bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tamai zone I fingertip replantation: Is external bleeding obligatory for survival of artery anastomosis‐only replanted digits?
Authors: Chen Ko‐Kang , Hsieh Tung‐Ying , Chang Kao‐Ping
Published: July 2014

Background

Distal fingertip replantation is associated with good functional and aesthetic results. Venous anastomosis is the most challenging procedure. For replantation with an artery anastomosis‐only procedure (no venous anastomosis), some protocols have been designed to relieve venous congestion involve anticoagulation and the creation of wounds for persistent bleeding. This report presents the authors' experience of fingertip survival after artery anastomosis‐only replantation with no persistent external bleeding.

Methods

Twelve Tamai zone I fingertip total amputation patients who underwent artery anastomosis‐only replantations were recruited from February 2009 to June 2012. Nerve repair was performed if identified. The patients were not subjected to conventional external bleeding methods. Both the blood color on pinprick and fingertip temperature difference between the replanted and uninjured digits were used as indicators of deteriorated venous congestion.

Results

The replanted digits of 11 patients survived. The only failed replant exhibited an average temperature difference of more than 6°C compared with the uninjured digits and consistently exhibited darker blood during the pinprick test. All other replants exhibited average temperature differences of less than 6°C.

Conclusions

In these Tamai zone I artery anastomosis‐only replantations, fingertips survived without the use of external bleeding method, indicating that external bleeding is probably not obligatory for survival of artery anastomosis‐only replanted digits distal to Tamai zone I. An increasing temperature difference between the replanted and uninjured digits and darker blood on pinprick may be used as indicators of deteriorating congestion signs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:535–539, 2014.
Susceptibility mapping of air, bone, and calcium in the head
Authors: Buch Sagar , Liu Saifeng , Ye Yongquan , Cheng Yu‐Chung Norman , Neelavalli Jaladhar , Haacke E. Mark
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To demonstrate the mapping of structures with high susceptibility values, such as the sinuses, bones and teeth, using short echo times.

Methods

Four in vivo datasets were collected with a gradient‐echo sequence (TE1 = 2.5 ms, TE2 = 5 ms and TE3 = 7.5 ms). Complex division was performed to remove the phase offset term and generate the phase at TE = 2.5 ms. Susceptibility maps were generated from unwrapped phase images, using a geometry‐constrained iterative algorithm, by preserving phase information in the extracerebral tissues. The susceptibility results were improved by updating the missing phase information inside structures with no signal using the predicted phase at each iteration step. Simulated phase images of a three‐dimensional brain model and tooth phantom were used to validate the proposed method.

Results

Improved susceptibility maps were obtained once the phase information in the extracerebral tissue region was incorporated, for both the model and in vivo data. For in vivo data, the average susceptibilities of air (sphenoid sinus), bone and calcium (teeth) were found to be (in ppm): Δχ(sinus‐tissue) = +9.2 ± 1.3, Δχ(bone‐tissue) = −2.1 ± 0.6 and Δχ(teeth‐tissue) = −3.3 ± 1.2, respectively.

Conclusion

High susceptibility structures with little or no signal can be imaged using quantitative susceptibility mapping and can be used to improve background field removal. Magn Reson Med 73:2185–2194, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shape regularity conditions for polygonal/polyhedral meshes, exemplified in a discontinuous Galerkin discretization
Authors: Mu Lin , Wang Xiaoshen , Wang Yanqiu
Published: July 2014

This article concerns shape regularity conditions on arbitrarily shaped polygonal/polyhedral meshes. In (J. Wang and X. Ye, A weak Galerkin mixed finite element method for second‐order elliptic problems, Math Comp 83 (2014), 2101–2126), a set of shape regularity conditions has been proposed, which allows one to prove important inequalities such as the trace inequality, the inverse inequality, and the approximation property of the L2 projection on general polygonal/polyhedral meshes. In this article, we propose a simplified set of conditions which provides similar mesh properties. Our set of conditions has two advantages. First, it allows the existence of “small” edges/faces, as long as the shape of the polygon/polyhedron is regular. Second, coupled with an extra condition, we are now able to deal with nonquasiuniform meshes. As an example, we show that the discontinuous Galerkin method for Laplacian equations on arbitrarily shaped polygonal/polyhedral meshes, satisfying the proposed set of shape regularity conditions, achieves optimal rate of convergence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 308–325, 2015
pH‐triggerable and ultraviolet‐triggerable β‐cyclodextrin microgel
Authors: Mok Eun Young , Kim Jin‐Chul
Published: July 2014

