bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of photovoltaic efficacy in antimony-based cesium halide perovskite utilizing transition metal chalcogenide
Authors: Alghafis Abdullah , Sobayel K.
Published: June 2024

Antimony-based perovskites have been recognized for their distinctive optoelectronic attributes, standard fabrication methodologies, reduced toxicity, and enhanced stability. The objective of this study is to systematically investigate and enhance the performance of all-inorganic solar cell architectures by integrating Cs3Sb2I9, a perovskite-analogous material, with WS2—a promising transition metal dichalcogenide—used as the electron transport layer (ETL), and Cu2O serving as the hole transport layer (HTL). This comprehensive assessment extends beyond the mere characterization of material attributes such as layer thickness, doping levels, and defect densities, to include a thorough investigation of interfacial defect effects within the structure. Optimal efficiency was observed when the Cs3Sb2I9 absorber layer thickness was maintained within the 600-700 nm range. The defect tolerance for the absorber layer was identified at 1×1015/cm3, with the ETL and HTL layers exhibiting significant defect tolerance at 1×1016/cm3 and 1×1017/cm3, respectively. Furthermore, this study calculated the minority carrier lifetime and diffusion length, establishing a strong correlation with defect density; a minority carrier lifetime of approximately 1 µs was noted for a defect density of1×1014/cm3 in the absorber layer. A noteworthy finding pertains to the balance between the high work function of the back contact and the incorporation of p-type back surface field layers, revealing that interposing a highly doped p+ layer between the Cu2O and the metal back contact can elevate the efficiency to 21.60%. This approach also provides the freedom to select metals with lower work functions, offering a cost-effective advantage for commercial-scale applications.
Konsep Riba dalam Pinjam Meminjam dalam Islam
Authors: Dr.Anwar ms,MH Anwar ms
Published: June 2024

Salah satu jenis perbuatan riba yang paling sering dilakukan dalam bermu’amalah adalah terjadi dalam transaksi simpan pinjam. Perbuatan riba jenis ini disebut riba jahiliyyah yang sangat dikecam oleh Rasulullah. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif, dengan menyelidiki suatu fenomena sosial dan masalah manusia tentang prilaku ribawi. Pendekatan yang digunakan penulis adalah penelitian pustaka (library research) dengan merujuk pada berbagai sumber-sumber tertulis. Sedangkan Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis isi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan riba dalam transaksi simpan pinjam terjadi dalam 2 bentuk yaitu pertama; dengan penambahan dari nominal pinjaman saat pelunasan hutang, kedua: penambahan nominal dilakukan apabila terjadi keterlambatan pembayaran, atau sering diistilahkan dengan denda.
Penafsiran Ayat Tentang Bullying Dalam Al-Qur’an
Authors: Murtadho Azam Jabir , Arif Firdausi N.R  , Wirastho Edy
Published: June 2024

Manusia sebagai makhluk sosial sering terlibat dalam interaksi yang berpotensi pada perilaku buruk seperti bullying, yang merupakan penyalahgunaan kekuatan atau kekuasaan terhadap individu atau kelompok lain. Meskipun istilah bullying tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit dalam Al-Qur'an, berbagai bentuknya tercermin dalam istilah-istilah seperti istihza’, sukhriyyah, lamz, az-zulm, dan at-tanabuz. Penelitian ini membahas perbandingan penafsiran ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an terkait bullying dalam Tafsir Al-Azhar karya Buya Hamka dan Tafsir Al-Misbah karya M. Quraish Shihab. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat kepustakaan (Library research), dengan metode muqarin (komparatif). Penelitian ini fokus pada penafsiran QS. Al-Hujurat: 11, Al-Humazah: 1, Al-Anbiya’: 41, dan At-Taubah: 38 dalam kedua tafsir tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik Tafsir Al-Azhar maupun Tafsir Al-Misbah sepakat sepakat bahwa tindakan bullying dalam bentuk apapun adalah perbuatan yang dilarang oleh Allah. Namun, terdapat perbedaan utama terletak pada penafsiran kata lumazah di QS. Al-Humazah: 1, dimana Buya Hamka menafsirkannya sebagai tindakan mencela perbuatan baik orang lain tanpa memperhatikan kekurangan diri sendiri, sementara Quraish Shihab menafsirkannya sebagai ejekan yang mengundang tawa dengan isyarat mata atau tangan disertai bisikan, baik di depan maupun di belakang orang yang diejek.
Comparison of Pilates and Core Exercises for Flexibility, Endurance and Weight Reduction in Adults
Authors: Mannan Rafia , Riaz Sana , Kousar Ayesha , Mannan Hira , Rahim Rabia , Guftar Fatima , Sadiq Samreen
Published: June 2024

