bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LETHALITY FOR MICE OF VEGETATIVE AND SPORE FORMS OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
AND
BACILLUS CEREUS
-LIKE INSECT PATHOGENS INJECTED INTRAPERITONEALLY AND SUBCUTANEOUSLY
Authors: Lamanna Carl , Jones Linda
Published: January 2020

Lamanna, Carl
(Army Research Office, Washington, D.C.)
and Linda Jones
. Lethality for mice of vegetative and spore forms of
Bacillus cereus
and
Bacillus cereus
-like insect pathogens injected intraperitoneally and subcutaneously. J. Bacteriol.
85:
532–535. 1963.—Lethality for mice of
Bacillus thuringiensis
var.
thuringiensis
(two strains), var.
sotto
(one strain), var.
alesti
(one strain), and
B. entomocidus
var.
entomocidus
(one strain) maintained on artificial laboratory media is dependent upon the route of injection, the number of the bacilli, and their biological state, i.e., vegetative or spore form. Deaths did not occur upon subcutaneous injection of tenfold greater numbers of organisms than the
ld
50
dose for the intraperitoneal route. From 10 to 100 times the number of spores were required to kill than vegetative bacilli given intraperitoneally. These observations duplicated those made with strains of
B. cereus
. For both types of spore forms, from 5 × 10
5
to 5 × 10
7
vegetative organisms were required for one intraperitoneal
ld
50
. With two strains of highly virulent
B. anthracis
,
ld
50
values were the same for the vegetative and spore states, and for subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections. Thus, the insect pathogenic sporeforming bacteria tested are more like
B. cereus
than like
B. anthracis
in their capacity to infect mice. The similarity to
B. cereus
extends to the rapidity of death after fatal injection of the insect pathogenic strains. The medical and taxonomic implications of the observations are discussed.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN IRON-OXIDIZING
THIOBACILLUS
Authors: Razzell W. E. , Trussell P. C.
Published: January 2020

Razzell
, W. E. (British Columbia Research Council, Vancouver, Canada)
and P. C. Trussell
. Isolation and properties of an iron-oxidizing
Thiobacillus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
595–603. 1963. — An organism isolated from acidic copper-leaching waters has been shown to oxidize ferrous ions, sulfur, and metallic sulfides but exhibit peculiar responses to thiosulfate. The name
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
has been used to describe it. A pH of 2.5 is optimal for growth on iron, sulfur, and metallic sulfides, but cells free from iron can be obtained from growth at pH 1.6, and sulfur cultures adjusted to pH 5.5 readily attain a pH of 1.8. A stationary cultivation procedure appears superior to percolation techniques for studying the oxidation of finely divided metallic sulfides. Concentrations of soluble copper in excess of 1 g per liter were obtained from chalcopyrite in less than 4 weeks. Chalcocite oxidation proceeded in the absence of iron. Sodium chloride inhibits iron oxidation without preventing oxidation of metallic sulfides by the organism.
MORPHOLOGY OF HUMAN GENITAL “T-STRAIN” PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS
Authors: Ford Denys K. , Macdonald Joyce
Published: January 2020

Ford, Denys
K. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada),
and Joyce Macdonald
. Morphology of human genital “T-strain” pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol.
85:
649–653. 1963.—The morphology of Shepard's “T-strain” organisms from the human genital tract was investigated. The incubation of “T-strains” in 20% CO
2
with 80% nitrogen for 4 to 5 days caused surface outgrowth from the central core of the colonies embedded in the agar. Filtration through HA, PH, and VC Millipore filters showed that the elementary particles of “T-strains” were between 0.3 and 0.1 μ in diameter. “T-strain” pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) from broth cultures, stained by Giemsa's method, were seen to be minute, spherical particles, similar in size to the particles of the large-colony strains. Colonies of “T-strains,” when prepared by the microculture, fixed-agar-block, and Formvar methods, resembled those of large-colony PPLO. It was concluded that “T-strain” organisms were true PPLO.
LETHALITY OF STREPTOMYCIN FOR ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE CONSTITUTIVE
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Rosenkranz Herbert S. , Carr Howard S.
Published: January 2020

Rosenkranz, Herbert
S. (Columbia University, New York, N.Y.)
and Howard S. Carr
. Lethality of streptomycin for alkaline phosphatase constitutive
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
751–753. 1963.—An alkaline phosphatase constitutive strain of
Escherichia coli
was more sensitive to streptomycin in a phosphorus-rich medium than was the wild parent strain. In a low-phosphorus medium, the efficiency of killing by streptomycin was nearly the same for both strains. The greater sensitivity displayed by the alkaline phosphatase constitutive strain in the phosphorus-rich medium was ascribed to the absence of internal inorganic phosphates in these bacteria. It has been shown that such anions interfere in the reaction of the antibiotic with deoxyribonucleic acid.
ISOLATION, ENUMERATION, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEOLYTIC RUMINAL BACTERIA
Authors: Fulghum Robert S. , Moore W. E. C.
Published: January 2020

