bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison between Bayes estimation and the estimation of the minimal unbiased quadratic Standard of the bi-division variance analysis model in the presence of interaction
Authors: Thanoon Shaymaa Riyadh
Published: April 2020

In this study, the variance compounds parameters of the mixed bi-division variance analysis sample are estimated. This estimation is obtained, by Bayes quadratic unbiased estimator. The second way to estimate variance compounds parameters of a suggested tow-way analysis of variance mixed model with interaction. estimation is done out by the approach called (MINQUÉ). The estimation approach is conducted on true obtained from departments at the college of agriculture/university of Mosul. These data represent the development of growing various kinds of tomato so that the development represents three factors: the first is tomato kind, this is the first factor (H) and the factor of natural fertilizer rate, and this is the second factor (M), and the interaction between the two factors (HM). A random sample is taken from these data in order to get the random linear sample. The elementary values estimated by Bayes unbiased estimator are very much close to those estimated by variance analysis style when compared with the estimated values of the variance estimation parameters done by minimum standard quadratic unbiased estimation. The elementary values represent random linear sample parameters used to estimate minimum quadratic unbiased standard. The elementary values of the estimations are also obtained via analyzing bi-division variance, then these estimations are employed in estimating minimum quadratic unbiased standard. the estimation results by Bayes approach are very similar to those done by variance analysis
 
http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.25.2020.038
New solitary Solution for the Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov (KS) equation by Modern Extension of the Hyperbolic Method
Authors: Hazza1 Ali H. , Taha2 Wafaa M. , Hameed1 Raad A. , Ibrahim1 , Israa A. , . Ibrahim1 , Israa A
Published: April 2020

In the present paper, we apply the modern extension of the hyperbolic tanh function method of nonlinear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) of Kudryashov - Sinelshchikov (KS) equation for obtaining exact and solitary traveling wave solutions. Through our solutions, we gain various functions, such as, hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational functions. Additionally, we support our results by comparisons with other methods and painting 3D graphics of the exact solutions. It is shown that our method provides a powerful mathematical tool to find exact solutions for many other nonlinear equations in applied mathematics
 
http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.25.2020.039
CONTROL OF PREY DISEASE IN STAGE STRUCTURE MODEL
Authors: Wuhaib S. A. , Abd N. F.
Published: April 2020

In this paper, a mathematical model consisting of the prey-predator model, prey is at risk of disease then become as susceptible and infected, while predator with different stage structure: immature and mature predator, the infected prey is at risk recover and harvest. The function of disease is proportionality function. At the beginning, the reasons of studying stage structure and the dynamic of nontrivial subsystems that may be lead to coexistence of these types of spices explain and by using Maple software, Jacobean matrix, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bendixson-Dulac criterion and Lyapunov function to prove the existence, periodic solution, local and global stability. We concluded that the survival for two preys are possible through the non-periodic solution due to the Bendixson-Dulac criterion, also the immature predator neither attack preys nor yield offspring's and die when the mature predator extinction, the global stability conditions for the original system be stretch of global stability conditions for subsystems. Finally, Mathematica software employs to describe some results in numerical simulation
 
http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.25.2020.040
State-building challenges in Iraq after 2003
Authors: Salih Mohammed Salman
Published: April 2020

The state is an institutional, political and economic project, and despite this long period of time (nearly a century) since the founding of the Iraqi state, the various political systems that successively governed Iraq were unable to complete the state-building process, which made it suffer and face political, economic, or security challenges. This country has collapsed At the hands of the American occupation, the Iraqi state and society are going through a difficult and complicated stage as a result of the accumulation of problems, crises, political, economic and security challenges, including political violence, the crisis of displacement, internal and external migration, the phenomenon of unemployment and the war against terrorism. The state has an integrated system between political forces and state institutions, as well as with the help of international organizations, especially the United Nations, and the political regime in Iraq under the American occupation and the collapse of political power and state institutions, and then its establishment again by the American occupier, issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority for the year 2004 issued by the governor Civilian Bremer and the establishment of the Governing Council, and after that, several components were established through parliamentary elections. The nation-building went through a difficult and complicated stage as a result of political, security and economic accumulations, all of which led to a fundamental imbalance in the core of the Iraqi state’s construction, which hindered it from delivering Tasks in achieving security, political, security and economic stability.
Political Geography and its Impact on Conflict in the Middle East: "Israel and the Arabs as a sample
Authors: Hassan Dahab Mahdi Dahab
Published: April 2020

Recent international conflicts have witnessed developments in all aspects, whether at the level of the parties to the conflict, the tactics used, the tools used, the battlefields and the theater, especially those ongoing conflicts that may take a long time to complicate the conflict and its root and its unity, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. Recent international conflicts have witnessed developments in all aspects, whether at the level of the parties to the conflict, the tactics used, the tools used, the battlefields and the theater, especially those ongoing conflicts that may take a long time to complicate the conflict and its root and its unity, such as the Arab-Israeli conflict in the Middle East. It is noteworthy that this conflict is one of the complex conflicts in which the methods and tools of the conflict change, even though they began to be ideological by the Jews and international Zionism, which sought to link the occupation of the Arab territories with the belief of the Promised Land.

