bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Mef (E) and Erm (B) Genes in Throat Samples of Children Infected with Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: BALKAN BOZLAK Çiğdem Eda , BEKİS BOZKURT Hayrunnisa , ÖZİÇ Cem , YILMAZ Ahmet
Published: October 2021

Aim: Antibiotic resistance studies about the Streptococcus have a great importance for the treatment of especially child throat infections in terms of public health and rational antibiotic use. For this purpose, we aimed to identify the macrolide resistance genes mef(E) and erm(B).
Material and Method: The throat culture samples taken from 51 children presenting to the hospital with the complaint of sore throat were evaluated in the laboratory, and S. pyogenes was diagnosed using tests; gram staining, catalase, bacitracin and PYR. Susceptibility profile was determined with the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method and minimum inhibitor concentration(MICs) of erythromycin and clindamycin was determined by VITEK 2 System.
Results: S. pyogenes was possible macrolide resistance genes of mef(E) and erm(B) was determined by PCR. Macrolide resistance in S. pyogenes are determined in 51 pateients as follows; benzylpenicillin 0%, erytromycin 74.5%, clindamycin 31.4%. In patients with S. pyogenes, the genetic determinants of macrolide resistance mef(E) and erm(B) genes was investigated with the PCR method using primers specific to each gene. Total of 48% of the isolates (n=24) were positive for erm (B), 10% (n=5) for mef(E), in 42% (n=21) of the isolates both genes were detected.
Conclusion: The results of our study show that macrolid resistance genes were found in five of the patients evaluated. When the anamnesis of these patients was examined, it was determined that there were patients that frequently presented to the hospital with throat infections and experienced re-infection within a few weeks after receiving treatment.
Mujer y trabajo: transformaciones familiares tras su incorporación al escenario laboral
Authors: Cortés-Rodas Liliana , Ruiz-Turizo María José , Flórez-Marín Giovanny
Published: October 2021

Este artículo de revisión tuvo como objetivo identificar las transformaciones en las familias con el ingreso de la mujer al escenario laboral. Su metodología partió de la revisión documental sistemática de estudios realizados entre 1980 y 2018. Como resultado se ubicaron cuatro categorías: 1) Autonomía de la mujer y nacimiento de la doble jornada, 2) Te colaboro, pero no me toca: hombres por obligación y mujeres en la tradición, 3) Cambios tras las resistencias y 4) Surgimiento de nuevas paternidades en el hogar. Finalmente, se concluye que las transformaciones familiares con la incorporación de las mujeres al escenario laboral están relacionadas con nuevas configuraciones familiares democráticas e igualitarias, el liderazgo y autoridad compartida, donde se generan procesos de negociación más flexibles. Además, se hallaron cambios en el cuidado, evidenciando disconformidad masculina, pero donde los hombres empiezan a participar de las tareas del cuidado, adoptando la construcción de una paternidad afectiva.
Has South Africa committed in good faith to article 34 of the UN Refugee Convention, which calls for the naturalisation of refugees?
Authors: Khan Fatima
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that to be naturalised one must acquire the nationality of a political or national community, and that such a status is accompanied by various rights. It is also widely accepted that nationality can be acquired in various ways. Article 34 of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees provides that States must facilitate the naturalisation and assimilation of refugees and expedite these proceedings as far as possible. As South Africa has not filed any reservations to the UN Refugee Convention, it is bound to respect Article 34 of this treaty and thus not block the pathway to naturalisation. Failure to do so means that South Africa is violating its obligations under international law. There is a legal pathway to ending refugee status in South Africa; however, it is bound by a complicated process regulated by three different pieces of legislation , namely, the Refugees Act, the Immigration Act, and the Citizenship Act. It therefore appears that South Africa has not enacted this provision in good faith. This article provides an analysis of South Africa's domestication of Article 34 of the UN Refugee Convention. Moreover, it concludes that the current system is complicated and hinders refugees from accessing naturalisation, and therefore is not in the spirit of the UN Refugee Convention Key words: naturalisation, assimilation, local integration, permanent residence, refugeehood
Ex parte Somers (1927) 48 NPD 1: A story of racial exclusion in the South African legal profession
Authors: Lutchman Salona
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT The article critically examines the judgment in ex parte Somers (1927) 48 NPD 1 from both a legal and personal perspective. The judgment details the case of an Indian South African who requested the Court to grant his admission as a candidate attorney. The Court refused his application on the basis that he could not complete the set of courses required by the Supreme Court Rules, as his admission to Natal University College had been denied. Without detailing the reasons for the College's refusal, the Court reinforced the College's racial discriminatory policies. The article examines the judgment from two perspectives: courtrooms as a space of protest; and racial exclusion at law schools and the legal profession. Keywords: Racial discrimination, courtroom as a space of protest, law schools, legal profession
Who are "the people" in the German Constitution? A critique of, and contribution to, the debate about the right of foreigners to vote in multilevel democracies
Authors: Bäumler Jelena
Published: October 2021

