bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroinvertebrate community diversity and habitat quality relationships along a large river from targeted eDNA metabarcode assays
Authors: Marshall Nathaniel T. , Stepien Carol A.
Published: May 2020

Species compositions and diversity levels of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities provide important indicators of ecosystem health. However, such community analyses typically are limited by time and effort of sampling, sorting, and identifications, as well as morphological character uncertainty for some taxa, especially at early life stages. Our objective was to evaluate a suite of targeted metabarcode high‐throughput sequencing assays to characterize the macroinvertebrate communities (specifically targeting Annelida, Bryozoa, Crustacea, Insecta, and Mollusca) from environmental (e)DNA water samples along 160 km of the Maumee River, OH (a major Lake Erie, Laurentian Great Lakes tributary). Multiple alpha (richness, Shannon Index, and Simpson's Index) and beta (Bray–Curtis and Sørensen dissimilarities) diversity metrics from the metabarcode assays were compared with an Invertebrate Community Index (ICI) metric calculated from traditional morphological sampling surveys conducted by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. The 15 Maumee River sites varied in their ICI scores (ranging from 4 to 46), with seven sites rated as “poor” or “very poor” and eight scoring “fair” or “good.” Metabarcoding assays yielded greater gamma richness, delineating 181 Operational Taxonomic Units versus 172 taxa from morphology (the latter often limited to family or genus‐level identifications). Both datasets supported similar river‐wide trends, with comparable gamma, alpha, and beta diversity patterns and community compositions across habitat types and habitat quality scores. Metabarcode assays revealed similar detection of important bioindicator Insecta, but missed most Trichoptera (caddisflies). eDNA identified eight aquatic invasive species on the GLANSIS (Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System) list, including three missed by the morphological surveys (Branchiura sowerbyi, Potamothrix bedoti, and Skistodiaptomus pallidus; with Lophopodella carteri, Faxonius rusticus, Corbicula fluminea, Dreissena polymorpha, and Valvata piscinalis in both datasets). Findings illustrate the utility of eDNA sampling and targeted metabarcode assays to enhance and complement environmental assessments of aquatic ecosystems.
Consideration of generating mechanism of the overvoltage between the ground wires in a building struck directly by lightning
Authors: Ogiso Masato , Komori Syunya , Yasui Shinji , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: May 2020

We investigated the mechanism by which a lightning strike generates overvoltage at a building's distribution board. We analyzed the overvoltage using Virtual Surge Test Lab (VSTL) electromagnetic analysis software and constructed a simplified mathematical model for calculating the overvoltage. The results confirmed that the overvoltage generated at the distribution board is not affected by the arrangement of the ground wires. The overvoltage is instead dominated by the potential difference between the ground electrodes, which is determined by the potential distribution in the surrounding ground. The overvoltage was calculated by the potential interferometry at steady state of the ground potential distribution. The calculated results of the overvoltages differed within ±10% from the analyzed results.
Better connected, more reputable? On the association between node centrality and academic reputation in the European Union research and innovation networks
Authors: Calignano Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Reputation is often overlooked in the geography of innovation studies, but may represent a relevant outcome of the participation in multi‐scalar research and innovation networks. To date, a limited number of studies have outlined how collaborations in inter‐organizational networks contribute to build academic reputation and scientific excellence, generally without distinguishing between the two concepts. This paper aims at assessing to what extent the degree of participation in the European Union nanotechnology network contributes to determine the reputation of universities as captured by renowned university rankings. Reputation is conceptualized as either the opinion of other academics about a given university (“academic reputation”) or scientific achievements (“scientific excellence”). The findings presented in this paper suggest that cooperation in international inter‐organizational networks is not only essential for securing research funds and acquiring new relevant knowledge but also for positively contributing to shape academic reputation and enhance scientific excellence.
Oxidative conversion of lignin isolated from wheat straw into aromatic compound catalyzed by NaOH/NaAlO2
Authors: Luo Ke‐Hui , Zhao Si‐Jiu , Fan Guo‐Zhi , Cheng Qun‐Peng , Chai Bo , Song Guang‐Sen
Published: May 2020

Lignin was isolated from wheat straw via organosolv process and further transferred to monophenolic compounds via oxidative conversion. Wheat straw lignin (WSL) with purity at 91.4 wt% was acquired in the presence of heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst of Amberlyst‐45. WSL was characterized by infrared spectrometer (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) including 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The results showed that WSL possesses typical syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G), and p‐hydroxyphenyl (H) units, and it is mainly composed of S and G units. The product distribution was dependent on the composition of WSL. Derivatives from S and G units were found to be the main products. The oxidative conversion of WSL was performed by varying oxidant and catalyst. Both the formation of monophenolic compounds and aromatic aldehydes were enhanced by combining oxidants and catalysts. The composite catalyst composed of NaOH/NaAlO2 was effective for the oxidation of WSL in the presence of nitrobenzene and atmospheric pressure air. The total yield of monophenolic compounds reached up 18.1%, and yields at 6.3 and 5.7% for syringaldehyde and vanillin were achieved, respectively.
Reconstructing Late Quaternary Palaeo‐environmental change from the dryland fluvial landscape of the Southern Kachchh Mainland, western India: Insights from new OSL and sedimentological datasets
Authors: Das Archana , Joseph Jaquilin , Solanki Tarun , Makwana Nisarg , Chauhan Gaurav , Thakkar Mahesh G.
Published: May 2020

