bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic Coefficients for Simplified Deepwater Slope Stability Assessment Under Earthquake Loading
Authors: Trandafir Aurelian C.
Published: August 2021

Pseudostatic limit-equilibrium based slope stability analyses are carried out on a routine basis to evaluate stability of submarine slopes under earthquake loading. For slopes in deepwater settings, a major challenge in performing pseudostatic slope stability analyses is selection of an appropriate seismic coefficient. Most published displacement-based methodologies for seismic coefficient selection were developed using simplified sliding block models for seismic slope performance evaluation that are unable to capture the complex deformation mechanism of deepwater slopes during earthquakes. To address this challenge, this study employs two-dimensional dynamic finite-element based deformation analysis to investigate the earthquake response of submarine clay slopes characterized by morphology, stratigraphic architecture and geotechnical properties representative for the deepwater environment. Finite-element computed seismic slope performance indicators, including horizontal peak ground acceleration at the seafloor and earthquake-induced maximum shear strain within the slope, along with horizontal seismic coefficients required to trigger slope instability in limit-equilibrium based pseudostatic stability analyses are used to develop a rational shear strain-based correlation relationship for deepwater slope seismic coefficient selection.
Pore–Scale Study of Effects of Hydrate Morphologies on Dissociation Evolutions Using Lattice–Boltzmann Method
Authors: Li Zhuoran , Qin Guan
Published: August 2021

The natural gas hydrate, plentifully distributed in ocean floor sediments and permafrost regions, is considered a promising unconventional energy resource. The investigation of hydrate dissociation mechanisms in porous media is essential to optimize current production methods. To provide a microscopic insight in the hydrate dissociation process, we developed a Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model to investigate this multi–physicochemical process, including mass transfer, conjugate heat transfer, and gas transport. The methane hydrate dissociation is regarded as the reactive transport process coupled with heat transfer. The methane transport in porous media is modelled by the generalized LB method with the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) collision model. The mass transfer from hydrate to fluid phase is described by the hydrate kinetic and thermodynamic models. Finally, the conjugate heat transfer LB-model for heterogeneous media is added for solving the energy equation.

In the numerical experiments, we primarily investigated the effects of different hydrate distribution morphologies such as pore–filling, grain–coating, and dispersed on the hydrate dissociation process. From simulations, we found that in general, the dissociation rate and the methane average density rapidly approached the maximum value and then decreased with fluctuation during the dissociation process. This trend is due to that the endothermic reaction heat decreased the temperature, resulting in decelerating the dissociation. The average temperature decreased to minimum value instantaneously as hydrate started to dissociate. After the minimum value, the average temperature would increase slowly, accompanied by the thermal stimulation and hydrate consumption, displaying a valley shape of the temperature curve. We also found that the whole dissociation process and permeability–saturation relations are significantly affected by the hydrate morphologies. Under the same hydrate saturation, the dispersed case dissolves the fastest, whereas the grain–coating case is the slowest. Furthermore, we proposed a general permeability–saturation relation applicable for three cases, filling the gap in the current relative permeability models. The LB model proposed in this study is capable to simulate the complex physicochemical hydrate dissociation process. Considering the impacts of thermodynamic conditions (P,T), we investigated their influences on the coupled interaction between dissociation and seepage under three different morphologies and proposed a general permeability–saturation relationship. The results can be applied as input to adjust parameters in the continuum model, and provide instructions for exploring clean energy with environmental considerations.
Modeling Production Facilities Using Conventional Process Simulators and Data Validation and Reconciliation DVR Methodology
Authors: Mooney Tom , Bratley Kelda , Amin Amin , Jadot Timothy
Published: August 2021

The use of conventional process simulators is commonplace for system design and is growing in use for online monitoring and optimization applications. While these simulators are extremely useful, additional value can be extracted by combining simulator predictions with field inputs from measurement devices such as flowmeters, pressure and temperature sensors. The statistical nature of inputs (e.g., measurement uncertainty) are typically not considered in the forward calculations performed by the simulators and so may lead to erroneous results if the actual raw measurement is in error or biased.

A complementary modeling methodology is proposed to identify and correct measurement and process errors as an integral part of a robust simulation practice. The studied approach ensures best quality data for direct use in the process models and simulators for operations and process surveillance. From a design perspective, this approach also makes it possible to evaluate the impact of uncertainty of measured and unmeasured variables on CAPEX spend and optimize instrument / meter design.

In this work, an extended statistical approach to process simulation is examined using Data Validation and Reconciliation, (DVR). The DVR methodology is compared to conventional non-statistical, deterministic process simulators. A key difference is that DVR uses any measured variable (inlet, outlet, or in between measurements), including its uncertainty, in the modelled process as an input, where only inlet measurement values are used by traditional simulators to estimate the values of all other measured and unmeasured variables.

