bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing sorbent for fluoride ion removal from zinc sulfate solutions
Authors: Mamyachenkov S. V. , Kolmachikhina E. B. , Bludova D. I. , Anisimova O. S.
Published: August 2020

The process of zinc sulfate solution purification determines process, economic and environmental production results. Since recently there has been a constant increase in the content of halides in pregnant solutions of zinc production due to the processing of technogenic zinc-containing raw materials, it is relevant to search for methods for removing halides, in particular fluorine, from zinc solutions using a variety of materials. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of akaganeite as an sorbent for fluoride ion removal from zinc sulfate solutions. When using akaganeite, it is especially important to choose a carrier for the sorbent since the nanosized particles of akaganeite make it difficult to clean the solution from the sorbent. Most suitable carriers for this purpose in terms of surface characteristics and physicochemical properties are gypsum and red mud of alumina production. Experiments used a zinc sulfate solution (100 g/dm3 Zn2+, pH = 4.5) containing 26.8–111.4 mg/dm3 F–. The maximum fluoride ion capacity was shown by red mud due to the formation of F–Al complexes. The highest fluorine recovery was demonstrated by red mud with impregnated akaganeite at elevated temperature that facilitates showing akaganeite properties and accelerates the surface ОН– ↔ F– exchange process. The gypsum-based adsorbent successfully removed fluorine due to calcium ions released and calcium fluoride formed. The amount of fluorine removed depends on the sorbent material, its consumption, sorption duration and temperature. The optimal processing conditions were (at pH = 5.5): temperature – 60 °C, process duration – 120 min, composite sorbent consumption – 20÷30 g/dm3. It was shown that composite sorbents based on red mud or gypsum with impregnated akaganeite (β-FeOOH) are most suitable for cleaning zinc solutions from halides. These adsorbents make it possible to achieve the greatest capacity and degree of fluoride ion removal (up to 98–99 %) in the actual pH range of process solutions. The abovementioned sorbents can be regenerated in an alkali solution, and then reused (up to 3–4 cycles).
In memory of Alexander Mikhailovich Chekmarev
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: August 2020

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Valoración de la calidad del servicio Seis Sigma en el sector turístico
Authors: Fontalvo-Herrera Tomás , Diaz-Sarmiento Luis , Segura-Fuentes Edwin
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: realizar la evaluación de la calidad del servicio en el área de atención al cliente en una empresa prestadora de servicios turísticos. Método: se aplicó la técnica Seis Sigma, con fin de conocer la valoración, el rendimiento y el nivel sigma del servicio prestado, así como también las métricas establecidas de dicha técnica. Resultados: La investigación arrojó que el nivel de desempeño en las dimensiones de calidad no fue satisfactorio según los resultados obtenidos en las métricas que se calcularon, el rendimiento para cada una de las dimensiones estuvo por debajo del 93% y el nivel sigma menor a 3. Conclusiones: se logró evidenciar el crecimiento y nivel de mejora sostenido durante los últimos años, del mismo modo se estableció un nuevo método de evaluación para empresas prestadoras de servicios turísticos.
Defining Fairness in Dismissals of Unauthorised Foreign Nationals
Authors: Newaj Kamalesh
Published: August 2020

It is trite that if a person's employment is prohibited by law it is not possible for such a person to perform his or her work lawfully. However, people are employed despite failing to comply with statutory requirements. One such class of persons consists of unauthorised foreign nationals. This arises in circumstances where they are employed without work permits or where their work permits expire during employment. The Labour Court in Discovery Health Limited v CCMA 2008 7 BLLR 633 (LC) has affirmed that the absence of a valid work permit does not invalidate the contract of employment, thereby endorsing the fact that unauthorised foreign nationals are regarded as employees. While the Labour Court has confirmed that unauthorised foreign nationals are subject to labour law protection, notably the right not to be unfairly dismissed, it is irrefutable that employers are permitted to dismiss such employees. However, these dismissals must be fair. Unfortunately, there is no clarity on what constitutes a fair dismissal in such circumstances. Although the CCMA relying on the decision of Discovery Health is substantially unanimous in finding that unauthorised foreign nationals have the right to utilise the unfair dismissal machinery sanctioned in the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995, its decisions are plagued with inconsistency when it comes to determining fairness. Furthermore, no specific guidance has been forthcoming from the Labour Court. Considering the fact that migration to South Africa is rife, resulting in many foreign nationals being employed, this is an important aspect of the law. Therefore, this article explores the substantive and procedural fairness requirements of such dismissals. Having clarity of the legal requirements that apply will aid the fair treatment of foreign nationals who face dismissals due to the absence of valid work permits. This is significant, as South African labour law places a high premium on the fair dismissal of all employees. Apart from being legislated in the LRA, this right is also a constitutional imperative.
Distribución de la riqueza de especies de los odonatos (Insecta: Odonata) de la República Dominicana: una actualización a partir de especímenes de colección
Authors: Sánchez Rosario América
Published: August 2020