The southern Kachchh Mainland (SKM) of western India, situated in a seismically active intraplate region with a considerable Quaternary landscape, provides an opportunity to reconstruct the roles of climate and tectonics. Employing geomorphology, detailed sedimentology supported by geochemistry and optical dating, we integrate the fluvial to fluvio‐marine records to evaluate the potential of dryland environments in archiving the palaeo‐events. The climate reconstructions suggest that the fluvial systems have responded to the variations in monsoonal strength through widespread aggradation during 57 until 41 ka, corresponding to the later part of the MIS‐3. Following this, a relative weakening of monsoon and onset of aridity is observed between 28 and 11 ka, with short spells of enhanced monsoon. The monsoonal conditions again strengthened during 11 to 6 ka, reaching its maximum during the Early Holocene optima, which triggered a sea‐level rise during the Middle Holocene period, that is, 6 to 3 ka. Following this, the sequences incised in response to the relative sea‐level fall to the present level in post 3 ka. We have also employed this OSL ages to reconstruct the phases of aggradation and incision of valley fill sediments/estuarine tidal terraces from the SKM during the last 57 ka. The present study illustrates and contributes to the advancement in understanding of complex processes and their influence on climatic/tectonic signals in dryland landscape as well as their decoupling.
The role of psychologists in requests to hasten death: A literature and legislation review and an agenda for future research
Authors: Marina Sílvia , Wainwright Tony , Ricou Miguel
Published: May 2020

The opportunity for patients to request support to die is legalised in several countries and is associated with the development of a social and political debate that has taken place in recent years. We believe that psychologists can contribute to this debate. Here, we conducted a literature and legislation review with the aim of understanding arguments regarding the roles of the psychologist in hastening death. A systematic review of the peer‐review literature in this field was carried out. The legislation of each country with hasten death practices was analysed to understand if psychologists are included in the protocols of hasten death practices. Despite a lack of literature, we found competence assessment, communication, psychological counselling, research and training and public policy to be the possible roles of psychologists in requests to hasten death. Based on the review, an agenda for future research is developed. We highlight the importance of psychology, raising its profile in the study of the various forms of death hastening requests.
Acellular pericardium: A naturally hierarchical, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive biomaterial for guided bone regeneration
Authors: You Pengyue , Liu Yuhua , Wang Xinzhi , Li Bowen , Wu Weiyi , Tang Lin
Published: May 2020

There is great demand for an improved barrier membrane with osteogenic potential for guided bone regeneration (GBR). Natural acellular porcine pericardium (APP) is increasingly used in regenerative medicine as a kind of common extracellular matrix materials. This study aimed to investigate its potential application in GBR, especially its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Bio‐Gide (BG), a commercial collagen membrane, was set as the control group. APP samples were characterized by physicochemical analyses and their biological effects on human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were also examined. Additionally, the osteogenic potential of APP was tested on a bilateral critical‐sized calvarial defect model. We discovered that the smooth surface of APP tended to recruit more hBMSCs. Moreover, promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs was detected on this side of APP, with increased alkaline phosphatase activity and upregulated expression of bone‐specific genes. Besides, the rough side of APP showed good biocompatibility and barrier function with hGFs. Histologic observation and analysis of calvarial defect healing over 4 weeks revealed enhanced bone regeneration under APP compared with BG and the control group. The results of this study indicate that APP is a potential osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterial for GBR.
Oral batyl alcohol supplementation rescues decreased cardiac conduction in ether phospholipid‐deficient mice
Authors: Todt Hannes , Dorninger Fabian , Rothauer Peter J. , Fischer Claus M. , Schranz Michael , Bruegger Britta , Lüchtenborg Christian , Ebner Janine , Hilber Karlheinz , Koenig Xaver , Erdem Fatma A. , Gawali Vaibhavkumar S. , Berger Johannes
Published: May 2020

Plasmalogens (Pls) are a class of membrane phospholipids which serve a number of essential biological functions. Deficiency of Pls is associated with common disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or ischemic heart disease. A complete lack of Pls due to genetically determined defective biosynthesis gives rise to rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), characterized by a number of severe disabling pathologic features and death in early childhood. Frequent cardiac manifestations of RCDP include septal defects, mitral valve prolapse, and patent ductus arteriosus. In a mouse model of RCDP, reduced nerve conduction velocity was partially rescued by dietary oral supplementation of the Pls precursor batyl alcohol (BA). Here, we examine the impact of Pls deficiency on cardiac impulse conduction in a similar mouse model (Gnpat KO). In‐vivo electrocardiographic recordings showed that the duration of the QRS complex was significantly longer in Gnpat KO mice than in age‐ and sex‐matched wild‐type animals, indicative of reduced cardiac conduction velocity. Oral supplementation of BA for 2 months resulted in normalization of cardiac Pls levels and of the QRS duration in Gnpat KO mice but not in untreated animals. BA treatment had no effect on the QRS duration in age‐matched wild‐type mice. These data suggest that Pls deficiency is associated with increased ventricular conduction time which can be rescued by oral BA supplementation.
The synthesis of one H‐2 labeled and two H‐3 labeled leukotriene C4 synthase inhibitors
Authors: Bergare Jonas , Kingston Lee , Guly Dominic J. , Dolan James , Lewis Richard J. , Elmore Charles S.
Published: May 2020

