bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death of a Plastic Palm
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

All over the United States, phone companies have planted artificial trees. An old-growth, imitation pine went up a few years ago in the community of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, where it towers one hundred feet over barns and fields. Holes in its synthetic brown bark admit bundles of black cables that travel up through the hollow metal trunk to the wireless digital phone antennas hidden among the plastic pine branches high above. In the desert near Phoenix, Arizona, where pines are scarce, another phone company conceals its antennas inside agiant, imitation saguaro cactus. Evidently some large corporations are finally beginning to realize that the destruction of nature by their business activities is not acceptable.
A Walk in the Woods
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The forest was small by American standards, perhaps fifty or sixty acres, but in the rolling Devon countryside with its parceled fields and narrow, hedge-enclosed lanes, it felt appropriately spacious. I was enjoying the guided tour in one of my favorite parts of the world. The light rain and chilly July breezes felt right; the English ivy carpeting the ground seemed right; the leafy hardwoods looked right (although

I did n’t know the species and could easily have been fooled); and the probably medieval bank and ditch running through the woods at right angles to the path gave everything an impressive air of authenticity.
Old Growth
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The commentator Howard Berkes, on National Public Radio’s All Things Considered, said something about planting trees, and I tuned back in. When I’m driving, I have the bad habit of keeping the radio on, positively in the phrase “small is beautiful.” If he were alive today, he might add that small is also enduring.
Traditions
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The Jewish holiday of Sukkot has set me thinking about ritual traditions, wondering why they assume their curious forms and how they can outlive their originators and persist for such a very long time. Sukkot, or the Feast of Tabernacles, more than any other religious holiday I observe, is defined by odd practices that make no obvious sense, yet they have been performed in approximately the same way every autumn for at least twenty-five hundred years.
Epilogue: A Call for Fusion and Regeneration
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The German philosopher Hegel once said: “The owl of Minerva flies at dusk.” Minerva was the Roman goddess of wisdom, and the owl that accompanied her was her source of knowledge. What Hegel meant by saying that Minerva’s owl flies at dusk is that when troubles gather and the prospects for the future of civilization seem dark and growing darker, only then, when it is too late to do anything about it, can we begin to understand what is happening. Minerva’s owl is now on the wing, but there is still some daylight left, still a little time to prove Hegel wrong.
Function Approximation
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

We are given a certain amount of information about a function, f (x), in a specified interval, [a, b], and would like to sensibly approximate or represent the function with another simpler function, q(x), in the same interval. The information given may include values of f (x) and possibly its derivatives at specific points, encapsulated in the data. The approximating function, q(x), is usually chosen to be a polynomial. Other choices include rational functions defined as the ratios of two polynomials, exponential, trigonometric, and more involved sets of basis functions.
Finite-Difference Methods for Convection–Diffiusion
Authors: Pozrikidis C
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 11 and 12, we discussed the implementation of finite-difference methods for second-order partial differential equations in the framework of the convection–diffiusion–reaction equation, and developed specific discretizations for the parabolic unsteady diffiusion equation and the elliptic Laplace and Poisson equations. In this chapter, we develop finite-difference methods for the hyperbolic convection equation and its inclusive convection–diffiusion equation. The new developments will culminate in a comprehensive numerical scheme that will allow us to simulate the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid.
Introduction
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

A narrow path leads uphill from the village of Gunsbach, into the thick woods. After a five-minute climb, one comes to a clearing with a huge rock and a beautiful view of the Munster valley beneath. This place was Albert Schweitzer’s favorite spot. Since 1969, next to the rock, there rises a monument in honor of Schweitzer. Built out of Alsatian sandstone, the monument is the work of Fritz Behn, a disciple of Auguste Rodin. The monument is located at this hidden spot, rather than in front of Schweitzer’s house, because he wanted it that way: “It is there I should like to remain in stone, so that my friends could pay me a visit, devote a thought to me, and could listen to the murmur of the river, the music that accompanied the flux of my thoughts. It is on this rock that civilization and ethics was born and the Jesus in his epoch emerged to me. There I feel completely at home.”
The Kingdom of God
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

The primitive Christian hope of an immediate coming of the Kingdom of God was based on the teaching of Jesus; yet, the fact that it remained unfulfilled did not shatter Christian faith. How was the catastrophe dealt with? What transformation of the faith enabled it to survive the surrender of the original expectation? Although the eschatological problem has been under discussion for more than a generation, until quite recently only three factors have usually been taken into consideration as determining the development and reshaping of Christian belief, namely, the struggle for unity, the conflict with second-century Gnosticism, and accommodation to Greek metaphysics. But these do not cover the whole ground. A fourth factor was at work, much more strongly than has been admitted, namely, the inescapable abandonment of the early hope of a speedy coming of the Kingdom of God. The effect of this has been studied in detail for the first time by Martin Werner in The Origin of the Christian Dogmas.
Religion in Modern Civilization
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

