bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fungal flora on cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus
Authors: Sierra Pascale , Guillot Jacques , Jacob Henri , Bussiéras Simone , Chermette René
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora in cats infected with FIV or FeLV with that in noninfected cats.

Animals—85 client-owned cats; 24 seropositive for FIV, 10 seropositive for FeLV, 1 seropositive for both viruses, and 50 seronegative for both viruses.

Procedure—Cutaneous specimens were obtained from the coat and external acoustic meatus (ear canal) and mucosal specimens from the oropharynx and rectum. Fungi were isolated from specimens, using Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated at 27 or 37 C for cutaneous and mucosal specimens, respectively.

Results—Fungal colonies were cultured from at least 1 specimen from 83 of 85 (97.6%) cats. The most common fungal isolates wereAspergillusspp (cultured from 59.3% of all specimens),Penicilliumspp (50.0%),Cladosporiumspp (44.2%),Scopulariopsisspp (41.8%), and lipophilic yeasts of the genusMalassezia(31.4%). A greater diversity of fungal genera was isolated from retrovirus-infected cats, andMalasseziaspp were more commonly recovered from these cats, compared with noninfected cats.Candida albicans,Cryptococcus neoformans, and dermatophytes (eg,Microsporum canis) were rarely isolated from any cat. Significant differences in frequency of isolation ofC neoformansand dermatophytes were not found between infected and noninfected cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats infected with FIV or FeLV may have a greater diversity of cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora than noninfected cats. However, infected cats may be no more likely than noninfected cats to expose humans to zoonotic fungi such asC albicans,C neoformans, andM canis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:158–161)
Evaluation of collagenase-induced mitral valve regurgitation in dogs
Authors: Fujiki Makoto , Misumi Kazuhiro , Sakamoto Hiroshi
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the hemodynamic changes induced by injecting collagenase into the mitral valve to induce mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) in dogs.

Animals—9 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution; n = 3), single collagenase injection (C1; 3), and 2 collagenase injections (C2; 3). Open-heart surgery was performed, and saline or collagenase solutions were injected into the mitral valve. Before and weekly for 11 weeks after surgery, radiography, echocardiography, and phonocardiography were performed. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (mPAWP) were measured before and 11 weeks after surgery. Postmortem examinations were performed after dogs were euthanatized.

Results—No changes were detected in the control group during the 11-week follow-up period. A systolic murmur and MVR developed 1 week after surgery in groups C1 and C2. The murmur changed from a protosystolic to a pansystolic murmur, and left atrial diameter and the left atrial-to-aortic root diameter ratio increased with time. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mPAWP were greater 11 weeks after surgery in groups C1 and C2, compared with presurgery values. During necropsy, tissue loss was detected in the mitral valve at the site of collagenase injection. Degree of regurgitation corresponded to lesion size.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Injection of collagenase into the mitral valve of healthy dogs induced MVR, and dogs with MVR developed progressive hemodynamic changes without acute overload. Collagenase-induced MVR may be an appropriate model for evaluation of prognostic markers of idiopathic MVR in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1593–1598)
Characterization of cultured smooth muscle cells obtained from the palmar digital arteries of horses
Authors: Rodgerson Dwayne H. , Belknap James K. , Fontaine Genevieve L. , Kroll Dan L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop methods to isolate, culture, and characterize smooth muscle cells (SMC) from equine palmar digital arteries.

Sample Population—Segments of the medial or lateral palmar digital arteries from the forelimbs of 6 horses.

Procedure—To obtain smooth muscle explants, arterial segments were incised longitudinally. The tunica intima was gently scraped from the underlying tunica media, and explants were obtained from the tunica media. Approximately 18 to 24 explants were obtained from each palmar digital arterial segment. A substrate-attached technique was used to initiate primary culture of SMCCultured cells were identified as SMC, using light microscopy, electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), and northern blot analysis. The replication index and serum dependence of equine SMC in culture was characterized by use of bromodeoxyuridine.

Results—The SMC of equine palmar digital arteries were successfully cultured, as confirmed by RT-PCR and northern blot analysis techniques for smooth muscle α-actin and detection of SMC-specific organelles during electron microscopy. When characterized by light and electron microscopy, SMC were found to have undergone phenotypic modulation to a more synthetic phenotype in culture while retaining characteristics of SMC.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Culture of SMC from equine palmar digital arteries via an explant protocol is a viable technique for studying vascular biological mechanisms in horses. In vitro studies of SMC may aid investigators in determining cellular mechanisms involved in disease processes such as laminitis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1602–1608)
Comparison of the phenotypes of Streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from tonsils of healthy horses and specimens obtained from foals and donkeys with pneumonia
Authors: Anzai Tohru , Walker John A. , Blair Matthew B. , Chambers Thomas M. , Timoney John F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether streptococcal pneumonia is caused by strains ofStreptococcus zooepidemicussimilar to those obtained from the tonsils of healthy horses.

