bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of Opportunity and Poultry Farms Performance in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Isiorhovoja Rodney A.
Published: November 2015

The paper examines the existence, if any, of differences in gross margin between rural and urban areas in Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the Delta State Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Department. The null hypotheses was that there is no significant difference in poultry farm gross margin between locations in terms rural and urban areas; managers with formal education in agriculture and managers who have no formal education in agriculture; and managers who have and who do not have prior experience in poultry business. Data were collected from all 275 poultry farmers registered with the State Ministry Agriculture using copies of a structured questionnaire and were analyzed using frequency counts, means and T-test. Amongst the findings were: Majority of poultry business operators have low level formal education in disciplines not related to agriculture; there was a significant difference in the mean number of years of schooling and courses studied between rural and urban areas but that there was no significant difference in number of years of prior experience. The T-test results failed to reject the three null hypotheses. The study concluded that indeed elements of opportunity may vary from place to place but the ability to exploit the benefits may moderate or accentuate performance. Entrepreneurial capacity building was recommended for poultry business operators’ state wide.
Development of Four-Column Data Storage Model for Data-Manipulation of Greenhouse Gases and Soil Properties
Authors: Matyas Bence , Matyas György , Szendrei Mihaly , Singla Ankit , Kong Yuhua , Katai Janos , Olah Agnes Zsuposne , Inubushi Kazuyuki
Published: November 2015

Studies on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change require huge amounts of data. Generally, these data can be inducted directly from measuring devices or from different systems like geographical information systems and other specific systems, which are used for experimental data storage and management. Database technology has come a long way over the years, however even with these advances in technology and the availability of supercomputers processing large amounts of data from different data storage methods is still a challenge. In the present study, one physical data table was generated for data-manipulation and data storage using a web-developed platform. Data storage with four-column usage assures the possibility for continuous refinement during the research processes. It is because of the determination of new variables after the entity identification process.
Decentralisatie op grote schaal
Authors: Munneke S.A.J.
Published: November 2015

Decentralisatie op grote schaal. Aandachtspunten en uitgangspunten voor de decentralisaties in het sociale domein

In deze bijdrage staat de vraag centraal met welke juridische grenzen en uitgangspunten de wetgever rekening moet houden bij het op grote schaal decentraliseren van taken in het sociale domein. Hoewel de wetgever bij deze operatie een grote vrijheid heeft, en nauwelijks door juridische grenzen wordt belemmerd, dient hij met het oog op de uitvoerbaarheid en doeltreffendheid van de wet wel met een groot aantal aandachtspunten rekening te houden. Onder andere gaat het dan om het bieden van voldoende beleidsmatige en financiële vrijheid voor de gemeenten en het creëren van voldoende draagvlak, ook met betrekking tot de gewenste schaalgrootte. Decentralisatie betekent de acceptatie van verschillen tussen gemeenten en vraagt om een terughoudende positie van de centrale overheid, onder andere met betrekking tot het interbestuurlijk toezicht.
The Inequality of Arithmetic and Geometric Means from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Askey Richard , Matsuura Ryota , Sword Sarah
Published: November 2015

The inequality of arithmetic and geometric means in three variables is developed through algebra, geometry, and calculus.
12 Math Rules That Expire in the Middle Grades
Authors: Karp Karen S. , Bush Sarah B. , Dougherty Barbara J.
Published: November 2015

Turn away from overgeneralizations and consider alternative terminology and notation to support student understanding.
Flipping Out: Calculating Probability with a Coin Game
Authors: Degner Kate
Published: November 2015

A task analyzing coin tosses and probably is coupled with an activity sheet.
Birthday Math
Authors: Ramsey Lara
Published: November 2015

This real-life activity explores interesting number patterns relating to birthdates.
Which lake is bigger?
Authors: Matt Switzer J.
Published: November 2015

In this month's problem, students are presented with a scenario in which two friends are planning a summer vacation. The students must use measurement concepts to compare two lakes to determine what bigger means with respect to the lakes and which of the two lakes is bigger. Each month, elementary school teachers receive a problem along with suggested instructional notes and are asked to use the problem in their own classrooms and submit solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience.
Royalty, Racing, and Rolling Pigs
Authors: Groth Randall E.
Published: November 2015

Examine how types of statistical variability recommended in GAISE can be taught alongside the data displays recommended in CCSSM.
Análise dos indicadores do corpo funcional no setor bancário a partir dos relatórios de sustentabilidade
Authors: Nascimento Mariany Wollinger , Ferreira Luiz Felipe , Ferreira Denize Demarche Minatti
Published: October 2015

