bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The subtracted-kappa distribution and its properties
Authors: Summers Danny , Stone Sarah
Published: January 2025

We introduce a new particle distribution function in plasma physics called the subtracted-kappa (S-K) distribution. This new distribution incorporates a loss-cone feature and an enhanced high-energy tail characterized by the spectral index κ. The S-K distribution is a generalization of the well-known subtracted-Maxwellian and approaches the latter distribution in the limit as κ→∞. Further, the S-K distribution usefully includes the bi-kappa and kappa-loss-cone distributions as special cases. Two sources of free plasma energy are provided by the S-K distribution, namely, the loss cone property and the thermal anisotropy. Both free energy sources can excite wave growth. In this paper, we briefly consider the influence of the S-K distribution on three wave phenomena: (a) linear growth of whistler-mode waves generated by an injection of hot electrons into a cold plasma, (b) dispersion of R-mode and L-mode electromagnetic waves in a hot plasma, and (c) transition from linear to nonlinear growth of electromagnetic waves as determined by a critical boundary in the input-parameter space. There are many possibilities for future projects involving the S-K distribution. Charged particle distributions in space typically possess a pronounced high-energy tail that can be modeled approximately by a kappa distribution, and so the S-K distribution is an ideal tool for analyzing kinetic waves and microinstabilities in space plasmas.
Theoretical and computational study on structure, dynamics, and configurational entropy correlation in gold-silicon liquid
Authors: Patel Raj Kumar , Singh Arvind , Lalneihpuii R. , Mishra Raj Kumar
Published: January 2025

The structure–property relationship of partially ordered systems poses a different type of open problem for both theoretical and experimental condensed matter researchers. Configurational entropy is an important thermodynamic property that characterizes the glass transition ability of binary liquid alloys. Recently, various experimental and computational approaches have been reported to investigate the configurational entropy in liquids; however, a well-established theoretical definition is still lacking. In this study, the configurational entropy of binary melts has been computed using their pair correlation functions. We determine three partial structure factors that govern the total structure factor S(k) in liquid AuySix alloys at different compositions and temperatures. Fourier inversion of partial and total structure factors gives partial pair correlation functions and radial distribution functions g(r) of AuySix melts, respectively. The computed values of S(k) and g(r) are in excellent agreement with available experimental results. The present model calculation of S(k) for eutectic AuySix melts (x = 19 at. % Si) shows better agreement with the experimental values than the molecular dynamics simulation data. Furthermore, we determine the friction coefficients experienced by constituent particles in the attractive and repulsive regions of the square-well (SW) potential function and employed in Einstein's equation to determine the self- and mutual diffusion coefficients as a function of composition and temperature. The diffusivity of Au and the mutual diffusion coefficient of the alloy are also in good agreement with experimental values compared to molecular dynamics data at its eutectic composition, which confirms the applicability of the SW model for such alloys.
Visualization of suppressed shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction using cryogenic wall cooling
Authors: Miki Yuma , Ando Leo , Acuña Maria , Kinefuchi Kiyoshi
Published: January 2025

To investigate the wall-cooling effects on shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction (SWTBLI) with limited experimental data, a supersonic wind tunnel wall was cooled using liquid nitrogen as the cryogenic coolant. Under the condition of the mainstream Mach number, in the range of 2.02–2.04, the wall temperature was cooled to 88–92 K, corresponding to a wall-to-recovery temperature ratio of 0.31–0.33. The flow structures with and without wall cooling were observed using the schlieren method. The reflected shock motion or interaction length in the schlieren image suggested that boundary layer separation was suppressed under the cooling condition in relation to that under the non-cooling condition, and the suppressed ratio of the cooling-to-uncooling interaction length was approximately 0.60–0.72. Additionally, while the mainstream state and wall temperature near the separation were constant, a gradual change in the separated flow field was observed under the wall-cooling condition. This was due to the slow wall temperature increase in the upstream wall of the separation region, where the incoming boundary layer developed. Each flow field of SWTBLI in the present experiment, using liquid nitrogen as the cryogenic coolant, was consistent with the classical Chaman's free interaction theory.
Broadband microwave emission from acoustically modulated gain-driven polaritons
Authors: Gui Y. S. , Kozyniak G. S. , Hu C.-M.
Published: January 2025

By integrating a cantilever into a gain-embedded cavity magnonics platform, we investigate the impact of mechanical vibrations on gain-driven polaritons. The cantilever’s modulation creates a series of Floquet states spaced by the mechanical vibration energy, leading to microwave frequency comb emission centered at 3.5 GHz, with comb spacing as narrow as a few kilohertz. When the modulation frequency drops below 1 kHz, where the modulation period significantly exceeds the emission coherence time (360μs), quasienergy level overlap results in broadband microwave emission. The emission bandwidth is determined by the combined effects of mechanical modulation of the cavity and magnon–photon coupling (i.e., detuning). These results highlight the potential of acoustic-frequency modulation in a gain-driven polariton system to precisely control microwave emission characteristics.
Drought Country
Authors: Godfree Robert
Published: January 2025

Droughts have lurked behind Australia’s major nation-shaping moments from European settlement at Port Jackson to Federation. They have caused catastrophic damage to Aboriginal, colonial and modern societies and, of course, to the very land itself. Indeed, by depriving us of water, that element most fundamental to life, droughts cut to the very essence of living in Australia.

