bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central American mountains inhibit eastern North Pacific seasonal tropical cyclone activity
Authors: Fu Dan , Chang Ping , Patricola Christina M. , Saravanan R. , Liu Xue , Beck Hylke E.
Published: July 2021

The eastern North Pacific (ENP) has the highest density of tropical cyclones (TCs) on earth, and yet the controls on TCs, from individual events to seasonal totals, remain poorly understood. One effect that has not been fully considered is the unique geography of the Central American mountains. Although observational studies suggest these mountains can readily fuel individual TCs through dynamical processes, here we show that these mountains indeed play the opposite role on the seasonal timescale, hindering seasonal ENP TC activity by up to 35%. We found that these mountains significantly interrupt the abundant moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea to the ENP, limiting deep convection over the open ocean area where TCs preferentially occur. This study advances our fundamental understanding of ENP TC genesis mechanisms across the weather-to-climate timescales, and also highlights the importance of topography representation in improving the ENP regional climate simulations, as well as TC seasonal predictions and future projections.
Molecular insights into the endoperoxide formation by Fe(II)/α-KG-dependent oxygenase NvfI
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Zhai Rui , Ushimaru Richiro , Matsuda Yudai , Abe Ikuro
Published: July 2021

Endoperoxide-containing natural products are a group of compounds with structurally unique cyclized peroxide moieties. Although numerous endoperoxide-containing compounds have been isolated, the biosynthesis of the endoperoxides remains unclear. NvfI from Aspergillus novofumigatus IBT 16806 is an endoperoxidase that catalyzes the formation of fumigatonoid A in the biosynthesis of novofumigatonin. Here, we describe our structural and functional analyses of NvfI. The structural elucidation and mutagenesis studies indicate that NvfI does not utilize a tyrosyl radical in the reaction, in contrast to other characterized endoperoxidases. Further, the crystallographic analysis reveals significant conformational changes of two loops upon substrate binding, which suggests a dynamic movement of active site during the catalytic cycle. As a result, NvfI installs three oxygen atoms onto a substrate in a single enzyme turnover. Based on these results, we propose a mechanism for the NvfI-catalyzed, unique endoperoxide formation reaction to produce fumigatonoid A.
Engineering self-organized criticality in living cells
Authors: Vidiella Blai , Guillamon Antoni , Sardanyés Josep , Maull Victor , Pla Jordi , Conde Nuria , Solé Ricard
Published: July 2021

Complex dynamical fluctuations, from intracellular noise, brain dynamics or computer traffic display bursting dynamics consistent with a critical state between order and disorder. Living close to the critical point has adaptive advantages and it has been conjectured that evolution could select these critical states. Is this the case of living cells? A system can poise itself close to the critical point by means of the so-called self-organized criticality (SOC). In this paper we present an engineered gene network displaying SOC behaviour. This is achieved by exploiting the saturation of the proteolytic degradation machinery in E. coli cells by means of a negative feedback loop that reduces congestion. Our critical motif is built from a two-gene circuit, where SOC can be successfully implemented. The potential implications for both cellular dynamics and behaviour are discussed.
The tectonigral pathway regulates appetitive locomotion in predatory hunting in mice
Authors: Huang Meizhu , Li Dapeng , Cheng Xinyu , Pei Qing , Xie Zhiyong , Gu Huating , Zhang Xuerong , Chen Zijun , Liu Aixue , Wang Yi , Sun Fangmiao , Li Yulong , Zhang Jiayi , He Miao , Xie Yuan , Zhang Fan , Qi Xiangbing , Shang Congping , Cao Peng
Published: July 2021

Appetitive locomotion is essential for animals to approach rewards, such as food and prey. The neuronal circuitry controlling appetitive locomotion is unclear. In a goal-directed behavior—predatory hunting, we show an excitatory brain circuit from the superior colliculus (SC) to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to enhance appetitive locomotion in mice. This tectonigral pathway transmits locomotion-speed signals to dopamine neurons and triggers dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Synaptic inactivation of this pathway impairs appetitive locomotion but not defensive locomotion. Conversely, activation of this pathway increases the speed and frequency of approach during predatory hunting, an effect that depends on the activities of SNc dopamine neurons. Together, these data reveal that the SC regulates locomotion-speed signals to SNc dopamine neurons to enhance appetitive locomotion in mice.
A cost-effective and humidity-tolerant chloride solid electrolyte for lithium batteries
Authors: Wang Kai , Ren Qingyong , Gu Zhenqi , Duan Chaomin , Wang Jinzhu , Zhu Feng , Fu Yuanyuan , Hao Jipeng , Zhu Jinfeng , He Lunhua , Wang Chin-Wei , Lu Yingying , Ma Jie , Ma Cheng
Published: July 2021

