bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WORKING BASIS FOR THE TRACER MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFER RATES OF A METABOLIC FACTOR IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS CONTAINING COMPARTMENTS WHOSE CONTENTS DO NOT INTERMIX RAPIDLY
Authors: Wrenshall Gerald A.
Published: October 2017

A working basis is developed for the simultaneous measurement, by means of an isotopic or other label, of all transfer rates of a given chemical element in systems where its transfer between spatially separate compartments of the system must occur by way of a central compartment (mammillary systems). In addition to the measurement of all rates of transfer, the amount of the element within each compartment of a mammillary system can be determined from the same experimental data. The method is applicable in open as well as closed mammillary systems which may or may not be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, and in which rapid uniform intermixing of the element does not occur in peripheral compartments. A basis for the determination of the total rates of appearance and disappearance of multiatomic as well as monatomic substances in any compartment of a system of compartments is presented, without exchanges being restricted to mammillary or other constrained systems. However, only in compartments where chemical transformation of such molecular substances does not occur can the calculated rates of appearance and disappearance of the metabolite be interpreted as rates of transfer into and out of the compartment. Specific problems relating to the tracer measurement of transfer rates in the mammillary systems of living organisms are considered, and a check list is presented for evaluating published experimental results involving tracers as potential sources of information on transfer rates in biological systems determined by means of the above bases for calculation.
DIRECT VERSUS TRACER MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFER RATES IN A HYDRODYNAMIC SYSTEM CONTAINING A COMPARTMENT WHOSE CONTENTS DO NOT INTERMIX RAPIDLY
Authors: Schachter Harry
Published: October 2017

The working basis for the measurement of transfer rates between compartments developed in a preceding paper by Wrenshall is demonstrated for a closed hydrodynamic mammillary system in dynamic equilibrium. Rapid uniform intermixing of the water in one of the peripheral compartments was prevented by the presence there of glass tubelets. Rates of water transfer were measured directly with a graduate cylinder and stop watch, and calculated by means of equation [9] of the preceding paper, using crystal violet dye as tracer. It is clearly demonstrated that to measure transfer rates between the central compartment and the non-uniformly mixing peripheral compartment, it is necessary to extrapolate all tracer measurements to lime of tracer addition to the central compartment. The amount of water contained in the central compartment was measured in the same experiment both directly and by tracer dilution. The procedures and problems involved in performing the above model experiment are compared with those encountered in the tracer measurement of transfer rates and compartmental contents in living mammillary systems.
STEREOSPECIFICITY IN THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF TABUN AND ACETYL-β-METHYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE
Authors: Hoskin F. C. G. , Trick G. S.
Published: October 2017

The hydrolysis of the powerful cholinesterase inhibitor, tabun, at pH 7 to 7.5 by a rat serum enzyme in bicarbonate buffer involves two simultaneous first-order reactions. A fast, enzyme-catalyzed reaction destroys the toxic dextrorotatory isomer of tabun. The much slower hydrolysis of the levorotatory and apparently non-toxic isomer is probably a non-enzymatic reaction. The enzymatic hydrolysis of acetyl-dl-β-methylcholine chloride by a rat brain homogenate has been studied as a model reaction. Only one-half of the racemic compound is hydrolyzed in contrast to the complete hydrolysis of acetylcholine chloride by the same enzyme source. These results and the results of toxicity studies on the hydrolyzing solution indicate that true cholinesterase hydrolyzes only the dextrorotatory isomer of acetyl-dl-β-methylcholine chloride.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN PROTEIN SOLUTIONS AND IN CRUDE ORGAN EXTRACTS
Authors: Annau E.
Published: October 2017

A spectrophotometric procedure has been presented by which an absorption spectrum, essentially characteristic for nucleic acids, could be obtained from mixed nucleic acid protein solutions, and mouse liver extracts. To examine the efficiency of the method for nucleoprotein complexes, spectra from purified calf thymus nucleohiston were prepared showing the absorption curves of both of its components: nucleic acids and histon.
RELATIONS THYROÏDE–SURRÉNALES DANS L'ADAPTATION AU FROID
Authors: DesMarais André
Published: October 2017

Recent studies have stressed the relations between the thyroid and adrenal glands. A review of the literature on this subject leads to the hypothesis that a quantitative relationship between the thyroid and corticoadrenal hormones seems to play an important part in the defence of the organism exposed to cold. Experimental work on normal, adrenalectomized, thyroidectomized, and adrenalectomized–thyroidectomized rats receiving various doses of cortisone and (or) thyroxine emphasizes the existence of such a quantitative relation between thyroxine and cortisone. The administration of thyroxine can prevent the catabolic action of cortisone in animals exposed to cold. Analysis of the results seems to show that exposure to cold is not a stress, provided the increase in thyroid function is sufficient to meet the requirements of the organism. From these experiments and other results obtained in this laboratory, a new basis can be laid down for the understanding of the beneficial effects of ascorbic acid in animals exposed to cold. It has been shown repeatedly that administration of ascorbic acid can prevent to some extent the catabolic effects of exposure to cold. It has also been observed that ascorbic acid administration decreases the degree of thyroid hyperactivity in animals exposed to cold. On the other hand, it has been shown that thyroxine administration can also prevent the catabolic effects of exposure to cold. It seems logical to assume that ascorbic acid might, in some way, reduce the thyroid hormone requirements of the cold exposed animals. Up to the present, only indirect evidence of such a mechanism has been obtained; it is hoped that further experimentation will provide a definite insight into this problem.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN CORTICOSTEROIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE PRODUCTION OF CIRCULATING HEMOLYTIC ANTIBODIES IN THE MOUSE: I. STRUCTRURAL VARIATIONS AT C-11 AND C-17
Authors: Newsom Shirley E. , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