Fulghum, Robert
S. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg)
and W. E. C. Moore
. Isolation, enumeration, and characteristics of proteolytic ruminal bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
85:
808–815. 1963.—Colony counts of proteolytic ruminal bacteria in the order of 10
9
organisms per g of whole rumen contents, and total colony counts in the order of 2 to 3 × 10
9
organisms per g, were obtained from rumen contents of cattle fed a maintenance ration of hay and grain. The proteolytic counts averaged 38% of the total counts. An anaerobic, differential medium characterizing proteolytic colonies by clear zones in an opaque skim-milk suspension was utilized. Proteolytic isolates were assigned to the following taxa:
Butyrivibrio
sp.,
Succinivibrio
sp.,
Selenomonas ruminantium
var.
lactilytica, Borrelia
sp.,
Bacteroides
sp., and selenomonadlike organisms similar to the B-385 group of Bryant.
HEMIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN
HAEMOPHILUS
Authors: White David C. , Granick S.
Published: January 2020

White, David
C. (The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.)
and S. Granick
. Hemin biosynthesis in
Haemophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
842–850. 1963.—Hemin-independent
Haemophilus
species have been shown to form hemin by the classical hemin biosynthetic pathway. Three distinct species of
Haemophilus
[
H. influenzae, H. aegyptius
, and
H. canis
(
H. haemoglobinophilus
)] all lost the enzymatic capacities to convert δ-aminolevulinic acid to protoporphyrin, which accounts for their dependence on hemin for growth. The strain of
H. aegyptus
tested cannot form hemin from protoporphyrin, can be transformed with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from
H. influenzae
, and the resultant progeny have the enzymatic activity to convert protoporphyrin to hemin. Attempts to transform these species to hemin independence with DNA from hemin-independent
H. parainfluenzae
are unsuccessful under conditions where streptomycin resistance is readily transformed.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR β-GLUCOSIDASE IN
SACCHAROMYCES LACTIS
Authors: Herman Alberta , Halvorson Harlyn
Published: January 2020

Herman, Alberta
(University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and Harlyn Halvorson
. Identification of the structural gene for β-glucosidase in
Saccharomyces lactis
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
895–900. 1963.—Three allelic forms (B
h, m, l
) of the structural gene for β-glucosidase have been identified in the yeast
Saccharomyces lactis
. Evidence that these are structural gene alleles includes the independent expression of the alleles in homozygous and heterozygous diploids and differences in the specificity and in the physical properties of the enzyme produced in response to the various allelic mutations. Two factors, one controlling production of the pulcherrimin-like pigment, the other β-galactosidase activity, are linked to the B locus. The β-glucosidase in these strains hydrolyzes the chromogenic substrate,
p
-nitrophenyl-β-
d
-glucoside, arbutin, salicin, and esculin. Cellobiose, on the other hand, is hydrolyzed by another enzyme.
CLOSTRIDIUM RUBRUM
SP. N. AND OTHER PECTINOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIA FROM SOIL
Authors: Ng Henry , Vaughn Reese H.
Published: January 2020

Ng, Henry
(University of California, Davis)
and Reese H. Vaughn
.
Clostridium rubrum
sp. n. and other pectinolytic clostridia from soil. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1104–1113. 1963.—Reports in the literature and results of experiments described herein suggest that pectinolytic anaerobes constitute a very heterogeneous group. The cultures isolated in this study all belonged to the genus
Clostridium
. The following species were identified:
C. butyricum, C. fallax, C. multifermentans
, and
C. indolis
. In addition, a species believed to be previously undescribed was named
C. rubrum
sp. n. The ability to ferment galacturonic acid was found to be adaptive. Some cultures fermented pectin and pectic acid to the same degree, whereas others fermented pectin only partially. The partial fermentation was attributed to the lack of a pectinesterase. On the basis of fermentation balances, it was concluded that the four strains of galacturonic acid fermenters selected for study yielded identical end products in approximately the same proportions. Per mole of galacturonic acid fermented, about 2 moles of CO
2
, 1.5 moles of H
2
, 1.5 moles of acetic acid, and 0.25 mole of butyric acid were produced.
EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Shepel Michael , Klugerman Maxwell R.
Published: January 2020

