bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of irrigation scheduling and organic manures on yield and economics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: H.P. VERMA  , O.P. SHARMA  , SEEMA SHARMA  , RAJESH KUMAR  , PAPPU KHATIK
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201415 and 201516 at Jobner, Rajasthan to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and organic manures on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under loamy sand soil. The treatments consisted of 5 irrigation scheduling, i.e. I , (irrigation 1 at critical stages); I , [0.9 irrigation water: cumulative pan evaporation (IW : CPE ratio); I , 0.6 IW : CPE ratio at veg- 2 3 etative phase + 0.8 IW : CPE ratio at reproductive phase; I , 0.6 IW : CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW : CPE 4 ratio at reproductive phase; and I , 0.8 IW : CPE ratio at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW : CPE ratio at reproductive 5 phase in main plots and 4 organic manures, viz. control (M ), FYM @ 15 t/ha (M ), VC @ 6 t/ha (M ) and FYM @ 0 1 2 7.5 t + VC @ 3 t/ha (M ) in subplots. The experiment was conducted in splitplot design with 4 replications. The 3 pooled results showed that irrigation applied at 0.9 IW : CPE ratio (I ) resulted in the maximum yield (grain, straw, 2 biological and harvest index) and net returns, being superior to I , I and I treatments except treatment I . The 1 4 3 5 treatment I exhibited the maximum value of consumptive use (395 mm). However, the treatment I revealed signifi- 2 5 cantly highest water-use efficiency WUE of 11.34 kg/ha-mm and excelled over rest of the treatments. Application of FYM at 7.5 t/ha + vermicompost at 3 t/ha (M ) resulted in significantly higher yield (grain, straw, biological and 3 harvest index) which was at par with M and superior to rest of the treatments. The highest consumptive use (409 2 mm) by the crop was recorded under the treatment M . Significantly highest WUE was recorded under M (12.40 0 3 kg/ha-mm). The maximum net returns (`55,276) was recorded under the treatment M3 (FYM @ 7.5 t/ha + vermicompost @ 3 t/ha) which remained at par with M but significantly higher to M and M treatment. Thus, 1 0 2 scheduling of irrigation to wheat either at 0.9 IW : CPE throughout the growth or 0.8 IW : CPE at vegetative phase + 1.0 IW : CPE at reproductive phase resulted significantly higher yields (grain, straw, biological and harvest index) and net returns. Irrigating the crop at an IW : CPE of 0.8 at vegetative phase + IW : CPE of 1.0 at reproductive phase was most effective as the above schedule besides producing almost equal yields also curtailed 1 irrigation with highest WUE. Manuring the crop either with 7.5 t FYM + 3 t/ha VC or 6 t/ha VC were the equally effective and net returns.
Identification of suitable cultivars for organically grown maize (Zea mays) French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping system of Eastern Himalayas
Authors: JAYANTA LAYEK  , KRISHNAPPA R  , ANUP DAS  , M. THOITHOI DEVI  , UTPAL DEY  , B. K. KANDPAL  , N. RAVISANKAR  , A.S. PANWAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at Umiam, Meghalaya, to assess the performance of different cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) followed by no-till French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in cropping system mode under organic pro- duction system. During 2015, 2016 and 2017. The experiment was conducted with 10 cultivars of maize (8 com- posite cultivars and 2 local lines) followed by 10 cultivars of French bean (8 improved cultivars and 2 local variet- ies). Among all the maize cultivars evaluated over the years, maximum and minimum values of cob length, cob weight, green cob yield and kernel yield were noticed in variety RCM 1-61 and Local white respectively. Signifi- cantly higher chlorophyll index at 60 days after sowing (DAS) was recorded in RCM 1-61 followed by RCM 1-3 and minimum in RCM 1-1 followed by Hemant. Moreover, RCM 1-3 and RCM 1-2 varieties of maize recorded significantly higher crude protein content, whereas RCM 1-3 followed by Local Yellow recorded higher crude fi- bre against the other varieties of maize. The average highest yield of French bean in terms of green pod was re- corded in Naga local (8.91 t/ha) followed by RCM FB 18 (7.93 t/ha), RCM FB 19 (5.74 t/ha) and RCM FB 80 (5.73 t/ha). The maximum maize-equivalent yield (17.1 t/ha) and system productivity (6.3 t/ha) was observed for RCM 1-61 (maize cultivar)Naga local (French bean) followed by RCM 75 (maize)RCM FB 18 (French bean) sequence. The highest net returns (`2,24,059/ha) also recorded from the RCM 1-61 (maize cultivar)Naga local (French bean) cropping sequence. The soil organic carbon concentration was also enhanced after 3 years owing to adoption of maizeFrench bean cropping sequence and the highest value (21.8 g/kg) was recorded in RCM 1- 61 (maize cultivar)Naga local (French bean) sequence. The present study reveals the scope of successful culti- vation of French bean in no-till maize fallow under organic rainfed production system.