β‐Cyclodextrin (βCD) microgels were prepared water in oil emulsion, and cinnamic acid (CA) was loaded in the microgel by inclusion complexation. The specific loading of CA in the microgel was 0.0203 mg/mg, and it was less than that the calculated specific loading (0.0368 mg/mg). The maximum swelling ratio of CA‐loaded βCD microgel (CAβCD microgel) decreased from 233.9% to 225.7% upon the irradiation of ultraviolet light (λ = 365 nm). And the 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein release of CAβCD microgel, observed for 12 h, was suppressed upon the irradiation of ultraviolet light, possibly because the microgel can be photocross‐linked, and its mass transfer resistance against dye diffusion would increase. The swelling ratio of CAβCD microgel somewhat depended on the pH value of the medium, possibly because electrostatic repulsion can be developed within the microgel by the ionizable carboxylic group of CA. The 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein release degree in 12 h of CAβCD microgel increased from 10.5% to 85.1% when the pH value increased from 3.0 to pH 9.0. This is mainly because CA is more soluble at a higher pH value. In the full range of pH value tested, the release degrees of CAβCD microgel were slightly higher than those of βCD microgel, possibly because of the electrostatic repulsion developed within the CAβCD microgel. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Determination of Oligopeptides and Amino Acids in Soybean Protein Hydrolysates using High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Li Xinxiu , Fan Peihong , Zang Meitong , Xing Jie
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Soybean protein hydrolysates (SPHs), especially oligopeptides, have shown a variety of functional properties, including immunomodulatory and anti‐oxidant effects. Soybean protein hydrolysate products have been used as functional ingredients in food, sports nutrition or clinical nutrition. However, the mixture is mostly undefined due to its complex nature, containing peptides and minor amino acids as well as small proteins.

Objectives

To develop a specific and efficient method for the identification and structural characterisation of oligopeptides in SPHs, and to determine free amino acids in SPHs in the same analytical run, for evaluation of the chemical profile of SPH products.

Methods

Accurate mass spectrometry (MS) datasets of SPH samples were recorded on a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) tandem high‐resolution (HR) MS system. Potential oligopeptides were tentatively characterised based on their elemental compositions and ring double bond equivalent (RDBE) values, as well as HRMS/MS data. The analytical method to determine amino acids was evaluated in terms of linearity, precision, apparent recovery and limits of detection and quantitation.

Results

In total, 186 oligopeptides spanning the mass range of m/z 200–1500 and three major free amino acids could be determined in SPH samples in a single sample injection. Ninety‐nine oligopeptides were tentatively characterised. The sensitive and specific instrumental performances also permitted the determination of 19 amino acids with a limit of quantitation of ≤ 0.1 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The HPLC–HRMS technique has proven to be an advantageous tool for the rapid characterisation of oligopeptides and determination of amino acids in soybean protein hydrolysates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility and reproducibility of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal brain in twin–twin transfusion syndrome
Authors: Gomes Neto Orlando , Marins Marcos , Botelho Rafael D. , Nivoloni Rafaela C. , Saura Glauco E. , Vessoni Arias Amábile , Barini Ricardo , Peralta Cleisson F. A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

The aim of this study is to test the feasibility and reproducibility of diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‐MRI) evaluations of the fetal brains in cases of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Method

From May 2011 to June 2012, 24 patients with severe TTTS underwent MRI scans for evaluation of the fetal brains. Datasets were analyzed offline on axial DW images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps by two radiologists. The subjective evaluation was described as the absence or presence of water diffusion restriction. The objective evaluation was performed by the placement of 20‐mm2 circular regions of interest on the DW image and ADC maps. Subjective interobserver agreement was assessed by the kappa correlation coefficient. Objective intraobserver and interobserver agreements were assessed by proportionate Bland–Altman tests.

Results

Seventy‐four DW‐MRI scans were performed. Sixty of them (81.1%) were considered to be of good quality. Agreement between the radiologists was 100% for the absence or presence of diffusion restriction of water. For both intraobserver and interobserver agreement of ADC measurements, proportionate Bland–Altman tests showed average percentage differences of less than 1.5% and 95% CI of less than 18% for all sites evaluated.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that DW‐MRI evaluation of the fetal brain in TTTS is feasible and reproducible. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity affects the proteomics of rice roots and leaves
Authors: Zhang Jianfu
Published: July 2014

While insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance have been obtained from transcriptome and genome analysis, the molecules affected directly by salt and linking the extracellular stimulus to intracellular responses remain largely unknown. Protein alterations upon exogenous stimulus are vital in outlining differences that cannot otherwise be measured quantitatively. So proteomic analysis may reveal novel aspects of the plant protection mechanism from salinity. The pioneering work of Liu et al. (Proteomics2014,14, 1759–1775) found the differentially expressed proteins in rice roots and leaves after salt treatment, and these proteins may serve as marker group of rice resistant to salt stress. Metabolic pathways maintain cellular homeostasis and are very important for imparting stress tolerance in rice.
Heavy hitting: Using water to label humans
Authors: Ma Yonggang , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Lindsey Merry L.
Published: July 2014

Monitoring protein dynamics, compared to measuring static protein expression profiles taken with snapshot evaluations, have recently been the focus of proteomics studies examining tissue or blood samples where time course changes occur. Using deuterium oxide (2H2O) to label amino acids is a useful method to monitor protein turnover rates. The synthesis rate for individual proteins is calculated from the rate of 2H incorporation into specific proteins analyzed by high resolution MS. In this issue, Wang and colleagues measured the plasma protein turnover dynamics in healthy humans by in vivo 2H2O labeling [Wang, D. et al., Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2014, 8, 610–619]. The authors developed and validated a safe and accessible 2H2O administration protocol to record the turnover dynamics of 542 plasma proteins using MS. Their study demonstrates a promising new way to evaluate plasma protein dynamics in clinical trials where such knowledge could help for prognosis and evaluating treatment efficacy.
Mode of action analysis for pesticide‐induced rodent liver tumours involving activation of the constitutive androstane receptor: relevance to human cancer risk
Authors: Lake Brian G , Price Roger J , Osimitz Thomas G
Published: July 2014