Shepel, Michael(U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)and Maxwell R. Klugerman. Effect of adjuvants on antibody response of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol.85:1150–1155. 1963.—Hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralization, and complement-fixation tests were performed on sera of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus in combination with Freund's adjuvants and in Hank's salt solution. This study indicated that the complete adjuvants (i.e., with mycobacteria) considerably increased the antibody response to VEE virus.Mycobacterium butyricum(M. smegmatis) appeared to be more effective thanM. tuberculosisH37Ra. In the absence of mycobacteria, the response was much less pronounced. Paper electrophoretic studies of the antisera demonstrated a marked increase in gamma-globulin production, an increase in the beta-globulin, and an increase in total protein as the result of adding VEE virus to the complete adjuvants. A decrease in the albumin fraction appeared to be caused by the complete adjuvants rather than by the VEE virus itself. The incomplete adjuvant (without mycobacteria) plus virus contributed little, if any, stimulation toward the production of gamma-globulin, nor did it appear to affect the serum-albumin levels.
NUTRITION OF
LEPTOSPIRA POMONA
II
Authors: Johnson R. C. , Gary N. D.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, R. C. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and N. D. Gary
. Nutrition of
Leptospira pomona
. II. Fatty acid requirements. J. Bacteriol.
85:
976–982. 1963.—The albumin fraction of rabbit serum, obtained by (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
fractionation, supported good growth of
Leptospira pomona
Wickard when added to a medium containing phosphate buffer, NH
4
Cl, and thiamine. Extraction of the albumin fraction with ethanol and ether (3:1) resulted in a loss of its growth-supporting activity, which could be restored upon the addition of the extract or various fatty acids. The growth-supporting activity of fatty acids containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms was investigated with the extracted albumin medium. The activity of the fatty acid was found to be related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Maximal growth was obtained with palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, and oleic acids. The amount of growth of
L. pomona
increased at a fixed concentration of albumin as the molecular ratio of extracted albumin to the long-chain fatty acids increased from 1:1 to 1:6. At higher ratios, growth decreased sharply. Direct utilization of fatty acids during growth of
L. pomona
was shown by the incorporation of palmitic acid-1-C
14
or -2-C
14
into cellular material. A medium composed of 0.02
m
Na
2
HPO
4
-KH
2
PO
4
buffer (pH 7.4), 0.8% extracted albumin, 4 × 10
−4
m
palmitic acid, 10
−3
m
NH
4
Cl, and 5 μg/ml of thiamine supported good growth.
L. pomona
was transferred ten times, and seven other serotypes were transferred five times, in this medium without any decrease in the amount of growth. Growth of
L. pomona
was initiated with approximately four organisms per ml.
NUTRITION OF
LEPTOSPIRA POMONA
III
Authors: Johnson R. C. , Gary N. D.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, R. C. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.)
and N. D. Gary
. Nutrition of
Leptospira pomona
. III. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium requirements. J. Bacteriol.
85:
983–985. 1963.—The cation requirements for
Leptospira pomona
Wickard were investigated employing a basal medium prepared with 10% deionized rabbit serum and containing 10
−3
m
NH
4
Cl, 5 μg/ml thiamine, and 0.01
m
Na
2
HPO
4
buffer (pH 7.4). Rabbit serum was deionized by passage through a column of Amberlite IRC-50 resin. This basal medium did not support growth when either Ca
++
or Mg
++
was added to it. However, when both Ca
++
(3 × 10
−5
m
) and Mg
++
(5 × 10
−6
m
) were present, growth was obtained. Although an absolute requirement for K
+
could not be demonstrated, an increase in the amount of growth did occur if K
+
(5 × 10
−5
m
) was incorporated in addition to Ca
++
and Mg
++
. When adequate concentrations of Ca
++
and K
+
were present with a limiting concentration of Mg
++
(less than 5 × 10
−7
m
), filamentous cells were observed.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF “NUCLEAR CAPS” ISOLATED FROM
BLASTOCLADIELLA
ZOOSPORES
Authors: Lovett James S.
Published: January 2020

Lovett, James
S. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.). Chemical and physical characterization of “nuclear caps” isolated from
Blastocladiella
zoospores. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1235–1246. 1963.—Electron micrographs of
Blastocladiella
zoospores have shown the nuclear cap to contain essentially all of the small (250 to 300 A) electron-dense particles of the cell. Preparations of clean, whole nuclear caps were isolated to study the composition of the intact organelles and their particulate contents. The cap is strongly basophilic, and is composed of 60% protein and 40% ribonucleic acid (RNA). It represents 18% of the dry weight, and contains 69% of the total RNA, of the spore. The amino acid composition of cap proteins is similar to the ribosomal protein of other organisms. The nuclear cap contents have been extracted and isolated by high-speed centrifugation. More than 95% of the material has a sedimentation coefficient of 83S in 0.005
m
Mg. The 83S particles form aggregates at higher Mg concentrations and dissociate to yield 63S and 41S peaks at low Mg concentrations. Purified cap particles contain 37% protein and 63% RNA. The RNA has a nucleotide composition (in moles per cent) of 18.5% cytidylic, 26.2% adenylic, 31.8% guanylic, and 23.5% uridylic acid. The particles contain a latent ribonuclease, which can be activated by urea, and are susceptible to degradation by added pancreatic ribonuclease. The available evidence supports a concept of the zoospore nuclear cap as an unusual intracellular “packet” of ribosomes.
ESTIMATION OF TITER OF VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS PREPARATIONS FROM A SINGLE-DILUTION ASSAY
Authors: Riley Jean M. , Patrick William C. , Campbell William E.
Published: January 2020

Riley, JeanM. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),William C. Patrick, III, and William E. Campbell, Jr.Estimation of titer of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus preparations from a single-dilution assay. J. Bacteriol.85:1256–1260. 1963.—When suspensions of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus were injected intracerebrally into groups of mice, a nearly linear relationship was observed between the concentration of the virus injected and the mean reciprocal time-to-death of the mice. A total of 91 VEE preparations were assayed in duplicate, and, by plotting the relationship between the reciprocal time-to-death for mice given the 10−6dilution of virus and themicld50(mouse intracerebral challenge,ld50response) values for the virus preparations, a reference curve was established. Using this reference curve, it was possible to estimate directly theld50values of virus suspensions of unknown concentration from the mean reciprocal time-to-death of a group of mice injected with a single dilution. In this work, the number of mice used was reduced by 62.5%, the titrations were complete in 3 to 5 days compared with the usual 10 to 14 days, three to four times as many assays could be done in a day, and no assays had to be repeated since end points were not missed. The precision of the single-dilution assay compared favorably with that of theld50titration.
BASE COMPOSITION OF THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA
Authors: Sigal Nicole , Senez Jacques C. , Le Gall Jean , Sebald Madeleine
Published: January 2020

