bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of EU Regional Policy and its Funding
Authors: Sowiński Tomasz
Published: July 2016

Regional policy in the European Union becomes more and more important every year, especially in the last few years. As the experiences of the European Union show, structural programs or other forms of support are most effective when realized in the regions, for the regions and through the regions.

The role and position of the regions in the EU strengthens every year. In the following years, regions will work and participate in the EU budget even more intensively. Therefore, there will be more and more programs and grants to be realized in the regions and through the regions.
Freedom of Economic Activity and Tax Status of a Commune
Authors: Koralewski Michał
Published: July 2016

This article is about permissible economic activity of a commune with special emphasis on the principles of taxation of individual actions taken by such a body. The basic thesis of this study is that recognition of a commune as the payer of goods and services tax is possible only to the extent of activities it undertakes within the scope of dominium, not imperium. The confirmation of that thesis is sought in historical and axiological considerations about economic freedom and also the analysis of legal framework for the activity of a commune. Moreover, the article provides an overview of practical problems related to taxation of communes.
Optimal Loads for Power Differ by Exercise in Older Adults
Authors: Potiaumpai Melanie , Gandia Kristine , Rautray Ambika , Prendergast Troy , Signorile Joseph F.
Published: July 2016

Potiaumpai, M, Gandia, K, Rautray, A, Prendergast, T, and Signorile, JF. Optimal loads for power differ by exercise in older adults. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2703–2712, 2016—Power training in older adults has been shown to increase muscle strength, power, and physical function, and decrease the risk of falls and related injuries. Although there are clear indications that optimal loads for power vary due to biomechanical factors, no studies have attempted to determine the optimal loads for specific exercises used to improve muscle power. Using the load that maximizes power output for individual exercises can maximize power gains, improve training efficiency, and augment gains in physical function. Seventy community-dwelling older adults (age = 70.5 ± 5.7 years) participated in strength and power testing during 2 sessions, each lasting for 1.5 hours. Participants were tested on 6 different pneumatic resistance machines to determine their one repetition maximum (1RM) and power. Power testing was performed at loads between 30 and 90% of each participant's 1RM. For the chest press and seated row, the optimal load range was between 40 and 60% 1RM, with peak power at 50% (p < 0.001) for both machines. The LAT pull-down optimal load range was between 30 and 50%, with peak power occurring at 40% (p < 0.001). The leg curl and leg press optimal load range was between 50 and 70%, with peak power occurring at 60% (p < 0.001). Peak power for the calf raise occurred at 60% (p < 0.001). We conclude that different exercise movements require the use of different optimal load ranges to maximize muscle power in older persons.
Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures
Authors: Peveler Willard W. , Sanders Gabe J. , Marczinski Cecile A. , Holmer Brady
Published: July 2016

Peveler, WW, Sanders, GJ, Marczinski, CA, and Holmer, B. Effects of energy drinks on economy and cardiovascular measures. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 882–887, 2017—The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. Caffeine and taurine are the 2 primary performance enhancing ingredients found in energy drinks. The number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks doubled over the past 5 years. Reviews of the health complications have highlighted adverse cardiovascular events. The literature reveals that caffeine is known to moderately increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 different energy drinks on cardiovascular and performance measures. Fifteen recreational runners completed 5 trials. The first trial consisted of a graded exercise protocol. The 4 remaining trials consisted of 15-minute economy trials at a treadmill speed consistent with 70% of subject's V̇o
2max. An hour before subjects ingested 1 of the 3 energy drinks or a placebo. HR, BP, V̇o
2, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during the 15-minute trial. Mean values for dependent measures were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials (163.87 ± 13.30, 166.47 ± 13.71, and 165.00 ± 15.23). There were no significant differences in diastolic BP and HR. There were no significant differences found in V̇o
2 or RPE measures. Ingestion of energy drinks demonstrated no change in V̇o
2 or RPE during the economy trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the conditions of this study. However, there does appear to be a significant increase in systolic BP.
Civil War Imagery, Song, and Poetics: The Aesthetics of Sentiment, Grief, and Remembrance
Authors: Leppert Richard
Published: July 2016

The American Civil War (1861–65) produced staggering numbers of casualties, including from what to this day remains the bloodiest one-day battle (Antietam) in the country's history. Most combatants were young, many still teenagers, or at most in their early twenties, a fact repeatedly and poignantly acknowledged in the poetry and prose of Walt Whitman. The Civil War was the first to be extensively photographed, which brought the realities of its extreme violence into sharp relief throughout the country on both sides of the conflict. Battlefield photographers often focused their cameras on the wounded and dead; some shot close-up corpse studies of young and often notably handsome men, whose physical beauty—likewise acknowledged by Whitman—increased the affective impact of the tragedy. The youth of Civil War soldiers was likewise reflected in thousands of popular ballads produced by Union and Confederate composers and marketed for home-front consumption. Ballads evoking the bond between a mother and her soldier son are especially common. Two such songs, lamentations, by the highly successful northern composer George W. Root are typical: “Just before the Battle, Mother” (1863) and “The Vacant Chair” (1861), the former voiced by a young soldier fearing that he will shortly be killed, and the latter remembering a boy who has fallen. Songs of this sort, explicitly sentimental and folklike, were sometimes critically disparaged even during the war years, though their general popularity (and the popularity of many other songs of this sort)—even to this day—remains considerable. The apparent, guileless sincerity of lamentation ballads develops from a resemblance to the lullaby, a genre evoking the tightest of all human bonds, that between the mother and child. These songs, too easily dismissed as mawkish and cliché-ridden, stay with us for deep-seated social and cultural reasons.
Thermodynamic Parameters of the Intercalation Reaction in Thermal and Laser Modified Nanodispersed Anatase
Authors: Sehin M. , Budzulyak I. , Morushko O. , Yablon L.
Published: July 2016

