bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates with Polyfluoroarenes.
Authors: Zhu Xingyi , Li Feng , Su Weike
Published: May 2013

Under conditions A), the title reaction allows the preparation of a broad spectrum of synthetically and pharmaceutically important fluorinated biphenyls.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrogenerated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in the Room Temperature Parent Ionic Liquid as an Efficient Medium for Transesterification/Acylation Reactions.
Authors: Chiarotto Isabella , Feroci Marta , Sotgiu Giovanni , Inesi Achille
Published: May 2013

An efficient transesterification reaction is carried out in [bmim]BF4 ionic liquid which is electrogenerated acting as efficient NHC catalyst as well.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed C—F Bond Activation and Alkylation of Polyfluoroaryl Imines.
Authors: Yang Xiuxiu , Sun Hongjian , Zhang Shumiao , Li Xiaoyan
Published: May 2013

The Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of polyfluoroaryl imines (I), (V) and (VIII) with ZnMe2 (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical Diaryl Trithiocarbonates Through Copper‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl Compounds, Sodium Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide.
Authors: Gholinejad Mohammad
Published: May 2013

This method allows the synthesis of symmetrical diaryl trithiocarbonates without the use of highly toxic thiophosgene.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Radical Arylation of Anilines with Arylhydrazines.
Authors: Jasch Hannelore , Scheumann Julia , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: May 2013

Treatment of anilines with aromatic hydrazines in the presence of MnO2 provides a new and highly regioselective approach to 2‐aminobiphenyls.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Coordinate Pd(II) Complexes Containing Non‐Symmetric Phosphorus Ylides: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior Towards Suzuki Reaction.
Authors: Sabounchei Seyyed Javad , Panahimehr Mohammad , Ahmadi Mohsen , Nasri Zahra , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: May 2013

One of the newly synthesized complexes is applied in the Suzuki‐cross‐coupling reaction affording biaryls (III) in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Recyclable Palladium(II) Imino‐Pyridine Complex Immobilized on Mesoporous Silica as a Highly Active and Recoverable Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Su Hong , Luo Jun , Wei Yunyang
Published: May 2013

Tosyl, mesyl as well as chloro leaving groups are not applicable.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Benzophenones by Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions. Optimization via Experimental Design.
Authors: Luong Martin , Domini Claudia E. , Silbestri Gustavo F. , Chopa Alicia B.
Published: May 2013

A series of diaryl ketones (III) is synthesized through the selective cross‐coupling reaction of benzoyl chlorides (II) with arylstannanes (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Cleavage and C—N Bond Formation.
Authors: Li Wenjuan , Zheng Xiaojian , Li Zhiping
Published: May 2013

Anilines and sulfonamides react smoothly with diphenylpropane‐1,3‐diones to afford the corresponding N‐alkylation products, wherein the 1,3‐dicarbonyl group acts as a leaving group.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative ortho‐Acylation of Anilides with Toluene Derivatives.
Authors: Weng Jianquan , Yu Zhiqin , Liu Xinghai , Zhang Guofu
Published: May 2013

The novel process uses simple methylarenes as acylating reagents to provide various o‐amido‐substituted diarylketones as important synthons for pharmaceutical and material chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Copper‐Free Sonogashira—Hagihara Couplings of Aryl Imidazolylsulfonates in Water.
Authors: Civicos Jose F. , Alonso Diego A. , Najera Carmen
Published: May 2013

A number of disubstituted alkynes are synthesized in good to high yields by the presented new method under microwave irradiation within short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Novel Bicyclic β‐Lactams: Analogues of C‐Fused Penicillin Type Ring Systems.
Authors: Bari S. S. , Bhalla Aman , Reshma Reshma , Hundal Geeta
Published: May 2013

POCl3‐promoted cyclocondensation of mercaptoacetic acids and unsaturated imines offers cis/trans mixtures of β‐lactams.
ChemInform Abstract: Transesterification of Trimethyl Orthoacetate: An Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of 4‐Alkoxy‐2‐aminothiophene‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Rao K. Venkata , Balakumar C. , Narayana B. Lakshmi , Kishore D. Pran , Rajwinder K. , Rao A. Raghuram
Published: May 2013

A facile protocol for the synthesis of functionalized title compounds (IV) (16 examples) involves transesterification of substrates with higher alcohols, subsequent reaction with dinitrile and final Gewald reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereoselective Cyclization Strategy for the Preparation of γ‐Lactams and Their Use in the Synthesis of α‐Methyl‐β‐proline.
Authors: Banerjee Souvik , Smith Justin , Smith Jillian , Faulkner Caleb , Masterson Douglas S.
Published: May 2013

The reaction of benzyl malonic esters with hydrazine allows a convenient and stereoselective access to the (R)‐γ‐lactam (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Polyarylation of Pyrrole Derivatives.
Authors: Zhao Liqin , Bruneau Christian , Doucet Henri
Published: May 2013

This reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups and uses an air‐stable catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl‐4,5‐Substituted Oxazoles by Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of Functionalized Enamides.
Authors: Kumar S. Vijay , Saraiah B. , Misra N. C. , Ila H.
Published: May 2013

