bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naphta and His Ilk: Jewish Characters in Mann’s The Magic Mountain
Authors: Marquardt Franka , Elsaghe Yahya
Published: November 2023

Thomas Mann’s representation of the “Jewish question” changed radically between the periods of his early and late works. Characters marked as Jewish play substantial roles in almost all the early novels and novel-las, whereas such characters are simply absent from the texts written after World War II. Jewish characters in The Magic Mountain occupy a middle position between these two extremes. To evaluate the very considerable change that The Magic Mountain represents vis-à-vis the early work, one must first look closely at the way the early stories and novels portray Jewish characters, tak-ing “early” to mean works composed up to 1905.
Telling Timelessness in Der Zauberberg
Authors: Cohn Dorrit
Published: November 2023

In “strandspaziergang,” the section that introduces the last and longest chapter of Der Zauberberg, the narrator indulges his inclination to comment on his story at greater length than at any other textual moment. Beginning with the question “Kann man die Zeiterzählen, diese selbst, als solche, an und für sich?” it launches into aesthetic reflections on the comparative role of time in the arts, notably in the two time-bound sister arts of music and narration.
Introduction to Risk Calculation in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Young Ian D
Published: November 2023

The process of genetic counselling involves many key components, such as taking a family genetic history, making a diagnosis, and providing communication and support to the family. Among these core processes is the mathematical calculation of the actual risk of a possible genetic disorder. For most physicians and counsellors, the mathematics and statistics involved can be a major challenge which is not always helped by complex computer programs or lengthy papers full of elaborate formulae. In this clear, reader-friendly guide, Ian Young addresses this problem and demonstrates how risk can be estimated for inherited disorders using a basic knowledge of the laws of probability and their application to clinical problems. The text employs a wealth of clearly explained examples and "key points" in order to guide the reader to an accurate assessment of the risk of genetic disease. It primarily will appeal to genetic counsellors, geneticists, and all those involved in providing medical genetic services. In this new edition, Dr. Young has pruned redundancies and extensively updated the concepts in each of the 10 chapters, and he has included more working examples, a popular feature of the book.
Insomnia
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo
Published: November 2023

Individuals who complain of insomnia report repeated difficulty with either initially falling asleep (sleep onset insomnia) or remaining asleep (sleep maintenance insomnia) despite adequate opportunity, condition, and time for sleep. Their sleep is described as short and inadequate, light and easily disrupted, of poor quality, unrefreshing, unsatisfactory, or nonrestorative. Frequent extended periods of wakefulness or persistent early morning awakenings may be reported. In children, insomnia may present as bedtime resistance or lack of ability to sleep independently. This sleep disturbance is associated with impairment of daytime function.

Most investigators define insomnia as a sleep latency of 30 minutes or more; wake time after sleep onset of 30 minutes or more; sleep efficiency of less than 85%; or total sleep time less than 6 to 6.5 hours, occurring at least 3 nights a week.

Patients with insomnia often report greater subjective sleep disturbance compared to objective polysomnographic parameters. The discrepancy between subjective estimates and objective measures of sleep is believed to be due to persistent sensory processing during non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which decreases the ability of patients with insomnia to distinguish sleep from wakefulness. Perception of sleep appears to be altered. Persons with insomnia may have a greater tendency to describe, when awakened from sleep, of being awake all along, compared with those without insomnia. In addition, they may overestimate the duration of their sleep latencies.
Neural Crest Formation and Craniofacial Development
Authors: Engleka Kurt A , Lang Deborah , Brown Christopher B , Antonucci, Nicole B , Epstein Jonathan A
Published: November 2023

