bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theories of the firm
Authors: Kreps David M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on models of the firm that have the firm as the unit of analysis when they become formal. The classic theory of the firm as a profit-maximizing production possibilities set is the starting point, and it begins by attacking the notion that profit maximization is what a firm does or ought to do. The chapter then discusses so-called managerial models of the firm, where the firm is conceived of as a production possibilities set that does not maximize profits but pursues some other goal that reflects the interests of managers: maximization of sales revenue, or of capital, or of the probability of a “satisfactory” level of profits. Finally, it considers a very different conception of the firm. In this approach, firms are dynamic entities, which at a given point of time, are described by a production routine and which evolve according to environmental factors through patterns of search and imitation, looking for better routines.
Transaction cost economics and the firm
Authors: Kreps David M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter continues the discussion of the previous chapter about models of the firm, with consideration given to models where the firm is something more like a market than a consumer. It considers how a transaction placed within the context of a firm is different from the “same” transaction placed within a market, which is the subject of transaction cost economics. In transaction cost economics, the unit of analysis is the individual transaction. In this theory, firms are not entities, things of the rough category of the consumer; instead firms are institutions, in the rough category of the market. The line between firms and markets is rather fuzzy, but what line there is is drawn along the dimension of the frequency of interaction, the relative permanence of certain legal and market relationships, and the extent to which parties to a transaction are “tied” to one another.
After Repression
Authors: Nugent Elizabeth R.
Published: May 2021

In the wake of the Arab Spring, newly empowered factions in Tunisia and Egypt vowed to work together to establish democracy. In Tunisia, political elites passed a new constitution, held parliamentary elections, and demonstrated the strength of their democracy with a peaceful transfer of power. Yet in Egypt, unity crumbled due to polarization among elites. Presenting a new theory of polarization under authoritarianism, the book reveals how polarization and the legacies of repression led to these substantially divergent political outcomes. The book documents polarization among the opposition in Tunisia and Egypt prior to the Arab Spring, tracing how different kinds of repression influenced the bonds between opposition groups. It demonstrates how widespread repression created shared political identities and decreased polarization — such as in Tunisia — while targeted repression like that carried out against the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt led opposition groups to build distinct identities that increased polarization among them. This helps explain why elites in Tunisia were able to compromise, cooperate, and continue on the path to democratic consolidation while deeply polarized elites in Egypt contributed to the rapid reentrenchment of authoritarianism. Providing vital new insights into the ways repression shapes polarization, the book helps to explain what happened in the turbulent days following the Arab Spring and illuminates the obstacles to democratic transitions around the world.
Targeted and Widespread Repression in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Nugent Elizabeth R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the nature of repression under authoritarian regimes. It first presents a typology of authoritarian repertoires of repression before turning to the authoritarian party systems in Egypt and Tunisia. The chapter then outlines the ruling parties in Tunisia and Egypt and what constituted the democratic opposition under the regimes of Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and Hosni Mubarak. The opposition categories are intended to demonstrate that both countries' opposition included parties representing a wide array of political platforms across the religious–secular axis. Finally, the chapter documents the different repertoires of repression used by each regime against its democratic opposition. The divergences have important implications for the categorization of Tunisia as a widespread repressive regime and of Egypt as a targeted repressive regime.
Prologue
Authors: Langlitz Nicolas
Published: May 2021

SITTING ON A NARROW STRIP of savanna, which the Gabonese maintained between the coastal forest swamps to our left and the deep somber rainforest to our right, I thought of Andrew Battell. During the two and a half years he had lived in Loango, the seventeenth-century British merchant had maintained a healthy respect, even wariness, of these woods so “covered with baboons, monkeys, apes and parrots, that it will fear any man to travel in them alone.”...
Japanese Syntheses
Authors: Langlitz Nicolas
Published: May 2021