A walk through the DVR calculations and applications is done using several comparative case studies of a typical surface process facility. Examples are the simulation of commingled multistage oil and gas separation process, the validation of separators flowmeters and fluids samples, and the quantification of unmeasured variables along with their uncertainties. The studies demonstrate the added value from using redundancy from all available measurements in a process model based on the DVR method.

Single points and data streaming field cases highlight the dependency and complementing roles of traditional simulators, and data validation provided by the DVR methodology; it is shown how robust measurement management strategies can be developed based on DVR’s effective surveillance capabilities. Moreover, the cases demonstrate how DVR-based capex and opex improvements are derived from effective hardware selection using cost versus measurement precision trade-offs, soft measurements substitutes, and from condition-based maintenance strategies.
A New Insight into Hybrid Surfactant and Low Salinity/Engineered Water Injections in Carbonates Through Geochemical Modeling
Authors: Adila Ahmed S. , Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Alameri Waleed
Published: August 2021

Low salinity/engineered water injections (LSWI/EWI) have gained popularity as effective techniques for enhancing oil recovery. Surfactant flooding is also a well-established and commercially-available technique in the oil and gas industry. In this paper, a numerical 2D simulation model was developed to investigate the effect of hybrid surfactant-LSWI/EWI on oil recovery from carbonate cores under harsh conditions. The developed simulation model was validated by history-matching recently conducted surfactant corefloods in the secondary mode of injection. Oil recovery, pressure drop, and surfactant concentration data were utilized. The surfactant flooding model was then coupled with a geochemical model that captures different reactions during LSWI/EWI. The geochemical reactions considered include aqueous, dissolution/precipitation, and ion-exchange reactions. Different simulation scenarios were considered and compared including waterflooding, surfactant flooding, engineered water injection, hybrid surfactant-EWI, and hybrid surfactant-LSWI. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was performed on the hybrid surfactant-EWI process through capturing changes in surfactant injected concentration and adsorption.

For the case of LSWI/EWI, wettability alteration was considered as the main mechanism underlying incremental oil recovery. However, both wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction mechanisms were considered for surfactant flooding depending on the type of surfactant used. The results showed that the hybrid surfactant-EWI altered the wettability and achieved higher oil recovery than that of surfactant-LSWI and other techniques. This highlights the importance of selecting the right combinations of potential ions for a certain reservoir to maximize oil recovery rather than a simple water dilution. The results also highlight the importance of surfactant adsorption and surfactant concentration for the hybrid surfactant-EWI technique. This work provides insights into the application of hybrid surfactant-LSWI/EWI on oil recovery especially in carbonates. The novelty of this work is further expanded through comparing surfactant-LSWI with surfactant-EWI and understanding the controlling parameters of surfactant-EWI through sensitivity analysis.
Critical Review of the Thai and Malaysian Decommissioning Landscapes
Authors: Tung Aaron , Wanarunwong Wanarun , Vuttipittayamongkol Pattaramon
Published: August 2021

As the wave of oil and gas decommissioning activities begins across Thailand and Malaysia, issues related to the management of oil and gas decommissioning activities also begin to take shape, appearing in the form of disputes (Tanakasempipat 2019), schedule delays (Zainal Abidin and Mahasan 2019), scope creeps (Xu et al. 2019; Yap 2018), and cost overruns (Yusof, Ros and Omar 2018). One avenue to overcome the issues related to the management of oil and gas decommissioning activities in Thailand and Malaysia, is to enhance project managers’ understanding of the Thai and Malaysian oil and gas decommissioning landscape. Therefore, a research involving semi-structured interviews with 20 industrial representatives was conducted over the period of 2019 and 2020.

This paper presents the findings from the research, detailing the regulatory structure and process, the supply chain and research capabilities, the operator's planning and execution behaviours for oil and gas decommissioning, and public stakeholders’ behaviours towards oil and gas decommissioning activities. The research findings will be presented in the form of a list of considerations, which project managers can utilize when managing future oil and gas decommissioning activities in Thailand and Malaysia. In addition, emergent research findings will also be summarized as a list recommendations for legislative and regulatory government bodies in order to further enhance the effectiveness of current regulatory arrangements.
MACRO-GOM: Long Term Multi-Resolution Ocean Current Reanalysis Dataset for the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Groves Neha , Srinivasan Ashwanth , Ivanov Leonid , Storie Jill , Gustafson Drew , Ramos Rafael
Published: August 2021

