bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
You're Hired! Mortality Salience Increases Americans’ Support for Donald Trump
Authors: Cohen Florette , Solomon Sheldon , Kaplin Daniel
Published: November 2017

Support for presidential candidate Donald Trump increased in the aftermath of the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, France, and San Bernardino, California, similar to Americans’ greater enthusiasm for President George W. Bush after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center. According to terror management theory (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, & Solomon; Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski), people are prone to embrace charismatic politicians in times of historical upheaval to mitigate existential terror. Consistent with this view, previous research has demonstrated that reminders of death (relative to an aversive control condition) increased support for a charismatic leader in a hypothetical gubernatorial election, and support for President Bush and his policies in Iraq prior to the 2004 presidential election. The present Study 1 hypothesized and found that a death reminder increased support for Donald Trump. Study 2 found that while Hillary Clinton was viewed more favorably than Donald Trump in an aversive control condition, Mr. Trump was viewed more favorably in response to a death reminder while impressions of Mrs. Clinton were unaffected. Study 3 demonstrated that asking people to think about immigrants moving into their neighborhood increased the accessibility of implicit death thoughts. These findings suggest that electoral outcomes and public policy can be affected when existential concerns are aroused.
Children's understanding of multiplication and division: Insights from a pooled analysis of seven studies conducted across 7 years
Authors: Dubé Adam K. , Robinson Katherine M.
Published: November 2017

Research suggests that children's conceptual understanding of multiplication and division is weak and that it remains poor well into the later elementary school years. Further, children's understanding of fundamental concepts such as inversion and associativity does not improve as they progress from grades 6 to 8. Instead, some children simply possess strong understanding while others do not. Other studies have identified an increase across these grades. The present investigation analyses data from seven studies of Grade 6 (n = 226), Grade 7 (n = 221), and Grade 8 (n = 216) children's three‐term problem‐solving (e.g., 3 × 24 ÷ 24 and 3 × 24 ÷ 6) and provides a unified account of multiplication and division understanding, one in which grade differences and individual variability coexist and are moderated by sex.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children's conceptual understanding of multiplication and division is weak and it is unclear whether it increases across the key grades of 6–8.

Understanding of the inversion and associativity concepts is characterized by high individual variability, but grade and sex have never been found to be a contributing factor.

What does this study add?

A meta‐analysis of seven data sets (n = 643) indicates that grade differences and individual variability coexist and are moderated by sex.

Understanding increases across grade only for boys, but an equal number of boys and girls are in the top 10% of conceptual problem‐solvers.
Inhibition of acid‐sensing ion channels by diminazene and APETx2 evoke partial and highly variable antihyperalgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain
Authors: Lee Jia Yu Peppermint , Saez Natalie J , Cristofori‐Armstrong Ben , Anangi Raveendra , King Glenn F , Smith Maree T , Rash Lachlan D
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose

Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are primary acid sensors in mammals, with the ASIC1b and ASIC3 subtypes being involved in peripheral nociception. The antiprotozoal drug diminazene is a moderately potent ASIC inhibitor, but its analgesic activity has not been assessed.

Experimental Approach

We determined the ASIC subtype selectivity of diminazene and the mechanism by which it inhibits ASICs using voltage‐clamp electrophysiology of Xenopus oocytes expressing ASICs 1–3. Its peripheral analgesic activity was then assessed relative to APETx2, an ASIC3 inhibitor, and morphine, in a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)‐induced rat model of inflammatory pain.

Key Results

Diminazene inhibited homomeric rat ASICs with IC50 values of ~200–800 nM, via an open channel and subtype‐dependent mechanism. In rats with FCA‐induced inflammatory pain in one hindpaw, diminazene and APETx2 evoked more potent peripheral antihyperalgesia than morphine, but the effect was partial for APETx2. APETx2 potentiated rat ASIC1b at concentrations 30‐fold to 100‐fold higher than the concentration inhibiting ASIC3, which may have implications for its use in in vivo experiments.

Conclusions and Implications

Diminazene and APETx2 are moderately potent ASIC inhibitors, both inducing peripheral antihyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic inflammatory pain. APETx2 has a more complex ASIC pharmacology, which must be considered when it is used as a supposedly selective ASIC3 inhibitor in vivo. Our use of outbred rats revealed responders and non‐responders when ASIC inhibition was used to alleviate inflammatory pain, which is aligned with the concept of number‐needed‐to‐treat in human clinical studies.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc
Long‐term follow‐up after implantation of a telemetric intraocular pressure sensor in patients with glaucoma: a safety report
Authors: Koutsonas Antonis , Walter Peter , Roessler Gernot , Plange Niklas
Published: November 2017

Importance

To investigate the long‐term safety of a novel intraocular telemetric pressure sensor.

Background

Acquisition of accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) data is vital for sufficient medical care of glaucoma patients. Non‐invasive self‐tonometry with a telemetric IOP sensor can provide important information regarding the individual IOP profile.

