bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Lindqvist‐Type (Aryldiazenido)polyoxomolybdates − Synthesis, and Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Compounds of the Type (nBu4N)3[Mo6O18(N2Ar)] (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 15/2003)
Authors: Bustos Carlos , Hasenknopf Bernold , Thouvenot René , Vaissermann Jacqueline , Proust Anna , Gouzerh Pierre
Published: July 2003

The cover picture shows a hexamolybdate anion bearing a diazenido ligand. This is a member of a promising family of functionalized polyoxomolybdates [Mo6O18(N2Ar)]3− with a variety of substituents on the aryl ring. The influence of these substituents on the properties of the molybdate framework is exemplified by their different 95Mo NMR spectra, where a special attention should be drawn to the signal of the MoII center at very high frequencies. Details on the preparation and characterization of these and related compounds can be found in the article by P. Gouzerh et al. on p. 2757 ff.
Biliary motor function in gallstone patients evaluated by fatty‐meal MR cholangiography
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Komatsu Yutaka , Yoshikawa Kohki , Akahane Masaaki , Isayama Hiroyuki , Ohtomo Kuni , Omata Masao
Published: July 2003

Purpose:

To investigate the possibility of evaluating biliary motor function with magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC).

Materials and Methods:

Twenty patients with gallstones and 30 control subjects were studied using fatty‐meal MRC. After baseline MRC, they were encouraged to drink 250 mL of milk and underwent postprandial MRC every 10 minutes for 60 minutes. Postprandial changes in gallbladder volume and the diameter of the common duct were assessed as indicators of gallbladder contractility and biliary obstruction, respectively. Postprandial dilatation at 60 minutes was considered indicative of persistent biliary obstruction.

Results:

Gallbladder ejection fraction was calculated at 66.0% ± 12.2% (range, 40.3%–88.6%) in the controls. Gallbladder volume expressed as a percentage of the baseline value was significantly larger at 20–60 minutes in the gallstone patients than in the controls. Gallbladder ejection fraction varied widely (mean, 46.4% ± 24.4%; range, 2.8%–81.5%) and was significantly reduced in comparison with that of the controls (P < 0.01). In two gallstone patients with co‐existing ductal stones, transient postprandial dilatation associated with ampullary impaction was observed. Persistent biliary obstruction was not indicated in any subjects.

Conclusion:

The results of this study suggest the feasibility of fatty‐meal MRC, as well as its potential for evaluating biliary motor function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:196–203. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional flow quantitative MRI of aortic arch blood flow patterns: Effect of age, sex, and presence of carotid atheromatous disease on prevalence of spiral blood flow
Authors: Houston J. Graeme , Gandy Stephen J. , Sheppard Declan G. , Dick John B. , Belch Jill J.F. , Stonebridge Peter A.
Published: July 2003

Purpose:

To determine the effect of age, sex, and presence of carotid atheromatous disease on the presence of aortic spiral blood flow pattern using two‐dimensional flow quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Materials and Methods:

Sixty subjects (37 women, 23 men) were examined. Prospective phase contrast flow quantitative MRI (1.5 T, Siemens Symphony) sequences in the plane of the aortic arch, and three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced MR angiography of the vessels from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis, were performed. Flow quantitative analysis, using circular regions of interest, in the root, apex, and descending aortic arch to determine the presence of a spiral blood flow pattern was undertaken. The results were correlated with the subjects age, sex, and presence of significant carotid arterial disease.

Results:

A spiral blood flow pattern was seen during diastole in 43 of 50 (86%), 42 of 48 (88%), and in 26 of 28 (93%) subjects in the root, apex, and descending aortic arch, respectively. Spiral flow was seen during systole in 14 of 35 (40%), 20 of 47 (42%), and 11 of 31 (35%) subjects in the root, apex, and descending aortic arch, respectively. There was no clear effect of age or sex on the presence of spiral flow. Carotid disease was associated with a significant reduction in the prevalence of systolic spiral flow from 51%–19% subjects (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Spiral flow pattern can be seen in the arch of the aorta in clinical practice using flow quantitative MRI. The prevalence of spiral flow pattern does not appear affected by subject age or sex. Carotid atheromatous disease is associated with a reduction in prevalence of systolic spiral flow pattern in the aortic arch. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:169–174. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phantom and animal studies of a new hepatobiliary agent for MR imaging: Comparison of Gd‐DTPA‐DeA with Gd‐EOB‐DTPA
Authors: Yoshikawa Kohki , Inoue Yusuke , Akahane Masaaki , Shimada Morio , Itoh Sayaka , Seno Atsushi , Hayashi Sanshin
Published: July 2003

Purpose:

To investigate the characteristics of Gd‐DTPA‐DeA as a hepatobiliary contrast agent for MR imaging in comparison with those of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA.

Materials and Methods:

We undertook phantom experiments to assess T1 relaxivity for Gd‐DTPA‐DeA, Gd‐EOB‐DTPA, and Gd‐DTPA in human plasma. For Gd‐DTPA‐DeA and Gd‐EOB‐DTPA, we evaluated the contrast effect in rats using an SPGR sequence. The contrast ratios of liver and abdominal aorta were measured up to 21 minutes after intravenous administration of the agents. Visualization of the bile duct and renal pelvis was also assessed.

