bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cluster Headache: Orbital Hemodynamic Changes During Valsalva Maneuver
Authors: Barriga Francisco J. , Cuadrado María L. , Bueno Ángel , Barón Manuel , Dobato José L. , Vela Lydia , Pareja Juan A.
Published: July 2006

Background.—The clinical features of cluster headache (CH) disclose some vascular changes in the symptomatic region, but few instrumental studies have assessed orbital hemodynamics in patients with this disorder.

Methods.—Orbital blood flow reactivity elicited by Valsalva maneuver (VM) was studied with ophthalmic artery eco‐Doppler in 16 patients (14 men and 2 women; mean age: 41.2) suffering from episodic CH and in 18 healthy controls. Patients were examined twice: first, in a cluster period (between pain attacks), and second, in a remission period. Each time peak‐systolic and end‐diastolic flow velocities were recorded in both ophthalmic arteries at rest and during all phases of VM.

Results.—Valsalva phase IV was consistently associated with an increment of blood flow velocities through the ophthalmic arteries. Unlike controls, patients showed an asymmetric vascular reactivity. In the cluster period peak‐systolic flow velocity increments were lower on the symptomatic side than on the asymptomatic side (14.1% vs. 34.4%; P < .001), while in remission end‐diastolic flow velocity increments were higher in the previously symptomatic orbit (129% vs. 72.9%; P < .05). Vascular reactivity on the asymptomatic side was always similar to that of healthy controls.

Conclusions.—In episodic CH, the symptomatic orbit shows an abnormal vascular reactivity. During the cluster period, basal vasodilation and hyperemia could preclude it from admitting a much greater amount of blood at the end of Valsalva. During remission, there might be some latent vascular changes that lead to supersensitive vasodilator responses and/or opening of arteriovenous shunts under certain circumstances such as Valsalva. These phenomena could be relevant in the pathophysiology of CH.
Use of the ID Migraine Questionnaire for Migraine in TMJ and Orofacial Pain Clinic
Authors: Kim Seong Taek , Kim Chong‐Youl
Published: July 2006

Objective.—The aim of this study was to determine whether the ID Migraine questionnaire could be applied successfully to assess the migraine patients in TMJ and Orofacial Pain Clinic.

Background.—As migraine pain represents a substantial personal and social burden worldwide, there has been a great deal of effort in developing a screening instrument for migraine.

Methods.—Each subject completed a self‐administered screening questionnaire consisting of nine items. Based on the International Headache Society criteria, the clinical diagnosis of migraine was assigned. The sensitivity and specificity of the individual items were evaluated. An analysis of the data was performed using the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) V8.01.

Results.—This study found that nausea, photophobia, and headache‐related disability had the highest individual sensitivities and specificities, and the performance of the three‐item screener was equivalent to that reported in a previous study. Although the sensitivity of the three‐item screener in this study (0.58) was lower than in a previous study (0.81), the specificity (0.98) was higher and the positive predictive value was 93.9%. This suggests that the ID Migraine questionnaire is relatively efficient in this setting.

Conclusion.—The ID Migraine questionnaire, which is a three‐item screener consisting of nausea, photophobia, and headache‐related disability, could be used as a self‐administered report for detecting migraine headaches in patients with temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain.
Facial Pain and the Second Edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders
Authors: Zebenholzer Karin , Wöber Christian , Vigl Marion , Wessely Peter , Wöber‐Bingöl Çiçek
Published: July 2006

Background.—Recurrent or chronic facial pain may be a diagnostic challenge. Applying the diagnostic criteria of the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD‐II) leaves a considerable number of patients unclassifiable.

Objective.—The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate revised criteria of trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain.

Methods.—Based on the diagnostic value of 12 clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia and 15 features of persistent idiopathic facial in 97 patients referred for facial pain to a neurological tertiary care centre we established revised criteria for persistent idiopathic facial pain and additional criteria for probable trigeminal neuralgia and probable idiopathic facial pain.

Results.—Applying the newly proposed criteria reduced the number of patients with facial pain not classifiable by more than 50%. The new criteria improved the sensitivity, particularly in idiopathic facial pain and did not cause a relevant decrease in specificity compared to ICHD‐II.

Conclusion.—This study suggests that amendments to the ICHD‐II criteria improve the diagnostic classification of facial pain.
Rofecoxib in the Acute Treatment of Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Saper Joel , Dahlof Carl , So Yuen , Tfelt‐Hansen Peer , Malbecq William , Loeys Thomas , Barraclough Eleathea , Klipfel Meghan , Lines Christopher , Visser Hester , Reines Scott , Yuen Eric ,   on behalf of the Rofecoxib Protocol 162 Study Group
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To investigate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of rofecoxib and ibuprofen for acute migraine treatment.

Background.—Rofecoxib was effective and well tolerated in a previous study of treatment of a single migraine attack. We sought to replicate these findings for a single attack and also study the clinical profile of rofecoxib in the acute treatment of multiple migraine attacks. Ibuprofen was included as a reference nonselective NSAID.