Seven crystalline C21steroids with structural variations at C-11 and C-17 have been compared quantitatively for their capacities to inhibit the production of circulating hemolytic antibodies in the mouse. Four compounds were found to be active—cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. Of these, corticosterone showed the greatest and 11-dehydrocorticosterone the least potency. Cortisone and hydrocortisone had approximately equal activities. The remaining three steroids, epi-hydrocortisone, 11-desoxycorticosterone, and 11-desoxy-17-hydroxycorticosterone, had no antibodyinhibiting effect.
A NOTE ON THE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION OF THE AMYLASE IN VARIOUS HUMAN BODY FLUIDS
Authors: Kovacs Leslie , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

The activation energy was determined for the amylase present in the following fluids obtained from the human body: urine, duodenal fluid, saliva, and normal serum, as well as serum from patients with mumps, acute pancreatitis, and carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Over a temperature range of 4°–37.4 °C., with starch as a substrate, the value of the energy of activation was similar in all cases to that for bacterial α-amylase, and the mean value was 13,740 ± 200 cal./mole. Partial heat inactivation of the enzyme was evident in some cases at 37.4°. On the basis of the evidence obtained it appears that α-amylase is present in all the body fluids examined.
ADAPTATION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE YIELD IN THE NINHYDRIN REACTION TO THE STUDY OF TRANSAMINATION IN PLANT TISSUES
Authors: Cook F. S.
Published: October 2017

A simple technique for assaying the glutamic–aspartic transaminase activity in plant tissues making use of titrimetric measurements of the carbon dioxide yield in the ninhydrin reaction with alpha-amino acids is described. The necessary apparatus is simple and inexpensive. The success of this method is verified by comparing results with those obtained on the same or similar reaction mixtures by quantitative paper chromatography, and by the chloramine-T method. Kinetic data on enzyme preparations of corn radicle homogenates and radicle segments frozen intact have been successfully obtained. The glutamic–aspartic transaminase is very active in corn radicles, giving high initial velocities. Per cent transamination per 10 min. period varies linearly with enzyme concentration. The optimum pH for the homogenates is at 8.5.
THE ALTERATION OF INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES: IV. KINETICS OF CATALASE ALTERATION INDUCED BY CHEMICAL AGENTS
Authors: Kaplan J. Gordin , Paik Woon-Ki
Published: October 2017

The rate with which n-butanol alters the properties of yeast catalase has been studied as a function of temperature and concentration of altering agent. Activation energies for catalase alteration lay within the rather narrow range of 20–23 kcal./mole, thus confirming a prediction made previously on the basis of the difference in energies of activation for heat destruction of altered and unaltered catalases. Alteration by optimal concentration of butanol was a reaction of zero order. Chloroform also altered yeast catalase with an activation energy within this range of μ values. The close agreement in μ values leads us to conclude that the action of these two altering agents, at all concentrations, is characterized by the same rate-limiting step, even though their action differs in other respects. It was concluded that catalase alteration is probably all-or-none on the molecular level, rather than on the cellular level. Alteration was invariably accompanied by a decrease in the size of the treated cells; alteration was sometimes accompanied by changes in the cytochrome spectrum, but there was no causal connection between these two events. These data are consistent with the interfacial hypothesis, which, in its present crude form, pictures alteration as consisting essentially in the desorption of catalase from some intracellular interface at which it is normally bound in the intact cell.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: IV. THE INFLUENCE OF ADENOSINE ON THE GLYCOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE ERYTHROCYTE DURING STORAGE AT 4° C.
Authors: Rubinstein David , Kashket Shelby , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Human blood was stored in citrate–dextrose and acidified citrate–dextrose media with and without the addition of adenosine. In both preservative media the adenosine induced an increase in the esterification of phosphate mainly in the form of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate, and also an increased production of lactate. The increase in lactate formation could not be accounted for entirely by the amount of glucose utilized and it was apparent that the extra amount of lactate must have been derived from the utilization of the ribose component of adenosine. The pH of the blood samples containing adenosine was found to be higher than that of the corresponding control samples. It has been demonstrated that adenosine added to blood is first converted to inosine by deamination and the latter, in turn, is converted to hypoxanthine. The probable route by which the ribose moiety of adenosine is metabolized in the erythrocyte is discussed.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XI SYNTHESIS OF DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Malkin A. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: October 2017

