bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrupção e pensamento social brasileiro: abordagens e críticas a partir das interpretações de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e Raymundo Faoro
Authors: Azevedo Anna Carolina de Oliveira
Published: December 2020

O enfrentamento da corrupção é um tema prioritário na agenda contemporânea. Um dos elementos desse cenário é denominado globalização que, ao intensificar como relações entre países e internacionalizar como práticas comerciais, intensifica também como interações entre indivíduos e práticas relacionadas a atos de corrupção comuns a transnacionais. No Brasil, como denúncias de corrupção dominada ou noticiária há algum tempo, em uma monotonia regular, mas, dado o modo de produção e difusão de notícias, nem sempre a abordagem traduz-se no debate público sobre causas, efeitos e possíveis causas para problemas . Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender a corrupção na sociedade e no Estado brasileiro, por meio da análise das agendas de pesquisa sobre corrupção e da problematização de conceitos consagrados no pensamento social brasileiro vinculado à análise dessa temática. Para tanto, opte-se por um estudo bibliográfico de obras de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda e Raymundo Faoro, autores clássicos do pensamento social brasileiro. A partir desse estudo, entende-se que é limitado e entende-se socialmente o fenômeno de corrupção de idéias-força pessoal e patrimonial, como quais informações uma interpretação culturalista e uma avaliação valorativa do Estado e mercado como realidades pretensamente opostas. Como desdobramento, tem associação, opinião pública brasileira, corrupção ao Estado - funcionários públicos e políticos - sem visibilidade aos agentes do mundo privado, sejam indivíduos,
Cuba 1869: desafectos al gobierno e insurrectos
Authors: Łepkowski Tadeusz
Published: December 2020

The Ten Years' War was the one of the first important manifestations of the independent Cuban movement. The conflict lasted from October 1868 to February 1878. The year 1869 was the very beginning of the conflict Łepkowski's articles uses it as reference point to mark the first independence claims by the Cubans and to analyze the first conceptions of Cuban national identity. According to Łepkowski in 1869 there was no clear division between the Cubans and the Spanish. The sides of the conflict didn't strictly relate to the issue of nationality but rather to being loyal to the specific Spanish regime of that period. Moreover, outside of the rebel groups and Spanish and Cuban loyalists, there were significant numbers of people that did not sympathize with either side.
Bisphenol A Analogues: A Brief Review of their Occurrence in Food, Biological Samples and Endocrine Effects
Authors: Knizatova Nikola , Tokárová Katarína , Greifová Hana , Jambor Tomáš , Massányi Peter , Lukáč Norbert
Published: December 2020

Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most well-known compound from the bisphenol family. There is increasing evidence that bisphenol BPA used in plastics, receipts, food packaging, and other products might be harmful to human health due to its actions as an endocrine-disrupting chemical, therefore BPA is being replaced by compounds very similar in structure, but data on the occurrence and effects of these BPA analogs are limited. Therefore, there is increasing concern regarding human exposure to bisphenol analogs (BPs) due to their widespread use and potential adverse effects. The main objective of this work was to investigate human exposure to BPs and the associated endocrine activities. We performed a literature review of the available research made in humans, in in vivo and in vitro tests. The findings support the idea that exposure to BPs may have an impact on human health, especially in terms of endocrine disruption.
Early Prediction of Autism Spectrum Disorder by Computational Approaches to fMRI Analysis with Early Learning Technique
Authors: P Karunakaran , Babiker Hamdan Yasir , Sathish
Published: December 2020

The neuro imaging developmental classification studies are undergone with small amount of samples from the brain activity samples. It promises the inspiring complications in high dimensional data analysis. Autism prediction methodologies are based on behavioral function alone previously which provides good precision but repossession will be unfortunate. We address those problems for early prediction of autism with neural development modern techniques and compared with older. Moreover, visualization of brain activities is quite important in neuro imaging. We believe in better visualization and classification of neuro images in early month captures and appended of Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the controlling tools for measuring non-invasively measure brain activity and it provides with good resolution. For high resolution of brain activity, fMRI gives better than electro encephalon graph (EEG). Visualization of brain activity very clearly is first step to recognize the faults of autism. We have taken into the account for predicting in early Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with help of multiple behavioral activities and development measures using machine learning algorithm. The prediction methods are examined with mostly many prediction methods start to examine the neuro imaging with ultra-high risk factors. The prediction of ASD is moderate accuracy in 14 month development measures from multiple time points. In this proposed work, Mullen early prediction is appended for early prediction and it is examined with computational approach to fMRI analysis with adaptive functioning classifier for machine learning algorithm. This proposed algorithm provides improved version of classification in machine languages with MSEL and high accuracy with conservative methods.
MUSICAL QUALITY, PERCEIVED VALUE, EQUITY IN SATISFACTION AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION IN A JAZZ FESTIVAL
Authors: Manovosoa Finaritra Rakotovao  , Jeremy Ranjatoelina  , Pierre Benjamin Rakotomahenina  , Tsirinirina Solofomiarana Rapanoël
Published: December 2020

This article proposes to revisit the theory of satisfaction by integrating musical quality, functional and emotional value, as well as equity and consumer behavioral intention in the same model. The study was conducted in the context of a jazz festival with 140 individuals. Initially, the results indicate the influence of musical quality, fairness, emotional value and utility value on satisfaction. In a second step, musical quality and fairness influence emotional value and functional value. Finally, it turns out that emotional value, utility value, and satisfaction influence consumers' behavioral intentions.
KEYWORDS: Musical quality, equity, emotional value, utility value, satisfaction, behavioral intention.
Pengambilan Keputusan dalam Melakukan Aborsi oleh Perempuan Usia 20-30 Tahun
Authors:   Universitas Gunadarma, Mayendri Edelwis Tiara Poespa , Prihantoro Edi
Published: December 2020

