bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benzobis(imidazolium)–Cucurbit[8]uril Complexes for Binding and Sensing Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Biedermann Frank , Rauwald Urs , Cziferszky Monika , Williams Kyle A. , Gann Lauren D. , Guo Bi Y. , Urbach Adam R. , Bielawski Christopher W. , Scherman Oren A.
Published: November 2010

The utilities of benzobis(imidazolium) salts (BBIs) as stable and fluorescent components of supramolecular assemblies involving the macrocyclic host, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]), are described. CB[8] has the unusual ability to bind tightly and selectively to two different guests in aqueous media, typically methyl viologen (MV) as the first guest, followed by an indole, naphthalene, or catechol‐containing second guest. Based on similar size, shape, and charge, tetramethyl benzobis(imidazolium) (MBBI) was identified as a potential alternative to MV that would increase the repertoire of guests for cucurbit[8]uril. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies showed that MBBI binds to CB[8] in a 1:1 ratio with an equilibrium association constant (Ka) value of 5.7×105 M−1, and that the resulting MBBI⋅CB[8] complex binds to a series of aromatic second guests with Ka values ranging from 103 to 105 M−1. These complexation phenomena were supported by mass spectrometry, which confirmed complex formation, and a series of NMR studies that showed the expected upfield perturbation of aromatic peaks and of the MBBI methyl peaks. Surprisingly, the binding behavior of MBBI is strikingly similar to that of MV, and yet MBBI offers a number of substantial advantages for many applications, including intrinsic fluorescence, high chemical stability, and broad synthetic tunability. Indeed, the intense fluorescence emission of the MBBI⋅CB[8] complex was quenched upon binding to the second guests, thus demonstrating the utility of MBBI as a component for optical sensing. Building on these favorable properties, the MBBI⋅CB[8] system was successfully applied to the sequence‐selective recognition of peptides as well as the controlled disassembly of polymer aggregates in water. These results broaden the available guests for the cucurbit[n]uril family and demonstrate potentially new applications.
Prediction of hydrate formation conditions based on the vdWP‐type models at high pressures
Authors: Javanmardi Jafar , Partoon Behzad , Sabzi Fatemeh
Published: November 2010

Prediction of phase boundaries of gas hydrates has been done for several decades based on the vdWP (van der Waals and Platteeuw) hydrate equation and the classical thermodynamic equations for describing the water fugacities in water or ice phase. This procedure gives a reasonable prediction at low pressures, but when the pressure increases, above 105 kPa, it shows a significant error. In the conventional vdWP‐type models it has been assumed that the volume difference between the empty hydrate lattice and pure liquid water is independent of the system pressure and temperature. In this work, different approaches for describing the volume dependency of pure liquid water and the empty hydrate lattice on the system pressure have been used to predict the hydrate equilibria based on the vdWP‐type model. Also, an expression is introduced to estimate the volume of methane hydrate lattice as a function of pressure and temperature. Finally, this method is extended to other hydrate formers, that is, ethane, carbon dioxide, xenon, and nitrogen. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental data both for Lw–H–V and Lw–H–Lhf phase boundaries.
Exercise interventions for women with anorexia nervosa: A review of the literature
Authors: Zunker Christie , Mitchell James E. , Wonderlich Stephen A.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

To identify exercise interventions in the empirical literature to help inform clinical decision making in the treatment of underweight individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and review any recommended differences in treatment planning for those who excessively exercise and those who do not.

Method:

Online search engines and cross‐referencing articles identified relevant studies.

Results:

Six exercise interventions in clinical settings were reviewed, including three conducted in hospitals. A few studies provided some evidence to support the implementation of moderate physical activity during treatment. Most did not include specific exercise program descriptions. Patient eligibility varied from obligatory for all patients to programs that specified weight requirements.

Discussion:

Few studies have systematically explored exercise as a part of treatment among patients with AN. Findings of the current review suggest a need for developing further research, but currently the field may benefit from standardized guidelines for treating excessive exercisers with AN. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
Hunger and binge eating: A meta‐analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment
Authors: Haedt‐Matt Alissa A. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

Binge eating has been associated with increased hunger, suggesting a role for impaired appetite regulation. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is ideally suited to examine whether hunger is a precipitant of binge eating but results from such studies have not been systematically reviewed. This study provides a meta‐analysis of EMA studies that have examined hunger as an antecedent of binge eating.

Method:

Electronic database and manual searches produced seven EMA studies with N = 180 participants. Meta‐analyses were conducted to compare: (1) pre‐binge eating hunger to average ratings of hunger, and (2) pre‐binge eating hunger to hunger before regular eating.

Results:

Across studies, hunger was significantly greater before binge eating compared with average hunger ratings, but was significantly lower before binge eating compared with before other eating episodes.

