bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Erratum to “A simple analytical model of the angular momentum transformation in strongly focused light beams” by Aleksandr Ya. Bekshaev
Authors: Bekshaev Aleksandr
Published: December 2010

The original version of the article was published in Central European Journal of Physics 8, 94–960 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/s11534-010-0011-2. Unfortunately, due to an editorial processing error the original version of this article contains mistakes in Eqs. (23) and (25). Here we display the corrected version of these equations.
Assessing the Prevalence of Trauma Exposure in Epidemiological Surveys
Authors: Mills Katherine L. , McFarlane Alexander C. , Slade Tim , Creamer Mark , Silove Derrick , Teesson Maree , Bryant Richard
Published: December 2010

Objective: Estimates of the prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in population surveys have increased over time. There is limited empirical evidence on the impact of changes in measurement practices on these estimates. The present study examined the effect of increasing the number of events assessed on the prevalence of exposure longitudinally.

Methods: Data were ultilized from the 1997 and 2007 Australian National Surveys of Mental Health and Wellbeing. The 1997 survey assessed exposure using 11 items from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), version 2.1. The 2007 survey utilized 29 items from the World Mental Health CIDI. Prevalence rates of exposure to matched events among age-matched samples from both surveys were compared to determine whether differences in the estimates obtained were due to respondents having been asked about an increased number of event types in the latter survey.

Results: The effect of increasing the number of event types in the CIDI from 11 to 29 was to increase the overall population prevalence of exposure to PTEs by 18%. The difference between estimates was more pronounced in women than in men. The cross-cohort analyses revealed that these differences were not indicative of an increase in trauma exposure over time; but rather the endorsement of new events that were not listed in the earlier survey.

Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of using comprehensive assessments in the measurement of exposure to PTEs. Previous epidemiological surveys may have underestimated the prevalence of traumatic and other stressful life events, particularly among women.
Immediate Internal Fixation of Open Ankle Fractures
Authors: Hong-Chuan Wang , Shi-Lian Kan , Heng-Sheng Shu , Gui-Gen Pang , Ya-Fei Zhang
Published: December 2010

Background: Open ankle fractures are one of the most frequently treated open fractures. Immediate internal fixation in open ankle fractures is widely reported to produce good results, with a very low infection rate. However, there are few reports in the literature discussing distinct features of open ankle fractures. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the injury features of such fractures and the operative technique; pilon fractures were excluded. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six patients with open ankle fractures underwent surgery between August 2001 and March 2008. Ninety-two patients were followed for an average of 35 (range, 14 to 66) months. Intravenous antibiotics were initiated in the emergency room, and wounds were copiously irrigated and thoroughly debrided in the operating room as soon as possible. Based on the fracture's classification, the extent of comminution, and the wound condition, a rational sequence of treatment for each malleolar fracture was determined. Reduction and internal fixation of the fractures were performed in turn. Results: Primary wound healing was achieved in 65 patients. Superficial skin necrosis was seen in 19 patients, four patients had delayed wound healing and two had superficial infections. One diabetic patient developed a deep infection. The average time of fracture healing was 13 weeks. The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 90.4 (range, 59 to 100). Conclusions: Compared with closed ankle fractures, open ankle fractures have some unique injury features, and correspondingly require special treatment methods with respect to soft-tissue handling, restoration of large posterior malleolar fractures, the reconstruction sequence of malleolar fractures, and the management of distal tibiofibular syndesmotic diastasis.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Plantar Loading After Chevron Osteotomy Combined With Postoperative Physical Therapy
Authors: Schuh Reinhard , Adams Samuel , Hofstaetter Stefan Gerhard , Krismer Martin , Trnka Hans-Joerg
Published: December 2010

Background: Recent pedobarographic studies have demonstrated decreased loading of the great toe region and the first metatarsal head at a short- and intermediate-term followup. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a postoperative rehabilitation program helped to improve weightbearing of the first ray after chevron osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients with a mean age of 58 years with mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity who underwent a chevron osteotomy were included. Postoperatively, the patients received a multimodal rehabilitation program including mobilization, manual therapy, strengthening exercises and gait training. Preoperative and one year postoperative plantar pressure distribution parameters including maximum force, contact area and force-time integral were evaluated. Additionly the AOFAS score, ROM of the first MTP joint and plain radiographs were assessed. The results were compared using Student's t-test and level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: In the great toe, the mean maximum force increased from 72.2 N preoperatively to 106.8 N 1 year after surgery. The mean contact area increased from 7.6 cm2 preoperatively to 8.9 cm2 1 year after surgery and the mean force-time integral increased from 20.8 N∗sec to 30.5 N∗sec. All changes were statistically significant ( p < 0.05). For the first metatarsal head region, the mean maximum force increased from 122.5 N preoperatively to 144.7 N one year after surgery and the mean force-time integral increased from 42.3 N∗sec preoperatively to 52.6 N∗sec 1 year postoperatively ( p = 0.068 and p = 0.055, respectively). The mean AOFAS score increased from 61 points preoperatively to 94 points at final followup ( p < 0.001). The average hallux valgus angle decreased from 31 degrees to 9 degrees and the average first intermetatarsal angle decreased from 14 degrees to 6 degrees ( p < 0.001 for both). Conclusion: Our results suggest that postoperative physical therapy and gait training with a Chevron osteotomy may help to improve weightbearing of the great toe and first ray. Therefore, we believe there is a restoration of more physiological gait patterns in patients who receive this postoperative regimen.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Arterial Anatomy of the Talus: A Cadaver and Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI Study
Authors: Prasarn Mark L. , Miller Anna N. , Dyke Jonathan P. , Helfet David L. , Lorich Dean G.
Published: December 2010

