bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Kinase C Activators of the Teleocidin Family Decrease the IgE-Binding Capacity of Rat Basophilic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Gavériaux Claire , Fehr Theodor , Montecino-Rodriguez Encarnita , Sanglier Jean-Jacques , Loor Francis
Published: August 2009

The tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the teleocidins (TCDs) had similar inhibitory effects on IgE binding onto the membrane of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells. The level of expression of the functional IgE Fc receptor (FcεR), as measured by CELISA, was decreased up to a maximum of 60% within 5 min-1 h of treatment. This inhibition was obtained at concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml for most TCDs, of 1 μg/ml for TPA and of 20 μg/ml for one TCD (olivoretin A). These molecules also decreased the amount of cell-bound IgE detectable by CELISA on cells that had been coated with IgE prior to TCD treatment. When incubated with RBL-2H3 cells for 30 min-2 h, the TCDs and TPA stimulated serotonin release. Depending on their concentration, they had various effects on IgE-plus antigen-induced serotonin release. It is suggested that the down-regulation of IgE receptor expression by these tumor promoters is mediated through protein kinase C activation and phosphorylation of the FcεR.
Inhibition of Eosinophil Chemotaxis by a New Antiallergic Compound (Cetirizine)
Authors: Leprevost Corinne , Capron Monique , De Vos Christine , Tomassini Margherita , Capron André
Published: August 2009

The in vivo inhibitory effect of a new antiallergic, anti-H1 drug, cetirizine, on eosinophil attraction at skin sites challenged with various stimuli has been recently suggested. In the present work, we confirmed that this molecule, at therapeutical concentration, has a potent inhibitory action on eosinophil response to different chemoattractant mediators such as platelet-activating factor (PAF acether) and N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenyl alanyl in vitro. Another anti-H1 drug, polaramine, did not show this effect at the same concentration. These findings suggest that cetirizine in addition to its antihistaminic effect could also play a direct inhibitory effect on eosinophil recruitment. Moreover, cetirizine was not toxic for eosinophils and did not induce degranulation, as shown by the absence of peroxidase release. Comparison between cetirizine and a PAF acether antagonist (BN 52021) suggested that cetirizine did not act by a PAF receptor-blocking activity.
Cotton Bract Tannin: A Novel Human T-Lymphocyte Mitogen and a Possible Causative Agent of Byssinosis
Authors: Vuk-Pavlović Zvezdana , Russell James A. , Rohrbach Michael S.
Published: August 2009

Cotton bract tannin, a major organic component of cotton dust, was tested for mitogenic activity upon human T lymphocytes. Tannin caused polyclonal activation of human T lymphocytes in vitro. The pattern of T-cell response to tannin was similar to the pattern seen in lymphocytes stimulated with the well-known plant lectin T-cell mitogens, PHA and ConA. The response to tannin was shown to be dependent upon tannin dose and presence of monocytes. The maximum response occurred after 3–4 days in culture with the magnitude comparable to the one achieved by ConA. Lipopolysaccharide from Enterobacter agglomerans, a major contaminant of cotton dust, was shown not to be a mediator of tannin mitogenicity in vitro. A role for tannin as a polyclonal cell activator and, therefore, a possible etiologic agent of byssinosis is suggested by these observations.
Isolation and Characterization of Messenger RNA from Male Inflorescences and Pollen of the White Birch (Betula Verrucosa)
Authors: Breiteneder H. , Hassfeld W. , Pettenburger K. , Jarolim E. , Breitenbach M. , Rumpold H. , Kraft D. , Scheiner O.
Published: August 2009

A glycoprotein with a molecular weight (MW) of 17 kilodaltons (kD), Bet v I, represents the major allergen of the white birch (Betula verrucosa, BV) and plays an important role in tree-pollen-induced type I allergic reactions. In order to characterize the major and also some minor allergens of BV, we investigated the IgE-binding properties of these allergens using immunoblot techniques. Normal and patients’ sera were employed for this study. Furthermore, RNA from male inflorescences and from pollen of BV were isolated and purified by affinity chromatography on oligo-dT-cellulose. Poly(A)+-mRNA thus obtained was translated in vitro in a cell-free wheat germ system and the proteins synthesized were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose. The blots were incubated with normal human sera and with sera from patients allergic to birch pollen. Bound IgE antibodies were detected with 125I-labeled anti-IgE. We observed major IgE binding to a protein of an MW of 12.5 kD, and little IgE binding to a 17-kD protein, presumably Bet v I. Comparing the products of in vitro translation from mRNA preparations of mature pollen and of male inflorescences collected in June, October and February, little seasonal variations could be observed. As the in vitro translation system does not glycosylate proteins, our results show that the majority of IgE in patients’ sera is not directed against the carbohydrate moieties of these allergens.
Parenteral Immunization with Shigella Ribosomal Vaccine Elicits Local IgA Response and Primes for Mucosal Memory
Authors: Levenson V.I. , Chernokhvostova E.V. , Lyubinskaya M.M. , Salamatova S.A. , Dzhikidze E.K. , Stasilevitch Z.K.
Published: August 2009

