bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic role of ADGRG2 in CBAVD patients replicated in Chinese population
Authors: Yang B. , Wang J. , Zhang W. , Pan H. , Li T. , Liu B. , Li H. , Wang B.
Published: August 2017

Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is an important cause of obstructive azoospermia and male infertility worldwide. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations are the main pathogenic cause, although a proportion of cases are still unexplained. Recently, adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) gene, a novel pathogenic gene for CBAVD was identified. We did a single population replication study in Chinese CBAVD patients to replicate its role in CBAVD developing. In this study, we performed whole‐exome sequencing in 18 unrelated CBAVD patients and identified two missense variants in two patients (c.G1709A, p.C570Y; and c.A2968G, p.K990E). Both variants were predicted to be deleterious and highly conserved in silico. The p.C570Y variant is located in the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) proteolysis site domain, which is functionally necessary for autoproteolysis, while the p.K990E variant is in the N‐terminal fragment that may regulate activity of the adhesion GPCR. We did not find any potential pathogenic CFTR variants, implying the ADGRG2 variants are the genetic cause in these patients. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first two ADGRG2 variants to be identified in Chinese CBAVD patients, which further validate the disease‐causing role of ADGRG2 in this congenital defect.
Editorial: good news to patients with thalassaemia—HCV clearance made easy with direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: D'Ambrosio R. , Lampertico P.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Mangia et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14197 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14251.
Editorial: faecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis—not quite there yet?
Authors: Lim M. H. , Radford‐Smith G. L.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Costello et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14173 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14246.
Letter: inconsistency in reporting of hypophosphatemia after intravenous iron
Authors: Schaefer B. , Glodny B. , Wolf M. , Zoller H.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Aksan et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14043 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14254.
Editorial: good news to patients with thalassaemia—HCV clearance made easy with direct acting antivirals. Authors’ reply
Authors: Mangia A. , Piazzolla V. , Santoro R.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to D'Ambrosio, Lampertico and Mangia et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14221 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14197.
Letter: complex interplay between obesity and Clostridium difficile infection—authors’ reply
Authors: Mulki R. , Katz P.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Mulki et al and Kapur and Nagaraja papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13832 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14229.
Letter: inconsistency in reporting of hypophosphataemia after intravenous iron—authors’ reply
Authors: Aksan A. , Işık H. , Radeke H. H. , Dignass A. , Stein J.
Published: August 2017

Linked Content

This article is linked to Aksan et al and Schaefer et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14043 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14231.
Associations between belief inflexibility and dimensions of delusions: A meta‐analytic review of two approaches to assessing belief flexibility
Authors: Zhu Chen , Sun Xiaoqi , So Suzanne Ho‐wai
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Belief inflexibility has been suggested to maintain delusions. Different measures of assessing belief inflexibility have been developed, and it remains unclear whether patients with delusions display belief inflexibility similarly across measures. As delusions consist of multiple dimensions, the aim of this meta‐analytic review was to examine how belief inflexibility is related to different aspects of delusions (conviction, distress, and preoccupation) and to compare these associations between interview‐based and task‐based measures of belief inflexibility.

Methods

We conducted a systematic database search (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and MEDLINE) and identified relevant articles using the following search items: belief*, delusion*, or overvalued idea*; psychosis or schizo*; flexib*, inflexib*, change, revision, or update. Meta‐analyses were conducted for each dimension of delusions and were reported according to the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

A total of 16 studies, with a total sample of 1,065, were included in the analysis. Belief inflexibility was associated with global severity of delusions (Hedges' g = 0.452, p < .001). Specifically, all dimensions of delusions were significantly associated with belief inflexibility (conviction: Hedges' g = 0.678, p < .001; preoccupation: Hedges' g = 0.274, p = .002; distress: Hedges' g = 0.200, p = .025). There was no significant heterogeneity across studies for each dimension. Preliminary subgroup analysis did not find any significant between‐measure differences in the relationship between belief inflexibility and overall severity of delusions.

Conclusions

Belief inflexibility, across measures, was robustly associated with delusions, with a particularly strong association for delusional conviction. Our results carried implications for process‐based interventions for delusions.

Practitioner points

Positive clinical implications

Belief inflexibility is consistently associated with the maintenance of delusions. Assessing belief inflexibility in routine clinical practice will inform psychological interventions for patients with persistent delusions.

Interview‐ and task‐based measures of belief inflexibility may be used complementarily to facilitate our understanding of this reasoning bias.

Aetiological factors may be more closely associated with some aspects of delusions than the others. In line with a multidimensional view of delusions, interventions targeting different dimensions of delusions may have different therapeutic emphases.

Limitations

The current review focused on three core dimensions of delusions only (conviction, preoccupation, distress). Other ways of dissecting delusions are possible.

