bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Model of Philippine Population Growth: Child Policy, Quantitative Insights and Challenges
Authors: TALABIS DYLAN ANTONIO SJ. , MANAY ERICK JUSTINE V. , BABIERRA ARIEL L. , FLORES JABEZ JOSHUA M. , RABAJANTE JOMAR F.
Published: October 2014

The study investigates the effect of imposing an n-child policy by forecastingthe population of the Philippines using a discrete age-structured compartmental model. Based on the results of the projection, a policy promoting a maximumof two children per couple leads to a transient stabilization (i.e., the populationeventually declines after attaining zero-growth rate). A three-child policy may alsolead to stabilization yet may converge beyond the calculated Verhulstian carryingcapacity of approximately 200M. However, overshooting the carrying capacity canbe resolved by increasing the available resources that can support the escalatingpopulation size. A child policy dictating a maximum of four or more children percouple results to a similar population growth as the status quo due to the inherentdeclining birth rate. With the declining birth rate trend in the Philippines,population stabilization is realizable even without implementing a child policy butonly after 100 years. Furthermore, this study estimated the future age structure andthe resultant GDP per capita income associated with each child policy.Keywords: Demography, population projection, child policy, zero growth, economy,logistic, carrying capacity, age-structured model, Philippines
A unique asymmetry in the pattern of recent sea level change
Authors: Thompson Philip R. , Merrifield Mark A.
Published: October 2014

The spatial pattern of 20 year sea surface height trends from satellite altimetry is placed into the context of historical modes of wind‐driven ocean volume redistribution identified in basin‐scale, regional averages of tide gauge data. The difference between recent rates of sea level change in northern and southern regions is found to be twice as large and statistically greater than any other 20 year period during the twentieth century. This unique asymmetry in the pattern of sea level change coincides with a departure from a historical mode of volume redistribution between southern regions related to a measure of asymmetry in the Southern Annular Mode. The asymmetry also coincides with a maximum in the rate of global mean sea level rise during recent decades, but the asymmetry is not apparent during an early twentieth century maximum in the global rate of similar magnitude.
Ion‐scale spectral break of solar wind turbulence at high and low beta
Authors: Chen C. H. K. , Leung L. , Boldyrev S. , Maruca B. A. , Bale S. D.
Published: October 2014

The power spectrum of magnetic fluctuations in the solar wind at 1 AU displays a break between two power laws in the range of spacecraft‐frame frequencies 0.1 to 1 Hz. These frequencies correspond to spatial scales in the plasma frame near the proton gyroradius ρi and proton inertial length di. At 1 AU it is difficult to determine which of these is associated with the break, since and the perpendicular ion plasma beta is typically β⊥i∼1. To address this, several exceptional intervals with β⊥i≪1 and β⊥i≫1 were investigated, during which these scales were well separated. It was found that for β⊥i≪1 the break occurs at di and for β⊥i≫1 at ρi, i.e., the larger of the two scales. Possible explanations for these results are discussed, including Alfvén wave dispersion, damping, and current sheets.
Interviewing High Value Detainees: Securing Cooperation and Disclosures
Authors: Goodman‐Delahunty Jane , Martschuk Natalie , Dhami Mandeep K.
Published: October 2014

Four types of coercive and noncoercive interview strategies (legalistic, physical, cognitive and social) used to facilitate disclosure by high value detainees were examined in an international sample of practitioners and detainees (N = 64). Predictive analyses confirmed that the accusatorial approach was positively correlated with physically coercive strategies (rs = .58) and negatively with forms of social persuasion (rs = −.31). In response to social strategies, detainees were more likely to disclose meaningful information [odds ratio (OR) = 4.2] and earlier in the interview when rapport‐building techniques were used (OR = 14.17). They were less likely to cooperate when confronted with evidence (OR = 4.8). Disclosures were more complete in response to noncoercive strategies, especially rapport‐building and procedural fairness elements of respect and voice. These findings augmented past theory on interactional processes and the evidence‐base of international best practices in suspect interviews. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic profiling study on potential toxicity and immunotoxicity‐biomarker discovery in rats treated with cyclophosphamide using HPLC‐ESI‐IT‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Li Jing , Lin Wensi , Lin Weiwei , Xu Peng , Zhang Jianmei , Yang Haisong , Ling Xiaomei
Published: October 2014

Despite the recent advances in understanding toxicity mechanism of cyclophosphamide (CTX), the development of biomarkers is still essential. CTX‐induced immunotoxicity in rats by a metabonomics approach was investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐IT‐TOF‐MS). The rats were orally administered CTX (30 mg/kg/day) for five consecutive days, and on the fifth day samples of urine, thymus and spleen were collected and analyzed. A significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed between the CTX‐treated group and the control group by partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), which indicated that metabolic disturbances of immunotoxicity in CTX‐treated rats had occurred. One potential biomarker in spleen, three in urine and three in thymus were identified. It is suggested that the CTX‐toxicity mechanism may involve the modulation of tryptophan metabolism, phospholipid metabolism and energy metabolism. This research can help to elucidate the CTX‐influenced pathways at a low dose and can further help to indicate the patients' pathological status at earlier stages of toxicological progression after drug administration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip® system on renal function in patients with severe mitral regurgitation
Authors: Rassaf Tienush , Balzer Jan , Rammos Christos , Zeus Tobias , Hellhammer Katharina , Hall Silke v. , Wagstaff Rabea , Kelm Malte
Published: October 2014

