bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method to Estimate the Systematical Biases of Expendable Bathythermograph
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Zhu Jiang , Reseghetti Franco , Liu Qingping
Published: September 2010

A new technique to estimate three major biases of XBT probes (improper fall rate, start-up transient, and pure temperature error) has been developed. Different from the well-known and standard “temperature error free” differential method, the new method analyses temperature profiles instead of vertical gradient temperature profiles. Consequently, it seems to be more noise resistant because it uses the integral property over the entire vertical profile instead of gradients. Its validity and robustness have been checked in two ways. In the first case, the new integral technique and the standard differential method have been applied to a set of simulated XBT profiles having a known fall-rate equation to which various combinations of pure temperature errors, random errors, and spikes have been added for the sake of this simulation. Results indicated that the single pure temperature error has little impact on the fall-rate coefficients for both methods, whereas with the added random error and spikes the simulation leads to better results with the new integral technique than with the standard differential method. In the second case, two sets of profiles from actual XBT versus CTD comparisons, collected near Barbados in 1990 and in the western Mediterranean (2003–04 and 2008–09), have been used. The individual fall-rate coefficients and start-up transient for each XBT profile, along with the overall pure temperature correction, have been calculated for the XBT profiles. To standardize procedures and to improve the terms of comparison, the individual start-up transient estimated by the integral method was also assigned and included in calculations with the differential method. The new integral method significantly reduces both the temperature difference between XBT and CTD profiles and the standard deviation. Finally, the validity of the mean fall-rate coefficients and the mean start-up transient, respectively, for DB and T7 probes as precalculated equations was verified. In this case, the temperature difference is reduced to less than 0.1°C for both datasets, and it randomly distributes around the null value. In addition, the standard deviation on depth values is largely reduced, and the maximum depth error computed with the datasets near Barbados is within 1.1% of its real value. Results also indicate that the integral method has a good performance mainly when applied to profiles in regions with either a very large temperature gradient, at the thermocline or a very small one, toward the bottom.
A Retrospective Evaluation of the Storm Surge Produced by Hurricane Gustav (2008): Forecast and Hindcast Results
Authors: Forbes Cristina , Luettich Richard A. , Mattocks Craig A. , Westerink Joannes J.
Published: September 2010

The evolution and convergence of modeled storm surge were examined using a high-resolution implementation of the Advanced Circulation Coastal Ocean and Storm Surge (ADCIRC) model for Hurricane Gustav (2008). The storm surge forecasts were forced using an asymmetric gradient wind model (AWM), directly coupled to ADCIRC at every time step and at every grid node. A total of 20 forecast advisories and best-track data from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) were used as input parameters into the wind model. Differences in maximum surge elevations were evaluated for ensembles comprised of the final 20, 15, 10, and 5 forecast advisories plus the best track. For this particular storm, the final 10–12 forecast advisories, encompassing the last 2.5–3 days of the storm’s lifetime, give a reasonable estimate of the final storm surge and inundation. The results provide a detailed perspective of the variability in the storm surge due to variability in the meteorological forecast and how this changes as the storm approaches landfall. This finding is closely tied to the consistency and accuracy of the NHC storm track forecasts and the predicted landfall location and, therefore, cannot be generalized to all storms in all locations. Nevertheless, this first attempt to translate variability in forecast meteorology into storm surge variability provides useful insights for guiding the potential use of storm surge models for forecast purposes. Model skill was also evaluated for Hurricane Gustav by comparing observed water levels with hindcast modeled water levels forced by river flow, tides, and several sources of wind data. The AWM (which ingested best-track information from NHC) generated winds that were slightly higher than those from NOAA’s Hurricane Research Division (HRD) H*Wind analyses and substantially greater than the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. Surge obtained using the AWM more closely matched the observed water levels than that computed using H*Wind; however, this may be due to the neglect of the contribution of wave setup to the surge, especially in exposed areas. Several geographically distinct storm surge response regimes, some characterized by multisurge pulses, were identified and described.
Changing Overweight Latino Preadolescent Body Mass Index: The Effect of the Parent-Child Dyad
Authors: Barkin Shari L. , Gesell Sabina B. , Póe Eli K. , Ip Edward H.
Published: September 2010

