bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ‘Horrible Conflict with Theory’ in Heinrich Hertz's Experiments on Electromagnetic Waves
Authors: O'HARA JAMES G.
Published: September 2007

In his celebrated 1888 experiment on standing waves, Hertz found the velocity of transmission along a wire line to depend on wavelength and to differ from that for wireless transmission, a result that was in contradiction to theory. Hertz called on others to repeat the experiments and verify or refute his results. The call was heard by two groups of scientists. In Dublin, George Francis Fitzgerald and associates repeated and elaborated Hertz's experimental discoveries. For wire transmission, their results were in good agreement with those of Hertz. On the other hand Édouard Sarasin and Lucien de la Rive of Geneva obtained the results required by theory. Hertz looked for an explanation of his own results in the ambient conditions of his apparatus. He corresponded with both Fitzgerald and with the Genevan scientists. These letters are an important historical source in reconstructing the circumstances of Hertz's experiment.
The Virtual Law Library – a Portal in Progress for Legal Information in Germany!?
Authors: Vogel Ivo , Haug Jochen
Published: September 2007

This article by Ivo Vogel and Dr Jochen Haug of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin describes an ambitious project to build a portal to a huge legal information resource covering German primary and secondary legal sources currently available on the internet. It will act as the first port of call for all legal researchers and it is hoped to extend the project to include hard copy sources eventually.
Moving the Corporate Library: a Practical Approach to Preventing Worry and Embracing Change
Authors: Coles Anne , Gifford Davina
Published: September 2007

In this very practical and useful Checklist, Anne Coles and Davina Gifford of LG guide us through the steps involved in moving a corporate library to a new building, whilst at the same time re-branding the information service. They highlight the most important issues to consider at the pre-planning and planning stages; the move itself and after the move. The most important message is not to enter unwinnable battles and to prepare as thoroughly as possible.
Interannual variability of the oceanic CO2 sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades
Authors: Bates Nicholas R.
Published: September 2007

Between 1983 and 2005, continuous oceanic CO2 observations at two time series sites in the North Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda indicate that surface seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2 increased annually at rates similar to that expected from oceanic equilibration with increasing CO2 in the atmosphere. In addition, seawater pH, CO32− ion concentrations, and CaCO3 saturation states have also decreased over time. There was considerable seasonal asymmetry in the oceanic CO2 sink or source rates, with wintertime air‐to‐sea CO2 influx greater than the summertime sea‐to‐air CO2 efflux. On an annual basis, the region was an oceanic sink for CO2, with a mean net annual air‐sea CO2 flux rate of −815 ± 251 and −1295 ± 294 mmol CO2 m−2 yr−1, respectively, estimated using different synoptic and data assimilation model wind speed data sets. Peak‐to‐peak variability of ∼850–1950 mmol CO2 m−2 yr−1 represented an interannual variability of ∼0.2–0.3 Pg C yr−1 in the oceanic CO2 sink scaled to the subtropical gyre of North Atlantic Ocean. The long‐term trend over the 1983–2005 period was a slight increase in the oceanic CO2 sink, associated primarily with a gradual increase in wind speed over the same period. Interannual variability of summertime (June–September) and fall (October–December) air‐sea CO2 flux rates were correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and strongly influenced by wind events such as hurricanes. Wintertime (January–May) air‐sea CO2 flux rates were poorly correlated with the NAO and Arctic Oscillation (AO), although gas exchange rates were ∼11–40% higher during concurrent El Niño periods compared to La Niña periods.
IT Alignment: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Chan Yolande E , Reich Blaize Horner
Published: September 2007

We provide a review of the alignment literature in IT, addressing questions such as: What have we learned? What is disputed? Who are contributors to the debate? The article is intended to be useful to faculty and graduate students considering conducting research on alignment, instructors preparing lectures, and practitioners seeking to assess the ‘state-of-play’. It is both informational and provocative. Challenges to the value of alignment research, divergent views, and new perspectives on alignment are presented. It is hoped that the article will spark helpful conversation on the merits of continued investigation of IT alignment.
Impact of tumor-specific targeting on the biodistribution and efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles measured by multimodality
in vivo
imaging
Authors: Bartlett Derek W. , Su Helen , Hildebrandt Isabel J. , Weber Wolfgang A. , Davis Mark E.
Published: September 2007