This chapter details how Pan and Homo came to share a life in the Japanese laboratory. Tetsuro Matsuzawa's Ai Project, named after his most famous nonhuman “research partner,” began as the Japanese ape language project in 1976. But it soon morphed into a much broader comparative cognitive science program that provided a new face to Japanese primatology in the post-Imanishi era. For both methodological and ethical reasons, Matsuzawa sought to square tight experimental control with maximizing the captive chimpanzees' freedom to show spontaneous behavior. The often violent nature of chimpanzee social life strictly limited how much humans could take part. At Kumamoto Sanctuary, however, younger researchers from Matsuzawa's lineage had repurposed participant observation to apply delicate measuring instruments such as EEG caps or head-mounted eye tracker goggles to otherwise unruly apes. Thus, a new generation of Japanese primatologists integrated high-tech laboratory experiments, field observations in the laboratory, and participant observation — and eventually extended this synthetic primatology to the field.
Salvage Primatology
Authors: Langlitz Nicolas
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses how cultural primatologists fought for the conservation and documentation of quickly dwindling chimpanzee communities. As Homo sapiens outcompeted Pan troglodytes in sub-Saharan Africa, Christophe Boesch, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, and the first generation of African primatologists forged alliances and made enemies in their attempts to prolong the coexistence of humans and apes for a few more years. In West Africa, the chimpanzee culture wars entwined scientific controversy with political crises and ethnic strife. In the face of the sixth mass extinction event in natural history, cultural primatologists set out to collect as much data about the lives of as many chimpanzee communities as possible. Boesch's Pan African Project almost quadrupled the number of documented chimpanzee cultures by switching from ethnographic observations of habituated groups to big data collection of camera trap recordings, fecal samples, and material artifacts. This collective effort at over thirty-five field sites built up an archive for future primatologists who might no longer have a chance to experience chimpanzee cultures firsthand. Epistemologically, the effort to build such an archive was based on an elegiac positivism, which minimized the theory-laden nature of recorded observations.
Introduction
Authors: Cordelli Chiara
Published: May 2021

This chapter confirms if private actors that are morphing into government can act with the legitimacy that government claims. It discusses the ability of a government that morphed into a network of private actors to still govern those that are subject to its rules legitimately. It also explains why a government agent has the right to make and impose certain decisions on others and clarifies whether the agent has the standing to make decisions in a way that results in changing the normative situation of those subject to them. The chapter focuses on privatization, which is understood as a transformation of the practice of governing in the systematic delegation of public functions to private actors. It provides an original, diagnostic account of the wrong of privatization that is partly independent from whatever good or bad outcomes privatization may produce.
The Problem of Representative Agency
Authors: Cordelli Chiara
Published: May 2021

This chapter sheds light on private actors that have the standing or capacity to exercise certain forms of power or make certain decisions in terms of representative agency. It discusses a novel account of the conditions that an agent must meet in order to act or speak in the name of another known as the internalist account of representative agency. It also points out how qua private actors from public institutions systematically fail to act even when private actors act under valid democratic authorization. The chapter elaborates how private actors fail to meet the demands of the representation condition on legitimate exercise. It explains what extent private actors meet the representation condition, confirming if they can truly act in the name of the people whom a government is meant to represent.
The Problem of Delegated Activity
Authors: Cordelli Chiara
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses private actors that have the standing to do what they are democratically authorized to do on behalf of government in terms of delegated activity. It points out how the public and private agency through which a certain decision is made, or a function is performed changes the very nature of the decision or function at stake. It also shows that private actors may fail to do what they are authorized to do even when they follow the terms of their government's authorization. The chapter mentions private actors that remain not very different from the unilateral actions of private individuals in the Kantian state of nature. It discusses privatization that compromises the very possibility of the delegated function, rather than the validity of its authorization or whether the function is performed in a representative capacity.
Social Communication and Voting Behavior
Authors: Baker Andy , Ames Barry , Rennó Lúcio
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the nature of voting behavior and election outcomes in Latin America. Armed only with vertical understandings of political intermediation, research on Latin American voters “conceives the citizen as an independently self-contained decision-maker,” ignoring voters' embeddedness in peer networks. For this reason, even when referring to groups and so-called social factors, research on Latin American voting behavior is dominated by economistic and psychological approaches that see voters as social isolates. The chapter explains that the book illuminates the influence of horizontal social networks and political discussion on a central political act, voting behavior, in Latin America. Beneath all the elite-level strategizing, messaging, and maneuvering that plays out through vertical intermediaries lies a world of social communication and peer effects that scholars of Latin American politics have roundly ignored.
Latin American Political Discussion in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Baker Andy , Ames Barry , Rennó Lúcio
Published: May 2021

