bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect ofCO2on uninfectedSf‐9 cell growth and metabolism
Authors: Vajrala Sucheta G. , Murhammer David W.
Published: January 2016

A problem in the mass production of recombinant proteins and biopesticides using insect cell culture is CO2accumulation. This research investigated the effect of elevated CO2concentration on insect cell growth and metabolism. Spodoptera frugiperda Sf‐9 insect cells were grown at 20% air saturation, 27°C, and a pH of 6.2. The cells were exposed to a constant CO2concentration by purging the medium with CO2and the headspace with air. The population doubling time (PDT) of Sf‐9 cells increased with increasing CO2concentration. Specifically, the PDT for 0‐37, 73, 147, 183, and 220 mm Hg CO2concentrations were 23.2 ± 6.7, 32.4 ± 7.2, 38.1 ± 13.3, 42.9 ± 5.4, and 69.3 ± 35.9 h (n = 3 or 4, 95% confidence level), respectively. The viability of cells in all experiments was above 90%, i.e., while increased CO2concentrations inhibited cell growth, it did not affect cell viability. The osmolality for all bioreactor experiments was observed to be 300–360 mOsm/kg, a range that is known to have a negligible effect on insect cell culture. Elevated CO2concentration did not significantly alter the cell specific glucose consumption rate (2.5–3.2 × 10−17mol/cell s), but slightly increased the specific lactate production rate from −3.0 × 10−19to 10.2 × 10−19mol/cell s. Oxidative stress did not contribute to CO2inhibition in uninfected Sf‐9 cells as no significant increase in the levels of lipid hydroperoxide and protein carbonyl concentrations was discovered at elevated CO2concentration. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 32:465–469, 2016
A novel bispecific diabody targeting both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor for enhanced antitumor activity
Authors: Xu Menghuai , Jin Haizhen , Chen Zhiguo , Xie Wei , Wang Youfu , Wang Yang , Wang Min , Zhang Juan , Acheampong Desmond Omane
Published: January 2016

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) are receptor tyrosine kinases known to play critical roles in the development and progression of tumors. Based on the cross‐talk between EGFR and VEGFR2 signal pathways, we designed and produced a bispecific diabody (bDAb) targeting both EGFR and VEGFR2 simultaneously. The bispecific molecule (EK‐02) demonstrated that it could bind to HUVEC (VEGFR2 high‐expressing) and A431 (EGFR overexpressing) cells. Additionally, similar to the parental antibodies, it was able to inhibit proliferation and migration, and induced apoptosis in these cells (HUVECs and A431), demonstrating that it had retained the functional properties of its parental antibodies. Furthermore, the efficacy of EK‐02 was evaluated using the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 (VEGFR2 and EGFR coexpressing). In vitro assay showed that EK‐02 could bind to HT29 cells, restrain cell growth and migration, and induce apoptosis with enhanced efficacy compared to both parental antibodies. Further, it inhibited the neovascularization and tumor formation on an HT29 cell bearing chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) tumor model in vivo. In conclusion, these data suggest that the novel bDAb (EK‐02) has antiangiogenesis and antitumor capacity both in vitro and in vivo, and can possibly be used as cotargeted therapy for the treatment of EGFR and VEGFR2 overexpressing tumors. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:294–302, 2016
Direct action of capsaicin in brown adipogenesis and activation of brown adipocytes
Authors: Kida Ryosuke , Yoshida Hirofumi , Murakami Masaru , Shirai Mitsuyuki , Hashimoto Osamu , Kawada Teruo , Matsui Tohru , Funaba Masayuki
Published: January 2016

The ingestion of capsaicin, the principle pungent component of red and chili peppers, induces thermogenesis, in part, through the activation of brown adipocytes expressing genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and uncoupling such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (Ppar) γ coactivator‐1α (Pgc‐1α) and uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). Capsaicin has been suggested to induce the activation of brown adipocytes, which is mediated by the stimulation of sympathetic nerves. However, capsaicin may directly affect the differentiation of brown preadipocytes, brown adipocyte function, or both, through its significant absorption. We herein demonstrated that Trpv1, a capsaicin receptor, is expressed in brown adipose tissue, and that its expression level is increased during the differentiation of HB2 brown preadipocytes. Furthermore, capsaicin induced calcium influx in brown preadipocytes. A treatment with capsaicin in the early stage of brown adipogenesis did not affect lipid accumulation or the expression levels of Fabp4 (a gene expressed in mature adipocytes), Pparγ2 (a master regulator of adipogenesis) or brown adipocyte‐selective genes. In contrast, a treatment with capsaicin in the late stage of brown adipogenesis slightly increased the expression levels of Fabp4, Pparγ2 and Pgc‐1α. Although capsaicin did not affect the basal expression level of Ucp1, Ucp1 induction by forskolin was partially inhibited by capsaicin, irrespective of the dose of capsaicin. The results of the present study suggest the direct effects of capsaicin on brown adipocytes or in the late stage of brown adipogenesis.
Driving Forces Controlling Host–Guest Recognition in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent
Authors: Ingrosso Francesca , Altarsha Muhannad , Dumarçay Florence , Kevern Gwendal , Barth Danielle , Marsura Alain , Ruiz‐López Manuel F.
Published: January 2016

