bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household Air Pollution
Authors: Wathore Roshan , Patel Archana
Published: July 2024

Household air pollution is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the developing world. Smoke from cook stoves that burn biomass fuels—wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residues—is the major source of household air pollution. This smoke contains high levels of respirable suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Billions of people use biomass-fueled cook stoves in their homes worldwide for heating, lighting, and cooking. In many populations, exposures to major pollutants from indoor sources can be higher than exposures to pollutants from outdoor sources.
Interventions to Mitigate Burdens of Waterborne and Water-Related Disease
Authors: Arnold Robert G.
Published: July 2024

Billions of people lack access to the sanitary means for disposal of human waste. The main diseases associated with inadequate sanitation are diarrhea, ascariasis, dracunculiasis, hookworm, schistosomiasis, trachoma, poliomyelitis, and lymphatic filariasis. As a direct result, diarrhea accounts for more than a million deaths worldwide each year among children younger than 5 years of age. With proper sanitation, proper hygiene, and safe drinking water, global deaths resulting from diarrhea can be decreased. Breastfeeding is an effective way to protect infants from diarrheal diseases. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals aim to decrease the proportion of the population without sustainable access to basic sanitation.
Lead
Authors: Newman Nicholas C. , Lanphear Bruce P.
Published: July 2024

Pediatric lead poisoning was first recognized in 1904. Despite substantial evidence that lead could cause poisoning in children, lead became widely used in paints, gasoline, and other consumer products throughout the 20th century. An epidemic of childhood lead poisoning resulted and spread unchecked around the globe for nearly seven decades. In the 1970s, clinical and epidemiological studies documented that lead can cause injury to the brains and other organs of children at levels far below the levels that cause acute poisoning. These children’s cognitive abilities were reduced, attention spans shortened, and behaviors permanently impaired. As a result, lead was eliminated from gasoline, house paint, food containers, solder, and other consumer products. The number of children with lead toxicity declined dramatically. More recent research has demonstrated that there is no safe level of exposure to lead. This research has shown that the cognitive deficits caused by lead have no threshold. Lead is now also an established risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, other behavioral problems, decrements in birth weight, renal disease, and reproductive impairment. The World Health Organization has declared that the appropriate level of lead in the blood of a child is zero.
Physical Exposures
Authors: Balk Sophie J.
Published: July 2024

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), noise, cold, and heat are universally experienced physical exposures. When children’s exposures to any of these hazards are prolonged or excessive, adverse health effects can result. UVR improves health by increasing circulating levels of vitamin D in the body, regulating biorhythms, and improving mood. Excessive exposure to either naturally occurring or artificial UVR can result in sunburn in the short term and, in the long term, can cause skin cancer and other adverse effects on the skin, ocular cataracts, and damage to the immune system. Tanning beds are hazardous for adolescents, young adults, and others. Legislation banning minors from indoor tanning is strongly recommended by many organizations. Excessive noise can permanently impair hearing, and result in physiologic and psychologic disturbances. Excessive heat or cold can result in burns, frostbite, scarring, and death. Compared to adults, children are often more susceptible to harm from physical hazards. Clinicians and public health professionals must stress the importance of preventing exposures of children to UVR, noise, and extremes of temperature.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Grant Eric J. , Hoel David G.
Published: July 2024

Ionizing radiation has long been recognized as a serious hazard to human health. Cancer is the best studied consequence of radiation exposure. Radon is a major source of radiation exposure for children in the home. Most types of cancers are increased by exposures to ionizing radiation. Children are generally at greater risk than adults. Cancers caused by radiation exposure in infancy or early childhood may not appear until years or decades later in adult life. Public health interest has focused recently on non-cancer effects of ionizing radiation. These include cardiovascular effects, cataracts, and effects on the immune system. The amount of radiation that children receive today is much greater than in the past due primarily to increases in medical radiation and especially to the increasingly widespread use of computed tomography (CT) scans. The health effects of radiation are most effectively prevented by reducing exposure. Exposures to medical radiation can be reduced by carefully weighing the risks and benefits of each proposed x-ray and by limiting CT scans to situations of real necessity. All homes should be tested for radon, and homes with levels that exceed the US Environmental Protection Agency’s action level of 4 pCi/L need to be abated.
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight Associated with Environmental Exposures
Authors: Kuper-Sassé Margaret , Tokat Cansu , Yildiz Atar Hilal , Bearer Cynthia F.
Published: July 2024

