bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Why migrants claim host citizenship: A new framework for analysis – Sri Lankan Migrants in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand’
Authors: Jayawardena Pavithra
Published: August 2024

This article maintains that exploring migrant motivations is an essential but difficult task. It is essential because, without it, we are unable to make effective policies for migrants. Popular anti-immigrant discourses which are based on fiction rather than facts will also continue to prevail if national policies are formulated without the migrant perspective. However, it is difficult to study migrants because we still lack methodologies to understand them in their context. The existing knowledge is largely nation-state-centric and is based on non-migrant experiences, therefore lacking the insights to explain migrants who are transnational subjects. Migrants’ lives and views are affected by a range of home, host, and individual level factors. This article intends to address this gap with a methodological framework that specifically explores migrants’ citizenship decisions in the host country. The framework examines the utilitarian and patriotic features of migrants’ citizenship views and the factors that affect them both at home and in host countries. It is based on a case study of Sri Lankan immigrants in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, thus representing the citizenship experience of a group of Global South migrants in the Global North. The article rejects the traditional presentation of utilitarian and patriotic forms of citizenship as two polarized, mutually exclusive approaches. Instead, the findings reveal that immigrants’ sense of gratitude and belonging is heavily dependent on their level of satisfaction with the utilitarian gains they receive from the host state. The article emphasises the need to explore migrants in their context and stresses the importance of introducing more innovative methods to study them.
Technical and Economic Analysis for 5G Nr Network Non-Standalone Planning In Yogyakarta City Using 2300 MHz Frequency
Authors: Ridho Prasetyo Wicaksono  , Ulinuha Mustakim Hamzah , Ayu Faradila Purnama Arrizky
Published: August 2024

Yogyakarta City covers a total area of 32,819 km2 with a population of 378,913 in 2022. Yogyakarta City has the potential to improve connectivity and enhance telecommunication services, which will benefit the population and overall city development. Additionally, the adoption of 5G NR technology can also support various sectors such as education, business, tourism, and governance, benefiting the community and the local economy. Therefore, Yogyakarta City's support for the establishment of 5G NR planning can be explained by the potential benefits offered by the technology in improving the quality of life and overall city development. This research utilizes the Technical Planning of 5G New Radio networks in Yogyakarta City with the architecture of 5G New Radio (NR) in Non-Standalone (NSA) mode. It encompasses technical design aspects related to coverage and capacity, cost planning (NPV, PP, IRR, ROI), and economic analysis (Capex, Opex, and Revenue). In the simulation, coverage for 47 sites was achieved, meeting the criteria for good signal quality, and for capacity, 43 sites with good signal quality were obtained. The cost and economic results obtained over 4 years show that the initial capital will be recouped, indicating that the investment is feasible to proceed with.
Prototipe Sistem Monitoring Suhu, Ketinggian Air, dan Kontrol Otomatis pada Budikdamber Berbasis IoT
Authors: Yazid Abdul , Weny Indah Kusumawati  , Febriliana Ridha
Published: August 2024

Penelitian bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan lahan terbatas yang tersedia di perkotaan dengan sebaik-baiknya dengan membuat sistem kendali dan sistem pemantauan pembudidayaan ikan dalam ember yang didasarkan pada Internet of Things. Pengunaan Internet of Things yang cerdas dan sensor-sensor pada penelitian ini memungkinkan segala pemantauan dan pengaturan keadaan budidaya ikan dalam ember secara remote. Untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan budidaya ikan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan ikan yang dipeliharanya, teknologi ini memungkinkan pembudidaya ikan untuk memantau dan mengendalikan budidaya secara lebih efektif dan cepat, sehingga sistem ini memiliki potensi untuk secara positif mempengaruhi perluasan budidaya ikan ember dalam konteks perkotaan yang terbatas. Hasil pengujian Sensor DS18B20 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat nilai kesalahan (error) sebesar 1.6%. Hasil pengujian jarak Sensor Ultrasonik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat nilai kesalahan sebesar 2.5%. Pada uji coba komponen penggerak (servo) memiliki tingkat keberhasilan 93.3%. Pada pengujian modul relay memiliki tingkat keberhasilan adalah 100%. Pada pengujian keseluruhan sistem didapatkan tingkat keberhasilan sebesar 100%.
Model of Business Process Improvement in Organizations Based on the Business Process Improvement Approach
Authors: Yoppy Mirza Maulana
Published: August 2024

Business processes are key in managing activities and relationships between activities in an organization. However, managing business processes in organizations still has problems such as inefficiency and ineffectiveness. Therefore, good business process management is needed. Good business process management can be done by conducting business process analysis and modeling (BPAM). On this basis, a model of a business process improvement was created based on the Business Process Improvement approach. This model aims to improve business processes within a business activity and the relationships between business activities. This model produces stages that include 1) Determining the scope based on the value chain; 2) BPAM based on business process modeling notation; and 3) Business process improvement based on 12 tools fundamental and techniques of Integration, improvement, and replacement. Based on the results of applying this model, it can be used as a guide for organizations in making improvements to their business processes.
Құқықтық ғылымдағы құқықтық фактілердің түсінігі мен мәні
Authors: Жукова З. , Мирошникова О.
Published: August 2024

