bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of creatinine height index in patients with trauma for the evaluation of psoas muscle mass: A clinical validation study
Authors: Stolarski Allan E. , Wee Katherine , Young Lorraine , LeBedis Christina , Kim Jiyoun , Remick Daniel G. , Bistrian Bruce , Burke Peter A.
Published: May 2023

Background

The creatinine height index (CHI) is an estimate of lean body mass. We hypothesize that a modified CHI estimate using serum creatinine (sCr) levels in patients with normal renal function when performed soon after injury would reflect preinjury protein nutrition status.

Methods

The urine CHI (uCHI) was calculated using the 24‐h urine sample. The serum‐derived estimated CHI (sCHI) was calculated using the sCr on admission. Correlation between abdominal computed tomography images at specific lumbar vertebral levels and total body fat and muscle content was used for comparison as an independent measurement of nutrition status unlikely to be substantially altered by trauma.

Results

A total of 45 patients were enrolled, all with a significant injury burden (median injury severity score [ISS] = 25; interquartile range, 17–35). The calculated sCHI on admission was 71.0% (SD = 26.9%) and likely underestimates the CHI when compared with uCHI (mean = 112.5%, SD = 32.6%). Stratifying by degree of stress demonstrated that in a group of 23 moderately and severely stressed patients, uCHI (mean = 112.7%, SD = 5.7%) and sCHI (mean = 60.8%, SD = 1.9%) were significantly different and without correlation (r = −0.26, P = 0.91). In patients without stress, there was a significant negative correlation between sCHI and psoas muscle area (r = −0.869, P = 0.03), and in patients with severe stress there was a significant positive correlation between uCHI and psoas muscle area (r = 0.733, P = 0.016).

Conclusion

The CHI calculated from the initial sCr is not an appropriate estimate of uCHI in critically ill trauma patients and is not a valid measure of psoas muscle mass in this setting.
Comparison of the effect of extraction methods on waste cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) flowers: metabolic profile, bioactive components, antioxidant, and α‐amylase inhibition
Authors: Ma Lei , Dong Ruidan , Peng Jun , Tian Xinquan , Fang Dan , Xu Shuangjiao
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Waste cotton flowers, as a by‐product of cotton cultivation, are enriched with bioactive substances that render them a promising natural source of health‐promoting benefits. In this study, ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and conventional extraction (CE) approaches were applied to extract bioactive compounds from waste cotton flowers, and the metabolic profiles, bioactive components, antioxidants, and α‐amylase inhibition of different extractions were systematically analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

It was observed that UAE and CE extracts had similar metabolic profiles compared with SWE. The flavonoids and amino acids and derivatives were more prone to be extracted by UAE and CE, whereas phenolic acids tended to accumulate in SWE extract. The UAE extract had the highest amounts of total polyphenols (214.07 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight) and flavonoids (33.23 mg rutin equivalents per gram dry weight) as well as the strongest inhibition on oxidation (IC50 = 10.80 μg mL−1) and α‐amylase activity (IC50 = 0.62 mg mL−1), indicating that chemical composition was closely related to biological activity. Additionally, microstructures and thermal behaviors of the extracts were investigated and highlighted the ability of UAE.

CONCLUSION

Overall, it can be concluded that UAE is an efficient, green, and economical extraction method to produce bioactive compounds from cotton flowers, and the UAE extracts could be used in food and medicine industries because of their high antioxidant and α‐amylase inhibitory activity. This study provides a scientific basis for the development and comprehensive utilization of cotton by‐products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Interior micro‐defect induced cracking mechanism and life prediction of carburized Cr−Ni steel based on double nonlinear damage under variable amplitude loading
Authors: Deng H. , Kang H. , Guo Y. , Guo Y. , He X. , Yu H.
Published: May 2023

The constant/variable amplitude loading fatigue test with interior inclusion‐fine granular area‐fisheye induced failure under R=0 were carried out on carburized Cr−Ni steel. The results showed that the fatigue life under variable amplitude loading is longer than that under constant amplitude loading in very‐high‐cycle fatigue regime under same maximum stress level, and the surface morphology of fine granular area under variable amplitude loading is coarser than that under constant amplitude loading under same order of magnitude of fatigue life. Simultaneously, it can be determined that the formation micro‐mechanism of fine granular area is caused by the continuous deboning due to stress concentration around interior micro‐defects. Furthermore, the life prediction model based on double nonlinear fatigue damage, which considers the coupling effect of local equivalent stress (surface residual stress and local stress concentration effect), loading sequence, failure mechanism and nonlinear characteristics of fatigue damage under constant/variable amplitude loading is established, and predicted life has good accuracy within the factor‐of‐three lines.
Understanding and targeting resistance mechanisms in cancer
Authors: Lei Zi‐Ning , Tian Qin , Teng Qiu‐Xu , Wurpel John N. D. , Zeng Leli , Pan Yihang , Chen Zhe‐Sheng
Published: May 2023

