bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of farmers' organizations in Punjab, Pakistan: The challenges and way forward
Authors: Asrar‐UlHaq
Published: January 2010

This paper presents initial results of performance evaluation of farmers' organizations (FOs) in the Lower Chenab Canal (East) Pilot Area Water Board (AWB) of Pakistan's Punjab. It discusses the overall setting of the system, FOs' management regime and monitoring framework for assessing their performance. The paper also identifies major challenges confronting these young organizations and strategies for improving their performance, replication and sustainable growth. The internal and external performance evaluation of 84 FOs, conducted by the Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority (PIDA) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) consultants, indicates that performance of about 20% FOs is good, 60–65% satisfactory, while the performance of 15–20% of FOs ranges from unsatisfactory to poor. This evaluation brings out the good performance of FOs in dispute resolution, improved equity and development of local capacity for irrigation management. The main FO issues include declining abiana collection, weaknesses in maintenance of accounts and increasing inequity in water distribution in some cases. Improvement strategies include continued capacity building and mainstreaming of FOs, avoiding institutional fatigue, closer coordination and support to FOs and improved monitoring systems for identification of FO problems and timely course correction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modernizing Sarda Sahayak canal system: The Masscote approach
Authors: Kumar Ravindra , Shukla Navin , Nigam D. P. , Verma V. K.
Published: January 2010

Mapping system and services of canal management, operation and maintenance aims (a) to enable decision makers, before engaging in investment plans, to ensure that diagnosis and solutions are investigated properly in irrigation modernization projects (through a rapid appraisal procedure); and (b) to suggest some specific strategies on how one should make the best use of the modernization investment made currently (mapping system and services for canal operation techniques).

On the basis of analysis carried out through a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department (UPID) training workshop on 7–19 December 2007 for the Jaunpur Branch Canal (JBC) system of the Sarda Sahayak Irrigation Scheme, this paper describes what more needs to be done for modernizing irrigation management in JBC and in other command areas of the state. Some suggestions are: (i) recycling water through shallow wells in the area close to the canal to reduce waterlogging; (ii) formation of a federation of Water Users Associations (WUA) to reduce the cost of operation; (iii) installation of more cross‐regulators in the branch canal to run the canal at the designed full supply level; (iv) installation of modular gates for distributaries and minors; (v) periodic calibration of measurement structures; and (vi) modernization of inner and outer cross‐sections of the canal to attain their water‐carrying capacity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigation in the context of today's global food crisis
Authors: Madramootoo Chandra A. , Fyles Helen
Published: January 2010

During 2008 the world witnessed a global food crisis which caused social unrest in many countries and drove 75 million more people into poverty. The crisis resulted from sharply higher oil prices, increased bio‐fuel production, dwindling grain stocks, market speculation, changing food consumption patterns in emerging economies, and changes in world trade agreements, among other factors. Although the rise in food prices was sudden, the fragility of global food security had been developing for years. During the 1960s and 1970s food production kept pace with demand as more cropland was irrigated and yields of irrigated crops increased dramatically. Irrigation played a critical role in combating hunger, poverty and death due to malnutrition. However, the environmental and social consequences of large irrigation schemes came into question, and investments in irrigation subsequently diminished. Today's food crisis is compounded by a rapidly growing world population, the conversion of food producing lands to bio‐fuel production, diminishing available freshwater supplies, competition for water by other sectors, climate change impacts, and the reduction in arable lands due to urbanization. It is critical that investments focus on increasing agricultural production through improved management of land and water resources, and the involvement of all stakeholders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sharing water in the 21st century: Rethinking the rationale?
Authors: Joshi Mukesh B. , Kapadia Vivek P.
Published: January 2010

Water – considered the “oil” of the 21st century – has been at the core of every discussion on sustainable development. The 20th century witnessed many classical examples of conflicts and cooperation over water sharing. Amid increasing awareness of the “scarcity value” of water, there have been numerous examples of competing and conflicting views on the sharing of this prime natural resource and the elixir of life. While there is a strong apprehension that the next world war would be fought over water, there is an equally strong optimistic theory of water being a potent source of future cooperation. The paper stresses the need for rethinking the rationale to identify parameters such as utility‐based classification, the economic value of its productive use, exchange of other natural resources and sharing of environmental impacts, that can improve its acceptability. Echoing hydro‐hegemony, it concludes that in the 21st century a water‐sharing rationale based merely on the argument for the “life‐sustaining value” of water may not yield workable treaties and, apart from drinking needs, water, although a flowing resource, may be required to be shared on the basis of economic principles. Such rethinking on the rationale has also become necessary for ensuring sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibronectin synthesis by high glucose level mediated proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells: Involvement of ANG II and TGF‐β1
Authors: Kim Yun Hee , Ryu Jung Min , Lee Yu Jin , Han Ho Jae
Published: January 2010

