dominated the times in which they were writing or directly preceded it, and, secondly, they have made noticeably similar choices – in favour of the imagination. The writing of both Vladislavić and Leroux follows in the wake of critical historical junctures: the Second World War and the fall of apartheid, respectively. In both cases, society’s faith in the established order and its foundational myths foundered. In my contribution, I compare the authorial poetics of Vladislavić and Leroux in terms of their reflection on (historical) transition and change. As far as external poetics is concerned, I provide an elaborate overview of selected interviews with, and essays by, both authors. Since this article is a preliminary or introductory survey, the discussion of the authors’ internal poetics concentrates mainly on short prose with specific attention to selected short stories in Vladislavić’s Propaganda by Monuments and Leroux’s Tussenspel.
Educação, escola e ambiente urbano
Authors: De Carvalho Silva Cleonice
Published: December 2012

Entrevistada: Cleonice de Carvalho Silva (Professora na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre)Entrevistador: Leandro Belinaso Guimarães (Professor da UFSC)Entrevista realizada por e-mail, em outubro de 2011.
A oralidade, a escrita e as condições de produção de textos na escola: a constituição da escrita escolar em objeto de investigações acadêmicas
Authors: De Pietri Émerson
Published: December 2012

No presente trabalho, tematiza-se o processo de constituição da escrita escolar emobjeto de pesquisa de investigações acadêmicas. O material de análise foi produzidoem programas de pós-graduação de universidades brasileiras. Observaram-se as basessemânticas dos discursos sobre ensino de Língua Portuguesa que se constituíram nadécada de 80 do século XX. Os trabalhos de pesquisa desenvolvidos nesse momentose caracterizariam por considerar a organização textual do escrito, produzido emcontexto de ensino, em função de oposições resultantes de diferenças linguísticas e/ousociais. Tais diferenças se representariam pela contraposição entre fatos de oralidade efatos de escrita. As características dos textos produzidos na escola decorreriam, de umlado, de os alunos não terem conhecimentos sobre a modalidade escrita e, de outro, deas condições de produção do texto na escola não serem autênticas. No tratamento emcontraste de elementos associados a condições internas e a condições externas à escola,os fatores de textualidade se posicionam como índices discursivos para o pesquisadorem seu trabalho de constituição da escrita escolar em objeto de análise.
‘Man Dem Link Up’: London's Anti-Riots and Urban Modernism
Authors: Millington Gareth
Published: December 2012

