bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Florfenicol - pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of oral formulations in domestic animals: A systematic review
Authors: Scuka Leon
Published: October 2011

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a major economic problem for swine producers world-wide. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of florfenicol oral formulations in domestic animals were evaluated. For this purpose the systematic review and meta-analysis were done. In vitro efficacy of florfenicol showed that this drug is highly effective against most important respiratory pathogens. All these facts are shown in our survey. Three studies in pigs were relevant to include in the meta-analysis, which showed that results in the florfenicol group were better than in comparative control groups in all observed parameters: clinical signs, lung lesions and resolution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (P<0,001). A second meta-analysis with 7 studies showed that the usage of florfenicol reduces mortality in pig herds with PRDC (P<0.05). Other field trials in pigs using florfenicol oral forms where reviewed. After treatment with florfenicol oral solution there was a significant drop of mortality in both groups of pigs (P<0.01); eg. one using florfenicol oral solution in treating PRDC (n=85) and another mixed pneumoenteric infection (n=54). Analysis of data when using premix in pigs (n=118) also suggests that a medicated premix has a favorable anti-infectious effect on pigs, irrespective of the group of animals or the evolution stage of the disease. Finally, favorable effect of florfenicol in treating swine ileitis was also presented. Regarding their pharmacokinetics, in vitro and clinical efficacy of florfenicol oral forms, they should be considered as a powerful tool for combating complex infections that are frequently met in intensive animal production.
Rumen acidosis: Possibilities of prevention using of mineral mix with buffering effect
Authors: Samanc Horea , Stojic Velibor , Adamovic Milan , Vujanac Ivan , Petrujkic Branislav
Published: October 2011

Rumen acidosis is a very important pathophysiological disorder in intensive productive dairy cows, it is mostly a problem in early lactation when highly concentrated feeds are used in nutrition. The use of mineral salt mix based on bentonite, zeolite, magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate stabilizes and maintains pH of ruminal fluid in physiological values (6,79 to 6,92) and prevents the occurrence of rumen acidosis. In cows in the control group, the pH of ruminal fluid was at a low physiological level (6.01 to 6.25) and in some animals even lower. By adding this mixture of mineral salts to the concentrated part of feed (1%) optimal conditions are provided for activity and adequate numerous distribution of all species of infusoria in the rumen. The daily amount of milk produced and milk fat as well was 10 percent bigger in the experimental compared to the control group of cows.
Investigations of eugenol efficacy in treatment of mange in swine
Authors: Jezdimirovic Milanka , Kulisic Zoran , Aleksic Nevenka , Bjelic Nebojsa , Ivanovic Sasa
Published: October 2011

The acaricide efficacy, tolerability and safety of the active ingredient of the etheric oil of cloves eugenol was investigated in the treatment of mange in swine, and the obtained results were compared with the results of acaricide efficacy of the synthetic acaricide permethrin, which has been in use for quite a some time. A single application of permethrin in the form of a 1% solution showed maximum efficacy of 62.5%, and after three applications of 75.0% in the treatment of sarcoptes in swine mange. A single application of eugenol in the form of a 10% solution had maximum efficacy of 75.0%, and applied three times an efficacy of 100% in curbing Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis. A single administration of 20% eugenol solution showed maximum efficacy of 87.5%, and applied three times it was 100% efficient in curbing Sarcoptes scabeiei var. suis. The best efficacy in the treatment of sarcoptes mange in swine was achieved with three applications of eugenol in a concentration of 20%. This maximum effect (100%) was obtained already after the second treatment. Eugenol in a concentration of 10% was safe for local application on skin because it does not cause any undesired reactions, while a 20% concentration caused irritation followed by a passing redness and disquiet in a smaller number of treated animals. The results of comparative investigations of acaricide efficacy of permethrin and eugenol demonstrate that there is resistence in Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis to permethrin. The biocide eugenol can safely be recommended for the treatment of sarcoptes mange in swine.
Profilaxis, immunoprophylaxis and therapy of staphylococcal mastitis
Authors: Vakanjac Slobodanka , Pavlovic Vojislav , Pavlovic Nebojsa
Published: October 2011

Inflammation of the mammary gland, mastitis, in cows presents one of the most acute problems in intensive milk production, incurring huge economic losses which reach from 20-80% even in developed countries in the past decade. On the grounds of the programme of the respective Ministry, the Veterinary Service of the Republic of Serbia is obliged to monitor, detect, curb and control infective inflammation of the mammary gland caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus. Long-term different approaches to mastitis treatment did not result in the required solution, so that the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. In order to prevent the infiltration of the pathogenic cause into the mammary gland, its populating and multiplication, it is necessary to maintain constant and regular controls of milk, as well as undertake of preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the incidence of mastitis. Immunization and immunotherapy of mastitis are new and very interesting areas for scientific investigations and work. In the recent decades vaccines against staphylococcal mastitis are being successfully developed, whose success is reflected in the reduced incidence of clinical and subcilinical mastitis.
Endoscopic and radiological diagnostics of esophagus diseases in dogs
Authors: Krstic Vanja , Krstic Nikola
Published: October 2011