However, geopolitics began to overshadow the Jewish state and impose a reality on it Of its ambition to implement the Greater Israel Plan from the Nile to the Euphrates, as a result of the geopolitical data of the Israeli entity, be it at the level of demography or the level of the area and the so-called defense in depth and water scarcity and strategic support in the region. This study is based on the premise that geopolitics has become an important element in guiding the Arab-Israeli conflict to the extent that it imposes a reality on Israel in the need to think realistically and reduce its ambition in the region. On the other hand, geopolitics influenced Israel's security strategy in military tactics. In the first strike, the transfer of conflict outside its borders, the intensive fire strategy and the scorched-earth policy of anti-democratic growth that favors the Arabs, as well as its adherence to the West Bank to increase its depth from Qalqilya in the West Bank to Tel aviv in the Mediterranean for a few miles (10 miles) Therefore, this study will attempt to use a different method to understand the Arab-Israeli conflict using geopolitics
Managing ethnic diversity and diversity and directing it to achieve political stability in Malaysia
Authors: Jar Allah Ruqaia Kareem
Published: April 2020

Malaysia's political system is a pioneering model in providing an appropriate mechanism to accommodate religious and ethnic differences in Malaysia and realistically addresses the economic and social imbalances prevailing in Malaysian society. Malaysia's political leadership has been able to leapfrog and jump over all ethnic problems at all levels (political, economic, and development), at a time when most of the world is unable to contain ethnic differences that threaten internal divisions and ethnic rivalries that sometimes reach To civil wars, and the Malaysians managed to develop their model, which managed the difference with great skill, and benefited from diversity as a state of enrichment and enrichment, not a state of conflict and conflict. Their system was not necessarily ideal but it was successful enough to spare the country political crises, religious and ethnic conflicts, and achieve high development and economic ratios. This model represents the case of impact handling with complexities and variables, without delinquency.
Explanation of Neorealism Theory of International Actors: An Applied Study on Selected Models)
Authors: Mahmood Anwar Mohammed Faraj , Najmalddin Bakhan Ako
Published: April 2020

The field of international relations has been assessed through diverse theoretical framework including realism. Classical realism has been reformed by neorealists for analyzing current actors and interactions in international relations. For neorealists, the most essential characteristic of the international arena is anarchy, which they argue exists because the international system lacks a world government with the capability of making and imposing international law, which in turn makes cooperating among states difficult. Then, competition and conflict can never be avoided in such situation. Thus, states must eventually guarantee their own survival and security.

 

Neorealists describe states as the main actors in international relations and they have a negative view about non-state actors, in particular international and regional organizations; they state that organizations have no capacity to control a states' attitude or to prevent war or at least minimize anarchy in the international politics. Moreover, neorealists emphasize that organizations are ineffective because the agendas they set tend to be controlled by the superpower states, and they are in fact tools for increasing superpower influence. Neorealists support their argument by highlighting many case studies such as the United Nations, the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and World Trade Organization.
The Philosophy of Tripartite International Strategy (Law-Force-Security)
Authors: Mousa Al-Janabi Hazim Hamad
Published: April 2020

The research focuses on the importance of the concepts of law, power and security in the international strategy, and the definition of the role and the role of the balance of international relations or not, and show the ability to paint the strategy of the dye, and the research highlights the problem of "How far can be a relationship between law and power and security, In the ladder of international strategy? We try to answer the following main question: Which is the most used law, force or security in the international strategy?

A solution to the problem and answer to the question was based on the following hypothesis: the more the international strategy is based on force;” the more violations of international legal norms and norms; the greater the international security, the greater the threat to international security threat”.

The objective of the researcher is to define the strategic position occupied by the tripartite (Law - Power - Security) in the global strategic perception, which made bridges for it, is a theoretical choice and a necessity, and to use the analytical approach, which focuses on analysis of international politics, and to address the Most important three – International and how to interpret the movement of the international system
The critical theory of democracy in Western political thought
Authors: Khalkhal Ruqaya Saeed
Published: April 2020

The darkness that Europe lived in the shadow of the Church obscured the light that was radiating in other parts, and even put forward the idea of democracy by birth, especially that it emerged from the tent of Greek civilization did not mature in later centuries, especially after the clergy and ideological orientation for Protestants and Catholics at the crossroads Political life, but when the Renaissance emerged and the intellectual movement began to interact both at the level of science and politics, the Europeans in democracy found refuge to get rid of the tyranny of the church, and the fruits of the application of democracy began to appear on the surface of most Western societies, which were at the forefront to be doubtful forms of governece.

