bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translanguaging and Early Childhood Education in the USA: Insights from the CUNY-NYSIEB Project
Authors: Seltzer Kate , Ascenzi-Moreno Laura , Aponte Gladys Y.
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers insights into the education of young children—what is referred to in the United States as early childhood education—who come from homes where languages other than English are spoken. Drawing on recent critiques of early childhood education in the U.S., this chapter provides classroom-based examples of how teachers can leverage young children’s translanguaging and cultural knowledge in their education. Overall, the chapter demonstrates both the possibilities and challenges of adopting a translanguaging pedagogy (García et al., The Translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning, Caslon, Philadelphia, 2017) in early childhood classrooms in the United States.
Translanguaging in Multilingual Pre-Primary Classrooms in La Réunion: Reflecting on Inclusion and Social Justice in a French Postcolonial Context
Authors: Prax-Dubois Pascale , Hélot Christine
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the strategies and ideologies of two teachers who, each in their own way, try to mobilize the languages of young plurilingual learners (aged 3–4 and 5–6) in a pre-school situated in a marginalized area in La Reunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean and central hub of migration for families from neighbouring islands. We argue that translanguaging crossed with subaltern studies can be a powerful approach to deconstruct othering processes. Following this analysis, we propose a model for teacher education that includes three main objectives to rethink inclusion and social justice in a French post-colonial context.
Bilingualism Versus Translanguaging in a Swiss Day-Care Center: A Space Analysis of Language Practices and Their Janus-Faced Effects on Social Inequalities and Educational Opportunities
Authors: Kuhn Melanie , Neumann Sascha
Published: August 2020

Based on an ethnographic study of institutional language policies in bilingual Swiss day-care centers (French/German), we discuss implications these policies have in terms of balancing or even intensifying educational inequalities. Referring to a space analytical approach, we investigate to what extent language practices are regulated in relation to imaginations of the social order of languages in the social space surrounding the institution. In terms of social justice, our findings raise the question whether bilingualism is more likely to push back translanguaging rather than support it.
Translanguaging, (In)Security and Social Justice Education
Authors: Charalambous Constadina , Charalambous Panayiota , Zembylas Michalinos , Theodorou Eleni
Published: August 2020

This chapter draws on two ethnographic studies in Greek-Cypriot schools, focusing on immigrant children with Turkish as L1, a language that has been stigmatized by a history of conflict both in the Greek-Cypriot context and in many of the children’s own communities and historical trajectories. Analysing children’s silences and self-censoring of their Turkish-speakerness, it examines how language ideologies and discourses of (in)security and conflict may pose serious obstacles for enacting translanguaging as a socially just pedagogy.
The 10-year trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Germany
Authors: Grimmsmann Thomas , Himmel Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study was to analyse whether the global trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), as observed during the last years and often criticized as medicalization, have remained stable or shifted.

Methods

This observational study was based on a secondary analysis of data from a large German database including patients with an ADHD diagnosis between 2008 and 2018. Prescription data comprised all important ADHD drugs.

Results

A total of 620 practices delivered data from a total of 77,504 patients (31% of them females) with a diagnosis of AHDH. Nearly 38% (29,396/77,504) of all patients received, at least, one prescription for an ADHS medicine between 2008 and 2018. The number of patients receiving a drug steadily increased annually until 2012 and then slowly fell, but unevenly distributed across the age groups. While the number of younger patients ( ≤ 16 years) receiving a prescription fell by 24% and the defined daily doses (DDDs) remained stable, the number of patients between 17 and 24 years receiving a prescription increased by 113% and the DDDs by 150%. Respectively, the number of older adults (≥ 25 years) with a prescription increased by 355% and the DDDs by 515%. Nearly one-third of older adults received an ADHD medicine only once.

Conclusion

The ever-increasing prescription of ADHD medicines stopped some years ago for children. ADHS and its pharmacological management are increasingly observed among older adolescents and adults, with a different pattern of drug persistence compared with children.
Future evolution of the Sahel precipitation zonal contrast in CESM1
Authors: Monerie Paul-Arthur , Sanchez-Gomez Emilia , Gaetani Marco , Mohino Elsa , Dong Buwen
Published: August 2020

