bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing the decline in climatic mass balance of glaciers in Svalbard over 1957–2014
Authors: Østby Torbjørn Ims , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Hagen Jon Ove , Hock Regine , Kohler Jack , Reijmer Carleen H.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Estimating the long-term mass balance of the high-Arctic Svalbard archipelago is difficult due to the incomplete geodetic and direct glaciological measurements, both in space and time. To close these gaps, we use a coupled surface energy balance and snow pack model to analyse the mass changes of all Svalbard glaciers for the period 1957–2014. The model is forced by ERA-40 and ERA-Interim reanalysis data, downscaled to 1 km resolution. The model is validated using snow/firn temperature and density measurements, mass balance from stakes and ice cores, meteorological measurements, snow depths from radar profiles and remotely sensed surface albedo and skin temperatures. Overall model performance is good, but it varies regionally. Over the entire period the model yields a climatic mass balance of 8.2 cm w. e.  yr−1, which corresponds to a mass input of 175 Gt. Climatic mass balance has a linear trend of −1.4 ± 0.4 cm w. e.  yr−2 with a shift from a positive to a negative regime around 1980. Modelled mass balance exhibits large interannual variability, which is controlled by summer temperatures and further amplified by the albedo feedback. For the recent period 2004–2013 climatic mass balance was −21 cm w. e.  yr−1, and accounting for frontal ablation estimated by Błaszczyk et al.(2009) yields a total Svalbard mass balance of −39 cm w. e.  yr−1 for this 10-year period. In terms of eustatic sea level, this corresponds to a rise of 0.037 mm yr−1. Refreezing of water in snow and firn is substantial at 22 cm w. e.  yr−1 or 26 % of total annual accumulation. However, as warming leads to reduced firn area over the period, refreezing decreases both absolutely and relative to the total accumulation. Negative mass balance and elevated equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) resulted in massive reduction of the thick (>  2 m) firn extent and an increase in the superimposed ice, thin (<  2 m) firn and bare ice extents. Atmospheric warming also leads to a marked change in the thermal regime, with cooling of the glacier mid-elevation and warming in the ablation zone and upper firn areas. On the long-term, by removing the thermal barrier, this warming has implications for the vertical transfer of surface meltwater through the glacier and down to the base, influencing basal hydrology, sliding and thereby overall glacier motion.
Snow water equivalent in the Alps as seen by gridded datasets,
CMIP5 and CORDEX climate models
Authors: Terzago Silvia , von Hardenberg Jost , Palazzi Elisa , Provenzale Antonello
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The estimate of the current and future conditions of snow resources in mountain areas depends on the availability of reliable, high resolution, regional observation-based gridded datasets and of climate models capable of properly representing snow processes and snow-climate interactions. Owing to the sparseness of station-based reference observations, in past decades mainly passive microwave remote sensing and reanalysis products have been used to infer information on the snow water equivalent distribution. However, the investigation has usually been limited to flat terrains as the reliability of these products in mountain areas is poorly characterized. This work considers the available snow water equivalent datasets from remote sensing and from reanalyses for the Greater Alpine Region (GAR), and explores their ability to provide a coherent view of the snow water equivalent distribution and climatology in this area. Further we analyze the simulations from the regional and global climate models (RCMs, GCMs) participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment over the European domain (EURO-CORDEX) and in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) respectively. We evaluate their reliability in reproducing snow water equivalent against the remote sensing and reanalysis datasets previously considered. The results of the analysis show that the distribution of snow water equivalent and the amplitude of its annual cycle are reproduced quite differently by the different remote sensing and renalysis datasets, which in fact exhibit a large spread around the ensemble mean. We find that GCMs at spatial resolutions finer than 1.25° longitude are in closer agreement with the ensemble mean of satellite and reanalysis products in terms of RMSE and standard deviation than lower resolution GCMs. The set of regional climate models from the EURO-CORDEX ensemble provides estimates of snow water equivalent that are locally much larger than those indicated by the gridded datasets but these differences are smoothed out when snow water equivalent is spatially averaged over the Alpine domain. ERA-Interim driven RCM simulations show a snow annual cycle comparable in amplitude to those provided by the reference datasets while GCM-driven RCMs present a large positive bias. The snow reduction expected by mid-21st century in the RCP 8.5 scenario is weaker in higher-resolution RCM simulations than in GCM runs.
Entrepreneurial orientation, assessment and management of projects and impact in corporate entrepreneurship: intention to action
Authors:   Escuela de Economía y Finanzas de la Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 N° 7 Sur-50, Medellin (Colombia). rcardona@eafit.edu.co, Cardona Montoya Raúl Armando , Martins Izaias ,   Escuela de Administración de la Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 N° 7 Sur-50, Medellin (Colombia). imartins@eafit.edu.co, Velásquez Ceballos Hermilson ,   Escuela de Economía y Finanzas de la Universidad EAFIT, Carrera 49 N° 7 Sur-50, Medellin (Colombia). evelas@eafit.edu.co
Published: January 2017

