bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings
Authors: Guazzelli Elisa , Lusiani Niccolò , Monni Gianfranca , Oliva Matteo , Pelosi Chiara , Wurm Frederik R. , Pretti Carlo , Martinelli Elisa
Published: October 2021

Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
Comparative Study on Different Modified Preparation Methods of Cellulose Nanocrystalline
Authors: Wang Xinhui , Wang Na , Xu Baoming , Wang Yili , Lang Jinyan , Lu Junliang , Chen Guorong , Zhang Heng
Published: October 2021

Different modification process routes are used to improve the modified cellulose nanocrystalline (MCNC) with higher fatty acid by esterification reaction and graft polymerization to obtain certain hydrophobic properties. Two preparation methods, product structure and surface activity, are compared and explored. Experimental results show that the modified product is still at the nanometer level and basically retains the crystal structure of the raw cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC). The energy consumption of the two preparation methods is low; however, the esterification method with co-reactant requires short reaction time, and the degree of substitution of the product is high. The modified product prepared by grafting polymerization method has a high HLB value and amphiphilicity, which can effectively reduce the surface tension of water. Therefore, it can be used as a green and environmentally friendly surface-active substance.
Encapsulation of Cochleates Derived from Salmonella Infantis with Biopolymers to Develop a Potential Oral Poultry Vaccine
Authors: Avendaño Constanza , Vidal Sonia , Villamizar-Sarmiento María Gabriela , Guzmán Miguel , Hidalgo Héctor , Lapierre Lisette , Valenzuela Carolina , Sáenz Leonardo
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to develop and characterize Salmonellaenterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) cochleates protected by encapsulation technology as a potential vaccine and to determine its safety in pullets. Cochleates were encapsulated by two technologies, spray drying and ionotropic gelation at different concentrations (0–15% v/v), and were characterized by physicochemical properties, protein content and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The cochleates were white liquid suspensions with tubular shapes and a protein content of 1.0–2.1 mg/mL. After encapsulation by spray drying, microparticles ranged in size from 10.4–16.9 µm, were spherical in shape, and the protein content was 0.7–1.8 mg/g. After encapsulation by ionotropic gelation, beads ranged in size from 1620–1950 µm and were spherical in shape with a protein content of 1.0–2.5 mg/g. FTIR analysis indicated that both encapsulation processes were efficient. The cochleates encapsulated by ionotropic gelation were then tested for safety in pullets. No ill effect on the health of animals was observed upon physical or postmortem examination. In conclusion, this study was the first step in developing a potential oral S. Infantis vaccine safe for poultry using a novel cochleate encapsulation technology. Future studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine.
A Comparative Study on Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption onto Chitosan and Chitosan-Based Composites
Authors: Billah Rachid El Kaim , Khan Moonis Ali , Park Young-Kwon , AM Amira , Majdoubi Hicham , Haddaji Younesse , Jeon Byong-Hun
Published: October 2021

Chitosan (Cs)-based composites were developed by incorporating silica (Cs–Si), and both silica and hydroxyapatite (Cs–Si–Hap), comparatively tested to sequester hexavalent (Cr(VI)) ions from water. XRD and FT-IR data affirmed the formation of Cs–Si and Cs–Si–Hap composite. Morphological images exhibits homogeneous Cs–Si surface, decorated with SiO2 nanoparticles, while the Cs–Si–Hap surface was non-homogeneous with microstructures, having SiO2 and Hap nanoparticles. Thermal analysis data revealed excellent thermal stability of the developed composites. Significant influence of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and coexisting anions on Cr(VI) adsorption onto composites was observed. Maximum Cr(VI) uptakes on Cs and developed composites were observed at pH 3. The equilibration time for Cr(VI) adsorption on Cs–Si–Hap was 10 min, comparatively better than Cs and Cs–Si. The adsorption data was fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models with respective maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (qm) of 55.5, 64.4, and 212.8 mg/g for Cs, Cs–Si, and Cs–Si–Hap. Regeneration studies showed that composites could be used for three consecutive cycles without losing their adsorption potential.
Novel Carbon Fibre Composite Centrifugal Impeller Design, Numerical Analysis, Manufacturing and Experimental Evaluations
Authors: Mihalache Radu , Vintila Ionut Sebastian , Deaconu Marius , Sima Mihail , Malael Ion , Tudorache Alexandru , Mihai Dragos
Published: October 2021

