bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ökotechnologischer Einsatz von höheren Wasserpflanzen in stehenden und gestauten Gewässern — Möglichkeiten, Grenzen
Authors: Kummer M. , Weise G.
Published: February 2007

Species of macrophytes which are suitable for the biogenic aeration of the hypolimnion by macrophytes must reach positive balances of the net primary production at a high development of populations also at low light intensities and temperatures (winter). Elodea canadensis, Juncus bulbosus and Littorella uniflora from suitable sites were exposed after holding at different water depths, and the biomass development was investigated in relation to the radiation intensity. Parallel to that, the net primary production was determined in dependence on the light intensity in the bottle experiment by air‐conditioned laboratory experiments (oxygen method). Elodea canadensis has been found to be suitable for the ecotechnological application to more eutrophic waters with neutral pH, especially because of the low light compensation point of the net primary production. Colonization with Juncus bulbosus, however, seems to be possible only in the acidophilic range (pH<7), whereas Littorella uniflora is not suitable for floating vegetation covers because of the higher light compensation point for a hypolimnetic colonization and the linkage to the substrate.
Mehrjährige Ergebnisse über den Einfluß von Hochbelastungen mit künstlich‐biologisch gereinigten kommunalem Abwasser auf die Sickerwasserbeschaffenheit
Authors: Meissner R. , Taeger H. , Schulz F. , Kramer D.
Published: February 2007

Biologically purified wastewater in ten doses of 50 and 400 mm per year was given into sand‐filled lysimeters of 1 m2 area and 1 m depth which were vegetated with Lolium perenne (forage rye) and green maize all the year round. The experimental results gained in the course of five summer half‐years and four winter half‐years were evaluated with respect to the purification efficiency of the soil‐plant system. The results demonstrate a high efficiency of the system with mean annual elimination performances of 86 and 40% for BOD5, and COD‐Cr, resp., as well as 49, 86 and 52% for N, P and K, resp., at mean concentrations in mg/l for BOD5−1.3, COD‐Cr−34.1, N−18.1, P−0.4 and K−9 in the percolating water from a soil depth of 1 m. The lysimeters which had been supplied with wastewater were not treated with mineral fertilizer. Intermingling with 1 kg/m2 straw brings about an increase of the loads of K and P as well as COD‐Cr in the percolating water and a reduction of the N‐loads, besides an increase in yield. All in all, for four years the performance has been stable without any temporal trend.
Anwendung synthetischer kationenaktiver Polyelektrolyte zur Abwasserreinigung in der Erdölindustrie
Authors: Prodauov E. , Dobrevski I. D. , Prodanova S. K.
Published: February 2007

From polychlorinated paraffins (C = 13 … 19) cation‐active products are obtained on a bench scale by conversion with ethylenediamine and subsequent quaternization with dimethyl sulphate. The cation‐active products are investigated with respect to their efficiency in the coagulating flotation of wastewaters of the petroleum industry. The content of petroleum‐containing products, the value of COD‐Cr as well as turbidity and colouration are reduced by up to 90, 67 and 86%, respectively. These results are almost equivalent to those of a commercial flocculant, which was used by comparison, and considerably exceed the results of FeSO4.
Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung von Wasserinhaltsstoffen
Authors: Gnauck A.
Published: February 2007

A water‐quality‐related assessment of the state of waters can be carried dout by the graphic or computer‐aided fitting of probability functions of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of water quality. For this, five discrete and ten continuous distribution functions in potential fields of application of ecology and water quality management are represented. In evaluations of examples of measured data of two flowing waters there prove to be suitable as models above all the power normal distribution (chemical quantities), LN3‐distribution (biochemically removable substances) and the Johnson distribution (physical measured quantities). Evaluations like that of stationary probability distributions of variables of water quality having been observed for many years at consecutive measuring stations of flowing waters lead to distribution patterns which can be used for optimizing measurement and investigation programs.
Grundwasserchemismus im Bezirk Neubrandenburg. Teil 3. Jodid im Grundwasser
Authors: Deibel K.
Published: February 2007

The iodide contents in 389 ground‐water‐tapping plants of the county are compared with the geological character of the aquifer, the carbonate and non‐carbonate hardness and the nitrate and chloride contents of the waters. 54% of the plants have I‐concentrations of 3 … 7 μg/l. In the air‐covered ground‐water (hardness quotient<2.8) 2 … 50 μg/l I are found, whereas in the confined ground‐water (hardness quotient >2.8) 2 … 50 μg/l I are contained. In general, the I‐content increases with the carbonate hardness, a connection with till existing. Therefore, ground‐waters of the Miocene have relatively low salt‐ and I‐contents. Geogenic salt influences in the form of NaCl increase the I‐contents to 50 … 100 μg/l. Anthropogenic influences in the residential area and due to waste increase the Cl−‐ and I−‐concentrations. There were not detected any dependences between the I‐ and NO3‐contents.
Seasonal Abundance of the Zooplankton of Waste Water from the Industrial Complex at Birla Nagar (Gwalior), India
Authors: Mishra S. R. , Saksena D. N.
Published: February 2007