The formation of supramolecular host–guest complexes is a very useful and widely employed tool in chemistry. However, supramolecular chemistry in non‐conventional solvents such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), one of the most promising sustainable solvents, is still in its infancy. In this work, we explored a successful route to the development of green processes in supercritical CO2 by combining a theoretical approach with experiments. We were able to synthesize and characterize an inclusion complex between a polar aromatic molecule (benzoic acid) and peracetylated‐β‐cyclodextrin, which is soluble in the supercritical medium. This finding opens the way to wide, environmental friendly, applications of scCO2 in many areas of chemistry, including supramolecular synthesis, reactivity and catalysis, micro and nano‐particle formation, molecular recognition, as well as enhanced extraction processes with increased selectivity.
In Situ FTIR and NMR Spectroscopic Investigations on Ruthenium‐Based Catalysts for Alkene Hydroformylation
Authors: Kubis Christoph , Profir Irina , Fleischer Ivana , Baumann Wolfgang , Selent Detlef , Fischer Christine , Spannenberg Anke , Ludwig Ralf , Hess Dieter , Franke Robert , Börner Armin
Published: January 2016

Homogeneous ruthenium complexes modified by imidazole‐substituted monophosphines as catalysts for various highly efficient hydroformylation reactions were characterized by in situ IR spectroscopy under reaction conditions and NMR spectroscopy. A proper protocol for the preformation reaction from [Ru3(CO)12] is decisive to prevent the formation of inactive ligand‐modified polynuclear complexes. During catalysis, ligand‐modified mononuclear ruthenium(0) carbonyls were detected as resting states. Changes in the ligand structure have a crucial impact on the coordination behavior of the ligand and consequently on the catalytic performance. The substitution of CO by a nitrogen atom of the imidazolyl moiety in the ligand is not a general feature, but it takes place when structural prerequisites of the ligand are fulfilled.
Induced Circular Dichroism in Phosphine Gold(I) Aryl Acetylide Urea Complexes through Hydrogen‐Bonded Chiral Co‐Assemblies
Authors: Dubarle‐Offner Julien , Moussa Jamal , Amouri Hani , Jouvelet Benjamin , Bouteiller Laurent , Raynal Matthieu
Published: January 2016

Phosphine gold(I) aryl acetylide complexes equipped with a central bis(urea) moiety form 1D hydrogen‐bonded polymeric assemblies in solution that do not display any optical activity. Chiral co‐assemblies are formed by simple addition of an enantiopure (metal‐free) complementary monomer. Although exhibiting an intrinsically achiral linear geometry, the gold(I) aryl acetylide fragment is located in the chiral environment displayed by the hydrogen‐bonded co‐assemblies, as demonstrated by induced circular dichroism (ICD).
Hydrogen Sulfide Induced Carbon Dioxide Activation by Metal‐Free Dual Catalysis
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: January 2016

The role of metal free dual catalysis in the hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐induced activation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequent decomposition of resulting monothiolcarbonic acid in the gas phase has been explored. The results suggest that substituted amines and monocarboxylic type organic or inorganic acids via dual activation mechanisms promote both activation and decomposition reactions, implying that the judicious selection of a dual catalyst is crucial to the efficient C−S bond formation via CO2 activation. Considering that our results also suggest a new mechanism for the formation of carbonyl sulfide from CO2 and H2S, these new insights may help in better understanding the coupling between the carbon and sulfur cycles in the atmospheres of Earth and Venus.
Management Strategies and Outcomes of ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Transferred After Receiving Fibrinolytic Therapy in the United States
Authors: Patel Nish , Patel Nileshkumar J. , Thakkar Badal , Singh Vikas , Arora Shilpkumar , Patel Nilay , Savani Chirag , Deshmukh Abhishek , Thadani Udho , Badheka Apurva O. , Alfonso Carlos , Fonarow Gregg C. , Cohen Mauricio G.
Published: January 2016

Fibrinolytic therapy is still used in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) when the primary percutaneous coronary intervention cannot be provided in a timely fashion. Management strategies and outcomes in transferred fibrinolytic‐treated STEMI patients have not been well assessed in real‐world settings. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2012, we identified 18 814 patients with STEMI who received fibrinolytic therapy and were transferred to a different facility within 24 hours. The primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding requiring transfusion, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), length of stay, and cost. The patients were divided into 3 groups: those who received medical therapy alone (n = 853; 4.5%), those who underwent coronary artery angiography without revascularization (n = 2573; 13.7%), and those who underwent coronary artery angiography with revascularization (n = 15 388; 81.8%). Rates of in‐hospital mortality among the groups were 20% vs 6.6% vs 2.1%, respectively (P < 0.001); ICH was 8.5% vs 1.1% vs 0.6%, respectively (P < 0.001); and gastrointestinal bleeding was 1.1% vs 0.4% vs 0.4%, respectively (P = 0.011). Multivariate analysis identified increasing age, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and ICH as the independent predictors of not performing coronary artery angiography and/or revascularization in patients with STEMI initially treated with fibrinolytic therapy. The majority of STEMI patients transferred after receiving fibrinolytic therapy undergo coronary angiography. However, notable numbers of patients do not receive revascularization, especially patients with cardiogenic shock and following a cardiac arrest.
Mammalian axoneme central pair complex proteins: Broader roles revealed by gene knockout phenotypes
Authors: Teves Maria E. , Nagarkatti‐Gude David R. , Zhang Zhibing , Strauss Jerome F.
Published: January 2016