Weaving historical accounts with scientific theory, Robert Godfree will take you on a journey through the most brutal Australian droughts of the past three centuries, encountering mythmaking, colonialism, smallpox, economic depression, a ‘dust bowl’, heatwaves, ecosystem collapse and the coming of the second ‘age of coal’. With analysis and insights informed by his childhood in rural Australia and career in research science, he reflects on the choices made during each of these crises and looks to the future of what is becoming a more volatile and human-dominated continent.

Drought Country is a timely exploration of this continent’s harsh climate, providing useful insights for land managers, the scientific community, environmentalists and general readers.
‘Does human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cancer?’ – A cross-sectional study of HPV awareness among sexual minority men in Nigeria
Authors: Volpi Connor R. , Chama John , Blanco Natalia , Adebiyi Ruxton , Mohanty Kareshma , Doroh Ayuba , Aigoro Jumoke A. , Katu Christiana , Ononaku Uche , Maigida John , Aka Abayomi , Shutt Ashley , Dakum Patrick , Charurat Man , Adebajo Sylvia , Nowak Rebecca G.
Published: January 2025

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers are a global concern, particularly for sexual minority men (SMM). Understanding awareness and the determinants of these beliefs is crucial for developing educational programs to reduce HPV-associated cancers. This study explored awareness and determinants of beliefs about HPV’s carcinogenicity among SMM living with and without HIV in Nigeria. Methods Participants were recruited through secure social media platforms in Abuja, Nigeria. REDCap surveys captured demographics, sexual practices and participants’ beliefs regarding HPV’s role in cancer. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the relationships between individual characteristics and belief levels stratified by those living with and without HIV. Results Of 982 participants, the median age was 29 years (interquartile range: 26–34); 64.1% were living with HIV, and 9.7% believed HPV causes cancer. Awareness was highest for anal (82.1%) and penile cancers (15.8%) and less so for oropharyngeal and female HPV-associated cancers (range: 3–7%). Anogenital warts increased the odds of awareness for SMM living with HIV (aOR: 6.4, CI: 3.0–13.6) and for individuals without HIV (aOR: 4.8, CI: 1.6–14.2). Living with HIV for over 6 years was independently associated with a two-fold increased knowledge about HPV’s carcinogenicity (aOR: 2.1, CI: 1.1–4.1). Conclusions Awareness of HPV’s carcinogenicity was low; however, those who were aware were more likely to identify male HPV-associated cancers relevant to their own cancer risk. Formalizing targeted education in HIV care settings may promote knowledge and advocacy for prevention strategies.
Structure of the F-tractin–F-actin complex
Authors: Shatskiy Dmitry , Sivan Athul , Wedlich-Söldner Roland , Belyy Alexander
Published: January 2025

F-tractin is a peptide widely used to visualize the actin cytoskeleton in live eukaryotic cells but has been reported to impair cell migration and induce actin bundling at high expression levels. To elucidate these effects, we determined the cryo-EM structure of the F-tractin–F-actin complex, revealing that F-tractin consists of a flexible N-terminal region and an amphipathic C-terminal helix. The N-terminal part is dispensable for F-actin binding but responsible for the bundling effect. Based on these insights, we developed an optimized F-tractin, which eliminates the N-terminal region and minimizes bundling while retaining strong actin labeling. The C-terminal helix interacts with a hydrophobic pocket formed by two neighboring actin subunits, an interaction region shared by many actin-binding polypeptides, including the popular actin-binding probe Lifeact. Thus, rather than contrasting F-tractin and Lifeact, our data indicate that these peptides have analogous modes of interaction with F-actin. Our study dissects the structural elements of F-tractin and provides a foundation for developing future actin probes.
Surface-sensitive magneto-optical detection of nonequilibrium spins and orbitals
Authors: Choi Gyung-Min , Lee Jieun
Published: January 2025

The magneto-optical effect provides a direct probing tool for angular momentum in materials and has been used to detect ferromagnetic orders. Notably, owing to its surface sensitivity, the magneto-optical Kerr effect has been extended to detect nonequilibrium spin and orbital accumulations in initially nonmagnetic materials. The spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of spins and orbitals provide key aspects of the generation, transport, and relaxation mechanisms. With an accurate determination of the magneto-optic constant for spin and orbital, a distinctive evaluation of the magnitude of the spin and orbital accumulation is possible. The magneto-optical Kerr effect also allows for the investigation of spin–orbit torque (SOT) in bilayers of nonmagnet and ferromagnet. The SOT enables a quantitative analysis of the generation and transport of spins and orbitals, and the orbital-to-spin conversion process. In this article, we review recent studies on magneto-optical detection of nonequilibrium spin and orbital accumulations in single layers of semiconductors and metals and SOT in bilayers including heavy metals, where spin generation is dominant, and light metals, where orbital generation is dominant.
Transportation behaviour of OH and H2O2 in plasma-treated water
Authors: Poggemann Hanna-Friederike , Schüttler Steffen , Schöne Anna Lena , Jeß Emanuel , Schücke Lars , Jacob Timo , Gibson Andrew R , Golda Judith , Jung Christoph
Published: January 2025

