bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Éléments de biologie chez Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): 2 – Capacités de développement sur hôtes en conditions in vivo et in vitro
Authors: Anthoine G. , Buisson A. , Gauthier J. P. , Mugniéry D.
Published: November 2006

La présente étude, portant sur quatre populations sud‐américaines de N. aberrans, s’est attachée à comprendre les capacités de multiplication de ce nématode en conditions in vitro (plante développée sur milieu gélosé) et en conditions in vivo (plante développée en pot). Le développement in vitro de N. aberrans est possible dans une gamme non exhaustive de température de 10°C à 25°C, avec un optimum à 20°C, sur de nombreuses plantes d’intérêt agronomique. Toutefois, cette capacitéin vitro varie d’une population à une autre et est fortement conditionnée par la pénétration du nématode au stade J2 dans les racines. Les essais in vivo ont montré que la betterave et la tomate sont de très bons hôtes pour toutes les populations testées, alors que d’autres cultures sont favorables à certaines populations (pomme de terre et populations «race pomme de terre», poivron et populations «race betterave»). Enfin, certaines plantes bien que ne présentant pas de symptômes de parasitisme (galles) sont capables d’héberger le nématode en lui permettant d’atteindre le stade J4 sans pour autant réaliser son cycle biologique en entier, ni se reproduire (haricot, concombre). Ces éléments biologiques soulignent le risque réel et majeur d’établissement pour la zone européenne de N. aberrans en cas d’introduction, nématode apte à se développer sur de nombreuses plantes, quel qu’en soit le mode de culture et parfois en l’absence de tout symptôme.
Managing Phytophthora ramorum in the Netherlands1
Authors: De Gruyter J. , Steeghs M. H. C. G.
Published: November 2006

Phytophthora ramorum came to the Netherlands in 1993. Despite initially not seeming to pose a high risk, findings in California showed its potential destructive impact on ecosystems. A programme began in the Netherlands to eliminate P. ramorum from nurseries and surveys in the natural environment were held to obtain information to determine a strategy for dealing with the disease. About 1100 nurseries are inspected annually by NAKtuinbouw under the auspices of the Plant Protection Service and measures are taken according to EC directives. The percentage of infected nurseries decreased steadily during recent years, from 4% in 2002/2003 to 0.5% in 2004/2005. Surveys in the natural environment show that P. ramorum occurs on 2% of the sites with Rhododendron and therefore it was concluded that an elimination scenario is not realistic. A programme based on containment measures supported by an extension programme was put into place with its effects being monitored by the Plant Protection Service. 12 years of observing P. ramorum show that the risk for indigenous trees and shrubs in the Netherlands is very limited. Spread from infected rhododendrons to other potential hosts, even at heavily infected Rhododendron sites, hardly takes place although some infected Quercus rubra trees have been found. Recently several new Phytophthora species were found in natural environments in Europe and California, mainly as a result of intensive P. ramorum surveys. As well as P. ramorum, the Phytophthora spp. P. kernoviae, P. numerosa and P. pseudosyringae pose risks, indicating the need for a more general approach against Phytophthora diseases. As a result, a new protocol for detection and identification of Phytophthora spp. both as a group and individually is being developed and workers are asking whether these Phytophthora species could be managed together.
Modelling of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil
Authors: Laegdsmand M. , Moldrup P. , De Jonge L. W.
Published: November 2006

The migration of colloids in soils can enhance the leaching of strongly sorbing contaminants. We present a model for the simulation of colloid leaching from unsaturated, aggregated soil media under stationary flow. Transport in the intra‐aggregate pores is simulated by convection–dispersion, and transport in the interaggregate pores, and a stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, is simulated by diffusion. The model describes the release of colloids from soil aggregates, sorption and desorption processes at the air–water interfaces, and flocculation and subsequent straining from the flowing water. All three processes were simulated as functions of ionic strength. Transport of ions in intra‐aggregate pores was simulated by Fickian diffusion. The model was calibrated against experimental results of colloid leaching from columns packed with natural soil aggregates. The aggregates were of two soils differing in organic matter content. On each soil a single calibrated parameter set could describe the experiments with the three ionic strengths. The parameters for release of colloids from the aggregate surface and the sorption properties of the air–water interface were different for the two soils. The key parameters for leaching were the thickness of the stagnant layer of water surrounding the aggregates, the mechanical dispersion, the maximum concentration of colloids at the surface of the aggregates, the sorption capacity and rate coefficient of the colloids at the air–water interface, and the colloid diffusion coefficient. Simulations were also done with two additional irrigation intensities at one ionic strength. Simulated leaching was greater than measured leaching at both irrigation intensities, but the diffusion‐controlled release of colloids from the aggregates was simulated correctly.
Sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical antibodies used to distinguish between benign and malignant pleural disease: a systematic review of published reports
Authors: King J , Thatcher N , Pickering C , Hasleton P
Published: November 2006

Aims:  A systematic review of published reports that have evaluated the ability of immunohistochemistry and argyrophil nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) staining to distinguish between benign and malignant pleural disease.