Targeted delivery represents a promising approach for the development of safer and more effective therapeutics for oncology applications. Although macromolecules accumulate nonspecifically in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, previous studies using nanoparticles to deliver chemotherapeutics or siRNA demonstrated that attachment of cell-specific targeting ligands to the surface of nanoparticles leads to enhanced potency relative to nontargeted formulations. Here, we use positron emission tomography (PET) and bioluminescent imaging to quantify the
in vivo
biodistribution and function of nanoparticles formed with cyclodextrin-containing polycations and siRNA. Conjugation of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid to the 5′ end of the siRNA molecules allows labeling with
64
Cu for PET imaging. Bioluminescent imaging of mice bearing luciferase-expressing Neuro2A s.c. tumors before and after PET imaging enables correlation of functional efficacy with biodistribution data. Although both nontargeted and transferrin-targeted siRNA nanoparticles exhibit similar biodistribution and tumor localization by PET, transferrin-targeted siRNA nanoparticles reduce tumor luciferase activity by ≈50% relative to nontargeted siRNA nanoparticles 1 d after injection. Compartmental modeling is used to show that the primary advantage of targeted nanoparticles is associated with processes involved in cellular uptake in tumor cells rather than overall tumor localization. Optimization of internalization may therefore be key for the development of effective nanoparticle-based targeted therapeutics.
The EphA4 receptor regulates dendritic spine remodeling by affecting β1-integrin signaling pathways
Authors: Bourgin Caroline , Murai Keith K. , Richter Melanie , Pasquale Elena B.
Published: September 2007

Remodeling of dendritic spines is believed to modulate the function of excitatory synapses. We previously reported that the EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates spine morphology in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, but the signaling pathways involved were not characterized (Murai, K.K., L.N. Nguyen, F. Irie, Y. Yamaguchi, and E.B. Pasquale. 2003. Nat. Neurosci. 6:153–160). In this study, we show that EphA4 activation by ephrin-A3 in hippocampal slices inhibits integrin downstream signaling pathways. EphA4 activation decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of the scaffolding protein Crk-associated substrate (Cas) and the tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and also reduces the association of Cas with the Src family kinase Fyn and the adaptor Crk. Consistent with this, EphA4 inhibits β1-integrin activity in neuronal cells. Supporting a functional role for β1 integrin and Cas inactivation downstream of EphA4, the inhibition of integrin or Cas function induces spine morphological changes similar to those associated with EphA4 activation. Furthermore, preventing β1-integrin inactivation blocks the effects of EphA4 on spines. Our results support a model in which EphA4 interferes with integrin signaling pathways that stabilize dendritic spines, thus modulating synaptic interactions with the extracellular environment.
THE GREAT BALTIMORE FIRE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter gives new information about the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, which destroyed more than 140 acres and left 35,000 Baltimoreans jobless. The event ranks with the Chicago fire of 1871 and the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 as among the great disasters of American history. The press was hurt most among all the city's industries, but was the first to recover. One of the newspapers cited for their contributions during the crisis was Mencken's Baltimore Herald. The Baltimore Fire also bound Mencken more strongly to the city of his birth and determined the future course of his career, away from writing poetry and fiction and to the choice he had been struggling to make for himself.
POLEMICS AND PREJUDICES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the many contradictions in Mencken's character, taking apart his prejudices that are revealed privately and in public. Although Mencken said and wrote nothing about the Jews in Germany upon his return, it was clear that he was troubled. It was not until Kristallnacht, in November 1938, that Mencken publicly spoke about their persecution. Just as he did during the Maryland lynchings, Mencken castigated Franklin D. Roosevelt for doing nothing. Going against the prevailing anti-Semitic mood of the country, Mencken wrote columns calling for the United States to open its doors to German Jewish refugees. Privately, he sponsored the entry of Jewish families into the US. Jewish intellectuals also questioned why Mencken, as a champion of civil liberties, had not done more.
TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

