bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eggshell reinforced biocomposite—An advanced “green” alternative structural material
Authors: Tiimob Boniface Jabik , Jeelani Shaik , Rangari Vijaya Kumar
Published: November 2015

The need for bio‐based polymers as substitutes to recalcitrant petroleum sourced plastics is ever growing, because of increase in demand globally. Eggshell nanopowder (ENP) prepared using mechanical attrition and ultrasound irradiation was used to infuse a bio‐based polymer [Super Sap 100/1000 epoxy (SSE)] for possible enhancement of its mechanical properties. The ENP, neat SSE and SSE/ENP composites were characterized using X‐ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetic Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) and flexure analysis. TEM and EDS analysis showed evidence of ENP in the SSE matrix whiles DMA and TMA analysis revealed significant improvements (7–22%) in the storage moduli and (3–17%) in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) respectively. Also, major delay in 5% decomposition temperatures and increases in char yields were observed in TGA analysis. The flexure strength, modulus, and toughness significantly improved by 6–31%, 11–37%, and 10–36%, respectively. Microstructure of fractured surfaces showed deflected crack paths which contributed to improve toughness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43124.
Thermal and gas permeation properties of copolymers derived from 3‐methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane and adamantyl group‐containing methacrylate derivatives
Authors: Ando Shota , Yoshida Akihiro , Nakagawa Masao , Nagai Kazukiyo
Published: November 2015

Novel copolymer membranes derived from three types of adamantyl group‐containing methacrylate derivatives and 3‐methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (SiMA) were synthesized via free radical polymerization. The thermal and permeation properties of these copolymer membranes were investigated. Copolymer membranes with less than 11.9 mol % adamantane content exhibited good membrane forming abilities that are suitable for permeation measurement. The decomposition temperature of all copolymers increased up to approximately 40–80°C with increasing adamantane content compared with poly(SiMA). Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of all copolymers increased up to approximately 46–60°C with increasing adamantane content compared with the theoretical value, which was estimated from Fox equation. 1‐Adamantyl methacrylate copolymer had the highest fractional free volume among the three types of adamantly group‐containing methacrylate derivatives. The gas permeability coefficient of this copolymer increased by 22–45% with increasing adamantane content compared with that of poly(SiMA). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43129.
Desktop classification of inland wetlands for systematic conservation planning in data‐scarce countries: mapping wetland ecosystem types, disturbance indices and threatened species associations at country‐wide scale
Authors: van Deventer Heidi , Nel Jeanne , Mbona Namhla , Job Nancy , Ewart‐Smith Justine , Snaddon Kate , Maherry Ashton
Published: November 2015

Data sets on wetlands required for the representation of aquatic ecosystem biodiversity and systematic wetland conservation planning are typically not available or are inadequate, particularly at country‐wide scale, which hinders conservation planning. The improvement in hierarchical classification systems and increased availability of broad‐scale data sets offers new opportunities to overcome these limitations.

This study demonstrates replicable methods for classifying wetland ecosystem types and condition country‐wide using broad‐scale data sets in data‐scarce countries.

A country‐wide data set, compiled primarily using remote sensing techniques, was combined with regional and landscape‐setting data sets to reflect the ecological and geomorphic biodiversity of wetlands. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were employed to model wetland types, disturbance indices and identify priority wetlands through threatened faunal species associations using existing data. Accuracy of the national data was assessed through a congruency with two local data sets.

Most of the 1 680 306 ha of inland wetlands were classified as Natural (80%), of which the majority were located on Valley Floors (68%). However, the national data were found only to represent 54% of wetlands mapped at a local scale, and comparison with local data showed inaccuracies in the types and condition classifications.

Problems regarding spatial data quality and scale are discussed and suggestions for improvement are provided. The desktop classification steps can be reproduced easily for other data‐scarce countries. Data sets on freshwater ecosystems can assist in raising awareness and influence policy at a national scale.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two new reversible naphthalimide‐based fluorescent chemosensors for Hg2+
Authors: Li Gongchun , Gao Guangqin , Cheng Junye , Chen Xiaopo , Zhao Yufen , Ye Yong
Published: November 2015

Naphthalimide‐based fluorescent probes 1 and 2 were synthesized, and were designed to form probe–Hg complexes through Hg2+ ions coordinated to the amide group and imidazole group. They showed high sensitivity and were selective ‘naked‐eye’ chemosensors for Hg2+ in phosphate buffer. The fluorescence of compounds 1 and 2 could be quenched up to 90% by the addition of Hg2+. Reversible probes can detect Hg2+ ions over a wide pH range (7.0–10.0). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching and learning of medical biochemistry according to clinical realities: A case study
Authors: Jabaut Joshua M. , Dudum Ramzi , Margulies Samantha L. , Mehta Akshita , Han Zhiyong
Published: November 2015