Zooplanktonic fauna of waste water from the industrial complex at Birla Nagar, Gwalior alongwith its seasonal abundance have been studied. In all, 16 species have been identified, viz. Arcella discoides, Lesquereusia modesta, Difflugia corona, D. muriformes and Acanthocystis spinibera under protozoa, Brachionus calyciflorus, Br. caudatus, Br. falcatus and Keratella tropica under rotifera, Daphnia (Daphnia) carinata and Daphnia (Daphnia) lumholtzi under cladocera, Cypris sp. and Cyprinotus qunninqi under ostracoda and Spicodiaptomus chelospinus and Mesocyclops leuckarti under copepoda. In their seasonal abundance members of protozoa showed the maxima in the month of April while the minima were observed in the month of July with an irregular trend of fluctuation. Rotifers, however, exhibited two maxima, one each during winter and early summer. Cladocera were maximum in February, while minimum in October. Ostracodes were maximum during May and June. Copepods were highest in the months of August and lowest in February. The total zooplankton population presented a clear‐cut bimodal pattern of their seasonal fluctuation with the first peak appearing in the month of April and the other one in November. Lowest counts were obtained in the month of February. The zooplanktonic organisms belonging to rotifera were relatively abundant, followed by protozoa, copepoda, ostracoda and cladocera in a sequence.
Lösungswege für die Reinigung von Zuckerfabriksabwasser — Aerob oder anaerob‐aerob, ein Vergleich von Großanlagen
Authors: Kroiss H.
Published: February 2007

The development of the wastewater treatment for two sugar factories is represented: A—8,300 t/d beet processing, 28,000 m3/d wastewater with 37.6 t/d COD, B—6,500 t/d beet processing, 5,000 m3/d wastewater with 25 t/d COD. The factory A is supplied with groundwater, which is used first for vapour condensation and subsequently for beet fluming, whereas in the case B a normal flume and wash water circuit exists, the effluent being very highly loaded from a special ion‐exchange system. In the course of an experimental programme, for A a activated‐sludge plant with selector (400 m3) and 16,000 m3 reactor, 7.2 h reaction time, 2.5 kg/m3 · d COD, sludge age 8 d was developed, by which the influent BOD5 of 11 t/d is reduced to 0.2 t/d in the effluent. The bulking sludge development can be fully prevented according to the selector principle. In the case of the factory B, a large municipal clarification plant exists in the neighbourhood, so that here a suitable preliminary treatment process had to be searched for. After an examination programme over three years on a pilot scale a decision was made in favour of an anaerobic high‐rate plant according to the Dutch UASB technique to which waste‐water is conducted after cooling to 30°C and makeup for concentration. The anaerobic treatment reaches an efficiency of 75% in COD removal at a gas yield of 300 m3/t COD removal. The comparison of the costs of the two techniques does not show significant differences.
Effects of Phosalone on the Hypostome and Foot Regeneration of Hydra vulgaris Pallas (Cnidaria)
Authors: Žnidarić D. , Kalafatić M. , Lui A.
Published: February 2007

The regeneration of the hypostome and the foot of a cross‐cut Hydra which was exposed to phosalone 4 and 6 hours after cutting has been studied. The regeneration of the hypostome of the P part had its regular course of changes in the differentiation and dedifferentiation of zymogen cells. But, a certain number of regenerated hypostomes were deformed in relation to the regenerated hypostomes of the control hydras. H parts regenerated the foot slightly more slowly than the control. Due to the effect of phosalone, the hypostomes of H parts are seriously damaged. Their regeneration also resulted in malformations.
Histological Alterations in the Liver Architecture of a Freshwater Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, after Chlorpyrifos Exposure
Authors: Srivastava S. K. , Tiwari P. R. , Srivastav A. K.
Published: February 2007

Chlorpyrifos treatment to Heteropneustes fossilis produced hypertrophy of nuclei and occurrence of exhausted cells in the liver at 48 h. After 72 h of treatment, vacuolar degeneration is observed. Following 96 h of exposure, rupture of cell walls and vacuolization were noticed.
Seasonal Growth of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) and its Possible Impact on the Primary Productivity and Fishery Structure in a Tropical Reservoir
Authors: Sen N. S. , Kapoor V. K. , Gopalkrishna G.
Published: February 2007

The study describes the seasonality in growth and production rate of a warm water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart), in a tropical lake Hatia (23° N 85° E) in India. The summer months were observed to exhibit a log phase of positive accelerating growth only to be terminated all of a sudden with the onset of monsoon. The winter phase of growth, on the other hand, was slower. A decrease in photosynthetic activities of E. crassipes with the increase in existing biomass was also established. The total NPP of E. crassipes alone was approximately 80.522 TJ/a, which was more than 40% of the total phytoplanktonic NPP (182.871 TJ/a) of the lake. The amount of energy processed through the grazing chain as well as detritus chain was found to be of low order as compared to the vastness of the surface area of the lake and the total NPP of the lake. The possible causative factors influencing the primary production have been discussed. Certain means and measures have been suggested to enhance the prevailing poor fishery structure of the lake.
Ecological Studies and Trophic State Evaluation of a Tropical Impoundment in West Africa
Authors: Khan M. A. , Agugo B. A. C.
Published: February 2007

Weekly base‐line data (September 1983 … March 1984) on plankton community structure, abundance, and primary productivity of a small (A = 3.7 ha, Zm = 16m) water‐supplying reservoir (Kongingiri Dam, alt. 1343 m) in Jos Plateau, Nigeria are presented. Supporting ecological observations include thermal and optical properties, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, chloride and dissolved organic matter.