Design

Retrospective analysis of long‐term follow‐up data assessed during outpatient visits in a university hospital.

Participants

Six patients with open‐angle glaucoma were included. Unfortunately, one patient passed away shortly after completion of the original 1‐year study.

Methods

Within the scope of a prospective 1‐year pilot clinical trial, a telemetric IOP sensor was inserted into the ciliary sulcus after intracapsular lens implantation during planned cataract surgery. Patients were regularly examined as outpatients even beyond the duration of the 1‐year study. Data concerning sensor functionality, safety parameters and home self‐tonometry were assessed.

Main Outcome Measures

Long‐term sensor functionality and safety.

Results

Sensor measurements were always successful in every patient. Additionally, home self‐tonometry was conducted without any problems by every patient. The average follow‐up period was 37.5 months (21–50 months). During this period, the average number of IOP measurements performed per patient was 1273 (223–2884 measurements). No severe adverse events were reported. A varying degree of pupillary distortion was observed after 6–12 months in every patient; this remained unchanged thereafter with only one exception.

Conclusions and Relevance

Telemetric IOP sensors showed good functionality and tolerability during long‐term follow‐up. Non‐invasive self‐tonometry with a telemetric IOP sensor can provide useful additional data for future monitoring of patients with glaucoma.
Genetic prediction of type 2 diabetes using deep neural network
Authors: Kim J. , Kim J. , Kwak M.J. , Bajaj M.
Published: November 2017

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has strong heritability but genetic models to explain heritability have been challenging. We tested deep neural network (DNN) to predict T2DM using the nested case‐control study of Nurses’ Health Study (3326 females, 45.6% T2DM) and Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (2502 males, 46.5% T2DM). We selected 96, 214, 399, and 678 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) through Fisher’s exact test and L1‐penalized logistic regression. We split each dataset randomly in 4:1 to train prediction models and test their performance. DNN and logistic regressions showed better area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves than the clinical model when 399 or more SNPs included. DNN was superior than logistic regressions in AUC with 399 or more SNPs in male and 678 SNPs in female. Addition of clinical factors consistently increased AUC of DNN but failed to improve logistic regressions with 214 or more SNPs. In conclusion, we show that DNN can be a versatile tool to predict T2DM incorporating large numbers of SNPs and clinical information. Limitations include a relatively small number of the subjects mostly of European ethnicity. Further studies are warranted to confirm and improve performance of genetic prediction models using DNN in different ethnic groups.
A critical appraisal of pharmacogenetic inference
Authors: Smit R.A.J. , Noordam R. , le Cessie S. , Trompet S. , Jukema J.W.
Published: November 2017

In essence, pharmacogenetic research is aimed at discovering variants of importance to gene‐treatment interaction. However, epidemiological studies are rarely set up with this goal in mind. It is therefore of great importance that researchers clearly communicate which assumptions they have had to make, and which inherent limitations apply to the interpretation of their results. This review discusses considerations of, and the underlying assumptions for, utilizing different response phenotypes and study designs popular in pharmacogenetic research to infer gene‐treatment interaction effects, with a special focus on those dealing with of clinical effects of drug treatment.
Organ preservation in rectal cancer: a synopsis of current guidelines
Authors: Borstlap W. A. A. , van Oostendorp S. E. , Klaver C. E. L. , Hahnloser D. , Cunningham C. , Rullier E. , Bemelman W. A. , Tuynman J. B. , Tanis P. J. ,   the Research Committee of the European Society of Coloproctology
Published: November 2017

Aim

The high morbidity associated with radical resection for rectal cancer is an incentive for surgeons to adopt strategies aimed at organ preservation, particularly for early disease. There are a number of different approaches to achieve this. In this study we have collated current national and international guidelines to produce a synopsis to support this changing practice.

Method

The PubMed, Embase, Trip, National Guideline Clearinghouse and BMJ Best Practice databases were interrogated. Guidelines published before 2010 were excluded. The AGREE‐II tool was used for quality assessment.

Results

Twenty‐four guidelines were drawn from 2278 potential publications. A consensus exists for local excision for ‘low‐risk’ T1 rectal cancer but there is no agreement on how to stratify the risk of treatment failure. There is a low level of agreement for rectal preservation for more advanced disease, but when mentioned it is recommended for unfit patients or in the context of a clinical trial. Guidelines are inconsistent with respect to surveillance in node‐negative disease and after complete response to chemoradiotherapy.

Conclusion

According to current guidelines and consensus statements, organ preservation for rectal cancer beyond low‐risk T1 is still considered experimental and only indicated in patients who are unsuitable for radical surgery. Follow‐up strategies and cN0 staging deserve attention, highlighting the need for high‐quality clinical trials.
Reproducibility of diagnostic criteria associated with atypical breast cytology
Authors: Weigner J. , Zardawi I. , Braye S. , McElduff P.
Published: November 2017

Objective

The aim of this project was to assess the interobserver and intraobserver variability when identifying cytological criteria, which were found to have a statistically significant association with C3 within a workplace environment.

