bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen molecular ion inside penetrable prolate spheroidal boxes: Electronic and vibrational properties
Authors: Mateos‐Cortés S. , Ley‐Koo E. , Cruz S. A.
Published: October 2004

The exact solution of the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen molecular ion confined inside penetrable prolate spheroidal boxes is constructed within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation.The pressure dependence of physical properties such as ground‐state energy, equilibrium bond length, vibrational force constant, polarizability and quadrupole moment are examined for different barrier heights. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Effective crystal field for trivalent first transition row ions
Authors: Sinitsky A. V. , Darhovskii M. B. , Tchougréeff A. L. , Misurkin I. A.
Published: October 2004

In the present work the semiempirical effective crystal field (ECF) method previously designed for electronic structure calculations of transition metal complexes and utilizing non‐Hartree–Fock trial wave function and parameterized for complexes of doubly charged Cr2+, V2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ cations is extended to complexes of triply charged cations of 3d‐elements. With the parameters adjusted the ECF method is applied to calculations of ground states and low‐energy spectra of the d‐shells of fluoro‐, chloro‐, aqua‐, amino‐, and cyano‐complexes of the triply charged cations. Obtained total spin and symmetry of the ground states match the experimentally observed ones. Satisfactory agreement between the calculated and experimental d‐shell electronic transition energies is achieved as well. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Ab initio quasirelativistic calculations on electronic transitions in ICl by the multireference many‐body perturbation theory
Authors: Zaitsevskii Andréi , Teichteil Christian
Published: October 2004

A quasirelativistic perturbative method of ab initio calculations on ground and excited molecular electronic states and transition properties within the relativistic effective core potential approximation is presented and discussed. The method is based on the construction of a state‐selective many‐electron effective Hamiltonian in the model space spanned by an appropriate set of Slater determinants by means of the second‐order many‐body multireference perturbation theory. The neglect of effective spin–orbit interactions outside of the model space allows the exploitation of relatively high nonrelativistic symmetry during the evaluation of perturbative corrections and therefore dramatic reduction of the cost of computations without any contraction of the model‐space functions. One‐electron transition properties are evaluated via the perturbative construction of spin‐free transition density matrices. Illustrative calculations on the X0+ − A1, B0+, and (ii)1 transitions in the ICl molecule are reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Effects of electronic correlation on local properties of electronic structure of TiO2 and Ti2O3 crystals: DFT and post‐HF approaches
Authors: Evarestov R. A. , Panin A. I.
Published: October 2004

Calculations of the electronic structure of titanium oxides both in periodic and cluster models are performed using RHF, UHF, and DFT methods. The effect of electronic correlation on local properties of electronic structure (charges, valences, covalences, and bond orders) is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Hydrated electron: Nonempirical cluster approach
Authors: Novakovskaya Yulia V. , Stepanov Nikolai F.
Published: October 2004

Interface water anions composed of several chainlike or cyclic fragments were simulated with a 6‐31++G** basis set at the unrestricted Hartree–Fock level with the second‐order Moeller–Plesset perturbation theory corrections taken into account. The estimated vertical electron detachment energies (VDEs) of (H2O) anions were approximated by a VDE‐n−1/3 dependence close to the experimental one. A hypothesis about the predominant formation of interface structures under conditions of molecular flows is put forward. The atomic population analysis, character of the highest occupied molecular orbital, and changes in the geometry of interface anions with an increase in their molecular size reveal the compact localization of the excess electron density in water clusters and allow evaluating the effective excess‐electron radius of condensed water as 2.5 Å, in good agreement with a similar empirical estimate. The scope of the data obtained shows the relatively low probability of the formation of octahedral hydration shells compared to the tetrahedral coordination of solvating water molecules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Multiconfigurational Green's function approach with quasidegenerate perturbation theory
Authors: Khrustov V. F. , Kostychev D. E.
Published: October 2004

The new approach to approximation of polarization propagator (PP) for electronic states of atoms and molecules with reference state wave function (RSWF) constructed on the base of a multidimensional model space is presented. This approach exploiting the apparatus of the quasidegenerate perturbation theory (QDPT) is realized in the zeroth QDPT order and through the first one. The original complete system of excitation operators introduced in the approach is consistent with the RSWF by the perturbation order. This factor in conjunction with the flexibility of the RSWF creates the capabilities of balanced accounting of correlation and quasidegeneracy effects at different locations of nuclei in a molecule and for all the states concerned. In this way, the transition characteristics in electronic shells of molecules in a wide area of nuclear geometry parameters may be appropriately evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Quantum chemistry of ferroelectric solids: Electronic structures and peculiar behavior of zero‐dimensional K3H(SO4)2‐like materials
Authors: Dolin S. P. , Levin A. A. , Mikhailova T. Yu. , Solin M. V. , Trakhtenberg L. I.
Published: October 2004

