bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of driving power of rotary blade tool of a tiller
Authors: Akimov A P , Konstantinov Yu V , Fiodorov D I
Published: April 2022

A method of calculation for the moment of soil resistance to the rotation of rotary blade tool depending on an angle of rotation and on the maximum drive power is developed on the basis of suggested mathematical model of interaction of tool with the soil. This method allows to simplify the experiments on determination of power characteristics of the tool and to reduce their amount considerably. Due to the community of basic points the offered technique can be basically transferred on other rotary tools.
Analysis of movement of a variable mass seeder unit in the longitudinal and vertical plane
Authors: Li V V
Published: April 2022

According to the Newton classic mechanics, body weight is considered only as a constant. However, in some cases the mass of bodies varies during the motion. A method of derivation of differential equations describing the motion of a variable mass seeder unit in longitudinal and vertical plane is given in the article.
Loading of control device of mechanical stepless transmission transformer
Authors: Blagonravov A A , Soldatkin V A
Published: April 2022

Loading of control device's links as a function of the fluctuation amplitude in leading parts of mechanical rectifiers depending on the gear ratio of transformer is analyzed.
Effect of lifting height of exhaust valve on the exhaust system
Authors: Zholobov L A , Suvorov Ye A
Published: April 2022

Dependences of pressure in exhaust pipe on the rotation angle and rotation frequency of crankshaft and the height of valve lift are determined.
A new technology of axial-piston hydraulic machines repair
Authors: Burumkulov F Kh , Ionov P A , Stolyarov A V , Senin A P
Published: April 2022

Problems of the axial-piston hydraulic machines repair, findings of investigation of parts and their joinings wear are considered. Degree of their influence on the hydraulic pump efficiency coefficient is ascertained. Recommendations on service life determinant parts renewal were developed.
Calculation and experimental analysis of the V-belt variator motor
Authors: Balovnev N. P , Dmitrieva L. A
Published: April 2022

To change the speed of the executive bodies of many modern machines it is commonly used a variety of continuously variable drives, including, quite broadly, V-belt variators, which have a number of significant advantages. The main disadvantage of them is having not high durability of the variable-speed belt, caused, as a rule, not only by the qualities of the belt itself, but also by not perfect design of variator pressure devices. Therefore, improving the technical characteristics of modern V-belt variators is an important and urgent task. The article shows the need and ways to improve the V-belt variators for industrial use. The design of the upgraded motor variators and their pressure devices is analyzed. The main advantages of the improved pressure devices of the considered motor-variators are shown. The design flaws of the drive pulley adjustment mechanism are noted. To assess the capabilities of the upgraded motor-variators, a computational-experimental analysis of its prototype was carried out. The expected durability of the variator belt was found by calculation, which showed a significant reserve of the motor-variator in terms of load capacity. There was heat load experimentally determined of the V-belt and other elements of the variator under different loading conditions, including extreme loads. According to the results of the calculation and experimental analysis, it was found that the technical characteristics of the modernized variator do not reflect its actual capabilities. The variator motor is able to transmit high power without losing its efficiency. The upgraded variator motor can be used in the drives of stationary machines with different laws of change of the moment of resistance and transmitted power. However, it is necessary to carry out a constructive revision of the variator motor and its pressure devices in order to eliminate additional sources of heat generation and improve the working conditions of the variator belt.
Topological optimization of the automobile bumper design under impact from the passive safety standpoint
Authors: Goncharov R. B , Zuzov V. N
Published: April 2022

Topological optimization of the elements of the automobile's design helps to reduce its weight while maintaining the strength and rigidity characteristics, therefore, the use of optimization in the design process is an important and urgent task. In this paper, topological optimization of the vehicle bumper is considered from the standpoint of passive safety. Brief theoretical information on the optimization method based on application of the method of hybrid cells and the concept of a body of variable density is given. The article presents the developed rational finite element models of the bumper and impactor for topological optimization, the loading scheme is described, the results with acceptable accuracy and minimum solution time using the LS-DYNA solver and the LS-TaSC module are obtained. The selection of the type and size of the finite elements for the solution of the problem of the shock interaction of the bumper and the impactor is substantiated by the example of three models of different degree of structuring. The variants of the initial and boundary conditions for topological optimization are considered. The substantiation of a choice of time of the decision of a problem of impact influence from the point of view of rational use of computer time and accuracy of received results is given. A variant of the design of the bumper and its finite element model is presented after the completion of the optimization results, and a check is made that the modified model satisfies the initial requirements. As a result, the weight of the modified bumper structure was 29% less than the original, while maintaining the stiffness and energy intensity parameters.
Topology optimization in ROPS-safe design process of operator cabin for forestry, agricultural and construction machinery
Authors: Vdovin D. C
Published: April 2022