Li-ion-conducting chloride solid electrolytes receive considerable attention due to their physicochemical characteristics such as high ionic conductivity, deformability and oxidative stability. However, the raw materials are expensive, and large-scale use of this class of inorganic superionic conductors seems unlikely. Here, a cost-effective chloride solid electrolyte, Li2ZrCl6, is reported. Its raw materials are several orders of magnitude cheaper than those for the state-of-the-art chloride solid electrolytes, but high ionic conductivity (0.81 mS cm–1 at room temperature), deformability, and compatibility with 4V-class cathodes are still simultaneously achieved in Li2ZrCl6. Moreover, Li2ZrCl6 demonstrates a humidity tolerance with no sign of moisture uptake or conductivity degradation after exposure to an atmosphere with 5% relative humidity. By combining Li2ZrCl6 with the Li-In anode and the single-crystal LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode, we report a room-temperature all-solid-state cell with a stable specific capacity of about 150 mAh g–1 for 200 cycles at 200 mA g–1.
Single-atom Pt-I3 sites on all-inorganic Cs2SnI6 perovskite for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Zhou Peng , Chen Hui , Chao Yuguang , Zhang Qinghua , Zhang Weiyu , Lv Fan , Gu Lin , Zhao Qiang , Wang Ning , Wang Jinshu , Guo Shaojun
Published: July 2021

Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites are a new class of semiconductor materials with great potential in photocatalytic hydrogen production, however, their development is greatly plagued by their low photocatalytic activity, instability of organic component and lead toxicity in particular. Herein, we report an anti-dissolution environmentally friendly Cs2SnI6 perovskite anchored with a new class of atomically dispersed Pt-I3 species (PtSA/Cs2SnI6) for achieving the highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production in HI aqueous solution at room temperature. Particularly, we discover that Cs2SnI6 in PtSA/Cs2SnI6 has a greatly enhanced tolerance towards HI aqueous solution, which is very important for achieving excellent photocatalytic stability in perovskite-based HI splitting system. Remarkably, the PtSA/Cs2SnI6 catalyst shows a superb photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production with a record turnover frequency of 70.6 h−1per Pt, about 176.5 times greater than that of Pt nanoparticles supported Cs2SnI6 perovskite, along with superior cycling durability. Charge-carrier dynamics studies in combination with theory calculations reveal that the dramatically boosted photocatalytic performance on PtSA/Cs2SnI6 originates from both unique coordination structure and electronic property of Pt-I3 sites, and strong metal-support interaction effect that can not only greatly promote the charge separation and transfer, but also substantially reduce the energy barrier for hydrogen production. This work opens a new way for stimulating more research on perovskite composite materials for efficient hydrogen production.
Experimental observation of topological Z2 exciton-polaritons in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Authors: Li Mengyao , Sinev Ivan , Benimetskiy Fedor , Ivanova Tatyana , Khestanova Ekaterina , Kiriushechkina Svetlana , Vakulenko Anton , Guddala Sriram , Skolnick Maurice , Menon Vinod M. , Krizhanovskii Dmitry , Alù Andrea , Samusev Anton , Khanikaev Alexander B.
Published: July 2021

The rise of quantum science and technologies motivates photonics research to seek new platforms with strong light-matter interactions to facilitate quantum behaviors at moderate light intensities. Topological polaritons (TPs) offer an ideal platform in this context, with unique properties stemming from resilient topological states of light strongly coupled with matter. Here we explore polaritonic metasurfaces based on 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as a promising platform for topological polaritonics. We show that the strong coupling between topological photonic modes of the metasurface and excitons in TMDs yields a topological polaritonic Z2 phase. We experimentally confirm the emergence of one-way spin-polarized edge TPs in metasurfaces integrating MoSe2 and WSe2. Combined with the valley polarization in TMD monolayers, the proposed system enables an approach to engage the photonic angular momentum and valley and spin of excitons, offering a promising platform for photonic/solid-state interfaces for valleytronics and spintronics.
Full-duplex reflective beamsteering metasurface featuring magnetless nonreciprocal amplification
Authors: Taravati Sajjad , Eleftheriades George V.
Published: July 2021

Nonreciprocal radiation refers to electromagnetic wave radiation in which a structure provides different responses under the change of the direction of the incident field. Modern wireless telecommunication systems demand versatile apparatuses which are capable of full-duplex nonreciprocal wave processing and amplification, especially in the reflective state. To realize such a functionality, we propose an architecture in which a chain of series cascaded radiating patches are integrated with nonreciprocal phase shifters, providing an original and efficient apparatus for full-duplex reflective beamsteering. Such an ultrathin reflective metasurface can provide directive and diverse radiation beams, large wave amplification, steerable beams by simply changing the bias of the gradient active nonmagnetic nonreciprocal phase shifters, and is immune to undesired time harmonics. Having accomplished all these functionalities in the reflective state, the metasurface represents a conspicuous apparatus for efficient, controllable and programmable wave engineering.
TNFα increases tyrosine hydroxylase expression in human monocytes
Authors: Gopinath Adithya , Badov Martin , Francis Madison , Shaw Gerry , Collins Anthony , Miller Douglas R. , Hansen Carissa A. , Mackie Phillip , Tansey Malú Gámez , Dagra Abeer , Madorsky Irina , Ramirez-Zamora Adolfo , Okun Michael S. , Streit Wolfgang J. , Khoshbouei Habibeh
Published: July 2021