DPN pyrophosphorylase activity has been demonstrated in chicken erythrocytes, but could not be found in rabbit reticulocytes nor in human or rabbit erythrocytes. In the erythrocyte of the chicken, the activity was confined to the particulate fraction, which consists mainly of cell nuclei. The implications of these findings with respect to the maturation of the erythrocyte and the metabolic interrelationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm are discussed.
STUDIES ON HUMAN ADRENAL STEROIDS: 1. THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN ON COMPONENTS OF THE FREE AND CONJUGATED PLASMA C2l ADRENAL STEROID FRACTIONS
Authors: Southcott C. M. , Gandossi S. K. , Barker A. D. , Bandy H. E. , McIntosh Hamish , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

The free and conjugated adrenal steroid fractions of peripheral plasma from12 normal human males were studied. Specimens were withdrawn before and after the administration of corticotropin. Hydrocortisone was identified chemically and some evidence was obtained for the presence of corticosterone. Hydrocortisone levels showed a marked but variable increase after corticotropin treatment. In some cases the administration of corticotropin resulted in the appearance of an unconjugated compound which may have been a tetrahydro derivative of cortisone or hydrocortisone. A method for studying the conjugated fraction was developed and preliminary data indicated that four components were present in some specimens after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The level of these conjugates appeared to increase after treatment with corticotropin. In general, the response to a given dose of corticotropin showed considerable individual variation in the plasma levels of the components of both the free and conjugated corticosteroid fractions.
"REFLEX" ANURIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Radcliffe Roland W. , Turpin J. E. H. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: October 2017

The effects of various surgical manipulations on the function of the separate kidneys was studied in the dog. The application of a clamp to one renal artery produced vasoconstriction of varying severity in the contralateral kidney. The introduction of a venous catheter into the renal vein by passage upward from the femoral vein similarly caused renal vasoconstriction. The combination of manipulations involved in preparing the renal pedicle for later renal artery clamping with the passing of renal venous and ureteral catheters frequently produced oliguria or complete anuria. Since such nociceptive stimuli can cause renal vasoconstriction and, if sufficiently severe, antidiuresis, it is inferred that these mechanisms bear directly on the problem of traumatic anuria.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS BY A SELECTIVE FILTER TECHNIQUE
Authors: Annau E.
Published: October 2017

Ultraviolet absorption spectra of characteristic shapes and vibrational fine structures have been produced of serum albumin, ovalbumin, casein, and gelatin. This was achieved by a method in which a standard reference solution of an appropriate xanthine concentration was used as an optical filter for the spectrophotometric measurements.
THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDES
Authors: Baer E.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF SOME CORTICODIENCEPHALIC RELATIONS
Authors: Auer J.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE EFFECT OF PITRESSIN ON THE RENAL RESPONSE TO SALT LOADING IN THE RAT
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Webber W. A. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: October 2017

The effect of Pitressin on the renal response to a salt load was studied in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced by DCA, Compound F, or renal compression. Renal function under load was studied by administering inulin together with a salt load. The effect of 2 I.U. of Pitressin given subcutaneously was studied at two periods, 45 min. and three hours after injection. The first phase of Pitressin action was characterized, as before, by an increase in the excretion of sodium and water. While this was qualitatively similar in all experiments, the degree of response varied greatly, being least evident in rats with Compound F hypertension. The data indicate that a large increase in excretion involves a decrease in the tubular reabsorption of sodium and water. The second phase of Pitressin action was characterized, as before, by conspicuous sodium and water retention. This retention can be explained as a reflection of changes in the filtered load which might in turn be due to a change in renal hemodynamics or to a minor decrease in plasma sodium and water.
STUDY OF ADRENOCORTICAL PHYSIOLOGY IN JET FLYING
Authors: Murphy C. W. , Cleghorn R. A.
Published: October 2017

A statistically significant eosinopenia occurred on days on which jet aircraft were flown in the mornings. The difference between experimental and control days was more marked in the early part of the afternoon than in the later part. The absolute values for urinary corticoid excretion were not shown to be significantly different on experimental days by comparison with control days, but when expressed in terms of corticoid excretion/body surface area they were seen to be significantly greater on the mornings of experimental days by comparison with control days. Corticoid/body surface area was not constant for different individuals. Salivary electrolyte concentration did not differ significantly on experimental days as compared with control days, but the late afternoon hour at which the single specimen was collected may have missed any change occurring earlier.
THE EFFECT OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON THE FORMATION OF BETA-GALACTOSIDASE BY ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Polglase W. J.
Published: October 2017

