bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restitution
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

Giovanni da Udine returns to his native city after the Sack of Rome and participates in a campaign of urban renewal. The Della Torre brothers engage in protracted litigation to receive financial restitution from the Savorgnan heirs, during which time Raimondo dies. The three surviving brothers also petition for entrance into the hereditary Venetian nobility, a rare distinction held by the Savorgnan, but are rejected. The rebuff is lessened in 1533 when the brothers are named cavalieri aureati—Knights of the Golden Spur—by the Emperor Charles V, just two weeks after he granted the same honour to Titian (Tiziano Vecellio). Girolamo, now head of the family, takes the lead in rebuilding Palazzo Torriani. Alvise II attends to family affairs at Villalta. Michele becomes a favourite of Pope Paul III, thus creating lasting links with the powerful Farnese family, and rises in the hierarchy of the church in Rome.
Honour and Disgrace
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

Michele is elected Bishop of Ceneda in 1547 and is dispatched as papal envoy to the King of France. Girolamo, serving as Michele’s procurator, writes Titian a letter of introduction to Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo, Bishop of Trent. A surviving portrait of Girolamo, possibly by Paris Bordone, may date to this period. Girolamo’s fortunes change in the winter of 1549: he is exiled to Crete for ten years for engaging in a sword fight with a Savorgnan contingent in Padua, killing two and wounding others. On the eve of Girolamo’s departure, his brother Alvise II and brother-in-law Giambattista Colloredo are assassinated on the Grand Canal by Tristan Savorgnan, seeking to avenge the insult to his family. Girolamo’s departure is postponed and Alvise II is interred in a tomb in the Frari. Girolamo determines to seek a marital alliance that would benefit him politically and allow him to perpetuate the family bloodline.
Wars and Peace
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia
Published: May 2021

Girolamo faces a revolt by the citizens of Ceneda while serving as procurator for his brother, and Venice is forced to intervene. But the decades-long blood feud in the Friuli finally comes to an end. After a pamphlet war and a duel, a Venetian procurator negotiates the Peace of 1568 between the heads of the warring families. Bishop Michele serves as papal nuncio to the French court. Gian Matteo is honoured with portraits in the Palazzo Ducale and several book dedications, but he reluctantly declines two prestigious posts because of ill health and dies in June 1570 at the age of seventy-nine. His will, omitting one son, leads to prolonged litigation. The Turks take Cyprus in 1571 and Michele fortifies the castle in Ceneda. As the threat recedes, he enjoys country life. Venice stages the triumphal entry of the new French king Henri III, but suffers two devastating fires in the Palazzo Ducale, and the worst plague in Venetian history.
Fission and Indeterminacy
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: May 2021