Background: Latino children are disproportionately burdened by obesity. Objective: To assess whether body mass index (BMI) change in preadolescents reflected that of their participating parent. Methods: A total of 72 Latino overweight/obese preadolescents (BMI ≥ 85%) and a parent participated in a randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received 5 monthly 60-minute sessions at a recreation center (group physical activity, goal setting). The control group received 2 standard-of-care clinic visits plus a group discussion. Results: Between baseline and 6-month follow-up, 47% of children (mean change = -0.37, SD = 2.48) and 63% of parents (mean change = -0.88, SD = 3.53) decreased their BMI. Parent—child dyad BMI change was significantly correlated ( r = .53, P = .001). In linear modeling, those preadolescents in the control group were more likely to lose absolute BMI units (-0.96, P = .03); whereas those who had parents who gained BMI over the time interval were more likely to increase their BMI (0.17, P = .008). Conclusions: Obesity interventions should focus on the parent—child dyad.
Self-Management of Older Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Pilot Study of Behavior and Knowledge as Prelude to Transition
Authors: Fishman Laurie N. , Barendse Renée M. , Hait Elizabeth , Burdick Cynthia , Arnold Janis
Published: September 2010

Objective: Patients gradually assume responsibility for self-management. This study sought to determine whether adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have developed key skills of self-management prior to the age at which many transfer to adult care. Patients and Methods: Adolescents aged 16 to 18 years old in the Children’s Hospital Boston IBD database (94 total) received a mailed survey assessing knowledge and confidence of their own health information and behaviors. Results: Respondents (43%) could name medication and dose with confidence but had very poor knowledge of important side effects. Most patients deferred responsibility mostly or completely to parents for scheduling appointments (85%), requesting refills (75%), or contacting provider between visits (74%). Conclusions: Older adolescents with IBD have good recall of medications but not of side effects. Parents remain responsible for the majority of tasks related to clinic visits and the acquisition of medications.
Clinical Features of a Dutch Cohort of Critically Ill Children Due to the 2009 New Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic
Authors: van Zwol Annelies , Witteveen Ralph , Markhorst Dick , Geukers Vincent G. M.
Published: September 2010

Objective: This study describes the clinical course, treatment, and outcome of 13 critically ill children due to infection with new influenza A H1N1, admitted to 2 pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the northwestern part of the Netherlands. Methods: Retrospective case series, conducted in 2 PICUs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Results: A total of 13 children with a new influenza A H1N1 infection were admitted at 2 Dutch PICUs. The majority of these children were 12 to 16 years old and had an underlying disease. All children required mechanical ventilatory support. Shock was present in 7 of 13 (54%) children. Two children were transferred to a supraregional PICU with facilities for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Conclusions: In a Dutch cohort of 13 critically ill children due to infection with new influenza (H1N1), respiratory (100%) and circulatory (54%) failure characterized the course of this infection in most of these children. All children survived.
Quality of Primary Education Inputs in Urban Schools: Evidence From Nairobi
Authors: Ngware Moses W. , Oketch Moses , Ezeh Alex C.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the quality of primary school inputs in urban settlements with a view to understand how it sheds light on benchmarks of education quality indicators in Kenya. Data from a school survey that involved 83 primary schools collected in 2005 were used. The data set contains information on school quality characteristics of various types of schools in Nairobi. On the basis of the national benchmarks, the quality of education provided in government schools was shown to be “better” with regard to infrastructure, teacher qualifications, and textbook provision than that provided in all the nongovernment-owned schools. However, nongovernment schools have smaller class sizes and lower pupil—teacher ratio (PTR). The bad news is that government schools have large class sizes and higher PTR and hence low levels of teacher—pupil interaction. Nongovernment schools had poor classroom structures and a higher pupil—textbook ratio, particulary private individually owned schools and community-owned schools. It also emerges that although in the government schools, student learning space is constrained by the class size, the student learning space in nongovernment schools is constrained by the classroom size. Meeting quality benchmarks in primary schooling, therefore, remains a challenge among urban populations.
High School Students and Their Lack of Preparedness for College: A Statewide Study
Authors: Moore George W. , Slate John R. , Edmonson Stacey L. , Combs Julie P. , Bustamante Rebecca , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: September 2010

In this study, the authors examined the college-ready graduate rates of all students ( n = 1,099 high schools) in the State of Texas for the 2006-2007 school year. Data were analyzed for students’ scores in reading, in math, and in both subject areas combined. Approximately one-third of all students were determined to be college-ready in both subject areas. Statistically significant and practically relevant differences, reflecting moderate to large effect sizes, were present in reading, math, and both subjects among Hispanic, African American, and White students. Concerns are expressed about the lack of preparedness of students for college and about the presence of strong achievement differences as a function of ethnicity. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Importance of Civic Responsibility in Higher Performing Middle Schools: An Empirical Study
Authors: Wilcox Kristen C.
Published: September 2010