Methods:  Nineteen relevant papers published during the period 1979–2005 were identified. Individual results of immunohistochemistry for five diagnostic antibodies were extracted to calculate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Results from five of these studies that had evaluated proliferation markers or AgNOR staining techniques were also summarized.

Results:  Most antibodies demonstrated poor to moderate diagnostic ability. Desmin and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were the most useful, with sensitivity and specificity both above 74%. The combination of EMA and AgNOR was reported as having 95% diagnostic sensitivity. A high MCM2 labelling index also differentiated between benign and malignant pleural disease.

Conclusions:  Immunohistochemistry is of limited value, but newer diagnostic methods may be useful additions in this area of pathology. The diagnostic importance of histological features seen on plain tissue sections is emphasized as vital for correctly differentiating between benign pleural disease and malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Diagnostic utility of FLI‐1 monoclonal antibody and dual‐colour, break‐apart probe fluorescence in situ (FISH) analysis in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET). A comparative study with CD99 and FLI‐1 polyclonal antibodies
Authors: Mhawech‐Fauceglia P , Herrmann F , Penetrante R , Beck A , Sait S , Block A M , Odunsi K , Fisher J , Balos L , Cheney R T
Published: November 2006

Aims:  To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the recently commercially available FLI‐1 monoclonal (FLI‐1m) antibody with the currently used antibodies [CD99 and FLI‐1 polyclonal (FLI‐1p)] in the diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour (EWS/PNET) and to determine the diagnostic value of the EWSR1 (22q12) dual‐colour, break‐apart rearrangement probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique.

Materials and methods:  Forty‐three cases of well‐documented EWS/PNET and 15 non‐EWS/PNET cases were retrieved from the archival files. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FLI‐1p, FLI‐1m and FISH analysis was performed.

Results:  The most sensitive and specific test panel for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET is the combination of CD99 and FLI‐1p. FISH had a very high specificity (100%) but only a moderate sensitivity (50%).

Conclusion:  The combination of CD99 and FLI‐1p is the method of choice for the diagnosis of EWS/PNET. EWRS1 (22q12) dual‐colour, break‐apart rearrangement probe FISH should be used as a confirmatory test in addition to CD99 and FLI1‐p due to its high specificity.
Expression of Endo180 is spatially and temporally regulated during wound healing
Authors: Honardoust H A , Jiang G , Koivisto L , Wienke D , Isacke C M , Larjava H , Häkkinen L
Published: November 2006

Aims:  Interactions of cells with the extracellular matrix are important for normal wound healing and may play a role in scar formation. Remarkably, wound healing in human gingiva does not result in scar formation and serves as a model for wound regeneration. Endo180 (CD280) is a cell surface receptor that has novel functions to regulate cell migration and bind and internalize collagens that are key processes in wound healing. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of Endo180 during gingival wound regeneration.

Methods and results:  Biopsies were collected from normal human gingiva and 1–60 days after wounding and expression of Endo180 was analysed by immunostaining. Expression of Endo180 by cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes was studied by immunoblotting and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. In normal gingiva, Endo180 was expressed by basal epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, pericytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. In wounds, Endo180 expression was spatiotemporally increased in the migrating and differentiating wound epithelium, in subsets of myofibroblasts, pericytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. Growth factors involved in wound healing up‐regulated the expression of Endo180 in keratinocytes and fibroblasts.

Conclusions:  The findings suggest that Endo180 plays a role in re‐epithelialization and connective tissue remodelling during wound regeneration.
Immunohistochemical and mutational analysis of PDGF and PDGFR in desmoid tumours: is there a role for tyrosine kinase inhibitors in c‐kit‐negative desmoid tumours?
Authors: Liegl B , Leithner A , Bauernhofer T , Windhager R , Guelly C , Regauer S , Beham A
Published: November 2006

Aim:  To determine the platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) α and β status of desmoid tumours. Desmoid tumours are rare monoclonal neoplasms that appear to have no metastatic potential. Surgical resection and radiotherapy in the event of a positive surgical margin is the first‐line treatment. Recurrences are frequent. Treatment results using non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, anti‐oestrogen compounds and other agents such as Imatinib mesylate have been published. Therapy with Imatinib has been proposed as a therapeutic option, although in most reports desmoid tumours are reported to be c‐kit–.

Methods and results:  We performed immunohistochemical analysis on 124 archived samples (85 patients) of desmoid tumours using antibodies to PDGFα, PDGFβ, PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. All desmoid tumours showed immunoreactivity with antibodies to PDGFα and PDGFRα, whereas with antibodies to PDGFβ and PDGFRβ no specific reaction could be detected. Mutational analysis of PDGFRα (exons 11, 12, 17 and 18) and PDGFRβ (exon 12) on frozen material from 14 patients was performed, but no mutations leading to amino acid changes in the mature protein were identified.