A legislação brasileira contempla em seu conteúdo a verificação do emprego de estagiários e deficientes, assim é importante examinar por meio da evolução dos indicadores, o cumprimento legal da norma específica. Este trabalho analisou a evolução dos indicadores do corpo funcional nas empresas do setor bancário no período de 2009 a 2012, identificando o cumprimento legal das cotas de colaboradores como estagiários, jovens aprendizes, pessoas com deficiência especiais e as cotas específicas para negros. Para a análise, foi delimitada uma amostra a partir da listagem das maiores instituições financeiras segundo o Banco Central do Brasil (BACEN) e ainda, utilizou-se como parâmetro o ativo total dos bancos, constituindo-se então para este estudo um grupo de quatro bancos. A pesquisa é documental e bibliográfica e foi realizada a partir dos dados obtidos nos relatórios de sustentabilidade, para o período dos relatórios disponível nos sites das empresas. Concluiu-se ao final da pesquisa que, para a maioria das empresas, não há o cumprimento da legislação referente aos jovens aprendizes e pessoas com deficiência e, quanto ao número de estagiários, as empresas não extrapolam o máximo estabelecido por lei. Verificou-se que, na maioria dos bancos analisados, houve aumento na contratação de negros para o quadro de funcionários; em apenas um deles houve redução. Pelo presente estudo pode-se concluir que o Relatório de Sustentabilidade é um instrumento que possibilita, à empresa, prestar contas à sociedade, tanto da exploração dos recursos humanos nos indicadores laborais, sociais e de corpo funcional, bem como dos recursos naturais e econômicos.
Caracterização física dos resíduos sólidos urbanos produzidos na cidade de Parintins (AM)
Authors: Picanço Sueny Ferreira , Tello Julio César Rodríguez , Coelho Lucyanna Moura
Published: October 2015

Atualmente, a cidade de Parintins segue o modelo de destino de lixo como a maioria das cidades brasileiras, onde os resíduos sólidos são depositados em um lixão a céu aberto. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a caracterização física dos resíduos sólidos urbanos produzidos na Cidade de Parintins. Foram identificadas seis rotas diferentes, as quais contemplam toda a zona urbana da cidade de Parintins. As rotas foram: Rota 01 - Bairro do Palmares e São Vicente; Rota 02 – Centro e São Benedito; Rota 03 – Santa Rita e Castanheira; Rota 04 – Santa Clara, Emilio Moreira, São Francisco e Itaguatinga; Rota 05 – Itaúna 1 e 2, União, Paschal Allágio, João Novo 1 e 2; Rota 06 – Paulo Corrêa e Djard Vieira. Foi retirada a amostra dos roteiros diurnos e noturnos, com frequência diária. Após a coleta dos resíduos nos bairros procedeu-se a análise, a céu aberto, no local onde é depositado o lixo da cidade. Em seguida, o quarteamento foi realizado segundo Andrade et al. (2004). Foi constatada a maior fração para matéria orgânica (50,97%) seguida do plástico (23,94%), papel e papelão (13,85%), outros componentes (pano, estopa, vidro, pedra, couro e borracha) com 9,42% e a dos metais (1,79%). A determinação da geração per capita dos resíduos sólidos foi de 1,56 kg hab dia na zona urbana do Município. Por meio dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa constatou-se a necessidade de elaboração de programas de educação ambiental efetivo e de caráter permanente, com propostas que visem à mudança nos padrões de consumo da população.
La participación de los oficios de la construcción en las Germanías de Mallorca
Authors: Cerdá Garriga Magdalena , Juan Vicens Antònia
Published: November 2015

En el presente artículo se analiza el papel ejercido por parte de los oficios de la construcción,
a saber, carpinteros y picapedreros, en el conflicto de las Germanías de Mallorca (1521-1523),
hito histórico que cierra la Baja Edad Media y que supuso un antes y un después en la evolución
político-social de la isla. Los temas a tratar se centran en su grado de implicación en el conflicto, las acciones subversivas perpetradas, así como los cargos detentados durante la contienda. Se incidirá en el modo en que dichos artesanos consagraron sus conocimientos técnicos y sus servicios profesionales a la causa agermanada, con el fin de demostrar la variada actividad constructiva y cómo esta se adaptó a una época de crisis.
El arzobispo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña (1412-1482). Una revisión historiográfica
Authors: Díaz Ibáñez Jorge
Published: November 2015

En este trabajo se analiza la compleja figura del arzobispo de Toledo Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña,
uno de los personajes más influyentes de la historia política castellana de la segunda mitad del
siglo XV, a pesar de lo cual todavía no ha sido objeto del amplio y profundo estudio que merece
por parte de la historiografía, aunque sí que contamos con análisis parciales. Así, tanto sobre una base bibliográfica como documental, incluyendo muchas fuentes inéditas, se ofrece un análisis interpretativo, sintético y lo más actualizado posible sobre las múltiples facetas del prelado: los inicios de su carrera eclesiástica en Italia y Basilea; el comienzo, la culminación y el declive de su influencia política durante los reinados de Juan II, Enrique IV y los primeros años del de Isabel I, influencia que en gran medida estuvo determinada por su concepción del poder contraria a una monarquía de pretensiones autoritarias; los cargos y funciones institucionales que desempeñó; su gobierno diocesano en Sigüenza y Toledo, su actividad reformadora y su tardía actividad pastoral; y, finalmente, sus inquietudes culturales e intelectuales.
Las leyes del regadío murciano: conflictividad social y codificación (1479-1503)
Authors: Martínez Martínez María , Hernández Martínez Pedro
Published: November 2015

