bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XANTHAN GUM AND SILICA OXIDE NANOPARTICLE SYNERGIZATION EFFECTS ON OIL RECOVERY
Authors: Abu Bakar Farhatul Syafiqah , Omar Shaziera , Musa Dayang Nur Syamimi , Wan Sulaiman Wan Rosli , Abdul Hamid Mariani , Sidek Akhmal
Published: December 2022

This study aims to evaluate the capability of synergised XG and SiO2 nanoparticles solutions to improve the solution viscosity, IFT reduction and analyse the effects on the recovery factor. Samples were prepared with 4000 ppm XG and five concentrations of SiO2 (1000, 3000, 5000, 7000, 9000 ppm). The samples were tested for viscosity and IFT reduction to determine the optimum concentration of the synergised solution. Then, a flooding test was conducted using a sand pack to measure oil recovery factors when different slug ratios of polymer and brine were injected. Results show viscosity of the solution increased with increasing SiO2 concentrations. The synergy has shown IFT reduction from 75.5 mN/m to 55 mN/m with increasing concentrations of the SiO2 added into the polymer solution. Thus, 4000 ppm of XG synergised with 3000 ppm SiO2 nanoparticles was chosen as the optimum concentration as the IFT reduction is achieved and can be correlated with the viscosity result. A slight viscosity difference is observed when 5000 ppm SiO2 nanoparticles were added to 3000 ppm SiO2 nanoparticles. Oil recovery increased from 27.5% to 56% using 4000 ppm XG, while the oil recovery was increased to 57.5% using the synergised solution with a similar slug ratio. Maximum oil recovery was 66.3%, using an optimum synergised solution with the highest slug ratio of 0.5:0.5 PV polymer flooding to water slug. These prove that SiO2 nanoparticles can help polymer flooding improve sweep and displacement efficiency by viscosity increment and IFT reduction to increase the oil recovery.
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF DIAGRID STRUCTURE COMPARED WITH RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADING
Authors: Farhad Md. Farhad Hossain , Rana Md. Sohel , Tahmid Ahanaf
Published: December 2022

Tall buildings are now preferred due to the scarcity of available land in cities and the rapid development of the urban population. People are now rising upward to avoid ongoing urban sprawl and to protect vital agricultural productivity. As the building's height increases, the lateral resisting system becomes just as important as the gravity supporting system. Diagrid has recently acquired favor for tall structures among the numerous lateral stability of tall buildings due to its structural efficiency and aesthetic possibilities given by the system's unusual geometric layout. Because of its triangulated construction, the diagonal components of the diagrid system can support both gravity and lateral loads. For this study, two structural models of 24-story buildings are used: one with a rigid frame structure and one with a diagrid structure. ETABS is used for modeling and analysis of buildings. The analytical findings are compared in terms of story drift and story displacement subjected to lateral loading. When compared to rigid framed structures, diagrid systems are far more effective at reducing drift and displacement. Because of the axial action of the diagonal parts, diagonal configurations carry shear. Shear is carried by rigid-framed constructions due to the bending of vertical columns.
Simplified Method of Analysis of Reactions Developed by Expansion in a Three-Anchor Piping System
Authors: Lochak Boris
Published: December 2022

Existing methods of stress analysis in a three-dimensional piping system fully restrained at three points involve the predetermination of 78 coefficients, and the solution of 12 simultaneous equations. The author proposes a method which reduces the complicated three-anchor problem virtually to a simple two-anchor problem, involving only 21 constant coefficients and the determination of 6 equations. Actually, only routine tabulated computations are required by this method.
Mechanical Features of the Glenville Impulse Turbine
Authors: Pfau Arnold
Published: December 2022

At the Glenville Plant of the Nantahala Power and Light Company near Franklin, N. C., is the only large impulse-wheel turbine unit east of the Rockies. Its performance has established a water-wheel efficiency record for the United States of practically 89 per cent. This paper is devoted to descriptive details of the unit, its operations, and performance.
Radio-Frequency Technology in Wood Application
Authors: Russell G. F. , Mann J. W.
Published: December 2022

As a basis for understanding the principles involved in applying radio-frequency heating to the resin-bonding of wood, the author explains certain fundamentals of radio theory which are involved. A particular quality of the radio-frequency field is its selectivity which results from the tendency of the field to follow the most conductive path between electrode extremities. Originally operations of bonding materials by this means placed alternate layers of wood and glue in the field so that the glue lines were established parallel with the electrodes causing the field to be perpendicular to the glue line. More recently it has been established that the normal resin-glue line is more conductive than the wood with which it is associated, and the technique of “parallel bonding” in which the field is parallel with the glue line has been developed. Details of the process, application of radio-frequency heating to specific cases, most efficient electrode arrangements, and results attained are treated comprehensively.
Aircraft-Engine Temperature Control
Authors: Ray William A.
Published: December 2022