In order to expand the range of diagnostic methods for determining diseases of the esophagus and to make them more present in everyday practise, it is desirable to work out in more detail the procedure of endoscopic and radiological examinations, determine their limitations and possibilities, describe the topographic-anatomical and morphological status of the esophagus in an endoscopic and radiological picture, as well as to define which diseases of this organ are most represented. The paper presents the results of six-month investigations of esophagus diseases in dogs of different breeds and ages. A total of 15 animals were examined: 2 golden retrievers, 2 rottweilers, 5 German shepherds, 3 giant schnauzers, 2 cross-breeds, and 1 dalmatian. Cases of chronic esophagitis were described, as well as the presence of a foreign body and megaesophagus, and the prescribed therapy for all these diseases.
Role of adrenocortical system in occurrence of ketosis in high-yield dairy cows
Authors: Samanc Horea , Stojic Velibor , Vujanac Ivan , Dimitrijevic Blagoje , Huszenicza Gy
Published: October 2011

From the very onset of lactation, the requirements of the mammary gland have an advantage over the requirements of other organic systems, even in the case of clinically exhibited ketosis. In hypoglycemic, ketotic cows, the mammary gland utilizes glucosis approximately in the same degree as the mammary gland of cows with normal glycemia. This indicates that the regulatory role of hormones can have primary importance in the earliest phase of lactation, when metabolic processes are on the very brink of a ketotic state. That is why it is believed that, in conditions of a great burdening of the metabolism, inadequate activity by the adrenocortical system presents one of the primary factors in the etiopathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows. It is still an open issue whether hypof unction of the adrenal cortex is a direct cause of this disorder, or whether its activity is a consequence of insufficient stimulation by ACTH. In ketotic cows, average concentrations of cortisol have been established in ketotic cows, from 23.98 nmol/l in blood serum, and it is approximately the same as in healthy cows in the corresponding phase of lactation. However, the vast range of individual values largely makes it difficult to make a correct evaluation of the functional state of the adrenal cortex of ketotic cows. On the grounds of individual figures, in 26% diseased cows cortisol concentration in blood serum is from 1.38 to 16.55 nmol/l, in 37% it is from 16.55 to 27.59 nmol/l, and in 37 percent it is over 27.59 nmol/l. This indicates that cows with clinical symptoms of ketosis can be divided into those with low, medium, or high values of cortisol concentration in blood serum. Following the stimulation of the adrenal cortex with ACTH, the individual differences in serum cortisol concentration are considerably decreased. The ratio between the lowest and the highest values of cortisol concentration before the application of ACTH is 1:6, while it is only 1:1.5 four hours following application. After that, the values again take on the starting characteristics, and 24 hours after the application of ACTH they return to the starting values, and the ratio between the individual values is 1:8. It seems that the function of the adrenal cortex has been preserved in cows with clinical symptoms of ketosis and it is capable of reacting fully to stimulation with corticotropin. The cortisolemia values indicate, primarily, that there are big individual differences regarding the regulation of the degree of activity of the adrenal cortex, so that it is possible that, in the ketotic state, it is rather a case of uncoordinated activities of the adrenal cortex with the organism requirements imposed by the mammary gland, than that it is a matter of its hypofunction. .
Reproductive activity in cows following parturition against values of certain parameters of metabolic profile
Authors: Otava Gabriel , Mircu Calin , Cernescu Horia
Published: October 2011

Data from literature indicate that there is a correlation between the values of reproductive parameters and the values of parameters of the metabolic profile, even though this cannot be confirmed in many cases. The objective of this work was to examine the connection between certain parameters of the metabolic profile and the restoration of reproductive activity in the postpartal period. Blood samples were taken from the cows involved in the experiment and values of parameters of the metabolic state were determined in 27 cows, of which 14 were primiparous and 13 multiparous. In the blood serum samples, we determined the concentration of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, and the activities of certain enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, ASAT and ALAT). It was established on the grounds of the obtained results that the delay in the establishment of reproductive activity in the postpartal period was in correlation with the blood concentrations of urea and albumin. .
The role of proteinase enzymes in the process of conversion of muscle to meat
Authors: Dümen Emek
Published: October 2011

Post mortem meat tenderization is a complex mechanism and unfortunately it has not been fully identified scientifically. It is known that endogenous proteinases have an important role in this mechanism. Detailed studies are being performed about the destructive effects of lysosomal proteinases and calcium dependent proteinases on the myofibrils and these are most common topics that are being investigated about meat tenderization processes by the scientists. The aim of this paper is to review the role of proteinase enzymes in the process of conversion of muscle to meat. .
Possibility of application of dodicin hydrochloride in prevention of mastitis in cows
Authors: Joksovic Svetlana , Cupic Vitomir , Katic Vera
Published: October 2011