Freedom in abortion has been packaged to cover up the real facts, meaning that few people know about the dangers of abortion, but places selling illegal abortion drugs can still flap their wings to sell in the world of online commerce. This dedication discusses the decision making in having an abortion by women aged 20-30 years. The crisis of knowledge about sexual education makes abortion perpetrators less aware of the dangers of abortion, meaning that the community does not really understand whether or not they can have an abortion. Abortion is done not only because of intention or desire. The process of making decisions about abortion perpetrators is also different, making decisions that make doubts when pregnant are difficult, lack of knowledge and falling into difficult choices make people do things that shouldn't be done, how is the process of making decisions about abortion perpetrators. Therefore, this study uses a dedication method and uses the theory of decision making as a knife of analysis in decision making in performing abortion by women aged 20-30 years. This case was taken considering that the rate of abortion in Indonesia is very high, and maternal mortality due to abortion is a concern. So that this service approach uses a phenomenological approach to determine the decision making in carrying out abortion by women aged 20-30 years. Phenomenology tries to identify a meaning behind the way the abortion perpetrator takes decisions, so that what is highlighted is the abortion perpetrator's decision-making process.
The Effect of Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation on Sleep Quality in Elderly at Budi Agung Social Institution
Authors: Dyah G. R. Kareri  , Derri R. Tallo Manafe  , Maria Kurniati Ester Payon
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background: The quality of sleep in elderly tend to decline. This occurs as a result of certain changes such as physical, biological, mental and socio-economic. The quality of sleep may influence the healthcondition for short or long terms. Poor quality of sleep may cause difficulty in concentrating, slow response, memory disturbance and decrease of performance in daily life. The decline of sleep qualitymay be resolved with Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation (JPMR) exercise.

Objective: To analyze the effect of Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation on sleep quality inelderly at Budi Agung Social Institution.

Methods: This study is a pre experimental study with one group pretest-posttest design. The subject ofthis study were the 19 elderly at Budi Agung Social Institution. In this study, JPMR exercise was done in5 days. Sleep quality before and after JPMR exercise was measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) questionnair. The data obtained was analyzed using McNemar test.

Results: From a total of 19 subjects, 3 subjects had good sleep quality while 16 subjecst had poor sleepquality. On the other hand, after the JPMR excercise, improved sleep qualiy was found in the 16 subjectswhile the 3 subjects still had poor sleep quality; bivariate analysis p value = 0.002 (p <0.05).

Conclusion: Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation (JPMR) has a significant effect on sleepquality in elderly at Budi Agung Social Institution.

Keywords: elderly, sleep quality, Jacobson’s Progressive Muscular Relaxation, Pittsburgh Sleep QualityIndex.
Effect of Additional Threshold Inspiratory Muscle Training Preoperative on Pulmonary Complication Post Heart Valve Replacement Surgery
Authors: Erna Setiawati  , Ronni Untung Handayanto  , Sri Wahyudati
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Cardiac surgery has been improved patient’s outcome with cardiac valve anomaly. There was 111 cardiac valve replacement surgery performed in Kariadi General Hospital Semarang in 2018.Postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC) is the most common complication in this procedure compared to cardiac complication which are thought caused by the disruption of normal respiratory function as a result from surgical and anesthetic procedure. Additional preoperative threshold inspiratory muscle training (Threshold IMT) has been considered as an ef fective intervention to reduce PPC.

Methods: This is a quasi experimental study with main reason to know the role of Threshold IMT on PPC incidences. Subjects in the intervention group were given routine conventional rehabilitationexercises according to Clinical Practice Guide (PPK) with additional of Threshold IMT, which applied based on research protocols, while control group did convention al rehabilitation exercises only.

Results: 18 subjects were divided into intervention group (n=9), and control group (n=9), PPC incidences (Intervention group n=2, control group n=7) were analyzed statistically using Chi-squared test andshowed significant differences (Fisher exact test p=0.02 with α=0.05).

Conclusion: Additional of Threshold IMT preoperative may reduce the incidence of PPC on heart valve replacement surgery.Keywords: Postoperative pulmonary complication (PPC), Threshold inspiratory muscle training (Threshold IMT)
Effect of Prehabilitation Exercise Using Resistance Bands on Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Erna Setiawati  , Juwita Kusumadewi  , Robby Tjandra
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction: An exercise program like prehabilitation exercise is expected to contribute in improving outcomes in Osteoarthritis (OA) postoperatively such as Total Knee Replacement (TKR). Elastic resistance products in prehabilitation exercise programs have been widely used in rehabilitation and are an effective method. Resistance band is one of elastic resistance products that have several advantages. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of prehabilitation exercise intervention with a resistance band on the quality of life of patients under going TKR using the SF-36 questionnaire.

Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial pre-test and post-test control group design knowing the effects of prehabilitation exercise in patients underwent TKR. 16 subjects were allocated to treatment group (n = 8) which received additional prehabilitation exercise using resistance band and control group (n = 8) with conventional therapy (ergocycle and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)) preoperatively. Quality of life assessment using SF-36 score was carried out 4 weeks preoperatively and 8 weeks postoperatively.

