bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards the Development of a Space/Nature Syntax at Arcosanti
Authors: Munro Karen , Grierson David
Published: January 2021

The world’s urban population is rapidly growing, now exceeding its rural population, and is expected to reach 70% of the world’s total by 2050. Research in environmental psychology increasingly supports the Biophilia Hypothesis which holds that our connection with Nature is innate. Thus, how do we maintain a human connection to Nature in an increasingly urbanising world? This paper is based on current research work and explores the boundary between built and natural environments, specifically how visual connectivity to Nature affects how people use social spaces, compared to spatial connectivity. Case study work is being undertaken at Arcosanti urban laboratory in the Arizona desert. Arcosanti construction began in 1970 to test Paolo Soleri’s Arcology Theory which proposes, in opposition to sprawling cities, a new form of urban setting which is compact with tightly restricted horizontal growth, leaving the surrounding natural environment as undeveloped “wilderness”. Through development of a Space/Nature Syntax methodology applied within a uniquely compact urban form, this research attempts to understand how designing to maintain the instinctive bond with Nature can affect social interaction and inform future design choices within built environments. This paper describes the development of, and basis for, the Space/Nature Syntax methodology, presents initial findings achieved through its recent application at Arcosanti, and outlines future work. Initial analysis indicates that visual connectivity to Nature is a significant influence on certain types of social interactions when compared to spatial connectivity, although more research is needed to verify the level of significance.
Arcology, Arcosanti and the Green Urbanism Vision
Authors: Rae Ruth A.
Published: January 2021

Arcosanti is a prototype city being built based on the visionary architect Paolo Soleri’s principles of Arcology which integrates architecture with ecology. Arcology proposes a compact three-dimensional urban form to provide a lean alternative to the unsustainable urban sprawl city form found in most of America. In its reduction of dependence on the automobile, reliance on pedestrian transportation, proximity to nature and proposal to have agriculture integrated into the city, Arcology is a vision of Green Urbanism. The design of Arcosanti incorporates Biophilic principles that preserve the biodiverse natural landscape, has a compact organic form, and functions with a circular metabolism that is analogous to nature when complete. Arcosanti, located in central Arizona, was begun in 1970 as an urban laboratory, and has been constructed by over 7,000 workshop volunteers over the past 45 years. Following Soleri's death in 2013, the Cosanti Foundation has established a Strategic Planning Steering Committee to help guide the continued development of Arcosanti as a prototype Arcology. The Strategic Plan will provide a framework for future organization and development. This article examines how the concept of Arcology and the development of the Arcosanti prototype encompasses principles of Green Urbanism and sustainable development.
Distribution Characteristics and Spatial Reciprocity
Authors: Hao Qiushi , Fu Benchen , Shao Yu , Wang Liying
Published: January 2021

This study aims to explore the spatial distribution characteristics and spactial reciprocity between industrial parks (IPs) and vocational education parks (VEPs): agglomeration density, functional matching, spatial organization efficiency, as well as space intensive utility. To achieve this objective, IPs and VEPs in urban centers of Jiangsu Province are selected as the objects of the study. First, spatial analysis of thermodynamic diagrams is employed in this study to qualitatively analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial distribution of IPs and VEPs to explore the spatial aggregation characteristics of their clustering, integration, and comprehensive crossover. Second, a horizontal comparison of the data and indexes concerned reveals that areas with high agglomeration and functional matching exhibit a sound spatial reciprocity. Third, this study crystallizes the four structural prototpye paradigms formed during the reciprocity evolution between IPs and VEPs; it compares spatial organization efficiency, with the agglomeration–core structure ranking first, followed by the circle–core structure. Finally, SPSS is used to analyze the space intensive utility in order to verify the conclusions of qualitative analysis. The findings can comprehensively explain the regularities of the spatial distribution and reciprocity between IPs and VEPs. The findngs can also elucidate the design of regional industrial development and educational programs.
Pro-Poor Urban Housing Provision in Ghana: Implementation Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Mohammed Ishak , Nahiduzzaman Kh Md , Aldosary Adel
Published: January 2021

