bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Indocyaningrün-Fluoreszenzbildgebung zur Sicherung vitaler Nebenschilddrüsen bei Schilddrüsenresektionen
Authors: Karampinis Ioannis , Di Meo Giovanna , Gerken Andreas , Stasiunaitis Vytautas , Lammert Alexander , Nowak Kai
Published: August 2018

Einleitung Komplette Schilddrüsenresektionen sind mit einer relativ hohen Rate an passagerem oder auch persistierendem Hypoparathyreoidismus vergesellschaftet. Die Sicherung und Lokalisation vitalen Nebenschilddrüsengewebes während der Schilddrüsenresektion durch den Einsatz intraoperativer Indocyaningrün-Fluoreszenz (ICG-Fluoreszenz) wurde jüngst in retrospektiven und prospektiven Studien als intraoperatives Hilfsmittel zur Vermeidung des postoperativen Hypoparathyreoidismus beschrieben.

Patienten/Material und Methoden 27 Patienten wurden prospektiv zwischen 2016 und 2018 in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die intraoperative Fluoreszenzangiografie wurde zur Identifikation und Sicherung vitaler Nebenschilddrüsen im Rahmen von Thyreoidektomieeingriffen eingesetzt. 5 mg ICG wurden intravenös verabreicht und die Fluoreszenz wurde mithilfe des PinPoint Imaging Systems (Novadaq, Kanada) in Echtzeit am Monitor evaluiert. Ein Ethikantrag wurde für diese Studie eingeholt.

Ergebnisse Die ICG-Fluoreszenzangiografie konnte in allen Fällen komplikationslos durchgeführt werden. Hierbei zeigte sich kein Auftreten eines postoperativen passageren Hypoparathyreoidismus, wenn bei mindestens einer Nebenschilddrüse ein starkes ICG-Fluoreszenzsignal detektiert werden konnte. Bei 4/27 Patienten ergab sich eine schwache ICG-Speicherung in 1 bzw. 2 Nebenschilddrüsen nach Resektion. Alle 4 Patienten erhielten eine postoperative Hypoparathyreoidismusprophylaxe mit aktiviertem Vitamin D3. Dennoch entwickelten 2 von 4 Patienten einen passageren Hypoparathyreoidismus mit symptomatischer Hypokalzämie.

Schlussfolgerung Durch den Einsatz der intraoperativen ICG-Fluoreszenzangiografie könnte ein postoperativer Hypoparathyreoidismus vorhersagbar sein und bei eindeutigem Nachweis von gut perfundiertem vitalem Nebenschilddrüsengewebe die Hypoparathyreoidismusprophylaxe und Kalziumkontrollen obsolet werden. Erste eigene klinische Erfahrungen stützen somit die Ergebnisse der ersten prospektiv randomisierten Studie zu diesem Thema.
Sex Differences in the Occurrence of Major Clinical Events in Elderly
People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Followed up in the General
Practice
Authors: Al-Salameh Abdallah , Bucher Sophie , Bauduceau Bernard , Benattar-Zibi Linda , Berrut Gilles , Bertin Philippe , Corruble Emmanuelle , Danchin Nicolas , Derumeaux Geneviève , Doucet Jean , Falissard Bruno , Forette Françoise , Hanon Olivier , Ourabah Rissane , Pasquier Florence , Pinget Michel , Becquemont Laurent , Ringa Virginie
Published: August 2018

Aims The main aim of the present work was to assess if sex influences
the occurrence of major clinical events in elderly people with type 2
diabetes followed up in the primary care.

Methods 983 subjects aged ≥65years with type 2 diabetes were
included by 213 general practitioners and followed up prospectively for
three years. Major clinical events were recorded every six month. The first
endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and major vascular events (acute
coronary syndrome, non-fatal stroke or transient ischemic attack, or
revascularization for peripheral artery disease). The second endpoint was
all-cause hospitalization. The occurrence of each endpoint was analyzed in
order to estimate the role of sex and determine other predictors of major
clinical events.

Results At baseline, women were older than men but they had a lower
prevalence of coexisting diseases (cardiovascular disease and cancer) and
equivalent diabetes control (Glycated hemoglobin A1C:
6.9%±0.9 vs. 7.0%±1.1). Over the follow-up
period, women were at lower risk to develop the composite endpoint (HR 0.60,
95% CI 0.40-0.91, p=0.016) and the hospitalization endpoint
(OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.96, p=0.029). Coexisting diseases,
functional ability and concomitant medications emerged as significant
predictors of both endpoints.

