bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialogic Leadership for Social Justice: Overcoming Pathologies of Silence
Authors: Shields Carolyn M.
Published: May 2004

In this article, I draw on current scholarship about leadership for social justice, my own (and others’) empirical research in schools, and my previous experience as a K-12 educator to develop a framework intended to help educational leaders think about leading for social justice. I critically examine some ways in which the status quo marginalizes large numbers of students and their families, preventing them from being heard or even acknowledged. I suggest that transformative educational leaders may foster the academic success of all children through engaging in moral dialogue that facilitates the development of strong relationships, supplants pathologizing silences, challenges existing beliefs and practices, and grounds educational leadership in some criteria for social justice.
Equity Audits: A Practical Leadership Tool for Developing Equitable and Excellent Schools
Authors: Skrla Linda , Scheurich James Joseph , Garcia Juanita , Nolly Glenn
Published: May 2004

Persistent achievement gaps by race and class in U.S. public schools are educationally and ethically deplorable and, thus, need to be eliminated. Based on their research on schools and districts that haven arrowed these gaps, the authors have developed a simplified reconceptualization of equity auditing, a concept with a respected history in civil rights, in curriculum auditing, and in some state accountability systems. This reconceptualized equity auditing is a leadership tool that can be used to uncover, understand, and change inequities that are internal to schools and districts in three areas—teacher quality, educational programs, and student achievement.
Bootstrap Resampling Approaches for Repeated Measure Designs: Relative Robustness to Sphericity and Normality Violations
Authors: Berkovits Ilona , Hancock Gregory R. , Nevitt Jonathan
Published: May 2004

The current article proposes a bootstrap- F method and a bootstrap- T2 method for use in a one-way repeated measure ANOVA design. Using a Monte Carlo approach in which sample size, nonsphericity, and nonnormality are systematically manipulated, the Type I error rate of the two bootstrap methods are compared to that of the traditional F test, the Geisser-Greenhouse adjusted F test, the Box adjusted F test, the Huynh-Feldt adjusted F test, the β-trimmed mean method using β =.1and β = .2, and the one-sample multivariate T2 test. Results show the bootstrap- F method controls Type I error better than all other methods considered when normality and sphericity assumptions are violated simultaneously.
Structural Equation Models and the Regression Bias for Measuring Correlates of Change
Authors: Cribbie Robert A. , Jamieson John
Published: May 2004

ANCOVA and regression both exhibit a directional bias when measuring correlates of change. This bias confounds the comparison of changes between naturally occurring groups with large pretest differences (ANCOVA), or for identifying predictors of change when the predictor is correlated with pretest (regression). This bias is described in some detail. A computer simulation study is presented, which shows that properly identified structural equation models are not susceptible to this bias. Neither gain scores (posttest minus pretest) nor structural equation models exhibit the “regression bias.” Other factors, such as skewness, that may confound measurement of change are also discussed.
Effects of Response Order on Likert-Type Scales
Authors: Weng Li-Jen , Cheng Chung-Ping
Published: May 2004

The study investigated whether the change of response order in a Likert-type scale altered participant responses and scale characteristics. Response order is the order in which options of a Likert-type scale are offered. The sample included 490 college students and 368 junior high school students. Scale means with different response orders were compared. Structural equation modeling was used to test the invariance of interitem correlations, covariances, and factor structure across scale formats and educational levels. The results indicated that response order had no substantial influence on participant responses and scale characteristics. Motivating participants and avoiding ambiguous items may minimize possible effects of scale format on participant responses and scale properties.
Equating for Long-Term Scale Maintenance of Mixed Format Tests Containing Multiple Choice and Constructed Response Items
Authors: Tate Richard L.
Published: May 2004

An item response theory–based equating method is proposed for the long-term scale maintenance of a mixed format test consisting of constructed response items and multiple choice items. The proposed method is a modification of the traditional common-item nonequivalent groups design. Rather than collecting equated item parameters from previous tests, the methodwould require the collection of actual examinee responses from previous years and the rerating of those responses in a linking study conducted for the current equating. The resulting design controls for any year-to-year changes in the standards of the rating team, isolating the effect of any change in the examinee ability distribution in the computation of the equating transformation. Simulated data are used to illustrate the proposed method and demonstrate the possible consequences of an inappropriate use of traditional equating. The strengths and weaknesses of the proposed method relative to traditional common-item nonequivalent groups equating with either mixed format items or with only multiple choice items are discussed.
Assessing the Unit of Measurement for School Climate through Psychometric and Outcome Analyses of the School Climate Survey
Authors: van Horn M. Lee
Published: May 2004