The main problems of quantum chemistry of H‐bonded ferroelectrics are treated using the zero‐dimensional K3H(SO4)2‐like crystals as suitable examples. Various quantum chemical approaches and computational procedures are applied to evaluate the Ising model coupling parameters that determine different thermodynamic and dielectric properties of these materials. The calculated Ising parameters are employed to describe the peculiarities of ferroelectric behavior of the K3H(SO4)2 family crystals in the framework of mean field approximation. The problems related to the H‐bond proton (deuteron) tunneling are also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Size dependence of Feenberg scaling
Authors: Szabados Ágnes , Surján Péter R.
Published: October 2004

The Feenberg scaling procedure, as applied to Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory, is not size consistent; i.e., the energy error E(AB) − E(A) − E(B) is nonzero if A and B are two different, noninteracting subsystems. The magnitude of this size inconsistency of the Feenberg scaling is determined and analyzed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Complete TDA and RPA Calculations on the Electronic Transitions of Fullerene‐C60 in the CNDO/S and INDO/S Approximations*
Authors: Hara Toshiki , Narita Susumu , Kumei Sukeyuki , Shibuya Tai‐ichi
Published: October 2004

Complete single‐excitation mixing calculations on the electronic transitions of the icosahedral C60 molecule have been carried out with the Tamm–Dancoff approximation (TDA) and random‐phase approximation (RPA) schemes in the CNDO/S and INDO/S approximations. The complete space of 14,400 (1p–1h) pairs is partitioned into subspaces classified according to the irreducible representations of the Ih group. For this purpose, matrix representations of the group generators are obtained on a fixed set of basis functions and are used to construct the projection operators. Degenerate molecular orbitals in each energy level are symmetry‐adapted to these projection operators. Degenerate (1p–1h) pairs or singly excited configuration wave functions are similarly symmetrized. In addition, the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients are obtained and listed in an Appendix. The TDA and RPA equations are then solved for each irreducible representation separately. Both schemes with the projection operators and with the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients gave the same results as expected, indicating that the calculations were correctly done. The transition energies from the ground state 11Ag to low‐lying singlet and triplet excited states and the oscillator strengths for the allowed transitions (n1T1u–11Ag) are given in tables. A proper way to normalize is discussed for the eigenvectors of the RPA‐type matrix equation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Orexin B immunoreactive fibers and terminals innervate the sensory and motor neurons of jaw‐elevator muscles in the rat
Authors: Zhang Jingdong , Luo Pifu
Published: October 2004

The relationship between orexinergic terminals and the sensory and motor neurons of jaw‐elevator muscles was examined by means of anti‐orexin B (OXB) immunohistochemistry combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing in the rat. HRP was initially injected into the jaw‐elevator muscles; 48 h later the animals were sacrificed and fixed for HRP reaction and anti‐OXB immunohistochemistry. OXB‐like terminals were observed to distribute in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) and the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) where they closely contact the Vme neuronal somata and the Vmo neuronal somata and dendrites retrogradely labeled with HRP. The results of this study provide anatomical evidence of a direct OXB orexinergic innervation of the sensory and motor neurons controlling jaw‐elevator muscles involved in mastication. Its functional significance related to the feeding behavior and bruxism is discussed. Synapse 44:106–110, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of 5HT2A and NMDA receptors in single cells within the rat medial nucleus of the solitary tract
Authors: Huang Jie , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: October 2004

Activation of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine; 5HT) receptors of the 2A subtype (5HT2A) in the intermediate portion of the medial nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS) produces marked hypotension and bradycardia. This portion of the mNTS receives major input from glutamatergic baroreceptor afferents. Thus, the cardiorespiratory effects of 5HT2A agonists may be attributed, in part, to interactions involving the glutamatergic target neurons, some of which express N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. To determine the functional sites for activation of 5HT2A receptors and their relationship to NMDA receptors in this region, we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for the localization of antipeptide antisera selectively recognizing each receptor protein in the intermediate mNTS in rat brain. Of 1,052 5HT2A‐labeled profiles, 38% were dendrites and dendritic spines, 27% were unmyelinated axons, 14% were axon terminals, and 11% were glial processes. These 5HT2A‐labeled profiles frequently contained NR1 gold particles with dendrites comprising 68% of the total dual‐labeled profiles. In dendrites, the 5HT2A immunoreactivity was localized to cytoplasmic organelles or discretely distributed on synaptic or extrasynaptic segments of the plasma membrane. In contrast, NR1 immunoreactivity was prominently localized to postsynaptic junctions and these were distinct from the 5HT2A receptor labeling when coexpressed in the same dendrites. Dendrites containing both receptors composed 56% (224/399) of the total 5HT2A‐labeled dendrites and 34% (224/659) of the total NR1‐labeled dendrites. Our results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that in the intermediate mNTS, 5HT2A receptor agonists may affect the postsynaptic excitability of many of the same neurons that show NMDA‐evoked responses to glutamate. Synapse 44:64–75, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential NR2A and NR2B expression between trigeminal neurons during early postnatal development
Authors: Turman Jack E. , Lee Ophelia K. , Chandler Scott H.
Published: October 2004