Comparisons between the two measures of belief inflexibility may benefit from further research.
A longitudinal study of the profiles of psychological thriving, resilience, and loss in people with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Sirois Fuschia M. , Hirsch Jameson K.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Despite the toll of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on adjustment, many patients are resilient to the challenges associated with living with IBD, and successfully cope with their illness and thrive. Yet there is little research on why some individuals with IBD enter a trajectory of growth, while others may struggle to adapt. The aim of this study was to investigate the adjustment‐related factors that distinguished thriving, resilience, and loss in people with IBD across personal growth, life satisfaction, and relationship quality domains.

Design

Prospective cohort design with two data collection points, 6 months apart.

Methods

From a sample of 420 people with active IBD who completed an online survey, 152 participants completed the follow‐up survey and were included in the analyses. Participants completed measures of thriving, and cognitive, affective, social, and disease‐related variables known to predict adjustment.

Results

Time 1 ANCOVAs and pairwise comparisons controlling for demographics distinguished loss from resilience and thriving on the four outcomes – coping efficacy, illness acceptance, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support – for all three domains. Time 2 ANCOVAs and pairwise comparisons controlling for baseline outcomes revealed that the Time thriving categories predicted differences in Time 2 adjustment, mainly for the life satisfaction domain, with those experiencing loss reporting poorer adjustment than those experiencing resilience and thriving.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the distinctions among profiles of thriving, resilience, and loss in adjustment to IBD, and suggest that strategies that enhance coping and address depressive symptoms may optimize thriving in the context of IBD.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with depression, poor coping, and stressful symptoms.

Previous research has focused mainly on poor adjustment to IBD rather than on positive growth.

There is little research on why some patients with IBD thrive or are resilient, while others struggle to adapt.

What does this study add?

This study is the first to longitudinally examine the profiles of thriving, resilience, and loss in individuals with IBD.

The thriving profiles differed in coping efficacy, illness acceptance, depressive symptoms, and social support outcomes at Time 1, and predicted adjustment at T2 mainly for the life satisfaction domain.

Strategies that enhance coping and social support may optimize thriving in the context of IBD.
Controlled release of insulin‐like growth factor 1 enhances urethral sphincter function and histological structure in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence in a rat model
Authors: Yan Hao , Zhong Liren , Jiang Yaodong , Yang Jian , Deng Junhong , Wei Shicheng , Opara Emmanuel , Atala Anthony , Mao Xiangming , Damaser Margot S. , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To determine the effects of controlled release of insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) from alginate‐poly‐L‐ornithine‐gelatine (A‐PLO‐G) microbeads on external urethral sphincter (EUS) tissue regeneration in a rat model of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), as SUI diminishes the quality of life of millions, particularly women who have delivered vaginally, which can injure the urethral sphincter. Despite several well‐established treatments for SUI, growth factor therapy might provide an alternative to promote urethral sphincter repair.

Materials and Methods

In all, 44 female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomised into four groups: vaginal distension (VD) followed by periurethral injection of IGF‐1‐A‐PLO‐G microbeads (VD + IGF‐1 microbeads; 1 × 104 microbeads/1 mL normal saline); VD + empty microbeads; VD + saline; or sham‐VD + saline (sham).

Results

Urethral function (leak‐point pressure, LPP) was significantly lesser 1 week after VD + saline [mean (sem) 23.9 (1.3) cmH2O] or VD + empty microbeads [mean (sem) 21.7 (0.8) cmH2O) compared to the sham group [mean (sem) 44.4 (3.4) cmH2O; P < 0.05), indicating that the microbeads themselves do not create a bulking or obstructive effect in the urethra. The LPP was significantly higher 1 week after VD + IGF‐1 microbeads [mean (sem) 28.4 (1.2) cmH2O] compared to VD + empty microbeads (P < 0.05), and was not significantly different from the LPP in sham rats, demonstrating an initiation of a reparative effect even at 1 week after VD. Histological analysis showed well‐organised skeletal muscle fibres and vascular development in the EUS at 1 week after VD + IGF‐1 microbeads, compared to substantial muscle fibre attenuation and disorganisation, and less vascular formation at 1 week after VD + saline or VD + empty microbeads.

Conclusion

Periurethral administration of IGF‐1‐A‐PLO‐G microbeads facilitates recovery from SUI by promoting skeletal myogenesis and revascularisation. This therapy is promising, but detailed and longer term studies in animal models and humans are needed.
Diversity of astroglial responses across human neurodegenerative disorders and brain aging
Authors: Ferrer Isidro
Published: August 2017