The main focus of this study is the zonal contrast of the Sahel precipitation shown in the CMIP5 climate projections: precipitation decreases over the western Sahel (i.e., Senegal and western Mali) and increases over the central Sahel (i.e., eastern Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). This zonal contrast in future precipitation change is a robust model response to climate change but suffers from a lack of an explanation. To this aim, we study the impact of current and future climate change on Sahel precipitation by using the Large Ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). In CESM1, global warming leads to a strengthening of the zonal contrast, as shown by the difference between the 2060–2099 period (under a high emission scenario) and the 1960–1999 period (under the historical forcing). The zonal contrast is associated with dynamic shifts in the atmospheric circulation. We show that, in absence of a forced response, that is, when only accounting for internal climate variability, the zonal contrast is associated with the Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans variability. However, future patterns in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are not necessary to explaining the projected strengthening of the zonal contrast. The mechanisms underlying the simulated changes are elucidated by analysing a set of CMIP5 idealised simulations. We show the increase in precipitation over the central Sahel to be mostly associated with the surface warming over northern Africa, which favour the displacement of the monsoon cell northwards. Over the western Sahel, the decrease in Sahel precipitation is associated with a southward shift of the monsoon circulation, and is mostly due to the warming of the SST. These two mechanisms allow explaining the zonal contrast in precipitation change.
Behaviorismus und erneuerbare Energien – Anlagenbetreiber als Schlüssel für eine konfliktarme und inklusive Energiewende
Authors: Schwarz Lucas , Bosch Stephan
Published: August 2020

Die Energiewende stellt eine grundlegende Transformation in der Erzeugungs- und Verteilstruktur des deutschen Energiesystems dar. Durch verschiedene Fördermechanismen wie das EEG konnten neue, semiprofessionelle Anlagenbetreiber in den Energiemarkt eintreten. Standortentscheidungen wurden entprofessionalisiert und die Bedeutung von behavioristischen Standortfaktoren, wie z. B. das soziale Umfeld, die Sicherung der eigenen Lebensgrundlage oder die persönliche Konstitution gewannen an Bedeutung. Dieser Wandel stellt das Voranschreiten der Energiewende vor neue Herausforderungen. Da bisher wenig Kenntnis über das Handeln und die Faktoren, die zu einer Standortentscheidung bei neuen Anlagenbetreibern führen, besteht, ist es das Ziel dieser Studie, Anlagenbetreiber von erneuerbaren Energien nach deren Standortverhalten zu klassifizieren. Dazu wurden mithilfe eines standardisierten Fragebogens Anlagenbetreiber in den Planungsregionen Augsburg (Bayern) und Lausitz-Spreewald (Brandenburg) befragt. In der nachfolgenden Clusteranalyse wurden 4 raumrelevante Betreibergruppen klassifiziert: Überregionale, Regionale, Kommunale und Kleinbäuerliche Betreiber. Diese Gruppen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres raumrelevanten Standort- und Betriebsverhaltens und weisen daher unterschiedliche Eignungen für Räume mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften auf. Um diese Eignung räumlich sichtbar zu machen, wurde abschließend eine GIS-Analyse durchgeführt, um am Beispiel der Planungsregion Augsburg aufzuzeigen, welche Betreibergruppe an welchem Standort am geeignetsten ist. In Augsburg können somit die Kommunalen Betreiber aufgrund ihrer hohen Ortskenntnis und starken lokalen Eingebundenheit an vielen Standorten raumverträglich Energieanlagen errichten. Der vorliegende Ansatz bietet somit das Potenzial, den Ausbau der Energiewende raum- und sozialverträglich zu gestalten.
From Exploratory Tunnel to Base Tunnel: Hard Rock TBM Performance Prediction by Means of a Stochastic Approach
Authors: Rispoli Andrea , Ferrero Anna Maria , Cardu Marilena
Published: August 2020

Tunnel boring machine (TBM) performance prediction is often a critical issue in the early stage of a tunnelling project, mainly due to the unpredictable nature of some important factors affecting the machine performance. In this regard, deterministic approaches are normally employed, providing results in terms of average values expected for the TBM performance. Stochastic approaches would offer improvement over deterministic methods, taking into account the parameter variability; however, their use is limited, since the level of information required is often not available. In this study, the data provided by the excavation of the Maddalena exploratory tunnel were used to predict the net and overall TBM performance for a 2.96 km section of the Mont Cenis base tunnel by using a stochastic approach. The preliminary design of the TBM cutterhead was carried out. A prediction model based on field penetration index, machine operating level and utilization factor was adopted. The variability of the parameters involved was analysed. A procedure to take into account the correlation between the input variables was described. The probability of occurrence of the outcomes was evaluated, and the total excavation time expected for the tunnel section analysed was calculated.
Short-term decisions in lake restoration have long-term consequences for water quality
Authors: Martin Romina , Radosavljevic Sonja , Schlüter Maja
Published: August 2020

