bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of pore size distribution on compressive behavior of moderately expanded low‐density polyethylene foams
Authors: Uneyama Takashi , Yamazaki Tatsuya , Igarashi Toshio , Nitta Koh‐hei
Published: November 2018

We investigated the effect of the pore size distribution on the compressive behavior for moderately expanded elastic polymer foams. Unlike well‐expanded foams, moderately expanded foams have heterogeneous cellular structures and their mechanical properties can depend on the heterogeneity of cellular structures. To clarify the effect of the pore size distribution on mechanical properties, we prepared a series of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) foams with different pore size distributions and relative densities as models of moderately expanded elasitc polymer foams. We performed the microscope observations and the uniaxial compression tests of the moderately expanded LDPE foams. The compressive behavior of a foam was primarily determined by the relative density, but we found that the compressive behavior also depends on the pore size distribution, especially in the collapse region. In the collapse region, the compressive stress–strain curves showed clear dependence on the heterogeneities of cellular structures. The broader cell distribution resulted in the stronger strain dependence of the stress in the collapse region. We show that we can reasonably predict the compressive stress–strain curves from the pore size distributions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:510–518, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Production of crosslinked gelatin beads in inverse suspension processes
Authors: da Silva Maíra T.S. , Pinto José Carlos
Published: November 2018

Gelatin is a natural protein of low cost and high availability that can be regarded as a promising material for manufacture of microcapsules intended for applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. For this reason, in the present work gelatin beads were produced in inverse suspension processes at distinct operation conditions, using glucose as a non‐toxic crosslinking agent. Particularly, the effects of reaction time and crosslinking agent on the final properties of the produced gelatin beads were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the properties of the suspended beads, including the particle size distribution, the viscosity and the thermal resistance, can change considerably during the reaction course, being also affected by the crosslinking agent and indicating that crosslinking takes place at slow rates during the entire reaction trajectory. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:519–525, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Crystallization behavior of polylactide matrix under the influence of nano‐magnetite
Authors: Gong Xinghou , Cheng Cheng , Tang Chak Yin , Law Wing‐Cheung , Lin Xueting , Chen Yehuang , Chen Ling , Tsui Gary Chi Pong , Rao Nanxi
Published: November 2018

Iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe3O4) has gained remarkable research interest for various applications, from environmental to biological, because of its superparamagnetic properties and good biocompatibility. In this work, the nucleation effect of Fe3O4 in a polylactide (PLA) matrix under an influence of an alternating magnetic field was studied. The nanocomposite films that is, containing different concentrations of Fe3O4 (~8 nm) which were uniformly dispersed in the PLA matrix, were prepared via a solution casting method. The amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field impose great effects on the morphology and nucleation rate of PLA crystallization. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the thermal stability of Fe3O4/PLA and it showed that the thermal stability of Fe3O4/PLA was affected by the Fe3O4 content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometry indicated that Fe3O4 shows impeding effect to the crystallization of PLA. Based on the differential scanning calorimetry results, composite with 1% of Fe3O4 content could promote the crystallization of PLA but it would become an obstacle when 3% of Fe3O4 was added. The result of polarized optical microscopy also showed a good agreement that the incorporation of Fe3O4 could act as an effective nucleation regent to the composite film. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:608–615, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Data assimilation strategies for state‐dependent observation error variances
Authors: Bishop Craig H.
Published: November 2018

The Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and 4D‐Var Data Assimilation (DA) approaches require that a fixed observation error variance be specified for each observation. To highlight the need to consider the state dependence of observation error variances, we prove that the error variance of unbiased observations of bounded variables tends to zero as the unknown true value of the variable approaches the bound. How then, should state‐dependent observation error variances be specified for the EnKF and 4D‐Var? In an idealized system, three distinct strategies for choosing the observation error variance R are considered: (a) choose R to be the ensemble mean of the observation error variances associated with each member of an ensemble forecast, (b) choose R to be the observation error variance that would occur if the truth was equal to the average of the ensemble mean and the observed value, or (c) (impractically) choose R to be the true observation error variance associated with the (unknown) true state. It is shown that choice (c) is the worst choice while (a) is the best choice. It is then shown that the Kalman gain of the EnKF is the best linear unbiased estimator of the state only when its R is the mean of all the observation error variances implied by the prior distribution of truth. This is a general result that supports the idealized experiment's findings. Because EnKF and 4D‐Var Gaussian assumptions are grossly inaccurate for near zero semi‐positive‐definite variables with state‐dependent R, the article also compares the performances of two variations of the EnKF (the ln‐EnKF and the GIGG‐EnKF) that correct aspects of these inaccuracies including the tendency of R to diminish as the truth approaches zero. It was found that the GIGG‐EnKF out‐performs the ln‐EnKF by a significant margin.
Choosing Words to Teach: A Novel Method for Vocabulary Selection and Its Practical Application
Authors: He Xuehong (Stella) , Godfroid Aline
Published: November 2018