Background: In patients with mitral regurgitation (MR), changes in cardiac stroke volume, and thus renal preload and afterload may affect kidney function. Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR) with the MitraClip® system can be a therapeutic alternative to surgical valve repair. The influence of MitraClip® therapy on renal function and clinical outcome parameters is unknown. Methods and Results: Sixty patients with severe MR underwent PMVR using the MitraClip® system in an open‐label observational study. Patients were stratified according to their renal function. All clips have been implanted successfully. Effective reduction of MR by 2–3 grades acutely improved KDOQI class. Lesser MR reduction (MR reduction of 0–1 grades) led to worsening of renal function in patients with pre‐existing normal or mild (KDOQI 1–2) compared to severe (KDOQI 3–4) renal dysfunction. Reduction of MR was associated with improvement in Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), NYHA‐stadium, and 6‐minute walk test. Conclusion: Successful PMVR was associated with an improvement in renal function. The improvement in renal function was associated with the extent of MR reduction and pre‐existing kidney dysfunction. Our data emphasize the relevance of PVMR to stabilize the cardiorenal axis in patients with severe MR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence, nature, and temporal trends of adverse events associated with noncardiac procedures among veterans with drug‐eluting coronary artery stents
Authors: Salters Charles , Bradley Bruce , Charnigo Richard J. , Shah Zaman , Meehan John , Abdel‐Latif Ahmed , Ziada Khaled M.
Published: October 2014

Background: The incidence of adverse events with noncardiac procedures (NCP) after the use of drug eluting stents (DES) is not well studied. We sought to determine the incidence and temporal trends of adverse events in patients undergoing NCP after coronary DES. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients receiving DES during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Lexington VAMC between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2010 to determine the circumstances and the results of their NCP. Results: We identified 1,092 patients who underwent at least one PCI with DES who were followed for at least 3 years. Of those, 452 patients (41%) had a NCP at a median of 534 days after PCI with 1,081 procedures (894 low‐, 160 Intermediate‐, and 27 high‐risk) performed. Clinically relevant NCP‐related complications were defined as significant bleeding or stent thrombosis and occurred in 13 individuals (nine perioperative bleeding and four probable/possible stent thrombosis including two mortalities). Five adverse events occurred within the first year at a rate of 0.014 event/patient‐year. During the remainder of follow‐up (up to 9 years), eight events were documented at a rate of 0.0004 event/patient‐years. During the first year of follow‐up, there was no significant increase in risk of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or target vessel revascularization (TVR) in patients undergoing NCP but higher risk of all‐cause mortality in those who did not undergo NCP. However, in patients who underwent NCP, there was a statistically significant increase in myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and rehospitalization for cardiac reasons compared with those without NCP during long term follow‐up (median of 5.6 years). Conclusion: NCP after DES requiring management of DAT are relatively common among veterans following PCI using DES. The risk of bleeding and stent thrombosis is concentrated in the first year but remains very low. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors and clinical implications of atrial fibrillation in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Barbash Israel M. , Minha Sa'ar , Ben‐Dor Itsik , Dvir Danny , Torguson Rebecca , Aly Muhammad , Bond Elizabeth , Satler Lowell F. , Pichard Augusto D. , Waksman Ron
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To assess the prevalence at baseline, postprocedural incidence, and clinical impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on consecutive patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

Background

AF in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) is an independent risk factor for adverse outcome. Despite the evidence for high AF prevalence and the increased risk in surgical series, there are limited data with regard to AF and its impact on outcome after TAVI.

Methods

Consecutive patients with symptomatic, severe AS were analyzed and categorized according to prevalence of AF on initial admission (baseline AF) and according to the development of new AF postprocedure (postprocedure AF). A total of 371 patients were included in the analysis; of them, 143 (39%) had AF at baseline.

Results

No difference in procedural and hospital outcome was found between groups; however, baseline AF patients did have higher 1‐year mortality (28.8 vs. 18%, P = 0.01). Of the patients with no baseline AF, 46 patients (20%) developed new, postprocedural AF during their hospital stay. Inhospital death was twice as frequent in patients with new, postprocedure AF, however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (13 vs. 6.7%, P = 0.22). Procedure hemodynamic instability (OR 9.3; 95% CI 1.5–59), and transapical access (OR 4.96, 95% CI 1.9–13.2) were independent predictors for development of new AF.

Conclusions

Baseline and postprocedure AF are common in AS patients undergoing TAVI. However, only postprocedure AF is associated with a prolonged and more complicated hospital course. AF is associated with poor long‐term, but not short‐term, mortality. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of Estimation Method of Spatial Average Irradiance Fluctuation Characteristics Considering Smoothing Effect around Observation Point
Authors: Kato Takeyoshi , Kumazawa Shinsuke , Honda Nobuyuki , Koaizawa Masakazu , Nishino Shinichi , Suzuoki Yasuo
Published: October 2014

In order to estimate the total power output fluctuation of a high‐penetration photovoltaic power generation system by using data from a limited number of points, the smoothing effect around individual observation points should be taken into account. Based on the transfer hypothesis, this study proposes a low‐pass filter (LPF) to estimate the spatial average irradiance fluctuation characteristics taking the smoothing effect around the observation point into account. First, by using the irradiance data observed at 18 points in the Nobi plain, we confirmed that the fluctuation characteristics of the spatial average irradiance can be estimated by using the characteristics of the single point irradiance when the radius of the equivalent circular area is smaller than 30 km. Then, by formulating the relation between the area size and the fluctuation cycle from which the random fluctuation factor begins to increase, we developed a LPF to take the smoothing effect around the observation point into account. Finally, we demonstrated that the spatial average fluctuation characteristics can be estimated successfully for various area sizes within a radius of 20 km by applying a dedicated LPF according to the area size.
Analysis of Avalanche Phenomena in Developing Neuronal Circuits Cultured on Microelectrode Array
Authors: Goto Miho , Yoshida Lui , Saito Atsushi , Saito Aki , Takayama Yuzo , Moriguchi Hiroyuki , Kotani Kiyoshi , Jimbo Yasuhiko
Published: October 2014

