bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Which Pelvic Fractures Are Associated With Extravasation on Angiography?
Authors: Fierro Nicole M. , Dhillon Navpreet K. , Siletz Anaar E. , Muníz Tobias , Barmparas Galinos , Ley Eric J. , Hashim Yassar M.
Published: May 2022

Background

Bleeding from pelvic fractures can result in a high mortality rate unless quickly triaged by the trauma surgeon. Upon presentation, pelvic radiography may identify fractures that require angiography with possible embolization. We sought to address which fracture patterns seen on initial x-ray are associated with extravasation on angiography.

Methods

Data from a single institution retrospective review were collected on trauma patients admitted from 2011 to 2018 with pelvic fractures that required angiography. These fractures were identified by initial pelvic x-ray in the trauma bay and include anteroposterior compression (APC), lateral compression (LC), vertical shear (VS), and combined mechanism (CM) fractures, which are graded by severity. Fracture patterns high risk for bleeding, defined as APC II, APC III, LC III, VS, and CM, were compared to low-risk fracture patterns.

Results

Of the patients reviewed, 28 underwent pelvic angiography, 16 (57%) of which had extravasation. The difference in the incidence of extravasation between high and low-risk fracture patterns did not reach significance (36% vs 79%, P = .05). When comparing patients with acetabular fractures to those without, there was a significantly higher rate of extravasation associated with acetabular fractures (89% vs 42%, P value = .04), which were more likely to occur with LC I fractures (56% vs 11%, P = .02).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that traditional pelvic fracture patterns may overestimate the presence of extravasation. Acetabular fractures had a high rate of extravasation, suggesting that these fractures should be considered for early angiography with possible embolization when clinically warranted.
Detection of Ischemic Colitis on Routine Lower Endoscopy and Its Implications After Repair of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Kim Woihwan , Slipak Sasha H. , Webber Alexis , Ata Ashar , Canete Jonathan J. , Chismark A. David , Valerian Brian T. , Darling Ralph C. , Lee Edward C.
Published: May 2022

Background

Ischemic colitis (IC) is a known significant complication after repair of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA). Lower endoscopy (colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy) is a helpful adjunct to aid decision making for surgical exploration. We believe routine use of lower endoscopy after rAAA repair provides better patient care through expeditious diagnosis and surgical care.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of rAAA repairs from 2008 to 2019. All patients undergo screening lower endoscopy after rAAA repair at our institution. The incidence of IC, mortality, and diagnostic characteristics of routine lower endoscopy was analyzed.

Results

Of these, 182 patients underwent rAAA repair, among which 139 (76%) underwent routine lower endoscopy. Ischemic colitis of any grade was diagnosed in 25% of patients. The 30-day mortality was 11% compared to 19% in those without lower endoscopy. The presence of IC portended a 4-fold increase in mortality rate compared to those without (26% vs 6%, P = .005). Surgical exploration rate was 8% after routine lower endoscopy. Grade III ischemia on lower endoscopy had a sensitivity of 50% (95% CI 12-88) and specificity of 99% (95% CI 94-100) for transmural necrosis.

Discussion

We found increased incidence of IC and reliable diagnostic characteristics of routine lower endoscopy in predicting the presence of transmural colonic ischemia. There was decreased mortality with use of routine lower endoscopy but this was not statistically significant.
Effects of Early Chemoprophylaxis in Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Shulkosky Megan M. , Han Emily J. , Wahl Wendy L. , Hecht Jason P.
Published: May 2022

Background

The optimal timing to initiate venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unknown. We designed a study to determine the effect that timing of initiation of VTE prophylaxis has on VTE rates in TBI patients.

Methods

Patient records were obtained from 32 level 1 and 2 trauma centers in the Michigan Trauma Quality Improvement Program from 2008 to 2018. Overall, 5589 patients with a TBI were included and split into cohorts based on VTE prophylaxis initiation time. Outcomes included rate of VTE, mortality, and serious in-hospital complications.

Results

There were nine patients (1.3%) in the <24 hour group with a VTE as compared to 36 (2.6%) in the 24-48 hour group, 51 (4.1%) in the 48-72 hour group, and 181 (8.1%) in the >72 hour group ( P < .001). The adjusted odds of VTE were significantly greater in patients initiated within 48-72 hours (AOR 2.861, 95% CI 1.271-6.439) and >72 hours (AOR 3.963, 95% CI 1.824-8.612) compared to <24 hours. Patients that received VTE prophylaxis within 24 hours had similar rates of serious in-hospital complication as patients initiated within 24-48 hours (AOR .956, 95% CI .637-1.434) and 48-72 hour (AOR 1.132, 95% CI .757-1.692) but less than the >72 hour group (AOR 1.662, 95% CI 1.154-2.393) groups.