Conclusion:  The absence of an activating mutation in a protooncogene does not exclude the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors through other possible mechanisms, and these might be a therapeutic option for patients with desmoid tumours in whom established local and systemic approaches fail to control the disease.
A hexanucleotide selected for increased cellular uptake in cis contains a highly active CpG‐motif in human B cells and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Mende Miriam , Hopert Anne , Wünsche Winfried , Overhoff Marita , Detzer Anke , Börngen Kirsten , Schlenke Peter , Kirchner Holger , Sczakiel Georg
Published: November 2006

The relationship between immunostimulation of human B cells by cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) ‐containing oligonucleotides and their physical cellular uptake is of mechanistic interest and a prerequisite for rational improvements of the therapeutic potential of CpG‐harbouring oligonucleotides. Here, a combinatorial approach was used to identify nucleotide sequence motifs that facilitate increased cellular uptake in mammalian cells. Oligonucleotides harbouring the selected hexanucleotide TCGTGT in cis show increased cellular uptake. This motif contains a CpG dinucleotide within a sequence context that shows a very strong CpG‐specific stimulatory activity on human B cells. Here we describe the influence of concentration, length and sequence position of the unmethylated CpG dinucleotide on immunostimulation. A comparison between phosphorothioate‐derivatives and unmodified TCGTGT‐containing oligonucleotides strongly indicates a great CpG‐specificity for the unmodified CpG‐harbouring oligonucleotides but not for the phosphorothioate versions. This work describes a link between the physical cellular uptake of naked oligonucleotides harbouring the selected cellular uptake motif TCGTGT, its strong CpG‐specific stimulation of human B cells and its relationship with the sequence context of CpG and its cellular uptake.
TRAF1 regulates recruitment of lymphocytes and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils, myeloid dendritic cells and monocytes to the lung airways following lipopolysaccharide inhalation
Authors: Oyoshi Michiko K. , Barthel Robert , Tsitsikov Erdyni N.
Published: November 2006

Inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces an inflammatory response that may contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and other airway diseases. Here we investigate the role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐associated factor 1 (TRAF1) in leucocyte recruitment using a model of LPS‐induced lung inflammation in mice. TRAF1–/– mice are completely deficient in the recruitment of lymphocytes to the lower respiratory tract after inhalation of LPS. Although TRAF1–/– mice display normal early accumulation of neutrophils, dendritic cells and monocytes in the alveolar airspace, they have a significantly reduced recruitment of these cells by 24 hr after inhalation of LPS when compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. Despite normal expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and IL‐6 after LPS treatment, TRAF1–/– mice displayed decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, CCL17 and CCL20 in the lungs, when compared to LPS‐treated WT mice. These results suggest that TRAF1 facilitates LPS‐induced leucocyte recruitment into the lung airways by augmenting the expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules. Mice lacking TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) but not TNFR2 show a phenotype similar to the TRAF1–/– mice, suggesting that TRAF1 may act downstream of TNFR1. Significantly, we use bone marrow chimeras to demonstrate that expression of TRAF1 by cells resident in the lungs, but not by circulating leucocytes, is necessary for efficient LPS‐induced recruitment of leucocytes to the lung airways.
Fas ligand exerts its pro‐inflammatory effects via neutrophil recruitment but not activation
Authors: Dupont Peter J. , Warrens Anthony N.
Published: November 2006

Fas ligand (FasL) expression induces apoptosis of activated T cells and has been suggested as a strategy to inhibit graft rejection. Unfortunately, the use of FasL to confer ‘immune privilege’ in this setting has been hampered by the finding that it may also provoke a destructive granulocytic response. While the Fas/FasL‐mediated apoptotic pathways are well defined, the pro‐inflammatory effects of FasL are poorly understood. Our aim in this study was to define in vitro the biological effects of FasL on neutrophil recruitment and activation. DAP‐3 cells expressing human FasL on the cell membrane (mFasL) potently induced apoptosis in human neutrophils and in activated T lymphocytes. Recombinant human soluble FasL (sFasL), by contrast, was a very weak inducer of apoptosis, even at high concentrations. This latter observation suggests that cleavage of mFasL by naturally occurring matrix metalloproteinases may serve to down‐regulate FasL activity in vivo. However, in the presence of a cross‐linking antibody, the efficiency of apoptosis‐induction by sFasL was greatly increased, suggesting that the lesser pro‐apoptotic potency of sFasL reflects an inability to induce trimerization of the Fas receptor. With regard to pro‐inflammatory effects, we found that sFasL is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant and, given that it induces little apoptosis, the dominance of sFasL over mFasL may mean that graft‐infiltrating neutrophils will survive to mediate inflammation. Neither sFasL nor mFasL produced neutrophil activation as assessed by chemiluminescence assay. This suggests that neutrophils recruited to an inflammatory site by FasL will be activated by mechanisms other than Fas–FasL signalling.
Expression of galectin‐3 and its regulation in the testes
Authors: Deschildre Catherine , Ji Jing Wei , Chater Sonia , Dacheux Françoise , Selva Jacqueline , Albert Martine , Bailly Marc , Hatey François , Benahmed Mohamed
Published: November 2006

