bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The practice of using the electronic information and educational environment of a university in the organization of intermediate control of current progress (on the example of the Pskov branch of the Academy of the FPS of Russia)
Authors:   Pskov Branch of the Academy of the FPS of Russia, KOZYREV SERGEI I.
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the issues of the practical use of the Moodle electronic information and educational environment in the organization of the educational process of full-time students. The subject of the article was the methods built into the Moodle environment, which allowed for the current monitoring of progress in the studies. The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of the Moodle electronic information and educational environment in the process of current control, to formulate guidelines for the formation of this process and to assess the impact of this methodology on the educational process quality.formed by the analysis, synthesis and formal-logical methods. As a result of the work carried out, the components that make it possible to objectively assess the knowledge of students have been considered, analyzed and studied. Recommendations have been formulated for the use and configuration of the selected components included in the built-in toolkit of the Moodle environment. The statistical data showing the positive impact of these decisions regarding the use of the Moodle environment on the quality of the educational process are presented. Conclusions are made about the importance of introducing new pedagogical technologies into the educational process. The methodological basis of the research was
¿Influye la concentración de ácido carmínico en la preferencia alimentaria de Hyperaspis trifurcata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) entre dos especies de presas?
Authors: Trejo-Reyes César A. , Rodríguez-Leyva Esteban , Méndez-Gallegos Jesús , Morales-Flores Francisco J. , Villegas-Rodríguez Fabiola
Published: September 2021

El ácido carmínico es una sustancia que probablemente funciona como protección ante la depredación. Su concentración difiere entre Dactylopius coccus y D. opuntiae. Entonces, planteamos la hipótesis de que un depredador específico, el coccinélido Hyperaspis trifurcata, tendría una preferencia alimentaria por la especie con menor concentración de ácido carmínico. Para comprobar esta hipótesis se realizaron pruebas de elección con ambas especies en condiciones de laboratorio (25 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 20 % HR, y 12:12 h L:O). En la primera prueba, el depredador tuvo opción de alimentarse de ninfas de primer ínstar de ambas especies de presas, y en el segundo de hembras grávidas. H. trifurcata consumió ninfas de primer ínstar de ambas especies, y no mostró preferencia por alguna de ellas. En ese estado de desarrollo la concentración de ácido carmínico entre especies fue similar. Sin embargo, H. trifurcata prefirió alimentarse de hembras grávidas de D. opuntiae con una concentración de ácido carmínico de 3 %, mientras que dicho contenido fue de 23 % en D. coccus. Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que H. trifurcata prefiere alimentarse de D. opuntiae en lugar de D. coccus debido a la concentración de ácido carmínico, o de algunos de sus precursores metabólicos
Seasonal Variation in Drinking Water Disinfection By-products in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
Authors: Moustafa Rafat , Hassan Ali M. , Hammad Hamdi A. , Abdullah Ali M.
Published: September 2021

Chlorine is the most common disinfectant used in drinking water treatment because it is cheap and has an efficient germicidal ability. However, chlorine and organic matter reacting trihalomethanes (THMs) are suspected carcinogens. The major groups of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are THMs, haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and halogenated ketones (HKs). Exposure to these by-products increases the risk of cancers, abortion, low birth weight, and congenital disabilities. The wastewater contents of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as the source of total organic carbon (TOC) compounds, are oxidized by chlorine to produce DBPs. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal levels of THMs in Egypt compared with international standards using capillary gas chromatography. Results revealed that THMs mean values vary between 9.26 to 35.86 μg/l, while dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) mean values vary between 3.82 to 17.74 μg/l and 4.41 to 13.25 μg/l, respectively. The maximum THM and TCAA values were observed during the summer, probably due to high temperatures. While the maximum DCAA values were observed during the autumn due to the high levels of raw water TOC. In conclusion, continuous monitoring of THM and its species is highly recommended, taking into consideration how climate can influence THMs formation.
Challenges to Data Collection: Digital Divide Causing Double Marginalization of the Bagri Community in Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Ameer , Khemlani David Maya
Published: September 2021

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, we conducted qualitative research on the Bagri community in Pakistan’s Sindh province. The Bagri community is considered an indigenous community in Pakistan’s Sindh and Punjab provinces. They also live in some states in India. The community has been referred to as ‘scheduled caste’ in Pakistan’s constitution. They speak Bagri language and practice Hinduism. Unfortunately, some Hindus and Muslims discriminate against the Bagri community and give them a wide berth and the community is seen as untouchable (Shah, 2007). Due to lockdowns caused by Covid 19, it has become difficult to access members of the community in order to collect data. Many of the members of the community have no digital literacy and the few who had mobile phones were contacted through mobile phone, but unfortunately voice quality of the interviews was not good and there was either network or noisy interruptions which made it difficult to understand what the interviewee was saying. Given this difficult situation, we used the strategy of using a friend of a friend to conduct the interviews on our behalf. However, even this solution faced challenges as the community was perceived as untouchable. In this way, the Bagri community was not only socially but also digitally marginalized. Therefore, this qualitative research will explore the digital and social challenges coresearchers faced during data collection, and we discuss how these challenges, were to some extent, surmounted.
UNESCO MIL Cities Network As Opportunity for Development in Africa
Authors: Chibás Ortiz Felipe , Yarnykh Veronica , Kounakou Emmnauel Komi
Published: September 2021

