bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violence Prevention in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Butun Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Violence is considered an important and priority public health problem that affects all healthcare professionals and has become an increasingly common and worrying phenomenon worldwide. Violence against healthcare staff is a significant global issue with serious consequences. Healthcare staff are five times more likely to experience workplace violence than other professions. Violence not only harms healthcare professional staff but also institutions, but also can harm institutions and patients. Violence prevention in healthcare settings is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of both healthcare staff and patients. Healthcare staff should have a safe work environment; therefore, healthcare providers should provide a safe work environment for healthcare staff. It is important to take the necessary measures to prevent violence in healthcare settings. Violence in healthcare settings needs to be addressed by appropriate stakeholders through continued research on effective interventions. Violence in healthcare settings presents significant challenges to the well-being of healthcare staff and the quality of patient care. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach that includes training programmes, environmental design considerations, policy enhancements, and community strategies for prevention. This chapter provides an overview of violence in the healthcare setting, its effects, and the importance of violence prevention. In addition, the causes of violence were examined in three dimensions: patient-related factors, staff-related factors, and environmental factors. Strategies for violence prevention were discussed and these include training and education programmes, security measures and physical design, effective communication and de-escalation techniques, and policy-based strategies.
Licensing Processes for Gene Therapy Products: Approved and Pending Clinical Trials in the World and Turkey
Authors: Silan Coskun , Gungor Buket
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy is a medical technology that aims to treat diseases by alteration, insertion or correction of genes. Gene therapy offers potential in treating many genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, blood cancers and neurological disorders. Preclinical processes include laboratory research, vector selection, gene editing studies and animal experiments. Clinical research phases consist of four phases: Phase I, safety and tolerability; Phase II, clinical efficacy and best dosages; Phase III, efficacy, safety and availability; Phase IV evaluates long-term effects and rare side effects.

Gene therapy products undergo rigorous clinical research and approval processes. Regulatory bodies make decisions about the safety and effectiveness of products. Approval of gene therapy products is subject to different regulations around the world. . These processes may differ in countries such as the USA, China, the European Union and Türkiye. As of 2023, 6590 clinical trials have been conducted in the field of gene therapy in Turkey, the majority of which are in Phase I and Phase I/II stages. The first approved gene therapy product was launched in 1998, and rapid advances have been made in this field in recent years. In this section, information and examples about clinical research on gene therapies are given. Information about the registration processes of gene therapy products and approved products was presented.
Gene Therapy Techniques;Physical and Chemical Methods
Authors: Akpolat Veysi
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy is a technique that changes a person’s genes to treat or cure disease. To insert new genes directly into cells, scientists use a tool called a “vector.” Vectors are genetically engineered to deliver the genes needed to treat the disease. Various approaches can be used to deliver DNA into the cell with different gene transfer techniques. It is divided into two categories: 1. Biological vectors 2. Physical and Chemical methods. With gene transfers, the chance of treatment for diseases caused by defective genes increases.
Gene Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Ozdabakoglu Osman , Akpolat Muhammed Erdem
Published: October 2024

Current methods are inadequate in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which reduce the quality of life and even threaten the lives of millions of people around the world. New and effective methods are constantly being sought for this. Correcting genetic changes or adding missing genes, especially in heart muscle cells, stands out as a potential method to improve heart functions. Gene therapy methods are also seen as a promising method in the treatment of these patients.
The Stomach
Authors: Ay Deniz
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides comprehensive information about the anatomical features, parts, neighborhoods, wall structure, cell types, arteries, veins, lymphatics, nerves and clinic of the stomach.

The stomach has two walls, two curvatures, two holes and four sections. Wall structure; ıt consists of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa layers. In your clinic; hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, congenital gastric outlet obstruction, gastric duplication cyst, gastric volvulus, hypertrophic gastropathy, functıonal dyspepıa, gastritis, acute gastritis, chronic gastritis, eosinophilic gastritis, lymphocytic gastritis, phlegmenous gastritis, granulomatous gastritis, menetrier’s disease, helicobacter pylorı, gastric ulcer, stress ulcer, curling ulcer, cushing ulcer, peptıc ulcer disease, stomach tumors, leiomyoma, adenocarcinomas, benign all examples: hyperplastic polyps, adenomatous polyps, inflammatory polyps, malign tumors, lymphoma, malign mesenchymal tumors and carcinoid tumors, dysplasia, zollinger ellison syndrome, volvulus, wilkie (sma) syndrome, watermelon stomach, gastric varicose veins, barıatrıc surgery were mentioned.
The Large Intestine
Authors: Karaca Bozdag Zekiye , Kilic Safak Nazire
Published: October 2024

The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system and is the part that processes undigested food left over from the small intestine. Its functions include absorbing water from food waste, balancing electrolytes, regulating intestinal flora and storing faeces. This region also performs functions such as regulating peristaltic movements in the intestine and moving faeces towards the anus. The large intestine plays an important role in the final stage of the digestive process, completing the absorption of digested nutrients and removing waste from the body.

