bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicity-dependent optical control of the magnetization state emerging from the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation
Authors: Assouline Benjamin , Capua Amir
Published: January 2024

It is well known that the Gilbert relaxation time of a magnetic moment scales inversely with the magnitude of the externally applied field, H, and the Gilbert damping, α. Therefore, in ultrashort optical pulses, where H can temporarily reach high amplitudes, the Gilbert relaxation time can momentarily be extremely short, reaching even picosecond timescales. Here we show that for strong enough ultrashort pulses, the magnetization can respond within the optical cycle such that the optical control of the magnetization emerges by merely considering the optical magnetic field in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. Surprisingly, when circularly polarized optical pulses are introduced, an optically induced helicity-dependent torque results. We find that the strength of the interaction is determined by η=αγH/fopt, where fopt and γ are the optical frequency and gyromagnetic ratio, respectively. Our results illustrate the generality of the LLG equation to the optical limit and the pivotal role of the Gilbert damping in the general interaction between optical magnetic fields and spins in solids.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Penning-trap eigenfrequency measurements with optical radiofrequency detectors
Authors: Berrocal J. , Hernández A. , Arrazola I. , Domínguez F. , Carrasco-Sanz A. , Fernández F. J. , Block M. , Rodríguez D.
Published: January 2024

We use an electric-dipole laser-driven transition to precisely measure the cyclotron-frequency ratios of the pairs Ca+42−Ca+40, Ca+44−Ca+40, and Ca+48−Ca+40 in a 7-tesla Penning trap. A single laser-cooled (T≈1 mK) ion serves, together with photon-counting and photon-imaging units, as a radiofrequency detector covering a broadband frequency spectrum, in the present case from kHz to a few MHz. Such detectors (Ca+40,42,44,48) allow measuring extremely small forces increasing the sensitivity in Penning-trap mass spectrometry. The direct determination of the ions' amplitudes makes a cyclotron-frequency measurement process more robust against inhomogeneities of the magnetic field and/or deviations of the electric quadrupole field due to mechanical imperfections of the trap.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Characterization of
XUV+IR
ionization using the circular dichroic phase
Authors: Kheifets Anatoli S.
Published: January 2024

A strong helicity dependence of reconstruction of attosecond bursts by beating of two-photon transitions (RABBITT) with circularly polarized XUV and IR pulses was reported by Han [ and ]. They attributed a circular dichroic phase in RABBITT to the helical structure of the photoelectron wave packets in the final state. We exploit this effect to determine the magnitude and phase of two-photon XUV+IR ionization amplitudes. In s-electron targets (H, He, Li), such a determination is fully and requires no further approximations. In heavier noble gases like Ar, characterization of two-photon ionization amplitudes can be made from the circular dichroic phase with minimal and very realistic assumptions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Application of lean principles for building refurbishment projects in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Madurachcharige Hasini Vidushima , Costa Duleepa Dulshan , Malsha Nadeetharu Buddha Koralage , Kulatunga Udayangani
Published: January 2024

Purpose

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the lean principles and the challenges of building refurbishment. To have an in-depth investigation of the application of lean principles to address the challenges of refurbishment projects, ten expert interviews following a qualitative research approach were utilised in this research. Data were analysed using manual content analysis to derive the framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The refurbishment of buildings has attracted the attention of the present construction industry. However, uncertain project characteristics, information deficiency, limited space for construction activities and less stakeholder involvement make it complex. Since the lean concept effectively deals with complex and uncertain projects, this study focusses to investigate the application of lean principles to overcome the challenges of refurbishment projects in Sri Lanka by developing a framework.

Findings

It was found that the five main lean principles of customer value, value stream, value flow, pull and perfection are appropriate for building refurbishment projects in Sri Lanka. Precise identification of clients and end-users, value adding and non-value adding activities, interruptions and stakeholder communication chains, setting scope, examining the possible technologies and taking measures to deliver the exact product to ensure the successful application of lean principles for refurbishment projects. Further, 27 benefits of five lean principles were identified which can be used to address the 13 identified challenges of building refurbishment of projects. Finally, a framework has developed portraying the application of lean principles in building refurbishment.

Practical implications

The framework developed is beneficial for the building refurbishment project team to address the barriers of refurbishment projects by applying lean principles.

Originality/value

This framework can be used as a guideline for the implementation of building refurbishment projects by addressing their challenges with lean principles.
Enhancing the democratic nature of voting processes within decentralized autonomous organizations
Authors: Gilson Colin , Bouraga Sarah
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the problem of power imbalance within decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and propose potential solutions that could contribute to enhancing the democratic nature of DAOs.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the authors apply a qualitative methodology. Using a thematic coding analysis, the authors process data collected from interviews with 11 experts.