Análisis del proceso de codificación de las Ordenanzas de la Huerta de Murcia durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. La elaboración de un “corpus” de leyes para el regadío murciano fue una lenta tarea por la divergencia de intereses económicos de la oligarquía concejil y las campañas granadinas. La crítica situación de la huerta, afectada por factores naturales (inundaciones y sequías) y sociales (corruptelas en el entramado institucional e incumplimiento de las normas) era una realidad desde los años setenta. La reforma legislativa de los monarcas finalizaba a principios del siglo XVI con la promulgación de las leyes del regadío murciano.
Subida de la vida en el reino astur-leonés tras el cambio monetario del sueldo de oro al sueldo de plata: ¿mito o realidad?
Authors: Núñez Meneses Pablo
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de este trabajo es el relativizar la supuesta subida de la vida tras el cambio monetario de la unidad de cuenta del sólido áureo al sólido argénteo, acontecido en el reino astur-leonés a mediados del siglo IX, aunque en algunas zonas, fundamentalmente Galicia, un siglo más tarde. Asumir dicho aumento del costo de las cosas es la tendencia seguida tras las tempranas investigaciones del maestro Sánchez Albornoz y los estudios posteriores lo han mantenido, en su mayoría, siendo la lectura de las fuentes documentales del periodo y de la zona las que principalmente llevan a cuestionar dicha afirmación.
Juan de Beaumont, prior del Hospital: promoción al cargo y control de la Orden por parte de una facción nobiliaria en Navarra (1433-1451)
Authors: Pavón Benito Julia
Published: November 2015

Este artículo analiza el momento y el contexto que dio lugar a la toma de posesión del cargo de
prior del Hospital de San Juan de Jerusalén por parte de Juan de Beaumont en 1435, y las primeras actuaciones de su gobierno en dicha institución hasta el inicio de la guerra civil navarra en 1451. La documentación sanjuanista (AHN y National Library of Malta), complementada por la información de los fondos del reino custodiados en el Archivo General de Navarra, revela un intenso período de cambios en la orden a partir de 1433 y durante los tres lustros siguientes. Ello invita a pensar, teniendo en cuenta la compleja situación peninsular y navarra del primer tercio del siglo XV, en el interés que manifestó una de las facciones nobiliarias del reino de Navarra, la de los Beaumont, por controlar la dirección y organización del priorato sanjuanista.
ETO family protein Mtgr1 mediates Prdm14 functions in stem cell maintenance and primordial germ cell formation
Authors: Nady Nataliya , Gupta Ankit , Ma Ziyang , Swigut Tomek , Koide Akiko , Koide Shohei , Wysocka Joanna
Published: November 2015

Prdm14 is a sequence-specific transcriptional regulator of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and primordial germ cell (PGC) formation. It exerts its function, at least in part, through repressing genes associated with epigenetic modification and cell differentiation. Here, we show that this repressive function is mediated through an ETO-family co-repressor Mtgr1, which tightly binds to the pre-SET/SET domains of Prdm14 and co-occupies its genomic targets in mouse ESCs. We generated two monobodies, synthetic binding proteins, targeting the Prdm14 SET domain and demonstrate their utility, respectively, in facilitating crystallization and structure determination of the Prdm14-Mtgr1 complex, or as genetically encoded inhibitor of the Prdm14-Mtgr1 interaction. Structure-guided point mutants and the monobody abrogated the Prdm14-Mtgr1 association and disrupted Prdm14's function in mESC gene expression and PGC formation in vitro. Altogether, our work uncovers the molecular mechanism underlying Prdm14-mediated repression and provides renewable reagents for studying and controlling Prdm14 functions.
Profesjonsdilemmaer i det kunstpedagogiske felt
Authors: Lutnæs Eva
Published: November 2015

Antologien Kunstner eller lærer? Profesjonsdilemmaer i musikk- og kunstpedagogisk utdanning er redigert av Elin Angelo og Signe Kalsnes. Anmelderen konkluderer med at det er merkelappenes identitetsbygging gjennom begrepsbruk, hvordan du velger å posisjonere deg og hvordan du settes i kategorier av andre, som gjør boka til et meget verdifullt bidrag til diskusjonen av profesjonsdilemma og yrkesidentitet for både studenter, lærere og forskere innen det kunstpedagogiske felt.
Leder. Designutdanning i framtidas skole i Norge
Authors: Reitan Janne Beate
Published: November 2015

I tillegg til fokus på designforskning, er designutdanning fra barnehage til doktorgrad et hovedfokus for FORMakademisk. Vi ser på utdanning av brukere, innkjøpere og beslutnings­takere i forhold til design som like viktig som utdanning av profesjonelle designere. Det hjelper ikke at det blir laget god design hvis den ikke blir kjøpt inn og tatt i bruk. Hva folk flest lærer i grunnopplæringa er derfor viktig, og her er læreplanene et fundament.Institutt for estetiske fag ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus, i samarbeid interesse­organisasjonen Kunst og design i skolen, arrangerte denne våren et debattmøte om Kunst og håndverk i framtidas skole. Hovedinnleder var Sven Ludvigsen, professor i pedagogikk ved Universitetet i Oslo og leder av utvalget som har utredet grunnopplæringens fag opp mot krav til kompetanse i et framtidig samfunns- og arbeidsliv. I tillegg innledet Eivind Moe på vegne av Kunst og design i skolen og Liv Merete Nielsen på vegne av bachelor- og master­utdanningen for faglærerutdanning i formgiving, kunst og design ved Institutt for estetiske fag, Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus.FORMakademisk ser med spenning fram til de nye læreplanene som skal utvikles for framtidens grunnopplæring. Når det gjelder faget Kunst og håndverk, må det innebære en plan som legger til rette for vide oppgaver som fører til dybdelæring og at kompetanse om bærekraft utvikles ved å jobbe kreativt med verktøy i materialer. Kompetanse innen design må være allmenn­dannende når det gjelder å forberede elevene som brukere, fremtidige beslutningstakere og innkjøpere av design og samtidig gi den grunnleggende kompetansen for de som velger et designrelatert yrke i framtida.Issue cover photo: Design by David Salafia
Immune Cell Phenotyping Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Pockley A. Graham , Foulds Gemma A. , Oughton Julie A. , Kerkvliet Nancy I. , Multhoff Gabriele
Published: November 2015