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an important role in the production of rhythmical trigeminal motor activity resembling suckling and chewing. The developmental relationship between the expression of NMDA receptor subunits and the function of neurons comprising brainstem oral–motor circuitry is not clear. We conducted receptor immunohistochemistry studies to demonstrate the expression of NR2A and NR2B subunits in trigeminal motoneurons (Mo5) and mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (Me5) during the first 2 weeks of development. During this time period, rats begin the transition from suckling to chewing, two distinct motor behaviors. In Mo5, NR2A and NR2B immunoreactivity was observed throughout the time frame sampled. A significant increase in the NR2A:NR2B ratio occurred between P3–4 and P11 due to a reduction in the number of NR2B immunoreactive neurons. The temporal and spatial expression of NR2A and NR2B was differentially regulated between caudal and rostral regions of Me5. In contrast to Mo5, the NR2A:NR2B ratio decreased between P0–1 and P11 in caudal Me5 due to a concurrent increase in the number of NR2A and NR2B immunoreactive neurons. In rostral Me5, NR2A and NR2B immunoreactivity emerged at P3 and P11, respectively. Our data provides further insight into the molecular changes of trigeminal neurons during the transition from suckling to chewing behaviors. The differences in the NR2A:NR2B ratio between Mo5 and Me5 suggest functional differences in these neurons during NMDA‐mediated neurotransmission. Synapse 44:76–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current and future changes in corporate attitudes to national identity
Authors: Harris Thomas
Published: October 2004

This commentary is a revised version of a speech that was delivered by the Honorable Thomas Harris to the
Thunderbird community at the Glendale campus on February 6, 2001. Although the speech was delivered in 2001, its
attendant concerns and arguments endure and are germane in today's global business considerations.
Ambassador Harris is presently Her Majesty's Consul General and Director General of British Trade and
Investment in the United States. Following his graduation from Cambridge University, Ambassador Harris joined
the Board of Trade in 1966, and subsequently the British Diplomatic Service. His diplomatic career included
stints in Tokyo, Washington, and Lagos. He has also held various appointments in the Foreign and Commonwealth
Office. His most recent overseas posting was as British Ambassador to Korea between 1993 and 1997. He was later
appointed Director General for Export Promotion in the Department of Trade and Investments (now known as
British Trade International), before taking on his present assignments in New York. As Director General of
British Trade and Investment, he has overall responsibility for the promotion of British trade throughout the
U.S. and for securing investment by U.S. firms in the United Kingdom. In 1995, Ambassador Harris was appointed
by Her Majesty, the Queen of England, to be a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
(CMG). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interrenal stress responsiveness of marbled sole, Pleuronectes yokohamae, inhabiting Tokyo Bay
Authors: Kakuta Izuru
Published: October 2004

The interrenal stress responsiveness of marbled sole (Pleuronectes yokohamae) captured in the interior (Tokyo) and at the mouth (the Uraga Strait; Uraga) of Tokyo Bay, in the coastal region of Onjuku (the eastern coastal region of Chiba prefecture; Pacific) and in Ishinomaki Bay (Ishinomaki) in Japan was investigated. That is, the effects of air‐exposure on plasma cortisol and glucose levels in the fish from the four different regions, and the effect of in vitro ACTH treatment on cortisol release from the head kidney tissue of the fish held under resting conditions were examined. In this study, it was found that (i) there were no significant differences in plasma cortisol and glucose levels among the fish from the four different regions under resting conditions, (ii) each air‐exposed fish increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels, (iii) the cortisol response in marbled sole inhabiting Tokyo Bay, in particular the interior, was lower, delayed and prolonged, and (iv) cortisol release from the head kidney to in vitro ACTH treatment was lower in the fish from Tokyo compared with the fish from the reference (not so polluted) sites, Pacific and Ishinomaki. These results suggest that marbled sole inhabiting Tokyo Bay, in particular the interior, have been altered in their responsiveness of cortisol‐producing interrenal cells to the stressor in the hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 1–6, 2002
A study of the family burden of 150 family members of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Lowyck B. , De Hert M. , Peeters E. , Wampers M. , Gilis P. , Peuskens J.
Published: October 2004

Purpose

Investigation into the family burden (FB) of schizophrenic patients has recently risen sharply. Nevertheless, to date there has been little consensus as to what factors influence the FB. The purpose of this study is to acquire a greater insight into the variables that influence the FB.

Subjects/Methods

The FB was measured with the interview for the family burden (Kluiter H, Kramer JJAM, Wiersma D, et al. Interview voor de belasting van de familie 1997 [Interview for the burden on the family]. Department Sociale Psychiatrie. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit). One hundred and fifty family members (parents/partners) of schizophrenic patients participated in the study.

Results

The results of our study show (1) that family members experience burden both on a practical and an emotional level, (2) a highly significant correlation between the amount of symptomatic behaviour of the patient and FB, (3) that parents had taken on more tasks, had contributed more financially and had experienced a tenser atmosphere at home than partners did and (4) that family members of patients who have been treated for less than 1 year worry more about the other members of their family than family members of patients who have been receiving treatment for more than 1 year.