In Chapter 3, the assumption that facts about personal identity are always fully determinate is put to one side so as to consider mappings of identity onto fission according to which it is indeterminate that the fissioner is identical to each fission product. In this chapter, the suggestion that what matters in survival is a relation that is “identity-based” but compatible with such indeterminacy is examined and rejected. In addition, an alternate claim is discussed according to which it is indeterminate, but nearly true that fissioner is identical to each fission product and it is that nearness to identity that really matters. This claim is rejected. It is concluded that identity and “identity-based” relations do not matter in fission.
Chariton and Latin Elegy I
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 establishes Latin love elegy (especially Propertius) as an important frame of reference for Chariton, and explores a number of characteristics (lexical and thematic) that all constitute an extreme or ‘totalizing’ attitude towards love on the part of the lover. Section 1.2 addresses the language of wholeness and exclusion (ὅλος and μόνος; totus and solus) on display in Chariton and elegy, which is suggestive of a direct link. Section 1.3 approaches the conceptual analogy between love and death in Chariton and elegy, and argues that Chariton looks to the Latin poets for his characterization of Chaereas and Dionysius as obsessed with death and erotically motivated thoughts of suicide (especially in connection with the lover who imagines his own funeral). Section 1.4 similarly approaches the characters of Chaereas and Dionysius as susceptible to overwhelming jealousy, the quintessential ‘elegiac passion’; as well as a number of Propertian poems, this section also argues for an extended allusion to Ovid’s treatment of the Procris and Cephalus myth as narrated in Ars 3 and the Metamorphoses. Thematic proximities between Chariton and the Latin poets are supported by strikingly close points of verbal contact.
Chariton and Latin Elegy II
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 establishes Ovid’s Heroides, Tristia, and Epistulae ex Ponto as central to a number of specific features of Chariton’s novel (especially the embedded letters). Section 2.2 focuses on the Heroides and the following epistolary motifs: the processes of composition and reception; the presence of tears; the recognition of handwriting; the role of memory and possessive adjectives; and the eroticization of the letter’s materiality. These contribute to the characterization of Chaereas and Dionysius as lamenting and abandoned heroines. Section 2.3 argues that Chariton has digested a number of motifs that characterize the exilic persona in Ovid’s Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, such as the role of finger rings and various psychosocial neuroses. As in Chapter 1, thematic proximities between Chariton and the elegiac corpus are supported by strikingly close points of verbal contact.
Chariton and Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 develops a case for Chariton’s engagement with Vergil’s Aeneid. This is on a number of fronts, and argues that Chariton latches onto a cluster of phenomena in Vergil that fall under the rubric of ‘simulacral presences’. Section 3.2 explores dreams or dreamlike apparitions of dead or thought-to-be-dead spouses (Dionysius’ wife; Chaereas; Creusa; Sychaeus). Section 3.3 reads Callirhoe, and her relations with her previous and present husbands, Chaereas and Dionysius, in connection with Dido as a univira and the obligations owed to the ghost of her husband, Sychaeus. Sections 3.4 and 3.5 discuss the role of imitations (in connection with Chaereas’ funeral statue and the image on Callirhoe’s finger ring, and the miniature Troy, Buthrotum, in Aeneid 3), and other modes of reproducing the physical presence of absent loved ones (children; effigies). In connection with death, Section 3.6 revisits Chaereas’ attempted suicide by hanging (also addressed in Section 1.3) in relation to Dido’s suttee and subsequent appearance in the Underworld. Section 3.7 briefly illuminates King Artaxerxes as modelled on Queen Dido.
Achilles Tatius and Latin Elegy
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 establishes the multiple connections between Achilles and Latin love elegy (especially Ovid), which he mobilizes as a principal weapon in his redefinition of the novelistic genre. This is especially in the first two books (during which time Clitophon attempts to seduce Leucippe), but also implicates the ‘antagonists’ Melite, Thersander, and Callisthenes. Section 4.2 demonstrates the importance of the contemptor amoris theme (as represented especially in Propertius 1.7 and 1.9). Sections 4.3, 4.3.1, and 4.4 establish the erotodidactic credentials of Clinias as they relate to elegy (4.4 focusing explicitly on the theme of consent), while Sections 4.5 and 4.6 do the same for Clitophon’s slave, Satyrus (with Section 4.6 focusing on the metaphor of servitium amoris). Section 4.7 homes in on the role of vision in the novel’s symposia and those in elegy (especially Heroides 16-17). Section 4.8 draws a connection between the way Achilles and Ovid aestheticize (and even eroticize) female distress (embodied in tears and fears). Section 4.9 focuses on the idea of love as a type of ‘theft’, and kisses as alienable possessions, in Achilles and elegy (Tibullus is prominent here). Section 4.10 is an extended reading of Clitophon’s refusal to have sex with Leucippe as modelled on Ovid’s description of a bout of impotence in Amores 3.7.
Conclusion
Authors: Jolowicz Daniel
Published: May 2021

The conclusion offers some final thoughts on the question pursued in this monograph, namely the Greek novelists’ engagement with Latin poetry, and what this means for how we model Graeco-Roman relations in the imperial period. It summarizes the findings of Chapters 1–7 and places them side by side in a way that clarifies how the different novelists approach the institution of Latin literature. At least for the three authors in question (Chariton, Achilles Tatius, Longus), the approach to Latin poetry is systematic rather than piecemeal. Allusion to Latin poetry is often playful, and occasionally ideological and potentially subversive (for example, Longus and the Aeneid). The conclusion also addresses the sociological problem of Greek imperial engagement with Latin literature: Greek literary men of the first two centuries ce were, it is suggested, habituated to practices that ensured the preservation of the Greek literary system as it stood. Failure to acknowledge the existence of a Latin poetic tradition in an overt manner served as one way of controlling the literary system.
Epistemic WAMs
Authors: Simion Mona
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks into the feasibility of preserving the independence of epistemically proper thought from practical considerations via the second horn of the Shiftiness Dilemma. For people who like Classical Invariantism about knowledge attributions, the jump from variation in assertability with stakes to contextualism or pragmatic encroachment seemed rushed. As such, these authors venture to account for the Shiftiness Intuition under a Classical Invariantist umbrella by arguing for context sensitivity of proper assertability. This chapter argues that the view fails on prior plausibility due to being incompatible with the following highly uncontroversial value-theoretic claim: norms of type X are associated with values of type X.
Assertion Functionalism and Context
Authors: Simion Mona
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how to reconcile Classical Invariantism with the Knowledge Norm of Assertion. My basic proposal is that we can combine invariantism with a functionalist account of assertion: according to the account I favour, assertion is governed by a knowledge norm in virtue of its epistemic function of generating testimonial knowledge. Requirements generated by other functions of assertion, though, such as its prudential function, can override the constraints imposed by the epistemic function, and render the knowledge requirement either too strong or too weak for all-things-considered permissible assertion. All-things-considered permissible assertion can vary with practical stakes; epistemically permissible assertion does not.
No Special Treatment for the Epistemic Normativity of Telling
Authors: Simion Mona
Published: May 2021