Water characteristics of the exosystem showed varying turbidity (Secchi=1.0−2.8 m), a circumneutral character (pH, x̄=7.1), predominance of bicarbonate (x̄x=0.26 meq/l) system, and moderate ionic composition (x̄x=23 μS/cm).

The plankton community was dominated by Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae in population density, and Chlorophyceae in species richness. The important forms were Nitzschia spp. Synedra ulna, Navicula spp. Melosira italica, Pinnularia sp. Staurastrum spp., Cosmarium, Closterium, Eurastrum platycerum, Micrasterias americana, M. crux‐melitensis, Teilingia granulata Desmidium swartzii, Scenedesmus sp. Pediastrum boryanum. The zooplankton community had numerical dominance of rotifers. The principal zooplankton species included Brachionus falcatus, Keratella cochlearis, K. tropica, Trichocerca similis, Pompholyx complanatus, Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and species of Mesocyclops, Thermocyclops, and copepod nauplii. The ecological characteristics and productivity rates indicate an oligo‐mesotrophic state of the aquatic ecosystem.
Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Bands between Two Identical Sets of Raw Sewage Enterobacterial Strains
Authors: Astorga A. Fernandez , Fernandez De Aranguiz A. , Umaran A. , Cisterna R.
Published: February 2007

A total of 300 enterobacterial strains were collected from raw sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment: a first set of 150 strains collected through 1983 and a second set of 150 identical genera and species composition strains through 1986. The rates of incidence of antibiotic resistance by MICs determinations to eleven betalactamic antibiotics were compared between isolates from both sets. It was determined that there was no increase in the total percentage of resistance (set 1 : 86%0 : set 2 : 90%); however there was an increase in terms of the number and kind of antibiotics that bacteria were resistant to. Screening for the presence of plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis and agarose gel techniques were also compared between antibiotic resistant isolates from both sets. It was found that 27% of antibiotic resistant isolates from set 1 carried plasmid bands and 74% of those from set 2. More of half the plasmid carrying isolates showed multiple bands, and the sizes of classes of the plasmids were higher than 20 MDa in nearly two thirds of plasmid carrying isolates from both sets.
Derivativspektroskopie 5. Ordnung zur Bestimmung von Chlorophyll a und Phaeophytin a. Teil 2. Das reale Verfahren: Messung der Pigmente in Oberflächenwasserproben
Authors: Wollin K.‐M.
Published: February 2007

The application of 5th order derivative spectroscopy to determine chlorophyll a/phaeophytin a in fresh waters and a statistical comparison between the proposed new method and a modified standard procedure (spectrophotometric measurement) are described. Sample handling (concentration of phytoplancton by using glass‐fibre filters followed by hot extraction with 90% ethanol) was identical in both methods. The 5th derivative spectroscopy provided mean values of 1.486 mg/l chlorophyll a and 0.375mg/l phaeophytin a compared with 1.598 mg/l and 0.431 mg/l of the spectrophotometric method. According to the results of statistical tests the two methods are equally in relation to chlorophyll a but not phaeopigment concentrations. Turbidity observed after acidification of the pigment extracts is eliminated completely by the formation of the 5th derivatives. Chlorophyll b does not interfere in the chlorophyll a determination by means of derivative spectroscopy corresponding to the better resolving power of the method.
Operational Forecasting of Toxic Waves in Rivers
Authors: Baumert H. , Stoyan G.
Published: February 2007

The paper describes a convection‐diffusion model with dead zones for the non‐stationary transport of water‐soluble toxic materials in rivers. Different numerical schemes for the model equations are analyzed and compared with exact analytical solutions. The different schemes are valuated with special consideration of the practical restrictions of microcomputers. Application results to the river Elbe are shortly reported.
Verfahren zur Verhinderung von Verockerungserscheinungen an Steigleitungen, Filterbrunnen, Brunnenelementen und anderen wasserführenden Objekten. Teil 2: Labor‐ und Freilandversuche zur Verhinderung der Verockerung mittels kathodischer und anodischer Polarisation
Authors: Reissig H. , Fischer R. , Bach J.
Published: February 2007

The experimental facilities and conditions for the determination of the surface potential in the laboratory as well as of the ferric incrustation during field experiments for 3 … 6 months are described. Compared with non‐polarized pipe segments, the separation of ferric hydroxide is prevented or considerably reduced by a cathodic as well as anodic polarization. Unalloyed steel pipes at anodic current densities in the mA/m2 range show pipe‐wall breakdowns caused by polarization. This effect does not occur at anodic polarization with current densities in the μA/m2‐range within the experimental times.
Impact of an Agrochemical on the Nucleic Acid Content of the Gonads of the Freshwater TeleostMystus vittatusduring the Spawning Season
Authors: Pande R. K. , Narain A. S.
Published: February 2007

The freshwater catfish,Mystus vittatus, were exposed for 96 h to the acute toxic dose (LC50—96 h, ie. 550 ppm.) of an agrofertilizer (NPK) during the spawning period (March—June). Their gonads were biochemically analysed for the nucleic acid content. The RNA and DNA contents of stressed fish was found to be lower than that of the control fish in both testes and ovary.
Einfaches Planktonschließnetz für Stufenproben mit auswechselbaren Gazen
Authors: Richter W. M.
Published: February 2007

