bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global budget of methanol: Constraints from atmospheric observations
Authors: Jacob Daniel J. , Field Brendan D. , Li Qinbin , Blake Donald R. , de Gouw Joost , Warneke Carsten , Hansel Armin , Wisthaler Armin , Singh Hanwant B. , Guenther A.
Published: April 2005

We use a global three‐dimensional model simulation of atmospheric methanol to examine the consistency between observed atmospheric concentrations and current understanding of sources and sinks. Global sources in the model include 128 Tg yr−1 from plant growth, 38 Tg yr−1 from atmospheric reactions of CH3O2 with itself and other organic peroxy radicals, 23 Tg yr−1 from plant decay, 13 Tg yr−1 from biomass burning and biofuels, and 4 Tg yr−1 from vehicles and industry. The plant growth source is a factor of 3 higher for young than from mature leaves. The atmospheric lifetime of methanol in the model is 7 days; gas‐phase oxidation by OH accounts for 63% of the global sink, dry deposition to land 26%, wet deposition 6%, uptake by the ocean 5%, and aqueous‐phase oxidation in clouds less than 1%. The resulting simulation of atmospheric concentrations is generally unbiased in the Northern Hemisphere and reproduces the observed correlations of methanol with acetone, HCN, and CO in Asian outflow. Accounting for decreasing emission from leaves as they age is necessary to reproduce the observed seasonal variation of methanol concentrations at northern midlatitudes. The main model discrepancy is over the South Pacific, where simulated concentrations are a factor of 2 too low. Atmospheric production from the CH3O2 self‐reaction is the dominant model source in this region. A factor of 2 increase in this source (to 50–100 Tg yr−1) would largely correct the discrepancy and appears consistent with independent constraints on CH3O2 concentrations. Our resulting best estimate of the global source of methanol is 240 Tg yr−1. More observations of methanol concentrations and fluxes are needed over tropical continents. Better knowledge is needed of CH3O2 concentrations in the remote troposphere and of the underlying organic chemistry.
An intercomparison campaign of ground‐based UV‐visible measurements of NO2, BrO, and OClO slant columns: Methods of analysis and results for NO2
Authors: Vandaele A. C. , Fayt C. , Hendrick F. , Hermans C. , Humbled F. , Van Roozendael M. , Gil M. , Navarro M. , Puentedura O. , Yela M. , Braathen G. , Stebel K. , Tørnkvist K. , Johnston P. , Kreher K. , Goutail F. , Mieville A. , Pommereau J.‐P. , Khaikine S. , Richter A. , Oetjen H. , Wittrock F. , Bugarski S. , Frieß U. , Pfeilsticker K. , Sinreich R. , Wagner T. , Corlett G. , Leigh R.
Published: April 2005

Within the framework of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC), an intercomparison campaign of ground‐based zenith‐sky viewing UV‐visible spectrometers was held at the Andøya Rocket Range (69°N, 16°E) at Andenes, Norway, from February 12 to March 8, 2003. The chosen site is classified as a complementary NDSC site. Eight groups from seven countries participated in the campaign which focused on the measurements of slant columns of NO2, BrO, and OClO. This first campaign publication concentrates on measurements of the NO2 slant columns. Different analysis criteria were investigated during the campaign. These included the use of fitting parameters as chosen by each group to provide what they considered to be optimized retrievals. Additional sets of parameters, imposed for all the groups, were also used, including the wavelength interval, absorption cross sections, and species fitted. Each instrument's results were compared to the measurements of selected reference instruments, whose choice was based on a technique combining regression analysis and examination of the residuals with solar zenith angle. Considering the data obtained during the whole campaign for solar zenith angles between 75° and 95°, all instruments agreed within 5% in the case of NO2 with imposed analysis parameters in the 425–450 nm region. Measurements agree less well when retrieving the NO2 slant columns in the 400–418 nm region or when using parameters optimized by each investigator for their instrument.
Verification of snowpack radiation transfer models using actinometry
Authors: Phillips Gavin J. , Simpson William R.
Published: April 2005

Actinometric measurements of photolysis rate coefficients within artificial snow have been used to test calculations of these coefficients by two radiative transfer models. The models used were based upon the delta‐Eddington method or the discrete ordinate method, as implemented in the tropospheric ultraviolet and visible snow model, and were constrained by irradiance measurements and light attenuation profiles within the artificial snow. Actinometric measurements of the photolysis rate coefficient were made by observing the unimolecular conversion of 2‐nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) to its photoproduct under ultraviolet irradiation. A control experiment using liquid solutions of NBA determined that the quantum yield for conversion was ϕ = 0.41 ± 0.04 (±2σ). Measured photolysis rate coefficients in the artificial snow are enhanced in the near‐surface layer, as predicted in the model calculations. The two models yielded essentially identical results for the depth‐integrated photolysis rate coefficient of NBA, and their results quantitatively agreed with the actinometric measurements within the experimental precision of the measurement (±10%, ±2σ). The study shows that these models accurately determine snowpack actinic fluxes. To calculate in‐snow photolysis rates for a molecule of interest, one must also have knowledge of the absorption spectrum and quantum yield for the specific photoprocess in addition to the actinic flux. Having demonstrated that the actinic flux is well determined by these models, we find that the major remaining uncertainty in prediction of snowpack photochemical rates is the measurement of these molecular photophysical properties.
Re‐evaluating an active fault in a major computer‐manufacturing area in northern Taiwan using ‘1 sec’ shallow reflection seismics
Authors: Wang Chien‐Ying , Lee Yi‐Hen , Hu Yu‐Yen
Published: April 2005