Background: Avascular necrosis following a fracture of the talar neck may be secondary to the injury itself, or may result from the surgical approach and exposure during treatment. We sought to define the arterial anatomy of the talus using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and through gross dissection following latex injection of cadaver limbs. The use of gadolinium-enhanced MRI for the evaluation of the arterial supply of the talus has not been previously reported. Methods and Materials: We utilized 12 fresh frozen cadaver limbs to study the arterial anatomy of the talus. The anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries were isolated and cannulated with polyethylene catheters. Gadolinium was injected into the cannulas, and conventional MRI sequences including suppressed and unsuppressed 3D gradient echo sequences obtained. Following MRI, latex was injected into the cannulas and gross dissection performed. In addition, the vascular constraints to anteromedial and anterolateral approaches to the talus were defined. Results: MRI proved useful in the present study to confirm the presence of specific arterial branches in situ, as well as to demonstrate the rich anastomotic network in and around the talus. A branch to the medial talar neck that has not been previously identified is described which was found in nine of the specimens. This newly described branch to the medial talar neck was consistently noted to be lacerated following a standard anteromedial approach to the talus. Conclusion: The use of gadolinium-enhanced MRI provided very detailed images demonstrating a rich and complex anastomotic arterial network that surrounds and perforates the talus. Clinical Relevance: A thorough understanding of the anatomy and meticulous dissection are essential to prevent unnecessary further injury to the vasculature when treating fractures of the talus.
Accuracy of Medial Foot Compartment Pressure Testing: A Comparison of Two Techniques
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. , Henning Phillip T. , Cederholm Sarah K. , Hollman John H. , Smith Jay , Turner Norman S.
Published: December 2010

Background: Foot compartment syndrome is diagnosed with intracompartmental pressure measurements. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of two techniques to accurately place a needle tip within the medial foot compartment and to compare the proximity of the needle tip to the medial foot compartment neurovascular structures between the two techniques. Materials and Methods: This was a laboratory study using ten unembalmed cadaveric ankle-foot specimens. Two 18-gauge side-ported needles were placed into the medial foot compartments of each cadaveric specimen utilizing two separate techniques (Mollica and Reach techniques). Ultrasound was used to confirm needle tip placement within the medial foot compartment and needle proximity to the neurovascular structures. Results: Both needle placement techniques accurately placed the needle tip within the medial foot compartment. However, the distance between the needle tip and the neurovascular structures of the medial foot compartment was significantly closer ( p = 0.037) using the Mollica technique (mean = 3.9 mm ± 2.2 mm) than the Reach technique (mean = 10.9 mm ± 5.2 mm). Neither needle placement technique perforated the medial foot neurovascular structures. Conclusion: While both medial foot compartment pressure techniques accurately placed the needle tip within the medial foot compartment, the needle tip was significantly further from the medial foot neurovascular structures using the Reach technique than the Mollica technique. The Reach technique involves inserting the needle 6 cm below the distal tip of the medial malleolus, and advancing it 1 cm in a medial to lateral direction.
Continuous Infusion Versus Single Bolus Popliteal Block Following Major Ankle and Hindfoot Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Trial
Authors: Elliot Robin , Pearce Christopher J. , Seifert Chris , Calder DF James
Published: December 2010

Background: Popliteal sciatic nerve blockade is a commonly used technique employed in the management of postoperative pain following foot and ankle surgery. Recent studies have shown that for outpatient surgery, for moderately painful procedures, a continuous infusion of local anesthesia via an indwelling catheter for 48 to 72 hours leads to reduced opiate analgesic requirements and improved pain and patient satisfaction scores. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of a continuous infusion of bupivacaine verses normal saline via a popliteal catheter after a single bolus popliteal block for 72 hours after major ankle and hind foot surgery was performed in 54 patients. Results: The average pain scores overall were low (range, 1.1 to 3.6 on a Visual Analogue Scale of 0 to 10) throughout the study period. Statistically significantly lower pain scores with significantly less requirement for supplementary opiate analgesic agents were seen in the treatment group. Conclusion: Despite the statistically significant findings, with such low pain scores in both groups, we believe it remains debatable whether the extra time and cost involved warrants the use of a continuous popliteal blockade over a single bolus injection.