Sample Population—5 tonsils from healthy horses, 8 tracheal washes and 6 lung specimens from foals with pneumonia, and 5 nasopharyngeal swab specimens from donkeys with acute bronchopneumonia.

Procedure—Variable M-like protectively immunogenic SzP proteins of 5 isolates ofS zooepidemicusfrom each tonsil and clinical specimen were compared, using immunoblots. TheSzPgene of 13 isolates representative of various SzP immunoblot phenotypes from 1 healthy horse and 9 horses and donkeys with pneumonia were sequenced and compared. Cell-associated hyaluronic acid concentration and resistance to phagocytosis of some isolates were measured.

Results—Tonsils of each healthy horse were colonized by several SzP phenotypes similar to those of foals or donkeys with pneumonia. In contrast, multiple isolates from animals with pneumonia had the same SzP phenotype, indicating infection by a single strain or clone. Analysis of the SzP sequence confirmed that differences in immunoblot phenotype were associated with sequence differences and that several SzP genotypes were in healthy horses and animals with pneumonia. Isolates with high concentrations of cell-associated hyaluronic acid were more resistant to phagocytosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An SzP-specific immunoblot is a useful, sensitive measure of diversity among strains ofS zooepidemicus. Single strains with SzP phenotypes similar to those found in tonsils of healthy horses cause pneumonia. Because of the diversity of SzP phenotype and genotype among isolates from animals with pneumonia, SzP phenotype is not an important determinant of invasiveness or epizootic capabilities. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:162–166)
Purification and characterization of a feline hepatic insulin receptor
Authors: Paxton R. , Ye L. X.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To elucidate the functional characteristics of a highly purified soluble liver insulin receptor in cats.

Sample population—Frozen livers from domestic cats were obtained commercially.

Procedures—The feline hepatic insulin receptor was purified from Triton X-100 solubilized plasma membranes by the use of several chromatography matrices, including affinity chromatography on an insulin-Sepharose matrix.

Results—The receptor, although not homogeneous, was purified 3,000-fold. Two silver-stained protein bands were identified following sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with molecular weight of 134,000 and 97,000, which are similar to insulin receptors isolated from other animals. This isolated receptor had steady-state insulin binding by 40 minutes at 24 C. Optimal insulin binding occurred at pH 7.8 and with 150 mMNaCl. Under these conditions, a curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained with the isolated receptor. Using a 2 bindingsite model, the feline insulin receptor had a high-affinity low-capacity site with a dissociation constant (KD; nM) of 3 and a low-affinity high-capacity site with a KDof 1,180. The receptor also had tyrosine kinase activity toward an exogenous substrate that was stimulated by insulin and protamine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many of the reported characteristics of the liver insulin receptor in cats are similar to those for the receptor isolated from other animals and tissues, although some differences exist. These similarities suggest that characterization of the feline insulin receptor is important to understanding insulin resistance in cats with diabetes as well as in humans with diabetes. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1625–1632)
Correlation of clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar fluid, and histopathologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Costa Lais R. Rodrigues , Seahorn Thomas L. , Moore Rustin M. , Taylor Henry W. , Gaunt Stephen D. , Beadle Ralph E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To correlate clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and histologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses affected with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD).

Animals—8 adult horses affected with SPAOPD and 6 adult horses without evidence of respiratory tract disease.

Procedure—Clinical score, change in intrapleural pressure (ΔPpl) during tidal breathing, results of cytologic examination and bacteriologic culture of BALF, and results of histologic examination of pulmonary parenchyma were evaluated.

Results—Clinical scores for SPAOPD-affected horses (median, 5.75; range, 4.0 to 7.5) were significantly greater, compared with clinically normal horses (median, 2.0; range, 2.0 to 3.0). Cytologic examination of BALF from SPAOPD-affected horses revealed predominantly nondegenerate neutrophils. Histologic lesions were identified throughout pulmonary tissue and included severe accumulation of mucus and neutrophils within the small airways, metaplasia of bronchiolar goblet cells, and mild peribronchial infiltrate. Histologic examination of specimens collected via percutaneous biopsy was predictive of disease and corresponded to findings at postmortem examination. Clinical score and δPpl were highly correlated with mucus accumulation in the airways of affected horses. Peribronchial inflammatory infiltrate correlated with percentage of neutrophils in BALF of affected horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinical scoring and ΔPpl provided valid estimates of disease severity. Findings from cytologic examination of BALF of SPAOPD-affected horses varied, although, in most instances, it was diagnostically useful. Severe mucus accumulation in the airways was the most remarkable histopathologic finding in SPAOPDaffected horses. Examination of biopsy specimens collected from pulmonary parenchyma was consistently useful in diagnosing SPAOPD. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:167–173)
Net joint moments and joint powers in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis
Authors: Clayton Hilary M. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Willemen Maarten A. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Colborne G. Robert
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether analysis of net joint moments and joint powers is a suitable technique for evaluation of mechanics and energetics of lameness in horses and to measure effects of superficial digital flexor tendinitis.