This paper presents an experimental investigation on using high strength-to-weight composite materials to reduce the mass of a centrifugal compressor impeller by 600%. By reducing the blades number from 17 to 7 and by doubling their thickness, the compression ratio and efficiency were maintained close to the reference metallic impeller. Using autoclave technology, seven composite blades were manufactured individually and assembled to form the impeller. After manufacturing, small deviations were found at the blade’s tip. As these deviations were found to be symmetrical, impeller balancing was successfully performed removing a total of 45 g of mass, followed by an experimental test on a dedicated test bench. Experimental testing identified the resonant frequencies of the composite centrifugal impeller at 13.43 Hz 805 rot/min and at 77 Hz with a 0.1 mm/s amplitude at 4400 rot/min, highlighting feasibility and the advantage of a composite compressor impeller design with application in centrifugal compressors and rotating machine assemblies and sub-assemblies. As there are numerous numerical investigations performed on the strength analysis and on the lay-up orientations mechanical behaviour for polymer composite materials with respect to the design of centrifugal impellers, no experimental evaluations in relevant working conditions have been performed to date. As the paper contains relevant experimental data on the subject, the outcome of the paper may aid the oil and gas or aviation industries.
Synthesis of Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG)-Based Polyurethane and Effect of Chain Extender on Its Associated Properties
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad , Butt Muhammad Taqi Zahid , Khan Shahzad Maqsood
Published: October 2021

This study depicts the investigations of the effect of composition of aromatic polyester polyol produced from terephthalic acid (TPA) and different concentrations of mono ethylene glycol (mEG) as a chain extender on the mechanical properties of polyurethane (PU) elastomer. Aromatic polyester polyols are prepared via the poly-esterification of adipic acid, terephthalic acid, catalyst, and mono ethylene glycol; while a polyurethane elastomer is formulated via the pre-polymerization of polyol with pure monomeric Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI.) Mechanical properties of polyurethane elastomers are examined, such as hardness via shore A hardness, apparent density via ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D1622–08, and abrasion wear resistance via a Deutches Institut fur Normung (DIN) abrasion wear resistance tester. Structural properties are investigated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Results reveal that the shore A hardness of the PU elastomer increases with an increasing concentration of mEG from 4g to 12g. Nevertheless, the elastomer’s density depicts a reduction with an increasing extender content. The abrasion wear resistance of polyurethane, however, increases with an increasing concentration of glycol. A structural analysis through FTIR confirms the formation of polyurethane elastomer through the characteristic peaks demonstrated.
Molecular Weight-Dependent Physical and Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with Butyl, Hexyl, and Octyl Side-Chains
Authors: Nguyen Thanh-Danh , Nguyen Van-Hai , Song Jongwoo , An Jongdeok , Truong Ngoc-Thuan , Dang Chi-Hien , Im Chan
Published: October 2021

A series of poly-3-alkylthiophenes (P3ATs) with butyl (P3BT), hexyl (P3HT), and octyl (P3OT) side-chains and well-defined molecular weights (MWs) were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization. The MWs of P3HTs and P3OTs obtained via gel permeation chromatography agreed well with the calculated MWs ranging from approximately 10 to 70 kDa. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the crystalline melting temperature increased with increasing MWs and decreasing alkyl side-chain length, whereas the crystallinity of the P3ATs increased with the growth of MWs. An MW-dependent red shift was observed in the UV–Vis and photoluminiscence spectra of the P3ATs in solution, which might be a strong evidence for the extended effective conjugation occurring in polymers with longer chain lengths. The photoluminescence quantum yields of pristine films in all polymers were lower than those of the diluted solutions, whereas they were higher than those of the phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-blended films. The UV–Vis spectra of the films showed fine structures with pronounced red shifts, and the interchain interaction-induced features were weakly dependent on the MW but significantly dependent on the alkyl side-chain length. The photovoltaic device performances of the P3BT and P3HT samples significantly improved upon blending with a fullerene derivative and subsequent annealing, whereas those of P3OTs mostly degraded, particularly after annealing. The optimal power conversion efficiencies of P3BT, P3HT, and P3OT were 2.4%, 3.6%, and 1.5%, respectively, after annealing with MWs of ~11, ~39, and ~38 kDa, respectively.
Bio-Based and Robust Polydopamine Coated Nanocellulose/Amyloid Composite Aerogel for Fast and Wide-Spectrum Water Purification
Authors: Sorriaux Maxime , Sorieul Mathias , Chen Yi
Published: October 2021

Water contamination resulting from human activities leads to the deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. This restrains the access to fresh water, which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this work, we developed a bio-based and water-resistant composite aerogel from renewable nanofibrils for water remediation application. The composite aerogel consists of two types of cross-linked nanofibrils. Poly(dopamine)-coated cellulose nanofibrils and amyloid protein nanofibrils are forming a double networked crosslinked via periodate oxidation. The resulting aerogel exhibits good mechanical strength and high pollutants adsorption capability. Removal of dyes (rhodamine blue, acriflavine, crystal violet, malachite green, acid fuchsin and methyl orange), organic traces (atrazine, bisphenol A, and ibuprofen) and heavy metal ions (Pb(II) and Cu(II)) from water was successfully demonstrated with the composite aerogel. More specifically, the bio-based aerogel demonstrated good adsorption efficiencies for crystal violet (93.1% in 30 min), bisphenol A (91.7% in 5 min) and Pb(II) ions (94.7% in 5 min), respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption–desorption performance of aerogel for Pb(II) ions demonstrates that the aerogel has a high reusability as maintains satisfactory removal performances. The results suggest that this type of robust and bio-based composite aerogel is a promising adsorbent to decontaminate water from a wide range of pollutants in a sustainable and efficient way.
United-Atom Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of an Industrial Epoxy
Authors: Maicas Riki , Yungerman Irena , Weber Yarden B. , Srebnik Simcha
Published: October 2021

