bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paying ‘the blood price’
Authors: James William D.
Published: February 2024

Why did the British commit heavily to the US-led war in Iraq in 2003? For some, this is a clear case of British servility. This chapter contests that thesis, as it misconstrues Tony Blair’s worldview and understates the agency of the UK government in determining the scale of its contribution. The prime minister genuinely believed in the worthiness of the intervention. Blair was also convinced that, by aligning closely with President Bush, he would be able to shape US thinking, particularly towards the UN and the Middle East Peace Process. He judged that progress on both was necessary to assuage sceptical domestic audiences. Meanwhile, many in British military high command assumed that offering a substantial land component would yield greater involvement in US planning. Blair and his generals misinterpreted the degree to which they could influence US policy. It was one of several flawed assumptions underpinning British grand strategic decision-making.
Law as Craft
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: February 2024

Anatomy of a Murder is about lawyering. The main character, Polly Biegler, is a former district attorney who, since his defeat at the ballot box, barely practices law and spends most of his time fishing, playing the piano, and reading legal tomes with his best friend. He is drawn out of his low-key routine by the opportunity to defend an army lieutenant accused of murdering the man he believes (or does he?) raped his beautiful, seductive wife. The trial scenes that dominate the movie offer many highly charged issues—rape, honor killing, the unwritten law, the insanity defense—but the issue the director (himself a lawyer) stays with is the nature of good lawyering as a skill displayed by those who are in love not with justice but with craft. The trial has a conclusion and a verdict, but, even as it is reached, evidence supporting the opposite conclusion abounds. This uncertainty or indeterminacy underscores the true center of the film’s interest, the ins and outs of lawyerly practice at the highest level.
Rivers and fluid identities in the Fasti
Authors: Vuković Krešimir
Published: February 2024

The chapter explores several liminal characters in Ovid’s Fasti that display a range of fluid identities. It calls for a reconsideration of the environment as a network of elements with their own agency whereby the human and the non-human interact in a number of ways and cannot be easily separated from each other. The Tiber is the main focus of this ecocritical reflection, since, as a god and as a force of nature, he is ascribed active agency in several episodes of Ovid’s calendrical work. After exploring a range of associations between the Tiber and Janus, as well as the river’s own immigrant status, this chapter turns to consider the exilic status of Evander and the role of the natural world in welcoming him to Italy in Fasti 1. Thereafter, Book 3’s fugitive Anna Perenna, transformed into a river nymph, is discussed, along with the festival of the Argei in Fasti 5. The gender aspect of the river is the focus of the analysis of the episode of Venus and Cupid hiding on the Euphrates in Book 2. Finally, the chapter turns to consider the inherently mutable Vertumnus of Book 6, who is closely associated with the Tiber, before turning to the arrival of Magna Mater in Fasti 4, and Ovid’s challenge to the expectations of gender norms in the person of Claudia Quinta.
Humiliation and revenge in Ovid’s Fasti
Authors: Xinyue Bobby
Published: February 2024

Unlike most poems of the Augustan age, Ovid’s Fasti is unusually fond of recording Roman defeats and moments of national humiliation. From the complete thrashing of the Fabii in the battle of the Cremera to Crassus’ disaster at Carrhae, Ovid’s poetic calendar offers an intriguing, ‘alternative’, view of Roman history. This chapter offers a fresh consideration of these and other related episodes, and argues that the recurrence to humiliation and revenge in the Fasti amounts to a persistent attempt by Ovid to assert that the need to avenge humiliation is hardwired into Rome’s DNA. In making this argument, the chapter will focus on not only the poet’s depiction of Augustus as ultor par excellence, but also offer a new interpretation of the Fortuna–Servius–Tullia episode in Fasti 6. I will suggest that this sequence of aetiological narratives about concealment, sexual shame, and dynastic strife may be seen to allude to the poet’s banishment and the punishment of the two Julias.
Horatian moments in Ovid’s career and the end of Fasti 6
Authors: Trimble Gail
Published: February 2024

Ovid’s poem on the Roman calendar is brought to an abrupt culmination, after only (exactly) six months, by a final panel about the temple of Hercules Musarum (Fast. 6.797–812). And Ovid’s very last words are not even his own: Fast. 6.812 increpuitque lyram is borrowed almost verbatim from Horace’s final lyric poem, Carm. 4.15. This chapter looks more closely at the consequences of this borrowing. In Carm. 4.15, Horace bows out of lyric: turning the familiar recusatio (‘I will not sing of wars because I prefer my own concerns’) into a move that could not be more Augustan (‘I cannot sing of wars because Caesar has brought eternal peace’), he merges his own voice into that of a Roman chorus singing on into the endless Augustan future. Ovid’s quotation of Horace therefore suggests closure in the strongest possible terms: the disappearance of a voice, the end of a career, death. Yet Ovid did continue writing after his death (his exile), and the chapter goes on to explore how the Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto interact with Horace’s Epistles to create comparisons and contrasts between the lyric uates, comfortably retired to Tibur and hexameters, and the uates of Callimachean national elegy, forcibly banished to Tomis and still writing elegiacs. Ovid suggests various ways of reading his own career against that of Horace, but the most powerful may be that the famous silence of the Fasti’s missing second half is ushered in by a flourish on a Horatian lyre.
Education
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: February 2024