Methods.—Adult migraineurs (n = 783) treated one migraine attack with either rofecoxib (25 or 50 mg), ibuprofen 400 mg, or placebo in a randomized, double‐blind study. Patients could elect to enroll in a 3‐month double‐blind extension phase.

Results.—In the single‐attack phase, headache relief at 2 hours postdose was reported by 59.4%, 62.2%, and 57.7% of patients who took rofecoxib 25 mg, rofecoxib 50 mg, and ibuprofen 400 mg, respectively, versus 30.5% for placebo (all P < .001 vs placebo). The active drugs were statistically superior to placebo on a variety of additional measures. In the extension phase, the mean percentage of patients' attacks with headache relief at 2 hours postdose was 61.8% for rofecoxib 25 mg, 65.4% for rofecoxib 50 mg, and 59.3% for ibuprofen 400 mg. The mean percentage of patients' attacks with 24‐hour sustained headache relief was greater for rofecoxib 50 mg (52.0%) than for rofecoxib 25 mg (47.8%, P < .050) or ibuprofen (39.0%, P < .010). In the single‐attack phase, the adverse event rate was higher for rofecoxib 50 mg (37.8%) than placebo (27.8%, P < .050); rates were similar to placebo for rofecoxib 25 mg (32.0%, n.s.) and ibuprofen 400 mg (28.1%, n.s.). In the extension phase, treatment groups had similar adverse event rates.

Conclusions.—Rofecoxib 25 and 50 mg and ibuprofen 400 mg were effective and generally well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine.
Investigating the Association Between Notch3 Polymorphism and Migraine
Authors: Borroni Barbara , Brambilla Cristina , Liberini Paolo , Rao Renata , Archetti Silvana , Venturelli Elisabetta , Gipponi Stefano , Caimi Luigi , Padovani Alessandro
Published: July 2006

Objective.—The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the functional Notch3 polymorphism T6746C, which is not causative for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), might be a risk factor for migraine.

Background.—It has been recently demonstrated that migraine is characterized by subclinical brain infarctions and white matter lesions. Several genetic risk factors have been associated with migraine, but no study has unraveled a possible relationship between migraine and Notch3, which is involved in vascular damage. Mutations in Notch3 gene have been demonstrated to be pathogenetic for CADASIL, a small vessel disease of the brain characterized by migraine.

Methods.—A total of 156 migraine patients and 128 nonheadache healthy volunteers entered the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were carefully recorded, and a neurological work‐up was performed. Moreover, each subject underwent a blood sampling for Notch3 genotype determination.

Results.—Notch3 genotypes as well as allele frequencies did not differ in migraine patients compared to controls, even adjusting for the presence of possible confounds. No difference has been found either in migraine patients with aura or in those without aura.

Conclusions.—These findings support the view that functional polymorphism T6746C in Notch3 gene is not involved in increasing the risk of migraine or migraine subtypes.
Headache Disability in Orofacial Pain Patients
Authors: Dando William E. , Branch Morris A. , Maye John P.
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To retrospectively examine the reported history of and the disability caused by headaches in patients presenting for evaluation and treatment of orofacial pain.

Background.—More than 81% of patients with the chief complaint of pain in the orofacial region concomitantly report pain in other body locations. Among the comorbidities frequently reported with orofacial pain are a variety of different headaches types, including migraines, tension type headaches, and chronic daily headaches. The extent of the disability caused by those headache complaints in a large patient population is unknown.

Methods.—The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) is administered to all patients as a part of the initial assessment at the Orofacial Pain Center. This investigation is retrospectively examined the reported history of and the disability caused by headaches in patients who presented for evaluation and treatment of orofacial pain in the Orofacial Pain Center, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, between the dates of 1 September 2003 and 1 December 2004.

Results.—In the present study 261 (61.3%) patients reported a headache complaint and 100 (38%) fulfilled the criteria for migraine with or without aura. MIDAS scores were reported by 55.3% of 426 patients with the mean score of 23.68. There were no significant differences in MIDAS scores in relation to the presence or absence of an intracapsular disorder. Patients with masticatory and/or cervical myalgia demonstrated significantly higher MIDAS scores when compared to patients without myalgia.

Conclusions.—These findings clearly demonstrate the necessity for evaluation of headache and related disability in orofacial pain patients.
MRI in Tolosa‐Hunt Syndrome Associated With Facial Nerve Palsy
Authors: Kang Heeyoung , Park Ki‐Jong , Son Seungnam , Choi Dae Seob , Ryoo Jae Wook , Kwon Oh‐Young , Choi Nack‐Cheon , Lim Byeong Hoon
Published: July 2006

A 44‐year‐old woman developed a severe right frontotemporal headache, retro‐orbital pain, and, later, diplopia owing to right sixth nerve palsy. The brain MRI demonstrated strong enhancement of the right cavernous sinus. The sixth nerve palsy and headache improved with steroid therapy after 6 weeks. At that time, she suffered right peripheral facial nerve palsy. Enhancement of the distal canalicular and labyrinthic segment of the right facial nerve was found on contrast‐enhanced MRI. To our knowledge, this is a very rare case of Tolosa‐Hunt syndrome with facial nerve palsy, with simultaneous enhancement of the cavernous sinus and facial nerve on contrast‐enhanced MRI.
Female Sex Hormones and Rat Dural Vasodilatation to CGRP, Periarterial Electrical Stimulation and Capsaicin
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Villalón Carlos M. , Mehrotra Suneet , De Vries René , Garrelds Ingrid M. , Saxena Pramod R. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette
Published: July 2006

Background.—The prevalence of migraine is 2 to 3‐fold higher in females than in males, and it is intricately related to the levels of female sex hormones. These hormones may regulate the synthesis and receptor expression of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which mediates neurogenic dural vasodilatation and is implicated in migraine pathogenesis.