In the spring of 1939, as the world hurtled towards war, Mencken warned his fellow journalists to be aware of the dangers that executive power and war would have on freedom of the press. Mencken had experienced this during World War I, and it influenced his newspaper column, which became increasingly controversial. In 1941, in almost an exact parallel to what he experienced in 1915, Mencken quit his long standing association with the Baltimore Sun.
MENCKEN AND THE GUILD
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Although no longer writing for the Sun, Mencken remained a prominent board member. His relationship with the Newspaper Guild reflected the contradiction in his role as a free speech advocate: he refused to recognize the difference between an employee with no economic power advocating membership, and management officials, like himself, who pressured employees against their right to join unions. Mencken clung to the belief that a man's individual efforts must speak for him.
THE GREAT UPSET OF 1948
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter details Mencken's role at the first televised national political convention, his views of politicians, and his view on the detrimental power of television over print. In 1948, Mencken experienced a resurgence of interest in his work and his glory. He became an American institution; his publisher Alfred Knopf labeled him a force in the Republic. In the midst of all these, Mencken suffered from a cerebral stroke.
“For Young Revolutionists”
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores how proletarian or revolutionary children's literature produced under the aegis of the Communist Party set precedents for popular children's literature produced in the 1940s and later by leftists. Building on models imported from the Soviet Union and Europe, as well as literature written early in the 20th century for Socialist Sunday Schools and often incorporating themes, principles, and aesthetics from progressive education, proletarian children's literature was limited in its audience because of its sectarian tone. However, it represents a conscious attempt to make children's literature part of a radical party program, and it often foregrounded scientific, historical, and anti-racist themes that would recur in later, more mainstream work by radicals. The chapter gives particular attention to the magazine of the Communist Young Pioneers, the New Pioneer, which published the work of several individuals who would later become writers or illustrators of popular books for children, among them Syd Hoff (writing here as A. Redfield), Helen Kay, Ben Appel, William Gropper, Myra Page, and Ernest Crichlow. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Popo and Fifina, Children of Haiti, by Langston Hughes and Arna Bontemps, a book that was arguably proletarian in its subject matter but written for a popular audience.
The Tools of Science
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter takes as its point of departure the launch of the Soviet satellite, Sputnik, in 1957 and the subsequent passage of the National Defense Education Act, which, as part of its program of strengthening math and science education in the United States, also provided libraries with funds for purchasing books in these areas. Although designed to fortify the United States against the Communist menace, the Act helped foster a major market for books by people who were strongly critical of the Cold War, and, in some cases, were Marxists or even current or former Communist Party members. This chapter traces the development of science education and scientific literature for children as these intersected with interest in science among Socialists, Communists, and other Marxists, as well as radicals in general, starting in the early 20th century and continuing through the Cold War. In a repressive cultural climate, scientific themes had the advantage of seeming value-neutral, but in practice proved fertile ground for teaching children to think critically, to question received authority (especially on racial matters), and to feel empowered to influence and change the world around them. The chapter also suggests ways in which Marxism's logic influenced scientific thought and translated into scientific children's literature.
A World of Pastures and Pounds
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores livestock husbandry in New England, where colonists relied on their domestic animals for local use and sale, especially to the West Indies. Once again, colonists altered English husbandry practices by adopting free-range husbandry, bringing their animals home only during the winter months. The chapter argues that despite local regulations regarding supervision of livestock, the animals were not always fully under human control.
A Prophecy Fulfilled
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines how towards the end of the 17th century, efforts on the part of Indians and colonists to resolve problems caused by livestock gave way to conflict. It argues that the colonists' growing populations and burgeoning herds placed great pressure on Native Americans and led to appropriations of Indian land. At the same time, Indians frustrated by the colonists' inability to control their animals sought revenge by killing livestock. Tensions over livestock contributed to King Philip's War in New England and Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia.
Introduction
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews why standard methods for plant diversity studies have been slow to develop. It provides specific examples why plant diversity studies are inherently difficult due to issues of taxonomy, phonology, and species rarity. In addition, it shows that designing plant diversity studies also is hampered by plant-to-plant neighborhood scale variability, landscape-to-regional scale variability, and long-term changes in plant diversity brought about by immigration, particularly plant species invasions from other countries.
Case Study on Multiphase and Multiscale Sampling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

Only a small portion of any landscape can be affordably sampled. Estimating the patterns of plant diversity in the much larger, unsampled landscape is important and challenging. For example, many national and state parks, national forests, wildlife refuges, and nature reserves require detailed information at multiple scales to evaluate the status and trends of native plant species, non-native plant species invasions, and the effects of grazing and fire on plant diversity. In this case study, the methods were based on: remote sensing of homogenous and heterogeneous vegetation types, and small areas suspected of having unique species; random selection of plot locations in each type; multi-scale sampling of plant diversity; determination of species composition overlap within and among vegetation types; and assessment of native and non-native plant species patterns in the landscape.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

