bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Romanticism, Decadence, History
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: September 2021

This chapter tracks the impact of history on D. H. Lawrence's development from The Rainbow to Women in Love. It follows a development keyed to Lawrence's experience of the Great War, the traumatic event which, if unnamed in either of the two novels, generates and explains the striking difference between them. His process of development here provides a kind of history in miniature of a long nineteenth century, where the Romanticism of the earlier century turned into the decaying and then decayed Romanticism of Decadence and, through further turns of the early twentieth century, Modernism. In play and at stake in this process is the history and memory of Revolution, a substantial promise in earlier Romanticism, which abides in Lawrence's social imaginary as a possibility--now lost--of transformational historical change. The sense of despair in Women in Love discovers thus its longer historical memory and profounder literary consequence.
National and Racial Aesthetics
Authors: Childs Peter
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the travels of D. H. Lawrence, particularly to Italy and Mexico, alongside his interest in ‘Primitivism’ and the idea of a ‘Spirit of Place’. The discussion considers Lawrence’s perceptions of national and racial variances resting on a set of attributes he describes as playing a formative role in a people’s (whether nation or race) distinctive cultural artefacts and aesthetic expression. The chapter argues that, largely in vain, Lawrence spent his mature life trying to connect with a persisting spirit of place linking a Paradisal culture to the artistic practices of people alive in the twentieth century, allowing a contemporary connection with a radical aesthetic he felt had vanished in his industrialised and over-civilised homeland.
Traditional Aesthetics
Authors: Newmark Julianne
Published: September 2021

D. H. Lawrence’s essays ‘The Spinner and the Monks’ of 1913 and ‘The Hopi Snake Dance’ of 1924 offer evocative textual considerations of aesthetic mediation through acts of the body. In these essays, readers can understand ‘traditional’ aesthetic acts to be those that are not contrivances of modernity; through such acts, history is invoked in the now, as if unchanged. This chapter identifies Lawrence’s engagements with traditional aesthetics as unique experiences of the human sensorium. The examples this chapter examines – the first from Lawrence’s earliest trip outside England (Italy), and the second from New Mexico (in the Southwestern United States) – show how Lawrence progressively experienced and then wrote about ‘traditional’ aesthetic acts as having a unique capacity to engage with community, history and truth. They thus have broad implications concerning Lawrence’s movement toward a refined articulation of aesthetic difference and viscerally mediated relationships. Lawrence’s accounts of Hopi dance and Italian handiwork reveal an openness to the viscerally-mediating capacity of aesthetic experience. As a result of his multi-sensorial engagements, Lawrence experiences and textually records ‘traditional’ aesthetic performances or outputs as both meditating and transformational.
Politics and Art
Authors: Booth Howard J.
Published: September 2021

After noting the difficulty of placing Lawrence on the conventional left/right political spectrum – though many have attempted to do so – the chapter argues that Lawrence can be productively explored in relation to English radicalism. Such an approach was long made difficult by the New Left dismissal of such traditions and of utopian thinking, which they associated with the so-called ‘First New Left’ and the work of E. P. Thompson. After exploring the political culture of Lawrence’s hometown of Eastwood and its environs, the chapter examines how Lawrence developed forms and styles that allowed him to consider and evaluate different political positions and strategies; the examples are Touch and Go and Aaron’s Rod. The chapter concludes by comparing Lawrence and the Frankfurt School.
Popular Culture
Authors: Moss Gemma
Published: September 2021

Lawrence wanted his writing to be widely read, but he also wanted it to be an antidote to the problems he thought were exacerbated by popular culture. This chapter examines cinema in The Lost Girl (1920) and music in St. Mawr (1925), where Lawrence's ideas about the harmful effects of popular culture share much with T. W. Adorno’s arguments about how repetitive popular cultural forms constrain critical thinking and the desire for social change. Pornography and Obscenity (1929) contains Lawrence's most direct attack on popular culture, which he claims transmits repressive ideas about sex to the public and limits people’s capacities for independent thought. In the aftermath of the censorship of Lady Chatterley's Lover (1929), Pornography and Obscenity asks its readers to engage in dialectical thinking: could things that are sanctioned and approved - like popular culture - in fact be harmful?
Performance
Authors: Worthen John
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the variety of performances and performers in Lawrence’s life and writing: it shows how his fascination with performance extended far beyond the range of his theatre plays. It also establishes how hard it is to pin down an authorial habit of mind which so regularly returned to the performative, both in admiration of it and repulsion from it. It acknowledges the paradox of the solitary writer, often satirical about the performances of others, being also a most gregarious and brilliant performer with friends. Reading aloud, engaging in mimicry and imitation, in charades, in singing, watching and occasionally demonstrating dance, above all in writing fiction in which characters perform themselves – all were for Lawrence ways of exploring what the performative might reveal. The chapter ends with an extended analysis of the performances (sartorial, vocal, enacted) in Women in Love.
Drama and the Dramatic
Authors: Tambling Jeremy
Published: September 2021

