bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disagreeing in Tunisian Arabic: a Politeness and Pragmatic Study
Authors: Khammari Hassen
Published: August 2021

This research is a pragmatic and politeness study that deals with the speech act of disagreement in Tunisian Arabic, a variety of Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It accounts for disagreement in relation to the contextual factors of Social Distance, Social Power, and Rank of Imposition. Discourse Completion Test (DCT) is used to study the production of disagreement. Data was collected from a group of native speakers of Tunisian Arabic at “Institut Supérieur des Langues de Tunis, Tunisia”. Native speakers of TA used a variety of strategies, which were identified in other languages (e.g., Direct Refusal, Suggestion, Giving Account, and Request…) along with new strategies (e.g., Teasing, Unsympathetic advice, Challenge, and Criticism).The identification and quantification of the strategies of disagreement also helped develop insights into the Tunisian culture.
POLA ASUH ORANG TUA DALAM MENANAMKAN SIKAP DISIPLIN ANAK PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Cahyono Cahyono , Margiani Veni , Intan Talitha Rahma
Published: July 2021

It takes proper parenting style from parents in instilling a child's discipline. The problems that are studied are how the parenting style, constraints and efforts. The research objective describes the parenting styles, constraints and efforts. The research was conducted at Rt. 33 Rw. 11 BTN Griya Mukti Indah Housing, Gembor Village, Pagaden District, Subang Regency with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were 10 parents who have primary school-age children or 6-12 years old. The underlying theory in parenting is the theory of Danny I Yatim. Data collection methods used were interviews, observation and documentation. Claster Sampling (area sampling) was used to prove the validity of the data. sources and methods. Data analysis techniques through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that parents should apply parenting styles that are in accordance with the current situation, condition and development of a child. In terms of children's discipline, parents should play an active role in controlling their children's daily lives so that children are always disciplined and obey the existing rules in the family and community environment.
Einführung in das Rahmenthema Deutschsprachige Briefkultur im europäischen Kontext
Authors: Conterno Chiara
Published: August 2021

Das Interesse an der Briefkultur ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich gestiegen, wie zahlreiche Publikationen über die Entwicklung der Gattung ,Brief‘ im Laufe der Jahrhunderte sowie über verschiedene Aspekte, Modalitäten und Potentialitäten des epistolaren
Schreibens bestätigen.1 Unter den zahlreichen Arbeiten sei stellvertretend auf das grundlegende Handbuch Brief. Von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart verwiesen, das soeben von Marie Isabel Matthews-Schlinzig, Jörg Schuster, Gesa Steinbrink und Jochen Strobel
bei De Gruyter (Berlin) publiziert wurde.2 Als Ergebnis der durchgeführten Forschungen und der erschienenen Studien könnte resümiert werden, dass der Brief immer klarere Konturen gewinnt und in seiner spezifischen Medialität und historischen Relevanz genau in
dem Moment erkennbar wird, in dem er in der Alltagskommunikation unserer globalisierten Welt durch technische und elektronische Medien teilweise ersetzt wird.3 Aber stimmt das wirklich oder gibt es noch ergiebige Schattenbereiche, die zu beleuchten wären? Versuchen wir im Folgenden,
uns mit dieser Frage auseinanderzusetzen.
Lukas Bärfuss: Malinois. Erzählungen. Wallstein, Göttingen 2019. 128 Seiten.
Authors: Famula Marta
Published: August 2021

In der Dankesrede, die Lukas Bärfuss angesichts des ihm verliehenen Georg-Büchner-Preises im November 2019 gehalten hat, legt der Autor den Fokus seiner literarischen Arbeit auf die Grausamkeiten, derer sich der Mensch im 20. Jahrhundert fähig gezeigt hat, und verortet
darin seine Verwandtschaft mit dem Werk Georg Büchners: ,,Und es ist diese Frage, die mich mit Georg Büchner verbindet. Was das denn sei, was in uns lügt, hurt, stiehlt und mordet, fragt der Revolutionär Georges Danton, als er in einer Nacht von den Erinnerungen an die
von ihm verantworteten Septembermorde heimgesucht wird.“1 Doch akzentuiert Bärfuss seinen Blickwinkel anders, während Büchners Danton jenes ,,das“, das für die Verbrechen verantwortlich sei, ,,in uns“ lokalisierte, will es Bärfuss im Bereich
,,zwischen uns“ verortet sehen:
Die Krebs, Schanks, Hausers – deutsche Figurentypen aus Szenttamás in der Romanwelt von Nándor Gion
Authors: Futó Hargita Horváth , Kicsi Mária Pásztor , Hózsa Éva
Published: August 2021