Objective.—To investigate the effects of the female sex steroids, 17β‐estradiol and progesterone, separately and in combination, on dural vasodilatation induced by αCGRP, periarterial electrical stimulation and capsaicin in ovariectomized rats, using intravital microscopy.

Methods.—Sprague‐Dawley rats were ovariectomized and, 7 days later, subcutaneously implanted with 21‐day release pellets of 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, their combination or placebo. On day 19 to 21, the animals were anesthetized, overlying bone thinned to visualize the middle meningeal artery and vasodilator responses to αCGRP (10 to 3000 ng kg−1), periarterial electrical stimulation (25 to 125 μA) and capsaicin (0.3 to 18 μg kg−1) elicited.

Results.—There were no significant differences in the vasodilator potency or efficacy of αCGRP or capsaicin in the different groups studied. In contrast, the vasodilator response to electrical stimulation was significantly higher in rats treated with 17β‐estradiol (Emax:157 ± 19%) as compared to those observed after placebo treatment (Emax:93 ± 11%).

Conclusion.—Our results show that, in contrast to CGRP‐ or capsaicin‐induced dural vasodilatation, 17β‐estradiol enhanced neurogenic vasodilatation, suggesting increased CGRP release from perivascular nerves. This may be one of the mechanisms through which 17β‐estradiol exacerbates migraine in women.
Serotonin in Trigeminal Ganglia of Female Rodents: Relevance to Menstrual Migraine
Authors: Berman Nancy E.J. , Puri Veena , Chandrala Syam , Puri Sanjeev , Macgregor Ronal , Liverman Christopher S. , Klein Robert M.
Published: July 2006

Objectives.—We examined changes in the serotonin system across the estrous cycle in trigeminal ganglia of female rodents to determine which components are present and which are regulated by the variations in levels of ovarian steroids that occur during the estrous cycle.

Background.—Migraine is 2–3 times more prevalent in women than in men and attacks are often timed with the menstrual cycle, suggesting a mechanistic link with ovarian steroids. Serotonin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine, and the effectiveness of triptans, selective 5HT‐1B/D/F agonists, has provided further support for this concept. It is not known whether serotonin, its rate‐limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), or its receptors are regulated by ovarian steroids in trigeminal ganglia.

Methods.—We used reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to examine gene expression in cycling mice, Western blots to examine protein expression, double‐labeling immunohistochemistry using markers of nociceptors and nonnociceptors and confocal microscopy to identify specific types of neurons, and primary tissue culture to examine effects of estrogen on trigeminal neurons in vitro.

Results.—In C57/BL6 mice mRNA levels of TPH‐1, the rate‐limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, were over 2‐fold higher and protein levels were 1.4‐fold higher at proestrus, the high estrogen stage of the cycle than at diestrus, the low estrogen stage. TPH protein also was present in primary trigeminal cultures obtained from female Sprague‐Dawley rats, but levels were not affected by 24‐hour treatment with physiological levels (10−9 M) of 17β‐estradiol. Gene expression of 5HT‐1B and 5HT‐1D receptors in trigeminal ganglia was not regulated by the estrous cycle. Serotonin was present in trigeminal neurons containing CGRP, a potent vasoactive neuropeptide, peripherin, an intermediate filament present in neurons with unmyelinated axons, neurofilament H, which is present in neurons with myelinated axons, and in neurons binding IB4, a marker of nonpeptidergic nociceptors. Serotonin was also present in neurons containing 5HT‐1B. The serotonin‐positive population was significantly larger in diameter than the serotonin‐negative population.

Conclusions.—Expression of the rate‐limiting enzyme required for serotonin synthesis is regulated during the natural estrous cycle, and serotonin is present in larger trigeminal neurons of all the major subtypes. Colocalization of serotonin with 5HT‐1B suggests that this receptor functions as an autoreceptor to regulate serotonin release. Cyclical changes in serotonin levels in trigeminal ganglia could contribute to the pathogenesis of menstrual migraine.
Rat Carotid Artery Responses to α‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and 5‐HT After Ovariectomy and Hormone Replacement
Authors: Mehrotra Suneet , Gupta Saurabh , Villalón Carlos M. , Boomsma Frans , Saxena Pramod R. , MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To compare the contractile responses to α‐adrenergic receptor agonists and 5‐HT in the rat carotid artery after ovariectomy and subsequent hormone replacement with 17β‐estradiol, progesterone, or the combination of 17β‐estradiol and progesterone.