Most, if not all, peripheral immune cells in humans and animals express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Since TH is typically studied in the context of brain catecholamine signaling, little is known about changes in TH production and function in peripheral immune cells. This knowledge gap is due, in part, to the lack of an adequately sensitive assay to measure TH in immune cells expressing lower TH levels compared to other TH expressing cells. Here, we report the development of a highly sensitive and reproducible Bio-ELISA to quantify picogram levels of TH in multiple model systems. We have applied this assay to monocytes isolated from blood of persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to age-matched, healthy controls. Our study unexpectedly revealed that PD patients’ monocytes express significantly higher levels of TH protein in peripheral monocytes relative to healthy controls. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has also been shown to be increased in the brains and peripheral circulation in human PD, as well as in animal models of PD. Therefore, we investigated a possible connection between higher levels of TH protein and the known increase in circulating TNFα in PD. Monocytes isolated from healthy donors were treated with TNFα or with TNFα in the presence of an inhibitor. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) was used as a positive control. We observed that TNFα stimulation increased both the number of TH+ monocytes and the quantity of TH per monocyte, without increasing the total numbers of monocytes. These results revealed that TNFα could potentially modify monocytic TH production and serve a regulatory role in peripheral immune function. The development and application of a highly sensitive assay to quantify TH in both human and animal cells will provide a novel tool for further investigating possible PD immune regulatory pathways between brain and periphery.
Dating historical droughts from religious ceremonies, the international pro pluvia rogation database
Authors: Domínguez-Castro Fernando , Alcoforado María João , Bravo-Paredes Nieves , Fernández-Fernández María Isabel , Fragoso Marcelo , Gallego María Cruz , García Herrera Ricardo , Garnier Emmanuel , Garza-Merodio Gustavo , El Kenawy Ahmed M. , Latorre Borja , Noguera Iván , Peña-Angulo Dhais , Reig-Gracia Fergus , Silva Luís Pedro , Vaquero José M. , Vicente Serrano Sergio M.
Published: July 2021

Climate proxy data are required for improved understanding of climate variability and change in the pre-instrumental period. We present the first international initiative to compile and share information on pro pluvia rogation ceremonies, which is a well-studied proxy of agricultural drought. Currently, the database has more than 3500 dates of celebration of rogation ceremonies, providing information for 153 locations across 11 countries spanning the period from 1333 to 1949. This product provides data for better understanding of the pre-instrumental drought variability, validating natural proxies and model simulations, and multi-proxy rainfall reconstructions, amongst other climatic exercises. The database is freely available and can be easily accessed and visualized via http://inpro.unizar.es/.
A multispeaker dataset of raw and reconstructed speech production real-time MRI video and 3D volumetric images
Authors: Lim Yongwan , Toutios Asterios , Bliesener Yannick , Tian Ye , Lingala Sajan Goud , Vaz Colin , Sorensen Tanner , Oh Miran , Harper Sarah , Chen Weiyi , Lee Yoonjeong , Töger Johannes , Monteserin Mairym Lloréns , Smith Caitlin , Godinez Bianca , Goldstein Louis , Byrd Dani , Nayak Krishna S. , Narayanan Shrikanth S.
Published: July 2021

Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) of human speech production is enabling significant advances in speech science, linguistics, bio-inspired speech technology development, and clinical applications. Easy access to RT-MRI is however limited, and comprehensive datasets with broad access are needed to catalyze research across numerous domains. The imaging of the rapidly moving articulators and dynamic airway shaping during speech demands high spatio-temporal resolution and robust reconstruction methods. Further, while reconstructed images have been published, to-date there is no open dataset providing raw multi-coil RT-MRI data from an optimized speech production experimental setup. Such datasets could enable new and improved methods for dynamic image reconstruction, artifact correction, feature extraction, and direct extraction of linguistically-relevant biomarkers. The present dataset offers a unique corpus of 2D sagittal-view RT-MRI videos along with synchronized audio for 75 participants performing linguistically motivated speech tasks, alongside the corresponding public domain raw RT-MRI data. The dataset also includes 3D volumetric vocal tract MRI during sustained speech sounds and high-resolution static anatomical T2-weighted upper airway MRI for each participant.
Whole genome sequencing of nearly isogenic WMI and WLI inbred rats identifies genes potentially involved in depression and stress reactivity
Authors: de Jong Tristan V. , Kim Panjun , Guryev Victor , Mulligan Megan K. , Williams Robert W. , Redei Eva E. , Chen Hao
Published: July 2021

The WMI and WLI inbredratswere generated from the stress-prone, and not yet fully inbred, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain. These were selected using bi-directional selection for immobility in the forced swim test and were then sib-mated for over 38 generations. Despite the low level of genetic diversity among WKY progenitors, the WMI substrain is significantly more vulnerable to stress relative to the counter-selected WLI strain. Here we quantify numbers and classes of genomic sequence variants distinguishing these substrains with the long term goal of uncovering functional and behavioral polymorphism that modulate sensitivity to stress and depression-like phenotypes. DNA from WLI and WMI was sequenced using Illumina xTen, IonTorrent, and 10X Chromium linked-read platforms to obtain a combined coverage of ~ 100X for each strain. We identified 4,296 high quality homozygous SNPs and indels between the WMI and WLI. We detected high impact variants in genes previously implicated in depression (e.g.Gnat2), depression-like behavior (e.g.Prlr,Nlrp1a), other psychiatric disease (e.g.Pou6f2,Kdm5a,Reep3,Wdfy3), and responses to psychological stressors (e.g.Pigr). High coverage sequencing data confirm that the two substrains are nearly coisogenic. Nonetheless, the small number of sequence variants contributes to numerous well characterized differences including depression-like behavior, stress reactivity, and addiction related phenotypes. These selected substrains are an ideal resource for forward and reverse genetic studies using a reduced complexity cross.
Enhancing reappraisal of negative emotional memories with transcranial direct current stimulation
Authors: Doerig Nadja , Seinsche Rosa J. , Moisa Marius , Seifritz Erich , Ruff Christian C. , Kleim Birgit
Published: July 2021