Der Schriftsteller Nándor Gion, der mütterlicherseits aus einer deutschen Familie stammt, hat in der Zeit zwischen 1973 und 2002 seinen vierbändigen Familienroman geschrieben, der unter dem zusammengefassten Titel Latroknak is játszott (dt. Er hat auch
für Schurken gespielt) erschienen ist. Den Stoff der Tetralogie bildet die fünfzigjährige Geschichte des Geburtsortes des Ich-Erzählers, Szenttamás (Region Batschka), woher auch der Schriftsteller und seine Familie stammen. Die Handlung des Werkes umfasst einen Zeitraum
von 1898 bis zu den 1950er Jahren. Der Soldat mit der Blume (ungar. Virágos katona) schildert den Ersten Weltkrieg und den Zerfall der Doppelmonarchie Österreich-Ungarn. Der erste Roman ist 1993 auch in deutscher Sprache (in der Übersetzung von Hans Skirecki)
erschienen. Im Roman Rózsaméz (dt. Rosenhonig) werden die Ereignisse von 1918 bis zum Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges und der Zusammenbruch des Königreichs Jugoslawien dargestellt. Die Handlung des Romans Ez a nap a miénk (dt. Das ist unser Tag) beginnt
mit dem Einmarsch der ungarischen Truppen im Jahr 1941 und schließt mit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Im letzten Roman Aranyat talált (dt. Goldfund) wird die ,,Chronik“ der zweiten Hälfte der 1940er Jahre beschrieben. Der Untersuchungsgegenstand der Arbeit
ist die Darstellung der deutschen Minderheit in Gions Romanwelt. Durch die nähere Untersuchung der individuellen Lebensläufe einzelner Romanfiguren wird die Lage und Rolle der deutschen Volksgruppe in der multiethnischen und multikonfessionellen Region Batschka sowie ihre (wechselhafte)
gesellschaftlich-politische Stellung im mittelosteuropäischen Raum im genannten historischen Zeitabschnitt aufgezeigt.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MINORS FOR CRIMES COMMITTED OUT OF HOOLIGAN IMPACTIONS
Authors: Vetchinova J.I.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the investigation of the criminal liability of minors for acts that contain signs of modern hooliganism in Russia. The very concept of “criminal liability” is examined in detail, as well as the age at which it comes. Particular attention is paid to the prevalence of hooliganism among minors, as it is one of the most dangerous types of crimes against public order.
The author concludes that the tendency to humanize the criminal liability of minors does not mean conniv-ance in relation to juvenile delinquents. Every person, including a teenager, must remember that you can’t live in a society, team, family and be free from the obligation to comply with the norms and rules that exist there.
Conserving Natural Values to Mitigate Environmental Degradation in Africa
Authors: Ikeke Mark Omorovie
Published: August 2021

One of the gravest predicaments that Africa is suffering from is environmental degradation. Environmental degradation implies the diminishment of the beauty, quality, goodness, and viability of the earth and its ecosystems. Environmental degradation is precipitated by massive deforestation, desertification, drought, forced migration, war, food shortages, atmospheric and ocean pollution from mining and exploitation of natural resources, human insecurities, misappropriation of environmental funds, global warming and climate change, etc. Many of these that lead to environmental degradation are anthropogenic (caused by human activities and behaviours). Anthropogenic activities that degrade the environment are often informed by systems of thoughts that see no intrinsic value in nature or the earth. Nature is simply seen for its utilitarian and human satisfaction purpose. The earth is simply seen as existing for human needs and purpose. Nature exists to benefits human beings. Humans are at liberty to use the earth as they desire. Other organisms have no purpose except for the good and welfare of human beings. The interests of other non-human realities do not count. This paper argues that there are values in the natural world. Beyond the benefits that nature provides for humans and the entire ecosystem, nature has intrinsic value. While humans are to make use of nature to sustain themselves like other organisms in nature, humans have a responsibility to conserve the intrinsic values in nature. The degradation and deterioration of nature takes from it religious, spiritual, aesthetic, intrinsic, ecosystemic, and other values in nature. The paper will use a critical analytic and hermeneutic method to traces various theorists on the value of nature. It will examine the situation and reality of environmental degradation. It will equally present what can be done to conserve natural values. The paper finds and concludes that conserving natural values will help to mitigate environmental degradation
On Stochastic Differential Equations Generating Non-gaussian Continuous Markov Process
Authors: Lyandres Vladimir
Published: August 2021

Continuous Markov processes widely used as a tool for modeling random phenomena in numerous applications, can be defined as solutions of generally nonlinear stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with certain drift and diffusion coefficients which together governs the process’ probability density and correlation functions. Usually it is assumed that the diffusion coefficient does not depend on the process' current value. For presentation of non-Gaussian real processes this assumption becomes undesirable, leads generally to complexity of the correlation function estimation. We consider its analysis for the process with particular pairs of the drift and diffusion coefficients providing the given stationary probability distribution of the considered process
Ferromagnetic Schottky Contact for GaN Based Spin Devices
Authors: Patil Tarkeshwar C.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, ferromagnetic Schottky contacts for GaN based spin injection are being studied. The electrical characterization of this Co/n-GaN and Fe/n-GaN Schottky contacts showing the zero-bias barrier height comes closer to unity as the temperature is increased. Also, the Richardson constant is extracted for this Schottky contact. Both the zero-bias barrier height and the Richardson constant are verified both experimentally as well as theoretically. Thus, this Schottky contacts will serve as spin injector for GaN based spin devices specifically for GaCrN based devices
On a Quasi Optimal Algorithm for Analog Circuits Optimization
Authors: Zemliak Alexander , Reyes Fernando , Felix Olga
Published: August 2021

An analog circuit design methodology based on applications of control theory is the basis for constructing an optimal or quasi-optimal design algorithm. The main criterion for identifying the required structure of the algorithm is the behavior of the Lyapunov function, which was decisive for the circuit optimization process. The characteristics of the Lyapunov function and its derivative are the basis for finding the optimal structure of the control vector that determines the structure of the algorithm. A block diagram of a quasi-optimal algorithm that implements the main ideas of the methodology is constructed, and the main characteristics of this algorithm are presented in comparison with the traditional approach
Jukka Kortti, Valtaan ja vastavirtaan. Helsingin yliopiston valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta 75 vuotta.
Authors: Berndtson Erkki
Published: July 2021