The first step in education is achieving complete literacy by making primary schooling free and compulsory. In less developed countries there remain illiterate adults for whom this was not available when they were young. Within every country secondary education offers a choice of vocational and academic qualifications. However, fewer than two-thirds of youths are enrolled in secondary education in India, Asian developing countries, and Africa, and the proportion falls well below half for tertiary education. In learning, Asian countries, led by China, do far better than youths in highly developed countries in mathematics tests. On every continent English is useful as a lingua franca for instrumental communication. People who are native English speakers are now outnumbered by the hundreds of millions of people who speak English as a second or third language.
Transparency and Other Problems
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

Contemporary discussions of self-knowledge tend to focus on so-called “privileged knowledge” of one’s own mind, but this focus needs justification, not only because the extent of such knowledge has been challenged by critics, but also for the sake of defining more sharply what the phenomenon is and what needs explanation about it. This chapter characterizes the kind of privileged self-knowledge that will be the focus of this book and considers a variety of recent attempts to say what is puzzling about such knowledge. The author argues that a variety of attempts to frame the problem of self-knowledge are unsatisfactory because they are excessively comparative, insufficiently general, or not appropriately first-personal in their approach to the topic. He then introduces the “Problem of Transparency” and argues that it provides a more satisfactory way to frame the human capacity for self-knowledge as a philosophical topic.
Bodily Awareness
Authors: Boyle Matthew
Published: February 2024

Sartre’s obscure but evocative remarks on bodily awareness are often quoted, but the author argues, they have rarely been understood. This chapter seeks to bring the connection between Sartre’s views on bodily awareness and his more general distinction between “positional” and “nonpositional” consciousness. Sartre’s main claim about bodily awareness, the author suggests, is that one’s primary awareness of one’s own body is a form of nonpositional consciousness. The author argues that Sartre is right about this, and that he is right to think that recognizing this point is crucial to understanding what it is for something to be one’s own body.
Born Beautiful
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter narrates the story of Akhtar Un Nisa, a young mother of a 4-month-old who had to flee her home in the search of a haven from Lalamusa to Dariyaganj. Read how she struggled at every mile of her journey, sometimes for the dry milk for her daughter, sometimes fighting to get food supplies from an aircraft from Karachi and other times for survival, her harrowing journey by train from Delhi to Karachi was gut wrenching. She has felt all sort of human emotions. Married to a Colonel, she reached Lahore by a train escorted by Punjab Regiment. This is Born Beautiful, the story of migration through a mother’s lens.
Tangled Kites
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter unravels the story of Feroze Gul; born in the family of a long line of very accomplished men; raised with very liberal values living in Dehradun. Being friends with D.L. Saigal and K.L. Saigal, he has very fond memories of them. Read about how he recalls the cruel incidents from the chapter of partition, how his family managed to save their lives and ultimately settled in Rawalpindi. He also mentions about an Urdu Teacher, an earthquake, and Mai Veero Di Banni. Also, a great story of friendship involving all sorts of eposides; from letter exchange to the involvement of the Landlord of Garhwal unfolds in this chapter. This is the Tangled Kites, the story of long-standing friendships, persistence, and commitment.
Home Nankana Sahib
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter unfolds the journey of Harnaam Singh from Chak 3/53, Tehsil Nankana Sahib, Pakistan to Malowal, Punjab, India. With having 100 acres of land in the birth town of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, this story talks about a rent collector, who also worked in many post offices of Punjab, swam in river Chenab, saw his hungry sister longing for food, and migrated with three soldiers. Also read about, how he kept running back to his Home Nankana Sahib. He also mentions Shahid and his love for his teacher, Master Kartar who ran away from his own country and the chapter begins with his search. The story, Home Nankana Sahib, is about a longing for home and the feeling of belongingness.
Spinning Wheel
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

This chapter unfolds the story of charismatic woman, Amar Kaur from Hoshiarpur, who was a visionary about her business of cotton and was married to a small-scaled businessman of Lahore, she remembers the cooperation, respect, and understanding she found with him. She misses Anarkali Bazaar, Shalimar Garden and talks about the meet and greet of her granddaughter with the people of Lahore, who happens to be a filmmaker. Read about her migration journey to India for which she credits her neighbors who helped in those difficult times. The story, the Spinning Wheel, is about an ambitious woman who was setting example of female empowerment all those decades ago!
Fate of Father
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

