bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of blockhain in creating cryptocurrency
Authors: Cvijić Vasilije , Gospić Nataša
Published: November 2021

The main carrier of the cryptocurrency system is blockchain. The paper will explain the differences between tokens and coins, the role of miners in the cryptocurrency system, forks, how a consensus mechanism is achieved. The protocols in use will also be discussed. Due to technical similarities, a blockchain was compared with Bitcoin, which provides an excellent reference point. The paper also presents the practical application of blockchain in the form of smart contracts. The paper will propose the stages of development of own cryptocurrency, from the very beginning, where the purpose of existence is defined, through the selection of technical solutions, until the finalization where marketing and commercial aspects play a crucial role for success, with guidelines for legal aspects.
Corrections to propagators of quantum electrodynamics
Authors: Fabiano Nicola
Published: November 2021

Introduction/purpose: The problem of quantum corrections to propagators in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is discussed. Methods: The Dyson-Schwinger equation is employed for correcting propagators in QED. Results: The observable quantities in QED are finite. Conclusions: QED divergencies can be avoided by redefining physical quantities in a suitable manner.
Multiple-criteria model for optimal Anti Tank Ground missile weapon system procurement
Authors: Pamučar Dragan , Dimitrijević Slobodan
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Anti Tank Ground Missiles (ATGMs) are one of the most efficient weapon systems to counter armored and mechanized units. Procurement of these weapons is imperative for armed forces of any country. Adequate evaluation and choice of an efficient ATGM system is a very important factor which affects operational capabilities of armed forces. The purpose of this paper is to present that multi criteria methods can be a useful tool for optimal procurement of ATGMs for armed forces. Methods: The implementation of the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) and the MABAC (Multi Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison) multi criteria methods will be proposed for decision makers to solve the problem of ATGM procurement. In this paper, four models of ATGMs will be proposed as possible solutions. These ATGMs will be presented as alternatives A1, A2, A3 and A4. Results: The implementation of the methods in this paper has led to the conclusion that the alternative A2 has the highest value and therefore the best course of action for decision makers is to chose procurement of this model of ATGMs. Conclusion: The conclusion is that the mathematical models of multi-criteria decision making presented in this paper unequivocally point to the alternative with the best characteristics, thus presenting extremely useful tools for decision makers.
Biometric standards and methods
Authors: Tot Ivan , Bajčetić Jovan , Jovanović Boriša , Trikoš Mladen , Bogićević Dušan , Gajić Tamara
Published: November 2021

Introduction/purpose: Nowadays, user identification systems play a very important role in modern society. Complex security requirements have led experts to explore ways in which biometric data can be used to identify user identities. This paper presents an overview of biometric standards and methods which can be used to identify users in biometric systems, and therefore to protect information and communication systems. Methods: This paper deals with the problem of standardization in the field of biometrics. The first part of the paper presents concrete examples of the most widely used biometric standards. The second part of the paper gives an overview of the most used biometric methods. Results: The obtained results show that the development of biometric systems and biometric sensors contributes to better protection of identity from misuse, because biometric technologies have great potential for improving the security and accuracy of system operation. Biometric systems improve the security of users and also provide much greater precision in establishing identity. Conclusion: The development of biometric standards should focus on their interconnectivity, as well as on increasing connectivity with other IT standards.
Pulverized river shellfish shells as a 904 cheap adsorbent for removing of malathion from water: Examination of the isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics and optimization of the experimental conditions by the response surface method
Authors: Veličković Zlate , Vujičić Bogdan , Stojanović Vladica , Stojisavljević Predrag , Bajić Zoran , Đokić Veljko , Ivanković Negovan , Otrisal Pavel
Published: November 2021

Introduction/purpose: In this study, we investigated the possibility of removing the organophosphorus pesticide malathion from water using a new adsorbent based on the biowaste of river shell shards from the Anodonta Sinadonta woodiane family, a material that accumulates in large quantities as waste on the banks of large rivers. Two adsorbents were tested - mechanically comminuted river shells (MRM) and mechanosynthetic hydroxyapatite from comminuted river shells (RMHAp). Methods: The obtained adsorbents were characterized and tested for the removal of the organophosphorus pesticide malathion from water. In order to predict the optimal adsorption conditions using the Response Surface Method (RSM), the authors investigated the influence of variable factors (adsorption conditions), pH values, adsorbent doses, contact times, and temperatures on the adsorbent capacity. Results: The best adsorption of malathion was achieved at mean pH values between 6.0 and 7.0. The adsorption data for malathion at 25, 35, and 45 °C were compared using the Langmuir, Freundlich, DubininRadushkevich (DR), and Temkin isothermal models, as well as pseudofirst order, pseudo-second order and Elovic kinetic models for modeling adsorption kinetics. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity for MRM and RMHAp at 25 °C was 46,462 mg g-1 and 78,311 mg g-1 , respectively. Conclusion: The results have showed that malathion adsorption on both adsorbents follows the pseudo-second kinetic model and the Freundlich isothermal model. The thermodynamic parameters indicate the endothermic, feasible, and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process.
Teaching in conditions of difficult knowledge transfer due to the state of emergency caused by the pandemic
Authors: Mravik Miloš , Šarac Marko , Veinović Mladen , Pombo Nuno
Published: November 2021