Level of Evidence: I, Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Total Ankle Replacement Outcome in Low Volume Centers: Short-Term Followup
Authors: Reuver Joost M. , Dayerizadeh Nader , Burger Bart , Elmans Leon , Hoelen Max , Tulp Niek
Published: December 2010

Background: The indication for total ankle replacement (TAR) as an alternative to ankle fusion continues to be a much-debated topic. The reported survival of TAR at midterm followup is approximately 90%. The aim of this study was to compare functional outcome and survival of TAR in low volume centers versus high volume centers. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four low volume centers. Sixty-four Salto TARs were performed between 2003 and 2007 in 60 patients. Fifty-five (59 TAR) patients were eligible for followup with 28 men. Standardized American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, patient satisfaction, and range of motion (ROM) were measured. Standardized and dynamic radiographs were used for evaluation of radiolucencies, ROM and component alignment. Results: Seven of the 59 ankle prostheses had to be revised: five for loosening and two for deep infection. Three of the five revised for loosening went on to fusion, and in two a revision of one of the components was performed. Both infected ankles were fused. Five patients declined to participate this study, among these two were TAR failures. Survival with revision as the endpoint was 86% at final followup. The average AOFAS score was 75 (SD ± 15). On dynamic radiographs the ROM was 22 degrees (SD ± 8) in the tibiotalar joint. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that functional results of total ankle replacement in low volume centers were comparable to most high volume centers but survival was lower especially when we consider our shorter followup than most comparable series.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Intraoperative Ultrasonography During Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair
Authors: Soubeyrand Marc , Serra-Tosio Géraldine , Campagna Raphael , Molina Véronique , Sitbon Philippe , Biau David J.
Published: December 2010

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine whether real-time intraoperative ultrasonography improved implant positioning and stump approximation in patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture managed percutaneously. Materials and Methods: The needles were introduced percutaneously without ultrasonography and their position was checked relative to cutaneous landmarks and by palpation. Then, intraoperative ultrasonography was performed to assess needle position at the proximal tendon segment, tendon tear, and distal tendon segment. Incorrectly placed needles were removed and reinserted under real-time ultrasonographic guidance. Tendon apposition was checked ultrasonographically. Results: We included 21 patients (19 males, two females) with unilateral acute Achilles tendon rupture, in whom 42 needles (one medial and one lateral) were inserted. Correct positioning was achieved without ultrasonographic guidance for 19 (45%) needles overall, 15 of 21 (71%) medial needles, and four of 21 (19%) lateral needles. The remaining 23 needles were correctly repositioned under ultrasonographic guidance. The correct positioning rates with and without ultrasonography differed significantly for all needles ( p < 0.0001) and for lateral needles ( p < 0.0001) but not for medial needles ( p = 0.03). Intraoperative ultrasonography confirmed tendon stump approximation in all cases. Conclusion: Without imaging, 55% of needles were correctly positioned. Intraoperative ultrasonography allowed correct positioning of all needles and provided intraoperative confirmation of stump approximation.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Estrogen Receptor Expression in Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bridgeman Jay T. , Zhang Yue , Donahue Henry , Wade Allison M. , Juliano Paul J.
Published: December 2010

Background: The pathophysiology of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is poorly understood. It has been theorized that changes in hormone physiology may be a factor influencing tendon health. Estrogen's influence on the fibroblast has been studied in other musculoskeletal tissues. Gender differences in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been studied and it has been discovered that the Estrogen receptor (ER) as well as Progesterone receptor (PR) are expressed in the ACL. Material and Methods: Eight patients with PTTD requiring surgery were enrolled in our pilot study. The mean patient age was 52.4 (range, 18 to 73) years. There were five female and three male patients. Tendon samples were harvested from diseased PTT. Tendon samples harvested from healthy PTT and healthy flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon were used as controls. Tendon samples were processed using specific protocols for total RNA isolation from hypocellular, dense connective tissues. ERα and ERβ transcripts were quantified using real time RT-PCR. Quantitative values were obtained from the threshold cycle (Ct) number at which the increase in fluorescent signal associated with an exponential increase of PCR products can be detected. Results: Transcripts of both ERα and ERβ were reproducibly detected in RNA samples isolated from our tendon samples. There was no difference in receptor expression between diseased and control tendon samples. There was no difference in receptor expression between male and female patients. Conclusion: We found that the tenocyte of the PTT and FDL tendons express ERα and ERβ. Normal and diseased tendons of both male and female patients expressed both estrogen receptors. Clinical Relevance: Identifying ERα and ERβ gene expression in the fibroblast was an initial step in discovering whether tenocytes are targets for estrogen function. Estrogen receptors were identified indirectly by measuring receptor gene expression but we were unable to show a significant difference between diseased and control tendons.
Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis With a Curved, Interlocking, Intramedullary Nail
Authors: Budnar Vijaya M. , Hepple Steve , Harries William G. , Livingstone James A. , Winson Ian
Published: December 2010

