bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENDUSTAAN MANUSIA TERHADAP ALLAH
Authors: Ulia Fitriani Wan
Published: February 2024

Human’s lying and insulting to God is inappropriate because human lives at God’s mercy. God is the most perfect being in which He is the only being (one), does not need any other existence and has dominion over All things. The Qur’an and hadith carry various news in which it tells about the greatness of Allah and his power that sometimes still doubted by some people such as people who doubt life after death even though before creation, the condition of man who was still in the form of origin (land) was a form of the first death of human. Among the main points in this article is talk about faith and monotheism, where the statement that Allah has broken His promises is a lie and the accusation that he took a son is an insult. With the Qur’an and hadith as the foundation for breaking every accusation that is thrown to Allah, it is impossible to think that it can be in God’s substance, and when someone can understand it as well, it can have a big impact on their faith and deliver a big love to their only one God. This research was conducted using the qualitative method, which entailed gathering data from various sources, connecting the data, and then using the data as a foundation to deny all lying and amplifying that thrown to Allah and as a foundation that Allah was the truth, and and only God all of time.
Open Science Recommendation Systems for Academic Libraries
Authors: Beltran Lencia , Griego Chasz , Herckis Lauren
Published: February 2024

An interdisciplinary academic team offers a comprehensive case study describing the development of a predictive model as the cornerstone for an open science recommendation system tailored to the Carnegie Mellon University community. This initiative will empower users in choosing open science services that align with their academic requirements, introduce academics to resources they find valuable, and bridge gaps within academic library service offerings.As an institution with a longstanding commitment to a science-informed approach and a focus on computer science, engineering, and artificial intelligence, Carnegie Mellon University has enthusiastically embraced open science practices. The Carnegie Mellon University’s Libraries has been instrumental in bringing these practices into our academic landscape.The authors strive to develop a predictive model which will evolve into a recommendation system. The pursuit of this endeavor has led the authors through several ethical considerations, such as data privacy, the involvement of student contributors, and the design of a persuasive recommendation system. We are committed to exploring ethical approaches for delivering user-centered recommendations and to preserving individual autonomy.The authors have actively engaged with diverse academic departments, students, and faculty, embarking on data exploration, and applying open science principles throughout the process. The resulting system will raise awareness of library services and deliver tailored recommendations for the adoption of proven research tools and practices.This case study serves as an exemplar of how universities can enact open science principles and develop systems that prioritize the user's interests, navigate institutional complexities to forge interdisciplinary collaboration, and muster resources to support innovative, multi-disciplinary efforts. 
Ethical considerations in utilizing artificial intelligence for analyzing the NHGRI’s History of Genomics and Human Genome Project archives
Authors: Hosseini Mohammad , Hong Spencer , Holmes Kristi , Wetterstrand Kris , Donohue Christopher , Amaral Luis A. Nunes , Stoeger Thomas
Published: February 2024

Understanding “how to optimize the production of scientific knowledge” is paramount to those who support scientific research—funders as well as research institutions—to the communities served, and to researchers. Structured archives can help all involved to learn what decisions and processes help or hinder the production of new knowledge. Using artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs), we recently created the first structured digital representation of the historic archives of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), part of the National Institutes of Health. This work yielded a digital knowledge base of entities, topics, and documents that can be used to probe the inner workings of the Human Genome Project, a massive international public-private effort to sequence the human genome, and several of its offshoots like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE). The resulting knowledge base will be instrumental in understanding not only how the Human Genome Project and genomics research developed collaboratively, but also how scientific goals come to be formulated and evolve. Given the diverse and rich data used in this project, we evaluated the ethical implications of employing AI and LLMs to process and analyze this valuable archive. As the first computational investigation of the internal archives of a massive collaborative project with multiple funders and institutions, this study will inform future efforts to conduct similar investigations while also considering and minimizing ethical challenges. Our methodology and risk-mitigating measures could also inform future initiatives in developing standards for project planning, policymaking, enhancing transparency, and ensuring ethical utilization of artificial intelligence technologies and large language models in archive exploration.Author Contributions: Mohammad Hosseini: Investigation; Project Administration; Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. Spencer Hong: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Thomas Stoeger: Conceptualization; Investigation; Project Administration; Supervision; Writing – original draft; Writing – review & editing. Kristi Holmes: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Luis A. Nunes Amaral: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Christopher Donohue: Conceptualization, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Kris Wetterstrand: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration.
Repercussão jurídica e sustentável do uso de energia solar fotovoltaica em propriedades rurais
Authors: Cabral Flávio Garcia , Jaques Abner da Silva , Vasques Rafael Luís Correa
Published: February 2024