Corporate entrepreneurship remains a phenomenon under study due to the positive impact it has generated, first of all, over companies, strengthening their competitive advantages and increasing their value. Secondly, it contributes to the macroeconomic dynamism that occurs in nations in terms of growth, employment, income, innovation and competitiveness. Focusing on Theories of Corporate Entrepreneurship and Resources and Capabilities, the aim of this paper is to relate the entrepreneurial orientation as intention to corporate entrepreneurship as action, considering their differences and complementarities. The database used for empirical confrontation comes from the survey of 137 SME in the Colombian manufacturing sector. Multivariate analysis models and structural equations were estimated, and quantitative evidence of direct and positive relationships with both phenomena indirectly mediated by the capability to assess and manage projects will be presented. This capability has been little explored in previous studies and not proven in relation to the phenomenon analyzed. The results of the factor analysis suggest that this capability can be considered as a theoretical construct, adding theoretical developments with respect to previous studies which have included and analyzed other capabilities.
Provisions for claims outstanding, incurred but not reported, with generalized linear models: prediction error formulated according to calendar year
Authors:   Departamento de Matemática Económica, Financiera y Actuarial, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Avenida Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona (España). evaboj@ub.edu, Boj del Val Eva , Costa Cor Teresa ,   Departamento de Matemática Económica, Financiera y Actuarial, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Avenida Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona (España). tcosta@ub.edu
Published: January 2017

In the current context of Solvency II, insurance companies are required to implement demanding business risk management systems. An important aspect of this risk management is the problem of technical provisions in non-life insurance and, as such, it is in the interest of insurers to calculate the prediction error that has occurred when using methodology to estimate a company’s future payments. Furthermore, the predictive distribution of the fitted values, which is descriptive of the risk, allows us to estimate, for example, its Value at Risk at a given confidence level. In this paper we focus on the application of generalized linear models to the amounts of claim losses of a run-off triangle. In order to achieve error distribution, a parameter dependent parametric family is assumed, along with the logarithmic link function. The parametric family has as particular cases the Poisson, the Gamma and the Inverse Gaussian distributions. The particular case which assumes an (over-dispersed) Poisson distribution with the logarithmic link is widely known because it offers the same provision estimation as the deterministic Chain-Ladder method. In this study we develop formulas of the prediction error of future payments by calendar years for the general parametric family. This allows us to perform calculations that consider a financial environment, whether employing analytical formulation or bootstrap estimation. In practice, the presented formulations allow a determination to be made of the present value of the incurred but not reported claim of future payments including a risk margin with statistical significance.
The marketing orientation as a university management philosophy: a framework to guide its application
Authors:   Department of Financial Economics II, Faculty of Economics and Business, Comandante Izarduy 23, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). amaia.lafuente@ehu.eus, Lafuente Ruiz de Sabando Amaia , Forcada Javier ,   Department of Financial Economics II, Faculty of Economics and Business, Comandante Izarduy 23, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). javier.forcada@ehu.eus, Zorrilla Pilar ,   Department of Financial Economics II, Faculty of Economics and Business, Lehendakari Aguirre 83, 48015 Bilbao (Spain). pilar.zorrilla@ehu.eus
Published: January 2017

The environment in which university institutions develop their activities has become more competitive over recent decades and market elements have been introduced into the sector. Accordingly, universities have shown a growing interest in developing and maintaining a favourable and distinctive image among their stakeholders. To this end, many of them have focused their efforts on the improvement and renewal of training programs. However, such efforts have not always been matched in the transmission of a more favourable perception among their stakeholders. This context calls for university management with a marketing orientation. However, university marketing is in its early stages in many parts of the world and the incorporation of marketing principles and practices in the field of higher education encounters much reluctance from citizens and academics. This contribution sets out the reasons for this resistance, which may be grounded in a misconception about the discipline, and a working framework for marketing management in universities is proposed to facilitate the practical implementation of marketing philosophy in such institutions. It is a framework whose design involves a combination of services marketing and corporate marketing proposals and highlights aspects that managers of higher education institutions should focus on 1) to meet the demands of different stakeholders with varied (and sometimes conflicting) interests and 2) to move towards the development of a favourable perception among the stakeholders of the institutions they manage.
Rapportageverplichtingen omtrent maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen: ontwikkelingen in wetgeving en praktijk
Authors: Pabbruwe S.N. , Streiff F.
Published: January 2017

Rapportageverplichtingen omtrent maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen: ontwikkelingen in wetgeving en praktijk

Ondernemingen rapporteren steeds vaker op vrijwillige basis over duurzaamheid. Dit artikel bespreekt die maatschappelijke trend en de daarop aansluitende regelgeving, zoals de Europese richtlijn die bepaalde ondernemingen verplicht om te rapporteren over niet-financiële onderwerpen, zoals mensenrechten, corruptie en milieu, evenals de mogelijke rol voor de Corporate Governance Code.
Het onderzoeksverslag in enquêteprocedures: openheid versus vertrouwelijkheid
Authors: de Kraker H.J.
Published: January 2017