More than 20 million low-birth-weight (LBW) babies are born worldwide each year. Ninety-five percent of all LBW babies are born in developing countries. Malnutrition, infectious diseases, and exposures to very high levels of indoor air pollution are the major causes of LBW in the developing world. The intrauterine environment is critically important for infant growth and development. Infection, malnutrition, trauma, maternal stress, or exposure to toxic chemicals during pregnancy can all lead to intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery, two common complications of pregnancy that result in LBW. Several toxic environmental exposures are associated with intrauterine growth retardation and prematurity. These include indoor and outdoor air pollution, secondhand tobacco smoke, metals, and persistent organic pollutants. The mechanisms by which these exposures interfere with fetal growth and duration of pregnancy are under active investigation and include epigenetic studies and studies of gene–environment interactions. LBW from either intrauterine growth retardation and/or premature delivery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the newborn period. LBW has been linked also to increased risk in adult life of hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Research is needed to learn whether the environmental exposures that can lead to intrauterine growth retardation and/or prematurity also increased risk for chronic diseases in adult life.
Prenatal Environmental Exposures and Birth Defects
Authors: Ford Stephanie , Bearer Cynthia F.
Published: July 2024

A teratogenic exposure is defined as an exposure in prenatal life that interferes with the normal development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogenic exposures increase risk for major anatomic birth defects. Teratogenic exposures are associated also with a wide range of other adverse outcomes that include spontaneous loss of pregnancy, preterm birth, intra-uterine growth restriction, behavioral, cognitive or other functional deficits, and cancers. The list of known teratogens is relatively brief. They include a small number of chemicals, physical agents such as ionizing radiation, certain prescription and over-the-counter medications, alcohol, and other recreational drugs. The vast majority of synthetic chemicals in consumer products have never been assessed for their potential teratogenicity in human populations. Because teratogenic causes of birth defects are potentially preventable, it is critical that environmental exposures be systematically and comprehensively evaluated for their potential to harm the developing embryo or fetus.
Injuries, Trauma, and the Environment
Authors: Schwab-Reese Laura , Hamann Cara J. , Hunter Amy A.
Published: July 2024

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents. The injuries sustained by children and adolescents can be either unintentional or the result of violence. They can involve physical as well as emotional harm. Children sustain injuries in many environments, including the home, roadways, and workplaces. Each of these settings exposes children to a unique range of safety hazards. Effective strategies have been developed to prevent the occurrence and reduce the severity of injury in children and adolescents. Successful prevention of injuries requires simultaneous use of multiple interventions. This chapter examines how exposures in the physical and social environments influence risk of unintentional injury among children and adolescents. It reviews risk factors and causes of unintentional injuries in the home environment and on roadways. It also discusses environmental risk factors for firearm injury, violence, suicide, and violence.
Public Policy on Children’s Environmental Health in Asia
Authors: Ha Eunhee
Published: July 2024

Asia contains half of the world’s children, and the countries of Asia are the most rapidly industrializing nations of the globe. Environmental threats to children’s health are widespread in Asia and are multiplying as countries undergo industrial development, urbanization, and pass through the epidemiologic transition. In response to this crisis, governments in Asian countries developed regulations and basic facilities for managing air and water pollutants in the 20th century. Environmental quality improved. However, government regulations on air and water pollution are not sufficient to protect the health of Asian children against toxic chemicals. New environmental health policies have therefore been formulated. In Korea, to protect children from environmental threats to health, the national government established the Children’s Environmental Health Policy in 2006. Under this policy, a council for the promotion of child safety was created, and the government developed a national child safety plan. The government began for the first time to supervise risk management for children’s products, developed environmental education programs, and launched a new advertising campaign for children’s environmental health. The government also established early monitoring systems for environmental diseases in children and a national network of environmental health centers to manage children’s environmental diseases. Korea, China, and Japan have launched major prospective, longitudinal birth cohort studies to examine the impacts of the environment on the health of Asian children.
Natural Disasters, Environmental Emergencies, and Children’s Health
Authors: Falk Henry
Published: July 2024