The axoneme genes, their encoded proteins, their functions and the structures they form are largely conserved across species. Much of our knowledge of the function and structure of axoneme proteins in cilia and flagella is derived from studies on model organisms like the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The core structure of cilia and flagella is the axoneme, which in most motile cilia and flagella contains a 9 + 2 configuration of microtubules. The two central microtubules are the scaffold of the central pair complex (CPC). Mutations that disrupt CPC genes in Chlamydomonas and other model organisms result in defects in assembly, stability and function of the axoneme, leading to flagellar motility defects. However, targeted mutations generated in mice in the orthologous CPC genes have revealed significant differences in phenotypes of mutants compared to Chlamydomonas. Here we review observations that support the concept of cell‐type specific roles for the CPC genes in mice, and an expanded repertoire of functions for the products of these genes in cilia, including non‐motile cilia, and other microtubule‐associated cellular functions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neuronal and actin commitment: Why do neurons need rings?
Authors: Leite Sérgio Carvalho , Sousa Mónica Mendes
Published: January 2016

The role of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons has been extensively studied in actin‐enriched compartments such as the growth cone and dendritic spines. The recent discovery of actin rings in the axon shaft and in dendrites, together with the identification of axon actin trails, has advanced our understanding on actin organization and dynamics in neurons. However, specifically in the case of actin rings, the mechanisms regulating their nucleation and assembly, and the functions that they may exert in axons and dendrites remain largely unexplored. Here we discuss the possible structural, mechanistic and functional properties of the subcortical neuronal cytoskeleton putting the current knowledge in perspective with the information available on actin rings formed in other biological contexts, and with the organization of actin‐spectrin lattices in other cell types. The detailed analysis of these novel neuronal actin ring structures, together with the elucidation of the function of actin‐binding proteins in neuron biology, has a large potential to uncover new mechanisms of neuronal function under normal conditions that may have impact in our understanding of axon degeneration and regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NTRK fusion oncogenes in pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma in northeast United States
Authors: Prasad Manju L. , Vyas Monika , Horne Matthew J. , Virk Renu K. , Morotti Raffaella , Liu Zongzhi , Tallini Giovanni , Nikiforova Marina N. , Christison‐Lagay Emily R. , Udelsman Robert , Dinauer Catherine A. , Nikiforov Yuri E.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

An increase in thyroid cancers, predominantly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), has been recently reported in children.

METHODS

The histopathology of 28 consecutive PTCs from the northeast United States was reviewed. None of the patients (ages 6‐18 years; 20 females, 8 males) had significant exposure to radiation. Nucleic acid from tumors was tested for genetic abnormalities (n = 27). Negative results were reevaluated by targeted next‐generation sequencing.

RESULTS

Seven of 27 PTCs (26%) had neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTRK) fusion oncogenes (NTRK type 3/ets variant 6 [NTRK3/ETV6], n =5; NTRK3/unknown, n = 1; and NTRK type 1/translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein [NTRK1/TPR], n = 1), including 5 tumors that measured >2 cm and 3 that diffusely involved the entire thyroid or lobe. All 7 tumors had lymphatic invasion, and 5 had vascular invasion. Six of 27 PTCs (22%) had ret proto‐oncogene (RET) fusions (RET/PTC1, n = 5; RET/PTC3, n = 1); 2 tumors measured >2 cm and diffusely involved the thyroid, and 5 had lymphatic invasion, with vascular invasion in 2. Thirteen PTCs had the B‐Raf proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) valine‐to‐glutamic acid mutation at position 600 (BRAFV600E) (13 of 27 tumors; 48%), 11 measured <2 cm, and 6 had lymphatic invasion (46%), with vascular invasion in 3. Fusion oncogene tumors, compared with BRAFV600E PTCs, were associated with large size (mean, 2.2 cm vs 1.5 cm, respectively; P = .05), solid and diffuse variants (11 of 13 vs 0 of 13 tumors, respectively; P < .001), and lymphovascular invasion (12 of 13 vs 6 of 13 tumors, respectively; P = .02); BRAFV600E PTCs were predominantly the classic variant (12 of 13 vs 1 of 13 tumors). Two tumors metastasized to the lung, and both had fusion oncogenes (NTRK1/TPR, n = 1; RET/PTC1, n = 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Fusion oncogene PTC presents with more extensive disease and aggressive pathology than BRAFV600E PTC in the pediatric population. The high prevalence of the NTRK1/NTRK3 fusion oncogene PTCs in the United States is unusual and needs further investigation. Cancer 2016;122:1097–1107. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Blue pigments in blue and purple painting layers of Gdańsks' paintings of the mid‐16th to the end of the 18th century
Authors: Szmelter‐Fausek Bożena , Olszewska‐Świetlik Justyna
Published: January 2016