The role of individual supplements necessary for the long‐term self‐renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells is poorly characterized in feeder/serum‐free culture systems. This study sought to characterize the relationship between the effects of glucose on ES cell proliferation and fibronectin (FN) synthesis, and to assess the mechanisms responsible for these cellular effects of glucose. Treatment of the two ES cells (ES‐E14TG2a and ES‐R1) with 25 mM glucose (high glucose) increased the expression levels of FN mRNA and protein. In addition, high glucose and ANG II synergistically increased FN expression level, which coincident with data showing that high glucose increased the mRNA expression of angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensinogen, and FN, but not ANG II type 2 receptor. High glucose also increased the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration and pan‐protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation. Inhibition of the Ca2+/PKC pathway blocked high glucose‐induced FN expression. High glucose or ANG II also synergistically increased transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) expression, while pretreatment with losartan abolished the high glucose‐induced increase in TGF‐β1 production. Moreover, TGF‐β1‐specific small interfering RNA inhibited high glucose‐induced FN expression and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocked high glucose‐induced FN expression and inhibited cell cycle regulatory protein expression induced by high glucose or TGF‐β1. In this study, inhibition of AT1R, Ca2+/PKC, TGF‐β1, JNK, FN receptor blocked the high glucose‐induced DNA synthesis, increased the cell population in S phase, and the number of cells. It is concluded that high glucose increases FN synthesis through the ANG II or TGF‐β1 pathways, which in part mediates proliferation of mouse ES cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 397–407, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel sialyltransferase inhibitor AL10 suppresses invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells by inhibiting integrin‐mediated signaling
Authors: Chiang Chi‐Hsiang , Wang Chie‐Hong , Chang Hui‐Chiu , More Shivaji V. , Li Wen‐Shan , Hung Wen‐Chun
Published: January 2010

Aberrant sialylation catalyzed by sialyltransferases (STs) is frequently found in cancer cells and is associated with increased cancer metastasis. However, ST inhibitors developed till now are not applicable for clinical use because of their poor cell permeability. In this study, a novel ST inhibitor AL10 derived from the lead compound lithocholic acid identified in our previous study is synthesized and the anti‐cancer effect of this compound is studied. AL10 is cell‐permeable and effectively attenuates total sialylation on cell surface. This inhibitor shows no cytotoxicity but inhibits adhesion, migration, actin polymerization and invasion of α‐2,3‐ST‐overexpressing A549 and CL1.5 human lung cells. Inhibition of adhesion and migration by AL10 is associated with reduced sialylation of various integrin molecules and attenuated activation of the integrin downstream signaling mediator focal adhesion kinase. More importantly, AL10 significantly suppresses experimental lung metastasis in vivo without affecting liver and kidney function of experimental animals as determined by serum biochemical assays. Taken together, AL10 is the first ST inhibitor, which exhibits potent anti‐metastatic activity in vivo and may be useful for clinical cancer treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 492–499, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation of arsenite‐oxidizing bacteria from a natural biofilm associated to volcanic rocks of Atacama Desert, Chile
Authors: Campos V. L. , Escalante G. , Yañez J. , Zaror C. A. , Mondaca M. A.
Published: January 2010

Arsenic is naturally present in rocks, soil, water, and air. It is released to the environment by natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, and rock erosion. In this study, two arsenite‐oxidizing strains were isolated from volcanic rocks obtained from the Camarones Valley, Atacama Desert, Chile. Strains were isolated from biofilms and identified by 16s ARNr sequences analysis. aox genes were detected by RT‐PCR. The arsenic oxidation ability was assayed with silver nitrate and HPLC‐HG‐AAS. Four arsenite‐resistant strains were isolated (8 mM). RT‐PCR analysis showed the presence of aox genes in UC‐2 and UC‐6 strains. In addition, UC‐2 and UC‐6 strains were able to oxidize 90 and 95% arsenite present in the medium to arsenate, at a rate of 9.3 and 9.8 μg ml–1 h–1 respectively. Bicarbonate (HCO3–) was used as unique carbon source. Finally, the significative oxidation capacity shown by both strains opens the way to further studies aimed at implementing biological systems to treat arsenic rich wastewater. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A method for evaluating research syntheses: The quality, conclusions, and consensus of 12 syntheses of the effects of after‐school programs
Authors: Valentine Jeffrey C. , Cooper Harris , Patall Erika A. , Tyson Diana , Robinson Jorgianne Civey
Published: January 2010