Although spermatogenesis is a complex process under hormonal control, which includes mainly follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and androgens, little is known about the intra‐testicular mediators of these hormones. In the present study, galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) expression has been identified in human, rat and porcine testes where it is under hormonal control. Gal‐3 is present in Sertoli cells and appears to be absent in human and (probably) in rat germ cells. Gal‐3 expression was evidenced in the testes, in terms of both mRNA and protein (31 kDa). Gal‐3 expression in cultured porcine Sertoli cells was shown to be under the positive control of FSH as well as of two cytokines epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). Gal‐3 expression in Sertoli cells is also potentially under the control of mature germ cells as an increased expression was observed in adult rat testes depleted in spermatocytes or spermatids. Although the function of testicular Gal‐3 remains to be investigated, a potential role of Gal‐3 in germ cell survival/regeneration is suggested based on its increased expression 1 month after a transient germ cell death process triggered by 10 days of treatment with the antiandrogen flutamide. Finally, although in the normal human testes, Gal‐3 is exclusively located in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, a nuclear localization is observed in the infertile testes. Together, the present findings have shown that (i) Gal‐3 is expressed in the porcine, rat and human Sertoli cells; (ii) Gal‐3 is under the positive control of FSH as well as of EGF and TNF‐α and possibly of adult germ cells. These observations are compatible with a potential pro‐survival role of Gal‐3 in the testes.
Modifications of surface carbohydrates on bovine spermatozoa mediated by oviductal fluid: a flow cytometric study using lectins
Authors: Taitzoglou Ioannis A. , Kokoli Alexandra N. , Killian Gary J.
Published: November 2006

The objective of the present study was to characterize and quantify changes in exposed saccharide residues of bovine sperm during capacitation in oviductal fluid (ODF) using flow cytometry (FC). Bovine sperm were incubated with 0% or 50% non‐luteal ODF for 30 min or 3.5 h. After incubation, sperm were labelled with 11 fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled lectins and evaluated for lectin binding with FC. Furthermore, inhibiting sugars were used to determine specificity of lectin binding to oligosaccharides on the sperm surface. After 30 min incubation, there was a 91% decrease in fluorescence intensity of labelled sperm incubated in WGA, a 76% decline for Con A, 75% decline for BS‐I and a 36% decline for DBA. These differences remained approximately the same over the 3.5‐h incubation. Interestingly, although there was no reduction in UEA‐I binding at 30 min, a significant reduction (23%) was observed at 3.5 h. Con A fluorescence was mostly inhibited with eitherα‐d‐glucose orα‐d‐mannose (86% and 90% respectively). BS‐I fluorescence was reduced after prior incubation of the control samples withN‐acetyl‐galactosamine and galactose by 74% and 80% respectively. After prior incubation withN‐acetyl‐galactosamine DBA fluorescence reduced by 18% in the control samples. With UEA‐I no fluorescence reduction was observed after prior incubation withl‐fucose. We have demonstrated that capacitation of bovine sperm in ODF is accompanied by a quantitative reduction in individual lectin binding sites. These modifications may be crucial to the subsequent signalling events involved with sperm‐zona binding, zona penetration or interaction with the oolema.
Selective impairment of noradrenergic transmission in the bisected rat vas deferens following photochemically‐induced cerebral ischaemia
Authors: Boselli C. , Gioglio L. , Preda S. , Govoni S.
Published: November 2006

Background:  Cerebrovascular disease may impair the autonomic control of peripheral organs including the male urogenital tract. This study investigates the effect of cortico‐parietal focal ischaemia on the adrenergic and purinergic transmission in isolated epididymal and prostatic portion of rat vas deferens.

Methods:  Focal brain ischaemia was induced in male rats by photochemical activation following rose bengal intravenous injection. Twenty‐four hours following brain ischaemia, cumulative and non‐cumulative concentration–response curves were obtained for noradrenaline and α,β‐methylene ATP in the right and left epididymal and prostatic portions of the vas deferens. Both portions were also stimulated by single‐pulse or pulse trains at 2–30 Hz to produce isometric contractions.

Results:  In both portions from ischaemic rats the response to exogenous noradrenaline was markedly depressed compared with controls. Acute cortico‐parietal ischaemia almost completely abolished the adrenergic phase of the response to single‐pulse stimulation in the epididymal portion of the vas deferens. In addition, brain ischaemia deeply depressed phasic and tonic contractions of the frequency–response curve in both portions of bisected vas deferens.