Background: This study explores the factors influencing student satisfaction in public sector medical colleges, emphasizing the impact of various educational aspects on the overall experience of students.
Objective: To examine the determinants of student satisfaction in public sector medical colleges, with a focus on infrastructure, quality of instructional materials, and clinical and practical training exposure.
Methods: A survey-based primary data collection was utilized, with a sample size of 100 students from public sector medical colleges. The survey included questions targeting different aspects of the educational experience. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the correlation and regression among the variables.
Results: The correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between all examined variables and student satisfaction. Infrastructure and facilities emerged as the most influential factors, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.957 (p < 0.001). Student satisfaction with practical training and clinical exposure had a correlation of 0.608 (p < 0.001), and the quality of teaching and learning materials was correlated at 0.475 (p < 0.001). The regression analysis yielded an R-squared value of 0.917, indicating a strong positive correlation between these factors and student satisfaction.
Conclusion: The study concludes that while several factors contribute to student satisfaction in public sector medical colleges, infrastructure and facilities, along with quality instructional materials and clinical exposure, are key drivers. Enhancing these areas could lead to a more positive educational experience for students.
Provocative Strategies for Primary PCI in STEMI: Time to Rethink Guidelines
Authors: Akhtar Rameez , Adil Muhammad , Akhtar Shakeel , Iqbal Nusrum , Shahzad Farhan
Published: June 2024

Background: The primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is now the reference treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Findings from randomized controlled trials suggest that PCI is superior to thrombolytic therapy in preventing death and recurrent myocardial infarction. However, longer delays for PCI implementation and variability in outcomes among different operators and centers may affect its efficacy. The European guidelines recommend fibrinolytic therapy if PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes of the first medical contact.
Objective: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive provocative strategies in primary PCI for STEMI and their impact on procedural success and clinical outcomes.
Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Luqman International Hospital, Mingora Swat, from December 2022 to June 2023. Data were collected from 230 STEMI patients, including demographic information, clinical characteristics, procedural details, and outcomes. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 30 days and one year after primary PCI. Secondary outcomes included procedural success rate, myocardial blush grade, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during follow-up assessments. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25, with continuous variables expressed as means and standard deviations and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons between groups were conducted using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Student’s t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Of the 230 patients, 120 (52%) received conventional strategies, while 110 (48%) received adjunctive provocative strategies. The provocative strategy group had higher rates of successful reperfusion (95.5% vs. 83.3%), improved myocardial blush grades (mean ± SD: 3.2 ± 0.6 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8), and lower rates of the no-reflow phenomenon (9.1% vs. 20.8%). At 30 days post-PCI, the incidence of MACE was lower in the provocative strategy group (9.1% vs. 12.5%). At one year, the provocative strategy group continued to show lower MACE rates (16.4% vs. 20.8%).
Conclusion: Adjunctive provocative strategies in primary PCI for STEMI show promise in enhancing reperfusion efficacy and preserving myocardial function. While trends towards improved procedural success and short-term outcomes were observed, larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings. The exploration of provocative strategies represents an important avenue for advancing STEMI management and improving patient outcomes in interventional cardiology.
Bio-Activity of Crude Alcoholic Extracts of Buffel Grass in different Solvents against some Pathogenic Microbes
Authors: Younus Muhammad , Saira Rehman  , Nabeela Jabeen  , Muhammad Altaf  , Touseef Ahmed  , Mumtaz Hussain  , Muhammad Mohsin Ahsan  , Irshad Ali  , Hrishik Iqbal  , Abu Syed Md Mosaddek
Published: June 2024

Background: Natural products have long been the focus of researchers aiming to improve human health, develop medicines with minimal adverse effects, and extend human lifespans. These products, derived from plants, animals, marine life, and microorganisms, contain secondary metabolites known as phytochemicals, which exhibit various biological activities. The current investigation aimed to assess the phytochemical properties and antimicrobial potential of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. (CAZRI-358) against significant human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis and evaluate the inhibitory potential of crude alcoholic extracts of Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. against six important human pathogenic bacteria and three fungal strains.
Methods: The plant material of Cenchrus ciliaris was shade-dried, crushed into powder, and successively extracted with methanol (CCWPM), hexane (CCWPH), and chloroform (CCWPC) using Soxhlet extraction. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was assessed using both disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition (IZ) were calculated. The bacterial strains tested included Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive). The fungal strains tested included Microsporum canis, Aspergillus clavatus, and Candida albicans. Standard drugs imipenem (for bacteria) and miconazole (for fungi) were used as positive controls.
Results: The highest yield was found in the methanolic extract (41.25 mg/g). Methanolic extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with MIC values of 90.98 ± 0.05 µg/mL and IZ of 39 mm against Escherichia coli, 92.11 ± 0.06 µg/mL and IZ of 39 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 95.33 ± 0.06 µg/mL and IZ of 39 mm against Streptococcus pyogenes. The methanolic extract also exhibited significant antifungal activity with an MIC of 91.97 ± 0.03 µg/mL and IZ of 40 mm against Microsporum canis. Other extracts demonstrated notable but lesser antimicrobial activities.
Conclusion: Cenchrus ciliaris Linn. contains vital bioactive components with significant antimicrobial properties, particularly in methanolic extracts. These findings suggest its potential in developing treatments for infections, chronic diseases, and conditions like Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Further research is needed to isolate specific bioactive compounds and understand their mechanisms of action.
An Assessment of Predisposing Factors of Periodontitis in Individuals
Authors: Kazmi Syeda Ali Haider , Qamar Mohammad Taha , Khan Noor Ul Ain , Mehdi Syeda Sara , Wasif Minahil , Mujtaba Rana Ahmad , Butt Hira
Published: June 2024