Animals—6 sound horses.

Procedure—Horses were evaluated before (sound evaluation) and after (lame evaluation) induction of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in 1 forelimb by injection of collagenase. Recordings were made with an optoelectronic system and a force plate as horses trotted. Net joint moments and joint powers in the sagittal plane at each joint in the forelimbs during the stance phase were determined. Peak values were determined, and mechanical energy absorbed and generated at each joint was calculated. Comparisons were made between contralateral limbs during sound and lame evaluations.

Results—Lame limbs had significant reductions in peak values for net joint moments on the palmar aspect of metacarpophalangeal (fetlock), carpal, and humeroulnar joints. Total energy absorbed was significantly lower at every joint in lame limbs, compared with compensating limbs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis had significant differences between lame and compensating limbs for net joint moments and joint powers at all joints, indicating that the gait of horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis is energetically inefficient. Assessment of net joint moments and joint powers is a useful tool in evaluating equine lameness. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:197–201)
Role of platelet-activating factor in alveolar septal injury associated with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves
Authors: McClenahan David J. , Fagliari Jose J. , Evanson Oral A. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in acute lung microvascular injury associated with pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves.

Animals—15 healthy 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves.

Procedure—Calves were anesthetized and inoculated intrabronchially with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 5) or 1 × 109Pasteurella haemolyticaorganisms (n = 10). Of the 10 calves inoculated withP haemolytica, 5 also were treated with WEB 2086, a potent inhibitor of PAF, and 5 were treated with vehicle. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after inoculation ofP haemolytica. Blood samples were analyzed to evaluate total number and differential counts of leukocytes, dilute whole-blood leukocyte deformability, size of neutrophils, and neutrophil CD11b expression. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were analyzed for total number and differential counts of nucleated cells, total protein concentration, and hemoglobin concentration. Size and gross and histologic appearance of lung lesions also was determined.

Results—Treatment of calves with WEB 2086 reduced size of lung lesions, attenuated the increase in microvascular permeability, and reduced neutrophil infiltration in the first 4 hours after inoculation. Treatment with WEB 2086 also attenuated a decrease in leukocyte deformability, increase in size of neutrophils, and CD11b expression by circulating neutrophils.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—It appears that PAF is a major mediator for altered lung microvascular permeability and activation of circulating neutrophils in the first 4 hours after onset of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 248–254)
Digital angiography of the feet of horses
Authors: Rosenstein Diana S. , Bowker Robert M. , Bartlett Paul C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the vascular anatomy of the palmar digital artery and its major branches in the equine foot and to quantify the diameter of these vessels by use of digital angiograms.

Sample Population—6 thoracic limbs obtained from 6 horses.

Procedure—Distal portions of each limb were perfused with aerated Krebs-Henseleit solution. Digital angiograms were acquired in standing and lateral recumbent positions, following an intra-arterial injection of iopamidol. Select vessels were measured on radiographic views, and values were corrected for magnification.

Results—The palmar digital artery tapered from 2.28 mm at the coronary region to 1.61 mm at the entrance to the solar canal, and the major arterial branches ranged in diameter from 0.71 to 1.42 mm in the standing position.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Digital angiography is useful for imaging small vessels, but penumbra limits the image resolution of the macrovasculature of the foot. The palmarodorsal projection is more useful for evaluation of the terminal arch and solar branches, but 2 projections are necessary for a thorough examination of the foot. Image magnification, position of horse, and vascular response to contrast medium must be considered in the quantitative assessment of vessel diameter. Digital angiography may be performed in clinical cases and research models for examination of vascular perfusion of the distal portion of the limb. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:255–259)
Doppler ultrasonography and single-fiber laser Doppler flowmetry for measurement of hind limb blood flow in anesthetized horses
Authors: Raisis Anthea L. , Young Lesley E. , Taylor Polly M. , Walsh Karen P. , Lekeux Pierre
Published: December 2005

Objective—To use Doppler ultrasonography and singlefiber laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to evaluate blood flow in the dependent and nondependent hind limbs of anesthetized horses and to evaluate changes in femoral arterial blood flow and microvascular skeletal muscle perfusion in response to administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride or dobutamine hydrochloride.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—Horses were anesthetized and positioned in left lateral recumbency. Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure velocity and volumetric flow in the femoral vessels. Single-fiber LDF was used to measure relative microvascular perfusion at a single site in the semimembranosus muscles. Phenylephrine or dobutamine was then administered to decrease or increase femoral arterial blood flow, and changes in blood flow and microvascular perfusion were recorded.

