bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charlotte Brontë’s Villette , Mid-Victorian Anti-Catholicism, and the Turn to Secularism
Authors: Clarke Micael M.
Published: February 2012

Although Charlotte Brontë’s Villette (1853) is frequently interpreted as anti-Catholic, reconciliation between Catholic and Protestant plays a pivotal role in the novel, as Lucy Snowe’s perspective evolves from narrow sectarianism to a more open stance. Brontë accomplishes this reconciliation by elucidating the differences at their deepest level: at the point where Protestantism challenges and ultimately evolves into a separate set of institutions from Catholicism. Drawing on Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age, this paper argues that, in its advocacy of the possibility of deep faith combined with religious pluralism, Villette anticipates modern secularism in the best sense of the word.
Where the Boys Aren't: The Predominance of Women in Animal Rights Activism
Authors: Gaarder Emily
Published: February 2012

A striking characteristic of the animal rights movement is that women constitute the majority of its activists. This qualitative study of twenty-seven women animal rights activists analyzes how they make sense of their centrality in the movement. The article discusses how cultural discourses regarding sex and gender shape the way women activists interpret their own activism, and the predominance of women in the movement. Their accounts often seek to explain the absence of men more than the presence of women. Women activists explain their large presence in animal rights through biological influences, social learning, and empathy based on common oppressions. As they considered the connection between gender and animal rights activism, women alternatively accepted, rejected, and reformulated dominant ideas about sex and gender. Their complex accounts of the relationship between gender and animal activism highlight the inherently political nature of their choice to become activists.
On the Formation of Diminutives in Modern Hebrew Morphology
Authors: Bolozky Shmuel
Published: February 2012

Of the various diminution devices in Modern Hebrew (+ it and + iya suffixation, reduplication, the colloquial + čik and + íko , etc.), + on suffixation is the most productive and often functions as the default case. Its productivity is emphasized by the fact that it can be appended to forms that have already been derived by other diminution strategies. The feminine diminutive is further marked by + et , resulting in + ónet . Diminution of the + on variety often also denotes affection. Since only about a fourth of all on realizations listed in Even-Shoshan's dictionary have morphologically transparent bases, it is argued that the hearer first eliminates bound stems (including CiCaCon, CiCCon, etc.). When an independent base can easily be discerned, the default reading is "diminutive/affectionate"; if excluded by the context, a number of minor readings are also possible (e.g., "collections," "periodicals," "temporary structures," "instruments," etc.).
The Reaction of Rav Sa'adia Gaon to Arabic Poetry and Poetics
Authors: Tobi Yosef
Published: February 2012

In this article it is argued that R. Sa'adia Gaon critically applied his knowledge of Arabic poetry and poetics to the Jewish poetic tradition in an effort to preserve the Jewish tradition as he understood it. His intent was to halt the decline in Hebrew writing while avoiding any negative influence of the more secular Arabic poetry. Those who followed, his pupil Dunash and the poets of Spain, went further, imitating Arabic poetry in a wholesale fashion.
A Linguistic Theoretical Base for Studying David Fogel's Prose
Authors: Mor Galila
Published: February 2012

David Fogel was a Hebrew author of the 1920s whose strong linguistic intuition, together with his real need to fill in what was lacking in Hebrew at a time when the language was being renewed and spoken once again, led him to create mostly innovative formations, all of them based on usual Hebrew patterns. This paper details Fogel's extraction of nuances of meaning from a selected definite formation. We argue that each innovative, or simply unusual and therefore unexpected, word formation was created to produce a new subtle nuance of meaning. For instance, the aspectual adverb [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] made it possible for Fogel to modify merely locative verbs, while causing the other known aspectual adverbs of its syntactic-semantic set to be changed in meaning. The well-known mishnaic adverb [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] emphasizes a sharp emotional situation to be changed immediately. This semantic differentiation could be achieved because [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /], and others all belong to a set of aspectual adverbs which can be semantically differentiated. This paper utilizes three devices to reveal the new nuances for which Fogel uses word-formation, namely, the lexical semantics approach, the structural linguistic approach, and the "word-formation—meaning model." Several ways which Fogel employs definite forms to convey new meaning in Married Life are pointed out.
The Social Location of the Book of Qoheleth
Authors: Sneed Mark
Published: February 2012

Several recent attempts have been made to recover the social matrix of the book of Qoheleth. These can be categorized as the evolutionary, historical crisis, and cultural influence approaches. While fascinating, these perspectives fail, being largely circular and overly ambitious in what they claim. This paper attempts to emphasize the inherent limitations in such a quest. As an alternative to focusing on socio-historical specifics, this paper proposes a broader, archetypal and analytic approach to this question, concluding that the author of Qoheleth was an upper class Jewish intellectual of the Ptolemaic period, who did what intellectuals usually do: reflect, critique, and write, using a vast array of literary genres, including skepticism/pessimism/dissent. Beyond this, there is nothing in the book itself or in data from the Ptolemaic period that can help delimit the search for social causation to specific events or circumstances. Besides, such a search is misguided and underestimates the social complexity and literary skill of individual authors.
Revisiting the Pioneer Past: Continuity and Change in Hebrew Settlement Narratives
Authors: Zerubavel Yael
Published: February 2012