Epoxy resins are the most commonly used adhesives in industry due to their versatility, low cost, low toxicity, low shrinkage, high strength, resistance to moisture, and effective electrical resistance. These diverse properties can be tailored based on the chemical structure of the curing agent and the conditions of the curing process. Molecular simulations of epoxy resins have gained attention in recent years as a means to navigate the vast choice of chemical agents and conditions that will give the required properties of the resin. This work examines the statistical uncertainty in predicting thermodynamic and mechanical properties of an industrial epoxy resin using united atom molecular dynamics simulation. The results are compared with experimental measurements of the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and the glass transition temperature obtained at different temperatures and degrees of curing. The decreasing trend of the elastic modulus with increasing temperature is accurately captured by the simulated model, though the uncertainty in the calculated average is large. The glass transition temperature is expectedly overpredicted due to the high rates accessible to molecular simulations. We find that Poisson’s ratio is particularly sensitive to sample anisotropy as well as the method of evaluation, which explains the lack of consistent trends previously observed with molecular simulation at different degrees of crosslinking and temperatures.
Effect of Active Packaging Material Fortified with Clove Essential Oil on Fungal Growth and Post-Harvest Quality Changes in Table Grape during Cold Storage
Authors: Luesuwan Siriporn , Naradisorn Matchima , Shiekh Khursheed Ahmad , Rachtanapun Pornchai , Tongdeesoontorn Wirongrong
Published: October 2021

Fungal growth in table grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. beauty seedless) is triggered by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Rhizopus stolonifera during post-harvest storage. Due to the safety aspects, this research aimed to develop antifungal packaging embedded with essential oils (EOs) to alleviate the fungal decay of table grapes (TG). The various levels of EOs (0.5–5%, v/v) from clove, cinnamon, thyme, peppermint, lemon, bergamot, ginger, spearmint, and lemongrass were tested against Aspergillus sp. The results attained in radial growth, disk diffusion method, minimal inhibitory concentration, and minimal fungicidal concentration revealed that 1% clove essential oil (CEO) showed higher efficacy against Aspergillus sp. compared to the untreated control and other treatments. CEO at the 1% level exhibited a pleasant odor intensity in TG than the other EOs. The active polyvinyl alcohol (7% PVA) film with 1% CEO resulted in lower weight loss, disease severity, and TG berry drop than the control and other treated samples. Additionally, the acceptance score in the TG sample wrapped with a PVA film containing 1% CEO was augmented. Therefore, the PVA film with 1% CEO retarded the fungal growth and prolonged the shelf life of TG during storage of 21 days at 13 °C and 75% relative humidity (RH).
Removal of Dyes by Polymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration: An Overview
Authors: Oyarce Estefanía , Roa Karina , Boulett Andrés , Sotelo Sebastián , Cantero-López Plinio , Sánchez Julio , Rivas Bernabé L.
Published: October 2021

The current problem of contamination caused by colored industrial effluents has led to the development of different techniques to remove these species from water. One of them, polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF), has been systematically studied in this mini review, in which research works from 1971 to date were found and analyzed. Dye retention rates of up to 99% were obtained in several cases. In addition, a brief discussion of different parameters, such as pH, interfering salts, type of polymer, dye concentration, and membrane type, and their influence in dye removal is presented. It was concluded from the above that these factors can be adapted depending on the pollutant to be remediated, in order to optimize the process. Finally, theoretical approaches have been used to understand the intermolecular interactions, and development of the studied technique. In this revision, it is possible to observe that molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, density functional theory calculations, and hybrid neural-genetic algorithms based on an evolutionary approach are the most usual approximations used for this purpose. Herein, there is a detailed discussion about what was carried out in order to contribute to the research development of this important science field.
Polylactide, Processed by a Foaming Method Using Compressed Freon R134a, for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Aguado María , Saldaña Laura , Pérez del Río Eduardo , Guasch Judith , Parera Marc , Córdoba Alba , Seras-Franzoso Joaquín , Cano-Garrido Olivia , Vázquez Esther , Villaverde Antonio , Veciana Jaume , Ratera Imma , Vilaboa Nuria , Ventosa Nora
Published: October 2021