Results—Administration of phenylephrine resulted in significant decreases in femoral arterial and venous blood flows and cardiac output and significant increases in mean aortic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and PCV. Administration of dobutamine resulted in significant increases in femoral arterial blood flow, mean aortic blood pressure, and PCV. Significant changes in microvascular perfusion were not detected.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that Doppler ultrasonography and single-fiber LDF can be used to study blood flows in the hind limbs of anesthetized horses. However, further studies are required to determine why changes in femoral arterial blood flows were not associated with changes in microvascular perfusion. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:286–290)
Cell-surface lactoferrin as a marker for degranulation of specific granules in bovine neutrophils
Authors: Swain Steve D. , Jutila Kathryn L. , Quinn Mark T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a rapid and accurate flow cytometric method for measuring degranulation of specific granules in bovine neutrophils.

Sample Population—Blood samples obtained from four 6- to 18-month-old Holstein cattle.

Procedure—A monoclonal antibody (BL97) was generated against bovine lactoferrin and tested for applicability in ELISA, immunoprecipitation tests, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometric analyses. Using this antibody, cell-surface lactoferrin was measured concurrent with amount of secreted lactoferrin from bovine neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Cell-surface lactoferrin also was measured on neutrophils in bovine whole blood stimulated with PMA, platelet-activating factor (PAF), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), and interleukin 8 (IL-8).

Results—Antibody BL97 recognized bovine lactoferrin in ELISA and western immunoblots and was useful for immunoprecipitation testing, immunofluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometric analyses of bovine leukocytes. Neutrophils activated with PMA had parallel increases in content of secreted lactoferrin (measured by ELISA) and cell-surface lactoferrin (measured by flow cytometry) with increasing PMA concentrations. In addition, fluorescein-conjugated BL97 antibody detected increases in cell-surface lactoferrin on neutrophils in bovine whole blood after activation with PMA, PAF, and IL-8. In contrast, increases in cell-surface lactoferrin were not detected on bovine neutrophils treated withfMLF.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Measurement of cell-surface lactoferrin on bovine neutrophils by flow cytometry is a valid and rapid method for assessment of release of lactoferrin from specific granules in these cells and represents a means to rapidly measure neutrophil activation. This technique allows for investigation of mechanisms of neutrophil modification in isolated cells as well as in whole blood. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:29–37)
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE is associated with interleukin-2 and -4, and interferon-γ expression in pulmonary lymph of experimentally infected calves
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Gunther Robert A. , Anderson Mark L. , Woolums Amelia R. , McArthur-Vaughan Kerrie , Randel K. Erin , Boyle Gabrielle A. , Friebertshauser Kathleen E. , McInturff Pat S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To study the local immune response of calves to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection with emphasis on IgE production and cytokine gene expression in pulmonary lymph.

Animals—Twelve 6- to 8-week-old Holstein bull calves. Six similar control calves were mock infected to obtain control data.

Procedure—Lymphatic cannulation surgery was performed on 12 calves to create a long-term thoracic lymph fistula draining to the exterior. Cannulated calves were exposed to virulent BRSV by aerosol. Lymph fluid collected daily was assayed for BRSV and isotype-specific IgE antibody, total IgG, IgA, IgM, and protein concentrations. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin- 2 (IL-2), and interferon-γ were semi-quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell counts and fluorescence-activated cell scanner (FACSCAN) analysis of T-cell subsets were performed on lymph cells.

Results—Calves had clinical signs of respiratory tract disease during days 5 to 10 after infection and shed virus. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE in infected calves was significantly increased over baseline on day 9 after infection. Mean virus-specific IgE concentrations strongly correlated with increases in severity of clinical disease (r = 0.903). Expression of IL-2, IL-4, and interferon-γ was variably present in infected and control calves, with IL-4 expression most consistent during early infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection with BRSV was associated with production of BRSV-specific IgE, and IL-4 message was commonly found in lymph cells of infected calves. This finding supports the concept that BRSV-induced pathophysiology involves a T helper cell type-2 response. Effective therapeutic and prophylactic strategies could, therefore, be developed using immunomodulation to shift the immune response more toward a T helper cell type-1 response. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:291–298)
Blood oxygen binding in double-muscled calves and dairy calves with conventional muscle conformation
Authors: Cambier Carole , Clerbaux Thierry , Detry Bruno , Beerens Dominique , Frans Albert , Gustin Pascal
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess in vivo blood oxygen binding in double-muscled calves and dairy calves with conventional muscle conformation.

Animals—58 dairy and 48 double-muscled calves.

Procedure—Calves were classified as neonatal (24 hours old) or older calves (2 to 26 days old). Venous and arterial blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin concentration, pH, Pco2, and Po2were determined. Blood oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) under standard conditions were constructed, and the oxygen exchange fraction (OEF) and the amount of oxygen released at the tissue level by 100 ml of blood (OEF Vol%) were calculated.