The main objective of this article is to show the opportunities that can open up for African cities from the UNESCO MIL Cities approach. The methodology used was the theoretical-practical based on the bibliographical review and the narrative of the authors' experiences. MIL Cities is a UNESCO framework that speaks of the need to build or reform urban spaces so that they use new technologies but using them ethically and respectfully for vulnerable groups, transcending cultural barriers to communication and contributing to the objectives of the 2030 agenda. The article has three parts. The first part insists on the definition of the MIL Cities concept, its origin and the preliminary work that has been done to support its implementation. An exhaustive explanation is given of the 13 Indicators and 252 metrics of MIL Cities published by Chibás Ortiz and other authors. The creation of the UNESCO World Network of MIL Cities is discussed. The second part explains the role of metrics in the evaluation of MIL projects in towns and cities. This second part focuses also on the practical implementation strategies and cases deployed to spread the concept and its objectives. A particular emphasis is placed on the various webinars organized and their format though the whole world. This part summarizes actions and events taken to promote the initiative. The third part focuses on the Latin America & Africa MIL Cities initiative. In this last section, the article focuses on the launch of the project and on the objectives to be achieved to develop MIL Cities in Africa. It highlights the countries involved in the project launch activities, the promotional strategies to be deployed to disseminate the concept to all countries on the continent. It is concluded that the MIL Cities framework opens up new possibilities for the growth and development for African cities.
ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI PERSAMAAN DASAR AKUNTANSI KELAS XII IPS-1 DI SMA NEGERI 1 CANDIROTO
Authors: HARIYANTI NUR TUTI
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai kesulitan belajar siswa pada materi persamaan dasar akuntansi kelas XII IPS 1 di SMA Negeri 1 Candiroto Kabupaten Temanggung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah satu kelas dengan jumlah 32 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa sulit dalam menentukan akun dan sulit menentukan jumlah nominal dari akun yang dimaksud. Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkankesulitan dalam belajar antara lai : terganggunya kesehatan siswa ketika belajar, motivasi belajar yang rendah, minat belajar siswa terhadap pembelajaran akuntansi tergolong rendah, sikap yang ditunjukkan siswa ketika belajar masih kurang baik, cara mengajar guru dianggap kurang menyenangkan, sumber belajar (buku pelajaran) minim. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk mengatasi kesulitan belajar siswa adalah dengan memotivasi siswa, berupaya untuk menumbuhkan minat siswa terhadap pelajaran yang dipelajari, memberikan evaluasi pada setiap pembelajaran, mengadakan remedial, dan menyuruh siswa agar lebih rajin dalam membaca dan mengulang kembali materi dirumah.
Evaluation of the daytime tropospheric loss of 2-methylbutanal
Authors: Asensio María , Antiñolo María , Blázquez Sergio , Albaladejo José , Jiménez Elena
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Saturated aldehydes, e.g. 2-methylbutanal (2MB, CH3CH2CH(CH3)C(O)H), are emitted into the atmosphere by several biogenic sources. The first step in the daytime atmospheric degradation of 2MB involves gas-phase reactions initiated by hydroxyl (OH) radicals, chlorine (Cl) atoms and/or sunlight. In this work, we report the rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of 2MB with OH (kOH) and Cl (kCl) together with the photolysis rate coefficient (J) in the ultraviolet solar actinic region in Valencia (Spain) at different times of the day. The temperature dependence of kOH was described in the 263–353 K range by the following Arrhenius expression: kOH(T)=(8.88±0.41)×10-12 exp[(331±14)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. At 298 K, the reported kOH and kCl are (2.68±0.07)×10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and (2.16±0.16)×10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Identification and quantification of the gaseous products of the Cl-reaction and those from the photodissociation of 2MB were carried out in a smog chamber by different techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton transfer time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry). The formation and size distribution of secondary organic aerosols formed in the Cl-reaction was monitored by a fast mobility particle sizer spectrometer. A discussion on the relative importance of the first step in the daytime atmospheric degradation of 2MB is presented together with the impact of the degradation products in marine atmospheres.
Effect of topographic slope on the export of nitrate in humid catchments
Authors: Yang Jie , Heidbüchel Ingo , Lu Chunhui , Xie Yueqing , Musolff Andreas , Fleckenstein Jan H.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Excess export of nitrate to streams affects ecosystem structure and functions and has been an environmental issue attracting world-wide attention. The dynamics of catchment-scale solute export from diffuse nitrate sources can be explained by the activation and deactivation of dominant flow paths, as solute attenuation (including the degradation of nitrate) is linked to the age composition of outflow. Previous data driven studies suggested that catchment topographic slope has strong impacts on the age composition of streamflow and consequently on in-stream solute concentrations. However, the impacts have not been systematically assessed in terms of solute concentration levels and variation, particularly in humid catchments with strong seasonality in meteorological forcing. To fill this gap, we modeled the groundwater flow and nitrate transport for a cross-section of a small agricultural catchment in Central Germany. We used the fully coupled surface and subsurface numerical simulator HydroGeoSphere to model groundwater and overland flow as well as nitrate concentrations. We computed the water ages using numerical tracer experiments. To represent various topographic slopes, we additionally simulated ten synthetic cross-sections generated by modifying the mean slope from the real-world scenario while preserving the land surface micro-topography. Results suggest a three-class response of in-stream nitrate concentrations to topographic slope, from class 1 (slope > 1:60), via class 2 (1:100 < slope < 1:60), to class 3 (slope < 1:100). Flatter landscapes tend to produce higher in-stream nitrate concentrations within class 1 or class 3, however, not within class 2. Young streamflow fractions and nitrate concentrations decrease sharply when flatter landscapes are not able to maintain fast preferential discharge paths (e.g. seepage). The variation of in-stream concentrations, controlled by degradation variability rather than by nitrate source variability, shows a similar three-class response. Our results improve the understanding of nitrate export in response to topographic slope in temperate humid climates, with important implications for the management of stream water quality.
