bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of early Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.) catches based on otoliths recovered from archaeological excavations at medieval to early modern sites in northern Norway
Authors: Pedersen Torstein , Amundsen Colin , Wickler Stephen
Published: November 2022

We compared stock origin, size- and age-distributions, and length growth rates derived from Atlantic cod otoliths from archaeological excavations at two sites in northern Norway: Vágar in Lofoten (68°12′N, ad 1156–1285) and the Værbukta site (70°57′N, ad 1450–1680). For comparison, modern otoliths were sampled during 1993–2001 from areas situated close to Vágar and Værbukta. Length-at-age from pre-20th century samples was back-calculated from otolith growth increments. The pre-20th century cod from Vágar was dominated by northeast Arctic cod (NEAC) of age 9–16 years and were much older and larger than the pre-20th century cod from Værbukta, which were dominated by coastal cod of age 2–6 years. Cod from Vágar had smaller increments and a shorter back-calculated length-at-age than modern cod from Lofoten. In contrast, the predominantly coastal cod from Værbukta had similar increments width and length-at-age as in modern samples. Age-distributions and mortality rates of the pre-20th century Vágar cod and NEAC from Lofoten in the 1930s were similar, indicating that both age at maturity and longevity were similar for these time periods. This contrasts with truncated and young age-distributions of spawning NEAC in the 1980s and 1990s following the strong increase in fishing and total mortality rate in the period 1955–2000.
Flow cytometric detection and microscopic observation of activated eosinophils in peripheral blood
Authors: Nishikawa Satomi , Matsuhiroya Shiori , Kono Mari
Published: November 2022

Eosinophils possess highly electron-dense granules with crystal-like structures and are characterized as high side scatter (SSC) areas by flow cytometry analysis. Eosinophils with low SSC features have been noted in extremely rare cases; however, the underlying cause remains unclear. Eosinophils in the low SSC area were analyzed using microscopy. A transmission electron microscope revealed the loss of crystal-like structures in granules with low electron density and piecemeal degranulation, which was undetectable by May–Grünwald–Giemsa staining. Based on the results of flow cytometry, May–Grünwald–Giemsa staining and transmission electron microscopy, SSC values could help potentially detect crystal-like structures and piecemeal degranulation eosinophils.
Support motion of a finite bar with a viscously damped boundary
Authors: Chen Jeng-Tzong , Kao Hao-Chen , Lee Jia-Wei , Lee Ying-Te
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we extended the previous experience to solve the vibration problem of a finite bar with a viscously damped boundary and the support motion on the other side. Two analytical methods, the mode superposition method in conjunction with the quasi-static decomposition method and the method of diamond rule based on the method of characteristics, were employed to derive two analytical solutions. One is a series solution by using the mode superposition method. The other is an exact solution by using the method of diamond rule. The non-conservative system with an external damper is solved straightforward by using the method of diamond rule to avoid the complex-valued eigen system. Agreement is made well. Both advantages and disadvantages of two methods were discussed.
‘[D]onning the Garb of a Pit Girl again’: Imagining the ‘Pit Brow Lassie’ in Late-Victorian Fiction
Authors: Sanders Mike
Published: November 2022

This article analyses various representations of the figure of the ‘pit brow lassie’ with a particular emphasis on two novels; Frances Hodgson Burnett’s That Lass O’ Lowrie’s (1877) and John Monk Foster’s A Pit Brow Lassie (1889). It argues that pit brow women provided a focus for discussions of the interplay of class and gender roles in Victorian Britain. The article begins by tracing the history of attitudes towards women’s employment in the mines in Victorian Britain and the role which visual representations of pit brow women played in the campaigns for and against their employment. It then analyses the way in which the representation of the pit brow women in That Lass O’ Lowrie’s shifts from an ideologeme of pity to one of respect and self-respect. It argues that Burnett’s novel is, in part, a re-purposing of earlier ‘Condition of England’ novels with gender replacing class as the main axis of social reconciliation. As part of this re-purposing it argues that while the novel uses the perceived deficiencies of working-class women to justify the agency of their middle-class counterparts, it also represents its working-class heroine as an object of middle-class desire. Next the article explores John Monk Foster’s A Pit Brow Lassie highlighting the ways in which it both normalizes and defends the work of pit brow women and, in contrast to Burnett’s novel, makes female labour integral to the development of its plot. It analyses the ways in which Foster’s representation of pit brow women differs from Burnett’s and argues that these differences arise from a combination of generic, publication and authorial factors. However, despite these differences the article argues that Foster’s novel also eschews the ideologeme of pity in favour of respect/self-respect.
A new understanding of why the aurora has explosive characteristics
Authors: Akasofu Syun-Ichi
Published: November 2022