Background.—The prevalence of migraine is higher in women than in men, and changes in 17β‐estradiol levels seem to affect the frequency of attacks in female migraineurs. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet completely understood.

Methods.—After 1 week of acclimatization (Day 0), female Sprague‐Dawley rats were either sham‐operated or bilateral ovariectomized. One week later (Day 7), the ovariectomized rats were subcutaneously implanted with a pellet releasing over a 21‐day period either placebo, 0.25 mg 17β‐estradiol, 50 mg progesterone, or the combination of the 2 hormones. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 7, and 21 to measure plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine. On days 25 to 28, the animals were killed to isolate carotid artery and mount its segments in Mulvany myographs. Cumulative concentration response curves to α‐adrenergic receptor agonists and 5‐HT were constructed in the absence or presence of suitable antagonists.

Results.—The potency of norepinephrine in ovariectomized rats was significantly reduced in animals treated with progesterone as compared to those with placebo. In placebo‐treated ovariectomized animals there was a noticeable response mediated by α2‐adrenoceptors, in contrast to that in sham‐operated or ovariectomized rats treated with 17β‐estradiol and progesterone, either alone or in combination. The plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine were not significantly affected by either ovariectomy or the subsequent hormone replacement. The potency of 5‐HT was significantly reduced in animals having circulating sex hormones as compared to that in placebo‐treated ovariectomized animals.

Conclusion.—Taken together, our results indicate that circulating progesterone and/or 17β‐estradiol may reduce the contraction of the rat carotid artery in response to norepinephrine and 5‐HT. This effect of female sex hormones might be one of the factors through which these hormones aggravate migraine in women.
Endothelial Function in Patients With Migraine During the Interictal Period
Authors: Silva Federico A. , Rueda‐Clausen Christian F. , Silva Sandra Y. , Zarruk Juan G. , Guzmán Juan C. , Morillo Carlos A. , Vesga Boris , Pradilla Gustavo , Flórez Mildred , López‐Jaramillo Patricio
Published: July 2006

Objectives.—The aim of this study is to evaluate endothelial function in migraineur subjects during the asymptomatic period.

Background.—Migraine has been proposed as a risk factor for cerebrovascular events. The underlying mechanisms that relate these 2 pathologies are unknown. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed as the final causative molecule of migraine. Increased NO metabolites concentrations have been reported in migraineur subjects during acute migraine attacks, but there is no evidence indicating alterations in endothelial NO release during the symptom free period in theses subjects.

Design and Methods.—Fifty migraineur subjects and 25 healthy subjects matched by gender and age were included. Every subject underwent a complete examination that included medical history, physical examination, resting electrocardiogram, forearm flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD), blood determinations of fasting nitrates and nitrites (NO2−+ NO3−), glucose, lipid profile, creatinine, C‐reactive protein, and blood cell count.

Results.—No differences in FMD or NO2−+ NO3− were detected among groups. The only difference between migraineurs and control subjects was a higher mean blood pressure 92.1 (8.8) mmHg versus 86.7 (8.2) mmHg P= .01.

Conclusion.—The endothelial function is not altered during the interictal period in migraineur subjects.
Impact of Personality on Academic Performance of MBA Students: Qualitative Versus Quantitative Courses*
Authors: Whittingham Keith L.
Published: July 2006

The traditional core Masters in Business Administration (MBA) curriculum consists of a broad range of courses that can be considered as a whole, or divided into qualitative and quantitative courses. Regression models were developed with “QualGPA” and “QuantGPA” as response variables, and gender, pre‐MBA academic indicators, and personality factors (measured by the RightPath6® profile) as the explanatory variables. Results may provide pedagogical insight for faculty teaching increasingly diverse MBA classes. Additionally, there are recruitment implications for those hiring MBA graduates, as well as implications for MBA students in decisions regarding MBA concentrations and subsequent career choices. While gender alone was not a significant variable in any model, gender–personality interactions were significant. Across both course categories, performance tended to be higher for students who were more “Detached” than “Compassionate,” with the exception of females in quantitative courses. Additionally, “Extraversion” and “Reactiveness” significantly enhanced performance among males in qualitative courses, and “Conscientiousness” had a strong positive performance effect among females in quantitative courses.
IRSS Psychology Theory: Telling Experiences Among Underrepresented IS Doctorates
Authors: Payton Fay Cobb , White Sharon D. , Mbarika Victor W. A.
Published: July 2006

With the changing demographics of the American workforce, the National Science Foundation, along with the U.S. Department of Commerce, has highlighted the shortage of minorities in information technology (IT) careers (http://www.ta.doc.gov/Reports/itsw/itsw.pdf). Using data from a 6‐year period and the psychology Involvement‐Regimen‐Self Management‐Social (IRSS) network theory as defined byBoice (1992), we discuss lessons learned from mentoring a group of Information Systems doctoral students who are members of a pipeline that can potentially increase the number of underrepresented faculty in business schools and who made conscious decisions to renounce the IT corporate domain. While our lessons speak to the need for more diversity awareness, we conclude that effective mentoring for underrepresented groups can and should include faculty of color (though limited in numbers) as well as majority faculty who are receptive to the needs and cultural differences of these student groups. Lastly, we draw on the work ofEthnic Americato provide additional insight into our findings that are not offered by IRSS network theory.
The Determinants of Students' Perceived Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in University Online Education: An Empirical Investigation*
Authors: Eom Sean B. , Wen H. Joseph , Ashill Nicholas
Published: July 2006