There are three important components of normal bowel movement. Colonic transit time, stool consistency and faecal incontinence.

The large intestine is a critical component of the digestive system, and its function and anatomical features highlight the need for a basic understanding in health practice. This chapter covers the normal anatomy of the large intestine in detail, while also examining various diseases and conditions that occur in the clinical contex.
Muscles
Authors: Deniz Gulnihal
Published: October 2024

The chapter comprehensively overviews various muscle tissues, their properties, innervation, nomenclature, and clinical relevance. It begins with an in-depth examination of skeletal muscle tissue, characterized by its striated appearance and voluntary control. These muscles are attached to bones and facilitate body movement and posture. Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated and can extend up to 30-35 cm long, with contraction initiated by motor nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord. In contrast, smooth muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary. It is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, contributing to functions such as peristalsis and vasoconstriction. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, containing a single, centrally located nucleus. Contractions in these muscles are slower and more sustained than skeletal muscles, influenced by autonomic nerve impulses, hormones, and local metabolites. Cardiac muscle tissue, unique to the heart, combines skeletal and smooth muscle tissue features. It is striated like skeletal muscle but operates involuntarily like a smooth muscle. Cardiac muscle fibers are branched and connected by intercalated discs, allowing synchronized contractions necessary for adequate blood pumping. The properties of muscle tissue are discussed, highlighting their composition (approximately 75% water), primary energy sources (ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen), and various physiological functions. Muscle tissue is critical in movement, posture, joint stabilization, and thermoregulation. It also has unique cellular structures such as the sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcosomes. The innervation of muscles is crucial for their function, involving motor neurons that transmit impulses to muscle fibers, initiating contraction. The chapter delves into the detailed terminology of muscles, categorized based on factors such as shape, fiber orientation, location, function, size, length, and points of origin and insertion. Finally, the clinical information section emphasizes the importance of muscle anatomy in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. It highlights the relevance of understanding muscle terminology and structure for effective medical interventions and rehabilitation.
Ensuring Functional Recovery After Radiothrapy
Authors: Duzova Mursel
Published: October 2024

Radiotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, often leads to significant side effects that can impair a patient’s functional abilities and quality of life. This chapter explores the critical role of rehabilitation in mitigating these side effects and ensuring functional recovery and maintenance across various cancer types. Radiotherapy can cause a range of complications, including tissue fibrosis, muscle weakness, lymphedema, and cognitive deficits, necessitating a comprehensive rehabilitation approach. We begin by highlighting the necessity of rehabilitation for patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy, where speech, swallowing, and facial functions are commonly affected. For brain radiotherapy, we emphasize cognitive rehabilitation and strategies to manage neurological deficits. Thoracic radiotherapy often impacts respiratory and cardiac functions, making pulmonary rehabilitation essential for restoring lung capacity and overall cardiovascular health. Breast radiotherapy can lead to shoulder dysfunction and lymphedema, necessitating specialized physical therapy interventions. Similarly, gastrointestinal radiotherapy requires targeted rehabilitation to manage bowel dysfunction and nutritional issues. Gynecological and urinary system radiotherapies present unique challenges such as pelvic floor dysfunction, requiring tailored therapeutic exercises and interventions. Hematologic diseases treated with radiotherapy often result in systemic side effects, and sarcoma treatments necessitate comprehensive musculoskeletal rehabilitation. For Kaposi sarcoma, rehabilitation focuses on managing skin lesions and associated mobility issues. Endocrine and ocular system radiotherapies require specialized approaches to address hormonal imbalances and visual impairments, respectively. By detailing the specific rehabilitation needs for each type of radiotherapy, this chapter underscores the importance of an individualized rehabilitation plan to enhance recovery, maintain functionality, and improve the overall quality of life for cancer patients. The integration of rehabilitation into the cancer care continuum is essential for addressing the multifaceted impacts of radiotherapy and ensuring optimal patient outcomes.
Physiotherapy in Oncologial Rehabilitation
Authors: Cihan Emine
Published: October 2024

The global increase in cancer diagnoses is accompanied by improving survival rates, largely due to advancements in treatment options. However, this rise in survival rates highlights the critical importance of addressing the myriad symptoms associated with the disease. To optimize functional capacity and enhance the quality of life for cancer patients, rehabilitation programs are becoming increasingly integral to their treatment. Achieving these objectives necessitates the involvement of rehabilitation specialists who are proficient in diagnosing and addressing the physical, psychological, and cognitive challenges faced by patients. This emphasis on comprehensive care underscores the necessity of an interdisciplinary team approach in oncologic rehabilitation.