Reappraisal of negative memories and experiences is central for mental health and well-being. Deficiency of reappraisal lies at the core of many psychiatric disorders and is a key target for treatment. Here we apply transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance reappraisal of negative emotional memories. In a randomised, sham-controlled, 2 × 2 between-subject and double-blinded study, we applied single sessions of anodal and sham tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of 101 healthy participants while reappraising a personal negative memory or engaging in a control task. We hypothesised that (i) reappraisal decreases negative valence, arousal and evaluations of the memory and leads to improved decision making, and (ii) tDCS leads to additional changes in these reappraisal outcomes. In line with these hypotheses, participants’ personal memories were rated as less negative and less arousing following reappraisal. Anodal tDCS during reappraisal was associated with significant short-term reductions in negative valence compared to sham stimulation. Our results indicate that tDCS may enhance some of the effects of reappraisal. If replicated, our findings suggest potential benefits elicited by tDCS stimulation that may help optimise current treatment approaches for psychiatric disorders.
A search for modifying genetic factors in CHEK2:c.1100delC breast cancer patients
Authors: Wendt Camilla , Muranen Taru A. , Mielikäinen Lotta , Thutkawkorapin Jessada , Blomqvist Carl , Jiao Xiang , Ehrencrona Hans , Tham Emma , Arver Brita , Melin Beatrice , Kuchinskaya Ekaterina , Stenmark Askmalm Marie , Paulsson-Karlsson Ylva , Einbeigi Zakaria , von Wachenfeldt Väppling Anna , Kalso Eija , Tasmuth Tiina , Kallioniemi Anne , Aittomäki Kristiina , Nevanlinna Heli , Borg Åke , Lindblom Annika
Published: July 2021

The risk of breast cancer associated with CHEK2:c.1100delC is 2–threefold but higher in carriers with a family history of breast cancer than without, suggesting that other genetic loci in combination with CHEK2:c.1100delC confer an increased risk in a polygenic model. Part of the excess familial risk has been associated with common low-penetrance variants. This study aimed to identify genetic loci that modify CHEK2:c.1100delC-associated breast cancer risk by searching for candidate risk alleles that are overrepresented in CHEK2:c.1100delC carriers with breast cancer compared with controls. We performed whole-exome sequencing in 28 breast cancer cases with germline CHEK2:c.1100delC, 28 familial breast cancer cases and 70 controls. Candidate alleles were selected for validation in larger cohorts. One recessive synonymous variant, rs16897117, was suggested, but no overrepresentation of homozygous CHEK2:c.1100delC carriers was found in the following validation. Furthermore, 11 non-synonymous candidate alleles were suggested for further testing, but no significant difference in allele frequency could be detected in the validation in CHEK2:c.1100delC cases compared with familial breast cancer, sporadic breast cancer and controls. With this method, we found no support for a CHEK2:c.1100delC-specific genetic modifier. Further studies of CHEK2:c.1100delC genetic modifiers are warranted to improve risk assessment in clinical practice.
Interleukin 6 (rs1800795) and pentraxin 3 (rs2305619) polymorphisms-association with inflammation and all-cause mortality in end-stage-renal disease patients on dialysis
Authors: Rocha Susana , Valente Maria João , Coimbra Susana , Catarino Cristina , Rocha-Pereira Petronila , Oliveira José Gerardo , Madureira José , Fernandes João Carlos , do Sameiro-Faria Maria , Miranda Vasco , Belo Luís , Santos-Silva Alice , Bronze-da-Rocha Elsa
Published: July 2021

Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the progression and outcome of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The circulating levels of the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 6 (IL6) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) are enhanced in CKD patients, and are associated with the progression of the disease and with higher risk for cardiovascular events, the major cause of death in CKD patients. Our aim was to study how specific polymorphisms of IL6 and PTX3 encoding genes affect the inflammatory response and outcome of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis. Methodology included the analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), namely the IL6 (rs1800795) polymorphism in the promoter region (-174G > C), and the PTX3 (rs2305619) polymorphism in the intron 1 (+ 281A > G), which were analyzed in ESRD patients on dialysis and in a group of heathy individuals. The allelic frequencies, genotype distribution and their association with circulating levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), IL6, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and PTX3, were determined in ESRD patients. Events of death were recorded along one year, to assess the association of the studied SNPs with all-cause mortality and the inflammatory biomarkers, in ESRD patients. Results showed that the allelic frequencies and genotype distribution for IL6 and PTX3 SNPs in the control group and ESRD patients were similar and in agreement with other European reports. For the IL6 polymorphism, we found a trend towards higher levels of high-sensitivity (hs) CRP, IL6 and PTX3 in the homozygous genotypes; the CC genotype also showed the highest levels of GDF15. The mortality rate after the 1-year follow-up was 10.4%. The CC genotype (IL6 SNP) was associated to a higher risk of mortality and deceased patients carrying this genotype also showed the highest levels of hsCRP. Regarding the studied PTX3 SNP, the AA genotype was linked to an enhanced inflammatory response, showing the highest values of hsCRP and IL6. Nevertheless, this genotype had no significant impact on the mortality rate. In conclusion, both studied SNPs seem to modulate the inflammatory response in ESRD and may, therefore, be determinant on disease progression and patients’ outcome. Our data also highlights the importance of research on genetic variants that, although less frequent, may have significant biological value.
Synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles loaded on to PNIPAM hybrid microgel and their catalytic activity
Authors: Kakar Mohib Ullah , Khan Khakemin , Akram Muhammad , Sami Rokayya , Khojah Ebtihal , Iqbal Imran , Helal Mahmoud , Hakeem Abdul , Deng Yulin , Dai Rongji
Published: July 2021

