bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatologic Quiz
Authors: Ramsay David L.
Published: May 2014

This is a new section that will appear regularly in the Journal. It is designed to serve as a means of self‐testing of what has been gleaned from articles that have appeared in the Journal. Authors whose articles have been accepted by the Journal are requested to frame several questions on them. The quiz is based upon these questions and consists of ten, single‐response, multiple‐choice questions. Answers and references are to be found on page 72.
Book Reviews
Authors: Stegman Samuel
Published: May 2014

HAIR TRANSPLANTATION. Walter P. Unger, M.D., F.R.C.P. (C). Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York and Basel, 225 pages, 1979, $35:00.
Scalpel Excision of Primary Cutaneous Malignant Melanomas without Metastasis
Authors: Castrow Fred F. , Chernosky Marvin E.
Published: May 2014

Views and opinions about surgical treatment of primary malignant melanomas that are without local spread or metastasis are presented. An attempt is made to determine the limitations of office‐based dermatologists in the treatment of malignant melanomas of this stage. Using accepted criteria for clinical recognition of malignant melanomas early, it is suggested that surgical excisions of small malignant melanomas that are judged to be complete obviate preliminary biopsies and furnish surgical specimens that can be read histopathologically for confirmation of clinical diagnosis and adequacy of excision.
Surgical Management of Advanced Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Schour Lionel
Published: May 2014

In the past, surgical treatment of cutaneous melanoma has been determined largely by assessment of the regional nodes by clinical palpation. More recently, an increasing number of reports indicate that measurement of the histologic thickness of primary melanomas and evaluation of the level of penetration of tumor cells into the dermis can predict the likelihood of development of nodal metastases. In addition performance of fine needle aspiration of questionably involved regional nodes has provided cytologic data regarding nodal metastases. The role of certain procedures, such as prophylactic (elective) node dissection remains clouded because adequate numbers of properly controlled studies have not been reported. However, increasing knowledge of important prognostic factors, cytologic findings from needle aspiration of regional nodes, as well as the clinical assessment of regional nodes, can all aid formulation of more rational management recommendations.
Chemotherapy of Unresectable or Recurrent Metastatic Malignant Melanomas: An Update
Authors: Block Jerome B. , Tabbarah Hassan , Isacoff William , Drakes Thomas P.
Published: May 2014

Satisfactory chemotherapeutic management of malignant melanomas in advanced stages must await development of more active agents and combinations of them than are presently available. The development of entirely new means of treatment by hormones, heat, and adjuvants like amphotericin B may improve the efficacy of currently available agents.
Does Immunotherapy Have Any Value In the Treatment of Malignant Melanomas?
Authors: Roenigk Henry H.
Published: May 2014

To date, immunotherapy has not proven to be curative of malignant melanomas. Some immunologic procedures have produced regressions of some recurrences and perhaps have prolonged life by eliminating some dispersed malignant cells that would have gone to metastasis, but have not affected established, disseminated metastases to a meaningful degree.
Prognosis of Primary Malignant Melanomas
Authors: Epstein Ervin
Published: May 2014

In all probability, a patient with a primary malignant melanoma, but without clinical, radiological or other laboratory evidence of metastases, has a 75 to 80% chance of living five years and 55 to 65% of surviving for ten years regardless of other prognostic factors and the skill with which surgical therapy is applied. It has not been established whether or not malignant melanomas are absolutely curable.
A Giant Hairy Pigmented Nevus on the Face: Excision and Reconstruction in Stages
Authors: Dulanto F. De , Camacho‐Martínez F. , Sánchez‐Muros J. , Cosme L. De
Published: May 2014

Reasons for surgical ablation of giant hairy pigmented nevi are stated and surgical techniques of ablation are illustrated and described in a representative case on the face.
The Histologic Grossing and Reading of Wedge‐Shaped Specimens from Malignancies Taken from the Oral Lips
Authors: Sardi B. José R.
Published: May 2014

A simple method of grossing, sectioning, and reading operative specimens obtained by wedge resections of carcinomas from lower lips is described.
Local Anesthesia of the Face
Authors: Panje William R.
Published: May 2014

The principles and practice of local anesthesia on the face are discussed in terms of preoperative preparation of the patient, effective topical and injectable local anesthetics, innervation of the face, and techniques of topical application and injection of local anesthetics.
Primary Cutaneous Squamous‐Cell Carcinoma on the Face: Penetration to the Base of the Brain
Authors: Albom Michael J.
Published: May 2014

A recurrent squamous‐cell carcinoma that was found clinically to have metastasized to regional lymph nodes was managed by a surgeon skilled in Mohs' techniques, a plastic surgeon, and a radiotherapist in a premeditated plan. The malignancy was further found to have extended to the base of the brain. As much surgery as was deemed feasible, still short of complete ablation of the malignancy, was performed. Radiotherapy to the neck prior to radical lymphadenectomy and to the base of the brain subsequently was administered. After one year of follow‐up, the patient is well, though prognosis is guarded.
Dermatologic Quiz
Authors: Ramsay David L.
Published: May 2014