Vocabulary learning materials and vocabulary learning research have a common objective of promoting effective vocabulary instruction (Schmitt, 2008), but in practice vocabulary learning materials tend to reflect materials writers’ repertoire and intuition primarily (Tomlinson, 2011). In an effort to develop a stronger interface between research and practice, this article introduces a novel method for word selection based on words’ frequency, usefulness, and difficulty (Laufer & Nation, 2012). The researchers retrieved the frequency of 191 words and collocations targeted in a North American intensive English program from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) andCOCA‐Academic, and collected usefulness and difficulty ratings from 76 experiencedESLinstructors. Frequency correlated moderately with usefulness and difficulty, which supported the value of including usefulness and difficulty ratings as word selection criteria. A cluster analysis revealed five distinct groups of target words, which differed in frequency, usefulness, and difficulty. Teaching of the target words could be prioritized according to this sequence. This study introduces a step‐by‐step approach for materials writers, curriculum designers, and teaching professionals to identify word groupings in a potential list of target words, using a combination of objective and subjective data, with the prospect of creating more effective and more efficacious vocabulary learning materials.
Emergence of AdS geometry in the simulated tempering algorithm
Authors: Fukuma Masafumi , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Umeda Naoya
Published: November 2018

Abstract

In our previous work [1], we introduced to an arbitrary Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm a distance between configurations. This measures the difficulty of transition from one configuration to the other, and enables us to investigate the relaxation of probability distribution from a geometrical point of view. In this paper, we investigate the global geometry of a stochastic system whose equilibrium distribution is highly multimodal with a large number of degenerate vacua. We show that, when the simulated tempering algorithm is implemented to such a system, the extended configuration space has an asymptotically Euclidean anti-de Sitter (AdS) geometry. We further show that this knowledge of geometry enables us to optimize the tempering parameter in a simple, geometrical way.
Analytical soft SUSY spectrum in mirage-type mediation scenarios
Authors: Wang Fei
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We derive explicitly the soft SUSY breaking parameters at arbitrary low energy scale in the (deflected) mirage type mediation scenarios with possible gauge or Yukawa mediation contributions. Based on the Wilsonian effective action after integrating out the messengers, we obtain analytically the boundary value (at the GUT scale) dependencies of the effective wavefunctions and gauge kinetic terms. Note that the messenger scale dependencies of the effective wavefunctions and gauge kinetic terms had already been discussed in GMSB. The RGE boundary value dependencies, which is a special feature in (deflected) mirage type mediation, is the key new ingredients in this study. The appearance of ‘mirage’ unification scale in mirage mediation is proved rigorously with our analytical results. We also discuss briefly the new features in deflected mirage mediation scenario in the case the deflection comes purely from the Kahler potential and the case with messenger-matter interactions.
Constraining photon portal Dark Matter with TEXONO and COHERENT data
Authors: Ge Shao-Feng , Shoemaker Ian M.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Dark Matter may reside in sector without Standard Model (SM) gauge interactions. One way in which such a dark sector can still impact SM particles through non-gravitational interactions is via the “photon portal” in which a dark photon kinetically mixes with the ordinary SM photon. We study the implications of this setup for electron recoil events at TEXONO reactor and nuclear recoil events at the COHERENT experiment. We find that the recent COHERENT data rules out previously allowed regions of parameter space favored by the thermal relic hypothesis for the DM abundance. When mapped onto the DM-electron cross section, we find that COHERENT provides the leading direct constraints for DM masses < 30 MeV.
Rescuing massive photons from the Swampland
Authors: Craig Nathaniel , Garcia Garcia Isabel
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Stringent Swampland conjectures aimed at effective theories containing massive abelian vectors have recently been proposed [15], with striking phenomenological implications. In this article, we show how effective theories that parametrically violate the proposed conjectures can be UV-completed into theories that satisfy them. The UV-completion is accessible through both the Stückelberg and Higgs mechanisms, with all dimensionless parameters taking

$$ \mathcal{O}(1) $$

O

1

values from the UV perspective. These constructions feature an IR limit containing a light vector that is parametrically separated from any other massive states, and from any cut-off scale mandated by quantum gravity consistency requirements. Moreover, the cut-off-to-vector-mass ratio remains parametrically large even in the decoupling limit in which all other massive states (including any scalar excitations) become arbitrarily heavy. We discuss how apparently strong constraints imposed by the proposed conjectures on phenomenologically interesting models, including specific production mechanisms of dark photon dark matter, are thereby circumvented.
Microbial platforms to produce commercially vital carotenoids at industrial scale: an updated review of critical issues
Authors: Saini Ramesh Kumar , Keum Young-Soo
Published: November 2018