Methods

Sixty C3 cases with known endpoints of malignant, benign proliferative or benign non‐proliferative diagnoses were blindly and independently screened by seven experienced cytologists to identify previously reported statistically significant criteria associated with the C3 category. The criteria included the presence of myoepithelial cells or bare bipolar nuclei, cohesiveness, cystic background, papillary fragments with fibrovascular cores and tubular structures. Kappa statistics were used to measure interobserver variability. Two cytologists repeated the process 6 months later to obtain intraobserver data.

Results

The interobserver agreement was poor for all criteria except tubules which performed badly. The intraobserver variability for the two cytologists showed that one cytologist achieved moderate intraobserver agreement for all the criteria except cohesion which was poor, whilst the second cytologist showed poor agreement for all criteria. The reasons for the variability are multifactorial and include threshold effects where criteria lack good definition or error in identifying the criteria.

Conclusion

Interobserver and intraobserver variability remains a significant challenge for cytologists. Despite attempts to define significant criteria associated with C3, good reproducibility could not be achieved. The C3 category is imprecise and highlights the inadequacy of the current classification reporting categories for breast FNA. The impending review of reporting breast cytology by the International Academy of Cytology is timely and appropriate.
HIERARCHICAL TRADE
Authors: Gersbach Hans , Haller Hans
Published: November 2017

Commodity trading is typically organized hierarchically: Large‐scale trade takes place at the global price system while individuals trade at local price systems within their countries. Agencies or trading houses establish the link between these different market places. In this paper, we devise a framework to study this type of hierarchical trade. We identify the free trade and the autarky equilibrium as polar cases. We show that no other two‐stage market equilibria exist if the commodity space is two‐dimensional. An example demonstrates that other, so‐called intermediate equilibria exist for three‐dimensional commodity spaces. We then provide an explicit construction of special classes of intermediate equilibria. Moreover, we study the consequences when some countries control the agency that organizes trade at the global level and we analyze the role of international goods arbitrage. Finally, we show that profit‐maximizing agencies may not promote free trade outcomes. (JEL D43, D50, F10)
Following One's Nose in Reading W. G. Sebald Allegorically: Currere and Invisible Subjects
Authors: Strong‐Wilson Teresa
Published: November 2017

In education, we are concerned with the teaching and learning of subjects, but the word “subject” can refer to the discipline being studied as well as the individual who is studying. In this essay, Teresa Strong‐Wilson explores this “double entendre” (which William Pinar refers to as the “double consciousness”) of curriculum studies through the analogy afforded by German author‐in‐exile W. G. Sebald's working through of difficult subjects by way of semi‐autobiographical writing that takes the form of an “invisible subject”: a preoccupation with an unnamed injustice entangled with his own upbringing. Curriculum theory, as currere, has foregrounded the autobiographical. While the place of autobiography in curriculum studies has often been taken to mean writing (especially of a confessional sort), currere is more an allegorical method of study, of intellectual engagement, of learning through reading and writing, and of teaching so as to open spaces for agency. Strong‐Wilson suggests that Sebald can provide a strong example for us in curriculum studies of how to ethically bring into being an allegorical, autobiographical practice focused on “invisible” subjects of deep concern.
When Fact Conceals Privilege: Teaching the (Shared?) Reality of Disability
Authors: Taylor Ashley
Published: November 2017

Disability studies in education scholars have discussed the need to engage students, and certainly preservice teachers, in critical discussion of disability as a concept. To better understand what such critical discussion entails, Ashley Taylor examines the pedagogical implications of promoting an understanding of disability as a shared experience of being human. In particular, Taylor is concerned with how the appeal to a shared experience of disability (which she calls “the shared reality view”) might contribute to or impede students' development of critical attitudes toward ableist social and educational practices. She describes two chief limitations of the shared reality view and argues that these complicate efforts to teach about disability in ways that avoid reinforcing students' existing beliefs. Taylor concludes by offering a pedagogical framework that retains valuable aspects of the shared reality view while avoiding its limitations.
Towards a Realist Sociology of Education: A Polyphonic Review Essay
Authors: Grenfell Michael , Hood Susan , Barrett Brian D. , Schubert Dan
Published: November 2017