Conclusions Elderly women with well-controlled type 2 diabetes were
less likely to experience major clinical events than their male
counterparts. More studies are needed to determine the reasons for the
higher hospitalization rate in men.
tert-Butoxide-Assisted Structural Transformation of 2-Aza-1,3,5-trienes: Fast Track to 5-Ethynyl-2-vinyl- and 2,5-Divinyl-1,3-thiazoles
Authors: Nedolya Nina , Trofimov Boris , Tarasova Olga , Albanov Alexander
Published: August 2018

Treatment of 2-aza-1,3,5-trienes, methyl N-[2-alkoxy-1-(prop-2-ynylsulfanyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]- and methyl N-[1-(allylsulfanyl)-2-alkoxybuta-1,3-dienyl]iminoformates, which are easily obtained from lithiated alkoxyallenes, methoxymethyl isothiocyanate, and propargyl or allyl bromide, with t-BuOK or t-BuONa in DMSO–THF results in the formation of 5-ethynyl-2-vinyl- and 2,5-divinyl-1,3-thiazoles. The reactions are realized under mild conditions at ca. –30 °C for 30 minutes. An unprecedented structural transformation of the (prop-2-ynylsulfanyl)- and (allylsulfanyl)-substituted 2-aza-1,3,5-trienes into 1,3-thiazoles presumably occurs via α-deprotonation of the substituent at the sulfur atom (on the SCH2 group) followed by intramolecular [1,5]-cyclization at the imine group and aromatization (with elimination of MeOH).
Imaging Following Fractures of and Around the Knee
Authors: Krestan Christian , Schurz Mark , Sanal Hatice
Published: August 2018

Related to fractures of and around the knee, inappropriate technical factors related to the surgery, severe comminution of the fracture, early overly arduous rehabilitation of the patient, and patient-related noncompliances may have the potential for the risk of inadequate fixation and other complications. Loss of fixation, malunion/nonunion, infection, arthritis, arthrofibrosis, and symptomatic hardware are among postsurgical complications that may necessitate further reconstructive techniques. In this review, complications that may be encountered in the postsurgical period of fractures involving the patella, supracondylar femur, and tibial plateau are described.
Imaging of the Postoperative Condition of Posterolateral Corner Injuries
Authors: Pearce Dawn , Whelan Daniel , Chahal Jaskarndip , Naraghi Ali
Published: August 2018

Posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries of the knee are often sustained in combination with anterior or posterior cruciate ligament injuries. A variety of surgical techniques including acute repair, nonanatomical reconstructions, and anatomical reconstructions have been used to treat grade III PLC injuries. Scant literature is available on postoperative imaging of the PLC. This article reviews the more commonly used surgical techniques and the postoperative imaging assessment of the PLC of the knee.
Does the Technique of Skin Closure Affect the Cosmesis of Cervical Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy Scars? A Review of Literature
Authors: Mahalingam Sridhayan , Alatsatianos Anton , Pitkin Lisa , D'Souza Alwyn
Published: August 2018

The cosmetic outcomes following thyroid and parathyroid surgery is a priority for patients as the surgical scar is in a visible area of the body. Although some have advocated the use of minimally invasive and robotic surgery, these are not without risks and it has been suggested that the scars are not necessarily more favorable. The three most common means of skin closure include the use of subcuticular sutures, clips, and tissue adhesive (with or without deeper subcutaneous sutures) and there are no previous reviews of the published evidence. In this study, the authors compare the cosmetic outcomes through a systematic review of literature. Three studies (n = 200) comparing subcuticular sutures and clips suggest superior cosmetic outcomes with sutures (with statistically significant differences in the immediate postoperative period). Three studies (n = 213) comparing sutures and tissue adhesive show superior outcomes with sutures in the early postoperative period with no differences thereafter. Two studies (n = 202) comparing tissue adhesive and clips do not show that one is superior to the other and show no significant differences. Overall the data are limited; however, the evidence suggests that subcuticular sutures may offer superior cosmetic outcomes than clips and tissue adhesive in conventional thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
Cross-Generational Contributors to Preterm Birth in California: Singletons Based on Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Yang Juan , Baer Rebecca , Chung Paul , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura , Coker Tumaini , Francois Lissa
Published: August 2018

Objective Multiple studies have examined cross-generational patterns of preterm birth (PTB), yet results have been inconsistent and generally focused on primarily white populations. We examine the cross-generational PTB risk across racial/ethnic groups.

Study Design Retrospective study of 388,474 grandmother–mother–infant triads with infants drawn from birth registry of singleton live births between 2005 and 2011 in California. Using logistic regression (odds ratios [ORs] and confidence intervals [CIs]), we examined the risk of preterm delivery by gestational age, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and obstetric clinical characteristics stratified by maternal race/ethnicity.

Results The risk of having a preterm infant <32 weeks was greater for women born at <32 weeks (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.62–2.70) and 32 to 36 weeks (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.35–1.70). This increased risk of preterm delivery was present among women in all race/ethnicity groups (white [AOR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.52–2.63), black [AOR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.37–2.34], Hispanic [AOR: 2.39, 95% CI: 2.05–2.79], and Asian [AOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.20–3.91]), with hypertension as the only consistent risk factor associated with increased risk of preterm delivery.

Conclusion Our findings suggest a cross-generational risk of PTB that is consistent across race/ethnicity with hypertension as the only consistent risk factor.
Sevoflurane for Short Painful Procedures in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Cabrera Marta , Sanabria Pascual , Sanchez Laura , Lopez-Ortego Paloma , Elorza M. , Gomez Felipe
Published: August 2018

Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the use and safety of a sedation protocol with sevoflurane for short painful procedures in newborns.

Study Design This was a prospective and observational study conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Sevoflurane was recommended in patients undergoing an invasive procedure of short length, especially in those with spontaneous breathing or without venous access. Its safety and efficacy was assessed by continuous monitoring of respiratory and hemodynamic variables and clinical data recording.