Background: Tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with a straight rod has a risk of damaging the lateral plantar neurovascular structures and may interfere with maintaining normal heel valgus position. We report the results of a prospective study of tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis with a short, anatomically curved interlocking, intramedullary nail. Material and Methods: Forty-five arthrodesis in 42 patients, performed between Jan 2003 and Oct 2008, were prospectively followed. The mean followup was 48 (range, 10 to 74) months. The main indications for the procedure were failed ankle arthrodesis with progressive subtalar arthritis, failed ankle arthroplasty and complex hindfoot deformity. The outcome was measured by a combination of pre and postoperative clinical examination, AOFAS hindfoot scores, SF-12 scores and radiological assessment. Results: Union rate was 89% (40/45). Eighty-two percent (37/45) reported improvement in pain and 73% (33/45) had improved foot function. Satisfactory hindfoot alignment was achieved in 84% (38/45). Postoperatively there was a mean improvement in the AOFAS score of 37. Complications included a below knee amputation for persistent deep infection, five nonunions, and three delayed unions. Four nails, six proximal and six distal locking screws were removed for various causes. Other complications included two perioperative fractures, four superficial wound infections and one case of lateral plantar nerve irritation. Conclusion: With a short, anatomically curved intramedullary nail, we had a high rate of tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with minimal plantar neurovascular complications. We believe a short, curved intramedullary nail, with its more lateral entry point, helped maintain hindfoot alignment.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Effect of Ankle Flexion Angle on Axial Alignment of Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Moore Andrew M. , Kadakia Anish R. , Hughes Richard E. , Thiele Ramon A. Ruberte
Published: December 2010

Background: The Salto Talaris Anatomic® (Tornier) total ankle replacement (TAR) has found widespread use in the United States and features rotationally mobile trial components that auto-align the final components, which themselves are rotation-ally fixed and highly congruent. Based on recent work on prosthetic and native ankle kinematics, we investigated the influence of the ankle flexion angle at the time of final component preparation on the axial alignment of the Salto Talaris TAR. Materials and Methods: Following a power analysis based on a clinically meaningful difference of five degrees, eight fresh-frozen cadaveric thigh-to-foot specimens underwent installation of trial components using the Salto Talaris TAR system. Specimens were cycled from maximal dorsiflexion (DF) to plantarflexion (PF), as called for in the surgical technique guide, and drilling for the final component was carried out in both five degrees of DF and 15 degrees of PF using separate drill holes. These were compared with a reference drill hole previously placed along the axis of distal tibial cutting guide. Data were analyzed to determine whether components prepared in DF differed from those prepared in PF with respect to median (and variance) rotation. Results: We found no significant difference in median axial alignment ( p = 0.139) or in variances between the two groups ( p = 0.937). Conclusion: The ankle flexion angle at the time of final component preparation did not significantly alter the axial alignment of the Salto Talaris TAR. Clinical Relevance: Therefore, the rotational alignment of the tibial component is determined by the tibial bone cuts and will not auto-align to the rotation of the talar component.
Core Weave Versus Krackow Technique for Achilles Tendon Repair: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Hong Yuhwan , Hermida Luis , White Kacey L. , Parks Brent G. , Camire Lyn M. , Guyton Gregory P.
Published: December 2010

Background: The Krackow stitch, commonly used for Achilles tendon repair, leaves the bulk of the stitch on the surface of the tendon as a possible nidus for adhesion. The proposed core weave stitch leaves a minimal amount of suture material on the tendon surface. The functional strength of the core weave stitch compared with the Krackow and the optimal number of throws, or stitches crossing the surface of the tendon, with this stitch are not known. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric Achilles tendons were transected and randomly assigned to receive a 4-stranded stitch, either Krackow or core weave, with three, five, or seven throws. The samples were cyclically loaded to 75, 125 and 175 N for 1000 cycles at each load until failure, defined as 5 mm of elongation. Results: No significant difference in failure load was observed between the Krackow and core weave groups at any number of throws or within the groups based on number of throws. Failure load for the different number of throws in the Krackow group approached significance ( p = 0.10), with higher failure load with three throws. Conclusion: Functional strength of the core weave stitch and the Krackow stitch did not differ between groups with three, five, and seven throws. There was no significant difference in strength based on throws in either group. Clinical Relevance: The proposed core weave stitch provides functional strength similar to that of the Krackow stitch for tendon repair with reduced suture material on the tendon surface.
Late Intratendinous Abscess of the Achilles Tendon Complicating Surgical Repair: A Case Report
Authors: Konda Sanjit R. , Gyftopolous Soterios , Dayan Alan
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Measuring Balance and Mobility after Traumatic Brain Injury: Validation of the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M)
Authors: Inness Elizabeth L. , Howe Jo-Anne , Niechwiej-Szwedo Ewa , Jaglal Susan B. , McIlroy William E. , Verrier Molly C.
Published: December 2010

Purpose: To further investigate the construct validity of the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), developed for ambulatory individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: A convenience sample of 35 patients with TBI (13 in-patients, 22 outpatients) was recruited. Analyses included a comparison of CB&M and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) admission and change scores and associations between the CB&M and measures of postural sway, gait, and dynamic stability; the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ); and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale.