Exposed to variations of as much as 200 deg F in ambient temperatures over short periods of time, the aircraft-engine temperature-control problem is a vital consideration of design and operation both of military and commercial aircraft. Weight, compression ratios, combustion rates, factors of safety, efficiency, ambient temperatures, and general operating conditions are all factors contributing to the necessity of controlling engine temperatures. The author undertakes an objective analysis of the problem and describes a system of hydraulic control which has been developed and which has proved satisfactory in service.
Maintenance of Aircraft Hydraulic Systems in the Field
Authors: Middleton R. E.
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with certain aspects of the aircraft-accessories maintenance problem, under wartime conditions, and sets forth some suggestions as to how manufacturers of aircraft hydraulic equipment might assist in its solution. The comparative merits of hydraulic systems and electrical-mechanical systems for operating airplane accessories are discussed from the standpoint of maintenance and repair.
Centrifugal Casting of Steel
Authors: Moxley S. D.
Published: December 2022

This relatively new method of casting is being applied to great advantage in the economic production of high-quality engineering parts. The three methods generally used are true centrifugal casting, semicentrifugal casting, and centrifuging. The author gives a comprehensive description of each method, the work for which it is best adapted, the machines used, details of molds, and physical properties of the resulting products.
Effect of Combined High Temperature and High Humidity on the Corrosion of Samples of Various Metals
Authors: Maucher W. L. , Jones B. W.
Published: December 2022

The atmosphere around and in oil refineries is corrosive; and when these refineries are located in hot humid locations, this atmosphere attacks various metals actively. Four groups of eighteen selected metal specimens were subjected to this corrosive atmosphere in a refinery along the Gulf Coast. Two groups were located indoors and two groups outdoors for about one year. This paper is a report of how these specimens withstood this hot, humid, corrosive atmosphere.
Temperature Distribution Within Boiler Tubing Under Oblique Radiation
Authors: Kimball W. S.
Published: December 2022

The surface and interior temperature distribution in a section of boiler tubing under normal symmetric radiation from the furnace has been investigated by G. M. Dusinberre and others, and reported on in a discussion of data furnished by W. F. Davidson. In the same issue such problems in heat conduction are also treated by Paschkis using the method of electrical analogy, and by Emmons using the numerical method of obtaining approximate solutions; and in the reported discussion of the latter Dusinberre points out that the numerical method, carried out to the needed accuracy, checks the analytical solution and results are obtained with greater ease. The analytical method of Fourier, previously confined to the symmetric case of normal radiation, is here extended to the unsymmetric case where radiation from the fire is received obliquely and with consequent shadowing effect from adjoining tubes. An advantage of this investigation is that it supplies a general mathematical expression for temperature distribution under parallel radiation received at any angle with the boiler wall normal, thus affording a check on results that sometimes may be obtained easier by other methods. A further advantage is that this general mathematical expression makes it fairly easy to compare temperature gradients and hence rates of the heat transfer as done herein for various obliquity angles of received radiation.
The Missing Data on Coal Sampling
Authors: Landry B. A.
Published: December 2022

Beginning with the crude attempts at coal sampling reported 100 years ago, the author reviews the slow progress made down to 1916, when Bailey’s experimental work on sampling was incorporated in A.S.T.M. Designation D-21, Standard Method of Sampling Coal for Analysis. By this standard, which is still official, the gross sample taken must be not less than 1000 lb; a large number of increments are required involving considerable time and expense, which has led in many cases to taking smaller samples, causing uncertainty in representativeness of the samples. In 1930, Grumell and Dunningham, in England, modified the method to include the effect of ash content and size of piece on occurrence of impurities. Far less stringent sampling rules were subsequently formulated. Many studies were then commenced on this subject, and about 1934, Subcommittee XIII of A.S.T.M. Committee D-5 began to reconsider specifications for taking gross samples, and tentative standards (D492-43T) have been prepared. The present paper is devoted to classifying missing data on coal sampling which are needed to supply information on (a) consist; (b) variability of ash of pieces by float-and-sink method, and by direct analysis; (c) variability of ash of increments; supplemented by (d) collection and analysis of gross samples of specified number of increments of constant weight to give confirmation of established relations between variables involved. Four sampling experiments are described from which principles are developed to bring out one of the important characteristics affecting the sampling of coal. This is the degree of mixing of the coal at the point of sampling.
10,000-Kw Railway-Mounted Mobile Steam Power Plant for U. S. Navy Department, Bureau of Yards and Docks
Authors: Lundgren Edwin , Biggs L. R.
Published: December 2022