Recently abundant evidence from surface geologic investigation has been cited to identify an active fault which happens to pass through a major computer‐manufacturing area in northern Taiwan. Great public concern has arisen as a consequence. In this paper, we use ‘1 sec’ high‐resolution shallow seismic reflection sections to examine the near‐surface structure of this fault. The results, however, do not support the geologic observations. A folding above a shallow decollement was found in the fault's northern portion, which may include shallow minor faulting. In the remaining portion, the structural layers were found to lie flat without offsets, except for slight buckling. The fault could have displacements at deeper places (‘blind thrust’?), but the shallow parts do not seem much affected. These results indicate that the threat of active faulting in the area is actually less than previously feared.
Mechanisms underlying the relaxation response induced by bradykinin in the epithelium‐intact guinea‐pig trachea in vitro
Authors: Schlemper Valfredo , Medeiros Rodrigo , Ferreira Juliano , Campos Maria M , Calixto João B
Published: April 2005

In this study, we investigated some of the signalling pathways involved in bradykinin (BK)‐induced relaxation in epithelium‐intact strips of the guinea‐pig trachea (GPT+E). BK induced time‐ and concentration‐dependent relaxation of GPT+E. Similar responses were observed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or the combination of subthreshold concentrations of BK plus PGE2.

The nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors indomethacin or pyroxicam, or the selective COX‐2 inhibitors DFU, NS 398 or rofecoxib, but not the selective COX‐1 inhibitor SC 560, all abolished BK‐induced relaxation.

The tyrosine kinase inhibitors herbimycin A and AG 490 also abolished BK‐induced relaxation in GPT+E.

The nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor 7‐NINA concentration‐dependently inhibited BK effects.

BK‐induced relaxation was prevented by the selective antagonists for EP3 (L 826266), but not by EP1 (SC 19221), EP1/EP2 (AH 6809) or EP4 (L 161982) receptor antagonists.

Otherwise, the selective inhibitors of protein kinases A, G and C, mitogen‐activated protein kinases, phospholipases C and A2, nuclear factor‐κB or potassium channels all failed to significantly interfere with BK‐mediated relaxation.

BK caused a marked increase in PGE2 levels, an effect that was prevented by NS 398, HOE 140 or AG 490.

COX‐2 expression did not differ in preparations with or without epithelium, and it was not changed by BK stimulation. However, incubation with BK significantly increased the endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression, independent of the epithelium integrity.

Our results indicate that BK‐induced relaxation in GPT+E depends on prostanoids (probably PGE2 acting via EP3 receptors) and NO release and seems to involve complex interactions between kinin B2 receptors, COX‐2, nNOS, eNOS and tyrosine kinases.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 740–750. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706222
The involvement of nitric oxide in the enhanced expression of μ‐opioid receptors during intestinal inflammation in mice
Authors: Pol Olga , Sasaki Masayuki , Jiménez Natàlia , Dawson Valina L , Dawson Ted M , Puig Margarita M
Published: April 2005

Intestinal inflammation enhances the potency of μ‐opioid receptor (MOR) agonists inhibiting gastrointestinal transit and increases the expression of MOR in mice intestine. The precise mechanisms implicated in the increased expression of MOR during intestinal inflammation are not known. The aim of the study is to evaluate if nitric oxide released during intestinal inflammation could modulate MOR gene expression and affect gastrointestinal transit.

Intestinal inflammation was induced by the intragastric administration of croton oil. In CD‐1 mice, with and without inflammation, we evaluated the antitransit effects of morphine in animals treated with NOS inhibitors (L‐NAME and L‐NIL) and the intestinal levels of iNOS enzyme mRNA. The antitransit effects of morphine and the expression of MOR mRNA in the gut of wild‐type (WT) and iNOS−/− mice were also assessed. Gastrointestinal transit was measured with charcoal meal and mRNA levels determined by real‐time PCR.

In CD‐1 mice, inflammation induced a 10‐fold increase (P<0.0001) in iNOS mRNA levels in the gut. The absence of iNOS gene and treatment of CD‐1 mice with L‐NAME or L‐NIL abolished the increased antitransit effects of morphine observed during inflammation. Moreover, although the basal levels of MOR mRNA were similar in WT and iNOS animals (−/−), intestinal inflammation only increased the MOR expression in the gut of WT (P<0.01) but not in iNOS−/− mice.

The results suggest that nitric oxide derived from the increased expression of iNOS is implicated in the enhanced effects of morphine and in the upregulation of MOR gene transcription observed during intestinal inflammation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 758–766. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706227
Nonpeptidic urotensin‐II receptor antagonists I: in vitro pharmacological characterization of SB‐706375
Authors: Douglas Stephen A , Behm David J , Aiyar Nambi V , Naselsky Diane , Disa Jyoti , Brooks David P , Ohlstein Eliot H , Gleason John G , Sarau Henry M , Foley James J , Buckley Peter T , Schmidt Dulcie B , Wixted William E , Widdowson Katherine , Riley Graham , Jin Jian , Gallagher Timothy F , Schmidt Stanley J , Ridgers Lance , Christmann Lisa T , Keenan Richard M , Knight Steven D , Dhanak Dashyant
Published: April 2005

SB‐706375 potently inhibited [125I]hU‐II binding to both mammalian recombinant and ‘native’ UT receptors (Ki 4.7±1.5 to 20.7±3.6 nM at rodent, feline and primate recombinant UT receptors and Ki 5.4±0.4 nM at the endogenous UT receptor in SJRH30 cells).

