bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum and Shape of Interfaces in 3D Ising Crystals
Authors: Gheissari Reza , Lubetzky Eyal
Published: November 2020

Dobrushin in 1972 showed that the interface of a 3D Ising model with minus boundary conditions above the xy‐plane and plus below is rigid (has O(1) fluctuations) at every sufficiently low temperature. Since then, basic features of this interface—such as the asymptotics of its maximum—were only identified in more tractable random surface models that approximate the Ising interface at low temperatures, e.g., for the (2+1)D solid‐on‐solid model. Here we study the large deviations of the interface of the 3D Ising model in a cube of side length n with Dobrushin's boundary conditions, and in particular obtain a law of large numbers for Mn, its maximum: if the inverse temperature β is large enough, then Mn/logn → 2/αβ as n → ∞, in probability, where αβ is given by a large‐deviation rate in infinite volume.

We further show that, on the large‐deviation event that the interface connects the origin to height h, it consists of a 1D spine that behaves like a random walk in that it decomposes into a linear (in h) number of asymptotically stationary, weakly dependent increments that have exponential tails. As the number T of increments diverges, properties of the interface such as its surface area, volume, and the location of its tip, all obey CLTs with variances linear in T. These results generalize to every dimension d ≥ 3. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Effects of Maternally Transferred Egg Selenium on Embryo-Larval Survival, Growth, and Development in Arctic Grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
Authors: Brix Kevin V. , Baker Josh , Morris William , Ferry Kathleen , Pettem Connor , Elphick James , Tear Lucinda M. , Napier Robert , Adzic Marko , DeForest David K.
Published: November 2020

Selenium (Se) toxicity to fish is primarily manifested via maternal transfer to the eggs, which may result in adverse effects on larval survival and development. The present study assessed the effects of egg Se concentrations derived via maternal transfer on early life–stage development, survival, and growth of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), a salmonid species not previously assessed for Se sensitivity. Fish gametes were collected from 4 streams in Alaska known to exhibit a range of egg Se concentrations. Eggs were fertilized and reared in the laboratory from hatch through post-swim-up. Larvae were assessed for survival, length, and weight, as well as deformities (skeletal, craniofacial, fin-fold) and edema based on a graduated severity index. Eggs from a total of 47 females were collected, with egg Se concentrations ranging from 3.3 to 33.9 mg kg−1 dry weight. No relationships were observed between larval endpoints evaluated and parent females' egg, muscle, or whole-body Se concentrations. Therefore, Se 10% effective concentrations (EC10s) were defined as the maximum measured Se concentrations: >33.9, >17.6, and >19.7 mg kg−1 dry weight for eggs, muscle, and whole-body tissue, respectively. Collectively, these data indicate that Arctic grayling are relatively insensitive to maternally transferred Se compared to other fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:380–389. © 2020 SETAC
Broad phenotypic spectrum of germ line 7p12.1 microdeletions encompassing the IKZF1 gene includes predisposition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Pastorczak Agata , Hogendorf Anna , Urbanska Zuzanna , Budzynska Edyta , Jesionek‐Kupnicka Dorota , Gach Agnieszka , Hawula Wanda , Smigiel Robert , Skiba Pawel , Sasiadek Maria , Lejman Monika , Constatinou Maria , Lipska‐Ziętkiewicz Beata S. , Mlynarski Wojciech
Published: November 2020

Microdeletions of 7p12.1 encompassing the IKZF1 gene locus are rare, with few cases reported. The common phenotype includes intellectual disability, overgrowth, and facial dysmorphism accompanied, albeit rarely, by congenital anomalies. Haploinsufficiency of IKZF1 predisposes individuals to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the frequency of 7p12.1 deletions among 4581 Polish individuals who underwent chromosomal microarray testing for unexplained developmental delay, intellectual disability, and/or congenital anomalies. Two unrelated individuals (0.04%) with a de novo interstitial 7p12.1 microdeletion encompassing IKZF1 were identified. One developed ALL. Analysis of the incidence and the phenotype of constitutional 7p12.1 microdeletion, which based on the previously annotated patients data in public databases and literature reports, revealed 21 cases including five patients diagnosed with ALL.
Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation With Zoledronic Acid Versus Denosumab: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Authors: D'Silva Kristin M , Cromer Sara Jane , Yu Elaine W , Fischer Michael , Kim Seoyoung C
Published: November 2020

Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an effective agent in osteoporosis and malignancy-related bone disease but may be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), although current studies disagree on this risk. To examine the risk of incident AF among patients receiving ZA compared with denosumab in the first year of treatment, we performed a new-user, active comparator cohort study including privately insured Americans between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2019. Individuals aged ≥50 years without known arrhythmia or advanced kidney disease who initiated ZA were 1:1 propensity score (PS)-matched to individuals initiating denosumab in separate osteoporosis and malignancy cohorts. The primary outcome was incident diagnosis of AF (≥1 inpatient or ≥2 outpatient diagnostic codes) over 1 year. Secondary outcomes included stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and nonvertebral fracture. In the osteoporosis cohort (n = 16,235 pairs), mean age was 71 years, and 93% were female. There was higher risk of AF with ZA compared with denosumab over 1 year (incidence rate [IR] = 18.6 versus 14.9 per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.50). In the malignancy cohort (n = 7732 pairs), mean age was 70 years, and 66% were female. There was a numerically higher, albeit not statistically significant, risk of AF with ZA compared with denosumab over 1 year (IR = 46.9 versus 39.0 per 1000 person-years; HR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.43; p = 0.06). No difference in stroke/TIA rates occurred. In the malignancy cohort, ZA was less effective than denosumab at preventing nonvertebral fractures (HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.74). Compared with denosumab, ZA treatment for osteoporosis and possibly for malignancy-related bone disease is associated with modestly increased risk of incident AF in the first year of treatment. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Community resilience and the acculturation expectations of the receiving community
Authors: Verbena Serena , Rochira Alessia , Mannarini Terri
Published: November 2020

The study addressed how communities cope with multiculturalism by exploring the relationship between community resilience (CR) and acculturation expectations held by a sample of Italian‐born. Specifically, the study aimed at detecting whether the perception of living in a community endowed with social (CR‐connection and caring) and material (CR‐resources) resources, along with the availability of individual assets (i.e., psychological resilience) encourage positive acculturation expectations (i.e., multiculturalism). Further, it also tested whether the perceived competitiveness of immigrants mediates the relationship between CR‐resources and acculturation expectations. A survey involving 619 participants living in the south of Italy completed a self‐report questionnaire. Results showed that competitiveness mediated the effects of CR‐resources on acculturation expectations. CR‐resources were related to increased perception of the competitiveness of immigrants, which, in turn, was associated with a reduced endorsement for multiculturalism and increased support for melting pot (i.e., assimilation) and exclusion, while CR‐connection and caring was unrelated to all acculturation expectations. Implications and limitations of the study are finally discussed.
Genetic and chemical control of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrixBerk et Br.): impacts on coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) quality
Authors: Pereira Dyanna R , Nadaleti Denis HS , Rodrigues Eduardo C , da Silva Ackson D , Malta Marcelo R , de Carvalho Samuel P , Carvalho Gladyston R
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of diseases can alter coffee (Coffea arabica L.) metabolism, causing changes in the composition of coffee beans and beverage quality. However, little is known about which aspects of coffee quality are actually altered by rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.) and by its main control methods. The effect of chemical and genetic methods for the control of coffee rust on the quality of coffee beans and beverage was investigated.

RESULTS

Both genetic and chemical control reduce the damage caused by the disease in the composition of coffee beans. Genotypes with resistant ancestry, even with resistance breakdown, respond better to chemical control. The combination of genetic and chemical control favors an increase in the sugar content in the beans.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the fact that both genetic and chemical control are effective in reducing disease damage regarding the chemical composition of beans, the quality potential of Timor Hybrid genotypes associated with the cancellation of rust expression through the joint action of genetic and chemical control favors the composition of beans and, consequently, the quantitative assessment of sensory attributes, adding value to the final product. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Enantiomer separation on novel cellulose derivatives bearing regioselective phenylcarbamate groups
Authors: Tang Shouwan , Wang Fang , Yan Zhenzhong , Huang Ling
Published: November 2020

Four novel regioselectively carbamoylated cellulose derivatives with two types of substituents, one being a 3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenylcarbamate group and the other being a phenylcarbamate, a 3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate or a 4‐methylphenylcarbamate group, at the 2‐, 3‐positions and 6‐position were synthesized and utilized as chiral stationary phases in high‐performance liquid chromatography. The obtained derivatives exhibited characteristic chiral recognition abilities which were significantly affected by the nature and arrangement of the groups at the 2‐, 3‐positions and 6‐position. Compared with cellulose tris(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenylcarbamate) and Chiralcel OD columns, several racemates were better resolved on these new phases. With all six racemates resolved on cellulose 2,3‐bis(4‐methylphenylcarbamate)‐6‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenylcarbamate), it appears to be a potential useful chiral stationary phase in the future. Also, the influence of mobile phase on chiral recognition was investigated. Better resolutions were generally obtained with decreased amount of 2‐propanol with a mixture of hexane/2‐propanol as the mobile phase. Moreover, when ethanol was used instead of 2‐propanol as the mobile phase modifier, poorer enantioseparations were often achieved.
Addressing Temporal Variability in Bird Calling with Design and Estimation: A Northern Bobwhite Example
Authors: YEISER JOHN M. , HOWELL PAIGE E. , WANN GREGORY T. , MARTIN JAMES A.
Published: November 2020