Interdisciplinary teamwork is crucial in oncologic rehabilitation. The integration of various healthcare professionals, including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, oncologists, psychologists, and nutritionists, ensures a holistic approach to patient care. This collaborative effort enhances the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.

Historically, physiotherapy played a secondary role in the treatment of oncologic patients, primarily because high mortality rates limited opportunities for rehabilitation. The paradigm has shifted with the increase in survival rates, highlighting the growing importance of physiotherapy in the context of cancer care. Consequently, physiotherapists must enhance their problem-solving skills, particularly in early oncologic rehabilitation. Physiotherapy and exercise play a pivotal role in the management, prevention, and treatment of oncological diseases. Engaging in purposeful physical activity can prevent many types of cancer and significantly prolong life expectancy.

The primary aim of this section is to elucidate the objectives of physiotherapy in oncological rehabilitation, delineate the role of physiotherapists, and outline the specific goals of rehabilitation. This discussion extends to common musculoskeletal problems frequently encountered in oncological patients, such as conditions like lymphedema resulting from treatment, and prevalent symptoms including pain, balance issues, and fatigue. Current approaches and innovative treatment methods in oncological physiotherapy are also examined.
Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst
Authors: Tezcan Mehmet Akif , Turan Oguzhan
Published: October 2024

Hydatid cyst disease, historically noted since Hippocrates, is a zoonotic infection particularly prevalent in areas where livestock farming is common. Predominantly caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite, it remains a significant public health issue in regions with close human-animal interactions. Although its incidence has declined in countries like Turkey, it still poses a serious health threat. This disease can affect almost any organ, with the liver and lungs being the most commonly involved. Therefore, pulmonary hydatid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lung conditions. Lung involvement by hydatid cysts necessitates meticulous diagnosis and treatment.
Anesthetic Management of Thoracic Abscesses and Empyema
Authors: Kaydu Ayhan , Salik Fikret
Published: October 2024

Thoracic abscesses and empyema present significant challenges in both surgical and anesthetic management due to their complex pathophysiology and the critical state of patients. This review focuses on the anesthetic considerations and strategies employed in the management of these conditions. The complexity of these cases necessitates a tailored anesthetic plan, incorporating advanced airway management, optimal fluid management, and vigilant intraoperative monitoring to ensure the best possible outcomes. Effective anesthetic management requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes preoperative assessment, intraoperative management, and postoperative care.
Lung Diseases Due to Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria
Authors: Abakay Ozlem , Alagoz Karabel Musemma
Published: October 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of droplets. Medication is the main component of TB treatment.

When starting tuberculosis treatment, first a case definition is made and the treatment regimen is determined. The treatment regimen consists of two periods: an initial period and a maintenance period. First-generation medications used in

TB treatment: Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin. Secondary medications used in the treatment of resistant TB. Treatment success rate increases with directly observed treatment.
Bronchiectasis
Authors: Ozsoy Ibrahim Ethem , Ekici Mehmet Akif
Published: October 2024

Bronchiectasis is defined as the permanent, chronic, and irreversible abnormal dilation of the airways.Bronchiectasis can result from a multitude of different underlying disorders, making the identification of its etiology crucial for guiding treatment.Patients commonly present with chronic cough, copious sputum production, and recurrent pneumonia attacks. The diagnosis of bronchiectasis is established through clinical and radiological findings. The objectives of treatment are to reduce recurrent pneumonia attacks, enhance quality of life, and halt disease progression.Bronchiectasis remains a common chronic lung disease that can affect the quality of life and expectancy of those affected. We recommend the surgical removal of affected lung regions in clinically selected patients.
Descending Necrotising Mediastinitis
Authors: Meteroglu Fatih , Akar Erkan
Published: October 2024