Fluorescent immunophenotyping uses fluorescently‐conjugated antibodies to identify, characterize and quantify distinct subpopulations of cells within heterogeneous single‐cell populations, either in the context of tissue (using fluorescence and imaging microscopy) or in a single‐cell suspension (using multiparameter imaging microscopy, imaging cytometry, and/or flow cytometry). Flow cytometry is an optical, laser‐based technology which analyzes the physical and fluorescent properties of cells in suspension in real‐time as they flow through the instrument. This approach has a number of advantages over other techniques that can be used for characterizing cell populations in single‐cell suspensions, in that it can nonsubjectively interrogate up to millions of cells and acquire data on the presence of different cell subpopulations and phenotypical changes within these populations in seconds. This unit describes basic procedures for the direct and indirect immunofluorescent staining of surface and intracellular proteins that are expressed by lymphoid cells which have been isolated from tissues or blood. Protocols for the resolution of dead cells and for the fixation of cells are also included. This unit also provides essential information relating to the selection and titration of antibodies, fluorochrome choice, spectral overlap and compensation, the use of controls, and the standardization of data acquisition and analysis. It also highlights new technologies and platforms that can be used to interrogate the presence of cell subpopulations and their phenotype to an even greater depth. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seahorse Xfe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer‐Based Analysis of Cellular Respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Luz Anthony L. , Smith Latasha L. , Rooney John P. , Meyer Joel N.
Published: November 2015

Mitochondria are critical for their role in ATP production as well as multiple nonenergetic functions, and mitochondrial dysfunction is causal in myriad human diseases. Less well appreciated is the fact that mitochondria integrate environmental and intercellular as well as intracellular signals to modulate function. Because mitochondria function in an organismal milieu, there is need for assays capable of rapidly assessing mitochondrial health in vivo. Here, using the Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the pharmacological inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD, ATP synthase inhibitor), carbonyl cyanide‐p‐trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP, mitochondrial uncoupler), and sodium azide (cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor), we describe how to obtain in vivo measurements of the fundamental parameters [basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP‐linked respiration, maximal OCR, spare respiratory capacity, and proton leak] of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electron Microscopy and Image Processing: Essential Tools for Structural Analysis of Macromolecules
Authors: Belnap David M.
Published: November 2015

Macromolecular electron microscopy typically depicts the structures of macromolecular complexes ranging from ∼200 kDa to hundreds of MDa. The amount of specimen required, a few micrograms, is typically 100 to 1000 times less than needed for X‐ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Micrographs of frozen‐hydrated (cryogenic) specimens portray native structures, but the original images are noisy. Computational averaging reduces noise, and three‐dimensional reconstructions are calculated by combining different views of free‐standing particles (“single‐particle analysis”). Electron crystallography is used to characterize two‐dimensional arrays of membrane proteins and very small three‐dimensional crystals. Under favorable circumstances, near‐atomic resolutions are achieved. For structures at somewhat lower resolution, pseudo‐atomic models are obtained by fitting high‐resolution components into the density. Time‐resolved experiments describe dynamic processes. Electron tomography allows reconstruction of pleiomorphic complexes and subcellular structures and modeling of macromolecules in their cellular context. Significant information is also obtained from metal‐coated and dehydrated specimens. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Functional Analysis of Human Neutrophils
Authors: Kuhns Douglas B. , Priel Debra A. Long , Chu Jessica , Zarember Kol A.
Published: November 2015

This unit describes the isolation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from blood using dextran sedimentation and Percoll or Ficoll‐Paque density gradients. Assays of neutrophil functions including respiratory burst activation, phagocytosis, and microbial killing are also described. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trypan Blue Exclusion Test of Cell Viability
Authors: Strober Warren
Published: November 2015

The protocol described in this appendix allows for light microscopic quantitation of cell viability. Cells are suspended in PBS containing trypan blue and then examined to determine the percentage of cells that have clear cytoplasm (viable cells) versus cells that have blue cytoplasm (nonviable cells). © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow and scour constraints on uprooting of pioneer woody seedlings
Authors: Bywater‐Reyes Sharon , Wilcox Andrew C. , Stella John C. , Lightbody Anne F.
Published: November 2015