Ecological regime shifts from clear to turbid water states in shallow temperate lakes are quite well-investigated phenomena but critical time lags from human interaction with the lake and restoration activities are much less understood. This is a complex challenge for institutions who manage lakes but are usually less familiar with non-linear dynamics, slow and fast influences on water quality and how to manage those from a social-ecological perspective. We extend a well-known minimal model of shallow lake regime shifts to enable simulations over time with short- and long-term management measures (nutrient reduction, trawling, planting of aquatic vegetation). While we explore the mathematical conditions for ecological bistability, we also identify the necessary and sufficient extent of measures to restore the clear water state. Restoration scenarios evaluated by trajectories in the state space demonstrate the increased effectiveness from combined measures even when considering countereffective activities such as pike fishing. But, single measures alone may delay or even miss the overall restoration target. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of understanding transient dynamics where stable state analyses alone remain elusive about alternative ways to interact with bistability. We conclude that successful management of bistable systems, and particularly shallow temperate lakes, needs careful balancing between short-term improvements and long-term influence on the systems state.
The impact of hydrostatic pressure on the result of physiological measurements in various coronary segments
Authors: Üveges Áron , Tar Balázs , Jenei Csaba , Czuriga Dániel , Papp Zoltán , Csanádi Zoltán , Kőszegi Zsolt
Published: August 2020

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on physiological intracoronary measurements is usually ignored in the daily clinical practice. Our aim was to investigate this effect on Pd/Pa (distal/aortic pressure) and FFR (fractional flow reserve). 41 FFR measurements between 0.7 and 0.9 were selected. The difference in the height of the orifice and that of the sensor was defined in mm on the basis of 3D coronary reconstruction. Resting Pd/Pa and FFR were adjusted by subtracting the hydrostatic pressure gradient from the distal pressure. Height measurements were also performed from 2D lateral projections for each coronary segment (n = 305). In case of the LAD, each segment was located higher (proximal: − 13.69 ± 5.4; mid: − 46.13 ± 6.1; distal: − 56.80 ± 7.7 mm), whereas for the CX, each segment was lower (proximal: 14.98 ± 8.3; distal: 28.04 ± 6.3 mm) compared to the orifice. In case of the RCA, the distances from the orifice were much less (proximal: − 6.39 ± 2.9; mid: − 6.86 ± 7.0; distal: 17.95 ± 6.6 mm). The effect of these distances on pressure ratios at 100 Hgmm aortic pressure was between − 0.044 and 0.023. The correction for height differences changed the interpretation of the measurement (negative/positive result) in 5 (12%) and 11 (27%) cases for the FFR (cut-off value at 0.80) and the resting Pd/Pa (cut-off value at 0.92), respectively. The clinical implementation of hydrostatic pressure calculation should be considered during intracoronary pressure measurements. A correction for this parameter may become crucial in case of a borderline significant coronary artery stenosis, especially in distal coronary artery segments.
Moral Suasion and the Private Provision of Public Goods: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bos Björn , Drupp Moritz A. , Meya Jasper N. , Quaas Martin F.
Published: August 2020

We study how moral suasion that appeals to two major ethical theories, Consequentialism and Deontology, affects individual intentions to contribute to a public good. We use the COVID-19 pandemic as an exemplary case where there is a large gap between private and social costs and where moral suasion has been widely used as a policy instrument. Based on a survey experiment with a representative sample of around 3500 Germans at the beginning of the pandemic, we study how moral appeals affect contributions with low and high opportunity costs, hand washing and social distancing, to reduce the infection externality as well as the support for governmental regulation. We find that Deontological moral suasion, appealing to individual moral duty, is effective in increasing planned social distancing and hand-washing, while a Consequentialist appeal only increases planned hand-washing. Both appeals increase support for governmental regulation. Exploring heterogeneous treatment effects reveals that younger respondents are more susceptible to Deontological appeals. Our results highlight the potential of moral appeals to induce intended private contributions to a public good or the reduction of externalities, which can help to overcome collective action problems for a range of environmental issues.
The Relations and Role of Social Competencies and Belonging with Math and Science Interest and Efficacy for Adolescents in Informal STEM Programs
Authors: Hoffman Adam J. , McGuire Luke , Rutland Adam , Hartstone-Rose Adam , Irvin Matthew J. , Winterbottom Mark , Balkwill Frances , Fields Grace E. , Mulvey Kelly Lynn
Published: August 2020

Adolescence represents a developmental period of waning academic motivation, particularly in STEM domains. To combat this, better understanding the factors that might foster STEM motivation and interest is of importance. Social factors like social competencies and feelings of belonging become increasingly important in adolescence. The current study investigated structural relations between social competencies, feelings of belonging to an informal STEM learning program, math and science efficacy and interest in a sample of 268 adolescents (Mage = 15.25; 66.8% girls; 42.5% White British or European American, 25.7% South Asian British or Asian American, 15.7% Afro-Caribbean Black British or African American 5.6% Bi-racial, and 3.0% other). Adolescents were recruited from six different informal learning sites (e.g., science museums, zoos, or aquariums) in the United States (n = 147) and the United Kingdom (n = 121). The results revealed positive relations between social competencies and belonging, and between belonging and math and science efficacy and interest. Further, the results also indicated a positive indirect effect of social competencies on efficacy and interest, via belonging. These findings have implications for guiding informal STEM programming in ways that can enhance STEM motivation and interest.
Apparent Liquid Permeability in Mixed-Wet Shale Permeable Media
Authors: Fan Dian , Ettehadtavakkol Amin , Wang Wendong
Published: August 2020

