bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Infrared‐A Irradiation on Skin: Discrepancies in Published Data Highlight the Need for an Exact Consideration of Physical and Photobiological Laws and Appropriate Experimental Settings
Authors: Piazena Helmut , Kelleher Debra K.
Published: April 2010

Skin exposure to infrared (IR) radiation should be limited in terms of irradiance, exposure time and frequency in order to avoid acute or chronic damage. Recommendations aimed at protecting humans from the risks of skin exposure to IR (e.g. ICNIRP, ACGIH) are only defined in terms of acute effects (e.g. heat pain and cardiovascular collapse), whereas the actual exposure conditions (e.g. spectral distribution, exposure geometry, frequency and number of exposures, thermal exchange with the environment, metabolic energy production and regulatory responses) are not taken into consideration. Since the IR component of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is mainly IR‐A, and considering the increased use of devices emitting artificially generated IR‐A radiation, this radiation band is of special interest. A number of in vitro and/or in vivo investigations assessing cellular or tissue damage caused by IR‐A radiation have been undertaken. While such studies are necessary for the development of safety recommendations, the results of measurements undertaken to examine the interaction between skin and IR radiation emitted from different sources presented in this study, together with the detailed examination of the literature reveals a wide spectrum of contradictory findings, which in some instances may be related to methodological shortcomings or fundamental errors in the application of physical and photobiological laws, thus highlighting the need for physically and photobiologically appropriate experiments.
5,6‐Dihydroxyindole Oxidation in Phosphate Buffer/Polyvinyl Alcohol: A New Model System for Studies of Visible Chromophore Development in Synthetic Eumelanin Polymers
Authors: Pezzella Alessandro , Ambrogi Veronica , Arzillo Marianna , Napolitano Alessandra , Carfagna Cosimo , D’Ischia Marco
Published: April 2010

The determinants of the broadband absorption spectrum of eumelanins are still largely unknown. Herein we report a novel approach to investigate eumelanin chromophore which is based on the biomimetic oxidation of the key monomer precursor, 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI, 1), with peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer, pH 7, containing 1–5% polyvinylalcohol (PVA, 27 000 Da). This approach relies on the discovery that as low as 1% PVA can prevent precipitation of the growing melanin polymer thus allowing investigation of the chromophoric phases accompanying oxidation of DHI without confounding scattering effects. Spectrophotometric monitoring showed the initial development of a band around 530 nm persisting for about 1 h before gradually changing into the typical broadband spectrum of eumelanin. Reductive treatment caused a significant absorbance decrease in the visible region without affecting an absorption band around 320 nm. Initial product analysis indicated an altered formation ratio of 2,4′‐biindolyl (2) and 2,7′‐biindolyl (3) relative to control experiments. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time that the development in solution of visible chromophores since the early oligomer stages is independent of strong aggregation/precipitation phenomena.
Floodplain agricultural systems: functionality, heritage and conservation
Authors: Cook H.F.
Published: April 2010

Floodplain infrastructural features reduce flood risk and have the potential to enhance habitat, biodiversity, water quality and provide societal benefits. Man‐made water management systems common in southern England are both flood tolerant and form part of the functional floodplain. Historic floodplain features should be incorporated into agri‐environmental policy, as climate change and increasing climate variability makes flood detention areas ever more desirable. Of major importance are floodplain meadows, grazing marshes, water meadows and riparian vegetation, and there is a trend to restore river channels to more natural conditions. This paper describes the operation of historic floodplain water management systems and considers the features associated with canals and mills. The major themes in achieving conservation and restoration goals are presented, and it is demonstrated that a refinement of policies on the ground is required.
INTER‐CHURCH AID AND SERVICE TO REFUGEES TO‐DAY (DIRECTOR'S REPORT FOR 1954–55)
Authors: Mackie Robert C.
Published: April 2010

“The aim of the Division shall be to further, on an ecumenical basis, the renewal of the churches through practical help which churches may render one another, through the relief of human need, and through service to refugees.”
THE SERMON AT THE TULSA ECUMENICAL SERVICE
Authors: Thomas M.M.
Published: April 2010

Again the Kingdom of heaven is like unto a treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath and buyeth that field.

Again the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly pearls; who when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it. (Matthew 13.44–46.)
Recent Books on Protestant‐Roman Catholic Dialogues, Relations and Common Practices
Authors: van der Bent Ans J.
Published: April 2010

Baptism and Eucharist: Ecumenical Convergence in Celebration, eds Max Thurian and Geoffrey Wainwright. Geneva: WCC, and Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1983, 258pp. (Faith and Order Paper No. 117).

The Churches as Peacemakers? An Analysis of Recent Church Statements on Peace, Disarmament and War. Rome: IDOC‐International, 1985, 88pp.

Congar, Yves: Diversity and Communion. London: SCM Press, 1984, 232pp. (Translated from the French Diversités et communion. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1982).

Derr, Thomas Sieger: Barriers to Ecumenism: the Holy See and the World Council of Churches on Social Questions. Maryknol, NY: Orbis Books, 1983, 102pp.

Desseaux, Jacques Elisée: Dialogues théologiques et accords oecuméniques. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1982, 199pp.