This study examines the appropriate unit of theory of school climate while simultaneously conducting a psychometric analysis of a modification of the School Climate Survey for an elementary school population. A conceptualization of school climate as an individual-level property unique to each school participant is compared to the idea that climate is a characteristic of the school with school participants having the role of informants. These two theories are compared by testing their differing implications. The School Climate Survey is found to have a stable and identical factor structure both within and between schools, ratings by different respondent groups are found to be moderately correlated, and average school climate within each school is found to predict a statistically significant amount of the between-school variation in children’s academic achievement and cognitive functioning. Differences between individual raters within each school are not found to have a meaningful relationship to child outcomes. It is concluded that the School Climate Survey is a valid and useful measure of school climate and the school-level theory is found to have the strongest support.
The Development of a Brief Measure of School Attitude
Authors: Cheng Sheung-Tak , Chan Alfred C. M.
Published: May 2004

This article reports on the development of a brief measure of school attitude, validated in a sample of Hong Kong secondary school students. The 9-item scale incorporates the three components of school attitude—cognition, affect, and behavioral intention—into a single measure, and the scores showed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the items tap a unidimensional latent construct that is equally valid for boys and girls, and for senior and junior students. The measure can be differentiated from academic achievement and relates to desirable and undesirable behaviors in the expected directions. School attitude was more positive among boys and junior students, and possible explanations are suggested. Future research directions are discussed.
Measuring Attraction to Organizations
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Lievens Filip , Sinar Evan F.
Published: May 2004

Organizational attractionmeasures are commonly used as surrogate assessments of organizational pursuit. Despite the range in content often encompassed by such instruments, no research has systematically examined the assumptions underlying their use. The authors address this issue by empirically distinguishing items assessing attractiveness, prestige, and behavioral intentions and by modeling their effects on organization pursuit. Undergraduates ( N= 305) were randomly assigned to recruitment literature from one of five wellknown companies and were asked to respond to a series of items commonly used in past research. Analyses of the itemresponses suggested that three components of organizational attraction can be reliably distinguished and that their relation to organization-pursuit behavior corresponds to Fishbein and Ajzen’s theory of reasoned action.
Investigating the Dimensions of Spelling Ability
Authors: Notenboom Annelise , Reitsma Pieter
Published: May 2004

In this study, the latent structure of a spelling achievement test for elementary school grades was investigated. Factor analyses revealed that for Grades 2 to 6, the test was unidimensional, whereas for Grade 1, two factors were found: a phonological factor and an orthographic factor. Because of the anchor-test design, vertical equatingwas required to fit a two-parameter, unidimensional item response theory model. Concurrent calibration of the parameters, implemented in BILOG–Multiple Groups (MG), was used as the linking procedure. An evaluation of the model showed that invariant parameter estimates and ability scores were obtained. The transition from an alphabetic to an orthographic strategy occurs in the first grade. Learning to spell throughout elementary education mainly consists of learning to apply orthographic knowledge.
The Father Involvement and Nurturant Fathering Scales: Retrospective Measures for Adolescent and Adult Children
Authors: Finley Gordon E. , Schwartz Seth J.
Published: May 2004

This study provides preliminary psychometric data for two fathering measures, the existing Nurturant Fathering Scale and the newly developed Father Involvement Scale. Both measures are completed from the adolescent or adult child’s retrospective point of view. The Nurturant Fathering Scale assesses the affective quality of fathering that young people perceived while growing up. The Father Involvement Scale assesses the extent to which young adults perceived their fathers to have been involved in different domains of their lives during childhood and adolescence. This study obtained high internal consistency estimates for both the Nurturant Fathering Scale, including both the reported and desired involvement subscales, and the Father Involvement Scale. It is intriguing that the factor structure of the Father Involvement Scale was consistent with Parsons and Bales’s instrumental and socioemotional dimensions of fathering and family life. Implications for the study of father involvement and of nurturant fathering are discussed.
A Comparison of the Construct Validity of Three Measures of Negative Affectivity
Authors: Fortunato Vincent J.
Published: May 2004

