bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological response to a short period of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Taylor Ann
Published: March 2006

Background and Purpose

Whilst cardiac rehabilitation is regularly offered to patients recovering from a myocardial infarction, people with chronic heart failure are often excluded from exercise training programmes. This study was designed to investigate the effects of eight weeks' exercise training in patients with moderate chronic heart failure.

Method

Eight male patients entered a 16‐week randomized, controlled, crossover study of two months' exercise training versus a control period. They performed supervised training three times a week and measures of indices of aerobic function and exercise tolerance were performed monthly throughout the study period.

Results

After training, the time walked on a treadmill during an exercise tolerance test increased from 14.8 min (95% CI; range 10.4–18.1 min) to 15.9 min (range 12.1–15.9 min). Significant changes at peak exercise levels (p<0.05) were seen in oxygen uptake, increasing from 3.4 metabolic equivalents (METs) (95% CI; range 2.6–4.2 METs) to 4.0 METs (range 3.2–4.9 METs), and in cardiac index, improving from 5.0 l/min−1/m−2 (95% CI; range 2.9–8.1 l/min−1/m−2) to 5.5 l/min−1/m−2 (range 3.0–9.4 l/min−1/m−2). Resting heart rate decreased significantly (p<0.05), from 84 beats/min−1 (95% CI; range 73–105 beats/min−1) to 76 beats/min−1 (range 64–90 beats/min−1). Blood flow measurements by venous occlusion plethysmography showed a 21.5% decrease (range 58.5–238.9%) in resting blood flow to the lower leg and a 31.6% increase (range −7.2% to 52.5%) after submaximal exercise, but these changes were not significant (p>0.05). All benefits were lost within two months of ceasing regular exercise.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that patients with moderate chronic heart failure derived beneficial physiological responses from eight weeks' exercise training, but these were soon lost after cessation of regular exercise. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Dehydro‐α‐lapachone isolated from Catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Cho Jun Young , Kim Hae Young , Choi Gyung Ja , Jang Kyoung Soo , Lim He Kyoung , Lim Chi Hwan , Cho Kwang Yun , Kim Jin‐Cheol
Published: March 2006

The methanol extract of stems of Catalpa ovata G Don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (rice blast) on rice plants, Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (tomato grey mould) and Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, Puccinia recondita Rob ex Desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. An antifungal substance was isolated and identified as dehydro‐α‐lapachone from mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. It completely inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Simmonds, M. grisea and Pythium ultimum Trow over a range of 0.4‐33.3 mg litre−1. It also controlled the development of rice blast, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, barley powdery mildew and red pepper anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr) S Hughes). The chemical was particularly effective in suppressing red pepper anthracnose by 95% at a concentration of 125 mg litre−1. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, against the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Semiz Gurkan , Cetin Huseyin , Isik Kani , Yanikoglu Atila
Published: March 2006

The pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams is a serious pest on pine trees in southwestern Turkey. The efficacy of a naturally derived insecticide, spinosad, on fourth‐fifth instar larvae of T. wilkinsoni was studied under laboratory conditions. The product exhibited strong larvicidal activity and at doses above 5 mg litre−1 caused >90% mortality in the fourth–fifth larval stages of the species after 72 h. At 72 h the LD50 and LD90 values were 3.26 and 5.69 mg litre−1 respectively. The results showed that spinosad is highly effective on T. wilkinsoni larvae. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Biochemical analysis of a chlorfenapyr‐selected resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch
Authors: Van Leeuwen Thomas , Van Pottelberge Steven , Tirry Luc
Published: March 2006

Tetranychus urticae Koch has recently developed resistance to chlorfenapyr in Australia and Japan, but no attempt has yet been made to describe the biochemical mechanisms involved in chlorfenapyr resistance. In this study a laboratory‐selected chlorfenapyr‐resistant strain was investigated. Resistance to chlorfenapyr was associated with a strong increase in esterase activity and P450 mono‐oxygenase (MO) activity but a decrease in 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ) peroxidation activity. Differences in esterase activities between susceptible and resistant strains increased with increasing carbon number of the aliphatic side‐chain of the nitrophenol substrate. A 4.4‐fold increase in the O‐deethylation of 7‐ethoxy‐4‐trifluoromethyl coumarin (7‐EFC) mediated by P450 MOs was detected. Remarkably, the resistant strain showed only half of the total TMBZ peroxidation activity found in the susceptible strain. The activity of these enzymes was further determined on different crosses and back‐crosses of both strains. Results indicated that activities correlated with chlorfenapyr susceptibility and could be considered as biochemical markers. Esterase isozymes of both strains and their crosses were separated with isoelectric focusing (IEF) and visualised after activity staining. It was clear that two distinct zones of enhanced esterase activity were present in the chlorfenapyr‐resistant strain (EST 11, pI = 4.88 and EST 16, pI = 4.71). EST 11 was identified with inhibitors as a carboxylesterase. The relative presence and intensity of these esterase zones changed in the different crosses and could be seen as a marker for chlorfenapyr resistance. Glutathione‐S‐transferase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activities were not significantly different between strains. A twofold decrease in TMBZ peroxidase activity in the resistant strain could reflect decreased activation of chlorfenapyr. On the basis of these results the involvement of P450 MOs and esterases in the activation and detoxification of chlorfenapyr in T. urticae is challenged and discussed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of noviflumuron gel bait for control of the German cockroach,Blattella germanica(Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)—laboratory studies
Authors: Wang Changlu , Bennett Gary W
Published: March 2006