Dialogi Ecumenici Ufficiali: Bilanci e Prospettive, a cura di Donato Valentini. Roma: Libreria Ateneo Salesiano, 1983, 168pp. (Biblioteca di Scienze Religiose, 53).

Ecumenical Perspectives on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, ed. Max Thurian. Geneva: WCC, 1983, 246pp. (Faith and Order Paper, No. 116).

Die Eucharistie der einen Kirche — Eucharistische Ekklesiologie: Perspektiven und Grenzen, eds. Albert Rauch and Paul Imhof. Munich: Verlagsgesellschaft Gerhard Kaffke, 1983, 231pp. (Koinonia. Schriftenreihe des Ostkirchlichen Instituts Regensburg, Band III).

Fries, Heinrich and Rahner, Karl: Unity of the Churches: an Actual Possibility. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, and New York: Paulist Press, 1985, 146pp. (Translated from the German Einigung der Kirchen — Reale Möglichkeit. Freiburg: Herder, 1983).

Huwyler, Christoph: Das Problem der Interkommunion: Dargestellt anhand kirchlicher Verlautbarungen, Ökumenischer Dokumente und der theologischen Diskussion. Bad Honneff: Bock und Herrchen Verlag, 1984, 2 volumes.

Lazareth, William H.: Growing Together in Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry: a Study Guide. Geneva: WCC, 1982, 107pp. (Faith and Order Paper No. 114).

Local Ecumenism: How Church Unity is Seen and Practised by Congregations, ed. André Birmelé. Geneva: WCC, 1984, 37pp.

Peace and Disarmament: Documents of the World Council of Churches and the Roman Catholic Church. Geneva: (WCC) Commission of the Churches on International Affairs, and Rome: Pontifical Commission “Iustitia et Pax”, 1983, 255pp.

Wachsende Übereinstimmung in Taufe, Eucharistie und Amt: Hilfen zur Beschäftigung mit den Lima‐Erklärungen. Im Auftrag der ökumenischen Kommission der katholischen Bistümer in Bayern, herausgegeben von Gerhard Voss. Freising: Kyrios‐Verlag, and Paderborn: Verlag Bonifatius, 1984, 96pp.

Wainwright, Geoffrey: The Ecumenical Moment: Crisis and Opportunity for the Church. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1983, 263pp.
Dialogue in the Context of Development
Authors: Devananda Yohan , Fernando Sarath
Published: April 2010

Interfaith dialogue is much more than an intellectual activity of learning about and witnessing to the different religious convictions of the partners involved. Genuine dialogue often takes place in actual life situations. Thrown together into the common struggles of life, dialogue between people of different religious convictions becomes an inevitable way of life.

Here is an illustration of such dialogue from Sri Lanka. In a deeply divided nation, facing many contradictions in its social and economic life, there are groups of people — Buddhists, Christians, Hindus and Muslims — committed to human development and, within that commitment, living in dialogue with one another.

This is an abridged version of a paper entitled “How do we live the gospel today?” In the introductory part of the paper, not included here, the authors deal with the ashram tradition and the earlier movements in Sri Lanka for indigenization and development within the churches. The concluding sections have also been left out for reasons of space.
Statements
Authors: Held Heinz Joachim , Castro Emilio
Published: April 2010

The churches today are called to confess anew their faith, and to repent for the times when Christians have remained silent in the face of injustice or threats to peace. The biblical vision of peace with justice for all, of wholeness, of unity for all God's people is not one of several options for the followers of Christ. It is an imperative in our time. (Peace and Justice Statement, WCC Sixth Assembly, Vancouver 1983)
Yet Another Layer of the Onion
Authors: Dayton Donald W.
Published: April 2010

This paper was written for a meeting of the American Theological Society, and it is focused on the American context. But the issues it raises are of wider ecumenical interest. It makes a well‐reasoned plea to open up the ecumenical door to let the evangelicals in, and concludes that there is much at stake in such a move for life on both sides of the door. Apart from this, the section on the ordination of women and the part played by the Holiness churches in it (pp. 105–108) should be of special interest to readers of this issue of the Review.
In and Out of Rights: Security, Migration, and Human Rights Talk in Postwar Guatemala
Authors: Burrell Jennifer
Published: April 2010

Este artículo investiga las interconexiones entre la seguridad, la migración y los derechos humanos en una comunidad de Mam Maya en Guatemala durante la posguerra. Explora los así llamados “maras” (las pandillas, generalmente de jóvenes emigrantes de sueldo‐trabajo regresados de EEUU) y los comités de seguridad que se han formado para controlarlos. En el nexo resultante de relaciones y contradicciones poderosas, los individuos mueven en y fuera de los derechos reconocidostanto en Guatemala como en los Estados Unidos, produciendo un concepto flexible y líquido de derechos, de sus significados, y de los usos posibles de tales. Enfocándome en un caso específico, muestro cómo nombrándoles “mara” a los jóvenes rebeldes migratorios tiene la consecuencia de negar sus derechos y justifica formas de justicia, ni justa ni impuesto mayormente por el estado, sino por sus propias comunidades. Estos temas están sumergidos en conflictos comunitarios entre las generaciones y en contextos históricos tanto locales como nacionales. Más allá de cuestiones sobre la conmensurabilidad de derechos y preocupaciones sobre seguridad, esta problemática implica una crisis en la capacidad de imaginarse un futuro colectivo.
An investigation of the relationship between race performance and superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the Thoroughbred racehorse
Authors: O'MEARA B. , BLADON B. , PARKIN T. D. H. , FRASER B. , LISCHER C. J.
Published: April 2010

Reasons for performing study:There is limited information regarding the number of races and the period for evaluation of outcome which is critical for assessment of SDF tendonitis treatments.