This study assessed the construct validity of three measures of negative affectivity (NA) by examining their relationships with measures of job stressors, strains, and attitudes. The authors also examined the extent to which controlling for scores on NA attenuated relationships between job stressors and strains differently depending on the NA and strain measures examined. The authors hypothesized that (a) the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-NEM) and the NEO Five Factor Inventory-Neuroticism subscale (NEO-FFI-N) would have higher correlations with measures of somatic, emotional, and psychological distress type strains than with the Strain-Free Negative Affectivity (SFNA) Scale and that (b) greater attenuation between scores on measures of job stressors and somatic, emotional, and psychological type strains would be observed when NA was controlled using scores on the MPQ-NEM and the NEO-FFI-N versus the SFNA Scale. Findings supported these hypotheses.
The Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-High School Version: Issues of Factorial Invariance Across Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Stevens Tara , Tallent-Runnels Mary K.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the latent structure of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-HighSchool(LASSI-HS) through confirmatory factor analysis and factorial invariance models. A simple modification of the three-factor structure was considered. Using a larger sample, cross-validation was completed and the equality of factor structures was compared across gender and ethnicity. Participants for the confirmation of the three-factor model were 115 above-average-ability and average-ability seventh through ninth graders of middle and upper middle socioeconomic status. For the cross-validation and the factorial invariance analysis, existing data from367 ninthgraders were used. Factorial invariance was found across gender but not across ethnic groups. The LASSI-HS likely offers valuable information about students’ learning strategies, but caution is warranted when making comparisons across cultural groups.
Testing the Structural Invariance of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory Across Three Samples of African Descent Populations
Authors: Utsey Shawn O. , Brown Christa , Bolden Mark A.
Published: May 2004

Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factorial invariance of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory’s (ACSI) measurement model and underlying factor structure across three independent and ethnically distinct samples of African descent populations. Results indicated that factor pattern coefficients of the ACSI’s underlying structural model were invariant across the three samples, but its variance and covariance parameters were not.
A Measure of Agreement for Interval or Nominal Multivariate Observations by Different Sets of Judges
Authors: Janson Harald , Olsson Ulf
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the problem of accounting overall multivariate chance-corrected interobserver agreement when targets have been rated by different sets of judges (not necessarily equal in number). The proposed approach builds on Janson and Olsson’s multivariate generalization of Cohen’s kappa but incorporates weighting for number of judges and applies an expression for expected disagreement suitable for the case with different judges. The authors suggest that the attractiveness of this approach to multivariate agreement measurement lies in the interpretability of the terms of expected and observed disagreement as average distances between observations, and that addressing agreement without regard to the covariance structure among variables has advantages in simplicity and interpretability. Correspondences to earlier approaches are noted, and application of the proposed measure is exemplified using hypothetical data sets.
A Reliability Induction and Reliability Generalization Study of the Cage Questionnaire
Authors: Shields Alan L. , Caruso John C.
Published: May 2004

The CAGE is a commonly used alcohol screening instrument. Although considerable work has been done on the validity of CAGE scores, relatively little information is available on their reliability. Reliability induction and generalization studies were performed for the CAGE. Of the 259 studies available for analysis, only 19 (7.3%) contained reliability information for the sample scores. Thirteen (5.0%) and 227 (87.6%) articles made what are designated as reliability induction by report and reliability induction by omission. The median internal consistency reliability across 22 samples was .74, with a range of .52 to .90. Sample age was the only identified sample characteristic that demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with CAGE score reliability.
Contextual Conditions of Ecological Consumerism
Authors: Tanner Carmen , Kaiser Florian G. , WÖfing Kast Sybille
Published: May 2004

This study seeks to develop an ecological consumption measure based on the Rasch model. At the same time, it also intends to detect contextual conditions that constrain specific food purchases recognized as environmentally significant behaviors. Moreover, it provides information about the environmental impact and consequences of the behaviors that constitute the proposed measure. Questionnaire data from 547 Swiss residents are used to test three classes of contextual conditions: consumer’s socioeconomic characteristics, consumer’s living circumstances, and store characteristics. With differential performance probabilities as the source of information to detect effective contextual influences on ecological behavior, the findings suggest that ecological consumption is rather susceptible to store and household characteristics but not to socioeconomic features. Furthermore, the conditions under consideration are not uniformly supporting or inhibiting. Instead, they appear to inhibit some behaviors while facilitating others.
Comparison of a Verbal Questionnaire and Map in Eliciting Environmental Perceptions
Authors: Linden Mark , Sheehy Noel
Published: May 2004

It was proposed that when asked to make judgments concerning locations, the verbal questionnaire would produce very different results compared to a map-based approach. People tend to have very definite perceptions of locations; indeed, Everitt and Cadwallader (1972) found sex differences in howmen andwomen viewtheir home area. The map method has previously been used in the field of spatial cognition research (Buttenfield, 1986; Orleans & Schmidt, 1972) but has yet to be proven as reliable. Amap of Ireland and a written questionnaire were created to examine this. The test-retest method was used to assess the reliability with 103 participants taking part in the initial testing and 82 on the retest. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between the map and verbal questionnaire. Correlations between the first and second testing of the map and verbal questionnaire show that both are capable of producing reliable results.
Ethnic Variation in Environmental Belief and Behavior
Authors: Johnson Cassandra Y. , Bowker J. M. , Cordell H. Ken
Published: May 2004