Results: The mean baseline value of SF-36 in the treatment group is 41.18 ± 9.40 and control group with mean 43.78 ± 5.66, did not differ significantly with p > 0.05. Both groups experienced a significantincrease in their SF-36 post-test scores for the control group (p <0.05) and the treatment group (p <0.05). Comparison between groups showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the pretest and posttestSF-36 scores where the control group (6.32±3.21) and treatment group (23.95±9.75).

Discussion: The SF-36 pre-test score between groups showed no significant d ifference. While the posttest results had significantly increased in SF-36 mean score in both groups. This might be caused byalthough the exercises performed by the two groups were different, they still did exercises that had an effect on joints. Despite of that, treatment group post-test results still had significantly betterimprovement than those of the control group.

Conclusion: Prehabilitation exercise intervention using resistance bands improving the quality of life of patients undergoing TKR. The quality of life improving more in those who do prehabilitation exercisethan those who do conventional therapy.Keywords: Prehabilitation exercise, quality of life, total knee replacement.
Justification of types of innovative labor in the IT industry
Authors: Pererva Ivanna
Published: December 2020

The peculiarities and contribution of the information technology industry (IT industry) to the development of the Ukrainian economy are studied. The classification of different types of innovations by basic features and by scope is considered. The degree of automation and regulation of labor operations in the development of IT-projects is described. The types of innovative labor in the IT industry are identified, depending on the degree of its regulation and the types of innovations to which it is aimed. The types of innovative labor in the IT industry depending on the types of innovations and the degree of regulation of labor elements are developed and graphically presented. The influence of regulation of innovative labor on the efficiency of its rationing is substantiated. The proposed classification of types of innovative labor with professional groups in accordance with the quadrants of the matrix of positioning of IT professionals in the specialty is compared and their relationship is presented. The labor of programmers and features of its rationing are considered. Placement of the labor of software product developers on the matrix in accordance with the classification of innovative labor and the matrix of positioning of IT professionals are graphically presented.
Teaching writing through task-based instruction: Exploring English teachers’ experiences
Authors: Bhandari Laxman Prasad
Published: December 2020

As educationists and policymakers have been concerned much in increasing the English proficiency of their citizens, educational policies on curriculums and syllabuses have moved increasingly towards various versions of learner-centered teaching approaches including task-based language teaching. TBLT is one of the widely discussed learner-centered approaches for the last few decades. It aims at developing students’ communicative skills through their active engagement in various tasks focusing more on meaning than on form. The study aims to explore English teachers’ experiences in teaching writing with respect to the intent of the secondary level English curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center, Ministry of Education, Nepal. The study is qualitative where five teacher participants were interviewed. The data were analyzed based on the taxonomy of task types by Willis and Wills (2007). The findings showed that the teacher participants are theoretically aware of TBLT, especially in teaching writing, and the intent of the prescribed curriculum; however, they are not able to fully bring their knowledge and skills into practice to meet the objective of the curriculum. Thus, the study purposes a way forward to strengthen teachers’ ability to bring TBLT theory into practice through training, workshops, research, and higher studies.
Enhancing Adult Learners’ Motivation for Learning English Grammar through Language Games
Authors: Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali  , Muhammad Waqar Ali  , Tariq Amin
Published: December 2020

Grammar, although indispensable for successful communication, is always a dry subject for most learners and needs a high motivation for learning.  Motivating language learners for learning grammar of English in Pakistan has always been a challenging task for the language instructors. This study investigated whether language games motivate adult learners for learning grammar or not. Language games were adopted as a motivational strategy for teaching English grammar to a sample of 31 male and 19 female first-year undergraduates of Islamia College Peshawar, who were not studying English as a major subject; their ages ranged between 19 to 22 years and they spoke Pashto as mother tongue. After teaching them grammar for one semester, the instructors—the researchers themselves—sought their feedback on the use of games through a 25-item questionnaire comprising sub-sets such as interest, satisfaction, effort, tension, choice, usefulness, competition, and pre- and post-treatment experience of learning grammar. The findings of the study manifest that language games motivate not only young learners but also adult language learners. It was suggested that teaching-learning activity based on games should be made an integral part of the course of students of primary and high schools, in addition to being made a part of the primary and high school teacher education.
A Comparative Intellectual Endeavor of Strength and Power in City and Non-city Youngsters at Secondary Level in District Mardan
Authors: Abdur Rashid  , Bahar Hussain  , Dr. Farooq Hussain
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the intellectual endeavor is to make analysis of the strength and power of 13-15-year-old Secondary school youngsters and to make comparison of city and non-city youngsters living in district Mardan. The target population of the intellectual endeavor was chosen from Secondary school youngsters (400) by applying simple random techniques. Three test sit-ups (SUs), a supine support (SU), and a standing broad jump (SBJ) were used to measure youngsters’ strength and power. Data were accumulated through observation and made analysis employing SPSS version 20. Quantitative analytical instruments were employed to make analysis of the data. The data analysis reproduces that non-city youngsters had moderately more power and strength than their city colleagues.
Exploring the Difficulties in Learning English Grammar Rules in Functional English/ESP Classrooms, a Study into the Context of Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Ahsan  , Dr. Noshaba Younus  , Dr. Zahoor Hussain
Published: December 2020