Background: Periodontitis, characterized by clinical attachment loss (CAL), is a prevalent global oral health issue leading to tooth loss. Various predisposing factors such as smoking, dietary habits, stress, and oral trauma are implicated in its development. Understanding these factors is crucial for targeted interventions and improved periodontal health outcomes.
Objective: To assess the predisposing factors of periodontitis in individuals.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 individuals visiting the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Data were collected by measuring clinical attachment loss. Patients were classified based on CAL into mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis categories. The Chi-square test was used to analyze associations between periodontitis severity and factors like smoking duration, betel quid chewing, stress, oral trauma, and an unbalanced diet.
Results: A significant association was found between smoking duration and periodontitis (p=0.04). Individuals with a smoking history of over five years had higher rates of severe (51%) and moderate (18.4%) periodontitis compared to those with a history of less than five years (8.2%). Betel quid chewing (p=0.254), stress (p=0.871), oral trauma (p=0.557), and an unbalanced diet (p=0.883) were not significantly associated with periodontitis.
Conclusion: Severe periodontitis was more prevalent in individuals with a smoking history of over five years and those consuming an unhealthy diet. Moderate periodontitis was more common in individuals without a betel quid chewing habit. Mild periodontitis was observed in those reporting stress-related gum or tooth pain and those with a history of oral trauma.
Early Detection of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: Correlation Between Liver Enzymes and Adverse Fetal Outcomes
Authors: Sara Abbas  , Saghir Ahmad Jafri  , Amna Iram  , Tayyaba Imran  , Anila Fareed  , Sana Javed  , Misbah Aalim
Published: June 2024

Background: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a liver disorder that occurs in late pregnancy and leads to elevated bile acid levels in the maternal serum, posing risks to fetal health, including preterm labor and fetal distress. Understanding the relationships between liver enzyme levels and fetal outcomes can guide early diagnostic and management strategies.
Objective: To evaluate the significance of early detection of ICP through routine liver enzyme tests (AST and ALT) and its correlation with adverse fetal outcomes to inform clinical practices in regions with limited access to advanced diagnostic tools.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ittefaq Hospital Trust, Lahore, involving 90 pregnant women categorized into three groups based on gestational age and ICP symptoms. Group A consisted of 30 women at 30-34 weeks of gestation, Group B included 30 women at 34-37 weeks, and Group C comprised 30 healthy pregnant women as controls. Serum AST and ALT levels were measured at day 0, 30, and 45. Fetal outcomes were monitored through ultrasound and medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and ANOVA to compare enzyme levels and fetal outcomes across groups.
Results: Group 2 exhibited significantly higher mean AST levels (96.58 U/L) and ALT levels (183.10 U/L) compared to Group 1 (AST: 49.95 U/L, ALT: 100.90 U/L) and Group 3 (AST: 25.30 U/L, ALT: 35.05 U/L). Adverse fetal outcomes, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), were notably higher in Group 2 (76.7%) compared to Group 1 (13.33%) and Group 3 (0%). The statistical significance was marked with a p-value < 0.05 across all comparisons.
Conclusion: Elevated liver enzymes, specifically AST and ALT, are strongly associated with adverse fetal outcomes in ICP. Early detection and monitoring of these enzymes can be crucial in preventing fetal complications, particularly in resource-limited settings where traditional diagnostic measures are inaccessible.
Frequency of Need for Evacuation and Curettage Following Medical Termination by Misoprostol for Missed Miscarriage
Authors: Malik Sania Ali , Summera  , Wazir Nabeela , Anwar Fawad
Published: June 2024

Background: Missed miscarriage, characterized by the intrauterine death of an embryo or fetus without immediate expulsion, affects approximately 15% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies. While traditional management involves surgical evacuation, medical management using misoprostol has gained popularity as a less invasive alternative.
Objective: To evaluate the frequency of surgical intervention following medical management with misoprostol for missed miscarriage.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from January 9, 2021, to June 9, 2021. A total of 179 women aged 18 to 45 years with missed miscarriage were included. Patients were administered misoprostol and monitored for the need for subsequent surgical intervention. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 23, with results presented in tables and graphs.
Results: Out of 179 participants, 60 (33.5%) required evacuation and curettage (D&C), while 119 (66.5%) did not. Ultrasound findings were the primary reason for D&C in 38 (63.3%) cases, with persistent bleeding accounting for the remaining 22 (36.7%). The mean endometrial thickness on ultrasound was 11.08 mm. The mean hospital stay was 48 hours. By the sixth week, 86.5% of women had resumed normal menstrual cycles.
Conclusion: Evacuation and curettage were required in 33.5% of patients following medical management with misoprostol for missed miscarriage, indicating that misoprostol effectively manages missed miscarriages in most cases, reducing the need for surgical intervention. Future studies with larger sample sizes and multicenter trials are recommended to confirm these findings and improve management protocols.
Incidence of Renal Impairment in Elderly Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Yasir Ali  , Saeeda Khan  , Amna Mumtaz  , Muhammad Awais  , Soban Abu Khifs  , Bilal Ashraf  , Farhan Ahmed
Published: June 2024