Well-established practice was followed in the design of equipment for the two mobile power plants so far constructed, within the limitations of railway clearances and need for increased ruggedness to meet road conditions. The units are intended for purposes of the Navy Department at stations on the East and West Coasts, wherever a breakdown in power supply or increased power demand occurs, where naval work is involved. Details are given of the six-car power plant which includes a boiler car, turbine car, switchgear car, transformer car, gondola car mounting auxiliary equipment, and a box car also containing pumps and miscellaneous equipment. A comprehensive description is given of the main steam generator, the turbogenerator equipment, and all auxiliaries.
Creep Properties of Molded Phenolic Plastics at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Gailus W. J. , Telfair David
Published: December 2022

To augment the small amount of published data on the creep properties of thermosetting materials, the authors undertook a study of the behavior of molded phenolic plastics at approximately 192 F. Tension creep data are reported up to 1000 hr, and recovery data up to 250 hr. Modulus-of-elasticity values were obtained at the beginning and end of the 1000-hr tests. Studies included the effect of moisture content on creep properties.
External Corrosion of Furnace-Wall Tubes—I History and Occurrence
Authors: Reid W. T. , Corey R. C. , Cross B. J.
Published: December 2022

Since 1942, many large central-station boiler furnaces burning pulverized coal and removing the ash as molten slag have experienced external corrosion of furnace-wall tubes. In a few cases the loss of metal was so severe as to cause failure of tubes during operation, in others, seriously thinned tubes had to be replaced to prevent unexpected interruption of service. Because the rate of corrosion under certain conditions may be so high as seriously to weaken the tubes between normally scheduled inspections, operators charged with the continuous production of power under wartime emergency conditions have been greatly concerned over prevention of further corrosion. To expedite the solution of the problem, a co-operative investigation was instituted between the Bureau of Mines and the Combustion Engineering Company. This report gives the results of the preliminary study of the occurrence of external corrosion, 16 furnaces in 13 stations being examined. Corrosion was found to occur when the temperature of the tube metal was in the normal range for boiler furnaces, usually not exceeding 700 F, while the maximum temperatures observed were less than 900 F. Deposits in corrosion areas are shown to be of two types, one having the appearance of a bluish-white porcelain enamel, being largely soluble in water in which it produces an acid reaction, and consisting principally of sodium and potassium sulphates in a complex form. The second type is iridescent blue or black, is insoluble in water, may contain significant amounts of carbon, and consists primarily of iron sulphide. Because of the greater incidence of the sulphate deposit, its study was made first and is reported in detail in a following report.
Electronic-Type Instruments for Industrial Processes
Authors: Dickey P. S. , Hornfeck A. J.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes a new type of measuring and controlling instrument for general process work. The authors discuss the use of electronic equipment in fields of measurement where mechanical or electromechanical instruments have previously been employed. Typical measuring circuits for different problems are illustrated. Equipment for automatic computation of the results obtained from several primary measurements is discussed. Simplification and standardization of instruments for process control through the use of electronic devices is stressed as the important advantage of the equipment described.
Optimum Compression Ratios for a High-Speed Diesel Engine
Authors: Green W. P.
Published: December 2022

Optimum compression ratios must give smooth and reliable ignition. They are high enough to procure maximum fuel economy. They are determined from data presented to show the effect of compression ratio upon the combustion and performance characteristics of a high-speed (2000-rpm) 3.25 × 4.5-in. single-cylinder compression-ignition engine equipped for varying the precombustion-chamber volume. These data show an optimum range of compression ratios varying with the indicated mean effective pressure. Compression ratios should be increased as the indicated mean effective pressure (imep) decreases. Optimum performance of the engine under test was obtained in the range of compression ratios from 16 to 1 to 24 to 1. Structural strength-weight requirements and cylinder wear may dictate the use of lower values of the compression ratio than does fuel economy.
Heater Designs for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Rickerman J. H.
Published: December 2022

Present-day requirements for high-octane aviation fuels and for toluol and benzol fractions for use in the production of munitions increase the need for specialized types of oil heaters. In the past most oil heaters were designed by rule of thumb but this method gave way to more accurate empirical methods while attempts were being made to put the art of design on a sound theoretical basis. The empirical relationships used were derived from correlations of experimental and operating data, and these relationships were satisfactory when used to design heaters of types and service requirements similar to those on which the data were obtained. However, as soon as specialized requirements, such as higher temperatures, increased heat-transfer rates, different box shapes, etc., are involved, the extrapolation of empirical equations and methods becomes hazardous. For this reason strenuous efforts have been made to place all design equations and methods on a theoretical basis, and it is believed that these efforts have yielded satisfactory results. A discussion of these methods of design is the subject of this paper.
Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Stepanoff A. J.
Published: December 2022

