bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome Analysis of Aedes aegypti Aag2 Cells in Response to Dengue Virus-2 Infection
Authors: Li Man-jin , Lan Ce-jie , Gao He-ting , Xing Dan , Gu Zhen-yu , Su Duo , Zhao Tong-yan , Yang Hui-ying , Li Chun-xiao
Published: May 2020

Background
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes that is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and has four serotypes (DENV1-4). Aedes aegypti, as the main transmission vector of DENV, exhibits strong infectivity and transmission. With the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the Aedes aegypti-DENV interaction, the transcriptome changes in DENV-2-infected Aag2 cells were studied to describe the immune responses of mosquitoes using the Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell line as a model.
Methods
RNAseq technology was used to sequence the transcripts of the Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell line before and after infection with DENV-2. A bioinformatics analysis was then performed to assess the biological functions of the differentially expressed genes, and the sequencing data were verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Results
The transcriptome analysis generated 8,866 unigenes that were found in both groups, 225 unigenes that were only found in the infection group, and 683 unigenes that only existed in the control group. A total of 1199 differentially expressed genes, including 1014 upregulated and 185 downregulated genes, were identified. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the longevity regulating pathway, circadian rhythm, DNA replication, and peroxisome, purine, pyrimidine, and drug metabolism. The qRT-PCR verification results showed the same trend, which confirmed that the expression of the differentially expressed genes had changed and that the transcriptome sequencing data were reliable.
Conclusions
This study investigated the changes in the transcriptome levels in the DENV-2-infected Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell line, which provides a faster and effective method for discovering genes related to Aedes aegypti pathogen susceptibility. The findings provide basic data and directions for further research on the complex mechanism underlying host-pathogen interactions.
Prevalence and grade of RLS in migraine: a prospective study of 251 migraineurs by synchronous test of c-TTE and c-TCD
Authors: Zhao Qiuxia , Liu Rong , Zhou Jun , Dong Zhizhi , Chen Yue
Published: May 2020

Background
RLS is considered as a risk factor for migraine, but the correlation between the RLS and migraine remains controversial. To investigate the prevalence and Right-to left shunt (RLS) grade of PFO in patients with migraine (including migraine with aura and without) and assess the association between PFO and migraine.
Methods
Synchronous test of contrast transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE) and contrast transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (c-TCD) was conducted in 251 patients with migraine, including 61 migraine with aura (MA) and 189 migraine without aura (MO) and 275 healthy adults. Among these patients, 25 patients with migraine and 14 healthy adults were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).
Results
(1). The prevalence of permanent RLS, total RLS and large RLS in migraine was significantly higher compared with controls (P = 0.042, < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). (2). Compared with controls, the positive rate of total RLS and large RLS in MO was increased (P = 0.004 and 0.022 respectively), the positive rate of permanent RLS, total RLS and large RLS in MA was also increased (P < 0.001 for each of the comparisons). The positive rate of permanent RLS and large RLS in MA was significantly higher than in MO (P = 0.004 and 0.011 respectively). (3) The presence of large-size PFO (≥ 2.0 mm) of migraine was higher than that of controls (P = 0.048).
Conclusion
PFO is associated with increased migraine (especially with aura), when the PFO is permanent RLS, large RLS and large-size PFO (≥ 2.0 mm).
Moderate rate of resistance mutations transmitted to antiretrovirals and genetic diversity in newly HIV-1 patients diagnosed in Benin.
Authors: TCHIAKPE EDMOND , Keke Rene K , Vidal Nicole , Ahoussinou Clément , Sekpe Olga , Dagba Hermione G , Gbaguidi Eric , Tonoukouen Conrad , Afangnihoun Aldric , Bachabi Moussa , Gangbo Flore A , Ndiaye Halimatou Diop , Kane Coumba Toure
Published: May 2020

Objective Seventeen years after the start of the IBAARV (Beninese initiative for access to antiretrovirals), transmitted drug resistance mutations in ARV naïve patients and HIV-1 genetic diversity were investigated in Benin.Results Drug resistance mutations were detected in (27/248; 10.9%) according to the WHO SDRM 2009 list, with a predominance of mutations directed to NNRTIs drugs (24/248; 10%). Phylogenetic and recombination analyses showed a predominance of CRF02_AG strains (165/248; 66.5%) and a high genetic diversity with five other variants and 39 URFs (15.7%) which contained portions of strains that co-circulate in Benin. Eight recent transmission chains revealed active ongoing transmission of HIV-1 strains among ARV naïve patients. Our study showed a moderate primary drug resistance mutations rate and also provided recent data on the HIV-1 variants that circulate in Benin. Regular monitoring of primary drug resistance is required to adapt HIV-1 treatment strategies and adoption of new WHO recommendations in Benin.
Effects of Region, Epidemic Stage, and Demographic Characteristics on Sleep Quality and Mental Disturbances among Health Care Workers during COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Zhang Ruike , Hou Tianya , Kong Xiangyu , Wang Guibin , Wang Hao , Xu Shuyu , Xu Jingzhou , He Jingwen , Xiao Lei , Wang Yajing , Du Jing , Huang Yujia , Su Tong , Tang Yunxiang
Published: May 2020