The upper net ring of a plastic pipe having 8 mm wall thickness and 140 mm inner diameter is equipped with a fitting cover plate on a hinge. During the catching it is turned up and it is released in order to close the net by means of a drop‐weight. Its upper side is white varnished and can be used as a Secchi disk. Nets of different mesh sizes can be attached to the upper net ring by means of a bayonet fixing. The vertical position of the net is set by means of a metal rod with a screwed‐on weight fixed to the net ring.
Behaviour ofHeteropneustes fossilisunder Stress of Thiodan Toxicity
Authors: Narain A. S. , Singh B. B.
Published: February 2007

The freshwater catfish,H. fossilis, exposed to the 96 h‐LC50(0.007 … 0.013 ppm) of the organochlorine thíodan (endosulfan) for 4 days, developed behavioural anomalies within 30 min of exposure. Increased opercular movement rate, greater frequency of surfacing for gulping air, restlessness, aimless wandering, tendency to move individually instead of in groups, lethargy and disoriented locomotion were commonly observed and became marked by the end of 12 h of exposure. Subsequently, some individuals tended to recover while others developed uncontrolled, continuous and irreversible contortions and died.
Oxidation Cannel: A Way for Domestic Sewage Treatment in Cuba
Authors: Travieso L. , León M. , Benitez F. , Sánchez E.
Published: February 2007

Different ways had been successfully used for the removal of organic matter in wastewaters. Conventional treatments are frequently used in Cuba, but it is necessary to find out the best possibilities from the economical point of view. The oxidation channel constitutes a very simple aerobic treatment with high efficiency, and it has never been used in Cuba, that's why the evaluation of the behaviour of this biological reactor is very important in order to establish its advantages in Cuban climatic conditions. Conventional parameters were determined. The obtained results were promising.
Kinetik und Dynamik der Nickelsorption aus Galvanik‐Spülwässern an Polyacrylsäure‐Kationenaustauschern. Teil 2: Untersuchungen zur Dynamik und zur Regenerierung der Harze
Authors: Woldt B. , Frölich P. , Tschikin G. A. , Kusminich W. A.
Published: February 2007

It was possible to calculate break‐through curves according to Glueckauf and Fröhlich on the basis of kinetic primary data about the sorption of nickel on the carboxylic resins WOFATIT CA 20, WOFATIT CO, KB‐2 and KB‐4. Variations in the process were expressed correctly too. The regeneration of the resins with hydrochlorid acid was investigated by using a statistical test plan. The data were interpreted with a regression analysis. According to the results it was possible to give a definition of the elution regime in consideration of economic points of view. The present paper provides data and mathematical equations which are necessary for the projection of a technical construction for the nickel recycling from galvanic rinse waters which includes a water circulation.
Respirometric Investigations on the Biodegradability of Phenylsulphonic Acid
Authors: Janeczko A. , Gomółka E.
Published: February 2007

The experiments were run with samples containing municipal sewage, synthetic wastewater or mineral wastewater. The study has led to the following findings: (1) phenylsulphonic acid is resistant to biochemical oxidation; (2) the concentration of sulphates increases markedly in the course of the degradation process, and (3) at initial concentrations of phenylsulphonic acid higher than 300 g/m3 the nitrification process is inhibited.
Restmetallgehalte isolierter Huminstoffe aus Erde, Moor und Deponie
Authors: Abbt‐Braun G. , Frimmel F. H.
Published: February 2007

Humic substances isolated from soil, bog lake water and landfill leachates by the XAD‐method (adsorption at pH = 2.0; desorption at pH ≧ 13) contain significant amounts of metals. Data from atomic absorption and atomic emission measurements for the initial aqueous solutions (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd) are compared with the data for isolated humic samples. The well complexed metals like Cr3+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ are found in relatively large amounts in the isolated humic material. The values are up to some per cent of the metal concentration originally present in the aqueous samples. Most bivalent metals (Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+) are present in residual amounts of the order of 10−3 of the dissolved metal concentrations in the original solutions. The complexation capacities (CC) for the isolated HS decrease according to their origin: soil > bog lake water > leachates from dumping areas. The systematic error for the determination of CC due to the stronly bound residual metal content is, in general, smaller than 1%.

Der experimentelle Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde am Institut für Wasserchemie und Chemische Balneologie der Technischen Universität München durchgeführt.
Zur Inaktivierung von Erregern übertragbarer Krankheiten in Gewässern
Authors: Burger G.
Published: February 2007

Germs of infectious diseases are not adapted to the environment of waters but to their hosts. Therefore, as allochthonous elements they survive there only for a short time for the most part; individual germs, however, are much more resistant under these environmental conditions, in dependence on their species or type. At a higher initial germ content the period of survival in general is longer than at a lower one. For inactivation in waters e.g. the following causes may be responsible: nutrient deficiency, unfavourable water temperature, redox potential, saprobity, chemical constituents, including metabolic products of aquatic organisms, solar light osmotic pressure, settling material and suspended solids, bacteriophages.
Verknüpfung von Wasserbeschaffenheit und Wassermenge für das Grundwasser des Festgesteinsbereiches
Authors: Schultze M. , Fischer H. , Gabriel B.
Published: February 2007