The insecticidal activity of a cockroach gel bait containing a chitin synthesis inhibitor, noviflumuron, was evaluated using laboratory and field strains of the German cockroach,Blattella germanica(L.). Noviflumuron gel bait (0.01–5 mg g−1) caused ≥90% nymphal mortality to laboratory and field strains ofB. germanicain choice tests after 11 and 19 days of continuous exposure respectively. In 1 m × 1 m bioassay arenas, laboratory strainB. germanicapopulation levels exposed to 5 mg g−1noviflumuron bait or 0.1 mg g−1fipronil gel bait were significantly lower than untreated population levels after 3 weeks and 1 week of exposure respectively. Various noviflumuron bait exposure periods (2, 4 and 7 weeks) caused similar population reductions, with a mean of 99.3 (± 0.3)% at 7 weeks. Fipronil gel bait caused 100% population reduction at 2 weeks post‐exposure. The control population increased 89.0% at 7 weeks. In a simulated kitchen experiment with mixed stage laboratory populations, cockroach trap catches decreased 96.8 (± 2.0)% at 8 weeks in the 0.5 mg g−1noviflumuron bait treatment. The trap catches in the control increased 506.5 (± 493.7)% during the same period. Trap catch reduction by 0.1 mg g−1fipronil gel bait reached 100% at 4 weeks. Noviflumuron bait caused significantly lower nymph/total ratios toB. germanicapopulations in bioassay arenas from 2 weeks after exposure, demonstrating its effectiveness as a control agent forB. germanicawith a pattern of activity similar to that expected from a chitin synthesis inhibitor. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Preliminary approaches for the development of a high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection and label‐free semi‐quantitation of the main storage proteins of Lupinus albus in foods
Authors: Locati Daniela , Morandi Sheila , Zanotti Marco , Arnoldi Anna
Published: March 2006

Since recent literature has indicated that white lupin (Lupinus albus) may be a useful source of hypocholesterolemic proteins to be used in functional food formulation, our final goal is the development of a fast and automated high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS) method for the detection and the label‐free semi‐quantitation of the main lupin globulins in lupin foods and food ingredients. We present here some preliminary results in this direction. As a first step a total protein extract (TPE‐WF) from lupin flakes was pre‐fractionated by anion‐exchange chromatography and each fraction was digested with trypsin and analyzed by HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS. Subsequently, the tryptic digest of TPE‐WF was directly analyzed by HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS without any pre‐fractionation. Eventually, in order to test the applicability of the method to real samples, a lupin beverage and two lupin protein isolates were analyzed. Both Mascot and Spectrum Mill MS Proteomics Workbench software were used to identify the protein composition in these samples and Spectrum Mill was used also to test the possibility of developing a label‐free semi‐quantitation method based on peptide hits. Encouraging results were obtained especially in the detection of the hypocholesterolemic component β‐conglutin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of water‐phase derivatization followed by solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for fast determination of valproic acid in human plasma
Authors: Deng Chunhui , Li Ning , Ji Jie , Yang Bei , Duan Gengli , Zhang Xiangmin
Published: March 2006

In this study, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method was developed and validated for the quantification of valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, in human plasma, which was based on water‐phase derivatization followed by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the proposed method, VPA in plasma was rapidly derivatized with a mixture of isobutyl chloroformate, ethanol and pyridine under mild conditions (room temperature, aqueous medium), and the VPA ethyl ester formed was headspace‐extracted and simultaneously concentrated using the SPME technique. Finally, the analyte extracted on SPME fiber was analyzed by GC/MS. The experimental parameters and method validations were studied. The optimal conditions were obtained: PDMS fiber, stirring rate of 1100 rpm, sample temperature of 80°C, extraction time of 20 min, NaCl concentration of 30%. The proposed method had a limit of quantification (0.3 µg/mL), good recovery (89–97%) and precision (RSD value less than 10%). Because the proposed method combined a rapid water‐phase derivatization with a fast, simple and solvent‐free sample extraction and concentration technique of SPME, the sample preparation time was less than 25 min. This much shortens the whole analysis time of VPA in plasma. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze VPA in human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic studies. All these results show that water‐phase derivatization followed by HS‐SPME and GC/MS is an alternative and powerful method for fast determination of VPA in biological fluids. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of packet‐level FEC and existing link level reliability mechanisms to deliver MBMS content over WCDMA mobile satellite systems
Authors: Mudugamuwa U. , Evans B. G.
Published: March 2006