To foster medical students to become physicians who will be lifelong independent learners and critical thinkers with healthy skepticism and provide high‐quality patient care guided by the best evidence, teaching of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) has become an important component of medical education. Currently, the teaching and learning of biochemistry in medical schools incorporates its medical relevance and applications. However, to our knowledge there have been no reports on integrating EBM with teaching and learning medical biochemistry. Here, we present a case study to illustrate the significance of this approach. This case study was based on a biochemistry/nutrition question in a popular board review book about whether a homeless alcoholic man is at risk of developing a deficiency of vitamin E. The possible answers and explanation provided in the book raised a question about the correct answer, which provided us with an opportunity to adapt the philosophy and certain basic EBM principles to find evidence for the clinical applicability of a commonly taught biochemistry topic. The outcome of this case study not only taught us how to conduct an EBM exercise to answer a specific patient question, but also provided us with an opportunity for in‐depth teaching and learning of the medical relevance of a specific biochemistry topic based on the best clinical evidence obtained from a systematic research of medical literature. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:95–98, 2016.
Ceria‐Containing Ordered Mesoporous Silica: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Pal Nabanita , Cho Eun‐Bum , Patra Astam K. , Kim Dukjoon
Published: November 2015

Structural architecture and unique physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of ordered mesoporous silica materials can be tuned. High flexibility of silica materials can provide good support for different metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and organic functional groups. The properties of silica materials can vary to a great extent by introducing the optimum amount of metal species co‐doped, dispersed or composites with the silica mesostructure. The present study investigates the deposition of CeIII/IV/CeO2 on the silica surface by using different wet chemical engineering methods, illustrates the syntheses of those ceria–silica or metal doped ceria–silica nanomaterials and offers clear picture of the influence that incorporated ceria concentration has on the properties of the support material. Ceria–silica based ordered mesoporous materials can have numerous applications is also discussed in this article, emphasizing its use as a heterogeneous catalyst in particular.
Selectivity Studies Towards the Synthesis of Novel Biaryl Ureas by (Hetero)Nanocatalysis: Size Control and Support Effects
Authors: Senra Jaqueline D. , Viana Gil M. , Malta Luiz Fernando B. , Simas Alessandro B. C. , Aguiar Lucia C. S.
Published: November 2015

A series of novel biaryl ureas containing different structural patterns have been prepared in good yields in the presence of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) with narrow particle size distribution. In particular, α, β‐, and γ‐hydroxypropylated cyclodextrins were used as reductants/stabilizers under different Pd‐to‐cyclodextrin ratios to tune the particle size and exploit the surface/cavity effects in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Catalyst recovery in this process was pursued as well. Owing to its excellent performance, ceria was explored as a support for these PdNPs. The heterogeneous catalyst was characterized and investigated in the reaction of N‐(4‐iodo‐aryl),N′‐alkyl urea and phenylboronic acid. Our preliminary results revealed a high activity of the catalyst at 0.5 mol % Pd0 during three consecutive cycles. It is suggested that the specific interface between Pd0 and the high‐surface‐area ceria has a role in the catalytic performance.
Multiple Cycloaddition Reactions of Ketones with a β‐Diketiminate Al Compound
Authors: Sarish Sankaranarayana Pillai , Samuel Prinson P. , Roesky Herbert W. , Schulzke Carola , Nijesh Karikkeeriyil , De Susmita , Parameswaran Pattiyil
Published: November 2015

A β‐diketiminate Al compound (1) with an exocyclic double bond reacts with two equivalents each of benzophenone and 2‐benzoylpyridine in a [4+2] cycloaddition to generate bicyclic and tricyclic compounds 2 and 3, respectively. Compound 2 consists of six‐ and eight‐membered aluminium rings, whereas 3 has two five‐ and one eight‐membered ring. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by a number of analytical tools including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The quantum mechanical calculations suggest that the dissociation of the solvent molecule from 1 would lead to an active species 1A having two 1,4‐dipolar 4π electron moieties, in which the electrophilic site is the Al atom and the nucleophilic positions are polarized exocyclic and endocyclic CC π bonds. The detailed mechanistic study shows that the dipolarophiles, benzophenone, and 2‐benzoylpyridine undergo double cycloaddition with two 1,4‐dipolar 4π electron moieties of 1A. Herein, the addition of one molecule of the dipolarophile promotes the addition of the second one.
Multifunctional Tricarbazolo Triazolophane Macrocycles: One‐Pot Preparation, Anion Binding, and Hierarchical Self‐Organization of Multilayers
Authors: Lee Semin , Hirsch Brandon E. , Liu Yun , Dobscha James R. , Burke David W. , Tait Steven L. , Flood Amar H.
Published: November 2015