Paired-plot designs are commonly used to compare the effects of fire, grazing, or other disturbances. Plots are placed in treated (or disturbed) and untreated (or control) sites, and measured differences are meant to infer the direct effects of the treatments. As this next case study shows, such simple approaches are never as simple and straightforward as planned, but they do provide insightful information. This chapter is a case study designed to: (1) examine several aspects of plant assemblages at multiple spatial scales in long-term grazed and ungrazed sites in several management areas; (2) determine the relative roles of grazing, soil characteristics, and climate in determining patterns of species richness; and (3) develop broad generalizations about the effects of grazing and cessation of grazing on plant diversity in typical grasslands in the Rocky Mountains.
transition
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the role of photography and film in the little magazine transition and in the Revolution of the Word announced in it. It focuses particularly on the Readie project of Bob Brown, which was intended to produce a machine for reading poems and stories from strips of film. The utopian hopes of both the magazine and the Readie project are mocked by the appearance in many of the Readies of prejudicial, even racist material.
An Eyeminded People
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the Camera Eye sections of Dos Passos's trilogy — which turn out to be a great deal less visual than is commonly supposed — as a key to the trilogy as a whole. What Dos Passos seems to find interesting in the camera is not some kind of visuality, but rather a certain sort of experience — brief and atomized. Oddly, he disapproves of the political effects of this kind of experience while using cinematic techniques in his fiction. The chapter suggests that Dos Passos finds a way for his scattered literary episodes to touch and mutually inform one another, up to a limit determined by racial and sexual indeterminacy.
Responding to Resistance in Teaching about New Religious Movements
Authors: Gallagher Eugene V.
Published: September 2007

Students frequently come to classes about new religious movements disinclined to take them seriously as legitimate religions. Borrowing from literature about race and diversity in the classroom and using Peter Elbow's description of methodological doubt and methodological belief as analytical tools, this chapter discusses strategies for overcoming student resistance to taking NRMs seriously as religions. It is argued that the rigorous cultivation of methodological belief as an approach to the study of NRMs offers an effective way to dissipate some negative effects of stereotypes of NRMs and develop adequate descriptions of them. Advocating a rhetorical model of teaching, the chapter provides examples of active learning assignments and offers suggestions about course design that can make the politics of representation of NRMs a continuing topic for class discussions.
Altruistic Love and Physical Health
Authors: Koenig Harold G.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the associations between altruistic or unconditional love and physical health. It looks at the mind–body relationship and reviews recent research on the effects of negative emotions on medical outcomes, forming the basis for a model by which altruistic activities could indirectly influence physical health by modulating emotions. It then reviews research on the relationship between altruism and physical health, examines the relationship between altruism and religion, and explores whether the increasingly recognized effects of religion on physical health might be partly mediated by altruism. Finally, the chapter considers the implications of these findings for clinical practice and suggests directions for future research in this area.
Why Intelligent Design Is Not Science
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Although strongly supported by multiple lines of evidence and relevant to many “real world” problems, Darwinian evolution remains a battleground in the culture wars. A variant of creationism, known as intelligent design (ID), recently gained ground in political circles even as new research more firmly established the validity and vitality of Darwin's framework. This chapter explores the ID movement — especially that led by the Discovery Institute — showing how it is without scientific merit. ID backers contend that many biological systems show irreducible complexity, and thus cannot evolve by Darwinian evolution. This is not the case; systems like blood clotting and eyes that appear irreducibly complex can indeed evolve through stepwise Darwinian evolution. This chapter also addresses several issues of the philosophy of science, as well as the relationship between science and religion.
Balancing Selection and Disease
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Some forms of selection, called “balancing selection” can maintain variation. Human beta-hemoglobin is an example of a gene under balancing selection. Individuals having two copies of the sickle variant often die at an early age due to sickle cell anemia, but individuals with one copy of the sickle variant and one copy of normal hemoglobin do not get the anemia and have an increased resistance to malaria. This chapter discusses uses of tests applied to DNA sequence data to detect the action of balancing selection. Many of the examples of balancing selection involve disease, such as cystic fibrosis and AIDS.
Who Were the Neanderthals?
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

How close were the Neanderthals to modern humans? Are Neanderthal genes in our gene pool? This chapter explores recent studies analyzing the DNA from Neanderthal fossils to provide a framework to address these and related questions. Based on these fossil DNA studies, it appears that little if any gene flow occurred between Neanderthals despite many centuries of these groups living in proximity. For this reason, Neanderthals and modern humans are likely separate species.
Islam and the Republic
Authors: Hervieu‐Léger Danièle
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the problem of the assimilability of Islam in France, artificially represented as an immutable, monolithic whole, in the very abstract environment of laïcité (secularism). It argues that the future of laïcité depends on its capacity to develop — beyond the institutional issue of religion that was its historical reference — a robust public sphere in which new forms of individual and collective religious identity and practice can unfold within a democratic context. From this point of view, Islam is not an absurd case requiring a specific solution. It is the foremost test of the ability of our institutions and political culture to face the challenges of religious modernity.
Theorizing Power
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D.
Published: September 2007

