bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intentional Suffering
Authors: French Nathan S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter, along with the next, provides a comprehensive analysis of Jihadi-Salafi jurisprudence on the question of martyrdom-seeking operations (al-amaliyyat al-istishhadiyya), often referred to as suicide bombings in the West. Central to this analysis is an application of the theories of renunciation and subjectivity underlying the Jihadi-Salafi creed and methodology. For Jihadi-Salafi jurists, what separates suicidal ideation from a martyr’s intention (niyya) is a question of one’s individual subjective identity. A martyr must not have concern for the world (dunyā) or possess any improper desire for material wealth or comfort. Instead, a martyrdom seeker must undertake the act intending it for God alone. The legal texts defending martyrdom operations, the chapter concludes, reveal that Jihadi-Salafis appropriate as their ideal precedents for these operations the actions of the Salaf as well as the actions of early Muslim renunciants such as ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181/797), author of the earliest known work on jihad.
Introduction
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

The Introduction situates the 15-M movement within contemporary debates about the crisis of democracy and the possibilities for progressive pro-democracy movements to regenerate democracy in the context of the twin crises of democracy and capitalism. It lays out the key questions and theoretical framework within which to understand the movement, engaging with critical democratic theory and social movement theory. It argues that as an influential, potent, sustained, and impactful pro-democracy movement, 15-M offers an excellent case study within which to examine contemporary debates about the relation between social movements and democracy. At the same time, as an autonomous movement, it defies common sense and (most) scholarly understandings of what makes a social movement “successful.” How and why it succeeded despite not meeting what are considered the necessary requirements forms the basis of the book’s contribution and steers us toward a new way of understanding the power and possibilities of autonomous movements today.
Spanish Democracy and 15-M
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1, “Spanish Democracy and 15-M,” explores the political opportunities provided by the historical, cultural, and economic context in which the movement emerged. It argues that translating economic grievances into sustained mobilization and protest requires the concerted effort of collective actors, as the variance in levels of mobilization across different European countries similarly affected by the crisis/austerity shows. It shows how in Spain one of the key strategies of the 15-M movement was to contest hegemonic narratives about the inevitability of the crisis and austerity, and the necessity of passing the costs of private bank bailouts onto the public. By framing the “democratic deficit” (i.e., the corrupt and uncaring political class) as responsible for both the crisis and its effects, the movement provided a powerful impetus for mobilization against both the economic-financial crisis and the legitimation crisis of “really existing” democracy. This ability to mobilize counter-hegemonic narratives helps explain different collective responses to similar material and political contexts; in other words, it helps make sense of why effective contestation can be found in some contexts (e.g., Spain) but not in others hit equally as hard (e.g., Ireland).
The Neoclassicists
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand
Published: May 2020

By the early twentieth century, Urdu literature had grown in variety and richness—it consisted of not only divans of ghazals but novels, dramas, historical accounts, biographies, and even books on medicine and astronomy. However, the ghazal as a genre had suffered a reversal, first by a movement by some British educationists aimed at promoting poems, and then by the loss of master poets like Dagh, Hali, and Shibli, without any replacement by the poets of the same caliber. Under such circumstances, it was left to poets like Hasrat Mohani, Akbar Allahabadi, Allama Iqbal, Chakbast, and Yagana to take up the ghazal’s banner. All of them helped in its vigorous restoration and revival with a captivating lyrical touch.
The Progressives
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand
Published: May 2020

Several Urdu poets drew their inspiration from revolutions in Russia and China and advocated similar transformation in India. The Progressive Writers’ Movement, established by Mulk Raj Anand and Sajjad Zaheer, held its first conference in 1936. The ghazal had been marginalized for quite some time due to a misconception by some progressives that the ghazal was anti-progressive. Thankfully, poets like Faiz Ahmed Faiz kept writing ghazals using love and Sufi phraseology with new revolutionary import. Faiz reframed concepts of love and beauty to be in tune with the needs of changing times. This chapter makes the point that literature and fine arts are social acts, and if creativity is impeded and freedom of the mind is compromised, poetry will lack freshness and spontaneity. Thus, in spite of the harsh criticism of some mistaken people, the ghazal reappeared in a decade or two and thrived together with the wave of rising social consciousness and revolutionary zeal.
Policy
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

This chapter deals with the big policy challenges that India faced in the first decade of 2000s. The country had seen about a decade of rapid growth just before this and, following the market reforms of the early 1990s, it had become more globalized. This gave rise to new challenges of economic policy and also of international relations, including the changing nature of India’s political and economic interaction with China and the United States.
The Global Challenge
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