As part of a medicinal chemistry program aimed at developing a leukotriene C4 synthase inhibitor for the treatment of asthma, two tritium‐labeled and one stable isotope‐labeled compounds were required. The synthesis of the tritium‐labeled compounds used a standard bromination‐tritiodehalogentation approach. One of the tritium‐labeled compounds was observed to exchange its tritium label slowly with the solvent. The stable isotope‐labeled compound was prepared in seven steps (3% overall yield) from [2H6]acetone in a modification of the route used by medicinal chemistry.
Effects of methylprednisolone use on viral genomic nucleic acid negative conversion and CT imaging lesion absorption in COVID‐19 patients under 50 years old
Authors: Gong Yuan , Guan Li , Jin Zhu , Chen Shixiong , Xiang Guangming , Gao Baoan
Published: May 2020

The use of corticosteroids has been controversial in viral pneumonia. In most cases, application of methylprednisolone in severe and critical viral pneumonia patients can quickly alleviate the symptoms of dyspnea and prevent disease progression. However, some scholars have confirmed that corticosteroids delayed the body's clearance of the virus. In our retrospective non‐randomized study, 34 patients under 50 years old and diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) were included. According to the given methylprednisolone treatment (n = 18) or not (n = 16), they were separated into two groups. By comparing the clinical data we concluded that corticosteroids therapy can effectively release COVID‐19 symptoms such as persistent fever and difficult in breathing, improve oxygenation, and prevent disease progression. However, it can prolong the negative conversion of nucleic acids.
MRL/MpJ tendon matrix‐derived therapeutic promotes improved healing outcomes in scar‐mediated canonical tendon healing
Authors: Paredes Juan , Pekmezian Ashley , Andarawis‐Puri Nelly
Published: May 2020

Tendons are commonly injured connective soft tissues characterized by an ineffective healing response that results in scar formation and loss of functional and structural properties. Naturally occurring extracellular matrix (ECM) constructs have become a promising therapeutic for tendon injuries due to their capacity to harness a complex biological environment. However, in tendon, the ECM properties needed for improved healing remain unknown. Interestingly, we have determined that the improved tendon healing response of the scarless‐healing MRL/MpJ is driven by intrinsic properties with therapeutic potential to modulate the proliferative and morphological behavior of cells derived from a canonically healing model in vitro. We hypothesize that a distinct composition of ECM deposited during the early healing response of the MRL/MpJ will harnesses the biological cues to stimulate improved structure and function in vivo of canonically healing B6 mice. Accordingly, MRL/MpJ and B6 patellar tendons were injured via midsubstance punch defects. Healing tendons were isolated after 3 or 7 days and encapsulated in PEG‐4MAL hydrogels to develop ECM‐derived therapeutic constructs. Constructs were then introduced into B6 mice as a treatment following full thickness midsubstance‐punch injuries. Treatment with ECM‐derived constructs from MRL/MpJ tendons after 7‐days post‐injury (M7) resulted in improved matrix alignment, tissue stiffness, decreased collagen III content and improved cell morphology in B6 tendons after 6 weeks post‐injury. Furthermore, proteomic analysis showed that M7 contained a unique compositional profile rich in glycoproteins, thereby elucidating a valuable naturally‐derived platform for the treatment of tendon injuries. Overall this work highlights promising targets for future therapeutic development and tissue engineering applications.
Comparison of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Parameters for the Detection of Fluid Overload in the Prediction of Mortality in Patients Admitted at the Emergency Department
Authors: Kammar‐García Ashuin , Castillo‐Martínez Lilia , Villanueva‐Juárez José Luis , Pérez‐Pérez Anayeli , Rocha‐González Héctor Isaac , Arrieta‐Valencia Jesús , Remolina‐Schlig Miguel , Hernández‐Gilsoul Thierry
Published: May 2020

Background

Fluid overload (FO) in critically ill patients is associated with increased adverse events. This study aims to compare different bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters that demonstrate FO and their association with 30‐day mortality in critical patients admitted to the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Five components of the BIA were obtained by multifrequency device—total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), resistance (R), and reactance (Xc)—to calculate parameters (impedance vectors, impedance ratio, and the ratios of ECW to TBW, ECW to ICW, ECW to body surface area, TBW to height2, ICW to height2, Xc to height, and R to height) that have been used for the detection of FO. A concordance analysis (κ) was performed comparing every parameter with each other. Furthermore, different regression models (Cox regression) were created associating the FO for each parameter with 30‐day mortality, adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and serum albumin level.

Results

A total of 142 patients were included in the study. Only FO by impedance vector analysis (relative risk [RR] = 6.4; 95% CI, 1.5–27.9; P = .01), impedance ratio (RR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–7.1; P = .04), and R (RR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2–5.5; P = .02) increased the probability of 30‐day mortality.