Introduction/purpose: This paper presents the transformation of the current, classical approach to teaching. Online platforms enable students with and without disabilities to follow classes without hindrance during the lecture period. After the lecture, they are allowed to view video and presentation materials. The main advantage of this way of teaching is the possibility of attending classes from any location and from any device; it is only important to be connected to the Internet. Methods: Full integration with the already existing Faculty Information System has been performed. The paper describes a new approach to teaching and illustrates the expected benefits of online teaching. The platforms used in this integration are Microsoft Azure, Microsoft Office 365 Admin, Microsoft Teams, Microsoft Stream and Microsoft SharePoint. Results: The result of the test of work with students showed that by introducing a system for online teaching, we directly affect the improvement and quality of teaching. Conclusion: Considering all the results, it can be concluded that the transition to the online way of teaching allows end listeners a comprehensive transfer of knowledge as well as re-listening to the same. This model can be used for an unlimited number of users in all Institutions, regardless of whether the field of activity of these Institutions is of educational origin.
Economic effects of creditors' rights protection
Authors: Lekpek Ahmedin
Published: November 2021

The willingness of creditors to satisfy the credit demand of the population and the economy under mutually acceptable conditions directly depends on the degree of legal protection enjoyed by creditors. In this paper, we deal with the protection of creditors' rights and the instruments used for this purpose. The aim of this paper is to consider the economic effects arising as a result of the application of instruments of creditors' rights protection, which affect not only the financial position of creditors and debtors but also the stability and efficiency of the financial and economic system as a whole. The research results show that the existence of an adequate level of protection of creditors' rights has a strong positive impact on the size and activity of the credit market. On the other hand, the application of various instruments of creditors' rights protection can cause both positive and negative effects on the creditors position. Yet, an excessively high level of creditors' protection can significantly worsen the position of debtors and, consequently, aggravate the position of creditors in the long run.
The world health organization: The (un)attainable ideal?
Authors: Blešić Jovana
Published: November 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the UN specialized agencies. Its work and functions gained even more importance in 2020 with the emergence of the corona virus. The eyes of the entire international community focused on this organization and its Director General. Nowadays, its efficiency has been subject to various forms of criticism. In this paper, the author first provides a brief overview of this organization and its significance. The central part of the paper focuses on the activities of the WHO during the Covid-19 pandemic, through the clarification of the concept of public health emergency of international concern and the use of International Health Regulations. Finally, the author discusses the possible reform of this body. The aim of this paper is to familiarize the readers with the World Health Organization and put its activities in the context of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.
Haemothorax, an Unusual Presentation in Dengue: A Case Report
Authors: Agrawal Chirag , Tuteja Harshpreet Singh
Published: November 2021

Dengue Fever (DF) is a self-limiting mosquito transmitted disease characterised by fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, rash, nausea and vomiting. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a severe and more serious form of DF, characterised by fever, bleeding manifestations, plasma leakage and thrombocytopenia. This is a report of a 32-year-old male, presented with history of fever and myalgia with two episodes of vomiting and presence of petechial rash. Patient was diagnosed with DHF. The patient presented with absent breath sounds on respiratory examination and his chest radiograph (posteroanterior view) showed right-sided pleural effusion. Pleurocentesis revealed haemorrhagic fluid in the absence of trauma. Unprovoked haemothorax as an initial presentation of DHF is a rare occurrence.
Transvaginal Ultrasonography and Hysteroscopy in Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding- A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sekar G Sindhujha , Ruby A Esther , Lalitha P
Published: November 2021