The popular settlement narrative depicting Israeli society's pioneering past represents major Zionist themes of return to the land, struggle, and redemption. With the passage of time, this narrative has been subject to both nostalgic representations and critical evaluations in contemporary Israeli culture. This article examines three works of Hebrew Action written by Yitzhak Ben-Ner, Meir Shalev, and Savyon Liebrecht focusing on Zionist settlers' families and farms in a moment of crisis. Serving as counter-myth texts, these works point out the breakdown of the old settlement narrative through subversive plots, symbolic inversions, and humorous depictions. Depicting intergenerational tensions and an ambivalent attitude toward the land, they construct a more intricate portrayal of the pioneer past and explore the ambiguity of its future.
S. D. Luzzatto on יפשוטו של מקרא
Authors: Vargon Shmuel
Published: February 2012

The definition of the Hebrew term יפשוטו של מקרא has frequently been discussed by Bible commentators and scholars. This paper considers S. D. Luzzatto's approach to biblical exegesis on the basis of peshat , which he believed to be the sole correct interpretation of the Bible. In his view, peshat implies first examining the linguistic meaning of the text according to the rules of grammar; subsequently, on the basis of this linguistic substrate, one should examine the content of the text within its literary and historical contexts. Three different features of Luzzatto's exegesis are considered in the paper and examples of each are given: context-based interpretation; secondary meanings (ambiguity); the problem of "Torah and Science" in the context of peshat -based interpretation.
Israelite Identity and Personal Names from the
Book of Judges
Authors: Hess Richard S.
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the personal names of various figures described in the book of Judges and to consider their relationship to the onomastics of Iron Age Palestine. In particular, the concern is to define whether or not the personal names exhibit similarities to others in the period of Iron I or whether they resemble names of individuals in later periods in terms of their elements and structure. It will be argued that, at least in some cases, there is a distinctive relationship to the onomastics of Iron I that is not attested in the inventory of names from later periods. Thus this allows for consideration of these names as providing a window into the identity of Israel and its neighbors in the Iron I period.
"Az Terem"—A Piyyut by Yochanan Hacohen: A Kedushtha for the Shavuʿot Festival Morning
Authors: Shafir Abraham I.
Published: February 2012

This poem for the Shavuʿot Festival is constructed as a dialogue between a father (God) and his daughter (the Torah). The dialogue attempts to explain why the Torah was given to the people of Israel only 2448 years after the creation of the universe, although the Torah had existed for 2000 years before that. The poet Yochanan HaCohen claims that none of the forefathers of the nation (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob) was fit to receive the Torah due to moral defects; only the meekest man, Moses, deserved to accept the Torah. This poem was composed in the seventh century during the transition period when Eretz-Israel was conquered by the Arabs from the Byzantines.
"The Time of Testing": The Use of Hebrew Scriptures in 4Q171's Pesher of Psalm 37
Authors: Katzin David
Published: February 2012

This study demonstrates how the content and structure of the interpretive sections of 4Q171 that are derived from Psalm 37 rely, to a large degree, on allusions to various biblical texts. This is posited because of rare or otherwise conspicuous words found within the glosses. These word-associations are sometimes quite complex and to a great extent are derived through an exegetical technique whereby cognates, which are found in linked texts, have been connected in what has been named a "cascading gezeirah shawah ." Not only do the verses alluded to shed light on the connotations and interpretations of particular words in the interpretive sections of the Pesher, but they also allow for an understanding of how the author developed the flow of words and motifs that appear in the Pesher. After analyzing how the development of the interpretive sections is accomplished through the exegetical technique of "biblical allusion," the study demonstrates how it is precisely this technique that allows for the recognition of the way in which the Pesher's thematic structure corresponds to the sectioning of the text imposed by interspersed vacats . This is achieved by illustrating how the text of each section, as constructed by the surrounding vacats , is unified either by its biblical allusions which display a consistency of theme or by dependence on a block of biblical verses that relate to one or more of the themes found in the Pesher. Next, the study explains how the themes of the sections of the Pesher themselves display a consistency which points to an overarching theme that underlies the pesherist's interpretation of the Psalm in its entirety. This uniting theme of 4Q171 is one of "testing," based on biblical Exodus/ Wilderness typology and its three forms of testing mediated through the root נ-ס-ה. Finally, it is shown that the three nets of Belial are also based on these three forms of testing.
The Brenner School and the Agnon School in Hebrew Literature of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bartana Ortsion
Published: February 2012