ROPS (roll over protective structure) and FOPS (falling objects protective structure) today are mandatory elements of every modern operator cabin for forestry, agricultural, construction and other machinery. This passive safety structures, integrated into cabin, can save life of the operator during rollover and heavy objects falling accident. Usually this structures consists of a supporting frame, capable of withstanding all the loads, which are occurring in machine accident. These elements, besides their main purpose, should satisfy additional requirements: not to cut operator visibility range, allow wide doorway for working and emergency doors and so on. Also initial design style solution restricts possible arrangement for load-bearing elements of the ROPS. Last decades in ROPS design process engineers extensively use explicit finite element technique to predict behavior and fitness of the ROPS structure by numerical simulation of rollover loads. This greatly reduce the costs of experiments, allowing to exclude dozens and hundreds of poor solutions at early stage of design without building expensive prototypes. However, uneven search of construction solution, even with support of numerical simulations, can be very time consuming. This work describes two-stage optimization technique, including topology and parametric optimization, which significantly reduce amount of structure variants, analyzed in ROPS design process. Therefore, optimization is an alternative to convenient way of inheritable and intuitive way of design. Topology optimization method with specially built finite element model of the forestry machine cabin used to find the most beneficial loadpaths for ROPS load bearing. Then, simplified shell-beam finite element model built, using results of topology optimization, and a parametric optimization technique used to find optimal cross-sections dimensions for main load-bearing elements of the protection structure. Finally, detailed shell model of the whole cabin elaborated and verified using standard explicit finite element simulations of all ROPS loadcases. Final simulations proved the strength of the designed ROPS structure and give confidence in successful experiment tests. The main advantages of the described two-stage optimization technique are significant reduction of considered variants due to exclude of inappropriate solution in advance, initial design style solution is not changed.
Linear positioner based on pneumatic muscle
Authors: Efremova K. D , Pil'gunov V. N
Published: April 2022

The main goal of the work is to investigate the technical possibilities of creating a linear positioner on the basis of pneumatic muscle with acceptable characteristics for positioning. The experimental study of the power characteristics of the pneumatic muscle of the MAS 10-300 series of “FESTO” company is carried out. The physical essence of the cylindrical membrane operation is considered, on the basis of which the pneumatic muscle is constructed and a method for calculating the parameters of the positioning spring has been developed. It is shown that if the positional component is present in the load of pneumatic muscle then its rigidity (the dependence of the force on displacement) allows solving the task of positioning by controlling the pressure in the internal cavity of pneumatic muscle. If there is no positional component in the load or it is too small, then a positioning spring is needed to solve the positioning problem. Methods for determining the parameters of the positioning spring for positioners created on the basis of MAS pneumatic muscles of “FESTO” company are given. It has been established that the pneumatic muscle, which is used as a linear pneumatic motor, generates a pulling force which, with zero reduction of the pneumatic muscle, is 12 ... 14 times greater than the force developed on the return stroke by a pneumatic cylinder of equal working area of the piston and the specific force (force referred to the mass of the pneumatic motor) of pneumatic muscle is 100 times larger. This makes it possible to use pneumatic muscle as a loading device for brake, clamping and tensioning devices of transport systems and mobile units. To use the positioner in the tracking position control system, it must be provided with an analog feedback sensor. The static characteristic of the created physical layout of the positioner, obtained experimentally, has a quasilinear section in the range of the control pressure change of 2.5 ... 5 bar and agrees well with the calculation results. The nature of the transient process with respect to the input effect makes it possible to treat the positioner as an aperiodic link of the first order with a time constant T = 2 ... 5 s. As an example, the possibility of using a positioner in solving problems related to the need to stabilize a cargo platform in a horizontal position, in the case of a shift of the center of gravity of the cargo relative to the vertical axis of the platform, was investigated. The results of the work can be used and implemented in solving problems of linear and angular positioning of the load in flexible production systems, in executive devices of industrial robots, etc.
Calculated and experimental evaluation of the performance of the brake disc made of titanium alloy
Authors: Eremin V. P , Komarova M. G , Eremin G. P
Published: April 2022