The key objective of the current study was exploring the difficulties in learning English grammar rules in functional English classrooms at the public sector colleges, universities. The present research was planned to use a mixed-method type and respondents were male & female on equal ratio and SPSS, version 23 was used to extract percentage and cumulative percentage. The source of data used in the study was a structured questionnaire. The most important aim of this research was to look at the barriers and difficulties of the students of the South Punjab in learning English as the target language especially learning the rules of English grammar which become a great ordeal and cause of making errors and mistakes in learning various skills of L2 in functional English courses. The majority of the learners responded that they fall into different difficulties while learning the grammar rules of L2 such as subject-verb agreement, plural markers, or rules related to tenses, confusion in using forms of the verb, difficulty in memorizing two-word verbs, confusion in using verb tense, difficulty in using phrasal verbs and idiomatic expressions might be caused by the linguistic circumstances of the students. English teachers should properly direct and motivate their l2 learners in this perspective and they must opt their lecture on grammar by making difference between English, Urdu, or other regional languages so that they could eradicate the difficulties of English grammar faced by the learners.
Imran Khan’s Speech at UNGA: A Reflection on Us vs. Them Divide Using Fairclough’s 3D Model in CDA
Authors: Kinza Tariq  , Shawal Muhammad Nawaz  , Dr. Aisha Farid
Published: December 2020

Critical Discourse Analysis views language in use as a kind of social practice, it is often applied to political language (discourse— text, talk, and/or visual), including public speeches. This paper critically analyzes the speech by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, delivered at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on September 28, 2019. The study uses Fairclough's Three-Dimensional Model, to reflect upon "Us" and "Them" in the context of four major themes of the speech: climate change, money laundering, Islamophobia, and Kashmir. The study uses a mixed-method approach for a thorough review of the speech and discusses power within the discourse and power behind discourse. The findings reveal how language reflects the ideology of the political leaders, and how discourse can form and be formed by social practices. The Prime Minister used language effectively to present the ideological dichotomies between "Us" and "Them" in the context of developing countries-developed countries (powerful politically and economically), Muslims - anti-Muslims, and Pakistan/Kashmir - India. He urged the world-leaders at UNGA's highest political forum, after drawing the line of demarcation, to take steps to resolve the differences to achieve harmony and peace in the world. This research enables the common public of Pakistan to understand their leader in terms of the concept of power by comprehending the profounder meaning that language conveys.
Interplay between Socio-Economic Factors and Language Shift: A Study of Saraiki Language in D.G. Khan
Authors: Ghulam Mujtaba Yasir  , Prof. Dr. Mamuna Ghani
Published: December 2020

Pakistan is among those very few multicultural and multilingual countries which are celebrated for their ethnic as well as linguistic diversity. From the coastal areas of Karachi to the mountainous terrain of Gilgit Baltistan six major and more than 70 minor languages are spoken in various parts of Pakistan. Urdu relishes the position of National Language whereas the official language of the country is English and is mostly used by the power-wielding strata of the country namely the government functionaries, corporate sector, and education sector. The purpose of the study was to find out the interplay between socioeconomic factors and the phenomenon of language shift. The present research is descriptive in which 300 Urdu speaking children of Saraiki families of D.G. Khan District were selected for data collection. A multiple-choice questionnaire was devised and administered to collect the required data. The results insinuated a strong interplay between socio-economic factors and the language shift.
Power Distribution in Discourse: A Lexico-Grammatical Analysis of a Television Interview from HARD Talk
Authors: Tahira Asgher  , Asma Kashif Shahzad  , Anum Hanif
Published: December 2020

The research provides an insight into the disparity of power distribution in the discourse of television interview specifically of HARDtalk (a program of BBC news channel concerned with crucial issues related to politics, society, and economy) which includes two participants: the interviewer who is professionally a journalist and interviewee who is a politician. The paper investigates which members of the interview are responsible for controlling the directions of discourse and it examines the difference between casual conversation and television interview communication. Lexico-Grammatical Analysis (LGA) model by Eggins and Slade (1997) was applied for data analysis. Results of the study illustrated that distribution of power in discourse is dichotomous, although unequal, but the great amount of power resided with the interviewer as compared to the interviewee as he has to control the directions of the interview discourse. The findings further revealed that the discourse of television interviews is diverse from the casual discourse.
Critical Analysis of Identity Crisis in Hanif Kurieshi's Novel “The Buddha of Suburbia”
Authors: Muhammad Azeem  , Prof. Dr. M K Sangi  , Dr. Komal Ansari
Published: December 2020

This paper critically analyzes the dilemma of identity crisis and its impact on immigrants concerning the Hanif Kurieggidentity crisis into its texts because of the rule of colonial power and its impacts on the colonized. Under the impact of this colonial power, the crisis of identity has been originated in western countries on social, economic, political, religious, and cultural grounds. Postcolonial theoretical ideas i.e, hybridity, mimicry, assimilation, and ambivalence by Homi K. Bhabha are applied into the text of this research paper to examine the dilemma of identity crisis more clearly. Karim Amir, the protagonist of the novel faces an identity crisis in tormenting and perturbing the social order of England. Such a tormenting and disturbing condition of England is a threat both to Karim and immigrants. The quest for an identity for Karim Amir is very complicated and alarming which sets a dilemma for the whole world to look at this global issue seriously. The Whites think about immigrants as they are the lower creature of God due to differences in skin color, religion, ethnicity, and culture. On the contrary, the immigrant trying to imitate the cultural values, language, habits, and manners of the white men to assimilate with them but in consequence, this mimicry never fetched the desired effects and simply, the outcome is ambivalent for them. Although they always try to assimilate with the British culture, yet they feel hesitant either to adopt Western culture or the culture of their homeland. The Buddha of Suburbia (1989) depicts the darker side of suburban life as well as the congested life of London city with references to other characters too.
The Paradox of Schizoid Self: A Critical Reflection on Gender and Spirituality in Uzma Aslam Khan’s The Geometry of God
Authors: Sadia Akram  , Dr. Mazhar Hayat
Published: December 2020