With the increased emphasis on preparedness and emergency response that has arisen in the past decade, addressing pediatric issues has become critically important. But despite increasingly available guidance for pediatricians, expertise in child health has not yet been fully incorporated into disaster planning. In almost all disaster settings, children are vulnerable to mental health problems. War, civil disturbances, and refugee migrations have adversely impacted millions of children. Natural disasters have taken an enormous toll in the past decade. In the United States, Hurricane Katrina devastated a major city, and pediatric care was severely impacted. Hundreds of thousands were killed as a result of major earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia. Innovative and valiant approaches to emergency pediatric care have been laudable, but large numbers of children face severe consequences from such disasters. The Fukushima nuclear reactor event and earlier nuclear and chemical catastrophes in Chernobyl and Bhopal highlight the potentially enormous toll of environmental and technological disasters on children’s health and well-being.
New Frontiers in Children’s Environmental Health
Authors: Landrigan Philip J. , Etzel Ruth A.
Published: July 2024

Children’s environmental health has made great progress in the past three decades. It has generated new research and new training programs. It has matured as a scientific discipline and gained academic credibility. It has improved the lives of children around the world. This chapter calls for a new paradigm in environment and health policy that is explicitly designed to protect the health and well-being of children. This new paradigm is based on prudence and precaution. Responsible stewardship of chemicals and technologies, new as well as old, is its guiding principle. This new framework overturns the dangerous and outdated assumption that new chemicals and new technologies pose no risks to human health or the environment until they are established beyond all doubt to cause harm. The burden of proof needs to be shifted. Under this new paradigm safety must be documented before a new product or technology can be brought to market. Adoption of this paradigm will fundamentally reshape risk assessment. It will recast environmental policy. It will prevent repetition of the tragedies of the past. It will preserve the future for the world’s children.
Introduction
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the main arguments and opinions about Audrey Hepburn that are discussed in the book. It describes how her voice, face, and body contributed to her screen persona and presence. Additional topics include her identification with fashion as it signifies movement and transformation; the contradictions in her screen persona; and her renown as an actress, given her numerous awards and work with A-list directors. The introduction reviews books that treat Hepburn as a style guru and how this has been disseminated further in TV commercials and series. It refutes claims that she could not act, and it lists the topics of each chapter before closing.
From Jewish tradition to anthropological tradition: Kashrut today
Authors: Topel Marta F.
Published: July 2024

The object of this chapter is to explain the complexity and characteristics of kashrut and how it is practiced in our times. The analysis developed here separates the vision of observant Jews (the emic point of view) from that of kashrut scholars (the etic point of view). For the first group, sources include two kashrut manuals that have a wide audience among the Israeli Orthodox population, as well as rabbinic and philosophical conceptions on the importance and functions of kashrut. Pertaining to the second group are the approaches of researchers who have directly or tangentially reflected on Jewish dietary laws, their functions, and their relation to life, death, the sacred, the impure, and Jewish identity. These are the works of Mary Douglas, Jacob Milgrom, Howard Eilberg-Schwartz, and David Kramer.
Advancing Transformation
Authors: Cook Amy L. , Levy Ian P.
Published: July 2024

Youth participatory action research (YPAR) encourages the sharing of youths’ stories from their perspectives while facilitating the critical examination of knowledge produced via research to rectify social problems and promote healing. This chapter introduces the text, which includes an array of authors describing applications of YPAR as a youth-oriented group process where school counselors collaborate alongside students in developmentally relevant ways toward personal growth and positive school-community improvement. In Section I of the book, YPAR is introduced, whereby invited authors describe how school counselors can implement YPAR in schools and highlight youth perspectives. In Section II, the authors provide developmentally relevant descriptions and report on YPAR projects conducted in small/large groups, linking to the larger system to advance students’ personal goals and to support systems-level improvement. Finally, in Section III, YPAR is illustrated at the community level where the authors describe how YPAR can support family, school, and community-wide efforts.
Partnering With External Organizations and Institutions to Implement YPAR
Authors: Cook Amy L. , Kausel Julia , Fallon Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

The authors of this chapter describe how engagement in youth participatory action research (YPAR) with external organizations can prepare school counselors to build strength-based partnerships to promote equity and disrupt racism and bias in schools. Specifically, they describe how democratic collaboration with outside organizations involves shared decision-making to leverage community assets and cultural wealth. Collaborative efforts to engage in YPAR with external organizations is critical to challenging oppressive policies and practices, making schools and communities places where marginalized individuals have a voice and an active role in determining the change needed. The authors provide a descriptive case study to illustrate how to promote systems improvement in partnerships based on shared trust and goals. The authors also offer a review of the literature, apply the school–family–community partnership process model, and close with recommendations for practice, illuminating suggestions for navigating challenges in the field.
The Anatomy of Deception
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