This article describes a new understanding of the explosive nature of auroras, called auroral substorms, on the basis of a series of processes, from power supply (dynamo), circuit/current, and dissipation (auroral substorms) – the electric current approach, in which the magnetosphere or more specifically the primary magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling system (the primary M-I system) plays a crucial role. The primary M-I system has an anomaly; it cannot dissipate the dynamo power much for about 1 h after the dynamo power becomes above 1011 w. This anomaly is due to a low conductivity of the quiet-time ionosphere to dissipate increasing power. Thus, the power is accumulated in the inner magnetosphere (at about 6 Re; Re = earth’s radius) as magnetic energy, inflating the inner magnetosphere. When the accumulated energy reaches to about 1016 J, the primary M-I system seems to become unstable and unload impulsively the accumulated magnetic energy, deflating the magnetosphere. This deflating process generates the secondly M-I system, which is associated with an electric field 5–50 mV/m and field-aligned currents, ionizing the ionosphere and increasing the conductivity. Therefore, the primary M-I system can perform like an ordinary electrical system. It is this particular nature that exhibits explosive auroral displays. This paper describes systematically and semiquantitatively key points of this series of processes based on a few decades of work. The electric current approach is rather ‘new’ in substorm research and thus is rudimental at its development stage, so that n crucial issues are mentioned for future studies at the end.
Final stage of merging binaries of supermassive black holes: observational signatures
Authors: Wang Jian-Min , Songsheng Yu-Yang , Li Yan-Rong , Du Pu
Published: November 2022

There are increasing interests in binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs), but merging binaries with separations smaller than $\sim 1\,$ light-days ($\sim 10^{2}\,$ gravitational radii for 108 M⊙), which are rapidly evolving under control of gravitational waves, are elusive in observations. In this paper, we discuss fates of mini-discs around component SMBHs for three regimes: (1) low rates (advection-dominated accretion flows: ADAFs); (2) intermediate rates; (3) super-Eddington accretion rates. Mini-discs with intermediate rates are undergoing evaporation through thermal conduction of hot corona forming a hybrid radial structure. When the binary orbital periods are shorter than sound propagation time-scales of the evaporated mini-discs, a new instability, denoted as sound instability, arises because the discs will be highly twisted so that they are destroyed. We demonstrate a critical separation of Acrit(∼102Rg) from the sound instability of the mini-discs and the cavity is full of hot gas. For those binaries, component SMBHs are accreting with Bondi mode in the ADAF regime, showing periodic variations resulting from Doppler boosting effects in radio from the ADAFs due to orbital motion. In the mean while, the circumbinary discs (CBDs) are still not hot enough (ultraviolet deficit) to generate photons to ionize gas for broad emission lines. For slightly super-Eddington accretion of the CBDs, Mg ii line appears with decreases of UV deficit, and for intermediate super-Eddington Balmer lines appear, but C iv line never unless CBD accretion rates are extremely high. Moreover, if the CBDs are misaligned with the binary plane, it is then expected to have optical periodical variations with about ten times radio periods.
The MeerKAT Galaxy Clusters Legacy Survey: star formation in massive clusters at 0.15 < z < 0.35
Authors: Kesebonye K C , Hilton M , Knowles K , Cotton W D , Clarke T E , Loubser S I , Moodley K , Sikhosana S P
Published: November 2022

We investigate dust-unbiased star formation rates (SFRs) as a function of the environment in 20 massive clusters ($M_{200}\gt 4\times 10^{14}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) between 0.15 < $z$ < 0.35 using radio luminosities (L1.4GHz) from the recently released MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey catalogue. We use optical data from the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey to estimate photo-$z$s and assign cluster membership. We observe a steady decline in the fraction (fSF) of star-forming galaxies from 2R200 to the cluster centres in our full cluster sample, but notice a significant difference in fSF gradients between clusters hosting large-scale extended radio emission in the form of haloes and relics (associated with ongoing merger activity) and non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters. For star-forming galaxies within R200, the fSF in clusters hosting radio haloes and relics (0.148 ± 0.016) is $\approx 23{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ higher than in non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters (0.120 ± 0.011). We observe a 3σ difference between the total SFR normalized by cluster mass for non-radio-halo/relic hosting clusters (21.5 ± 1.9 M⊙yr−1/1014M⊙) and for clusters with radio haloes and relics (26.1 ± 1.4 M⊙yr−1/1014M⊙). There is a ≈4× decline in the mass normalized total SFR of clusters for galaxies with SFR above the luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) SFR limit at our redshift slice, corresponding to 2 Gyr in lookback time. This is consistent with the rapid decline in SF activity with decreasing redshift amongst cluster LIRGs seen by previous studies using infrared-derived SFR.
Fermi-LAT detection of G118.4+37.0: a supernova remnant in the Galactic halo seen around the Calvera pulsar
Authors: Araya M
Published: November 2022