В данной научной статье обсуждается концепция юридических фактов в контексте гражданского судопроизводства. Рассмотрены различные доктринальные подходы и теоретические аспекты, связанные с природой и функциями юридических фактов, а также их роль в процессуальных отношениях. Освещены вопросы, касающиеся влияния юридических фактов на динамику правоотношений и их взаимодействие с законодательными процедурами. Также акцентируется внимание важность юридических фактов в теории и практике правового регулирования.

Бұл ғылыми мақалада азаматтық сот ісін жүргізу контекстіндегі құқықтық фактілер тұжырымдамасы талқыланады. Құқықтық фактілердің табиғаты мен функцияларына қатысты әртүрлі доктриналық тәсілдер мен теориялық аспектілер, сондай-ақ олардың процессуалдық қатынастардағы рөлі қарастырылады. Құқықтық фактілердің құқықтық қатынастар динамикасына және олардың заңнамалық рәсімдермен өзара іс-қимылына әсері туралы мәселелер қамтылған. Құқықтық реттеу теориясы мен практикасындағы құқықтық фактілердің маңыздылығына да назар аударылады.

This scientific article discusses the concept of legal facts in the context of civil proceedings. Various doctrinal approaches and theoretical aspects related to the nature and functions of legal facts, as well as their role in procedural relations are considered. The questions concerning the influence of legal facts on the dynamics of legal relations and their interaction with legislative procedures are highlighted. The importance of legal facts in the theory and practice of legal regulation is also emphasized.
Artificial Intelligence as a Legal Category
Authors: Шошаева Л. , Аманбаева А.
Published: August 2024

Технология мен ғылымның дамуына байланысты жасанды интеллект адаммен қарым-қатынас жасай отырып, кейде адамнан да көп жетістікке жете отырып, барлық салаларда өзінің әлеуетін жүзеге асыруға кең мүмкіндіктер алды. Мақалада жасанды интеллектіні қазіргі таңдағы құқықтық реттелу деңгейі мен халықаралық стандарттарға сай нормативтік тұрғыда реттеу қажеттілігі қарастырылған. Осы мақала барысында жасанды интеллект құқық субъектісі ретінде және құқық объектісі ретінде қарастырылған және оның құқықтық субъективтілігі талданған. Автор құқық иесінің құқығы бұзылған жағдайда оны қорғау мәселесі де талқыланады.

With the development of technology and science, artificial intelligence has received ample opportunities to realize its potential in all areas, communicating with a person, sometimes achieving more than a person. The article discusses the current level of legal regulation of artificial intelligence and the need for regulatory regulation in accordance with international standards. In the course of this article, artificial intelligence is considered as a subject of law and as an object of law, and its lawsubjectivity is analyzed. The author also discusses the issue of protecting the rights of the copyright holder in case of violation.

С развитием технологий и науки искусственный интеллект получил широкие возможности для реализации своего потенциала во всех областях, взаимодействуя с человеком и иногда добиваясь большего успеха, чем человек. В статье рассматривается необходимость нормативного регулирования искусственного интеллекта в соответствии с современным уровнем правового регулирования и международными стандартами. В ходе данной статьи Искусственный интеллект рассматривается как субъект права и как объект права и анализируется его правосубъективность. С автором обсуждается также вопрос защиты прав правообладателя в случае его нарушения.
S SINTESIS KARBON AKTIF DARI BATANG KELAPA SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR ASAM FOSFAT (H3PO4)
Authors: Amna Sulton , Shahab Aliyah , Maryana Maryana
Published: August 2024

Adsorben merupakan material atau zat yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menarik dan mengumpulkan molekul atau partikel ke permukaannya melalui proses adsorpsi. Batang kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu limbah perkebunan sawit yang saat ini belum banyak digunakan. Pemilihan batang kelapa sawit digunakan sebagai karbon aktif, karena batang kelapa sawit yang sudah tidak produktif akan menjadi limbah, sehingga perlu unutk dilakukan penelitian agar dapat bermanfaat. Kandungan lignin, selulosa dan hemiselulosa yang tinggi membuat proses pembuatan karbon dari batang kelapa sawit akan lebih efektif. Sintesis karbon aktif dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan, yaitu pembersihan, pengeringan, karbonisasi, aktivasi dan karakterisasi. Aktivasi karbon aktif dilakukan dengan konsentrasi H3PO4 5%, 10% dan 15%. Karakterisasi karbon aktif yang sudah dibuat menggunakan uji volatile matter, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon terikat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi H3PO4 sebesar 5%, 10% dan 15% menghasilkan nilai volatile matter, berturut-turut 3,09%; 1,12%; 0,06%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi konsentrasi H3PO4 maka nilai volatile nya akan menurun. Uji kadar air menghasilkan  nilai 2,55%; 0,42%; 0,62% untuk konsentrasi H3PO4 5%, 10% dan 15%. Uji kadar abu menghasilkan  nilai 0,64; 1,18%; 3,17%. Uji karbon terikat menghasilkan 97,48%; 99,50%; dan 94,58%.
Algunos retos filosóficos de la política científica
Authors: Quintanilla Fisac Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2024

