bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with orally localized somatoform pain disorder: a single photon emission computed tomography study
Authors: Karibe Hiroyuki , Arakawa Ryosuke , Tateno Amane , Mizumura Sunao , Okada Tomoo , Ishii Takashi , Oshima Katsuo , Ohtsu Mitsuhiro , Hasegawa Isao , Okubo Yoshiro
Published: August 2010

Aim:  Somatoform pain disorder is characterized by persistent and chronic pain at one or more sites without an associated general medical condition and in which psychological factors are thought to play a role. This study aimed to investigate the pathological features of somatoform pain disorder localized to the oral region by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Methods:  Ten patients (nine females and one male; average age 55.0 ± 14.4 years) having somatoform pain disorder with oral symptoms participated. SPECT was performed using N‐isopropyl‐4‐[123I] iodoamphetamine intravenous injections, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was assessed by three‐dimensional stereotactic surface projections. We also selected 12 healthy individuals (seven females and five males; average age 61.8 ± 13.2 years) to act as controls.

Results:  Both the patient and control groups showed no atrophy or infarction on CT or magnetic resonance imaging. The patient group showed higher rCBF in the subcortical area, especially in the thalamus and cingulate gyri, than the control group. In contrast, the patient group showed lower rCBF in the bilateral frontal and occipital lobes as well as in the left temporal lobe.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the biological process involved in somatoform pain disorder of the oral region is characterized by changes in limbic and cortical functions. The finding that somatoform pain disorder with oral symptoms is associated with brain functional changes will help to develop treatment regimes for this disorder and clarify the underlying pathology.
THE SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE ADULT CATTLE TICK BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS (CANESTRINI) IXODIDAE PART II. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: WALADDE S. M.
Published: August 2010

The morphology of the sensory receptors on tarsus I and on the mouthparts of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. Features not resolved by light microscopy were revealed. The number of sensilla and their morphology are unique to B. microplus though similar to those of other tick species already described. The sensory setae found include mechanoreceptors, contact and olfactory chemoreceptors. Of special interest, on each inner cheliceral digit, is a denticle bearing a papilla at its tip and a pit at its base. The functions of these two newly described features are not known but it seems likely that they may include contact chemoreceptors capable of tasting host tissue chemicals. These observations provide the foundation for transmission electron microscopy of the receptors, which is the subject of the third paper in this series.
AN EXAMPLE OF NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN TROIDES OBLONGOMACULATUS PAPUENSIS WALLACE AND ORNITHOPTERA PRIAMUS POSEIDON DOUBLEDAY (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)
Authors: SANDS D. P. A. , SAWYER P. F.
Published: August 2010

Natural copulation between two taxonomically distant but obviously related birdwing butterflies. Ornithoptera priamus poseidon Doubleday and Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis Wallace is recorded from Papua New Guinea. The copulating pair was captured, and two male hybrid progeny were subsequently reared.
REVISION OF AUSTRALIAN DACNUSINI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: ALYSIINAE), PARASITOIDS OF CYCLORRHAPHOUS DIPTERA
Authors: Wharton R. A. , Austin A. D.
Published: August 2010

The alysiine braconid tribe Dacnusini is revised for Australia and 4 genera are recorded from the continent for the first time.Chaenusa mcalpini, C. rugosa, C. semisetosa, Chorebus nigricapitisandCoelinius versicolorare described as new, and a key is provided for their discrimination.Dacnusa areolarisNees von Esenbeck, a Palaearctic species known from New Zealand, is also recorded from Australia and is shown to be widespread. The synonymy of the genusCoeliniusNees von Esenbeck is discussed. Lectotypes are designated forChaenon ancepsCurtis andChaenon affinisCurtis and a neotype is designated forStephanus nigerNees von Esenbeck. Reasons for the paucity of the Australian dacnusine fauna, the relationships between species and the general biology of the tribe are discussed.
ATTRACTION OF APIS MELLIFERA L. (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) TO VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
Authors: Allsopp P. G. , Cherry R. H.
Published: August 2010

Anethole and the commercial Trécé Japanese beetle lure (10:22:11, 2‐phenylethylproprionate: eugenol: geraniol) exposed in Trécé Japanese beetle traps attracted honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Other floral lures and fatty acids tested did not attract honey bees.
MATING BEHAVIOUR OFPHAULACRIDIUM VITTATUMSJÖSTEDT (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)1
Authors: Bland R. G.
Published: August 2010

The mating behaviour ofPhaulacridium vittatum, a non‐acoustic acridid of Australia, was observed under laboratory conditions. Femur‐tipping by males was common. Males mounted any active grasshopper that moved nearby. However, males appeared to use the size of a mounted individual as a basis for sex identification because they remained mounted only on females or on males whose thorax or abdomen were broadened to that of a female. A male's copulatory attempts continued when his antennae, mouthparts, cerci or tarsi were amputated, and antennectomised males remained mounted longer. Males and females were compared for agonistic behaviour of brachypterous and macropterous forms.
EGG AND LARVAL ABUNDANCES OF HELICOVERPA HARDWICK (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON CHRISTMAS BELLS
Authors: Coombs M. , Ramsey M.
Published: August 2010