Fabricating polymeric scaffolds using cost-effective manufacturing processes is still challenging. Gas foaming techniques using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) have attracted attention for producing synthetic polymer matrices; however, the high-pressure requirements are often a technological barrier for its widespread use. Compressed 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, known as Freon R134a, offers advantages over CO2 in manufacturing processes in terms of lower pressure and temperature conditions and the use of low-cost equipment. Here, we report for the first time the use of Freon R134a for generating porous polymer matrices, specifically polylactide (PLA). PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a exhibited larger pore sizes, and total porosity, and appropriate mechanical properties compared with those achieved by scCO2 processing. PLGA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a were highly porous and showed a relatively fragile structure. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attached to PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a, and their metabolic activity increased during culturing. In addition, MSCs displayed spread morphology on the PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a, with a well-organized actin cytoskeleton and a dense matrix of fibronectin fibrils. Functionalization of Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds with protein nanoparticles, used as bioactive factors, enhanced the scaffolds’ cytocompatibility. These findings indicate that gas foaming using compressed Freon R134a could represent a cost-effective and environmentally friendly fabrication technology to produce polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering approaches.
The Impact of Carbon Nanofibres on the Interfacial Properties of CFRPs Produced with Sized Carbon Fibres
Authors: Zhang Zhenxue , Li Xiaoying , Jestin Simon , Termine Stefania , Trompeta Aikaterini-Flora , Araújo Andreia , Santos Raquel M. , Charitidis Costas , Dong Hanshan
Published: October 2021

In this work, different amounts of CNFs were added into a complex formulation to coat the CFs surfaces via sizing in order to enhance the bonding between the fibre and the resin in the CF-reinforced polymer composites. The sized CFs bundles were characterised by SEM and Raman. The nanomechanical properties of the composite materials produced were assessed by the nanoindentation test. The interfacial properties of the fibre and resin were evaluated by a push-out method developed on nanoindentation. The average interfacial shear strength of the fibre/matrix interface could be calculated by the critical load, sheet thickness and fibre diameter. The contact angle measurements and resin spreadability were performed prior to nanoindentation to investigate the wetting properties of the fibre. After the push-out tests, the characterisation via optical microscopy/SEM was carried out to ratify the results. It was found the CFs sizing with CNFs (1 to 10 wt%) could generally increase the interfacial shear strength but it was more cost-effective with a small amount of evenly distributed CNFs on CFs.
Synthesis of a Cyclophosphazene Derivative Containing Multiple Cyano Groups for Electron-Beam Irradiated Flame-Retardant Materials
Authors: Leng Bingbing , Yang Jiayu , Zhu Chunhui , Wang Zhipeng , Shi Chengying , Liu Yang , Zhang Hongyan , Xu Wenge , Liu Baijun
Published: October 2021

A cyclophosphazene derivative containing multiple cyano groups, denoted as hexa(4-cyanophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (CN-CP), was synthesized by a one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction for a phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant. To meet the strict requirement of safe and environment-protective insulation materials, a series of composites based on low-density polyethylene-poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) containing CN-CP/Mg(OH)2/Al(OH)3 organic-inorganic synergistic flame retardants was fabricated. High-energy electron beam irradiation was subsequently applied to obtain a halogen-free flame-retardant crosslinked system. The relationship between crosslinking degree and irradiation dose was studied, and crosslinking degrees ranging within 63–85% were obtained under 100–190 kGy. Furthermore, the effects of CN-CP filler and irradiation dose on the properties of the composites were carefully investigated. The maximum tensile stress and limiting oxygen index values of most composites irradiated by EB were more than 15 MPa and 28%. Results revealed that the obtained materials had excellent thermal and mechanical, flame-retardant, and insulation properties, thereby suggesting their promising prospects for wire and cable applications.
Characteristics and Preparation of Designed Alginate-Based Composite Scaffold Membranes with Decellularized Fibrous Micro-Scaffold Structures from Porcine Skin
Authors: Huang Ching-Cheng
Published: October 2021

Alginate-based composite scaffold membranes with various ratios of decellularized extracellular matrices could be designed and obtained from porcine skin tissue by using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid technology. Retention of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) and scaffold-structure integrity was observed. This work provides a simple and time-saving process for the preparation of biomedical alginate-based composite scaffold membranes with fibrous dECM micro-scaffolds, which were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The introduction of fibrous dECM micro-scaffolds enhanced the thermal stability and provided expected effects on the biological properties of the designed composite scaffold membranes in regenerative applications.
CAD/CAM Resin-Based Composites for Use in Long-Term Temporary Fixed Dental Prostheses
Authors: Hensel Franziska , Koenig Andreas , Doerfler Hans-Martin , Fuchs Florian , Rosentritt Martin , Hahnel Sebastian
Published: October 2021