Programming the synthesis and self‐assembly of molecules is a compelling strategy for the bottom‐up fabrication of ordered materials. To this end, shape‐persistent macrocycles were designed with alternating carbazoles and triazoles to program a one‐pot synthesis and to bind large anions. The macrocycles bind anions that were once considered too weak to be coordinated, such as PF6−, with surprisingly high affinities (β2=1011 M−2 in 80:20 chloroform/methanol) and positive cooperativity, α=(4 K2/K1)=1200. We also discovered that the macrocycles assemble into ultrathin films of hierarchically ordered tubes on graphite surfaces. The remarkable surface‐templated self‐assembly properties, as was observed by using scanning tunneling microscopy, are attributed to the complementary pairing of alternating triazoles and carbazoles inscribed into both the co‐facial and edge‐sharing seams that exist between shape‐persistent macrocycles. The multilayer assembly is also consistent with the high degree of molecular self‐association observed in solution, with self‐association constants of K=300 000 M−1 (chloroform/methanol 80:20). Scanning tunneling microscopy data also showed that surface assemblies readily sequester iodide anions from solution, modulating their assembly. This multifunctional macrocycle provides a foundation for materials composed of hierarchically organized and nanotubular self‐assemblies.
Divergent Synthesis of Multisubstituted Tetrahydrofurans and Pyrrolidines via Intramolecular Aldol‐type Trapping of Onium Ylide Intermediates
Authors: Jing Changcheng , Xing Dong , Gao Lixin , Li Jia , Hu Wenhao
Published: November 2015

This paper reports a divergent strategy for the synthesis of multisubstituted tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines, starting from easily accessible β‐hydroxyketones or β‐aminoketones to react with diazo compounds. Under RhII catalysis, this transformation is proposed to proceed through a metal–carbene‐induced oxonium ylide or ammonium ylide formation followed by an intramolecular aldol‐type trapping of these active intermediates. A series of highly substituted tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines are synthesized in high yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivities. Preliminary biological evaluations revealed that both types of heterocycles show good PTP1B inhibitory activities.
Metal‐Free Allene‐Based Synthesis of Enantiopure Fused Polycyclic Sultones
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Aragoncillo Cristina , Fernández Israel , Gómez‐Campillos Gonzalo
Published: November 2015

The controlled metal‐free preparation of fused δ‐sultone derivatives has been developed starting from hydroxyallenynes. The use of 2‐(3,3‐diethyltriaz‐1‐enyl)‐4‐methylbenzene‐1‐sulfonyl chloride in a sulfonylation/rearrangement sequence gives access to 1,3‐dien‐2‐yl arenesulfonates. These functionalized enynes suffered a direct cyclization/desaturation radical cascade, allowing the synthesis of a variety of enynyl [1,2]oxathiine 1,1‐dioxides. Stereoselective cyclization of the readily formed core through intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction has also been demonstrated, affording β‐lactam‐ and glucofuranoside‐fused δ‐sultone polycycles. These selective reactions have been studied experimentally and additionally, their reaction mechanisms have been investigated computationally by means of density functional theory calculations.
Semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation for a two‐sample density ratio model with right‐censored data
Authors: Wei Wenhua , Zhou Yong
Published: November 2015

In this paper we investigate a broader semiparametric two‐sample density ratio model based on two groups of right‐censored data. A semiparametric maximum likelihood estimator for the unknown finite and infinite dimensional parameters of the model is proposed and obtained by an EM algorithm. By using empirical process theory, we establish the uniform consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed estimator. We moreover employ a Kolmogorov–Smirnov type test statistic to evaluate the model validity and a likelihood ratio test statistic to examine the treatment effects between the two groups. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed estimator and to compare it with its alternatives. Finally a real data example is analyzed to illustrate its application.The Canadian Journal of Statistics44: 58–81; 2016 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
High‐Throughput Screening (HTS) by NMR Guided Identification of Novel Agents Targeting the Protein Docking Domain of YopH
Authors: Bottini Angel , Wu Bainan , Barile Elisa , De Surya K. , Leone Marilisa , Pellecchia Maurizio
Published: November 2015

Recently we described a novel approach, named high‐throughput screening (HTS) by NMR that allows the identification, from large combinatorial peptide libraries, of potent and selective peptide mimetics against a given target. Here, we deployed the “HTS by NMR” approach for the design of novel peptoid sequences targeting the N‐terminal domain of Yersinia outer protein H (YopH‐NT), a bacterial toxin essential for the virulence of Yersinia pestis. We aimed at disrupting the protein–protein interactions between YopH‐NT and its cellular substrates, with the goal of inhibiting indirectly YopH enzymatic function. These studies resulted in a novel agent of sequence Ac‐F‐pY‐cPG‐d‐P‐NH2 (pY=phosphotyrosine; cPG=cyclopentyl glycine) with a Kd value against YopH‐NT of 310 nm. We demonstrated that such a pharmacological inhibitor of YopH‐NT results in the inhibition of the dephosphorylation by full‐length YopH of a cellular substrate. Hence, potentially this agent represents a valuable stepping stone for the development of novel therapeutics against Yersinia infections. The data reported further demonstrate the utility of the HTS by NMR approach in deriving novel peptide mimetics targeting protein–protein interactions.
Designing Irreversible Inhibitors—Worth the Effort?
Authors: González‐Bello Concepción
Published: November 2015