       Democracy, both in theory and in practice, did not always reflect Western political realities, and even since the Greek proposition, it has not lived up to the idealism that was expected to ensure continuity. Even if there is a perception of the success of the democratic process in Western societies, but it was repulsed unable to apply in Islamic societies, because of the social contradiction added to the nature of the ruling regimes, and it is neither scientific nor realistic to convey perceptions or applications that do not conflict only with our civilized reality The political realization created by certain historical circumstances, and then disguises the different reality that produced them for the purpose of resonance in the ideal application.
Lebanese elections in 2018 and the challenges of forming a government
Authors: Ajeel AL-Khafaji Emad Wagga
Published: April 2020

It is possible to say that Lebanon is one of the most complex Arab countries in the formation of the government, as is the case in Iraq, because they apply consensual democracy. After the parliamentary elections in Lebanon in 2018, there were many challenges to the formation of the government, whether internal challenges such as sectarianism, Which resulted in problems and complications, or the new electoral law, in addition to the victory of Hezbollah with a large number of parliamentary seats, and the impact on Lebanon's internal and external, and other internal challenges, or external challenges: represented by the regional and international situation, of interference in the internal affairs of Lebanon, as a result of internal parties have external extensions, or what the region is going through problems, wars and instability, particularly what is happening in Syria and the impact on the internal situation, And the impact on the internal situation in Lebanon, and finally the government was formed despite these challenges, but the question is: Will the government be able to overcome the impact of those challenges on the functioning of the government after its formation? There is no doubt that the impact of these challenges will continue to exist even after the formation of the government due to the internal situation of Lebanon is confused and linked to the external situation
The impact of the domino political phenomenon in the Latin continent and its role in the Palestinian issue
Authors: Fadil Thair Taher
Published: April 2020

The study deals with a political phenomenon that has an impact on international relations and the political dealing based on the interrelated interests that would affect the issue of an international bloc. The influence of this phenomenon is so important in gaining the support of international blocs to the question of Palestine, in addition to the possibility of investing this phenomenon for the interests of the Arab League, namely the phenomenon of political domino effect in the diplomacy and dealing political of Latin American countries to support the Palestinian issue. The Latin American countries have played an important role in the emergence of the Zionist entity and voted for it in the General Assembly of the United Nations and in international forums for the period 1947-1973. After that they began to vote for Palestine in international forums and the General Assembly, so we will explore the causes of this political and diplomatic transformation of the Latin continent after 1973 for  Palestinian issue and abandonment the vote for the Zionist entity. and we will discuss the impact of political domino as a tool in changing positions of most countries of the continent in favor of the Arabs and the abandonment of the Zionist entity. The countries of the continent lined up behind Brazil, under the influence of political domino, where sided with the Arab states when the Arabs used the oil strategy as a weapon in the battle in 1973, Where Iraq and Saudi Arabia alternated between 1976 and 1984 in the second and third ranks of the total Brazilian imports
Structural-semantic types of good wishes and curses in the Chamalal language
Authors: Alieva Zainab Magomedovna
Published: April 2020

The author examines the folklore poetry of Chamalals, which includes the centuries-old tales and parables, ceremonial and family-lyrical songs, ritual lamentations, proverbs, sayings, counting-out rhymes, riddles, emotionally expressive lexicon, etc. The subject of this research is the good wishes and curses comprising the small folklore genres. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by uniqueness of the genre, which varies among the folklores of different nations. In order to preserve the language palette of humanity, in the conditions of currently ongoing irreversible process aimed at its reduction and unification, it is necessary to create full descriptions of the “living” languages. This article is dedicated to examination of the emotionally expressive lexicon presented by good wishes and curses in various situations on ontology of the Chamalal society. Based on the existing and newly introduced into the scientific discourse emotionally expressive vocabulary, the author explores the structural-semantic types of good wishes and curses in the Chamalal language. The analyzed Chamalal good wishes and curses as the primary genres of folklore discourse become the object of linguistic description for the first time. In the course of research, the author determines the main structural-semantic types of the emotionally expressive lexicon, trend towards passage of the sayings with unkind wishes into curses, and enhanced expressiveness in the phrases containing an unkind wish.
Metaphorical representation of the emotional concept of LOVE in W. S. Maugham’s artistic worldview
Authors: Obletsova Elena , Gurin Vladimir
Published: April 2020