The transportation of plasma-generated species through a liquid environment is a key step within the plasma-driven biocatalysis process, but is also of great importance for other systems with plasma–liquid interfaces. The aim of this study is to explore the transportation processes and lifetime of plasma-generated species in an aqueous solution. Therefore, a combination of experimental methods, reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and reaction–diffusion modelling was used. Experimentally, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet was used to treat an aqueous sample. Convective transport was visualized by particle image velocimetry in the plasma-treated water. Chemiluminescence measurements of OH were conducted by the use of luminol and 2D-UV-absorption spectroscopy was used to detect H2O2 in the plasma-treated water. The strength of convective transport was found to decrease with the gas flow rate through the jet, and at low gas flows, an effective diffusion coefficient for H2O2 could be calculated. OH was mainly present at the liquid surface under all treatments investigated. The reactive MD simulations form the basic model of an ideal system, where all transportation is purely diffusion-driven, and molecular diffusion coefficients can be calculated. The results of the MD simulations were compared with the experimental studies to gain a deeper understanding of the differences between the ideal and the real system. To bridge the gap between the time scales of the MD simulations and the experiments, a kinetic model was used to understand the spatio-temporal changes and the influence of transport mechanisms and reaction chemistry. For low flow rate cases good agreement between experimental measurements and kinetic modelling could be obtained when the experimentally measured effective diffusion coefficient was used as input to the model. The differences in the H2O2 concentration profiles in the liquid when using the molecular diffusion coefficient derived from MD and the effective diffusion coefficient from the experimental measurements are highlighted.
Temperature dependent dielectric performance of battery wrapping film for high voltage energy storage
Authors: Mei Hangyue , Wang Qian , Qu Zhanzhan , Chen Hao , Du Gaoxian , Wu Chao , Liang Xidong
Published: January 2025

The direct connection of Li-ion battery energy storage systems to high voltage (HV) power grids through electronic equipment becomes promising. The overvoltage and high-frequency interference of the electronic circuit may result in thermal runaway of battery cells and insulation failure of battery wrapping film. The key dielectric properties of the wrapping film for energy storage battery are investigated under DC at high frequency and room temperature to elevated temperature. The results indicate that high-frequency electric fields and high temperatures are both adverse to the insulation performance of the wrapping film. Under concurrent high-temperature and high-electric-field conditions, the breakdown strength can decrease by more than 70% compared to that under regular conditions. The analysis of the broadband dielectric response suggests that the interfacial defects inside the wrapping film may play an important role in the degradation of dielectric performance. This research provides theoretical basis for insulation failure and improvement of battery wrapping films used in HV energy storage systems.
A renormalized slip-tube anisotropy model for sliding cross-links in soft gel towards ultrahigh toughness
Authors: Li Ming , Lu Haibao
Published: January 2025

Adaptive cross-links in polymer networks enable slide-ring and highly entangled gels with excellent mechanical toughness including high extensibility and strong fracture resistance. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the connection between adaptive cross-linking networks and topological structures, and also their deformation mechanism in network structures has not been fully understood. In this study, a renormalized slip-tube anisotropy model is developed to describe the topological polymer networks and understand working principles of adaptive cross-links in topological networks in the sliding gels. Initially, Langevin chain statistics is employed to characterize the stored segment redistribution and large deformation behavior of polymer chains with using an adaptive factor. Moreover, a renormalized slip-tube free energy equation has been formulated by introducing the tube constraint free energy to describing the topological mechanics and thermodynamics for the adaptive cross-linking networks. Furthermore, an anisotropic model is extended to describe the topological networks and mechanical toughening behaviors in sliding gels. Finally, the proposed model has been verified using the experimental results reported in literature, providing a fundamental approach to formulate the topological toughening principle in sliding gels undergoing mechanically adaptive cross-linking.
Advancements in bearing health monitoring and remaining useful life prediction: techniques, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Liu Xinwei , Zhang Zongzhen , Li Zhuoli , Wang Jinrui , Zhu Youfeng , Ma Huijie
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in bearing health monitoring and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction. It highlights key innovations in anomaly detection, health indicator construction, degradation modeling, and RUL estimation, examining developments across statistical, machine learning, and deep learning approaches while analyzing their strengths, limitations, and application contexts. Special emphasis is placed on the role of deep learning in capturing complex degradation patterns from multi-dimensional time series data and improving predictive accuracy in dynamic industrial settings. Additionally, this review explores multi-source data fusion techniques, which enhance anomaly detection robustness by integrating information from diverse sensor modalities. By identifying critical challenges and suggesting future research directions, this study aims to advance the development of robust and adaptive prediction models for intelligent maintenance in industrial applications.
Remote bonding of fiber Bragg grating sensors for Lamb wave measurements: a review
Authors: Peters Kara
Published: January 2025