Kirja-arvio Helsingin yliopiston valtiotieteellisen tiedekunnan tilaamasta 75-vuotishistoriikista Valtaan ja vastavirtaan, jonka on kirjoittanut Jukka Kortti. Tiedekunnan oppiainevalikoima on vaihdellut vuosikymmenten varrella, mutta valtio-oppi on kuulunut siihen alusta asti. Kirjassa käydään läpi tiedekunnan vaiheita ja roolia suomalaisen hyvinvointivaltion ja yhteiskunnan rakentamisessa, yliopistoradikalismissa ja yliopistohallinnonuudistustaistelussa yleisen ja yhtäläisen äänioikeuden puolesta. Nykyvaihetta määrittävät historiikin mukaan talous ja tulosjohtaminen, ja Berndtson viittaakin myös yliopistodemokratian purkamiseen rakenteellisten muutosten seurauksena. Nykytilanteessa huomiota saavat lisäksi uusien oppiaineiden ja opintokokonaisuuksien synty, virkarakenteen muuttaminen, uudenlainen opetukseen panostaminen, kansainvälistyminen sekä tasa-arvokysymykset.
Ferrobobfergusonite, □Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6, a new mineral of the bobfergusonite group from the Victory Mine, Custer County, South Dakota, USA
Authors: Yang Hexiong , Yong Tommy , Downs Robert T.
Published: August 2021

A new mineral species, ferrobobfergusonite, ideally □Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6, has been found in the Victory Mine, Custer County, South Dakota, USA. It is massive and associated with ferrowyllieite, schorl, fillowite, arrojadite, quartz, and muscovite. Broken pieces of ferrobobfergusonite are blocky or tabular with single crystals up to 0.9 × 0.7 × 0.4 mm. No twinning or parting is observed macroscopically. The mineral is deep green-brown and transparent with a pale green-yellow streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼5, with perfect cleavage on {010}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.68(1) and 3.69 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, ferrobobfergusonite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.698 (2), β = 1.705 (2), γ = 1.727 (2) (white light), 2V (meas.) = 65(2)°, 2V (calc.) = 60°, with orientation of the optic axes α ∧ X = 16°, β = Y, with X = yellowish brown, Y = brown, and Z = deep brown. The dispersion is very strong with r > v. The calculated compatibility index based on the empirical formula is 0.017 (superior). An electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 24 O apfu) of (Na1.72□1.28)Σ3.00(Fe2+3.50Mn0.89Mg0.44Ca0.13)Σ4.96(Fe3+0.77Al0.23)Σ1.00Al(PO4)6.

Ferrobobfergusonite is isostructural with bobfergusonite, a member of the alluaudite supergroup. It is monoclinic, with space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a = 12.7156(3), b = 12.3808(3), c = 10.9347(3) Å, β = 97.3320(10)°, and V = 1707.37(7) Å3. The crystal structure of ferrobobfergusonite contains six octahedral M (= Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+, Al, Fe3+) sites and five X (= Na, Mn2+, Ca) sites with coordination numbers between 6 and 8. The six MO6 octahedra share edges to form two types of kinked chains extending along [101], with one consisting of M1–M4–M5 linkages and the other of M2–M3–M6 linkages. These chains are joined by PO4 tetrahedra to form sheets parallel to (010), which are linked together through corner-sharing between PO4 tetrahedra and MO6 octahedra in the adjacent sheets, leaving open channels parallel to a, where the large X cations are situated. The M cations are strongly ordered over the six sites, with M1, M2, M3, and M4 being dominantly occupied by Fe2+, and M5 and M6 by Fe3+ and Al, respectively. Among the five X sites, the X1 site is filled with Mn2+ and Ca, whereas the X2–X5 sites are partially occupied by Na.
The crystal structure of Tl2.36Sb5.98As4.59S17, the lead-free endmember of the chabournéite homeotypic group
Authors: Makovicky Emil , Plášil Jakub , Kasatkin Anatoly V. , Škoda Radek
Published: August 2021

The crystal structure of Tl2.36Sb5.98As4.59S17, the lead-free endmember of the chabournéite homeotypic group, from the Tl-As-Sb-rich gold deposit at Vorontsovskoye (the Urals, Russia) was determined and refined to R(obs) 0.099 for 9340 unique observed X-ray reflections. The triclinic unit-cell parameters determined from single-crystal data are as follows: a = 8.63253(19) Å, b = 16.3055(7) Å, c = 21.8196(8) Å, α = 75.094 (3)°, β = 83.631(2)°, γ = 89.303 (2)°, V = 2949.18(18) Å3 (Z = 4), space group . The crystal structure is composed of (001) slabs based on PbS and SnS archetypes, arranged in regular alternation. All Sb(As) coordination polyhedra are (Sb,As)S3+2+(1 or 2) coordination pyramids, in the majority of cases with a mixed Sb-As occupancy in both slab types. Bond-length distributions were studied in detail. The zig-zag boundary between the slabs is composed of a repeating sequence of [100] Tl-Tl, Sb-Sb (1/3 substituted by As), Tl-Tl, and Tl-Sb columns. Thallium forms tricapped trigonal coordination prisms and (Sb,As) forms bicapped prisms. Differences compared to two related structures—parapierrotite and tsygankoite—are specified. Twinning of chabournéite is connected with the (imperfect) order-disorder character of the structure, which is connected with the configurations observed on slab boundaries. The structure refinement of the lead-free Tl-(Sb,As) chabournéite endmember presented in this paper is the best starting point for a restudy of all complexities of the chabournéite homeotypic group.
Shallow marine bioerosion: preliminary results of an experimental study
Authors: Bromley R. G. , Asgaard U. , Hanken N.-M.
Published: August 2021