A number of non‐genotoxic chemicals, including some pesticides, have been shown to increase the incidence of liver tumours in rats and/or mice. Frameworks for analysing the modes of action (MOAs) by which chemicals produce liver tumours in rodents and the relevance of such tumour data for human risk assessment have now been established. One common MOA for rodent liver tumour formation by non‐genotoxic chemicals involves activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Key and associative events for a CAR‐activation MOA include receptor activation, liver hypertrophy, induction of cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, increased replicative DNA synthesis, altered hepatic foci and liver tumours. While some effects of rodent CAR activators can be observed in human liver, a major species difference is that, unlike rodents, CAR activators do not increase replicative DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. The CAR‐activation MOA for rodent liver tumour formation is thus not plausible for humans, and hence such compounds do not pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard for humans. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Internal processes within the African Easterly Wave system
Authors: Poan D. Emmanuel , Lafore Jean‐Philippe , Roehrig Romain , Couvreux Fleur
Published: July 2014

The internal processes within an African Easterly Wave (AEW) system, involving mass, dynamic and water vapour fields are investigated using ERA‐I reanalysis, in order to highlight the interactions between convection and AEWs. The budgets of heat, moisture and momentum are analysed during the different phases of AEWs detected using synoptic‐scale precipitable water anomalies as proposed by Poan et al. (2013). The strong climatological meridional gradient of moisture present in the Sahel impacts the shape of the apparent heat source and humidity sink. AEW events over the Sahel are associated with a meridional shift of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Large exchanges of momentum by small‐scale convective transport are also highlighted between the low‐ and mid‐levels, contributing to the reinforcement of the AEW circulation at 600 hPa and the damping of the monsoon flow. This also appears as a possible mechanism for the vertical tilt of the meridional wind associated with AEWs. Heat budget computation, in the southern flank of the West African Heat‐Low (HL) region where such AEWs occur, reveals that the heating anomalies are mainly driven by the horizontal advections. The vertical circulation acts as a precursor, which initiates the heat transport in the lower troposphere. However, weaker, turbulent mixing also participates in the development of these anomalies, especially in the boundary layer. These budgets ultimately allow the distinct contributions of diabatic and adiabatic processes to be determined.
Scale‐adaptive tensor algebra for local many‐body methods of electronic structure theory
Authors: Lyakh Dmitry I.
Published: July 2014

While the formalism of multiresolution analysis, based on wavelets and adaptive integral representations of operators, is actively progressing in electronic structure theory (mostly on the independent‐particle level and, recently, second‐order perturbation theory), the concepts of multiresolution and adaptivity can also be utilized within the traditional formulation of correlated (many‐particle) theory based on second quantization and the corresponding (generally nonorthogonal) tensor algebra. In this article, we present a formalism called scale‐adaptive tensor algebra, which introduces an adaptive representation of tensors of many‐body operators via the local adjustment of the basis set quality. Given a series of locally supported fragment bases of a progressively lower quality, we formulate the explicit rules for tensor algebra operations dealing with adaptively resolved tensor operands. The formalism suggested is expected to enhance the applicability of certain local correlated many‐body methods of electronic structure theory, for example, those directly based on atomic orbitals (or any other localized basis functions in general). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An adaptive multichannel protocol for large‐scale machine‐to‐machine networks
Authors: Yen Chi‐Hsien , Hsu Chen‐Yu , Chou Chun‐Ting
Published: July 2014

With the emergence of Internet of Things (IoT), trillions of devices will soon be interconnected and provide new services. The success of IoT relies on the scalability of underlying machine‐to‐machine communication networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed and adaptive multichannel protocol to address the scalability issue. The proposed protocol is composed of (i) real‐time estimation of competing devices, (ii) adaptive channel access probability, and (iii) asynchronous resource reservation. The three features ensure that channel utilization is maximized even when the number of competing devices and their traffic fluctuate dramatically. Our numerical and simulation results show that the proposed protocol can achieve a channel utilization of up to 93%, especially when the number of competing machine is large. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth of common shovelnose rays (Glaucostegus typus) under captive conditions
Authors: Timm Lori L. , Carter Joshua E. , Frey Joshua , Prappas James , Wells R. J. David
Published: July 2014