This review essay evaluates Karl Maton's Knowledge and Knowers: Towards a Realist Sociology of Education as a recent examination of the sociological causes and effects of education in the tradition of the French social theorist Pierre Bourdieu and the British educational sociologist Basil Bernstein. Maton's book synthesizes the scholarship of Bourdieu and Bernstein and complements their work with “discoveries” from the world of systemic functional linguistics to produce a new “realist sociology of education.” It does so by means of Legitimation Code Theory, defined as a “toolkit” to analyze knowledge construction in cultural fields, especially education. The authors of this review essay take a polyphonic approach in assessing this ambitious synthesis, offering four perspectives on Maton's book. Brian Barrett provides a Bernsteinian perspective; Dan Schubert approaches the book from his grounding in Bourdieu; and Susan Hood contributes a view from systemic functional linguistics. Michael Grenfell weaves these three perspectives together and provides introductory and concluding reflections. They aim, through their combined expertise, to use Maton's book as an occasion to take stock of the state of the field of sociology of education generally and to reflect on the questions: What is its nature and what type of knowledge does it express? To what uses may it be set and what is its place within the larger project of educational theory?
Modelling South Pacific jack mackerel spatial population dynamics and fisheries
Authors: Dragon A.‐C. , Senina I. , Hintzen N.T. , Lehodey P.
Published: November 2017

Since the 1970s, South Pacific jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) is one of the world's most important commercial exploited fish stock. The peak in the catch was achieved in the 1990s, after which the catch for all fleets steadily decreased due to strong fishing mortality and potentially unfavourable environmental conditions. An application of the ecosystem and fish population model SEAPODYM was developed for this species in the South Pacific Ocean to determine the extent of environmental and fisheries drivers on the stock dynamics. We combined publicly available fishing data, acoustic biomass estimates and expert knowledge to optimise fish population dynamics parameters (habitats, movements, natural and fishing mortality). Despite a large proportion of missing catch over the simulation period, the model provides realistic distributions of biomass, a good fit‐to‐data and is in agreement with the literature. The feeding habitat is predicted to be delineated by water temperature between 15°C for the first cohorts and 8.5°C for the oldest and dissolved oxygen concentration above 1.8 ml/L. Optimal spawning temperature is estimated to 15.57°C (S.E.: 0.75°C). The core habitat is predicted off Central Chile which is also the main fishing ground. There are other areas of higher fish concentration east of New Zealand, in the eastern part of the southern convergence and off Peru and northern Chile. However, there is a clear continuity between these different large sub‐populations. Fishing is predicted to have by far the highest impact, a result that should be reinforced if all fishing mortality could be included.
Physicochemical and digestion characteristics of flour and starch from eight Canadian red and green lentils
Authors: Lu Zhan‐Hui , Donner Elizabeth , Tsao Rong , Ramdath D. Dan , Liu Qiang
Published: November 2017

Physicochemical and nutritional properties of flour and isolated starch from eight Canadian lentil cultivars were assessed to identify unique samples and key factors affecting starch digestion. The results showed that nearly half of apparent amylose in lentil flours was underestimated because it was complexed and embedded within the flour matrix, which led to slower starch digestion of cooked flour. Cooked red lentil flours showed significantly higher resistant starch content (11.0%) than flours from green lentils (6.8%) (P < 0.05). Among green lentils, Asterix and Greenland were unique for their high slowly digestible starch content after cooking, possibly owing to their high phenolic content and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Long‐ and short‐range ordering in starch was more indicative of low starch digestion for raw or cooked lentil flour rather than for isolated starch. The results suggest the flour matrix protects the starch ordered structure from enzyme hydrolysis.
Comparison of biochemical properties and thermal inactivation of membrane‐bound polyphenol oxidase from three apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh)
Authors: Liu Fang , Han Qianyun , Ni Yuanying
Published: November 2017

A comparative study of the properties of membrane‐bound polyphenol oxidase (mPPO) from three apple cultivars, namely Red Fuji (FJ), Granny Smith (GS) and Golden Delicious (GD), was carried out for the first time. Data indicate that mPPOs from three cultivars exhibit significantly different properties. GS mPPO had the strongest affinity to catechol, but FJ mPPO had the highest maximum velocity. Red Fuji (FJ) mPPO had the significantly higher activity than those of GD and GS mPPOs. Red Fuji (FJ) mPPO had the highest activity at pH 8.00, while GD and GS mPPOs at 4.50 and 7.50–8.00, respectively. Red Fuji (FJ) mPPO was more stable than GD and GS mPPOs over the pH range of 5.0–8.5. The optimal temperature for GS mPPO was within 70–75 °C, which is higher than those for mPPOs from FJ and GD. Thermal inactivation of the three mPPOs followed a first‐order kinetic model with different inactivation kinetic parameters.
Design considerations for an eHealth decision support tool in inflammatory bowel disease self‐management
Authors: Jackson Belinda D. , Con Danny , De Cruz Peter
Published: November 2017

Background

Electronic health (eHealth) decision support tools have the potential to: facilitate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) self‐management, reduce health care utilisation and alleviate the pressure on overburdened outpatient clinics. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of key stakeholders on the potential use of a decision support tool for IBD patients.

Methods

A qualitative study using focus group methodology was conducted at a tertiary IBD centre in Melbourne, Australia in February 2015. Key stakeholders, including physicians, nurses and patients, were included in the study. Two independent reviewers undertook inductive coding and generated themes.