Objective To investigate the prevalence of sleep quality and mental disturbances of medical staff and identify the effects of region, epidemic stage, and demographic characteristics during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Method Self-administered questionnaire were sent to health care workers (HCWs) in China from 30 Jan to 2 March, 2020. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Patient Health Questionare-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Impact of Event Scale were used to assess sleep quality, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of HCWs, respectively. The influencing factors of psychological and sleep disturbances were identified by univariate analysis and multiple regression. Result The incidence of people getting depression, anxiety or PTSD symptoms were 11.6%,13.3%, 14.3%, respectively. HCWs in Hubei province experienced significantly poorer sleep quality (t=5.034, P<0.001). The predictors of sleep quality among HCWs were COVID-19 stage 2 (β=.135, p=.014) and 3 (β=.184, p=.001), female (β=.141, p=.003) and older age (β=.160, p=.001).Not working in Hubei province (β=-.264, P<0.001) showed to be a protective factor of sleep quality. The risk factors of depression symptoms were not working in Hubei province (OR=4.318, P<0.001), administrative and logistic staff and others (OR=3.538, p=.011), and higher PSQI score (OR=1.282, P<0.001). Having children (under-age: OR=.292, p=.001, grown-up: OR=.293, p=.042) was identified as a protective factor of having depression symptoms. Poor sleep quality showed to be the risk factor of anxiety and PTSD symptoms as well (both p<.001). Furthermore, administrative and logistic staff and others (OR=3.399, p=.006) were found to be the risk factor of PTSD symptoms among HCWs. Conclusion HCWs had poorer sleep quality on stage 2and 3 of the outbreak. HCWs in Hubei had poorer sleep quality but lighter depression condition. gender, age, occupation and status of having children were associated with sleep and mental health. Mental health programs should be considered for HCWs especially those with specific characteristics. Key words COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety, PTSD, Sleep quality, Health care workers
Protocol for a Matched-Pair Cluster Control Trial of ARCHES (Addressing Reproductive Coercion in Health Settings) among Women and Girls Seeking Contraceptive Services from Community-Based Clinics in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Uysal Jasmine , Carter Nicole , Johns Nicole , Boyce Sabrina , Liambila Wilson , Undie Chi-Chi , Muketo Esther , Adhiambo Jill , Gray Kate , Wendoh Seri , Silverman Jay
Published: May 2020

Background: Reproductive coercion (RC) and intimate partner violence (IPV) are prevalent forms of gender-based violence (GBV) associated with reduced female control over contraceptive use and subsequent unintended pregnancy. Although the World Health Organization has recommended the identification and support of GBV survivors within health services, few clinic-based models have been shown to reduce IPV or RC, particularly in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). To date, clinic-based GBV interventions have not been shown to reduce RC or unintended pregnancy in LMIC settings. Intervention: ARCHES (Addressing Reproductive Coercion in Health Settings) is a single-session, clinic-based model delivered within routine contraceptive counseling that has been demonstrated to reduce RC in the United States. ARCHES was adapted to the Kenyan context via a participatory process to reduce GBV and unintended pregnancy among women and girls seeking contraceptive services in this setting. Core elements of ARCHES include enhanced contraceptive counseling that addresses RC, opportunity for patient disclosure of RC and IPV (and subsequent warm referral to local services), and provision of a palm-sized educational booklet. Methods: A matched-pair cluster control trial is being conducted to assess whether ARCHES (intervention), as compared to standard-of-care contraceptive counseling (control), reduces RC and IPV, and improves contraceptive outcomes for woman and girls of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) seeking contraceptive services from community-based clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. All six clinics were assigned to intervention-control pairs based on similarities in patient volume and demographics, physical structure and neighborhood context. Survey data will be collected from patients immediately prior to their clinic visit (baseline, T1), immediately after their clinic visit (exit), and at 3- and 6-months post-visit (T2 and T3, respectively). Discussion: This study is the first to assess the efficacy of an adaptation of the ARCHES model to reduce GBV and improve reproductive health outside of the U.S., and one of only a small number of controlled trials to assess reductions in GBV associated with a clinic-based program in an LMIC context. Evidence from this trial will inform health system efforts to reduce GBV, and to enhance female contraceptive control and reproductive health in Kenya and globally. Trial registration: Registered May 2018 - ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03534401. Unique Protocol ID: 170084 This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant Number OPP1193177
Strategic Supplementation of Flemingia Silage to Enhance Rumen Fermentation Efficiency, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Methane Mitigation in Beef Cattle
Authors: Viennasay Bounnaxay , Wanapat Metha
Published: May 2020