The importance of housing in enhancing the quality of life has been widely reported. It represents one of the basic human needs, provides protection from harm and ensures survival. Like many developing countries, different Ghanaian governments have variously pursued several programs and interventionsdirected at addressing the country's housing challenges including housing loan schemes in the colonial era to affordable housing projects in the 2000s. Notwithstanding, access to adequate housing for the low to middle-income groups still remains unresolved. This paper is an attempt to gain deeper insights into Ghana's housing situation, its challenges and the efforts made by governments during the periods before independence and after independence. The nature of the housing policies implemented during such eras is explored and the reasons for the implementation failures examined. In the end, the paper provides policy recommendations that could potentially help increase the supply of affordable urban housing in the country. The paper calls for a strong political will and pragmatic intelligence in the implementation of housing policies and programs in the country. Mechanisms to provide sufficienthousing finance for the poor to adequately participate in the housing market have also been outlined. It is concluded that the over-empowerment of the private real estate sector to be the major providers of housing may not be optimal. Rather, it would only lead to the inability of the poor to be able to actively participate in the housing market, consequently exacerbating housing poverty. Effective public-private partnership has the potential to guarantee the supply of reasonably-priced and affordable housing provision.
Retrofitting Assessment of Berber Dwelling: Case of Setif, Algeria
Authors: Zeghlache Hamza , Alıkhodja Nadır
Published: January 2021

This paper addresses the forms, renovation and retrofitting of the rural settlements in the North-western county of Setif in Algeria. This region has a major advantage of being able to have a representation of the traditional rural dwellings within a massive mountain resulted in a particular Berber culture. The study will allow us to understand the relationship of the frame built respecting the physical and socioeconomic constraints, including the ongoing retrofitting.

Many studies are based on the astonishing assumption that the village space is a continuation in another dimension of the urban space; this vision has marginalized village capacities in favour of an image of modernity (technical, social and political), leading to the lost of a whole cultural past. The new constructions care very slightly for ecology. The result is unsuitable houses, uncomfortable, ungracious sites and landscapes.

We shall study here the effects of changes in the construction methods, in terms of a spatial organization, materials and aesthetics. This fact affects the original essence of rural architecture in this region. Is it possible to restore the delicate balance between forms, meanings and functions of theses constructions?

One of the objectives of this work is deepening knowledge on this traditional crafts environment. There is also an interest in the contemporary manifestations of this habitat and forms of these contemporary changes. The data obtained during the field study (the Berber villages) are analysed and evaluated, and guidelines are proposed to improve the methods in intervening on rural housing in this region.
Obituary
Authors: Hurol Yonca , Wilkinson Gemma , Mallick Fuad Hassan , Chenyi Emmanuel , Gordon Margaret
Published: January 2021

During his 75 years of life from the 9th of March 1942 until the 28th of September 2017 Nicholas Wilkinson was a very productive and hardworking individual. He grew up in the north east of England in Corbridge, a small rural town in Northumberland. He was the third child of Zara and Tom Wilkinson and grew up together with his brother Warwick, his sister Joanna. He told me that as a child he played a lot by the riverside, and in their large family house garden and that, amongst other things, his outdoor childhood promoted a deep love of nature in him. His mother Zara had artistic abilities and his father, Tom a very good sense of judgement; Nicholas inherited these talents and characteristics from them. He was educated at Corchester Preparatory School in Corbridge and then at Bryanston School in Blanford, Dorset.
Increasing Ecological Capacity by Designing Ecological High Rise Buildings
Authors: Moghadam Talie Tohidi , Feizabadi Mahmoud
Published: January 2021

This study provides insight into using ecological design principles in designing high-rise buildings for increasing the ecological capacity of a region. It is a descriptive-analytical survey, which starts with the literacy of the subject, and continues by analyzing successful ecologically designed case studies around the world and notes that by using ecological design principles in designing high-rise buildings, can increase the ecological capacity of a region in order to meet its occupant needs. It indicates that by the industrialization of cities, due to population growth, the value of the land and lack of it for growing population to be settled in, designing high-rise buildings may be the best solution to solve the problem. Moreover, the importance of designing high-rise buildings based on ecological principles has been highlighted by environmental pollution, natural hazards and endangered ecosystems. The ecological design for high-rise buildings is becoming more and more important considering environmental issues. This approach is routed in remaking the natural relationships in ecosystems. The most important feature of nature which can be used in ecological design is its power of reconstruction and rehabilitation. So we can reach an ecosystem in scale of a high-rise building which imitates nature in all its aspects.
Urban Transformations and Contested Spaces in the Kingdom of Bahrain
Authors: El-Kholei Ahmed O. , Aljenaid Sabah S. , Kadhem Ghadeer M.
Published: January 2021