Conclusions

Family members of schizophrenic patients experience burden on a practical, financial and emotional level and the extent of the burden is closely linked to the amount of symptomatic behaviour of the patient.
Setting priorities for the conservation of Venezuela's threatened birds
Authors: Rodríguez Jon Paul , Rojas-Suárez Franklin , Sharpe Christopher J.
Published: October 2004

We develop and apply a four-dimensional priority-setting process for the conservation of threatened birds in Venezuela. The axes that we consider are extinction risk, degree of endemicity, taxonomic uniqueness and public appeal. Alhough the first three are relatively objective measures of biological attributes, the last one is a subjective judgement of the likelihood that conservation actions in favour of a species may succeed. By grouping higher priority species according to their geographical distribution within Venezuela, we generate a list of the top priorities to save the country's threatened birds, both species- and bioregion-based. The highest priority species are northern-helmeted curassow Pauxi pauxi, Andean condor Vultur gryphus, red siskin Carduelis cucullata and plain-flanked rail Rallus wetmorei, followed by eight high priority birds, wattled guan Aburria aburri, yellow-shouldered parrot Amazona barbadensis, scissor-tailed hummingbird Hylonympha macrocerca, rusty-faced parrot Hapalopsittaca amazonina, northern screamer Chauna chavaria, torrent duck Merganetta armata, rusty-flanked crake Laterallus levraudi, and military macaw Ara militaris. Northern Venezuela stands out as a significantly higher conservation priority than the south. The Andean Cordillera, Central Coastal Cordillera, Paria Peninsula-Turimiquire Massif Complex, and Sierra de Perijá are the highest priority bioregions, followed by Lara-Falcón Arid Lands and Maracaibo Lake Basin. A final set of combined priorities was determined by integrating all top ranking species and bioregions. Our approach is relatively simple and readily applicable to other taxa and regions.
Avian responses to fragmentation of the Maulino Forest in central Chile
Authors: Vergara Pablo M. , Simonetti Javier A.
Published: October 2004

Depending on the mosaic of habitats that is created, forest fragmentation can reduce the abundance and diversity of forest birds. Temperate deciduous forests in South America are rapidly being replaced by pine plantations, causing changes in habitats for both breeding and migrant birds. We examined differences in avian species richness and abundance in three areas: a reserve with continuous tracts of native forest, forest fragments and pine plantations. Four species were negatively affected by fragmentation, with their abundance declining from continuous forest to pine plantations. Fourteen species were not affected by fragmentation and eight had significantly increased abundance in pine plantations compared to continuous forest. Overall abundance in pooled and ground/understorey birds was higher in forest fragments and pine plantations compared to continuous forest. The abundance of granivorous species was higher in the pine plantations than in the forest reserve, but the abundance of insectivorous species was higher in the forest reserve and in forest fragments than in pine plantations. Thus, forest fragmentation affects birds differentially according to their feeding ecology.
Using scientific evidence to guide the conservation of a highly fragmented and threatened Afrotropical forest
Authors: Githiru Mwangi , Lens Luc
Published: October 2004

Fragmentation of forests adversely affects forest-dependent biota, and conservation biologists strive to develop a good understanding of how species respond to changes associated with habitat attrition in order to establish the best conservation strategies. The spatial structure of populations persisting in fragmented landscapes governs their response to habitat fragmentation, and hence dictates the remedial actions that will be most effective for species and habitat conservation. The Taita Hills forests of Kenya are an example of a highly fragmented Afrotropical forest ecosystem embedded in a human-dominated landscape. The spatial structure of the white-starred robin Pogonocichla stellata populations living in indigenous forests across this landscape was examined. Due to its forest dependence and widespread occurrence, the robin was used as a model species to help formulate general conservation guidelines for forest-dependent species and their habitats within this landscape. Results from demographic, genetic and behavioural work point to a mixed spatial structure with elements of patchy population dynamics on a fine scale, and a core-satellite or source-pseudo-sink system on a broader scale. In particular, the findings underscore (1) the importance of dispersal, (2) the importance of small patches, (3) the importance of the largest patch, and (4) the processes underlying problems associated with forest disturbance. We examine the conservation implications of this information, and report on activities already initiated or planned, in line with these findings, for the Taita Hills.
Schleiermacher and Otto on religion
Authors: DOLE ANDREW
Published: October 2004

Rudolf Otto is often spoken of as continuing the tradition of reflection on the nature of religion inaugurated by Schleiermacher. I argue that, on the contrary, there are important differences between Schleiermacher's and Otto's accounts of religion. Otto opposed naturalistic analyses of religion which threatened Christianity's claims to truth, and saw Schleiermacher as providing insufficient resources for resisting such analyses. Otto's grounding of his own religious epistemology in the work of Jakob Friedrich Fries provided him with an explicitly supernatural ‘religious a priori’, and thus provided a universal legitimating ground for religion which resists naturalistic analysis. Schleiermacher, in contrast, explicitly ruled out the sort of ‘experience of the holy’ postulated by Otto by denying both the ‘givenness’ of God in experience and supernatural intervention in the natural order. Further, Schleiermacher's appreciation of humanity's embeddedness within ‘the system of nature’ led him to embrace the view that religion, like any natural phenomenon, is an appropriate subject for scientific investigation.
Augustine's compatibilism
Authors: ROGERS KATHERIN A.
Published: October 2004