Lawrence was a prolific writer of plays, and this chapter reviews what he was interested in when he wrote them, giving attention to all eight full-length plays, but concentrating on his mining trilogy, A Collier’s Friday Night, The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd and The Daughter in Law. It examines what is meant by ‘the dramatic’ (as opposed to the ‘theatrical’) and situates Lawrence’s plays within his theoretical interests, for example in ritual, and play, and asks about the differences between novel and drama, as Lawrence saw these, and how the theoretical distinctions work out in practice.
Dance
Authors: Jones Susan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the ways in which Lawrence contributed extensive and innovative literary engagements with dance in the modernist period. Lawrence’s citations of dance are most widely associated with the liberation of the body and identity through early twentieth-century dance practices such as social dance, Greek dance, and the work of Isadora Duncan. Yet, as this chapter explores, Lawrence’s narratives also reflect the aesthetics initiated by the innovations of the Ballets Russes, European Expressionism, and, latterly, the ritual dance of the American South - of Native and Pueblo Indian forms. In his late work Lawrence especially invokes dance experimentally to formulate a new literary critique of a failing European culture.
Practitioner Criticism: Painting
Authors: Wallace Jeff
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines D. H. Lawrence’s writings on visual art in the context of his own practice as a painter. It explores a relationship between the concepts of painting and picture-making in two sections. Part I, ‘Early Painterly Criticism’, argues that Lawrence’s development as an authoritative art critic is shaped by his intense consciousness of the class boundaries that determine access to artworks and art education. ‘Later Painterly Criticism’ then examines writing from 1925 onwards which took Paul Cézanne as the model of a de-aestheticised art, leading to the use of the non-technical term ‘life’ to assess his own paintings, when this original painterly work began in 1926 and was exhibited in 1929. The chapter concludes that Lawrence’s visual aesthetic was always entwined with the question of material access to art and its discourses in a class-based society, and thus that Lawrence was simultaneously committed to ideas of individual painterly genius and to wider democratic inclusivity in the field of visual culture.
Sculpture
Authors: Costin Jane
Published: September 2021

A brief history of declining interest in sculpture helps this chapter to contextualise why Joseph Epstein, Eric Gill and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska believed the only way forward for this art lay in a return to the ancient skill of direct-carving. Discussion of these sculptors’ relationship to direct-carving is related to Lawrence’s parallel ambition to ‘break down the boundaries between verbal and visual expression’ as evidenced by The Rainbow. Reviewing the sculptural efforts of Lawrence’s close friend, Mark Gertler, suggests how they impacted on Women in Love, through Lawrence’s depiction of the sculptor Loerke and the expression of ideas associated with Futurism, Deutscher Werkbund and Vorticism. This leads to the suggestion that the Vorticist sculptor, Gaudier, may have had more effect on Women in Love than has hitherto been recognised. The chapter concludes with evidence of Lawrence’s influence, primarily through Lady Chatterley’s Lover, on the sculptors Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore.
Introduction
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

What is the situation of religious freedom in contemporary Islam? What are the positions of conservative and reformist Muslims on blasphemy, apostasy and heresy? Are there any substantive differences between Sunnis and Shi‘is on the main points of this subject? What is this book’s original contribution to scholarship?
Although the focus of this book is the critical analysis of religious freedom and the penalty sanctioned for the commission of blasphemy and apostasy from a Shi‘i perspective, this inquiry would be incomplete without a review of the general outline of Sunni Muslim positions on the same subjects. Thus, Section one of this Introduction explores the literature review on religious freedom, blasphemy and apostasy in contemporary Sunni Islam. Section two, which is more detailed, engages in a similar literature review, but from the perspective of contemporary Shi‘i Islam. These two sections allow a comparative study of Islam’s two major denominations, their exchanges, influences and effects.
Section three describes the story of how this book unfolded, analyses the genealogy of the author’s ideas in detail, introduces novel ideas applied by other Sunni and Shi‘i thinkers, and highlights the original contribution made by this book.
The Background of the Treatise
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the first part of the ‘The Background of the Treatise’ and has three sections; Section one: Legal rulings (Fatāwā) condemning Rāfiq Taqī to death for apostasy or blaspheming the Prophet issued by Mortezā Banī Fazl and Mohammad Fāzel Lankarānī (Lankarānī Sr.) on 22 November 2006; Section two: The Killing of Rāfi q Taqī and Legal Ruling of Five Years Ago – Issued by Mohammad Fāzel Lankarānī (Lankarānī Sr) in 2011; Section three: The statement of delight and rejoice by Mohammad Javād Fāzel Lankarānī (Lankarānī Jr.) upon implementing the judgement on apostasy against Rāfiq Taqī issued on 27 November 2011.
Response to Doubts Surrounding Apostasy1
Authors: Lankarānī Mohammad Javād Fāzel
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the third part of the ‘The Background of the Treatise’ and it is the respond of Mohammad Javād Fāzel Lankarānī (Lankarānī Jr.) to objections especially Kadivar’s open letter on 13 December 2011.
He justified strongly the execution of apostate and blasphemer in this way: “All Muslims ought to know that condemning an apostate is a definitive and indisputable divine ruling that was acted upon during the Prophet’s time as well as that of the infallible Imams and thereafter.” He claimed six important issues:
1 and 2: A fiṭrī apostate and blasphemer’s blood can be shed with impunity (mahdūr al-dam)
3 and 4: An apostate (fiṭrī unconditionally and millī after refusing to repent) and blasphemer are subject to the death penalty.
5: Every jurist who is qualified to issue legal rulings is recognised as ḥākim shar‘.
6: There is consensus on the obligation to kill an apostate; it is an essential part of religion; and the narrations adduced to prove such a ruling are mostly ṣaḥīḥ and beyond reproach, as they are related through multiple independent chains of transmission that are either verbatim (mutawātir lafẓī) or fully capture its meaning (mutawātir ma‘nawī).
2 Treatise on Refuting the Punishment for Blasphemy and Apostasy1
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