Resistance to cancer therapies has been a commonly observed phenomenon in clinical practice, which is one of the major causes of treatment failure and poor patient survival. The reduced responsiveness of cancer cells is a multifaceted phenomenon that can arise from genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Various mechanisms have been discovered and extensively studied, including drug inactivation, reduced intracellular drug accumulation by reduced uptake or increased efflux, drug target alteration, activation of compensatory pathways for cell survival, regulation of DNA repair and cell death, tumor plasticity, and the regulation from tumor microenvironments (TMEs). To overcome cancer resistance, a variety of strategies have been proposed, which are designed to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment or reduce drug resistance. These include identifying biomarkers that can predict drug response and resistance, identifying new targets, developing new targeted drugs, combination therapies targeting multiple signaling pathways, and modulating the TME. The present article focuses on the different mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer and the corresponding tackling approaches with recent updates. Perspectives on polytherapy targeting multiple resistance mechanisms, novel nanoparticle delivery systems, and advanced drug design tools for overcoming resistance are also reviewed.
Non‐Motor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients withPRRT2‐Related Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia
Authors: Ekmen Asya , Doulazmi Mohamed , Méneret Aurélie , Jegatheesan Prasanthi , Hervé Anais , Damier Philippe , Gras Domitille , Roubertie Agathe , Piard Juliette , Mutez Eugenie , Tarrano Clément , Welniarz Quentin , Vidailhet Marie , Worbe Yulia , Gallea Cécile , Roze Emmanuel
Published: May 2023

Background

Monoallelic pathogenic variants ofPRRT2often result in paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD). Little is known about health‐related quality of life (HrQoL), non‐motor manifestations, self‐esteem, and stigma in patients with PKD.

Objectives

We investigated non‐motor symptoms and how they related to HrQoL in a genetically homogeneous group ofPRRT2‐PKD patients. We paid special attention to perceived stigmatization and self‐esteem.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 21 consecutive PKD patients with a pathogenic variant ofPRRT2, and 21 healthy controls matched for age and sex. They were evaluated with dedicated standardized tests for non‐motor symptoms, HrQoL, anxiety, depression, stigma, self‐esteem, sleep, fatigue, pain, and psychological well‐being.

Results

Patients reported an alteration of the physical aspects of HrQoL, regardless of the presence of residual paroxysmal episodes. Non‐motor manifestations were frequent, and were an important determinant of the alteration of HrQoL. In addition, patients perceived a higher level of stigmatization which positively correlated with a delay in diagnosis (ρ = 0.615,P = 0.003) and the fear of being judged (ρ = 0.452,P = 0.04), but not with the presence of paroxysmal episodes (ρ = 0.203,P = 0.379).

Conclusions

Our findings have important implications for care givers concerning patient management and medical education about paroxysmal dyskinesia.PRRT2‐PKD patients should be screened for non‐motor disorders in routine care. A long history of misdiagnosis may play a role in the high level of perceived stigmatization. Improving knowledge about diagnostic clues suggestive of PKD is mandatory.
Effect of carbon nanotubes on curing characteristics of low energy electron beam curing CFRPs
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Liang Sen
Published: May 2023

Low energy electron beam (E‐Beam) curing process has been considered a promising fabrication technology in high‐efficiency and low‐cost OOA curing, but still not been widely used in industrial applications, mainly limited by the poor mechanical properties of the CFRP resulting from the poor toughness of the low‐energy E‐Beam curable resin. This paper extended the excellent effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) toughened resin to the E‐Beam curable resin system, and focused on the influence law and mechanism of CNTs on the curing characteristics of the resin. Theoretical analysis showed that the carboxylated CNTs affect the curing characteristics by participating in the chain transfer link of the cationic curing process. According to the DSC experimental results, the activation energy of the curing reaction of the resin were reduced from 136.2 kJ·mol−1 without adding CNTs to 123.9 kJ·mol−1, 118.3 kJ·mol−1, 112.8 kJ·mol−1 and 105.8 kJ·mol−1 at 0.25 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, 0.75 wt.% and 1 wt.% of CNTs adding amount respectively, due to which the curing degree of the E‐Beam curable CFRPs were improved with the increase of CNTs contents. Considering the E‐Beam dose attenuation and its influence on curing characteristics, prepregs were irradiated single‐sided or both sided for efficient preparation of E‐Beam cured CFRP components subsequently, for which the curing degree along the prepreg thickness were investigated through the curing reaction kinetic models and DSC experiments. This study will provide research basis for parameter optimization of CNTs contents, and performance improvement of E‐Beam cured CNTs/CFRP.
Economic growth and poverty reduction: Evidence from Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries
Authors: Mogess Yohannes Kefale , Eshete Zerayehu Sime , Alemaw Abadi Teferi
Published: May 2023

Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries have registered outstanding economic growth in recent decades. However, poverty is still pervasive, deep, and severe in the region. This paper aims to analyze the impact of the recent economic growth on poverty reduction in 27 SSA countries using a new dynamic panel data set. Adopting System GMM estimation, this study found that economic growth has been associated with poverty reduction. Also, the previous level of poverty had an intense impact on the prevalent poverty status in the region. Moreover, although nonmonetary measures and income measures of poverty produce similar results (showing a reduction in poverty), nonincome poverty, especially destitution data, suggest that SSA countries are poorer even than previously understood. We suggest that SSA countries should promote a policy of income‐enhancing (i.e., economic growth) to ramp up poverty reduction.
The effect of medicinal plants on cirrhosis: A systematic review of clinical trials
Authors: Amini Sepide , Bagherniya Mohammad , Butler Alexandra E. , Askari Gholamreza , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: May 2023

Medicinal plants with minimal side effects, low cost, and liver‐protective effects can be a suitable treatment option for cirrhosis. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness of herbal medicines on cirrhosis, a life‐threatening liver disease. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for clinical trials that investigated the effect of medicinal plants on cirrhosis. This review includes 11 clinical trials, of which eight studies including 613 patients assessed the effect of silymarin on cirrhosis. Three of six studies showed the beneficial effects of silymarin on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Two studies including 118 patients investigated the effect of curcumin on cirrhosis, one showing improvement in quality of life and the other showing improvements in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, prothrombin time (PT), and the international normalized ratio (INR). An article including four patients investigated the effect of ginseng on cirrhosis; two patients reported improvement in the Child‐Pugh score, and ascites decreased in two. All studies included here reported no or negligible side effects. Results showed that medicinal plants including silymarin, curcumin, and ginseng have beneficial effects on cirrhosis. However, due to the limited number of studies, further high‐quality studies are warranted.
RumexWeeds: A grassland dataset for agricultural robotics
Authors: Güldenring Ronja , van Evert Frits K. , Nalpantidis Lazaros
Published: May 2023

Computer vision can lead toward more sustainable agricultural production by enabling robotic precision agriculture. Vision‐equipped robots are being deployed in the fields to take care of crops and control weeds. However, publicly available agricultural datasets containing both image data as well as data from navigational robot sensors are scarce. Our real‐world dataset RumexWeeds targets the detection of the grassland weeds: Rumex obtusifolius L. and Rumex crispus L. RumexWeeds includes whole image sequences instead of individual static images, which is rare for computer vision image datasets, yet crucial for robotic applications. It allows for more robust object detection, incorporating temporal aspects and considering different viewpoints of the same object. Furthermore, RumexWeeds includes data from additional navigational robot sensors—GNSS, IMU and odometry—which can increase robustness, when additionally fed to detection models. In total the dataset includes 5510 images with 15,519 manual bounding box annotations collected at three different farms and four different days in summer and autumn 2021. Additionally, RumexWeeds includes a subset of 340 ground truth pixels‐wise annotations. The dataset is publicly available at https://dtu-pas.github.io/RumexWeeds/. In this paper we also use RumexWeeds to provide baseline weed detection results considering a state‐of‐the‐art object detector; in this way we are elucidating interesting characteristics of the dataset.
QSAR‐Guided Study for the Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 4‐Methylquinoline Derivatives with Antimycobacterial Activity
Authors: Luczywo Ayelen , Soto Mauricio , Muscia Gisela C. , Romanelli Gustavo P. , Sathicq Gabriel , González César , Mella Jaime , Mellado Marco , Asís Silvia E.
Published: May 2023

Tuberculosis was discovered more than a century ago, and it is still a disease that presents difficulties in its treatment due to the appearance of new resistant strains. To design new antituberculosis agents with a quinoline structure, our group developed three‐dimensional structure‐activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) models, based on Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis (CoMSIA). Statistically robust models (q2>0.6; r2ncv>0.8; r2pred>0.7) and with good external predictability were obtained. We found that positions 2, 3, and 4 of the quinoline nucleus are directly related to the modulation of the growth inhibitory activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. To validate the models, we synthesized twelve quinolines through the Friëdlander reaction and three indolinones. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in the growth inhibition of resistant H37Rv tuberculosis strains (rpoBS450L, katGdel, and gyrAD94K) and in nontuberculous strains (M. avium and M. abscessus). We found that the compound (Z)‐4‐((2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)amino)‐N‐(thiazol‐2‐yl)benzenesulfonamide was active in all resistant strains; the compound 2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐methylquinoline was active on M. avium; and the compound 10‐methyl‐11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline was active on M. abscessus. These models are useful for the discovery of new compounds with inhibitory properties of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and with potential applications in resistant and nontuberculous strains.
Structure‐Property Relationships Governing Membrane‐Penetrating Behaviour of Complex Coacervates
Authors: Lu Tiemei , Hu Xinyu , van Haren Merlijn H. I. , Spruijt Evan , Huck Wilhelm T. S.
Published: May 2023