Carotenoids are a diverse group of isoprenoid pigments that play crucial roles in plants, animals, and microorganisms, including body pigmentation, bio-communication, precursors for vitamin A, and potent antioxidant activities. With their potent antioxidant activities, carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in protecting against chronic degenerative disease, such as aging, cancer, cataract, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to countless functions in the cellular system, carotenoids are extensively used in dietary supplements, food colorants, aquaculture and poultry feed, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. Moreover, the emerging demand for carotenoids in these vast areas has triggered their industrial-scale production. Currently, 80%–90% of carotenoids are produced synthetically by chemical synthesis. However, the demand for naturally produced carotenoids is increasing due to the health concern of synthetic counterparts. This article presents a review of the industrial production of carotenoids utilizing a number of diverse microbes, including microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, some of which have been genetically engineered to improve production titers.
Democracy over power? The democratic decision-making process in the case of the attempted privatization of Estonia’s power production
Authors: Khakee Anna
Published: November 2018

The suspense-filled attempted partial privatization of the Narva Power Plants in the neo-liberal darling Estonia involved a rich cast, from trade unions and local scientists, via Estonian courts and ombudsmen to international consulting firms, major global banks and the US government. More important, a detailed single case study on the democratic decision-making process in this privatization case makes it possible to go beyond common generalizations regarding the consequences of neo-liberalism for democratic processes. It shows that purported proponents of economic neo-liberalism such as the US government sometimes use their arguments to advance the narrow business interests of politically well-connected firms. Established private firms can behave in a more rent-seeking manner than publicly owned, ex-communist companies. Liberal economic principles of open competition and a level playing-field are at times used by actors in the democratic process to question top-down, opaque economic decisions.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of resveratrol with glucose and malate (RGM) to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study
Authors: Zhu Carolyn W. , Grossman Hillel , Neugroschl Judith , Parker Susan , Burden Amanda , Luo Xiaodong , Sano Mary
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Human studies on low‐dose resveratrol are scarce. This study aims to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of an oral preparation of resveratrol, glucose, and malate (RGM) in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

Thirty‐nine subjects with mild to moderate AD who were free of life‐threatening disease and who did not have contraindications to the use of the study product were screened. Progression of AD was measured by change in the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale. Secondary outcomes included Clinician's Global Impression of Change, Mini–Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory. 15 mL of the following preparation per dose, i.e., 5 g dextrose, 5 g malate, and 5 mg resveratrol, or matching placebo was ingested with an 8 oz glass of commercial unsweetened grape juice twice a day for 1 year. Group differences in the rate of change in the outcome measures were examined using generalized estimating equations.

Results

The treatment and control groups were similar on all of the screening variables. At 12 months, change scores on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale, Mini–Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Scale, or Neuropsychiatric Inventory all showed less deterioration in the treatment than the control group; however, none of the change scores reached statistical significance. The most common AE were falls, all in the control group. None of the falls were deemed to be study related.

Conclusion

Low‐dose oral resveratrol is safe and well tolerated. Interpretation of the effects on clinical outcomes trajectories remains uncertain. A larger study is required to determine whether low‐dose resveratrol may be beneficial.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00678431), Registered 05/15/2008.
User experience and clinical effectiveness with two wearable global positioning system devices in home dementia care
Authors: Megges Herlind , Freiesleben Silka Dawn , Rösch Christina , Knoll Nina , Wessel Lauri , Peters Oliver
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The user experience and clinical effectiveness with wearable global positioning system (GPS) devices for persons with dementia (PwDs) and caregivers (CGs) remain unclear although many are available.

Methods

Using a crossover design, 20 dyads tested two similar commercial GPS watches (products A and B) at home for 4 weeks each. Usability, product functions, design features and product satisfaction at home and the clinic were investigated. Caregiver burden and quality of life assessed clinical effectiveness.

Results

The final 17 dyads rated the usability, telephone function, overall design features, font, buttons, and battery life of B significantly better than A. PwDs rated the overall design features and buttons of A significantly better than CGs. Product satisfaction with both products was significantly lower at home. Clinical effectiveness was not found.

Discussion

User experience can be improved by optimizing specific product details. This might translate to clinical effectiveness. Social desirability bias may explain different product satisfaction ratings.
Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin/β‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme 1 predicts cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kirsebom Bjørn‐Eivind , Nordengen Kaja , Selnes Per , Waterloo Knut , Torsetnes Silje Bøen , Gísladóttir Berglind , Brix Britta , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Bråthen Geir , Hessen Erik , Aarsland Dag , Fladby Tormod
Published: November 2018

Introduction

The cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin (Ng)/β‐site amyloid precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) ratio may reflect synaptic affection resulting from reduced beta‐amyloid (Aβ) clearance. We hypothesize that increased Ng/BACE1 ratio predicts the earliest cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

We compared Ng/BACE1 levels between cases with subjective cognitive decline (n = 18) and mild cognitive impairment (n = 20) both with amyloid plaques and healthy controls (APOE‐ε4+, n = 16; APOE‐ε4‐, n = 20). We performed regression analyses between cerebrospinal fluid levels, baseline hippocampal and amygdala volumes, and pertinent cognitive measures (memory, attention, Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]) at baseline and after 2 years.

Results

Ng/BACE1 levels were elevated in both subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment compared to healthy controls. Higher Ng/BACE1 ratio was associated with lower hippocampal and amygdala volumes; lower baseline memory functions, attention, and MMSE; and significant decline in MMSE and memory function at 2‐year follow‐up.