The parenteral Shigella ribosomal vaccine (SRV), which previously was shown to protect guinea pigs and monkeys, has been compared with lypopolysaccharide (LPS) for its ability to induce a systemic and a local immune response. Injection of SRV caused a significant rise of the serum·antibodies of different classes and the appearance of IgA·antibodies in tears of guinea pigs and saliva and bile of monkeys. In guinea pigs, the local IgA response to parenteral SRV was much more intensive than that to feeding of high doses of LPS, while in monkeys it was nearly as high as that to challenge with a high dose of live pathogen. These data provide an immunological basis for the protective effect of SRV and are in disagreement with the widely accepted view of the inefficiency of parenteral antigens in stimulating mucosal immunity. The results are interpreted from the viewpoint of the role of ribosomes as a delivery system for the Shigella·antigen which provides high potency of SRV in stimulating local lymphoid tissue and makes it a good vaccine candidate.
Effect of Glucocorticosteroid Treatment on Ovalbumin-Induced IgE-Mediated Immediate and Late Allergic Response in Guinea Pig
Authors: Andersson Per , Brange Charlotte , von Kogerer Birgitta , Sonmark Birgitta , Stahre Gunilla
Published: August 2009

The effect of glucocorticosteroid (GCS) treatment on ovalbumine-induced IgE-mediated immediate and late allergic response was studied in sensitized guinea pigs. The results show that the GCS budesonide (BUD) inhibits the allergen-induced IgE-mediated immediate and late bronchial obstruction. The effect on the early reaction is correlated to the inhibition of leukotrienes and histamine release. The importance of mediator release inhibition for the antianaphylactic effect of GCS is discussed. In examining the effect on the late reaction, it was found that BUD had to be present during the early reaction but did not inhibit the early reaction. Furthermore, the effect on the late reaction was correlated to the inhibition of vascular leakage but not to the infiltration of inflammatory cells as examined in bronchoalveolar lavage. The results indicate that some triggering factors important for the development of the late reaction are released during the early reaction. Inhibition of the release of that factor or the activation of inflammatory cells by that factor might be the mechanism behind the antiinflammatory activities of GCS.
Relation between the Level of IgG Subclasses and Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tokano Yoshiaki , Yagita Hideo , Iida Noboru , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Okumura Ko , Hirose Shunichi
Published: August 2009

IgG subclasses in sera from 48 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the relation between the level of IgG subclasses and infections was investigated. In patients with SLE, IgG2 and IgG4 decreased when compared to normal subjects. In patients with infections, IgG3 and IgG4 were decreased when compared to patients without infections. When the level of IgG3 was less than 60 μl/ml and the level of IgG4 was less than 20 μl/ml, infection was increased, especially mycotic infections. It was shown that the estimation of IgG3 and IgG4 serum levels served as important indices for infection.
Intrauterine Exposure to the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor-Blocking Agent Metoprolol and Allergy
Authors: Björkstén Bent , Finnström Orvar , Wichman Klas
Published: August 2009

Cord blood IgE levels and the development of allergy were studied in 29 children born by mothers who had been treated with the β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, metoprolol, during the pregnancy and in 23 children of placebo-treated mothers. In 13 (45%) of the former and 3 (15%) of the placebo group elevated cord blood IgE levels, i.e. more than 0.9 kU/l and/or obvious or probable allergy developed (p = 0.03). The findings support previous experimental observations that β-blocking agents may enhance IgE antibody formation. It also adds to the number of environmental factors that may increase the risk for atopic disease in children.
Increased Immunoglobulin E Fc Receptor Bearing Cells in Germinal Centers of Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E Patients
Authors: Mitani Shōko , Takagi Keizō , Oka Teruaki , Mori Shigeo
Published: August 2009

Lymph nodes from 6 patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E (hyper-IgE; 4 with Kimura’s disease, 1 with atopic dermatitis, and 1 with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T cell lymphoma) and from 7 patients with normal IgE levels were studied to determine the localization of dendritic reticulum cells and of cells bearing Fcε and C3d receptors and immunoglobulin E. The avidin-biotin-glucose oxidase method was used for unfixed biopsy specimens. To identify the above-mentioned cells, H107, a murine monoclonal antibody specific to the Fcε receptor molecule, and corresponding antibodies specific to the other cell types were used. In 5 hyper-IgE patients (4 with Kimura’s disease and 1 with atopic dermatitis) all germinal centers of the lymph nodes showed heavy reticular staining with H107, the dendritic reticulum cells being most intensely stained. In contrast, the germinal centers of the lymph nodes in the 7 patients with a normal IgE level only lightly or partially stained with H107. The staining pattern of anti-IgE was similar to that of H107 in the hyper-IgE cases. Likewise, C3d receptor and dendritic reticulum cell-related antigens were demonstrated very intensely in all germinal centers in lymph nodes of patients with hyper-IgE and normal IgE levels. These findings suggest that in a hyper-IgE state increased numbers of dendritic reticulum cells in a germinal center express the Fcε receptor and that such cells may play a role in the differentiation of IgE-producing memory B cells.
Studies on Immunological Air Pouch Inflammation in the Rat
Authors: Hambleton P. , Miller P.
Published: August 2009