The centrality of Brenner and Agnon in the formation of the Hebrew literature of the twentieth century from its beginning, can be termed here in short: The debate between the "Brenner School" and the "Agnon School." The Brenner School casts doubt on the social values of Judaism and of Zionism, which sprang up in response to Judaism's modern needs. The Brenner School uses contemporary revolutionary concepts to conduct a debate about the Jewish, secular, Zionist person. It does not hesitate to express its conclusions, even if that involves a lack of confidence in the human potential, especially in the Jewish human potential, and also in secular-Zionist moves. The Agnon School entails staying within the boundaries of methodical doubt. It assumes that early Judaism exists and is strong, and will eventually win out in establishing the identity of the Jew, both within and without, both in the debate conducted in Agnon's time, as well as in future debates. These two schools are not populated equally. The Brenner School won an uncontested victory in twentieth-century Hebrew literature. The Agnon School remained largely an empty school—a symbol and not a place of action. The attitude toward these two schools in twentieth-century Hebrew literature involves, before all else, taking a stand on the basic question of the right or obligation of Judaism to continue to exist as a national and collective identity. This paper presents the outlines of a charged and complex discussion. After defining in detail the notion of the "school," the relations between the two artists will be presented in brief. Then their works will be presented, their literary positions and what they symbolize in Israeli Hebrew literature in the 1960s, the first generation of the State of Israel.
Traces of Linguistic Development in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Eskhult Mats
Published: February 2012

This article discusses some constructions that are characteristic of the late biblical prose literature and focuses on the more or less unconscious use of verbal syntax. The linguistic competence of the post-exilic authors was not enough to guide them to handle the complicated system of tense, aspect, and modality in the old way, because their current vernacular had developed new strategies to express these categories. Also, the linguistic expression of "point of view," seems to be linked to the development of the narrative as genre. It is, thus, argued that the indisputably late authors produced a Hebrew that displays traces of linguistic development in comparison to the language found in other parts of the Biblical Hebrew narrative prose.
Towards a Typological Presentation of Tiberian Hebrew
Authors: Anstey Matthew P.
Published: February 2012

The present paper explains how the linguistic data of Tiberian Hebrew can be presented in a typological format that facilitates linguistic research. The format, which is in accord with international y accepted standards used in language typology, facilitates dialogue between Hebrew studies and general linguistics, and hence allows both disciplines to contribute more substantially to each other. There is of course variation in both glossing methods and its application to any particular language. The present paper therefore explains some of the variations in the format and more importantly, important variations in the understanding of Tiberian Hebrew. The paper is not intended as an analysis of Tiberian Hebrew from a typological perspective; rather, it presents the principles of typological glossing and their application to Tiberian Hebrew. Readers who choose to adopt such a format need to adapt it to their theoretical perspectives and pedagogical requirements.
The Organon of Humiliation in Hanoch Levin's Narrative Fiction—The Case of איש עומד מאחורי אשר יושבת (A Man Standing Behind a Seated Woman)
Authors: Nevo Gideon
Published: February 2012

While Hanoch Levin's dramatic works have received, and rightly so, cosiderable critical attention, his prose works have earned (relatively) scant critical analyis. This paper attempts to analyse Hanoch Levin's second and last collection of prose pieces— איש עומד מאחורי אשר יושב (A man standing behind a seated woman)—in which some of the traits characteristic of his prose have reached their consummate realization. In particular, it attempts to crack the code of Levin's chilling art of humiliation, which, in the words of Emily Dickinson, can never be met, whether one is "Attended or alone/Without a tighter breathing/And zero at the bone." While focusing on the elaborate, ever so viciously subtle artifice of humiliation, the article also deals with the effect of the text on the reader, and towards the end hints at the possible cathartic effect that this weave of darkness, this locus of utter negativity, devoid of any shred of grace, might hold for the reader engulfed by its black power.
The Bible in Contemporary Israeli Literature: Text and Place in Zeruya Shalev's Husband and Wife and Michal Govrin's Snapshots
Authors: Shemtov Vered
Published: February 2012

Zeruya Shalev's Husband and Wife and Michal Govrin's Snapshots offer two distinct literary responses to Anita Shapira's polemical question: "Is there a way to restore the Bible to the focus of Hebrew Culture?" In both novels, the authors try to find a place for the Bible in a contemporary Israeli context: Shalev makes the Bible part of the local, intimate life of her protagonist and Govrin breaks the Bible's dominance over the Talmud and of the primacy of sovereignty over mobility, and in so doing gives legitimacy to different narratives of place. Both authors search for feminine models in order to move away from the Zionist association of the Bible with the land. Furthermore, both authors advance, or at least allow for, a reading of these feminine models as metaphors for a larger, collective identity, which not only reflects personal, private conflicts but also reacts to the changes that Zionist ideology has undergone in Jewish thought.
"The Most Exalted Symbol for Our Time"?: Rewriting 'Isaac' in Tel Aviv
Authors: Feldman Yael S.
Published: February 2012