Prior exposure to SB‐706375 (1 μM, 30 min) did not alter [125I]hU‐II binding affinity or density in recombinant cells (KD 3.1±0.4 vs 5.8±0.9 nM and Bmax 3.1±1.0 vs 2.8±0.8 pmol mg−1) consistent with a reversible mode of action.

The novel, nonpeptidic radioligand [3H]SB‐657510, a close analogue of SB‐706375, bound to the monkey UT receptor (KD 2.6±0.4 nM, Bmax 0.86±0.12 pmol mg−1) in a manner that was inhibited by both U‐II isopeptides and SB‐706375 (Ki 4.6±1.4 to 17.6±5.4 nM) consistent with the sulphonamides and native U‐II ligands sharing a common UT receptor binding domain.

SB‐706375 was a potent, competitive hU‐II antagonist across species with pKb 7.29–8.00 in HEK293‐UT receptor cells (inhibition of [Ca2+]i‐mobilization) and pKb 7.47 in rat isolated aorta (inhibition of contraction). SB‐706375 also reversed tone established in the rat aorta by prior exposure to hU‐II (Kapp∼20 nM).

SB‐706375 was a selective U‐II antagonist with 100‐fold selectivity for the human UT receptor compared to 86 distinct receptors, ion channels, enzymes, transporters and nuclear hormones (Ki/IC50>1 μM). Accordingly, the contractile responses induced in isolated aortae by KCl, phenylephrine, angiotensin II and endothelin‐1 were unaltered by SB‐706375 (1 μM).

In summary, SB‐706375 is a high‐affinity, surmountable, reversible and selective nonpeptide UT receptor antagonist with cross‐species activity that will assist in delineating the pathophysiological actions of U‐II in mammals.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 620–635. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706229
Identification of WIN55212‐3 as a competitive neutral antagonist of the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor
Authors: Savinainen Juha R , Kokkola Tarja , Salo Outi M H , Poso Antti , Järvinen Tomi , Laitinen Jarmo T
Published: April 2005

Several G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs), including cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, show constitutive activity under heterologous expression. Such a tonic response is generated in the absence of an activating ligand, and can be inhibited by inverse agonists. Neutral antagonists, however, are silent at such receptors, but can reverse both agonist and inverse agonist responses. To date, no neutral antagonist for the CB2 receptor has been reported.

Here, by monitoring receptor‐dependent G protein activation, we demonstrate that WIN55212‐3 acts as a neutral antagonist at the human CB2 (hCB2) receptor. WIN55212‐3 alone, at concentrations 10−4 M, behaved as a silent ligand exhibiting no agonist or inverse agonist activity. However, WIN55212‐3 competitively antagonized cannabinoid agonist CP‐55,940‐stimulated responses (pA2 6.1). Importantly, the inverse agonism evoked by SR144528 in hCB2 was dose‐dependently reversed by WIN55212‐3 (pEC50 5.3±0.2), indicating true neutral antagonist behavior.

Furthermore, WIN55212‐3 also antagonized CB1 receptor signaling in a competitive manner (pA2 5.6), but behaved as a partial inverse agonist (pIC50 5.5±0.1) at the constitutively active human CB1.

Additionally, WIN55212‐3 antagonized signaling of the human melatonin MT1 receptor, with modest activity at the human muscarinic M4 receptor, but it was inactive towards several other GPCRs.

These data identify WIN55212‐3 as a true neutral hCB2 receptor antagonist. WIN55212‐3 offers a valuable tool for further characterization of ligand activities at the CB2 receptor and may serve as a lead compound in further efforts to develop more potent and selective neutral CB2 receptor antagonists.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 636–645. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706230
Prednisolone augments superoxide formation in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells through differential effects on the expression of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase
Authors: Muzaffar Saima , Shukla Nilima , Angelini Gianni D , Jeremy Jamie Y
Published: April 2005

Prednisolone, a potent anti‐inflammatory drug, has proved ineffective in treating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is associated with superoxide (O2•−) generation, which negates nitric oxide (NO). NO also downregulates NADPH oxidase and inhibits O2•− formation. A possible reason for the lack of effect of prednisolone may due to an inhibition of eNOS expression. In order to test this proposal, the effect of prednisolone on O2•− formation and the expression of gp91phox (catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase) and eNOS in pig pulmonary artery (PA) segments and PA endothelial cells (PAECs) and PA vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs) was investigated.

PA segments and cells were incubated with prednisolone and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) for 16 h. O2•− formation was measured spectrophometrically and gp91phox and eNOS expression by Western blotting. The role of the NO–cGMP axis was studied using morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride, the diethylamine/NO complex (DETA‐NONOate), the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, 1H‐{1,2,4}oxadiazolo{4,3‐a}quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) and the stable cGMP analogues, 8‐bromo cGMP and 8‐(4‐chlorophenylthio)‐cGMP (8‐pCPT‐cGMP). NO release was studied using a fluorescence assay and O2•−–NO interactions with a nitrite/nitrate assay.