Sigal, Nicole
(Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne du CNRS, Marseille, France),
Jacques C. Senez, Jean Le Gall, and Madeleine Sebald
. Base composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid of sulfate-reducing bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1315–1318. 1963—The deoxyribonucleic acid constitution of several strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria has been analytically determined. The results of these studies show that this group of microorganisms includes at least four subgroups characterized by significantly different values of the adenine plus thymine to guanine plus cytosine ratio. The nonsporulated forms with polar flagellation, containing both cytochrome
c
3
and desulfoviridin, are divided into two subgroups. One includes the fresh-water, nonhalophilic strains with base ratio from 0.54 to 0.59, and the other includes the halophilic or halotolerant strains with base ratio from 0.74 to 0.77. The sporulated, peritrichous strains without cytochrome and desulfoviridin (“nigrificans” and “orientis”) are distinct from the above two types and differ from each other, having base ratios of 1.20 and 1.43, respectively.
CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE-C
14
TO PROPIONATE BY THE RUMEN MICROBIOTA
Authors: Baldwin R. L. , Wood W. A. , Emery R. S.
Published: January 2020

Baldwin
, R. L. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), W. A.
Wood, and R. S. Emery
. Conversion of glucose-C
14
to propionate by the rumen microbiota. J. Bacteriol
85:
1346–1349. 1963.—Rumen microbiota enriched on three different diets calculated to present different levels of available carbohydrate were incubated with glucose-1-C
14
, glucose-2-C
14
, and glucose-6-C
14
to determine the contribution of the randomizing (succinate) and nonrandomizing (acrylate) routes to propionate. The propionate was labeled as though 70 to 100% was formed via the randomizing route and 0 to 30% via the nonrandomizing route. The contribution of the acrylate pathway increased with higher carbohydrate availability of the diet. These results are discussed with respect to earlier data using lactate-2-C
14
and lactate-3-C
14
, and a unifying concept for both sets of data is presented.
PENTOSE UTILIZATION BYPEDIOCOCCUS PENTOSACEUS
Authors: Dobrogosz Walter J. , DeMoss R. D.
Published: January 2020

Dobrogosz, WalterJ. (University of Illinois, Urbana)and Ralph D. DeMoss. Pentose utilization byPediococcus pentosaceus. J. Bacteriol.85:1356–1364. 1963.—Data are presented which indicate that pentoses are metabolized byPediococcus pentosaceusthrough the use of an inducible phosphoketolase pathway. The utilization of each of the pentoses (l-arabinose,d-ribose, andd-xylose) appears to involve a different regulatory process. Thus,d-ribose was fermented by cells grown on any pentose or glucose, although growth on a pentose resulted in an increased ribose-fermenting capacity.l-Arabinose fermentation was only observed when cultures were grown in the presence of this pentose. Similarly,d-xylose fermentation was a specific response to the presence of xylose in the growth medium. In this case, however, growth occurred only at a very low rate unless another readily utilizable substrate (in low concentration) was added to the growth medium. Under these conditions, an aerobic atmosphere was more stimulatory than anaerobiosis for induction and growth on xylose. The possible cryptic nature of xylose utilization in this organism is described.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGES FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: Rogers C. G. , Sarles W. B.
Published: January 2020

Rogers, C. G. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)and W. B. Sarles. Characterization of enterococcus bacteriophages from the small intestine of the rat. J. Bacteriol.85:1378–1385. 1963.—Enterococcus bacteriophages were isolated by an enrichment procedure from the contents of the small intestines of Sprague-Dawley white rats. After purification by single-plaque isolation, the phages were maintained in Tryptose broth by propagation on strains ofStreptococcus faecalisvar.zymogenesof similar intestinal origin. The presence of two phage strains was suggested from host range studies, and confirmed by antiserum neutralization tests, whereby the bacteriophages were placed in two distinct, but serologically related, groups. When the characteristics of one phage from each group were studied, differences were observed in antigenic properties, as shown by the ability to stimulate antibody production in rabbits, and in single-step growth characteristics. At 32 C, the latent period was 21 min, and the burst size was 88 plaque-forming particles (PFP) for phage 1; and 34 min and 147 PFP for phage 2. The bacteriophages were similar in temperature of inactivation, sensitivity to pH, and in rates of adsorption to host cells (K = about 2 × 10−9ml/min at 32 C). In electron micrographs, the viruses were characterized by slightly elongated heads and long tails, and resembled one another closely. The dimensions of the phage particles were similar to those reported for other phage-host systems within the genusStreptococcus.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING SPORULATION OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
T II
Authors: Gollakota K. G. , Halvorson H. Orin
Published: January 2020