Findings

Multiple factors contribute to the perceived lack of democracy within DAOs, such as token concentration and effective stakeholder communication. Next, quadratic voting has the potential to enhance democracy within DAOs, but this mechanism must be implemented mindfully. Finally, the results were nuanced when it comes to the effectiveness of liquid democracy in DAOs to enhance voter participation and representation.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first research contributions to propose recommendations to address the power imbalance within DAOs and to contribute to the advancement of decentralized decision-making structures.
Digital entrepreneurship in wholesale: identification of implementation strategies for data spaces
Authors: Neff Alexander , Weber Patrick , Werth Daniel
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The initial observation of this study is the gap of research in the economic application of data spaces in wholesale. With the lowering threshold in using digital technology in innovative services wholesale is confronted with new competition in their main business – the purchase and sale of products in large numbers. Wholesale must advance in their own business creating new digital services for their customers to stay relevant competitors in their markets.

Design/methodology/approach

The design follows an explorative, heuristic and interdisciplinary approach (social sciences and in-formation systems) of a multiple case study combining semi-structured, open and participating observation in three case studies. The cases were set in tourism, construction, as well as manufacturing and were each scientifically accompanied for more than one year during the identification of implementation of strategies for data spaces as digital entrepreneurial path.

Findings

The study shows four strategies in the implementation of data spaces in traditional wholesale. These data spaces have their focus in (1) the traded commodity with two specificities (1a and 1b), (2) the customer and (3) the cooperation of an ecosystem of companies. Each have their own challenges, chances and specifications like the data sovereignty. These strategies are embedded in the behavior of digital entrepreneurship.

Originality/value

This study accompanied and observed the entrepreneurial strategies of three wholesalers discovering new opportunities enabled via data spaces. These three strategies follow different approaches offering potentials for other wholesalers.
Authenticity and woman’s leadership: a qualitative study of professional business services in the UK
Authors: Howard Laura
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the research question: how do women leaders in the professional business services (PBS) sector develop and approach workplace (in)authenticity?

Design/methodology/approach

Ten senior women leaders in the Midlands region of the UK were purposefully selected and interviewed. A semi-structured approach meant that the author adopted a social constructionist paradigm and feminist interpretation. Questions were designed to elicit rich descriptions from the participants. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to address the study’s purpose.

Findings

Four themes were important to women when they developed and approached workplace (in)authenticity: (1) Power Structures, (2) Fit to Belong, (3) Influential Femininity and (4) Through Her Evolution. Women described masculine-majority organisations exerting power. They were pressured into altering their behaviours to “fit” into workplaces. When women had the latitude to be themselves, their leadership excelled. Women’s authenticity developed through increased self-knowledge, helping them to overcome workplace challenges. The study concluded that women face complexities when developing and approaching their constructions of authenticity, namely in the barriers and ramifications they face.

Practical implications

The study suggests several implications for practice and theory concerning enablers and barriers to women leaders' workplace authenticity. The link between authenticity and workplace gender equity needs to be investigated.

Originality/value

The study provides evidence that women are challenged when becoming authentic, therefore, altering their careers irrecoverably in some cases.
Training under an extreme context: the role of organizational support and adaptability on the motivation transfer and performance after training
Authors: Junça Silva Ana , Pinto Deolinda
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The present study used the job-demands and resources (JD-R) framework to understand how the training is transferred to an extreme working context through the analysis of job and personal resources (social support from the leader and colleagues and adaptability). Specifically, the authors tested the mediating role of motivation to transfer in the relationship (1) between the perceived support from the supervisor and colleagues and performance after training and (2) between adaptability and performance in an extreme context of the pandemic crisis – the first peak of COVID-19 in Portugal. Further, an inspection of the factors that predicted knowledge transfer and adaptability under an extreme context was carried out.

Design/methodology/approach

To do so, necessary training about the new safety rules regarding the pandemic crisis of COVID-19 was implemented in a healthcare institution as a strategy to help healthcare workers deal with the increasing uncertainty and complexity that was threatening their work. It consisted of three sessions (each with one hour of training) regarding procedures, rules and safety norms. The training occurred in May 2020. Overall, 291 healthcare workers participated in the study and answered one online questionnaire one week after training completion.

Findings

The results showed that the motivation to transfer had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between colleagues' and supervisors' support and performance and between adaptability and performance. Additionally, complementary analyses showed that the mediations depended on the levels of self-efficacy in such a way that the indirect relationships were stronger when self-efficacy was higher. Thus, adaptability and support, both from colleagues and the supervisor, are determining factors for knowledge transfer and resultant performance in extreme contexts, such as the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Lastly, the results showed that the most significant predictors of transference were self-efficacy and the motivation to transfer the learned knowledge. On the other hand, self-efficacy, peer support and the opportunity to use the knowledge were the most significant predictors of adaptability.

Practical implications

These findings provide support for the role of employee motivation to transfer as a mechanism connecting both perceived support and adaptability to performance outcomes under extreme working contexts.