Astrogliopathy refers to alterations of astrocytes occurring in diseases of the nervous system, and it implies the involvement of astrocytes as key elements in the pathogenesis and pathology of diseases and injuries of the central nervous system. Reactive astrocytosis refers to the response of astrocytes to different insults to the nervous system, whereas astrocytopathy indicates hypertrophy, atrophy/degeneration and loss of function and pathological remodeling occurring as a primary cause of a disease or as a factor contributing to the development and progression of a particular disease. Reactive astrocytosis secondary to neuron loss and astrocytopathy due to intrinsic alterations of astrocytes occur in neurodegenerative diseases, overlap each other, and, together with astrocyte senescence, contribute to disease‐specific astrogliopathy in aging and neurodegenerative diseases with abnormal protein aggregates in old age. In addition to the well‐known increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein and other proteins in reactive astrocytes, astrocytopathy is evidenced by deposition of abnormal proteins such as β‐amyloid, hyper‐phosphorylated tau, abnormal α‐synuclein, mutated huntingtin, phosphorylated TDP‐43 and mutated SOD1, and PrPres, in Alzheimer's disease, tauopathies, Lewy body diseases, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease, respectively. Astrocytopathy in these diseases can also be manifested by impaired glutamate transport; abnormal metabolism and release of neurotransmitters; altered potassium, calcium and water channels resulting in abnormal ion and water homeostasis; abnormal glucose metabolism; abnormal lipid and, particularly, cholesterol metabolism; increased oxidative damage and altered oxidative stress responses; increased production of cytokines and mediators of the inflammatory response; altered expression of connexins with deterioration of cell‐to‐cell networks and transfer of gliotransmitters; and worsening function of the blood brain barrier, among others. Increased knowledge of these aspects will permit a better understanding of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases in old age as complex disorders in which neurons are not the only players.
The role of 5‐HT2B receptors in mitral valvulopathy: bone marrow mobilization of endothelial progenitors
Authors: Ayme‐Dietrich Estelle , Lawson Roland , Côté Francine , de Tapia Claudia , Da Silva Sylvia , Ebel Claudine , Hechler Béatrice , Gachet Christian , Guyonnet Jérome , Rouillard Hélène , Stoltz Jordane , Quentin Emily , Banas Sophie , Daubeuf François , Frossard Nelly , Gasser Bernard , Mazzucotelli Jean‐Philippe , Hermine Olivier , Maroteaux Luc , Monassier Laurent
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is highly prevalent in industrialized countries. Chronic use of anorexigens, amphetamine or ergot derivatives targeting the 5‐HT system is associated with VHD. Here, we investigated the contribution of 5‐HT receptors in a model of valve degeneration induced by nordexfenfluramine, the main metabolite of the anorexigens, dexfenfluramine and benfluorex.

Experimental Approach

Nordexfenfluramine was infused chronically (28 days) in mice ((WT and transgenic Htr2B ‐/‐, Htr2A ‐/‐, and Htr2B/2A ‐/‐) to induce mitral valve lesions. Bone marrow transplantation was also carried out. Haemodynamics were measured with echocardiography; tissues and cells were analysed by histology, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry and RT –qPCR. Samples of human prolapsed mitral valves were also analysed.

Key Results

Chronic treatment of mice with nordexfenfluramine activated 5‐HT2B receptors and increased valve thickness and cell density in a thick extracellular matrix, mimicking early steps of mitral valve remodelling. Lesions were prevented by 5‐HT2A or 5‐HT2B receptor antagonists and in transgenic Htr2B −/− or Htr2A/2B −/− mice. Surprisingly, valve lesions were mainly formed by numerous non‐proliferative CD34+ endothelial progenitors. These progenitors originated from bone marrow (BM) as revealed by BM transplantation. The initial steps of mitral valve remodelling involved mobilization of BM‐derived CD34+CD31+ cells by 5‐HT2B receptor stimulation. Analysis of human prolapsed mitral valves showing spontaneous degenerative lesions, demonstrated the presence of non‐proliferating CD34+/CD309+/NOS3+ endothelial progenitors expressing 5‐HT2B receptors.

Conclusions and Implications

BM‐derived endothelial progenitor cells make a crucial contribution to the remodelling of mitral valve tissue. Our data describe a new and important mechanism underlying human VHD.
Olaparib protects cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improves graft contractility during the early phase after heart transplantation in rats
Authors: Korkmaz‐Icöz Sevil , Szczesny Bartosz , Marcatti Michela , Li Shiliang , Ruppert Mihály , Lasitschka Felix , Loganathan Sivakkanan , Szabó Csaba , Szabó Gábor
Published: August 2017

Background and Purpose

Olaparib, rucaparib and niraparib, potent inhibitors of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) are approved as anti‐cancer drugs in humans. Considering the previously demonstrated role of PARP in various forms of acute and chronic myocardial injury, we tested the effects of olaparib inin‐vitromodels of oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes, and in anin vivomodel of cardiac transplantation.

Experimental Approach

H9c2‐embryonic rat heart‐derived myoblasts pretreated with vehicle or olaparib (10μM) were challenged with either hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or with glucose oxidase (GOx, which generates H2O2in the tissue culture medium). Cell viability assays (MTT, lactate dehydrogenase) and Western blotting for PARP and its product, PAR was performed.Heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in Lewis rats; recipients were treated either with vehicle or olaparib (10 mg kg‐1). Left ventricular function of transplanted hearts was monitored via a Millar catheter. Multiple gene expression in the graft was measured by qPCR.