The rise of populism, hyper-nationalism and hard-core right-wing ideology, which is threatening to erode democracy, has been a global concern over the last five or six years. These relatively recent essays constitute a discourse on political economy to understand the origins of this ‘new politics’, and the risks that it constitutes for the world. The essays examine various factors that gave rise to this, from the availability of new, digital technology for mass communication, to the limitations of human language for parsing our complex world with multiple participants from different social backgrounds where the same words have different meaning. The essays cover different geographies—from United States and Brazil to India—and different methodologies to examine this new global challenge
By Debt If Need Be
Authors: Basu Kaushik
Published: May 2020

Shibram Chakraborty was a celebrated Bengali writer who fought for India’s independence, and, as a result, did time in jail. Thereafter, he lived a bachelor in a single-room rented apartment, filling up both paper and walls with his writings. His writings were celebrated for humour, alliteration, and a satirical strain. This chapter is a translation into English by the author of this book of one of Shibram’s most celebrated short stories on indebtedness and loan juggling. Quite apart from the delightful humour that binds this tale, the author has argued elsewhere that the story sheds light on debt problems in economics, including the Latin American debt crisis of the early 1990s.
The Crossroads of Qaum, Millat, and Watan
Authors: Mahmudabad Ali Khan
Published: May 2020

The sixth and final chapter will concentrate on the diverse and disparate ways in which Muslims expressed ideas of qaum (community), millat, and ummah (religious fraternity) and their effect on Indian Muslim political identity. Chapter 6 will finally explore this trope of rootedness and will specifically illustrate how relationships to the homeland were conceived of and expressed, particularly using the tropes of qaum, millat, and watan. Some of the poetry written for the mushā‘irahs explored in Chapter 2 will be analysed, not only highlighting the diverse responses that Muslims had to the rapidly changing political climate but also demonstrating the importance given to questions of patriotism, nationality, and religious identity.
Indicators of Social Sustainability
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 focuses on the indicators of social sustainability basing alternatively on absolute or relative deprivation of people’s opportunities of consumption, or on the extent of attainment of human capability, enabling people to access a decent life. It has traced the relationship between deprivation—in both absolute and relative sense—and social tension conceived as social welfare loss according to some social welfare function, which underlies any indicator of development. After reviewing briefly the comparative state of inequality-adjusted level of development across developing countries, the chapter focussed on the analysis of the state of poverty, inequality, and measure of social tension (based on poverty gap or Gini coefficient) for the rural and urban sectors separately using the Indian state-level data to assess the state of social sustainability of the Indian economic system.
Energy, Sustainability, and Third Industrial Revolution
Authors: Sengupta Ramprasad
Published: May 2020

While the chapters of Part I have discussed at length the conceptual issues of the different dimensions of sustainability, Part II focuses on the same issues as arising in the context of the power and energy sector development in India. Chapter 6 describes the energy scenario of India including its carbon footprint in the background of macroeconomic setting of growth with cross-country comparison. It focuses on the issues of energy security, energy poverty and distribution, as well as carbon footprint and challenges of both socially and environmentally sustainable development of the power and energy sector of India. In this context it points out the difference in perspectives of the developed and the developing countries with respect to the relation between inclusive economic growth and climate control. It argues for possible complementarities in policies for the two in the perspective of the Third Industrial Revolution based on new renewables.
Being Shrivatsa
Authors: Hawley John Stratton
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows how innovation emerges in one of Vrindavan’s most influential religious lineages, the Chaitanya or Gaudiya community that traces its origins back to the sixteenth century when Vrindavan emerged as a built presence on the banks of the Yamuna. In the West the best-known figure in the Gaudiya community is undoubtedly the founder of ISKCON, but in India Shrivatsa Goswami is almost equally renowned. Shrivatsa’s father was a major innovator in the generation just past; we watch Shrivatsa perform his funeral rites. How does Shrivatsa, a person with global connections, represent the old and the new Vrindavan at once?
State, Settlement, Texts
Authors: Balachandran Jyoti Gulati
Published: May 2020