Democracy means power to the people, but it is not always clear who belongs to "the people". The question has become pertinent in the age of migration where large groups of foreigners permanently reside outside their countries of nationality. The economic, cultural, and political integration of these foreigners is one of the pressing problems faced by democratic States in both the developed and developing worlds. One question is : whether resident non-citizens should be granted the right to vote. The answer to this question depends on who belongs to "the people". In federal and quasi-federal States with multiple levels of government the further question arises : whether "the people" is a homogenous concept that applies uniformly across all levels of government. This article contributes to the debate about the right of foreigners to vote in democratic States with multiple levels of government, such as, South Africa and Kenya. It does so by discussing the German response to the problems mentioned above. The dominant view of the German Federal Constitutional Court since the 1990s has been that "the people" only includes "German citizens" , and that attempts by lower levels of government to extend the right to vote to foreigners from Africa and elsewhere are unconstitutional. In this article I explore and critique this conventional view. I then present a positive case for the extension of voting rights to resident non-citizens under the German Constitution. Many of the arguments would apply with equal force to the debate about the right to vote of foreigners in African multi-level democracies, such as, South Africa and Kenya.
What happens on the beach stays on the beach: a speculative legal analysis of nudism in South African protected areas
Authors: Blackmore Andrew
Published: October 2021

The Hibiscus Coast Municipality assumed it had the authority to issue or amend bylaws to formalise an existing nudist friendly beach within the Mpenjati Nature Reserve. Following a complaint, the Public Protector concluded the same when she investigated the legality of the Municipality's actions. Two immediate questions arise. The first, whether the Municipality and the Public Protector were correct in their view that the Municipality has the authority over the beach irrespective of the presence of a protected area, and the second, whether nudism is a legal activity therein. Both the Municipality and the Public Protector overlooked the relevance of the nudist friendly beach being located within a protected area and the power of the management authority to determine the nature of the tourism that takes place therein. Nudism within a protected area appears not to be in conflict with the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1969 and hence may be a legitimate activity within such area. The National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 and the Regulations thereunder appear not to contain provisions that prohibit nudism or other niche nature based tourism activities. Provided that the activity conforms to the purpose of the Act and proteced area management plan and zonation and does not pose a significant physical risk to the integrity of the protected area, the conservation agency may be hard-pressed to refuse a request for a niche nature based tourism activity, such as nudism, to be included in the zonation - should one be received.
When do you call time on a compromise? South Africa's discourse on transformation and the future of transformative constitutionalism
Authors: Sibanda Sanele
Published: October 2021

The main thrust of this article is to advance a critique of South Africa's embrace of the grammar of transformation after the official demise of colonial-apartheid, in particular how this grammar has been deployed in a totalising fashion as it is held out to be definitive of the processes, measures and goals of change under the 1996 Constitution. In performing this critique, it is argued that transformation's ability to find wide and enduring resonance has had much to do with its emergence as a transitional site of compromise that allowed erstwhile political and ideological adversaries to navigate a complex social and political transition. A quarter of a century after the moment of transition, this article interrogates South Africa's continuing investment in this idea of transformation and addresses the implications of its continuing dominance in how South Africa constitutes itself and navigates self-understanding. In essence, the article argues that whilst the imperative of constitutional transformation may have formed around a common commitment to constitutional rights and values, its lived manifestation in what has emerged as the hegemonic discourse of transformative constitutionalism with its bias for adjudication driven social change has negated any pretensions it may have projected of being an emancipatory discourse directed at disrupting and undoing the multiple pernicious legacies colonial-apartheid.
South African municipalities in financial distress: what can be done?
Authors: Glasser Matthew D , Wright Johandri
Published: October 2021

South African municipalities have been faced with financial distress for some years. In some municipalities, financial distress has intensified to the extent that local government faces a "collapse". On the other hand, many municipalities have been in reasonably good financial shape, at least until the recent pandemic. The information National Treasury publishes can help to identify cases of real concern. The primary responsibility to address municipal financial problems lies with the municipality, but other parties also have a role to play. Financial problems have different causes and will differ in severity. Consequently, different tools are appropriate, depending on the cause, severity and aggrieved party. These tools include discretionary and mandatory financial recovery plans, debt relief and restructuring. Where a municipal financial crisis amounts to a disaster, further tools can come into play. We hope that this exploration of legal remedies will stimulate greater action to resolve financial problems in municipalities. This article addresses situations where a municipality is already faced with financial distress , and does not delve into measures aimed at preventing municipal financial distress.
Private regulation in the context of international sales contracts
Authors: Coetzee Juana
Published: October 2021