A population of the native monocot Christmas bells was examined for eggs and larvae of Helicoverpa spp. throughout the 1989–1990 flowering season. H. armigera (Hübner), but no H. punctigera (Wallengren), were found. Eggs were found only on floral buds or recently‐opened flowers. On plants with eggs, individual buds carried only a single egg. On such plants the mean number of eggs was 1.2 ± 0.6, although plants had 6.5 ± 2.0 buds. During peak flowering 21% of plants carried eggs. Larvae were found on plants with buds, flowers and/or fruits. Late instar larvae that fed predominately on buds and flowers of Christmas bells produced fertile offspring, suggesting that this plant was suitable as a host. Egg and larval abundances were both correlated positively with the numbers of plants with buds. Abundance of larvae, but not eggs, was also correlated positively with the numbers of plants with flowers. During peak flowering, egg and larval abundances were estimated at 1.5 and 0.5 million per 100 ha respectively.
Microbial population and diversity on the exoskeletons of four insect species associated with gorse (Ulex europaeus L.)
Authors: Yamoah Emmanuel , Jones E Eirian , Weld Richard J , Suckling David M , Waipara Nick , Bourdôt Graeme W , Hee Alvin K W , Stewart Alison
Published: August 2010

Fungi and bacteria on the external surfaces of four gorse‐associated insect species: gorse seed weevil Apion ulicis Förster (Coleoptera: Apionidae), light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), gorse pod moth Cydia ulicetana Denis and Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and gorse thrips Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were recovered by washing and plating techniques. The isolates were identified by morphology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of internally transcribed spacer (ITS) and 16S rDNA. A culture‐independent technique (direct PCR) was also used to assess fungal diversity by direct amplification of ITS sequences from the washings of the insects. All insect species carried Alternaria, Cladosporium, Corallomycetella, Penicillium, Phoma, Pseudozyma spp. and entomopathogens. Ninety‐four per cent of the 178 cloned amplicons had ITS sequence similarity to Nectria mauritiicola (syn. Corallomycetella repens). E. postvittana carried the largest fungal spores (spore mean surface area of 126 μm2) and the most fungal colony forming units per insect. Methylobacterium aquaticum and Pseudomonas lutea were isolated from all four insect species. P. fluorescens was the most abundant bacterium on the lepidopteran insects. This study presents the diversity of microbial taxa on insect exoskeletons, and provides the basis for developing a novel mycoherbicide delivery strategy for biological control of gorse using insects as vectors of a plant pathogen.
Colony characteristics of Vespula germanica (F.) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in a Mediterranean climate (southern Australia)
Authors: Kasper Marta L , Reeson Andrew F , Austin Andrew D
Published: August 2010

Vespula germanica has been accidentally introduced into Australia, where it has now established as a horticultural, agricultural, environmental and nuisance pest. Despite comprehensive and often expensive eradication programs, remarkably little information exists for the species in Australia. Most previous studies were conducted in its native range in England, and in New Zealand where V. germanica has also been introduced. Data on nesting sites in Adelaide were collected over two seasons, with a total of 2640 nests surveyed. The majority of nests (67%) were found below ground, mostly in soil. Twenty‐nine percent of nests were found in artificial structures, while the remainder of nests was located above ground. Variation among different habitat types suggests that the species can utilise whatever nest sites are available. Colony duration, timing and seasonal development were also examined by collecting wasp nests over three seasons. Nests were found between November and May. Average mature colonies contained over 9500 small (worker) and 3600 large (queen and male) cells, with some large nests consisting of over 27 500 cells. By the end of May, such colonies have 15 000 wasps emerging from small cells and 2500 wasps emerging from large cells. This is 35–80% more than the numbers of adults produced by V. germanica colonies in England. In addition, in southern Australia a proportion of nests overwinter and survive into the next season, whereas all nests collapse and die out at this time in England. A significant linear relationship was found between wasp traffic and various measures of nest size. These results indicate that in the absence of an adverse climate, V. germanica nests can attain a substantial size. Greater numbers of queens produced in nests may also facilitate a faster rate of population increase in Australia.
Acoustic localisation of frog hosts by blood‐sucking flies Corethrella Coquillet (Diptera: Corethrellidae) in Borneo
Authors: Grafe T Ulmar , Mohd Saat Hamsiah Binti , Hagen Nicole , Kaluza Benjamin , Hj Berudin Zaeidi Bin , Abdul Wahab Mohd Amren Bin
Published: August 2010

This study reports the occurrence of high diversity of novel frog‐biting midges (Diptera: Corethrellidae) from Brunei Darussalam, Borneo. Flies were found feeding on eight species of frogs from five families. Traps using frog calls as lures were used to capture flies in lowland dipterocarp rainforest and peatswamp forest. We identified 11 different fly morphotypes based on gross external morphology and pigmentation. Recognition tests showed that advertisement calls of three frogs, Rana baramica Boettger (brown marsh frog), R. glandulosa Boulenger (rough‐sided frog), and Megophrys nasuta Schlegel (Bornean horned toad) were sufficient for fly capture. The degree of host specificity using acoustic lures was weak. However, the proportion of different morphotypes caught at the traps broadcasting R. baramica and R. glandulosa calls differed, suggesting that frogs vary in their attractiveness towards frog‐biting midges.
Australian populations of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), are resistant to some insecticides used for their control
Authors: Herron Grant A , James Tanya M , Rophail Jeannette , Mo Jianhua
Published: August 2010

Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a major pest of Australian field onion Allium cepa Linnaeus with their control heavily reliant on a few insecticides. An earlier study after grower complaints of control failures did not detect resistance in three populations. After testing an additional nine populations via a Potter spray tower laboratory bioassay unequally against α‐cypermethrin, diazinon, dimethoate, λ‐cyhalothrin, malathion and methidathion, we document resistance in T. tabaci for the first time in Australia. The maximum difference in response (resistance) for each insecticide was detected by dividing the most resistant LC50 response by the least resistant LC50 response. Comparison of the most susceptible to the least susceptible population tested produced α‐cypermethrin and λ‐cyhalothrin resistance at 164‐ and 606‐fold, respectively. Diazinon and dimethoate resistance was also detected at 27‐fold and 5.2‐fold respectively although omethoate, malathion and methidathion resistance were not detected.
Midline extraperitoneal approach to upper urinary tract surgery: Anatomical basis of surgical technique
Authors: ORIKASA SEIICHI , KANBE KOICHI , SHIRAI SHUICHI , IOROTANI NAOMASA , AIZAWA MASATAKA , TAKEUCHI AKIRA , YAMASHITA SHINICHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  To overcome the disadvantages inherent in the standard surgical approach to the kidney, we introduced a novel surgical technique via a midline extraperitoneal approach. The surgical technique is not substantially different from that of the standard midline transperitoneal approach, except no entry is made into the peritoneal cavity. Although the peritoneum itself is extremely thin and fragile, the peritoneum together with underlying subperitoneal fascia can be dissected readily as a substantial layer, if the proper plane is dissected. Further medial mobilization of the peritoneal sac en bloc by pursuing the fusion fascia plane allows full exposure of the kidney, ureter and great vessels. This approach was adopted for consecutive 51 patients during a 10‐month period in 2003. All operations, including 33 radical nephrectomies and 11 nephroureterectomies were completed successfully without significant technical difficulties and differences in operation time and estimated blood loss compared to the transperitoneal approach. No intra‐ or perioperative complication occurred. All patients did seem to have a much more comfortable postoperative period with minor pain and few abdominal complaint, and the clinical impression was that they resumed the physical activity and oral intake earlier than those after the transperitoneal approach (P = 0.056). There are no operation‐related problems such as intra‐abdominal adhesion or abdominal muscle weakness resulting in some deformity at 2‐year or more follow up. This approach combines the advantages of the transperitoneal midline and extraperitoneal flank approach. Its use will undoubtedly reduce the complications inherent in the transperitoneal approach or the flank approach.
Automatic switching and guidance system to facilitate unassisted uroﬂowmetry using commercial electronic devices
Authors: TERAI AKITO , UEDA NOBUFUMI , UTSUNOMIYA NORIAKI , KOHEI NAOKI , AOYAMA TERUYOSHI , INOUE KOJI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  To enable male patients to undergo uroﬂowmetry in a private condition without medical supervision, we devised an automatic switching and patient guidance system for the spinning disk uroﬂowmeter Urodyn 1000, using two commercial electronic devices (an infrared motion sensor tap and a memorizable vacuum ﬂuorescent display). Instead of running the uroﬂowmeter continuously, which shortens the life of the spinning disk due to mechanical wear, an infrared motion sensor turns on the devices each time a patient enters the room. The patient urinates according to the timely instructions on the visible display and voided urine directly ﬂows into a urinal. The devices are automatically turned off 5 min after the patient leaves the room. With the use of our system, men already acquainted with uroﬂowmetry could perform self‐administered uroﬂowmetry any time in private. The system was considered useful for improving the quality of patient service.
Can the levels of nitric oxide in the urine, serum and tumor tissue be putative markers for bladder cancer?
Authors: KILIÇ SÜLEYMAN , BAYRAKTAR NIHAYET , BEYTUR ALI , ERGIN HÜSEYIN , BAYRAKTAR MEHMET , EǦRI MÜCAHIT
Published: August 2010

Aim: To determine nitric oxide (NO) levels in serum, urine, tumor tissue and non‐malignant adjacent tissue in bladder cancer patients compared with those in patients with a non‐neoplastic genitourinary disease and to evaluate postoperative serum and urine NO change.

Methods: Samples was collected in 20 cancer and 41 control patients. Griess reagent was used for NO measurements.

Results: Mean age in the cancer and control groups was 64.2 ± 9.9 and 63.7 ± 8.9 years, respectively. Preoperatively, urinary infection incidence was not statistically different between groups. There were no significant differences in serum, urine and tissue NO levels in patients with and without infection in both groups. Hematuria was found to not affect urine NO level in the cancer group. Urine NO level was significantly higher than in controls preoperatively, decreased significantly following operation and remained stable after the third month. High serum NO values decreased at the early postoperative period; however, they re‐increased in the long‐term. No significant differences were observed in the third month in serum and urine NO levels between the patients with (no. 6) and without (no. 14) residual or relapsing tumor. No statistical difference was observed between NO levels in non‐malignant adjacent and control tissues. However, tumor tissue NO level was significantly higher than those in the other two. There were no statistical differences in the first and third month serum and urine NO levels between patients who underwent bacillus Calmette‐Guérin instillation therapy postoperatively and the patients who took chemotherapy or no further treatment.