Neural crest describes a transitory group of pluripotent epithelial cells that originates from the dorsalmost ridges of the embryonic neural tube. During early development, many of these cells collectively transform to a mesenchymal phenotype, assuming new morphological characteristics distinct from their epithelial neighbors, segregate from the neural tube and stream through speci7c routes into neighboring tissue environments in a wave of proliferation and migration. The resultant cells spread along migratory pathways that may end relatively far from the neural tube of origin. They ultimately differentiate into a plethora of cells and tissues, a step coinciding with the cessation of cellular growth and movement. Neural crest is an apparent vertebrate innovation. It serves as a major cellular source for much of the head and face and peripheral nervous system and forms derivatives as diverse as neurons in the gastrointestinal tract, pigment cells in the skin, hair and inner ear, adrenomedullary cells and smooth muscle in the cardiac outMow tract. The proliferation, migration, and plasticity displayed by neural crest cells are distinctive relative to primary germ layers and other early embryonic cell populations. Abnormalities in neural crest are associated with a diverse group of human disorders and syndromes, collectively termed neurocristopathies, and include craniofacial abnormalities, a class of birth defects that account for nearly one-third of congenital anomalies, Hirschsprung’s disease, characterized by aganglionic megacolon, and Waardenburg’s syndrome, that includes deafness and pigment defects. This diversity is consistent with the variety of neural crest tissue derivatives that are evident. Understanding molecular pathways impingent upon and within neural crest provides insight into integral developmental signaling pathways involved in tissue induction, cellular proliferation, migration, and plasticity as well as the underlying causal factors in diseases of the neural crest. In order to place speci7c defects in perspective, this chapter will serve as an overview of neural crest–related developmental biology and genetics with some emphasis on the involvement of neural crest in cartilage and bone formation of the face and head. Several authoritative books summarize studies that have elucidated the cell biology of neural crest in the context of embryonic development (Hall and Hörstadius, 1988; Hall, 1999; Le Douarin and Kalcheim, 1999; Saint-Jeannet, 2006). Speci7c examples of gene defects associated with instructive developmental disorders will be emphasized here and in ensuing chapters.
Development of the Limbs
Authors: Nissim Sahar
Published: November 2023

Morphological development of a limb begins with a relatively simple outgrowth of cells, which acquires increasing complexity and detail over time. This phenomenon can be viewed as a collaboration of several processes, including changes in cell number, differentiation of cell types, and elaboration of patterning. How these processes are orchestrated in a consistent and orderly way to allow a bird to My, a mouse to run, and a human to write is astounding.
Is Religious Experience Reliable?
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Dear Zach, I’m back in town now and eager to continue our discussion. Our correspondence on the issue of interpretation has helped me a lot. But I still have many doubts about the reliability of religious experience-and of Theistic mystical experience in particular. Looking back at our correspondence, here’s a list of issues you’ve not yet addressed.
Chandigarh, India
Authors: Varma Vijoy K , Malhotra Savita
Published: November 2023

Geographically, India consists of the great Himalayan range in the north, the Sutlej, Gangetic, and Brahmaputra plains in the middle, and the triangular Deccan plateau in the south. The Himalayas, barriers to climatic influences and to the movement of peoples, contain some of the highest peaks in the world and are the source of most rivers that flow through the vast Ind Gangetic plains to the south. Northern India, in which the Chandigarh center is located, has a rich cultural heritage tracing its roots to Indo-Aryan civilization. Aryans, who made a significant impact on Indian culture and beliefs, came to northern India between 2000 and 1500 b.c. The philosophy and belief system are largely dominated by religion. Hinduism is the dominant religion of India and of the part of North India that formed the catchment area of the present study. Certain religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, were offshoots of Hinduism, whereas Islam and Christianity came from outside, starting around the 12th and the 15th centuries a.d., respectively.
Thinking Gender, Thinking Race Strategies and Contradictions
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: November 2023

At the outset of this project I asked whether the difficulties of thinking gender and race together reflected the distinctive expressions of power associated with the production of each. My exploration of these differences—drawing primarily on Foucault’s genealogical work—has been interwoven with an examination of the specifically discursive elements, that is, the ‘rules’ governing discursive formation that stand out in the selected illustrations. At the same time that I have made a case for appreciating a kind of analytic separability of gender and race, however, I have also pointed to ways that the material production of differences cannot be so neatly disentangled one from another; indeed, it is evident that, at every moment, both gender and race are thoroughly and simultaneously at work in each other’s production. Even so, as my own series of studies indicates, the telling of the stories that reveal the production of difference seems always to feature one kind of difference against another.
A Portion Of The Music Inadvertently Gets Repeated 1967–9
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

Davis had never been much involved in the making of popular music. His difficulty at the moment was that even his kind of jazz wasn’t very popular. Nefertiti was close to a record of art music. As refined as his work had become, the audience which had followed him with records such as Porgy And Bess and Kind Of Blue had been comprehensively dispersed by his subsequent progress. His records were selling some 40,000 copies each, still handsome numbers for a jazz record, but a distinct decline on what was once expected of a Miles Davis album. Columbia knew they had an important artist in Davis, and were concerned to make the most of him: the long-suffering Macero remained optimistic that there could still be some productive alliance between Miles and Gil Evans, and the general manager of Columbia, Clive Davis, thought that he was the kind of musician whose catalogue and eminence were ultimately worth a great deal to the company, even if his current records weren’t paying their way. But Davis made life difficult for both himself and Columbia. He constantly asked for more advances, sometimes spending hours on the phone with Clive Davis or one of his lieutenants. In the meantime, Teo Macero waited to see what he wanted to record next.
They Offered Me A Lot Of Money 1989–91
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