Despite the unquestionable success of numerous irreversible drugs that are currently in clinical use, such as acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) and penicillin, the number of such approved drugs is much lower than that of noncovalent drugs. Over the years, the potential off‐target effects of these types of compounds have been the primary concern that has hampered their development. However, their remarkable advantages over noncovalent drugs and a better analysis of the risks have decreased the widespread skepticism surrounding them. The design of irreversible inhibitors is a challenge, particularly considering that in some cases their efficacy is due to complex and unexpected mechanisms of action. In this review the main advantages of irreversible inhibition are summarized, and the complexity of certain covalent modification mechanisms is highlighted with selected examples.
New York Citywide Colon Cancer Control Coalition: A public health effort to increase colon cancer screening and address health disparities
Authors: Itzkowitz Steven H. , Winawer Sidney J. , Krauskopf Marian , Carlesimo Mari , Schnoll‐Sussman Felice H. , Huang Katy , Weber Thomas K. , Jandorf Lina
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Although screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is a widely accepted concept nationally and screening rates are increasing, there are differences in screening rates between states and within states.

METHODS

In an effort to increase screening rates and ensure equal access with respect to race/ethnicity, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene formed a coalition of stakeholders in 2003, with its primary focus on colonoscopy, to develop and implement strategies across the city to achieve this goal.

RESULTS

From a screening colonoscopy rate of only 42% in 2003, these concerted efforts contributed to achieving a screening rate of 62% by 2007 and a screening rate of almost 70% in 2014 with the elimination of racial and ethnic disparities.

CONCLUSIONS

This article provides details of how this program was successfully conceived, implemented, and sustained in the large urban population of New York City. The authors hope that by sharing the many elements involved and the lessons learned, they may help other communities to adapt these experiences to their own environments so that CRC screening rates can be maximized. Cancer 2016;122:269–277. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Biomimetic Crystallization of MnFe2O4 Mediated by Peptide‐Catalyzed Esterification at Low Temperature
Authors: Maeda Yoshiaki , Wei Zengyan , Ikezoe Yasuhiro , Tam Edmund , Matsui Hiroshi
Published: November 2015

Enzymes are some of the most efficient catalysts in nature. If small catalytic peptides mimic enzymes, there is potential for broad applications from catalysis for new material synthesis to drug development, due to the ease of molecular design. Recently a hydrogel‐based combinatory phage display library was developed and protease‐mimicking peptides were identified. Here we advanced the previous discovery to apply one of these catalytic peptides for the synthesis of bimetal oxide nanocrystals through the catalytic ester‐elimination pathway. Conventional bimetal oxide crystallization usually requires high temperatures above several hundred °C; however, this catalytic peptide could grow superparamagnetic MnFe2O4 nanocrystals at 4 °C. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) analysis revealed that MnFe2O4 nanocrystals grown by the catalytic peptide exhibit superparamagnetism. This study demonstrates the usefulness of protease‐mimicking catalytic peptides in the field of material synthesis.
A Physicochemical Study of the Effects of Acidity on the Distribution and Antioxidant Efficiency of Trolox in Olive Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Galan Anna , Losada‐Barreiro Sonia , Bravo‐Díaz Carlos
Published: November 2015

The efficiency of antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of lipid‐based emulsions depends on several factors including their nature and their concentration at the reaction site. Here, we have analyzed the effects of acidity and of surfactant concentration on the distribution and efficiency of the vitamin E analog Trolox (TR) in stripped olive oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized with Tween 20. The distribution was assessed in the intact emulsions by employing a kinetic method that exploits the reaction between the hydrophobic 4‐hexadecylbenzenediazonium ions and TR. Kinetic results are interpreted on the grounds of the pseudophase model. The effects of TR on the oxidative stability of the emulsion were determined at different pH values by monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes over time. The results show that the efficiency of TR increases upon increasing pH even though its concentration in the interfacial region decreases.
Impact of touch imprint cytology on imaging‐guided core needle biopsies: An experience from a large academic medical center laboratory
Authors: Li Zaibo , Tonkovich Dena , Shen Rulong
Published: November 2015

Background

Imaging‐guided core needle biopsy is a minimally invasive and effective tissue sampling method. Touch imprint cytology (TIC) can provide immediate on‐site preliminary interpretation and adequacy of core needle biopsy. We investigated on‐site TICs’ impact on minimizing the number of core needle biopsy passes required for diagnosis.

Methods

Five hundred and sixty imaging‐guided CNBs with TICs including 393 malignant lesions, 136 benign lesions, 29 nondiagnostic specimens, and 2 atypical lesions were reviewed for adequacy, preliminary interpretation, final histological diagnosis, and the number of core needle biopsy passes.