The issue of power surfaces throughout feminist theological writings, particularly in discussions of structural or social sin. There is a tendency among feminist theologians to inscribe potentially restrictive essentialisms about women as victims in relation to systems of oppressive power construed too monolithically. Michel Foucault's poststructuralist theory of the disciplinary and productive effects of power and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's postcolonial notion of strategic essentialization will be used to reconceptualize social sin in an effort to retain the ethical and political force of appeals to a subaltern oppressed standpoint, but without static essentialisms. Part two of this chapter carves out theoretical space for seeing how oppressive Christian symbols (the cross and the maleness of Jesus as the Christ) might be deployed as what Foucault calls technologies for the care of the self.
Liturgical Theology
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

God is the central figure in the text of the prayer book, or Siddur; but God also presents a significant semiotic challenge. Indeed, God is a challenge to all linguistic and semiotic systems. How does one express and name the inexpressible? The argument in this chapter is that the prayer book is very aware of these issues and that it presents a series of sophisticated semiotic strategies to express and approach God. The analysis begins with an explication of C. S. Peirce's semiotics. The chapter then undertakes a semiotic analysis of the opening part of the daily morning service, the Birkhot Ha‐shahar. This includes analysis of scriptural verses, prayers, liturgical poems, Tallit, and Tefillin. The chapter ends with a semiosis of the Kaddish prayer for the dead.
1 The Haunting of American Literature
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the way in which Emerson has exerted tremendous imaginative influence over 20th-century literary critics, causing them to place his “American Scholar” at the center of their intellectual and cultural projects to remake America by redirecting the way it considered its past. Emerson's little-known involvement with the 1834 New York elections reveals how he assimilates political language so as to trope it. This innovative troping resists coercive and conventional modes of thought and discourse, but has also led to critical misreadings as to the social efficacy of Emerson's writing.
5 Perry Miller’s Errand into the Wilderness
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the process by which Perry Miller came to view Emerson as the molten center in the Ptolemaic universe of American literary history. Accordingly, some of his most important utterances about American culture gather around Emerson and seek to establish a “usable” version of the author as someone who wished above all else to make ideas a force in a world hopelessly immured in an inert materialism. In 1939-40, for instance, as the Harvard campus erupted in a bitterly politicized debate over US intervention in World War II, Miller wrote “From Edwards to Emerson”, a dazzling piece of scholarly synthesis that covertly rebuked campus communists and isolationists while at the same time suggesting the basis for more effective intellectual activism. And as Cold War anxiety coalesced with his own sense that the study of America had been co-opted by an imperial project that in turn led to intellectual constriction and repression, he found himself describing with increasing frequency the Emersonian scholar as a “lone wolf”, an outsider fiercely protective of independent thought while at the same time fated to obscurity, misappropriation, and bitter alienation.
THE SUBJECT OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, WITH POSTSCRIPT 2007
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

This chapter claims that the subject matter of moral theory is morality, and that morality is a socially embodied medium of understanding and negotiation over responsibility for things open to human care and effort. Morality is found in practices of responsibility that are not modular with respect to the rest of social life, and that are apt to reflect social differences, including gender, race, and class differences typical in human communities. Feminist ethics, drawing on the work of Carol Gilligan, alleges bias in moral theory and challenges moral reflection and its basis in intuitions when the social perspectives of moral philosophers go unexamined. Contemporary Anglo-American ethics follows a theoretical-juridical model of morality. The chapter introduces an expressive-collaborative model that combines critical and normative reflection on claims to moral knowledge with a significant empirical burden in ethics. It concludes with a new Postscript on recent developments in moral theory.
The Special Composition Problem
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

Peter van Inwagen, Terence Horgan, and Matjaž Potrč argue against ordinary inanimate objects on grounds that no view that accepts them can provide a satisfactory answer to the special composition question: the question of when a plurality of things composes some other thing. That question involves the existence question of when there is some thing composed (by other things). If “thing” is used in a sortal or covering sense, however, the argument against ordinary objects does not go through. But if “thing” is used generically in asking the question, then (given the results of chapter 6) this is an ill-formed question to which we can expect no uniform answer. However we understand it, then, the special composition question cannot be used to argue against ordinary objects.
4 Out of America
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

This chapter follows the story of the Loyalists — who came to call themselves “Nova Scotians” — in their exodus to an African promised land. It traces their efforts to put into practice the transformative project that Gustavus Vassa had outlined at the conclusion of his Interesting Narrative. In these settlers' struggles with the Sierra Leone Company, which governed the colony, and their efforts to forge relationships with the Koya Temne people who surrounded the colony, the Nova Scotians confronted some of the inherent complexities in the emerging diasporic vision of African identity. In the process they, and some black New Englanders who hoped to follow them, began to forge an alternate way to think about the links connecting “Africans” to one another.
Landscapes and Cities
Authors: Patterson John R.
Published: September 2007