Manama, the capital city of the Kingdom of Bahrain, is a major port in the Arabian Gulf, a financial hub. Following the discovery of oil, Bahrain attracted skilled and unskilled expats. The Government initiated plans for urban development. Urban growth was at the expense of agricultural and desert lands in addition to reclaiming land from water bodies. Affluent Bahrainis moved to newer settlements. Low-income Bahrainis continued to live in the old quarters. Single male workers, mostly Asians, moved into dilapidated buildings in the old quarters of the city. The paper employs a mixed research approach. It uses Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to account for urban transformations; and as well as document review, interviews, and a questionnaire to understand the process underlying these transformations and their outcomes. The results show how globalisation and neoliberalism led Manama to emerge as a global city. Cultural identity and geographic location within the Bahraini metropolitan area suggest these relationships are dynamic. Planners perceived Bahraini cities as a morphological phenomenon. They did not comprehend the complexity of the socio-cultural particularities of Bahraini cities. Revitalising the old quarters of Manama can serve as a national mega project, thus conserving its cultural identity.
Quality outcomes in NHS library and knowledge services
Authors: Edwards Clare , Gilroy Dominic
Published: January 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to demonstrate the approach taken in delivering the quality and impact elements of Knowledge for Healthcare, the strategic development framework for National Health Service (NHS) library and knowledge services in England. It examines the work undertaken to enhance quality and demonstrate the value and impact of health library and knowledge services. It describes the interventions developed and implemented over a five-year period 2015–2020 and the move towards an outcome rather than process approach to impact and quality.

Design/methodology/approach

The case study illustrates a range of interventions that have been developed, including the outcomes of implementation to date. The methodology behind each intervention is informed by the evidence base and includes professional engagement.

Findings

The outcomes approach to the development and implementation of quality and impact interventions and assets provides evidence to demonstrate the value of library and knowledge staff to the NHS in England to both high-level decision-makers and service users.

Originality/value

The interventions are original concepts developed within the NHS to demonstrate system-wide impacts and change. The Evaluation Framework has been developed based on the impact planning and assessment (IPA) methodology. The interventions can be applied to other healthcare systems, and the generic learning is transferable to other library and knowledge sectors, such as higher education.
Examining cross-national research teamwork: revealing rewards and challenges
Authors: McAlpine Lynn , Skakni Isabelle , Sala-Bubaré Anna , Weise Crista , Inouye Kelsey
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Teamwork has long featured in social science research. Further, with research increasingly “cross-national,” communication becomes more complex, for instance, involving different cultures, languages and modes of communication. Yet, studies examining team communicative processes that can facilitate or constrain collaboration are rare. As a cross-national European team representing varied disciplines, experiences, languages and ethnicities, we undertook to examine our communication processes with the aim to promote better qualitative research practices.

Design/methodology/approach

Viewing reflection as a tool for enhancing workplace practices, we undertook a structured reflection. We developed an empirically derived framework about team communication, then used it to analyse our interaction practices and their relative effectiveness.

Findings

The results highlighted two under-examined influences, the use of different modes of communication for different purposes and the need for face-to-face communication to address a particularly challenging aspect of research, negotiating a shared coding scheme to analyse diverse cultural and linguistic qualitative data.

Practical implications

The study offers a procedure and concepts that others could use to examine their team communication.

Originality/value

The communicative processes that can constrain and facilitate effective cross-national research team collaboration are rarely examined. The results emphasise the need for careful negotiations around language, epistemologies, cultures and goals from the moment collaboration begins in formulating a project, through applying for grant funds, to when the last paper is published – timely in a context in which such work is increasingly expected.
Ownership structure and corporate social responsibility in India: empirical investigation of an emerging market
Authors: R.L. Manogna
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Previous studies have examined the relationship between institutional investors and corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement primarily for the case of developed nations. The purpose of this paper is to look at the association between different ownership categories and CSR spending of selected Indian firms within an emerging market context.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines the motivations that guide the CSR strategies of different ownership groups. Random-effects Tobit panel regression is performed on a panel of BSE-listed non-financial Indian firms panel comprising of 5,313 firm year observations over a six-year period (2014-2019).

Findings

Heterogeneous behavior of institutional investors is revealed through the study. Different categories of institutional investors have different preferences for CSR spending of a firm. Lending institutes and foreign institutional investors (FIIs) are seen to support the CSR investments. However, mutual fund investors are seen to not influence the CSR spend by the firms. Further, the results show that family ownership, measured in terms of family shareholding, positively moderates the lending institutions and mutual funds toward CSR and does not impact the FIIs decision regarding the CSR investments.

Practical implications

The analysis has implications for both institutional investors and multinational firms. In the emerging market context, managers and owners who target long term strategies such as CSR, will benefit from increasing shareholdings of creditors (lending institutions). They can also take steps to improve their transparency and corporate governance structure so as to attract the foreign institutional investments.