Like all forms of empirical inquiry, research syntheses can be carried out in ways that lead to more or less valid inferences about the phenomenon under study. This synthesis of syntheses (a) examined the methods employed in the syntheses of the effects of after‐school programs (ASPs) and determined how closely they conformed to what is defined as best practice for research synthesis, (b) compared the inferences drawn from the ASP research literature by each synthesis with the inferences that plausibly could be made from the data they covered, and (c) determined the points of consistency across the syntheses with regard to both potentially valid and potentially invalid conclusions. It was found that the 12 syntheses used highly divergent methods, varying in problem definitions, search strategies, inclusion criteria for individual studies, and techniques for drawing conclusions about the cumulative evidence. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Braun enteroenterostomy is associated with reduced delayed gastric emptying and early resumption of oral feeding following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Hochwald Steven N. , Grobmyer Stephen R. , Hemming Alan W. , Curran Eleanor , Bloom David A. , Delano Matthew , Behrns Kevin E. , Copeland Edward M. , Vogel Stephen B.
Published: January 2010

Background and Objectives

Morbidity rates following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remain high with delayed gastric emptying (DGE) and slow resumption of oral diet contributing to increased postoperative length of stay. A Braun enteroenterostomy has been shown to decrease bile reflux following gastric resection. We hypothesize that addition of Braun enteroenterostomy during PD would reduce the sequelae of DGE.

Methods

From our PD database, patients were identified that underwent classic PD with partial gastrectomy from 2001 to 2006. All patients with reconstruction utilizing a single loop of jejunum at the University of Florida Shands Hospital were reviewed. Demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, pathologic diagnoses, and postoperative morbidity were compared in those patients undergoing reconstruction with an additional Braun enteroenterostomy (n = 70) to those not undergoing a Braun enteroenterostomy (n = 35).

Results

Patients undergoing a Braun had NG tubes removed earlier (Braun: 2 days, no Braun: 3 days, P = 0.002) and no significant change in postoperative vomiting (Braun: 27%, no Braun: 37%, P = 0.37) or NG tube reinsertion rates (Braun: 17%, no Braun: 29%, P = 0.21). Median postoperative day with tolerance of oral liquids (Braun: 5, no Braun: 6, P = 0.01) and solid diets (Braun: 7, no Braun: 9, P = 0.01) were significantly sooner in the Braun group. DGE defined by two criteria including the inability to have oral intake by postoperative day 10 (Braun: 10%, no Braun: 26%, P < 0.05) and the international grading criteria (grades B and C, Braun: 7% vs. no Braun: 31%, P = 0.003) were significantly reduced in those undergoing the Braun procedure. In addition, the median length of stay (Braun: 10 days, no Braun: 12 days, P < 0.05) was significantly reduced in those undergoing the Braun procedure. The rate of pancreatic anastomotic failure was similar in the two groups (Braun: 17% vs. no Braun: 14%, P = 0.79). Median bile reflux was 0% in those undergoing a Braun.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that Braun enteroenterostomy can be safely performed in patients undergoing PD and may reduce the indicence of DGE and its sequelae. Further studies of Braun enteroenterostomy in larger randomized trials of patients undergoing PD are warranted. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:351–355. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of survival in patients with non‐curative stage IV cancer and malignant bowel obstruction
Authors: Wright F.C. , Chakraborty A. , Helyer L. , Moravan V. , Selby D.
Published: January 2010

Purpose

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) occurs in up to 15% of patients admitted to palliative care wards and management can be clinically challenging. Survival is generally poor with a reported median survival of 1–3 months; however, there are no studies describing predictors of survival for patients with MBO.

Patients and Methods

All patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital with a MBO were approached between March 1, 2006 and March 31, 2008 to enter the study. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiographic information were prospectively collected from patient charts and the patient's functional status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, ECOG) at admission was recorded. Follow‐up was until death or the end of the study (August 2008). Survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox regression models were used to evaluate prognostic factors for survival.

Results

Thirty‐five patients were recruited. Median patient age was 61% and 46% were female. Median survival of the cohort was 80 days (range 7–873). Median survival for patients with an ECOG performance status of 0–1 (n = 15) was 222 days, for ECOG 2 patients (n = 9), 63 days and for patients with an ECOG 3/4 score (n = 11) it was 27 days. ECOG status was the strongest predictor of survival on the multivariate analysis. In addition, a low blood urea nitrogen level or a high albumin on admission was also associated with prolonged survival.