Objective:To evaluate the re‐injury rate and racing performance of Thoroughbred racehorses that sustain SDF tendonitis in relation to matched controls in terms of number of races post treatment and maximum racing performance ratings before and after injury.

Study design:Clinical records and racing histories of 401 racehorses with a first occurrence of SDF tendonitis diagnosed by ultrasonography. Controls were of the same age, sex and were horses training in the same establishment at the time of injury as the case horses and where the trainer reported that the horse had not had a previous SDF tendon injury or treatment.

Results:Eighty percent of both case and control horses returned to racing after the date of injury, and the re‐injury proportion within 3 years of treatment was 53%. The difference in Racing Post Rating(max)(RPR(max)) and the Racing Post Rating in the race immediately before the treatment date was significantly smaller in case horses (mean = 9.6 lbs; range = 0–75) compared to control horses (mean = 17.0 lbs; range = 0–79). No significant decrease in RPR(max)was noted post injury. No difference between case and control horses was found for return to racing and racing 3 times, but control horses were significantly more likely to compete 5 races post treatment date than case horses.

Conclusion and clinical relevance:Injury was associated with an individual's pre‐injury maximum performance level and return to racing and completion of 3 races are not useful indicator of the outcome of horses with SDF tendonitis. The assessment of the outcome of horses with an SDF injury in a population of racehorses using the number of races post injury requires a minimum of 5 races post injury to be a useful indicator. Further, a re‐injury proportion in a population of horses in training for 3 years post treatment.
Demonstrations with a magnetically controlled pendulum
Authors: Kraftmakher Yaakov
Published: April 2010

A magnetically controlled pendulum is used to demonstrate self-excited oscillations, parametric excitation, and multiple-well potential oscillations. Except for the data-acquisition system, the apparatus is simple and inexpensive.
A hands-on introduction to single photons and quantum mechanics for undergraduates
Authors: Pearson Brett J. , Jackson David P.
Published: April 2010

We describe a series of experiments used in a sophomore-level quantum physics course that are designed to provide students with a hands-on introduction to quantum mechanics. By measuring correlations, we demonstrate that a helium-neon laser produces results consistent with a classical model of light. We then demonstrate that a light source derived from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process produces results that can only be described using a quantum theory of light, thus providing a (nearly) single-photon source. These single photons are then sent into a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, and interference fringes are observed whenever the path of the photons cannot be determined. These experiments are investigated theoretically using straightforward quantum-mechanical calculations.
An Introduction to Solar Cells
Authors: Feldman Bernard J.
Published: April 2010

Most likely, solar cells will play a significant role in this country's strategy to address the two interrelated issues of global warming and dependence on imported oil. The purpose of this paper is to present an explanation of how solar cells work at an introductory high school, college, or university physics course level. The treatment presented here will be qualitative and somewhat simplified, in order to reach the desired audience; references are provided for a more detailed and mathematically sophisticated treatment. It is hoped that this paper will, in a small way, motivate students to learn more about this technology, so critical to the energy and environmental future of this country.
Astronomical Misconceptions
Authors: Barrier Regina M.
Published: April 2010

Do you think that the Moon does not rotate? Do you think that the phases of the Moon are created by the Earth's shadow? Do you think that the seasons are a result of the Earth's distance from the Sun? If you answered “yes” to any of these, then you are one of many who possess misconceptions about astronomy.
Does Sea Level Change When a Floating Iceberg Melts?
Authors: Lan Boon Leong
Published: April 2010

On the answer page1 to a recent “Figuring Physics” question, the cute mouse asks another question: “Does the [sea] water level change if the iceberg melts?” The conventional answer2–4 is “no.” However, in this paper I will show through a simple analysis involving Archimedes' principle that the sea level will rise. The analysis shows the wrong conventional answer is due to the wrong assumption that water from a melted iceberg has the same density as seawater. An iceberg is freshwater ice.5 The sea level rise is essentially due to the difference in the density of seawater (1024 kg/m3) and freshwater (1000 kg/m3). A simple experiment, suitable as an introductory laboratory exercise, that validates the predicted sea level rise is presented at the end of the paper.
Comment on “Modafinil Shifts Human Locus Coeruleus to Low-Tonic, High-Phasic Activity During Functional MRI” and “Homeostatic Sleep Pressure and Responses to Sustained Attention in the Suprachiasmatic Area”
Authors: Astafiev Serguei V. , Snyder Abraham Z. , Shulman Gordon L. , Corbetta Maurizio
Published: April 2010

Minzenberg
et al
. (Reports, 12 December 2008, p. 1700) and Schmidt
et al
. (Reports, 24 April 2009, p. 516) reported blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses in the human locus coeruleus (LC). Here, we show that these LC responses do not correspond to the anatomical location of the LC and present cautionary data concerning the quality of BOLD signals measured from the LC using standard functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition parameters.
Response to Comment on “Homeostatic Sleep Pressure and Responses to Sustained Attention in the Suprachiasmatic Area”
Authors: Schmidt Christina , Peigneux Philippe , Maquet Pierre , Phillips Christophe
Published: April 2010