Dear Mohammad Javād Fāzel Lankarānī (Lankarānī Jr),

I acknowledge receipt of your correspondence via email, dated 13 December 2011. I am grateful to you for accepting my offer to join me in this critical discourse on the subject of implementing the death penalty for blasphemy and apostasy. I hope that the outcome of this scholarly discourse will bring about greater clarity and refinement of the subject and move it closer to reality. Your objections and critiques of my letter, in which I objected to your late father’s issuance of the “terror ...
Issuing a Ruling on the Death Penalty by a Process that Falls Outside the Sphere of a Competent Court, and Subsequently Bestowing upon the General Public a Mandate to Implement it, will Engender Lawlessness and Anarchy
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the first section of Kadivar’s ‘Treatise on Refuting the Punishment for Blasphemy and Apostasy’.
In this section, the author’s aim is to respond to two questions: (1) can one issue judgements on blasphemy and apostasy outside the orbit of a competent court? and (2) can one delegate the responsibility for carrying out the punishment that is, in principle, the mandate of judicial functionaries, to “anyone who has access to the convicted”? One who replies “Yes, it is” to both of these questions is actually issuing a fatwa in favour of anarchy and disorder, which is certainly not the Lawgiver’s intent.
After the introduction of the treatise, this section is divided into four subsections: Under which Jurist’s Jurisdiction is a Judicial Ruling Issued? Issuing a Judicial Order is the Exclusive Mandate of a Competent Court, Disorder Resulting from Allowing the General Public to Carry Out the Death Sentence, and Human Rights are not in Conflict with Islam.
“Isolated Reports” (khabar al-wāḥid) are Non-probative (non-ḥujjiyya) in Matters of Critical Importance
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the seventh section of Kadivar’s ‘Treatise on Refuting the Punishment for Blasphemy and Apostasy’.
The ruling on sentencing apostates or blasphemers to death has no Qur’anic basis; the cited narrations are not mutawātir; the narrations supporting it are thiqa “isolated reports” (khabar al-wāḥid); the claim of consensus is untenable because it is an ijmā‘ madrakī validated on the basis of the narrations cited; permission to kill apostates or blasphemers has no stronger proof than one thiqa “isolated report”; and there is no evidence that the Prophet, Ali or the other Imams issued such a decree in these two cases.
The sections of this chapter: Argumentation on the Basis of Non-probative (non-ḥujjiyya) “Isolated Report” (khabar al-wāḥid) on Matters of Critical Importance, Critical Analysis of the Proofs Adduced by the Opponents, The Necessity of Exercising Caution on Matters that Lead to Death.
The invalidity of a thiqa “isolated report” (khabar al-wāḥid) as proof in critical matters like the loss of life mandates obligatory caution. Thus, even those who do not limit the validity of “isolated reports” to non-critical matters favour caution in this particular case.
The Incompatibility of Executing a Blasphemer or an Apostate with Explicit Qur’anic Verses
Authors: Kadivar Mohsen
Published: September 2021

This chapter is the tenth section of Kadivar’s ‘Treatise on Refuting the Punishment for Blasphemy and Apostasy’.
According to the Qur’an, people are free to choose their religion. Islam gives other religions an official status after inviting their adherents to choose it, in the sense that some will accept it and others will not.
According to Islam, anyone who rejects it knowingly and, out of obstinacy and stubbornness, opts to follow the wrong path will be punished in the Hereafter. Islam prescribes no temporal punishment for following a wrong belief system. The logic of Islam, when it comes to inviting others to the faith, is to use a rational approach that is peaceful, compassionate and non-dogmatic. One cannot be forced to re-convert. Apostasy carries no temporal punishment; however, if accompanied by hostility and stubbornness, then the person will be severely chastised in the Hereafter.
Bearing all of these points in mind, it becomes clear that Islam has enshrined the freedom of religion and, as such, all hadith reports on killing an apostate or considering his blood lawful to shed conflict directly with the Qur’anic verses.
Request for Clarification from the Jurists who Defend “Suffocating the Religionists”
Authors: Gharavī ‘Alī Aṣghar , Gharavī ‘Alī Aṣghar
Published: September 2021