Results Sevoflurane was used for 39 procedures, the main indications were: intravitreal bevacizumab injection (12), central venous catheterization (11), and biopsy (6). The median administration length was 14 minutes (range: 5–65 minutes). The median minimum dose was 1.5% (range: 1–3%). The median maximum dose was 2.5% (range: 1–6%). An effective control of nociceptive manifestations was achieved in 35 cases (90%). No major adverse effects were noticed. Main adverse effects were hypotension (8), desaturation (4), and apnea (3). All of them were solved by decreasing (14) or discontinuing (1) the administration of sevoflurane.

Conclusion Sevoflurane is relatively easy to use and provides an optimal control of pain-related symptoms. Its prescription should be individualized and more long-term follow-up data are needed.
Rheumatoide Arthritis und Sport
Authors: Schütt H. , Sewerin P. , Ostendorf B.
Published: August 2018

Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität, Training und Sport gehören essenziell zur Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis (RA). Körperliche Fitness steigert hierbei nicht nur das Wohlbefinden, die Lebensqualität und die emotionale Befindlichkeit, sondern beeinflusst positiv und gezielt bei der RA laborserologische Entzündungsparameter, die Krankheitsaktivität (DAS28) und die fortschreitende Gelenk-destruktion. Ein großes Kollektiv an Studiendaten belegt diese Evidenz. Da sich bisher Patienten mit RA zu wenig bewegen – mutmaßlich aus der Unkenntnis heraus, die Gelenkfunktion verschlechtern zu können – bedarf es der grundlegenden Multiplikation und Streuung von positiv aufklärenden Informationen und Empfehlungen zum Thema „RA und Sport“ für Arzt/Rheumatologe und Patient in Klinik und Praxis, der Motivation zur Mehrbewegung, zur Adhärenz und Steigerung des Trainingsverhalten und Kontrolle der erreichbaren Ziele und Funktionsverbesserungen.
Spondyloarthritiden und Lebensstil (Lifestyle)
Authors: Braun J. , Andreica I.
Published: August 2018

Die Spondyloarthritiden (SpA) sind entzündlich rheumatische Erkrankungen, die durch Entzündungen im Bereich der Wirbelsäule gekennzeichnet sind. Das im Vordergrund stehende typische Symptom bei der axialen SpA (axSpA) ist der entzündliche Rückenschmerz. Dieser kann neben der Morgensteifigkeit von Müdigkeit und Abgeschlagenheit (Fatigue) begleitet sein. Die axSpA führt durch Entzündung und Knochenneubildung zu funktionellen Einschränkungen nicht nur der Beweglichkeit, sondern auch der Lebensqualität insgesamt. Positive Effekte von regelmäßigen Übungen und körperlicher Aktivität konnten in Studien belegt werden. Dabei müssen die ideale Art und das ideale Ausmaß der körperlichen Aktivität in der Regel individuell festgelegt werden. Das Interesse von Patienten für einen gesunden Lifestyle wie Raucherentwöhnung oder das Management der Gewichtskontrolle hat in den vergangenen Jahren zugenommen. Die schädliche Wirkung des Rauchens bei Patienten mit axSpA ist zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen worden. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Darmentzündungen und SpA ist von zunehmendem wissenschaftlichen Interesse; besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird in der letzten Zeit dem intestinalen Mikrobiom gewidmet.
Fabrication of conformal array patch antenna using silver nanoink printing and flash light sintering
Authors: Meng Fanbo , Huang Jin
Published: August 2018

The sintering process constitutes an important part of the conductive-pattern inkjet printing process, as it directly affects the conductivity of the conductive pattern. Flash sintering has significant advantages such as lower processing temperature and higher sintering efficiency than other existing processes. Multiple flash sintering process experiments were performed to solve the problems of low conductivity of the sample caused by unsuitable concentrations of nano-silver ink and flash sintering process parameters. The relationship model between the nano-silver ink parameters and the flash sintering process parameters was established. The sintering neck state of the nanoparticles under different sintering parameters was observed by scanning electron microscope, which revealed the flash sintering mechanism of the nano-silver. A non-contact sintering effect monitoring method and a sintering process optimization method are also proposed. A microstrip array antenna was fabricated based on this method. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are proved by simulation and experimentation of the antenna pattern.
Ultrafast demagnetization in iron: Separating effects by their nonlinearity
Authors: Bühlmann Kevin , Gort Rafael , Salvatella Gerard , Däster Simon , Fognini Andreas , Bähler Thomas , Dornes Christian , Vaz C. A. F. , Vaterlaus Andreas , Acremann Yves
Published: August 2018

The laser-driven ultrafast demagnetization effect is one of the long-standing problems in solid-state physics. The time scale is given not only by the transfer of energy, but also by the transport of angular momentum away from the spin system. Through a double-pulse experiment resembling two-dimensional spectroscopy, we separate the different pathways by their nonlinear properties. We find (a) that the loss of magnetization within 400 fs is not affected by the previous excitations (linear process), and (b) we observe a picosecond demagnetization contribution that is strongly affected by the previous excitations. Our experimental approach is useful not only for studying femtosecond spin dynamics, but can also be adapted to other problems in solid-state dynamics.
Modelling and performance analysis of different multilevel inverter topologies using PSO-MPPT technique for grid connected photovoltaic systems
Authors: Bounabi Moussaab , Kaced Karim , Ait-Cheikh Mohamed Salah , Larbes Cherif , Dahmane Zine elabadine , Ramzan Naeem
Published: August 2018

