bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critical Investigation into the Existence of Circulating Platelet Aggregates
Authors: Saniabadi A R , Lowe G D O , Madhok R , Spowart K , Shaw B , Barbenel J C , Forbes C D
Published: July 2018

By a method of counting single platelets in diluted whole blood, platelet aggregates were quantified ex-vivo. Four groups: 20 thrombotic patients, 10 non-thrombotic patients, 10 healthy old controls and 10 healthy young controls were included in the study. Using a 19 gauge needle, with and without tubing, venous blood was taken into buffered EDTA, as a disaggregating agent and buffered EDTA-formalin, as the fixative. The amount of platelet aggregates quantified was affected by the quality of venepuncture or the rate of blood flow through the needle, but was unaffected by the presence of the tubing. There was no statistically significant difference between the four groups, in terms of the platelet aggregates quantified, but scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of irreversible aggregates, composed of platelet red and white blood cells, in the blood of a greater number of thrombotic patients than non-thrombotic or healthy controls. Platelet aggregates were also quantified in aliquots of platelet rich plasma, and were found to be significantly greater than the corresponding values in whole blood. The difference appeared to be due to increased viscosity of the plasma, induced by the fixative which reduces platelet mobility during centrifugation. It is concluded that the platelet aggregates which disaggregate in bufffered EDTA may represent an artifact of blood collection; the irreversible aggregates are suspected to represent the in vivo circulating aggregates.
In Vitro Incorporation and Metabolism of Icosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Human Platelets - Effect on Aggregation
Authors: Croset Martine , Lagarde M
Published: July 2018

Washed human platelets were pre-loaded with icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or EPA + DHA and tested for their aggregation response in comparison with control platelets. In fatty acid-rich platelets, an inhibition of the aggregation could be observed when induced by thrombin, collagen or U-46619. The strongest inhibition was observed with DHA-rich platelets and it was reduced when DHA was incorporated in the presence of EPA.

Study of fatty acid distribution in cell lipids after loading showed that around 90% of EPA or DHA taken up was acylated into phospholipids and a very small amount (less than 2%) remained in their free and hydroxylated forms. DHA was more efficiently acylated into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) than into phosphatidylinositol (PI) in contrast to what observed with EPA, and both acids were preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC). EPA inhibited total incorporation of DHA and increased its relative acylation into PE at the expense of PC. In contrast, DHA did not affect the acylation of EPA. Upon stimulation with, thrombin, EPA was liberated from phospholipids and oxygenated (as judged by the formation of its monohydroxy derivative) whereas DHA was much less metabolized, although consistently transferred into PE.

It is concluded that EPA and DHA might affect platelet aggregation via different mechanisms when pre-loaded in phospholipids. Whereas EPA is known to alter thromboxane A2 metabolism from endogenous arachidonic acid, by competing with it, DHA might act directly at the membrane level for inhibiting aggregation.
Cellular Localisation in Placenta of Placental Type Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor
Authors: Åstedt B , Hägerstrand I , Lecander I
Published: July 2018

A specific plasminogen activator inhibitor is known to occur in placenta and in pregnancy plasma. Immunohistochemical methods with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against the inhibitor were used for its localisation in term placentas. Immunoreactive material was found in the trophoblastic epithelium. It was absent in the stroma of the chorion villi.
In Vitro Comparison of Fibrinolytic Activity of Plasminogen Activators Using a Thrombelastographic Method: In Vivo Evaluation of the B-Chain-Streptokinase Complex in the Dog Model Using Pre-Titered Doses
Authors: Summaria L , Sandesara J , Yang G , Vagher J P , Caprini J A
Published: July 2018

Thrombelastography was used to quantitatively compare the clot-lysing efficiency of 6 different plasminogen activators, using human whole blood, pooled normal plasma, and platelet rich plasma. The activators compared were the B-chain-streptokinase complex, the plasmin-streptokinase complex, the mini-plasmino-gen-streptokinase complex, tissue plasminogen activator, streptokinase, and urokinase. The most efficient activator found was the B-chain-streptokinase complex. This complex was 4.0 times more effective than streptokinase, 3.0 times more effective than the plasmin-streptokinase complex, 1.3 times more effective than the mini-plasminogen-streptokinase complex, 2.3 times more effective than tissue plasminogen activator, and 16.0 times more effective than urokinase. Although there were differences in both the coagulation and fibrinolysis thrombelastographic patterns between plasma and whole blood, the comparative efficiencies of each activator were the same with either plasma or blood

The B-chain-streptokinase complex was evaluated as a thrombolytic agent in clot-lysis experiments in the jugular vein in the dog model, using a thrombelastographic method to determine the minimum dose of activator necessary for clot-lysis. With 6 dogs infused locally with 0.25 mg (8000 I.U.) of the plasmin-streptokinase complex, the cumulative clot-lysis was 18.0 ± 3.0% with the first dose, 33.0 ± 2.1% with the second dose, and 55.2 ± 8.6% with the third dose. With 6 dogs infused locally with 0.03 mg (2000 I.U.) of the B-chain-streptokinase complex, the cumulative clot-lysis was 30.6 ± 6.4% with the first dose, 54.4 ± 9.6% with the second dose, and 80.2 ± 9.0% with the third dose.
The Platelet Reactivity of Collagen Type I: Evidence for Multiple Platelet-Reactive Sites in the Type I Collagen Molecule
Authors: Fitzsimmons C M , Cawston T E , Barnes M J
Published: July 2018