This chapter narrates the story of Muhammad Siddique raised by a single parent who was a farmer but owned no land in a small Muslim village in Kapurthala. He tells how he learnt compassion, patience, tolerance, and affection from his father who had a motherly touch in his nurturing nature. He also remembers the fateful day of police raids at each house of the village after which eventually led them all to migrate to Pakistan … a Herculean journey that took eight long days on foot. This is Fate of Father, a story marking the efforts of a father frozen in space and time yet very fresh in the memory of his son like it was yesterday.
Demons of Banyan
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter unfolds the story of Muhammad Din who was 13 years old at the time of partition. He remembers the formal Government announcements being made about partition and how he was in disbelief like everyone else until he encountered how real it was and how horrifying humans can be to each other. The chapter deals with the migration of a family which survived an attack involving a bomb that fortunately did not detonate at the occasion of 1947’s Eid. The story, Demons of Banyan talks about the devil riding on a white horse and the demons in uniform showing how hate knows no bounds, no color, religion, or humanity.
Strong as Steel
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter belongs to Ishwar Das from Lyallpur, who was 23 at the time of partition, he remembers a beautiful episode from his childhood about a glass of water that turned out to be a great event in her mother's life. From burning Union Jack to establishing a library of 9,000 books in his village, the man has lived quite a life! Later, his partition journey was assisted by Mridula Sarabhai and post partition, a dress worn by an actress Suraiya took him to new heights. This story ‘Strong as Steel’ is all about friendships, forged in love and trust that may sound a fiction in the contemporary world we live in today.
Dying Reflections
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter narrates the story of Jaafar Ali, a Patwari born in Karnal, which is also the birthplace of Liaquat Ali Khan, near Kaliyar Sharif shrine of which the fairs were so memorable that the narrator still recalls the liveliness of those times. He remembers the ox-cart they carried in the caravan of 1,50,000 people joined together in the month of Ramadan for the migration journey which took 60 days to complete! During this they encountered death several times and lost their loved ones too before they arrived in Lahore. The story, Dying Reflections, holds up a mirror to people reflecting their past, who sadly only want to remember the pain.
Passed Era
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter unwraps the story of a 21-year-old young woman, Leelavanti Gambhir who was nine months pregnant with her first child and was at parents’ house in Sialkot for the delivery when the news of partition broke. Her migration to the new India came with lots of pain and fear for the life of her husband and the newborn as no one had been spared from the fire of hate. The story is about a new mother who braved all the challenges thrown her way and says, ‘It was an era that has passed’. Even after all her painful experiences, her warmth, empathy, and sensitivity are still intact.
Du Bois’s Critique of the Racist White Church
Authors: Mayrl Damon
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines Du Bois’s analysis of the White church (i.e., that set of Christian denominations founded and controlled by Whites). Du Bois conceived of the White church as an institutional collective that had been indelibly marked by its encounter with racism and White supremacy, and thus the bearer of a warped and colonized version of Christianity that hypocritically denied its most basic tenets. This chapter reviews six ways that Du Bois viewed the White church as contributing to the reproduction of White supremacy, as well as two antiracist mechanisms whereby the White church could challenge White supremacy, with particular emphasis on how Du Bois analyzed those mechanisms as being compromised or entangled with more prominent mechanisms supporting White supremacy. It concludes by considering how Du Bois’s analysis of the White church can act as a heuristic that can help scholars synthesize a variety of recent findings in the sociology of religion and race and improve an understanding of contemporary racial politics.
Taking Comedy Seriously
Authors: Gitre Carmen
Published: February 2024

In the immediate aftermath of the British occupation in the 1920s, nation, class, gender, and humor in Egypt intertwined in complex ways. Playwright Muhammad Taymur and other cultural elites considered dramatic and comic theater to be unique and essential media for cultivating a particular kind of Egyptian society, one that was modern but upheld hierarchies of power with male elite powerbrokers. Using Taymur’s writings, his play al-‘Ashara al-Tayyiba (The Ten of Diamonds), and critical responses to its production, this chapter contends that Taymur conceived of the stage as a mirror and a school that should both benefit the whole of Egyptian society and elevate the aesthetic quality of artistic production. For Egypt’s cultural elites, theater was one component of a larger internal civilizing mission intended to educate members of society who most needed enlightenment—namely, the rising professional class, urban workers, and women. Taymur contrasted his vision of theater with what he termed the “unartistic” theater of popular performers like Najib al-Rihani and ‘Ali al-Kassar, who unapologetically incorporated slapstick, song, and flawed but witty and beloved characters in their performances. Audiences, however, did not necessarily agree with Taymur, nor did they ingest his theatrical output uncritically. In his commitment to an artistic, edifying theater, Taymur failed to address the pressing anxieties of those he most sought to engage.
The Army, State, and Society
Authors: Abul-Magd Zeinab
Published: February 2024