The main approach to curbing mastitis is to prevent the entry of microorganisms from the outer environment into the mammary gland, which is achieved by the use of papilla disinfection following every time of milking. The objective of this work was to examine the antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant dodicin hydrochloride, in fact the preparation that contains this disinfectant (DESU? M), against bacteria, the most frequent causes of mastitis in cows. The efficacy of modified DESU? Mwas examined under laboratory conditions using the quantitative test against the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis, under the conditions in the field. The udders of an experimental group of 20 cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed were immersed in a solution of the modified preparation DESU ? M following every time of milking over a period of three months. In the second group of 10 cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed, marked as the control group, no disinfection was applied following the milkings. The preparation DESU? Mexhibited satisfactory antimicrobial efficacy against the most frequent causes (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis) of mastitis in cows under laboratory conditions. With the application of the preparation DESU? M, following every time of milking over a period of three months, the number of somatic cells was reduced by almost one half in comparison with their number at the start of the experiment. No residue of the modified preparation DESU ? M were found in any sample of milk from the experimental group of cows.
Significance of Neospora caninum in cattle farming
Authors: Ilic Tamara , Dimitrijevic Sanda
Published: October 2011

Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite which primarily causes diseases in dogs and cattle all over the world. It was first described in Norway in the mid-eighties in dogs, after which, until the present time, clinical neosporosis was proven in sheep, goats, deer, rhinoceroses, horses, and experimental rodents. Antibodies against N. caninum have been found also in the serum of water buffalo, red and gray foxes, coyotes, camels, and felines. Due to the similarity of this Coccidia with Toxoplasma gondi, the neosporosis was for a series of years incorrectly diagnozed as toxoplasmosis. Domestic canines, dogs, are the only real host for N. caninum. Its life cycle covers three stages of development: tachyzoites, tissue cysts and oocysts. Carnivores are infected by ingesting parts of infected tissue which contain tissue cysts with bradyzoites. The dominant pathway of transmission of this cause in cattle is transplacentary infection, but cattle can also be infected by ingestion of feed or water contaminated by sporulated oo-cysts of N. caninum. Bitches can be subclinical carriers of the parasite, when they pass on the cause transplacentarily, which results in more than one litter being born with the infection. Neosporosis today appears as the main cause of abortions and neonatal deaths in dairy cows and fattening cattle in almost all parts of the world, but with the highest incidence in the United States (US), New Zealand, The Netherlands, and Germany. The treatment of this disease has not been fully determined, but medicines used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis have yielded certain good results. There is no verified vaccine that would prevent undesired abortions in cattle. .
New knowledge in application of vaccines with Kina(K)strain in control and curbing of classical swine fever
Authors: Prodanov Jasna , Dosen Radoslav , Polacek Vladimir , Petrovic Tamas , Lupulovic Diana
Published: October 2011

The program of curbing and outrooting classical swine fever (CSF) in our country has for years been based on the vaccination of all categories of swine with the Kina (K) strain of the CSF virus, and, after the establishment of the source of infection, with the non-harmful removal of the infected swine herd, as well as on the implementation of all measures prescribed by the valid regulations. However, in spite of the implementation of all the listed measures, CSF still occurs continually. The epizootiological situation in our country in the course of 2005 was extremely unfavorable from the aspect of the number of identified CSF crisis spots, and it can be pointed out at this time that the disease was diagnosed clinically, pathomorphologically and using laboratory methods in 51 farms in a single examined epizootiological district. Under conditions when CSF appears continually throughout the year, vaccination using a modified live vaccine must continue being the basic measure in preventing the appearance, spreading, curbing, and eradication of CSF. With the objective of securing a concept of the most efficient further strategy for control and curbing of this disease, the paper presents the most important aspects regarding efficacy, safety, as well as field experience in applying vaccines which are based on the K strain of the CSF virus. .
Sudden death in cats as a consequence of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)
Authors: Marinkovic Darko , Nesic Vladimir
Published: October 2011

The paper presents a case of sudden death in a cat as a result of infection with Dirofilaria immitis. Dirofilariosis in cats is rarely encountered in our country, and its incidence in the world ranges from 0.8% to 23%. As a consequence of the parasitism of adult forms, due to damage to the endothelium of the lung artery and its branches, endoarteritis occurs and thromboembolia develops, or lung fibrosis, with the frequent appearance of the phenomenon of "sudden death". Pathoanatomical examinations of the right heart ventricle and lung arteria showed 5 adult forms of cylindrical parasites, which, according to their place of parasitism and morphological appearance correspond to the finding of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis). Pathohistological examinations of lung tissue sections revealed intensive edema in the lungs, that occurred as a consequence of the parasitism of adult forms of Dirofilaria immitis in the right heart ventricle and the lung artery and its branches. It was confirmed in this way that sudden death occurred as a result of the parasitism of heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. .
Quality improvement of fishery water using natural zeolite and dynamics of adsorption of hydrological toxicants
Authors: Obradovic Sasa , Vukasinovic Marija , Sekler Milanko , Rajkovic Miodrag , Kosanovic Nada
Published: October 2011