In this study, the ability of peptides, obtained by fragmentation of the collagen type I molecule, to induce platelet aggregation has been examined. In order to satisfy requirements for tertiary and quaternary structure, peptides were first renatured (where necessary) to restore triple-helical configuration and then polymerised. Fragmentation with mammalian collagenase indicated the presence of platelet-reactive sites in both the N-terminal three-quarter and C-terminal one quarter fragment of the collagen molecule. Cleavage with cyanogen bromide indicated the presence in the constituent cq^-chain of at least four platelet-reactive sites. Our results suggest a relatively wide distribution of platelet-binding sites situated throughout the length of the collagen (type I) molecule, each probably of relatively low affinity and low structural specificity, at least in terms of amino acid sequence, and probably of a similar nature to those that might be expected to exist in any collagen-like species.
Erfassung der komplexen posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung mit dem revidierten Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2)
Authors: Krammer Sandy , grosse Holtforth Martin , Soyka Michael , Liebrenz Michael
Published: July 2018

Theoretischer Hintergrund Diese Studie überprüfte die Anwendbarkeit des revidierten Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI-2) als Diagnoseverfahren für die komplexe posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (KPTBS) nach der Betaversion des ICD-11. Bislang wurde dafür kein Verfahren etabliert.

Methode Auf Basis des TSI-2 wurde ein diagnostischer Algorithmus entwickelt. Dieser wurde in einer Stichprobe von 100 psychiatrisch hospitalisierten Patientinnen und Patienten mit aversiven und/oder traumatischen Erfahrungen getestet. Es werden die Häufigkeit der KPTBS eingeschätzt, Geschlechts- und Altersunterschiede überprüft, sowie Gruppenunterschiede zwischen traumatisierten und nicht-traumatisierten Studienteilnehmern und solchen mit und ohne KPTBS berichtet.

Ergebnisse Nach dem hier angewandten TSI-2-Algorithmus für KTPSB lag die Häufigkeit bei 5%. Es wurden tendenzielle Geschlechtsunterschiede bezüglich der KPTBS-Symptomatik zum Nachteil der Frauen beobachtet und jüngere Patienten waren häufiger als ältere betroffen. Traumatisierte wiesen gegenüber nicht-traumatisierten Personen ein erhöhtes Ausmass an psychopathologischer Symptomatik auf.

Schlussfolgerung Diese Ergebnisse sind erste Hinweise dafür, dass es eventuell möglich ist einige Skalen des TSI-2 zu kombinieren und auf dieser Basis die wahrscheinliche Diagnose der KPTBS nach der Betaversion des ICD-11 zu stellen.
Leistungsorientierte, zeitlich unabhängige Rehabilitationsprogression, ein Vier-Phasenmodel
Authors: Riepenhof Helge , Glaesener Jean
Published: July 2018

Nachbehandlungsschemata und Rehabilitationsprotokolle nach muskuloskelettalen Verletzungen unterliegen in der Literatur fast ausschließlich einem rein zeitorientierten Schema. Der Heilungsprozess ist allerdings von diversen Faktoren abhängig. Insbesondere konstitutionelle Eigenschaften, Vorerkrankungen, eine große Varianz der Trainierbarkeit und die Ausprägung der unfallabhängigen oder unfallunabhängigen Dekonditionierung von Patienten sind entscheidend. Das Paradigma der zeitlichen Steuerung der Rehabilitation ist daher eher nachteilig und eine zeitlich unabhängige, leistungsorientierte Rehabilitationsprogression erscheint sinnvoller. Die Autoren beschreiben ein 4-Phasenmodell postoperativer Behandlungen. Beginnend unmittelbar nach der Operation und endend mit dem Abschluss des Heilverfahrens soll so dargestellt werden, welche Leistungsfähigkeiten zu welchem Zeitpunkt erreicht sein müssen, um frei von Überlastungsschäden, Folgeverletzungen oder Rückfällen den Verlauf einer Rehabilitationsbehandlung zu gestalten.
A study on the application of public–private partnership mode in shale gas development industry in China
Authors: Luo Zhenhua , Yang Ke , Cen Kang , Pan Haize , He Jian , Han Tao
Published: July 2018

China has abundant shale gas resource reserves, and shale gas resource development will greatly relieve the imbalance between energy supply and demand. However, in the traditional government-led unilateral energy development model, the high cost of shale gas development makes financing difficult. Therefore, the development of shale gas in a public–private partnership (PPP) mode is worthy of study. Combining the operation mechanism of the PPP mode and the technology, environment, and market demand of shale gas development in China, this paper has analyzed the operation mechanism of the PPP mode in shale gas development in China from several aspects and gives some suggestions from the perspective of the government and the enterprise to develop the idea of the PPP mode for shale gas development.
Formation of uniaxial strained Ge via control of dislocation alignment in Si/Ge heterostructures
Authors: Konoshima Shiori , Yonekura Eisuke , Arimoto Keisuke , Yamanaka Junji , Nakagawa Kiyokazu , Sawano Kentarou
Published: July 2018