Prednisolone elicited significant increase in O2•− formation in intact PA segments and PAECs, but not PAVSMCs, in a concentration‐dependent manner. In endothelium‐denuded segments, prednisolone slightly enhanced O2•− release. TNF‐α further increased prednisolone‐enhanced O2•− formation in intact PA segments and PAECs. NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, inhibited O2•− formation. Increased O2•− release and gp91phox expression in PAECs elicited by prednisolone was blocked by SIN‐1 (3‐morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride), DETA‐NONOate, 8‐pCPT‐cGMP and 8‐bromo cGMP. The effects of SIN‐1 on gp91phox expression were reversed by ODQ. Finally, eNOS protein expression was significantly reduced by prednisolone.

Prednisolone increases O2•− in porcine PAECs through a downregulation of endogenous eNOS expression. Since the NO–cGMP axis inhibits gp91phox expression, the resultant decrease in endogenous NO formation then augments NADPH oxidase activity, which in turn results in increased O2•− formation. Since O2•− promotes inflammation, this mechanism may explain why prednisolone is ineffective in treating ARDS. Therapeutically, the coadministration of an NO donor may render prednisolone more effective in treating ARDS.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 688–697. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706235
Direct gas measurements indicate that the novel cyclooxygenase inhibitor AZD3582 is an effective nitric oxide donor in vivo
Authors: Adding L Christofer , Agvald Per , Andersson Lars I , Jonzon Bror , Hoogstraate Janet , Gustafsson Lars E
Published: April 2005

AZD3582 [4‐(nitrooxy)butyl‐(2S)‐2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propanoate] is a COX‐inhibiting nitric oxide donor that inhibits COX‐1 and COX‐2. It is as effective as naproxen in models of pain and inflammation, but causes less gastroduodenal damage. Nitric oxide (NO) is generated from AZD3582 in vitro, and this study sought to show that the drug donates NO in vivo.

In anaesthetised male New Zealand white rabbits, the endogenous NO concentration in exhaled air was reduced by NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) (30 mg kg− 1 i.v.) from 33.5±1.0 ppb (mean±s.e.m.; n=6 per group) to 3.0±1.0 ppb, while increasing blood pressure and reducing heart rate. AZD3582 (0.2, 0.6, 2.0 or 6.0 μmol kg− 1 min− 1) given 30 min after L‐NAME increased the concentration of NO in exhaled air (P<0.05), decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate in a dose‐dependent manner versus L‐NAME control values. The peak mean NO concentration obtained was 44±8.0 ppb.

In in situ‐perfused rabbit lungs, L‐NAME (185 μmol l− 1) reduced the NO concentration in exhaled air from 106±13 to 4.0±0.4 ppb (n=5). Addition of AZD3582 (6 μmol min− 1) to the perfusate produced an initial rapid increase in the NO concentration in exhaled air, followed by a sustained, but lower plateau. Infusion of L‐NAME increased, and AZD3582 decreased, pulmonary arterial pressure.

In both anaesthetised rabbits and in the perfused lungs, brief periods of hypoxia increased NO concentrations generated by AZD3582.

We conclude that, in rabbits, AZD3582 donates NO in vivo with characteristics similar to those reported for nitroglycerin and isosorbide nitrates.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 679–687. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706236
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase‐mediated signalling contributes to diabetes‐induced vascular dysfunction in the mesenteric bed
Authors: Benter Ibrahim F , Yousif Mariam H M , Griffiths Sioned M , Benboubetra Mustapha , Akhtar Saghir
Published: April 2005

In order to characterize the roles of tyrosine kinases (TKs) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in diabetes‐induced vascular dysfunction, we investigated the ability of a chronic administration of genistein, a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of TKs and AG1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR TK activity to modulate the altered vasoreactivity of the perfused mesenteric bed to common vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes in rats.

The vasoconstrictor responses induced by norepinephrine (NE), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), were significantly increased, whereas vasodilator responses to carbachol and histamine were significantly reduced in the perfused mesenteric bed of STZ‐induced diabetic rats in comparison with healthy rats. Treatment of diabetic animals with genistein or AG1478 produced a significant normalization of the altered agonist‐induced vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses without affecting blood glucose levels. In contrast, neither inhibitor had any effect on the vascular responsiveness of control (nondiabetic) animals. Treatment of diabetic animals with diadzein, an inactive analogue of genistein, did not affect the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in control or diabetic animals. Phosphorylated EGFR levels were markedly raised in the mesenteric bed from diabetic animals and were normalized upon treatment with AG1478 or genistein.

These data suggest that activation of TK‐mediated pathways, including EGFR TK signalling are involved in the development of diabetic vascular dysfunction.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 829–836. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706238
The antidepressant imipramine inhibits M current by activating a phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2)‐dependent pathway in rat sympathetic neurones
Authors: Quintero Jania L , Arenas Maria Isabel , García David E
Published: April 2005

Little is known about the intracellular actions of imipramine (IMI) in the regulation of ion channels. We tested the action of IMI on the intracellular cascade that regulates M current (IM) in superior cervical ganglion neurones (SCGs).

Dialysis of the cells with GDPβS, a G protein signaling blocker, did not disrupt the inhibition of IM.

When we incubated the cells with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, it prevented the IM inhibition by IMI. Also, when we dialyzed the cells with an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, it did not disrupt IM inhibition by IMI, as occurs in the M1 cascade.

