bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A LEGACY OF LIGHT
Authors: Maynard Patrick
Published: March 2011

Ansel Adams with Mary Street Alinder. Ansel Adams: An Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1985. 385 pp. Ulus. Mark Klett, essay by Denis Johnson. Travels in the Desert Southwest. Boston: David R. Godine, 1986. 42 pp. Illus. Beyond the exhibitions, a foundation, many books and articles and other generous teachings, the legacy of America's great modern nature photographer, Ansel Adams, is of course a collection of forty-thousand negatives, templates for the most serene and expansive photographic images of the American landscape. Adams' pictures will speak for themselves, and thereby, for him. What can an autobiography, eked out in the last days of his active eighty-two years, add to such riches? About a third of the chapters of Ansel Adams: An Autobiography are titled by others' names, and toward the end Adams, considering fame, muses: "The individual is but a cell in the larger body... .Superior minds and spirits emerge, yet who can deny that countless others... might have been revealed had circumstances favored them...?" Adams thought himself favored by friends and this book is in large part testament to that. The first of these might be Adams' father, for the venerable, familiar, crumple-nosed mountain gnome of an Ansel Adams we see on the book's cover emerged from a frenetic elf or—as Adams writes—"an adenoidal brat." We can only guess what would have happened had not Adams' father plucked his hyperactive son first from school (encouraging him still in piano lessons which brought into Adams' life a sense of discipline, an abiding under- standing of art, and a sense of rhythm and anticipation), then out of San Francisco for trips to Yosemite. It was in that then unpopulated Park that Adams' wild exuberances could have scope—provided they did not kill him, as they almost did on several occasions he relates. And it was there that his commitments to the natural environment and to photography were sealed.
A BRITISH VENTURE INTO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNALISM: THE ANGLO-SAXON, 1855-57
Authors: Barne James J. , Barnes Patience P.
Published: March 2011

During the nineteenth century, few publications infuriated British diplomats serving in the United States and Canada more than American newspapers, principally because they were so anti-British. Canadian authorities discouraged the importation of American newspapers and magazines into the Provinces, but failed. Neither were they any more successful in promoting British publications over potentially seditious American ones. Ironically, political squabbling among American papers occasionally resulted in unintended support for British policy, as when the Young Americans, a faction of the Democratic Party, predicted a clash with Britain over Central America or Cuba or even Canada, thereby manoeuver- ing the Whigs to oppose any rupture with Her Majesty's Government.
double flannery
Authors: Asals Frederick
Published: March 2011

C. Ralph Stephens, ed. The Correspondence of Flannery O'Connor and the Brainard Cheneys. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xxvii + 220 pp. Marshall Bruce Gentry. Flannery O'Connor's Religion of the Grotesque. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. ix + 177 pp. The correspondence of Flannery O'Connor and "Lon" and "Fannie" Cheney makes a neat supplement to the O'Connor letters collected in The Habit of Being, where none of these appeared. As fellow-Southerners and Catholics involved with literature, they shared several common grounds, and the acquaintance that began when O'Connor wrote to acknowledge Cheney's review of Wise Blood—one of the very few discerning ones on that first novel—rapidly became a warm friendship that continued until O'Connor's death in 1964.
VISIONARIES IN THE PROGRESSIVE AGE
Authors: Adams, Jr. Graham
Published: March 2011

D. Steven Blum. Walter Lippmann: Cosmopolitanism in the Century of Total War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984. 205 pp. Bruce Clayton. Forgotten Prophet: The Life of Randolph Bourne. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. x + 275 pp. David W. Levy. Herbert Croly of The New Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985. xvii + 335 pp. Progressivism evoked the greatest outpouring of political ideas in America since the campaign to ratify the Constitution. We have never witnessed another era equal to it in this century. Critics participated in a sweeping examination of American values, culture, politics and government. Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann and Randolph Bourne rank among the most important of these thinkers; their biographies help sketch a profile of the Progressive mind.
A REVOLUTION OF DECLINING EXPECTATIONS
Authors: McNiven James D.
Published: March 2011