Originality/value

Managers cannot ignore the heterogeneities of institutional investors in their investment decisions and hence CSR decisions need to align with those of different types of investors. This study adds to the existing literature by offering new empirical insights from the perspective of an emerging market, India.
The Dumfries Arts Award Project: towards building a programme theory of innovation transfer across two social organisations
Authors: Whitelaw Sandy , Gibson Isla , Wild Annie , Hall Heather , Molloy Heather
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically understand a programme theory of the “transfer” of work in one social organisation and sector (an innovative and successful social enterprise community café, The Usual Place that seeks to enhance the employability of young people with additional support needs in “hospitality”) to another (Dumfries Theatre Royal, a regional theatre and registered charity, specifically the “Dumfries Arts Award Project” and more generally, “the arts”).

Design/methodology/approach

By means of gaining insight into the complexity of the transfer of innovative practices between two socially oriented organisations and theoretical insights into associated conducive contexts and optimal processes, the work used realist evaluation resources within a longitudinal ethnographic approach. Within this, a series of specific methods were deployed, including semi structured key stakeholder interviews, non-participant observation and “walking” and “paired” interviews with service users in each organisation.

Findings

The principle finding is that with attention being paid to the context and intervention processes associated with transfer processes and having sufficient capacity and strong partnership working, it is possible to take an innovative idea from one context, transfer it to another setting and have relatively immediate “success” in terms of achieving a degree of sustainability. The authors propose a provisional programme theory that illuminates this transfer. They were also able to show that, whilst working with the potentially conservative concept of “employability”; both organisations were able to maintain a progressive ethos associated with social innovation.

Originality/value

The work offers theoretical and methodological originality. The significance of “scaling up” social innovation is recognised as under-researched and under-theorised and the use of a realistic evaluation approach and the associated development of provisional programme theory address this.
Life prediction in c-Si solar cell interconnections under in-situ thermal cycling in Kumasi in Ghana
Authors: Nyarko Frank Kwabena Afriyie , Takyi G.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

A numerical study on the reliability of soldered interconnects of c-Si solar photovoltaic cells has been conducted.

Design/methodology/approach

A three-year data (2012–2014) from outdoor weathering of PV modules was used to generate temperature cycle profiles to serve as thermal loads and boundary conditions for the investigation of the thermo-mechanical response of the soldered interconnects when subjected to real outdoor conditions using finite element analysis (FEA) Software (Ansys. 18.2). Two types of soldered interconnections, namely, Sn60Pb40 and Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu (Pb-free), were modelled in this study.

Findings

Life prediction results from accumulated creep energy density damage show that the solder interconnects will achieve maximum life under the 2014 thermal cycle loading. In particular, the Sn60Pb40 solder interconnection is expected to achieve 14,153 cycles (25.85 years) whilst the Pb-free solder interconnection is expected to achieve 9,249 cycles (16.89 years). Additionally, under the test region average (TRA) thermal cycle, the Pb-free and Pb-Sn solder interconnections are expected to achieve 7,944 cycles (13.69 years) and 12,814 cycles (23.4 years), respectively. The study shows that Sn60Pb40 solder interconnections are likely to exhibit superior reliability over the Pb-free solder interconnections at the test site.

Practical implications

This study would be useful to electronics manufacturing industry in the search for a suitable alternative to SnPb solders and also the thermo-mechanical reliability research community and manufacturers in the design of robust PV modules.

Originality/value

The study has provided TRA data/results which could be used to represent the test region instead of a particular year. The study also indicates that more than six thermal cycles are required before any meaningful conclusions can be drawn. Finally, the life of the two types of solders (SnPb and Pb-free) as interconnecting materials for c-Si PV have been predicted for the test region (Kumasi in sub-Saharan Africa).
Personality factors and knowledge sharing behavior in information services: the mediating role of information literacy competencies
Authors: Keshavarz Hamid
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The study aims to investigate the role of information literacy competencies regarding the impact of personality factors on knowledge sharing behavior in information services.

Design/methodology/approach

A sequential mixed-methods approach was used as the research design. To construct the two less identified variables of knowledge sharing behavior and information literacy competencies in actual information services, the literature existed were searched and validated in a systematic review procedure. Two conceptual models including two initial questionnaires were developed, which were then confirmed by a set of 10 related experts through semi-structured interviews. For gathering data related to the variable personality factors, the Five-Factor Inventory was used as a widely recognized measure. The sample population of the quantitative section constituted of a set of 160 librarians working in the central libraries of the state universities located at Tehran, Iran. Data analysis was conducted through structural equation modeling using software SmartPLS.

Findings

The results showed that the personality factors had a positive and significant impact on information literacy competencies with a path coefficient of 0.48 and information literacy competencies skills had a positive and significant effect on the knowledge sharing behavior with a path coefficient of 0.47. However, with a path coefficient of 0.02, the personality factors had no direct effect on the knowledge sharing behavior while its indirect impact was then confirmed by the mediating role of information literacy competencies.