Discussion

Patients initiated on VTE prophylaxis within 48 hours of presentation had lower incidence of VTE without a significant increase in serious complications.
Castleman Disease Misdiagnosed as Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor by Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Authors: Gou Haoxian , Fan Jun , Luo Ming , Liu Shenglu , Yang Xiaoli , He Kai
Published: May 2022

Castleman disease (CD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder that rarely occurs in the pancreas. We reported a 46-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to recurrent minor epigastric pain for 7 days. The abdominal enhanced CT showed irregular foci in the body of the pancreas with abundant blood supply considered a neuroendocrine tumor. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor by an ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Therefore, he underwent an open pancreatic mass resection. The ultimate diagnosis was CD and belonged to hyaline vascular type based on the postoperative pathology. After a 13-month follow-up, no recurrence of abdominal pain or lesions was observed. This case suggests that fine needle aspiration biopsy is not conclusive and unsuitable for pancreatic CD and highlights the importance of routine pathology due to the absence of typical signs and symptoms.
Health and Well-Being Needs Among Head and Neck Cancer Caregivers – A Systematic Review
Authors: Benyo Sarah , Phan Chandat , Goyal Neerav
Published: May 2022

Objective:

This review provides a summary of the current understanding of the health and well-being of the head and neck cancer (HNC) caregiver. Our goal is to understand the healthcare needs required by the caregivers of our oncologic patients, which may ultimately influence quality of care and support that cancer patients require during treatment and recovery.

Methods:

Independent database searches were conducted to identify articles describing HNC caregiver health and healthcare utilization. Search terms included key synonyms for head and neck cancer, caregiver, psychological stress, anxiety, depression, mental health service, and delivery of healthcare in the title/abstract.

Results:

After following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Protocol, a total of 21 studies were included. Among the 21 studies in the review, a total of 1745 caregivers were included. The average age was 57 years, the majority were female (58%-100%), and spouses/partners of the patients (77%). The literature demonstrates significant anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and physical health decline in addition to multifaceted unmet physical and mental health needs among HNC caregivers.

Conclusion:

There is no standard for examining HNC caregiver healthcare needs, while there is evidence of increased healthcare utilization. The literature is limited regarding medical burdens faced by caregivers. Future research is needed to assess the physical health and comorbidities of HNC caregivers and their engagement with the healthcare system to guide further implementation of support models to address the needs of this population.
Serum human epididymis secretory protein 4 correlates with sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and 28-day mortality in critically ill patients
Authors: Luo Jinmei , Liang Jingjing , Wang Shaofang , Huang Shaoqiong , Zhou Laizhi , Shi Yunfeng , Zhang Jingcong , Wang Yanhong , Wu Ben-Quan , Li Laisheng
Published: May 2022

Background

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe disease with high mortality, and its primary cause is sepsis. The aim of this study was to detect and evaluate the role of Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in sepsis-related ARDS.

Methods

One hundred and twenty-three critically ill sepsis patients with/without ARDS and 102 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected upon admission for quantitative testing of HE4 by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). ROC curve analysis and Spearman’s correlation analysis were conducted to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of HE4.

Results

Compared with controls, the serum HE4 concentrations of sepsis patients were elevated, and levels in sepsis patients with ARDS were significantly higher (all p < 0.0001). Moreover, HE4 concentrations were strongly correlated with the clinical severity characteristics of sepsis patients, and ROC curve suggested that the AUC of HE4 applied to discriminate sepsis-ARDS patients from sepsis patients was 0.903. HE4 was also found to be a prognostic biomarker of clinical severity and 28-day mortality among critically ill sepsis patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that HE4 was an independent factor for diagnosis of ARDS. Meanwhile, ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off value of serum HE4 to discriminate 28-day mortality from sepsis patients (AUC: 0.782) was 646.5 pmol/L.

Conclusions

The concentration of serum HE4 in patients with sepsis-related ARDS was markedly increased and was significantly correlated with mortality, which suggests that serum HE4 could be a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ARDS in sepsis patients.
Mental health service utilisation and reoffending in offenders with a diagnosis of psychosis receiving non-custodial sentences: A 14-year follow-up study
Authors: Adily Armita , Albalawi Olayan , Sara Grant , Kariminia Azar , Wand Handan , Allnutt Stephen , Schofield Peter , Greenberg David , Grant Luke , Butler Tony
Published: May 2022

Objective:

While psychosis is considered a risk factor for offending, little is reported about mental health service utilisation in offenders with psychosis and its relationship with reoffending. We examined the association between contact with mental health services and reoffending in those diagnosed with psychosis.