Background: Good quality protein as an on-farm feed resources has been in great demand to support the productivity of ruminants. A digestion trial using beef cattle crossbreds was conducted to assess the four dietary treatments of Flemingia macrophylla silage (FMS) supplementation at 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 kg dry matter (DM)/day in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Feed DM intakes were measured during the 14 days and sample of feeds, feces, urine, as well as rumen fluid, blood were collected during the 7 days while the animals were on metabolism crates.Results: Based on this experiment revealed that strategic supplementation of FMS increased (P < 0.05) nutrients digestibility (organic matter, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber) enhanced rumen total volatile fatty acid production especially propionic acid (C3), C2:C3 ratio while, remarkably promoted the microbial protein synthesis (MPS) by increasing N-balance and retention of purine derivatives.Conclusion: Under this experiment, the results revealed the potential use of FMS as a good-quality feed to improve nutrients digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and to mitigate methane production. FMS supplementation at 0.6 kg DM/day exhibited the best result.
Optimization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Augmented Ultra-Dense Networks
Authors: Zamani Alireza , Kämmer Robert , Hu Yulin , Schmeink Anke
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we study the integration of unmanned aerial vehicle small cells (UAV-SC) for the purpose of augmenting or temporarily restoring service to an ultra-dense cellular network. The aim is to minimize the overall power consumption of the network by jointly optimizing the number of UAV-SCs, their placement, associations and the power allocation, subject to user QoS, transmit power and fronthaul capacity constraints. As the resulting optimization problem is non-convex and computationally inefficient to solve, we investigate lower complexity alternatives. By reformulating the original problem, a linear structure can be obtained that is efficiently solved by off-the-shelf solvers. Furthermore, we also propose a meta-heuristic method that is based on particle swarm optimization. The performance of the proposed methods is evaluated via simulation studies and compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The results illustrate that the proposed methods consistently outperform conventional techniques by deploying fewer UAV-SCs and also lowering the transmit powers. Furthermore, considerable power savings were observed particularly for low QoS demands and dense scenarios.
Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among female university students in the UAE
Authors: Mohamad Ohoud , Sabbah Haleama Al , Smail Linda , Hermena Ehab W , Ghali Rola Al
Published: May 2020

Background

This study assessed whether perceived stress and depressive symptoms were associated with the frequency of consumption of specific food groups among female university students.
Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among female university students using a simple random sampling method. The response rate was 97% yielded a total number of 385 participants. The associations between stress levels and the most/least consumed food groups, and between depressive symptoms levels and the most/least consumed food groups were assessed. The questionnaire included a 12-item self-administered food frequency questionnaire, Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The study was approved by the University Ethical Committee before data collection. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the independent-sample t-test were carried out to test the equality of population means across the categories of each independent variable depending on the number of categories of the independent variable.
Results

Overall, this group of female university students fell under the mild mood disturbance category (depressive symptoms) (BDI-II) and had moderate perceived stress (PSS). Perceived stress was associated with more frequent consumption of salad/raw vegetables and cooked vegetables, and less frequent consumption of cake/cookies and meat/sausage products (p < .05). Additionally, depressive symptoms were associated with less frequent consumption of fresh fruits and more consumption of fast food/canned food and soft drinks (p < .05).
Conclusions

The data showed that stress and depression were associated with different dietary preferences consistent with distinctions between stress and depression on human behavior. Specifically, the results revealed associations between soft drinks consumption and higher depressive symptoms, and between frequent consumption of salad/raw vegetables and cooked vegetables and higher perceived stress among this group of female university students.
Symbiotic Microbiome Staphylococcus Aureus from Human Nasal Mucus Modulates IL-33-Mediated Type 2 Immune Responses in Allergic Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Jeon Yung Jin , Gil Chan Hee , Won Jina , Jo Ara , Kim Hyun Jik
Published: May 2020