Las colecciones científicas, como la del Instituto de Investigaciones Botánicas y Zoológicas (IIBZ) de la Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, son importantes registros de la biodiversidad. Éstas ofrecen una visión parcial, aunque útil, de las localidades típicas de incidencia de los seres vivos y de los vacíos de información. En este artículo se presenta una lista de especies y un mapa de incidencia de los odonatos en estado adulto representados en la colección del IIBZ, República Dominicana, y se realiza una comparación con reportes de trabajos previos. De las 67 especies registradas actualmente en República Dominicana, 63 fueron encontradas en la colección. Respecto a trabajos previos, la incidencia de especies aumentó en varias provincias, destacando el caso del Distrito Nacional, que aumentó de 44 a 51 especies. Un análisis de correlación evaluó la asociación de la riqueza numérica con la densidad de drenaje, la precipitación anual y la superficie de la provincia. Ninguna de las correlaciones resultó significativa. Adicionalmente se generaron modelos lineales de efecto mixto, utilizando como efecto fijo las variables mencionadas y, como efecto aleatorio, una variable cualitativa relacionada con la accesibilidad y la densidad poblacional. Los modelos encontraron que un porcentaje considerable de la varianza de la riqueza numérica es explicado por el efecto aleatorio, lo que significa que la accesibilidad condiciona la incidencia de especies, sugiriendo que existe sesgo de muestreo. Se plantea la necesidad de realizar recolectas en regiones con pocos registros para conocer mejor la distribución de los odonatos en el país.
La lírica de la resistencia en Tambores en la noche de Jorge Artel
Authors: MAHOP MA MAHOP Romuald Achille
Published: August 2020

Este ensayo explora los mecanismos que despliega Tambores en la noche en el marco de una poética de la resistencia afrodescendiente en el Caribe colombiano. Se muestra que la reivindicación de la identidad negra en Jorge Artel se logra mediante la obstinada memoria del pasado, la reapropiación orgullosa de la herencia biológica y la resistencia ante las fuerzas amnésicas o cualquier otra estrategia de distorsión. El trabajo subraya así la actualidad de la obra Arteliana que coincide con la persistencia de cuestiones raciales en las agendas sociales, políticas y culturales de las naciones latinoamericanas contemporáneas.
“Una misma llama”: la mirada trascendente en tres cuentos y tres poemas de Tomás González
Authors: Reyes Negrete Fredy Javier , Molina Morales Guillermo
Published: August 2020

este artículo profundiza en la mirada trascendente de Tomás González a través de la comparación de tres pares de poemas y cuentos. En el primero, se reflexiona sobre la memoria y el olvido mediante el paralelismo argumental. En el segundo, se analiza la importancia de la reconexión con la infancia y la naturaleza. En el tercero, se estudia la cosmovisión que conlleva la superación del duelo. Los textos apuntan a la búsqueda de armonía espiritual mediante la reconciliación de la persona con la totalidad, y suscitan la contemplación serena de las necesidades humanas en el mundo moderno, para resignificar nuestras experiencias.
Estética de la destrucción: los objetos materiales en Viaje al interior de una gota de sangre de Daniel Ferreira
Authors: Galvez Granada Jessica
Published: August 2020

este artículo reflexiona sobre la función simbólica de los objetos materiales en la novela Viaje al interior de una gota de sangre de Daniel Ferreira. Se parte de la carencia de abordajes para la materialidad en literatura para proponer categorías de análisis con las cuales leer los objetos materiales. Los aportes de W.J.T. Mitchell son indispensables para pensar el carácter visual que hace posible la formulación de estas categorías. El análisis de la novela desde la perspectiva material ilumina relaciones inter y extratextuales que se corresponden con cuestiones de la agencia del objeto y la memoria nacional.
Reseña del libro Criacuervo de Orlando Echeverri Benedetti
Authors: Carpio Franco Ricardo
Published: August 2020

Reseña de la segunda novela del escritor colombiano Orlando Echeverri Benedetti, publicada por la editorial Angosta en el año 2017.
Hernia umbilical: un problema no resuelto
Authors: Lora-Aguirre Alejandro , Vega-Peña Neil Valentín , Barrios-Parra Arnold José , Ruiz-Pineda Juan Pablo
Published: August 2020

La cirugía de la hernia umbilical ha sido considerada tradicionalmente como sencilla y de fácil ejecución. El cambio conceptual de la hernia umbilical y los avances en su tratamiento han modificado su abordaje, estableciéndose escenarios de complejidad variable (obesidad, embarazo, cirróticos, distasis de los rectos, etc.) que demandan un conocimiento más profundo del tema por parte de la comunidad médica. El impacto económico en el sistema de salud, debido a su alta prevalencia como patología quirúrgica, implica un uso racional de recursos, así como la necesidad de una nueva categorización dentro de la cirugía de la pared abdominal. Es necesario establecer modificaciones en los procesos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en una entidad que ha sido relegada a los niveles básicos del ejercicio quirúrgico habitual.
Enfoque del paciente con adenopatías generalizadas. Importancia de la estrategia didáctica del estudio de casos clínicos: a propósito de un paciente con linfoma de Hodgkin asociado a una infección por el virus de Epstein-Barr
Authors: Villegas-Molina Juan Pablo , Yarce-Prince Marianella , Ochoa-Hernández John Camilo , Cardona-Muñoz Sara de Dios , Orozco-Beltrán Laura Victoria , Ruiz-Hernández Elber de Jesús , Cárdenas-Cañas Carolina Andrea , Correa-Londoño Luis Alfonso , Atencia-Flórez Carlos José , Velásquez-Lopera Margarita María
Published: August 2020

