bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourist management of the whale shark in the Mexican Caribbean
Authors: García-Rivas María C. , Amador-González Adriana , Medrano Henry , Brito Abelardo , Granados Lidia , Pliego Alejandro , Lima Kim , Cupúl Marcelo
Published: July 2019

Background The whale shark population in the Mexican Caribbean is one of the largest in the world. Its touristic exploitation began in 2002, with 200 visitors and 25 licensees, and by 2012 its popularity had risen to 30,000 visitors. In 2013 a load capacity study for the visitors was launched, and it was determined that no more than 160 boats should visit the aggregation each day. However, given the social pressure to give access to more service providers, in 2015 up to 234 boats were allowed per day, but not simultaneously so that the load capacity was not exceeded. The service providers were allowed to work according to this management plan with one condition, they had to work only every other day. This condition was not submitted for public consultation because the service providers did not agree to it, but chose other alternatives to avoid exceeding the load capacity of the aggregation site. The objective of this study is to determine the compliance with this plan and the ease of its supervision. Approach Supervision of boat traffic at the aggregation was performed by the staff of the Whale Shark Biosphere Reserve from June 1 to September 17, 2015, on land from the boarding sites and on tours around the area on board official and touristic boats. The supervisors recorded all boats and tourist who did not obey the regulations. Moreover, surveys were applied to the service providers. Results Supervision was performed for 52 days from the docks and for 12 days on board touristic boats, and 19 supervisions were performed from boats inside the reserve. Conclusions The conclusion was that the management program was not met by 43% of tourist boats. The supervisors found it difficult to monitor the boats, as boats do not carry any visual flags to show if they are operating or not. It was found that the visible presence of park rangers in the area is fundamental for the service providers to abide by the rules. It was determined that the daily boat load capacity was not being exceeded, but other conditions of the permits were not being respected. All the service providers manifested their disagreement with this condition of the management plan, and proposed a rotation system that does not exceed 100 boats per day, along with one day a week in which no boats visit the aggregation, to reduce disturbance to the sharks.
Habitat conditions and potential food items during the appearance of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Probolinggo waters, Madura Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Kamal Mohammad M. , Wardiatno Yusli , Noviyanti Nenden S.
Published: July 2019

Background In Probolinggo coastal waters, part of the Madura Strait, the appearance of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) is a common sight especially during late December to March. The aggregation of these large vertebrates in this area have become highly attractive for local coastal tourism. Yet there has been limited scientific information regarding their population, from which better conservation management might result. The present study partly dealt with an exploration of whale shark habitat conditions at their arrival in this region. Approach Twelve days of whale shark sightings were made on board a wooden fishing boat (8 m length), coupled with weather data based on Beaufort's scale and plankton sampling at the time of shark surfacing. Observations were performed from early morning to late afternoon (7 am to 4 pm). The animals were counted and their length estimated by placing the boat and a whale shark in parallel positions. Zooplankton was sampled by filtering 100 L seawater using a 250 ìm mesh-size plankton net. Site marking was done at each sight using GPS. The combination of primary data and secondary supporting information was combined to understand why whale sharks are present in the area. Results There were 72 individual whale sharks recorded during 12 d of observation, of which 94% appeared between morning to late morning. The highest number of sharks was found on day 6 with 14 individuals. Shark size ranged between 2 – 8 m, with most animals between 3 – 6 m, indicating the population might by dominated by immature individuals. During observation, there was no preferred temperature for whale shark sightings, with temperatures ranging between 28.5 – 30.0°C. Instead, whale shark presence coincided with relatively calm weather (1 – 3 Beauforts' scale). Whale sharks were absent on days 3, 7, and 12, when weather conditions were between 4 – 5 Beauforts' scale. The sharks swim as close as 1 nm to shore, in 5 – 10 m water depths. Among potential food items, there were 5 dominating zooplankton groups, i.e. crustaceans, sagittoideans, urochordatans, hydrozoans, and scyphozoans. In addition, fish eggs and larvae were also found. Regarding crustaceans, the copepods were the dominant group, especially genera Lucifer, Mysis, Sergia, and nauplii larvae forms. Conclusion The aggregation of whale sharks in Madura Strait is likely feeding-based in this area where wind-driven oceanographic conditions cause food to be in high abundance. Research on ID-based population structure of this whale shark aggregation is required.
Establishing the ecological connectivity of whale shark aggregations across the Indian Ocean – a photo-identification approach
Authors: Andrzejaczek Samantha , Meeuwig Jessica J. , Rowat David , Pierce Simon J. , Davies Tim K. , Fisher Rebecca , Meekan Mark G.
Published: July 2019