Introduction: In perimenopausal age group particularly, 70% of all gynaecological consultations are for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). About 30% of women seek medical assistance for AUB during their reproductive age group and about one third of hysterectomies are carried out for AUB alone. Aim: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Transvaginal Ultrasonography (TVS) versus hysteroscopy in detecting uterine abnormalities Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study in patients with AUB, admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at RGGWCH, Puducherry between February 2016 and February 2017 who met the inclusion criteria were included. Sample size was 85 cases. After taking detailed history and physical examination the patient was investigated to rule out organic causes of AUB and then TVS and hysteroscopy were done. Any intrauterine pathology was looked for and endometrial sampling was taken from the abnormal sites for Histopathological Examination (HPE). Both TVS and hysteroscopy results were compared with histopathology which is the gold standard. Results: The sensitivity of TVS in diagnosis of uterine fibroid in comparison to hysteroscopy was 94.74% and the specificity was 71.21%. The sensitivity of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia in comparison to HPE was 75% and the specificity was 87.01%. The sensitivity of TVS in diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia in comparison to HPE was 37.5% and the specificity was 90.91%. The sensitivity of hysteroscopy in diagnosis of polyp in comparison to HPE was 100% and the specificity was 97.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of TVS in diagnosis of polyp in comparison to HPE were 9.09% and 93.24%, respectively. Conclusion: TVS had a high sensitivity to detect fibroids but its value in detecting hyperplasia and polyps was in question in this study. But hysteroscopy had a maximum sensitivity to detect polyps and high sensitivity to detect endometrial hyperplasia compared to histopathology which is a gold standard investigation.
Outcome of Biological Plating of Extra-articular Proximal Tibia Fractures
Authors: Mohammed Faisal S , Ingale Akshay Babarao
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The most prominent transformation in the treatment of fractures has been modified from intensive open reduction and internal fixation with absolute stability to the biological fixation with relative stability and secondary healing with callus formation, with priority on preservation of the vascularity of bone and soft tissue to improve fracture healing. Aim: To evaluate the outcome of biological fixation of extra-articular proximal tibia fractures in adults using the locking compression plate. Materials and Methods: The present prospective longitudinal study was conducted at Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, which included 30 patients who had extra- articular proximal tibia fractures belonging to AO type 41A2 and 41A3 treated by proximal tibia lateral locking plate 4.5/5.0 mm. The patients were followed-up at two weeks, six weeks, three months, six months and one year. The fracture union, coronal, sagittal alignment was assessed radiologically at the end of follow-up. Functionally the outcome was evaluated using lower extremity functional score. Descriptive statistics were used for statistical analysis. Results: Biological plating with locking compression plate has shown promising results both in terms of function and radiology. There was non-significant difference in lower extremity functional score between patients with malunion and normal alignment. Mean union time was 19.93 weeks with a standard deviation of 2.21 weeks. There was non-significant difference between the range of motion and fracture type (p-value 0.38) as well as that between Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS) and fracture type (p-value 0.0501). On functional evaluation of patients treated with biological plating, there was statistical significance in Knee Range of Motion (ROM) for the patients between malunion and normal alignment (p value 0.01). Conclusion: The biological fixation using minimally invasive techniques is an effective method of stabilisation for extra-articular proximal tibia fracture, yielding good mechanical alignment and protecting soft tissues and blood supply, leading to higher union rates with good functional outcome.
Sarcoidosis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis- An Overlap
Authors: Manohar Akshatha , Jayashankar CA , Kumar Nithin , Bhanu Prakash , Rao Prathima Shivaji
Published: November 2021

Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic progressive autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. Sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic granulomatous disease. Both diseases are known to affect the liver causing granulomas. Sarcoidosis commonly involves the skin while PBC is associated with autoimmune skin disorders. Diagnosis of PBC requires biochemical, serological and histological confirmation. Steroids are used in the treatment of sarcoidosis. The role of steroids in the treatment of PBC is not completely established. In this case report, authors present the case of a 31-years-old female diagnosed as sarcoidosis based on granulomatous lesions in skin biopsy with concurrent PBC diagnosed on basis of serology and liver biopsy.
Empty Sella Syndrome with Typical Facies: A Case Report
Authors: Mukundan Megha , Sethi Prativa , Panda Prasan Kumar
Published: November 2021

Empty Sella syndrome with typical facies is a rare presentation of panhypopituitarism. Here, authors presented a case of 45-year- old male with a history of altered behaviour such as low mood, passivity, talkativeness with low-hoarse voice and spells of cries for three months. He also had headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, ataxic gait, and loss of libido. He had meningitis 10 years back since then he had multiple similar episodes. He had sparse thinned out hair, male pattern temporal balding, madarosis, brownish pigmentation of face and chest and dry coarse skin. Patient had hypotension but without hypoperfusion. Hormone levels including thyroid hormones, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone cortisol, and plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) were less than normal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain suggested streak pituitary gland (empty sella). He was supplemented with required hormones. On follow-up, he improved significantly. Trio composite hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and hypogonadism have characteristic facies. This unique presentation of patient with blank look facies gives a hint of empty sella, thus leading the clinician to diagnose the disease through timely evaluation and work-up.
Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration as a Rescue Procedure for Failed Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography: A Case Report
Authors: Riaz Umar , Joshi Abhijit S
Published: November 2021