While recent years have featured a vast amount of literature concerned with the epistemic norm for assertion, comparatively little attention has been paid to the corresponding norm governing acts of telling. One plausible explanation of this is that people have generally taken assertion and telling to fall under the same normative constraints. Recent work, however, ventures to show (i) that this assumption is false and (ii) that the epistemic propriety of instances of telling partly depends on what’s at stake for the hearer. This chapter argues that the case against normative commonality for assertion and telling fails due to speech act-theoretic and value-theoretic inaccuracies. In a nutshell, the chapter argues that there’s nothing special about the epistemic normativity of telling.
Combinatorial Physics
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

After briefly presenting (for the physicist) some notions frequently used in combinatorics (such as graphs or combinatorial maps) and after briefly presenting (for the combinatorialist) the main concepts of quantum field theory (QFT), the book shows how algebraic combinatorics can be used to deal with perturbative renormalisation (both in commutative and non-commutative quantum field theory), how analytic combinatorics can be used for QFT issues (again, for both commutative and non-commutative QFT), how Grassmann integrals (frequently used in QFT) can be used to proCve new combinatorial identities (generalizing the Lindström–Gessel–Viennot formula), how combinatorial QFT can bring a new insight on the celebrated Jacobian conjecture (which concerns global invertibility of polynomial systems) and so on. In the second part of the book, matrix models, and tensor models are presented to the reader as QFT models. Several tensor model results (such as the implementation of the large N limit and of the double-scaling limit for various such tensor models, N being here the size of the tensor) are then exposed. These results are natural generalizations of results extensively used by theoretical physicists in the study of matrix models and they are obtained through intensive use of combinatorial techniques (this time mainly enumerative techniques). The last part of the book is dedicated to the recently discovered relation between tensor models and the holographic Sachdev–Ye–Kitaev model, model which has been extensively studied in the last years by condensed matter and by high-energy physicists.
Analytic combinatorics and QFT
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we present how several analytic techniques, often used in combinatorics, appear naturally in various QFT issues. In the first section we show how one can use the Mellin transform technique to re-express Feynman integrals in a useful way for the mathematical physicist. Finally, we briefly present how the saddle point approximation technique can be also used in QFT. The first phrase of Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick's encyclopaedic book on analytic combinatorics gives the reader a first glimpse of what analytic combinatorics deals. In the following chapter, we present how several analytic techniques, often used in combinatorics,appear naturally in various QFT issues.
Algebraic combinatorics and QFT
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

We have seen in the previous chapter some of the non-trivial interplay between analytic combinatorics and QFT. In this chapter, we illustrate how yet another branch of combinatorics, algebraic combinatorics, interferes with QFT. In this chapter, after a brief algebraic reminder in the first section, we introduce in the second section the Connes–Kreimer Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs and we show its relation with the combinatorics of QFT perturbative renormalization. We then study the algebra's Hochschild cohomology in relation with the combinatorial Dyson–Schwinger equation in QFT. In the fourth section we present a Hopf algebraic description of the so-called multi-scale renormalization (the multi-scale approach to the perturbative renormalization being the starting point for the constructive renormalization programme).
From random matrices to random tensors
Authors: Tanasa Adrian
Published: May 2021

After a brief presentation of random matrices as a random surface QFT approach to 2D quantum gravity, we focus on two crucial mathematical physics results: the implementation of the large N limit (N being here the size of the matrix) and of the double-scaling mechanism for matrix models. It is worth emphasizing that, in the large N limit, it is the planar surfaces which dominate. In the third section of the chapter we introduce tensor models, seen as a natural generalization, in dimension higher than two, of matrix models. The last section of the chapter presents a potential generalisation of the Bollobás–Riordan polynomial for tensor graphs (which are the Feynman graphs of the perturbative expansion of QFT tensor models).
‘Infinite Kindness’
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