Discussion

High Ng/BACE1 ratio predicts cognitive decline also in preclinical cases with amyloid plaques.
Immunomodulators in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lavigne Philippe , Lee Stella E.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To provide new insight into how chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is conceptualized and treated with a focus on immunomodulator therapy.

Data sources

Pubmed, Medline, and Embase.

Methods

A current review of the evidence is provided for immunomodulators investigated for treatment of CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).

Results

Biologic therapies targeting IgE, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 for the treatment of CRSwNP have shown promise and are currently in phase 3 trials. Anti‐immunoglobin E (IgE) therapy with omalizumab was assessed in 6 studies, anti‐interleukin (IL)‐5 therapy in 3 studies (2 mepolizumab, 1 reslizumab) and anti IL‐4/IL‐13 (dupilumab) therapy in one study. Studied outcomes varied, but the majority of trials identified clinical benefit of therapy over placebo. Other potential targets include thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP), IL‐25, IL‐33, and sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐type lectin (Siglec)‐8. Small molecule drugs that target the dysregulation of the immune system in CRS are also being investigated for their immunomodulatory effects on inflammation.

Conclusion

Immunomodulator therapies for CRS currently in development will likely provide another therapeutic option for patients who have severe disease unresponsive to corticosteroids and surgery. Targeted monoclonal antibody therapies have shown encouraging results and phase 3 trials are underway. IL‐4/IL‐13 inhibition has shown the most promise to date. Further larger, well‐designed trials are needed to improve understanding of these molecules and to offer endotype‐driven therapies in the management of CRS. None of these therapeutics have shown long‐term immunomodulation when discontinued and therefore further investigation into the pathomechanism of disease continues to be needed.
Reichstein Receives 2018 Piers J. Sellers Global Environmental Change Mid-Career Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: November 2018

Markus Reichstein will receive the 2018 Piers J. Sellers Global Environmental Change Mid-Career Award at AGU’s Fall Meeting 2018, to be held 10–14 December in Washington, D. C. The award recognizes a scientist or team of midcareer scientists “for outstanding contributions in research, educational, or societal impacts in the area of global environmental change, especially through interdisciplinary approaches.”
Introducing the New Editor-in-Chief of Radio Science
Authors: Salous Sana
Published: November 2018

Find out who is taking over the helm of Radio Science and her plans for taking the journal forward in the coming years.
Exploring Planetary Breadcrumbs One Asteroid at a Time
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: November 2018

Six ongoing and future missions explore the variety of asteroids in the solar system, seeking to uncover what makes each of them special.
Plasmaspheric Plumes and EMIC Rising Tone Emissions
Authors: Grison B. , Hanzelka M. , Breuillard H. , Darrouzet F. , Santolík O. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Dandouras I.
Published: November 2018

Due to its polar orbit Cluster spacecraft crossed plasmaspheric plumes out of the magnetic equatorial plane. We study the occurrence of broadband, narrowband, and rising tone emissions in the plume vicinity, below the local proton gyrofrequency. Based on a database of 935 Cluster plumes crossings, reduced to 189 unique plumes, we find that broadband activity is the most common case. We confirm result from a previous study showing that plume vicinity is not a preferred place for observing narrowband emissions. Rising tones are the less frequently observed of these three kinds of emissions. Nevertheless, ElectroMagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) rising tone occurrence rate is high compared to the narrowband one: Tones are seen in six of 30 plume events (20%) when narrowband emissions are observed. Rising tones are observed at absolute magnetic latitudes larger than 17° and up to 35° . We detail the 16 August 2005 plume crossing when a rising tone is observed. Results of a ray tracing analysis agree with a tone triggering process taking place above 15° of magnetic latitude.
Hydromechanical Properties of Gas Hydrate‐Bearing Fine Sediments From In Situ Testing
Authors: Taleb F. , Garziglia S. , Sultan N.
Published: November 2018

The hydromechanical properties of gas hydrate‐bearing sediment are key in assessing offshore geohazards and the resource potential of gas hydrates. For sandy materials, such properties were proved highly dependent on hydrate content (Sh) as well as on their distribution and morphology. Owing to difficulties in testing gas hydrate‐bearing clayey sediments, the impact of hydrates on the behavior of such materials remains poorly understood. Hence, to provide insight into the characterization of clayey sediments containing hydrate, this study relies on a unique database of in situ acoustic, piezocone, and pore pressure dissipation measurements collected in a high gas flux system offshore Nigeria. Compressional wave velocity measurements were used as means of both detecting and quantifying gas hydrate in marine sediments. The analysis of piezocone data in normalized soil classification charts suggested that contrary to hydrate‐bearing sands, the behavior of gas hydrate‐bearing clays tends to be contractive. Correlations of acoustic and geotechnical data have shown that the stiffness and strength tend to increase with increasing Sh. However, several sediment intervals sharing the same Sh have revealed different features of mechanical behavior; suggesting that stiffness and strength of gas hydrate‐bearing clays are influenced by the distribution/morphology of gas hydrate. Pore pressure dissipation data confirmed the contractive behavior of gas hydrate‐bearing clays and showed that at low hydrate content, the hydraulic diffusivity (Ch) decreases when Sh increases. However, for Sh exceeding 20%, it was shown that an increase of Ch with Sh could be linked to the presence of fractures in the hydrate‐sediment system.
Improved Simulations of Tropical Pacific Annual‐Mean Climate in the GFDL FLOR and HiFLOR Coupled GCMs
Authors: Wittenberg Andrew T. , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Delworth Thomas L. , Rosati Anthony , Anderson Whit G. , Cooke William F. , Underwood Seth , Zeng Fanrong , Griffies Stephen M. , Ray Sulagna
Published: November 2018