This chapter fills a major gap in the literature on Latin American politics by providing descriptive information about the region's political discussion networks. It reports the absolute and relative prevalence of political discussion — compared to other countries and to other intermediaries — in Brazil, Mexico, and eight other Latin American countries. Latin American citizens discuss politics at a frequency that is typical or even above that prevailing in other countries, and their propensity to speak with residential neighbors is well above the global average. The chapter then portrays the amount of political disagreement and the disparity in political expertise between discussion partners. Rates of disagreement over vote choices in Latin America are high relative to those in the United States, and this is largely because the region's multiparty systems afford more opportunities for disagreement. Moreover, Latin Americans seek out discussion partners with relatively high political expertise, an important part of the socially informed preferences argument.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Andy , Ames Barry , Rennó Lúcio
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings from the previous chapters. Seen collectively, the findings paint a somewhat complicated picture of democratic citizenship in Latin America. On the one hand, the high rates of vote switching during campaigns, often as a result of informal discussion, reflect an open-mindedness and a responsiveness to counter-argumentation that is absent in the more polarized and partisan United States. In thinking about their vote decisions, moreover, Latin American voters seek informed advice, identifying knowledgeable peers from whom to learn. On the other hand, this social process during the campaign does not necessarily yield better decisions, at least according to the correct-voting criterion. Moreover, this process is dominated by the upper class in a region that already suffers deep socioeconomic inequalities.
Hobbes and the Personality of the State
Authors: Fleming Sean
Published: May 2021

This chapter lays the groundwork for the Hobbesian theory of state responsibility. It first sets out to determine what exactly Thomas Hobbes means when he says that the state is a person. Scholars of state and corporate responsibility, and even many Hobbes scholars, have failed to appreciate the novelty of Hobbes' idea of state personality because they have projected the idea of corporate agency — the core of the agential theory — back onto Hobbes. The chapter shows that it is possible to recover a novel understanding of state personality from Hobbes if one resists the urge to read him through the contemporary literature on corporate agency. What makes Hobbes' idea of personhood unique and valuable is that it decouples personhood from metaphysical conceptions of agency; it explains how states and other entities can be persons even though they do not have any intrinsic capacity for rationality, intentionality, or action.
The President Who Would Not Be King
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

One of the most vexing questions for the framers of the Constitution was how to create a vigorous and independent executive without making him king. In today's divided public square, presidential power has never been more contested. This book cuts through the partisan rancor to reveal what the Constitution really tells us about the powers of the president. The book provides a comprehensive account of the drafting of presidential powers. Because the framers met behind closed doors and left no records of their deliberations, close attention must be given to their successive drafts. The book shows how the framers worked from a mental list of the powers of the British monarch, and consciously decided which powers to strip from the presidency to avoid tyranny. It examines each of these powers in turn, explaining how they were understood at the time of the founding, and goes on to provide a framework for evaluating separation-of-powers claims, distinguishing between powers that are subject to congressional control and those in which the president has full discretion. Based on the Tanner Lectures at Princeton University, the book restores the original vision of the framers, showing how the Constitution restrains the excesses of an imperial presidency while empowering the executive to govern effectively.
Creating a Republican Executive
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to the Articles of Confederation, which governed the new United States until the adoption of the Constitution in 1788. It elaborates how the national government had no executive branch, only a Congress and a tiny judiciary for maritime cases under the Articles of Confederation. It also talks about executive functions that were carried out by Congress, committees of Congress, or ministers appointed by and accountable to Congress. The chapter recounts the development of a new constitution that includes a real executive by the late 1780s. It mentions the framers, who had long experience in colonial legislatures, making it relatively easy for them to draft a practical scheme for the legislative branch.
The Audacious Innovations of the Committee of Detail
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses to do with the presidency that were not debated on the floor of the Convention, but instead were hashed out in a series of committees, in deliberations that were not recorded. It describes the Committee of Detail, which gave the office of the president its name, its structure, and most of its powers. It also cites Elbridge Gerry, who moved that the proceedings of the Convention for the establishment of a national government be referred to a committee to prepare a report of a conformable constitution. The chapter recounts how the Convention voted down a motion that the committee be composed of a delegate from every state, which was the usual procedure when committees were used to work out disputed questions of substance. It identifies the five members that were given by the Convention to the Committee of Detail to engage in innovative draftsmanship.
Completing the Executive
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the convention that proceeded to debate the Committee of Detail draft clause by clause, as a great dissensus remained over the mode of selection of the president. It details the basic structure of the powers of the presidency as set forth by the Committee of Detail, which went unquestioned but there was disagreement about involving peace and war, and administrative organization. It also cites that the Committee of Detail gave Congress the power to make war and the Senate the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors. The chapter discusses how the Convention narrowed Congress's war power by substituting “to declare war” for “to make war.” It explains that the purpose of reducing the scope of congressional war powers was to increase the scope of presidential war powers to repel sudden attacks.
Ratification Debates
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with the executive branch that attracted less attention than other issues and the controversy that had little to do with the details of presidential authority. It points out that there wasn't much discussion about what the various provisions bearing on executive power meant as participants focused on whether those powers were benign or dangerous. It also refers to the speakers who catalogued the powers of the executive that simply quoted or paraphrased the language of Article II, without any serious attempts at exposition. The chapter talks about Herbert Storing, the leading scholar of Anti-Federalist thought who noted that some Anti-Federalists defended the presidency and thought the office should have been made stronger as an antidote to the aristocratic Senate. It details five state-ratifying conventions that proposed more than fifty amendments related to the powers of the presidency, such as barring pardons in treason cases.
The Core Legislative Powers of Taxing and Lawmaking
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews modern American conceptions of the separation of powers and much of the architecture of the administrative state that grew out of history long before the framers gathered in Philadelphia. It analyzes the essential idea that the fundamental rights of life, liberty, and property could not be disturbed except by the consent of the people, meaning the passage of laws by representatives of the people. It also explores the exclusively legislative character of the power to tax and the power to make law binding on persons within the realm as the foundation stone of all separation-of-powers law. The chapter recounts the beginnings of constitutional government that arose when Parliament won control over the powers to tax, spend, and borrow. It details the process of the constitutional government that began with Magna Carta and was completed by the end of the seventeenth century, a full hundred years before the Constitutional Convention.
The Power to Control Law Execution
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the control over the enforcement and implementation of the law that was vested in the king as the supreme executive magistrate under the British constitution as understood by constitutional framers. It mentions criminal law enforcement and the entire edifice of taxation, spending, public health, trade regulation, and other matters that made up the British state where all offenses were prosecuted in the name of the king. It also refers to James Wilson, who stated in his writing in 1774 that the king is entrusted with the direction and management of the great machine of government. The chapter reviews the Articles of Confederation, in which states performed the function of law execution, even federal law execution. It discusses the concurrence of thirteen distinct sovereign wills that is requisite under the Confederation to complete the execution of every important measure that proceeds from the Union.
The Development of Physical Cosmology
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces physical cosmology as the attempt to make sense of the large-scale nature of the material world by the methods of the natural sciences. It explains that physical cosmology operates under the special restrictions of astronomy, which is considered successful in sister fields, such as stellar astronomy and particle physics. It cites the substantial progress of cosmology as an enterprise in physical science, although the advances certainly have moved around considerable gaps in one's understanding. The chapter details how cosmology inherits from basic physics the more ancient and honorable tradition of attempts to understand where the world came from, where it is going, and why. It reviews believable evidence that the universe is expanding, the space between the galaxies opening up, and that this expansion traces back to a hot dense phase, the big bang.
Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Peebles P.J.E.
Published: May 2021