Mediastinitis is the infection of thoracic cavity occurring in the space between the two mediastinal pleural sheets. There are acute and chronic types of mediastinitis cases. The infection can progress in acute, subacute or chronic phases. Acute mediastinal infections usually occur after cardiac or thoracic surgery, due to esophageal perforations, or infections of the oropharyngeal region. A necrotizing mediastinal infection occurs due to an infection of neck which progressing at superior-inferior planes. Acute mediastinitis cases have high mortality rates and display progressive features.
Tuberculosis Pleurisy
Authors: Kilic Murat
Published: October 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common infectious disease that will cause death worldwide by 2022, apart from Covid-19. More than 10 million people are infected each year, and half of untreated cases can be fatal. TB usually affects the lungs and is transmitted through the air. Extrapulmonary TB develops in 25% of cases and usually occurs within 6-12 weeks of primary infection. Tuberculosis is a widespread health problem in low- and middle-income countries. Lymph node is the most common form of TB after tuberculosis. Tuberculosis pleurisy usually occurs as a complication of lung tuberculosis. The pleural cavity contains a small amount of fluid and is held in a constant volume by the lymphocytes in the pleural layers. Some untreated cases of lung tuberculosis can recover by themselves, while others can turn into extrapulmonary forms over time. Early diagnosis and treatment are important in preventing these conditions. The diagnosis highlights the importance of traditional methods such as tuberculin skin test (TDT) and measurement of ADA levels, as well as increased IFN-γ levels in recent years. A pleural biopsy is an important method to confirm the presence of granulomatous inflammation, which is to be specific to tuberculosis. In patients who do not respond to treatment or cannot rule out alternative diagnoses, therapeutic toracenthesis or drainage with pleural catheters may be required. In patients with pleurisy of locular tuberculosis, the use of intrapleuric fibrinolytic agents has been shown to have a positive effect on lung volume. Treatment lasts for at least six months and patients with symptomatic effusion can be drained with therapeutic toracenthesis or pleural catheters. The effect of corticosteroid use remains to be discussed. These methods enable a diagnosis and a faster and more effective treatment to be initiated.
Screening of Fetal Aneuploidies Using Fetal Cell-Free DNA
Authors: Sagsoz Nevin , Orbak Zerrin
Published: October 2024

Fetal aneuploidies have been attempted to be screened since the 1970s. For this purpose, maternal age, various serum biochemical tests on maternal serum, and fetal ultrasonography have been used and are being used. However, it is observed that all these tests are insufficient to detect aneuploidies. The best screening method today is the cf-DNA test, which is made from DNA particles of the fetus and placenta from the mother’s blood, and its detection rates are very high. The most important problem with this test today is cost.
Vision Screening and Ophthalmic Evaluation
Authors: Yavuz Ozturk Fatma Tugce , Cinici Emine
Published: October 2024

Since the eye structures and ophthalmic needs of children differ greatly from those of adult, early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. Untreated eye problems may cause impairment of the child’s normal development, school performance and social interactions and affect entire life of the child. Most of the eye development occurs in early childhood. The refractive state of the eye changes as the eye’s axial length increases and lens and cornea flatten with aging. These processes called emmetropization. Retinal vascularization begins at the optic nerve head at 16 weeks of gestational age and reaches the temporal ora serrata by 40 weeks of gestational age. For this reason, in premature newborns, the retina is not fully vascularized at the time of birth and there are peripheral avascular areas depending on the gestational age. Because it helps identify possible causes of the problem, the child’s visual, prenatal, prematurity history and systemic abnormalities should be checked. Infants with family history of strabismus, congenital glaucoma, congenital cataract and known risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity should be referred to an eye care specialist. Pupils are usually miotic in newborns and the pupillary light reflex is not reliable until 30th gestational age. Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) may be seen in some retinal disorders and optic nerve lesions like glaucoma, optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The child’s vision assessment can be made by evaluating fixation and follow behavior, preferential looking tests and visual acuity chart. Searching eye movements, eyepoking, nystagmus and poor light reflexes may demonstrate poor visual development of an infant.
The Role of Ion Channels in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Uguz Abdulhadi Cihangir
Published: October 2024

The role of ion channels in diabetes mellitus encompasses their critical involvement in regulating cellular functions central to glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Ion channels, such as potassium (K+) channels and calcium (Ca2+) channels, play pivotal roles in pancreatic beta cells where they govern insulin secretion in response to changes in blood glucose levels. ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) mediate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by modulating cell membrane potential and calcium influx, essential for triggering insulin release. Dysfunction or dysregulation of these ion channels, often influenced by genetic mutations or environmental factors like chronic hyperglycemia, can impair insulin secretion and contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, ion channels in other tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and neurons, are implicated in diabetic complications like cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. Research focusing on understanding ion channel physiology and pathology in diabetes aims to identify novel therapeutic targets for improving insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and overall management of diabetes-related complications.
Effects of Sulphanure Drugs on Diabetics
Authors: Karabulut Ercan
Published: October 2024