Conclusion

An ECOG score of 0/1 for patients with MBO in the setting of Stage IV non‐curative cancer is the strongest predictor of overall survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:425–429. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of drug–protein interactions in blood using high‐performance affinity chromatography
Authors: Hage David S. , Jackson Abby , Sobansky Matthew R. , Schiel John E. , Yoo Michelle J. , Joseph K. S.
Published: January 2010

The binding of drugs with proteins in blood, serum, or plasma is an important process in determining the activity, distribution, rate of excretion, and toxicity of drugs in the body. High‐performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) has received a great deal of interest as a means for studying these interactions. This review examines the various techniques that have been used in HPAC to examine drug–protein binding and discusses the types of information that can be obtained through this approach. A comparison of these techniques with traditional methods for binding studies (e.g., equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration) will also be presented. The use of HPAC with specific serum proteins and binding agents will then be discussed, including HSA and α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP). Several examples from the literature are provided to illustrate the applications of such research. Recent developments in this field are also described, such as the use of improved immobilization techniques, new data analysis methods, techniques for working directly with complex biological samples, and work with immobilized lipoproteins. The relative advantages and limitations of the methods that are described will be considered and the possible use of these techniques in the high‐throughput screening or characterization of drug–protein binding will be discussed.
Capillary NMR detection in separation science
Authors: Kühnle Maximilian , Holtin Karsten , Albert Klaus
Published: January 2010

This review deals with the current status of important separation techniques using capillary NMR detection. The advantages and disadvantages of the different hyphenated methods are discussed referring to a specific application. The use of Capillary‐HPLC‐NMR is demonstrated on an identification method of two bixin stereoisomers. The huge advantages using an HPLC‐SPE‐NMR method for structure determination are explained and discussed. Furthermore, two uncommon coupling techniques such as CE‐NMR and GC‐NMR are described in this review article.
Transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles – a generic method for mixing reactants in capillary microreactor
Authors: Krylova Svetlana M. , Okhonin Victor , Krylov Sergey N.
Published: January 2010

The capillary is an attractive format for integrated microanalyses, which start with the injection of separate reactants into the capillary and their mixing inside the capillary. Due to the nonturbulent nature of flow inside the capillary, mixing reactants in a generic way is a challenging task. Three approaches have been suggested as a solution: mixing by electrophoresis, mixing by longitudinal diffusion, and, most recently, mixing by transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP). This is the first review on TDLFP, describing: (i) the physical basis of the method, (ii) its theory, (iii) analytical and numerical solutions for the calculation of concentration profiles of mixed reactants, (iv) up‐to‐date applications, and (v) problems to be solved and future directions.
Multidimensional GC coupled to MS for the simultaneous determination of oxygenate compounds and BTEX in gasoline
Authors: Sciarrone Danilo , Tranchida Peter Quinto , Ragonese Carla , Schipilliti Luisa , Mondello Luigi
Published: January 2010

In the present work, carried out in relation to the European and American Directives on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, the simultaneous determination of the oxygenate compounds and BTEX in gasoline was achieved through the use of a multidimensional GC (MDGC)/MS system, employing a Deans switch‐based transfer system, with an innovative configuration; the latter enabled multiple heart‐cut transfers with no hint of retention time shift, a phenomenon that can occur in MDGC, providing the possibility to achieve more then 20 different heart‐cuts for the compounds of interest. In this study, 20 selected compounds were quantitatively transferred with 12 heart‐cuts, from a first to a secondary column, in order to resolve primary column co‐elutions. Analyte quantification and identification was achieved through a fast‐scanning quadrupole mass analyzer, operated in full scan mode, in order to evaluate also the interfering compounds transferred together with the compounds of interest. The multidimensional method developed was subjected to validation. All attained data were in excellent correlation with results obtained through the UNI‐EN 12177:2000, ASTM D 5580‐02 and ASTM D 4815‐04 MDGC methods, for the determination of benzene, BTEX and oxygenate compounds in gasoline, respectively.
Entrepreneurship and indigenous enterpreneurs in religious tourism in India
Authors: Shinde Kiran A.
Published: January 2010

This paper demonstrates how indigenous religious entrepreneurs drive religious tourism in a non‐western context. Building on the case study of Vrindavan, an emerging religious tourism destination in India, it explains religious tourism as a natural progression of traditional pilgrimage economy, where entrepreneurship springs from socio‐cultural and ritual exchanges and knowledge of religious protocols and procedures between indigenous religious functionaries and visitors. Using religious hegemony, social status and networks, religious entrepreneurs innovate, develop new products and expand the cultural economy of rituals and performances to suit the demands of the burgeoning tourism. The tendency to consider such entrepreneurship as ‘informal’ not only exempts them from most regulations and legal responsibilities but also undermines their contribution in maintaining the ‘religious’ — the most important resource in religious tourism. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative complications after extracapsular dissection of benign parotid lesions with particular reference to facial nerve function
Authors: Klintworth Nils , Zenk Johannes , Koch Michael , Iro Heinrich
Published: January 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The desirable extent of surgical intervention for benign parotid tumors remains a matter of controversy. Superficial or total parotidectomy as a standard procedure is often said to be the gold standard; however, with it the risk of intraoperative damage to the facial nerve cannot be ignored. For some time now, extracapsular dissection without exposure of the main trunk of the facial nerve has been favored as an alternative for the treatment of discrete parotid tumors. Data on the incidence of facial nerve lesions and other acute postoperative complications of extracapsular dissection have been lacking until now.