Conclusions: Both local and generalized host defense mechanisms seem to function in bladder cancer patients. Although further evaluation with a longer observation period and larger numbers of patients is necessary, results suggest that serum and urine NO levels are not putative and useful markers for bladder cancer.
Inhibition of 5‐lipoxygenase pathway suppresses the growth of bladder cancer cells
Authors: HAYASHI TOYOHIDE , NISHIYAMA KENRYU , SHIRAHAMA TSUTOMU
Published: August 2010

Aim: Many stimuli, including growth factors and cytokines, activate arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathways, which are involved in cancer development and progression. We examined the effects of a series of pharmacological inhibitors of AA metabolic enzymes on bladder cancer cells to determine the role of AA pathway in this malignancy.

Methods: Human bladder cancer cell lines were treated with various AA metabolic enzymes inhibitors for lipoxygense (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways, and the growth suppression effects were examined. The enzyme expression in cancer cells was examined by immunoblot analyses.

Results: A 5‐LOX‐specific inhibitor, AA861, dose‐dependently inhibited the growth of bladder cancer cells. The growth inhibitory effects were greatly abolished by 5‐LOX product, 5‐HETE, but not by other LOX products examined. They were observed in four cancer cells that expressed 5‐LOX, but not in one that did not. Of a series of LOX and COX pathway inhibitors, AA861 was the strongest one to suppress the growth of cancer cells.

Conclusions: Bladder cancer cells frequently expressed 5‐LOX. A 5‐LOX‐specific inhibitor, AA861, revealed the strongest growth suppression of those cells compared to other LOX and COX pathway inhibitors, and the growth suppression effects were considered to be due to inhibition of the enzymatic activity. Therefore, 5‐LOX may play a regulatory role in proliferation and/or survival of bladder cancer, and may be a therapeutic target for the disease.
Pathophysiology and subjective symptoms in women with impaired bladder emptying
Authors: GOTOH MOMOKAZU , YOSHIKAWA YOKO , OHSHIMA SHINICHI
Published: August 2010

Aims: To assess the pathophysiology and subjective symptoms in female patients with impaired bladder emptying.

Methods: Eighty‐three consecutive female patients attending a urology clinic with postvoid residual urine of more than 100 mL were recruited. Free uroflowmetry, measurement of postvoid residual urine and pressure‐flow study were performed in all patients. The detailed assessment of subjective symptoms and their bothersomeness to the patients were assessed using a self‐administered questionnaire comprising 12 items: five associated with voiding symptoms, five with storage symptoms, and two with discomfort and pain on voiding. The questionnaire was applied to 83 patients with impaired bladder emptying, 41 patients with urinary incontinence, and 21 normal controls.

Results: Although 77% of the patients with impaired bladder emptying consulted a urology clinic because of voiding symptoms, the remaining 23% complained of storage symptoms or symptoms other than lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The pressure‐flow study revealed the pathophysiology of impaired bladder emptying as impaired detrusor contraction in 68 patients (81.9%), and bladder outlet obstruction in 12 patients (14.8%). The assessment of subjective symptoms using the questionnaire revealed that the patients with urinary incontinence showed a high frequency only in storage symptoms; however, those with impaired bladder emptying revealed a high frequency not only in voiding but also in storage symptoms.

Conclusions: Female patients with impaired bladder emptying present with a wide range of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with both voiding and storage symptoms. To determine an appropriate treatment modality, the correct diagnosis of the underlying pathophysiology of impaired bladder emptying by pressure‐flow study is of primary importance.
Atypical findings in a patient with a renal milky stone including a cake of stone
Authors: UESUGI TATSUYA , ICHIKAWA TAKAHARU
Published: August 2010

Abstract  A 54‐year‐old woman was admitted to our department with the diagnosis of a renal calculus. She exhibited dull left flank pain. A plain film revealed a round opaque calcific density in the left kidney in the supine and the upright position. There was no connection between the calcification and the renal collecting system by retrograde pyelography. Computed tomography in the supine position showed a rounded calcification in the left renal parenchyma without a semilunar configuration. She was diagnosed with left renal calyceal diverticula calculi. She underwent a surgical intervention which found a renal milky stone including a 10‐mm. diameter stone. The examination of the fluid and the stone material disclosed three components: calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate. The present case is interesting because its characteristics differ from the common features of renal milky stone.
Early diagnosis and straight forward surgery of an asymptomatic primary angiosarcoma of the kidney led to long‐term survival
Authors: AKKAD THOMAS , TSANKOV ALEXANDAR , PELZER ALEXANDRE , PESCHEL REINHARD , BARTSCH GEORG , STEINER HANNES
Published: August 2010

Abstract  We report the first case of a diagnosis of an asymptomatic primary renal angiosarcoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy and is alive after long‐term follow up. We provide the preoperative imaging studies and the histologic features of this exceedingly rare tumor.
Complete covered duplication of the bladder, urethra, vagina, uterus and visceral sequestration
Authors: KAJBAFZADEH ABDOL‐MOHAMMAD , AGHDAS FARZANEH SHARIFI , TAJIK PARVIN
Published: August 2010