Background The seasonal aggregations of whale sharks that occur at coastal sites throughout the tropics are the focus of growing ecotourism industries. Genetic and modelling studies suggest that these aggregations may be linked by migration, although the temporal and spatial scales at which this occurs is unknown. Here, we utilized a continuously expanding photoidentification database collected by citizen scientists and researchers to assess connectivity and residency patterns of five whale shark aggregation sites across the entire Indian Ocean at timescales of up to a decade. We also investigated the effectiveness of such an approach in detecting different levels of migration given the population size at each aggregation site. Approach We used the semi-automated program I3S (Individual Interactive Identification System) to compare 6,519 photographs of the unique natural marking patterns of individual whale sharks collected from aggregations at Mozambique, the Seychelles, the Maldives, Christmas Island (Australia) and Ningaloo Reef (Australia). We searched the database for matches between aggregations (migration) and matches between years within aggregations (residency). A Monte Carlo simulation approach utilizing population sizes of aggregations reported by previous studies was used to examine the sample sizes that would be required to reliably detect varying levels of migration rates among four of these aggregations. Results We found no evidence of connectivity of whale shark aggregations at ocean-basin scales within the time frame of the study, and evidence for only limited connectivity at regional (100s–1000s km) scales. A male whale shark sampled in January 2010 at Mozambique was resighted eight months later in the Seychelles and was the only one of 1,724 individuals to be photographed at more than one site. On average, 35% of individuals were re-sighted at the same site in more than one year. The Monte Carlo simulation study showed that the power of this photo-identification approach was strongly dependent on both the number of individuals identified in aggregations each year and the size of resident populations. The simulation also indicated that there was a higher chance of detecting migrants (if they were present) in aggregations at Ningaloo Reef and the Maldives than the Seychelles and Mozambique given the current numbers of individuals identified each year. Conclusions The weight of evidence from both our photo-identification study and previous tagging studies suggests regional or small-scale movements (10–100s km) may be more common in whale sharks than movement at ocean-basin scales. We recommend that the management of whale sharks in the Indian Ocean occur at regional scales, and photo-identification databases are expanded to include additional sampling sites within each region.
New records of neonatal whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) from the Arabian Sea and discovery of a possible natal ground on the Gujarat coast, India
Authors: Premjothi P.V.R. , Goutham S. , Subburaman S. , Bloch Farukhkha , Bhattacharya Tapajit , Choudhury B.C. , Kaul Rahul , Sahu Aradhana , John Sajan , Menon Vivek
Published: July 2019

Background To overcome the issue of accidental mortality in fishing nets, the Government of Gujarat started promoting the release of entangled whale sharks by providing adequate compensation for the gear loss incurred by the fishers during the release. The attempt to save entangled whale sharks was a great success. However, constant follow up and rescue information collection from the fishers was essential to monitor the rate of entanglement and release. The current reporting of neonatal whale sharks from the Indian coast was the result of these interactions with fishers. Approach Youngwhale sharks are rarely seen, with only 14 encounters with neonatal whale sharks reported in the scientific literature. The project sociologist is in constant touch with the fishers and collects all the information about whale shark sightings and rescue. The importance of recording the size class of whale sharks was detailed to the fishers. Results Atotal of four whale shark pups (size range 60–100 cm) were recorded during 2013. Interviews with the fishers of Sutrapada fishing village in Gujarat revealed that they found a whale shark pup entangled in a fishing net on 5th March 2013, exactly 10 km offshore of the Sutrapada headland. The length of the pup was approximately 60 cm. The second report is from 15th March 2013, approximately 10 km offshore of the Sutrapada headland. Fishermen from Sutrapada fishing village found the pup whale shark entangled in a gill net and released it. The fishermen recorded the entire event using a mobile telephone. Ocular estimation of the size of whale shark pup from the provided video by comparing with a fisherman's palm was approximately 60 cm. While intervening the fishers during the monsoon fishing ban along the Saurashtra coast (June–July), we came to know that the fishers saw one dead whale shark pup beached near the Sutrapada fishing village on 6th April, 2013. According to the fishers, the sighting of dead whale shark pups is not a common incident and it might be the first incident where fishermen come across a dead whale shark pup. The size of the pup was nearly 100 cm. The pup was found near the rocky shores of the beach and fishermen observed some scars over the head and second dorsal fin. Fishers also reported a whale shark pup swimming on the water surface 20 km off Sutrapada coast. Conclusions Neonatalwhale sharks are thought to have limited swimming abilities compared to juveniles and adults. Thus the new records of pups of size range 60–100 cm indicate that this region is a pupping ground for whale sharks.
Satellite tracking of whale sharks from Al Shaheen
Authors: Robinson David P. , Bach Steffen S. , Abdulrahman Ali A. , Al-Jaidah Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Background The Qatar Whale Shark Research Project is a collaboration of government, industry and academia founded in 2012 to investigate anecdotal reports by Maersk Oil-platform workers of large numbers of whale sharks seen in the Al Shaheen field, Qatar. Approach The Qatar Whale Shark Research Project is a collaboration of government, industry and academia founded in 2012 to investigate anecdotal reports by Maersk Oil-platform workers of large numbers of whale sharks seen in the Al Shaheen field, Qatar. Results Satellite tracking of whale sharks tagged in Al Shaheen showed that they prefer depths in excess of 40 m and rarely made dives deeper than 100 m. Temperature preferences were between 27 °C and 33 °C but the sharks were shown to regularly feed in temperatures in excess of 35 °C. Sharks were seen to aggregate in the Al Shaheen region in the summer and disperse widely throughout the region in the winter months outside of the tuna spawning season. The majority of sharks stayed within the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Only one shark ventured southwards and left the study area where the tag popped off between Somalia and Socotra. This exceptional and large-scale horizontal movement was made by a visibly pregnant 9 m female whale shark. A previously unknown area of interest was discovered in Saudi Arabian waters 126 km North-West of Al Shaheen and 100 km offshore off Al Jubail, which could possibly be a new aggregation site for whale sharks in the Arabian Gulf. Conclusions Whale sharks tagged in Al Shaheen distributed throughout the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman outside of the Al Shaheen tuna-spawning season and only one large female left the area entirely. The size of whale sharks tagged in Al Shaheen was defined by occurrence and ranged from 4–10 m. The absence of smaller or larger sharks suggest that these animals demonstrate a different movement strategy, and that this region may be a staging post for sub-adult and recently mature individuals. When not feeding in Al Shaheen, whale sharks spend little to no time at the surface. No notable difference in habitat preference was noted between male and female or juvenile and mature animals. Individual sharks display different behaviour and movements patterns, assessment of individuals and their unique behaviour is necessary to help determine the behaviour of the species. Areas of interest identified through the satellite tagging initiative warrant further investigation, especially the site of Al Jubail in Saudi Arabia that appears to be another significant aggregation site.
Vertical movement patterns of juvenile whale sharks Rhincodon typus at a seasonal aggregation in Saudi Arabian Red Sea
Authors: Sun Lu , Sinclair-Taylor Tane H. , Cochran Jesse E.M. , Hardenstine Royale S. , Berumen Michael L.
Published: July 2019