Across the world, choledocholithiasis is presently treated by a two staged approach of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio- Pancreatography (ERCP) followed by Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC); in a vast majority of the situations. Modern day literature abounds with comparative outcomes studies between ERCP and Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration (LCBDE), as therapeutic modalities for Common Bile Duct (CBD) stones. There are strong arguments both in favour and against both these treatment options, in literature. As per literature, the advantage of LCBDE is that it is a single stage procedure, but requires advanced laparoscopic expertise and a choledochoscope in the setup. The advantage of ERCP is that it is a highly standardised procedure. In expert hands and well equipped setups, it rarely ever fails to deliver. However, ERCP is also a highly operator dependant procedure. Also, in the best of hands, sometimes, local factors such as abnormal anatomy, stone morphology can lead to failures or suboptimal results. As per literature, ERCP to extract CBD stones can fail for various reasons such as failed cannulation, previous Billroth II gastrectomy, large CBD stones, large number of CBD stones etc. The failure in retrieving CBD stones by ERCP is an absolute indication for performing CBDE. Here, authors present a case report of a 73-year-old male with failed ERCP (inspite of two attempts) due to a large, solitary but tightly impacted terminal CBD stone. It hopes to convey the message that in similar situations, LCBDE, tactically using some endoscopy accessories, is a sound backup therapeautic option, inspite of non availability of a choledochoscope in the setup. The novelty of this case was that instead of the standard use of choledochoscope to directly visually confirm the completeness of stone clearance during the LCBDE, intraoperative fluoroscopy has been used effectively for the same; by obtaining good quality proximal and distal occlusion cholangiograms at the end of the procedure.
Association of High Serum Ferritin Level in Early Pregnancy with Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus- A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Das Abhijit , Karmakar Shreyasi , Bid Sabyasachi , Saha Sudip Kumar
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has a negative impact on maternal and perinatal outcome and several long-term complications. The evidence from different experimental studies have shown that high serum ferritin concentration can lead to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and impaired glucose metabolism leading to GDM. Aim: To determine the association of increased serum ferritin level in first trimester and GDM in course of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in 204 women in Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and SSKM Hospital, West Bengal, India, during the period from January 2015 to December 2015. The blood samples were collected and screened for GDM by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at the beginning of the study and then assayed for serum ferritin level who were screened negative. The women were divided into four groups by quartiles of serum ferritin levels (Q1 to Q4). Then they were followed-up with OGTT at 24-28 weeks and again at 32-34 weeks. Statistical analysis was done by using paired t-test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s- exact test. Results: The participants had an average serum ferritin concentration of 77.44 ng/mL. GDM prevalence within each serum ferritin quartile was 7.84%, 11.76%, 19.61% and 23.53% respectively (p-value=0.016). The odds ratio for GDM in the ferritin Q2-Q4 was 1.57 (CI=0.41-5.92), 2.87 (CI=0.84-9.83) and 3.62 (CI=1.08-12.11) compared with Q1, respectively. In addition, primigravida and women with high Haemoglobin (Hb) level (>13 gm%) have an increased risk of developing GDM. Conclusion: Elevated serum ferritin level is associated with increased incidence of GDM irrespective of other risk factors. Iron supplementation should therefore be individualised based on serum ferritin in early pregnancy to minimise the risk of GDM.
A Cross-sectional Study of Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Angiographic Profile by Gensini Score in Patients of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Mohanty Nirmal Kumar , Satpathy Chhabi , Routray Satyanarayan , Dash Bijay Kumar , Chunduri Bharavi
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. India has the highest burden of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Atherogenesis is a multifactorial process, abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism especially elevated Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDLc) remains one of most attributing key factor. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), can be calculated easily from the formula AIP=Log 10 Triglyceride (TG)/High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDLc). The AIP is inversely proportional to the diameter of LDLc particles, which indirectly reflects Small Dense LDLc levels. AIP has been proposed as a marker for Cardiovascular (CV) risk. Aim: The study aimed to assess the correlation between AIP and the Angiographic Profile by Gensini Score (GS) in ACS patients and also to evaluate the relationship between AIP and in-hospital mortality of ACS patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital based cross- sectional study. This study was done from November 2019 to October 2020 in the Department of Cardiology, Sriram Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Odisha, India. A total of 240 patients of ACS were included in the study. AIP was calculated from the lipid profile of all the ACS patients. Coronary Angiography was done in all of these patients. Correlation of the AIP was done with the severity of CAD according to Gensini scoring system. Chi-square test was used to compare continuous variables p<0.05 was considered significant. Spearman’s rho correlation was also used to compare AIP with GS. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, (SPSS) 26 (IBM). Results: Majority of the cases were males 194 (80.8%) and females were 46 (19.2%). The Spearmans rho coefficient between AIP and GS was 0.663. It was statistically significant (p<0.001). AIP had positive correlation (value) with severity of CAD by GS. In-hospital mortality was 5%. It was more in high risk AIP group with a p-value of 0.006 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: AIP shows positive correlation with the severity of CAD in terms of GS. High AIP is also associated with increased in-hospital mortality. AIP can be used in the treatment of ACS patients and is a suitable alternative to various costly biomarkers of CAD. Therefore, AIP can be advocated for routine measurement in clinical practice.
The involvement of sodium in the function of the human amino acid transporter ASCT2
Authors: Mazza Tiziano , Scalise Mariafrancesca , Pappacoda Gilda , Pochini Lorena , Indiveri Cesare
Published: November 2021