This study was designed to preparecarboxyl-functionalized poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAM microgels having excellent catalytic properties.Recently, researchers are trying to fabricate cost effective and efficient hybrid catalytic materials for the synthesis of nitrogenous compounds along with enhanced optical properties. For the same motive, synthesis of carboxyl-functionalized PNIPAM microgels was performed by using polymerization of soap-free emulsion of N-isopropyl acrylamide, which is NIPAM along with acrylic acid (AA). The thiol group was introduced through the imide bond mediated by carbodiimide, between carboxyl-functionalized microgels through carboxyl group and aminoethanethiol (AET). Copper, Palladium and Cu/Pd nanoparticles were incorporated successfully into thiol-functionalized PNIPAM microgels through metals thiol linkage. The synthesized microgels and hybrid encompassing metallic nanoparticles were characterized in detail by using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy for structural interpretation. The thermal properties of the pure and hybrid microgels were inspected by TG analysis. The prepared nanocomposites PNIPAM-Cu, PNIPAM-Pd and PNIPAM-Cu/Pd exhibited decent catalytic properties for the degradation of 4-Nitrophenol and methylene blue, but the bimetallic Cu/Pd have remarkable catalytic properties. The catalytic reaction followed pseudo-first-order reaction with rate constants 0.223 min−1, 0.173 min−1 for 4-Nitrophenol and methylene blue in that order. In this study,we were able to establish that Cu/Pd hybrid is an efficient catalyst for 4-Nitrophenol and methylene blue as compared to its atomic analogue.
Modulation of spatial and temporal modules in lower limb muscle activations during walking with simulated reduced gravity
Authors: Hagio Shota , Nakazato Makoto , Kouzaki Motoki
Published: July 2021

Gravity plays a crucial role in shaping patterned locomotor output to maintain dynamic stability during locomotion. The present study aimed to clarify the gravity-dependent regulation of modules that organize multiple muscle activities during walking in humans. Participants walked on a treadmill at seven speeds (1–6 km h−1 and a subject- and gravity-specific speed determined by the Froude number (Fr) corresponding to 0.25) while their body weight was partially supported by a lift to simulate walking with five levels of gravity conditions from 0.07 to 1 g. Modules, i.e., muscle-weighting vectors (spatial modules) and phase-dependent activation coefficients (temporal modules), were extracted from 12 lower-limb electromyographic (EMG) activities in each gravity (Fr ~ 0.25) using nonnegative matrix factorization. Additionally, a tensor decomposition model was fit to the EMG data to quantify variables depending on the gravity conditions and walking speed with prescribed spatial and temporal modules. The results demonstrated that muscle activity could be explained by four modules from 1 to 0.16 g and three modules at 0.07 g, and the modules were shared for both spatial and temporal components among the gravity conditions. The task-dependent variables of the modules acting on the supporting phase linearly decreased with decreasing gravity, whereas that of the module contributing to activation prior to foot contact showed nonlinear U-shaped modulation. Moreover, the profiles of the gravity-dependent modulation changed as a function of walking speed. In conclusion, reduced gravity walking was achieved by regulating the contribution of prescribed spatial and temporal coordination in muscle activities.
Blunted natriuretic response to saline loading in sheep with hypertensive kidney disease following radiofrequency catheter-based renal denervation
Authors: Singh Reetu R. , McArdle Zoe , Singh Harshil , Booth Lindsea C. , May Clive N. , Head Geoffrey A. , Moritz Karen M. , Schlaich Markus P. , Denton Kate M.
Published: July 2021

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute to renal excretory function during volume expansion. We hypothesized that intact renal innervation is required for excretion of a fluid/electrolyte load in hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and normotensive healthy settings. Blood pressure, kidney hemodynamic and excretory response to 180 min of isotonic saline loading (0.13 ml/kg/min) were examined in female normotensive (control) and hypertensive CKD sheep at 2 and 11 months after sham (control-intact, CKD-intact) or radiofrequency catheter-based RDN (control-RDN, CKD-RDN) procedure. Basal blood pressure was ~ 7 to 9 mmHg lower at 2, and 11 months in CKD-RDN compared with CKD-intact sheep. Saline loading did not alter glomerular filtration rate in any group. At 2 months, in response to saline loading, total urine and sodium excretion were ~ 40 to 50% less, in control-RDN and CKD-RDN than intact groups. At 11 months, the natriuretic and diuretic response to saline loading were similar between control-intact, control-RDN and CKD-intact groups but sodium excretion was ~ 42% less in CKD-RDN compared with CKD-intact at this time-point. These findings indicate that chronic withdrawal of basal renal sympathetic activity impairs fluid/electrolyte excretion during volume expansion. Clinically, a reduced ability to excrete a saline load following RDN may contribute to disturbances in body fluid balance in hypertensive CKD.
Complex shaped periodic corrugations for broadband Bull’s Eye antennas
Authors: Kampouridou Despoina , Feresidis Alexandros
Published: July 2021