This article argues that modern international sales law has a hybrid character as it increasingly makes provision for interfaces between public and private, State and non-State, hard and soft , law. Although private forms of regulation are often associated with the lex mercatoria, this article shows that they rarely reflect or constitute mercantile custom or trade usage. However, they often address issues that State law does not. As a result, these forms of regulation have become an effective tool in supply chains, especially in the context of sustainable development. Whether private forms of regulation constitute law is a matter for debate, though. This article concludes that in the context of international sales, private forms of regulation mostly obtain their legitimacy through contract, which "hardens" them into law.
Promoting the quality of legal aid in South Africa through better coordination of service provision
Authors: Holness Dave
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT Socio-economicaIIy, South Africa is a grossIy unequaI country. For the indigent there is a cIear need for IegaI aid services to enabIe meaningfuI access to the IegaI system as a mechanism to promote greater sociaI justice. This articIe proposes mechanisms to meet two aims: to promote high-IeveI free IegaI service provision through much improved coordination between IegaI service providers; and to incuIcate a co-operative and integrated approach to IegaI aid services for satisfactory standards of IegaI aid provision. This research has a quaIitative focus in contrast to aImost aII research on IegaI aid in South Africa, which has concentrated on the expansion of IegaI aid services quantitativeIy- ie in terms of increasing the number of cIients being assisted. If legal aid service provision is not of an adequate standard, it puts into serious question the value of the service delivery. A high quality and co-ordinated legal aid network is well positioned to act as a conduit for the realisation of legal rights and entitlements for a better standard of living for all. This article proposes various means for a more cohesive legal aid system in South Africa as well as the advantages which such cohesion would inevitably have for both legal service providers and those whom they serve. Keywords: South Africa; legal aid; civil legal matters; holistic; co-ordination; social justice; quality work; qualitative.
Rusya Siyasetinde ve Toplumsal Hayatında Muhafazakârlık
Authors: HAMZAOĞLU Halit
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışma, XIX. yüzyıldan günümüze Rus muhafazakârlığının Rusya siyasetinde ve toplumsal hayatındaki konumunu incelemektedir. Rus muhafazakârlığının tarihsel gelişiminin, entelektüel arka planının ve güncel önerilerinin araştırılması, çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Rus muhafazakârlığının, Rus seçkinlerinin siyasi ve sosyal bakış açıları üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Rus muhafazakârlığının ortaya çıkış sürecinin, Batı Avrupa muhafazakârlığının gelişiminde etkili olan faktörlerle paralellik gösterdiğini, ancak kendine özgü dinamikleri de kapsadığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu çerçevede söz konusu dinamikler çalışmada ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmiştir. Başlangıçta kilise merkezli bir gelişim gösteren Rus muhafazakârlığı, daha sonraları seküler, devletçi ve modern anlamda milliyetçi öğeleri de ihtiva etmiştir. Çarlık Rusya’sının yerleşik siyasi düzenin önemli bir parçası olan muhafazakârlık, Bolşeviklerin iktidara gelmesiyle konumunu büyük ölçüde kaybetmiştir. Post-Sovyet Rusya’da, muhafazakârlar düşünsel koalisyonlar yoluyla liberaller ve milliyetçi akımlarla temas sağlamışlardır. Günümüz Rusya’sında, seküler ve devletçi muhafazakârlığın modern Rus toplumunda ciddi bir sosyal tabanının olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Muhafazakâr ideoloji, Yeltsin ve Putin dönemlerinde bu koalisyonlar aracılığıyla yerleşik Rus siyasetinde önemli bir konum kazanmıştır. Özellikle Putin döneminde muhafazakârlık, hem siyasi hem de toplumsal davranış biçimi olarak ana akım bir düşünce haline gelmiştir.
SOCIAL ISOLATION MEASURES CAUSE REDUCTION IN THE CONTAMINATION AND DEATHS BY COVID-19? THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARARAQUARA, SP, BRAZIL
Authors: Santos Francisco Bruno , Bueno Dutra Felipe , Carvalho-Batista Abner , Gordo Peres Francisco Fernanda , Sciacio Ghidini Milena , De Souza Cardoso Ricardo , Perussi Gabriel , Soraya de Almeida Lausanne , Santana da Silva José Mauro , Conceição Márquez Piña Rodrigues Fatima
Published: October 2021

A pandemia SARS-Cov-2 estabeleceu a necessidade de adoção de medidas restritivas para conter a disseminação do vírus. Em 2021, devido ao elevado número de casos de COVID-19 no município de Araraquara, Brasil, e após o esgotamento das vagas hospitalares em 2021, foi anunciado um bloqueio. Analisamos o efeito do distanciamento social dessa cidade, utilizando dados fornecidos pela prefeitura municipal ao longo de um período total de 90 dias. Usamos esses dados em uma tabela de vida, uma importante ferramenta que avalia o impacto de doenças na dinâmica populacional de uma espécie. Os resultados indicaram uma taxa básica de mortalidade de 0,0138 no período analisado e uma redução considerável no número de casos infectados e óbitos por COVID-19 após 24 dias de isolamento. Nossos resultados mostraram a eficácia do distanciamento social em conter a propagação da doença, com redução de 80% no número de óbitos, bem como a utilidade da tábua de vida como ferramenta útil para análise de dados.
AVALIAÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DE FLUORETOS NAS ÁGUAS DE ABASTECIMENTO PÚBLICO DO ESTADO DE SERGIPE
Authors: Soares Laís Lima , Amaral Regiane Cristina do
Published: October 2021