Longitudinal survey data for diversifying temporal dynamics in flood risk modelling
Authors: Mondino Elena , Scolobig Anna , Borga Marco , Di Baldassarre Giuliano
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Scholars have unravelled the complexities and underlying
uncertainties in coupled human and water systems in various fields and
disciplines. These complexities, however, are not always reflected in the
way in which the dynamics of human–water systems are modelled. One reason is
the lack of social data time series, which may be provided by longitudinal
surveys. Here, we show the value of collecting longitudinal survey data to
enrich sociohydrological modelling of flood risk. To illustrate, we compare
and contrast two different approaches (repeated cross-sectional and panel)
for collecting longitudinal data and explore changes in flood risk
awareness and preparedness in a municipality hit by a flash flood in 2018.
We found that risk awareness has not changed significantly in the timeframe
under study (1 year). Perceived preparedness increased only among those
respondents who suffered low damage during the flood event. We also found
gender differences across both approaches for most of the variables
explored. Lastly, we argue that results that are consistent across the two
approaches can be used for the parametrisation of sociohydrological models.
We posit that there is a need to enhance the representation of
socio-demographic heterogeneity in modelling human–water systems in order to
better support risk management.
Using machine learning and beach cleanup data to explain litter quantities along the Dutch North Sea coast
Authors: Kaandorp Mikael L. A. , Ypma Stefanie L. , Boonstra Marijke , Dijkstra Henk A. , van Sebille Erik
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Coastlines potentially harbor a large part of litter entering the oceans such as plastic waste. The relative importance of the physical processes that influence the beaching of litter is still relatively unknown. Here, we investigate the beaching of litter by analyzing a data set of litter gathered along the Dutch North Sea coast during extensive beach cleanup efforts between the years 2014–2019. This data set is unique in the sense that data is gathered consistently over various years by many volunteers (a total of 14,000), on beaches which are quite similar in substrate (sandy). This makes the data set valuable to identify what environmental variables might play an important role in the beaching process, and to explore the variability of beach litter. We investigate this by fitting a random forest machine learning regression model to the observed litter concentrations. We find that especially tides play an important role, where an increasing tidal variability and tidal height lead to less litter found on beaches. Relatively straight and exposed coastlines appear to accumulate more litter. The regression model indicates that transport of litter through the marine environment is also important in explaining beach litter variability. By understanding what processes cause the accumulation of litter on the coast, recommendations can be given for more effective removal of litter from the marine environment. We estimate that 16,000–31,400 kilograms (95 % confidence interval) of litter are located on the 365 kilometers of Dutch North Sea coastline.
Coupled dynamics and evolution of primordial and recycled heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle
Authors: Gülcher Anna Johanna Pia , Ballmer Maxim Dionys , Tackley Paul James
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The nature of compositional heterogeneity in Earth's lower mantle remains a long-standing puzzle that can inform about the long-term thermochemical evolution and dynamics of our planet. Here, we use global-scale 2D models of thermochemical mantle convection to investigate the coupled evolution and mixing of (intrinsically dense) recycled and (intrinsically strong) primordial heterogeneity in the mantle. We explore the effects of ancient compositional layering of the mantle, as motivated by magma ocean solidification studies, and of the physical parameters of primordial material.
Depending on these physical parameters, our models predict various regimes of mantle evolution and heterogeneity preservation over 4.5 Gyr. Over a wide parameter range, primordial and recycled heterogeneity are predicted to co-exist with each other in the lower mantle of Earth-like planets. Primordial material usually survives as medium- to large-scale blobs (or streaks) in the mid-mantle, around 1000–2000 km depth, and this preservation is largely independent of the initial primordial-material volume. In turn, recycled oceanic crust (ROC) persists as large piles at the base of the mantle and as small streaks everywhere else. In models with an additional dense FeO-rich layer initially present at the base of the mantle, the ancient dense material partially survives at the top of ROC piles, causing the piles to be compositionally stratified. Moreover, the addition of such an ancient FeO-rich basal layer significantly aids the preservation of the viscous domains in the mid-mantle.
Finally, we find that primordial blobs are commonly directly underlain by thick ROC piles and aid their longevity and stability.
Based on our results, we propose an integrated style of mantle heterogeneity for the Earth involving the preservation of primordial domains along with recycled piles. This style has important implications for early Earth evolution and has the potential to reconcile geophysical and geochemical discrepancies on present-day lower-mantle heterogeneity.
A multi-purpose lifting-line flow solver for arbitrary wind energy concepts
Authors: Branlard Emmanuel , Brownstein Ian , Strom Benjamin , Jonkman Jason , Dana Scott , Baring-Gould Ian
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In this work, we extend the AeroDyn module of OpenFAST to be able to support arbitrary collections of wings, rotors and towers. The new standalone AeroDyn driver supports arbitrary motions of the lifting-surfaces and complex turbulent inflows. We describe the features and updates necessary for the implementation of the new AeroDyn driver. We present different case studies of the driver to illustrate its application to concepts such as: multi-rotors, kites, or vertical axis wind turbines. We perform verification and validation of some of the new features using the following test cases: an elliptical wing, a horizontal axis wind turbine, and a 2D and 3D vertical axis wind turbines. The wind turbine simulations are compared to field measurements. We use this opportunity to point out some limitations of current models and highlight areas which we think should be the focus of future research in wind turbine aerodynamics.
Research models and methods in legal translation
Authors: Biel Lucja , Engberg Jan
Published: September 2021