I am going to discuss religion in the spiritual life and civilization of our time. The first question to be faced, therefore, is: “Is religion a force in the spiritual life of our age?” I answer, in your name and mine, “No!” There is still religion in the world; there is much religion in the Church; there are many pious people among us. Christianity can still point to works of love and to social works of which it can be proud. There is a longing for religion among many who no longer belong to the churches. I rejoice to concede this. And yet we must hold fast to the fact that religion is not a force.
Bach and Aesthetics
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag
Published: November 2023

Some artists are subjective, some objective. The art of the former has its source in their personality; their work is almost independent of the epoch in which they live. A law unto themselves, they place themselves in opposition to their epoch and originate new forms for the expression of their ideas. Of this type was Richard Wagner.
Pocket Guide to Crisis Intervention
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Crisis workers make split-second decisions every day that affect the mental health and well-being of individuals, families, and entire communities. They support and guide people through health diagnoses, bankruptcies, sexual assaults, deaths of loved ones, suicide attempts, and natural or man-made disasters from the front lines. While professions vary from mental health professionals, emergency responders, educators, business managers or volunteers such as suicide hotline workers, all have a common and urgent need for a rapid reference that covers every type of traumatic event they may be asked to respond to in the course of an unpredictable and highly stressful day. The Pocket Guide to Crisis Intervention is a complete crisis toolkit, a trusted resource to consult on the fly, packed with easy-to-follow, step-by-step evidence-based protocols for responding effectively to a broad range of traumatic events. Checklists, bullets, and boxes highlight symptoms & warning signs and provide action plans, do’s & don’ts, and screening & assessment questions. The open layout and two-color design make this pocket guide as visually appealing as it practical, ensuring at-a-glance lookup of the essentials of managing the most common types of crisis. More than just a collection of action lists, though, this pocket guide explains theories and models in clear, jargon-free language, offering tips for clinical practice, treatment planning, referrals, and coordinating services as needed. It can be used as a field manual for seasoned professionals or as a training tool for new recruits and practitioners seeking to sharpen their skills.
Burgess and Roberts’ Stress-Crisis-Trauma Continuum
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

As the primary objective of medical and mental health treatment is to do no harm, all mental health professionals and their clients will benefit from applying the seven-level Stress-Crisis-Trauma Continuum of Burgess and Roberts. By determining the level and category under which the person in crisis presents with, clinicians will be in an optimal position to determine the best treatment for the patient. The seven levels and the appropriate treatment for each are shown in Figure 6.1.
Suicide Risk Assessment Protocol and Warning Signs
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

There are approximately 31,500 suicides in the United States every year. That is approximately 86 suicides per day; or 1 suicide every 17 minutes. This translates to an annual suicide rate of 10.8 per 100,000. Suicide is the third leading cause of death between ages 15 and 24 in the United States and the eighth leading cause of death for all ages. In the United States, persons kill themselves more frequently than they kill others.
Crisis Intervention With Accident Survivors
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The need for crisis intervention in accidents is frequently underestimated. The number of people killed in traffic accidents every year is daunting: 42,682 in 2006. Encouragingly, data from the National Health, Transportation, and Safety Administration (NHTSA) indicates that the number of traffic fatalities in the United States declined 2% during 2005–2006, or 1.42 fatalities per 1 million miles driven—the lowest number in American history (National Health Transportation and Safety Administration, 2006). However, the number of people injured in other types of accidents has been rising. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there were approximately 108 million emergency room visits in the United States between 2004 and 2005. Many of these were the result of accidents, including work-related falls, traffic, crimes, and accidental drug/medication reactions (American College of Emergency Physicians [ACEP], 2008).
Crisis Intervention After Terrorist Bombings in Planes, Railroads, or Buildings: The ACT Model of Crisis
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Trauma-provoking and crisis-inducing events have escalated in frequency and prevalence throughout the world. The spectrum of crisis events ranges across public events that impact large segments of society, such as a commercial airliner crash, terrorist bombings, or attacks of buildings, railroads, or other forms of terrorist attacks. Hundreds of thousands of individuals become so distressed and overwhelmed by a life-threatening or traumatic event that they rapidly experience an acute crisis episode. Every year millions of individuals are confronted with crisis-producing events that they are unable to resolve on their own, and they frequently seek help from crisis-intervention programs, crisisintervention units of community mental health centers, outpatient clinics, family counseling agencies, and clinicians in private practice.
The Life Program for MS
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Due to some of the limitations imposed by MS, such as chronic fatigue, depression, and muscle weakness, patients often become sedentary, gaining excess weight and developing poor eating and exercise habits. The LIFE Program for MS is a user-friendly teaching tool that helps sufferers to incorporate new behaviors into their daily routines, to live a healthier life and reduce the chances of secondary illnesses, such as cancer, stroke, and heart disease. Drawing on her own experience as a professional athlete, as well as her work at the Jacobs Neurological Institute in Buffalo, New York, Susan J. Epstein provides readers with tips and strategies for healthy eating, managing weight, incorporating exercise into daily life, and managing and conserving both mental and physical energy for daily living. She also emphasizes the importance of establishing a support system of coaches who can provide the MS patient with motivation and reinforcement. Finally, she addresses the unpredictable factors in life that affect behavior outcomes, whether family, environment, vocation, or self-awareness.
Imagining the Balkans
Authors: Todorova Maria
Published: November 2023