The development of a novel immune-based model of inflammation in the subcutaneous air pouch of the rat is described. Rats were sensitized by injection with methylated bovine serum albumin emulsified with Freund’s complete adjuvant and challenged 14 days later by injection of heat-aggregated antigen in saline into a 6-day subcutaneous air pouch. Time course studies revealed a peak polymorph cell infiltration at 24 h with no exudate formation, followed by a separate mononuclear cell response, rapid exudate formation, and granuloma formation over the 2- to 7-day period. Separate peaks of increased vascular permeability were observed in the acute and chronic phases of the response. This reaction was considered to be an example of delayed-type hypersensitivity based on its extended time course, the characteristic time course of oedema formation in footpad-challenged rats, and the failure of serum from sensitized rats to elicit a reversed passive Arthus-type reaction. The sensitization schedule was also shown to enhance the acute inflammatory response to carrageenan. In addition, the ‘flare-up’ reaction to secondary antigenic challenge was investigated in 7-day postchallenge lesions.
Effects of Calcium lonophore and Phorbol Ester on Class-II-Restricted Virus-Specific Human Cytotoxic T Cell Clones
Authors: Richert John R. , Robinson Eve D.
Published: August 2009

Calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were studied for their functional effects on human class-II-restricted measles virus-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. A23187 and PMA each dramatically inhibited virus-specific CTL activity. Both PMA and A23187 induced proliferation of resting clones and augmented relatively weak or suboptimal proliferative responses, but inhibited vigorous antigen- or mitogen-induced proliferation. The parallel responses induced by these two agents suggest that they produce their effects via similar mechanisms, most likely through protein kinase C.
Human Serum Antibodies Reactive with Dietary Proteins
Authors: Barnes R.M.R. , Johnson P.M. , Harvey Marjorie M. , Blears Janet , Finn R.
Published: August 2009

The isotype distribution of human IgG antibodies reactive with common dietary proteins has been evaluated in sera from adult patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and with bronchial asthma using a solid-phase immunoassay (ELISA). In both these medical disorders, serum antibodies reactive with ovalbumin or gliadin were restricted predominantly to the IgG4 isotype; however, IgG antibodies reactive with bovine milk antigens, notably casein, were often restricted to both the IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes. A similar serum IgG antibody isotype distribution for these dietary protein antigens was also demonstrated in IgG antibody-positive healthy adults. These data amplify the view that production of antibodies of the IgG4 isotype may reflect a normal immune response to dietary protein antigens presented at mucosal surfaces.
Human Serum Antibodies Reactive with Dietary Proteins
Authors: Barnes R.M.R. , Johnson P.M. , Blears Janet , Harvey Marjorie M. , Finn R.
Published: August 2009

The antigenic specificity of human serum IgG antibodies reactive with common dietary proteins has been evaluated by competitive binding using a solid-phase immunoassay (ELISA). Antibodies reactive with bovine milk antigens were shown to be reactive predominantly with casein, rather than α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, γ-globulin or albumin. Furthermore, sera containing antibodies reactive with bovine casein, wheat gliadin and chicken ovalbumin showed competitive binding only by each respective dietary protein antigen. IgG4 antibodies specifically reactive with ovalbumin, gliadin or casein were also not cross-reactive in competitive binding studies. Furthermore, both IgG2 and IgG4 anti-milk antibodies showed significant inhibition only with bovine casein, and not with α-lactalbumin or β-lactoglobulin. These data are relevant to concepts regarding the immunobiological role of antibodies of the IgG4 isotype.
Identification of Multiple Forms of the P Component of Amyloid Isolated from Human Serum
Authors: Kubak Bernard M. , Gewurz Henry , Potempa Lawrence A.
Published: August 2009

We examined isolated serum amyloid P component (SAP), the circulating counterpart of the amyloid P component, and established a previously unreported heterogeneity for SAP by immunological and biochemical methods. Highly purified SAP had a gel filtration Mr of 255,000, a Stokes radius of 57 Å, a calculated frictional coefficient of 1.4, and 10 subunits of Mr of approximately 25,000. We present evidence suggestive of varying affinities of SAP for agarose, to which SAP is known to adsorb in the presence of calcium, by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. We resolved SAP subunits by isoelectric focusing into multiple species with isoelectric points of 6.08 (two forms), 6.02, and 5.95; three of these forms were delineated by high resolution two-dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis to have an Mr = 25,500, while a fourth (pI = 6.08) had an Mr = 24,500. The observed isoelectric charge heterogeneity could not be eliminated by neuraminidase treatment event though the electrophoretic migration of native desialized SAP was impeded (oil to β) when examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, being consistent with the removal of anionic charges. Further, an additional neuraminidase-generated component was detected at the β-position which could be removed by concanavalin A affinity. These data suggest SAP may exist in microheterologous or allotypic forms, the significance of which is under investigation.
Role of Microfilaments in the Exocytosis of Rat Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Tasaka Kenji , Akagi Masaaki , Miyoshi Kazuhisa , Mio Mitsunobu
Published: August 2009