This article reviews the state-of-the-art in remote bonding of fiber Bragg grating sensors, primarily for Lamb wave measurements in structures. The presence of damage in a structure modifies Lamb waves through reflection and scattering, as well as the potential conversion between Lamb modes. While FBG sensors have been applied to capture ultrasonic waves for the past 30 years, the mounting configuration called remote bonding has recently come to attention as an alternative method to capture guided waves from structures. In this case, the FBG is not located at the bond, but instead at a remote location along the optical fiber. The Lamb waves are converted into propagating acoustic waves along the fiber, which are measured by the FBG. This article presents a discussion of the primary benefits of remote bonding, including the higher sensitivity to low-amplitude Lamb waves, the fact that the FBG can situated in a less harsh environment than the sensing region, and the insensitivity to quasi-static strain. The properties of ultrasonic modes in optical fibers and their conversion from Lamb waves is first reviewed. Strategies to detect these waves with FBGs and the associated instrumentation is also presented. Recent examples from the literature utilizing remote bonded FBGs are then presented. Finally, acoustic couplers to transfer the ultrasonic modes from one or more optical fibers to another are also reviewed.
Switched control strategy based on preview-based MPC for active suspension of heavy-duty vehicle to improve ride comfort and roll stability
Authors: Pang Ludian , Yue Ming , Qi Gengxin , Zhao Xudong
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a switched control strategy for heavy-duty vehicles, aiming to improve ride comfort and roll safety in unstructured road conditions. The realization of the comprehensive control target depends on the active suspension system: on the one hand, it can suppress the vibration caused by road excitation; on the other hand, it can dynamically adjust the output vertical force of the actuator to achieve the purpose of anti-roll. Focusing on the important influence of complex road conditions with road curvature and inclination on stability of heavy-duty vehicles, a vertical-lateral coupling nine-degree-of-freedom model is established. Then, a preview-based Model Predictive Control switching controller is designed to make full use of road information, which allows the controller to be solved in advance, thereby improving the real-time performance. In addition, variable weight coefficients are used to realize the switched control of ride comfort and roll safety based on the preview road information. Finally, the simulation results givened by Matlab/Simulink show that over the one without control, the proposed controller improves the ride comfort by about 53.2% and the roll safety by about 45.2%.
Low-cost production method for fluorescent particles for liquid flow velocimetry applications
Authors: Gautam Ankit , Livescu Daniel , Mejia-Alvarez Ricardo
Published: January 2025

In this Technical Note, we present a simple and low-cost production method for fluorescent particles perfectly suitable for velocimetry applications. We leverage the unique ability of Nile Red (NR) fluorophores to adsorb on the polymer surface and/or embed itself in between polymeric chains. The laboratory procedure to dye polyamide particles with NR and monetary advantages over commercially available fluorescent particles is outlined. Subsequently, the fluorescence behavior of the dyed particles is tested under a laser illumination source in polar and non-polar liquids. The distinct advantage of the emission spectrum of NR-dyed particles is demonstrated with sample test results.
A deep transfer network based on dual-task learning for predicting the remaining useful life of rolling bearings
Authors: Zhu Xiaojuan , Yu Peng , Su Shuzhi
Published: January 2025

Rolling bearings are essential in rotating machinery, and accurate remaining useful life (RUL) predictions are necessary for effective maintenance and optimal performance. Poor trend of health indicators (HI) and operating condition variations can reduce the reliability and accuracy of RUL predictions.To address these challenges, we propose a deep transfer network based on dual-task learning for predicting the remaining life of rolling bearings (DTLDL-RUL). This framework integrates health status assessment and RUL prediction, leveraging task commonalities and differences to create a robust model, then transfers it to improve generalization in the target domain. Specifically, we first mine spatiotemporal features from vibration signals to generate and classify HI, labeling them for subsequent tasks. Next, we use the shared feature extractors and private residual networks to capture common and specific features of each task, merge them with the multi-gate control networks, and adaptively adjust task weights in the loss function to enhance model adaptability. Finally, the trained model is transferred to the target domain using domain adaptation to extract domain invariant features and consider target-specific features, enhancing generalization. Furthermore, to enhance prediction accuracy, we incorporate physical models as constraints in the loss function, combining data-driven and physical principles to improve model interpretability. Experiments conducted on the 2012 PHM and XJTU-SY datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high accuracy and generalization in RUL predictions.
Compensation of complex environmental magnetic field disturbances for biomagnetic field measurements
Authors: Wang Haoan , Li Haitao , Sun Jinji , Liu Xikai , Liu Ximing
Published: January 2025