In this case study, a district-wide focus on the development of civic responsibility is seen as an important component in the success of higher performing middle schools. Salient features of best practice were gathered from teacher and administrator interviews and documentary evidence in 10 higher performing, yet “beating the odds” schools, and six average performing schools. Findings suggest that consistently higher academic performance is related to ways schools foster partnerships with populations in the community; actively promote trusting and respectful relationships among students, teachers, administrators, and community members; and frame and use diversity and adversity as strengths.
International Education Travel and Youth of Color: College Is Too Late!
Authors: McLellan Carlton E.
Published: September 2010

Drawing on literature analyzing impacts of academic and professional early preparation programs for urban students, and particularly those of color, this article argues for the use of similar strategies to encourage and prepare youth from those backgrounds for international education travel. The central argument is that educators must focus more on motivating and reaching such youth prior to higher education, if they are to succeed in significantly diversifying participation in international education travel aimed at preparing global citizens. It suggests the use of early preparation programs specifically geared toward encouraging these youth to travel abroad (or at least consider it), as a method to positively influence efforts to increase their participation in international educational travel programs, like study abroad. The article is thus interdisciplinary in nature, attempting to link scholarship on early preparation programs and international education travel.
Teachers’ Perceptions and Concerns on the Banning of Corporal Punishment and Its Alternative Disciplines
Authors: Laurence Lwo Lwun-syin , Yuan You-Shi
Published: September 2010

Corporal punishment (CP) has been officially banned since December 2006 in Taiwan. It would be useful to explore the perceptions and concerns of elementary school teachers on the issue of banning CP and on alternative methods of discipline in 2008, two years since the ban took effect. In this study, 323 teachers were stratified randomly and drawn from 42 schools in Keelung City for the survey and 5 teachers were interviewed. The main finding of this study is that while most teachers understand and support the policy of banning CP in schools, there remain certain concerns on the effect of such a ban in schools. These concerns and conflicting viewpoints are especially over issues related to the difficulty in disciplining students and respecting the students’ human rights. An overwhelming concern is that some teachers might ignore students’ misbehavior and passively discipline to cope with the new law.
“Are We Real Americans?”: Cultural Production of Forever Foreigners at a Diversity Event
Authors: Park Gilbert C.
Published: September 2010

Although the history of Asian immigrants dates back to the 17th century, their status as authentic Americans is still questioned today. With this in mind, this article looks at how a diversity event at a racially diverse inner-city high school produces the image of Asian Americans as “forever foreigners.” Using qualitative tools like observation and interviews, the article argues that mere celebration of cultural differences at a diversity event with a focus on teaching about the differences and improving human relations narrowly defines “real” Americans to mean cultureless Whites. Korean students are consequently portrayed as unauthentic Americans. The findings add to the ongoing discussions on Asian American school experiences, the construction of whiteness in schools, and schools’ approaches to diversity.
Urban Principals’ Facilitation of English Language Learning in Public Schools
Authors: Stufft Derry L. , Brogadir Rebecca
Published: September 2010

As the U.S. population grows more varied, public schools are faced with the challenge of meeting the needs of an increasing population of culturally and linguistically diverse students. Schools in the United States are often the first point of contact for new immigrant students as they work to facilitate their integration and socialization into American society. Aiding these immigrants in learning English has become one of the primary focuses of schools and is a major challenge for principals. The authors discuss programmatic models for ELL students that are currently being used in schools and relate factors that principals need to consider when selecting a model to use to help ELL students. The characteristics of effective ELL models are presented in order to give principals an upper hand in addressing the growing number of students needing English Language Learning support. The authors also point out that for any ELL program to be effective, the school must have a quality professional development program coupled with strong immigrant parent involvement.
Race, Racism, and Darwinism
Authors: Jeynes William H.
Published: September 2010

This article examines the views of Darwinist evolution on issues regarding race and how this contributed to the spread of racism in the United States. The writings of Charles Darwin and a myriad of his followers are examined, including Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton, and others. The influence of Darwinism in contributing to the growth of institutional racism and the teaching of scientifically based racist thought is addressed. The article also examines how Darwinist evolutionary thought affected the nation’s beliefs about those with special needs and how this contributed to people’s perceptions about people of color. The author asserts that the blatant inaccuracies of Darwinist evolution regarding race raise questions about the theory’s overall veracity and how teachers should approach instruction regarding Darwin’s theory.
Elementary School Campuses and New Teachers
Authors: Martinez-Garcia Cynthia , Slate John R.
Published: September 2010