The Gulf of Mexico's unique circulation characteristics pose a particular threat to marine operations and play a significant role in driving the criteria used for design and life extension analyses of offshore infrastructure. Estimates from existing reanalysis datasets used by operators in GOM show less than ideal correlation with in situ measurements and have a limited resolution that disallows for the capture of ocean features of interest. In this paper, we introduce a new high-resolution long-term reanalysis dataset, Multi-resolution Advanced Current Reanalysis for the Ocean – Gulf of Mexico (MACRO-GOM), based on a state-of the-science hydrodynamic model configured specifically for ocean current forecasting and hindcasting services for the offshore industry that assimilates extensive non-conventional observational data. The underlying hydrodynamic model used is the Woods Hole Group – Tendral Ocean Prediction System (WHG-TOPS). MACRO-GOM is being developed at the native resolution of the TOPS-GOM domain, i.e. 1/32° (~3 km) hourly grid for the 1994-2019 time period (25 years). A 3-level downscaling methodology is used wherein observation based estimates are first dynamically interpolated using a 1/4° model before being downscaled to the 1/16° Inter-American Seas (IAS) domain, which in turn is used to generate time-consistent boundary conditions for the 1/32° reanalysis. A multiscale data assimilation technique is used to constrain the model at synoptic and longer time scales. For this paper, a shorter, 5-year reanalysis run was conducted for the 2015-2019 time period for verification against assimilated and unassimilated observations, WHG's proprietary frontal analyses, and other reanalyses. Both the frontal analyses and Notice to Lesses (NTL) rig mounted ADCP data was withheld from assimilation for comparison. Offshore operations in the GOM can benefit from an improved reanalysis dataset capable of assimilating existing non-conventional observational datasets. Existing hindcast and reanalysis model datasets are limited in their ability to comprehensively and reliably quantify the 3D circulation and kinematic properties of the main features partly because of limited assimilation of observational data. MACRO-GOM incorporates all the advantages of available HYCOM-based reanalyses and further enhances the resolution, accuracy, and reliability by the assimilation of over three decades of WHG's proprietary datasets and frontal analyses for continuous model correction and ground-truthing. The final 25-year high resolution dataset will provide highly reliable design and operational criteria for new and existing infrastructure in GOM.
Reducing THI Injection and Gas Hydrate Agglomeration by Under-Inhibition of Crude Oil Systems
Authors: Delgado-Linares Jose G. , Majid Ahmad A.A. , Zerpa Luis E. , Koh Carolyn A.
Published: August 2021

Gas hydrates constitute a serious flow assurance problem. Over the last decades, industry has faced this problem by using avoidance methods (e.g. injection of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors) and management strategies (e.g. addition of hydrate anti-agglomerants). In the former, hydrates are completely avoided by shifting the hydrate boundary towards higher pressure and lower temperatures; in the latter, hydrates are allowed to form but their tendency to agglomerate is reduced. It should be noted that some crude oils are naturally able to avoid hydrate agglomeration, this non-plugging tendency may originate from the surfactant-like behavior of fractions like asphaltenes and acids. Recent works have shown that the natural non-plugging potential of certain oils can be affected by the addition of polar molecules like alcohols.

There is another strategy for managing hydrate that consist of the addition of THIs at a concentration lower that the one required to full hydrate inhibition. In this case, hydrates are under-inhibited. Studies carried out on hydrate agglomerating systems have shown that under-inhibition might prevent hydrate agglomeration only in a specific range of THI concentrations and sub-cooling; however, work on non-plugging oils is scarce. In this paper, the hydrate agglomeration of two crude oils under-inhibited with methanol and MEG was evaluated through a visual rocking cell apparatus and a high-pressure rheometer. Results showed that THIs and the crude oil's natural surfactants were capable of acting synergistically in reducing hydrate agglomeration and improving the system flowability.
New Insights into Geochemical Modeling of Hybrid Low Salinity/Engineered Water and Polymer Injections in Carbonates
Authors: Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Alameri Waleed
Published: August 2021

For decades, polymer flooding proved to be one of the most effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. In addition, low salinity/engineered water injection (LSWI/EWI) has been gaining momentum over the last few years. Both techniques seem to be cheaper than other EOR methods. This resulted in an increased interest among operators in these techniques. Moreover, low-salinity water is usually less viscous compared to formation fluids, which warrants a lower volumetric sweep efficiency, especially at high temperatures and in highly heterogeneous formations. The reduction in macroscopic sweep efficiency impairs the improvement in recovery efficiency by low-salinity water. In addition, experimental studies showed that polymer viscosity is considerably improved in less saline water. In this study, hybrid polymer and LSWI/EWI flooding performance is numerically evaluated in carbonate formations under conditions of mixed-to-oil wettability, high temperature, high salinity, and low permeability.

A numerical 1D model was constructed using a commercial compositional simulator. The model captures the polymer rheology of a newly developed and commercially available synthetic polymer. Also, the effect of LSWI/EWI on polymer rheology and performance was studied. Oil recovery, pressure drop, and in-situ saturation data were history matched for seawater, polymer, and low salinity water injection cycles. Furthermore, the matched experimental data were utilized to examine the combined polymer and low salinity water effect on the improvement in microscopic displacement efficiency of linear models under reservoir flow conditions. The simulation results showed that hybrid polymer and LSWI/EWI is a viable EOR method for carbonate reservoirs under harsh conditions. Moreover, this work provides new insights into the hybrid application of LSWI/EWI and polymer flooding in carbonates under harsh conditions, the impact of low-salinity water on in-situ polymer rheology, and it promotes further field-scale applications of hybrid polymer-LSWI/EWI to improve volumetric sweep efficiency and overall recovery efficiency.
Drilling Fluids Project Engineering Guidance and Most Common Fluids Related Challenges for Deepwater and HPHT Offshore Wells
Authors: Ay Ahmet , Dogan Huseyin Ali , Sonmez Ahmet
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses both technical and project management aspects of drilling fluids services for deepwater and high pressure high temperature (HPHT) offshore drilling projects.