This is a new section that will appear regularly in the Journal. It is designed to serve as a means of selftesting of what has been gleaned from articles that have appeared in the Journal. Authors whose articles have been accepted by the Journal are requested to frame several questions on them. The quiz is based upon these questions and consists of ten, singleresponse, multiple‐choice questions. Answers and references are to be found on page 347.
An “Ultimate Solution” for a Painful Toe
Authors: Field Lawrence M.
Published: May 2014

A patient insisted upon amputation of a painfully disabling toe. For good reasons, his insistence was satisfied.
Wound Healing: A Review: II. Environmental Factors Affecting Wound Healing
Authors: Pollack Sheldon V.
Published: May 2014

A variety of factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, may influence the healing of wounds. Some of these influences are environmental in nature and subject to advantageous manipulation by the practitioner. In this article, the role of humidity, temperature, infection and oxygen tension on the process of wound healing will be discussed.
Planning in Hair Transplantation
Authors: Unger Walter P.
Published: May 2014

The size of an area to receive hair transplants can be minimized by designing a conservative hairline and by surgical reduction of the area of alopecia. A pattern of dispersion of grafts for optimal aesthetic effect is presented together with suggestions about frequency of sessions and amount of transplantation done each time. Hair transplanting begun prior to complete alopecia has advantages that are explained.
Grafts to the Nose from Postauricular Skin
Authors: Peng Vincent T.
Published: May 2014

A step‐by‐step schema of grafting skin from the postauricular area is described.
Book Reviews
Authors: Grier W. Robson N.
Published: May 2014

DERMATOSURGERY. Johannes Petres, M.D., and Max Hundeiker, M.D. Springer‐Verlag, New York, New York, 152 panes, 1978, $19.80.
Special Techniques of Hair Transplantation by Fusiform Grafts and Flaps of Many Types
Authors: Nataf Jules
Published: May 2014

There are more and better ways of transplanting scalp hair than merely by punch grafts. Techniques of transplantation by fusiform grafts and flaps are briefly described, advantages are stated, and results are illustrated.
A Simple Method of Excising Tricholemmal Cysts from the Scalp
Authors: Oliveira A. Silva , Picoto A. Silva , Verde S. Fidalgo , Martins Orlando
Published: May 2014

A simple method of expeditiously ablating tricholemmal cysts is described.
Correction of a Defect on the Dorsum of the Nose
Authors: Field Lawrence M.
Published: May 2014

A particular defect on the dorsum of the nose, which was traumatic ally incurred, was successfully corrected after two previous failures.
Book Reviews
Authors: Leider Morris
Published: May 2014

HOW TO WRITE AND PUBLISH A SCIENTIFIC PAPER. Robert A. Day. ISI Press, Philadelphia, Pa., 160 pages, 7979, $8.95 (paper), $15.00 (cloth).
Granular‐Cell Tumors of the Vulva: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: King Don Friday , Bustillo Maria , Broen Elmer N. , Hirose Frank M.
Published: May 2014

Three black women were found to have granular‐cell tumors on the vulva; in one, there were several additionally in other cutaneous sites. Although this benign neoplasm is uncommon on the vulva, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nodular lesions on the vulva. Granular‐cell tumors in multiplicity occur frequently and are not a sign of metastatic disease. This lesion has predilection for blacks. Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia occurs typically in overlying squamous epithelium and may be misinterpreted as squamous‐cell carcinoma.
Scalp Reduction for Alopecia
Authors: Schultz Bryan C. , Roenigk Henry H.
Published: May 2014

A 17‐year‐old boy had a large, scarred area of alopecia from a thermal burn. Forty square centimeters of scarred scalp skin were excised in six sessions. The cosmetic result was excellent. Neither hypertrophic nor keloidal scarring supervened. The technique of scalp reduction and its procedure as an adjunct to hair transplantation is discussed.
A Gigantic Basal‐Cell Carcinoma on the Plantar Arch of a Foot: Report of a Case
Authors: Robinson June K.
Published: May 2014

A rare case of a large basal‐cell carcinoma on the plantar arch of a sole and its ablation by Mohs' fresh‐tissue technique are described.
Treatment of Ulcers on Legs from Venous Hypertension by Split‐Thickness Skin Grafts
Authors: Berretty P. J. M. , Neumann H. A. M. , De Limpens A. M. P. Janssen , Cormane R. H.
Published: May 2014

Chronic ulcers on legs resulting from venous hypertension can be successfully managed by split‐thickness skin grafts. Special attention must be paid to preliminary preparation of ulcers and to the period after grafting. Technical details of grafting are described and the results in 12 patients are recounted.
Elephantiasis Nostras Verrucosa
Authors: Allen Roger K. , Leveck Terrence W.
Published: May 2014

Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa is an unusual and impressive cutaneous hypertrophy that may occur secondary to chronic, severe lymphedema or venous insufficiency, usually of a lower extremity. The condition consists of hyperkeratotic, verrucous, and papillomatous projections. A case is reported in a white woman.
Permanent Loss of Finger Nails from Sensitization and Reaction to Acrylic in a Preparation Designed to Make Artificial Nails
Authors: Fisher Alexander A.
Published: May 2014

Six years ago a patient suffered a severe allergic reaction from sensitization to methyl methacrylate in a mixture of materials designed to make artificial nails. There was marked erythema, edema, and pain of the eponychial and paronychial tissues with persistent paresthesia of the finger tips. Gradual destruction of the nail plates developed and since no regrowth of the nails resumed in six years, the loss of the finger nails is found to be permanent.
Book Reviews
Authors: Leider Morris
Published: May 2014

GENETIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. V. M. Der Kaloustian and A. K. Kurban. Springer‐Verlag, 339 pages + xv, 1979, $97.90.
Sclerodermoid Changes in a Patient with Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Schwartz Robert Allen , Burgess Gordon H. , Fox Michael D.
Published: May 2014

A 55‐year‐old man with metastatic malignant melanoma suddenly developed sclerodermoid changes in association with a large metastasis on one side between neck and shoulder. Sclerodermoid changes are not commonly associated with visceral malignancies. We suggest that such cutaneous changes may result from immunologic phenomena related to rejection of malignancies, analogous to graft‐versus‐host reactions in which sclerodermoid changes are seen.
Treatment of Cutaneous Neoplasms by Intralesional Injections of 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU)
Authors: Kurtis Baylor , Rosen Theodore
Published: May 2014

Successful management of keratoacanthomas and basal‐cell epitheliomas by intralesional injections of 5‐fluorouracil is reported.
Giant Congenital Composite Melanocytic Nevus on the Face and Scalp: Treatment by Multiple Resections and Grafting
Authors: Golcman Benjamim , Friedhofer Henri , Anger Moris , Golcman Ronaldo
Published: May 2014

Surgical ablation of a giant congenital composite melanocytic nevus on a good part of the side of the face and scalp in a series of operations is described and illustrated. It was technically and cosmetically successful.
Surgical Excisions from and Reconstructions of the Oral Lips
Authors: Davidson Terence M. , Bartlow Gregory A. , Bone Robert C.
Published: May 2014

Basal‐cell and squamous‐cell carcinomas frequently develop on or around the oral lips. They are treatable by surgery. The principles of surgical excisions from and reconstructions of the site are outlined and illustrated for small, medium, and large lesions.
The Rampant Basal‐Cell Carcinoma: Report and Lessons of a Case
Authors: Leider Morris , Albom Michael , Farina Anthony T.
Published: May 2014

The case of a patient with a basal‐cell carcinoma over a clavicle that escaped early treatment and became widespread and deeply burrowing is recounted. It was first treated by radiotherapy, seemed to have been cured thereby, but two years later showed recurrence. It was then treated by Mohs' fresh‐tissue technique which cleared the skin but exposed invaded bone and uncertain depth of involvement below. Radical extirpative surgery was subsequently attempted on two occasions, but when invasion was found to have involved major vessels in the neck, further treatment had to be abandoned. Some lessons of the case are discussed.
Transplantation of Single Hairs from the Scalp as Eyelashes: Review of the Literature and a Case Report
Authors: Marritt Emanuel
Published: May 2014

Japanese dermatologists have successfully used single‐hair grafts and grafts of two and three hairs for the reconstruction of eyebrows, eyelashes, pubic hair, and alopecic scars in scalps. A brief review of the Japanese literature and surgical technique is given followed by a case report of transplantation of hairs from the scalp as lashes by the author's modification of the Japanese technique.
The “Iconoclast,” a Superb Instrument for Undermining
Authors: Luikart Ralph
Published: May 2014

The “Iconoclast” was designed to separate with ease the dermis from underlying fascia or periosteum. It dissects bluntly and thus reduces need for sharp cutting and snipping, and minimizes damage to blood vessels and nerves.
Variation in Operative Technique: The “Nip 'n Tuck” Principle in Dermatologic Surgery
Authors: Robinson June K.
Published: May 2014

Variations in operative technique to meet special circumstances in given cases and to take advantage of the natural elasticity of the skin have to be practiced for best results. The methods of “nip 'n tuck” tailoring are practicable in artful excisions of Burow's triangles, correction of “dog ears,” and in devising H‐ and M‐plasties to fit particular needs.
Transposition Flaps for the Correction of Baldness: A Practical Office Procedure
Authors: Stough D. Bluford , Cates Jack A.
Published: May 2014

The hair‐bearing temporoparietal flap has become an important adjunct procedure in hair transplantation. This flap provides a dense concentration of hair and is especially beneficial for marginal or extensively bald patients. It is a practical office procedure.
Technique and Dosimetry in the Management of Extensive Basal‐Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck Region by Irradiation with Electron Beams
Authors: Viravathana Thavinsakdi , Prempree Thongbliew , Sewchand Wilfred , Scott Ralph M.
Published: May 2014

The use of irradiation by electron beam in the treatment of four cases of extensive basal‐cell carcinomas of the skin of the head and neck is described. The technique of treatment is simple, convenient, well tolerated, and the treatment has good cosmetic and functional results. Local control has been excellent in the cases treated and there have been no complications from the electron‐beam therapy.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenthal Stanley A.
Published: May 2014

ATLAS OF DEEP MYCOSES. Karlhanns Salfelder, M.D. Philadelphia, Pa., W.B. Saunders Co., 140 pages, 1980, $47.50.
The Rhomboid Transposition Flap Re‐Evaluated
Authors: Monheit Gary D.
Published: May 2014