The aim of the work is to reduce the unsprung weight of the wheel of a racing automobile due to the use of a disc made of titanium alloy in the brake mechanism. The object of the study is the brake disc of a vehicle of the Formula Student class. The subject of research is the use of titanium alloy in the design of the brake disc and its performance evaluation. As part of the work, an analysis of the thermal loading of the brake disc made of titanium alloy and the experimental verification of its performance were made. The calculations of thermal loading were carried out by the finite element method. To this end, a calculation method has been developed taking into account changes in the heat flux and convection coefficient during multiple braking. The paper presents the results obtained when carrying out calculations in accordance with this method. The numerical evaluation showed that the temperature arising in the brake mechanism does not exceed the permissible for the working capacity of the brake mechanism. The full-scale experiment showed that the calculated disk temperature, which occurs during braking, is close to the temperature established during the full-scale experiment. The error is not more than 13%. A full-scale experiment showed that the brake disc made of titanium alloy is not operational with the selected manufacturing technology. The conclusions were drawn on the applicability of the above method of thermal analysis of the brake disc, on the performance of the structure, and proposals were made for improving its efficiency.
The toxicity study of diesel engines working on biofuels based on methyl alcohol
Authors: Lihanov V. A , Lopatin O. P
Published: April 2022

The paper substantiates the need for the use of biofuels based on methyl alcohol in diesel engines. At the same time, such environmentally friendly energy sources as methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil were investigated. The physical and chemical properties of these biofuels are presented. In order to develop, determine and optimize the composition of environmentally friendly biofuels for diesel engines, their tests were carried out when working on methanol with methyl ether of rapeseed oil and methanol-fuel emulsion. It was experimentally established that the use of environmentally friendly biofuels in diesel engines is possible in the form of alcohol-fuel emulsions (methyl alcohol - 25%, detergent-dispersing additive succinimide C-5A - 0.5%, water - 7%, diesel fuel - 67.5%) and in the form of a separate supply of methyl alcohol (88%) and methyl ether of rapeseed oil (12%). When using methanol as a biofuel for diesel engines, it is possible to significantly reduce the emissions of soot particles and nitrogen oxides due to the fact that during the combustion of alcohol in the combustion chamber of diesel, less intermediate products (in relation to diesel fuel) are formed, contributing to the birth of acetylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, which lead to the formation of soot. Methyl alcohol, with its simpler structure and small molecule sizes, is one of the determining factors for more “pure combustion” of fuel. Experimental studies of diesel engines on environmentally friendly biofuels of the above compositions were carried out and a promising solution to improve their environmental performance was justified. When the diesel engine is working on a methanol-fuel emulsion, the content of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases is reduced by 41.3%, carbon black by 85.5%, carbon dioxide by 6.7%, carbon monoxide by 45.0%; when working on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil, nitrogen oxides by 47.4%, carbon black by 90.4%, carbon oxide by 44.8%.
Concept design - creating the image of the future
Authors: Lepeshkin I. A
Published: April 2022

In this paper main tasks of industrial design (especially transportation design) were discussed and the importance of development not only of conventional designs for production, that are economically efficient, but also conceptual designs was shown. That concepts form the vision of the future, that we all are striving for, they can form trends and show new options and alternatives, that new technologies can open for us. For that, in this paper the new classifier of conceptual designs is shown, and the distinctive competences of concept-designer are high lightened. Classifier shows the difference between industrial design, concept design and concept-art. Concept design mostly located in the area around the border of scientific knowledge and that allows in the new designs to consider the high-end scientific researches and at the same time propose some new ideas and possibly the new vector for scientific research in different fields. Concept designer’s competencies for this activity include the ability to work with the future (futurology) and additional competencies in directing and script writing for decent visual storytelling and future world’s value transfer.
Improvement of design of water evaporative air coolers in tractor cabins
Authors: Mikhaylov V. A , Sharipova N. N , Dmitriev M. I
Published: April 2022

For mobile objects, at the moment, foreign companies supply for Russia a wide range of air conditioning devices based in on the refrigerant refrigerant (freon) refrigerators. They are designed for use in fundamentally different from our climatic conditions, characterized by a relatively short warm period of the year, which should be taken into account when choosing the operating modes and composition of the functional parts of air conditioning units. Two variants of the design of two-stage water-evaporative air coolers made according to a separate scheme are proposed, where as a first (main) unit intended for air conditioning, a block is used that contains a successively placed water-air heat exchanger and a water-sprayed nozzle, and as a second (auxiliary) unit, intended for the preparation of cold water supplied to said water-air heat exchanger of the first unit, a cooling tower is used, containing in one variant irrigated only nozzle, and in the second variant - unit, similar to the air conditioning unit. Comparison of the IKPV and IRKV with the pilot KPO and RKV (T02), as well as with the coolant conditioner, shows that they are almost as cool as the experimental ones, having a significantly lower mass at acceptable overall dimensions of the roof unit and have the possibility of additional “wer” cleaning it from fine dust and gaseous impurities; basing the design of the proposed coolers on the units used in the normalization of the microclimate makes it possible to create, if necessary, the modification of IKPV and IRKV of various capacities; in the climatic conditions of Russia, which do not require dehumidification of conditioned air, innovative coolers are comparable by the condition of providing in the tractor cabs normalized parameters of the microclimate with refrigerant air conditioning devices, significantly exceeding them in terms of energy saving. Their introduction in areas with dry hot climate can make an alternative to cold-air conditioners, which they significantly exceed in terms of energy saving.
Aspects of the development of the type of tractors and trends in the technical re-equipment of production units of various types
Authors: Okunev G. A , Kuznetsov N. A
Published: April 2022