Background The host-microbial commensalism can shapes the innate immune responses in respiratory mucosa and nasal microbiome also modulates front-line immune mechanism in the nasal mucosa. Inhaled allergens encounter the host immune system first in the nasal mucosa, and microbial characteristics of nasal mucus directly impact the mechanisms of initial allergic responses in nasal epithelium. However, the roles of the nasal microbiome in allergic nasal mucosa remain uncertain. We sought to determine the distribution of nasal microbiomes in allergic nasal mucosa and elucidate the interplay between nasal microbiome Staphylococcus species and Th2 cytokines in allergic rhinitis (AR) models.Results Staphylococcus aureus (AR-SA) and S. epidermidis (AR-SE) were isolated from the nasal mucosa of patients with AR. The influence of nasal microbiome Staphylococcus species on allergic nasal mucosa was also tested with in vitro and in vivo AR models. Pyrosequencing data showed that colonization by S. epidermidis and S. aureus was more dominant in nasal mucus of AR subjects. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-33 and TSLP were significantly higher in AR nasal epithelial (ARNE) cells which were cultured from nasal mucosa of AR subjects, and exposure of ARNE cells to AR-SA reduced IL-33 mRNA and secreted protein levels. Particularly, OVA-driven AR mice inoculated with AR-SA by intranasal delivery exhibited significantly reduced IL-33 in their nasal mucosa. In the context of these results, allergic symptoms and Th2 cytokine levels were significantly downregulated after intranasal inoculation of AR-SA in vivo AR mice.Conclusion Colonization by Staphylococcus species was more dominant in allergic nasal mucosa, and nasal commensal S. aureus from subjects with AR mediates anti-allergic effects by modulating IL-33-dependent Th2 inflammation. The results demonstrate the role of host-bacterial commensalism in shaping human allergic inflammation.
Experience of Emergency Medical Services Response to Arasbaran Earthquakes in 2012: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Poueaghaei Mahboub , Babaie Javad , Saeed Laleh Rad
Published: May 2020

Background One of the most important concerns in responding to disasters is providing Basic Life Support (BLS) services to injuries. Considering the key role of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in providing BLS, the purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of provincial EMS's response to the Arasbaran twin earthquakes and its challenges in 2012 in Iran.Methods In this qualitative content analysis, data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and semi-structured in-depth interviews with purposefully-selected EMS paramedics and officers in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. To form the main categories, the interviews were encoded in three stages and the similar codes were placed under the same subcategories and merged.Results A total of 26 EMS paramedics and officers participated in the study. The codes extracted from their interviews were divided into ten categories, including; the lack of preparedness and coordination, dead bodies' management challenges, responders’ psychosocial support, deficiencies in supplies and ambulances, difficulty of access to rural areas, volunteer management, non-documentation of the experiences, communication challenges, recalling and deploying of EMS responders.Conclusion According to the findings, EMS timely response and paramedic's sense of responsibility for providing services were a positive point about the EMS operations. The weaknesses of the system should therefore be addressed through transferring of experiences and by planning and arranging training courses.
Molecular-Based Cross-Species Evaluation of Bovine Coronavirus Infection in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ghana.
Authors: Burimuah Vitus , Sylverken Augustina , Owusu Michael , El-Duah Philip , Yeboah Richmond , Lamptey Jones , Frimpong Yaw Oppong , Agbenyega Olivia , Folitse Raphael , Emikpe Ben , Tasiame William , Owiredu Eddie-Williams , Oppong Samuel , Antwi Christopher , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Drosten Christian
Published: May 2020

Background: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry particularly cattle, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching.Methods: In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank.Results: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3% consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed with our isolates and those from elsewhere.Conclusion: Given that Ghana predominantly practice the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species. Continuous surveillance of BCoV in the country is thus critical to avert future surge and probable increase in host range.
The prevalence and mechanism of triclosan resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from urine samples in Wenzhou, China
Authors: Zeng Weiliang , Xu Wenya , Xu Ye , Liao Wenli , Zhao Yajie , Zheng Xiangkuo , Xu Chunquan , Zhou Tieli , Cao Jianming
Published: May 2020

Background
Widespread use of triclosan has been reported to cause its residue in urine, which provides an environment of long-term exposure to triclosan for intestinal Escherichia coli. We aimed to determine the triclosan and antibiotic resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine, and further investigate the resistance mechanism and molecular epidemic characteristics of triclosan resistant Escherichia coli isolates.
Methods
A total of 200 non-repetitive E. coli strains from urine samples were obtained and identified. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of triclosan and antibiotics, fabI mutation, efflux pump activity, expression of 14 efflux pump encoding genes and epidemiological characteristics were detected with agar dilution method, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibition test, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in all triclosan resistant isolates. Furthermore, we also investigated the effect of triclosan exposure in vitro on resistance in susceptible strains by serial passage experiment.
Results
Of 200 E. coli isolates, 2.5% (n = 5) were resistant to triclosan, multidrug resistance (MDR) and cross-resistance phenotypes were observed in these resistant strains, but not in susceptible strains. We did not observe any sense mutations within fabI gene in triclosan resistant strains. Moreover, except DC8603, all the others enhanced efflux pumps activity. Compared with ATCC 25922, except fabI, increased expression were also found in efflux pump encoding genes ydcV, ydcU, ydcS, ydcT, cysP, yihV, acrB, acrD and mdfA in studied strains with different PFGE patterns and STs types. Surprised, 5 susceptible E. coli isolates increased rapidly triclosan resistance only 4 days after exposure to subinhibitory triclosan concentration in vitro.
Conclusions
Our study is the first to be reported that short-term triclosan exposure in vitro increases triclosan resistance in susceptible E. coli isolates. Once strains have acquired resistance, they usually present MDR or cross-resistance phenotypes. Besides, our findings indicate that triclosan resistance were mainly involved by fabI overexpression in E. coli, and there was a close association between overexpression of efflux pumps with triclosan resistance.
Neural Defects Caused by Total and Wnt1-Cre Mediated Ablation of p120ctn in Mice
Authors: Pieters Tim , Sanders Ellen , Tian Huiyu , Hengel Jolanda van , Roy Frans Van
Published: May 2020