The rhomboid flap has proved to be a useful local pedicle flap for repair of full‐thickness defects near free margins. The rhomboid flap utilizes the dynamics of both rotation and transposition of tissue. An analysis of rhomboid closures demonstrates its applicability for the repair of eyelids, the nose, and defects of the oral lips.
Control of Bleeding During Dermabrasion
Authors: Collins Paul S. , Farber George A. , Hegre Andrew M.
Published: May 2014

Dermabrasion may be complicated by excessive bleeding during the procedure. Adrenosem® salicylate has been used to control capillary oozing in various other surgical procedures. In a double‐blind study of ten patients undergoing dermabrasion, Adrenosem salicylate was found to reduce capillary oozing during the procedure to a worthwhile degree. No untowards effects were encountered.
Subungual Exostosis: Treatment as an Office Procedure
Authors: Oliveira António Da Silva , Picoto António Da Silva , Verde S. Fidalgo , Martins Orlando
Published: May 2014

The authors describe a series of 49 patients with subungual exostoses, four of them in fingers, the rest in the toes. They present a new and simple technique of extirpation that can be done as an office procedure and with immediate restoration of function.
Cryosurgery of Large Tumors on the Dorsa of Hands
Authors: Martins Orlando , Oliveira António Da Silva , Picoto António Da Silva , Verde S. Fidalgo
Published: May 2014

Successful management of a giant keratoacanthoma and a pseudoglandular squamous‐cell carcinoma both on the dorsa of hands is described.
Bone Formation in Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicis
Authors: Silva L. Garcia E , Martins Orlando , Picoto António Da Silva , Verde S. Fidalgo , Oliveira António Da Silva
Published: May 2014

Four out of 37 patients with chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis presented unusually severe cartilaginous changes in the form of calcification and ossification of the distal part of the chondral lamina. These changes were clinically unsuspected. A suggestion is made that chronic inflammatory processes in cartilage increase damage, especially in the elderly, and promote calcium deposition and bone formation.
How Accurate is Temperature Monitoring in Cryosurgery and is There an Alternative?
Authors: Zacarian Setrag A.
Published: May 2014

Conventional monitoring of malignant tumors with thermocouple needles is useful, but has disadvantages. Temperatures are recorded all along the shafts of the thermocouple needles and there is a lag of 10 to 15 seconds before precise temperature is recorded at the tip of the needle. This delay may lead the clinician to underfreeze lesions. An alternative and more precise monitoring device that measures the flow of electrical current or the cessation of electrical flow (resistance) as an indication of effective cryonecrosis during freezing is described in this paper. This method affords absolute accuracy and at the same time allows monitoring up to five separate focal areas within a lesion instead of a single site as is currently done with thermocouples.
Combined Curettage and Cryosurgery for Treatment of Epithelial Cancers of the Skin
Authors: Abadir Dale M.
Published: May 2014

Of the several modalities currently employed for extirpation of basal‐cell and squamous‐cell carcinomas of the skin, namely, electrodesiccation and curettage, cryosurgery, conventional surgical excision, Mohs' surgery, and x‐irradiation, occasionally electrodesiccation and curettage followed by radiotherapy has been practiced. The combination of curettage followed by cryosurgery is novel and in the author's hands has been exceedingly satisfactory in cure rates and cosmetic results.
Mycosis Fungoides: Retrospect, Current Understanding, and Prospect
Authors: Borok Thomas Louis , Farina Anthony T. , Leider Morris
Published: May 2014

After a brief historical view of mycosis fungoides from Alibert's time to the present, the authors go on to detail the average biologic course of mycosis fungoides, give a protocol for investigating patients with disease as extensively as modern means permit, review past and present staging schemes, and finally, review treatment as practiced today and speculate upon what may yet be practiced to the better in the future.
Squamous‐Cell Carcinoma Arising in a Leprous Neurotrophic Ulcer: Report of a Case
Authors: Troy James L. , Grossman Marc E. , Walther Robert R.
Published: May 2014

Exophytic neoplasms arise rarely in neurotrophic ulcers of leprosy. When such a lesion does develop, it has clinical resemblance to an indolent and locally invasive epithelioma cuniculatum, may invade deeply, and may metastasize. The case described showed deep invasion and extensive involvement of bone. Exophytic neoplasms in neurotrophic ulcers of leprosy should be considered to be squamous‐cell carcinomas, not epitheliomata cuniculata, because of their potential for rapid, deep invasion and metastases.
Versatile Dermabrasion
Authors: Caver C. V.
Published: May 2014

Dermabrasion of wound edges before closure minimizes and sometimes prevents scars. The probable mechanisms and some cautions are stated. Representative cases are illustrated.
Book Reviews
Authors: Pollack Sheldon V.
Published: May 2014

SKIN GRAFTING. Ross Rudolph, M.D., F.A.C.S., Jack Fisher, M.D., F.A.C.S., and John L. Ninnemann, Ph.D. Little, Brown & Company, Boston, 205 pages, 1979, $16.50.
Multiple and Agminated Blue Nevi
Authors: Shenfield Henry T. , Maize John C.
Published: May 2014

Agminated blue nevi are rare lesions that may be congenital or acquired. A case is reported in which they developed in an adult. This exceptional presentation of blue nevi merits recognition by physicians because of possible confusion with satellite metastases from a malignant melanoma.
Angiosarcoma of the Scalp
Authors: Simon Steven I. , Sika Janis V. , Lynfield Yelva L.
Published: May 2014