To analyze network dynamics, neuronal avalanche is a quite interesting phenomenon. Recently, it was reported that neuronal avalanches were power‐law distributed in a slice cortex of a rat, which attracted attention because power‐law behavior in neuronal avalanches is an important index representing network criticality and its efficiency of information transition. In this study, we focused on the early stage of network growth and observed avalanche phenomena during their development. Power‐law behavior in neuronal avalanches was observed at a matured stage, as reported in previous research. However, in the early stage, the size distribution of avalanches did not follow a power law, indicating that there was a transient period moving on to the critical point.
Quality changes during the frozen storage of the crustacean lobster krill (Munida spp.)
Authors: García‐Soto Bibiana , Miranda José M. , Barros‐Velázquez Jorge , Aubourg Santiago P.
Published: October 2014

This study focused on the quality changes of an undervalorised and underutilised crustacean, lobster krill (Munida spp.) during its frozen storage (10 months at −18°C). Fresh lobster krill specimens were previously soaked in aq. 0.75 and 0.25% sodium metabisulphite (SMB) solutions (0.75‐SMB and 0.25‐SMB conditions, respectively). Comparisons with individuals soaked in water (water control, WC condition) and unsoaked (blank control, BC condition) were carried out. Better sensory acceptance (namely, external colour and flesh odour and taste) was obtained with SMB presence in previous soaking; BC samples were rejected (external odour as limiting factor) at month 10, while the remaining batches were still acceptable. Additionally, a sensory quality enhancement was accomplished by water soaking. Increases in secondary lipid oxidation compound formation were observed in SMB‐treated lobster krill; however, chemical assessment of non‐enzymatic (tertiary lipid oxidation) and enzymatic browning showed a marked inhibition in lobster flesh previously soaked under both SMB conditions when compared with their counterpart blanks (BC and WC). As a result, no effect on the polyene index could be concluded. Finally, previous SMB soaking increased the formation of trimethylamine and inhibited lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acid content) in lobster flesh.

Practical applications: The marine food industry is actually suffering from dwindling stocks of traditional species as a result of drastic changes in their availability. Consequently, marine technologists and trade have turned their attention to some unconventional sources of raw material. Among them, lobster krill, also called squat lobster, a decapod crustacean belonging to the Genus Munida (Family Galatheidae, Order Decapoda), represents a relevant choice. Currently, lobster krill has no commercial value, but it is occasionally caught and discarded at sea during fishing targeted to commercial fish species. The results presented in this study open the way to the potential commercialisation of lobster krill as frozen product. Moreover, a simple preservation step, such as sodium metabisulphite soaking previous to freezing, was successfully applied to retain its quality. Further research is needed to reinforce the commercial and technological possibilities to provide the consumer with such a new, attractive and nutritious seafood species.

Quality changes during the frozen storage of the infravalorised crustacean lobster krill (Munida spp.)
New insights on effects of a dietary supplement on oxidative and nitrosative stress in humans
Authors: Nemzer Boris V. , Fink Nelli , Fink Bruno
Published: October 2014

The research community is generally agreed that maintenance of healthy levels of free radicals and related oxidants are important for good health. However, utilization of the “redox stress hypothesis” can provide us with concrete nutritional targets in order to better support and maintain “optimal health.” Following this hypothesis we performed a crossover, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐dose study on the effects of SPECTRA™, a dietary supplement, on oxidative stress markers (OSM) in human participants (n = 22). The measurement of OSM (ex vivo intra‐ and extracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS, O2−, H2O2, OH−) in whole blood, respiratory activity of blood cells, as well as mitochondrial‐dependent ROS formation, and respiratory activity), was performed using EPR spectrometernOxyscan, spin probe CMH, and oxygen label NOX‐15.1, respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the ability of SPECTRA™to modulate ex vivo cellular inflammatory responses induced by stimulation with exogenous TNF‐αand also followed changes in bioavailable NO concentrations. In this clinical study, we demonstrated that administration of SPECTRA™resulted in statistically significant long‐term inhibition of mitochondrial and cellular ROS generation by as much as 17% as well as 3.5‐times inhibition in extracellular NADPH system‐dependent generation of O2−, and nearly complete inhibition of extracellular H2O2formation. This was reflected in more than two times inhibition of ex vivo cellular inflammatory response and also increases in bioavailable NO concentration. For the first time, we have measured synergetic, biological effects of a natural supplement on changes in OSM and cellular metabolic activity. The unique design and activity of the plant‐based natural supplement, in combination with the newly developed and extended Vitality test, demonstrates the potential of using dietary supplements to modulate OSM and also opens the door to future research into the use of natural supplements for supporting optimal health.
Evaluation of the efficiency of listener and tact instruction for children with autism
Authors: Delfs Caitlin H. , Conine Daniel E. , Frampton Sarah E. , Shillingsburg M. Alice , Robinson Hannah C.
Published: October 2014

Recent literature reviews have highlighted the need to better understand the relation between speaker and listener behavior when teaching learners with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The current study used a modified parallel‐treatments design to compare directly the degree to which tact and listener behavior emerged during instruction in the opposite relation for 4 children with ASD. Results showed tact training to be either equally or more efficient than listener training for all participants. However, varied patterns of emergent responding across participants indicate a need for further research. Data on collateral responding during instruction did not suggest that the presence or absence of overt collateral behaviors were predictive of emergence. The results highlight the importance for clinicians and educators to assess emergent tact and listener repertoires periodically.
Chemical Speciation of Amphoteric Ions on Semi‐Dry Scrubber Residue and Bag‐House Ash from MSWI
Authors: Huang Wu‐Jang , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Chou Guan‐Chang , Chu Suey‐Chun
Published: October 2014