This paper proposes a new control structure for two multilevel three-phase inverter topologies for photovoltaic (PV) systems connected to the grid. This control scheme includes the use of the space vector pulse wide modulation (SVPWM) technique to control the Diode Clamped Inverter (DCI) and cascade inverter topologies and the integration of the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) technique to operate the PV system at the Maximum Power Point (MPP). A Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of PSO based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is proposed to overcome the problem of MPP tracking under partial shading conditions. This MPPT technique is validated under various PV array configurations in order to evaluate the behaviour of each PV configuration under non-uniform irradiance. A SVPWM control strategy is used in order to generate gate control signals for the inverter and implemented for both DCI and cascade inverter topologies. Then, a comparative study of photovoltaic systems with these inverter topologies is carried out in the Matlab/Simulink environment and evaluated on the basis of MPPT, harmonic distortion, cost, advantages, and disadvantages. In order to test the practical implementation of the proposed control structure, FPGA/Simulink-based Hardware in the Loop approach has been used to bring the obtained results as close as possible to reality and with a minimum of constraints. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, some experimental parameters are summarized and a comparison table is obtained.
Linear stability analysis of a liquid jet in a weak crossflow
Authors: Amini Ghobad
Published: August 2018

In an effort to better understand the primary breakup mechanism of liquid jets in crossflow, a theoretical model for three-dimensional spatial linear stability of a viscous liquid jet injected in a weak gaseous crossflow is developed. The results are presented for the behavior of jet instabilities in the range of crossflow-to-jet momentum flux ratio of less than 0.01. In this range, the deformation of the liquid column allows a parallel base flow which is described by a modified viscous potential flow analysis. Focusing on the early stages of the jet evolution, a characteristic equation accounting for the growth of columnar waves is obtained and the most dominant wavelength and the corresponding growth rates are calculated. The predicted results for the asymptotic case of free jet flow are examined against the results available in the literature. Symmetric and asymmetric modes of liquid jet disturbance are investigated for a wide range of viscous, surface tension, and aerodynamic force ratios.
Unusual elasticity of monoclinic β−Ga2O3
Authors: Adachi K. , Ogi H. , Takeuchi N. , Nakamura N. , Watanabe H. , Ito T. , Ozaki Y.
Published: August 2018

This paper determines all the 13 elastic constants Cij of monoclinic β-Ga2O3, which has never been achieved since the discovery of this crystal about 100 years ago. We used resonant ultrasound spectroscopy with laser-Doppler interferometry, where the resonant-mode identification was unambiguously made by comparing measured and calculated displacement distributions on the vibrating specimen surface. Using more than 110 resonance frequencies, we inversely determined the Cij: C11 = 242.8 ± 2.9, C22 = 343.8 ± 3.8, C33 = 347.4 ± 2.5, C44 = 47.8 ± 0.2, C55 = 88.6 ± 0.5, C66 = 104.0 ± 0.5, C12 = 128 ± 0.1, C13 = 160 ± 1.5, C23 = 70.9 ± 2.1, C15 = –1.62 ± 0.05, C25 = 0.36 ± 0.01, C35 = 0.97 ± 0.03, and C46 = 5.59 ± 0.69 GPa. We also performed a density-functional-theory calculation and found that the local density approximation yields both the lattice parameters and Cij closer to the measurements than the generalized gradient approximation. Strong elastic-stiffness anisotropy is found in the diagonal elastic constants: C11 is smaller than C22 and C33 by ∼30%, and the difference between C44 and C66 exceeds 50%. Our measurements also reveal anomalous Poisson's ratios: ν21 and ν31 exceed 0.5, and ν23 and ν32 are almost zero. We explain these unusual elastic properties with the truss-like deformation of the tetrahedra-octahedra network and confirm this view with the ab- initio calculation.
Differences in metal profiles revealed by native mussels and artificial mussels in Sarıçay Stream, Turkey: implications for pollution monitoring
Authors: Genç Tuncer O. , Po Beverly H. K. , Yılmaz Fevzi , Lau Tai-Chu , Wu Rudolf S. S. , Chiu Jill M. Y.
Published: August 2018

Using the native mussel Unio crassus and artificial mussels (AMs), profiles of 11 metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, U, Zn) were determined and compared in winter and summer along a pollution gradient in Sarıçay Stream, Turkey. Principal components analysis and correlation analysis showed that metal profiles in the native mussels and AMs were different. Concentrations of most metals were significantly higher in the native mussels compared with AMs, suggesting that metals in Sarıçay Stream predominantly existed in suspended particulates and food compartments, rather than in dissolved form. Although U was not readily accumulated by the native mussels, it could be taken up by AMs. Overall, the results suggest that the use of native mussels and AMs in water quality monitoring can provide complementary information and a better estimate and coverage of different metal species and forms in aquatic environments.
Allelopathic activity of the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. on unicellular eukaryote planktonic microalgae
Authors: Śliwińska-Wilczewska Sylwia , Felpeto Aldo Barreiro , Maculewicz Jakub , Sobczyk Amanda , Vasconcelos Vitor , Latała Adam
Published: August 2018