Astafiev
et al
. question whether the blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response that we reported in the brainstem was located in the locus coeruleus (LC). Using high-resolution T1-turbo spin echo images (T1-TSE) acquired in an independent group of subjects, we show that the reported task-related BOLD response in the brainstem is actually compatible with the anatomical location of the LC.
Cooling Energy-Hungry Data Centers
Authors: Meijer G. I.
Published: April 2010

The information technology industry is focusing on approaches to hot-water cooling for the design of energy-efficient data centers.
Cbln1 Is a Ligand for an Orphan Glutamate Receptor δ2, a Bidirectional Synapse Organizer
Authors: Matsuda Keiko , Miura Eriko , Miyazaki Taisuke , Kakegawa Wataru , Emi Kyoichi , Narumi Sakae , Fukazawa Yugo , Ito-Ishida Aya , Kondo Tetsuro , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Watanabe Masahiko , Yuzaki Michisuke
Published: April 2010

Orphan No More

The glutamate receptor δ2 (GluD2), another member of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, has long been considered to be an orphan receptor because there are no known endogenous ligands. Nevertheless, GluD2 is essential for the normal development of cerebellar circuits. Using immunocytochemistry, binding assays, electrophysiology, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy,

Matsuda
et al.

(p.
363
) found that Cbln1, a soluble protein secreted from cerebellar granule cells, binds to the extracellular N terminus of GluD2 on Purkinje cells. Binding has two independent consequences: First, it leads to presynaptic differentiation and second, it causes postsynaptic clustering of several important synapse-specific molecules. Both events are needed for synapse formation between granule cells and Purkinje cells.
Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Monnereau Marc , Calvet Marie , Margerin Ludovic , Souriau Annie
Published: April 2010

Clearing Up the Inner Core

The behavior of Earth's core controls the planet's heat budget and magnetic field, yet its structure remains enigmatic. For instance, the seismic properties of the solid inner core suggest hemispherical structural asymmetry, but questions remain as to how these variations arose (see the Perspective by

Buffett

).

Monnereau
et al.

(p.
1014
, published online 15 April) modeled grain sizes of crystalline iron—the predicted dominant mineral phase in the core—and found that a slow translational motion eastward may trigger melting in the Eastern Hemisphere and solidification in the Western Hemisphere, creating a lopsided core.

Deuss
et al.

(p.
1018
, published online 15 April) examined the normal-mode seismic structure of the inner core, collected from 90 large earthquakes, which reveal not just simple hemispherical variations, but more nuanced regional structures. The overlap of the seismic data with Earth's magnetic field suggests that directionally dependent crystal alignment in the inner core formed during the solidification of the core or as a consequence of strong forces exerted by magnetism.
In Pursuit of Water Oxidation Catalysts for Solar Fuel Production
Authors: Hurst James K.
Published: April 2010

A durable molecular catalyst for water oxidation has been made from readily available and relatively inexpensive materials.
No Sex, Please
Lost Sex
The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis

Isa Schön, Koen Martens, and Peter van Dijk, Eds.

Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2009. 633 pp. $209, £144. ISBN 9789048127696.
Authors: Logsdon John M.
Published: April 2010

Contributors discuss theoretical and empirical perspectives on the fate of animal and plant groups in which sexual reproduction has been lost.
First Detection of an Invasive
Staphylococcus aureus
Strain (D958) with Reduced Susceptibility to Glycopeptides in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Obeid S. , Haddad Q. , Cherkaoui A. , Schrenzel J. , François P.
Published: April 2010

Strain D958, a methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strain with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, was isolated from a 69-year-old Saudi male patient presenting with severe sepsis immediately after admission. Despite high serum levels of vancomycin, the same
S. aureus
strain was isolated from five blood culture sets during 1 week. Treatment failure under therapeutic levels of vancomycin prompted us to investigate the resistance profile of this strain in further detail. The MIC values for vancomycin as determined by Etest and microdilution were 3.0 and 2.0 mg/liter, respectively, and remained unchanged during the treatment course. The macro-Etest method showed a MIC of 4 mg/liter. The strain showed liquid vancomycin and lysostaphin MBCs of 2.0 and 5.0 mg/liter, respectively. The isolates were confirmed as heterogeneously vancomycin-intermediate
S. aureus
(hVISA) by vancomycin population analysis profile. The areas under these curves were similar for Mu3 and D958 for vancomycin and teicoplanin (ratio values were 1 and 1.1 for vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively). Extensive genotyping and molecular characterization demonstrated that the strain harbored a staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
element (SCC
mec
) type III cassette and was of sequence type ST241, a single-locus variant of the successful multiresistant clone ST239. Microarray results demonstrated that D958 contained numerous resistance determinants (generally plasmid or phage encoded). These results suggest that this strain is constitutively expressing an altered susceptibility to vancomycin. Further studies are warranted to assess the clonal distribution of such strains displaying reduced susceptibility to vancomycin prior to any antimicrobial therapy.
Genetic Variation among
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains from Bovine Milk and Their Relevance to Methicillin-Resistant Isolates from Humans
Authors: Hata Eiji , Katsuda Ken , Kobayashi Hideki , Uchida Ikuo , Tanaka Kiyoshi , Eguchi Masashi
Published: April 2010