Patterns of the typical groundwater quality for 13 hydrogeological units (lithofacies units) of the solid rock and for 5 stages of the contamination of groundwater by the agricultural production are derived from investigations carried out in six regions serving as examples and in evaluation of data series covering many years. The concentration values of the substances contained in water constituting the lower and upper limits of the typical width of variation are regarded as the quality of the groundwater reservoir (long retention time) and a fast runoff component of groundwater. On the basis of this model conception it is possible to determine one of the following four quantities from the other three quantities: groundwater quality, size of the groundwater reservoir, groundwater runoff with the shares of the slow component and of the fast one, removal of substances out of the root zone.
Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Gewässern mittels Flotationsspektralphotometrie am Beispiel des Arsens
Authors: Kunze S. , Dietze U.
Published: February 2007

Highly sensitive and selective methods for the determination of trace elements in waters and solutions are made possible by the combination of flotation and spectrophotometry (flotation spectrophotometry). The basis for it are multiply charged anion complexes of the analyte, which form sparingly soluble ion association complexes with singly charged basic dye cations in aqueous solution. Intense shaking of the aqueous solution with an organic solvent (having a low dielectric constant) results in the accumulation of these ion association complexes at the interface or on the vessel walls (flotation step). After separating the ion association complexes from the liquid phases, they are dissolved and dissociated in a polar organic solvent and the absorbance of the basic dye ions is measured as a function of the concentration of the analyte. By the example of the trace determination of arsenic in natural water, the possibilities of analytical chemistry by combination of flotation steps and spectrophotometry are demonstrated. According to the arsenic content, its determination can be performed by flotation spectrophotometry with crystal violet (detection limit 50 ng/ml As), by an indirect determination of arsenic via flotation spectrophotometry of molybdenum in the dodecamolybdoarsenic acid (detection limit 1 ng/ml As) or by the combination of collector precipitation of arsenic with zirconium hydroxide followed by froth flotation and flotation spectrophotometry as the determination technique (detection limit 0.05 ng/ml As). The reproducibilities of these variants are indicated and their accuracy is checked by comparison of methods.
Hepato Toxicity of Malathion on the Protein Metabolism in Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Reddy P. Malla , Philip G. H.
Published: February 2007

Freshwater fish were exposed to sublethal concentration of commercial grade malathion (50 E. C.) (2 ppm) for 7,15 and 30 days. After each exposure period, certain biochemical parameters were studied. A decrease in total, structural and soluble proteins and an increase in free amino acid and protease activity levels in contrast to protein decrement were observed in 7 and 15 days of exposure, but on 30 days of exposure all the values got nearer to normalcy. The restoration of different protein fractions to normalcy implies that after 15 days of exposure there seems to exist an oscillatory phase in protein turnover towards a more synthetic phase leading to the establishment of recovery and adaptation phenomena.
Veränderungen der Diatomeenflora der Werra unter dem Einfluß des Salzgehaltes
Authors: Ziemann H.
Published: February 2007

Under the influence of the wastewaters of the potash industry the Werra river shows considerably varying salt contents (0.47 … 28.2 g/l Cl−, annual means 4.4 … 11.4 g/l Cl−) in dependence on the hydrological situation. Between 1982 and 1988 a total of 112 taxa of diatoms were observed. Of special interest is the occurrence of Stauroneis constricta (EHRENBERG) CLEVE, which is new for the river Werra. Its spreading upstream was observed. Compared with earlier findings as well as within each annual cycle there are observed clear changes in the species present and in the colonization structures in dependence on the salt content. The close relations between the salt content and the diatom communities are truly expressed by the index of halobic organisms. Diversity indices of 1.048 … 3.259 as well as values of 0.074 … 0.817 for evenness verify the imbalance of the colonization, without, however, revealing a relation to the salt content, except for variations of concentration which may be too sudden.
Role of Inorganic Phosphate in the Phytoplankton Density of Hazaribag Lake, Hazaribag
Authors: Saha T. K.
Published: February 2007

Phosphorus is considered to be one of the most important factors in the maintenance of an aquatic eco‐system. The study deals with the relation of available inorganic phosphate in water with phytoplankton abundance. The phytoplankton count ranged between 487 and 1711 indiv./l, while phosphate ranged between 0.18 and 1.23 mg/l. A maximum population of phytoplankton was observed in the month of January 1988 and a minimum observed in April 1988. The correlation between the changes in phosphate concentration and phytoplankton abundance revealed an inverse relationship (r= −0.0773, P>0.05), and the regression is expressed by Y = 370 + 755 (x), indicating its link in the cycle of autotrophs though not significantly.
Community Structure of Zooplankton at River Chambal Near Nagda with Reference to Industrial Pollution
Authors: Kulshrestha S. K. , Adholia U. N. , Bhatnagar A. , Khan A. A. , Baghail M.
Published: February 2007

The community structure of zooplankton was studied in relation to physico‐chemical characteristics of the river Chambal polluted by industrial effluents and domestic sewage near Nagda. Thirtytwo species of zooplankton of five main groups, viz. Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda were observed at pre‐pollution sampling stations. The abundance, distribution, total population, group percentage and species diversity were studied and correlated with pollution‐indicating parameters. Species diversity values indicated a decrease from the sampling station near a pre‐effluent point to an effluent discharge channel and an increase at a post‐effluent discharge point revealing a slight recovery zone. Keratella tropica and Kellicottia sp. were identified as pollution tolerant taxa.
Zur Wassergütebewirtschaftung eines Flußgebietes mit Hilfe kombinierter Wassermenge‐Wassergüte‐Modelle
Authors: Gnauck A. , Büttner M.
Published: February 2007