Het onderzoeksverslag in enquêteprocedures: openheid versus vertrouwelijkheid

Dit artikel bevat een overzicht van recente uitspraken van de Ondernemingskamer met betrekking tot verzoeken tot inzage in het onderzoeksverslag of machtiging om het met derden te delen. In dat kader wordt telkens een belangenafweging gemaakt tussen openheid en vertrouwelijkheid.
Creatividad y tecnología. Influencias mutuas para un enfoque docente
Authors: Entenza Rodríguez Ana , Tena Parera Daniel , Martínez Bouza José Manuel
Published: January 2017

A veces, cuando se crea un mensaje publicitario, puede suceder que las prioridades del anunciante, el equipo creativo y la empresa de producción no coincidan: el anunciante querrá el mejor aspecto posible dentro de un presupuesto; el equipo creativo un trabajo espectacular; y las empresas de producción, diponer de piezas que se puedan reproducir industrialmente, con la calidad exigida por su cliente. Cuando los intereses no coinciden aparecen los problemas, ¿cómo evitarlo?  Creemos que si, desde las plataformas académicas, enseñamos a los futuros creativos los conocimientos técnicos necesarios mejorará su producto creativo.
Una aproximació ontològica de la interfície d’Internet i les implicacions en el disseny.
Authors: Morera Vidal Francesc
Published: January 2017

La seva estructura d'Internet no és uniforme ni ordenada en el sentit de “prevista”, sinó que més aviat és adaptable i caòtica. El punt de contacte entre l’emissor i el receptor final de la informació digital és la interfície. La forma habitual de la interfície és la de pantalla.La interfície no ofereix una connexió neutre en cap de les dues direccions de la comunicació a la xarxa. El control de l’aparença de la interfície condicionarà aquesta comunicació. En un mitjà sincrètic com Internet, el disseny de la interfície té influència en el desplaçament dels centres de poder.
Atención y atención conjunta a los spots de TV. Estudio con la tecnología del eye tracker
Authors: Añaños Elena , Oliver Andreu
Published: January 2017

Con la tecnología del eye tracker se estudia el efecto atencional del packaging en los spots en situación de atención conjunta, es decir, cuando el packaging aparece interactuando con el protagonista a través de su mirada. Los resultados muestran que la atención se concentra en el packaging durante la interacción y en la imagen cuando ambos elementos no interactúan; durante la interacción el packaging capta la atención de más sujetos y de forma más rápida y la mantiene durante más tiempo. Se concluye que, como estrategia publicitaria, la interacción es efectiva en relación a la atención dispensada al packaging.
Acquisition of databases for facial analysis
Authors: Malawski Filip
Published: January 2017

This article describes guidelines and recommendations for acquisition of databases for facial analysis. New devices and methods for both face recognition
and facial expression recognition are constantly developed. In order to evaluate these devices and methods, dedicated datasets are recorded.
Acquisition of a database for facial analysis is not an easy task and requires taking into account multiple issues. Based on our experience with recording
databases for facial expression recognition, we provide guidelines regarding the acquisition process. Multiple aspects of such process are discussed
in this work, namely selection of sensors and data streams, design and structure of the database, technical aspects, acquisition conditions and
design of the user interface. Recommendations how to address these aspects are provided and justified. An acquisition software, designed according
to these guidelines, is also discussed. The software was used for recording an extended version of our previous facial expression recognition database
and proved to both ensure correct data and be convenient for the recorded subjects.
Procedural Generation of Underground Systems with Terrain Features using Schematic Maps and L-systems
Authors: Antoniuk Izabella , Rokita Przemysław
Published: January 2017

This article describes an algorithm for procedural generation of underground systems with terrain features, by processing set of schematic maps.
L-system and cellular automata are used to generate final system shapes. Most of existing algorithms are not suitable for application in computer
games, since they usually lack any considerable level of control, require large amount of computation or produce overly complex meshes. We present
our solution, that can produce editable 3D objects from very simple input, with high level of control over final system layout. We also allow evaluation
at every key step of generation process. Presented approach incorporates placement of various terrain features with stalactites, stalagmites and
columns as an example of such elements. Obtained results can be used in computer games or similar applications.
Methodology for generating stable concentrations of nano-objects
Authors: Kaczorowska Beata
Published: January 2017