Conclusions:  Cortico‐parietal ischaemia produces a selective noradrenergic impairment at the level of male sexual secondary organs that may contribute to sexual dysfunction after stroke.
Application of DNA Technique for Identifying the Species of Different Processed Products of Swordfish Meat
Authors: HSIEH H. S. , CHAI T. , CHENG C. A. , HSIEH Y. W. , HWANG D. F.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Polymerase chain reaction technology and sequence analysis were used to identify the species in fresh, frozen, cooked, sterilized, and dressed dried fried meat of swordfish Xiphias gladius. The specific primers L‐HS I, II, III, and IV, in conjunction with H‐CSBDH, produced 357‐, 238‐, 137‐, and 87‐bp fragments, respectively, in the control region of swordfish mitochondrial DNA, but not for other billfish. These fragments were useful for detecting the species used in processed products claiming to be X. gladius. The primers L‐HS IV and H‐CSBDH produced 87‐bp mtDNA fragments to identify the species of dressed dried fried swordfish meat products. Using L‐HS IV and H‐CSBDH primers’gene fragment to judge, it was found that only 45.8% (11/24) commercial samples of dressed dried fried products were made from swordfish.
Cooking Enhances the Antioxidant Properties of Polyphosphates
Authors: WEILMEIER D. M. , REGENSTEIN J. M.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Raw and cooked brook trout muscle (BTM) samples were treated with phosphates and other antioxidants. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), added before or after cooking, significantly reduces the formation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) only in cooked BTM. Fish processed during rigor mortis had higher TBARS. The effect of different types of phosphates depended also on cooking BTM. When copper was added to accelerate oxidation, only EDTA completely prevented TBARS formation. Sodium citrate (SCit) was more concentration‐dependent and slightly less efficient than STPP. Higher levels of orthophosphates were found in raw BTM. Because cooking enhanced the antioxidant activity of STPP, SCit, and EDTA, the results suggest that phosphates are good chelators, provided cooking has eliminated phosphatase hydrolysis.
Utilization of β‐Cyclodextrin for Improved Flavor Retention in Thermally Processed Foods
Authors: REINECCIUS T. A. , REINECCIUS G. A. , PEPPARD T. L.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Four flavorants were complexed individually with β‐cyclodextrin, and the resulting inclusion complexes were used to flavor hard candy, fruit leathers, and angel food cake. Flavor retention during preparation using complexed and liquid flavor forms was assessed by instrumental analysis. Complexation of flavors in β‐cyclodextrin markedly improved heat stability in some cases; the more severe the heat treatment experienced by the food, the greater the observed benefit; for example, 86‐fold better retention of l‐menthol in a hard candy. However, results of sensory evaluation were mixed, indicating that the benefits of enhanced flavor retention achieved through the use of flavor/cyclodextrin complexation could be mitigated by poor release from inclusion complexes during consumption.
Examination of Lipid Fraction Quality of Margarine
Authors: CAPONIO F. , GOMES T.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: We studied 26 margarines, 13 from hydrogenated fats and 13 from fractionated or interesterified fats, by using (1) traditional routine analyses, (2) silica gel column chromatography to separate the polar compounds, (3) high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the single classes of substances constituting the polar compounds, and (4) gas chromatography to determine the fatty acid composition and the transisomers. The margarines prepared from hydrogenated fats showed significantly higher mean contents of both triglyceride oligopolymers (P< 0.05) and transisomers (P< 0.001). Margarines obtained from fractionated or interesterified fats showed significantly higher mean contents (P< 0.05) of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Anthocyanin and Polyphenolic Composition of Fresh and Processed Cherries
Authors: CHAOVANALIKIT A. , WROLSTAD R. E.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The distribution of anthocyanin pigments and polyphenolics in 1 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) and 3 sweet cherry (Prunus avium) cultivars was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Changes during frozen storage, canning, and brining were also monitored. Sweet cherry cultivars differed qualitatively with respect to the minor anthocyanins. Hydroxycinnamates are the major class of polyphenolics in sweet cherries, whereas flavanols are in the majority in Montmorency cherries. Hydroxycinnamates were greatly affected by processing and storage, whereas flavonol glycosides were quite stable. Half of the anthocyanins and polyphenolics were transferred to the syrup with canning, and nearly all were transferred to brine during brining.
Lipase‐mediated Acidolysis of Fully Hydrogenated Soybean Oil with Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Ortega J. , LÓpez‐Hernandez A. , Garcia H. S. , Hill C. G.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Interesterification (acidolysis) of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (melting point = 69.9 °C) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was carried out in a batch reactor at 75 °C. Lipases from Candida antarctica, Rhizomucor miehei, Pseudomonas sp., and Thermomyces lanuginosus were used at 5% (wt/wt) of the total substrate load. The lipase from Rhizomucor miehei produced the fastest reaction rates, and the greatest extent of incorporation of CLA residues in acylglycerols was achieved in 12 h. Lipases from C. antarctica and T. lanuginosus produced slower initial rates, and maximum extents of incorporation of CLA residues were achieved in 24 h. The lipase from Pseudomonas sp. produced the slowest initial rate. The corresponding maximum extent of incorporation was reached in 48 h. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions produced by C. antarctica, R. miehei, and T. lanuginosus lipases after purification by solid phase extraction showed little variation in melting point (60.4 °C, 62.8 °C, and 60.1 °C, respectively). By contrast, the corresponding TAG fraction produced by the Pseudomonas sp. lipase melted at 48.4 °C. The positional distribution of the TAGs produced by the lipase from Pseudomonas sp. differed appreciably from those produced by the other enzymes.