Background Large marine species have been a focus of scientists and public for their unique role in the ecosystem as well as in conservation. To study the behaviors of large marine species, electrical tagging is a direct and reliable method. Researchers have been utilizing technology advances in biologging tags on multiple spatiotemporal scales. This study provides a detailed insight into the vertical movement of whale sharks in a newly described seasonal aggregation off the coast of Al Lith, Saudi Arabia. Approach In the aggregation season of 2015, two biologging tags were fitted on two juvenile whale sharks and lasted over a period of 22 hours each. Fine-scaled diving behavior was recorded with a sampling rate of 10 Hz and energy consumption was generated from acceleration sensory data. Results Tagged whale sharks exhibited intensive and consistent diving behaviors throughout the day except a prolonged surface swimming in the morning and a brief surfacing around sunset. Deep dives from the two tagged sharks reached 80 meters, which is the depth of this aggregation habitat. In multiple stages of the diel cycle, whale sharks utilized different depths in the water column. Diving speeds also varied among diel stages and between two individuals, most possibly as a strategy of optimizing energy consumption from forage efforts. Combining with previous study on horizontal movement of whale sharks in this aggregation, this study portrays movement behaviors of juvenile whale sharks comprehensively. Conclusions Whale sharks in this aggregation showed a distinct diel vertical movement pattern which also effectively utilizes energy. We hope this study will benefit the management of this hot spot of whale sharks and even larger scale ecosystems, revealing potential excessive human activities (e.g. ecotourism, aquaculture) and global climate issues.
Photo ID-based assessment of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) population in Kwatisore, Wondama Bay, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Suruan Sampari , Pranata Bayu , Tania Casandra , Kamal Mohammad M.
Published: July 2019

Background The presence of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) in Wondama Bay has long been known and the species is an icon of this region. In addition to their enormous size, these sharks are not dangerous to or fearful of humans, so there has been growing interest in utilizing this animal for eco-tourism. Within Wondama Bay, whale sharks distribute in several regions, including Kwatisore waters. Since biological information on this species is lacking, the present study aimed to investigate the whale shark population using photo identification, frequency of appearance, sex, and scars on the body. The information obtained from this study is important for species conservation and management. Approach The research was performed in Kwatisore waters of Wondama Bay during 2010–2013, and continued from April to June 2014. Whale shark identification was based on photos taken by divers by plotting three reference points, i.e. the top of the fifth gill slit, the posterior-most point where the pectoral fin meets the body, and the bottom of the fifth gill slit (Brooks et al., 2010). During each encounter, the animals were length measured, sex was identified through the presence or absence of claspers, and the position of scars and wounds were determined on the body. Results The total number of whale sharks encountered in Kwatisore waters were 120 and 19 animals for the period of 2010–2013 and 2014, respectively. Based on ID pictures, the population was composed of 126 sharks consisting of 122 males and 4 females. With regard to 2014 observations, the animals were all males and were immature, as the average body length was 4 m. The greatest number of sharks was observed between 0600–1200 hours, during which time 80 individuals were seen on the surface. It was found that 58% of the population had scars and wounds, of which 34% were on the lips and 25% on the fins. Conclusions Data on IDs and body length of each individual, as well as sex composition, are important information for understanding whale shark population structure, and will benefit the conservation and management of these animals.
Stable isotope analysis for the whale shark in the waters off Taiwan
Authors: Yu Chi-Ju , Joung Shoou-Jeng , Liu Kwang-Ming , Hsu Hua-Hsun , Lin Chia-Yen
Published: July 2019