Results

The adequacy rate determined by on‐site TICs was 76%, with 50% for benign lesions, and 88% for malignant lesions. The correlation rate between TICs’ preliminary interpretation and histological diagnosis was 91%, with 100% for benign lesions and 89% for malignant lesions. In malignant lesions, the adequacy rate was lowest in cases with sarcomas (58%), followed by hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. When all cases are stratified by locations, the adequacy rate determined by on‐site TICs was lowest in lesions from soft tissue (45%), followed by pelvic mass or kidney. The average number of cores was 4.1 per case in adequate specimens, significantly lower than that in specimens without TICs. In contrast, the average number of cores was 7.1 per case in inadequate specimens, significantly greater than that in specimens without TICs.

Conclusions

On‐site TICs showed its usefulness in reducing the number of cores required for adequate diagnostic materials. In the meantime, TICs accurately provided preliminary interpretations, especially in adequate malignant carcinoma cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:87–90. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization and origin of the ‘B’ and ‘C’ compounds in the acid/neutral forensic signatures of heroin – products from the acylation of porphyroxine and subsequent hydrolysis
Authors: Casale John F. , Casale Ellen S. , Toske Steven G. , Hays Patrick A. , Panicker Sini
Published: November 2015

Two significant compounds often found in the gas chromatographic analysis of the acid/neutral extracts from illicit heroin have remained uncharacterized for 30 years. The unknown compounds are referred to as the ‘B’ and ‘C’ compounds. It has been postulated that these compounds arise from acetylation of porphyroxine, a rhoeadine alkaloid found at trace levels in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Porphyroxine was isolated from opium and acetylated to produce N,O8‐diacetylporphyroxine. Mild hydrolysis produced N,O8‐diacetyl‐O14‐desmethyl‐epi‐porphyroxine (the C compound) and N‐acetyl‐O14‐desmethyl‐epi‐porphyroxine (the B compound). Both N,O8‐diacetyl‐O14‐desmethyl‐epi‐porphyroxine and N‐acetyl‐O14‐desmethyl‐epi‐porphyroxine were determined to be C‐14 epimers of porphyroxine and N,O8‐diacetylporphyroxine. The non‐epimerized isomers of the B and C compounds were also detected in illicit heroin, but at much lower levels. Chromatographic and spectroscopic data are presented for the aforementioned compounds. The presence/absence and relative concentrations of these compounds is presented for the four types of heroin (Southwest Asian, South American, Southeast Asian, and Mexican). The prevalence of detection for the B and C compounds are Southwest Asian = 92‐93%, South American = 64‐72%, Southeast Asian = 45‐49%, and Mexican ≤ 3%. When detected, the overall trend of relative concentrations of dicaetylporhyroxine, the B‐compound, and C‐compound is Southwest Asian > South American > Southeast Asian, each by an order of magnitude. These compounds were rarely detected in Mexican heroin. The presence/absence and relative concentrations of these compounds provide pertinent forensic signature characteristics that significantly enhance the final regional classifications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare medical manifestations of severe restricting and purging: “Zebras,” missed diagnoses, and best practices
Authors: Gaudiani Jennifer L. , Mehler Philip S.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Medical problems that arise due to severe restricting and/or purging may be misdiagnosed or suboptimally treated, from outpatient clinics to top medical hospitals. A symptom may be presumed to be a psychological manifestation of the eating disorder and inappropriately dismissed for further medical evaluation. Alternatively, a detailed medical workup may be performed, overlooking a classic relationship between starvation and a physical finding, which delays referral to eating disorder care. This review article focuses on rare medical issues (also called “zebras” in medical training), diagnoses that may be missed in patients with eating disorders, and best practices for management, organized by organ system.

Method

A PubMed search was performed, using search terms “eating disorder,” “anorexia nervosa,” and “bulimia nervosa” in combination with different words for each organ system and known medical manifestations of severe eating disorders, with high quality and relevant studies from the past 20 years cited.

Discussion

Adults with eating disorders may present with extreme organ dysfunction and atypical signs and symptoms of typical medical problems. Timely diagnosis, risk awareness, appropriate treatment, and avoidance of harm are all vital. With judicious management and nutritional rehabilitation, most of these complications will significantly improve or resolve. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:331–344).
Genetic variation, multiple paternity, and measures of reproductive success in the critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)
Authors: González‐Garza Blanca Idalia , Stow Adam , Sánchez‐Teyer Lorenzo Felipe , Zapata‐Pérez Omar
Published: November 2015

The Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico contains some of the largest breeding groups of the globally distributed and critically endangered hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). An improved understanding of the breeding system of this species and how its genetic variation is structured among nesting areas is required before the threats to its survival can be properly evaluated. Here, we genotype 1195 hatchlings and 41 nesting females at 12 microsatellite loci to assess levels of multiple paternity, genetic variation and whether individual levels of homozygosity are associated with reproductive success. Of the 50 clutches analyzed, only 6% have multiple paternity. The distribution of pairwise relatedness among nesting localities (rookeries) was not random with elevated within‐rookery relatedness, and declining relatedness with geographic distance indicating some natal philopatry. Although there was no strong evidence that particular rookeries had lost allelic variation via drift, younger turtles had significantly lower levels of genetic variation than older turtles, suggesting some loss of genetic variation. At present there is no indication that levels of genetic variation are associated with measures of reproductive success such as clutch size, hatching success, and frequency of infertile eggs.
NF‐κB‐inducing kinase is essential for B‐cell maintenance in mice
Authors: Hahn Matthias , Macht Anna , Waisman Ari , Hövelmeyer Nadine
Published: November 2015