The Amandla sessions had been interrupted by Davis going into hospital with bronchial pneumonia. He recovered soon enough, but it was another illness visited on a body which was now ailing badly. The prescription drugs were debilitating him further, and his doctors even suggested that he retire from live playing altogether. But that was unthinkable. And by degrees, he got better. He spent more time in Malibu, was nursed by Jo Gelbard, and also had the regular company of his brother Vincent and his sister Dorothy. His youngest son Erin also grew closer to him (and Miles began giving Erin composer credits on some of his tunes, another means of keeping royalties away from his publishing deal). He had fresh management, under the lawyer Peter ShukaIt, and although he was not as wealthy as he might or should have been, money was not so much of a problem any longer. As well as the release of Amandla, 1989 was also notable for the publication of Miles: The Autobiography. Davis would never have written a book on his own, but it was an as-told-to story completed in collaboration with Quincy Troupe, a journalist who had done a lengthy interview with Davis some years earlier and had earned his trust.
Outro: Goodbye, Miles 1991
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

Miles Davis’s life came to an end faster than anyone expected, even though most of those close to him - there were few enough of them - recognized that his health was failing in a serious way. The Hollywood Bowl concert of 25 August, a track of which is preserved on Live Around The World, was the last time he saw some of his sidemen and friends. Wayne Shorter visited backstage and was shocked to see how much thinner he had become, even since the Paris concert from a few weeks earlier.
How to Think Like a Scientist
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

Scientific research is based on a particular way of thinking, and that way of thinking sets it apart from other types of work. While clear thinking and lucid presentation of your thoughts are likely to be important features of whatever career or job you choose, “scientific thinking” forms the absolute basis for everything else you will do as a scientist— designing experiments, analyzing data, writing papers, and so forth. I do not believe that anyone is born with this pat- tern of thinking. Indeed, I believe firmly that it is a learned “art,” something you may start to pick up (perhaps unconsciously) from your parents or teachers in grade school, but a habit that is subsequently learned and refined. If you are serious about considering a career as a scientist, you should work toward making this thinking pattern a conscious part of your educational program.
Introduction
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

Hip-hop is a problem. It is the cultural embodiment of violence, degradation, and materialism. Hip-hop is rappers exploiting women in videos and shooting each other in front of radio stations. Hip-hop is parties on $20 million yachts and Cam’ron claiming that he would never “snitch” to the police, even if he knew that a serial killer was living next door. It is a multibillion-dollar industry based on debauchery, disrespect, and self-destruction. Yet, when I think of hip-hop, I think of shopping for rare funk records on a Saturday afternoon. I think of a 12-year-old girl defeating two older boys in a dance battle as her mother proudly videotapes her.
Libertarianism
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

If you conclude, even provisionally, that utilitarianism does not provide an adequate basis for individual rights, you might wonder what other, stronger justification for rights is available. Libertarians offer one answer to this question. Libertarians are best known as advocates of free markets and critics of government regulation. Underlying their laissez-faire stance is the idea that each of us has a fundamental right to liberty— a right to do whatever we want with the things we own, provided we do not violate other people’s rights to do the same.
Moody Minds Distempered
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

In Moody Minds Distempered philosopher Jennifer Radden assembles several decades of her research on melancholy and depression. The chapters are ordered into three categories: those about intellectual and medical history of melancholy and depression; those that emphasize aspects of the moral, psychological and medical features of these concepts; and finally, those that explore the sad and apprehensive mood states long associated with melancholy and depressive subjectivity. A newly written introduction maps the conceptual landscape, and draws out the analytic and thematic interconnections between the chapters. Radden emphasizes and develops several new themes: the implications, theoretical phenomenological and moral, of recognizing melancholy and depressive states as mood states; questions of method, as they affect how we understand and characterize claims about melancholy and depression; and the persistence and force of cultural tropes linking such states to brilliance, creativity, and sagacity. Insights from literature and the history of medicine, psychology, and psychiatry are woven together with those from the more recent disciplines of feminist theory and cultural studies. This is interdisciplinary writing at its best-part analytic philosophy, and part history of ideas.
Emotional Pain and Psychiatry
Authors: Radden Jennifer
Published: November 2023

All pain involves affect. Studies have confirmed that affective elements and higher cognitive states of expectation and memory frame and interpret even the most ordinary pain sensations. Yet pain comes in varied forms. Some is experienced as an emotion, or a mood, rather than a localized sensation. These features of pain experience raise a host of conceptual questions. Is it important to distinguish localized painful sensations from the pain, suffering, and hurt that come to us in the form of emotional states? Does our pain language admit of more and less literal usage, if so? Is its abhorrence intrinsic to all pain experience? The following essay explores questions such as these in light of contemporary neuroscientific and philosophical research about painful sensations. Although alert to the affective elements tempering painful sensations, that research has almost entirely ignored pain and suffering that is nonlocalized and nonsensory. An older philosophical literature deals with more obviously emotional pain and suffering, but it, too, is incomplete. These omissions, it seems likely, limit our understanding of all pain experiences.
The Institution of Property
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