Maize (Zea mays)-based cropping system on raised beds influenced the productivity, soil quality and profitability in North-East India
Authors: A.S. PANWAR  , SUBHASH BABU  , NOOPUR KOHIMA  , SANJEEV KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 4 years (201317) at Umiam, Meghalaya, India, to study the performance of different maize- based cropping sequences on permanent raised beds in valley lowland under a mid-hill altitude of North-East India. The treatment consisted of 9 maize-based cropping sequences (maizegreengram [Vigna ra- diata (L.) R. Wilczek], maizerice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb) ohwi & ohashi], maizerajmash [Phaseolus vul- garis L.], maizepea [Pisum sativum L.], maizegroundnut [Arachis hypogaea L.], maizelentil [Lens culinaris Medik], maizelinseed [Linum usitatissimum L.], maizemustard [Brassica juncea L.], and maizetoria [Brassica compestris var. toria L.), on raised beds with legume and non-legume crops. The inclusion of legume crops in the cropping sequence significantly enhanced the system productivity as compared to non-legume crops. Amongst the various crop combinations, maizepea gave the highest production efficiency (65.93 kg/ha/day), followed by maizerajmash (65.70 kg/ha/day), the lowest being with maizetoria (34.22 kg/ha/day). Land-use efficiency was higher with maizepea and maize lentil systems. The highest cost of cultivation was recorded in maizerice bean and maizerajmash, but the maximum net returns were realized from maizepea (`56,964/ha) and maizerajmash (`42,118/ha) sequences. The sustainable yield index (SYI) and sustainable value index as well as a benefit: cost ratio was also higher with maizepea and maizerajmash cropping sequences. Maizemustard registered the highest nutrient uptake but the residual fertility status was more with maizepea cropping system. The soil quality improved due to the inclusion of legumes as compared to non-leguminous crops in maize-based cropping se- quence. The surfaceplot analysis portrayed the positive relationship between soil quality parameters like SOC (r = 0.10), available N (r = 0.27), available phosphorus (r = 0.22) and available potassium (r = 0.22) with SYI.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization along with foliar spray of calcium chloride and potassium nitrate on performance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) + baby corn (Zea mays) intercropping systems
Authors: ANJU BIJARNIA  , J.P. TETARWAL  , BALDEV RAM  , ARJUN LAL BIJARNIA  , RAJESH KUMAR  , ROSHAN KUMAWAT  , MONIKA CHOUDHARY
Published: December 2023

An field experiment was carried out during 2019 and 2020 at Agriculture Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota, Rajasthan, to study the effect of NP fertilization and foliar spray of stress-mitigating chemicals on yield attributes and yields of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and baby corn (Zea mays L.) in cowpea and baby corn crop- ping system. The experiment was laid out in split split-plot design with 5 intercropping systems, viz. sole cowpea, sole baby corn, cowpea + baby corn (2 : 1), cowpea + baby corn (3 : 1) and cowpea + baby corn (4 : 1) in main plot, 3 fertility levels (100, 125 and 150% recommended dose of fertilizer) in subplot and 2 stress-mitigating chemi- cals (0.5% CaCl and 1% KNO at flowering and pod development stages) in sub-subplot and replicated 4 times. 2 3 Data revealed that, 2 : 1 row ratio of cowpea and baby corn significantly increased the yield attributes of cowpea as well as baby corn over all the remaining row ratios and sole crops. Yields of both crops were significantly higher under their sole cropping and yield decreased significantly in intercropping due to reduction in plant population. In the subplot, all yield attributes and yields of both crops were higher with the fertility level of 150% over lower levels (100% and 125%). The yield attributes and yields of both crops were significantly higher with the foliar spray of 0.5% of CaCl over 1% KNO . 2 3
Stress management in rainfed Bt. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through foliar sprays
Authors: B.V. ASEWAR  , M.S. PENDKE  , S.H. NARALE  , K.A. GOPINATH  , G. RAVINDRA CHARY
Published: December 2023

In India, Bt cotton is grown on 122 Lakh ha area with production of 361 lakh bales and productivity is of 501 kg lint/ha. In Maharashtra it is grown on 41 lakh ha area with productivity of 81 lakh bales and productivity is 334 kg lint/ha. Cotton is grown on large scale under rainfed condition in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State and is a preferred cash crop in Kharif season by marginal as well as large farmers. The productivity of rainfed cotton par- ticularly in Marathwada region is uncertain due to occurrence of frequent dry spells particularly during July to Sep- tember. Hence to overcome the moisture stress under such dry spells condition and to obtain the sustainability in productivity, the measures like foliar application of potassium nitrate, water spray and other micronutrients are es- sential for reducing the rate of evapotranspiration. The experiment was conducted during 2017 to 2019 on experi- mental farm of All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani. Study resulted that application of foliar spray of KNO (30 and 60 days after sowing) was 3 significantly superior in respect of increase in cotton yield as well as Net Returns as compared to the other treat- ments. Similarly, application of foliar spray during dry spell was also found superior than application of foliar spray after release of dry spells. The chlorophyll content, percent RWC and NDVI were also found higher under applica- tion of foliar spray which reflected in enhancing Bt. cotton productivity.
Influence of precision nutrient and weed management on growth and productivity of direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa) under Eastern Plateau and Hills Region
Authors: SMRUTI RANJAN PADHAN  , S.S. RATHORE  , SHIV MANGAL PRASAD  , KAPILA SHEKHAWAT  , V.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Hazaribagh, Jharkhand, during the rainy season (kharif) of 2019, to find out the effect of nutrient and weed management on growth and yield of direct-seeded, upland rice (Oryza sa- tiva L.). The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, comprising 3 nutrient-management practices in the main plots and 5 weed-management practices in the subplots, with 3 replications. The study revealed that, preci- sion nutrient management like Nutrient Expert guided NPK and weed management through Pendimethalin fol- lowed by (fb) hand-weeding recorded lesser weed density (7.24 and 7.34 respectively), least weed dry weight at harvesting (10.11 and 9.94 g/m2 respectively), maximum grain yield (3,630 and 4,090 kg/ha respectively) and higher leaf area index (LAI) at 60 days after sowing (60 DAS) as compared to weedy check. Also, there was a sig- nificantly positive correlation observed among the yield-attributing characters for obataining higher grain yield.