It is modified matrix of anatase in turn of the thermal and laser treatments. Thedependence of Gibbs energy change of the intercalation reaction of lithium with the guest loaddegree change was analyzed. Laser irradiation turned out to increase twice the value of maximumlithium “guest” loading, constricting heterophase area and changing contrarily concentrationgenesis of temperature dependence of entropy of lithium dilution. The optimal conditions of laserirradiation nanodispersive anatase (pulse energy E = 0,02 J, pulse duration τ = 15 ns repetitionfrequency f = 28 Hz, duration of exposure to 5 min.), at which specific energy characteristics of LPS,formed on its basis, increased by 55% is set
¿Los modelos basados en el CAPM valoran adecuadamente los emprendimientos familiares?
Authors: Wong Cam David Ernesto , Chirinos Grados Miguel Víctor
Published: July 2016

El presente artículo intenta mostrar la pertinencia del modelo VPN-CAPM (valor presente neto que adopta la tasa de descuento prescrita por el capital asset pricing model) para valorar emprendimientos familiares (EPF). Este análisis se realiza bajo dos ópticas: (a) la revisión de los supuestos del CAPM y su adecuación a las características de los emprendimientos, y (b) la eficacia en la prescripción de un conjunto de emprendimientos gestionados por graduados universitarios en un mercado emergente.De un lado, la mayoría de los supuestos del CAPM no se ajustan a las características de los EPF; además, no se dispone de un modelo teórico robusto que permita valorarlos. Por otro lado, de una muestra de 147 emprendimientos solo 3 debieron implementarse bajo el criterio del VPN-CAPM; sin embargo, 17 operaron durante dos o más años. Un caso prescrito como fracaso, después de veinte años, vende rentablemente 184 millones de dólares anuales, y algunos otros casos, después del fracaso inicial, reiniciaron un negocio diferente.
Transformación de los liderazgos en la minería: gestión estratégica para incorporar mujeres a la industria
Authors: Salinas Meruane Paulina Irene , Cordero Chau Camila Fernanda
Published: July 2016

La menor participación de las mujeres en la industria minera predomina a nivel internacional. En Chile, a pesar de las mayores remuneraciones, del nivel tecnológico y del déficit proyectado de capital humano en el sector, las mujeres representan el 4,2% en las áreas operacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el rol de las jefaturas mineras para revertir esta condición.Con un estudio de caso, en la Compañía minera Esperanza perteneciente al grupo Antofagasta Minerals, ubicada en el norte de Chile, se entrevistaron en profundidad a nueve jefes de áreas operacionales.Los resultados reportan lo imperativo de ejercer un liderazgo transformacional con perspectiva de género y con ello flexibilizar la gestión del recurso humano, facilitar la adaptación y proyección de las mujeres, promover las jefaturas femeninas y adjudicar a los jefes la responsabilidad de una gestión más simétrica. Estos hallazgos son centrales para una gestión estratégica en una industria que experimenta una alta demanda y un intenso dinamismo a nivel internacional.
Editorial
Authors: Nieto Cruz María Claudia , Cárdenas Melba Libia
Published: July 2016

A grain of sand does not represent much in isolation. Placed with many others, it becomes a beach. This metaphor exemplifies what happens with our contributions to the world of research. The research carried out by many of us occurs in specific contexts, takes small samples and its generalizations are applicable to reduced populations. We expect that our results may contribute to the solution of a local situation or problem. Placed together in the long run, the small and the big contributions may cause a great impact in the field of study or work in which we develop our professional life.
Apoyos que reciben estudiantes de secundaria con discapacidad en escuelas regulares: ¿Corresponden a lo que dicen las leyes?
Authors: Flores Barrera Vasthi Jocabed , García Cedillo Ismael
Published: July 2016