In confirmation and extension of previous observations on the effect of dihydrostreptomycin on adaptive enzyme formation, it was observed that the formation of the enzyme β-galactosidase was inhibited by dihydrostreptomycin in a strain of Escherichia coli which could not multiply in the presence of this antibiotic. Formation of β-galactosidase was not inhibited in E. coli variants which could multiply in the presence of dihydrostreptomycin or which required the antibiotic for multiplication.
THE METABOLISM OF γ-HYDROXYGLUTAMIC-α-C14 ACID IN THE INTACT RAT
Authors: Benoiton Léo , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: October 2017

Synthetic γ-hydroxyglutamic-α-C14 acid was found to be extensively catabolized in the intact rat and to give rise to both labelled glutamic and aspartic acids. The results obtained are in agreement with a previously proposed theory that γ-hydroxyglutamic acid may be converted to glutamic and aspartic acids by two distinct metabolic routes. The fact that only a small amount of radiocarbon was found in the tissue hydroxyproline suggests that the conversion of γ-hydroxyglutamic acid to hydroxyproline, if it does occur, is of minor importance.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF PENTOLINIUM BITARTRATE IN DOGS
Authors: Spoerel W. E. G. A. , Gowdey C. W.
Published: October 2017

Pentolinium (5 mgm./kgm.) injected intravenously into dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital caused the pulse rate to approach that of dogs with surgical cardiac denervation. The higher the initial pulse rate, the greater the decrease after the drug; rates under 100/min. were increased. Changes in arterial pressure followed a similar pattern, and the changes in both systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were correlated with the changes in pulse rate. The cardiac output was decreased. Pressor responses to injected adrenaline and noradrenaline were greater after pentolinium. Total peripheral resistance, respiratory rate, respiratory minute volume, and oxygen consumption were not changed significantly, but local (hind-leg) resistance was decreased in two of three experiments. Pentolinium abolished or reduced markedly the cardiovascular responses to reduced carotid sinus pressure, tilting, acute hypoxia, large doses of acetylcholine, and hemorrhage. The cardiac vagus and the cardiovascular part of the sympathetic nervous system are blocked, but the experiments suggest that the adrenal medulla may not be completely blocked by 5 mgm./kgm. pentolinium.
THE EXTRACTABLE HEPARIN IN DIFFERENT ANIMAL TISSUE
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C.
Published: October 2017

Heparin is extracted from tissue by 0.5 M potassium thiocyanate. The protein is removed from the extract with 80% phenol and the heparin precipitated from the aqueous layer with three volumes of 95% ethanol. Further purification is achieved by reprecipitating the heparin with alcohol, dissolving the precipitate in saline, and precipitating it with 5% benzidine hydrochloride. The amount of heparin extractable by this method has been determined in a variety of tissues from rabbit, dog, beef, monkey, and man. The amounts expressed in units per 100 gm. of tissue varied from less than four units in the rabbit intestine to 4800 units in the liver of a hypophysectomized dog. Radioactive heparin was obtained from dog liver 48 hr. after the animal had been fed S35 contained in hydrolyzed yeast. The significance of these findings in relation to further studies on the physiological role of heparin is considered.
HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES FOLLOWING AORTIC CONSTRICTION IN NORMAL AND IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Beznák Margaret
Published: October 2017

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured electrically, during ether anesthesia, in the carotid and femoral arteries at different times after subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction in normal and hypophysectomized rats. In normal rats there is a rise in both systolic and diastolic pressures above the stricture, followed by a transitory drop, then a gradual increase to hypertensive levels. Below the constriction the pressure falls sharply with a great reduction in pulse pressure, but rises to values above normal in a few days. In hypophysectomized rats the initial changes parallel those in normal rats, but the rise of the blood pressure to hypertensive levels both above and below the stricture is absent. Left ventricular hypertrophy develops from about the second day on in normal but not in hypophysectomized rats. After constriction there is a small decrease in heart rate followed by a pronounced tachycardia in normal but not in hypophysectomized rats. There is some indication of an increased subdiaphragmatic peripheral resistance in hypophysectomized rats.
BLOOD GLOBULINS REDUCING THE ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY OF HEPARIN
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos Demetrios C.
Published: October 2017

The effect of serum and plasma pseudoglobulins on the prolonged thrombin and prothrombin time of heparinized plasma was studied. It was found that pseudoglobulins are able to shorten thrombin time and to a lesser degree prothrombin time. Experiments suggest that the following mechanism is involved: Pseudoglobulins replace heparin cofactor from heparin – heparin cofactor complex and, because the new complex acts as a weak antithrombin, the pseudoglobulins seem to possess antiheparin activity. Since euglobulins too have a weak antiheparin effect, no specificity can be ascribed to this phenomenon. Serum pseudoglobulins shorten also the prolonged thrombin time of incubated plasma, but not the prolonged prothrombin time. Plasma pseudoglobulins, however, because of their content in labile factor shorten both thrombin and prothrombin time.
WATER DISTRIBUTION IN INCUBATED SLICES OF BRAIN AND OTHER TISSUES
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: October 2017