Alanine, serine, cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) is a membrane amino acid transporter with relevance to human physiology and pathology, such as cancer. Notwithstanding, the study on the ASCT2 transport cycle still has unknown aspects, such as the role of Na+in this process. We investigate this issue using recombinant hASCT2 reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Changes in the composition of purification buffers show the crucial role of Na+in ASCT2 functionality. The transport activity is abolished when Na+is absent or substituted by Li+or K+in purification buffers. By employing a Na+fluorometric probe, we measured an inwardly directed flux of Na+and, by combining fluorometric and radiometric assays, determined a 2Na+ : 1Gln stoichiometry. Kinetics of Na+transport suggest that pH‐sensitive residues are involved in Na+binding/transport. Our results clarify the role of Na+on human ASCT2 transporter activity.
Torsional response of a bisymmetric structure induced by bending–torsion interaction in vertical members
Authors: Kohiyama Masayuki , Yokoyama Hiroki , Maki Shiori
Published: November 2021

The biaxially symmetric column induces torsional moment owing to the bending–torsion interaction when the top of the column is given horizontal displacement in the two directions of the principal axes of the cross section and the rotation of the column ends around the axes is constrained. Hence, horizontal ground motions in two directions can cause non‐negligible torsional vibration in a high‐rise building owing to autoparametric resonance. To investigate this phenomenon, in this study, we focus on a single‐story structure with an aggregated column, which is a model for columns or core structures in tall buildings and is assumed to be an elastic Euler beam; subsequently we derive the equations of motion under horizontal ground motions in two directions. The resonance condition in the torsional direction is also investigated. Time‐series response analyses are performed for input ground motions of harmonic waves, white noise, acceleration records of prior earthquakes, and a long‐period design wave, and the relationship between the ratio of two translational natural frequencies and the increase in maximum responses is explained. The results demonstrate that the absolute acceleration response to the long‐period design wave could increase by more than 50% in the worst‐case scenario.
TNFi Cycling Versus Changing Mechanism of Action in TNFi‐Experienced Patients: Result of the Corrona CERTAIN Comparative Effectiveness Study
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , Kremer Joel M. , Reed George , John Ani K. , Pappas Dimitrios A.
Published: November 2021

Objective

Comparative effectiveness research can inform treatment decisions regarding the choice of biologics for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFis) and non‐TNFis (nTNFis) in real‐world patients with RA and past TNFi experience.

Methods

Comparative Effectiveness Registry to study Therapies for Arthritis and Inflammatory Conditions (CERTAIN) was nested within the United States Corrona registry. Adult patients with RA with moderate to high disease activity (Clinical Disease Activity Index [CDAI] >10) with exposure to one or more prior TNFis who were switching to a new TNFi or nTNFi (choice of therapy per physician choice) were enrolled. The primary outcome was the achievement of low disease activity (LDA) at 12 months (CDAI ≤10; disease activity score in 28 joints based on C‐reactive protein [DAS28‐CRP] <2.67). Propensity score modeling probability of treatment with nTNFi versus TNFi adjusted for imbalanced factors. The response rate was modeled using mixed‐effect logistic regression models, adjusting for a priori and imbalanced baseline factors and accounting for the practice‐related treatment patterns.

Results

After applying inclusion criteria, 939 biologic initiations were analyzed, 505 (53.7%) nTNFis and 434 (46.3%) TNFis. Patients who started nTNFis were significantly more likely to have longer disease duration, more prior TNFi use, and higher patient fatigue scores and were more likely to have government insurance. At 12 months, 28% of nTNFi and 24% of TNFi initiators were in LDA by CDAI, and 22% of nTNFi and 19% of TNFi initiators were in LDA by DAS28‐CRP. After multivariable adjustment and controlling for the influence of site‐related confounding, there were no significant differences in the likelihood to reach LDA by CDAI (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78‐1.62) or DAS28‐CRP (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI, 0.77‐1.75).

Conclusion

In this large, real‐world study enrolling patients with RA with prior TNFi exposure, switching to an nTNFi biologic was comparable in its clinical effectiveness with switching to another TNFi.
Bio‐Inspired Ceramic–Metal Composites Using Ceramic 3D Printing and Centrifugal Infiltration
Authors: Mahmood Khan Shahbaz , Deng Zhifei , Yang Ting , Li Ling
Published: November 2021

To address the strength–toughness dilemma, various techniques for the preparation of ceramic–metal composites have been proposed. Utilizing stereolithographic additive manufacturing and centrifugal infiltration, a method for the preparation of bio‐inspired ceramic–metal composites is proposed. The proposed method offers flexibility in the design of individual phases of ceramic–metal composites architecturally, with the benefits of scalability and individual phase dimensional control. The versatility of this approach is demonstrated by fabricating silica–aluminum composites with structures inspired by mineralized layers in bivalve mollusk shells, including both 2D prismatic and 3D interpenetrating composites. For composites in compression, the measured specific strength is as high as 169% than that of the base metal (monolithic 6061 aluminum alloy). The highest crack growth toughness of 12.89 MPa m1/2 is recorded. The crack growth sequence shows crack deflection at ceramic–metal interfaces. Based on the tomographic structural analysis of the ceramic parts, the porosity of the green and sintered parts are 9% and 15%, respectively. It is believed that the strength and fracture toughness of these ceramic–metal composites could be further improved if the mechanical properties of the ceramic components can be improved by reducing porosity and structural defects during printing and sintering steps.
Construction of Bionic Porous Polyetherimide Structure by an In Situ Foaming Fused Deposition Modeling Process
Authors: Zhou Mengnan , Li Mengya , Jiang Junjie , Gao Ning , Tian Fangwei , Zhai Wentao
Published: November 2021