The evolution of property law is driven by an ongoing search for ways to internalize what economists call externalities: positive externalities associated with productive effort and negative externalities associated with misuse of commonly held resources. If all goes well, property law enables would-be producers to enjoy the benefits of productive effort. It also enables people to insulate themselves from external costs associated with activities around the neighborhood. Property law is not perfect. To further reduce external costs that neighbors might otherwise impose on each other, people resort to nuisance and zoning laws, regulatory agencies, and so on, all with a view to supplementing and perfecting the critical role that property law plays in minimizing external costs.
From Alpha to Omega
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Hans von Bülow once arrived in a small German town to give a piano recital. He was informed by the somewhat nervous organizers that the local music critic could usually be counted on to give a good review, pro- vided that the artist first agreed to take a modestly priced lesson from him. Bülow pondered this unusual situation for a moment, and then replied, ‘He charges such low fees he could almost be described as incor- ruptible’. On another occasion Bülow got back to his London hotel after dark. As he was climbing the dimly lit staircase, he collided with a stranger hurrying in the opposite direction.
The Early Years
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

The winter of 1829–1830 was spectacularly cold, with bone-chilling tem- peratures that regularly hovered around minus 20 degrees Celsius. No one could recall a winter of such severity. As the celebrations of Christ- mas and then of the New Year waxed and waned, with no relief in sight, it became hazardous to venture out of doors for long. The river Elbe was frozen solid, and the citizens of Dresden were able to skate from one bank to the other, a distance of more than 900 feet, bypassing the venerable Augustus Bridge, which was clogged with snow and ice. On Friday, Janu- ary 8, 1830, the thermometer dropped to minus 37.5 degrees Celsius, a murderous level that threatened both man and beast. It was on that day that Hans von Bülow chose to make his entrance into the world. He was born in the family home at 19 Kohlmarkt (later 12 Körnerstrasse) diago- nally opposite the birth-house of the German nationalistic poet Theodor Körner. His arrival took everyone by surprise. The previous evening his mother had been with friends, and had given no sign that she was about to go into labour. Swift may have been the delivery, but it was not without complications, and Franziska’s firstborn was so weak that few thought the infant would survive. It was to be his first victory over adversity.
The Growing Virtuoso, 1853–1855
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

On September 16 Eduard von Bülow died in Switzerland after suffering a stroke. More than a week elapsed before the news reached Bülow, because no one had a precise idea of where he was. His concert tours had taken him to Karlsruhe, and it was not until September 25, just as he was about to leave the city, that he was handed the fateful letters from his mother and his sister, informing him of his father’s demise. News of the tragedy shattered him.
The Meiningen Years, 1880–1885 III: Paths of Glory
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Despite the Byzantine complications in Bülow’s private life from which we have just emerged, his work with the Meiningen Orchestra remained constant. The European tours continued to absorb his time and involve him in his best work, and it is to them that we must now return. When the history of these long and arduous journeys comes to be written, the ones pursued in 1884 will be seen to rank not only among the most numerous but also the most memorable. The orchestra stood at the peak of its form, and it was gathering laurels wherever it appeared. In January alone, the ensemble gave twenty concerts in various cities in South Germany; and in February, after enjoying a brief respite in Meiningen, they swept through North Germany in a grand orbit that took them to Göttingen, Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Bremen, and Berlin.
Return to America, 1889–1890
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

Bülow set sail for America from Bremen on board the steamship SS Saale, on March 14, 1889, accompanied by his ‘two Maries’—his wife and their young friend Marie Ritter. ‘What a marvel this floating town is,’ Bülow enthused over the state-of-the-art passenger liner. ‘The most Bismarckian order reigns overall, and in everything’.Eight days later, after a smooth crossing, the little party was in New York. They checked into the old Hotel Normandie, situated on the east corner of Broadway and 38th Street, not far from the Metropolitan Opera House, where Bülow was scheduled to conduct his opening concert.
The Arbitrator As Guardian Of International Public Policy?
Authors: Wilske Stephan , Raible Martin
Published: November 2023

Investment disputes always were and still are inherently political. The advent of “institutionalized” international investment arbitration was meant to be an important step towards the “depoliticization” of these disputes. Taking a closer look at today’s debate about investment arbitration, the pendulum seems to have swung back. Although international investment arbitration might still be viewed by most observers as the promotion of the rule of law or even as an element of the “constitutionalization of international investment protection,” there seems to be a trend towards the “repoliticization” of investment disputes due to the surge of international arbitration and related public awareness.
The Modern Dance, 1977–1985
Authors: Smith Chris
Published: November 2023