With an increasing number of companies using and producing nanomaterials, also the number of workers who are exposed to nano-objects is increasing.
Nano-objects, because of their very small size, can very easily overcome the human systemic barrier and rapidly penetrate into the body,
settling mainly in the lungs. It is important to establish standards for nanomaterials, because of the health and safety of workers who are exposed to
nanomaterials in their workplace. During the exposure evaluation, it is important to determine the parameters of nano-objects in real-time and thus
it is necessary to validate the measuring apparatus used during researches.
The purpose of the project is to provide the possibility of obtaining stable concentrations of the nano-objects to validate the measuring apparatus for
real-time testing of parameters of the nano-objects.
The literature review [1-4] on methodology for generating nano-objects using techniques of nucleation and spark discharge was made. After analyzing
different models, which were found in the literature [1-4], an experimental set-up was created. The experimental set-up is composed of: an
aerosol generator, an aerosol neutralizer, a high-temperature furnace, a heat exchanger, a dilution system and a sampling chamber. Our set-up has
many advantages:
–– it can generate different types of nano-objects (carbon, cooper and silver nano-objects) with stable concentration;
–– it can generate nano-objects with different concentration;
–– it allows to take four samples at the same time and measure their parameters by using various measurement apparatus.
Thanks to the built set-up, it will be possible to validate measuring apparatus for testing parameters of nano-objects in real-time using an ELPI+
(Dekati) as a reference apparatus.
Architecture of higher education in Poland in the context of sustainable development
Authors: Żabicki Piotr
Published: January 2017

The beginning of the 21st century was in Poland a period of intense investment activity in the development of infrastructure for higher education.
University campuses have the potential to become an excellent model of architecture and urban planning with ideal symbiosis of learning and
working, residence and recreation. Ecology issues must have value of moral imperative and are an expression of social responsibility for politicians,
teachers and the media, as opinion-forming centres. By virtue of this mission, universities should therefore be interested in promoting sustainable
architecture to minimize adverse effects on the environment and to shape ecological society. But many campuses of polish universities do not develop
perfectly. Developed on the city suburbs they do not support the idea of compact city and the process of re-urbanization. Often there is a lack
of application of the principles of sustainable development. We see ad hoc method of developing campuses, tendency to suburbanization, waste of
space and public funds, too little concern for the environment and not enough renewable energy. Institution of higher education must develop in
accordance with the principles of sustainable development. This is the direction specified, as a priority, in the European economy and it’s profitablity
to private companies. Universities as institutions that use
Effect of plasticizers, superplasticizers and silica fly ash on concrete water-resistance
Authors: Ahmad Mohamed
Published: January 2017

Concrete is one of the basic construction materials. It is a composite made of cement, water, coarse and fine aggregate. In the past, concrete was
produced only with primary components, and it was often of poor quality. Nowadays, technological progress and scientific research allowed the concrete
to be made with the use of chemical admixtures and mineral additives to modify and improve selected properties of both the concrete mixture
and hardened concrete. Contrary to popular belief, obtaining concrete with suitable properties is not simple and the choice of mixture components
requires professional knowledge. The care and quality is also extremely important. The paper presents the results of laboratory research concerning
the impact of the plasticizer admixture—Betocrete-C17 and superplasticizer—Arpoment-O and mineral additive of silica fly ash on concrete water
resistance. Capillarity, water permeability and water absorption of the concrete were determined. Additionally, a study of the consistency of fresh
mixture was done and the hardened concrete compressive strength was tested.
Estratégias empresariais e esfera pública: a Zona Franca de Manaus como colonização sócio-política
Authors: Maciel Cleiton Ferreira , Moura Jeanne Mariel Brito de
Published: January 2017

Neste texto, buscamos discutir as estratégias empresariais como forma política de “colonizar” a esfera pública. Nessa perspectiva, configuraremos aqui, em um primeiro momento, um mapa conceitual acerca da relação capital-trabalho no ambiente produtivo da Zona Franca de Manaus, (ZFM) estabelecendo, em seguida, pontos de discussão com alguns direcionamentos teóricos de Hannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin, Edward Said, Antônio Gramsci e Nancy Fraser. A hipótese que lançamos neste artigo e que buscamos problematizar é a de que a Zona Franca de Manaus é uma invenção histórica sobre o lugar, que no século XX vai ganhar forma de “não-lugar”, sendo constituído enquanto espaço transnacionalizado e simbolicamente construído, permeado por interesses políticos e econômicos que transcendem a esfera do “local”. Essa invenção histórica tem como efeito simbólico e prático o enevoamento de contradições sociais que ocorrem no interior da nua e crua realidade do Amazonas, e será usada pela elite local e nacional como ferramenta ideológica para diluir conflitos e mascarar tensões. Uma tentativa da esfera privada de colonizar a esfera pública, portanto.
Trabalhadores na produção da essência de pau-rosa na Amazônia
Authors: Rodrigues Renan Albuquerque , Trindade Deilson Do Carmo , Bitencourt Mirian Souza
Published: January 2017

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar o processo produtivo da essência de pau-rosa na Amazônia, com base nas narrativas dos trabalhadores. Foram coletados depoimentos sobre extração, transporte e destilação da árvore de pau-rosa, bem como a transformação da matéria-prima em óleo linalol em usinas de beneficiamento instaladas em Parintins e Nhamundá, no interior do estado do Amazonas. Observou-se como desempenhavam suas atividades e as particularidades do trabalho nas usinas. Percebeu-se, ainda, a estratégia de solidariedade coletiva relacionada à resistência e à acomodação quanto ao endividamento com o patrão. A análise fundamenta-se nos textos de Meihy (2002), Santos (1980), Meira (1995), Euclides da Cunha (2001) e Carlos Teixeira (2009).
Índios do “Vale Europeu”. Justiça ambiental e território no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Florit Luciano Félix , Oliveira Lilian Blanck de , Fleuri Reinaldo Matias , Wartha Rodrigo
Published: January 2017