A new kind of topographical writing about English village life in the 1820s established conventions for writing about provincialism that would be widely adopted in Anglophone writing throughout the century. Invented by the writer Mary Russell Mitford as a response to her financial precarity, it consisted of short, inconsequential narratives about places and characters in her own village, linked by a female narrative voice distinctive for its intimate mode of address. Despite appearing to be nostalgic in its representation of village life, this style of writing constituted a complex and significant response to global modernity and the kinds of mobility that it brought. It introduced a mode of long-distance intimacy which appealed to readers and writers who had made transoceanic journeys, and represented a way of inhabiting village space as though it were a new settlement. Published serially in a magazine, the stories were frequently reprinted. They were pirated in America, where Mitford nurtured an enthusiastic following through developing a personal network of correspondents. Her relationship with the American publisher J. T. Fields, was mutually beneficial in developing lucrative new readerships for her work, and in helping to consolidate Ticknor and Fields’s position at the forefront of the American book trade. Mitford’s village provided a frame in which to imagine transatlantic literary culture. Between the 1820s and the 1850s, the idea of the literary village transformed from being a place of fugitive living to a conservative and conserving idea of transatlantic accord in the context of settler colonialism.
George Eliot’s Provincial Novels
Authors: McDonagh Josephine
Published: May 2021

The formal innovations in George Eliot’s late work Daniel Deronda transform the style and shape of the provincial novel, the genre she perfected in earlier works. These changes reflect a new way of thinking about mobility and space which derives from the conditions of late nineteenth-century imperialism and the ideology of ‘Greater Britain’. Emigration is central to this. The population of Britons settled in overseas colonies over the century by now constitutes a significant world-wide economic and political force. Concerted political and cultural efforts to consolidate this dispersed group were part of imperialist efforts to exert British domination across the globe. In the novel, white settler emigration is evident in the background, but the spotlight falls instead on Daniel’s Jewish emigration to Palestine. Developing a comparative method borrowed from contemporary historian Henry Maine, Eliot compares different styles of emigration, and in this strikingly anti-semitic work exposes the racism and oppressive power dynamics implicit in white settler ideology. Daniel Deronda’s complex engagement with Jewish theology transforms emigration into a reparative and utopian vision of world renewal. In the novel, Eliot revises formal components of her earlier provincial novels that relied on an underlying rhythm of movement and stasis, by introducing a new kinetic imaginary that emphasizes movement, exile, and dispersal. Eliot’s utopian vision, however, is short lived, and under pressure of the contradictions of a critique of imperialism that repeats many of its own structures, in her final work her formal innovations collapse into a series of mere character studies, and her political ideals slump into cynicism.
The Concept of an International Organization in International Law
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

Despite their exponential growth in number and activities, international law lacks a comprehensive legal concept of an international organization. The book tackles this topic from the perspective of the legal nature of the legal systems developed by international organizations. It is the first comprehensive study of the different concepts under which international organizations’ legal systems are commonly understood: functionalism, constitutionalism, exceptionalism, informalism. It has a threefold purpose: to trace the historical origins of the different concepts of an international organization, to describe four families under which these different notions are subsumed, and to propose a theory which defines international organizations as ‘dual entities’. The concept of an international organization is defined looking at the nature of the legal systems they develop. The notion of ‘dual legal nature’ describes how organizations create particular legal systems that derive from international law. This peculiar condition affects the law they produce, which is international and internal at the same time. This conceptualization allows the development of a common legal framework applicable to all international organizations, despite their differences in terms of powers, membership, size, and other descriptive features. In particular, the most valuable consequence of this conceptualization is to rebut a frequent argumentative motif, under which organizations are either perceived as vehicles for member states’ interests or as autonomous entities. The effects of the dual legal nature are discussed, analysing international responsibility, the law of treaties, and the validity of organizations’ acts.
Exceptionalism
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