NF‐κB‐inducing kinase (NIK) is a key mediator of the noncanonical NF‐κB signaling pathway, which is critical for normal B‐cell development and function. It is well established that the complete deletion of NIK in mice results in defective B cells and impaired secondary lymphoid organogenesis. To address the role of NIK deficiency specifically in B cells, we generated a new mouse strain for the conditional deletion of this kinase. Deletion of NIK during B‐cell development results in a drastic reduction of mature B cells from the transitional 2 stage on, while B‐1 B cells are less affected. Moreover, deletion of NIK in the germinal centers decreases the numbers of germinal center B cells and impairs the ability of NIK‐deficient B cells to develop into class‐switched cells in vivo. This new mouse strain will be helpful for studying the role of NIK in different cell types of the body.
Oligodeoxynucleotide inhibition of Toll‐like receptors 3, 7, 8, and 9 suppresses cytokine production in a human rheumatoid arthritis model
Authors: Sacre Sandra , Lo Alexandra , Gregory Bernard , Stephens Matthew , Chamberlain Giselle , Stott Philip , Brennan Fionula
Published: November 2015

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that respond to both exogenous and endogenous stimuli and are suggested to contribute to the perpetuation of chronic inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In particular, the endosomal TLRs 3, 7, 8, and 9 have more recently been postulated to be of importance in RA pathogenesis. In this study, pan inhibition of the endosomal TLRs by a phosphorothioate‐modified inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is demonstrated in primary human B cells, macrophages, and RA fibroblasts. Inhibition of TLR8 was of particular interest as TLR8 has been associated with RA pathogenesis in both human and murine arthritis models. ODN1411 competitively inhibited TLR8 signaling and was observed to directly bind to a purified TLR8 ectodomain, suggesting inhibition was through a direct interaction with the receptor. Addition of ODN1411 to human RA synovial membrane cultures significantly inhibited spontaneous cytokine production from these cultures, suggesting a potential role for one or more of the endosomal TLRs in inflammatory cytokine production in RA and the potential for inhibitory ODNs as novel therapies.
The Impact of Competition and Consumer Preferences on the Location Choices of Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Adler Nicole , Hashai Niron
Published: November 2015

In this study, we argue that when undertaking location decisions, multinational enterprises (MNEs) ought to incorporate their competitors' reactions to such decisions as well as consumer preferences for location, in addition to the more standard cost‐benefit analyses. We view MNEs as networks of activities connected via product and knowledge flows and develop a game‐theoretic, location‐allocation mathematical model. A series of computational analyses leads to competitive outcomes and location choices, where even without an explicit modeling of inter‐region differences, MNEs show strong tendency toward regionally focused location configurations. Importantly, such regionally focused location configurations can take the shape of regionally focused MNEs or of globally dispersed MNEs with regional structures.
Implicitly strengthened task‐irrelevant stimulus‐response associations modulate cognitive control: Evidence from an fMRI study
Authors: Xia Tiansheng , Li Hui , Wang Ling
Published: November 2015

The dynamics of cognitive control have been investigated by the proportion congruency effect. However, the theory that this effect is due to attentional modulation has been challenged by contingency learning accounts. This raises the question of how the cognitive control system operates during and after increasing the strength of task‐irrelevant stimulus‐response (S‐R) associations. We employed a novel paradigm that elicits positive and reversed Simon effects via task rule manipulations, and combined it with a between subjects proportion congruency manipulation. The pattern of enhancement and reversal of the positive and reversed Simon effects across conditions suggested that participants used strengthened task‐irrelevant S‐R associations to predict responses. Functional neuroimaging identified proportion congruency effects that interacted with task S‐R associations, showing greater activity when strengthened task‐irrelevant S‐R associations conflicted with task‐defined S‐R associations in frontoparietal regions, including bilateral superior parietal lobule (SPL) and dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC), presupplementary motor area/anterior midcingulate cortex (Pre‐SMA/aMCC), and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). These results suggest that the aMCC and DLPFC shifted to responding mainly to the conflict induced by the strengthened irrelevant S‐R associations. The SPL and dPMC might represent the strengthened irrelevant S‐R associations. Hum Brain Mapp 37:756–772, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Image‐enhanced endoscopy for detection of second primary neoplasm in patients with esophageal and head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chung Chen‐Shuan , Lo Wu‐Chia , Lee Yi‐Chia , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Liao Li‐Jen
Published: November 2015