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly prevalent among the elderly, leading to progressive kidney function decline and adversely affecting their physical and cognitive well-being.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the incidence and effects of renal impairment on physical and cognitive functions in elderly hospitalized patients.
Methods: A total of 420 elderly patients admitted with renal impairment to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi were included from January to August 2023. We measured the estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score, and collected comprehensive demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical data, including a detailed geriatric assessment.
Results: The cohort had a mean age of 78.4±5.8 years, with a nearly even gender split (51.9% male, 48.9% female). Average BMI was 24.8±4.5 Kg/m^2, mean eGFR was 56.6±18.6 mL/min per 1.73 m^2, and mean SPPB score was 4.9±3.5. High prevalence of comorbidities was noted: hypertension (68.6%), diabetes (27.6%), coronary artery disease (28.6%), and others. Renal impairment was categorized as severe (12.9%), mild (27.1%), and moderate (60%).
Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between advanced age and renal failure, leading to diminished physical and cognitive capabilities in the elderly, indicating a critical need for integrated care strategies.
Social Appearance Anxiety and Quality of Life among Adolescents with Acne
Authors: Tariq Mahnoor , Shakir Wajeeha , Khalid Farheen , Sahar
Published: June 2024

Background: Acne is a prevalent condition among adolescents, significantly impacting their psychological well-being and quality of life. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between acne, social appearance anxiety, and quality of life among adolescents in Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Objective: To explore the relationship between acne, social appearance anxiety, and quality of life among adolescents aged 12-19 years and to identify significant predictors of quality of life.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 327 participants (181 males and 146 females) recruited through purposive sampling from various educational institutions in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data were collected using the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), Teenager's Quality of Life Index (T-QoL), informed consent forms, and a self-developed demographic sheet. Statistical analyses included correlation analysis, regression analysis, and t-tests using SPSS-21.
Results: The study revealed a significant positive correlation between acne, social appearance anxiety, and quality of life (p < 0.01). Social appearance anxiety was the most significant predictor of quality of life (B = 0.30, p < 0.01), while age was the least significant (B = 0.23, p = 0.55). Females scored higher on quality of life (M = 12.93, SD = 7.37) compared to males (M = 12.80, SD = 6.64). Males scored higher on acne (M = 6.30, SD = 3.08) and social appearance anxiety (M = 41.31, SD = 13.74) compared to females (acne: M = 5.81, SD = 3.40; social appearance anxiety: M = 40.0, SD = 14.86).
Conclusion: The study demonstrated that social appearance anxiety is a significant predictor of quality of life among adolescents with acne. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to improve the psychological well-being of adolescents affected by acne.
An Evaluation of Phantom Pain among Traumatic Lower Limb Amputees in Lahore
Authors: Aslam Maha , Sadiq Samreen , Hassan Rana Izzat , Lashari Bakhtawar , Raza Dilawaiz , Rehman Maheen
Published: June 2024

Background: Amputation is the surgical removal of all or part of an irreparably damaged limb due to injury or disease. Trauma is the leading cause of lower limb amputation in Pakistan. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a common and distressing complication following amputation, affecting the quality of life and functional outcomes.
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and intensity of phantom limb pain in patients who had undergone lower limb amputation due to traumatic causes in Pakistan.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over six months, involving 73 patients who had undergone lower limb amputation due to trauma. The study was carried out in Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, and Mayo Hospital. Patients aged 20-45 years, with amputations performed within one year, were included. Exclusion criteria were non-traumatic amputations and amputations older than one year. Non-probability convenience sampling was used. Participants were divided into three groups based on the level of amputation: hip disarticulation (n=12), transfemoral (n=28), and transtibial (n=33). Phantom limb pain was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRPS), an 11-item scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, and descriptive statistics were presented in tables and graphs. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Lahore College of Physical Therapy (ERC-LCPT/298/2019). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Results: The study found that 83.6% of the participants experienced phantom limb pain. Among the hip disarticulation group, 91.7% reported PLP, with a mean NRPS score of 7.3. In the transfemoral group, 89.3% experienced PLP, with a mean NRPS score of 6.8. In the transtibial group, 75.8% reported PLP, with a mean NRPS score of 5.4. The association between the level of amputation and the presence of PLP was significant, with p-values of 0.003 for hip disarticulation, 0.000 for transfemoral, and 0.001 for transtibial amputations.
Conclusion: Phantom limb pain is a prevalent and significant issue among patients with traumatic lower limb amputations in Pakistan, with varying intensity across different levels of amputation. These findings underscore the need for targeted pain management strategies and comprehensive rehabilitation programs to address PLP and improve the quality of life for amputees.
Effect of Periodontal Scaling in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment on General Oral and Periodontal Health
Authors: Akbar Alina , Chheena Ayesha , Mansoor Sarah , Zulfiqar Rao Muhammad Faizan , Saeed Fizza , Butt Hira
Published: June 2024