Um dos parâmetros avaliados na qualidade da água é a concentração de íons fluoretos, isto devido a influência das concentrações deste íon e a prevenção quanto a doença cárie dentária. Para garantir a máxima atividade terapêutica e preventiva da doença cárie e evitar a fluorose dental a concentração de fluoreto deve estar dentro dos limites preconizados em legislação (0,6-0,8ppmF). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concentração de fluoreto nas formas de abastecimento de água no período de 2014 a 2019. Trata-se de um estudo com dados secundários provenientes do SISAGUA para o Estado de Sergipe. Entre as formas de abastecimento encontradas no Estado tem-se o SAA (sistema de abastecimento de água) geralmente fornecido pela empresa DESO e o SAC (sistema de abastecimento coletivo), sendo o SAC o mais prevalente. Sobre a fluoretação há alguns municípios com pontos de fluoretação e outros sem o benefício. A concentração de fluoreto encontrado com teores considerados ótimos (0,6 a 0,8 ppmF) foi de 15 a 29% nos pontos analisados. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que ainda há falhas para a concretização efetiva do programa de fluoretação no estado de Sergipe, principalmente em relação a vigilância dos índices de fluoreto.
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LAZER DE CRIANÇAS BRASILEIRAS: ANÁLISE SOBRE O DIREITO AO LAZER
Authors: Ribeiro Sheylazarth presciliana , Coelho Luciano , Medina Aládia , Isayama Helder , Stoppa Edmur
Published: October 2021

Nesse artigo apresentamos análises do que crianças fazem como lazer, o que gostariam de fazer e não fazem como lazer, o que fazem como obrigação, bem como obstáculos para vivências do lazer. O estudo tem nível de confiança de 95%, com amostragem total de 2400 entrevistas, sendo 211 com crianças (7-10 anos) das cinco regiões brasileiras realizadas pela técnica de survey. No Brasil, o lazer se apresenta como direito social para as crianças fortalecendo a perspectiva internacional dos Direitos Humanos. As crianças brasileiras como obrigação apresentam a escola como resposta mais frequente seguida pelos afazeres domésticos. Quanto ao que fazem como lazer, os interesses físico-esportivos são atividades frequentes no fim de semana, e, durante a semana, apresentamos a necessidade de mais dados sobre infância e mídias de internet. Quanto às barreiras para viver o lazer, a falta de recurso financeiro e de tempo foram apontados como os grandes empecilhos.
Blood group genotyping in multi-transfused patients
Authors: Mineeva N V , Krobinets I I , Gavrovskaya S V , Bodrova N N , Sisoeva E A , Chechetkin A V , Bessmeltsev S S
Published: October 2021

Aim. To assess the possibility of using blood group genotyping in recipients who received transfusions for 3 months.
Methods. The study included blood samples from 95 patients who received 3 or more erythrocyte transfusions within 3 months. The patients had the following diagnoses: multiple myeloma (n=7), beta thalassemia (n=4), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (n=11), chronic myeloid leukemia (n=16), primary myelofibrosis (n=9), myelodysplastic syndrome (n=22), acute leukemia (n=21), aplastic anemia (n=5). Red blood cells phenotyping was performed in Diaclon Rh Subgroups+K Gel Cards. The Rh and Kell genotyping was performed by using RBC SSP-PCR kits FluoGene vERYfy (Inno-train Diagnostics, Germany). The standard RHD/RHCE alleles, as well as polymorphisms associated with KEL1/KEL2 [T698C (Met198Thr)] of the KEL gene were genotyped.
Results. The concordance rate between serological and molecular genetic typing of RhCE and Kell blood groups for donors was 100%, while the patients results were discordant in 45.3% of cases. Discrepancies in antigens of the Rh system were registered in 41 patients: one antigen of the Rh system in 30 patients, two in 9 patients. Ten patients who had been previously phenotyped as RhCc were genotyped as RHCE*CC. 2 patients who had been previously phenotyped as Rhee were genotyped as RHCE*EE. In 2 patients, antigens D and C were not detected in the phenotype but were identified in the genotype. Discrepancies in antigen K were recorded in 2 patients, and the antigen was absent in the phenotype but was present in the genotype. The genotyping results were confirmed by serological typing at subsequent hospitalizations.
Сonclusion. Blood group genotyping is a useful adjunct to traditional methods when serological typing is limited.
Clinical and immunological features of opisthorchiasis
Authors: Sabitov A U , Soldatov D A , Khamanova Yu B
Published: October 2021

Aim. To assess the clinical and immunological features in patients with chronic opisthorchiasis, depending on the duration of the infection.

Methods. The first group consisted of 19 patients with the duration of the infection up to 1 year, the second group consisted of 21 patients with the duration of the infection between 1 and 5 years, the third group was formed of 23 patients with the duration of the disease more than 5 years, the control group 20 healthy individuals. Immunological research was carried out at the Clinical Diagnostic Center. Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 6.0 software. The statistical significance of differences was determined by using the MannWhitney test (U-test) at the level of significance of p 0.05. The correlations were assessed by calculating Spearman's rank correlation coefficients.Results Clinical features of chronic opisthorchiasis were revealed in the disease duration groups of up to 1 year, from 1 year to 5 years, more than 5 years: the subclinical course was most common in the group of up to 1 year; cholangiohepatitis prevailed in the group of between 1 to 5 years, allergic skin syndrome, cholangiocholecystitis and pancreatitis dominated in the group of more than 5 years. The immune response in chronic opisthorchiasis was characterized by: up to 1 year lymphocytosis, increased levels of immunoglobulins M (IgM) and circulating immune complexes (CIC), a decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), as well as an increase in bactericidal activity of leukocytes (BAL); between 1 and 5 years monocytosis, increased levels of immunoglobulins M, immunoglobulins G and circulating immune complexes, a decrease in T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+) and nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT test), as well as an increase in NK cells and phagocytic activity of monocytes, more than 5 years eosinophilia.