The biological hierarchical porous structures have excellent properties that are unmatched by artificial fabrication and have great potential for applications in catalysis, adsorption, energy and biomedicine. However, the traditional fabrication methods are difficult to mimic finely hierarchical porous structures and involve complex solution handling and residues. 3D printing is limited by materials and resolution, making it difficult to achieve microporous preparation. Herein, an in situ foaming fusion deposition modeling (FDM) technology using environmentally friendly CO2 as blowing agent to fabricate polyetherimide bionic hierarchical porous structures is applied. The macroscopic pores are obtained by 3D design, while the microporous structure is regulated by changing foaming parameters such as saturation pressure, desorption time, and nozzle temperature. The cell size of the microextruded fibers by FDM nozzle vary from 1.3 to 5.3 μm and the cell density vary from 7.3 × 108 to 1.0 × 1010 cell cm−3 with the change of parameters. In addition, the deposited hierarchical porous scaffold with density of 0.89 g cm−3 possess a compressive strength of 78.9 MPa at 15% strain and a compressive modulus of 1454.3 MPa, which exhibits comparable mechanical property with that of bone.
A Low‐Power CuSCN Hydrogen Sensor Operating Reversibly at Room Temperature
Authors: Kabitakis Viktoras , Gagaoudakis Emmanouil , Moschogiannaki Marilena , Kiriakidis George , Seitkhan Akmaral , Firdaus Yuliar , Faber Hendrik , Yengel Emre , Loganathan Kalaivanan , Deligeorgis George , Tsetseris Leonidas , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Binas Vassilios
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen is attractive as an abundant source for clean and renewable energy. However, due to its highly flammable nature in a range of concentrations, the need for reliable and sensitive sensor/monitoring technologies has become acute. Here a solid‐state hydrogen sensor based on solution‐processable p‐type semiconductor copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) is developed and studied. Sensors incorporating interdigitated electrodes made of noble metals (gold, platinum, palladium) show excellent response to hydrogen concentration down to 200 ppm while simultaneously being able to operate reversibly at room temperature and at low power. Sensors incorporating Pd electrodes show the highest signal response of 179% with a response time of ≈400 s upon exposure to 1000 ppm of hydrogen gas. The experimental findings are corroborated by density functional theory calculations, which highlight the role of atomic hydrogen species created upon interaction with the noble metal electrode as the origin for the increased p‐type conductivity of CuSCN during exposure. The work highlights CuSCN as a promising sensing element for low‐power, all‐solid‐state printed hydrogen sensors.
Sensing Intra‐ and Extra‐Cellular Ca2+ in the Islet of Langerhans
Authors: Huang Weikun , Wu Tongzhi , Xie Cong , Rayner Christopher K. , Priest Craig , Ebendorff‐Heidepriem Heike , Zhao Jiangbo (Tim)
Published: November 2021

Calcium ions (Ca2+) take part in intra‐ and inter‐cellular signaling to mediate cellular functions. Sensing this ubiquitous messenger is instrumental in disentangling the specific functions of cellular sub‐compartments and/or intercellular communications. In this review, the authors first describe intra‐ and inter‐cellular Ca2+ signaling in relation to insulin secretion from the pancreatic islets, and then outline the development of diverse sensors, for example, chemically synthesized indicators, genetically encoded proteins, and ion‐selective microelectrodes, for intra‐ and extra‐cellular sensing of Ca2+. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging approaches in this field, such as low‐affinity Ca2+ indicators and unique Ca2+‐responsive composite materials. The authors conclude by remarking on the challenges and opportunities for further developments in this field, which may facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of Ca2+ signaling within and outside the islets, and its relevance in health and disease.
Alternating Current Electroluminescent Device Powered by Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Capacitively Driven Circuit Strategy
Authors: Liu Xu , Zhang Maoyuan , Yang Ze , Wang Hao , Chen Jiaqi , Wang Zhaozheng , Lu Yijia , Chen Yibao , Ji Linhong , Cheng Jia
Published: November 2021

Alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices have the advantages of low power consumption, easy preparation, and good flexibility. However, a high‐voltage alternating current is usually demanded for driving devices, resulting in a strong dependence on an energy system with little wearing‐comfort and portability. Herein, a novel and feasible technology for lighting up ACEL via triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is proposed. The most significant innovation is the use of a capacitively driven circuit to significantly increase the output voltage of the generator, so as to get rid of the constraints of area, materials, environmental humidity, etc. Compared with direct connection of electroluminescent devices with TENG, the peak‐to‐peak voltage is 2.3 times that of the traditional method, and the transferred charges are increased to 3.4 times. This work realizes the self‐powered electroluminescent devices based on triboelectric nanogenerator with a compact composite structure, which not only is more effective but also has better flexibility and portability in the applications of soft robots, functional displays, smart skins, and wearable electronics. Besides, this capacitively driven circuit strategy is universal for those capacitive loads with demand for high voltage AC, which proposes a simple and practical approach to magnify the amplitudes of AC voltage and current from triboelectric nanogenerators.
Controlling Spin Orientation and Metamagnetic Transitions in Anisotropic van der Waals Antiferromagnet CrPS4 by Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Peng Yuxuan , Lin Zhongchong , Tian Guang , Yang Jie , Zhang Peijie , Wang Fanggui , Gu Pingfan , Liu Xingyu , Wang Chin‐Wei , Avdeev Maxim , Liu Fuyang , Zhou Dong , Han Rui , Shen Peng , Yang Wenyun , Liu Shunquan , Ye Yu , Yang Jinbo
Published: November 2021