A busca por fontes sustentáveis de energia tem ampliado o diálogo interdisciplinar sobre a importância de se encontrar alternativas para um futuro comum. Nessa perspectiva, o artigo objetiva analisar os impactos jurídicos e socioambientais da utilização da energia solar fotovoltaica em propriedades rurais brasileiras. A problemática está relacionada à intenção de identificar quais as possibilidades e os obstáculos do emprego de tal matriz energética, especialmente no que se refere à correta destinação do descarte de painéis solares – aspecto que ainda padece de regulação adequada. A pesquisa utiliza do método dedutivo, com base em abordagens bibliográficas e documentais, visando à construção de um estudo exploratório e descritivo. A conclusão indica que, atualmente, não há uma regulamentação adequada no que diz respeito aos resíduos sólidos gerados pela produção da energia, o que pode fazer com que uma solução que a princípio se revela interessante e promissora acabe por gerar grandes impactos negativos no longo prazo. Desse modo, é importante pensar em formas de atender às necessidades geracionais na prática dita com sustentável.
Critérios ASG e democracia econômica: dever fiduciário de administradores e gestores de fundos de investimento para o desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Hudler Daniel Jacomelli , Benacchio Marcelo
Published: February 2024

Em face do aumento significativo de investidores pessoas físicas e da multiplicação de produtos e serviços sustentáveis, sob a sigla ESG (ou ASG) em bolsa de valores brasileira, justifica-se estudo sobre regulação jurídica do mercado de fundos de investimentos, que engloba tanto prestadores de serviço (gestores e administradores), quanto consumidores (pessoas físicas). Objetiva-se compreensão sobre relação entre Democracia e Mercado Financeiro, no âmbito da sociedade hipercomplexa e da economia de mercado global, analisando-se especificamente: (i) – funcionamento do mercado financeiro a partir de teorias de Democracia Econômica, que refletem poder decisório na organização da atividade empresarial; (ii) – a responsabilidade jurídica do administrador e gestor de fundos de investimento na incorporação de critérios ASG, a partir do dever fiduciário. Emprega-se o método indutivo com auxílio de pesquisa bibliográfica. Conclui-se que: 1 – os critérios ASG, representativos da cooperação entre Estado-Empresa para consecução dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), não contribuem de forma direta para a democratização do mercado financeiro, mas sim indireta, a partir da introdução de procedimentos de cooperação que promovem a transparência e diálogo, a exemplo do disclosure, que abordam publicamente questões ambientais, sociais e de governança, temas essenciais à democracia nos moldes atuais; 2 – responsabilidade jurídica sobre a incorporação de critérios ASG e a escolha de ativos não deve estar adstrita ao critério risco-retorno, pois há novo universo normativo incidente sobre a atuação dos gestores/administradores de fundos de investimento, inclusive por meio de normas transnacionais, as quais englobam uma nova ética direcionada aos ODS, complementar aos deveres fiduciários tradicionais.
Inteligencia artificial, un asistente para fomentar la compra pública verde
Authors: Expósito-López Oscar
Published: February 2024

La contratación estratégica ambiental se encuentra estancada por unos criterios legales y prácticos que no proporcionan suficientes alicientes para su uso. Desde la óptica legal, es posible sustituir su consecución por aspectos sociales, por un lado, y existen muchas trabas jurídicas a su incorporación, por otro. Desde la óptica práctica, aunque existen mecanismos como las listas o los estudios preliminares de mercado, se demuestran ineficaces para el cometido para el que han sido creados. Si desea revertirse esta situación será necesario actualizar el modelo actual y evolucionar hacia un sistema más inteligente de compra pública verde que permita a los funcionarios adoptar decisiones informadas de manera rápida y eficaz. Para ello se sugiere el uso de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial como herramientas meramente asistenciales en la elaboración de pliegos que rigen los procedimientos de contratación pública. Esta nueva tecnología tiene un potencial de actuación sorprendente, siendo que sus versiones en abierto, es decir, que pueden ser utilizadas por toda Administración en cualquier momento, pueden llegar realizar recomendaciones que alcanzan hasta un ~43% de eficacia. Esta base puede suponer un aliciente para la incorporación y expansión de su uso en un futuro a corto plazo.
Os serviços de utilidade pública no Brasil: um paradoxo entre dois modelos
Authors: Gremaud Amaury Patrick , Figueiredo Alexandre Ganan de Brites , Cicogna Maria Paula Vieira , Toneto Júnior Rudinei
Published: February 2024

Esse artigo analisa a relação entre a Economia e o Direito na construção dos modelos regulatórios dos serviços públicos no Brasil, recorrendo também ao estudo de duas experiências nacionais: a do setor ferroviário e do setor elétrico. Não se trata propriamente de uma história da regulação dos serviços públicos no país, mas de uma análise histórica e econômica do problema da construção de modelos de provisão que se adequassem a cada etapa da construção do Estado brasileiro. Sustenta-se aqui a existência de uma espécie de paradoxo de um Estado que opta por dado modelo de provisão enquanto a legislação em vigor caminha no sentido inverso. Opções em aberto, disputas, vozes silenciadas, circunstâncias específicas são elementos que uma análise de longo prazo tende a não abordar. Contudo, a proposta aqui apresentada para a periodização dos modelos de provisão dos serviços públicos no Brasil pode ser útil à medida em que permite a observação do paradoxo que, ao fim, é o objeto do presente artigo.
Evaluative representation of China's political image in modern Russian Media
Authors: Fomina Iuliia
Published: February 2024