This study seeks to explore the paradox of Schizoid-self, which is split, fluid and in a constant flux, since it is situated in the interstitial space of gender and spirituality in Uzma Aslam Khan’s The Geometry of God (2008). The present study aims to yoke together Postmodernist implicit dangers of centrelessness, divergence, fragmentation, and chaos on a central pivot to bring resolution, harmony, and reunion in both distinct and shared human experiences. This research employs Postmodernist notions of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1972/1977) about Schizoid-self and further juxtaposes in a single real space several incompatible spaces to unearth the interlink between gender and spirituality. This inquiry is informed by deconstructionist ways of interpreting text through the interstitiality of schizoid-self and gender with its potentials and perils and, thus, traces its spiritual purpose. The present study proposes a circular connection between gender, spirituality and multifaceted self and marks it a way forward in resolving the conflict between males and females regarding their practical and mystical outlook. Moreover, the findings reveal and underwrite that pluralism is a measuring stick of human rights and gender justice in this age of human crisis.
The Levels of Suicide Intention in Secondary School of Pakistan: Students' Perceptions
Authors: Dr. Niaz Ali  , Aftab ur Rahman  , Bilal Ahmad
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at analyzing the levels of suicide intention in the secondary school students of Pakistan. To collect data, the tool was developed with 23 items to represent the three-dimension i.e. personal aspects, social aspects, and environmental aspects of suicide intention. The tool was validated through different measurement indices and reliability was found out within the threshold values. The data were collected from 384 students of the secondary schools in the Mardan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The sampling adequacy was confirmed for the sample size. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, SEM (structural equation modeling), and AMOS (analysis of a moment structures) to find out the levels for each dimension and the holistic variable. The levels of all the dimensions and variables were found out as high, in terms of negativity. In other words, a high potential risk of suicide was found in the students. Suggestions were made, to educate the parents and society about this potential threat.
Doing Corpus Linguistics: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Indicator of Gender in English Language and Education
Authors: Abdul Ghaffar Bhatti  , Muhammad Imran  , Muhammad Younas
Published: December 2020

Technology plays a pivotal role in the ESL teaching and education sector. In language teaching, gender and language research mostly favors the idea of potential differences in language use between men and women. This paper explores different indicators of gender in the writing of males and females in a large subset of the British National Corpus (BNC) covering the domain of fiction with the application of the Corpus tool. Robin Lakoff's four key linguistic terms that mark female language have been used as benchmarks against which the study has been conducted. Previous researchers like Argamon, Koppel, and Shimoni claim that females use more pronouns and a smaller number of nouns as compared to men. The hits and frequencies of Lakoff's terms and researchers' claims have been checked on BNC to get at the empirical findings. Taking general corpus BNC, corpus research method has been used to answer the research questions. The study found a substantial difference in the documents authored by male and female written text. It was also found that females use many more pronouns and males use many more nouns. Assumptions made regarding Lakoff's terms have been partially substantiated since the results vary a little concerning the use of empty adjectives like 'cute' and 'divine'. The work is a valuable addition to the existing corpus of knowledge about gender differences in language and it provides space for researchers to work in even broader perspectives.
Turkey-United States' Bilateral Ties: a Tale of Convergence and Divergence of Interests
Authors: Dr. Murad Ali
Published: December 2020

The paper explores bilateral ties between Turkey and the United States (US) following the end of World War II to the recent era of Trump-Erdogan. Due to its immense geostrategic significance and a strong military, throughout the Cold War period and also in the post-Cold War era, Tukey has mostly remained a key US ally. The methodology adopted for this study is based on both qualitative data available in the form of policy documents and existing literature about the subject as well as utilizing quantitative data comprising US economic and military aid and arms' sales to Turkey obtained from databases of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) respectively. Like numerous developing countries in other parts of the world, Turkey also became one of the biggest recipients of US economic and military assistance and Washington also provided huge arms to Ankara during the Cold War years. The US has provided Turkey an aggregate of US$ 70 billion in civilian and military assistance and has delivered its arms worth US$ 34 billion. However, it has not been a smooth journey as their bilateral relationship experienced some upheavals not only during the Cold War period but ties have been strained by various thorny matters in recent years. These include Turkey's dispute with Greece on Cyprus, targeting Kurdish fighters in Syria, purchase of S-400 defense systems from Russia, and human rights violations at home. By examining these vital points of concern, the paper concludes that although both countries have historically maintained warm bilateral ties, several divergent issues have marred the relationship between the two countries in recent years.
Moving from Legislation to Implementation: Participants’ Resolve on Inheritance Property of Women
Authors: Shahla Tabassum  , Dr. Amber Ferdoos
Published: December 2020