Two series of size‐fractionated combusted residues, a bag‐house ash and a scrubber residue, from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were prepared and extracted by means of sequential chemical extraction (SCE) procedures proposed by Tessier. Concentrations of water‐soluble phase, exchangeable phase, carbonated phase, Fe/Mn oxide phase, organic matter phase, and residual phase bound amphoteric metals (Pb and Zn) were obtained, and have been compared with those of single batch extraction of toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). In each size fraction of baghouse ash or scrubber residue, lead or zinc shows a common phenomena that the TCLP value is always lower than the content of the water‐soluble fraction. For lead, baghouse ash has a significant size‐dependent distribution on the water‐soluble phase to perform a size‐dependent test of lead in the TCLP test. The zinc TCLP data having less size dependence might be due to that neither the baghouse ash nor the scrubber residue has a size‐dependent distribution on the water‐soluble zinc phase.
An Extractive‐Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Fluoride Ions in Natural Waters Based on its Bleaching Effect on the Iron (III)‐Thiocyanate Complex
Authors: Farajzadeh M. A.
Published: October 2014

An extractive‐spectrophotometric method based on the bleaching effect of F− ions on the iron (III)‐thiocyanate complex extracted into methyl iso‐butyl keton (MIBK) is proposed for the determination of fluoride ions in natural waters. This method is a simple and rapid method and there is no need for special and expensive reagents. The experimental conditions such as SCN− concentration, pH and kind of solvent were optimized, and we found that 0.15 M SCN−, pH = 5 and MIBK are the best selections. Limit of detection is 0.1 mg F−/L with a linear dynamic range 0.5–7 mg/L which covers optimum concentration of F− ions in drinking water (0.7–1.2 mg/L). Interference of Fe3+ and Al3+ ions was easily eliminated by the extractive procedure using a solution of oxine in chloroform. Finally, the proposed method was used in determination of fluoride content of some real water samples and the obtained results compared with those obtained from the standard method. No significant differences were observed between them.
Synthesis of Triazoles, Oxadiazoles and Condensed Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Cinchopheny and Studies on Biological Activity of Representative Compounds
Authors: Xu Peng‐Fei , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Hui Xin‐Ping , Zhang Zi‐Yi , Zheng Rong‐Liang
Published: October 2014

Compounds 2‐arylamino‐5‐cinchophenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoline (7) and 3‐thio‐4‐amino‐5‐cinchophenyl‐1,2,4‐triazole (3) have been synthesized utilizing cinchophen as the starting material. The compound 3‐cinchopheny‐s‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1,2,3,4‐thiatriazole (4) was prepared from compound 3. Condensation of 3 with aromatic acid in the presence of POCl3 gave 10 new 6‐aryl‐3‐cinchopheny‐1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles (5). Some of the representative compounds were screened for antibacterial activity. The structures of these new compounds have been confirmed by means of elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and MS.
Synthesis of Some Thienotetrahydroquinoline Derivatives
Authors: El‐Dean A. M. Kamal , Shaker R. , El‐Hassan A. A. Abo , Latif F. F. Abdel
Published: October 2014

2‐Thioxo‐1,2,5,6,7,8‐hexahydroquinoline‐3‐carbonitrile (2) was easily S‐alkylated to produce alkyl mercapto derivatives 3a‐g. The latter compounds were cyclized to afford thienotetrahydroquinolines 4a‐g. Several pyrimidothienotetrahydroquinolines 5a‐d, and 6a‐d were obtained from the condensation of compounds 4c‐f with different reagents.

o‐Aminocarbohydrazide derivative 11 was reacted with aromatic aldehydes, acetylacetone, nitrous acid and CS2 to afford compounds 12–15. Compound 24 was coupled with aryldiazonium chloride to afford arylazo derivatives 25. Also it condensed with aromatic aldehydes to give arylidene derivatives 26. The latter compounds were reacted with malononitrile to give pyrano derivative 27.
Transformation of Amides into Esters by the Use of Chlorotrimethylsilane
Authors: Xue Cuihua , Luo Fen‐Tair
Published: October 2014

A mild transformation of various amides and imides into the corresponding esters and diesters in good yields by using chlorotrimethylsilane and alcohols at rt are described. Either primary, secondary, or tertiary amide or imide can be used in this transformation. Primary and secondary alcohols gave better yields than tertiary alcohols.
A New Kinetic‐Photometric Method for Determination of Carbimazole
Authors: Barzegar Mohsen , Rahmani Abdolvahed , Jabbari Ali , Mousavi Mir Fazlollah
Published: October 2014

A new kinetic photometric method for determination of carbimazole (CBZ) is described. The proposed method is simple, rapid, inexpensive and sensitive for the determination of CBZ in pure and tablet forms. This method is based on the inhibitory effect of carbimazole on the palladium(II)‐catalyzed reaction between neutral red (NR) and hypophosphite (HP) ions. The effect of various parameters such as dye, hypophosphite, and Pd(II) concentrations, pH, ionic strength, and temperature were optimized. The calibration graph was linear in the range 0.04–0.30 ppm (n = 9, r = 0.9972) and the detection limit was 0.02 ppm. The relative standard deviation of the developed method was 0.70% (n = 10). The proposed method was applied for the determination of carbimazole in pure and tablet forms.
Synthesis of Substituted Indenes from Isovanillin via Claisen Rearrangement and Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Huang Keng‐Shiang , Wang Eng‐Chi
Published: October 2014

A new synthesis of substituted indenes was studied. Based on Claisen rearrangement, Wittig reaction and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), a series of substituted indenes was synthesized from isovanillin in good yields.
Chemical Components of Anaphalis Sinica Hance
Authors: Hua Yan , Wang Han‐Qing
Published: October 2014