The object of the study is the evaluative characteristics of the image of China presented in modern Russian media. The subject of the study is the content and language features of the estimated representation of the political image of China as one of the leading geopolitical forces in the world. The material of the work was published by Russian Internet media (2020-2023). The author examines in detail the features of the evaluation of the image of the head of state, Xi Jinping, as well as the implementation of China's domestic and foreign policy. The positive and negative evaluative characteristics of China's political image are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the formation of private values. The linguistic means of expressing evaluation used in the texts of modern Russian mass media are characterized. The conducted research allows us to conclude that a generally positive political image of China is being formed in modern Russian Internet media (81% of positive ratings). On the positive side, the personal qualities of the head of state, which are manifested in the implementation of his political activities, are evaluated. The economic situation in the country, the nature of foreign policy towards the United States, and participation in resolving the conflict between Russia and Ukraine are also generally positively assessed. A negative assessment is present only when describing the aggressive strategies in Xi Jinping's policy. In most cases, a positive absolute assessment of China's policy is designed to form the image of a stable state and a strong "player" in the political arena. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the appeal to the study of the information field relevant to the Russian public in connection with the high dynamics of the development of international Russian-Chinese relations. The peculiarities of the evaluative representation of the image of the state and the policy implemented by it in the media allow us to draw conclusions about the mechanisms of formation of evaluative meanings and impact on the mass audience in the modern information space.
Strategies for translating English filmonyms into Russian
Authors: Dondik Lyudmila Yurievna
Published: February 2024

The subject of the research in the article is the peculiarities of the translation of filmonyms from English into Russian. The methods of comparative, semantic and pragmatic analysis with elements of cultural and stylistic analysis are used in the work. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that it is based on the material of parallel English- and Russian-language filmonyms released over the past two decades. The obtained results contribute to the development of translation studies and the theory of onyms. Choosing a strategy is one of the most important decisions of the translator which is associated with the linguistic features of the filmonym and the cultural specifics of the translation audience. The closer the cultures of native speakers of the original language and the target language are, the more opportunities there are for using forenization, a translation strategy in which the translator strives to preserve the content and the form of the original title. Forenization strategy was used to transmit 25.34% of the English-language filmonyms of the sample, which is significantly inferior to the number of filmonyms translated according to the domestication strategy, which make up 69.34% of the sample. The high frequency of the domestication strategy is explained by the fact that using translation transformations allows overcoming such difficulties in translating filmonyms as discordance of interlanguage equivalents, mismatch of meanings of similar words, undesirable associations with precedent phenomena, dysphemisms, the emergence of meanings that disorient the viewer, untranslatable wordplay. In the examples that make up 5.32% of the sample, the binomial translation construction of the onym was used; the forenized title of the film is included in the first part before the colon, and the second part is a variant of the name adapted as part of the domestication strategy.
Types of use of peripheral forms of the creative case in the aspect of adverbialization (the substantive word form "in a whisper")
Authors: Shigurov Viktor Vasil'evich , Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna , Pulov Evgenii Vladimirovich
Published: February 2024

The stepwise nature of adverbial transposition of nouns without prepositions is investigated. The object of study is the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions, representing the first stage of transposition into adverbs, the subject of consideration is combinatorics and the proportion of substantive and adverbial features in the structure of word forms of the "whisper" type, functioning in the zone of the periphery of the noun class. The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop such a field of scientific research as the transpositional grammar of the Russian language, as well as to identify patterns of functioning of linguistic units in transitional zones between parts of speech and interparticle semantic and syntactic categories. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of substantive word forms that demonstrate different degrees of manifestation of signs interacting with the functional adverbialization of nouns and adverbs on two stages of the noun zone. Within the framework of the proposed approach to syncretic formations, methods of oppositional analysis (with an adverbial scale), elements of component, distributive analysis, and linguistic experiment are used. The novelty of the study consists in the description of a formalized methodology for establishing the stages of adverbialization of substantive word forms, demonstrating a different degree of departure from nouns and approximation to adverbs. It is established that the substantive word form "whisper", for example, is characterized by a multi-stage transposition into an adverbial class. In the zone of the periphery of nouns, she makes the first, actually syntactic step towards adverbs. It is associated with its use first in the syncretic function of complement and circumstance, and then only in the function of circumstance. The presence of dependent words in the form of adjectival and subsubstantial distributors, as well as the function of object complement, restrain the further advancement of the word form "in a whisper" towards the class of adverbs. The loss of object meaning in the word form under consideration is associated with a shift at the level of verbal subordination: weak control as a way of connecting the word form "in a whisper" with the main word is replaced by case adjunction. Object-circumstantial relations are transformed into circumstantial ones. But the main categorical features of nouns in the zone of the periphery of this class of words are preserved. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains an understanding of transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech in a systemic linguistic aspect. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying its results in teaching linguistic disciplines – Russian, general linguistics, theoretical grammar.
Visual homogeneity computations in the brain enable solving generic visual tasks
Authors: Jacob Georgin , Pramod R. T. , Arun S. P.
Published: February 2024