If the Balkans hadn’t existed, they would have been invented was the verdict of Count Hermann Keyserling in his famous 1928 publication, Europe. Over ten years ago, Maria Todorova traced the relationship between the reality and the invention. Based on a rich selection of travelogues, diplomatic accounts, academic surveys, journalism, and belles-lettres in many languages, Imagining the Balkans explored the ontology of the Balkans from the sixteenth century to the present day, uncovering the ways in which an insidious intellectual tradition was constructed, became mythologized, and is still being transmitted as discourse. Maria Todorova, who was raised in the Balkans, is in a unique position to bring both scholarship and sympathy to her subject, and in a new afterword she reflects on recent developments in the study of the Balkans and political developments on the ground since the publication of Imagining the Balkans. The afterword explores the controversy over Todorova’s coining of the term Balkanism. With this work, Todorova offers a timely, updated, accessible study of how an innocent geographic appellation was transformed into one of the most powerful and widespread pejorative designations in modern history.
Debī Chaudhurānī
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

This is the second in a trilogy of works by the famed Bengali novelist Bankimcandra Chatterji (1838-1894), and the second to be translated by Julius Lipner. The first, Anandamath, or The Sacred Brotherhood was published by OUP in 2005. Bankim Chatterji was perhaps the foremost novelist and intellectual mediating western ideas to India in the latter half of the 19th century. Debi Chaudhurani is a didactic work that champions a particular interpretation of Hindu dharma and wifely duties reflective of the late 19th-century Calcutta context in which it was written. But the story is also compelling. Written in a conversational style, it features surprising plot twists and ideas that are, even today, revolutionary in their daring. Most notably, Bankim makes a woman the embodiment of Lord Krishna's salvific message, as originally enunciated in the Bhagavad Gita. The protagonist, Debi, is a complex figure who is a rejected wife, becomes a bandit queen, represents a goddess figure, and symbolizes the land of India. There is a creative tension between her strength as a leader and her correct role, from the perspective of the author, as a domestic wife. Bankim also focuses on caste and what it means to be a genuine Brahmin, who is transformed by the author into a man who executes responsibilities instead of demanding privileges. Within the context of the teachings of the Gita, the author shares his vision of social activism to improve India. Lipner's idiomatic translation is enhanced by his detailed commentary on the original Bengali text and by a readable introduction that sets the novel and its ideas in context.
Introduction
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra
Published: November 2023

Bankim Chatterji (1838–94) began Debī Chaudhurānī as a serial in the December 1882 issue (Bengali Era (B.E.): Paus. 1289) of the monthly journal, Bangadarśan, which he had created ten years earlier.1 Ostensibly, it is a tale set in the last quarter of the eighteenth century in the district of Rangpur situated in the northern sector of the greater Bengal of the day. A young, beautiful Brahmin woman—all of Bankim’s leading young women are beautiful—Prafulla by name, has been married off to the son of a rich landlord. The latter has refused to take her in as the result of a misunderstanding that is not her fault. He is a bigoted man who accuses his daughter-in-law of having lost caste. Consequently, she has no recourse but to live with her widowed mother in dire poverty. Before long, news reaches her in-laws that she has died. Prafulla, however, is very much alive: she had been abducted, but has escaped.
The Mathematics Of Sex
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M
Published: November 2023

Even though women consistently receive better grades in math and science, men excel on math aptitude tests and are greatly overrepresented in the so-called hard sciences. The Mathematics of Sex explores why males are overrepresented in mathematically intensive professions such as physics, computer science, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Bringing together for the first time important research from such diverse fields as endocrinology, economics, sociology, education, genetics, and psychology, the authors show that two factors--the parenting choices women (but not men) have to make, and the tendency of bright women to choose people-oriented fields like medicine--largely account for the under-representation of women in the hard sciences. Further, research shows that biology itself--differences in hormones or brain organization--does not fully account for the problem. Compressing an enormous amount of information--over 400 studies--into a readable, engaging account suitable for parents, educators, and policymakers, this book advances the debate about women in science unlike any other book before it.
Milton
Authors: Newlyn Lucy
Published: November 2023