The aim of this in vitro study was to analyse the performance of CAD/CAM resin-based composites for the fabrication of long-term temporary fixed dental prostheses (FDP) and to compare it to other commercially available alternative materials regarding its long-term stability. Four CAD/CAM materials [Structur CAD (SC), VITA CAD-Temp (CT), Grandio disc (GD), and Lava Esthetic (LE)] and two direct RBCs [(Structur 3 (S3) and LuxaCrown (LC)] were used to fabricate three-unit FDPs. 10/20 FDPs were subjected to thermal cycling and mechanical loading by chewing simulation and 10/20 FDPs were stored in distilled water. Two FDPs of each material were forwarded to additional image diagnostics prior and after chewing simulation. Fracture loads were measured and data were statistically analysed. SC is suitable for use as a long-term temporary (two years) three-unit FDP. In comparison to CT, SC featured significantly higher breaking forces (SC > 800 N; CT < 600 N) and the surface wear of the antagonists was (significantly) lower and the abrasion of the FDP was similar. The high breaking forces (1100–1327 N) of GD and the small difference compared to LE regarding flexural strength showed that the material might be used for the fabrication of three-unit FDPs. With the exception of S3, all analysed direct or indirect materials are suitable for the fabrication of temporary FDPs.
PLGA Core-Shell Nano/Microparticle Delivery System for Biomedical Application
Authors: Kim Se Min , Patel Madhumita , Patel Rajkumar
Published: October 2021

Core–shell particles are very well known for their unique features. Their distinctive inner core and outer shell structure allowed promising biomedical applications at both nanometer and micrometer scales. The primary role of core–shell particles is to deliver the loaded drugs as they are capable of sequence-controlled release and provide protection of drugs. Among other biomedical polymers, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), a food and drug administration (FDA)-approved polymer, has been recognized for the vehicle material. This review introduces PLGA core–shell nano/microparticles and summarizes various drug-delivery systems based on these particles for cancer therapy and tissue regeneration. Tissue regeneration mainly includes bone, cartilage, and periodontal regeneration.
Improving UV Curing in Organosolv Lignin-Containing Photopolymers for Stereolithography by Reduction and Acylation
Authors: Sutton Jordan T. , Rajan Kalavathy , Harper David P. , Chmely Stephen C.
Published: October 2021

Despite recent successes in incorporating lignin into photoactive resins, lignin photo-properties can be detrimental to its application in UV-curable photopolymers, especially in specialized engineered resins for use in stereolithography printing. We report on chemical modification techniques employed to reduce UV absorption by lignin and the resulting mechanical, thermal, and cure properties of these modified lignin materials. Lignin was modified using reduction and acylation reactions and incorporated into a 3D printable resin formulation. UV–Vis absorption at the 3D printing range of 405 nm was reduced in all modified lignins compared to the unmodified sample by 25% to ≥ 60%. Resins made with the modified lignins showed an increase in stiffness and strength with lower thermal stability. Studying these techniques is an important step in developing lignin for use in UV-curing applications and further the effort to valorize lignin towards commercial use.
Design and Evaluation of Losartan Potassium Effervescent Floating Matrix Tablets: In Vivo X-ray Imaging and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Albino Rabbits
Authors: Rahamathulla Mohamed , Saisivam Srinivasan , Alshetaili Abdullah , Hani Umme , Gangadharappa Hosahalli Veerabhadrappa , Alshehri Sultan , Ghoneim Mohammed M. , Shakeel Faiyaz
Published: October 2021

Losartan potassium (LP) is an angiotensin receptor blocker used to treat hypertension. At higher pH, it shows poor aqueous solubility, which leads to poor bioavailability and lowers its therapeutic effectiveness. The main aim of this research was to develop a direct compressed effervescent floating matrix tablet (EFMT) of LP using hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose 90SH 15,000 (HPMC-90SH 15,000), karaya gum (KG), and an effervescent agent, such as sodium bicarbonate (SB). Therefore, an EFMT has been developed to prolong the stomach residence time (GRT) of a drug to several hours and improve its bioavailability in the stomach region. The blended powder was evaluated for pre-compression characteristics, followed by post-compression characteristics, in vitro floating, water uptake studies, and in vitro studies. The optimized formulation of EFMT was investigated for in vivo buoyancy by X-ray imaging and pharmacokinetic studies in Albino rabbits. The results revealed that the parameters of pre- and post-compression were within the USP limits. All tablets showed good floating capabilities (short floating lag time <1 min and floated for >24 h), good swelling characteristics, and controlled release for over 24 h. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectra showed drug–polymer compatibility. The optimized formulation F3 (HPMC-90SH 15,000-KG) exhibited non-Fickian diffusion and showed 100% drug release at the end of 24 h. In addition, with the optimized formulation F3, we observed that the EFMT floated continuously in the rabbit’s stomach area; thus, the GRT could be extended to more than 12 h. The pharmacokinetic profiling in Albino rabbits revealed that the relative bioavailability of the optimized LP-EFMT was enhanced compared to an oral solution of LP. We conclude that this a potential method for improving the oral bioavailability of LP to treat hypertension effectively.
Drug Repurposing in Alternative Medicine: Sochehwan, a Polyherbal Traditional Korean Digestant, Protects against Alcoholic Steatohepatitis by Regulating Cytochrome P450 2E1 Expression
Authors: Yu Ga-Ram , Lee Seung-Jun , Lim Dong-Woo , Kim Hyuck , Kim Jai-Eun , Park Won-Hwan
Published: October 2021