Domestic and neighboring countries industry produce wheel and tracked tractors, which differ from each other by various parameters. The variety of general-purpose tractors offered on the market puts producers in the forefront of the choice of acquiring equipment to perform a set of technological operations. A comparative evaluation of the use of wheeled and caterpillar tractors of various traction classes on basic technological operations showed an increase in operating costs per unit of work performed with increasing parameters of tractors, especially wheeled propellers. The use of wheel tractors of high traction classes is accompanied by an increased specific pressure on the soil even on twin tires due to the increase in track width. Use of wheeled tractors with a power of over 350 hp on transport works is not advisable. This reduces the annual load and further increases the cost of performing technological operations. As a result, the competitiveness of a caterpillar tractor of high traction classes is substantially increasing. The wheel tractor is suitable only for maneuvering over long distances. As a result of the reform of agricultural production, a multi-fold system of economic activities of enterprises has developed. Along with large holdings and production units on the basis of former collective and state farms, a considerable proportion is made up of farm households. As a general-purpose tractor for farming a wheel-driven machine with engine power of 150-200 hp is used. A tractor of the MTZ-80 type is needed to perform auxiliary works to ensure the operation of the main unit. The tractors park of the large grain enterprises consists of high-performance wheeled vehicles of class 6-8, as well as class 3-4 tractors on wheels for auxiliary work. The bulk of the land in processing in the region is accounted by enterprises formed on the basis of former state farms and collective farms. These are diversified economies of grain and livestock farming. Multisectoral production allows to form a more developed structure of sown areas due to the cultivation of different cultures. To perform a set of works in these farms caterpillar tractors of class 4-5 and wheeled tractors of general purpose of class 3-4 are needed.
Application of microelectromechanical sensors in the integrated navigation system of ground transport and agricultural technological vehicle
Authors: Novikov P. V. , Gerdi V. N. , Novikov V. V.
Published: April 2022

The questions of assessment of achievable performance values of the integrated inertial-satellite navigation system complexed with odometer sensor and used for ground transport and agricultural technological vehicle are considered. Construction of relatively cheap modern navigation systems for ground transport and agricultural technological vehicles is provided by integrating diverse navigation systems, which include inertial-satellite systems that combine into a single hardware system the inertial and satellite modules. Achievable accuracy of gaining the navigation parameters is achieved by using special algorithms for processing of measurement information in combination with complexion of the system with an external source of additional information, where odometer sensor belongs. The most promising sensors are sensors, built using the technology of production of microelectromechanical systems - MEMS / MEMC (Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems). The navigation systems based on MEMS sensors have several advantages. The main advantages are small weight and size characteristics (volume less 1sm3, and weighs less than 1 gram), low power consumption, high reliability, resistance to vibro-impact loads (up to 2000g), easy integration of sensors and electronic modules of the navigation system, low cost. The main disadvantage is the need for the synthesis of complex algorithms of processing of measuring information to obtain the desired accuracy of the estimate of navigation parameters. The navigation system, where as MEMS sensors were used gyroscopes ADXRS-150 in conjunction with accelerometers ADXL-210 manufactured by Analog Devices, was considered. The main design and technological characteristics of sensors were shown, the selection criteria for sensors were formulated, technical and economic effect assessment of the use of MEMS in the navigation system is provided. The practical importance has the estimation of achievable accuracy characteristics of system under actual operating conditions. The paper presents the results of field tests of the navigation system based on MEMS sensors and designed for forklift carrying out transportation in the sea port. The results of experimental studies confirmed the effectiveness of the MEMS application as a sensing element of inertial-satellite navigation system of ground transport and agricultural technological vehicle that creates the foundation for the new high-tech developments.
Experimental and computational study of the loading of parts of the wheel gear reducer of a snow thrower
Authors: Lyashenko M. V , Shekhovtsev V. V , Chebanenko A. P
Published: April 2022