La ciencia es una parte importante del subsistema cultural de las sociedades más avanzadas. Y no está aislada: interacciona con el resto de la cultura, con la economía y con la política. En el campo de la política científica se plantean problemas conceptuales a los que los filósofos no suelen prestar mucha atención. Aquí se analizan algunos de esos problemas, como la relación entre el poder político y la ciencia, la justificación del apoyo social a la investigación básica o la caracterización del contenido de relevancia y originalidad de los resultados de la investigación científica. Para ello se utiliza el marco conceptual de la filosofía de la ciencia y el realismo científico de Mario Bunge.
La filosofía de la ciencia entre nosotros. Evolución, institucionalización y circulación de conocimientos en Cuba
Authors: Núñez Jover Jorge , Alonso Alonso Lourdes , Ramírez Valdés Grisel
Published: August 2024

En este artículo exponemos la evolución de la filosofía de la ciencia en Cuba. Mostramos sus vínculos con el contexto sociopolítico e ideológico y las diversas influencias intelectuales que le han dado forma. Destacamos que personas dedicadas a la filosofía de la ciencia han jugado un papel fundacional en la emergencia de campos interdisciplinarios como los estudios sociales de ciencia y tecnología, bioética y complejidad, todos los cuales cumplen funciones en la vida académica, cultural y social del país.
Principales logros y desafíos del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de México a 30 años de su creación
Authors: Cabrero Mendoza Enrique
Published: August 2024

Desde el comienzo de su mandato, el Presidente de México, el Lic. Enrique Peña Nieto, expresó su firme compromiso con el desarrollo de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación, considerándolas pilares fundamentales para transformar a nuestro país en una sociedad del conocimiento, un concepto que hoy en día marca los derroteros del desarrollo en el mundo. Es evidente que las nuevas reglas del juego a nivel internacional, particularmente las de la economía basada en el conocimiento, abren espacios a países emergentes como el nuestro, para que pueda posicionarse de manera más acelerada en la dinámica económica mundial. Por ello es que tenemos la certeza de que, en la medida en que transitemos hacia una sociedad que base las decisiones colectivas en el conocimiento generado en nuestras aulas, laboratorios y centros de investigación, México recuperará el liderazgo que le corresponde en el concierto de las naciones.
An Evaluation of Downburst Wind Load on Power Transmission Technologies
Authors: Kumari Nirmala
Published: August 2024

Transmission tower failures can result in power outages, which can have disastrous social and economic effects. Global transmission line failure investigations have shown that downbursts and tornadoes typically cause high intensity winds that cause transmission line breakdowns. Because downbursts produce long-lasting, intense wind occurrences, they pose the biggest threat. Numerous research works have looked into how these events might be applied to transmission line systems (TLS). Unfortunately, the search of transmission line fails under these kinds of loads has been made more difficult by the large ranges for the various downburst parameters and the diverse “representations of downburst wind speeds”, which differ from boundary layer wind profiles. The literature on TLS under downburst wind stresses is reviewed in this work. It investigates downburst wind loads, the structural behaviors of TLS under such stresses, and their modelling models. Static and dynamic analysis, as well as TLS modelling, are reviewed.
Landwirtschaft und Agrarpolitik in Deutschland und Frankreich: Auf der Suche nach neuen Wegen - Vorwort
Authors: Herrmann Roland , Kirschke Dieter , Zeddies Jürgen
Published: August 2024

Die Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
The millennium round of WTO negotiations and the future of EU agricultural policy
Authors: Tangermann Stefan
Published: August 2024

The Uruguay Round has established completely new rules for agricultural trade, but not yet achieved much liberalisation. The current new round of negotiations will, therefore, have to make another big step forward. Countries' views on what exactly should be agreed in the new round still differ widely. However, it is remarkable that no country has so far doubted the validity of the new WTO rules for agriculture, nor refused to engage in serious negotiations about further reductions. The EU has so far not had major difficulties to honour the new commitments that resulted from the Uruguay Round, though in the area of export subsidies the constraints have already been felt. In the new round of negotiations, EU export subsidies will be a primary target of negotiations, given the fact that the EU grants around 88 % of all agricultural export subsidies world-wide. It will, therefore, be important for the EU to change its policies such that EU agriculture can export without subsidies. In the cereals sector, Agenda 2000 has made a notable step in this direction. For other products, though, the EU will need more reforms in the future.
The influence of agricultural inheritance laws on structural change in German agriculture
Authors: Doll Helmut , Fasterding Ferdinand , Klare Klaus
Published: August 2024