The adsorption capability of the natural mineral zeolite of domestic origin, on chemical parameters in water used for the intensive breeding of the Rainbow Trout was investigated in practical and laboratory conditions. It was established on the grounds of an analysis of the obtained results that there is a statistically significant adsorptive power and selectivity of zeolite towards: ammoniac (p<0.01), nitrates (p<0.01), nitrites (p<0.05), and total hardness of water (p<0.05). The applied zeolite contributed to the improvement of the ambient conditions in the trout pond, and it also had a positive ecological effect on the filtration of hydrological toxicants of the pond water output.
Role of dogs in contamination of urban environment with causes of parasitic zoonoses
Authors: Pavlovic Ivan , Kulisic Zoran , Djurdjevic Slavisa , Misic Zorana , Momcilovic Jana , Krstic Danilo
Published: October 2011

Dogs belong to the group of animals that were the first to be domesticated. They live in cohabitation with humans and share their environment much more intimately than any other animal specie. The close contact between strays and pets, on the one side, and the pollution of urban areas with the feces of these animals, on the other, close the chain of infection with parasites, which jeopardizes also human health in the final link of that chain. Dogs are carriers and the true hosts to large numbers of species of zoonotic parasites - Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Echinoccocus granulosus, Dipyllidium caninum, Toxocara canis, Ancylostomidae spp. and others, whose eggs or other developmental forms they eliminate into the environment through feces. The increase in the number of cases of toxocarosis in humans (syndrome of visceral larvae migrans), ancylostomosis (cutanea larvae migrans), hydatidosis, toxoplasmosis, or cryptosporidiosis are the best indicators of these relations. In order to resolve this problem, it is necessary to conduct systematic investigations of their parasitic fauna with the maximum cooperation of the animal owners, compulsory health education of the population in the area of the diseases that are transferred from animals to humans, and, certainly, carrying out the dehelminthization of dogs.
Canine demodicosis in territory of city of Nis
Authors: Stojiljkovic Dragoslav , Aleksic Nevenka , Kulisic Zoran , Nikolovski-Stefanovic Zorica , Misic Zorana
Published: October 2011

This paper describes cases of demodicosis in dogs from the territory of the city of Nis. The objective of the investigations was to learn more about the parameters that can influence the susceptibility of certain dogs to the cause of demodicosis, such as: age, hair length, sex, and seasonal dynamics of the incidence of the disease. It was established following examinations of 76 dogs suspected of demodicosis that they were all infected with the specie Demodex canis. The changes were localized or generalized. In the total number of infected dogs, there was a larger share of males (61.84%) than females (38.16%). The number of dogs diseased with demodicosis was twice higher in shorthaired than in long-haired animals. The most frequently infected were dogs of the Doberman and German Shepherd breeds. The number of male and female animals among short-haired dogs diseased with demodicosis was equal, while there were more males among the long-haired animals. The biggest number of infected animals was in the category of young dogs, up to one year of age, and they accounted for 65.79% of the total number of diseased animals, which shows without any doubt that younger dogs are more susceptible to demodicosis. There were more infected dogs in the period autumn-winter than in the period spring-summer.
Koi herpesvirus disease in carp
Authors: Jeremic Svetlana , Radosavljevic Vladimir
Published: October 2011

A disease in the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) and the common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio), caused by the herpesvirus and accompanied by a high mortality rate, has spread across numerous fish ponds all over the world since 1998, resulting in massive mortality and significant financial losses. The herpesvirus-like virus, called the koi herpesvirus (KHV) has been isolated and identified from the koi and the common carp in the course of the incidences of massive mortalities. The first appearance of a disease with a high mortality in the common and the koi carp caused by the koi herpesvirus (KHV) was described in 1998 in Israel and the United States of America (USA). Since that time, a large number of cases of outbreaks of this disease have been confirmed throughout the world, including the USA, Israel, and a large number of European countries. The deaths occurred seasonally, in late spring or early autumn, when the water temperature was from 18-28?C. The most important factor of the environment that affects the occurrence and gravity of this disease is the water temperature. This disease is currently considered one of the factors that present the biggest threat to populations of the common and the koi carp. Diseased fish are disoriented, their movements uncoordinated, their breathing rapid, gills swollen, and they have local skin lesions. The virus was isolated from tissue of diseased fish and cultivated on a KF-1 (koi fin cells) cell line. Electronic microscopy examinations revealed virus identical viral particles of the Herpesviridae family. Analyses of the virion polypeptide and DNA established differences between the KHV and the previously known herpesvirus of the Cyprinida family, Herpesvirus cyprini (CHV), and the virus of the channel catfish (Channel catfish virus - CCV). In the years 2004 and 2005, high mortality was established among one-year and two-year carp fry on three fish ponds. At two ponds, the deaths occurred among one year and two-year carp fry during the spring period, when the water temperature was over 18?C. During the autumn period, mortality was recorded among one-year carp fry at water temperatures above 23?C. On the grounds of the determined pathomorphological changes and the high mortality during the period of the year when the temperature was above 18?C, we suspect that KHV is also present in fish ponds in Serbia, even though the virus itself has not been isolated. The objective of this work is briefly to present the relevant data on this disease which is inflicting significant losses to carp production, to show the current distribution of this disease, the diagnostic methods, and the possibilities for the prevention and control of KHV.
Influence of age on senzoric properties of lamb meat
Authors: Ivanovic Snezana , Savic Srdjan , Baltic Milan
Published: October 2011