The production and release of allelopathic compounds is an important adaptation by which some species of cyanobacteria can achieve a competitive advantage over other primary producers. In the present study we tested the allelopathic activity of the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. against the following coexisting unicellular eukaryote microalgae: Porphyridium purpureum, Stichococcus bacillaris, Prymnesium parvum and Nitzschia dissipata. With these species, we covered a wide range of taxonomic groups. We demonstrated that both the addition of Synechococcus sp. cell-free filtrate and coculture inhibited the growth, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate of P. purpureum and S. bacillaris. Conversely, P. parvum, a well-known mixotroph, was positively affected by both Synechococcus sp. treatments. In contrast, N. dissipata was not affected by either the picocyanobacterial filtrate or coculture. These results suggest that the negative allelopathic effect is related to a reduction in the photosynthetic rate, and that Synechococcus sp. allelopathy should be taken into account in the interactions between picocyanobacteria and eukaryote competitors coexisting in a planktonic system.
An exploratory analysis of the scope for dispersed small-scale irrigation developments to enhance the productivity of northern beef cattle enterprises
Authors: MacLeod N. D. , Mayberry D. E. , Revell C. , Bell L. W. , Prestwidge D. B.
Published: August 2018

The major economic use of the northern Australian rangelands is beef cattle grazing. Beef production enterprises are typically large and employ ‘low-input’ herd and pasture management systems, and the longer-term viability and sustainability of many is uncertain. Productivity gains have been stagnant for most of the past decade, and nutritional constraints are a major source of the poor animal production and financial returns across the sector. There has been a growing interest in the scope for small-scale, dispersed irrigation developments – mosaic irrigation – to provide an augmented supply of higher-quality forages to certain classes of animals in order to alter their reproduction and/or growth potential and to exploit market opportunities. An ex-ante economic review undertaken by the CSIRO of the prospects for mosaic irrigation employed bioeconomic simulation modelling of case studies of irrigation development scenarios conducted at the individual beef enterprise scale in three contrasting regions of northern Australia – the Burdekin (north Queensland), the Barkly Tableland (Northern Territory) and the Kimberley (northern Western Australia). This paper presents a summary of the methods, results and conclusions of the case study modelling. The results present a mixed picture of the economic potential for the various irrigation development options that were canvassed. The level of animal productivity (e.g. average weight of sale animals) increased for all of the irrigation simulation scenarios, but in most instances the projected economic advantage ranged from negative to only moderately positive across the three regional case studies. Where there was an apparently attractive return on the irrigation investment (e.g. a real internal rate of return of >15%), this primarily occurred under the more buoyant market conditions that have prevailed in recent years. The influence of irrigated forage availability on herd structure through management options such as the early weaning of calves appears to be at least as valuable as changes in liveweight gain for particular classes of animals.
Effects of tourism disturbance on habitat quality and population size of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
Authors: Luo Qinghua , Song Yingjie , Hu Xiao , Zhu Shenhai , Wang Han , Ji Hongbing
Published: August 2018

Context
Tourism is becoming one of the largest and fastest growing industries in many countries. Increasing tourism exerts serious impacts on the habitats of wildlife in nature reserves.

Aims
To ascertain how tourism affects the habitat of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), especially water quality and population size.

Method
An experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of different tourism disturbance intensities on the habitat quality and population size of the Chinese giant salamander in the Hunan Zhangjiajie Chinese Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve. Habitat characteristics, water physicochemical properties and microbial abundance were analysed, and population size estimated.

Key results
The results showed that high levels of tourism disturbance (>100 000 visitors per year) had negative effects on habitat quality. These effects included increased noise and abundance of aquatic microbes, increased concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) and a reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water. The abundance of Escherichia coli could be regarded as an indicator of tourism disturbance on Chinese giant salamander.

Conclusions
It is concluded that: (1) the habitats were much noisier with increasing numbers of tourists, which might directly reduce the population size; (2) tourism indirectly disturbs the salamander population by increasing TN and TP, and reducing DO in the water; and (3) tourism might take in pathogenic microbes to the water habitats, which could cause disease for the salamander population.

Implications
Although tourism development might reduce local poverty, such efforts must consider the deterioration of habitats for wildlife, especially for this endangered animal species. Moreover, the intensity of tourism disturbance needs be reduced (by controlling the number of tourists) to achieve the coordinated development of tourism and wild animal protection.
Geometric construction of quasiconformal mappings in the Heisenberg group
Authors: Timsit Robin
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we are interested in the construction of quasiconformal mappings between domains of the Heisenberg group

H

\mathbf {H}

that minimize a mean distortion functional. We propose to construct such mappings by considering a corresponding problem between domains of Poincaré half-plane

H

\mathbb H

and then, lifting every of its solutions to

H

\mathbf H

. The first map we construct is a quasiconformal map between two cylinders. We explain the method used to find it and prove its uniqueness up to rotations. Then, we give geometric conditions which ensure that a minimizer (in