Uniaxially strained Ge/SiGe heterostructures are fabricated by selective ion implantation technique, where dislocation alignments are highly controlled by the local defect introduction. Firstly, ion-implantation-defects are selectively induced into a Ge substrate, followed by the growth of a SiGe buffer layer. As a result, the SiGe on the implanted region is largely strain-relaxed due to the defects acting as dislocation sources. In contrast, it is demonstrated that anisotropic strain relaxation takes place in the SiGe on the unimplanted region, leading to the uniaxial strained SiGe. A strained Ge layer is pseudomorphically grown on the SiGe buffer and the same strain states are observed for the Ge layer. It is found that misfit dislocations generated at the interface between the SiGe layer and the Ge substrate are aligned along only one direction. These one-directional dislocations are an origin of the uniaxial strain relaxation. Moreover, effects of ion-implantation stripe-pattern widths on the strain states are investigated. With the implanted line width increasing, the anisotropy of the strain in the unimplanted region is enhanced. From these results, it can be said that this technique opens a route to engineer dislocation alignments and anisotropic strain in semiconductor hetero structures toward high performance novel devices.
Power law analysis for temperature dependence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants of Nd2Fe14B magnets
Authors: Miura Daisuke , Sakuma Akimasa
Published: July 2018

We perform phenomenological analysis of the temperature dependence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA) in rare-earth magnets. We define the phenomenological power laws applicable to compound magnets using the Zener theory, and we apply these laws to study the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants (MACs) of Nd2Fe14B magnets. The results indicate that the MACs closely obey the power law, and further, our analysis yields a better understanding of the temperature-dependent MA in rare-earth magnets. Furthermore, to examine the validity of the power law, we discuss the temperature dependence of the MACs in Dy2Fe14B and Y2Fe14B magnets as examples of cases wherein it is difficult to interpret the MA using the power law.
Unraveling electronic absorption spectra using nuclear quantum effects: Photoactive yellow protein and green fluorescent protein chromophores in water
Authors: Zuehlsdorff Tim J. , Napoli Joseph A. , Milanese Joel M. , Markland Thomas E. , Isborn Christine M.
Published: July 2018

Many physical phenomena must be accounted for to accurately model solution-phase optical spectral line shapes, from the sampling of chromophore-solvent configurations to the electronic-vibrational transitions leading to vibronic fine structure. Here we thoroughly explore the role of nuclear quantum effects, direct and indirect solvent effects, and vibronic effects in the computation of the optical spectrum of the aqueously solvated anionic chromophores of green fluorescent protein and photoactive yellow protein. By analyzing the chromophore and solvent configurations, the distributions of vertical excitation energies, the absorption spectra computed within the ensemble approach, and the absorption spectra computed within the ensemble plus zero-temperature Franck-Condon approach, we show how solvent, nuclear quantum effects, and vibronic transitions alter the optical absorption spectra. We find that including nuclear quantum effects in the sampling of chromophore-solvent configurations using ab initio path integral molecular dynamics simulations leads to improved spectral shapes through three mechanisms. The three mechanisms that lead to line shape broadening and a better description of the high-energy tail are softening of heavy atom bonds in the chromophore that couple to the optically bright state, widening the distribution of vertical excitation energies from more diverse solvation environments, and redistributing spectral weight from the 0-0 vibronic transition to higher energy vibronic transitions when computing the Franck-Condon spectrum in a frozen solvent pocket. The absorption spectra computed using the combined ensemble plus zero-temperature Franck-Condon approach yield significant improvements in spectral shape and width compared to the spectra computed with the ensemble approach. Using the combined approach with configurations sampled from path integral molecular dynamics trajectories presents a significant step forward in accurately modeling the absorption spectra of aqueously solvated chromophores.
Tuning the second harmonic generation of self-generated metallic islands
Authors: Konzelmann Annika , Charaya Hemant , Gompf Bruno , Dressel Martin , Berrier Audrey
Published: July 2018

When crossing the percolation threshold the optical behavior of thin metal films dramatically change within a narrow range. Recording the optical properties in the vicinity of the percolation provides insight into the interplay of those contributions that determine the intensity of the second harmonic signal: the metallic islands and the dielectric gap between the islands. Here we demonstrate the active tuning of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a thin gold film on a stretchable PDMS substrate. Ellipsometry was combined with nonlinear studies (second-harmonic generation) to describe the optical properties of thin gold films around the percolation. We monitor the metal-insulator transition, characterize the evolution of the permittivity of the layer, and explain the strength variations of the second harmonic generation with respect to the spectral difference between fundamental wavelength and plasmonic resonance, as well as the enhancement of the field in the dielectric gaps as a function of the particle-particle distance. A model reproduces the experimental observations by taking into account both effects at the fundamental and at the generated wavelengths.
Polyelectrolyte complex coacervation by electrostatic dipolar interactions
Authors: Adhikari Sabin , Leaf Michael A. , Muthukumar Murugappan
Published: July 2018