Sulfonylurea drugs are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood glucose levels by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. They act by binding to ATP-sensitive potassium channels on these cells, causing depolarization and subsequent insulin release. Despite their effectiveness in improving glycemic control, sulfonylureas can lead to several side effects. Hypoglycemia is a significant concern, especially in elderly patients or those with renal impairment, due to their long duration of action and potential for cumulative effects. Additionally, sulfonylureas can cause weight gain, as they may increase appetite and promote fat storage. Long-term use has been associated with beta cell exhaustion and reduced insulin secretion, potentially leading to secondary failure of treatment over time. Moreover, some individuals may experience allergic reactions or gastrointestinal disturbances. Despite these drawbacks, sulfonylureas remain a valuable option in diabetes management, particularly when cost, accessibility, and patient preference are considered alongside their efficacy and side effect profile.
Current Treatment Approach to Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Kucukoduk Ali , Kaya Fatih
Published: October 2024

The current treatment approach to diabetic retinopathy (DR) emphasizes early detection, aggressive management of risk factors, and timely intervention to prevent vision loss. Tight glycemic control remains foundational, as it significantly reduces the onset and progression of DR by minimizing microvascular damage. Regular ophthalmic screenings, including comprehensive dilated eye examinations, are crucial for early detection of retinal changes. For non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), management focuses on optimizing systemic control of blood pressure and lipids to slow progression. In cases of clinically significant macular edema (CSME), focal/grid laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents have shown efficacy in reducing macular thickening and improving visual acuity. For proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), prompt treatment with pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) is essential to reduce neovascularization and prevent complications such as vitreous hemorrhage or tractional retinal detachment. Surgical options like vitrectomy may be necessary in advanced cases. Individualized management plans tailored to the severity and specific characteristics of DR are critical to preserving vision and optimizing outcomes for diabetic patients.
Hypoglycemia Diabetes Mellitus Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department
Authors: Kose Fulya
Published: October 2024

Hypoglycemia in diabetes mellitus patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) requires rapid assessment and intervention to prevent complications and ensure patient safety. Initial evaluation includes checking vital signs, mental status, and blood glucose levels to confirm hypoglycemia (typically defined as blood glucose <70 mg/dL). Prompt treatment involves administering oral or intravenous glucose to raise blood sugar levels quickly. Glucagon injection may be necessary for patients who are unable to take oral glucose due to altered consciousness or intravenous access issues. Close monitoring post-treatment is crucial to prevent rebound hypoglycemia and ensure stabilization. Identifying and addressing the underlying cause of hypoglycemia, such as excessive insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, missed meals, or increased physical activity, is essential to prevent recurrence. Education on recognizing symptoms, self-management strategies, and preventing future episodes is integral before discharge, emphasizing the importance of regular blood glucose monitoring and adjusting medication doses as needed. Collaborative efforts between healthcare providers, diabetes educators, and patients optimize management and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia-related ED visits.
The Genetics of Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Yucel Zeliha , Yuksel Emine Berrin
Published: October 2024

Diabetic neuropathy, a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), involves nerve damage resulting from prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels. Genetic factors play a crucial role in influencing susceptibility to this condition. Variations in genes related to nerve structure and function, inflammatory responses, and metabolic processes have been implicated in diabetic neuropathy. For instance, polymorphisms in the gene encoding protein kinase C beta (PKC-β) contribute to increased vulnerability by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation in nerve tissues. Similarly, genetic variations in the aldose reductase gene (AKR1B1), involved in the polyol pathway, may disrupt glucose metabolism and contribute to nerve damage. Furthermore, genes regulating neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) and those affecting mitochondrial function and oxidative stress responses also influence neuropathy risk. Understanding these genetic underpinnings not only enhances our knowledge of diabetic neuropathy’s pathophysiology but also opens avenues for personalized therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating its impact. Continued research into the interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental factors promises further insights into preventing and managing this debilitating complication effectively.
Sarcoidosis Epidemiology
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Understanding the epidemiology of sarcoidosis is essential for the assessment of the broader impact and distribution of this enigmatic disease. Sarcoidosis exhibits significant variability in its prevalence and presentation across different populations and geographic regions worldwide. This chapter explores the epidemiological patterns of sarcoidosis, highlighting its incidence, prevalence, and demographic factors such as age, gender, and ethnic predispositions. By examining these factors, we aim to uncover the diverse epidemiological landscapes that shape our understanding of how sarcoidosis manifests and affects individuals globally.
Sarcoidosis Pathology
Authors: Tetikkurt Seza , Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