The meat of sheep, which also includes the category of lamb meat, is used by consumers all over the world of all cultures and religions, even though a considerable number of people do not accept this type of meat because of its characteristic smell and taste. One of the factors that influence the acceptability of meat and meat products are the sensoric properties (appearance, taste and smell which all together make up the aroma, tenderness and juiciness, the meat texture) The meat of lambs of mixed breed, combined Svrljig and Pirot Pramenka, was used as the material in this experiment. The lambs were aged one, three and five months at the time of slaughter. They were fed in a combined manner: with milk, on pastures, and with the addition of concentrated feeds to their diet ration. The meat was heat processed in an oven at a temperature of 170oC over a period of 60 minutes. Eight evaluators took part in the experiment. The quantitative descriptive analysis (ISO 6564/85) comprised structure scales of intensity with seven points, with the examination of smell intensity, tenderness, juiciness, intensity (fullness) of taste, acceptability of aroma, and total acceptability. Following thermic processing, the smell of the meat was the most intense in the meat of lambs aged five months. The most tender meat was that originating from lambs aged three months, and the juiciest meat was that of lambs aged five months. According to the evaluators, the tastiest meat was that originating from lambs aged three months. The specific aroma of lamb meat was most expressed in the meat of lambs aged three months. Total acceptability, as a very complex property dependent on a series of factors, nuanced by a large number of volatile compounds which individually have a very low threshold of detection, but are observed together and in combination with the other organoleptic characteristics, was most favorably assessed in the meat of lambs aged three months.
Effect of different slaughtering methods on death time of Daglic breed lambs
Authors: Dümen Emek , Kahraman Tolga
Published: October 2011

In this study, 80 Daglic race, male 8-month-old sheep were used as material. The sheep were seperated in 4 groups. The sheep in the group 1 were slaugthered in horizantal position and non - stunned. The sheep in group 2 were slaughtered in vertical position and non-stunned. The head-only stunning procedure was applied to the third group and the sheep were stunned in horizantal position. Group 4 sheep were slaughtered in vertical position after the head-only stunning procedure was applied. According to the obtained results, bleeding time, total blood amount, live weight ,and percent of total blood parameters were significantly different among the groups. It is important to apply stunning applications for the welfare of the slaughtering farm animals. Also, the quality of meat and its products is directly related with the bleeding time and total amount of bleeding parameters.
Findings of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in homemade cheese
Authors: Tambur Zoran , Opacic Dolores , Doder Radoje , Markovic Miroslav
Published: October 2011

During the period from February until March 2004, 108 samples of soft cheese originating from markets of Pancevo, Subotica and Belgrade were examined. Microbiological analyses of the cheese samples to the presence of Escherichia coli was performed using methods described in the Regulations on methods for performing microbiological analyses and super analyses of consumer articles, while the presence of bacteria Enteroccocus spp. was performed on the dexter agar. From 108 samples of soft cheese from the territories of Pancevo, Belgrade and Subotica were isolated: Enterococcus spp. from 96% and Escherichia coli from 69%, cheese samples. Verocytotoxic E.coli was not isolated from any of the taken cheese samples.
Air strikes on uranium enrichment plants as potential sources of radioecological danger
Authors: Zivanov Dragan
Published: October 2011

According to the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the signatory countries are not forbidden to preform uranium enrichment for peaceful purposes. However, if there is a justified doubt that the uranium enrichment is performed with the aim to produce nuclear weapons, this certainly causes great concern. In this case, the international community can apply pressure to a certain country if it determines that the country does not want to cease activities of making its own nuclear weapons. The international community pressure on the country can be intesified until its political leadership is not made to question and cease all activities of producing nuclear weapons. This pressure can be political, economic, and as a last resort-military. As a gesture of goodwill the country can stop the uranium enrichment process. In this way, the country shows that it finally gives up the intention to produce nuclear weapons. However, when military pressure is applied, i.e. military strikes (air strikes for example) on nuclear plants used for uranium enrichment, this certainly creates a risk of releasing radioactivity into the environment. That is why the aim of this paper is to signal this very fact. Using military force in these cases leads to additional radioactive contamination of the environment, so this way of solving conflicts should be avoided within the international community.
Investigations of significance of vaccination against swine parvovirosis in persistently infected sows
Authors: Lupulovic Diana , Milic Nenad , Petrovic Tamas , Prodanov Jasna , Lazic Sava
Published: October 2011