Key Results

Olaparib blocked autoPARylation of PARP1 and attenuated the rapid onset of death in H9c2 cells, induced by H2O2, but did not affect cell death following chronic, prolonged oxidative stress induced by GOx. In rats, after transplantation, left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were improved by olaparib. In the transplanted hearts, olaparib also reduced gene expression for c‐jun, caspase‐12, catalase, and NADPH oxidase‐2.

Conclusions and Implications

Olaparib protected cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and improved graft contractility in a rat model of heart transplantation. These findings raise the possibility of repurposing this clinically approved oncology drug, to be used in heart transplantation.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Inventing New Therapies Without Reinventing the Wheel: The Power of Drug Repurposing. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.2/issuetoc
Sexism in Childhood and Adolescence: Recent Trends and Advances in Research
Authors: Leaper Campbell , Brown Christia Spears
Published: August 2017

Sexism in many Western, technological‐industrial societies is expressed in more complex ways in the 21st century than it was in the past. Cultural shifts have led to much progress toward gender equality, but narrow definitions of gender expression continue to be reinforced. Developmental research has highlighted the continued impact of sexism on children's and adolescents’ development. In this article, we review recent work on sexism in three areas: gender identity and expression, gender disparities in academic achievement, and sexual harassment and sexualized gender stereotypes. We conclude with suggestions for research.
Understanding Processes of Peer Clique Influence in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence
Authors: Ellis Wendy E. , Zarbatany Lynne
Published: August 2017

Cliques, or groups of peers who interact frequently, are a key social context during childhood and adolescence, providing safety and preferential access to resources. Membership in cliques influences behavior and adjustment, but little is known about the processes by which these influences occur. In this article, we identify putative self and clique socialization processes that may account for greater similarity among clique members over time. Greater adherence to clique norms occurs when members are uncertain about their membership or have limited access to valued clique resources, and when cliques control more resources and are more cohesive. We speculate about other clique influence processes, including those that support children's attempts to distinguish themselves from cliquemates. Understanding clique influence processes can inform efforts to help children and youth resist the negative influences of cliques while protecting the benefits of membership.
How Do Parents Foster Young Children's Math Skills?
Authors: Elliott Leanne , Bachman Heather J.
Published: August 2017

Identifying the factors that foster math learning during early childhood is crucial given strong associations between these early skills and later school success. Despite theoretical arguments that the home environment and parents’ practices could support children's math abilities, little research addresses this possibility, especially compared to the breadth of research addressing literacy practices in the home. In this article, we review the literature on how the home numeracy environment may relate to children's math skills and argue that more methodological rigor is needed in these measures. Specifically, we highlight potential alternative dimensions of parents’ math practices beyond the conventional distinction between formal and informal activities, and we discuss directions for investigation. We argue that improving measures of the home numeracy environment may help resolve the mixed pattern of findings in the literature and further support the development of math skills in early childhood.
Modeling and Exploring Co‐variations in the Geometry and Configuration of Man‐made 3D Shape Families
Authors: Laga Hamid , Tabia Hedi
Published: August 2017

We introduce co‐variation analysis as a tool for modeling the way part geometries and configurations co‐vary across a family of man‐made 3D shapes. While man‐made 3D objects exhibit large geometric and structural variations, the geometry, structure, and configuration of their individual components usually do not vary independently from each other but in a correlated fashion. The size of the body of an airplane, for example, constrains the range of deformations its wings can undergo to ensure that the entire object remains a functionally‐valid airplane. These co‐variation constraints, which are often non‐linear, can be either physical, and thus they can be explicitly enumerated, or implicit to the design and style of the shape family. In this article, we propose a data‐driven approach, which takes pre‐segmented 3D shapes with known component‐wise correspondences and learns how various geometric and structural properties of their components co‐vary across the set. We demonstrate, using a variety of 3D shape families, the utility of the proposed co‐variation analysis in various applications including 3D shape repositories exploration and shape editing where the propagation of deformations is guided by the co‐variation analysis. We also show that the framework can be used for context‐guided orientation of objects in 3D scenes.
GWCNN: A Metric Alignment Layer for Deep Shape Analysis
Authors: Ezuz Danielle , Solomon Justin , Kim Vladimir G. , Ben-Chen Mirela
Published: August 2017

Deep neural networks provide a promising tool for incorporating semantic information in geometry processing applications. Unlike image and video processing, however, geometry processing requires handling unstructured geometric data, and thus data representation becomes an important challenge in this framework. Existing approaches tackle this challenge by converting point clouds, meshes, or polygon soups into regular representations using, e.g., multi‐view images, volumetric grids or planar parameterizations. In each of these cases, geometric data representation is treated as a fixed pre‐process that is largely disconnected from the machine learning tool. In contrast, we propose to optimize for the geometric representation during the network learning process using a novel metric alignment layer. Our approach maps unstructured geometric data to a regular domain by minimizing the metric distortion of the map using the regularized Gromov–Wasserstein objective. This objective is parameterized by the metric of the target domain and is differentiable; thus, it can be easily incorporated into a deep network framework. Furthermore, the objective aims to align the metrics of the input and output domains, promoting consistent output for similar shapes. We show the effectiveness of our layer within a deep network trained for shape classification, demonstrating state‐of‐the‐art performance for nonrigid shapes.
Restricting Voronoi diagrams to meshes using corner validation
Authors: Sainlot M. , Nivoliers V. , Attali D.
Published: August 2017