Regioselective ring opening of oxazolones of type (IV) [inter alia precursors of aminocarboxylic acids (II)] by diverse nucleophiles followed by Cu‐catalyzed ring closure of resulting enamides provides an efficient approach to various 2‐phenyl‐4,5‐substituted oxazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Aryl‐3H‐[1,3,4]oxadiazol‐2‐ones from N′‐(Chloro‐aryl‐methylene)‐tert‐butylcarbazates Using Basic Alumina as an Efficient and Recyclable Surface under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Debnath Kamalesh , Pathak Sudipta , Pramanik Animesh
Published: May 2013

The method is advantageous with regard to short reaction times, operational simplicity, and reusability of the solid support.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Multisubstituted Tetrahydropyrans by a Domino Oxa‐Michael/Tsuji—Trost Reaction.
Authors: Wang Liang , Menche Dirk
Published: May 2013

Pd‐catalyzed treatment of unsaturated alcohols of type (I) with nitro olefins provides a new and efficient approach to multisubstituted tetrahydropyrans, which are of synthetic and biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Chemoselective Reduction of Pyridines to Tetrahydropyridines and Piperidines via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Wu Jianjun , Tang Weijun , Pettman Alan , Xiao Jianliang
Published: May 2013

A simple and efficient protocol for the chemoselective reduction of pyridinium salts in excellent yields using low catalyst loadings is shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Supported Tungstic Acid (STA): An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Bis‐Spiro Piperidine Derivatives under Milder Conditions.
Authors: Atar Amol B. , Jeong Yeon Tae
Published: May 2013

The process uses dimedone, aromatic amines, and formaldehyde as raw materials to form the title system with simple work‐up and easy recovery of the heterogeneous catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric 2‐Aryl‐4‐quinolinone Derivatives with an N—C Chiral Axis.
Authors: Takahashi Isao , Morita Fumika , Kusagaya Shunsuke , Fukaya Haruhiko , Kitagawa Osamu
Published: May 2013

The 1,4‐addition of aniline (II) to ynones (I) and (IV) followed by intramolecular Buchwald—Hartwig amination affords axially chiral quinoline derivatives (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis and X‐Ray Structures of New α‐Quinolin‐3‐yl‐α‐aminonitriles and Derivatives.
Authors: Ladraa Souheila , Berree Fabienne , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Roisnel Thierry , Carboni Bertrand , Belfaitah Ali
Published: May 2013

Treatment of various aldimine substrates, readily prepared from the corresponding aldehydes, with nitrile (II) affords the desired title compounds as a combination of biologically important quinoline units and α‐amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: An Addition of Benzylic sp3 C—H to Electron‐Deficient Olefins.
Authors: Li Hong‐Ying , Xing Li‐Juan , Xu Tong , Wang Peng , Liu Rui‐Hua , Wang Bin
Published: May 2013

A simple protocol is applied in the absence of any catalyst or additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component, One‐Pot Sequential Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclazines: 3H‐1,2a1,3‐Triazaacenaphthylenes.
Authors: Shen Jingkang , et al. et al.
Published: May 2013

An efficient and widely applicable method to prepare new triazaacenaphthylenes as well as tetraazaacenaphthylenes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones via Amidine N‐Arylation.
Authors: Li Bryan , Samp Lacey , Sagal John , Hayward Cheryl M. , Yang Christine , Zhang Zhijun
Published: May 2013

A high throughput route towards the orally active calcium‐sensing receptor antagonist (XIIIb) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition/Ring‐Opening Rearrangement/[4 + 2] Cycloaddition/Aromatization Cascade: An Unprecedented Chemo‐ and Stereoselective Three Component Coupling of Sulfonyl Azide, Alkyne and N‐Arylidenepyridin‐2‐amine to Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐imine.
Authors: Namitharan Kayambu , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: May 2013

An efficient, simple and new protocol for the synthesis of N‐substituted pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐imine derivatives [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Access to Enantioenriched Pyrazyl Alcohols Using Chiral Organomagnesiates.
Authors: Payen Olivier , Chevallier Floris , Mongin Florence , Gros Philippe C.
Published: May 2013

The iodine‐magnesium exchange of iodopyrazine (I) and subsequent enantioselective addition of the intermediate magnesiate to aldehydes (II) using ((R,R)‐TADDOLate)Bu2MgLi2 is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple One‐Pot Method for the Mercuric Oxide Mediated Synthesis of Piperazines via Oxidative Diamination of Olefins.
Authors: Kour Harpreet , Paul Satya , Singh Parvinder Pal , Gupta Monika , Gupta Rajive
Published: May 2013

Under optimized conditions including preformed HgO·2HBF4, the reaction of olefins with N‐protected ethylene diamine gives piperazine products.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphite‐Catalyzed Green Synthesis of Quinoxalines.
Authors: Kadam Hari K. , Khan Salman , Kunkalkar Rupesh A. , Tilve Santosh G.
Published: May 2013

A simple protocol affords quinoxaline and dihydropiperazine derivatives via double condensation of diketones with diamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Disiloxanes with Cyclic or Non‐Cyclic Carbamate Moieties as Electrolytes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Jeschke Steffen , Gentschev Ann‐Christin , Wiemhoefer Hans‐Dieter
Published: May 2013

The synthesis, ionic conductivity, thermal properties, viscosity, and relative permittivity of four liquid disiloxanes are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Preparation of (Z)‐Silyl Enol Ethers by Three‐Component Coupling Using α,β‐Unsaturated Acylsilanes as Core Building Blocks.
Authors: Tsubouchi Akira , Sasaki Natsuki , Enatsu Shouko , Takeda Takeshi
Published: May 2013