Se muestra el caso de un paciente con 56 años de edad, con un síndrome adenomegálico generalizado que presentó un linfoma de Hodgkin de celularidad mixta, asociado al virus de Epstein-Barr. El paciente previo al inicio del linfoma presentó episodios prolongados de estrés emocional, lo que posiblemente contribuyó a la disminución de la vigilancia inmunológica. El caso fue abordado por los estudiantes de quinto semestre en la asignatura Acto médico, una estrategia didáctica interdisciplinaria. Este artículo presenta los aspectos a tener en cuenta en el  enfoque clínico de los pacientes con adenopatías desde una perspectiva integradora de la inmunología, la clínica y los diagnósticos diferenciales. Se resalta el valor del estudio de los casos clínicos con varios métodos diagnósticos como estrategia didáctica. Finalmente, se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre el linfoma Hodgkin orientada al papel en el que participa la infección por el virus de Epstein-Barr, relacionada con la inmunosupresión por estrés.
Anisákidos y anisakidosis: generalidades y su actualidad en Colombia. Revisión bibliográfica
Authors: Castellanos-Garzón Jenniffer Alejandra , Falla-Zúñiga Luis Felipe , Salazar Liliana , Pustovrh-Ramos Maria Carolina
Published: August 2020

La anisakidosis es una parasitosis ocasionada por nematodos de la familia Anisakidae, causadapor el consumo de pescado parasitado con larvas infectivas (L3) de estos nematodos. EnEuropa y Asia es un problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, en Colombia y en general enlos países de América del Sur, es poco conocida. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar unarevisión de las generalidades de los parásitos anisákidos y mostrar la situación actual de estaparasitosis en Colombia. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de términos MeSH y DeCS enMEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus; esta se complementó con otra no estructurada en SciELO y Google Scholar. Se incluye un reporte de caso y seis registros de hospederos. Se describen registros de peces de consumo humano parasitados por Anisakis sp., Anisakis physeteris y Pseudoterranova decipiens para el Océano Pacífico y, los géneros Pseudoterranova y Contracaecum en peces del Océano Atlántico y aguas continentales. Se concluye que la anisakidosis representa un riesgo latente para Colombia, es necesario instaurar legislaciones efectivas para un control eficiente sobre esta parasitosis y educar a la población sobre los cuidados necesarios para el consumo de pescado.
Democratic Theory and the Potential of Value Frames in Assessing Media Performance
Authors: Weiß Ralph , Kösters Raphael , Mahrt Merja
Published: August 2020

Media users need information and knowledge to act as free citizens. From this basic democratic assumption, news standards for media performance can be derived. Porto’s (2007) model of the ‘interpreting citizen’ assigns a central role to the diversity of interpretive frames. These frames enable citizens to make judgments about societal issues and related political positions. However, a theoretical foundation for classifying these frames in terms of their content is missing. We propose to derive such a basis from democratic theories of citizenship, which assume that values define a citizen’s position vis-à-vis the political sphere. Building on the cleavage approach from political science, we characterize which values organize political debates. The results of a large-scale content analysis of German news media demonstrate which empirical insights into media performance can be gained with a theoretically derived classification of value frames (most notably, measuring the substantive content of plurality). Based on this, we discuss additional avenues for future research.
Soft Presentation of Hard News? A Content Analysis of Political Facebook Posts
Authors: Steiner Miriam
Published: August 2020

The current media environment is primarily characterised by a large amount of information and, in contrast, rather fragmented audience attention. This is especially true for social media, particularly Facebook, which have become important news sources for many people. Journalists cannot help but publish content on Facebook if they want to reach the part of their audience that mainly—or even only—consumes news there. On Facebook, journalists are at the mercy of the algorithm that determines the visibility of their content. Because user engagement is a crucial factor in the algorithm, concerns have been raised that journalists are abandoning their normative quality standards to make the news as attractive as possible to the audience—at the expense of media performance. A softened presentation of the news, particularly in Facebook posts, may help achieve this aim, but research on this subject is lacking. The present study analyses this practice of softening the news in four German media outlets’ (BILD, FAZ, Der Spiegel, Tagesschau) political Facebook posts. The results show that the overall level of news softening is low to medium. Furthermore, comparing them to website teasers reveals that news softening is only slightly higher on Facebook (mainly BILD and Der Spiegel), and that there are no converging trends between quality or public service media and tabloid media. Exaggerated fears about news softening are therefore unnecessary. Continued analysis of news softening, as well as ongoing adaption of the concept according to dynamic developments, is nevertheless important.
More Relevant Today Than Ever: Past, Present and Future of Media Performance Research
Authors: Magin Melanie , Stark Birgit
Published: August 2020