With the introduction of high-head centrifugal pumps of high specific speed, the problem of cavitation became of the utmost importance. As a result, extensive study and experimental work have been done in this field, mostly in connection with hydraulic turbines and with devices without moving parts. In this paper the present state of information on cavitation is presented as it applies to centrifugal pumps, with a method for determining cavitation conditions from velocity considerations. The discussion is illustrated by curves and diagrams. The model test laws as applied to cavitation are deduced, together with their limitations. Theoretical relationships governing cavitation conditions permit establishing means to avoid cavitation, which have been confirmed by experience. A summary of all important conclusions from the recent extensive literature on the subject is presented, and in conclusion, an original explanation is offered of the nature of local high destructive pressures during cavitation and in cases of metal failure by fatigue in the presence of liquids.
Investigation of Influence of Ring Size, Bobbin Diameter, and Spindle Speed on Spinning Process, and Their Effect on Over-All Cost of Spinning
Authors: Sheldon A. N. , Blake J. J.
Published: December 2022

From mathematical formulas and data by Dr. Wilhelm Stiel the authors have developed a series of charts from which may be predetermined with a fair degree of accuracy, the optimum diameters of ring and bobbin, and speed of spindle, for spinning any size of cotton yarn from any length of staple, carded or combed. The results derived coincide closely with general practice. The use of the charts is explained in some detail by application to specific cases, leading to the prediction of spinning costs under various conditions of spindle speed, ring and bobbin sizes, and the like.
Flame-Temperature Measurements in Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Uyehara O. A. , Myers P. S. , Watson K. M. , Wilson L. A.
Published: December 2022

The theory, development, and calibration of an electro-optical pyrometer, capable of determining instantaneous true temperatures of luminous flames, are described. A description is also given of auxiliary apparatus used with the electro-optical pyrometer to obtain simultaneous values of pressure, temperature, and crank position in an internal-combustion engine. Typical data obtained with this instrumentation as applied to a Diesel engine are included.
Substitution of Lower-Quality Industrial Diamonds in Diamond Dresser Tools
Authors: Whittaker H.
Published: December 2022

A shortage of grinding-wheel dresser diamonds, which threatened the war effort early in 1942, led to an investigation of lower-quality diamonds hitherto not used for dresser tools. According to estimates made available by the British Ministry of Supply to the War Production Board, the supply of those qualities and sizes of industrial diamonds preferred and used in large quantities for truing and dressing abrasive grinding wheels was expected to be critical. The War Metallurgy Committee on the recommendation of the Office of Production Research and Development of the War Production Board undertook a study, as “restricted” Project NRC-507, to determine if lower-quality, more plentiful stones could be substituted for the preferred qualities and sizes for some or all wheel-truing and dressing operations. The investigation was carried out in the Research and Development Laboratories of the Crane Company, Chicago. This paper, based on that work, has been released for publication by the OPRD. In the first part of this investigation, a survey of users of diamond dresser tools established definitely that the higher qualities were preferred and used almost exclusively for dressing grinding wheels. The results of this survey and a review of the literature on the practices and the factors which influence the use of dresser tools were reported in a previous paper. In order to provide positive information on the possibilities of using lower-quality stones, it was necessary to classify the seemingly infinite variety of industrial diamonds according to distinguishing characteristics and to test each type under controlled conditions which simulated grinding practices.
The Practicability of Vibration Control in Light Aircraft
Authors: Kennard Dwight C.
Published: December 2022

The approach of the Air Technical Service Command to the problem of developing and evaluating a new engine-mount design is outlined, including a description of instrumentation, methods of vibration analysis, and presentation of natural-frequency formulas for elastically mounted power plants. The results of flight-vibration tests are presented for the standard engine mount, and an improved experimental engine mount installed in the North American AT-6C airplane. The results are discussed in detail showing the relative merits of the two engine installations. The test results show that the experimental engine mount, by providing natural frequencies of the mounted power plant which fall within the frequency range specified by the Air Technical Service Command, reduces appreciably the vibration of the engine and airplane structure.
Temperature-Time Distribution in Rectangular Bars
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. , Aronstein M. J. , Frank A. C.
Published: December 2022

Charts for determining temperature-time distribution in flat plates, infinite cylinders, and spheres have been published previously. The purpose of this paper is to amplify the lower end of the curves thus presented, and to give the results in graphical and in tabular form. In addition, the rapid convergence of the series solution is shown, and combined curve sheets for rectangular bars are presented.
Analysis of Initial Contact of Milling Cutter and Work in Relation to Tool Life
Authors: Kronenberg M.
Published: December 2022

Sintered-carbide tools, made of the hardest metal man has ever produced, have played a predominant role in speeding up war production. While appreciable experience has been acquired in connection with the turning of artillery shells and other implements of war, the application of sinterod-carbide tools is often more difficult in milling than in turning operations because face-milling cutters, end mills, straddle mills, side mills, etc. are subjected to several hundred impacts per minute, which may destroy the tools prematurely due to their brittleness. Control of impact is therefore vital, a problem not encountered with high-speed steel tools.