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory has recently developed two global coupled general circulation models, the Forecast‐oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) model and the High atmospheric resolution Forecast‐oriented Low Ocean Resolution (HiFLOR) model, which are now being utilized for climate research and seasonal predictions. Compared to their predecessor Coupled Model version 2.1 (CM2.1), the new versions have improved ocean/atmosphere physics and numerics and refinement of the atmospheric horizontal grid from 220 km (CM2.1) to 55 km (FLOR) and 26 km (HiFLOR). Both FLOR and HiFLOR demonstrate greatly improved simulations of the tropical Pacific annual‐mean climatology, with FLOR practically eliminating any equatorial cold bias in sea surface temperature. An additional model experiment (Low Ocean Atmosphere Resolution version 1) using FLOR's ocean/atmosphere physics, but with the atmospheric grid coarsened toward that of CM2.1, is used to further isolate the impacts of the refined atmospheric grid versus the improved physics and numerics. The improved ocean/atmosphere formulations are found to produce more realistic tropical Pacific patterns of sea surface temperature and rainfall, surface heat fluxes, ocean mixed layer depths, surface currents, and tropical instability wave activity; enhance the near‐surface equatorial upwelling; and reduce the intercentennial warm drift of the tropical Pacific upper ocean. The atmospheric grid refinement further improves these features and also improves the tropical Pacific surface wind stress, implied Ekman and Sverdrup transports, subsurface temperature and salinity structure, and heat advection in the equatorial upper ocean. The results highlight the importance of nonlocal air‐sea interactions in the tropical Pacific climate system, including the influence of off‐equatorial surface fluxes on the equatorial annual‐mean state. Implications are discussed for improving future simulations, observations, and predictions of tropical Pacific climate.
The SPASE Data Model: A Metadata Standard for Registering, Finding, Accessing, and Using Heliophysics Data Obtained From Observations and Modeling
Authors: Roberts D. Aaron , Thieman James , Génot Vincent , King Todd , Gangloff Michel , Perry Chris , Wiegand Chiu , De Zeeuw Darren , Fung Shing F. , Cecconi Baptiste , Hess Sébastien
Published: November 2018

The Space Physics Archive Search and Extract Consortium has developed and implemented the SPASE Data Model that provides a common language for registering a wide range of Heliophysics data and other products. The Data Model enables discovery and access tools such that any researcher can obtain data easily, thereby facilitating research, including on space weather. The Data Model includes descriptions of Simulation Models and Numerical Output, pioneered by the Integrated Medium for Planetary Exploration (IMPEx) group in Europe, and subsequently adopted by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC). The SPASE group intends to register all relevant Heliophysics data resources, including space‐, ground‐, and model‐based. Substantial progress has been made, especially for space‐based observational data and associated observatories, instruments, and display data. Legacy product registrations and access go back more than 50 years. Real‐time data will be included. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) portion of the SPASE group has funding that assures continuity in the upkeep of the Data Model and aids with adding new products. Tools are being developed for making and editing data descriptions. Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for Data Products can now be included in the descriptions. The data access that SPASE facilitates is becoming more uniform, and work is progressing on Web Service access via a standard Application Programming Interface. The SPASE Data Model is stable; changes over the past 9 years were additions of terms and capabilities that are backward compatible. This paper provides a summary of the history, structure, use, and future of the SPASE Data Model.
Solvent-free and room temperature visible light-induced C–H activation: CdS as a highly efficient photo-induced reusable nano-catalyst for the C–H functionalization cyclization of t-amines and C–C double and triple bonds
Authors: Firoozi Somayeh , Hosseini-Sarvari Mona , Koohgard Mehdi
Published: November 2018

Nano-sized CdS was successfully prepared, fully characterized and applied as a highly efficient reusable photocatalyst for the condensation of tertiary amines with double and triple bonds via a C–H activation approach.
Highly self-diffused Sn doping in α-Fe2O3 nanorod photoanodes initiated from β-FeOOH nanorod/FTO by hydrogen treatment for solar water oxidation
Authors: Ma Haiqing , Mahadik Mahadeo A. , Park Jin Woo , Kumar Manish , Chung Hee Suk , Chae Weon Sik , Kong Gi Won , Lee Hyun Hwi , Choi Sun Hee , Jang Jum Suk
Published: November 2018

