bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Source Estimation in the Human Brain from EEG Based on the SSB Head Model
Authors: Ivanov V. , Konyshev V. , Musha T.
Published: March 2018

Neuronal activity in the brain cortex is replaced by a small current dipole, and hence the localized electric activities of the cortex are well approximated by equivalent current dipoles. Position and moments of these equivalent dipoles are estimated from the scalp potentials. In this analysis, the head as a conductor is divided into three volumes with uniform electric conductivity: Scalp, Skull and Brain tissue; we call this head model the SSB Head Model. The boundary element method is used in solving this problem and reliability of the final result mainly depends on the arrangement of nodal points on the surfaces of these three regions for numerical calculation, the electric conductivity ratios of the three regions in the model, and the number of electrodes. By means of computer simulation we investigated dependence of errors in the estimated dipole position on these factors. It is found that arrangement of nodal points must be decided adaptively depending on the source position.
Data Compression for Medical Report Archiving
Authors: Spyns P. , Renkens S. , Willems J. L.
Published: March 2018

In a hospital environment, where large numbers of reports are compiled, data compression offers a method for substantially reducing the required disk space whilst protecting the confidentiality of patient data. An analysis is given of the most important parameters that influence compression of free-text data, to realize an efficient implementation of an archiving system for medical reports. An overall reduction of the required disk space by more than 50% can be attained, as well as supplementary level of protection. A slight increase in access time is thereby inevitable, but almost insignificant. Such an archiving system constitutes a necessary component for an intelligent information retrieval system. The access to information contained in medical documents (by means of natural language processing and artificial intelligence techniques) is considered to be one of the key issues in the field of medical informatics for the coming decades.
Education in Methodology for Health Care – EuroMISE
Authors: Zvárová J.
Published: March 2018

In January 1993 the Joint European Project “Education in the methodology field of health care”, EuroMISE (European Education in Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology) started under the European TEMPUS program. Training and education in EuroMISE consist of three overlapping methodology branches: medical informatics, medical statistics, and epidemiology. A teaching scheme has been developed in cooperation between Charles University, Prague, and EC universities and organizations involved in the EuroMISE project. One of the main tasks of the project is to design a modularly structured EuroMISE course set, to develop teaching materials and tools in the English language, and to link the EuroMISE project with other programs and projects in this field. Running EuroMISE courses, firstly for university teachers, will have a major impact in disseminating the acquired knowledge and skills.
Health Informatics – A Scientific Challenge?
Authors: Moehr J. R.
Published: March 2018

The paper attempts to derive directions for research and teaching in health informatics. To this end, the achievements and continuing challenges of health informatics are exemplified, categorized, and related to common underlying phenomena. Suggestions by Blum and Blois are adopted which point to the complexity of health information as the critical ingredient. Examples are given of current efforts directed at dealing with this complexity. According to Popper and Brookes one may have to search for yet other ways of dealing specifically with information; we have barely started to explore these. It is suggested that this requirement for a fundamentally different orientation has profound consequences not only for our research but also for our teaching.
Medical Informatics Heidelberg/Heilbronn: Graduates’ Experiences and Job Situation
Authors: Frey W. , Haux R. , Leiner F. , Leven F. J.
Published: March 2018

On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the curriculum of medical informatics at the University of Heidelberg/School of Technology Heilbronn, a written and anonymous inquiry was carried out in March 1992 among the entirety of graduates from the curriculum. The aim of the inquiry was to obtain from the graduates of the curriculum information about their current places of employment, their fields of work, the state of continuing education as well as about their professional position. It was, in addition, intended to obtain from the graduates’ point of view an assessment of the education received during their studies as well as an assessment of the job situation. A questionnaire was sent to all persons having completed their studies by that time (n = 567, as of 1.1.1992). 62.2% of the forms were returned duly filled in; 92.2% of the graduates are employed. 44.5% out of them are working within the field of medical informatics, 53.0% are working outside medical informatics but within the sector of informatics and 2.2% in other fields; 0.3% were without indication. As far as places of employment are concerned, enterprises concentrating on hardware and software development rank first, followed by hospitals and medical institutions affiliated to universities. As far as fields of work are concerned, information systems within the health care sector (especially hospital information systems) as well as medical documentation predominate in the group of those employed within medical informatics, whereas among those not working within medical informatics software engineering as well as database systems and information systems prevail. The judgement passed on the job situation was, in the main, positive. The gross annual income on the average comes to about DM 85,000, every tenth of the graduates draws an income of more than DM 120,000. The assessment of the curriculum on the whole is positive. 68% of the graduates would take up medical informatics again. Twenty-eight of altogether 346 graduates included into the inquiry obtained a doctor’s degree, 2 among them qualified for lecturing in medical informatics.
Discriminant Analysis and its Applications in Epidemiology
Authors: Lachenbruch P. A. , Clarke W. R.
Published: March 2018

This review article discusses current use of discriminant analysis in epidemiology. Contents include historical review, simple extensions and generalizations, examples, evaluation of rules, logistic discrimination, and robustness.
An Experiment in English—Spanish Automated Translation of Medical Language Data
Authors: Garcia-Hidalgo Isabel , Dunham G.
Published: March 2018

An English to Spanish translation procedure and its associated dictionaries were developed and implemented for the 1,426 terms of the morphology section of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. Morphological substitutions and respefling rules permit translation of most of the ICD—O vocabulary composed of Latin and Greek derived terms, which are cognate in the source and target languages, without the construction of a large word lexicon.