We use national-level data to test a modified version of Stern, Dietz, & Guagnano’s causal model of environmental belief and behavior. We focus mainly on ethnic variation in environmental belief, as measured by the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), and ethnic variation for four environmental behaviors: environmental reading, household recycling, environmental group joining, and participation in nature-based outdoor recreation. Blacks and foreign-born Latinos were less likely than Whites to score higher on the NEP. Any behavioral differences between Whites and the respective minority groups were expected to diminish with the inclusion of the NEP as an intervening variable in the model between ethnicity and behavior. However, ethnic differences remained stable and strong even when environmental belief was added. Overall, Asian American and U.S.-born Latino environmentalism was most similar to Whites. African American concern and behavior was least similar to White environmentalism. Gender, age, and liberal political orientation were also consistent explicators for both environmental concern and behavior.
Visibility and Natural Quiet in National Parks and Wilderness Areas
Authors: Mace Britton L. , Bell Paul A. , Loomis Ross J.
Published: May 2004

For over a century, authorities have recognized cultural and psychological benefits of preserving national parks and wilderness areas. Yet, with increasesin visitation and mechanized travel, air and noise pollution are intruding moreand more into preserved natural areas. Psychological research shows that humans can detect very lowlevels of these pollutants in natural and laboratory settings, that air and noise pollution detract from the enjoyment of the visitor experience, and that people place a high value on naturally quiet, pollution-free settings. This article discusses how psychological research is essential for a more complete understanding of the value and the influence of both visibility and quiet surroundings with a focus on applied, field-based research in national parks and wilderness areas. The article concludes with recommendations for future directions in research in these areas and argues that implications of psychological research results should be addressed in the natural resource policy-making process.
Factors Affecting Decisions to Volunteer in Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Martinez Teresa A. , McMullin Steve L.
Published: May 2004

In 1997, we surveyed members of the Appalachian Trail Conference to identify characteristics and assess motivations of the active and nonactive members in this organization. We investigated the effects of social networks, competing commitments, lifestyle changes, personal growth, and belief of the efficacy of one’s actions on decisions to become and remain active members. We found the determining factors in decisions regarding volunteer activity were competing commitments and efficacy. Active members indicated that the efficacy of their actions was most important in their decision to participate, whereas nonactive members cited the importance of competing commitments in their decision not to participate. Recruitment and retention of volunteers may be aided by increasing the awareness of volunteer programs, ensuring that programs provide results of which individuals are proud, requesting the participation of individuals on both local and national levels, and recognizing volunteers for their contributions.
Does Location Matter?
Authors: Brody Samuel D. , Highfield Wes , Alston Letitia
Published: May 2004

In the past, researchers in the field of environmental psychology have explained environmental perceptions primarily through socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, knowledge of and support for protecting specific natural features of the landscape should also be influenced by one’s location, setting, and proximity to such features. This article focuses on residents’familiarity with and concern for two creeks passing through San Antonio, TX. Using Geographic Information Systems analytical techniques, we expand on previous studies by introducing driving distance from the creeks to identify the effects of this location-based variable on environmental perceptions. Specifically, we test the degree to which the actual driving distance respondents live from two creeks affects respondents’ knowledge and perceptions of the water bodies. We show that when controlling for socioeconomic and geographic contextual variables, the residential distance variable remains a significant factor in explaining both familiarity with the creeks and views on the level of water pollution in them. Based on the results, we discuss the implications of incorporating proximity factors in watershed planning and policy.
Acceptability Norms toward Fire Management in Three National Forests
Authors: Kneeshaw Katie , Vaske Jerry J. , Bright Alan D. , Absher James D.
Published: May 2004

Norm theory offers a paradigm for understanding why the public judges management actions acceptable or unacceptable. This study assesses normative beliefs about acceptable wildland fire management. The acceptability of three fire management actions for eight scenarios was examined. The scenarios varied by fire origin and fire impact on air quality, private property, forest recovery, and outdoor recreation. The data were obtained from a mail survey of visitors to three national forests: (a) Arapaho-Roosevelt, Colorado ( n = 469), (b) Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie, Washington ( n = 498), and (b) San Bernardino, California ( n = 321). Results of a mixed design ANOVA indicated that the acceptability of wildland fire management actions varied according to the fire scenario evaluated, but substantive differences in normative beliefs were not noted among the three forests. Chi-square analyses identified differences in normative agreement for fire management actions across scenarios but did not reveal substantive differences in normative agreement between forests.
Linking the Spatial Syntax of Cognitive Maps to the Spatial Syntax of the Environment
Authors: Kim Young Ook , Penn Alan
Published: May 2004