The pathology of sarcoidosis offers critical insights into the structural and cellular changes that define this enigmatic disease. This chapter explores the characteristic features observed in affected tissues, emphasizing the formation of granulomas—organized clusters of immune cells—as a hallmark pathological finding. These granulomas can affect virtually any organ, with the lungs and lymph nodes being commonly involved sites. Beyond their mere presence, the chapter delves into the diversity of granuloma types, variations in their composition, and the associated tissue responses that contribute to disease progression and clinical outcomes.
Clinical Manifestations of Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Sarcoidosis is a multifaceted disease that manifests in diverse clinical presentations, making it a diagnostic challenge and highlighting its variable impact on patients’ health. This chapter explores the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations observed in sarcoidosis, ranging from asymptomatic disease to severe organ dysfunction. Commonly affected organs include the lungs, skin, eyes, lymph nodes, and heart, each presenting unique symptoms and complications. By detailing the clinical features and patterns of organ involvement, we aim to equip healthcare professionals and patients alike with a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneous nature of sarcoidosis. This knowledge is essential for early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and tailored management strategies to optimize patient outcomes and quality of life.
Neurological System
Authors: Tulek Zeliha
Published: October 2024

The nervous system is the best-organized and most complex system of the body, both in terms of its structure and function. It performs a sensory or motor response by processing and interpreting the stimuli it receives as sensory input from the internal and external environment. The nervous system is the system that controls and regulates all bodily functions (regulating the function of all organs and systems, homeostasis, etc.), muscle movements, sensory perceptions, mental abilities (consciousness, alertness, awareness, cognitive functions), and emotions. As with all other diseases, a good assessment of nervous system disorders is important to diagnose disease and initiate appropriate treatments early. However, its examination is different from that of other systems, and methods such as palpation, percussion, and auscultation in the classic physical examination have limited place in the evaluation of the neurological system. The evaluation is usually based on history and observation of clinical signs and symptoms as well as behaviors. Sometimes the diagnosis is made on the basis of data collected during a detailed interview with the patient. For this reason, history takes a very important place in the diagnosis. Physical examination then assesses mental status, cranial nerve function, motor function, sensory function, cerebellar function, and reflexes.
Quality of Life Outcomes After the Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Fehruzlu Elbrus , Yuksel Alpaslan
Published: October 2024

Patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) often endure significant physical and psychological effects from treatment, impacting relationships, work, and overall quality of life (QoL). Common treatments like surgery, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radiotherapy, and chemotherapy each have unique side effects. Post-surgery, patients may face erectile dysfunction, incontinence, and other complications. Radiotherapy can lead to intestinal toxicity and secondary cancers. ADT frequently results in sexual dysfunction, cognitive decline, and increased risks of fractures and cardiovascular issues. Addressing these side effects and incorporating supportive measures, such as regular physical activity and bone health management, is crucial to enhance the QoL in mPCa patients.
Management of Brain Metastasis in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gulatar Turkoglu Berin , Agan Yildirim Kadriye
Published: October 2024

In this section, where the concepts of family and marriage are defined, the importance and history of these concepts, the perspectives of Turkey and other countries on marriage and family, the structural features of the family and its place in society, the functions of the family, and family types are explained in detail. When the concepts and importance of family and marriage are understood and acted upon, couples achieve their goals as happy individuals. Although there are many definitions of marriage and family, in short, marriage is the art of creating a happy family as a result of individuals striving to become ""us"" while preserving their own boundaries and identities.

Family is a social structure in which we feel the happiness of belonging, feel safe in every aspect, and learn about life and living together with others. Basic life needs are met within the family, and the longest interaction occurs here. The basic behaviours and life habits that form personality are acquired through this interaction. Family constitutes the first and most important dimension of an individual’s social environment. The child’s upbringing as an individual in accordance with society’s expectations is achieved within the family.