A fairly simple classification of words which could be implemented by recognition of terminal morphemes, and which classifies them both syntactically and semantically served as an adequate basis for translation, and sheds some light on the linguistic structure of this type of complex noun phrase seen universally in medical writings and communications. A set of 17 reduction-transformation rules based on the word classification provide syntactic control of the translation process.
An Image Processing System for the Analysis of Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Engelmann U. , Meinzer H. P.
Published: March 2018

In medical and biological research considerable information is gained with regard to the molecular weight and the purity of samples with the aid of Polyacrylamid (PAGE) or agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The resulting gel images are usually evaluated by the scientists manually.

Here we want to present procedures permitting an analysis of the images with the computer. The given tasks were solved using the interpreter PIC. PIC is an image processing system developed at the German Cancer Research Center. The latter was extended by special routines in the form of new commands, thus creating a modular, easy-to-use system.
A Computerized Prescription Writing Program for Doctors
Authors: Brown C. S. , Allen S. I. , Songco D. C.
Published: March 2018

A computer-assisted system designed to write drug prescriptions and patient instructions has been in operation in a dermatologist’s office for two years. Almost all prescriptions are generated by the machine. Drug dosages, directions, and labeling phrases are retrieved from a diagnosis-oriented formulary of 300 drug products. A prescription template with preselected default options is displayed on a terminal screen where selection is made with the use of the video pointer. Typing skill is not required, as a detailed prescription can be produced from the use of only five function keys. Prescriptions and sets of relevant instructions for the patient are computer-printed. Therapy summaries for the medical record also are automatically composed and printed.
An Overview of Medical Expert Systems
Authors: de Vries P. H. , de Vries Robbé P. F.
Published: March 2018

Expert systems are an important extension of the research on medical decision making. Their relation to other research in this area is shortly discussed. Fourteen medical expert systems are examined from different perspectives. After a discussion of their goal, domain, and history, the classification of expert systems along the procedural-declarative continuum provides the basis for the analysis of their knowledge representations.

As a result of this analysis, types of knowledge are identified that serve as a frame of reference for the comparison of the systems. Subsequently, the central role of these knowledge types in one of the most important tasks of expert systems, explaining, is emphasized. After the knowledge representation, two other components of expert systems are discussed that heavily depend on it: the knowledge acquisition and the man-machine interface. As a conclusion, the status quo of the research on expert systems is outlined and some developments are extrapolated. These developments show a tendency toward the integration of different knowledge types in one system.
Information Systems and Clinical Research by Residents in Internal Medicine
Authors: Kochen M. , Cohen L. , Wulff Yvonne
Published: March 2018

Residents in Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan completed a questionnaire designed to investigate their information needs and methods of knowledge procurement. Such needs developed when the residents encountered rare, serious or complex situations with which they had no previous experience. For routine problems, textbooks filled information gaps, while difficult cases usually required consultation with older, more experienced colleagues. A new typology of tasks and problems dealt with by clinicians and clinical researchers is presented and used in determining the appropriateness of various information tools.
Syntactic Pattern Recognition of Intermittent EEG Activity
Authors: Ferber G.
Published: March 2018

Up to now, computerised processing of EEG signals has entered the domain of clinical application at most with respect to background activity and. the recognition of some intermittent basic patterns.

Although the EEG is a multichannel signal, this recognition is performed separately for each channel, taking into account at most the immediate past and future. The result is a set of intermittent basic patterns. They are to be looked at as constituents of “complex patterns” which correspond to the entities used in the visual assessment.