The first two centuries AD are conventionally thought of as the ‘golden age’ of the Roman Empire, yet Italy in this period has often been seen as being in a state of decline and even crisis. This book investigates the relationships between city and countryside in Italy in the early Empire, using evidence from archaeology, literary texts, and inscriptions; it stresses the diversity of situations across Italy, with a focus on individual towns and regions as well as on the broader picture. Reviewing the wealth of data derived from archaeological field survey over recent years, it highlights the changing patterns of rural settlement in different regions of Italy, and in particular the growth of large estates. These are then related to contemporary developments in the cities, where the patterns of public building and benefaction revealed by urban excavation and by honorific inscriptions were influenced by changing conceptions of urban life at the local level as well as by the influence of contemporary building in Rome itself. The advancement of the Italian elites into the equestrian and senatorial orders under the early Empire brought challenges as well as benefits to the communities from which they came; the book underlines the resourcefulness of the cities, both large and small, in seeking to maintain and develop their civic traditions by drawing on new sources of support.
8 Conclusions
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a synthesis of discussion in the preceding chapters and some conclusions. It is argued that Theodoret's Christology remains a two-subject one to the end. The Church owes an eternal debt to Theodoret of Cyrus, due to his insistence on teaching a real and genuine humanity in the Incarnation.
Romulus' Asylum: the Character of the Roman Citizenship
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: September 2007

Citizenship was the primary means of defining what it was to be specifically Roman, and the peculiar permeability of the citizenship was worked out as an essential and permanent feature of Roman identity through the medium of myths of Rome's beginnings. In addition, the incorporation of individuals and peoples within the citizenship, and even the broader idea of migration to the city of Rome, came to serve as an important metaphor for the incorporative character of Roman culture, for religion, and for language. At the end of the Republic and in the imperial period, the Roman citizenship became an increasingly extraordinary conceit within the classical world. For citizenship was traditionally imagined to be first and foremost all about the active participation in the obligations and privileges of one relatively small community, rather than a marker of social and juridical privilege wherever the citizen might travel within the Roman world.
Languages and Literatures
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: September 2007

Key passages of the De Oratore and the Brutus, in which Cicero sets up models of ‘correct’ Latin particularly by reference to what he claims to be in some sense ‘inferior’ Latin, are interesting for the study of the language and literature of the ancients. Cicero acknowledges both a plurality of Latins and, variously, the learning and eloquence of some non-Roman speakers in a catalogue much mined by modern scholars of ancient Italy that takes us among the Marsi, to Sora, Bononia, Asculum, and Fregellae, moving between past and present time. Cicero's suggestion that ‘Brutus’ is about to experience the lack of ‘urbane colouring’ at first hand in his governorship of Cisalpine Gaul is an acknowledgement of a large and expanding educated Latin elite that was potentially part of the community of Roman society. In the late Republican context within which these works were written, Cicero's hierarchical formulation and restrictive definition of ‘good’ Latin represents one approach to an increasingly destabilized and potentially decentralized Roman political and social world.
1 Introduction
Authors: Bosworth A. B.
Published: September 2007

The period after the reign of Alexander the Great is generally regarded as a depressing anticlimax. It was characterized by destabilisation and virtual anarchy, as the great king's marshals fought for the empire which he had allegedly left to the strongest of them. The army which he had led into Asia was dissipated in a sequence of futile civil wars, and the elite Macedonian troops were progressively reduced by combat, much of it against fellow Macedonians. Out of the conflict emerged a number of kingdoms, created by the ambitions of individual satraps, which gradually coalesced into hereditary dynasties.
3 Macedonian Numbers at the Death of Alexander the Great
Authors: Bosworth A. B.
Published: September 2007