Background The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, was utilized extensively in Taiwan before 1996. A quota management measure was put in place in 2002, and the whale shark fishery was completely banned in 2008. Biological studies including age and growth, and migration/ movement have been conducted. However, the feeding ecology of whale sharks in different life history stages and sexes in Taiwan waters (Northwest Pacific Ocean) is still unknown. Approach The stable isotope technique was used to analyze the tissue of whale sharks to understanding their feeding ecology. The ´13C value can be used to indicate the foraging habitat of fish, and the ´15N value can be used to estimate the relative position of the consumer in the ecosystem. The specimens (tissue) were taken from individuals entangled in set nets during the period 2008 – 2013 in Taiwan. Results In total, 66 tissue samples from 42 males and 24 females, ranging from 2.84 to 11.90 m TL (total length) were used in stable isotope analysis. Among these specimens 50 and 16 were from the eastern and western waters off Taiwan, respectively. The value of ´13C was from –13.68 to –18.42%, and the value of ´15N was from 5.17 to 13.01%. There was a positive relationship between ´13C and ´15N, and both ´13C and ´15N increased with body size. No gender or geographic difference was found in this study, but the range of stable isotope values of whale shark tissue was wider in eastern Taiwan waters. Conclusions In this study, ontogenetic changes in the diet of whale sharks were found. More specimens are needed to examine the differences in stable isotope values among different genders, seasons, and regions. The results derived from this study can provide useful information on the husbandry of whale sharks, which can help ecotourism operators become more knowledgeable about the ecology of whale sharks. In addition, the results can also be used as an important reference for ecosystem-based management in the future. Future work should focus on discussion on the habitat partition, utilization, and adaption in various marine environments for whale sharks.
Constraints on the Formation of Granite-Related Indium Deposits
Authors: Gion Austin M. , Piccoli Philip M. , Candela Philip A.
Published: July 2019

The use of indium in modern technologies has grown in recent decades, creating a growth in indium demand; thus, there is a need to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of indium-bearing, granite-related deposits. Toward this end, a conceptual model and exploration vectors for the formation of granite-related indium deposits have been developed. The magmatic-hydrothermal system is modeled by consideration of crystal-melt and vapor-melt equilibria. The model calculates the efficiency of removal of indium from a melt into a volatile phase, which may serve as a component of an ore-forming fluid. The results of the model suggest that as the proportion of ferromagnesian minerals increases in the associated granites, the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Further, for a given modal proportion of ferromagnesian minerals, as the modal proportion of amphibole increases, the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Lastly, for a given modal proportion of biotite, as the magnesium content of the biotite increases (as would result from increasing oxidation of the magmatic system), the probability of indium ore formation decreases. Granites with the highest probability of being associated with indium ore formation will typically be part of A- or S-type igneous systems and will likely be highly fractionated (e.g., A-type topaz granites). I-type granites will generally have a lower potential of being associated with indium-bearing deposits. However, some I-type granites may be associated with indium-bearing deposits if the deposits contain granites (sensu stricto) or other related rocks (e.g., alaskites) that lack amphibole or other ferromagnesian phases.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Education and Learning, Vol. 8, No. 4
Authors: Lin Grace
Published: July 2019

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Education and Learning, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2019
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 8 No. 4
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: July 2019

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org.

Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 4

 

Codina Georgiana Gabriela, Stefan cel Mare University Suceava, Romania

Coman Gigi, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania

Gisele Fátima Morais Nunes, Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Lilia Calheiros De Oliveira Barretto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Luis Patarata, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal

Mariana de Lourdes Almeida Vieira, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Na-Hyung Kim, Wonkwang University, Korea

Suzana Rimac Brncic, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Yong Yang, University of Maryland, USA

Zhilong Yu, University of Missouri - Columbia, USA
Assessing Sustainable Development: Toward a Portfolio of Indices?
Authors: Gnegne Yacouba
Published: July 2019

This paper selects and discusses indices that seem to be more connected to the deﬁnition of development sustainability and/or allow taking into account issues of weak sustainability and strong sustainability systematically. I appreciate them mostly in terms of their ability to provide information on the fulﬁlment of human needs sustainably. I defend the idea that rather than being measured through a single index, the assessment of sustainable development requires a mix of indices. The main finding is that this portfolio must meet the triptych: current well-being, sustainability of well-being and environmental sustainability. In this regard, indices such as the HDI, the adjusted net saving and the ecological footprint may constitute such a mix or portfolio.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 13, No. 8
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: July 2019

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 13, No. 8
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Sustainable Agriculture Research, Vol. 8, No. 3
Authors: Lee Joan
Published: July 2019

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.

Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/sar/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org.

 

Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 3

Anchal Dass, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), India

Baoubadi Atozou, Laval University, Canada

Darwin Pangaribuan, Lampung University, Indonesia

Entessar Mohammad Al JBawi, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria

Kassim Adekunle Akanni, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria

Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland

Manuel Teles Oliveira, University Tras os Montes Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal

Maren Langhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Germany

Murtazain Raza, Subsidiary of Habib Bank AG Zurich, Pakistan

Nehemie Tchinda Donfagsiteli, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Cameroon

Stefano Marino, University of Molise, Italy

Tenaw Workayehu, Hawassa Research Center, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia
Common Unobserved Determinants of Intraday Electricity Prices
Authors: Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Dash Gordon H. , Kajiji Nina
Published: July 2019

This paper employs multilevel factor modelling techniques to unravel systematic unobserved determinants of the intraday and interzonal price curve dynamics for the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) interconnection. These techniques make an explicit separation of global drivers from region-specific common factors, thereby facilitating the identification of the actual sources of co-variability. Our empirical findings confirm the hypothesis that the common unobserved determinants of power prices in the PJM interconnection obey a block structure, some of which affect different segments of our panel. We argue that a multilevel factor approach offers a more systematic and transparent representation of intertemporal and cross-sectional patterns in PJM electricity prices compared to alternative brute-force VARMAX parametrizations and the single-level factor models, which are often put forward in the literature as viable modelling alternatives.
China vs. The Rest: A New Era of Global Energy Dealmaking
Authors: Wang Qiangyu , Kretzschmar Gavin
Published: July 2019

China’s recent global energy policy suggests an acquisitive attitude to deal-making, coming as it does fourteen years after a failed high profile 2005 bid for the U.S. giant Unocal. Our study of 726 global oil and gas mergers and acquisitions for the period 2006 to 2012 reveals that by entering risky oil regions, China is executing deals globally and doing them (relatively) well. By median, Chinese state backed energy giants paid 6.5 percent less than comparable energy dealmakers. Findings suggest that by undertaking deals in risky countries, typically those with high trade barriers to entry and significant political risk, China achieves observably more favourable deal pricing terms, achieving acquisitions at significant discount.
When Overt Research Feels Covert: Researching Women and Gangs in a Context of Silence and Fear
Authors: Van Damme Ellen
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses the tension between ethics in theory and ethics in practice, along the continuum of overt and covert field research. I argue that complete overt research is not only unfeasible, but can even be dangerous or harmful to the people we research and the researcher. Within this discussion it can be stated that the formal standardized requirements of the ethics committees actually undermine our ability to act ethically. For this reason, I argue that there is a need to focus on a virtues based approach and reflective stance regarding ethics in the field. I use the case of Honduras, where I conducted field research on the role of women and gangs, to discuss this argument. High levels of insecurity in Honduras create a context of fear which prescribes certain rules of engagement with the wider political economy of violence, and specifically on community interactions with gangs (Hume 2009a; Wilding 2012). My research shows that there is a silent agreement among the people living in neighborhoods with gang presence not to engage in gang-related discussions. Local organizations also prescribe a strict code of conduct in the field, which prohibits the use of crime, violence and other related concepts. This raises key practical and ethical questions for researchers, not least – how do we research that which is silenced? The aim of the paper is to critically discuss the relation between university ethics processes – ethics ‘in theory’ – and street ethics or ethics ‘in practice’, when conducting (participatory) observation in urban neighborhoods and prisons in Honduras.
Exile, Return, Record Exploring Historical Narratives and Community Resistance through Participatory Filmmaking in ‘Post-conflict’ Guatemala
Authors: Boeykens Tessa
Published: July 2019