The inherent broadcast capabilities of satellites make them an attractive solution for the delivery of multimedia services to mobile users in third generation (3G) networks. Reliable delivery of content over a hostile land‐mobile satellite channel is one of the key technical system requirements that can be addressed at different protocol layers. In this paper, we focus our attention on some of the mechanisms which can provide partial reliability: the packet‐level forward error correction (PLFEC) technique in radio access network (RAN), different interleaving depths at physical layer (inter frame) and power allocation in the satellite radio interface. We rely on an end‐to‐end simulation platform in order to assess the performance gain achieved by these mechanisms separately, and provide clear indications for the achievable benefits at system level when some of these mechanisms act in co‐ordination rather than in isolation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frame acquisition for continuous and discontinuous transmission in the forward link of satellite systems
Authors: Corazza G. E. , Pedone R. , Villanti M.
Published: March 2006

This paper tackles the problem of frame acquisition for the forward link of satellite systems with continuous and discontinuous transmissions. Multi‐dwell and single‐dwell procedures with threshold crossing (TC) decision strategy are proposed and compared. To cope with the large frequency error, the detection is based on post‐detection integration (PDI), which is presented in two alternatives: non‐coherent and differential PDI.

The main result of the paper is represented by the proposed analytical model that enables fine parameter optimization. The proposed approach being applicable to TDM/TDMA networks in general, the paper provides the designer with useful guidelines for the synchronization subsystem design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teaching global citizenship: Reflections on the American Indian Housing Initiative
Authors: Riley David R.
Published: March 2006

Based on the author's work with the American Indian Housing Initiative, this essay presents the reflections of a faculty member whose experiences with public scholarship have shaped his views on teaching global citizenship.
Endovascular repair of innominate artery true aneurysm with extra-anatomic revascularization of right carotid and vertebral arteries — A case report
Authors: Chang John B. , Stein Theodore , Siegel David , Rosca Mihai
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this article is to describe the endovascular repair of a large aneurysm of the innominate artery in a patient with a history of chronic renal failure and coronary artery bypass. A 4.5 × 4.8-cm innominate artery aneurysm that extended to the proximal subclavian artery was diagnosed by chest X-ray, computed tomography, computed tomography angiography, and aortic arch angiogram in an 80-year-old man who had problems with his angio access for renal dialysis. Since these aneurysms are potential sources of emboli to the brain, extra-anatomic diversion and revascularization of the right carotid and vertebral arteries were done before endovascular manipulation of the innominate artery. Before discharge, a computed tomography scan showed no evidence of a Type I or major Type II leak. The patient has been doing well as an outpatient. Large innominate artery aneurysms in high-risk patients can be treated successfully by using a combined approach of extra-anatomic revascularization of the right carotid and vertebral artery system, and endovascular repair of the aneurysm.
Schröder’s Dissolution of the Bundestag Approved
Authors: Heckötter Ulrike , Spielmann Christoph
Published: March 2006

Dissolution of the Bundestag by the Federal President on advice of Federal Chancellor — A ‘negative’ motion for a vote of confidence — Precedents of 1972 and 1982 — Dissolution in conformity with the constitution according to German constitutional court — The existence of a political crisis sine qua non for a dissolution to be constitutionally legitimate — Limited judicial control on decision to dissolve as set out in a 1983 ruling even further limited in the 2005 ruling — Effects of the exercised judicial self-restraint on constitutional division of powers — No proof for a decline of the rule of law or of acceptance of directly democratic elements — Strengthening of the powers of the Federal Chancellor sign of faith in the stability of the German government system.
Presidential Elements in Government The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System
Authors: Martins Ana
Published: March 2006

Influences of the Movimento das Forças Armadas, of earlier Portuguese and of foreign constitutions on Portuguese Constitution of 1976 — A semi-presidential system with originally four political powers: president, parliament, government and Revolutionary Council — Progressive ascendancy of the presidency in practice between 1976–1982 — Constitutional amendment of 1982: Revolutionary Council abrogated, parliamentary powers strengthened, presidential powers reduced — Presidential role in practice not declining, though depending on the political party power constellation — Influence of president as political moderator and institutional regulator at the lowest when political colours of president and parliamentary majority match — President not conducting, directly or indirectly, the country’s general policy.
Swamping the Lords, Packing the Court, Sacking the King
Authors: Prakke Lucas
Published: March 2006

Three great constitutional conflicts — Great Britain: Commons v. Lords — Parliament Act 1911 — United States: President v. Supreme Court over New Deal — Court Packing plan Belgium: King v. conscience — Democracy wins in each of these cases.
Court of Justice of the European Communities
Authors: Creech Richard L.
Published: March 2006

As a result of the 2004 enlargement there are now twenty languages that are accorded official, and theoretically equal, status in the institutions of the European Union. With the expansion of the Union’s linguistic landscape some Union bodies, while allowing the use of more and more languages, have paradoxically limited the circumstances under which most of them may be used. To put it mildly, these efforts, as Advocate-General Poiares Maduro said in his opinion in Case C-160/03, Kingdom of Spain v. Eurojust, 2005 ECR I-2077, have been ‘a matter of some controversy’.
The Netherlands
Authors: Davies Gareth
Published: March 2006

The court in this case decided that state subsidy to political parties that discriminate against women is prohibited by international treaties, notably the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