En México existen leyes que garantizan los derechos de las personas con discapacidad en relación con su educación, las cuales mencionan apoyos de infraestructura, tecnológicos, didácticos, becas y de orientación y capacitación, entre otros. En el presente trabajo se busca identificar la relación entre los apoyos que, teóricamente, debe recibir el estudiantado con discapacidad y los que realmente recibe para garantizar su inclusión. Se hicieron dos estudios de caso con estudiantes de segundo grado de secundaria, uno con trastorno de Asperger y otro con discapacidad intelectual, a quienes se observó durante 13 horas de clase; se entrevistó a sus madres, docentes regulares, de educación especial y estudiantes con discapacidad y sin esta. Los resultados muestran que media mucha distancia entre los apoyos que deberían recibir y los que reciben, pues los únicos apoyos que reciben provienen de profesionales de educación especial, y son insuficientes para garantizar su inclusión.
El aprendizaje colaborativo en la clase de Inglés: El caso del curso de Comunicación Oral I de la Sede del Pacífico de la Universidad de Costa Rica
Authors: Salas-Alvarado Jonnathan
Published: July 2016

El siguiente artículo consiste en una sistematización del proceso que se sigue para la aplicación de una estrategia didáctica diferente, producto de la experiencia vivida tras el curso de docencia universitaria de la Universidad de Costa Rica por parte de un profesor del curso de Comunicación Oral I, impartido en la sede del Pacífico de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se describe la experiencia vivida al hacer uso de actividades relacionadas con el aprendizaje colaborativo. El artículo, además, describe a la población con la que se trabajó, las técnicas que se aplicaron, las razones por las cuales se utilizaron dichas técnicas y los resultados que dieron estas vistos desde la óptica del docente y del estudiantado. Se provee, también, un análisis acerca de las bondades, las limitaciones que tuvo la estrategia y su utilidad para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de una lengua. El aprendizaje colaborativo, basado en los resultados de esta estrategia tiene muchas ventajas que aportar a la educación.
True Stories and the Poetics of Textual Discovery
Authors: Mroczek Eva
Published: July 2016

As we know from the Nag Hammadi saga, there is something enchanting about telling find stories. This enchantment is part of the very reason “getting the story straight” is so difficult when it comes to manuscript discoveries: every story worth its salt will be transformed in the telling, and stories that are alive are reactive. If one way to approach these stories is to debunk those aspects that are products of embellishment and myth, another is to attend precisely to their affective power, seeing them as a narrative genre in the longue durée. Using examples from both pre-modern find stories and narratives about the discovery of the Cairo Geniza and the Dead Sea Scrolls, this essay discusses what the find story genre can tell us about how we imagine our relationship with a fragmented past. True or legendary, such stories are always imaginative products. Attending to this dimension can reveal a poetics of textual discovery that is ancient and widely shared--a vital link between modern scholarship, public interest, and ancient myth.
Guest Lecturing on Geographies of Religion
Authors: Tse Justin
Published: July 2016

This 'Teaching Tips' article focuses on my recent experience of guest-lecturing in colleagues' classes. Influenced by Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, my initial guest-teaching revolved around posing an argument about geographies of religion as 'grounded theologies' as a problem for students to challenge. However, my recent guest lectures have involved interviewing my colleagues' students to discover why they find grounded theologies interesting. I show that this new mode of guest-lecturing - also influenced by Freire - has opened up new conversations at a primal ontological level through a wider breadth of topics discussed, including occupy movements, Game of Thrones, Black Nordic Metal, and modern imperialist ideologies. Following Sam Rocha's folk phenomenology, I suggest that the primal depths that this interview-lecture style of guest lecturing is perhaps worth a try, even though I plan to use the argumentative lecture in the future as well.
"Trauma Makes You"
Authors: Schaefer Donovan , Sheedy Matt , Rein Nathan
Published: July 2016

Matt Sheedy (U. of Manitoba) and Nathan Rein (Ursinus Coll.) interview Donovan O. Schaefer (Trinity Coll., Oxon.) about his 2015 book, Religious Affects: Animality, Evolution, and Power.
Upadłość przedsiębiorstw w Polsce na tle krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2005–2014
Authors: Szmal-Kaptur Jagoda
Published: July 2016

Bankruptcy is an inherent element of any market economy and can affect any company. The number of bankruptcies in Poland in comparison to other EU countries in the period 2005-2014 is analysed. Additionally, this study evaluates the bankruptcy process among Member States on the basis of such assessment indicators including: time required to liquidate the company, the cost and recovery rate. The research hypothesis assumes that the course of the bankruptcy process depends on the quality of insolvency law. Analysis of the data revealed that in Poland the course of the bankruptcy process is long and expensive, while the recovery rate is low. Poland’s inefficient bankruptcy process discourages enterprises from choosing the path of formal exit from the market and places Poland far down the ranking of insolvency systems in Europe.
Przyczyny i skutki kryzysu finansowego w Islandii w 2008 roku
Authors: Legutko Agnieszka Joanna
Published: July 2016