The common shovelnose ray (Glaucostegus typus) is a poorly studied species of the Rhinobatidae family that occurs throughout the Indo‐West Pacific. Although common in aquariums throughout the United States, there are currently no records of captive birth events. In 2013, a female common shovelnose ray housed at the Downtown Aquarium in Houston, Texas, USA gave birth to eleven pups. Although all pups were stillborn, this event demonstrates that it is possible to breed common shovelnose rays in a controlled environment. The single female and two male common shovelnose rays at the aquarium are of sexually mature size (between 206 and 240 cm total length, TL), demonstrate mating behaviors, and provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the reproductive biology of this species. Captive environmental conditions of the birth enclosure may be useful in replicating the birthing event in order to develop a breeding program that could potentially relieve collection pressures on wild populations of guitarfish given their vulnerable status. Zoo Biol. 33:357–359, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laparoskopisch-thorakotomische Ösophagusresektion mit intrathorakaler Ösophagogastrostomie als Hybridverfahren
Authors: Hoeppner J. , Marjanovic G. , Glatz T. , Kulemann B. , Hopt U.T.
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden verschiedene Varianten der Ösophagusresektion und Rekonstruktion für die kurative Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms beschrieben und technisch weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere die minimal-invasiven Verfahren kommen in den letzten Jahren zunehmend zum Einsatz. Die Arbeit stellt die Technik der laparoskopisch-thorakotomischen En-bloc-Ösophagusresektion mit intrathorakaler Ösophagogastrostomie als Hybridverfahren vor (HMIÖ).

Patienten und Methoden

Am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg wurde von Mai 2013 bis April 2014 bei 23 Patienten mit Ösophaguskarzinom eine Ösophagusresektion durchgeführt. Hiervon erfolgte der Eingriff bei 13 Patienten als offene Ösophagusresektion (OÖ) und bei 10 Patienten in HMIÖ-Technik.

Ergebnisse

Die Operationstechnik der HMIÖ wird detailliert in den einzelnen Operationsschritten beschrieben. Es konnte bei der HMIÖ eine R0-Resektionsrate von 100 % erreicht werden sowie eine mit der OÖ vergleichbare Lymphknotenzahl bei der Lymphadenektomie (Median 29 vs. 27). Operationsdauer (Median 347 vs. 412 min), Intensivaufenthalt (Median 6 vs. 9 Tage) und Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer (Median 13 vs. 17 Tage) stellten sich bei der HMIÖ kürzer dar als bei der OÖ. Die postoperative Gesamtmorbidität (40 % vs. 69 %) und insbesondere die postoperative pulmonale Morbidität (10 % vs. 46 %) waren bei der HMIÖ verringert. Anastomoseninsuffizienzen und postoperative Mortalität traten bei der HMIÖ im eigenen Kollektiv nicht auf.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Technik der HMIÖ vereint Vorteile minimal-invasiver Zugänge auf die postoperative pulmonale Morbidität mit der Sicherheit einer konventionellen Rekonstruktion und Anastomose. Weitere Vorteile ergeben sich durch eine verringerte Operationsdauer und Krankenhausverweildauer.
Innovative Bridging of the Rural–Urban Divide: Comparison of Scope, Safety, and Impact of Collaborative Rural Surgery Camps and an Urban Surgical Program
Authors: Belle Janeil M. , Bang Rani A. , Kelkar Dhananjay , Østbye Truls , Lagoo‐Deenadayalan Sandhya A.
Published: July 2014

Background

In medically under‐resourced regions worldwide, non‐permanent surgery programs or camps have been conducted to expand access to surgical services. Surgery camp programs have been reported in rural India, primarily in the ophthalmic and obstetric fields; however, the provision of general surgical services in these settings is largely unknown.

Methods

A 12‐month retrospective review of non‐ambulatory procedures performed at a rural hospital surgery camp program and at an urban hospital in Maharashtra, India, was completed to characterize relative differences in procedural activity, frequency and severity of perioperative complications, and to evaluate efficacy of care.

Results

A total of 449 cases performed in rural hospital surgery camps were compared with 344 cases performed in an urban hospital during the course of the study period. The majority of rural surgical cases were elective and of intermediate complexity. Approximately 4 % of rural cases were complex‐major compared to 17 % of urban cases. Intraoperative complications occurred in 0.2 % rural cases compared to 5.5 % of urban cases; p = 0.01. Postoperative complications were predominantly low grade in both groups. The postoperative complication rate was higher among rural surgical patients (43.4 %; 23.5 %; p < 0.01), though the Surgical Risk Score was significantly lower in this group (p < 0. 01). Rural surgery camp activity over 12 months achieved diagnostic and/or therapeutic goals in 92.2 % of procedures and rendered 1.74–2.69 disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) averted per patient.