Parvoviral infection of swine is a disease which is manifested in reproductive disorders in sows and gilts in the form of anestria, premature births, miscarriages, mummified fetuses, the birth of poorly vital piglets and/or a reduced number of piglets in the litter. The infection is present in farms with intensive breeding conditions in the form of an endemic infection, all over the world, and also in our country. Timely diagnostics and adequate prophylaxis prevent the occurrence and spread of this disease. Experimental investigations covered 21 sows, divided into two experimental and a third, the control, group. Animals of the first experimental group were vaccinated once before exposure to the boar using an inactivated vaccine, Porcilis Parvo, and animals of the second experimental group were vaccinated twice at an interval of 3 weeks, also using an inactivated vaccine, Parvovax. Sows of the control group were not vaccinated. Blood samples were taken from all animals four times during the course of the experiment, and specific antibodies against the swine parvovirus were determined using the method of hemagglutination inhibition (HI test). The results of the investigations indicate that there was an increase in the titre of specific antibodies following the vaccination of persistently infected sows with the swine parvivirus, and that the present antibodies did not prevent the creating of an immune response. It was established following a comparison of the geometric mean values of antibody titres of vaccinated sows that there was a significant increase in the antibody level following the two vaccinations using the Parvovax vaccine, against the titre values in sows vaccinated once with the Porcilis Parvo vaccine. In control animals, the average value of the antibody level was many times lower in comparison with the established values in the experimental groups. This provides justification for the implementation of immunoprophylaxis against swine parvovirosis by the vaccination of sows and gilts before mating using inactivated vaccines.
The influence of different feed additives in broiler diets on productivity and meat yield
Authors: Tokic Vesna , Lazarevic Miodrag , Sinovec Zlatan , Baltic Milan , Jokic Zivan
Published: October 2011

The objective of these investigations was to examine the influence of prebiotics based on mannan-oligosaccharides and polysaccharide complexes of micro elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) on production results and abattoir parameters for broilers of the hybrid Arbor Acres. The experiment was performed on 186 chicken divided into three equal groups, it lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. The first phase lasted 21 days, the second 14, and the third seven days. The complete mix for initial fattening of broilers was used from days 1-21, and complete fodder mixes for closing fattening from days 21-35, and on days 35-42 of the experiment. Feeding was ad libitum and the broilers were maintained in a floor system. Broilers fed mixes of standard raw material composition and the usual nutritive values achieved an average daily growth of 49.10 g at an average daily feed consumption of 115.55 g and with food conversion of 2.35, while the yield was 71.90%. The addition of prebiotics based on mannan-oligosaccharides resulted in an increased average daily growth by 14.95% with a lower feed consumption by 2.67% and better conversion by 15.32%, while the yield was approximately the same as in the control group. The use of mixes to which polysaccharide complexes of micro elements have been added (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) resulted in a higher daily growth by 11.43%, with a lower feed consumption by 4.28% and better conversion by 14%. The yield was approximately the same in this group as in the controls. The results realized in these investigations, throughout the experimental period, indicate that the use of the examined additives significantly affected the growth and body mass of chicks and that it is nutritionally and economically justified.
The influence of organic and inorganic Fe supplementation on productivity of broilers
Authors: Milanovic Svetlana , Lazarevic Miodrag , Jokic Zivan , Pesut Olivera , Kirovski Danijela , Jovanovic Ivan
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of organic and inorganic Fe supplementation on productivity of broiler chickens. The trial was conducted on 200 Arbor Acres chickens divided into four equal groups. Birds from all groups were fed standard broiler feed, supplemented with 40 mg/kg of Fe originating from different sources: Group I (FeSO4), Group II (Fe bound to yeast), Group III (ferrous ascorbate) and Group IV (iron chelate). From each group, 10 birds were sacrificed on the 21st, 35th and 42nd day and the following parameters were measured: body mass, daily body mass gain, food consumption and conversion rate. At the end of the trial, the highest average body mass was measured in the group supplemented with ferrous ascorbate (15,51% higher when compared with the group supplemented with FeSO4). The conversion rate was lower in birds supplemented with organic iron forms and had the lowest value in the group supplemented with ferrous ascorbate.
Contribution to knowledge of colostral immunoglobulin absorption in intensively bred calves
Authors: Jonic Branko , Mirilovic Milorad
Published: October 2011