Imprecise or biased density estimates can lead to inadequate conservation action, overexploitation of game species, or lost recreational opportunities. Common approaches to estimating density of avian populations often either ignore the probability that an individual is present within the sampling area but is not available to be sampled (e.g., not vocalizing), or do not consider covariates that could influence availability. Additionally, management decisions made at the management unit scale are often informed by inadequate monitoring practices, such as limited sampling intensity. In such cases, management agencies calculate density by applying correction factors (e.g., detection probabilities estimated using empirical data from a different study system) to count data, rather than estimating a detection function directly using statistical models. We conducted a simulation study using northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus; bobwhite) as a model species to quantify the consequences of mis‐specifying avian point count models on bias and precision of density estimates. We compared bias and precision of estimates from a fully specified distance‐sampling model that estimates availability and detection to 4 different mis‐specified approaches, including 2 approaches to calculating density using correction factors. Using correction factors to calculate density produced estimates with low bias but relatively lower precision compared to the fully specified model (CV of density estimates at 35 sites over 5 years: fully specified = 10%, correction factors = 25% and 30%). Although the mean precision and bias of the fully specified model improved with more data (70 sites over 5 years, CV = 9%; 35 sites over 10 years, CV = 9%), precision of correction factors did not (70 sites over 5 years, CV = 22% and 27%; 35 sites over 10 years, CV = 24% and 29%). The fully specified model captured the underlying temporal variation in detection and availability. Increasing sampling duration from 5 to 10 years improved modeled estimates of growth rate, even for mis‐specified models, but not derived growth rates using pre‐determined detection functions. We demonstrated that conducting point counts 3 times/year at a feasible number of sites can produce relatively unbiased estimates of bobwhite density. Pre‐determined detection functions can be fortuitously unbiased for certain years, but they are not a reliable method for determining density or identifying trends in density over time. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Switchable and filter‐free photonic microwave single‐sideband frequency converter
Authors: Guo Qingfeng , Xu Enming , Zhang Zuxing
Published: November 2020

A switchable and filter‐free photonic microwave single‐sideband frequency converter based on a dual‐parallel dual‐drive Mach‐Zehnder modulator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Two first‐order carrier‐suppression single sidebands for input signal and local oscillator signal are achieved by adjusting the DC bias voltages of the modulator. The frequency upconversion and downconversion can be switched by adjusting one DC bias voltage of the modulator. Thanks to the carrier‐suppression single‐sideband modulation without using any filter, the frequency converter has a large operating bandwidth but no power fading caused by chromatic dispersion, and the mixing spurs can be effectively suppressed. Experimental results show that the frequency converted signal is pure over a wide frequency range, and the sideband suppression ratio of desired signal is over 20 dB. The spur free dynamic range achieves 108.3 dB Hz2/3.
Vertuscht und aufgedeckt: ein Atomunfall
Authors: Steinhauser Georg
Published: November 2020

Als am Morgen des 2. Oktober 2017 in Europa die Luftfilter der Messstationen gewechselt wurden, ahnte noch niemand, was in der Luft lag: eine Wolke von radioaktivem Ruthenium‐106 über dem ganzen Kontinent. Die Luftüberwachung schlug Alarm, aber kein Staat wollte die Verantwortung übernehmen, und angeblich wusste keiner davon. Aber die Messwerte lieferten Indizien.
Das perfekte Treibhausgas ersetzen
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: November 2020

Schwefelhexafluorid ist schwer, inert und langlebig, es trägt über 23 000mal so viel zum Treibhauseffekt bei wie Kohlendioxid. In Turnschuhen, Schallschutzscheiben und Autoreifen ist SF6 EU‐weit inzwischen verboten. Für elektrische Schaltanlagen fehlten bisher die Alternativen. Das ändert sich jetzt.
Überraschend optimistisch
Authors: Keller Wolfram
Published: November 2020

Digitalisierung, flexibleres Arbeiten und Risikomanagement in chemisch‐pharmazeutischen Unternehmen werden wohl nicht nachlassen. Die Bereitschaft, ein neues Unternehmen zu gründen, wird dagegen sinken. So schätzten Chemiker im Frühjahr die Folgen der Coronakrise ein.
Evaluating the primary use, strengths and weaknesses of pelvic floor muscle training devices available online
Authors: Thomas Hannah S. , Lee Austin W. , Nabavizadeh Behnam , Martin‐Tuite Patrick , Namiri Nikan K. , Hakam Nizar , Rios Natalie , Enriquez Anthony , Mmonu Nnenaya A. , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: November 2020

Aims

Treatment for urinary incontinence (UI) includes pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT). There is limited data appraising the characteristics of PFMT devices. We aimed to ascertain the primary use, strengths and weaknesses of PFMT devices available online, through evaluation of consumer reviews.

Methods

We performed an analysis of PFMT devices on Amazon.com. Four key device categories were recognized. Reviews from the five most frequently‐reviewed products per category were analyzed (n = 20). W characterized device use, strengths and weaknesses using thematic analysis.

Results

We evaluated 2574 PFMT device reviews including 1168 vibrating Kegel balls, 750 non‐vibrating Kegel balls, 411 pelvic floor or thigh exercisers, and 245 electric probes. Non‐vibrating Kegel balls were rated highest (4.6/5 stars), followed by vibrating Kegel balls, electric probes and pelvic floor or thigh exercisers (4.4/5, 4.1/5, and 3.8/5 stars, respectively). Most reviews were positive (77%) or negative (16%) with few neutral (7%). While all were marketed to treat UI, most reviews did not mention the intended use. Vibrating and non‐vibrating Kegel balls and electric probes were most likely to be used for UI, and pelvic floor or thigh exercisers for toning. Some used non‐vibrating and vibrating Kegel balls for sexual function. Electric probes were the most beneficial device for incontinence control (27%, 67/245). Twenty‐five percent of all product reviews praised device ease of use and good quality or design. A minority of reviewers found products difficult to use, of poor quality or design and uncomfortable.