In this paper we present a method of uniting these basic patterns by means of syntactic pattern recognition algorithms. Together with this process the basic patterns are validated or devalidated, and the resulting complex EEG pattern is allocated to one of several pattern classes. To demonstrate how this procedure works, an example of artifact recognition is used. In order to get an acceptable performance, the process of syntactic pattern recognition is divided into a sequence of three steps. The resulting algorithms can be used for assessing clinical routine EEG. Some results are reported.
Hypertension Policy Analysis Allowing for Group-Specific Diagnostic Strategies
Authors: Heidenberger K.
Published: March 2018

The paper describes the structure and operation as well as the performance data of a computer system designed for interactive, quantitative policy analysis in the field of hypertension management, focusing mainly on the problem of selecting group-specific diagnostic strategies under resource constraints. Its overall goal is insight, not numbers. The system’s design incorporates stringent criteria including flexibility, expandability, adaptability to varied populations, portability and low-cost operation.
EDPS of Clinical Case Record and Scientific Document in the Industry Post-Marketing Surveillance of Drugs
Authors: Kitaguchi T. , Nojiri T. , Suzuki S. , Fukita T. , Kawana T.
Published: March 2018

In order to meet the multifarious needs for drug information and to cope with the post-marketing surveillance of drugs adequately, an on-line drug information network, which is composed of two data bases, clinical case record data base and literature data base, has been developed. Primary considerations in designing these systems were input of clean data, accurate input, insuring that no ADRs are overlooked, accumulation of the latest data, saving manpower required for processing, and processing large quantities of data. This system is also designed to input and to output in Japanese character.
The Use of the Computer in the Cancer Registry
Authors: Parkin D. M. , Demaret Eva , Crosignani P. C.
Published: March 2018

A survey of the members of the International Association of Cancer Registries was carried out to determine the extent to which their registry procedures had been automated by the use of computers. The great majority of these registries were population-based, and most (73%) had access to a computer, the exceptions being registries in developing countries. Computerised registries were larger in size than manual ones and had higher levels of staffing. Questions on recent changes to registry systems revealed a trend to increasing availability of direct on-line access to the computer master file and the use of data-base management systems. The low cost of suitable computers and software packages means that inexpensive automated systems will probably soon be within reach of all but the smallest registries.
Frequency of Injury Events in New Zealand Compared with the Available E-Codes
Authors: Langley J. D.
Published: March 2018

The frequency of injury events in New Zealand is compared with the distribution of E-codes in the International Classification of Diseases which are used to.describe the circumstances of injury. It is shown that the allocation of codes bears little relationship to the nature and burden of fatal and non-fatal injury events. Common events such as falls are the least adequately addressed by the coding frame. The combining of some codes together with the removal of codes E930-E949 and treatment of intent by a separate code would facilitate an allocation which more closely reflects the distribution of injury events and the provision of information more relevant to injury prevention.
An Approach to Integrate Collections of Images and Relational Databases
Authors: Jasinski P. J. , Meinzer H.-P. , Köhler C. O. , Sandblad B.
Published: March 2018

The structure of computer-processed images is described. This is the basis for presenting a method to integrate traditional database concepts and images which represent a certain class of nonformatted, heterogeneous information. The method presented consists of a special, surrogate Image data type and a design of Image Directory, which associates formatted data, raw digital images stored conceptually in the form of a file of variable length, bit string records, and look-up tables. Beside individual and aggregate-oriented retrieval, some tools supporting more sophisticated analyses of images are also suggested. In order to make the description of solutions clear and truly methodological, a basic notion of the relational database technology and a de facto standard query language (SQL) have been applied. The method presented can be used to build various medical applications where images and/or graphics constitute an important fraction of information.
Indivisibility and Variety of Medical Informatics
Authors: Seelos H.-J.
Published: March 2018

In recent editorials it has been pointed out that medical informatics, seen as comprehensive health care informatics, should be understood as the science of information processing and engineering of automated information systems within the health care system.

Since the health care system as a whole is the object system of medical informatics, its object of cognition will have to be seen in computerized medical information systems or information systems as components of socio-technical and biological object systems. Because of that and especially in view of the rapidly growing possibilities of data processing technology, the question arises how our discipline can cope with the variety in research and education. This is the subject of this opinion paper.
The Influence of Outliers on Discrimination of Chronic Obturative Lung Disease
Authors: Krusmska Ewa , Liebhart Jerzy
Published: March 2018

The paper discusses the influence of outliers on the results of linear and canonical discrimination used to assist medical diagnosis in chronic obturative lung disease. The outliers have been detected by χ2-plots based on unweighted sample means and covariances or their weighted analogues with Huber or Hampel weights. With Hampel weights outliers have been found different from those with both remaining methods. After trimming the 10 percent of the most distant individuals, the discrimination was done for the training sample collected earlier (N′ = 305) and for the test sample (N″ = 53) with the functions obtained from the training sample. The discrimination was performed for subsets of the most discriminative variables. When the sample size was sufficiently large (training sample), the goodness of reclassification was similar for classical functions and functions calculated after trimming. For small samples they differ. For classification of the test data the results obtained after trimming (especially with Hampel weights) are much better. The method may be recommended to be used in the computerized respiratory diseases consulting unit.
Risk Rate Neglect in Decisions Involving Invasive Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Lane T. J. , White P. P. , Manu P.
Published: March 2018