Results:

In human plasma, T1 relaxivity was similar for Gd‐DTPA‐DeA and Gd‐EOB‐DTPA, and higher than those for Gd‐DTPA. Whereas the contrast ratio of liver peaked about five minutes after the injection of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA and was followed by a subsequent decline, a continuous rise was shown for Gd‐DTPA‐DeA, resulting in a larger maximal contrast effect. Contrast ratios of the abdominal aorta were larger for Gd‐DTPA‐DeA. Biliary excretion was observed for both agents but occurred earlier with Gd‐EOB‐DTPA. While renal excretion was shown for all rats three minutes after the injection of Gd‐EOB‐DTPA, it was not observed for Gd‐DTPA‐DeA.

Conclusion:

Gd‐DTPA‐DeA may be used as a hepatobiliary contrast agent and shows different pharmacokinetics from Gd‐EOB‐DTPA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:204–209. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding knowledge management interventions: evidence from supporting (E‐)banking activities
Authors: Samiotis Kostas , Poulymenakou Angeliki , Doukidis George
Published: July 2003

This paper attempts to describe the organizational affordances of knowledge management intervention endeavours. Our assertion bases KM on the specificities of the organizational workplace with regard to its constitution as conceptualized through its activities, knowledge content and social interactions. Theoretical argumentation utilizes the explanatory power of ‘work practice’ to expound its relevance with managing knowledge and learning. Our findings offer useful insights regarding the constituencies of informants required, as well as the elements affected by KM interventions. We conclude with prescribing appropriate actions for system‐enabled actualization of KM at the workplace. Empirically, we base our propositions on experiences deriving from our engagement in the implementation of a KM solution in a bank organization aiming at the support of a newly employed and strategically important (e‐)banking role, the ‘front‐line customer service’ Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting knowledge‐intensive work in public administration processes
Authors: Papavassiliou Giorgos , Ntioudis Spyridon , Abecker Andreas , Mentzas Gregoris
Published: July 2003

Knowledge management efforts focus much on the strategic applications of knowledge‐related initiatives and not so much on their implications at the level of concrete business processes. On the other hand, business process management efforts have not concentrated on leveraging knowledge. In this paper we attempt to fill that gap by developing a tool for proactive, context‐sensitive delivery of knowledge. We focus on the modelling of knowledge‐intensive business processes and we develop a framework for modelling this type of processes that explicitly considers knowledge‐related tasks and knowledge objects. We present a tool that is an implementation of our theoretical meta‐model and realises proactive, context‐sensitive delivery of knowledge, integrated with the workflow enactment. As an example, we sketch one case study, the process for granting full old‐age pension as it is performed in the Greek Social Security Institution, discussing the benefits derived from applying our tool. Finally, we draw the main conclusions of our work and discuss further research directions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From data to knowledge and back again: understanding the limitations of KMS
Authors: Butler Tom
Published: July 2003

Researchers in the field of information systems (IS) view IT‐enabled knowledge management solutions as novel approaches to the stimulation of creativity and innovation in post‐industrial organizations; hence, the focus by researchers on the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in enabling and supporting knowledge work. However, despite some success stories, recent research indicates that the majority of knowledge management systems (KMS) have been unsuccessful. This situation has led some to voice deep‐seated concerns about the knowledge management paradigm and its influence on the IS field—particularly the belief that IT can help capture, store and transfer knowledge. This paper's objective is to deepen the IS field's understanding of the limitations and capabilities of knowledge management systems. A case study of an Irish software vendor's experiences in developing KMS using case‐based reasoning technologies is undertaken to help achieve this objective. The findings of this study illustrate that: (a) the KMS developed in the organization studied did not meet the claims of their creators, as the applications provided a poor approximation of the ‘horizons of understanding’ of domain experts whose knowledge these systems purported to capture, store and transfer; (b) the ontological and epistemological perspectives of developers were overtly functionalist in orientation and were insensitive to the socially constructed and institutional nature and context of knowledge. The findings lend weight to the claim that information technology deals with data only, and knowledge management requires social as opposed to technical support, in that appropriate institutional mechanisms, rather that technological solutions, constitute the corporate memory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical investigations of oligomers and polymers containing ruthenium‐ and iron‐arene complexes
Authors: de Denus Christine R. , Baker Philip , Toner Jaclyn , McKevitt Sheila , Todd Erin K. , Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S.
Published: July 2003

Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of numerous cyclopentadienyliron (CpFe+) and pentamethyl‐cyclopentadienylruthenium (Cp*Ru+) coordinated oligomers and polymers. The electrochemical behavior of the iron systems indicated the cyclopentadienyliron complexes had isolated redox centers and that changes in the reversibility of the redox couple occurred with changes in solvent and temperature. In contrast, the monometallic ruthenium systems showed large peak separations that suggested slow kinetics on the CV timescale. The cyclic voltammograms of the larger ruthenium‐containing oligomers and polymers showed multiple redox steps indicating complex electrochemical behavior.
Synthesis of novel phenylazomethine derivatives as a multi‐dentate ligand for advanced metal‐organic hybride nano‐materials
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: July 2003