In this study, structural equation modeling is applied to examine the determinants of students' satisfaction and their perceived learning outcomes in the context of university online courses. Independent variables included in the study are course structure, instructor feedback, self‐motivation, learning style, interaction, and instructor facilitation as potential determinants of online learning. A total of 397 valid unduplicated responses from students who have completed at least one online course at a university in the Midwest were used to examine the structural model. The results indicated that all of the antecedent variables significantly affect students' satisfaction. Of the six antecedent variables hypothesized to affect the perceived learning outcomes, only instructor feedback and learning style are significant. The structural model results also reveal that user satisfaction is a significant predictor of learning outcomes. The findings suggest online education can be a superior mode of instruction if it is targeted to learners with specific learning styles (visual and read/write learning styles) and with timely, meaningful instructor feedback of various types.
Theoretical Value Belief, Cognitive Ability, and Personality as Predictors of Student Performance in Object‐Oriented Programming Environments
Authors: Hall Dianne J. , Cegielski Casey G. , Wade James N.
Published: July 2006

The research described in this article reports the results of a study designed to evaluate the relationship among object‐oriented (OO) computer programming task performance and a student's (1) theoretical value belief, (2) cognitive ability, and (3) personality. The results of this study do not support the assertion that cognitive ability is a main determinant of performance. Rather, the findings suggest that characteristics of an individual nature have more effect on a student's performance. This supports our belief advanced herein that theoretical value belief and personality are significant predictors of computer programming performance in OO environments. From the findings of this study, we assert that academicians who must teach OO computer programming consider these factors when developing course materials or student assistance programs.
An Assessment of Statistical Process Control‐Based Approaches for Charting Student Evaluation Scores
Authors: Ding Xin , Wardell Don , Verma Rohit
Published: July 2006

We compare three control charts for monitoring data from student evaluations of teaching (SET) with the goal of improving student satisfaction with teaching performance. The two charts that we propose are a modified p chart and a z‐score chart. We show that these charts overcome some of the shortcomings of the more traditional charts for analyzing SET data. A comparison of three charts (an individuals chart, the modified p chart, and the z‐score chart) reveals that the modified p chart is the best approach for analyzing SET data because it utilizes distributions that are appropriate for categorical data, and its interpretation is more straightforward. We conclude that administrators and faculty alike can benefit by using the modified p chart to monitor and improve teaching performance as measured by student evaluations.
Facilitating Systemic Thinking in Business Classes
Authors: Atwater J. Brian , Pittman Paul H.
Published: July 2006

This article identifies and describes three dimensions of systemic thinking—thinking holistically, thinking dynamically, and thinking in terms of feedback loops. We contend that within the field of business a significant amount of attention has been paid to holistic thinking, but relatively little to the other two dimensions. In addition, we present evidence that managers will need to more fully develop systemic thinking skills as business systems become even more interdependent in the 21st century. Tools are presented that can be used in any area of business to help students develop their systemic thinking skills and gain better insights in their respective fields of study. Examples of how to introduce and use these tools in the classroom are also provided.
Spatio‐temporal dynamics of corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp., adults and their spatial association with environment
Authors: Park Yong‐Lak , Tollefson Jon J.
Published: July 2006

Multiyear and multilocation studies were conducted to investigate the within‐ and the between‐year spatial dynamics of corn rootworms Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), adults and their spatial associations with environmental factors in cornfields. Grid‐based spatial sampling was conducted by trapping adults emerging from the soil (i.e., ‘emergence‐trap counts’) and by counting the number of adults in the ear zone of corn plant (i.e., ‘ear‐zone count’). Spatial analysis with distance indices (SADIE) was used to determine spatial distribution patterns and to investigate spatial associations. Ear‐zone counts and emergence‐trap counts were spatially dynamic within a year and more frequently aggregated in the middle of growing seasons and random early and late in the season. However, during the peak population periods, spatial distribution of ear‐zone counts and emergence‐trap counts were significantly consistent between years, indicating predictability of future spatial distributions. Spatial distribution of emergence‐trap counts and ear‐zone counts were positively associated with soil moisture and presence of corn plants with silks, respectively. This study demonstrated that within‐year spatial distribution patterns were dynamic and that there was between‐year spatial consistency of corn rootworm adult distributions. Such information can be used to improve preventative management of corn rootworms.
Feeding and oviposition preferences of Monochamus galloprovincialis for certain conifers under laboratory conditions
Authors: Naves Pedro Miguel , De Sousa Edmundo Manuel , Quartau José Alberto
Published: July 2006