Slices of rat cerebral cortex swell about 40% during one hour's aerobic incubation in bicarbonate-buffered medium. Thiocyanate or sucrose added to the medium equilibrate with part of the tissue fluid leaving a "non-thiocyanate" or "non-sucrose" space equal to about 45% of the total fluid which was present in the fresh unincubated slice. This space does not change with the extent of swelling or the time during which the tracer is present. The swelling thus appears to be extracellular. Inuilin in the medium equilibrates with little more than the water of swelling and docs not appear to enter the rest of the extracellular fluid. The swelling thus seems to involve uptake of fluid which is not continuous with the true tissue fluids. With glutamate or high potassium in the medium, swelling is increased and the non-thiocyanate, non-sucrose, and non-inulin spaces increase correspondingly. This increase is apparently intracellular. Swelling is also increased under anaerobic conditions. Results with sucrose and inulin indicate that this increase is due to intracellular swelling. The space occupied by thiocyanate increases with the time during which the thiocyanate is present in the medium under anaerobic conditions. Swelling can be decreased but not prevented by colloids in the medium. Medium rendered hypertonic with sucrose apparently causes cell shrinkage, as judged by the non-thiocyanate or non-sucrose space, without preventing uptake of "swelling water". Liver and kidney slices swell about 10%. Thiocyanate occupies the whole of the tissue fluid while inulin leaves a constant non-inulin space, equal to about 60% of the total fluid of the fresh unincubated slice. Sectors of diaphragm swell about 15%. Thiocyanate and inulin occupy about equal spaces. The non-thiocyanate and non-inulin spaces are about 49% of the total fluid of the fresh tissues. Diaphragm cut into strips parallel to the circumference swells more and thiocyanate and inulin penetrate most of the fluid. Sciatic nerve swells nearly as much as brain. The swelling is reduced if the ends are tied. Thiocyanate penetrates the tissue progressively with time. Inulin seems to occupy little more than the water of swelling, as in brain.
SIZE, STABILITY, AND HETEROGENEITY OF APURINIC ACID
Authors: Wood G. C. , Smith David B.
Published: October 2017

Apurinic acid prepared by mild acid treatment of sodium desoxyribonucleate and of fractions of sodium desoxyribonucleate was sufficiently stable to permit estimations of molecular weight and polydispersity. Apurinic acid from unfractionated desoxyribonucleate had a weight-average molecular weight of 25,000 and was very polydisperse. Preparations from fractionated desoxyribonucleate representing about half the original nucleic acid were much less polydisperse and had molecular weights of about 10,000.
ACTIVATION OF SCHRADAN BY MAMMALIAN TISSUE HOMOGENATES
Authors: O'Brien R. D.
Published: October 2017

It has been confirmed that the combined microsomal and soluble fractions of liver, in the presence of magnesium, nicotinamide, and DPN, can convert schradan to a potent anticholinesterase. DPN can be replaced by TPN, but not by ATP. DPNH can replace the DPN and soluble fraction. Catalase enhances the conversion but only when DPNH or a source of it is provided. Acetone powders of microsomes, suitably fortified, are almost ineffective in converting schradan. The pH optimum of the whole schradan-converting system is 8.1. Other properties of the system are described. Certain extrahepatic tissues, especially lung, heart, and testis, can convert schradan. The livers of all species tested convert schradan. A peroxide-mediated mechanism of oxidation is proposed.
KINETICS OF THE ENZYMICALLY-CATALYZED OXIDATION OF INDOLEACETIC ACID
Authors: Maclachlan G. A. , Waygood E. R.
Published: October 2017

A study of the kinetics of the enzymically-catalyzed decarboxylation and oxidation of indoleacetic acid has provided evidence that it is a chain autoxidation initiated and propagated by two enzyme-controlled peroxidations. The following reaction sequence occurs:[Formula: see text]where S—COOH = indoleacetic acid; S∙ = skatole radical; SO2∙ = oxidized skatole radical or indole peroxide; SO2H = final reaction product; ROH = phenolic cofactor, i.e., resorcinol; RO∙ = semiquinol or aryl radical.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THYROID - ADRENAL - ASCORBIC ACID RELATIONS IN ANIMALS EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: DesMarais André
Published: October 2017

The effect of ascorbate administration on resistance to cold and thyroid function was studied in adrenalectomized rats receiving various amounts of cortisone and/or DCA; in thyroidectomized rats given different doses of of thyroxine, the effect of ascorbate administration was evaluated on both resistance to cold and adrenal function.In adrenalectomized rats given large doses of cortisone (2.5 mgm.) and exposed to cold, the administration of either ascorbate (150 mgm.) or DCA (2.5 mgm.) enhances the survival, reduces the extent of thymolysis, and decreases the activation of the thyroid. In adrenalectomized rats receiving no cortisone or DCA or low doses (0.4 and 0.1 mgm.) of these hormones, ascorbate administration (150 mgm.) still retains some of its beneficial effects on resistance to cold (better growth and survival); when low doses of DCA (0.1 mgm.) are given without cortisone, ascorbate administration seems to have a deleterious effect on the growth and survival during exposure to cold, with a greater increase in thyroid activity.In thyroidectomized rats exposed to cold, ascorbate administration (150 mgm.) has no effect in the absence of thyroxine, but increases the efficiency of low doses (3 μgm.) of thyroxine, preventing at the same time some of the typical signs of an alarm reaction: thymolysis and adrenal enlargement.These results are interpreted as showing that the role of the cortical hormones in resistance to cold might be limited to a "conditioning" action and that the beneficial effects of ascorbate administration would be mediated through the thyroid hormones.
A MANNAN PRODUCED BY BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Murphy D. , Bishop C. T. , Adams G. A.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-ADENINE IN THE RAT
Authors: Zbarsky S. H. , Paterson A. R. P.
Published: October 2017