In-situ green-manuring for enhanced rice (Oryza sativa) productivity under north eastern hill region
Authors: VENUGOPAL REDDY  , S.S. RATHORE  , SUBHASH BABU*  , KAPILA SHEKHAWAT  , V.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment on was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2019 at Barapani, Meghalaya, to study the comparative effect of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and ricebean [Vigna umbellate (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohasi] green manures on growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.), to assess the economic feasibility of various nutrient-management options in rice-production system. The results revealed that, plant height growth, dry-matter accumulation, tillers, grain yield and economics were improved under green-manuring buckwheat and rice bean along with RDF combination. In situ green manuring of and nutrient management (RDF 100, 75 and 50%) significantly (P?0.05) influenced the grain yield (t/ha) of direct-seeded, upland rice. Maximum grain yield (4.55 t/ha) was obtained with buckwheat green-manuring + 100% recommended dose of fertilizer. Soil-microbial activity in terms of enhanced enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase was observed under green-manuring with RDF (1005). Hence buckwheat proved to be a superior green manure along with 100 recommended doses of fertil- izers.
Deficit-irrigation management and agri-horti system compatibility using drip for enhancing water-use efficiency and profitability in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: ANAMIKA BARMAN  , V.K. SINGH  , S.S RATHORE  , SUBHASH BABU  , V.K. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out in a split-plot design during the winter (rabi) season of 2020 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effect of different agri-horti system (AHS), viz. moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.), karonda or Carandas plum (Carissa carandas L.), aonla Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) and 3 deficit-irrigation scheduling (DIS), viz. rainfed, 0.4 irrigation water: cumula- tive pan evaporation (IW : CPE) ratio and 0.6 IW : CPE ratio on Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.]. The yield attributes and yield of Indian mustard were significantly influenced by AHS under various deficit irrigation scheduling (DIS). Significantly higher seed yield (1,939 kg/ha), stover yield (6,067 kg/ha), and biological yield (8143 kg/ha) were recorded under moringa-based AHS. In case of DIS, 0.6 IW : CPE resulted in the maxi- mum yield followed by 0.4 IW : CPE and rainfed. The maximum net returns were obtained in case of (`52,516/ha) 0.6 IW : CPE. The best monetary efficiency was achieved with the 0.6 IW : CPE treatment (`438/ha/day), followed by the 0.4 IW : CPE treatment (`410/ha/day) and rainfed (`333/ha/day).
Geo-tagged characterization of organic growers in Kerala
Authors: G. SUJA  , S.J. HARISHMA  , G. BYJU  , C.R. NEERAJA  , B.S. SHEEBA
Published: December 2023

A Global Positioning System (GPS)-based field survey of organic clusters was conducted during 201519 among 112 farmers in 2 districts of Kerala under the All India Network Programme on Organic Farming (AINPOF), by the ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The survey was based on the questionnaire provided by the AINPOF lead centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to elucidate the management practices, yield, profit and soil-health benefits of organic farming. Majority of the farmers were small and marginal (80%), with a land holding size < 2 ha and the farms were uncertified. Major crops grown organically were rice (Oryza sativa L.), fruits, vegetables, root and tu- bers, spices, plantation crops, ornamentals and medicinal plants. Being health conscious and aware of the quality of the organic produce, an 85% of the farmers used the produce for sustenance to provide safe food to their family, rather than for marketing and profit. About 31.19% of the farmers owned cow, 19.26% goat, and 33.02% poultry (hen and duck) as an integral part of organic farming. Pisciculture was practiced on a small scale (3.6%). Waste management was mainly by composting and biogas preparation, which led to effective recycling of farm wastes and overall enhancement in crop growth and yield. Indigenous preparations like Panchagavya, Jeevamrut, Ghanajeevamrut were used for growth promotion and flowering by 48.85% of the respondents. The major con- straints faced were high cost and non-availability of quality organic inputs, low farm gate price for the organic pro- duce and yield limitations during initial years.
Identification of organic functional groups and proximate analysis of crop residues
Authors: D. UDHAYA NANDHINI  , E. SOMASUNDARAM  , N. RAVISANKAR
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted during 2019 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to identify the functional groups, nutrient and proximate composition of residues such as groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) shell, coir (Cocos nucifera L.) pith and rice (Oryza sativa L.) husk. Proximate analysis of the residues showed that, moisture, ash content, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin were in the range of 2.1112.6, 6.117.3, 24.632.5, 13.121.4, and 15.630.2% respectively. Furthermore, nutrients including N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu were also analysed in all residues. The functional group analysis revealed the presence of significantly different hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The results showed that, cation-exchange reactions, water-retention capacity and other properties were attributed to the functional groups present in the crop-residual composition. Hence these residues turn out to be an environmental friendly and relatively simple to use in agriculture.