Results: Mean admission scores on the BBS and the CB&M were 53.6/56 (SD=4.3) and 57.8/96 (SD=23.3) respectively. Significant correlations were demonstrated between the CB&M and spatiotemporal measures of gait, including walking velocity, step length, step width, and step time; measures of dynamic stability, including variability in step length and step time; and the ABC (p<0.05). Significant correlations between the CB&M and CIQ were revealed with a larger data set (n=47 outpatients) combined from previous phases of research.

Conclusions: In patients with TBI, the CB&M is less susceptible to a ceiling effect than the BBS. The construct validity of the CB&M was supported, demonstrating associations with laboratory measures of dynamic stability, measures of community integration, and balance confidence.
Client Education: Communicative Interaction between Physiotherapists and Clients with Subacute Low Back Pain in Private Practice
Authors: Harman Katherine , Bassett Raewyn , Fenety Anne , Hoens Alison M.
Published: December 2010

Purpose: To explore, through focus-group interviews, client education provided by physiotherapists in private practice who treat injured workers with subacute low back pain (SA-LBP).

Methods: Six focus-group interviews were held in the fall of 2006 to explore treatment practices of physiotherapists for this population. Each of the 44 physiotherapists who volunteered attended one of six regional sessions.

Results: Three overarching themes emerged: the critical importance of education; education: a multidimensional concept; and the physiotherapist–client relationship. In this study, we found that education provides continuity by tying together the separate tasks occurring during one treatment session. Our participants said that time is of the essence in private practice and described how they provide education seamlessly, making this type of delivery efficient.

Conclusions: Education is a highly valued aspect of practice for physiotherapists. Verbal, tactile, and visual information obtained from the client as assessment and treatment progress is explored, expanded, and contextualized in conversation with the client. In a communicative, interactive process, client fears, other contextual information, and physiotherapist information about procedures and techniques, exercises, and anatomy are collaboratively interrelated.
The Right to Health of Nomadic Groups
Authors: Marchi Paolo
Published: December 2010

Nomadic groups have often being discriminated against in many different fields. Often states do not meet their obligation to respect, protect and fulfil nomads' human rights. This article applies a human rights perspective to nomads' difficulties in accessing health care services. The article highlights how to use international human rights instruments and standards, and even regional and national case law, in order to remind states of their obligations towards nomads. The final section is a case study focussing on the nomadic population of Turkana, Kenya.
Unravelling Mongolia's Extreme Winter Disaster of 2010
Authors: Sternberg Troy
Published: December 2010

The 2010 extreme winter disaster (dzud) in Mongolia has lead to great livestock mortality (around 20 per cent of the national herd), the loss of pastoral livelihoods and rural displacement and affected 28 per cent of the country's population. Whilst environmental conditions were the immediate cause, contributory factors include a changing climate, current herding practices and weak governance. The severity of the event points out herding vulnerability, a lack of dzud preparedness and climate's disruptive impact on steppe pastoralism. This article examines the intertwined natural and human processes that shaped the dzud and the implications for pastoralism in Mongolia. Learning from the 2010 event is critical to reduce disaster risk and hazard impact on steppe livelihoods.
Automatic Rifles and Social Order Amongst the Daasanach of Conflict-ridden East Africa
Authors: Sagawa Toru
Published: December 2010

It has been reported that the proliferation of automatic rifles in East Africa has increased the seriousness of conflicts during the past thirty years in East African pastoral societies. Some researchers insist that pastoral societies have been inundated with escalating levels of violence. This violence is associated with young men who have new types of firearms that are more sophisticated and deadly than traditional weapons and that destroy social order. However, most of the analysis in these studies is subjective in that it narrowly attempts to understand this region in a techno-deterministic way. This study clarifies that the Daasanach and neighbouring groups in the border regions of Ethiopia, Kenya and the Sudan have actually controlled the extensive use of violence and maintained local order, even with the proliferation of automatic rifles, and without government assistance.
An Ecosystem Approach to HIV-1/AIDS: Local Knowledge on Contracting and Transmitting the Disease Amongst the Turkana of Lodwar Township (Kenya)
Authors: Owiti John Arianda
Published: December 2010

A broad theoretical framework centred on an ecosystem approach is used to investigate the local knowledge around contraction and transmission of HIV-1/AIDS amongst the Turkana of Lodwar township. According to the Turkana, there are several naturalistic factors that influence the contraction and transmission of HIV-1/AIDS. Broad categories can be identified: factors that encourage unprotected sex, those that encourage mobility and migration (associated with the pursuit of casual sexual partnerships), factors of social organization that encourage risky sex, factors related to deficient healthcare, and socioeconomic factors.
Effect of Synbiotics on Caecal Morphology and Lesion Score in Broilers Infected with Eimeria Tenella
Authors: Chalorsuntisakul Surawat , Sirithunyalug Jakkapan , Chaiyasut Chaiyavat , Aengwanich Worapol , Pewnim Thanit
Published: December 2010