Many visual tasks involve looking for specific object features. But we also often perform generic tasks where we look for specific property, such as finding an odd item, deciding if two items are same, or if an object has symmetry. How do we solve such tasks? Using simple neural rules, we show that displays with repeating elements can be distinguished from heterogeneous displays using a property we define as visual homogeneity. In behavior, visual homogeneity predicted response times on visual search and symmetry tasks. Brain imaging during these tasks revealed that visual homogeneity in both tasks is localized to a region in the object-selective cortex. Thus, a novel image property, visual homogeneity, is encoded in a localized brain region, to solve generic visual tasks.Most visual tasks involve looking for specific features, like finding a face in a crowd. But we often also perform generic tasks where we look for a particular image property – such as finding an odd item, deciding if two items are same, or judging if an object is symmetric. Precisely how we solve such disparate tasks is unclear. Here, we show that these tasks can be solved using a simple property we define as visual homogeneity. In behavior, visual homogeneity predicted response times on visual search and symmetry tasks. In brain imaging, it was localized to a region near the object-selective cortex. Thus, a novel image property, visual homogeneity, is computed by the brain to solve generic visual tasks.
Cell Adhesion-Dependent Biphasic Axon Outgrowth Elucidated by Femtosecond Laser Impulse
Authors: Yamada Sohei , Baba Kentarou , Inagaki Naoyuki , Hosokawa Yoichiroh
Published: February 2024

Axon outgrowth is promoted by the mechanical coupling between F-actin and adhesive substrates via clutch and adhesion molecules in an axonal growth cone. In this study, we utilized a femtosecond laser-induced impulse to break the coupling between the growth cone and the substrate, enabling us to evaluate the strength of the binding between the growth cone and a laminin on the substrate, and also determine the contribution of adhesion strength to axon outgrowth and traction force for the outgrowth. We found that the adhesion strength of axonal L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM)-laminin binding increased with the laminin density on the substrate. In addition, fluorescent speckle microscopy revealed that the retrograde flow of F-actin in the growth cone was dependent on the laminin density such that the flow speed reduced with increasing L1CAM-laminin binding. However, axon outgrowth and the traction force did not increase monotonically with increased L1CAM-laminin binding but rather exhibited biphasic behavior, in which the outgrowth was suppressed by excessive L1CAM-laminin binding. Our quantitative evaluations suggest that the biphasic outgrowth is regulated by the balance between traction force and adhesion strength. These results imply that adhesion modulation is key to the regulation of axon guidance.
Securing Tomorrow: The Intersection of AI, Data, and Analytics in Fraud Prevention
Authors: Gupta Pankaj
Published: February 2024

Aim: This research investigates the interconnections among Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and other cutting-edge technologies to enhance comprehension of fraud prevention. The advantages of integrating machine learning and data analytics into artificial intelligence systems for industry-wide fraud detection and prevention are examined in this study.
Study Design: My approach involved conducting an extensive examination of existing literature and analysing numerous case studies to gather information on the role of artificial intelligence, data, and analytics in fraud prevention.
Place and Duration of the Study: A broad spectrum of academic, corporate, and governmental sources is utilised to supply the research study with its international scope. This study examines publications and developments from 2019 to 2023.
Methodology: The research procedure incorporated an exhaustive literature review. This assessment was composed of academic journals, conference proceedings, and official publications. A qualitative analysis was conducted to assess the data, identify commonalities, and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of AI fraud protection solutions. A more comprehensive examination of practical implementations was facilitated by case studies, which enhanced comprehension of fraud prevention strategies propelled by AI.
Results: The research revealed important findings concerning the various ways in which analytics, data, and artificial intelligence can be implemented to prevent fraudulent activities. An examination of comparisons between generative AI for social engineering, credit card analytics, and cyber-physical security for Internet of Things (IoT) networks illuminated the merits and demerits of different Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, AI, data, and analytics may alter system defences against fraud. The above-mentioned results underscore the significance of flexible fraud prevention strategies. Constant collaboration, innovative technology, and ongoing investigation are required to remain ahead of evolving fraud techniques. The paper concludes by emphasising the significance of future challenges and orientations.
Analyses of Climate Variability and Trends in the Oil Palm Belt of Ghana
Authors: Zutah Victor Tetteh , Sarkodie-Addo Joseph , Tuffour Henry Oppong , Tandoh Paul Kweku
Published: February 2024