H

\mathbf {H}

) comes as a lift of a minimizer between domains of

H

\mathbb H

. Finally, as a non-trivial example of the generalization, we manage to reconstruct the map from [Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 38 (2013), pp. 149–180] between two spherical annuli and prove its uniqueness as a minimizer.
Biological Morphogenetic Surgery: A Minimally Invasive Procedure to Address Different Biological Mechanisms
Authors: Rigotti Gino , Chirumbolo Salvatore
Published: August 2018

We present a methodology called biological morphogenetic surgery (BMS) that can recover (enlarge or reduce) the shape/volume of anatomic structures/tissues affected by congenital or acquired malformations based on a minimally invasive procedure. This emerges as a new concept in which the main task of surgery is the biological modulation of different remodeling and repair mechanisms. When applied, for example, to a tuberous breast deformity, the “enlarging BMS” expands the retracted tissue surrounding the gland through a cutting tip of a needle being inserted through small incisions percutaneously, accounting for the biological activity of the grafted fat. The obtained spaces might be spontaneously occupied and later filled with autologous grafted fat, which promotes tissue expansion by eliciting adipogenesis and preventing fibrosis. The “reducing BMS” creates an interruption of the contact between the derma and the hypoderma of the abnormally large areola and then promotes adipocytes to induce a fibrotic reaction, leading to areola reduction. Current evidence suggests that BMS might induce a bivalent mesenchymalization of the adipocyte, which promotes either new adipogenesis and angiogenesis of local fat (expanding BMS) or the granulation tissue/fibrotic response (reducing BMS), thus leading to the physiological recovery of the affected structures/tissues to normality.

Level of Evidence: 4
Religion, Life Expectancy, and Disability-Free Life Expectancy Among Older Women and Men in the United States
Authors: Ofstedal Mary Beth , Chiu Chi-Tsun , Jagger Carol , Saito Yasuhiko , Zimmer Zachary
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Existing literature shows religion is associated with health and survival separately. We extend this literature by considering health and survival together using a multistate life table approach to estimate total, disability-free, and disabled life expectancy (LE), separately for women and men, for 2 disability measures, and by 2 indicators of religion.

Method

Data come from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2014 waves). Predictors include importance of religion and attendance at religious services. The disability measures are defined by ADLs and IADLs. Models control for sociodemographic and health covariates.

Results

Attendance at religious services shows a strong and consistent association with life and health expectancy. Men and women who attend services at least once a week (compared with those who attend less frequently or never) have between 1.1 and 5.1 years longer total LE and between 1.0 and 4.3 years longer ADL disability-free LE. Findings for IADL disability are similar. Importance of religion is related to total and disabled LE (both ADL and IADL), but the differentials are smaller and less consistent. Controlling for sociodemographic and health factors does not explain these associations.

Discussion

By estimating total, disability-free, and disabled LE, we are able to quantify the advantage of religion for health. Results are consistent with previous studies that have focused on health and mortality separately.
Length-based risk analysis for assessing sustainability of data-limited tropical reef fisheries
Authors: Ault Jerald S , Smith Steven G , Bohnsack James A , Luo Jiangang , Stevens Molly H , DiNardo Gerard T , Johnson Matthew W , Bryan David R
Published: August 2018

This study extended a “data-limited” length-based stock assessment approach to a risk analysis context. The estimation-simulation method used length frequencies as the principal data in lieu of catch and effort. Key developments were to: (i) incorporate probabilistic mortality and growth dynamics into a numerical cohort model; (ii) employ a precautionary approach for setting sustainability reference points for fishing mortality (FREF) and stock reproductive biomass (BREF); (iii) define sustainability risks in terms of probability distributions; and, (iv) evaluate exploitation status in terms of expected length frequencies, the main “observable” population metric. This refined length-based approach was applied to six principal exploited reef fish species in the Florida Keys region, consisting of three groupers (black grouper, red grouper, and coney), two snappers (mutton snapper and yellowtail snapper), and one wrasse (hogfish). The estimated sustainability risks for coney were low (<35%) in terms of benchmarks for fishing mortality rate and stock reproductive biomass. The other five species had estimated sustainability risks of greater than 95% for both benchmarks. The data-limited risk analysis methodology allowed for a fairly comprehensive probabilistic evaluation of sustainability status from species and community perspectives, and also a frame of reference for exploring management options balancing sustainability risks and fishery production.
Comparison of the performance of age-structured models with few survey indices
Authors: Okamura Hiroshi , Yamashita Yuuho , Ichinokawa Momoko , Nishijima Shota
Published: August 2018

Age-structured models have played an important role in fisheries stock assessment. Although virtual population analysis (VPA) was once the most widely used stock assessment model for when catch-at-age information is available, (hierarchical) statistical catch-at-age analysis (SCAA) is about to take that position. However, the estimation performance of different age-structured models has not been evaluated sufficiently, especially in cases where there are few available abundance indices. We examined the performance of VPA and SCAA using simulation data in which only the abundance indices of spawning stock biomass and recruitment were available. The simulation demonstrated that VPA with the ridge penalty selected by minimizing retrospective bias provided near-unbiased abundance estimates without catch-at-age error and moderately biased estimates with catch-at-age error, whereas SCAA with random-walk selectivity suffered from problems in estimating parameters and population states. Without sufficient information on abundance trends, naïvely using SCAA with many random effects should be done cautiously, and comparing results from various age-structured models via simulation tests will be informative in selecting an appropriate stock assessment model.
Rondinini paintings rediscovered: A self-portrait by Paul Bril and a ‘witchcraft’ by Pieter van Laer
Authors: Giometti Cristiano , Lorizzo Loredana
Published: August 2018