Complex coacervates are phase‐separated liquid droplets composed of oppositely charged multivalent molecules. The unique material properties of the complex coacervate interior favours the sequestration of biomolecules and facilitates reactions. Recently, it is shown that coacervates can be used for direct cytosolic delivery of sequestered biomolecules in living cells. Here, it is studied that the physical properties required for complex coacervates composed of oligo‐arginine and RNA to cross phospholipid bilayers and enter liposomes penetration depends on two main parameters: the difference in ζ‐potential between the complex coacervates and the liposomes, and the partitioning coefficient (Kp) of lipids into the complex coacervates. Following these guidelines, a range of complex coacervates is found that is able to penetrate the membrane of living cells, thus paving the way for further development of coacervates as delivery vehicles of therapeutic agents.
Conceptualizing CSR as innovative adoption by MNCs from emerging Asian economies
Authors: Al‐Mamun Abdullah , Zaman Sawlat
Published: May 2023

Two frequently researched fundamental factors in the recent business arena are corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Though the earlier is globalized in various aspects, the latter is still traditionally identified as a Western practice for corporations. This research paper argues that Multi‐national Corporations (MNCs) from emerging economies contribute to their parent country's business dynamics including CSR through “reverse knowledge innovation.” To some extent, CSR is prioritized and implemented in these emerging economies, as their MNCs adopt and diffuse CSR practices domestically through reverse knowledge flows. Based on 10 economies from Asia in terms of CSR adoption, we find that CSR is largely considered a Western business innovation among the emerging economies and their home‐grown multinationals are the main vehicle of transfer in this case. This study identifies that there are three different levels of CSR adoption depending on a country's phase of economic development: Luxury, diffusion, and institutionalized. The study thus contributes in terms of a multi‐level theory by highlighting a source of CSR variation at the national level in the domain of Asian emerging economies.
TRIM29 facilitates proliferation and malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma cells by activating MAPK and β‐catenin pathways
Authors: Yang Jing , Bao Wenqing , Diao Haiyan , Yang Shaofei , Qiu Lin , Xu Chunjing , Zhao Bin
Published: May 2023

Background

Tripartite motif‐containing 29 (TRIM29) has been found to be involved in the regulation of cancer progression and its function varies depending on the type of cancer. However, the role of TRIM29 in cholangiocarcinoma has yet to be revealed.

Purpose

This study initially explored the role of TRIM29 in cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

TRIM29 expression in cholangiocarcinoma cells were scrutinized by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The function of TRIM29 on cholangiocarcinoma cell viability, proliferation, migration and sphere formation abilities were studied by cell count kit‐8, clone formation, Transwell and sphere formation assays. TRIM29 effect on the expression of proteins associated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell characteristics were researched by Western blot. TRIM29 effect on MAPK and β‐catenin pathway activity was researched through Western blot.

Results

TRIM29 was overexpressed in cholangiocarcinoma cells. TRIM29 silencing mitigated the viability, proliferation, migration and sphere formation abilities of cholangiocarcinoma cells, increased E‐cadherin expression and decreased the expression of N‐cadherin, Vimentin, CD33, Sox2 and Nanog proteins in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The loss of TRIM29 suppressed the expression of p‐MEK1/2/MEK1/2 and p‐ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in cholangiocarcinoma cells. The inhibition of the MAPK and β‐catenin signaling pathways abrogated the promotion of TRIM29 on cholangiocarcinoma cell viability, proliferation, migration, EMT, and cancer stem cell characteristics.

Conclusion

TRIM29 plays an oncogenic role in cholangiocarcinoma. It may promote the malignancy of cholangiocarcinoma via inducing the activation of the MAPK and β‐catenin pathways. Thus, TRIM29 may aid in the creation of innovative treatment strategies for cholangiocarcinoma.
A boot camp translation of Alzheimer's disease in Hispanic/Latino communities
Authors: Medina Luis D. , Woods Steven Paul , Mullen Rebecca , John Samantha E. , Kunik Mark , Pressman Peter , Moeller Stacey , Martinez Michelle , Arroyo Miranda Mirna , Stocker Michelle , Lopez‐Esquibel Natalie , Vardeman Jennifer
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Hispanics/Latinos (H/Ls) are significantly underrepresented in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research participant samples. This exclusion limits our interpretation of research findings and understanding of the causes of brain health disparities. The Engaging Communities of Hispanics/Latinos for Aging Research (ECHAR) Network was created to engage, educate, and motivate H/Ls for participation in brain aging research by addressing several barriers to inclusion, including health literacy and AD‐related communication.

Methods

We used a novel community‐engaged method—Boot Camp Translation (BCT)—to translate medical jargon into action‐based, community‐relevant messages. H/L community members (n = 39) were recruited from three cities to work with local research teams and co‐develop culturally responsive AD‐related messaging. BCT meetings leveraged various techniques to identify key messages, the target audience for the messages, and methods to disseminate these messages. Themes were constructed collaboratively between BCT facilitators and community members as the group iteratively refined the conceptual framework and language for the main messages, with the goal to make AD messaging accessible for H/L community members.