Originality/value

This study, conducted in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic context – an extreme and uncertain working context – shows the relevance of both job and individual factors to predict employees' adaptability to such contexts.
Prevalence of Wolbachia endosymbiont in Culex molestus mosquitoes from South Korea
Authors: Akintola Ashraf Akintayo , Kim Gyeongmin , Adeniyi Kamoru Abdulazeez , Hwang Ui Wook
Published: January 2024

Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium, has a significant impact on the reproductive biology and pathogen transmission capabilities of various arthropods, including mosquitoes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Wolbachia in Culex molestus, a vector mosquito species, in South Korea. Mosquito samples were collected from different locations and taxonomically identified. Individual mosquito DNA was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted targeting the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp) and three multi‐locus sequence typing (MLST) (gatB, hcpA, and ftsZ) genes. Gel electrophoresis was performed to determine the prevalence of Wolbachia by analyzing PCR products. Our findings revealed that Wolbachia was present in 100% of the tested Culex mosquitoes from South Korea, with one major Wolbachia strain (supergroup B) detected using the wsp gene and subgrouping determined with the gatB as well as hcpA, and ftsZ. These results underscore the widespread occurrence of Wolbachia in Cx. molestus mosquito within the studied region, thus suggesting the potential for leveraging this endosymbiont to devise novel strategies for mosquito‐borne disease control. Future research should investigate the influence of Wolbachia on mosquito biology and vector competence in South Korea.
The interplay between mentalization, personality traits and burnout in psychiatry training: Results from a large multicenter controlled study
Authors: Castellini Giovanni , Tarchi Livio , Cassioli Emanuele , Ricca Valdo , Abbate Daga Giovanni , Aguglia Andrea , Albert Umberto , Atti Annarita , Barlati Stefano , Blasi Giuseppe , Carmassi Claudia , Carrà Giuseppe , De Fazio Pasquale , De Panfilis Chiara , Di Lorenzo Giorgio , Ferrari Silvia , Goracci Arianna , Gramaglia Carla , Luciano Mario , Martinotti Giovanni , Menchetti Marco , Menculini Giulia , Nanni Maria Giulia , Nivoli Alessandra , Pinna Federica , Pompili Maurizio , Rosso Gianluca , Sambataro Fabio , Sampogna Gaia , Sani Gabriele , Serafini Gianluca , Signorelli Maria Salvina , Tosato Sarah , Ventriglio Antonio , Viganò Caterina , Volpe Umberto , Fiorillo Andrea
Published: January 2024

Background

A better characterization of educational processes during psychiatry training is needed, both to foster personal resilience and occupational proficiency.

Methods

An adequate coverage of medical residents at the national level was reached (41.86% of the total reference population, 29 out of 36 training centers—80.55%). Controls were recruited among residents in other medical specialties. All participants were assessed by questionnaires to evaluate early life experiences, attachment style, personality traits, coping strategies, emotional competencies. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) framework was employed to investigate the interplay between individual factors.

Results

A total sample of 936 people was recruited (87.9% response‐rate; 645 residents in psychiatry, 291 other medical residents). Psychiatry trainees reported a higher prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect), greater attachment insecurity (anxious or avoidant) in comparison to other medical trainees. Psychiatry residents also reported higher social support‐seeking as a coping strategy, lower problem‐orientation, and lower transcendence. Lower neuroticism, higher openness to experience, and higher emotional awareness were also observed in psychiatry trainees. Psychiatry training was associated with a redefinition of conflict management skills as a function of seniority. The SEM model provided support for an interplay between early traumatic experiences, mentalization skills (coping strategies, emotion regulation), interpersonal competencies and occupational distress.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study supported a theoretical model based on mentalization theory for the interactions between personal and relational competencies in psychiatry training, thus providing potential target of remodulation and redefinition of this specific process of education.
Review article: Pharmacologic management of obesity ‐ updates on approved medications, indications and risks
Authors: Lupianez‐Merly Camille , Dilmaghani Saam , Vosoughi Kia , Camilleri Michael
Published: January 2024

Background

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, with >40% of the US population affected. Although traditionally managed by lifestyle modification, and less frequently by bariatric therapies, there are significant pharmacological advancements.

Aims

To conduct a narrative review of the neurohormonal and physiological understanding of weight gain and obesity, and the development, clinical testing, indications, expected clinical outcomes, and associated risks of current FDA‐approved and upcoming anti‐obesity medications (AOMs).

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive review in PubMed for articles on pathophysiology and complications of obesity, including terms ‘neurohormonal’, ‘obesity’, ‘incretin’, and ‘weight loss’. Next, we searched for clinical trial data of all FDA‐approved AOMs, including both the generic and trade names of orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion/naltrexone, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Additional searches were conducted for tirzepatide and retatrutide ‐ medications expecting regulatory approval. Searches included combinations of terms related to mechanism of action, indications, side effects, risks, and future directions.