The consolidation of the Gujarat Sultanate went hand in hand with the flourishing of a number of old and new Muslim settlements in the central plains of eastern Gujarat where several migrant Sufis established their residences (khānqāhs). This chapter takes a close look at two texts that centred around the life and teachings of the Maghribi Sufi Aḥmad Khattū (d.1445), the Tuḥfat al-majālis and Mirqāt al-wusūl ila Allah wa al-Rasūl, compiled by his disciples in the suburbs of Ahmedabad in Sarkhej. Together, these texts comprised the first narrative moment in the long-term articulation of the Muslim past in Gujarat. They created historical memory around Aḥmad Khattū presenting him, through varied narrative strategies, as the pivot around which the Muslim community led by the Gujarat Sultans began to flourish.
Chicago 1945
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

This first chapter describes a 1945 Youth for Christ rally of 75,000 evangelicals at Soldier Field in Chicago. Sponsored by the “Business World” committee, a group of entrepreneurs who manufactured glass, roofing supplies, and iron, the religious event combined the most salient characteristics of postwar evangelicalism: religious piety, free enterprise, anticommunism, and patriotism. These characteristics animated the evangelistic and social activism of member institutions in the National Association of Evangelicals in the years after its 1942 founding and the triumph of World War II. Calling themselves “new evangelicals,” their ambitions became important geopolitically, as missionaries and soldiers sought to free souls, people, and enterprise around the world in the service of Christian Americanism.
Boston 2045
Authors: Swartz David R.
Published: May 2020

The global encounter continues apace. Not only are American evangelicals fanning out throughout the world, but immigrants are moving into the United States. Some come with hopes of revitalizing the American church. Though underreported because of its origin among nonwhite populations, New England has been the home of a spiritual awakening called the “quiet revival.” Tightened borders and persistent racial separation limit immigrant influence at present. But the synergy of the Immigration Act of 1965, the Evangelical Immigration Roundtable, and the southernization of global Christianity is accelerating the global reflex as 2045, the year the United States may become a minority-majority nation, approaches.
Assembling Inca History
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter frames the concept of “apocalypse” in the Andean world. It describes the process of royal history-making that the Incas performed in their capital, Cuzco, as well as the legends of ancestral emergence and migration that granted their dynasty a deeper history than other Andean peoples. It recounts Andean creation myths and introduces the concept of cyclical creation and the destruction of space-time. The discussion of the archaeological record reveals areas where Inca histories and legends diverge from scientific fact, making it possible to consider the aspirational quality of Inca history and the unfolding imperial project of building a world empire. The contradictions of Inca history help us to understand the factional competition found among the Inca nobility, foreshadowing the conflicts that would erupt in a civil war on the eve of the Spanish invasion.
The Invention of Catholic Spain
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a deep history for Iberia illustrating the apocalyptic worldview of Catholics during the later Middle Ages. Starting with a legendary account of the journey to Spain by the Catholic saint Santiago, the chapter describes how Catholic pilgrimage and crusading contributed to the belief in a centuries-long Christian reconquest of lost realms. A description of medieval history-writing reveals how supernatural features, miracles, and legends shaped the earliest attempts to produce a Christian history of Spain that could link biblical mythology to the dynastic histories of Christian dynasties. The chapter describes how those rulers extended their power beyond the Iberian Peninsula, and how Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragón embraced an identity as Catholic builders of a world empire.
Royal Progress
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter follows the development of Inca imperial power across the lifetimes of three famous rulers: Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, Tupa Inca Yupanqui, and Huayna Capac. Life histories of these rulers reveal the political and ceremonial aspects of the male ruling title, Inca, and how territorial growth created tensions between the two. Reading between the lines of colonial documents, the chapter also considers the power of Inca women and the evolving role of the paramount woman, or Coya. The growing empire made it difficult for Inca rulers to lead campaigns and also preside over rituals at the capital, while the increasing number of powerful women in the royal palace increased the likelihood of factional competition and succession crises. Over time, Inca rulers spent more time on campaigns, which became more brutal, even after the ruler Huayna Capac moved his court to the northern frontier to try and retain control over the army, palace, and state ceremonies. His untimely death there helped to generate a succession crisis, which blew up into a civil war between two half-brothers: Huascar, the Inca crowned in Cuzco, and Atahuallpa, who took control of the frontier armies.
Building a Catholic Empire
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with the Castilian conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands, which deployed a medieval model that had been carried over to the Americas by Columbus. When the Aragonese pope Alexander VI granted half the globe for Spanish missionary work and imperial expansion, Isabella and Ferdinand lacked the policies, institutions, and laws to rule over native peoples who did not live like European Catholics. They also struggled to maintain control over their Spanish colonists, who often abandoned the new settlements to explore, plunder, and raid for slaves in other places. The chapter follows one of these wayward colonists, Francisco Pizarro, from Hispaniola to Panama and on to the exploration of the Pacific coast of South America. As Charles V attempted to establish law and order in his American colonies—and to face the challenges of the Protestant Reformation—he granted Pizarro permission to colonize Peru, a rich, civilized realm that had been contacted during a rare moment of success in the conquistador’s otherwise disastrous expeditions on the Peruvian coast.
Two Roads to Cajamarca
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter follows the Inca warlord Atahuallpa from the last days of his victory in the Inca civil war to the fateful encounter with Francisco Pizarro at Cajamarca in 1532. As Atahuallpa made his way to Cajamarca, he acted to destroy the old Inca capital of Cuzco and to show his subjects that they should fear his military power, which was capable of devastating even the most powerful sacred forces in the Andes. The arrival of Pizarro and his Spaniards occurred as the old Inca order was challenged, raising questions about the identity and motivations of the newcomers. Pizarro and his men made their way into Inca territory, where they abandoned their colonizing mission to seek out Atahuallpa, even though they knew he was not the legitimate Inca. The Spaniards told the Inca that they had come to serve Atahuallpa. Then they ambushed him at Cajamarca when he came to the Inca city to accept their fealty.
Sovereign Failures and New Miracles
Authors: Covey R. Alan
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the growing factionalism among the Spaniards in Peru, as well as the collapse of Pizarro’s alliance with Manco Inca. In the face of Spanish brutality, Manco organized a widespread war of reconquest, which failed because the Spanish alliances with other Andean lords held firm, including those with Inca noblewomen and the prince Paullu Inca. When the threat of Inca war lessened, the Spaniards turned to fight one another, leading to a series of battles and assassinations that divided the conquistadores and devastated Andean populations. Charles V attempted to rein in the leading factions, but his inspector, Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, declared himself the new governor of Peru, a claim he reinforced on the battlefield.
Childhood in Lodève and Montpellier
Authors: Roust Colin
Published: May 2020

