bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symbolische Grenzziehungen und subjektorientierte Sozialstrukturanalyse / Symbolic Boundaries and Subjective Approaches to Stratification
Authors: Sachweh Patrick
Published: May 2016

Subjektorientierte Ansätze der Sozialstrukturanalyse wie die Milieu- und Lebensstilforschung beanspruchen, subjektiv bedeutsame Anker der sozialen Identifikation zu erfassen. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass sie diesen Anspruch nur unvollständig einlçsen und schlägt das Konzept der „symbolischen Grenzziehungen“ als ergänzenden Ansatz vor. Anhand von ALLBUS-Daten und qualitativen Interviews werden lebensweltliche Identifikations- und Abgrenzungsprozesse empirisch untersucht und drei Arten symbolischer Grenzziehungen - sozioçkonomische, kulturelle und moralische - in der deutschen Sozialstruktur nachgezeichnet. Während sich hçhere Schichten anhand ihrer sozioçkonomischen Lage und ihrer kulturellen Praktiken definieren, verweisen niedrigere Schichten auf solidarische Moralvorstellungen. Diese Selbstdefinitionen dienen zugleich der Abgrenzung, indem anderen die sich selbst zugeschriebenen Eigenschaften abgesprochen werden. Die Ergebnisse illustrieren die Mehrdimensionalität und Schichtspezifik sozialer Identifikationsprozesse und lassen sich mit sozialpsychologischen Theorien sozialer Identität erklären.
Die Lesekompetenzen von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund in westlichen Gesellschaften / The Reading Literacy of Immigrant Youth in Western Societies
Authors: Verwiebe Roland , Riederer Bernhard
Published: May 2016

Dieser Beitrag thematisiert die Lesekompetenzen von Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund. Wir verwenden dazu Mehrebenenanalysen für 24 westliche Gesellschaften auf Basis der PISA-Daten der Jahre 2000 bis 2009. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auf der Makroebene die Qualität und die Stratifizierung des Bildungssystems für die Lesekompetenzen von jugendlichen Migranten entscheidend sind. Die Ressourcen und die Organisationsform von Schulen sowie ihre soziale und ethnische Zusammensetzung sind ebenfalls wichtige Faktoren. Auf der individuellen Ebene sind besonders das kulturelle Kapital der Eltern und die zu Hause gesprochene Sprache zentral. Zusätzlich können wir zeigen, dass in den meisten Untersuchungsländern die 2. Migrantengeneration bessere Bildungsleistungen aufweist als die 1. Generation, und dass die Lücke zwischen Schülern mit und solchen ohne Migrationshintergrund im Zeitverlauf abgenommen hat.
Messung und Erklärung von Schwarzarbeit in Deutschland – Eine empirische Befragungsstudie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Problems der sozialen Erwünschtheit / Measuring and Explaining Undeclared Work in Germany – An Empirical Survey with a Special Focus on Social Desirability Bias
Authors: Kirchner Antje , Krumpal Ivar , Trappmann Mark , Hermanni Hagen von
Published: May 2016

Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie das Ausmaß von Schwarzarbeit in Deutschland im Rahmen von Befragungen der allgemeinen Bevölkerung mçglichst valide geschätzt werden kann. In einem experimentellen Design wird die konventionelle direkte Befragungstechnik mit zwei Spezialtechniken, der Randomized-Response- Technik (RRT) und der Item-Count-Technik (ICT), verglichen. Die RRTund die ICT wurden für die Messung besonders heikler Verhaltensweisen entwickelt und sollen durch eine Erhçhung der Anonymität in der Interviewsituation sozial erwünschtes Antwortverhalten reduzieren. Unsere Befunde zeigen, dass die häufig angenommene Wirkung der beiden Spezialtechniken auf die Bereitschaft der Befragten, sozial unerwünschtes Verhalten zu berichten, nicht eindeutig ausfällt. Zudem werden theoretisch bedeutsame Einflussfaktoren von Schwarzarbeit diskutiert und deren Wirkung im Rahmen von multiplen Regressionsanalysen empirisch überprüft. Neben Gelegenheitsstrukturen sind vor allem soziale Normen gute Prädiktoren für die individuelle Entscheidung schwarzzuarbeiten.
Inter- und intragenerationale soziale Mobilität / Inter- and Intra-generational Social Mobility
Authors: Stawarz Nico
Published: May 2016

In diesem Beitrag wird soziale Mobilität auf der Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) analysiert. Die Modellierung von Wachstumskurven als Mehrebenenansatz ermçglicht es, eine Reihe von Problemen der bisherigen Forschung anzugehen und eine simultane Analyse von inter- und intragenerationaler Mobilität durchzuführen. Die Befunde verdeutlichen, dass die soziale Mobilität nach dem Abschluss der Ausbildung deutlich nachlässt und vom weiteren Verlauf einer Berufskarriere relativ unberührt bleibt. Einen beträchtlichen Einfluss auf den ersten Beruf sowie auf den Karriereverlauf einer Person haben vor allem der Schulabschluss und die sozioçkonomische Herkunft. Darüber hinaus determinieren differente Opportunitätsstrukturen das Berufsprestige zu Beginn der Karriere. Insgesamt erscheint die Modellierung von Wachstumskurven als vielversprechende Methode für die Integration und Fortentwicklung des Forschungsstandes zu sozialer Mobilität.
Diversität und Erfolg von Organisationen / Diversity and Organizational Performance
Authors: Buche Antje , Jungbauer-Gans Monika , Niebuhr Annekatrin , Peters Cornelius
Published: May 2016

Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob eine heterogene Zusammensetzung der Belegschaften die Leistungsfähigkeit von Organisationen beeinflusst. Konflikttheoretische Argumentationen sprechen für negative Auswirkungen, ressourcenorientierte Ansätze für positive Effekte von Diversität. Diese Überlegungen werden für kulturelle und altersbezogene Diversität mit Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels und des Betriebs-Historik-Panels untersucht. In den Analysen wird nach der Betriebsgröße differenziert und neben der Diversität in der Gesamtbelegschaft auch jene der (hoch-)qualifizierten Beschäftigten betrachtet. Für kulturelle Diversität zeigen sich sowohl positive als auch negative Effekte, die je nach Betriebsgröße und Belegschaftsgruppen unterschiedlich stark ausfallen. Negative Produktivitätseffekte finden sich lediglich bei kleineren Betrieben während positive Wirkungen für alle Betriebsgrößen ermittelt werden. Bei größeren Betrieben ist zudem die Outputwirkung der Heterogenität unter den (hoch-)qualifizierten Arbeitskräften etwas ausgeprägter. Für die Altersdiversität lässt sich dagegen kein Produktivitätseffekt nachweisen.
Krieg und gesellschaftliche Differenzierung / War and the Institutional Differentiation of Modern Society
Authors: Kuchler Barbara
Published: May 2016

Viele Besonderheiten von Kriegen der jüngeren Zeit können zusammenhängend begriffen werden, wenn sie mit Hilfe der soziologischen Systemtheorie analysiert und auf die Differenzierungsform der Gesellschaft bezogen werden. In der funktional differenzierten Gesellschaft wird der sozialstrukturelle Ort von Krieg und Kriegstruppen enger zugeschnitten, stärker ausdifferenziert und stärker funktional spezifiziert als in vormodernen Gesellschaften. Die Rekrutierungsbasis für Kämpfer kann, im Einklang mit dem allgemeinen Inklusionstrend der Moderne, mit dieser Umstellung gleichwohl breiter werden. In der Folge ergeben sich typische Probleme der Rollenkombination und -kompatibilisierung. Eine spezielle Variante von Inklusion stellen irreguläre Kriegstruppen dar, die die autonome, staatsferne, vom Publikum des politischen Systems ausgehende Inklusion in Kriege betreiben. Auch die Problematik ziviler Kriegsopfer und die allgemein verbreitete Negativwertung von Krieg kann mit Blick auf das Differenzierung- und Inklusionstheorem besser verstanden werden.
Nutzung und Effektivität privat bezahlter Nachhilfe im Primarbereich / Social Selectivity and Effectiveness of Private Tutoring among Elementary School Children in Germany
Authors: Luplow Nicole , Schneider Thorsten
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Modell der Bildungswahl und Colemans Ansatz zu innerfamilialem Sozialkapital werden Hypothesen zur Inanspruchnahme von privat bezahlter Nachhilfe abgeleitet und mithilfe logistischer Regressionsmodelle überprüft. Datengrundlage ist eine Panelstudie im Grundschulbereich. Nachhilfe wird in der vierten Jahrgangsstufe umso eher nachgefragt, je geringer die schulischen Leistungen ausfallen. Die Hypothesen zur Bildungsmotivation, zu innerfamilialen Unterstützungsmçglichkeiten als Alternative zu Nachhilfe und zu den finanziellen und zeitlichen Ressourcen konnten weitestgehend nicht bestätigt werden. Bezüglich der Wirkung von Nachhilfeunterricht auf die Kompetenzzunahme in Deutsch oder Mathematik weisen Schüler mit Nachhilfe keine stärkeren Zuwächse auf als Schüler einer Kontrollgruppe. Im Grundschulbereich führt Nachhilfe zu keiner Verstärkung sozialer Disparitäten, weil sie weder von im Bildungssystem privilegierten Gruppen häufiger beansprucht wird, noch die Entwicklung von Kompetenzen befçrdert.
Path Dependency, Demographic Change, and the (De-)Differentiation of the German Secondary School System
Authors: Bartl Walter , Sackmann Reinhold
Published: May 2016

Current sociological debate on the effects of demographic change on education systems still swings between the extremes of “demography as destiny,” which conceives of demographic change as a phenomenon with immediate impact, and “demography as ideology,” which questions any relevance of demographic factors at all. This article adopts a Durkheimian perspective and checks whether changes in the division of labor moderate the effects of demographic change. This hypothesis is tested by analyzing panel data at the regional level of counties on the differentiation of the German secondary school system for the years 1995-2010. In addition to demography, the effects of path dependency, party politics, and German re-unification are modeled as well. The analysis shows a moderate effect of demographic change on the (de-)differentiation of the German secondary school system.
Anomie und Fatalismus: Rekonstruktive Analysen derWeltsichten von Arbeitslosengeld-II-Empfängern / Anomie and Fatalism: Qualitative Analyses of Worldviews of Welfare Benefit Recipients
Authors: Sammet Kornelia
Published: May 2016