Periodically corrugated metallic antennas have been developed in recent years from microwave to THz frequencies, due to their advantages of highly directive radiation patterns, low profile and ease of fabrication. However, the limited gain bandwidth of such antennas remains one of their inherent disadvantages. In terms of design, the majority of the existing implementations in literature utilize the standard rectangular shaped corrugated unit cell. In this paper, we propose novel complex shaped corrugated unit cells that produce a broadband performance when assembled in a periodic configuration. Two broadband prototypes are presented at the Ku frequency band that are formed of hybrid shaped corrugations. The first prototype of six periodic rings achieves, for the first time, a flat gain simulated response with a maximum value of 15.7 dBi, 1-dB gain bandwidth of 16.4%, and an extended 3-dB gain bandwidth of 19.64%. The second novel prototype of five rings achieves an enhanced 3-dB gain bandwidth of 15.2% and maximum gain of 18.1 dBi.
High-throughput compound screening identifies navitoclax combined with irradiation as a candidate therapy for HPV-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tuomainen Katja , Hyytiäinen Aini , Al-Samadi Ahmed , Ianevski Philipp , Ianevski Aleksandr , Potdar Swapnil , Turunen Laura , Saarela Jani , Kuznetsov Sergey , Wahbi Wafa , Risteli Maija , Mäkitie Antti , Monni Outi , Salo Tuula
Published: July 2021

Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are nonselective, often resulting in severe side effects and the development of resistance. Therefore, new molecular-targeted therapies are urgently needed to be integrated into existing treatment regimens. Here, we performed a high-throughput compound screen to identify a synergistic interaction between ionizing radiation and 396 anticancer compounds. The assay was run using five human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines cultured on the human tumor-derived matrix Myogel. Our screen identified several compounds with strong synergistic and antagonistic effects, which we further investigated using multiple irradiation doses. Navitoclax, which emerged as the most promising radiosensitizer, exhibited synergy with irradiation regardless of the p53 mutation status in all 13 HNSCC cell lines. We performed a live cell apoptosis assay for two representative HNSCC cell lines to examine the effects of navitoclax and irradiation. As a single agent, navitoclax reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the navitoclax–irradiation combination arrested cell cycle progression and resulted in substantially elevated apoptosis. Overall, we demonstrated that combining navitoclax with irradiation resulted in synergistic in vitro antitumor effects in HNSCC cell lines, possibly indicating the therapeutic potential for HNSCC patients.
Smoking habit as a risk amplifier in chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Provenzano Michele , Serra Raffaele , Michael Ashour , Bolignano Davide , Coppolino Giuseppe , Ielapi Nicola , Serraino Giuseppe Filiberto , Mastroroberto Pasquale , Locatelli Francesco , De Nicola Luca , Andreucci Michele
Published: July 2021

Several studies showed the association between non-traditional risk factors [proteinuria and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)] and cardiovascular (CV) and renal outcomes. Nevertheless, the etiologic role of traditional CV risk factors in referred CKD patients is less defined. Herein, we examined the association between smoking habit and CV events, mortality and CKD progression. We undertook an observational analysis of 1306 stage III–V CKD patients. Smoking habit was modeled as a categorical (never, current or former smokers) and continuous (number of cigarettes/day) variable. Mean eGFR was 35.8 ± 12.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. Never, current and former smokers were 61.1%, 10.8% and 28.1%. During a median follow-up of 2.87 years, current and former smokers were at significant risk for CV events (HRs of 1.93 [95% CI, 1.18–3.16] and 1.44 [95% CI, 1.01–2.05]) versus never smokers. Current smokers were at increased mortality risk (HR 2.13 [95% CI, 1.10–4.11]). Interactions were found between former smokers and proteinuria (p = 0.007) and diabetes (p = 0.041) for renal risk, and between current smokers and male gender (p = 0.044) and CKD stage V (p = 0.039) for renal and mortality risk. In referred CKD patients, smoking habit is independently associated with CV events and mortality. It acts as a risk “amplifier” for the association between other risk factors and renal outcomes.
Risk factors for onset or progression of epiretinal membrane after cataract surgery
Authors: Kwon Soonil , Kim Boyun , Jeon Sohee
Published: July 2021

While the precise diagnosis of early stage epiretinal membrane (ERM) at the time of cataract surgery and evaluation of risk factors for development or progression of ERM after cataract surgery is increasingly important, there is only limited information. In the present study, we evaluated the risk factors for onset or progression of ERM on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) after cataract surgery. The univariate analysis showed that eyes with partial posterior vitreous detachment (PVD; p < 0.001), hyper-reflective foci (HF) on the inner retinal surface (p < 0.001), vitreoschisis (p = 0.014), and discrete margin of different retinal reflectivity (DMDRR; p = 0.007) on ultra-widefield fundus photography (UWF-FP) had significant risk for the onset or progression of ERM after cataract surgery. The multivariate analysis showed that partial PVD (HR, 3.743; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.956–7.162; p < 0.001), HF (HR, 2.330; 95% CI, 1.281–4.239; p = 0.006), and DMDRR on UWF-FP (HR, 3.392; 95% CI, 1.522–7.558; p = 0.003) were the independent risk factors for the onset or progression of ERM after cataract surgery after adjustment for other confounding factors. Our study shows that the onset or progression of ERM after cataract surgery depends on an abnormal vitreoretinal interface (VRI) represented by partial PVD, HF on SD-OCT, and DMDRR on UWF-FP, not on age, axial length, or presence of ERM at the time of surgery. A meticulous funduscopic evaluation of the VRI would help to predict the ERM risk before cataract surgery.
Simple and cost-effective microfabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics for wearable multi-functional electrophysiological monitoring
Authors: Kim Chae Hyun , Lee Dong Hyeon , Youn Jiman , Lee Hongje , Jeong Joonsoo
Published: July 2021