Feeding and oviposition preferences of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Monochamini), the vector of the pine wilt nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), in Portugal, was studied in three laboratory experiments: an adult feeding preference trial between branches of five pines, a no‐choice oviposition experiment on seven conifer bolts, and an oviposition choice trial between maritime pine, Pinus pinaster Aiton, and four other pines, P. pinea L., P. sylvestris L., P. halepensis Miller, or P. radiata D. Don. Scots pine (P. sylvestris) was the pine with the largest bark feeding area, while P. radiata was the least chosen to feed upon. Female M. galloprovincialis laid eggs on P. sylvestris, P. halepensis, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. pinea, and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco, but larvae successfully completed development only on the first four pines. Beetles emerging from maritime pine bolts were slightly bigger than the others. No preference for oviposition was detected when beetles were given the choice between P. pinaster and P. sylvestris or P. halepensis. Inversely, greater oviposition occurred on P. pinaster when compared with P. pinea and P. radiata. Although PWN currently affects only P. pinaster in Portugal, the results on host suitability for M. galloprovincialis suggest that P. sylvestris and P. halepensis are adequate hosts for the insect's feeding and oviposition, and thus may also be PWN hosts in Europe. The systematically high feeding and oviposition attraction for P. sylvestris exhibited by the beetles means that the eventual spread of the PWN to areas where both M. galloprovincialis and P. sylvestris occur may have a significant impact on this widespread and economically important pine, considered to be highly susceptible to B. xylophilus.
Is lack of mating competitiveness in spring linked to mating asynchrony between wild and mass‐reared codling moths from an operational sterile insect programme?
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Thistlewood Howard M.A. , Gardiner Mark G.T. , Lannard Brenda L.
Published: July 2006

Mating competitiveness and pheromone trap catches of mass‐reared, male codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from the Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, mass‐rearing facility operated by the Okanagan‐Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Board, were compared to wild males using mark–release–recapture field experiments in spring, summer, and autumn at Summerland, British Columbia. In spring, significantly more wild diapause males mated with tethered, wild females than did non‐irradiated (0 Gy) or irradiated (100 or 250 Gy) non‐diapause, mass‐reared males. A lower dose of radiation did not improve mating competitiveness, nor catches of mass‐reared males released in spring. Median mating time for wild males was approximately 45 min earlier than mass‐reared males with most wild males (70.5%) mating before sunset and mass‐reared males mating at or shortly after sunset in spring. Superior mating competitiveness of wild males in spring was mirrored by greater recapture rates in pheromone‐baited traps. In summer, mating competitiveness of mass‐reared moths improved relative to wild males and there was a significant inverse relationship between radiation dose (0, 100, and 250 Gy) and competitiveness of mass‐reared males. In autumn, untreated, wild males were significantly more responsive to pheromone traps than non‐diapausing mass‐reared males receiving 250 Gy of radiation. Mass‐reared males, subjected to diapause‐inducing conditions as larvae and emerged from diapause before this irradiation treatment, were recaptured significantly more often than similarly irradiated, non‐diapause, mass‐reared males, but not more than untreated, diapause wild males. We hypothesize that differences between wild and mass‐reared males in daily timing or speed of responses to natural or synthetic pheromone sources under montane weather patterns typical of spring in British Columbia may partially explain poor activity of sterile males, and low sterile : wild overflooding ratios during spring when measured using pheromone traps by the sterile insect release programme in British Columbia.
Aspects of tuber resistance in hybrid potatoes to potato tuber worm
Authors: Malakar‐Kuenen Raksha , Tingey Ward M.
Published: July 2006

Tubers produced from crosses between the wild potato, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes (Solanaceae), and the cultivated species Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae) are resistant to potato tuber worm (PTW), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), infestation compared to those of the popular commercial North American cultivars Allegany, Atlantic, Chieftain, Katahdin, MaineChip, NorDonna, Norwis, Russet Norkotah, Snowden, and Yukon Gold. Given a choice between Atlantic and hybrid tubers, female PTW deposited ca. 50% fewer eggs on hybrid tubers than on those of Atlantic; larval survival and production of prepupae on hybrid tubers were reduced similarly. Time needed for neonates to penetrate eye buds was ca. 100 min greater on hybrid tubers compared to that on cv. Atlantic. Periderm of hybrid tubers is thicker than that of cv. Atlantic and may contribute to the delay in larval penetration of tubers and the success of initial establishment.
An immuno‐marking technique for thrips
Authors: Jasrotia Poonam , Ben‐Yakir David
Published: July 2006