What has happened to trust in the healthcare system in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how does trust interact with citizens’ feelings about democracy and the outlook of the country writ large? Through a combination of original qualitative and secondary-source research, this book closely examines the relationship among trust, misinformation, and democracy over the past 5 years in American culture. It advances some important groundbreaking new theories about the central place of trust in healthcare in Americans’ general attitudes toward the functioning of democracy more generally. The book makes a case for the renewal of trust in the healthcare system as a central component of repairing the general decline of democracy in the United States at present and argues that health equity considerations merit a larger role in attempts to restore faith in the government.
Trust and Well-Being at the Center of Democracy
Authors: Gorman Sara E.
Published: July 2024

This chapter follows on the heels of the previous chapter’s exploration of the signs of a flagging democracy in the United States. It examines the relationship among several concurrent and troubling trends. These include the rise of the far right and the continuing erosion of the social safety net. The chapter argues that the dysfunction of the healthcare system and the poor access to healthcare and overarching health equity crisis are very much at the center of the disillusionment that has contributed considerably to the appeal of the far right to many American citizens. In this sense, “deaths of despair” and the rise of the far right are both intertwined with mistrust of the healthcare system and the continued failure of the social safety net to meet people’s basic needs for well-being.
Introduction
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

This chapter tells my story as a musician and educator, and how applying the science of learning and memory to practicing and performing has become my area of expertise. It provides an overview of the topics this book will cover and who will benefit from reading this book. Throughout this introductory chapter, my personal experience is interwoven with common frustrations and questions about practice that often arise for musicians. It describes, in broad terms, the power of deliberate practice and what readers will hopefully gain from reading the book. Readers should have a good sense of what the book will and will not cover after reading this introductory chapter.
Can You Learn Music in Your Sleep?
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Sleep is necessary for learning. Following a full night of sleep, we experience a boost in ability relative to the day before, whereas sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory for both motor and cognitive skills. Naps are also effective in enhancing learning and ability, and can further enhance the effects of overnight sleep. This chapter presents numerous studies to demonstrate the power and importance of sleep, both due to daytime naps and overnight rest, and explains the mechanism behind these findings. The length and timing of naps is discussed to help musicians achieve maximum benefit from periods of rest following a practice session.
The Power of Mental Practice
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

Mental practice changes the physical structure of the brain in the same way as physical practice. Because of this, it is a highly effective method of learning. This chapter discusses what mental practice is, as well as research demonstrating that the combination of mental and physical practice together is more beneficial than physical practice alone. Much of this research is specific to musicians and also demonstrates how incorporating mental practice can save significant wear and tear on the body. It also discusses an enhanced form of mental practice, known as action observation mental imagery (AOMI) that combines mental practice with observing someone else performing the action to be learned.
Boost Confidence in Memorized Performance
Authors: Gebrian Molly
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on the second and third stages of long-term memory formation: consolidation and retrieval. Sleep is critical for consolidation, the process of moving information from short-term to long-term storage, and research specific to sleep and memorization is presented. Retrieval, accessing the information to be remembered, must be practiced until it is easy and automatic. Often practicing retrieval is neglected in the learning process, but it is necessary for fluid, confident memorized performance. Research on practicing retrieval and specific strategies for musicians are given, including a discussion of choking and how to prevent this from happening.
Ideology: The Evolution of Chinese Communism
Authors: Joseph William A.
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the evolution of Chinese communism and its impact on China’s political development from the introduction of Marxist ideas in China in the early twentieth century to the ideological revivalism under Xi Jinping. It includes a brief overview of the core ideas of both Marxism and Leninism and sections on the ideological contributions of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping.
A Bolshevik Laboratory for Revolution in the East
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

As party-state efforts in support of revolution in the “East” crystallized into a more permanent infrastructure, Soviet and Comintern officials created a “laboratory” for training Eastern revolutionaries from across Eurasia and occasionally from Africa and the Americas. Between 1921 and 1938, Troianovskii and others trained thousands of students at the Communist University for the Toilers of the East (KUTV), including dozens sent by the communist parties of Egypt, Palestine, Syria-Lebanon, and Iraq. In Moscow these students were swept up in the excitement of urban life, the relatively accommodating cultural climate of the 1920s, and their encounters with various Soviet and Comintern authorities. In this period when new borders were being created—in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Mediterranean—distinctions of nationality, class, party affiliation, gender, and political interests could still blur, producing occasionally subversive meanings and effects.
Scripting Central Asian Revolution for the Afro-Asian World
Authors: Kirasirova Masha
Published: July 2024