Restricted Voronoi diagrams are a fundamental geometric structure used in many applications such as surface reconstruction from point sets or optimal transport. Given a set of sites V = {vk}nk=1 ⊂ ℝd and a mesh X with vertices in ℝd connected by triangles, the restricted Voronoi diagram partitions X by computing for each site the portion of X for which the site is the nearest. The restricted Voronoi diagram is the intersection between the regular Voronoi diagram and the mesh. Depending on the site distribution or the ambient space dimension computing the regular Voronoi diagram may not be feasible using classical algorithms. In this paper, we extend Lévy and Bonneel's approach [LB12] based on nearest neighbor queries. We show that their method is limited when the sites are not located on X. We propose a new algorithm for computing restricted Voronoi which reduces the number of sites considered for each triangle of the mesh and scales smoothly when the sites are far from the surface.
A Dirac Operator for Extrinsic Shape Analysis
Authors: Liu Hsueh‐Ti Derek , Jacobson Alec , Crane Keenan
Published: August 2017

The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Laplace‐Beltrami operator have proven to be a powerful tool for digital geometry processing, providing a description of geometry that is essentially independent of coordinates or the choice of discretization. However, since Laplace‐Beltrami is purely intrinsic it struggles to capture important phenomena such as extrinsic bending, sharp edges, and fine surface texture. We introduce a new extrinsic differential operator called the relative Dirac operator, leading to a family of operators with a continuous trade‐off between intrinsic and extrinsic features. Previous operators are either fully or partially intrinsic. In contrast, the proposed family spans the entire spectrum: from completely intrinsic (depending only on the metric) to completely extrinsic (depending only on the Gauss map). By adding an infinite potential well to this (or any) operator we can also robustly handle surface patches with irregular boundary. We explore use of these operators for a variety of shape analysis tasks, and study their performance relative to operators previously found in the geometry processing literature.
Deblurring and Denoising of Maps between Shapes
Authors: Ezuz Danielle , Ben-Chen Mirela
Published: August 2017

Shape correspondence is an important and challenging problem in geometry processing. Generalized map representations, such as functional maps, have been recently suggested as an approach for handling difficult mapping problems, such as partial matching and matching shapes with high genus, within a generic framework. While this idea was shown to be useful in various scenarios, such maps only provide low frequency information on the correspondence. In many applications, such as texture transfer and shape interpolation, a high quality pointwise map that can transport high frequency data between the shapes is required. We name this problem map deblurring and propose a robust method, based on a smoothness assumption, for its solution. Our approach is suitable for non‐isometric shapes, is robust to mesh tessellation and accurately recovers vertex‐to‐point, or precise, maps. Using the same framework we can also handle map denoising, namely improvement of given pointwise maps from various sources. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art for both deblurring and denoising of maps on benchmarks of non‐isometric shapes, and show an application to high quality intrinsic symmetry computation.
Rust Belt Boomerang: The Pull of Place in Moving Back to a Legacy City
Authors: Harrison Jill Ann
Published: August 2017

Research and journalistic accounts on the Rust Belt consistently focus on population decline and its consequences. As a result, we know little about the growing trend of return migration of young professionals and knowledge workers to the region. Why have these individuals chosen to return to a place that they once left? I answer this question using in–depth interviews with young professionals who have moved back to Youngstown, Ohio. Results indicate that return migrants chose to return despite reporting alternative and perhaps more economically rational work opportunities elsewhere. While some reasons can be anticipated from the literature, such as family need, I emphasize how place–specific considerations worked in combination with economic and social factors to pull them back. Findings hold implications for the literatures on place and return migration and for city planners who believe that return migration presents an opportunity for economic growth of legacy cities.
Efficacy of extensive intervention models for substance use disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Simoneau Hélène , Kamgang Ervane , Tremblay Joël , Bertrand Karine , Brochu Serge , Fleury Marie‐Josée
Published: August 2017

Issues

Despite a growing trend towards considering addiction as a chronic disease, the development of intervention models addressing the chronicity of substance use disorder is relatively new, and no literature review on this topic is available. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of intervention models designed within the perspective of addiction as a chronic disease and those tailored to persons with substance use disorder who revolve in and out of treatment.

Approach

Electronic databases were searched to identify articles published between 2000 and 2015 reporting an empirical study of an intervention model with data on its effectiveness. Study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently by two reviewers.

Key Findings

The selection process yielded 16 studies meeting all the inclusion criteria. The intervention models were classified into four groups according to the duration, frequency and components of the interventions. In general, the models showed potential therapeutic effects. The outcomes tended to be positive immediately after the end of the treatment. However, months after, the benefits obtained during treatment did not persist.