The metabolism of 2-C14-adenine has been studied in the rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of the labelled material, isotope was found in the adenine and guanine of the visceral nucleic acids. Allantoin was the major radioactive metabolite excreted in the urine, and radioactive adenine and uric acid were also shown to be present. The finding of radioactivity in the urinary urea indicated a significant metabolic conversion of the 2-carbon of adenine to carbon dioxide. This result agreed with the finding of 8.5–9.4% of the injected radioactivity in the respiratory carbon dioxide. Possible mechanisms whereby carbon 2 of adenine may be metabolized to carbon dioxide are discussed.
STUDIES ON ALDOSTERONE: I. ISOLATION FROM ADRENAL CORTICAL EXTRACT AND A TEST FOR ITS IDENTITY
Authors: Gornall Allan G. , Gwilliam Cynthia
Published: October 2017

Details are given of a method which has proved very satisfactory for the isolation of aldosterone from commercial aqueous adrenal cortical extracts. The hormone was extracted with chloroform and separated by chromatography in the following systems: System I, benzene: 5% ethyl acetate/methanol: water; System II, toluene/propylene glycol; System III, benzene: 10% ethyl acetate/methanol: water. Identification of the isolated steroid was provided by: U.V. absorption, acetylation followed by chromatography, bio-assay, qualitative tests with blue tetrazolium and phenylhydrazine, absorption spectra in sulphuric and phosphoric acids, and crystallization. Quantitative estimations were made by U.V. absorption and the dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction. The latter method has been shown to exhibit with aldosterone a characteristic behavior that can assist in establishing the identity of this hormone. The yield from the extract principally employed was 4 μg. per ml.
STUDIES ON ALDOSTERONE: II. HYPERTENSION AS A CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF ALDOSTERONE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Kumar D. , Hall A. E. D. , Nakashima R. , Gornall A. G.
Published: October 2017

Aldosterone has been injected subcutaneously into young rats in doses of 0.5 μg. per 48 hours and later 1.0 μg. per 24 hours. After 6–12 weeks a rise in blood pressure was noted which in about 5 or 6 months reached a maximum averaging 75 mm. above control values. This effect was noted in intact animals on a normal diet and was the same for either dose employed. The drinking of 1% saline instead of water had no significant effect on the result. In adrenalectomized rats a similar rise was noted and may have occurred sooner, but this observation requires confirmation. Aldosterone can account for at least part of the syndrome resulting from regeneration of cortical tissue in an enucleated adrenal. Desoxycorticosterone was tested in intact rats at dose levels of 25 μg. per 48 hours or 100 μg. daily and produced a smaller rise in blood pressure than that observed with aldosterone. None of the adrenalectomized rats showed protein in the urine, but one in five of the intact animals developed moderate to marked proteinuria after 1 to 5 months of hypertension. It is suggested that these observations may represent the experimental counterpart of human essential hypertension.
COALESCENCE AS A FACTOR IN SOLVENT STIMULATION OF PLASTID PHOSPHATIDASE C ACTIVITY
Authors: Kates Morris , Gorham Paul R.
Published: October 2017

Solvents which stimulate plastid phosphatidase C activity (e.g., ethyl ether, propyl ketone, and ethyl butyrate) have been observed (microscopically) to produce coalescence of lecithin and chloroplast phases, while those which do not stimulate the reaction (e.g., chloroform and petroleum ether) do not produce coalescence. In the ethyl ether-stimulated reaction, all of the original enzymatic activity was associated with the coalesced material, and the lecithin apparently formed an ether-insoluble complex with the chloroplasts; no enzymatic activity appeared in either the aqueous or ether phases. Ether extraction of chloroplasts alone did not liberate the enzyme from the plastids, and the presence of this stimulating solvent was still necessary for reaction with the substrate to occur. It is concluded that stimulating solvents achieve their effect primarily by causing substrate and plastid phases to coalesce and that the enzymatic reaction actually proceeds in the coalesced phase.
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS AND SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS ON PLASTID PHOSPHATIDASE C ACTIVITY
Authors: Kates Morris
Published: October 2017