Results—In each breed, partial pressure of oxygen at 50% saturation of hemoglobin (P50) under standard conditions was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves, indicating a right shift in OEC with age. Venous P50was significantly lower in neonatal double-muscled calves than in neonatal dairy calves, but arterial and venous P50were significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves. In double-muscled, but not in dairy, calves, OEF was significantly higher in older than in neonatal calves. In neonatal calves, OEF Vol% was not significantly different between breeds, but OEF Vol% was significantly higher in older double-muscled calves than in older dairy calves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The lower OEF in neonatal double-muscled calves, compared with dairy calves, could contribute to the higher sensitivity of double-muscled calves to hypoxia. Blood oxygen affinity decreased with age, but OEF and OEF Vol% were unchanged with age in dairy calves, whereas they increased with age in double-muscled calves. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:299–304)
Short-term effects of ecadotril in dogs with induced congestive heart failure
Authors: Olivier N. Bari , Kutas Susan M. , Beals Sue , Hanson Beth , Windram Soren
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate short-term hemodynamic
effects of ecadotril in a model of congestive heart failure
in dogs.

Animals—6 conscious adult male dogs.

Procedures—Instruments were placed in dogs to
measure left ventricular, aortic, and atrial blood pressures.
Heart failure was induced by repeated coronary
embolization with latex microspheres. Four
times, and in random order, dogs were given vehicle
or active drug (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of body weight) orally.
Hemodynamic variables, urine flow, and urinary
electrolyte excretion were measured before and 30,
90, and 150 minutes, and 10 and 21 hours after drug
administration.

Results—Changes in urine flow, heart rate, mean
arterial pressure, or peak positive and negative rate of
change in ventricular pressure were not apparent.
Urinary sodium excretion significantly increased in
response to the low and high doses of ecadotril but
not in response to the 10 mg/kg dose. Left ventricular
end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) consistently
decreased in dose- and time-dependent manner.
Maximal group-averaged reductions in LVEDP were
5.2, 8.1, and 10 mm Hg for the low, middle, and high
doses, respectively. The magnitude of the decrease
in LVEDP was not related to cumulative change in
urine flow.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Orally
administered ecadotril reduced left ventricular filling
pressures in these dogs by a mechanism that does
not require a substantial diuretic effect. Ecadotril
may be effective for alleviating clinical signs in dogs
with left-sided heart failure and may be particularly
beneficial for use in dogs that are refractory to traditional
diuretic therapy. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
334–339)
Clinical disease in kittens inoculated with a pathogenic strain of Bartonella henselae
Authors: Mikolajczyk Malgorzata G. , O'Reilly Kathy L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate disease in kittens inoculated withBartonella henselaestrain LSU16.

Animals—Eighteen 12-week-old specific-pathogenfree kittens.

Procedure—Kittens were inoculated withB henselaestrain LSU16 or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples were collected from kittens on alternate weeks, and bacteremia, clinical signs, and antibody concentrations were monitored for 6 months after inoculation.

Results—Kittens developed raised, erythematous areas at the site of inoculation within 72 hours. Swelling peaked at 14 days and resolved by 28 days after inoculation. Fever had a biphasic pattern, with an episode of 1- to 3-days' duration beginning 6 to 7 days after inoculation followed by an episode of 3- to 8- days' duration beginning 11 to 13 days after inoculation. Kittens were bacteremic by day 14 with peak bacteremia at days 14 to 28. Strong antibody responses toB henselaewere detected. Clinical disease resolved before bacteremia became undetectable, but signs of disease correlated with the highest degree of bacteremia. Regional lymphadenopathy also was evident.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Clinical disease in kittens was similar to that in adult cats infected withB henselaestrain LSU16, except that lethargy and anorexia were less severe in kittens, and a biphasic pattern of fever was detected in kittens. Clinical disease after inoculation with B henselae may be strain-dependent. To limit transmission ofBartonellaorganisms, appropriate flea prevention should be instituted.

Impact for Human Medicine—Kittens that are febrile, anorectic, lethargic, and that have lymphadenopathy should be tested for Bartonella organisms, and contact with immunocompromised owners should be discouraged. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:375–379)
Association among filamentous actin content, CD11b expression, and membrane deformability in stimulated and unstimulated bovine neutrophils
Authors: McClenahan David J. , Evanson Oral A. , Walcheck Bruce K. , Weiss Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate rheologic properties of bovine neutrophils that may result in adhesion molecule- independent sequestration of neutrophils in inflamed lungs of cattle.

Animals—Healthy 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves.

Procedures—Neutrophil deformability, filamentous actin (F-actin) content, and CD11b expression was determined for unstimulated bovine neutrophils and bovine neutrophils incubated with the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), platelet-activating factor (PAF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP),Pasteurella haemolytica-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), andP haemolyticaleukotoxin. Neutrophils were separated into 3 subpopulations on the basis of size. The F-actin content and CD11b expression were evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Leukocyte deformability was evaluated by filtration of dilute whole blood.