Gollakota
, K. G. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and H. Orin Halvorson
. Biochemical changes occurring during sporulation of
Bacillus cereus
T. II. Effect of esters of organic acids on sporulation. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1386–1393. 1963.—Sporulation of
Bacillus cereus
T in yeast extract-glucose-minerals medium was specifically inhibited by α-picolinic acid (APA), if the acid was added before the pH of the culture began to rise. The effects of APA could be reversed by aspartic acid or asparagine, among the amino acids, and by intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with the exception of α-ketoglutarate and fumarate. Formate, malonate, and certain other organic acids also possessed this ability. Succinate was the best reversing agent. Fluoroacetic acid (FAA) also inhibited sporulation, but had no effect on vegetative growth or germination of spores of
B. cereus
T. Unlike APA, FAA inhibited sporulation even when added after the pH of the culture had started to rise. Bisulfite was similar to FAA in its effects on sporulation. With the exception of pyruvate, acetate, aspartate, and malate, most of the compounds reversing the effects of APA also overcame the effects of FAA or bisulfite on sporulation. Esters of some of the acids reversing the effects of the above inhibitors were studied for their action on germination, growth, and sporulation. Ethyl pyruvate prevented germination of the spores, slowed down growth, and inhibited sporulation. Ethyl malonate and ethyl succinate inhibited only sporulation. All the above inhibitors prevented the synthesis of dipicolinic acid (DPA) also. When
B. cereus
T was grown in the absence of glucose (in extracted yeast extract-minerals medium), the above inhibitors had no effect on sporulation. Ethyl oxamate permitted sporulation, but the spores produced were heat-sensitive. Ethyl pimelate caused lysis when added before the pH of the culture began to rise. When added after the pH of the culture began to rise, it also permitted sporulation, and the spores were sensitive to heat. (These heat-sensitive spores were refractile and dormant, and did not stain with crystal violet. However, they germinated normally, losing refractibility and became stainable.) The effect of ethyl oxamate and ethyl pimelate could be overcome by DPA. APA, FAA, ethyl malonate, and ethyl succinate also inhibit the sporulation of a number of other bacilli.
GENE TRANSFER BY F′ STRAINS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
K-12 I
Authors: Pittard James , Loutit John S. , Adelberg Edward A.
Published: January 2020

Pittard, James
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
John S. Loutit, and Edward A. Adelberg
. Gene transfer by F′ strains of
Escherichia coli
K-12. I. Delay in initiation of chromosome transfer. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1394–1401. 1963.—Two different F′ strains were found to transfer both F-merogenote and chromosomal markers to recipient strains. When zygotes having received different chromosomal markers from the male were selected, a high percentage of them were found to have also received F-merogenote markers under conditions in which the mating of more than one male cell with a single female cell was excluded. An analysis of the kinetics of zygote formation revealed that chromosomal markers began to be transferred from F′ strains 8 to 10 min later than from their analogous Hfr strains. The rate of chromosome transfer is the same from both F′ and Hfr strains, and the difference observed in kinetic experiments was shown not to be due to any difference between the sequence of chromosomal genes in the F′ and Hfr strains. F′ strains and Hfr strains showed no difference in ability to form specific pairs with female recipients shortly after mixing. The observed delay in the transfer of chromosomal markers from F′ cells thus means that, after specific pair formation, F′ cells take 8 to 10 min longer than Hfr cells to initiate chromosome transfer.
ROLE OF ALPHA-TOXIN IN LESION FORMATION BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
ON SUTURES SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTED IN MICE
Authors: Taubler James H. , Kapral Frank A. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2020

Taubler, James
H. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia),
Frank A. Kapral, and Stuart Mudd
. Role of alpha-toxin in lesion formation by
Staphylococcus aureus
on sutures subcutaneously implanted in mice. J. Bacteriol.
86:
51–57. 1963.—Evidence was obtained that alpha-hemolysin is essential for the development of purulent lesions by several strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
adsorbed onto sutures subcutaneously implanted in mice. This evidence consisted of findings that active immunization with staphylococcal toxoid afforded significant protection to subcutaneous challenge with this organism and that alpha-hemolysin-negative mutants, derived from strains 18Z and P78, were almost devoid of the ability to produce lesions by this route of infection. However, other unknown factors also appear to be essential for lesion formation since passive immunization of mice with antialpha-toxin, obtained from rabbits immunized with purified toxin, failed to afford protection. A dose-response curve for this type of infection is also presented.
ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OFACTINOMYCETALESVI
Authors: Kwapinski J. B.
Published: January 2020

Kwapinski, J. B. (University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia). Antigenic structure ofActinomycetales. VI. Serological relationships between antigenic fractions ofActinomycesandNocardia. J. Bacteriol.86:179–186. 1963.—A total of 52 chemical fractions were obtained by a comprehensive technique of preparation from three strains ofActinomycesand three strains ofNocardia. The chemical and serological structures and specificities of disintegrated cells, cell walls, cytoplasms, and individual fractions were thoroughly studied. Cytoplasmic materials were found to be serologically alike or identical. The polysaccharide fractions, extracted from cell walls with alkali, formamide, and phenol, proved to be serologically related. Fractions prepared from theNocardiaby extractions in hot and concentrated solutions of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, as well as the second protein fraction and the acetate-extracted polysaccharides of both theNocardiaandActinomyces, proved to be genus-specific.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RICKETTSIAE V
Authors: Mallavia L. , Paretsky D.
Published: January 2020

Mallavia
, L. (University of Kansas, Lawrence)
and D. Paretsky
. Studies on the physiology of rickettsiae. V. Metabolism of carbamyl phosphate by
Coxiella burnetii
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
232–238. 1963.—Preparations of disrupted
Coxiella burnetii
catalyze synthesis of citrulline from ornithine and carbamyl phosphate at an optimal pH of 7.0 to 7.5. Rickettsial synthesis of the pyrimidine precursor, ureidosuccinate, is demonstrated and confirmed by isolating C
14
-labeled ureidosuccinate from reaction mixtures of carbamyl phosphate and labeled aspartate. The data suggest a further rickettsial synthesis of orotate and imply rickettsial competence for host-independent pyrimidine synthesis.
APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENT–ANTIBODY PROCEDURES TO THE STUDY OF PATHOGENIC DEMATIACEOUS FUNGI I
Authors: Al-Doory Yousef , Gordon Morris A.
Published: January 2020