In writing Milton, Blake undertook a task that extended far beyond the struggle for individual creative identity with a strong precursor or a sacred text. In addition to offering, as Joseph Wittreich has argued, an answer to ’all those biographers, critics, and editors who falsified both Milton and his poetry, blocking from view the spiritual form of the poet’,Blake’s prophecy is also an attempt to undo mistaken notions of divinity, of politics, of sexuality, and of imagination which can be seen, if not to have their origin in Paradise Lost, then at least to be underwntten by some of Its theological implications. Indeed, these two aspects of the poem are closely interconnected: acknowledging the powerful cultural symbol which Milton has become, Blake holds the reception of Paradise Lost, as much as 1ts author, responsible for ideas which, in his view, maintain a stranglehold on the dominant ideology of his day, and urgently need to be reconsidered.
Through a Glass Darkly: Sophocles and the Divine
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: November 2023

Struggle against it though one may, it is hard in the end to talk about Sophocles without talking about his gods. In none of the surviving plays do the first twenty lines pass without a god or a religious practice being mentioned; in one a goddess makes the opening speech. Yet, saturated with the divine though the plays are, the Sophoclean gods remain distant and elusive. What follows will be an attempt to approach these familiar issues by a side path. The initial question will not be about the conceptions of the gods that may emerge from the plays but about the ways in which they emerge.
Sophocles at Rome
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: November 2023

When an artist from another age whom we admire has been admired by others before us, it is easy to suppose that their grounds of admiration were the same as ours; even when this is not so the fact may be overlooked, as when we complacently record Aristotle’s admiration for the Oedipus Tyrannus without observing that the play is treated on the footing of a detective story, or that his second favourite play is the Iphigenia in Tauris, considered as a thriller and never reconciled with the Philosopher’s own definition of the tragic. The Victorians, whose thoughts and feelings still govern us by default in the absence of conscious rejection, admired Shakespeare as a creator of rounded and individual characters; the classically minded Dr Johnson subordinated his appreciation of the characters as persons to his understanding of their dramatic function and the general insights they afford into human types and natures.
The Appendix Barberino- Vaticana
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

The cumbersomely entitled Appendix Barberino-Vaticana (here-after ABV) consists of fifty-four epigrams transmitted in three manuscripts: Vat. gr. 240 (hereafter V) written c.1560; Vat. Barb. gr. 123 (hereafter M), copied for Janus Lascaris, the first editor of the Planudean Anthology (1494), between 1504 and 1509, though the pages that carry ABV were not (as formerly believed) written in his own hand; and Par. Suppl. gr. 1199 (hereafter K), written on paper datable between 1480 and 1500, an important new witness first published in 1978 by E. Mioni and—independently— R. Aubreton.
Plotting Time
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

‘Listen to me, Trojans and Dardanians and allies. Today I thought that I would return to windy Ilios with the ships and all the Achaians destroyed—but before that darkness came, and it is that above all which has now saved the Argives and their ships on the shore. Well, for the present we should give way to dark night and prepare our supper. Unyoke your lovely-maned horses from your chariots and throw fodder by them.
T. C. W. Stinton
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

T. C. W. Stinton was a highly respected classical scholar who died in 1985. He was a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, for over thirty years and devoted his life to teaching, inspiring his pupils with his own passionate love for the classics. As well as generously encouraging the work and publications of others, he also spent much time himself in researching and writing, concentrating mainly on Greek tragedy. This volume presents twenty-six of Tom Stinton’s essays and reviews, mainly on Greek tragedy, covering his work from 1960 until his death in 1985. The papers include `Euripides and the Judgement of Paris’, ‘The Scope and Limits of Allusion in Greek Tragedy’, ‘The Apotheosis of Heracles from the Pyre’, and ‘Greek Tragic Texts and the Limits of Conservatism’. Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones, formerly Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford, has written a foreword especially for this collection.
Review
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Despite his title, G. Meautis devotes only two pages to the question of authenticity. Schmid’s view is rejected on the ground (1) that the Prometheus Lyomenos is by Aeschylus, therefore the Prometheus Desmotes must be (a strong but not conclusive argument); (2) that we have only 7 out of 80 plays written over 25 years, so that we cannot assess the differences oflanguage, style, form, and content from A.’s other plays. This might be a reasonable conclusion, but it is surprising to find a rejection of all such arguments at the start (it does not prevent
Communication
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

It is not easy to see what kind of reader Mr Green is addressing in his recent article on ‘The First Sicilian Slave War’ (Past and Present, xx (Nov. 1961), 10-29). The detailed presentation and voluminous notes suggest the specialist. But as his main conclusion-that the war ‘was not an Urkommunist revolution against slavery, or, indeed, any kind of socialist or left-wing economic revolt’ (p. 24) but was sparked off by the nationalist ardour of Syrians and Cilicians, and maintained by the religious fervour of the mystery cults with which it became associated-is already familiar to specialists, we must assume that it is directed to the general reader. It might, therefore, be worthwhile to mention a few points on which the general reader could be misled.
‘Si Credere Dignum Est’: Some Expressions of Disbelief in Euripides and Others
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