In genetic analysis of bovine
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates that are recognized as an important pathogenic bacterium in bovine mastitis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed strong correlation to the results of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,
coa
PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP),
spa
typing, and the coagulase serotyping method. According to MLST results, strains derived from sequence type 97 (ST97) and ST705 were suggested as not only dominant bovine
S. aureus
lineages in Japan but also pandemic bovine
S. aureus
lineages. Although both lineages seem to be distantly related to each other by phylogenetic analysis, both had common characteristics, i.e.,
lukM/lukF
′
-PV
and coagulase serotype VI. These characteristics were very rare among minor bovine strains and human strains and may contribute to the host specificity of these lineages. Four methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) isolates were first confirmed from bovine milk in Japan; these isolates showed geno- and serotypes that were identical or similar to those of human MRSA isolates in Japan (ST5, staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
type II [SCC
mec
II], Spa type t002 or t375, and coagulase serotype II, and ST89, SCC
mec
IIIa, Spa type t5266, and coagulase serotype I). ST5 and ST89 are uncommon among bovine isolates in the world, whereas these STs are common among human MRSA isolates in Japan.
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals BAG3 as a Potential Target To Suppress Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Zhi-Ping , Zhang Xian-En , Lin Fu-Sen , Ge Feng
Published: April 2010

The discovery of a novel coronavirus (CoV) as the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has highlighted the need for a better understanding of CoV replication. The replication of SARS-CoV is highly dependent on host cell factors. However, relatively little is known about the cellular proteome changes that occur during SARS-CoV replication. Recently, we developed a cell line expressing a SARS-CoV subgenomic replicon and used it to screen inhibitors of SARS-CoV replication. To identify host proteins important for SARS-CoV RNA replication, the protein profiles of the SARS-CoV replicon cells and parental BHK21 cells were compared using a quantitative proteomic strategy termed “stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-mass spectrometry” (SILAC-MS). Our results revealed that, among the 1,081 host proteins quantified in both forward and reverse SILAC measurements, 74 had significantly altered levels of expression. Of these, significantly upregulated BCL2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) was selected for further functional studies. BAG3 is involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cell survival, cellular stress response, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Our results show that inhibition of BAG3 expression by RNA interference led to significant suppression of SARS-CoV replication, suggesting the possibility that upregulation of BAG3 may be part of the machinery that SARS-CoV relies on for replication. By correlating the proteomic data with these functional studies, the findings of this study provide important information for understanding SARS-CoV replication.
Structure/Function Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus F18 Phosphoprotein, an Abundant Core Component Required for Virion Maturation and Infectivity
Authors: Wickramasekera Nadi T. , Traktman Paula
Published: April 2010

Poxvirus virions, whose outer membrane surrounds two lateral bodies and a core, contain at least 70 different proteins. The F18 phosphoprotein is one of the most abundant core components and is essential for the assembly of mature virions. We report here the results of a structure/function analysis in which the role of conserved cysteine residues, clusters of charged amino acids and clusters of hydrophobic/aromatic amino acids have been assessed. Taking advantage of a recombinant virus in which F18 expression is IPTG (isopropyl-β-
d
-thiogalactopyranoside) dependent, we developed a transient complementation assay to evaluate the ability of mutant alleles of F18 to support virion morphogenesis and/or to restore the production of infectious virus. We have also examined protein-protein interactions, comparing the ability of mutant and WT F18 proteins to interact with WT F18 and to interact with the viral A30 protein, another essential core component. We show that F18 associates with an A30-containing multiprotein complex
in vivo
in a manner that depends upon clusters of hydrophobic/aromatic residues in the N′ terminus of the F18 protein but that it is not required for the assembly of this complex. Finally, we confirmed that two PSSP motifs within F18 are the sites of phosphorylation by cellular proline-directed kinases
in vitro
and
in vivo
. Mutation of both of these phosphorylation sites has no apparent impact on virion morphogenesis but leads to the assembly of virions with significantly reduced infectivity.
Protein Kinase A Phosphorylation Activates Vpr-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Barnitz R. Anthony , Wan Fengyi , Tripuraneni Vinay , Bolton Diane L. , Lenardo Michael J.
Published: April 2010

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes an inexorable depletion of CD4
+
T cells. The loss of these cells is particularly pronounced in the mucosal immune system during acute infection, and the data suggest that direct viral cytopathicity is a major factor. Cell cycle arrest caused by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr is strongly correlated with virus-induced cell death, and phosphorylation of Vpr serine 79 (S79) is required to activate G
2
/M cell cycle blockade. However, the kinase responsible for phosphorylating Vpr remains unknown. Our bioinformatic analyses revealed that S79 is part of a putative phosphorylation site recognized by protein kinase A (PKA). We show here that PKA interacts with Vpr and directly phosphorylates S79. Inhibition of PKA activity during HIV-1 infection abrogates Vpr cell cycle arrest. These findings provide new insight into the signaling event that activates Vpr cell cycle arrest, ultimately leading to the death of infected T cells.
An Antibody Directed against the Fusion Peptide of Junín Virus Envelope Glycoprotein GPC Inhibits pH-Induced Membrane Fusion
Authors: York Joanne , Berry Jody D. , Ströher Ute , Li Qunnu , Feldmann Heinz , Lu Min , Trahey Meg , Nunberg Jack H.
Published: April 2010