Conclusions

Rural general surgery camps can safely and effectively provide a wide range of surgical services under appropriate collaborative and clinical conditions. Surgery camps may be a safe, temporizing solution to unmet needs until substantial gains in rural healthcare are realized.
A comparison of diversity and species composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) between conifer plantations and regenerating forests in Korea
Authors: Jung Jong‐Kook , Kim Seung‐Tae , Lee Sue Yeon , Park Chang‐Gyu , Park Jong‐Kyun , Lee Joon‐Ho
Published: July 2014

Ground beetles were collected by pitfall trapping to compare their species richness between conifer plantations (14 sites) and regenerating forests (14 sites) and among forest ages and to examine how different functional groups responded to forest type, forest age, patch size, elevation, and geographic location in terms of abundance and richness. Ground beetles were collected from middle August to late October, 2008. A total of 34 species were identified from 3,156 collected ground beetles. Individual‐based rarefaction curves showed greater species richness in regenerating forests, especially in 40–50‐year‐old forests, than in conifer plantations. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that patch size and elevation were major predictors of species richness and/or abundance of forest specialists, brachypterous species, and large‐ and medium‐bodied species. A multivariate regression tree indicated that patch size and elevation were major predictors of assemblage structure. Although our results suggest that maintaining forest areas adjacent to agricultural landscapes may be essential to preserve ground beetle assemblages irrespective of forest types, further study is necessary to clarify the effects of habitat quality and amount on ground beetles in forests.
Ejecta evolution during cone impact
Authors: Marston J. O. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: July 2014

We present findings from an experimental investigation into the impact of solid cone-shaped bodies onto liquid pools. Using a variety of cone angles and liquid physical properties, we show that the ejecta formed during the impact exhibits self-similarity for all impact speeds for very low surface tension liquids, whilst for high-surface tension liquids similarity is only achieved at high impact speeds. We find that the ejecta tip can detach from the cone and that this phenomenon can be attributed to the air entrainment phenomenon. We analyse of a range of cone angles, including some ogive cones, and impact speeds in terms of the spatiotemporal evolution of the ejecta tip. Using superhydrophobic cones, we also examine the entry of cones which entrain an air layer.
Turbulent wake past a three-dimensional blunt body. Part 2. Experimental sensitivity analysis
Authors: Grandemange M. , Gohlke M. , Cadot O.
Published: July 2014

The sensitivity of the flow around three-dimensional blunt geometry is investigated experimentally at Reynolds number $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}9.2\times 10^4$. Vertical and horizontal control cylinders are used to disturb the natural flow which is the superposition of two reflectional symmetry breaking states (see Part 1 of this study, Grandemange, Gohlke & Cadot, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 722, 2013b, pp. 51–84). When the perturbation breaks the symmetry of the set-up, it can select one of the two asymmetric topologies so that a mean side force is found. When the reflectional symmetry is preserved, some positions of horizontal and vertical control cylinders alter the natural bi-stability of the flow which may result in drag reduction. In addition, it is found that the horizontal perturbation affects the lift force especially when the top and bottom mixing layers are disturbed. The ability of the disturbances to suppress the bi-stable behaviour is discussed and, introducing a formalism of induced drag, a quantification of the impact on the drag of the cross-flow forces observed for the natural bi-stable wake is suggested. Finally, a general concept for a control strategy of separated flows past three-dimensional bluff bodies can be drawn up from these analyses.
A class of exact Navier–Stokes solutions for homogeneous flat-plate boundary layers and their linear stability
Authors: John Michael O. , Obrist Dominik , Kleiser Leonhard
Published: July 2014

We introduce a new boundary layer formalism on the basis of which a class of exact solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations is derived. These solutions describe laminar boundary layer flows past a flat plate under the assumption of one homogeneous direction, such as the classical swept Hiemenz boundary layer (SHBL), the asymptotic suction boundary layer (ASBL) and the oblique impingement boundary layer. The linear stability of these new solutions is investigated, uncovering new results for the SHBL and the ASBL. Previously, each of these flows had been described with its own formalism and coordinate system, such that the solutions could not be transformed into each other. Using a new compound formalism, we are able to show that the ASBL is the physical limit of the SHBL with wall suction when the chordwise velocity component vanishes while the homogeneous sweep velocity is maintained. A corresponding non-dimensionalization is proposed, which allows conversion of the new Reynolds number definition to the classical ones. Linear stability analysis for the new class of solutions reveals a compound neutral surface which contains the classical neutral curves of the SHBL and the ASBL. It is shown that the linearly most unstable Görtler–Hämmerlin modes of the SHBL smoothly transform into Tollmien–Schlichting modes as the chordwise velocity vanishes. These results are useful for transition prediction of the attachment-line instability, especially concerning the use of suction to stabilize boundary layers of swept-wing aircraft.
“A Trail of Drift and Debris”: Traces of Whitman in the Correspondence Art of Ray Johnson
Authors: ANDERSON FIONA
Published: July 2014

In 1987, the artist Ray Johnson, “leader” of the so-called New York Correspondence School, filled his mouth with Reese's Peanut Butter Cups and read some of Walt Whitman's musings on the nature of correspondence in a performance that Johnson dubbedSmile. An example of what Johnson termed his “nothings,”Smiletook place in an empty ATM vestibule on Long Island, the nostalgic “Paumanok” of Whitman's poetry. Johnson's performance both elevated and mocked Whitman's equally personal approach to the art and practice of correspondence. By invoking Whitman and his thoughts on correspondence, Johnson was keen to respond to descriptions of him as “Dada Daddy” to a younger generation of correspondence artists. Johnson's performance looked not so much to elevate his own ephemeral correspondence art, but to foster a reappraisal of Whitman that considered the ephemerality of his poetic method and opened up a queer line of communication and anti-teleological influence that would disrupt Johnson's own artistic reception. This article examinesSmileas an (auto)biographical performance that simultaneously clarifies and clouds the creative methodologies of Johnson and Whitman, declaring Whitman's influence on the irreverent Johnson while rejecting the restrictions of a chronological chain of influence, much as Johnson's earlier mail art had done.
Treasury Bond Illiquidity and Global Equity Returns
Authors: Goyenko Ruslan , Sarkissian Sergei
Published: July 2014