In this study, the researchers examined the five most recent years of data (2003-2004 through 2007-2008) from the Academic Excellence Indicator System of the State of Texas regarding new teachers on elementary school campuses. We examined the extent to which differences were present between elementary school campuses with the highest new teacher percentages and elementary school campuses with the lowest new teacher percentages. In every case for all 5 years, elementary school campuses with the highest percentages of new teachers had the highest percentages of minority students, highest percentages of economically disadvantaged students, and highest percentages of at-risk students than did elementary school campuses with the lowest percentages of new teachers. Implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Changing Diversity in U.S. Schools
Authors: Clayton Jennifer K.
Published: September 2010

Schools in the United States have experienced changes in their demographic profile during the last half century. During this changing time, schools have experienced court-involved desegregation and have experienced fluctuations in their populations with regard to both race and socioeconomic status. Existing studies on segregation have focused primarily on Black and White students, neglecting the increasing Hispanic population of U.S. schools. This study provides more data to the expanding research on the impact of diversity on student performance. The study examines whether diversity and teacher quality of a school can predict academic performance on state-mandated tests, while controlling for school level poverty. In this quantitative study, the researcher also analyzes whether a difference exists between the predictability of pass rates and advanced pass rates for African American, Hispanic, and White students in Virginia’s elementary schools. The data reveal that the impact of poverty is difficult to disentangle from the issues of diversity and teacher quality but that differences exist among student racial groups in their academic performance response based on school-level poverty, diversity, and teacher quality.
Knowledge about pandemic influenza in healthcare and non-healthcare students in London
Authors: Purssell Edward , While Alison
Published: September 2010

Objective: To investigate the knowledge of university students regarding pandemic and seasonal influenza.

Design: Online questionnaire-based survey of undergraduate and postgraduate students, including those on nursing, medical, other health and non-health related courses.

Method: The sample was recruited using the university email system, and the survey was administered using SurveyMonkey. The questionnaire sought the following data: demographics; general knowledge; intentions with regards to vaccines, pharmacological and behavioural interventions; personal susceptibility and the symptoms of influenza; and the provision of information.

Results: Approximately half (56 per cent) of respondents were on health-related courses. There was a good level of knowledge about influenza and its severity, and the importance of vaccination, although few intended actually receiving the seasonal or pandemic vaccines (23 per cent and 21 per cent respectively). However, in the event of a pandemic most students would still attend college (60 per cent) and almost half would still attend social events (47 per cent). Many thought that there had been hype by the government (44 per cent) and the media (89 per cent).

Conclusions: There was a good level of knowledge about influenza, although this was not always reflected in intended behaviours with regards to vaccination and isolation.
Media literacy and cigarette smoking in Hungarian adolescents
Authors: Page Randy M , Piko Bettina F , Balazs Mate A , Struk Tamara
Published: September 2010

Objective: To assess smoking media literacy in a sample of Hungarian youth and to determine its association with current smoking and susceptibility to future smoking.

Design: Quantitative cross-sectional survey.

Setting: Four elementary and four high schools in Mako, Hungary.

Method: A survey form was administered in regularly-scheduled classes to 546 eighth- and twelfth-grade students that included the smoking media literacy (SML) scale and items assessing cigarette use. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship of smoking media literacy with current smoking, and also separately for susceptibility to smoking in the future, as dependent dichotomous variables.

Results: Smoking media literacy was lower among the Hungarian adolescents than what has been previously reported in American adolescents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed smoking media literacy to be associated with reduced risk of current smoking status at a similar level to that found in American adolescents. However, unlike previous research in American adolescents, smoking media literacy and susceptibility to future smoking was not associated. Reduced smoking may be most associated with the representation-reality domain of media literacy, which relates recognition of what is portrayed in the media with reality.

Conclusion: Based on this study’s findings, prevention and health promotion planners in Hungary should consider media literacy training as a possible addition to smoking prevention efforts in community- and school-based efforts.
‘We’ll Meet Again in Dachau’: The Early Dachau SS and the Narrative of Civil War
Authors: Dillon Christopher
Published: September 2010

Dachau was the most enduring and important of the early nazi concentration camps. Its initial personnel, trained in the Dachau ‘school of violence’, were soon widely distributed throughout the SS camp network but have received very little historiographical attention. This article sets the camp and the early Dachau SS in their Bavarian context and explores how the memory of civil war in Munich in 1919 was at the fore in 1933: the camp’s location was highly symbolic in this regard. The article argues that these events left a direct and atmospheric mark on the early violence in the camp and on the pioneering group of perpetrators who set an operational tone known admiringly in the SS as the ‘Dachau spirit’.
How Sociological Leaders Rank Learning Goals for Introductory Sociology
Authors: Persell Caroline Hodges
Published: September 2010