Results

In total, 31 participants were included in the study (including 16 males; 11 physicians; 6 nurses). An eHealth decision support tool was thought to be beneficial to facilitate IBD self‐management. Four themes emerged: (i) Framework for the decision support tool – the tool should be an adjunct to current models of care and facilitate shared decision‐making and patient engagement; (ii) Target population – stable patients with mild to moderate disease; (iii) Functionalities of the intervention – a web‐based platform encompassing patient‐reported outcomes, objective markers of disease and clinical algorithms based on international guidelines; and (iv) Design and Implementation – patients should be involved in the design.

Conclusions

eHealth interventions are thought to be an important strategy to facilitate self‐management for patients with IBD. A multi‐stage iterative approach should be adopted in the design and implementation process of eHealth interventions. Patient perspectives need to be sought prior to and throughout the development of an eHealth decision support tools for IBD.
Intra‐African movements of the African cuckooCuculus gularisas revealed by satellite telemetry
Authors: Iwajomo Soladoye B. , Willemoes Mikkel , Ottosson Ulf , Strandberg Roine , Thorup Kasper
Published: November 2017

Despite many bird species migrating regularly within the African continent, in response to rainfall and breeding opportunities, documented evidence of the spatiotemporal patterns of such movements is scarce. We use satellite telemetry to document the year round movement of an intra‐African migrant breeding in the savannah zone of sub‐Saharan Africa, the African cuckoo. After breeding in central Nigeria, the birds migrated to more forested sites in the Adamawa region of Cameroon (n = 2) and western Central African Republic (n = 1). Departure from the breeding ground coincided with deteriorating environmental conditions whereas arrival at the non‐breeding sites matched period of increasing vegetation greenness. Migratory movements generally occurred during dark hours. In total, an average distance of 748 km in 66 d was covered during the post‐breeding migration and 744 km in 27 d during return journey with considerable individual variation and with more stopover sites used during post‐breeding migration. The diversity of migration routes followed suggests a relatively variable or flexible initial migration strategy, high individual route consistency as well as high fidelity for non‐breeding grounds.
Age at natural menopause and risk of diabetes in adult women: Findings from the China Kadoorie Biobank study in the Zhejiang area
Authors: Wang Meng , Hu Ru‐Ying , Wang Hao , Gong Wei‐Wei , Wang Chun‐Mei , Xie Kai‐Xu , Chen Zheng‐Ming , Guo Yu , Yu Min , Li Li‐Ming
Published: November 2017

Aims/Introduction

There has been considerable professional debate on the association between age at menopause and diabetes risk, while the findings are controversial. The present study explored the association between late menopause and the prevalence of diabetes in the Chinese population.

Material and Methods

The data were part of the baseline survey of China Kadoorie Biobank from Zhejiang Province. A total of 17,076 postmenopausal women were included in the present study. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Of the participating women, 1,288 (7.54%) had type 2 diabetes. In comparison with those with menopause at 46–52 years, women with menopause at a later age (≥53 years) were 1.21‐fold (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.43) more likely to have diabetes.

Conclusions

The present findings suggested that later age at menopause was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes.
Patient and physician satisfaction in an observational study with methyl aminolevulinate daylight photodynamic therapy in the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp in six European countries
Authors: Fargnoli M.C. , Ibbotson S.H. , Hunger R.E. , Rostain G. , Gaastra M.T.W. , Eibenschutz L. , Cantisani C. , Venema A.W. , Medina S. , Kerrouche N. , Pérez‐Garcia B.
Published: November 2017

Background

Guidelines recommend treating actinic keratoses (AKs) as they are recognized as precursors of invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective

The objective of this study was to collect real‐world clinical data on the use of methyl aminolevulinate daylight photodynamic therapy (MAL DL‐PDT) for the treatment of face and scalp AK in Europe.

Methods

A prospective, multicenter, non‐interventional study was conducted in six European countries in patients receiving a single treatment of MAL DL‐PDT for face and/or scalp AK. Patient‐reported outcomes were assessed by patient questionnaires at baseline and at 3 months after treatment, efficacy was assessed at 3 months using a 6‐point global improvement scale, and adverse events (AE) were recorded at each visit.

Results

Overall, 325 patients were enrolled from 52 investigational centres, 314 of whom attended the 3‐month visit. Most patients had multiple lesions (58.4% had >10 lesions) with lesions mainly located on the scalp (60.0%) and/or forehead (54.2%). AKs were predominantly grade I (39.4%) or grade II (33.2%), and 10.5% of patients had grade III lesions. The proportions of patients and physicians that were overall satisfied to very satisfied with the MAL DL‐PDT treatment were 80.4% and 90.3%, respectively. The vast majority of patients (90.0%) would consider using MAL DL‐PDT again if needed. Physician‐assessed efficacy at 3 months was at least much improved in 83.5% of patients, with 45.9% of patients requiring no retreatment. Related AEs were reported in 15% of patients.