The technical discussion part includes deepwater and HPHT specific fluids related concerns such as logistics, narrow drilling window, shallow hazards, gas hydrates, HPHT conditions and low temperature rheology; together with practical solutions for each of them. As some of these challenges cannot be met by only fluids itself, technologies such as managed pressure drilling (MPD), dual-gradient drilling (DGD) and use of special downhole tools are also included in the discussions.

The project management aspect is covered for both the planning and execution phases. A newly developed Four Stage Planning Guideline (4SPG) with a recommended timetable is proposed for high-profile offshore drilling projects. Starting from fluids selection to preparation of the contingency plans is discussed in detail for the planning phase. Execution phase is discussed mainly for service company representatives on how to follow main or contingency plans effectively and ensure good communication is achieved with all parties involved.

Work model presented in this paper can be used as a complete guideline by operating and service company representatives in order to increase the success rate of these high-risk offshore drilling projects and ensure learnings are captured in a structured way for continuous improvement.
Cable JIP: A Research Project to Assess the Feasibility of a Semi-Static Electrical Subsea Cable for the Power Take-off from a TLP-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: de Wilde J. J. , van der Nat C. G. J. M. , Pots L. , de Vries L. B. , Liu Q.
Published: August 2021

CABLE JIP research project in 2017-2019 was initiated with the aim of studying the feasibility of deploying a novel semi-static electrical cable for the power take-off from a TLP-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT). Today, expensive dynamic electrical cables are mainly used for the power take-off from demonstrator project FOWTs or from new FOWTs on the drawing board. For a TLP-type FOWT, the use of a semi-static electrical power cable instead of a fully dynamic electrical power cable (umbilical) is an attractive option to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCoE). However, the electrical power cable in a dynamic offshore environment is vulnerable to failure, either at the floater side or at the seabed touchdown area. Moreover, the electrical power cable for power take-off is typically non-redundant, while the availability of the turbine(s) highly depends on this critical component to transport the produced power to the substation. The paper discusses the results of the CABLE JIP research project, with focus on the verification and calibration of the numerical models for the ULS and FLS assessment of the electrical power inter-array cable for a harsh weather test case with a TLP-type floating offshore wind turbine in 96.5 m water depth.
A Machine Learning Workflow to Predict Anomalous Sanding Events in Deepwater Wells
Authors: Kara Mustafa Can , Majeran Malina , Peterson Bret , Wimberly Tom , Sinclair Greg
Published: August 2021

Deepwater wells possess a high risk of sand escaping the reservoir into the production systems. Sand production is a common operational issue which results in potential equipment damage and hence product contamination. Excessive sand erosion causes blockage in tubulars and cavities in downhole equipment (subsea valves, chokes, bends etc.), resulting in maintenance costs for subsea equipment that adds up to millions of dollars yearly to operators.

In this work, a scalable Machine Learning (ML) model readily accessing historical and real-time feed of sensor and simulation data is built to develop a predictive solution. Deployed workflow can inform Control Room Operators before significant damage occurs. An anomaly detection architecture, a common unsupervised learning framework for maintenance analytics, is deployed. Anomaly detection models include methods within the scope of dimensionality reduction. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Autoencoders are deployed to tackle the problem through reconstruction of the original input. During the workflow, a threshold is calculated after batch training and passed along with anomaly error scores in real-time. An alarm is triggered once the real-time anomaly score passes the threshold calculated during batch training. ML outputs are streamlined in near real-time to the database.

In this study, deployed ML model performance is benchmarked against a GOM Deepwater well where sanding is known to occur often. The ML Model architecture can process data that is captured by OSI PI historian, predict anomalous sanding events in advance, and is shown to be scalable to other wells in GOM. It is noted from this study that streamlined ML architecture and outputs simplify exploratory data analysis and model deployment across Onshore and Offshore Business Units. In addition, sanding stakeholders are notified in advance and can take early mitigative action before significant damage to wellhead or downhole equipment occurs instead of reacting to a possible sanding event offshore. The novelty of the utilized ML algorithm and process is in the ability to predict sanding anomalies in advance through ML batch training, infer prediction values near real-time, and scale to other assets.
Digital Twin For Offshore Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring: A Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata
Published: August 2021

Pipeline corrosion is a major identified threat in the offshore oil and gas industry. In this paper, a novel computer vision-based digital twin concept for real-time corrosion inspection is proposed. The Convolution Neural Network (CNN) algorithm is used for the automated corrosion identification and classification from the ROV images and In-Line Inspection data. Predictive and prescriptive maintenance strategies are recommended based on the corrosion assessment through the digital twin.