Neste artigo analisamos o processo de territorialização do estado de Santa Catarina, enfatizando nas operações de regionalização e nos processos de constituição de identidades étnicas, os quais, combinados, resultam num processo sui generis de construção de identidades regionais. Este processo produziu efeitos habitualmente não reconhecidos pelos discursos oficiais, como segregação territorial e invisibilidade de comunidades indígenas. Sustenta-se que estes efeitos ainda persistem no presente sendo também causa de inequidades ambientais e de exposição desproporcional a desastres por parte da comunidade XoklengLaklãnõ. A análise é apoiada num relato histórico do processo de colonização e numa análise sociológica do processo de reificação regional pela qual o território analisado passa a ser visto como um “Vale Europeu”. Conclui-se que uma concepção decente de sustentabilidade para a região passa por um reconhecimento deste problema de injustiça ambiental que requer de uma atitude decolonizadora apoiada no reconhecimento intercultural.
Migração internacional na Amazônia brasileira no Censo Demográfico de 2010
Authors: Lira Jonatha Rodrigo de Oliveira , Quiroga Daniel Esteban
Published: January 2017

O objetivo principal deste artigo consiste em identificar novos padrões migratórios na Amazônia brasileira, tendo como objeto de pesquisa as mudanças na origem e nos fluxos da migração internacional na região. O estudo fundamenta-se no uso de dados censitários e na relevância da desagregação dos dados por sexo e país de origem, além da utilização do software Redatam+Sp para a decodificação dos microdados do Censo Demográfico brasileiro de 2010. A pesquisa permitiu demonstrar que os padrões dos fluxos migratórios internacionais, tradicionalmente originários da Europa e do Japão, sofreram mudanças significativas a partir da segunda metade do século XX, concentrando principalmente migrantes oriundos de países fronteiriços. Outra constatação apontada pelo estudo na análise da relação entre gêneros, baseada na divisão por sexo, revela que a distribuição espacial na Amazônia brasileira apresenta padrões diferenciados, conforme o país de origem dos imigrantes. Entre as razões que podem explicar esse fenômeno destacam-se a proximidade geográfica, as diferenças socioeconômicas entre os países amazônicos, o empoderamento da mulher e/ou a migração familiar.
Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis: A Proven Cost‐Effective Renewable Water Supply
Authors: Brown Douglas , Rynders Tim , Stillwell Chris , Douglass Chris , Niebur Scott
Published: January 2017

Purchasing and treating brackish groundwater to serve as an alternative for developing renewable water supplies has been a success for a water district in colorado.
Protecting Drinking Water Utilities from Cyberthreats
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Panguluri Srinivas , Nelson Trent D. , Wyman Richard P.
Published: January 2017

As cybersecurity threats in the water sector increase, new guidance tools can help utilities develop countermeasures to protect water sources and supply.
Occurrence and State Approaches for Addressing Cyanotoxins in US Drinking Water
Authors: Henrie Tarrah , Plummer Sarah , Roberson J. Alan
Published: January 2017

Cyanotoxins are becoming a more important issue for water systems since the US environmental protection agency released Health Advisories (HAs) and recommendations for systems’ responses in 2015. This article summarizes how state primacy agencies have responded to the HAs.
Advanced Oxidation Process, Unique Hydrogeology Allow for Innovative Reuse Strategy
Authors: Stanford Benjamin D. , Antolovich Abigail
Published: January 2017

A 10‐month pilot test of advanced oxidation processes helped find the most efficient reuse solution for the city of hollywood to address new florida statutes.
EcoLogic – Investing in a Water‐Secure Future
Authors: Richter Brian
Published: January 2017

Urban water planners in water‐scarce regions face a constant challenge to secure sufficient water supplies to stay a step ahead of the growing water demands nipping at their heels. But looking ahead, the options for bolstering water supplies ‐ which have been so important to urban water management until now ‐ are waning in many water‐stressed areas. Efforts to balance water budgets will need to rely much more heavily on demand management in coming decades.
Internship Program Contributes to Southern California's Economy
Authors: Heer Katie
Published: January 2017

For more than two years, Southern California's Cucamonga Valley Water District (CVWD) has partnered with San Bernardino Valley College (SBVC) on an innovative student internship program. The program was developed as an applied field training course to enhance SBVC's Water Supply Technology Certificate program, where interns rotate through CVWD departments, including Water Maintenance, Wastewater Maintenance, Field Service, Engineering, Production, and Treatment.
Nødvendighedens transformationer. Dansk identitet og politisk tale
Authors: Iversen Stefan , Torrild Christian
Published: January 2017