Commentaries on the London riots of August 2011 have tended to ignore the urban context of the disturbances or have treated the city and the urban as an implicit part of their analysis - merely as a backdrop to events. This paper offers an urban perspective in arguing that the socio-spatiality of contemporary London - the legacy of competing forms of urban modernism - plays a critical role in explaining how and why the disturbances unfolded in the highly idiosyncratic form they did. The first stage of the analysis introduces competing notions of urban modernism ranging from a modernism of the street, to a modern urbanism of welfarist/statist control and finally a deregulated neoliberal (post)modernism. Second, the socio-spatial dimensions of contemporary London are outlined. Third, the article moves to contrast the ‘inner city’ riots of Brixton 1981 and what is described here as the ‘anti-riots’ of August 2011. In the fourth section the events of August 2011 are argued to be part of a dialectic between the homogenisation, fragmentation and hierarchization of London-space and the resilience of an urban modernism that seeks to re-engage with the experience of the city as totality, as a sum of human efforts.
Impact of 2000–2050 climate change on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality inferred from a multi-model analysis of meteorological modes
Authors: Tai A. P. K. , Mickley L. J. , Jacob D. J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Studies of the effect of climate change on fine particulate matter (PM2.5 air quality using general circulation models (GCMs) show inconsistent results including in the sign of the effect. This reflects uncertainty in the GCM simulations of the regional meteorological variables affecting PM2.5. Here we use the CMIP3 archive of data from fifteen different IPCC AR4 GCMs to obtain improved statistics of 21st-century trends in the meteorological modes driving PM2.5 variability over the contiguous US. We analyze 1999–2010 observations to identify the dominant meteorological modes driving interannual PM2.5 variability and their synoptic periods T. We find robust correlations (r > 0.5) of annual mean PM2.5 with T, especially in the eastern US where the dominant modes represent frontal passages. The GCMs all have significant skill in reproducing present-day statistics for T and we show that this reflects their ability to simulate atmospheric baroclinicity. We then use the local PM2.5-to-period sensitivity (dPM2.5/dT) from the 1999–2010 observations to project PM2.5 changes from the 2000–2050 changes in T simulated by the 15 GCMs following the SRES A1B greenhouse warming scenario. By weighted-average statistics of GCM results we project a likely 2000–2050 increase of ~ 0.1 μg m−3 in annual mean PM2.5 in the eastern US arising from less frequent frontal ventilation, and a likely decrease albeit with greater inter-GCM variability in the Pacific Northwest due to more frequent maritime inflows. Potentially larger regional effects of 2000–2050 climate change on PM2.5 may arise from changes in temperature, biogenic emissions, wildfires, and vegetation, but are still unlikely to affect annual PM2.5 by more than 0.5 μg m−3.
Comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of relationships in Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the Atlantic ocean using mtMutS and nad2 genes tree reconstructions
Authors: Morris K. J. , Herrera S. , Gubili C. , Tyler P. A. , Rogers A. , Hauton C.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Despite being an abundant group of significant ecological importance the phylogenetic relationships of the Octocorallia remain poorly understood and very much understudied. We used 1132 bp of two mitochondrial protein-coding genes, nad2 and mtMutS (previously referred to as msh1), to construct a phylogeny for 161 octocoral specimens from the Atlantic, including both Isididae and non-Isididae species. We found that four clades were supported using a concatenated alignment. Two of these (A and B) were in general agreement with the of Holaxonia–Alcyoniina and Anthomastus–Corallium clades identified by previous work. The third and fourth clades represent a split of the Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade resulting in a clade containing the Pennatulacea and a small number of Isididae specimens and a second clade containing the remaining Calcaxonia. When individual genes were considered nad2 largely agreed with previous work with MtMutS also producing a fourth clade corresponding to a split of Isididae species from the Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade. It is expected these difference are a consequence of the inclusion of Isisdae species that have undergone a gene inversion in the mtMutS gene causing their separation in the MtMutS only tree. The fourth clade in the concatenated tree is also suspected to be a result of this gene inversion, as there were very few Isidiae species included in previous work tree and thus this separation would not be clearly resolved. A~larger phylogeny including both Isididae and non Isididae species is required to further resolve these clades.
A Book Catalog at Stanford
Authors: Johnson Richard D.
Published: December 2012

Description of a system for the production of a book catalog for an undergraduate library, using an IBM 1401 Computer (12K storage, 4 tape drives), an expanded print chain on the 1403 Printer, and an 029 Card Punch for input. Described are the conversion of cataloging information into machine readable form, the machine record produced, the computer programs employed, and printing of the catalog. The catalog, issued annually, is in three parts: an author & title catalog, a subject catalog, and a shelf list. Cumulative supplements are issued quarterly. A central idea in the depiction of entries in the catalog is the abandonment of the main entry concept. The alphabetical arrangement of entries is discuessed: sort keys employed, filing order observed, symbols employed to alter this order, and problems encountered. Cost factors involved in the preparation of the catalog are summarized.
Compression Word Coding Techniques for Information Retrieval
Authors: Nugent William R.
Published: December 2012

A description and comparison is presented of four compression techniques for word coding having application to information retrieval. The emphasis is on codes useful in creating directories to large data files. It is further shown how differing application objectives lead to differing measures of optimality for codes, though compression may be a common quality.
Evolução do comportamento humano: Psicologia evolucionista
Authors: Hattori Wallisen Tadashi , Yamamoto Maria Emília
Published: December 2012