This book explains the often counterintuitive physics of quantum mechanics, unlocking this key area of physics for students by enabling them to work through detailed applications of general concepts and ideas. The book states general principles first in terms of wave mechanics and then in the standard abstract linear space formalism. It offers a detailed discussion of measurement theory — an essential feature of quantum mechanics — and emphasizes the art of numerical estimates. Along the way, the book provides a wealth of physical examples together with numerous problems, some easy, some challenging, but all of them selected because they are physically interesting. The book is an essential resource for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in physics.
Dynamics and Statistics
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies how the n-point correlation functions have proved useful not only as descriptive statistics but also as dynamic variables in the Newtonian theory of the evolution of clustering. It generalizes the functions to mass correlation functions in position and momentum, and derives the BBGKY hierarchy of equations for their evolution. This yields a new way to analyze the evolution of mass clustering in an expanding universe. Of course, the main interest in the approach comes from the thought that the observed galaxy correlation functions may yield useful approximations to the mass correlation functions, so the observations may provide boundary values for the dynamical theory of evolution of the mass correlation functions. The test will be whether one can find a consistent theory for the joint distributions in galaxy positions and velocities.
Introduction
Authors: Pelli Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter explores the two large collections of documents acquired from the archives of the Pelli-Fabbroni family in 1968–1969: the draft of an unfinished dissertation Against the Death Penalty and its first edition, produced by Philippe Audegean, with a substantial introduction to the text and its contents, in Italian and in French. It discusses Giuseppe Bencivenni Pelli's (1729–1808) career within the Austrian Habsburg administration in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, his most prominent post, and the one that gave him the greatest satisfaction: the director of the Uffizi Gallery. This chapter discusses Pelli's first systematic attack on the death penalty in history. It also highlights the enormous diary that he compiled, Efemeridi, over almost half a century, from 1759. The chapter then takes a look at another member of the minor nobility, but of Milan, who worked for the Austrian administration in Lombardy, Cesare Beccaria Bonesana (1738–94). It investigates Bonesana's publication of On Crimes and Punishments in July 1764. Before the discovery of Pelli's work, it was assumed that Beccaria's work contained the first serious attack on the death penalty. Pelli targeted the death penalty exclusively, whereas Beccaria's work was an attack on the whole system of criminal law operating in his time.
Texts
Authors: Pelli Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the texts and fragments of Giuseppe Pelli's dissertation on the death penalty. It discusses various meanings given to the word punishment which have created a great deal of misunderstanding. The chapter defines the term with precision and at the same time takes issue with the definitions proposed by Hugo Grotius and others. Punishment taken in a general sense may be divided into conventional and civil. Conventional punishment arises from the pact and is that which everyone signs up to spontaneously, while civil punishment is understood as that imposed by positive law, 'conventional' as that to which one submits of one's own volition. It also demonstrates three ends of punishment: reform, satisfaction and example, with regard to the death penalty. Ultimately, the chapter presents the lengthy discussions of the two Cocceji, father and son, on the punishment of Talion and the distinct writing of Giuseppe Pelli and Cesare Beccaria about the death penalty.
Consequences of the Bootstrap Assumptions
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu , Szeftel Jérémie
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the proof for Theorem M0, together with other first consequences of the bootstrap assumptions. The only bootstrap assumption used in the proof of Theorem M0 is the bootstrap assumption BA-D on decay for k = 0, 1 derivatives. The chapter then relies on (4.1.5) and the assumptions (4.1.1) on the initial data layer. This observation allows one to use the conclusions of Theorem M0, not only for the bootstrap spacetime M in Theorem M1–M5, but also for the extended spacetime in the proof of Theorem M8, where the only assumption is the one on decay (which is established for the extended spacetime in Theorem M7). The chapter not only improves the bootstrap assumption (4.1.7), but also gains derivatives iteratively.
Decay Estimates (Theorems M4, M5)
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu , Szeftel Jérémie
Published: May 2021