In his open letter to a Shi’ite authority in December 2013, Kadivar wrote: Naser Makārem Shīrāzī’s opinions and fatwas represent the vanguard of an inquisition in Shiʿism, especially the horrific fatwas he issued against Dr. ‘Alī Aṣghar Gharavī, author of the article “Imam [Ali]: Political Leader or Exemplary Role Model?” These are briefly and critically analysed below. It has seven sections and a conclusion: (1) the inability to tolerate a dissenting article; (2) the stance of a marja‘ al-taqlīd of Qom on matters that differ from “mainstream” opinion; (3) Makārem Shīrāzī’s previous opinions on the freedom of expression; (4) the jurisprudential basis of imposing limits on circulating a dissenting opinion; (5) issuing new fatwas to narrow the limits of expression of those who think differently; (6) other examples of restrictive fatwas; and (7) the difference in status between a marja‘ and ordinary citizens. Finally, he ties up loose ends and provide a conclusion.
Cyprus: Transnational Challenges, Opportunities and Compromises
Authors: Constandinides Costas , Papadakis Yiannis
Published: September 2021

The chapter on Cyprus has a two-fold approach: a discussion of Greek and Turkish Cypriot films that belong to the category of the Cyprus Problem and are examples of transnationalism and/or of artistic exchanges between the two communities; and a critical account of Greek Cypriot films that challenge dominant representations of identity politics, are often European co-productions, and are set during (or are about) the financial crisis. In addition to recent artistic developments and transnational exchanges, this chapter also highlights the current progress in terms of state support for film production.
Kosovo: Cinematic Developments between Conflicts and Social Transformation
Authors: Borrione Francesca , Muco Albana
Published: September 2021

The chapter on Kosovo examines the history and evolution of Kosovar cinema since 2008, the year of its independence. It focuses on genres and narratives that address Kosovo’s past and present ethnic and social conflicts, while stressing the importance of the public funding system through Kosova Cinematography Center and international co-productions. The chapter also explores national and international film distribution, with a focus on Kosovar film festivals as cultural platforms for raising awareness of political, educational, and social issues.
Romania: Transnational and National Tensions Beyond the New Wave
Authors: Iacob Raluca
Published: September 2021

The chapter on Romania examines post 2008 Romanian cinema through the dual prism of its film festival successes and the developing strand of genre-based popular films. Offering an account that goes beyond the critical successes of the New Wave films, the chapter discusses the difficulty of national productions to reach local audiences despite the increased adoption of genre. It also provides some explanations for the limited output of Romanian cinema, which is notable despite the increase in European and Balkan co-productions.
Serbia: Reco(r)ding the Cinematic Turn
Authors: Daković Nevena , Milovanović Aleksandra , Leković Iva
Published: September 2021

The chapter on Serbia examines the significance of the new opportunities for Serbian cinema offered by the country’s inclusion in the Eurimages and MEDIA programs and identifies major turning points and thematic markers within recent Serbian films. It analyses several distinct facets of recent cinematic developments: the emergence of a new wave of young directors whose films contain innovative cinematic and social perspectives; the rise in popular historical genre films supporting nationalist values; and the abundance of commercial – but often unpopular - filmmaking, marked by repetitive genre formulas and stereotypical themes.
Slovenia: A Small National Cinema in the Phase of Transnational Synergy
Authors: Petek Polona
Published: September 2021

The chapter on Slovenia maps a profound transformation that started taking place in Slovenian cinema in the 2010s, namely the fact that both filmmaking and film culture at large have grown to become increasingly transnational and cosmopolitan. Through a discussion of the work of both established and emergent auteurs, the text identifies shared features and aesthetics. The chapter places emphasis on women as a prominent group on the rise not only among filmmakers, but also among decision-makers and educators. Aiming to present a broader picture of contemporary Slovenian film culture, the chapter also focuses on the country’s film festivals and the development of film education and scholarship.
Introduction: Wilde and Politics
Authors: Ó Donghaile Deaglán
Published: September 2021

Addressing the political dimensions of Wilde’s aesthetic practice, the introduction to this monograph assesses his place within the discrete material and political culture of the fin de siècle. Contrary to contemporary representations of Wilde as effete, it explains how his aesthetic radicalism was informed by and contributed to a broader set of progressive political initiatives. It historicises his place within the progressive literary-political scene of the 1880s and 1890s by pointing to his personal and ideological connections with socialists, anarchists and Irish separatists.
Coercion and Resistance: Vera … or the Land War
Authors: Ó Donghaile Deaglán
Published: September 2021

In the first act of Wilde’s 1880 play, Vera; or, the Nihilists, as Russian radicals discuss the gruesome merits of political violence, a conspirator declares that “(o)ne dagger will do more than a hundred epigrams.” Centred on Wilde’s opposition to the “bloody work” of state repression, his first play represented the contemporary land crisis in Ireland and criticised the anachronistic class system that prevailed there. Wilde’s radical proposal is that terrorism is not the mindless work of apolitical criminals, but a product of political despair. Although ostensibly portraying the more distant phenomenon of Russian state repression, the ongoing deployment of coercion in Ireland is barely encoded in Vera; or the Nihilists. Wilde’s first play veiled the contemporary politics of the Irish Land War.
Justifying Anachronism
Authors: Fessenbecker Patrick
Published: September 2021