Methods:

We linked health and offending records in New South Wales (Australia) and identified all individuals with a diagnosis of psychosis and a subsequent offence resulting in a non-custodial sentence between 2001 and 2012. We examined the incidence and risk factors for reoffending, and time to reoffending between 2001 and 2015 using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier survival methods. We specifically examined the association between clinical contact with community mental health services following the index offence and reoffending.

Results:

Of the 7393 offenders with psychosis, 70% had clinical contact and 49% reoffended. There was a linear relationship between an increased number of clinical contacts and reduced risk of reoffending: those with no clinical contact had more than a fivefold risk of reoffending compared to those with the highest number of contacts (adjusted hazard ratio = 5.78, 95% confidence interval = [5.04, 6.62]). Offenders with substance-related psychosis and those convicted of non-violent offences had fewer clinical contacts and higher rates of reoffending when compared with controls (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = [1.13, 1.47] and adjusted hazard ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = [1.18, 1.35], respectively).

Conclusion:

This study supports an association between more frequent mental health service use and reduced risk of reoffending. Efforts to enhance mental health service utilisation in those with psychosis who are at a higher risk of reoffending should be promoted.
From Family to Peer Systems: Mixed-Methods Study of Spillover Mechanisms on Juvenile Delinquency in China
Authors: Liu Tzu-Hsuan , Li Spencer De
Published: May 2022

This article contributes to the field of mixed methods by exemplifying the complementarities of two of the most widely used quantitative and qualitative analytic methods to explore the general pattern of the spillover effects on juvenile delinquency. It employed exploratory sequential and convergent mixed-methods. To ensure validity and reliability of the measurement items, the exploratory sequential mixed research design guided construction of the questionnaire and data collection. Structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analyses corroborated the empirical findings. Results from the mixed-methods analyses showed the significance of marital conflict’s spillover effects on juvenile delinquency and recognized the multiple paths through which youth mental health problems and delinquent peer associations operate as key mechanisms connecting marital conflict to juvenile delinquency.
Community-Based Educational Leadership in Principal Preparation: A Comparative Case Study of Aspiring Latina Leaders
Authors: Lac Van T. , Diaz Christina
Published: May 2022

This study examines the experiences of three aspiring Latina school leaders in a principal preparation program with a social justice emphasis. Employing theoretical perspectives grounded in a community-based educational leadership framework and transformational resistance theory, this study documents how coursework informed the perspectives of participants regarding educational equity and racial justice. This comparative case study takes place at a Hispanic Serving Institution and focuses on two social foundations courses spanning a 5-month period. Findings illustrate participants’ capacity to (a) reframe their past experiences as P-20 students in relation to meritocracy; (b) respond to current injustices as K-12 teachers, particularly the power of language to disrupt or perpetuate inequities; and lastly (c) re-envision educational leadership as future Latina principals as deeply intertwined with communities. The research highlights a need for a broadened approach to principal preparation that fosters future leaders to consider the engagement and leadership of marginalized students and families.
An Attentive Blank Stare Under Simulator-induced Spatial Disorientation Events
Authors: Fudali-Czyż Agnieszka , Lewkowicz Rafał , Francuz Piotr , Stróżak Paweł , Augustynowicz Paweł , Truszczyński Olaf , Bałaj Bibianna
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study investigated the effect of the spatial disorientation (SD) events on an attentive blank stare in the cockpit scene and demonstrated how much the flight task and visual delayed discrimination task were competing for the pilots’ attention.

Background

SD in flight is the leading cause of human error-related aircraft accidents in the military, general and commercial aviation, and has been an unsolved problem since the inception of flight. In-flight safety research, visually scanning cockpit instruments, and detecting changes are critical countermeasures against SD.

Method

Thirty male military pilots were performing a dual task involving piloting a flight simulator and visual change detection, while eye movements were obtained using an eye tracker.

Results

Pilots made more flight errors and spent less time gazing at the area of change in SD-conflict than in non-conflict flights. The vestibular origin SD-conflict led not only to deteriorated piloting and visual scanning but also to problems coordinating overt and covert attention, resulting in lower noticeability of visual changes despite gazing at them.

Conclusion

Our study shows that looking at a given area in space is not a sufficient condition for effective covert attention allocation and the correct response to a visual stimulus. It seems to be important to make pilots aware of this during SD training.