Discussion:

Excessive hunger does not appear to be a precipitant of binge eating because higher levels of hunger are observed before regular eating episodes. However, lower hunger before food consumption may contribute to the experience of a particular eating episode as a binge. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010)
HPLC‐APCI analysis of triacylglycerols in milk fat from different sources
Authors: Gastaldi Daniela , Medana Claudio , Giancotti Valeria , Aigotti Riccardo , Dal Bello Federica , Baiocchi Claudio
Published: November 2010

Triacylglycerols (TAG) from milk‐fat from different sources (cow, goat and human milks) were characterised using non‐aqueous reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionisation, coupled to MS/MS (RP HPLC‐APCI MS/MS). The fatty‐acid content of all samples was also established by methyl transesterification and GC‐MS analysis. Optimisation of the HPLC gradient, combined with APCI tandem MS, enables TAGs complex mixtures to be analysed without prior separation. More than 160 different glycerides were identified; between 50 and 70 compounds were identified in the chromatograms of each sample. This method also enabled the principal TAG regioisomers to be recognized. The study focused on the investigation of the structure of TAGs containing very‐long‐chain PUFA, namely all cis‐ 4,7,10,13,16,19‐ DHA (DHA, C22:6, n‐3) and all cis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n‐3), both in human and in n‐3‐enriched cow's milks. Ten TAGs containing DHA were identified in human milk and only one in milk from cows fed an n‐3 enriched diet.
Heparin/collagen multilayer as a thromboresistant and endothelial favorable coating for intravascular stent
Authors: Lin Quankui , Yan Jiajie , Qiu Fuyu , Song Xiaoxiao , Fu Guosheng , Ji Jian
Published: November 2010

Endothelialization and antithrombogenicity are two key issues in stent implantation. The layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition of anticoagulant heparin and cell compatible collagen was explored to develop a multilayered coating with synergic property of antithrombogenicity and fast endothelialization. The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D), UV spectrometer, spectroscopic ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy investigations indicate that the LbL technique, which based on molecular assembly, provides an easy way to develop a smooth, homogenous, and stable coating onto stents. In vitro blood clotting time tests and the platelet adhesion tests show that the multilayer‐modified stents present good hemocompatibility. In vitro endothelial cell (EC) culture results show that the multilayer‐modified surfaces accelerate the adhesion and proliferation of ECs. These results illustrate that a stent surface coating with properties of antithrombogenicity and EC preference was obtained via heparin/collagen multilayer modification. This surface coating may have great potential in facilitating in situ endothelialization of blood contacting materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Complement activation on poly(ethylene oxide)‐like radiofrequency glow discharge–deposited surfaces
Authors: Szott Luisa Mayorga , Stein M. Jeanette , Ratner Buddy D. , Horbett Thomas A.
Published: November 2010

Nonspecific protein adsorption, particularly fibrinogen (Fg), is thought to be an initiating step in the foreign body response (FBR) to biomaterials by promoting phagocyte attachment. In previous studies, we therefore prepared radiofrequency glow discharge (ethylene oxide)‐like tetraglyme (CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3) coatings adsorbing <10 ng/cm2 Fg and showed that they had the expected low monocyte adhesion in vitro. However, when these were implanted in vivo, many adherent inflammatory cells and a fibrous capsule were found, suggesting the role of alternative proteins, such as activated complement proteins, in the FBR to these materials. We therefore investigated complement interactions with the tetraglyme surfaces. First, because of its well‐known role in complement C3 activation, we measured the hydroxyl group (OH) content of tetraglyme, but found it to be low. Second, we measured C3 adsorption to tetraglyme from plasma. Low amounts of C3 adsorbed on tetraglyme, although it displayed higher binding strength than the control surfaces. Finally, complement activation was determined by measuring C3a and SC5b‐9 levels in serum after incubating with tetraglyme, as well as other surfaces that served as positive and negative controls, namely poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels, Silastic sheeting, and poly(ethylene glycol) self‐assembled monolayers with different end groups. Despite displaying low hydroxyl group concentration, relatively high C3a and SC5b‐9 levels were found in serum exposed to tetraglyme, similar to the values in our positive control, PVA. Our results support the conclusion that complement activation by tetraglyme is a possible mechanism involved in the FBR to these biomaterials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Sudden gains versus gradual gains in a psychotherapy training clinic
Authors: Greenfield Michael F. , Gunthert Kathleen C. , Haaga David A.F.
Published: November 2010

Sudden gains are abrupt and substantial improvements in symptoms. This study used the Outcome Questionnaire‐45 (OQ‐45; Lambert et al., 1996) to characterize sudden gains occurring in a cognitive‐behavioral therapy training clinic. Also, gradual gainers were identified and used as a comparison group. Sudden gains were identified in 23% of patients and in 29% of those who entered treatment in the clinical range on the OQ, within the range of prevalence established by previous sudden gain studies in the context of randomized controlled trials (RCT's). As in earlier research, sudden gains tended to occur early in therapy. However, sudden gains were more likely to be reversed than in RCT's. Gradual gains occurred for 54% of nonsudden gainers; they were of similar magnitude to sudden gains but occurred later in therapy. Sudden gainers showed significantly better outcomes at the end of treatment than did gradual gainers. Sudden gains have clear prognostic significance, but more research is needed to determine why they may be more transient in naturalistic studies or studies involving less experienced therapists than they are in RCT's. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–14, 2010.
Modelling of plastic deformation and damage in cement‐based material subjected to desiccation
Authors: Chen L. , Duveau G. , Shao J. F.
Published: November 2010