We address complex coacervation, the liquid-liquid phase separation of a solution of oppositely charged polyelectrolyte chains into a polyelectrolyte rich complex coacervate phase and a dilute aqueous phase, based on the general premise of spontaneous formation of polycation-polyanion complexes even in the homogeneous phase. The complexes are treated as flexible chains made of dipolar segments and uniformly charged segments. Using a mean field theory that accounts for the entropy of all dissociated ions in the system, electrostatic interactions among dipolar and charged segments of complexes and uncomplexed polyelectrolytes, and polymer-solvent hydrophobicity, we have computed coacervate phase diagrams in terms of polyelectrolyte composition, added salt concentration, and temperature. For moderately hydrophobic polyelectrolytes in water at room temperature, neither hydrophobicity nor electrostatics alone is strong enough to cause phase separation, but their combined effect results in phase separation, arising from the enhancement of effective hydrophobicity by dipolar attractions. The computed phase diagrams capture key experimental observations including the suppression of complex coacervation due to increases in salt concentration, temperature, and polycation-polyanion composition asymmetry, and its promotion by increasing the chain length, and the preferential partitioning of salt into the polyelectrolyte dilute phase. We also provide new predictions such as the emergence of loops of instability with two critical points.
Effect of initial damage variability on hot-spot nucleation in energetic materials
Authors: Duarte Camilo A. , Grilli Nicolò , Koslowski Marisol
Published: July 2018

Mechanical insult may be able to produce chemical transformations in solids when the energy is released in highly localized regions. This phenomenon is responsible for the nucleation of hot-spots that are responsible for ignition of energetic materials. The concentration of energy at microstructural defects leads to the probabilistic nature of ignition. The effect of the microstructure of the energetic particles, specifically the influence of the initial crack distribution on the sensitivity to ignition, is studied for a particle embedded in a polymeric matrix at impact velocities 100 m/s and 400 m/s with finite element simulations that couple fracture dynamics and heat transport. A phase field damage model that includes heat sources due to frictional heating at the crack surfaces and heat dissipation during crack propagation is developed and verified. These heat sources are compared and, in the range of impact velocities studied, heat generation due to friction is more important than dissipation due to crack propagation. Hot-spots nucleated at 100 m/s do not reach the critical temperature while conditions consistent with the Lee-Tarver criterion for ignition are observed at 400 m/s impact velocity. The variability observed due to the stochasticity of the initial crack distribution is studied and it increases with a higher impact velocity. In particular, regions of high temperature develop close to cracks intersecting the particle polymer interface. Therefore, controlling the surface quality of the energetic particles may lead to a reduction on the sensitivity uncertainty in polymer-bonded explosives.
Mean-field electron-vibrational theory of collective effects in photonic organic materials. Long-range Frenkel exciton polaritons in nanofibers of organic dye
Authors: Fainberg B. D.
Published: July 2018

We develop a mean-field electron-vibrational theory of light-induced optical properties of photonic organic materials taking the collective effects into account. The theory contains experimentally measured quantities that make it closely related to experiment, and provides a possibility of generalization to a nonlinear regime. Between other things, we explain the additional red shift of the H-aggregate absorption spectra (that are blue-shifted as a whole). We apply the theory to experiment on fraction of a millimeter propagation of Frenkel exciton polaritons in photoexcited organic nanofibers made of thiacyanine dye. A good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
Fabrication of microfluidic cavities using Si-to-glass anodic bonding
Authors: Zhelev N. , Abhilash T. S. , Bennett R. G. , Smith E. N. , Ilic B. , Parpia J. M. , Levitin L. V. , Rojas X. , Casey A. , Saunders J.
Published: July 2018

We demonstrate the fabrication of ∼1.08 μm deep microfluidic cavities with characteristic size as large as 7 mm × 11 mm or 11 mm diameter, using a silicon-glass anodic bonding technique that does not require posts to act as separators to define cavity height. Since the phase diagram of 3He is significantly altered under confinement, posts might act as pinning centers for phase boundaries. The previous generation of cavities relied on full wafer-bonding which is more prone to failure and requires dicing post-bonding, whereas these cavities are made by bonding a pre-cut piece of Hoya SD-2 glass to a patterned piece of silicon in which the cavity is defined by etching. Anodic bonding was carried out at 425 °C with 200 V, and we observe that pressurizing the cavity to failure (>30 bars pressure) results in glass breaking, rather than the glass-silicon bond separation. In this article, we discuss the detailed fabrication of the cavity, its edges, and details of the junction between the coin silver fill line and the silicon base of the cavity that enables a low internal-friction joint. This feature is important for mass coupling torsional oscillator experimental assays of the superfluid inertial contribution where a high quality factor (Q) improves frequency resolution. The surface preparation that yields well-characterized smooth surfaces to eliminate pinning sites, the use of transparent glass as a cover permitting optical access, low temperature capability, and attachment of pressure-capable ports for fluid access may be features that are important in other applications.
Glide velocities of Si-core partial dislocations for double-Shockley stacking fault expansion in heavily nitrogen-doped SiC during high-temperature annealing
Authors: Tokuda Y. , Kamata I. , Miyazawa T. , Hoshino N. , Kato T. , Okumura H. , Kimoto T. , Tsuchida H.
Published: July 2018