In this paper I shall review some common expressions of scepticism or disbelief, as they are used in Greek literature. I shall argue that these are frequently not at all what they purport to be, and express not disbelief but some quite different attitude. I shall then try to show how this applies to some apparent expressions of scepticism about myth or religion in Euripides.
The Riddle at Colonus
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

The riddle with its solution is a familiar pattern in early Greek poetry.1 Often enough it consists simply in a more or less complex periphrasis followed by the standard term explaining it, usually in apposition. A particularly elaborate and self-conscious example of this pattern occurs in the second stasimon of Aeschylus’ Septem (720-3), where the first strophe and antistrophe each open with a riddle. The riddle is first stated in general terms, then each clue is added in a separate colon until the answer is given at the end of the fourth line: in the strophe, the Erinys, in the antistrophe, Iron; the word aioaeoc; corresponding exactly in position and shape to ‘Eeivvv.
Greek Tragic Texts and the Limits of Conservatism
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Some conjectures I made some years ago have recently been criticized by Professor G. Giangrande on the ground that I have needlessly altered a sound text through failing to understand it. I do not think his criticisms are justified, and reply to them in order.
The Gods in Epic
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

The role of the gods in the classical world's epic tradition has been the subject of controversy since ancient times, and many modern readers continue to find their presence a source of frustration. Although the problem of the gods in some individual works has been intensely discussed, this is the first study to be devoted to the classical literary tradition as a whole, together with the apparatus of critical scholarship which was part of that tradition. The work of the ancient critics provides some access to the interpretative conventions of the original reading community, while their theories of fiction and genre also shed light on the problems of the truth-value of epic fiction and the kind of belief that poetry generates. Their work is only a preliminary guide, however, and the major portion of this study is devoted to the poets themselves and to the themes particularly associated with them: discussion of fiction is located with Apollonius, allegory with Statius, anthropomorphism with Ovid, and so on. The survey seeks to restore a sense of the power of this unique form of fiction.
Apollonius’ Argonautica
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

Even if he had never written a line of poetry, Apollonius’ name would still be known to us, for he was one of the leading scholars of his day, and headed the library at Alexandria for some dozen years (probably from around 260 to 247 BCE). He published re searches on Homer, Hesiod, Archilochus, and Antimachus, and modern studies have documented the way in which his learning became part of the fabric of his great epic, the Argonautica. If he was very much in the mainstream of scholarship, he was also a brilliant reader by any standard, as every page of his poem shows. It is exceedingly frustrating that we are effectively shut out from reading much of what was important to him, for only fragments survive from the epics composed between the Homeric era and the time of Apollonius. The loss of Antimachus is especially to be regretted; here was an innovative artist who was famous for his learning, spoken of as the ‘editor’ of a text of Homer, and a poet whom Apollonius treated as the object of scholarly study.
Agamemnon’s Role in the Iliad
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

We have a good idea of what a succinct characterization of Agamemnon in the Iliad should look like: phrases such as ‘physically courageous, morally weak’ or more fully ‘A good fighter, he is arrogant and brusque when confident of success ... easily deceived and prone to misunderstand . . . combines the self confident and defeatist sides ... ‘.1 For myself! like ‘cloaked in unscrupulousness’ or ‘wrapped in lack of moral sense’, which is of course what Achilles calls him at 1.
Childhood and Personality in Greek Biography
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

Everybody notices when a great man dies; it is more difficult to notice when one is born, or when one is growing up. It is not surprising that ancient biographers often faced a dearth of reliable material on their subject’s childhood and youth; and, for writers of a certain sort of biography, the temptation to fill this gap with the telling, fictional anecdote was difficult to resist. This is clear in biographies of literary figures: Similar tales were told about Plato, Homer, Hesiod, Lucan, Ambrose, and others. Or stories could be less supernatural: stories, for instance, of Homer’s travels as a young man to Ithaca, or of his studying poetry with a schoolteacher named Phemius; or of Sophocles’ magnificent appearance in the chorus celebrating the victory of Salamis.
The Galatians in the Hellenistic World
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In 280 BC1 a mass of migrating Celtic peoples invaded Macedonia. By arrangement between the leaders, one group led by Kerethrios made for the Thracians and the Triballi in the east; a second under Brennos and Akichorios invaded Paeonia; and a third under Bolgios picked the Macedonians and Illyrians, attacking and indeed killing Ptolemy, called Keraunos, who had recently acquired the kingship of Macedon.2 This was not the first direct contact between Celts and the Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean; Celtic mercenaries had been seen in Greece in 369/8 BC when they were sent by Dionysius I of Syracuse to help his Spartan allies in the Peloponnese;3 and Illyrian Celts had sent embassies to Alexander the Great, on the banks of the Danube and even at Babylon on the Euphrates.
Ethnography and Settlement of the Anatolian Celts
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