In order to investigate long-term bioerosional effects on carbonate rock surfaces in shallow marine settings, test blocks were placed off a rocky shore on Rhodes, Greece at -3m to -17m. Retrieval of blocks each year allowed the progress of bioerosion to be monitored. Rapid colonization by endolithic algae was followed by recruitment of browsing chitons and echinoids. The firs! boring sponges arrived in year 1 but were barely visible until year 2. After six years, stable blocks were deeply bioeroded. The history of community development varies considerably from block to block, largely depending on degree of disturbance. Physical disturbance consists of block tumbling as a function of water turbulance levels and the block's weight and shape; biological disturbance comprises the activity of rasping herbivores. The surfaces reveal a mosaic of successional stages in community development. Equilibrium has not yet been established on stable blocks; unstable blocks remain at a pioneer phase of community succession. The slow progress implies that, in the fossil record, well bioeroded substrates such as skeletons and hard­grounds represent several years rather than months of depositional hiatus.
Taxonomy of trace fossils from the shallow marine Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland
Authors: Dam Gregers
Published: August 2021

Trace fossils are common in the shallow marine sandstones of the Lower Jurassic Neill Klinter Formation, East Greenland. Thirtyfour ichnospecies (4 new) are referred to 29 ichnogenera (1 new). Tue new forms are J amesonichnites heinbergi ( n. igen., n. isp.); Parahaentzschelinia sur ly ki ( n.isp.), Ph ycodes Auduni ( n. isp.) and Phycodes brom/eyi (n. isp.). Where possible each ichnogenus is interpreted in the light of its trophic and ethological properties and related to a particular group of organisms.
Radiometric age determinations in the Kærven area, Kangerdlugssuaq, Bast Greenland Tertiary igneous Province: 40Ar/39 Ar, Kl Ar and Rb/Sr isotopic results
Authors: Holm Paul Martin
Published: August 2021

The Kærven syenite complex was emplaced as part of the magmatic activity related to continental rifling in the Paleogene. Radiometric age determinations have been carried out on samples from selected parts of the complex, which consists of more !han 10 significant units. Five amphiboles and two alkali feldspar have been analysed by the 40Arl'9Ar method with stepwise heating, five amphiboles and one biotite K/Ar analyses are presented together with Rb/Sr isotope analysis of 6 amphiboles, 2 biotites, 3 alkali feldspars and 32 whole rocks. The results reveal that a Iate, probably 36 Ma, thermal event caused Ar-loss in the alkali feldspars and excess 40Ar-gain in variable amounts in the analysed minerals. Also the Sr isotopes were disturbed by the secondary heating. Crystallisation ages for parts of the Kærven complex can be established as 58 ± 1 Ma, while other units have younger ages of 56.1 ± 0.8 Ma and 50.4 ± 0.8 Ma. The age for the early Kærven rocks is significantly older than other recorded syenites in the Kangerdlugssuaq area and is comparable only to the estimated age of the initiation of basaltic volcanism along the East Greenland coast at 57 Ma. An Rb/Sr isochron for four nordmarkite whole rocks and a 40Ar/39 Ar age plateau of an amphibole from one nordmarkite date the part of the Kangerdlugssuaq alkaline intrusion adjacent to the Kærven complex as 54.6 ± 2.4 Ma. This is older than other parts of the Kangerdlugssuaq intrusion, and indicate that this intrusion was multiple and emplaced over several million years
Coniacian and Santonian ammonites from Bornholm, Denmark
Authors: Kennedy W. J. , Christen­sen W. K.
Published: August 2021

The ammonite faunas from the Amager Limestone and Bavnodde Greensand Formations of the island of Bornholm, Denmark are described. The Amager Limestone at its type locality has yielded five species, including the age diagnostic Scaphites (Scaphites) kieslingswaldensis kieslingswaldensis · Langenhan & Grundey, 1891 and Peroniceras tridorsatum (Schliiter, 1867). The Bavnodde Greensand has yielded seven species, including Scaphites (Scaphites) kieslingswaldensis fischer Riede!, 1931, which firs! appears in the Lower Santonian elsewhere in Europe. The age of the two formations is discussed. The Amager Limestone Formation is in part at least Middle Coniacian on ammonite evidence, Lower Coniacian on inoceramid bivalve evidence, while foraminifera suggest thai the formation spans most of the Coniacian. Tue Bavnodde Greensand Formation is referable to the upper Coniacian-Lower Santonian on the basis of ammonites, belemnites, and inoceramid bivalves.
The role of vision and proprioception in self-motion encoding: An immersive virtual reality study
Authors: Bayramova Rena , Valori Irene , McKenna-Plumley Phoebe E. , Callegher Claudio Zandonella , Farroni Teresa
Published: August 2021