Sochehwan (SCH) is an herbal prescription from traditional oriental medicine and is currently used to treat digestive ailments. In a previous study, SCH was found to have the potential to attenuate metabolic syndrome (MetS) by activating AMPK and downstream signaling. From the view of drug repurposing, the efficacy of SCH on alcoholic liver injury is implied in classic medical texts but is yet to be proven. C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with SCH orally for 5 days and challenged by providing a pair-fed Lieber DeCarli diet containing alcohol for 20 days. Hepatic enzyme and triglyceride levels and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related markers were analyzed. Moreover, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) levels were determined. CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells were used to test the cytoprotective efficacy of SCH against the adverse effects of alcohol in vitro. In mice, SCH administration notably reduced hepatic enzyme activity and neural lipid levels. Furthermore, ER-stress markers and MAPK phosphorylation were reduced due to ROS suppression, which was attributed to decreased CYP2E1 expression in liver tissue. In addition, SCH successfully protected CYP2E1-transfected HepG2 cells against ethanol. Our findings suggest SCH attenuated alcohol-induced liver injury by inhibiting CYP2E1 expression and indicate drug repurposing should be considered as a valuable option for drug development in traditional herbal medicines.
A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Remanufacturing Research
Authors: Salah Bashir , Ziout Aiman , Alkahtani Mohammed , Alatefi Moath , Abdelgawad Abdelatty , Badwelan Ahmed , Syarif Umar
Published: October 2021

The advancements in human lifestyle result in growth in daily demands of products, and accordingly, an increased rate of manufacturing. However, the resources on the planet Earth are limited, thus depleting day-by-day. More goods also contribute to more end-of-life (EOL) dumping or even before EOL in some cases. Therefore, an interest in remanufacturing has appeared, and it offers a solution that can solve or perhaps mitigate the risks of consuming more resources and increasing waste. Remanufacturing is a procedure of bringing used products to “like-new” functional status with a matching warranty. However, due to its relative novelty in terms of research field and industry, remanufacturing is poorly understood. People often mix it with other terms such as recycling, reconditioning, or repair. Therefore, in this research, the focus is on the remanufacturing systems’ definition, relevance, main phases, case studies, and solution methods proposed by various researchers. The word ‘remanufacturing’ is clearly described in this paper by differentiating it from alternative green manufacturing initiatives. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of literature are performed. The quantitative analysis is conducted using a bibliometric method. For quantitative analysis, a systematic approach is utilized for research papers’ selection. The qualitative analysis has been carried out by discussing different aspects of remanufacturing and how the researchers are working on its different domains and phases. The review showed that researchers focused on some phases more as compared with others. Moreover, it is also revealed from the literature that the common solutions methods applied in this domain are optimization techniques. Future research directions are also identified and presented.
Effects of Bi Substitution on the Cobalt-Free 60wt.%Ce0.9Pr0.1O2−δ-40wt.%Pr0.6Sr0.4Fe1−xBixO3−δ Oxygen Transport Membranes
Authors: Zhang Chao , Huang Yanhao , Zeng Lingyong , He Yiyi , Yu Peifeng , Luo Huixia
Published: October 2021

The mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) oxygen transport membrane (OTM) can completely selectively penetrate oxygen theoretically and can be widely used in gas separation and oxygen-enriched combustion industries. In this paper, dual-phase MIEC OTMs doped with Bi are successfully prepared by a sol-gel method with high-temperature sintering, whose chemical formulas are 60wt.%Ce0.9Pr0.1O2−δ-40wt.%Pr0.6Sr0.4Fe1−xBixO3−δ (60CPO-40PSF1−xBxO, x = 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20). The dual-phase structure, element content, surface morphology, oxygen permeability, and stability are studied by XRD, EDXS, SEM, and self-built devices, respectively. The optimal Bi-doped component is 60wt.%Ce0.9Pr0.1O2−δ-40wt.%Pr0.6Sr0.4Fe0.99Bi0.01O3−δ, which can maintain 0.71 and 0.62 mL·min−1·cm−2 over 50 h under He and CO2 atmospheres, respectively. The oxygen permeation flux through these Bi-doped OTMs under air/CO2 gradient is 12.7% less than that under air/He gradient, which indicates that the Bi-doped OTMs have comparable oxygen permeability and excellent CO2 tolerance.
A Novel LCOE Pricing Model for Renewable Energy with Power Purchase Agreement: A Case Study in China
Authors: Dong Jun , Liu Dongran , Zhang Yaoyu , Wang Yuanyuan , Dou Xihao
Published: October 2021