In analysing Augustine's views on freedom it is standard to draw two distinctions; one between an earlier emphasis on human freedom and a later insistence that God alone governs human destiny, and another between pre-lapsarian and post-lapsarian freedom. These distinctions are real and important, but underlying them is a more fundamental consistency. Augustine is a compatibilist from his earliest work on freedom through his final anti-Pelagian writings, and the freedom possessed by the un-fallen and the fallen will is a compatibilist freedom. This leaves Augustine open to the charge that he makes God the ultimate cause of sin.
Divine guidance and an accidentally necessary future: a response to Hunt
Authors: ROBINSON MICHAEL D.
Published: October 2004

In his reply to my original essay, David Hunt maintains that I do not discuss how his defence of providentially useful simple foreknowledge violates the Metaphysical Principle. Further, he claims that I try to force him into both affirming and denying the accidental necessity of future events and their role in explaining divine advice-giving. In this response, I attempt to articulate more fully why Hunt's defence of simple foreknowledge implies that dependency loops could unfold. Further, I argue that Hunt's scenario is not tenable, whether one affirms that future events are accidentally necessary or contingent.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Inverting the Burrows–Wheeler transform
Authors: BIRD RICHARD S. , MU SHIN-CHENG
Published: October 2004

The Burrows–Wheeler Transform is a string-to-string transform which, when used as a preprocessing phase in compression, significantly enhances the compression rate. However, it often puzzles people how the inverse transform is carried out. In this pearl we to exploit simple equational reasoning to derive the inverse of the Burrows–Wheeler transform from its specification. We also outline how to derive the inverse of two more general versions of the transform, one proposed by Schindler and the other by Chapin and Tate.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Functional satisfaction
Authors: MARANGET LUC
Published: October 2004

This work presents simple decision procedures for the propositional calculus and for a simple predicate calculus. These decision procedures are based upon enumeration of the possible values of the variables in an expression. Yet, by taking advantage of the sequential semantics of boolean connectors, not all values are enumerated. In some cases, dramatic savings of machine time can be achieved. In particular, an equivalence checker for a small programming language appears to be usable in practice.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Composing fractals
Authors: JONES MARK P.
Published: October 2004

This paper describes a simple but flexible family of Haskell programs for drawing pictures of fractals such as Mandelbrot and Julia sets. Its main goal is to showcase the elegance of a compositional approach to program construction, and the benefits of a clean separation between different aspects of program behavior. Aimed at readers with relatively little experience of functional programming, the paper can be used as a tutorial on functional programming, as an overview of the Mandelbrot set, or as a motivating example for studies in computability.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Derivation of a logarithmic time carry lookahead addition circuit
Authors: O'DONNELL JOHN T. , RÜNGER GUDULA
Published: October 2004

Using Haskell as a digital circuit description language, we transform a ripple carry adder that requires $O(n)$ time to add two $n$-bit words into a parallel carry lookahead adder that requires $O(\log n)$ time. The ripple carry adder uses a scan function to calculate carry bits, but this scan cannot be parallelized directly since it is applied to a non-associative function. Several techniques are applied in order to introduce parallelism, including partial evaluation and symbolic function representation. The derivation given here constitutes a semi-formal correctness proof, and it also brings out explicitly each of the ideas underlying the algorithm.
FUNCTIONAL PEARL Pickler combinators
Authors: KENNEDY ANDREW J.
Published: October 2004

The tedium of writing pickling and unpickling functions by hand is relieved using a combinator library similar in spirit to the well-known parser combinators. Picklers for primitive types are combined to support tupling, alternation, recursion, and structure sharing. Code is presented in Haskell; an alternative implementation in ML is discussed.
Special issue on functional pearls Editorial
Authors: HINZE RALF
Published: October 2004

You are holding a necklace in your hands, composed of no fewer than thirteen exquisite pearls. The pearls are from all over the world, selected for the finest quality, smoothness and lustre. For your viewing pleasure, the necklace emphasizes variety, stringing pearls of wildly different color, shape and size. Satisfaction is guaranteed.
Differential fate of multipotent and lineage-restricted neural precursors following transplantation into the adult CNS
Authors: LEPORE ANGELO C. , HAN STEVEN S.W. , TYLER-POLSZ CARLA J. , CAI JINGLI , RAO MAHENDRA S. , FISCHER ITZHAK
Published: October 2004