The realization that film could reach greater audiences in the non-Western world than literature could led Soviet cultural bureaucracies to invest in and promote Afro-Asian cinematic networks. Yet telling stories about how the Soviet Union was decolonized proved more difficult for domestic Easterners than presenting non-white faces of the Soviet Union or acting out certain Muslim cultural codes. Tajik filmmaker Kamil Yarmatov struggled to craft a narrative about the Bolshevik revolution in the Soviet East that would appeal to domestic and foreign audiences. At the 1968 Afro-Asian Film Festival, Yarmatov still managed to perform the role of a successful revolutionary Easterner for foreign audiences, but narratives about the domestic East as a model for the foreign East had lost their coherence. Soon Soviet and international filmmakers, as well as a new more disaffected generation of Soviet youth, moved on to more playful and subversive treatments of the Sovietization of Central Asia.
The Ubiquity of Discrepant Results in Research
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes the rationale for “best practices” when assessing mental health. The absence of a single “test” for estimating mental health domains like aggression, anxiety, personality, or parenting requires researchers to assess these domains in many ways. This practice commonly produces discrepant results in assessment outcomes, such that no two ways for assessing a domain produce results that are interchangeable with one another. To support this point, this chapter traces the history of empirical work focused on estimating the level of discrepant results in mental health assessments to its origins in the 1950s. Over time, this literature has grown to hundreds of studies. Authoritative meta-analytic reviews of this literature indicate that discrepant results appear in studies ranging from the prevalence of mental health concerns to the effects of interventions designed to address these concerns.
How the Operations Triad System Informs Assessing Clients
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 19 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research focuses on applying research and theory about discrepant results and measurement-based care to administering assessments to clients and interpreting the results produced by these assessments. The chapter reveals ways to understand the tendencies that mental health professionals might have for working with client-level assessment data and the value of developing procedures for putting these tendencies “to the test.” In essence, professionals must find ways to falsify notions about the patterns of converging and discrepant results they encounter in their assessments. The chapter deals with developing these kinds of assessments. The remainder of this chapter deals with paradigms designed to translate assessment results into discernible feedback about clients’ clinical presentations.
Formal Institutions
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyses attempts to use and to produce rules by means of decisions, in what is called formal institutions. Formal institutions, as informal institutions, provide predictability for actors and can thus reduce uncertainty. In its purest form, a formal institution is clear enough to provide certainty to actors who want to act. A law is a concrete example; it is clear what a given law is about, what to do, and what others can be expected to do. There are also foreseeable sanctions, and there may even be known, that is, calculable, risks attached to alternatives. Given these conditions actors can know how to act, but it also becomes predictable how others will act. The uncertainty is thereby reduced by the existence of these formal institutions. Standards are another example of formal institutions, to which actors can orient and reduce their uncertainty.
The Aristotelian Tradition in Early Modern Protestantism
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

Until recently, a profound break with Aristotle has often been counted as one of the chief intellectual consequences of the Protestant Reformation. Originally a topic belonging to Roman Catholic polemics, this reading of Protestant relations with Aristotle gradually became a part of the Protestant self-understanding as well. Lack of engagement with the actual curriculum of early Protestant schools allowed Luther’s dismissive comments on the Stagirite to be taken as representative of early Protestant teaching. But the days of this view as a dominant narrative are over. Between 1529 and 1670, Protestants published around fifty-five commentaries on the Ethics and around fifteen on the Politics, several of these in numerous editions. In academies and universities in Lutheran and Reformed territories throughout the Reformation and post-Reformation era, the exposition of these works continued to form the backbone of moral and political education. This tradition has, however, largely flown under the radar and is now for the first time presented in a comprehensive way in this book. Offering a discussion of its medieval background and Renaissance context, this book maps the various relationships between these commentaries and their authors, presenting their shared understanding of practical philosophy in its relation to the Christian faith and offering in-depth discussions of some key ethical and political concepts.
The Political Animal and the Good City
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 turns to the reception of Aristotle’s political thought. A widespread view of Renaissance political thought, with Machiavelli at its center, has described this period as one of political emancipation from moral philosophy and religion. The tradition of commentary on Aristotle’s Politics offers a significant counterpoint to this narrative. The first section of this chapter addresses the relation between ethics and politics with this Machiavellian challenge in sight. The second section focuses on the distinction between domestic and political life, also addressing the Protestant relation to political Augustinianism. The key question here is in what sense the political community can be described as natural and human beings as political animals. The final section focuses on Aristotle’s teaching about the good life as the goal of the political community.
Action and Contemplation
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