The current production of oil palm in Africa has been severely limited by long periods of drought and perennial floods due to the increased rates of climate change. The study was aimed at assessing the climatic variability trends in 7 major Oil Palm growing areas (Benso, Mpohor, Bogoso, Twifo Praso, Kade, Juabeng and Brewaniese) located in the oil palm belt in Ghana spanning the semideciduous and the wet evergreen rainforest zones of Ghana using 30 years of historical weather data (1993-2022). The data was analysed to evaluate the extent of seasonal changes in weather over the 30-year period using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0 version), using descriptive statistics and time series analysis. Trend analysis was conducted using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope estimator tests. A seasonal trend in rainfall was observed at all sites with maximum levels observed between May and July as well as a minor rainy season in September to Mid-November. The Mann-Kendall trend analysis showed a generally increasing trend at most stations in rainfall, temperature and solar radiation. A generally increasing trend in annual rainfall was observed from 1993-2022 with significant trends at Mpohor and Juabeng. The trend was higher in the moist evergreen rainforest zone than in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone. An average increase of 6.7 mm/yr in rainfall trend was observed for the period.  An increasing trend in monthly maximum, minimum and mean temperatures were also observed. Significant increases in mean temperatures were observed at Bogoso (0.022°C/yr), Benso (0.018°C/yr), Juabeng (0.011°C/yr) and Mpohor (0.017°C/yr). The trend in mean annual solar radiation was generally not significant except in Benso where the mean solar radiation increased at the rate of 0.044 MJ/day. Higher drought levels in the first half year combined with very heavy rains later in the year are features of the ongoing climate change menace.
Formation of the theta aurora by a transient convection during northward interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Tanaka T. , Obara T. , Kunitake M.
Published: September 2004

Formation of the theta aurora, which appears under the conditions of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and greater IMF magnitude, is investigated from the analysis of solutions obtained from a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation. The theta aurora formation is caused by a transient convection after a sign change of IMF By. This transient convection must include a replacement of lobe field lines from old IMF originating fields to new IMF originating fields, a rotation of plasma sheet to opposite inclination, and a reformation of ionospheric convection cells. In the midst of these reconfigurations, old and new convection systems must coexist in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. In this stage the polar cap and tail lobes are continuously encroached by the new open field lines connected to the new IMF. Whereas magnetic field lines accumulated in new lobes tend to rotate the outer plasma sheet in the opposite direction, the old merging‐cell convection still continues to generate closed field lines that must return to dayside against the new lobe formation. As time goes on, the growth of new lobes results in the blocking of the return path toward the dayside of closed field lines generated in the old merging cell to form the kink structure in the plasma sheet. Losing their return path, these closed field lines generated from old lobes accumulate on the nightside. The transpolar arc (TPA) appears at the footpoints of these accumulated closed field lines. In the tail plasma sheet the cross‐tail Z configuration and kink structures are generated because the plasma sheet near the magnetopause is rotated to the opposite direction while the core part is retaining old rotation.
Transpolar potential saturation models compared
Authors: Siscoe G. , Raeder J. , Ridley A. J.
Published: September 2004

We compare four explanations of transpolar potential saturation: (1) the magnetic field at the stagnation point weakens, thereby limiting magnetic reconnection; (2) a dimple develops at the stagnation point, which limits the inflow rate to the reconnection line; (3) the magnetopause becomes blunt and the bow shock recedes, thus giving more room for the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere, thereby reducing the need for magnetic reconnection; (4) the region 1 current system usurps the Chapman‐Ferraro current system and saturates when the J × B force it generates balances solar wind ram pressure. The paper's point is that all four mechanisms involve a limit on the strength of the region 1 current system and that the criterion for the onset of transpolar potential saturation in each mechanism is that the region 1 current system generates a magnetic field that is about as strong as the dipole field at the dayside magnetopause. This circumstance prevents tests to discriminate between the four mechanisms based on predictions that relate to their dependencies on the region 1 current system. The group as a whole, however, can be tested to see whether their common criterion that relates the onset of transpolar potential saturation to the total current flowing in the region 1 system holds. The criterion can be formulated in terms of predictions that relate transpolar potential saturation to the strength of the interplanetary electric field, solar wind ram pressure, and ionospheric conductance. Published data analyses and MHD simulations reasonably confirm these predictions.
Optical properties of melting landfast sea ice and underlying seawater in Santala Bay, Gulf of Finland
Authors: Ehn Jens , Granskog Mats A. , Reinart Anu , Erm Ants
Published: September 2004