Reaction of α,β‐unsaturated acylsilanes (I) with alkyl metal reagents followed by CuOtBu and allylic chlorides (II) provides the title compounds in a stereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot, Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Route to 2‐Indolyl‐C‐glycosides.
Authors: Subramanian Parthasarathi , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: May 2013

An efficient synthesis of a variety of N‐tosyl‐2‐C‐glycosides is accomplished through a cascade reaction of C‐alkynyl glycosides that involves a sequential Sonogashira type coupling and cyclative‐hydroamination.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress in Bismuth Vanadate Photoanodes for Use in Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Park Yiseul , McDonald Kenneth J. , Choi Kyoung‐Shin
Published: May 2013

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Transformations of Colloidal 2D Layered Metal Chalcogenide Nanocrystals
Authors: Han Jae Hyo , Lee Sujeong , Cheon Jinwoo
Published: May 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Nanorods and Their Plasmonic Properties
Authors: Chen Huanjun , Shao Lei , Li Qian , Wang Jianfang
Published: May 2013

Review: 349 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Features in Coordination Chemistry: Valuable Hints from X‐Ray Analyses of Endohedral Metallofullerenes
Authors: Xie Yun‐Peng , Lu Xing , Akasaka Takeshi , Nagase Shigeru
Published: May 2013

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Systems
Authors: Deeth Robert J.
Published: May 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Imaging Catalysts at Work: A Hierarchical Approach from the Macro‐ to the Meso‐ and Nano‐Scale
Authors: Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk , Wagner Jakob B. , Dunin‐Borkowski Rafael E.
Published: May 2013

Review: prospects for the development and combined application of existing and new techniques for in situ catalyst characterization; 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Compounds and Drug Discovery
Authors: Bigelow James C.
Published: May 2013

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Approaches in the Synthesis of Batracylin and Its Analogues: Rebirth of an Old Player?
Authors: Dzierzbicka K. , Januchta W. , Skladanowski A.
Published: May 2013

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallocavitands: An Emerging Class of Functional Multimetallic Host Molecules
Authors: Frischmann Peter D. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: May 2013

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One Hundered Years of Helicene Chemistry. Part 1. Non‐Stereoselective Syntheses of Carbohelicenes
Authors: Gingras Marc
Published: May 2013

Review: 260 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One Hundered Years of Helicene Chemistry. Part 3. Applications and Properties of Carbohelicenes
Authors: Gingras Marc
Published: May 2013

Review: 242 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Post‐Polymerization Modifications of Aliphatic Poly(carbonate)s Prepared by Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Tempelaar Sarah , Mespouille Laetitia , Coulembier Olivier , Dubois Philippe , Dove Andrew P.
Published: May 2013

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Transition Metal Catalysis and Organocatalysis — An Update
Authors: Du Zhenting , Shao Zhihui
Published: May 2013

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrafast Magnetism Down to the Nanometre Scale
Authors: Bigot Jean‐Yves
Published: May 2013

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expansion of the Aptamer Library from a “Natural Soup” to an “Unnatural Soup”
Authors: Uzawa Takanori , Tada Seiichi , Wang Wei , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: May 2013

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonamides: Deserving Class as MMP Inhibitors?
Authors: Jain Pranjali , Saravanan Chinnadurai , Singh Sushil Kumar
Published: May 2013

Review: mode of action, structure—activity relationship, therapeutic uses; 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomolecular Specificity Controlled Nanomaterial Synthesis
Authors: Chiu Chin‐Yi , Ruan Lingyan , Huang Yu
Published: May 2013

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanisms in Manganese Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkenes with H2O2
Authors: Saisaha Pattama , de Boer Johannes W. , Browne Wesley R.
Published: May 2013

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Excitations in Light Absorbers for Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion: First Principles Calculations Based on Many Body Perturbation Theory
Authors: Ping Yuan , Rocca Dario , Galli Giulia
Published: May 2013

Review: 261 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Emerging Chirality in Nanoscience
Authors: Wang Yong , Xu Jun , Wang Yawen , Chen Hongyu
Published: May 2013

Review: 367 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Surgeon′s Role in Molecular Biology
Authors: Rocco Gaetano
Published: May 2013

Review: 24 refs.
The Helmholtz Energy Alliance “Energy Efficient Multiphase Chemical Processes”
Authors: Hampel Uwe , Dittmeyer Roland , Patyk Andreas , Wetzel Thomas , Lange Rüdiger , Freund Hannsjörg , Schwieger Wilhelm , Grünewald Marcus , Schlüter Michael , Petasch Uwe
Published: May 2013

Energieeffizienz ist ein wesentlicher Baustein nachhaltigen Wirtschaftens und unabdingbare Voraussetzung zur Erreichung aktueller klimapolitischer Ziele. Die von der Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren geförderte Energie‐Allianz „Energieeffiziente chemische Mehrphasenprozesse”︁ bündelt Kompetenzen und Forschungsaktivitäten im Bereich der chemischen Verfahrenstechnik mit dem Ziel der Weiterentwicklung von Entwurfs‐ und Auslegungsmethoden, numerischen und experimentellen Techniken sowie neuer Messeverfahren zur Effizienzsteigerung chemischer Mehrphasenprozesse.
Is There BN Bond‐Length Alternation in 1,2:3,4:5,6‐Tris(biphenylylene)borazines?
Authors: Müller Matthias , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Sirsch Peter , Bettinger Holger F.
Published: May 2013