Since the 1950s, the Egyptian military has established full or partial control over the state and the economy in Egypt and hegemonized everyday life in Egyptian society. In Egypt’s postcolonial history, the army has acted as the “guardian” of nation-building and posed as the “savior” from internal strife three times: in 1952, when a group of young officers ended the British occupation, deposed the monarchy, and established an independent republic; in 2011, when the armed forces took the side of mass protests to depose an autocratic president, himself an ex-general; and in 2013, when the army again backed protesting masses to overthrow an Islamist regime. In each case, saving the nation was inseparable from militarizing it, as ruling officers dominated the government and used that political power to amass economic privileges. Moreover, they established systems of deep surveillance over society, penetrated the daily lives of their civilian subjects, and deployed propaganda tactics to manipulate them. This chapter traces how Egypt’s military institution gained full supremacy over the country’s political and economic milieus and successfully securitized everyday Egyptian life, beginning in 1952 and concluding with the present.
Midwives and Childbirth during Colonial and Semi-colonial Rule
Authors: Baron Beth
Published: February 2024

Photographs of a graduating class of dayas (midwives) from a maternity school in the 1920s provide a rare glimpse into the world of birth work and the racialized and gendered hierarchies established in maternal healthcare under British colonial rule. Yet rather than dayas, scholars have focused on hakimas (female medical officers), pointing to their undermining, along with the training of male doctors in obstetrics and gynecology, to argue that British public health officials masculinized childbirth. Drawing on works by the Egyptian doctors, Department of Public Health annual reports, and the private papers of imperial women doctors and a nurse-midwife, this chapter demonstrates that it was dayas, and not hakimas or male doctors, who delivered the bulk of Egyptian babies under colonial and semi-colonial rule. Moving between the imperial medical doctors and matrons who designed critical parts of the colonial medical infrastructure, the unnamed dayas who attended the new maternity schools, and pregnant and parturient women, the chapter details how imperial doctors sought to reshape birth workers and birthing practices, determining who could and could not deliver babies and how they ought to do it, instituting new statistical regimes, supine postures, and sterilization practices. It argues that instead of masculinizing childbirth, imperial doctors strove to modernize and scientize a system of women-centered care for delivery of babies within the home.
Salon Tango
Authors: Paulus Tom
Published: February 2024

This chapter focuses on the development of cinematic pictorialism in the American cinema of the 1920s, as exemplified by the famous tango scene in Rex Ingram’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921). Methodologically, it traces a historical poetics of interartistic influence: the chapter frames the maturing of a pictorial film style against the background of developments in art direction influenced by architectural sculpture and the New Stagecraft, as well as experiments in lighting and composition motivated by the discoveries of the Photo-Secessionists. It also draws comparisons with earlier or contemporary films by DeMille, Gance, L’Herbier, Lubitsch, and, especially, Maurice Tourneur. The chapter contends throughout that the seemingly “modern” nature of a cinematic pictorialism shaped by the popularisation of Symbolist and Impressionist styles is actually still deeply imbricated in the academic ideals imposed by the “Beaux-Arts tradition,” of which Ingram’s film is a telling example.
Going Silent on Modernity
Authors: Bertellini Giorgio
Published: February 2024

Long-established narratives of early cinema’s modernity, with their emphasis on instrumental rationality, have relied on the alleged similarity of the European and North American contexts and on a periodization opposing the pre-1914 period to the 1920s. In between these two time periods and regularly ignored by scholars is World War I and its aftermath. This chapter looks at the Great War as the key framework for a proposed notion of cinema’s global cultural and economic modernity. The conflict shaped film cultures around the world in radically different ways: it dramatically weakened the European film industry (and the continent’s financial centers) and enabled Hollywood’s new hegemony domestically and internationally. The American film industry’s ensuing alliances with both the US government and Wall Street taught filmmakers, government officials, and journalists around the world that cinema was both a formidable medium for public opinion and one increasingly dominated by the US.
“Move Slowly Through that Beautiful Place of Graves”
Authors: Bradford Adam
Published: February 2024