The present work is devoted to modelling of plastic deformation and damage in cement‐based materials subjected to desiccation and mechanical loading. Basic mechanical behaviours of cement‐based materials and influences of saturation degree on such behaviours are first recalled. Physical mechanisms of damage induced by desiccation process are analysed. An elastoplastic damage model is then proposed for the description of mechanical responses, taking into account the transition from brittle to ductile behaviours with the increase of confining pressure. The model is further extended to unsaturated conditions: a specific damage driving force and generalized effective stress concept for plastic flow are proposed. The procedure of determination of model's parameters is presented. The proposed model is applied to a standard mortar subjected to desiccation process. The main features of mechanical behaviours as well as the influence of saturation degree are correctly described by the proposed model. In particular, the kinetics of desiccation and related damage evolution are well reproduced. As an example of application, the responses of a concrete beam in three‐point bending test with different desiccation conditions is investigated. Again, the numerical simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptions of “urgency” in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome or overactive bladder
Authors: Clemens J. Quentin , Bogart Laura M. , Liu Karin , Pham Chau , Suttorp Marika , Berry Sandra H.
Published: November 2010

Purpose

To compare urgency symptoms in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and overactive bladder (OAB).

Materials and Methods

Women with diagnoses of IC/BPS (n = 194) and OAB (n = 85) were recruited from the clinical practices of Urologists (n = 8) and Gynecologists (n = 16) with recognized expertise in the diagnosis and management of these conditions. Subjects completed a comprehensive telephone survey about their current symptoms. The questionnaire included 11 questions about urinary urgency. Responses were compared between the two groups.

Results

Urgency was commonly reported as a symptom by women with both conditions (81% IC/BPS and 91% OAB). Compared with IC/BPS, urgency in OAB more often resulted in leakage, and was perceived to be more of a problem. In IC/BPS, the urgency was primarily reported as due to pain, pressure, or discomfort, while in OAB the urgency was more commonly due to fear of leakage. However, approximately 40% of women with OAB also report urgency due to pain, pressure, or discomfort. Similar proportions of both groups (∼60%) indicated that the urgency occurred “suddenly” instead of more gradually over a period of minutes or hours.

Conclusions

Urgency symptoms differed in women diagnosed with IC/BPS versus those diagnosed with OAB, but there was significant overlap. This suggests that “urgency” is not a well‐defined and commonly understood symptom that can be utilized to clearly discriminate between IC/BPS and OAB. These findings reinforce the clinical observation that it is often challenging to differentiate between these two conditions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:402–405, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD34+ immunoselection of autologous grafts for the treatment of high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Marabelle Aurélien , Merlin Etienne , Halle Pascale , Paillard Catherine , Berger Marc , Tchirkov Andrei , Rousseau Raphaël , Leverger Guy , Piguet Christophe , Stephan Jean‐Louis , Demeocq François , Kanold Justyna
Published: November 2010

Background

Graft contamination has been blamed for causing relapse in children with high‐risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Procedure

We report the long‐term results of hematopoietic reconstitution, post‐transplant complications, and clinical outcome of 44 children with HRNB treated with busulfan/melphalan high‐dose chemotherapy followed by transplantation of purged CD34+ immunoselected autologous peripheral HSCT. Minimal residual disease (MRD) of grafts was evaluated by anti‐GD2 immunofluorescence or tyrosine hydroxylase reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results

Contaminating neuroblasts were found in 19/38 grafts (50%) before CD34+ positive selection, and none after (technique sensitivity of one cell in 105). A median of 6.5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg (range 0.8–23.7) were transplanted with only 2% of TRM. Neutrophils and platelet recovery occurred within a median of 12 days (range 9–47) and 44 days (range 12–259), respectively, without any secondary graft failure. Twenty‐three percents of patients experienced a sepsis (10/44) and 14% a pyelonephritis (6/44). Recurrence of varicella zoster virus occurred in 21% of patients (9/44). Negative RT‐PCR MRD within the leukapheresis product and cis‐retinoic acid therapy were significantly and independently associated to a better survival (P < 0.05). Overall and event‐free survivals at 5 years post‐transplant were at 59.3% and 48.3% respectively.

Conclusions

Besides high rates of manageable infections due to late immune recovery, transplantation with CD34+ immunoselected grafts in HRNB children was feasible and did not affect long‐term hematopoiesis. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;56:134–142. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Argatroban therapy in pediatric patients requiring nonheparin anticoagulation: An open‐label, safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Young G. , Boshkov L.K. , Sullivan J.E. , Raffini L.J. , Cox D.S. , Boyle D.A. , Kallender H. , Tarka E.A. , Soffer J. , Hursting M.J.
Published: November 2010

Background

An increasing number of pediatric patients suffer from thrombotic events necessitating anticoagulation therapy including heparins. Some such patients develop heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thus require alternative anticoagulation. As such, studies evaluating the safety, efficacy, and dosing of alternative anticoagulants are required.