A whole series of factors affect the degree of absorption of colostral immunolobulins. One of the most important factors is the time of feeding of newborn calves with colostrums in the first hours following birth. The objective of these investigations was to determine the effect of immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum on the process of immunoglobulin absorption during the first day of life of calves. A farm of Holstein-Friesian cows was selected for these investigations. The examinations covered 35 cows. For the examination of total immunoglobulin concentration, colostrum was taken two hours after calving. The immunoglobulin concentration was determined using the method of paper electrophoresis and RID-partigen immunodiffusion plates (INEP, Zemun). The amount of immunoglobulin in blood serum of calves was determined using the method of the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZST). The average concentration of immunoglobulin in colostrum two hours after calving was 65.95?15.80 g/l. The biggest reached average concentration of immunoglobulin in blood serum of calves was determined following the absorption of immunoglobulin during the first day, and it amounted to 27.18?10.2 g/l, which presents 1.91? 0.72 g/kg of the body mass of calves. The straight-line linear equation is _ =0.595+0.25xi. The correlation coefficient between taken and resorbed immunoglobulins amounts to r=0.80. It can be concluded on the grounds of the obtained results that the amount of immunoglobulin in colostrum in the first drinking is of primary importance for the health status of the calves and that resorption is increased by 0.25 grams with every gram of immunoglobulin taken with colostrum.
Importance of the evaluation of drugs used in veterinary medicine
Authors: Kobal Silvestra , Cupic Vitomir
Published: October 2011

The use of veterinary medicines in Slovenia is regulated by the Medicinal Products Act, by the Veterinary Practice Act, other legislative acts and some administrative acts. Supervision and coordination over pre-clinical and clinical evaluation is preformed by the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology which is a part of the Unit for Laboratory and Clinical Testing of Drugs at the National Veterinary Institute, on the basic of the concession. The Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology to cooperate with the clinics and institutes of the Veterinary Faculty in Ljubljana.
Influence of body condition on incidence and degree of hepatic lipidosis in cows
Authors: Samanc Horea , Stojic Velibor , Kirovski Danijela , Jovanovic Milijan , Cernescu Horia , Vujanac Ivan , Prodanovic Radisa
Published: October 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of energy status of cows, estimated by body condition score, on the incidence and the degree of hepatic lipidosis during the early stage of lactation. Cows were divided into four groups: dry, early puerperal, early lactation and late lactation period. Each group consisted of 60 cows. Body condition was scored by the method established in Elaco Animal Health Buletin Al 8478. According to this method, body condition score is represented numerically from 1 to 5 points. Liver samples for pathohistological analyses were taken by biopsy from early lactation cows (60. day of lactation). Fat content in hepatocytes was determined morphometrically and results were compared with criteria based on total lipid and triglyceride content in liver tissue. On farm A, average body condition scores were in a range from 3.31, at sixty days of lactation, to 3.86 points in the dry period. Nevertheless, the range was wider on farm B, and was from 2.18 points at sixty days of lactation to 4.15 points at the dry period. Besides, differences in average body condition scores were higher than 1 point, and in some cases (between late lactation or dry period to sixty days of lactation) were almost 2 points. The incidence and the degree of hepatic lipidosis strongly differ between the two examined farms. On farm A the incidence of hepatic lipidosis was 18.33 percent, while on farm B that percent was much higher (43.32). A significant difference was established in the degree of hepatic lipidosis between those two farms. On farm A diffuse hepatic lipidosis was determined in 5.0 percent of cows, while on farm B that percent was 18.33. According to these results, most of the cows on farm B had uncontrolled lipomobilisation and severe fatty liver during the early lactation period, probably due to the obesity of these cows in late lactation and the dry period.
Montmorillonite modified with copper ions: Efficient adsorbent for aflatoxin B1
Authors: Dakovic Aleksandra , Sekulic Zivko , Rottinghaus Georg , Matijasevic Srdjan , Milicevic Sonja , Stojanovic Ana
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the results of preparation of material for adsorption of aflatoxin B1, based on modification of montmorillonite with copper ions (Cu-MONT), are presented. The bentonite clay from Sokolac deposit (Sipovo, Bosnia) was used as the starting raw material. After modification of concentrate of montmorillonite (MONT) with copper, the content of copper in Cu-MONT, was 2.65%. It was shown that MONT, as well as the Cu-MONT were efficient in adsorption of aflatoxin B1, at different mass ratios of adsorbent : toxin, and at different pH values. It was determined that for MONT, at the mass ratio adsorbent : toxin = 5000 : 1, aflatoxin B1 adsorption index was 100% at pH 3, 98% at pH 7 and 96% at pH 9. For Cu-MONT, at the same mass ratio, the following aflatoxin B1 adsorption indexes were achieved: 98% at pH 3, 98% at pH 7 and 96% at pH 9. No differences in adsorption of this toxin by both montmorillonites with decreasing the mass ratio of adsorbent : toxin (250 : 1) were observed. That means that ion exchange of inorganic cations in montmorillonite with copper ions did not cause any changes in aflatoxin B1 adsorption, at pH 3, as well as at pH 7 and 9. It was also noticed that adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by MONT and Cu-MONT was not pH dependent.
Application of descriptive statistics in analysis of experimental data
Authors: Mirilovic Milorad , Pejin Ivana
Published: October 2011