We investigated the glide velocities of 30° Si-core partial dislocations for the expansion of double-Shockley stacking faults (DSFs) in heavily nitrogen-doped 4H-SiC crystals at high temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. The heavily doped epilayers grown by chemical vapor deposition were successively annealed. The expansion of DSFs in the heavily doped epilayers was tracked by a photoluminescence (PL) imaging technique. From the PL images obtained after each annealing treatment, the glide velocities of the 30° Si-core partial dislocations were estimated. In particular, temperature dependence and nitrogen-concentration dependence of the dislocation velocities were obtained. We also report the influence of the strain energies of the bounding dislocations on the velocities. Based on the experimental results, the quantitative expression of the dislocation glide is discussed.
Study of the properties of thin Li films and their relationship with He plasmas using ion beam analysis in the DIONISOS experiment
Authors: Bedoya F. , Woller K. B. , Whyte D. G.
Published: July 2018

Plasma facing component (PFC) conditioning dramatically affects plasma performance in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. Lithium (Li) has been used in several machines to condition PFC with subsequent improvements to plasma performance. Multiple studies have investigated the interactions of Li with deuterium (D) and oxygen (O) in order to ascertain the mechanisms behind the enhanced plasma performance. Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is a useful tool to interrogate PFC surfaces as they interact with plasmas. Dynamics of ion implantation and sputtering of surfaces (DIONISOS) is a linear plasma device, capable of generating discharges with fluxes ∼1021 m−2 s−1 and Te ∼6 eV, coupled to an ion accelerator. DIONISOS is capable of analyzing samples using Elastic Recoil Detection (ERD) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) during plasma exposures. The facility has been equipped with a Li deposition system for evaporation of thin coatings on different substrates. The evaporator enables real time ERD and RBS measurements of deposition and erosion of Li coatings on different substrates and the interaction of the Li with the vacuum and plasma. Considerations for ERD, e.g., ion species, energy, and data acquisition frequency, are presented. This work is the basis for further investigation of He, H, and D retention in solid and liquid Li.
Combined I(V) and dI(V)/dz scanning tunneling spectroscopy
Authors: Castenmiller Carolien , van Bremen Rik , Sotthewes Kai , Siekman Martin H. , Zandvliet Harold J. W.
Published: July 2018

We present a method to simultaneously record I(V) and dI(V)dz spectra in a scanning tunneling microscopy measurement, where I, V and z refer to the tunnel current, sample bias and tip-substrate separation, respectively. The I(V) spectrum is recorded by ramping the bias voltage, while the feedback loop of the scanning tunneling microscope is disabled. Simultaneously the z-piezo is modulated with a small sinusoidal high frequency signal. The dI(V)dz signal is recorded using a lock-in amplifier. This method allows to simultaneously record the topography, I(V), dI(V)dV and dI(V)dz in a single scanning tunneling microscopy measurement.
Preparation of Al3+-Co2+ co-substituted M-type SrCaNd hexaferrites and their controlled magnetic properties
Authors: Yang Yujie , Wang Fanhou , Shao Juxiang , Huang Duohui , Trukhanov A. V. , Trukhanov S. V.
Published: July 2018

Al3+-Co2+ co-substituted M-type SrCaNd hexaferrites with cation compositions Sr0.5Ca0.2Nd0.3Fe12.0-x(Al0.5Co0.5)xO19 were synthesized using the traditional ceramic process by varying AlCo content (x) (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). The microstructures, morphologies and ferromagnetic properties of the samples were investigated as a function of AlCo content (x) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Hysteresis graph meter. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the hexaferrites with AlCo content (x) of 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) exhibited M-type phase and α-Fe2O3 as impurity phase, while the hexaferrites with AlCo content (x) ≥ 0.3 exhibited the single M-type phase. XRD, along with FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of M-type hexaferrites and the successful substitution of Al3+ and Co2+ ions in the hexaferrite lattice. The results of FE-SEM images proposed that all the particles with regular hexagonal platelet-like shape were homogeneous dispersed. The remanence (Br) first increased with AlCo content (x) from 0.0 to 0.3, and then decreased when AlCo content (x) ≥ 0.3. The intrinsic coercivity (Hcj) and magnetic induction coercivity (Hcb) first increased with AlCo content (x) from 0.0 to 0.2, and then decreased with AlCo content (x) from 0.2 to 0.3, and increased when AlCo content (x) ≥ 0.3. Maximum energy product [(BH)max] first increased with AlCo content (x) from 0.0 to 0.2, and then decreased at AlCo content (x) ≥ 0.2. Squareness ratio (Hk/Hcj) decreased with increasing AlCo content (x) from 0.0 to 0.5.
Structures of lithium-zinc compounds at high pressures
Authors: Dalladay-Simpson Philip , Binns Jack , Wang Mengnan , Peña-Alvarez Miriam , Pace Edward J. , Gregoryanz Eugene , Chen Xiao-Jia , Howie Ross
Published: July 2018