In this study, using data from 46 markets and a 34-year time period, we examine the impact of the illiquidity of U.S. Treasuries on global asset valuation. We find that it predicts equity returns in both developed and emerging markets. This predictive relation remains intact after controlling for various world- and country-level variables. Asset pricing tests further reveal that bond illiquidity is a priced factor even in the presence of other conventional risks. Since the illiquidity of Treasuries is known to reflect monetary and macroeconomic shocks, our results suggest that it can be considered a proxy for aggregate worldwide risks.
Differences in the compatibility of infection between the liver flukes Fascioloides magna and Fasciola hepatica in a Colombian population of the snail Galba sp.
Authors: Dreyfuss G. , Correa A.C. , Djuikwo-Teukeng F.F. , Novobilský A. , Höglund J. , Pankrác J. , Kašný M. , Vignoles P. , Hurtrez-Boussès S. , Pointier J.P. , Rondelaud D.
Published: July 2014

Experimental infections of Galba sp. (origin, Colombia) with allopatric isolates of Fasciola hepatica from France or Fascioloides magna from the Czech Republic were carried out during five successive snail generations to determine if this lymnaeid might sustain complete larval development of either parasite. In snails exposed to F. hepatica, 7 of 400 snails harboured several rediae and only two snails contained a small number of free cercariae on day 50 post-exposure. In contrast, the intensity of F. magna infection in Galba sp. progressively increased from the F1 to F5 generations. Spontaneous cercarial shedding of F. magna occurred in 7 of 100 Galba sp. belonging to the F5 generation and the number of shed cercariae did not differ significantly from that noted in control Galba truncatula of French origin. Galba sp. from Colombia can be added to the list of potential intermediate hosts for F. magna.
Xylitol and its usage in ENT practice
Authors: Sakallioğlu Ö , Güvenç I Adadan , Cingi C
Published: July 2014

Background:

Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol. Natural sources of xylitol include plums, strawberries and raspberries. Xylitol is commercially available in chewing gums, lozenges, syrups, nasal sprays, toothpastes, mouthwashes and other products in some countries. It has gained relative prominence in the past decade as a naturally occurring antibacterial agent.

Objective:

A review of contemporary literature was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of xylitol usage in ENT practice.

Method:

The English-language literature was searched using the following terms: xylitol, otitis media, nasal, sinusitis, dental caries and preventive therapy. The articles identified were included in this review.

Results:

Xylitol has no antibacterial properties of its own; rather, it appears to enhance the body's own innate immunity. Xylitol has anti-adhesive effects on micro-organisms like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans, inhibiting their growth. Xylitol has already been used for preventing otitis media, rhinosinusitis and dental caries. The worldwide spread of drug-resistant strains of pneumococci substantiates the need for new approaches to prevent ENT-related infectious diseases.

Conclusion:

Xylitol may be a promising agent for this purpose in ENT practice, but further experimental and clinical studies are required.
Diseases of cultured marine fishes caused by Platyhelminthes (Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda)
Authors: OGAWA K.
Published: July 2014

Mariculture is a rapidly developing industrial sector. Generally, fish are maintained in net cages with high density. Cage culture systems allow uncontrolled flow of sea water containing potentially infectious stages of fish parasites. In such culture conditions, prevention of such parasitic infections is difficult for parasites with life cycles that complete within culture sites, among which monogeneans and blood flukes are the most important platyhelminthes. Intense monogenean infections induce respiratory and osmo-regulatory dysfunctions. A variety of control measures have been developed, including freshwater bath treatment and chemotherapy. The potential to control monogenean infections through selective breeding, modified culture techniques to avoid infection, and general fish health management are discussed. It should be noted that mariculture conditions have provided some host-specific monogeneans with a chance to expand their host ranges. Blood flukes sometimes induce mass mortality among farmed fish. In-feed administration of praziquantel is the best solution to treat infected fish. Some cases are described that show how international trade in marine fish has resulted in the spread of hitherto unknown parasites into indigenous farmed and wild fish.
Challenges of treatment of aortic obstruction in Takayasu disease
Authors: Ovaert Caroline , Gitenay Edouard , Fraisse Alain
Published: July 2014

Diffuse aortitis, as seen in Takayasu disease, is characterised by extreme wall fragility, associated with a high risk of complications such as dissection and aneurysm formation, following endovascular treatment. We report a patient with Takayasu disease who presented with a very difficult clinical course associated with several unfavourable outcomes of stent insertion.
The contradictions of participatory architecture and Empire
Authors: Kaminer Tahl
Published: July 2014

There is nothing, no ‘naked life’, no external standpoint, that can be posed outside this field permeated by money, nothing escapes money.