This essay analyzes the significance of the way in which Walt Whitman’s writings, especially his early journalism and fiction, reflect upon the period’s prevailing belief in the value of traditional as well as emergent “rural” cemeteries—specifically as spaces capable of catalyzing interpersonal connection, moral improvement, and a sense of local and national identity. It suggests that Whitman’s cemetery writings should be understood as the outgrowth of already widely circulating contemporary discourses related primarily to the rural cemetery movement—discourses that conceptualized engagement with the cemetery as contributing significantly to living a meaningful, reflective, engaged, and moral life. Such a perspective not only furthers our sense of just how deeply Whitman’s work is grounded in contemporary ideas and contexts, but it illuminates the significance of his divergence from such ideas and contexts in his own writing when such divergence occurs.
Whitman’s Garden Ecology of Transformation
Authors: Gerhardt Christine
Published: February 2024

This essay reveals how throughout Leaves of Grass, gardens matter as material geographies that crystallize a core concern of Walt Whitman’s work—how to live in and with the nonhuman world. Seemingly at odds with Whitman’s guiding interest in undomesticated nature, gardens nonetheless form a nodal point of his ecopoetics. Generally in the nineteenth century, gardens signified genteel culture, based on control of nature, ornamentation, and ownership. Whitman instead turns gardens into liminal realms of wildness, work, and mobility, recasting them as utopian sites of ecological and social possibility. Surprisingly, his transformed, transformative gardens profoundly resonate with environmentally insightful discussions of horticulture that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century and have resurfaced in the twenty-first. However, unlike environmentalists then and now, Whitman refrains from suggesting that such natural-cultural spaces provide a solution to the conflicts between ecological perspectives and the democratic ideals they serve to negotiate. Instead, he leaves the tensions and incongruities inherent to gardens fully intact.
“Solidarity of the World”
Authors: Grünzweig Walter
Published: February 2024

This essay argues that Walt Whitman developed a theory of “international literature” that underpins Leaves of Grass from its very inception. Whitman’s status as a global poet has so far been largely ascribed to his successful reception abroad. Yet Whitman’s poetry itself has had, from the very start, a strongly international outlook. The first edition of Leaves (1855) already shows Whitman connecting his work to what Goethe had coined Weltliteratur a few decades earlier. Motifs such as America as a “nation of many nations,” has become part of the permanent American political vocabulary. An analysis of his poem “To Foreign Lands” through the prism of its international translations then investigates Whitman’s explicit poetic signals to readers far beyond the American hemisphere. Finally, a series of addresses to foreign readers are shown to manifest a complete theory of lyrical internationalism with a claim to replace traditional elite diplomacy by grassroots dialogs between poets and readers around the world.
Walt Whitman in Jewish American Poetry
Authors: Barnat Dara
Published: February 2024

This essay examines the adoption of Walt Whitman’s poetics and ethos in the work of the Jewish American poet Charles Reznikoff, and the influence of both on Allen Ginsberg. Apart from Ginsberg—whose embrace of Whitman is widely recognized—Whitman’s significance in the writing of other Jewish American poets is often overlooked. Reznikoff, of the Jewish objectivist group, was linked to high modernist figures like Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. Poets of the era, including Pound, expressed uncertain views of Whitman; moreover, anti-Jewish sentiments were promoted by Pound, T. S. Eliot, and others. In keeping with high modernist sensibilities, Reznikoff’s poetry does not appear to be Whitmanian in style. This essay illuminates Reznikoff’s frequent allusions to Whitman and argues that Ginsberg’s later adoption of Whitman is informed by his interpretation of Reznikoff’s poetics. Together, Reznikoff and Ginsberg are a case study within the genealogy of Jewish poets in America, who turn to the non-Jewish Whitman.
Whitman’s Paginator
Authors: Bronson-Bartlett Blake
Published: February 2024

This essay discusses Walt Whitman’s “Notebook for an Intended American Dictionary.” The notebook provides a record of the poet’s readings on the history of language and American English, but its physical structure and appearance also express a set of material practices that informed his poetics: the manipulation and organization of paper. Color is an unexplored area of the material culture that supported his organization of information and transformation of it into poetry. What can be found in this notebook is a system of ostensibly color-coded sections into which the poet inserted various other colored scraps, seemingly at random. The notebook’s colored pages therefore leave a record not of a system so much as a system’s organic evolution in time, as it accommodated a more random process of composition. “Notebook for an Intended American Dictionary” helps us to ask new questions about Whitman’s creative process, given the affordances of digital media.
Whitman’s Web
Authors: Bateman Micah
Published: February 2024