This article investigates the effects of the spatial configuration of the local environment on residents’ spatial cognitions of their built environment by examining the relationship between the spatial syntax of sketch maps and the spatial syntax of the environment. Hampstead Garden Suburb in London was investigated in detail. Structured interview surveys were carried out to elicit residents’ sketch maps of their local area. Analysis of the spatial characteristics of the area and of the sketch maps using space-syntax methods provided a common basis for analyses of these data. Strong correlations were identified between residents’ sketch maps and the spatial configuration of the area. The degree of local integration of spatial configuration is the most significant factor in relations with the two variables of sketch maps, the frequency of appearance of configurational elements, and the global syntactic characteristics of spatial configuration in sketch maps. Findings suggest that spatial syntax of configuration in real environments and spatial syntax of cognitive maps in spatial cognition are closely related.
Sleeping Rough
Authors: Larsen Larissa , Poortinga Ernie , Hurdle Donna E.
Published: May 2004

Research has revealed that homeless individuals are not a homogenous group of individuals but are members of distinct subpopulations united by a common need for shelter. Very little research has been done to understand the subpopulation of homeless individuals that opt to avoid using homeless shelters and prefer “sleeping rough.” Using a case control study design, this article compares the characteristics of 85 homeless individuals who use shelter services with 45 homeless individuals that choose not to use the shelters in Phoenix, Arizona. The homeless individual that opts not to use the shelter is more likely to have experienced court-ordered psychiatric treatment, consumes larger quantities of alcohol more regularly, is more likely to be Native American, and more frequently works as a day laborer. A social ecology model is proposed as an interpretation tool to understand the connections between this group’s behavior and the environmental conditions.
Personal Experiences and Team Effectiveness During a Commemorative Trek in the High Arctic
Authors: Leon Gloria R. , List Nathan , Magor Graeme
Published: May 2004

Three participants, a male leader and a married couple, carried out a 46-day expedition in the Canadian High Arctic, retracing the exploratory route followed by Otto Sverdrup 100 years earlier. The group departed from an ice-locked boat in the Arctic, at which site they had lived andworked together for a 9-month period. Participants completed a Weekly Rating Form assessing personal, interpersonal, and work performance factors. All team members rated mood, satisfaction with the expedition, group camaraderie, and enjoyment of the environment consistently high over six of the seven weekly rating periods. Participants showed some differences but generally gave high ratings on group efficiency over the course of the expedition. Weather conditions at Week 7 and ensuing delays in airplane pickup were associated with a tendency to direct frustration and anger to external sources of decision control.
Decision Processes and Interactions During a Two-Woman Traverse of Antarctica
Authors: Atlis Mera M. , Leon Gloria R. , Sandal Gro M. , Infante Michael G.
Published: May 2004

This investigation assessed an international two-woman team engaged in a 97-day traverse of Antarctica. Measures consisted of preexpedition personality assessments; expedition weekly ratings of individual and team status and work performance; postexpedition semistructured interview. Both participants scored relatively highest on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Absorption scale, the Personality Characteristics Inventory (PCI) Work and Positive Expressivity scales and lowest on the PCI Verbal Aggressiveness scale. One member reported sensed presence experiences, which served as an important motivating factor when fatigued or disappointed about daily progress. Enjoyment and awe of the environment were significant aspects of the daily trek and sources of psychological strength. Advantages of the co-equal dyad were evident in the cooperative nature of decision making and substantial similarities in approach to solving problems. Differences from the usual military command structure in decision-making processes and implications for planetary expeditions are discussed.
Viewers on Television
Authors: Proulx Serge , Raboy Marc
Published: May 2004

Drawing policy studies and audience studies closer together requires that the individual be conceptualized as the subject of both political and media apparatuses. This article explores such a conceptualization in the Quebec context, working with a group of activist viewer-citizens to evaluate the content and form of the television programming available to them, on the one hand, and the usefulness of some key Canadian broadcast policies, on the other. Examining the respon, dents’ media practices and expectations, the article highlights how expectations for public television are set against increasingly blurred divisions between public and private television; individualist media usage; and the pertinence of Canadian broadcasting law in this unfolding media system. By situating media use within a broader set of social practices that affect and are affected by state policy, the article seeks to contribute to an understanding of social demand in communication policy.
The Enlargement of Meaning
Authors: Aksoy Asu , Robins Kevin
Published: May 2004