Application

To reduce change blindness, some strategies, such as reducing the number of secondary tasks is extremely valuable. Particular efforts should also be focused on improving the design of the aircraft cockpit by increasing the conspicuousness of critical information.
Interactions in Sociotechnical Systems: Achieving Balance in the Use of an Augmented Reality Mobile Application
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , Morgan John , Ramadhani Widya A. , Hanson Keith , Vazquez-Melendez Elsa , Kendhari Harleena , Shaikh Nadia , Riech Teresa , Mischler Matthew , Krzyzaniak Sara , Barton Ginger , Formella Kyle T. , Abbott Zachary R. , Farmer John N. , Ebert-Allen Rebecca , Croland Trina
Published: May 2022

Objective

We explore relationships between barriers and facilitators experienced by users to understand dynamic interactions in sociotechnical systems and improve a mobile phone-based augmented reality application that teaches users about the contents of a standardized pediatric code cart.

Background

Understanding interactions between performance obstacles and facilitators can provide guidance to (re)designing sociotechnical systems to improve system outcomes. Clinicians should know about contents and organization of code carts, and an augmented reality mobile application may improve that knowledge but changes the sociotechnical system in which they learn. Prior work identified barriers and facilitators impacting the use of this application—participants described dimensions together, indicating interactions that are explored in the current study.

Method

We conducted four focus groups (number of clinicians = 18) and two interviews with clinicians who used the application. We performed a secondary analysis of focus group data exploring interactions between previously identified barriers and facilitators to application use. We used epistemic network analysis to visualize these interactions.

Results

Work system barriers interacted with barriers and facilitators interacted with facilitators to amplify cumulative negative or positive impact, respectively. Facilitators balanced barriers, mitigating negative impact. Facilitators also exacerbated barriers, worsening negative impact.

Conclusion

Barriers and facilitators interact and can amplify, balance, and exacerbate each other—notably, positives are not always positive. To obtain desired outcomes, interactions must be further considered in sociotechnical system design, for example, the potential improvements to the application we identified.
Modality Changes in Vigilance Displays: Further Evidence of Supramodal Resource Depletion in Vigilance
Authors: Greenlee Eric T. , DeLucia Patricia R. , Lui Tiffany G.
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a modality change on vigilance performance to determine whether depletion of modality-specific resources contributes to the vigilance decrement.

Background

Resource theory accounts for the vigilance decrement by arguing that the demands of vigilance deplete limited information processing resources. Research indicates that both supramodal and modality-specific resources are involved in vigilance, but it is unclear whether the vigilance decrement is due to depletion of supramodal resources, modality-specific resources, or both. If depletion of modality-specific resources contributes to the decrement, changing the modality of a vigilance display should improve vigilance performance after a decrement.

Method

Participants completed a 50-min vigilance task beginning in either the visual modality or the auditory modality. After 40-min, half of the participants experienced a sudden transition to the other modality; the remaining participants did not experience a modality change.

Results

Performance declined over time and was generally superior in the auditory modality. Changing modality from visual to auditory increased correct detections, whereas changing from auditory to visual decreased correct detections. Both types of modality change were associated with an increase in false alarms, and neither had an effect on workload or stress.

Conclusion

Supramodal resource depletion, rather than modality-specific resource depletion, is the most likely explanation for the vigilance decrement that can be derived from resource theory.

Application

Modality changes are not likely to counteract the vigilance decrement and may actually increase false alarm errors. Countermeasure development should involve identification of depleted supramodal resources.
Internet Crimes Against Minors and Legal Framework in India
Authors: Kaur Gurmeet
Published: May 2022

Internet crimes against minors is a complex social emerging issue and a matter of concern that needs more attention from the government law enforcement agencies, legislators, parents, educators, intermediaries and over-the-top (OTT) platforms due to the massive increase in the usage of internet and mobile communication technologies. It is seen that relative ease in accessing media has led to an increase in online crimes against teenagers/adolescents having varied dimensions and impact on the victims. The study explores different forms of online crimes faced by teenagers through various online platforms, the potential offenders and the types of technologies deployed by them to commit crimes against minors. The article focuses on analysing existing laws and policies in India to combat cybercrimes against minors. Strategies for the prevention and protection of children against child abuse and exploitation have also been discussed.
Institutional characteristics of education systems and inequalities: Introduction II
Authors: Gross Christiane , Hadjar Andreas , Zapfe Laura
Published: May 2022

This is the second special issue of the International Journal of Comparative Sociology on the role of education systems as institutional settings on the reproduction of inequalities. The first was published in January 2021 and included papers that explored the role of shadow education and country characteristics during early childhood on educational inequalities. This special issue includes three papers that focus on stratification of the education system as a key driver of educational inequalities, cumulative (dis)advantage in the access to higher education, and student experiences in national educational systems. While we already elaborated on the research program, conceptual framework, and methodological challenges in the first introduction, we will deal with the current state-of-research in this second introduction.
From Sainthood to Saintly Kinship: How Claiming Saintly Kinship Is Structuring the Social and Patronage Relationships in Rural Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Qadar Abdul , Waheed Arslan
Published: May 2022