This chapter evaluates the proof for Theorems M4 and M5. It relies on the decay of q, α‎ and α‎ to prove the decay estimates for all the other quantities. More precisely, the chapter relies on the results of Theorems M1, M2, and M3 to prove Theorems M4 and M5. The detailed proof of Theorem M4 provides the main decay estimates in (ext)M. The proof depends in a fundamental way on the geometric properties of the GCM hypersurface Σ‎∗, the spacelike future boundary of (ext)M introduced in section 3.1.2. The chapter then reformulates the main bootstrap assumptions in the form needed in the proof of Theorem M4.
Zoologi Literature Reading Interest Analysis on High Level Thinking of Ability Biology Education Students
Authors:   UIN WALISONGO SEMARANG, Norra Bunga Ihda
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to describe the relationship between reading interest in vertebrate zoology teaching materials with high order thinking skills. The method used is correlational research (descriptive). The population in this study were students of 2015 and 2016 Biology education at the Faculty of Science and Technology at UIN Walisongo Semarang with a sample of 113 students. Data of reading interest was captured by student answers through statements on questionnaires, while high order thinking skills are captured by description tests. Both of these data were analyzed by the Spearman correlation test, Regression and t-test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between reading interest and high order thinking skills ability of students at α = 0.05 (sig. 0,000), but the relationship is in the low category (r = 0.326). And there are differences in reading interest and high order thinking skills ability between the 2015 and 2016 classes. Thus, reading interest needs to be increased because it has a relationship with students' high order thinking abilities.
Hubungan Fleksibilitas Kognitif Dengan Keterampilan Pemecahan Masalah Pada Mata Pelajaran Biologi Di MAN Kota Tasikmalaya
Authors:   Universitas Siliwangi, Indonesia, Oktaviani Nisha Nurul , Suprapto Purwanti Kuswarini ,   Universitas Siliwangi, Indonesia, Mustofa Romy Faisal ,   Universitas Siliwangi, Indonesia
Published: May 2021

Biology subjects are included in science subjects, while students have difficulty solving problems because they are less able to think flexibly when receiving new information. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive flexibility and problem solving skills (KPM) in biology subjects in class X MIA 1 MAN Kota Tasikmalaya. This research was conducted from October to November 2020. The research method used was correlational with a total population of 3 class X MIA students with a total of 86 students. Samples were taken by purposive sampling technique of 1 class (28 people). The data analysis technique used is a simple linear regression test. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between cognitive flexibility and problem solving skills (R = 0.840; R2 = 0.706). Has a relationship strength of 0.840 and a contribution of cognitive flexibility to problem solving skills by 70.6%.
The Potential of Plant Diversity in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in Support of Achieving National Curriculum Goals
Authors:   Lampung University, Indonesia, Wiono Wisnu Juli , Meriza Nadya ,   Lampung University, Indonesia
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to describe the diversity of plants found in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The analysis of plant diversity was carried out by applying the quadratic method. Twenty-five squares were constructed for sampling. The results showed that there were thirty two (32) plant tribes consisting of 256 individuals in the exposed area and 899 individuals in the burial area. Data on plant diversity were then mapped to be correlated with Basic Competence (BC) at each level of the educational unit. Mapping results showed, there are 6 BC at the elementary school level; 5 BC at the junior high school level; and 7 basic competencies at high school level that can be learned by utilizing information on plant diversity of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the existence of plant diversity in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park has the potential to support the achievement of the objectives of the national curriculum.
Hubungan Konsep Diri dengan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik Konsep Ekosistem
Authors:   Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Siliwangi, Nurhasanah Nurhasanah , Hernawati Diana ,   Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Siliwangi, Ardiansyah Ryan ,   Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, Universitas Siliwangi
Published: May 2021