Georges Auric was born in 1899 in Lodève, France, to a family of hoteliers. Three years later, his family moved to nearby Montpellier, the principal city of the Languedoc region in southern France. The year 1907 would prove to be transformative for the Aurics. During the Viticulture Revolt, the largest demonstration of Third Republic France took place virtually on the Aurics’ doorstep, launching his father’s brief political career. Meanwhile, Auric began studying piano at the Montpellier Conservatoire with Louis Combes, who introduced the young musician to modernist music and literature in addition to facilitating Auric’s acceptance into the Paris Conservatoire in 1913.
The Drone Age
Authors: Boyle Michael J.
Published: May 2020

This book explores how the unique features of drone technology alter the strategic choices of governments and non-state actors alike by transforming their risk calculations and expanding their goals on and off the battlefield. It considers how drone technology will impact the patterns of war and peace in the next century: Will drones produce a more peaceful world because they reduce risk to pilots, or will the prospect of clean, remote warfare lead governments to engage in more conflicts? Will drones begin to replace humans on the battlefield or will they empower soldiers and peacekeepers to act more precisely and humanely in crisis zones? How will terrorist organizations turn this technology back on the governments that fight them? How will drones change surveillance at war—and at home? As drones come into the hands of new actors—foreign governments, law enforcement, terrorist organizations, humanitarian organizations, and even UN peacekeepers—it is even more important to understand what kind of world they might produce. By changing what these actors are both willing and able to do, drones are quietly altering the dynamics of wars, humanitarian crises, and peacekeeping missions, while generating new risks to security and privacy. An essential guide to a potentially disruptive force in modern world politics, The Drone Age argues that the mastery of drone technology will become central to the ways that governments and non-state actors seek power and influence in the coming decades.
Truth in Fiction
Authors: Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia
Published: May 2020

This book explores a basic paradox about fiction: Whether the fiction in question is a book, film, or television show, fiction is simultaneously unreal and real. Fiction is a simulation of our real social lives. As such, watching a film or television show or reading a book gives people an opportunity to think about who they are, what they value, who they’re connected to, and what really matters to them. Whether they consider themselves a fan of the entire Harry Potter series or they just remember the moment in the story when Harry stood up to his nemesis, people can derive inspiration from a compelling character making choices and facing consequences. Whether they love Game of Thrones, Stranger Things, or another title, when people get lost in a story, they can find themselves.
How Reliably Misrepresenting Olfactory Experiences Justify True Beliefs
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that olfactory experiences represent either everyday objects or ad hoc olfactory objects as having primitive olfactory properties, which happen to be uninstantiated. On this picture, olfactory experiences reliably misrepresent: they falsely represent everyday objects or ad hoc objects as having properties they do not have, and they misrepresent in the same way on multiple occasions. One might worry that this view is incompatible with the plausible claim that olfactory experiences at least sometimes justify true beliefs about the world. This chapter argues that there is no such incompatibility. Since olfactory experiences reliably misrepresent, they can lead to true and justified beliefs about putatively smelly objects.
Hearing As
Authors: Lycan William G.
Published: May 2020

