bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehending underspecified meaning: resolving ambiguity by contextual and conceptual search
Authors: Lai Yao-Ying , Piñango Maria Mercedes
Published: July 2018

In this study, we examine sentence comprehension under conditions of semantic underspecification—one syntactic structure that supports multiple mutually exclusive semantic representations. We tested aspectual verb (AspVs) sentences such as “The queen began the novel” with agentive and constitutive readings, under biasing and neutral contexts. Results show that (i) whereas in the neutral context both readings were accessible, in the biasing context the non-supported reading was suppressed; and (ii) sentences were rated as more acceptable when presented with biasing context. The pattern suggests that semantic ambiguity influences acceptability, and that comprehenders resolve ambiguity by contextual and conceptual search.
Atheists
Authors: Schiavone Sarah R. , Gervais Will M
Published: July 2018

Atheists represent an inconspicuous minority, identifiable only by their disbelief in God(s). Despite being highly stigmatized and disliked, until recent scientific endeavors, little has been known about this group including why they don’t believe, how many people are atheists, and why they trigger intense reactions. Thus, this paper aims to synthesize what is known about atheists (so far), and to help explain the widespread negative attitudes and prejudice towards atheists; the possible cognitive, motivational, and cultural origins of disbelief; and the unique challenges facing the study of religious disbelievers. To do so, we will explore current findings in psychological research on atheism by considering the complex interactions of cultural learning, motivations, and core cognitive processes. Although significant scientific progress has been made in understanding the factors underlying atheism, there remains much to be explored in the domain of religious disbelief.
Towards a unifying theory of generalization
Authors: Schulz Eric
Published: July 2018

How do humans generalize from observed to unobserved data? How does generalization support inference, prediction, and decision making? I propose that a big part of human generalization can be explained by a powerful mechanism of function learning. I put forward and assess Gaussian Process regression as a model of human function learning that can unify several psychological theories of generalization. Across 14 experiments and using extensive computational modeling, I show that this model generates testable predictions about human preferences over different levels of complexity, provides a window into compositional inductive biases, and –combined with an optimistic yet efficient sampling strategy– guides human decision making through complex spaces. Chapters 1 and 2 propose that, from a psychological and mathematical perspective, function learning and generalization are close kin. Chapter 3 derives and tests theoretical predictionsof participants’ preferences over differently complex functions. Chapter 4 develops a compositional theory of generalization and extensively probes this theory using 8 experimental paradigms.During the second half of the thesis, I investigate how function learning guides decision making in complex decision making tasks. In particular, Chapter 5 will look at how people search for rewards in various grid worlds where a spatial correlation of rewards provides a context supporting generalization and decision making. Chapter 6 gauges human behavior in contextual multi-armed bandit problems where a function maps features onto expectedrewards. In both Chapter 5 and Chapter 6, I find that the vast majority of subjects are best predicted by a Gaussian Process function learning model combined with an upper confidence bound sampling strategy. Chapter 7 will formally assess the adaptiveness of human generalization in complex decision making tasks using mismatched Bayesian optimization simulations and finds that the empirically observed phenomenon of undergeneralization might rather be a feature than a bug of human behavior. Finally, I summarize the empirical and theoretical lessons learned and lay out a road-map for future research on generalization in Chapter 8.
Interpersonal Accuracy in Trait Judgments
Authors: Letzring Tera D. , Funder David C
Published: July 2018

Summary of research on interpersonal accuracy of trait judgments.
Rapid and Coarse Face Detection in Cortex
Authors: Cabral Laura Mildred , Stojanoski Bobby , Cusack Rhodri
Published: July 2018

Humans have structures dedicated to the processing of faces, which include cortical components (e.g. areas in occipital and temporal lobes) and subcortical components (e.g. superior colliculus and amygdala). Although faces are processed more quickly than stimuli from other categories, there is a lack of consensus regarding whether cortical or subcortical structures are responsible for rapid face processing. In order to probe this, we exploited the asymmetry in the strength of projections to subcortical structures between the nasal and temporal hemiretina. Participants detected faces from unrecognizable control stimuli and performed the same task for houses. In Experiments 1 and 3, at the fastest reaction times, participants detected faces more accurately than houses. However, there was no benefit of presenting to the subcortical pathway. In Experiment 2, we probed the coarseness of the rapid pathway, making the foil stimuli more similar to faces and houses. This eliminated the rapid detection advantage, suggesting that rapid face processing is limited to coarse representations. In Experiment 4, we sought to determine whether the natural difference between spatial frequencies of faces and houses were driving the effects seen in Experiments 1 and 3. We spatially filtered the faces and houses so that they were matched. Better rapid detection was again found for faces relative to houses, but we found no benefit of preferentially presenting to the subcortical pathway. Taken together, the results of our experiments suggest a cortical, coarse rapid detection mechanism, which was not dependent on spatial frequency.
The Distinction Between Inductive Confidence and Inferences in Property Induction
Authors: Wang Moyun
Published: July 2018