Multiple classes of precursor cells have been isolated and characterized from the developing spinal cord including multipotent neuroepithelial (NEP) stem cells and lineage-restricted precursors for neurons (NRPs) and glia (GRPs). We have compared the survival, differentiation and integration of multipotent NEP cells with lineage-restricted NRPs and GRPs using cells isolated from transgenic rats that express the human placental alkaline phosphatase gene. Our results demonstrate that grafted NEP cells survive poorly, with no cells observed 3 days after transplant in the adult hippocampus, striatum and spinal cord, indicating that most CNS regions are not compatible with transplants of multipotent cells derived from fetal CNS. By contrast, at 3 weeks and 5 weeks post-engraftment, lineage-restricted precursors showed selective migration along white-matter tracts and robust survival in all three CNS regions. The grafted precursors expressed the mature neuronal markers NeuN and MAP2, the astrocytic marker GFAP, the oligodendrocytic markers RIP, NG2 and Sox-10, and the synaptic marker synaptophysin. Similar behavior was observed when these precursors were transplanted into the injured spinal cord. Predifferentiated, multipotent NEP cells also survive and integrate, which indicates that lineage-restricted CNS precursors are well suited for transplantation into the adult CNS and provide a promising cellular replacement candidate.
Neural development and the ontogeny of central nervous system tumors
Authors: POMEROY SCOTT L.
Published: October 2004

Recent evidence argues that the oncogenesis and growth of CNS tumors occurs through dysregulated molecular and cellular mechanisms of neural development. New insights have emerged that have had a significant impact on both research and treatment of these cancers.
Past natural changes in Cu, Zn and Cd in Vostok Antarctic ice dated back to the penultimate interglacial period
Authors: Hong Sungmin , Boutron Claude F. , Gabrielli Paolo , Barbante Carlo , Ferrari Christophe P. , Petit Jean Robert , Lee Khanghyun , Lipenkov Vladimir Y.
Published: October 2004

Improved ice core decontamination procedures have allowed us to obtain the first reliable data on Cu, Zn and Cd in ancient Antarctic ice drilled in a fluid filled hole at Vostok Station, dated back to the beginning of the next to last ice age ∼240,000 years ago. Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations and fallout fluxes display very large natural variations by up to a factor of 35, with high values obtained during the coldest climatic stages and much lower values during warm climatic stages. Crustal dust was an important source of Cu and Zn during the coldest climatic stages, and volcanic emissions were probably an important source of Cd both during warm and cold periods.
Local infrasound signals from the Tokachi‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Kim Tae Sung , Hayward Chris , Stump Brian
Published: October 2004

A great earthquake (Mw = 8.3) and aftershock (Mw = 7.4) occurred near Hokkaido, Japan on September 25, 2003. This earthquake and aftershock were sources of local and epicentral infrasound signals observed at two seismo‐acoustic arrays in the Republic of Korea. Local infrasound results when seismic signals near the receiver couple to the atmosphere. The local cross coupling from seismic ground motion to infrasound signal at two seismo‐acoustic arrays enabled us to compute a seismic‐to‐infrasound transfer function at each array. The observed transfer function quantifies the microphone response when the seismometer response is known. When seismometers and infrasound gauges are collocated, this procedure can provide field calibration.
The relationship between orchard crowding, light interception, and productivity in macadamia
Authors: McFadyen L. M. , Morris S. G. , Oldham M. A. , Huett D. O. , Meyers N. M. , Wood J. , McConchie C. A.
Published: October 2004

Orchard crowding in the macadamia industry is common and there has been concern that it reduces yield and quality. To investigate this we monitored yield, nut quality, tree volume, and light interception in macadamia orchards (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) that represented a range in crowding. The predicted rate of change in yield/ha with time remained positive, i.e. yield increased over time, for orchards with crowding levels up to a tree volume of 43 500 m3/ha and light interception of 94%. There was a trend for the rate of yield change to decrease with increasing tree volume/ha. For orchards with tree volume >43 500 m3/ha the rate was negative, indicating a slight decline in yield over time. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of orchard crowding on percentage kernel recovery, unsound kernel, or grade 1 kernel. It appears that macadamia, unlike many other orchard crops, can maintain yield and quality up to a high level of orchard crowding. The implication of this is that timing of canopy management and optimum canopy dimensions will be dictated by management requirements for machinery access and effective spray coverage before yield decline becomes an issue.
Pollen fertility in Musa: Viability in cultivars grown in Southern Australia
Authors: Fortescue J. A. , Turner D. W.
Published: October 2004

Pollen viability was examined by recording the number of viable as well as non-viable microspores in anthers just before anthesis, as it could be an efficient and rapid indicator of female fertility. It was thought that competency in meiotic restitution in microspores could indicate similar competency in megaspores. Pollen fertility was compared among seeded diploids and edible triploids of Musa and correlated with ovule fertility. Viability was examined using the Alexander’s pollen stain procedure. The seeded diploid species M. acuminata, M. balbisiana, and M. ornata had 3 times more viable pollen than the edible tetraploids (AAAB). M. balbisiana and M. ornata had significantly more viable pollen than M. acuminata. The tetraploids contained 3 times more viable pollen than the edible triploids AAA and ABB and 4 times more than the AAB cultivars. The genome A or B did not affect pollen viability within the triploid cultivars examined. The AAA triploid Gros Michel had the highest percentage of viable pollen at 13% and Green/Red the lowest at 3%. Pollen viability was influenced by meiotic disturbances and an association was made between viability of pollen and viability of embryo sacs.
Pollen viability from anthers of Australian grown species and cultivars of Musa a. ssp. (undescribed subspecies) was compared with published reports of pollen viability from Indian grown species and cultivars. The pollen viability between the Indian cultivated and wild diploids of Musa a. ssp. was similar at 50–66%, but less than the pollen viability of Australian diploid Musa a. ssp of 84%. The Indian-grown triploid cultivars had 21–29% viable pollen and the tetraploids had 28% viable pollen, whereas the Australian grown triploids had 6–10% viable pollen and the tetraploids 29% viable pollen.
There was a difference in pollen viability between genome groups and within genome groups. Different species and cultivars of Musa possess different levels of competency in the production of microspores, which correlated positively with levels of megaspore fertility in the same species and cultivars.
A revision of the Sphaerolobium fornicatum complex (Leguminosae: Mirbelieae) from south-west Western Australia
Authors: Butcher Ryonen , Chappill Jennifer A.
Published: October 2004