In 2009, an international masterclass at the Berlage Institute studied a street market in a deprived Rotterdam neighbourhood, the Afrikaanderplein. Headed by Teddy Cruz and supported by Jeanne van Heeswijk and Miguel Robles-Duran – three socially and politically committed architects and artists – the group produced a critique of the tight control and regulation of the market by authorities. The group's proposals were, basically, to liberalise and deregulate the market.

Whether the Afrikaanderplein market is a case which merits deregulation depends, of course, on the specific conditions the group detected in the area. More important here, however, is that the proposals appear, at least superficially, to contrast the anti-neoliberal and radical positions of the three individuals directing the group.
Reorienting innovation: transdisciplinary research and building technology
Authors: Gutierrez Maria-Paz
Published: July 2014

Over fifty years ago at the RIBA’s 1958 Oxford Conference, discussions about architectural research and science posed seminal questions about the very nature of creativity in architectural research and education. Leslie Martin observed that research is the tool by which theory is advanced. For more than half a century, we have seen traces of scientific research fuelling the advancement of architectural knowledge and its feedback loops into practice. Yet, interrogations around how architectural creativity is affected by intersections with the sciences are not new. The Bauhaus, for example, sought to integrate scientific thought in architectural education in 1936. Thus, why are emerging interdisciplinary collaborations where architecture, engineering and science converge at the inception of design potentially transformative?

Increasing attempts to accelerate the pace of innovation in sustainable building technology is engendering pioneering intersections between architecture, engineering and natural science disciplines such as bioengineering and chemistry. The broad disciplinary breadth of these research processes inevitably requires mediating the diverse values, perspectives and research methodologies of disciplines that pursue innovation in different ways. However, to what extent is this new interdisciplinary convergence possibly transformative? Could it be that these processes, particularly in building technology innovation, may be influencing scientists and engineers to rethink how design problems are conceptualised and researched?
Adherence in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial on prophylactic iron supplementation during pregnancy in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Nwaru Bright I , Salomé Graça , Abacassamo Fatima , Augusto Orvalho , Cliff Julie , Sousa Cesar , Regushevskaya Elena , Parkkali Saara , Hemminki Elina
Published: July 2014

Objective

Assessing the level of adherence and its determinants is important in appraising the overall effectiveness of trials. The present study aimed to evaluate the extent of adherence and its determinants in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of Fe prophylaxis during pregnancy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Design

A pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Two health centres (1o de Maio and Machava) in Maputo, Mozambique.

Subjects

Pregnant women (≥12 weeks’ gestation, ≥18 years old, non-high-risk pregnancy; n 4326) attending prenatal care consultations at two health centres were randomized to receive routine Fe (n 2184; 60 mg ferrous sulfate plus 400 μg folic acid daily throughout pregnancy) or selective Fe (n 2142; screening and treatment for anaemia and daily intake of 1 mg folic acid).

Results

The level of adherence was 79 % for having two or more visits, 53 % for adequate prenatal care and 67 % for complete intake of Fe/folic acid tablets during the trial. The correlation between the adherence measures ranged between 0·151 and 0·739. Adherence did not differ by trial arm, but there were centre differences in adequate prenatal visits and intake of tablets. Older women (>20 years) and those with a history of abortion were more likely to achieve greater adherence, whereas an increased number of previous births decreased the likelihood of adherence. HIV positivity decreased the likelihood of adherence in one trial centre and increased it in the other.

Conclusions

The variation in adherence by trial centre, women’s characteristics and outcome measures suggests that adherence in trials fully depends on participants’ behaviour and can be increased by paying attention to contextual factors.
Metallographic Assessment of Al-12Si High-Pressure Die Casting Escalator Steps
Authors: Vander Voort George Frederic , Suárez-Peña Beatriz , Asensio-Lozano Juan
Published: July 2014

A microstructural characterization study was performed on high-pressure die cast specimens extracted from escalator steps manufactured from an Al-12 wt.% Si alloy designed for structural applications. Black and white, color light optical imaging and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to conduct the microstructural analysis. Most regions in the samples studied contained globular-rosette primaryα-Al grains surrounded by an Al-Si eutectic aggregate, while primary dendriticα-Al grains were present in the surface layer. This dendritic microstructure was observed in the regions where the melt did not impinge directly on the die surface during cavity filling. Consequently, microstructures in the surface layer were nonuniform. Utilizing physical metallurgy principles, these results were analyzed in terms of the applied pressure and filling velocity during high-pressure die casting. The effects of these parameters on solidification at different locations of the casting are discussed.
RAMANUJAN SERIES UPSIDE-DOWN
Authors: GUILLERA JESUS , ROGERS MATHEW
Published: July 2014