To investigate whether the risk of life-threatening complications influence the decisions involving invasive diagnostic procedures, a study was conducted that focused on the use of coronary angiography and endomyocardial biopsy with risk rates of either 1 % or 2%. The participants included 38 physicians from two university-affiliated hospitals. Of their 76 pairs of decisions, 53% were of the “risk-avoidance” type and 26% were of the “risk-taking” type. Only 13% of decisions were of the “risk-conscious” type. The practical implication of these biases can be substantial in real-life decisions regarding events with low-probability, but high-consequence risks.
A User-oriented Protocol for Integrating Heterogeneous Communication Systems of Medical Facilities Using Ports
Authors: GierI L. , Greiller R. , Landersdorfer Th. , Müller H. , Überla K.
Published: March 2018

The crucial feature of future communication systems in hospitals will be the heterogeneity between the individual systems. People working in a hospital do not communicate via data objects, but via highly complex functions like preparation of a patient report or diagnosis of patients’ symptoms and signs. Essentially such tasks are accomplished by initiating remote functions in various modes of a communication system. The aim of the MEDAS protocol developed by our group is to propose a definition of such a high-level medical protocol and then to implement it. Our user-oriented protocol permits information exchange between heterogeneous systems. Modules and functions are defined. Message passing to and from a processor is realized using ports. The protocol sequence of every communication request is described. The relation of ports to the ISO model is specified. First experiences in a network for a medical school are reported.
Some Methodological Issues in Statistical Estimation of Air Pollution and Health
Authors: Gottinger Hans W.
Published: March 2018

This paper introduces a new method for estimating a dose-response relationship from spatially averaged time series of air pollution and health data. Because time is perceived as a nuisance parameter to be eliminated, least-squares regression and traditional time series methodology (e.g., spectral analysis Box-Jenkins methods) are rejected in favor of a nonparametric estimation procedure based on observing health effects in times of nearly equal pollution. The method requires estimating the ratio of two density functions and avoids problems of aggregation, linearity and normality. In spite of the formal tests described, the procedure seems most useful at present as a data analytic and data display device rather than as an inferential tool.
Das Bayes’sche Theorem in der medizinischen Diagnostik
Authors: Virnich H. , Winkler C.
Published: March 2018

Obwohl dem Begriff »Diagnosewahrscheinlichkeit« aus praktischer Sicht seit langem wichtige Bedeu-timg beigemessen wird, ist es zu wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Betrachtungen in der Medizin erstim Zuge der Einführung elektronischer Datenverarbeitungs-Methoden gekommen. Dabei wurde mehr-fach das Bayes’sche Theorem als mögliches Diagnostikmodell in Betracht gezogen, ohne daß seine Brauchbarkeit bisher einhellige Anerkennung gefunden hat. Auf der Basis eigener Erfahrungen mitdem Bayes’schen Ansatz wird dessen Formulierung für medizinische Zwecke dargelegt, und es werden Berechtigung und Voraussetzungen seiner diagnostischen Anwendung untersucht. Zur effektiven Berechnung von Wahrscheinlichkeiten nach dem Theorem werden Näherungsausdrücke angegeben, wobei gewisse »Vermutungen« zu deren Festlegung eine oft übersehene, aber bedeutsame Rolle spielen. Die Behandlung der A-priori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten und der Korreliertheit von Symptomen wird dar-gelegt. Abschließend erfolgt eine formale Diskussion der approximativ benutzten Wahrscheinlichkeits-verhältnisse sowie einer Fehlerabschätzung und der daraus resultierenden Konsequenzen.
On Parametric Estimation for the Bateman-Function by Means of the Gauss-Newton Method
Authors: Lihs G. , Ringwelski L.
Published: March 2018

The estimation of the parameters of the Bateman-Function is an intrinsically non-linear regression problem which is solved by means of the Gauss-Newton iteration method. In this case the convergence behavior of the method is examined for its practical applicability. In one example the conventional »feathering« method is compared with the Gauss-Newton method.
A Computer Assisted Follow-Up Register
Authors: Hedley A. J. , Scott A. M. , Debenham G.
Published: March 2018

Computer techniques have been used to provide a life-long follow-up system based on domiciliary care for patients in »at risk« groups. Patients are followed up at predetermined intervals and the system has been designed to process, screen and store clinical and biochemical follow-up data and report results to the patient’s personal doctor (general practitioner) and the hospital records department.
Computer in der Pathologie: Methodik und Erfahrungen nach Auswertung von 27000 Sektionsprotokollen
Authors: Becker H. , Breitenlohner H. , Lang Chr. , Schwarz F.
Published: March 2018

Beschreibung eines Befunddokumentationssystems, das als Ergebnis einer seit 3 Jahren durchgeführten elektronischen Verarbeitung von Sektionsdaten zur Zeit 27669 Sektionsfälle mit rund 350000 Diagnosen aus 13 Jahren (1952—1964) umfaßt. Diese Diagnosen werden routinemäßig ausgewertet und folgende Ergebnisse den Pathologen laufend zur Verfügung gestellt:

Eine Diagnosenkartei mit Diagnosen im Klartext und allen einschlägigen Fällen; eine Kinderdiagnosenund Todesursachenkartei j eine Auflistung aller Verkehrsund Arbeitsunfälle sowie schließlich der Sektionsfälle mit multiplen primären Malignomen und Spätrezidiven.