Results—The subpopulation of the smallest-sized neutrophils (> 90% of neutrophils) contained little F-actin. A subpopulation of slightly larger neutrophils had a profound increase in F-actin content and CD11b expression. The subpopulation of the largest neutrophils had increased F-actin content and CD11b expression, compared with those for both subpopulations of smaller neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with PAF and ZAP, but not TNF, IL-8, LPS, or leukotoxin, resulted in decreased neutrophil deformability and increased F-actin content. Incubation with PAF and TNF induced an increase in size of neutrophils.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Size can be used to identify subpopulations of large and rigid neutrophils in blood samples from healthy calves. Platelet-activating factor and activated complement fragments are potent inducers of F-actin formation and neutrophil rigidity. Physical changes in neutrophils may impede their transit through lung microvasculature and result in leukocyte trapping independent of adhesion molecule interactions with endothelial cells. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:380–386)
D-dimer concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Stokol Tracy , Brooks Marjory B. , Erb Hollis N. , Mauldin Glenna E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine sensitivity and specificity of
assays of D-dimer concentrations in dogs with disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) and healthy
dogs and to compare these results with those of
serum and plasma fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product
(FDP) assays.

Animals—20 dogs with DIC and 30 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Semi-quantitative and quantitative
D-dimer concentrations were determined by use of
latex-agglutination and immunoturbidometry, respectively.
Fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products were
measured by use of latex-agglutination. A reference
range for the immunoturbidometric D-dimer concentration
assay was established; sensitivity and specificity
of the assay were determined at 2 cutoff concentrations
(0.30 µg/ml and 0.39 µg/ml).

Results—Reference range for the immunoturbidometric
D-dimer concentration assay was 0.08 to
0.39 µg/ml; median concentrations were significantly
higher in dogs with DIC than in healthy dogs. Latexagglutination
D-dimer and serum and plasma FDP
assays had similar sensitivity (85 to 100%) and specificity
(90 to 100%); the immunoturbidometric assay
had lower specificity (77%) at the 0.30 µg/ml cutoff
and lower sensitivity (65%) at the 0.39 µg/ml cutoff.
Sensitivity or specificity of the latex-agglutination
D-dimer assay was not significantly improved when
interpreted in series or parallel with FDP assays.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Measurement
of D-dimer concentrations by latex-agglutination
appears to be a sensitive and specific ancillary test for
DIC in dogs. Specificity of D-dimer concentrations in
dogs with systemic disease other than DIC has not
been determined, therefore FDP and D-dimer assays
should be performed concurrently as supportive tests
for the diagnosis of DIC in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:393–398)
Duration of nonresponse to noxious stimulation after intramuscular administration of butorphanol, medetomidine, or a butorphanol-medetomidine combination during isoflurane administration in dogs
Authors: Grimm Kurt A. , Tranquilli William J. , Thurmon John C. , Benson G. John
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess duration of actions of butorphanol, medetomidine, and a butorphanol-medetomidine combination in dogs given subanesthetic doses of isoflurane (ISO).

Animals—6 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values for ISO were determined. for each dog. Subsequently, 4 treatments were administered to each dog (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution, butorphanol [0.2 mg/kg of body weight], medetomidine [5.0 mg/kg], and a combination of butorphanol [0.2 mg/kg] and medetomidine [5.0 mg/kg]). All treatments were administered IM to dogs concurrent with isoflurane; treatment order was determined, using a randomized crossover design. Treatments were given at 7-day intervals. After mask induction with ISO and instrumentation with a rectal temperature probe, endtidal CO2and anesthetic gas concentrations were analyzed. End-tidal ISO concentration was reduced to 90% MAC for each dog. A tail clamp was applied 15 minutes later. After a positive response, 1 of the treatments was administered. Response to application of the tail clamp was assessed at 15-minute intervals until a positive response again was detected.

Results—Duration of nonresponse after administration of saline solution, butorphanol, medetomidine, and butorphanol-medetomidine (mean ± SD) was 0.0 ± 0.0, 1.5 ± 1.5, 2.63 ± 0.49, and 5.58 ± 2.28 hours, respectively. Medetomidine effects were evident significantly longer than those for saline solution, whereas effects for butorphanol-medetomidine were evident significantly longer than for each agent administered alone.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—During ISOinduced anesthesia, administration of medetomidine, but not butorphanol, provides longer and more consistent analgesia than does saline solution, and the combination of butorphanol-medetomidine appears superior to the use of medetomidine or butorphanol alone. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:42–47)
Prokinetic effects of erythromycin on the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative period
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Hooper R. Neil , Cohen Noah D. , Bye Alicia D. , Hicks Russell J. , Bohl Tonya W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of erythromycin on motility of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative and post-recovery periods.

Animals—8 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—Horses were anesthetized and bipolar electrodes were implanted in smooth muscle of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure. Approximately 4, 16, and 24 hours (postoperative recording sessions) and at least 8 days (post-recovery recording session) after surgery, myoelectric activity was recorded before and after administration of erythromycin (0.5 mg/kg).