Following the lead of projects like Documenting the Now and relying on quantitative data, this study utilizes Twitter as an archive of responses to Walt Whitman, especially as partisan political response. While scholars on the Walt Whitman Archive trace “Whitman’s drift,” as Matt Cohen notes, across the rich mediascape of the nineteenth century, this paper reconceives their tracking of Whitman’s reprints into the twenty-first century by examining contemporary, electronic remediations, uses, and associations of Whitman during American political contests and campaigns. Online publics draw upon Whitman for affective fuel to intensify political affinity bonds, an affordance for which Whitman laid his own groundwork as a postbellum political sentimentalist. This paper begins by tracing associations that readers have made between Whitman and new media, advocating for “Whitman’s web” as metaphor for Whitman’s distributive imagination based on affective media, and ends by presenting comparative counts of citations of Whitman on political Twitter.
Rambles Among Words
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan
Published: February 2024

This essay considers Walt Whitman’s role in the creation of William Swinton’s 1859 book Rambles Among Words. Whitman’s own linguistic theorizing has been a puzzle for scholars. Next to his unfinished “American Primer” musings and some early periodical work, Whitman’s potential contribution—even “ghostwriting”—of Rambles offers the possibility of a more comprehensive insight into his idealistic concept of language as well as Whitman’s self-positioning in nineteenth-century linguistic theory. While the extent of his contribution is disputed, his role in the creation of the book has become widely accepted in Whitman scholarship. The essay casts doubt on overly assertive claims of Whitmanian (co)authorship, drawing upon newspaper database research, Boolean querying, and rolling stylometry to propose instead a more cautious reading of his involvement: Instead of a coauthor, Whitman likely figured more as a brainstorming and conversation partner, while Swinton was finalizing a book largely completed before he ever met Whitman.
Ensuring Validity and Reliability in Empirical Studies on Metaphor in Organizations
Authors: Bruni Elena , Biscaro Claudio
Published: February 2024

Metaphor is now a central construct in management studies. Metaphors inhabit the communication of organizations and leaders, underpin change and resistance to change, sustain the interactions between managers and consultants, and facilitate the conveyance of theoretical inputs in business schools. Nonetheless, despite the pervasive and undeniable presence of metaphors, there are complications as researchers approach them in the empirical data, as clear criteria for metaphor elicitation, identification, and analysis are missing. To address this methodological confusion, this chapter offers a critical overview of the problems arising in the phases of metaphor elicitation, identification, and analysis. Moreover, this chapter provides solutions to enhance the representativeness of the elicited metaphors, the reliability of their identification, and the validity of their analysis. Overall, the chapter offers actionable guidance to management scholars who aim to conduct sound qualitative and empirical research on metaphors.
Images of the Life Metaphor in Organizational Studies
Authors: Arman Rebecka , Wikström Ewa
Published: February 2024

This chapter presents an overview of organizational studies that the authors interpret being connected to the root metaphors of “life” and the related metaphor of “sustainability.” The chapter offers an inventory of the following areas of organizational research and theoretical perspectives making use of the metaphor of life: as part of the image of evolution, as related to images of death and the end of life, aging life, images of a political arena, and images of a life course. Research on retirement and closures is used as recurring empirical examples. The chapter also includes a discussion of limitations associated with the metaphor, including predestined views of a life course and a bias toward survival and youthfulness in organizations.
Fostering True Self-Expression in Organizations
Authors: Cha Sandra E. , Hewlin Patricia Faison , Roberts Laura Morgan
Published: February 2024

Authenticity, which has been conceptualized as both a trait and a state influenced by the context, is crucial for understanding individual differences in organizations. This chapter begins by exploring the meaning of authenticity, its relevance to individual differences in organizations, and the relationship between trait and state authenticity. It then summarizes key findings from empirical research on authenticity, which highlights the difficulty of expressing one’s whole self —including one’s distinctive attributes—in organizations. It also reveals the need for research on tensions or trade-offs associated with authenticity. Addressing this gap, the chapter develops a conceptual framework of leader authenticity tensions—challenges that leaders face when they seek to foster their own and other people’s authenticity in the workplace. The framework includes metaphors to help illuminate this complex phenomenon. The chapter also identifies strategies that may help leaders to navigate the tensions successfully and suggests directions for future research on authenticity in organizations.
Individual Differences in Teleworking Outcomes
Authors: Anderl Christine
Published: February 2024

An increasing share of the workforce, especially knowledge workers, are teleworking at least some of the time. This trend was accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic and is expected to persist. This chapter first briefly introduces and defines telework and then summarizes recent research addressing the questions of how individual differences including worker demographics, motivational traits, and personality traits predict teleworking outcomes. It both reviews findings focusing on performance-related outcomes like productivity and effectiveness and on well-being-related outcomes like job satisfaction and burnout risk. As an example, the chapter also has a closer look at studies investigating how personality traits and worker demographics predict well-being after videoconferences—a key communication channel for many teleworkers. Overall, findings suggest that basic worker demographics, motivational traits, and personality traits explain a considerable amount of variance in teleworker satisfaction and performance. The chapter finishes by discussing how future research may best address open questions including whether the observed effects primarily represent selection effects or moderating effects of individual difference factors on teleworking outcomes.
Cultural Intelligence and Personality
Authors: Rockstuhl Thomas , Ng Kok Yee , Ang Soon
Published: February 2024