When rat peritoneal mast cells were treated with the potent histamine releaser compound 48/80 in the presence of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled G-actin, the fluorescent G-actin particles were bound to the surface of extruded granules and to the cell surface. When rhodamine-phalloidin was incorporated into permeabilized rat mast cells in a Ca2+-free medium, rhodamine fluorescence was observed on the cell surface accompanied by serpentine ridges which appeared in the resting state. After perfusion with a cytosol-like solution containing Ca2+, rhodamine fluorescence appeared on the cell surface as a distinct network formation. In some cases, circular fluorescences which appeared to surround the extruded pores were observed in the cell membrane. These findings indicate the existence of actin filaments in the cell membrane and/or subplasmalemmal network. In whole-mount preparations, the granules were surrounded very densely with microfilaments of various widths. After exposure to compound 48/80, granules protruding through the cell membrane were wrapped in many filaments. The extruded granules located in the periphery of the cells were connected by many filamentous structures and disruptions in the middle of these connections were occasionally observed. In some cases, circular configurations of microfilaments were observed at the bottom of the extruded granules and in others dense gatherings of microfilaments were seen just beneath the granules, as if the latter were being pushed up and out of the cells. In accordance with these morphological changes, when rat mast cells were exposed to compound 48/80 there was a significant increase in the actin content of the plasma membrane fraction and a correspondent decrease in that of the cytosol fraction, indicating the movement of F-actin filaments in the cytoplasm toward the plasma membrane.
Distribution and Histochemical Characterization of Pulmonary Mast Cells in the Rat and Guinea Pig
Authors: Bachelet Claude-Marie , Bernaudin Jean-François , Fleury-Feith Jocelyne
Published: August 2009

The rat and guinea pig are widely used in experimental models dealing with immuno allergic bronchoreactivity. The present study was designed to compare the distribution and heterogeneity of the mast cell population in the respiratory tract of the Sprague-Dawley rat and Hartley guinea pig. Mast cells were identified according to the sequential Alcian blue/safranin·staining method. From the trachea to the peripheral conductive airways, the density of mast cells increased in the guinea pig whereas it decreased in the rat. Although mast cells were observed in the interalveolar septa of the guinea pig, none were found in the rat. In the lung of the rat, three types of mast cells were observed: in the wall of the trachea and large bronchi, safranin-positive, mixed and Alcian-blue-positive mast cells were found, whereas only Alcian-blue-positive mast cells were observed in the small conductive airways. In contrast, only Alcian-blue-positive mast cells were observed in the lung of the guinea pig. These results show that the types and localization of the mast cell populations are distinctly different in these two species. Consequently, experimental models of bronchoreactivity in these species are testing different cellular systems.
Demonstration of C3d and the Terminal Complement Complex on Thymic Large Granular Lymphocytes and Common Thymocytes after Incubation with Naturally Thymocytotoxic Serum
Authors: Sandberg G. , Stenvinkel C. , Mollnes T.E.
Published: August 2009

Guinea pig thymocytes were incubated in vitro with normal human or rabbit serum, which resulted in lysis of a major part of the cells, or with autologous serum causing lysis of a fraction (30%) of the cells. By using antibodies against human C3d and a neoepitope on the terminal complement complex (TCC), activation of both the initial and terminal part of the complement cascade was demonstrated on the surface of thymocytes incubated in the presence of serum. With human serum both types of antigen were detected. With rabbit serum only TCC was detected since immunoglobulins were bound to thymocytes and prevented specific demonstration of C3d by the antirabbit secondary antibody. With autologous serum only C3d was demonstrated, due to lack of cross-reactivity of the monoclonal anti-TCC antibody with guinea pig. Heat-inactivated sera or human serum devoid of IgM neither caused lysis nor resulted in complement activation. Addition of heat-inactivated serum restored the complement activating ability of IgM-depleted serum, indicating that heat stabile IgM is an obligate but sufficient requirement for complement activation in this system. The TCC epitope was also identified on a considerable number of granulated cells, on the basis of morphology classified as large granular lymphocytes.
T Cell Immunophenotypes and DR Antigen Expression in Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Lin Robert Y. , Nygren Edward J. , Valinsky Jay E. , Ralph Harold E.
Published: August 2009

Thirty-six intravenous drug users were studied for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) immunophenotypes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serological profiles. This population has a high risk for developing HIV infection. Half (18/36) were HIV antibody (Ab) negative (––) and half were positive (+). Total T lymphocytes (CD3+ and CD2+) were not different between HIV Ab-negative and HIV-positive groups. Unactivated T(CD3 + DR––) cells/mm3 were less (p = 0.003) in HIV Ab-positive patients (1,467 ± 628) compared to HIV Ab-negative patients (2,190 ± 695). T-helper (CD4+) cells/mm3 were also less in HIV Ab-positive patients (762 ± 344 vs. 1,161 ± 419, p = 0.005). The most significant difference was in activated T lymphocyte (CD3 + DR+) percentages where the mean was 9.6% in those HIV Ab-positive compared to 3.8% in seronegatives (p < 0.001). Preliminary studies showed that in vitro naloxone treatment of PBMC had no effects on immunophenotypic expression except for CD3 + DR+ lymphocytes, where a significant reduction was observed in the HIV Ab-positive group (p = 0.022) but not in the HIV ab-negative group. These findings suggest that in certain populations, activated T cells may be an early manifestation of HIV infection.
Different Modulating Effects of the Monoamines Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and Serotonin on the DNA Synthesis Response of Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes Activated by Mercuric Chloride and Nickel Sulfate
Authors: Nordlind K. , Sundström E.
Published: August 2009