The article presents an analysis of the results of the experimental study, during which the load was determined for the gear wheel shaft of the rear-axle gearbox of the all-terrain vehicle transmission on ultra-low pressure tires TREKOL-39041. These all-terrain vehicles have very good cross-country ability and are indispensable for off-road operation during mudslide or deep snow, but they often have transmission failures, especially the shafts on which the wheel reduction gear of both the front and rear axles are installed. In the transmission of these vehicles on the tires of ultra-low pressure, the units from a number of commercially produced vehicles were used. The use of such units reduces the cost of construction and simplifies the production technology, maintenance and repair, but also creates certain difficulties in the design of this type of ATV, in some cases, increases the weight and dimensions. The experimental data are compared with the data of other authors and with calculated data. The obtained data are compared with the experimental and calculated data on the loading of the transmission elements of the UAZ-31512 automobile, the main units of which are used in the layout diagram of the snow aerial vehicle. The results of the studies indicate that the main reason for the failure in the transmission of the snow thrower TREKOL-39041 is the operating conditions, including somewhat different from ordinary tires, the interaction of the ultra-low pressure tires with the best traction and coupling properties with the supporting surface, and a more complex transmission scheme, than for conventional all-terrain vehicles, in which the transmission is simply assembled from the units of a number of serially produced automobiles and calculations of the dynamic loading of its elements on the forced modes are not conducted, which leads to the appearance of significantly exceeding the permissible values of stresses in the splined joint of the wheel gear shaft, to its plastic deformation and failure.
The modern state of system of technical inspection of transport vehicles in the Russian Federation
Authors: Zubriskiy S. G. , Tupitsyn I. I. , Kataev M. V. , Lysenko E. S. , Larinskiy A. S. , Salnikov S. S.
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the current state of system of technical inspection from the side of all involved parties. Number of negative aspects that caused social tension in conduction of technical inspection and proper control by the supervisory authority were identified. In the first place it is caused by combining in one structure, the Russian Union of Automotive Insurers, the functions of the accreditation of inspection and functions of control and supervision over their activities. At the moment there is a sad tendency in increasing of road accidents in consequence of a technical failure of vehicles. The relevance of the work is confirmed by obtained practical data during observations of some of the inspection stations were found a number of violations of the Federal law from July 1, 2011 No. 170-FZ “On technical inspection of vehicles and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”. In this work, we also carried out comparative characteristics of the previous system of technical inspection and the existing one, the successful historical experience is given, the authors offer solutions to exit this extremely negative situation. It is worth noting that the article was used in preparation of speech of the Presidium of the State Council on road traffic safety, the Governor of Vladimir region Svetlana Orlova. She assessed the current system of technical inspection and offered to upgrade it by means of formation of state policy in relation to procedures of inspection and taking measures for control and state supervision over organisation of it, excluding the falsification of results, because behind every driver are people and their lifes.
Method of calculation of probabilistic estimation of noise emitted by passenger automobile aggregates
Authors: Pobedin A. V , Lyashenko M. V , Shekhovtsov M. V , Dolotov A. A
Published: April 2022

The article deals with the problem of noise reduction of vehicles. Noise pollution is an important environmental problem. Currently, the level of urban traffic noise varies from 70 to 95 dBA, which significantly exceeds the current sanitary standards. The main source of vehicle noise is the engine and its systems. In the engine noise, the component caused by the combustion process and mechanical component are mentioned. The next most important source of noise are transmission units. In them, noise is generated by gears, bearings and fast rotating shafts. Tires of a moving vehicle are one of the main sources of vibration and noise at high speeds (from 80-90 km / h). Sources of noise of aerohydrodynamic origin are stationary or nonstationary processes in gases. One of the most intense aerodynamic sources of noise is vortex formation in flowing parts of mechanisms. When the vehicle is moving in the air stream, it is a source of turbulence, so noise increases with increasing speed. The authors carried out a number of experimental studies of the noise emission of individual units of a automobile - engine, gearbox, cardan gear, differential, exhaust system. Taking into account the results of experimental studies, a technique is proposed for the probabilistic calculation of the vehicle noise. A mathematical model is developed for calculating the expected noise in the passenger compartment of passenger automobiles, which allows obtaining not only the mathematical expectation of noise levels from each unit and its spectral components, but also their dispersion. On the basis of the model, a program has been created that makes it possible to obtain the spectral noise components from each of the sources in one-third octave bands with an estimate of the probable range of their values (confidence intervals) even at the design stage of the vehicle, which allows us, at the design stage, to lay down the necessary characteristics of the noise emission of aggregates and the automobile as a whole. The created technique can be successfully used also for an estimation of characteristics of noise emission of other vehicles - cargo and other automobiles, buses, wheeled and caterpillar tractors, agricultural machines.
Rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks of agricultural tractors. Stiffness at tension and bending
Authors: Fedotkin R. S. , Beynenson V. D. , Kryuchkov V. A. , Sharipov V. M. , Shchetinin Y. S.
Published: April 2022