In a case study on Iceland, I carefully analyse a successful strategy for overcoming financial breakdown. The aim of article is to verify whether Iceland’s model could become a panacea for future crises. Various branches of the Icelandic economy are characterised, including the banking sector – the most important sector in a financial crash. Documents were analysed and data from the Hagstofa Islands were used to present essential indicators including GDP, trade balance and the unemployment rate. Source analysis method was then used to determine that the collapse of the financial sector was the main cause of the slump. Indirect causes such as the construction of a steelworks in Reyðarfjörður are also discussed. The events of the crisis are systematised, while the social and political situation are also considered. Changes in conditions of the state after the crash are provided and future forecasts about economic development are discussed. Ultimately, I reject the notion that Iceland’s model for overcoming the financial breakdown is a panacea for future crises. It is only applicable for particular cases.
Bogaci i biedni na rynku kredytowym w Polsce. Analiza porównawcza dla lat 2000–2013
Authors: Wałęga Agnieszka , Wałęga Grzegorz
Published: July 2016

Today intertemporal substitution of consumption is done by using the credit market on a large scale. The main factor determining both consumption and the ability to borrow is household income. The aim of the article is to examine the extent to which low- and high-income consumers use credit. The factors that influence the likelihood of being in debt were identified. The burden of debt repayment on household budgets depends on affluence. Non-identifiable data from the household budget survey from the years 2000–2013 and data from the study „Social Diagnosis” were used in the paper. To verify the research problems, structure analysis and regression modeling were used, taking into account model for binomial variables.The results of the study indicate that wealthy and poor households use loans in different ways, a fact reflected in the variation in the structure of consumption. In the period analysed, there was a noticeable increase in the burden of repayments of loans on the budgets of households with high incomes. The results of the study indicate that income, education and place of residence determine to the greatest extent the use of the credit by households.
Respective value of the traditional clinical rotation and high fidelity simulation on the acquisition of clinical reasoning skills in medical students – A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Authors: Lovett Sarahn , Roche Jan , Hunter Sharyn , Symonds Ian , Tomlinson Naomi , Gagnon Robert , Charlin Bernard , Mattes Joerg
Published: July 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. OBJECTIVE To assess the respective value of Traditional clinical rotation and High Fidelity Simulation (HFS) on the acquisition of clinical reasoning (CR) skills in Medical Students.METHODSA randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty medical students were exposed to a full day of HFS, either during their Paediatric Term (PT) (Experimental group = PT+, HFS+) or, after completion of their PT (Control group = PT+, HFS-). CR skills were assessed by a Script Concordance Test (SCT) prior to group allocation and at the completion of PT.RESULTS39 out of 40 students completed both SCT. Scores before (mean/SD 57.4/6.7) and after (mean/SD 61.1/7.0) the PT were significantly improved (mean increase [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 3.6 [2.0-5.2]; p<0.0001; n=39). There was no added improvement from involvement in a full day of HFS in SCT scores between the experimental and the control groups (mean increase [95% CI]: 3.2 [0.5-5.9], n=18 versus 4.0 [1.9-6.1], n=21, respectively; p=0.61).CONCLUSIONExposure to PT significantly improves the medical students' CR acquisition with no further enhancement by exposure to HFS. Thus potential improvements in students' knowledge and skills due to exposure to HFS may not affect CR skills, and thus may not be assessable by SCT.
Deciphering and Targeting Oncogenic Mutations and Pathways in Breast Cancer
Authors: Santarpia Libero , Bottai Giulia , Kelly Catherine M. , Győrffy Balázs , Székely Borbala , Pusztai Lajos
Published: July 2016

Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing revealed substantially greater genomic complexity in breast cancer than simple models of a few driver mutations would suggest. Only very few, recurrent mutations or copy-number variations in cancer-causing genes have been identified. The two most common alterations in breast cancer are TP53 (affecting the majority of triple-negative breast cancers) and PIK3CA (affecting almost half of estrogen receptor-positive cancers) mutations, followed by a long tail of individually rare mutations affecting <1%–20% of cases. Each cancer harbors from a few dozen to a few hundred potentially high-functional impact somatic variants, along with a much larger number of potentially high-functional impact germline variants. It is likely that it is the combined effect of all genomic variations that drives the clinical behavior of a given cancer. Furthermore, entirely new classes of oncogenic events are being discovered in the noncoding areas of the genome and in noncoding RNA species driven by errors in RNA editing. In light of this complexity, it is not unexpected that, with the exception of HER2 amplification, no robust molecular predictors of benefit from targeted therapies have been identified. In this review, we summarize the current genomic portrait of breast cancer, focusing on genetic aberrations that are actively being targeted with investigational drugs.
Cancer Drug Pricing and Reimbursement: Lessons for the United States From Around the World
Authors: Goldstein Daniel A. , Sarfaty Michal
Published: July 2016

The U.S. must assess its pricing and reimbursement system for prescription drugs. The current system is attracting intense scrutiny for various reasons. Drug pricing and reimbursement mechanisms used in other countries are described to assess what an optimal system should entail.
When the Patient Says No
Authors: Curley Brendan F.
Published: July 2016

An oncologist reflects on a patient’s choice not to receive treatment.
Synthesis of meso-SAPO-37 materials using neutral surfactant
Authors: Yadav Rekha , Singh Arvind Kumar , Sakthivel Ayyemperumal
Published: July 2016