Apparent liquid permeability (ALP) in ultra-confined permeable media is primarily governed by the pore confinement and fluid–rock interactions. A new ALP model is required to predict the interactive effect of the above two on the flow in mixed-wet, heterogeneous nanoporous media. This study derives an ALP model and integrates the compiled results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and mercury injection capillary pressure. The ALP model assumes viscous forces, capillary forces, and liquid slippage in tortuous, rough pore throats. Predictions of the slippage of water and octane are validated against MD data reported in the literature. In up-scaling the proposed liquid transport model to the representative-elementary-volume scale, we integrate the geological fractals of the shale rock samples including their pore size distribution, pore throat tortuosity, and pore-surface roughness. Sensitivity results for the ALP indicate that when the pore size is below 100 nm pore confinement allows oil to slip in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic pores, yet it also restricts the ALP due to the restricted intrinsic permeability. The ALP reduces to the well-established Carman–Kozeny equation for no-slip viscous flow in a bundle of capillaries, which reveals a distinguishable liquid flow behavior in shales versus conventional rocks. Compared to the Klinkenberg equation, the proposed ALP model reveals an important insight into the similarities and differences between liquid versus gas flow in shales.
Erratum zu: „Webcam child sexual abuse“. Eine neue Facette der Begutachtung von Internetsexualdelinquenz
Authors: de Tribolet-Hardy Fanny , Hill Andreas , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: August 2020

Der Artikel „Webcam child sexual abuse“. Eine neue Facette der Begutachtung von Internetsexualdelinquenz von Fanny de Tribolet-Hardy, Andreas Hill und Elmar Habermeyer wurde ursprünglich am 2. Juli 2020 ohne „Open Access“ online auf der Internetplattform des Verlags publiziert. Die Autoren haben …
Use of Imaging to Optimise Prostate Cancer Tumour Volume Assessment for Focal Therapy Planning
Authors: Eldred-Evans David , Tam Henry , Smith Andrew P. T. , Winkler Mathias , Ahmed Hashim U.
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

Rapid advances in imaging of the prostate have facilitated the development of focal therapy and provided a non-invasive method of estimating tumour volume. Focal therapy relies on an accurate estimate of tumour volume for patient selection and treatment planning so that the optimal energy dose can be delivered to the target area(s) of the prostate while minimising toxicity to surrounding structures. This review provides an overview of different imaging modalities which may be used to optimise tumour volume assessment and critically evaluates the published evidence for each modality.

Recent Findings

Multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) has become the standard tool for patient selection and guiding focal therapy treatment. The current evidence suggests that mp-MRI may underestimate tumour volume, although there is a large variability in results. There remain significant methodological challenges associated with pathological processing and accurate co-registration of histopathological data with mp-MRI. Advances in different ultrasound modalities are showing promise but there has been limited research into tumour volume estimation. The role of PSMA PET/CT is still evolving and further investigation is needed to establish if this is a viable technique for prostate tumour volumetric assessment.

mp-MRI provides the necessary tumour volume information required for selecting patients and guiding focal therapy treatment. The potential for underestimation of tumour volume should be taken into account and an additional margin applied to ensure adequate treatment coverage. At present, there are no other viable image-based alternatives although advances in new technologies may refine volume estimations in the future.
First experimental evidence of hop fibres in historical textiles
Authors: Skoglund Git , Holst Bodil , Lukešová Hana
Published: August 2020

Hop (Humulus lupulus) has been used in Scandinavia since at least the ninth century AD, as documented through archaeological findings and written, historical records. The written records are mainly focused on the use of cone-shaped flowers for beer brewing and medical purposes, but there are also records, for example, from the famous Swedish botanist Carl von Linne, who mentions the use of hop fibres for textile production. However, until now no experimental investigations have been published on the use of hop fibres in cultural heritage objects. A major reason for this has been the lack of a suitable characterization method. Hop is a bast fibre, just as flax and hemp and bast fibres cannot be distinguished from each other by simple optical inspection. Recently a new identification method for hop fibres was published by the authors of this article. Here we apply the new method in an investigation of two Swedish cultural heritage objects: (i) a woman’s garment from the nineteenth century, which was labelled as having an upper section made from coarse linen and a bottom section made of hemp and hop and (ii) a textile fragment from an eighteenth-century textile sample book, which was labelled as being made from hop. We show that the woman’s garment is made with hop and hemp fibres and the textile fragment from the textile sample book is made with hop. Our work provides the first direct proof that hop fibres were used for textiles in the past.
Significant taxon sampling gaps in DNA databases limit the operational use of marine macrofauna metabarcoding
Authors: Hestetun Jon Thomassen , Bye-Ingebrigtsen Einar , Nilsson R. Henrik , Glover Adrian G. , Johansen Per-Otto , Dahlgren Thomas G.
Published: August 2020