Intermetallic lithium compounds have found a wide range of applications owing to their light mass and desirable electronic and mechanical properties. Here, by compressing pure lithium and zinc mixtures in a diamond-anvil cell, we observe a direct reaction forming the stoichiometric compound LiZn, at pressures below 1 GPa. On further compression above 10 GPa, we observe the formation of Li2Zn, which is the highest lithium content compound to be discovered in the Li–Zn system. Our results constrain the structures of these compounds and their evolution with pressure, furthering our understanding of potentially useful light volume-efficient energy storage materials.
State-interaction pair-density functional theory
Authors: Sand Andrew M. , Hoyer Chad E. , Truhlar Donald G. , Gagliardi Laura
Published: July 2018

The accurate description of ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces poses a challenge for many electronic structure methods, especially in regions where strong electronic state interaction occurs. Here we introduce a new methodology, state-interaction pair-density functional theory (SI-PDFT), to target molecular systems exhibiting strong interaction of electronic states. SI-PDFT is an extension of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory in which a set of N electronic states is generated through the diagonalization of an N × N effective Hamiltonian. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by performing calculations on the ionic–neutral avoided crossing in lithium fluoride and the 1ππ-1πσ* avoided crossing in the H—O bond photodissociation in phenol. We show that SI-PDFT can be a useful tool in the study of photochemistry and nonadiabatic dynamics.
Thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) determination of thermoelectric materials by impedance spectroscopy up to 250 °C
Authors: Beltrán-Pitarch Braulio , Prado-Gonjal Jesús , Powell Anthony V. , Ziolkowski Pawel , García-Cañadas Jorge
Published: July 2018

Impedance spectroscopy has been shown as a promising method to characterize thermoelectric (TE) materials and devices. In particular, the possibility to determine the thermal conductivity λ, electrical conductivity σ, and the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of a TE element, if the Seebeck coefficient S is known, has been reported, although so far for a high-performance TE material (Bi2Te3) at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate the capability of this approach at temperatures up to 250 °C and for a material with modest TE properties. Moreover, we compare the results obtained with values from commercial equipment and quantify the precision and accuracy of the method. This is achieved by measuring the impedance response of a skutterudite material contacted by Cu contacts. The method shows excellent precision (random errors < 4.5% for all properties) and very good agreement with the results from commercial equipment (<4% for λ, between 4% and 6% for σ, and <8% for ZT), which proves its suitability to accurately characterize bulk TE materials. Especially, the capability to provide λ with good accuracy represents a useful alternative to the laser flash method, which typically exhibits higher errors and requires the measurement of additional properties (density and specific heat), which are not necessarily needed to obtain the ZT.
Generation of vector beam with tandem helical undulators
Authors: Matsuba Shunya , Kawase Keigo , Miyamoto Atsushi , Sasaki Shigemi , Fujimoto Masaki , Konomi Taro , Yamamoto Naoto , Hosaka Masahito , Katoh Masahiro
Published: July 2018

We propose a scheme to produce structured light in synchrotron light sources. In this scheme, light beams from two undulators are superposed by using a technique akin to the “cross undulator.” We demonstrate that a vector beam, in which the polarization direction varies with the azimuthal angle about the beam axis, is produced by superposing harmonic radiation from two helical undulators in tandem. Although this scheme is demonstrated in the ultraviolet range at the low-energy synchrotron UVSOR-III, it can be applied to high-energy synchrotrons to produce vector x-ray beams, which would open a new field in the application of synchrotron radiation.
Tailored tunneling magneto-dielectric effects in Co–MgF2 granular nanostructures by in-situ insertion of thin MgF2 layers
Authors: Cao Yang , Kobayashi Nobukiyo , Ohnuma Shigehiro , Masumoto Hiroshi
Published: July 2018

We report a Co–MgF/MgF heterostructure that comprises periodic layers of super-paramagnetic Co0.23–(MgF)0.77 and thin crystalline MgF, to tailor the frequency response of tunneling magneto-dielectric (TMD) effect. The results indicate that increasing MgF interlayer thickness (t) from 0 to 4 nm causes the position of peak dielectric change (Δε′/ε′0) at a specific frequency fTMD, to shift from 300 to 3 kHz, while also retaining a slight decrease in Δε′/ε′0 from 2.9% to 2.4%. The magnitude of Δε′/ε′0 can be controlled by varying the Co content in the granular layers. Theoretical curve fittings predict that the TMD effect in the heterostructure arises from both the granular layers and interlayers, and a change in inter-granular distance within the interlayers leads to a shift in the position of fTMD. This study may prove helpful for tailoring the magneto-dielectric response of granular nanocomposites to a particular frequency, with potential magnetoelectric applications over a wide frequency range.
Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and rumen-protected L-arginine supplementation during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes improve fetal thymus development and immune function
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhao Fangfang , Nie Haitao , Ma Tiewei , Wang Ziyu , Wang Feng , Loor Juan J.
Published: July 2018