Conclusion. Common features of rearrangement of the immune system in opisthorchiasis: inflammatory changes in the hemogram, activation of humoral immunity with parallel suppression of the cellular component of the immune system, and increased phagocytosis.
Lung lesions caused by COVID-19 in comparison with bacterial pneumonia and influenza pneumonia: pathomorphological features
Authors: Gainetdinov R R , Kurochkin S V
Published: October 2021

This review aimed to summarize the literature data regarding the pathomorphology of lung lesions in COVID-19 and compare it with lung lesions in bacterial pneumonia and pneumonia caused by influenza virus. The analysis of scientific literature containing studies of domestic and foreign authors of different years related to morphology and anatomical pathology of lung injury was carried out. Special attention was paid to the data devoted to COVID-19 obtained between 2019 and 2021. Based on the study, the main aspects of lung lesions were identified and grouped into blocks depending on the etiology of the process. The review collects and summarizes information on etiology, pathogenesis and stages of disease development, outcomes and morphological picture during the autopsy of patients with bacterial pneumonia, influenza pneumonia and COVID-19 pneumonia. The common features and differences in the course, outcomes and typical morphological findings, most characteristics for each of the diseases were presented in the table. There is a great similarity of morphological findings in influenza pneumonia and COVID-19 pneumonia despite the background of the difference in their epidemiology. Most Russian and foreign authors agree that a key factor in the pathogenesis of the development of COVID-19 is the presence of a specific receptor-mediated pathway of penetration into the cells of the respiratory epithelium. According to most authors, the main morphological difference that determines the severity and unfavorable outcome of COVID-19 is angiopathy and microthrombosis of the pulmonary capillary bed, which aggravate the typical picture of viral pneumonia.
On being decent. The meaning and axiology of the lexemes przyzwoity ‘decent’ and przyzwoitość ‘decency’ in the history of Polish
Authors: Raszewska-Żurek Beata
Published: October 2021

This study was inspired by the famous turn of phrase that came from the Polish statesman Władysław Bartoszewski: “It’s good to be decent” (Warto być przyzwoitym). It is frequently quoted in public discourse and invokes decency as a value that is construed intuitively and is difficult to define. The article presents a diachronic analysis of the lexemes przyzwoity ‘decent’ przyzwoitość ‘decency’, and przyzwoicie ‘decently’ since their oldest records until current usage. These lexemes appeared at the beginning of the Middle Polish period but their axiological load was low at that time. The evolution of their meanings – from axiologically neutral to positive – occurred late (in the second half of the 18th c.) and progressed quickly. Their neutral meanings, which were well-documented as late as in the 18th c., disappeared; the lexemes remained in current usage but as axiologically positive ones. Through an analysis of the early contexts an attempt is made to reconstruct of the original sense of decency and to discover its key sense in contemporary Polish.
Polish and Slavic dialectal culturemes: Outline of issues
Authors: Rak Maciej
Published: October 2021

This article surveys Polish publications on culturemes and discusses the research procedure for identifying them. The following units have been recognized as dialectal culturemes: robota ‘work’, ziymia ‘earth’, biyda ‘poverty’, głód ‘hunger’, śleboda ‘freedom’, honór ‘honour’, krzyz ‘cross’, Pán Bóg ‘God’, Pán Jezus ‘Lord Jesus’, Matka Boská ‘Mother of God’, ksiondz ‘priest; father’, pán ‘lord, master’, gorzáłka ‘vodka’, and chlyb ‘bread’. Polish culturemes include: Pan Bóg ‘God’, Pan Jezus ‘Lord Jesus’, Matka Boska ‘Mother of God’, krzyż ‘cross’, praca ‘work’, honor ‘honour’, bohaterstwo ‘heroism’, odwaga ‘courage’, prawość ‘righteousness’, wolność 'freedom', Polska ‘Poland’, Wisła ‘the Vistula river’, Częstochowa ‘the city of Częstochowa’, Kraków ‘the city of Cracow’, Warszawa ‘the city of Warsaw’, bieda ‘poverty’, chleb ‘bread’, and wódka ‘vodka’. Slavic culturemes are the least numerous: Pan Bóg, Pan Jezus, Matka Boska, krzyż, praca, wolność, honor, chleb, Słowianin ‘Slav’ and wódka.
Non-binary gender in Polish. A pilot study
Authors: Misiek Szymon
Published: October 2021