Results

We reviewed the pathophysiology of obesity, including specific role of incretins and glucagon. Clinical data supporting the use of various FDA‐approved medications for weight loss are presented, including placebo‐controlled or, when available, head‐to‐head trials. Beneficial metabolic effects, including impact on liver disease, adverse effects and risks of medications are discussed, including altered gastrointestinal motility and risk for periprocedural aspiration.

Conclusion

AOMs have established efficacy and effectiveness for weight loss even beyond 52 weeks. Further pharmacological options, such as dual and triple incretins, are probable forthcoming additions to clinical practice for combating obesity and its metabolic consequences such as metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome profile in a clinical trial with subcutaneous, grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy
Authors: Starchenka Sviatlana , Oluwayi Kemi , Heath Matthew , Armfield Oliver , Shamji Mohamed , Layhadi Janice , Lis Katarzyna , Cadavez Lisa , Rusyn Olesya , Skinner Murray , De Kam Pieter‐Jan
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Allergen‐specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease‐modifying treatment in allergic airway diseases. Underlying immunological mechanisms and candidate biomarkers, which may be translated into predictive/surrogate measures of clinical efficacy, remain an active area of research. The aim of this study was to evaluate Pollinex Quattro (PQ) Grass AIT induced immunomodulatory mechanisms, based on transcriptome profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Methods

119 subjects with grass pollen induced seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) were randomized in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive a cumulative dose of PQ Grass as a conventional or extended pre‐seasonal regimen, placebo, or placebo with MicroCrystalline Tyrosine. Gene expression analysis was an exploratory endpoint evaluated in a subgroup of 30 subjects randomly selected from the four treatment arms. Samples were collected at three time points: screening (baseline), before the start of the grass pollen season and at the end of the season. This study was funded by the manufacturer of PQ.

Results

Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the most significant changes in gene expression, for both treatment regimens, were at the end of the grass pollen season, with the main Th1 candidate molecules (IL‐12A, IFNγ) upregulated and Th2 signature cytokines downregulated (IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐9) (p < .05). Canonical pathways analysis demonstrated Th1, Th2, Th17 and IL‐17 as the most significantly enriched pathways based on absolute value of activation z‐score (IzI score ≥ 2, p < .05). Upstream regulator analysis showed pronounced inhibition of pro‐inflammatory allergic molecules IgE, IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐25 (IL‐17E) (IzI score ≥ 2, FDR < 0.05) and activation of pro‐tolerogenic molecules IL‐12A, IL‐27, IL‐35 (EBI3) at the end of the grass pollen season.

Conclusion

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells transcriptome profile showed an inhibition of Th2, Th17 pro‐inflammatory allergic responses and immune deviation towards Th1 responses. PQ Grass extended regimen exhibited a superior mechanistic efficacy profile in comparison with PQ conventional regimen.
Design of an Ara h 2 hypoallergen from conformational epitopes
Authors: Min Jungki , Keswani Tarun , LaHood Nicole A. , Lytle Isabelle R. , Marini‐Rapoport Orlee , Andrieux Léna , Sneed Sunny L. , Edwards Lori L. , Petrovich Robert M. , Perera Lalith , Pomés Anna , Pedersen Lars C. , Patil Sarita U. , Mueller Geoffrey A.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Adverse reactions are relatively common during peanut oral immunotherapy. To reduce the risk to the patient, some researchers have proposed modifying the allergen to reduce IgE reactivity, creating a putative hypoallergen. Analysis of recently cloned human IgG from patients treated with peanut immunotherapy suggested that there are three common conformational epitopes for the major peanut allergen Ara h 2. We sought to test if structural information on these epitopes could indicate mutagenesis targets for designing a hypoallergen and evaluated the reduction in IgE binding via immunochemistry and a mouse model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA).

Methods

X‐ray crystallography characterized the conformational epitopes in detail, followed by mutational analysis of key residues to modify monoclonal antibody (mAb) and serum IgE binding, assessed by ELISA and biolayer interferometry. A designed Ara h 2 hypoallergen was tested for reduced vascularization in mouse PCA experiments using pooled peanut allergic patient serum.

Results

A ternary crystal structure of Ara h 2 in complex with patient antibodies 13T1 and 13T5 was determined. Site‐specific mutants were designed that reduced 13T1, 13T5, and 22S1 mAbs binding by orders of magnitude. By combining designed mutations from the three major conformational bins, a hexamutant (Ara h 2 E46R, E89R, E97R, E114R, Q146A, R147E) was created that reduced IgE binding in serum from allergic patients. Further, in the PCA model where mice were primed with peanut allergic patient serum, reactivity upon allergen challenge was significantly decreased using the hexamutant.