Der Beitrag thematisiert anomische Weltdeutungen in einer doppelten Perspektive. In einem ersten Schritt wird die soziologische Diskussion um anomische Erfahrungen seit Durkheim rekapituliert mit dem Ergebnis, dass mit dem Begriff in unterschiedlichen theoretischen Kontexten ganz unterschiedliche Bedeutungen verbunden werden. Daran schließen sich empirische Analysen zu Weltsichten von Arbeitslosengeld-II-Empfängern an: Auf der Basis von biographischen Interviews werden Erfahrungen von Kontingenz und Heteronomie rekonstruiert und die in ihnen zum Ausdruck kommenden Wahrnehmungen von Ordnung bzw. Unordnung. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Typologie der Ordnungsdimension von Weltsichten entworfen, die die Durkheim’sche Gegenüberstellung von Anomie und Fatalismus um die Wahrnehmung einer wohlgeordneten Welt erweitert. Mit Rekurs auf die Prozessstrukturen nach Schütze - Verlaufskurve und Handlungsschema - wird diese Typologie weiter ausdifferenziert.
Menschen mit Demenz als Interaktionspartner. Eine Auswertung empirischer Studien vor dem Hintergrund eines dimensionalisierten Interaktionsbegriffs / People with Dementia as Interactional Partners: An Analysis of Empirical Studies Based on a Dimensional Concept of Interaction
Authors: Meyer Christian
Published: May 2016

Der Anteil von Menschen mit Demenz an der Gesamtbevölkerung Deutschlands wird mittelfristig stark zunehmen und die Begegnung mit Betroffenen aufgrund persönlicher und familiärer Kontakte zu einem alltäglichen Teil der Gesellschaft werden. Angesichts der spezifischen Symptomatik der Demenz - insbesondere des sukzessiven Verlusts des deklarativen und biografischen (episodischen) Gedächtnisses - stellt sich die Frage, wie sich soziale Interaktion mit Menschen mit Demenz gestaltet, und ob in solchen Fällen angesichts der Veränderungen sozio-kognitiver und kommunikativer Ressourcen überhaupt im engeren soziologischen Sinn von Interaktion gesprochen werden kann. Diese Fragen werden auf der Basis einer Auswertung vorliegender Studien zur Interaktion und Kommunikation mit Menschen mit Demenz diskutiert. Dazu wird der Interaktionsbegriff in vier Dimensionen aufgefächert: thematische Kontinuierung, Bezug auf geteiltes Wissen, formal-prozedurale Kontinuierung und körperlich-affektive Responsivität.
Präferenzbildung und Sozialstruktur: Bourdieus Praxistheorie und Lindenbergs Theorie sozialer Rationalität im Vergleich / Preference Formation and Social Structure. A Comparison of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and Lindenberg’s Theory of Social Rationality
Authors: Reddig Melanie , Tranow Ulf
Published: May 2016

Bourdieus Praxistheorie und der Rational-Choice-Ansatz werden aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen methodologischen Verankerungen und handlungstheoretischen Kernannahmen in der Regel als widerstreitende Theoriepositionen wahrgenommen. Bei den neueren erweiterten Ansätzen im Bereich der Rational-Choice-Theorie deuten sich Konvergenzen zu Bourdieus Praxistheorie an, die einen Theorievergleich rechtfertigen. Insbesondere Lindenbergs Theorie sozialer Rationalität sehen wir für einen auf Theorieentwicklung ausgelegten Dialog mit Bourdieus Praxistheorie als vielversprechend an. In unserem Beitrag vergleichen wir beide Ansätze hinsichtlich ihrer präferenztheoretischen Annahmen; wir fragen danach, welche Präferenzmodelle ihnen jeweils zugrunde liegen und welche Annahmen sie über den Zusammenhang von Sozialstruktur und Präferenzbildung treffen. In beiden Theorien identifizieren wir blinde Flecken und Ergänzungsbedarf und entwickeln Vorschläge, wie beide Theoriepositionen voneinander lernen können.
Wer ist tatsächlich benachteiligt? Die Wirkung traditioneller Geschlechterrollen auf schulische Leistungen und elterliche Aspirationen in deutschen und türkischen Familien / Who Is Indeed Disadvantaged? The Effect of Traditional Gender Roles on Educational Achievement and Parental Aspirations in German and Turkish Families
Authors: Salikutluk Zerrin , Heyne Stefanie
Published: May 2016

Traditionelle Geschlechterrollen werden einerseits als Grund für die Benachteiligung von Mädchen gesehen, andererseits wird argumentiert, dass das schlechte Abschneiden von Jungen im Bildungssystem mit traditionellen Männlichkeitsvorstellungen zusammenhänge. Empirische Analysen der Daten aus den Projekten Junge Migranten im deutschen und israelischen Bildungssystem und Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries zeigen, dass türkischstämmige Eltern dann niedrigere Bildungsaspirationen für ihre Töchter haben, wenn die Mütter in der Familie nicht erwerbstätig sind. Normative Einstellungen der Eltern zur geschlechtsspezifischen Arbeitsteilung hängen hingegen nicht mit den Bildungsaspirationen für ihre Kinder zusammen. Bei schulischen Leistungen im Fach Mathematik kristallisiert sich hingegen ein Nachteil für türkischstämmige Jungen heraus, wenn diese traditionelle Einstellungen haben. Für deutsche Eltern und Jugendliche finden sich keine derartigen Zusammenhänge.
Organisierte Plötzlichkeit / Organized Suddenness
Authors: Hoebel Thomas
Published: May 2016