Originality/value

To achieve the desired knowledge sharing behavior, there should be concerns about the information literacy competencies of the librarians. Moreover, the knowledge sharing behavior of the librarians should be more taken into consideration concerning their personality factors.
Promoting occupational therapy interventions in the Australian community aged care sector
Authors: Culph Jennifer , Clemson Lindy , Scanlan Justin , Jeon Yun‐Hee , Laver Kate
Published: January 2021

Background

With the introduction of consumer‐directed care in the Australian community aged care sector, there are more opportunities for occupational therapists to provide evidence‐based services that meet consumer needs. There is also an increasing requirement for health professionals to promote their interventions to consumers. Particularly for the implementation of new programs within organisations. However, occupational therapists have historically neglected widely promoting the role of occupational therapy services for older people. This study examines the perceptions of occupational therapists and their managers in promoting their service; the Care of People in their Environment (COPE) Program.

Methods

This study utilised a qualitative interpretative description; including 28 in‐depth interviews. Purposeful sampling ensured a variety of occupational therapists from different health contexts. Thematic analysis captured key emergent themes related to promoting occupational therapy interventions and implementation.

Results

Many occupational therapists were apprehensive about promoting or selling their services and interventions. Greater levels of confidence in promoting the program were present when the program aligned with traditional models of service delivery and organisational processes. Occupational therapists described having limited opportunity to directly promote the program to consumers as community case managers were mostly the main contact at the organisation. There was limited consideration of promotion strategies and therefore limited enactment of strategies by organisations. Not‐for‐profit and non‐government organisations recognise that the changed community aged care market provided new business opportunities.

Conclusion

With changes in the Australian aged care system, occupational therapy has great opportunity to provide diverse, evidence‐based interventions driven by the needs of consumers. Reframing the notion of ‘selling’, to empowering consumers to be more informed about their options, will allow occupational therapists to build confidence in their promotional skills. Promoting evidence‐based programs will have positive outcomes for the visibility, professional identity and recognition of occupational therapy.
Microbiota associated with Mollitrichosiphum aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Greenideinae): diversity, host species specificity and phylosymbiosis
Authors: Qin Man , Chen Jing , Xu Shifen , Jiang Liyun , Qiao Gexia
Published: January 2021

Symbiotic association is universal in nature, and an array of symbionts play a crucial part in host life history. Aphids and their diverse symbionts have become a good model system to study insect‐symbiont interactions. Previous symbiotic diversity surveys have mainly focused on a few aphid clades, and the relative importance of different factors regulating microbial community structure is not well understood. In this study, we collected 65 colonies representing eight species of the aphid genus Mollitrichosiphum from different regions and plants in southern China and Nepal and characterized their microbial compositions using Illumina sequencing of the V3 − V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. We evaluated how microbiota varied across aphid species, geography and host plants and the correlation between microbial community structure and host aphid phylogeny. Heritable symbionts dominated the microbiota associated with Mollitrichosiphum, and multiple infections of secondary symbionts were prevalent. Ordination analyses and statistical tests highlighted the contribution of aphid species in shaping the structures of bacterial, symbiont and secondary symbiont communities. Moreover, we observed a significant correlation between Mollitrichosiphum aphid phylogeny and microbial community composition, providing evidence for a pattern of phylosymbiosis between natural aphid populations and their microbial associates.
Effets de la qualité des institutions sur l'éducation en Afrique
Authors: Ouedraogo Idrissa , Ngoa Tabi Henri , Atangana Ondoa Henri
Published: January 2021

Cette étude analyse le rôle de la qualité des institutions sur l'éducation en Afrique. Pour ce faire, des indicateurs de la qualité des institutions sont intégrés dans une fonction de production éducative. Cette fonction est estimée en panel dynamique à l'aide de la méthode des moments généralisés en système sur un panel de 47 pays sur la période 1996–2019. L'estimation a permis de relever que l'amélioration de la qualité globale des institutions contribue significativement à améliorer l'accès à l'éducation primaire, secondaire et supérieure en Afrique. Cette contribution se fait à travers notamment l'efficacité des pouvoirs publics et la maitrise de la corruption. Ces résultats invitent les gouvernements africains à améliorer particulièrement ces dimensions pour permettre aux citoyens africains d'acquérir et d'accroître leur niveau d'éducation.
Salt added to food and body mass index: A bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Zhou Long , Wen Xiaoxiao , Peng Yaguang , Zhao Liancheng , Yu Yan
Published: January 2021

Aim

This study aimed to determine the causal association between salt added to food and body mass index (BMI) by integrating a summary‐level genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data.