Background: Orthodontic treatments, while improving dental alignment and facial aesthetics, significantly complicate oral hygiene management due to the fixed nature of orthodontic appliances. This study investigates the potential benefits of periodontal scaling in mitigating the adverse effects on oral and periodontal health among orthodontic patients.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of periodontal scaling on the general oral and periodontal health of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 50 patients from the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore. Conducted from April 2023 to April 2024, the study utilized a questionnaire to collect demographic data and information about the patients’ last dental scaling. The Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) and the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) assessed the periodontal and general oral health.
Results: The correlations between the time since the last scaling and general oral health (DMFT score: p=0.950) and periodontal health (CPITN: p=0.635) were not statistically significant. Higher DMFT scores were noted in patients who last had scaling over a year ago (30%), followed by those never scaled (26%). Pocket depths of 6mm were solely observed in unscaled patients.
Conclusion: The incidence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, as well as deeper pocket depths, were notably higher in orthodontic patients who had not received scaling in over a year or never at all, emphasizing the necessity of regular periodontal care.
Evaluation of Serum Vitamin D Levels and its Association with Increased Risk of Pressure Ulcer among Non-Ambulatory Patients
Authors: Khan Usama Shabir , Amjad Aneela , Naeem Muhammad Usman , Saleem Faseeha , Ali Arslan , Safdar Aneela
Published: June 2024

Background: Pressure ulcers are a significant health concern for non-ambulatory patients, often resulting from prolonged immobility. Vitamin D, recognized for its role in skin health and wound healing, may influence the development of these ulcers. This study examines the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the prevalence of pressure ulcers in individuals unable to walk or move independently.
Objective: To explore the association between serum Vitamin D levels and the risk of pressure ulcers, aiming to contribute to the literature and improve patient outcomes through evidence-based healthcare practices.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sheikh Zayed Hospital and Bahria International Hospital, Lahore, from August 2023 to January 2024. Seventy non-ambulatory patients were recruited using a non-probability convenient sampling method. The Braden scale was employed to assess pressure ulcer severity, and serum vitamin D levels were measured through blood samples.
Results: Participants had a mean age of 38.5 years (SD = 6.27) and a mean non-ambulatory duration of 13.72 days (SD = 5.22). Gender distribution was 55.7% female and 44.3% male. Historical pressure ulcer incidence was 10%. The leading reasons for hospitalization were stroke (28.6%), neuromuscular conditions (31.4%), and road traffic accidents (38.6%). A significant positive correlation was found between Braden scale scores and vitamin D levels (11.91 ± 3.40 and 11.40 ± 3.40 respectively, Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.71, p < 0.01).
Conclusion: There is a significant association between low serum vitamin D levels and an increased risk of developing pressure ulcers in non-ambulatory patients, supporting the need for vigilant monitoring and management of vitamin D levels.
Determining The Frequency of Tubal Blockage in Infertility Patients Undergoing X-Rays Hysterosalpingography
Authors: Muhammad Taha Khalil  , Muhammad Imran Farid  , Amanullah Khan  , Syed Naseer Ahmed  , Abdus Samad Khan  , Gulnaz  , Ayman
Published: June 2024

Background: Infertility is a complex global health issue, affecting millions of couples and necessitating detailed diagnostic evaluations. Among the various diagnostic procedures, X-ray hysterosalpingography (HSG) is pivotal for assessing tubal patency and identifying underlying causes of infertility.
Objective: To determine the frequency of tubal blockages, particularly hydrosalpinx, in patients undergoing HSG at a tertiary care facility.
Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Allama Iqbal Teaching Hospital DG Khan from July 2022 to February 2024. A total of 210 female patients with consecutive infertility were included, excluding those with prior tubal surgeries. Data were extracted from medical records, focusing on demographics, clinical history, and HSG results.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 32.35 ± 3.56 years, and the mean duration of infertility was 3.5 ± 2.1 years. Among the patients, 65% were nulliparous, and 35% were parous. Prior fertility treatments were reported in 75% of cases. Tubal blockage was identified in 45 patients (21.4%), with 25 (11.9%) exhibiting unilateral blockage and 20 (9.5%) bilateral blockage. Hydrosalpinx was the most common abnormality, occurring in 30 patients (66.7%).
Conclusion: Tubal blockage, particularly hydrosalpinx, is a significant contributor to infertility, found in 21.4% of the study population. These findings emphasize the need for thorough tubal evaluations in infertility assessments.
A RIQUEZA GERADA PELO TRABALHO NÃO-REMUNERADO
Authors: Duarte Isabela , Pereira de Melo Hildete
Published: June 2024

As atividades voltadas aos afazeres domésticos e cuidados têm sido ignoradas pela teoria econômica. A realização dessas tarefas é predominantemente atribuída as mulheres, que consequentemente se encontram em ocupações mais flexíveis, que geralmente apresentam menores salários, para conseguirem se equilibrar na realização desses dois trabalhos. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho pretende, a partir dos dados da PNADC/IBGE para os anos de 2016-2019, atribuir valor ao trabalho não remunerado de modo que seja possível quantificar quanto essas tarefas acrescentariam ao PIB caso fossem valoradas. O objetivo deste cálculo é mostrar estatisticamente a importância desses trabalhos, além de demonstrar que parte significativa da geração de riqueza não é considerada no PIB e que isso provoca distorções nas estatísticas. Assim, foi encontrado que essas tarefas acrescentariam no mínimo 12% ao PIB caso fossem valoradas.  Logo, é possível mostrar como o trabalho não remunerado é imprescindível para sociedade e para manutenção do bem-estar social.
Leveraging Blockchain for Enhanced Visibility and Sustainability in the Energy Sector Supply Chain
Authors: Zhang Juan , Lin Zeyu , Chen Junpeng
Published: June 2024