Perhaps the most influential contemporary versions of formalism are those that justify formal interpretation as a form of historical analysis. A defense of reading for the content, which often involves bringing writers from the past into an anachronistic conversation with contemporary issues, thus requires understanding and responding to the arguments in favor of historicist reading. Richard Rorty’s distinction between “historical” and “rational” reconstructions, where the former renders a view in a thinker’s own words while the latter sympathetically translates it into contemporary terms, clarifies the relationship between the competing impulses to bring texts into conversation with current issues and to understand them in their own terms. Far from betraying the literary text’s artistic nature, moreover, a parsing of the language of appreciation philosophers use in justifying rational reconstruction, suggests that it is at least in part an aesthetic practice.
Everyday Aesthetics and the Experience of the Profound
Authors: Fessenbecker Patrick
Published: September 2021

The oldest arguments justifying formal analysis of literature, of course, grow out of a longer tradition in aesthetics, one having its roots in the development of a theory of the aesthetic in the eighteenth century. Ultimately, to emphasize the content over the form in literary interpretation is to emphasize forms of aesthetic value other than the beautiful and the sublime: to read for the content, and particularly for the intellectual content, is to value a book because it is deep, thought-provoking, and profound. Yet far from ignoring a text’s aesthetic nature, in fact these latter ways of reading offer the possibility for a renewed justification for literary aesthetics, one especially salient given the deep skepticism that formalist accounts of aesthetic value evoke.
Early Monuments: Twelfth-Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad , Shokoohy Natalie H.
Published: September 2021

Bayana and its region preserves monuments of the Ghurid conquerors of India, among them Muḥammad ibn Sām’s army commander Bahāʾ al-dīn Ṭughrul. The Chaurasī Khamba Mosque at Kaman and the Ukhā Mandīr Mosque (the Jāmiʿ of Bayana, now converted to a temple) and the ʿĪdgāh – the earliest surviving prayer wall in India – where the army or whole town could congregate are surveyed and the concept of the ʿīdgāh or namāzgāh in the Iranian world (Khurāsān) is discussed with examples from Amul, Shiraz, Bukhara, Yazd, Isfahan, Bust, Turuq and Mashhad as well as in India at Nagaur, Badaon, Delhi, Rapri and Jalor. The extension of the Jāmiʿ in the Khaljī period (the Ukhā Masjid) as well as the Tughluq remains outside the town are surveyed and illustrated, and the development of technology from trabeate to arcuate elements is discussed, along with how purpose-built elements were favoured over temple spoil once power was established.
Waterworks
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad , Shokoohy Natalie H.
Published: September 2021

An excerpt from Ibn Baṭṭūṭa introduces the challenges of surviving in this arid region. All the existing Indian methods for harnessing and storing monsoon rain were employed in Bayana, adapted and enhanced by the Muslims, resulting in a variety of dams, wells and reservoirs. The reservoirs vary from enhanced natural depressions, such as the “Peacock Lake” planned to supply the Fort, to the more elaborate reservoirs with steps at all sides (bā’olīs). All significant remains are surveyed, notably the Jhālar Bā’olī, an elegant walled and colonnaded structure built in 1318 by the Khaljī governor, Kāfur Sulṭāni, possibly for the army campground but exceptional in its design and creation of a micro-climate.
The deep rectangular bā’olīs with a well at one end and steps at the other could also have shady underground arcades and colonnades as places of resort from the heat: the Bā’olī of Khān-i Khānān built for the use of Hindus in the Fort has a hierarchy of space and ornament anticipating early Mughal buildings, other step-wells combining pleasure and utility include that at Barambad, in the garden of Maryam Zamānī, the wife of the Emperor Akbar.
Domestic Architecture
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad , Shokoohy Natalie H.
Published: September 2021

Bayana is exceptional in the rare survival of 15th century dwellings, abandoned but still standing in the Fort after the 1505 earthquake. They provide insights into structure and methods of construction as well as a typology, from single-room dwellings to courtyard plan houses and those with an open-fronted hall (īwān) and flanking chambers, featuring standardized, apparently mass-produced, stone elements which could include Qur’anic inscriptions. The division of space from public to private is discussed, and the role of private gardens providing seclusion.
The survey enables identification of secular and religious structures, and shows the similarity between the plot layout of the ruined domestic dwellings in Tughluqābād, as well as of the later surviving mansions of Chanderi, and their antecedents in the planning of palaces and houses in Central Iran. The continuation of the house form in Sufi khānaqāhs, distinguishing them from orthodox religious structures is highlighted, and comparisons made with the 17th century merchants’ houses in the Armenian quarter of Isfahan.
Mansions, Semi-public Buildings and Later Monuments
Authors: Shokoohy Mehrdad , Shokoohy Natalie H.
Published: September 2021