We prove that there is a correspondence between Ramanujan-type formulas for$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}1/\pi $and formulas for Dirichlet$L$-values. Our method also allows us to reduce certain values of the Epstein zeta function to rapidly converging hypergeometric functions. The Epstein zeta functions were previously studied by Glasser and Zucker.
A novel and simple expression to accurately calculate the resonant frequency of annular-ring microstrip antennas
Authors: Toktas Abdurrahim , Bicer Mustafa B. , Kayabasi Ahmet , Ustun Deniz , Akdagli Ali , Kurt Kasim
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes a novel and simple expression for effective radius of annular-ring microstrip antennas (ARMAs) obtained using a recently emerged optimization algorithm of artificial bee colony (ABC) in calculating the resonant frequency at dominant mode (TM11). A total of 80 ARMAs having different parameters related to antenna dimensions and dielectric constants was simulated in terms of the resonant frequency with the help of an electromagnetic simulation software called IE3D™ based on method of moment. The effective radius expression was constructed and the unknown coefficients belonging to the expression were then optimally determined with the use of ABC algorithm. The proposed expression was verified through comparisons with the methods of resonant frequency calculation reported elsewhere. Also, it was further validated on an ARMA fabricated in this study. The superiority of the presented approach over the other methods proposed in the literature is that it does not need any sophisticated computations while achieving the most accurate results in the resonant frequency calculation of ARMAs.
1. Metodologia
Authors: de Girolamo Giovanni , Picardi Angelo , Santone Giovanni , Semisa Domenico , Morosini Pierluigi , Micciolo Rocco
Published: July 2014

Il progetto è stato articolato in due fasi. Nella prima, definita di censimento, dopo aver stabilito una intensa rete di contatti con gli Assessorati Regionali competenti, le ASL ed i DSM, è stata somministrata a tutti i responsabili delle SR con almeno 4 posti residenziali una scheda apposita. Attraverso l'elaborazione dei risultati così ottenuti si è ottenuta una ‘fotografia’ complessiva delle SR in Italia: sono state censite, alla data del 30 giugno 2000, 1.370 SR con 17.138 posti residenziali ed un tasso di 2,9 letti per 10.000 abitanti (de Girolamo et al., 2002). La prima fase di questo studio ha anche documentato notevoli variazioni interregionali sia nel tasso di posti-letto che nel numero degli operatori, un'elevata proporzione (circa il 40%) di pazienti dimessi dagli Ospedali Psichiatrici (O.P.) ed un basso turnover dei residenti.

Alla fase 2 hanno preso parte tutte le regioni italiane ad eccezione dell'Abruzzo, in cui problemi di carattere organizzativo hanno reso impossibile la valutazione dettagliata delle SR; in fase 1 erano state censite in questa regione 64 SR con 856 ospiti. Sulla base dei risultati della fase 1, si è calcolato che una proporzione pari al 20% circa delle SR avrebbe consentito di selezionare un campione finale comprendente circa 3.000 pazienti, sufficientemente ampio da permettere di comparare sottogruppi differenziati rispetto a caratteristiche sociodemografiche, cliniche ed assistenziali.
6. La valutazione del funzionamento sociale negli ospiti delle SR
Authors: Zizolfi Salvatore , Santone Giovanni , Borsetti Gabriele , de Girolamo Giovanni
Published: July 2014

Come accennato nella sezione sui metodi, il protocollo prevedeva una batteria di scale di eterovalutazione fra cui la versione italiana del Life Skills Profile (LSP) (Parker et al., 1991; Rosen et al., 1989), uno strumento di valutazione del funzionamento e delle disabilità dei pazienti con schizofrenia (ma non solo di questi: Trauer et al., 1995), ben validato da un punto di vista psicometrico anche nella traduzione italiana (Zizolfi, 1997). L'LSP viene compilato sulla base delle informazioni fornite da un operatore o da un informatore-chiave, relative al comportamento osservato negli ultimi tre mesi. Si compone di 39 items a scelta multipla con 4 opzioni di risposta, cui corrisponde un punteggio da 1 (estremo negativo, indicante un elevato livello di menomazione) a 4 (estremo positivo, indicante un basso o assente livello di menomazione). Permette di calcolare un punteggio totale (range: 39-156) e un punteggio per ciascuna delle cinque sottoscale indicate di seguito, individuate in base all'analisi del contenuto e a procedure di analisi fattoriale, che rinviano a dimensioni distinte del funzionamento dei pazienti nella vita di tutti i giorni (Rosen et al., 1989): (1) la Cura di sé (Self-care, 10 items); (2) la Non turbolenza (Non-turbulence, 12 items); (3) il Contatto Sociale (Socialization, 6 items); (4) la Comunicatività (Communication, 6 items); e (5) la Responsabilità (Responsibility, 5 items). Va sottolineato che le diverse sottoscale sono costituite da un numero differente di items, e per questo motivo il loro punteggio non è direttamente confrontabile, potendo il range di valori minimi-massimi variare per ciascuna di esse. Per una corretta interpretazione dei risultati va infine rimarcato che l'LSP chiede di valutare il funzionamento effettivo del paziente senza distinguere se il comportamento osservato sia il frutto di capacità autonome o di un intervento esterno qualsivoglia; pertanto un punteggio più elevato sta ad indicare maggiori competenze nell'area indagata, indipendentemente dal fatto che ciò sia ottenuto dal paziente sulla base delle proprie abilità e competenze o invece solo grazie ad un intervento assistenziale, come quelli effettuati nelle SR.