The influence of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) was tested on the proliferative response of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of nickel-allergic subjects to mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate. With addition of the monoamines 1 h after mercuric chloride, there was a marked suppression with all the substances at 10––4M, while adrenaline also inhibited down to a concentration of 10––5M and serotonin down to 10––7M. At 3 days after mercuric chloride, adrenaline inhibited at 10––4M and serotonin also down to a concentration of 10––5M. With addition at 1 h after nickel sulfate, there was an inhibition by all the monoamines at 10––4M, while, in contrast, adrenaline at 10––6 to 10––8M and serotonin at 10––5 to 10––6M gave a stimulation of the response. These findings point at different modulating effects on the proliferative response induced by a polyclonal activator such as mercuric chloride and a monoclonal activator such as nickel sulfate.
Allergic Response to Birch and Alder Pollen Allergens Influenced by Geographical Location of Allergic Subjects
Authors: Hemmens V.J. , Baldo B.A. , Elsayed S. , Bass D.
Published: August 2009

A detailed analysis was made of the reactivity patterns of birch pollen-allergic subjects from Norway and Australia to the various IgE-binding components of pollens from several different birch and alder species. Typically, with each of the pollens examined, the Norwegian subjects exhibited a specific limited response pattern in which only a few of the 18 possible allergenic bands were recognized. A single, major IgE-binding band of approximate molecular weight 16–17 kD was recognized in each pollen by all the Norwegian patients used in the study. In contrast to this situation, there was no ‘typical’ recognition pattern amongst the Australian patients. Although recognition of the 16- to 17-kD components occurred in some cases, it was not dramatically superior to any other single component. Recognition of higher molecular weight components occurred more frequently than with the Norwegian group. Reasons for the differences in the response patterns of the Australian and Norwegian groups are discussed with reference to the exposure of the populations to different allergenic sources and genetic variation.
Secretory Activity of Nasal Mucosal Mast Cells and Histamine Release in Hay Fever
Authors: Pipkorn Ulf , Karlsson Göran , Enerbäck Lennart
Published: August 2009

Although theoretical considerations and experimental evidence implicate the mast cells in the pathophysiology of the immediate type hypersensitivity reaction, the evidence of their active participation in human allergic disease is still fragmentary. We have therefore sought evidence of mast cell activation in allergic mucosal disease using strictly seasonal allergic rhinitis as a model. Twelve patients with birch pollen-induced hay fever were examined before and well into the birch pollen season. Allergen exposure was monitored by pollen counts and the degree of symptoms registered daily. Small surgical biopsies and mucosal imprints were obtained from each patient before and during the season. Mast cells were analysed by light and electron microscopy and mucosal histamine was measured using a sensitive HPLC assay. We found a reduction in the number of mast cells in the nasal mucosa during pollen exposure (p <0.05) but no significant reduction of the histamine content. There was a correlation between the nasal mucosal mast cell density and histamine content before the pollen season (r = 0.76; p <0.01), but no such correlation was found during the period of pollen exposure (r = 0.19; n.s.). This finding points to secretory activity by the mast cells during the pollen season and to the appearance of a non-mast cell pool of tissue histamine. Evidence for a secretory activity of the mast cells during the pollen season was also confirmed by electron microscopy. In addition, we found a strong correlation (r = 0.77; p <0.01) between the histamine content of the nasal mucosa during the pollen season and the degree of nasal symptoms. The number of epithelium-associated mast cells found on mucosal imprints prior to the pollen season showed a strong correlation with the symptoms experienced later during the period of pollen exposure (r = 0.83; p <0.01). Taken together these observations indicate that the mast cell has a pathogenetic role in continuous allergic airway disease and re-emphasizes the role of histamine in the induction of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
Suppression of Human IgA-B-Cell Maturation by IgA-Binding Factors Requires T Cells
Authors: Millet Isabelle , Revillard Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2009

IgA-binding factors (IgA-BFs) prepared from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells selectively decrease the generation of cytoplasmic IgA-positive cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen or by Nocardia opaca delipidated cell mitogen. In N. opaca delipidated cell mitogen stimulated cultures, the suppressive effect of IgA-BFs was no longer demonstrable after removal of sheep erythrocyte rosetting T cells or after depletion of CD8+ cells, but it was not altered by depletion of CD4+ cells. In pokeweed mitogen stimulated cultures of T-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell suspensions, IgA-BFs were ineffective when irradiated (12 Gy) instead of control T cells were used for reconstitution. The data indicate that radiosensitive and CD8+ T cell subsets may be required for IgA-BFs to suppress the generation of IgA-containing B cells after polyclonal activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
IgE-Dependent Killing of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomula by Human Platelets: Modulation by T Cell Products
Authors: Pancré V. , Cesbron J.Y. , Joseph M. , Barbier M. , Capron A. , Auriault C.
Published: August 2009

The in vitro stimulation of T lymphocytes is known to induce the release of factors that possess distinct biological activities. In the present report, we describe the presence, in supernatants of Schistosoma mansoni antigen stimulated T cells from S. mansoni infected patients, of a factor able to inhibit the IgE-dependent platelet cytotoxicity of the same individuals toward the young larvae of S. mansoni.
Serological Relationship between Rat and Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Authors: Kim J.G. , Wilhelm S.A. , Abeyounis C.J. , Milgrom F.
Published: August 2009