Activation of hematite by low-temperature hydrogen reduction induced highly Sn4+ diffusion.
Boronic ester-based dynamic covalent ionic liquid gels for self-healable, recyclable and malleable optical devices
Authors: Tang Jiaqi , Yang Jinglun , Yang Hui , Miao Rong , Wen Ruijuan , Liu Kaiqiang , Peng Junxia , Fang Yu
Published: November 2018

Excellent light transmittance and non-volatility of the dynamic ionic liquid gels make them become ideal soft optical materials.
Environmentally responsive composite films fabricated using silk nanofibrils and silver nanowires
Authors: Liu Jialin , He Tengyu , Fang Guangqiang , Wang Ranran , Kamoun Elbadawy A. , Yao Jinrong , Shao Zhengzhong , Chen Xin
Published: November 2018

Two kinds of silk nanofibril/silver nanowire composite films were fabricated by using a facile vacuum-filtration method, and can act as a humidity sensor or a pressure sensor.
Concentrated solar irradiation protocols for the efficient synthesis of tri-color emissive carbon dots and photophysical studies
Authors: Lu Dong , Tang Yiping , Gao Jinwei , Wang Qianming
Published: November 2018

In contrast to conventional nanomaterials or organic dyes, carbon dots possess a variety of appealing properties including chemical inertness and easy manipulation and they can be dispersed in water.
Lexical Development in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): How ASD May Affect Intake From the Input
Authors: Arunachalam Sudha , Luyster Rhiannon J.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Most children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have below-age lexical knowledge and lexical representation. Our goal is to examine ways in which difficulties with social communication and language processing that are often associated with ASD may constrain these children's abilities to learn new words and to explore whether minimizing the social communication and processing demands of the learning situation can lead to successful learning.

Method

In this narrative review of recent work on lexical development in ASD, we describe key findings on children's acquisition of nouns, pronouns, and verbs and outline our research program currently in progress aimed at further elucidating these issues.

Conclusion

Our review of studies that examine lexical development in children with ASD suggests that innovative intervention approaches that take into account both the social communication and processing demands of the learning situation may be particularly beneficial.

Presentation Video

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7324013
Electromagnetic interference shielding performance evaluation of randomised overlapping ring mesh
Authors: Yongmeng Liu , Cuilian Zuo , Xu Liu , Chuanzhi Sun
Published: November 2018

The authors designed a randomised overlapping ring metallic mesh and built its evaluation model of electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. They simulated and analysed the effects of diameter 2R and period g on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The simulation and experiment results show that the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is better than 23 dB in the 10–18 GHz band while its maximum normalised high‐order diffraction optical energy is decreased to 0.00134%. The randomised overlapping ring mesh can realise strong shielding effectiveness and low image‐degradation simultaneously.
Fabrication and measurement of 3D LPF based on coaxial TSV
Authors: Wang Fengjuan , Li He , Yu Ningmei
Published: November 2018

The implementation of mainstream passive low‐pass filters (LPFs) remains a challenge to satisfy the requirements of small size and compatibility with standard CMOS process. Fortunately, the emerging technology of through‐silicon via (TSV) offers a possible solution to this issue by developing 3D LPF architecture. A 3D LPF based on coaxial TSV is exploited by fabrication and measurement. The measurement result shows good agreement with that obtained by finite element method.
Observation of flattened power spectrum of chaotic semiconductor laser using an optical filter
Authors: Han Hong , Zhao Tong , Wang An Bang , Wang Da Ming , Wang Long Sheng , Wang Yun Cai , Shore K. Alan
Published: November 2018

The authors experimentally demonstrate that the spectral flatness of chaotic light from an external‐cavity feedback semiconductor laser is significantly improved using a fibre Bragg grating. The effects of detuning between the Bragg frequency and chaotic frequency on the bandwidth and spectral flatness are both investigated. The flatness of the power spectrum is enhanced to ±1.4 dB whilst maintaining the spectral bandwidth at around 8 GHz. The experimental results are in accordance with theoretical predictions which also have shown that the spectral flatness decreases initially then increases with increasing the 3 dB bandwidth of grating. A flattened spectrum with a low‐pass energy distribution increases the utilisation efficiency of chaotic light in chaotic radar and reflectometry.
Green extraction of lycopene from tomato juice with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles
Authors: Hernández Daniel Escobar , Magallon Angelica Perez , Arizaga Gregorio Guadalupe Carbajal
Published: November 2018