The electrostatic interaction between the inorganic precursor and the organic surfactant plays a major role in the assembly of mesoporous materials; hence, the authors believe that the use of a neutral surfactant against a cationic surfactant might help to produce long-range-ordered mesoporous materials with better thermal stability. The current work focuses on the synthesis of mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate-37 materials using a neutral surfactant (hexadecyl amine) by a two-step procedure. The synthesised materials were characterised by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen (N2) sorption. The mesoporosity of the samples was evident from XRD and nitrogen sorption analysis. FT-IR spectra support the presence of microporous structural building units on the mesoporous surface. The SEM images showed the presence of a flower-like morphology with hexagonal petals. The resulting material showed promising activities for trans alkylation of naphthalene using 1,3-diisopropylbenzene.
The Effects of Essential Oil Inhalation on the Stress and Sympathetic Nerve Activity
Authors: Bae Ik Lyul , Hur Myung Haeng
Published: July 2016

This study utilized a nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design in order to compare the effects of essential oil (EO) on Stress and sympathetic nerve activity after an exposure to stressors. The adults without any diagnosed disease are volunteered and enrolled through a recruitment advertisement to December of 2013 as the subjects of this study. The data were collected by convenient sampling of experimental group of 17 and control group of 15 were finally selected to meet the requirements to be this research subjects. The collection of the data for this research was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) beforehand. Stressor was university final exams. Stress Index was significantly lower in the EO inhalation group than control group. However, it did not show significant differences in sympathetic nerve activity. The inhalation of aromatherapy essential oil was effective on reducing of the stress. (Korean J Stress Res 2016;24:75∼83)
Social Responsibility and Organisational Commitment in Local Public Administration: The Moderating Role of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Social Bonding
Authors: BeBe Kalsoom , Bing Wang
Published: July 2016

The commitment of public employees to organisations is an imperative deliberation that affects the efficiency of public services organisations. The objective of this study is to investigate whether the social responsibility among local public administrators raises organisational commitment. This study subsequently explores the moderating role of citizenship behaviour and social bonding (permanent vs temporary employees) of public employees in the relationship between social responsibility and organisational commitment. In this study, empirical data are collected from local officials working in local public administration services organisations in Pakistan (n = 308). The statistical analysis is used to test the relationship between social responsibility and commitment and the moderating effect of citizenship behaviour and social bonding on social responsibility-organisational commitment relationship.The results show that social responsibility is a determinant to organisational commitment and citizenship behaviour and social bonding moderate the social responsibility-commitment relationship. The effect of social responsibility on organisational commitment is stronger in permanent public administrators having high perspective of organisational citizenship behaviours than in temporary public administrators having low perspective of organisational citizenship behaviours. This study contributes to knowledge of the effect of social responsibility on organisational commitment in local public employees and proves that citizenship behaviour and social bonding affect the social responsibility-commitment relationship in local public administrators.
Role of Municipal Council in Increasing Citizen Participation at the Local Budget Process
Authors: Memeti Memet , Kreci Veli
Published: July 2016

The paper explores the role of the municipal councilors in the budget process in the Republic of Macedonia as well as their role in motivating citizen participation in the budgetary process in the Republic of Macedonia. We demonstrate that municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia employ various forms of participatory mechanisms in the process of public policies and budgets according to their context. There are vivid dissimilarities in terms of opportunities and scope of citizen participation as well as discrepancies of councilors capacity to facilitate this process when cross-matching information and data derived from small rural and bigger urban municipalities. It is evident that very little has been accomplished in terms of defining uniformed processes and developing systems related to the relations between councilors and local community. We identify barriers that are impediment to a genuine involvement of the councilors as mediators between the Mayor and the community in the local budgeting process. We argue that any policy intervention in this dimension ought to be tailor-made, hence every municipality has its specific features that ought to be taken into account when designing an intervention to address shortcomings of the processes and the systems.
Valuational Overhaul of Regulation and Assessing and Maintaining Education Quality in Slovenia
Authors: Setnikar Cankar Stanka , Cankar Franc , Deutsch Tomi
Published: July 2016

The aim of this article is to present practices for regulating elementary and secondary education from an international perspective. It presents processes needed to introduce a system of external evaluation and takes account of the danger that if not carefully thought out, external evaluation can adhere to procedure to too great an extent, to the detriment of actual improvements in education. An external evaluation model that could be implemented in the Slovenian education system is then proposed. The proposed model stresses schools’ accountability to the public, the dissemination of effective practices, and the delivery of relevant information to those in charge of national school policy. The model upgrades existing mechanisms for assessing and maintaining quality and links them with a legislation proposal to form a coherent whole.
Main Reasons for the Transformation of Mandatory Hungarian Private Pension Funds
Authors: Novoszath Peter
Published: July 2016