The discovery of a non-thermal radio ring of low surface brightness about one degree in diameter has been recently reported around the location in the sky of the Calvera pulsar, at a high Galactic latitude. The radio properties point to it likely being a new supernova remnant (SNR), G118.4+37.0. We report an analysis of almost 14 yr of observations of this region by the γ-ray Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi satellite. We detect extended GeV emission consistent with the size and location of the radio source, which confirms the presence of relativistic particles. The spectrum of the high-energy emission is fully compatible with an origin in the same relativistic particles producing the radio emission. These features and its similarities to other isolated SNRs establish this source as the remnant of a supernova. A simple model of the non-thermal emission from radio to GeV energies resulting from leptonic emission from electrons produced by the SNR is presented. G118.4+37.0 and other similar isolated remnants could be part of a radio-dim SNR population evolving in low density environments showing hard GeV emission of leptonic origin. Future deeper surveys in radio and γ-rays could discover new members of the group.
Trajectories of Return to Cigarette Smoking Up to 1 Year Postpartum Among People Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy
Authors: De Genna Natacha M , Qu Yang , Cheng Yu , Emery Tavernier Rebecca L , Kolko Conlon Rachel P , Levine Michele D
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Previous work has identified predictors of relapse to smoking postpartum among parenting people who quit during pregnancy, but less is known about the time course of postpartum relapse. The study goals were to document patterns and correlates of smoking resumption among people who quit smoking during pregnancy and were motivated to remain abstinent.

Aims and Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis among participants in a randomized controlled trial of postpartum-specific smoking relapse prevention interventions who self-reported no smoking since the quit date to delivery (n = 280). Participants provided expired air samples of carbon monoxide, and completed self-report measures of mood, perceived stress, and demographic and pregnancy-related information. Timeline follow-back interviews were conducted at the end of pregnancy and 12-, 24-, and 52-weeks postpartum.

Results

The largest group (49.7% of participants) belonged to a trajectory reflecting abstinence across 1 year postpartum. Another 13% remained abstinent 5–6 months after delivery. However, one in five started to smoke consistently within 100 days after delivery, and 16% relapsed in a pattern that can be described as inconsistent smoking. Participants with more prior quit attempts and those who smoked more cigarettes prior to their quit attempt were more likely to relapse within 100 days of delivery.

Conclusions

The first 3 months postpartum represent a critical window for relapse prevention, given that most individuals who relapsed did so in the first 100 days or so after delivery. Assessing prior smoking history can help identify pregnant people who will need additional support in the early postpartum period.

Implications

Relapse to smoking during the year after childbirth is common, but the time course of relapse after delivery is poorly understood. This study provides evidence for 4 distinct trajectories of relapse, and highlights variables linked to early relapse that may improve efforts to target and time intervention efforts. Specifically, assessing age at initiation, quantity of tobacco use prior to quit attempt, and number of previous quit attempts will identify pregnant people at greatest risk of early relapse. These findings also suggest that additional support early in the postpartum period is crucial for most people in the postpartum who will relapse.
Dissent
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores dissent from nationalist wartime policies by the most morally valiant in different societies and generations. It cites Siegfried Sassoon’s famously vehement dissent from Britain’s war, which he had supported in 1914 but turned against by 1916. Pockets of resistance to regime exterminationist policies existed within the Wehrmacht and in small civilian groups during WWII. German and Austrian soldiers dissented by deserting, some even fighting for the other side. There were individuals of conscience who did what they could to stop atrocities in China, France, Poland, and Lithuania, including a German businessman in Nanjing, foreign diplomats from Iran and Sweden, and Wehrmacht officers in the occupied East. Soviet mothers who objected to the invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s showed the way to Russian mothers who opposed war in Ukraine in 2022. Some American officers dissented over child abuse and corruption in Afghanistan. Others went along.
Civilians
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