This article problematises ‘sainthood’ as a sacred spiritual construct by the understanding and appropriation of the same. We have examined claims of Chishti and Dhuddi biraderies (endogamous kinship groups) as spiritually elevated and socially superior groups based on our recent fieldwork in three villages in the district of Vehari, Punjab. We take a case study of Chishti biraderi’ s claims of spiritual ascendency because of their descendance from Shaykh Farid (d. 1265 CE). Chishties’ position as chosen ones is contested by Dhuddi biraderi who claim their descendance from an equally famous Sufi saint Dewan Baba Haji Sher (d. 752 CE). Our research shows how claims of saintly kinship reflect the power struggle in rural Punjab where the appropriation of saintly kinship as well as contestations of similar claims are advanced by zamindar (land owner) patrons to reproduce their position of power and privilege.
Livelihood Struggle for Sustainability and Dignity in Context of Caste (Case of Musahar Youth in Rural Uttar Pradesh in India)
Authors: Chand Dinesh
Published: May 2022

Musahar youth have been struggling for basic needs and face indignity at multiple facets in the society due to caste. In contemporary times, historicity of caste, stigmatized identity, indignity, poor social values and low participation status make it difficult to avail any kind of social, educational and employment support. Sustainability is a form of survivability, and lack of dignity diminishes wage work, forcing them to migrate. This paper is based on PhD research data and applied qualitative research methods following in-depth interview, oral history, seasonal calendar and so on. Historical marginality of caste persists and frames aspiration, dignity and sustainability.
Coordination and Fair Division in Refugee Responsibility Sharing
Authors: Ericson Richard E , Zeager Lester A
Published: May 2022

We analyze the problem of international responsibility sharing for a refugee group seeking protection from the dangers of mass violence arising from inter-state conflict or the collapse of a fragile state. After reviewing several proposed solutions, we characterize responsibility sharing as a coordination problem in a simple sequential “moves” game between two potential host countries. We demonstrate that, ultimately, the country that makes the first move to receive refugees bears a disproportionate responsibility. We then draw on two historical case studies that illustrate the difficulties of coordinating a fair division of refugee responsibilities. To solve the coordination problem, we adapt a fair division procedure by inverting one first presented by Hugo Steinhaus for dividing “goods.” We demonstrate that the procedure is applicable to costly “obligations” under different scenarios and is manipulation proof, as each participating country has an obviously dominant strategy.
Friday on My Mind: Re-Assessing the Impact of Protest Size on Government Concessions
Authors: Butcher Charles , Pinckney Jonathan
Published: May 2022

Do more protesters on the streets make governments likely to grant their demands? Several studies link protest size and government concessions. Yet existing research has limitations: many studies suffer from potential endogeneity due to potential protesters joining protests when they anticipate that concessions are likely, causal mechanisms are often unclear, and many of the most rigorous event-level studies are limited to Western democracies. We reexamine this relationship in a non-Western sample using a novel instrumental variable approach, using Fridays as an instrument for exogenous variation in protest size in predominately Muslim countries. We perform two analyses: one using the NAVCO 3.0 dataset, and the second using the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Dataset (MMAD). In both analyses exogenous variation in protest size negatively affects the likelihood of concessions. Larger protests are less likely to receive government concessions. We suggest these surprising results point to the importance of unanticipated protests that produce new information about regime stability to motivate government concessions.
Maternal Ethnotheories About Infants’ Ideal States in Two Cultures
Authors: Wefers Helen , Schwarz Clara Leonie , Hernández Chacón Ledys , Kärtner Joscha
Published: May 2022