"Isaac is a passive object of the experiment," declared Moshe Shamir early in 1957, about a decade before his notorious shift to the right wing of the Israeli political map. Almost half a century later it is time to interrogate the psychological construction of the "first sons" of the Zionist revolution, especially their evolving use of the Aqedah and other sacrificial narratives as tropes for their own ideological predicaments. This article analyzes the role of three modern frames of reference in shaping the discourse on sacrifice in Israel's most "Zionist" period, its first decade: Freudian psychology, Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling , and twentieth-century scholarship on the Hebrew Crusade Chronicles. It argues that these newly discovered perspectives were employed in a dual process, one that signaled both a critique of sacrifice, and a psychological defense against such a critique. This ambivalence has ultimately culminated in a political dividing line between the upholders and rejecters of the Zionist, and also traditionally Jewish, position on sacrifice.
Aramaic-Like Features In The Pentateuch
Authors: Rendsburg Gary A.
Published: February 2012

The term "Aramaic-like features" is to be distinguished from the term "Aramaisms." The former refers to linguistic traits found in pre-exilic texts, whose presence can be explained by one of two reasons: either the texts are northern in origin, or the settings of the texts have an Aramean flavor. The latter refers to those features, found primarily in the post-exilic corpus, which reflect clear Aramaic influence over Hebrew. Aramaic-like features occur with a significant concentration in five sections of the Torah: Genesis 24, Genesis 30-31, Numbers 22-24, Genesis 49, and Deuteronomy 33. Style-switching explains the first three texts, since the first two are narratives geographically set in Aram, while the third portrays a prophet from Aram in the plains of Moab. Regional dialectology explains the remaining two sections: the sayings about the individual tribes must originate in those specific locations, which is why one finds words like גֶּרֶם דָּרו֗ם, and so forth, in the blessings to Issachar, Naphtali, Joseph, and Gad. If the Pentateuch were the product of Persianperiod Jewish scribes, as claimed by some scholars during the last several decades, one would expect Aramaisms or Aramaic-like features to appear throughout its 187 chapters in significant concentrations, and not, as per the main conclusion of this essay, in select chapters for specific purposes.
The Modal Nature of טֶרֶם in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Hatav Galia
Published: February 2012

The word טֶרֶם in Biblical Hebrew is usually translated as 'before' or '(not) yet'. The problem is that the verb appearing in a טֶרֶם clause is (usually) in the form yiqtol , even when the clause is interpreted as reporting a past event. Most Hebraists account for the problem within a historical analysis, claiming that the verb form in the complement clause of טֶרֶם is the short form yaqtul which has a preterit value. In this paper, I analyze the word טֶרֶם synchronically, showing it to be a general modal particle, compatible with the modal nature of yiqtol . Both of its interpretations, 'before' and '(not) yet', are shown to be modal in nature. I suggest that the choice between the two English interpretations is based on the syntax. In case of a subordinate clause it would be translated as 'before', and in case of a matrix as '(not) yet'.
Beyond Martyrdom: Rereading Shamir's With His Own Hands
Authors: Hollander Philip
Published: February 2012

Earlier criticism has used Moshe Shamir's novel Bemo yadav: pirkei Elik (With his own hands: The Elik chapters; 1951) and the death of its protagonist Elik to argue that literature of the so-called Palmach generation sacrificed aesthetics to advance Zionist aims. Rather than accepting this view and its implicit preference for New Wave fiction, this paper reexamines Shamir's novel. It will argue that the novel reveals the difficult and unresolved struggles of an individual incapable of resolving the seeming contradiction between the heavy societal burdens placed upon him and his place within that society. As a result, one can read Elik's eventual death not as the result of his uncontested belief in collective aims, but as an effort to escape unresolved psychological issues. Read in this manner, the purported programmatic aims of the novel come into question together with generalizations about Palmach Generation literature and its ideological differences with later Israeli fiction.
Rabbinic Elements in the Verbal System of Maskilic
Hebrew Fiction 1857-1881
Authors: Kahn Lily
Published: February 2012

This paper proposes that the verbal system of the Maskilic Hebrew fiction composed between 1857 and 1881 by authors such as P. Smolenskin, J. L. Gordon, A. Mapu, and I. M. Dick exhibits a substantial number of rabbinic morphological and syntactic elements. Rabbinic features include the use of nitpa'el verbs, for example Dick's נתאלמנו the employment of the masculine plural qotel ending in nun , such as Gordon's נמחקין the infinitive construct of verbs with first-radical nun , as in Mapu's ליתן the periphrastic construction consisting of a qatal of the root ה.י.ה. followed by a qotel used to convey past habitual actions; and the tendency to avoid the wayyiqtol . In many cases these rabbinic elements are used inconsistently in maskilic texts and appear to be fully interchangeable with their biblical counterparts. Similarly, for the most part there is no indication of a conscious semantic motivation underlying the authors' decision to use such features, and the circumstances in which they appear are identical to those of their counterparts in classical sources such as the Mishnah and Talmud. However, in some cases, such as Mapu's use of ליתן and Gordon's selection of נמחקין the rabbinic form may have been employed intentionally as a tool to convey the feeling of vernacular speech. This paper proposes an alternative to the traditional scholarly perception that Maskilic Hebrew is predominantly biblical in both morphology and syntax.
Who Were the "Mixed Multitude"?
Authors: Bar Shaul
Published: February 2012