This chapter reviews the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate killings in the jus in bello, the laws of wartime behavior. It explores how the laws of war were drafted by the powerful to favor themselves, noting that the strong disdain restraint by law because they can, while the weak disregard law in war because they must. It critiques the Lieber code said to have advanced the laws of war as a wartime justification for hard war against any resistance to state authority. That leads to extremism at both ends with civilians trapped in the middle. The chapter talks about targeting persons for torture or killing who would be classified as civilians, an established pattern in First Nations conflicts in the Americas. Precolonial wars were fought down to the village level between Iroquois and Algonquin in upper New York, Lower Canada, the Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence River valley. It all got worse in the 20th century, as major belligerents in the two world wars and afterward all turned to blockade, starvation, and terror tactics to break civilian morale.
Steel
Authors: Nolan Cathal J.
Published: November 2022

Following the Crimean War, lawyers and reformers thought that even war might be made more rule-bound and humane. Those peaceful decades led to codified rules of “cruiser warfare” in 1856 for surface ships on distance raids, supplemented by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and the Declaration of London in 1909. War at sea was still about control of world sea lanes, with battleship versus battleship fleet actions supposed to decide wars via a reprise of Trafalgar. Neither the prediction of a more peaceful world nor the ideal of rule-based war proved true. But some sea captains tried. This chapter tells the tale of warship captains who fought with unusual honor and decency, against a background of hellish war and death at sea and war crimes perpetrated by others.
Introduction
Authors: Sloan Stephen M.
Published: November 2022

The rise of both oral and environmental history in the 1960s and 1970s were fueled by kindred passions to introduce new counter-narratives into understandings of the past and to effect change in the present. As environmental historians have gone from the soil up in researching and understanding historical phenomena, so oral historians used the most fundamental element, the individual perspective, to reshape research in several areas and disciplines. The turn of the twenty-first century saw a growing connection between the two approaches as environmental oral history applications emerged in a variety of areas, including studies of environmental disaster and examinations of local, or indigenous, ecological knowledge.
Grim Humor and Hope
Authors: Anderson Deb
Published: November 2022

The Mallee Climate Oral History Collection is the product of a four-year research partnership with Museum Victoria. From 2004 to 2007, a series of annual recordings were conducted on the experience of drought with people in wheat-belt communities dotted across the semiarid Mallee. The timing of the project during the millennium drought coincided with a momentous shift in Australian public awareness of climate change, prompting reflexive discussion of the meaning of drought. Interviewees wore several “hats” in life—farming to health work, public service to parenting, local business to education, government science to community advocacy for rural social and environmental sustainability. These stories bear the mark of rural endurance: as the drought wore on, just one interviewee left the Mallee; the rest were determined to continue making a living here, at the inland edge of the Australian cropping zone.
When Little Fish Encounter a Big Dam
Authors: Qing Dai , Xue Kang
Published: November 2022

Founded in 1994, Friends of Nature was the first green NGO created in China. The group has served as an incubator for the explosion of environmental organizations over the last few decades. Friends of Nature has worked to inform Chinese citizens on critical environmental issues through a host of educational programs, policy reform initiatives, and community advocacy. The Friends of Nature Greenbook, published annually, provides the definitive record of the ongoing top environmental issues in China. Zhang Boju, CEO of Friends of Nature, leads a team of more than 20,000 members working to preserve fragile Chinese ecosystems and promote the development of more green citizens in the rapidly developing country.
The Free Play of Natural Forces
Authors: Lee Debbie
Published: November 2022

From 2010 to 2014, the author directed the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness History Project, whose mission was to chronicle the human history of one of America’s largest wilderness areas. Funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the project was a joint effort between Washington State University, the University of Idaho, and the US Forest Service. She interviewed mule packers, backpackers, river rangers, river outfitters, Forest Service employees, backcountry pilots, a Native American tour guide, artists, educators, scientists, archivists, volunteers, and caretakers of inholdings (three privately held parcels within the wilderness boundary). She wanted to preserve the human history of the wilderness with the same passion that people had used to preserve the land itself.
Culture Keepers
Authors: Mustonen Tero
Published: November 2022

The boreal taiga is a home to several rooted societies, which have preserved oral histories, endemic cosmologies, and a close proximity to natural ecosystem up until recent times. For twenty-two years, the author worked for the Snowchange Cooperative, based in Finland. Snowchange is a nongovernmental organization and community-led network across the Eurasian North whose goal is to preserve and renew taiga- and tundra-based traditional livelihoods, cultures, oral histories, and ways of life. The Snowchange Oral History Archive preserves much of the work of our initiative, serving as a repository of traditional knowledge materials from the member and partner communities.
Who Speaks for the Trees?
Authors: Oosthoek K. Jan
Published: November 2022