The proclaimed aim of agricultural inheritance law in Germany and its preferential treatment of the farm successors is to maintain sustainable agricultural enterprises. To clarify this situation, this contribution exemplifies the financial assistance obtained through the legal situation and analyses a farm survey of about 1000 farms larger than 30 ha. As a result, it is noted that not only sustainable but also unsustainable farms are protected from division - an effect which causes delay in structural change. It is therefore suggested that the agricultural inheritance law be changed in such ways that only the so-called BGB land value law and the allocation rights included in the land trade laws are maintained. As a consequence, the incentive of the farm owner or his successor is required if special inheritance laws are to be implemented.
Landwirtschaft und Agrarpolitik in Deutschland und Frankreich auf der Suche nach neuen Wegen
Authors: Schlagheck Hermann
Published: August 2024

Seeking new ways in agriculture and agricultural policy in Germany and France. The concept of integrated rural development also represents a suitable approach for solving rural development problems in Europe. There are several reasons supporting the concept of rural development: changing framework conditions require new solutions and policies; rural areas need region-specific-development concepts; complex decision making requires cooperation between different actors and levels; sector-specific support remains part of region-specific development concepts; integrated rural development is time-consuming and requires intensive communication. A future-oriented sustainable policy for rural areas has to consider all functions of agriculture in a society, and this perspective can only be achieved with an integrated development approach.
Kompetenzverteilung in der Agrarpolitik in Deutschland
Authors: Thoroe Carsten
Published: August 2024

(Re-)Distribution of responsibilities in agricultural policy in Germany: In agricultural policy in Germany institutional and functional spheres of responsibility are mixed. The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany warrants a strong position to the federal states in relation to the federal government. But in fact, the decentralized lines of the constitutional law and the clear division of responsibilities between the federal government and the federal states have lost their contours over time. Taking the developments on the revenue side and the expenditure side together, in the national sphere in Germany there is the impression that the various governmental levels form a sturdy "network". Only at the level of implementation there are quite pronounced decentralized elements. There has been much critical discussion since the late 1970s of this co-operative federalism, the result of the networking of government levels. However, it has not been changed in principle. In the field of agricultural policy this networking is superimposed by the incorporation of the EU. Against the background of changed underlying conditions for integration and increased integration of European agriculture in world trade, the extensive transfer of agricultural policy responsibilities to the EU is in need of revision. In particular, the opening of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe also requires a consideration of the mechanism of the EU agricultural policy. Recommendations from the viewpoint of fiscal federalism are discussed for a revision in competences and clear demarcation of responsibilities for different fields of agricultural policy.
Utilisation of the internet in German agriculture: E-hubs as a new form of organization
Authors: Böcker Andreas , Brodersen Claus
Published: August 2024

This paper describes the concept of E-commerce portals, so called E-hubs, in its basic characteristics and analyses their potential impacts on agribusiness enterprises and agricultural markets. Since these impacts depend on the level of market penetration of this new type of organisation, it is further attempted to identify the most relevant factors that determine future acceptance and utilisation of internet portals at sector and enterprise level.
Grundsätze für eine Neuausrichtung der Agrarpolitik
Authors: Koester Ulrich
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
The efficiency of German agricultural administration
Authors: Mann Stefan
Published: August 2024

The efficiency of agricultural administration is analysed in this article by costs that arise in a region for administring one hectare farmland or one farm. Variances of these costs between regions can be explained by intra-organisational efficiency on the one hand and by inter-organisational efficiency on the other. Costs for the administration of 131 German regions are empirically estimated. Costs per hectare vary between DM 44 and DM 183. By regression, cost variances can be explained by the area a regional office administers and by the participation of a district office in the system, two important inter-organisational factors. A comparison of services between "cheap" and "expensive" regions does not reveal clear differences.
Transaktionskostentheoretisch basierte Analyse der Organisationsprobleme bei der Erschließung des Ökomarktes
Authors: Dienel Wolfram
Published: August 2024

An analysis of organizational problems in markets for organic products based on transaction cost economics: Market extension for organic products is restricted due to three types of organizational problems: (1) problems on resourcing (limited supply), (2) deficits in market structure and (3) problems of safeguarding special (pioneer) investment against opportunism. The market of organic products is characterized by high asset specificity and uncertainty of transactions. Solving problems of safeguarding will be the crucial issue if organic markets shall be extended on large scale. Safeguarding is not only achieved by vertical integration but as well by market-driven forms of organization if balancing factors such as equilibrium of asset specificity between market partners, their reputation and relational marketing prevent opportunism. The exact analysis of transaction dimensions and of their balancing powers provides the basis for a market-driven safeguarding-system in the organic market, which offers often a more efficient management of safeguarding than vertical integration. In this way there can be build up a vertical cooperation (strategic alliance) without hierarchy.
Innovations at the Borderline of Food, Nutrition and Health in Germany - A Systems' Theory Approach
Authors: Menrad Klaus
Published: August 2024