Significant effort is spent on monitoring of benthic ecosystems through government funding or indirectly as a cost of business, and metabarcoding of environmental DNA samples has been suggested as a possible complement or alternative to current morphological methods to assess biodiversity. In metabarcoding, a public sequence database is typically used to match barcodes to species identity, but these databases are naturally incomplete. The North Sea oil and gas industry conducts large-scale environmental monitoring programs in one of the most heavily sampled marine areas worldwide and could therefore be considered a “best-case scenario” for macrofaunal metabarcoding. As a test case, we investigated the database coverage of two common metabarcoding markers, mitochondrial COI and the ribosomal rRNA 18S gene, for a complete list of 1802 macrofauna taxa reported from the North Sea monitoring region IV. For COI, species level barcode coverage was 50.4% in GenBank and 42.4% for public sequences in BOLD. For 18S, species level coverage was 36.4% in GenBank and 27.1% in SILVA. To see whether rare species were underrepresented, we investigated the most commonly reported species as a separate dataset but found only minor coverage increases. We conclude that compared to global figures, barcode coverage is high for this area, but that a significant effort remains to fill barcode databases to levels that would make metabarcoding operational as a taxonomic tool, including for the most common macrofaunal taxa.
Learning from failure: how eliminating required attendance sparked the beginning of a medical school transformation
Authors: Lamb Sara , Chow Candace , Lindsley Janet , Stevenson Adam , Roussel Danielle , Shaffer Kerri , Samuelson Wayne
Published: August 2020

Concern about medical student attendance has been rising over the last decade. Thinking a required attendance policy would fix things, we instituted such a mandate in 2010 only to find that although students were present at lecture and other learning sessions they were disengaged. In addition, we experienced growing distrust between faculty and students and tensions between the Student Affairs and Curriculum offices. After five years, we dismantled the policy in favor of encouraged attendance. We discuss both positive and negative surprising consequences that followed this new approach to attendance which has reshaped our vision for the medical school learning experience. It has been transformative and has afforded us the opportunity to redefine our results in accord with the culture in which we aspire to live and work.
Examining Cesarean Delivery Rates by Race: a Population-Based Analysis Using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System
Authors: Valdes Elise G.
Published: August 2020

The Robson Ten-Group Classification System is widely considered to be the gold standard for comparing cesarean section (CS) delivery rates, despite limited adoption in the United States (US). When reporting overall CS rates, Blacks and other minorities are typically reported to have high CS rates but comparing overall CS rates may be misleading as CS may be more common in some higher risk populations. Improved understanding of how CS rates differ by race among standardized groups could highlight differences in care and areas for improvement. The current study examines racial differences in cesarean section delivery rates using the Robson Ten-Group Classification System in a nationwide sample. Data from US vital statistics live birth certificates were used to identify 3,906,088 births which were each classified into one of the ten groups based on five obstetric characteristics identifiable on presentation for delivery including parity, onset of labor, gestational age, fetal presentation, and number of fetuses. Results indicated that Black and Asian mothers had the highest CS rates in groups 1–4 which all contain single, cephalic pregnancies at term with no prior CS and are only differentiated by parity and onset of labor. Black mothers also had the lowest CS rates for groups 6 and 7, containing women with nulliparous and multiparous breech births. Black and Asian mothers show differences in CS rates among groups that could indicate lack of appropriate care. Efforts should be made to prevent unnecessary primary CS among low-risk mothers.
Correction to: Density and thermal expansion coefficients of liquid and austenite phase in lamellar cast iron
Authors: Hellström Kristina , Diaconu Vasile-Lucian , Diószegi Attila
Published: August 2020

The article “Density and thermal expansion coefficients of liquid and austenite phase in lamellar cast iron”, written by Kristina Hellström, Vasile-Lucian Diaconu, Attila Diószegi, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 17, issue 2, page 127–136, the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) [2020] and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

The original version of this article was revised due to a retrospective Open Access order.
Development of an actuated corrugated laminate for morphing structures
Authors: Airoldi A. , Rigamonti D. , Sala G. , Bettini P. , Villa E. , Nespoli A.
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the design, manufacturing and experimental assessment of a morphing element consisting of a composite corrugated panel that hosts a diffused actuation system based on Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators. The characterisation of the SMA actuators is reported and the system performance is predicted through an analytical model and finite element analyses. Two versions of the actuated system are proposed, with different methods for the physical integration of the SMA wires into the composite part. Manufacturing and testing of specimens with different wire densities are reported. Correlation with experiments validates the analytical and numerical approaches adopted for the design and analyses. The results confirm the potential of the concept proposed for developing corrugated panels that can be contracted in a predefined direction by a load-bearing actuation system, but still retain high stiffness and strength properties in other directions.
Effect of chordwise deformation on propulsive performance of flapping wings in forward flight
Authors: Lin T. , Xia W. , Hu S.
Published: August 2020