Accumulating evidence suggests that ethnotheories about ideal states of infant affect and activity vary across cultures in important ways. However, most previous studies have not directly identified such ethnotheories but rather inferred them from observational studies on mother-infant interaction. To fill this research gap, we interviewed mothers from two cultural milieus—mothers from Münster (urban Germany) and mothers who identify themselves as Kichwas (rural Ecuador), as these contexts presumably offer different construals of the self—to determine their ideal states of infant affect and activity and their self-reported co-regulation tendencies. The interview was based on short video clips of a German and an Ecuadorian infant displaying different combinations of affect (neutral, low-arousal positive or high-arousal positive affect) and activity (low or high). As expected, mothers in Münster preferred higher levels of positive affect than Kichwa mothers. Regarding co-regulation tendencies, we found cultural similarities and differences: Across samples, mothers tended to stimulate affect, and activity, especially when infants were neutral or inactive, but differed in their modality of co-regulation. More specifically, Münster mothers advocated more distal co-regulation modalities than did the Kichwa mothers. Taken together, the present study is the first to provide explicit evidence that maternal ethnotheories about infants’ ideal affect vary across cultures. The cross-cultural differences in ideal affect were not accompanied by differences in self-reported co-regulation of affect, suggesting an indirect link between ideals and (self-reported) parenting behavior.
Root Canal Treatment Survival Analysis in National Dental PBRN Practices
Authors: Thyvalikakath T. , LaPradd M. , Siddiqui Z. , Duncan W.D. , Eckert G. , Medam J.K. , Rindal D.B. , Jurkovich M. , Gilbert G.H. ,   National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group
Published: May 2022

Few studies have examined the longevity of endodontically treated teeth in nonacademic clinical settings where most of the population receives its care. This study aimed to quantify the longevity of teeth treated endodontically in general dentistry practices and test the hypothesis that longevity significantly differed by the patient’s age, gender, dental insurance, geographic region, and placement of a crown and/or other restoration soon after root canal treatment (RCT). This retrospective study used deidentified data of patients who underwent RCT of permanent teeth through October 2015 in 99 general dentistry practices in the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (Network). The data set included 46,702 patients and 71,283 RCT permanent teeth. The Kaplan–Meier (product limit) estimator was performed to estimate survival rate after the first RCT performed on a specific tooth. The Cox proportional hazards model was done to account for patient- and tooth-specific covariates. The overall median survival time was 11.1 y; 26% of RCT teeth survived beyond 20 y. Tooth type, presence of dental insurance any time during dental care, placement of crown and/or receiving a filling soon after RCT, and Network region were significant predictors of survival time ( P < 0.0001). Gender and age were not statistically significant predictors in univariable analysis, but in multivariable analyses, gender was significant after accounting for other variables. This study of Network practices geographically distributed across the United States observed shorter longevity of endodontically treated permanent teeth than in previous community-based studies. Also, having a crown placed following an RCT was associated with 5.3 y longer median survival time. Teeth that received a filling soon after the RCT before the crown was placed had a median survival time of 20.1 y compared to RCT teeth with only a crown (11.4 y), only a filling (11.2 y), or no filling and no crown (6.5 y).
Contribution of Shadow Education to the Performance of Students in Public Schools: The Case of Sri Lanka
Authors: Herath Tikiri N.
Published: May 2022

This study individually estimates and analyzes the contribution of public schools and fee-paid private tutoring classes to academic performance of students in Sri Lanka. Econometric models and measures of descriptive statistics were estimated and instructional time was graphically compared to test whether the private tutoring classes significantly contribute to students’ academic performance. Econometric results with descriptive statistics strongly confirm the contribution of private tutoring education in the academic performance of the students in public schools. The study concludes that in Sri Lanka, private tuition classes have a significant positive contribution to the academic performance of students in public schools.
Autistic Students’ Views on Meaningful Inclusion: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Lebenhagen Chandra
Published: May 2022

This study investigated the self-reported school experiences of autistic students in Canada using a critical disability framework and a phenomenological research lens. Student perception data were collected using a mixed-method convergent parallel research design. Quantitative survey data ( n = 72) and qualitative data ( n = 19 open-ended responses and n = 10 email interviews) were collected using asynchronous and synchronous methods. Students reported most favorably on their school experiences when they felt welcome, respected, and supported by teachers. This study’s unique finding is that over half of participants preferred to use non-speaking modes of communication because methods such as typing and drawing helped improve the clarity of their messages and minimize feelings of stress and anxiety.
Women, work and industrial relations in Australia in 2021
Authors: Lee Talara , Good Laura , Lipton Briony , Cooper Rae
Published: May 2022

The year 2021 has been momentous for women at work in Australia. Two key themes loom large: first, the highly gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paid and unpaid work, and second, the ongoing crisis of persistent gender-based disrespect and violence in Australian workplaces. Both have prompted escalating demands for change to provide women with better jobs, improve the balance between work and care, and ensure more respect at work. This article examines these issues, briefly analyses the 2021–22 Federal Budget and parental leave policy in Australia a decade after a national scheme commenced, and foreshadows several issues on women and work to watch in 2022.
Incumbent takeovers
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Tolstrup Jakob
Published: May 2022