This article deals with the innovation system in Germany at the borderline of food, nutrition and health. After an overview over existing concepts to analyse innovations in system theory, the major factors (technologies, economic competence, institutional infrastructure, development block) are studied which determine the innovation system in this area in Germany. Afterwards recommendations are outlined on how to modify the innovation system in future.
The Dairy Sector in the Central European Candidate (CEC) Countries - The Status of Restructuring and Future Challenges
Authors: Hartmann Monika
Published: August 2024

The dairy sector in the CEC countries had to cope with tremendous adjustment pressures in the 90ies. Privatization and liberalization contributed to intense competition on the CEC countries' dairy market. Major problems that impede the competitiveness of this sector are a considerable fragmentation of the dairy processing industry, pronounced excess capacities, high seasonality of milk production and low investment activities. The latter delays the modernization of processing technologies and thus hinders quality improvements and the adjustments of hygienic conditions as well as product and process standards to EU norms. These problems are common to all CEC countries, though to different degrees. In addition, especially in Bulgaria and Romania, but also in Poland, Lithuania and Latvia the dairy industry is burdened by the low quality of the raw material and high milk collecting costs. Improving technical as well as economic efficiency in the primary and processing sector and seeking strategic alliances are necessary to secure the competitiveness of the CEC countries' dairy industry in EU and world markets.
Development and Policy Environment for Organic Farming in Europe
Authors: Lampkin Nicolas , Padel Susanne , Foster Carolyn
Published: August 2024

The paper describes the development and policy environment of organic farming in the European Union, where organic farming has grown rapidly due to a variety of factors. Policy measures concerning area-based financial support for conversion to and continuation of organic farming, officially-recognized standards and support for market and regional development, advice and research are considered. This indicates that individual measures can also work against each other. In some countries, good experiences have been made with integrated action plans, an approach that is also being discussed at the European level and which could achieve a good basis for the development of organic farming in future.
Institutional Pre-Conditions for a Positive Development of Organic Farming in Europe - Experience from three European Countries
Authors: Padel Susanne , Michelsen Johannes
Published: August 2024

The paper reviews the development of the organic sector and the institutional conditions in European countries. On the basis of three case studies the interrelationship between organisations of organic and conventional agriculture in the areas of farming community, agricultural policy and food marketing is illustrated. The comparison shows that an open dialog based on mutual respect and a number of initiatives in all three areas appear to be supporting a continuous development of the organic sector.
The Competitiveness of Organic Agriculture - an Analysis with the Concept of Path Dependence
Authors: Latacz-Lohmann Uwe , Recke Guido , Wolff Hendrik
Published: August 2024

This paper invokes the concept of path dependence to gain new conceptual insights into the competition between conventional and organic agriculture. We develop a simple model of path dependent agricultural technologies to demonstrate how random events at the beginning of the development path of a technology, combined with increasing returns to adoption, can give rise to an early lock-in of an inferior production system. We conclude that, depending on the circumstances, there may be a place for policy intervention to break the dominance of locked-in agricultural technologies. Any such policy should aim at enhancing network externalities within the organic sector and contribute to the development of the long-term technological potential of organic agriculture.
50 Jahre Agrarwirtschaft
Authors: Buchholz H. Eberhard
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
2 Die Märkte für Getreide, Ölsaaten und Kartoffeln
Authors: Uhlmann Friedrich
Published: August 2024

Agricultural Markets at the Turn of 2001/2002: 2 Cereals Production 2001World cereals production in 2001 levelled around the 2000 crop. Minor dents in wheat and rice production contrasted with higher output of coarse grains. World wheat prices strength-ened.Reduced plantings and lower average yields let the EU wheat crop fall by 12 per cent from the previous year. The fall was yet less than expected with regard to adverse weather in some important wheat growing areas. The second reduction of the EU intervention price through CAP reform (Agenda 2000) became effective by the beginning of the 2001/02 marketing year. Consid-erations by the European Commission about an end of rye inter-vention purchases began to worry arable farmers in Northeast Germany where rye is the main grain crop.
Beitragsnovellierung in der landwirtschaftlichen Unfallversicherung - Notwendigkeit und Vorschläge
Authors: Bahrs Enno
Published: August 2024