The basic principle of the combined model applied consists in the coupling of a long‐term management model of the water quantity economy whose stationary conditions are secured by the simulation of long series of measurements on the basis of monthly means of flow. The coupling is performed either by regression models of the water quality (linear and nonlinear single and multiple regressions) especially for conservative, not biochemically convertible substances or with dynamic models of water quality. For the latter case, an example is represented on the basis of a modified STREETER‐PHELPS model for eleven segments of different length of a river in the foothills of low mountain ranges. The coupling of the two models permits statements concerning the river basin management with different types of water utilization being taken into account.
Die Ermittlung von Schwermetallkontaminanten in städtischen Kanalisationsnetzen durch Anwendung der Sielhautanalytik
Authors: Hornig U. , Krause Ch. , Sbieschni G.
Published: February 2007

Agriculture having applied a strict standard on the composition of sewage sludges for fertilization, especially on noxious substances such as heavy metals, the sewage control in the sewerage systems is orientated towards the detection of the origin of heavy metals. For this purpose of investigation, the main polluters could be identified and located in two towns from results of the sewer skin investigations in the sewerage systems. A detailed description is given of the arrangement of the measurement networks, the sewer skin sampling technique and the preparation of samples. With the aid of the atomic absorption spectroscopy there were investigated also sewage and digested‐sludge samples for Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn. Two groups of sludges having similar composition could be found by means of cluster analysis.
Gas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of DDT Residues in the Kidney of Labeo rohita
Authors: Verma D. K.
Published: February 2007

Laboratory acclimated Labeo rohita, common fresh water edible fish, were exposed to a sublethal concentration (2.5 ppm) of DDT for 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days. Residues of three isomers of DDT were estimated in the kidney of Labeo rohita using the gas liquid chromatographic technique. The maximum residues of DDT, DDE and DDD were 1.4327, 0.4172 and 0.2913 ppm, respectively. The total DDT residues concentration was 2.1412 ppm on the final day of the experiment. The tabulated tcalculated t at all intervals.
Toxicity of Copper and Cadmium to Heteropneustes fossilis (BLOCH)
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Rajbanshi V. K.
Published: February 2007

Static bioassay tests were conducted to determine the acute toxic effects of copper, cadmium and their mixtures on Heteropneustes fossilis in two different seasons. Median lethal concentrations (24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50) revealed that copper is more toxic to fish even at very low concentrations in comparison to cadmium, tested separately or in combination with cadmium. The data indicate that the level of tolerance of the fish to metallic ions tested was temperature specific. Generally, fishes were found to be more susceptible to metallic ions at higher temperatures as revealed by the threshold concentration, MATC and LC50 values. The behavioural changes of the test fishes were also observed in reference to different concentrations of the metallic ions and temperatures.
Mercuric Chloride Induced Inhibition of Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the Kidney of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus
Authors: Lakshmi R. , Kundu Rahul , Thomas Elizabeth , Mansuri A. P.
Published: February 2007

The present paper deals with the inhibition of the specific activity of the acid and alkaline phosphatases in the kidney tissue of mudskipper Boleophthalmus dentatus, exposed to different sublethal concentrations of mercuric chloride. There was a more or less linear inhibition of the specific activity of both the enzymes with increasing concentration of mercuric chloride as well as exposure time. The inhibition of acid phosphatase could be due to the rupture of lysosomal membrane in the presence of mercury compound, which acts as a labilizing agent. The inhibition of alkaline phosphatase probably caused a breakdown of the membrane transport system.
Modelluntersuchungen zur Denitrifikation im Grundwasser
Authors: Steyer D. , Schwan M. , Schulz F.
Published: February 2007

Two subsurface reactors of 1 m3 volume, filled with fine gravel or coarse sand, are fed with a medium similar to groundwater having a nitrate concentration of 208 mg/l. The retention time of water in the reactor is 400 d. After 30 months the reactor effluent shows a stationary behaviour of the nitrate concentration. Then, the effluent concentration is 90 or 100 mg/l nitrate. The breakthrough curves of nitrate show four pronounced sections: up to the retention time, increase of nitrate to ca. 40 mg/l, a stationary intermediate phase, a further increase of nitrate to the final stationary phase. The stationary intermediate and final phases show 1st‐order reaction constants of 0.0046 d−1 and 0.0019 d−1, respectively, or half‐times of 150 and 330 … 400 d, respectively. The higher reaction constants of the intermediate phase are connected with the bituminous coating of the reactors by the relatively easily degradable organic substance of which reaction is accelerated. With respect to variance analysis the annual minima and maxima of the nitrate turnover show significant differences. This is demonstrated by the temperature dependence of denitrification.
Beschaffenheitslängsschnitt eines Flußgebietes mittels Regressionsanalyse
Authors: Gnauck A. , Weber E. , Suhr U.
Published: February 2007