The theoretical and experimental study of tensile stiffness and bending strength of rubber-reinforced caterpillar traclks of agricultural tractors is provided with the development of design models and analytical expressions and the assessment of their reliability. The discrepancy between the results of calculations of rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks rigidity obtained by analytic expressions and experimental data does not exceed 3%, which confirms the possibility of the use of design models and analytical expressions in practical calculations. The effect of design of the power layer and the presence of damage at rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks on stiffness indicators in tension and bending was experimentally evaluated. On the basis of experimental studies of rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks was discovered that that the difference between the values of tensile stiffness of entire samples and damaged parts with cable structure is 10.44% and for cord design samples - 10.78%. This proves a minor impact of damage presence in the form of transverse cracks on caterpillar track stiffness value in tension (in the absence of bundles). The negligible effect of rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks power layer design on the value of its tensile stiffness (when supporting capability of the considered power layers is constant) and significant influence of damage presence in the form of transverse cracks on the bending stiffness value of rubber-reinforced caterpillars were determined. Difference between the values of bending stiffness of entire samples and damaged parts of rubber-reinforced caterpillar tracks is 41,1 % for parts with cable structure and 22,9 % for cord design samples. This proves a major impact of damage presence in the form of transverse cracks on caterpillar track bending stiffness value.
Physicochemical properties of Euro standard diesel fuel
Authors: Khodiakov A. A , Khlopkov S. V , Bernatskiy V. V
Published: April 2022

It is known that the quality of diesel fuel is characterized by both performance indicators and environmental properties of fuel. At the same time, the introduction of modern norms and standards that are associated with the modification of the component composition of fuel sets the task of controlling the physicochemical properties of diesel fuels. To solve the task, fuel samples, purchased from different fuel producers, and diesel fuel samples with an unknown prehistory, stored for a long time in the laboratory, were investigated. Mixtures of fuel with kerosene were also investigated. Diluted kerosene fuel, when it is used, reduces not only the power, but also the engine life. The density of the objects of the study was measured with oil meters. The viscosity and fractional composition of the fuels were determined using the VPZh-4 viscosimeter and the ARNS-1E oil distillation apparatus, respectively. Cetane numbers were measured by the OCTAN-IM indicator. As a result of the carried out researches it is established that the density, viscosity, fractional composition of diesel fuels correspond to those presented in the GOST standards. The acidity of samples with a long storage time and an unknown prehistory is greater than the GOST indicator value. The average value of the cetane number of diesel fuels measured by the OCTAN-IM indicator and different from the parameters required by the regulations is identical to the value given in the world fuel charter standard (ISO 5156). In all, without exception, fuels are present unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is shown that in the fuel produced by different manufacturers, the ratio of unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons can be different. The density, viscosity and other characteristics of the mixture containing 10% kerosene are identical to the normalized values for diesel fuel. The density of the mixture containing 30% kerosene is not only below the norm, but also below the measured values of the density of diesel fuels.
Mathematical modeling of motion of lorry convoy on the deformable support surface in view of emerging dynamic processes
Authors: Selyuk D. V. , Karpukhin S. A.
Published: April 2022

An approach to mathematical modeling of motion of lorry convoy on the deformable supporting surface, taking into account dynamic processes, including re-distribution of normal reactions on the wheels and the oscillatory nature of the interaction forces units trailed the train are discussed. The mathematical dependence allowing to describe dynamic processes, characteristic for movement of trains: fluctuations in the thrust on the tow hook of lorry convoy in the function of the structural parameters of the towing device of the tractor; the geometric parameters of the joint "tractor - trailer" and is given the coefficient of resistance to movement of the train and the redistribution of normal reactions on the wheels of the train taking into account the applicable forces and moments, dimensional parameters of the tractor and trailer link and their changes due to the immersion of the moving vehicle into a deformable supporting surface. Article describes the dynamic processes of redistribution of normal reactions in the wheels of the train and fluctuations in the strength of interaction links of trailer road train, influencing the parameters of its motion for deformable bearing surface. The dependences, describing the redistribution of normal reactions on the wheels of the trailer, take into account the forces and moments, geometric parameters of the tractor and trailer link and their change due to the immersion of the moving vehicle into a deformable supporting surface. Dependences are aimed at further deepening of the theory of special dynamics of the trains, especially with regard to his motion on a deformable support surface, and can be used in the modelling of soft start and rectilinear uniform motion of this type of vehicle. They are common on vehicles used in various sectors of economic activity and in the army.
Control of dynamics of tractor with electronic gearshift control
Authors: Timofievskiy A. A
Published: April 2022