Results

H/L community members showed significant improvements in subjective understanding (Cohen's d = 0.75; P < 0.001) and objective knowledge of Alzheimer's disease (Cohen's d = 0.79; P < 0.001) at BCT completion. H/L community members identified key messages that converged for all three cities. These were related to reducing stigma, emphasizing brain health and risk mitigation, and acknowledging the impact of AD on multi‐generational families/households. Participants also recommended sharing these messages with H/Ls across the lifespan using multi‐media avenues.

Discussion

The collaborative efforts identified culturally responsive and community‐relevant messaging that may help address health literacy barriers contributing to AD‐related disparities in H/L communities.

HIGHLIGHTS

Hispanics/Latinos are underrepresented in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) research despite increased risk.

Limited ADRD health literacy may act as a recruitment barrier.

Boot Camp Translation (BCT) is a process that targets health communication.

We carried out BCT in three cities to co‐develop ADRD messaging.

Results highlight regional similarities and differences in ADRD communication.
The impact of irrigation with treated wastewaters on soil and kikuyu grass nutrient compositions
Authors: Shahrivar Alireza A. , Hagare Dharmappa , Maheshwari Basant , Rahman Muhammad M.
Published: May 2023

A lysimeter study was conducted for 1 year to examine how the source of wastewater for irrigation impacted soil physicochemical properties and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) nutrient composition. The wastewater used included treated wastewater produced by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and intermittently decanted aerated lagoon (IDAL) treatment systems. No significant differences were observed between the treatments regarding total nitrogen and total phosphorus across the depths of the columns. However, highly significant differences were observed for Na content of the soils at various depths. Remarkable differences were recorded for soil exchangeable K and Na at different depths. In contrast, soil exchangeable Ca and Mg experienced no significant differences concerning the depth of the columns. For kikuyu grass, sodium contents of the grasses irrigated with MBR and IDAL treated wastewaters increased more than 200% and 100%, respectively, when compared with the grass irrigated with tap water. Over the period of monitoring considered in this study, there was no sign of excessive soil salinity/sodicity issues. The MBR treated wastewater has the potential to supply the grass with a constant dosage of valuable nutrients such as N and P without the requirement of using chemical fertilizers. This reduces the risk of contamination of receiving waters and groundwater and enhances the recycling of the nutrients in the wastewater to achieve a circular economy of nutrients.

Practitioner Points

Application of treated wastewaters revealed no harmful effects on soil and plant nutritional properties over the study period.

The membrane bioreactor (MBR) treated wastewater potentially supplies the grass with constant dosage of valuable nutrients in the absence of chemical fertilisers.

Sodium contents of the grasses irrigated with MBR and IDAL treated wastewaters increased more than 200% and 100%, respectively.

Soil soluble and exchangeable cations showed very similar trends of changes versus the depth of the soil over the study period.
Wolverine denning behaviour and its implications for monitoring reproductive females
Authors: Aronsson Malin , Andrén Henrik , Low Matthew , Persson Jens
Published: May 2023

Knowledge about the number of reproductive females is important for monitoring population dynamics, and can be critical for managing human–wildlife conflicts. For wolverines Gulo gulo, counts of reproductive females is the basis for estimates of population size in Scandinavia, as well as a key measure for compensation payments to Sámi reindeer‐herders in Sweden. However, documenting wolverine reproductive events in the field is challenging and requires knowledge of female denning behaviour. Furthermore, females may shift den sites, presenting difficulties in determining whether two den sites belong to the same or two neighbouring females. In this study, we used data from 18 GPS‐collared wolverine females, monitored intensively during the denning season (15 February–31 May) in 2004–2014, to provide baseline information on denning behaviour. We documented reproductive events in 32 of 54 potential denning seasons, and identified a total of 245 den sites. Females used 8.8 ± 8.5 (mean ± SD) den sites per denning season (median = 6, range: 1–28). The number of den site shifts, the distance between subsequent den sites, and the time and distance females spent away from a den site increased during the denning season; while distances between neighbouring females' den sites remained constant. From late April, the distance between consecutive den sites used by the same female overlapped with distances between neighbouring females' den sites, resulting in increased uncertainty regarding whether two den sites belonged to one or two females. Using Bayesian modelling we calculated probabilities that two den sites belonged to the same female, or neighbouring females, conditional on the time of season and the distance between den sites. These findings will allow the monitoring program to adapt its methods for determining if multiple den sites belong to one or two reproductive events, using seasonally‐dynamic threshold based on an understanding of wolverine denning behaviour.
Welfare State in a Fair Society? Post-Industrial Finland as a Case Study
Authors: Saari Juho
Published: May 2023

Finland is among the most advanced welfare states in the world. However, many surveys show that Finns are worried about the state of the Finnish welfare state and are experiencing various inequalities. This study argues that contrary to earlier studies, one can claim that the Finnish welfare state has a strong legitimacy and Finns think of their society as just. Opinion polls taken since 1993 show steady and even increasing support. Furthermore, comparative analysis indicates that both in terms of resources and perceived experience, Finland seems to be quite a just/fair country. This result indicates that by asking different questions and highlighting different experiences, one can obtain different results.
Social History of Experiences: A Theoretical-Methodological Approach
Authors: Kokko Heikki , Harjula Minna
Published: May 2023