Procedure

In this multicenter, single arm, open‐label study, 18 patients ≤16 years old received argatroban for either a suspicion of or being at risk for HIT, or other conditions requiring nonheparin anticoagulation. Endpoints included thrombosis, thromboembolic complications, and bleeding.

Results

Patients (ages, 1.6 weeks to 16 years) received argatroban usually for continuous anticoagulation (n = 13) or cardiac catheterization (n = 4). One catheterization patient received a 250 µg/kg bolus only; 17 patients received argatroban continuous infusion (median (range)) 1.1 (0.3–12) µg/kg/min (of whom four received a bolus) for 3.0 (0.1–13.8) days. In patients without bolus dosing, typically argatroban 1 µg/kg/min was initiated, with therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) (1.5–3× baseline) achieved within 7 hr. Within 30 days, thrombosis occurred in five patients (two during therapy). No one required amputation or died due to thrombosis during therapy. Two patients had major bleeding. Pharmacometric analyses demonstrated the optimal initial argatroban dose to be 0.75 µg/kg/min (if normal hepatic function), with dose reduction necessary in hepatic impairment.

Conclusions

In pediatric patients requiring nonheparin anticoagulation, argatroban rapidly provides adequate levels of anticoagulation and is generally well tolerated. For continuous anticoagulation, argatroban 0.75 µg/kg/min (0.2 µg/kg/min in hepatic impairment), adjusted to achieve therapeutic aPTTs, is recommended. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:1103–1109. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung arising at the primary site of a bronchogenic cyst: Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings
Authors: Brassesco María Sol , Valera Elvis Terci , Lira Régia Caroline Peixoto , Torres Lídia Alice Gomes M. , Scrideli Carlos Alberto , Elias Jorge , Teixeira Sara Reis , Tone Luiz Gonzaga
Published: November 2010

Primary lung tumors are rare in children, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) represents less than 10% of them. Additionally, MEC arising from bronchogenic cysts (BC) is particularly unusual. We describe the clinical and genetic findings on a MEC occurring within a previous location of a BC in an adolescent. This particular association has not been previously reported. The lesion revealed normal karyotype without the typical t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation. Cyclin D1 overexpression (165‐fold increase) was demonstrated by real‐time PCR although FISH assessment showed normal hybridization at 11q13. Information on these unusual clinical presentations may present relevant insight on tumorigenesis of infrequent pediatric pulmonary tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:311–313. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteome profile of whole cerebellum of the mature rat
Authors: Maurya Devendra Kumar , Sundaram Curam Sreenivasacharlu , Bhargava Purnima
Published: November 2010

Cerebellum is an important brain region involved in motor, cognition, learning and memory functions. Proteome mapping of the 21 days old rat cerebellum identified total 285 proteins, out of which 76 proteins were not reported earlier from rat brain. This includes 49 neuronal activity‐specific proteins, 7 of which are reported for the first time from the cerebellum in this study. The protein sequence data for 31 proteins reported here have been integrated in the UniProt Knowledgebase.
High‐Pressure Vibrational Spectroscopy of Hexahydro‐ 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐Triazine (RDX)
Authors: Zheng Xianxu , Zhao Jun , Tan Duowang , Liu Cangli , Song Yunfei , Yang Yanqiang
Published: November 2010

The molecular‐level response of RDX to hydrostatic compression was examined in a diamond anvil cell using Raman spectroscopy. The pressure‐induced alterations in spectral profiles of the CN stretching mode (886 cm−1) were studied up to 8.3 GPa. At pressures near 4.4 GPa, several changes of the CN stretching mode become immediately apparent in Raman spectrum, such as large frequency shifts, line broadening, mode splitting, and intensity changes, which are associated with the α–γ phase transition and rearrangement between the RDX molecules. The high pressure Raman spectra changes of the CN stretching mode are indicative of an α–γ phase transition, and also suggest the lowering of molecular symmetry and crystal symmetry, which are expected to provide some insight into RDX molecular stability and decomposition.
A miniaturized technique for assessing protein thermodynamics and function using fast determination of quantitative cysteine reactivity
Authors: Isom Daniel G. , Marguet Philippe R. , Oas Terrence G. , Hellinga Homme W.
Published: November 2010

Protein thermodynamic stability is a fundamental physical characteristic that determines biological function. Furthermore, alteration of thermodynamic stability by macromolecular interactions or biochemical modifications is a powerful tool for assessing the relationship between protein structure, stability, and biological function. High‐throughput approaches for quantifying protein stability are beginning to emerge that enable thermodynamic measurements on small amounts of material, in short periods of time, and using readily accessible instrumentation. Here we present such a method, fast quantitative cysteine reactivity, which exploits the linkage between protein stability, sidechain protection by protein structure, and structural dynamics to characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of proteins. In this approach, the reaction of a protected cysteine and thiol‐reactive fluorogenic indicator is monitored over a gradient of temperatures after a short incubation time. These labeling data can be used to determine the midpoint of thermal unfolding, measure the temperature dependence of protein stability, quantify ligand‐binding affinity, and, under certain conditions, estimate folding rate constants. Here, we demonstrate the fQCR method by characterizing these thermodynamic and kinetic properties for variants of Staphylococcal nuclease and E. coli ribose‐binding protein engineered to contain single, protected cysteines. These straightforward, information‐rich experiments are likely to find applications in protein engineering and functional genomics. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐exercise cutaneous hyperaemia resulting from local exercise of an extremity
Authors: Rendell M. S. , Green S. S. , Catania A. , Oliveto J. , Wells J. , Banset E. J. , Wang H.
Published: November 2010