The Rondinini family is important for having developed a well-defined taste in collecting during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries, with an interest in ancient sculpture and painting staged in their palaces and villas in Rome and its surroundings. The most eminent artists active in seventeenth-century Rome worked for them. The paintings presented here are the most relevant examples of a great number of works that have re-emerged during a collaborative research project conducted by the universities of Florence and Salerno on the family’s contributions to the history of collecting. The first is a signed self-portrait by the Flemish artist Paul Bril, a pioneer amongst the landscape painters active in Rome between the late 1500s and early 1600s – a work of large size for the artist (110.0 x 81.5 cm); the second is a ‘witchcraft crowded with figures’ painted by Pieter van Laer, an eminent Dutch painter and leader of the group of masters called the ‘Bamboccianti’.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Antibody Repertoire Estimates Reservoir Size and Time of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Virally Suppressed Perinatally HIV-Infected Children
Authors: Rocca Salvatore , Zangari Paola , Cotugno Nicola , De Rossi Anita , Ferns Bridget , Petricone Davide , Rinaldi Stefano , Giaquinto Carlo , Bernardi Stefania , Rojo Pablo , Rossi Paolo , Pahwa Savita , Nastouli Eleni , Palma Paolo ,   EPIICAL Consortium, Klein Nigel , Gibb Diana , Watters Sarah , Chan Man , McCoy Laura , Babiker Abdel , Marcelin Anne-Genevieve , Calvez Vincent , Munoz Maria Angeles , Wahren Britta , Foster Caroline , Cotton Mark , Robb Merlin , Ananworanich Jintanat , Claiden Polly , Pillay Deenan , Persaud Deborah , De Boer Rob J , Schröter Juliane , Anelone Anet J N , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Ceci Adriana , Giannuzzi Viviana , Luzuriaga Kathrine , Chomont Nicolas , Cameron Mark , Cancrini Caterina , Yates Andrew , Kuhn Louise , Violari Avy , Otwombe Kennedy , Pepponi Ilaria , Rocchi Francesca , Rinaldi Stefano , Tagarro Alfredo , Lain Maria Grazia , Vaz Paula , Lopez Elisa , Nhampossa Tacita
Published: August 2018

Different specific antibody responses against 10 HIV-1 viral proteins detected by Western blot, plasma assay on a very small amount of plasma (20 μL) can estimate HIV-DNA size and timing of ART initiation in long-term virally suppressed children.
Conclusion
Authors: Newman Judith H.
Published: August 2018

Although by no means offering a complete taxonomy of scripture formation, the book considers a wide range of literary genres and practices across the diverse population of Judeans throughout the region. The conclusion draws out some of the implications for understanding the fluid nature of scriptures in the Hellenistic-Roman era. The search for the “original text” of the Bible is a vain one; rather, scriptures were formed through a traditioning process that involved sacralization through the entwinement of prayer practices and textual interpretation. These texts were mediated by learned teachers and leaders in textual communities.
Conclusion
Authors: Richardson Henry
Published: August 2018

This concluding chapter restates the book’s central arguments in a simple, linear order, highlighting its conclusions about the nature of the moral community, the proper analysis of dyadic rights and duties, and the possibility of moral authority. It explains how this argument clears away a threshold objection to constructive ethical pragmatism (CEP) and how the book’s accounts of practical intelligence, moral psychology, and objectivity further support this normative ethical view. It considers how the central argument might be extended by dropping the assumption that moral authority is limited to specifying objective moral norms and by relaxing the expository focus on cases of two intelligent individuals working things out together at the input stage. Against the former of these broadenings, it notes the value of the way that the account, as developed, enables us to reconcile morality’s possibly eternal objective core with the possibility of our contingently adding to its objective content.
A Conceptual Map of Scientism
Authors: Peels Rik
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a conceptual map of scientism: an overview of the varieties of scientism and their relations. It argues that a plausible understanding of scientism is the thesis that the boundaries of natural science should be expanded in order to include academic disciplines or realms of life that are widely considered not to belong to the realm of science. Every participant in the debate on scientism should make clear which variety of scientism she or he adheres to or criticizes by specifying whether she is talking about (a) academic or universal scientism; (b) eliminative, methodological, epistemological, ontological, moral, or existential scientism; (c) full or partial scientism; and (d) in the case of moral and existential scientism: replacement or illusion scientism. The aim of this map is to provide clarity in a debate that is often confused and to help one see what one is committed to in adopting a particular scientistic position.
Scientism and Its Rivals
Authors: Stenmark Mikael
Published: August 2018

What is scientism and where and why does it differ from its rivals? The second aspect is crucial because, in assessing scientism, we also need to identify its rivals and the border areas between scientism and these rivals. If we reject one we need to know what alternatives there are and where there is overlap. This chapter offers answers to these questions and distinguishes between different types of scientism. It also suggests that liberal naturalism, humanism, social constructionism, religious naturalism, and theism are best understood as rivals to scientism, although that does not mean that they are on all accounts necessarily incompatible with scientism. It merely means that they contain elements that are in serious tension with the epistemology and ontology of scientism or its overall tendency to be deeply suspicious about everything in reality that cannot be described, understood, or explained by the natural sciences.
Kinds of Knowledge, Limits of Science
Authors: de Ridder Jeroen
Published: August 2018