The history of the Gauls for a century and a half after the invasion of Asia Minor is not an inspiring one, nor does it contribute a major topic to Hellenistic history. ‘Commandés souvent clans leur propre langue, par des officiers qui soot des leurs, munis de leurs armes traditionelles, ii ne semble pas que ces hommes quitraversaient en tout sens les pays grecs qu’ils pillaient aient apporté grande chose é la civilisation hellénitique.’
Crisis and Continuity in the Third Century
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In AD 242 the doors of the temple of Janus at Rome were thrown open, more  veterum, to announce the declaration of war. The emperor Gordian III set forth in a solemn profectio to lead an army through the Balkans and Asia Minor to Syria and Mesopotamia against the Sassanian king Shapur I. The triumphs of that campaign at Carrhae, Nisibis, and Singara were celebrated with particular fervour in Asia Minor. At Ephesus Gordian and his empress Tranquillina were honoured by inscriptions which claimed that they had restored and enhanced the ancient peaceful lifestyle throughout their whole empire.
Simple Gemination (Nominal Forms)
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Latin poetry provides fewer contexts for invocation or formal address than Greek, but even so the geminated oath is eschewed in the loftier genres. Rather we find it in Pl. Am.791 Iuppiter pro Iuppiter and Persius 2.22-3 ‘pro Iuppiter, o bone,’ clamet I ‘Iuppiterl’ at sese non clamet Iuppiter ipse?, where the satirist mocks the pious devotee of the gods.
Simple Gemination (Verbs and Adverbs)
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Like geminated vocatives, geminated imperatives are a common feature of language; and the gemination usually reflects an intensity described as expressive. The poetry of Greece provides many examples and not a few are found in Latin. But again the Latin examples indicate that adjacent repetition was common only in the performance genres (comedy, tragedy, and oratory), most closely simulating the contexts of direct speech.
Expanded Gemination (Verbs, Phrases, and Pairs)
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

A Geminated noun or noun phrase is expanded through a defining adjective, an appositive, or relative clause. In a parallel fashion, a verb is expanded by an adverb, by a further characterization of the subject, or most commonly by a subsequent verbal clause: In the first pattern, the repetition allows the poet to add cautus and felix, but more fundmentally the repeated imperative propels the speaker into another imperative (nosterque redi). This first structure is shared by other imperatives: The second, and less common, pattern employs adverbial correction (for nouns, cf. Ch. 2.3).
Modification
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Modification, the repetition of a word-stem in a new clause in a different form, can operate with any class of word. Not only can a noun be resumed in a different case (festa parat Conso. Consus tibi cetera dicet, Ov. Fasti 3.199) or a verb appear in a new inflection (sed cum Troia subit, subeunt uentique fretumque, Ov. Her 13.123), but a nominal stem can be resumed by a related adjective (Iuppiter est iuuenis: iuuenalis aspice uultus, Ov. Fasti 3.437), and more generally a word can be resumed under any nominal or verbal stem of the same root, for example: That is to say, modification is the interclausal analogue of intraclausal polyptoton.
Climax
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Finding climax fairly obvious (apertior) and artificial (magis adfectata), Quintilian advised that it be employed sparingly, and so it was in prose. Roman poets seem to have agreed. Although a few dozen examples can be quoted, one sees more occasions where the figure has been avoided. Despite the handbook examples, what poetic examples there are usually involve only one overlapping name or word.
Parentheses and Asides
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Tms is not the place for a comprehensive study of the form and function of parentheses, nor even of all those which use word-repetition.1 I shall simply outline some of the issues, with a focus on those passages which use parenthetical repetition in an allusive way which identifies it as a figure. Native to the colloquial registers, parenthesis is frequent in Roman comedy and the letters of Cicero, with occasional examples which repeat preceding material, e.g. Ter. Eun.
Responses, Echoes, and Similes
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

SPEAKERS in literary dialogue frequently repeat words of their interlocutors.1 The wide range of discourse pragmatics is easily exemplified by repetitions in Roman comedy: But repetition is most common and almost mechanical in agonistic settings which imitate or even parody the structure of the preceding speaker (cf. Cic. Planc. 31-3, Phil. 2.28-30): Framed dialogues within Latin poetry, however, generally lack the sticho- mythic characteristics of dramatic dialogue—short segments, interruptions, and agonistic quotations.
Multiple Anaphora in the Same Line
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

THE sole Latin instance of quintuple anaphora in a single line comes from Silius at the finale of the battle of Cannae: Sil. 10.303-5 sed uicere uirum coeuntibus undique telis et Nomas et Garamas et Celta et Maurus et Astur. hie finis Paulo. The repeated massing expands 1. 304 to its limit, as a prelude to the unitary brevity of the passage’s summation: hie finis Paulo.
Variation of Repetends
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