Pre-irrigation timing and sowing-method impact on wheat (Triticum aestivum) after toria (Brassica rapa) on yield, energy indices, water productivity and soil properties
Authors: Y.P. SINGH  , DHARVENDRA SINGH
Published: December 2023

An on-farm research study was carried out during the winter (rabi) season of 201315 at Morena, Madhya Pradesh to study the impact of irrigation timing and sowing methods on yield, energy indices, water productivity and soil properties in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) when grown after harvesting of toria (Brassica rapa). Different sowing times included sowing of crop after pre-irrigation (CS) and dry sowing and irrigation for germination (DS), while sowing methods included conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) and happy seeder (HS). Results of wheat seeding with DS methods significantly influenced the growth parameters, grain, stover and protein yield, net profit, benefit: cost (B : C) ratio, energy outcomes as compared to the CS. Similarly, the maximum growth charac- ters, grain, stover and protein yield, economic benefits, energy outcomes and water productivity (WP) were re- corded with HS, followed by ZT and minimum with CT. The increase in grain yield- (12.5%) was observed with DS as compared to CS. Monetary savings of `3,990/ha was saved with ZT, followed by HS (`3,260/ha) as compared with a total cost of production under CT. Results also revealed that, savings of energy inputs were 12.8% with ZT, followed by 12.3% with HS compared with total energy inputs with CT. Total water use (TWU) with CS method was significantly higher than DS, whereas the reverse trend was observed in WP. Similarly, the TWU of wheat was sig- nificantly higher in CT than with ZT and HS, whereas maximum WP was recorded with HS, followed by ZT and the minimum with CT. After harvesting of wheat, physico-chemical properties also improved with HS, followed by ZT and CT.
Aerobic Rice and its significant perspective for sustainable crop production
Authors: B.S. MAHAPATRA  , I. BHUPENCHANDRA  , S.H. DEVI  , A. KUMAR  , S.K. CHONGTHAM  , R. SINGH  , S. BABU  , S.S. BORA  , E.L. DEVI  , GAURAV VERMA
Published: December 2023

Aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) flourishes well under dry situations and caters a favourable option to solve the emerging water crisis in agricultural production. Water scarcity is touted as a grave concern in various rice-growing areas of the world, leading to introduction of water-saving aerobic rice, which is direct-seeded in non-puddled, non-flooded aerobic soil. This escalating dearth of water resources has drifted to the development and adoption of an aerobic rice system, which saves water input and improves water productivity by decreasing water use during the land preparation and minimizing seepage, percolation and evaporation losses. Inadequate water accessibility is a main restraint for the husbandry of rice in the conventional flooded systems, mainly in the semiarid regions of the world. Aerobic rice-cultivation caters a feasible alternative to traditional rice production system, permitting sub- stantial water reserves, as rice systems is facing the challenge of giving higher yields with less water. This balance between water savings and grain yield ensues since the removal of irrigation causes water stress-induced alter- ations in the physical and biological root traits of the crop. Improved water productivity and decreased labour ne- cessity are witnessed in the aerobic rice-production system, as the aerobic rice can cut up to 50% of irrigation wa- ter in contrast to lowland rice. Aerobic rice is acclaimed as a sustainable rice-production system for the future to manage water scarcity in the faade of anomalous and unpredictable rainfall.
Agronomic and economic evaluation of alternative cropping systems for bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in middle Gujarat conditions
Authors: JALPA P. PANCHAL  , K.M. GEDIYA  , G.M. PADHIYAR  , J.N. PATEL
Published: December 2023

An on-farm study was carried out in rainy (kharif), winter (rabi) and summer seasons for 3 years from 201516 to 201718 at the Anand, Gujarat, to evaluate alternative cropping systems for bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.). The experiment was laid in randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments comprised 6 cropping sys- tems, viz. sole cropping of bidi tobacco, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), maize (Zea mays L.)potato, pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone; syn. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub.], sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.)potato and bidi tobaccopearl millet. Bidi tobaccopearl millet cropping system recorded the highest tobacco leaf-equivalent yield (TLEY) of 3.7 t/ha compared to rest of treatments, whereas the lowest TLEY was no- ticed with sesamumpotato (2.4 t/ha), followed by groundnutpotato cropping system. Land-use efficiency (LUE) was the highest in pigeonpea + pearl milletclusterbean (93.0%) and the lowest in bidi tobacco sole cropping sys- tem (42.7%). Production efficiency was found the highest in bidi tobacco sole cropping system (18.77 kg/ha/day) and the lowest in pigeonpea + pear lmilletclusterbean (8.61 kg/ha/day). The maximum employment generation (110 man-days/ha/year) was registered with bidi tobaccopearl millet closely followed by pigeonpea + pearl millet clusterbean (106 man-days/ha/year) cropping system. The highest benefit : cost ratio (BCR) of 3.0 was obtained with sole bidi tobacco cropping system. Among the cropping systems, bidi tobaccopearl millet provided the high- est net returns of ` 81.24 103/ha and system profitability of ` 223/ha/day, followed by sole cropping of bidi to- bacco (`76.90 103/ha and ` 210/ha/day respectively). Thus, bidi tobaccopearl millet cropping system followed by sole bidi tobacco was more productive and remunerative than the other cropping systems in middle Gujarat.