In March and early April 2000, spectral irradiance measurements were conducted on 10 occasions above and beneath the landfast sea ice in Santala Bay near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland. The measurements included the spectral albedo and transmittance of the sea ice and the downwelling and upwelling spectral irradiance at different depths in the water column. Spectral albedos integrated over 400–700 nm photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were in the range of 0.16–0.58, with most common values between 0.33 and 0.42. Maximum transmittances for the ice are found close to 570 nm, decreasing toward shorter and longer wavelengths. Correspondingly, diffuse attenuation coefficients for both seawater and sea ice agree well with earlier measurements in the Baltic Sea and have a PAR attenuation of 0.4–0.7 and 3.1–4.7 m−1, respectively. During the measurement period the ice reached its maximum thickness of 28 cm and thereafter started to decay. The sea ice was snow free; however, the formation of high‐scattering melt/freeze layers above the freeboard largely increased the surface reflectance. Discharged meltwater was retained beneath the sea ice, forming a low‐salinity layer which only disappeared as the ice ablated in April. Compared with many parts of the Arctic, the sea ice and seawater in Santala Bay contain higher amounts of dissolved and particulate matter, which are indicated by high absorption at wavelengths below 700 nm and thus potentially increase the melt rate of the sea ice.
Wind‐induced motion in the vicinity of a bottom density front: Response to forcing frequency
Authors: Davies Alan M. , Xing Jiuxing
Published: September 2004

A numerical model is used to examine the influence of nonlinear processes in the vicinity of a shallow sea bottom density front upon the depth of penetration of the wind's momentum at both superinertial and subinertial frequencies. Calculations show that nonlinear effects associated with differences in vorticity across the frontal jet significantly influence the depth of penetration of the wind's momentum and internal wave propagation. Differences in wind‐induced current amplitude and phase at depth due to nonlinear effects give rise to substantial vertical velocity in the frontal region, which drives near‐bed currents and forces internal waves. At superinertial frequencies, internal waves propagate away from the positive vorticity side of the front. However, at depth, internal waves are generated and current amplitude increases in the region of sloping density surfaces associated with the front. On the negative vorticity side, due to an effective inertial frequency below inertial, the wind's energy can propagate deeper into the water column. Wind forcing at subinertial frequencies does not lead to internal wave propagation. On the positive vorticity side of the front the wind's momentum cannot diffuse to depth due to turbulence suppression by stable stratification. The ability of the wind's momentum to penetrate to a greater depth in a frontal region through nonlinear effects suggests that these may be important processes influencing wind mixing in frontal regions.
Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region Arctic cirrus during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE)
Authors: Hallar A. Gannet , Avallone Linnea M. , Herman Robert L. , Anderson Bruce E. , Heymsfield Andrew J.
Published: September 2004

A new instrument, the closed‐path laser hygrometer (CLH), was flown on the NASA DC‐8 aircraft during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) campaign in 1999–2000 to measure condensed‐phase water. The ice water content (IWC) of Arctic cirrus was determined from in situ measurements of condensed‐ and gas‐phase water. The IWC values obtained from the CLH observations are compared to those determined by integrating particle size distributions measured by a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) also flown on the DC‐8. The considerably greater IWC seen by the CLH implies the presence of particles with diameters greater than the FSSP's upper limit of 20 μm. The evidence for and implications of the presence of large ice crystals in Arctic cirrus is discussed.
Revised tuning of Ocean Drilling Program Site 964 and KC01B (Mediterranean) and implications for the δ18O, tephra, calcareous nannofossil, and geomagnetic reversal chronologies of the past 1.1 Myr
Authors: Lourens Lucas J.
Published: September 2004

High‐resolution color reflectance records of KC01 and KC01B (Calabrian Ridge, Ionian Sea) are presented and compared with a modified spliced high‐resolution color reflectance record of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 964. This comparison revealed that KC01B is characterized by intensive deformation between ∼27 and 28.5 m piston depth and that some sapropels are tectonically reduced in thickness. Moreover, the piston coring has caused considerable stretching in the top of KC01 and KC01B. Using a new splice of ODP Site 964 as guide, previous astronomical tuned timescales of KC01B and ODP Site 964 were evaluated. This evaluation resulted in a new sapropel‐based astronomical timescale for the last 1.1 Myr. The new timescale implies a much more uniform change in sedimentation rate for the Ionian Sea cores. Two prominent excursions to lighter values in the δ18O record of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides ruber occur during marine isotopic stages 12 and 16 applying the new timescale. These shifts correspond with maxima in obliquity and are punctuated by minima in the precession cycle. They are absent in global ice volume records and are interpreted as reflecting a (summer) low‐salinity surface water lens that floats on top of extremely saline intermediate and deep waters at times of the very low sea levels during these glacial periods. All biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic events found in KC01B and ODP Site 964 were re‐dated according to the new timescale, and the ages of 33 tephra layers were reviewed. The new ages for the Calabrian Ridge 2 and 3 magnetic events in the Brunhes are concordant with minima in the global Sint800 composite record, derived from worldwide deep‐sea records of relative paleointensity and have been attributed to the Big Lost and La Palma excursions, respectively.
The 40Ar/39Ar dating of magmatic activity in the Donbas Fold Belt and the Scythian Platform (Eastern European Craton)
Authors: Alexandre P. , Chalot‐Prat F. , Saintot A. , Wijbrans J. , Stephenson R. , Wilson M. , Kitchka A. , Stovba S.
Published: September 2004