Nearly everything ever written by philosophers on aspect perception has been about vision. This chapter catalogs some views and lessons regarding “seeing as,” and argues that not all of them carry over to aspect perception in hearing. In particular, the attention theory, very attractive for the case of vision, is not plausible for hearing.
Hearing-as plays at least two central roles in human life. The chapter continues by illustrating them. One is in the appreciation of music: tonality, the ambiguity exploited in harmonic modulation, and the expressing of emotion. The other is in understanding speech: hearing sounds as speech at all, disambiguating utterances, and assigning illocutionary force.
Introduction: The Sound of Feminist Memory
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter establishes the book as a new history of the UK Women’s Liberation Movement, drawing upon feminist oral history to explore the extraordinary individual accounts of pioneering women activists. Going beyond abstracted, ideological versions of movement history, the book advocates a greater appreciation of the actions, pleasures, hopes and faiths of individual activists and a more generous understanding of what it meant to live a feminist life in the midst of individual and collective struggle for gender, racial, social and economic equality. Building upon Sheila Rowbotham’s contention that listening is essential to the transmission of memory, the chapter introduces Sisterhood and After (S&A), the oral history archive stored at the British Library which is the book’s primary source, showing how this invokes the voices, sounds, and songs of ‘second wave’ feminism, highlights the aura of the voice and captures the inadvertently caught sounds of the lived environment.
Oral History and Feminist Method
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The chapter unpacks the book’s method as a history of living activists, set in the context of feminism’s affiliation with oral history and life-course analysis. It discusses the S&A oral history archive on which the book is based, outlining how S&A approached interviewee selection and representation, and acknowledging how such questions continue to divide the movement. Offering an overview of feminist oral history practice, addressing the ethics involved and the interpretative challenges of working with memory, subjectivity and emotion, it shows how the ‘baby boomers’, ‘second generation migrants’ and ‘lesbian-feminists’ who powered the WLM were shaped by the post-war worlds in which they grew up, and talked back to these categories, particularly as they gained control over fertility. The chapter concludes with the story of Sue Lopez, women’s footballer and champion for women’s rights in the sport, demonstrating oral history’s ethical challenges whilst celebrating an inspiring athlete and campaigner. 149 words
Conclusion
Authors: Jolly Margaretta
Published: May 2020

The conclusion explores how oral histories might contribute to future activism. It suggests that the S&A interviewees’ accounts affirm the value of intergenerational exchange and organisational experience and tolerance, illuminating the movement’s intellectual, cultural and domestic achievements and its strategic limitations and political challenges, contesting reductive narratives of feminism’s progress or decline. It acknowledges that just as 1970s/80s feminists could be ambivalent or indifferent to the oral histories of suffrage campaigners, so their own oral histories must make their case for a new generation’s attention. However, it anticipates the new opportunities offered by evolving technologies to access the emotive voice and sound lost in oral history transcription, and how these can find interactive, creative and inspirational forms in walks, broadcasts, and soundworks, including Mary Kelly’s Multi-Story House. It ends by calling for feminist silence and deep listening as conditions for activism in the crowded and competing noisescape of today. 149 words
Introduction
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