Neben diesen Standardauswertungen, die in mehreren Exemplaren im Institut aufliegen und jederzeit eine statistische Verwertung ohne maschinelle Hilfsmittel ermöglichen, können auch Sonderanfragen durch spezielle Programme beantwortet werden. Diese Programme ermöglichen das Auswerten von Fällen, die eine beliebige vorgegebene Kombination von Diagnosen und anderen Daten aufweisen oder nicht aufweisen. Die zutreffenden Fälle werden in übersichtlicher Form (nach Alter und Geschlecht geordnet) ausgedruckt. Bei Bedarf wird auch ein Altersdiagramm automatisch erstellt. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der notwendigen vorbereitenden und auswertenden Programme folgen eine Diskussion der Fehler, ihrer Entstehung und Korrektur, sowie Angaben über den apparativen und zeitlichen Aufwand.

Das beschriebene Dokumentationssystem liefert dem anfragenden Arzt frei lesbare Diagnosentexte, so daß er keinerlei Entschlüsselung vorzunehmen hat. Auf Grund des entwickelten PATH-KWIC(KWIC = Key-Word in Context) Programms können sämtliche Diagnosen nach alphabetisch geordneten Stichworten’ (lexikographisch) ausgedruckt werden.
Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical Englishi)
Authors: Pratt A. W. , Pacak M.
Published: March 2018

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.

The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.

The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).

The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -0, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC-X).

The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:

a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.

b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both, adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-iden, tical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«

The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.

The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.

The tree nodes are divided into two groups:

a. productive or activated

b. non-productive or non-activated

The productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.

The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is openended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.
Ein informationspsychiatrisches Psychostrukturmodell des Gedächtnisses
Authors: Peters U. H.
Published: March 2018

Von den kybernetischen Terminologien haben bisher hauptsächlich die Begriffe der Regelungstheorie in die Psychiatrie Eingang gefunden, wogegen die in der Psychologie im allgemeinen bedeutsameren Vorstellungen der Informationstheorie wenig beachtet wurden. Sie bieten sich jedoch insbesondere zur Interpretation von Gedächtnisstörungen an.

Ausgehend vom informationspsychologischen Gedächtnismodell, das in seinen Grundzügen dargestellt wird, wird der Entwurf eines informationspsychiatrischen Psychostrukturmodells des Gedächtnisses vorgelegt. Die in den Kurzspeicher (unmittelbares Gedächtnis) aufgenommene Information kann durch plötzlich einsetzende Schädigungen des Gehirns (z. B. Commotio) für dauernd verlorengehen und somit nicht auf einen Langspeicher übertragen werden. Gegen dementive Abbäuprozesse zeigt sich der Kurzspeicher dagegen sehr widerstandsfähig. Umgekehrt wird der bei Demenzen fast gesetzmäßig in Mitleidenschaft gezogene Langspeicher (Neugedächtnis, Altgedächtnis) durch akute Hirnschädigungen nur dann beeinträchtigt, wenn diese ein extremes Ausmaß erreichen. Außer diesen Zeitkanälen der Information besitzen auch die zuund abführenden Informationskanäle ihre eigene Pathologie. Besonders beleuchtet werden die als »Minutengedächtnis« bekannten Phänomene. Es wird ferner ein zweites, während der ersten 3 bis 4 Lebensjahre und in Dämmerzuständen funktionsfähiges Speichersystem (Infantilspeicher) postuliert.

Das vorgelegte Modell faßt die zahlreichen Einzeldaten der psychiatrischen Empirie als aufeinander bezogene Teile eines einheitlichen Systems zusammen und dient als Ansatzpunkt für neue Untersuchungen.
VALID. Ein allgemein anwendbares Programmsystem zur Herstellung von Literaturverzeichnissen und zur Durchführung von Literaturrecherchen
Authors: Lauther H. , Polacsek R. , Rehm M.
Published: March 2018