A Deep-learning Image processing model is developed based on the pipeline inspection images and In-Line Inspection images from some previous inspection data sets. During the corrosion monitoring through pipeline inspection, the digital twin system would be able to gather data and, at the same time, process and analyze the collected data. The analyzed data can be used to classify the corrosion type and determine the actions to be taken (develop predictive and prescriptive maintenance strategy). Convolution Neural Network, a well known Deep Learning algorithm, is used in the Tensorflow framework with Keras in the backend is used in the digital twin for corrosion inspection. CNN algorithm will first detect the corrosion and then the type of corrosion based on image classification. The deep-learning network training is done using 4000 images taken from the inspection video frames from a subsea pipeline inspection using ROV. The performances of both the methods are compared based on result accuracy as well as processing time.

Deep Learning algorithm, CNN has approximately 81% accuracy for correctly identifying the corrosion and classify them based on severity through image classification. The processing time for the deep-learning method is significantly faster, and the digital twin generates the predictive or prescriptive strategy based on the inspection result in real-time.

Deep-learning based digital twin for Corrosion inspection significantly improve current corrosion identification and reduce the overall time for offshore inspection. The inspection data loss due to the communication interference during real-time assessment can be eliminated using the digital twin. The image data can recover the required features based on other features available through the previous inspection. Furthermore, the system can adapt to the unrefined environment, making the proposed system robust and useful for other detection applications. The digital twin makes a recommended decision based on an expert system database during the real-time inspection.

The complete corrosion monitoring process is performed in real-time on a cloud-based digital twin. The proposed pipeline corrosion inspection digital twin based on the CNN method will significantly reduce the overall maintenance cost and improve the efficiency of the corrosion monitoring system.
Structural Analysis of Rigid High-Pressure Risers for Seismic Loads
Authors: Sonawane Mahesh , Vaidya Rohit , Haeberle Hunter
Published: August 2021

Typically, the design of all offshore risers focuses on environmental loads i.e. wave loading, wind loads and currents. While these loads are ubiquitous in an offshore environment, accidental loading in the form earthquake induced seismic loads is an important criterion in the design of offshore structures. API RP 2A recommends site-speciﬁc studies as a basis for developing the ground motion speciﬁcation of the design criteria, particularly for sites in areas of high seismicity (Zones 3–5).

Seismic loads are low probability events in most cases and there isn't enough data in the initial pre-FEED / FEED phase of project to conduct seismic studies on the riser systems. Designers have to rely on past experience, code guidance, and assumptions for design data. In this paper through the means of two (2) case studies for a region prone with high seismic activities, we will demonstrate the challenges of designing rigid High-Pressure Riser Systems for seismic loads. A comparison will be provided for assumed loads based on code guidance and loads derived from preliminary seismic studies. In addition, comparisons will be provided for the final design loads achieved after the detailed platform design. The results will show the risks of relying solely on one source of data in the design process that can imperil the fabrication / procurement process with redesign due to unforeseen loads. Design optimization through proper centralization and other mitigation strategies will be presented for the benefits of future concrete based fixed platform projects.
Powerful Material Technology Removes Barriers
Authors: Roy Ting C. , Markel Daniel , Harrison Casey , Shelton James , Harp Leonard , Groesbeck David , Grullon Gustavo , Wilkinson Christian , Chakravarty Sanghamitra , Shenoy Ramachandra , Roy Indranil
Published: August 2021

Strengthening materials through grain refinement often results in reduced ductility necessitating means to augment their elongation to failure for engineering applications. Grain boundary engineering (GBE), encompassing novel thermo-mechanical processing has shown promise of simultaneously enhancing both strength and ductility of materials and fracture behavior, especially with low stacking fault energy materials. The ultrahigh strength and reasonable ductility originate from dislocations being effectively blocked at the nano-twinned boundaries resulting in dislocation accumulation and entanglement. This necessitates the careful design of alloys and nano-composites, an effective harnessing of these unique sub-micron features to the benefit of engineering downhole tools for strategic applications. Enabled by these novel material developments, here we present two such articles for the unconventionals. First, a frangible barrier to abet placement of casings and liners through trapping an air column below the barrier while supporting a fluid column in the casing above, providing an up-thrust, a buoyant force that significantly reduces drag and lateral casing weight during placement. This is a viable concept because "shales don't kick". Second is the unmet need for a clean perforating tunnel allowing reduced fluid friction thus better reservoir connectivity. This has been achieved through the development of a novel shape charge with a reactive liner which during the detonation event, additionally generates reactive metallic glassy phase(s) and high entropy alloy complex(s) and their segregation in the deposited jet debris that lines the perf-tunnel. During flowback, reaction with aqueous fluids selectively etch these phases and stimulates the disintegration of the impervious skin on the perf-tunnel into fine particulates subsequently removing them, leaving behind a clear, clean tunnel.
The Sanctity of Emmaus Pilgrimage Heritage Site: The Case of Abbot Francis Pfanner
Authors: Nkwanyana Samkelisiwe , Njiyela CMM Fr. Thamsanqa
Published: August 2021