This article is dedicated to examination of metaphorical nomination of the emotional concept of LOVE in the works of William Somerset Maugham. The novels “Mrs. Craddock”, “The Hero”, “The Theatre” and “Of Human Bondage” served as the material for this research. Emotional component serves as organizing core of the literary work; while metaphor is the means for representation of emotions. It is based on the shift of the existing knowledge on the world onto the emotional sphere of a person. The goal of this study is to describe metaphors used by W. S. Maugham for designation and representation of the concept of LOVE. The research is carried out in the context of cognitive linguistics. Despite a vast number of studies dedicated to cognitive metaphor, it remains relevant as it helps comprehending complicated abstract concepts. Metaphor becomes the means for accessing the emotional concepts. Analysis of metaphorical representation of the emotional concept of LOVE in the works of W. S. Maugham allowed revealing metaphorical models that are realized through cognitive metaphors: love is water, love is fire, love is illness, love is madness, love is pain, love is a person, love is a beast, love is a parasite, love is a construction, love is fetters, love is a valuable thing.
Russia in travelogues of Nikos Kazantzakis and Kostas Varnalis
Authors: Bobrova Ol'ga Borisovna
Published: April 2020

This article is dedicated to compilation of travelogues “Ταξιδεύοντας. Ρουσία” (Journey to Russia) by N. Kazantzakis and “Τι είδα εις την Ρωσσίαν των Σοβιέτ” *What I discovered in Soviet Russia) by K. Varnalis. Similarity of theme of the texts (both authors describe their impression of visiting Russia as the reporters of the large Greek newspapers) allows tracing the impact of subjective factors upon the author’s perception of Soviet Russia and its representation in both texts. The research is based on the parallel review of the theme of both writings and the applied means of creation of the image of Russia. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Nikos Kazantzakis sees Russia and social experiments of the Soviet government in the mystical sense, perceiving the political coup and shift of power in the country as a testimony to the struggle of latent forces that move the human history. Kostas Varnalis in his notes appears as a communist-pragmatic, viewing Russia as an example of establishing just and perfect human society, success of which proves the failure of the bourgeois world order. The travelogues under consideration are insufficiently studied and have not been translated into the Russian language. Their parallel analysis is carried out for the first time, which defines the scientific novelty of this research.
Typological and formal-informative peculiarities of periodical press of the Student Youth Unions of the Russian Far East (1900-1922)
Authors: Babkina Ekaterina Sergeevna
Published: April 2020

The goal of this article consists in examination of periodical press issued by the Student Youth Unions of the Russian Far East in the early XX century. Based on the publications of archival printed sources, the author explores the conditions of creation, typological and informative peculiarities of the periodicals in the context of political-economic and sociocultural situation of the 1900-1922. The geography of the current research spreads to the entire Far East. Taking into account the historical context, the boundaries of the conducted research were extended to Zabaykalsky Krai – region that is historically referred to the Russian Far East, and zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway – Northeast China. The research is philological in its essence, leans on the interdisciplinary approach and synthesizes the knowledge of different sciences: literary studies, theory and history of journalism, and culturology. The scientific novelty consists in attraction of the new factual evidence – publication of periodical press that have not previously been the subject of analysis among the Russian and foreign scholars. The new approach in studying Russian journalism of the early XX century became the research of the general patterns of development, as well as peculiarities of functioning of the separate periodicals issued by the Student Youth Unions of the Russian Far East.
English translations of the Japanese folkloremes in the English-language translations: cultural-cognitive asymmetry
Authors: Krasnova Vasilina Yur'evna , Nikolaeva Ol'ga Vasil'evna
Published: April 2020

The subject of this research is the linguocultural and cognitive aspects of the original Japanese folkloremes (names of fairy characters, mythical objects, and mythical animals) and their English correlates. The authors refer to folklore as a source of profound understanding of cultural connotation, cultural beliefs, cultural distinctness, traditions and customs. The methodological equivalence of linguistic and cultural-cognitive aspects of folkloremes is underlined. The goal of this work consists in determination of the formal and conceptual transformations of Japanese folkloremes in English translation of a Japanese tale. Folkloremes of a Japanese tale have not previously been an object of special research. Comparison of the text of Japanese folk tale and its English analogue demonstrates the cultural-cognitive asymmetry between Japanese folkloremes and their English correlates. Three types of Japanese folkloremes (unique; possessing distinct characteristics; and having cultural-specific associations) determine different techniques of their translation into the English language and various types of transformations of their conceptual content. Cognitive asymmetry of Japanese and Anglo-Saxon cultures substantiate the insufficient understanding and accentuation in English texts of the Japanese important cultural dominant – social and age hierarchism, as well as the enduring significance of image of the emperor and imperial power associated with this dominant.
Methodological approach towards studying the concept of “directing plan”
Authors: Savinova Daria
Published: April 2020