Media performance is constitutive for functioning democracies. But what is the situation regarding media performance in the age of digitalisation? And how can media performance continue to be assured under the current difficult economic conditions for the news industry? In this essay, we give a short overview of how media performance research has developed from the introduction of private broadcasting to the spread of the Internet and social media. In the course of this development, the initial focus of media performance research on media content has broadened to include media quality from the user perspective. We show how the contributions to this thematic issue relate with existing lines of media performance research, but also add new facets to them. Finally, we point to the directions in which research on media performance should evolve in order to keep pace with current developments in the media market.
Editorial
Authors: Jacob Jean-Daniel
Published: August 2020

Éditorial / Editorial
Psychiatrisation et transition à l’âge adulte : La perspective des intervenant-e-s
Authors: H. Truong Alexis , Larose-Hébert Katharine , Nault Geneviève
Published: August 2020

Comment les trajectoires de soins des jeunes qui sont psychiatrisé-e-s influencent-elles leur transition à la vie adulte au Québec ? Les jeunes passent maintenant à l’âge adulte dans un contexte social et économique caractérisé par une croissance du travail non régulier et la transformation de la structure familiale. Nous argumentons que ce passage des soins pour enfants aux soins pour adultes vécu par certain-e-s, vulnérabilise cette population déjà marginalisée en exacerbant les défis qu’elles et ils vivent à travers cette transition. Notre analyse d’entretiens menés avec des intervenant-e-s qui travaillent avec ces jeunes montre que leurs trajectoires de soins exacerbent au moins en partie les défi s auxquels elles et ils font face. C’est une réalité que nous observons notamment au niveau de leur accès au logement, de leur recherche d’emploi et de leur capacité à construire des projets étalés dans la durée. Nous discutons la façon dont ces expériences influencent la recherche de stabilité et la recherche d’autonomie propre à leurs parcours de vie.
Violence familiale, santé mentale et justice : une recherche qualitative sur l’expérience des familles vivant avec un proche présentant des comportements violents.
Authors: Paradis-Gagné Étienne , Holmes Dave
Published: August 2020

La violence perpétrée à l’endroit des membres de la famille par un proche souffrant d’un trouble mental sévère est un phénomène commun en psychiatrie légale, alors que près de la moitié des familles en est victime. Cette violence engendre des impacts significatifs à l’endroit de la famille, qu’ils soient physiques, psychologiques ou sociaux. Dans cet article, nous présentons les résultats d’un des cinq thèmes d’une étude qualitative réalisée auprès de familles victimes de violence perpétrée en contexte de troubles mentaux sévères. Plus particulièrement, le thème du dispositif médico-légal sera abordé dans cet article. Les travaux de Donzelot et Foucault agissent comme fondements théoriques permettant l’étude de cette problématique sous l’angle du gouvernement des familles. Les résultats de notre recherche indiquent que ce gouvernement s’effectue par l’entremise de certains mécanismes, dont l’instrumentalisation du rôle familial. Nous abordons aussi le processus de judiciarisation dans lequel s’inscrivent les familles, et la nécessité du critère de violence afin de faire hospitaliser le proche à risque.
The Figure of the Migrant and a Lithuanian Attempt to Escape from Herself
Authors: Nikiforova Basia
Published: August 2020

For those engaged in the visual arts, the notion of the border is not just a physical reality imposed on the landscape by historical circumstances and political forces; it is also the subject of imagination, representation and visualization. For European artists, how migration, refugees and new ethnic and religious communities continue to develop is of particular importance. This essay examines the relativities between the so-called re-territorialization of borders and their materialized visual image. In doing so it seeks to reflect the balance between claims of difference and sameness, and also the dynamics that exist between dominant perceptions and self-representations of the refugees themselves. Over the last decade the notion of border has been fixed and consolidated in the artistic consciousness, especially how this phenomenon – barrier, walls or fences – can divide. With the crisis of mass migration in recent years, there has been an accompanying sense of dread, horror, a fear of death and the loss of family. The experience and ideas of the Lithuanian artist, Sigita Maslauskaitė-Mažylienė, is useful because it sheds light on the interconnections between new discourses and art practices, and may help us to better understand how Lithuanian people perceive the process of migration and its accompanying problems and issues.
Unknown Roads (poem)
Authors: Rothmüller Ninette
Published: August 2020

Solidarity researcher and artist Ninette Rothmüller is a visiting scholar from Germany at Smith College, Massachusetts. With a background in Cultural Studies, Social Work and Interdisciplinary Arts, her practice-led and theoretical work is concerned with who humans are to, and with, each other under various circumstances, such as severe crisis. Her autobiographical documentary poetry reflects experiences of forced immobility and displacement across borders and languages.
The Schengen Crisis and the EU’s Internal and External Borders:
Authors: Berrod Frederique
Published: August 2020