Twenty components (including a new flavanone) were isolated and identified from the whole plant of Anaphalis sinica Hance. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical transformation. These components are 6‐[(5‐methyl‐6‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐pyrone‐3‐yl)‐methylene]glabranine (1), kaempferol (2), tiliroside (3), quercetin (4), quercetin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (5), scutellarin (6), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐8‐methoxyflavone (7), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐4′‐methoxy‐flavone‐7‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (8), helipyrone (9), 4′‐hydroxydehydrokawain (10), panamin (11), ursolic acid (12), pomolic acid (13), 3‐acetyloleanolic acid (14), a mixture of N‐(2‐hydroxy‐acyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐8(E)‐ene‐sphingenine (15), O‐methyl‐D‐inositol (16), a mixture of β‐sitosterol (17) and stigmasterol (18) and a mixture of daucosterol (19) and stigmasterol‐β‐D‐glucoside (20). Among them, 6‐[(5‐methyl‐6‐ethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐pyrone‐3‐yl)‐methylene]glabranine (1) is a new compound, and 13C NMR data of panamin (11) is reported for the first time.
Structure‐Reactivity Relationships as Probes to Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Mechanisms by Aryl Carbamates. II. Hammett‐Taft Cross‐Interaction Correlations
Authors: Lin Gialih
Published: October 2014

Substituted phenyl‐N‐butyl carbamates (1) and p‐nitrophenyl‐N‐substituted carbamates (2) are characterized as “pseudo‐pseudo‐substrate” inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. Since the inhibitors protonate in pH 7.0 buffer solution, the virtual inhibition constants (Ki's) of the protonated inhibitors can be calculated from the equation, ‐logKi' = ‐logKi ‐ pKa + 14. The ‐logKi' and logkc values for acetylcholinesterase inhibitions by carbamates 1 correlate with the Hammett equation (log(k/k0) = ρσ); moreover, those by carbamates 2 correlate with the Taft equation (log(k/k0) = ρ* σ*). With modified Hammett‐Taft cross‐interaction variations, multiple linear regressions of the ‐logKi' and logkc values of carbamates 1 and 2 give good correlations, and the cross‐interaction constants (ρXR) are 0.5 and 0.0, respectively. The ρXR value of 0.5 indicates that the carbamate O‐C(O)‐N‐R geometries for the transition states that lead to enzyme‐carbamate tetrahedral intermediates are all pseudo‐trans conformations. Therefore, the carbamate moiety of the inhibitors stretches along the active site gorge of the enzyme but does not bind in the acyl binding site pocket of the enzyme. Overall, the carbamate O‐C(O)‐N‐R geometries for carbamates 1 and 2, protonated carbamates 1 and 2, and the tetrahedral intermediate are all retained in pseudo‐trans conformations. The ρXR value of 0.0 suggests that the transition states that lead to the carbamyl enzymes are breaking C‐O bonds and are excluding the leaving groups, substituted phenols.
Untersuchungen an Diazoverbindugen und Aziden, XXIV. Struktur und Reaktivität des Tosylazid‐Adduktes an Malodinitril
Authors: Stadler Dieter , Anschütz Walter , Regit Manfred , Keller Gilbert , VanAssche Daniel , Fleury Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2014

Tosylazid addiert sich in stark alkalischem Medium an Malodinitril unter der Bildung von 5‐Tosylamino‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐carbonitril (1). Methylierungen mit Dimethylsulfat (zu 2‐4 und 5‐8), die Synthese von 1 aus 12, verschiedene Abbaureaktionen (1→14,1→16 und 1→17) sowie die Umwandlung von 1 in das Diazotriazol 21 stellen die Struktur des Adduktes sicher und schließen ein Triazenisomeres E aus.
Naturstoffe aus Arzneipflanzen. XX. Scutellariosid‐I und ‐II, ein 10‐Cinnamoyl‐und 10‐(4‐Hydroxycinnamoyl)Catalpol aus Scutellaria altissima L.
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Künstler Klaus , Schilling Gerhard
Published: October 2014

Es wird die Isolierung des 10‐Cinnamoylcatalpols (Scutellariosid‐1,2) und des 10‐(4‐1‐Hydrosycinnamoyl)catalpols (Scutellariosid‐11,3) aus der frischen Pflanze von Scutellaria altissima L beschriehen. Die Konstitutionsbestimmungen von 2 and 3 werden an ihren kristallinen Peracetaten mit Hilfe spektroskopischer Methoden (13C‐NMR‐, 1H‐NMR‐und Massenspektroskopie) durchgeführt.
β‐Lactame über N‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐β‐aminosäure‐(trimethyl‐silylester)
Authors: Birkofer Leonhard , Schramm Jürgen
Published: October 2014

Die N ‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐β‐aminosäure‐(trimethylisilylester) 1‐10 lassen sich durch Umsetzung mit Grignard‐Reagenzien unter Ringschluß in die 3‐Azetidinone 11‐20 überfübren.
Partialsynthese von Canarigenin
Authors: Albrecht Hans P. , Reichling Paul
Published: October 2014

Die Hydroxylierung der konjugierten Diengruppierung in 14‐Hydroxy‐14β‐carda‐3.5.20(22)‐trienolid (Dianhydroperiplogenin, 1) mit einem Äquivalent Osmiumtetroxid erfolgt selektiv an der weniger substituierten Doppelbindung zu einem Gemisch der beiden isomeren cis‐Diole 2 und 3. Sauer katalysierte Wasserabspaltung aus 2 und 3 unter milden Bedingungen gibt 4, das durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumtri‐tert.‐butoxyhydrid in 3β,14‐Dihydroxy‐14β‐carda‐4,20(22)‐dienolid (Canarigenin, 5) übergeführt werden kann.
Synthesen der (3S4S)‐4‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylheptansäure und einiger Derivate
Authors: Steulmann Reiner , Klostermeyer Heming
Published: October 2014