Es wird ein Programmsystem mit dem Namen VALID (= VAriable Literature Data) vorgestellt, das die Herstellung von Literaturverzeichnissen und die Durchführung von Literaturrecherchen ermöglicht. Das System verarbeitet jede beliebige Organisation von Daten, die zur formalen und sachlichen Beschreibung eines Dokuments maschinenlesbar erfaßt sind. Das Normierungsprogramm des Systems wandelt die in unterschiedlicher Weise erfaßten Daten in das einheitliche Format des allgemeinen Bandsatzes um. Die das System VALID benutzenden Bibliotheken und Dokumentationsstellen geben ihre Wünsche bezüglich Sortierung, Selektion und Druckbild in einer sogenannten Katalogwunschformulierung an. Diese Angaben modifizieren als Parameter die allgemeinen Programme.
Verlaufsdokumentation in der Hämatologie))
Authors: Rennau H. , Ehbhart H. , Schmolke W.
Published: March 2018

Es wird die Anwendung eines flexiblen Magnetband-Organisationssystems auf die Verlaufsdokumentation der akuten Leukämie beschrieben. Die off-line-Datenerfassung geschieht zur Zeit mit Hilfe von Lochbelegen und Lochkarten. Später soll die Eingabe über Telex erfolgen. Die durch die elektronische Datenverarbeitung erreichte Aktualität der Verlaufsdokumentation dient dazu, Befunde und notwendige Chemotherapie optimal aufeinander abzustimmen. Das System ist auch für die Verlaufsdokumentation anderer Krankheiten geeignet.
Medizinische Dokumentation und elektronische Datenverarbeitung in einem Universitätsklinikum (Planungen — Erfahrungen Vorschläge)
Authors: Wersig G.
Published: March 2018

Die Notwendigkeit, in organisationsorientierten Informationssystemen Daten zu fixieren, zwingt zur Verwendung von Formularen. Aus den Erfahrungen beim Aufbau des Formularwesens im Klinikum Steglitz lassen sich einige Grundsätze für die Planung und Gestaltung der Formulare sowie die Formatierung ableiten. Unter Bezug auf den Informationsfluß können 5 Hauptformen von Informationsprozessen und zugeordneten Formularen unterschieden werden. Wesentliche Probleme bei dem Aufbau. des Formularwesens im Krankenhaus-Informations-System ergeben sich vor allem aus psychosozialen Faktoren.
Communication Theory and its Uses for Medical Sociology
Authors: QUESADA G. M.
Published: March 2018

The present bibliography derived from an original effort to arrive at a »Glossary of Selected Social Science Terms« for the Freshman Human Ecology Class of the University of Texas Medical School at San Antonio. Entries in the bibliography have been placed in alphabetical order (by the author’s last name) and numbered. ‘

In front of the bibliography there is a list of concepts for the better orientation of the reader. This alphabetical list of concepts gives the numbers of the items in the bibliography, e.g. Acculturation [42] = Cordova, I. R. (1969). The references to particular concepts, e.g. »Acculturation« and »Achievement«, cannot be exhaustive, but they represent what can be found about them in the literature dealing with communication theory. Due to the peculiarities of the patient population in the Southwest of the U.S., rural characteristics, modernization and social change are emphasized.Bibliography
Statistical Logic in the Monitoring of Reactions to Therapeutic Drugs
Authors: FINNEY D. J.
Published: March 2018

National and international organizations have now been established for the acquisition and interpretation of reports of suspected adverse reactions to drugs. These differ in detail but have the common feature of a strong element of spontaneity in the initiation of reports by individual physicians. The typical report relates to one person and contains information on drugs administered, any adverse events that might be reactions to the drugs, and additional identificatory and classificatory material.

Interpretation of these voluntarily submitted records is a problem of statistico-medical detection, more complex and less certain than that of a planned clinical trial despite superficial resemblances. The paper emphasizes again the distinction between patient, drug, and event ascertainment. It then presents examples of the logical argument appropriate to each. For any new problem, quantitative analysis must be allied to thorough consideration of independence, representativeness, susceptibility equivalence, background equivalence, and unbiased reporting of the data. Monitoring can never lead to complete demonstration that a drug causes an adverse reaction; with strict attention to the whole medical background, it can provide a convincing case for caution in therapeutic practice pending the completion of new research directed at an identified problem.
Planning an Information System for Health Services
Authors: HÄRÖ A. S.
Published: March 2018

The close relationship between planning and information services is discussed and some recent activities are referred to. Four types of information systems — the expert system, the traditional statistical system, the integrated problem-oriented system of databanks and the all-comprehensive databank — are described and their advantages and disadvantages summarised. The interrelationships between type of society and planning on the one hand and between planning and information systems on the other hand are discussed and a combined type of information system (experts plus traditional statistics plus databanks) is recommended. The use of norms and indicators is discussed and the structure and weak points of the various approaches in planning are described, To some extent, normative (deductive) planning is practicable in any type of society, but in many areas inductive planning is better suited to modern industrialised societies. In any case, information is a prerequisite to systematic planning. Health affairs are considered to be one of the elements of general national information systems, but the greater part of health-related information can be used for administrative and practical decisions on a lower level only. Suitable decentralisation prevents too great an escalation of combinations and makes it possible to fulfil the main requirement: to give adequate and objective service to all those who have to make decisions.