Background p120 catenin (p120ctn) is an important component in the cadherin-catenin cell adhesion complex because it stabilizes cadherin-mediated intercellular junctions. Outside these junctions, p120ctn is actively involved in the regulation of small GTPases of the Rho family, in actomyosin dynamics and in transcription regulation. We and others reported that loss of p120ctn in mouse embryos results in an embryonic lethal phenotype, but the exact developmental role of p120ctn during brain formation has not been reported.Results We used Cre/loxP technology to achieve full or tissue-specific deletion of p120ctn in the developing embryo. We combined floxed p120ctn mice with Del-Cre or Wnt1-Cre mice to deplete p120ctn from either all cells or specific brain and neural crest cells. Complete loss of p120ctn in mid-gestation embryos resulted in an aberrant morphology, including growth retardation, failure to switch from lordotic to fetal posture, and defective neural tube formation and neurogenesis. By expressing a wild-type p120ctn from the ROSA26 locus in p120ctn-null mouse embryonic stem cells, we could recapitulate neurogenesis and partially rescue neurogenesis. To further investigate the developmental role of p120ctn in neural tube formation, we generated conditional p120ctnfl/fl;Wnt1Cre knockout mice. p120ctn deletion in Wnt1-expressing cells resulted in neural tube closure defects (NTDs) and craniofacial abnormalities. These defects could not be correlated with misregulation of brain marker genes or cell proliferation. In contrast, we found that p120ctn is required for proper expression of the cell adhesion components N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin, and of actin-binding proteins cortactin and Shroom3 at the apical side of neural folds. This region is of critical importance for closure of neural folds. Surprisingly, the lateral side of mutant neural folds showed loss of p120ctn, but not of N-cadherin, β-catenin or cortactin.Conclusions These results indicate that p120ctn is strictly required for neurogenesis and neurulation. Elimination of p120ctn in cells expressing Wnt1 affects neural tube closure by hampering correct formation of specific adhesion and actomyosin complexes at the apical side of neural folds. Collectively, our results demonstrate the crucial role of p120ctn during brain morphogenesis.
Rosiglitazone Protects Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Following Ischemic Stroke by Reducing MMP-9 Expression Through a Caveolin-1-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Huang Qianyi , Zhong Wei , Yi Xia , Qin Zhen , Tang Xiangqi
Published: May 2020

Background

Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a widely used antidiabetic drug which activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Recent work have shown that RSG can up-regulate caveolin-1 levels and ameliorate both chronic and acute brain injury. However, whether rosiglitazone can ameliorate ischemic injury in the brain via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway remains unknown.
Methods

Adult male sprague-dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, rosiglitazone group and rosiglitazone + daidzein group. The rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established using the suture method, with ischemia for 2 hours and reperfusion for 22 hours. Neurological deficits were evaluated by the methods of Longa’s standard scoring. Cerebral infarction volume was observed by staining with 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Evans blue content reflects BBB permeability. The expressions of caveolin-1, matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and occludin were detected by immunofluorescent staining and western blot.
Results

In this study, we found that the expression of caveolin-1 was increased in a rat model of stroke, and treatment with RSG significantly increased the levels of caveolin-1, reduced the release of MMP-9, and increased the expression of occludin. On the other hand, a caveolin-1 inhibitor daidzein canceled the protective roles of RSG in the MCAO model.
Conclusions

These data unveil that RSG might protect blood-brain barrier integrity by down-regulating the levels of MMP-9 via a caveolin-1-dependent pathway.
Analysis of the Clinical Features of Critical Obstetric Cases After the "Two-Child Policy" was Fully Implemented
Authors: FU Lanyong , Ge Qinggang , Wang Yongqing , Gu Xunke , Ye Shenglong , Yan Xin , Zhao Xueqing
Published: May 2020