The main purpose of writing this paper was to provide a clear summary of the main facts and motives of restructuring the financing of Hungarian social security system which has been in process since 2010. One of the main lessons learned from the development of the Hungarian pension system so far is that the mandatory private pension funds working on the basis of a funded scheme were not able to solve the problems whose solution they were established for. In addition, they caused further problems.
The direction and autonomy of interdisciplinary study and research paths in teacher education
Authors: Rasmussen Klaus
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a case study of didactic infrastructures to direct Study and Research Paths (SRP) in teacher education within the context of interdisciplinary inquiry. The disciplines of school mathematics and school biology, and their didactics, are made to interconnect through the investigation of a generating question concerning the illness diabetes. The resulting interdisciplinary knowledge as evidenced through students written diaries is analysed using the Anthropologic Theory of the Didactic and shows the challenge of combining two disciplines and their didactics at the same time. Two particular forms of didactic infrastructure to guide the self-sustained process of SRP are proposed and scrutinized: Selective picking and Side questions. Selective picking is shown to be a promising, yet indirect, infrastructure to steer the SRP without taking away the desired autonomy of the students. Side questions, initially proposed by Ives Chevallard, are considered in light of the case, and a number of suggestions for their characteristics and use are put forward.
Constructing a Collective Identity Across Conflict Lines: Joint Israeli-Palestinian Peace Movement Organizations*
Authors: Gawerc Michelle
Published: July 2016

For collective action to occur and be sustainable, social movements must construct collective identities and develop a sense of themselves as collective actors. This is especially difficult for movements that work across deep political and cultural chasms, and in situations of protracted conflict. Yet, there has been almost no research on how movement organizations, which work across conflict lines in situations of protracted conflict, are able to establish this sense of cohesion. This project investigates how two joint Israeli-Palestinian peace movement organizations are able to construct shared collective identities in a political environment where each side is cast as the enemy of the other. The findings indicate that in protracted conflicts, trust building is a distinct and critical process inherent in constructing a collective identity. The findings similarly reveal that while storytelling goes a long way toward establishing trust initially, ultimately, collective identity construction depends on visible confirmatory actions.
Online Activities, Spatial Proximity, and the Diffusion of the Occupy Wall Street Movement in the United States*
Authors: Vasi Ion Bogdan , Suh Chan S.
Published: July 2016

We advance social movement and diffusion theories by exploring the role of online activities in the spread of the Occupy Wall Street movement. The results from event history analyses suggest that, after controlling for community characteristics, online activities on Facebook and Twitter are associated with the spread of protests. The association is stronger for Facebook than other Internet-enabled technologies. The importance of Facebook activities increases over time, but the importance of community characteristics such as population size decreases over time. While intermunicipal contagion does not affect the diffusion process directly, it affects the diffusion in combination with online activities: the effect of spatial proximity to prior sites of contention increases in cities where Facebook activities preexist. The results provide a better understanding of how the Internet and social media activity create new communication channels among potential sites of contention and facilitate the rapid diffusion of contentious collective actions across wide areas.
DISCRIMINAÇÃO SIMPLES E COMPORTAMENTO CONCEITUAL DE POSIÇÃO: INFLUÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES TIPOS DE TREINO
Authors: Melo Raquel Maria de , Jesus Patrícia Serejo de , Hanna Elenice S.
Published: July 2016

Comportamento conceitual envolve o estabelecimento de classes de estímulos com discriminação interclasses e generalização intraclasse. Esta pesquisa verificou a relação entre o tipo de modificação dos estímulos nos treinos discriminativos e a aquisição de discriminações e de comportamento conceitual de posição. Quinze crianças de 4- 6 anos realizaram tarefas de discriminação simples de posição. Três condições experimentais com treino discriminativo diferente (modificação gradual – MG, múltiplos exemplares – ME e sem modificação - SM dos estímulos utilizados no treino) foram realizadas com todas as crianças. Os participantes deveriam selecionar, em cada condição, o estímulo cujo elemento relacional se localizava dentro, em cima ou à esquerda do elemento de referência. Os treinos foram intercalados com um teste de comportamento conceitual que apresentava estímulos treinados e novos que se diferenciavam apenas com relação à dimensão crítica. Resultados do treino mostraram altos escores nas três condições e menos erros com o Treino MG. Nos testes de comportamento conceitual, desempenhos acima do acaso foram obtidos apenas após o Treino SM. A modificação gradual de estímulos e a utilização de múltiplos exemplares reduziram os erros nos treinos e facilitaram o estabelecimento de discriminações entre estímulos treinados. O treino discriminativo SM com diversas tentativas com os pares de estímulos finais, que diferem apenas na dimensão relevante, produziu comportamento conceitual. Combinar os procedimentos parece, portanto, necessário para acelerar a aquisição das discriminações, prevenir subprodutos dos erros e para gerar controle de estímulos pelas dimensões relevantes. Palavras-chave: aprendizagem sem erro, modelagem de controle de estímulos, múltiplos exemplares, tentativa- e-erro, discriminação de posição, pré-escolares.
MODELOS COMPORTAMENTAIS EM NEUROCIÊNCIAS
Authors: Silva Maria Teresa Araujo , Guerra Luiz Guilherme G. C. , Alves Cilene Rejane Ramos
Published: July 2016