Extraction Using Moderate Electric Fields
Authors: SENSOY I. , SASTRY S.K.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: During moderate electric field (MEF) processing, a voltage applied across a food material may affect the permeability of cell membranes. It is known that high electric fields can cause either reversible or irreversible rupture of cell membranes. In this research, the effect of MEF processing on permeability was studied. Effects of frequency and electric field strength were investigated. Cellular structure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fermented black tea leaves and fresh or dry mint leaves were placed in tea bags or cut in 1 cm2 squares, depending on the experiment, and immersed in an aqueous fluid medium. Control samples were heated on a hot plate. MEF treatments were conducted by applying a voltage across electrodes immersed in opposite sides of the beaker. Control and MEF‐treated fresh mint leaf samples heated to 50°C were analyzed by TEM. MEF processing significantly increased the extraction yield for fresh mint leaves because of additional electric field effects during heating. Dried mint leaves and fermented black tea leaves were not affected by the treatment type. Low frequency resulted in higher extraction rates for fresh mint leaves. The electric field strength study showed that electrical breakdown is achieved even at low electric field strengths. MEF treatment shows potential to be used as an alternative to conventional heating for extraction from cellular materials.
Water Plasticization and Crystallization of Lactose in Spray‐dried Lactose/Protein Mixtures
Authors: HAQUE MD. KAMRUL , ROOS Y. H.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Water plasticization led to depression of the glass transition causing significant changes in the physico‐chemical and crystallization properties in storage of lactose and lactose/protein (3:1) mixtures. Glass transition (Tg) and crystallization temperatures (Tcr) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Whey protein isolate (WPI), albumin, and gelatin increased the Tg of dry powders; when Na‐caseinate was used, a decrease was observed. In the presence of proteins and water, a decrease of Tg at aw ≤ 0.23 was observed. At aw ≤ 0.33, proteins increased the Tg In the anhydrous state, Tcr decreased in the presence of proteins possibly because of browning. WPI, Na‐caseinate, albumin, and gelatin delayed lactose crystallization in humidified samples, with albumin and gelatin delaying it more than WPI at all storage humidities. Temperature difference between an observed instant crystallization and glass transition (Tcr to Tg) was larger for humidified samples containing proteins than for lactose. Various proteins and water affect crystallization behavior of amorphous lactose differently in spray‐dried powders. This should be considered in evaluating sugar crystallization properties in food products including dairy powders.
A Novel Approach to the Study of Bread Porous Structure: Phase‐contrast X‐Ray Microtomography
Authors: FALCONE P. M. , BAIANO A. , ZANINI F. , MANCINI L. , TROMBA G. , MONTANARI F. , DEL NOBILE M. A.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The evaluation of bread quality can be carried out by performing a nondestructive investigation of its microstructure, which in turn can be performed by adapting image analysis techniques that enables one to obtain rapid, objective, and quantitative information. A suitable and reliable experimental methodology to investigate the porous structure of bread by means of the numerical image processing, and without any sample preparation, has been presented in this work. Different types of breads having varying degrees of porosity were studied by X‐ray computerized phase‐sensitive microtomography for the acquisition of digital high‐resolution images. After acquisition, suitable numeric algorithms were applied to slice reconstruction. Finally, 3D images were rendered and analyzed.
Influence of Washing and Packaging on the Sensory and Microbiological Quality of Fresh Peeled White Asparagus
Authors: SIMÓN A. , GONZÓLEZ‐FANDOS E. , OBAR V. T
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: We evaluate the microbiological quality and physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of white asparagus washed with and without chlorine and packaged in 2 different types of film (perforated polyvinyl chloride [PVC] and P‐Plus 160) when stored at 4 °C for up 15 d. Dehydration was the main cause of quality losses. Asparagus packaged in P‐Plus maintained their fresh appearance better than those packaged in perforated PVC. The total sugar and ascorbic acid content decreased about 9% and 41% after 15 d, respectively. Peeled white asparagus packaged in perforated PVC or P‐Plus kept a reasonable sensorial quality after storage at 4 °C for 15 d, although mesophile and psycrotroph counts of about 9 log CFU/g were reached in asparagus washed with water. The effect of washing and type of film on different microbial groups is discussed.
Use of Bean Sprout Enterobacteriaceae Isolates as Biological Control Agents of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: ENOMOTO K.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Bean sprouts were cultivated under in vitro conditions as a model system to study the mechanism of bacteria‐mediated spoilage in bean sprouts. Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Erwinia spp., were inoculated onto sprouts at several stages during cultivation. Five strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the native microflora of sprouts prevented Pseudomonas‐mediated spoilage by co‐inoculating these cultures on seeds that were soaking in water. The population of P. fluorescens in co‐inoculated liquid medium culture with a strain (B1) decreased slightly. The results indicated that the Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested played an important role in preventing Pseudomonas‐mediated spoilage by growing competitively with P. fluorescens.
