ScanPyramids project: Overview on the Validity and Limitations of Non-destructive Techniques
Authors:   Cairo University, Elkarmoty Mohamed ,   Cairo University, Hela Khalid ,   Cairo University, Allam Hussien ,   Cairo University, Ali Mohamed ,   Cairo University, Sholqamy Mohamed ,   Cairo University, Elbakri Amr ,   Cairo University, Deraz Randa ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Pugacheva Polina ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Rupfle Johannes ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Kollofrath Jochen ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Sessa Clarimma ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Popovych Olga ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maier Benedikt ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Pinero Alejandro Ramirez ,   Portland State University, Schumacher Thomas ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Procureur Sébastien ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Gomez Hector ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Attié David ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Mandjavidze Irakli ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Magnier Patrick ,   Heritage Innovation Preservation Institute (HIP Institute), Benoit Marini ,   Emissive, Gable Pierre ,   Emissive, Guerriero Emmanuel ,   Heritage Innovation Preservation Institute (HIP Institute), Serikoff Nicolas ,   Université de Lorraine, Baptiste Mouret Jean ,   Dassault Systèmes, Charlès Bernard ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Lehuraux Marion ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Benoit Théophile ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Calvet Denis ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Coppolani Xavier ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Kebbiri Mariam ,   University of Paris-Saclay, Mas Philippe ,   IRIS Instruments, Bouteille Simon ,   Nagoya University, Morishima Kunihiro ,   Nagoya University, Kuno Mitsuaki ,   Nagoya University, Nishio Akira ,   Nagoya University, Kitagawa Nobuko ,   Nagoya University, Manabe Yuta ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Takasaki Fumihiko ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Fujii Hirofumi ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Satoh Kotaro ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Kodama Hidekazu ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Hayashi Kohei ,   High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Odaka Shigeru ,   NHK Enterprises, Date Yoshikatsu ,   Suave Images, Sugiura Makiko ,   Freelance logistics coordinator, Anwar Hamada ,   Heritage Innovation Preservation Institute (HIP Institute), Tayoubi Mehdi ,   Heritage Innovation Preservation Institute (HIP Institute), Helal Hany ,   Technical University of Munich (TUM), Grosse Christian U. 
Published: July 2023

In 2017, ScanPyramids project (www.scanpyramids.org) published a paper in Nature (Morishima et al., 2017) revealing the discovery of a big void (ScanPyramids Big Void BV) observed with nuclear emulsion films (Muography), it has a cross-section similar to that of the Grand Gallery and a minimum length of 30 meters situated above the Grand Gallery. In addition, a geometrically non-identified void in the Northern Face of the Pyramid (ScanPyramids Northern Face Corridor SP-NFC) was detected as well in 2017 followed by further detailed and focused muography measurements up to 2022 (Morishima and Procureur et al., 2023). ScanPyramids SP-NFC corridor has been investigated in more detail with a wider set of non-destructive techniques. The result of GPR, Ultrasonic and image fusion detected precisely the location and shape of ScanPyramids SP-NFC (Elkarmoty and Rupfle et al.,2023). In this paper, we present overview on the application of Muography, Ground Penetrating Radar, Ultrasonic Tomography, and Electrical Resistivity Tomography on the Chevron of the Great Pyramid where ScanPyramids SPNFC is located behind. The objective of the NDT measurements is to detect the geometry, location, orientation, and extension of ScanPyramids SP-NFC with more than one NDT method. The paper addresses the validity and limitations of each method used providing the limitations of each technique in this particular case study.