In marriages, it is essential for the art of being happy that both men and women have their own spaces and areas to be together.
Systemic Chemotherapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cicek Muhammet , Demir Selamettin
Published: October 2024

This section highlights the current cytotoxic management of prostate cancer. Although cytotoxic treatment agents for prostate cancer have not changed much over the years, new treatment modalities, targeted therapies and imaging advances have led to new approaches to cytotoxic treatment options. Another important consideration when prescribing treatment is the balance between potential side effects and treatment response. Measures of patient quality of life and performance status can guide clinicians in this regard. Overall, future therapies in the systemic treatment of prostate cancer will focus on combination therapies.
Abiraterone Acetate Treatment in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Polat Hakan , Danacioglu Yavuz Onur
Published: October 2024

Prostate cancer is the frequently presented malignancy in men, and it is expected that nearly 300,000 people will be diagnosed with it in the United States in 2024. Generally, the five-year survival rate is quite positive at 97.5%, but this rate drops to around 30% in cases with advenced disease. Tumors arise from changes in the genetic material of the epithelial cells in the prostate gland and typically appear as adenocarcinomas. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is found within the gland in a multifocal and heterogeneous manner. Metastases of prostate cancer are hormonally sensitive, the primary therapy became aimed at lowering testosterone levels to castration levels through surgical procedures or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) via gonadotropin-releasing hormone.However, it is rarely used nowadays following the development of more potent and selective androgen synthesis inhibitors. Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of cytochrome P17 (CYP17), a key enzyme in androgen synthesis, unlike ketoconazole, which inhibits various cytochrome P pathways. In this section, the effectiveness of Abiraterone Acetate treatment in metastatic prostate cancer aims to be explained, relying on the literature for support.
Apalutamide Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Akalin Mustafa Kaan , Pelit Eyyup Sabri
Published: October 2024

In this section, apalutamide and androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) are recommended for the treatment of hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer (mHSPC). Apalutamide, as a second-generation androgen receptor inhibitor, extends progression-free survival and overall survival when used in combination with ADT. Clinical trials have demonstrated that the combination of apalutamide and ADT is more effective and better tolerated compared to ADT alone. As an innovative non-steroidal anti-androgen, apalutamide exhibits higher affinity to the androgen receptor and prevents androgen receptor translocation, thereby eliminating potential agonistic effects compared to traditional anti-androgens. Clinical data have shown positive outcomes in patients treated with apalutamide, such as decreased levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and extended overall survival. Therefore, apalutamide is recommended for patients with mHSPC who are not suitable for docetaxel therapy.
A Guide to Emergency and Basic Practices in Medicine
Authors: Baykan Zeynep , Gurocak Simay , Genc Bilal
Published: October 2024

Basic and emergency practices in the field of medicine are the cornerstones of the art of medicine. This book has been prepared as a pocket guide for medical educators, young physicians and students that can be easily referred to in order to teach the basic practices in medicine in detail and to remind(er) how the applications are performed. The book you have in your hand is the translation of the first and most comprehensive work in our country, which presents the basic and emergency practices in medicine for children and adults in a structured way. The number of books published with this approach and content in the world is very limited. The fact that the editors are a clinician, a medical educator and a language educator provided originality in terms of approach. In the translated book, a total of 118 different medical practices (60 emergency and 58 basic) are explained step by step and supported by pictures and videos.

Explaining the applications in the book step by step will make learning easier and will also prevent making mistakes. Subject headings are listed alphabetically from A to Z under the heading of urgent and basic applications for easy access. Additionally, an alternative table of contents (adult, child, trauma, counseling, physical examination, etc.) at the end of the book makes it easier to reach the subject.

We hope that our study will be useful and guiding for future physicians, medical students and young physicians.
Neurotherapeutic Properties of Some Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, Learning and Memory Impairments
Authors: Al Marmour Doha , Kocyigit Mine
Published: October 2024

Neurological problems such as Alzheimer’s disease and learning and memory disorders are a growing concern today. In the treatment of such disorders, some herbal remedies used by traditional medicine may be a potential solution. In this review, the neurotherapeutic properties of some medicinal plants used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and learning and memory disorders are examined. Herbs such as Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, Morinda citrifolia, and Polygala tenuifolia have been found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties that support brain health. The active components of these plants can improve brain functions by increasing neuronal communication, promoting neuronal plasticity, and stimulating the release of neurotrophic factors. However, more research is needed to better understand the neurotherapeutic effects of these herbs, and their effectiveness needs further confirmation in clinical studies.
Nutraceutical Use in Migraine
Authors: Ozdemir Hasan Huseyin , Dundar Ahmet
Published: October 2024