Antecedents of the forms of mansions and semi-public buildings associated with Mughal architecture are seen decades earlier in Bayana. Examples surveyed and discussed include the Governor’s Mansion in the Fort, where architectural restraint is evident, to befit the status of the owner; a religious structure in Bayana town, possibly a Sufi khānaqāh; the La‘l Darwāza, a gateway in the Lodī garden city of Sikandra; the Imārat-i Bādgīr in the Fort (the Pavilion of Muḥammad Bakhshī) a forerunner of the multi-tiered pavilion of Fathpur Sikri; and two Jāt mansions, one in the Citadel and the other outside Bayana town.
Introduction
Authors: D’hoker Elke , Mourant Chris
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the methodological and historical frames that inform the book’s analysis of the manifold interactions between the short story and British magazine culture, from 1880 to 1950. It discusses the material turn in short fiction studies which has led to a better understanding of the impact of publication contexts on the production, reception and development of the short story. This holds true in particular for the role magazines played in the emergence of the modern short story as a specific and successful literary form in the final decades of the nineteenth century. The chapter also presents an overview of recent developments in periodical studies, providing useful methodological tools for analysing the status, presentation and function of a particular genre within the heterogeneous, dialogic and time-bound format of the periodical.
The ‘wire-puller’: L. T. Meade, Atalanta and the Development of the Short Story
Authors: Standlee Whitney
Published: September 2021

Through a consideration of her career as both editor of Atalanta and a short story author regularly featured in the pages of numerous periodicals including the Strand, this chapter explores and assesses L. T. Meade’s position as both a promoter and innovator of the short story form in the period of its rise to popular prominence. The chapter argues that, by regularly featuring short complete works of fiction in Atalanta and through her methods of encouraging, inspiring and challenging her girl readers (who included Virginia Woolf, Evelyn J. Sharp and Angela Brazil) to become writers and modernisers of short fiction themselves, Meade was among the earliest and most important advocates of the female-authored short story as a potentially ground-breaking and inventive fictional genre.
The Short Story Series of Annie S. Swan for The Woman at Home
Authors: D’hoker Elke
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the ten short story series about working women which the Scottish popular novelist, Annie S. Swan published in the women’s magazine, The Woman at Home, between 1893 and 1918. The format of the short story series, pioneered by Conan Doyle in The Strand, lent itself particularly well to periodical publication given its patterning of periodicity and repetition with variation. The chapter shows how Swan drew on these features to depict the experiences of professional and working women while deferring the closure of the marriage plot. Although the individual stories are often moralizing, predictable and conservative in their foregrounding of women as wives and mothers, the series in their entirety emphasise the expertise and professionalism of their female protagonists. In seeking to marry an advocacy for women’s work with a more traditional domestic ideology, Swan’s story series participate in The Woman at Home’s middlebrow negotiation of the new gender roles and feminine ideals that were being debated at the time.
Rhythm and the Short Story
Authors: Edensor Louise
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the short stories published in John Middleton Murry’s modernist magazine Rhythm, published between 1911 and 1913. This chapter shows how these frequently dismissed short stories in fact formed a fundamental part of the expression of the magazine’s Bergsonian principles. Setting aside the critically acclaimed stories by Katherine Mansfield, this chapter focuses on the lesser-known stories illustrating how their heterogeneity and creativity contributed towards, and helped to formulate, Murry’s conceptualisation of Rhythm.
For Love or Money: Popular 1920s Artist Stories in The Royal and The Strand
Authors: West Emma
Published: September 2021

From Hutchinson’s Story Magazine and Cassell’s Magazine to The New Magazine and The Grand Magazine, standard illustrated popular magazines are a neglected but rich source for anyone interested in short fiction. In this essay, I examine how these magazines’ brand identity and editorial practices affected their fictional contents. In order to do so, I explore just one subgenre of short fiction published in these magazines during the early 1920s: the artist story. Through an examination of five humorous artist stories by Morley Roberts, Joyce Cary, Robert Magill, H. C. McNeile and Christine Castle, published in The Strand and The Royal, I argue that these stories were shaped both by the magazine’s intended readership and the publication’s wider stance on art, as indicated by their editorials and accompanying non-fiction pieces.
Virginia Woolf and Aldous Huxley in Good Housekeeping Magazine
Authors: McCracken Saskia
Published: September 2021