Este texto apresenta um breve histórico de uma experiência pessoal com modelos comportamentais animais, seguido de uma análise dos fundamentos do uso desses modelos e de uma ilustração de um modelo de esquizofrenia. Considera que o desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais adequados constitui uma condição singular do psicologia para as neurociências, e que seu uso é um instrumento importante para entender a ação de drogas psicoativas, para conhecer as alterações orgânicas de transtornos psiquiátricos e para ampliara dimensão da análise comportamental. Conclui que a pesquisa interdisciplinar sobre comportamento e neurociências poderá mostrar que a atividade neural segue as mesmas leis que controlam outros tipos de comportamento e pode ser integrada à análise do comportamento. Palavras-chave: modelos comportamentais, modelos animais, neurociências e comportamento, inibição latente, esquizofrenia, antipsicóticos.
O USO DE FEEDBACK DO SUPERVISOR E FEEDBACK AFIXADO PUBLICAMENTE PARA AUMENTAR A SEGURANÇA EM UM AMBIENTE DE FÁBRICA
Authors: Austin John , Helton Brent , Sigurdsson Sigurdur Oli
Published: July 2016

O estudo empregou um delineamento de linha de base entre comportamentos para avaliar os efeitos de feedback do supervisor sobre comportamentos relevantes, relacionados com segurança, em uma fábrica de manufaturas. Durante a linha de base, a segurança do depósito atingiu uma média de 35,3% para os comportamentos e condições do Checklist 1, e 35,0% para comportamentos e condições do Checklist 2. Quando o feedback verbal do supervisor foi implementado, a média da segurança do depósito aumentou para 50,6% para o Checklist 1 e para 75,7% para o Checklist 2. Quando o feedback do supervisor passou a ser afixado como parte do programa de intervenção, a média da segurança do trabalho subiu ainda mais, chegando a 58,0% para a Checklist 1 e 83,3% para a Checklist 2. Esses resultados são consistentes com descobertas anteriores de que o feedback sobre o desempenho pode aumentar comportamentos críticos na situação de trabalho. Palavras-chave: saúde, prevenção de danos físicos, segurança baseada no comportamento, feedback, acidentes.
CORRESPONDÊNCIA NO AUTO-RELATO DA CRIANÇA: ASPECTOS DE TATOS E DE MANDOS
Authors: Ribeiro Antonio De Freitas
Published: July 2016

Quatro meninos e quatro meninas (com três a cinco anos de idade) brincavam com até três brinquedos escolhidos de um conjunto de seis, e em seguida relatavam ao experimentador se eles haviam brincado com cada um dos brinquedos. Após uma linha de base na qual todas as crianças mostraram altos níveis de correspondência entre o comportamento e seu relato, relatar ter brincado foi diferencialmente reforçado, primeiro em contexto individual e depois em um contexto de grupo. Duas crianças na condição individual começaram a relatar ter brincado com os seis brinquedos, embora pudessem brincar com no máximo três. Quando relatar ter brincado foi reforçado no contexto de grupo, cinco crianças relataram ter brincado com todos os seis brinquedos.  Quando, em seguida, correspondência foi reforçada, correspondência completa retornou e se manteve numa terceira condição de reforçamento não contingente. Correspondência e falta  de correspondência foram então discutidas em termos de auto-tatos e tatos distorcidos ou mandos. Palavras-chave: comportamento verbal, (auto) tatos, tatos distorcidos ou mandos, treino de correspondência,comportamento governado por regras, dizer a verdade e mentir, auto-relato, crianças
O LADO HUMANO DO COMPORTAMENTO ANIMAL
Authors: Lattal Kennon A.
Published: July 2016

Um elemento importante na pesquisa comportamental com animais não humanos é que ela contribui para a compreensão do comportamento humano, o que aqui chamamos de o lado humano do comportamento animal. Este artigo examina as origens da comparação do comportamento humano com o de outros animais, as maneiras como tais comparações são descritas e considerações que surgem de avaliações da validade dessas comparações. A justificativa para tal comparação se originou no reducionismo da fisiologia experimental e no entendimento das similaridades de todas as formas de vida promulgado pela biologia evolucionária darwiniana. Mais recentemente foram adicionadas outras observações, tais como a simplicidade relativa do comportamento animal, afetadas por restrições impostas às comparações resultantes pela ausência do comportamento verbal em animais. A construção de comparações do comportamento humano com o de animais pode ser estruturada com base na distinção de Skinner (1957) entre as formas metafórica e genérica do tato estendido. Tanto a comparação sistemática quanto a ordinária do comportamento humano e animal são congruentes com a abordagem do tato estendido de Skinner. A consideração mais geral ao avaliar comparações do comportamento humano e animal é que seja estabelecida uma base funcional para a similaridade proposta. Análises sistemáticas e evidências convergentes podem contribuir também para a aceitação dessas comparações. Na análise final, portanto, conclusões sobre o lado humano do comportamento animal não são dedutivamente derivadas e raramente são avaliadas com base em seu valor pragmático e heurístico. Tais conclusões representam uma contribuição valiosa para o entendimento do animal humano e para o desenvolvimento  de soluções práticas para problemas no comportamento humano aos quais grande parte da psicologia se dedica. Palavras-chave: comportamento animal, comportamento humano, extensão, metáfora, modelo, analogia,simulação, extrapolação, generalização, avaliação
DISCRIMINAÇÃO CONDICIONAL: DEFINIÇÕES, PROCEDIMENTOS E DADOS RECENTES
Authors: Debert Paula , Andery Maria Amalia Pie Abib
Published: July 2016

O trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, uma caracterização das diferenças entre discriminação simples e condicional e discute a pertinência do conceito de discriminação condicional para o estudo de comportamentos complexos. Esta caracterização é seguida de uma breve revisão do desenvolvimento histórico de modelos conceituais sobre discriminação condicional até suas formulações mais recentes. A necessidade de uma eventual reformulação deste conceito é apontada com base em considerações críticas a respeito da definição de discriminação mais recorrentemente empregada e com base nos resultados de estudos que envolveram alternativas metodológicas para o estabelecimento de relações condicionais emergentes. Palavras-chave: discriminação condicional, comportamento complexo, matching-to-sample, go/no-go
RESPONDER POR EXCLUSÃO A PARTIR DE UMA LINHA DE BASE DE DISCRIMINAÇÕES CONDICIONAIS VISUAIS
Authors: Oshiro Claudia Kami Bastos , Souza Deysi Das Graças de , Costa Aline Roberta A.
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho investigou o responder de escolha por “exclusão”, fenômeno comportamental robusto, demonstrado experimentalmente pela seleção imediata de um estímulo de comparação indefinido, diante de um estímulo modelo também indefinido experimentalmente, sem uma história prévia que torne o estímulo de comparação discriminativo para a resposta de seleção. A exclusão tem sido extensamente replicada com uma preparação experimental de linha de base de discriminações condicionais auditivo-visuais. O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência da exclusão quando apenas estímulos visuais são utilizados como modelos e comparações. Dois experimentos empregaram os mesmos arranjos experimentais dos estudos prévios, substituindo os modelos auditivos pelos visuais, com a linha de base para os testes de exclusão envolvendo um mesmo modelo relacionado a vários estímulos de comparação (Experimento I) ou vários modelos relacionados a um mesmo estímulo de comparação (Experimento II). Nove crianças de 4 a 5 anos foram expostas à seguinte seqüência experimental: (a) estabelecimento de uma linha de base de discriminações condicionais visuais um para um; (b) testes de exclusão; (c) ampliação da linha de base pelo ensino de discriminações condicionais inter-relacionadas; (d) novos testes de exclusão; e (e) testes de formação de classes de estímulos. Todos os participantes adquiriram as discriminações condicionais e apresentaram o responder por exclusão e a formação de classes de equivalência. Esses resultados estendem as descobertas sobre a escolha por exclusão, demonstrando que não é dependente do envolvimento da modalidade auditiva, e fortalecem a noção de que esse comportamento emergente tem origem nos mesmos processos básicos envolvidos na formação de classes de equivalência. Palavras-chave: exclusão, comportamento emergente, discriminação condicional, topografia de controle de estímulos, controle por seleção, controle por rejeição
UMA ANÁLISE FUNCIONAL DA AQUISIÇÃO DE LINGUAGEM COMO COMPORTAMENTO
Authors: Ribes-Iñesta Emilio , Pineda L. Antonio , Quintana And Carmen
Published: July 2016

Uma análise funcional da linguagem deve levar em consideração a diferença entre as interações entre indivíduos e os produtos ou vestígios dessa interação. Embora as características morfológicas da linguagem como comportamento convencional sejam importantes, elas não são suficientes para distinguir o comportamento lingüístico do comportamento não lingüístico. Analisamos vários aspectos envolvidos na análise funcional da linguagem como comportamento: a) a aquisição de sistemas de reação convencionais; b) o despreendimento funcional de respostas; c) o comportamento lingüístico como interações contingenciais substitutivas; d) a identificação de estágios funcionais no desenvolvimento do comportamento convencional como comportamento lingüístico; e e) a análise da linguagem como processo interativo. Palavras-chave: linguagem, comportamento convencional, despreendimento funcional, contingênciasubstitutiva, interações diádicas
O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO CONCEITO DE METACONTINGÊNCIA
Authors: Martone Ricardo Corrêa , Todorov João Cláudio
Published: July 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o desenvolvimento do conceito de metacontingência. Identificou-se três reformulações subseqüentes à idéia primeiramente apresentada por Sigrid Glenn no artigo Metacontingencies in Walden II, de 1986: 1) ênfase no processo seletivo do entrelaçamento de muitos operantes e, conseqüentemente, na transmissão de padrões comportamentais através do tempo; 2) a descrição das funções de diferentes efeitos ambientais produzidos pelo entrelaçamento; e 3) diferenciação entre processos de variação e seleção que ocorrem em nível individual (relações de macrocontingência) e processos de variação e seleção que ocorrem em nível cultural (relações de metacontingência). Palavras-chave: seleção por conseqüências, metacontingência, contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas, produto agregado, macrocontingência.