Conclusion

Use of MAL DL‐PDT for multiple face and/or scalp AKs resulted in high levels of patient and physician satisfaction in clinical practice in Europe, reflecting the good efficacy and high tolerability of this convenient procedure.
The divergence history of the perennial plant Linaria cavanillesii confirms a recent loss of self‐incompatibility
Authors: Voillemot M. , Rougemont Q. , Roux C. , Pannell J. R.
Published: November 2017

Many angiosperms prevent inbreeding through a self‐incompatibility (SI) system, but the loss of SI has been frequent in their evolutionary history. The loss of SI may often lead to an increase in the selfing rate, with the purging of inbreeding depression and the ultimate evolution of a selfing syndrome, where plants have smaller flowers with reduced pollen and nectar production. In this study, we used approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to estimate the timing of divergence between populations of the plant Linaria cavanillesii that differ in SI status and in which SI is associated with low inbreeding depression but not with a transition to full selfing or a selfing syndrome. Our analysis suggests that the mixed‐mating self‐compatible (SC) population may have begun to diverge from the SI populations around 2810 generation ago, a period perhaps too short for the evolution of a selfing syndrome. We conjecture that the SC population of L. cavanillesii is at an intermediate stage of transition between outcrossing and selfing.
Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Dementia Risk: Prospective Population‐Based Study
Authors: Gray Shelly L. , Walker Rod L. , Dublin Sascha , Yu Onchee , Aiello Bowles Erin J. , Anderson Melissa L. , Crane Paul K. , Larson Eric B.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To determine whether higher cumulative proton pump inhibitor (PPI) exposure is associated with greater dementia risk.

Design

Prospective population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Kaiser Permanente Washington, an integrated healthcare delivery system in Seattle, Washington.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older without dementia at study entry (N = 3,484).

Measurements

Participants were screened for dementia every 2 years, and those who screened positive underwent extensive evaluation. Dementia outcomes were determined using standard diagnostic criteria. Time‐varying PPI exposure was determined from computerized pharmacy data and consisted of total standardized daily doses (TSDDs) dispensed to an individual in the prior 10 years. We also assessed duration of use. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the association between PPI exposure and time to dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Results

Over a mean follow‐up of 7.5 years, 827 participants (23.7%) developed dementia (670 with possible or probable AD). PPI exposure was not associated with risk of dementia (P = .66) or AD (P = .77). For dementia, the risk for specific levels of cumulative exposure compared to no use was: 365 TSDDs (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.65–1.18), 1,095 TSDDs (HR 0.99, CI 0.75–1.30) and 1,825 TSDDs (HR 1.13, CI 0.82–1.56). These TSDD levels represent approximately 1, 3 and 5 years of daily use respectively. Duration of PPI use was not associated with dementia outcomes either.

Conclusion

Proton pump inhibitor use was not associated with dementia risk, even for people with high cumulative exposure. Although there are other safety concerns with long‐term PPI use, results from our study do not support that these medications should be avoided out of concern about dementia risk.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Chinese Version of the Trail‐Making Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Wei Mingqing , Shi Jing , Li Ting , Ni Jingnian , Zhang Xuekai , Li Yumeng , Kang Shenghua , Ma Fuyun , Xie Hengge , Qin Bin , Fan Dongsheng , Zhang Liping , Wang Yongyan , Tian Jinzhou
Published: November 2017

Background/Objectives

The Trail‐Making Test (TMT), which is commonly used to measure executive function, consists of two components (TMT‐A and TMTB). There is a lack of normative TMT data for Chinese elderly adults. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the TMT in screening for cognitive impairment.

Design

2,294 Chinese‐speaking adults aged 50 to 85: 1,026 with normal cognition (NC), 462 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 108 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 113 with vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), 121 with vascular dementia (VaD), 282 with uncertain types of dementia, and 15 with mixed dementia. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to test the ability of TMT scores to differentiate between NC and cognitive impairment.

Results

Age, education, and sex were significantly associated with TMT completion time. The TMT‐A exhibited sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 92.0% with cut‐off value of 98.5 seconds for discriminating AD from NC. The TMT‐B had sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 91.8% with a cut‐off value of 188.5 seconds for discriminating AD from NC. The TMT‐A had sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 81.6% for discriminating NC from VaD with a cut‐off value of 77.5 seconds, and the TMT‐s had sensitivity of 81.6% and specificity of 83.9% with a cut‐off value of 147.5 seconds. The TMT had less sensitivity distinguishing MCI from NC.