Conclusion

Consumers utilized online PFMT devices for multiple purposes, including UI, toning and sexual function. Reviewers generally praised PFMT products, particularly electric probes for UI.
Residence time in a single screw free helix extruder using a new solution to the biharmonic equation
Authors: Campbell Gregory A. , Bomma Sirisha , St. John Samuel , Chempath Shaji , Hunt Diana , Taylor Ross , Powers David L. , Wetzel Mark D.
Published: November 2020

A new analytical solution for the biharmonic equation was developed for single screw extrusion cross‐channel fluid mechanical flow. This analysis led to a quantitative model for residence time distribution when combined with the historic solutions of the drag and pressure flow in the rectangular channel in the single‐screw extruder. The focus of the theoretical and experimental investigation here was to examine how closely the new analytical solution correlated with experimental residence time data for a free‐helix extruder. This new extrusion device was operated as both a conventional extruder and a more positive displacement device by using only helix rotation as the pump. The Moffatt eddies that occur in the quiescent corners of the rectangular channel with screw rotation were found to have a strong effect on the residence time of the extruder. Because there were no quiescent corners for the free‐helix flow there was essentially no residence time tail for this mode of extruder displacement. The theoretical results for a sheet of dye spanning the screw channel width and dye “blobs” were compared with experimental results for both modes of operation. In all cases, the experiments and the theory predictions were essentially consistent.
Cover Image
Authors: Chen Siyu , Yang Kou , Leng Xuanye , Chen Musen , Novoselov Kostya S , Andreeva Daria V
Published: November 2020

The cover image is based on the Review Perspectives in the design and application of composites based on graphene derivatives and bio‐based polymers by Siyu Chen et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6080. Illustration by Diego Pitta de Araujo.

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Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Nonoperative Platelet‐Rich Plasma Shoulder Injections for Rotator Cuff Pathology
Authors: Lui Mickey , Shih Wendy , Yim Nicole , Brandstater Murray , Ashfaq Majid , Tran Duc
Published: November 2020

Background

Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injections have been introduced to augment the recovery of patients with shoulder pathology. Although multiple studies have been published, no large‐scale trials or meta‐analyses have assessed the efficacy of nonoperative shoulder PRP injection.

Objective

To assess the efficacy of nonoperative PRP shoulder injection in rotator cuff pathology for pain as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS) and range of motion (ROM).

Design

Two authors independently screened the Medline and Cochrane databases to include prospective studies that reported VAS and ROM outcomes for nonoperative shoulder PRP injections for rotator cuff pathology. Study quality was assessed using the revised Cochrane Collaboration risk‐of‐bias tool and modified Downs and Black checklist. Subsequent meta‐analysis was performed to determine the effect of nonoperative PRP injections on pain and ROM 3 to 12 months after intervention.

Results

Six studies met systematic review criteria. The included studies used different PRP formulations (concentration, leukocyte count), injection protocols (approach, injection number), and varied study designs. Three studies concluded that PRP provided no significant benefit for pain and ROM when compared to physical therapy. Within‐group meta‐analysis of six fairly heterogeneous studies (I2 77.8%) demonstrated a statistically significant (P < .001) improvement in pain 3 to 12 months after PRP injection. Within‐group meta‐analysis for four studies for shoulder flexion and abduction was found to be too heterogeneous to derive meaningful results.

Conclusion

There is a limited quantity of high‐quality studies that assess the efficacy of nonoperative PRP shoulder injection for pain and ROM. Systematic review of PRP injections did not demonstrate an improvement in pain or ROM compared to physical therapy. Although within‐group meta‐analysis of nonoperative PRP statistically showed that nonoperative PRP improved pain, the lack of adequate negative controls precludes the ability to conclude whether improvements were due to natural recovery or nonoperative PRP.
Genome‐wide association study identifies novel single nucleotide polymorphisms having age‐specific effect on prostate‐specific antigen levels
Authors: Li Weiqiang , Bicak Mesude , Sjoberg Daniel D. , Vertosick Emily , Dahlin Anders , Melander Olle , Ulmert David , Lilja Hans , Klein Robert J.
Published: November 2020

Background

Testing for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in blood are widely used and associated with prostate cancer risk and outcome. After puberty, PSA levels increase by age and multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with PSA levels. However, the relationship between the effects of SNPs and age on PSA remains unknown.

Methods

To test for SNP × age interaction, we conducted a genome‐wide association study using 2394 men without prostate cancer diagnosis from Malmö, Sweden as a discovery set and 2137 men from the eMERGE study (USA) for validation. Linear regression was used to identify significant interactions between SNP and age (p < 1 × 10−4 for discovery, p < .05 for validation).