This final chapter considers the problem of theory and practice. In Aristotle, we find both a unique account of the specificity of practical knowledge and an affirmation of the superiority of theoretical knowledge. This sharp distinction between theoretical and practical knowledge, and between the corresponding ways of life, is a unique Aristotelian contribution. It is not surprising to find it dampened by the Platonic and Christian commitments present throughout the history of Aristotle’s reception. For all of the modifications it suffered, however, this distinction remained in place among the authors covered in this book. Protestant Aristotelians noted the contrast between their Christian faith and the cosmology that partly shaped Aristotle’s distinction, but they found reasons for defending the primacy of the theoretical life nonetheless.
The Shift to Developmental Environmentalism
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues for a shift toward developmental environmentalism in global environmental norms, providing a concise history of the climate and development finance prior to it. In many ways, developmental environmentalism has represented a return to traditional practices in development cooperation that prevailed before the 1990s. But another important contribution in this chapter is to relate developmental environmentalism to the 2008 global financial crisis, which marked a critical juncture in global political economy. The global financial crisis world would profoundly affect global climate politics, particularly the pivotal 2009 UN climate change conference in Copenhagen. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how characteristics of developmental environmentalism are reflected in new climate instruments, with supporting arguments by detailed analysis of the design of REDD+ and NAMAs.
Political Settlements in Tanzania, Uganda, and Moldova
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

The chapter discusses the political settlements of each of the case-study countries. Political settlements might be distinguished in terms of horizontal and vertical political power that gives rise to four typologies: strong and weak dominant party states, vulnerable authoritarianism, and competitive clientelism. Tanzania’s political settlement is best described as that of a weak dominant party. Uganda’s political settlement might be characterized as a strong dominant party given the concentration of political power. Finally, the chapter asserts that Moldova’s political settlement is characterized by competitive clientelism, largely between political factions favoring closer ties with Europe and those with Russia.
Pockets of CDM Effectiveness
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

Part III, Chapters 8–9, reports on results regarding the independent variable, policy effectiveness, for each of the three climate finance instruments compared across the case-study countries of Uganda, Tanzania, and Moldova.
Conclusion
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

The conclusion summarizes responses to the two main research questions of the book, evaluates alternative explanation, considers implications of the research findings, and offers recommendations for future research into climate change and development cooperation. While there are certainly limitations to their generalizability, they do demonstrate the importance of development policy paradigms and state development interests for climate policy effectiveness that might be expected to resonate with the experience of other countries where the economy is highly reliant on agriculture and rural peasants still important. Based on the findings of the research presented in the book, the chapter proposes a new approach to engaging developing countries on climate change mitigation that combines elements of previous global environmental norms: liberal developmental environmentalism.
Who Stole the Soul?
Authors: Munro Martin
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4, “Who Stole the Soul? Rhythm and Race in the Digital Age,” asks: What is the relationship between rhythm and race in the digital age, when mastery of rhythm is no longer necessarily tied to ritual, to manual drumming, and to the physical, bodily re-creation of rhythm? When electronic and digital media allow virtually anyone the ability to “drum,” what happens to the long-standing association between blackness and rhythm, perhaps one of the most enduring tropes of Caribbean sound cultures? The chapter draws connections between the apparent redundancy of revolutionary, anticolonial thinking in the present and the perhaps less apparent decoupling of rhythm and race in contemporary musical styles. If the teleologies of anticolonial politics no longer hold true, has rhythm as a marker of time, and an integral element in the poetics of resistance, lost its association with radical blackness, and become a deracialized, dehistoricized commodity?
Migration in Times of Economic Growth and Recession
Authors: Hedefalk Finn , Svensson Patrick , Tegunimataka Anna
Published: July 2024