In October 1977, the Sex Pistols released their only studio album after going through three different labels: Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols (1977). The LP touched off a wave of controversy, including a lawsuit over the use of the profanity ‘‘bollocks,’’ a refusal to work by employees at the record plant, and a boycott by radio stations and record stores. The album still went to No. 1 on the U.K. charts and almost breached the Top 100 in the United States. Three months later, the band broke up after a disastrous two-week tour of the American south, during which members of the group were repeatedly beaten up by their audiences. Later in the year, bassist Sid Vicious was arrested for murder after his girlfriend was found stabbed to death in their New York City hotel room. Four months after that, Vicious died of a heroin overdose the night before his hearing.
Death, Badness, and the Impossibility of Experience
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

It is a perennial philosophical puzzle how death can be bad for the individual who dies. Insofar as death is construed as an experiential blank, some have argued (following Epicurus) that one’s own death (as opposed to one’s dying) cannot be bad for one; after all, one does not experience death as bad or have any unpleasant experiences as a result of it. As the saying goes, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.” But is the view expressed by this saying correct? Thomas Nagel has argued that it is not. Nagel argues that an individual can be harmed by something which does not result in any unpleasant experiences for that individual. He employs the following example in support of his position: It (the view that what you don’t know can’t hurt you) means that even if a man is betrayed by his friends, ridiculed behind his back, and despised by people who treat him politely to his face, none of it can be counted as a misfortune for him so long as he does not suffer as a result.
Earlier Birth and Later Death: Symmetry Through Thick and Thin
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

Although we human beings typically think that death can be a bad thing or misfortune for the individual who dies, it is not easy to explain why or how death can be a bad thing, when (and if) it in fact is. The commonsense view about the possibility of death’s badness need not be interpreted so that it entails that death is always bad for the individual who dies, or that immortality would always and under all circumstances be good.) A natural way to seek to explain death’s badness, when it is indeed bad, is to say that death deprives the individual of what would otherwise have been, on balance, good. Since death deprives the individual of life, it is bad insofar as it deprives the individual of what would have been (overall) good. In his classic paper, ‘ Death,’Thomas Nagel (1970) suggested this sort of explanation of death’s badness, and various philosophers have followed him in defending the deprivation thesis about death’s badness.
Epicureanism About Death and Immortality
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

Epicureans take seriously Boethius’thought that philosophy has its consolations. In her important work on Hellenistic philosophy, Martha Nussbaum has offered an interpretation of Hellenistic philosophy according to the “medical model.” On this approach, philosophy is not a neutral, detached methodology, but a way of helping us to grapple with problems that otherwise would confuse and distress us. Philosophy, then, is a kind of therapy. Nussbaum both attributes this view to Epicurus and his followers (such as the Roman philosopher, Lucretius) and also endorses it. The Hellenistic philosophers sought toapply their philosophical therapy to such issues as the fear of death, the nature and mysteries of love, sexuality, and potentially unruly emotions, such as anger.
Raymond Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Raymond D. Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle is a contribution to the history of neurology and the history of American medicine. Adams, one of the greats of neurology, advanced the fields of neurology, neuropathology, internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, and psychology. Drawing on 50 interviews with Raymond D. Adams and on interviews with 50 other professionals and family members, this book documents his contributions to knowledge, his expansion of the realm of neurology, and his vast impact as an educator and author. Following an introductory chapter, “The Phenomenon of Raymond Adams,” the book deals chronologically with the phases of his life, education, and professional work. Another section of the book is arranged by disease categories and related topics, explaining his investigative work and ideas. There is a chapter of summation, analyzing the accomplishment and legacy of Dr. Adams. Numerous appendices include letters of correspondence, a letter of nomination, and extracts of interviews with other neurologists. These documents provide further insight into Adam’s personality and work patterns. This book convincingly demonstrates Dr. Adam’s seminal role in the completion of the 19th century task of clinicopathologic analysis of neurological diseases, the opening of the study of muscle pathology, the systematic study of cerebrovascular diseases, and emergence of the modern field of pediatric neurology, along with demonstrating the extent to which he educated generations of leaders in neurology and to which he guided neurologists everywhere with his great synthesis, Principles of Neurology.
A Pediatric Perspective on Chiropractic
Authors: Erickson Karen , Hewitt Elise G , Watson Amy Lynne , Rosner Anthony L , Hewitt Randy L
Published: November 2023