It is the purpose of this paper to present methods for determining readily the impact conditions for any shape of the cutting edge as a function of positive and negative rake angles, corner angle, cutter diameter, position of the cutter relative to the workpiece, feed per tooth, and depth of cut. Furthermore, tests are discussed indicating a variation in the wear of sintered-carbide tools with a variation of impact conditions obtained by altering the relative position of cutter and work.
Creep of Neoprene in Shear Under Static Conditions
Authors: Keen W. N.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents some of the mechanical properties, particularly the creep characteristics, of neoprene and natural-rubber vulcanizates. Included along with the creep data are the mechanical properties obtained in both compression and shear on the vulcanizates used in this study.
Distortion Due to Contour-Forming of Extrusions and Preformed Sheet-Metal Sections
Authors: Schroeder William
Published: December 2022

The effect of springback on the radius of curvature due to contour-forming of extrusions or preformed sheet-metal sections is analyzed. A number of the commonly used methods of forming are considered. Equations for computing values for change in radius are derived and sample calculations are compared.
Effect of Molding Pressure and Resin on Results of Short-Time Tests and Fatigue Tests of Compreg
Authors: Findley W. N. , Worley W. J. , Kacalieff C. D.
Published: December 2022

Tests were performed on six samples of compressed-impregnated plywood, including static tension tests, static compression tests, static torsion tests, and rotating-beam type of fatigue tests. The results provide data on the effect of different molding pressures and different resins on the “static” strength properties, stiffness, and fatigue strength of “compreg.”
Operating History and Performance of 2000-Psi Forced-Circulation Boiler at Somerset Station of Montaup Electric Company
Authors: Parks G. U. , Patterson W. S. , Ryan W. F.
Published: December 2022

In this paper the operating experiences with the high-pressure forced-circulation boiler at Somerset station of the Montaup Electric Company are given in considerable detail. Special test and research activities on the installation are reported in this and companion papers. The conclusion is reached that the selection of a bare-tube, slagging-bottom, radiant, forced-circulation boiler for this high-pressure application has been verified by its operating record.
Temperature Uniformity in Heating-Up Processes
Authors: Heisler M. P.
Published: December 2022

The treatment of temperature-uniformity problems by the method first introduced by Paschkis is extended and enlarged. It is shown that uniformity calculations can be reduced to the solution of a simple trigonometric relation which can be readily solved and analyzed. Standard Gurney-Lurie charts for cylinders and spheres are given in a more complete form than is available at present. A chart is included for determining temperature history in plates subjected to two-dimensional heat flow. Finite cylinders are discussed and three-dimensional heat-flow problems are briefly considered.
Summary Report on the Joint E.E.I.-A.E.I.C. Investigation of Graphitization of Piping
Authors: Hoyt S. L. , Williams R. D. , Hall A. M.
Published: December 2022

Following the failure in January, 1943, of a welded joint in a high-pressure steam line at the Springdale Station of the West Penn Power Company, among the several investigations undertaken, a research program was initiated at Battelle Memorial Institute to study the fundamental causes of graphitization and the restoration of graphitized joints. The present paper is a summary of the findings to date on graphitization and includes not only work of the Institute but elsewhere. It gives the present status of significant points which have emerged in relation to manufacture and fabrication.
Influence of Heat-Treatment Upon the Susceptibility to Graphitization of High-Aluminum-Deoxidized Carbon-Molybdenum Steel
Authors: Eberle F.
Published: December 2022

Susceptibility to graphitization of carbon-molybdenum steels may be influenced by heat-treatment of the material prior to installation. Tests are reported in this paper on high-aluminum-deoxidized pipe with welded upset ends, the upsetting being carried out at 2000 F without subsequent heat-treatment. Graphitization in certain zones of the pipe were in evidence. Subsequently the influence of prior heat-treatment or weld heat effects upon susceptibility to graphitization was explored. The procedure and results attained are recorded in this paper.
Some Stress-Corrosion Studies on Austenitic Cast Irons
Authors: Urban J. B. , Bolton J. W. , Smith A. J.
Published: December 2022

Experimentation is the most adequate approach to stress-corrosion problems and should involve various mechanical loadings of a material under corrosive conditions. When corrosive conditions are held constant in respect to concentration and temperature, useful threshold stresses if existent can be ascertained and suitable safety factors adopted. The procedure for studying austenitic cast irons on this basis is discussed, the investigation indicating that at very high stresses, such irons are subject to stress corrosion in strong hot caustic. However, threshold stresses have been found to be relatively high, markedly exceeding stresses contemplated in design and application. Thus the desirable properties of such material can be utilized to good advantage, with margin to assure adequate safety in this corrosive medium.
Folding in Tube-Sinking
Authors: Sachs George , Baldwin W. M.
Published: December 2022