Conclusion

These studies demonstrate that prior knowledge of common conformational epitopes can be used to engineer reduced IgE reactivity, an important first step in hypoallergen design.
Bycatch in drift gillnet fisheries: A sink for Indian Ocean cetaceans
Authors: Elliott Brianna , Kiszka Jeremy J. , Bonhommeau Sylvain , Shahid Umair , Lent Rebecca , Nelson Lauren , Read Andrew J.
Published: January 2024

In 1992, the UN banned the use of large‐scale pelagic driftnets on the high seas (UNGA Resolution 46/215). Three decades later, however, drift gillnets remain one of the primary fishing gears in the Indian Ocean, accounting for approximately 30% of tuna catches in this ocean. Recent estimates indicate that several million small cetaceans have been killed in Indian Ocean gillnets over the past few decades. National agencies and the regional fisheries management organization charged with managing tuna fisheries, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, have yet to effectively document the bycatch of small cetaceans in these fisheries. Here, we review current information on cetacean bycatch in Indian Ocean drift gillnets and propose potential solutions to this important conservation issue.
Financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in a monetary union: Heterogenous panel approach
Authors: Kebede Jeleta , Selvanathan Saroja , Naranpanawa Athula
Published: January 2024

We examine the nexus between financial inclusion and inflation targeting monetary policy effectiveness in West African Economic and Monetary Union countries by employing a heterogenous panel approach that enables us to delineate the responses to policy innovations related to idiosyncratic country‐specific shocks, common shocks, and composite shocks. We find that these shocks significantly affect inflation and financial inclusion but with varying magnitudes, signs, time of responses, and persistence. We further demonstrate that inflation targeting monetary policy is differently associated with the various dimensions and indicators of financial inclusion. Overall financial inclusion shocks temporarily increase inflation; deposit shocks reduce inflation; and credit shocks increase inflation. Central bank policy rate differently responds across time horizon to overall financial inclusion shocks; and it increases due to credit shocks highlighting that the monetary authority responds to credit shocks by implementing contractionary monetary policy. Our results highlight that monetary policy aimed at promoting inclusive financial services and responses of monetary policy to financial inclusion should be specific to the dimensions of financial inclusion.
BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Equine parasite control
Authors: Rendle David , Hughes Kristopher , Bowen Mark , Bull Katie , Cameron Ian , Furtado Tamzin , Peachey Laura , Sharpe Laura , Hodgkinson Jane
Published: January 2024

Background

There is a lack of consensus on how best to balance our need to minimise the risk of parasite‐associated disease in the individual horse, with the need to limit the use of anthelmintics in the population to preserve their efficacy through delaying further development of resistance.

Objectives

To develop evidence‐based guidelines utilising a modified GRADE framework.

Methods

A panel of veterinary scientists with relevant expertise and experience was convened. Relevant research questions were identified and developed with associated search terms being defined. Evidence in the veterinary literature was evaluated using the GRADE evidence‐to‐decision framework. Literature searches were performed utilising CAB abstracts and PubMed. Where there was insufficient evidence to answer the research question the panel developed practical guidance based on their collective knowledge and experience.

Results

Search results are presented, and recommendation or practical guidance were made in response to 37 clinically relevant questions relating to the use of anthelmintics in horses.

Main limitations

There was insufficient evidence to answer many of the questions with any degree of certainty and practical guidance frequently had to be based upon extrapolation of relevant information and the panel members' collective experience and opinions.

Conclusions

Equine parasite control practices and current recommendations have a weak evidence base. These guidelines highlight changes in equine parasite control that should be considered to reduce the threat of parasite‐associated disease and delay the development of further anthelmintic resistance.
Effects of different maize residue managements on soil organic nitrogen cycling in different soil layers in northeast China
Authors: Su Hongzhi , Zhang Yulan , Wu Guohui , Chen Zhenhua , Jiang Nan , Qiu Weiwen , Chen Lijun
Published: January 2024

A field experiment was conducted in northeast China to examine the response of nitrogen cycling enzymes, that is, protease, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG), amidase, urease, and peptidase, as well soil organic nitrogen (SON) fractions and their relationships to RT (no maize residue application), NT (no tillage with maize residues placed on the surface), TT (plow maize residues into the soil at 0–35 cm depth in the first year, 0–20 cm in the second year, and 0–15 cm in the third year), and PT (plow maize residues into soil at 0–35 cm depth). The results have shown that NT significantly enhanced the activities of protease and NAG at 0–10 cm soil depth in comparison with other treatments. NT and TT significantly enhanced the activities of protease compared to RT and PT at 10–20 cm soil depth. TT significantly enhanced the activities of NAG in comparison with RT at 10–20 cm soil depth. TT and PT significantly enhanced the activities of NAG and peptidase compared to RT and NT at 20–35 cm soil depth. PT significantly increased the activities of protease in comparison with RT at 20–35 cm soil depth. NT, TT, and PT significantly enhanced the activities of peptidase compared to RT at 10–20 cm soil depth. NT significantly increased the concentration of hydrolyzable in comparison with other treatments at 0–10 cm soil depth. PT significantly enhanced the concentration of hydrolyzable and amino acid N compared to other treatments at 20–35 cm soil depth. Redundancy analysis showed that protease played a crucial role in the cycling of SON under RT and NT, whereas peptidase and NAG played a significant role in the cycling of SON under TT and PT, respectively. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of crop residue return methods for regulating soil N cycling.
Occupational choice, satisfaction and success of PhD graduates in East Asia and the West: A systematic review
Authors: Yang Yu , Fumasoli Tatiana
Published: January 2024