The article deals with control of process of tractor unit acceleration from the standpoint of meeting the requirements imposed on the dynamics of the tractor: the maximum value of the tractor acceleration and the maximum acceleration growth rate. As in the electro-hydraulic shift control the pressure in the switchable friction clutches is controlled by a feedback effected by proportional hydraulic valves, the pressure change process is considered to be exponential. The time constant of this process is defined. It is established that the simultaneous acceptance of the permissible values of the maximum acceleration of the tractor and the maximum growth rate of the acceleration (jerk) determines the calculated value of the time constant of the process of changing the pressure in the included friction clutch during the acceleration period. There were determined the parameters of the calculated acceleration process and the basic values of the pressures in the friction clutches, which are used in the formation of the program for changing the pressure in the clutches when changing gears. From the positions of dynamics and heat losses in friction clutches the influence of the structural difference in the hydraulic schemes of the pressure supply to the clutches and the progress of the tractor acceleration is estimated. Some variants of forming a pressure change program are considered that allow, with unfavorable design characteristics of the pressure supply to the clutches, to meet the requirements for the dynamics of the tractor when shifting gears. The results of calculations performed with the help of the mathematical model of the dynamics of the tractor in the course of gear shifting, the values of the dynamic parameters and the friction work in friction clutches for various characteristics of hydraulic pressure supply systems, or for various programs of pressure change are presented. The analysis of calculation results is carried out; conclusions are drawn and recommendations are given.
Applying the law of conservation of angular momentum in the analysis of switching in automatic transmissions
Authors: Salamandra K. B. , Tyves L. I.
Published: April 2022

The solution of problems of the dynamics of mechanisms is based either on a differential principles of theoretical mechanics, or integrated principles. The first involves the drawing up of the Lagrange equations of the dynamics that characterize the state of the mechanism at any given time, and the analysis of their solutions. The second are related to the conservation laws (the law of conservation of energy, momentum conservation law) and allow making an integrated assessment of the results of movements for any interval. The differential principle is used for the analysis of dynamic processes in the switching at gearboxes of vehicles, and is acquitted in the analysis of switching at manual control gearboxes. In this case, the switching process takes seconds and all phases of the process are described mathematically correct. The use of this approach in the analysis of the dynamics of switching at automatic transmissions, lasting 0.2 ... 0.5 s, is connected with the involvement of a large number of assumptions. They relate to the description of alleged interactions of switched on and switched off mechanisms of gearbox control and are carried out on a fairly simple model of a two-stage gearbox. In the analysis of more complex models, such as the gearbox with dual switching (2 clutches off, 2 on) the application of differential principle becomes significantly difficult. Reducing (or increasing) of velocity of the inertial elements of transmission at a gear change in a short time is possible only under the action on switching on clutch of large forces. Therefore, considering the model of automatic transmission on a small time interval as a closed system, it is possible to apply the theorem of conservation of angular momentum. Using this integral principle in the article the velocity calculation is given in the input and output of the gearbox after the switch; the evaluation of the limit torque acting on the units of gears at switching was made; criteria for clutch selection corresponding to the required switch settings is proposed; and also the problem of controlling the process of double-shifting is solved. The approach complements the known methods of research and can greatly simplify calculations of dynamic loads.
Operation modes of local water evaporative air cooler cabins of self-propelled vehicles with regard to individual operators and variability of temperature conditions
Authors: Mikhailov V. A. , Dmitriev M. I. , Ivobotenko B. A.
Published: April 2022

The possibility of efficient use of local air cooler in cabins as a means of normalization of the thermal state of opera- tors with regard to their sex, weight and changing environment of air temperature during the day is considered. It is shown that for the assimilation of different heat generation levels of maximum possible number of operators the per-formance of device over the air must have infinitely variable adjustment. At the same time, it is shown that external temperature changing does not require air supply regulation. The degree of cooling air in apparatus irrigated nozzle re- tains constant throughout the whole range of initial temperature and air flow variation.
Analysis of methods and means of ecological control of harmful emissions of exhaust gases of automobiles
Authors: Solomin V. A. , Shabanov A. V. , Shabanov A. A. , Kilyushnik V. M. , Mladenskiy A. V.
Published: April 2022