Results

The 15 SNPs from three different loci (8p11.22, 8p12, 3q25.31) are found to have age‐specific effect on PSA levels. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) analysis shows that 12 SNPs from 3q25.31 locus affect the expression level of three genes: KCNAB1, SLC33A1, PLCH1.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that SNPs may have age‐specific effect on PSA levels, which provides new direction to study genetic markers for PSA.
Effect of gastric acid‐reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of lemborexant
Authors: Landry Ishani , Aluri Jagadeesh , Hall Nancy , Kumar Dinesh , Dayal Satish , Moline Margaret , Reyderman Larisa
Published: November 2020

Lemborexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist approved for treating insomnia. As the solubility of lemborexant is pH‐sensitive, the impact of the gastric acid‐reducing agent (ARA), famotidine, on lemborexant pharmacokinetics was evaluated in a Phase 1 study. Additionally, post hoc analysis of data from Phase 3 studies examined the potential effect of concomitant ARAs on patient‐reported/subjective sleep onset latency (sSOL) in subjects with insomnia. Coadministration of lemborexant 10 mg with famotidine decreased the maximum observed concentration by 27% and delayed time of maximum observed concentration by 0.5 hours. Famotidine did not affect overall lemborexant exposure based on comparison of area under the concentration curves. Concomitant ARA use in the Phase 3 studies did not impact the effect of lemborexant on sSOL; the change from baseline during the last 7 nights of 1 month of treatment with lemborexant 10 mg was −17.1 minutes with vs −17.9 minutes without ARAs. Collectively, these results indicate that lemborexant can be coadministered with ARAs.
Does organizational participation affect farmers' behavior in adopting the joint mechanism of pest and disease control? A study ofMeixian County, Shaanxi Province
Authors: Xu Ge , Sarkar Apurbo , Qian Lu
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

In China, there are a lack of well‐established relationships regarding farmers' behavior and participation in farmer organizations. The main objective of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of organizational participation in the joint control of pest and disease among kiwifruit growers (within the members of organizations). To fulfill this objective, the present study utilized survey data from 577 kiwifruit growers collected from Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, China. A combined method utilizing the instrumental variable (IV) ordered probit and bootstrap multiple mediation effect models were employed to determine the effects of participation by farmers' organizations in the joint control of pest and disease among kiwifruit growers.

RESULTS

A positive relationship was found between organizational participation and the joint control of pests and diseases. The empirical analysis of this study found that organizational support, organizational learning and organizational norms have mediating effects in the process of farmers' participation in the joint control of pests and disease. It is essential to go beyond individual behavior and tackle group decision‐making at the farm level.

CONCLUSION

This study found a positive effect of organizational participation in joint pest and disease control mechanisms. Moreover, whether the farm is situated in the demonstration zone for kiwifruit cultivation, planting experience, planting area, whether there are people in the family who are village cadres, and the number of older adults in the family significantly positively affect the degree of pest and disease control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Change the channel: CysLoop receptor antagonists from nature
Authors: Tong Guanghu , Baker Meghan A , Shenvi Ryan A
Published: November 2020

Vertebrate and invertebrate ligand‐gated ion channels (LGICs) exhibit significant structural homology and often share ligands. As a result, ligands with activity against one class can be brought to bear against another, including for development as insecticides. Receptor selectivity, metabolism and distribution must then be optimized using chemical synthesis. Here we review natural products (NPs) that ligate and inhibit the Cys‐loop family of LGICs, which benefit from the unique physicochemical properties of natural product space but often present a high synthetic burden. Recent advances in chemical synthesis, however, have opened practical entries into these complex structures, several of which are highlighted. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The sealing behavior of new mono‐polyolefin and paper‐based film laminates in the context of bag form‐fill‐seal machines
Authors: Hauptmann Marek , Bär Willi , Schmidtchen Ludwig , Bunk Norbert , Abegglen Daniel , Vishtal Alexey , Wyser Yves
Published: November 2020