Conclusions

Different parameters that determine FO by BIA were associated with the mortality of patients admitted to the ED, but the impedance vector analysis was superior to any other parameter of the BIA.
Impact of Clinical Factors on the Intestinal Microbiome in Infants With Gastroschisis
Authors: Wu Allison J. , Lee David J. , Li Fan , Tobin Nicole H. , Aldrovandi Grace M. , Shew Stephen B. , Calkins Kara L.
Published: May 2020

Background

Infants with gastroschisis require operations and lengthy hospitalizations due to intestinal dysmotility. Dysbiosis may contribute to these problems. Little is known on the microbiome of gastroschisis infants.

Methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fecal microbiome in gastroschisis infants. Microbiome profiling was performed by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbiome of gastroschisis infants was compared with the microbiome of healthy controls, and the effects of mode of birth delivery, gestational age, antibiotic duration, and nutrition type on microbial composition and diversity were investigated.

Results

The microbiome of gastroschisis infants (n = 13) was less diverse (Chao1, P < .001), lacked Bifidobacterium (P = .001), and had increased Staphylococcus (P = .007) compared with controls (n = 83). Mode of delivery (R2 = 0.04, P = .001), antibiotics duration ≥7 days (R2 = 0.03, P = .003), age at sample collection (R2 = 0.03, P = .009), and gestational age (R2 = 0.02, P = .035) explained a small portion of microbiome variation. In gastroschisis infants, Escherichia‐Shigella was the predominate genus, and those delivered via cesarean section had different microbial communities, predominantly Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, from those delivered vaginally. Although antibiotic duration contributed to the variation in microbiome composition, there were no significant differences in taxa distribution or α diversity by antibiotic duration or nutrition type.

Conclusion

The microbiome of gastroschisis infants is dysbiotic, and mode of birth delivery, antibiotic duration, and gestational age appear to contribute to microbial variation.
Self‐Organizing Structures of Phosphatidylcholine in Nonaqueous Solvents: Tailoring Gel‐like Systems
Authors: Okuro Paula K. , Malfatti‐Gasperini Antonio A. , Fasolin Luiz H. , Vicente António A. , Cunha Rosiane L.
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we investigated the role played by solvent type and additives (water [W] and citric acid [CA]) on the self‐assembly of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) into gels. Soybean lecithin (L) served as the PtdCho source used in this study. Lecithin was combined with different oils: hexadecane (HEX), sunflower oil, and medium‐chain triacylglycerol to explore its ability to form organogels. Among the solvents, only HEX was able to form a translucent self‐sustainable gel with lecithin. It was found that the lower water solubility and viscosity of HEX favored gel formation. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering revealed different structures arisen from lecithin organization depending on the organic medium type. In addition, the gel properties of the L‐HEX binary system were also tailored through inclusion of the “primers” W or CA. Oscillatory rheological behavior of organogels was effectively described by a single relaxation‐time Maxwell model, with good fitting at low and intermediate frequencies and with deviations at higher frequencies, indicating the presence of reverse wormlike micelles. Organogels were thermoreversible and, upon CA addition, a substantial increase in zero‐shear viscosity was observed. Incorporation of W led to a similar microstructure to that obtained only with L, whereas CA promoted a different ordering of PtdCho assemblies. Formation and properties of PtdCho‐based organogels were dictated by using different oil types or by changing the polarity of the medium with the incorporation of primers. A better understanding of phospholipid‐based nonlamellar mesophases in organic solvent offers the prospect of adapting the gel properties to the desired application and functionality.
Minnesota program for SMI patients adapts to crisis seamlessly
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2020

Avoiding gaps in mental health services for consumers with serious mental illness that could disconnect them from accessing the right care has been an important goal for a community service partnership between a Minnesota provider and a local agency supporting consumers with serious mental illness. The goal became even more critical during the early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic as officials transitioned to virtual‐based services within days and without service interruption.
Filtering dual‐patch antenna with flat gain response using F‐shaped feeding structure
Authors: Ji Shuosheng , Dong Yuandan , Fan Yong
Published: May 2020

A novel wideband filtering dual‐patch antenna with a flat gain response is presented in this letter. This filtering antenna mainly consists of two parts: two patches and an F‐shaped feeding structure. The upper and lower patches are fed by two different horizontally placed narrow strips from the F‐shaped structure. Two patch modes are simultaneously excited within the passband, yielding a 29.3% bandwidth with a very flat gain response and a stable radiation pattern. Furthermore, a pair of radiation nulls are generated symmetrically at the two sides of the passband owing to the mutual coupling between two patches. As a result, a filtering antenna without any extra filtering circuit is obtained which achieves a realized gain of 10 dBi within the passband and an out‐of‐band suppression level of 15 dB in the lower stopband and 20 dB in the upper stopband. Compared to the traditional patch antennas, this proposed filtering antenna demonstrates a very flat gain response, a sharp passband skirt, and a good selectivity, which is well designed and very suitable for high band cellular communication (2.0‐2.7 GHz).
Modified cavity perturbation method for high‐precision measurements of complex permittivity throughout the Х‐band
Authors: Ivanchenko Igor , Khruslov Maksym , Popenko Nina , Plakhtii Vadim , Tkach Vasyl
Published: May 2020