When we incubated the cells with the generic kinase inhibitor wortmannin, it prevented the recovery of IM from the inhibition by IMI. Also, when we applied phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) intracellularly, it diminished the inhibition of IM by IMI.

Our findings suggest that PLC is the target for IMI, that recovery of IM needs lipid phosphorylation for PIP2 resynthesis, and that IMI inhibits IM by activating a PLC‐dependent pathway, likely by decreasing the concentration of PIP2.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 837–843. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706239
Inhibition of the antigen‐induced activation of rodent mast cells by putative Janus kinase 3 inhibitors WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in a Janus kinase 3‐independent manner
Authors: Linwong Watchara , Hirasawa Noriyasu , Aoyama Suzue , Hamada Hirofumi , Saito Takashi , Ohuchi Kazuo
Published: April 2005

We analyzed the effects of the Janus kinase 3 (Jak3)‐specific inhibitor WHI‐P131 (4‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐amino‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline) and the Jak3/Syk inhibitor WHI‐P154 (4‐(3′‐bromo‐4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐amino‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline) on the antigen‐induced activation of mast cells.

In the rat mast cell line RBL‐2H3, both WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 inhibited the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK).

The phosphorylation of Gab2, Akt and Vav was also inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154, indicating that these inhibitors suppress the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K).

In bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) from Jak3‐deficient (Jak3−/−) mice, degranulation and activation of MAPKs were induced by the antigen in almost the same extent as in BMMCs from wild‐type mice. In addition, the antigen‐induced degranulation and activation of MAPKs were inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in both groups of BMMCs, indicating that these compounds inhibit a certain step except for Jak3.

The antigen‐induced increase in the activity of Fyn, a probable tyrosine kinase of Gab2, was also inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in RBL‐2H3 cells. In BMMCs from Jak3−/− mice, the antigen stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Fyn, which was inhibited by WHI‐P131, as well as in BMMCs from wild‐type mice and in RBL‐2H3 cells.

These findings suggest that Jak3 does not play a significant role in the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of MAPKs, and that WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 inhibit the PI3K pathway by preventing the antigen‐induced activation of Fyn, thus inhibiting the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of MAPKs in mast cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 818–828. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706240
Field Dependence of Photoelectric Emission from Tantalum
Authors: Gumnick J. L. , Juenker D. W.
Published: April 2005

An experimental study is made of the photoelectric emission from tantalum as it depends directly on accelerating electric field. Observations cover a range of fields from 0 to 90 kv/cm and illumination wavelengths from 248 to 300 mμ. The results are in agreement with the Fowler photoelectric theory modified by a Schottky lowering of the surface barrier. No evidence is found for a periodic deviation from this regular behavior such as exists in its thermionic counterpart, but experimental conditions may have been inadequate for the observation of such a deviation. A new method of threshold measurement at high fields is described and applied to drawn tantalum filaments of circular cross section. The resulting value is 4.16 ev for freshly flashed specimens and it is suggested that this is slightly greater than the lowest work function present in the surface. A Fowler determination in the same field range yields 4.13 ev. The influence of nonuniformity of the surface work function on the field dependence of photoemission and on threshold measurements is discussed.
X-Ray Study of Ferromagnetic Domains in Cobalt Zinc Ferrite
Authors: Merz Kenneth M.
Published: April 2005

Double crystal diffractometer and x-ray micrograph techniques were used to study ferromagnetic domains in cobalt zinc ferrite single crystals. Diffraction curves of the (400) reflection were observed to broaden when a magnetic field was applied to the crystal. Berg-Barrett x-ray micrographs showed there was a ``d'' spacing shift in the crystal during the magnetization process.
Angular Distribution of Sputtered Material
Authors: Wehner G. K. , Rosenberg D.
Published: April 2005

The angular distribution of material sputtered under normal Hg+-ion incidence from flat, polycrystalline targets at 100 to 1000 ev was measured and plotted in polar diagrams. The distribution is ``under cosine,'' approaching a cosine distribution, at higher ion energies. Mo and Fe show a more pronounced tendency to eject to the sides than Ni or Pt. Under oblique ion incidence atoms are sputtered preferentially in the forward direction.
Ion-Bombardment Etching of Silicon and Germanium
Authors: Dillon J. A. , Oman R. M.
Published: April 2005

Electron-microscope photographs of a germanium single crystal surface subjected to prolonged argon-ion bombardment under conditions used for surface cleaning disclosed etch patterns of a type completely different from those observed after chemical etching alone. The dimensions and distribution of the bombardment-induced pits were such that the patterns were not detectable either with an optical microscope or by low-energy electron diffraction. Approximately 95% of the surface remained undamaged. Bombardment of silicon and germanium at 500 ev for prolonged periods at higher current densities produced a different type of etching which may be associated with screw-type dislocations.
Dipole Mode of Minority Carrier Diffusion with Reference to Point Contact Rectification
Authors: Gossick B. R.
Published: April 2005

The dipole mode of minority carrier diffusion about a spherical emitter is presented. The current-voltage relationship, and frequency characteristics of this mode are determined. Compared with the unipole mode, which has been treated extensively, the dipole mode offers superior high-frequency performance, which is partially offset by an inferior dc characteristic curve. A representative numerical example gives 40 mμsec mean response time with the unipole mode and 0.5 mμsec with the dipole mode. It is proposed that the reproducibility of special diode characterictics might be improved by designing diodes to suppress either the unipole or dipole mode. Methods are suggested for the suppression of either mode.
Some Properties of Zinc Sulfide Crystals Grown from the Melt
Authors: Addamiano Arrigo , Aven Manuel
Published: April 2005