In Exod 12:38, we read that when the Israelites left Egypt, a mixed multitude עֵרֶב רַב went up with them. Therefore, the question arises: Who were the mixed multitude? Interestingly, the word עֵרב is also attested to at the time of Nehemiah. In Neh 13:3 the term עֵרב is linked to Nehemiah's reforms against intermarriages. In other texts, such as Jer 25:20; 50:37 and Ezek 30:5, the term עֵרב has the meaning "to take on a pledge" or "to give in pledge exchange." In those instances, the term עֵרב appears in the context of war and those slain by the sword; thus, the term refers to mercenaries. A clue to the identity of the mixed multitude can also be found in Exod 13:18, where the text describes the Israelites at the time of the Exodus as חֲמֻשִׁים, a term which can have military implications. The existence of mercenaries in the ancient world is well known. They were part of David's army and accepted as part of the Israelite nation. In this paper, we will show that the term עֵרב רַב in Exod 12:38 refers to mercenaries who intermarried with the Israelites and left armed with them at the time of the Exodus from Egypt.
The Woman-Artist in Ruth Almog's Fiction: Her Formation and Engagement with the World
Authors: Brenner Rachel Feldhay
Published: February 2012

Israeli literary establishment has consistently assessed Almog as a writer preoccupied with "women's romantic issues." I propose that Almog's ars poetica focuses on two aspects of the woman-artist's interaction with the world: the artist's growth in patriarchal society, and her artistic preoccupation with Israeli ideological-political reality. Artistic growth entails twofold dissent: it defies the patriarchal order of women's marginality, and at the same time, it antagonizes the artist's formative sense of marginality. The understanding that the indispensable components of art—the pre-oedipal sources of creativity and the ability to express them—are shared by both men and women artists liberates the women-protagonists to engage in artistic creativity. The process of liberation from gender politics dovetails with the woman-artist's ethical-political involvement. Almog's women-protagonists-artists are preoccupied with Israel's political situation and take a stand against its moral transgressions. From this perspective, the insensitive lovers represent the militaristic Israeli patriarchy, and their inability to love reflects the incapability for empathy engendered by the Zionist ethos of militant separatism. Emphatic opposition to Israel's empowered isolation defines Almog's fiction as literature of political dissent.
A Narrative Pattern and Its Role in Source Criticism
Authors: Baden Joel S.
Published: February 2012

The narrative portions of the Pentateuch (and the Deuteronomistic History) betray a consistent pattern in which commands are fulfilled by the same verb, in the same binyan , in the waw-consecutive, with virtually no intervening text. Because the pattern is uniform across all books and sources, it is shown that when the pattern does not function as expected, we are justified in looking for a source-critical seam. Most importantly, source-critical disputes over the precise demarcation of textual blocks can be resolved by means of this pattern.
The Language of Politeness in Ancient Hebrew Letters
Authors: Thomas Benjamin
Published: February 2012

By philological analysis, this study analyzes ancient Hebrew letters with the goal of discussing the language of politeness in the context of eighth to sixth century B.C.E. Levantine hierarchical society. It argues that the major politeness device implemented in the letters is the so-called praescriptio , broadly defined as the address, greeting, and blessing formula, preceding the body of the letter. After a detailed investigation of the praescriptio , the situational contexts of two important letter corpora are explored from Arad and Lachish. This is carried out in order to demonstrate how situational contexts in which the letters were constructed can aid in our understanding of sociolinguistic characteristics of the letters and hence, politeness strategies employed within them. Of special import is the new analysis of Lachish Letter 3 (Lak[6]1.3), whereby it is argued that the sender of the letter uses carefully formulated politeness strategies to win favor in the eyes of his superior.
"Why Did the Lord Do Thus to This Land?": Deuteronomy 29:21-28 in Historical and Textual Contexts
Authors: Frankel David
Published: February 2012

The present study offers a critical-historical analysis of Deut 29:21-28. The analysis focuses on the question of whether Deut 29:21-28 continues the previous section of verses 15-20, and refers to tribal devastation, as a minority of Jewish exegetes maintain, or begins a new section of its own, and refers to national devastation, as is generally maintained by most commentators and critics. Related to this is the question of whether the material in this section is pre-exilic or exilic. It is the thesis of this paper that these and other difficulties are best understood as reflecting the changing textual and historical contexts in which the passage was set. The core material of the passage appears to predate the fall of the northern kingdom, and to have been transferred to its present context from an earlier version of Deuteronomy 28. It was moved to its present position by a Judean editor after the fall of the northern kingdom, where it was used to show that Moses correctly predicted the devastation and exile of the north (verse 27, editorial), and that the Judeans must follow the law if they wish to escape the same fate (verse 28, editorial). After the fall of Judah, the entire passage was supplemented with Deut 30:1-10, which reinterpreted it as referring to both Israel and Judah, without distinction. It is only at this stage in the development of the material that we find the emergence of the idea that exile does not represent a final end, but is a prelude to repentance and a return to the land.
Cold War Revisions of Hemingway's Men at War
Authors: Sanderson Richard K.
Published: February 2012