How should we analyse experiences as societal phenomena? This chapter develops a historical-theoretical approach by building on the social theory of Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with Reinhart Koselleck’s temporal structures of experiencing. We first theorize how experiences are socially constructed and how experiences themselves construct the historically changing social reality. Second, we introduce analytic tools for approaching experiences in socio-historical research. The chapter conceptualizes the temporal and spatial structures of experience as layers of experience and scenes of experience, and indicates how they can be traced by exploring the sediments—shared meanings of experience—that are stored in different sign systems in a given historical context.
Voices of the Poor: Negotiations of Social Rights in Denmark, 1849–1891
Authors: Rasmussen Leonora Lottrup
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates negotiations of social rights in Denmark, from the first democratic constitution in 1849 to the social reforms of the 1890s. By drawing on newer citizenship studies and key studies on pauper agency, it focuses on the everyday practice of citizenship and the actions and experiences of those citizens who relied on public support in the city of Aarhus. Through the examination of applications written by the poor to the municipality, the chapter shows how the poor themselves played an active role in shaping the local poor relief system. These local negotiations in turn shaped the content of national citizenship, which indicates that the municipalities preceded the national legislation, functioning as a point of reference for the social reforms of the 1890s.
Between Gift and Entitlement: Experiencing Public Social Services and Charitable Food Aid in 2020s Finland
Authors: Salonen Anna Sofia
Published: May 2023

In this chapter I analyze how the ideals of the Finnish welfare state are experienced in the 2020s by people who live in weak social and economic situations. Charitable food aid and public social services are often seen to epitomize the unreconciled ideals of the charitable ethos versus welfare universalism. This chapter voices grassroots experiences of people who use services from both charitable and public social service institutions. By exploring people’s everyday encounters with these services, the demonstrations of agency within these services, navigations of social hierarchy, and expressions of gratitude in the welfare state context, the chapter highlights both contrasts and connections between food aid and the welfare state institutions. It shows how experienced social rights of people in weak positions are entangled with their individual agency.
Introduction
Authors: Paaß Gerhard , Giesselbach Sven
Published: May 2023

With the development of efficient Deep Learning models about a decade ago, many Deep Neural Networks have been used to solve pattern recognition tasks such as natural language processing and image recognition. An advantage of these models is that they automatically create features arranged in layers which represent the content and do not require manually constructed features. These models rely on Machine Learning employing statistical techniques to give machines the capability to ‘learn’ from data without being given explicit instructions on what to do. Deep Learning models transform the input in layers step by step in such a way that complex patterns in the data can be recognized. This chapter first describes how a text is pre-processed and partitioned into tokens, which form the basis for natural language processing. Then we outline a number of classical Machine Learning models, which are often used as modules in advanced models. Examples include the logistic classifier model, fully connected layers, recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks.
Foundation Models for Information Extraction
Authors: Paaß Gerhard , Giesselbach Sven
Published: May 2023

In the chapter we consider Information Extraction approaches that automatically identify structured information in text documents and comprise a set of tasks. The Text Classification task assigns a document to one or more pre-defined content categories or classes. This includes many subtasks such as language identification, sentiment analysis, etc. The Word Sense Disambiguation task attaches a predefined meaning to each word in a document. The Named Entity Recognition task identifies named entities in a document. An entity is any object or concept mentioned in the text and a named entity is an entity that is referred to by a proper name. The Relation Extraction task aims to identify the relationship between entities extracted from a text. This covers many subtasks such as coreference resolution, entity linking, and event extraction. Most demanding is the joint extraction of entities and relations from a text. Traditionally, relatively small Pre-trained Language Models have been fine-tuned to these task and yield high performance, while larger Foundation Models achieve high scores with few-shot prompts, but usually have not been benchmarked.
Impact of high-scale Seesaw and Leptogenesis on inflationary tensor perturbations as detectable gravitational waves
Authors: Berbig Maximilian , Ghoshal Anish
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We discuss the damping of inflationary gravitational waves (GW) that re-enter the horizon before or during an epoch, where the energy budget of the universe is dominated by an unstable right handed neutrino (RHN), whose out of equilibrium decay releases entropy. Starting from the minimal Standard Model extension, motivated by the observed neutrino mass scale, with nothing more than 3 RHN for the Seesaw mechanism, we discuss the conditions for high scale leptogenesis assuming a thermal initial population of RHN. We further address the associated production of potentially light non-thermal dark matter and a potential component of dark radiation from the same RHN decay. One of our main findings is that the frequency, above which the damping of the tensor modes is potentially observable, is completely determined by successful leptogenesis and a Davidson-Ibarra type bound to be at around 0.1 Hz. To quantify the detection prospects of this GW background for various proposed interferometers such as AEDGE, BBO, DECIGO, Einstein Telescope or LISA we compute the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This allows us to investigate the viable parameter space of our model, spanned by the mass of the decaying RHN $$ {M}_1\gtrsim 2.4\times {10}^8\textrm{GeV}\cdot \sqrt{2\times {10}^{-7}\textrm{eV}/{\tilde{m}}_1} $$