Al-Doory, Yousef(Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany)and Morris A. Gordon. Application of fluorescent-antibody procedures to the study of pathogenic dematiaceous fungi. I. Differentiation ofCladosporium carrioniiandCladosporium bantianum. J. Bacteriol.86:332–338. 1963.—The well-known polymorphism and confusing similarity of cultures of pathogenic dematiaceous molds and other so-called “black yeasts” make individual species difficult to identify and even more perplexing to classify. Serological investigations of antigen relationships have proved of value in previous attempts to resolve these taxonomic problems, but thus far no fluorescent-antibody studies in this field have been reported. In the present investigations, fluorescein-labeled antisera to bothCladosporium carrioniiandC. bantianumreacted with a number of dematiaceous species in addition to the homologous organisms, but selective dilution and absorption resulted in conjugates specific for each of these two species. Staining was confined to the periphery of both hyphae and spores, and age was a factor in the affinity of these structures for fluorescent antibody. There is evidence that antigen diffuses centrifugally from the hyphae during growth on agar media.
INFLUENCE OF ROUTE OF INFECTION AND OTHER FACTORS ON GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENESIN ORGANS OF MICE
Authors: Silverman Sidney J. , Elwell Lynn P. , Drawdy James F.
Published: January 2020

Silverman, SidneyJ. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),Lynn P. Elwell, and James F. Drawdy. Influence of route of infection and other factors on growth and distribution ofListeria monocytogenesin organs of mice. J. Bacteriol.86:355–362. 1963.—The growth ofListeria monocytogenesin the lungs, liver, spleen, brain, and blood of mice was observed after infection by the respiratory, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. The lungs of mice exposed toListeriaaerosols contained about 106infected cells per ml within 24 hr, and the number of organisms remained high for at least 9 days. After exposure by the other two routes, fewer organisms appeared in the lungs. The colony counts of organisms in spleen and liver homogenates were similar regardless of the route. Organisms were found sporadically in the brain and blood. When a cell extract ofListeriawas injected simultaneously with the organisms, greater numbers ofListeriawere found in spleen and liver than when the bacteria were injected alone. On the other hand, the BCG strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosisenhanced the resistance of the mice, as shown by the recovery of fewer organisms from tissues when compared with tissues from mice receivingL. monocytogenesalone. Prior administration of BCG also reversed the effect of theListeriaextract. Mice (5 to 6 weeks old) born ofListeria-infected mothers were infected with the homologous organism by the intraperitoneal route. Fewer organisms were recovered and the gross pathology was less extensive than in infected progeny of healthy females. However, there was no difference in thelt50(time to death for 50% of the animals) between the two groups. In a similar experiment, using 7- to 8-week-old mice born of infected and healthy mothers, there was no difference in the bacterial counts, gross pathology, orlt50between the two groups.
COLONIAL DIMORPHISM IN NONMOTILE
SALMONELLA
Authors: Enomoto Masatoshi , Iino Tetsuo
Published: January 2020

Enomoto, Masatoshi
(National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan)
and Tetsuo Iino
. Colonial dimorphism in nonmotile
Salmonella
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
473–477. 1963.—Two distinct colonial types, LP-type and SD-type, appeared among the nonmotile mutant clones originated from a strain of
Salmonella typhimurium
when they were cultivated on semisolid gelatin-agar medium (NGA) at 37 C. These colonial types reflect the nonmotile character of the mutant clones: a nonflagellated clone formed an LP-type colony which was large, translucent, and pale yellowish-gray, whereas a paralyzed flagellated clone formed an SD-type colony which was small, opaque, and dense yellowish-gray. Colonial dimorphism was also present in cells paralyzed by nonheritable change: flagellated cells, immobilized by treatment with homologous anti-H serum, formed SD-type colonies, while cells which had lost flagella, growing in the NGA medium containing 0.12% phenol, formed LP-type colonies. The distinction between the two colonial types was not impaired by addition of motility phage or various sugars to NGA, but became obscure when gelatin was omitted from the medium or the temperature of cultivation was lowered. It is concluded that the difference between the two colonial types is due to the presence or absence of flagella on the surface of the bacterial cells. Such correlation between flagellation and colonial type was observed on nonmotile mutants of several other smooth-type
Salmonella
strains and
Escherichia coli
but was not found in a rough-type
Salmonella
strain.
THERMOSENSITIVITY OF POLIOVIRUS
Authors: Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Wallis, Craig(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.)and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermosensitivity of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol.86:499–504. 1963.—Polioviruses are thermosensitive agents, although thermoresistant strains have been obtained and reported in the literature. Such resistant strains can be developed by exposure of the virus to cystine during multiple-cycle yields. Thermoresistant strains can be converted to the thermosensitive state by passing the virus in cells maintained in a cystine-free medium, or by reducing the virus with glutathione. The thermoresistant variants seem to result from the conditions under which virus is grown and harvested. Consequently, many such thermostable polioviruses actually represent phenotypic rather than genotypic variation.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF TWO STRAINS OF
MYCOPLASMA LAIDLAWII
Authors: Castrejon-Diez Jaime , Fisher Thelma N. , Fisher Earl
Published: January 2020