O estudo do comportamento humano tem sido feito há séculos, mas com o advento da Teoria da Evolução, uma nova perspectiva se abriu para a compreensão da natureza humana. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar uma abordagem evolucionista. A psicologia evolucionista (PE) é uma área emergente da ciência da mente e do comportamento. Destacamos aspectos interessantes do surgimento da PE, além de apresentar seus principais conceitos no que diz respeito, por exemplo, a mecanismos psicológicos evoluídos, ambiente de adaptação evolutiva e modularidade. A fim de clarear alguns mal-entendidos, discutimos o que a PE não é. Seguimos apresentando a integração da PE com outras disciplinas e as possíveis aplicações da PE. Finalmente, apresentamos o surgimento da PE brasileira.
Toxinas animais: Serpentes da família Colubridae e seus venenos
Authors: Hess Priscila L. , Squaiella-Baptistão Carla C.
Published: December 2012

Toxinas animais têm se tornado, há alguns anos, um alvo frequente de pesquisas científicas, no entanto, em relação a venenos de serpentes, a grande maioria dos estudos concentra-se nas serpentes peçonhentas das famílias Viperidae e Elapidae. Em contraste, muito pouco se sabe sobre os venenos produzidos por espécies opistóglifas pertencentes à família Colubridae e que podem causar acidentes significativos em humanos. Com base em levantamentos epidemiológicos e estudos da composição desses venenos, os mesmos têm se mostrado misturas contendo compostos de interesse, com mecanismos de ação semelhantes àqueles dos venenos das serpentes peçonhentas, mas menor complexidade proteômica. Diante disso, os venenos de colubrídeos opistóglifos são possíveis fontes de novos compostos biologicamente ativos, o que fornece perspectivas no campo de pesquisa de moléculas com ação sobre sistema imune ou diversos processos fisiológicos.
Genética molecular e sistemática animal: Um breve histórico, contribuições e desafios
Authors: Bueno-Silva Marlus
Published: December 2012

O progresso da genética molecular tem possibilitado o desenvolvimento de métodos para caracterizar geneticamente indivíduos e populações. Na última década, o uso crescente de marcadores moleculares de DNA deu origem à taxonomia molecular. O gene COI é considerado o marcador universal para código de barras genético animal, porém sua amplificação é difícil para alguns táxons, e isso tem motivado a proposta de marcadores alternativos. Entretanto, é possível que a combinação de dois ou mais marcadores de DNA e o desenvolvimento de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores espécie-específicos possam resolver esse dilema. Por outro lado, tornou-se cada vez mais difícil publicar descrições de espécies baseadas exclusivamente em morfologia no mundo inteiro. Taxonomistas atribuem esse fato ao fenômeno do “impedimento taxonômico”. Apesar das divergências entre taxonomistas tradicionalistas e moleculares, é muito provável que o uso integrado de dados genéticos e morfológicos possa fornecer subsídios mais consistentes na delimitação de espécies. Recentemente, ouso de marcadores de DNA em sistemática filogenética abriu caminho para a sistemática molecular. Algumas iniciativas têm contribuído para o avanço dessa nova linha de pesquisa, por exemplo: criação de bases de dados filogenéticos e disponibilidadede infraestrutura computacional para inferência filogenética. Dentre os desafios de trabalhar com taxonomia molecular, destacam-se a demanda por infraestrutura adequada e alto investimento financeiro. Apesar disso, a taxonomiano Brasil, sem dúvida, tem potencial para continuar se expandindo como uma das ciências mais promissoras deste século, principalmente nesse momento da história em que fragmentação e degradação ambiental demandam o conhecimento urgente da biodiversidade.
Utilizando os hexápodes (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) como bioindicadores na Biologia da Conservação: Avanços e perspectivas
Authors: Leivas Fernando Willyan Trevisan , Carneiro Eduardo
Published: December 2012