Large changes in skin blood flow occur after exercise. Most studies have concentrated on the systemic effects of vigorous exercise on skin blood flow. We were interested in the post‐exercise response in the neighbourhood of focal exercise. We used a painless neuromuscular electronic stimulator to exercise the muscles of the forearm, producing flexion of the fingers. There was no change in blood pressure and only a small increase in heart rate during this exercise. We measured blood flow during a 5‐min pre‐exercise period and a 5‐min post‐exercise period at the forearm, at the dorsum of the index finger and on the pad of the index finger. We also measured values on the contralateral non‐exercised extremity during exercise as well as during matched time periods in control experiments with no exercise. Exercise did elicit an increased blood flow in the post‐exercise period at all three sites compared with the control experiments with no exercise and on the contralateral extremity. For example, the increase in blood flow at the finger dorsum was 2.1±0.1 ml (min 100 g)−1 after exercise compared with −0.08±0.09 ml min−1 100 g−1 during the control experiment and 0.1±0.1 ml (min 100 g)−1 on the contralateral arm (all P<0.01). The local application of heat at the site of blood flow monitoring produced a substantial increase in the post‐exercise response at the two finger locations [27.4±0.4 ml (min 100g)−1 at the finger dorsum], but not at the arm. This is the first demonstration that highly focal exercise, unaccompanied by a systemic haemodynamic response, can elicit a post‐exercise cutaneous hyperaemia. Local heating produced a large synergistic increase in the post‐exercise hyperaemia at sites with arteriovenous microvascular perfusion but not at sites with primarily nutritive perfusion. These findings show that local vasoregulatory changes occur in response to exercise, even in the absence of whole‐body haemodynamic and thermal change.
Pulmonary immune memory: localized production of antibody in the lung after antigen challenge
Authors: BICE D. E. , MUGGENBURG B. A.
Published: November 2010

In comparison to primary immune responses after lung immunization, the level of antigen‐specific antibody and the number of cells producing specific antibody are significantly increased after challenging the lungs with antigen. The response of immune memory cells in the lung to an antigen challenge could be responsible for this elevated immune response. However, increased numbers of antibody‐producing cells, possibly produced in the lung‐associated lymph nodes, are also found in the blood after an antigen challenge. Therefore, it is possible that both the response of immune memory cells in the lung, and the recruitment of antibody‐producing cells from the blood, contribute to the elevated levels of antibody in the lung after an antigen challenge. This study compared the level of antibody produced in the lung by the response of pulmonary immune memory cells with the level of antibody produced by antibody‐forming cells that enter the lung from blood after an antigen challenge. This comparison was made possible by immunizing and challenging two lung lobes of dogs with two antigens. The immune responses to both antigens were then evaluated in both lung lobes after primary immunization and challenge. Data from these evaluations showed that most antibody in the lung after an antigen challenge is produced by a localized anamnestic response of pulmonary immune memory cells. A significantly lower level of antibody entered the lung from the vasculature and/or was produced by antibody‐forming cells that entered the lung from blood after an antigen challenge.
Influence of soaking on the nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cooked with or without the soaking water: a review
Authors: Fernandes Ana Carolina , Nishida Waleska , Da Costa Proença Rossana P.
Published: November 2010

Bean soaking seems to be unanimously recommended by scientists; however, there is no consensus regarding the need to discard the soaking water before cooking. Thus, the present study proposes to review the influence of maceration on the nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cooked with or without the soaking water, in an attempt to achieve agreement among scientists. The article search was done in a systematic way and eleven studies were found. Of these, three compared the use or not of the soaking water for cooking, seven of them discarded the soaking water and one used the soaking water. This review discusses each nutrient and antinutrient regarding the effects of soaking and compares them with other studies done with legumes. The results were not unanimous but there was a greater advantage to discarding the soaking water before cooking.
Phenolic compounds from winemaking waste and its antioxidant activity towards oxidation of rapeseed oil
Authors: Mildner‐Szkudlarz Sylwia , Zawirska‐Wojtasiak Renata , Gośliński Michał
Published: November 2010

The effects of extraction parameters on bioactive compound contents of winemaking waste extracts (WWE) and its effect on rapeseed oil oxidative stability were evaluated. Research showed that the total phenols and anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activity (AA) of WWE significantly depended on the extraction parameters. Increasing the temperature (60 °C) and time (5 h) of extraction and an addition of water to ethanol statistically improved the rate of active component extraction. HPLC analysis showed that procyanidin B2, catechin, gallic acid, γ‐resorcylic acid and p‐coumaric acid were the major phenolic compounds of WWE. Important correlations between total phenolic compounds quantified by HPLC and both DPPH and (ferric reducing antioxidant power) (FRAP) values were found. WWE added to the oil at three different levels clearly slowed down the process of fatty acid oxidation, inhibiting hydroperoxide formation by about 86%, comparable with BHT, while it was more effective than that of α‐tocopherol. When using volatile compound formation as a marker of lipid oxidation, WWE at the level of 2000 ppm were the most effective inhibitors of the decomposition of hydroperoxides. The research showed that the WWE are a rich source of phenolic compounds with powerful antioxidant activities and are suitable for preventing rapeseed oil oxidation.
Old and endangered tomato cultivars under organic greenhouse production: effect of harvest time on flavour profile and consumer acceptance
Authors: Klein Daniela , Gkisakis Vasileios , Krumbein Angelika , Livieratos Ioannis , Köpke Ulrich
Published: November 2010