Following a general representation of the regression analysis, especially concerning the relations between flow and concentrations of matter and loads, these relations are represented and discussed for the suspended solids, nitrate concentration, chloride content and oxygen concentration for seven sections of the Spree river. There result clear connections to the structure and utilizations of all of the parts of the river basin. Finally, the covering of the total river basin by models of water quality management in the form of regression, self‐purification and eutrophication models‐and their coupling is represented.
Studies of Aquatic Fungi. Part XXII. Mycoflora of the River Węgorapa and its Tributary, the River Goldapa‐Jarka
Authors: Czeczuga B.
Published: February 2007

The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora of the river Węgorapa and its tributary, the river Goldapa‐Jarka. Samples of water were collected in two years (1987‐1988) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the content. Thirty‐seven species of fungi were found in these rivers. The following fungi, which had been unknown in Poland, were found in these rivers:Hapalopera fragilariae, Rhizophlyctis petersenii, Olpidiopsis vexans, Aphanomyces ovidestruensandPythium inflatum.
Statistical Analysis of Complex Round Robin Tests
Authors: Henrion R. , Henrion G. , Heininger P. , Steppuhn G.
Published: February 2007

Different possibilities for the evaluation of complex round robin tests are presented. The advantages of 3‐way over classical principal components analysis when applied to 3‐way data arrays are discussed. The method allows extreme data reduction without essential loss of information. This is useful first of all for a graphically oriented evaluation of laboratories. The results of 4 round robin tests (8 laboratories, 5 parallel estimations, 4 trace element concentrations) for the analysis of heavy metals in waters (synthetic solutions with known concentrations) serve as an example. Special attention is paid to the recognition of different kinds of errors (random and systematic errors or unstable working).
Belastungscharakterisierung von Flußabschnitten der Saale und der Weißen Elster mittels Faktorenanalyse
Authors: Geiss S. , Einax J.
Published: February 2007

Loads along a river can be characterized and differentiated with the aid of the factor analysis after suitable normalization. The factor analysis as a multivariate‐statistical evaluation allows the finding of sources of contamination, their objective assessment and quantification in relation to the conditions found in the river. The analysis of the river Saale shows a geogenic factor all the year round, which is composed of hardness elements, a seasonally fluctuating factor that can be represented in summer only, by which especially the processes of nitrogen conversion are recorded (nitrate, nitrite, organic load). An “industrial factor” contains the heavy metals Cu, Cr and Zn as well as temperature and sulphate, whereas cadmium, suspended matter and chloride result from municipal wastewaters.
Water Demands for Backwash in a Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Dąbrowski W. , Bielawka J.
Published: February 2007

Water demands for backwash purposes were investigated in an existing water treatment plant. It was noticed that the period of reduction of the concentration of suspension in outflow to values as high as 800, 700, 600, 500 mg/l was correlated with the total mass accumulated in a filter. However, at the end of the backwash the suspension concentration in outflow had a more occasional character and no documented correlation existed. It was also found that the period of a filter backwash established arbitrarily by the staff of the water treatment plant depended on the total dry mass of deposit accumulated.
Biokinetics of Nitrification in the Activated Sludge Process with Bioaugmentation
Authors: Zachopoulos St. A. , Hung Y.‐T.
Published: February 2007

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effect of bioaugmentation on nitrification performance in activated sludge process for treating municipal wastewaters. Two continuous flow bench‐scale activated sludge systems consisting of 3 reactors each were operated for 30 months. The bacterial culture product used in bioaugmentation contained supplementary heterotrophic and nitrifying microorganisms. Parameters investigated included wastewater strength, hydraulic detention time, and sludge age in an activated sludge reactor system, which were low, medium and high strength; 6, 12, and 24 hours detention time; and 5, 10, and 20 days sludge age. A first reaction order mathematical model was developed for the nitrification process. Statistical fitting of the experimental data to the mathematical model allowed for determination of nitrification rate constant, decay coefficients, minimum aeration time required for initiation of the nitrification process, and the ability of the system to perform nitrification for the applied operation conditions. The results indicated that bioaugmentation improved nitrification at higher influent strength and at longer sludge age, did initiate nitrification earlier in the reactors, and did not affect the nitrification rate nor the decay coefficients.
Changes in Hydra vulgaris PALLAS (Cnidaria) Caused by the Effect of Torak EC 24 Insecticide
Authors: Kalafatić Mirjana , Žnidarić Danica , Lui A.
Published: February 2007

Within 24 h time, Torak EC 24 in 10 mg/l and 30 mg/l concentrations causes the worst damage immediately after treatment. In the treated hydras, a considerable state of contraction, a damage of tentacles and the hypostome as well as a damage of intracellular membranes and cellular organelles was observed. Besides, during the experiment, the treated hydras in both concentrations used were budding more intensely than the control.
Gas Chromatography for Determination of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems — Analytical Basis Gaschromatographie zur Bestimmung von Pestiziden in aquatischen Systemen — Analytische Grundlagen
Authors: Brauch H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

High resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) with ECD, NFID and MSD is a very efficient determination method for pesticides in water. Because of their relatively low concentrations in aquatic systems enrichment and preconcentration procedures are essential. Some examples for pesticide determination by GC methods are given. Potentials and limitations of HRGC for pesticide analysis are also discussed. An extensive pesticide analysis in water has to include different methods like HRGC, HPLC and GC/MS.
Magnetpartikel‐Enzymimmunoassay als schnelle Screening‐Methode zur Bestimmung von Atrazin in Umweltproben Magnetic Particle Based Enzyme Immunoassay as a Rapid Screening Method for the Analysis of Atrazine in Environmental Samples
Authors: Dankwardt A. , Seifert J. , Hock B.
Published: February 2007