The article surveys the problem of non-binary gender in the context of linguistic experience of speakers of Polish. The first part deals with the notion of non-binary gender, the second part discusses its linguistic aspects, the third part presents the results of a questionnaire conducted among non-binary Polish speakers, the fourth part concludes the discussion and points to possible directions of further research.
European or Muslim? Chosen and rejected identity in All Lara’s Wars by Wojciech Jagielski
Authors: Akram Sara
Published: October 2021

Since the second half of twentieth century identity has become one of the central problems in humanities. It is perceived as something to be discovered or constructed. A person lives in a world of values, one of which is one’s individual and collective identity. The aim of this article is to present (from the linguistic perspective) self-identity as value in Wojciech Jagielski’s reportage All Lara’s Wars. The article presents Szamil’s search for and discovery of his own identity, connected with the choice of specific values. These values determine Szamil’s decisions, such as involvement in the Syrian war. His axiological space is thus determined by religion. Divergent axiological hierarchies of Szamil and his mother Lara lead to conflict between them, which is shown here through the opposition of life and death.
Older Slavic literature: An ethnolinguistic approach
Authors: Kretschmer Anna Genrihovna
Published: October 2021

The study presents an ethnolinguistic approach to the secular pre-standard literature of the so called Slavia Orthodoxa in its final period. In focus are the methodological aspects of the research. The approach proposed here is based on a philological model developed by the author. The model operates on the text level and includes linguistic and non-linguistic (textological and sociolinguistic) properties of text. It has now been extended to cover the ethnolinguistic factor and is applied to the 17th-18th c. East Slavic and Serbian corpus.
The concept of family in Hausa
Authors: Pawlak Nina
Published: October 2021

The paper attempts to define the notion of family in Hausa, an African language which is very distant, both geographically and culturally, from the European context. With reference to the universal features of the notion family, the culture-specific concept of family is discussed, focusing on traditional model of the Hausa family and relations between family members. The main features of the concept are identified through the analysis of the lexicon, phraseology, and structural features. The discussion includes some specific profiles of the concept of family in Hausa, manifested in religious discourse and in the language of popular culture.
Semantics and motivation of the concept of health in Russian dialects
Authors: Kozhinowa Alla
Published: October 2021

The article focuses on two motivational patterns involved in the axiological concept of health in Russian dialects. These are “health← firmness, strength, power>> and “health ← movement, location in a place>>. It is claimed that recurrent motivation patterns consolidate a large variety of expressions that convey the axiological concept health to a limited number of patterns. This becomes evident when not only word-formational motivation (the so-called “near>> motivation) but also the inner form of a word (the so-called “distant>> motivation) is considered. At the same time, popular consciousness within the boundaries of one pattern can reveal ambivalent views of reality.
Methodological basis of cognitive-anthropological semantics. The case of the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and their Neighbours (vols. 1-5, 2015-2019)
Authors: Grzegorczykowa Renata
Published: October 2021

The article consists of two parts. The first, methodological part presents the goal of cognitive-anthropological research in opposition to structural semantics and describes successive steps that lead to that goal. The second part contains commentary on the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and their Neighbours, especially volume 5, devoted to honour. The aim of semantic-structural research is to reconstruct the semantic-lexical system of a language (as code) serving interpersonal communication – in other words, it is to reconstruct the information that one may obtain through the use of the code. The aim of cognitive-anthropological semantics is to reconstruct the conceptualization of linguistically salient fragments of reality.
“Depressed Sufferings”: Reading Dalit Life-Writings as Testimonies of Collective Resistance
Authors: Sharma Paulomi
Published: October 2021

Dalit life-writings have often been identified as reified spaces of protest against the Brahmanic oppression continuing since centuries in the Indian society. Banished to a space of invisibility, both metaphorical as well as physical margins of the Social Imaginary, Dalits continue to push back boundaries by transforming the ‘marginal’ space into a space of ‘subaltern resistance’. My aim in this paper is to interrogate the methods of collective resistance in the life-writings of Dalit women authors and show how the peripheral spatial geography becomes the central site of resistance. Both Baby Kamble’s The Prisons we Broke (2008), and Bama’s Karukku (1992) belong to entirely different historical periods, and therefore, inevitably differ in their plot-narratives and manner of expression. However, they converge in their emphasis on how the Dalit segregated spaces in their village assume an important role in awakening their collective consciousness first – as members of a community, and second – as women.
Wolves in the City of Domesticated Women: The Queer Wild of Olivia Rosenthal
Authors: Szymonek Paulina
Published: October 2021

In 2009, in the city of Nantes, a pack of six wolves was released in a public park as part of Stéphane Thidet’s art installation. A book of short stories accompanied the event. One of the authors involved was Olivia Rosenthal, who then incorporated her story into the novel Que font les rennes après Noël? (2010), in which captive wolves are reintroduced to the city. In this post-natural environment, animals provide a semblance of the wilderness for residents, yet remain enclosed in an extended zoo designed by man – an act that domesticates both sides of the fence by separating humans from wolves. Rosenthal’s protagonist is one of such captives. Her life and the lives of animals are presented in parallel narratives. She grows up in a strictly controlled environment, and social standards are imposed on her. In a semi-autobiographical vein, Rosenthal explores issues of queer and gender marginalization as well as emancipation. At the same time, she seeks to dismantle the binary oppositions that place animals, women, and non-heteronormative persons on the other side of the fence. Relying on queer ecofeminist theory developed by Greta Gaard (1997) as well as trans-species urban theory formulated by Jennifer Wolch (1998), this paper argues that we should challenge the hierarchical approach to human and non-human life, as it silences differences and denies voice, rights, and agency to women, non-heteronormative persons, and animals. Tracing inspirations behind Olivia Rosenthal’s novel, this paper also contemplates the ethics of using live animals in Stéphane Thidet’s La Meute (2009) as well as Mircea Cantor’s Deeparture (2005) – two art installations that place captive wolves in an artificial environment.
The Magical and the Mundane in Graham Swift’s Here We Are
Authors: Kucała Bożena
Published: October 2021