Methods

We performed two‐sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using summary statistics of GWAS. Inverse‐variance weighted (IVW), maximum likelihood estimation, and random effect model were used to analyse the effect of salt added to food on BMI. A bidirectional MR analysis with BMI as the exposure and salt added to food as the outcome was also performed.

Results

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from the UK Biobank (n = 462 630) and a meta‐analysis of 322 154 European‐descent individuals. The IVW method estimate indicated that salt added to food was positively associated with BMI (β = 0.1416, SE = 0.0576, P = .0139). Results from maximum likelihood estimation (β = 0.1476, SE = 0.0363, P < .0001) and the random effect model (β = 0.1411, SE = 0.0572, P = .0137) were consistent with the IVW. Bidirectional MR analysis suggested that BMI did not causally affect salt added to food.

Conclusion

Our results provided qualitative evidence supporting a causal relationship between salt intake and BMI.
Defining unhealthy food for regulating marketing to children—What are Australia's options?
Authors: Watson Wendy L. , Khor Phay Yean , Hughes Clare
Published: January 2021

Aim

To compare six nutrient profiling models for suitability in food marketing to children regulation.

Methods

Products (n = 220) advertised at transport hubs were classified as eligible/ineligible to be advertised to children using an Australian government developed guide (Council of Australian Governments), the Health Star Rating system before and after the modifications made in 2020, World Health Organization Western Pacific Region and Europe nutrient profile criterion and the NOVA food classification system. Agreement between models was determined using Cohen's Kappa.

Results

The Council of Australian Governments' guide was able to classify more products than the other models (n = 210) and was easy to use as it did not require nutrition information. It agreed most closely with NOVA (moderate agreement). The proportion of foods classified as eligible to be marketed (most strict) was lowest for NOVA (10%), similar for Council of Australian Governments and the World Health Organisation models (16%‐17%) and highest for Health Star Rating models (26%‐28%).

Conclusions

The Council of Australian Governments' guide provides simple, easy to use profiling criteria aligned with Australian dietary advice. Political will is now required to incorporate a profiling model within government‐endorsed food marketing regulation.
Source‐sink System and Sedimentary Model of Progradational Fan Delta Controlled by Restricted Ancient Gully: An Example in the Enping Formation in the Southern Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, Northern South China Sea
Authors: FENG Congjun , YAO Xingzong , YANG Haizhang , LI Daming , SUN Mengsi
Published: January 2021

Tectonic activity occurred during the depositional period of the Enping Formation in the southern Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, with a series of synsedimentary faults and a set of large fan delta reservoir bodies developing. There is no data from drilling, cores, etc. for this area, so this paper applies three‐dimensional seismic data to study the structural style of the steep slope zone, the seismic facies characteristics of fan deltas, and the source‐sink system and sedimentary model of the Enping Formation. The control action of tectonic activity on fan deltaic sedimentary systems is studied by combining interpretation of fault systems, dissection of structural styles, seismic reflection structure, seismic facies geometry, and seismic attribute analysis, together with theoretical analysis of the source‐sink deposition process. The Baiyun Sag has experienced tectonic activity since the Eocene, and a series of synsedimentary faults are developed in the southern steep slope zone. Under the common control of multiple large synsedimentary faults, a large ancient gully formed in the steep slope zone in the south, which gradually widened from south to north. The uplift area in the southern part of the sag was exposed for a long time during the deposition of the Enping Formation and consequently suffered weathering and erosion. The resulting sediments were transported through a system of provenance channels composed of slopes and an ancient gully to the depression area, where they were deposited and eventually converged to form a large fan delta. The fan delta presents the overall characteristics of NS strong wedge reflection and EW strong domal reflection—thick in the middle part and thin in the wings. It displays a lobe‐shaped distribution on the plane, with the fan root pointing to the south slope. According to differences in reflection intensity from bottom to top, it can be subdivided into three stages of progradational sedimentary bodies—the southern uplift and denudation zone, the large ancient gully, and the fan delta—which together constitute a complete source‐sink system. This represents a sedimentary model of progradational fan delta under the overall joint control of the restricted ancient gully and syndepositional faults.
Formation of Hengchun Accretionary Prism Turbidites and Implications for Deep‐water Transport Processes in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: CUI Yuchi , SHAO Lei , YU Mengming , HUANG Chiyue
Published: January 2021