A novel resonance method for accurate determining a complex permittivity of the samples over the entire X‐band is proposed. This method uses the difference in the resonant mode perturbation when the sample moves in the field of standing wave of a rectangular resonator thereby leading to changing resonance frequencies and the amplitudes of resonant modes for each position of the sample in the resonator. Comparison of measured data with the calculated ones, in which permittivity (ε) and loss tangent (tan δ) are the variable parameters, allows for building the discrepancy coefficient σ as the function of ε and tan δ. Sought‐for values ε and tan δ of the sample are determined in points corresponding the minimа of the aforementioned functions. The procedure like that is used for all resonant modes excited in the resonator in the analyzed frequency band, which allows for obtaining the frequency dependences ε and tan δ. The measurements are carried out in the frequency band 8‐12 GHz for a number of solid dielectrics. Permittivity and loss tangent are determined with an error that does not exceed 0.5% and 5%, respectively.
HOW DISPLAYS ARE HOLDING US TOGETHER
Authors: Atwood Stephen P.
Published: May 2020

Very first thing, I hope this finds each of you, your families, and friends healthy. These are difficult times for all of us and there are priorities much greater than our professions at the moment. For those of you facing hardship, we extend our heartfelt sympathies and wish your circumstances to improve soon.
Metric and morphological analysis of pelvic scars in a historical sample from Lithuania: Associations with sex, age, body size and pelvic dimensions
Authors: Praxmarer Elisa‐Maria , Tutkuviene Janina , Kirchengast Sylvia
Published: May 2020

The theory behind the formation and manifestation of pelvic scars, sometimes called ‘scars of parturition’, and particularly their potential use in determining parity history has been a debated issue among anthropologists for nearly 50 years. To date, the association between parity and scar formation still remains unclear. The present study tests the effects of sex, age, body size and pelvic dimensions on the morphological and metric features of dorsal pits, pubic tubercle and preauricular sulcus. A total of 296 skeletons (167 males, 129 females) from historical samples in Lithuania were examined. Beyond assessing the above traits of these pelvic scars, we determined sex, age at death and pelvis dimensions. Moreover, we reconstructed body height and body mass. A marked sexual dimorphism was recorded. Scar formation was significantly more common among females. With increasing age, scar formation increased or remain unchanged. Pelvic dimensions, body height and body mass showed a weak association with pelvic scars. Sex seems to be independently associated with scar formation. Our results suggest that although sex plays a dominant role in scar formation, caution should be exercised in interpreting scars as being due solely to parity alone. The term ‘scars of parturition’ should be avoided.
Dosing Common Medications in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients with Obesity: A Review
Authors: Ameer Barbara , Weintraub Michael A.
Published: May 2020

Medication management in children and adolescents with obesity is challenging because both developmental and pathophysiological changes may impact drug disposition and response. Evidence to date indicates an effect of obesity on drug disposition for certain drugs used in this population. This work identified published studies evaluating drug dosing, pharmacokinetics (PK), and effect in pediatric patients with obesity, focusing on 70 common medications used in a pediatric network of 42 US medical centers. A PubMed search revealed 33 studies providing PK and/or effectiveness data for 23% (16 of 70) of medications, 44% of which have just one study and can be considered exploratory. This work appraising 4 decades of literature shows several promising approaches: greater use of PK models applied to prospective clinical studies, dosing recommendations derived from both PK and safety, and multiyear effectiveness data on drugs for chronic conditions (e.g., asthma). Most studies make dose recommendations but are weakened by retrospective study design, small study populations, and no controls or historic controls. Dosing decisions continue to rely on extrapolating knowledge, including targeting systemic drug exposure typically achieved in adults. Optimal weight‐based dosing strategies vary by drug and warrant prospective, controlled studies incorporating PK and modeling and simulation to complement clinical assessment.
Ripple Effects of a Community‐Based Randomized Trial for Rural Women: Strong Hearts, Healthy Communities
Authors: Lo Brian K. , Graham Meredith L. , Eldridge Galen , Donoso Maria R. , Folta Sara C. , Strogatz David , Nelson Miriam E. , Paul Lynn C. , Parry Stephen A. , Seguin‐Fowler Rebecca A.
Published: May 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine (1) whether the Strong Hearts, Healthy Communities intervention (SHHC) improved social network members’ (SNMs’) weight, exercise, and diet and (2) whether SNMs’ weight and behavioral changes were modified by their relationship closeness and/or spatial closeness with trial participants.

Methods

Eight towns received the SHHC intervention, which focused on building individual healthy behaviors and creating supportive social and built environments for exercise and healthy eating. Eight towns received an education‐only control intervention. SNMs (n = 487) were recruited to complete a questionnaire at baseline and at 6 months that asked about demographics, weight, height, exercise, and eating habits.