The globally expanding doctoral education and the diminishing availability of academic job opportunities have prompted an increasing proportion of PhD graduates to seek employment beyond academia, drawing a growing scholarly interest. However, the existing literature on doctoral career pathways tends to be fragmented and dispersed, given the idiosyncratic individual and educational characteristics of doctorates grappling with the complex structural factors. To depict a comprehensive picture of the diversifying employment trajectories of doctorates across various geographical, disciplinary and sectoral contexts, this study conducts a systematic review, scouring 831 pertinent journal articles from the Web of Science. Following a set of inclusion criteria, 31 papers were ultimately selected to identify the key factors shaping employment trajectories of PhD graduates at structural (national supply and demand), institutional (employers' perceptions) and individual (doctorates' characteristics) levels. Drawing on the boundaryless and value‐based career theories, the authors develop a four‐dimension analytical framework, within which the findings of the 31 papers in East Asian and Western contexts are analysed. Overall, stakeholders in Western systems generally recognise the trend of PhD graduates securing non‐academic employment, whereas East Asian nations appear less receptive to this agenda. Meanwhile, due to their strong emphasis on research skills utilisation and employment stability, PhD graduates in certain economies find it challenging to pursue satisfying and successful careers, warranting increased attention. Building on the findings, we propose a four‐quadrat model in an effort to provide a tool for evaluating the capacity to absorb doctoral workforces of specific systems by categorising the doctoral professions. Highlighting shared patterns observed across various higher education systems and distinct trends prevalent in specific economies, this paper addresses key topics in doctoral education and doctorate employment literature such as labour market conditions, employment outcomes, job satisfaction, skills (mis)matches and sustainable careers.
Development of person‐centred quality indicators for aged care assessment services in Australia: A mixed methods study
Authors: Smith Sandra , Travers Catherine , Roberts Natasha , Martin‐Khan Melinda
Published: January 2024

Introduction

This study developed a proposed set of person‐centred quality indicators (PC‐QIs) for services that assess older adults' care and support needs to determine their eligibility to receive government‐funded aged care services in Australia. Individual proposed PC‐QIs amenability for change within current organizational structures were explored. Barriers and opportunities to adapt service elements of the aged care assessment service to better align with the intent of the proposed PC‐QIs were identified.

Methods

A mixed methods study was conducted over five phases. A scoping review identified domains of quality for aged care services as perceived by older adults. Service elements of an aged care assessment service were mapped alongside quality domains informing key attributes of each quality domain. Self‐determination theory was used to formulate each proposed PC‐QI to align with key attributes and quality domains. Consultation with a consumer group enabled revision of the proposed PC‐QIs. A focus group with clinicians evaluated the amenability of each proposed PC‐QI for change and identified barriers and opportunities to better align service elements with older adults' perceptions of quality. Results were informed by qualitative and quantitative data from a structured focus group. Focus group discussions were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data were analyzed using a deductive thematic approach by two independent researchers.

Results

Twenty‐four proposed PC‐QIs were developed. Refinement to descriptors of the proposed PC‐QIs were made by the consumer group (n = 18) and all were affirmed as being amenable to change by aged care assessors. Barriers in meeting the intent of the proposed PC‐QIs were identified across five domains including: health care staff knowledge (18.7%; n = 3); clear communication (31%; n = 5); person‐centred approach (18.7%; n = 3); respect for client (18.7%; n = 3); and collaborative partnership with client (12%; n = 2). Participants made 21 recommendations. Of the five service elements in delivering an aged care assessment service, barriers in meeting the intent of the proposed PC‐QIs were identified at the intake and booking of an assessment and during the assessment.

Conclusions

Recommendations identified provide assessment services guidance on ways to adapt service elements to better align with older adults' perceptions of quality.

Patient and Public Contribution

Patients and carers were involved as collaborators in this project at the protocol stage which included participating in discussions regarding the refining and modification of the protocol, refinement of the proposed PC‐QIs, data collection forms and supplementary information for participants.
“That's where the hunt for the correction begins”: Experiences of administrative errors as sites of administrative burden
Authors: Holler Roni , Tarshish Noam , Kaplan Efrat
Published: January 2024