The energy sector faces significant challenges related to supply chain traceability, including issues with transparency, data integrity, regulatory compliance, and fraud prevention. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, transparent, and immutable ledger, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This review explores the application of blockchain technology in enhancing supply chain traceability in the energy sector. It examines the potential benefits in terms of visibility, data integrity, compliance, and sustainability, and discusses real-world applications, challenges, and future directions. Case studies from renewable energy, fossil fuels, and smart grids illustrate blockchain's impact. Despite the promising benefits, technical, regulatory, and implementation challenges remain. Future research and development, along with supportive policy frameworks, are essential for realizing blockchain's full potential in transforming the energy supply chain into a more efficient, transparent, and sustainable system.
Best Evidence Medical Education.
Authors: Syed Razi Muhammad
Published: June 2024

Best evidence Medical Practice (BEMP) has given much needed direction to medical practice in the last quarter of a century. I vividly remember that during my education in Dow Medical College in early 80s, and later during my practice in UK in mid 80s and part of mid 90s, we practiced what we saw or sometimes read. In other words, Medical practice was based on fixed opinions. From early 90s, it was obvious that most doctors, especially those working in teaching hospitals, were becoming more sensitive towards the need for evidence before accepting any change in their practice. This was made easy by publication of meta-analyses, review articles, editorials, guidelines and invited lectures on key issues in conferences and seminars. Today we see doctors and researchers seeking best available evidence in decision- making and problem solving. However, unfortunately I see little change in attitudes as far as medical education is concerned. We, as medical teachers still prefer to follow our believes and instincts, seriously follow the myth and stay away from following or even finding best evidence. Something we so eagerly do in our clinical practice and while conducting research. As Petersen has put it in the words of teachers of medicine "I know about medical education. I'm not going, to change."Why do these attitudes persist? What are the barriers to effective, evidence based medical education, and how may they be overcome1?When this problem is highlighted in informal meetings, various explanations are given. These include unlike clinical practice and research that teaching is an art and not a science and hence cannot be evidence driven". However there are research articles regularly published in journals of medical education and Meta analyses being conducted. Here I would like to give some examples od such research articles and meta analysis.
I would like to particularly refer to a study conducted in Coventry hospital on final year medical students. It was found that those students who had interactive lectures performed significantly better in solving MCQs than those whose learning of the subject was through game playing2.
Selected demographic determinants of CSR, financial & environmental management and business ethics in SMEs
Authors: Metzker Zdenko
Published: June 2024

Research background: Small and medium-sized enterprises are at the heart of the business environment in every country. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the environmental aspect and, in many cases, corporate social responsibility. In this context, business ethics is also a widely discussed topic. At the same time, financial management is one of the critical areas of business management. These aspects can be influenced by various demographic factors related to the company, as well as by the business owners or managers. Purpose of the article: The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of selected demographic factors on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), financial management, environmental practices, and business ethics in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.   Methods: The empirical research was carried out as part of a broad-based research that aimed to ascertain the attitudes of small and medium-sized firms. It was conducted in June 2022 in Slovakia and the Czech Republic using the CAWI Research Method. The questionnaire could be completed by the owner or the top manager of the SME. The questionnaire was secured against automatic computer completion. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse the characteristics of the variable, and regression (LRM) and correlation analysis methods were applied to find statistically significant differences in the influence of each independent factor. Findings & Value added: The analysis suggests interesting differences in how demographic factors influence ethics, CSR, environment and financial management in the Czech and Slovak Republics. In general, the impacts of these factors on these areas are very weak. The results showed that firm size influences SMEs' attitudes towards the environment, financial management and CSR in all countries combined. The other independent variables of the sector, such as length of business and age, do not affect attitudes towards ethics, environment, CSR, or financial management. We can generalise that in the conditions of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, among demographic criteria, only firm size plays a significant role in determining the attitudes of SME managers.
İnsan Hakları Bilincini Geliştirmeye Yönelik Bir “Street Law” Dersi Deneyimi
Authors: Yılmaz Meltem
Published: June 2024