To reach Carbon Peak in 2030 and Carbon Neutrality in 2060, China is developing renewable energy at a fast pace. Renewable energy enterprises will participate in the power market in an all-round way as China gradually improves its electricity market. Signing the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) helps renewable energy companies to avoid market risk and achieve sustainable development. Therefore, a novel PPA pricing model is proposed in our research. Based on the theory of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), our model considers system operating costs in China’s dual-track electric power sector, which is both government-guided and market-oriented. First of all, key influencing factors of the PPA agreement are analyzed in view of the developments of the renewable energy and electricity markets in China. Next, the design of pricing strategies for renewable energy power plants to cope with market challenges is presented through a photovoltaic project case study. The results show that when the operating costs of the system are considered and other conditions remain unchanged, the investment payback period of the new energy power station will change from 10.8 years to 13.6 years. Furthermore, correlation degree and sensitivity coefficient (SAF) were introduced to conduct correlation analysis and sensitivity analysis of key elements that affect the pricing of the PPA. Finally, it is concluded that the utilization hours of power generation have the most significant effect on the PPA price, while the system’s operating cost is the least sensitive factor. The study expands the application of LCOE, and provides a decision-making solution for the PPA pricing of renewable energy power enterprises. It is expected to help promote power transactions by renewable energy companies.
Political Mobilisation of Religious, Chauvinist, and Technocratic Populists in Indonesia and Their Activities in Cyberspace
Authors: Yilmaz Ihsan , Barton Greg
Published: October 2021

Populism has been on the rise in many countries. As a result, studies on populism have proliferated. However, there are very few studies that investigate and compare different types of populisms in a single nation-state. Furthermore, how these different populists in the same political milieu use cyberspace has not been comparatively studied. This study addresses these gaps by looking at a variety of populist forces within Indonesia that have emerged as major actors and identifying the uses of cyberspace in populist political mobilisation. This paper argues that the three main types of populism that predominate in political rhetoric (religious, chauvinistic, and technocratic) do not exist in isolation but rather borrow from each other. This is reflected in their cyberspace activities.
Saint Agnes of Bohemia: A Thirteenth-Century Iconoclast and the Enduring Legacy of Her Convent as a Sacred Space for Religious Art
Authors: Puett J. David
Published: October 2021

Refusing to accept her expected role of becoming an item of negotiation in an arranged marriage to strengthen a political alliance, Agnes of Bohemia (1211–1282), daughter of King Přemysl Otakar I of Bohemia and Queen Constance of Hungary, chose to use her royal dowry to finance construction of the first hospital, convent, monastery, and church in Prague committed to the teachings of Saint Francis. Her youth was influenced by nuns providing her education, by a strong familial precedent in the support of churches and convents, and by religious contemporaries. Joining the fledging Franciscan movement, this remarkably well-educated and deeply committed woman entered as abbess of the convent in 1234, dedicating her life to poverty without endowment, devotion, and service to the sick and poor. Agnes was beatified by Pope Pius IX in 1874 and canonized by Pope John Paul II in 1989. Her legacy remains in Prague today with the Gothic convent she constructed now serving as a premiere museum devoted to the Medieval and Renaissance religious art of Prague and Central Europe. Thus, the original goal of building a sacred space for sisters in order to foster spiritual mediation has now been redirected to provide the public the opportunity to become immersed in ecclesiastical reflection viewing the works of artists such as Master Theodoric, the Master of Vyšší Brod, the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece, and others.
The Role of Religious Values and Beliefs in Shaping Mental Health and Disorders
Authors: Pastwa-Wojciechowska Beata , Grzegorzewska Iwona , Wojciechowska Mirella
Published: October 2021

Mental health is an area of continuous analysis, both in the context of understanding increasingly precise diagnostic criteria and the impact of therapeutic methods. In addition to these well-established directions of analysis and search, psychology tries to explore the factors that bring us closer to understanding the mechanisms of the genesis and development of disorders, as well as their importance in psychoeducation or therapy. The increased interest in issues of spirituality/religion observed in recent years translates into the pursuit to explore the relationship between religion/spirituality and health. This article reviews research into the ability of religion and spirituality to benefit or harm the mental health of believers. We also examine the mechanism of developing religious delusions in schizophrenia. Religion and spirituality can promote or damage mental health. This potential demands an increased awareness of religious matters by mental health practitioners, as well as ongoing attention in clinical psychology research.
Instrumentalization of Religious Conspiracy Theories in Politics of Victimhood: Narrative of Turkey’s Directorate of Religious Affairs
Authors: Yilmaz Ihsan , Albayrak Ismail
Published: October 2021

While victimhood has been studied from very different perspectives, the question how secular nation states have instrumentalised religion for the politics of victimhood has not been studied. This paper addresses this gap in the literature on victimhood by analysing the empirical case of Turkey. As is well known, the constitutionally secular Turkish state, first under the rule of the Kemalists and now Erdoganists, has been using the Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet) to propagate the state ideology to the faithful. This paper shows that the Turkish state has recently been using Islam to construct and disseminate a religious victimhood narrative, mainly based on conspiracy theories via the Diyanet’s Friday sermons. To do this, the article investigates the texts, such as the sermons produced by the Diyanet that are read verbatim, in every mosque in Turkey during Friday prayers that are attended by more than half of the adult male population. The paper contributes to the victimhood literature by showing how religion, i.e., Islam, has been instrumentalised by a secular state in the construction of an Islamist populist and civilisationist victimhood narrative. Further studies are needed to see if and to what extent the Islamist victimhood narrative of the Turkish state has been impactful on the mosque-goers in the country.
Understanding the Impact of Plague Epidemics on the Muslim Mind during the Early Medieval Period
Authors: Mehfooz Musferah
Published: October 2021