Anyone who travels through the Scottish Highlands is struck by its bleak beauty, empty moors, and rugged mountains, but also by the large blocks of conifer plantations. The creation of these forest plantations is probably the biggest change in land use since the so-called Clearances of the eighteenth century. The British Forestry Commission created most of these plantations from its inception in 1919. In recent decades, environmentalists have decried the blocks of monotonous conifer plantations on the Scottish hillsides and criticized the foresters that created them for not having regard for landscape aesthetics and nature conservation. In 1998 and 1999, the author interviewed some of the men who created these forestry plantations. The aim of the interviews was to find out how these foresters had created the new forests and what they thought of the criticism leveled at them by environmentalists.
Epilogue: The Fall and Rise of Oral Testimony in Environmental History
Authors: Sellers Christopher
Published: November 2022

Although there were elements of oral history work among environmental historians in the twentieth century, several factors have contributed to the increasing place the methodology holds in emerging studies of the environment in the twenty-first century. Oral history is being increasingly valued for the ways it can contribute questions and substance and bring added complexity to environmental history as an intellectual enterprise. This growth has also been influenced by the extension of environmental history beyond North America and Europe to the Global South. Oral history now is much more than a supplementary source, as suggested by earlier environmental historian; it increasingly serves an intellectually programmatic and enriching function for the field. It can expand environmental history in several ways, adding new dimensions of time, place, race, class, gender, power, and social conflict. It should be more seriously embraced by environmental historians for its great potential.
Understanding coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

Children and coercive control—how far have we come in understanding its dynamics and impacts? Defining coercive control as a particularly severe form of domestic violence, based on a perpetrator’s drive to take away family members’ liberty and take command over their lives, this chapter provides a state-of-the-art exploration of this form of abuse. It focuses on perpetrators’ strategies and tactics and how they affect victims/survivors. In particular, the chapter challenges the problematic assumption held by many that the amount of physical violence that a perpetrator uses is proportionate to the amount of harm that they cause. Finally, discussing the nature of coercive control as a gendered form of abuse, the chapter suggests how gender norms give “cultural authorization” for male perpetrators’ actions and also provide a veil of “invisibility” that explains how they often, unjustly, escape accountability for the harms they cause to children.
Interviewing children and mothers about coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores in depth how the study was designed and conducted. Qualitative interviews were carried out with fifteen mothers and fifteen of their children who had experienced coercive control. A blend of feminist and child-centered approaches to ethics were drawn on, with the aim of making participants feel comfortable and respected while being interviewed. Mothers and children were accessed through community-based organizations that work with domestic violence survivors. Interviews took place mostly in participants’ homes and covered the period where they had been entrapped by coercive control, their experiences of breaking free, and the months and years of their recoveries. The interviews were analyzed thematically and mothers’ and children’s perspectives compared, to provide a rich picture of how their lives had been affected by coercive control.
Mother–child relationships under coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores why some mother–child relationships become strained and distant in contexts of coercive control, while others remain closer and more supportive. To examine these different impacts, this chapter introduces a “Five Factor Framework.” The five factors are: (1) the perpetrators’/fathers’ behavior toward the children, (2) the types of domestic violence that perpetrators/fathers used, (3) the intensity of perpetrators’/fathers’ undermining of the mother–child relationship, (4) mothers’ ability to emotionally connect with the children, and (5) children’s views of the mother and perpetrator/father. Depending on how each factor was experienced in a family, mother–child relationships could remain close and supportive or become more distant and strained. This chapter, focusing on mother–child relationships in contexts of coercive control, provides unique insights into issues that are of great importance to survivors themselves but are rarely researched.
Ready to recover?
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers the challenges that mothers and children face when attempting to recover from coercive control and move forward with their lives. It shows the conditions required for recovery: Mothers and children needed to feel largely safe from perpetrators/fathers, children needed to be much less exposed to perpetrators’/fathers’ abusive parenting, and mothers and children needed to have a place to live where they felt secure and settled and had enough money to live on. The chapter also shows what was involved in mothers and children psychologically breaking free: With help from professional interventions, mothers needed to gradually strengthen their mental health and confidence in their parenting skills, children needed to receive support to address emotional and behavioral difficulties and to “see through” perpetrators’/fathers’ distorted versions of reality, and children and mothers both needed support to strengthen their mother–child relationships and begin communicating with each other more openly.
Helping each other to recover
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter outlines the different strategies used by many mothers and children to help one another to recover from coercive control. The chapter emphasizes that recovery is not just about receiving supportive formal interventions. Rather, mothers and children were supporting one another to recover as part of their daily lives at home in ways that were interwoven with their normal everyday interactions with each other. For example, children and mothers could talk about the past and support each other to let go of self-blame; and, while mothers helped their children to overcome emotional and behavioral impacts of coercive control, children could lift their mother’s mood by making encouraging remarks or engaging in an enjoyable activity with her. By these means, and by increasing each other’s confidence and “being there” for one another in times of need, many mothers and children contributed significantly to each other’s recoveries.
And they lived happily ever after?
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter identifies what happened to mother–child relationships in the months and years after separation from perpetrators/fathers. Four patterns are identified. Pattern 1, “positive supportiveness, positive recoveries,” represented the best outcome; these mother–child relationships had become close and happy with few conflicts. In pattern 2, “high-stakes support, limited recoveries,” mothers and children were attempting to support each other but were being negatively affected by the impacts of coercive control on mothers’ mental health. In pattern 3, “struggling relationships, struggling recoveries,” children and mothers were suffering from the strains and distance that coercive control had caused in their mother–child relationships. Finally, pattern 4, “broken relationships, blocked recoveries,” described situations where mother–child relationships had been shattered by coercive control. The key difference between pattern 1 and patterns 2, 3, and 4 was that pattern 1 mothers and children had been able to access the supports that they needed to recover and rebuild after coercive control.
A new way of life
Authors: Katz Emma
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the positive outcomes which several (though not all) mothers and children in the study had been able to achieve post-separation. For these mothers and children, family life now was very different from what it had been like under coercive control. Their current mother–child relationships were rich in togetherness, with quality time spent together, a shared trust, and ease in each other’s company. Family members’ feelings, needs, and independence were all respected. The chapter provides us with rare and unusual insights into what mothers and children themselves wanted from their post-separation mother–child relationships: their views, feelings, and perspectives. Interestingly, a mutually supportive, reciprocal, respectful, and warm mother–child relationship was almost universally aspired-to by mothers and children. Across the study, this was the ideal mother–child relationship that these survivor families had either achieved, or wanted to achieve.
A Brief History of Black Holes
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: November 2022