Heat sealing behavior of mono‐polyolefins and paper‐based materials is drastically different from conventional multilayer plastic laminates. This paper presents the effect of sealing conditions on Hot‐Tack and Cold‐Tack for an oriented polypropylene (OPP)‐based polyolefin laminate with either polyethylene (PE) or cast polypropylene (CPP) sealing layer and two different barrier paper materials carrying a thin acrylic copolymer sealing layer. The investigations include pressure, temperature, time, jaw pattern, and climate conditions (moisture). It is shown that the mono‐polyolefins reach comparable Hot‐Tack and Cold‐Tack ranges compared with the reference polyethylene terephthalate (PET)‐aluminum (Al)‐PE laminate. The CPP laminate exhibits a narrow sealing window near the range in which shrinkage is observed. While for the polyolefins temperature plays the main role, the sealing of paper materials turned out to be dependent on pressure, time, and moisture content in paper. Due to a rupture through the polymer thin coating, the Cold‐Tack is dominated by a delamination of paper and coating. Consequently, the Cold‐Tack is drastically lower than with PET‐Al‐PE laminate. Monopolypropylene films exhibit extremely narrow sealing window, which shall be taken into the design consideration of bag form‐fill‐seal (FFS) machines. Polymer coated paper can be potentially used at high‐speed FFS; however, special attention shall be paid to moisture content control and filling.
A Novel Distributed Dynamic Economic Dispatch Based on Dual ADMM and IPM
Authors: Yang Linfeng , He Jingdan , Li Wei , Jian Jinbao , Tang Chunming
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a novel distributed method for dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problems with cubic fuel cost functions based on the dual alternating direction method of multipliers (D‐ADMM) and interior point method (IPM). This scheme enables us to combine the excellent parallelism of ADMM with the superior convergence properties of the IPM. The idea adopted by the proposed algorithm is that the outer‐loop uses ADMM decoupling, and the inner‐loop uses IPM to solve the cubic polynomial optimization subproblems. When the unit set is divided into multiple partitions, D‐ADMM also has the nice central processing unit (CPU) runtime as the well as the number of iterations. In addition, we use a Decoupling‐Decomposition‐Backtracking and parallel improved multiple centrality corrections decoupling interior point method (DDB‐PIMCCD) to solve the aforementioned larger subproblems more efficiently. Finally, the numerical results, in both serial and parallel modes, on a set of 22 DED cases with the range of units from 8 to 1000 units show that the proposed method is very promising for large scale distributed DED problems. Because it can keep the unit information about each subset in secret to suit the market environment and can obtain high‐quality solutions with reasonable time. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Investigations on the PNP‐chelated diiron dithiolato complexes Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)4{κ2‐(Ph2P)2NC6H4R} related to the [FeFe]‐hydrogenase active site
Authors: Lü Shuang , Tian Wen‐Jing , Xu Ting‐Ting , Yang Jun , Li Qian‐Li , Li Yu‐Long
Published: November 2020

The chemistry of the diiron dithiolato hexacarbonyl complex Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)6 (edt, 1,2‐ethanedithiolate) has received special attention, largely because that its structure is similar with the active site of [FeFe]‐hydrogenase. In order to enrich the chemistry of complex Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)6 and synthesize new hydrogen evolution catalysts, a new route to the diiron dithiolato hexacarbonyl complex Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)6 was described. Reaction of Fe3(CO)12 and Me3SiSCH2CH2SSiMe3 in the presence of Et3N at 80 °C afforded Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)6 in 90 % yield. Furthermore, reaction of Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)6 and aminodiphosphine ligands (Ph2P)2NC6H4R (R=−3‐CCH, 4‐CCH) produced the new PNP‐chelated diiron dithiolato complexes Fe2(μ‐edt)(CO)4{κ2‐(Ph2P)2NC6H4R} (1 and 2). All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR spectroscopy, and particularly for 1 and 2 by X‐ray single diffraction analysis. In addition, the electrochemical results indicated that 1 and 2 could be considered as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction.
Pterygodermatites nycticebi infections in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) and aye‐ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) from a German zoo
Authors: Silva Liliana M. R. , Voelker Iris , Geiger Christina , Schauerte Nicole , Hirzmann Joerg , Bauer Christian , Taubert Anja , Hermosilla Carlos
Published: November 2020

In a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) colony kept indoors in a German zoo, two animals presented a sudden onset of reduced general condition, lethargy, and diarrhea. At animal capture for clinical examination, adult nematode stages were observed after stress‐induced defecation. Despite treatment, two golden lion tamarins died in the following 2 days. At necropsy, spirurid stages were found in the lungs and intestine. Additionally, adult Pterygodermatites spp. were identified in histopathological samples of intestine and pancreas, confirming the previous diagnosis. Upon diagnosis, all animals were treated with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg; SC). Thereafter, the general condition of the golden lion tamarins improved, whereby some of them excreted spirurid nematodes over 3 days. Four weeks after treatment, 20 fecal samples from the colony were examined and proved negative for parasitic stages. Given that common German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) are suitable intermediate hosts of Pterygodermatites nycticebi, 30 specimens were collected from seven different locations around the golden lion tamarins housing. Third‐stage larvae of Pterygodermatites spp. were recovered from those cockroaches. Regular anthelmintic treatments, coprological screenings, and controls for intermediate hosts were recommended. More than 2 years later, P. nycticebi infection was diagnosed again histopathologically in an aye‐aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) which suddenly died. Coprological analysis confirmed the presence of spirurid eggs. Due to prosimian primates' cockroach‐eating habits and given that total cockroach eradication proved impossible, continuous cockroach control strategies and regular treatments of primates are currently performed to prevent further P. nycticebi infections.
Common Parallel Patterns
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin
Published: November 2020

When we are at our best as programmers, we recognize patterns in our work and apply techniques that are time proven to be the best solution. Parallel programming is no different, and it would be a serious mistake not to study the patterns that have proven to be useful in this space. Consider the MapReduce frameworks adopted for Big Data applications; their success stems largely from being based on two simple yet effective parallel patterns—map and reduce.
Memory Model and Atomics
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin
Published: November 2020

Memory consistency is not an esoteric concept if we want to be good parallel programmers. It is a critical piece of our puzzle, helping us to ensure that data is where we need it when we need it and that its values are what we are expecting. This chapter brings to light key things we need to master in order to ensure our program hums along correctly. This topic is not unique to SYCL or to DPC++.
Engaging traditional barbers to identify and refer newborns for routine immunization services in Sokoto, Nigeria: a mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Dougherty Leanne , Abdulkarim Masduk , Ahmed Aliyu , Cherima Yakubu , Ladan Aliyu , Abdu Sale , Kilgori Bello , Olayinka Folake , Garr Sani , Gilroy Kate E.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention that engaged traditional barbers to inform parents about the importance of vaccination and then refer newborns for vaccination services.