Enzyme immunoassays showed that a rabbit antiserum to rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) had high activity with extracts containing human CEA, which was almost completely inhibited by extracts containing human or rat CEA. Little or no inhibition was obtained with extracts of normal human or rat tissues or by human blood group A or B substances. A monkey antiserum to human CEA had strong activity against extracts containing rat CEA, and little or no activity against extracts of normal rat liver or kidney or a CEA-negative rat colon tumor. Activity of the monkey antiserum against rat CEA was almost completely inhibited by extracts containing rat or human CEA. Little or no inhibition was obtained with extracts of normal rat or human tissues. These results suggest that human and rat CEA share antigenic determinants and that they may be analogous moieties.
Binding of Mercuric Chloride to Nuclear Proteins in Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes
Authors: Holst M. , Nordlind K.
Published: August 2009

The binding of labelled (203Hg) mercuric chloride to nuclear proteins of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was studied by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Most of the nuclear proteins were found to be able to bind mercuric chloride; however, 4 of the proteins were heavily labelled. Of these 4 proteins, 2 migrated in the histone region, 1 comigrating exactly with histone H3. The other 2 proteins were non-histone proteins with molecular weights of approximately 25 and 43 kD.
Modulation of Lymphocyte and Monocyte Responses in vitro by 9-Deoxy-Δ9-prostaglandin D2 and 9-Deoxy-Δ9-Δ12-prostaglandin D2
Authors: Petrini B. , Wasserman J. , Hammarström S. , Blomgren H. , Vedin I.
Published: August 2009

The effects of 9-deoxy-Δ9-prostaglandin D2 (PGJ2) and 9-deoxy-Δ9-Δ12-prostaglandin D2 (Δ12PGJ2), which are metabolites of PGD2, on lymphocyte and monocyte reactions were studied in vitro. Expression of various phenotypic markers of lymphocyte subsets, as detected by monoclonal antibodies, was not affected by overnight incubation in 3 × 10–5M PGJ2. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation and natural killer activity of lymphocytes was reduced by PGJ2 and Δ12 PGJ2. Monocyte reactivity to 12-o -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, as assessed by chemiluminescence, was stimulated by preincubation of the cells for 1 h in 3 × 10––5 M PGJ2 or Δ12 PGJ2. Such an augmentation was not exerted by PGD2.
Accessory Cell Function of Dendritic Cells from Lymph Nodes containing Mycobacterium leprae Induced Granulomas
Authors: Verghese S. , Healey D.G. , Curtis J. , Turk J.L.
Published: August 2009

Dendritic cells were enriched from guinea pig auricular lymph nodes containing Mycobacterium leprae induced granulomas by immunomagnetic depletion of other cells. These cells were strongly positive for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and labelled with an antidendritic cell monoclonal antibody, but not with an antimacrophage antibody. Interdigitating dendritic cells were identified in the granulomatous lymph node by staining with the antidendritic cell antibody and by transmission electron microscopy. When cultured in vitro with purified T lymphocytes, these cells acted as accessory cells for both purified protein derivative and concanavalin A induced proliferation. Although previous studies have shown that macrophages from these lymph nodes do not act as accessory cells, the present results indicate that dendritic cells from M. leprae granuloma containing lymph nodes may act as antigen-presenting cells.
Localization of Antibody-Secreting Cells against Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines Using the Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
Authors: Larson L.N. , Johansson C. , Lindholm L.
Published: August 2009

The enzyme-linked immunospot assay was used to detect antibody-secreting cells from mice immunized against three human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (Colo-205, SW 620, and SW 1116) on dishes coated with these cell lines. Antibody-secreting cells were detected by the development of a dark granular precipitate (‘spot’) using immunoenzymatic techniques where secreted antibody had bound to cell surface antigen. Spots can be detected by the naked eye and can be enumerated under low-power magnification. This method is specific, easily performed, versatile, and, together with conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, allows for quantification of secreted antibody.
Leu-1(CD5) B Cell Subpopulation in Patients with Various Liver Diseases – Special Reference to Hepatitis B Virus Carrier and to Changes Caused by Prednisolone Therapy
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi , Shimizu Hidetake , Taniguchi Osamu , Okumura Ko
Published: August 2009

A human B cell subpopulation identifiable by the expression of the cell surface antigen Leu-1(CD5) was examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from patients with various liver diseases by dual two-color fluorescence flow cytometry. A significantly high level of Leu-1 B cells in chronic hepatitis and in liver cirrhosis especially in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients (hepatitis B virus carriers) was observed. However, there was no significant difference between the percentage in controls and those in patients with acute hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Moreover, we could not demonstrate a correlation between the incidence of these cells and positive IgM class rheumatoid factor in patients with liver diseases. The percentage of Leu-1 B cells in patients who had been receiving prednisolone at the time of this study was lower than that in healthy controls. These results suggested that Leu-1 B cells might be associated with the continuation of the HBsAg-positive state and that the presence of the Leu-1 B cell population might be modified by prednisolone administration.
Strong Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Induced against House Dust Mite Antigens in the Mice
Authors: Nakano Y. , Yoshida M. , Shibata T.
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study was to assess the antigenicity of house dust mite antigens using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice. The crude extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae induced strong DTH reactions in mice when they were pretreated with cyclophosphamide. This reaction was typical of DTH responses and was transferred with T cells. Assessment of DTH responses to the house dust revealed that substantial cross-reactivity at T-cell level was observed between these two mite extracts. Almost all the fractions of the extract of D. pteronyssinus, which has a molecular weight of between 10 and 100 kilodaltons, elicited strong DTH responses. It was found that antigenicity of the mite extract was reduced by chemical denaturation with tannic acid.
Nedocromil Sodium Inhibits IgE- and IgG-Related Antigen-Induced Contraction in Guinea-Pig Trachea
Authors: Bertrand Claude , Tschirhart Eric , Landry Yves
Published: August 2009