This paper explores the origins of Emmaus pilgrimage heritage site. Religious and different pilgrimage sites will be discussed. The focus of this paper is to describe the establishment and origins of Emmaus pilgrimage heritage site and also the role played by Abbot Francis Pfanner in the establishment of this pilgrimage heritage site. Furthermore, the paper discusses the tourism perspective of religious pilgrimage sites. Emmaus heritage site draws visitors from all over the world, and such visitation is linked to religious-travel. A key objective was to unpack an understanding of religious tourism as a driver behind the observance and respect for Emmaus pilgrimage site. A description of the religious tourism perspective is offered as well as the benefits of religious pilgrimages to the destination. The paper is conceptual and emphasis is on the sanctity of the site while also offering some perspective of religious tourism as a strategy to sustain and market the heritage site to attract a greater volume of global pilgrims. A qualitative research method has been used to get answers and a descriptive analysis has been done to show the sanctity of Emmaus heritage site. The paper demonstrates that a ‘niche’ product of religious tourism is indeed a big drawcard for the industry. There is a ‘sanctity’ element of Emmaus pilgrimage site as well as a presentation of the key role played by Abbot Francis Pfanner. Reflection of religious tourism and reasons for motivation and promotion of domestic and international pilgrims to visit pilgrimage sites is also briefly considered. In concluding, the paper draws attention to understanding the Roman Catholic religious’ traditions, and it also presents motivations on a variety of pilgrimage types.
The Bedel Score: Suggesting a New Scoring System to Avoid Negative Appendectomy
Authors: Bedel Cihan , Korkut Mustafa , Selvi Fatih , Zortuk Ökkes
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Scoring systems are still valuable and valid for differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA). Bedel Score is a new diagnostic tool with 7 parameters that can be easily applied. The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic performance of the Bedel score in AA and compare it with the Alvarado score. Methods: Our study consisted of 95 patients as a prospective cohort who were admitted to our emergency department due to abdominal pain and were hospitalized with a preliminary diagnosis of AA. Bedel and Alvarado scores were calculated. The patients were categorized into two groups (positive and negative appendectomy) according to their histopathological diagnosis. Results: The study population consisted of 65 (68.4%) male and 30 (31.6%) female patients. The mean age of the patients was 34 (18-87) years. 81 (85.3%) of the patients had histopathologically confirmed AA. Median Alvarado score was significantly higher in patients with positive AA than those with negative AA (7 (range: 3-10) vs. 5 (range 3-7), p<0.001, respectively). Median Bedel score of positive AA patients were also significantly higher than those with negative AA (9 (range: 6-10) vs. 5 (range 2-8) p<0.001, respectively) In separating acute appendicitis from negative exploration, the threshold of the Alvarado score is 63% sensitivity for ?7, 85.7% specificity; The Bedel score had 80.2% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity for the threshold value ?7. Conclusion: Bedel score is fast, simple, easy to learn and apply, as well as an effective and practical scoring system with only 7 parameters.

Keywords: Acute appendicitis, Alvarado score, New score, Negative appendectomy
THE EFFECT OF MACHINING PROCESSES ON THE PHYSICAL AND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF Ti6Al4V SPECIMENS PRODUCED THROUGH POWDER BED FUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Authors: ÇEVİK Zihni Alp , ÖZSOY Koray , ERÇETİN Ali
Published: August 2021

The most critical component of Industry 4.0, the new face of the machinery-manufacturing industry sector, is metal additive manufacturing. Laser-based additive manufacturing techniques are dominant for metal additive manufacturing today. In this study, the metal alloy studied is Ti-6Al-4V, one of the essential Ti alloys used in more than 50% of all commercial Ti applications. Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by additive manufacturing are used in the biomedical, aerospace-defence industry, and industrial areas due to their high strength, fatigue behaviour, fracture strength, good corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In the study, samples of Ti6Al4V alloy were produced with different manufacturing parameters by the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) method, which is one of the powder bed fusion methods. Then, the surface qualities of the samples were processed by milling and wire EDM. The effects of machining operations on the surface roughness of the samples were investigated and compared with the surface roughness obtained from the samples produced by the DMLS method. After the optical microscope images of the samples were taken, the physical and surface morphology were examined. Although the mechanical properties of the parts manufactured by DMLS methods were higher, the samples with machining presented higher machinability with lower forces, lower surface roughness. the This is explained that mechanical properties of samples of Ti6Al4V alloy in additive manufacturing are highly dependent on the rapid cooling of the material. Results show that samples of Ti6Al4V manufactured by additive manufacturing has been possible using with machining.
Pengaruh Sari Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam) terhadap Abnormalitas Spermatozoa Ayam Kampung
Authors: Tethool Angelina Novita , Ollong Abdul Rahman , Koibur Johan Fredrik
Published: August 2021