Past research on the advantages of multisensory input for remembering spatial information has mainly focused on memory for objects or surrounding environments. Less is known about the role of cue combination in memory for own body location in space. In a previous study, we investigated participants’ accuracy in reproducing a rotation angle in a self-rotation task. Here, we focus on the memory aspect of the task. Participants had to rotate themselves back to a specified starting position in three different sensory conditions: a blind condition, a condition with disrupted proprioception, and a condition where both vision and proprioception were reliably available. To investigate the difference between encoding and storage phases of remembering proprioceptive information, rotation amplitude and recall delay were manipulated. The task was completed in a real testing room and in immersive virtual reality (IVR) simulations of the same environment. We found that proprioceptive accuracy is lower when vision is not available and that performance is generally less accurate in IVR. In reality conditions, the degree of rotation affected accuracy only in the blind condition, whereas in IVR, it caused more errors in both the blind condition and to a lesser degree when proprioception was disrupted. These results indicate an improvement in encoding own body location when vision and proprioception are optimally integrated. No reliable effect of delay was found.
Hummingbirds modify their routes to avoid a poor location
Authors: Tello-Ramos Maria C. , Hurly T. Andrew , Barclay Mabel , Healy Susan D.
Published: August 2021

Traplining, when animals repeat the order in which they visit a number of locations, is taxonomically widespread, but little is known about which factors influence the routes that animals follow. For example, as the quality of rewarding locations changes over time, foragers are expected to update their traplines, either to prioritize locations where the reward increases or to avoid locations that have ceased to be profitable. Here, we tested how traplining wild hummingbirds responded to increases or to decreases in the sucrose concentration of one of the flowers on their trapline. Hummingbirds did not change their trapline to visit the flower with the increased reward first, but by changing the order in which they visited flowers, they avoided a flower that contained a decreased reward. Depending on where along the trapline the reduced-content flower occurred, hummingbirds either changed the origin of their trapline or changed the direction in which they flew around their trapline. It may be that this asymmetric modification of foraging traplines is especially noticeable in risk-averse foragers, such as these territorial hummingbirds.
THE ROLE OF THE INFECTIOUS FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHOLANGITIS
Authors: Maloshtan Oleksandr , Smachilo Rostyslav , Tishchenko Oleksandr , Nekludov Аndrii , Klosova Мariia , Volchenko Оleg
Published: August 2021

Introduction. The problems of the pathogenesis of cholangitis have not been finally clarified to date.
Aim: to investigate the dynamics of microbial contamination of the biliary tract in obstructive jaundice before and after decompression.
Materials and methods. To determine the significance of the infectious factor in the development of acute cholangitis, bile from the common bile duct was examined in 40 patients with the biliary tract obstruction, which were divided into three groups according to the clinical course of the disease.
Results. The quantitative infection indicators of the common bile duct were studied in asymptomatic choledocholithiasis, in obstructive jaundice without clinical manifestations of cholangitis and in a developed clinic of cholangitis. It has been proven that endoscopic decompression of the biliary tree allows to obtain an almost instant therapeutic effect, the number of colony-forming units of the pathogen decreases by almost three orders of magnitude within 3 days. However, in phlegmonous inflammation of the bile duct wall patients, this period was significantly lengthened, and the course of the disease, according to the Tokyo Guidelines (2013), was assessed as severe.
Conclusion. In the study of quantitative infection indicators in patients with a bright clinic of cholangitis, a significant decrease in the number of colony-forming units was observed already on the third day after endoscopic papilosphincterotomy due to an adequate drainage effect. When a stone is driven into the large papilla of the duodenum, the common bile duct turns into an analogue of an abscess. Opening the papilla not only frees the mouth of the duct from the stone, but also provides free passage of the contents of the common bile duct (pus) into the duodenum. This provides an almost instant healing effect. When comparing the severity of cholangitis with the histological picture of the wall of the bile ducts (common bile duct, intrahepatic ducts), data were obtained that it is in patients with a severe form of the disease that phlegmonous inflammation of the wall of the duct system takes place. When comparing the severity of cholangitis with the histological picture of the wall of the bile ducts (common bile duct, intrahepatic ducts), data were obtained that phlegmonous inflammation of the wall of the duct system is observed precisely in patients with a severe form of the disease.
Keywords: cholangitis, endoscopic decompression
Geometric proofs in Hungarian teaching practice in grades 9-12
Authors: Csapodi Csaba
Published: August 2021

The teaching of mathematics has many objectives, among which the teaching of argumentation and proofs plays a prominent role. Unfortunately, in recent years this goal has been overshadowed in the practice in Hungary. In this paper, I am trying to explore the causes of this phenomenon, and I am also presenting the process by which the teaching of proofs in secondary school may regain its former weight and importance. I present the phenomena examined primarily through geometric argumentation and proofs. The main subjects of my examination are curricula, textbooks and final exam requirements, as they work together on the practice in the classroom.
Mosaike, um das Geometrielernen bunter zu machen
Authors: Kántor Tünde
Published: August 2021

In diesem Artikel werde ich einige Ergebnisse meiner jahrzehntelangen empirischen Forschung zum Lehren und Lernen von Geometrie vorstellen. Unser Hauptziel war es, einen Lehrstoff zu erstellen, der zum Problemlösen und zu heuristischen Strategien sowie zum Nationalen Kerncurriculum passt. Wir wollten optimale Gelegenheiten für die Motivation bieten (Möbiusband, Papierfalten, geometrischer Nachweis algebraischer Identitäten, Beweis des Satzes von Pythagoras, Konstruktion von Körpern aus ihrem Netz). Um unser Ziel zu erreichen, verwendeten wir Arbeitsblätter sowie ebene und räumliche Geometriemodelle. Wir haben Fragestellungen der ebenen und räumlichen Geometrie mit historischen Aspekten der Mathematik verbunden (Varignon-Theorem, Viviani-Theorem mit IKT-Werkzeugen, figurierte Zahlen).
Gibt es mehr als einen Pólya-Stöpsel? Verschiedene Zugänge zu einer geometrischen Problemstellung
Authors: Müller Matthias , Poljanskij Nicole
Published: August 2021