In 1931, Virginia Woolf was commissioned to write a series of six articles for Good Housekeeping, a middlebrow women’s magazine, which have typically been read by critics as five essays and a short story. Woolf’s series takes her readers on a tour of the sites of commerce and power in London, from the Thames docks and shops of Oxford Street, to ‘Great Men’s Houses,’ abbeys, cathedrals, and the House of Commons, ending with a ‘Portrait’ of a fictitious Londoner. This chapter has three aims. First, it suggests that Woolf’s Good Housekeeping publications can be read not simply as five essays and a short story, but, considering Woolf’s ethics of the short story, as a series of short stories or, as the magazine editors introduced them, word pictures and scenes. Secondly, this chapter argues that Woolf’s Good Housekeeping series responds to, and resists the Stalinist politics of, Aldous Huxley’s series of four highbrow essays on England, published in Nash’s Pall Mall Magazine. Finally, this chapter analyses a critically neglected short story by Ambrose O’Neill, ‘The Astounding History of Albert Orange’ (February 1932), published in Good Housekeeping, which features both Woolf and Huxley as characters, and which critiques, satirises, and destabilises the boundaries of highbrow literary culture. Thus, the focus turns from highbrow writers’ short stories to a story about highbrow writing, all published in the supposedly middlebrow Good Housekeeping, demonstrating the rich complexity of the magazine, its varied politics, and its generically hybrid publications.
Virginia Woolf and the Magazines
Authors: Baldwin Dean
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines three stories Virginia Woolf published in 1938–39 in Harper’s Bazaar, simultaneously in the American and British versions. Focusing on the target readership of Harper’s Bazaar and the placement of Woolf’s stories in each magazine issue, printed in juxtaposition with particular articles, illustrations, advertisements and a pervading commercial ethos, the chapter argues that these stories stand in ironic contrast to the implied values of the magazine and its readership. Positioning these stories in the original print contexts thus allows one to trace ironic tensions that do not exist when the stories are read in later, book-form editions of Woolf’s work. In the American context in particular, Woolf’s stories, like Harper’s Bazaar itself, are shown to insulate readers from the suffering of the Great Depression and the impending violence of another world war.
Voicing ‘the native tang of idiom’: Lagan Magazine, 1943–1946
Authors: McEvoy Tara
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the short-lived Northern Irish periodical Lagan, published annually between 1943 and 1946. Edited by John Boyd, the magazine, over its limited run of only four issues, sought to foster a vital tradition of Ulster writing. Short stories published in Lagan served to promote Ulster idiom as the basis for a new regional literature. While regionalism could often be perceived as insularism, which perhaps contributed to the magazine’s limited success, Lagan arguably provided a cultural touchstone for Northern Irish writers, thus proving influential for a post-war generation that included the likes of Seamus Heaney, James Simmons, and Derek Mahon. In spite of being short-lived, therefore, Lagan and its editor successfully sought to promote a creative tradition and writing community in Northern Ireland.
Re-making Asian Cinema: Inter-Asian Remakes and Asian Omnibus Films
Authors: Khoo Olivia
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores remakes and omnibus films as specific forms of inter-Asian production. Although consideration has been paid to remakes of Asian cinema from Hollywood, there has been less attention paid to remakes from within Asia as a form of inter-Asian referencing. The chapter examines CJ Entertainment’s practice of regional localisation of its hit comedy Miss Granny (2014). The chapter also considers the resurgence of the omnibus film as a production practice targeted towards regional audiences.
Dark Advertising and the Democratic Process
Authors: Saunders Joe
Published: September 2021

Saunders’ chapter focuses on political advertising. What, he asks, is it about the microtargeting of political advertising on social media in the Brexit campaign and Donald Trump elections (as spearheaded by Cambridge Analytica) that is so wrong? His response is that, like dog whistle politics, sending different advertising to different targets can obscure the open public discussion of policy that is critical to the democratic process. As such, dark advertising stands as a real threat to democracy.
Shifting Paradigms: Nova Scotia and ‘New’ Scotland
Authors: Sandrock Kirsten
Published: September 2021

The present chapter traces the emergence of Scottish Atlantic writing in the seventeenth century by focusing on works from the 1620s that promote the colonization of Nova Scotia. It studies works written by James VI and I, William Alexander, Robert Gordon, Thomas Hariott, and Richard Guthry while also discussing the role the Virginia Company and the indigenous Mi'kmaq and Maliseet populations played in Scotland's attempts to colonize Nova Scotia. It situates these agents and works in the larger contexts of European empire-building. It also considers forms of internal colonialism in the British Isles, including writings about the Highlands and Islands and inner-British power dynamics after the Union of Crowns. The utopian tradition offers ways to understanding the spaces, temporalities, and cultural agents in the emerging Scottish Atlantic, including the tropes of newness and reform as well as the intertextual relationships with earlier travelogues and the longevity of the Scottish colonial imagination.
The Risks of Affect
Authors: Duvernoy Russell J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter dwells on axiological and existential tensions raised by the concept of ecological attunement. First, it distinguishes this concept from Heidegger’s well-known discussion of attunement and world. Then, it places Whiteheadean/Deleuzean concepts of affect and feeling in dialogue with the affect theory of Sylvan Tompkins and Daniel Stern, arguing that the “vitality affects” of the latter are ontologically prior to constituted worlds in a phenomenological sense. It considers how attention to affective tertiary qualities are shaped by inheritance of affective patterns and attentive choices of the past while also oriented towards a potentially open future. In this way, selection (from inherited qualities) and orientation (towards future projection) become the two sides of ecological attuning as an existential ideal. This double-sided structure is considered in relation to Whitehead’s discussion of “evil” and Deleuze’s emphasis on willing the event and counter-actualisation.
On Speaking, Remaining Silent and Being Heard: Framing Research, Positionality and Publics in the Jihadi Field
Authors: de Koning Martijn , Moors Annelies , Navest Aysha
Published: September 2021