Following previous experiences of violence and forced displacement, ‘the returnees’ from the Guatemalan campesino community ‘Copal AA la Esperanza’ are now defending their territory against the construction of a hydroelectric dam. The returnees unexpectedly mobilized me as a Belgian historian to ‘make’ their ‘shared history’ and produce a documentary about their past and present struggle. The aim of this article is to reflect on how and why I developed a participatory, filmmaking-based methodology to tackle this challenge. I focus on filmmaking, participation and knowledge production to demonstrate the epistemological and ethical benefits of a dialogue between disciplines and methodologies as much as between academic and community practices and concepts. As such, I exemplify my visual participatory approach through its engagement with post-colonial histories and the co-creation of shared knowledge at the intersection of community and research interests. Moreover, I demonstrate how filmmaking can be developed as a grounded, visual, and narrative approach connecting media activism with ‘performative ethnography’. Combining insights from participatory action research (PAR) with Johannes Fabian’s notion of ‘performance’, I argue for ‘nonextractivist methodologies’; ‘knowing with’ instead of ‘knowing-about’. From being a side project and a matter of research ethics, participatory filmmaking turned for me into an investigative tool to explore the collective production and mobilization of historical narratives. I argue that participatory research should not be limited to communities participating in research projects; researchers can equally participate in community projects without this obstructing scientific research. In sum, participatory visual methods challenge us to reconsider the role of academics in (post-conflict) settings.
Pleshakov, Constantine:The Crimean Nexus: Putin’s War and the Clash of Civilizations
Authors: Lavengood Zachary
Published: July 2019

Pleshakov, Constantine:The Crimean Nexus: Putin’s War and the Clash of Civilizations. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2017. 200 pages.
Exenciones de almojarifazgo y de otros derechos sobre el tráfico comercial en el reino de Murcia (siglos XIII-XV)
Authors: González Arce José Damián
Published: July 2019

La práctica totalidad de las localidades del reino de Murcia recibieron a lo largo de la baja Edad Media generosos privilegios reales que suprimían o rebajaban las cargas fiscales aduaneras, sobre todo el almojarifazgo, el portazgo y el diezmo. Tales mercedes les fueron concedidas por ser un territorio fronterizo y escaso en recursos, que siempre se mantuvo poco poblado, de modo que los monarcas, mediante dichas ventajas, pretendieron atraer a un mayor número de pobladores y potenciar el desarrollo económico, gracias al intercambio mercantil con las regiones vecinas o por vía marítima.

Almost all the towns of the kingdom of Murcia received generous royal privileges throughout the late Middle Ages that suppressed or lowered the customs tax burden, especially the almojarifazgo, the toll and the tithe. Such grants were granted to them as a borders territorys and scarce in resources, which always remained sparsely populated, so that the monarchs, through these advantages, sought to attract a greater number of settlers and enhance economic development through trade with the neighboring regions or by the sea. This paper reviews such tax exemptions and how those who obtained them fought for your accomplishment.
Den andens ansigt: Afdækning af deltagerorientering via multimodal interaktionsanalyse
Authors: Due Brian L. , Lange Simon B. , Femø Nielsen Mie , Toft Thomas L.W. , Landgrebe Jeanette , Nielsen Rikke , Hassert Liv
Published: July 2019

Vi præsenterer i denne artikel en systematisk diskussion af, hvad multimodalitet er, samt hvordan multimodale interaktionsanalyser kan udføres ud fra et etnometodologisk og konversationsanalytisk (EMCA) perspektiv. Vi introducerer til de grundlæggende metodologiske antagelser og viser igennem tre eksemplariske analyser, hvilke temaer, problemstillinger og undersøgelsesområder analytikere kan fokusere på, hvordan de i praksis kan udføres, samt hvilke typer fund og resultater disse analyser kan generere. Et klassisk tema i metoden er intersubjektivitet; hvordan deltagere orienterer sig mod hinanden og skaber forståelse og mening. Det sker blandt andet ved kropsligt at søge den andens ansigt og øjne for at sikre modtagelse og respons. Artiklen giver både en anvendelsesorienteret introduktion til feltet og præsenterer helt ny forskning inden for tre udvalgte områder. De analyserede eksempler er fra forskellige interaktionssituationer mellem henholdsvis kursister og en service-robot, kolleger i et kontorlandskab samt mellem en borger og en bostøttemedarbejder. Hver især præsenterer eksemplerne, hvilke ressourcer deltagere anvender for at sikre den andens opmærksomhed. Dermed bidrager artiklen med ny viden om den multimodale semiotiske økologi, hvor talende kroppe interagerer i en materiel verden. Artiklen afsluttes med perspektiver på nye forskningsområder.
Multimodal feedback i social interaktion
Authors: Paggio Patrizia , Navarretta Costanza
Published: July 2019