This paper attempts to develop a mechanism to overcome inequality present in the context of inheritance property of women in Pakistan. Taking a feminist research stand that focused on knowledge construction as a way to suggest alternatives for changes in oppressive situations.  Data collected from thirty men, women of rural, urban settings, and ten male and female lawyers from the Pothohar region through self-exploratory semi-structured qualitative interviews. The findings revealed procedural changes at the state level such as the offices where property transfer happened as well as recommended to set up a monitoring cell to see the record of the court decisions about inheritance property of women. Moreover, the findings highlighted community-level changes to spread awareness through various means like media, social media, Friday sermons, and seminars at union council levels about the inheritance property of women. Furthermore, findings also indicated changes at the family level as a combination of state decisions to make a change in the family headship, changing mindset through awareness as well as the training of boys and girls on equal footing at home.
Neft sektorunda yeni kontrakt formalarının tətbiq effektivliyi
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Neft-qaz hasilatının köhnə istismar zonalarında son onilliklərdə sürətlənən enmə prosesi "domino prinsipi" ilə müşayiət olunaraq sahənin bütün strukturlarına nüfuz etmiş, hər bir bölmədə, mərhələdə, böhranlı vəziyyəti dərinləşdirmişdir. Ehtiyatların tükənməsi, layların enerji potensialının azalması, texnoloji gerilik şəraitində hasilatın sabitləşdirilməsini və istehsal artımının təminatını isə miqyaslı investisiyalarsız gerçəkləşdirmək mümkün deyildir. Daxili mənbələr yetərli olmadığı ilk zamanlarda bu strategiyada xarici kapitalın iştirakı ilə müştərək müəssisələrin yaradılmasına üstünlük verililmişdi. Yeni təşkil edilən bu müəssisələr konyunktura uyğun olaraq müəyyən qabacıl istehsal və menecment texnologiyaları tətbiq etməklə fəaliyyətlərində nəzərəçarpan keyfiyyət irəliləyişlərinə nail olmuşlar. Lakin müşahidələr göstərmişdir ki, bu sferadakı rəqabət mühitinin yetərli olmaması, məhdud sahəvi normativ-hüquqi baza həmin müəssisələrin yeni mütərəqqi iqtisadi müstəvidə transformasiyasını ləngitmişdir. Respublikada uğurla həyata keçirilən milli neft strategiyası nəticəsində isə ölkənin artan iqtisadi gücü, bu sferada da yeni liberal iqtisadi təsisatlandırmaların genişləndirilməsini şərtləndirir. Belə ki, elmi-innovasiya nailiyyətləri nəticəsində müvafiq istiqamətdə aparılan islahatlar dərinləşdikcə yeni idarəçilik metodlarının tətbiqinin genişləndirilməsi qaçılmaz xarakter alır və ölkənin neft sektorunda çevik bazar mexanizmlərində əks olunan mütərəqqi iqtisadi münasibətlərin formalaşmasını zəriri edir.
Cənub-Şimal nəqliyyat dəhlizi: inkişaf meyilləri və perspektivlər
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Azərbaycan özünün coğrafi mövqeyinə görə iki nəhəng nəqliyyat dəhlizinin kəsişdiyi məkanda yerləşir. Bu nəqliyyat xətlərinin tam miqyaslı işə düşməsi Azərbaycanın müstəqilliyinin gücləndirilməsində, iqtisadi qüdrətinin artırılmasında mühüm əhəmiyyət kəsb edəcəkdir. Azərbaycandan keçən Sərq-Qərb dəhlizi - TRASEKA Avropa ilə Asiyanı birləşdirən ən kiçik marşrut hesab olunur. Artıq reallaşmaqda olan bu marşrut ilə hər il millyonlarla ton yük daşınacaqdır. Gələcəkdə isə onun rolu sərnişin daşınmalarında da artacaqdır. Bununla belə, Azərbaycan üçün onun ərazisindən keçəcək digər bir qlobal nəqliyyat xətti - Cənub-Simal dəhlizi də mühüm əhəmiyyət kəsb edir. Bu marşrut İran və Rüsiya ərazisindən keçməklə Yaxın Şərqdən və Cənub-Şərqi Asiyadan Avropaya daşınan yükdaşımaların sürətini bir neçə dəfə artıracaqdır. O, Suveyş kanalı vasitəsi ilə Hindistandan Avropaya üzanan nəqliyyat xəttindən 3 dəfə qısadır. Dəmir yolu, su nəqliyyatı və avtomobil xətlərini ehtiva edən bu nəqliyyat marşrutunun işə düşəcəyi təqdirdə planetin Cənubundan Avropaya hər il orta hesabla 15-20 milyon ton yükün daşınacağı gözlənilir. Bu dəhlizin açılısı Fars Körfəzi ərəb ölkələrinin Avropa ilə əlaqəsində nəqliyyat alternatvini təmin edərək zəvvarların İslamın müqəddəs yerlərinə, xüsusən də Məkkə və Mədinə şəhərlərinə səyahəti üçün əhəmiyyətli olacaq, ənənəvi marşrutlardan istifadə intensivliyini mülayimləşdirəcəkdir.
Artan təbii qaz potensialından səmərəli istifadənin iqtisadi effektivliyi