This article places Graham Swift’s latest novel Here We Are (2020) in the context of his previous writing and argues that much of his fiction is underpinned by the characters’ desire to transcend the limitations of their ordinary lives and to seek solace or a temporary escape within the realm of illusion. The analysis aims to demonstrate that the opposition between the two realms is the central preoccupation in Here We Are. The wish to surmount the mundane is fulfilled quite literally through the protagonist’s dedication to the practice of magic. The meaning of magic as a craft is briefly discussed, especially its quasi-religious connotations. It is also suggested that magic may be a tentative, personal answer to the problem of the “disenchantment” of the world, as diagnosed by Max Weber a hundred years ago. In Swift’s novel, far from being only a set of professional skills, magic creates an illusory realm, alternative to and more appealing than daily life.
EFEITO DO INSETICIDA THIAMETOXAN SOBRE MUDAS DO CAFEEIRO
Authors: De Assis Welinton Blener Pereira , Júnior Kleso Silva Franco , Brigante Giselle Prado , Da Silva Tamara Machado , Dias Márcio de Souza , Ferreira Natália Scalco
Published: October 2021

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o crescimento de mudas do cafeeiro com utilização do inseticida Thiametoxan em diferentes dosagens em mudas de Coffea arábica L. Foram utilizadas duas formulações do inseticida Thiametoxan, o granulado dispersível (WG A), e o granulado (GR B), ambos diluídos em água sendo os tratamentos constituídos por doses: 0% (controle), 50%, 100% e 150% para ambas as versões do inseticida. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com três repetições. Após 180 dias, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: altura, comprimento da raiz e da parte aérea, a biomassa fresca e seca do sistema radicular e da parte aérea. O uso do Thiametoxan, em duas aplicações, influenciou no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, altura das plantas, comprimento e massa da parte aérea das mudas de café em comparação com controle não sendo observado o efeito de diferentes dosagens do Thiametoxan no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular.
Desarrollo Investigativo Sobre el Trabajo Infantil y sus Generalidades
Authors: Arrieta Naranjo Marianella , Cuevas Flórez María José
Published: October 2021

En el presente artículo, de manera amplia, clara y expresa se tocan las generalidades del trabajo infantil y todas sus características, acompañado de sus implicaciones y mencionando cuales son las obligaciones que tiene Colombia para con los menores de edad, todo gracias al análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial realizado.
Dignidad, Respeto E Igualdad Humana en Función a los Diálogos de Paz con Respecto al Derecho a la Paz
Authors: Medrano Pérez William Mark
Published: October 2021

En este trabajo, como tema principal tendremos el Derecho a la Paz, consagrado en el Artículo 22 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, este dice que “La paz es un derecho y un deber de obligatorio cumplimiento. (Gómez Sierra, 2017, págs. 51-52), y como acompañante del Derecho a la Paz, tenemos otros derechos fundamentales tales como la Dignidad, aplicado en el Artículo 1 de la Carta Política, “(…) Fundada en el respeto a la Dignidad Humana, (…)” (Gomez Sierra, Constitución Politica de Colombia, 2017, pág. 5), y la Igualdad Humana escrita en el Artículo 13 “El Estado promoverá las condiciones para que la igualdad sea real y efectiva y adoptará medidas en favor de grupos discriminados o marginados” (Gomez Sierra, Constitución Política de Colombia, 2017, pág. 28).
Protection of children's rights in the context of reproductive technology in the Russian Federation
Authors: Dovnar Alexey
Published: October 2021

As reproductive technologies improve, we observe a strong bias towards ensuring the reproductive rights of adults (regardless of gender) and an actual disregard for the rights of the most vulnerable population group - babies who have not yet been born but are in their perinatal development stage. The author states the Russian Federation's complete disregard of its international obligations to implement the Declaration on the Rights of the Child, identifies the problems associated with such disregard and proposes measures to normalize the situation in the focus of the research undertaken.
The problem of violations and abuses of the right of the employer when reducing the staff in the organization: through the prism of judicial practice
Authors: Fed'ko Elena
Published: October 2021

The research work is devoted to the issues of termination of an employment contract in connection with offenses and abuse of rights on the part of employers. The purpose of this work is to identify violations and abusing of rights for the part of employers in a law enforcement practice, as well as to amend the labor legislation in order to minimize illegal actions of employers to protect the rights of employees.
Protection of the rights of minors within the framework of school mediation services
Authors: Artsibasov Evgeny
Published: October 2021