I denne artikel analyserer vi sproglig og nonverbal feedback i to multimodale korpora som afspejler ret forskellige kommunikationssituationer. Det ene består af otte videooptagede såkaldte ’map task’-samtaler, hvor en af samtalepartnerne forklarer den anden ruten på et kort. De to deltagere sidder i forskellige rum uden at kunne se hinanden og kommunikerer igennem høretelefoner. Det andet korpus er en samling af tolv videooptagelser af frie ansigt-til-ansigt-samtaler hvor deltagerne, som ikke kendte hinanden på forhånd, blev optaget mens de stod over for hinanden i et studie og talte sammen. Sproget er dansk i begge korpora. Vi beskriver hvordan sproglig og nonverbal feedback er opmærket og gennemgår distributionen af forskellige typer feedbackudtryk i de to korpora. Vores analyse viser interessante forskelle i både mængden og typen (mono- kontra multimodal) af feedback, som dels skyldes de forskellige fysiske opsætninger, dels interaktionens natur, som er funktionel i ’map task’-dialogerne, og som bare er samtale for samtalens skyld i de frie ansigt-til-ansigt-dialoger.
Pre-Press Cancer narratives on social media as ‘small stories’
Authors: Stage Carsten
Published: July 2019

Cancer narratives shared on social media platforms have received increased academic interest over the last decade but often without sufficiently acknowledging the media specific narrative affordances of these platforms. The article will address this problem, by first presenting a ‘small stories’ approach to studying illness narrative on social media and then putting the approach to work in a case study of a Danish cancer patient’s Instagram profile (@jannelivsnyder66). The paper argues, that the storytelling practices on the profile can be analytically approached by focusing on the interplay between three co-constitutive levels of interaction: 1) a level of the desired illness narrative and position that the narrator, influenced by available cultural discourses and interaction with followers, hopes to be able to tell; 2) a level of sharing everyday posts, which can either support or disturb the desired narrative; 3) a level of follower responses, where relations between the desired narrative and singular posts are monitored through processes of liking and commenting. Followers of social media cancer narratives should in light of this not be understood as an audience witnessing an individual telling his/her “own” story, but rather as crucial contributors to the social interaction and co-creation of desired narratives, subject positions, narrative progress and tellability. In conclusion, the article thus stresses that cancer storytelling on social media, despite the strong biological connection of the disease to an individual body, emerges through inherently social processes of reading, liking, commenting, monitoring and co-deciding narrative practices.
Les mutations du débat public en ligne
Authors: Badouard Romain
Published: July 2019

Si depuis le milieu des années 1990, Internet a principalement été perçu comme un outil au service de la démocratie, c’est davantage son impact négatif sur le débat public qui a été mis en avant dans les médias durant ces dernières années. Cette évolution des imaginaires collectifs d’Internet nous invite à dépasser une analyse binaire « apports/limites » de ses enjeux sociopolitiques pour réfléchir à la manière dont il reconfigure les pratiques et les formes du débat public en fonction de normes qui lui sont propres. Dans cet article, sept éléments constitutifs de la culture de débat en ligne sont passés au crible : le remplacement des gatekeepers traditionnels par les algorithmes des moteurs de recherche et des réseaux sociaux, la disparition des arguments d’autorité au profit d’indicateurs de popularité, l’ancrage des pratiques politiques dans les discussions du quotidien, la dimension identitaire du partage d’information, les formes push button d’expression citoyenne, les mécanismes d’autoconviction et la privatisation des instances de régulation des contenus. Ces mutations posent de nouveaux défis à l’éducation aux médias et à l’information, que les professionnels des systèmes d’information seront certainement appelés à relever dans un futur proche.
El consumo de turismo en la posmodernidad o en la modernidad líquida
Authors: Richards Greg
Published: July 2019

El turismo como práctica social ha cambiado radicalmente, pasando de un sistema
de producción Fordista, esencialmente vertical, a un nexo mucho más disperso de producción y consumo de experiencias. El deseo de vivir como un lugareño en combinación con el deseo de los lugareños de convertirse en productores de experiencias turísticas ha estimulado una nueva tendencia a «vivir como un lugareño», que es satisfecha por una variedad de productos y experiencias ofrecidos de abajo hacia arriba. Los significados vinculados a la práctica del turismo también han cambiado a medida que más personas se han convertido en turistas y muchos de nosotros nos hemos involucrado en el suministro de turismo.
MATLAB software for automated calculation of concentration of different compounds using extracted peak area from HPLC data file in pdf format
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: July 2019

Chromatograms represent a class of data difficult to process expeditiously due to the large number of intermediary steps necessary to translate peak detection to a concentration reading of a specific compound. This problem is further exacerbated by the different output file format in which instrument manufacturers present chromatographic data. Steps necessary to convert a detected peak to a concentration reading include identification of compound using retention time, extraction of corresponding peak area, and calculation of concentration of compound by using a calibration curve. This work sought to develop a MATLAB software able to automatically extract peak area from chromatographic readout captured in pdf format and calculate the corresponding concentration values. Given manufacturer-specific formatting features in pdf file, the MATLAB software could only read and handle pdf files of HPLC readouts from Shimadzu’s LabSolutions software. In processing the pdf file of each analyzed sample, entire content of the file was first read as a character string. Subsequently, specific delimiters are used to extract retention time and detected peak area for each compound. This information was subsequently processed to identify specific target compound of interest, where extracted peak area was used to calculate concentration of compound using a calibration plot. Overall, the program generates a database comprising filename, raw retention time and peak area data, as well as concentration values of each target compound in an easy to read format. Finally, to provide ease of access and a permanent file for storage, the program output the above database as an Excel file stored on the hard drive. One important advantage of this software is that it could process multiple pdf files simultaneously and there is no upper limit to the number of pdf files (or samples) that could be processed. Collectively, the MATLAB software capable of automatically extracting peak area and calculating concentration of different compounds would provide significant savings of time in handling large number of pdf files in a typical chromatographic run from a Shimadzu HPLC instrument.
YITNA YUWANA LENA KENA IN GOGROKE RERONCEN KEMBANG GARING’S NOVEL BY TULUS SETIYADI
Authors: Mayanfauli Arauni , Darmoko Darmoko
Published: July 2019