Image‐enhanced endoscopy is helpful for screening of a second primary neoplasm in patients with esophageal and head and neck cancer. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to determine the diagnostic efficacy of white‐light imaging (WLI), narrow band imaging (NBI), and Lugol chromoendoscopy for second primary neoplasm detection. A review of the PubMed/Cochrane databases up to May 2014 was performed. Meta‐analysis was done by Meta‐DiSc software and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 tool. A total of 4918 patients from 16 prospective and randomized trials were enrolled. For WLI, NBI, and Lugol chromoendoscopy, the pooled sensitivities were 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48% to 59%), 87% (95% CI = 83% to 90%), and 88% (95% CI = 85% to 91%), respectively; the pooled specificities were 99% (95% CI = 98% to 99%), 95% (95% CI = 94% to 96%), and 63% (95% CI = 61% to 66%), respectively; and the areas under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 66%, 97%, and 82%, respectively. NBI endoscopy has the most highly accurate diagnostic performance for detection of second primary neoplasms in high‐risk patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2343–E2349, 2016
Histologic assessment of tumor budding in preoperative biopsies to predict nodal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth
Authors: Seki Mai , Sano Takaaki , Yokoo Satoshi , Oyama Tetsunari
Published: November 2015

Background

In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and the floor of the mouth (FOM), it is important to predict lymph node metastasis, including occult metastasis, before operating. The purpose of this study was for us to determine practical histopathologic parameters as predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in preoperative SCC biopsy specimens.

Methods

We examined 91 cases of SCC for conventional histopathologic assessment and a new factor, tumor budding, and their relationship with lymph node metastasis.

Results

Significant factors via univariate analysis (p < .01) were budding (score ≥3) and tumor depth (≥3 mm) and these were associated with lymph node metastasis. Moreover, both budding and tumor depth significantly correlated with relapse‐free survival; however, evaluating biopsy specimens often proved inaccurate for predicting true tumor depth of cancer invasion.

Conclusion

Tumor budding using immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin should be added to routine histologic assessments as a new criterion factoring into the decision as to whether neck dissection is indicated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1582–E1590, 2016
Dietary total fat and fatty acids intake, serum fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Cao Yi , Hou Lin , Wang Weijing
Published: November 2015

Results from prospective cohort studies on the association between dietary total fat and fatty acids intake and risk of breast cancer remain controversial. Pertinent prospective cohort studies were identified by a search of Embase and PubMed from inception to September 2015. Study‐specific relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random‐effect model. Between‐study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed, and sensitivity analysis was conducted. Twenty‐four independent studies on dietary total fat and fatty acids intake and seven studies on serum fatty acids were included. The pooled RR of breast cancer for the highest vs. lowest category of dietary total fat intake was 1.10 (1.02–1.19); however, no association was observed in studies adjusting for traditional risk factors of breast cancer. No association was observed between animal fat, vegetable fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n‐3 PUFA, n‐6 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha‐linolenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid and risk of breast cancer. The pooled RRs of breast cancer for the highest vs. lowest category of serum SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n‐3 PUFA and n‐6 PUFA were 1.00 (0.78–1.28), 1.41 (0.99–2.03), 0.59 (0.27–1.30), 0.81 (0.60–1.10) and 0.84 (0.60–1.18), respectively. Results from this meta‐analysis suggested that dietary total fat and fatty acids might be not associated with risk of breast cancer.
Role of initial cell density of algal bioassay of toxic chemicals
Authors: Singh Prashant Kumar , Shrivastava Alok Kumar
Published: November 2015

A variety of toxicants such as, metal ions, pesticides, dyes, etc. are continuously being introduced anthropogenically in the environment and adversely affect to the biotic component of the ecosystem. Therefore, the assessment of negative effects of these toxicants is required. However, toxicity assessment anticipated by chemical analysis are extremely poor, therefore the application of the living systems for the same is an excellent approach. Concentration of toxicant as well as cell density both influenced the result of the algal toxicity assay. Here, Scenedesmus sp, a very fast growing green microalgae was selected for study the effects of initial cell densities on the toxicity of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), paraquat and 2,4‐D. Results demonstrated concentration dependent decrease in biomass and specific growth rate of Scenedesmus sp. on exposure of abovesaid toxicants. Paraquat and 2,4‐D emerged as extremely toxic to the test alga which reflected from the lowest EC value and very steep decline in biomass was evident with increasing concentration of paraquat and 2,4‐D in the medium. Result also demonstrated that initial cell density is a very important parameter than specific growth rate for algal bioassay of various toxicants. Present study clearly illustrated that the use of smaller cell density is always recommended for assaying toxicity of chemicals in algal assays.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antihypertensive activities of protein hydrolysate from meat of Kacang goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)
Authors: Mirdhayati Irdha , Hermanianto Joko , Wijaya Christofora H , Sajuthi Dondin , Arihara Keizo
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

The meat of Kacang goat has potential for production of a protein hydrolysate. Functional ingredients from protein hydrolysate of Kacang goat meat were determined by the consistency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect. This study examined the potency of Kacang goat protein hydrolysate in ACE inhibition and antihypertensive activity.