(3.5,4.5)‐4‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylheptansäure, die Bauelement verschiedener mikrobieller Proteinaseinhibitoren ist, wurde auf zwei unabhängigen Wegen synthetisiert. Ausgangsmaterial war stets tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐L‐leucin‐unidazolid. In einem Falle wurde es mit dem Magnesiumenolat des Malonsäure‐äthylesters zum (4S)‐N‐Boc‐4‐amino‐3‐ono‐6‐methylheptansüure‐älhylester kondensiert, aus dem durch katalytische Hydrierung an Raney‐Nickel oder durch Reduktion mit KBH4 LiCl in Acetonitril der Boc‐geschützte Äthylester der Hydroxyaminosäure gewonnen wurde. Im anderen Falle wurde das Inudazolid mit LiAlH4 zum Boc‐11‐leucal reduziert und dieses direkt mit der Lithiumverbindung des Essigsäure‐äthylesters zum Boc‐Derivat des Hydroxyaminosäure‐äthylesters umgesetzt. Die alkalische Verseifung lieferte das N‐geschützte Derivat der Säure, dessen (S.S)‐Diastereoisomer durch selektive Kristallisation isoliert wurde. Daraus wurden sowohl die freie Säure als auch das Hydrochlorid des Methylesters gewonnen.
Synthese tryptophanhaltiger Peptide
Authors: Eckstein Heiner
Published: October 2014

Die Synthesen von mehreren Tryptophanpeptiden werden beschrieben. Durch geeignete Schutzgruppen konnten diese Peptide frei von Oxidationsprodukten der Tryptophanreste erhalten werden. Ihre UV‐Spektren zeigten beim Übergang von Trp zu Trp‐Trp und zu Trp‐Trp‐Trp charakteristische Unterschiede.
Über Valoneagerbstoffe, VI.Isovalolaginsäure
Authors: Mayer Walter , Schick Hartmut , Schilling Gerhard
Published: October 2014

Durch umfangreiche chromatographische Trennungen ist es gelungen, aus Valoneagerbstoff

3)W. Mayer, W. Bilzer und K. Schauerte, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 754, 150 (1971).

eine neue Verbindung C41, H30O28 zu isolieren, die als Isomeres der Valolaginsäure

4) W. Mayer, A. Günther, H. Basath, W. Bilzer und G. Schilling, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1976,

Isovalolaginsäure (1) genannt wird. 1 gibt bei der saurer Hydrolyse Ellagsäure und Isovalolinsäure (2, C27H24O20). Unter verschärften Hydrolysebedingungen liefert 2 Trillosäuretrilacton I (3), das als Hexamethylderivat 3a charakterisiert wurde. Mit Diazomethan entstehen aus 1 eine Tetradeca‐O‐methylverbindung 1a und als Nebenprodukt eine Pentadeca‐O‐methylverbindung 1c. Von diesen ergibt 1a das Diacetylderivat 1b und 1c das Monoacetylderivat 1d.
Die Einwirkung von Methanol/Natriummethylat auf 1a liefert (−)‐Hexamethoxydiphensäuredimethylester. Danach und nach eingehenden 1H‐NMR‐Untersuchungen besitzt Isovalolaginsäure
die Struktur 1. Sie unterscheidet sich damit nur in der Konfiguration an C‐l von
Valolaginsäure.
α‐Isothiocyanatoacrylsäureester, IV. Reaktionen von 2‐Isothiocyanato‐3,3‐dimethylacrylsäure‐äthylester mit 5‐Oxazolon‐Anionen
Authors: Hoppe Dieter
Published: October 2014

Kaliummalonsäure‐dimethylester addiert sich an die NCS‐Gruppe von 2‐Isothiocyanato‐3.3‐dimethylacrylsäure‐äthylester (1a) zum Thioamid‐Anion 4, das zum α‐(2‐Thiazolidinyliden)malonester 5 cyclisiert. Die Anionen 8 der 5‐Oxazolone 7 reagieren mit 1a bei tiefen Temperaturen in einer Michael‐Addition. Das Addukt aus Kalium‐2‐benzyl‐5‐oxo‐4‐oxazolinid (K‐8a) und 1a cyclisiert zum Spiro[2‐oxazolin‐4.3′‐pyrrolidin] 10, während aus der Umsetzung von Kalium‐2‐benzyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐4‐oxazolinid (K‐8b) mit 1a der 2‐Isothiocyanalo‐3‐(5‐oxo‐2‐oxazolin‐4‐yl)buttersäureester 14 erhalten wurde. 10 wurde zu trans‐3.3‐Dimethyl‐4‐phenylacetamido‐5‐thioxo‐2‐pyrrolidincarbonsäure‐äthylester (11) abgebaut, sowie in das Spiro[2‐oxazolin‐4.3′‐2′‐pyrrolin] 12 übergeführt. — Darstellung und Verwendung des 5‐Silyl‐oxyoxazols 9 als potentielles α‐Glycyl‐Carbanion sind beschrieben.
Neue C5‐Bausteine für Terpensynthesen, I. Monoacetale von 2‐Methyl‐2‐buten‐1, 4‐dial
Authors: Paust Joachim , Reif Werner , Schumacher Horst
Published: October 2014

Drei neue Synthesewege zur Herstellung sterisch einheitlicher Monoacetale 3a, b und 4a, b des (E)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐buten‐1,4‐dials werden beschrieben. C5‐Bausteine dieser Struktur eignen sich besonders zum Aufbau von Polyensystemen der Terpenreihe.
Synthese und polarographisches Verhalten von offenkettigen sowie heterocyclischen chinoiden Guanidin‐ und Harnstoffderivaten
Authors: Heesing Albert , Kappler Ulrich , Rauh Werners
Published: October 2014