Results—Following erythromycin administration, myoelectric activity was increased in the ileum during all postoperative recording sessions but not during the post-recovery recording session. Myoelectric activity was increased in the cecum following erythromycin administration only during the post-recovery recording session. Myoelectric activity was increased in the pelvic flexure following erythromycin administration during all recording sessions. During several recording sessions, there were short periods during which myoelectric activity was significantly decreased following erythromycin administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that erythromycin has an effect on myoelectric activity of the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure in horses; however, prokinetic effects of erythromycin administered during the postoperative period were not always the same as effects obtained when the drug was administered after horses had recovered from the effects of surgical implantation of recording devices. Therefore, caution must be exercised when extrapolating results of prokinetic studies in healthy animals to animals with abnormal gastrointestinal tract motility. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:420–424)
Metabolic and mitogenic activities of insulin-like growth factor-1 in interleukin-1-conditioned equine cartilage
Authors: Frisbie David D. , Sandler Emily A. , Trotter Gayle W. , McIlwraith C. Wayne
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine response of interleukin-1α (IL-1α)-conditioned equine articular cartilage explants to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).

Sample Population—Cartilage from the trochlea and condyles of the femur of a clinically normal 4-year-old horse.

Procedure—Effects of IGF-1 (0 to 500 ng/ml) after addition of IL-1α were evaluated by assessing matrix responses, using a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay, matrix35SO4GAG incorporation, and release of GAG. Mitogenic response was assessed by3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and fluorometric assay of total DNA concentration.

Results—Human recombinant IL-1α (40 ng/ml) increased the amount of labeled GAG released and decreased labeled and total GAG remaining in explants, and IL-1α decreased mitogenic response. Addition of IGF-1 counteracted effects seen with IL-1α alone. In general, IGF-1 decreased total and labeled GAG released into the medium, compared with IL-1α- treated explants (positive-control sample). Values for these variables did not differ significantly from those for negative-control explants. A significant increase in total and newly synthesized GAG in the explants at termination of the experiment was observed with 500 ng of IGF-1/ml. Labeled GAG remaining in explants was greater with treatment at 50 ng of IGF-1/ml, compared with treatment with IL-1α alone. Concentrations of 200 ng of IGF-1/ml abolished actions of IL-1α and restored DNA synthesis to values similar to those of negative-control explants.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IGF-1 at 500 ng/ml was best at overcoming detrimental effects associated with IL-1α in in vitro explants. These beneficial effects may be useful in horses with osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:436–441)
Use of specific sugars to inhibit bacterial adherence to equine endometrium in vitro
Authors: King Sheryl S. , Young Deena A. , Nequin Lynn G. , Carnevale Elaine M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether specific sugars
inhibit adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli to
equine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro.

Sample Population—Endometrial biopsy specimens
collected during estrus from 7 healthy mares.

Procedure—Endometrial specimens on glass slides
were incubated for 30 minutes at 4 C with suspensions
of S zooepidemicus, P aeruginosa, or E coli in
phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) alone or
with various concentrations of D-(+)-mannose,
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine,
D-(+)-glucose, galactose, or N-acetyl-neuraminic acid.
Inhibition of bacterial adherence was determined by
comparing adhesion of bacteria (ie, percentage of
glandular epithelial cells with adherent bacteria) suspended
in each sugar solution with that of bacteria
suspended in PBSS.

Results—Mannose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
inhibited adhesion of E coli and P aeruginosa to
epithelial cells, whereas only mannose inhibited adhesion
of S zooepidemicus. The other sugars did not
affect bacterial adherence.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mannose and
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine appear to play a role in
adhesion of S zooepidemicus, P aeruginosa, and
E coli to equine endometrium. In horses with uterine
infections, use of sugars to competitively displace
bacteria from attachment sites on cells may provide
an adjunct to antibiotic treatment. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:446–449)
Experimental infection of Mouflon-domestic sheep hybrids with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus
Authors: Guiguen Francois , Mselli-Lakhal Laila , Durand Jitka , Du Jian , Favier Colette , Fornazero Claudie , Grezel Delphine , Balleydier Sabine , Hausmann Elda , Chebloune Yahia
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether monocyte-derived macrophages from Mouflon-domestic sheep hybrids (Ovis musimonXOvis spp) were susceptible to productive infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in vitro and whether experimental inoculation of Mouflon-domestic sheep hybrids with a molecularly cloned CAEV would result in persistent infection.

Animals—5 Mouflon hybrids.

Procedure—Macrophage monolayers were inoculated with virus in vitro. Three animals were inoculated with virus intratracheally.