The arenavirus envelope glycoprotein (GPC) initiates infection in the host cell through pH-induced fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes. As in other class I viral fusion proteins, this process proceeds through a structural reorganization in GPC in which the ectodomain of the transmembrane fusion subunit (G2) engages the host cell membrane and subsequently refolds to form a highly stable six-helix bundle structure that brings the two membranes into apposition for fusion. Here, we describe a G2-directed monoclonal antibody, F100G5, that prevents membrane fusion by binding to an intermediate form of the protein on the fusion pathway. Inhibition of syncytium formation requires that F100G5 be present concomitant with exposure of GPC to acidic pH. We show that F100G5 recognizes neither the six-helix bundle nor the larger trimer-of-hairpins structure in the postfusion form of G2. Rather, Western blot analysis using recombinant proteins and a panel of alanine-scanning GPC mutants revealed that F100G5 binding is dependent on an invariant lysine residue (K283) near the N terminus of G2, in the so-called fusion peptide that inserts into the host cell membrane during the fusion process. The F100G5 epitope is located in the internal segment of the bipartite GPC fusion peptide, which also contains four conserved cysteine residues, raising the possibility that this fusion peptide may be highly structured. Collectively, our studies indicate that F100G5 identifies an on-path intermediate form of GPC. Binding to the transiently exposed fusion peptide may interfere with G2 insertion into the host cell membrane. Strategies to effectively target fusion peptide function in the endosome may lead to novel classes of antiviral agents.
Caveolin-1 Modulates HIV-1 Envelope-Induced Bystander Apoptosis through gp41
Authors: Wang Xiao Mei , Nadeau Peter E. , Lo Yung-Tsun , Mergia Ayalew
Published: April 2010

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope (Env)-mediated bystander apoptosis is known to cause the progressive, severe, and irreversible loss of CD4+T cells in HIV-1-infected patients. Env-induced bystander apoptosis has been shown to be gp41 dependent and related to the membrane hemifusion between envelope-expressing cells and target cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the scaffold protein of specific membrane lipid rafts called caveolae, has been reported to interact with gp41. However, the underlying pathological or physiological meaning of this robust interaction remains unclear. In this report, we examine the interaction of cellular Cav-1 and HIV gp41 within the lipid rafts and show that Cav-1 modulates Env-induced bystander apoptosis through interactions with gp41 in SupT1 cells and CD4+T lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood. Cav-1 significantly suppressed Env-induced membrane hemifusion and caspase-3 activation and augmented Hsp70 upregulation. Moreover, a peptide containing the Cav-1 scaffold domain sequence markedly inhibited bystander apoptosis and apoptotic signal pathways. Our studies shed new light on the potential role of Cav-1 in limiting HIV pathogenesis and the development of a novel therapeutic strategy in treating HIV-1-infected patients.
Synchronous bidirectional endoscopy for iron deficiency anaemia: is it appropriate for patients under 50?
Authors: Landy J , Macfarlane B
Published: April 2010

Background

UK guidelines1 suggest investigation with bidirectional endoscopy (BDE) (upper endoscopy and colonoscopy) in the same sedative episode is a reasonable approach for the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia. There are few data regarding such investigation for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in young men.

Objective

To assess the use of synchronous BDE for IDA in men and in women <50; and to compare the effectiveness of synchronous BDE in the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia in patients <50 years with those >50 years.

Methods

Our endoscopy database was searched for all synchronous bidirectional endoscopies that were undertaken for the indication of iron deficiency anaemia between 2003 and 2009. Age, gender and endoscopic findings were retrieved for each procedure. Significant findings were defined as cancer, grade 3 oesophagitis (Savory Miller classification), oesophageal stricture, Barrett’s oesophagus, ulcer, arteriovenous malformation, colitis, and colonic polyps >1 cm.

Results

558 patients underwent synchronous BDE for iron deficiency anaemia between 2003 and 2009. A significant finding in those >50 years was found in 24.6% vs 11.3% of patients <50 years (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.0). In men under 50 years a significant finding was present in 20.6%. Dual pathology was present in 1.5% of patients over 50 vs 1.3% under 50 years.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that synchronous BDE is an appropriate means of investigation for iron deficiency anaemia in patients >50 and for men <50 years old.
Morphology and classification of some Early Silurian monograptids (Graptoloidea) from the Cape Phillips Formation, Canadian Arctic Islands
Authors: Lukasik Jeff J. , Melchin Michael J.
Published: April 2010