This article explores the idea of social demand, as developed by Marc Raboy and his colleagues, with reference to the media consumption of Turkish-speaking migrants living in London. The authors begin by reflecting on the conceptual and theoretical framework within which it might be possible to understand the nature of social demand in such a transnational context. They argue that it is necessary to move beyond the categories that have been used to address national cultures and media. Rather than thinking through identity categories, the authors prefer to put the category of experience, or what John Dewey termed ‘knowledge-experience’, at the centre of concern. The article then seeks to operationalize this category through an analysis of fieldwork undertaken in two research projects in London. The article argues that, as a consequence of their transnational positioning, Turkish-speaking migrants formulate distinctive social demands beyond the national frame. What these migrants are doing is negotiationg a position between different cultural and political domains.
Picturing Afghan Women
Authors: Fahmy Shahira
Published: May 2004

This study content analyzes the depiction of Afghan women in AP (Associated Press) photographs during the Taliban regime and after the fall of the Taliban regime. Analysis is based on visual subordination, point of view, social distance, imaginary contact, behavior and general portrayal. Findings suggest despite signs of visual subordination and framing stereotypes, women after the fall of the Taliban regime are portrayed as more involved, interactive, more socially intimate and symbolically equal to the viewer. Analysis shows AP photographs portray a more complex version of Afghan women’s liberation. Women after the fall of the Taliban regime are depicted still wearing their burqas, reflecting the complexity of a social liberation movement in a traditional society.
Transnational Cable Channels in the Taiwanese Market
Authors: Chen Ping-Hung
Published: May 2004

From the perspective of an unbalanced flow of information and cultural (media) imperialism theory, the focus of the impact of transnational media has been on how countries that import television programming are affected. However, following the logic of capitalism and the innovation of communication technologies, the objective of transnational media conglomerates to maximize their profits has been to attract more local audiences in import countries. Therefore, instead of analysing the effect of media imperialism on host countries as most research to date has done, this study focuses on the influence of the importing countries on the domestication of cable programming of transnational cable channels. Overall, the purposes of the study are to: (1) reveal the strategy of domesticating transnational cable channels in Taiwan, (2) analyse the domestication of transnational cable channel programming and (3) evaluate the effect of their domestication mainly from the viewpoint of the Taiwanese audience.
An Analysis of Industrial-Organizational Psychology’s Indifference to Labor Unions in the United States
Authors: Zickar Michael J.
Published: May 2004

Although many writers have bemoaned psychology’s indifference toward labor unions, there has been little critical analysis of why this indifference exists. In this article, several explanations that have been offered to explain this indifference are identified and evaluated. These explanations are: (i) limited access to relevant data; (ii) limited financial rewards;(iii) early psychologists’ attitudes toward unions; and (iv) the failure to appreciate power differences between workers and management. The history of psychology in the US is compared with the history of sociology and economics in order to investigate the viability of these hypotheses. It is concluded that the two crucial reasons for the neglect of labor union issues by applied psychologists are the psychologists’ reluctance to address the presence of conflict between employers and employees and the dearth of early, pro-union psychologists.
Network Development by Means of Network Evaluation? Explorative Insights from a Case in the Financial Services Industry
Authors: Sydow Jörg
Published: May 2004

This article reports on the case of a network of industrial insurance brokers that has been the subject of a longitudinal study over a period of 10 years. Among other things, the development of this network has been observed with respect to when and how it was evaluated, and what effects this evaluation had on the evolution of the network. In this respect, it is one of the very few studies to have investigated evaluation practices in interorganizational networks. The case shows that, on the one hand, ‘reflexive monitoring’ (Giddens) is a common practice and a necessary condition for organizing and managing networks, and, on the other hand, more formal evaluation procedures, which are supportive to network development at some point in time, may not always be possible or even necessary. This insight does not contradict the thesis that we are increasingly moving towards an ‘auditing society’ (Power). However, it highlights questions regarding the general demands for a more or less permanent evaluation of organizational forms. With regard to evaluating practices, and as suggested by the structuration approach on which the analysis is based, the case questions our all too linear understandings of network evolution.
Masking Subversion: Neocolonial Embeddedness in Anthropological Accounts of Indigenous Management
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata Bobby , Linstead Stephen
Published: May 2004