This raises a number of issues. Where the discrimination is for religious reasons, does sex equality need to be balanced against religious freedom? Both are usually seen as fundamental rights. What about discrimination against men, in favour of women; is that also against the law? Finally, is the obligation not to discriminate only binding on the state, or also on the party itself? Could such a party be banned from politics? Some of these issues were touched on by the court, although not convincingly, and some of them, such as religious freedom, were scandalously ignored.
Modeling regional haze in the BRAVO study using CMAQ‐MADRID: 1. Model evaluation
Authors: Pun Betty K. , Seigneur Christian , Vijayaraghavan Krish , Wu Shiang‐Yuh , Chen Shu‐Yun , Knipping Eladio M. , Kumar Naresh
Published: March 2006

The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) study was a multiyear monitoring and assessment study of the causes of regional haze in Big Bend National Park (BBNP), Texas. The Community Multiscale Air Quality model augmented with the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution (CMAQ‐MADRID) was used to simulate tracers and regional haze in Big Bend National Park for the full BRAVO period of July‐October 1999. The BRAVO monitoring network provided an opportunity to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of CMAQ‐MADRID over a 4‐month period. Tracer simulations revealed uncertainties in the model representation of advection and diffusion processes and the effects of uncertainties in meteorological fields on transport simulations. Results improved with the implementation of a more diffusive horizontal diffusion scheme. The 12‐km resolution provided better results than the 4‐ and 36‐km resolution simulations for 15–25 August 1999 and the 36‐km resolution provided better results for 5–15 October. Model performance for tracers suggests that as currently formulated, grid‐based Eulerian models are not well suited to simulate the impacts of long‐range transport of individual point source emissions at specific receptors. Nonetheless, they are suitable for resolving the contributions of source regions that may contain multiple area and point sources. Using a 36‐km resolution for a 4‐month simulation, the model performance was good in comparison with contemporary models for sulfate (the major PM2.5 component) in the region of interest (i.e., BBNP), with a low bias and coefficient of determination better than 0.5. However, the model overestimated sulfate and total sulfur significantly in other parts of the modeling domain. For organic particulate matter (OM, the second most prevalent PM2.5 component at BBNP), the model correctly reproduced the dominance of secondary organic aerosols and explained most of the variance in the OM concentrations; however, it underestimated OM concentrations consistently. Model performance was poor for the less prevalent components of PM2.5 (i.e., nitrate and black carbon) at BBNP. Diagnostic analyses suggest that the discrepancies between model simulation results and observations are due not only to limitations in the model formulation but also to uncertainties in the model inputs, including emissions, meteorology, and boundary conditions.
Modeling regional haze during the BRAVO study using CMAQ‐MADRID: 2. Source region attribution of particulate sulfate compounds
Authors: Knipping Eladio M. , Kumar Naresh , Pun Betty K. , Seigneur Christian , Wu Shiang‐Yuh , Schichtel Bret A.
Published: March 2006

Regional source attribution is conducted for fine particulate sulfate at Big Bend National Park, Texas, using a comprehensive regional air quality model, Community Multiscale Air Quality model augmented with the Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution (CMAQ‐MADRID), as part of the Big Bend Regional Aerosol Visibility and Observational (BRAVO) Study. The overall PM2.5 sulfate load at Big Bend National Park over the 9 July to 28 October 1999 period is attributed as follows: 31% to Mexico, 19% to Texas, 39% to the eastern United States, 6% to the western United States, and 5% to areas outside the modeling domain (boundary conditions). The arithmetic mean of the daily PM2.5 sulfate loads at BBNP over the 9 July to 28 October 1999 period is attributed as follows: 42% to Mexico, 14% to Texas, 27% to the eastern United States, 9% to the western United States, and 7% to areas outside the modeling domain. These results illustrate the potential for significant contributions from distant sources to regional haze in remote areas. An examination of source contributions and model performance by month and for specific episodes shows that model performance can affect the results of a source attribution. Therefore caution is advised when interpreting the results of source attribution obtained using Eulerian air quality models. In lieu of estimating the uncertainty of the apportionment procedures, source region attribution results obtained for sulfate using CMAQ‐MADRID are refined using an inverse modeling technique. Comparison of original attribution results with refined attribution estimates obtained using inverse modeling techniques shows that these methods can reduce in part the biases introduced in the model by uncertainties and errors in the emissions, meteorology, and chemical transport modeling. The refined attribution estimates of overall PM2.5 sulfate load at Big Bend National Park over the 9 July to 28 October 1999 period using inverse modeling are 37% to Mexico, 17% to Texas, 31% to the eastern United States, 9% to the western United States, and 6% to areas outside the modeling domain.
Observations over hurricanes from the ozone monitoring instrument
Authors: Joiner J. , Vasilkov A. , Yang K. , Bhartia P. K.
Published: March 2006