Stefan Iversen and Christian Torrild: “The Transformations of Necessity: Danish Identity and Political Talk”The article analyses the use and legitimacy of necessity as an argument in political discourse. Taking a string of different texts and speeches from the contemporary Danish debate as its empirical material, the article shows how the government of Thorning-Schmidt used necessity arguments, how the government was criticised for doing so and how the government then reacted to this critique. The readings show how necessity arguments travel and transform across texts, genres and actors as well as across time, in that the necessity argument comes to serve radically different functions in this political debate. Drawing on Bruno Latour’s ideas about the digressive and identity-forming potential of political talk, the article uses its readings to explore the relationship between the current public debate and negotiations of Danish identity.
Det Danmark, vi spiser. Visioner om et andet Danmark i “Frikadellesagen fra Randers” og Nyt Nordisk Køkken
Authors: Vandsø Anette
Published: January 2017

Anette Vandsø: “Eating Denmark: The Implied Visions of ‘Another Denmark’ in the ‘Meat Ball Case’ from Randers and the New Nordic Cuisine”In January 2016 two very different food related events drew headlines in the Danish and the international press: On the one hand readers could read about the political agreement made by the local politicians in the Danish town of Randers, stating that all public institutions must serve pork, and on the other about the Danish elite restaurant and main exponent of New Nordic Cuisine, Noma’s massive success in Australia. This article investigates the salient similarities and differences between the way the two cases relate food and national and regional identity.
La protection des droits de l’homme à l’ère de l’industrie extractive en Afrique
Authors: Manirakiza1 Pacifique
Published: January 2017

En dépit des richesses minières énormes dont les revenus et autres retombées auraient pu permettre aux États africains de s’acquitter des leurs obligations internationales en matière de protection des droits de la personne, force nous est de constater que le coût humain et environnemental de l’exploration et l’exploitation des ressources extractives est très préoccupant. En plus des efforts déployés par les États africains, agissant collectivement ou individuellement, pour parer à cette situation, cet article, se fondant sur une approche basée sur les droits de la personne, fait un plaidoyer pour l’implication communautaire dans la gouvernance de l’industrie active, aux côtés de l’État et des industries extractives.
Une convention contre la criminalité environnementale : une révolution ? Non, une circulation !
Authors: Hellio1 Hugues
Published: January 2017

Un projet de convention internationale contre la criminalité environnementale a été récemment formalisé par une équipe de juristes internationaux. Menée à l’aune des emprunts aux droits positifs nationaux, régionaux et international, son analyse dévoile la circulation des normes et des acteurs du droit international qui a aujourd’hui cours. Ce gage d’une meilleure effectivité de la lutte contre les crimes environnementaux est aussi le ferment d’une possible adoption internationale du projet.
La persévérance scolaire : Le point de vue d’adultes inscrits en formation de base commune
Authors: Villemagne Carine , Daniel Justine , Correa Molina Enrique , Beaudoin Carl , Béland Nancy , Myre-Bisaillon Julie
Published: January 2017

Dans un contexte où toujours plus d’adultes poursuivent leurs études en Formation de base commune, plusieurs vivent des défis de persévérance scolaire. Notre recherche descriptive-interprétative avait donc pour objectif de recueillir et d’analyser les points de vue et les expériences d’adultes inscrits en formation de base commune afin de mieux comprendre les dimensions intrapersonnelles, interpersonnelles et institutionnelles qui entrent en jeu dans la capacité de ces adultes à persévérer. Notre article dresse alors un portrait de soixante-cinq adultes en formation. Leurs parcours scolaires passés et présents, leurs situations de vie actuelles et leurs projets d'avenir montrent la valeur accordée aux études et leur volonté de réussir en s’appuyant sur leurs ressources personnelles et les ressources pédagogiques mises à leur disposition.
Induced thermoluminescence as a method for dating recent volcanism: Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA
Authors: Sears Derek W. G. , Sears Hazel , Sehlke Alexander , Hughes Scott S.
Published: January 2017

The induced thermoluminescence properties of 24 samples of basalts from volcanoes in the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, were measured as part of an investigation into the possibility of using this technique for dating purposes. The volcanic flows sampled ranged in age from 2200 years to ~400,000 years. The thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity values obtained, i.e., maximum induced TL normalized to that of the Dhajala meteorite (where Dhajala = 1000), ranged from 1.6 ± 0.3 to 226 ± 15 and showed a correlation between log TL and age with an r2 value of 0.47. Thus, TL sensitivity values correlate with age in the manner expected, although there is a high level of scatter. We discuss various mechanisms for the correlation and scatter, particularly (1) the role of primary (igneous processes) and secondary (solid state processes), (2) composition of the plagioclase feldspar, and (3) weathering. The induced TL signal from feldspars, the mineral responsible for the TL, is strongly dependent on their composition, and correcting for this improved the correlation (r2 = 0.7). Variations in primary feldspar are affecting the data, but we find no evidence that weathering of the samples is important. Further work is required to explore the remaining causes for the scatter and the TL‐age trend. However, it is clear from the present study that induced TL has the potential for dating volcanism on the 2200 to 400,000 year time frame. This dating method, if successful, would be well‐suited to spacecraft use since it requires low mass and low power instruments with a low data demand.
Influence of atmospheric rivers on vegetation productivity and fire patterns in the southwestern U.S.
Authors: Albano Christine M. , Dettinger Michael D. , Soulard Christopher E.
Published: January 2017