The EU was founded on the project of “Europe without borders”, which means elimination of internal borders between Member States according to Article 26 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The counterpart of this objective has been the transfer of the controls to the external EU borders. In the Schengen area, external borders are controlled by common principles and procedures encompassed in the 2016 Schengen Borders Code. Member States have negotiated the Schengen agreement to maintain such external border controls, with the aim of protecting their citizens from various dangers and guaranteeing their national migration policies towards third-country nationals. Member States have therefore transposed the function of national border controls to the external EU borders. Cross-border cooperation within the EU has developed to reinforce the Schengen Space of free movement and has been jeopardized by the unorganized massive peak arrivals of migrants in 2015. This article analyses whether the 2015 Schengen crisis confirms the security-orientated approach or not, specifically as the crisis confronts the EU with national claims to recover the control of internal borders. It has been argued that this movement is proof of the resilience of Westphalian borders. This article is an attempt to show how European judicial power tried to limit such a national re-appropriation of borders, leading to a functional distinction between internal and external borders that may allow a departure from an exclusive security-orientated approach of external borders of the European Union towards a more cohesive approach to controls at EU external borders.
The Caravan (portfolio)
Authors: Arias Guillermo
Published: August 2020

Portfolio by Guillermo Arias

The Caravan documents the journey of thousands of Central American migrants traveling in large groups of self-called caravans to the United States in hopes of a better life; the challenges they experienced during their journey through Mexico, the difficulties once they reach the US–Mexico border and finally, the struggle and desperation to cross by any means the physical border barriers to pursue their American dream.
Section Introduction: Comparing and Contrasting EU Border and Migration Policy – Are They Exemplary?
Authors: Brunet-Jailly Emmanuel , Wassenberg Birte
Published: August 2020

This special section (thanks to the Jean Monnet Network, a European Union Erasmus+ Grant) explores the impact of migration crises on European borders, internal and external, from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds. The following articles adopt comparative, historical, legal, sociological, and discursive approaches in order to confront questions arising from the 2015 Schengen and Dublin political crises, which seem to have put an end to the ideal of a “Europe without borders”.
New Grounds in Border Studies (review essay)
Authors: Brunet-Jailly Emmanuel
Published: August 2020

This review essay explores the contributions of six recent volumes in border studies.
Research Dispersing Liquid and Gas in the Contact Device with an Increased Range of Stable Operation
Authors: Dmitriev A.V. , Madyshev I.N. , Dmitrieva O.S. , Nikolaev A.N.
Published: August 2020

To increase the efficiency of mass-transfer apparatus, a jet-bubbling contact device is suggested. The article considers perspectives for using of jet-bubble contact devices for heat and mass transfer apparatus. The distinctive feature of the developed device is an intensive countercurrent contact between the gas (vapor) and liquid in each element. The authors conducted experimental studies of dispersing liquid and gas in the proposed contact devices. Powerful turbulent axisymmetric perturbations occur in the bubbling layer, which affect the initial oscillations of the jet and determine the length of its decay. In the jets larger diameter distances between the involved gas bubbles less. Therefore, the resulting local jet are usually a smaller amount of liquid, which is decomposed accordingly into smaller drops.
Biological Waste Water Rehabilitation of Sugar Factories by Algocoenosis Correction
Authors: Kul’nev V.V. , Stupin V.I. , Borzenkov A.A.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with theoretical and practical aspects of biological waste water rehabilitation of sugar factories by algocoenosis correction. This technology allows you to transfer domestic sewage treatment plant of filtration mode fields in the biological treatment ponds mode, significantly reducing the area of sewage treatment plants, thus improving the quality of treated waste water, which will, in turn, use them repeatedly reducing total water consumption.
Innovative Directions for the Use of Drill Cuttings in the Production of Ceramic Materials on the Basis of Milentevoy Clay is a Promising Direction for a Green Economy.
Authors: Abdrakhimov V.Z. , Abdrakhimova E.S.
Published: August 2020

As an additive to reduce the drying of the bricks were used drill cuttings produced during oil production. In addition, drilling mud has a high calorific value, so this component it is advisable to use as burnable additives. The purpose of the burnable additives – intensify the firing process, to improve the sintering behavior of the masses and thereby to increase the strength of products and to reduce the density. As a binder, to obtain a ceramic material was used mislava clay, which is a waste of oil shale. The production of ceramic materials from waste products without the use of traditional natural materials contributes to the development of "green" economy. Given that currently traditional natural raw material resources in Russia and other CIS countries are exhausted, involving waste products in an industrial revolution will make highquality ceramic materials. The use of waste products in the production of building materials promotes recycling , environmental protection and reducing environmental impact in the regions.
“State Regimes of Gender: Legal Aspects of Gender Identity Registration, Trans-Relevant Policies and Quality of LGBTIQ Lives”: A Roundtable Discussion
Authors: Cooper Davina , Kondakov Alexander , Molitor Verena , Quinan C L , Van der Vleuten Anna , Zimenkova Tatiana
Published: August 2020

This roundtable took place at the European Conference on Politics and Gender (ECPG) in July 2019. 