There is an apparent inconsistency between the total column ozone derived from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and aircraft observations within the eye region of tropical cyclones. The higher spectral resolution, coverage, and sampling of the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite as compared with TOMS allows for improved ozone retrievals by including estimates of cloud pressure derived simultaneously using the effects of rotational Raman scattering. The retrieved cloud pressures are more appropriate than the climatological cloud‐top pressures based on infrared measurements used in the TOMS and initial OMI algorithms. We find that total ozone within the eye of hurricanes Katrina and Rita is significantly overestimated when we use climatological cloud pressures. The cloud‐corrected total ozone is in better agreement with aircraft measurements that imply relatively small or negligible amounts of stratospheric intrusion into the eye region.
Gravity waves interacting with a narrow jet‐like current
Authors: MacIver R. D. , Simons R. R. , Thomas G. P.
Published: March 2006

A unique experiment to investigate the transformation of near‐linear gravity waves propagating across a narrow horizontally sheared jet‐like current, typical of those found in the nearshore, coastal, and ocean regions, is described. A single wave condition was studied, propagating across the current orthogonally and at oblique incidence in both a following and opposing sense to the current. The length scale of the current shear layers was comparable to the incident wavelength. The experiment is the first attempt to assess the kinematics and dynamics of the interaction of regular waves and currents in three dimensions at a physically realistic scale. The resulting data set provides direct quantitative measurements of the spatial variation of the primary flow variables. Negligible reflection of the incident wave at the current shear layers was observed. Typical refraction behavior was observed: A following wave is refracted to a more current‐parallel direction with an increased wavelength and reduced wave height as it moves onto the current, while the opposing wave becomes more current normal with a shortened wavelength and enhanced wave height. The experimental data are compared with predictions of a wave ray model, assuming a depth‐averaged current and slowly varying horizontal shear, and a new model that incorporates the influence of vertical shear.
Dual, but not selective, COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibitors, attenuate acetic acid‐evoked bladder irritation in the anaesthetised female cat
Authors: Wibberley Alexandra , McCafferty Gerald P , Evans Christopher , Edwards Richard M , Hieble J Paul
Published: March 2006

Non‐selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors exert effects on lower urinary tract function in several species. The exact contributions of COX‐1 and COX‐2 isozymes have not been studied much. The present studies investigated the effects of non‐ and selective COX inhibitors on bladder irritation in the cat.

Chloralose‐anaesthetised female cats were catheterised through the bladder dome for cystometric evaluation of bladder responses to intravesical infusion of saline or acetic acid. Bladder capacity, voiding efficiency, threshold pressure, and reflex‐evoked bladder contraction amplitude and duration were measured. The cat COX selectivity of the doses of inhibitors examined was determined using an in vitro whole‐blood assay and analysis of plasma levels.

Pretreatment with indomethacin or ketoprofen (non‐selective COX inhibitors; 0.3 mg kg−1 i.v.) inhibited acetic acid‐evoked irritation (characterised by a decrease in bladder capacity in vehicle pretreated animals). FR‐122047 (selective COX‐1 inhibitor), NS‐398 and nimesulide (selective COX‐2 inhibitors; 1 and 3 mg kg−1 i.v.) had no effects on bladder irritation. Analysis of plasma levels of the doses examined and determination of COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibition in cat whole blood confirmed the reported selectivity of these compounds in this species.

The present studies suggest that dual COX inhibition is required to attenuate acetic acid‐evoked bladder irritation in the cat.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 154–161. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706715
The peptidic urotensin‐II receptor ligand GSK248451 possesses less intrinsic activity than the low‐efficacy partial agonists SB‐710411 and urantide in native mammalian tissues and recombinant cell systems
Authors: Behm David J , Stankus Gerald , Doe Christopher P A , Willette Robert N , Sarau Henry M , Foley James J , Schmidt Dulcie B , Nuthulaganti Parvathi , Fornwald James A , Ames Robert S , Lambert David G , Calo' Girolamo , Camarda Valeria , Aiyar Nambi V , Douglas Stephen A
Published: March 2006

Several peptidic urotensin‐II (UT) receptor antagonists exert ‘paradoxical’ agonist activity in recombinant cell‐ and tissue‐based bioassay systems, likely the result of differential urotensin‐II receptor (UT receptor) signal transduction/coupling efficiency between assays. The present study has examined this phenomenon in mammalian arteries and recombinant UT‐HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells.

BacMam‐mediated recombinant UT receptor upregulation in HEK cells augmented agonist activity for all four peptidic UT ligands studied. The nominal rank order of relative intrinsic efficacy was U‐II>urantide ([Pen5‐DTrp7‐Orn8]hU‐II4–11)>SB‐710411 (Cpa‐c[DCys‐Pal‐DTrp‐Lys‐Val‐Cys]‐Cpa‐amide)≫GSK248451 (Cin‐c[DCys‐Pal‐DTrp‐Orn‐Val‐Cys]‐His‐amide) (the relative coupling efficiency of recombinant HEK cells was cat>human≫rat UT receptor).

The present study further demonstrated that the use of high signal transduction/coupling efficiency isolated blood vessel assays (primate>cat arteries) is required in order to characterize UT receptor antagonism thoroughly. This cannot be attained simply by using the rat isolated aorta, an artery with low signal transduction/coupling efficiency in which low‐efficacy agonists appear to function as antagonists.