Abstract  We report a rare case of female covered exstrophy with complete duplication of the lower genitourinary tract and visceral sequestration, unassociated with other congenital anomalies. To our knowledge the occurrence of this anomaly with complete urinary continence has not been reported previously.
Application of siphon principle to fluid drainage in transurethral surgery
Authors: TERAI AKITO , AOYAMA TERUYOSHI , UEDA NOBUFUMI , KOHEI NAOKI , UTSUNOMIYA NORIAKI , INOUE KOJI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Transurethral resection is usually performed using an all‐in‐one drape with a fluid collection pouch, drainage port and hose. Gravity drainage of irrigation fluid through the hose is often hampered, resulting in fluid retention in the pouch. We applied a siphon principle to facilitate fluid drainage by making a U‐shaped bend near the distal end of the hose, using an adhesive tape, and hooking the distal end of inverted U shape on the edge of bucket placed on the floor. When the hose is filled with irrigation fluid up to the crest of the siphon, fluid flow driven by atmospheric pressure continues until the pouch is evacuated. Repriming and restarting occur automatically throughout the operation. This simple device has virtually eliminated fluid retention in the pouch and proved to be especially useful in transurethral prostatectomy, which requires a large amount of irrigation fluid.
En bloc mobilization of the inferior vena cava and large hypervascular right renal tumors with or without inferior vena cava thrombus: Posterior ligation of the renal artery
Authors: CIANCIO GAETANO , CERWINKA WOLFGANG H , SOLOWAY MARK S
Published: August 2010

Abstract  We describe our approach of posterior ligation of the renal artery during resection of large hypervascular right renal tumors. This technique uses en bloc mobilization of the inferior vena cava and renal tumor to ligate the renal artery at its origin from the aorta. In our experience, the use of this posterior approach for renal artery ligation is safe and effective, even with large renal tumors with multiple collaterals and/or lymph nodes making the identification of the renal artery difficult.
Significant relationship of time‐dependent uroﬂowmetric parameters to lower urinary tract symptoms as measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score
Authors: ITOH HIDEAKI , KOJIMA MUNEKADO , OKIHARA KOJI , UKIMURA OSAMU , USHIJIMA SO , KAWAUCHI AKIHIRO , MIKI TSUNEHARU
Published: August 2010

Aims: The aim of the present paper is to elucidate the possible involvement of time‐dependent parameters as obtained by uroﬂowmetry in the manifestation of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in elderly patients.

Methods: Using simple and multiple regression analyses, the correlation of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with objective parameters including age, postvoid residual, uroﬂowmetry and transrectal ultrasonic measurements of the prostate was analyzed in 206 male patients (average age of 68.0 ± 7.4 years) who visited our outpatient clinic complaining of LUTS.

Results: In the 206 patients, the mean maximum ﬂow rate was 12.2 mL/s (13.7 mL/s in mild, 11.9 mL/s in moderate, and 11.2 mL/s in severe IPSS total score) and average ﬂow rate was 4.4 mL/s (5.4 mL/s in mild, 4.3 mL/s in moderate, and 3.5 mL/s in severe IPSS total score). Simple regression analyses demonstrated that age, voiding time, and average and maximum ﬂow rates correlate significantly with symptom scores. In particular, relatively strong relationships were found between average ﬂow rate and scores of intermittency, weak stream and total and voiding symptoms scores. Serum prostate specific antigen level, postvoid residual and prostatic ultrasonic measurements did not show a significant correlation with symptom scores. Multiple regression analyses revealed age and average ﬂow rate to be independent determinants for symptom scores.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the time‐dependent function in micturition interferes in the manifestation of LUTS in elderly men who have borderline or pathologic maximum ﬂow rate. When evaluating uroﬂowmetry in elderly male patients with LUTS, attention should be paid to time‐dependent parameters such as voiding time and average ﬂow rate.
Papillary renal cell carcinoma: A clinicopathological study of 35 cases
Authors: YAMANAKA KAZUKI , MIYAKE HIDEAKI , HARA ISAO , INOUE TAKA‐AKI , HANIOKA KEISUKE , FUJISAWA MASATO
Published: August 2010

Aim: The objective of the present study was to characterize the clinicopathological features of histologically defined papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods: The present study included a total of 35 patients who were treated by radical surgery and subsequently diagnosed as having papillary RCC between April 1995 and June 2004. Clinicopathological data of these patients were retrospectively reviewed according to the previously reported classification system (Mod. Pathol. 1997; 10: 537–44).

Results: Of these 35 patients, 23 (65.7%) and 12 (34.3%) were diagnosed as type 1 and type 2 papillary RCC, respectively. Despite the lack of significant differences in clinical parameters between these two groups, including age, gender, clinical stage and metastasis, the incidence of symptomatic disease in patients with type 2 papillary RCC was significantly higher than that in those with type 1 papillary RCC. Pathological examinations demonstrated that there were no significant differences between these two groups in pathological stage, tumor grade or vascular invasion. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between these two groups in overall or recurrence‐free survival.