Eine über zweihundert Jahre alte geometrische Problemstellung hat verschiedene MathematikerInnen und MathematikdidaktikerInnen immer wieder beschäftigt. Auch George Pólya formulierte die Problemstellung mittels dreier Bedingungen: Gesucht ist ein Körper, dessen Projektion auf den Boden einem Kreis, dessen Projektion auf die Vorderwand einem Quadrat und dessen Projektion auf die Seitenwand einem gleichschenkligen Dreieck entspricht. Es ist vergleichsweise unbekannt, dass es mehrere konvexe Körper gibt, die diesen Bedingungen genügen (auch Pólya-Stöpsel genannt). Möchte man die Körper entsprechend ihrer Volumina ordnen, so lassen sich ein Körper mit dem maximalen und ein Körper mit dem minimalen Volumen ausmachen. Um die Berechnungen der Volumina nachvollziehen zu können, bietet es sich an, verschiedene Verfahren zur Herstellung von Modellen dieser Körper zu erproben und miteinander zu vergleichen. Neben der Motivation der Problemstellung und der Herleitung der Volumina werden in diesem Beitrag drei analoge und digitale Verfahren (u. a. 3D-Druck) beschrieben und verglichen.
Dynamisches und statisches geometrisches Denken
Authors: Sjuts Johann , Ambrus Gabriella
Published: August 2021

Geometrisches Denken bedeutet, sich Dinge und Sachverhalte des uns umgebenden Raumes zu erschließen und begrifflich zu ordnen. Eine besondere Stellung hat das geometrische Beweisen. Es ist mit verschiedenen kognitiven Aktivitäten und mentalen Repräsentationen verbunden. Dabei lassen sich Tendenzen und Präferenzen einerseits des funktional-logischen Zurechtlegens und andererseits des prädikativ-logischen Zurechtlegens ausmachen. Aufgabenbearbeitungen und Problemlösungen können die Verschiedenartigkeit von dynamischem und statischem geometrischen Denken verdeutlichen.
Geometric representations of irrational algebraic numbers in Hungarian high school mathematics education
Authors: Stirling Anna , Szabó Csaba , Szenderák Júlia , Bereczky-Zámbó Scilla , Szörényi Sára
Published: August 2021

Irrational numbers are present in our everyday life but their exact values cannot be given in a form that students easily understand. Therefore in this paper we show geometrical constructions and calculations in which non-rational numbers naturally arise and gain meaning. We look at numbers which are expressible with at maximum two roots and are present in the Hungarian curriculum. For each number we present how they appear in Hungarian textbooks, and show multiple problems and solutions in which they arise. These solutions differ in their level of mathematical complexity, from elementary geometry to higher algebra. Introducing these solutions to students, shows them, that the different areas of mathematics are interrelated. This approach may inspire students to use their mathematical knowledge not only from the area in which the problem was presented.
Developing writing skills in English with PhD students
Authors:   Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sizov M.M.
Published: August 2021

The paper discusses the author’s experience of developing writing skills in English with PhD students. Emphasis is placed on the English-language phenomena most important for the course.
On Responsibility and Original Sin: A Molinist Suggestion
Authors: Anderson Mark B.
Published: July 2021

A crucial objection to the doctrine of original sin is that it conflicts with a common intuition that agents are morally responsible only for factors under their control. Here, I present an account of moral responsibility by Michael Zimmerman that accommodates that intuition, and I consider it as a model of original sin, noting both attractions and difficulties with the view.
On St. Isaac The Syrian’s Argument Against Divine Retribution
Authors: Wessling Jordan
Published: July 2021

Many theists maintain that God punishes humans retributively, whereby God intentionally harms those punished as their sins deserve, without also aiming qua punishment to contribute to the immediate or ultimate flourishing of those punished, or to the flourishing of some third (human) party. By contrast, St. Isaac the Syrian in effect contends that such an understanding of divine retribution is incompatible with a plausible understanding of God’s initial creative purposes of love and is thus untrue. In this paper, I present and substantially build upon Isaac’s contention, and I defend the resulting developed argument as a good argument worthy of further consideration.
Núcleo de estudos de economia agrícola (NE² Agro Ipea-Mapa)
Authors: Vieira Filho José Eustáquio Ribeiro
Published: August 2021

O Núcleo de Estudos de Economia Agrícola (NE2AGRO) é um grupo de pesquisa vinculado ao Ipea, mas com o apoio financeiro e o direcionamento das demandas técnicas definidas pelo Mapa. Esse arranjo institucional busca apoiar e subsidiar a tomada de decisão ministerial na formulação e na avaliação de políticas públicas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário.
Probing Kilonova Ejecta Properties Using a Catalog of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Observations
Authors: Rastinejad J. C. , Fong W. , Kilpatrick C. D. , Paterson K. , Tanvir N. R. , Levan A. J. , Metzger B. D. , Berger E. , Chornock R. , Cobb B. E. , Laskar T. , Milne P. , Nugent A. E. , Smith N.
Published: August 2021