The extensive use of the anti-coccidial drugs for prevention and control of coccidiosis in poultry has been a major factor in the success of the industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a synbiotic which combined between 106cfu/mL of Lactobacillus plantalum CMU-FP002, and 2% Shallot extract v/v mix in water on Eimeria tenella infections in broiler chickens. One hundred and thirty-five day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three cages with three replications per treatment, with treatment groups including: (1) No synbiotic feeding to a non-infected, group; (2) no synbiotic feeding to chicks infected with 20,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts; and (3) synbiotic feeding to chicks infected with 20,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts. Lesion scores were assessed by gross pathological examination based on a scale of 0-4 at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days post infection. Untreated broilers infected with E. tenella were found to have highly damaged caeca (P<0.05) at days 6 and 12, whereas broilers infected with E. tenella but treated with the synbiotic also had damaged caeca, but with less damage than infected broilers fed no synbiotic. Broilers fed the synbiotic were also found to have altered epithelial morphology, but less so than the non-treated group. These results indicate that synbiotics may have a preventative effect on coccidiosis in broilers, but do not fully protect against the negative impact of the infection.
Morphodynamics of Embryonic Development of Skeletal Musculature of Broiler and Layer Chickens
Authors: Uscebrka Gordana , Stojanovic Slobodan , Zikic Dragan , Kanacki Zdenko
Published: December 2010

Eggs of broiler (Ross 308) and layer (Hy-Line Brown) chicken hybrids were incubated and tissue samples from the leg muscle (m. biceps femoris) and breast muscle (m. pectoralis profundus) were taken on embryonic days 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20, as well as on the first day post hatching. Histological preparations were made from the samples and the diameter of muscle cells, the volume density of connective tissue of muscles, and the nucleocytoplasmic ratio of muscle cells were recorded. Comparison of the diameter of muscle cells of leg muscle and the breast muscle between broiler and layer chicken during the period of late incubation and day 1 post hatching showed the diameter of the examined muscle cells was greater in layers, while the nucleocytoplasmic ratio of muscle cells was higher in broilers. No differences were established between these two strains in the volume density of connective tissue in both muscles examined. Such results are explained by the prolonged proliferation of myoblasts and delayed differentiation of muscle cells in broilers, which leads to a greater development of the skeletal musculature during the postnatal period. These processes in the embryonic period of development are the cause of differences in the morphodynamics of embryonic development of the skeletal musculature between broilers and layers presented in this paper.
Doxorubicin-Loaded PEG-PCL-PEG Micelle Using Xenograft Model of Nude Mice: Effect of Multiple Administration of Micelle on the Suppression of Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Cuong Nguyen-Van , Jiang Jian-Lin , Li Yu-Lun , Chen Jim-Ray , Jwo Shyh-Chuan , Hsieh Ming-Fa
Published: December 2010

The triblock copolymer is composed of two identical hydrophilic segments: Monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) and one hydrophobic segment poly(ε‑caprolactone) (PCL); which is synthesized by coupling of mPEG-PCL-OH and mPEG‑COOH in a mild condition using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylamino pyridine. The amphiphilic block copolymer can self-assemble into nanoscopic micelles to accommodate doxorubixin (DOX) in the hydrophobic core. The physicochemical properties and in vitro tests, including cytotoxicity of the micelles, have been characterized in our previous study. In this study, DOX was encapsulated into micelles with a drug loading content of 8.5%. Confocal microscopy indicated that DOX was internalized into the cytoplasm via endocystosis. A dose-finding scheme of the polymeric micelle (placebo) showed a safe dose of PEG-PCL-PEG micelles was 71.4 mg/kg in mice. Importantly, the circulation time of DOX-loaded micelles in the plasma significantly increased compared to that of free DOX in rats. A biodistribution study displayed that plasma extravasation of DOX in liver and spleen occurred in the first four hours. Lastly, the tumor growth of human breast cancer cells in nude mice was suppressed by multiple injections (5 mg/kg, three times daily on day 0, 7 and 14) of DOX-loaded micelles as compared to multiple administrations of free DOX.
Toxic Compound, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from Detoxified Jatropha curcas Seed Cake
Authors: Saetae Donlaporn , Suntornsuk Worapot
Published: December 2010

Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose tree, which has potential as an alternative source for biodiesel. All of its parts can also be used for human food, animal feed, fertilizer, fuel and traditional medicine. J. curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product obtained from biodiesel production. The seed cake, however, has a high amount of protein, with the presence of a main toxic compound: phorbol esters as well as anti-nutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, lectin and saponin. The objective of this work was to detoxify J. curcas seed cake and study the toxin, anti-nutritional factors and also functional properties of the protein isolated from the detoxified seed cake. The yield of protein isolate was approximately 70.9%. The protein isolate was obtained without a detectable level of phorbol esters. The solubility of the protein isolate was maximal at pH 12.0 and minimal at pH 4.0. The water and oil binding capacities of the protein isolate were 1.76 g water/g protein and 1.07 mL oil/g protein, respectively. The foam capacity and stability, including emulsion activity and stability of protein isolate, had higher values in a range of basic pHs, while foam and emulsion stabilities decreased with increasing time. The results suggest that the detoxified J. curcas seed cake has potential to be exploited as a novel source of functional protein for food applications.
Effect of Five Different Stages of Ripening on Chemical Compounds in Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.)
Authors: Rop Otakar , Sochor Jiri , Jurikova Tunde , Zitka Ondrej , Skutkova Helena , Mlcek Jiri , Salas Petr , Krska Boris , Babula Petr , Adam Vojtech , Kramarova Daniela , Beklova Miroslava , Provaznik Ivo , Kizek Rene
Published: December 2010