The aims of the present study were to determine whether dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and rumen-protected l-arginine (RP-Arg) to underfed Hu sheep would improve fetal thymus development and immune function. From Day 35 to Day 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly allocated to one of four groups (n = 8 per group): 100% National Research Council (NRC)-recommended nutrient requirements (CON), 50% NRC recommendations (RES), 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 20 g day−1 RP-Arg (RES+ARG), and 50% NRC recommendations supplemented with 5 g day−1 NCG (RES+NCG). Medullary thickness was increased (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but was reduced (P < 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes compared with RES ewes. There were no differences in superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity or malondialdehyde levels in the RES+ARG and RES+NCG groups compared with the CON group (P > 0.05). Concentrations of IgA, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 in fetal umbilical cord blood were reduced (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were increased (P < 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. Expression of Bax, Fas and p53 mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) in RES compared with CON ewes, but were reduced (P > 0.05) in both RES+ARG and RES+NCG ewes. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with NCG and RP-Arg could help alleviate the negative effects of intrauterine growth restriction on fetal thymus development and immune function.
From conflict to collaboration: can better governance systems facilitate the sustainable development of the northern pastoral industry, communities and landscapes?
Authors: Dale Allan P.
Published: July 2018

The past decade has seen several high profile national policy conflicts related to sustainable development beset the northern Australian pastoral industry. Examples include the live cattle export ban, tree clearing legislation in Queensland and significant pastoral sector concerns about exploration and development of coal and gas reserves across the north. Although these are very legitimate cross-societal debates, the high levels of conflict associated with them impact on the willingness of corporate, family and Indigenous farming enterprises in northern Australia to invest in development. They also affect the willingness and capacities of pastoralists to cooperate with governments in various approaches to change management in northern landscapes. In the pursuit of a better pathway that might resolve policy problems while also delivering industry benefit, this paper analyses several high-profile industry and landscape scale conflicts from recent years, teasing out the key features of governance system dysfunction. At the same time, I also look at positive governance developments emerging in related contexts. Drawing on this analysis, I suggest the current system of governance affecting the northern Australian pastoral industry might have much to learn from the application of more evidence rich and engaging systems of co-management. I suggest that moving in this direction, however, would require Australian, state and Northern Territory (NT) governments to genuinely partner the industry, Traditional Owners and other key sectoral interests, leading to long-term vision building, strategy development and delivery partnerships that benefit industry and communities while resolving wider societal concerns.
Mechanics of spontaneously formed nanoblisters trapped by transferred 2D crystals
Authors: Sanchez Daniel A. , Dai Zhaohe , Wang Peng , Cantu-Chavez Arturo , Brennan Christopher J. , Huang Rui , Lu Nanshu
Published: July 2018

Significance

Spontaneously formed nanoblisters are almost inevitable when transferring 2D crystals to a substrate. We hypothesize that those nanoblisters are filled with liquid according to our time-lapse atomic force microscopy scans and reasonable estimation of adhesion energy. We show that the liquid-filled nanoblisters form as a result of competition between the elastic energy of the deformed 2D crystal, the interfacial energy associated with van der Waals interactions, and surface tension of the liquid contents. Besides pointing to solutions for controlling their shape and internal pressure, our analysis provides a method to estimate the work of adhesion of 2D material interfaces by simply measuring the aspect ratios of the blisters, which is essential for the design and fabrication of 2D crystal-based applications.
The interpretation of metonymy by Japanese learners of English
Authors: Littlemore Jeannette , Arizono Satomi , May Alice
Published: July 2018

Figurative language can present both difficulties and opportunities in crosslinguistic and cross-cultural communication. Previous studies have focused on difficulties in metaphor comprehension faced by speakers of different languages, but metonymy comprehension is a relatively under-researched area. In this chapter, we describe a two-part study exploring metonymy comprehension by Japanese learners of English. In the first part of the study, ten Japanese learners of English were asked to explain the meanings of twenty expressions instantiating a range of metonymy types. Comprehension problems included: the missing of, or misuse of, contextual clues; positive and negative interference from Japanese; ‘underspecification’; and a tendency to interpret metonyms as if they were metaphors. The second part of the study focused on the functions performed by metonymy. Twenty-two Japanese learners of English were asked to interpret a set of twenty metonyms, each of which performed a particular function. Metonyms involving humour and irony appeared to be more difficult to understand than ones serving other functions, such as indirect reference and evaluation.
Methodological triangulation in the study of emotion: The case of 'anger' in three language groups
Authors: Ogarkova Anna , Soriano Salinas Cristina Maria , Gladkova Anna
Published: July 2018