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent the occurrence of free radical antioxidation reactions in lipid oxidation.  Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) is one of the plants endemic to Papua which contain high antioxidant. The aim of this research was to determine the abnormality spermatozoa of ayam Kampung which were received red fruit extract treatment.  Eight cokcs were divided into 4 treatments, each treatment was repeated 5 times. The treatment consisted of control (P0) without extract, P1 with 0.5 mL extract/kgBW/day, P2 with  1 mL extract/kgBW/day and P3 with 1.5 mL extract/kgBW/day. The results showed that red fruit extract decreased the percentage of abnormality spermatozoa (P<0.05) compare to control (without red fruit extract).  Forms of abnormality obtained was abnormalities on the head, namely swelled head, bent head, head detachement, knotted tail and smaller head, middle abnormalities, namely midpiece detachement and bending at midpiece border and abnormalities of the tail, namely bent tail, knotted tail, tail detachement and curled tail.
Profil Lemak Darah Pada Ayam Broiler Akibat Ransum Ditambahkan Ekstrak Buah Noni (Morinda citrifolia)
Authors: Krismiyanto Lilik , Suthama Nyoman , Sukamto Bambang , Yunianto Vitus Dwi , Wahyono Fajar , Mangisah Istna
Published: August 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan ekstrak buah Noni (Morinda citrifolia) dalam ransum terhadap profil lemak pada ayam broiler. Sejumlah 200 ekor ayam broiler dengan bobot badan 245,67 ± 10,27 g, eksktrak buah Noni (EBN), ethanol absolute, kertas saring, spuit, vacum tainer, alkohol dan alat tulis digunakan pada penelitian ini. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan (masing-masing diisi 10 ekor). Perlakuan yang diterapkan meliputi Kontrol (+) = Ransum control/RK, Kontrol (-) = RK+Bacitracin 0,04%, T1= RK+EBN 0,04%,  T2= RK+EBN 0,08%, dan T3= RK+EBN 0,12%. Parameter yang diukur meliputi kolesterol, trigliserida, high density lipoprotein dan low density lipoprotein darah. Data dilakukan uji Anova dan beda nyata Duncan pada taraf 5%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian  bahwa penambahan EBN berpengaruh (p<0,05) terhadap kolesterol darah, trigliserida, high density lipoprotein dan low density lipoprotein. Penambahan EBN pada level 0,12% (T3) mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol, trigliserida dan low density lipoprotein darah serta meningkatkan  high density lipoprotein darah dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Simpulan adalah profil lemak darah yang ditambahkan EBN sampai level 0,12% (T3) mampu menjaga kesehatan tubuh.
Profil Metabolit Darah Sapi Bali Jantan yang Diberikan Pakan Hasil Integrasi Rumput - Legume - Tanaman Pangan di Lahan Kering Pulau Timor
Authors: Maranatha Grace , Fattah Sukawaty , Nulik Jacob , Lole Ulrikus Romsen , Sobang Yohanis Umbu Laiya , Samba Fredeicus Dedy
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pakan hasil integrasi rumput unggul - legume Clitoria tarnatea dan tanaman pangan pada sapi bali jantan penggemukan ditingkat peternak terhadap kadar urea, glukosa, dan hemoglobin darah. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 8 ekor sapi Bali jantan bakalan pada kisaran umur 1 – 1,5 tahun dengan berat badan 101-134 kg, dengan rataan 114,25 kg dan koefisien variasi 6,12%. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode percobaan menggunakan rancangan bujur sangkar latin ganda (RBSL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 periode sebagai ulangan. Adapun perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah P0: pakan hasil integrasi rumput mulato + legum + jagung + kacang nasi + labu kuning, P1: pakan hasil integrasi rumput odot + legum + jagung + kacang nasi + labu kuning, P2: pakan hasil integrasi rumput Setaria + legume + jagung + kacang nasi + labu kuning, P3: pakan hasil integrasi rumput Brachiaria + legum + jagung + kacang nasi + labu kuning. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh tidak nyata P>0,05 terhadap kadar urea, glukosa dan hemoglobin darah sapi Bali jantan penggemukan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian hasil integrasi rumput unggul - legume dan tanaman pangan memberikan pengaruh yang sama antar perlakuan terhadap profil metabolit darah sapi bali jantan penggemukan. Integrasi rumput unggul - legume dan tanaman pangan berpotensi untuk diterapkan pada daerah lahan kering karena mampu menyediakan pakan dengan biomassa yang cukup bagi ternak yang dibuktikan dengan profil metabolit darah ternak masih berada pada keadaan normal.
Faktor Risiko Penyebaran Escherichia coli Penghasil ESBL pada Ternak Ayam Komersial
Authors: Wibisono Freshinta Jellia
Published: August 2021