In April 2016 we published an explorative article about the marriages of Dutch-speaking women in jihadi-held areas in Syria. In January 2017, this article became the focus of a huge media hype in the Netherlands and beyond, after a national newspaper presented our work as a case of how cyber-jihadists had been able to influence academic research. Within days, a series of parliamentary questions were asked, followed by an audit commissioned by the Board of the University of Amsterdam. The Board concluded that we had complied with all ethics requirements. In this multi-vocal contribution, we reflect on this affair by making extensive use of posts from our three-person WhatsApp group. We present the unfolding of the affair, how we were addressed, individually and collectively, and how we responded. While we argued against publicly investigating personal (including religious) backgrounds of researchers, the force of the security discourse rendered it nearly impossible to engage in a discussion about content. Not only did we need to engage with different publics, we were also addressed in different ways by the very same publics. Only by persistently addressing sub-publics and publishing about the affair, we were able to undo some of the damage.
Ethics in Gender Online Research: A Facebook Case Study
Authors: Carvalho Claudia
Published: September 2021

This article explores the role of researchers in online environments, namely Facebook, and their ethical responsibilities towards fieldwork in a broad sense, their interlocutors, colleagues, themselves, and their families. The aim is to highlight the relationship between methodology, ethical considerations, and political circumstances in the realm of jihadi audiovisualities. By addressing actual methodological and ethical limitations experienced while conducting research offline and on Facebook, I will further the practical understanding of radicalization processes and entanglement with jihadi media. The study has its own ethic and theoretical limitations since it is anchored in an empirical case study that represents a novelty in terms of methods and results. The sum of the application of these methods and creative solutions may inspire new scientific approaches for digital ethnography, digital ethics, and gender studies and may, in particular, help to conceptualize jihadi audiovisuality as a field of research.
‘Nashīd’ Between Islamic Chanting And Jihadi Hymns: Continuities and Transformations
Authors: Weinrich Ines
Published: September 2021

Nashīd in its English spelling nasheed and mediatised on the internet is a relatively new phenomenon. Nashīd as a musical practice, by contrast, is old. This chapter analyses nashīd as both a technical term and as a vocal genre. Today, the term nashīd may denote quite different sonic manifestations, ranging from traditional praise songs to the prophet Muḥammad and prayers to religious pop songs and military marches. The chapter focuses on the developments since the early twentieth century and examines the musical roots and styles of the different types of nashīd that are known today. It offers a brief glimpse into traditional practices of nashīd (i.e. inshād) and suggests a categorisation for the different manifestations of modern nashīd, based on musical characteristics and functions. These are (1) political hymns, (2) traditional inshād, (3) popularised nasheed and, finally, (4) the Jihadi anāshīd (sg. nashīd), which musically draw from all three preceding categories.
Grassroots English, Learner English, Second-language English, English as a Lingua Franca …: What’s in a Name?
Authors: Buschfeld Sarah
Published: September 2021

The chapter offers a conceptual overview, discussing the notion of ‘grassroots Englishes’ along with other related phenomena pertaining to the spread of the English language worldwide (‘learner English’, ‘English as a second language’, ‘English as a foreign language’, ‘English as a lingua franca’…). It provides data samples for illustration but argues that traditional clear-cut distinctions between such concepts do not fully depict linguistic realities. Furthermore, it broadens the focus to include the notion of ‘grassroots multilingualism’ and it is argued that ‘grassroots Englishes’ should be pictured as an important part within a higher-level framework of global, multilingual practices. Concluding, it is suggested that different Englishes should better be pictured as nodes in a complex system of Englishes and, in turn, as parts of a complex system of languages and multilingual practices, in which certain categorical differences can be identified but which, more importantly, overlap and interact in their emergence, existence, and uses.
English Language Learning Trajectories among Zanzibaris Working in Tourism
Authors: Mohr Susanne
Published: September 2021

Increasing global mobility has also affected the global language ecology and tourism is a central phenomenon in this regard, both socially and linguistically. Tourist contexts, where English as global lingua franca is often used at the grassroots level, provide an important opportunity to investigate English away from the traditionally studied academic circles of World Englishes research. This chapter analyses one such context, that is English as used and acquired in the tourist industry of Unguja island of Zanzibar. Focusing on language learning trajectories in super-diversity, the study discusses the problem of an easy attribution of individual language learning paths to particular social groups and reveals the fuzziness of the grassroots concept and its boundaries.
Facets of Intercultural Communication Employed in the Conversations of Local Arab Traders in Bahrain
Authors: Bamidele-Akhidenor Anthonia
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents an overview of the position of English as in the case of Bahrain where Arabic is the official and national language. The study reviewed literatures on intercultural communication, accommodation strategy, and on negotiation / bargaining strategy by pursuing the following questions: (1) What intercultural communication strategies do local Arab traders employ in their conversations with other non-Arabic speakers and (2) How do they achieve desired business communication goals with other non-Arabic speakers? In the course of the discussion, the data shows that Bahraini traders have become conversant with some English words through their daily business interactions with their customers and employees. They are obligated to communicate with other non-Arabic speakers in English, as they are aware of their limitations in speaking Arabic. This type of grassroot interactions help them build a safety valve, rapport, and cordiality with their customers and employees in the business context.