The Introduction opens with the story of the 1953 Worcester, Massachusetts, tornado, the deadliest in New England history, as a segue into the book’s central argument: in the tornado, Americans experience something that is at once culturally peculiar (the indigenous storm of the national imagination) and religiously primal (the sense of awe before an unpredictable and mysterious power). No nation has more violent tornadoes than the United States, where a frontier mentality, combined with an Enlightenment-born confidence in scientific progress, has perennially tempted residents to believe they can understand and master the weather. But efforts to unlock tornadoes’ secrets have exposed how little removed Americans are from their premodern ancestors in finding themselves at the mercy of the whirlwind. Americans thus encounter in the tornado something akin to what religion theorist Rudolf Otto called the numinous: an uncanny, uncontrollable, and awe-inspiring mystery.
“As Stubble Before the Wind”
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 turns to Oklahoma, ground zero of the most violent tornadoes on the planet, where an evangelical Protestant culture meets the frontiers of contemporary meteorological research. Deadly tornadoes in Moore, a suburb of Oklahoma City, have made particularly raw the long-festering question of whether God controls everything that happens. But Oklahomans have also had to confront the converse problem of human complicity in disasters, especially in an era of climate change. Evangelical politicians from Oklahoma have had a disproportionate influence on climate policy in the Trump administration, which has denied the looming crisis of global warming, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. At the local level, Oklahomans have also had to reckon with the challenge of disaster preparedness, especially the funding of school storm shelters, in a state that often resists governmental “intrusion.”
What’s so special about improvisation?
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reviews ways in which improvisation has been understood by musicians and psychologists, setting out key features of different theories and considering the assumptions about improvising that inform them. The chapter defines improvisation as: creative, social, ambiguous, spontaneous, and accessible. It discusses different theoretical approaches, proposing the following distinctions: practice-based theories; cognitive theories; psychodynamic theories; neuroscience theories; and ethnomusicology theories. It outlines some problems with existing theories. These include: presuming clear demarcations in the roles and functions of the composer, performer, and improviser; a focus on the products of improvisation while neglecting process; and a focus upon the individual while neglecting group processes. There is a need to challenge current perceptions of improvisation, to get more people improvising and to widen access to improvisational activities.
Feelings and Frames
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Feelings and Frames,” reviews research indicating that the less objectively numerate get carried away more by emotion, and they are more affected by how information is framed. In particular, they rely on the affect heuristic and use their feelings as a substitute for important numeric information. They are also more susceptible to attributes being framed positively or negatively (e.g., in terms of survival versus mortality or success versus failure) and to numeric risks being framed in frequency versus percentage formats (e.g., 9 versus 9% out of 100 people, respectively, will suffer a side effect). Their greater heuristic use means that they can evaluate information quickly and efficiently while making judgments that are generally good enough. However, they make small errors that may accumulate over time so that the less numerate experience less positive health, employment, and financial outcomes.
Numeric Sensitivity and Consistent Use of Numbers
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Numeric Sensitivity and Consistent Use of Numbers,” provides further evidence of the highly numerate being more sensitive to and consistent with numbers in their judgments and decisions. The highly numerate simply have a numeric hammer that the less numerate do not possess. Some of this chapter’s evidence suggests that communicators may not be able to adequately inform the less numerate about numeric information. However, a more hopeful picture emerges from other studies indicating that the less numerate can use numeric information under some circumstances in ways that are similar to the highly numerate. Although we need to know more, the less numerate show that they are capable of using numeric strategies in decisions but do not always think to use them or choose not to use them. Providing them access to the habits of the highly numerate or the products of their processing may attenuate these numeracy differences.
Provide Numbers but Reduce Cognitive Effort
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Provide Numbers but Reduce Cognitive Effort,” challenges the notion that numbers mislead people and should be avoided. This chapter recommends instead that communicators provide numeric information but reduce how much effort is required from consumers and patients to use it. In particular, the chapter discusses five ways that providing numeric information is useful for decision makers. Then it summarizes evidence-based methods to present such numeric data to decrease effort and increase numeric comprehension and use. The methods include providing fewer options and less information, presenting absolute risks, keeping denominators constant, doing any needed math operations for them, and using appropriate visual displays. Concrete examples are explained in plain language.
Reflections on Numeracy and the Power of Reasoning Numerically
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Reflections on Numeracy and the Power of Reasoning Numerically,” looks back at what you have learned in this book. Innumeracy presents major challenges to people due to the ubiquity of numbers in daily decisions and the less objectively numerate’s inability to understand and use them appropriately. However, the less numerate can become better decision makers by learning the habits of the highly numerate, receiving information in evidence-based communication formats, or becoming more numerate themselves. This chapter also introduces the idea that some heuristic use may be “friendlier” to the less numerate. Researchers need to understand better the ecology of numeracy, heuristic use, and their interactions. We also need to understand more, both theoretically and practically, about how and when the persistence of subjective numeracy and the intuitive power of the approximate number system (ANS) help versus hurt decisions and decision outcomes. Overall, understanding and building numeracy should allow us to produce better opportunities and a healthier and wealthier nation of individuals.
Religion and Medicine
Authors: Levin Jeff , Post Stephen G.
Published: May 2020