Michael Harrington. The New American Poverty. New York: Penguin Books [Viking], 1985. 288 pp. " Charles Murray. Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980. New York: Basic Books, 1984. 323 pp. Sheldon H. Danziger and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Fighting Poverty: What Works and What Doesn't. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. viii + 418 pp. The Biblical injunction that we will always have the poor with us seems to be brought out once more in three recent books on poverty in America. Michael Harrington returns to the topic that made his reputation in 1962, with the publication of The Other America, with a new book, The New American Poverty. Charles Murray has made his reputation recently with his book, Losing Ground, which has affected Reaganite thinking in the way that The Other America affected the Kennedyites twenty-five years ago. Finally, Sheldon Danziger and Daniel Weinberg have edited the papers from a 1984 conference sponsored by the Institute of Poverty at the University of Wisconsin and the federal Department of Health and Human Services. Entitled, Fighting Poverty, it presents a series of evaluations of various programs that found their inspiration with Harrington and their rejection with Murray.
"TRUTH IS PATIENT AND TIME IS JUST": EARLY BLACK BIOGRAPHY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY REEXAMINED
Authors: Silverman Jason H.
Published: March 2011

William L. Andrews. To Tell A Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760-1865. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xii + 353 pp. Illus. William L. Andrews, ed. Sisters of the Spirit: Three Black Women's Autobiographies of the Nineteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. x + 245 pp. R.J.M. Blackett. Beating Against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth-Century Afro-American History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. xviii + 417 pp. Lamont D. Thomas. Rise to Be A People: A Biography of Paul Cuffe. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986. xv + 187 pp. "When we get a little farther away from the conflict," Frederick Douglass wrote at the end of his long, full life, some brave and truth-loving man, with all the facts before him . . .will gather from here and there the scattered fragments, . . . and give to those who shall come after us an impartial history of this grandest moral conflict of the century. [For] truth is patient and time is just.
HOW AMERICA COULD BECOME UTOPIA
Authors: Beauchamp Gorman
Published: March 2011

Carol Farley Kessler, ed. Daring to Dream\ Utopian Stories by United States Women, 1836-1919. Boston: Pandora Press, 1984. 266 pp. Howard P. Segal. Technological Utopianism in American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. 301 pp. Illus. Jean Pfaelzer. The Utopian Novel in America, 1886-1896: The Politics of Form. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1985. 211 pp. The last dozen years have proved rich ones for utopology, or the study of Utopias. The major event was the publication, in 1979, of Frank and Fritzie Manuel's massive intellectual history, Utopian Thought in the Western World. Despite the vast scope and formidable erudition of this landmark work, there are, neverthe- less, glaring lacunae, none perhaps more apparent than their sketchy, poorly- informed and generally inadequate treatment of American Utopias. Except for the obligatory discussion of Edward Bellamy's immensely popular Looking Back- ward, the Manuels hardly mention the flood of Utopian fiction produced in America between the Civil War and World War I, a flood that crested in the last decade of the nineteenth century when more than 150 such works appeared, the largest single body of Utopian writing in history. But if the francocentric Manuels leave this body of writing unexplored, other scholars are taking it up, with increasing sophistication and specialization of treatment. For many years, Vernon L. Parrington, Jr.'s American Dreams: A Study of American Utopias (2nd ed., 1964) was the standard survey of this literature; but, while admirably informative in many respects, his survey was highly uneven and sometimes inaccurate, analytically comatose and stylistically lame. In 1976 appeared Kenneth Roemer's The Obsolete Necessity : America in Utopian Writings 1888-1900-, while the scope of his work is narrower than Parrington's, the execution is greatly superior, synthesizing material drawn from 166 novels into a thematically coherent volume that enlightens without overwhelming with details. The Obsolete Necessity has become—and will no doubt remain for a long while—the central work on American Utopian literature, a model of its kind. In addition, five years later Roemer edited America as Utopia, a more encompassing collection of essays on the whole spectrum of relevant literature. This collection ranges from six histor- ical overviews of specific periods by various hands to detailed studies of individ- ual writers and themes, to several statements by utopists on why and how they came to write Utopias. Given the unevenness that inheres in such collections, this one should nevertheless prove indispensible for any student of the Utopian impulse in American culture.
APOCALYPSE THEN AND NOW: HISTORY, MYTH AND THE AMERICAN IMAGINATION
Authors: Adolph Robert
Published: March 2011