In 1942, Hemingway edited and introduced a large anthology, Men at War: The Best War Stories of All Time , a book he hoped would aid the fight against Fascism. By the time the book was reprinted in 1955, however, the former Axis powers had become U.S. allies in the Cold War. Though the reprint contains all the stories of the first edition, five pages' worth of material was cut from Hemingway's original introduction. From an analysis of the omitted passages, this article shows that the cuts downplay the fierceness of Hemingway's anti-Fascism and that one must consult the original introduction to get a true picture of his politics in 1942.
Hemingway's "The Sea Change": What Close Reading and Evolutionary Psychology Reveal
Authors: Nolan Charles J.
Published: February 2012

A close reading of Hemingway's "The Sea Change," designed to demonstrate (1) that the overall arc of the piece involves Phil's gradually coming to terms with the changed nature of his relationship with his lover; (2) that the changes Hemingway made as he moved from drafts to the story's published form are always designed to focus the issue at hand more sharply; (3) that Hemingway uses repetition to highlight aspects of characterization and employs pauses to control the story's movement and architecture, often providing counterpoint; (4) that the irony pervading the work underscores Phil's bitterness; and (5) that Hemingway's portrayal of Phil's jealousy captures his feelings with psychological realism.
Nick at Night: Nocturnal Metafictions in Three Hemingway Short Stories
Authors: Sempreora Margot
Published: February 2012

"Now I Lay Me" functions as a kind of subtext for two other related Nick Adams tales, "A Way You'll Never Be" and "Big Two-Hearted River," both of which revisit, with a similar emotional intensity, the material of childhood memories, conjured by the young soldier Nick in "Now I Lay Me" as a means of keeping his soul in his body. In all three stories, as Nick composes to avoid decomposition, the reader witnesses the indissoluble link between life, death, and the practice of fiction.
Abbreviations for Hemingway Works Cambridge Edition of The Letters of Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Spanier Sandra
Published: February 2012

Sandra Spanier, General Editor of the Cambridge Edition, shares the “Abbreviations for Hemingway Works” created for The Letters of Ernest Hemingway . With this issue of The Hemingway Review we will be adopting the Cambridge system as our “house style.”
Hemingway’s Commedia Dell’arte Story?: “Out of Season”
Authors: Knodt Ellen Andrews
Published: February 2012

Peduzzi, the drunken fishing guide in Hemingway’s short story “Out of Season,” has generated widely varying interpretations from critics and from Hemingway himself. Readers have tended to focus either on the quarreling married couple or on Peduzzi’s point of view. However, an Italian language clue within “Out of Season,” the young gentleman’s reference to Peduzzi as a “vecchio,” may integrate the story’s three characters as a modernist version of commedia dell’arte , Italian comic theater. The article examines this premise in light of Hemingway’s extensive knowledge of Italian stock characters in literature and opera.
Este . . . Cíclope: Góngora’s Polifemo and the Poetics of Disfiguration
Authors: Ancell Matthew
Published: February 2012

This essay argues that Góngora’s Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea operates in a skeptical mode, responding to an epistemological crisis that dominated seventeenth-century Spanish intellectual and artistic production. In dialogue with skeptical intellectual trends, particularly Montaigne’s brand of Pyrrhonism, Góngora’s elliptical, anamorphic poetics renders language nearly indecipherable. Underlying its monstrous appearance, however, is an elegant symmetry and intelligibility, a circumstance analogous to the cosmic incoherency of the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems resolved by Kepler’s elliptical planetary orbits. Similarly, Polyphemus’s monocular view distorts his picture of the world, a narcissistic condition exposed by the anamorphic pictorial practice Góngora translates into verse. Góngora’s poem enacts, both in plot and method, a process of desengaño in which a literary figuration becomes disfigured, creating a new figural expression of the world and exposing the contingent nature of perception and interpretation.
Reescribir el canon: vanguardia histórica, cultura popular y política cultural en el Museo Reina Sofía (“los ismos de Ramón Gómez de la Serna”)
Authors: Utrera María Soledad Fernández
Published: February 2012

This essay explores the relationship between museum, art historiography, and local politics. Specifically, it examines the role of the public museum of modern art and its temporary exhibitions in the rewriting of the artistic canon, as well as in the legitimation of the new political right. With the exhibition, Los ismos de Ramón Gómez de la Serna , in the Museo Nacional de Arte Reina Sofía de Madrid (2002), the director of the MNCARS during that period, Juan Manuel Bonet, challenges the established narrative on Western avant-garde from a peripheral point of view. His reading emphasizes the strong presence of the Spanish artistic tradition and popular culture in the origins of the European avant-garde. It also helps to build a cultural tradition to which the liberal and democratic Spanish right can attach itself.
The Circumstances of Justice
Authors: Hope Simon
Published: February 2012