Oligophenylazomethines (OPAs) and the aniline‐capped OPAs were synthesized via dehydration of 4‐aminobenzophenone in the presence of TiCl4 as a Lewis acid. TiCl4 acts as an excellent dehydration agent for formation of the C=N bond. OPAs have some isomers, which are based on the E/Z conformation of the azomethine moieties. Novel cyclic molecules, the cyclic phenylazomethine trimer (CPA3‐ab) derivatives, were synthesized via the dehydration of the 4‐aminobenzophenone. The yields of the macrocycles were enhanced to over 90% by induction of the bulky α‐substituent to the substrate. The highly preferential formation of novel aabb‐type phenylazo‐methine macrocycles was also achieved. The resulting CPA6‐aabb has unique structure based on the E/Z conformation of the azomethine bonds, the extremely regular molecular‐packing state. The novel dendritic phenylazomethines(DPAs), were synthesized by the convergent method. The DPAs have a high solubility unlike the conventional linear polyphenylazomethines. The tin chloride complexed to the imine groups of DPAs in a stepwise fashion. The complexation occurs in the order of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th layers of DPA G4.
Coordination/organometallic polymers based on diphosphine and diisocyanide ligands
Authors: Harvey Pierre D.
Published: July 2003

This paper reviews various coordination/ organometallic polymers in which the metal atoms are incorporated in the backbone using diphosphine and diisocyanide ligands. Such ligands includes diphosphines of the type bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane where alkane is (CH2)m with m = 1, 3‐6, bis(diphenylphosphino)acetylene (dpa), and bis(dimethylphosphino)methane (dmpm), and diisocyanides such as 1,8‐diiso‐cyano‐p‐menthane (dmb) and p‐diisocyanotetra‐methylbenzene (ditmb). The metal fragments are monocations such as Cu+, Ag+, and Au+, dinuclear species such as Pd2(dmb)22+, Pd2(dppm)22+, M2(dmpm)32+ (M = Cu, Ag), and clusters such as M4(dmb)42+ (M = Pd, Pt).
Preparation of synthons for carborane containing macromolecules
Authors: Parrott Matthew C. , Marchington Erin B. , Valliant John F. , Adronov Alex
Published: July 2003

The modification of para‐carborane with appropriate functionalities for incorporation within a dendrimer framework was accomplished by functionalizing the carbon centers with protected alcohol and free acid groups. These compounds are excellent candidates for utilization as functional linkers between two generations of an aliphatic polyester dendrimer structure. Future assembly of these structures will result in dendritic macromolecules containing carboranes within their interior and will be enveloped by hydrophilic groups (hydroxyls) to maintain their water solubility and biocompatibility. These structures have potential applications in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Synovectomy. Additionally, carboranes were coupled to polymerizable acrylate structures, and it was shown that the resulting carborane monomers could be polymerized using living free‐radical polymerization techniques.
Conjugated metallopolymers
Authors: Leung Alfred C.W. , Chong Jonathan H. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: July 2003

Conjugated polymers incorporating transition metals have enormous potential for chemically‐tuneable conducting and semiconducting polymers. Unfortunately, progress in this field has been limited by the challenge of preparing suitable metal‐containing monomers, the difficulty of polymerizing them in a controlled manner, and the limited solubility of the resulting polymers. We are developing new, soluble conjugated metal‐containing polymers that contain transition metals in a conjugated organic backbone.
Cyclophosphazenes as polymer modifiers
Authors: Gleria Mario , Po Riccardo , Giannotta Giorgio , Fiocca Luisa , Bertani Roberta , Fambri Luca , La Mantia Francesco Paolo , Scaffaro Roberto
Published: July 2003

The utilization of Cyclophosphazenes as polymer modifiers is reviewed, with particular concern to their exploitation as versatile chain extenders, possibly for recycle problems, crosslinkers, to enhance mechanical properties of polymeric materials, branchers, to selectively introduce ramifications in linear polymers, and compatibilizers, to favor the formation of blends between originally incompatible organic macromolecules. The great versatility of the synthetic methods put forward for these substrates, together with the ease of controlling their modification, functionalization and reactivity are important parameters for the evaluation of which type of use is more feasible for these trimers. The importance of cyclophosphazenes bearing organic polymeric chains, azide groups, 2‐oxazoline derivatives and oxirane rings in connection with organic conventional macromolecules is critically highlighted.
New functional inorganic polymers containing phosphorus
Authors: Gates Derek P. , Tsang Chi‐Wing , Wright Vincent A. , Yam Mandy
Published: July 2003

The C=C bond plays numerous roles in polymer science. This moiety is used as a precursor to polymers by addition polymerization and has been incorporated into π‐conjugated polymers. The addition polymerization reaction has been extended to P=C bonds and the first example of a poly(methylenephosphine) has been prepared. The new macromolecule is of moderate molecular weight (ca. 104 g/mol) and the oxidized polymers are air‐stable. Poly(p‐phenylenephosphaalkene), the first π‐conjugated polymer containing P=C bonds in the backbone, has been prepared. The UV/Vis spectrum of this polymer shows a red shift in λmax when compared with molecular model systems.
Silole‐containing linear and hyperbranched polymers: synthesis, thermal stability, light emission, nano‐dimensional aggregation, and optical power limiting
Authors: Lam Jacky Wing Yip , Chen Junwu , Law Charles Chi Wang , Peng Han , Xie Zhiliang , Cheuk Kevin Ka Leung , Kwok Hoi Sing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: July 2003