This chapter describes how we arrived at our current understanding of the compact objects that result from stellar collapse: white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The text tells the story of Jocelyn Bell, the discovery of pulsars, and their identification as neutron stars. The roles of Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking in elucidating the properties of black holes are described. The text considers what a black hole would look like and describes Cygnus X-1, the first compelling candidate for a physical black hole. There is a discussion of thermodynamics and its relevance to black holes. The chapter closes by considering the connection between quantum mechanics and the thermodynamics of black holes.
Two Suggestive Berkeleian Arguments
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

The present chapter looks at two suggestive intuitions that can be found in Berkeley’s writings, one that appeals to empiricists, the other has had rather more take up from objective idealists in the Hegelian tradition. Both lines of argument are suggestive rather than demonstrative. The one with empiricist appeal is expressed in Berkeley’s claim that ‘an idea can be like nothing but an idea’ (Principles, Pt I, $8), which might be interpreted, in context, as ‘qualities are essentially features or modes of experience’, so that attributing monadic properties of a qualitative sort to mind-independent objects is a kind of category mistake, rather like saying they are thoughtful or bored or intelligent. The more rationalist one is what has been called ‘Berkeley’s Master Argument’. Berkeley’s statement of it is that we ‘cannot conceive of the unperceived’ (Pr. I, $22ff.), but this can be given a more sophisticated interpretation, namely that we cannot form a conception of the world that does not involve attributing to it features that are essentially projections of our modes of thought.
Mentalist Alternatives to Berkeleian Theism, and Their Failure
Authors: Robinson Howard
Published: November 2022

Problems so far raised concerning normal forms of physical realism merit a look at the non-realist options. But that does not simply leave us with Berkeleian idealism. There are two other options. One is the Humean sceptical option, taken up by Mill and some positivists (though maybe neither Mill nor the positivists would have owned up to the sceptical label). Then there is the currently almost fashionable option of panpsychism. We need reasons for rejecting the Humean and panpsychist options if the field is to be taken by Berkeleian theism. Arguments are presented against these rivals, and Foster’s argument that science requires laws and laws require a law-maker is defended.
People
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores who London street sellers were and how and where they lived. First, it shows how elite and popular culture developed stereotypes such as fishwives, milkmaids, and costermongers. It challenges these stereotypes using collated archival evidence from the early modern city along with surveys and journalism from the Victorian capital, breaking down street sellers’ gender, age, marital status, and background, and discussing the waves of Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants who worked as hawkers. It shows how street sellers were broadly poor, but were typical of the increasingly heterogeneous London working class. Lastly, it considers the neighbourhoods where they lived and the awful housing conditions many suffered.
Markets
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores the position of street sellers within London’s economy. It traces the development of food marketing within England’s capital, describing how hawkers had an awkward status within the traditional system of markets, but were gradually accepted as important retailers as that system adapted to cope with London’s expansion. Quantifying street sellers’ economic significance is difficult, a classic problem of studying the informal economy. But in serving a broad range of London customers, they carved out specific and essential functions, specializing in perishable foods, carrying food to districts underserved with shops and markets, and offering snacks and meals for both sustenance and pleasure.
Traffic
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