The aim of this paper is, first, to address three recent criticisms of Hume’s account of the circumstances of justice, and secondly, to consider how an account of the circumstances of justice may be deployed in philosophical argument when detached from Hume’s own narrow concern with rules of property. Against the criticisms lodged by Brian Barry and Martha Nussbaum, I argue that Hume does not build a conception of justice as mutual advantage into the circumstances of justice. Against the criticism lodged against modern invocations of the circumstances of justice by Gerry Cohen, I argue that any plausible account of deliberative reflection must be at once action-guiding and world-guided. This allows an account of the circumstances of justice—those features of the world no plausible theory of justice can idealize away—to do some justificatory work.
US Foreign Policy and Human Rights: Situating Obama
Authors: Forsythe David P.
Published: February 2012

Three approaches to human rights in US foreign policy serve as benchmarks for a general understanding of the subject from a historical perspective. The first is Enlightenment cosmopolitanism, or classical liberalism, featuring a consistent commitment to the international law of human rights and humanitarian affairs. The second is Providential nationalism, or belief in a Divinely blessed Manifest Destiny. The third is structural realism as represented in modern times by Henry Kissinger. This article examines a fourth approach that will be termed muddling through, or inconsistency regarding human rights in foreign policy, practiced by not only the Obama administration from the start, but at the end of the day by all administrations. There remain particular differences among administrations, and while the Obama record has shown a certain continuity with Bush's foreign policy, some differences are evident.
Predicting Parental Home and School Involvement in High School African American Adolescents
Authors: Hayes DeMarquis
Published: February 2012

Predictors of parental home and school involvement for high school adolescents were examined within two groups of urban African American parents from various socioeconomic levels. Home involvement was defined as parent-adolescent communication about school and learning, while school involvement was defined in terms of parent attendance and participation in school events. Parental demographic variables, educational aspirations for their adolescents, and perceptions of teacher support were examined to determine how they predicted home and school involvement. In the first group, comprised of generally lower socioeconomic parents, educational aspirations predicted home involvement while educational aspirations, parent education, and perceived teacher support predicted school involvement. For the second group, composed of generally higher socioeconomic parents, educational aspirations and perceived teacher support predicted home involvement. Surprisingly, none of the context variables significantly predicted school involvement in African American parents from higher socioeconomic levels. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Objects, Methods, and Interpretations: Imperial Trajectories, Haunted Nationalisms, and Medical Archives in Asian American History
Authors: Kim Jean J.
Published: February 2012

Kim's essay reexamines Asian American studies through a critical reading of nineteenth century medical archives against the grain, identifying the rise of modern medicine with US colonial activities in Oceania and the Pacific, and with the construction of indigenous and Asian corporeality in contact zones like Hawaii. By conducting research under what she calls a "critical inter-imperial framework," she illuminates the interfaces between multiple sites and fields of study that traditional disciplinary boundaries have worked to obscure and actively forget.
New Frontiers of Asian and Latino America in Popular Culture: Mixed-Race Intimacies and the Global Police State in Miami Vice and Rush Hour 2
Authors: Fojas Camilla
Published: February 2012

Rush Hour 2 (2001) and Miami Vice (2006) are urban action films that feature an interracial police duo seeking to bring down an international smuggling ring directed at a U.S. market. They also share a unique similarity: the intimacy and/or embodiment of Asian and Latino cultures within a narrative about U.S. global policing. These films feature Asian and Latino characters that work for the U.S. but retain links to their countries of origin. The intimacy of Asians to Latinos also conveys a series of illegal transnational transactions that must be put down, demonstrating the power of the U.S. as a globalized police state.
A Kingship by Merit and Cosmic Investiture: An Investigation into King Alaungmintaya's Self-Representation
Authors: Leider Jacques P.
Published: February 2012

Alaungmintaya’s rise from village headman to kingship in less than five years raises manifold questions regarding the perception of Buddhist kingship in Myanmar. The new king had to establish his credentials not only on the battlefield, but also within a particular cultural and religious environment. Based largely on the edicts and letters of the king himself, this paper takes a look at the way that the king communicated his claims to royal status to other kings and his subjects. It focuses in particular on the common notion of kingship by merit which, in the king’s mind, not only explained and legitimized his political rise, but also made explicit the cosmic relevance of his mission to protect the Buddhist religion. For Alaungmintaya, kingship was not only a reward due to past merits, but the fulfillment of a higher mission with divine approval. By paying close attention to the religious connotations of key terms within their cultural and textual context, the paper tries to highlight the complexity of royal self-representation.
Connecting the President and the People: Washington's Neutrality, Genet's Challenge, and Hamilton's Fight for Public Support
Authors: Young Christopher J.
Published: February 2012