A Genomic Study of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and the Molecular Ecology of Sauerkraut Fermentations
Authors: BREIDT F.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Most vegetable fermentations are carried out without the use of starter cultures, using a technology that has remained virtually unchanged for centuries. As the scale of industrial vegetable fermentations increases worldwide, the disposal of salt (chloride) waste, which is generated during processing of these products, has become a major problem. The development of new technology to reduce the amount of salt used in vegetable fermentations may require a greater understanding of the microbial ecology of these fermentations, and may also require the use of starter cultures.
Olive Fermentation and Processing: Scientific and Technological Challenges
Authors: BRENES M.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The 3 main commercial table olive preparations are the Spanish‐style green olives, the Greek‐style naturally black olives, and the Californian‐style black ripe olives. In all cases, fruits undergo fermentation in brine solution, which preserves them and increases palatability. Lactic acid bacteria dominate in brines of green olives, while mainly fermentative yeasts are found in brines of black ones. The fermentation is spontaneous and begins as soon as olives are put into brine. Research on table olives has been going on for 100 years, but many questions remain. Previous work has focused on the efficient utilization of starter cultures in order to control the fermentation, to guarantee the absence of spoilage, and to govern the relationship between olive flavor and microorganisms. Nowadays, there is concern over environmental problems that the fermentation solutions represent, in particular their high NaCl content. Fermentation or simply storing olives in water without salt presents some problems. The high concentration of sodium benzoate used for storing black ripe olives by the American industries is not advisable for European processes due to the residual amount of preservative in the final product. Fermentation of green olive wash waters, in order to obtain valuable products, is being pursued, but polymeric inhibitors are problematic and undesirable microorganisms grow. The consumption of organic foods is increasing and black olives fit the definition since they are processed without chemical treatment. However, the hydrolysis of the bitter compound oleuropein, either by microorganisms or acids, needs to be studied.
Fermentation Microorganisms and Flavor Changes in Fermented Foods
Authors: MCFEETERS R. F.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Food fermentation processes often result in profound changes in flavor relative to the starting ingredients. However, fermenting foods are typically very complex ecosystems with active enzyme systems from the ingredient materials interacting with the metabolic activities of the fermentation organisms. Factors such as added salt, particle sizes, temperature, and oxygen levels will also have important effects on the chemistry that occurs during fermentation. This is a brief review of recent research on flavor changes in food fermentations. The emphasis will be on the role of lactic acid bacteria in changing the compounds that help determine the character of fermented foods from plant‐based substrates.
Utilizing the R‐Index Measure for Threshold Testing in Model Soy Isoflavone Solutions
Authors: ROBINSON K. M. , KLEIN B. P. , LEE S. Y.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT:Twenty‐eight untrained panelists used the signal detection rating method to determine thresholds for daidzein and genistein. Five concentrations of genistein and daidzein were suspended in starch solutions. The starch solution represented the noise, and isoflavone suspensions represented the signal. Blindfolded panelists received 15 replicates of noise and signal. To determine group detection thresholds, the concentration at an R‐index of 75% was calculated. The group thresholds for genistein and daidzein were 4.006 × 10−3M and 2.921 × 10−3M, respectively. These results indicate a much higher threshold value than reported in the literature and in soymilks. This strongly suggests that daidzein and genistein individually do not contribute to bitterness or astringency in soy food products.
Enhancement Effects on Quality Characteristics of Pork Derived from Pigs of Various Commercial Genetic Backgrounds
Authors: BREWER M. S. , SOSNICKI A. , FIELD B. , HANKES R. , RYAN K. J. , ZHU L. G. , MCKEITH F. K.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: We evaluated quality characteristics of enhanced pork derived from pigs from commercial genetic backgrounds (Duroc, Large White, Pietrain, Hampshire, Landrace, and 2 synthetic lines). Loins enhanced to contain 0.4% phosphate and 0.25% salt were evaluated by a 10‐member sensory panel for visual appearance, flavor, and texture. Instrumental color, cook loss, and Warner‐Bratzler shear force were also determined. Except for tenderness, genetic line had limited effects on sensory characteristics; it did affect visual pink color, lightness, and marbling. Enhancement positively affected flavor and juiciness. Pork from pigs of some of the genetic backgrounds responded positively to enhancement in terms of color, purge, cook loss, and instrumental color, whereas others responded very little.
Prediction of Poultry Meat Tenderness Using Razor Blade Shear, Allo‐Kramer Shear, and Sarcomere Length
Authors: CAVITT L. C. , YOUM G. W. , MEULLENET J. F. , OWENS C. M. , XIONG R.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate a new shearing method for the determination of poultry meat tenderness. Breast fillets were deboned at various postmortem times (0.25 to 24 h) to yield a vast array of tenderness levels. A trained descriptive panel was used to evaluate samples for attributes including initial hardness and chewdown hardness; instrumental measurements included Allo‐Kramer (AK) and razor blade (RB) shear and laser sarcomere length determination. The RB shear method exhibited a higher correlation to sensory attributes than the AK method, suggesting that the new razor blade shear method is more advantageous in predicting poultry meat tenderness than the standard AK shear method. This new method not only has a higher sensory predictive value, but also requires shorter sample preparation time than the AK shear test because it is conducted on intact fillets.