Extant meta-analyses have demonstrated compelling evidence for the predictive validity of cultural intelligence (CQ) in global work contexts. Our meta-analysis (n = 11,673, k = 43) shifts the attention to the personality antecedents of CQ to (1) extend CQ’s nomological network and (2) offer greater clarity and novel insights on how the Big Five predict the four CQ factors differentially. Applying meta-traits theory, we propose that plasticity traits (openness to experience and extraversion) are more strongly related to CQ than stability traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability). Integrating meta-analyses with relative weights analyses, we find support for our hypothesis. Results demonstrate that plasiticity traits account for three times more variance in CQ than stability traits. We discuss our findings and their theoretical implications for CQ and personality research, as well as practical implications for organizations.
Diversity in Organizations
Authors: Reinert Christoph , Buengeler Claudia
Published: February 2024

Many organizations declare that diversity is a top priority, aiming to capitalize on individual differences. However, increasing diversity does not inherently boost organizational performance. Instead, active management is required to unleash the favorable and prevent the unfavorable effects diversity can elicit. This chapter builds on management, organizational behavior, and organizational psychology literature to present different perspectives on diversity and theoretical explanations for its effects. It further highlights diversity-related strategies, climates, and beliefs, diversity training, and leadership as relevant factors for effective diversity management. The chapter summarizes empirical findings for each factor, derives practical implications for organizational decision-makers, and outlines topics for future diversity research.
Extending the use of Crowds for Innovation? Fund it Yourself!
Authors: Frederiksen Lars , Smith Pernille , Bergenholtz Carsten , Hilbolling Susan , Beretta Michela , Vuculescu Oana , Zaggl Michael , Alsted Søndergaard Helle
Published: February 2024

It is increasingly common for organizations to rely on crowds to support their innovation processes. This chapter extends understanding of how crowds can be involved in different stages of the innovation process. It presents a conceptual model that highlights four main stages of crowd involvement: problem formulation, solution generation, selection of the solution, and funding of the solution. For each stage, strategic choices related to crowd involvement are discussed and also the main advantages and disadvantages. Crowdsourcing research is extended by elaborating on a novel phenomenon where crowds are involved at the back end of the innovation funnel. That is, the crowd is engaged by firms in funding the realization of ideas that were selected by the crowd but subsequently rejected by the firm. The chapter discusses Lego’s initiative, the BrickLink designer program, which now enables crowds to fund the realization of unused ideas from their crowdsourcing initiative (i.e., Lego Ideas), that is funding crowd-selected ideas that did not make it into production as a result of the internal Lego selection process for ideas. This points to novel opportunities for firms as well as the importance for future research to further investigate the involvement of crowds in the final stages of funding innovative solutions and hence, beyond the classic stages of crowdsourcing.
Deep Tech, Big Science, and Open Innovation
Authors: Wareham Jonathan , Pujol Priego Laia , Romasanta Angelo Kenneth , Ahmadova Gozal
Published: February 2024

Big Science Research Infrastructures (RIs) have a strong track record of producing “deep-tech,” which has transformed industries and society. Yet, cultivating novel applications from these RIs is not straightforward due to often misaligned priorities with industry partners and the inherent technical complexity and market uncertainties in their technologies. Open Innovation (OI) provides a framework to address these challenges and nourish a mutually beneficial relationship between RIs and entrepreneurial industry actors. Showcasing the potential of applying OI mechanisms to facilitate the commercialization of deep tech, this chapter highlights ATTRACT, a novel initiative funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 program, to facilitate the commercialization of early-stage technologies from Big Science RIs. The findings suggest that many open innovation practices can be useful in getting these sophisticated deep technologies into the market: ATTRACT facilitates project development by offering financial resources for risk absorption, brokering relationships with industrial partners, and facilitating the applications of technologies in diverse domains outside their immediate purview
Advancing The Microfoundations of Open Innovation
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. , Xu Tianjao
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the microfoundations of open innovation (OI). It points out that microfoundational factors, such as personnel mobility, boundary spanners, the incentives of R&D personnel, and technology entrepreneurs, have been present in the OI literature from the beginning, and have been further revealed in subsequent work. However, the OI literature also often adopts macroconstructs (e.g., “communities,” “innovation networks”) that call for clear(er) microfoundations. Providing such microfoundations represents one avenue of research. Another one is extending the already existing microfoundational focus of the OI literature. This chapter outlines a number of suggestions for microfoundational research themes in OI research, focused on, for example, the influence of demographic characteristics of members of the upper echelons and OI employees, as well as the interaction of such characteristics and organization-level factors in driving OI outcomes.
Effectuation and Open Innovation
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras
Published: February 2024