As the French Revolution intensified with the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793, so did the American public's interest in foreign affairs. Since President George Washington seized the initiative in foreign affairs (rather than Congress, as was expected by many at the time), the executive became the focal point of the developing relationship between the American public and the newly established federal government. The events centered on the Washington administration and the French Minister, Edmond Genet, placed the office of president of the United States squarely at the intersection of foreign affairs and popular politics. By focusing on the political activity that swirled around President George Washington's controversial proclamation of neutrality, this essay examines how Federalists, especially the administration's own Alexander Hamilton, tried to shape the public's understanding of the proclamation. When Washington thrust his administration into the burgeoning foreign crisis, the president put himself and the executive office at the center of the public debate. By looking at newspaper essays, community resolutions, presidential replies, and the Gideon Henfield trial and verdict, this essay argues that the Washington administration experienced the power of public opinion as an advantageous political force as well as an obstacle to its policy of neutrality. Washington's proclamation of neutrality, which injected executive authority into the realm of foreign affairs at a time when the American public was intensely interested in foreign events, contributed to the developing relationship between the American people and the newly established executive office.
Notices
Authors: Forkosch Prize Morris D.
Published: February 2012

Announcement of the Morris D. Forkosch book prize competition; announcement of the Selma V. Forkosch prize for the best article published in the Journal of the History of Ideas ; announcement of NEH Summer Seminar for College and University Teachers, "Tudor Books and Readers: 1485-1603," June-July 2012, including application information.
Review-Essay: Learn This Forward but Understand It Backward
Authors: Jumonville Neil
Published: February 2012

Review-essay of three recent publications: Colin Harrison's American Culture in the 1990s (Edinburgh University Press, 2010); James Livingston's The World Turned Inside Out: American Thought and Culture at the End of the 20th Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010); and Daniel T. Rodgers's Age of Fracture (Harvard University Press, 2011). Review-essay of three recent publications: Colin Harrison's American Culture in the 1990s (Edinburgh University Press, 2010); James Livingston's The World Turned Inside Out: American Thought and Culture at the End of the 20th Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 2010); and Daniel T. Rodgers's Age of Fracture (Harvard University Press, 2011).
A Polish Translation of Finnegans Wake in Progress
Authors: Bazarnik Katarzyna
Published: February 2012

This essay provides an overview of translatorial strategies identified in the published excerpts of Krzysztof Bartnicki’s newly completed translation of Finnegans Wake into Polish. His methodological premises include a conviction that inventing a counterpart of the multilingual “Wakese” idiom constitutes a kind of intralingual translation, a respect for the uniqueness of the book’s structure, and a dedication to the reconstruction of conceptual images evoked by the original. Several of Bartnicki’s translatorial strategies, including transplantation, phonetic equivalence, foreign-language substitution, proportional distortion, anticipatory reinforcement, and equivalent conceptual blending, are presented, illustrated by examples and followed by detailed analyses.
A Chinese Translation of Finnegans Wake : The Work in Progress
Authors: Dai Congrong
Published: February 2012

Because more papers on Finnegans Wake appear regularly in China now, a Chinese translation of the whole work is in great demand. I began my Wake translation in 2006 and expect to publish Book I of it this year. Eventually I plan two translated versions—the first will include only one of the many possible meanings of words in the text, while the second will create new Chinese characters or words in a way similar to Joyce’s strategy in the Wake . Although the first one will be easier, there are still many inherent difficulties such as which meaning to choose and how to retain the uncertainty and multiplicity of the original text. Strict publishing requirements for academics in China make the act of translation more difficult, and, of course, translating the Wake is even more demanding. Fortunately, I have received much encouragement, and Wakean serendipitous coincidences have made it possible to continue.
Fragments of a Report: Ulysses Translation in Progress
Authors: Kappanyos András
Published: February 2012

Along with a small group of scholars, I am working on an extensive re-edition and partial re-translation of James Joyce’s Ulysses into the Hungarian language. This essay is a brief account of the work performed and the theoretical and practical problems encountered by the group. After presenting the contradictory history of Joyce’s reception in Hungary, I address the theoretical problems of Weltriteratur and the possible strategies of translation in connection with Joyce’s work. My essay also sets up a system of categories for cases of untranslatability, showing the most typical errors committed (and some of the most brilliant and congenial solutions created) by previous translators. In conclusion, it raises some of the ethical issues of translation and presents the “ten commandments” for the translator of Joyce’s work.
Valéry's Serpent and the Wake 's Genesis: Toward a Digital Library of James Joyce
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk
Published: February 2012

The idea of a circular structure for Finnegans Wake may have been partly inspired by Giambattista Vico, as James S. Atherton has already suggested in The Books at the "Wake," but other books played a role as well. In this essay, I argue that the conceptualization cannot be reduced to Vico alone. The text explores the signifying functions of the "bibliographic code" and the material aspects of Joyce's personal library in the crystallization of conceptual breakthroughs 1) by focus­ing on Paul Valéry's Le Serpent and its role in the genesis of the Wake and 2) by envisaging the possibilities of a digital reconstruction of Joyce's library.