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich aus prozesssoziologischer Sicht mit der Frage, wie Gewalt in sozialen Situationen möglich wird und aufrechterhalten werden kann. Er schließt an die von Randall Collins entwickelte Mikrosoziologie der Gewalt an, die emotionale Hindernisse gewalttätigen Handelns in sozialen Interaktionen betont. In einer Reinterpretation der Massenerschießungen von Józefów (1942) wird untersucht, wie sich eine Situationsdynamik entfalten konnte, im Zuge derer die Täter in der Lage waren, ihren Tötungsauftrag in unmittelbarer Interaktion mit ihren Opfern zu erfüllen. Das Erklärungsangebot für diese aus mikrosoziologischer Sicht unwahrscheinliche Dynamik eines über Stunden andauernden Tötens liegt in der Identifikation eines besonderen Prozessmusters: der organisierten Plötzlichkeit dieses Geschehens. Diese stellt eine Dominanztechnik dar, um die Ausübung von Gewalt trotz emotionaler Widerstände sicherzustellen, und lässt Gewalt unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen als organisierbar erscheinen.
Warum denn eigentlich nicht? Zur Axiomatisierung soziologischer Handlungstheorie / Why Not? On Axiomatizing Sociological Action Theory
Authors: Tutić Andreas
Published: May 2016

In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, dass mit den axiomatischen Theorien begrenzter Rationalität (Rubinstein 1998) dasselbe Ziel wie mit der neueren soziologischen Handlungstheorie verfolgt wird: Die Entwicklung einer deskriptiv gehaltvollen Entscheidungstheorie. Ferner wird argumentiert, dass die neuere soziologische Handlungstheorie einer axiomatischen Fundierung bedarf. Die mögliche Gestalt derartiger Charakterisierungen wird am Beispiel des wohl einflussreichsten Vertreters der neueren soziologischen Handlungstheorie in Deutschland demonstriert, dem Modell der Frame-Selektion von Esser (2001) und Kroneberg (2005).
Effects of a Strength Training Session After an Exercise Inducing Muscle Damage on Recovery Kinetics
Authors: Abaïdia Abd-Elbasset , Delecroix Barthélémy , Leduc Cédric , Lamblin Julien , McCall Alan , Baquet Georges , Dupont Grégory
Published: May 2016

Abaïdia, A-E, Delecroix, B, Leduc, C, Lamblin, J, McCall, A, Baquet, G, and Dupont, G. Effects of a strength training session after an exercise inducing muscle damage on recovery kinetics.J Strength Cond Res31(1): 115–125, 2017—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an upper-limb strength training session the day after an exercise inducing muscle damage on recovery of performance. In a randomized crossover design, subjects performed the day after the exercise, on 2 separate occasions (passive vs. active recovery conditions) a single-leg exercise (dominant in one condition and nondominant in the other condition) consisting of 5 sets of 15 eccentric contractions of the knee flexors. Active recovery consisted of performing an upper-body strength training session the day after the exercise. Creatine kinase, hamstring strength, and muscle soreness were assessed immediately and 20, 24, and 48 hours after exercise-induced muscle damage. The upper-body strength session, after muscle-damaging exercise accelerated the recovery of slow concentric force (effect size = 0.65; 90% confidence interval = −0.06 to 1.32), but did not affect the recovery kinetics for the other outcomes. The addition of an upper-body strength training session the day after muscle-damaging activity does not negatively affect the recovery kinetics. Upper-body strength training may be programmed the day after a competition.
Individual Heart Rate Variability Responses to Preseason Training in High Level Female Soccer Players
Authors: Flatt Andrew A. , Esco Michael R. , Nakamura Fábio Y.
Published: May 2016

Flatt, AA, Esco, MR, and Nakamura, FY. Individual heart rate variability responses to preseason training in high level female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 531–538, 2017—The purpose of this study was to track changes in training load (TL) and recovery status indicators throughout a 2-week preseason and to interpret the meaning of these changes on an individual basis among 8 division-1 female soccer players. Weekly averages for heart rate variability (logarithm of the root mean square of successive R-R interval differences [lnRMSSD]), TL, and psychometrics were compared with effect sizes (ESs) and magnitude-based inferences. Relationships were determined with Pearson correlations. Group analysis showed a very likely moderate decrease for total TL (TTL) (TTL week 1 = 1,203 ± 198, TTL week 2 = 977 ± 288; proportion = 1/2/97, ES = −0.93) and a likely small increase in lnRMSSD (week 1 = 74.2 ± 11.1, week 2 = 78.1 ± 10.5; proportion = 81/14/5, ES = 0.35). Fatigue demonstrated a very likely small improvement (week 1 = 5.03 ± 1.09, week 2 = 5.51 ± 1.00; proportion = 95/4/1; ES = 0.45), whereas the other psychometrics did not substantially change. A very large correlation was found between changes in TL and lnRMSSD (r = −0.85), whereas large correlations were found between lnRMSSD and perceived fatigue (r = 0.56) and soreness (r = 0.54). Individual analysis suggests that 2 subjects may benefit from decreased TL, 2 subjects may benefit from increased TL, and 4 subjects may require no intervention based on their psychometric and lnRMSSD responses to the TL. Individual weekly changes in lnRMSSD varied among subjects and related strongly with individual changes in TL. Training intervention based on lnRMSSD and wellness responses may be useful for preventing the accumulation of fatigue in female soccer players.
Age-Related Differences in Maximal and Rapid Torque Characteristics of the Hip Extensors and Dynamic Postural Balance in Healthy, Young and Old Females
Authors: Palmer Ty B. , Thiele Ryan M. , Thompson Brennan J.
Published: May 2016