The introduction presents an overview of traditional research methods in Legal Translation Studies and discusses new developments as represented by the papers comprised in the special issue. The predominant methodology is corpus-based; there is a clear shift from qualitative to quantitative methods. Corpus-based methods are applied to the study of local phenomena, such as terms or phrasemes, and of global phenomena, such as genres and macrogenres, as well as they analyse practical decisions made by legal translators with a view to developing new tools and resources for translators. Other directions include: the application of comparative law methods, sociology of translation and Critical Discourse Analysis. Overall, there is growing interest in the communicative, pragmatic, cognitive and social aspects of legal translation. As the papers demonstrate, research into legal translation requires methodological eclectism and triangulation, as well as further integration along the interdisciplinary lines.
To Feast or not to Feast : les défis d’Henry V à la traduction audiovisuelle
Authors: Sanchez Nicolas
Published: September 2021

In 2002, Dirk Delabastita published ‘A Great Feast of Languages’, one of the most detailed, thought-provoking and celebrated studies on multilingualism in Shakespeare’s ‘King Henry V.’ Not only did he show how demanding the play was for translators who had to render its dialects as well as its French-English scenes, but he also paved the way for further analysis, by stating in his conclusion: “Our study should also be broadened by considering (…) the various translations of its two film versions.” Indeed, ‘Henry V’ was adapted on screen by Laurence Olivier in 1944 and Kenneth Branagh in 1989. This paper will explore the challenges audiovisual translation faces to re-echo each diverging voice. While dubbing is infamous for covering and domesticating original dialogues, subtitling seeks simplification and uniformity: as such, are they really suited for polyglotism? To propose an answer in keeping with current trends in AVT, this article will mostly scrutinize the French, Italian, German and Latin American versions of the more recent film adaptation.
Interpreting conflict mediation in Kosovo and Macedonia
Authors: Todorova Marija
Published: September 2021

While the basic role of interpreters is to facilitate communication, situations of conflict mediation and third party intervention very often surpass the usual role and skills needed by interpreters in any other situations. Interpreters in conflict mediation need to be more sensitive to the background situation, emotions, and need to be able to sense perceptions and feelings. They also need to help the mediator create trust, open communication channels, and understand cultural differences and emotions. Drawing on Touval’s (2002) influential argument that biased mediators in international disputes are often the most effective, as well as Kriesberg’s (1991) concept of the quasi-mediator, this paper looks at the role of interpreters in conflict mediation, with a particular focus on the issue of their prescribed or perceived neutrality, based on a survey of interpreters and mediators involved in conflict mediation processes in Kosovo and Macedonia. The concept of neutrality is revisited in terms of conflict mediation theory as well as interpreting theory. Recommendations are provided for training in mediation for interpreters.
Computer-based collaborative revision as a virtual lab of translation genetics
Authors: Scocchera Giovanna
Published: September 2021