The discovery of GW170817 and GRB 170817A in tandem with AT 2017gfo cemented the connection between neutron star mergers, short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and kilonovae. To investigate short GRB observations in the context of diverse kilonova behavior, we present a comprehensive optical and near-IR catalog of 85 bursts discovered over 2005–2020 on timescales of ≲12 days. The sample includes previously unpublished observations of 23 bursts and encompasses both detections and deep upper limits. We identify 11.8% and 15.3% of short GRBs in our catalog with upper limits that probe luminosities lower than those of AT 2017gfo and a fiducial neutron star–black hole kilonova model (for pole-on orientations), respectively. We quantify the ejecta masses allowed by the deepest limits in our catalog, constraining blue and “extremely blue” kilonova components of 14.1% of bursts to M
ej ≲ 0.01–0.1 M
⊙. The sample of short GRBs is not particularly constraining for red kilonova components. Motivated by the large catalog, as well as model predictions of diverse kilonova behavior, we investigate modified search strategies for future follow-up to short GRBs. We find that ground-based optical and near-IR observations on timescales of ≳2 days can play a significant role in constraining more diverse outcomes. We expect future short GRB follow-up efforts, such as from the James Webb Space Telescope, to expand the reach of kilonova detectability to redshifts of z ≈ 1.
Satellites around Milky Way Analogs: Tension in the Number and Fraction of Quiescent Satellites Seen in Observations versus Simulations
Authors: Karunakaran Ananthan , Spekkens Kristine , Oman Kyle A. , Simpson Christine M. , Fattahi Azadeh , Sand David J. , Bennet Paul , Crnojević Denija , Frenk Carlos S. , Gómez Facundo A. , Grand Robert J. J. , Jones Michael G. , Marinacci Federico , Mutlu-Pakdil Burçin , Navarro Julio F. , Zaritsky Dennis
Published: August 2021

We compare the star-forming properties of satellites around Milky Way (MW) analogs from the Stage II release of the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs Survey (SAGA-ii) to those from the APOSTLE and Auriga cosmological zoom-in simulation suites. We use archival GALEX UV imaging as a star formation indicator for the SAGA-ii sample and derive star formation rates (SFRs) to compare with those from APOSTLE and Auriga. We compare our detection rates from the NUV and FUV bands to the SAGA-ii Hα detections and find that they are broadly consistent with over 85% of observed satellites detected in all three tracers. We apply the same spatial selection criteria used around SAGA-ii hosts to select satellites around the MW-like hosts in APOSTLE and Auriga. We find very good overall agreement in the derived SFRs for the star-forming satellites as well as the number of star-forming satellites per host in observed and simulated samples. However, the number and fraction of quenched satellites in the SAGA-ii sample are significantly lower than those in APOSTLE and Auriga below a stellar mass of M
* ∼ 108
M
⊙, even when the SAGA-ii incompleteness and interloper corrections are included. This discrepancy is robust with respect to the resolution of the simulations and persists when alternative star formation tracers are employed. We posit that this disagreement is not readily explained by vagaries in the observed or simulated samples considered here, suggesting a genuine discrepancy that may inform the physics of satellite populations around MW analogs.
Review of the Nordic Gymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Tachinidae) with report of two species new to Europe
Authors: Pohjoismäki Jaakko , Bergström Christer
Published: August 2021

The genus Gymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 (Diptera, Tachinidae) has until now been represented by two species in Europe, G. viridis (Fallén, 1810) and G. magna Zimin, 1958. Two species are newly recorded from Finland and Sweden, Gymnocheta lucida Zimin, 1958 and G. zhelochovtsevi Zimin, 1958, both previously known only from the Russian Far East and Japan. These four European species are redescribed and illustrated, including the first description of the female of G. zhelochovtsevi. A key is provided to seven of the eight described species of Palaearctic Gymnocheta. The holotype of G. viridis was examined and found to differ from the present concept of the species, instead matching the concept of the more recently described G. magna. In the interests of nomenclatural stability, the two names are maintained in their current usage pending a request to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to replace the current holotype of G. viridis with a neotype that corresponds to the long-established concept of that species.
On the Lathrobium fauna of the Nanling National Nature Reserve, southern China (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae)
Authors: Lin Xiao-Bin , Zhen Yi-Dan , Peng Zhong
Published: August 2021

Material of the paederine genus Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 from the Nanling National Nature Reserve, southern China, is examined. Four species are identified, one of them described previously. Three species are described and illustrated for the first time, all of them micropterous and locally endemic: L. yangyihani Lin & Peng sp. nov., L. jiaxingyangi Lin & Peng sp. nov., and L. wangxingmini Lin & Peng sp. nov. The female sexual characters of L. guangdongense Peng & Li, 2014 are described and illustrated for the first time. Including the new taxa, 224 Lathrobium species are currently known from mainland China.
The possibility of change: The Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture 2020
Authors: Jones Ken
Published: August 2021

This is an edited transcript of the Caroline Benn Memorial Lecture, given by Ken Jones, at the request of the Socialist Education Association, in November 2020. The lecture situates Caroline's work in the context of the 'Long Revolution' of twentieth-century Britain. The lecture discusses
the meaning of that revolution for education; it charts the course of the right-wing reaction to it from 1976 onwards, and the growth of managerial cultures at the level of the school which have blocked its further development. The effects within education of the Black Lives Matter and the
Covid pandemic have revived, in both practical and ideational ways, some of the themes of the Long Revolution. The lecture argues that this is a change of historical significance. The possibility of change as a collective democratic project has been reawakened.
Learning lessons from the virus: A round-table discussion
Authors: Benn Melissa , Bousted Mary , Glaser Eliane , Hudson Jim , Yarker Patrick
Published: August 2021