REPETENDS are never poetically the same. Even when identical in form and meaning, they occupy different spaces in the linear work, have different acoustic neighbours, and are met by the reader with different expectations. Still, in certain periods, the art of Latin poetry is the art of variation and that art of variation deserves some specific attention. The divisions of this book which are concerned with polyptoton and modification deal explicitly with morphological variation, but other poetic vehicles are also available to distinguish repetends: variation in prosody and variation in meaning.
Everyday Life
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

The subjects discussed in this section are drawn from everyday human life, as opposed to mythology or allegory. They are treated with varying degrees of ‘realism’, according to their genre and date, and may be expected to relate to their patrons’ interests more closely than do many other scenes. In this they may be compared with the funerary altars commissioned mainly by freedmen in the first and second centuries AD which chose to commemorate families (and especially children) in terms of their own contemporary activities (Kleiner 1987a).
Season Sarcophagi
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

Season sarcophagi are some of the most varied in typology and richest in potential symbolism. Much, of course, has been written about them; in particular, Hanfmann (1951) and Kranz’s recent volume inASR V. iv. are devoted solely to the subject, while studies such as Cumont (1942) and Turcan (1966a) include important comment and critique.
The Child in a pre-Adult World
Authors: Huskinson Janet
Published: November 2023

This section looks at representations of children on these sarcophagi which show them existing and acting as children in a pre-adult world: portraits, scenes of recreation, and the biographical cycle of their ‘life-events’. My principal aim is to relate them to attitudes to the living child in Roman society. As funerary memorials to dead children they served to provideimagines of individuals as they were in childhood and to commemorate in various ways the activities and achievements of their short lives.
Further Voices in Vergil Aeneid
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

The Aeneid can strike one as a relatively conventional epic. It may seem an objective heroic tale of Rome's beginnings, unshocking in tone and substance, indeed (and more particularly) patriotic and inspiring. Vergil designed it so that it might read in this way. This is one `voice` that he wished us to hear. We may call it the epic voice. But there are `further voices`. Imagery and other stylistic devices are exploited to insinuate ramifying meanings and messages for those prepared to listen, and these may be disturbing, even shocking, as they add to, comment upon, question and occasionally subvert the implications of the epic voice. This book examines and illustrates Vergil's method of intruding such further voices. In doing so it illuminates with unusual clarity the manner and content of Vergil's communications; it is as if one is taken inside Vergil's workshop, indeed inside his mind.
Review of Mellert-Hoffmann, Untersuchungen zur ‘lphigenie in Au/is’ des Euripides
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

This book is divided into two parts: ‘Die Bedeutung des Krieges in der I.A.’, and ‘Der Prolog der I.A.’. The first part is devoted to the refutation of an article by H. Funke, Hermes 92 (1964) 284-99, who argued that Agamemnon, in his speech to his wife and daughter at 1259ff., by representing the expedition to Troy as of national importance, a deterrent against future barbarian thefts of Greek wives, pursues a line of argument so inconsistent with what has gone before that he must be construed as engineering the deception of a politically naive maiden; and that Iphigenia, when she dies with patriotic sentiments on her lips, is to be interpreted not as a martyr to the cause of Greek womanhood but as the victim of a shabby political trick.
Hecuba
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The textual tradition of Hecuba has been surveyed fully by K. Matthiessen. In this paper I cite manuscript readings from the collations of his own which Dr Matthiessen, with very great generosity, has allowed me to use.
Review of West, Greek Metre
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

My most serious disagreements relate to the section on Drama. With the general principles which inform W.’s analyses I have no quarrel. What troubles me is the tolerance of anomalies which others will believe ought not to be tolerated. A generous amount of space is devoted to passages which attest some rare or unexampled phenomenon or break the normal rules, and I could sometimes have wished for less generosity and more scepticism. I shall begin by attempting to justify this stricture. Then I shall offer scattered remarks on other matters of detail.
The Importance of the Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

To produce an Inventory of Greek poleis makes sense only if the polis was an essential element of Hellenic civilisation both as an institution and as a concept. That is usually taken for granted, but ought instead to be substantiated. Was the polis really the political unit par excellence? Did it matter to the ancient Greeks if they lived in a polis rather than in some other form of community? Was it something in which they took pride? As an introduction to this work we can adduce a number of observations in support of the orthodoxy.
The Number of Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

This Inventory comprises 1,035 communities, each certainly or probably or possibly a polis in the Archaic and/or Classical periods. But not all were poleis at the same time. Some early poleis had disappeared for good already in the Archaic period, e.g. Arisba on Lesbos (no. 768) swallowed up by Methymna, presumably in C6, or Megara Hyblaia in Sicily (no. 36), destroyed by Gelon in 484. Other poleis were founded in the course of the period covered by our investigation, e.g.
Territory and Size of Territory
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