Exquisitely preserved early to mid-Llandovery monograptids have been chemically isolated from calcareous concretions sampled from the Cape Phillips Formation, central Canadian Arctic Archipelago. They provide morphological information critical in refining the definition of four of the earliest known monograptid genera, and in the elucidation of their phylogenetic dispersal through the Llandovery monograptid radiation. These primitive monograptid genera are defined primarily on the basis of derived thecal form. The specific, derived thecal and thecal apertural character states used in generic diagnoses are as follows: species of Atavograptus possess simple, geniculate to slightly sigmoidal thecae with a large dorsoventral overlap; species of Pribylograptus possess thecae bearing lateral apertural lappets that may occur with Atavograptus-style thecae proximally; species of Coronograptus possess flared thecal apertures at least part way along the rhabdosome; species of Lagarograptus have conspicuous, tongue-like, ventral apertural processes developed as ventral apertural margin outgrowths. Species of all of these genera may possess hoods that are genicular in origin, with the exception of those of Lagarograptus inexpeditus, which are dorsal wall structures. These earliest monograptid genera possess a pattern Mr astogeny, characterized by the outward, then upward growth of theca 1 from a sicular resorption porus (pattern Mr, different from younger monograptids that possess a primary porus developed during sicular astogeny (pattern Mp)). Through analysis of their defining morphological criteria in conjunction with sicular dimensions and thecal uniformity, each of these early monograptid genera is considered to be monophyletic, arising from the primitive Atavograptus stock. Atavograptus thecal morphology provided a simple template for the derivation of thecal form leading to the nearly simultaneous evolution of Pribylograptus, Coronograptus, and Lagarograptus in the lower Rhuddanian. Fourteen species belonging to four genera are described, including six new species.
Crustal velocity structure of the Superior and Grenville provinces of the southeastern Canadian Shield
Authors: Winardhi S. , Mereu R. F.
Published: April 2010

The 1992 Lithoprobe Abitibi–Grenville Seismic Refraction Experiment was conducted using four profiles across the Grenville and Superior provinces of the southeastern Canadian Shield. Delay-time analysis and tomographic inversion of the data set demonstrate significant lateral and vertical variations in crustal velocities from one terrane to another, with the largest velocity values occurring underneath the Central Gneiss and the Central Metasedimentary belts south of the Grenville Front. The Grenville Front Tectonic Zone is imaged as a southeast-dipping region of anomalous velocity gradients extending to the Moho. The velocity-anomaly maps suggest an Archean crust may extend, horizontally, 140 km beneath the northern Grenville Province. Near-surface velocity anomalies correlate well with the known geology. The most prominent of these is the Sudbury Structure, which is well mapped as a low-velocity basinal structure. The tomography images also suggest underthrusting of the Pontiac and Quetico subprovinces beneath the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Wide-angle PmP signals, indicate that the Moho varies from a sharp discontinuity south of the Grenville Front to a rather diffuse and flat boundary under the Abitibi Greenstone Belt north of the Grenville Front. A significant crustal thinning near the Grenville Front may indicate post-Grenvillian rebound and (or) the extensional structure of the Ottawa–Bonnechere graben. Crustal thickening resulting from continental collision may explain the tomographic images showing the Moho is 4–5 km deeper south of the Grenville Front.
Deformation Textures in the Lac Rouvray Anorthosite Mass
Authors: Kehlenbeck Manfred M.
Published: April 2010

The Lac Rouvray anorthosite mass forms a part of the Lac St. Jean massif. Attempts to subdivide the Lac Rouvray mass into mappable types based on mafic mineral content and total rock textures failed. Although distinctive types can be discerned locally, their distribution is heterogeneous within the limits of the mapped area.However, the deformation of the anorthositic rocks by cataclasis and recrystallization provides a range of textures outlining a path of reconstitution from an initial igneous stage to a completely reworked rock bearing no resemblance to its ancestor. Individual preserved textures along this path demonstrate the effects of deformation at a particular place in the anorthosite mass.
Proterozoic mantle under Quesnellia: variably reset Rb–Sr mineral isochrons in ultramafic nodules carried up in Cenozoic volcanic vents of the southern Omineca Belt
Authors: Sun Min , Armstrong Richard Lee , Maxwell R. J.
Published: April 2010

Handpicked, acid-washed diopside, orthopyroxene, and olivine separates from 14 lherzolite nodules from four localities in southern British Columbia have been analyzed for 87Rb/86Sr and 87Sr/86Sr. The host lavas, of late Cenozoic to Pleistocene age, are nepheline-normative alkali basalt and basanite with Sr and Nd isotopic ratios (0.7025–0.7029; 0.51310–0.51326) close to those of mid-ocean ridge basalt. The present-day Sr isotopic compositions of nodule diopsides (9–239 ppm Sr) are 0.7021–0.7041, similar to those of the host rocks. Orthopyroxene and olivine, however, have 87Rb/86Sr ratios of 0.1 to > 1.0 and much more radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr commonly 0.708–0.720), and in several cases the three minerals form linear arrays in 87Rb/86Sr versus 87Sr/86Sr plots. If interpreted as mineral isochrons, these give dates from 99 to 1989 Ma; many cluster around 440–770 Ma. Four nodules from two localities (West Kettle River and Big Timothy Mountain) give dates of 1201–1989 Ma. Maximum dates for the other localities (Jacques Lake and Lassie Lake) are 600–650 Ma.87Rb/86Sr ratios for acid leaches of crushed and sieved nodule material are generally < 0.706, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios for the host rocks are < 0.703, so radiogenic interstitial material or host contamination cannot explain the high ratios observed in the low-Sr minerals. The acid leaches lie both above and below mineral isochrons, virtually never exactly on the isochrons, indicating that secondary material, not cogenetic with the nodules, is present along grain boundaries. Discordant mineral points lie as expected for partially reset old isochrons, with olivine most easily reequilibrated by Sr isotopic exchange with less radiogenic minerals, orthopyroxene next in changeability, and clinopyroxene least modified.The nodules cannot be cognate or related in any way to recent magma genesis. The radiogenic Sr in low-Sr minerals is due to in situ decay of Rb and thus the nodules are Proterozoic upper mantle, some of an age similar to the 1.7–2.3 Ga granitic basement that tectonically underlies southwestern Quesnellia in the same region containing the nodule-bearing vents. The 440–770 Ma isochrons are speculatively correlated with Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic craton-margin-forming rift event(s). Pre-Phanerozoic mantle lithosphere extends as far west as the Okanagan Valley in southern British Columbia.
Post-Keweenawan compressional faults in the eastern Lake Superior region and their tectonic significance
Authors: Manson Matthew L. , Halls Henry C.
Published: April 2010