Scour and uprooting during flood events is a major disturbance agent that affects plant mortality rates and subsequent vegetation composition and density, setting the trajectory of physical‐biological interactions in rivers. During flood events, riparian plants may be uprooted if they are subjected to hydraulic drag forces greater than their resisting force. We measured the resisting force of woody seedlings established on river bars with in situ lateral pull tests that simulated flood flows with and without substrate scour. We quantified the influence of seedling size, species (Populus and Tamarix), water‐table depth, and scour depth on resisting force. Seedling size and resisting force were positively related with scour depth and water‐table depth—a proxy for root length—exerting strong and opposing controls on resisting force. Populus required less force to uproot than Tamarix, but displayed a greater increase in uprooting force with seedling size. Further, we found that calculated mean velocities required to uproot seedlings were greater than modeled flood velocities under most conditions. Only when plants were either shallowly rooted or subjected to substrate scour (≥0.3 m) did the calculated velocities required for uprooting decrease to within the range of modeled flood velocities, indicating that drag forces alone are unlikely to uproot seedlings in the absence of extreme events or bar‐scale sediment transport. Seedlings on river bars are most resilient to uprooting when they are large, deeply rooted, and unlikely to experience substrate scour, which has implications for ecogeomorphic evolution and river management.
An atmospheric photochemical source of the persistent greenhouse gas CF4
Authors: Jubb Aaron M. , McGillen Max R. , Portmann Robert W. , Daniel John S. , Burkholder James B.
Published: November 2015

A previously uncharacterized atmospheric source of the persistent greenhouse gas tetrafluoromethane, CF4, has been identified in the UV photolysis of trifluoroacetyl fluoride, CF3C(O)F, which is a degradation product of several halocarbons currently present in the atmosphere. CF4 quantum yields in the photolysis of CF3C(O)F were measured at 193, 214, 228, and 248 nm, wavelengths relevant to stratospheric photolysis, to be (75.3 ± 1) × 10−4, (23.7 ± 0.4) × 10−4, (6.6 ± 0.2) × 10−4, and ≤0.4 × 10−4, respectively. A 2‐D atmospheric model was used to estimate the contribution of the photochemical source to the global CF4 budget. The atmospheric photochemical production of CF4 from CF3CH2F (HFC‐134a), CF3CHFCl (HCFC‐124), and CF3CCl2F (CFC‐114a) per molecule emitted was calculated to be (1–2.5) × 10−5, 1.0 × 10−4, and 2.8 × 10−3, respectively. Although CF4 photochemical production was found to be relatively minor at the present time, the identified mechanism demonstrates that long‐lived products with potential climate impacts can be formed from the atmospheric breakdown of shorter‐lived source gases.
Thermal structure, radial anisotropy, and dynamics of oceanic boundary layers
Authors: Auer Ludwig , Becker Thorsten W. , Boschi Lapo , Schmerr Nicholas
Published: November 2015

Defining the oceanic lithosphere as a thermal boundary layer allows to explain, to first order, age‐dependent bathymetry and isotropic wave speeds. In contrast, SS precursors and receiver functions suggest a subhorizontal interface within this layer, on top of a radially anisotropic zone. Comparing a suite of geodynamic scenarios against surface wave dispersion data and seismic discontinuities, we find that only weak age dependency of the radially anisotropic zone is compatible with observations. We show that this zone is confined from below by a second weaker seismic interface. While observed azimuthal anisotropy is consistent with lattice‐preferred orientation of olivine due to asthenospheric flow underneath the lithosphere, radial anisotropy requires additional contributions, perhaps from petrological fabrics or melt ponding. This implies that seismic reflectors previously associated with the base of the lithosphere are instead associated with preserved structures embedded in it. They carry information about plate formation but have little control on plate deformation.
Synoptic‐scale behavior of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer
Authors: Pilch Kedzierski Robin , Matthes Katja , Bumke Karl
Published: November 2015

High‐resolution GPS radio occultation temperature profiles from the COSMIC satellite mission (2007–2013) are used to obtain daily snapshots of the strength of the extratropical tropopause inversion layer (TIL). Its horizontal structure and day‐to‐day variability are linked to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. The strength of the TIL in cyclonic as well as anticyclonic conditions is investigated by separating relative vorticity into curl and shear terms. The analysis shows that the TIL has high zonal variability, and its strength is instantaneously adjusted to the synoptic situation at near‐tropopause level. Our key finding is that the TIL within midlatitude ridges in winter is as strong as or stronger than the TIL in polar summer. The strongest TIL in anticyclonic conditions is related to the shear term, while the weaker TIL in cyclonic conditions is enhanced by the curl term.
Multiscale field‐aligned current analyzer
Authors: Bunescu C. , Marghitu O. , Constantinescu D. , Narita Y. , Vogt J. , Blăgău A.
Published: November 2015

The magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is achieved, essentially, by a superposition of quasi‐stationary and time‐dependent field‐aligned currents (FACs), over a broad range of spatial and temporal scales. The planarity of the FAC structures observed by satellite data and the orientation of the planar FAC sheets can be investigated by the well‐established minimum variance analysis (MVA) of the magnetic perturbation. However, such investigations are often constrained to a predefined time window, i.e., to a specific scale of the FAC. The multiscale field‐aligned current analyzer, introduced here, relies on performing MVA continuously and over a range of scales by varying the width of the analyzing window, appropriate for the complexity of the magnetic field signatures above the auroral oval. The proposed technique provides multiscale information on the planarity and orientation of the observed FACs. A new approach, based on the derivative of the largest eigenvalue of the magnetic variance matrix with respect to the length of the analysis window, makes possible the inference of the current structures' location (center) and scale (thickness). The capabilities of the FAC analyzer are explored analytically for the magnetic field profile of the Harris sheet and tested on synthetic FAC structures with uniform current density and infinite or finite geometry in the cross‐section plane of the FAC. The method is illustrated with data observed by the Cluster spacecraft on crossing the nightside auroral region, and the results are cross checked with the optical observations from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms ground network.
Seasonal and interannual variability of fast ice extent in the southeastern Laptev Sea between 1999 and 2013
Authors: Selyuzhenok V. , Krumpen T. , Mahoney A. , Janout M. , Gerdes R.
Published: November 2015