Results

SHHC’s effect on SNMs differed depending on their relationship closeness with trial participants. Among SNMs who had a very close relationship with trial participants, those associated with the intervention group lost more weight and decreased BMI more than those associated with the control group (weight [kilograms] between‐group difference: Δ = −1.68; 95% CI: −3.10 to −0.25; P = 0.021; BMI between‐group difference: Δ = −0.60; 95% CI: −1.16 to −0.04; P = 0.034). Spatial closeness did not modify any of SHHC’s ripple effects.

Conclusions

Relationship closeness, rather than spatial closeness, played an important role in influencing a rural community–based intervention’s ripple effects.
The influence of graphene oxide filler on the electrical and thermal properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy laminates: Effect of out‐of‐plane alignment of the graphene oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Senis Evangelos C. , Golosnoy Igor O. , Andritsch Thomas , Dulieu‐Barton Janice M. , Thomsen Ole T.
Published: May 2020

The influence of out‐of‐plane alignment of graphene oxide (GO) platelets used as matrix filler on the through‐thickness electrical and thermal conductivity of unidirectional carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers (CFRPs) composites has been investigated. By utilizing an external AC field, the orientation of GO flakes was altered to take advantage of the higher electrical and thermal conductivity along the graphene basal planes. Commercially available GO was dispersed in quantities up to 5 wt% into the epoxy matrix prior to vacuum infusion into dry carbon fabric to form CFRP laminates. Both GO‐modified CFRP laminates containing randomly oriented GO and aligned GO‐modified CFRP (A‐GO/CFRP) laminates were manufactured to assess the influence of the application of the electric field. Measurements of the electrical conductivity revealed markedly increased values for the A‐GO/CFRP even with low filler contents. The thermal conductivity, albeit increased in A‐GO/CFRP, only resulted in modest improvements. Mechanical tests of the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) showed that the A‐GO/CFRP laminates exhibited significantly improved behavior and retained higher ILSS values (than the randomly aligned GO/CFRP laminates) even at high filler contents.
Pregnancy‐related pharmacokinetics and antimicrobial prophylaxis during fetal surgery, cefazolin and clindamycin as examples
Authors: Allegaert Karel , Muller Anouk E. , Russo Francesca , Schoenmakers Sam , Deprest Jan , Koch Birgit C.P.
Published: May 2020

Antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery aims to prevent post‐operative site infections. For fetal surgery, this includes the fetal and amniotic compartments. Both are deep compartments as drug equilibrium with maternal blood is achieved relatively late. Despite prophylaxis, chorio‐amnionitis or endometritis following ex utero intrapartum treatment or fetoscopy occur in 4.13% and 1.45% respectively of the interventions.

This review summarizes the observations on two commonly administered antimicrobials (cefazolin, clindamycin) for surgical prophylaxis during pregnancy, with emphasis on the deep compartments. For both compounds, antimicrobial exposure is on target when we consider the maternal and fetal plasma compartment. In contrast, amniotic fluid concentrations‐time profiles display a delayed and much more blunted pattern, behaving as deep compartment. For cefazolin, there are data that document further dilution in the setting of polyhydramnios. Along this deep compartment concept, there is some accumulation during repeated administration, modeled for cefazolin and observed for clindamycin. The relative underexposure to antimicrobials in amniotic fluid may be reflected in the pattern of maternal‐fetal complications after fetal surgery, and suggest that antimicrobial prophylaxis practices for fetal surgery should be reconsidered.

Further studies should be designed by a multidisciplinary team (fetal surgeons, clinical pharmacologists and microbiologists) to facilitate efficient evaluation of antimicrobial prophylaxis.
Methylene‐bridged bis(8‐arylimino)‐5,6,7‐trihydro‐quinolylinickel precatalysts for ethylene polymerization
Authors: Suo Hongyi , Chen Qiang , Zhang Wenjuan , Ma Yanping , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: May 2020

A series of binuclear nickel complexes bearing N‐(5,6,7‐trihydroquinolin‐8‐ylidene)amino CH(C6H4‐4‐R2){4‐C6H2‐2,6‐R12N‐(C5H3NC4H6)}2 [R1 = Me, R2 = OH L1, R1 = Et, R2 = OH L2, R1 = Me, R2 = H L3, R1 = Me, R2 = OCH3L4] has been synthesized and characterized. In the presence of either methylaluminoxane (MAO) or Et2AlCl, all nickel complexes exhibited high activities up to 3.33 × 106 g (PE)·mol−1(Ni)·hr−1 toward ethylene polymerization, producing high branched polyethylenes (PEs). The aluminum cocatalysts have significantly affected the properties of resultant PE; with MAO as the cocatalyst, the resultant PE shows higher molecular weight and possesses only one Tm value, meanwhile Et2AlCl as the cocatalyst, the obtained PE indicates lower molecular weight and two melting points. The microstructures of those PEs determined by their 13C NMR spectra illustrate the similar densities but different types of branches, in which the PE obtained with Et2AlCl shows high methyl branch selectivity (>80%), and the PE produced by MAO has 50% methyl and another half of longer branches. The branched PEs are consistent to the chain migration happened in the ethylene polymerization.
An effective approach for mapping permafrost in a large area using subregion maps and satellite data
Authors: Hu Jianan , Zhao Shuping , Nan Zhuotong , Wu Xiaobo , Sun Xuehui , Cheng Guodong
Published: May 2020