This research is a correlational study that connects the concepts of self with the learnerscritical thinking ability on the ecosystem material. Samples of the research of 30 students as participants with sampling techniques purposive sampled. The research instruments used include questionnaires adopted from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) developed by William H. Fitts and a breakdown test for measuring critical thinking skills. The self-concept questionnaire consisted of 43 statements. Hypotheses testing uses bivariate correlation regression. Before a hypothesis test with a regression linierity is performed, first data is tested for normality and its homogenization as a prerequisite test analysis. The results showed no relation between self-concept and critical thinking ability (R = 0,471; R2 = 0,222) means there is a self-concept contribution to the critical thinking ability of 22.2%.
INSECTICIDAL JOINT ACTION OF TERNARY EXTRACT MIXTURES OF FOUR SPECIES OF TROPICAL PLANTS AGAINST Plutella xylostella AND Crocidolomia pavonana
Authors: Prijono Djoko , Anggraini Maya , Maryani Sri Riski , Surya Eliana Diana
Published: May 2021

Insecticidal joint action of ternary extract mixtures of four species of tropical plants against Plutella xylostella andCrocidolomia pavonana. The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and the cabbage head caterpillar (CHC),Crocidolomia pavonana, were two main pests of cruciferous vegetable crops. Among the viable alternative ingredients thatcould be utilized to control those two pests were eco-friendly botanical insecticides. This study was conducted to evaluatethe joint action of ternary extract mixtures of four tropical plant species, i.e. Piper aduncum (Pa), Piper retrofractum (Pr),Sapindus rarak (Sr), and Tephrosia vogelii (Tv), against DBM and CHC. Results of leaf-residue feeding bioassays showedthat based on co-toxicity ratio at both LC 50 and LC levels, ternary mixtures of Pa extract with Sr and Tv extracts at concentrationratios of 1:5:1, 1:5:2, and 2:5:1 indicated synergistic joint action on DBM larvae. A mixture of Pa, Sr and Tv extracts at a ratio of2:5:1 was also synergistic to CHC at both LC level but antagonistic at the LC 95 50 95 and LC 95 levels. This mixture at the 1:5:1 ratio was synergistic on CHC at the LC level whereas at the 1:5:2 ratio was antagonistic to CHC at both LC levels. Furthermore, ternary mixtures of Pr extract with Sr and Tv extracts at the three concentration ratios were synergistic to CHC. Thus, ternary mixtures of Pa or Pr extract with Sr and Tv extracts at appropriate concentration ratios are potential alternatives for the control of DBM and CHC.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS NATURAL DIETS FOR MASS REARING OF Spodoptera frugiperda J.E SMITH (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Ginting Sempurna , Sunardi Tri , Sari Chaincin Buana , Wibowo Risky Hadi
Published: May 2021

Evaluation of various natural diets for mass rearing of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the pests that attack corn in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the most suitable dietfor rearing of S. frugiperda from various natural diets. The study was conducted in vitro. The treatments were consisted ofvariation on S. frugiperda natural diets, such as maize leaf, green mustard leaf, water spinach, sweet potato leaf, sugar caneleaf, and soybeans leaf. The observed variables were life cycle period, pupa size, and pupa weight. The results showed thatthe shortest life cycle period was on corn leaves diet (40.92 days), and the longest was on sugarcane leaves (45.01 days). Thelongest size of pupa were S. frugiperda on mustard leaves diet (12.86 mm) and corn leaves (12.56 mm), The heaviest pupaweights were observed in S. frugiperda on mustard leaves diet (0.18 mg), and corn leaves (0.16 mg). Based on the data, it couldbe concluded that corn leaves were the most suitable type of diet for the growth and development of S. frugiperda.
REPELLENCY OF CELERY ESSENTIAL OILS (Apium graveolens L.) AGAINST Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Alif Trisnani , Wahidah Fita Fitriatul
Published: May 2021