The alternation of the BN bonds in the central borazine ring of the overcrowded 1,2:3,4:5,6‐tris(biphenylylene)borazine (2 a) and its tribromo derivative (2 g) is investigated by computational methods and compared with their experimentally obtained crystal structures. The calculations are performed with a meta‐generalized‐gradient‐approximation (GGA) density functional (Tao–Perdew–Staroverov–Scuseria (TPSS)) without and with dispersion corrections, including Becke–Johnson damping, in conjunction with a polarized triple‐ζ basis set. These data show a small bond‐length alternation (BLA) of around 0.01 Å in 2 a and 2 g. This outcome is in good agreement with X‐ray diffraction data for 2 g, but at variance with earlier X‐ray diffraction measurements that gave a BLA of 0.06 Å for 2 a. A re‐investigation of the crystal structure of 2 a reveals a positional disorder that precludes a discussion of the BN bond lengths. The synthesis of 2 g is the first example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution of an aryl borazine with elemental bromine. Successful bromination was also demonstrated for hexaphenylborazine.
A proposed complementary pairing mode between single‐stranded nucleic acids and β‐stranded peptides: A possible pathway for generating complex biological molecules
Authors: Zhang Shuguang , Egli Martin
Published: May 2013

A structure for a heterologous double‐stranded molecule consisting of an oligoribonucleotide and a β‐stranded oligopeptide, paired through complementary Watson‐Crick‐type hydrogen bonding, is proposed. The basis for such complementary pairings between oligoribonucleotides and oligopeptides is the close correspondence of the distances between the side‐chains attached to the backbones of the two molecules. Both inter‐nucleotide spacing and inter‐amino acid side‐chain spacing are approximately 3.4 Å. These kinds of interactions may have implications in protein‐mediated‐RNA splicing. Formation of a heterologous duplex through such a pairing mode could provide a simple coding mechanism for a reciprocal information transfer between oligonucleotides and oligopeptides. Because of its simplicity and versatility, allowing both specific and nonspecific coding, interactions via these kinds of pairing may have been relevant for prebiotic molecular evolution and for generating complex biological molecules.
Gödel incompleteness, explicit expressions for complete arithmetic degrees and applications
Authors: Da Costa N. C. A. , Doria F. A.
Published: May 2013

We summarize in an intuitive vein a few concepts from recursion theory and from the theory of formal systems and then state and comment our recent results on the incompleteness of elementary real analysis and its consequences. Their relation to forcing is also dealt with.
Complex systems in drug research: I. The chemical levels
Authors: Testa Bernard , Kier Lemont B.
Published: May 2013

The hierarchy of chemical systems is examined. It is argued that an intermediate level of complexity, that of functional groups, exists between atoms and molecules. Molecular properties have an emergent nature, e.g., the “chameleonic behavior.” Aggregates of molecules and solutions also behave as complex systems. Emergent properties are particularly noteworthy in biological macromolecules and correspond to basins of attraction resulting from a complex interplay between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions.
A new version of algorithmic information theory
Authors: Chaitin G.J.
Published: May 2013

We present a much more concrete version of algorithmic information theory in which one can actually run on a computer the algorithms in the proofs of a number of key information‐theoretic incompleteness theorems.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Al‐doped ZnO Films Using Aluminum Isopropoxide as the Al Precursor
Authors: Qian Xu , Cao Yanqiang , Guo Binglei , Zhai Haifa , Li Aidong
Published: May 2013

Al‐doped ZnO (AZO) films are deposited at 200°C by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on borosilicate glass and Si(001) substrates using diethylzinc (DEZ) and aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) as the Zn and Al precursors, respectively. The effect of the Zn/Al ALD cycle ratio and the AIP source temperature on the Al dopant concentration and resistivity of AZO films is carefully investigated. By changing the AIP temperature from 115°C to 135°C, at the optimal Zn/Al cycle ratio of 19:1, the Al dopant concentration ([Al]/([Al] + [Zn])) in AZO films varies from 0.15 at.‐% to 2.32 at.‐%. The 60 nm thick AZO films deposited at an AIP temperature of 120°C show the lowest resistivity of 9.4 × 10−4 Ω cm, with better optical transparency.
Development of somites, muscle, and skeleton is independent of signals from the wolffian duct
Authors: Krück Stefanie , Nesemann Johanna , Scaal Martin
Published: May 2013

Background: In the vertebrate embryo, skeletal muscle and the axial skeleton arise from the somites. Patterning of the somites into the respective somite compartments, namely dermomyotome, myotome, and sclerotome, depends on molecular signals from neighboring structures, including surface ectoderm, neural tube, notochord, and lateral plate mesoderm. A potential role of the intermediate mesoderm, notably the Wolffian or nephric duct, in somite development is poorly understood. Results: We studied somite compartmentalization as well as muscular and skeletal development after surgical ablation of the early Wolffian duct anlage, which lead to loss of the Wolffian duct and absence of the mesonephros, whereas Pax2 expression in the nephrogenic mesenchyme was temporarily maintained. We show that somite compartments, as well as the somite derivatives, skeletal muscle and the cartilaginous skeleton, develop normally in the absence of the Wolffian duct. Conclusions: Our results indicate that development of the musculoskeletal system is independent of the Wolffian duct as a signaling center. Developmental Dynamics 242:941–948, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conserved epitopes dominate cross‐CD8+T‐cell responses against influenza A H1N1 virus among Asian populations
Authors: Liu Jun , Wu Bin , Zhang Shihong , Tan Shuguang , Sun Yeping , Chen Zhujun , Qin Yuanfang , Sun Mingwei , Shi Guoli , Wu Ying , Sun Meiyi , Liu Na , Ning Kaida , Ma Ying , Gao Bin , Yan Jinghua , Zhu Fengcai , Wang Hua , Gao George F.
Published: May 2013