Exceptionalist conceptualizations are grounded on the belief that certain institutions develop differently from others, and consequently, the same international regulatory framework cannot apply to all: member states are agents or third parties depending on the organization; the rules are internal or international depending on the organization; the institutional veil is characterized in degrees of transparency depending on the organization; the autonomy of the organization is a matter of degrees; the conduct of a member state acting in the institutional forum can be relevant as a matter of international law depending on the organization; organizations are very different entities depending on descriptive elements, such as their level of integration or their geographical scope. This chapter describes the historical roots of this theory and later explains why the rules are either perceived as international or as internal law depending on the organization. The theory is rebutted examining the exceptionalism of the EU and of the OSCE.
Interim Conclusions
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarizes the previous findings and exposes the false dichotomies that led to the proliferation of the different conceptualizations. It shows how the four conceptualizations can be applied to a legal dispute concerning the responsibility of an international organization. In particular, it discusses the Al-Dulimi case before the European Court of Human Rights. The circumstances of the case prompt the adoption of one or the other conceptualization on the basis of the argumentative strategy. The analysis highlights the difficulties in providing a general legal framework to establish the responsibility of international organizations and/or of their member states. The chapter is divided into two subsections, focusing on the admissibility and the merits of the Al-Dulimi case. It concludes that the adoption of an international legal framework applicable to all international organizations is subject to the possibility to rebut limited perspectives and to adopt an ‘absolute point of view’.
A Venture into Legal Theory
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents a novel theory on the concept of an international organization. It discusses the meaning of legal systems in legal pluralism, against the background of the fragmentation of international law and interlegality. It relies on the analytical theory of Hart and the institutionalism of Santi Romano. Two notions are applied to international organizations: relative/absolute legality and original/derived legal systems. The absolute legality of the rules of international organizations is a combination of the derivative nature of the legal system that produces them and the point of view of the legal system in which the rules are implemented. The conclusion is that international organizations are dual entities: ‘international organization means an institution established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and capable of creating a legal system which derives from international law and that produces law which is at the same time internal and international’.
International Responsibility
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

The final consequence of the dual legal nature discussed in the book concerns the international responsibility of international organizations. In particular, this chapter describes how the absence of a common conceptualization affected the work of the International Law Commission, the International Law Institute, and the International Law Association. Afterwards, the chapter focuses on the dual attribution of conduct to an international organization and to its member states. It contends that dual attribution is extremely important in practice and it reviews the cases in which it was at issue. After providing a set of principles on how to apply the dual attribution, it distinguishes between three sets of circumstances: dual attribution via institutional links, dual attribution via factual links, and exclusion of dual attribution when the conduct is attributable to only the organization or its member states. Finally, it discusses the effects of dual attribution in terms of joint responsibility.
Conclusion
Authors: Gasbarri Lorenzo
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book. The concept of an international organization is defined by looking at the nature of the legal systems they develop. The notion of ‘dual legal nature’ describes how organizations create particular legal systems that derive from international law. This peculiar condition affects the law they produce, which is international and internal at the same time. The effects of the dual legal nature are discussed by analysing international responsibility, the law of treaties, and the validity of organizations’ acts. This conceptualization allows the development of a common legal framework applicable to all international organizations, despite their differences in terms of powers, membership, size, and other descriptive features. In particular, the most valuable consequence of this conceptualization is to rebut a frequent argumentative motif, under which organizations are either perceived as vehicles for member states’ interests or as autonomous entities.
Concepts, Conceptions in the Psychology of the Referring Mind
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2021

Concepts function to make objects available for thinking and talking about; conceptions mediate and help guide our reasoning about those objects. Concepts unite all subjects who are capable of thinking and talking about the same thing(s)—subjects whose conceptions of that thing may differ. This distinction is integral to the picture of the psychology of the referring mind that is developed in this chapter: a picture with internalist, externalist, and “communitarian” elements. In the first part of the chapter, the concept/conception-distinction is discussed at length, and important implications of it for our understanding of coreference puzzles and propositional attitude ascriptions are drawn out. In the second part, an overall account of rational cognition and conation that fits with the recommended picture of the referring mind is sketched.
Representing Representations
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter champions the priority of objectual representations and reference to the world over fine-grained “inner” mental representations. The main argument rests upon demonstrating that our attitude ascriptions practices give priority to de re ascriptions of mental contents over de dicto ascriptions of mental contents. The argument thereby advances a rejection of the Fregean tradition that construes modes of presentations of objects as essential to the characterization of mental contents within attitude ascriptions. A novel argument is advanced invoking the evaluative commitments expressed with embedded referential slurring terms in argument position, showing them to reveal derogatory attitudes of the ascriber, not the ascribee, and then showing by analogy that the same obtains for existential and referential commitments: they do not typically invoke Fregean modes of presentation by which the ascribee cognizes the world. The chapter ends by reexamining substitution puzzles and the nature of de re belief.
Recruiting Asian Americans with the Right Stuff
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