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Ənənəvi neft ölkəsi olan Azərbaycan özünün artan qaz potensialı ilə də qlobal və regional arenada yeni güc mərkəzinə çevrilməkdədir. Bu keyfiyyət və kəmiyyət artımı isə Xəzərin ən nəhəng qazkondensat yatağı "Şahdəniz" strukturunun istismara verilməsindən qaynaqlanır. Son 20-25 il ərzində planetin heç bir guşəsində ehtiyat toplumu 1 trilyon m3-i aşan, dünya əhəmiyyətli belə unikal yataq açılmamışdır. "Şahdəniz" bu bənzərsiz energetik gücü ilə nəinki özünün mənsub olduğu Azərbaycanı, bütövlükdə böyük bir makroregionun təbii qazla bağlı mənzərəsini təbəddulatlara uğratmışdır. Buradakı izafi ehtiyatlar imkan verimışdir ki, Avropa qaz bazarının diversifikasiyası daha etibarlı alternativliklər əldə etsin. Etibarlılıq isə, dolğun çevrədə Bakı-Tbilisi-Ərzurum qaz kəməri vasitəsi ilə təmin olunacaqdır. Bununla yanaşı, yaxın perspektivdə Azərbaycanda digər mənbələr hesabına da qaz hasilatı yüksələcək və onun qaz balansının müsbət saldosu yetərli genişlik tapacaqdır.
Türk dünyası ölkələrinin enerji sektorunda milli sahibkarliq fəaliyyətinin genişləndirilməsi effektivliyi
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Qloballaşan dünyanın müasir statistik mənzərəsi bazar sisteminə daxil olan ölkələrdə kiçik və orta sahibkarlığın getdikcə daha geniş yayılmasına üstünlük verməni canlandırır. Çağdaş zamanda iqtisadiyyatın ən çevik və mobil hissəsi olaraq kiçik biznes intibah dövrünü yaşayır. Burada məhsulun differensiasiyası və tez yeniləşməsi prosesi daha çevik ritm alır. Kiçik biznesin inkişafını şərtləndirən mühüm cəhətlərdən biri də onunla bağlıdır ki, müasir bazar sistemində heç bir dövlətdə iri istehsalçılar kiçik biznesə rəqib kəsilmirlər. O, çox asanlıqla yeni şəraitə adaptasiya olunur, müasir texnologiyaları mənimsəyir və riskdən çəkinməyərək yeni istehsal sahələri yaradaraq innovasiya işlənmələrinin fövqündə dayanır. Kiçik biznes müvafiq funksionallıqla enerji sektorunda da eyni missiyanı yerinə yetirir.
Milli neft strategiyasi və enerji təhlükəsizliyi
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Müasir dünyada iqtisadiyyatın yanacaq-enerji resursları ilə təchizatı və enerji effektliyi dövlətin inkişaf səviyyəsinin mühüm indikator göstəricilərindən biri hesab olunur. Respublikamız da perspektivlik baxımından karbohidrogen təyinatlı enerji resurslarının bol olduğu ölkələrdəndir. Təkcə Xəzərin Azərbaycan sektorunda karbohidrogen ehtiyatlarının kommulyativ həcmi 5-7 milyard ton təşkil edir. Ölkənin quru ərazilərdə potensial ehtiyatların milyard ton şərti yanacağa ekvivalent miqdarı da buraya əlavə olunduqda, ümumi toplumda orta hesabla adambaşına min ton karbohidrogen resursu düşür. Müqayisədə bu göstərici Azərbaycana planetin 10-12 aparıcı neft-qaz potensiallı ölkələri sırasında yer verir.
“Bretton-Vuds” sisteminin böhranı, “Böyük iyirmilər” və yeni maliyyə arxitekturası
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Hər bir böhran özünün məxsusi xüsusiyyətləri ilə fərqlənir. Bununla belə, burada umumi olan cəhətlər də yetərincədir. İqtisadi sferada olan bütün böhranların ümumi əlaməti isə onunla səciyyələnir ki, ya iqtisadiyyatda bir təzadlıq var və ya da aparılan iqtisadi siyasətdə qüsurlar mövcuddur. 2008-ci ilin maliyyə böhranı da bu ümumi əlamətlilikdən kənar olmamışdır. Böhran öncə ABŞ iqtisadiyyatının ipoteka sektorunda başlanmış, bununla da bütün dünya iqtisadiyyatına yol açmışdır. Konkret olaraq bu böhran investorların məsuliyyətsiz davranışı, onların ipoteka və qiymətli kağızlar sferasından külli miqdarda mənfəət «qoparmaq» məqsədindən irəli gələrək üzərlərinə nəhəng kredit borclarını götürməsi və müvafiq əməliyyatların girov təminatının irrasionallıqlar, şübhəli keyfiyyətlərə əsaslanması ilə baş vermişdir. Nəticədə ayrı-ayrı dünya ölkələri böhranın fəsadlarına müxtəlif dərəcədə məruz qalmışlar. Bir sıra ölkələrdə bu təsir iqtisadi templərin azalması, digərlərində bank sektorunda ciddi problemlərin yaranışı, başqa bir qrupda isə daha dağıdıcı nəticəli olmuşdur. Bu planetar iqtisadi kataklizm iqtisadiyyatın qloballaşan erasının ilk maliyyə böhranı da adlandırılır. Bir də yaddan çıxarılmamalıdır ki, kicik bir dövr ərzində dünya maliyyə aktivlərinin 20% ucuzlaşması ilə müşayiət olunan bu böhran maliyyə kateqoriyalıdır və o, ümumdünya iqtisadi böhranı ilə qarışdırılmamalıdır.
The ecological rent and aspects perfection of rent attitudes