The influence of two different harvest times (optimal and 4 days earlier) on thirty flavour compounds, titratable acid and sugars as well as consumer acceptance of four old and endangered tomato cultivars (‘Ananas’, ‘Auriga’, ‘Green Zebra’ and ‘Lukullus’) was analysed. In most cases, cultivar type had a greater effect on the volatiles profile than harvest times. Sugar contents were mostly higher at optimal harvest compared with early harvest, whereas acid content was in most cases not affected by harvest time. Consumers perceived differences in several visual and sensory aspects between cultivars as well as harvest times. The optimal harvest was regularly preferred to or at least regarded as equal to the early‐harvest time. Sensory evaluation was poorly related to the aroma volatile profile and only partly to the acid and reducing sugar contents of tomatoes. This was probably owing to the special external characteristics of the tomatoes: differing in size, shape and colour from the ‘normal’ red types.
Effect of hexanal vapour on longan fruit decay, quality and phenolic metabolism during cold storage
Authors: Thavong Porntip , Archbold Douglas D. , Pankasemsuk Tanachai , Koslanund Rumphan
Published: November 2010

The effects of postharvest treatment with hexanal vapour on longan fruit decay, quality, hexanal residue, phenolic compound content, and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities were studied during storage at 5 °C for 30 days. Hexanal exposure for 2 h at 900 μL L−1 before cold storage reduced the percentage of fruit with decay and was deemed the optimum treatment. Hexanal exposure resulted in a pericarp that was more reddish brown and less intense in colour. Hexanal residue in the pericarp and aril of fumigated fruit was several fold higher than that of nonfumigated fruit, although levels were low at the end of cold storage. Electrolyte leakage of pericarp increased during 5 °C storage and was further increased by hexanal exposure. Hexanal reduced pericarp phenolic content, and increased PPO and POD activities. Overall, use of hexanal vapour reduced postharvest disease of longan fruit but increased the likelihood of pericarp browning.
Lipid stability in powdered infant formula stored at ambient temperatures
Authors: Carmen García‐Martínez María del , Rodríguez‐Alcalá Luis M. , Marmesat Susana , Alonso Leocadio , Fontecha Javier , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria
Published: November 2010

Lipid stability of standard infant formula was evaluated at ambient temperatures, namely 25, 30 and 37 °C, during 3 months. Lipids were thoroughly analysed to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition and trans fatty acid isomers, non‐volatile oxidation compounds including oxidised, dimeric and polymeric triacylglycerols, and tocopherol. No significant changes in either of the parameters examined were found in total lipids extracted from infant formula along the storage period. However, the minor free oil fractions (about 7.5% of total lipids) showed a significant increase in oxidation compounds and marked decrease in tocopherol levels during storage at all temperatures. Samples stored at 37 °C for 3 months were rancid and, accordingly, contained the highest oxidation level in the free oil fraction, whereas total lipids extracted were apparently not oxidised. Results showed the necessity of analysing separately the free oil fraction in infant formulae to obtain a clear picture of the oxidation status.
Mass transfer kinetics during osmotic dehydration of bananas (Musa sapientum, shum.)
Authors: Mercali Giovana D. , Tessaro Isabel C. , Noreña Caciano P. Z. , Marczak Lígia D. F.
Published: November 2010

Osmotic dehydration is used widely to partially remove water from plant tissues by immersion in a hypertonic solution. In this work, the influence of temperature (25–55 °C), sugar concentration (30–60%) and salt concentration (0–10%) of the osmotic solution was investigated during osmotic dehydration of banana (Musa sapientum, shum.). Mass transfer kinetics were modelled according to Peleg’s equation. Kinetic parameters were evaluated using response surface methodology. Peleg’s equation showed to be suitable for modelling the water removal and solute uptake. Initial rate of water loss and water concentration at equilibrium were influenced by linear factors of the three independent variables. Initial rate of sucrose uptake and sucrose uptake at equilibrium were affected by all factors and interactions. Initial rate of salt uptake and salt concentration at equilibrium showed a positive correlation with temperature and NaCl concentration and a negative correlation with sucrose concentration.
Changes in aroma profile of sherry wines during the oxidative ageing
Authors: Zea Luis , Moyano Lourdes , Medina Manuel
Published: November 2010