Effect of growth regulators on growth, yield and storage life of Kharif onion (Allium cepa)
Authors: DEEPA SHARMA  , AANCHAL CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field investigation involving pre-harvest sprays of different growth-regulators such as cycocel, salicylic acid and etheral, and plant protectants like mancozeb, carbendazim and streptocyclin, was carried out during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 201819 and 201920 at Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh to study their effect on production and storage of kharif onion (Allium cepa L.) variety Agrifound Dark Red. Application of salicylic acid @ 100 ppm followed by cycocel @ 2,500 ppm significantly enhanced the crop growth, yield and reduced various storage losses, viz. physiological loss in weight, diameter, sprouting and rotting during 90 days storage period.
Application of phosphorus and zinc improved the nutrient dynamics, productivity, and profitability of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cropping system
Authors: SANJU KUMAWAT  , DINESH JINGER  , G.N. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Durgapura, Jaipur, (SKNAU, Jobner), Rajasthan during winter and rainy seasons of 201516 and 201617 to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) application on yield, eco- nomics and energetics and nutrient dynamics in fenugreekpearl millet cropping system. The experiment was con- sists of four levels of P as main-plot and six levels of Zn as sub-plot conducted in split plot design (SPD) replicated thrice. Results revealed that application of 60 kg P O /ha to fenugreek resulted in 42% higher pearl millet equiva- 2 5 lent grain yield (PMEGY) along with the highest net returns and B: C ratio as compared to rest of the treatments. Similarly, among the different Zn treatments, 33% higher PMEGY and the highest net returns were obtained with the application of 5 kg Zn/ha + zinc solubilizer to fenugreek. Combined application of 60 kg P O /ha + 5 kg Zn/ha + 2 5 zinc solubilizer, consumed the highest amount of energy but also gave the highest energy output. Overall, com- bined application of 60 kg P O /ha + 5 kg Zn/ha + zinc solubilizer improved the system productivity, profitability, en- 2 5 ergetics and nutrient (N, P, K and Zn) dynamics of fenugreekpearl millet cropping system.
Effect of zinc fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) in Eastern Himalayas
Authors: HOINEICHONG SINGSON  , RAMKRUSHNA G.I.  , JAYANTA LAYEK  , ANUP DAS  , RACHNA PANDE  , B.C. VERMA A.K. SINGH  , Y.S. SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at Umiam, Meghalaya, to study the ef- fect of zinc fertilizer on growth, yield and nitrogen uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Soil and foliar application of dif- ferent Zn sources in various concentrations were compared with prilled urea and no-urea application (control). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with 10 treatments a 3 replications. Application of Zn in different forms produced significantly higher dry matter and root dry weight of rice at different growth stages over the control. Yield attributes and yield of rice crop were higher with the application of 3% Zn-coated urea (ZnCU), followed by soil application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha over the control. The rice crop removed higher amount of N, P, K and Zn from soil with the soil application of 3% ZnCU, but the removal of S was higher with soil application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha than the other treatments. Significant effect on available N and S in soil after rice harvesting was observed owing to application of Zn treatments over no-urea. Soil application of 2% or 3% ZnCU or soil application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha resulted in significantly higher available Zn content in soil over prilled urea and no urea. Application of 3% ZnCU (5.46 t/ha) or soil application of 5.0 kg Zn/ha (5.36 t/ha) showed a trend to increase the grain yield over prilled urea (4.37 t/ha). Application of Zn had positive effect on soil-dehydrogenase enzyme activity but did not influence the soil microbial biomass carbon content. Hence ZnCU is a recommendable option for rice cultiva- tion in North-Eastern Hills region for achieving sustainable production and improving soil health.
Crop productivity and soil health as influenced by organic sources of nutrients and weed management in rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum) Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cropping system under irrigated condition
Authors: ASHU SHARMA  , DILEEP KACHROO  , N.P. THAKUR  , R. PUNIYA  , AMIT MAHAJAN  , LOBZANG STANZEN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201516 and 201617 under different organic sources of nutrients and weed management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping system with 6 sources of nutrients as main-plot treatments and 4 weed-management practices as sub- plot treatments. Among the organic sources of nutrients, application of 100% organics [100% recommended N (Rec. N) through different organic sources each equivalent to 1/3 of Rec. N, i.e. FYM + vermicompost + non-edible oil cake] + vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), recorded significantly maximum individual crop yield, rice- equivalent yield (REY), system profitability, microbial population, soil organic carbon and available nutrients. Appli- cation of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] seed meal @ 5 t/ha resulted in registered significantly higher yield of crops, REY, microbial population and soil organic carbon. However, the parameters like system profitability (303.85 and 364.03 `/ha/day), net returns (110,904 and 132,872 `/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (0.76 and 0.91) were recorded higher in the weed free plots.