This chapter explores the value of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in the
interdisciplinary study of emotion. The insights provided by a quantitative,
corpus-based analysis of anger metaphors in three languages (English, Spanish, Russian) are compared to those obtained from two other methodologies of a more psycholinguistic kind: a feature-rating and a labelling task. The three methodologies are used to test in language several hypotheses on cross-cultural differences in anger experiences derived from earlier findings in emotion psychology. The three methods are found to be complementary and provide convergent evidence that support the hypotheses, with each method contributing additional pertinent data on some of the issues addressed. We discuss the contribution of CMT, its relative importance and specificity, and highlight several methodological and analytical adaptations that CMT studies should undergo for its results to become more informative to other disciplines in the study of emotion.
The role of force dynamics and intentionality in the reconstruction of L2 verb meanings: A Danish-Spanish bidirectional study
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide , Cadierno Teresa , Hijazo-Gascón Alberto
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the role of force dynamics and intentionality in the
description of placement events by two groups of native speakers of typologically and genetically different languages, Danish and Spanish, and by two groups of intermediate adult learners, Danish learners of L2 Spanish and
Spanish learners of L2 Danish. The results of the study showed that (a) force
dynamics and intentionality are important semantic components in both languages, but their distribution and relative focus differed cross-linguistically, and (b) the two learner groups had difficulties in reconstructing the meanings of the L2 verbs involving these two semantic components. Learning difficulties were observed when moving from a less to a more complex L2 system, when moving in the opposite direction, i.e., from a more to a less complex L2 system and when moving to an L2 system that is as complex as the learners native one.
Cross-linguistic influence in the interpretation of boundary-crossing events in L2 acquisition
Authors: Alonso Rosa Alonso
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses the interpretation of boundary-crossing events in second language acquisition (SLA) to determine whether L2 learners are able to select the target-like option for the interpretation of motion events or whether, on the contrary, their choice reflects cross-linguistic influence (CLI) of their L1. The two groups participating in the study – thirty Spanish learners of L2 English and sixteen English first language (L1) speakers – were subjected to an experiment involving an interpretation task with L2 boundary-crossing events pictures. Findings indicate that Spanish L2 learners selected three possible constructions (manner verb + path satellite, path in verb + manner in satellite and a combination of both) in clear contrast to English L1 speakers who only selected one construction (manner verb + path satellite). CLI has also been found to regulate the type of boundary-crossing event selected, primarily in cases of motion INTO a bounded space in the horizontal axis.
Thinking for translating and intra-typological variation in satellite-framed languages
Authors: Lewandowski Wojciech , Mateu Jaume
Published: July 2018

We analyze the expression of motion in translations of Tolkien’s The Hobbit into Polish and German within the framework of Talmy’s (1991, 2000) typology of macro-events and Slobin’s (1991, 1996) “Thinking for speaking” hypothesis.
We show that although both languages pertain to the satellite-framed typological group, Polish provides less diversified Manner and Path descriptions than German, which exploits the satellite-framed lexicalization pattern by far more productively. We relate these contrasts in the rhetorical style to the particular morpho-syntactic and semantic characteristics of the languages under discussion.
The Tycho Brahe Corpus of Historical Portuguese
Authors: Galves Charlotte
Published: July 2018

This article introduces the Tycho Brahe Corpus (TBC), a parsed corpus of Historical Portuguese built on the model of the Penn-York Corpora of English. As an illustration of the usefulness of the TBC, the article presents research on the evolution of the position and interpretation of subjects in Portuguese from the 16th to the 19th century. Two main claims emerge, in response to questions that have largely remained unanswered until now, due to the paucity of available data. One is that the texts of the classical period instantiate verb-movement to Comp in matrix clauses, reflecting a V2 grammar. The other is that quantitative and qualitative changes appearing in the texts of the authors born from the beginning of the 18th century on indicate that, at this period, verb-movement to Comp was lost and the modern SVO grammar emerged.
On the acquisition of event culmination
Authors: van Hout Angeliek
Published: July 2018

There is quite a high rate of acceptance of telic-perfective predicates as descriptions of non-culminating events in children learning Germanic and Romance languages. What causes children, much more so than adults, to accept non-culminating interpretations of telic-perfective sentences? In this review, I discuss learners’ difficulties’ in each of three grammatical dimensions that contribute to event culmination: the notion of ‘result’ as encoded in the lexical semantics of verbs, telicity of verb phrases telicity, and perfectivity of tense-aspect morphology. I conclude that telicity and perfectivity do not cause the non-culmination acceptance patterns. Instead, the learnability challenge for event culmination lies in the acquisition of verb meanings. I sketch several new angles for further research, including the role of agentivity of the subject.
Telicity in typical and impaired acquisition
Authors: Schulz Petra
Published: July 2018

This chapter discusses children’s knowledge of the syntactic-semantic interface of different types of telicity in typical and impaired acquisition. It maintains that telicity can be semantic or pragmatic, depending on whether event completion is entailed or implicated. It further delineates the Event Structural Bootstrapping account, arguing that Endstate Orientation – rather than a Manner Bias – guides children’s acquisition of verb meanings. Findings from studies testing German-speaking children’s early verb production and comprehension are provided as evidence for a strong Endstate Orientation in typical development, but not in Specific Language Impairment. These data speak for modularity in the domain of semantics and for the presence of selective impairments in verb semantics. Cross-linguistic implications for further research are formulated in the conclusion.
Analogical structure mapping and the formation of abstract constructions
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Goldwater Micah B. , Lieven Elena
Published: July 2018

This chapter reports an experimental study in which children aged 4;9–6;1 were taught two novel constructions with meanings of enabling/helping and preventing/stopping with OSV and VOS word order. The aim was to test Tomasello’s (2003) proposal that children form abstract constructions by performing analogical structure mapping across lexically-specific slot-and-frame patterns (e.g., He’s [X]ing it) and/or particular sentences that instantiate them. All surface cues were minimized, such that successful learning of the construction required children to align the relational structure (i.e., helper-action-helpee or preventer-action-preventee, as appropriate) of the training sentences. A forced-choice pointing test revealed that children did not successfully learn either the constructions’ global meanings or argument linking patterns (though a control group of adults succeeded at the latter task).