Conclusion

The Chinese version of the TMT is reliable for detecting AD or VaD but poor at distinguishing MCI from NC.
Dirty Laundry in Manila: Comparing Resource Consumption Practices for Individual and Shared Laundering
Authors: Retamal Monique , Schandl Heinz
Published: November 2017

Changing lifestyles in developing and emerging economies entail a shift in technology use, everyday practices, and resource consumption. It is important to understand the sustainability consequences of these changes and the potential for policy to guide practices toward more sustainable lifestyles. In this study, we investigate laundry practices in the City of Manila, the Philippines, and compare the resources consumed in three different modes of laundering. We examine (1) traditional washing by hand, (2) washing by machine at home, and (3) using a laundry service. In addition to comparing the consumption of water, energy, and detergents, we also examine the social aspects of laundering using the lens of social practice theory. We use empirical data gathered in interviews with laundry service operators and people laundering at home to undertake qualitative and quantitative analyses of laundry practices and resource consumption. We find that hand washing uses the least water and energy, but large quantities of detergents. Machine washing and laundry services are comparable for water consumption, but energy use is much higher for services as they use dryers. Social changes, such as an increase in work available for women and the nature of future housing, are likely to influence the dominance of either shared or individual laundering methods. These findings illustrate the social complexity of transitions to product‐service systems and the interdependencies between their social and environmental impacts.
Screening Women for At‐Risk Alcohol Use: An Introduction to Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) in Women's Health
Authors: Shogren Maridee D. , Harsell Christine , Heitkamp Thomasine
Published: November 2017

A significant number of women engage in at‐risk drinking behavior, or heavy alcohol use. Women are especially at risk for the negative impact of excessive alcohol consumption secondary to gender differences in body structure, chemistry, and alcohol absorption. In addition, women who drink alcohol during pregnancy risk fetotoxic effects. Screening for at‐risk alcohol use is considered best practice during primary care and prenatal care visits and is an integral component of preventive care services for women. The purpose of this brief report is to introduce the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) model as it applies to alcohol use and its importance in women's health care services. SBIRT resources are evidence based, allowing the clinician to screen for use of alcohol, implement a brief intervention, and conduct referral to treatment, if necessary. Implementing SBIRT improves recognition of at‐risk alcohol use or alcohol use disorder, facilitates awareness and education about use, enhances the referral‐to‐treatment process, and decreases overall health care costs.
Developing and Sustaining a Career as a Transdisciplinary Nurse Scientist
Authors: Hickey Kathleen T.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of strategies to build and sustain a career as a nurse scientist. This article examines how to integrate technologies and precision approaches into clinical practice, research, and education of the next generation of nursing scholars.

Design

This article presents information for shaping a sustainable transdisciplinary career. Programs of research that utilize self‐management to improve quality of life are discussed throughout the article. The ongoing National Institute of Nursing Research–funded (R01 grant) iPhone Helping Evaluate Atrial Fibrillation Rhythm through Technology (iHEART) study is the first prospective, randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether electrocardiographic monitoring with the AliveCor™ device in the real‐world setting will improve the time to detection and treatment of recurrent atrial fibrillation over a 6‐month period as compared to usual cardiac care.

Methods

Opportunities to sustain a career as a nurse scientist and build programs of transdisciplinary research are identified. These opportunities are focused within the area of research and precision medicine.

Findings

Nurse scientists have the potential and ability to shape their careers and become essential members of transdisciplinary partnerships. Exposure to clinical research, expert mentorship, and diverse training opportunities in different areas are essential to ensure that contributions to nursing science are visible through publications and presentations as well as through securing grant funding to develop and maintain programs of research.

Conclusions

Transcending boundaries and different disciplines, nurses are essential members of many diverse teams.

Clinical Relevance

Nurse scientists are strengthening research approaches, clinical care, and communication and improving health outcomes while also building and shaping the next generation of nurse scientists.
Fertility Preferences and Cognition: Religiosity and Experimental Effects of Decision Context on College Women
Authors: Marshall Emily A. , Shepherd Hana
Published: November 2017

Better models of culture and cognition may help researchers understand fertility and family formation. The authors examine cognition about fertility using an experimental survey design to investigate how fertility preferences of college women are affected by two prompts that bring to mind fertility‐relevant factors: career aspirations and financial limitations. The authors test the effects of these prompts on fertility preferences and ask how effects vary with respondent religiosity, an aspect of social identity related to fertility preferences. The authors find significant effects of treatment on fertility preferences when accounting for religiosity: Less religious women who considered their career aspirations or financial limitations reported smaller desired family size, but this effect was attenuated for more religious women. This study demonstrates how fertility preferences are shaped by decision contexts for some sociodemographic groups. The authors discuss how the findings support a social–cognitive model of fertility.
A Study to Determine the Prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders in a Young Adult Population and its Association with Psychological and Functional Occlusal Parameters
Authors: Jivnani Hemant Maheshkumar , Tripathi Shuchi , Shanker Rama , Singh Balendra Pratap , Agrawal Kaushal Kishor , Singhal Rameshwari
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To determine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in medical university students and to analyze the relationship of TMD with psychological and functional occlusal parameters.