Sustainability and sound ecological management of the natural environment, allied to the expanding body of work on managing tacit and explicit knowledge, has led to an increased interest in the contribution which anthropology can make to the practical adaptation of indigenous environmental knowledge and practice to the improvement of organization in western societies. In an exemplary ethnographic study of an indigenous beaver trapper belonging to the Cree Nation, Whiteman and Cooper introduced the concept of ecological embeddedness. Their study could be considered a model that reverses the traditional practice of viewing managers as though they were primitives and applying concepts employed in studying native communities to organizations. They consider indigenous practitioners as managers, identify their management practices, and then reconsider contemporary management practice towards the environment in this light. They argue that to be ecologically embedded as a manager is to identify personally with the land, to adhere to beliefs of ecological respect, reciprocity and caretaking, actively to gather ecological information and to be located physically in the ecosystem. The present article provides a critique of Whiteman and Cooper’s argument and explores the ways in which, at the same time as it is purportedly represented, indigenous thought is masked and thereby subverted. We argue that much of their theorizing - as in so much anthropological accounting - is rooted in neocolonial thought and despite the authors’ claims, a so-called ‘indigenous land ethic’ has limited, if any, relevance to current management theory and practice. This is because such a land ethic is disembedded from the indigenous consciousness of their own economic, social and political history; and similarly for its reception requires a similar disembeddedness in the receiving culture - which then applies a loose analogy or even caricature of indigenous behaviour to its own practices. Such a consciousness remains, therefore, unreflexively embedded in its own neocolonialism. We argue that these problems are not confined to Whiteman and Cooper’s work, but are, to a greater or lesser degree, found in a wide range of anthropological accounts and constitute a problem with which the field is still struggling. To import these features into organizational theorizing without recognizing the deeply problematic nature of contemporary anthropological practice can only produce a reductionist and romanticized picture of native ontologies.
Individualism/Collectivism, Perceived Task Interdependence and Teamwork Attitudes among Irish Blue-Collar Employees: a Test of the Main and Moderating Effects?
Authors: Ramamoorthy Nagarajan , Flood Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

Two-hundred and four blue-collar employees participated in a study in which we tested for the effects of individualism/collectivism (I/C) orientations (solitary work preference, supremacy of individual goals, competitiveness, and self-reliance dimensions) and perceived task interdependence on two employee attitudes: team loyalty and prosocial behavior. We found support for the hypothesis that perceived task interdependence had positive effects on team loyalty and prosocial behavior. Further, solitary work preference, supremacy of individual goals, and self-reliance dimensions of I/C had main effects on loyalty to the team. The supremacy of individual goals dimension of I/C also had a main effect on pro-social behavior. We also found that task interdependence moderated the relationships between solitary work preference and pro-social behavior. The implications of our findings are discussed.
Concepts of Interdisciplinarity: Configurations of Knowledge and Action
Authors: Aram John D.
Published: May 2004

Twelve faculty directors of graduate liberal studies programs primarily in the US were interviewed by recorded telephone conversation in an effort to understand how they define interdisciplinarity, the intellectual aims to which they aspire, and their views about the nature of reality in knowledge development. Classification of their comments reinforces other writers’ observations that scholars differ in the degree to which knowledge integration defines interdisciplinarity and they differ in the degree to which they believe interdisciplinary knowledge is endogenous or exogenous to the university. Based on their views of knowledge integration and the social relevance of knowledge, four types of interdisciplinary scholars are hypothesized. Of additional interest are the perceived functions of interdisciplinary work and the way that these scholars by-pass philosophical debates about the nature of reality in favor of their practices of scholarship. Implications for the nature, meaning, and practice of interdisciplinarity are discussed.
The Transitional Space and Self-Recovery: a Psychoanalytical Approach to High-Potential Managers’ Training
Authors: Dubouloy Maryse
Published: May 2004

In France, more and more high-potential managers seek an additional diploma in management (Executive MBA). They then begin a long (2-year) part-time training programme. As they look for new knowledge in order to obtain that coveted job, they discover that they are involved in process of a self-recovery. Confrontation with other participants, the training methods as a whole, and in particular coaching, help them to discover new possibilities. Usually they have talents and repressed desires that have been hidden for a long time. The training programme actually works as a true transitional space that permits them to abandon their false self, erected as protection against a threatening environment. Few of them will be CEOs. However, the others will be able to choose their careers according to who they are, and not according to what they are asked to be.
Powerlessness and Impossibility in Special Education: a Qualitative Study on Professional Burnout from a Lacanian Perspective
Authors: Vanheule Stijn , Verhaeghe Paul
Published: May 2004