The aroma of Oloroso sherry wines produced by industrial oxidative ageing for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 14 years was studied by gas chromatography‐olfactometry analysis. Eighteen compounds with odour activity values (OAVs) > 1 and detected by sniff were classified according to their odour descriptors into eight odorant series (fruity, chemical, balsamic, vegetable, fatty, empyreumatic, floral and spicy) describing the aroma profile of the studied wines. The fruity and vegetable series showed the highest and lowest OAVs, respectively, during ageing, being the fruity, chemical and balsamic series those best discriminating the aroma of wines of different ageing time. The ethyl esters plus acetaldehyde and its derivatives (related to the chemical reactivity of ethanol) increased their contribution in a higher proportion than those not synthesised from this alcohol (non‐ethyl esters, alcohols and compounds from cask wood) during the ageing process.
Timing of maturation and predictors of Tanner stage transitions in boys enrolled in a contemporary British cohort
Authors: Monteilh Carolyn , Kieszak Stephanie , Flanders W. Dana , Maisonet Mildred , Rubin Carol , Holmes Adrianne K. , Heron Jon , Golding Jean , McGeehin Michael A. , Marcus Michele
Published: November 2010

Monteilh C, Kieszak S, Flanders WD, Maisonet M, Rubin C, Holmes AK, Heron J, Golding J, McGeehin MA, Marcus M. The Timing of maturation and predictors of Tanner stage transitions in boys enrolled in a contemporary British cohort. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010.

This study describes the timing of puberty in 8‐ to 14‐year‐old boys enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and identifies factors associated with earlier achievement of advanced pubic hair stages. Women were enrolled during pregnancy and their offspring were followed prospectively. We analysed self‐reported pubic hair Tanner staging collected annually. We used survival models to estimate median age of attainment of pubic hair stage >1, stage >2 and stage >3 of pubic hair development. We also constructed multivariable logistic regression models to identify factors associated with earlier achievement of pubic hair stages.

Approximately 5% of the boys reported Tanner pubic hair stage >1 at age 8; 99% of boys were at stage >1 by age 14. The estimated median ages of entry into stages of pubic hair development were 11.4 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.3, 11.4] for stage >1, 12.7 years [95% CI 12.7, 12.8] for stage >2 and 13.5 years [95% CI 13.5, 13.6] for stage >3. Predictors of younger age at Tanner stage >1 included low birthweight, younger maternal age at delivery and being taller at age 8. Associations were found between younger age at attainment of stage >2 and gestational diabetes and taller or heavier body size at age 8. Being taller or heavier at age 8 also predicted younger age at Tanner stage >3. The results give added support to the strong influence of pre‐adolescent body size on male pubertal development; the tallest and heaviest boys at 8 years achieved each stage earlier and the shortest boys later. Age at attainment of pubic hair Tanner stages in the ALSPAC cohort are similar to ages reported in other European studies that were conducted during overlapping time periods. This cohort will continue to be followed for maturational information until age 17.
The magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell activation rather than TCR diversity determines the outcome of Leishmania infection in mice
Authors: XIN L. , WANDERLEY J. L. , WANG Y. , VARGAS‐INCHAUSTEGUI D. A. , SOONG L.
Published: November 2010

CD4+ T cells play a critical role in determining the disease outcome in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis, and selective usage of T‐cell receptor (TCR) is implied in promoting Leishmania major infection. However, little information is available on TCR usage in Leishmania‐specific, IFN‐γ‐producing CD4+ T cells. In this study, we investigated the TCR diversity and activation of CD4+ T cells in a nonhealing model associated with L. amazonensis (La) infection and a self‐healing model associated with L. braziliensis (Lb) infection. While marked expansion in the absolute number of several subsets was observed in Lb‐infected mice, the percentages of TCR Vβ+ CD4+‐cell subsets were comparable in draining LN‐ and lesion‐derived T cells in two infection models. We found that multiple TCR Vβ CD4+T cells contributed collectively and comparably to IFN‐γ production and that the overall levels of IFN‐γ production positively correlated with the control of Lb infection. Moreover, pre‐infection with Lb parasites provided cross‐protection against secondary La infection, owing to an enhanced magnitude of T‐cell activation and IFN‐γ production. Collectively, this study suggests that the magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell activation, rather than the TCR diversity, is the major determining factor for the outcome of Leishmania infection.
Multigene sequence data and genetic diversity among ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’ strains infecting Ulmus spp. in Serbia
Authors: Jović J. , Cvrković T. , Mitrović M. , Petrović A. , Krstić O. , Krnjajić S. , Toševski I.
Published: November 2010