Hexagonal zinc sulfide crystals were obtained by controlled cooling of melted zinc sulfide. Both pure and activated zinc sulfide powders were used. The density of pure melt grown crystals was found to be higher than that of natural zinc blende crystals or crystals grown by evaporation. The stability of the pure hexagonal crystals towards transformation to the cubic zinc-blende structure in the interval of temperature 700–1150°C was investigated. A full conversion to the cubic phase was never observed. The experimental evidence indicates the transition point to be above 1150°C.
Flat Panel Vacuum Thermal Insulation
Authors: Strong H. M. , Bundy F. P. , Bovenkerk H. P.
Published: April 2005

Evacuated mats of glass fiber made up of fibers of proper size and orientation are capable of supporting a compressive mechanical loading of at least one atmosphere and yet maintain a thermal conductivity of less than 10 microcalories/cm°C sec. The use of such a glass fiber mat as a filler makes possible an evacuated flat-panel thermal insulation which is comparable to a Dewar flask in insulation efficiency. The rate of heat transfer through a Dewar flask wall was reduced several-fold at liquid nitrogen temperatures and below by adding a 2-cm-thick layer of orientated and evacuated glass fiber mat to the outer surface.

This investigation showed that in evacuated glass fiber mats, supporting external atmospheric loading, the fiber to fiber contact area is less than 10−4 the mat area, making the contact pressure about 15 000 kg/cm2. The effective length of the thermal conduction paths along the fibers is about four times the mat thickness. The mean pore size for gas molecule motion in the mat was found to be about 54×10−4 cm and 2×10−4 cm for mean fiber sizes of 14×10−4 cm and 0.2×10−4 cm, respectively. The radiation mean free paths for the same fiber sizes were found to be 150×10−4 cm and 52×10−4 cm, respectively. The thermal diffusivity is about 10−4 cm2/sec, which is much smaller than any other insulating material.
Particle Interaction in Magnetic Recording Tapes
Authors: Woodward J. G. , DellaTorre E.
Published: April 2005

The magnetic coating of recording tape is assumed to be composed of an assemblage of small, single-domain particles. Each particle is assumed to have a symmetrical, square hysteresis loop when the reversible component of magnetization is neglected and when the particle is not influenced by the fields of neighboring particles. When influenced by the fields of its neighbors, the particle may exhibit an asymmetrical loop when the loop is plotted relative to an external applied field. In this case the positive and negative switching fields for the particle are not equal, and their difference gives an indication of the particle interaction. While it is not possible to measure the switching fields of a single particle on the recording tape, the distribution of switching fields in the assemblage of particles and the associated magnetic moment can be measured. The two switching fields and the magnetic moment define a 3-dimensional distribution function which describes the magnetic properties of the tape, and in terms of which both dc and anhysteretic magnetization processes may be described.

The distribution functions have been measured for two recording tapes. While the functions for the two tapes are markedly different in detail, both show that particle interaction is very appreciable in recording tapes and that it is a significant factor in determining the bulk magnetic properties and the recording performance of tapes.
Explanation for the Low-Temperature Behavior of the Anisotropy of Iron
Authors: Carr W. J.
Published: April 2005

The seemingly anomalous results obtained by Graham for the temperature dependence of magnetic anisotropy in iron are interpreted on the basis of Zener's theory, with the effect of thermal expansion included.
Rectangular Hysteresis Loop Ferrites with Large Barkhausen Steps
Authors: Greifer Aaron P. , Croft William J.
Published: April 2005

Observations have been made at low temperatures of large discontinuities (steps) in the 60-cycle hysteresis loops of polycrystalline ferrites containing copper. At the temperature for step formation, which is a function of copper content, the coercivity decreases and the loop squareness approaches unity. This behavior is attributed to the formation (in the toroidal specimens used) of circular 180° domain walls having different threshold fields. This domain wall configuration is probably brought on at low temperatures by a low effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy provided by the localized distortions exerted by divalent copper in the spinel lattice.
Dislocations in Two Types of CdS Crystals
Authors: Reynolds D. C. , Czyzak S. J.
Published: April 2005

Dislocation densities in CdS crystals (types I and II) have been investigated employing chemical etching techniques. There is very little difference in the dislocation densities in the two types of CdS crystals. The dislocation density in both types of growth varies over a range from 107/cm2 to 101/cm2. However, type I crystals have a greater tendency to twin and low angle boundaries are generally present in the twinned crystal.
Domains in Thin Magnetic Films Observed by Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fuller Harrison W. , Hale Murray E.
Published: April 2005

A new method for observing full domains in thin magnetic films by electron microscopy is described. Observations are made with standard transmission instruments utilizing an off-centered objective aperture diaphragm as a knife edge. The method has the high-resolution advantage that the microscope is focused on the specimen during domain observations. Limitations of the method and comparisons with the previously reported defocusing technique are presented. Applications to the interpretation of complex domain patterns and cross-tie walls are demonstrated. The observations were made with electrostatic-focusing microscopes, the AEG-Zeiss and Trüb-Täuber instruments, which allow the use of full objective power without influencing the magnetization distribution of low coercive force films. A second method using a knife edge is proposed that would potentially permit a simple measurement of the detailed magnetization distribution of a domain wall in a thin film.
Cathode of an Arc in Xenon
Authors: White John E.
Published: April 2005