Linear polyacetylenes and hyperbranched polyphenylenes carrying 1,2,3,4,5‐pentaphenylsilolyl (PS) pendants are designed and synthesized. Homo‐polymerization of HC≡CPS, HC≡C(CH2)9OPS, and C6H5C≡C(CH2)9OPS and (co)polycyclotrimerization of (HC≡C)2PS with 1‐octyne are effected by NbCl5‐, WCl6‐, MoCl5‐, and TaCl5‐based catalysts. High molecular weight linear (1‐3) and hyperbranched polymers (6) are obtained in high yields (Mw up to ∼70 × 103 and yield up to 85%). All the polymers are thermally stable, losing little weight when heated to 350°C. Whereas all the polymers emit faint light when molecularly dissolved, polymers 2, 3, and 6 become emissive when aggregated in poor solvents or when cooled to low temperatures. Restricted intramolecular rotations of the phenyl rings upon the axes of the single bonds linked to the silole cores may be responsible for the aggregation‐ or cooling‐induced emission. A multilayer electroluminescent device using 3 as an active layer emits a blue light of 496 nm with maximum brightness, current efficiency, and external quantum yield of 1118 cd/m2, 1.45 cd/A, and 0.55%, respectively. Polymers 6 are non‐linear optically active and strongly attenuate the optical power of intense laser pulses, whose optical limiting performances are superior to that of C60, a best‐known optical limiter.
Lewis acidic organoboron polymers
Authors: Qin Yang , Cheng Guanglou , Parab Kshitij , Sundararaman Anand , Jäkle Frieder
Published: July 2003

We have developed a highly efficient new method for the introduction of Lewis acidic boron centers into the side chains of organic polymers. Our methodology involves three steps: (i) the controlled polymerization of a functional monomer, (ii) the exchange of the functional group for Lewis acidic boron centers, and (iii) the fine‐tuning of the Lewis acidity of the individual centers through substituent exchange reactions with nucleophiles. This approach gives access to a family of new well‐defined organoboron polymers including moderately Lewis acidic poly(arylboronates) and the first examples of highly Lewis acidic fluorinated triarylborane polymers.
Poly(ferrocenylsilanes) as etch barriers in nano and microlithographic applications
Authors: Hempenius Mark A. , Lammertink Rob G.H. , Péter Mária , Vancso G. Julius
Published: July 2003

Thin films of organic‐organometallic block copolymers are shown to be efficient self‐assembled templates for nanolithography. Block copolymers composed of organic blocks such as polyisoprene or polystyrene and a poly(ferrocenylsilane) block microphase separate to form a monolayer of densely packed organometallic spheres in an organic matrix. The high resistance of the organometallic phase to reactive ion etching enables the nanoscale patterns to be transferred into silicon substrates, forming nano structured surfaces. Electrostatic self‐assembly of poly(ferrocenylsilane) polyanions and polycations is discussed as a means to form laterally structured organometallic multilayer thin films by area‐selective adsorption onto chemically patterned substrates.
Polyethers and thioethers incorporating neutral and cationic organoiron complexes
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Todd Erin K. , Okasha Rawda M.
Published: July 2003

The synthesis of linear and star‐shaped oligomers containing cationic and neutral organoiron groups in their structures was achieved by reaction of cationic arene complexes of cyclopentadienyliron containing terminal hydroxyl groups with 1,1′‐ferrocenedicarbonyl chloride or ferrocene carboxylic acid. The use of chloroarene complexes allowed for the formation of triiron complexes that were subsequently polymerized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution with various oxygen‐ and sulfur‐based dinucleophiles. The corresponding polyethers and thioethers were isolated in good yields and these materials exhibited excellent solubilities in polar organic solvents. Cyclic voltammetric investigations revealed that the cationic iron centers pendent to the polymer backbones underwent reversible reduction steps, while the neutral iron centers within the polymer backbones underwent reversible oxidation steps. Photolysis of these polymers resulted in the removal of the cationic cyclopentadienyliron moieties pendent to the polymer backbones. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the cationic iron complexes were cleaved from the polymers at approximately 210 °C. Differentials scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the glass transition temperatures of the cationic polymers occurred at higher temperatures than their neutral analogs.
Pulsed Laser Polymerization at Low Conversions: Broadening and Chain Transfer Effects
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Ben , Vavylonis Dimitrios
Published: July 2003

Pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) is widely employed to measure propagation rate coefficients kp in free radical polymerization. Various properties of PLP have been established in previous works, mainly using numerical methods. The objective of this paper is to obtain analytical results. We obtain the most general analytical solution for the dead chain molecular weight distribution (MWD) under low conversion conditions which has been hitherto obtained. Simultaneous disproportionation and combination termination processes are treated. The hallmarks of PLP are the dead MWD discontinuities located at integer multiples of n0 = kpt0CM, where t0 is the laser period and CM is the monomer concentration. We show that chain transfer reduces their amplitude by factors $e^{ - c_{tr} Ln_0 }$, consistent with numerical results obtained by other workers. Here ctr is the chain transfer coefficient and Ln0 (L = integer) are the discontinuity locations. Additionally, transfer generates a small amplitude continuous contribution to the MWD. These results generalize earlier analytical results which were obtained for the case of disproportionation only. We also considered two classes of broadening: (i) Poisson broadening of growing living chains and (ii) intrinsic broadening by the MWD measuring equipment (typically gel permeation chromatography, GPC). Broadening smoothes the MWD discontinuities. Under typical PLP experimental conditions, the associated inflection points are very close to the discontinuities of the unbroadened MWD. Previous numerical works have indicated that the optimal procedure is to use the inflection point to infer kp. We prove that this is a correct procedure provided the GPC resolution σ is better than n. Otherwise this underestimates Ln0 by an amount of order σ2/n0.