Controlling the phases of matter is a central task in condensed matter physics and materials science. In 2D magnets, manipulating spin orientation is of great significance in the context of the Mermin–Wagner theorem. Herein, a systematic study of temperature‐ and pressure‐dependent magnetic properties up to 1 GPa in van der Waals CrPS4 is reported. Owing to the temperature‐dependent change of the magnetic anisotropy energy, the material undergoes a first‐order spin reorientation transition with magnetic moments realigning from being almost parallel with the c axis in the ac plane to the quasi‐1D chains of CrS6 octahedra along the b axis upon heating. The spin reorientation temperature is suppressed after applying pressure, shifting the high‐temperature phase to lower temperatures with the emergence of spin‐flop transitions under magnetic fields applied along the b axis. The saturation field increases with pressure, indicating the enhancement of interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling. However, the Néel temperature is slightly reduced, which is ascribed to the suppression of intralayer ferromagnetic coupling. The work demonstrates the control of spin orientation and metamagnetic transitions in layered antiferromagnets, which may provide new perspectives for exploring 2D magnetism and related spintronic devices.
FeP Modulated Adsorption with Hydrogen and Phosphate Species for Hydrogen Oxidation in High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Du Shiqian , Li Yingying , Wu Xing , Huang Gen , Wu Yujie , Zhang Jujia , Zhang Jin , Lu Shanfu , Cheng Yi , Tao Li , Wang Shuangyin
Published: November 2021

High‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs) play an important role in the future hydrogen application system. However, there are still many issues of HT‐PEMFCs, especially on performance and durability, to be solved. Massive platinum usage is one of the most intractable issues. Herein, iron phosphide to platinum‐based catalyst is introduced for the better activity of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). This catalyst shows a similar HOR performance with commercial catalyst while only one‐eighth noble metal is used in the anode of HT‐PEMFCs. The HT‐PEMFCs with Pt/FeP/C anode reach 465 mW cm−2 with a loading mass of 0.125 mgPt cm−2, and maintain long‐term stability. The excellent HOR activity and better fuel cell performance are attributed to the weakened absorption of hydrogen intermediate and concentrated phosphate species by that iron phosphide, leading to enhanced HOR activity and better fuel cell performance. This study provides new strategies for designing advanced HOR catalysts for HT‐PEMFCs.
Unraveling the Rate‐Dependent Stability of Metal Anodes and Its Implication in Designing Cycling Protocol
Authors: Hou Zhen , Gao Yao , Zhou Rui , Zhang Biao
Published: November 2021

It is widely recognized that a high current rate (J) speeds up dendrite formation and thus shortens the cycle life of metal anodes. Here, an anomalous correlation is reported between elevated J and deposition/stripping stability (decrease–increase–decrease), leading to the relative maximum stability at a moderate J. Complementary theoretical and experimental analyses suggest that such a complex relationship lies in high J's dual and contradictory roles in kinetics and thermodynamics. The well‐known former renders decreased Sand's time (τ) and deteriorative cyclic stability, while the commonly overlooked latter provides larger extra energy that accelerates nucleation rate (νn). Using Zn metal anode as a model system, the νn and τ controlled nucleation‐growth process is unambiguously revealed, both of which are closely related to J. Based on these findings, an initial high J discharge strategy is developed to produce abundant nuclei for uniform metal growth at standard J in the subsequent process. The protocol increases the Zn deposition/stripping lifetime from 303 to 2500 h under a cycling capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 without resorting to electrode/electrolyte modification. Furthermore, such a concept can be readily extended to Li/K metal anodes with significantly enhanced cycle life, demonstrating its universality for developing high‐performance metal batteries.
Self‐Assembled Nanostructures of Quantum Dot/Conjugated Polymer Hybrids for Photonic Synaptic Transistors with Ultralow Energy Consumption and Zero‐Gate Bias
Authors: Ercan Ender , Lin Yan‐Cheng , Yang Wei‐Chen , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: November 2021