Effects of integrated nutrient management on yield and economics of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: M.L. JAT  , P.C. CHAPLOT  , D.D. BAIRWA  , S.N. MEENA  , B.C. DHAYAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201718 and 201819 Udaipur, Rajasthan, to study the nutrient status of plant and soil as influenced under integrated nutrient management in bar- ley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (factorial), comprising combina- tions of 6 fertility levels and 4 liquid bio-inoculants. The results indicated that, application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) in conjunction with 5 t farm yard manure (FYM)/ha had significant effect on yields (grain, straw and biological yield) which was at par with 100% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. However, both these fertility levels sig- nificantly increased the grain weight/ear over application of 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha, 125% RDF, 100% RDF and 75% RDF during both years. Both 125% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha and 100% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha fetched net returns of `66,492 and 64,933 with benefit: cost ratio 2.15 and 2.14, respectively. The barley crop under the influence of con- joint inoculation with liquid biofertilizers, consisting combination of Azotobacter + Azospirillum + phosphates solubilizer + plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) recorded significantly higher grain, straw and biological yields and was found at par with inoculation of Azotobacter + PSB inoculation, and both these treatments signifi- cantly influenced the grain, straw and biological yields. Inoculation of barley seed with liquid bio inoculant consist- ing combination of Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Phosphates solubilizer + PGPR recorded maximum net returns (67,906) and benefit: cost ratio 2.44 closely followed by seed inoculation with liquid bio inoculant Azotobacter + PSB with net returns of 65,006 and benefit: cost ratio of 2.31, registering significantly higher over inoculation with Azotobacter and PSB alone.
Bio-efficacy of ready mixture of propaquizafop and imazethapyr against weeds in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: AISHWARYA MANGARAJ  , SATYAM JAT  , M.L. KEWAT  , JITENDRA PATIDAR  , ANAY RAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 2017 and 2018 at the Live Stock Farm, Depart- ment of Agronomy, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh to adjudge the efficacy of propaquizafop and imazethapyr ready mixture against weeds in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Species-wise weed data recorded in the weedy check plots indicated that, density of monocot weeds (51.09%) was practically same to that of dicot ones (48.90%) in the experimental field. Among the monocots, jungle rice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.] (27.10%) was found pre- dominant, followed by dicot weeds like gale of the wind Phyllanthus niruri (L.) (24.26%) and alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart. Griseb.] (16.40%) due to continuous germination of these weed seeds from the soil. However, other monocot weeds like (Cyperus rotundus L.), Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon, (L.) pers.], tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis L.), and dicots like Chicory (Cichorium intybus) L.) were also present in less numbers. Among the herbicidal treatments, post-emergence application of propaquizafop + imazethapyr ready-mixture at 55 + 80 g/ha arrested weed density and weed biomass production remarkably and proved supe- rior to its lower doses (50 + 75 and 45 + 70 g/ha), fomesafen + fluazeop-p-butyl ready mixture (90 + 90 and 110 + 110 g/ha), alone application of imazethapyr (150 g/ha) and pendimethalin (1,000 g/ha) as pre-emergence. Yield attributing characters (pods/plant, seeds/pod, seed index) and yield (1,189 kg/ha) were superior under propaquizafop + imazethapyr ready mixture applied at 55 + 80 g/ha followed, by 50 + 75 g/ha and found more re- munerative than the other herbicidal treatments including check herbicides and mechanical weed control.
Standardization of planting time, spacing and nutrient management for traditional red-husked scented rice (Oryza sativa) in West Bengal
Authors: BHASWATI SAHA  , MRITYUNJAY GHOSH  , B.C. PATRA
Published: December 2023

The effect of planting time (10 July, 25 July and 10 August), spacing (15 cm × 15 cm and 20 cm × 15 cm), and nutrient management [100% recommended dose (RD) of organic, 100% RD inorganic, and 50% RD organic + 50% RD inorganic] of small-grained red-husked scented “Lal Badshabhog” rice was studied during the wet season of 2014 and 2015 in a split split-plot design at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Early-planted crop (10 July) produced tallest plants at maturity (160.2 cm) and leaf-area index (LAI) at 84 days after transplanting (DAT) (4.88), but late planting (10 August) resulted in better tiller production at 56 DAT (285.4/ m2 ). Mean light extinction co-efficient (k) of the variety was 0.40 and 0.37 at 56 and 84 DAT, respectively. ‘Lal Badshabhog’ rice planted on 10 August recorded the highest grain yield (2.72 t/ha), which was 3.77 and 12.76% higher over 25 July and 10 July planting, respectively. Close planting (15 cm × 15 cm or 44 hills/m2 ) could improve the grain yield of ‘Lal Badshabhog’ rice by 3.95% (2.63 vs. 2.53 t/ha) over wider spacing (20 cm × 15 cm or 33 hills/m2 ), and application of 100% RD (N 50, P2O5 25, K2O 25 kg/ha) through chemical fertilizers resulted in higher grain yield (2.64 t/ha), net returns (` 32,900/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.02) compared to organic or integrated nutrient management. Mean N, P and K uptake by “Lal Badshabhog” rice at maturity was 41.2, 15.8 and 30.3 kg/ha, respectively, and the crop grown under integrated nutrient management (50% RD organic + 50% RD chemical fertilizer) left the field with better residual status (+5.9% N, +28.3% P2O5 and +1.7% K2O) over initial values after 2-year study in Gangetic alluvium soil.
Performance of sequential application of pre and post-emergence herbicides for management of weeds in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: S.B. YOGANANDA  , P. THIMMEGOWDA  , G.K. SHRUTHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2014 and 2015 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya, Karnataka, India, to study the performance of sequential application of herbicides in aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Among the weed-management practices, hand-weeding at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) resulted in significantly lower density and dry weight of all categories of weeds, ensuing higher grain yield (5.57 and 5.42 t/ha, respectively); this was closely followed by pre-emergence application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 25 g/ha and by post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 25 g/ha at 20 days after sowing (5.20 and 5.12 t/ha, respectively) during both the years. However, the higher net returns (`48,210 and 47,040/ha, respectively) and benefit: cost ratio (2.62 and 2.58, respectively), during both the years were obtained from sequential application of herbicide treatment. Uncontrolled weed growth caused about 51% reduction in grain yield of aerobic rice during 2014 and 2015.