The expansion of power by incumbent political leaders has become the subject of increased scholarly attention. In democracies, this is known as ‘subversions by the ruling executive’, ‘executive aggrandizement’, or ‘autogolpe’; in autocracies, researchers study ‘personalization’, ‘transition to personal rulership’, or ‘power-grabbing’. While the terminological landscape is rich, there is little conceptual agreement of what leader-driven power expansion is (and is not). Furthermore, we still lack broad data that allow us to investigate the phenomenon systematically across democracy and autocracy. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it offers a unified approach to study leader-driven power expansion – incumbent takeovers – across the political regime spectrum. Second, drawing from 11 datasets and original data collection and coding, we introduce a new, comprehensive dataset on 495 individual takeover events carried out by 279 political leaders in 132 countries in the period 1918–2019. We provide estimates of the takeover onset years, the time to takeover, the length of the takeover spells, and discuss the differences between distinct indicators, inter alia. Future research may leverage these data for a better understanding of the drivers of incumbent takeovers as well as the role of takeovers in regime change, civil wars, coups, and uprisings.
Disparities in Special Education Services for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States
Authors: Menezes Michelle , Pappagianopoulos Jessica , Robinson Melissa F. , Sadikova Eleonora , Cross Robert , Mazurek Micah O.
Published: May 2022

The current study aimed to examine racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in the receipt of special education services for students with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a healthcare provider utilizing parent-report data from a large, nationally representative sample of U.S. youth. Binary logistic regression results indicated that females with ASD were significantly less likely to receive special education than their male peers; however, race and ethnicity were not significant predictors of school-based autism services. These results suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in educational support for ASD students may be improving, yet misunderstandings of the impact of gender on autism symptom presentation and school functioning persist.
Muddying the Boundary Waters: Examining a Gay Novice Teacher’s Attempts to Support a Transgender Student
Authors: Davis Summer
Published: May 2022

For preservice LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning) teachers, little is known about their transition from teachers-in-training to professional educators. Understanding their experiences may hold keys to recruiting and retaining a diverse workforce, as well as supporting K-12 students. Rooted in queer theory and subjectivities, this critical narratological study examines a White, gay, novice high school teacher and the stories of his interactions with a White, transgender student, who was part of LGBTQ+ affinity space the participant co-sponsored. Findings demonstrate how social contexts and systems, in combination with the novice teacher’s emerging and morphing perception of professional responsibilities and boundaries were sources of consternation. Often, the participant’s attempts to circumvent, ignore, and/or thwart heteronormative assumptions and practices within the school’s environment related his sense of agency. In turn, this greatly affected much of the teacher’s subjectivities regarding student–teacher relationships. Implications highlight the important role of accompliceship and/or co-conspirators in teacher education programs and schools.
Ultrasound-guided percutaneous central venous access in a neonatal porcine model
Authors: Shenton Hannah E , Kayden Adrianna M , Fallon Brian P , Johnson Matthew D , Ralls Matthew W
Published: May 2022

Percutaneous catheterization is currently utilized for central venous access in adult and adolescent porcine models; however, neonatal models require a cut down to gain venous access. This approach requires general anesthesia and can result in systemic inflammation, which can confound studies investigating other inflammatory triggers. Here we present the first successful series of percutaneous, ultrasound-guided, durable central venous access in newborn piglets weighing 1 kg with a novel method of tunneling the catheter subcutaneously using a needle. Catheters (3–5 Fr, single- or double-lumen) were successfully placed in the right jugular vein of eight piglets weighing 1.3 ± 0.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation) with an average duration of catheter patency of 4.5 ± 2.1 days. There were no adverse events from catheter placement, though one catheter was inadvertently removed. This technique is a safe, minimally invasive method for obtaining secure central venous access in a neonatal porcine model.
Death Cafes: An Exploration of the Setting, the Players, and the Conversation
Authors: Seifu Feven , DeDiego Amanda C. , Rassier Ayn , Morgan Michael M.
Published: May 2022

The overarching mission of Death Cafes is to raise people’s consciousness about life’s temporality so that they make the most of their finite lives. Death Cafés create a space for people to gather and have an open dialogue about death and dying. The current qualitative research study explores the experience of nine participants who engage in Death Cafes as facilitators or attendees. Findings including themes of “The Setting”, “The Players”, and “The Conversation” explore the experiences of Death Cafe participation. Discussion of findings and implications include death rituals, commercialization of death experiences, and the supportive community of the Death Cafe.
The politics of the urban green: Class, morality and attachments to place
Authors: Krarup Troels
Published: May 2022