The Donbas Fold Belt is the compressionally deformed southeasternmost part of the intracratonic late Paleozoic Dniepr‐Donets rift basin. It is situated in an intracratonic setting but close to the southern margin of the East European Craton, south of which lies the Scythian Platform. A range of igneous rocks from the Donbas Fold Belt and the Scythian Platform were dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method in order to constrain the ages of magmatic activity in these areas, and compare them. The plateau ages from the south margin of the Donbas Fold Belt vary from 151.4 ± 4.7 Ma to 278.1 ± 5.3 Ma, and define three main age groups: Middle‐Late Jurassic, Middle‐Late Triassic, and Early Permian. The age spectra obtained from the Scythian Platform samples are often disturbed as a result of limited alteration. The proposed ages (plateau and pseudoplateau) vary from 174.4 ± 2.1 Ma to 243.7 ± 1.4 Ma, and two major age groups are defined, in Early Carboniferous and Triassic/Jurassic times. The Early Permian (285–270 Ma) and Early Triassic (245–250 Ma) ages of magmatic activity are the same in both areas; in the Late Triassic, the ages of magmatic activity are slightly different (220 and 205 Ma), and they are entirely different thereafter. These data can be interpreted as indicating a mantle plume as common deep magmatic source.
Response of the tectonically erosive south Peruvian forearc to subduction of the Nazca Ridge: Analysis of three‐dimensional analogue experiments
Authors: Hampel Andrea , Adam Juergen , Kukowski Nina
Published: September 2004

The collision zone of the obliquely subducting Nazca Ridge and the erosive Peruvian forearc is characterized by enhanced tectonic erosion, normal faulting, forearc uplift, and a minor indentation. We apply two three‐dimensional sandbox experiments monitored by an optical particle imaging velocimetry system to decipher the spatial and temporal evolution of forearc deformation. During oblique convergence the rigid model ridge causes a wave of uplift followed by subsidence to shift along the forearc. By varying the strength of the analogue material we demonstrate that the forearc response to ridge subduction, in particular the amount and rate of uplift and wedge indentation, is controlled by the mechanical strength of the forearc. The model using the high‐strength material yields results more compatible with the geological record of the Peruvian forearc. First, the modeled amount of uplift scales to ∼1.2 km in nature, which agrees with ∼1.0 km of uplift recorded by marine terraces. Second, the calibrated model uplift rate of 0.9 km/Myr is similar to the natural rate of ∼0.7 km/Myr. Third, the development of normal faults above the model ridge is in accordance with the style of faulting above the Nazca Ridge. Finally, oversteepening of the uplifted wedge and local slope failure, as observed in the experiment, has also been identified off southern Peru. A comparison between the erosive Peruvian and accretive margins emphasizes that the style of ridge‐induced deformation depends on the forearc strength and crustal structure, which in turn are controlled by the long‐term evolution of the margin's mass transfer regime.
Observational evidence of African desert dust intensification of easterly waves
Authors: Jones Charles , Mahowald Natalie , Luo Chao
Published: September 2004

This paper presents indirect observational evidence that desert dust can modulate the amplitude of easterly waves in the Atlantic Ocean. Twenty two years of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and dust from a global transport model are used to characterize the evolution of enhanced easterly waves. Lag composites of analysis increments (analysis minus first–guess) of geopotential height (700–hPa) anomalies indicate larger amplitudes in the analysis than in the first‐guess fields. The results indicate that the temperature structure in the lower troposphere associated with easterly waves is warmer in the analysis than in first–guess fields by about 0.25 K per day. We hypothesize that the differences in the amplitudes are due to radiative effects associated with African dust, which have been incorporated in the reanalysis by data assimilation but absent in the model first–guess.
Deep convection in the Japan (East) Sea: A modeling perspective
Authors: Clayson Carol Anne , Luneva Maria
Published: September 2004