To err is human, and as such, administrative errors are an inevitable component of current and future welfare state bureaucracy. Hitherto, while studies on administrative burden have shown us that routine interactions with welfare bureaucracy are often burdensome, very little is known about the nature of these interactions when something goes wrong. Most social policy and public administration scholarship focus on ex‐ante analysis of administrative errors, with only scant research devoted to ex‐post analysis of how claimants experience such errors once they occur, and the types of costs they may incur. This article contributes to the growing field of administrative burden research by examining welfare claimants' experiences of administrative errors. Analysis of 19 interviews with Israeli benefit recipients uncovered two themes. The first related to the process of correcting errors, including identifying and communicating them to the system. The second theme addressed the consequences of errors: on the one hand, economic and emotional costs including loss of trust in the system, and on the other, acquiring bureaucratic skills. These findings highlight bureaucratic errors as a critical and unique site of learning burden, as well as the need for a human contact to allow claimants to better deal with their consequences.
Prognostic factors for overall survival in clinical node‐positive patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Sasahara Taishiro , Yanagisawa Takafumi , Sugaya Shingo , Hisakane Akira , Sakanaka Keigo , Hara Shuhei , Otsuka Takashi , Takamizawa Shigeaki , Yata Yuji , Takahashi Yusuke , Takiguchi Yuki , Mori Keiichiro , Tsuzuki Shunsuke , Kimura Shoji , Miki Jun , Kimura Takahiro
Published: January 2024

Background

There is sparse evidence regarding optimal management and prognosticators for oncologic outcomes in patients with clinical node‐positive (cN+) upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the data from 105 UTUC patients with cN1‐2M0 between June 2010 and June 2022 at multiple institutions affiliated with our university. At the time of diagnosis, all patients received standard‐of‐care treatment including radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), chemotherapy, and/or palliative care. We employed a Cox regression model to analyze the prognostic importance of various factors on overall survival (OS).

Results

Of 105 patients, 54 (51%) underwent RNU, while 51 (49%) did not. RNU was likely to be selected in patients with younger and higher G8 score, resulting in better median OS in patients who underwent RNU than in those who did not (42 months vs. 15 months, p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis among the entire cohort revealed that low G8 score (≤14) (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–3.99), elevated pretreatment C‐reactive protein (CRP) (HR: 3.35, 95%CI: 1.63–6.90), and failure to perform RNU (HR: 2.16, 95%CI: 1.06–4.42) were independent prognostic factors for worse OS. In the subgroup analyses of cohorts who did not undergo RNU, elevated pretreatment CRP was the only independent prognostic factor for worse OS in cN+ UTUC patients.

Conclusions

RNU seems to be a reasonable treatment option in cN+ UTUC patients where applicable. Elevated pretreatment CRP appears to be a reliable prognosticator of worse OS and may be helpful in optimizing candidate selection for intensified treatment in this setting.
There and back again: when and how the world's richest snake family (Dipsadidae) dispersed and speciated across the Neotropical region
Authors: Serrano Filipe C. , Pontes‐Nogueira Matheus , Sawaya Ricardo J. , Alencar Laura R. V. , Nogueira Cristiano C. , Grazziotin Felipe G.
Published: January 2024

Aim

The widespread megadiverse Neotropical snake family Dipsadidae occurs in a large range of diverse habitats. Therefore, it represents an excellent model to study the diversification of Neotropical biota. Herein, by generating a time‐calibrated species‐level phylogeny, we investigate the origin and historical biogeography of Dipsadidae and test if its two main Neotropical subfamilies, Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae, have different geographical origins.

Location

Neotropical region.

Taxon

Dipsadidae (Serpentes).

Methods

We generated a new Bayesian time‐calibrated phylogeny based on published sequences from six genes for 344 species, including 287 species of Dipsadidae. We subsequently estimated ancestral areas of distribution by comparing models in BioGeoBEARS: DEC (subset sympatry, narrow vicariance), DIVALIKE (narrow and wide vicariance), BAYAREALIKE (no vicariance and widespread sympatry), also testing jump dispersal. We also estimated shifts in the diversification of this group using BAMM, exploring possible relationships with its historical biogeography.

Results

The best models show that Dipsadidae likely originated approximately 50 million years ago (mya) in Asia. Dispersal was a fundamental process in its historical biogeography. The DEC model with jump dispersal indicated that this family underwent a range extension from Asia and posterior vicariance of North and Central America ancestors. Both Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae originated in Central America and dispersed to South America during Middle Eocene, but did so to different regions (cis and trans‐Andean South America, respectively). Xenodontinae entered cis‐Andean South America around 39 mya and jump dispersed to the West Indies around 33 mya, while Dipsadinae entered trans‐Andean South America multiple times 20–38 mya. The diversification rate decreased through time, except for a clade within Dipsadinae composed of the Dipsadini tribe and the Atractus and Geophis genera.

Main Conclusions

Our results show that Dipsadidae has an Asian origin and that the two main Neotropical subfamilies originated in Central America, later dispersing to South America in different time periods. This difference is also reflected in the higher diversification rate for the ‘goo‐eaters’ in the Dipsadinae subfamily. The current biogeographical patterns of the family Dipsadidae, the most species‐rich snake family in the world, have likely been shaped by complex evolutionary and geological processes such as Eocene land bridges, Andean uplift and the formation of the Panama isthmus.
In‐vivo repeatability of three intra‐oral spectrophotometers
Authors: Hampé‐Kautz Vincent , Roman Tatiana , Schwob Thibault , Cournault Bérangère , Etienne Olivier
Published: January 2024

Objective

The objective was to assess the repeatability of three spectrophotometers, based on the CIELCh factors and shadeguide reference measurements.