 

 
Abolishing gender registration: A feminist defence
Authors: Braunschweig Lila
Published: August 2020

This article argues in favour of the abolition of gender markers on identity documents. Its main goal is to assess the emancipatory dimension of such a proposition not only for gender minorities but also for individuals who recognise themselves within traditional gender identities. I first discuss the discriminations resulting from the practices of binary gender registration for intersex children, trans persons, and non-conforming individuals. Then, I look at the different deadlocks ensuing from the most popular remedy to those discriminations that loosen gender binary by adding one or more registration options. I go on to argue that those should lead us to advocate for the abolition of gender registration as a “transformative remedy” (Fraser, 1995) for the harmful consequences of normative gender regulations and as a way to integrate the queer conception of identity within a debate about institutional change and public policy. Such a proposition however raises question for feminist politics, since identity categories are also tools to achieve rights, equality and reparation on the basis of group oppression and specific shared situations. Yet, degendering civil registration could be part of a broader claim to a renewed conception of neutrality, not the liberal gender blindness, famously criticised by feminists but a neutrality critically reconstructed as non-assignation. This alternative neutrality would ask the collective not to assign its members to predetermined identities, to try and suspend the will to institutionally identify individuals according to collective categories and to construct distinctive groups.
The Legal Certification of Sex in Belgium over Time. Ideological Effects and Practical Implications
Authors: Aguirre-Sánchez-Beato Sara , Closon Caroline , Rorive Isabelle
Published: August 2020

Belgium has recently modified the way ‘sex’ is legally certified for trans* people following the principle of self-determination. However, like in most countries, this modification has not changed the way ‘sex’ is determined for all members of society, being limited to trans* people. How is sex legally certified for different categories of people in Belgium and what are the effects thereof? Drawing on the theoretical perspective of discursive psychology (DP), we consider sex/gender categories as something constructed in discourse – in this case, legislative discourse – and not as an essentialist and pre-discursive reality. Categories are thus an effect of discourse: what discourse accomplishes or constructs. Based on this premise, this paper aims at elucidating the ideological effects and practical implications of the legal certification of sex in Belgium. The effects of the legislative discourse are ideological in the sense that they establish social norms, in this case, regarding sex/gender, leading to practical implications in everyday life. To elucidate these effects, we first identified Belgian civil law on the legal certification of sex since the establishment of Belgium as a sovereign state. We then applied a DP-inspired analytical device comprising a qualitative content analysis and the examination of content variability. The variability of discourse is a key analytical tool to elucidate the effects of discourse since these are not directly observable. The results show that the analysed legislation constructs women and men as natural categories. This is carried out through: 1) the establishment of a distinction between the population at large (unmarked) and those ‘outside the norm’ (marked subjects: ‘transgender’, ‘intersex’); 2) the lack of legal regulation of the attribution of sex markers at birth, being taken for granted; 3) the regulation of the latter only in ‘abnormal cases’ (called ‘children suffering from sexual ambiguity’); and 4) the fact that gender identity is recognised as a criterion for the attribution of sex markers only for trans* people, presented as an exception to the norm. This variability reifies sexual dimorphism and naturalises the correspondence between ‘biological sex’ and gender identity, thereby constituting ‘normative’ and ‘deviant’ sex/gender categories. The results are discussed in light of the practical implications that this legal norm has in everyday life.

 
Assessing Norway’s Gender Recognition Act of 2016: Analysing personal experiences of legal gender change
Authors: Hartline France Rose
Published: August 2020

In July 2016, a Gender Recognition Act (GRA) was implemented in Norway which allows one to change legal gender (male/female) without the previously required sterilisation. Though this move by the Norwegian state has been widely celebrated by trans rights advocates for its progressive approach to gender recognition, the Act’s limitation to the male/female binary and the lack of concurrent improvement in trans-specific medical access raise concerns about how far-reaching and transformative it actually is. Given the diversity of trans experiences and identities, this article seeks to address the following question: in what ways is the Act on gender recognition capable of empowering those who change legal gender, and in what ways can it prove limiting or detrimental? To answer this, I conducted interviews with twelve individuals who changed their legal gender soon after the Act’s implementation. Applying Thematic Analysis to the interviews, I uncover and analyse moments of empowerment and disempowerment in order to explore the potential of legal gender recognition to shape one’s personhood and citizenship in the Norwegian context.
Analysis of the effects of legal sex markers in detention: Single-sex detention facilities, conversion therapy, and violations of human rights
Authors: Russell Cianán
Published: August 2020

Conversion therapies have been classified as inhuman treatment or torture on several instances, including by the UN Special rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and are explicitly prohibited by several professional bodies around the world such as the World Medical Association and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. They have been defined as “any treatment, practice or sustained effort that aims to change, repress and, or eliminate a person’s sexual orientation, gender identity and, or gender expression” (Malta, 2016).

However, based on its functional definition, the concept of “conversion therapy” can be successfully used as a broader analytical framework to describe carceral practices that regulate gender identity and expression and, in particular, those implemented by sex-segregated detention facilities.