Large stimulations of plastid phosphatidase C activity were produced by (i) linear aliphatic ethers, ketones, and esters; (ii) mixtures of methanol with ethyl ether, petroleum ether, or benzene; and (iii) anionic detergents. Cyclic ethers, ketones, or esters and also alcohols, aldehydes, halogenated compounds, or hydrocarbons produced relatively small stimulations; cationic or non-ionic detergents produced little or no stimulation. The stimulations produced by linear aliphatic ethers, ketones, or esters varied greatly with the chain length of the hydrocarbon groups attached to the oxygen functional group: in each respective class, the most effective solvents were ethyl ether, n-propyl ketone, methyl pentyl ketone, ethyl butyrate, and butyl acetate. The most probable mechanism for explaining the stimulation effect is concluded to be one which involves adsorption of the stimulating solvents at the surfaces of the lecithin and plastid particles in a manner which makes these surfaces lipophilic and thus mutually attracting.In general water-insoluble solvents (ethers, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons) produced relatively little inactivation of enzymatic activity, while water-miscible solvents (alcohols, cyclic ethers, etc.) were strongly inactivating, especially at high concentrations (60–70%). Anionic detergents were not inhibitory in the concentration range in which they were stimulating (< 0.02 M), but were inhibitory at higher concentrations; cationic detergents were strongly inhibitory at all concentrations.It is concluded that extraction of plant phosphatides without concomitant enzymatic degradation should be possible by the use of i-propanol or n-propanol as solvent.
EFFECT OF COLD ENVIRONMENT AND ASCORBIC ACID ON THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF THE MONKEY (MACACUS RHESUS)
Authors: Dugal Louis-Paul , Fortier Guy
Published: October 2017

Long exposure to mild cold or short exposure to intense cold lowers significantly the R.Q. of monkeys. Pre-exposure for 6 months to mild cold does not seem to affect the drop in R.Q. due to intense cold. Overdosage with ascorbic acid, in all conditions used, does not modify the R.Q.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PANCREAS–DRY WEIGHT, FAT CONTENT, PROTEASE, AND AMYLASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Vonk M. A. A. , McElroy L. W. , Bowland J. P. , Berg R. T.
Published: October 2017

Results of experiments to investigate the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on pancreas dry weight and on the crude fat content and hydrolase activity of the gland are presented. Chlortetracycline fed at a level of 20 g. per ton of feed caused an increase in rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization by pigs between the ages of 9 and 17 weeks. An effect on the pancreas was indicated by significant increases in: (a) dry weight, (b) total protease and amylase activity, and (c) amylase activity per gram dry matter of the glands from animals receiving the supplemented ration. The difference remained significant after adjustment for body weight by covariance in the case of amylase activity but not for dry weight or protease activity, indicating that the effect of chlortetracycline on amylase activity was more pronounced than that on rate of gain of pigs, pancreas dry weight, or pancreatic protease activity. No significant difference in the crude fat content of the pancreas attributable to the inclusion of chlortetracycline in the ration was observed.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA
Authors: Vonk M. A. A. , McElroy L. W. , Berg R. T.
Published: October 2017

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.
THE EFFECT OF BZ-55 (CARBUTAMIDE) ON THE GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVERS OF INTACT AND ALLOXANIZED FEMALE RATS
Authors: Hawkins R. D. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

The ingestion of the sulphonylurea BZ-55 (0.5 g./kg. body weight) by normal female rats for 8 days leads to a significant depression in the level of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver of these animals. The glucose-6-phosphatase activity of the liver in alloxanized rats is higher than that of paired-fed control animals. The ingestion of BZ-55 by alloxanized rats causes this activity to be further increased as shown by comparison with the glucose-6-phosphatase activity in alloxanized, individually paired-fed controls. The differences in the effects of BZ-55 in normal and alloxanized animals are discussed.
THE NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCES IN DIETARY FAT AFFECTING THE LEVEL OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL IN HUMANS
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Connell W. F. , Mayer G. A.
Published: October 2017

Three dietary experiments have been performed in which 52, 48, and 38 male students and a few members of staff participated as experimental subjects. In the first experiment 52 subjects ingested for 8 days a diet in which butter provided 60% of calories. During the next 8 days subgroups were given rations supplemented with α-tocopherol or β-sitosterol, substances known to be present in corn oil in significant amounts. The α-tocopherol had no effect but the β-sitosterol caused a highly significant decrease in plasma cholesterol.The same conditions were used for the first 8 days of the second experiment in which 48 subjects participated. The subgroups were given diets in which 30% of calories were supplied by butter and 30% by various corn oil fractions obtained by vacuum distillation. All groups showed highly significant decreases in plasma cholesterol and there did not appear to be any effective fractionation of the plasma cholesterol depressant factor in the corn oil, although the largest drop was obtained in the case of the most volatile fraction derived from the corn oil. This preparation contained most of the unsaponihable material and had a slightly lower iodine number than the other fractions.In the third experiment, 38 subjects ingested for 8 days a diet providing 60% of calories from corn oil. Subgroups were transferred to diets supplying 40% of calories from butter fractions obtained by vacuum distillation. All groups showed highly significant increases, the greatest increase being noted in the case of the most volatile fraction, which contained most of the unsaponifiable material. It has been postulated that the potent plasma cholesterol elevating action of butterfat is at least partly dependent upon the presence of the unsaponifiable fraction. The identity of this factor and whether it acts alone or in conjunction with certain types of fatty acid residues are questions that remain to be answered.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF SERUM PROTEINS IN THE COCKEREL AND THE LAYING PULLET
Authors: Vanstone W. E. , Oliver W. F. , Maw W. A. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