Palmer, TB, Thiele, RM, and Thompson, BJ. Age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensors and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and old females. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 480–488, 2017—The purpose of this study was to examine age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensor muscles and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and older females. Eleven younger (age, 26 ± 8 years) and 11 older (age, 67 ± 8 years) females performed 2 isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the hip extensor muscles. Absolute and relative peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) at early (0–50 ms) and late (0–200 ms) phases of muscle contraction were examined during each MVC. Dynamic postural balance was assessed using a commercially designed balance testing device, which provides a measurement of dynamic stability based on the overall stability index (OSI). Results indicated that absolute PT and early (RTD50) and late (RTD200) RTD variables were lower (p = 0.009–0.050), and postural OSI was higher (p = 0.011) in the old compared with the younger females; however, no differences were observed for relative PT or RTD variables (p = 0.113–0.895). A significant relationship was also observed in the older (r = −0.601; p = 0.050) but not the younger (r = −0.132; p = 0.698) females between RTD50 and OSI. The lower absolute PT and RTD and higher OSI values for the old females may contribute to the increased functional limitations often observed in older adults. The significant relationship observed in the older females between OSI and RTD50 perhaps suggests that these age-related declines in explosive strength may be an important characteristic relevant to dynamic balance scores, especially in older populations.
The Effects of a Single Whole-Body Cryotherapy Exposure on Physiological, Performance, and Perceptual Responses of Professional Academy Soccer Players After Repeated Sprint Exercise
Authors: Russell Mark , Birch Jack , Love Thomas , Cook Christian J. , Bracken Richard M. , Taylor Tom , Swift Eamon , Cockburn Emma , Finn Charlie , Cunningham Daniel , Wilson Laura , Kilduff Liam P.
Published: May 2016

Russell, M, Birch, J, Love, T, Cook, CJ, Bracken, RM, Taylor, T, Swift, E, Cockburn, E, Finn, C, Cunningham, D, Wilson, L, and Kilduff, LP. The effects of a single whole-body cryotherapy exposure on physiological, performance, and perceptual responses of professional academy soccer players after repeated sprint exercise.J Strength Cond Res31(2): 415–421, 2017—In professional youth soccer players, the physiological, performance, and perceptual effects of a single whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) session performed shortly after repeated sprint exercise were investigated. In a randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover design, 14 habituated English Premier League academy soccer players performed 15 × 30 m sprints (each followed by a 10 m forced deceleration) on 2 occasions. Within 20 minutes of exercise cessation, players entered a WBC chamber (Cryo: 30 seconds at −60° C, 120 seconds at −135° C) or remained seated (Con) indoors in temperate conditions (∼25° C). Blood and saliva samples, peak power output (countermovement jump), and perceptual indices of recovery and soreness were assessed pre-exercise and immediately, 2-hour and 24-hour postexercise. When compared with Con, a greater testosterone response was observed at 2-hour (+32.5 ± 32.3 pg·ml−1, +21%) and 24-hour (+50.4 ± 48.9 pg·ml−1, +28%) postexercise (bothP= 0.002) in Cryo (trial × treatment interaction:P= 0.001). No between-trial differences were observed for other salivary (cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio), blood (lactate and creatine kinase), performance (peak power output), or perceptual (recovery or soreness) markers (all trial × treatment interactions:P> 0.05); all of which were influenced by exercise (time effects: allP≤ 0.05). A single session of WBC performed within 20 minutes of repeated sprint exercise elevated testosterone concentrations for 24 hours but did not affect any other performance, physiological, or perceptual measurements taken. Although unclear, WBC may be efficacious for professional soccer players during congested fixture periods.
Shank Modulates Postsynaptic Wnt Signaling to Regulate Synaptic Development
Authors: Harris Kathryn P. , Akbergenova Yulia , Cho Richard W. , Baas-Thomas Maximilien S. , Littleton J. Troy
Published: May 2016

Prosap/Shank scaffolding proteins regulate the formation, organization, and plasticity of excitatory synapses. Mutations inSHANKfamily genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder and other neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Shank function are not fully understood, and no study to date has examined the consequences of complete loss of all Shank proteinsin vivo. Here we characterize the singleDrosophilaProsap/Shank family homolog. Shank is enriched at the postsynaptic membrane of glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions and controls multiple parameters of synapse biology in a dose-dependent manner. Both loss and overexpression ofShankresult in defects in synaptic bouton number and maturation. We find that Shank regulates a noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway in the postsynaptic cell by modulating the internalization of the Wnt receptor Fz2. This study identifies Shank as a key component of synaptic Wnt signaling, defining a novel mechanism for how Shank contributes to synapse maturation during neuronal development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHaploinsufficiency for SHANK3 is one of the most prevalent monogenic causes of autism spectrum disorder, making it imperative to understand how the Shank family regulates neurodevelopment and synapse function. We created the first animal model lacking all Shank proteins and used theDrosophilaneuromuscular junction, a model glutamatergic synapse, to characterize the role of Shank at synapses. We identified a novel function of Shank in synapse maturation via regulation of Wnt signaling in the postsynaptic cell.
Diurnal and stress-reactive dehydroepiandrosterone levels and telomere length in youth
Authors: Dismukes Andrew R , Meyer Vanessa J , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A , Theall Katherine P , Esteves Kyle C , Drury Stacy S
Published: May 2016