Street law tipi hukuk kliniği dersleri hem topluma hem de hukuk fakültesi öğrencilerine çeşitli açılardan fayda sağlama potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu tip dersler sayesinde toplumda insan hakları bilincinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanabilir. Aynı zamanda, hukuk fakültesi öğrencileri insan hakları hukukunu daha etkili bir şekilde öğrenebilir ve meslek hayatlarında kullanabilecekleri birtakım beceriler kazanabilir. 2021-2022 akademik yılından itibaren Altınbaş Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi bünyesinde street law uygulamasını içeren bir derse yer verilmeye başlanmıştır. Farklı hukuk branşları street law derslerinin içeriğini oluşturabilmekle birlikte Altınbaş Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’ndeki ilgili ders ile insan hakları hukuku alanında kazanım elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. İlgili ders kapsamında hukuk fakültesi öğrencileri, lise ve/veya ortaokul öğrencilerini ziyaret etmekte ve insan hakları hukuku alanında sunumlar yapmaktadır. Bu dersin kazanımlarını en üst düzeye çıkarmak için bir bilimsel araştırma projesi geliştirilmiştir. Bu proje kapsamında farklı alanlardan uzmanların ve akademisyenlerin katılımıyla bir çalıştay organize edilmiştir. Bunların sonucunda street law tipi hukuk kliniği derslerinin hukuk fakültesi eğitiminin son yıllarında seçmeli ders olarak verilmesinin en verimli seçenek olduğu kanaatine ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca lise ve ortaokul öğrencileri açısından verimi arttırmak için ilgili derslerin aktif öğrenme yöntem ve teknikleri açısından geliştirilmesinin önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bunun için eğitim bilimlerinden akademisyenler ile işbirliği yapılmalıdır.
EFFI BRIEST VE L’ADULTERA’DA KADIN
Authors: İlkılıç Süreyya
Published: June 2024

Alman Edebiyatı ve Realist Akımın önemli temsilcilerinden olan Heinrich Theodor Fontane (1819-1898), kaleme aldığı toplum ve zaman romanlarında (Gesellschafts- und Zeitroman) 19. yüzyıl Almanyasının toplumsal bir panoramasını çizmekte ve gerçek olaylardan esinlenerek yazmış olduğu eserlerinde bilhassa o dönemdeki kadınların yaşantıları hakkında okuyucuya bilgi sunmaktadır. Effi Briest, Fontane’nin geç dönem ve hatta ölümünden önce yayımlanan son eseri olarak en çok tanınan bir eseri olmasına rağmen yazarın zaman romanları kapsamında ilk eser olma özelliği taşıyan L’Adultera maalesef Türkiye’de pek tanınmamaktadır. Konu olarak pek çok açıdan paralellik gösteren iki romanın başkahramanları Effi ve Melanie, 17 yaşında iken kendilerinden yaşça oldukça büyük kişilerle evlendirilmişlerdir. Ancak her iki roman kahramanının yaşam hikâyeleri, toplumun kuralları, gelenek ve göreneklerinin yanı sıra kendi eğitim düzeyleri, karakteristik özellikleri ve aile yapıları ile bağlantılı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Theodor Fontane eserlerinde doğrudan bir toplumsal eleştiri yapmamasına rağmen günümüz açısından hem 19. yüzyılda Almanya'daki kadınların toplum içindeki yerlerini göstermesi bakımından hem de artık her ne kadar hukuki açıdan hak sahibi olmalarına rağmen günümüz kadınının içinde bulunduğu ve pratikte yaşadıkları ile karşılaştırılması noktasında önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada her iki eser realist bakış açısı ve metin odaklı analiz ile ele alınmıştır.
Koszty postępowania oraz koszty mediacji. Komentarz do art. 98 i 98(1) k.p.c. zmodyfikowanych ustawą z dnia 9 marca 2023 r.
Authors: Kunicki Ireneusz
Published: June 2024

This paper discusses consecutive regulations of the Code of Civil Proceedings modified with art. 1 of the Act of 9 March 2023. First of all, amendment to art. 98 § 1(1) of the Code has been analysed, namely the regulated expressis verbis obligation of the court to adjudicate ex officio on interest on already adjudicated costs of proceedings. Next, the amendment to art. 98 § 2 of the Code of Civil Proceedings has been discussed, under which a party acting without a professional attorney has become entitled to a higher amount due to the reimbursement of trial costs. Finally, the modification of art. 98(1) § 1 has been presented, which concerns an upper limit of an amount due to a party that wins a trial due to the reimbursement of costs of mediation.
Efectos de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en la educación
Authors: Espinosa Cevallos Paola Alejandra
Published: June 2024

El auge de las herramientas tecnológicas en los últimos años, ha permitido que ocupen lugares importantes como recursos para realizar procesos y actividades en el ámbito educativo, tal es el caso de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC), logrando una formación en el uso de las mismas, para que cada estudiante alcance un aprendizaje significativo. Esta investigación intenta indagar los efectos de las TIC en la educación, sus definiciones, características y aportes que han hecho que los docentes y estudiantes desarrollen habilidades que les faciliten el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la capacitación para enfrentar las exigencias sociales. Las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación han hecho innovaciones en la educación, lo que estimula nuevos conocimientos y una nueva manera de enseñar y de aprender, con un enfoque más constructivista y colaborativo, donde el estudiante es protagonista activo e innovador en el logro de su aprendizaje. Además, han generado actualizaciones constantes de todos los involucrados en el sistema educativo, desde los que planifican los currículos educativos hasta el docente y los estudiantes que llevan a cabo las actividades. Todo esto conlleva a que se adquieran herramientas y habilidades que contribuyen en el desarrollo integral del alumnado.
Ảnh hưởng tương tác giữa bất định tỷ giá hối đoái và phát triển tài chính đến đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài: Bằng chứng quốc tế
Authors: Lê Thông Tiến  , Phạm Thị Tuyết Trinh  , Nguyễn Minh Sáng
Published: June 2024