The serum proteins of two cockerels and two pullets were labelled by oral administration of S35-L-methionine. The subsequent decline of specific activity of serum proteins indicated physiological half-lives of approximately 6.5 days for both serum albumin and serum globulin in the cockerels. One pullet continued in active lay and the half-life of its serum albumin was approximately 8.5 days; the decline of specific activity of the globulin fraction displayed a relatively steep initial phase; the succeeding decline gave a half-life of approximately 4.6 days; the half-life of the serum phosphoprotein fraction was probably considerably less. These results are discussed in terms of estimated replacement rates of the proteins. The second pullet stopped laying and the results with this bird are discussed separately. The average specific activity of yolk protein attained a maximum in the egg laid on the 6th day after labelling. The subsequent decline in average specific activity of yolk protein with time followed a logarithmic course.
THE ESTIMATION OF SUBSTITUTED THIOOXAZOLIDONES IN RAPESEED MEALS
Authors: Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

A quantitative method is described for the separate determination of thiooxazolidone and isothiocyanate in a single sample of rapeseed. The procedure involves first the estimation of the isothiocyanate, which is removed from the macerated meal by steam distillation. Then the filtered residue is shaken with diethyl ether and the quantity of thiooxazolidone in the extract is determined spectrophotometrically at 248 mμ. Recoveries of thiooxazolidone added to rapeseed meal are quantitative and precautions required to give reproducible results are outlined. The thiooxazolidone content of rapeseed meal and also the isothiocyanate/thiooxazolidone ratio vary considerably from sample to sample.
AN ACCURATE METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF DEXTRAN IN PLASMA
Authors: Semple Robert E.
Published: October 2017

A method is presented for the determination in plasma of small (50–150 mg./100 ml.) amounts of dextran. The procedure, which requires between 3 and 4 hours, consists of protein precipitation, glucose removal by dialysis, and the determination of the carbohydrate concentration of the resulting aqueous extract by a modified anthrone technique. Results of in vitro tests show that average dextran recovery is essentially 100% and that standard deviations in recovery range from 1.7 to 2.5% depending upon the dextran concentration. Deviations are reduced to a range of 1.4–1.7% by the use of duplicate plasma samples.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE, HISTAMINE, AND PITRESSIN ON THE PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Nicholls Doris , Graham Carolyn
Published: October 2017

The relative specific activity of the inorganic phosphorus of the adrenal gland of rats 2 hours after an intraperitoneal injection of inorganic P32 was increased by the administration of adrenaline, histamine, or commercial pitressin. These substances are all known to cause a depletion of the adrenal ascorbic acid. The effect on the adrenal phosphorus metabolism, like the effect on the adrenal ascorbic acid, was absent or greatly reduced in hypophysectomized rats and in rats previously treated with cortisone.In hypophysectomized rats the administration of exogenous ACTH caused an increase in the relative specific activity of the adrenal inorganic P and, again like the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion, this increase was not abolished by previous treatment with cortisone.These results, together with other observations on adrenal phosphorus metabolism previously reported for rats exposed to a cold environment, strongly suggest that the incorporation of inorganic P32 into the adrenal gland is controlled by the same factors that control the depletion of adrenal ascorbic acid. It is, therefore, concluded that the incorporation of inorganic P32 into the adrenal gland is a valid index of the activity of the adrenal cortex.
CHEMICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech , Koiw Erich , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2017

A new method of purification of crude neutral extracts of urine for the isolation and determination of aldosterone is presented. The specificity and accuracy of the method depend upon the high degree of purity of the aldosterone isolated. The assertion that the substance isolated is aldosterone is based on the mobilities in the three chromatographic systems used, on the typical ultraviolet absorption curve, on the satisfactory agreement between the values obtained by ultraviolet absorption and by blue tetrazolium reaction, and by the typical chromogen spectra in concentrated sulphuric acid and in 100% phosphoric acid. Values obtained in nine normal subjects on ordinary diets vary from 2.2 to 10 μg. per day with a mean of 5.1. Illustrations of results obtained during pregnancy, anxiety state, and periods of high potassium and combined high sodium and potassium intake are presented.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE CALF AND PAW OF DOGS BY THE VENOUS OCCLUSION PLETHYSMOGRAPH TECHNIQUE WITH A NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
Authors: Hatcher J. D. , Jennings D. B.
Published: October 2017

Anatomical and physiological evidence is presented which indicates that venous occlusion Plethysmographic measurements of blood flow in the calf and in the paw of dogs give an index of muscle and skin blood flow respectively.