Introducing revision as a key stage of any writing process, including translation, this paper aims at underlining its role in the genetics of translation. Other-revision, i.e. the activity performed by a reviser on someone else’s translation, will be the focus of this paper, whose overall objective is to show that when performed in a collaborative modality, revision may prove a miniature, virtual lab of translation genetics. With the aid of computer tools already available, and new ad-hoc solutions hopefully to be developed, all reviser-translator interplay in the form of text changes, suggestions and comments can be visually tracked, recorded and thus become an object of study. Besides being an invaluable didactic tool and a hoped-for professional practice, computer-based collaborative revision may prove a valid method for data elicitation and collection, and for experimental investigation in the field of translation genetics.
Gender, genetics, translation: Encounters in the Feminist Translator's Archive of Barbara Godard
Authors: Karpinski Eva C.
Published: September 2021

The article demonstrates the usefulness of textual genetics in corroborating the dynamic, process-oriented concepts of translation developed by feminist translation theorists. Focusing on the Canadian scholar and translator Barbara Godard, the paper examines her translation manuscripts of Nicole Brossard’s L’Amèr: ou le chapitre effrité (1977) and Amantes (1980), published in English as These Our Mothers (1983) and Lovhers (1986). The author argues that genetic analysis has the potential to challenge conventional understandings of translation as a linear transfer of meaning in the exchange of equivalences and that genetics can supply evidence that translation is a multidirectional, recursive and dialogical process of thought and transformation, a creative combination rather than a transparent substitution of meaning. The graphic markings, layerings, and inscriptions on the archival drafts reveal complex intersubjective and interdiscursive foldings at the heart of translation and expose translation as a series of temporal re-readings. They bring into view different encounters and relationalities and reaffirm the view of translation as a cultivation of friendship and collaboration.
Quality assessment in interlingual live subtitling: The NTR Model
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo , Pöchhacker Franz
Published: September 2021

This article presents a model for assessing the quality of interlingual live subtitling, as carried out by way of respeaking and automatic speech recognition or other means. The first part reviews the requirements and formulas for quality assessment in intralingual live subtitling and presents the NER model, developed by the first author, which serves as a foundation for the new model. Drawing on insights from the literature on both prerecorded interlingual subtitling and simultaneous interpreting, the authors then introduce the NTR model, an NER-based formula for calculating the accuracy rate of (interlingual) live subtitles. The model features a set of categories for scoring the accuracy of content and form as well as a three-level grading scale for translation and recognition errors. The application of the NTR model is exemplified, highlighting the role of the accuracy rate as part of an overall qualitative assessment.
Post-editing quality: Analysing the correctness and necessity of post-editor corrections
Authors: Koponen Maarit , Salmi Leena
Published: September 2021

Post-editing (PE) machine translations (MT) has become an increasingly common practice in the translation field in recent years. Research has investigated, among other issues, the types of error corrected by post-editors, but less emphasis has been placed on the corrections themselves and how they reflect MT errors. This article presents a pilot study analysing the edits made by five student post-editors in an English–Finnish post-editing task. We analyse the correctness and necessity of the edits. Our results show that, whereas most edits performed in the task are correct, a significant number of them (34%) are unnecessary. The findings suggest that specific types of edit, such as word-order changes and deletions of personal pronouns, are generally unnecessary for this language pair, which may have implications for post-editing practice and training.
Gentzler, E. (2017). Translation and rewriting in the age of post-translation studies. London: Routledge.
Authors: Diao Hong
Published: September 2021

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The Thorny Problem of Translation and Interpreting Quality
Authors: Koby Geoffrey S. , Lacruz Isabel
Published: September 2021

Judging quality in translation and interpreting and in the associated task of revision has a long and controversial history. We briefly comment on some aspects of this history to provide context for the contemporary perspectives on and investigations into quality assessment that are represented in this volume of Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series: Themes in Translation Studies. A fundamental obstacle to progress is the lack of consensus about how to characterize high-quality translation or interpreting, let alone the identification of broadly accepted models for measuring translation or interpreting quality or the ability of translators or interpreters. The advent of machine translation and post-editing has focused attention on the very nature of quality: Is it proximity to a “gold standard” of perfection or is it characteristic of a product that simply serves its purpose well enough to satisfy the needs of the consumer? In other words, is quality something that should be measured and judged in absolute terms or in relative terms? Different philosophies of quality assessment reflect these dichotomies, with the absolutists seeking objective assessments based on detailed analyses of taxonomies of errors, whereas the relativists prefer a more holistic approach that is more sympathetic to subjective judgements. The contributors to this volume present a broad range of approaches to quality assessment in a variety of contexts. We describe their achievements and provide brief analyses through the lens of the framework above.
Visual metaphors in medical knowledge representation
Authors: Tercedor Sánchez Maribel , Casado Valenzuela Alicia
Published: September 2021