The technique of blue and purple painting layers were analyzed on the example of selected panel paintings of the mid‐16th to the end of the 18th century from the Gdańsk painting workshops. Paintings are the property of the church and the museums of Gdańsk and Pelplin (Poland). Searching studies of the selected painting layers and of the samples were performed to characterize the pigments present in the individual blue and purple painting layers and the pictorial techniques. Samples were obtained from painting and ground layers. The blue pigments identified in Gdańsks' paintings of the 16th and 17th century were natural azurite, smalt, and natural ultramarine, and of the 18th century, the only one blue pigment was organic indigo. Purple layers were obtained by adding organic red, lead red, vermilion, and iron oxide red. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 270–275, 2016
Glycogen content in hepatocytes is related with their size in normal rat liver but not in cirrhotic one
Authors: Bezborodkina Natalia N. , Chestnova Anna Yu. , Vorobev Mikhail L. , Kudryavtsev Boris N.
Published: January 2016

Background & Aims: Hepatocytes differ from one another by the degree of the ploidy, size, position in the liver lobule, and level of the DNA‐synthetic processes. It is believed, that the cell size exerts substantial influence on the metabolism of the hepatocytes and the glycogen content in them. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Methods: Dry weight of hepatocytes, their ploidy and glycogen content were determined in the normal and the cirrhotic rat liver. Liver cirrhosis in rats was produced by chronic inhalation of CCl4 vapours in the course of 6 months. A combined cytophotometric method was used. Dry weight of the cell, its glycogen and DNA content were successively measured on a mapped preparation. Result: Hepatocytes of each ploidy class in the normal and the cirrhotic rat liver accumulated glycogen at the same rate. In the normal liver, there was a distinct correlation between the size of hepatocytes and glycogen content in them. This correlation was observed in each ploidy class, and was especially pronounced in the class of mononucleate tetraploid hepatocytes. In the cirrhotic liver, there was no correlation between the size of the cells and their glycogen content. Conclusions: The impairment of liver lobular structure probably explains the observed lack of correlation between hepatocyte size and their glycogen content in the cirrhotic liver. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Ca9Sc(PO4)7:Ce3+,Mn2+ – A Red‐Emitting Phosphor Based on Energy Transfer
Authors: Li Hai‐Feng , Jia Yong‐Lei , Ma Teng‐Fei , Pang Ran , Sun Wen‐Zhi , Li Da , Fu Ji‐Peng , Zhang Su , Jiang Li‐Hong , Li Cheng‐Yu
Published: January 2016

A series of novel color‐tunable phosphors, Ca9Sc(PO4)7:xCe3+,yMn2+ (CSP:xCe3+,yMn2+), have been synthesized by traditional high‐temperature solid‐state reactions. The optical properties of CSP:xCe3+ and CSP:0.02Ce3+,yMn2+ were systematically investigated with various spectral technologies. A phosphor with a broad, deep‐red emission, CSP:0.02Ce3+,0.1Mn2+, was prepared by an energy transfer process with the CIE chromaticity coordinates (0.669, 0.307). CSP:Ce3+,Mn2+ phosphors excited at 254 nm display two broad emission bands: one centered at around 360 nm is assigned to the 5d1–4f1 electronic transition of Ce3+ ions, and the other at about 650 nm is attributed to the 4T1 (4G) → 6A1 (6S) transition of Mn2+ ions. The energy transfer mechanism from Ce3+ to Mn2+ in the CSP:Ce3+,Mn2+ samples was discovered to be the dipole–dipole interaction, which was confirmed by the estimated critical distance between Ce3+ and Mn2+ (13.0 Å) by the spectral overlap method. Furthermore, the higher thermal stability of CSP:Ce3+,Mn2+ makes it feasible for a potential application in white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs).
Allylic C–H Activation of Olefins by a TpMe2IrIII Compound
Authors: Cristóbal Crispín , Santos Laura L. , Gutiérrez‐González Rubén , Álvarez Eleuterio , Paneque Margarita , Poveda Manuel L.
Published: January 2016

The IrIII compound [TpMe2Ir(C6H5)2(N2)] (1) [TpMe2 = hydridotris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate] reacts with 1‐hexene, propene, α‐methylstyrene, and 2,3‐dimethylbutadiene to yield organometallic products that derive from allylic C–H activations (complexes 3 from 1‐hexene, 2 from propene, 5 from α‐methylstyrene, and 7, 8, and 9 from 2,3‐dimethylbutadiene), in all cases along with organic products formed in catalytic (Ir‐induced) dehydrogenative coupling of benzene (the solvent of the reaction) and the corresponding olefin, with the latter also acting as the hydrogen scavenger in each case. Differently, complex 1 reacts with (E)‐β‐methylstyrene and cyclohexadiene to yield complex 2 and the known (η4‐cyclohexadiene)IrI derivative 6, respectively. Finally, compound 1 reacts under mild conditions with cyclopentadiene and methylcyclopentadiene with the generation of phenyl derivatives 11 and 12 in which the corresponding cyclopentadienyl ligand adopts the η5 coordination and forces the TpMe2 ligand to coordinate in the κ2 mode.
Conjugated, trans‐Spanning Ligands as Models for Multivalent p‐Phenyleneethynylenes
Authors: Vang Herh G. , Driscoll Zakarias L. , Robinson Emily R. , Green Casey E. , Bosch Eric , Bowling Nathan P.
Published: January 2016