The Japan (East) Sea (JES) is a region of intense air‐sea interactions. Recent observations show deep open ocean convection occurring south of Vladivostok near the subpolar front to a depth of roughly 1000 m during the winter of 2000, with even more intense convection during the extremely cold winter of 2001. In this region, wintertime cold continental air outbreaks, combined with strong very cold mountain‐gap winds give rise to deep convection and Intermediate Water Formation. We have reproduced the 2000 event in a three dimensional numerical model and examine its onset and evolution, thus shedding some more light on this important process. The study demonstrates that the confluence of warm and cold water masses at the subtropical front south of Vladivostok is the preferred location of deep convection events in JES, as the confluence‐induced downwelling assists in the deeper penetration of the convective turbulence generated by strong wintertime cooling.
Solution of a model for the oceanic pycnocline depth: Scaling of overturning strength and meridional pressure difference
Authors: Levermann A. , Griesel A.
Published: September 2004

We present an analysis of the model by Gnanadesikan [1999] for the pycnocline depth in the ocean. An analytic solution for the overturning strength as a function of the meridional pressure difference is derived and used to discuss their mutual scaling. We show that scaling occurs only in two unphysical regimes of the model. In the absence of the Southern Ocean (SO) processes, i.e., for a northern overturning cell, the volume transport is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference. Linear scaling is seen when the overturning is restricted entirely to the SO, i.e., when no northern downwelling exists. For comparison, we present simulations with the coupled climate model CLIMBER‐3α which show linear scaling over a large regime of pressure differences in the North Atlantic (NA). We conclude that the pycnocline model is not able to reproduce the linear scaling between its two central variables, pressure and volume transport.
Relationship of geodetic velocities to velocities in the mantle
Authors: Hetland E. A. , Hager B. H.
Published: September 2004

We examine the relationship of the velocities at the surface (i.e., geodetic velocities) to the velocities in the upper‐most mantle throughout a seismic cycle. We model the rheology of the lower crust and mantle as linear viscoelastic, and vary the relative viscosities between the lower crust and mantle, as well as the distribution of viscosities and secular velocities in the mantle. We find that the geodetic velocities are related to the transient velocities at depth; the strength of the relationship decreases as the contrast between the lower crust and mantle viscosity increases. In these models we find that the geodetic velocities are not related to the secular velocities at depth.
Trapped and precipitating protons in the inner magnetosphere as seen by IMAGE
Authors: Perez J. D. , Zhang X.‐X. , C:son Brandt P. , Mitchell D. G. , Jahn J.‐M. , Pollock C. J. , Mende S. B.
Published: September 2004

Images from the IMAGE satellite of precipitating protons (SU12/FUV) and trapped protons at 8.5 (MENA) and 33 keV (HENA) are compared during three periods: (1) 12 August 2000 from 1000 UT to 1145 UT just after the peak of a strong geomagnetic storm, (2) 2 June 2001 from 0100 to 0345 UT during the main phase and initial recovery of a weak storm, and (3) 18 June 2001 from 1400 to 1645 UT late in the recovery phase of another weak storm. Some of the features of the precipitating and trapped protons observed in these time intervals have been previously reported for other events, especially the fact that the strength of the precipitating protons and trapped protons do not always correlate. The primary new features are that (1) the fluxes of the precipitating protons and both the 8.5 keV and 33 keV trapped protons peak at similar magnetic latitudes and that (2) the peak in the 8.5 keV trapped protons is usually at the same MLT as the peak in the precipitating protons, while the peak in the 33 keV trapped protons is usually in a different MLT region than the peak of the precipitating protons. Some possible mechanisms to explain these observations are presented, but understanding this behavior should provide stringent tests for models of the Earth's inner magnetosphere.
Energetic electron precipitation and the NO abundance in the upper atmosphere: A direct comparison during a geomagnetic storm
Authors: Sætre C. , Stadsnes J. , Nesse H. , Aksnes A. , Petrinec S. M. , Barth C. A. , Baker D. N. , Vondrak R. R. , Østgaard N.
Published: September 2004

Nitric oxide (NO) densities at heights between 96 and 150 km in the Earth's upper atmosphere are directly compared with the energy deposition from precipitating energetic electrons. The comparisons are done for the beginning of a geomagnetic storm event on 2 May 1998. The electron energy is derived from X‐ray bremsstrahlung observations from the Polar Ionospheric X‐ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) on board the Polar spacecraft. Measurements of the NO density are performed by the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) on the dayside by measuring airglow spectral features of the NO γ‐band. Since a significant part of the electron precipitation takes place during the night, and considering the long lifetime of NO, we have accumulated the X‐ray data in geographical boxes. This enables us to follow the development of the total energy deposition over a specific area during the night and morning hours. In agreement with theoretical predictions we find an increase in NO at higher latitudes due to electron precipitation. At 106 km altitude, which is found to be the average altitude of the peak values of both NO intensity and precipitating electron energy, ∼83% of the NO density is produced by electron precipitation. At this altitude we find that the electron precipitation results in the production of ∼8 NO molecules per keV deposited energy. The comparison of the data also shows effects of a horizontal neutral wind. Above 100 km the peak in NO density is displaced equatorward of the peak in electron energy deposition.