Asian Americans who joined the OSS were highly qualified individuals. They were nearly all proficient or native in the Asian languages and were highly educated, many with advanced degrees. They held qualifications necessary for their assigned tasks as creators for propaganda materials, for gathering and interpreting data for strategic and tactical intelligence reports, and for conducting raids behind enemy lines; they were not relegated to menial tasks performed by bottom-ranked soldiers. Many were commissioned and noncommissioned officers, which meant that European American enlisted men had to salute and obey their orders. They were recruited from Asian immigrant communities that were politically divided and regionally attached, making any assessment of their recruits’ loyalty difficult at best, even if three-quarters of them were American-born or naturalized US citizens.
Morale Operations and Talking Their Way Into Japan
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

The Morale Operations section of the OSS recruited Asian Americans with the requisite skills in media communications. They hired individuals to help with propaganda materials aimed at two targets. One was to the Chinese public, to help stiffen their resolve to resist the Imperial Japanese forces. The other was aimed at the Japanese public and Imperial Japanese military personnel, to weaken their morale and willingness to continue with the war. The means of communication was in print or over the radio. For the former, some were graphic artists and employed to design cartoons and other pictorial representations for those not sufficiently literate in the Chinese language. Others were experienced typesetters and printers. Still others were writers who produced propaganda leaflets that Morale Operations distributed throughout the countryside in China.
Fighting Like a Man, Special Operations Style
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

Asian Americans also joined Special Operations. Their work for this section involved engaging in guerrilla warfare against the Imperial Japanese forces in Burma. Led by Carl Eifler, they were immensely successful against the enemy who outnumbered their units operating behind the battle lines. While they found their linguistic and cultural skills used far less than imagined, they nevertheless contributed to the defeat of the Imperial Japanese forces in the region. Other Asian Americans planned, trained for, and were about to penetrate Japanese-occupied Korea before the war ended. Two of these missions, known as Eagle and Napko, involved the former contacting the Korean underground movement and the latter planning to use YuHan Corporation pharmaceutical offices as their safe houses while operating covertly inside Korea. Both projects, however, were cancelled once the war ended.
Race, Loyalty, and Asian Americans
Authors: Hayashi Brian Masaru
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the intersection of race and loyalty. For all OSS members including Asian Americans, prosecuting alleged Asian American collaborators hinged on varying understandings of loyalty. For Frank Farrell, loyalty was fixed and emerged from the historical self, as George Fletcher asserted, as evident in the successful prosecution of the Tokyo Rose case. But for others, such as philosopher Simon Kellar, and Asian American investigators, loyalty was fluid, multilayered, and contingent, and violation of it by words alone was insufficient for prosecution for treason under Article III of the Constitution. As a result of their work, many alleged collaborators were exonerated.
Redistributing the Poor
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This book argues that the changes taking place in the United States’ largest jails and public hospitals have been drastically misunderstood. And more generally, the way that states govern urban poverty at the turn of the twenty-first century has been misunderstood as well. It is widely believed that because US society has divested in public health, the sick and poor now find themselves subject to powerful criminal justice institutions. Rather than focus on the underinvestment of health and overinvestment of criminal justice, this book argues that the fundamental problem of the state is a persistent crisis between budgetary catastrophe and expansive new legal rules. Redistributing the Poor pushes the reader to think about the circulation of people for the purposes of generating absent revenue, absolving new legal demands, and projecting illusions that crisis have been successfully resolved. This book delves into the heart of the state: the day-to-day operations of the largest hospital and jail system in the world. It is only by centering the state’s use of redistribution that one can understand how certain forms of social suffering—the premature death of mainly poor, people of color—are not a result of the state’s failure to act, but instead are the necessary outcome of so-called successful policy.
The Medicalization of the Los Angeles County Jail System, 1978–2015
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the historical transformation of the Los Angeles County jail system in order to explain why medicine has becomes a useful tool for jailers. Jails were successfully pressured into providing expanded healthcare by various legal agencies at the exact same time that they faced unprecedent budget constraint. In response, jails began thinking of their inmates less as violent gang members and more as mentally ill, substance abusers, and less threatening homeless persons. Doing so allowed them to draw in funding from other agencies and to release thousands of inmates. In total this resulted in the mere circulation of inmates between general housing and medicalized space as the key solution to the jail’s fiscal retrenchment and legal demands.
Opioids, Observation, and Restricting Access in the Public Emergency Room
Authors: Lara-Millán Armando
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents ethnographic evidence of the restriction of medicine in the large, urban public emergency room. There are two routine problems facing triage staff: that there are always too many urgently sick patients whom staff have no real reason to favor for scarce hospital beds, and far too many less-urgently sick patients who technically should never receive beds. The rational rules of triage do not provide the means to reconcile these two problems and, moreover, they mandate that all of these patients be treated. The chapter details how a culture of understanding patients through criminal stigma, the widespread administration of pharmaceutical drugs during the wait, and police presence all work the resolve these two fundamental problems of hospitalization. It is this work that triage staff do—to produce patients that appear less medically needy—that ensures the extreme waiting lines do not become legally problematic.
Institute for Clinical and Economic Review
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