A conjugated, pyridine‐containing, phenylethynyl ligand that forms complexes with AgI and PdII has been developed. NMR titration studies with PdII reveal a stoichiometric binding of the ligand to the metal atom, while similar studies with AgI reveal a binding that is dynamic on the NMR timescale. Analysis of the NMR spectroscopic data by Job's plot analysis and non‐linear curve fitting of a titration curve reveals a 1:1 binding ratio of ligand/silver cation and an association constant of Ka = 53 M–1. X‐ray crystal structures of the ligand–metal complexes suggest ample room for the nearly barrierless rotation of the unsubstituted central benzene ring of the para‐phenylethynyl chain. Subtle electronic differences in substituted systems provide some evidence of impaired rotation.
Evaluation of Different Scoring Rules for a Noncognitive Test in Development
Authors: Guo Hongwen , Zu Jiyun , Kyllonen Patrick , Schmitt Neal
Published: January 2016

In this report, systematic applications of statistical and psychometric methods are used to develop and evaluate scoring rules in terms of test reliability. Data collected from a situational judgment test are used to facilitate the comparison. For a well‐developed item with appropriate keys (i.e., the correct answers), agreement among various item‐scoring rules is expected in the item‐option characteristic curves. In addition, when models based on item‐response theory fit the data, test reliability is greatly improved, particularly if the nominal response model and its estimates are used in scoring.
Advanced numerical method for a thermally induced slug flow: application to a capillary closed loop pulsating heat pipe
Authors: Manzoni M. , Mameli M. , de Falco C. , Araneo L. , Filippeschi S. , Marengo M.
Published: January 2016

An advanced hybrid lumped parameter code for the simulation of Pulsating Heat Pipes is developed. Being able to simulate transient operative conditions and removing common physical simplified assumptions, it represents a step forward with respect to the present models of passive two‐phase systems. Mass, momentum and energy balances account for the thermal and fluid‐dynamics phenomena. Heterogeneous and homogeneous phase changes are directly integrated. In addition, a fitting correlation for the wall/vapour heat transfer coefficient is implemented and tuned against experimental data in order to evaluate the influence of the liquid film on conjugate heat transfer. The resulting numerical tool have been validated against experimental data achieved testing a copper pulsating heat pipe during the 58th ESA Parabolic Flight Campaign in several operative conditions and transient gravity levels. The predicted results show very good matching with the actual thermo‐physical behaviour of the system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formaldehyde onto Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Nickel Decorated Nanoporous Cobalt‐Nickel Phosphate Molecular Sieve for Fuel Cell
Authors: Hassaninejad‐Darzi S. K. , Rahimnejad M. , Gholami‐Esfidvajani M.
Published: January 2016

Nanoporous cobalt‐nickel phosphate VSB‐5 molecular sieve (CoVSB‐5) was synthesized by conventional heating for 48 h in the presence of (2‐hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium hydroxide as template. Then, a novel, cheap and efficient catalyst was developed for formaldehyde electrooxidation by decorating Ni2+ ions on the surface of CoVSB‐5 modified carbon paste electrode (CoVSB‐5/CPE). The electrochemical behavior of the Ni‐CoVSB‐5/CPE electrode towards the formaldehyde oxidation was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as chronoamperometry methods. An oxidation peak was observed at 0.60 V in 0.1M NaOH solution for electrocatalytic oxidation of formaldehyde with EC′ mechanism. It has been observed that CoVSB‐5 at the surface of CPE can improve catalytic efficiency of the dispersed nickel ions toward oxidation of formaldehyde. The values of electron transfer coefficient, the mean value of catalytic rate constant and diffusion coefficient for formaldehyde and redox sites were obtained to be 0.66, 1.80 × 105 cm3 mol−1 s−1 and 3.62 × 10−4 cm2 s−1, respectively. Obtained results from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry techniques specified that the electrode reaction is a diffusion‐controlled process. The good catalytic activity, high sensitivity, good selectivity and stability and easy in preparation rendered the Ni‐CoVSB‐5/CPE to be a capable electrode for formaldehyde electrooxidation.
The CRE tambora.org – new data and tools for collaborative research in climate and environmental history
Authors: Riemann D. , Glaser R. , Kahle M. , Vogt S.
Published: January 2016

Tambora.org is a new web‐based Collaborative Research Environment (CRE) for Historical Climatology (HC) and Environmental research, already containing several huge data collections from different regions with different cultural background. The integration and sustainable storage of existing data collections, as well as the entry of new data are core features of the system. Additionally, tambora.org provides a growing toolbox for creating, analysing and presenting the data. With many active contributors and everyone being invited to add further datasets, it is continuously growing.

Tambora.org enables researchers to collaboratively interpret climate information derived from historical sources. It includes tools to support the complete workflow of transforming the raw source material (typically text) to data useful for climatic analysis and finally the publication of data. It provides a database for original text quotations together with bibliographic references and derived searchable, dated and geo‐referenced information on climate and environment. To acknowledge scientific work, tambora.org facilitates the process of assigning citable DOIs (digital object identifier) to data collections by providing the necessary infrastructure and institutional responsibility for quality control.
Impact of creatine supplementation in combination with resistance training on lean mass in the elderly
Authors: Pinto Camila Lemos , Botelho Patrícia Borges , Carneiro Juliana Alves , Mota João Felipe
Published: January 2016

Background

Human ageing is a process characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength, and bone mass. We aimed to examine the efficacy of low‐dose creatine supplementation associated with resistance training on lean mass, strength, and bone mass in the elderly.