We propose inductive confidences as a metacognitive concept assessing the degree of the certainty of inductive inferences in property induction, and further distinguish between relevance-based and similarity-based property inductions according to the difference in inductive confidences. We predict that relevance strength will affect inductive confidences and inferences in different ways. We conducted two experiments to examine the influence of relevance strength on inductive confidences and inferences in both property inductions. The prediction is confirmed by the following findings. Relevance-based inductions showed higher inductive confidences than similarity-based inductions. In both relevance-based and similarity-based inductions, inductive inferences increased with relevance similarity or overall similarity, whereas inductive confidences accorded with relevance strength regardless of similarity. Thus, there was the distinction between inductive confidences and inferences. Moreover, in relevance-based inductions, the influence of relevance similarity on inductive inferences depended on relevance strength, and relevance strength affected inductive inferences and confidences in the different ways. These findings will arouse further research on metacognition in inductive reasoning in the future.
Postprint: "Temporal matching between interoception and exteroception: electrophysiological responses in a heartbeat discrimination task"
Authors: Fukushima Hirokata
Published: July 2018

Recent studies on interoception emphasize the importance of multisensory integration between interoception and exteroception. One of the methods frequently applied for assessing interoceptive sensitivity is the heartbeat discrimination task, where individuals judge whether the timing of external stimuli (e.g., tones) are synchronized to their own heartbeat. Despite its extensive use in research, the neural dynamics underlying the temporal matching between interoceptive and exteroceptive stimuli in this task have remained unclear. The present study used electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the neural responses of healthy participants who performed a heartbeat discrimination task. We analyzed the differences between EEG responses to tones, which were likely to be perceived as “heartbeat-synchronous” (200 ms delayed from the R-wave) or “heartbeat-asynchronous” (0 ms delayed). Possible associations of these neural differentiations with task performance were also investigated. Compared with the responses to heartbeat-asynchronous tones, heartbeat-synchronous tones caused a relative decrease in early gamma-band EEG response and an increase in later P2 event-related potential (ERP) amplitude. Condition differences in the EEG/ERP measures were not significantly correlated with the behavioral measures. The mechanisms underlying the observed neural responses and the possibility of electrophysiological measurement of interoceptive sensitivity are discussed in terms of two perspectives: the predictive coding framework and the cardiac-phase-dependent baroreceptor function.
Preprint of "Enhanced Versus Simply Positive: A New Condition-Based Regression Analysis to Disentangle Effects of Self-Enhancement from Effects of Positivity of Self-View"
Authors: Humberg Sarah , Dufner Michael , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Geukes Katharina , Hutteman Roos , van Zalk Maarten , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja
Published: July 2018

Despite a large body of literature and ongoing refinements of analytical techniques, research on the consequences of self-enhancement (SE) is still vague about how to define SE effects, and empirical results are inconsistent. In this paper, we point out that part of this confusion is due to a lack of conceptual and methodological differentiation between effects of individual differences in how much people enhance themselves (SE) and in how positively they view themselves (positivity of self-view; PSV). We show that methods commonly used to analyze SE effects are biased because they cannot differentiate between the effects of PSV and the effects of SE. We provide a new condition-based regression analysis (CRA) that unequivocally identifies effects of SE by testing intuitive and mathematically derived conditions on the coefficients in a bivariate linear regression. Using data from three studies on intellectual SE (total N = 566), we then illustrate that the CRA provides novel results as compared with traditional methods. Results suggest that many previously identified SE effects are in fact effects of PSV alone. The new CRA approach thus provides a clear and unbiased understanding of the consequences of SE. It can be applied to all conceptualizations of SE and, more generally, to every context in which the effects of the discrepancy between two variables on a third variable are examined.
Test
Authors: Tscharmi
Published: July 2018

This is just a test.
The third sense of environment
Authors: Baggs Edward , Chemero Anthony
Published: July 2018

At the start of his final book, James Gibson makes a distinction between two different senses in which there is a world outside the animal. First, there is a physical world consisting of matter which is structured prior to any animal's experiencing it. Second, there is the animal environment, where the "environment" is what surrounds a living animal, the two terms making up a complementary and indecomposable animal–environment system. A problem with this is that what Gibson termed the "animal environment" remains ambiguous: in talking of the environment here, are we referring to the typical surroundings that are shared by all members of a species, or are we referring to the specific surroundings of a particular individual organism, where those surroundings are meaningful relative to that organism's personal abilities and history? Call the first sense the “habitat” of a species and the second the "Umwelt" of a given animal. We argue that it is necessary to keep these two senses of environment separate, and that doing so allows us to resolve several long-standing areas of tension in the field, namely over the concepts of: affordances, information, learning, and the social.
The Influence of Direct and Indirect Speech on Source Memory
Authors: Eerland Anita , Zwaan Rolf Antonius
Published: July 2018