Effect of Aroma Compounds on the Microbial Stabilization of Orange‐based Soft Drinks
Authors: NDAGIJIMANA M. , BELLETTI N. , LANCIOTTI R. , GUERZONI M. E. , ARDINI F. G
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the microorganism responsible for a case of industrial spoilage in a soft drink factory. About 500000 bottles of an orange‐based soft drink were fermented by a Saccharomyces cerevisiaestrain in spite of the addition of sodium benzoate. A similar soft drink, which differed mainly for its flavoring component, was not spoiled because of the antimicrobial activity of the orange essential oil used in its production.
Electron‐beam Irradiation Preserves the Quality of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Slices
Authors: KOORAPATI A. , FOLEY D. , PILLING R. , PRAKASH A.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The effect of electron‐beam irradiation on microbial counts, color, texture, and enzyme activity of mushroom slices was evaluated at dose levels of 0.5, 1, 3.1, and 5.2‐kGy. Irradiation levels above 0.5 kGy reduced total plate counts, yeast and mold, and psychrotrophic counts to below detectable levels and prevented micro‐bial‐induced browning. Firmness of all samples was similar during storage except for the 5.2‐kGy sample. Color was preserved by irradiation as evidenced by the higher L values. Electron‐beam irradiation at these levels did not affect the polyphenol oxidase activity. Irradiation at 1 kGy was most effective in extending shelf‐life of mushroom slices.
Improving the Nutritive Value of Homogenized Infant Foods Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: MARTÍNEZ B. , RINCÓN F. , IBÁÑEZ M. V. , BELLÁN P. A
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Response surface methodology was used to develop infant foods with a goal of achieving low amounts of antinutritive substances and high trace element content. The effects detected highlight the importance of both the amount and the proportion of each ingredient. For example, whereas carrot exerted a strong negative effect (‐5.18) on soluble dietary fiber content in chicken with rice (CR) beikost, its effect was positive in the veal with carrot (VC) beikost (2.51). Similarly, contrasting results were found for the effect of carrot on phytic acid content. Liver had a particularly marked effect on Cu, Zn, and Fe content in the CR beikost and on Cu in the VC beikost.
Changes in Mushroom Texture and Cell Wall Composition Affected by Thermal Processing
Authors: ZIVANOVIC S. , BUESCHER R.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The effects of thermal processing, calcium, and storage time on texture and cell wall composition of mushrooms were investigated. Whole fruit‐bodies were blanched and retorted with addition of 0, 5, or 25 mMCaCl2. Firmness was determined as force for puncturing and toughness as shear force. Alcohol‐insoluble fractions were extracted from fresh, blanched, and processed mushrooms. Proteins, carbohydrates, and chitin were analyzed in sequential extracts of alcohol‐insoluble solids. Blanching caused an increase in force for puncturing but reduced force for shear. Further retorting did not affect texture, but toughness increased during storage. Calcium increased values for both textural characteristics possibly due to formation of cross‐links between proteins and polysaccha‐rides.
Free Radical Scavenging and Leukemia Cell Growth Inhibitory Properties of Onion Powders Treated by Different Heating Processes
Authors: FU H. Y.
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: Methanol extracts of onion powder dried by hot air (60 °C), vacuum (35 °C), and lyophilization (35 °C) were used to study the effects of drying method on the quercetin composition and the subsequent antioxi‐dative changes. It was found that hot air‐dried onion had higher radical scavenging activities in both DPPH and peroxide radicals than those of the freeze‐ and vacuum‐dried onions. HPLC analyses showed that freeze‐ and vacuum‐dried onions contained more quercetin glycosides, whereas hot air‐dried onion dominated in aglycone. A strong cell proliferation inhibition activity in hot air‐dried onion was observed for leukemia cell lines CEM and U937, whereas freeze‐ and vacuum‐dried onions gave comparatively moderate inhibition. Low cell proliferation inhibition was obtained in 3 dried onions for leukemia cell lines K562, P3HR‐1, and Raji.
Dietary Folate in a Changing Environment: Bioavailability, Fortification, and Requirements
Authors: REGORY JESSE F. G
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT: The US and several other countries have instituted mandatory inclusion of folic acid in many enriched cereal grain products, and certain other countries allow optional addition. Nutritional surveys in the US now indicate that folate deficiency is infrequent, and vitamin B12 status is often a primary determinant of plasma homocysteine concentration. Thus, the current situation in the US is markedly different from that of the pre‐fortification era and from countries that do not allow the addition of folic acid to foods. Recent analytical studies have indicated that food composition databases may underestimate naturally occurring folate, although folate intakes calculated from database values have allowed accurate ranking of intakes among population groups in many epidemiological studies. Published analyses of cereal grain foods in the US indicate that added folic acid exceeds intended ranges. Studies comparing folate nutritional status in the US before and after fortification indicate that the fortification program has contributed about 200 micrograms of folic acid to the average person per day. This increment is twice that predicted due, in part, to a greater than anticipated intake as well as the higher bioavailability of folic acid than most naturally occurring forms of food folate. More precise information is needed regarding the actual difference in bioavailability between natural folate and added folic acid.