Permafrost distribution maps are of importance for environmental assessment, climate system modeling, and practical engineering applications. The scarcity of forcing data and parameters often limits the uses of permafrost models over large areas. However, detailed data are often available in a few subregions through field investigations. In this study, we propose a novel approach for mapping permafrost distribution in a large and data‐scarce area using an empirical model with subregion permafrost maps and satellite data as inputs. The surface frost number model (FROSTNUM) was re‐inferred to include an extra soil parameter to represent the thermal and moisture conditions in soils. The optimal soil parameters were determined from the subregion maps of permafrost distribution through spatial clustering, parameter optimization, and the decision tree method. FROSTNUM was fed with satellite‐derived ground surface freezing and thawing indices to map the permafrost distribution over the study area. The proposed approach was evaluated in the Gaize area on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, where intensive field studies have been done. The simulated permafrost distribution is consistent with a map of permafrost distribution made from borehole observations and field surveys in Gaize. Due to excellent accuracy, the approach is effective and can be used in large areas with limited data.
Do not let your safe operating limits leave you S‐O‐L (out of luck)
Authors: Stauffer Todd , Chastain‐Knight Denise
Published: May 2020

Collection and utilization of process safety metrics is an important tool for driving improved safety. Tier three leading indicators (challenges to safety system) indicate failures of process safety management systems and highlight areas that should be improved to prevent a more serious event. Safe Operating Limit (SOL) exceedances are a commonly used Tier 3 leading indicator. Surprisingly, there are many different approaches used in industry to calculate safe operating limits and to apply them. This inconsistency potentially diminishes the usefulness of SOL exceedances as an effective indicator.

This paper discusses current industry practices around safe operating limits as established by a recent global benchmark survey of over 150 safety practitioners. Areas explored in the survey of SOLs include; methodology for calculating, how/where information is stored, how/when established values are reviewed and audited, usage as a leading indicator, integration with operations (training, documentation), identification and tracking of when exceedances have occurred, and actions taken on exceedance. Key results and conclusions will be presented as well as recommendations on where industry should focus on improvement.
Leaf transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy is recorded in the intraleaf C, H and O isotope patterns of leaf organic matter
Authors: Zhu Zhenyu , Yin Xijie , Song Xin , Wang Bo , Ma Ran , Zhao Yu , Rani Andleeb , Wang Ying , Yan Qiulin , Jing Su , Gessler Arthur , Zhou Youping
Published: May 2020

Rationale

Quantitatively relating 13C/12C, 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratios of plant α‐cellulose and 2H/1H of n‐alkanes to environmental conditions and metabolic status should ideally be based on the leaf, the plant organ most sensitive to environmental change. The fact that leaf organic matter is composed of isotopically different heterotrophic and autotrophic components means that it is imperative that one be able to disentangle the relative heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to leaf organic matter.

Methods

We tackled this issue by two‐dimensional sampling of leaf water and α‐cellulose, and specific n‐alkanes from greenhouse‐grown immature and mature and field‐grown mature banana leaves, taking advantage of their large areas and thick waxy layers. Leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratios were then characterized using elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) or gas chromatography IRMS. A three‐member (heterotrophy, autotrophy and photoheterotrophy) conceptual linear mixing model was then proposed for disentangling the relative contributions of the three trophic modes.

Results

We discovered distinct spatial leaf water, α‐cellulose and n‐alkane isotope ratio patterns that varied with leaf developmental stages. We inferred from the conceptual model that, averaged over the leaf blade, only 20% of α‐cellulose in banana leaf is autotrophically laid down in both greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, while approximately 60% and 100% of n‐alkanes are produced autotrophically in greenhouse‐grown and field‐grown banana leaves, respectively. There exist distinct lateral (edge to midrib) gradients in autotrophic contributions of α‐cellulose and n‐alkanes.

Conclusions

Efforts to establish quantitative isotope–environment relationships should take into account the fact that the evaporative leaf water 18O and 2H enrichment signal recorded in autotrophically laid down α‐cellulose is significantly diluted by the heterotrophically formed α‐cellulose. The δ2H value of field‐grown mature banana leaf n‐alkanes is much more sensitive than α‐cellulose as a recorder of the growth environment. Quantitative isotope–environment relationship based on greenhouse‐grown n‐alkane δ2H values may not be reliable.
Ecoacoustics in the rain: understanding acoustic indices under the most common geophonic source in tropical rainforests
Authors: Sánchez‐Giraldo Camilo , Bedoya Carol L. , Morán‐Vásquez Raúl A. , Isaza Claudia V. , Daza Juan M.
Published: May 2020