GLIMPCE aeromagnetic data in eastern Lake Superior are characterized by a series of strong easterly- and northeasterly-oriented gradients that relate to mapped post-Keweenawan faults occurring along the eastern shore. The reversed nature of three of the faults is established through field observations and potential field modelling. Middle Keweenawan volcanic rocks at Mamainse Point are in fault contact on their south side with upper Keweenawan sandstone of Bayfield–Jacobsville type. Gravity modelling suggests that the fault is a low angle thrust dipping to the north. Field observations and high-resolution aeromagnetic data show that it extends inland along the southern margin of the Batchawana Greenstone Belt for at least 17 km. To the west, the Mamainse Point fault may extend across eastern Lake Superior to the Keweenaw Peninsula, linking several offsets in the seismic data that are consistent with the same attitude and sense of displacement. Along the south side of Batchawana Bay at Havilland, sandstones of Bayfield–Jacobsville type are isoclinally folded against a package of upthrust older rocks that include drag-folded middle Keweenawan volcanics. At Grindstone Point, north of Cape Gargantua, a reverse fault separating isoclinally-folded upper Keweenawan sandstones from Archean basement may, on aeromagnetic evidence, be an eastward extension of the Michipicoten Island fault.These faults mark a significant change in the style of late compressional tectonism observed within the Midcontinent Rift. All cut Keweenawan rocks across strike. The inference is that broad north–south or northwest–southeast compression, consistent in timing and orientation with the Grenville Orogeny, led to a reversal of movement along the major graben faults in western Lake Superior and was taken up in the eastern region by reverse faults oriented normal to the extensional axis of the rift.
Possible extension of the Midcontinent Rift in west Texas and eastern New Mexico
Authors: Adams Donald C. , Keller G. Randy
Published: April 2010

The Midcontinent Rift System forms one of the most prominent gravity features in North America. The recognized geophysical anomaly extends in an arc from southern Oklahoma to Lake Superior and then into southern Michigan. The Midcontinent Rift System was active between 1185–1010 Ma, as indicated in the Lake Superior region by age determinations on intrusive igneous rocks. We suggest that the period of formation of the Midcontinent Rift was also a time of extensive igneous activity in Texas and New Mexico. This activity is represented by intrusions beneath the Central basin platform (Texas and New Mexico), intrusions which crop out at the Pajarito Mountain in the Sacramento Mountains (New Mexico), a basaltic debris flow in the Franklin Mountains (Texas), basalt flows at Van Horn (Texas), and the Crosbyton geophysical anomaly (east of Lubbock, Texas). These bodies and other bodies located by geophysical anomalies and wells drilled into mafic Precambrian rocks may be related to the Midcontinent Rift System. Alternatively this magmatism could be related to Grenville age tectonics in Texas. The mafic igneous rocks in this area form a 530 km diameter Middle Proterozoic igneous province, which formed between 1070 and 1220 Ma. Comparison of the Midcontinent Rift System and its extensions proposed here with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic African rift systems indicates that these features are of comparable scale and complexity.
Geophysical interpretation of the Torngat orogen along the North River – Nutak transect, Labrador
Authors: Feininger Tomas , Ermanovics Ingo
Published: April 2010

A 19.3 mGal (1 Gal = 1 cm/s2) positive Bouguer gravity anomaly and a broad aeromagnetic low coincide with the Tasiuyak domain of the early paleo-Proterozoic Torngat orogen. The domain evolved during the collision of the western margin of the Archean Nain Province with an inferred, eastward-facing, platform-to-rise, sedimentary wedge sited on a proto-continent of Churchill (Rae) Province.A density contrast of +0.065 g∙cm−3 was measured between rocks of the Tasiuyak domain and those of the flanking Lac Lomier complex of the orogen and Nain Province. Using this contrast, a two and one-half dimensional model shows that rocks of Tasiuyak domain constitute a triangular prismatic body with maximum thickness of 13 km adjacent to Nain Province, which thins westward to a feather edge. The model is compatible, qualitatively, with the aeromagnetic anomaly and consonant with geological interpretation of an eastward-facing and thickening continental slope deposit. Deep exhumation of the Torngat orogen may account for the absence of paired gravity anomalies characteristic of many sutures elsewhere in the Canadian Shield.