Schematic of a chain transfer reaction with monomer as the transfer agent.

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Schematic of a chain transfer reaction with monomer as the transfer agent.
Occupied and Accessible Volumes in Glassy Polymers and Their Relationship with Gas Permeation Parameters
Authors: Ronova Inga A. , Rozhkov Egor M. , Alentiev Alexander Yu. , Yampolskii Yurii P.
Published: July 2003

In order to relate the microstructure of polymer chains to the gas permeation properties, a novel method is proposed for the calculation of the van der Waals (Vw), occupied (Vocc), and accessible (Vacc) volumes of polymers, using polyimides as examples. In this approach,VoccandVaccvalues are obtained as characteristics of polymer–gas systems. Correlations betweenVoccand the gas permeability (P) and diffusion (D) coefficients are demonstrated. Accessible volume,Vacc, determined experimental densities, andVocccalculated using a Monte Carlo technique, as well as the fractional accessible volume (FAV) (Vacc/Vsp), whereVspis the specific volume of polymers, also correlate well with thePandDvalues. The slopes of these correlations increase with increasing molecular size of the diffusing molecules. In addition, the parameters of the equations forD(FAV) andP(FAV) strongly depend on conformation rigidity (Kuhn segment) of the polyimides. An interpretation of the results obtained is presented.

Definition of occupied volume.

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Definition of occupied volume.
Elevated basal reactive oxygen species and phospho‐Akt in murine keratinocytes resistant to ultraviolet B–induced apoptosis
Authors: Butts Brent D. , Kwei Kevin A. , Bowden G. Tim , Briehl Margaret M.
Published: July 2003

Resistance to apoptosis may be a critical phenotype that cells must acquire during skin carcinogenesis. The Akt kinase is a known upstream regulator of apoptosis in many cell types and has been shown to be activated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). We have previously demonstrated that two malignant variants (6M90 and 6R90) of the mouse keratinocyte 308 cell line have elevated ROS because of loss of catalase activity, and that this elevated ROS confers a growth advantage. We report here that in addition to a growth advantage, chronically increased ROS in the variants resulted in an increase in resistance to ultraviolet (UV) B–induced apoptosis. This resistance was due to basal increases of Akt phosphorylation in the malignant variants compared to the 308 cells. Modulation of ROS in 6M90 and 6R90 cells by catalase overexpression or antioxidant treatment resulted in decreased levels of Akt phosphorylation and subsequent loss of resistance to UVB‐induced apoptosis. Conversely, treatment of 308 cells with hydrogen peroxide caused increases in Akt phosphorylation and increased apoptosis resistance. These results indicate that the chronically elevated ROS often observed in tumors may contribute to a malignant phenotype by keeping Akt in a phosphorylated state, resulting in increased apoptosis resistance. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impaired motor coordination in mice lacking neural recognition molecule NB‐3 of the contactin/F3 subgroup
Authors: Takeda Yasuo , Akasaka Keiko , Lee Suni , Kobayashi Satoru , Kawano Hitoshi , Murayama Shigeo , Takahashi Naoki , Hashimoto Kouichi , Kano Masanobu , Asano Masahide , Sudo Katsuko , Iwakura Yoichiro , Watanabe Kazutada
Published: July 2003