Rabbit immunoglobulin G (R‐IgG) was used successfully as an external mark for thrips. Females of both Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were marked with 1 mg ml−1 R‐IgG solution with 1%‘Tween 20’ by the contact exposure method. Determining the retention of the mark was by running the rinsing solution of individual thrips in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sandwich ELISA method was used with an additional biotin–avidin step. The threshold for a positive marking score was defined as three times the mean optical density readings of the negative control thrips. Under laboratory conditions, on bean pods, all marked thrips scored positive up to 6 days after marking (DAM). When marked thrips were kept in the laboratory on marigold flowers for 2 days, they all scored positive. When marked and unmarked thrips were placed together on these flowers, the mark was transferred to 10–20% of the unmarked thrips and they became positive. Under field conditions, on sticky traps covered with water‐base glue, 100, 80, and 20% of the marked T. tabaci scored positive by the 3rd, 6th, and 9th DAM, respectively. Under the same conditions 100, 90, and 10% of the marked F. occidentalis scored positive by the 3rd, 6th, and 9th DAM, respectively. The retention of the R‐IgG decreased significantly under conditions of wetness and high humidity. After 6 days on chive plants kept at 80–100% r.h., all marked thrips scored negative while on plants kept at 40–60% r.h., 85% of the marked thrips scored positive. Rabbit IgG can be used as an external marker for thrips. The suitability of this marking method for dispersal studies of these important pests needs to be evaluated.
Clinical examination of subjects with halitosis
Authors: Donaldson AC , Riggio MP , Rolph HJ , Bagg J , Hodge PJ
Published: July 2006

Objective:  To develop and apply a detailed clinical protocol for screening and assessing subjects with a complaint of halitosis.

Design:  Cross‐sectional.

Subjects and methods:  Several methods were used to recruit subjects with a complaint of halitosis, including a newspaper advertisement. A definition of halitosis arising from within the oral cavity, which is not related to generalized chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis or pathology of the oral mucosa was used. An extensive list of exclusion criteria was applied at the initial visit. Eligible subjects were asked to follow strict instructions and complete a questionnaire prior to their second visit for data collection. The clinical examination consisted of an organoleptic assessment, Halimeter® reading and periodontal examination.

Results:  The best method of recruiting subjects was advertising. Of 66 individuals recruited, four failed to attend the screening visit and 25 were excluded. The main reasons for exclusion were poor oral hygiene and existing periodontal disease. Thirty‐seven completed the full protocol, resulting in identification of 18 with halitosis and 19 controls.

Conclusions:  Application of the exclusion criteria resulted in significant attrition of eligible participants. Our results suggest that organoleptic assessment should be regarded as a useful standard for defining subjects with halitosis.
Location of proliferating gingival cells following toothbrushing stimulation
Authors: Tomofuji T , Sakamoto T , Ekuni D , Yamamoto T , Watanabe T
Published: July 2006

Objectives:  Mechanical stimulation by toothbrushing promotes healing of gingivitis through accelerating cell proliferation. Junctional epithelium proliferates at periodontal pocket formation. A question is arisen whether toothbrushing contributes to the repair of gingival inflammation or deterioration of pocket formation. The location of proliferating cells in gingiva stimulated mechanically by toothbrushing was investigated.

Materials and methods:  A total of 24 teeth of dogs underwent daily plaque removal with a curette (plaque removal) or both plaque removal and toothbrushing (toothbrushing). Proliferative activity of gingival cells in six individual zones was evaluated by assaying expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Results:  Toothbrushing increased densities of PCNA‐positive basal cells in the junctional epithelium, connective tissues adjacent to the junctional epithelium, the alveolar bone of the oral epithelial side and the oral epithelium. However, the densities of PCNA‐positive cells at the apical portion of the junctional epithelium, connective tissues adjacent to the cementum and the alveolar bone of the periodontal ligament side did not increase following toothbrushing.

Conclusions:  Toothbrushing promotes proliferation of gingival cells other than fibroblasts in periodontium and basal cells in the apical portion of the junctional epithelium. The repair of periodontal tissues might be promoted by toothbrushing within the limit of the direct mechanical stimulation.
The expression of a baculovirus‐derived chitinase gene increased resistance of tobacco cultivars to brown spot (Alternaria alternata)
Authors: SHI J , THOMAS C J , KING L A , HAWES C R , POSSEE R D , EDWARDS M L , PALLETT D , COOPER J I
Published: July 2006

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) chitinase gene coding region was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, inserted into a plasmid (pROK‐2) and replicated in Escherichia coli XL1–blue. The recombinant plasmid was mobilised into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 and inoculated into tobacco leaf discs. The presence of the expressed chitinase in foliar tissue of kanamycin‐resistant plantlets of three Nicotiana tabacum cultivars (CF80, K326 and Xanthi‐nc) was inferred using immunoblotting, and enzyme activity was confirmed using a fluorometric assay. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with immunofluorescent staining of foliar sections from N. tabacum Xanthi‐nc expressing the viral chitinase indicated that the enzyme was restricted to the vascular tissue. Heliothis virescens larvae fed on leaf tissue expressing chitinase were not impaired either in their development to pupation or in their feeding behaviour, in comparision with their counterparts that had consumed similar amounts of untransformed tobacco leaf tissue. By contrast, when tobacco leaves were mechanically inoculated with Alternaria alternata, very few brown spots were observed at inoculation sites in chitinase‐expressing tissue, whereas large and spreading lesions formed in untransformed tobacco tissue. Of all lines that were transformed, as determined by kanamycin resistance, 59% had fewer symptoms of disease (smaller disease indices) than those for untransformed controls.
Importance of spittle bugs, Locris rubens (Erichson) and Poophilus costalis (Walker) on sorghum in West and Central Africa, with emphasis on Nigeria
Authors: AJAYI O , OBOITE F A
Published: July 2006