Amendment of the Premiums for the Agrarian Accident InsuranceMany German farmers do no longer accept the annual premiums for the state accident insurance, which sometimes reach a considerable degree. The farmers are of the opinion that the specific accident risk of each farm has to be taken into account. So far, the agrarian professional associations as representatives of the state accident insurance, predominantly measure the premium standards by acre/ hectare which no longer fulfils the equivalence principle.The merger of some agrarian professional associations, which take place at present or are planned in the near future, should be regarded as an opportunity to institutionalize new and more appropriate premium standards. They have to be adapted anyway, as a merger usually means the standardization of two or more different premium standards. Inevitably there will be redistributions of the premium burden. The present time is ideal to use simultaneously a premium standard that is viable in the future. This essay analyses the predominantly used premium standards and suggests appropriate methods to measure future standards.
Agrarumweltpolitik - Vorwort
Authors: Henrichsmeyer Wilhelm , Holm-Müller Karin
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Regional Allocation of Conservation Areas in Germany - An Empirically Based Evaluation of Spatial Implications by Law and Order Nature Conservation Policy
Authors: Urfei Guido
Published: August 2024

The following analysis leads to an empirically based ranking, which embodies political decision makers to evaluate the necessity of horizontal co-ordination for different issues concerning nature and landscape conservation. First of all the relevant German law and order as well as its spatial conservation categories will be explained (Chapter 2). Secondly the conclusions concerning the spatial inhomogeneity of conservation areas and their implications to environmental-policy are substantiated by the principles of the economic theory of environmental federalism (Chapter 3). Thirdly the definition of suitable concentration indices follows, their quantification for examples of conservation categories (Chapter 4), and the draw up of political recommendations, which are based on these results (Chapter 5).
Struktur-, Effizienz- und Einkommenswirkungen von Direktzahlungen
Authors: Happe Katrin , Balmann Alfons
Published: August 2024

Structural Efficiency and Income Effects of Direct PaymentsThe paper analyses various forms of direct payments using the agent-based model AgriPoliS. The model is fitted to the agricultural region 'Hohenlohe' in Baden-Württemberg which is characterised by intensive livestock farming. The policy simulations show that decoupled payments which are attached to land do not have significant effects on structural change, competitiveness, and income as compared to the current Agenda 2000 policy. In order to reach a significant and lasting effect on the competitiveness of agriculture direct payments would have to be granted independently of production, land use, and farming activity in general. In order to ensure a sufficient degree of land management, area payments should be decreased to an extent which is just necessary to maintain certain land management standards. In an agricultural region where most land is leased, such a policy would break with the effect that only a small fraction of the income payment stays with the tenant, but is transferred to the land owner. It is especially the farms with a growth potential and a high share of rented land that would benefit from such a policy. The final section of the paper discusses the results in the light of the used modelling approach and with respect to future policy formation.
Auswirkungen einer Entkopplung von Ausgleichszahlungen auf den EU-Getreidemarkt
Authors: Gömann Horst
Published: August 2024

Impacts of a Decoupling of Direct Payments on the EU Cereals Market: The proposals for reforming the Common Agricultural Policy within the Mid Term Review of the European Commission fueled the discussion about the future of direct payments to farmers. The EU Commission recommends a decoupling of animal and area payments from the production by granting these direct payments as a payment claim per hectare of eligible farm land. However, introducing area tied payments the intended shift of payments from the produce to the producer will not take place, but instead an increased transfer of payments to land owners seems likely. This study therefore analyses the impacts of changing the area payments for grand cultures into person-tied payments on the cereals market of the European Union. For the assessment of impacts homogenous natural locations are clustered. The clustering is based on the regional reference yields for cereals and the share of arable land of total agricultural area in different farm types of the regions. For these production locations total production costs for cereals, oilseeds, and protein crops are calculated as a function of the farm size in order to estimate a cost reduction potential subject to structural changes within agriculture. The main results are the following: 1) Prerequisites are good for the EU to cultivate cereals since a major part of the production is located in highly competitive regions. Thus the EU would remain a net exporter of cereals even producing under world market conditions. However, maintaining the intervention price system while abolishing the set-aside obligation could lead to an uncontrolled increase of cereal stocks. 2) Even on highly competitive locations a significant structural change is required in order to reduce costs and to yield profits without area payments. Depending on the development of the world market prices for cereals the model calculations find a reduction of the work force between 20 000 and 50 000 labor units.3) Without area payments the profits per hectare and thus the rents would decrease notably and therefore result in a corresponding income loss for land owners. An exclusive granting of payment claims to the producers would in particular affect former farmers, whose rental incomes contribute substantially to their pension plans.
Der Markt für Milch
Authors: Kurzweil Marianne , Salamon Petra
Published: August 2024

Milk MarketDifferent regional trends are seen world-wide with overall cow milk production further increasing at a moderate rate. World demand for dairy products suffered from retarded income growth and together with relatively rich supplies resulted in depressed world prices. Within the EU various measures were taken in favour of increased sales but neither subsidies on domestic consumption nor refunds on exports prevented intervention stocks from growing. Milk production having surpassed the quotas in 2001/02 only moderately is presently risking to see major excess quantities by the end of 2002/03.
Theory and Practice of Structural Change in Agriculture?
Authors: Mann Stefan
Published: August 2024