The current investigation examined the association between the aging-related biomarkers dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and telomere length (TL) in community-recruited African-American youth. The examination of DHEA included stress reactive, basal and diurnal sampling, in order to elucidate the underlying physiological process that may overlap with TL. One hundred and two participants completed the Trier Social Stressor Test for children (TSST-C). TL was obtained from all youth from buccal swabs on the same day as the TSST-C. Saliva samples from 83 participants were obtained over the course of two additional days to measure waking and diurnal levels of DHEA. DHEA diurnal slope was a robust predictor of TL (B=0.516, P<0.05), while other DHEA values were not significantly associated with TL. This study is one of the first studies to examine basal, diurnal and reactivity measurements of DHEA in youth. Furthermore, this is the first study, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a positive association between DHEA, a putative anti-aging hormone, and TL, an indicator of cellular aging.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance
Authors: Thuzar Moe , Ho Ken K Y
Published: May 2016

The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.
Prenatal Fish Oil Supplementation and Allergy: 6-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Best Karen P. , Sullivan Thomas , Palmer Debra , Gold Michael , Kennedy Declan (John) , Martin James , Makrides Maria
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Evidence from randomized controlled trials in early infancy suggest that prenatal supplementation with Ω-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) reduces the incidence of allergic disease characterized by an immunoglobulin E (IgE) response. We aimed to determine whether protective effects were evident in the 6-year-old offspring of women supplemented with n-3 rich fish oil during pregnancy.

METHODS:

Six-year follow-up of children (n = 706) with a family history of allergic disease from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) trial. Women were randomly allocated to receive n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil capsules (800 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid DHA and 100mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid) or vegetable oil capsules (without n-3 LCPUFA). Allergic disease symptoms including eczema, wheeze, rhinitis, and rhino-conjunctivitis, were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and sensitization to allergens was measured by skin prick test.

RESULTS:

There was no difference in the percentage of children with any IgE-associated allergic disease between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups (116/367 [31.5%] vs 106/336 [31.5%]; adjusted relative risk, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.33; P = .73). There was a reduction in the percentage of children sensitized to house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (49/367 [13.4%] vs 68/336 [20.3%]; adjusted relative risk, 0.67, 95% confidence interval, 0.44–1.00; P = .0495).

CONCLUSIONS:

Prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not reduce IgE-associated allergic disease at 6 years of age. Secondary outcomes were suggestive of a protective effect of the intervention on the incidence of D. farinae sensitization.
Perioperative Schmerztherapie bei Hund und Katze – eine Übersicht
Authors: Pieper Korbinian
Published: May 2016

Unzureichend behandelte Schmerzen führen zu negativen systemischen Effekten und unter Umständen zu einer massiven Störung des Allgemeinbefindens unserer Patienten. Aus diesem Grund sollte ein Schmerzbeurteilungsplan standardmäßig in die klinischen Abläufe eingebunden sein. Für Hund und Katze stehen validierte Schmerz - beurteilungspläne zur Verfügung. Im Rahmen einer fortschrittlichen Schmerztherapie ist das Prinzip der multimodalen Analgesie zu beachten. Dies bedeutet, dass verschiedene analgetische Wirkstoffgruppen miteinander kombiniert werden, die ihre Wirkung an unterschiedlichen Stellen des Schmerzentstehungs- und Schmerzleitungssystems entfalten. Neben Opioiden, nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika und Lo - kalanästhetika finden unter anderem α2-Rezeptor-Agonisten, Ketamin und Gabapentin Anwendung. Hinzu kommen diverse nichtpharmakologische Therapieformen.
Assessment and kinetics of soil phosphatase in Brazilian Savanna systems
Authors: FERREIRA ADÃO S. , ESPÍNDOLA SUÉLLEN P. , CAMPOS MARIA RITA C.
Published: May 2016

The activity and kinetics of soil phosphatases are important indicators to evaluate soil quality in specific sites such as the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna). This study aimed to determine the activity and kinetic parameters of soil phosphatase in Cerrado systems. Soil phosphatase activity was assessed in samples of native Cerrado (NC), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT) and pasture with Brachiaria brizantha (PBb) and evaluated with acetate buffer (AB), tris-HCl buffer (TB), modified universal buffer (MUB) and low MUB. The Michaelis-Menten equation and Eadie-Hofstee model were applied to obtain the kinetic parameters of soil phosphatase using different concentrations of p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP). MUB showed the lowest soil phosphatase activity in all soils whereas AB in NC and NT presented the highest. Low MUB decreased interferences in the assessment of soil phosphatase activity when compared to MUB, suggesting that organic acids interfere on the soil phosphatase activity. In NC and NT, soil phosphatase activity performed with TB was similar to AB and low MUB. Km values from the Michaels-Menten equation were higher in NC than in NT, which indicate a lower affinity of phosphatase activity for the substrate in NC. Vmax values were also higher in NC than in NT. The Eadie-Hofstee model suggests that NC had more phosphatase isoforms than NT. The study showed that buffer type is of fundamental importance when assessing soil phosphatase activity in Cerrado soils.
Branching, flowering and fruiting of Jatropha curcas treated with ethephon or benzyladenine and gibberellins
Authors: Costa Anne P. , Vendrame Wagner , Nietsche Sílvia , Crane Jonathan , Moore Kimberly , Schaffer Bruce
Published: May 2016