Energy balance, space charge, and thermionic equations have been combined to provide a description of the mechanism of the cathode in an ac arc, and the quantities required for solution determined experimentally. The experiments were carried out on barium-activated electrodes in xenon at 1.4 atm and extended over a range of 25–75 amps rms. The work function was found to be 1.77 v at zero-field and reduced to 1.67 v under Schottky effect of the space charge field. The work function did not change with current, but the Richardson-Dushman A fell, as the current was raised, to a value of approximately 0.1 at the highest load. The cathode fall varied with phase angle and showed a maximum of 1.2 v at maximum current. The component of current at the cathode carried by ions reduced from 12% to 6% as the load increased.
Anomalous Barrier Capacitance in p-n Junctions of InSb
Authors: Lee C. A. , Kaminsky G.
Published: April 2005

Reverse bias transition capacitance measurements on alloy diodes of InSb at 78°K give values a factor of three times those calculated from normal diode theory. This result is in contrast to the reasonable agreement obtained for diodes of germanium and gallium arsenide in a comparable doping range. The experimental techniques are critically reviewed and an attempt made to assess the implications of the results.
Note on Evaporation
Authors: Zwick S. A.
Published: April 2005

A simple kinetic model is employed to investigate nonequilibrium evaporation from a liquid. Molecules are assumed to evaporate into a (one-sided) Maxwellian velocity distribution at the liquid surface. Molecules reaching the surface from the vapor are assumed to form part of an ellipsoidal velocity distribution. Of the molecules approaching the liquid at the interface only the fraction α condenses there; the remainder is taken to undergo specular reflection back into the vapor. By equating physical conditions at the surface with conditions in the vapor, one can relate the vapor pressure to that which would prevail at equilibrium, as a function of the surface accommodation coefficient α and the mean velocity u of the vapor relative to the interface.
Aperture Fields in the Diffraction by a Slit
Authors: Hsu Hwei-Piao
Published: April 2005

Aperture fields in the diffraction by a slit was studied numerically and experimentally. Numerical calculations are based on the exact solution in the form of an infinite series of Mathieu functions. Experimental measurements, by means of a parallel-plate device, of the field distribution over the aperture in slits of 3.5λ, 3λ, 2.21λ, 1.27λ width (λ=wavelength) are discussed, and show satisfactory agreement with the exact solution for slits of width 1.27λ and 2.21λ. The exact solution of diffraction by a slit due to a line source is also presented in the Appendix.
Ordering in the Intermediate Phases TiFe, TiCo, and TiNi
Authors: Pietrokowsky Paul , Youngkin Frank G.
Published: April 2005

The intermediate phases TiFe, TiCo, and TiNi have been investigated by x-ray powder diffraction techniques. The atomic arrangements of these ensembles have been determined to be of the cesium chloride, B2 type. Monochromatic x radiation was utilized in the investigation.
On a Complex Recrystallization Texture in 3% Silicon Iron
Authors: Dunn C. G. , McHargue C. J.
Published: April 2005

Components in a complex primary recrystallization texture, which is a matrix texture for secondary recrystallization to the Goss texture in 3% silicon-iron strip, have been determined by the axis-chart method of Jetter, McHargue, and Williams. The results obtained are compared with former pole-figure results and found to include components not previously resolved or noted. It is found also that the components of the texture explain reasonably well the observed magnetic torque curve of the material.
On the Strength of Glass in Water Vapor
Authors: Schoening F. R. L.
Published: April 2005

The bending strength of glass slides, which had the dimensions 38×6×0.16 mm, was measured at different relative pressures of water vapor. The adsorption isotherms of water vapor on powdered glass, which had the same composition as the slides, were measured in a separate experiment. The reduction of the surface free energy as function of the vapor pressure was calculated from the isotherms. The observed variation of the strength was compared with the strength variation calculated from the reduction of the surface free energy. The Griffith equation for brittle fracture was used to relate strength and surface free energy. Two cases were considered: (1) the specimens were weakened by the reduction of the surface free energy and (2) the specimens were weakened by the reduction of the surface free energy and by a deepening of the surface cracks. Both interpretations agreed with the experimental results because, by using the Griffith equation, only the lower limits for the strength of the specimens could be calculated.

It was found that the observed strength did not decrease steadily with increasing vapor pressure, but had a secondary maximum at a relative pressure of about 0.2. The maximum reduction of the strength corresponding to complete wetting with water was already reached at a relative pressure of about 0.5. The ratio of the strength in saturated water vapor to the strength in vacuum was found to be independent of the surface damage of the specimens.
Study of Irradiation Effects and the H2+H2 Buildup in Tantalum
Authors: Gabrysh A. F. , Eyring H. , Wadsworth M. E. , Baker G. S. , Ree T.
Published: April 2005

The irradiation effects and the increase of neutron yield from the deuterium-deuterium reaction in tantalum has been studied at a bombarding energy of 350 kev and a target current 100 μa. Saturation (the neutron yield becomes a steady maximum) is reached in a new target, maintained at temperatures below 45°C, after about 2 hours of steady bombardment or on the order of 1 coulomb of deuterons per square centimeter. The irradiated targets were annealed at temperatures from 45°C to 770°C. A thermal analysis shows that a prominent exothermic maximum in the annealing spectrum occurs at approximately 612°C. This maximum is associated with an increase in pressure, indicating an abrupt increase in diffusion of deuterium from the target at this temperature. From a study of diffusion of deuterium from the specimen at three temperatures, an activation energy of 0.24 ev is calculated for diffusion of deuterium in tantalum.