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are inorganic compounds with particle size ranging from micrometres to nanometres. On the nanoscale, particles tend to aggregate themselves; therefore, the synthesis of nanoparticles must consider a final step to passivate the surface avoiding aggregation. In this work, zinc/aluminium LDHs particles were synthesised in tomato juice as a reaction medium. This medium promoted the formation of 50 nm particles, which aggregated and simultaneously captured the lycopene in the juice, thus forming a precipitate. The precipitate is a composite material formed by LDH and 11% of organic matter according to an estimation done by thermogravimetric analysis. The organic fraction in the composite presented more thermal stability than that of the tomato flesh. The washing of this composite with ethanol removes lycopene as the main component according to infrared and visible spectroscopy data. As the metal cations in LDH can be selected to comply with food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications, the current method to produce lycopene/LDH composites is a promising route to easily obtain antioxidant additives for these industries.
Incidence of planet candidates in open clusters and a planet confirmation
Authors: Leão I. C. , Canto Martins B. L. , Alves S. , Pereira de Oliveira G. , Cortés C. , Brucalassi A. , Melo C. H. F. , de Freitas D. B. , Pasquini L. , de Medeiros J. R.
Published: November 2018

Context. Detecting exoplanets in clusters of different ages is a powerful tool for understanding a number of open questions, such as how the occurrence rate of planets depends on stellar metallicity, on mass, or on stellar environment.

Aims. We present the first results of our HARPS long-term radial velocity (RV) survey which aims to discover exoplanets around intermediate-mass (between ~2 and 6 M⊙) evolved stars in open clusters.

Methods. We selected 826 bona fide HARPS observations of 114 giants from an initial list of 29 open clusters and computed the half-peak to peak variability of the HARPS RV measurements, namely ΔRV∕2, for each target, to search for the best planet-host candidates. We also performed time series analyses for a few targets for which we have enough observations to search for orbital solutions.

Results. Although we attempted to rule out the presence of binaries on the basis of previous surveys, we detected 14 new binary candidates in our sample, most of them identified from a comparison between HARPS and CORAVEL data. We also suggest 11 new planet-host candidates based on a relation between the stellar surface gravity and ΔRV∕2. Ten of the candidates are less than 3 M⊙, showing evidence of a low planet occurrence rate for massive stars. One of the planet-host candidates and one of the binary candidates show very clear RV periodic variations, allowing us to confirm the discovery of a new planet and to compute the orbital solution for the binary. The planet is IC 4651 9122b, with a minimum mass of m sini = 6.3 MJ and a semimajor axis a = 2.0 AU. The binary companion is NGC 5822 201B, with a very low minimum mass of m sini = 0.11 M⊙ and a semimajor axis a = 6.5 AU, which is comparable to the Jupiter distance to the Sun.
Beckenverletzungen
Authors: Schmal Hagen
Published: November 2018

Beckenfrakturen im Kindesalter sind selten. Das grundsätzliche Verständnis von Instabilität und Klassifikation ist dabei ähnlich dem der Erwachsenen, wobei es jedoch bestimmte Frakturcharakteristika wie das kräftige Periost, die hohe Knochenelastizität und die Wachstumsfugen gibt. Neben der speziellen Physiologie ist dies konsequenterweise bei Diagnostik und Therapie dieser Verletzungen zu berücksichtigen. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Behandlungskonzepte.
Die Rechtsfrage: Reinigungsmittel verursacht berufsbedingte Erkrankung – was tun?
Authors: Bossow Karsten
Published: November 2018

„Das Reinigungspersonal unserer Klinik setzte Putzmittel unsachgemäß ein. In der Folge entwickelte ich heftige Symptome und eine berufsbedingte Erkrankung. Der Arbeitgeber hat bereits Maßnahmen ergriffen, aber weiterhin sind Patienten, Kollegen und Besucher dem Mittel ausgesetzt. Wie kann ich mich verhalten, ohne meinen Arbeitsplatz aufs Spiel zu setzen?“

Therapeutin aus Norddeutschland
Entspannt schreiben – Stifthaltung
Authors: Groth Rebecca
Published: November 2018

Wer viel schreibt und an Beschwerden in Hand, Arm, Schulter oder Nacken leidet, sollte seine Stifthaltung überdenken. Denn diese kann Überlastungssyndrome wie eine Sehnenscheidenentzündung verursachen.
Lung Ultrasound in the Assessment of Pulmonary Complications After Lung Transplantation
Authors: Davidsen Jesper Rømhild , Schultz Hans Henrik Lawaetz , Henriksen Daniel Pilsgaard , Iversen Martin , Kalhauge Anna , Carlsen Jørn , Perch Michael , Graumann Ole , Laursen Christian B.
Published: November 2018

Introduction Lung ultrasound (LUS) has a high diagnostic accuracy for identifying frequent conditions in the post-operative phase after lung transplantation (LTx). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and clinical ability of LUS to identify pulmonary complications such as pleural effusions and pneumonias in the early postoperative phase after LTx.

Methods A prospective cohort study of lung transplant recipients who consecutively underwent single LTx (SLTx) or double LTx (DLTx) at the National Lung Transplantation Center in Denmark from May 1 to October 31, 2015 was conducted. LUS was performed at four time points corresponding to post-transplant day 3, and weeks 2, 6, and 12 (LUS #1–4) to detect and monitor variation in pathological LUS findings over time. Concurrent with LUS #4, a high-resolution computed tomography examination of the thorax (HRCT) was also performed.