Migraine is a primary episodic headache disorder that is variously accompanied by neurological, gastrointestinal and autonomic changes. It is one of the most common neurological diseases that causes loss of employment, especially in young people. In migraine treatment, it is necessary to avoid triggering factors and reduce the frequency, duration and severity of attacks. Treatment approaches are changing day by day and the search for new treatments continues. The term nutraceutical can be briefly considered as food and nutritional components prepared in the form of medicines and used for therapeutic purposes. The use of nutraceuticals in migraine treatment is becoming widespread and gaining importance. In this section, nutraceuticals used in migraine treatment are evaluated.
The Impact of Climate Change on Seagrass
Authors: Ozturk Esra
Published: October 2024

Climate change significantly impacts seagrass ecosystems, particularly in shallow coastal waters. Rising global temperatures and increased greenhouse gas emissions alter weather patterns, affecting seagrass growth and distribution. Studies reveal a 7% annual decline in seagrass habitats due to anthropogenic pressures, with projections of further loss. Seagrass meadows, crucial for marine biodiversity, face threats from thermal stress, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification. These changes reduce photosynthetic efficiency, alter reproductive patterns, and increase mortality. Additionally, extreme weather events and altered precipitation patterns disrupt seagrass environments, emphasizing the need for comprehensive conservation efforts to mitigate climate change’s detrimental effects on these vital marine ecosystems.
The Impact of Global Climate Change on Marine Zooplankton
Authors: Toklu-Alicli Benin , Durmus Turgay , Bozkurt Melisa
Published: October 2024

Zooplanktonic organisms are vital components of marine ecosystems, playing significant roles in the carbon cycle. Zooplankton are primary consumers that transfer energy from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels, serving as a primary food source for economically important fish species. Their diversity, shaped by environmental factors, is crucial for maintaining ecosystem balance and productivity. Climate change significantly affects zooplankton distribution, abundance, and ecological roles, prompting adaptive responses or changes in their prevalence. Adaptive and evolutionary changes in zooplankton populations reshape food web dynamics and biochemical cycles. Understanding the adaptive capacity of zooplanktonic organisms and their effects on ecosystems is necessary for monitoring resilience and adaptability in the face of environmental changes. Ensuring the sustainability of marine ecosystems requires comprehending these changes and implementing effective conservation strategies. Conservation efforts should focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting marine habitats, and enhancing ecosystem resilience. Collective efforts to combat climate change are essential for preserving the health and resilience of marine ecosystems.
Physical Abuse
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz , Karayazi Hilal
Published: October 2024

Physical violence against children is the most prevalent form of violence encountered. Physical violence is seen as a form of disciplinary action to control children in many societies. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), established to safeguard children from circumstances that impede their development, including neglect, abuse and violence, and to ensure their healthy development, is one of the significant importance in preventing violence against children. The UNCRC has established fundamental rights and imposed certain responsibilities on states with the aim of ensuring that children can maintain a healthy physical, psychological and social development. Firstly, this study presents a conceptual framework about physical violence against children. Then , ıt discusses data on physical violence against children in Türkiye, including statistics from TUIK, and national and international legal regulations. Finally, the global context regarding the issue of physical abuse against children was discussed, and the study was concluded with a summary and recommendations.
Sexual Abuse
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz , Memisoglu Damla
Published: October 2024

Sexual abuse is defined as using a child who has yet to complete psychosocial development by an adult for sexual stimulation. Although childhood sexual abuse is a devastating life event, it can cause the child to develop an early maladaptive schema towards themselves, their surroundings, and the world. Child victims of childhood sexual abuse may face the detrimental impacts of abuse throughout their lives. In this context, the chapter includes the various types of child sexual abuse, pedophilic abuse, the assessment of the effects of sexual abuse on the child, and it has been developed to address the situation in the world and Turkey.
Child and Personal Hygiene
Authors: Turan Mensure
Published: October 2024

Personal hygiene covers all practices that individuals perform to ensure their self-care. Therefore, it is very important to teach children personal hygiene habits in maintaining health. Adequate education and appropriate environments should be provided for children to acquire hygiene habits. Inadequate personal hygiene habits increase the risk of infectious diseases, dental caries, parasitic diseases and skin fungi in children. Especially the fact that children are in regular contact with the environment due to their need for socialisation causes them to be more exposed to infectious disease factors. For this respect, it is very important that personal hygiene habits are developed in early childhood.Children can learn the right and positive health behaviours with the correct education. Accordingly, it is important for children to develop personal hygiene habits in order to provide both individual health and social health. Parents, teachers and health professionals should collaborate in teaching these behaviours to children. In this direction, the personal care behaviours that the child will develop are the first process of his/her individualisation.