Background magnetic field compensation can effectively improve the signalto-noise ratio of biomagnetic field measurements. But for complex environmental disturbances, creating a stable near-zero magnetic field environment is a challenging topic. Therefore, this paper constructs a background magnetic field compensation system based on the Improved Linear Expanded State Observer (ILESO), which effectively reduces the magnetic field fluctuations. Firstly, the system model is obtained based on the input and output characteristics of the system. Then, an improved linear extended state observer is designed to observe and compensate the environmental disturbance, and the adaptive rate is established to balance the estimation capability of the observer and the measurement noise. Finally, the experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. For 1 Hz disturbances, the peak-to-peak magnetic field value was reduced from 3.71 nT to 0.33 nT. Under the influence of external environmental magnetic field disturbances with an amplitude of 3417 nT within the 0–15 Hz frequency band, the internal magnetic field within the magnetic shielding room remains consistently stable within 1 nT. These results have a significant reference for obtaining an ultra-stable, near-zero environment.
Electronic structures of atomic silicon dimer wires as a function of length
Authors: Altincicek Furkan M , Livadaru Lucian , Leon Christopher C , Chutora Taras , Yuan Max , Achal Roshan , Croshaw Jeremiah , Pitters Jason , Wolkow Robert
Published: January 2025

Bare silicon dimers on hydrogen-terminated Si(100) have two dangling bonds. These are atomically localized regions of high state density near to and within the bulk silicon band gap. We studied bare silicon dimers as monomeric units. Silicon dimer wires are much more stable than wires composed of individual dangling bonds. Dimer wires composed of 1–5 dimers were intentionally fabricated and characterized by STM techniques combined with density functional theory to provide detailed insights into geometric and electronic structure. Structural and dynamic qualities displayed by short wires were shown to be similar to the characteristics of a relatively long 37 dimer wire. Rather than adding two states into the band gap, experiment and theory reveal that each dimer adds one empty state into the gap and one filled state into the valence bands. Coupling among these states provides a conduction pathway with small bulk coupling.
Accurate operando measurement of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs channel temperature and optimization of thermal design
Authors: An Ruihua , Zhao Jinyan , Zhai Shijie , Yang Jun , Li Jie , Hu Wenbo , Dai Liyan , Wang Qiang , Sun Guipeng , Fan Yang , Wu Shengli , Niu Gang
Published: January 2025

The accurate estimation of the temperature distribution of the GaN based power devices and optimization of the device structure is of great significance to possibly solve the self-heating problem, which hinders the further enhancement of the device performances. We present here the operando temperature measurement with high spatial resolution using Raman spectroscopy of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with different device structures and explore the optimization of the device thermal design accordingly. The lateral and depth temperature distributions of the single-finger HEMT were characterized. The channel temperature and self-heating effect of the device under different bias voltages were investigated. By incorporating the two-dimensional electrothermal simulation, the hotspot position can be clearly observed under the gate edge near the drain side. The channel temperature of the multi-finger HEMT was further measured and the experiment results were in agreement with the three-dimensional finite element analysis simulation results. The device structure of the multi-finger device, including the gate width, gate pitch, structure layout, substrate materials, and thickness, were then theoretically optimized to improve the heat dissipation. The peak channel temperature of the device can be reduced by 70 °C when the substrate is substituted from silicon carbide to a single crystalline diamond. These results are of great interest for the thermal management of GaN HEMT power devices and further device performance improvement.
Compact wide band quad element MIMO antenna with inbuilt isolator for 5G applications
Authors: Kaur Navneet , Kaur Jaswinder , Sharma Surbhi
Published: January 2025

A compact quad-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with self-isolation and pattern diversity features for 5G applications has designed in this article. In the proposed MIMO antenna design, drop-shaped slots have been cut from the ground plane to attain wide bandwidth of 1 GHz in the operating band 3.3–4.3 GHz of near radio (NR-77) band for 5G applications. Further, a criss-cross shaped isolator is formed after integrating four single wideband antenna elements with different orientations in the ground plane. This shape is responsible for high self-isolation of 25 dB in the desired band of 5G. Further, the 2D radiation pattern of the MIMO antenna has pattern diversity characteristics with a high peak gain of 6 dB in the working band, which validates the proposed work for the 5G MIMO application. The diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna has been validated with measured envelope correlation coefficient of 0.0002, diversity gain of 10 and channel capacity loss is below 0.5 bits s−1 Hz−1 across the entire frequency band. Furthermore, simulation studies have been demonstrated for different practical applications such as housing, automotive and on body for practical utility of proposed prototype.
The multi-angle beam bender based on transformation medium
Authors: Dong Wenxiu , Lai Yunyun , Hu Jin
Published: January 2025

Contrary to conventional beam benders that limit the beam path to a single, fixed bending angle regardless of the incident angle, this paper introduces a novel bender capable of guiding the beam path to a diverse and extensive range of bending angles. Through the transformation of lenses with curved edges into those with straight edges, the proposed device can effectively steer the beam path in various directions by simply arranging the incident angles.
Infrared detectors based on graphene lattice: an environmental dependent approach
Authors: Javanshoor E , Behnia S , Nemati F
Published: January 2025