The construction of an information service based on »system analysis« is recommended which pays special attention to decisions, and an example from the hospital field is given. The producer-orientation of the information system presented is noted and the necessity for more consumer-oriented complementary systems for basic problems related to matters of health and our mode of living is stressed.
Ein allgemeines System zur Synthese medizinischer Berichte aus Markierungsbögen (FTSS)
Authors: JACOBITZ K. , BÖRNER P.
Published: March 2018

Es wird über ein System zur Synthese von Texten aus Markierungsbögen berichtet, das am Beispiel der gynäkologischen Poliklinik dargestellt wird. Hier werden die Daten auf einem Satz von vier Markierungsbögen erfaßt.

Das System erlaubt die Ausgabe eines Arztbriefes oder eines Befundberichtes über den Schnelldrukker für jeden vollständig und richtig ausgefüllten Markierungsbelegsatz. Die in das System eingegebenen Daten werden auf Plausibilität geprüft und in die Datenbank des Patienten-Informationssystems der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover eingéspeidiert. Es werden klinische Aspekte diskutiert und an einzelnen Beispielen erläutert. Einheitsdaten über Hardund Software werden soweit angegeben, als sie von allgemeinem Interesse sind.
An Information System for the Registration and Management of Higher Medical Staff
Authors: PETKOVA E. V. , PEEVSKY T. D.
Published: March 2018

The authors describe a system for processing information about structure, movement and distribution of medical specialists with an academic degree, designed to permit further improvement of public health, This system, developed in the Institute of Social Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Information Systems, Sofia, Bulgaria, is to be used by the Ministry of Public Health, District Health Services, Medical University, Medical Research Institutes etc.
A Teleprocessing Interface Macro System (TIMS)
Authors: Reichertz P. L. , Wolters E. , Engelbrecht R.
Published: March 2018

A macro system for PL/1-programming is described. It facilitates the coding of application programs for teleprocessing (TP) systems and standardizes these programs. Options may be included as the programmer desires. The macro system allows usage of the same program from multiple terminals. Standardized access and handling procedures facilitate the usage of the various application programs within the information system. The design criteria of the macros allow an adaptation to other TP systems in order to avoid »locking in« of application programs into one TP system and provide means for program exchange.
Probabilistische Zuordnungsverfahren
Authors: Victor N.
Published: March 2018

Ausgehend von der optimalen Zuordnungsregel für beliebige Verteilungsfunktionen (stetig oder diskret) werden die üblichen Anwendungsformen dieser Regel abgeleitet. Einige häufig verwendete Diagnoseverfahren werden als Spezialfälle der optimalen Regel unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen dargestellt. Anschließend wird auf Probleme beim praktischen Einsatz dieser Verfahren in der algorithmischen Diagnostik eingegangen.
Free Text Synthesis System (FTSS)
Authors: Jacobitz K. , Bogenstaetter P.
Published: March 2018

This paper describes a programming system to perform free-text synthesis as determined by the prior definition of parameters, control data and standard text (i.e. the user program). The output consists of:

— previously defined standard text elements,

— arithmetic values calculated from the contents of the OMR forms,

— free text obtained by means of on-line input to a visual display unit.

Prior to this output the primary information undergoes testing as regards its completeness and plausibility. Should this testing result in no errors the data undergo further processing, otherwise relevant error messages are output and the data cease to be processed.

The functions of FTSS are clarified by the use of flowcharts, tables and figures. The system design is discussed from the point of view of the necessity of its optimization and the necessity in medical information science for general program systems, taking into account the inter-relationship between the user programs •— with their variable clinical content — and the variable main programs — with their time-consuming problem analysis and systems development stages in conjunction with their requirements for programming personnel.

FTSS is written in PL/1 and is implemented on the IBM—360/67 of the Medical System Hannover. Since the user program is processed as control information for the main program, FTSS is a data controlled processing system.

FTSS is an independent module that at present has eight implementations for routine clinical usage. At the same time it is a part of an extensive recording system consisting of closed information cycles within a general information synthesis system.
A Distributed Medical Data Base
Authors: Chang E. , Linders J.
Published: March 2018

This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed medical data base. Basic to this concept is a network of minicomputers, each of which possesses files which can be accessed throughout, the network by a protocol involving the NAMEs of the data fields. Physical and logical descriptor maps for the files provide mechanisms for protecting privileged information as well as tailoring the appearance of the data to suit the needs of jDarticular users.
Biomedical Literature Dynamics
Authors: Kraft D. H. , Polacsek R. A.
Published: March 2018