In 2001, the American Sociological Association launched a task force to articulate learning goals for an introduction to sociology course and design an advanced high school sociology curriculum that could also be a model for introductory sociology courses in colleges and universities. This research note describes one of several efforts to validate the learning goals developed by that ASA task force, by asking a sample of peer-designated sociological leaders to complete an electronic survey ranking the importance of the 30 learning goals identified. The top 5 goals were to show the reality of structural factors in social life, place an issue in a larger context, identify and offer explanations for social inequality, recognize the difference between empirical and normative statements, and compare and contrast one’s own context with those of people in other parts of the United States and the world.
Performing Theory
Authors: Eglitis Daina S.
Published: September 2010

This article discusses pedagogical exercises developed to help students appreciate the power of sociological perspectives as they seek to better understand their own lives and the world around them. The assignments are focused on fulfilling the particular course learning goal that highlights student mastery of the application of diverse theoretical perspectives in societal analysis. The article offers a brief overview of how theoretical thinking is introduced in the classroom and continues with a discussion of particular assignments used to promote student engagement and understanding: the preparation of a letter to a theorist, the creation of a poster to visually represent the life and ideas of a theorist, and the writing and performance of a play “starring” theorists studied in class. The article concludes with a discussion of the issues of assessment and student learning and a consideration of how these assignments may benefit student learners both within and outside of sociology.
Productivity of Chinese Regions and the Location of Multinational Research and Development
Authors: Shanzi Ke  , Mingyong Lai
Published: September 2010

This article examines the determinants and interregional spillovers of regional productivity and multinational enterprise (MNE) research and development (R&D) in China. The authors apply a two-equation recursive model to a panel data set of thirty provinces and equivalents from 1998 to 2005. The estimated MNE R&D location equation indicates that the main determinants of MNE R&D location are supply-side factors—the availability of scientists and engineers, the average salary of R&D personnel, regional infrastructure, and spillovers of MNE R&D in the neighboring regions, but not demand-side factors such as the size of regional market and the previous foreign direct investment (FDI). Moreover, MNE R&D has a strong tendency to locate in regions with an export-oriented economy. The productivity equation reveals a significant causal relationship between MNE R&D investment and regional productivity. The estimates further indicate that regional productivity is determined not only by factor inputs within own region but also by productivity in the neighboring regions. In conclusion, the authors briefly discuss the policy implications of the findings for increasing the productivity of different regions and using MNE R&D.
Nasal Turbinate Enlargement Due to Cartilage and Bone Proliferation
Authors: Funk Kathleen A. , Frantz Christopher , Dyke Amy S. , Ryan Patricia C. , Jin Hong , Kemble George , Dixit Rakesh , Leininger Joel R.
Published: September 2010

Toxicity studies of intranasally administered, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine candidates conducted in male and female ferrets led to the microscopic observation of individual differences in the size of nasal turbinates, especially in the dorsal aspect of the nasal cavity. The association of these enlarged turbinates with acute to subacute inflammation, which is sometimes common in ferrets given live attenuated influenza virus vaccine candidates, led to this detailed microscopic evaluation of turbinate enlargement (cartilaginous and osseous thickening, or COT) in control animals dosed intranasally with saline. Results of this evaluation led to the conclusion that COT is a normal developmental feature of growing ferrets, irrespective of inflammation in nasal tissues or inflammatory exudate in the nasal cavity.
Uses and Gratifications of Social Media: A Comparison of Facebook and Instant Messaging
Authors: Quan-Haase Anabel , Young Alyson L.
Published: September 2010

Users have adopted a wide range of digital technologies into their communication repertoire. It remains unclear why they adopt multiple forms of communication instead of substituting one medium for another. It also raises the question: What type of need does each of these media fulfill? In the present article, the authors conduct comparative work that examines the gratifications obtained from Facebook with those from instant messaging. This comparison between media allows one to draw conclusions about how different social media fulfill user needs. Data were collected from undergraduate students through a multimethod study based on 77 surveys and 21 interviews. A factor analysis of gratifications obtained from Facebook revealed six key dimensions: pastime, affection, fashion, share problems, sociability, and social information. Comparative analysis showed that Facebook is about having fun and knowing about the social activities occurring in one’s social network, whereas instant messaging is geared more toward relationship maintenance and development. The authors discuss differences in the two technologies and outline a framework based on uses and gratifications theory as to why young people integrate numerous media into their communication habits.
Tweeting Prayers and Communicating Grief Over Michael Jackson Online
Authors: Sanderson Jimmy , Hope Cheong Pauline
Published: September 2010