Although its origins date to 2006, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) gained prominence around 2015 when it focused its health technology assessment (HTA) efforts on a new highly effective, though expensive, treatment for hepatitis C. ICER, a small, private organization, seemed to fill a void in the United States because it offered a systematic value assessment approach and made its analyses publicly accessible. Drawing inspiration from England and Wales’ HTA body, ICER has used the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and cost-effectiveness analysis. That decision gives ICER a powerful approach applicable to a wide range of technologies, but it has also spurred controversy. The organization has responded to criticisms by revising its “value framework.” Changes include separation of budget impact analysis from value determinations, introduction of other value measures beyond the QALY, increasing consideration of contextual elements, and adoption of a “societal perspective” where data support it.
Do Drugs for Special Populations Warrant Higher Prices?
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

Despite its widespread acceptance, cost-effectiveness analysis, which examines an intervention’s incremental cost per unit of health gained, can run up against intuition in the context of drug coverage for conditions affecting special populations. In particular, the “rule of rescue” (i.e., spending more for populations perceived to be in immediate and great peril) may be justified for certain conditions. Examples include rare diseases and the “orphan drugs” used to treat them; cancer, with its attendant societal dread; and pediatric conditions, which are often inherited and severe. Cell and gene therapies may also challenge traditional value assessment, given their high manufacturing costs and potential for one-time, curative treatment. Health technology assessment (HTA) bodies worldwide have made exceptions for these populations by comparing cost-effectiveness ratios to higher (less stringent) benchmarks and by incorporating additional value considerations. Still, evaluating these higher-priced therapies remains a challenge for HTA and society.
Improving Value Measurement
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

Value assessment is becoming more prominent in the United States, but challenges remain. First, should assessments include only impacts pertinent to payers or take a broader, “societal” perspective? Second, should quality adjusted life years (QALYs) be used to measure benefits? Critics complain that QALYs discriminate against people with health conditions and fail to capture aspects of health. Third, should assessments account for drug price reductions anticipated to accompany patent expirations? Prices do not always follow the expected pattern, but assuming they will not can lead to an overstatement of a drug’s true long-term cost. Fourth, how should data gaps be addressed? Outcome-based risk sharing agreements let payers and drug companies amend pricing decisions as additional data become available. Finally, who should conduct value assessments? Government agencies do so in many other countries, but that seems unlikely in the United States. For now, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, a private organization, has stepped into this role.
The Path Forward
Authors: Peter J. Neumann , Joshua T. Cohen , Daniel A Ollendorf
Published: May 2021

Factors interfering with market-based alignment of drug prices and value make explicit value assessment necessary. The widely used quality-adjusted life year serves as a starting point because it accounts for both quality and length of life. Cost estimates could improve by accounting for drug price changes accompanying the loss of market exclusivity. Consistent use of a societal perspective when relevant would also improve value assessments. Prices should sometimes reflect government contributions to development, although such adjustments make the most sense when government facilitates late-stage research. The Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, a private group with a leading role in US value assessment, should make its analyses transparent and defer to payers regarding judgements about value. Finally, payers should embrace value-based pricing. They may not always get the lowest prices, but aligning price and value will mean society expends its resources efficiently and improves the population’s overall health.
Diplomacy in Retreat
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

The Cultural Revolution was the most destructive period in the diplomatic history of the People’s Republic. It would bring down much of what had so far been achieved and leave indelible scars on multiple generations of diplomats—just as it left scars across the country. China’s progress in establishing diplomatic ties with the outside world ground to a complete halt from the middle of 1966 until the end of 1969. As factional violence exploded across the country, China harassed foreign diplomats at home and used its embassies to promote revolution abroad. Most of its diplomats were brought back to Beijing and pitched against each other in scarring political battles, public “self-criticisms,” and brutal outbreaks of violence. Many were later sent to labor camps in the countryside.
Rethinking Capitalism
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