The paper examines to which extent the theory of the farm household and the argument of path dependencies can be confirmed through recent empirical contributions on structural change in agriculture. In addition, a model is developed that explains structural change through occupational choices in favour or against farming. The validity of this model is challenged by empirical results, too. It can be shown that all three theoretical approaches contribute to explaining structural change in agriculture, which results to a coexistence of small and large farms if not hampered by political interference.
Bodenkauf als Reinvestitionsfalle - eine deduktive Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse
Authors: Bahrs Enno
Published: August 2024

This paper deals with the fiscally neutral transferability of profits from land sales according to § 6b EStG and its possible effect on the price for agricultural land. From the point of view of the single farm this tax norm has an excellent effect. Nevertheless, from the point of view of the whole agricultural sector the advantage of this tax norm is rather questionable both with regard to agriculture in special as well as the national economy in general. The rising prices for land due to § 6b EStG can have a negative effect on highly efficient farming businesses which are willing to expand, but have to finance the expansion soleley with the business earnings. Still, further disadvantages may result from § 6b EStG. Therefore this paper suggests an alternative way of using the margin of § 6b EStG, i.e. the introduction of a moderate flat rate taxation to mitigate the negative effects of § 6b EStG without limiting the positive ones.
Die Analyse von Lebensmittelpräferenzen mit Hilfe von Discrete-Choice-Modellen am Beispiel ökologisch produzierter Wurstwaren
Authors: Enneking Ulrich
Published: August 2024

Preferences for food products are usually analysed employing multi-attributive Attitude Measurement, Conjoint Analysis and recently Discrete Choice Modelling approaches. From a theoretical point of view, Choice Modelling based on random utility theory (RUT) outperforms traditional Conjoint Analysis because of its microeconomic foundation. In this article, consumers' choice behaviour on ecologically produced sausages is analysed. A market experiment reveals brand specific reactions towards the 'Bio-Siegel', a German quality label for organic food introduced in 2002. It can also be shown that regular customers of organic food are much less price sensitive than occasional buyers.
Beurteilung des Milchquotenbörsensystems in Deutschland
Authors: Brümmer Bernhard , Loy Jens-Peter , Struve Carsten
Published: August 2024

In this paper the newly established rules for trading milk quotas in Germany are analyzed. These regulations have been in force since April 2000. Following a brief historical review of the quota system, the major changes in economic incentives regarding trading milk and the expected welfare implications are derived. Next, the effects of the new trading rules on quota prices in comparison to a reference system (sealed bid double auction) are discussed. In the empirical part the significance of the theoretical effects is illustrated. Recent changes in the regulations for quota trade are shown to have little effect in terms of mitigating these problems.
Komparative Kostennachteile: Agrar- und Ernährungsgüterproduktion von Entwicklungsländern im internationalen Wettbewerb
Authors: Von Witzke Harald
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Research in Agricultural Futures Markets: Integrating the Finance and Marketing Approach
Authors: Pennings Joost M.E. , Egelkraut Thorsten M.
Published: August 2024

In a brief literature review, we discuss how our insight into the grounds of existence of futures markets has changed from the initial insurance perspective, to the arbitrage perspective, to the portfolio perspective, and to the current institutional perspective. We discuss futures market research within agricultural marketing, on the one hand, and within finance, on the other hand. The research within these two disciplines may be considered complementary. Subsequently, a new research model is presented which integrates both strains of research. The new research model is illustrated for the Dutch hog industry. This model is a powerful instrument in the development of new commodity futures contracts. Finally, a future research agenda for agricultural economists is presented.
Bewertung von Landschaftsfunktionen mit Choice Experiments - Valuation of landscape functions using choice experiments
Authors: Schmitz Kim , Schmitz P. Michael , Wronka Tobias C.
Published: August 2024

The first application of choice experiments as an environmental valuation method in Germany clearly demonstrates the potential of this method for the valuation of agriculture's multifunctionality. Choice experiments are a reasonable enhancement of the conjoint analysis as they are capable of calculating the theoretically correct welfare measures in the form of implicit prices. In combination with business and ecological models this allows for the comprehensive valuation of agriculture's multifunctionality in the sense, that in addition to the supply or cost side of land use scenarios the demand or benefit side is accounted for. In this study the integrated ecological and economical valuation of land use scenarios was demonstrated for two different scenarios. The welfare changes for the regional population due to changes in the quality or quantity of several landscape functions like drinking water quality, biodiversity, food production and landscape aesthetics were calculated. The inclusion of both supply and demand in this cost-benefit study is an important step forward for the development of sustainable land use concepts.
Valuing the non-market production of agriculture - Bewertung nicht-marktlicher Agrarproduktion
Authors: Ahlheim Michael , Frör Oliver
Published: August 2024