In contrast to the ‘low‐efficacy agonists’ urantide and SB‐710411, GSK248451 functioned as a potent UT receptor antagonist inallnative isolated tissues studied (UT receptor selectivity was confirmed in the rat aorta). Further, GSK248451 exhibited an extremely low level of relative intrinsic activity in recombinant HEK cells (4–5‐fold less than seen with urantide). Since GSK248451 (1 mg kg−1, i.v.) blocked the systemic pressor actions of exogenous U‐II in the anaesthetized cat, it represents a suitable peptidic tool antagonist for delineating the role of U‐II in the aetiology of mammalian cardiometabolic diseases.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 173–190. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706716
Advanced superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source SECRAL: Design, construction, and the first test result
Authors: Zhao H. W. , Sun L. T. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhang Z. M. , Guo X. H. , He W. , Yuan P. , Song M. T. , Li J. Y. , Feng Y. C. , Cao Y. , Li X. X. , Zhan W. L. , Wei B. W. , Xie D. Z.
Published: March 2006

Superconducting electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source with advanced design in Lanzhou (SECRAL) is a next generation ECR ion source and aims for developing a very compact superconducting ECR ion source with a structure and high performances for highly charged ion-beam production. The ion source was designed to be operated at 18GHz at initial operation and finally will be extended to 28GHz. The superconducting magnet confinement configuration of the ion source consists of three axial solenoid coils and six sextupole coils with a cold iron structure as field booster and clamping. At full excitation, this magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on the axis of 3.6T at injection, 2.2T at extraction, and a radial sextupole field of 2.0T at plasma chamber wall. What is different from the traditional design, such as LBNL VENUS and LNS SERSE, is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of the sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. SECRAL may open the way for building a compact and high-performance 18–28GHz superconducting ECR ion source. Very preliminary commissioning results are promising. Detailed design, construction issues and very preliminary test results of the ion source at 18GHz are presented.
Production of multicharged iron ions with inductively heated vapor source
Authors: Kato Yushi , Tomida Masashi , Kubo Takashi , Asaji Toyohisa , Tanaka Kiyokatsu , Sato Fuminobu , Iida Toshiyuki
Published: March 2006

Multiply charged Fe ions are produced from solid material in a 2.45GHz electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source. We develop an evaporator by induction heating with an induction coil covered by ceramics in vacuum and surrounding the pure Fe rod with noncontact. The typical power and the frequency of the induction currents range from 300to800W and from 30to40kHz, respectively. The evaporator is inserted into the ECR plasma from the mirror endplate along the geometrical axis of the mirror field. Argon gas is usually chosen for supporting gas, and the working pressure is about 10−4–10−3Pa. The multicharged Fe ions are extracted from the opposite side of mirror and against the evaporator, and then multicharged Fe ion beam is formed. We compare the production of multicharged iron ions by using this source with our previous methods.
Production of multicharged ions and behavior of microwave modes in an electron cyclotron resonance ion source directly excited in a circular cavity resonator
Authors: Kato Yushi , Furuki Hideyuki , Asaji Toyohisa , Sato Fuminobu , Iida Toshiyuki
Published: March 2006

Electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) have been widely used for production of high-intensity multicharged ion beams. Making good use of microwave modes is proposed for enhancing the efficiency of ECR for production of multicharged ions (TAIKO II). We can assign the peak position of the electric field of the standing waves to the ECR zone in the directly excited cavity resonator, i.e., the vacuum chamber with the fixed and the mobile plates for selecting and tuning the modes. Periodicity of the extracted multicharged ion currents and plasma parameters is observed as the position of the mobile plate moves. We measure the intensity of the electric field in the ECR plasma by using the insulated semidipole probe and the standing waves are observed. The correlation between the production of multicharged ions and the microwave modes is clarified by measuring the electric field and plasma parameters in the circular cavity resonator.
Characterization of the ITER model negative ion source during long pulse operation
Authors: Hemsworth R. S. , Boilson D. , Crowley B. , Homfray D. , de Esch H. P. L. , Krylov A. , Svensson L.
Published: March 2006

It is foreseen to operate the neutral beam system of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) for pulse lengths extending up to 1h. The performance of the KAMABOKO III negative ion source, which is a model of the source designed for ITER, is being studied on the MANTIS test bed at Cadarache. This article reports the latest results from the characterization of the ion source, in particular electron energy distribution measurements and the comparison between positive ion and negative ion extraction from the source.
Effects of bias potential upon H− density near a plasma grid of a negative ion source
Authors: Takahashi H. , Kasuya T. , Wada M.
Published: March 2006