Understanding the role of mental images and embodiment in metaphorical thought is fundamental to the study of metaphor in science in general, and in medicine in particular. And analysing typologies of metaphorical images and their function is a key issue in assessing their success in disseminating knowledge, since knowledge construction depends on the interaction between verbal and visual information (Ketola, 2016). In this article, we describe the premises and methodological steps followed in analysing and describing visual metaphorical information in medical texts for lay audiences. We follow a data-driven approach in which images were extracted from the VariMed database, a multimodal terminographical tool for translation, linguistic research and knowledge dissemination. An experiment was carried out to explore how successfully metaphorical images used as illustrations for specific medical concepts were identified and understood. We conclude that metaphorical images were preferred over non-metaphorical illustrations for medical concepts, which may point to lay audiences’ familiarity with metaphorical multimodal references.
Translating multimodal texts in space: A case study of St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
Authors: Liao Min-Hsiu
Published: September 2021

Multimodality has received considerable critical attention in Translation Studies over the past decades. However, how translations interact with or within three-dimensional material space is still under-researched. This article proposes to use the study of geosemiotics (Scollon & Scollon, 2003) as the theoretical framework within which to explore this new territory. The case study was carried out at the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art in Glasgow. The multimodal analysis divides museum space into four ranks: the museum surroundings, the museum building, the museum exhibition and the museum objects. The findings reveal that the translated exhibition texts interact with the four ranks of spaces to consistently minimize the narratives of Christian heritage in Glasgow and manifest a multi-religious and multi-ethnic Scottish identity. This study demonstrates how the (non-)provision of translations has the potential to influence the construction of in-place meaning in the multimodal museum space.
Comparing the impact of automatically generated and corrected subtitles on cognitive load and learning in a first- and second-language educational context
Authors: Chan Wing Shan , Kruger Jan-Louis , Doherty Stephen
Published: September 2021

The addition of subtitles to videos has the potential to benefit students across the globe in a context where online video lectures have become a major channel for learning, particularly because, for many, language poses a barrier to learning. Automated subtitling, created with the use of speech-recognition software, may be a powerful way to make this a scalable and affordable solution. However, in the absence of thorough post-editing by human subtitlers, this mode of subtitling often results in serious errors that arise from problems with speech recognition, accuracy, segmentation and presentation speed. This study therefore aims to investigate the impact of automated subtitling on student learning in a sample of English first- and second-language speakers. Our results show that high error rates and high presentation speeds reduce the potential benefit of subtitles. These findings provide an important foundation for future studies on the use of subtitles in education.
Training audio describers for art museums
Authors: Soler Gallego Silvia , Luque Colmenero María Olalla
Published: September 2021

Audio description (AD) for art museums and exhibitions is a growing professional field. This article investigates the profiles of audio describers for art museums that exist today and presents a curriculum proposal for one of these profiles, namely the graduate in Translation Studies. This proposal consists of the incorporation of an internship in art museum AD into the Translation Studies curriculum. More specifically, this article describes the internship offered by the Kaleidoscope non-profit association, based in Granada, to graduates in Translation. Our proposal is discussed in relation to Kiraly’s (2000, 2012) social constructivist and holistic–experiential approaches to translator education and recent studies that advocate more internship opportunities for Translation graduates to help their meta-competence emerge (Kiraly & Hofmann, 2016) and to foster their employability (Schnell & Rodríguez, 2017).
Training in Accessible Filmmaking
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo
Published: September 2021

Accessible filmmaking (AFM), that is, the integration of audiovisual translation (AVT) and media accessibility (MA) into the filmmaking process through collaboration between filmmakers and translators/MA experts, has developed significantly over the past few years. It has been endorsed by filmmakers such as Ken Loach and institutions such as the British Film Institute (BFI), which has decided to embrace it as a key element in the production of films and the training of future filmmakers. However, current training in AFM is at best anecdotal. This article aims to address this gap by proposing two different courses on AFM. By way of introduction, section 2 sets the background with an analysis of the reasons behind the division between film and AVT/MA. Special attention is paid to the invisibility of AVT/MA in Film Studies and to the new AVT/MA-aware notion of film that underpins the current proposal for AFM training. Sections 3 and 4 provide an overview of the training currently available in AVT/MA and film(-making). Finally, section 5 offers an account of the first pioneering attempts to provide AFM training and, most importantly, a proposed outline for two different courses designed to equip accessible filmmakers and translators/MA experts with the required skills and competences to apply the AFM model.
Respeaking certification Bringing together training, research and practice
Authors: Romero-Fresco Pablo , Melchor-Couto Sabela , Dawson Hayley , Moores Zoe , Pedregosa Inma
Published: September 2021