In this paper the Sphaerolobium fornicatum Benth. complex is revised. The name S.�fornicatum is correctly applied to collections with very slender stems and opposite phyllotaxis from near the south coast of Western Australia and two new, closely allied species, S.�calcicola R.Butcher and S.�hygrophilum R.Butcher, are described and distinguished from S.�fornicatum. A morphometric study shows that these three taxa are distinct and a UPGMA classification and MDS ordination of selected specimens is presented. Illustrations, distribution maps and full descriptions of the taxa within this complex are provided, together with a taxonomic key to these and other species of Sphaerolobium possessing distinctly black-punctate calyces.
Association of late-onset Alzheimer's disease with genetic variation in multiple members of the
GAPD
gene family
Authors: Li Yonghong , Nowotny Petra , Holmans Peter , Smemo Scott , Kauwe John S. K. , Hinrichs Anthony L. , Tacey Kristina , Doil Lisa , van Luchene Ryan , Garcia Veronica , Rowland Charles , Schrodi Steve , Leong Diane , Gogic Goran , Chan Joanne , Cravchik Anibal , Ross David , Lau Kit , Kwok Shirley , Chang Sheng-Yung , Catanese Joe , Sninsky John , White Thomas J. , Hardy John , Powell John , Lovestone Simon , Morris John C. , Thal Leon , Owen Michael , Williams Julie , Goate Alison , Grupe Andrew
Published: October 2004

Although several genes have been implicated in the development of the early-onset autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the genetics of late-onset AD (LOAD) is complex. Loci on several chromosomes have been linked to the disease, but so far only the apolipoprotein E gene has been consistently shown to be a risk factor. We have performed a large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based association study, across the region of linkage on chromosome 12, in multiple case-control series totaling 1,089 LOAD patients and 1,196 control subjects and report association with SNPs in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (
GAPD
) gene. Subsequent analysis of
GAPD
paralogs on other chromosomes demonstrated association with two other paralogs. A significant association between LOAD and a compound genotype of the three
GAPD
genes was observed in all three sample sets. Individually, these SNPs make differential contributions to disease risk in each of the casecontrol series, suggesting that variants in functionally similar genes may account for series-to-series heterogeneity of disease risk. Our observations raise the possibility that
GAPD
genes are AD risk factors, a hypothesis that is consistent with the role of GAPD in neuronal apoptosis.
Molecular analysis of a locus control region in the T helper 2 cytokine gene cluster: A target for STAT6 but not GATA3
Authors: Lee Dong U. , Rao Anjana
Published: October 2004

The linked
IL-4
and
IL-13
cytokine genes, which are activated and silenced in T helper (Th) 2 and Th1 cells, respectively, are flanked by the equivalently expressed
RAD50
and
KIF3A
genes. A scan of DNase I hypersensitivity and DNA methylation across ≈100 kb of the
KIF3A
/
IL-4
/
IL-13
/
RAD50
cluster revealed differences in chromatin structure between Th1 and Th2 cells at the 3′ end of the
RAD50
gene, a region previously shown to contain a locus control region (LCR) regulating Th2-specific expression of
IL-4
and
IL-13
. Naïve CD4 T cells did not exhibit any DNase I hypersensitivity in this region, but stimulation under either Th1 or Th2 conditions caused rapid development of three hypersensitive sites. An additional hypersensitive site developed rapidly only under Th2 conditions, through a mechanism dependent on signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) but not GATA3. Our data point to a physical separation in the actions of STAT6 and its downstream effector GATA3 during Th2 differentiation: STAT6 directly remodels the
RAD50
LCR, whereas GATA3 acts only in the vicinity of the
IL-4
gene. We suggest that the
RAD50
LCR has a complex and dual role in Th1 and Th2 differentiation, communicating early T cell antigen receptor and cytokine signals to the
IL-4
/
IL-13
locus in both differentiating cell types.
Cytokine Expression in Experimental Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion in Mice
Authors: Maeda Kazuhiko , Hirano Takashi , Ichimiya Issei , Kurono Yuichi , Suzuki Masashi , Mogi Goro
Published: October 2004

Objectives: Although otitis media with effusion (OME) is still a common disease in children and adults, the pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. We studied the effects of intratympanic injection with endotoxin purified from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae on the characteristics of middle ear effusion (MEE).