A molybdenum plasma grid was installed in a 30-cm-long 16-cm-diam 16-pole magnetic multicusp ion source to simulate the effect of a plasma electrode bias of a negative ion source. Effects caused by the bias voltage applied to the electrode upon the plasma parameters, the density of negative hydrogen ions (H−), and the drift velocity of plasma perturbed by the photodetachment of H− were investigated with the direct current laser photodetachment method. The electron density at the distance of 0.5 cm from the plasma grid decreased from 8×1010 to 4×1010cm−3 by increasing the grid bias from 0 to +4V, while the H− density increased from 8×108 to 4.5×109cm−3. The drift velocity of plasma perturbation was changed by a factor of 3 corresponding with the gradient of the plasma potential near the electrode.
Production of intense beams of singly charged radioactive ions
Authors: Kuznetsov G. , Batazova M. , Gubin K. , Logachev P. , Martyshkin P.
Published: March 2006

An apparatus for the production of intense beams of singly charged radioactive ions operating in on-line regime is proposed. The radioactive atoms are produced in a uranium-graphite (UC) target bombarded with neutrons. The neutron flux is generated by a graphite neutron converter, which is bombarded with protons. The atoms of the produced isotopes are ionized in the electron beam generated with the electron gun and the ions of interest are extracted in a separator. The apparatus consists of the following parts. (1) Rotating converter dissipating a substantial power of proton beam. (2) UC target placed in a graphite container at high temperature. The atoms of radioactive isotopes can be extracted with a flow of noble gas. (3) Triode electron gun with ionization channel is placed inside the solenoid forming a focusing magnetic field. The cathode of the electron gun is a spout of the graphite container. The atoms of radioactive isotopes are carried with gas flow through the spout into the electron beam. (4) Correction coil located near the gun matches the electron beam with the ionization channel. (5) The first anode has a potential of 1–4 kV with respect to the cathode, and the second anode has some lower potential than the first anode and it is the tube of ionization channel. (6) Electron collector dissipates the electron-beam power. (7) Uranium-graphite target, the gun, the ionization channel as well as solenoid are located on an isolated platform with potential of 30–60 kV with respect to ground. The beam of singly charged ions from the ionization channel passes the collector, goes through the extractor, acquires energy of 30–60 keV, and gets transported to the separator where the required species are selected.
Acceleration of MeV-class energy, high-current-density H−-ion beams for ITER neutral beam system
Authors: Taniguchi M. , Inoue T. , Kashiwagi M. , Watanabe K. , Hanada M. , Seki T. , Dairaku M. , Sakamoto K.
Published: March 2006

For the ITER neutral beam system, reasearch and development of a vacuum-insulated MeV accelerator has been carried out at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. After a successful 1MV insulation in vacuum for more than 2h, H−-ion-beam acceleration test is in progress to fulfill the ITER requirement of the current density of 200A∕m2 at 1MeV, with good beam optics quality of <7mrad divergence. For such a high-current-density H−-ion-beam acceleration, the Kamaboko negative-ion source was operated at high input power, with increased filament number and magnetic filter strength. The optimum perveance was investigated by scanning the extraction and acceleration voltages, together with the beam divergence measurement. As a consequence, H−-ion beams of 146A∕m2 (total ion-beam current: 206mA) were obtained at 836keV, of which power density is in the “ITER relevant” level. Such high-power-density beams with a divergence as low as 5mrad were obtained at the optimum perveance corresponding to that of the ITER (200A∕m2 at 1MeV).
Ion-beam extraction with single hole extractor from multiantenna rf ion source in NIFS
Authors: Oka Y. , Ikeda K. , Kaneko O. , Nagaoka K. , Osakabe M. , Takeiri Y. , Tsumori K. , Asano E. , Kondo T. , Sato M. , Shibuya M. , Shoji T.
Published: March 2006

A new multiantenna system for large area radio-frequency H− ion source using a filamentless ion source was tested to extract ions from dense plasmas with high rf input power. A 1∕6 scale large helical device ion source was equipped inside a plasma chamber with four linear antenna rods. Positive-ion extraction with a single hole extractor was studied in detail, while a negative one only showed preliminary results. The positive-ion current density of 34mA∕cm2 to the collector plate was achieved with a new multiantenna after optimization of the antenna number and source gas pressure, where the number of the antennae was 2 with ∼36kW of rf input power and with a gas pressure of ∼0.1Pa with H2. If the external magnetic filter optimized for negative-ion production in the multifilament discharge source is taken off, the current density is estimated to reach about 120mA∕cm2. This corresponded closely to the value measured with a Langmuir probe near the center. Two antennae appear to be required to generate uniform plasmas as well as dense plasmas in the present size of the 35×35cm2 source. A negative-ion current density of 0.3mA∕cm2 to the collector plate was detected with hydrogen without optimization. This multiantenna rf ion source is expected to be adaptable advantageously to large area positive- and negative-ion sources, owing to not only a filamentless source but also potentially due to uniform plasmas as well as probable low-electron-temperature plasmas, compared to that with a one-turn coil system.
Development of a rf negative-ion source for ITER neutral beam injection
Authors: McNeely P. , Falter H.-D. , Fantz U. , Franzen P. , Fröschle M. , Heinemann B. , Kraus W. , Martens Ch. , Riedl R. , Speth E.
Published: March 2006