Local urban greenspaces connect issues close to everyday life, such as recreational value, attachment to place and civic engagements, with broader questions of city planning, economy, climate change and social class. Responding to recent warnings against reductionism in critical studies of cities’ new claims to sustainability, the article mobilizes the recent ‘moral turn’ in the Bourdieusian literature on classed politics to explore these interlacing layers and themes in the politics of the urban green and to relate them to broader sociological questions about morality and politics. Based on a national survey among urban dwellers in Denmark designed specifically for this purpose, the analysis reveals a space of local urban greenspaces issues in two dimensions contrasting, respectively, (a) concerns for nature versus economy and (b) preference for planning versus grassroots modes of governance. Further analysis reveals a homology with social class and with more abstract political attitudes on how to square environmental and economic sustainability. However, the space of issues also displays traits unique to local urban greenspaces, while different positions in the space correlate with different combinations of personal attachment and civic engagement. In mapping the politics of the urban green along these lines, the article suggests new analytical avenues for moral-political sociology more broadly.
Therapeutic politics and the institutionalisation of dignity: ‘Treated like the Queen’
Authors: Moran Rebecca , Salter Michael
Published: May 2022

This article draws on theories of therapeutic politics to explore the role of institutionalised dignity as a medium for the social and political participation of traumatised people. Using the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse as a case study, the article offers a psychosocial account of shame and humiliation as key characteristics of the phenomenology of trauma, and presents dignity as the organising principle of a therapeutic politics. Through interviews with survivors of child sexual abuse who testified to the Commission, as well as former Commission staff, the article describes the practices and structures of dignity as they were institutionalised within the Commission. We suggest that institutionalised dignity can ground and guide the theory and practice of a therapeutic politics and institutional responses to trauma, violence and abuse.
A Multi-Faceted and Relational Approach to Gay Men’s Identities
Authors: Chandra Shiva
Published: May 2022

The idea of a ‘post-gay’ identity suggests sexuality no longer remains a key identifier to gay men’s sense of self. The concept provides a useful framework for theorising how gay men’s identities include and go beyond their sexuality, allowing scholars to conceptualise it in more complex ways. This study contributes to the literature, by drawing on the idea of ‘personal community’ to unpack how multiple connections inform gay men’s multi-faceted identities. It is based on in-depth qualitative interviews with gay South Asian men in Australia. Findings reveal that friends, partners and LGBT+ groups play important roles in informing respondents’ subjectivities. Significantly, the family of origin was important to identity formation, which challenges the dominant understanding that gay men’s identities exist separately to them. More broadly, findings from this study contribute to a deeper understanding of diverse gay male identities in contemporary multicultural Australia.
The Stateless Person, the Citizen and Human Rights: A Revised Neo-Hobbesian Theory of Human Rights for Sociology
Authors: Leahy Angela
Published: May 2022

Given the world is witness to over 80 million forcibly displaced persons, Turner’s neo-Hobbesian theory of human rights, first proposed in this journal decades ago, warrants revisiting. Turner highlights parallels between his foundationalist approach to human rights and Hobbes’ theory of the state. Both thinkers conceive of a vulnerable human in need of a protective canopy. However, Turner neglects Hobbes’ account of rights, and with it the key social dimensions of Hobbes’ theory. Hobbes places great importance on the social conditions of the rights-bearing person. He contrasts two distinct social spaces inhabited by the stateless person and the citizen respectively, and the kinds of rights they hold. For Hobbes, rights are protected only in society, an ideal-typical social space secured by the state. This article proposes a revised neo-Hobbesian theory of human rights that incorporates Hobbes’ treatment of rights as a social concept.
Influence of woven fabric construction parameters on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness: Part I – weave influence
Authors: Sirková Brigita Kolcavová , Tunáková Veronika , Tunák Maros , Jezik Karol
Published: May 2022

The development of textiles with the ability to shield an electromagnetic field is still of great interest, and the influences of the construction parameters of woven fabric (weave, input fibrous material composition, three-dimensional (3D) construction) on the resulting electromagnetic shielding efficiency have still not been sufficiently investigated. The main goal of this study is therefore to analyze the weaves of special electrically conductive woven fabrics and evaluate their impact on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) using statistical methods. Here, the interlacing structure cells of woven fabric are newly used to describe the weave. The results confirmed that the proposed theory of the interlacing of woven fabric is satisfactory for evaluating and, especially, for prediction of the SE of electromagnetic shielding woven fabrics. For this study, the input yarn (made from a mixture of traditional and extremely thin discrete stainless steel fibers) is used for the production of 21 types of dobby woven fabrics with different weaves and its SE was analyzed using the coaxial transmission-line technique. This contribution can be used as theoretical guidance for the construction, design, and production of special woven fabrics (dobby and jacquard pattern) with controlled SE.