An experimental study of the folding tendency of tubes during the process of sinking was made. It was determined that tubes with a fold-free point, having a wall thickness of less than 1 per cent of the diameter, can be sunk without folding. However, if it is attempted to sink tubes with points containing folds beyond a certain critical reduction, the fold contained in the point will be perpetuated throughout the length of the tube. This critical reduction increases almost linearly with the ratio of thickness to diameter of the tube, and is little affected by the die angle, the metal, and its temper. The length of the fold during its formative period is found to increase with increasing reduction, with decreasing relative thickness, and to be relatively unaffected by die angle. The stress required to sink a tube with folds was found to increase only slowly beyond the limiting stress for sinking such a tube without folding to the smallest possible diameter.
The Design of Mechanical Auxiliaries for TVA Hydroelectric Plants
Authors: Petersen H. J.
Published: December 2022

Sixteen hydroelectric power plants have been designed by the Tennessee Valley Authority during the past ten years. Changes and improvements have been incorporated in each successive design, as a result of experience gained in operation of each plant. This applies particularly to mechanical auxiliaries involved. It is this phase of the design which is treated in the present paper, specific reasons being given for adoption of the particular auxiliaries discussed.
New Developments in Combination Controls
Authors: Kelly J. W.
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with combination controls, which present advantages of weight and cost saving which in recent years have been greatly enhanced by the dependability and ruggedness which can be built into them. Small electric motors, developed for aircraft-accessory operation, have permitted the construction of motor-operated valves. Both solenoid- and motor-operated valves now give the aircraft designer a wide choice of control characteristics. New methods and improvements in older types of follow-up systems for hydraulic controls are discussed in the paper.
A Failure-Sequence Indicator for Static Test Specimens
Authors: Powell R. W.
Published: December 2022

An instrument is described which has been used to determine the location of initial failure in static tensile-test specimens. Its particular usefulness in aircraft structural development is discussed and technical details of its operation are presented.
Laminated Edge Attachment for Acrylics
Authors: Snyder E. H.
Published: December 2022

As it had been observed that pressure loads encountered on such large acrylic parts as canopies, astrodomes, blisters, noses, windshields, and the like, caused frequent replacements, particularly at attachment points, it was determined that an improved method of attachment must be developed. In this paper is described an improved method of edge attachment for the canopy of the P-80 airplane in which aerodynamic and cockpit pressure loads have imposed higher loads than usual in the acrylic canopy material. In tests, laminated edging integrally attached to acrylic sheeting consistently approached and in certain cases developed the full strength of the cast acrylic sheeting.
Some Suggested Specifications for Thermal Ice-Prevention System for Aircraft
Authors: Rodert L. A.
Published: December 2022

The general conclusions from research and development of the airplane thermal ice-prevention system are given and additional comments in discussion of present knowledge are made. Details of design are discussed whereby some faults of early applications of the thermal system may be avoided. Specifications for the thermal system are given as an aid to operators and others desiring to provide the most effective protection against the formation of ice on airplanes to be designed for commercial or military use.
Utilization of Producer Gas in Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Hendryx D. B.
Published: December 2022

Producer gas is the cheapest artificial fuel per Btu that can be made from solid fuel. This paper discusses the economics, the equipment, and methods of generating producer gas for industrial uses.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Social Ballroom Dancing and Treadmill Walking: Preliminary Findings on Executive Function and Neuroplasticity From Dementia-at-Risk Older Adults
Authors: Blumen Helena M. , Ayers Emmeline , Wang Cuiling , Ambrose Anne F. , Jayakody Oshadi , Verghese Joe
Published: December 2022

This randomized controlled trial (NCT03475316) examined the relative efficacy of 6 months of social ballroom dancing and treadmill walking on a composite executive function score, generated from digit symbol substitution test, flanker interference, and walking while talking tasks. Brain activation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) versions of these executive function tasks were secondary outcomes. Twenty-five dementia-at-risk older adults (memory impairment screen score of ≥3 to ≤6 and/or an Alzheimer’s disease-8 Dementia Screening Interview of ≥1) were randomized in June 2019 to March 2020—16 completed the intervention before study termination due to the COVID-19 (eight in each group). Composite executive function scores improved post-intervention in both groups, but there was no evidence for between-group differences. Social dancing, however, generated greater improvements on digit symbol substitution test than treadmill walking. No intervention-related differences were observed in brain activation—although less hippocampal atrophy (tertiary) was observed following social dancing than treadmill walking. These preliminary findings are promising but need to be confirmed in future large-scale and sufficiently powered randomized controlled trials.
Photo-induced cascaded harmonic and comb generation in silicon nitride microresonators
Authors: Hu Jianqi , Nitiss Edgars , He Jijun , Liu Junqiu , Yakar Ozan , Weng Wenle , Kippenberg Tobias J. , Brès Camille-Sophie
Published: December 2022