Der Einsatz eines Magnetpartikel‐Enzymimmunoassays zur Atrazin‐Bestimmung wird vorgestellt. Der Meßbereich liegt zwischen 0.04 und 5 ppb. Der Test ist einfach und innerhalb einer Stunde durchzuführen. Variationskoeffizienten von unter 10% können erreicht werden. Es wurden Boden‐ und Wasserproben untersucht. Letztere lassen sich ohne Reinigungsschritte direkt im Test einsetzen. Matrixeffekte konnten nicht festgestellt werden. Ein Vergleich des Magnetpartikel‐Assays mit einem Mikrotiterplatten‐Assay und der GC‐Bestimmung ergab eine gute Übereinstimmung. Der vorgestellte Test ist als schnelle und empfindliche Screening‐Methode für Wasser‐ und Bodenproben verwendbar.
Investigations on the Biodegradability of Chlorinated Fulvic Acids Untersuchungen zur mikrobiellen Verwertbarkeit gechlorter Fulvinsäuren
Authors: Hambsch B. , Schmiedel U. , Werner P. , Frimmel F. H.
Published: February 2007

Microbial biodegradation of organic substances takes place during drinking water treatment, but also in the distribution net, if the drinking water still contains biodegradable organic substances. This phenomenon is called regrowth. The regrowth potential of a drinking water is high, when for instance ozonation is used as the last step of treatment. It was proved before, that ozonation increases the biodegradability of humic substances, which are the main fraction of organic carbon in drinking water. In this work the objective was to check, if chlorination has a similar effect on humic substances. Using the method developed by Werner of measuring the regrowth potential of a water it could be shown by dilution series with chlorinated and unchlorinated humic substances that the substrate quality of these organics is increased by chlorination. The better substrate quality is seen in the chlorinated solutions, which might contain also low molecular weight organic compounds, but also in the fulvic acid fraction after XAD‐enrichment, which removes most of the low molecular weight organic compounds. The chlorination creates in the fulvic acid solutions a shift of molecular size to smaller molecules and higher polar substances, which might be the reasons for the better biodegradability. From these results it can be concluded, that chlorination produces substances, which are more easily biodegradable. But this will not produce regrowth problems as long as there is free chlorine present as a disinfectant. In contrast, when the chlorine demand is very high and no free chlorine is left, this might produce high colony counts in the distribution net.
Degradation of Aqueous Atrazine and Metazachlor Solutions by UV and UV/H2O2 — Influence of pH and Herbicide Concentration Abbau von Atrazin und Metazachlor in wäßriger Lösung durch UV und UV/H2O2 — Einfluß von pH und Herbizid‐Konzentration
Authors: Hessler D. P. , Gorenflo V. , Frimmel F. H.
Published: February 2007

The degradation of two pesticides: atrazine and metazachlor was investigated in aqueous solution under UV‐irradiation with and without H2O2. Rate constants of the photochemical degradation were determined applying a first order kinetics and quantum yields of the processes were calculated. This approach leads to an apparent decrease of the quantum yield with increasing initial pesticide concentration.

At low H2O2 initial concentrations, the pesticide degradation was shown to be much more efficient than the degradation under UV‐irradiation only. However, at high H2O2 concentrations (>2 mmol L−1), the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 system dropped down and the quantum yields of degradation were lower than for the direct photolysis.

In the absence of H2O2, no influence of the pH value on the photodegradation of the pesticides could be noticed in a range between pH 3 and pH 11. At low H2O2 initial concentrations, the photochemical degradation of the pesticides was much faster at pH 3 and pH 7 compared with the degradation at pH 11. The results emphasize the potential of optimized reaction conditions in advanced oxidation.
Einfluß einiger Umweltfaktoren auf die N2O‐Bildung durch Belebtschlamm unter anoxischen Bedingungen Influence of Some Environmental Conditions on N2O‐Release by Activated Sludge under Anoxic Conditions
Authors: Geywitz‐Hetz S. , Bußmann M. , Schön G.
Published: February 2007

Die Freisetzung von Distickstoffoxid (N2O, „Lachgas”︁) während der Denitrifikation in Belebtschlamm aus Kläranlagen kann durch verschiedene äußere Faktoren beeinflußt werden: Hohe Nitrat‐ und Nitritkonzentrationen steigern die N2O‐Bildung. Acetat bewirkt in hohen Konzentrationen ebenfalls eine erhöhte N2O‐Freisetzung. In Belebtschlamm wirkt Sulfid als Inhibitor der N2O‐Reduktase (wie in Böden und Reinkulturen), allerdings wird es schnell wieder eliminiert, so daß die Wirkung nur kurzfristig (ca. 2 h) anhält. Bei erneuter Zugabe von Sulfid steigt die N2O‐Freisetzung wieder an. Durch niedere pH‐Werte (unter 6.5) wird die N2O‐Bildung stark erhöht. Unter O2‐limitierten Bedingungen (0.5‐0.9 mg/L O2, 5‐10 % O2‐Sättigung) kann eine hohe N2O‐Freisetzung beobachtet werden, obwohl keine zwischenzeitliche Nitritakkumulation auftritt.