Elm yellows phytoplasmas (EY) belonging to the 16SrV‐A subgroup were recently proposed as a new candidate species ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi’. These pathogens infect elm trees, causing leaf yellowing and premature drying. In this study, 25 isolates originating from localities in northeast, east and southwest Serbia were characterized by means of RFLP analysis and DNA sequencing of four genomic loci: 16S rRNA, ribosomal protein rpl22‐rps3, secY and map. In total, five different genotypes were identified based on collective sequencing of all four genes. Four of these genotypes showed significant nucleotide changes compared with the EY1T reference strain. Phylogeny based on parsimony analyses of ribosomal protein, secY and map genetic loci indicated a single monophyletic origin of EY1T and the new ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ strains. Unlike phylogenetic clustering, DNA sequence comparison of EY1T and the novel strains revealed mutations in oligonucleotide signature sequences for all three genes (16S, rpl22‐rps3 and secY) used for the characterization and assignment of 16SrV‐A phytoplasmas to the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ species in the original description. Based on their high degree of genetic variability, the Serbian strains were assigned to four different subtypes of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ (EY‐S1, EY‐S2, EY‐S3 and EY‐S4). New diagnostic enzymes for practical use in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ identification are proposed for the 16S rRNA, ribosomal protein and secY genes. The implications of genetic variability within signature sequences for taxonomy and identification of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma’ species, as well as the importance of geographic variability and number of strains characterized for species description, are discussed.
Successful early intervention for hyperacute transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy following pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Jodele Sonata , Bleesing Jack J. , Mehta Parinda A. , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Laskin Benjamin L. , Goebel Jens , Pinkard Susan L. , Davies Stella M.
Published: November 2010

Jodele S, Bleesing JJ, Mehta PA, Filipovich AH, Laskin BL, Goebel J, Pinkard SL, Davies SM. Successful early intervention for hyperacute transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy following pediatric hematopietic stem cell transplantation.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: E39–E42. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  TA‐TMA is a serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, presenting as microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with severe renal injury and mortality as high as 60%. Diagnosis and treatment of TA‐TMA is very challenging after HSCT because anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, and renal impairment are multifactorial, leading to delayed recognition and management of this complication. We report a successful outcome following early intervention for hyperacute TA‐TMA after allogeneic HSCT.
Thyroxine for transient hypothyroxinemia and cerebral palsy in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Suzumura Hiroshi , Nitta Akihisa , Tsuboi Yayoi , Watabe Yoshiyuki , Kuribayashi Ryouta , Arisaka Osamu
Published: November 2010

Background:  The relationship of thyroxine supplementation for transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity to the incidence of cerebral palsy (CP) in infants <28 weeks of gestation is unclear.

Methods:  The incidence of CP at a corrected age of 18 months was compared between infants born in a 3‐year period in which routine measurement of free T4 (FT4) in the blood was not performed (first period, n= 54), and those born in a later 3‐year period in which FT4 was measured (second period, n= 60; mainly at 7 days old), and in which l‐thyroxine 5–10 µg/kg per day (mean, 9 µg/kg/day) was administered for FT4 levels <0.8 ng/dL. Incidence of CP at 3 years of age was also compared between the same groups.

Results:  Background clinical factors between the two groups were comparable except for prenatal steroid administration, which was reduced in the second period. Incidence of CP at a corrected age of 18 months was significantly lower in the second period (3.3%) than in the first period (16.6%). Incidence of CP at 3 years of age was also significantly lower in the second period. Multiple logistic regression analysis using factors except thyroxine supplementation, for the total of 114 infants from both groups, found no perinatal factors related to the development of CP at a corrected age of 18 months.

Conclusions:  Thyroxine supplementation for transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity may reduce the incidence of CP in extremely preterm infants. Large‐scale randomized controlled trials are essential to determine the effects of thyroxine supplementation in reducing the incidence of CP among extremely preterm infants.
Inflammation of the residual appendix stump: a systematic review
Authors: Leff D. R. , Sait M. R. , Hanief M. , Salakianathan S. , Darzi A. W. , Vashisht R.
Published: November 2010

Aim  A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to examine reported cases of stump appendicitis (SA) to determine the relationship between SA and the original operative strategy (open vs laparoscopic), and to evaluate the clinical features and diagnosis.

Method  A Pub‐med search was conducted to identify cases of appendicitis of a residual stump following appendicectomy. Two original cases of SA following laparoscopic appendicectomy treated in our own hospitals are also included in the analysis. Sixty cases of SA reported in the English medical literature were analysed.

Results  The interval from the original appendicectomy ranged from 4 days to 50 years. SA followed appendicectomy in 58% of open and 31.6% of laparoscopic procedures. SA was frequently misdiagnosed as constipation or gastroenteritis, with a significant delay to surgery. Computerized tomography diagnosed SA in 46.6% of cases. Perforation with gangrene of the stump occurred in 40%.

Conclusion  Stump appendicitis is rare. It may complicate open or laparoscopic appendicectomy. A high level of suspicion should be maintained in any patient with right sided abdominal pain and a history of prior appendicectomy.
The Hammersmith colorectal foot pedal
Authors: Goode E. C. , Buchanan G. N.
Published: November 2010

Aim  This technical note describes use of a footpedal to switch on a rigid sigmoidoscope/proctoscope, demonstrating increased speed and efficiency of proctoscopy examination.

Method  Use of a footpedal to control the light source of a rigid sigmoidoscope/proctoscope, enabling the user to switch the light source on and off with their foot, rather then at the wall, switch, leaving hands free.

Results  Benefits include increased efficiency and speed of examination with reduced time on the couch for the patient and reduced risk of the halogen lighting bulb being left switched on, thus prolonging the life of the equipment.

Conclusion  Although we do not claim originality for its use we have found it particularly helpful and believe that its use should be more widely publicised.