Novel strains of influenza A viruses (IAVs) have emerged with high infectivity and/or pathogenicity in recent years, causing worldwide concern. T cells are correlated with protection in humans through cross‐reactive immunity against heterosubtypes of IAV. However, the different hierarchical roles of IAV‐derived epitopes with distinct levels of polymorphism in the cross‐reactive T‐cell responses against IAV remain elusive. In this study, immunodominant epitopes scattered throughout the entire proteome of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus and seasonal IAVs were synthesized and divided into different pools depending on their conservation. The overall profile of the IAV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell immunity was detected by utilizing these peptide pools and also individual peptides. A dominant role of the conserved peptide‐specific T‐cell immunity was illuminated within the anti‐IAV responses, while the CD8+ T‐cell responses against the variable epitopes were lower than the conserved peptides. As previously demonstrated within a Caucasian population, we determined that GL9‐specific T cells, which also utilize Vβ 17 TCR (BV19), play a pivotal role in IAV‐specific T‐cell immunity within an HLA‐A2+ Asian population. Our study objectively reveals the different predominant roles of T‐cell epitopes among IAV‐specific cross‐reactive cellular immunity. This may guide the development of vaccines with cross‐T‐cell immunogenicity against heterosubtypes of IAV.
(Pyrenetetrasulfonate/ZnS)n Ordered Ultrathin Films with ZnAl Layered Double Hydroxide as Precursor and Ethanol‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Xiao Ya‐Ping , Zhang Li‐Min , Guo Ying , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: May 2013

Well‐ordered ultrathin films (UTFs) of {pyrenetetrasulfonate(PyTS)/ZnS}n were fabricated by alternating assembly of 1,3,6,8‐PyTS and exfoliated Zn2Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets through layer‐by‐layer (LBL) electrostatic deposition, followed by an effective in situ gas/solid sulfurization reaction with H2S. The assembly process was monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy, which showed regular stepwise growth of the (PyTS/LDH)n UTFs with consecutive deposition cycles. It is worth noting that the structure of the well‐ordered UTFs is retained after the in situ gas/solid sulfurization reaction. Although both (PyTS/LDH)n UTFs and the sulfurized (PyTS/ZnS)n UTFs respond to ethanol at a relatively low operating temperature (70 °C), the (PyTS/ZnS)n UTFs exhibit a much better response, a fact that can be attributed to synergistic interactions between inorganic ZnS and organic pyrene components. Moreover, the well‐ordered (PyTS/ZnS)30 UTF exhibits a stronger sensor response to ethanol than to other gases, including NH3, H2, CO, C2H2, and CH4.
4,4″‐Disubstituted Terpyridines and Their Homoleptic FeII Complexes
Authors: Harzmann Gero D. , Neuburger Markus , Mayor Marcel
Published: May 2013

A novel synthetic route to 4,4″‐disubstituted‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine ligands by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling was elaborated by synthesizing compounds 4a–5c. The considerable stability of 4‐substituted lithium triisopropyl 2‐pyridylborates 2a–c, which are less prone to protodeboronation than similarly functionalized neutral boronic acid derivatives, enabled this synthetic route. The terpyridine core structure was further functionalized by exposing 4,4″‐dichloroterpyridine (4b) to Suzuki coupling conditions to yield 4,4″‐diarylterpyridines 5a–c. Homoleptic FeII complexes 8a–f of the reported terpyridine ligands were formed quantitatively, which demonstrates the lack of steric repulsion of substituents at the 4‐ and 4″‐positions during complexation. The solid‐state structures of particular ligands and FeII complexes were analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. UV/Vis absorption data for the FeII complexes are also provided to complement the results reported here.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Heteroannulation of β‐Oxo Dithioesters, Amines and Hydroxylamine: Regioselective, Facile and Straightforward Entry to 5‐Substituted 3‐Aminoisoxazoles
Authors: Samai Subhasis , Chanda Tanmoy , Ila Hiriyakkanavar , Singh Maya Shankar
Published: May 2013

An efficient and highly regioselective one‐pot three‐component synthesis of previously inaccessible and synthetically demanding 3‐(cycloalkyl/alkyl/arylamino)‐5‐aryl/alkylisoxazoles has been achieved by the cyclocondensation of β‐oxo dithioesters, amines and hydroxylamine in ethanol at reflux. This transformation proceeds via an in situ generated β‐oxothioamide by the reaction of the β‐oxo dithioester and amine, which undergoes nucleophilic attack by hydroxylamine followed by intramolecular cyclization with the oxo functionality and subsequent dehydration to give 5‐substituted 3‐aminoisoxazoles as a single regioisomer in good yields. Furthermore, the mechanism of the reaction has been established experimentally and shown to be in agreement with the hard and soft (Lewis) acid and base (HSAB) theory.
Access to Imidazo[1,2‐a]imidazolin‐2‐ones and Functionalization through Suzuki–­Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Grosse Sandrine , Pillard Christelle , Himbert Franck , Massip Stéphane , Léger Jean Michel , Jarry Christian , Bernard Philippe , Guillaumet Gérald
Published: May 2013

We report herein a synthetic pathway to new 6(5)‐bromo‐5(6)‐methylimidazo[1,2‐a]imidazolin‐2‐ones. The synthetic potential of these scaffolds was demonstrated by displacing bromine by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. A large panel of boronic acids (aryl, heteroaryl or vinyl) could easily be introduced, giving access to a large and diversified library of 6(5)‐substituted 5(6)‐methylimidazo[1,2‐a]imidazolin‐2‐ones.
The Use of Guided Self‐help Incorporating a Mobile Component in People with Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cardi Valentina , Clarke Ariana , Treasure Janet
Published: May 2013

Objective

The aim of this pilot study was to test the acceptability and benefit of a guided self‐help intervention incorporating a mobile component in eating disorders (EDs).