Death and bereavement are human experiences that new media helps facilitate alongside creating new social grief practices that occur online. This study investigated how people’s postings and tweets facilitated the communication of grief after pop music icon Michael Jackson died. Drawing on past grief research, religion, and new media studies, a thematic analysis of 1,046 messages was conducted on three mediated sites (Twitter, TMZ.com, and Facebook). Results suggested that social media served as grieving spaces for people to accept Jackson’s death rather than denying it or expressing anger over his passing. The findings also illustrate how interactive exchanges online helped recycle news and “resurrected” the life of Jackson. Additionally, as fans of deceased celebrities create and disseminate web-based memorials, new social media practices such as “Michael Mondays” synchronize tweets within everyday life rhythms and foster practices to hasten the grieving process.
Dynamic Debates: An Analysis of Group Polarization Over Time on Twitter
Authors: Yardi Sarita , Boyd Danah
Published: September 2010

The principle of homophily says that people associate with other groups of people who are mostly like themselves. Many online communities are structured around groups of socially similar individuals. On Twitter, however, people are exposed to multiple, diverse points of view through the public timeline. The authors captured 30,000 tweets about the shooting of George Tiller, a late-term abortion doctor, and the subsequent conversations among pro-life and pro-choice advocates. They found that replies between like-minded individuals strengthen group identity, whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforce in-group and out-group affiliation. Their results show that people are exposed to broader viewpoints than they were before but are limited in their ability to engage in meaningful discussion. They conclude with implications for different kinds of social participation on Twitter more generally.
A Multi-perspective Genre Analysis of the Barrister’s Opinion: Writing Context, Generic Structure, and Textualization
Authors: Hafner Christoph A.
Published: September 2010

In teaching and researching English for Law, considerable effort has been put into the fine-grained description of legal genres and accounts of associated legal literacy practices. Much of this work has been carried out in the academic context, focusing especially on genres encountered by undergraduate law students. The range of genres which must be taught in professional legal writing and drafting courses is comparatively underresearched in the applied linguistics literature. This article explores one such underresearched genre, the barrister’s opinion. The article reports the findings of a genre analysis (Bhatia, 1993; Swales, 1990), drawing on the written opinions of five Hong Kong barristers, individual interviews with the barristers, and data from background information questionnaires.The study adopts a multi-perspective approach to genre analysis, drawing on the accounts of specialist informants to explain the genre as socially situated rhetorical action. Thus, the genre is analyzed in terms of its intertextual and interdiscursive writing context, generic move structure, and lexico-grammatical textualization. It is suggested that the findings may usefully be applied to the teaching of legal writing and drafting in a variety of contexts.
Management of Aminoglycosides in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Radigan Elizabeth A. , Gilchrist Neil A. , Miller Melissa A.
Published: September 2010

Antibacterial resistance is increasing throughout the world, while the development of new agents is slowly progressing. In addition, the increasing prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance may force many practitioners to choose an aminoglycoside agent in gram-negative regimens. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal agents with potent activity against gram-negative infections and activity against gram-positive infections when added to a cell wall active antimicrobial-based regimen. These agents may be dosed multiple times a day or consolidated as high-dose, extended-interval dosing to maximize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties to achieve possible improved efficacy with reduced toxicity. Clinical application includes the treatment of bacteremia, endocarditis, health-care and nosocomial pneumonias, intra-abdominal infections, and others. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are potential risks of aminoglycoside therapy that may be minimized with serum monitoring and short courses of therapy.
Analytic Review: Viral Pneumonias in Immunocompromised Adult Hosts
Authors: Vigil Karen Joan , Adachi Javier A. , Chemaly Roy F.
Published: September 2010

Viral infections have always been considered pediatric diseases. However, viral pneumonia has become an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immuncompromised adults. Improved diagnostic techniques, such as the introduction of highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests, have not only allowed us to discover new viruses but also to determine the etiology of viral pneumonia in immunocompromised adult hosts. Unfortunately, only a few antiviral agents are available. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to patient outcome. In this article, we review the most common viruses that have been implicated as etiologic agents of viral pneumonia in immunocompromised adults. We discuss the epidemiologic characteristics and clinical presentation of these viral infections and the most appropriate diagnostic approaches and therapies when available.
Going Global in Arlington, Virginia
Authors: Miranda Edgar
Published: September 2010