The present work is devoted to mediation as an additional non-judicial method of alternative dispute resolution, exactly its sub-institute-school mediation, which is one of the components of the mechanism for protecting the rights of minors. The paper provides a definition of the term school mediation, defines its role in the educational organization, analyzes the need and feasibility of the widespread introduction of school mediation services.
Women in the social life of a medieval town (based on the material of London in the 14th–15th centuries)
Authors:   Saratov State University, Chernova Larisa N.
Published: October 2021

The article examines the place and role of women in the social life of London in the 14th–15th centuries based on the material of the original sources. It is shown that, despite the restrictions fixed by custom and laws on the social activity of women, the range of occupations of the townsmen –wives and widows – was unusually wide. It is craft and trade, including the right to take apprentices, real estate transactions, and financial deals. Women did not just help men in the craft or trade shops, but also worked independently. The status of women, especially married women, who chose to participate in trade or in town production as their main occupation, was never fully developed. A significant degradation in the position of women in the public sphere in London occurred in the 16th century. The author concludes that, despite all the difficulties, a new type of woman was gradually developed in the city – energetic, enterprising, educated, who acts in society as an independent head of the family and business.
A new study on the history of the Russian peasantry during the Civil War
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Kabytov Petr S. , Kabytova Nadezhda N. ,   Samara National Research University
Published: October 2021

The review presents an analysis of V. V. Kondrashin’s textbook, which, on the basis of a large complex of archival and published documentary materials and scientific literature, recreated a panorama of the relationship of the Russian peasantry with the opposing power structures that appeared and functioned in Russia during the Great Russian Revolution – the Bolshevik government and its political opponents that arose during the Civil War, white and other regimes. It is noted that the author paid special attention to the conceptual views of Soviet, Russian and foreign historians, which made it possible to gain new knowledge about the practices of the behavior of peasants in various regions of Russia during social conflicts – uprisings and other protest actions and to trace their attitude to the agrarian policy of the Soviet government, as well as the governments and leaders of the white movement. Factors that influenced the choice of the Russian peasantry were identified – support for the Soviet government, which ensured its victory during the Civil War.
Relative Frequency of OCD in People with Malocclusion Class I Requiring Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Keshvarifard Faezeh , Rafiei Mehdi , Sadeghian Susan , Farhadi Hadi , Shirani Nafiseh
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The Malocclusion or misalignment of teeth affects not only oral function but also facial esthetics and the psychological well-being of patients. In addition, obsessive-compulsive disorder is a psychological disorder associated with anxiety involving 2-2.5% of the population during their life. This study aimed to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients having class I malocclusion with crowding.
Materials & Methods: In this case-control trial, Using the Yale-Brown questionnaire, female patients with 18-22 years old of ages having class I crowding malocclusion and referring to orthodontic department of Azad Dental school enrolled in the trial as the case group (n = 60). The participants with similar malocclusion without reference for orthodontic treatments followed up as the control group (n = 60). The obtained data by Yale-Brown questionnaire classified the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the participants into four groups of mild, fairly mild, moderate and severe levels. The results of the two groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test (p value < 0.05).
Results: In malocclusion patients referring for orthodontic treatments, 19 (31.7%) had mild OCD; 7 (11.7%) had fairly mild OCD; 23 (38.3%) had moderate OCD and 11 (18.3%) showed severe OCD. These values were 28 (46.7%); 12 (20.0%); 15 (25.0%) and 5 (8.3%) for malocclusion patients not referring for orthodontic patients respectively. No significant differences were found among 2 groups regarding severity of OCD (p value = 0.07).
Conclusion: In terms of the severity of OCD, there were no significant variations between malocclusion patients with and without referring for orthodontic treatments.
The Promotion of Physical Activity and Health-Related Factors during Pandemic for Children and Adolescents: A Review Article
Authors: Jee Haemi
Published: October 2021

Background: Regularly performed physical activity promote proper development and prevent health risk factors in children and adolescents. Pandemic crisis has been limiting the scope of movement with social distancing for participation of physical activity for health promotion. This study aimed to review studies on promoting physical activity to prevent health risks for children and adolescents since the onset of COVID-19.  
Methods: Three major online databases (PubMed, Medline, and Scopus) were searched for ‘physical activity,’ ‘intervention’ for children and adolescents. Seven articles were selected from 1,761 articles through the inclusion and exclusion processes.
Results: All studies were conducted through online. One study showed that streaming services and online apps majorly promoted MVPA (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), MSE (muscle-strengthening exercise), or combined (MVPA, MSE) by 2.4, 3.1, and 4.3 folds, respectively. Another study showed that greater duration of physical activity (PA) prevented depressive symptoms during exposure to outbreak. Five intervention studies which used digital platforms to promote PA significantly encouraged PA along with the physiological, psychosocial, and academic achievement outcomes.
Conclusion: Internet-based digital platforms may assist to promote physical activity for improved psychosocial and academic achievement in children and adolescents during the untack period. Structured PA promotion platforms with various health outcomes for children and adolescents should be developed and scientifically evaluated.