Statistics today represent a group of scientific methods for the quantitative and qualitative investigation of variations in mass appearances. In fact, statistics present a group of methods that are used for the accumulation, analysis, presentation and interpretation of data necessary for reaching certain conclusions. Statistical analysis is divided into descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. The values which represent the results of an experiment, and which are the subject of observation of a certain occurrence, are called parameters and they are divided into descriptive and numerical. All numerical parameters are divided into non-continuous and continuous. The graphic presentation of the distribution of frequencies can be by poligon or histogram. The most frequently applied descriptive statistical methods are: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, standard error of arithmetic mean, variation coefficient, and variation interval.
Epidemiologic effects on helicobacter spp. infections of dogs in Slovenia
Authors: Gombac Mitja , Svara Tanja , Pogacnik Milan , Cerne Manica
Published: October 2011

The aims of our study were to determinate the prevalence of helicobacter in a population of Slovenian dogs, to characterize the intensity of infection and to find out if the epidemiological parameters i. e. age, feeding regimen, gender, breed, location and indoor/outdoor living conditions have any influence on infection and the intensity of infection. A total of 185 randomly chosen dogs from all parts of Slovenia, at ages from 9 days to 15 years, of both genders and 44 different breeds, without any gastrointestinal disorders, were included in our study. Helicobacter were detected in stomachs of 92.4% of dogs. We determined a mild infection in 17.3% of dogs, a moderate infection in 48.1%, and a strong infection in 27% of dogs. Studying epidemiological parameters and their effects on infection we concluded that age and feeding regimen affect the infection and the intensity of infection, whereas gender, breed, location and indoor/ outdoor living conditions do not.
Identification of isolated viral strains of atypical avian influenza using molecular methods of virological diagnostics
Authors: Vidanovic Dejan , Sekler Milanko , Vaskovic Nikola , Zarkovic Aleksandar , Matovic Kazimir , Milic Nenad , Nisavic Jakov
Published: October 2011

In addition to the implementation of standard methods of virological diagnostics used for the isolation of the Newcastle disease virus from suspect material, as well as for its identification, nowadays there is increasing use of molecular diagnostic methods, primarily reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the sequencing method. The objective of this work was to examine possibilities for the implementation of the above methods in the diagnosis of poultry infection caused by the Newcastle disease virus. The presence of hem agglutination antigens for the Newcastle disease virus was established in samples of allantoises liquid from 62 poultry embargoed eggs 72 h after inoculation, whose titers ranged from 1:16 to 1:2048, while the hem agglutination inhibition test (HI test) with the implementation of a referent immuno serum against the given cause provided the identification of isolated viruses in serum dilutions of 1:128 to 1:1024. The RT-PCR method and the PCR established that in eight examined samples one fragment each of viral RNA is formed in agars gel of a size of 254bp, which is characteristic for the Newcastle disease virus genome according to its nucleotide sequence. On the grounds of a comparative analysis of RNA sequences obtained from eight isolated NDV strains and the genome sequences of referent atypical poultry influenza viral strains using Mega 40 and BLAST programmers, it was established that the isolated strains of the Newcastle disease virus were highly virulent.
Forensic aspects of animal abusing
Authors: Aleksic Jelena , Jovic Slavoljub
Published: October 2011

Animal abuse is important social issue, which includes a wide range of behaviors of humans that are harmful to animals, starting from unintentional neglect to intentional cruelty. Types of animal abuse are different and they can include physical, sexual, emotional abuse or neglect. Training dogs for fights and dog fighting are considered to be neglection of animals. Forensic veterinarians are called for testifining more often now for presenting the evidence that can lead to making a case regarding animal abuse. This study will include an explanation of forensic vet's role and different types of animal abuse.
Hazard analysis and possibilities for preventing botulism originating from meat products
Authors: Vasilev Dragan , Vukovic Ilija
Published: October 2011

The paper presents the more important data on the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, the appearance of botulism, hazard analysis and the possibilities for preventing botulism. Proteolytic strains of C.botulinum Group I, whose spores are resistant to heat, create toxins predominantly in cans containing slightly sour food items, in the event that the spores are not inactivated in the course of sterilization. Non-proteolytic strains of Group II are more sensitive to high temperatures, but they have the ability to grow and create toxins at low temperatures. Type E most often creates a toxin in vacuum-packed smoked fish, and the non-proteolytic strain type B in dried hams and certain pasteurized meat products. The following plays an important role in the prevention of botulism: reducing to a minimum meat contamination with spores of clostridia, implementing good hygiene measures and production practice during the slaughter of animals, the inactivation of spores of C. botulinum during sterilization (F>3), and, in dried hams and pasteurized products, the prevention of bacterial growth and toxin forming by maintaining low temperatures in the course of production and storage, as well as the correct use of substances that inhibit the multiplication of bacteria and the production of toxins (nitrites, table salt, etc.).