The article discusses the development of an infrared detector using a graphene lattice, focusing on how environmental temperature and external voltage affect its electrical conductivity. The study models environmental temperature as a phonon bath and uses random matrix theory and quantum chaos to analyze the impact of impurities and structural defects. Impurities and defects in the graphene lattice significantly impact both the multifractal dimension and conductivity. The applied external voltage increases the spread of the multifractal dimension, indicating a tendency toward localization at higher voltages. Additionally, the multifractal dimension narrows for the metal state and converges to a single point for localized states. The research highlights the importance of studying these factors to understand the conductivity phase and the ability to detect infrared photons. The findings suggest that changes in electrical current at specific bias voltages can be used to detect infrared photons, with a graphene lattice containing boron impurities operating effectively at room temperature.
Implications of Sgr A∗ on the γ-rays searches of Bino dark matter with (g-2)
μ
Authors: Chattopadhyay Utpal , Das Debottam , Poddar Sujoy , Puri Rahul , Saha Abhijit Kumar
Published: January 2025

We analyse the impact of dark matter density spike around the Milky Way's supermassive
black hole (SMBH), Sgr A*, in probing the Bino-dominated neutralino dark matter (DM) χ
~1010 within the MSSM, which typically produces relatively faint signals in the conventional
DM halos. In particular, we explore the indirect search prospects of sub-TeV Bino-Higgsino and
Bino-Wino-Higgsino DM in the MSSM, consistent with the supersymmetric predictions required to
explain the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Typical over-abundance of Bino DM is
ameliorated with slepton and/or Wino coannihilations. The lightest neutralino, thus, may be
associated with a compressed supersymmetric particle spectrum, which, in general, is difficult to
probe at conventional LHC searches. Similarly, for a rather tiny Higgsino mixing, χ
~1010 does not offer much prospect to assess its predictions at dark matter direct detection
searches. Accommodating the inclusive effects of density spike, here, we present the requisite
boost factor to facilitate γ--ray searches of Bino-dominated DM in the MSSM, especially
focusing on the Fermi-LAT and HESS observations.
Tungsten impurity reduction by ICRH in a high power injection and high performance H-mode discharge on EAST
Authors: Zhou Zhen , Shi Shengyu , Zhang Ling , Zhang Tao , Wu Xiaohe , Cheng Yunxin , Zhang Wenmin , Mai Chaowei , Fu Shengyu , Jin Yifei , Jian Xiang , Ye Kaixuan , Yu Lin , Zhou Ziqiang , Ma Jiuyang , Yang Shuqi , Geng Kangning , Li Gongshun , Huang Jia , Wen Fei , Liang Yunfeng , Gao Xiang
Published: January 2025

The decrease in tungsten (W) content with the higher ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) power is observed and explained for the first time in a high power injection (P
inj > 10 MW), high performance (β
N ∼ 2, β
P ∼ 2.8, n
e/n
GW ∼ 80%, f
BS ∼ 60%) H-mode discharge on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. Unlike the previous phenomenon of electron cyclotron resonance heating core W control (Shi et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion
62 066031), there is a slight change in the background plasma temperature when higher ICRH is applied, but the toroidal rotational velocity decreases by ∼10 km s−1 . Under this condition, the intensity of W unresolved transition array spectral structure in the region of 45–70 Ǻ (which is composed of W27+-W45+ line emissions) and W44+ density through spectroscopy in the Extreme Ultraviolet region decreases markedly. In addition, the poloidal asymmetry of radiation distribution from the tomographic inversions of Soft x-ray emission is reduced obviously. Theoretical modeling results indicate that the reduction in toroidal rotation leads to less W poloidal asymmetry and neoclassical pinch, which is more efficient in alleviating the core W accumulation than the improvement of isotropic hydrogen (H) minority temperature. The effects of isotropic and anisotropic H minority from ICRH on W transport are compared in the simulation lastly.
Removal of fuel retention by direct-current glow discharge under strong magnetic field in EAST superconducting tokamak
Authors: Sun Hao , Yu Yaowei , Cao Bin , Zuo Guizhong , Hu Jiansheng
Published: January 2025

Recent research has been conducted on the removal of retained fuel particles from the first wall surfaces in the EAST superconducting tokamak, by using direct-current Glow Discharge Cleaning (GDC) under strong magnetic field. The findings from these experiments reveal that GDC can operate in a toroidal field range of 0–2.5 T and achieve high fuel removal rate despite the plasma is strongly confined by the magnetic field. The cleaning process primarily targets the side portion of the limiter adjacent to the GDC anodes on the low field side via thermal desorption to access areas that are typically inaccessible to other plasma types. Additionally, pulsed GDC is less effective than continuous GDC operation under intense magnetic field conditions. The efficiency of pulsed GDC mainly depends on the GDC duty cycle, which further suggests that thermal desorption is the predominant cleaning mechanism in the strong magnetic environment. The integration of Ion Cyclotron Wall Conditioning (ICWC) with GDC in a pulsed mode yields an efficiency increase of roughly 35% over ICWC alone. Furthermore, the new integration cleaning mode can effectively extend the cleaning area. A potential synergy with a variety of discharge cleaning techniques could further extend the cleaning area and improve the efficiency of tritium removal. These insights serve as crucial benchmarks for the removal of retained tritium in the presence of strong magnetic fields in future fusion reactors.
Universal insulating-to-metallic crossover in tight-binding random geometric graphs
Authors: Martínez-Argüello A M , Hidalgo-Castro K B , Méndez-Bermúdez J A
Published: January 2025