Method

Eighteen people with Anorexia Nervosa and eleven people with Bulimia Nervosa were included in the study for 3 weeks and self‐report and behavioural assessments were made before and after the intervention which included 10 video clips, a manual, and limited guidance.

Results

The most reported positive comment associated with the use of the vodcasts was the increased awareness about the illness. Adherence was good (29/31 subjects completed). A medium sized increase in Body Mass Index was found in participants with Anorexia Nervosa, and significantly lowered EDs and mood symptoms (effect size range = 0.72/1.35), and improvement in cognitive flexibility were reported post‐intervention.

Discussion

A guided self‐help intervention incorporating a mobile component was both acceptable and associated with symptom change in people with EDs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Tight upper bounds on average detection probability in cooperative relay networks with selection combiner
Authors: Mughal M.O. , Razi A. , Kim J.M.
Published: May 2013

In this study, the detection probability for amplify–forward‐based cooperative relay networks, where the destination is equipped with a selection combiner and energy detector, is analysed. The probability density function method and an alternative series representation of the generalized Marcum‐Q function are used to obtain two upper bounds for the average detection probability. The error bounds resulting from truncating an infinite summation series to finite terms are also calculated because the derived expressions were in the form of an infinite summation series. Finally, the analysis are validated by simulations. These results are expected to assist in future studies of communication technologies, such as cognitive radios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of dual‐hop MIMO AF relay systems with MIMO‐MRC in the presence of co‐channel interferences
Authors: Xu X. , Cai Y. , Yang W.
Published: May 2013

The performance of dual‐hop multiple‐input multiple‐output relay systems with transmit beamforming and maximum‐ratio combining scheme for each hop is investigated. Both the relay and the destination are subjected to multiple possible unequal‐power co‐channel interferences (CCIs). We provide a mathematical framework for evaluating the combined effect of multiple antennas and CCIs. An exact closed‐form outage probability expression is derived for the independent Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis for the outage probability is also presented to offer more insights into the system diversity order. The results show that although the diversity order is limited by the minimum of the numbers of antennas at the source and the destination, it is essentially directly proportional to the number of antennas at the relay, which provides a further insight into the system design. Moreover, at high signal‐to‐interference ratio regime, CCIs do not affect the diversity order.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional two‐layer shallow water model for dam break flows with significant bed load transport
Authors: Swartenbroekx Catherine , Zech Yves , Soares‐Frazão Sandra
Published: May 2013

River flow dynamics and sediment transport are intimately interdependent. Their interaction governs a great diversity of flows with significant morphologic consequences. To predict the bed load transport induced by dam break waves, the proposed two‐dimensional (2D) two‐layer shallow water description considers an upper layer made of clear water and a lower layer made of a dense mixture of water and moving grains. Continuity and 2D momentum conservation are written for each layer, which allows the depth‐averaged velocities to be distinct in magnitude and direction in both layers. The model accounts for the grain entrainment across the bed interface and for the mass and momentum exchanges between the flowing layers. The system of governing equations, written so that no loss of hyperbolicity occurs in the conservative part, is solved by a Harten–Lax–Van Leer finite volume scheme on an unstructured triangular mesh. The numerical model is tested against four dam break flows over mobile beds: a theoretical radial problem and three laboratory experiments in 1D and 2D configurations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interacting length scales in the reactive‐infiltration instability
Authors: Szymczak P. , C. Ladd A. J.
Published: May 2013

The reactive‐infiltration instability, which develops when a porous matrix is dissolved by a flowing fluid, contains two important length scales. Here we outline a linear stability analysis that simultaneously incorporates both scales. We show that the commonly used “thin‐front” model is a limiting case of a more general theory, which also includes convection‐dominated dissolution as another special case. The wavelength of the instability is bounded from below and lies in the range 1 mm to 1 km for physically reasonable flow rates and reaction rates. We obtain a closed form for the growth rate when the change in porosity is small.
THE MOTIVES OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFER TO THE ELDERLY PARENTS IN CHINA: CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH MEDICAL EXPENDITURE
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Li Lixing
Published: May 2013

The support for the elderly is facing big challenges with the problem of population aging. Transfers from adult children could partly insure elderly parents against low income and high medical expenditure. There are two main motives for transfers in the literature, namely altruism and exchange. By using data from a new household survey of people aged 45 years and above in China, we estimate the transfer derivatives with the adjustment of medical expenditure in elderly parents' income. We find a large negative impact of adjusted income on transfers at the lower end of income distribution, which is consistent with the altruistic motive. Evidence on the exchange motive is found only for sons, but not for daughters. In addition, there is evidence on the ‘exchange‐for‐service’ motive, which interprets transfer as a payment to parents' family services, such as taking care of grandchildren. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Synthesis of 1‐Arylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones via Cyclocondensation of N‐Aryl‐Substituted 2‐Nitrosoanilines with Functionalized Alkyl Acetates
Authors: Wróbel Zbigniew , Stachowska Karolina , Kwast Andrzej , Gościk Agata , Królikiewicz Magdalena , Pawłowski Robert , Turska Izabela
Published: May 2013