M
1

≳
2.4
×

10
8

GeV
⋅

2
×

10

−
7

eV
/

m
~

1

(for leptogenesis) and the effective neutrino mass parameterizing its decay width $$ {\tilde{m}}_1 $$

m
~

1

< 2.9 × 10−7 eV (for RHN matter domination). Thus gravitational wave astronomy is a novel way to probe both the Seesaw and the leptogenesis scale, which are completely inaccessible to laboratory experiments in high scale scenarios.
Holographic duals of evaporating black holes
Authors: Emparan Roberto , Luna Raimon , Suzuki Ryotaku , Tomašević Marija , Way Benson
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We describe the dynamical evaporation of a black hole as the classical evolution in time of a black hole in an Anti-de Sitter braneworld. A bulk black hole whose horizon intersects the brane yields the classical bulk dual of a black hole coupled to quantum conformal fields. The evaporation of this black hole happens when the bulk horizon slides off the brane, making the horizon on the brane shrink. We use a large-D effective theory of the bulk Einstein equations to solve the time evolution of these systems. With this method, we study the dual evaporation of a variety of black holes interacting with colder radiation baths. We also obtain the dual of the collapse of holographic radiation to form a black hole on the brane. Finally, we discuss the evolution of the Page curve of the radiation in our evaporation setups, with entanglement islands appearing and then shrinking during the decreasing part of the curve.
Patients who undergo bilateral medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction return to sport at a similar rate as those that undergo unilateral reconstruction
Authors: Li Zachary I. , Triana Jairo , Lott Ariana , Rao Naina , Jazrawi Taylor , Montgomery Samuel R. , Buldo‐Licciardi Michael , Alaia Michael J. , Strauss Eric J. , Jazrawi Laith M. , Campbell Kirk A.
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Lateral patellar instability is a debilitating condition not only to athletes, but also to a wide range of highly active individuals. Many of these patients experience symptoms bilaterally, though it is unknown how these patients fair with return to sports following a second medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFLR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of return to sport following bilateral MPFLR compared to a unilateral comparison group.

Methods

Patients who underwent primary MPFLR with minimum 2‐year follow‐up were identified from 2014 to 2020 at an academic center. Those who underwent primary MPFLR of bilateral knees were identified. Pre‐injury sport participation and Tegner score, Kujala score, Visual Analog Score (VAS) for pain, satisfaction, and MPFL‐Return to Sport after Injury (MPFL‐RSI) scale were collected. Bilateral and unilateral MPFLRs were matched in a 1:2 ratio based on age, sex, body mass index, and concomitant tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO). A sub‐analysis was performed regarding concomitant TTO.

Results

The final cohort consisted of 63 patients, including 21 patients who underwent bilateral MPFLR, matched to 42 unilateral patients at mean follow‐up of 47 ± 27 months. Patients who underwent bilateral MPFLR returned to sport at a rate of 62% at a mean of 6.0 ± 2.3 months, compared to a unilateral rate of 72% at 8.1 ± 4.2 months (n.s.). The rate of return to pre‐injury level was 43% among bilateral patients and 38% in the unilateral cohort. There were no significant differences in VAS pain, Kujala, current Tegner, satisfaction, and MPFL‐RSI scores between cohorts. Approximately half of those (47%) who failed to return to sport cited psychological factors and had significantly lower MPFL‐RSI scores (36.6 vs 74.2, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients who underwent bilateral MPFLR returned to sports at a similar rate and level compared to a unilateral comparison group. MPFL‐RSI was found to be significantly associated with return to sport.

Level of evidence

III.
Future changes in heatwaves characteristics in Romania
Authors: Antonescu Bogdan , Ene Dragoş , Boldeanu Mihai , Andrei Simona , Mărmureanu Luminiţa , Marin Cristina , Pîrloagă Răzvan
Published: May 2023

The changes in the characteristics of heatwaves over Romania have been analyzed using the excess heat factor calculated for two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) from the EURO-CORDEX project. The changes were evaluated for the near future (2021–2050) using the historical period (1971–2000) as reference. The frequency of occurrence and the duration of heatwaves is projected to increase for both climate scenarios in particular over southern Romania. In this region, the percentage of change in the near future for the number of heatwaves is between 50 and 60% for the RCP4.5 scenario and 60–80% for the RCP8.5 scenario. Also for the same region, the duration of heatwaves will increase by 30–50% for the RCP4.5 scenario and 60–80% for the RCP8.5 scenario. These results indicate that the human exposure to heatwaves will increase in Romania in the near future. To increase awareness on heatwaves and their impact, we propose a series of immediate actions that include (1) improving the communication of the impact of heatwaves, (2) identification of the regions where the population is more vulnerable to heatwaves, and (3) better understanding of the mortality and morbidity associate with heatwaves in Romania.
The relationship between number line estimation and mathematical reasoning: a quantile regression approach
Authors: Ruiz Carola , Kohnen Saskia , Bull Rebecca
Published: May 2023