As a consequence of the negotiations for a new agricultural policy of the EU the multifunctionality of agricultural production has come into new prominence in the public. The philosophy that subsidies for the agricultural sector should be calculated not only by ag-ricultural market production but also according to agricultural non-commodity production like e.g. the conservation of the countryside, makes it necessary to assess the social value of this part of agricul-tural production. In this paper we scrutinize the welfare theoretical background of the economic valuation of non-market production as well as the existing practical valuation techniques. Further, the applicability of these techniques to the valuation of agricultural non-commodity production is considered.
Die Expertenbewertung als Alternative zur Kontingenzbewertung - Expert valuation as an alternative to contingent valuation
Authors: Mann Stefan
Published: August 2024

A lot of research is carried out on the Contingent Valuation Method to assess environmental goods. However, the method is rarely applied to quantify reimbursements for agri-environmental policy. In this paper, this contradiction is explained by conceptual shortcomings of the Contingent Valuation. It is suggested to discuss the utility of agri-environmental programs among experts. For that, a three-step methodology including a possible monetary evaluation is developed. The method is applied on agri-environmental programs in Switzerland.
Der Markt für Zucker
Authors: Sommer Ulrich Sommer
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Der Markt für Milch
Authors: Salamon Petra , Kurzweil Marianne
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Agrartechnologie zur Bekämpfung von Mikronährstoffmangel? Ein gesundheitsökonomischer Bewertungsansatz
Authors: Zimmermann Roukayatou , Stein Alexander , Qaim Matin
Published: August 2024

Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious problem in many developing countries. Recently, agricultural technologies have been discussed as a complement to other intervention programs. Plant breeding, targeted at developing staple foods with higher contents of essential vitamins and trace minerals, could benefit the poor in particular. Yet, the economic repercussions of such innovations are still unclear. Because traditional models of technology assessment are inappropriate to capture the specific ramifications, we suggest a health economics approach. Herein, micronutrient malnutrition is understood as a phenomenon that causes health costs through diseases and premature deaths. Details of the methodology are discussed within an ex ante study of Golden Rice in the Philippines. This technology promises to reduce vitamin A deficiency among the local population. Although it will not completely eliminate the problem, the expected benefits are sizeable. Depending on the underlying assumptions, internal rates of return on research investments range between 66 % and 133 %. This confirms that micronutrientdense staple crops can be an efficient way to reduce deficiency problems among the poor. However, due to uncertainty with respect to certain parameters, the numerical results should be interpreted as preliminary.
Optimale Betriebsgröße in der Landwirtschaft: Beiträge auf der 25. IAAE-Konferenz in Durban, Südafrika
Authors: Hockmann Heinrich
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Russia’s cereal markets: current trends, changes in net-trade position, and policy implications
Authors: Müller Marc , Wehrheim Peter
Published: August 2024

This paper provides an overview of the most recent developments on Russian cereal markets. A review of annual statistics on domestic production, trade, consumption, and storage of cereals reveals that the improvement in Russia’s net trade position cannot only be explained by increased productivity of grain producers. Exhausted storage capacities and lowered real trade costs after the devaluation of the Russian rouble in 1998 seem to have contributed to these developments. A computable general equilibrium model for Russia based on 1999 data was used for analyzing various economic developments and policy changes. The model simulations show that market protection in the short run, when the flexibility of labor and capital is restricted, may benefit Russian farmers. If, however, in the long run such structural rigidities can be abolished, a more liberal trade regime would also be positive for the domestic farm sector.
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe für den Energiesektor
Authors: Zeddies Jürgen
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Optimierung unter Unsicherheit mit Hilfe stochastischer Simulation und Genetischer Algorithmen - dargestellt anhand der Optimierung des Produktionsprogramms eines Brandenburger Marktfruchtbetriebes -
Authors: Mußhoff Oliver , Hirschauer Norbert
Published: August 2024

Optimization has been recognized as a powerful tool in teaching and research for a long time. In spite of its well known problem solving capacity, some methodological obstacles have persisted over the years. The main problem is that stochastic variables and their correlations cannot be adequately accounted for within traditional optimization procedures. In this paper, we develop a methodological mix of stochastic simulation and a heuristic optimization procedure which has become known as genetic algorithms. The simulation-part of the mix allows for the consideration of complex information such as stochastic processes; the genetic algorithms-part ensures that the method remains manageable in terms of required time and resources. We demonstrate the decision support potential of the approach by optimizing the production program of a Brandenburg crop farm. We account for the risky environment by using existing stochastic information: on the one hand, we model man-days which are available in critical seasons (particularly harvesting) as triangular distributions according to expert estimations. On the other hand, we use empirical time series and estimate stochastic processes for the gross margins of different activities (wheat, barley etc.). Additionally, variant calculations are made in order to take into account different risk attitudes of decision-makers. Model results in terms of optimal production programs and expected total gross margins are highly sensitive both to the risk attitudes of decision-makers and the stochastic processes which are estimated for different activities.