Methods

This was a 12‐week, parallel‐group, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated into one of the following groups: placebo plus resistance training (PL + RT) and creatine supplementation plus resistance training (CR + RT) . The participants were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The primary outcomes were lean mass and strength, assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and ten‐repetition maximal tests (10 RM), respectively. Secondary outcomes included the lumbar spine, right and left femoral neck, both femur and whole body bone mineral density (BMD), and whole body bone mineral content (BMC), assessed by DXA.

Results

The CR + RT group had superior gains in lean mass when compared with the PL + RT group (P = 0.02). Changes in the 10 RM tests in bench press and leg press exercises, body composition, BMD, and BMC of all assessed sites did not significantly differ between the groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Twelve weeks of low‐dose creatine supplementation associated with resistance training resulted in increases in lean mass in the elderly.
Magnetic resonance elastography of frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Huston John , Murphy Matthew C. , Boeve Bradley F. , Fattahi Nikoo , Arani Arvin , Glaser Kevin J. , Manduca Armando , Jones David T. , Ehman Richard L.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of utilizing brain stiffness as a potential biomarker for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a noninvasive technique for evaluating the mechanical properties of brain tissue in vivo. MRE has demonstrated decreased brain stiffness in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Materials and Methods

We examined five male subjects with bvFTD and nine cognitively normal age‐matched male controls (NC) with brain 3T MRE. Stiffness was calculated in nine regions of interest (ROIs): whole brain (entire cerebrum excluding cerebellum), frontal lobes, occipital lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, deep gray matter / white matter (GM/WM; insula, deep gray nuclei and white matter tracts), cerebellum, sensorimotor cortex (pre‐ and postcentral gyri), and a composite region labeled FT (frontal and temporal lobes excluding the pre‐ and postcentral gyri).

Results

Significantly lower stiffness values were observed in the whole brain (P = 0.007), frontal lobe (P = 0.001), and temporal lobes (P = 0.005) of bvFTD patients compared to NC. No significant stiffness differences were observed in any other ROIs of bvFTD patients compared to NC (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that statistically significant brain softening occurs in the frontal and temporal lobes of bvFTD patients, which corresponds to the expected pathophysiology of bvFTD.

Conclusion

Future studies evaluating the feasibility of brain MRE for early disease detection and monitoring disease progression could shed new insights into understanding the mechanisms involved in bvFTD. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:474–478.
Early MRI versus conventional management in the detection of occult scaphoid fractures: what does it really cost? A rural pilot study
Authors: Kelson Tamika , Davidson Robert , Baker Tim
Published: January 2016

Introduction

To compare the cost‐effectiveness and patient impact between acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) management and conventional management in the diagnosis of occult scaphoid fractures in a rural setting.

Methods

Consecutive patients presenting to a rural emergency department (ED) with a suspected scaphoid fracture were randomly assigned to either conventional management (6) or acute MRI management (10) (3 patients were excluded from the study analysis). All healthcare costs were compared between the two management groups and potential impacts on the patients’ pain, mobility and lifestyle were also measured.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. There was one (10%) scaphoid fracture in the MRI group and none in the conventional group (P = 0.42). A larger proportion of other fractures were diagnosed in the MRI group (20% (2) vs. 16.7% (1), P = 0.87), as well as less clinic attendances (1 (0–2.25) vs. 4 (2.25–5)) and diagnostic services (1 (1–1.25) vs. 2 (1–3)). Median management costs were $485.05 (AUD) (MRI) and $486.90 (AUD) (conventional). The MRI group had better pain and satisfaction scores as well as less time of immobilisation, treatment and time off work.

Conclusion

MRI dramatically reduces the amount of unnecessary immobilisation, time of treatment and healthcare usage in a rural setting. The two protocols are suggested to be equivalent financially. When potential societal costs, the amount of unnecessary immobilisation, low prevalence of true fractures and patient satisfaction are considered, acute MRI should be the management technique of choice. Further studies are still required to assess the best method for managing bone bruise within the scaphoid.
Correlation between preoperative endoscopic ultrasound and surgical pathology staging of gastric adenocarcinoma: A single institution retrospective review
Authors: Serrano Oscar K. , Huang Kevin , Ng Nicole , Yang Julie , Friedmann Patricia , Libutti Steven K. , Kennedy Timothy J.
Published: January 2016

Background

Recent evidence validates the effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic ultrasonographic (EUS) staging has been proposed as a useful adjunct in this setting.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients treated at our institution for gastric adenocarcinoma between July 2005 and January 2014. We identified patients referred for EUS before surgery as part of a prospective treatment plan. Histopathologic staging was compared to EUS staging, with a focus on T‐ and N‐stage. Agreement between the two modalities was examined using kappa‐statistics.

Results

We identified 614 patients with biopsy‐proven gastric adenocarcinoma; 145 underwent curative‐intent surgery. Surgical pathology and EUS results were available from 69 patients. The accuracy of EUS for the evaluation of T‐ and N‐stage was 44.9% and 56.5%, respectively. EUS demonstrated greater concordance with histopathology at evaluating T‐stage (κ = 0.3469) than N‐stage (κ = 0.1316). EUS underestimated T‐ and N‐stage in 40.8% and 30.4% of patients, respectively.