Conclusions: Although the present study included a small number of patients with short follow‐up period, the clinicopathological features including prognoses were almost similar between patients with type 1 and type 2 papillary RCC; therefore, careful postoperative follow‐up should be considered for patients with papillary RCC irrespective of morphological subtype.
Tubulovillous adenoma developing after urinary reconstruction using ileal segments
Authors: YAMADA YUTA , FUJIMURA TETSUYA , TAKAHASHI SATORU , TAKEUCHI TAKUMI , TAKAZAWA YUTAKA , KITAMURA TADAICHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  A case of tubulovillous adenoma arising in an augmented bladder is described. Ureteroileal substitution and ileocystoplasty was performed when the patient was 18 years old. She noticed gross hematuria 44 years after the surgery. Cystoscopy revealed a non‐papillary multiple tumor at the site of ileovesical anastomosis and transurethral resection biopsy was performed. Histopathological examination revealed a tubulovillous adenoma. A tubulovillous adenoma developing at the augmented bladder is rare. To our knowledge, this is the second case in which a tubulovillous adenoma developed in an augmented bladder.
Late caliceal fistula after kidney transplantation
Authors: KRÓL ROBERT , ZIAJA JACEK , KOLONKO AURELIUSZ , CHUDEK JERZY , WIĘCEK ANDRZEJ , CIERPKA LECH
Published: August 2010

Abstract  Caliceal fistula is a rare urological complication that can occur usually shortly after kidney transplantation (KTx). The occlusion of the renal accessory artery with subsequent necrosis of the kidney pole is the most common cause of the fistula development. We report a case of a 57‐year‐old man with reconstruction of two accessory renal arteries by anastomosis to the side of the main artery during graft placement complicated by late caliceal fistula, managed surgically. Directly after KTx good kidney graft function (serum creatinine concentration 151 µmol/L) was observed. The patient noticed protuberance and pain in the kidney graft area 5 months later. Diagnostic imaging revealed moderate urostasis and liquid collection in the region of the lower graft pole. Administration of a contrast medium through the inserted drain visualized a fistula of a lower renal calyx and ureteric stenosis. Percutaneous drainage was applied with subsequent stop of diuresis through the urethral catheter. During the surgery, the resection of a lower kidney graft pole necrosis was performed, with the closure of caliceal fistula. Simultaneously double pigtail ureteric stent was inserted. After the next two months the pigtail catheter was removed, and neither urostasis in the kidney graft nor liquid collection in the perigraft area were observed. The exceptionality of the case is the late caliceal fistula occurrence. We may only speculate, why it happened 5 months after KTx. The thrombosis of stenosed accessory artery is the most probable cause.
Acute renal failure as a result of bilateral ureteral obstruction by Candida albicans fungus balls
Authors: SHIMADA SHUICHI , NAKAGAWA HARUO , SHINTAKU ICHIRO , SAITO SEIICHI , ARAI YOICHI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  A 73‐year‐old male with a history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital for acute renal failure. An ultrasonogram revealed bilateral hydronephrosis, which worsened despite insertion of a bladder catheter. Nephrostomy catheters were positioned bilaterally, and Candida albicans was found in the urine culture. The patient was successfully treated with intermittent direct irrigation and i.v. antifungal agent therapy. Since 1977, approximately 50 cases of fungus balls or fungal bezoars in the urinary tract have been reported, but the majority of these cases have been characterized by unilateral ureteral or bladder involvement. Herein, we report a case of acute renal failure as a result of bilateral ureteral obstruction by Candida albicans fungus balls.
Accidental dislocation of an intracaval temporary filter into the heart in a case of renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava
Authors: SAKAI YASUYUKI , MASUDA HITOSHI , ARAI GAKU , KOBAYASHI TSUYOSHI , KAGEYAMA YUKIO , KIHARA KAZUNORI
Published: August 2010

Abstract  In a case of renal cell carcinoma extending into the vena cava, a temporary intracaval filter was applied before surgery to prevent pulmonary artery thrombosis. Two days later, the filter accidentally migrated into the right ventricle during defecation. Fortunately, it was successfully removed without damaging cardiac musculature under fluoroscopy.
Renal oncocytoma with bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma in a patient undergoing long‐term hemodialysis
Authors: Hamamoto Shuzo , Okamura Takehiko , Mizuno Kentaro , Kamisawa Hideyuki , Mogami Tohru , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We report a case of bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and renal oncocytoma in a 56‐year‐old male who had been treated with hemodialysis for 32 years. Because anemia gradually worsened, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were carried out and revealed bilateral renal tumors within acquired cystic disease of the kidney. Bilateral nephrectomy was carried out, and the patient was diagnosed with multiple renal cell carcinomas and a single renal oncocytoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of renal oncocytoma with synchronous renal cell carcinoma in a patient undergoing long‐term hemodialysis.
Primary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue‐type lymphoma arising in the kidney
Authors: Kato Yoichiro , Hasegawa Michihiko , Numasato Susumu , Monma Nobuhiro , Fujioka Tomoaki
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  We report a case of primary low‐grade lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) arising from the kidney in a 30‐year‐old man with an abdominal mass in the right flank detected by ultrasonography. Radical nephrectomy was performed under a preliminary diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. The final histological diagnosis was MALT‐type lymphoma. To the best of our knowledge, only five reports of primary MALT‐type lymphoma in the kidney have been published in the literature so far. All cases were surgically treated and only one case went on to chemotherapy postoperatively.
Willingness to pay for mass screening for prostate cancer: A contingent valuation survey
Authors: Yasunaga Hideo
Published: August 2010