Few events are as important and contentious as the demographic effect resulting from Alexander's conquests. It is accepted that Macedonia was far weaker by the end of the 3rd century than had been the case under Philip and Alexander, but what caused the debilitation has been intensely disputed. One theory is that Alexander's demands for reinforcements, in particular the demands he made between 334 BC and 330 BC, drained the military resources of Macedonia and were ultimately responsible for her decline over the following century. This chapter explores the question concerning the strength of Alexander's army at the time of his death, along with the military situation between 323 BC and 319 BC, when Macedonian reserves were stretched to the full. The impact of the campaigns of those years, which were arguably more destructive — for Macedon — than the entire reign of Alexander, is discussed.
Women and Latin Verse in the High Middle Ages
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the rise of the vernaculars and changing role of Latin in medieval Europe. It presents the evidence for nuns and other religious women as poets in Latin. It also examines different varieties of religious life for medieval women, and the implications of these different lifestyles for access to Latin literacy. It discusses women and the exercise of authority in medieval Europe (notably by Norman royal ladies): early arguments for the Latin education of noblewomen. The chapter includes specific sections on surviving anonymous Latin verse in women's voices, rotuli (memorial rolls) as evidence for convent literacy, Baudri of Bourgeuil's circle of educated women, particularly Constantia, women Latinists in northern Europe, especially Hildegard of Bingen, the nuns of Helfta, the love-verses from Regensburg, and Willetrudis's Versus de Susanna: it is argued that this last may have been written at Wilton.
Women Latinists in Sixteenth-Century England
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on English pride in learned women by 1550: learned women at the early Tudor court. It discusses Erasmus and the household of Sir Thomas More; the development of companionate marriage in both Catholic and Protestant families; and the Seymour sisters and the political implications of humanist education for girls. It also considers the learning and culture of Elizabeth I, and of women associated with her court, in particularly the four Cooke sisters, who included Mildred Cecil, Lady Burghley. Elizabeth's desire to impress foreign humanists is examined. Sixteenth-century Protestant women humanists outside the court, notably Anne Lok, women recusants, women and Latin culture in Ireland and Scotland are presented.
Italian Women Poets of the Sixteenth Century and After
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the expansion of possibilities for women writers in 16th-century Italy, particularly in the vernacular, with unusually extensive access to print compared with other countries. However, women continued to write in Latin and translate from Latin. Olimpia Morata, educator and poet in Latin and Greek, is an example, and another is Tarquinia Molza, a professional musician at the D'Este court and student of Plato. Counter-Reformation convents harbored a number of women scholars, including Laurentia Strozzi, and there is extensive evidence for convent drama and convent music. In the 17th century, Elena Piscopia gained international renown by taking a PhD, and Martha Marchina became one of the few working-class women to write Latin verse. The increasing popularity of academies opened up a new public space for Italian women, particularly the Ricovrati of Padua, as a little later, did the salons of the 18th century. Eighteenth-century Bologna became the first University to recruit women faculty members.
Anna Maria van Schurman and Other Women Scholars of Northern and Central Europe
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines poor survival rate of early modern German books. It emphasizes an increasing interest in women's capabilities and education, and discusses pietism as a movement that encouraged women's learning. It also considers educating fathers: German professors who taught their daughters Latin, and a continued use of Latin in court contexts, particularly among the Wittelsbachs, the Braunschweig-Lüneburgs, and in the Palatinate. Women published in Latin, such as Euphrosine Aue, are presented. In the Low Countries, Anna Maria van Schurman was the outstanding, but not the only example, of a multilingual woman scholar, and probably the first woman permitted to attend university (Utrecht) as a student. There were Latinate women among the Dutch petit bourgeosie, notably Elizabeth Koolaart. In the 17th century, princesses and professors' and pastors' daughters in Scandinavia began to study Latin, notably Queen Christina, Sophia Brenner, and Maria Aurora van Königsmarck. Women in the court of Luisa Maria Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, continued to cultivate Latin, notably Sophia Corbiniana, and another outstanding figure is the poet Anna Memorata.
Introduction
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the book by considering the implications of the way letters figure throughout Bowen's work, foregrounding the act of writing itself. It also examines those essays in which Bowen writes about the acts of reading and writing, and suggests what she means when she says that writing is ‘the enforced return’. Finally, the chapter sets Bowen in the context both of international literary Modernism and of her critical reception, while also explaining why the writer of this book has been so interested in Bowen throughout his life.
Mother and Child: The House in Paris (1935)
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a reading of Bowen's novel, The House in Paris, as her major statement about maternity and orphanhood — subjects that preoccupied her all her life, having strong autobiographical roots. It understands the novel as self-consciously both aligning itself with, and divorcing itself from, the work of Henry James and the 19th-century novel of adultery (Flaubert, Tolstoy), placing unique emphasis on the figure of the child. It interprets the novel's arrestingly unique structure as both a response to Modernist forms and a necessity of the subject matter. It also explores the novel's fairy tale elements and considers its view of its Jewish characters in the light of the rise of European fascism in the 1930s.
War's Stories:The Heat of the Day(1948) and its Contexts
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a lengthy reading of Bowen's wartime novel, The Heat of the Day, considering it in tandem with various of its contexts, notably Bowen's wartime reports from neutral Ireland to Churchill's government — which some considered a form of espionage — and the diaries of her wartime love, Charles Ritchie, a high-ranking Canadian diplomat. These contexts establish a frame for interpreting the novel's notoriously slippery preoccupations with personal and political treachery, fascism, Ireland, stories themselves, parallelism of various kinds, names and confused identities, espionage, and Irish neutrality. In relation to all of these, the novel's predominant mood is one of anxiety and guilt. The chapter attempts to chart the inscription within the novel, in various modes of concealment, of Bowen's own wartime activities. In addition, extensive treatment is given to forms of theatricality in the novel and to Bowen's sense of what a postwar Ireland might become.
The Influences of climate Variability on North Atlantic Zooplankton Populations
Authors: Pershing Andrew J. , Greene Charles H. , Planque Benjamin , Fromentin Jean-Marc
Published: September 2007