This article examines the concept of “directing script” from the theoretical-textological perspective, as attempts to determine the types of text transformation from the author’s plot to stage impersonation. At the same time, transformation is understood as a complex process of structuring a new type of text, created by the director during staging a spectacle. At the current stage, the theoretical problems of the analysis of transformation of literary text as a theatrical text remain unresolved and require due attention. The article explores the ways of interpretation of literary text by the directors, as well as demonstrates an attempt to create classification of the types of directing scripts. The study is based on the semiotic method. Research is conducted on the functional-semantic type of existence of stage art, reflected in such type of text as a directing script. Using analytical method, the author collected and classified the types of directing scripts. The scientific novelty consists in there is yet no theoretical-literary substantiation to the questions related to recoding of literary text into theatrical. Therefore, the author attempts to analyze the type of directing scripts that formed due to transformation of the literary text into its stage version.
Language means of representation of the chronotope of Chaos in a series of novels “The Chronicles of Amber” by Roger Zelazny
Authors: Beletskaya Alla Yur'evna , Mangushev Sergei Vladimirovich
Published: April 2020

This article examines the problem of representation of chronotope using language means. The object of this research is a series of novels “The Chronicles of Amber” by Roger Zelazny in English language. The subject of this research is the lexical units and stylistic techniques used by R. Zelazny for visualization of representation of the chronotope of Chaos. The article substantiates attribution of this series of novels to postmodernist based on the analysis of characteristic features of the text and realization of the ideological concept. The goal of study lies determination of the universal principles of representation of spatial-temporal continuum of the Chaos, as well as establishment of dependence of the choice evaluative connotation of language means on personality of the narrator. The work is conducted at the intersection of linguistics and literary studies. The novelty consists in recognition of the leading role of chronotopic subject in determining tonality of representation of the chronotope. The main conclusion is defined by the fact that the key principle of representation of spatial and temporal components of the chronotope of Chaos in R. Zelazny’s series of novels is the destruction of realistic perception of space and time. It was also established that change of voice of the narrator leads to the shift of evaluative paradigm. An extremely negative attitude of the first narrator to the Courts of Chaos as a representative of the chronotope of Chaos, expressed through the negatively connoted epithets, is justified by its affiliation to Amber as a representative of the Order. Dual position of the second narrator leads to the change in tonality of description of physical personification of the chronotope of Chaos. Counterbalance of negatively and positively connoted lexical units creates the effect of objectivity, essential for realization of ideological content of the novel.
Thematic description of telescopic lexicon in light of anthropocentric lexicography (material for ideographic bilingual dictionary)
Authors: Dmitriev Aleksandr Vladislavovich , Kolesnikova Alina Olegovna
Published: April 2020

The subject of this research is the principles and peculiarities of the development of bilingual thematic dictionary of telescopic words with consideration of structural and semantic peculiarities on various lexicographic levels. The goals consists in the description of dictionary entry as a fragment of the developed thematic bilingual dictionary of telescopic words. There are yet no analogues to such interlingual dictionary. The theoretical importance of this research consists in determination of lexicographic parameters and substantiation of principles essential for development of the structure of bilingual thematic dictionary of telescopic words. The scientific novelty lies the suggestion of particular techniques of dictionary description of telescopic units in the bilingual dictionary that contribute to improvement of theoretical and practical framework, the general lexicography, as well as its special section – neography. Analysis is conducted on structural levels of the dictionary (mega-, macro-, and micro-), taking into account its ideographic specificity. The article explores different ways of translating the telescopic units of the dictionary using the examples of neologisms of the various thematic sections. The author provides the examples of dictionary entries based on the material of modern telescopic words.
Tragic motifs of the Great Patriotic War. Interpretation of Vasil Bykov
Authors: Guan' Lin'li
Published: April 2020

This article analyzes the reconstruction of tragic moments of the Great Patriotic War in two novellas by Vasil Bykov “The Ordeals” and “In the Fog”. The author notes that vigilant attention to the tragic in science and depiction of tragic heroes and situations in art did not always align with the time describe in the texts. Emphasis is made on the fact that the tragic perception of the world or tragic tonality are inherent to Russian literature in different periods of its existence, and thus, the comprehension of essence of the tragic and its theory require further examination by the philologists, sociologists and philosophers. The relevance and novelty are substantiated by the following aspects: need for further comprehension of the essence of the importance for literary studies phenomenon and concept of “tragic”; selection of the indicative for the literature of 1920’s, and 1960’s – 1970’a works and representative from the perspective of interpretation of tragic moments of the Russian life of 1940’s therein; as well as need to thoughtfully and analytically explain the essence of the tragic characters and situation, and how they were perceived in real life and Russian literature of the XX century.
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement with ultrasound guidance and laparoscopic assistance: 2-dimensional instructional video
Authors: Housley Steven B. , Hoffman Aaron , Siddiqui Adnan H.
Published: April 2020