The problem of reduction of atmospheric air pollution by exhaust gases is discussed. A brief assessment of the impact of transport on the environment is given. The components of the pollutants are discussed. It is noted that in considering this problem, the methods of measurement and control of harmful emissions of the vehicles play a crucial role. The emphasis on the subject is made at the normative Russian and international standards, UN Rules and adoption of purposeful measures in the field of environmental protection during vehicles operation. The modern methods and devices used for the measurement of emissions of harmful substances of exhaust gases of automobiles are given. The conformity of the newly introduced vehicles to environmental requirements of international normative documents (UN Rules) on the emissions of harmful substances applies to a large extent the accuracy of measurement of gas analysis equipment. It is associated with a significant reduction of the measured values of concentrations of harmful emissions for vehicles of the ecological class EURO-5. It was noted that today especially relevant becomes the problem not only to improve the vehicle design from the point of limiting toxicity, but also improvement of technical control in operation. The lack of control and low level of maintenance lead to the breakdown of the normal operation of units and systems of the vehicle, which leads to increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air. As a result, all the efforts of the automotive industry to improve engine and neutralization systems to ensure environmental standards can be mitigated. In this regard, there were proposed approaches for the improvement of methods of technical control of vehicles. Substantially improvements of environmental control of motor vehicles are connected with performance of the onboard diagnostic systems of the vehicle in operation and neutralization systems. In order to guarantee their effective functioning during the life of the vehicle it is proposed to establish a system of replacement of catalytic converters of a vehicle failed during operation of the vehicle.
Reduction in strength requirements of material of the subframe of truck with independent suspension by topological optimization of the design and power scheme
Authors: Shabolin M. L. , Vdovin D. S.
Published: April 2022

The paper describes application of the method of topology optimization on the basis of finite element modeling when design highly loaded parts of the chassis of the vehicle. The brief theoretical information on method of optimization based on the application of the concept of body with variable density is given and two popular formulations of the problem were considered: with objective function in type of minimum strain energy of deformation and with objective function in type of minimum mass. In first case, constraints on objective function are set in the form of a maximum usage percentage of the original volume of space design, and in the second case, restrictions on objective function are set in form of maximum allowable displacements and stresses in the elements of space design. An example of the synthesis of the power scheme of the front sub-frame independent suspension of the truck with a description of the estimated model is given. For the solution of optimization problems were selected five the most heavy-load modes of the frame. The figure is shown of the available layout space design for subframe. The result of solving the problem of topological optimization is subject to a geometrical interpretation in the form of separate parts and combining them into assembly units. The result is the design of the subframe, close to the truss type (without the elements, working in bending and shear). For the design was carried out verifying calculation of strength at the same five load modes. The analysis results show the strength of low operating voltage in parts of the subframe, due to the lack of significant stress concentrators and compliance of space topology of the sub-frame structure to solution of the problem of topological optimization. Low operating voltage allows to use as construction material of sub-frame the cheap steel with low strength properties. Thus, the use of topology optimization to create an optimal constructive-power circuits of highly loaded structures allows to reduce the demands on the material properties while improving the performance characteristics of the products - durability, stiffness and reduced mass.
Commodity market of Russia: the quality, competitiveness and management
Authors: Alenina E. Е , Iliin A. S , Ziulina V. V
Published: April 2022

The article describes the condition on the commodity market as the most important fundamental basis for the reproduction of the population, also defining such categories as quality and competitiveness.
Objective and subjective grounds of the Eurasian Union
Authors: Makhamatov T. M.
Published: April 2022

The article identifies and analyzes the objective and subjective factors of the formation of the Eurasian Union in the post-Soviet space. Eurasian integration encompasses dialectical contradiction - development of sovereignty of young states of Eurasia by entry into the Union. The most important element in formation of the Eurasian Union is sustainable development of culture of democracy and civil society.
An innovative approach to automated recording of the bottom relief on video in the real time with usage of multibeam sonar Hydrosweep DS
Authors: Lemenkova P. A
Published: April 2022

The rapid development of the IT and GIS industry actualizes use of the competitive software: precise, automated, effective in use. The paper reports experience in the use of the multi-beam Hydrosweep DS system for smart seafloor mapping by the remote sensing techniques using echo- sounding device. The deep-sea acoustic complex enables to perform high-precision seafloormeasurements and to minimize mistakes and errors associated caused by human induced factor due to the high-level automatization of the bathymetric workflow.
The role of the professional accountant's judgments in forming the entity's financial statements structures
Authors: Girka K. A
Published: April 2022

The article suggested a definition of "professional judgment", the examples of the formation of professional judgment accountant and his influence on the composition of financial statements.