Study Design:

Retrospective analysis.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of the data from patients in whom extracapsular dissection of a benign parotid tumor had been performed under facial nerve monitoring and as a primary intervention in our department between 2000 and 2008.

Results:

A total of 934 patients were operated on for a newly diagnosed benign tumor of the parotid gland. Three hundred seventy‐seven patients (40%) underwent extracapsular dissection as a primary intervention. The most common postoperative complication was hypoesthesia of the cheek or the earlobe, as reported by 38 patients (10%). Eighteen patients (5%) developed a seroma and 13 patients (3%) a hematoma. A salivary fistula formed in eight patients (2%). Secondary bleeding occurred in three patients (0.8%). In 346 patients (92%) facial nerve function was normal (House‐Brackmann grade I) in the immediate postoperative period, whereas 23 patients (6%) showed temporary facial nerve paresis (House‐Brackmann grade II or III) and eight patients (2%) developed permanent facial nerve paresis (seven patients House‐Brackmann grade II, one patient House‐Brackmann grade III).

Conclusions:

Extracapsular dissection of benign parotid tumors is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications, a fact that is confirmed by the available literature. We therefore recommend that use of this technique always be considered as a means of treating benign parotid tumors as conservatively, that is, as uninvasively, as possible. Laryngoscope, 2010
Propranolol for infantile hemangiomas: Early experience at a tertiary vascular anomalies center
Authors: Buckmiller Lisa M. , Munson Patrick D. , Dyamenahalli Umesh , Dai Yuemeng , Richter Gresham T.
Published: January 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Propranolol has recently been introduced as a novel pharmacologic treatment for infantile hemangiomas. Systematic examination of this treatment in a tertiary care setting has not been described. This study explores the impact of propranolol on both proliferative and involuting hemangiomas at a tertiary vascular anomalies center.

Study Design:

Retrospective single institution review.

Materials and Methods:

We reviewed children treated with propranolol for problematic hemangiomas followed by a blinded prospective analysis of serial photographs taken during the course of their therapy. Parental questionnaires were obtained to evaluate perceived therapeutic response and complications to oral propranolol.

Results:

Thirty‐two children with complete photo documentation were treated with oral propranolol for infantile hemangiomas between September 2008 and June 2009. Twenty‐seven patients began therapy during the proliferative phase of their lesions (mean age, 4.9 months), whereas five patients began during the involutional phase (mean age, 19.4 months). Ninety‐seven percent of patients displayed improvement in the quality of their hemangiomas during propranolol therapy. Patients were determined to be excellent responders (n = 16, 50%), partial responders (n = 15, 47%), or nonresponders (n = 1, 3%). Partial and nonresponders received adjuvant therapy (75%, laser therapy; 31%, steroid injections). Ten patients experienced minor but reportable side effects to propranolol, including somnolence (27.2%), gastroesophageal reflux (9.1%), respiratory syncytial virus exacerbation (4.5%), and rash (4.5%).

Conclusions:

Propranolol may revolutionize the treatment of problematic hemangiomas that cause imminent functional or cosmetic sequelae. At therapeutic doses, propranolol is safe and effective in the majority of patients. Adjunctive therapies may still be required. Minor side effects, expected from beta‐blocker therapy, are common but easily managed. Laryngoscope, 2010
3D‐Lasermarkieren: Mehr Möglichkeiten dank Roboter
Authors: Deininger Christoph , Sommer Steffen , Friedel Andreas
Published: January 2010

Das Beschriften oder Markieren von Bauteilen mit Lasern gehört seit Jahren zum Stand der Technik und bedient unterschiedlichste Anforderungen des Marktes. Typische Anwendungsbereiche sind neben der Identifizierbarkeit und der damit verbundenen Rückverfolgbarkeit von Bauteilen auch Gestaltungs‐ und Funktionalisierungsaufgaben. Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen Industrieroboter basierenden Ansatz, bei dem ein noch vielfältigeres und wirtschaftlicheres Markieren möglich wird.
Laserdioden‐Arrays erschlie�en neue Märkte im Druckbereich
Authors: Gorton Steve
Published: January 2010

Während der letzten fünf Jahre kamen Laserdiodenarrays in einer Reihe von Druckanwendungen verstärkt zum Einsatz. Bei der digitalen Druckplattenbelichtung und beim hochwertigen Digitaldruck sind Laserdiodenarrays bereits heute die bevorzugte Technologie.