Implications and Conclusion.

The review highlights that models designed specifically for persons with multiple treatment re‐entries are scarce, but promising. Further research is needed to determine the best match between the clinical profile of persons with substance use disorder and a model's components, intensity and duration. [Simoneau H, Kamgang E, Tremblay J, Bertrand K, Brochu S, FleuryM‐J. Efficacy of extensive interventionmodels for substance use disorders: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000‐000]
Coronary artery disease and risk of adverse cardiac events and stroke
Authors: Olesen Kevin Kris Warnakula , Madsen Morten , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Egholm Gro , Thim Troels , Jensen Lisette Okkels , Raungaard Bent , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Bøtker Hans Erik , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Maeng Michael
Published: August 2017

Background

Patients with acute myocardial infarction are at increased risk of ischaemic stroke. Previous myocardial infarction is an important part of risk assessment for ischaemic stroke. However, there is a lack of information regarding the association between the severity and extent of coronary artery disease and long‐term risk of ischaemic stroke.

Materials and methods

A cohort study of coronary angiographies performed in western Denmark from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2012. Patients were stratified according to the number of vessels affected by obstructive coronary artery disease (lumen narrowing ≥50%) at the time of angiography: zero‐, one‐, two‐ or three‐vessel disease and diffuse vessel disease. We followed patients for a maximum of 7 years. Endpoints were all‐cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke. Cumulative risks and crude and adjusted rate ratios were estimated.

Results

The study population included 78 195 patients. Of these, 32 061 (41·0%) had zero‐vessel disease, 6205 (7·9%) had diffuse vessel disease, 20 202 (25·8%) had one‐vessel disease, 10 675 (13·7%) had two‐vessel disease, and 9038 (11·6%) had three‐vessel disease. Median follow‐up was 3·6 years (interquartile range 1·7–6·0 years). Increasing severity of obstructive coronary artery disease was associated with an increasing risk of all‐cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke during follow‐up.

Conclusions

The presence and extent of coronary artery disease was associated with an incremental risk of not only death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, but also ischaemic stroke over a 7‐year period.
Neurotoxicosis in horses associated with consumption of Trema micrantha
Authors: Lorenzett M. P. , Pereira P. R. , Bassuino D. M. , Konradt G. , Panziera W. , Bianchi M. V. , Argenta F. F. , Hammerschmitt M. E. , Caprioli R. A. , de Barros C. S. L. , Pavarini S. P. , Driemeier D.
Published: August 2017

Background

Trema micrantha is a tree widely distributed throughout the Americas. The tree produces highly palatable leaves that have been associated with natural poisoning in goats, sheep and horses, in which hepatic necrosis and hepatic encephalopathy have been observed.

Objectives

This study describes malacia and haemorrhage in the central nervous system (CNS) due to T. micrantha consumption, with minimal to absent hepatic lesions.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

A total of 14 horses with a history of neurological signs and spontaneous consumption of T. micrantha leaves were submitted to necropsy and multiple samples were collected for histopathology. Details of clinical history and signs of the horses were obtained through inquiries to the owners and attending veterinarians.

Results

All the 14 horses had neurological signs of ataxia, severe sialorrhoea, involuntary running movements, sternal and lateral recumbency, and death after a clinical course that lasted from 24 h to 9 days. For a few days prior to onset of clinical signs, all horses had spontaneously consumed, potentially toxic doses of T. micrantha leaves. All 14 brains had diffuse yellowish discoloration affecting the rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon and corpus striatum. In all cases, the most severe lesions were observed in the pons. Spinal cord lesions were observed affecting the lumbar intumescence, which was swollen with darken and depressed areas at the dorsal and ventral horns, and at the sacral level, which on cut surface displayed a friable and yellowish grey matter. The lesions observed grossly in brain and spinal cord consisted microscopically of severe vasculitis and liquefactive necrosis of white and grey matter of the brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord.

Main limitations

This is a small retrospective series relying on clinical observations reported by owners and attending veterinarians. The mechanism of action of the plant toxin in the CNS is still unidentified.

Conclusion

T. micrantha poisoning in horses causes predominantly a neurological disease, with minimal to absent hepatic lesions.
Managing the accountability–autonomy tensions in university research commercialisation
Authors: Narayan Anil K. , Northcott Deryl , Parker Lee D.
Published: August 2017

This article investigates organisational responses to emerging concerns about how accountability–autonomy tensions can be managed within the context of university research commercialisation. The findings suggest that changed expectations of university research practices, which result from the introduction of a commercialisation logic, can be managed via the homogenisation of research goals and strategies. The successful management of accountability–autonomy tensions also depends on utilising the various structures and cultural contexts that can be facilitated by decoupling and bridging strategies. Further, while adopting symbolic systems may enhance legitimacy, failure to implement material practices and provide the appropriate cultural context to manage conflicting relationships may put university commercialisation ambitions at risk.
CRISPR‐assisted receptor deletion reveals distinct roles for ERBB2 and ERBB3 in skin keratinocytes
Authors: Dahlhoff Maik , Gaborit Nadège , Bultmann Sebastian , Leonhardt Heinrich , Yarden Yosef , Schneider Marlon R.
Published: August 2017