Results 14 patients (1 SLTx/13 DLTx, 7 (50 %) women, mean age: 50.4 years) who had undergone the four prespecified LUS examinations were included. Pleural effusion was the most common condition and most pronounced at post-LTx week 2. Findings consistent with pneumonia increased during week 2 and subsequently decreased. Corresponding to LUS #1, 2, 3, and 4, pleural effusion occurred in 85.7 %, 92.9 %, 85.7 %, and 78.6 %, and pneumonia in 21.4 %, 28.6 %, 14.3 %, and 14.3 %, respectively. HRCT findings at post-LTx week 12 were predominantly presented by unspecific ground glass opacities.

Conclusion In a post-LTx setting, LUS represents a clinical novelty as a feasible diagnostic and monitoring tool to identify pathological pulmonary complications in the early post-operative phase.
Gender Differences in Academic Rank and NIH Funding among Academic Maternal–Fetal Medicine Physicians in the United States
Authors: Sperling Jeffrey , Shulman Rachel , Blat Cinthia , Miller Edward , Kokroko Jolene , Zlatnik Marya , Gonzalez-Velez Juan , Norton Mary , Gossett Dana
Published: November 2018

Objective This article evaluates gender differences in academic rank and National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding among academic maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) physicians.

Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of board-certified academic MFM physicians. Physicians were identified in July 2017 from the MFM fellowship Web sites. Academic rank and receipt of any NIH funding were compared by gender. Data on potential confounders were collected, including years since board certification, region of practice, additional degrees, number of publications, and h-index.

Results We identified 659 MFM physicians at 72 institutions, 312 (47.3%) male and 347 (52.7%) female. There were 246 (37.3%) full, 163 (24.7%) associate, and 250 (37.9%) assistant professors. Among the 154 (23.4%) MFM physicians with NIH funding, 89 (57.8%) were male and 65 (42.2%) were female (p = 0.003). Adjusting for potential confounders, male MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank than female MFM physicians (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.04 [95% confidence interval, 1.39–2.94], p < 0.001). There was no difference in NIH funding between male and female MFM physicians (aOR, 1.23 [0.79–1.92], p = 0.36).

Conclusion Compared with female academic MFM physicians, male academic MFM physicians were twice as likely to hold a higher academic rank but were no more likely to receive NIH funding.
Wound Closure in Flexion versus Extension following Total Knee Replacement: Outcomes and Complications
Authors: Mahmood Aatif , Fursdon Thomas , Peter Viju , Kumar Gunasekaran
Published: November 2018

Position of the knee may affect the range of movement (ROM) after a total knee replacement (TKR). It has been postulated that wound closure in extension may cause shortening of the extensor mechanism and increased tension on the soft tissues. The aim of this study was to determine effect of wound closure in TKR with the knee in flexion or extension on postoperative ROM and rehabilitation. A consecutive series of 121 patients underwent primary TKR between May 2011 and August 2012. Group A (60 patients) had wound closure in extension. Group B (61 patients) had wound closure in flexion. Baseline demographic data were compared—age, body mass index, gender, American Society of Anesthetists status, length of stay, wound healing, and ROM. Oxford Knee Score (OKS) were assessed at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Fifty-two males and 69 females with average age of 68 years (32–86) underwent TKR. There were no wound complications requiring surgical intervention. One patient in each group required manipulation under anesthesia for stiffness. There was no statistical difference in ROM and OKS at the last follow-up. There was no difference in outcomes following knee closure in flexion or extension.
Evaluation of Femoral–Tibial Flexion Gap in Total Knee Arthroplasty with Everted or Lateralized Patella
Authors: Malavolta Michele , Cochetti Andrea , Mezzari Silvio , Residori Alberto , Lista Gianpietro
Published: November 2018

Intraoperative patellar position (eversion, lateralization, or in situ) influences the ligamentous balancing in knee flexion and thereby the correct positioning of the femoral component during total knee arthroplasty. The correct ligament balancing is crucial when, as in our experience, prostheses with medial pivot design are used. It was shown that the flexion gap in the normal knee is not rectangular and that the lateral compartment is significantly slacker than the medial. Therefore, to obtain a correct kinematics of a medial pivot anatomical prosthesis, it is essential to recreate an anatomical flexion gap slacker in the lateral compartment. We conducted a prospective study on a consecutive series of 87 total knee prostheses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the femoral external rotation angle in each patient with everted patella as well as with pure subluxated patella. The purpose of this study is to offer guidance about the optimal femoral rotation angle to achieve best outcomes of a knee replacement. The evaluation was done using an instrument developed by Medacta International (Switzerland) with our direct collaboration (Tensor, Medacta, Switzerland) and standardizing the basic conditions of each patient (knee 90 degrees flexed, medial transquadricipital surgical access, lateral displacement of the patella, tourniquet inflated at 250 mm Hg, spinal anesthesia). Each group was subdivided into subgroups according to gender, preoperative varus or valgus deformity, and patellar height. Our study advises against evaluating the flexion gap with everted patella due to high risk of underestimation of the lateral compartment laxity (differences up to + 3 degrees with pure subluxated patella compared with everted patella).