Conclusion

EUS seems to correlate poorly with pathology in the preoperative staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. In the majority of inaccurate cases, EUS underestimates T‐stage and N‐stage, limiting its utility in the neoadjuvant setting. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:42–45. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of maintenance immunosuppression with sirolimus after liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yanik Elizabeth L. , Chinnakotla Srinath , Gustafson Sally K. , Snyder Jon J. , Israni Ajay K. , Segev Dorry L. , Engels Eric A.
Published: January 2016

For recipients of liver transplantations (LTs) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), HCC recurrence after transplantation remains a major concern. Sirolimus (SRL), an immunosuppressant with anticarcinogenic properties, may reduce HCC recurrence and improve survival. In our study, the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was linked to pharmacy claims. For liver recipients transplanted for HCC, Cox regression was used to estimate associations of early SRL use with recurrence, cancer‐specific mortality, and all‐cause mortality, adjusting for recipient ethnicity, calendar year of transplant, total tumor volume, alpha‐fetoprotein, transplant center size, use of interleukin 2 induction therapy, and allocated and calculated Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score. We performed stratified analyses among recipients who met Milan criteria, among those without renal failure, among those with deceased liver donors, by age at transplantation, and by tumor size. Among the 3936 included HCC LTs, 234 (6%) were SRL users. In total, there were 242 recurrences and 879 deaths, including 261 cancer‐related deaths. All‐cause mortality was similar in SRL users and nonusers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.73‐1.39). HCC recurrence and cancer‐specific mortality rates appeared lower in SRL users, but associations were not statistically significant (recurrence aHR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.45‐1.65; cancer‐specific mortality aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.43‐1.50). Among recipients >55 years old, associations were suggestive of better outcomes for SRL users (all‐cause mortality aHR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.38‐1.01; recurrence aHR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.19‐1.44; cancer‐specific mortality aHR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11‐1.09), whereas among recipients ≤55 years old, SRL users had worse outcomes (all‐cause mortality aHR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.12‐2.75; recurrence aHR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.62‐3.61; cancer‐specific mortality aHR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.71‐3.32). In conclusion, among HCC liver recipients overall, SRL did not appear beneficial in reducing all‐cause mortality. However, there were suggestions of reductions in recurrence and cancer‐specific mortality, and effects appeared to be modified by age at transplantation. Liver Transplantation 22 627‐634 2016 AASLD.
A Comparison between splenic fossa and subhepatic fossa auxiliary partial heterotopic liver transplantation in a porcine model
Authors: Ai Lemin , Liang Xiao , Wang Zhifei , Shen Jie , Yu Feiyan , Xie Limei , Pan Yongming , Lin Hui
Published: January 2016

To test the alternative possible locations for the placement of a liver graft and the relevant surgical technique issues, we developed a porcine model of auxiliary partial heterotopic liver transplantation (APHLT) and evaluated the difference between 2 styles of liver transplantation, either subhepatic fossa or splenic fossa APHLT, by comparing survival and biochemical indexes. Thirty‐eight miniature pigs were randomly divided into 2 groups. A left hemihepatic graft without the middle hepatic vein (HV) was procured from the living donor. In group A (n = 9), an 8 mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft approximately 2.5 cm long was connected to the left HV while another PTFE graft of the same size was connected to the left portal vein (PV). The liver graft was implanted in the right subhepatic fossa following splenectomy and right nephrectomy. In group B (n = 10), a PTFE graft of the same size was connected to the left HV while the liver graft was implanted in the splenic fossa following splenectomy and left nephrectomy. Survival rate and complications were observed at 2 weeks after transplantation. Data were collected from 5 animals in group A and 6 animals in group B that survived longer than 2 weeks. The liver function and renal function of the recipients returned to normal at 1 week after surgery in both groups. Eighty‐eight percent (14/16) of the PTFE grafts remained patent at 2 weeks after surgery, but 44% of the PTFE grafts (7/16) developed mural thrombus. No significant differences in the survival rate and biochemistry were found between the 2 groups. In conclusion, the splenic fossa APHLT can achieve beneficial outcomes similar to the subhepatic fossa APHLT in miniature pigs, although it also has a high morbidity rate due to hepatic artery thrombosis, PV thrombosis, and PTEF graft mural thrombus formation. Liver Transplantation 22 812–821 2016 AASLD.
Left lobe graft poses a potential risk of hepatic venous outflow obstruction in adult living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kitajima Toshihiro , Kaido Toshimi , Iida Taku , Yagi Shintaro , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Ogawa Kohei , Mori Akira , Okajima Hideaki , Imamine Rinpei , Shibata Toshiya , Uemoto Shinji
Published: January 2016

Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a critical complication after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of HVOO and the risk factors for HVOO in adults. From 2005 to 2015, 430 adult LDLT patients (right lobe [RL] graft, 270 patients; left lobe [LL] graft, 160 patients) were enrolled and divided into no HVOO (n = 413) and HVOO (n = 17) groups. Patient demographics and surgical data were compared, and risk factors for HVOO were analyzed. Furthermore, the longterm outcomes of percutaneous interventions as treatment for HVOO were assessed. HVOO occurred in 17 (4.0%) patients. The incidence of HVOO in patients receiving a LL graft was significantly higher than in those receiving a RL graft (8.1% versus 1.5%; P = 0.001). The body weight and caliber of hepatic vein anastomosis in the HVOO group were significantly lower compared with the no HVOO group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.008, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that only LL graft was an independent risk factor for HVOO (OR, 4.782; 95% CI, 1.387‐16.488; P = 0.01). Among 17 patients with HVOO, 7 patients were treated with single balloon angioplasty, and 9 patients who developed recurrence were treated with repeated interventions. Overall, 6 patients underwent stent placement: 1 at the initial procedure, 3 at the second procedure for early recurrence, and 2 following repeated balloon angioplasty (≥3 interventions). These 6 patients experienced no recurrence. Overall graft survival was not significantly different between the HVOO and no HVOO groups (P = 0.99). In conclusion, the use of a LL graft was associated with HVOO, and percutaneous interventions were effective for treating adult HVOO after LDLT. Liver Transplantation 22 785–795 2016 AASLD.
Embedding classical in minimal implicational logic
Authors: Ishihara Hajime , Schwichtenberg Helmut
Published: January 2016

Consider the problem which set V of propositional variables suffices for whenever , where , and ⊢c and ⊢i denote derivability in classical and intuitionistic implicational logic, respectively. We give a direct proof that stability for the final propositional variable of the (implicational) formula A is sufficient; as a corollary one obtains Glivenko's theorem. Conversely, using Glivenko's theorem one can give an alternative proof of our result. As an alternative to stability we then consider the Peirce formula . It is an easy consequence of the result above that adding a single instance of the Peirce formula suffices to move from classical to intuitionistic derivability. Finally we consider the question whether one could do the same for minimal logic. Given a classical derivation of a propositional formula not involving ⊥, which instances of the Peirce formula suffice as additional premises to ensure derivability in minimal logic? We define a set of such Peirce formulas, and show that in general an unbounded number of them is necessary.
Duality theorem for B‐valued martingale Orlicz–Hardy spaces associated with concave functions
Authors: Yu Lin
Published: January 2016

The dual space of B‐valued martingale Orlicz–Hardy space with a concave function Φ, which is associated with the conditional p‐variation of B‐valued martingale, is characterized. To obtain the results, a new type of Campanato spaces for B‐valued martingales is introduced and the classical technique of atomic decompositions is improved. Some results obtained here are connected closely with the p‐uniform smoothness and q‐uniform convexity of the underlying Banach space.
Outstanding fundraising practice: how do nonprofits substantively increase their income?
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Shang Jen
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we examine the characteristics of charities that have generated substantive increases in their fundraising income. We interviewed 25 fundraising directors and team members, from organizations experiencing rapid growth, adopting a “decoding the discipline” approach to identify how each organization had overcome key barriers to its success. We identify that fundraising leaders in these exceptional nonprofits focus particularly on matters connected to their team, organizational structures that support that team, and the development of an organization‐wide learning culture. We also find that these teams were successful because of the “systems” way in which they understood and coped with the complexities of decision making. They were exceptional in isolating the right problems and exceptional too in the processes they adopted to solve them.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norepinephrine transporter expression is inversely associated with glycaemic indices: a pilot study in metabolically diverse persons with overweight and obesity
Authors: Straznicky N. E. , Guo L. , Corcoran S. J. , Esler M. D. , Phillips S. E. , Sari C. I. , Grima M. T. , Karapanagiotidis S. , Wong C. Y. , Eikelis N. , Mariani J. A. , Kobayashi D. , Dixon J. B. , Lambert G. W. , Lambert E. A.
Published: January 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the cross‐sectional relationship between the expression of norepinephrine transporter (NET), the protein responsible for neuronal uptake‐1, and indices of glycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, in overweight and obese individuals.

Methods

Thirteen non‐medicated, non‐smoking subjects, aged 58 ± 1 years (mean ± standard error of the mean), body mass index (BMI) 31.4 ± 1.0 kg m−2, with wide‐ranging plasma glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, range 5.1% to 6.5%) participated. They underwent forearm vein biopsy to access sympathetic nerves for the quantification of NET by Western blot, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp, echocardiography and assessments of whole‐body norepinephrine kinetics and muscle sympathetic nerve activity.

Results

Norepinephrine transporter expression was inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose (r = −0.62, P = 0.02), glucose area under the curve during OGTT (AUC0–120, r = −0.65, P = 0.02) and HbA1c (r = −0.67, P = 0.01), and positively associated with steady‐state glucose utilization during euglycaemic clamp (r = 0.58, P = 0.04). Moreover, NET expression was inversely related to left ventricular posterior wall dimensions (r = −0.64, P = 0.02) and heart rate (r = −0.55, P = 0.05). Indices of hyperinsulinaemia were not associated with NET expression. In stepwise linear regression analysis adjusted for age, body mass index and blood pressure, HbA1c was an independent inverse predictor of NET expression, explaining 45% of its variance.

Conclusions

Hyperglycaemia is associated with reduced peripheral NET expression. Further studies are required to identify the direction of causality.