According tothe Greekconception, most clearly formulated by Aristotle, a polis was “a community (koinonia) of citizens (politai) with regard to the constitution (politeia)”. It is at once apparent that Aristotle picks up only two of the three elements that comprise the modern juristic idea of a state (CPCActs 5: 36–40), the people and the constitution; the territory is left out altogether, and that is not by chance. For Aristotle asserts that no one is a citizen by mere domicile in a particular place (Pol. 1275a7), and that a common space to live in is not the essential aspect of a polis (Pol. 1280b30). Thus, Aristotle hits upon one important difference between the polis and the modern state.
Proxenoi as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

A proxenos is commonly defined as “one city’s o¶cial friend in another city”. Proxenia is indeed an institution inextricably connected with the polis (see Index 14), but it is neither co-extensive with the polis nor as old as the polis. The earliest epigraphical attestations of proxenoi date from, probably, C6f and the earliest reference sin literary sources are found in Pindar. Apart from a few possible harbingers, the proxenia grew up in C6s, and in C5m it was a well-established institution (Wallace (1970) 189–94).
Stasis as an Essential Aspect of the Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

In Hellas in the Archaic and Classical periods “belonging” in a political context meant, first of all, to belong to one’s polis. Like the modern state, the polis provided its citizens with a feeling of common identity, based on traditions, culture, ceremonies, symbols and sometimes (presumed) common descent. For a Greek citizen the polis was his fatherland (patris) for which he was expected, if necessary, to die, just as the modern state expects “every man to do his duty” (supra 49).
The Polis as a Religious Organisation
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Since Fustel de Coulanges ((1864) 280–81 and passim) it has commonly been claimed that religion was the dominant aspect of community life: (1) “the polis provided the central framework in which Greek religion operated”; (2) “in the world of the Greek cities the opposition between the sacred and the profane—which we assume to be fundamental in the area of religion—was either blurred or utterly irrelevant”. Thus, (3) “religion provided the framework and the symbolic focus of the polis. Religion was the very centre of the Greek polis.”In our opinion, this holistic view of the polis is skewed, and it is particularly the second and third propositions we find misleading.
Coins as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

In the Hellenic world in the Archaic and Classical periods most coins were struck by poleis (see Index 26). How do we know? (a) In the written sources there are general statements that striking coins was one of the tasks incumbent on a polis (Pl. Resp. 371B; Arist. Mag. mor. 1194a18–25). (b) From other sources we obtain information about mints of individual communities explicitly attested as poleis (Dem. 24.212–14, Athens; IG xii.2 1 (C5s), Mytilene and Phokaia; Syll.3 218.14– 15 (C4f), Olbia).
Spain And France (Including Corsica)
Authors: Domínguez Adolfo j.
Published: November 2023

The region under consideration here is made up of at least three different areas, partially recognised as such in antiquity: Iberia, Southern Gaul and the island of Corsica. The only common elements characterising these different areas are colonisation by Phokaia (no. 859) and the fact that both Iberia and southern Gaul were, at least to some extent, within the area dominated commercially and possibly politically by Massalia (no. 3). Moreover, these areas mark the western-most limit of the Greek presence in the Mediterranean.¹
Lakedaimon
Authors: Shipley Graham
Published: November 2023

The polis of Sparte (no. 345) (in the local Doric dialect Sparta) was also called Lakedaimon. Its citizens, the Spartiatai (Spartans, Spartiates) were the dominant class in a larger state whose members were the Lakedaimonioi. Thus all Spartans were Lakedaimonians, but most Lakedaimonians were not Spartans. All Lakedaimonians were free and were citizens of poleis; but the other poleis were dependent upon Sparta, and their citizens were known as the perioikoi, “dwellers around” (sc. around Sparta).
Thrace From Nestos To Hebros
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa
Published: November 2023

East of the lower Nestos and its delta, along the Aegean coast, extend vast alluvial expanses. They are barred to the north by the formidable heights of the Rhodope Mts. and bordered to the east by Mts. Ismaros and Zonaia. This fertile plain is richly watered and often flooded by the Nestos (Strabo 7 fr. 44; cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 1.3.5) and by numerous lesser rivers.
Propontic Thrace
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa , Laitar Adam
Published: November 2023

The European coast of the Propontis was settled by Megarians (no. 225) and Samians (no. 864). By 480 four colonies are recorded: viz. from east to west, Megarian Byzantion (no. 674) and Selymbria (no. 679), and Samian Perinthos (no. 678) and Bisanthe (no. 673), along with two probably smaller and presumably dependent settlements, Tyrodiza (no. 681) and Heraion [Teichos] (no. 676) (Loukopoulou (1989) 51–57).