Background:

Postoperative communicating hydrocephalus has been described in the literature commonly associated with treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms; however, it is also reported to occur following other intracranial interventions such as meningioma resection and decompressive hemicraniectomy. In 2011, Burkhardt et al. reported the incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus following skull base meningioma resection was twice as high as resection of meningiomas in other regions.[1] They found that age and increased length of surgery were associated with higher rates of postoperative hydrocephalus. Our patient, a 76-year-old man, initially presented with the left-hand paresthesias and numbness before the revelation of a large sphenoid planum meningioma on workup imaging. He underwent surgical resection due to developing cranial nerve deficits and personality changes in an extensive procedure that required approximately 8 h to complete. His postoperative course, given the factors above, included the development of hydrocephalus.

Case Description:

He was taken to the operating room for ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, as displayed in this video case report, which highlights our surgical and sterile techniques, intraoperative ultrasound to ensure appropriate ventricular placement, and a single-port laparoscopic technique for direct visualization of placement of the abdominal catheter. After shunt placement, his course was complicated by a small tract hemorrhage, which resolved without further treatment. He was observed to have an improvement in mental function that occurred over the following 2–3 days before being discharged to an outpatient rehabilitation facility for continued care.

Conclusion:

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of postoperative communicating hydrocephalus when performed with appropriate techniques as displayed in the associated video case report. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional Review Board approval was deemed unnecessary.
Recent Advances in Mode of Action and Biosynthesis Studies of the Clinically Used Antibiotic Fidaxomicin
Authors: Dorst Andrea , Jung Erik , Gademann Karl
Published: April 2020

The natural product antibiotic fidaxomicin is a marketed drug for the treatment of bacterial infections in the gut. Due to its promising in vitro activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the development of next generation fidaxomicin analogs is of great interest.
This article reviews the most recent advances, including the elucidation of a unique mode of action by cryo-EM structures, and the efforts towards the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway. Moreover, known fidaxomicin analogs and their reported antibacterial activities are summarized.
Exploring the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) through PROTAC Technology
Authors: Cecchini Carlotta , Tardy Sébastien , Ceserani Valentina , Theurillat Jean-Philippe , Scapozza Leonardo
Published: April 2020

In the context of dysregulated ubiquitylation, the accumulation of oncogenic substrates can lead to tumorigenesis. In particular, mutations in Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase are related to overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1? and HIF-2?) which
is evolving into renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The classical approach of drug discovery focuses on the development of highly selective small molecules able to bind and to inhibit enzymatic active sites. This strategy faces limitations in the context of ' undruggable ' proteins, which are challenging
to target. The discovery of Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) as an alternative strategy to induce selective protein degradation is presented as a working hypothesis to understand further the UbiquitinProteasome System (UPS) and eventually counteract RCC cancer lacking VHL ubiquitin
ligase.
Eloxieren und Färben von Kugelschreiberhülsen
Authors: Oberholzer Rita
Published: April 2020

Es wird ein motivierendes Experiment zur Anwendung des Eloxal-Verfahrens beschrieben.
Dental Practitioners and their Perceptions Regarding the Use of Antioxidants in the Promotion of Oral Health
Authors: Nadia Khan  , Anam Khan  , Burshida Khalid  , Gauri Sharma
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION: The role of free radicals is well established as a crucial component of the immune system. AIM: To assess the perception of dental practitioners of Northern and Central India regarding the role of antioxidants in oral health.MATERIALS AND METHOD: A pre-tested and pre-validated online questionnaire was distributed among various dental practitioners in Northern and Central India which consisted of dichotomous responses. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, followed by the Chi square test to check significant differences between the responses. Correlation between responses were analysed through the Spearman’s rank correlation. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 (SPSS 20).RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was observed among the genders, with females 126 (43.7%) having lesser knowledge than males 162(56.3%) regarding the use of antioxidants in their clinical practice. High knowledge scores were observed in 288 (69.2%) dental professionals. Postgraduates were found to have (p=0.05) a higher level of knowledge as compared to graduates.CONCLUSION: The use of antioxidants in dentistry should be increased through the conduction of various CDE programmes. workshops and evidence-based practice guidelines.
MDUFA and its Impact on Medical Device Sector
Authors: B Anjana , T Naga Gouri , T M Pramod Kumar , M P Venkatesh
Published: April 2020