Lack of flexibility limits the performance enhancement of man-made flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). Active chordwise deformation (bending) is introduced into the flapping wing model at low Reynolds number of Re = 200 in the present study. The lattice Boltzmann method with immersed boundary is adopted in the numerical simulation. The effects of the bending amplitude, bending frequency and phase lag between bending and flapping on the propulsive performance are analysed. The numerical results show that all the chordwise deformation parameters including the bending amplitude, bending frequency and phase lag have a great influence on the flow field, Leading-Edge Vortex (LEV), Trailing-Edge Vortex (TEV) and previous Leading-Edge Vortex (pLEV) of the deformable flapping wing, which leads to the variation of the propulsive performance. With decreasing bending amplitude and increasing bending frequency, both the thrust and energy dissipation coefficients increase. The highest thrust coefficient and highest energy dissipation coefficient occur at a phase lag of 180°. On the other hand, strong dependence of the propulsive efficiency on the vortex tangle is found. The highest propulsive efficiency is obtained for the present model at a dimensionless bending amplitude of 0.2, bending frequency of 0.7Hz, and phase lag of 0°.
Cyclopentadithiophene polymers synthesised via Suzuki-Miyaura polymerisation of MIDA boronate esters
Authors: Ayuso-Carrillo Josue
Published: August 2020

Cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT), a Csp3-bridged bithiophene heteroaromatic unit, displays interesting properties when it is embedded in the repeating units of π-conjugated polymers, and they are applied in organic electronics devices. Common synthetic routes to CPDT-derived polymers rely on toxic methodologies whilst alternative non-toxic strategies such as the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction have been less studied. In this report we demonstrate that the use of a N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) boronate ester-derived CPDT monomer allows the efficient formation of poly(cyclopentadithiophene) homopolymer under Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction conditions. Thus, the use of MIDA boronate esters might be extended to other organic units to design and construct a plethora of π-conjugated polymers.
The burden of gastroenteritis outbreaks in long-term care settings in Philadelphia, 2009–2018
Authors: Kang Hansol , Khachadourian Yvette , Perella Dana , Peritz Tiina M. , Feemster Kristen A. , Coffin Susan E.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Gastroenteritis causes significant morbidity and mortality in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents, a growing population within the United States. We set out to better understand gastroenteritis outbreaks in LTCF by identifying outbreak and facility characteristics associated with outbreak incidence as well as outbreak duration and size.

Design:

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study on LTCFs in Philadelphia County from 2009 to 2018. Outbreak characteristics and interventions were extracted from Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) database and quality data on all LTCFs was extracted from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Nursing Home Compare database.

Results:

We identified 121 gastroenteritis outbreaks in 49 facilities. Numbers of affected patients ranged from 2 to 211 patients (median patient illness rate, 17%). Staff were reported ill in 94 outbreaks (median staff illness rate, 5%). Outbreak facilities were associated with higher occupancy rates (91% vs 88%; P = .033) and total bed numbers (176 vs 122; P = .071) compared to nonoutbreak facilities. Higher rates of staff illness were associated with prolonged outbreaks (13% vs 4%; P < .001) and higher patient illness rates (9% vs 4%; P = .012). Prolonged outbreaks were associated with lower frequency of cohorting for outbreak management (13% vs 41%; P = .046).

Conclusion:

This study is the largest published analysis of gastroenteritis outbreaks in LTCFs. Facility characteristics and staff disease activity were associated with more severe outbreaks. Heightened surveillance for gastrointestinal symptoms among staff and increased use of cohorting might reduce the risk of prolonged gastroenteritis outbreaks in LTCF.
Association of organic food consumption with obesity in a nationally representative sample
Authors: Gosling Corentin J. , Goncalves Aurélie , Ehrminger Mickaël , Valliant Richard
Published: August 2020