In Religion and Medicine, Dr. Jeff Levin, distinguished Baylor University epidemiologist, outlines the longstanding history of multifaceted interconnections between the institutions of religion and medicine. He traces the history of the encounter between these two institutions from antiquity through to the present day, highlighting a myriad of contemporary alliances between the faith-based and medical sectors. Religion and Medicine tells the story of: religious healers and religiously branded hospitals and healthcare institutions; pastoral professionals involved in medical missions, healthcare chaplaincy, and psychological counseling; congregational health promotion and disease prevention programs and global health initiatives; research studies on the impact of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices on physical and mental health, well-being, and healing; programs and centers for medical research and education within major universities and academic institutions; religiously informed bioethics and clinical decision-making; and faith-based health policy initiatives and advocacy for healthcare reform. Religion and Medicine is the first book to cover the full breadth of this subject. It documents religion-medicine alliances across religious traditions, throughout the world, and over the course of history. It summarizes a wide range of material of relevance to historians, medical professionals, pastors and theologians, bioethicists, scientists, public health educators, and policymakers. The product of decades of rigorous and focused research, Dr. Levin has produced the most comprehensive history of these developments and the finest introduction to this emerging field of scholarship.
Community Members’ Theorization of Their Collective Victimization
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Dobai Anna
Published: May 2020

Focusing on Muslims in Europe and in the United States, this chapter examines collective influences on individual theorizing about collective victimization more generally, and Islamophobia specifically. The authors argue that the theorization of collective victimhood is a topic of debate within communities, involving arguments about the breadth and inclusivity of the community and the meaning of culturally shared and identity-relevant narratives. For example, the authors explore how arguments as to how Muslims should make sense of their experience of victimization draw on different interpretations of Qur’anic text. Throughout, the authors discuss the two-way relationship between constructions of victimhood and individual experience, and how different ways of theorizing intergroup relations result in different understandings of the nature of group members’ victimization and how they should respond. The authors’ approach highlights the importance of a contextualized, culturally embedded analysis of how collective victimhood is understood and theorized.
Resentment and Redemption
Authors: Reicher Stephen , Ulusahin Yasemin
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines claims of collective victimhood among high-power groups. Specifically, the authors posit that dominant group members claim victimhood when they think their group’s power and dominance are under threat and when they feel entitled to this dominant position, which together give rise to resentment. Additionally, the authors argue that collective victim beliefs among dominant groups do not develop individually but, instead, are mobilized by leaders, who promise solutions to recovering the group’s status and power and thereby create narratives of resentment and redemption. Two case studies are presented that exemplify the four central elements of the mobilization of collective victimhood among dominant groups. These are Donald Trump’s presidential campaign in the United States in 2016, and the propaganda put out by ISIS to recruit new members.
The Tendency to Feel Victimized in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships
Authors: Gabay Rahav , Hameiri Boaz , Rubel-Lifschitz Tammy , Nadler Arie
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses individual differences in the tendency to perceive interpersonal victimhood, and parallels to collective victimhood. Specifically, some people are more likely than others to perceive victimization on the interpersonal level, experience it more intensely, and incorporate these experiences into their identity. The tendency to perceive (interpersonal) victimhood consists of four dimensions: a need for recognition of suffering, perceived moral superiority, lack of empathy for others’ suffering, and rumination over negative feelings and thoughts related to experienced offenses. People who score higher on these dimensions show greater biases in their interpretation, memory, and attributions of interpersonal transgressions: They recall them more, perceive them as more severe, expect more to be harmed by others, and perceive more harm in ambiguous situations. They are also less willing to forgive transgressions. The authors compare this with parallel findings on intergroup relations in the context of collective violence, arguing that similar processes operate.
Ideas Have Consequences
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses why the Never Trump intellectuals perceive Donald Trump—and increasingly the movement and party that have followed him—through such a dark lens. These are people for whom words are their stock and trade. They do not view the utterances of the president as simple annoyances that are easily ignored next to a record of conservative governance. They believe words are the raw material of culture and that, in a phrase they use often, politics is downstream from culture. They believe the president's words—as well as his actions—have driven a cultural decline that far outweighs short-term policy victories. For some, the cultural decline they associate with the rise of Trump has led them to reconsider conservatism itself, either because they came to see dark elements on the right that they had previously ignored or because they concluded that the party they thought was committed to conserving the nation's liberal traditions had become irredeemably illiberal. For others, Trump presented a profound and inescapable conflict. Ultimately, most of them have come to feel estranged from the party and the movement that had been at the center of their identity.
In Scalia’s Shadow
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the creation of Checks and Balances, a new group of conservative legal critics of the Trump administration. From his racist attack on the federal district judge ruling on the Trump University case and suspicions that he would appoint his own sister to the Supreme Court, to his threats to revise libel law so as to silence his rivals and his nearly total lack of constitutional discussion, Donald Trump was almost no prominent conservative lawyer's first choice. Once he dispatched all his Republican rivals, however, conservative lawyers were in a quandary. The death of Antonin Scalia, the most celebrated conservative jurist of his generation and a leader of the conservative legal movement, put the future of the Supreme Court squarely on the ballot. Once the character of Trump's governance became clear, Checks and Balances emerged to criticize the administration's legal conduct.
The Marginal Value of Economists
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies how Donald Trump directly challenged the core beliefs of conservative economists during the campaign, almost gleefully dismissing many of their core beliefs and openly spurning their advice. Indeed, just as he attacked the belief of national security conservatives in international alliances, Trump challenged the core creed of the economics discipline which held that an expanded scale of markets—for goods, capital, and people—was essential to economic growth and human flourishing. Rather than envisioning a world in which economic interdependence makes all nations wealthier, Trump advanced a darker vision in which America was constantly exploited by other nations, a trend that he would counter by making “great deals” that put “America first.” Republican economists had every reason to fear Trump and what he was doing to the party, yet they responded by keeping their distance. Unlike national security professionals, there has been little to no collective action by economists.
Some Traditional Questions of Meter Approached from the Perspective of Projective Process
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter distinguishes between accent and “unaccent.” To make a distinction between accent and “unaccent,” one could say that the beginning of each sound is accented, and the rest of the sound is unaccented. Clearly, if beginning is regarded as a durationless instant, this statement will make little sense—if beginning is something that can be distinguished from the sound and separated from the sound's duration, accent in this case could not be perceived and regarded as a psychoacoustic attribute. A solution is to regard accent as beginning, but not to detach beginning from the event begun. One could then concur with Moritz Hauptmann that metrical accent is the accent of beginning—that “energy” being an active, creative potential for duration. What, then, would constitute a weak beat or “unaccent”? It could be said that any articulation or any possibility for articulation within the promised duration of the event begun would be “unaccent,” or not the beginning of the event.
Conclusion
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