Os Hexapoda (Insecta e Entognatha) têm sido utilizados como bioindicadores nas distintas áreas de atuação da Entomologia,tais como agrícola, médica-veterinária, forense e na biologia da conservação. Esta última detém grande parte dos estudos e aplicabilidade dos hexápodes como indicadores biológicos em ambientes terrestres e aquáticos. Os últimos anos apresentaram avanços significativos no uso desse grupo como bioindicadores, uma vez que foram subsidiados por aprimoramento de ferramentas estatísticas, aumento no número de grupos de pesquisa, coleções entomológicas e uso de abordagens com diferentes níveis taxonômicos. Concomitantemente, esses avanços têm propiciado maior contribuição no desenvolvimento acadêmico, social e econômico, o que a torna uma ferramenta eficaz na elaboração de políticas públicas e estratégias econômicas. Apesar da aplicabilidade efetiva dos hexápodes como bioindicadores, ainda existem dificuldades que limitam ou impossibilitam conclusões mais robustas quanto ao seu uso, como carência sobre o conhecimento da biodiversidade tropical e história natural das espécies. Essas barreiras representam os principais desafios a serem superados nos próximos anos.
Entomologia médico-criminal
Authors: Caneparo Maria Fernanda da Cruz , Corrêa Rodrigo César , Mise Kleber Makoto , Almeida Lúcia Massutti de
Published: December 2012

A entomologia médico-criminal é o ramo da entomologia forense que estuda os insetos e outros artrópodes que estão associados principalmente com crimes contra a vida e violações como negligência, maus-tratos e tráfico de drogas. Têm como uma de suas principais aplicações a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte (IPM), por meio do conhecimento da taxonomia, biologia e sucessão da fauna cadavérica. O primeiro registro da aplicação dessa ciência é do século XIII, na China, popularizando-se a partir do fim do século XIX, com o lançamento do livro de Mégnin. No Brasil, os estudos se iniciaram noséculo XX com Edgar Roquette-Pinto e Oscar Freire. Contudo, apenas nas últimas décadas houve um aumento no número de grupos de pesquisa sobre entomologia médico-criminal, o que provocou um aumento na quantidade de publicações relacionadas ao tema. Tais fatores corroboram para a maior credibilidade dessa ciência e a consequente interação entre o meio acadêmico e a polícia, o que torna sua utilização corriqueira em muitos países. Os diversos estudos em andamento em vários continentes visam à aquisição de dados para a fundamentação de uma entomologia médico-criminal aplicável ao cenário mundial, fato essencial para a criação de um banco de dados forense que poderá prover auxílio tanto para o meio acadêmico quanto para os peritos criminais.
Fitorremediação: Uma proposta de descontaminação do solo
Authors: Vasconcellos Maria Cristina , Pagliuso Débora , Sotomaior Vanessa Santos
Published: December 2012

A preocupação com o meio ambiente tornou-se mundial, de tal forma que a busca por alternativas de descontaminação de áreas tem sido frequente. A contaminação do solo com poluentes diversos (compostos orgânicos, inorgânicos e metais pesados), provenientes das atividades antrópicas, tem chamado atenção em virtude da degradação do solo e da água. A partir dessa perspectiva, emergiu o conceito de fitorremediação, que descreve a utilização de plantas para a extração/amenização do composto poluente. Embora a fitorremediação seja um conceito novo e que necessita mais estudos, observam-se respostas positivas na descontaminação de solos e água. Este trabalho visa informar sobre o campo da fitorremediação e seu uso no tratamento de metais pesados.
Silicon Nanofibrils on a Flexible Current Collector for Bendable Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Choi Jae‐Yong , Lee Dong Jin , Lee Yong Min , Lee Young‐Gi , Kim Kwang Man , Park Jung‐Ki , Cho Kuk Young
Published: December 2012