In the southwestern U.S., the meteorological phenomenon known as atmospheric rivers (ARs) has gained increasing attention due to its strong connections to floods, snowpacks, and water supplies in the West Coast states. Relatively less is known about the ecological implications of ARs, particularly in the interior Southwest, where AR storms are less common. To address this gap, we compared a chronology of AR landfalls on the west coast between 1989 and 2011 and between 25°N and 42.5°N to annual metrics of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; an indicator of vegetation productivity) and daily resolution precipitation data to assess influences of AR‐fed winter precipitation on vegetation productivity across the southwestern U.S. We mapped correlations between winter AR precipitation during landfalling ARs and (1) annual maximum NDVI and (2) area burned by large wildfires summarized by ecoregion during the same year as the landfalls and during the following year. Interannual variations of AR precipitation strongly influenced both NDVI and area burned by wildfire in some dryland ecoregions. The influence of ARs on dryland vegetation varied significantly depending on the latitude of landfall, with those ARs making landfall below 35°N latitude more strongly influencing these systems, and with effects observed as far as 1300 km from the landfall location. As climatologists' understanding of the synoptic patterns associated with the occurrence of ARs continues to evolve, an increased understanding of how AR landfalls, in aggregate, influence vegetation productivity and associated wildfire activity in dryland ecosystems may provide opportunities to better predict ecological responses to climate and climate change.
Modeling glacier‐surface albedo across Svalbard for the 1979–2015 period: The HiRSvaC500‐α data set
Authors: Möller Marco , Möller Rebecca
Published: January 2017

Albedo is an important quantity for determining the energy balance of snow and ice surfaces and thus also for the mass balance of glaciers. It is especially important in polar regions where shortwave radiation fluxes typically provide most of the energy input to a glacier. In order to use albedo data in any spatially distributed glaciological modeling, it is vital that the albedo fields are not only of high accuracy but also available on sufficiently high spatial resolution and in a manner that is consistent over time. This article presents the newly developed data set HiRSvaC500‐α, which provides daily updated, gapless albedo fields for all glacierized areas of the Arctic archipelago Svalbard on a 500 m resolution over the period 1979–2015. Albedo modeling for creation of the data set is done using a multistep geostatistical approach on the basis of remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo data and gridded ERA‐Interim climate data. Validation of the modeled HiRSvaC500‐α albedo fields against in situ albedo measurements at automatic weather stations operated on two different glaciers suggests that the accuracy of the newly developed data set lies close to that of remotely sensed MODIS albedo data. An analysis of the HiRSvaC500‐α albedo data set yields a mean annual‐average albedo of 0.754 across all glaciers of Svalbard over 1979–2015. A decrease of albedo with time is found, following a highly significant (95% level) trend of −0.010 per decade. For certain subregions, this trend even reaches up to −0.014 per decade.
Trichlorethen, 1,1,1‐Trichlorethan, 1,1,2,2‐Tetrachlorethan und Tetrachlorethen – Bestimmung von Trichloressigsäure in Urin mittels Headspace‐Gaschromatographie‐Massenspektrometrie [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2017]
Authors: Will W. , Bader M. , Berger‐Preiss E. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2017

Trichloroethene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane and tetrachloroethene – Determination of trichloroacetic acid in urine using headspace‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Trichloroacetic acid is a metabolite of several chlorinated hydrocarbons which are often used as solvents, such as 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane, tetrachloroethene and above all trichloroethene.

The described method enables the determination of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine and is based on the quantitative, thermolytic degradation of TCA into carbon dioxide and chloroform (trichloromethane) in an aqueous solution. The analyte is chloroform, which can be quantified using headspace‐gas chromatography and a mass selective detector in the Selected‐Ion‐Monitoring‐mode. For quantitation, a calibration is carried out using standard solutions in pooled urine or water which are processed and analysed in the same way as the samples. The validation of the procedure showed a precision in the range of 4.0 to 5.5%. Mean accuracy ranged from 95 to 118%. LOQ was found to be 0.03 mg TCA per liter urine.
Cyclohexylamin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig Andrea ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: January 2017

Cyclohexylamine [cyclohexanamine]

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for cyclohexylamine.

A 4‐hour inhalation study with volunteers showed clear irritation at 10 ml/m
3
, whereas a time‐weighted average concentration of 2 ml/m
3
with peaks of up to 4 ml/m
3
was without impact on sensory irritation parameters and neurobehavioral measurements. The MAK value of 2 ml/m
3
and classification in Peak Limitation Category I has been retained. No irritation was observed up to 4 ml/m
3
; therefore, the excursion factor 2 has been retained as well. As cyclohexylamine is a strong base and 10 ml/m
3
is clearly irritating, a momentary value of 5 ml/m
3
is set.
Dimethylformamide [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated dimethylformamide, considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail.