This article describes how experiences of professional burnout and difficulty in the job are linked to people’s expectations concerning the outcomes they aim to realize. Based on a random sample of respondents to a burnout questionnaire, two groups of special educators were interviewed. The interview data are interpreted taking Lacanian psychoanalytic theory about how people deal with their subjective lack as a point of departure. We conclude that burnt out people can be characterized by their imaginary stance towards outcomes (they cherish clear images of the products of their efforts, feel powerless, tend to fuse with the other, have the impression that the other is taking advantage of them and feel unable to speak freely). By contrast, the group with a low burnout score can be typified by their symbolic distance towards their job experiences and outcomes (they support the other in the process of realizing outcomes, feel impossibility, react with creativity and speak freely).
The Dependent Personality Questionnaire (DPQ): A Screening Instrument for Dependent Personality
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Morgan Janice , Cicchetti Domenic
Published: May 2004

Background: There are no specific instruments for rating dependent personality, although this may be an important subject in clinical practice, where knowledge of dependent personality features may influence treatment.

Aims: To develop a simple self-rating questionnaire for dependent personality features and compare the findings in two groups, one with and one without established dependent personality disorder.

Method: An 8-item Dependent Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) was developed and its acceptability and validity tested by administration to 30 psychiatric patients, half of whom had dependent personality disorder using clinical and research data, and the other 15 (pair-matched for age and sex) having other psychiatric diagnoses (including other personality disorders) but no dependent personality features.

Results: The mean score on the dependent personality questionnaire (DPQ) was 13.7 in those with dependent personality disorder and 7.5 in those without such a disorder (p< .005). The DPQ was also a good predictor of the diagnosis of dependent personality disorder, with sensitivity, specificity, predicted positive, and predicted negative accuracies of 87%.

Conclusions: The results suggest that the DPQ may be a suitable screening instrument for dependent personality characteristics.
Taoism and Its Impact on Mental Health of the Chinese Communities
Authors: Yip Kam-Shing
Published: May 2004

Spirituality and religious coping is an important and rapidly expanding field in recent years. For the Chinese, traditional Taoism may still have a strong impact on the mental health of Chinese people. Taoistic concepts of mental health stress the transcendence from self and secularity, the dynamic revertism of nature, integration with nature and the pursuit of the infinite. Compared with western concepts of mental health, Taoism advocates self-transcendence, integration with the Law of Nature, inaction and infinite frame of reference instead of social attainment, self-development, progressive endeavor and personal interpretation. By means of a case illustration, the writer tries to describe its impacts on help-seeking, stress and coping, and the meaning of life of a Chinese family. Its generalization to different types of Chinese communities is also discussed.
Stress, Burnout, Coping and Stress Management in Psychiatrists: Findings from a Systematic Review
Authors: Fothergill Anne , Edwards Deborah , Burnard Philip
Published: May 2004

Background: Research into stress among psychiatrists has attempted to identify stressors, which can lead to physical illness and psychological distress.

Aims: The aim of the study was systematically to review the current evidence for the effectiveness of stress management interventions for those working in the psychiatric profession.

Method: A systematic review of the current literature was conducted into stress and stress management within the profession of psychiatry.

Results: Twenty-three international studies were included in the psychiatry section of the review. Psychiatrists report a range of stressors in their work, including stress associated with their work and personal stresses. One personal stress, which psychiatrists find very difficult to cope with is patient suicide. Coping strategies include support from colleagues and outside interests. No studies evaluated the use of stress-management interventions for psychiatrists.

Conclusions: Psychiatry is a stressful profession. Psychiatrists identified several stressors in their professional and personal lives.
The Value of Treatment-Goal Themes for Treatment Planning and Outcome Evaluation of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Holtforth Martin Grosse , Reubi Ingrid , Ruckstuhl Lorenz , Berking Matthias , Grawe Klaus
Published: May 2004

Background: The taxonomy of treatment-goal themes of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-T) has shown to be a comprehensive coding system for outpatient use.

Aim: The current study examines the value of the BIT-T for treatment planning and outcome evaluation of psychiatric inpatients.

Method: The 1991 treatment goals of 675 predominantly non-psychotic psychiatric inpatients were coded using the BIT-T. Ratings of goal-related changes by patients and length of stay were used as outcome criteria.

Results: The BIT-T showed to be reliable and exhaustive. Distributions of goal themes are partially associated with diagnoses. Goal-related improvements as well as length of hospital stay differed depending on the themes of patients’ treatment goals.

Conclusions: Coding of treatment-goal themes with the BIT-T provides researchers as well as practitioners with valuable information that goes beyond psychopathological diagnoses. This information can be used clinically for treatment planning as well as outcome evaluation.