Abstract: We recently reported on the willingness to pay (WTP) for prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) using the contingent valuation method (CVM). This study, a continuation of the work outlined in the previous report, comprises a more precise and detailed survey. In an Internet questionnaire survey, 400 men aged 50–59 in Japan were randomly split into two groups: the ill‐informed group (n = 207), which was provided with information about the detection rate, and the well‐informed group (n = 193), which was given additional information about false positive/negative results, latent cancer, and the yet‐to‐be‐demonstrated mortality‐reducing effect of the test. The mean WTP was ¥1670 ($15.2). Giving sufficient information would not decrease WTP for PSA screening. Men place a high value on ‘peace of mind’ through the ascertaining of no sign of cancer at the present rather than on the future‐oriented life‐saving effects that may be gained through such screening.
Transitional cell carcinoma in renal transplant recipients: A single center experience
Authors: Li Xiao‐Bei , Xing Nian‐Zeng , Wang Yong , Hu Xiao‐Peng , Yin Hang , Zhang Xiao‐Dong
Published: August 2010

Objective: To present a single center experience in managing transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in Chinese renal transplant (RTx) recipients.

Methods: In a cohort of 1429 patients who received RTx operation, 27 patients (six males and 21 females) were pathologically diagnosed with TCC in their native urologic system. The data were analyzed retrospectively.

Results: The incidence of TCC was 1.89% and accounted for 41.5% of the patients with post‐transplant de novo malignancies among 1429 recipients. Among the 27 recipients with TCC, 77.8% were female, 59.3% had taken a Chinese herb that contains aristolochic acid for at least 2 months before RTx, 51.9% had painless gross hematuria, while 40.7% had microscopic hematuria and/or repeated urologic infection. Two patients were found to have asymptomatic hydronephrosis during a routine check‐up. The patients with upper tract carcinoma underwent simultaneous bilateral nephroureterectomy or unilateral nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff resection. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was carried out in patients with concomitant or solitary superficial bladder lesions. Intravesical chemotherapy was started and immunosuppressants were adjusted in all patients immediately after the surgery. Tumor recurrence in the bladder was noted in five patients. In one patient, residual and/or recurrent carcinoma in the contralateral pelvis was detected.

Conclusions: Transitional cell carcinoma is the predominant malignancy in Chinese RTx recipients. Female sex, the Chinese herb containing aristolochic acid and immunosuppression are markedly associated with the development of TCC. Risk‐adapted screening, strict follow up, standard surgical intervention and dose reduction of immunosuppressants are very important for early diagnosis and treatment of TCC.
Solitary brain metastasis from pT1, G3 bladder cancer
Authors: Zennami Kenji , Yamada Yoshiaki , Nakamura Kogenta , Aoki Shigeyuki , Taki Tomohiro , Honda Nobuaki
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Brain metastasis from bladder cancer occurs rarely. Particularly, solitary brain metastasis is very rare in patients who have never received systemic chemotherapy. We encountered a patient who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor and bacillus Calmette‐Guérin bladder instillation for pT1, G3 bladder cancer accompanied by carcinoma in situ, and subsequently revealed solitary brain metastasis after 34 months while neither cystoscopy nor urine cytology revealed abnormalities during this period. To our knowledge, our experience of solitary brain metastasis from pT1 bladder cancer is the second case in the world.
THE INCIDENCE OF INDUSTRIAL EYE INJURIES IN NEW ZEALAND AND THEIR CAUSES
Authors: Veale John H.
Published: August 2010

The incidence of industrial eye injuries in New Zealand between 1962 and 1966 from data on Workers' Compensation Claims and records of the National Health Statistics Centre is reported. The causes of these injuries are discussed. A projection to 1975 is made of the incidence of Industrial eye injuries likely to occur in that year.
THE AGEING EYE
Authors: Bailey Ian L.
Published: August 2010

Most of the changes of vision due to ageing are attributable to changes in the crystalline lens. Hardening of the crystalline lens decreases the eye's ability to focus for near vision and so “reading” or “intermediate” glasses become necessary. Flattening of the crystalline lens causes a hyperopic shift in refractive error in the over 40 age group.

Pathological conditions such as cataract, glaucoma and retinal degeneration can impair visual performance. Older persons need stronger and more carefully arranged lighting.
THE HANDICAP OF ABNORMAL COLOUR VISION
Authors: Cole Barry L.
Published: August 2010

The usefulness of colour coding in industry and the inherited defects of colour vision are briefly reviewed. Operations involving judgment of colour are categorised into four classes: those involving comparative judgment of colour; those involving connotative recognition of colour; those involving denotative recognition and those involving aesthetic judgment. Guidelines for the employment of people with defective colour vision are argued for each category.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH THE ASPHERIC CONOCOID LENS
Authors: Connor J. J.
Published: August 2010

I have outlined how the idea of the conicoid back surface originated in the inventive mind of Dr. David Volk and how it became a practical reality as a result of intensive development at the Hirst Laboratory in Auckland and at the Obrig Laboratory In the U.S.A.