Number line estimation has been found to be strongly related to mathematical reasoning concurrently and longitudinally. However, the relationship between number line estimation and mathematical reasoning might differ according to children’s level of performance. This study investigates whether findings from previous studies that show number line estimation significantly predicting mathematical reasoning replicate, and whether this relationship holds across several points of the mathematical reasoning distribution. Participants include 324 Singaporean children (162 girls, Mage = 74.1 months, SDage = 4.0) in their second year of kindergarten who were assessed on the number line estimation task (0–10 and 0–100) and mathematical reasoning skills. The results replicate previous findings showing that higher accuracy on the number line estimation task is predictive of higher mathematical reasoning, for both the 0–10 and 0–100 number line. Quantile regressions show that performance on the number line task similarly predict mathematical reasoning across the performance distribution. Possible differences between the 0–10 and 0–100 number line’s predictive capacity are discussed.
Clinical significance of serum antinuclear antibodies in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and comorbidity
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Yuqi , Wang Peng , Wang Xin , Yi Yunyun , Li Xin
Published: May 2023

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is often complicated with immune diseases, which greatly affected the course and clinical outcome of AIH. We aimed to systematically assess clinical characteristics, prognosis in autoimmune hepatitis accompanied by immune diseases. Clinical records of 358 patients with AIH from Beijing Ditan Hospital in China were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical features of AIH with immune diseases were compared retrospectively, including clinical characteristics, prognosis and outcome. Prevalence of immune diseases in patients with AIH was 26.5%. Connective tissue disease (CTD) was the commonest immune diseases associated with AIH (33/358, 9.2%), and the incidence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) was low (4.7% and 8.5%, respectively). At diagnosis, AIH-PBC patients had higher IgM and ALP, lower weight, Hgb, ALT and AFP (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, AIH-CTD patients had lower mean platelet volume, serum K and triglyceride (P < 0.05). AIH-TD patients had a lower proportion of ANA positive (P < 0.05). The overall survival time of AIH-TD was significantly shorter than AIH patients (P = 0.0011), but there were no differences in AIH-PBC and AIH-CTD. Furthermore, ANA negative (HR: 0.21, 95%CI 0.13–0.35, P < 0.001) can be a factor to predict the poor prognosis of AIH, and also in AIH-TD patients. About 26.5% of AIH patients had at least one immune disease, and TD coexisted with AIH impaired patients’ survival. ANA negative can be used as an independent indicator to predict the poor prognosis of AIH and AIH-TD.
Menschenrechte für das Anthropozän?
Authors: Sinder Rike
Published: May 2023

Seit längerem wird beklagt, das geltende (Verfassungs-)Recht könne den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels nicht gerecht werden. Die in verschiedenen Foren erhobenen Klimaklagen plädieren vor diesem Hintergrund für eine auf das Anthropozän ausgerichtete Menschenrechtsdogmatik: Sie soll multiple Akteure anerkennen, nationale Territorien transzendieren und den zeitlichen Rahmen klassischer Menschenrechtslehren hinter sich lassen. In ihrem Zugriff auf den Topos des Risikos dekonstruieren Klimaklagen schließlich nicht weniger als den Dualismus von Natur und Kultur. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die konkret herausgeforderten dogmatischen Axiome am Beispiel der Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte herauszuarbeiten und Art und Ausmaß des unter Verweis auf den Klimawandel eingeforderten Verfassungswandels aufzuzeigen.
Z-Pinning Techniques to Improve Energy Absorption Capabilities of CFRP Tubular Structures
Authors: Ramírez J. G. , Ghasemnejad H.
Published: May 2023

This paper investigates the use of z-pinning reinforcement in CFRP tubular structures under axial impact, to find the optimum design to increase the specific energy absorption (SEA). Through-the-thickness reinforcement is known as a technique to improve integrity and fracture resistance in composite materials and structures. Manufacturing and testing of unpinned tubular structures are conducted to create a base model to validate numerical results. A finite element model of the tube under dynamic impact is developed using LS-DYNA software, conducting parametric studies, mesh sensitivity analysis and trigger modelling research. The proposed z-pinning modelling techniques are researched, and an energy-based contact model is proposed to model pinned areas. Five different designs of reinforced tubes are designed and analysed, to find the optimum z-pinned pattern in terms of SEA. The novelties of this research indicate that z-pinning can improve the SEA and reduce the initial collapse load during crushing. Our results indicate that the vertical banded design shows the highest SEA and least initial collapse load values in comparison with the unpinned specimen, which indicates an improvement in the crashworthiness parameters of z-pinned composite tubes.