The U.S. Congress passed Medical Device User Fee Act (MDUFA), where FDA is required to assign and collect fees from manufacturers of medical devices to evaluate the functioning and the usage of the device.  for the purpose of fastening the analysis of the application of the drug. The Medical Device User Fee Modernization Act was first adopted in 2002. The act focussed on innovative review process and reviewing capabilities of experts. Every five years, MDUFA comes up with reauthorisation. The act was reauthorized in 2007 by reducing the application fee and introducing certain new fees such as the annual product fee and annual establishment fee which helped in pre-market evaluation. Few issues being raised in MDUFA II led the congress to enact an amendment. The next revision of the act made the review process more efficient and interactive with the applicant to meet the timelines. Recent amendment has set up several new performance goals and proposes certain changes to the previous amendments. The device manufacturers are currently in a position to receive regulatory approval in a short time compared to the pre-MDUFA period. MDUFA has helped in improving the patient health by streamlining the FDA’s approval process for application of new medical device, thereby allowing patient’s quicker access to potentially life changing therapies.
Nitrosamines in Drug Substance and Drug Product-A Regulatory Challenge
Authors: Bhat Prasannakumar P , V Balamuralidhara , M P Gowrav , M P Venkatesh
Published: April 2020

Nitrosamine is the class of synthetic compound which is a potent genotoxic agent and considered as probable plausible human cancer-causing agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).N nitroso mixes are known as the potent carcinogenic and a global worry according to the various authorities and also from ICH M7, Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive (Mutagenic) Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk. Before June 2018, the presence of nitrosamine in the drug substance and also product was not known, however in June 2018, USFDA identified the presence of Nitrosamine impurities in one of the API producers of valsartan which is recognized as NDMA (N-Nitroso dimethylamine). Valsartan is a medication which is utilized for the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular breakdown and diabetic kidney damage. From that point forward, FDA has discovered that different kinds of nitrosamine mixes, e.g., N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), are available at unsuitable levels in APIs from various API makers of valsartan and different medications in the ARB class. (Angiotensin receptor blocker). Then the Regulatory Authorities has stepped forward for educating the health care professional, manufacturers and also public about the adverse effect(carcinogenic)of the NDMA and NDEA consumption.
Method development and validation of simultaneous estimation for Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil by UV- VISIBLE spectrophotometric Method
Authors: S N Syed Arshed , K Sonia , K S Lakshmi
Published: April 2020

The present experiment works on routine initiation and scientific recognization of a typical, exact and meticulous UV-Visible Spectrophotometric process for the synchronous assessment of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil. The working solutions of Amlodipine and Olmesartan medoxomil were scanned at 240 nanometer and 230 nanometer respectively. The regression strength of Amlodipine besylate and Olmesartan medoxomil over its absorbances were obtained as y = 0.068x-0.2182 and y = 0.067x0.0386 respectively with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9995 for Amlodipine besylate and 0.9992 for Olmesartan medoxomil. The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Amlodipine besylate and its % RSD were obtained as 0.15% and 0.39% individually.  The intra-day precision in addition inter-day precision for Olmesartan medoxomil and % RSD were obtained as 0.39% and 0.14%, respectively. The precise amount of tablet formulation were added which holds Alkaline (0.1 N Sodium hydroxide), Acidic (0.1 N Hydrochloric acid)  reflux for 3 hours, 3% Oxydol at 50ºC, heat (60ºC), humidity (75 Relative percentage humidity) for 24 hr and after the particular time quantity was dissolved with distilled water, separated using Filter paper. From this stock solution, 5 mL part of the filtrate was isolated and further diluted by distilled water in a 100 mL standard flask (10 µg/mL).  The standard solution of two drugs were compared against a label claim.
Synthesis and Characterization of Mangiferin Loaded N,O-CMC Nanoparticles and its Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells
Authors: Sofea Yusri Puteri Zarith , Ghazali Nurin Fatini , Mazlan Nurul Azima , Lum Pei Teng , Mohd Noor Aina Akmal , Mani Shankar , Sekar Mahendran
Published: April 2020