Objective: To analyse the changes in the clinical features of critical obstetric cases after the "two-child policy" was fully implemented. Study Design: Retrospective analysis was used. Results: In the study group, the percentage of pregnant women who were older (35~40 years (27.8% vs 26.8%), over 40 years (8.6% vs 5.7%)), and multipara (67.8% vs 47.8%). The major diagnoses for intensive care unit transfer were postpartum haemorrhage. In the two groups, the prevalence of WHO near-miss criteria critical scores was 83.5% vs 76.6%. ICU hospitalization time (2.8 days vs 4 days) and total hospitalization time (12 days vs 15 days). In the study group, the number cases with blood loss below 3000 ml was higher than that in the control group (47.3% vs 30.6%). The number of cases with blood transfusion volume greater than 2000 ml was lower than that in the control group (39.8% vs 60.5%). Postpartum haemorrhage was mainly due to placental previa/placental implantation and was significantly increased in the study group (61.6% vs. 44.2%,), and the prevalence was higher in individuals who underwent hysterectomy (31.5% vs. 24.2%). Conclusion: Under the new policy, the epidemiological characteristics of critical obstetric cases should be considered, and the effective critical care score should take into account not only the utilization rate, turnover rate and length of stay in the ICU but also the economic benefits, planned blood use, length of stay and cost of stay to minimize the incidence of critical cases and reduce maternal mortality.
Intraventricular IL-17A Administration Activates Microglia and Alters Their Localization in the Mouse Embryo Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Sasaki Tetsuya , Tome Saki , Takei Yosuke
Published: May 2020

Viral infection during pregnancy has been suggested to increase the probability of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring via the phenomenon of maternal immune activation (MIA). This has been modeled in rodents. Maternal T helper 17 cells and the effector cytokine, interleukin 17A (IL-17A), play a central role in MIA-induced behavioral abnormalities and cortical dysgenesis, termed cortical patch. However, it is unclear how IL-17A acts on fetal brain cells to cause ASD pathologies. To assess the effect of IL-17A on cortical development, we directly administered IL-17A into the lateral ventricles of the fetal mouse brain. We analyzed injected brains focusing on microglia, which express IL-17A receptors. We found that IL-17A activated microglia and altered their localization in the cerebral cortex. Our data indicate that IL-17A activates cortical microglia, which leads to a cascade of ASD-related brain pathologies, including excessive phagocytosis of neural progenitor cells in the ventricular zone.
The cartilage degeneration in a growing rat experimental model of developmental trochlear dysplasia is associated with activation of PI3K/AKT signal pathway
Authors: Lin Wei , Dai Yike , Niu Jinghui , Fan Chongyi , Feng Xunkai , Wang Fei
Published: May 2020

Background
As one of the lower extremity deformities in human, trochlear dysplasia is a commonly encountered disease. However, the molecular mechanism of cartilage degeneration in trochlear dysplasia is indefinite yet. It was apparent to all that PI3K/AKT signal pathway is extremely significant in regulating the pathophysiological process of cartilage degeneration. The purpose of this research is to discuss the correlation between PI3K/AKT signal pathway and trochlear dysplasia cartilage degeneration.
Materials and methods
120 female Sprague-Dawley rats at 4 weeks of age were separate into control group and experimental group randomly. The distal femurs were isolated from the experimental and unsurgeried control group at the point of the 4, 8, 12 weeks, correspondingly. Micro-CT and histological examination were carried out to investigate the anatomical structure and cartilage changes of the trochlear. Subsequently, the expression of PI3K/AKT, TGFβ1 and ADAMTS-4 in cartilage were investigated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
Results
In the experimental group, the trochlear dysplasia model was successfully established at 8 weeks after surgery. Moreover, the cartilage degeneration was found from 8 weeks, with continued higher protein and mRNA expression of PI3K/AKT, TGFβ1 and ADAMTS-4 compared with the control group.
Conclusions
This research suggested that patellar instability may lead to trochlear dysplasia in growing rats. Moreover, trochlear dysplasia was probably one of the causes of patellofemoral osteoarthritis and the cartilage degeneration in trochlear dysplasia might be associate with activation of PI3K/AKT signal pathway. However, more research was required to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Genetic profile of African Swine Fever Virus Responsible for the 2019 Outbreak in Northern Malawi
Authors: Hakizimana J.N. , Kamwendo G. , Chulu J.L.C. , Kamana O. , Nauwynck H.J. , Misinzo G.
Published: May 2020

Background African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary animal disease which causes high mortality, approaching 100% in domestic pigs and it is currently considered as the most serious constraint to domestic pig industry and food security globally. Despite regular ASF outbreaks within Malawi, few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). This study aimed at genetic characterization of ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in northern Malawi. The disease confirmation was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by molecular characterization of the causative ASFV by partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, nucleotide alignment of the intergenic region (IGR) between I73R and I329L genes and translation of the central variable region (CVR) coded by B602L gene.Results All thirteen samples collected during this study in Karonga district in September 2019 were ASFV-positive and after partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, the viruses clustered into ASFV p72 genotype II. The viruses characterized in this study lacked a GAATATATAG fragment between the I173R and the I329L genes and were classified as IGR I variants. Furthermore, the tetrameric amino acid repeats within the CVR of the B602L gene of the 2019 Malawian ASFV reported in this study had the signature BNDBNDBNAA, 100% similar to ASFV responsible for the 2013 and 2017 ASF outbreaks in Zambia and Tanzania, respectively.Conclusions The results of this study confirms an ASF outbreak in Karonga district in northern Malawi in September 2019. The virus was closely related to other p72 genotype II ASFV that caused outbreaks in neighboring eastern and southern African countries, emphasizing the possible regional transboundary transmission of this ASFV genotype. These findings call for a concerted regional and international effort to control the spread of ASF in order to improve nutritional and food security.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Induced Abortion among Adolescent Female Students in Selected Secondary Schools in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro Region, Northern Tanzania.
Authors: Kimbwereza Frank Albert , Nkya Jesca Sael , Mboya Andrew Lelo , Njau Bernard
Published: May 2020