Language expressions in Javanese culture that contain a warning to someone at the moment and will do an activity or work are often formulated with the word structure: yitna yuwana lena kena. The idea in the phrase is usually related to ethical values (moral philosophy) how one must be careful in speaking, behaving, and acting so that someone gets the safety of life in the world. Conversely, if someone is not careful in speaking, acting, and acting undoubtedly will get problems in his life. Ethical values in this novel relate to moral teachings to a woman so that she always has virtues, such as carrying herself well, must be able to hold back the passions, predict and consider things that are and will be faced, which are good and not good, and not permitted excessive behavior. Objective approach, qualitative descriptive research method and Javanese ethical theoretical conceptual framework from Franz Magnis Suseno is used to examine the text in the yitna yuwana lena kena language expression in the Gogroke Reroncen Kembang Garing’s novel. An ethical conceptual framework is used to assess the karma experienced by the main character. The assumption in this study says that the words, attitudes, and actions of someone who is careless and despicable will have an impact on suffering and misery.
SLIPPING INTO THE SHADOWS OF KYAI’S FIGURES: WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN INDONESIAN PESANTREN’S WEB OF POWER
Authors: Elfira Mina
Published: July 2019

This paper explores women‟s efforts in challenging male authority within Indonesian pesantren (Islamic education institution). Historically, pesantren tradition did not involved women in its social and religious affairs, and the full authority was in the hand of Kyai (owner and leader of Pesantren). Later on, women, through figures of Nyai (wife, or daughters of Kyai), have started to get involve in pesantren‟s life by helping Kyai in managing pesantren‟s daily life, especially, in taking care of female santri (students). The paper investigates what kind of negotiations, conducted by these women, in dealing with pesantren‟s patriarchal attitude so they can more participate in its „public” and authority matters. Based on a qualitative research data, collected from fieldwork in selected pesantren around Indonesia, this paper argues that in order to maximize their contribution in pesantren web of power, pesantren women as Nyai actively try in any ways to change patriarchal concepts, to empower themselves, and to negotiate social changes.
Structural and functional insights into the bona fide catalytic state of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 HNH nuclease domain
Authors: Zuo Zhicheng , Zolekar Ashwini , Babu Kesavan , Lin Victor JT , Hayatshahi Hamed S , Rajan Rakhi , Wang Yu-Chieh , Liu Jin
Published: July 2019

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9), along with a programmable single-guide RNA (sgRNA), has been exploited as a significant genome-editing tool. Despite the recent advances in determining the SpyCas9 structures and DNA cleavage mechanism, the cleavage-competent conformation of the catalytic HNH nuclease domain of SpyCas9 remains largely elusive and debatable. By integrating computational and experimental approaches, we unveiled and validated the activated Cas9-sgRNA-DNA ternary complex in which the HNH domain is neatly poised for cleaving the target DNA strand. In this catalysis model, the HNH employs the catalytic triad of D839-H840-N863 for cleavage catalysis, rather than previously implicated D839-H840-D861, D837-D839-H840, or D839-H840-D861-N863. Our study contributes critical information to defining the catalytic conformation of the HNH domain and advances the knowledge about the conformational activation underlying Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage.
Determination of Some Heavy Metals (Cu, Co, Ni) in Edible Clay from South Eastern Nigeria and Its Effect Due to Consumption
Authors: Ekuma C. M. , Ogunyemi T. C.
Published: July 2019

Determination of heavy metal contents in edible clay (kaolin) from Enyigba in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State of Nigeria was carried out using Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The quantitative analysis of heavy metal analyzed in the edible clay sample were 0.012 mg/kg for Co, 0.113 mg/kg for Cu and 0.712 mg/kg for Ni. This study shows that the levels of these heavy metals (Co, Cu and Ni) in kaolin are below the permissible limits as established by the regulatory organization (World Health Organization, WHO). Compared to the safety intake levels for these heavy metals recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM), and Agency for toxic substance and disease Registry (ATSDR), the dietary intakes of the three heavy metals from daily consumption of 20 g of kaolin should pose no health risk to human.