Silicon nitride (Si
3
N
4
) is an ever-maturing integrated platform for nonlinear optics but mostly considered for third-order [χ
(3)
] nonlinear interactions. Recently, second-order [χ
(2)
] nonlinearity was introduced into Si
3
N
4
via the photogalvanic effect, resulting in the inscription of quasi-phase–matched χ
(2)
gratings. However, the full potential of the photogalvanic effect in microresonators remains largely unexplored for cascaded effects. Here, we report combined χ
(2)
and χ
(3)
nonlinear effects in a normal dispersion Si
3
N
4
microresonator. We demonstrate that the photo-induced χ
(2)
grating also provides phase-matching for the sum-frequency generation process, enabling the initiation and successive switching of primary combs. In addition, the doubly resonant pump and second-harmonic fields allow for effective third-harmonic generation, where a secondary optically written χ
(2)
grating is identified. Last, we reach a broadband microcomb state evolved from the sum-frequency–coupled primary comb. These results expand the scope of cascaded effects in microresonators.
Bhumichula plateau: A remnant high-elevation low-relief surface in the Himalayan thrust belt of western Nepal
Authors: Sherpa Tshering Z.L. , DeCelles Peter G. , Carrapa Barbara , Schoenbohm Lindsay M. , Wolpert Joshua
Published: December 2022

The Himalaya is known for dramatically rugged landscapes including the highest mountains in the world. However, there is a limited understanding of the timing of attainment of high elevation and relief formation, especially in the Nepalese Himalaya. Anomalous high-elevation low-relief (HELR) surfaces, which exhibit geomorphic antiquity and are possibly remnants of formerly widespread high-elevation paleosurfaces, provide a unique opportunity to assess the attainment of regional high elevation in the Himalaya. The Bhumichula plateau is one such HELR surface (4300−4800 m) in the western Nepalese Himalayan fold-thrust belt. The Bhumichula plateau is situated in the Dadeldhura klippe (also called the Karnali klippe), an outlier of Greater Himalayan Sequence high-grade metasedimentary/igneous rocks surrounded by structurally underlying Lesser Himalayan Sequence low-grade metasedimentary rocks. We assess the origin of the Bhumichula plateau by combining regional geological relationships and zircon and apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and apatite fission track thermochronologic ages. The HELR surface truncates pervasive west-southwestward dipping foliations, indicating that it post-dates tilting of rocks in the hanging wall of the Main Central thrust above the Lesser Himalayan duplex. This suggests that the surface originated at high elevation by erosional beveling of thickened, uplifted crust. Exhumation through the ∼180−60 °C thermal window occurred during middle Miocene for samples on the plateau and between middle and late Miocene for rocks along the Tila River, which bounds the north flank of the Bhumichula plateau. Cooling ages along the Tila River are consistent with erosional exhumation generated by early Miocene emplacement of the Main Central (Dadeldhura) thrust sheet, middle Miocene Ramgarh thrust emplacement, and late Miocene growth of the Lesser Himalayan duplex. The most recent middle-late Miocene exhumation took place as the Tila River and its northward flowing tributaries incised upstream, such that the Bhumichula plateau is a remnant of a more extensive HELR paleolandscape. Alpine glaciation lowered relief on the Bhumichula surface, and surface preservation may owe to its relatively durable lithology, gentle structural relief, and elevation range that is above the rainier Lesser Himalaya.
The Influence of Extreme Levels of the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure on the Structure of Nightside Auroral Precipitation
Authors: Vorobjev V. G. , Yagodkina O. I. , Antonova E. E. , Kirpichev I. P.
Published: December 2022

The data from the DMSP spacecraft were used to study the characteristics of ion and electron precipitation in the nightside sector of the auroral zone during magnetically quiet periods at extreme values of the solar wind dynamic pressure (Psw). It was shown that the ion pressure at the isotropy boundary (IB) increases with Psw and can reach a level of 4–6 nPa at Psw = 20–22 nPa. The latitude profiles of the ion pressure obtained at different levels of Psw indicate that the increase in Psw is accompanied by an expansion of the ion precipitation region and a shift of the IB to lower latitudes. At 〈Psw〉 = 0.5 nPa, the IB latitude is ~70.4° CGL, while at 〈Psw〉 = 16.3 nPa, it shifts toward the equator to ~64.6° CGL. As the Psw level decreases, the energy fluxes of precipitating electrons decrease significantly. At Psw < ~2.0 nPa, auroras in the region of the auroral oval can be considered subvisual. At extremely low values of dynamic pressure, Psw= ~0.2 nPa, it becomes very problematic to identify the zone of electron and ion precipitation.
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in an adult following treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Zimilover Adam , Huml Isaac
Published: December 2022