Background:Unsafe abortion is a significant problem for adolescent female students and among a leading cause of maternal mortality globally. In Tanzania, abortion is illegal, unless under medical emergencies, thus putting female students with an unwanted pregnancy at higher risk of unsafe abortion, with severe consequences, including death. The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices of induced abortion among adolescent girls in selected secondary schools in Moshi municipality, Kilimanjaro region.Method:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 342 secondary school girls aged 15–19 years from April-June 2019. Eligible participants were selected by a multistage sampling technique. Semi-structured self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software.Results:The mean age of respondents were 16.7(SD 3.7), and 50.6% (n = 173/342; mean knowledge score = 38.9 ± 1.4) had a low level of knowledge on induced abortion. More than half, 55.8% (n = 191/342; mean attitude score = 18.9 ± 1.9) had a negative attitude towards induced abortion. Only, 5.6% (n = 19/342) of respondents had induced abortion from unwanted pregnancy before. The two main reasons of induced abortion were to finish school (26.3%), and fear of parents’ reactions (26.3%).Conclusion:Respondents had poor knowledge of induced abortion and a negative attitude towards induced abortion. Poor knowledge was because of a lack of understanding of the standard definition of induced abortion. Cultural and religious factors mostly influence the negative attitude towards induced abortion. A low proportion of sexually experienced respondents reported unwanted pregnancies and induced abortion. The main reasons for induced abortion are fear of termination from the education system and fear of parents' reactions. Effective adolescent’s reproductive and sexual health intervention is warranted to prevent unwanted pregnancies in this setting.
SNPs in AKIRIN2, TTN, EDG1 and MYBPC1 genes are associated with growth-related traits in Chinese Qinchuan cattle
Authors: Li Yaxing , Cheng Gong , Zhao Yunbo , Bai Chunling , Wang Shenyuan , Wu Kaifeng , Cheng Lixin , Sasaki Seiki , Yamada Takahisa , Zhou Huanmin , Li Guangpeng , Zan Linsen , Tong Bin
Published: May 2020

Growth performances are the main breeding objectives in Chinese beef cattle. The objective of this study was to confirm genetic effects of the c.*188G > A SNP in AKIRIN2, the g.231054C > T SNP in TTN, the g.1471620G > T SNP in EDG1, and the g.70014208A > G SNP in MYBPC1 gene on growth-related traits in Chinese Qinchuan cattle, as well as to compare the frequencies of the well-characterized alleles of these SNPs among six Chinese cattle populations, three Japanese cattle populations, two European cattle populations and one Korean cattle breed. In this study, a total of 655 cattle samples were genotyped using MassARRAY and PCR-RFLP. Association analysis indicated that the four SNPs have effects one to six indexes of growth-related traits including body length, wither height, hip height, hip width, rump length, chest depth and chest circumference in Chinese Qinchuan cattle (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The well-characterized A (c.*188G > A), T (g.231054C > T) and T (g.1471620G > T) alleles in Japanese Black cattle were significantly higher than Chinese cattle breeds, on the contrary, the G allele (g.70014208A > G) was markedly higher in Chinese cattle breeds than other cattle breeds. These results suggest that the four SNPs might be useful as a molecular marker for growth-related traits in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.
Machine learning and geostatistical approaches for estimating aboveground biomass in Chinese subtropical forests
Authors: su huiyi , Shen Wenjuan , Wang Jingrui , Ali Arshad , Li Mingshi
Published: May 2020