Robert Clark. History and Myth in American Fiction, 1823-52. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. x + 186 pp. Douglas Robinson. American Apocalypses: The Image of the End of the World in American Fiction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985. xviii + 283 pp. Here are two more contenders, mostly focusing on the American Renaissance, going for the knock-out, large-scale interpretation of major American fiction. The first is a middleweight Marxist attempt to place the superstructure of the romances of Cooper, Hawthorne and Melville in proper relation to their base in whatever contemporary capitalistic Yankee evils—imperialism, racism, class oppression— come to hand, as revealed in current events. The second is a decidedly heavy- weight survey of apocalypses in American fiction, fortified with its own very elaborate superstructure (not in the Marxist sense here) of high-powered contem- porary critical theory.
the rough riders at home and abroad: cody, roosevelt, remington and the imperialist hero
Authors: Bold Christine
Published: March 2011

In the late nineteenth century, America displayed a new imperialistic mood and a heightened desire to impress her independence upon Europe when she embarked upon a number of military adventures in the Caribbean and Pacific. During the same period, there appeared a new popular hero — the "Rough Rider" — who derived from the Western frontier but expanded the field of heroic action well beyond the shores of America. The creation of this hero and the scene in which he was set demonstrates how popular culture of the period not only embodied but facilitated crucial developments in the nation's growth. The process of creation also shows how commercial agencies — popular circuses, yellow newspapers, mass magazines — became prime movers in the formation of America's interna- tional image.
TAXATION AND THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR: A NEW YORK TEST CASE
Authors: Kross Jessica
Published: March 2011

Explanations of the causes of the American Revolution must take into account some basic and seemingly contradictory claims made by both the British and the Americans. One of the most important areas of contention revolved around taxation: were the colonists over-taxed, or perhaps more important, did they feel themselves suffering under the burden of high governmental levies? Discussion of the question of taxation really begins with the Seven Years' War which marked a turning point in the relationship between the American colonies and Great Britain. The French had been overcome and a vast territory in North America was thrown open to English exploitation. The northern frontiers were secure for the first time in colonial history, and both Britain and her American colonies enjoyed a certain satisfaction that they had achieved a substantial victory. Together, they had won the "Great War for the Empire."
SLAVERY IN THE IDEOLOGY AND POLITICS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY GENERATION
Authors: Levesque George A.
Published: March 2011

Was there a prevailing ideology in early American political discourse? To judge from the great variety of competing interpretations published over the past three decades, the answer would appear to be an unequivocal "No."1 Despite (and most assuredly because of) the contrariness of interpretation since the 1950s, a recent overview of political culture at the time Americans were launching the Revolution and formulating the Constitution persuasively argues the existence of a prevailing eighteenth-century ideology fashioned from a variety of intellectual traditions. "[I]t is possible to identify an emerging consensus among historians," concludes James Kloppenberg, "concerning the persistence of diversity in Amer- ican patterns of thought and behavior during the colonial and early national periods." Two seemingly antithetical traditions, those of individual sovereignty nourished by Protestant Christianity and popular sovereignty descended from classical republicanism, "were at the center of politics during those years."2
HEMINGWAY AND COMPANY
Authors: Tavernier-Courbin Jacqueline
Published: March 2011