This chapter argues that, despite the narratives of improvement and modernization, walking in London’s streets remained difficult and dangerous until the start of the twentieth century, as the experience of street sellers proves. It considers the impact on hawkers’ work of the physical conditions, including the weather, dirt, and paving. Next, it examines how street sellers with different produce took to the streets throughout the day and night, and how much of London remained dark, even with the proliferation of street lighting. Lastly, it explores the risks hawkers faced as they went about their work, from rushing vehicles to theft, harassment, and assault. Women street sellers especially were never able to move through the city entirely at ease.
Nuisances
Authors: Taverner Charlie
Published: November 2022

The book having established street sellers’ importance to London’s economy and culture, this chapter offers a new perspective on their relationship to the city’s government and police. It examines hawkers’ relationship to the different layers of metropolitan authority, arguing that they were generally allowed to carry on trading, as long as they were not causing specific or localized problems. To begin, it recounts two famous episodes of street seller regulation, which help explain why the number of prosecutions against hawkers remained low and why police and magistrates tended to be lenient. Then it discusses hawkers’ association with various forms of wrongdoing, such as prostitution, gambling, selling poor quality food, and Sunday trading. Finally, it considers how street sellers could always be charged with obstructing the streets, particularly when they were accused of causing a nuisance, but even then police and officeholders were reluctant to intervene.
Qualifying Disclosures of Information
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

The chapter begins by setting out section 43B(1) ERA, which defines what a qualifying disclosure of information is: essentially a disclosure of information that the worker, at the time of making the disclosure, reasonably believes tends to show a relevant failure, a criminal offence, a breach of a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, an endangering of the health or safety of an individual, damage to the environment, or a deliberate concealment of one of those things. Key propositions are summarized. Provided that the disclosure has sufficient factual content and specificity it will not matter that it is framed as an allegation or statement of position. The importance of the context to the worker’s statement is discussed. The case law is analysed as to when statements made by a worker on separate occasions or in separate communications can be aggregated so as to form a disclosure of information. The reasonableness of the worker’s belief that there is a relevant failure has to be seen from the worker’s perspective and that includes any ‘expert’ or ‘insider’ status. The circumstances in which a statement that would otherwise qualify for protection will be disqualified are also explained.
The Public Interest Test
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 is described as an ‘Act to protect individuals who make certain disclosures of information in the public interest …’ The explicit requirement for a reasonable belief that the disclosure was made in the public interest was however only introduced in 2013. This chapter considers the scope of the public interest test, building on the leading guidance set out in the Chesterton case. It considers the approach to the subjective and objective elements of the test, the scope for after the event justification, and considerations relating to motive, the numbers affected by the disclosure, the manner and circumstances of the disclosure, and the limits implicit from the legislative history.
The Three Tiers of Protection
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