RESULT

Protein hydrolysates of Kacang goat meat were prepared using sequential digestion of endo‐proteinase and protease complex at several concentrations and hydrolysis times. The highest ACE inhibitory activity resulted from a hydrolysate that was digested for 4 h with 5 g kg−1 of both enzymes. An ACE inhibitory peptide was purified and a novel peptide found with a sequence of Phe‐Gln‐Pro‐Ser (IC50 value of 27.0 µmol L−1). Both protein hydrolysates and a synthesised peptide (Phe‐Gln‐Pro‐Ser) demonstrated potent antihypertensive activities in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

CONCLUSION

Protein hydrolysate of Kacang goat meat produced by sequential digestion with endo‐proteinase and protease complex has great potential as a functional ingredient, particularly as an antihypertensive agent. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparing perioperative processes of care in high and low mortality centers performing pancreatic surgery
Authors: Scally Christopher P. , Yin Huiying , Birkmeyer John D. , Wong Sandra L.
Published: November 2015

Background

Pancreatic surgery outcomes vary widely. We hypothesize that by comparing high and low mortality hospitals, we may identify differences in patient care impacting safety.

Methods

We sampled hospitals with very‐low and very‐high mortality (LMH; HMH) and conducted on‐site chart reviews evaluating perioperative care practices for pancreatic operations.

Results

HMHs had an 11.6% mortality rate; LMHs 1.5%. Patients in HMHs had worse ASA classification (20.9% ASA Class 4/5 vs. 2.0%, P < 0.001) and comorbidity burden (55.3% with ≥1 comorbidity vs. 39.6%, P = 0.037). At HMHs, operations took longer (353.9 min vs. 313.7 min, P = 0.05), had higher blood loss (1,203.7 ml vs. 881.6 ml, P = 0.04), and patients underwent more transfusions (70.2% vs. 41.1%, P < 0.001). There were differences in anesthetic care: less invasive monitoring (76.1% vs. 93.1%, P < 0.001) and epidural pain management (22.5% vs. 62.9%, P < 0.001). Both cohorts had similar rates of VTE prophylaxis and SSI prevention compliance.

Conclusion

High and low mortality hospitals both have high compliance with common quality measures; however, HMHs performed worse in other areas of perioperative care, indicating possible targets for quality improvement efforts. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:866–871. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dendritic‐Linear Hybrid Multiarm Star Polymers: A Straightforward Synthesis of Polymer as Molecular Nanoparticles
Authors: Nasar Abdulsalam Sultan , Veerapandian Selvaraj
Published: November 2015

Synthesis of multiarm star polymers via “core first” method but possibly through two different chain growth fashions has been described. Two distinct styrenyl‐TEMPO‐based G3 and G4 dendritic unimolecular initiators have been used for this method. Polymerization of styrene using these core‐cum‐initiators at 125 °C varying the monomer to initiator ratio and polymerization time yields multiarm star polymers with molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 1.71 × 105 to 4.75 × 105 g mol−1 and polydispersity in the range of 1.34–1.46. Hydrolysis leading to degradation of inner polyurethane core yields highly narrow dispersed—PDI 1.00 to 1.04—polystyrene chains, and the SEC‐MALLS data of these chains confirm the accurate control on predetermination in the number of arms up to 48 of star polymers. The specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) of the polymers is found to be decreased with decreasing weight fraction of core. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and hydrodynamic radius of chosen polymers confirm the two different chain growth fashions leading to the formation of star polymers as discrete nanoparticle in the case of initiator in which TEMPO is anchored and formation of peripherally low entangled short chains in the case of initiators in which TEMPO is end‐capped.

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Single‐Chain Folding of Synthetic Polymers: A Critical Update
Authors: Altintas Ozcan , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: November 2015

The current contribution serves as a critical update to a previous feature article from us (Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2012, 33, 958−971), and highlights the latest advances in the preparation of single chain polymeric nanoparticles and initial—yet promising—attempts towards mimicking the structure of natural biomacromolecules via single‐chain folding of well‐defined linear polymers via so‐called single chain selective point folding and repeat unit folding. The contribution covers selected examples from the literature published up to ca. September 2015. Our aim is not to provide an exhaustive review but rather highlight a selection of new and exciting examples for single‐chain folding based on advanced macromolecular precision chemistry. Initially, the discussion focuses on the synthesis and characterization of single‐chain folded structures via selective point folding. The second part of the feature article addresses the folding of well‐defined single‐chain polymers by means of repeat unit folding. The current state of the art in the field of single‐chain folding indicates that repeat unit folding‐driven nanoparticle preparation is well‐advanced, while initial encouraging steps towards building selective point folding systems have been taken. In addition, a summary of the—in our view—open key questions is provided that may guide future biomimetic design efforts.

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