While the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an established regulator of skin development and homeostasis, the functions of the related tyrosine kinase receptors ERBB2 and ERBB3 in this tissue have only recently been examined. Previously reported, skin‐specific deletion of each of these receptors in mice resulted in similar defects in keratinocyte proliferation and migration, resulting in impaired wound healing and tumorigenesis. Because both ERBB2 and ERBB3 are targets for treating an array of cancer types, it is important to examine the consequences of receptor inhibition in human keratinocytes. Here, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate HaCaT cells (an established human keratinocyte cell line) lacking ERBB2 or ERBB3. HaCaT clones lacking ERBB2 or ERBB3 showed comparable reductions in cell proliferation as assessed by BrdU staining. Apoptosis, in contrast, was reduced in ERBB3‐deficient HaCaT cells only. Assessment of cell migration using a wound healing (scratch) assay showed that the closure of the wound gaps was completed by 48 h in mock and in ERBB3 knockout clones. In contrast, this process was considerably delayed in ERBB2 knockout clones, and a complete closure of the gap in the latter cells did not occur before 72 h. In conclusion, both ERBB2 and ERBB3 are essential for normal proliferation of skin keratinocytes, but in contrast to ERBB3, ERBB2 is essential for migration of human keratinocytes. These observations might bear significance to patient adverse effects of therapeutic agents targeting ERBB2 and ERBB3.
The interplay of climate and land use change affects the distribution of EU bumblebees
Authors: Marshall Leon , Biesmeijer Jacobus C. , Rasmont Pierre , Vereecken Nicolas J. , Dvorak Libor , Fitzpatrick Una , Francis Frédéric , Neumayer Johann , Ødegaard Frode , Paukkunen Juho P. T. , Pawlikowski Tadeusz , Reemer Menno , Roberts Stuart P.M. , Straka Jakub , Vray Sarah , Dendoncker Nicolas
Published: August 2017

Bumblebees in Europe have been in steady decline since the 1900s. This decline is expected to continue with climate change as the main driver. However, at the local scale, land use and land cover (LULC) change strongly affects the occurrence of bumblebees. At present, LULC change is rarely included in models of future distributions of species. This study's objective is to compare the roles of dynamic LULC change and climate change on the projected distribution patterns of 48 European bumblebee species for three change scenarios until 2100 at the scales of Europe, and Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg (BENELUX). We compared three types of models: (1) only climate covariates, (2) climate and static LULC covariates and (3) climate and dynamic LULC covariates. The climate and LULC change scenarios used in the models include, extreme growth applied strategy (GRAS), business as might be usual and sustainable European development goals. We analysed model performance, range gain/loss and the shift in range limits for all bumblebees. Overall, model performance improved with the introduction of LULC covariates. Dynamic models projected less range loss and gain than climate‐only projections, and greater range loss and gain than static models. Overall, there is considerable variation in species responses and effects were most pronounced at the BENELUX scale. The majority of species were predicted to lose considerable range, particularly under the extreme growth scenario (GRAS; overall mean: 64% ± 34). Model simulations project a number of local extinctions and considerable range loss at the BENELUX scale (overall mean: 56% ± 39). Therefore, we recommend species‐specific modelling to understand how LULC and climate interact in future modelling. The efficacy of dynamic LULC change should improve with higher thematic and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, current broad scale representations of change in major land use classes impact modelled future distribution patterns.
Tensions in perspectives on suicide prevention between men who have attempted suicide and their support networks: Secondary analysis of qualitative data
Authors: Fogarty Andrea S. , Spurrier Michael , Player Michael J. , Wilhelm Kay , Whittle Erin L. , Shand Fiona , Christensen Helen , Proudfoot Judith
Published: August 2017

Background

Men generally have higher rates of suicide, despite fewer overt indicators of risk. Differences in presentation and response suggest a need to better understand why suicide prevention is less effective for men.

Objective

To explore the views of at‐risk men, friends and family about the tensions inherent in suicide prevention and to consider how prevention may be improved.

Design

Secondary analysis of qualitative interview and focus group data, using thematic analysis techniques, alongside bracketing, construction and contextualisation.

Setting and participants

A total of 35 men who had recently made a suicide attempt participated in interviews, and 47 family and friends of men who had made a suicide attempt took part in focus groups. Participants recounted their experiences with men's suicide attempts and associated interventions, and suggested ways in which suicide prevention may be improved.

Results

Five tensions in perspectives emerged between men and their support networks, which complicated effective management of suicide risk: (i) respecting privacy vs monitoring risk, (ii) differentiating normal vs risky behaviour changes, (iii) familiarity vs anonymity in personal information disclosure, (iv) maintaining autonomy vs imposing constraints to limit risk, and (v) perceived need for vs failures of external support services.