The increased prevalence and adverse health consequences of obesity have made it one of the leading public health issues in recent years. Importantly, several epidemiological studies have revealed significant associations between BMI and organic food consumption. However, although these studies have suggested that this factor holds promise to prevent obesity, they all suffer from methodological limitations, including self-reporting methods to assess BMI, not controlling for potential confounding factors or using a non-representative sample. Moreover, all were restricted to an adult sample. We present the results of a cross-sectional epidemiological study assessing the association of organic food consumption with BMI and obesity in a representative lifespan French sample (INCA3 study). Objective methods were used to measure BMI, and several potentially confounding variables were controlled for. In total, 1775 children and adolescents and 2121 adults underwent anthropometric measurements and completed questionnaires concerning their dietary habits and lifestyle. Unadjusted models systematically revealed negative associations between organic food consumption and both BMI and obesity across all age groups. These associations tended to remain statistically significant even after controlling for several confounding variables concerning socio-economic status, quality of the diet and physical activity. The effect sizes were, however, small. These data confirm the association between organic food consumption and obesity during both childhood and adulthood. Evidence from randomised controlled trials is required to investigate causality between organic food consumption and lower BMI or obesity rate.
Influence of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tosatti Jéssica A. G. , Alves Michelle T. , Cândido Ana L. , Reis Fernando M. , Araújo Vânia E. , Gomes Karina B.
Published: August 2020

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is defined as a reproductive endocrine disease that results in a low-grade inflammatory and pro-oxidant state. Dietary factors, including n-3 fatty acids, may have a key role in improving metabolic disorders in PCOS patients. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) markers in patients with PCOS. A systematic literature search of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Lilacs, until November 2019, was conducted. Randomised clinical trials that reported inflammatory and OS markers as endpoints in women with PCOS receiving n-3 fatty acid supplementation were included. The pooled estimates of the weighted mean differences (WMD) and the standard mean differences (SMD) were calculated. Random effects models were adopted to measure the pooled outcomes. Among the 323 studies retrieved, ten fulfilled the inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis. We founded a significant decrease in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (SMD –0·29 (95 % CI –0·56, –0·02) mg/l) and an increase in adiponectin (WMD 1·42 (95 % CI 1·09, 1·76) ng/ml) concentrations in the intervention group when compared with the placebo group. No statistically significant results were found in the meta-analysis for visfatin, nitric oxide, GSH or malondialdehyde levels or total antioxidant capacity. The data suggest that supplementation of n-3 fatty acids could reduce the inflammatory state in women with PCOS, through a decrease in hs-CRP and an increase in adiponectin levels.
Female Empowerment and the Politics of Language: Evidence Using Gender-Neutral Amendments to Subnational Constitutions
Authors: Newman Benjamin J. , DeMora Stephanie L. , Reny Tyler T.
Published: August 2020

This letter explores language politics as it concerns gender, and investigates the adoption of amendments that introduce gender-neutral language to subnational constitutions via popular initiative. Embracing theories of female empowerment based on resource acquisition and shrinking gender differentials in economic resources, the authors argue that popular support for these initiatives will be higher in contexts where female and male incomes are closer to parity. The study tests this expectation using city-level historical administrative data in California on Proposition 11 in 1974 – the first American state to hold a popular vote on amending its constitution to include only gender-neutral language. It finds that greater parity in income between women and men is associated with greater voter support for the initiative. This result holds after controlling for conceivable confounders, fails to emerge when analyzing gender-irrelevant ballot measures, and replicates when analyzing similar measures held in three jurisdictions in other states.
VARIANTS OF ANDO–HIAI TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR DEFORMED MEANS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: KIAN MOHSEN , MOSLEHIAN MOHAMMAD SAL , SEO YUKI
Published: August 2020

For an n-tuple of positive invertible operators on a Hilbert space, we present some variants of Ando–Hiai type inequalities for deformed means from an n-variable operator mean by an operator mean, which is related to the information monotonicity of a certain unital positive linear map. As an application, we investigate the monotonicity of the power mean from the deformed mean in terms of the generalized Kantorovich constants under the operator order. Moreover, we improve the norm inequality for the operator power means related to the Log-Euclidean mean in terms of the Specht ratio.
A Hawaii public education programme for rat lungworm disease prevention
Authors: Howe Kathleen , Bernal Lydi Morgan , Brewer Frances Kinslow , Millikan Deborah , Jarvi Susan
Published: August 2020

Education is essential for lowering cases of Angiostrongyliasis in Hawaii. A professional development course on rat lungworm disease (RLWD) prevention was offered to Hawaii K-12 teachers during the 2018–2019 school year. Fourteen teachers, 11 from Hawaii Island and three from Maui, representing grades K, 2, 6–8, and 10−12, completed workshops and activities and received course credit. Teachers reached 652 students and educated 86 teachers and staff and approximately 900 community members including parents. A pre-course survey showed 55% of teachers agreed to a basic understanding of rat lungworm and its impact on Hawaii; this increased to 100% post-course. A sixth-grade class was the first to document the arrival of a highly competent intermediate host of the rat lungworm in a new location, an important discovery that initiated community awareness and control efforts. Six, 1-day workshops were held in 2018–2019, each on one of the main Hawaiian Islands. These were attended by 106 participants including teachers, community educators, and interested individuals from agencies, non-profits, businesses and the private sector. Of participants surveyed, 100% responded the workshop improved their overall understanding of RLWD. Efforts are being made to continue these programmes.
RSA reactivity to parent-child conflict as a predictor of dysregulated emotion and behavior in daily life
Authors: Byrd Amy L. , Vine Vera , Beeney Joseph E. , Scott Lori N. , Jennings J. Richard , Stepp Stephanie D.
Published: August 2020