The fabrication of flexible and stretchable electronics is a critical requirement for the successful application of wearable healthcare devices. Although such flexible electronics have been commonly fabricated by microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies, they require a specialised equipment for vacuum deposition, photolithography, and wet and dry etching. A photolithography-free simple patterning method using a desktop plotter cutter has been proposed; however, the metal formation and electrode opening still rely on the MEMS technology. To address this issue, we demonstrate a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and a complete microfabrication process for flexible and stretchable sensor platforms encompassing conductor formation and patterning to encapsulate and open sensing windows, which only require an economic plotter cutter and readily available supplies. Despite its simplicity, the proposed process could stably create microscale features of 200 μm wide conductor lines and 1 mm window openings, which are in the useful range for various wearable applications. The feasibility of the simple fabrication of multi-functional sensors for various physiological monitoring applications was successfully demonstrated in electrochemical (glucose), electrical (electrocardiogram), mechanical (strain), and thermal (body temperature) modalities.
Simulated transient hearing loss improves auditory sensitivity
Authors: Krauss Patrick , Tziridis Konstantin
Published: July 2021

Recently, it was proposed that a processing principle called adaptive stochastic resonance plays a major role in the auditory system, and serves to maintain optimal sensitivity even to highly variable sound pressure levels. As a side effect, in case of reduced auditory input, such as permanent hearing loss or frequency specific deprivation, this mechanism may eventually lead to the perception of phantom sounds like tinnitus or the Zwicker tone illusion. Using computational modeling, the biological plausibility of this processing principle was already demonstrated. Here, we provide experimental results that further support the stochastic resonance model of auditory perception. In particular, Mongolian gerbils were exposed to moderate intensity, non-damaging long-term notched noise, which mimics hearing loss for frequencies within the notch. Remarkably, the animals developed significantly increased sensitivity, i.e. improved hearing thresholds, for the frequency centered within the notch, but not for frequencies outside the notch. In addition, most animals treated with the new paradigm showed identical behavioral signs of phantom sound perception (tinnitus) as animals with acoustic trauma induced tinnitus. In contrast, animals treated with broadband noise as a control condition did not show any significant threshold change, nor behavioral signs of phantom sound perception.
Microfluidic chips provide visual access to in situ soil ecology
Authors: Mafla-Endara Paola Micaela , Arellano-Caicedo Carlos , Aleklett Kristin , Pucetaite Milda , Ohlsson Pelle , Hammer Edith C.
Published: July 2021

Microbes govern most soil functions, but investigation of these processes at the scale of their cells has been difficult to accomplish. Here we incubate microfabricated, transparent ‘soil chips’ with soil, or bury them directly in the field. Both soil microbes and minerals enter the chips, which enables us to investigate diverse community interdependences, such as inter-kingdom and food-web interactions, and feedbacks between microbes and the pore space microstructures. The presence of hyphae (‘fungal highways’) strongly and frequently increases the dispersal range and abundance of water-dwelling organisms such as bacteria and protists across air pockets. Physical forces such as water movements, but also organisms and especially fungi form new microhabitats by altering the pore space architecture and distribution of soil minerals in the chip. We show that soil chips hold a large potential for studying in-situ microbial interactions and soil functions, and to interconnect field microbial ecology with laboratory experiments.
Social familiarity improves fast-start escape performance in schooling fish
Authors: Nadler Lauren E. , McCormick Mark I. , Johansen Jacob L. , Domenici Paolo
Published: July 2021

Using social groups (i.e. schools) of the tropical damselfishChromis viridis, we test how familiarity through repeated social interactions influences fast-start responses, the primary defensive behaviour in a range of taxa, including fish, sharks, and larval amphibians. We focus on reactivity through response latency and kinematic performance (i.e. agility and propulsion) following a simulated predator attack, while distinguishing between first and subsequent responders (direct response to stimulation versus response triggered by integrated direct and social stimulation, respectively). In familiar schools, first and subsequent responders exhibit shorter latency than unfamiliar individuals, demonstrating that familiarity increases reactivity to direct and, potentially, social stimulation. Further, familiarity modulates kinematic performance in subsequent responders, demonstrated by increased agility and propulsion. These findings demonstrate that the benefits of social recognition and memory may enhance individual fitness through greater survival of predator attacks.
A combined GWAS approach reveals key loci for socially-affected traits in Yorkshire pigs
Authors: Wu Pingxian , Wang Kai , Zhou Jie , Chen Dejuan , Jiang Anan , Jiang Yanzhi , Zhu Li , Qiu Xiaotian , Li Xuewei , Tang Guoqing
Published: July 2021