The clinical appearance, histopathology, and fulminating course of an angiosarcoma of the scalp in a 57‐year‐old man is described. It enlarged rapidly, developed satellite nodules, metastasized to the lungs, and was fatal within five months.
Surgical Ablation of Multiple Leiomyomas
Authors: Callies R.
Published: May 2014

A case is described of numerous leiomyomas on the lower part of a leg that were removed en bloc where in conglomeration or individually removed by punch excisions followed by filling of the defects with punch transplants where they were disparate.
The Making of Dermatologic Surgeons: The First Decade of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery
Authors: Resnik Sorrel S.
Published: May 2014

The history of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery is traced from its inception in 1970 to the present. Its positive influence on all aspects of dermatology has been demonstrated by the inclusion of dermatologic surgery in dermatologic residency programs and the annual meetings of the American Academy of Dermatology. Other related surgical societies, both national and international have also been formed following the example of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.
Removal of Tattoos by CO2 Laser
Authors: Bailin Philip L. , Ratz John L. , Levine Howard L.
Published: May 2014

The physics, technique of use, and results obtained in removal of tattoos by a CO2 laser are discussed and described.
Psychiatrie Observations on Patients Who Seek and Undergo Hair Transplantation
Authors: Resnik Harvey L. P.
Published: May 2014

Requests for cosmetic surgery may mask important psychopathology. Although the majority of patients who seek hair transplantation may not need psychiatric study, the hair‐transplant surgeon must be sensitive to and wary of those who seem to have over‐determined needs for his service. The expectations, motivation, and sexuality of patients are prime factors that influence satisfaction with the results of hair transplantation.
Dermal Overgrafting in Dermatology
Authors: Trimble James R.
Published: May 2014

Split‐thickness or full‐thickness grafts “take” on a bed of scar tissue or dermis following the removal of the epidermis. The technique is useful in repairing unstable scars from chronic leg ulcers or x‐ray scars. It also can camouflage acne scars, extensive nevi pigmentosus, and tattoos. Examples of their use in dermatology are presented.
Reconstruction of Nasal Defects Using Full‐Thickness Skin Grafts: A Personal Reappraisal
Authors: Hill Thomas G.
Published: May 2014

In spite of occasional difficulties in matching local skin color and texture, full‐thickness skin graft reconstruction is usually a more satisfactory procedure than skin flap surgery for nasal defects. The reasons for skin graft preference are reviewed and discussed as are technical considerations and postoperative care. To achieve maximum aesthetic results dermabrasion revision is recommended.
The Usefulness and Versatility of V‐Y Advancement Flaps
Authors: Peled Isaac J. , Wexler Menachem R.
Published: May 2014

The usefulness and versatility of a subcutaneously based, triangular, island flap (a V‐Y advancement flap) is presented. In the authors' opinion, it offers another satisfactory way of closing facial defects in a simple, single‐stage procedure with very gratifying results.
The Rationale of Using the Rhomboid Fasciocutaneous Transposition Flap for the Radical Cure of Pilonidal Sinus
Authors: Azab A. Sherief , Kamal M.S. , El Bassyoni F.
Published: May 2014

A simple, safe technique for complete excision of pilonidal pathology and immediate fasciocutaneous rhomboid flap closure is presented. Twenty‐five patients were treated. All wounds healed by first intention, with no patient remaining in the hospital for more than 10 days. Earlier cases were followed up for 2 years. No recurrence has yet been encountered.
Development and psychometric testing of the ‘Motivation and Self‐Efficacy in Early Detection of Skin Lesions’ index
Authors: Dyson Judith , Cowdell Fiona
Published: May 2014

Aim

To develop and psychometrically test the Motivation and Self‐Efficacy in Early Detection of Skin Lesions Index.

Background

Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. The primary strategy used to prevent skin cancer is promotion of sun avoidance and the use of sun protection. However, despite costly and extensive campaigns, cases of skin cancer continue to increase. If found and treated early, skin cancer is curable. Early detection is, therefore, very important. The study was conducted in 2013.

Design

Instrument Development.

Methods

A literature review and a survey identified barriers (factors that hinder) and levers (factors that help) to skin self‐examination. These were categorized according to a the Theoretical Domains Framework and this formed the basis of an instrument, which was tested for validity and reliability using confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha respectively.

Results

A five‐factor 20‐item instrument was used that tested well for reliability and construct validity. Test–retest reliability was good for all items and domains. The five factors were: (i) Outcome expectancies; (ii) Intention; (iii) Self‐efficacy; (iv) Social influences; (v) Memory.