Jatropha curcas L. has been identified for biofuel production but it presents limited commercial yields due to limited branching and a lack of yield uniformity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of single application of ethephon or a combination of 6-benzyladenine (BA) with gibberellic acid isomers A4 and A7 (GA4+7) on branch induction, flowering and fruit production in jatropha plants with and without leaves. Plants with and without leaves showed differences for growth and reproductive variables. For all variables except inflorescence set, there were no significant statistical interactions between the presence of leaves and plant growth regulators concentration. The total number of flowers per inflorescence was reduced as ethephon concentration was increased. As BA + GA4 +7 concentration increased, seed dry weight increased. Thus, ethephon and BA + GA4 +7 applications appeared to affect flowering and seed production to a greater extent than branching. The inability to discern significant treatment effects for most variables might have been due to the large variability within plant populations studied and thus resulting in an insufficient sample size. Therefore, data collected from this study were used for statistical estimations of sample sizes to provide a reference for future studies.
In vitro antifungal activity of four chemotypes of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) essential oils against Alternaria solani (Pleosporeaceae) isolates
Authors: TOMAZONI ELISA Z. , PANSERA MÁRCIA R. , PAULETTI GABRIEL F. , MOURA SIDNEI , RIBEIRO RUTE T.S. , SCHWAMBACH JOSÉLI
Published: May 2016

Several volatile natural compounds produced by plant secondary metabolism have been proven to present antimicrobial action, enabling their use in phytopathogen control. They also present low environmental impact when compared to conventional pesticides. Essential oils contain these compounds and can be found in several plant species, such as Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae). Essential oils of four chemotypes of L. alba, characterized by their major compounds, namely camphor, citral, linalool and camphor/1,8-cineole, were tested against the phytopathogen Alternaria solani Sorauer (Pleosporaceae), which causes early blight on tomatoes and is responsible for great economic losses regarding production. Essential oils antifungal action was tested in vitro using potato dextrose agar medium with essential oil concentrations at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 µL mL-1. The chemotype that had the best performance was citral, showing significant inhibition compared to the others, starting at the 0.5 µL mL-1 concentration. The essential oil belonging to the linalool chemotype was efficient starting at the 1.5 µL mL-1 concentration. Conversely, the camphor chemotype did not show any action against the phytopathogen. Moreover, the essential oils had no remarkable effect on tomato germination and growth. In conclusion, these essential oils presented fungicidal action against A. solani.
Probiotic level effects on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, cecal microbiota, and immune response of broilers
Authors: POURAKBARI MOHAMMADREZA , SEIDAVI ALIREZA , ASADPOUR LEILA , MARTÍNEZ ANDRÉS
Published: May 2016

Probiotic effects on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, cecal microbiota, and immune response of broilers were studied. Two hundred one-day-old male chickens were allocated to one of five treatments (four replicates of 10 birds per treatment): control, and the same control diet supplemented with 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015% and 0.02% probiotics. Probiotics in feed at 0.01% or higher levels of supplementation improved body weight gain (+12%) and feed conversion rate (-5%) compared with the control. There were no effects on carcass traits, but the relative weights of drumsticks and wings showed increasing and decreasing linear responses, respectively, to probiotic supplementation level. Blood plasma glucose and albumin contents linearly increased (from 167.1 to 200.5 mg dl-1, and from 1.70 to 3.25 g dl-1) with increasing probiotic supplementation. Triglycerides and cholesterol contents were lower in probiotic supplemented treatments (average contents 71.3 and 125.3 mg dl-1 vs. 92.6 and 149.9 mg dl-1 in the control). Probiotics decreased cecal Escherichia coli counts, but had no effects on immunity related organs or immune response. The linear trends, either positive or negative, observed in many of the parameters studied, suggest that more studies are needed to establish the optimal concentration of probiotics in broiler feed.
Trade-off between reservoir yield and evaporation losses as a function of lake morphology in semi-arid Brazil
Authors: Campos José N.B. , Lima Neto Iran E. , Studart Ticiana M.C. , Nascimento Luiz S.V.
Published: May 2016

This study investigates the relationships between yield and evaporation as a function of lake morphology in semi-arid Brazil. First, a new methodology was proposed to classify the morphology of 40 reservoirs in the Ceará State, with storage capacities ranging from approximately 5 to 4500 hm3. Then, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to study the effect of reservoir morphology (including real and simplified conical forms) on the water storage process at different reliability levels. The reservoirs were categorized as convex (60.0%), slightly convex (27.5%) or linear (12.5%). When the conical approximation was used instead of the real lake form, a trade-off occurred between reservoir yield and evaporation losses, with different trends for the convex, slightly convex and linear reservoirs. Using the conical approximation, the water yield prediction errors reached approximately 5% of the mean annual inflow, which is negligible for large reservoirs. However, for smaller reservoirs, this error became important. Therefore, this paper presents a new procedure for correcting the yield-evaporation relationships that were obtained by assuming a conical approximation rather than the real reservoir morphology. The combination of this correction with the Regulation Triangle Diagram is useful for rapidly and objectively predicting reservoir yield and evaporation losses in semi-arid environments.
Mercury bioaccumulation and isotopic relation between Trichiurus lepturus (Teleostei) and its preferred prey in coastal waters of southeastern Brazil
Authors: BITTAR VANESSA T. , REZENDE CARLOS E. , KEHRIG HELENA A. , BENEDITTO ANA PAULA M. DI
Published: May 2016