The chapter starts with the summary of the three tiers of protection and describes each tier. The core of the first tier is a disclosure to the worker’s employer or someone who is reasonably believed by the worker to be the person responsible or accountable for the relevant failure. The chapter explains how, by setting a low threshold, the statutory provisions seek to encourage the making of such ‘internal’ disclosures, that is to say to the person who can most readily investigate the matter of concern and deal with it, thus promoting accountability. The chapter then discusses disclosures under section 43D ERA, being disclosures made by the worker in the course of obtaining legal advice. The chapter moves on to deal with disclosures to a prescribed person (such as relevant regulator) and explains the different and more rigorous standards which the worker’s belief as to the relevant failure has to meet for such disclosures. There is then consideration of the law relating to wider disclosures as set out in sections 43G and 43H ERA, being disclosures to someone who is not covered by any of the first or second tiers where the threshold for protection is set still higher. The various factors to be considered by the tribunal are addressed including the ‘gateways’ in section 43G(2), one of which must be satisfied in relation to a disclosure under section 43G.
Who Is Protected under PIDA?
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers who may bring a claim under the public interest disclosure legislation. These are primarily employees and workers but there is also a specially extended definition of worker for these purposes. An important question is whether there is a requirement for a contractual relationship with the employer for purposes of the extended definition worker in section 43K(1)(a) ERA. The chapter also considers the special cases of the NHS, trainees, judges, applicants, police, Crown servants and members of the armed forces, those involved in national security, Parliamentary staff, partners and members of limited liability partnerships, non-executive directors, and volunteers. There is consideration of the impact of arguments by reference to the European Convention on Human Rights to expand the boundaries of protection, and of the shape of possible further reform.
The Right Not to Suffer Detriment
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter covers protection against detriment on grounds of a protected disclosure, including the ability to claim against co-workers which was introduced in 2013. It includes consideration of the meaning of detriment, including scope for post-termination of employment detriment and case law developments on limitation of claims to the ‘employment field’. The second half of the chapter is principally focused on the approach to whether the act or deliberate failure to act was ‘done on the ground that’ the worker made the protected disclosure or disclosures. This includes the important issue of the scope for ‘separability’ between a protected disclosure and matters closely related but distinct from it. There is also consideration of the borderline between detriment and dismissal, the burden of proof, and time limits in detriment claims.
Remedies in Dismissal and Detriment Claims
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers the range of remedies which are available in whistleblowing cases. It first deals with remedies in unfair dismissal claims including reinstatement and re-engagement, compensation, and interim relief, concentrating on the aspects which are most relevant in whistleblowing cases. It then deals with detriment claims including injury to feelings and aggravated damages awards. It concludes with a detailed consideration of the good faith provisions, which are now a matter for the remedy stage, although they used to be relevant to liability. This section of the chapter includes discussions on the meaning of good faith, the burden of proof, and unfair dismissal remedies.
Protection of Workers Beyond the Statutory Scheme: Contract, Tort, and Judicial Review
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

The focus of this chapter is the possibility of supplementing the legislative scheme or filling gaps in the scope of protection through claims in contract, tort, or by way of applications for judicial review. We consider first the scope to frame a contractual claim in reliance on well-established implied terms of the contract of employment. We then discuss the potential for injunctive relief to restrain whistleblowing-related detrimental treatment, whether by restraining conduct in breach of contract or through an application for judicial review. The chapter concludes with a consideration of claims founded on a contractual duty of care, in the light of the significant decision in Rihan v Ernst & Young, and the possibility of applying this beyond the boundaries suggested in that decision.
Whistleblowing and Copyright
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

A worker may want to make a disclosure using documents of which their employer or another person is the copyright owner. This chapter outlines the nature of the proprietary right to copyright under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA) and how copyright is infringed. It then describes the defence of fair dealing and the limitations of the utility of that defence to the whistleblower, given that the work in question must have been ‘made available to the public’. The public interest defence which is preserved by section 171(3) of the CDPA is then explained with the impact of the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the development of the law as to the public interest defence. The chapter concludes with consideration of the interrelationship of rights under the CDPA and those in relation to the making of protected disclosures under the Employment Rights Act 1996.
Whistleblowing Procedures in the Public and Private Sectors: Why They Are Needed and What They Should Contain
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack
Published: November 2022

This chapter considers whistleblowing procedures in the public and private sectors and what they should contain. It considers the sources of guidance and who should be encouraged to report concerns, distinguishing between whistleblowing and grievances. To whom should concerns be raised? When should they be raised? Confidentiality or anonymity? Advice or assistance for whistleblowers and the need for monitoring and review of the procedure are also addressed. The chapter also considers the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and data protection issues before concluding with a discussion on whether financial incentives should be used.
Researching Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Ercan Selen A. , Asenbaum Hans , Curato Nicole , Mendonça Ricardo Fabrino
Published: November 2022

Research on deliberative democracy has been flourishing over the past decades. We now know more about the conditions that enable or hinder inclusive and consequential deliberation, and how different actors, such as politicians, activists, and citizens, perceive and experience deliberative practices. Yet there are still many unknowns that drive research in deliberative democracy, especially as the field continues to develop in new directions and seeks to offer remedies for the problems democracies face today. This chapter unpacks what deliberative democracy research is, what it involves, and how we might go about conducting it. It discusses how the normative theory interacts with empirical research and how the deliberative ideals shape the practice and purpose of research. The chapter makes a case for methodological and epistemological diversity and outlines thirty-one different methods for theorizing, measuring, exploring, or applying deliberative democracy.