Repellency of celery essential oil (Apium graveolens L.) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in thelaboratory. Essential oil is one of the ingredients that has repellent ability to herbivorous insects. Celery is one of plantscontaining essential oil which may also have the repellent ability. This study was aimed to determine the differences in therepellent ability of celery essential oils compounds that were taken from 3 different locations against S. frugiperda in thelaboratory. This research was arranged in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factorwas the origin of the celery plants (Malang, Surabaya, and Lamongan) and the second factor was the concentration level ofessential oils (1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm) which was repeated three times. The reliability test was carried out using filter papermethod. The results showed that the essential oil extracted from celery originated from Malang with 3000 ppm concentrationhad the highest percentage level of repellency (level 5) that reached 93.33% of repellency. Location and concentration factorshad no different effect on S. frugiperda larvae repellency. There was no correlation between location and concentration on therepellency of S. frugiperda larvae.
Romanticism: Characteristics, Themes and Poets
Authors: Amit Mr
Published: May 2021

This paper examines about Romanticism or Romantic era, themes and some famous writers, poets and poems of romantic era. Romanticism is one of the repetitive topics that are connected to either creative mind, vision, motivation, instinct, or independence.

The subject frequently condemns the past, worries upon reasonableness, disconnection of the essayist and pays tribute to nature. Gone before by Enlightenment, Romanticism brought crisp verse as well as extraordinary books in English Literature. Begun from England and spread all through Europe including the United States, the Romantic development incorporates well known journalists, for example, William Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Lord Byron, Shelley, Chatterton, and Hawthorne. ‘Romantic’ has been adjusted from the French word romaunt that implies a story of Chivalry. After two German scholars Schlegel siblings utilized this word for verse, it changed into a development like an epidemic and spread all through Europe.

Romanticism in English writing started during the 1790s with the distribution of the Lyrical Ballads of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth's "Preface" to the subsequent version (1800) of Lyrical Ballads, in which he portrayed verse as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings", turned into the statement of the English Romantic development in verse.

The first phase of the Romantic movement in Germany was set apart by advancements in both substance and artistic style and by a distraction with the mysterious, the intuitive and the heavenly. An abundance of abilities, including Friedrich Hölderlin, the early Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jean Paul, Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, A.W. what's more, Friedrich Schlegel, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, and Friedrich Schelling, have a place with this first phase.

The second phase of Romanticism, involving the period from around 1805 to the 1830s, was set apart by a reviving of social patriotism and another regard for national roots, as bore witness to by the accumulation and impersonation of local old stories, people songs and verse, society move and music, and even recently disregarded medieval and Renaissance works. The resuscitated recorded  appreciation was converted into creative composition by Sir Walter Scott, who is frequently considered to have imagined the verifiable novel. At about this equivalent time English Romantic verse had arrived at its peak in progress of John Keats, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
HUBUNGAN KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL DENGAN MINAT BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SDN 173418 POLLUNG
Authors:   Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas Medan, Banjarnahor Novia , Sipayung Regina ,   Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas Medan, Tanjung Darinda Sofia ,   Universitas Katolik Santo Thomas Medan
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence and learning interest in fourth grade students of SDN 173418 Pollung. The sample in the study consisted of 34 students. This type of research is quantitative. The data collection tool used to determine student learning motivation was a questionnaire that had been tested for validation and reliability. Both classes are normally distributed because Lhitung ≤ Ltabel. From the Linearity test, it is known that the significant value of deviation from linearity is 1.80 ≤ 3.32, it can be concluded that there is a linear relationship between emotional intelligence and student learning interest. The t test was conducted at the real level (α = 0.05) that tcount ≥ t_ (table), namely 5.925 ≥ 2.306, this proves that Ha is accepted, so the author concludes that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and the learning interest of fourth grade students of SDN 173418 Pollung. Keywords: Relationship, Emotional Intelligence, Learning Interest.
Eurasian Integration in light of the Euro’s History
Authors: Platonova I. N.
Published: May 2021

Review of the book by Butorina O.V. 2020. History of the Euro. Moscow: zdatel’stvo “VesMir” . 576 р.
Financial and Non-Financial Support of Export
Authors: Naryshkin A. A.
Published: May 2021