Michael Reynolds. The Young Hemingway. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. 291 pp. Bernice Kert. The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him, the Wives, and Others. New York: Norton, 1986. 555 pp. Mus. Anthony Burgess. Ernest Hemingway and his World. New York: Scribner's, 1985. 128 pp. Ilius. William White, ed. Ernest Hemingway, Dateline: Toronto. New York: Scribner's, 1985. xxxix 478 pp. Ernest Hemingway. The Garden of Eden. New York: Scribner's, 1986. 247 pp. Michael Reynolds's The Young Hemingway is an outstanding book, easily read, and extremely well-researched. Reynolds uses almost exclusively primary sources (published and unpublished correspondence and manuscripts, medical examiner's files, probated wills, etc.), does not take facts or others' statements for granted, and, as a result, has written a refreshing and informative book that dispels rather than furthers hackneyed and often inaccurate myths about the Hemingway legend. In fact, some of the questions that had more or less consciously arisen for a Hemingway scholar such as I from a reading of Heming- way's letters, whether published or unpublished, and of the letters of his family, find their answers in The Young Hemingway. Among the many interesting points made by the book, I found particularly enlightening the information concerning the heredity predisposition to suicide in the Hemingway family, the redefinition of the Hemingway family's inter-relationships, the revelation of Hemingway's passive-aggressive relationships with women, his use of sickness to gain atten- tion, and the final dispelling of the myth concerning Hemingway's poverty in Paris during his first marriage. In this biography, which covers Hemingway's early life until December 1921, when Hemingway and Hadley boarded the S.S. Leopoldina en route to France, Reynolds illuminates through the use of flashbacks and flashforwards Hemingway's first twenty-one years in an amusing and affec- tionate way.
SCHOLARS CONFRONT THE ERA
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels
Published: March 2011

Joan Hoff-Wilson, ed. Rights of Passage: The Past and Future of the ERA. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. xx + 140 pp. Illus. Mary Frances Berry. Why ERA Failed: Politics, Women's Rights, and the Amending Process of the Constitution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 ix + 147 pp. Jane Mansbridge. Why We Lost the ERA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. xii + 327 pp. At first glance, the defeat of the United States Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) would seem easy to explain. It lost because a majority of the American voting population opposed it, because many women feared that the ERA would end what they saw as their privileged status in the American legal system, and because male-dominated state legislatures did not believe that traditional gender roles should be changed.
VIOLENT TIMES
Authors: Way Peter
Published: March 2011

David Richard Kasserman. Fall River Outrage: Life, Murder, and Justice in Early Industrial New England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986. x + 280 pp. Illus. & maps. Roger Lane. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia 1860-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. x + 213 pp. Studies of violence and criminality are at their best when they move beyond the mere recitation of "deviant behaviour" (which at times smacks of pruriency) and seek to demonstrate social significance. In different ways and with varying success David Richard Kasserman's Fall River Outrage and Roger Lane's Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia attempt this larger task. Kasserman adopts a microscopic approach, examining a singular event — a sensational murder trial of 1833 — as a means of recreating the world of early industrial New England. Unfortunately, as is the risk in such studies, he becomes bogged down in the telling of the story. His social analysis, tacked on at the beginning and end of the book, is perfunctory and never fully developed. Lane is more ambitious. He examines the development of a criminal subculture among Philadelphia's blacks in the late nineteenth century and attempts to trace its roots to the social and economic exclusion they experienced within the "urban industrial revolution." Lane draws a compelling picture which strikes a resonance with modern Afro- American culture. His effort, however, is vitiated by unclear conceptualization and a willingness to see black experience solely in terms of criminality.
lost tribes?
Authors: Abel Kerry M.
Published: March 2011

Mary Dougherty Bartlett, ed. The New Native American Novel: Works in Progress. University of the New Mexico Press, 1986. viii + 132 pp. Ralph T. Coe. Lost and Found Traditions: Native American Art 1965-1985. University of Washington Press, 1986. 288 pp. Illus., & maps. Laurence M. Hauptman et al. Onondaga: Portrait of a Native People. Syracuse University Press, 1986. vi + 110 pp. Illus. Laurence M. Hauptman. The Iroquois Struggle for Survival: World War II to Red Power. Syracuse University Press, 1986. xiii + 328 pp. Illus. One of the most enduring "fads" of the last twenty-five years in North America has been a fascination with Indians. "My favorite hobby is Indians," wrote third- grader Tom Boylan, his words immortalized in a painting by Mohawk artist Richard Glazer Daney. Tom's hobby has been adopted by a variety of groups. Indian cultural values are offered as an alternative to industrial capitalism. The Indian is presented as a victim by the promoters of cultural pluralism and opponents of imperialism. And in a fascinating revision of the cult of the Noble Savage, the Indian is presented as the original ecologist or environmentalist. Stimulated by this renewed interest among Americans and encouraged by the cultural upheaval of the 1960s, Indian communities have been responding. There has been a flowering of the arts, widespread political activism and considerable experimentation with new forms of community expression such as the "survival school" movement.
KEEPING THE FAITH IN SAMUEL CLEMENS'S WORLDS
Authors: Babington Douglas
Published: March 2011