The industrial cities of the twentieth century were intimately dependent on and characterized by migration. This chapter focuses on describing and analyzing migration flows and migrant characteristics in relation to the general economic development of the industrial city of Landskrona. During the first decades of the century, migration tended to be circular between the city and the countryside. Migrants were predominantly young, and the flows reflected volatile industrial development. After World War II, expanding industries required laborers, and inflow from Sweden was supplemented by labor immigration from abroad. At the same time, middle-class families moved to suburbs outside the city. With the industrial crises of the 1970s, out-migration was larger than in-migration. It was mainly white-collar groups that left the town since unskilled and lower-skilled workers had few alternatives. From the mid-1990s, an economic recovery took place resulting in a positive net-migration. This time, in-migrants increasingly came from non-Western countries.
Income, Inequality, and Geography
Authors: Brea-Martinez Gabriel , Hedefalk Finn , Nilsson Therese
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between long-term exposure to neighborhood income inequality and adult mortality in Landskrona during a period of declining economic disparities. Using geocoded data from 1939 to 1967, the authors examine three interconnected hypotheses concerning income inequality and longevity. The analysis considers spatial changes in neighborhood inequality over time and investigates the lasting impact of neighborhood income and inequality on the probability of dying before the ages of 50 and 70, respectively. The findings reveal that, alongside higher personal income, individuals living in wealthier or more equal neighborhoods experienced a lower risk of dying. The results do thus not support the belief that others’ average income, relative to one’s own, detrimentally affects mortality. The fluctuating local inequality in Landskrona provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between inequality and mortality.
Introduction
Authors: Brulle Robert J. , Roberts J. Timmons
Published: July 2024

Climate obstruction, while studied extensively in the United States, has been of marginal academic interest in other countries. Despite the importance of European climate policy in international efforts to address the global climate crisis, the nature and extent of climate obstruction efforts across Europe have been understudied. This chapter introduces the essays in this volume, which is focused exclusively on the situation in Europe. It first summarizes what is known about climate obstruction in the United States, identifying the key organizational actors and the strategies and tactics they use to delay or prevent meaningful action on climate change. This sets the scene for the analyses that follow. The chapter then provides short sketches of the key points in each chapter describing intentional climate obstruction efforts across Europe in eleven nations and the European Union, thus providing an overview of how climate obstruction efforts vary across European nation-states.
Climate Obstruction in Ireland
Authors: Kelly Orla , McNally Brenda , Stephens Jennie C.
Published: July 2024

The Republic of Ireland is considered a climate leader, having passed ambitious climate plans, including the Fossil Fuel Divestment Act (2018). It is also a climate laggard, as policy implementation has been weak, failing to effectively reduce emissions. This chapter reviews the nuanced landscape of climate obstruction in Ireland, describing the evolution of climate policies and outlining the role of news media in platforming climate contrarians as well as climate denial and delay discourses. It also provides a sectoral analysis of climate obstruction, paying special attention to the energy and transport sectors and the discursive strategies used by the agri-food sector. This review suggests that transformative change is stymied by the country’s long colonial history of economic and ecological exploitation, implementation challenges due to inertia and a long planning process, its reliance on foreign direct investment, and the political power of vested interest groups such as the agri-food sector.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts J. Timmons , Brulle Robert J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter synthesizes the major findings of the volume, highlighting ten lessons that illustrate the common characteristics of climate obstruction across Europe. It also discusses the roles of particular circumstances and governance structures in shaping the unique dynamics of climate obstruction efforts in various European countries. These include each nation’s history and economic system but also some shared factors including international right-wing think tanks, PR firms, lobbyists, and the legacy and social media. The conclusion also discusses the book’s limitations and then outlines a research agenda for further developing a scholarly understanding of climate obstruction across Europe and the rest of the world. It ends by listing areas that should be a special focus of change and policy recommendations drawn from several national cases that might be more widely applied.
Leaderlessness at the Fringes
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

This chapter engages in statistical testing designed to uncover the factors that explain decisions made by fringe elements to antagonistically employ ICT while functioning in the public eye. Statistical results provide clear support for the notion that rhetorical signaling primes peripheral elements of fringe social movements toward digital antagonism. The rise of the internet has not only created new space for contestation below the threshold of violence; it has also created new mechanisms for the inculcation of diverse audiences and provided the means of rapid analysis of societal dynamics for interested parties. As a result, the median subversive social movement is far more dispersed than in eras past, with formal representations thereof playing more of a hub-like role in directing sociopolitical engagement via rhetoric rather than by directive.
Fixing Gender
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko
Published: July 2024