Background

Individual variability in tonic (resting) and phasic (reactivity) respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may underlie risk for dysregulated emotion and behavior, two transdiagnostic indicators that permeate most psychological disorders in youth. The interaction between tonic and phasic RSA may specify unique physiological profiles during the transition to adolescence. The current study utilized clinically referred youth (Mage= 12.03;s.d.= 0.92) to examine baseline RSA, RSA reactivity, and their interaction as predictors of dysregulated emotion and behavior in daily life.

Method

Participants were 162 youth (47% female; 60% minority) in psychiatric treatment for any mood or behavior problem. RSA was assessed during three, 2-minute baselines and an 8-minute parent-child conflict discussion task. Dysregulated emotion and behavior were assessed during a 4-day ecological momentary assessment protocol that included 10 time-based prompts over a long weekend.

Results

Greater RSA withdrawal to the conflict was associated with dysregulated basic emotion (sadness, anger, nervousness, stress) in daily life. Two distinct interactions also emerged, such that baseline RSA was related to dysregulated complex emotion (shame, guilt, loneliness, emptiness) and dysregulated behavior as a function of RSA reactivity to conflict. Lower baseline RSA and greater RSA withdrawal were associated with dysregulated complex emotion, while higher baseline RSA and greater RSA withdrawal were associated with dysregulated behavior.

Conclusions

Findings point to physiological profiles that increase the risk of dysregulated emotion and behavior during the transition to adolescence. Excessive RSA withdrawal uniquely, and in combination with baseline RSA, increased risk for dysregulation in daily life, underscoring the role of autonomic stress responding as a risk factor for psychopathology.
From Social Investment to Investing in the Social: Insiders’ Perceptions, Experiences, and Expectations
Authors: POSTAN-AIZIK DASSI , STRIER RONI
Published: August 2020

Social investment is a policy approach intended to promote the social inclusion of excluded individuals and groups, mainly through labour market participation and long-term human capital development. Since the 1980’s this approach has spread from Europe worldwide and is now regarded as the latest shift from both ‘traditional’ welfare and the unrestrained neoliberal policy implemented under the austerity regime of the last decades. Most social investment studies focus on the social and economic impacts of policy at the macro-level. This article takes a different perspective to examine how members of excluded communities experience social investment policy in their daily lives. The study analyzes qualitative data collected from a purposive sample of 96 participants from excluded communities in the North of Israel. Findings indicate that participants strongly support social investment ideas of inclusion via human capital development and the labour market. However, their experiences in both areas point to continued struggles with social mechanisms that marginalize them and reinforce multigenerational exclusion. Findings affirm critique of social investment when implemented without major structural changes. The study implications for policy suggest that, without such changes, the paradigmatic promises of social investment may further entrench social exclusion by replicating discriminatory and oppressive practices.
EU mental health governance and citizen participation: a global governmentality perspective
Authors: Edquist Kristin
Published: August 2020

Over the last three decades, a system of European Union mental health governance (EUMHG) emerged, via instruments including strategies for action, joint actions, pacts and high-level expert groups. It sponsored multiple projects, initiatives and research, and involved state, non-state and European institutional actors. This paper attempts to understand how EUMHG operated and the structure of political relations within it, attending especially to opportunities for citizen participation. It adopts a global governmentality approach that focuses on practices and discourses. It finds that EUMHG practices including benchmarks, best practices and risk-thinking reinforced larger EU policy goals of market-optimisation, and that the central discourses of de-institutionalisation (DI) and community mental health (CMH) shifted meaning over time, first apprehending mental health as a public-health goal, then targeting mental ill-health as a burden to states. Finally, it finds that non-governmental organisations' (NGOs) work within EUMHG rendered them both objects and subjects of government. Through these dynamics, citizens usually were positioned outside governance, and NGO identities were altered, though CMH's transformative potential remained. Citizen participation in EUMHG was heavily conditioned. NGO and citizen power will need vigilant protection in any future EUMHG.
Correction: Shared mechanisms between coronary heart disease and depression: findings from a large UK general population-based cohort
Authors: Khandaker Golam M. , Zuber Verena , Rees Jessica M. B. , Carvalho Livia , Mason Amy M. , Foley Christopher N. , Gkatzionis Apostolos , Jones Peter B. , Burgess Stephen
Published: August 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.