Castrejon-Diez, Jaime
(Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La.),
Thelma N. Fisher, and Earl Fisher, Jr.
Glucose metabolism of two strains of
Mycoplasma laidlawii
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
627–636. 1963.—Two strains of
Mycoplasma laidlawii
were incubated in systems containing
d
-glucose-
C
14
; carbon dioxide, acetate, pyruvate, and lactate were isolated from appropriate fluids after resting-cell and growth experiments. In resting-cell experiments, radioactivity recoveries were shown to be 95% for
M. laidlawii
A and 89% for
M. laidlawii
(Adler). By growth studies, the radioactivity recovery for
M. laidlawii
A was 83% and for
M. laidlawii
(Adler) was 90.5%. Low specific activities of the products as compared with the specific activity of glucose suggested cellular pools, or that the dissimilation of other substances present in the complex growth medium yielded products which contributed to the dilution factors. Enzyme studies added support to the hypothesis that glycolysis is operative in these organisms. Experiments with
d
-glucose-
1
-
C
14
or
d
-glucose-
6
-
C
14
as substrate suggested that the hexose monophosphate shunt may be functional in
M. laidlawii
(Adler), particularly since glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, and transketolase were demonstrated. This pathway is absent in
M. laidlawii
A.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON CELLULAR COMPONENTS OFBORDETELLA PERTUSSISIII
Authors: Onoue Kaoru , Kitagawa Masayasu , Yamamura Yuichi
Published: January 2020

Onoue, Kaoru(Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan),Masayasu Kitagawa, and Yuichi Yamamura. Chemical studies on cellular components ofBordetella pertussis. III. Isolation of highly potent toxin fromBordetella pertussis. J. Bacteriol.86:648–655. 1963.—The thermolabile toxin ofBordetella pertussiswas extracted at alkaline pH with 0.15msaline from the disrupted cells. The toxin was purified successively by calcium phosphate gel treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, precipitation with potassium phosphate at alkaline pH, and finally by chromatography on a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column. Although the purified toxin still contained a small amount of agglutinin-absorbing activity, and inhomogeneity was detected by the agar gel diffusion test, the lethal and skin-necrotizing activities were much higher than those previously reported. The data obtained suggest that the toxin is proteinaceous.
L FORMS ISOLATED FROM A STRAIN OF
SERRATIA
Authors: Bandur Bojana M. , Dienes Louis
Published: January 2020

Bandur, Bojana
M. (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston)
and Louis Dienes
. L forms isolated from a strain of
Serratia
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
829–836. 1963.—In an L culture isolated from a strain of
Serratia
, two types of colonies developed, one (S-1) similar to the usual L colonies with the centers embedded in the agar and the other (S-2) similar in gross appearance to the usual bacterial colonies. The S-2 colonies consisted almost exclusively of large bodies and were produced by the direct multiplication of the large bodies. This occurred by enlargement, deformation, and segmentation. The organisms in the two types of L colonies were equivalent, and the type of growth was determined by environmental influences. The high viability of the cultures and the relative lack of autolysis permitted the study of the reproductive processes and the resulting growth under varying conditions. The basic reproductive process, as in other L forms and pleuropneumonia-like organisms, seemed to be the multiplication of small granules, either free or in small or large aggregates enclosed in a common envelope. It was possible to observe clearly the growth of small granules from the large bodies.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND TOXIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOUSE-VIRULENT AND MOUSE-AVIRULENTCANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Isenberg Henry D. , Allerhand Jona , Berkman James I. , Goldberg Dorothy
Published: January 2020

Isenberg, HenryD. (Long Island Jewish Hospital, New Hyde Park, N.Y.),Jona Allerhand, James I. Berkman, and Dorothy Goldberg. Immunological and toxic differences between mouse-virulent and mouse-avirulentCandida albicans. J. Bacteriol.86:1010–1018. 1963.—The differences between mouse-avirulent and -virulent strains ofCandida albicansreside at least in part in cell surface materials which can be extracted with solvents such as ethanolethyl ether and phenol. These extracts are complex haptens which behave like endotoxins in mice and rabbits. Antibodies produced against intact and extracted cells show some strain specificity in agglutination and precipitin reactions, but underline primarily the differences between the virulent and avirulent variants. The chemical constitution of the extracted complex haptens suggests that the toxic or virulent principles are polysaccharide in nature and that the avirulent strain substitutes fats and lipids for some polysaccharides on their cell surface.
COMPARISON OF THE ACTIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS FOR α-THIOETHYL-
d
-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE AND MALTOSE IN
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Okada Hirosuke , Halvorson H. O.
Published: January 2020

Okada, Hirosuke
(University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and H. O. Halvorson
. Comparison of the active transport systems for α-thioethyl-
d
-glucopyranoside and maltose in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
966–970. 1963.—Inducible systems for the active transport of both maltose and α-thioethyl-
d
-glucopyranoside (α-TEG) have been described in strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The properties of induction of the α-TEG-accumulating system were similar to other inducible systems in yeast: the differential rate of synthesis was constant, and induction was inhibited by amino acid analogues. At temperatures below 20 C, the temperature dependence of α-TEG accumulation in induced cells was identical to that in facilitated diffusion. From a survey of various inducers, a coordinate induction of both active-transport systems was observed. These findings led to the conclusion that in active transport a common inducible enzyme is coupled to both the α-TEG and maltose facilitated-diffusion systems.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTRATES AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON HETEROTROPHIC CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN
HYDROGENOMONAS FACILIS
Authors: McFadden Bruce A. , Homann H. Robert
Published: January 2020