Results—Productive replication of CAEV was demonstrated in monocyte-derived macrophages following in vitro and in vivo inoculation. Titer of infectious cytopathic CAEV produced by macrophages from the Mouflon hybrids was similar to titers produced by macrophages from an infected goat or by synovial membrane cells. Isolation of virus from monocytederived macrophages and use of a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to amplify a portion of the viral genome demonstrated persistent virus replication in all 3 inoculated animals. Two weeks after inoculation of sheep, approximately 1 of 5,000 monocytes was harboring the virus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that Mouflon-domestic sheep hybrids are susceptible to infection with isolates of CAEV that cause infection in domestic small ruminants. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:456–461)
Evaluation of a method for experimental induction of osteoarthritis of the hip joints in dogs
Authors: Renberg Walter C. , Johnston Spencer A. , Carrig Colin B. , Budsberg Steven C. , Ye Keying , Veit Hugo P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate a method for experimental induction of osteoarthritis in the hip joints of dogs.

Animals—12 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—A unilateral triple pelvic osteotomy was performed. In 6 dogs, the iliac osteotomy was repaired with 45° of internal rotation, reducing coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. In the other 6 dogs, the fragments were repaired in anatomic alignment. Radiography, force plate evaluations, and subjective lameness evaluations were performed before and after surgery. Dogs were euthanatized 7 months after surgery, and samples of cartilage and joint capsule were examined histologically.

Results—Subjective lameness scores, radiographic appearance of the hip joints, and Norberg angles were not significantly different between groups; however, force plate evaluations did reveal significant differences in vertical ground reaction forces. Femoral head coverage was significantly decreased with rotation of the acetabulum. Mild inflammatory changes were discernible in the joint capsule and articular cartilage of some dogs in both groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that 45° internal rotation of the acetabulum does not consistently induce biologically important osteoarthritic changes in the hip joints of dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:484–491)
Role of inflammatory mediators in priming, activation, and deformability of bovine neutrophils
Authors: McClenahan David , Fagliari Jose , Evanson Oral , Weiss Douglas
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the capacity of inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- 8 (IL-8), platelet-activating factor (PAF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and leukotoxin to prime, activate, or alter deformability of adult bovine neutrophils.

Sample Population—Blood collected from 5 healthy adult Holstein cows.

Procedure—Isolated neutrophils or whole blood was incubated with TNF-α, IL-8, PAF, LPS, or leukotoxin, and neutrophil chemiluminescence, degranulation, deformability, shape change, CD11b expression, and size distribution was measured.

Results—Incubation with TNF-α, IL-8, PAF, and LPS primed neutrophils for oxygen radical release but caused minimal oxygen radical release by themselves. None of the inflammatory mediators induced degranulation. Incubation with TNF-α and PAF resulted in a decrease in neutrophil deformability and induced shape change in neutrophils. Incubation with PAF consistently resulted in an increase in neutrophil size as measured by use of flow cytometry. Only IL-8 caused an increase in expression of CD11b by neutrophils.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Inflammatory mediators tested had minimal effects on neutrophil oxygen radical production or degranulation but did prime neutrophils for oxygen radical production. Incubation with PAF and TNF-α caused a decrease in neutrophil deformability and altered neutrophil shape and size. Results of our study indicate that PAF- and TNF-α-induced changes in neutrophil deformability and size may cause integrin- and selectin-independent trapping of neutrophils in the lungs of cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 492–498)
Ultrastructural characterization of apoptosis in bovine lymphocytes exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin
Authors: Sun Yude , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Ownby Charlotte L. , Cudd Laura , Clarke Cyril R. , Highlander Sarah K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize ultrastructural changes of bovine lymphocytes exposed toPasteurella haemolyticaleukotoxin (LKT).

Sample Population—Partially purified LKT from a wild typeP haemolyticaA1 strain and inactive pro-LKT from an isogeneic mutantP haemolyticastrain. Isolated bovine lymphocytes were obtained from 2 healthy calves.

Procedure—Isolated bovine lymphocytes were incubated with various concentrations of LKT and pro-LKT for 3 hours at 37 C and examined by use of transmission electron microscopy. A cytochemical Klenow DNA fragmentation assay was used to examine lymphocytes for DNA fragmentation.

Results—Lymphocytes incubated with LKT at a high concentration (1.0 toxic U/ml) had ultrastructural evidence of cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane rupture and swelling or lysis of mitochondria. Low concentrations of leukotoxin (0.1 toxic U/ml) induced DNA fragmentation in 80% of lymphocytes. Ultrastructurally, these cells had nuclear membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic vaculation, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. Incubation of lymphocytes with LKT at extremely low concentrations (0.001 toxic U/ml) or with pro-LKT did not alter their ultrastructure. Inclusion of 0.5 mMZnCl2in the medium blocked leukotoxin-induced ultrastructural changes in bovine lymphocytes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Low concentrations of LKT induce apoptosis and high concentrations induce oncotic cell lysis in bovine lymphocytes. The ability of low LKT concentrations to induce apoptosis in host leukocytes may allow bacteria to escape host immune surveillance and colonize the host. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:51–56)