Chiropractic is the third largest heath care profession in the United States after medicine and dentistry, and the most utilized type of holistic health care. All chiropractors are trained to treat infants and children. Chiropractors have the option of furthering their specialization through post-doctorate training certification in pediatric chiropractic.
Transsexuality and Daseia Y. Cavers-Huff
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: November 2023

I’ll start with my qualifications. I am not a transsexual. I know very little about transsexuals. About eight or nine years ago, a graduate student where I was teaching produced an elaborate example, intended to make an epistemological point, which began, “What if Naomi (Zack) is really a man?” I wondered why he had chosen that question and whether others in my department might think that I was a transsexual. In that context, had I been a transsexual, my self-presentation as a woman would have counted as a form of “passing,” because it is commonly assumed in our society that those who are “women” have been female since birth. That is, my impression was that it would not have been “acceptable” for me to have been born male and present myself and identify as, a woman, which is what my “really” being a man implied.
Review of Alvin Plantinga’s God and Other Minds
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

This book is one of the most important to have appeared in this century in the philosophy of religion, and makes outstanding contributions to our understand-ing of the problem of other minds as well. Plantinga’s chief concern is critical: to examine in detail and refute some of the most important and plausible arguments put forward by philosophers for the existence of some sort of deity and for the existence of other minds. Plantinga demonstrates great skill in argumentation and brings all the techniques of modern philosophical analysis, including modal logic, to bear on the views he criticizes.
Rational Dilemmas and Rational Supererogation
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

The recent literature of philosophy contains many discussions of moral dilemmas. The idea that there may be situations where (through no prior fault or guilt of one’s own) one finds it impossible to avoid guilt, to avoid wrongdoing, has been defended, criticized, and mined for its implications: with increasing frequency, the idea of moral dilemmas has become a focus of ethical discussion. In this essay, I would like to consider a related issue which may be useful in casting light on the merits of the case for moral dilemmas, but which is of considerable independent interest. We are by now familiar with the ways in which issues concerning morality and concerning practical rationality can run parallel, and although I would not want to suggest that rationality and morality are in every way analogous, it seems to me we have devoted insufficient attention to a possible major parallel: the case for the possibility of rational dilemmas has yet to be explicitly made.
Caring Versus the Philosophers
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

I am sure that everyone attending these meetings knows about the justice/caring debate. Carol Gilligan’s distinction between two ways of approaching morality and Nel Noddings’s subsequent systematic discussion of a “feminine” ethic of caring have had an enormous influence on psychological and educational theory over the past decade or so, but until more recently, the impact on philosophy and on philosophical discussions of ethics has been much less. I remember my own original reaction or lack of it to the new ideas. I thought the idea that men and women think differently about moral issues was absolutely fascinating and very possibly correct, but I didn’t see how Gilligan’s and Noddings’s views could affect the ethical theorist’s efforts to come up with a comprehensive view of morality. If anything, it seemed that the duality of human moral thinking threatened us with a kind of relativism, one that left men and women talking past one another and gave them no basis for thinking critically and constructively together. That idea was certainly daunting, if not frightening, to the aims of ethical theory, so, as I just indicated, I preferred to leave the justice/caring issue to one side and do ethical theory as I always had.
Empathy and Objectivity
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In this paper I want to explore the relevance of empathy to certain epistemological ideals. Although I have previously focused in a very large way on the nature and uses of empathy, that focus has always been on morality and moral theory, and I now believe that the phenomenon of empathy has an important role to play in helping us understand the epistemological ideal and intellectual virtue of objectivity. I would like to begin by reviewing some of the ideas about empathy I have relied on in previous work on morality, ideas that will be helpful to us when we come to consider the nature of intellectual objectivity largely in terms of empathy. (I know the latter idea may seem at this point strange, but I shall endeavor to make it seem much less strange in what follows).
Dawkins and Atheism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Richard Dawkins, the most prominent and accomplished scientific writer of our time, is convinced that religion is the enemy of science. Not just fundamentalist or fanatical or extremist religion, but all religion that admits faith as a ground of belief and asserts the existence of God. In The God Delusion he attacks religion with all the weapons at his disposal, and as a result the book is a very uneven collection of scriptural ridicule, amateur philosophy, historical and contemporary horror stories, anthropological speculations, and cosmological scientific argument. Dawkins wants both to dissuade believers and to embolden atheists. Since he is operating mostly outside the range of his scientific expertise, it is not surprising that The God Delusion lacks the superb instructive lucidity of his books on evolutionary theory, such as The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, and Climbing Mount Improbable. In this new book I found that kind of pleasure only in the brief explanation of why the moth flies into the candle flame—an example introduced to illustrate how a useful trait can have disastrous side effects.
Williams: Philosophy and Humanity
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Bernard Williams brought philosophical reflection to an opulent array of subjects, with more imagination and with greater cultural and historical understanding than anyone else of his time. Three posthumously published collections of essays provide an overwhelming reminder of his incandescent and all-consuming intelligence. The Sense of the Past was largely planned by Williams himself before his death in 2003; In the Beginning Was the Deed treats topics he would have addressed more systematically in the book on political philosophy he planned but did not live to write; Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline brings together the most important essays not collected elsewhere, including the fullest statement of Williams’s conception of philosophy, of its purpose, and of its relations to science, to history, and to human life. In each of the collections there are some slight pieces, and also some overlap, but all three are marvelous books.
O’Shaughnessy on the Stream of Consciousness
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Philosophy, unlike most other subjects, does not try to extend our knowledge by discovering new information about the world. It tries to deepen our understanding by reflection on what is already closest to us—the experiences, thoughts, concepts, and activities that make up our lives, and that ordinarily escape notice because they are so familiar. Philosophy begins by finding utterly mysterious the things that pervade our everyday lives, such as language, perception, value, and truth. For everyday purposes we don’t have to know how these things are possible: We talk, we see what is in front of us, and we judge that this action is wrong or that assertion true. But it is possible, in the tradition deriving from Plato, to stop and think about what we are really doing, not for a practical purpose but just in order to understand what lies beneath the familiar surface of life. Human consciousness, which is at the core of everything we do and think, is one of the principal targets of such philosophical understanding. In our time the advance of physical and biological science makes possible the search for some of its physiological conditions, but there is a more basic understanding of consciousness that remains a philosophical task, and that is surprisingly undeveloped—an understanding that we can pursue only from within. It has occupied phenomenologists like Husserl and Sartre, and empiricists like Hume and Russell. Even if empirical science starts from the evidence provided by conscious experience, understanding the nature of that starting point is still mainly the concern of philosophers.
Sartre: The Look and the Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Sartre’s discussion of the existence of Others in Being and Nothingness is a distinctive and original part of his philosophy, which ramifies in his remarks on the body and sexuality. But I want to examine it as a contribution to the understanding of the traditional problem of other minds, and the broader problem of which that is one expression—the problem of how we can understand our own mind, our own subjectivity, as one instance of a type of being of which there are many examples, all contained somehow in a common world that has an objective existence.
Introduction
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J
Published: November 2023