Materials and Methods

200 students (mean age 21.81 ± 1.99) were screened for TMD with the TMD Pain Screener. Clinical examinations identified the participants with TMD. Based on their diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) axis I diagnosis, participants were divided into three groups: group 1‐ non‐TMD, group 2‐ pain related TMD and headaches, and group 3‐ intra‐articular joint disorders. Further study was continued involving patients diagnosed with TMD as the study group, and an equal number of age‐ and sex‐matched participants were selected in control group. Among these, emotional distress was evaluated using the “hospital anxiety and depression scale” (HADS). Occlusal evaluations were done by using the T‐Scan computerized occlusal analysis system. Occlusion time, left lateral disclusion time, right lateral disclusion time, and protrusion disclusion time were measured with T‐Scan III. These parameters were compared among the groups with ANOVA test at a significance level of 0.05.

Results

17% of the population were affected by TMD. The mean HADSd (depression) and HADSa (anxiety) scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in group 2 (7.67 ± 3.68; 10.60 ± 3.33) and group 3 (6.89 ± 3.23; 9.26 ± 4.05) as compared to group 1 (3.18 ± 2.33; 5.29 ± 3.21). The mean values of occlusion time, left lateral disclusion time, right lateral disclusion time, and protrusion‐disclusion time were also higher for group 2 and group 3 as compared to group 1.

Conclusions

This study found that the prevalence of TMD in this university student population was 17%. There were significant associations of TMD with psychological parameters and functional occlusal parameters.
Negotiating an agentive identity in a British lifestyle migration context: A narrative positioning analysis
Authors: Lawson Michelle
Published: November 2017

This paper presents an analysis of agency and positioning in a context of British migration in the Ariègedépartementof south‐west France. A narrative positioning framework is used to explore the relationship between local discursive positioning and broader social obligations, specifically by integrating data from an online forum for British residents with an interview carried out with two forum users. Although there is thematic coherence across the datasets, particularly in relation to the social obligation to be the ‘right kind’ of migrant, the two speakers in the joint interview represent their actions using conflicting approaches. The analysis of agentive positioning shows the strategic use of both agentive and inagentive language where the narrated actions did not align with those of the ‘right kind’ of migrant constructed by forum members. The study shows how attempts at positive self‐representation can reflect awareness of the ideological context but can nevertheless be interpreted in very different ways. The paper concludes that we should not restrict ourselves to seeking recurrent and stable patterns when exploring indexical links between micro contexts and wider social reality, particularly when the interactional context is overshadowed by a broader moral landscape.
Displacement and local linguistic practices: R‐lessness in post‐Katrina Greater New Orleans
Authors: Carmichael Katie
Published: November 2017

Variable r‐lessness in New Orleans English is a salient linguistic feature tied to local place‐based identity. In this study, I examine rates of r‐lessness in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, which caused large‐scale displacement in the region. Participants come from the linguistically conservative suburb of Chalmette, where r‐lessness is more robust than in New Orleans proper. Participants’ connections to Chalmette were measured in two ways: (1) post‐Katrina location status, i.e. whether participants returned or relocated after the storm; (2) place orientation, captured via an ethnographically informed, multifaceted measure of stance and exposure to places outside of Chalmette. Analysis revealed that place orientation better predicts rates of r‐lessness than post‐Katrina location. I argue that the marked quality of r‐lessness makes it available for identity‐driven use to express a connection to Chalmette. This study demonstrates one way to account for the linguistic implications of individuals’ shifting allegiances to places they live(d).
Cosmopolitan stance negotiation in multicultural academic settings
Authors: Martín Rojo Luisa , Molina Clara
Published: November 2017

Our analysis of an informal event involving Chinese and Spanish students and lecturers displays the cumulative nature of stance negotiation in multicultural settings. It also highlights the role of sociocultural and ideological elements in stancetaking, not only in relation to the positions adopted by the participants, but also in the successive redefinition and reframing of the stance objects. Sociocultural and ideological elements are also crucial for the collective construction of intersubjectivities, particularly among mobile citizens. The way in which our international students managed to overcome misalignments, the values and ideologies evoked within the interaction, reveal nuances of cosmopolitanism that point to a globalization of tastes triggered by multiculturalism and the worldwide expansion of capitalism. Sharing a cosmopolitan orientation, however, did not prevent ideological contradictions among the participants. An analysis of how these were voiced and negotiated allows grasping the remarkably wide spectrum of cosmopolitanism(s) today.
Giving voice: A personal essay on the shape of sociolinguistics
Authors: Bell Allan
Published: November 2017

From the vantage point of 21 years editing theJournal of Sociolinguistics, I survey and assess the shape of our field. I identify six strands or trends that I see in play over that time: languageandsociety, social theorization, the centralization of style, diversification, new orthodoxies and a sense of history. I advocate in particular for a sociolinguistics of voice, especially so the voices that are unheard or muffled in society may be given an audience. In closing I pay tribute to the exceptional colleagues with whom I have worked on the Journal over these years.