Located at the end of the northern Manila Trench, the Hengchun Peninsula is the latest exposed part of Taiwan Island, and preserves a complete sequence of accretionary deep‐sea turbidite sandstones. Combined with extensive field observations, a ‘source‐to‐sink’ approach was employed to systematically analyze the formation and evolutionary process of the accretionary prism turbidites on the Hengchun Peninsula. Lying at the base of the Hengchun turbidites are abundant mafic normal oceanic crust gravels with a certain degree of roundness. The gravels with U‐Pb ages ranging from 25.4 to 23.6 Ma are underlain by hundreds‐of‐meters thickness of younger deep‐sea sandstone turbidites with interbedded gravels. This indicates that large amounts of terrigenous materials from both the ‘Kontum‐Ying‐Qiong’ River of Indochina and the Pearl River of South China were transported into the deep‐water areas of the northern South China Sea during the late Miocene and further eastward in the form of turbidity currents. The turbidity flow drastically eroded and snatched mafic materials from the normal South China Sea oceanic crust along the way, and subsequently unloaded large bodies of basic gravel‐bearing sandstones to form turbidites near the northern Manila Trench. With the Philippine Sea Plate drifting clockwise to the northwest, these turbidite successions eventually migrated and, since the Middle Pleistocene, were exposed as an accretionary prism on the Hengchun Peninsula.
Evolution of the Pearl River and its Implication for East Asian Continental Landscape Reversion
Authors: ZHANG Hao , CUI Yuchi , QIAO Peijun , ZHAO Meng , XIANG Xuhong
Published: January 2021

As the link connecting the South China Continent and the northern South China Sea (SCS), the Pearl River is the focus of sedimentology and petroleum geology research. Its evolutionary process and controlling factors are of great significance in revealing the East Asian continental landscape reorganization during the Late Cenozoic. Based on published data, ‘source‐to‐sink’ provenance analyses allow systematic deliberation on the birth and evolutionary history of the Pearl River. Close to the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, an abrupt shift in the sedimentary composition indicates significant westward and northward expansion of the river's watershed area, followed by the establishment of a near‐modern fluvial network. This sedimentary change generally concurred with a series of regional geological events, including the onset of the Yangtze throughflow, large‐scale development of the loess plateau, and formation of the northwestern arid zone and Asian Monsoon system. These major changes in the geology‐climate‐ecoenvironment system are in close response to the process of the Cenozoic Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau uplift. Consequently, the East Asian continental landscape and most of mid‐Cenozoic drainage systems underwent critical reversion into east‐tilting, or east‐flowing networks.
Study on System of Faults in the Gulf of Mexico and Adjacent Region based on Gravity Data
Authors: MA Jie , WANG Wanyin , DU Xiangdong , LUO Xingang , CAI Wenjie , YANG Min , WANG Dingding
Published: January 2021

In the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent landmasses, faults are very complex, and their distribution is closely related to plate tectonics, ocean–land boundary, and former structure. The plane position of the faults can be identified by the maximum characteristic of the vertical derivative of the normalized vertical derivative of the total horizontal derivative (NVDR‐THDR) of the Bouguer gravity anomaly. The apparent depth of the faults is inverted by the Bouguer gravity anomaly curvature property. Based on tectonic evolutionary processes and the plane distribution and apparent depth characteristics of the faults, a complete fault system for the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent areas has been established, including 102 faults. The apparent depths of 33 first‐class faults are 16–20 km and for 69 second‐class faults are 12–16 km. The F1‐2 and F1‐3 subduction fault zones are two caused by the subduction of the Cocos Plate into the old Yucatan and Chorti landmasses; F1‐11 and F1‐12 fault zones extend westward to the coast of Guatemala and do not extend into the continent; F1‐17 and F1‐20 faults, which control the boundary of the oceanic crust, do not extend southward into the continent. The fault system, which radiates in a “fan‐shaped” structure as a whole, unfolds to the northeast. Faults of different nature and sizes are distributed in the Cocos Plate subduction zone, Continental, Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan old landmass and Caribbean Plate in NW, NNW, NS, NE and NEE directions. In the Gulf of Mexico region, the fault system is a comprehensive reflection of former tectonic movements, such as plate movement, drift of old landmasses and expansion of oceanic crusts. The first‐class faults control the plate and ocean–continental boundaries. The second‐class faults are subordinate to the first‐class faults or related to the distribution of different sedimentary layers.
Detecting seed bank influence on plant metapopulation dynamics
Authors: Louvet Apolline , Machon Nathalie , Mihoub Jean‐Baptiste , Robert Alexandre
Published: January 2021

Seed banks are known to play a key role in plant metapopulations. However, detecting seed banks remains challenging and requires intense monitoring efforts. Assessing the genuine effect of seed banks on plant metapopulation dynamics (rather than their presence) may offer a much easier while still biologically relevant way to overcome this issue.