People perceive the same situation described in direct speech (e.g., John said, “I like the food at this restaurant”) as more vivid and perceptually engaging than described in indirect speech (e.g., John said that he likes the food at the restaurant). So, if direct speech enhances the perception of vividness relative to indirect speech, what are the effects of using indirect speech? In four experiments, we examined whether the use of direct and indirect speech influences the comprehender’s memory for the identity of the speaker. Participants read a direct or an indirect speech version of a story and then addressed statements to one of the four protagonists of the story in a memory task. We found better source memory at the level of protagonist gender after indirect than direct speech (Exp. 1-3). When the story was rewritten to make the protagonists more distinctive, we also found an effect of speech type on source memory at the level of the individual, with better memory after indirect than direct speech (Exp. 3-4). Memory for the content of the story, however, was not influenced by speech type (Exp. 4). While previous research showed that direct speech may enhance memory for how something was said, we conclude that indirect speech enhances memory for who said what.
Oxytocin-Based Health Information Priming Does Not Impact Categorization of Others into Social Groups
Authors: Kiefer Miranda Lynn , Pistory Nathan , Hardy Rachel , McLaughlin Peter Joseph
Published: July 2018

With the proliferation of neuroscience-related messages in popular media, it is more important than ever to understand their impact on the lay public. Previous research has found that people believed news stories more when irrelevant neuroscientific explanations were added. We sought to reveal whether such information could cause a change in social behavior. Specifically, based on publicized findings of the relationship between social behavior and the neurotransmitter oxytocin, we proposed that participants would accept more strangers into their in-group, or alternatively decrease in-group size, if told that there were oxytocin-based (relative to psychological construct-based) health benefits for doing so. In two tasks, participants were shown faces and written information about stimuli that could match their race, politics, and religion to varying degrees. In spite of evidence that participants processed the primes, and were sensitive to their level of similarity with stimuli, oxytocin-based priming did not alter categorization, or pupil dilation. It did not alter cross-race viewing behavior, as measured by an eye tracker, in consistent ways. Unexpectedly, pupil dilation increased when viewing stimuli of the same religion, an effect entirely related to White liberal Christians viewing other Christians. Overall, these results suggest that neuroscience information may impact some judgments, but lay people will not alter their likelihood of acceptance of strangers simply because they were primed with a neuroscience- (or more specifically, neurotransmitter-) based reason for doing so.
Liking and Perceived Closeness Create Latent Positive Bias in Collateral Risk Assessment
Authors: Butterfield Max Edward , Saal Jamie , Ceresnie Ashley , Pagan Antonio , Sagawa Joey , Young Joel
Published: July 2018

Counseling psychologists and other mental health professionals routinely conduct risk assessments using varied sources of information. The purpose of this process is typically to improve the validity of their assessments by reducing the potential for bias or other blind spots that might be caused by over-reliance on any single source of information. Some inside and outside the field have argued that collateral reporters are one useful source of additional supplemental information, but the research literature is unclear about their reliability. Drawing insights from a social psychological framework, we demonstrate that perceived closeness and liking were associated with decreased perceptions of risk. We argue that this positive bias may result in under-reporting of risk, and we suggest that clinicians who consult collateral data for risk assessment purposes may wish to offer some degree of guidance or training to the collaterals in order to minimize the effects of their latent positive bias.
Explaining Reluctance to Benefit from Others’ Misfortune
Authors: Lelieveld Gert-Jan , Inbar Yoel , van Dijk Erik
Published: July 2018

The current article investigates decisions where people are not causing harm to others, but only benefit from the harm. Specifically, we assessed people's willingness to benefit from other's chance-caused misfortunes. In five studies, examining real behavior of individuals in a television game show (Study 1) and using experimental betting tasks (Studies 2-5), we show that people are reluctant to benefit from the misfortunes of others. While in all studies participants' decisions were objectively unrelated to the likelihood of misfortune befalling others, subsequent analyses indicate that people erroneously feel that benefitting from others' misfortune increases the likelihood that such harm will actually occur. The results are discussed in relation to the literature on moral decision making and magical thinking.
Reasoning about the scope of religious norms: Evidence from Hindu and Muslim children in India.
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Kaplan Elizabeth , Dahl Audun
Published: July 2018