Methods: Murine model of OME was developed by eustachian tube (ET) blockage followed by intratympanic inoculation with endotoxin (endotoxin group) or saline (control group). The mice were decapitated and histological changes and the production of inflammatory cytokines in MEEs were examined 3 days, 2 weeks, and 2 months after injection.

Results: All mice showed OME until 2 months after ET blockage. Most MEEs in the control group were serous, and mucoid or pultaceous MEEs were found only in the endotoxin group. Subepithelial space of middle ear mucosa was severely thickened with the infiltration of a large number of mononuclear cells in the endotoxin group. The levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in MEEs were significantly higher in the endotoxin group than in the control group at all time points. Further, in situ hybridization showed that TNF‐α messenger RNA was expressed not only by leukocytes and macrophages in MEEs but mononuclear cells present in the subepithelial space of middle ear mucosa.

Conclusions: These results indicate that ET blockage is essential for the induction of serous MEE and additional administration of endotoxin is associated with the production of mucoid MEE accompanied by histological changes with inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine production in the tympanic cavity.
Xylitol Enhances Bacterial Killing in the Rabbit Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Brown Christopher L. , Graham Scott M. , Cable Benjamin B. , Ozer Egon A. , Taft Peter J. , Zabner Joseph
Published: October 2004

Objectives: Factors that alter airway surface liquid (ASL) ionic concentrations may influence the course of sinusitis. Xylitol has been shown to effect ASL ionic composition in vitro and to reduce nasal bacterial carriage, otitis media, and dental caries in vivo. We examined the effect of xylitol on experimental sinusitis in the rabbit model.

Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled study of xylitol, saline, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa administration to the rabbit maxillary sinus.

Methods:
P. aeruginosa was administered to the sinuses of 26 New Zealand white rabbits. Saline was placed in the left maxillary sinus and xylitol in the right. The rabbits were randomly assigned to one of three groups: one, simultaneous administration of bacteria and solutions with bacterial analysis at 20 minutes, 11 rabbits; two, preadministration of solutions 1 hour before bacterial infection with analysis at 20 minutes, 11 rabbits; three, established sinusitis, 4 rabbits had daily injections of solutions for 5 days starting 7 days after P. aeruginosa administration.

Results: In group 1, 6.96% of injected bacteria were retrieved on the left (saline), whereas 0.095% were retrieved on the right (xylitol) (P = .034). In group 2, 5.64% of inoculum was recovered from the left and 2.89% from the right (P = .188). Group 3 demonstrated evidence of sinusitis with recovery of noninoculate bacteria. with no difference between right and left.

Conclusions: Xylitol reduces experimental sinusitis when administered simultaneously with bacteria. Its effect in established sinusitis is less clear. A role may exist for xylitol in nasal irrigation fluid in human disease.
Facial Nerve in Parotidectomy: A Topographical Analysis
Authors: Cannon C Ron , Replogle William H. , Schenk Michael P.
Published: October 2004

Objective: Establish normative data concerning parotidectomy and facial nerve dissection and determine the relationship between the length of the facial nerve dissected during parotidectomy and subsequent facial nerve paresis.

Study Design: Prospective mapping of facial nerve during parotidectomy and comparison with postoperative facial nerve function.

Methods: A prospective observational study of 78 patients who underwent 79 parotidectomy procedures. During each procedure, various topographical measurements were recorded. These measurements included the distance from the tragal pointer to the main trunk of the facial nerve, the distance to the pes anserinus, and length of each segmental branch dissected. In addition, a designation of the patient's tumor location was made by drawing a line from the ear canal to the nasal spine. Tumors above this line were designated anatomic zone A and those below the line were designated anatomic zone B. Finally, facial nerve function was quantified at a 1‐week follow‐up visit using the House‐Brackmann Scale.

Results: The distance from the main trunk of the facial nerve to the tragal pointer was significantly (P < .000) less than the previously accepted standard of 1 cm. The cervical and marginal mandibular branches had more nerve dissected, whereas the eye and forehead branches were the least dissected. Results of an independent t test and logistic regression (P = .01, both) indicated that patients with temporary facial nerve paresis had a significantly greater amount of nerve dissected than patients without temporary facial nerve paresis. Patients with short‐term facial nerve dysfunction had significantly (P < .01) more total nerve dissected (136.73 mm vs. 94.73 mm) than patients without short‐term facial nerve dysfunction. Patients with nerve dissection lengths at the third quartile (130.0 mm) were 3.8 times more likely to experience temporary facial nerve paresis than patients with nerve dissection lengths at the first quartile (64.5 mm).

Conclusions: The axiom that the main trunk of the facial nerve is located 1 cm from the tragal pointer may need to be modified to less than 1 cm. The cervical and marginal mandibular branches had more nerve dissected, whereas the eye and forehead branches were the least dissected. Facial nerve paresis after parotidectomy is associated with the length of the facial nerve dissected during the procedure. The greater the length of facial nerve dissected, the higher the chance of facial nerve paresis, albeit temporarily, in this particular series of patients.