Methods

We conducted a pre-post quasi-experimental study (n = 2639) to evaluate changes in the coverage of three birth antigens among children aged 0–5 months in response to the intervention. We also conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to assess the enabling factors and challenges associated with implementation.

Results

We found mothers who received a yellow referral card from a traditional barber were two to three times more likely to vaccinate their children with the three birth antigens. Qualitative findings indicated that the intervention influenced parent’s decision to vaccinate their newborn because the barbers were considered a trusted community advisor. Challenges stemmed from the low levels of literacy among community leaders and barbers that resulted in the need for continuous training, low-literacy training materials and supervision.

Conclusions

Efforts to increase vaccine coverage rates in northern Nigeria should consider expanding the role of traditional barbers to encourage parents to accept vaccines.
QTL associated with gummy stem blight resistance in watermelon
Authors: Gimode Winnie , Bao Kan , Fei Zhangjun , McGregor Cecilia
Published: November 2020

Key message

We identified QTLs associated with gummy stem blight resistance in an interspecific F2:3Citrulluspopulation and developed marker assays for selection of the loci in watermelon.

Gummy stem blight (GSB), caused by threeStagonosporopsisspp., is a devastating fungal disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and other cucurbits that can lead to severe yield losses. Currently, no commercial cultivars with genetic resistance to GSB in the field have been reported. Utilizing GSB-resistant cultivars would reduce yield losses, decrease the high cost of disease control, and diminish hazards resulting from frequent fungicide application. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with GSB resistance in an F2:3interspecificCitrullusmapping population (N = 178), derived from a cross between Crimson Sweet (C. lanatus) and GSB-resistant PI 482276 (C. amarus). The population was phenotyped by inoculating seedlings withStagonosporopsis citrulli12178A in the greenhouse in two separate experiments, each with three replications. We identified three QTLs (ClGSB3.1,ClGSB5.1andClGSB7.1) associated with GSB resistance, explaining between 6.4 and 21.1% of the phenotypic variation. The genes underlyingClGSB5.1includes an NBS-LRR gene (ClCG05G019540) previously identified as a candidate gene for GSB resistance in watermelon.LocusClGSB7.1accounted for the highest phenotypic variation and harbors twenty-two candidate genes associated with disease resistance. Among them isClCG07G013230, encoding an Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited disease resistance protein, which contains a non-synonymous point mutation in the DUF761 domain that was significantly associated with GSB resistance. High throughput markers were developed for selection ofClGSB5.1andClGSB7.1.Our findings will facilitate the use of molecular markers for efficient introgression of the resistance loci and development of GSB-resistant watermelon cultivars.
Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess relaxation rates in unfatigued and fatigued knee-extensor muscles
Authors: Vernillo Gianluca , Khassetarash Arash , Millet Guillaume Y. , Temesi John
Published: November 2020

We examined whether transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the motor cortex allows assessment of muscle relaxation rates in unfatigued and fatigued knee extensors (KE). We assessed the ability of this technique to measure time course of fatigue-induced changes in muscle relaxation rate and compared relaxation rate from resting twitches evoked by femoral nerve stimulation. Twelve healthy men performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) twice before (PRE) and once at the end of a 2-min KE MVC and five more times within 8 min during recovery. Relative (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC2,1) and absolute (repeatability coefficient) reliability and variability (coefficient of variation) were assessed. Time course of fatigue-induced changes in muscle relaxation rate was tested with generalized estimating equations. In unfatigued KE, peak relaxation rate coefficient of variation and repeatability coefficient were similar for both techniques. Mean (95% CI) ICC2,1 for peak relaxation rates were 0.933 (0.724–0.982) and 0.889 (0.603–0.968) for TMS and femoral nerve stimulation, respectively. TMS-induced normalized muscle relaxation rate was − 11.5 ± 2.5 s−1 at PRE, decreased to − 6.9 ± 1.2 s−1 (− 37 ± 17%, P < 0.001), and recovered by 2 min post-exercise. Normalized peak relaxation rate for resting twitch did not show a fatigue-induced change. During fatiguing KE exercise, the change in muscle relaxation rate as determined by the two techniques was different. TMS provides reliable values of muscle relaxation rates. Furthermore, it is sufficiently sensitive and more appropriate than the resting twitch evoked by femoral nerve stimulation to reveal fatigue-induced changes in KE.
EANM procedural guidelines for PET/CT quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors:   Cardiovascular Committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), Sciagrà Roberto , Lubberink Mark , Hyafil Fabien , Saraste Antti , Slart Riemer H. J. A. , Agostini Denis , Nappi Carmela , Georgoulias Panagiotis , Bucerius Jan , Rischpler Christoph , Verberne Hein J.
Published: November 2020