Along with changes in sea ice extent, thickness, and drift speed, Arctic sea ice regime is characterized by a decrease of fast ice season and reduction of fast ice extent. The most extensive fast ice cover in the Arctic develops in the southeastern Laptev Sea. Using weekly operational sea ice charts produced by Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI, Russia) from 1999 to 2013, we identified five main key events that characterize the annual evolution of fast ice in the southeastern Laptev Sea. Linking the occurrence of the key events with the atmospheric forcing, bathymetry, freezeup, and melt onset, we examined the processes driving annual fast ice cycle. The analysis revealed that fast ice in the region is sensitive to thermodynamic processes throughout a season, while the wind has a strong influence only on the first stages of fast ice development. The maximal fast ice extent is closely linked to the bathymetry and local topography and is primarily defined by the location of shoals, where fast ice is likely grounded. The annual fast ice cycle shows significant changes over the period of investigation, with tendencies toward later fast ice formation and earlier breakup. These tendencies result in an overall decrease of the fast ice season by 2.8 d/yr, which is significantly higher than previously reported trends.
Surface boundary layer evolution and near‐inertial wind power input
Authors: Kilbourne B. F. , Girton J. B.
Published: November 2015

Deep weakly stratified surface layers in the Southern Ocean complicate the identification of the mixed‐layer base, which is critical in estimating the wind power input through the ocean surface. Typically used mixed‐layer depth criteria often ignore weak stratification, which traps momentum near the surface and significantly enhances the near‐inertial‐band wind power input. The thickness of the active mixing‐layer, the turbulent layer in contact with wind stress, is needed to accurately estimate wind power input. A fine‐density‐threshold criterion of 0.005 kg m−3, just above the noise floor of most autonomous instruments, was applied to observed profiles of potential density to estimate the thickness of the actively mixing‐layer. Vertical shear, Langmuir cells, and buoyant convection are investigated as possible mechanisms maintaining turbulence within the mixing‐layer. Over 90% of the observed variance of the mixing‐layer thickness is explained by either shear‐driven entrainment, which is simulated using the Price‐Weller‐Pinkel model, or by a parameterization of downwelling plumes due to Langmuir cell convergence. In general, surface buoyancy fluxes are too weak to drive mixed‐layer turbulence. Comparison of National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) climatological mixed‐layer thickness to those determined using the 0.005 kg m−3 density threshold suggests a multiplicative seasonally varying correction of 1.5–3.5 should be applied to wind work estimates made using the NODC climatological mixed‐layer thickness in the Southern Ocean.
Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events
Authors: Sun Ying , Fu Rong , Dickinson Robert , Joiner Joanna , Frankenberg Christian , Gu Lianhong , Xia Youlong , Fernando Nelun
Published: November 2015

This study uses the droughts of 2011 in Texas and 2012 over the central Great Plains as case studies to explore the potential of satellite‐observed solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) for monitoring drought dynamics. We find that the spatial patterns of negative SIF anomalies from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME‐2) closely resembled drought intensity maps from the U.S. Drought Monitor for both events. The drought‐induced suppression of SIF occurred throughout 2011 but was exacerbated in summer in the Texas drought. This event was characterized by a persistent depletion of root zone soil moisture caused by yearlong below‐normal precipitation. In contrast, for the central Great Plains drought, warmer temperatures and relatively normal precipitation boosted SIF in the spring of 2012; however, a sudden drop in precipitation coupled with unusually high temperatures rapidly depleted soil moisture through evapotranspiration, leading to a rapid onset of drought in early summer. Accordingly, SIF reversed from above to below normal. For both regions, the GOME‐2 SIF anomalies were significantly correlated with those of root zone soil moisture, indicating that the former can potentially be used as proxy of the latter for monitoring agricultural droughts with different onset mechanisms. Further analyses indicate that the contrasting dynamics of SIF during these two extreme events were caused by changes in both fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation fPAR and fluorescence yield, suggesting that satellite SIF is sensitive to both structural and physiological/biochemical variations of vegetation. We conclude that the emerging satellite SIF has excellent potential for dynamic drought monitoring.
Entitled vengeance: A meta‐analysis relating narcissism to provoked aggression
Authors: Rasmussen Kyler
Published: November 2015