Research and training in respeaking are still lagging behind professional practice. One of the consequences of this lack of training opportunities is the UK government’s refusal, in 2016, to use the Disabled Students’ Allowances (DSA) to provide for respoken subtitles, arguing that respeaking was not a qualified profession. In order to tackle this issue, the Galician Observatory for Media Accessibility set up LiRICS, the Live Respeaking International Certification Standard, which aims to set and maintain high international standards in the respeaking profession. In 2019, after assessing the online certification process proposed by LiRICS, the Department of Education in the UK concluded that it meets their requirements and that LiRICS-certified respeakers are eligible for Disabled Students’ Allowances funding. This article outlines, first, the current provision of respeaking training around the world and the assessments of live subtitling quality carried out to date, both of which inform the LiRICS online certification process presented here. The focus is then placed on the actual certification process, including a description of the tests, the platform used and the quality assurance process. This is followed by an analysis of the respeakers’ performance, which has been shown to be in line with current professional standards.
Live subtitlers: Who are they? A survey study
Authors: Robert Isabelle S. , Schrijver Iris , Diels Ella
Published: September 2021

This article reports on the results of the first study in a larger research project on the profile of the interlingual live subtitler entitled ‘Interlingual Live Subtitling for Access’ (ILSA). Intralingual live subtitling is widely used in the industry and has attracted academic attention. Interlingual live subtitling, on the other hand, is still in its infancy. Although industrial demand is increasing, academic research is lagging behind. Moreover, a competence profile and a subsequent curriculum design are yet to be developed. ILSA wants to bridge this gap. It aims to describe the profile of the interlingual live subtitler and to develop, test and validate a training course for this new professional. This article reports on the initial stage of the project, which consists of a description of the current practice and training of intralingual and interlingual live subtitlers: Who are they and how have they been trained? To answer this question, surveys were disseminated among practitioners. The responses gathered from these surveys not only shed light on the current practices and training programmes; they also demonstrate that an all-encompassing training programme on interlingual live subtitling is lacking. This confirms the belief that projects such as ILSA are needed to support the training of future interlingual live subtitlers and to improve live subtitling in the future.
Media accessibility training
Authors: Mazur Iwona , Vercauteren Gert
Published: September 2021

With the emergence of media accessibility services such as audio description and (live) subtitles for the deaf and the hard of hearing the need has arisen to train prospective professionals in those areas. In this article, which opens the volume devoted to media accessibility training, we first define the field of study and then review some European projects that deal with the topic. Next, we discuss the current landscape of media accessibility training, including the required skills and competences, curriculum design, methodological approaches, training materials and assessment. An overview of the 12 contributions that have been included in the volume follows, together with an exploration of how they advance the state of the art. Finally, we end with a note on what still remains to be done in the realm of media accessibility training.
Cognitive Translation Studies: Models and methods at the cutting edge
Authors: Xiao Kairong , Muñoz Martín Ricardo
Published: September 2021

Several indicators seem to suggest that, through nearly six decades of development, Cognitive Translation Studies (CTS) may be taking shape as an autonomous field of study. The main challenges ahead seem to be building sounder theoretical models and carrying out more rigorous methodological scrutiny. These two strands converge as central themes in the 11 contributions to this special issue of LANS-TTS. To provide a context for theoretical modelling and to frame critical discussions of the methods included in this volume, we first trace the present landscape of CTS and how it evolved so as to test Holmes’ criteria for disciplines: founding new channels of communication and sharing a “disciplinary utopia”. The contributions are arranged into four thematic categories as applied to CTS, namely, scientometrics, framing or reframing our field, the reliability and validity of popular research methods, and new methods or novel approaches. This article closes with a call to reflect on some fundamental issues on the next steps of humankind regarding communication, with ever-growing societal demands and expectations that call for refreshing our notions of translation in the context of increasingly diversified forms of multilectal mediated communication.
La prensa y la opinión pública
Authors: Kracauer Siegfried , Aladro Vico Eva
Published: September 2021