The effectual process used by expert entrepreneurs is open in the face of uncertainty and goal ambiguity. But, for the most part, it is not intentionally innovative. Even though it increases the probability of innovation, that innovation typically occurs in spite of, rather than because of, effectuators’ intentions to innovate. Open innovation, in contrast, is conceptualized as purposive use of knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, the purpose presumably being to innovate. Given that the effectual process often begins before there is an organization or even an idea for one, the “openness” in effectuation takes on additional flavors and textures to that found in studies of open innovation. In addition to outlining areas of overlap and difference between effectuation and open innovation, this chapter will also outline the various meanings of “open” and examine their implications for open questions in research and practice, in and out of entrepreneurship.
Measuring the Economic Value of Open Source Software
Authors: Carter Hilary
Published: February 2024

Embedded in proprietary systems, or as standalone applications unto themselves, open source technologies, including the ubiquitous Linux operating system, are free to use, and consequently, challenging to value in economic terms. As recommended by Nobelist Elinor Ostrom, the stewardship of such shared resources requires the incentive of an economic value on a free good, as well as structuring appropriate governance of these resources. Just as climate advocates have priced natural resources as assets to safeguard their protection, the open source community under the Linux Foundation is working to identify a measure of the economic value of open technologies, in an effort to steward this method of global technological innovation.
Teaching Open Innovation in Business Schools
Authors: Dąbrowska Justyna , Sims Jonathan
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the value of teaching open innovation (OI) in business schools and universities in different countries, and explores the range of pedagogical approaches appropriate for students at various levels of business education. Building on interviews, a collection of syllabi, and a survey of instructors, the chapter presents a snapshot of the state of play in teaching open innovation, highlighting current practices, examining different teaching modalities, and discusses the challenges, and future opportunities for teaching OI in business schools. The chapter also presents a brief overview of 53 Open Innovation teaching cases that have been used as exemplars in business schools globally.
Teaching Engineers About Open Innovation
Authors: Brunswicker Sabine
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces an experiential learning framework to teach engineering students about open innovation. Following this cyclical framework, students learn how to choose a particular open innovation governance mode for a particular R&D project through a cycle of active conceptualization, concrete experiences, and reflections. The framework includes eight project-level case studies that are used in case-based, simulated experiences, in which students act as R&D team members who use open innovation for their particular R&D problem. In addition, the framework also foresees that students gain experience in acting as external open innovation partners who solve problems of a real open innovation project using a particular mode.
Mandalas and Landscape in Maritime Asia
Authors: Sharrock Peter
Published: February 2024

Fierce Herukas, emitted by the supreme buddhas of the Vajrayāna “thunderbolt vehicle,” emerged toward the end of the first millennium CE to bolster Buddhist kings outside India with supernatural powers to defend their territory, repel their enemies, and bring peace. This movement applied politically what was prescribed in the major Tantra texts of the great Ganges Valley monasteries but was not implemented in India. The Tantras envisaged extending supramundane maṇḍalas over the royal landscape that were networked into holy sites. The Buddhists were thus replicating in maritime Asia the system of Vidyāpīṭha Śaivism in the Indian subcontinent, where Śaiva masters drew their support for kings from holy pilgrimage sites linked to Śiva. This article traces this royal rebirth of the Herukas to underpin imperial strategies in the mundane sphere in interstate confrontations along the southern coast of Asia.
Neoclassical Realism as a Framework for Understanding China’s Rise as a Space Power
Authors: Pollpeter Kevin
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines China’s competitive activities as a space power through the lens of neoclassical realism. It posits that China’s space program over the longterm has conformed to realist models of behavior even if over the short term intervening factors may have inhibited China’s response to relative changes in space power. It argues that China’s search for space security is rooted in a techno-nationalist strategic culture that conditions it to think and act in realist terms that emphasize competition, conflict, and the balance of power. This realist mindset emphasize threats to security and the need to balance against potential adversaries and has been an important influence in shaping the thinking of the leadership of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on how it approaches international relations, including its approach to space. It finds that China’s space program is inherently tied to the PRC leadership’s view of the international security situation and that China’s build up of military space capabilities cannot be divorced from the the PRC leadership’s view of the need to protect China from international security threats, particularly those perceived as coming from the United States. It also argues, however, that China’s rise as a major space power was decades in the making. Although the PRC leadership since the 1950s realized the importance of space to their country’s security, China lacked the technology and know-how to compete with the United States and USSR. It was not until 2015 that the PRC officially announced that space was central to maintaining their country’s security.