Zur Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Chinon‐ und Guanidin‐Systemen wurden Verbindungen der Typen A und C synthetisiert. Der vielstufige Bildungsweg bei C zeigt die Reaktivität der Zwischenstufen. Bei der polarographischen Untersuchung erweist sich die Guanidiniumgruppe (in A) trotz ihrer positiven Ladung als Elektronendonator für das chinoide System.
N‐Oxidation von Azaadamantanen mit Aminalfunktionen
Authors: Kliege Wolfgang , Franckenstein Gerd‐Holger
Published: October 2014

Die Reaktion verschiedener Di‐, Tri‐oder Tetraazaadamantane mit 3‐Chlorperoxybenzoesäure führt zur N‐Oxidation der in diesen Verbindungen vorliegenden Aminalfunktionen. Je nach Strukturtyp and molarem Verhältnis der Reaktanten kann ein Mono‐, Di‐oder Trioxid entstehen.
Zur Stereochemie der Oxidation chiraler, tertiärer Phosphine mit Dimethylsulfoxid
Authors: Luckenbach Reiner , Herweg Günter
Published: October 2014

Es wird über den sterischen Verlauf der Oxidation der optisch aktiven, tertiären Phosphine 3 and 4 mit Dimethylsulfoxid berichtet. Diese Umsetzung verläuft nur in Gegenwart elektrophiler Katalysatoren (Tabelle 1). Je nach Art and Menge des Katalysators zeigt die Stereochemie der Reaktion entweder überwiegende Inversion oder Retention der Konfiguration am Phosphor an (Tabellen 2, 3); in einigen Fällen wird jedoch fast vollständige Racemisierung beobachtet (Tabelle3). Auf der Grundlage dieser stereochemischen Resultate werden mögliche Mechanismen für diese Umsetzung diskutiert.
Organische Peroxide, XIV. Basekatalysierte Addition von Hydroperoxiden an Aryl(vinyl)sulfone
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Ball Michael , Hofmann Klaus
Published: October 2014

Die basenkatalysierte Reaktion von Hydroperoxiden and Wasserstoffperoxid mit den p‐substituierten Aryl(vinyl)sulfonen 1a‐e ergibt in guten Ausbeuten 2‐(Alkyperoxy)äthyl‐(aryl)sulfone 3a‐k oder Bis[2‐(Arylsulfonyl)äthyl]peroxide 4a‐d. Phenyl (styryl)sulfon(2a) wird erst unter verschärften Bedingungen epoxidiert; 2,2‐Diphenylvinyl(phenyl)sulfon (2b) reagiert nicht. ‐ Der Mechanismus der Addition wird diskutiert.
Organische Peroxide, XV. Oxirene als Zwischenstufen der basenkatalysierten Reaktion von elektronenarmen Alkinen mit Wasserstoffperoxid
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Schröder Rüdiger
Published: October 2014

Die elektronenarmen Alkine, R1CCX, 1d‐g werden durch Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Lithiumhydroxid unter Bildung der entsprechenden Säuren an der CC‐und der CX‐Bindung gespalten.Als Zwischenprodukte sind Acyl oder Sulfonyloxirene zu diskutieren, die im Gleichgewicht mit den Diacyl‐ bzw. ‐Acylsulfonylcarbenen stehen. Bei der Umsetzung von 1c reagiert das Diacylcarben unter Wolff‐Umlagerung zu Essig‐ und Buttersäure. ‐ 1a and 1b werden in geringem Maße (beim Ester nach Verseifung) decarboxyliert.
Reduced expression of IA channels is associated with postischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats
Authors: Lei Zhigang , Zhang Hui , Liang Yanling , Cui Qiliang , Xu Zhiqiang , Xu Zao C.
Published: October 2014

Poststroke seizures are considered to be the major cause of epilepsy in the elderly. The mechanisms of poststroke seizures remain unclear. A history of diabetes mellitus has been identified as an independent predictor of acute poststroke seizures in stroke patients. The present study sought to reveal the mechanisms for the development of postischemic seizures under hyperglycemic conditions. Transient forebrain ischemia was produced in adult Wistar rats by using the four‐vessel occlusion method. At the normal blood glucose level, seizures occurred in ∼50% of rats after 25 min of ischemia. However, in rats with hyperglycemia, the incidence rate of postischemic seizures was significantly increased to 100%. The occurrence of postischemic seizures was not correlated with the severity of brain damage in hyperglycemic rats. Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic agent, could neither prevent postischemic seizures nor alleviate the exacerbated brain damage in the presence of hyperglycemia. K+ channels play a critical role in controlling neuronal excitability. The expression of A‐type K+ channel subunit Kv4.2 in the hippocampus and the cortex was significantly reduced in hyperglycemic rats with seizures compared with those without seizures. These results suggest that the reduction of Kv4.2 expression could contribute to the development of postischemic seizures in hyperglycemia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factor Structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Verbal Form B in a Spanish‐speaking Population
Authors: Krumm Gabriela , Aranguren María , Arán Filippetti Vanessa , Lemos Viviana
Published: October 2014

The objective of this study was to compare, through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis, two different theoretical models that explain the operationalized creativity construct with the Verbal Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Form B. Model 1 is represented by six factors which correspond to each activity and its respective indicators while Model 2 is integrated by three factors which correspond to eachTTCTability (i.e., Fluency, Originality, and Flexibility) and the corresponding indicators for each variable. The study was carried out with a sample consisting of 432 Spanish‐speaking youngsters of both sexes aged 15–26. According to the research findings, the model which showed the most satisfactory fit identifies six correlated factors that correspond to each of the activities proposed (χ2 = 414.48;df = 116; χ2/df = 3.57;GFI = .90;NFI = .95;CFI = .96 andRMSEA = .077). These results are discussed according to its psychometric implications for the construct assessment in different fields.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng on adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Lee Mak‐Soon , Jung Sunyoon , Oh Soojung , Shin Yoonjin , Kim Chong‐Tai , Kim In‐Hwan , Kim Yangha
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Red ginseng is produced by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. Through this processing, chemical compounds are modified, and then biological activities are changed. In the food‐processing industry, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has become an alternative to heat processing to make maximum use of bioactive compounds in food materials. This study comparatively investigated the anti‐adipogenic effects of water extract of red ginseng (WRG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of fresh ginseng (HPG) in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes.