The effects of nedrocromil sodium and disodium cromoglycate were studied on the anaphylactic contraction of guinea-pig trachea in two models of active sensitization (IgE and IgG models). The influence of epithelial removal on the effects of nedocromil sodium and disodium cromoglycate was examined because several studies have shown that the epithelial layer can modulate agonist- or antigen-induced contractile responses. Disodium cromoglycate (10––4M) and nedocromil sodium (10––4M) provided significant protection against antigen-induced contractions of guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle in the IgG model. But only nedocromil sodium had an effect at this concentration in the IgE model and was also effective at 10––5 Min the epithelium-denuded tracheal strips. At this concentration, disodium cromoglycate lost its protective effect. Comparison with the results obtained with FPL-55712, AA-861 and mepyramine suggested that these drugs affect histamine and particularly leukotriene synthesis and/or release by mast cells or other immunocompetent cells. These findings indicate that nedocromil sodium inhibits the IgE- and IgG-related antigen-induced contraction in guinea-pig airways, whereas disodium cromoglycate inhibits only the IgG-related processes. This study supports the hypothesis that these drugs modulate antigen-induced mediator synthesis and/or release from immunocompetent cells.
Selectivity of Mediators Released by Eosinophils
Authors: Capron Monique , Tomassini Margherita , Torpier Gérard , Kusnierz Jean-Pierre , MacDonald Susan , Capron André
Published: August 2009

The presence of receptors for IgE on eosinophils has drawn the attention on their direct participation in IgE-dependent hypersensitivity reactions. Surface IgE antibodies were detected on eosinophils from allergic patients. The addition of the specific allergen or anti-IgE antibodies to such purified eosinophils induced the release of eosinophil peroxidase, but not of eosinophil cationic protein. These findings associated with results obtained by using electron microscopy and immunogold staining of the various antibodies directed against the granule proteins allowed us to suggest a selectivity in the mediators released by eosinophils. In addition, preliminary results concerning the existence and the functional role of a receptor for IgA on eosinophils are reported, leading to the concept of a particular interaction of eosinophils with immunoglobulins present in the tissues and their participation in local immune responses.
T Lymphocytes in Allergen-Induced Late-Phase Reactions and Asthma
Authors: Frew A.J. , Corrigan C.J. , Maestrelli P. , Tsai J.-J. , Kurihara K. , O’Hehir Robyn E. , Hartnell A. , Cromwell O. , Kay A.B.
Published: August 2009

We have studied a number of aspects of the interrelationship between T lymphocytes and allergic inflammation. Using monoclonal antibodies and immunocytochemistry we have observed significant infiltration by CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes together with evidence of T cell activation in the allergen-induced late-phase skin reaction in human atopic subjects. These changes were accompanied by eosinophil infiltration and activation. Activated T cells were also detected in the blood of patients with acute severe asthma. The role of T lymphocytes in granulocyte chemotaxis and activation was also explored, using recombinant human lymphokines, and we have identified and characterized two lymphokines which have specific effects upon neutrophils.
Comparative Studies of Human Eosinophil Migration towards Platelet-Activating Factor and Leukotriene B4
Authors: Czarnetzki Beate M. , Csatò Miklos
Published: August 2009

Peripheral-blood polymorphonuclear cells from 36 donors with or without eosinophilia were studied for their in vitro responsiveness towards a wide range of concentrations of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). The mean percentage of migrated eosinophils was 17.6 for PAF, 21.1 for LTB4, 20.1 for buffer controls with cells from eosinophil patients, and 1.1 for PAF, 8.9 for LTB4 and 3.2 for buffer control with noneosinophil donors. The quantitative response of eosinophils towards PAF was lower than that towards LTB4 on a molar basis. The data showed high interindividual variations for eosinophil responsiveness towards mediators and buffer and suggest disease-dependent alterations of receptor expression or of basic metabolic activity of eosinophils as possible reasons for this variability.
Effect of Chemotherapy and Reinfection on IgE-Containing and IgG-Containing Circulating Immune Complexes, Serum IgE and IgE Antibodies in Patients Chronically Infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Feldmeier Hermann , Stevens Wim J. , Bridts Chris H. , Daffalla Asim A. , Büttner Dietrich W.
Published: August 2009