The study of changes of nutritional value of fruit during the ripening process can help estimate the optimal date for fruit harvesting to achieve the best quality for direct consumption and further utilization. The aim of this study was to monitor the changes of chemical composition of medlar fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) measured at five various ripening stages including 134, 144, 154, 164 and 174 days after full bloom (DAFB). Fruits were analyzed and ascorbic acid (AA) and total phenolic compound content with respect to the total antioxidant activity were determined. In addition, selected micronutrients and macronutrients were monitored. The results of our experiments demonstrate that ascorbic acid, total phenolic compound content and total antioxidant activity decreased significantly with increasing time of ripeness. The decreasing tendency in potassium, calcium and magnesium contents during the ripening stages was also determined. During the ripening period, the content of all micronutrients as well as phosphorus and sodium was balanced, with no statistically significant differences between the monitored ripening stages, which can be considered as a positive fact with respect to ideal consumption quality of fruit.
Synthesis of a Dehydroabietyl Derivative Bearing a 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl) Benzimidazole Unit and Its Selective Cu2+ Chemosensing
Authors: Wang Ying-Chun , Liu Lu-Zhi , Pan Ying-Ming , Wang Heng-Shan
Published: December 2010

A dehydroabietyl derivative 2 bearing a 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole unit was synthesized and its sensing behaviors toward metal ions were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. In THF solution, compound 2 exhibited excellent selectivity for Cu(II) over miscellaneous other metal ions including Cr(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Al(III), Mg(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Na(I), Li(I) and K(I) evidenced through the quenching of the fluorescence of the benzimidazole fragment. The reaction between 2 and Cu2+ was found to be stoichiometric with the formation of a 1:1 complex.
Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Piper betle L.
Authors: Al-Adhroey Abdulelah H. , Nor Zurainee M. , Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M. , Amran Adel A. , Mahmud Rohela
Published: December 2010

The need for new compounds active against malaria parasites is made more urgent by the rapid spread of drug-resistance to available antimalarial drugs. The crude methanol extract of Piper betle leaves (50–400 mg/kg) was investigated for its antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) during early and established infections. The phytochemical and antioxidant potentials of the crude extract were evaluated to elucidate the possibilities of its antimalarial effects. The safety of the extract was also investigated in ICR mice of both sexes by the acute oral toxicity limit test. The leaf extract demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) schizonticidal activity in all three antimalarial evaluation models. Phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract contains some vital antiplasmodial chemical constituents. The extract also exhibited a potent ability to scavenge the free radicals. The results of acute toxicity showed that the methanol extract of Piper betle leaves is toxicologically safe by oral administration. The results suggest that the Malaysian folklorical medicinal application of the extract of Piper betle leaf has a pharmacological basis.
Intraocular Pressure During Corneal Flap Preparation: Comparison Among Four Femtosecond Lasers in Porcine Eyes
Authors: Vetter Jan M. , Holzer Mike P. , Teping Christian , Weingärtner Wolf E. , Gericke Adrian , Stoffelns Bernhard , Pfeiffer Norbert , Sekundo Walter
Published: December 2010

Purpose:

To compare the course of intraocular pressure (IOP) during corneal flap preparation using four different femtosecond lasers in porcine globes.

Methods:

Forty-eight (12 in each group) enucleated globes were successfully cannulated through the optic nerve. Intraocular pressure was measured continuously through the cannula during a normal lamellar flap creation (regular procedure) using four femtosecond lasers (IntraLase, Abbott Medical Optics; VisuMax, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG; Femtec, Technolas Perfect Vision; and Femto LDV, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG). In an additional measurement (worst-case procedure), the patient interface was pressed against the globe with increasing force until the applanation maneuver was automatically aborted by those devices capable of doing so.

Results:

During the regular procedure, the maximum IOP reached was 135±16 mmHg when using the Intra-Lase, 65±20 mmHg with the VisuMax, 205±32 mmHg with the Femtec, and 184±28 mmHg with the Femto LDV. During the worst-case procedure, a maximum IOP of 260±53 mmHg was reached with the IntraLase, 105±13 mmHg with the VisuMax, and 248±51 mmHg with the Femtec.

Conclusions:

There is considerable variation in IOP among the tested femtosecond lasers during a regular lamellar flap creation and during the worst-case procedure. The VisuMax femtosecond laser seems to cause the lowest IOP rise in both settings.
Comparison of Corneal Tomography Measurements Using Galilei, Orbscan II, and Placido Disk–based Topographer Systems
Authors: Karimian Farid , Feizi Sepehr , Doozandeh Azadeh , Faramarzi Amir , Yaseri Mehdi
Published: December 2010

PURPOSE:

To evaluate agreement in keratometry readings and anterior and posterior elevation map measurements among the Galilei V4.01 (Ziemer), Orbscan IIz (Bausch & Lomb), and Corneal Map topographer (Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici) systems.