A high‐energy‐capacity, flexible lithium‐ion battery is fabricated using a new nanofibril‐structured silicon anode on a flexible current collector. Silicon is known to be the highest capacity anode material. However, its huge volume changes during the lithium insertion and extraction results in pulverization, which is the cause of the rapid capacity fade that occurs as the charge‐discharge cycles progress. Nanostructured silicon can overcome this pulverization problem. A flexible current collector with high electric conductivity is prepared by a RF‐magnetron sputtering of a thin copper layer (<1 μm) onto a porous polymeric membrane. This provides not only flexibility of the electrode but also a template for simple fabrication of nanostructured silicon. Cells using the new, flexible current collector and corresponding silicon nanofibril‐structured anode exhibit energy capacities over 2000 mAh g−1 during 30 charge‐discharge cycles at C/2. In addition, the coulombic efficiency remains over 99% after the third cycle. These results demonstrate the potential of the new anode for use in commercial high‐capacity, flexible lithium‐ion batteries.
Early Brain Growth Cessation in Wild Virunga Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: MCFARLIN SHANNON C. , BARKS SARAH K. , TOCHERI MATTHEW W. , MASSEY JASON S. , ERIKSEN AMANDINE B. , FAWCETT KATIE A. , STOINSKI TARA S. , HOF PATRICK R. , BROMAGE TIMOTHY G. , MUDAKIKWA ANTOINE , CRANFIELD MICHAEL R. , SHERWOOD CHET C.
Published: December 2012

Understanding the life history correlates of ontogenetic differences in hominoid brain growth requires information from multiple species. At present, however, data on how brain size changes over the course of development are only available from chimpanzees and modern humans. In this study, we examined brain growth in wild Virunga mountain gorillas using data derived from necropsy reports (N = 34) and endocranial volume (EV) measurements (N = 86). The youngest individual in our sample was a 10‐day‐old neonatal male with a brain mass of 208 g, representing 42% of the adult male average. Our results demonstrate that Virunga mountain gorillas reach maximum adult‐like brain mass by 3–4 years of age; adult‐sized EV is reached by the time the first permanent molars emerge. This is in contrast to the pattern observed in chimpanzees, which despite their smaller absolute brain size, reportedly attain adult brain mass approximately 1 year later than Virunga mountain gorillas. Our findings demonstrate that brain growth is completed early in Virunga mountain gorillas compared to other great apes studied thus far, in a manner that appears to be linked with other life history characteristics of this population. Am. J. Primatol. 75:450‐463, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amerikanische Universitäten in Gefahr
Authors: Zare Richard N.
Published: December 2012

Was kostet universitäre Bildung? Warum kostet sie so viel? Wer soll bezahlen? Und was sind die Folgen, wenn junge Menschen kein Studium mehr finanzieren können? Richard Zare untersucht das amerikanische Hochschulsystem und findet, dass eine große Vergangenheit noch lange keine rosige Zukunft garantiert.
Assessment of commercial and recreational fishing effects on trophic interactions in the Cap Roux area (north‐western Mediterranean)
Authors: Seytre Catherine , Vanderklift Mathew A. , Bodilis Pascaline , Cottalorda Jean‐Michel , Gratiot Julien , Francour Patrice
Published: December 2012

Assessing both direct and indirect effects of fishing, i.e. effects extending to two or more trophic levels, is becoming a key issue in restoration ecology. The present study compared the Cap Roux no‐take area (NW Mediterranean) with the surrounding non‐protected areas.

Direct effects of fishing were investigated using experimental net fishing and underwater visual census (UVC) specifically to survey species targeted by commercial fishing and angling. Indirect effects of fishing were deduced from predation and density of sea urchins.

Observations showed higher biomass and abundance (from catch rates) inside the MPA and differences in size composition (from UVC). The effect of protection from fishing was rapid, with differences apparent within 5 years of protection, and was most evident for highly targeted fish.

Rates of predation on two species of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) were dependent on protection level and season. This pattern was consistent with the presence of large Diplodus spp., known sea urchin predators, observed inside the reserve only in winter. However, the density of the sea urchins did not differ between the MPA and adjacent fished areas.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (−)‐Bengamide E
Authors: Metri Prashant K. , Schiess Raphael , Prasad Kavirayani R.
Published: December 2012

Total synthesis of the polyhydroxy caprolactam amide natural product, bengamide E, is accomplished starting from tartaric acid. Key reactions in the synthesis include desymmetrization of the bis(dimethylamide) unit of tartaric acid, Zn(BH4)2‐mediated anti‐selective reduction, and a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination.
A Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution on BiVO4 in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yang Jingxiu , Wang Donge , Zhou Xin , Li Can
Published: December 2012