Fortschritte in der Diodenarray‐Technologie ermöglichen eine neue Generation von Anwendungen. Die Verfügbarkeit lasersensitiver Beschichtungen trägt ebenfalls dazu bei, diodenbasierte Markierungssysteme Wirklichkeit werden zu lassen.

Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die bereits erprobten Anwendungen von Diodenarrays im Druckbereich und befasst sich mit neu entstehenden
Technologien.
EUV – Breaking New Ground
Authors: Meiling Hans
Published: January 2010

From its beginning in the 1960s miniaturisation has always been the driving force of microchip production. In order to develop more powerful and even smaller electronic devices, the transistors density in a silicon chip has to increase constantly, while at the same time the chip itself is constantly shrinking in size. Lithography is the part of the production chain that determines the possible level of miniaturisation. In this step, integrated circuit patterns are transferred to a silicon wafer. They mark the places where conductive or insulating material is to be applied in later steps. The smaller these patterns can get, the higher the complexity of the microchip design. Right now, this crucial technology is at a turning point.
Tailor‐Made Soluble Polymer Supports: Synthesis of a Series of ATRP Initiators Containing Labile Wang Linkers
Authors: Pfeifer Sebastian , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: January 2010

A series of functional initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was prepared. These structures contain an ATRP initiating site, a labile p‐alkoxybenzyl ester Wang linker and a functional end‐group (i.e., COOH, N3, OH, CCH, or NHFmoc). These novel initiators can be utilized for synthesizing well‐defined soluble polymer supports. For instance, the azide‐, alcohol‐, alkyne‐, and NHFmoc‐ derivatives were tested as initiators for the bulk ATRP of styrene. SEC, MALDI‐TOF‐MS, and NMR measurements indicated that well‐defined polystyrene samples with defined end‐groups have been synthesized in this process. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the labile Wang linkers could be easily cleaved with a mild trifluoroacetic acid treatment.

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Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2/2009
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Jayita , Sinha Ray Suprakas , Bousmina Mosto
Published: January 2010

Cover: The cover image presents 2D small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering patterns and corresponding frequency sweep of pure thermotropic liquid‐crystal polymer and its clay‐containing nanocomposites in the molten state. Results show the presence of numerous unaligned crystals in the melt state, responsible for unusual rheological behaviour of pure polymer. Further details can be found in the article by J. Bandyopadhyay, S. Sinha Ray and M. Bousmina on page 161.
Towards positive information science?
Authors: Hartel Jenna , Kari Jarkko , Stebbins Robert , Bates Marcia
Published: January 2010

This panel offers a refreshing counterpoint to the predominantly problem‐oriented perspective of theory and research in information science. Drawing inspiration from the fields of positive psychology and sociology, we explore the idea of a positive information science. This line of inquiry focuses on the positive qualities of information systems and the positive characteristics and habits of information users, as well as on the positive contexts of or factors in information phenomena. Insights into positive information phenomena provide a benchmark and target for improving information environments. The positive perspective also reflects a new generation of information‐users who harbor an upbeat sensibility concerning the tools and practices of the Information Age. The panel makes its case by

offering an interdisciplinary comparison to positive social sciences,

reporting results from two positively‐oriented investigations of information use in gourmet cooking and spirituality, and

viewing the idea in the context of the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Bates & Maack, forthcoming), an important benchmark and rubric of the field.

To encourage a dynamic session, panelists and audience will see a list of positive features compiled and displayed in real time, serving as a basis for lively discussion.
Institutional Review boards: Ethics, regulations and the research agenda
Authors: Nathan Lisa P. , DeLap Alpha S. , Edwards Phillip M. , Freier Nathan G.
Published: January 2010

Information Science researchers and designers are well‐positioned to become active participants in scholarly and institutional conversations concerning the protection of human subjects. The overall goals of this panel are: 1) to extend the discourse within the Information Science field concerning the protection of human subjects in research; 2) to explore new ways to improve the relationship between researchers and Institutional Review Boards; and 3) to advance current Institutional Review Board policies and procedures concerning the use of iterative, culturally appropriate, qualitative methods within social science research. This panel will stimulate conversations through which “IRBs and investigators accept their common charge to meet the needs of subjects and to improve the quality of research.” (Burke, 2005, p. 921)
Social reference and digital reference: Online question answering practices in two diverse communities
Authors: Shachaf Pnina , Rosenbaum Howard , Abels Eileen , Radford Marie , Silipigni Connaway Lynn , Gazan Rich , Shah Chirag
Published: January 2010

This panel brings together researchers who focus on Q A sites, those that focus on digital reference, and those who bridge between the two, into what we believe will be a lively discussion.
Opportunities, threats, & theoretical approaches: Research in traditional and social virtual reference quality
Authors: Radford Marie L. , Connaway Lynn Silipigni , Pomerantz Jeffrey , Oh Sanghee , Oh Jung Sun , Shah Chirag , Gazan Rich
Published: January 2010