In July 2008, the Ashlawn Elementary School in Arlington, Virginia, began the implementation of the Global Citizenship Project, which is designed around the four guiding principles of the Earth Charter: respect and care for the community of life; ecological integrity; social and economic justice; and democracy, nonviolence and peace. The intent of this project is to develop an understanding among students of what it means to be a global citizen through an instructional program that is hands-on and weaves the four principles throughout the curriculum. This article provides some background on the school, the planning process, the design and the implementation of the project.
Promoting the Earth Charter in São Paulo’s Municipal Education System
Authors: Inojosa Rose Marie
Published: September 2010

This article presents the process of widespread teacher training based on the Earth Charter in the municipal area of São Paulo, Brazil, South America. This effort diffused knowledge of the Earth Charter through 800 educators and by means of them, to one million children. This process was developed by the team from UMAPAZ—Open University of the Environment and the Culture of Peace—working with the city Office of Greening and the Environment and the city secretary of education. It was one of a set of municipal initiatives regarding climate change.
Practicing ESD at School
Authors: Savelava Sofia , Savelau Dmitry , Cary Marina Bakhnova
Published: September 2010

The Earth Charter represents the philosophy and ethics necessary to create a new period of human civilization. Understanding and adoption of this new vision is the most important mission of education for sustainable development (ESD). This article argues that for successful implementation of ESD principles at school, the school education system should be changed into a resource centre that initiates and supports students’ inclusion into processes of sustainable development in their own communities. Teachers’ self-definition as co-learners in the educational process is an essential part of this change. Moreover, in many instances the integration of nonformal educational initiatives led by youth into the formal educational system makes the transition to ESD more effective and sustainable. By introducing the activities of Youth International Education Club NEWLINE (Belarus), the authors provide examples of nonformal educational tools and methods implemented in several Belarusian schools.
Predictors of Postural Stability in Children With ADHD
Authors: Ghanizadeh Ahmad
Published: September 2010

Objective: As children with ADHD who have more inattention problems are more frequently with fine motor problems, it is not clear whether postural balance problems are associated with different subtypes of ADHD. This study investigates the predictors of postural stability in children with ADHD considering the covariant factors of age, gender, and comorbidities. Method: A total of 103 children with ADHD are studied using Poor Postural Stability Questionnaire filled out by their parents. Results: Linear regression analysis indicates that only oppositional-defiant behavior score is the predictor of seeking-movement subscale score. ADHD type does not predict the score of avoiding-postural-instability subscale, whereas separation anxiety score did so. Conclusion: ADHD subtypes do not have distinct clinical profiles of the balance problems. Postural stability in children with ADHD depends on the comorbid psychiatric disorders rather than ADHD subtypes.
To Flee or Not: Postkilling Responses Among Intimate Partner Homicide Offenders in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Aris C. Y. , Beh Philip S. L. , Broadhurst Roderic G.
Published: September 2010

Among 112 homicides involving sexual intimates that occurred in Hong Kong between 1989 and 2002, 38% ( n = 42) of offenders remained voluntarily at the homicide scene, 21% ( n = 24) committed suicide, 20% ( n = 22) escaped and denied involvement, 13% ( n = 14) disposed or hid the body of their victim, and 9% ( n = 10) escaped but later voluntarily surrendered. This study used police investigation reports, coroner’s reports, witness statements, and other relevant documents to compare these five types of postkilling behavior. The type of response was explained by the offender’s characteristics, the strength of attachment to the victim, and situational factors. The offender’s prior criminal conduct or history of violence was not significant in predicting the type of postkilling response.
The effect of bilingualism and age on inhibitory control
Authors: Lee Salvatierra Judy , Rosselli Monica
Published: September 2010

Bilingualism may provide an advantage to older adults on inhibitory control tasks. This study examined the effects of bilingualism (balanced and non-balanced) on inhibitory control using simple and complex Simon tasks with samples of younger and older Spanish—English bilinguals ( N = 125) and English monolinguals ( N = 108). Results revealed a bilingual advantage on the simple task but not on the complex Simon task. Results suggest that bilingualism increases skills that are associated with selective attention when working memory demands are low.
No news from the East? Predicting patterns of coverage of Eastern Europe in selected German newspapers
Authors: Weber Patrick
Published: September 2010