Background
Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a fundamental indicator of forest ecosystem productivity and health and hence plays an essential role in evaluating forest carbon reserves and supporting the development of targeted forest management plans.
Methods
Here, we proposed a random forest/co-kriging framework that integrates the strengths of machine learning and geostatistical approaches to improve the mapping accuracies of AGB in northern Guangdong of China. We used Landsat time-series observations, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data, and National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot measurements, and produced three maps (1992, 2002, and 2010) showing the spatiotemporal dynamics of AGB in the subtropical forests.
Results
The proposed model provided excellent performance for mapping AGB using spectral, textural, and topographical variables, and the radar backscatter coefficients. The root mean square error of the plot-level AGB validation was between 15.62 and 53.78 (t/ha), the mean absolute error ranged from 6.54 to 32.32 t/ha, and the relative improvement over the random forest algorithm was between 3.8% and 17.7%. The highest coefficient of determination (0.81) and the lowest mean absolute error (6.54 t/ha) were observed in the 1992 AGB map. The spectral saturation effect was minimized by adding the PALSAR data to the modeling variable set in 2010. By adding elevation as a covariable, the co-kriging interpolation outperformed the ordinary kriging method for the prediction of the AGB residuals, because co-kriging resulted in better interpolation results in the valleys and plains of the study area.
Conclusions
Validation of the three AGB maps with an independent dataset indicated that the random forest/co-kriging performed best for AGB prediction, followed by random forest coupled with ordinary kriging (random forest/co-kriging), and the random forest model. The proposed random forest/co-kriging framework provides an accurate and reliable method for AGB mapping in subtropical forest regions with complex topography. The resulting AGB maps are suitable for the targeted development of forest management actions to promote carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management in the context of climate change.
Exploring Health-Seeking Behaviour Among Adolescent Mothers During the Ebola Epidemic in Rural District of Freetown, Sierra Leone
Authors: Massaquoi Hamida , Atuhaire Catherine , Chinkonono Gorgeous Sarah , Christensen Betty Nyawira , Bradby Hannah , Cumber Samuel Nambile
Published: May 2020

Background: In May 2014, the largest Ebola outbreak in history threatened Sierra Leone and its neighbouring countries, Guinea and Liberia. The devastating outcome of the outbreak left a negative impact on maternal health while causing an increase in adolescent pregnancy. The aim of this study is to understand health seeking behaviour and the use of health services among adolescent mothers who were pregnant during the Ebola epidemic in Freetown, Sierra Leone.Methods: The present qualitative study uses the “Three Delay” model, as a theoretical framework to understand and explore adolescent mother’s health seeking behaviour through four focus group discussions with five participants in each discussion group. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: A multitude of challenges were identified following the Ebola epidemic. The fear of contracting Ebola was a common reason for not seeking care or utilising services. This notion was perpetuated by perceptions in the community and participants personal experiences. Quarantines, national lock downs, roadblocks, loss of income and extreme poverty was also identified as barriers to accessing health facilities during Ebola. The different encounters with health workers and the challenges that arose at the health facilities were subsequently additional discouraging factors influencing participant’s decision not to seek health care.Conclusion: Many of the pre-existing maternal health, societal and social-economic challenges were exacerbated during the Ebola. The epidemic also contributed new challenges such as public fear, mistrust towards health professionals and the health system. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on improving maternal care in general, but also improving preparedness for maternal care in case of future outbreaks, especially for the most vulnerable groups such as adolescent mothers.
ET-1 mediated vasoconstriction leads to memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction reminiscent of Alzheimer’s disease phenotype
Authors: Diwakar Latha , Gowaikar Ruturaj , Chithanathan Keerthana , Gnanabharathi  , Tomar Deepika Singh , Ravindranath Vijayalakshmi
Published: May 2020

Background

Cerebrovascular lesions seen as white matter hyperintensity in MRI of elderly population provides evidence for micro-infracts and micro-bleeds, which contribute to vascular dementia. Such vascular insult may be caused by impairment in blood flow in specific area in brain involving small vessels and these could gradually worsen the pathology leading to cognitive deficits. In the present study we developed a transient model of vaso-constriction to study the impact of such pathology on cognition specifically, memory impairment. The molecular underpinnings were also studied to comprehend the commonalities between vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.
Methods

Vascular constriction was achieved by bilateral injection of ET-1 (Endothelin − 1; a 21 amino acid vasoconstricting peptide) into lateral ventricles of C57 mice. The impact on endothelial cells lining of blood vessels was examined by staining for CD31, a marker of endothelial cells. Contextual fear conditioning, Novel object recognition and Morris water maze task was performed to ascertain associative learning and spatial memory deficits. Activity dependent protein translation, which is dependent on Akt1-mTOR signaling was also examined since this is critical for synaptic plasticity.
Results

There was considerable decrease in CD31 expression in endothelial cells lining the blood vessels around the hippocampal region. The impediment in cerebral blood flow following ET-1 injection lead to deficits in associative learning and spatial memory after 7 days. Activity dependent protein translation, which is critical for synaptic plasticity was absent in synaptoneurosomes prepared from hippocampal tissue of endothelin injected mice. Further, Akt1- mTOR signaling cascade was downregulated due to decreased Akt1 phosphorylation indicating that this could be the cause for loss of activity dependent protein translation. However, these effects were reversed after 30 days indicating the ephemeral nature of deficits following a single vascular insult.
Conclusions

Vasoconstriction caused by bilateral injection of ET-1 leads to prominent associative and spatial memory deficit. Decline in activity dependent protein translation in hippocampus and loss of Akt1-mTOR signaling demonstrates potential molecular mechanism impacting synaptic plasticity during vasoconstriction akin to early deficits in AD mice.