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is regarded as one of the key issues in achieving efficient photocatalytic water splitting. Monoclinic scheelite BiVO4 is a visible‐light‐responsive semiconductor which has proved to be effective for oxygen evolution. Recently, the synthesis of a series of monoclinic BiVO4 single crystals was reported, and it was found that the (010), (110), and (011) facets are highly exposed and that the photocatalytic O2 evolution activity depends on the degree of exposure of the (010) facets. To explore the properties of and photocatalytic water oxidation reaction on different facets, DFT calculations were performed to investigate the geometric structure, optical properties, electronic structure, water adsorption, and the whole OER free‐energy profiles on BiVO4 (010) and (011) facets. The calculated results suggest both favorable and unfavorable factors for OER on the (010) and the (011) facets. Due to the combined effects of the above‐mentioned factors, different facets exhibit quite different photocatalytic activities.
Radical‐Functionalised Gel: A Building‐Block Strategy for Magnetochiral Assembly
Authors: Mannini Matteo , Cicchi Stefano , Berti Debora , Caneschi Andrea , Brandi Alberto , Lascialfari Luisa , Sorace Lorenzo
Published: December 2012

A chiral organogelating scaffold is functionalised with a stable organic radical pendant. The morphology and spectroscopic properties of the gels are investigated as a function of the organogelator concentration and temperature. The combination of AFM and ESR spectroscopy provides firm evidence that the architecture responsible for the formation of the macroscopic gel (i.e., the fibrillar structure) is maintained below the gelling concentration. This opens relevant perspectives in terms of the realisation of complex supramolecular chiral structures incorporating paramagnetic functions, and demonstrates that the ESR technique is suitable as a fast and direct check of the sample state (gel, solution, or small aggregates).
Motivational Dynamics Among Eating‐disordered Patients With and Without Nonsuicidal Self‐injury: A Self‐Determination Theory Approach
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Claes Laurence , Soenens Bart , Verstuyf Joke
Published: December 2012

Objective

The presence of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) in eating‐disordered (ED) patients is considered a complicating factor in treatment with a possibly adverse influence on patients' motivation to change. Using Self‐Determination Theory as a guiding framework, we compared ED patients with and without NSSI in terms of their well‐being and their motives to undertake psychotherapeutic change.

Method

Data were collected in a sample of 95 ED patients, including 37 patients displaying at least some type of NSSI.

Results

Patients with NSSI, relative to those without, felt more externally pressured to undertake change and reported lower overall well‐being. Mean level differences in well‐being between both patient groups were fully accounted for by patients' externally pressuring motives for pursuing change.

Discussion

In ED patients with NSSI, there is an important link between their more externally driven motivation to change and their lowered psychological well‐being. It is discussed how clinicians can approach these patients to pursue change. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Cytotoxicity study of novel water‐soluble chitosan derivatives applied as membrane material of alginate microcapsules
Authors: Sobol Marcin , Bartkowiak Artur , de Haan Bart , de Vos Paul
Published: December 2012

The majority of cell encapsulation systems applied so far are based on polyelectrolyte complexes of alginate and polyvalent metal cations. Although widely used, these systems suffer from the risk of disintegration. This can be partially solved by applying chitosan as additional outer membrane. However, chitosan can be dissolved in water only at a low pH, which limits its use in the field of bioencapsulation. In this study, novel primary and tertiary amine chitosan derivatives have been synthesized, which may be dissolved at pH 7.0, and retain the ability to effectively form additional membrane on the surface of alginate beads. As aqueous solutions tertiary amines dimethylamino‐1‐propyl‐chitosan and dimethylethylamine‐chitosan with linear hydrochloride aliphatic chains had the lowest toxicity, whereas dimethylpropylamine‐chitosan, diethylaminoethyl‐chitosan, and diisopropylaminoethyl‐chitosan with branched hydrochloride aliphatic were cytotoxic to the majority of tested cells. When applied as polyelectrolyte complexation agent on the surface of alginate beads, none of the derivates had any negative effect on the metabolic activity of encapsulated beta‐cells. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.