Today's digital reference service environment faces many opportunities as well as a number of threats. This panel presents three different approaches, methods of data collection, and approaches to analyze and examine quality issues in virtual reference (VR) as well as other reference platforms. One threat has to do with sustainability of VR quality in this time of budgetary constraints. Radford and Connaway will present “Thriving on Theory: A New Model for Synchronous Reference Encounters” describing a new research‐based model that delineates quality criteria from user and provider perspectives. This model can be applied to virtual as well as traditional reference interactions. Pomerantz, Shah, Oh, and Oh's paper: “The Same, Yet Different: Comparing Studies of ‘Traditional’ Digital Reference and Social Q&A” compares traditional vs. social question and answering services. Social question and answer (Q&A) services have opened up pluralistic approaches that go beyond professional VR, but also pose threats to quality and professional turf. Gazen examines one of these social Q&A services, Answerbag, in his paper: “When Wrong is Right: Intentionally Bad Answers in a Social Q&A Community” which discusses his analysis of instances in which wrong answers are intentionally offered.
Media Informatics: Theory, methods, and tools
Authors: Goodrum Abby , Devereaux Zachary , Langlois Ganaele , Marchionini Gary
Published: January 2010

Panel abstract:

Although the full range of new media has yet to be defined, traditional media such as journalism, music, film, photography, sculpture, theater, the written and spoken word, performance and installation art are all morphing as digital, socially networked technologies present new opportunities. Hybrid new media objects and environments are emerging that blur distinctions and pose new challenges to information science researchers. The immense scale and rapidity of the transition to digital spheres is clear but the multi‐modal consequences are only beginning to be explored.

Media Informatics is the study of how humans seek, use, share, manipulate, store, retrieve, and organize digital multimedia. Closely related to Informatics and to Media Ecology, Media Informatics studies the behaviors and practices related to new media objects and environments including social, political, entertainment, communication and information aspects of new media content in order to design and develop tools for media access, retrieval and storage. The intent of this panel is not to argue for the establishment of media informatics as a formal discipline in need of its own association, etc. Instead we argue that media informatics is the direction to which traditional informatics is evolving and we make the case for greater affinity with media ecologists as collaborators in this evolution.

This panel will present an overview of media informatics including theoretical frameworks, tools, methods and research applications in current use. The first presentation outlines the background, scope and methodology of media informatics, while each of the subsequent three presentations deals with a specific new media informatics research project.
Asking difficult questions about institutional repositories: Factors for success and new directions for development and research
Authors: Abbas June , Mitchell Catherine , Palmer Carole L. , Rieh Soo Young
Published: January 2010

This interactive point/counter point panel session on institutional repositories will present current research and practice related to the factors for success of IR's. Difficult questions about the feasibility of investing in the development of an institutional repository will generate long overdue conversations about the future directions for research and development of institutional repositories.
Preparing future generations for rapidly changing globalized world: What does it mean for information literacy?
Authors: Ercegovac Zorana , Brown John Seely , Johnston Leslie , Shaffer Roberta
Published: January 2010

This panel intends to explore and discuss issues that need to be considered to prepare future generations to cope with complexities of rapidly changing environments in the globalized world. The panel will first outline some of the trends as represented in the literature and witnessed in our own interactions with learner, the media, in citizen/government relationships, and everyday life.

We will discuss information literacy in the context of the 21st‐century Information Literacy Standards, the web 2.0 technologies, information seeking behavior of various populations, as well as innovations in learning and teaching across the board.

PANEL FORMAT: 90 minutes divided in four parts.

There will be four panelists coming from different backgrounds and rich multidisciplinary experiences:

WELCOME and INTRODUCTION (Zorana Ercegovac)

POSITION STATEMENTS (each panelist has about 10 minutes)

John Seely Brown (presenter #1, will also offer closing remarks)

Zorana Ercegovac (presenter #4 and moderator)

Leslie Johnston (presenter #2)

Roberta I. Shaffer (presenter #3)

REACTIONS, CONVERSATION, QA with the audience (about 35 minutes)

CLOSING REMARKS and wrap‐up of the panel, by John Seely Brown (about 10 minutes)
New Directions in Information History
Authors: Haigh Thomas , Downey Greg , Bowker Geoffrey , Aspray William
Published: January 2010

Recent decades have seen an upsurge in scholarly activity in the history of information science. It has emerged as a field of study distinct from library history and from the history of computing. This panel explores the relevance of other historical approaches and the potential for information history to reach other audiences. Haigh sets the context for the session with a look at the evolution of information history and an examination of the challenges and rewards of reframing work in the area to address different questions. Bowker pushes back the scope of information history beyond its conventional focus on the events of the past century or so, and explores the social and organizational dimensions of this work. His central thesis is that information seeking has most often been a collaborative activity occurring in specific social and cultural settings. Downey examines past, present, and future connections between the history of communication and the history of information, in terms of both research literature and classroom practices. Finally, Aspray concludes the presentations with a look at the use of history in the study of information‐seeking behavior and of information in everyday life. Presentations will be kept short to leave plenty of time for interaction between the panelists and with other attendees.