The trophic transfer of total mercury (THg) and its bioaccumulation from prey species to the predator fish Trichiurus lepturus was analysed in coastal waters of southeastern Brazil to evaluate the trace element dynamic in this predator-prey system. The isotopic (δ13C and δ15N) relation between this predator and its prey allowed inferences on prey assimilation and predator feeding habits. The THg increment varied from 4.5 to 19.5 times between prey and predator, with a biomagnification power of 0.59. The prey species could be divided into three groups regarding δ15N values: i) 13.6 to 13.2‰ (juvenile conspecifics, Pellona harroweri, and Peprilus paru); ii) 12.5 to 11.8‰ (Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens, and Dorytheuthis plei); and iii) 10.5‰ (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri). Based on δ13C values, the prey groups were: i) -15.3‰ (X. kroyeri); ii) -17.6 to -16.8‰ (C. bleekerianus, D. plei, P. harroweri, P. paru, and juvenile conspecifics); and iii) -18.7‰ (L. grossidens). The values of THg and δ15N highlighted juvenile conspecifics as the main via of this trace element and the most assimilated prey. The isotopic relation between predator and its prey species showed a feeding activity preferably coastal and pelagic.
Incentives and barriers to HIV testing in men who have sex with men in a metropolitan area in Brazil
Authors: Gonçalves Valéria Freire , Kerr Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo , Mota Rosa Salani , Macena Raimunda Hermelinda Maia , Almeida Rosa Lívia de , Freire Deborah Gurgel , Brito Ana Maria de , Dourado Inês , Atlani-Duault Laëtitia , Vidal Laurent , Kendall Carl
Published: May 2016

Abstract: This study aimed to identify incentives and barriers to HIV testing in men who have sex with men (MSM). This was a cross-sectional study of MSM who had lived at least three months in greater metropolitan Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil, 2010. The study recruited 391 men ≥ 18 years of age who reported sexual relations with men in the previous six months, using Respondent Driven Sampling. Personal network and socio-demographic data were collected and HIV testing was offered, analyzed with RDSAT 6.0 and Stata 11.0. The majority were young (40.3%), had 5 to 11 years of schooling (57.3%), were single (85.1%), had low income (37.6%), and 58.1% had tested for HIV some time in life. Incentive to test: certainty of not being infected (34.1%) and the exposure to national campaign Fique Sabendo [Know your Status] (34%). Barriers: trust in partner(s) (21%) and fear of discrimination if tested positive (20.3%). Policies should be developed to ensure test confidentiality and communication campaigns focusing on information gaps and encouragement for testing.
Physical intimate partner violence and low birth weight in newborns from primary health care units of the city of Rio de Janeiro
Authors: MEZZAVILLA Raquel de Souza , HASSELMANN Maria Helena
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the association between physical intimate partner violence and low birth weight. Methods This cross-sectional study included 604 children with approximately 30 days of age who visited four primary health care units in the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil, for the second dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Children with a birth weight below 2.500 g were considered underweight. Information regarding physical intimate partner violence was obtained by the Portuguese version of the Conflict Tactics Scale. The study investigated the 12 months prior to interview. Physical intimate partner violence was analyzed as a dichotomous variable and cumulatively. Associations between physical intimate partner violence and low birth weight were verified by logistic regression models based on crude and adjusted odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results Some (7.1%) babies were born underweight, and 33.6% of the mothers had been exposed to physical intimate partner violence. Physical intimate partner violence was significantly associated with low birth weight (OR=3.69; 95%CI=1.57-8.66). Notably, the odds of low birth weight increase with the severity of violence. Conclusion These findings draw attention to the consequences of physical intimate partner violence on the nutritional status of newborns and emphasize the need of greater attention during prenatal care to improve women's quality of life and to reduce the rate of low birth weight.
Sleep quality and metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese children and adolescents
Authors: GONZAGA Nathalia Costa , SENA Aline Silva Santos , COURA Alexsandro Silva , DANTAS Fábio Galvão , OLIVEIRA Renata Cardoso , MEDEIROS Carla Campos Muniz
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT Objective To assess sleep quality and its association with metabolic syndrome and its components. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2011 to March 2012 at the Childhood Obesity Center, Campina Grande, Paraíba , Brazil, with 135 overweight or obese children and adolescents. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis was based on abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glycemia, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. The data were treated by the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0 at a significance level of 5%. Results The prevalence of poor sleep quality or sleep disorder according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was 40.7%, and females had higher mean global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 63.0%. Females also had higher daytime dysfunction. Poor sleep quality was associated with high diastolic blood pressure (OR=2.6; p =0.015) and waist circumference (OR=3.17; p =0.024) after adjusting for sex and age. Conclusion Girls had higher global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score, which was associated with daytime dysfunction. Poor sleep quality was a predictor of high diastolic blood pressure in the study sample.
Gestão do trabalho: desenho organizacional, processo estratégico e tipos de trabalho
Authors: Lavarda Rosalia Aldraci Barbosa , Lavarda Carlos Eduardo Facin
Published: May 2016

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é verificar, dentro da gestão do trabalho, como os componentes do desenho e processo estratégico organizacionais se relacionam com os tipos de trabalho desempenhados pela organização. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com estudo de caso. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise de documentos e observação direta. A análise de dados baseou-se em pattern-matching e narrativa. Os resultados apontam que, mesmo que as características de cada tipo de trabalho estejam presentes nos casos analisados, há indícios de que novas variáveis precisam ser pesquisadas para explicar a variação dos níveis de racionalidade e a participação no processo estratégico para configurar as diferentes formas de gestão do trabalho.