Locris rubens (Erichson) (Cercopidae: Homoptera) and Poophilus costalis (Walker) (Aphrophoridae: Homoptera) are endemic pests of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Nigeria and some other countries in West and Central Africa. Other hosts are maize, pearl millet, rice, sugarcane, and grasses. On sorghum, L. rubens lays eggs in the epidermis of the leaf sheath. There are five nymphal instars and development from egg to adult takes about 33 days. Both species of spittle bugs feed on all growth stages and all parts of sorghum, including the panicle. Feeding symptoms include yellow leaf blotching. Severe infestations often kill young leaves and plants. Under artificial infestation in cages, the severity of damage and associated symptoms as well as grain yield loss increased with an increase in the population density of spittle bugs. Infestation by 15 pairs of adult L. rubens
Resistance of roses to pathotypes of Diplocarpon rosae
Authors: YOKOYA K , KANDASAMY K I , WALKER S , MANDEGARAN Z , ROBERTS A V
Published: July 2006

Colonies of Diplocarpon rosae derived from single conidia were isolated on malt extract agar, multiplied (at 23°C) and stored (at −20°C) on surface‐sterilised leaf discs of a universally susceptible rose, ‘Frensham’. The resistance of 16 species and cultivars of Rosa to different isolates of D. rosae was assessed using surface‐sterilised leaf discs. Four pathotypes of D. rosae were distinguished on the basis of host range. One species and one hybrid were resistant to all pathotypes. Two species and two cultivars were susceptible to all pathotypes. Four species and six cultivars were interpreted as having vertical resistance because they were strongly resistant to some but not all pathotypes. Only species and hybrids of the section Cinnamomeae were resistant to the pathotype identified as CW1 whereas only roses of other origins were resistant to the pathotype DA2.
Incidence and pathology of common viruses of nerine in Tasmania
Authors: LIMBATH D P , BLANCHFIELD A L , WILSON C R
Published: July 2006

This is the first study of the incidence of common viruses within bulb stocks of nerine in Australia. Five viruses were frequently found within commercial stocks but were never associated with obvious viral symptom expression in the field. This study found cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infections of Nerine flexuosa, and nerine virus Y (NeVY) infections of N. flexuosa, N. bowdenii and N. fothergilli which we believe to be new host records. Virus incidence varied with virus species, host species, and sample site but did not vary within the same bulb stocks over a 2 yr period. Incidence of the major viruses appeared to correlate with the efficiency of transfer from mother bulb to offsets, suggesting that virus status in Tasmania may be largely determined by the incidence of viruses within original planting material and by subsequent vegetative spread.

No effect of the most frequent virus infections was found on the efficiency of flowering, flower quality, and dormant bulb fresh weight in N. flexuosa and N. fothergilli with the exception of a small (16.8%), but economically unimportant decrease in scape length of N. flexuosa co‐infected with NeLV and NeVY. It is concluded that current virus infections in nerine in Tasmania pose little commercial significance to the developing cut flower industry, however discovery of NeYSV in one sample of Lycoris aurea warrants monitoring to ensure that spread of this important pathogen does not occur.
Evaluation under long‐day conditions of 4x‐2x progenies from crosses between potato cultivars and haploid Tuberosum‐Solanum chacoense hybrids
Authors: BUSO J A , BOITEUX L S , PELOQUIN S J
Published: July 2006

Twelve 4x families (obtained from a sub‐set of crosses between seven 4x‐potato cultivars and three 2x haploid Tuberosum‐Solanum chacoense hybrids) were evaluated at Hancock, Wisconsin (USA). The 4x‐parents were elite cultivars selected for adaptation in three continents (Europe, South America, and North America). The 2x male clones were able to produce 2n‐pollen grains by a mechanism akin to first‐division restitution with crossover (FDR‐CO). The estimation of the degree of heterosis for total tuber yield (TTY) was obtained by comparing the field performance of the progenies with their respective 2x and 4x parents. Haulm maturity (HM) and general tuber appearance (GTA) were also evaluated. For TTY, the 4x‐2x families (as a group) outyielded both the 4x and 2x parental groups by 10.6% and 42.5%, respectively. In addition, 5 out of 12 families outyielded their corresponding 4x‐parents. These best five families outyielded the group of 4x‐parents by 40.6%. A considerable variability was observed for HM but, in general, the families were later maturing than the 4x cultivars. The identification of 4x‐2x families with GTA within the range of the 4x commercial cultivars was another important observation. An overall lack of parent‐offspring correlation was detected indicating that performance of the parents per se cannot provide a reliable prediction about the performance of the families. Therefore, progeny testing would be an imperative step for selection of parental clones at both ploidy levels. Our study indicated that haploid Tuberosum‐S. chacoense hybrids are able to generate heterotic 4x‐2x families for TTY in combination with good GTA. These results reinforce the view that selection of superior clones for the Northern Hemisphere can be feasible using germplasm with ∼25% genomic contribution of this wild South American species.