(Chair) Robert Williams, University of South Carolina

Thomas Haigh, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, “Challenges and Opportunities in Information History”

Greg Downey, University of Wisconsin, Madison, “Information history meets communication history.”

Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University, “‘Did that really happen?’ The search for the useful fact from the Enlightenment to the present”

William Aspray, University of Texas, Austin, “The Use of History in Studying Information‐Seeking Behavior in Everyday American Life “
DataONE: Protecting the future of environmental and ecological data
Authors: Allard Suzie
Published: January 2010

This interactive panel addresses the theme of the conference “Thriving on Diversity‐ Information Opportunities in a Pluralistic World” by exploring the role of librarians and information scientists in DataONE (Observation Network for Earth), a cyberinfrastructure project that supports the full data lifecycle for scientists in the diverse domains that are embodied in environmental and ecological science. Collaborations like this between scientists and information professionals ((see Table 1 for full list of DataONE team members), are increasingly important, which is reflected by the “Science and Metadata Community” that is forming within the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.

The research activities of environmental and ecological scientists produce diverse multi‐scale, multi‐discipline, and multi‐national observational data. These data provide insights to address new environmental, social and technological challenges caused by climate variability, altered land use, population shifts, and changes in resource availability (e.g., food, water, and oil). Therefore scientists, educators, librarians, land managers, and the public need open, persistent, and secure access to well‐described and easily discovered Earth observational data. These data are critical because they form the basis for good scientific decisions, wise management and use of resources, and informed decision‐making.

Securing our global scientific knowledge base by preserving these documents and datasets requires active management of the resources and the supporting technology, as well as, an awareness of current research. DataONE is one of two National Science Foundation DataNet Partners. The DataNet Partners serve as exemplars for national and global data management and research infrastructure organizations, and also provide unique opportunities to communities of researchers to advance science and engineering research and learning. Eventually there will be five DataNet Partners.

DataONE focuses on multi‐disciplinary observational data collected by biological (genome to ecosystem) and environmental (atmospheric, ecological, hydrological, and oceanographic) scientists, national and international research networks, and environmental observatories. However, the DataONE structure is designed to be domain‐agnostic, so that it can be extended to serve a broader range of science domains both directly and through interoperability with other DataNet Partners.

This panel of DataONE investigators focuses on four areas related to the challenges of the preservation of digital scientific data in any setting, not just for DataONE. The panel will be facilitated to encourage the audience to provide feedback, exchange ideas, and ask questions related to the role of information science, libraries and librarians in the process of creation, discovery, access, and manipulation of electronic scientific data.
Metatheoretical snowmen
Authors: Hartel Jenna
Published: January 2010

Metatheory is the highest level conceptual device used in research and determines a way of thinking and speaking about reality and its information phenomena. Today, numerous metatheories exist in information science and create a dynamic climate, yet also some confusion. This panel aims to demystify methatheory by addressing the matter in a playful, comparative, competitive spirit. Articulate champions of five major metatheories will be given an opportunity to cast their metatheory onto the life and information experience of an ordinary and affable persona: a snowman. The vivid renderings of the snowman and its information world will bring the features of each metatheory into clear view. To invigorate both discussants and the audience, the presentations will be judged by a jury appointed on the spot. The panelist who offers the most illuminating exposition takes home a trophy while the audience gains new understanding.
Celebrating 10 years of SIG use: A fish bowl dialogue on information behavior research past, present & future
Authors: Fulton Crystal
Published: January 2010

This panel celebrates the 10th anniversary of SIG USE with an examination of the growth of Information Behavior Research and audience fish bowl discussion of the future of research in this area.
Query formulation in web search
Authors: Efthimiadis Efthimis N. , Huang Jeff , Spink Amanda , Jansen Jim
Published: January 2010

Over 2 billion searches are conducted daily on Web search engines. Some Web searches are re‐finding what was seen before, but many searches are query reformulation or refinements as attempts to retrieve better results. Previous studies have examined query formulation and reformulation from the mid‐seventies to today, including online intermediary and end‐user searching, CD‐ROM and OPAC environments, and Web search studies. Query research is important theoretically and practically for the Web industry. This panel presents three recent query formulation and reformulation studies in diverse environments and user groups, including Web search logs and Web searching by 4–5 year olds. The short panel presentations will highlight the theoretical and practical implications of the results and allow sufficient time to engage the audience in discussion.