METHODS:

This prospective comparative study comprised 184 eyes of 92 consecutive refractive surgery candidates who were simultaneously examined with the Galilei (dual Scheimpflug), Orbscan II (scanning-slit), and Corneal Map topographer (Placido disk–based) systems. Keratometry readings and anterior and posterior elevation map measurements were compared using analysis of variance and paired
t
test, respectively.

RESULTS:

Mean keratometry reading was 44.30±1.49 diopters (D), 44.11±1.47 D, and 44.60±1.56 D with the Galilei, Orbscan, and Corneal Map topographer, respectively. Despite a significant difference in mean keratometry (
P
<.001), the correlation among these three systems was strong. The maximum mean difference between two sets in simulated keratometry and astigmatism was <0.50 D. In the evaluation of anterior best-fit-sphere (BFS) and posterior BFS, the correlation between Galilei and Orbscan II was found to be 0.960 and 0.947, respectively. Maximum anterior central elevation measured by Orbscan II and Galilei was 9.2±5.1 μm and 3.2±1.8 μm, respectively. Maximum posterior central elevation by Orbscan II and Galilei was 33.8±9.3 μm and 6.8±3.8 μm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite significant differences in mean keratometry readings and anterior and posterior elevation measurements among the three systems, the keratometry readings can be used interchangeably, as this difference is not clinically significant.
Folk Music Research in »Old« Austria and in »New« Europe Concerning Understanding between Nations and National Endeavors
Authors: Hois Eva Maria
Published: December 2010

In 1904 the project Austrian Folk Songs was set up, which aimed to collect folk music from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The reasons for this project were not only folkloristic, but also socio-political. The intention was to raise greater mutual understanding within the empire and promote a supranational consciousness. Similar efforts are now being made. The Styrian Folk Song Society, along with other societies, has been conducting field research in the border area between Styria and Slovenia. The wealth of material that has been documented there is surprising. It can be hoped that folk music may also make a contribution to greater tolerance between nations in an enlarged European Union.
***
Leta 1904 je bila osnovana akcija Ljudska pesem v Avstriji, katere namen je bil zapisati ljudsko glasbo iz vseh delov avstroogrske monarhije. Razlogi za ta projekt niso bili samo folkoristični, temveč tudi družbenopolitični. Projekt je namreč nameraval spodbuditi večje razumevanje drugega in promovirati nadnacionalno zavest. Podobni napori se uveljavljajo tudi danes. Tako Steirisches Volksliedwerk v sodelovanju z drugimi vodi terensko delo ob meji med Štajersko in Slovenijo. Bogastvo gradiva, dokumentiranega na tem območju, preseneča. Upajmo, da ljudska glasba lahko pripomore tudi k večji strpnosti med narodi v razširjeni Evropski uniji.
In Search of the “Ladin Song”: The Project Das Volkslied in öSterreich in the Ladin Areas of Tyrol and East Friuli (1904–1914)
Authors: Chiocchetti Fabio , Starec Roberto
Published: December 2010

The recovery of Theodor Gartner’s collection, which took place in 1995 thanks to Gerlinde Haid, enables us to form an image of the Ladin community at the beginning of the 20th century through the ethnophonic heritage and the cultural dynamics that characterized this linguistic minority. The publication of this collection allows us to better comprehend the dynamics of selection and transmission of the oral-tradition repertoire, and to perceive the effect of growing ethnolinguistic awareness.
***
Ponovno odkritje Gartnerjeve zbirke, do katerega je prišlo leta 1995 po zaslugi Gerlinde Haid, nam pomaga orisati ladinsko skupnost na začetku 20. stoletja; pri tem sta nam v pomoč glasbenonarodopisna dediščina in kulturna dinamika, ki je označevala to jezikovno manjšino. Objava te zbirke nam pomaga bolje razumeti postopke selekcije in prenosa ustnega izročila, hkrati pa tudi učinek vse večje narodno-jezikovne zavesti.
Characteristics of Collecting Folksong Material at the Intersection of Peoples and Cultures: The Osnp Program in the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
Authors: Pisk Marjeta
Published: December 2010

In the program of the Committee for the Collection of Slovenian Folk Songs, the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca was poorly represented in the songs transcribed. The small number of transcriptions was partly the result of inactivity on the part of committee member Ivan Kokošar, but even more so due to changes in how folk songs were valued in that region as the consequence of the activity of the choirs of the reading rooms and societies.
***
Med akcijo Odbora za slovensko narodno pesem je bila poknežena grofija Goriško-Gradiščanska slabo zastopana z zapisi pesmi. Pomanjkanje zapisov je bilo deloma posledica nedejavnosti odbornika Kokošarja, še bolj pa spremenjenega vrednotenja ljudske pesmi na tem področju. Na to so vplivala številna pevska društva v okviru čitalnic in društev.