Conflicts arise when members of one religion apply their norms to members of another religion. Two studies explored how 100 9- to 15-year-old Hindu and Muslim children from India reason about the scope of religious norms. Both Hindus and Muslims from a diverse Hindu-Muslim school (Study 1) and Hindus from a homogeneous Hindu school (Study 2) more often judged it wrong for Hindus to violate Hindu norms, compared to Muslim norms, and said the opposite for Muslims. In contrast, children judged it wrong for both Hindus and Muslims toharm others. Thus, even in a setting marred by religious conflict, children can restrict the scope of a religion’s norms to members of that religion, providing a basis for peaceful co-existence.
When the Passionate Succeed: Employees’ Passion Attainment Predicts Job Performance Only When Their Supervisors’ Passion Attainment is Higher
Authors: Jachimowicz Jon , Wihler Andreas , Galinsky Adam
Published: July 2018

Companies increasingly characterize passionate employees as exemplary, seemingly for good reasons: passion for work predicts commitment, engagement, and persistence. However, evidence linking passion for work and job performance-especially as rated by supervisors-is surprisingly mixed: whereas some studies have found significant effects, other studies have not found a significant relationship. The current research aims to resolve this conflicting evidence by moving from an intrapersonal approach to an interpersonal perspective on passion. In doing so, we investigate how their supervisors' passion influences whether employees' passion for work predicts job performance ratings. We propose that a supervisor's own work passion moderates this relationship, such that passionate subordinates are more likely to obtain higher performance ratings when their supervisors themselves also attain desired levels of passion. We theorize this occurs because more passionate supervisors place a greater value on passion, whereas less passionate supervisors discount the importance of passion when conducting performance evaluations. To provide support for this proposition, we conducted a field study with a financial services company (N = 321) where we measured both subordinates' and supervisors' passion for work and combined this data with supervisor ratings of job performance. Analyses revealed the predicted interaction between subordinate and supervisor passion: Passionate subordinates only obtained higher performance ratings when their supervisors also experienced desired levels of passion. Organizations thus not only need to ignite the passion of their employees, but if they want to succeed, passionate employees may also need to kindle the passion of their supervisor.
Effect of a Responsiveness-based support intervention on smokeless tobacco cessation: The UCare-ChewFree randomized clinical trial
Authors: Akers Laura , Andrews Judy A. , Lichtenstein Edward , Severson Herbert H. , Gordon Judith S.
Published: July 2018

Introduction. Partner behaviors and attitudes can motivate and encourage, or conversely undermine, a tobacco user’s cessation efforts. Previous partner support interventions for tobacco cessation have largely focused on positive and negative behaviors. We developed a theoretically based intervention (UCare) for women who wanted their male partner to quit smokeless tobacco, based on perceived partner responsiveness--the finding that support is best received when the supporter conveys respect, understanding, and caring.Methods. We recruited 1,145 women and randomized them to receive either immediate access to the UCare website and printed booklet (Intervention), or to a Delayed Treatment control. We assessed supportive behaviors and attitudes at baseline and six-week follow-up, and the ST-using partner's abstinence at six weeks and 7.5 months (surrogate report).Results. For partners of women assigned to Intervention, 7.0% had quit all tobacco at 7.5 months, compared with 6.6% for control (n.s.). For partners of women completing the intervention, 12.4% had quit all tobacco at 7.5 months, compared with 6.6% for Delayed Treatment (p<.01). Change in responsiveness-based behaviors and instrumental behaviors at six weeks mediated 7.5-month cessation, and change in responsiveness-based attitudes mediated the change in responsiveness-based behaviors, indirectly increasing cessation.Conclusions. A responsiveness-based intervention with female partners of male smokeless tobacco users improved supportive attitudes and behaviors, leading to higher cessation rates among tobacco users not actively seeking to quit. The study demonstrates the potential for responsiveness as a basis for effective intervention with supporters, and this approach may reach tobacco users who would not directly seek help.
Intuitive Experimentation in the Physical World
Authors: Bramley Neil R , Gerstenberg Tobias , Tenenbaum Joshua , Gureckis Todd Matthew
Published: July 2018

Many aspects of our physical environment are hidden. For example, it is hard to estimate how heavy an object is from visual observation alone. In this paper we examine how people actively "experiment" within the physical world to discover such latent properties. In the first part of the paper, we develop a novel framework for the quantitative analysis of the information produced by physical interactions. We then describe two experiments that present participants with moving objects in "microworlds" that operate according to continuous spatiotemporal dynamics similar to everyday physics (i.e., forces of gravity, friction, etc...). Participants were asked to interact with objects in the microworlds in order to identify their masses, or the forces of attraction/repulsion that governed their movement. Using our modeling framework, we find that learners who freely interacted with the physical system selectively produced evidence that revealed the physical property consistent with their inquiry goal. As a result, their inferences were more accurate than for passive observers and, in some contexts, for yoked participants who watched video replays of an active learner's interactions. We characterize active learners' actions into a range of micro-experiment strategies and discuss how these might be learned or generalized from past experience. The technical contribution of this work is the development of a novel analytic framework and methodology for the study of interactively learning about the physical world. Its empirical contribution is the demonstration of sophisticated goal directed human active learning in a naturalistic context.
Children’s sensitivity to phonological and semantic cues during noun class learning: evidence for a phonological bias
Authors: Culbertson Jennifer , Jarvinen Hanna , Haggarty Frances , Smith Kenny
Published: July 2018