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm kiểm tra ảnh hưởng tương tác giữa bất định tỷ giá hối đoái (TGHĐ) và phát triển tài chính (PTTC) đến đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài (FDI) ở những chế độ TGHĐ khác nhau với bộ dữ liệu bao gồm 114 quốc gia giai đoạn 2000–2021 và được phân loại thành nhóm quốc gia có theo chế độ neo mềm và nhóm quốc gia có theo chế độ thả nổi. Thông qua phương pháp hồi quy tuyến tính Bayes cho mô hình hiệu ứng ngẫu nhiên, kết quả cho thấy ở nhóm các quốc gia có chế độ neo mềm, ảnh hưởng tương tác làm giảm ảnh hưởng ngược chiều của bất định TGHĐ, thậm chí làm đảo chiều ảnh hưởng này đối với FDI; đồng thời PTTC của một quốc gia càng cao thì gia tăng xác suất cùng chiều của tác động biên của bất định TGHĐ. Đối với nhóm các quốc gia có chế độ thả nổi, ảnh hưởng tương tác làm giảm ảnh hưởng cùng chiều của bất định TGHĐ đối với FDI và PTTC của một quốc gia cao thì tác động biên cùng chiều có xu hướng giảm. Từ đó, các gợi ý chính sách được đề xuất để thu hút FDI. Đối với chế độ neo mềm, các quốc gia cần tăng cường kiểm soát chặt chẽ bất định TGHĐ và đẩy mạnh sự phát triển của thị trường tài chính và các định chế tài chính. Đối với chế độ thả nổi, các quốc gia nên tiếp tục nới lỏng TGHĐ và tập trung duy trì sự ổn định hệ thống tài chính.
Cutaneous Leiomyoma of the Leg: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Omoke Njoku , ANIUME ONYEKACHI , NWIGWE CHINEDU , UTAH Francisca
Published: June 2024

Cutaneous leiomyoma is a rare benign smooth muscle tumor that can be mistaken for other nodular cutaneous lesions. We present the case of a 27-year-old female graduate who developed a swelling on her left leg over a period of 2 years. Initially painless, the lesion became painful a year later, with pain exacerbated by heat. The lump measured 1 x 1 x 1 cm, was tender, and not warm. Initially diagnosed clinically as an epidermal inclusion cyst, she underwent excision biopsy revealing leiomyoma upon histological examination. Subsequent to excision, all symptoms resolved completely, with no recurrence noted. Hence, it is crucial to consider cutaneous leiomyoma as a potential differential diagnosis for such cutaneous lesions.
LOS CONTENIDOS AUDIOVISUALES CON PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO. ADMINISTRACIONES INDEPENDIENTES Y JUSTICIA
Authors: Andrés Segovia Belén
Published: June 2024

La sociedad moderna se ve afrontada por diversos cambios. Cambios tan distintos y singulares como la disrupción de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad en general, en la Administración de Justicia y en el Gobierno, transformaciones como la implementación de estrategias y normas de cooperación internacional en materia penal y también cambios relacionados con la implementación de los ODS y la construcción de un futuro de paz, entre muchos otros que se podrían mencionar. En este escenario, la seguridad —especialmente visto el actual escenario de guerra actual— juega un papel fundamental. Por ello, en la presente obra, diferentes investigadores examinan desde sus perspectivas la seguridad y los instrumentos para garantizarla.
GESTIÓN DE LOS ESTADIOS DE FÚTBOL ESPAÑOLES Y ANÁLISIS DE LAS MEDIDAS DE SEGURIDAD
Authors: Aparicio Juan Paula
Published: June 2024

La sociedad moderna se ve afrontada por diversos cambios. Cambios tan distintos y singulares como la disrupción de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad en general, en la Administración de Justicia y en el Gobierno, transformaciones como la implementación de estrategias y normas de cooperación internacional en materia penal y también cambios relacionados con la implementación de los ODS y la construcción de un futuro de paz, entre muchos otros que se podrían mencionar. En este escenario, la seguridad —especialmente visto el actual escenario de guerra actual— juega un papel fundamental. Por ello, en la presente obra, diferentes investigadores examinan desde sus perspectivas la seguridad y los instrumentos para garantizarla.
PROCESO PENAL Y UNIÓN EUROPEA: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA EUROPA DE LA LIBERTAD, LA SEGURIDAD Y LA JUSTICIA
Authors: Borges Blázquez Raquel
Published: June 2024

La sociedad moderna se ve afrontada por diversos cambios. Cambios tan distintos y singulares como la disrupción de las nuevas tecnologías en la sociedad en general, en la Administración de Justicia y en el Gobierno, transformaciones como la implementación de estrategias y normas de cooperación internacional en materia penal y también cambios relacionados con la implementación de los ODS y la construcción de un futuro de paz, entre muchos otros que se podrían mencionar. En este escenario, la seguridad —especialmente visto el actual escenario de guerra actual— juega un papel fundamental. Por ello, en la presente obra, diferentes investigadores examinan desde sus perspectivas la seguridad y los instrumentos para garantizarla.