Gender trainers and curriculum designers often speak as if it were obvious that we all share a common understanding of what exactly gender means. However, when we begin to examine how gender is defined in training curricula, it becomes clear that what exactly gender is and does is far from self-evident. This chapter examines how training curricula ‘fix’ meaning to the concept of ‘gender’, and how training proposes to remedy or ‘fix’ (in a second sense of the term) gendered problems. It examines how training curricula are designed with a view to show how the political economy of knowledge production involved in this process privileges certain actors and forms of knowledge. It traces how epistemic authority in this pedagogical enterprise comes to be figured as white, male, and martial, at the same time as racialized and sexualized subjects exiled from the episteme continue to haunt its foundations.
Democracy and Political Voice
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter develops the relationship between political voice and democracy. It argues that representation is a core element of political voice with voice being a means to realise representation. This chapter considers how voice helps to capture and understand the agency of marginalised people in a way that traditional pillars of democratic theory, namely participation and representation, are not able to fully capture. Whilst the fundamentals of the democratic arena have not shifted too much in several centuries, those who claim access to democratic arenas have changed due to principles of participation and representation that underpin the institution of democracy. Whilst arenas can help to amplify or silence political voices, this chapter considers how political voice creates new political subjects who in turn create new democratic arenas where political voice can be articulated.
The Transformation of “Next Year in Jerusalem” in the Postwar American Haggadah
Authors: Sarna Jonathan D.
Published: July 2024

The English phrase “Next Year in Jerusalem,” which appeared in no American Passover haggadah prior to 1942, took on new meaning following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. It was reinterpreted again following the 1967 Six Day War, reflecting the impact of the reunification of Jerusalem upon diverse segments of the American Jewish community. Subsequently, American haggadot employed the phrase on behalf of Soviet Jews and in other freedom-related contexts; it also came to embody the maddening complexities of the Arab-Israeli conflict. As the phrase became a marker of audience, religious commitments and politics, translations and interpretations of the original Hebrew declaration grew increasingly fraught and complex. The appearance, disappearance, translation, illustration and interpretation of “Next Year in Jerusalem” testifies to its significance not only within the haggadah but also within the larger religious, cultural and political life of the American Jew.
Jordanian Jerusalem and Its Mayor, Rouhi al-Khatib
Authors: Klein Menachem
Published: July 2024

In the following pages, I show how Jordanian policy in Jerusalem in the years 1948 – 1967 and Mayor Rouhi al-Khatib’s professional career intertwined and helped the city dwellers to maintain their local identity. Al-Khatib’s role in the urban development of Jerusalem met with the government policy of patronizing Jerusalem holy sites and investment in tourism. However, relations between city council members and local anti-Hashemite opposition groups on the one hand and the Jordanian authorities on the other hand, were far from harmonious.
Protestants and Puritans
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

James was far keener on theology and preaching than Elizabeth had been but, in most other respects, continuities outweigh the contrasts in their style of governing the Church. Although James was prepared to compromise on clerical subscription, like Elizabeth he insisted upon conformity to the prayer book, which contained phrases and rituals offensive to Puritans. Consequently, for several years, there was a war of attrition between the king and anti-Puritan bishops on the one hand and the nonconforming clergy and their supporters on the other. Despite these destructive divisions in the English Church, English Protestants were united in their hatred of Catholicism, their shared predestinarian theology, and calls for a learned preaching ministry. In addition to making efforts to tackle absenteeism and inadequate preaching, the king and bishops gave backing to the Puritan demand for a new translation of the bible, which was published in 1611.
Catholics and Recusants
Authors: Doran Susan
Published: July 2024

Immediately upon Elizabeth’s death, Catholics embarked upon a petitioning campaign for toleration. However, James’s policy towards Catholics until the 1620s differed little from Elizabeth’s. For political reasons, he initially allowed the remission of recusancy fines, but the next year he signed a parliamentary bill to exile priests and enforce the penalties for recusants. This onslaught led to local unrest and the Gunpowder Plot, which aimed to destroy the political elite and put the king’s daughter on the throne. The government shaped the narrative of the 1605 treason in pamphlets, ballads, poems, secular songs, and illustrated prints. In reaction to the Plot, the parliamentary session of 1606 enacted two new statutes. They increased and extended recusancy fines and imposed a new oath of allegiance on all adult Catholics. James defended the oath in print, an intervention that ignited a pamphlet war between the king and Continental Catholics.
A synthesis for the structural/inherent case distinction and its comparative and diachronic consequences
Authors: McFadden Thomas
Published: July 2024

This chapter develops a synthesis of two competing and, at first glance, incompatible approaches to morphological case, one holding that case is only active in the post-Spellout morphological component (CisM), while the other analyses case as realizing dedicated syntactic projections (KP). It endeavours to show that this allows an insightful model of the distinction between structural and inherent case, such that a version of CisM covers structural case and KP handles inherent. This leads to a rethinking of how dependent case assignment is implemented in the grammar and offers the potential of deeper insight into both the structural/inherent distinction and a series of well-known comparative and diachronic questions related to case.