Within the scattering matrix approach to electronic transport, the scattering and transport properties of tight-binding random graphs are analyzed. In particular, we compute the scattering matrix elements, the transmission, the channel-to-channel transmission distributions (including the total transmission distribution), the shot noise power and the elastic enhancement factor. Two graph models are considered: random geometric graphs (RGGs) and bipartite RGGs. The results show an insulating to a metallic crossover in the scattering and transport properties by increasing the average degree of the graphs from small to large values. Also, the scattering and transport properties are shown to be invariant under a scaling parameter depending on the average degree and the graph size. Furthermore, for large connectivity and in the perfect coupling regime, the scattering and transport properties of both graph models are well described by the random matrix theory predictions of electronic transport, except for bipartite graphs in particular scattering setups. Our results may be verified experimentally in artificial photonic setups.
Biomimetic swarm fission driven algorithm with preassigned target subgroup size
Authors: Cai He , Wang Hao , Bei Zixin , Zhou Dongkuan , Gao Huanli
Published: January 2025

Inspired by killer whale hunting strategies, this study presents a biomimetic algorithm for controlled subgroup fission in swarms. The swarm agents adopt the classic social force model with some practical modifications. The proposed algorithm consists of three phases: cluster selection phase via a constrained K-means algorithm, driven phase with strategic agent movement, including center pushing, coordinated oscillation, and flank pushing by specialized driven agents, and judgment phase confirming subgroup separation using the Kruskal algorithm. Simulation results confirm the algorithm’s high success rate and efficiency in subgroup division, demonstrating its potential for advancing swarm-based technologies.
Biomimetic tools: insights and implications of a comprehensive analysis and classification
Authors: Zhang Jindong , Kestem Laila , Wommer Kirsten , Wanieck Kristina
Published: January 2025

Biomimetics as the transdisciplinary field leveraging biologically inspired solutions for technical and practical challenges has gained traction in recent decades. Despite its potential for innovation, the complexity of its process requires a deeper understanding of underlying tasks, leading to the development of various tools to aid this process. This study identified an inventory of 104 tools used in biomimetics, of which 24 have been classified as fully accessible, functional, and ready-to-use biomimetic tools. Additionally, it provides definitions and evaluation criteria for biomimetic tools, offering a structured approach to tool assessment. The 24 tools have been assessed based on ten criteria in a qualitative and quantitative analysis yielding an overview of their typology, accessibility, stage of development, and other key characteristics. Patterns of the typology development of tools over time revealed a trend towards integrating computational methods and artificial intelligence, thereby enhancing the tool’s functionality and user engagement. However, gaps in tool functionality and maturity, such as the lack of tools designed to support technical processes, the absence of tools tailored for solution-based approaches, and insufficient evidence of successful tool application, highlight areas for future research. The study results underscore the need for empirical validation of tools, and research into the effectiveness of holistic tools covering multiple stages of the biomimetic process. By addressing these gaps and leveraging existing strengths, the field of biomimetics can continue to advance, providing innovative solutions inspired by biological models.
Ficus carica leaves extract-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vitro anticancer activity on TFK-1 cell line
Authors: Aziz Bushra , Bosman Esmeralda DC , van der Wurff-Jacobs Kim MG , van Nostrum Cornelus F , Khurshid Ahmat
Published: January 2025

Ficus carica extract (FCe) is a natural herb that has received a lot of interest in cancer treatment due to its potential anticancer activities against various malignancies. However, due to FCe’s low bioavailability and low solubility, its clinical use as an anti-cancer medicine is constrained. The current study aimed to prepare FCe-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer treatment. Prepared NPs were characterized by UV–v is spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the spherical FCe-loaded PLGA NPs had a particle size of 162 ± 0.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.08 ± 0.005, and a zeta potential of −4.7 ± 0.6 mV. The encapsulation and loading efficiency were found to be 56 ± 2.3% and 14 ± 1.5%, respectively. A drug release study indicated a diffusion-based release profile. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on the extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (TFK-1) cell line, which showed that both free FCe and corresponding FCe concentrations in NPs were cytotoxic. Cell cycle analysis showed that the FCe arrests the cells in G0/G1 phase, and the cell arrest rate is higher in FCe-loaded NPs compared to free form. A phototoxicity study also showed that the phototoxicity of FCe-loaded PLGA NPs was time-dependent and enhanced in comparison to free FCe. The study’s results demonstrated that FCe-encapsulated PLGA NPs are promising for cancer therapy as a phyto- and phototherapeutic agent-based system.
Thermal-crosslinked acellular dermal matrix combined with adipose-derived stem cells to regenerate vascularized adipose tissue
Authors: Huang Xing , Chen Siyuan , Lu Lin , Jin Rui , Chang Mengling , Yuan Zhaoqi , Luo Xusong , Zhu Zhu , Liu Guangpeng
Published: January 2025