Previous research on the acquisition of noun classification systems (e.g., grammatical gender) has found that child learners rely disproportionately on phonological cues to determine the class of a new noun, even when competing semantic cues are more reliable in their language. Culbertson, Gagliardi, and Smith (2017) argue that this likely results from the early availability of phonological information during acquisition; learners base their initial representations on formal features of nouns, only later integrating semantic cues from noun meanings . Here, we use artificial language learning experiments to show that early availability drives cue use in children (67 year-olds). However, we also find evidence of developmental changes in sensitivity to semantics; when both cues types are simultaneously available, children are more likely to rely on phonology than adults. Our results suggest that early availability and a bias favoring phonological cues both contribute to children’s over-reliance on phonology in natural language acquisition.
Master Narratives, Ethics, and Morality
Authors: Syed Moin , Pasupathi Monisha , McLean Kate C.
Published: July 2018

In this chapter we explore how master narratives have ethical and moral implications, and how master narratives can provide a way for researchers to look at the intersections of culture, ethics, morality, and individual development. We make this case by advancing three propositions about the relation among master narratives, ethics, and morality: 1) Master narratives are fundamentally about ethics in that they outline and convey culturally held ideas about the nature of a good life; 2) While all master narratives are grounded in ethics, not all master narratives are moral; and 3) Despite proposition 2, master narratives can come to exert moral force. We first describe the master narrative framework, and then follow with a detailed discussion of the three propositions. Our intent is that this integration of master narratives with moral development will help researchers in both areas to think about their work in new ways.
A Unified Framework to Quantify the Credibility of Scientific Findings
Authors: LeBel Etienne P. , McCarthy Randy J. , Earp Brian D. , Elson Malte , vanpaemel wolf
Published: July 2018

Societies invest in scientific studies to better understand the world, and attempt to harness such improved understanding to address pressing societal problems. Published research, however, can only be useful for theory or application if it is credible. In science, a credible finding is one that has repeatedly survived risky falsification attempts. However, state-of-the-art meta-analytic approaches cannot determine the credibility of an effect because they do not account for the extent to which each included study has survived such attempted falsification. To overcome this problem, the following paper outlines a unified framework to estimate the credibility of published research by examining four fundamental falsifiability-related dimensions: (1) method/data transparency, (2) analytic reproducibility, (3) analytic robustness, and (4) effect replicability. A standardized workflow is proposed to quantify the degree to which a finding has survived scrutiny along these four credibility facets. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to published replications in the psychology literature. Details about a web platform implementation of the framework are outlined, and we conclude by encouraging the community of researchers to contribute to the development and crowdsourcing of the platform.
Lecture capture in higher education: time to learn from the learners
Authors: Nordmann Emily , Mcgeorge Peter
Published: July 2018

In this review we consider the evidence concerning the impact of student access to lecture recordings. Overwhelmingly, students perceive having access to recordings as enhancing their experience and providing a flexible resource to aid their studies, deal with competing demands, and reduce anxiety. Research to date has largely focused on a binary question concerned with attendance and not the rich pedagogic tapestry revealed by the student data. There is no systematic evidence to suggest that access to recordings alone significantly impacts attendance and the impact of access to recordings on performance is related to a range of individual student characteristics such as level of study, ability, and approaches to learning. We argue that situating research in broader conceptual frameworks of student learning will prove a more fruitful approach to opening potential avenues of future research based, for example, around concepts of deep processing and distributed practice. Finally, we provide an overview of current institutional lecture capture policies and present, as a ‘starter for 10’, recommendations for guidance to support students, staff, and policy writers.
Egocentrism in the Volunteer’s Dilemma
Authors: Krueger Joachim , Heck Patrick Ryan , Wagner Derik
Published: July 2018

In a volunteer’s dilemma (VoD), one person must make a material sacrifice so that others benefit. If no one makes a sacrifice, everyone is worse off than a volunteer. How do people make the decision to volunteer? We explore four a priori strategies in a two-person one-shot VoD. Two strategies focus a person’s attention to either his or her own (egocentrism) or the other’s (allocentrism) highest potential payoff. The third strategy (collectivism) directs attention to both players’ payoffs and thereby maximizes joint outcomes by finding the best pure Nash equilibrium. The fourth strategy (classic rationality) also directs attention to the other’s payoffs to enable a mixed-motive Nash equilibrium. The results of two experiments with a set of asymmetrical games show a pattern consistent with egocentrism; yet, all four strategies yield similar degrees of volunteering overall. Also consistent with egocentrism, respondents project their own preferred decisions onto others. We discuss the contributions of egocentric reasoning to the provision of public goods.
Predictive Power of Dynamic Risk Factors in the Finnish Risk and Needs Assessment Form Compared to Static Predictors
Authors: Salo Benny , Laaksonen Toni , Santtila Pekka
Published: July 2018