The use of cardiac PET, and in particular of quantitative myocardial perfusion PET, has been growing during the last years, because scanners are becoming widely available and because several studies have convincingly demonstrated the advantages of this imaging approach. Therefore, there is a need of determining the procedural modalities for performing high-quality studies and obtaining from this demanding technique the most in terms of both measurement reliability and clinical data. Although the field is rapidly evolving, with progresses in hardware and software, and the near perspective of new tracers, the EANM Cardiovascular Committee found it reasonable and useful to expose in an updated text the state of the art of quantitative myocardial perfusion PET, in order to establish an effective use of this modality and to help implementing it on a wider basis. Together with the many steps necessary for the correct execution of quantitative measurements, the importance of a multiparametric approach and of a comprehensive and clinically useful report have been stressed.
Definition of the terms “acute” and “traumatic” in rotator cuff injuries: a systematic review and call for standardization in nomenclature
Authors: Pogorzelski Jonas , Erber Bernd , Themessl Alexander , Rupp Marco-Christopher , Feucht Matthias J. , Imhoff Andreas B. , Degenhardt Hannes , Irger Markus
Published: November 2020

Background

Although of high relevance for clinical decision making, there exists no consensus throughout the literature of the terms “acute” and “traumatic” used in the classification of rotator cuff tears. With differing definitions, the comparability of outcome studies may be limited. The aim was to provide a detailed systematic review of the definitions used in the literature and present a suggestion for a standardization in nomenclature based on the findings.

Methods

Four different internet databases were searched in February 2020 using the terms (“acute” OR “traumatic” OR “trauma” OR “athlete” OR “young”) AND (“rotator cuff tears” OR “rotator cuff tear” OR “rotator cuff” OR “rotator cuff rupture” OR “supraspinatus” OR “infraspinatus” OR “subscapularis” OR “teres minor”). Prospective, retrospective, cohort and case–control studies as well as case series were included. Systematic reviews, cadaveric or laboratory studies and studies on non-traumatic or non-acute rotator cuff tears were excluded.

Results

The literature search conducted 10,349 articles of which 10,151 were excluded based on the title, 119 based on the abstract and 33 based on the manuscript. A total of 46 studies were finally included for review and subsequently analyzed. Overall, there exists no consensus neither on the term “acute” nor on “traumatic” in the context of rotator cuff tears in the literature. The time span for acute injuries ranged between 2 weeks and 6 months. For traumatic injuries, only 20% of the selected studies described a specific and adequate injury mechanism in combination with adequate imaging.

Conclusion

The term “acute” should be reserved for RCT showing muscle edema, wavelike appearance of the central part of the torn tendon and joint effusion, which typically requires adequate imaging within 2 weeks from trauma. Repair of acute tears should occur within 8 weeks from trauma to benefit from possibly superior biological healing capacities. The term “traumatic” should be used for a sudden onset of symptoms in a previously asymptomatic patient, triggered by an adequate trauma, e.g., a fall on the retroverted arm with an axial cranioventral force or a traumatic shoulder dislocation.
Dynamical properties and path dependence in a gene-network model of cell differentiation
Authors: Braccini Michele , Roli Andrea , Villani Marco , Serra Roberto
Published: November 2020

In this work, we explore the properties of a control mechanism exerted on random Boolean networks that takes inspiration from the methylation mechanisms in cell differentiation and consists in progressively freezing (i.e. clamping to 0) some nodes of the network. We study the main dynamical properties of this mechanism both theoretically and in simulation. In particular, we show that when applied to random Boolean networks, it makes it possible to attain dynamics and path dependence typical of biological cells undergoing differentiation.
Deformed wing virus prevalence and load in honeybees in South Africa
Authors: de Souza Flaviane S. , Allsopp Michael H. , Martin Stephen J.
Published: November 2020

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is an emerging honeybee pathogen that has appeared across the globe in the past 40 years. When transmitted by the parasitic varroa mite, it has been associated with the collapse of millions of colonies throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However, despite the presence of the mite in the Southern Hemisphere, infested colonies survive. This study investigated the prevalence of DWV genotypes A, B and C along with their viral loads in South Africa and compared the findings with recent data from Brazil, the UK and the USA. We found that DWV-B was the most prevalent genotype throughout South Africa, although the total DWV viral load was significantly lower (2.8E+07) than found in the Northern Hemisphere (2.8E+07 vs. 2.7E+10, p > 0.00001) and not significantly different to that found in Brazil (5E+06, p = 0.13). The differences in viral load can be explained by the mite resistance in Brazil and South Africa, since mite-infested cells containing high viral loads are removed by the bees, thus lowering the colony's viral burden. This behaviour is much less developed in the vast majority of honeybees in the Northern Hemisphere.