This paper argues that, coupled with often restrictive and sometimes impossible means for accessing legal gender recognition to change one’s identity documents, single-sex detention acts as a form of conversion therapy for trans and gender diverse people at least in two ways by coercing detainees into adopting gender expression modes that do not align with their gender identity. In that sense, it can be said that sex-segregated detention acts to change the gender identity or expression of gender diverse detainees and, therefore, can amount to inhuman treatment or torture.
‘Dying for Assistance’ - Euthanasia according to Mill
Authors: Wallace Rebecca
Published: August 2020

The term ‘liberty’ is open to several different interpretations. In a legal context it means freedom from restraint, i.e. the freedom to make choices for one’s self without unwelcome interference. Many people crave it, wars have been fought over it, yet today it would appear there is no universal agreement on what acts the individual should be ‘free’ to carry out, and on those which should be controlled or even prohibited altogether. Liberty itself, is controlled largely by society, made up of both the public and government. Rightly or wrongly society exercises a high degree of control over all individuals whom live within its parameters. It is not disputed that society requires governance to provide stability and protection to individuals and their rights, this has been proven throughout history. That said, one is left wondering what the appropriate limit on this governance should be. One interesting theory was introduced by the work of John Stuart Mill, a British Philosopher in the 19th century. Mill is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism. In actual fact, Mill’s principle would appear particularly relevant at present, that is, today’s society works to promote freedom of expression, individuality and freedom of choice whilst at the same time, it prohibits acts which many, would assert, individuals should be free to perform. Faced with these facts, once cannot help but ask the all-important question which Mill himself once asked… “What, then, is the rightful limit to the sovereignty of the individual over himself?”
The Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985
Authors: Poole Annabelle , Pearman Hannah , Pook Ellie , Qokthi Gledisa , Rushworth Jasmine
Published: August 2020

Surrogacy is the act of a woman bearing a child for another person/couple who are unable to carry a child themselves. Sometimes this can be the only way for people to have a child genetically and therefore is commonly used. This process is governed by The Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 and some provisions of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990-2008. This is an area of law which has provoked controversy and is in need of being critically examined. The Law Commission have identified possible issues surrounding the law on surrogacy, these include, how the law is regulated, the exploitation of surrogates and parental orders. Until parental orders are granted, which is not done until six weeks after the birth of the child, the parents are not permitted to make any medical decisions about their child. The Law Commission have looked into these areas in the Law Commissions 13th programme of law reform. As a group, we have researched into these areas but also expanded our research to see what happens if the surrogate mother or parents die, if the surrogate mother changes her mind and wants to keep the child and if the parents refuse the child/abortion rights.
Should the laws on involuntary manslaughter in England and Wales be reformed?
Authors: Todd Lucy , Usman Kenar , Tyler Faye , Toffolo Lily , Temple Andrew
Published: August 2020

The laws surrounding involuntary manslaughter construct a confused picture of accountability to possible defendants, with many areas to the spectrum of involuntary manslaughter being created within the law, different branches begin to face varying critiques. With issues ranging from high thresholds resulting in low successful prosecution rates, to lack of definitions within the law depriving the people of certainty and predictability. However, current laws offer unique benefits for the purpose of these crimes, moreover, the criminal justice system may even become damaged through unnecessary reforms.
Why did the Supreme Court rule that the issue of foresight had been misinterpreted for the past 30 years with regards to joint enterprise?
Authors: Juhi Mubarok , Mullen Alex , McGauley James , McDonald Lauren , Melngalvis Regan
Published: August 2020

Joint enterprise is an area of law that has no statutory definition, instead being developed through the common law. It involves situations where more than one defendant can be convicted of the same crime, even if the co-defendant did not play an active role in the crime and, since it is common law based, many would argue (including Ben Crewe, a scholar) that the laws surrounding it have been created in a ‘hazardous way’. This has ultimately resulted in the Supreme Court ruling in 2016 that the law had been misinterpreted for the past 30 years- and judges had been using the law to wrongfully convict people, with a major factor being the issue of foresight had been misunderstood. In the past the jury had been able to use proof of foresight of a crime as a suitable mens rea for joint enterprise, a lower mens rea threshold than for other convictions of murder and post 2016 this is no longer the case. This essay will therefore explore the leading case where the decision to overturn the law was made, what happened prior to 2016 and any appeal cases and the social context of joint enterprise legislation.
Is the current law on Conspiracy to commit Murder effective and fair?
Authors: Collins Chloe , Rapley Chelsie , Chia Brian , Smith Luke , Middlemass Ben
Published: August 2020