As it grew safer for schools to reopen fully in spring 2021, FORUM convened a roundtable discussion to hear more about the experience of teaching and learning through the pandemic, and how that experience might help us rethink the education system. Melissa Benn chaired this wide-ranging
and insightful conversation between Eliane Glaser, a parent and writer, Jim Hudson, a secondary teacher of citizenship and history, Mary Bousted, joint general secretary of the National Education Union, and Patrick Yarker, the editor of this journal.
'I no longer trust our son's school': Parents resisting the return to face-to-face teaching
Authors: Wenham Lucy , Din Iqra , Eaves Liam
Published: August 2021

Not all parents across England are happy about sending their children back to school, following the lifting of lockdown measures in March 2021. Our qualitative research, listening to accounts from eighty-five such families, finds that these concerns stem from Covid-related anxiety,
most commonly linked to protecting members of the household at greater risk of severe illness. The experiences of these parents resisting the return to school sheds light on the fragmented nature of our education system – the uneven, haphazard practices across different schools –
and how once again this differentially impacts certain students and their families. Particular difficulties for students with a special educational needs diagnosis (SEND), or those from multi-generational households, are underlined. Whilst some parents feel bullied into compliance, others
are pressurised to deregister in a spate of what we term 'Covid off-rolling'. Several families have been able to fully embrace a permanent move to genuine home education, further raising criticisms of our competition-driven, performative, neoliberal education system with its narrow curriculum
offer. A comprehensive education system with critical pedagogy at its heart is what is called for.
Back to the future: What a project of the 1990s can tell us about today's digital divide
Authors: Dixon David
Published: August 2021

This is a first-hand account of a head teacher's quest to bridge the digital divide in a school catchment of considerable disadvantage in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It describes the Microsoft Anytime Anywhere Learning project (AAL), which the school helped to pioneer in the UK.
From this, the paper aims to provide some fresh perspectives on the deficit of IT provision which has inhibited home learning during the Covid-19 pandemic 'lockdown'. Through referencing the AAL project, the author also calls into question the notion that bridging the digital divide is the
great educational panacea, a view which has become the received wisdom among certain politicians and educationalists.
From the archive: 'The myth of giftedness' by Caroline Benn
Authors: Benn Caroline
Published: August 2021

This short piece from the Forum archive introduces Caroline Benn's detailed critique of 'The myth of giftedness'. Her starting point is the need to define and then demand comprehensive education as a basic educational right, set alongside a mapping of the modern giftedness movement
in the 1960s and 1970s.
Microbiome and Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Hong Moonki , Jung Minkyu
Published: August 2021

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have achieved promising clinical results in cancer treatment over the past decade. However, the efficacy of ICIs is less than 30% in most tumor types, and studies are underway to identify the predictive factors responsive to ICIs. More than 1,000 species of microorganisms live in the human body, and the second human genome project, The Human Microbiome Project, has been conducted to understand human diseases through interactions with microbes. As the microbiome project has progressed, many studies have reported on the association between microorganisms and human diseases, including preclinical and clinical studies on the relationship between ICIs and the microbiome. Therefore, in this manuscript, the relationship between the microbiome and cancer, especially the effectiveness of ICIs, is reviewed.
The law of iterated logarithm for a class of random variables satisfying Rosenthal type inequality
Authors: Yu Haichao ,   College of Mathematics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China, Zhang Yong
Published: August 2021

Let $ \{Y_n, n\geq 1\} $ be sequence of random variables with $ EY_n = 0 $ and $ \sup_nE|Y_n|^p < \infty $ for each $ p > 2 $ satisfying Rosenthal type inequality. In this paper, the law of the iterated logarithm for a class of random variable sequence with non-identical distributions is established by the Rosenthal type inequality and Berry-Esseen bounds. The results extend the known ones from i.i.d and NA cases to a class of random variable satisfying Rosenthal type inequality.
Roman domination in direct product graphs and rooted product graphs
Authors: Martínez Abel Cabrera ,   Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament d'Enginyeria Informàtica i Matemàtiques, Spain, Peterin Iztok , Yero Ismael G. ,   University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Slovenia,   IMFM, Jadranska 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia,   Universidad de Cádiz, Departamento de Matemáticas, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Algeciras, Spain
Published: August 2021

Let $ G $ be a graph with vertex set $ V(G) $. A function $ f:V(G)\rightarrow \{0, 1, 2\} $ is a Roman dominating function on $ G $ if every vertex $ v\in V(G) $ for which $ f(v) = 0 $ is adjacent to at least one vertex $ u\in V(G) $ such that $ f(u) = 2 $. The Roman domination number of $ G $ is the minimum weight $ \omega(f) = \sum_{x\in V(G)}f(x) $ among all Roman dominating functions $ f $ on $ G $. In this article we study the Roman domination number of direct product graphs and rooted product graphs. Specifically, we give several tight lower and upper bounds for the Roman domination number of direct product graphs involving some parameters of the factors, which include the domination, (total) Roman domination, and packing numbers among others. On the other hand, we prove that the Roman domination number of rooted product graphs can attain only three possible values, which depend on the order, the domination number, and the Roman domination number of the factors in the product. In addition, theoretical characterizations of the classes of rooted product graphs achieving each of these three possible values are given.
Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs
Authors: Seppala Lotta , van der Velde Nathalie
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides a summary of current evidence on fall-risk increasing drugs from the literature (recent systematic reviews) and expert opinion on this topic (statement paper of EuGMS Task & Finish group on FRIDs and results of Delphi study of the group). Furthermore, deprescribing of FRIDs is being discussed.