Mangiferinis a xanthone glycoside, naturally isolated from Mangiferaindica. Mangiferinhas been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities and its anticancer potential is very well known. However, the mangiferinanti-cancer potency isinadequate due to its poor water solubility. N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (N,O-CMC) is a smart biopolymer, in which itsbiocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic making itideal for abundant biological applications include the delivery of lipid soluble drugs. Also useful to improve and replace biological tissues and gene therapy. Hence, this study attempts to synthesize and characterize mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles and evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. The mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles were prepared by loading mangiferin into N,O-CMC nanoparticles and characterized by FT-IR, DLS, SEM, Zeta potential and XRD measurements. In-vitro antioxidant was carried out by the DPPH method. The cytotoxic effect of mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles was carried out on Osteosarcoma MG-63 and 3T3 cells by using the MTT assay method. The synthesized mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles with particle size ranges from 200±10 nm. The charge of N,O-CMC nanoparticles were confirmed by Zeta potential and found to be −45.8 mV. In the DPPH method, mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles showed IC50 value between 8-16 µg/ml. In MTT assay, mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles exhibited a significant reduction in the growth of osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and there is no toxic effect against normal 3T3 cells. These findings designated that the synthesized mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles were very efficient nanocarrier in delivering the mangiferinto cancer cells. In the future, further studies with in-vivo models to be carried out on mangiferin-N,O-CMC nanoparticles to confirm its safety and effectiveness.
Propagation of the Aujeszky’s disease virus isolate in continuous cell lines
Authors: Gryn Svetlana A. , Markova Evgenia V. , Klyukina Valentina I. , Frolova Marina A. , Popova Vera M. , Lyulkova Larisa S. , Matveeva Irina N. , Fedorov Yuriy N.
Published: April 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the cultural properties of Aujeszky's disease virus isolate and the optimization of the conditions of obtaining virus-containing material in the most prospective cell cultures. As a result, it was established that the study virus isolate is highly pathogenic for laboratory animals: rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats. The following continuous cell lines were sensitive to the virus isolate: MDBK, Taurus-1 and ВНК-21. CPE (cytopathogenic effect of viruses) nature was similar in different cell cultures. The ability for propagation in cultures of continuous cell lines of the test virus isolates reached the maximum value to 4-6 passage, equaling to 6.85-7.65 lgTCD50/cm3. The obtained results show that the dynamics of the virus isolate dynamics had no significant differences, and following the adaptation, the virus isolate maintained the stable inherent propagation activity level throughout the study. As the study result, the most sensitive cell culture Taurus-1 was selected at passaging, with the highest virus accumulation observed, the infection activity was 7.55±0.12 lg TCD50/cm3. The presence of Aujeszky's disease virus was confirmed by the bioassay and the other laboratory methods, including PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The PCR method allowed defining the virus genome in the virus-containing cultural and organ and tissue material. PCR allowed amplifying the target gene fragment with the size of 194 base pairs (b.p.) in samples containing Aujeszky's disease virus DNA. No non-specific reactions were observed; PCR products did not exhibit the expected size
Insights into Gastric Cancer
Authors: Vadikari Arun Kumar , Gowda D Vishakante , Bhaskaran Mahendran , Jain Vikas
Published: April 2020

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the serious diseases prevailing globally. GC has immense global life-threatening health issues by taking 4th place among all the widespread cancers and 2nd foremost reason for fatality around the globe. Numerous patients have inoperable disease at diagnosis or have recurrent disease after resection with curative intent. In the present review, we have put forward all the possible advanced treatments for GC, which includes the application of Nanotechnology, Monoclonal antibodies, and Robotic surgery. Nanoparticle offers a potentially improved treatment of multidrug-resistant cancers. GC is uniquely positioned as an area of research for targeted and nanoparticle therapies. This review briefs about design and considerations to develop targeted nanoparticle-based approaches for overcoming physiological hurdles in GC treatment. Based on current knowledge, molecular and cellular mechanisms, a number of novel biologic approaches such as monoclonal antibodies have been recently introduced for cancer treatment that mainly affects the immune system or target signaling pathways playing a role in cancer and metastasis development. Surgical robotic systems have been presented into the area of GC therapy as an enhanced technology that has overwhelmed the technical limits of laparoscopy. A note is added to relevant studies dealing with treatment concepts and gives an overview of the latest trends and developments in the treatment of GC.
From Rise to Crisis: The Qatari Leadership
Authors: CAVUSOGLU Esra
Published: April 2020

Qatar, a young and tiny Gulf State, realized a remarkable transformation through immense economic development in 1995-2013 period and emerged as an active and influential actor at international stage, receiving worldwide attention and scholarly interests. However, in the post “Arab-spring” context, the name of Qatar has turned out to be name of the regional crisis as a consequence of the emerging political clash between the GCC States. This paper analyzes Qatar’s distinctive policies in the period of Qatar’s rising (1995-2013) and in the ongoing period of the crisis within the framework of leadership conception. It is argued at this paper that the leadership factor has played the key role in transforming both the auspicious circumstances of the previous term and the challenging circumstances of the recent term into the great advantages to promote Qatar. Through this perspective, it’s aimed to define that why and how Qatar has differed from the other small Gulf States and how it affected Qatar’s emerging as a rising power and then as the main side of the regional conflict