Promotion of domestic companies interests abroad is the main task of economic diplomacy. Promotion of domestic goods and services in foreign markets ensures the coun- try's stable position in the world economy and economic stability within the state. Following economic boost, world trade and especially export growth may ensure not only country's economy growth, but also citizens welfare through mechanisms for reallocating funds. Value-added exports development in Russia has been brought to the rank of one of the key government goals. Russia has an export promotion institutions system. Some institu- tions have long history. Others have been created recently and based on foreign practices. The Russian government has developed the national project "International cooperation and export", it sets the goal to ensure export growth through effective interaction of existing institutions. The article reviews the foreign and domestic practices of export support through financial and non-financial instruments. They include market analysis tools, exhibition support, popu- larizing exports within the country, various export credit and insurance instruments pro- tecting the exporter from political risks in foreign markets. Author analyzes the legislative framework of key support measures and possible ways to improve efficiency by eliminating duplication in various institutions functions. It should provide a synergistic effect boosting their efficiency. The methodology of the study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the modern export promotion institutions system in Russia and abroad, a regulatory analysis of fundamental documents and a comparative analysis of export support measures. The extensive research subject has provided the usage of an interdisciplinary approach covering economic and po- litical research.
CIRCUMPOLAR HYPOXIA: A REVIEW PAPER
Authors:   Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Dydymov Nadirbek Alimsoltanovich , Koinosov Andrei Petrovich
Published: May 2021

An increasing number of authors devote their work to the study of circumpolar hypoxia. Conclusions about the mechanisms of its occurrence based on the results of the work are ambiguous. Some researchers believe that hypoxia in the North is due to oxygen defi ciency and rarefi ed air. Others believe that hypoxia in the North is not associated with a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air, since it diff ers little from other regions, except for the highlands. Also, a number of authors are of the opinion that circumpolar hypoxia is associated with increased tissue oxygen consumption. It is believed that the main cause of hypoxemia in the North is a violation of the diff usion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveolar-capillary membrane of the lungs. It has been established that the genesis of circumpolar hypoxia is of a mixed nature and is a systemic phenomenon, which must be taken into account when developing measures to accelerate adaptation for living in the North.
SEX AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RATE OF PHISICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN OF THE NORTERN REGION WITH ESTABLISHED UNDIFFERENTIATED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISPLASION
Authors:   Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Shevnin Igor Andreevich , Ilyushchenko Natalya Aleksandrovna , Ragosina Olga Vasilievna
Published: May 2021

The tempo characteristic of the physical development of children demonstrates the state of health of the younger generation, refl ecting the standard of living of the population in various climatic and ecological zones, as well as the infl uence of environmental factors. In view of the high prevalence of undiff erentiated forms of connective tissue dysplasia among the child population of the KhMAO – Yugra, it is necessary to study the infl uence of the dysplastic process on the processes of ontogenesis and organogenesis
A CASE OF PRENATAL ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSIS OF THE SYNDROM HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART
Authors:   Regional State Budgetary Healthcare Institution «District Klinical Hospital», Borovikova Ksenia Konstantinovna , Shakirova Gulnur Kharisovna , Dolgikh Larisa Ivanovna
Published: May 2021

The article describes the case of prenatal diagnosis: hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the period of pregnancy 31–32 weeks. In the postnatal period this syndrome have been verifi ed as Coarctation of the Aorta combined with Aortic Hypoplasia and abnormal development of the mitral and aortic valves.
INGUINAL LYMPHADENOPATHY IN PRIMARY METASTATIC LUNG CANCER
Authors:   Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Rain Vasilisa Yurievna , Egorkin Maxim Anatolievich , Motornaya Anastasia Viktorovna
Published: May 2021

Herein we describe a patient’s history of a 45 y.o. man presenting with swollen lymphnodes who was subsequently diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer. Primary verifi cation was obtained via cytological evaluation of the lymph nodes of concern. Further clinical and additional diagnostics are described and accompanied with CT and MRI scans. Unfortunately, the patient died in 3 months after diagnosis despite attempts of chemotherapy which emphasizes the importance of timely medical counseling.
RARE MORPHOLOGICAL FINGING AFTER HEPATECTOMY
Authors:   Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Rain Vasilisa Yurievna , Persidsky Mikhail Alexandrovich ,   Budgetary institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomus district – Uugra “The district clinical hospital”, Malakhova Evgeniya Vladimirovna , Bereshkeeva Lena Vladimirovna , Kolmachevsky Nikolay Alexandrovich , Chernov Alexander Alexandrovich , Zabotkin Semyon Olegovich , Bukir Vladimir Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

Herein we describe clinical presentation of a rare collision tumor consisting of primary neuroendocrine liver cancer and cholangiocarcinoma in a 70 y.o. male patient. The morphological and immunohistochemical features of the fi nding are illustrated. A brief literature review on the epidemiology of collision liver tumors is presented.