N‐Aryl‐substituted 2‐nitrosoanilines (=2‐nitrosobenzenamines) 1, readily available by nucleophilic substitution of the ortho‐H‐atom in nitroarenes with arenamines, react with 2‐substituted acetic acid esters in the presence of a weak base giving 1‐arylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones (Scheme 2). This cyclocondensation allows for the synthesis of compounds 2–4, unsubstituted at C(3) or substituted by alkyl, aryl, ester, amide, and keto groups, in good to excellent yields (Tables 1–4).
Natural (−)‐Vasicine as a Novel Source of Optically Pure 1‐Benzylpyrrolidin‐3‐ol
Authors: Aga Mushtaq A. , Kumar Brijesh , Rouf Abdul , Shah Bhahwal A. , Andotra Samar S. , Taneja Subhash C.
Published: May 2013

A facile and scalable methodology for the preparation of optically active (3S)‐1‐benzylpyrrolidin‐3‐ol (3), an important drug precursor, is reported. Starting from the naturally occurring alkaloid (−)‐vasicine (1), a major alkaloid of the plant Adhatoda vasica, 3 was obtained in 84% overall yield (Scheme 3).
Thermoresponsive biodegradable PEG‐PCL‐PEG based injectable hydrogel for pulsatile insulin delivery
Authors: Payyappilly Sanal , Dhara Santanu , Chattopadhyay Santanu
Published: May 2013

An injectable biodegradable hydrogel was prepared for temperature‐responsive pulsatile release of insulin. Triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG‐PCL‐PEG, PECE) was prepared by ring opening bulk copolymerization and characterized using FT‐IR, 1HNMR, and gel permeation chromatography. Aqueous solution of PECE formed an injectable hydrogel, which was solution at room temperature and transformed into gel at 37°C. The temperature‐responsive sol–gel transition and crystallinity of PECE hydrogel was studied and compared with pluronic, a well‐studied nonbiodegradable injectable hydrogel. In vitro release study revealed that insulin release profile of PECE was similar to pluronic, and its viscosity was 1/30th of pluronic sol at 10,000 s−1 shear rate. Release behavior of insulin from PECE hydrogels followed Fickian diffusion of first order. Insulin retained its secondary structure after release as confirmed by circular dichroism spectrum. A threefold increase in Fickian diffusion coefficient was evidenced when temperature was increased from 34 to 40°C because of crystalline melting of PCL part of PECE. Pulsatile release of insulin showed a correlation coefficient of 0.90 with the change of temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1500–1509, 2014.
Improved neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation on poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffolds coated with elastin‐like polypeptide
Authors: Choi Seong‐Kyoon , Park Jin‐Kyu , Lee Kyeong‐Min , Lee Soo‐Keun , Jeon Won Bae
Published: May 2013

Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) and elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) have been widely used as a biodegradable scaffold and thermoresponsive matrix, respectively. However, little attention has focused on the combinatorial use of these biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. An ELP matrix TGPG[VGRGD(VGVPG)6]20WPC (referred to as REP) contains multiple Arg‐Gly‐Asp motifs. This study fabricated porous PLGA scaffolds coated with various concentration of matrix via thermally induced phase transition to improve adhesion‐mediated proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Matrix‐coated scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and hematoxylin and eosin staining with respect to coating efficiency, porosity, and pore size and shape. On the matrix‐coated scaffolds, cells grew as a single cell or associated each other to form a multicellular layer or cluster. In biological evaluations, cell adhesion and proliferation were significantly promoted in a matrix concentration‐dependent manner. More importantly, in combination with retinoic acid, the differentiation of progenitor cells into neuronal and astroglial lineages was highly stimulated in the cells cultured on matrix‐coated scaffolds than on untreated controls. Taken together, our results indicated that the REP matrix‐functionalized PLGA scaffolds are suitable for improving neuronal cell functions, and thus applicable for neural tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1329–1339, 2013.
Orbital wall repair in canines with beta‐tricalcium phosphate and induced bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Zhou Huifang , Deng Yuan , Bi Xiaoping , Xiao Caiwen , Wang Yefei , Sun Jing , Gu Ping , Fan Xianqun
Published: May 2013

Bone tissue engineering is a new approach for the repair of orbital defects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prefabricated beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) combined with autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) to repair orbital wall defect in canine models. Defects measuring 10 mm in diameter were created in the orbital medial walls of 12 dogs. The orbits were randomly divided into five groups: group 1, repaired with osteogenesis‐induced BMSCs/TCP constructs; group 2, repaired with noninduced BMSCs/TCP constructs; group 3, repaired with β‐TCP scaffolds only; group 4, normal group; group 5, negative control (bone defect without treatment). Computed tomography (CT) scanning, gross observation, bone density measurements, micro–CT, and histological observations were performed. In group 1, new bone was observed with only a small amount of residual material, and bony union was achieved 3 months after surgery. In contrast, the constructs showed slow degradation with minimal bone formation in groups 2 and 3. Furthermore, the appearance and bone density of the constructs in group 1 were similar to that of normal bone: the constructs were covered with complete mucosa, and new alveolate plate grew into the ethmoidal sinuses. A large bone defect remained in group 5. This study demonstrated that biologic scaffolds composed of β‐TCP and osteogenesis‐induced BMSCs have been successfully used to restore bone functionality in animal models, which may provide a potential clinical approach for orbital wall repair and bone regeneration in humans. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1340–1349, 2013.
A novel bidirectional continuous perfusion bioreactor for the culture of large‐sized bone tissue‐engineered constructs
Authors: Gardel Leandro S. , Correia‐Gomes Carla , Serra Luís A. , Gomes Manuela E. , Reis Rui L.
Published: May 2013