The neural recognition molecule NB‐3, which belongs to the contactin subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is expressed exclusively in the nervous system and mainly upregulated at the early postnatal stage during mouse brain development. The expression of NB‐3 in the cerebellum increases until adulthood. In contrast, the expression in the cerebrum declines to a low level after postnatal day 7. To characterize the functional roles of NB‐3 in vivo, we generated NB‐3‐deficient mice by substituting a part of the NB‐3 gene with the β‐galactosidase (Lac Z) gene. Complete overlap of the Lac Z expression in the heterozygous mouse brain with the NB‐3 immunostaining pattern in the rat cerebellum and with the previously reported pattern of in situ hybridization of NB‐3 transcripts indicated that Lac Z expression reflects the expression of NB‐3 in the mouse brain. NB‐3‐deficient mice were viable and fertile. The formation and organization of all nuclei and layers throughout the brains of mutant mice appeared normal. Behavioral tests to examine motor function showed that the mice deficient for NB‐3 were slow to learn to stay on the rotating rod in the rotorod test during repeated trials, and that they displayed dysfunction of equilibrium and vestibular senses in the wire hang and horizontal rod‐walking tests. In contrast, the mutant mice showed no difference of grasp force from the wild‐type mice. Thus, NB‐3‐deficient mice are impaired in motor coordination. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 252–265, 2003
Creating avenues for relative empowerment (CARE): A pilot test of an intervention to improve outcomes of hospitalized elders and family caregivers
Authors: Li Hong , Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , McCann Robert , Chatcheydang Jariya , Koulouglioti Christina , Nichols Lynn W. , Lee Ming‐Der , Ghassemi Akhtar
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a family caregiver–focused intervention program (CARE) on the outcomes of hospitalized elders and their family caregivers. A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 49 family caregivers of hospitalized elders in a university medical center in upstate New York. Driven by self‐regulation and role theories, the two‐phase CARE program consisted of: (a) a mutual agreement consisting of family caregiving activities during hospitalization; and (b) audiotaped information regarding emotional responses and possible complications associated with an elderly patient's hospitalization as well as instructions for effectively participating in the elder's hospital care. The comparison program consisted of information about hospital services and policies. CARE elders had fewer incidents of acute confusion reported by family caregivers during hospitalization and fewer depressive symptoms at 2 weeks and 2 months posthospitalization than did the comparison group. CARE family caregivers participated more in the care of their hospitalized elders and had higher scores on role rewards prior to hospital discharge. Findings from this study support the need for further testing of the CARE intervention with family caregivers to determine its effectiveness on outcomes of hospitalized elders and their family caregivers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26:284–299, 2003
Using methodological triangulation for cultural verification of commitment to a plan for exercise scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases
Authors: Shin YunHee , Pender Nola J. , Yun SangKyun
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was twofold: to use methodological triangulation to increase the cultural appropriateness of the Planning for Exercise Scale (Pender, 1996), which measures commitment to a plan of action, and to psychometrically evaluate the revised scale in a selected population of 230 Korean adults experiencing chronic diseases. First, through a qualitative approach, the cultural properties of the concept were identified in order to revise Pender's Planning for Exercise Scale. The revised scale consisted of 20 items: 13 items emerged from the qualitative procedure and seven items were retained from the original scale. Through a quantitative approach, the revised scale was analyzed psychometrically. Results showed the scale had sufficient reliability and validity to warrant its use by researchers or practitioners evaluating the level of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults. The revised instrument is appropriate for use in future intervention studies designed to improve the performance of exercise among Koreans who are chronically ill. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26:312–321, 2003
Mother–infant interactions of medically fragile infants and non‐chronically ill premature infants
Authors: Holditch‐Davis Diane , Cox Mary Foster , Miles Margaret Shandor , Belyea Michael
Published: July 2003

At 6 months corrected for prematurity, 41 medically fragile prematures, 20 medically fragile full‐terms, and 28 prematures without chronic illnesses were observed interacting with their mothers for 1 hr. Mothers of non–chronically ill prematures gestured to and touched their infants less, were uninvolved with them for a longer time, and spent less time interacting and looking at their infants than did mothers of medically fragile infants. Medically fragile full‐terms slept more than the non–chronically ill prematures. The non–chronically ill premature group played with objects more and exhibited more locomotion. Thus, the non–chronically ill prematures had more mature behaviors but less frequent interactions than did the medically fragile infants. These disparities reflect differences both in the infants' functional maturity and in maternal compensation for infant vulnerability. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26:300–311, 2003
Dynamic properties of carbon black filled chlorinated polyethylene/hindered phenol blends
Authors: Wu Chifei , Akiyama Suburo
Published: July 2003

Aggregates of carbon black (CB) in a polymer matrix have a tendency to form a CB network. The dynamic mechanical properties of binary systems of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and CB or 3,9‐bis{1,1‐dimethyl‐2[β‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐methylphenyl)propionyloxy]ethyl}‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxaspiro[5,5]‐undecane (AO‐80) and their ternary systems were investigated. It was found that the dynamic mechanical properties of those systems depend on the colloidal properties, surface oxides, and surface modification of CB. For binary systems of CPE and CB, oxidized CB gives a high modulus at low strain amplitude and a large Payne effect compared with untreated CB. In contrast, the reverse effect was observed for their ternary systems. Consequently, a good micro‐dispersion is obtainable by surface modification due to physical adsorption of AO‐80 on oxidized CB particles via hydrogen bonds.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Phosphorus‐containing polyaryloxydiphenylsilanes with high flame retardance arising from a phosphorus–silicon synergistic effect
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ling , Chiu Yie‐Chan , Chen Tsung‐Yu
Published: July 2003

Polyaryloxydiphenylsilanes were prepared from phosphorus‐containing diols and diphenydichlorolsilane through solution polymerization. With a stoichiometric imbalance in feed monomers, the resulting polymers exhibited moderate melting points and good processing properties. The polymers prepared showed initial decomposition temperatures above 340 °C, excellent thermal stability, high char yields at 850 °C and very high limited oxygen index values of 56–59. The polymers' char yields and their (P + Si) contents showed linear relationships.

© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface chemical analysis of poly(ε‐caprolactone)–perfluoropolyether–poly(ε‐caprolactone) triblock copolymers by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Toselli Maurizio , Gardella Joseph A , Messori Massimo , Hawkridge Adam M , Pilati Francesco , Tonelli Claudio
Published: July 2003

The air‐side surface composition of a series of poly(ε‐caprolactone)–perfluoropolyether–poly(ε‐caprolactone) triblock copolymers with different compositions and block lengths have been studied by angle‐dependent X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The weight percentage of the perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blocks, and ethylene oxide linker (RH) has been calculated in different ways: from C1s, O1s and F1s photoemission peaks and by line fitting of the C1s and O1s envelopes. The atomic sensitivity factors and the parameters used to fit the peak envelopes have been experimentally determined using some reference materials. A critical discussion of the different methods used in the surface characterization and the degradation of PFPE segments, induced by irradiation beam, have been also reported. A large excess of PFPE with respect to the bulk composition was observed in all samples, and the angular dependence of the XPS signal demonstrated that the content of the fluorinated block segment increased by decreasing the sampling depth. The PFPE surface concentration was also decreased by increasing the PCL/PFPE ratio, but the surfaces of the samples were still dominated by PFPE segments for copolymers with a bulk PFPE composition lower than 10%. Moreover, copolymers with similar PCL/PFPE bulk ratios but with different PFPE block lengths, showed similar PFPE surface composition when the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) was 2000 and 3200 g mol−1, while that observed for copolymers containing PFPE block with Mn 900 g mol−1 was lower. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Reversibility of hydration and dehydration reactions of a phosphaphenanthrene oxide (DOPO) pendent group on polyamide
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ling , Wei Wen‐Lung , Chen Wen‐Yu
Published: July 2003

The cyclic phosphorous group, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐10‐yl (DOPO), attached on a polyamide PA–DOPO could be hydrated to give its open‐chained form with phosphinic acid groups (PA–DOPO–HD). The open‐chained phosphinic acid groups could be reformed to its cyclic DOPO form through thermal dehydration. The occurrence of the hydration and thermal‐dehydration reactions and the chemical structure of the polyamides were demonstrated with FTIR, 31P NMR, and thermal analysis. PA–DOPO–HD exhibited similar inherent viscosity and better organosolubility than the original polyamide PA–DOPO. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural changes in epoxy resin polymer after heating and their influence on space charges
Authors: Smaoui Hichem , Guermazi Hajer , Agnel Serge , Mlik Youssef , Toureille Alain , Schué François
Published: July 2003

Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize changes in physicochemical properties of an epoxy‐amine resin as a function of temperature. The thermal degradation of the system was studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of heat on evolution of space charges was investigated by the thermal step method and the thermally stimulated depolarization currents method. It was found that heat induced ring opening of epoxide groups and promoted formation of carbonyl groups. Space charge density was found to increase with increasing temperature while dipolar relaxation decreased. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Properties of natural rubber composites reinforced with silica or carbon black: influence of cure accelerator content and filler dispersion
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen , Nah Changwoon , Jo Byung‐Wook
Published: July 2003

Filler dispersion is a critical factor in determining the properties of filled rubber composites. Silica has a high density of silanol groups on the surface, which lead to strong filler–filler interactions and a poor filler dispersions. A cure accelerator, N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), was found to improve filler dispersion in silica‐filled natural rubber (NR) compounds. For the silica‐filled NR compounds without the silane coupling agent, the reversion ratio generally increased with increase in TBBS content, whereas those of the silica‐filled NR compounds containing the silane coupling agent and carbon black‐filled NR compounds decreased linearly. The tensile strength of the silica‐filled NR vulcanizate without the silane coupling agent increased as the TBBS content increased, whereas carbon black‐filled samples did not show a specific trend. The experimental results were explained by TBBS adsorption on the silica surface and the improvement of silica dispersion with the aid of TBBS. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Intumescent flame retardant–montmorillonite synergism in polypropylene‐layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Tang Yong , Hu Yuan , Wang Shaofeng , Gui Zhou , Chen Zuyou , Fan Weicheng
Published: July 2003

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites have been prepared starting from pristine mont morillonite (MMT) and reactive compatibilizer hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16). The nanocomposite structure is evidenced by the X‐ray diffraction and high resolution electronic microscopy. Intumescent flame retardant has been added to polypropylene/clay hybrids. Their flammability behaviours have been evaluated using cone calorimetry. Synergy was observed between the nanocomposites and intumescent flame retardant. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Unidirectional effect of lauryl sulfate on the reversible NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I)
Authors: Grivennikova V.G , Ushakova A.V , Cecchini G , Vinogradov A.D
Published: July 2003

Lauryl sulfate inhibits the Δ
H
+‐dependent reverse electron transfer reactions catalyzed by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) in coupled bovine heart submitochondrial particles and in vesicles derived from Paracoccus denitrificans. The inhibitor affects neither NADH oxidase (coupled or uncoupled) nor NADH:ferricyanide reductase and succinate oxidase activities at the concentrations that selectively prevent the succinate‐supported, rotenone‐sensitive NAD+ or ferricyanide reduction. Possible uncoupling effects of the inhibitor are ruled out: in contrast to oligomycin and gramicidin, which increases and decreases the rate of the reverse electron transfer, respectively, in parallel with their coupling and uncoupling effects, lauryl sulfate does not affect the respiratory control ratio. A mechanistic model for the unidirectional effect of lauryl sulfate on the Complex I catalyzed oxidoreduction is proposed.
A photosystem 1 psaFJ‐null mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 expresses the isiAB operon under iron replete conditions
Authors: Jeanjean Robert , Zuther Ellen , Yeremenko Nataliya , Havaux Michel , Matthijs Hans C.P , Hagemann Martin
Published: July 2003