The effect of chemotherapy and reinfection on circulating immune complexes (CIC), serum IgE, and parasite-specific IgE antibodies was studied in patients concomitantly infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. Before chemotherapy IgE- and IgG-containing CIC were present in high concentrations in all patients and IgE antibodies to S. mansoni and to S. haematobium in almost 80% of the cases. Serum IgE was excessively high (median 4,900 ku/1), but decreased to half of its initial value 2 months after chemotherapy. When reinfection with S. haematobium occurred onwards from month 4, the serum IgE reincreased and reached almost the pretreatment level at month 16. Effective chemotherapy was also followed by a rapid decrease of IgE-containing CIC and a slower, but significant, decrease of IgG-containing CIC. However, in contrast to IgE and IgE antibodies, the reinfection did not lead to a reincrease of CIC. It was interesting to note that the concentration of IgE as well as that of IgE-containing CIC was significantly correlated to the intensity of the infection. These investigations demonstrated that high levels of IgE- and IgG-containing CIC are present in chronic human schistosomiasis, but that the concentrations of CIC fall to normal values, when the parasites are eliminated by chemotherapy.
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate as a Cell Marker for Tracing Lymphocyte Circulation in Sheep
Authors: Schnorr K.L. , Pearson L.D. , Knisley K.A. , DeMartini J.C.
Published: August 2009

The use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a cell marker in ovine lymphocyte circulation studies was investigated. The effects of the label on lymphocyte function were assessed by lymphocyte blastogenesis, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and normal lymphocyte transfer reactions. Labelling lymphocytes in 0.05 mg FITC/ml for 10 min at 37 °C was found to be optimum. Circulation kinetics of FITC-labelled efferent lymph lymphocytes were monitored as they disappeared from peripheral blood following intravenous infusion and reappeared in the efferent lymphatic duct of the popliteal lymph node. No functional changes were detected in lymphocytes labelled with the optimal regimen.
Deficiency of IgG Subclasses in Mothers of Infants with Group B Streptococcal Septicemia
Authors: Oxelius Vivi-Anne , Lindén Viveka , Christensen Karen Kvist , Christensen Poul
Published: August 2009

Serum IgG subclasses were studied in 19 mothers of infants with serious infections caused by group B streptococci (GBS) and compared with a control group of 20 mothers of healthy infants. 13 of 19 mothers showed decreased subclass levels: 10 of 19 low IgG2, 9 of 19 low IgG1 and 4 of 19 low IgG3. The levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 were significantly lower among mothers of GBS-infected infants than among the controls. Thus, there is indirect evidence that the infants were immunodeficient at birth.
Comparison of the Specific IgM and IgG Antibody Response in Humans Induced by Antigen (Tetanus Toxoid) or a Polyclonal Activator (EBV) in vitro
Authors: Kozbor Danuta , Roder John C.
Published: August 2009

Culture conditions were established for the reproducible induction of specific antibody responses in vitro using peripheral blood lymphocytes from tetanus toxoid (TT) immunized donors. Maximum anti-TT antibody responses (250–350 ng/ml) were detected on day 9 of culture, with optimum quantities of antigen (0.1–1.0 μg/ml TT) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The antigen-driven antibody response unlike the EBV-induced polyclonal response was both T-cell and monocyte-dependent. TT stimulated mainly the IgM class of anti-TT antibody whereas EBV stimulated both IgM and IgG. A combination of TT and EBV caused a partially additive IgM response but suppressed the IgG class of anti-TTantibody. Transfer of cells from 9-day EBV-stimulated cultures to fresh cultures suppressed the anti-TT antibody response, possibly due to elevated levels of OKT8+ suppressor/cytotoxic cells found in culture after EBV infection. These results provide a reliable system for studying B-cell regulation in man.
Action of 3-Isobutyl-1-Methylxanthine and Prostaglandins D2 and E1 on Histamine Release from Rat and Guinea Pig Mast Cells
Authors: Ennis Madeleine , Robinson C. , Dollery C.T.
Published: August 2009

The action of three compounds reported to elevate intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) namely 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and prostaglandins D2 and E1 (PGD2 and PGE1), on histamine release was examined. Three test systems were used: (i) the perfused ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pig lung and (ii) isolated cells from ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pig lung, both of which are IgG-mediated models of anaphylaxis, and (iii) an IgE model of anaphylaxis, using isolated rat peritoneal mast cells from sensitized rats. Both PGD2 and PGE1 were without effect at concentrations likely to be found during anaphylaxis. In contrast, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, was highly active in all three test systems. The role of raised intracellular cAMP levels in the inhibition of histamine release is discussed.
A Unique Substance from the Granary Weevil: Nonspecific Immunoglobulin Binding Substance
Authors: Mitsuhashi Masato , Tamura Hiroshi , Morikawa Akihiro , Kuroume Takayoshi
Published: August 2009

We have studied the precipitation test as a diagnostic procedure for hypersensitivity pneumonitis or associated allergic states using Sitophilus granarius (SG) antigen. The incidence of positive reaction in the precipitation test against SG is extremely high in children and adults, not only asthmatics, but also in normal, healthy subjects. In experiments with radioimmunoassay using SG paper discs and 125I-labelled IgG fragments, SG was more strongly bound to the Fab than to the Fc fragment. However, the binding was not mediated by a true antigen-antibody reaction because the reaction was inhibited by both kappa- and lambda-type Bence-Jones proteins. Nonspecific immunoglobulin binding substance (IBS) was separated from crude SG extract by affinity chromatography using IgG immunosorbent. IBS was monocomponent on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the molecular weight was about 12,000–14,000. We believe that IBS might be a valuable tool for immunological experiments, comparable with staphylococcal protein A.