In this study, we developed a new metric: the seed bank characteristic event (SBCE) probability. Instead of detecting seed bank directly, the SBCE probability measures seed bank contribution to the observed metapopulation dynamics. Exploring seed bank parameters (colonization, germination and seed bank death probabilities, initial proportion of patches containing a seed bank), a wide range of monitoring durations (from 3 to 10 years) and number of patches in the metapopulation (from 10 to 1,000 patches), we examined the conditions under which the SBCE probability is correctly estimated. To test the robustness of our approach, we further introduced false negatives, false positives or parameter heterogeneity between patches. Finally, we applied the SBCE probability method to the monitoring of tree bases plant species in Paris, France, to assess the applicability of the method to real‐world datasets and increase the understanding of plant metapopulation dynamics within an urban environment.

Our results indicate that the SBCE probability is well‐estimated when enough monitoring years or number of patches are considered, and for probabilities of false negatives or false positives of up to 0.1. However, the SBCE probability estimation is not robust to colonization probability heterogeneity between patches. When we applied the SBCE probability method to the real monitoring dataset, we found a contrasted contribution of the seed bank to the observed metapopulation dynamics from one street and one species to another.

The study suggests that the measurement of seed bank contribution is less data‐demanding than assessment of seed bank presence. Applying the estimation method to the monitoring of tree bases plant species highlights a significant contribution of the seed bank to plant metapopulation dynamics in an urban environment, and illustrates how the method can be applied on real‐world datasets.
Majorism: Neoliberalism in Student Culture
Authors: Carrigan Coleen , Bardini Michelle
Published: January 2021

Declining support for US higher education and the corporatization of this institution shape students’ experiences. This ethnography describes a campus culture stratified by an ideology called “majorism.” Majorism, a term particular to this study’s site, is the preferential treatment of science and technology over the Liberal Arts. By understanding majorism through the lived experiences of undergraduates, we can better understand what the US academy values, its purpose, and whom it does and does not serve.
Unpacking the Impacts of a Universal Parenting Program on Child Behavior
Authors: Altafim Elisa Rachel P. , McCoy Dana C. , Linhares Maria Beatriz M.
Published: January 2021

This study examined the theory of change of the ACT Raising Safe Kids parenting program, including whether intervention effects on children's behavior problems were explained by improvements in mothers’ reported parenting practices, as well as whether baseline child behavior problems moderated these relations. Adult mothers of 3‐to 8‐year‐old Brazilian children were assigned to the intervention (n = 97) or control (n = 46) groups. Results showed that the intervention improved mothers' perceptions of their parenting practices (positive discipline, emotional and behavioral regulation, and communication). Intervention‐induced reductions in children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were mediated by improvements in mothers’ emotional and behavioral regulation. Program effects were strongest for children with high levels of baseline behavior problems.
In Silico Approach to Predict Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database
Authors: Ambe Kaori , Ohya Kazuyuki , Takada Waki , Suzuki Masaharu , Tohkin Masahiro
Published: January 2021

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis and drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome, are rare and occasionally fatal. However, it is difficult to detect SCARs at the drug development stage, necessitating a new approach for prediction. Therefore, in this study, using the chemical structure information of SCAR‐causative drugs from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database, we tried to develop a predictive classification model of SCAR through deep learning. In the JADER database from 2004 to 2017, we defined 185 SCAR‐positive drugs and 195 SCAR‐negative drugs using proportional reporting ratios as the signal detection method, and the total number of reports. These SCAR‐positive and SCAR‐negative drugs were randomly divided into the training dataset for model construction and the test dataset for evaluation. The model performance was evaluated in the independent test dataset inside the applicability domain (AD), which is the chemical space for reliable prediction results. Using the deep learning model with molecular descriptors as the drug structure information, the area under the curve was 0.76 for the 148 drugs of the test dataset inside the AD. The method developed in the present study allows for utilizing the JADER database for SCAR classification, with potential to improve screening efficiency in the development of new drugs. This method may also help to noninvasively identify the causative drug, and help assess the causality between drugs and SCARs in postmarketing surveillance.
Atypical cutaneous histiocytic eruption in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A case report
Authors: Li Jing Jing , Talam Stephanie , Star Phoebe , Getta Bartlomiej
Published: January 2021

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell malignancy with features of both a myeloproliferative neoplasm and a myelodysplastic syndrome. We present a case of 72‐year‐old man with CMML who presented with generalized hemorrhagic papules and plaques which on histopathology showed a peculiar infiltrate of atypical mature histiocytes. The immunohistochemical markers for Langerhans cells, indeterminate dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were negative. Next generation sequencing performed on the paraffin block of the leg biopsy specimen revealed identical ASXL1, SRSF2, and KRAS mutations as seen in the CMML clone of the peripheral blood. Along with recent literature, this case illustrates the spectrum of histiocytic and dendritic cell proliferations in CMML, many of which may be clonally related to the hematopoietic malignancy.