Narcissism has long been used to predict aggressive or vengeful responses to provocations from others. The strength of this relation can, however, vary widely from study to study. Narcissism and revenge were examined in 84 independent samples (N = 11297), along with the moderating role of sample type (i.e., child/adolescent, prisoner, undergraduate, or general samples), type of narcissism measure used (i.e., Narcissistic Personality Inventory, Psychological Entitlement Scale, Short D3, etc.), the nature of the provocation, and the type of provoked aggression examined. Narcissism was positively related to provoked aggression across studies (ρ = .25), but that relation was stronger in child/adolescent samples (ρ = .36) and when measures of entitlement or vulnerable narcissism were employed (ρ = .29). Implications for practical research, as well as neglected areas of research on narcissism and provoked aggression are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 42:362–379, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fuzzy logic controller for three‐level shunt active filter compensating harmonics and reactive power
Authors: Saidi Salem , Abbassi Rabeh , Chebbi Souad
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the use of a three‐level inverter as a shunt active power filter is carried out, taking advantage of the benefits of multi‐level inverter, namely, the reduction both in the overall switching losses and in total harmonic distortion. The main focus of this article is to investigate the potentialities of the inverter employed as shunt active power filter on the compensation of the reactive power and the mitigation of harmonics drawn from a nonlinear load and unbalanced sources. The most previously reported three‐level inverter‐based shunt active power filters have been controlled and monitored through conventional controllers, which require a complicated mathematical model. In order to overcome this problem, an extended intelligent controller is proposed for a three‐level shunt active power filter.

The aim of the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm is to improve the behavior of voltage across the floating capacitors in steady/dynamic states and to minimize the switches commutations by taking into account the references of the harmonic currents injected in the network. The proposed control strategy has been simulated, and the obtained results prove that it is very successful. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Wear Behavior of Cylindrical Roller Thrust Bearings by Three‐Beam Laser Interference
Authors: Rosenkranz Andreas , Stratmann Andreas , Gachot Carsten , Burghardt Gero , Jacobs Georg , Mücklich Frank
Published: November 2015

Within this study, the bearing washer surfaces of cylindrical roller thrust bearings (type 81212, SAE 52100) are laser‐patterned with a dot‐like pattern (periodicity of 6.5 µm and depth of 1 µm). The wear behavior of the patterned bearings is compared to that of bearings with a ground surface finish. The tribological tests are conducted on an adapted FE‐8‐test rig using a mineral oil with a low concentration of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (0.025 wt% P). This study demonstrates an 83% reduction in the wear loss of the laser‐patterned bearing. The patterns are able to store wear particles in the topographic minima, thus reducing abrasive wear and therefore the wear loss. Additionally, the formation of a wear inhibiting tribo layer is enhanced as the surface pattern acts as secondary source for the deployed additive.
Anisotropic Wetting and Fluidic Phenomena on Biological Texture and Hydrodynamic Experiments Testing on Different Low Viscous Resistance Surfaces
Authors: Luo Yuehao , Wang Xudong , Liu Gang , Wang Jianshe , Song Wen
Published: November 2015

Sharkskin effect is progressively coming into the picture in recent several decades, especially focusing on its drag reduction effect in turbulence. The up‐to‐date research in this article reveals the anisotropic wetting and fluidic phenomena on different sharkskin surfaces. Firstly, the contact angle model based on anisotropic pattern is established. Secondly, the anisotropic wetting and fluidic properties are investigated, and the experimental results can define the relationship between wetting parameters and stretching ratio, and in addition, the anisotropic model is validated. Finally, the possible hypotheses elucidating the wetting model and experiment results are put forward.
Tuning the Microenvironment: Click‐Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid‐Based Hydrogels Provide a Platform for Studying Breast Cancer Cell Invasion
Authors: Fisher Stephanie A. , Anandakumaran Priya N. , Owen Shawn C. , Shoichet Molly S.
Published: November 2015

A big challenge in cell culture is the non‐natural environment in which cells are routinely screened, making in vivo phenomena, such as cell invasion, difficult to understand and predict. To study cancer cell invasion, extracellular matrix (ECM) analogs with decoupled mechanical and chemical properties are required. Hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based hydrogels crosslinked with matrix‐metalloproteinase (MMP)‐cleavable peptides are developed to study MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell invasion. Hydrogels are synthesized by reacting furan‐modified HA with bismaleimide peptide crosslinkers in a Diels–Alder click reaction. This new hydrogel takes advantage of the biomimetic properties of HA, which is overexpressed in breast cancer, and eliminates the use of nonadhesive crosslinkers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The crosslink (mechanical) and ligand (chemical) densities are varied independently to evaluate the effects of each parameter on cell migration. Increased crosslink density correlates with decreased MDA‐MB‐231 cell invasion whereas incorporation of MMP‐cleavable sequences within the peptide crosslinker enhances invasion. Increasing the ligand density of pendant GRGDS groups induces cell proliferation, but has no significant impact on invasion. By independently tuning the mechanical and chemical environment of ECM mimetic hydrogels, a platform is provided that recapitulates variable tissue properties and elucidates the role of the microenvironment in cancer cell invasion.
Tuning NLO Susceptibility in Functionalized DNA
Authors: Mircea Maria‐Luiza , Manea Ana‐Maria , Kajzar François , Rau Ileana
Published: November 2015