Diseases and viruses have always been a part of human history. In present, due to the frightening rise of the coronavirus globally, many people are understandably concerned about protecting themselves. According to Islam, as the religion is perceived by the majority of Muslims today, it is not only important to care for yourself, safeguarding larger communities and the most helpless is also of great importance. This study briefly surveyed the history of plague epidemics in the Muslim world, highlighting how Muslims throughout history, including the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, responded to the spread of contagious diseases, the strategies that were adopted for protection during outbreaks, and how these actions influenced modern-day responses to diseases by Muslim countries. Keeping in view the current international COVID-19 scenario, that is an unprecedentedly serious pandemic, it is high time to investigate the religions’ guidelines about contagious diseases and the adopted strategies used for protection during outbreaks in Muslim history. Furthermore, an analytical approach, along with a qualitative research methodology, was applied in this study to reach objective conclusions. The article concluded that religion can provide comprehensive guidelines relating to preventive and restorative aspects of health, and that these guidelines, in their original form, still remain applicable in terms of responding to epidemic outbreaks.
“Leading Many Sons to Glory”: Historical Implications of Exclusive Language in the Epistle to the Hebrews
Authors: Peeler Amy Lauren
Published: October 2021

This study examined Hebrews’ use of gender-exclusive language for the purpose of understanding the author of the Epistle’s perspective on women and their role the religious community. The study used both broader historical research and exegetical analysis to support theological conclusions about Hebrews’ treatment of women. Despite the use of gender-exclusive language, the epistle does not suggest a bias against women. On the contrary, in the author of Hebrews’ hand, gendered language becomes a vehicle for understanding the implications of the gospel message for the Christian community.
God’s Perceived Engagement/Disengagement in Response to Prayer and Interpersonal Forgiveness: The Mediating Role of Positive Orientation
Authors: Szcześniak Małgorzata , Strochalska Klaudia
Published: October 2021

It is well documented that religion and its different aspects positively affect people’s ability to forgive. However, studies have rarely moved beyond direct associations to explore potential mediators of this relationship. In this context, our main aim was to examine the direct relationship between God’s engagement/disengagement in response to prayer and forgiveness with the possible influence of a positive orientation. Data were gathered from 464 participants aged 18 to 75 (M = 31.10; SD = 11.32). This study included 255 women (55%) and 209 men. We used the Brief Measure of Perceived Divine Engagement and Disengagement in Response to Prayer, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, and the Positivity Scale. In line with our hypotheses, interpersonal forgiveness correlated positively with God’s perceived engagement (H1); it was negatively associated with God’s disengagement (H2); and it was positively linked to positive orientation (H3). Moreover, positive orientation mediated the relationship between religiosity and interpersonal forgiveness. This may suggest that positivity is not indifferent in the process of forgiving, especially when people are aware of God’s involvement in their lives.
The Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā and the Sky as a Symbol of Mahāyāna Doctrines and Aspirations
Authors: Han Jaehee
Published: October 2021

The Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā is a Mahāyāna dharmaparyāya and is the eighth chapter of the great canonical collection of Mahāyāna Buddhism, the Mahāsaṃnipāta. The text is lost in the original Indic, but survives in Chinese and Tibetan translations, with several passages of the Sanskrit version preserved as quotations in later commentaries. It has been regarded as an authoritative canonical source throughout the intellectual history of Mahāyāna Buddhism, but scant scholarly attention has been paid to this important text. Thus, this paper aims to provide a concise yet comprehensive introduction of the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā, including its textual history, its basic structure, and its reception in Indian, Tibetan, and East Asian Buddhist traditions. It also examines how the fundamental concepts of Mahāyāna Buddhism, such as emptiness, endlessness, and imperishability, are signified in the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā by the image of the sky (Skt. gagana), the central metaphor of the text.
Will Cyborgs Ever Be Humans in the Image and Likeness of God?
Authors: Krzemiński Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

Advances in technology and genetic engineering have rekindled the hopes of some communities for human immortality on earth. Projects aimed at copying the human brain for the purpose of enabling humans to achieve “cybernetic eternity” are emerging. From the perspective of Christian anthropology, it is advisable to ask the following question: is a cyborg a human being in the image of God? It boils down to the criteria for being in the image of God. The first of these is creativity, understood as the actualized relationship of the human with their Creator. For the human is not a product of even the most brilliant minds and technologies, but a creature for whom a personal relationship with the Persons of the Holy Trinity is constitutive in nature.