X-ray traces were taken of the specimen before and after bombardment and after annealing. These showed an expansion of the lattice together with changes in line intensities indicating a distortion in the lattice structure.
Anomalous Surface Channels on Silicon p-n Junctions
Authors: Solomon Raymond
Published: April 2005

A chopped-light spot has been used to explore the photoresponse of silicon p-n junction surfaces. Anomalous channel responses extending in some cases to distances of 100 mils or more, have been observed on accumulation layer and intrinsic barrier surfaces. The phase shift of the induced ac photocurrent is measured as a function of the distance of the light spot from the junction, and phase shifts of more than 380° have been observed for the anomalous channels. Experimental evidence is offered to show that the excessive phase shift is due to multiple trapping of the injected carriers at surface interface states. Additional evidence indicates that the anomalous channels are a result of an interaction of the fringing field with the slow surface states.
Anisotropy of the Magnetic Susceptibility of Gallium
Authors: Pankey Titus
Published: April 2005

The bulk magnetic susceptibilities of single gallium crystals and polycrystalline gallium spheres were measured at 25°C. The following anisotropic diamagnetic susceptibilities were found: a axis (−0.119±0.001)×10−6 emu/g, b axis (−0.416±0.002)×10−6 emu/g, and c axis (−0.229±0.001) emu/g. The susceptibility of the polycrystalline spheres, assumed to be the average value for the bulk susceptibility of gallium, was (−0.257±0.003)×10−6 emu/g at 25°C, and (−0.299±0.003)×10−6 emu/g at −196°C. The susceptibility of liquid gallium was (0.0031±0.001)×10−6 emu/g at 30°C and 100°C. Rotational diagrams of the susceptibilities in the three orthogonal planes of the unit cell were not sinusoidal. The anisotropy in the single crystals was presumably caused by the partial overlap of Brillouin zone boundaries by the Fermi-energy surface. The large change in susceptibility associated with the change in state was attributed to the absence of effective mass influence in the liquid state.
Measurements of the Dielectric Constant of BaTiO3 Single Crystals in the Paraelectric Region at X Band
Authors: Lurio A. , Stern E.
Published: April 2005

The dielectric constant and loss tangent of single crystals of BaTiO3 were measured as a function of temperature in the frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 kMc. The technique consisted of looking for transmission resonances through the crystal whenever its thickness became λ/2 (where λ is the wavelength in the material). From the Curie-Weiss behavior of the dielectric constant in the paraelectric region, the A constant was determined to be 3.77×10−5°C−1.
Experimental Determination of Stresses Generated by an Electric Detonator
Authors: Rinehart John S. , McClain William C.
Published: April 2005

The magnitude, duration and spatial distribution within a solid body (Plexiglas) of the transient stress disturbance generated by an electric detonator detonated in intimate contact with the body has been experimentally determined. The technique is to affix to one surface of the body a small pellet of the same material, which flies off when the disturbance reaches the surface, the velocity of the pellet being determined. The complete stress-time curves are built up by using pellets of several thicknesses. Three types of detonators have been used with these being placed flat ended against the surface of a Plexiglas block. A few were confined. The stress in the Plexiglas was found to be distributed more or less uniformly about the axis of the detonator. Along the axis both peak pressure and total momentum decreased with distance from the detonator: peak pressure exerted by an Olin Mathieson No. 6 Plasti-cap ranged from 9500 lb/in.2 at 1.25 in. from the detonator to 7000 lb/in.2 at 2.0 in.; and the momentum ranged from 16×10−3 lb-sec/in.2 at 1.25 in. to 9.0×10−3 lb-sec/in.2 at 2.0 in. The disturbance lasted about two μsec. Similar results were obtained with the other detonators.
Metal Precipitates in Silicon p-n Junctions
Authors: Goetzberger A. , Shockley W.
Published: April 2005

Metal precipitates in junctions were found to cause excess reverse current below avalanche breakdown, which is conjectured to be due to Zener tunneling at localized high-field points. This current varies as Vn where n is between 4 and 7. By a potential plotting method, it was shown that this excess current is not caused by a surface effect. Metal precipitates can be removed or prevented by ``gettering'' from surface layers. Metallic coatings and certain glassy oxide layers were investigated. Results indicate that layers of Ni and Zn have a limited gettering effect. Glassy layers, especially those of boron and phosphorus, have the greatest gettering effect.
Kinetic Theory of Thermal Diffusion in Dilute Polymer Solutions
Authors: Ham Joe S.
Published: April 2005

A simple Brownian motion model is used to discuss thermal diffusion in dilute polymer solutions. The thermal diffusion coefficient is found to be independent of polymer at sufficiently large molecular weights and to be given by DT= − (DsEs) / RT2 where Ds is the self-diffusion of the solvent and Es is the activation energy for this diffusion. This suggests that the thermal diffusion ratio α= TDT / D0 should show a marked temperature dependence, a molecular weight dependence proportional to M½, and a concentration dependence governed for the most part by that of D0. The results are shown to agree with published data in most respects and are contrasted to the results of other theoretical models. The results indicate that thermal diffusion is not a particularly promising method of fractionating various molecular weight molecules.