Conclusion

Tension between the different perspectives increased systemic stress, compounding problems and risk, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of detection of and interventions for men at risk of suicide. Suggested solutions included improving risk communication, reducing reliance on single source supports and increasing intervention flexibility in response to individual needs.
Large nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 36 cases
Authors: Compérat Eva , McKenney Jesse K , Hartmann Arndt , Hes Ondrej , Bertz Simone , Varinot Justine , Brimo Fadi
Published: August 2017

Aims

The large nested variant of urothelial carcinoma (LNUC) has been added to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification. Scant data exist, and little is known about its clinical behaviour.

Material and results

Cases fulfilling the morphological criteria of LNUC were collected. Pure and mixed cases (i.e. with other patterns of invasive UC) were studied. Immunohistochemical staining with cytokeratin (CK)7, p63, GATA‐3, CK20, p53 and Ki‐67 was performed. Included were 26 cystectomies (RC) and 10 resections (TURB) belonging to 36 patients with an average age of 66.7 years. Fourteen (39%) were pure LNUCs, and 22 (61%) displayed mixed features. Seventy per cent of the TURBs had pT2 tumours, while 58% of RCs had extravesical disease (≥pT3 and/or ≥pN1), with the rate of advanced disease being higher in mixed (69%) in comparison to pure cases (40%). Similarly, 38% of mixed cases had nodal metastases in comparison to 20% of pure cases. Overall, eight patients (24%) died of disease at a mean interval time of 21.7 months and seven patients (21%) showed recurrence or metastases. Disease progression was significantly higher in mixed cases (55 and 31% in mixed and pure cases, respectively). Positive staining was: CK7 = 87.5%, CK20 = 72%, GATA‐3 = 91%, P63 = 100%, p53 = 56% and Ki‐67 = mean of 16%.

Conclusion

Despite the bland cytological appearance and deceptive pattern of invasion of the LNUC, our study validates its fully malignant potential with metastatic spread and tumour‐related deaths. Distinguishing mixed from pure LNUCs seems to be of value. LNUCs show comparable immunophenotype to both conventional urothelial carcinoma and the nested variant of urothelial carcinoma.
Post‐irradiation morphoea of the breast: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Gonzalez‐Ericsson Paula I , Estrada Monica V , Al‐Rohil Rami , Sanders Melinda E
Published: August 2017

We describe a 44‐year‐old female with triple‐negative breast cancer who developed skin erythaema, sclerosis and contracture of her entire right breast 15 months after completion of post‐lumpectomy chemotherapy and radiotherapy, consistent with post‐irradiation morphoea (PIM). PIM is a rare complication of breast irradiation that impairs a patient's quality of life. PIM is located usually at the radiation port or in the surrounding tissue. Clinically, PIM is misdiagnosed commonly as lymphoedema and cellulitis in the early inflammatory phase, and recurrent breast cancer, chronic radiodermatitis (CRD), radiation‐induced fibrosis (RIF), post‐irradiation pseudosclerodermatous panniculitis (PIPP), atypical vascular lesions (AVL) or angiosarcoma (AS) in the late burnout phase. Arriving at the correct diagnosis typically requires a multidisciplinary approach, including a skin biopsy for confirmation. To date, satisfactory treatment of this condition has been challenging. and the clinical outcome after therapy is often unsatisfactory.
Livestock grazing disrupts plant–insect interactions on salt marshes
Authors: Rickert Corinna , Fichtner Andreas , van Klink Roel
Published: August 2017

Studies of grassland communities have demonstrated that increasing vertebrate grazing decreases the diversity of specialised herbivorous insects, while plant diversity is maintained or increased. However, we still have a limited understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying these contrasting observations of two tightly linked groups of organisms.

We used spatially linked plant and moth observations from salt marshes, sampled for 3 years along an experimental sheep‐grazing gradient (0, 1–2, 3–4 and 10 sheep ha−1), to test whether the disruption of plant–insect interactions by large herbivores accounts for these contrasting grazing effects. Moths were caught using emergence traps, which were moved and repositioned every 3 weeks.

Firstly, we quantified species turnover between the grazing regimes for both taxa (measured as Sørensen dissimilarity) using a null‐model approach. Secondly, we analysed the number of observed insect ̶ host associations under the different regimes.

Species turnover between grazing regimes was significant (after correcting for rarefaction effects) for moth species, but not for plants, indicating very few and random effects of grazing on plant species composition. The percentage of realised plant–moth associations decreased from 37% in the absence of grazing to 6.5% under high stocking densities.

We thus conclude that vertebrate grazing caused a disruption of plant–moth associations, probably by rendering the host‐plants unsuitable for most of the moth species. Our findings provide further mechanistic understanding on how large herbivores shape arthropod communities and illustrate the importance of host‐plant associations in explaining effects of natural or anthropogenic habitat modification.