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Dayanıqlı inkişafın təminatına çağırışlı olan iqtisadi modellər təbiətin tarazlığının qorunması və onun resurslarından istifadə ilə bağlı problemlərə baxışda bir sıra nəzəri və tətbiqi məsələlərin həllini tələb edir. Bu sırada təbiətdən səmərəli istifadə etmə, resursqoruyuculuq maraqları və innovasiyaların tətbiqinin genişləndirilməsi daha çox üstunlük qazanır. Problemin həlli isə özü-özlüyündə renta münasibətləri sisteminin təhlilinin baxış müstəvisinə qaldırılmasını labüd edir. Bu müstəvidə də problemlər və mürəkkəbliklər yetərli sayılır. Belə ki, metodoloji nizamlama çətinliyi ilə seçilən renta münasibətləri iqtisad elminin və müvafiq təsərrüfat praktikasının ən dolaşıqlı və son dərəcə qeyri-təkmil sahələrindən biri kimi çıxış edir. Rentanın dəqiq ölçülərinin hesablanmasının kifayət qədər mürəkkəb iqtisadi məsələ olması da bu istiqamətdə yeni metodika və alqoritmlərin axtarışını daimi aktuallıqda saxlayır. Diğər tərəfdən isə, sivilizasiyanın inkişaf meyilləri təbiətin tarazlığının qorunmasında beynəlxalq ictimaiyyət qarşısında ekoloji rentanın tətbiq sferasının genişləndirilməsi, onun normativ əsaslarının mövcud reallıqlara uyğunlaşdırilaraq möhkəmləndirilməsi tələbini daha da sərtləşdirir. Buna görə də, dayanıqlı inkişafa nail olmada rentanın mahiyyətinin, xüsusən də ekoloji rentanın obyektiv iqtisadi qanunlar çərçivəsindən ünvanlı mənimsənilməsinin, onun səmərəli bölgüsünün və təbii resurs potensialının tam təkrar istehsalının dövlət tənzimlənməsinin optimal mexanizminin yaradılması mühüm əhəmiyyət daşıyır. Belə gerçəklik yalnız Azərbaycan üçün xarakterik deyil, o həm də transformasiya mərhələsini yaşayan bir çox ölkələr üçün də eyni mahiyyət və məzmunludur. Bütün bunlardan irəli gələrək bizim elmi araşdırma mövzumuzu da renta münasibətlərinin ekoloji və iqtisadi maraqlar baxımından tədqiqi təşkil edir.
Milli enerji strategiyasi: konseptual əsaslandirmalar və perspektivlər
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Müasir dünyada iqtisadiyyatın və əhalinin davamlı olaraq yanacaq-enerji resursları ilə təchizatı və enerji effektliyi problemi ölkənin enerji təhlükəsizliyinin əsasını təşkil edərək, dövlətin inkişaf səviyyəsinin mühüm göstəricilərindən biri hesab olunur. Bu baxımdan da, hər bir ölkə yanacaq-enerji resursları bazasının genişləndirilməsi və onlardan daha səmərəli istifadəni təmin etmək üçün milli enerji strategiyaları işləyib hazırlayırlar. Məqalədə bol enerji resurslarına malik Azərbaycanda da belə bir strategiyanın hazırlanmasınin zəruriliyi konseptual əsaslandırılır, onun milli neft strategiyasının tərkib hissəsi kimi iqtisadi inkişafın davamlı, multiplikativ effektli irəliləyişində əhəmiyyəti, Yanacaq Enerji Kompleksinin problemlərinin həllindəki rolu dəyərləndirilir. Milli enerji strategiyasının işlənməsi taktikasında dolğun informasiya təminatlılığı, metodoloji aydın və dəqiq cəbri hesablanmış sistemin qurulması da məqalədə elmi-empirik əsaslandırılaraq mühüm şərt kimi irəli sürülür. Aparılan təhlilin nəticələri göstərir ki, milli enerji strategiyasının hazırlanması enerji resurslarından qənaətcil, ekosivil və daha səmərəliliklə istifadəyə zəmin olaraq bütövlükdə enerji sektorunda struktur və institusional yenuidənqurmanı təmin edəcək və ölkənin postneft erasına keçidi üçün zəruri potensialı formalaşdıracaqdır.
Regional industrial inkişafa klasterli yanaşma
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Qloballaşma şəraitində regionlara və lokal iqtisadi sistemlərə məhsuldarlığın yüksəldilməsi, böyük iqtisadi dinamizmə nail olma, məşğulluğun təminatı kimi keyfiyyət elementləri fonunda yanaşılmağa başlanılmışdır. Yeni situasiyada uyğun bazar mexanizmli regional sənaye siyasətinin işlənməsi və reallaşdırılması motivasiyası da üstünlüyü ələ almışdır. Bu ondan irəli gəlmişdir ki, ənənəvi regional sənaye siyasəti çox zaman süni iqtisadi artımlara gətirmış, kütləvi subsidiya istifadəsi ilə uzunmüddətli perspektivdə dayanıqlığı təmin edə bilməmişdir. İnkişaf etmiş ölkələrin sənaye siyasəti kontekstində aparılan təhlillər göstərir ki, regionlararası daxili bərabərsizliyin büdcə transfertləri ilə tarazlaşdırılması bir çox hallarda iqtisadiyyatın ümumi inkişaf məqsədləri ilə üst-üstə düşməyərək müxtəlif təzadlar yaradır. Yeni regional sənaye siyasətinin konsepsiyası isə regional tənzimləmənin büdcə modelindən fərqli olaraq, rəqabət üstünlüklərini səfərbər edən səmərəli bazar institutları sistemi formalaşdırmaq, sahiblkarlıq mühitini və peşə hazırlığını yaxşılaşdırmaq və yeni texnologiyalar üçün inkubatorlar yaratmaqla, ərazinin daxili iqtisadi inkişaf potensialının maksimallaşdırılmasını hədəfə götürür. Daha strateji təyinatlı bu sənaye siyasəti şəbəkəli qarşılıqlı hərəkət, partnyorluq, rəqabətqabiliyyətlilik, çevik innovasiya sistemləri, dövlət və biznes konsensusunun təminatı kimi üsul və vasitələrdən istifadəni tələb edir.