Socially affected traits in pigs are controlled by direct genetic effects and social genetic effects, which can make elucidation of their genetic architecture challenging. We evaluated the genetic basis of direct genetic effects and social genetic effects by combining single-locus and haplotype-based GWAS on imputed whole-genome sequences. Nineteen SNPs and 25 haplotype loci are identified for direct genetic effects on four traits: average daily feed intake, average daily gain, days to 100 kg and time in feeder per day. Nineteen SNPs and 11 haplotype loci are identified for social genetic effects on average daily feed intake, average daily gain, days to 100 kg and feeding speed. Two significant SNPs from single-locus GWAS (SSC6:18,635,874 and SSC6:18,635,895) are shared by a significant haplotype locus with haplotype alleles ‘GGG’ for both direct genetic effects and social genetic effects in average daily feed intake. A candidate gene, MT3, which is involved in growth, nervous, and immune processes, is identified. We demonstrate the genetic differences between direct genetic effects and social genetic effects and provide an anchor for investigating the genetic architecture underlying direct genetic effects and social genetic effects on socially affected traits in pigs.
A general mechanism of KCNE1 modulation of KCNQ1 channels involving non-canonical VSD-PD coupling
Authors: Wu Xiaoan , Perez Marta E. , Noskov Sergei Yu , Larsson H. Peter
Published: July 2021

Voltage-gated KCNQ1 channels contain four separate voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) and a pore domain (PD). KCNQ1 expressed alone opens when the VSDs are in an intermediate state. In cardiomyocytes, KCNQ1 co-expressed with KCNE1 opens mainly when the VSDs are in a fully activated state. KCNE1 also drastically slows the opening of KCNQ1 channels and shifts the voltage dependence of opening by >40 mV. We here show that mutations of conserved residues at the VSD–PD interface alter the VSD–PD coupling so that the mutant KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels open in the intermediate VSD state. Using recent structures of KCNQ1 and KCNE beta subunits in different states, we present a mechanism by which KCNE1 rotates the VSD relative to the PD and affects the VSD–PD coupling of KCNQ1 channels in a non-canonical way, forcing KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels to open in the fully-activated VSD state. This would explain many of the KCNE1-induced effects on KCNQ1 channels.
Gauge-dependent topology in non-reciprocal hopping systems with pseudo-Hermitian symmetry
Authors: Zhang Xintong , Xu Ke , Liu Chunmin , Song Xiaoxiao , Hou Bowen , Yu Rui , Zhang Hao , Li Dan , Li Jing
Published: July 2021

Energy conservation is not valid in non-Hermitian systems with gain/loss or non-reciprocity, which leads to various extraordinary resonant characteristics. Compared with Hermitian systems, the intersection of non-Hermitian physics and topology generates new phases that have not been observed in condensed-matter systems before. Here, utilizing the designed two-dimensional periodical model with non-reciprocal hopping terms, we show how to obtain both the ellipse-like or hyperbolic-like spectral degeneracy, the topological boundary modes and the bulk-boundary correspondence by the protection of time-reversal symmetry and pseudo-Hermitian symmetry. Notably, the boundary modes and bulk-boundary correspondence can simultaneously appear only for specific selection of the primitive cell, and we explored the analytical solution to verify such gauge-dependent topological behaviors. Our topolectrical circuit simulation provides a flexible approach to confirm the designed properties and clarify the crucial role of pseudo-Hermiticity on the stability of a practical system. In a broader view, our findings can be compared to other platforms such as meta-surface or photonic crystals, for the purpose on the control of resonant frequency and localization properties.
C-Methylenation of anilines and indoles with CO2 and hydrosilane using a pentanuclear zinc complex catalyst
Authors: Takaishi Kazuto , Kosugi Hiroyasu , Nishimura Ritsuki , Yamada Yuya , Ema Tadashi
Published: July 2021

The one-step C-methylenation of arenes with CO2 and phenylsilane was catalyzed by a pentanuclear ZnII complex to give diarylmethanes via C–H and C–C bond formation.
Kinetic evidence for the transiently shifted acidity constant of histidine linked to paramagnetic tyrosine probed by intramolecular electron transfer in oxidized peptides
Authors: Morozova Olga B. , Stass Dmitri V. , Yurkovskaya Alexandra V.
Published: July 2021

The rate constant of electron transfer (ET) from tyrosine to histidine radicals in oxidized peptides correlates with increased pKa of histidine linked to the paramagnetic tyrosine formed as the ET reaction product.
Surface engraving engineering of polyhedral photocatalysts
Authors: Sun Shaodong , Yang Xiaoli , Yang Man , Cui Jie , Yang Qing , Liang Shuhua
Published: July 2021

Surface engraving engineering of polyhedral photocatalysts is overviewed based on synthetic strategies and engraved surface-related photocatalytic mechanisms. Some challenges and perspectives are also proposed.
Ultrafast and nanomolar level detection of H2S in aqueous medium using a functionalized UiO-66 metal–organic framework based fluorescent chemosensor
Authors: Ghosh Subhrajyoti , Biswas Shyam
Published: July 2021

A new robust Zr(iv) based UiO-66 MOF with 4-nitrophenyl functionalization was used for the rapid, selective and nanomolar level fluorescence turn-on detection of H2S in the aqueous medium.
A novel passive sampling approach for SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in a Canadian province with low prevalence of COVID-19
Authors: Hayes E. K. , Sweeney C. L. , Anderson L. E. , Li B. , Erjavec G. B. , Gouthro M. T. , Krkosek W. H. , Stoddart A. K. , Gagnon G. A.
Published: July 2021

A simple passive sampling protocol using cheesecloth and electronegative filters coupled with a Tween®20-based elution technique provided reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater at targeted locations in a region of low COVID-19 prevalence.