The reconstruction of large-sized soft tissue defects remains a substantial clinical challenge, with adipose tissue engineering emerging as a promising solution. The acellular dermal matrix (ADM), known for its intricate spatial arrangement and active cytokine involvement, is widely employed as a scaffold in soft tissue engineering. Since ADM shares high similarity with decellularized adipose matrix, it holds potential as a substitute for adipose tissue. This study explores the adipogenic ability of a spongy material derived from ADM via vacuum-thermal crosslinking (T-ADM), characterized by high porosity, adjustable thickness, and suitable mechanical strength. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are considered ideal seed cells in adipose tissue engineering. Nevertheless, whether pre-adipogenic induction is necessary before their incorporation remains debatable. In this context, ADSCs, both with and without pre-adipogenic induction, were seeded into T-ADM to regenerate vascularized adipose tissue. A comparative analysis of the two constructs was performed to evaluate angiogenesis and adipogenesis in vitro, and tissue regeneration efficacy in vivo. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis was utilized to investigate the potential mechanisms. The results showed that T-ADM exhibited good performance in terms of volume retention and maintenance of adipocyte phenotype, confirming its suitability as a scaffold for adipose tissue engineering. In-vitro outcomes demonstrated that pre-adipogenic induction enhanced the adipogenic level of ADSCs, but reduced their ability to promote vascularization. Furthermore, constructs utilizing pre-induced ADSCs showed an insignificant superiority in in-vivo fat formation, and neovascularization compared with those with non-induced ADSCs, which may be attributed to similar macrophage regulation, and balanced modulation of the proliferator-activated receptor-γ and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α pathways. Consequently, the direct use of ADSCs is advocated to streamline the engineering process and reduce associated costs. The combined strategy of T-ADM with ADSCs proves to be feasible, convenient and effective, offering substantial potential for addressing large-sized tissue deficits and facilitating clinical applications.
Recent trends in embedded 3D bioprinting of vascularized tissue constructs
Authors: Cho Won-Woo , Park Wonbin , Cho Dong-Woo
Published: January 2025

3D bioprinting technology offers significant advantages in the fabrication of tissue and organ structures by allowing precise layer-by-layer patterning of cells and various biomaterials. However, conventional bioinks exhibit poor mechanical properties, which limit their use in the fabrication of large-scale vascularized tissue constructs. To address these limitations, recent studies have focused on the development of rapidly crosslinkable bioinks through chemical modification. These enable rapid crosslinking within minutes, offering substantial advantages for engineering large-scale tissue constructs. Nevertheless, challenges remain in the production of constructs that fully incorporate the complex vascular networks inherent to native tissues. Recently, embedded bioprinting technique, which involves the direct writing of bioink into a support bath that provides physical support, has gained significant attention for enabling the freeform fabrication of 3D structures. This method has been extensively studied and offers the advantage of fabricating structures ranging from tissue constructs with simple vascular channels to complex structures containing multiscale vascular networks. This review presents an overview of the various materials utilized in embedded bioprinting and elucidates the rheological properties of these materials. Furthermore, it examines the current research trends in the biofabrication of vascularized tissue constructs using embedded bioprinting techniques, along with their associated limitations. The review concludes by proposing areas for future improvement, specifically addressing material and biofabrication approaches as well as bioprinting systems.
The role of α-RuCl3 flat bands in G peak splitting in graphene/α-RuCl3 heterostructures
Authors: Cai Xiaofan , Han Yaqing , Jiang Jiawei , Du Renjun , Bao Song , Guo Zijing , Huang Jiabei , Lian Fuzhuo , Xiao Jingkuan , Jiang Siqi , Ma Guodong , Wang Ping , Zhang Di , Cui Xiang , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wen Jinsheng , Xi Xiaoxiang , Wu Xinglong , Gao Libo , Stolyarov Vasily , Mayorov Alexander S , Yang Hongxin , Wang Lei , Yu Geliang
Published: January 2025

α-RuCl3 is known for its potential to realize a Kitaev quantum spin liquid by tuning the competing interactions, such as doping effects. Here, we investigated the doping effect of α-RuCl3/graphene heterostructures and observed a G peak splitting related to different spins, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The deliberate disruption of the heterostructure led to a transition from a double G peak to a single peak, underscoring the significance of interface quality. This finding was corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Additionally, we distinguished the contributions of doping and strain by employing Raman mapping, drawing comparisons to CrCl3/graphene heterostructures. These findings present a high-resolution technique for assessing the uniformity of similar heterostructure surfaces and investigating the behavior of distinct spins in Raman scattering influenced by magnetic proximity effects.