The objective of this book is to give an up-to-date summary of what is known about Chaucer’s Shorter Poems, to offer new ideas and interpretations, and to stimulate debate about the cultural significance of those texts, both in Chaucer’s day and in our own. Above all else, it is concerned to offer different ways of reading Chaucer, and to consider the ideological implications of various readings. Therefore it is deliberately and frankly pluralistic, interweaving the views of critics who wrote over fifty years ago with those which were published in the summer of 1993 (our general cut-off point), scholarship on dates and sources with contemporary theoretical approaches, literary history of a traditional kind with historicist procedures which have gained currency recently, and also medieval hermeneutics with modern. It is hoped that the result will appeal to a wide range of readers and will encourage readers to widen their range.
The Legend of Good Women
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J
Published: November 2023

In his song ‘Go and catch a falling star’, John Donne declares that of all the outlandish things he can think of (impregnating a mandrake root, learning to hear mermaids singing, etc.), quite the most unlikely is the existence of a woman who is at once fair and faithful.
W. H. Auden Revises a Context
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

In an essay on the poetry of D. H. Lawrence, W. H. Auden wrote:

The difference between formal and free verse may be likened to the difference between carving and modeling; the formal poet, that is to say, thinks of the poem he is writing as something already latent in the language which he has to reveal, while the free verse poet thinks of language as a plastic passive medium upon which he imposes his artistic conception.
Lend-Lease and ‘The Dry Salvages’
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

On 15 February 1941, T. S. Eliot wrote a letter to the editor of the New English Weekly, the paper in which ‘The Dry Salvages’ first appeared twelve days later. He was concerned about some final revisions to the poem:

Helen Gardner has commented that ‘Presumably it was the word “undefeated” that Eliot feared might in 1941 give a “topical allusion”‘; yet, despite a number of recastings, he allowed ‘undefeated’ to remain in the final text. Eliot was not saying that the last lines must avoid a topical allusion. The possibility of finding one which will be taken for the fundamental intention has caused him to think again. Rather, since people would find a topical allusion there, that allusion must not give the poem a wrong twist. If the letter warns against too readily assuming the poem’s wartime context, it also reminds us that it had one, and prompts the question of what the wrong twist could have been.
Geoffrey Hill’s Position
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Where does the perennial interest in debates concerning relations between poetry and politics lie? For poets it may involve a simultaneous frustration with their marginal status or purchase on public life, and belief in the authority of their art. The urgency with which such debates are conducted is fed by complex insecurities and a real impotence. In ‘What Devil Has Got Into John Ransom?’, Geoffrey Hill notes that ‘Public occasions may be poetry but the poem, or, more precisely, the modern poem, is not a public occasion’ (p. 131). Division between the public world and the world of the modern poem presents to the critic a double focus. Hill writes in admiration of Matthew Arnold, that he was not ‘unconcerned with politics but rather ... saw literature as containing politics within a sphere of more precisely adjusted anxieties’ (p. 107). The activity of containing and adjusting is performed by the modern poet against the prevailing conditions. In ‘Poetry as “Menace” and “Atonement’” he ‘is engaged in vicarious expiation for the pride of the culture which itself rejects him’ (p. 4); and, concerned with the sin of pride in modern artists’ senses of themselves, Hill confronts the problem ‘that it is made more objectively difficult to confess if no one apart from oneself believes that there is anything which needs to be confessed’ (p. 8). It is as if, convinced he has committed a crime, the modern poet in this culture is forced to admit that no policemen can be bothered to arrest him.
Envy, Gratitude, and Translation
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Far cries may reach here through the sounds of verses in translation. The activity of rendering texts in another language is a process of creating similarity in difference. Bernard Bergonzi has recently affirmed the desirability of studying poems from different cultures, ‘not only because of the basic “otherness” of foreign poetry, but because such knowledge gives one a better sense of what English poetry can and cannot do’.1 Writing and studying translations is one way of gaining a sense of what English poetry can and cannot do. Yet it may also be a means of blurring the sense, of reducing the ‘otherness’. Helen Vendler has affirmed that ‘By rewriting poets from Horace to Pasternak in his own irregular, idiomatic, and forceful American voice, Lowell announced that American poetry henceforth would possess the past in a commanding, not subordinate, manner.’ This forcefulness, possessing and commanding, endangers a sense of the original and its translator.
Vita And Virginia
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

This book examines the creative intimacy between Vita Sackville-West and Virginia Woolf, interpreting both their relationship and their work in the light of their experience as married lesbians. The contradictions and conflicts of their situation are worked out through the construction of different narratives of femininity, in letters, novels, diaries, and other texts. Vita and Virginia looks at the two women's continual renegotiation of what it means to be female, and suggests that the mutual exchange of different versions of `womanhood' is crucial to the development of their friendship. Orlando, for example, was Virginia Woolf's way of threatening Sackville-West with the extent of her own knowledge about her, as well as the celebratory love-letter it is usually assumed to be. The book also offers readings of both women's autobiographical texts, and a long-overdue study of Vita Sackville-West's work as a biographer and a novelist. Emphasizing also wider contexts, this study examines the links between homosexual desire and literary innovation, public politics and private lives. It provides an invaluable perspective on the relations between sexuality and feminism in modernism.
Getting with It
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

In the sixties, Camelot went haywire. The decade started promisingly with President John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier, but soon the conflict in Southeast Asia was heating up, civil rightists at home were sitting in, hippies were dropping out, and it looked like Amerika was in for some trouble.
Dot-Comming into Y2K
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

As Americans entered the last decade of the twentieth century, the country was once again at war. Hardly had the nineties begun when the mother of all battles was joined between the United States and Iraq. Americans and their allies used their aerial assets to engage in inconvenience bombing. The Iraqis responded with golden BBs. Line doggies on the ground just wanted to shoot and scoot. Even when soldiers wore bone domes, the heat of Big Red out in the desert, or the beach, as it was also known, could be tough to take. Ragged out soldiers patronized the mobile roach coach to get their guts right with grease and nuclear coffee.
Publications initiated 1780–9
Authors: Fleeman J D
Published: November 2023

Plate: Port. of Garrick ‘Engraved from Mr Pingo’s Seal for the Theatrical Fund. I Published by T. Davies, April the 25th. 1780.’ (Fettercairn 226, 1094). References: Life iii. 434 (Courtney 152); CH 160; Tinker 1367; Arnott and Robinson (1970), 2930; ESTC: t072058. Notes: The interpolation in vol. 1 is an account of Margaret Woffington. Davies acknowledged SJ’s aid ‘with the early part of Mr. Garrick’s life’ in his Advertisement (I. A4 p. vii), but as CH observed his help ‘was probably substan tial’. The work includes the letter from Gilbert W almesley to Colson, 1737 (i. 9–10), and of March 2 (i. 11–12), SJ’s Drury-Lane Prologue (i. 108–11), an account of Irene (i. 119-23), and the reference to DG from SJ’s Life if Smith (ii. 392).