Aim of the article is to expand the scope of news flow parameters that can be predicted from country characteristics and to propose an enhanced explanatory model for news flow prediction. Based on the theory of newsworthiness, an unconsidered determinant of international news coverage is identified: it is hypothesized that, next to the generalized interest in high-status and close countries, there is an issue-bound interest in some countries that predicts coverage. To test the model, the study investigated the coverage of Eastern European nations in 2006 in German newspapers. Results showed that, beyond mere amount of coverage, permanence of coverage of a country, topical variability and variability in journalistic presentation (genres) of a country can be predicted from a country’s status and proximity. Additionally, it was shown that issue-bound interest is a key determinant of the amount and continuity of coverage a country receives.
Exploring semi-structural differences in television news between the United States and Sweden
Authors: Dimitrova Daniela V. , Strömbäck Jesper
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore differences in television news format and news framing between the US and Sweden. The study focuses on the news programs broadcast by the top three television networks in the US and the top two public service channels and the leading commercial television channel in Sweden: CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News and ABC World News, and Rapport, Aktuellt and TV4 Nyheterna, respectively. Using the most different systems design, the content analysis reveals significant differences between the two countries across a number of important variables: amount of domestic vs foreign news coverage, level of journalistic visibility, length of politicians’ sound bites, attribution of responsibility and thematic vs episodic framing of the news. The discussion addresses the possible causes for these cross-cultural differences as well as the potential implications for news audiences in both countries.
Mediated conflicts: Capacities and limitations of ‘mediative journalism’ in public diplomacy processes
Authors: Wetzstein Irmgard
Published: September 2010

Based on the concept of public diplomacy, this article analyses the possible contributions of journalism to international political conflict resolution processes and, more specifically, asks if quality journalism can take on mediative functions in foreign policy. The approach of this article is to consider the concept of ‘mediative journalism’, which means that first of all links and differences between journalism and mediation as a conflict resolution tool have to be recognized. An explicit link between mediation and quality journalism has not been tested yet, although both show partly similar mindsets and attitudes concerning, for example, balance, the plurality of perspectives and critical reflection, as the article clearly shows.
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase modulation of trophoblast cell differentiation
Authors: Kent Lindsey N , Konno Toshihiro , Soares Michael J
Published: September 2010

Background

The trophoblast lineage arises as the first differentiation event during embryogenesis. Trophoblast giant cells are one of several end-stage products of trophoblast cell differentiation in rodents. These cells are located at the maternal-fetal interface and are capable of invasive and endocrine functions, which are necessary for successful pregnancy. Rcho-1 trophoblast stem cells can be effectively used as a model for investigating trophoblast cell differentiation. In this report, we evaluated the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in the regulation of trophoblast cell differentiation. Transcript profiles from trophoblast stem cells, differentiated trophoblast cells, and differentiated trophoblast cells following disruption of PI3K signaling were generated and characterized.

Results

Prominent changes in gene expression accompanied the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells. PI3K modulated the expression of a subset of trophoblast cell differentiation-dependent genes. Among the PI3K-responsive genes were those encoding proteins contributing to the invasive and endocrine phenotypes of trophoblast giant cells.

Conclusions

Genes have been identified with differential expression patterns associated with trophoblast stem cells and trophoblast cell differentiation; a subset of these genes are regulated by PI3K signaling, including those impacting the differentiated trophoblast giant cell phenotype.
Gene signatures in wound tissue as evidenced by molecular profiling in the chick embryo model
Authors: Soulet Fabienne , Kilarski Witold W , Antczak Philipp , Herbert John , Bicknell Roy , Falciani Francesco , Bikfalvi Andreas
Published: September 2010

Background

Modern functional genomic approaches may help to better understand the molecular events involved in tissue morphogenesis and to identify molecular signatures and pathways. We have recently applied transcriptomic profiling to evidence molecular signatures in the development of the normal chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and in tumor engrafted on the CAM. We have now extended our studies by performing a transcriptome analysis in the "wound model" of the chicken CAM, which is another relevant model of tissue morphogenesis.

Results

To induce granulation tissue (GT) formation, we performed wounding of the chicken CAM and compared gene expression to normal CAM at the same stage of development. Matched control samples from the same individual were used. We observed a total of 282 genes up-regulated and 44 genes down-regulated assuming a false-discovery rate at 5% and a fold change > 2. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis lead to the identification of several categories that are associated to organismal injury, tissue morphology, cellular movement, inflammatory disease, development and immune system. Endothelial cell data filtering leads to the identification of several new genes with an endothelial cell signature.

Conclusions

The chick chorioallantoic wound model allows the identification of gene signatures and pathways involved in GT formation and neoangiogenesis. This may constitute a fertile ground for further studies.