Films about race—like other cultural monuments—offer us the chance to wrestle with past and present constructs of racism, power, and oppression. By paying attention to the depiction of racism and prejudice, we can call attention to these features, express our contrition for past mistakes, and attempt to find a way forward through continued conversation. Films can make those conversations possible, since we enter them through story, not through our own experience. Thus, films enter into the cultural moment when we find monuments, stained glass, and other elements of culture to be at the forefront of these cultural conversations.
Instruction Modeling
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

Blended learning, which is instruction that combines online with face-to-face components, is becoming increasingly popular in American schools. However, few first-hand accounts have been provided by program creators concerning the design, use, and experiences of widely used blended learning programs. This book fills this gap. Written by a leading program designer, it describes the creation and implementation of the blended learning programs of Reasoning Mind, a non-profit organization which has served hundreds of thousands of elementary and middle school students. Besides general insights into blended learning design and implementation, the book offers a detailed discussion of instruction modeling, a blended learning design approach used by Reasoning Mind. A wide range of methods can be used in designing instructional technology programs: some rely on research in cognitive psychology, others on gaming, and still others on modern statistical methods such as “big data.” By contrast, instruction modeling relies on the careful analysis of existing instructional traditions. The idea of instruction modeling is to study high-quality offline instruction and use blended learning to recreate it on a larger scale. The aim is to give students equivalent educational experiences to those of children in the world’s best classrooms. This book describes the instruction modeling technique in detail and makes the case for its broader use. The book will be relevant to anyone interested in the practical design and evolution of blended learning, including researchers, instructional designers, teachers, and students of education.
Identifying Good Instruction . . .
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

Instruction modeling uses blended learning to reproduce good offline instruction. Thus, any discussion of instruction modeling must first answer the question of how to recognize good instruction in the first place. This question is more difficult than it first appears. This chapter offers a perspective on the answer, providing a foundation for everything that follows in the book. While test scores give the illusion of perfectly measuring student knowledge, they are in fact imperfect indicators. Conclusions about the effectiveness of instructional programs can only be drawn from carefully designed experiments. Even then, quantitative methods paint only an incomplete picture, and therefore should be supplemented by humanistic methods: philosophical discussions, reviews by experts, ethnographies, and histories. We can only hope to tell apart good instruction from bad by combining insights from all of these sources into a single, comprehensive understanding.