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an aggressive hyperinflammatory haematological condition often associated with malignancy, infection or rheumatological disorders. HLH has rarely been associated with medications, including antibiotics. We describe a case of a patient without significant medical history who presented with HLH following treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Additionally, we will discuss the possible mechanism of medication-induced HLH as well as the successful use of dexamethasone as the sole treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of this disease is critical and medication-induced HLH should be considered in cases without a clear aetiology. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of TMP/SMX-induced HLH that was successfully treated with steroid monotherapy and just the second case report of TMP/SMX-induced HLH.
High Selectivity, Dual-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cavity Bandpass Filter Loaded Using CCSRR
Authors: Praveena N. , Gunavathi N.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, a third-order, high selectivity Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter (BPF) loaded with Circular Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CCSRR) is proposed for C band applications. The SIW cavity BPF comprises two stepped resonators ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and one CSRR ([Formula: see text]) engraved on the top metal plate. Initially, the cavity loaded with stepped resonators ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) alone does not make a good selectivity on the lower out of band. Hence, the CCSRR is introduced between the stepped resonators ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) to improve the filter’s selectivity and enhance the filter’s bandwidth. The introduction of CCSRR enhances the selectivity on the lower out-of-band at 5.5[Formula: see text]GHz, and the extra pole increases the bandwidth. The metamaterial behavior of CCSRR is validated by permittivity extraction. The 3[Formula: see text]dB bandwidth of the third-order SIW filter is 840 MHz with a center frequency of 6.18[Formula: see text]GHz. The designed filter uses RTDuroid 5880 substrate of [Formula: see text] = 2.2 with a size of 28.4 × 28.4 × 0.51[Formula: see text]mm3. The proposed filter measurement and simulated results agree with each other.
Accounting for treatment during the development or validation of prediction models
Authors: Chan Wei Xin , Wong Limsoon
Published: December 2022

Clinical prediction models are widely used to predict adverse outcomes in patients, and are often employed to guide clinical decision-making. Clinical data typically consist of patients who received different treatments. Many prediction modeling studies fail to account for differences in patient treatment appropriately, which results in the development of prediction models that show poor accuracy and generalizability. In this paper, we list the most common methods used to handle patient treatments and discuss certain caveats associated with each method. We believe that proper handling of differences in patient treatment is crucial for the development of accurate and generalizable models. As different treatment strategies are employed for different diseases, the best approach to properly handle differences in patient treatment is specific to each individual situation. We use the Ma-Spore acute lymphoblastic leukemia data set as a case study to demonstrate the complexities associated with differences in patient treatment, and offer suggestions on incorporating treatment information during evaluation of prediction models. In clinical data, patients are typically treated on a case by case basis, with unique cases occurring more frequently than expected. Hence, there are many subtleties to consider during the analysis and evaluation of clinical prediction models.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS
Authors: UPADHYAY DIVYA
Published: December 2022

Social entrepreneurs have certain different personality description which describes their behaviors/actions. Personality traits are partially developed by innate nurturing, socialization, and education. These implicit traits play an important role in driving social entrepreneurial decision-making. Thus, personality traits may influence the manner in which the individual acts. This paper has made an attempt at determining the personality traits that influence social entrepreneurs. This paper is a conceptual paper and I have developed hypotheses based on past research and literature review that reinforce the assumption that personality traits do influence entrepreneurship in general. This paper examines the influence of the Big Five personality traits on social entrepreneurship dimensions. Social entrepreneurs’ dimensions are as follows: social vision, sustainability, social network, and innovation. This paper concludes that a high degree of neuroticism has a negative influence on three dimensions of social entrepreneurship, i.e. sustainability, social networks, and innovation. Also, a high degree of agreeableness has a positive influence on social vision, social networks, and sustainability. For future study, these hypotheses can be tested by developing valid and reliable scales for measuring dimensions of social entrepreneurship and their influence on personality traits.
Osteoid Osteoma of the Basilar Border of the Mandible: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Kammoun Rym , Chaabani Imen , Ghoul Sonia , Ben Alaya Touhami
Published: December 2022

Introduction. Osteoid osteoma is a benign osseous tumor characterized by an excessive formation of unmineralized bone matrix. The aim of this study was to present, through a case report, the clinical and radiological manifestations of osteoid osteoma affecting the left basilar border of the mandible. Observation. A 30-year-old male patient presented with left mandibular pain of unknown etiology. The chief complaint was mandibular pain accentuating mainly at night, originating in the left basilar border, and radiating to the whole mandibular hemi-arch. Extraoral examination revealed a small, bone-consistent, and slightly painful swelling. Computed tomography scan revealed a well-limited, infracentimetric, and mixed osteolytic image with central nidus and peripheral osteocondensation. Histological examination revealed osteoid osteoma. Surgical excision of the lesion was performed, and the pain stopped immediately. Discussion. This benign tumor presents many clinical and radiological features similar to other lesions. To differentiate osteoid osteoma from these other bone pathoses, practitioners should have a clear concept and keen observation skills. Confrontation of the clinical, radiological, and anatomopathological data is therefore essential to establish the correct diagnosis and to determine the appropriate treatment plan.