The critical target organ after exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF) has been shown in humans and rats to be the liver. After chronic exposure via inhalation, DMF induces significant increases of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats after exposure to 800 ml/m
3
and in mice in response to 200 ml/m
3
and higher. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that DMF is not genotoxic. The results of the long‐term studies reveal that the tumors develop in the liver only after chronic toxic inflammatory and degenerative changes have developed in this organ. The tumors are a result of chronic damage. Therefore it can be assumed that exposure to DMF at concentrations which do not induce necrotic changes is not associated with an increased cancer risk. DMF was classified in Carcinogen Category 4 with a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
. The maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) was established in 2006 on the basis of data from a 2‐year study in mice and a BMD and BMLD calculation. The assignment of DMF to Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8, also in 2006, is retained. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group B in 1989 is confirmed.
Developmental Reversals in Report Conformity: Psycho‐Legal Implications
Authors: Kim In‐Kyeong , Kwon Enoch S. , Ceci Stephen J.
Published: January 2017

Young children, young adults, and older adults witnessed a scene in groups of four same‐aged acquaintances. Unbeknownst to the group, a technology allowed the scene to appear differently to one member (minority) than to the others (majority), which obviated the need to rehearse confederates or to artificially provide misinformation for the report conformity effect. After viewing, participants had public recollections, and 3 days later, their cued memory and confidence (for adults) were tested privately. Majority members' reports influenced the minority members' but only for adults, not for children (17% conformity compared with 35% for adults), thus providing evidence of developmental reversals in memory reports of verbatim details. Answer changes between the sessions were dramatically higher for minority participants at all three ages (6.7 vs. 66.7% for children, 10 vs. 50% for younger adults, and 26.7 vs. 63.3% for older adults). We discuss the implications of these findings for questioning cowitnesses.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Gold‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkynes with Electron‐Rich Heteroarenes – A Kinetic Investigation and New Synthetic Possibilities
Authors: Schießl Jasmin , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: January 2017

The gold‐catalyzed mono‐hydroarylation and two‐fold hydroarylation of alkynes with electron‐rich heteroarenes was analyzed by a 1H NMR kinetic study. The obtained rate constants for the decreasing alkyne concentration provide information on the reactivity of this addition reaction. The examinations show the orthogonal reactivity of gold and a proton for the two reaction steps. The first hydroarylation is exclusively promoted by gold(I), whereas the second step is premised on a proton which will be reversibly derived from the formation of σ,π‐acetylide complexes from the terminal alkynes or by interaction with solvents. Based on kinetic data, it was possible to synthesize a large range of mono‐adducts in moderate to good yields, furthermore the synthesis of hetero‐di‐adducts, bearing two different substituents, was explored.

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Dynamic analysis and open‐loop start‐up of an integrated radiant syngas cooler and steam methane reformer
Authors: Ghouse Jaffer H. , Seepersad Dominik , Adams Thomas A.
Published: January 2017

The transient performance of an integrated radiant syngas cooler (RSC) of an entrained‐bed gasifier and steam methane reformer (SMR) is investigated. Base‐case designs using either co‐current or counter‐current configurations are subjected to operating transients to evaluate the feasibility to transition to new steady states. Each system, under open loop, is subjected to changes in key variables of the SMR feed on the tube side and disturbances to variables of the coal‐derived syngas on the RSC side to determine the dynamics and stability of the integrated system. The results indicate that the co‐current configuration is flexible to move to new operating steady states and more safe than the counter‐current configuration, although it provides less cooling and has poorer methane conversion. The variables likely to violate the design limit in the event of a disturbance are identified. A start‐up procedure is also established based on industrial practices employed for entrained‐bed gasifiers and methane reformers. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1602–1619, 2017
Low‐price guarantees as advertisement strategy and compensation policy: The more, the better?
Authors: Haesevoets Tessa , Van Hiel Alain , Onraet Emma , Joosten Anne , De Cremer David
Published: January 2017

Companies sometimes employ a “lowest price or more than the difference back” policy (i.e., a price‐beating guarantee). We investigated whether such a policy is more effective to attract and retain customers than when the exact price difference is promised (i.e., a price‐matching guarantee). The first study revealed that about 60% of the marketers and shop owners in our sample thought that beating price differences is a more effective strategy than matching price differences. However, the four subsequent studies challenged this assumption. Specifically, the advertisement as well as the provision of price‐beating refunds did not have an incremental positive effect on customers' general attitudes in terms of trust, brand perception, loyalty, and shopping intentions beyond the level that was already reached by price‐matching refunds. Moreover, our mediation analyses revealed that the null effect of price‐matching versus price‐beating was mediated by fairness perceptions. From a theoretical perspective, these results are in line with a fairness account, which holds that people do not only evaluate the economic value of an outcome, but also take equality considerations into account. Because price‐beating is literally more expensive than price‐matching, from a practical point of view, companies should be informed that the employment of a price‐beating guarantee is a cost‐ineffective advertisement strategy and compensation policy.