En 1910, en una alocución dirigida a los asistentes al Ier Congreso de la Asociación Alemana de Sociología celebrado en Frankfurt, Max Weber (1864-1920) instó a los académicos germanos a promover investigaciones sobre la condición de la prensa y el ejercicio del periodismo desde un punto de vista sociológico objetivo. Veinte años después de la reflexión weberiana,  se edita la obra “La prensa y la opinión pública” de Siegfried Kracauer (1889-1966) publicada en el Frankfurt Zeitung, que presentamos fragmentariamente en este número.  Es un ensayo crítico del gran ensayista y experto en la comunicación social, colmado de matices sobre el estudio de uno de los grandes dispositivos de conformación de la sociedad de masas, la prensa. Kracauer se enfrenta al formalismo sociológico que sobrevuela el planteamiento de los primeros estudios sobre la prensa. El autor alienta un análisis empírico sobre los nacientes procesos de manipulación de la opinión pública, y de la banalización de la comunicación que afloran en el horizonte de aquella época.
Cuando la tecnología deja de ser la utopía que cura la soledad
Authors: Cavadas Gormaz Maria José
Published: September 2021

A medida que crece el número de personas que viven solas, aumenta el uso de redes sociales dedicadas a proporcionar relaciones sentimentales. Este planteamiento aceptado unánimemente, genera una paradoja: el ciudadano de hoy  busca en la tecnología la solución a la soledad, pero al mismo tiempo se comporta  de manera que le aleja de su objetivo. Principios matemáticos y psicológicos  impiden el acercamiento El presente artículo analiza esta dualidad a través del portal  Meetic, primera red europea de contactos. Durante tres años se han seguido a doscientos usuarios  y se ha comprobado como la cultura digital ha entrado en ámbito privado de los sentimientos con toda naturalidad. Pero la esperanza alcanzar una vida en compañía se desvanece porque el aspirante cae presa de las leyes del mercado
Julian Assange: ¿transparencia invertida?
Authors: Olmos Emilio , Avila Javier
Published: September 2021

En un hecho inusitado, el 11 de abril del 2019, el presidente ecuatoriano, Lenín Moreno, decidió retirar el asilo político al fundador de WikiLeaks: Julian Assange. A raíz de este hecho, se analizan los reajustes políticos globales que esto trajo consigo, inicialmente se hace un análisis del perfil de Julian Assange y WikiLeaks, posteriormente se expone el contexto del Estado en el Ecuador, con ello, ubicamos el problema político de la transparencia. Se integran en el análisis los modelos, sobre todo, de Biopolítica en Michel Foucault y de Psicopolítica en Byung-Chul Han, para entender, el escenario neoliberal contemporáneo, así como proyecciones para una realidad política futura.
G-NESIS: Las artes escénicas digitales como oportunidad de Aprendizaje-Servicio en Ciencias Sociales
Authors: Fernández Santa Cecilia Pablo , Juárez González María , Jurado Villacañas Guillermo
Published: September 2021

En este artículo describimos la propuesta metodológica desarrollada en el seno de un Proyecto de Innovación Educativa, que tiene como objetivo la colaboración entre el Máster de Análisis Sociocultural del Conocimiento y de la Comunicación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, y la obra de teatro inmersiva con tecnología digital G-NESIS.  Durante dicha colaboración, se han puesto en juego metodologías propias de las ciencias sociales en el marco de una experiencia de “Aprendizaje-Servicio” en la que el alumnado ha podido poner en práctica las enseñanzas teóricas del Máster, con el objetivo de recabar de manera sistematizada la experiencia del público de G-NESIS para mejorarla en todo lo posible. Para ello, partiremos del conocimiento acumulado durante la participación en esta experiencia por parte de los autores de la publicación.
El anteproyecto de Ley General de Comunicación Audiovisual: una guía crítica de lectura
Authors: Zallo Elguezabal Ramón
Published: September 2021

El periodo de alegaciones institucional y de agentes al Anteproyecto de Ley General de Comunicación Audiovisual ha sido muy rico en aportaciones. En esta guía crítica se hace un seguimiento temático de cambios y continuidades respecto a la Ley vigente desde una clave interpretativa de avances y retrocesos en relación al servicio público, los derechos ciudadanos y de los usuarios, la diversidad, el pluralismo, menores, género, publicidad, obra audiovisual, la gobernanza y otros parámetros.. para llegar a un diagnóstico final que es muy crítico con el anteproyecto aun reconociendo exhaustivamente las novedades que recoge.
Okul Yöneticilerinin Eğitim Yönetiminde Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Uygulanmasına Önderlik Etme Süreçleri
Authors: Dündar Zeliha
Published: September 2021

The Ministry of Education as a school, or even aware of the importance of quality in the classroom for more than 10 years of Total Quality Management Implementation Project realized. There are schools and institutions, its impact on the project and the situation is important in terms of labor spent on studies. Total Quality Management in all public institutions, as well as contemporary participatory management approach and implementation of the national education system in the process of habituation occurred. Exchange of training programs, the implementation of student-centered educational programs is a positive development in the process of implementation of TQM. Where leading executives adopted the philosophy of TQM, continuous improvement targeted, small but continuous steps were taken forward, with one study achieved full participation is not possible to reach the success of Total Quality Management practices . Key Words: Education Management, Total Quality Management, Turkish Education System.