Effect of irrigation regime, Pusa hydrogel and vermicompost on growth, productivity and soil-nutrient status in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: SUNIL KUMAR  , ADESH SINGH  , R.K. NARESH  , MUKESH KUMAR  , U.P SHAHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at Crop Research Centre of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India to study the effect of Pusa hydrogel and vermicompost on crop productivity and soil nutrient status in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Three irrigation levels, viz., I1 [at crown-root initiation (CRI) stage], I2 (at CRI, booting and milking) and I3 (at CRI, late tillering, late jointing, flowering and milking stage), and 4 moisture-conservation practices, viz. application of Pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha, vermicompost @ 1 t/ha, Pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg/ha + vermicompost @ 1 t/ha and no application, were tested in split-plot design, with 3 replications. Results revealed that, the growth parameters, viz. of plant height (106.6 and 103.8 cm), tillers/m, dry-matter accumulation (184.5 and 195.0 g/m), leaf-area index (3.15 and 3.23) and harvest index, of wheat were significantly higher under 5 irrigation levels than 3 and 1, being the lowest under 1 irrigation during 2015–16 and 2016–17, respectively. The wheat received 5 irrigations outyielded wheat received 3 and 1 irrigations during the first and second years by 7.6, 68.8% and 8.1 and 69.4% respectively. Similarly, wheat grown with 3 and 5 irrigations recorded 5.98 and 5.84 q/ ha and 28.88 and 26.65 q/ha higher straw yield during 2015–16 and 2016–17 respectively. The highest available nitrogen (229.9 and 232.2 kg/ha) and potassium (177.2 and 179.1 kg/ha) were recorded with 5 irrigations, followed by 3 irrigations during the first and second years, respectively. The combined application of Pusa hydrogel @ 5 kg + vermicompost @ 1 t/ha over no application at harvesting resulted in 33.2 and 31.0% more dry-matter production/ m and 34.6 and 38.4% higher grain yield/ha, besides 231.0 and 233.3 kg N, 14.6 and 15.1 kg P and 175.5 and 177.8 kg K/ha with 0.494 and 0.512% organic carbon after harvesting during 2015–16 and 2016–17, respectively
Performance of maize and pigeonpea under different sowing dates and cropping systems
Authors: P. THIMME GOWDA  , S.I. HALIKATTI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 2010–11 and 2011–12 at Dharwad, Karnataka, to study the effect of sowing dates and cropping systems on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] under rainfed condition. Pooled data over 2 years indicated that, maize and pigeonpea sown during the first fortnight of June revealed significantly higher grain/seed yield compared to subsequent sowing dates except sowing during the second fortnight of June (7.06 and 1.15 t/ha respectively). Among the cropping systems, sole maize and pigeonpea gave significantly higher grain/seed yield (7.48 and 1.42 t/ha respectively) than the intercropping systems. Among the intercropping systems, maize + piegonpea system in (4 : 2) row ratio recorded significantly higher maize grain-equivalent yield (9.04 t/ha) followed by maize + piegonpea in row (2 : 2) ratio (8.48 t/ha). The later treatment resulted in higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio (` 56,787/ha and 3.17, respectively) than rest of the cropping systems. Among the interaction effects, intercropping of maize + pigeonpea in 4 : 2 row ratio sown during the first fortnight of June recorded significantly higher maize-equivalent yield (10.23 t/ha), net returns (` 66,665/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.16) over other system.
Effect of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on growth and nutrient uptake of weeds in urdbean (Vigna mungo) crop under Shivalik foothills plains of Jammu
Authors: AMIT MAHAJAN  , ANIL KUMAR  , A.P. SINGH  , ASHU SHARMA  , JYOTI SHARMA  , RAKESH KUMAR  , LOBZANG STANZEN
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 at the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, to study the effect of pre- and post-emergence application of herbicides on nutrients uptake by weeds and blackgram or urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] crop. A significant reduction in weed density and weed biomass was observed with 2 hoeing. Further, among the herbicidal treatments, imazethapyr + pendimethalin @ 1,000 g/ha as pre-emergence and imazethapyr + imazamox 80 g/ha as post-emergence significantly reduced the weed density and weed biomass. The lowest nutrient depletion by weeds, highest grain and stover yields and nutrient uptake by urdbean crop were recorded with pre- emergence application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin @ 1,000 g/ha. Thus, pre-emergence application of imazethapyr + pendimethalin @ 1,000 g/ha may be used for effective weed-management for achieving the higher seed yield (786 kg/ha and 743 kg/ha) in urdbean crop, as it provided higher net returns of (`45,205/ha and 41,364/ ha) and benefit: cost ratio of (2.56 and 2.29) to resourceful farmers of sub-tropical conditions of Jammu region.