Rainfall is one of the most predominant geophonic sources in nature, and the major climatic phenomenon influencing species biology in tropical ecosystems. Although its effects on acoustic indices have been studied, rainfall is recognized as a nuisance factor affecting their estimation. Consequently, files with rainfall sounds are typically removed from ecoacoustic analyses. In tropical rainforests, where rainfall is a common and unpredictable event, its influence on acoustic indices needs to be explicitly examined before implementing acoustic passive monitoring. Using mixed‐effects models we assessed the effect of different rainfall conditions on the direction and magnitude of the values of eight commonly used acoustic indices. We obtained 18336 1‐min recordings from 28 sampling sites in a montane forest on the northern Andes of Colombia between May‐July 2018. We identified 2867 1‐min recordings containing light to heavy rainfall. We found that both rainfall occurrence and its variation in intensity were associated with increases in ACI, ADI, H, and M index values, and decreases in AEI, BI, NDSI, and NP values. The estimated indices exhibited differential sensitivity to rainfall, with M, NDSI, and NP showing higher differences associated with increasing frequency and intensity of rainfall. Regardless the direction of change in index values caused by rainfall, we found that the magnitude of variation depended on the index. For instance, ACI and BI indices showed low sensitivity and can be considered as reliable acoustic metrics, even during heavy intensity rainfall. In contrast, M, NDSI, and NP might lead to misleading inferences, if rainfall events are not considered during calculation. We stress the importance of careful interpretation of biological inferences based on these sensitive indices and encourage an explicit assessment of rainfall, particularly in short‐term acoustic surveys in highly pluvious regions where rainfall is a conspicuous component of the soundscape.
Promoting sustainable development: A research on residents' green purchasing behavior from a perspective of the goal‐framing theory
Authors: Yang Xianchuan , Chen Shih‐Chih , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2020

This research proposed a model based on the goal‐framing theory in an attempt to understand the effect of residents' egoistic and altruistic appeals on green purchasing behavior, with the hope to promote green purchasing behavior and close the green motivation‐behavior gap. A total of 504 usable samples were collected in China, and confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results showed that media persuasion can affect residents' green purchasing behavior through simultaneously activating three‐dimensional goal frames. The mediation effect of normative goal frames was significantly greater than that of gain goal frames and hedonic goal frames. Moreover, perceived seriousness of environmental problems positively moderated the mediation effect of gain goal frames, while negatively moderated the mediation effect of hedonic goal frames, but it did not moderate the mediation effect of normative goal frames. Interesting findings suggest that media persuasion may have a persistent effect on green purchasing behavior by promoting the three types of motives that give consideration to the dual appeals together. Finally, this study provided important theoretical and practical implications for academic researchers and green practitioners.
The Concept of Fact in German Physics around 1900: A Comparison between Mach and Einstein
Authors: de Waal Elske , ten Hagen Sjang L.
Published: May 2020

The concept of “fact” has a history. Over the past centuries, physicists have appropriated it in various ways. In this article, we compare Ernst Mach and Albert Einstein’s interpretations of the concept. Mach, like most nineteenth-century German physicists, contrasted fact and theory. He understood facts as real and complex combinations of natural events. Theories, in turn, only served to order and communicate facts efficiently. Einstein’s concept of fact was incompatible with Mach’s, since Einstein believed facts could be theoretical too, just as he ascribed mathematical theorizing a leading role in representing reality. For example, he used the concept of fact to refer to a generally valid result of experience. The differences we disclose between Mach and Einstein were symbolic for broader tensions in the German physics discipline. Furthermore, they underline the historically fluid character of the category of the fact, both within physics and beyond.
Establishment and evaluation of a training course in advanced laparoscopic surgery based on human body donors embalmed by ethanol-glycerol-lysoformin fixation
Authors: Ackermann Johannes , Wedel Thilo , Hagedorn Heiko , Maass Nicolai , Mettler Liselotte , Heinze Tillmann , Alkatout Ibrahim
Published: May 2020

Background

Education of clinical anatomy and training of surgical skills are essential prerequisites for any surgical intervention in patients. Here, we evaluated a structured training program for advanced gynecologic laparoscopy based on human body donors and its impact on clinical practice.

Methods

The three-step training course included: (1) anatomical and surgical lectures, (2) demonstration and hands-on study of pre-dissected anatomical specimens, and (3) surgical training of a broad spectrum of gynecological laparoscopic procedures on human body donors embalmed by ethanol-glycerin-lysoformin. Two standardized questionnaires (after the course and 6 months later) evaluated the effectiveness of each of the training modules and the benefits to surgical practice.

Results

Eighty participants took part in 6 training courses using a total number of 24 body donors (3 trainees/body donor). Based on a 91.3% (73/80) response rate, participants rated high or very high the tissue and organ properties of the body donors (n = 72, 98.6%), the technical feasibility to perform laparoscopic surgery (n = 70, 95.9%), and the overall learning success (n = 72, 98.6%). Based on a 67.5% (54/80) response rate at 6 months, participants rated the benefit of the course to their daily routine as very high (mean 80.94 ± 24.61%, n = 53), and this correlated strongly with the use of body donors (r = 0.74) and the ability to train laparoscopic dissections (r = 0.77).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the technical feasibility and didactic effectiveness of laparoscopic training courses in a professional and true-to-life setting by using ethanol-glycerol-lysoformin embalmed body donors. This cost-efficient fixation method offers the option to integrate advanced surgical training courses into structured postgraduate educational curricula to meet both the technical demands of minimal invasive surgery and the ethical concerns regarding patients´ safety.