We estimated the predictive power of the dynamic items in the Finnish Risk and Needs Assessment Form (RITA), assessed by case-workers, for predicting recidivism. These 52 items were compared to static predictors including crime committed, prison history, and age. We used two machine learning methods (elastic net and random forest) for this purpose and compared them with logistic regression. Participants were 746 men that had, and 746 that had not, reoffended during matched follow-up periods from 0.5 to 5.8 years. Both RITA-items and static predictors predicted general and violent recidivism well (AUC = .73 – .79), but combining them increased discrimination only slightly (ΔAUC = 0.01 – 0.02) over static predictors alone. Calibration was good for all models. We argue that the results show strong potential for the RITA-items but that development is best focused on improving usability for identifying treatment targets and for updating risk assessments.
Expert Attention: Attentional allocation depends on the differential development of multisensory number representations
Authors: Matusz Pawel J , Merkley Rebecca , Faure Michelle , Scerif Gaia
Published: July 2018

Traditional models developed within cognitive psychology suggest that attention is deployed flexibly and irrespective of differences in expertise with to-be-attended stimuli. However, everyday environments are inherently multisensory and observers differ in familiarity with particular unisensory representations (e.g., number words, in contrast with digits). To test whether the predictions of the traditional models extend to such naturalistic settings, six-year-olds, 11-year-olds and young adults (N=83) searched for predefined numerals amongst a small or large number of distractor digits, while distractor number words, digits or their combination were presented peripherally. Concurrently presented number words and audiovisual stimuli that were compatible with the target digit facilitated young children’s selective attention. In contrast, for older children and young adults number words and audiovisual stimuli that were incompatible with their visual targets resulted in a cost on reaction time. These findings suggest that multisensory and familiarity-based influences interact dynamically as they shape selective attention. Therefore, models of selective attention should include multisensory and familiarity-dependent constraints.
Parents versus peers: Assessing the impact of social agents on decision making in young adulthood
Authors: Guassi Moreira Joao F , Tashjian Sarah M. , Galván Adriana , Silvers Jennifer A
Published: July 2018

Lay theories posit young adults prioritize peer over parent relationships, especially when making decisions. However, no empirical work has directly evaluated how young adults weigh these relationships against one another. We conducted a pre-registered experiment where we pit outcomes for parents against outcomes for friends. Participants played one round of the Columbia Card Task in which gains benefited a parent and losses were incurred by a friend, then played another round where the opposite was true. We also varied the emotional salience of decision making, a moderating influence shown to affect how young adults make decisions. Results showed individuals were more likely to make decisions that benefited a parent at the expense of a friend, compared to the opposite. These results were driven by the low emotional salience condition, whereas individuals showed no preference in the high emotional salience condition. These findings help clarify popular lay theories of young adulthood.
Intuitive Blaming of Peeping Toms Versus Cyber Peepers
Authors: Jago Carl Pierre , Christenfeld Nicholas , Ryazanov Arseny
Published: July 2018

In a series of studies, we examine the existence and factors underlying a blaming discrepancy between responses to a cyber peeper and to a peeping Tom. The first study demonstrates reduced blame for a cyber peeper, and the subsequent eight studies hone in on major differences between the cyber peeping and peeping Tom scenarios that may contribute to a blaming discrepancy, such as the effort involved on the part of the peeper and the risk-taking on the part of the victim. Four of eight such factors are found to impact blame. We then compare responses to cyber peeping and peeping Tom scenarios that are roughly matched on these four factors to assess whether such matching equalizes blame. Finally, we compare blame for the viewing of a private nude photo on the Internet with blame for the viewing of a private nude photo printed on paper in order to assess whether blame is influenced by the involvement of Internet technology itself, rather than by the other factors the technology brings with it.
Markov Methodology to Improve Precision in the Assessment of Data-Intensive Single Case Designs
Authors: Berardi Vincent
Published: July 2018