RESULTS

Both WRG and HPG inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipids and triglycerides, and the activity of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a key enzyme in triglyceride biosynthesis. Intracellular lipid content and GPDH activity were significantly lower in the HPG group compared to the WRG group. In addition, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, including CEBP‐α, SREBP‐1c and aP2, were lower in HPG‐treated cells compared to WRG‐treated cells. HPG significantly increased the activity of AMPK, and WRG did not.

CONCLUSION

Results suggested that HPG may have superior beneficial effects on the inhibition of adipogenesis compared with WRG. The anti‐adipogenic effects of HPG were partially associated with the inhibition of GPDH activity, suppression of adipogenic gene expression and activation of AMPK in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization and quantification of microstructures of a fluorinated terpolymer by both homonuclear and heteronuclear two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Ok Salim
Published: October 2014

Fluoropolymers are usually insoluble in organic solvents. Insolubility of fluoropolymers limits basic characterization such as microstructural investigations. In the family of fluoropolymers, terpolymer of tetrafluorethylene (TFE), hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and vinylidene fluoride (VDF), named THV is one of the newest members. There are nine grades of THV available. Among the nine grades, THV‐221 G is an ideal model polymer for basic characterization purposes. THV‐221 G is soluble in solvents such as acetone and ethyl acetate. In the current report, both homonuclear and heteronuclear 2D NMR experiments were employed in solution on THV‐221 G. The homonuclear gradient correlation spectroscopy NMR measurement revealed that THV has two adjacent TFE units in addition to TFE‐HFP sequence orders. The fraction of the microstructures is quantified by the analysis of 1D solution 19F NMR spectrum. Further, the gradient heteronuclear single quantum coherence experiment helped with the clarification of chemical environments of the units TFE, HFP, and VDF. The 1D solution 13C NMR spectrum was helpful in clarifying sequence assignments of VDF. It is concluded that THV is a random polymer with a limited fraction of TFE‐TFE and TFE‐HFP sequence orders in addition to head‐to‐tail polymerization of VDF unit. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized duration forecasting model of test‐and‐fix cycles
Authors: Houston Dan
Published: October 2014

Rework is inherent in product development, but estimation of the duration and required resources for rework cycles is inhibited by task size variation, process capacity variation, and the process characteristics of dynamism and concurrency. This difficulty is especially evident in testing of software‐intensive systems. Dynamic modeling of test‐and‐fix cycles has addressed this problem by providing good forecasting of test phase durations and by providing good results in supporting resource allocation and process improvement decisions. A generalized model of test‐and‐fix phases has been produced from an analysis of commonality and variation in six project models. The generalized model can be configured to support test phase planning of duration and resources. This paper extends the work reported in ICSSP 2012 by reporting results of experiments on managing test‐and‐fix projects through work‐in‐process limits and through test case prioritization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TMEM70 deficiency: long‐term outcome of 48 patients
Authors: Magner Martin , Dvorakova Veronika , Tesarova Marketa , Mazurova Stella , Hansikova Hana , Zahorec Martin , Brennerova Katarina , Bzduch Vladimir , Spiegel Ronen , Horovitz Yoseph , Mandel Hanna , Eminoğlu Fatma Tuba , Mayr Johannes Adalbert , Koch Johannes , Martinelli Diego , Bertini Enrico , Konstantopoulou Vassiliki , Smet Joél , Rahman Shamima , Broomfield Alexander , Stojanović Vesna , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo , van Coster Rudy , Morava‐Kozicz Eva , Sperl Wolfgang , Zeman Jiri , Honzik Tomas
Published: October 2014

Objectives

TMEM70 deficiency is the most common nuclear‐encoded defect affecting the ATP synthase. In this multicentre retrospective study we characterise the natural history of the disease, treatment and outcome in 48 patients with mutations in TMEM70. Eleven centers from eight European countries, Turkey and Israel participated.

Results

All 27 Roma and eight non‐Roma patients were homozygous for the common mutation c.317‐2A > G. Five patients were compound heterozygotes for the common mutation and mutations c.470 T > A, c.628A > C, c.118_119insGT or c.251delC. Six Arab Muslims and two Turkish patients were homozygous for mutations c.238C > T, c.316 + 1G > T, c.336 T > A, c.578_579delCA, c.535C > T, c.359delC. Age of onset was neonatal in 41 patients, infantile in six cases and two years in one child. The most frequent symptoms at onset were poor feeding, hypotonia, lethargy, respiratory and heart failure, accompanied by lactic acidosis, 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria and hyperammonaemia. Symptoms further included: developmental delay (98 %), hypotonia (95 %), faltering growth (94 %), short stature (89 %), non‐progressive cardiomyopathy (89 %), microcephaly (71 %), facial dysmorphism (66 %), hypospadias (50 % of the males), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (22 %) and Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome (13 %). One or more acute metabolic crises occurred in 24 surviving children, frequently followed by developmental regression. Hyperammonaemic episodes responded well to infusion with glucose and lipid emulsion, and ammonia scavengers or haemodiafiltration. Ten‐year survival was 63 %, importantly for prognostication, no child died after the age of five years.

Conclusion

TMEM70 deficiency is a panethnic, multisystemic disease with variable outcome depending mainly on adequate management of hyperammonaemic crises in the neonatal period and early childhood.