The development at IPP of a large-area rf source for negative hydrogen ions, an official EFDA task agreement, aims to demonstrate ITER-relevant source parameters. This implies a current density of 20mAcm−2 accelerated D− at a source-filling pressure of <0.3Pa, an electron to ion ratio of <1, and for pulse lengths of up to 1h. The principle suitability concerning current density, pressure, and electron content has been demonstrated with the test facility Bavarian Test Machine for Negative Ions but with only small extraction area (70cm2) and for pulse length of <6s. The further development concentrates now on long pulse operation at the test stand Multi-Ampere Negative Ion Test Unit (MANITU), which became operational this spring. For source size extension from 70to1000cm2 MANITU and a third test facility, currently under development, called RADI will be used. This article will report on the latest results of the work in progress. A critical issue for ITER is reliable source operation at high current densities. Therefore the procedure used to obtain in a reproducible manner source operation at the ITER target values will be detailed and discussed.
Practical experience in extending the ion source and injection system H−-ion source duty cycle
Authors: Faircloth D. C. , Whitehead M. O. , Wood T.
Published: March 2006

The ion source and injection system H− Penning surface-plasma source is currently being developed on the ion source development rig at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in order to meet the requirements for the next generation of high-power proton drivers. Finite element modeling has been used previously to study the effect of increasing the duty cycle. The main requirement to allow increased duty cycles is improved cooling. By simply reducing the thickness of a sheet of mica to improve thermal conductance to the cooling system, duty cycles of 1.5ms at 50Hz can be achieved. Slight increase in hydrogen flow rate is required as the duty cycle is increased. As the duty cycle is increased the output current reduces, however, there is no change in beam emittance. The source cooling system is described and the heat flows within the source are discussed.
Characteristics of long-pulse negative-ion source in the neutral beam injector of Large Helical Device
Authors: Takeiri Y. , Ikeda K. , Oka Y. , Tsumori K. , Osakabe M. , Nagaoka K. , Kaneko O. , Asano E. , Kondo T. , Sato M. , Shibuya M. , Komada S.
Published: March 2006

The injection duration has been extended beyond 100 s with a high-power hydrogen negative-ion source in a negative-ion-based neutral beam injector of the Large Helical Device superconducting fusion machine. The ion source is a cesium-seeded source with a thermally insulated plasma grid (PG), and optimized for a short-pulse operation of 2–3 s. The negative-ion production efficiency is strongly dependent on the PG temperature, and in the long-pulse operation it exceeds an appropriate temperature range of 200–300 °C, at which the optimum cesium coverage is formed on the PG surface. By making the PG temperature rise slower with a reduced arc power, the injection duration was extended to 110 s with an injection power of 110 kW. To extend the injection duration further with a higher injection power, stainless-steel cooling tubes have been mechanically attached to the PG for suppression of the PG temperature rise in the long-pulse operation. As a result, a long-pulse injection with an injection power of 200 kW was extended to 128 s until it was manually stopped due to the plasma collapse. However, the beam duration could be limited to around 3 min because the PG temperature rise was not saturated due to a low thermal conductivity with the thickness of the stainless-steel tube determined so that the short-pulse operation is also possible. On the other hand, the longitudinal beam distribution in a grid area of 25×125cm2 is observed to be more uniform than that with the uncooled PG. The temperature distribution of the individual grid parts becomes more uniform with the cooled PG, which should contribute to the improvement of the beam uniformity.
Theoretical analysis of damping effects of guided elastic waves at solid∕fluid interfaces
Authors: Ballandras S. , Reinhardt A. , Khelif A. , Wilm M. , Laude V. , Daniau W. , Blondeau-Patissier V.
Published: March 2006

A theoretical description of ideal and viscous fluid media is proposed to address the problem of modeling damping effects of surface acoustic waves and more generally of any guided elastic waves at the interface between viscous fluids and solids. It is based on the Fahmy-Adler eigenvalue representation of the elastic propagation problem, adapted to provide Green’s function of the considered media. It takes advantage of previous efforts developed to numerically stabilize Green’s-function computation process. This function is used to compute a harmonic admittance according to the Blötekjaër approach. The influence of acoustic radiation and viscosity effects on different kinds of waves excited on various substrates is reported and discussed.
Estimation of the cusp loss width in negative-ion sources
Authors: Fukano A. , Mizuno T. , Hatayama A. , Ogasawara M.
Published: March 2006

To estimate loss width in the cusp magnetic field in multicusp negative-ion sources, diffusion of plasma across magnetic field is investigated analytically. The transport process of plasma depends on various plasma conditions. Diffusion coefficients are classified by degrees of plasma ionization. In weakly ionized plasma, where a case of electron-neutral particle collision is dominant as compared with electron-ion collision, there is a possibility that ambipolar diffusion or electron short circuit occurs in plasma. This strongly depends on the conditions of the plasma, the system length, and the wall material. On the other hand, in fully ionized plasma, only ambipolar diffusion occurs automatically due to momentum conservation of electron and ion. In not fully but strongly ionized plasma, plasma diffusion depends on electron-neutral particle collision, ion-neutral particle collision, and electron-ion collision. Being based on the classification of the diffusion coefficients, we derive expressions of loss widths for various plasma conditions.