Does scientific knowledge have limits? This chapter tries to answer this question by first investigating the distinct nature of scientific knowledge, as contrasted with other kinds of knowledge. Two plausible proposals are considered: scientific knowledge as high-grade knowledge and scientific knowledge as objectifying knowledge. The chapter then investigates what these two proposals entail for the question of whether scientific knowledge is limited. It turns out that, on both proposals, there are in-principle limits to what can be known scientifically. This spells trouble for any forms of scientism denying this.
Scientism
Authors: Plantinga Alvin
Published: August 2018

This chapter surveys several possible versions of scientism and argues that most of them are false. It also suggests that its most obvious motivation, empiricism in either scientism’s classical or positivistic guise, has little to recommend itself. The chapter then homes in on a more moderate version of scientism: the idea that when any nonscientific belief comes into conflict with a scientific belief, it is always the scientific belief that should prevail. This form of scientism, too, fails, for it can be reasonable to hang on to Christian belief even when it fits ill with scientific orthodoxy. Moderate scientism doesn’t appear moderate on closer inspection, for it implies that Christian belief is false. The right way to think about things is that science is a wonderful institution and a wonderful source of knowledge or warranted belief, but it is not our only source of knowledge about ourselves and our world.
Toward a Better Future
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

Peter Singer has offered perhaps the most influential argument for increased aid and global redistribution, based on a duty of rescue. This chapter critically evaluates this argument by agreeing with Singer that there is a duty of rescue, but asserting that he is mistaken to say that it scales up to a highly demanding duty to aid poor people around the world. Singer’s argument ignores that there can be negative feedback loops between rescues. The history of aid shows that such attempts have largely been a failure, primarily because these negative feedback loops often exist. The chapter closes by arguing that the possibility of such feedback loops is itself a reason for accepting a more limited duty of rescue than Singer defends. A more limited duty is intuitive, and might actually work in practice.
The Climate Change Objection to Economic Growth
Authors: van der Vossen Bas , Brennan Jason
Published: August 2018

This book argues for increased economic growth as a cure for poverty. This chapter responds to the objection that such growth is unacceptable because it leads to dangerous climate change. The authors agree that such growth will lead to climate change, that such climate change is dangerous, and endorse a carbon-tax scheme that allows sufficient growth to address global poverty. Two objections to this view are discussed. The first holds that growth should be stopped as much as possible. However, this ignores the fact that dangerous climate cannot be prevented, and the extent of suffering by the world’s poor because of a lack of growth. The second objection wants to reduce growth in rich societies, but not poor societies. But this overlooks the fact that different economies are intertwined, so that a reduction in growth in a rich country can often disproportionally harm poor countries.
New Questions and Answers about Embodied Social Inequalities
Authors: Beckfield Jason
Published: August 2018

How might the political-sociological concepts reviewed in Chapter 1 contribute to the distribution of population health? To connect the dots, the author begins this chapter with a reconsideration of several established facts about social inequalities in health. Next, he discusses new evidence that establishes relationships between political-sociological structures and processes described in the last chapter, and social inequalities in health. Disease is distributed unequally within populations according to socioeconomic position (SEP), even after controlling for the many behavioral and other factors that affect health and are also—variably across institutional contexts—correlated with SEP. A consideration of political sociology helps us to explain these facts. Moreover, the political-sociological context also shapes the distribution of resources that matter for health.
Making Radio Time
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes strategies of program arrangement developed to manage sonic flows and listener attention, the industrial exigencies shaping them, and means by which they became taken-for-granted aspects of modern experience. Regulatory mandates for live programming positioned radio as a new studio art that would supply its own content, a system of private competition favored continuous streaming of regularly scheduled programming to attract and hold listener attention, and conflicting mandates for varied but unified programming were resolved by dividing the broadcast day into a series of larger programming blocks. Consolidated on the production side through internal record-keeping mechanisms such as the program log, these scheduling strategies were communicated to listeners through on-air announcements and newspaper listings that helped to naturalize their emerging structures of broadcast flow and facilitate a larger commodification of sound central to the success of modern audio media.
Making Radio Drama
Authors: VanCour Shawn
Published: August 2018

This chapter analyzes methods of sonic storytelling and radio acting used in early broadcast drama. While accounting for a small percentage of period programming, dramatic productions formed a rich site for vernacular theorization of radio’s purportedly medium-specific properties and aesthetic possibilities. Dismissed by stage competitors as a hindrance to effective storytelling, radio’s aurality was embraced by proponents as the basis for a new dramatic art form that would be governed by five core principles: (1) emphasis on “natural” acting styles, (2) dialogue reduction through use of music and sound effects, (4) thinning the mix to ensure narrative clarity, and (5) privileging intelligibility of dialogue over alternative forms of aural realism. Echoing strategies from an earlier generation of descriptive discs and presaging those for sound cinema, methods for rendering radio’s invisible fictions worked to demonstrate the medium’s own aesthetic potential while also contributing to larger developments in techniques of sonic storytelling.