“Conspirators be they that…bind themselves by Oath…or other Alliance, that every of them shall aid and support the Enterprise of each other falsely and maliciously to indite.”Established in the Third Ordinance of Conspirators in 1304; the first definition of conspiracy was to prevent and punish those who would plan to use children to present their false accusations in court on their behalf (as children could not be criminally liable). The aim of the law on conspiracy, although widening the scope, has been clear from the thirteenth century: to prevent and punish the planning of a criminal offence. However, since expanding, the law on conspiracy has been criticised especially in regard to sentencing as “unduly harsh.” This is the result of numerous problems with the current law on conspiracy to murder, which is in urgent need of reform. “On the 10th of October 2007, the law commission proposed many recommendations on reforms of statutory conspiracy” (Law Commission 2018). The focus of this legal research is to explore the current state of law regarding conspiracy to murder and the legislation, case law, scholarly and media articles discussed in this report will evaluate the effectiveness and fairness of the law on conspiracy to murder. Thus, the question to sum up our legal research “Is the current law on conspiracy to commit murder effective and fair?"
Catching our breath at the end of the year
Authors: Dunn Rachel
Published: August 2020

The Editor introduces the second issue of the SJPPAR.
From Homophony to Polyphony: Law and Music a Consonant Duet for Future Legal Thinking and Practice?
Authors: Adams Felicity
Published: August 2020

This paper examines the extent to which the law should mirror music as a discipline that embraces the value of community in the diverse sense in order to accommodate difference. The paper advocates that the law should shift from privileging community in the unified, singular sense in order to champion community in the collective sense, so that the law may genuinely support the inclusion of a diverse range of identities.To this end, the paper emphasises the importance for the law to embed the value of ‘community’ in the Derridean sense into its approach to embrace the innate differences between identities. The paper argues that at present the operation of ‘community’ in the Derridean sense is prevented by its discordant relationship with the formalist legal approach. This approach privileges the closure of the law above accommodating the values of diversity and possibility, which are central to the Derridean conception of ‘community’. Subsequently, the paper supports Ramshaw’s thesis that a reciprocal relationship between the law and music should be established in order to facilitate a shift from dominant legal thinking and praxis in order to promote ‘community’ in the Derridean sense. This paper concludes by supporting music as a powerful instrument to emancipate the law from its formalist tendencies, and ultimately to enable the value of ‘community’ in the Derridean sense to be harmoniously embedded into future legal thinking.
Empathy in the legal profession and its role in shaping my career
Authors: Salt John
Published: August 2020

The incorporation of empathy skills in a legal setting has gained a considerable amount of traction in recent years and is deemed to be a core legal competency required as part of legal training.This reflection aims to critique the use of empathy in a legal context and reflect on how my experience of working in the Student Law Office (SLO) has helped to deepen my understanding of both the role of empathy and requirement of using empathy as a tool to use in legal practice.
My Call was Answered!
Authors: Dunn Rachel
Published: August 2020

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Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang melalui media sosial
Authors: Purwanegara Dian Sukma
Published: August 2020

Human trafficking merupakan bentuk kejahatan yang paling tidak disadari oleh korban. Modusnya seringkali bersembunyi di balik kondisi kesulitan ekonomi dan finansial dengan menawarkan pekerjaan yang dibutuhkan dan membuat korban tidak berkesempatan bersikap kritis terhadap pekerjaan yang ditawarkan karena terdesak untuk hanya berpikir tentang bagaimana melanjutkan hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyidikan tindak pidana perdagangan orang melalui media social. Dalam penelitian ini pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus (case study). Pelaku perdagangan orang melalui media sosial dengan modus prostitusi melakukan pendekatan pada korbannya melalui cara pemenuhan kebutuhan emosional sehingga terjalin hubungan yang baik antara pelaku dan korbannya. Selanjutnya jika ada ketetarikan maka pelaku menggunakan Grup Line yang berisi akun-akun pria yang bersedia membooking. Modus yang paling inti selanjutnya adalah modus TPPO (Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang) melalui tenaga kerja ilegal. Disinilah perdagangan orang di mulai. Kendala penanganan tindak pidana perdagangan orang dari faktor hukumnya adalah tidak adanya aturan yang secara khusus mengatur mengenai perdagangan orang dengan media sosial sebagai sarananya serta adanya ambiguitas istilah korban dalam UU PTPPO (Undang-undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang).
The role of women in the management of Family Hope Program fund in Surabaya
Authors: Wijayanti Marhaeni Mega , Rosalinda Henny
Published: August 2020

This study examines the role of women in the utilization and management of the Family Hope Program fund and describes the process of gender relations constructed in beneficiary families in Surabaya. This qualitative study has two objectives, namely: (1) identifying the role of women in the utilization and management of Family Hope Program funds in Surabaya; and (2) describing the process of gender relations constructed in the beneficiary families. The results indicate that the role of women in managing Family Hope Program funds in Surabaya remains stagnant. Women benefiting from the fund plays a dual role of working in formal and informal sectors and carrying out domestic functions such as caring for babies, cooking, and the likes. These women do not carry out the role in managing the Family Hope Program fund as they are supposed to, such as managing finances and planning needs and spending. This indicates that men still dominate the role of determining the amount of allocation, whereas women are only executors. In addition, the Family Hope Program still cannot restructure the existing gender relations among the people of Surabaya. The program also does not change the pattern of gender relations in decision making in the household. This can be seen from family planning participation. Women benefiting from the fund are reluctant to use family planning contraception due to the husband’s prohibition.