Effect of sowing window, planting geometry and nutrient-management on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan
Authors: B.S. MEENA  , R.S. NAROLIA  , GAJENDRA NAGAR  , S.N. MEENA  , D.S. MEENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2017–18, 2018–19 and 2019–20 at Agricultural Research Station, Agricuture University, Kota, India, to find out suitable nutrient-management levels, planting geometry and sowing window for Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.). The treatments comprised sowing window, viz. 10 October, 20 October and 30 October, in main plots; planting geometry, viz. 30 cm × 10 cm and 45 cm × 10 cm and nutrient-management levels, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) N80 + P40 + K30 + S40 + Zn5 kg/ha), 125% RDF and 150% RDF, in subplots were laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. Application of 125% RDF N100 + P50 + K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha had significance influence on plant height (215.39 cm), dry matter/plant (54.83 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (5.99 and 14.17), siliquae/plant (184.89), seeds/ siliqua (15.59), 1,000-seed weight (5.01 g), seed yield (2.67 t/ha), oil content (38.42%) and oil yield (1011.72 kg/ ha), protein content (21.10%), net returns (`87,570/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (3.06), total nutrient uptake by crop NPKS (108.44, 27.39, 164.22 and 14.77 kg/ha, respectively) and available nutrients in soil NPKS (299.0,49.8,467.5 and 10.3 kg/ha, respectively) and zinc (1.36 mg/kg) over 100% RDF and at par with 150% RDF. The crop-sowing period extended from 10 to 30 October were found optimum and had non-significant effect on yield attributes, seed yield and economics, However, significant improvement in dry-matter/plant (58.63 g), primary and secondary branches/plant (6.09 and 14.50), siliquae/plant (202.66), seeds/siliqua (15.64), 1,000-seed weight (5.18 g), seed yield (2.62 t/ha and benefit : cost ratio (3.05), protein content (21.06 %), available nutrients in soil and total nutrient uptake by crop were observed at planting geometry of 45 cm × 10 cm over 30 cm × 10 cm. Thus, extent of sowing window from 10 to 30 October, planted at 45 cm × 10 cm crop geometry and fertilized with 125% RDF (N100 + P50 +K37.5 + S50 + Zn6.25 kg/ha) proved beneficial for obtaining high seed yield and net returns of Indian mustard in Vertisols of south-eastern Rajasthan.
Performance of cultural and mechanical practices on weed-control efficiency, productivity and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under organic production
Authors: P.C. GHASAL  , R.P. MISHRA  , JAIRAM CHOUDHARY  , DEBASHIS DUTTA  , CHANDRA BHANU  , A.L. MEENA  , KAMLESH KUMAR  , ANKUR KUMAR  , N. RAVISANKAR  , A.S. PANWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during winter (rabi) season of 2017–18 and 2018–19 at the research farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, to study the effect of different weed-management practices on weed density, productivity and economics of Indian mustard under organic production. Eight cultural and mechanical weed-management practices, comprising hand-weeding, mechanical weeding, intercropping with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (additive series), stale seedbed (SSB), reduced spacing, soil solarization using 25 μ transparent polythene sheet and mulching with different crop and weed residues area adopted. Among the different weed species, purple nut sedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) was dominant weed species and represented around 70% population of total weed density. At 20 days after sowing (DAS), the lowest weed density and the highest weed-control efficiency were found under soil solarization with 25 μ transparent polythene sheet + hand-weeding (HW) at 40 DAS, followed by SSB + reduced spacing (30 cm) + maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulching @ 5 t/ha + HW at 40 DAS treatment. An intercropping of Indian mustard with chickpea (1 : 1 additive series) also proved better for weed management with 6.8% weed-control efficiency as compared to the manual weeding. Yield attributes, viz. branches/plant (5.7), siliquae/plant (307), seeds/siliqua (14.6) and seed yield (3,527 kg/ha) were highest under application of Indian mustard oil cake @ 5 t/ha + HW at 40 DAS. The intercropping of Indian mustard + chickpea (1 : 1 additive series) improved the Indian mustard-equivalent yield by 92.0% as compared to 2 hand-weedings. The highest net returns (`125,194/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (B : C) (6.6) were recorded under intercropping with Indian mustard + chickpea (1 : 1 additive series). Therefore, intercropping of fast-growing crops with wide-spaced crop could be an efficient strategy for weed management and higher profitability under organic crop production.
Performance of suru sugarcane under different intercropping systems
Authors: M.S. JADHAV  , D.N. JAGTAP  , S.B. GANGAWANE  , V.N. SHETYE  , V.A. RAJEMAHADIK  , S.S. PINJARI  , U.V. MAHADKAR
Published: December 2023

The investigation was carried out during suru season of 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 at Agronomy Farm, Dapoli, Maharashtra, to study performance of suru sugarcane under different intercropping systems. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design, comprising 7 treatment combinations with 3 replications. Treatments consisted of Sole sugarcane with 90-cm-row spacing, Sole paired row planted sugarcane (60 cm × 60 cm-120 cm), Paired row-planted sugarcane (PRPS) + groundnut (3 rows of groundnut at 30 cm spacing between paired row), PRPS + sweet corn (Zea mays L.) (2 rows of sweet corn at 45 cm spacing in between paired row), PRPS + cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) (2 rows of cabbage at 45 cm spacing in between paired row), PRPS + amaranth (4 rows of amaranths at 20 cm spacing in between paired row) and PRPS + greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] (3 rows of greengram at 30 cm spacing in between paired row). Higher yield and net returns were obtained when suru sugarcane was planted in paired rows at 60 cm × 60 cm – 120 cm and intercropped with 2 rows of sweet corn at 45 cm spacing between paired row.