Deng Xiaoping’s domestic economic reforms and his outreach to the West marked the start of an extraordinary period of learning and experimentation in China. Diplomats were at the vanguard of this process. Far more exposed than even the most powerful Beijing officials to just how far China had fallen behind, they found themselves confronted with unsettling truths: the capitalist model they had long reviled had delivered greater prosperity and higher living standards than communism. Some even began to question the Party’s monopoly on power. As China pursued economic reforms at home, the country’s diplomatic corps also underwent a makeover: China professionalized its diplomats, ditched Mao suits for Western attire, retired many of the 1950s old guard, and expanded its diplomatic network.
The Fightback
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

This chapter tells the story of the events of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre inside the foreign ministry and follows the painstaking efforts of Chinese diplomats to salvage China’s reputation. In the aftermath of the massacre, the country’s diplomats made painstaking efforts to salvage China’s international reputation. Channeling the same impulses they’d used to woo the world in the 1950s, the country launched a new charm offensive with its neighbors, embracing tools from economic diplomacy to sports diplomacy, media management, and arms control to try to win friends. At the same time, China’s diplomats were branded traitors by nationalists who saw engagement with the United States as a throwback to China’s humiliating past after the 1999 bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade.
Conclusion
Authors: Martin Peter
Published: May 2021

Chinese envoys today are in some ways unrecognizable from those who started out as the country’s first diplomats in 1949. They are more professional, more cosmopolitan, and more expert than any previous generation, studying for advanced degrees at top global universities, mastering obscure languages, and developing specialist expertise on topics from global finance to nuclear weapons. Nevertheless, China’s political system sets real limits on the ability of its diplomats to be persuasive. It’s also a system that leaves its practitioners with little space to improvise and show flexibility, little room to take the initiative, and therefore not much chance of changing the viewpoints of people they interface with. It leaves them effective at garnering influence through inducements or threats but poorly equipped to make real friends.
Wartime Suffering and Survival
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K.
Published: May 2021

This book explores how people survive in the face of incredible odds. When our backs are against the wall, what are our interests, identities, and practices? When are we self-centered, empathetic, altruistic, or ambivalent? How much agency do the desperate have—or want? Such was the situation in the Blockade of Leningrad, nearly 900 days from 1941 to 1944, in which over one million civilians died—but more survived due to gumption and creativity. How did they survive, and how did survival reinforce or reshape identities, practices, and relations under Stalin? Using diaries, recollections, police records, interviews, and state documents from Leningrad, this book shows average Leningraders coping with war, starvation, and extreme uncertainty. Local relations and social distance matter significantly when states and institutions falter under duress. Opportunism and desperation were balanced by empathy and relations. One key to Leningraders’ practices was relations to anchors—entities of symbolic and personal significance that anchored Leningraders to each other and a sense of community. Such anchors as food and Others shaped practices of empathy and compassion, and of opportunism and egoism. By exploring the state and shadow markets, food, families, gender, class, death, and suffering, Wartime Suffering and Survival relays Leningraders’ stories to show a little-told side of Russian and Soviet history and to explore the human condition and who we really are. This speaks not only to rethinking the nature of the Soviet Union and Stalinism, but also to the nature of social relations, practices, and people more generally.
Order Under Assault
Authors: Hass Jeffrey K.
Published: May 2021

To provide a backdrop for our stories and to study effects of duress on order, this chapter explores political authority and the field of power (the state and Communist Party). The dearth of food deprived the state of a tool for control, and skills and routines of average officials were not initially aligned with wartime needs. Further, intense material deprivation and hunger shifted civilians’ incentives: survival compelled breaking rules, even for civilians not otherwise so inclined. Finally, some officials and cadres were tempted to steal and resell food in shadow markets for speculative profit, creating a competitor to the state: the collective farmers’ market (rynok). Elites and the police/NKVD knew of food theft and rynok speculation but could not stop it. Paradoxically, shadow opportunists and civilians simultaneously challenged institutional coherence and reproduced it: shadow practices bled the state of control, but also required the state to provide food.
Healthcare for the Poor
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J.
Published: May 2021

Early American poor relief included extensive healthcare. Doctors’ visits, nurses’ care, and medicine could all be covered by poor relief. One nurse, called “One-Eyed” Sarah, healed poor residents of Providence, Rhode Island, in the very early nineteenth century. One of thousands of women, nationwide, who did the hard work of physically tending to their needy neighbors, Sarah’s work was highlighted in newspaper articles in 1811. Sarah was “Indian,” and her impoverished patients requested her by name. While her actual identity remains mysterious, this chapter explores what we can learn about a Native woman who nursed the poor back to health, while being paid by poor relief funds. Sarah’s life shows evidence of being controlled by overseers of the poor, as Cuff Roberts’s was. It also shows how she could use her experience to find income from overseers of the poor like William Larned.