Herein, it is reported the influence of solution processing and treatments, such as adding marginal solvent, ultrasonication, and UV treatment, on the resulting perovskite (CsPbBr3) quantum dot (QD)/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) composite nanofibril films (CNFs) to improve the charge dissociation and photonic synaptic performance. A photonic synaptic transistor with CNFs can perform fundamental functions, including short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, spike‐number‐dependent, and spike‐time‐dependent plasticity, to mimic sensing, computing, and memory functions. Notably, a synaptic device with CNFs presents an ultralow energy consumption of 0.18 fJ and zero‐gate operation. The superior performance of synaptic devices with CNFs can be attributed to two factors: (i) homogeneous axial distribution of the QDs and (ii) the formation of P3HT nanofibrils and co‐aggregates. Therefore, enhanced interfacial charge transfer between QDs and P3HT, ensuring decent carrier transport capability, is achieved. Collectively, the composite artificial synapse successfully provides an effective guide that offers a new perspective for the fabrication of one‐dimensional self‐assembled nanostructure‐based artificial synapses emulating human‐like memory, neuromorphic computing, and artificial intelligent systems.
Grain Boundary Confinement of Silver Imidazole for Resistive Switching
Authors: Du Chunyu , Qu Zhiyang , Ren Yanyun , Zhai Yongbiao , Chen Jiangming , Gao Lili , Zhou Ye , Han Su‐Ting
Published: November 2021

Current resistive access memories (RRAM) suffer from severe resistive switching variability issues due to the large stochasticity in the formation and disruption process of conductive filaments. Here, a material strategy is applied in designing an RRAM device that can substantially improve the switching uniformity by utilizing a silver imidazole complex as the switching medium. In the silver imidazole, Ag species has a moderate reduction Gibbs energy which can participate in the redox reaction to change the resistance state of the device. Moreover, as a resistive layer, the migration range of silver ions is limited in the grain of silver imidazole, which shortens the migration distance of silver ions and reduces the randomness caused by silver ion migration, thus improving the uniformity and stability of the device. Through this facile material engineering strategy, the RRAM exhibits enhanced performance with low spatial variation of 7.86%, low temporal variation of 1.78% and low operation voltage of 0.50 V. The high switching uniformity of silver imidazole RRAM allows us to employ them as building blocks for logic gates with high yield. The self‐reduction and grain boundary confinement effect of switching materials for RRAM design may open the way to the development of large‐scale circuits for non‐volatile computing and machine learning.
Engineered Nanoenzymes with Multifunctional Properties for Next‐Generation Biological and Environmental Applications
Authors: Mishra Puranjan , Lee Junsang , Kumar Deepak , Louro Ricardo O. , Costa Nazua , Pathania Deepak , Kumar Smita , Lee Jinwoo , Singh Lakhveer
Published: November 2021

As a powerful tool, nanoenzyme electrocatalyst broadens the ways to explore bioinspired solutions to the world's energy and environmental concerns. Efforts of fashioning novel nanoenzymes for effective electrode functionalization is generating innovative viable catalysts with high catalytic activity, low cost, high stability and versatility, and ease of production. High chemo‐selectivity and broad functional group tolerance of nanoenzyme with an intrinsic enzyme like activity make them an excellent environmental tool. The catalytic activities and kinetics of nanoenzymes that benefit the development of nanoenzyme‐based energy and environmental technologies by effectual electrode functionalization are discussed in this article. Further, a deep‐insight on recent developments in the state‐of‐art of nanoenzymes either in terms of electrocatalytic redox reactions (viz. oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction) or environmental remediation /treatment of wastewater/or monitoring of a variety of pollutants. The complex interdependence of the physicochemical properties and catalytic characteristics of nanoenzymes are discussed along with the exciting opportunities presented by nanomaterial‐based core structures adorned with nanoparticle active‐sites shell for enhanced catalytic processes. Thus, such modular architecture with multi‐enzymatic potential introduces an immense scope of making its economical scale‐up for multielectron‐fuel or product recovery and multi‐pollutant or pesticide remediation as reality.
The Voltage Loss in Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Origins and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Xin , Wang Shurong , Zhu Weike , Cao Zhiyuan , Wang Aili , Hao Feng
Published: November 2021

Exploring stable and efficient lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is critical to solving the environmental concerns caused by lead. Recently, tin halide perovskites (THPs) have become a promising candidate due to its low toxicity and similar electronic configuration to lead counterparts. Currently, the power conversion efficiency of tin‐based PSCs (TPSCs) has been pushed over 14%. However, there is still a considerable gap compared to lead PSCs due to the non‐negligible open‐circuit voltage loss (Vloss). Therefore, understanding the origins and regulation strategies of Vloss for TPSCs is of great importance. Herein, the nature of THPs is first reviewed from the crystal structure, electronic structure, and phase transition. Subsequently, the origins and determinants of Vloss are discussed in TPSCs. Besides the intrinsic low bandgap, the bulk recombination of tin perovskite, and the non‐radiative recombination of the associated interfaces induce the Vloss of the TPSCs devices. Then, some recently emerged strategies to suppress the Vloss in TPSCs are introduced. Finally, a perspective on the further suppression of Vloss in TPSCs including purifying the precursor solution, suppressing the oxidation Sn2+, and optimizing the device structure is outlined.