Escherichia coli producing ESBL in humans, animals and the environment trigger the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This study analyzes the potential risk factors in commercial chickens as an infectious factor for the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli as an effort to prevent and control the wider spread of Escherichia coli-producing ESBL events. This study was a descriptive analytic epidemiological study with a cross-sectional study design. Sampling using stratified random sampling by taking as many as 5 samples per commercial chicken farm in Blitar District. Data collection is done by direct interviews with farmers based on a questionnaire and field observations and inspection of livestock, supplemented with supporting documentation. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire and direct observation of the research object to determine risk factors that could affect the Escherichia coli producing ESBL that were resistant to antibiotics in commercial chicken in Blitar District. Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that is naturally present in the chicken digestive tract. The existence of the highest ESBL producing Escherichia coli was 45.56% in the type of partnership farming. Risk factors with the highest association strength on risk factors for partnership type (OR = 11.02, CI 95% = 5.84-20.77), the presence of antibiotic administration programs (OR = 6.76, 95% CI = 2.05-22.22), broiler chicken species ( OR = 5.34, 95% CI = 2.76-10.32), and the purpose of using antibiotics as prevention (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.86-6.74). Efforts to prevent and control the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in commercial poultry can be done by increasing surveillance of antibiotic use, in this regard it is necessary to supervise animal health personnel in the management of livestock raising for the correct use of antibiotics in commercial chicken farms.
Kualitas Tepung Ikan di Pesisir Pantai Kabupaten Merauke Sebagai Bahan Pakan
Authors: Praptiwi Irine Ike , Wahida Wahida
Published: August 2021

Catch fish that are not used as food can be processed into fish flour. The purpose of this study was to analyze fish meal from several types of fish found on the coast of Merauke RegencyThis test is carried out to see the physical and chemical quality.. From the research results of this study obtained the physical quality of fish meal can be which is categorized, both in mixing feed food and storage namely: the average density of 0.58 gr / cm3, surface area 53.88 cm2, pH 6.25, threshold power 1.15 m / sec and stack angle 27.260C, average ash content of 6.31%, protein 65.46%, fat 5.46%, crude fiber 0 and water content an average of 6.32%, These results indicate the quality of fish meal is included in standard I based on the quality of SNI 2013 as feed material. Eight (8) types of fish meal that have low economic value and potential to be developed as feed ingredients include Kaca fish (Kurtus gulliveri, Pasir fish (Platycephalus endrachtensis), Bete-Bete fish (Rhinoprenes pentanemus), Duri Herkules fish (Arius sp), and  Duri putih fish (Arius leptaspis).
Level Pemberian Tepung Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) Terhadap Kualitas Dendeng Babi
Authors: Sipahelut Geertruida Margareth , Armadianto Heri , Noach Yakob R. , Riwu Agustinus R. , Dillak Sutan Y.F. , Riwu Junius Rede Lae
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this research to determine the level on the quality of pork jerky (aroma, texture and TPC). The research design used was a complete random design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, and continued with Mann-Whitney test. The sensoric data used   hedonik  test according to Kruskal-Wallis method.  The treatment consisted of R0 = without roselle flour, R1 = roselle flour 5g, R2 = roselle flour 10g  and  R3 = roselle flour 15g. The results showed that the addition of roselle flour 5g, 10g and 15g  gave a significant difference  (P <0.05) to the aroma and TPC values while the texture had no significant effect (P>0,05).  But the best  texture value is at the level of 10g roselle flour.  Conclusion, The level of roselle flour  influences  the value of the aroma of  jerky and can reduce  the total bacterial growth  in the pork jerky.  The best activity  level of 15g roselle flour  can reduce the lowest total bacterial colony.
Kandungan Energi Bruto, Energi Tercerna dan Energi Metabolis Pakan Cair Fermentasi Berbahan Biji Asam Utuh pada Babi Grower
Authors: Wea Redempta , Koten Bernadete Barek , Morelaka Christian Abimayu
Published: August 2021

Tamarind seeds have a high energy content but have limited use for pigs because the seed coat is tough and contains anti-nutrient tannins. Therefore, liquid feed fermentation technology is carried out. The aim of this research was to assess the gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy content of liquid feed fermentation (Lff) with different fermentation times in growing pigs. The research materials were whole tamarind seeds, bran, corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The study used a completely randomized design and consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment = Lf0: Lff time 0 days; Lf1: Lff for 7 days, Lf2: Lff for 14 days, Lf3: Lff for 21days, Lf4: Lff for 28 days fermentation. The research variables were the energy content of the ration and the prediction of digestible energy and metabolic energy value. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the Lff with different fermentation time had a significant effect (P <0,05) on gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy value. The best value of energy is Lff for 21 days. It was concluded that the time for fermentation of liquid feed made from tamarind seeds which can produce good energy content, digestibility, and metabolic energy is 21 days.