McFadden, Bruce
A. (Washington State University, Pullman),
and H. Robert Homann
. Quantitative studies of the effect of organic substrates and 2,4-dinitrophenol on heterotrophic carbon dioxide fixation in
Hydrogenomonas facilis
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
971–977. 1963.—Whole cells of
Hydrogenomonas facilis
under heterotrophic conditions fixed levels of C
14
O
2
which depended upon the nature of the carbon source being oxidized. It was established that oxidative rates varied as a function of p

CO
2

. Therefore, all studies were conducted in the presence of 1.5 mole% CO
2
in the gas phase. With glucose-grown cells supplied with glucose as substrate, the heterotrophic fixation was curtailed 98% by the addition of 8.3 × 10
−4
m
2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). A coupling between reductive fixation of CO
2
and heterotrophic oxidation of substrate is consistent with the observed effect of DNP. The efficiency of coupling of fixation with oxidation was studied for acetate,
d
-glucose,
l
-glutamate,
d,l
-lactate,
d
-ribose, and succinate as substrates. Kinetic studies showed that the efficiency of coupling (expressed as disintegrations per minute of C
14
per microliter of O
2
) was initially time-variable for all substrates; however, it approached a constant value after 30 to 45 min for acetate, glutamate, lactate, and succinate. The initial variation of the ratio with time was due primarily to C
14
O
2
uptake, which was nonlinear with time. Control studies in the absence of exogenous substrate indicated that CO
2
fixation may also be linked to oxidation of endogenous stores accumulated during heterotrophic growth.
d
-Ribose appears to be the most promising substrate for short-term fixation studies owing to the rapid incorporation of C
14
and the unusually low endogenous fixation rate by cells grown on ribose. Calculations reveal that, after isotopic equilibrium has occurred, the amount of CO
2
utilized during glucose oxidation is almost 50% of O
2
uptake during the same interval. Even during succinate oxidation, which was shown to be coupled much less effectively with CO
2
fixation, the CO
2
utilized during the same interval is 8% of O
2
uptake.
FAILURE OF ARSENATE TO UNCOUPLE THE PHOSPHOTRANSACETYLASE SYSTEM IN
CLOSTRIDIUM ACIDIURICI
Authors: Sagers Richard D. , Benziman Moshe , Klein Sigrid M.
Published: January 2020

Sagers, Richard
D. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah),
Moshe Benziman, and Sigrid M. Klein
. Failure of arsenate to uncouple the phosphotransacetylase system in
Clostridium acidiurici
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
978–984. 1963.—The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl phosphate by extracts of
Clostridium acidiurici
required coenzyme A (CoA), an electron-carrier system (ferredoxin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and a divalent metal. Other cofactors may be involved but are not presently defined. The metal activates the system transferring acetyl units between CoA and phosphate. Acetyl CoA could be generated from pyruvate or from acetyl phosphate, but in both cases arsenate failed to uncouple the high-energy acyl compounds. The rate of acetyl transfer between acetyl phosphate and CoA was markedly decreased by 0.005
m
arsenate, but the generation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate was essentially unaffected until the arsenate concentration exceeded 0.02
m
. Close agreement was observed between the amount of pyruvate utilized and the amount of acetyl phosphate formed, both in the presence and absence of arsenate. The CoA-dependent exchange of P
32
O
4
≡
with acetyl phosphate proceeded at a rate approximately one-eightieth of the rate of acetylation of CoA, indicating an equilibrium value for the phosphotransacetylase reaction similar to that observed for
Clostridium kluyveri
. The failure of arsenate to uncouple the
C. acidiurici
enzyme may indicate a high degree of specificity in relation to the acetyl unit acceptor, giving preference to phosphate over arsenate.
DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF α-AMYLASE BY
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS
Authors: Welker N. E. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Welker
, N. E. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and University of Illinois, Urbana),
and L. Leon Campbell
. De novo synthesis of α-amylase by
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1202–1210. 1963.—The pH optimum for the synthesis of α-amylase by washed-cell suspensions was 6.7. α-Amylase synthesis began soon after the addition of the inducer (maltose, methyl-β-
d
-maltoside, or phenyl-α-
d
-glucoside, at 10
−3
m
), proceeded at a linear rate for 60 min, and then leveled off. Cell suspensions without inducer produced small amounts of α-amylase. The addition of glucose (2 × 10
−3
m
), sucrose (10
−3
m
), or glycerol (4 × 10
−3
m
) to washed-cell suspensions failed to stimulate the production of α-amylase. Nitrogen starvation of washed cells for 60 min with fructose as a carbon source or by induction with pure maltose showed that the ability to produce α-amylase was lost. Examination of the amino acid pool at this time showed a general depletion of amino acids and the complete disappearance of tyrosine, phenyl-alanine, proline, and valine. Replenishment of the amino acid pool with casein hydrolysate (0.5%) restored the ability of the cells to produce α-amylase. Chloramphenicol and 8-azaguanine were shown to inhibit α-amylase synthesis. Inhibition was observed immediately upon the addition of chloramphenicol to cell suspensions preinduced for varying periods of time. Actinomycin D and mitomycin C also inhibited α-amylase synthesis when added to induced washed-cell suspensions. The amino acid analogues, norvaline, norleucine, and ethionine, inhibited α-amylase formation by 72, 53, and 38%, respectively.
p
-Fluorophenylalanine inhibited the synthesis of active α-amylase by 92% and the incorporation of proline-C
14
into α-amylase and cellular proteins by 95 and 74%, respectively.