Conclusions

The Motivation and Self‐Efficacy in Early Detection of Skin Lesions Index provides a reliable and valid method of assessing barriers and levers to skin self‐examination. The next step is to design a theory‐based intervention that can be tailored according to individual determinants to behaviour change identified by this instrument.
Low‐status aversion: the effect of self‐threat on willingness to buy and sell
Authors: Pan Caitlin , Pettit Nathan C. , Sivanathan Niro , Blader Steven L.
Published: May 2014

Consumption decisions are inherently rooted in both what to consume and what to forgo. Although prior research has focused on consumption, we instead examine what compels consumers to steer clear of particular goods. In two studies, we demonstrated that individuals experiencing self‐threat avoid low‐status goods to prevent further damage to their self‐worth. Individuals facing self‐threat showed a decreased willingness to buy (Study 1), and a correspondingly greater willingness to sell (Study 2) low‐status goods, as compared with nonthreatened individuals. Notably, these effects emerged even when such behaviors were associated with economic costs (Study 2). Together, these results highlight how the motive to preserve the self can affect market exchanges, thereby painting a more complete portrait of the relationship between consumption, status, and the self.
Performance of an anthropometric assessment method as a predictor of low birthweight and being small for gestational age
Authors: de Carvalho Padilha P. , Barros D. C. , Campos A. B. F. , Ayeta A. C. , Queiróz J. A. , Saunders C.
Published: May 2014

Background

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of the method proposed in 2009 by the Institute of Medicine for the anthropometric assessment of pregnant women, predicting perinatal outcomes: adequacy of birthweight, adequacy of birthweight according to gestational age [small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA)] and gestational and neonatal complications.

Methods

The study comprised a cross‐sectional study involving 827 post‐partum women (>20 years) who were treated in a public maternity hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Data collection occurred by interviews and record consultation. Adequacy of weight gain during pregnancy was determined as being insufficient and excessive for the recommended range according to nutritional status category. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for logistic regression.

Results

Some 36.2% of women initiated gestation with some weight deviation. The prevalence of the outcomes studied was 4.6% (n = 35) for low birthweight, 3.7% (n = 31) for SGA, 5.7% (n = 47) for LGA, 45.2% (n = 374) for pregnancy complications and 15.2% (n = 85) for neonatal complications. For women with insufficient weight gain, the new recommendation indicated a correlation in the prediction of low birthweight (OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.53–9.21), SGA newborns (OR = 5.77, 95% CI = 2.10–15.8) and gestational complications (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.20–2.48).

Conclusions

The method evaluated demonstrated a better sensitivity and specificity for the main outcomes related to insufficient weight gain (low birthweight and SGA). Regarding excessive foetal growth (LGA), gestational and neonatal complications demonstrated sensitivity for an intermediate value.
Making Weak Instrument Sets Stronger: Factor‐Based Estimation of Inflation Dynamics and a Monetary Policy Rule
Authors: MIRZA HARUN , STORJOHANN LIDIA
Published: May 2014

The problem of weak identification has recently attracted attention in the analysis of structural macroeconomic models. Using robust methods can result in large confidence sets making precise inference difficult. We overcome this problem in the analysis of the hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve and a forward‐looking Taylor rule by employing stronger instruments. We suggest exploiting information from a large macroeconomic data set by generating factors and using them as additional instruments. This approach results in stronger instrument sets and hence smaller weak‐identification robust confidence sets. It allows us to conclude that there has been a shift toward more active monetary policy from the pre‐Volcker regime to the Volcker–Greenspan tenure.
Abiotic stress modifies the synthesis of alpha‐tocopherol and beta‐carotene in phytoplankton species
Authors: Häubner Norbert , Sylvander Peter , Vuori Kristiina , Snoeijs Pauline
Published: May 2014

We performed laboratory experiments to investi‐gate whether the synthesis of the antioxidants α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) and β‐carotene in phytoplankton depends on changes in abiotic factors. Cultures of Nodularia spumigena, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Prorocentrum cordatum, and Rhodomonas salina were incubated at different tempe‐ratures, photon flux densities and salinities for 48 h. We found that abiotic stress, within natural ecological ranges, affects the synthesis of the two antioxidants in different ways in different species. In most cases antioxidant production was stimulated by increased abiotic stress. In P. tricornutum KAC 37 and D. tertiolecta SCCAP K‐0591, both good producers of this compound, α‐tocopherol accumulation was negatively affected by environmentally induced higher photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm). On the other hand, β‐carotene accumulation was positively affected by higher Fv/Fm in N. spumigena KAC 7, P. tricornutum KAC 37, D. tertiolecta SCCAP K‐0591 and R. salina SCCAP K‐0294. These different patterns in the synthesis of the two compounds may be explained by their different locations and functions in the cell. While α‐tocopherol is heavily involved in the protection of prevention of lipid peroxidation in membranes, β‐carotene performs immediate photo‐oxidative protection in the antennae complex of photosystem II. Overall, our results suggest a high variability in the antioxidant pool of natural aquatic ecosystems, which can be subject to short‐term temperature, photon flux density and salinity fluctuations. The antioxidant levels in natural phytoplankton communities depend on species composition, the physiological condition of the species, and their respective strategies to deal with reactive oxygen species. Since α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene, as well as many other nonenzymatic antioxidants, are exclusively produced by photo‐synthetic organisms, and are required by higher trophic levels through dietary intake, regime shifts in the phytoplankton as a result of large‐scale environmental changes, such as climate change, may have serious consequences for aquatic food webs.
SEMI‐PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF LINEAR COINTEGRATING MODELS WITH NONLINEAR CONTEMPORANEOUS ENDOGENEITY
Authors: Sun Yiguo
Published: May 2014