The reversible tunability of the third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibility of a deoxyribonucleic (DNA)‐based thin film, doped with a photochromic molecule, by light is shown. This tunability is demonstrated by optical third‐harmonic generation (THG) experiments at the excitation wavelength of 1064 nm. It is based on the light control of the two photon resonance when shuttling from the merocyanine (MR) to the spiropyran (SP) form and on the changes in the π electron conjugation length. A total decrease of the THG intensity by a factor of 25, that is the NLO susceptibility decreases by a factor of 5, is observed when a complete transformation from the MR to the SP form is achieved. This observation not only applies to THG experiments, the NLO susceptibility tunability is also obvious in other NLO processes that implicate the interaction of 4 photons. Second harmonic generation experiments show the same results, but are less obvious for practical application. The potential applications of the effect in photonics are also discussed.
Respiratory morbidity in a coffee processing workplace with sentinel obliterative bronchiolitis cases
Authors: Bailey Rachel L. , Cox‐Ganser Jean M. , Duling Matthew G. , LeBouf Ryan F. , Martin Stephen B. , Bledsoe Toni A. , Green Brett J. , Kreiss Kathleen
Published: November 2015

Rationale

Obliterative bronchiolitis in former coffee workers prompted a cross‐sectional study of current workers. Diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione levels were highest in areas for flavoring and grinding/packaging unflavored coffee.

Methods

We interviewed 75 (88%) workers, measured lung function, and created exposure groups based on work history. We calculated standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs) for symptoms and spirometric abnormalities. We examined health outcomes by exposure groups.

Results

SMRs were elevated 1.6‐fold for dyspnea and 2.7‐fold for obstruction. The exposure group working in both coffee flavoring and grinding/packaging of unflavored coffee areas had significantly lower mean ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity and percent predicted mid‐expiratory flow than workers without such exposure.

Conclusion

Current workers have occupational lung morbidity associated with high diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione exposures, which were not limited to flavoring areas. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:1235–1245, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Intermolecular Interactions and Protein Dynamics by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lamley Jonathan M. , Öster Carl , Stevens Rebecca A. , Lewandowski Józef R.
Published: November 2015

Understanding the dynamics of interacting proteins is a crucial step toward describing many biophysical processes. Here we investigate the backbone dynamics for protein GB1 in two different assemblies: crystalline GB1 and the precipitated GB1–antibody complex with a molecular weight of more than 300 kDa. We perform these measurements on samples containing as little as eight nanomoles of GB1. From measurements of site‐specific 15N relaxation rates including relaxation dispersion we obtain snapshots of dynamics spanning nine orders of magnitude in terms of the time scale. A comparison of measurements for GB1 in either environment reveals that while many of the dynamic features of the protein are conserved between them (in particular for the fast picosecond–nanosecond motions), much greater differences occur for slow motions with motions in the >500 ns range being more prevalent in the complex. The data suggest that GB1 can potentially undergo a small‐amplitude overall anisotropic motion sampling the interaction interface in the complex.
Simultaneous Identification of Neutral and Anionic Species in Complex Mixtures without Separation
Authors: Zhao Yanchuan , Chen Lily , Swager Timothy M.
Published: November 2015

A chemosensory system is reported that operates without the need for separation techniques and is capable of identifying anions and structurally similar bioactive molecules. In this strategy, the coordination of analytes to a metal complex with an open binding cleft generates “static structures” on the NMR timescale. Unique signals are created by strategically placing fluorine atoms in close proximity to bound analytes so that small structural differences induce distinct 19F NMR shifts that can be used to identify each analyte. The utility of this method is illustrated by quantifying caffeine levels in coffee, by identifying ingredients in tea and energy drinks, and by discriminating between multiple biogenic amines with remote structural differences six carbon atoms away from the binding site. We further demonstrate the simultaneous identification of multiple neutral and anionic species in a complex mixture.
Antiarrhythmic and α‐Adrenoceptor Antagonistic Properties of Novel Arylpiperazine Derivatives of Pyrrolidin‐2‐one
Authors: Zaręba Paula , Dudek Magdalena , Lustyk Klaudia , Siwek Agata , Starowicz Gabriela , Bednarski Marek , Nowiński Leszek , Zygmunt Małgorzata , Sapa Jacek , Malawska Barbara , Kulig Katarzyna
Published: November 2015

In an effort to develop α‐adrenoceptor antagonists with antiarrhythmic activity, we designed a series of pyrrolidin‐2‐one derivatives. The α1‐ and α2‐adrenorecepor affinities of the new pyrrolidin‐2‐one derivatives were determined using a radioligand binding assay. The most active compound was then tested in vitro for intrinsic activity toward α1A‐ and α1B‐adrenoceptors and in vitro for antiarrhythmic activity in epinephrine‐induced arrhythmia in rats. The highest affinity for the α1‐adrenoceptor (pKi = 7.01) was displayed by 1‐{4‐[4‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐chlorophenyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl]‐methyl}‐pyrrolidin‐2‐one (9). 1‐[4‐(2‐Fluorophenyl)‐piperazin‐1‐yl]‐methyl‐pyrrolidin‐2‐one (7) showed the highest affinity toward the α2‐adrenoceptor (pKi = 6.52). Intrinsic activity studies of compound 9 showed that this compound is an antagonist of both α1A‐ (EC50 = 0.5 nM) and α1B‐ (EC50 = 51.0 nM) adrenoceptors. Compound 9 displayed antiarrhythmic activity in rats (ED50 = 5.0 mg/kg (3.13–7.99)). New derivatives of pyrrolidin‐2‐one with α1‐adrenoceptor affinity were identified. We propose that the antiarrhythmic activity of compound 9 is related to its antagonism of α1A‐ and α1B‐adrenoceptors.