Single case designs that employ intensive longitudinal measures of health behavior have the potential to enable precise, nuanced evaluations of how individuals respond to interventions. Existing statistical tools typically focus on blunt, large effect outcomes such as changes in the level and/or slope of dependent variables over different intervention phases to arrive at a binary determination of whether an intervention was effective or not. This paper introduces a Markov-based, empirical transition method that offers a more comprehensive appraisal of interventions. The procedure projects a univariate time-series into discrete states and empirically determines the probability of transitioning from one state to another. Probabilities of state transition are computed separately for each intervention phase and are summarized in intervention phase-specific transition matrices. Comparing transition matrices illuminates intricate differences among intervention phases that can be quantified to estimate statistical significance via bootstrapping techniques. Analyses used to evaluate the face validity of findings are also discussed. This technique is demonstrated using three case studies from a quasi-SCD secondhand smoke reduction trial utilizing real-time air-particle sensors to discourage indoor cigarette smoking. The results enabled the identification of complex phenomena such avoidance and escape behavior in response to punitive contingencies. The Markov approach's ability to elucidate subtle behavioral details has not typically been feasible with standard methodologies, mainly due to historical limitations associated with infrequent repeated measures. The results suggest that Markov analyses can enhance the precision of outcomes provided by data-intensive single case designs, ultimately enabling the development of interventions uniquely tailored to specific individuals.
Threatening communication: diffusing the scientific evidence on fear appeal effectiveness among intervention developers and other groups of key actors
Authors: Peters Gjalt - Jorn Ygram , Ruiter Robert A.C. , Verboon Peter , Kok Gerjo
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND: Threat-based (fear-appeal) interventions are often ineffective yet popular. The current paper reports the evaluation of an intervention that was designed to discourage using threatening communication and that targeted those responsible for this popularity (intervention developers, campaign leaders, policy makers, politicians, scientists and advertising professionals).METHODS: Of the 153 participants who started, 102 completed both the first phase and the six-week follow-up measurement of the within-subject experiment. In the first phase, participants rated hypothetical behavior change interventions in six health domains (e.g., smoking, alcohol), after which they were presented with an intervention targeting themselves, which provided evidence on the ineffectiveness of threatening communication as persuasive instrument. Participants then rated more hypothetical interventions immediately and after six weeks.RESULTS: The intervention decreased the effectiveness ratings of threat-based interventions, but to a lower degree than expected, with the mean effectiveness grades immediately post-manipulation still exceeding four on a ten-point scale.CONCLUSIONS: The tested intervention is not an unequivocal success. It may prove hard to influence the key populations responsible for the continuous use of threat communications in persuasion.
Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS and Biological Insights to Cognition: A response to Hill (2017)
Authors: Lam Max , Trampush Joey , Yu Jin , Knowles Emma , Djurovic Srdjan , Melle Ingrid , Sundet Kjetil , Christoforou Andrea , Reinvang Ivar , DeRosse Pamela , Lundervold Astri J. , Steen Vidar M. , Espeseth Thomas , Raikkonen Katri , Widen Elisabeth , Palotie Aarno , Eriksson Johan G. , Giegling Ina , Konte Bettina , Roussos Panos , Giakoumaki Stella , Burdick Katherine E. , Payton Antony , Ollier William , Chiba-Falek Ornit , Attix Deborah K. , Need Anna C. , Cirulli Elizabeth T. , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Stefanis Nikos C. , Avramopoulos Dimitrios , Hatzimanolis Alex , Arking Dan E , Smyrnis Nikolaos , Bilder Robert , Freimer Nelson A. , Cannon Tyrone D. , London Edythe , Poldrack Russell , Sabb Fred , Congdon Eliza , Conley Emily Drabant , Scult Matthew A. , Dickinson Dwight , Straub Richard E. , Donohoe Gary , Morris Derek , Corvin Aiden , Gill Michael , Hariri Ahmad R. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Pendleton Neil , Bitsios Panos , Rujescu Dan , Lahti Jari , Le Hellard Stephanie , Keller Matthew , Andreassen Ole A. , Glahn David C. , Malhotra Anil K. , Lencz Todd
Published: July 2018

Hill (2017) presented a critique of our recently published paper in Cell Reports entitled “Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets” (Lam et al. 2017). Specifically, Hill offered several inter-related comments suggesting potential problems with our use of a new analytic method called Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS (MTAG; Turley et al. 2017). In this brief paper, we respond to each of these concerns. Using empirical data, we conclude that our MTAG results do not suffer from “inflation of the false discovery rate”, as suggested by Hill (2017), and are not “more relevant to the genetic contributions to education than they are to the genetic contributions to intelligence.”
Generating Timed Artificial Dream Action(TADA) as the Inverse Process of Freud's Interpretation of Dreams
Authors: El-dosuky M. A.
Published: July 2018