This works reports the development and preliminary assessment of a new bioreactor for culturing large‐sized three‐dimensional constructs in bone tissue engineering. The bidirectional continuous perfusion bioreactor (BCPB) promotes mechanical stimulation of cells through the creation of shear forces induced by flow perfusion. The main innovation consists in the possibility of culturing scaffolds of large dimensions that can be suitable for the regeneration of critical sized defects. The functionality of BCPB was preliminarily evaluated by culturing starch–polycaprolactone scaffolds/goat bone marrow stromal cells for 14 and 21 days. Cylindrical blocks were stacked (42 mm thick). Static culture was used as controls. The samples were collected for DNA, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histological analysis. The results showed higher ALP levels in the bioreactor cultures than those obtained under static conditions. The number of cells in constructs cultured in the bioreactor showed lower values compared to static cultures, suggesting that static conditions tend to privilege the metabolic path way for cellular proliferation while dynamic conditions tend to privilege the metabolic path for osteogenic differentiation. SEM observations show that, the migration and cell distribution was observed in the bioreactor. These results demonstrate the feasibility and the benefit of culturing constructs in BCPB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 101B: 1377–1386, 2013.
Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Phenylephrine at Silicate Nanotubes Modified Electrode
Authors: Qu Song , Pei Supeng , Zhang Shuping
Published: May 2013

A novel Silicate nanotubes (SNTs) modified glass carbon (GC) electrode was prepared and used to study the electrochemcial behavior of phenylephrine (PHE) and determine it. The enhanced electrochemical response of PHE at SNTs modified electrode was observed as compared with bare GC electrode. This proposed method displayed a broad linear range and a lower detection limit for PHE. The linear range was from 8 × 10−8 M to 2 × 10−5 M with the detection limit of 1 × 10−8 M. The electrode could be easily regenerated and exhibited high stability and good selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the determination of PHE in drug samples with satisfactory result. The strategy presented here opens a new way for the development of nanoelectronic devices or electrochemical sensors based on SNTs.
Convenient Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14‐H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes Catalyzed by Acyclic Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid [H—NMP]+[HSO4]− under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Nazifi Zahra Sadat
Published: May 2013

Efficient method for direct preparation of 14‐aryl‐14‐H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes through condensation of β‐naphthol with various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of the catalytic amount of [H—NMP]+[HSO4]− under microwave irradiation was described. This method has the advantages such as; very easy reaction workup, absolute separation of catalyst from the reaction mixture and smooth recyclability of catalyst. In this reaction 14‐aryl‐14‐H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes were obtained as desired products in excellent yields and short reaction times via green and one‐pot procedure.
Trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere: Recent progress
Authors: Laštovička Jan
Published: May 2013

The upper atmosphere and embedded ionosphere respond to increasing concentration of greenhouse gases and other drivers of long‐term changes and trends. In this paper, the progress reached in investigations of long‐term trends in the upper atmosphere and mesosphere in the last 2 years is briefly summarized. First information appeared about trends in electron temperature (positive trend), thermospheric neutral wind (complex pattern), and total electron content (nonnegative trend). Some new information created partial apparent discrepancies, particularly in the case of ion temperature trends. The quantitative discrepancy between observation‐based and model‐based trends in mesospheric temperatures and in polar mesospheric clouds has largely been removed. The first observations of trends in CO2 concentration in the lower thermosphere suggest a way how to reduce the observation‐model difference in the thermosphere and ionosphere. The scenario of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere is now more complete than it was 2 years ago, but still some gaps and discrepancies occur for further investigations.
Tidally induced increases in melting of Amundsen Sea ice shelves
Authors: Robertson Robin
Published: May 2013

Tidal effects on the circulation under the ice shelves and ice shelf melting in the Amundsen Sea were investigated using a numerical model, through comparison of simulations with and without tides. In the Amundsen Sea, tidal impacts were dependant on the location of the ice shelf front with respect to the M2 effective critical latitude. The critical latitude is the latitude where the tidal frequency equals the inertial frequency. The effective critical latitude is where the tidal frequency equals the inertial frequency adjusted by relative vorticity, such as that associated with a wind‐driven gyre. For ice shelves located equatorward of the M2 effective critical latitude, tides increased both mixing in front of and under the ice shelf and flow into the ice shelf cavities by as much as 50%, despite weak tides compared with the mean flows. Tides also increased melting for these ice shelves by 1–3.5 m yr−1, a 50% increase for Dotson Ice Shelf and 25% for Pine Island Ice Shelf. These enhancements were not a result of tidal residual flows, but instead originated from resonant effects, increases in the baroclinity of the velocities, and higher mixing, all of which are associated with critical latitude effects on internal tides. For ice shelves located poleward of the effective critical latitude, tides very slightly retarded flow into the cavity and slightly reduced melting.