The lens is unique in its continuously aspheric back surface, flattening from centre to edge thus mimicking the form of the anterior surface of the cornea. This aspheric surface is fabricated in one continuous cut and is accurately repeatable. As a result of its construction and close fitting characteristics, the lens offers minimal obstruction to the upper lid during blinking and lens mass is kept to a minimum, thereby minimising the increase in temperature and oxygen demand at the epithelium. The lens has demonstrated an ease of fitting. a minimum of epithelial disturbance and it has been widely accepted by practitioners in New Zealand.
PLASMA VASOPRESSIN IN HYPERCALCAEMIC STATES
Authors: ROBINSON B. G. , POSEN S. , CLIFTON‐BLIGH P. , MORRIS B. J.
Published: August 2010

Plasma vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay in eight normal subjects and in six patients with hypercalcaemia. Vasopressin levels were significantly elevated in the hypercalcaemic patients, although urine osmolalities were lower than in controls. This finding is consistent with a renal resistance to the action of endogenous vasopressin in hypercalcaemia.
IS THERE AN IgM NEPHROPATHY?
Authors: MURPHY M. J. , BAILYE R. R. , McGIVEN A. R.
Published: August 2010

Recent reports have suggested that there is a specific form of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) characterised by a diffuse and generalised mesangial deposition of IgM. The study included 149 consecutive patients with primary GN, who had adequate renal tissue for detailed light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Forty of these 149 patients had glomerular deposition of IgM. Of those 40, 20 had small and isolated focal deposits of IgM in sclerotic areas, but other immunoglobulins were predominant. The remaining 20 patients had IgM as the sole (16) or predominant (4) immunoglobulin deposited. Only one of these, however, fulfilled the published criteria of a mesangial proliferative GN with a diffuse and generalised mesangial deposition of IgM. The frequency of this entity in published series varies considerably, and there is a suspicion that in some studies patients with focal and segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis may have been included. More prospective studies are necessary to confirm whether there is a separate entity of IgM nephropathy.
Outpatient liver biopsy using ultrasound guidance and the Biopty™ gun is safe and cost effective
Authors: Smith B. C. , Desmond P. V.
Published: August 2010

Background: The need for liver biopsy is increasing with the increasing availability of treatments for liver disease, in particular interferon. For this reason the procedure must be efficient and economical, as well as safe.

Aims: Firstly to assess the safety of outpatient liver biopsy when performed with ultrasound guidance and the 'Biopty™ gun. Secondly, to compare the cost of an outpatient and inpatient procedure.

Methods: Two hundred and fifty consecutive liver biopsies performed over a two year period at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne were reviewed retrospectively. Indications, histological findings and complications were recorded.

Results: Seventy per cent of the biopsies were performed as an outpatient procedure. There were no major complications. Four patients experienced prolonged pain post biopsy. The average cost for an outpatient biopsy was 351, the cost of an inpatient (overnight stay) was 690.

Conclusion: Outpatient liver biopsy is safe and cost effective, with minor complications in 1.6%. The routine use of ultrasound guidance and the Biopty™ gun is likely to contribute to these favourable results.
Coeliac disease: current approach and future prospects
Authors: Anderson R. P.
Published: August 2010

Public anxiety over gluten has fuelled widespread demand for gluten‐free food, yet coeliac disease remains significantly underdiagnosed and some confusion remains regarding optimal diagnostic practices. Small bowel histology is the gold standard for diagnosis. High‐quality commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for transglutaminase immunoglobulin A and deamidated gliadin immunoglobulin A and G are sensitive tools for screening, but almost 10% of coeliac disease is seronegative and serological testing is unreliable in the very young, in people already following a gluten‐reduced diet, and those using immunosuppressive medications. HLA DQA and DQB genotyping to show that alleles encoding HLA DQ2 and DQ8 are absent virtually excludes coeliac disease. Confirming histological remission reduces the risks of later complications, such as osteoporosis and cancer. Monitoring remission by serology is unreliable. Because gluten is an exogenous antigen and the small intestine is readily accessible, the immunopathogenesis of coeliac disease is better understood than other strongly major histocompatibility complex class II‐associated diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic targets have been identified and drugs are under development to supplement or even replace gluten‐free diet. With greater awareness and non‐dietary therapeutics, diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease will be increasingly prominent in medical practice.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRACK INTERSECTION, INITIATION AND GROWTH AT PIN LOADED HOLES
Authors: Blackburn W. S. , Hall W. S. , Rooke D. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The dual boundary element method for the analysis of cracks in linear elastic materials has been previously generalised by the authors to allow for automatic remeshing when crack tips intersect other cracks or boundaries, and initiation and growth of small cracks at positions of high stress concentration. The new cracks are assumed to result from sudden events such as an overload or the subsequent stress redistribution when cracks intersect other cracks or holes.

In this paper a crack at the edge of one hole in a row of pin‐loaded holes is investigated; various values are considered for the stress at which new cracks may initiate. Two rows of aligned or staggered holes are examined also. The spacing between the holes was typical for lines of holes in overlap joints in plates. For the same load transfer between the plates, new cracks are initiated less readily and grow more slowly for a double row of aligned holes than for a single row or for staggered rows.