Apart from being an audacious attempt and a masterpiece, Freud's Interpretation of Dreams has provoked controversy since its publication. After the neurological linkage between Rapid Eye Movement(REM) sleep and dreams, many hypotheses are proposed focusing on REM or its accompanied dreams.This paper reviews recent discoveries regarding the neuro-cognitive aspects ofsleep,dreaming,and emotions as a dream ingredient.This paper assumes that a dream content is decomposable into a sequence of Timed Artificial Dream Actions (TADAs) and that dream interpretation resembles the ability of an expert system explaining HOW and WHY questions. Freud tried to answer WHY each dream ingredient is being incorporated. The inverse of this process is to answer HOW a TADA is formed, and it is the concern of this paper.Based on dream-contents, an operational model for dream ingredients is proposed.The proposed TADA generator, nicknamed Oneiros, is decomposed into three modules Morpheus, Phantasos and Phobetor.Morpheus is responsible for the lexical processing of memory contents, in order to perform tasks such as extracting objects, emotions associated with objects, and any object alterations.Phobetor is responsible for extracting viewer emotions, and phobetic-specific aspects.Phantasos is responsible for the actual generation of a TADA.
Eelen 1980 Classical Conditioning
Authors: De Houwer Jan
Published: July 2018

This manuscript is part of a special issue to commemorate professor Paul Eelen, who passed away on August 21, 2016. Paul was a clinically oriented scientist, for whom learning principles (Pavlovian or operant) were more than salivary responses and lever presses. His expertise in learning psychology and his enthusiasm to translate this knowledge to clinical practice inspired many inside and outside academia. Several of his original writings were in the Dutch language. Instead of editing a special issue with contributions of colleagues and friends, we decided to translate a selection of his manuscripts to English to allow wide access to his original insights and opinions. Even though the manuscripts were written more than two decades ago, their content is surprisingly contemporary. The present manuscript was originally published as part of a Liber Amicorum for Paul Eelen’s own supervisor, prof. Joseph Nuttin. In this chapter, Paul Eelen presents a modern view on Pavlovian learning. It appeared in 1980, at the heyday of cognitive psychology which initially dismissed conditioning. Paul Eelen’s perseverance in presenting learning principles as key to study human behaviour has proven correct and ahead of time.
Investigating Fast Mapping task components: no evidence for the role of semantic referent nor semantic inference in healthy adults
Authors: Cooper Elisa , Greve Andrea , Henson Richard
Published: July 2018

Fast Mapping (FM) is an incidental learning process that is hypothesised to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation, independent of the normal, hippocampally-dependent episodic memory system. It is believed to underlie the rapid vocabulary learning in infants that occurs separately from intentional memorisation strategies. Interest in adult FM learningwas stimulated by a report in which adults with amnesia following hippocampal damage showed a normal ability to learn new object-name associations after an incidental FM task,despite their impaired memory under a conventional intentional memorisation task. This remarkable finding has important implications for memory rehabilitation, and has led to a number of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in other patients and controls. Given this growing interest in adult FM, we conducted four behavioural experiments with healthy adults (N=24 young or older adults in Experiment 1-3 using within-participantdesigns; N=195 young adults in Experiment 4 using a between-participant design) that attempted to dissect which component(s) of the FM task are important for memory. Two key components of the FM task have been claimed to support FM learning: i) provision of a known semantic referent and ii) requirement that the new association be inferred. Experiment  1 provided no evidence that removing the semantic referent impaired memory performance, while Experiment 2 provided no evidence that removing the semantic inference impaired performance. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 with older participants, basedon the hypothesis (from studies of amnesic individuals) that FM would be more effective following the hippocampal atrophy typical of increasing age, but again found no evidence that semantic inference is beneficial. Given potential concerns about contamination between tasks when each participant performed multiple variants of the FM task, we ran a final between-participant design in which each participant only ever did one condition. Despite  80% power and despite being able to detect better memory following intentional memorisation in the explicit encoding (EE) control condition than in each of the FMconditions, we again found no evidence of differences between any FM conditions. We  conclude that there is no evidence that the components hypothesized to be critical for FM are relevant to healthy adults.
Robustness of the adult statistical word segmentation literature: Part 1
Authors: Hartshorne Joshua K. , Skorb Lauren , Dietz Sven L. , Garcia Caitlin , Iozzo Gina , Lamirato Katie , Ledoux James , Mu Jesse , Murdock Kara , Ravid Jon , Savery Alyssa , Spizzirro James , Trimm Kelsey , Vidal Juliani , Van Horne Kendall
Published: July 2018

We report the first set of results in a multi-year project to replicate every adult statistical word segmentation study. We reported replications of six experiments. The purpose of these replications is both to assess the strength of the findings in the statistical learning literature but also to provide more accurate effect size estimates. In every instance, we were able to replicate successful learning. However, many theoretically important modulations of that learning failedto replicate. Moreover, learning success was generally much lower than in the original studies. In the General Discussion, we consider whether these differences are due to differences in subject populations, low power in the original studies, or some other factor. Regardless, these initial results suggest taking caution in relying on the originally reported findings.
Letter to APS on PoPS
Authors: Crandall Chris
Published: July 2018

This is a draft letter to the APS Publication Committee to raise the issue of ethical violations and excessively narrow inclusion of authors in the 30th Anniversary issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science.