This paper outlines the objective, background, rationale, specific aims, methods of procedure, and significance of a proposed research effort to develop a model of biomedical literature dynamics for study and use. Based on existing knowledge of the documentation process, the model would incorporate the factors of growth, obsolescence, and scattering of the biomedical journal literature, in terms of productivity and usage. The model could then be used, upon confrontation with data, to understand the variations in the dynamics of the bodies of literature in several biomedical disciplines. Several factors, such as discipline size and age, would be considered in the analysis of this variance. Finally, the model would be used as a basis for the consideration and comparison of several existing simple decision models, related to collection development and location in biomedical libraries.
Preliminaries to Programming a Computer for Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Dale P. W.
Published: March 2018

A digital computer can be programmed to first detect commonly recurring symptom groups — diagnostic categories — and can measure the degree of fit of any new case to these computer determined diagnostic categories. The method is a Boolean logic system which should add precision in psychiatric diagnosis and research.
The Planning of Trials of New Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Scadding J. G.
Published: March 2018

The clinical investigation of a new drug in tuberculosis needs a comparative trial, in which patients with a defined type of disease are allocated to two or more treatment regimes. The trial will often be most effectively conducted on a co-operative basis at a number of hospitals. Such a trial needs an organising committee, of which a statistician is an essential member; the preparation by this committee of a detailed protocol and of appropriate record forms; a group of co-operating clinics and hospitals; preferably at least one meeting of the clinicians from these clinics and hospitals to discuss and approve the protocol; agreed laboratory procedures, and sometimes special provision of laboratory facilities; and assessment of results as objectively as possible, by bacteriological results, including the rate of emergence of resistant organisms, by consideration of toxic and other untoward effects of the drugs, and by the examination of serial radiographs by independent assessors, unaware of treatment-groups.
Bemerkungen zum „Klinischen Diagnosenschlüssel”
Authors: Immich H.
Published: March 2018

Beim Bau eines Diagnosenschlüssels stellen sich drei Problemkreise: 1. logische, 2. medizinische und 3. schlüsseltechnische Probleme.

Einige der bei der Aufstellung des »Klinischen Diagnosenschlüssels« zu überwindende Schwierigkeiten werden in der Arbeit dargestellt. Es wurde versucht, zu praktisch brauchbaren Lösungen zu kommen.
Rationalisierung der Literaturerfassung in Spezialdokumentationen
Authors: Fink H.
Published: March 2018

Die Erfassungsstrategie für Aufbau und aktuelle Vervollständigung einer Literaturspezialdokumentation wird am Beispiel der Spezialdokumentation der Literatur über die Wirkstoffe des pharmazeutischen „Bayer”-Sortiments entwickelt. Das sehr aufwendige Erfassungssystem von Primärliteratur kann nur durch ständige statistische Analysen der Zeitschriftenverteilung an die Wirklichkeit adaptiert und rationell gestaltet werden. Die Ergebnisse einer solchen Analyse werden mitgeteilt. Sie sind gut mit der Hypothese vereinbar, daß es für das Erscheinen von Spezialliteratur zeitschriftenspezifische Schwellen gibt, deren Logarithmen annähernd normalverteilt sind. Hierauf kann man Schätzungen über den tatsächlichen Umfang der erfaßbaren Spezialliteratur sowie über den erforderlichen Mehraufwand an Durchsicht von Primärliteratur für den Fall, daß höhere Erfassungsquoten angestrebt werden, aufbauen.
A Computer-oriented Approach to the Comprehensive Organization of Information in Hand-compiled Medical Records
Authors: Certttti S. , Longbxni E. , Pinciholi F.
Published: March 2018

The problem of the comprehensive organization of the medical record is discussed in this paper. The basis of the organizational scheme is the integration of both fixed-text and free-text components with constraints imposed upon the original formatting of the free text. To support the diagnostic procedure a component of the record is a »diagnosis sheet«, which embodies a differential diagnosis approach and is discussed in detail.

Results of more than two years of practical experience in the general medicine department of a regional hospital in Italy are presented. A trend towards a standardization of the medical terminology used was noted. Physicians' acceptance of a more rational conception of the medical record was high and a considerable flexibility in the language employed was observed. Finally, it is important to note that this new approach to the organization of the medical record was conceived in such a way as to make it processable by a computer located within the department itself. The initial experiences with the computerization of the record are presented and discussed with a view to future implementations and implications for cooperative, multidisciplinary research in medicine and information science.
A Database Built Upon the Medical Event Vector
Authors: Gleser M. , Young G. , Woods D.
Published: March 2018

PHAMIS is an automated medical information system designed to provide long-term storage and retrieval of clinical information about Public Health Service patients. The patient database is composed of clinical events stored in compact format as multidimensional vectors in a write-once, read-only file to minimize file maintenance. Clinical observations are recorded as pointers to a large and expandable dictionary, rather than as text, to reduce storage requirements. The database design includes both within-patient-record and between-patient-recorcl indexes to speed data retrieval and facilitate report generation.