Variations in zooplankton populations in regions throughout the North Atlantic have been tied to changes in the Atlantic atmosphere-ocean system. Recent work has tended to focus on the impact on zooplankton of one particular climate mode, the NAO. However, it is important to remember that the NAO is only one measure of climatic conditions in this region. This chapter examines two particularly well-known regions, the North Sea and the Gulf of Maine, to characterize the range of mechanisms by which climate may influence zooplankton. Climate influences zooplankton populations in two main ways. Through its effect on ecosystem properties, such as the timing or magnitude of the spring bloom, climate variability can cause changes in zooplankton populations. Climate variability can have a significant effect on ocean circulation patterns, and thus, the distribution of zooplankton.
STATISTICAL INDUCTION—WHEN AND HOW?
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore
Published: September 2007

In statistical induction, the evidence is represented by observations on characters with definite domains but uncertain potential values. In the objective approach, the observational procedure is conceptually repeatable and the uncertainty about the potential observations is expressible in terms of an objective or frequency probability model, which generally involves some unknown parameters representing our inductive concern. Idea about the trustworthiness of the conclusion is given in terms of objective or subjective probability, depending on the nature of the parameters assumed. In the subjective approach, the observations may be non-repeatable and the uncertainty about them is expressed in terms of a fully known subjective probability model; future observations constitute our inductive concern. Uncertainty about the conclusion is always expressed subjectively. Often, there is scope for designing the observational procedure in both the approaches.
BREAKING THE BARRIER: OUT INTO A BROADER DOMAIN
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore
Published: September 2007

By the 1830s, as large volumes of official data were compiled and tabulated, frequential regularity exhibited by them inspired some mathematicians (Venn, C. S. Peirce) to develop the frequency theory of probability and some others (Poisson, Quetelet) to apply the statistical tools of the ‘theory of errors’ to new fields. Among them, Quetelet extensively used the binomial and normal models to study demographic, judicial, and anthropometric data, but he was interested mainly in studying ‘true values’. Later, Galton, in course of studying heredity on the basis of biometric data, recognized the importance of variability and developed empirically bivariate regression, correlation, and the bivariate normal model. Edgeworth, Karl Pearson, and Yule extended Galton’s results and methods to the multivariate case. Empirical studies also led to the formulation of new problems of inference relating to correlation.
Problems in nonlinear electromagnetism
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents some nonlinear constitutive models and develops wave propagation problems in nonlinear electromagnetism. Nonlinear models arise from nonlinear functions or functionals, which describe the polarization and the magnetization. Various perturbation approaches to the generation of harmonics are outlined. Exact results are provided in connection with wavefronts associated with hyperbolic systems of equations, and the classical Bernoulli equation for the amplitude is obtained. Shock wave solutions in nonlinear dielectrics are investigated.
Nonlocal electromagnetism and superconductivity
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a scheme of nonlocal electromagnetism and develops a scheme of superconductivity. In essence, nonlocality is meant as a description of constitutive properties through appropriate spatial gradients. This is allowed by generalizing the expressions of the energy and the entropy fluxes while keeping the possible dependence on the history. Superconductivity is developed by starting from an improvement of the London theory and the thermodynamic analysis is performed. The Ginzburg-Landau theory is improved through an evolution model.
Magnetic hysteresis
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

Hysteresis is a phenomenon where nonlinearity and memory effects occur at the same time. This chapter describes a few models of magnetic hysteresis with particular emphasis on these two features. After a brief review of approaches within micromagnetics (Landau-Lifshitz equation) and domain wall motion (Langevin function), the general requirements for a model are established. Two rate-type bilinear models are examined in detail, which generalize a class of models named after Duhem. The connection with the models by Bouc and Preisach is also presented.