This article considers linear cointegrating models with unknown nonlinear short‐run contemporaneous endogeneity. Two estimators are proposed to estimate the linear cointegrating parameter after the nonlinear endogenous component is estimated by local linear regression approach. Both the proposed estimators are shown to have the same mixed normal limiting distribution with zero mean and smaller asymptotic variance than the fully modified ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimators. Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the finite sample performance of our proposed estimators, and an empirical application is also included.
A PARAMETER‐DRIVEN LOGIT REGRESSION MODEL FOR BINARY TIME SERIES
Authors: Wu Rongning , Cui Yunwei
Published: May 2014

We consider a parameter‐driven regression model for binary time series, where serial dependence is introduced by an autocorrelated latent process incorporated into the logit link function. Unlike in the case of parameter‐driven Poisson log‐linear or negative binomial logit regression model studied in the literature for time series of counts, generalized linear model (GLM) estimation of the regression coefficient vector, which suppresses the latent process and maximizes the corresponding pseudo‐likelihood, cannot produce a consistent estimator. As a remedial measure, in this article, we propose a modified GLM estimation procedure and show that the resulting estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal. Moreover, we develop two procedures for estimating the asymptotic covariance matrix of the estimator and establish their consistency property. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the finite‐sample performance of the proposed procedures. An empirical example is also presented.
Parasitism by Cuscuta chilensis and gender affect how the nurse cushion Laretia acaulis increases diversity in Andean alpine communities
Authors: Ridenour Wendy M. , Callaway Ragan M. , Cavieres Lohengrin A.
Published: May 2014

Question

Although there is a large amount of information about the anatomy, physiology and auto ecology of parasitic plants, much less is known about how they affect the interaction among other species and if they present gender preferences when the host is dioecious. The little knowledge available is focused on the effects of parasitic plants on negative plant interactions, but their indirect effects on facilitative interactions remains unexplored. We examined whether the parasitic plant Cuscuta chilensis showed gender preference on its host, the dioecious nurse cushion species Laretia acaulis, and how the presence of the Cuscuta affects relationships between Laretia and its community of beneficiary species.

Location

Central Chilean Andes.

Methods

We randomly sampled 50 L. acaulis cushions infected with Cuscuta, 50 Laretia cushions free of Cuscuta infection, and 50 open sites outside of cushions. We measured the area of each cushion selected, identified cushions as male or female, and identified, counted and recorded the numbers of each other species within cushions and in the open sites. We compared species richness among uninfected Laretia individuals, infected Laretia individuals and open sites, and between infected and uninfected patches within Laretia cushions. Further, we assessed the differences in species assemblage composition between each microhabitat by means of detrended correspondence analysis.

Results

Fifteen out of 23 species were more common in Laretia cushions than in the open, non‐cushion habitat. Laretia without Cuscuta harboured 3.9 ± 0.2 species per cushion in comparison to 2.5 ± 0.2 species in open habitats. Infection of Laretia cushions by Cuscuta was female‐biased and this infection was associated with an increase in the nurse plant effects of Laretia, with seven of 23 species more common in Cuscuta‐infected cushions than in cushions without Cuscuta, and a mean of 5.9 ± 0.3 species per Cuscuta‐infected cushion.

Conclusions

Cuscuta infection showed gender preferences, and this infection increased the facilitative effect of Laretia nurse cushions. This might be related to a decrease in the competitive resistance of the cushion species to colonization by other species (indirect effect) or direct positive effect due to the presence of the parasitic plant (e.g. increases in available soil N). To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of how the indirect effects of a parasitic plant might increase the facilitative effects of a nurse species.
Sense and non-sense of a European ranking of law schools and law journals
Authors: van Gestel Rob
Published: May 2014

Rankings of law schools and law journals are part of a trend towards more emphasis in academia on transparency and accountability with regard to the quality of research and education. Globalisation increases the need to compare law schools and law journals across borders, but this raises complicated questions due to differences in language, education systems, publishing style and so on. In this contribution, it is argued that ranking of law schools and law reviews runs the risk of driving us away from quality based on substance towards proceduralisation and quality assessment based on proxies favoured by managers of law schools, funding bodies and government agencies, instead of by the forum of legal scholars.
Competition and Growth: Reinterpreting their Relationship
Authors: Onori Daria
Published: May 2014

In this paper we modify a standard quality ladder model by assuming that the winners of the R&D race sell licenses over their to the intermediate good firms. These ones competeà la Cournot and it is assumed that there are positive spillovers on costs: in‐house and rivals' experience reduces firms' cost. We prove that there exists an interval of values of the spillover parameter such that the relationship between competition and growth is an invertedU shape. In this interval, overall welfare is invertedU‐shaped in competition for lower values of the externality parameter and increasing for higher values.
A Configurable Agent‐Based Crowd Model with Generic Behavior Effect Representation Mechanism
Authors: Sun Quanbin , Wu Song
Published: May 2014