A psaFJ‐null mutant of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was characterised. As opposed to similar mutants in chloroplasts of green algae, electron transfer from plastocyanin to photosystem 1 was not affected. Instead, a restraint in full chain photosynthetic electron transfer was correlated to malfunction of photosystem 1 at its stromal side. Our hypothesis is that absence of PsaF causes oxidative stress, which triggers the induction of the ‘iron stress inducible’ operon isiAB. Products are the IsiA chlorophyll‐binding protein (CP43′) and the isiB gene product flavodoxin. Supporting evidence was obtained by similar isiAB induction in wild type cells artificially exposed to oxidative stress.
Functional homology between yeast piD261/Bud32 and human PRPK: both phosphorylate p53 and PRPK partially complements piD261/Bud32 deficiency
Authors: Facchin Sonia , Lopreiato Raffaele , Ruzzene Maria , Marin Oriano , Sartori Geppo , Götz Claudia , Montenarh Mathias , Carignani Giovanna , Pinna Lorenzo A
Published: July 2003

Yeast piD261/Bud32 belongs to the piD261 family of atypical protein kinases structurally conserved, from Archaea to human. The disruption of its gene is causative of severely defective growth. Its human homologue, PRPK, interacts with and phosphorylates the oncosuppressor p53 protein, which is lacking in yeast. Here we show that on one hand piD261/Bud32 interacts with and phosphorylates human p53 in vitro, on the other hand PRPK can partially complement the phenotype of yeast lacking the gene encoding piD261/Bud32. These data indicate that, despite considerable structural divergence, members of the piD261 family from distantly related organisms display a remarkable functional conservation.
A new species of Trichothelium and new records of Porinaceae from Ecuador
Authors: McCarthy P. M. , Palice Z.
Published: July 2003

Trichothelium longisetum sp. nov. (Porinaceae) is described from a rainforest in northeastern Ecuador. It has a non-radiating photobiont, prominent, black perithecia, each with numerous, long-acute to acicular, black setae, and elongate-bacilliform, 9–15-septate ascospores. Remarkably, this lichen grows on wood rather than on the living leaves or bark of trees or shrubs. Four species of Porina are also reported for the first time from Ecuador.
A new corticolous species of Chroodiscus (Thelotremataceae) from Argentina
Authors: Messuti María Inés , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Vezda Antonín
Published: July 2003

Chroodiscus lomatiae Messuti, Lumbsch & Vezda is described as new to science. This southern South American species belongs to the family Thelotremataceae. It is characterized by fusiform, hyaline, small, thin-walled ascospores, exfoliating, chroodiscoid apothecia, and the presence of lecanoric acid.
The Dawson Cut Forest Bed in the Fairbanks area, Alaska, is about two million years old☆
Authors: Westgate John A. , Preece Shari J. , Péwé Troy L.
Published: July 2003

The Dawson Cut Forest Bed lies in the lower part of thick, late Cenozoic loess deposits in the Fairbanks area. It is associated with several distal tephra beds that provide age control and offer the opportunity of its recognition elsewhere in central Alaska. EC tephra (named herein) occurs in the uppermost part of the Dawson Cut Forest Bed and its petrographic and chemical properties point to a co-magmatic relationship with PA tephra, which has not been found in direct association with the forest bed. Both tephra beds are pink and have unusually high Cl in their glass shards, which readily separates them from all other tephra beds in the Fairbanks area. They were produced by discrete eruptions, closely spaced in time. PA tephra has a glass-fission-track age of 2.02 ± 0.14 myr, indicating that the Dawson Cut Forest Bed must be about 2 million years old. The Palisades tephra (named herein) has very similar properties to these two tephra beds, suggesting that the buried forest bed just above it at the Palisades site on the Yukon River, about 250 km west of Fairbanks, correlates with the Dawson Cut Forest Bed.
Correlation and interpretation of paleosols and loess across European Russia and Asia over the last interglacial–glacial cycle
Authors: Rutter Nathaniel W. , Rokosh Dean , Evans Michael E. , Little Edward C. , Chlachula Jiri , Velichko Andrei
Published: July 2003

Loess-paleosol sequences of the last interglacial-glacial cycle are correlated from European Russia to central Siberia and the Chinese Loess Plateau. During cold periods represented by marine oxygen isotope stages (OIS) 2 and 4, loess deposition dominated in the Russian Plain and the Loess Plateau. In central Siberia, loess deposition took place also, but five to seven thin, weakly developed paleosols are identified in both stages. OIS 3, in the Chinese Loess Plateau near Yangchang, consists of a loess bed that is flanked by two weakly developed paleosols. At Kurtak, Siberia, OIS 3 is represented by two distinct, stacked paleosols with no loess bed separating the paleosols. In the Russian Plain, OIS 3 consists of a single, possibly welded paleosol, representing upper and lower stage-3 climates. Brunisols and Chernozems dominate the profiles in China and Siberia, whereas Regosols, Luvisols, and Chernozems are evident in the northern and southern Russian Plain, respectively. OIS 5 is represented in China and the Russian Plain by pedo complexes in a series of welded soils, whereas in contrast, the Kurtak site consists of six paleosols with interbedded loess. The paleosols consist largely of Brunisols and Chernozems. Although the three areas examined have different climates, geographical settings, and loess source areas, they all had similar climate changes during the last interglacial-glacial cycle.