Materials and Methods

Color analysis was performed using three devices: Rayplicker, Easyshade 4, and Easyshade V. Five repeated measures were performed by the same operator, on the right central maxillary incisor of 30 patients. The CIELCh factors were retrieved and the intra‐class correlation was calculated. The Vita Classical and Vita 3D Master shadeguides were used to evaluate the respective Fleiss' Kappa factors.

Results

Rayplicker and Easyshade V demonstrated strong intra‐class correlation based on the CIELCh factors: 0.98, 0.99, and 0.91 for Rayplicker, and 0.95, 0.99, and 0.93 for Easyshade V, for the L*, C*, and h* parameters, respectively. Regarding the repeatability of the shadeguide data, while Easyshade 4 had the best repeatability when using the Vita Classical as a reference, Rayplicker and Easyshade V showed better repeatability when using the Vita 3D Master.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that both Rayplicker and Easyshade V are reliable devices for measuring CIELCh parameters. In terms of shadeguide references, the reliability of spectrophotometers is generally lower compared to the CIELCh measurements.

Clinical Significance

Given their good repeatability, both the Rayplicker and the Easyshade V spectrophotometers are reliable tools for prosthetic dental practices.
Electric and gasoline vehicle total cost of ownership across US cities
Authors: Woody Maxwell , Adderly Shawn A. , Bohra Rushabh , Keoleian Gregory A.
Published: January 2024

Vehicle electrification can significantly decarbonize the transportation sector. Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on their cost relative to conventional alternatives. Here we compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of gasoline, hybrid, and electric vehicles. First, we review previous TCO studies, showing that the components (e.g., purchase price, financing, taxes, fees, insurance, refueling, maintenance, repair, and home charging equipment for EVs), parameters (e.g., vehicle miles traveled, discount rate, and lifetime), and methods differ greatly. Then, we develop a comprehensive TCO model comparing across five vehicle classes, three powertrains, and three EV ranges. Using 14 cities in the United States and multiple charging scenarios, we investigate TCO variability based on location and use pattern. We include adjustments for local gasoline prices, electricity rate plans, home charging access, and the impact of local temperatures and drive cycles on fuel economy, among other factors. We show that for a 300‐mile range midsize electric SUV, TCO varies by $52,000, or nearly 40%, across locations. Home charging access reduces the lifetime cost by approximately $10,000 on average, and up to $26,000. EVs are more competitive in cities with high gasoline prices, low electricity prices, moderate climates, and direct purchase incentives, and for users with home charging access, time‐of‐use electricity pricing, and high annual mileage. In general, we find that small and low‐range EVs are less expensive than gasoline vehicles. Larger, long‐range EVs are currently more expensive than their gasoline counterparts. And midsize EVs can reach cost parity in some cities if incentives are applied.
Umbilical arterial lactate levels after normal vaginal and elective cesarean delivery: The role of a longer active second stage most significant in high levels after vaginal delivery
Authors: Mönkkönen Arttu , Rajala Katri , Backman Heli , Keski‐Nisula Leea
Published: January 2024

Aim

To evaluate umbilical arterial lactate concentrations after spontaneous vaginal delivery and after elective Cesarean delivery, and to study the simultaneous effects of maternal and obstetric variables in high lactate levels in vaginally delivered healthy term singletons.

Methods

The birth register study included information about the umbilical artery lactate values and clinical perinatal data from 7723 women and their singleton newborns (7301 spontaneous vaginal and 422 elective cesareans) from Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. High lactate levels were evaluated more extensively among healthy term neonates (N = 6541), to evaluate high levels after normal vaginal labors.

Results

The mean lactate level was significantly lower after elective cesarean compared to vaginal delivery (2.42 [0.94] vs. 3.56 [1.62] mmol/l; p < 0.0001). Consequently, the 90th percentile limit values were 3.60 and 5.80 mmol/L. Among healthy term newborns born vaginally, higher lactate values (≥5.80 mmol/L) were independently associated with a longer duration of the active second stage of labor (ORs 1.91–10.97) and duration of ruptured fetal membranes (ORs 1.36–2.46), higher gestational age at birth (ORs 1.41–1.86), null parity (OR 2.17), maternal infection (OR 1.81) and short maternal stature (OR 1.45). We report 90th/95th limits for umbilical arterial lactate values in relation to the various durations of labors for term newborns who are delivered by the vaginal route.

Conclusions

Even though the high umbilical lactate levels may indicate serious birth asphyxia, levels after vaginal birth reflect the physiological stress and subclinical transient asphyxia frequently seen in normal vaginal deliveries.