Most of the existing crowd models were designed for specific behaviors or scenarios (e.g., emergency evacuations and bi‐directional crowd flows). Significant modifications were often required to accommodate new behaviors or new scenarios. This article proposed a generic crowd model with the flexibility to incorporate different behaviors under different scenarios. At the higher level of the proposed crowd model, the agent‐based modeling method was used to enable the individual heterogeneity and decision making. At the lower level, a unified mechanism to represent the effects of different individual behaviors was introduced. A core formula with seven generic parameters (i.e., agent's position, target's position, behavior angle, effect of base speed, agent factor, target factor, and distance factor) has been developed to form the basis of the unified mechanism. This article also presented a Behavior Library that consisted of a set of basic behaviors that were able to construct complex behaviors through their combinations. To demonstrate the capability of the model in various scenarios, the following simulations have been implemented and discussed: queuing at an exit, bi‐directional pedestrian walk flow, evacuation in a building, and consensus decision making in a large group.
The bacterial septal ring protein RlpA is a lytic transglycosylase that contributes to rod shape and daughter cell separation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Jorgenson Matthew A. , Chen Yan , Yahashiri Atsushi , Popham David L. , Weiss David S.
Published: May 2014

Rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) is a widely conserved outer membrane protein of unknown function that has previously only been studied in Escherichia coli, where it localizes to the septal ring and scattered foci along the lateral wall, but mutants have no phenotypic change. Here we show rlpA mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa form chains of short, fat cells when grown in low osmotic strength media. These morphological defects indicate RlpA is needed for efficient separation of daughter cells and maintenance of rod shape. Analysis of peptidoglycan sacculi from an rlpA deletion mutant revealed increased tetra and hexasaccharides that lack stem peptides (hereafter called ‘naked glycans’). Incubation of these sacculi with purified RlpA resulted in release of naked glycans containing 1,6‐anhydro N‐acetylmuramic acid ends. RlpA did not degrade sacculi from wild‐type cells unless the sacculi were subjected to a limited digestion with an amidase to remove some of the stem peptides. Thus, RlpA is a lytic transglycosylase with a strong preference for naked glycan strands. We propose that RlpA activity is regulated in vivo by substrate availability, and that amidases and RlpA work in tandem to degrade peptidoglycan in the division septum and lateral wall.
Molecular phylogenetic profiling of gut‐associated bacteria in larvae and adults of flesh flies
Authors: GUPTA A. K. , RASTOGI G. , NAYDUCH D. , SAWANT S. S. , BHONDE R. R. , SHOUCHE Y. S.
Published: May 2014

Flesh flies of the genus Sarcophaga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are carrion‐breeding, necrophagous insects important in medical and veterinary entomology as potential transmitters of pathogens to humans and animals. Our aim was to analyse the diversity of gut‐associated bacteria in wild‐caught larvae and adult flesh flies using culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences from cultured isolates and clone libraries revealed bacteria affiliated to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the guts of larval and adult flesh flies. Bacteria cultured from larval and adult flesh fly guts belonged to the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Budvicia, Citrobacter, Dermacoccus, Enterococcus, Ignatzschineria, Lysinibacillus, Myroides, Pasteurella, Proteus, Providencia and Staphylococcus. Phylogenetic analysis showed clone sequences of the genera Aeromonas, Bacillus, Bradyrhizobium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Ignatzschineria, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Providencia, Serratia, Sporosarcina, Weissella and Wohlfahrtiimonas. Species of clinically significant genera such as Ignatzschineria and Wohlfahrtiimonas spp. were detected in both larvae and adult flesh flies. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene libraries supported culture‐based results and revealed the presence of additional bacterial taxa. This study determined the diversity of gut microbiota in flesh flies, which will bolster the ability to assess microbiological risk associated with the presence of these flies. The present data thereby establish a platform for a much larger study.
Preferred choice of work setting among nurses in Thailand: A discrete choice experiment
Authors: Kunaviktikul Wipada , Chitpakdee Bunpitcha , Srisuphan Wichit , Bossert Thomas
Published: May 2014

The shortage of health personnel and nurses is an important issue in many developed and developing countries. Understanding preferred choice of work setting is an important strategy for retaining nurses in their work. The purpose of this study was to determine choices made by nurses in Thailand relative to their preferences for a work setting. A discrete choice experiment was conducted to elicit attributes and levels of job characteristics expected to contribute to work‐place preferences. The sample included 921 nurses and was selected using stratified random sampling. A random effects probit model was used to identify factors contributing to work‐setting preferences. The results showed that nurses' first work‐place preference was a high level of work setting. The second preference was to work in a hospital in the same province as their families. The results provide information for hospital and nurse administrators and policymakers seeking to address the nursing shortage.
Natural assemblages of Hindeodus conodonts from a Permian–Triassic boundary sequence, Japan
Authors: Agematsu Sachiko , Sano Hiroyoshi , Sashida Katsuo
Published: May 2014

Hindeodus parvus and Hindeodus typicalis occur in a deep‐water chert and claystone section in the Mino Terrane, Japan, which has been identified as a Jurassic accretionary complex. Conodont fossils are preserved as natural assemblages of impression fossils on bedding planes in claystone. In this study, 13 assemblages of Hindeodus species were recognized, comprising at most 13 elements which generally maintain the original composition and structure of an apparatus. We discriminated pairs of carminiscaphate P1, angulate P2 and makellate M elements, as well as a single alate S0 element and two digyrate and four bipennate elements constituting the S array. Although the digyrate and bipennate elements are preserved in the S2 and S3–4 positions, respectively, a pair of S1 elements was not found due to incompleteness in the natural assemblages. The conodont biostratigraphy indicates that the lithological boundary between chert and claystone units in the study section corresponds exactly to the Permian–Triassic boundary.