Forrest G. Robinson. In Bad Faith: The Dynamics of Deception in Mark Twain's America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986. viii + 255 pp. John Madson. Up On The River: An Upper Mississippi Chronicle. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1986. 276 pp. IIIus. Beverly R. David. Mark Twain and His Illustrators: Volume I (1869-1875). Troy: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1986. xi + 268 pp. IIIus. Forrest G. Robinson's complex notion of bad faith can be applied not only to the novels of Mark Twain but also to the culture and politics of the American nation. Take, for instance, the Irangate affair. A recent analysis in The New Yorker magazine proposes a startling analogy whereby Ronald Reagan becomes free- wheeling Oliver North and the American electorate becomes President Reagan. The article concludes that "the American body politic, with a sort of wink and a nod, endeavored to shield itself from the recognition of what its subordinate . . . was up to and what the consequences of his activities might be."1
favorite son
Authors: Burbank Garin
Published: March 2011

Garry Wills. Reagan's America: Innocents at Home. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1987. 472 pp. Dan E. Moldea. Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA, and The Mob. New York: Viking Penguin, 1986. xvi + 382 pp. IIlus. From the day he was elected Governor of California, Ronald Reagan has done well for himself. American voting majorities have repeatedly endorsed his leadership. Middle-class conservatives in other western industrial countries have admired his fortitude. Among the minority groups opposed to his policies, academic intellectuals have been especially conspicuous in showing their disdain and contempt for Reagan and his admirers in the big public. If the voters have, until recently, gone for Reagan by margins approaching 60-40, the professors, particularly in the liberal arts, have turned their thumbs everlastingly down, perhaps by as much as a 90-10 margin. The enormous gap between popular and academic opinion serves to remind students of politics of a strikingly similar gap during and after the Eisenhower administrations of the 1950s, when the American people adored a president whom the professors ridiculed.
WILLIAM FAULKNER
Authors: Hall Petry Alice
Published: March 2011

Doreen Fowler and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner and Humor: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha, 1984. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. 243 pp. Michael Grimwood. Heart in Conflict: Faulkner's Struggles with Vocation, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987. xx + 378 pp. He surely must be America's most written-about author. Indeed, in a good year the scholars of William Faulkner probably produce more printed pages, a larger mountain of manuscripts, than did Mr. Bill himself in his fairly lengthy career. Much of that scholarly material is quickly forgotten, and perhaps rightly so; but a few studies do manage to emerge as valuable contributions to Faulkner scholar- ship, shedding important light on little-known or under-appreciated aspects of his mind and art, and changing — perhaps permanently — our understanding of Faulkner's unique achievement as a writer of fiction. Two such studies are Faulkner and Humor, a collection of essays edited by Doreen Fowler and Ann J. Abadie of the University of Mississippi, and Heart in Conflict by Michael Grimwood of North Carolina State University. Although read in tandem, they are mutually illuminating, each warranting serious consideration in its own right.
the myth of the south
Authors: Chittick Kathryn
Published: March 2011

J. Lasley Dameron and James W. Mathews, eds. No Fairer Land: Studies in Southern Literature Before 1900, Troy, N.Y.: Whitston Publishing Co., 1986. ix + 245 pp. Richard Gray. Writing the South: Ideas of an American Region. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xiv + 333 pp. Illus. Jim Faulkner. Across the Creek: Faulkner Family Stories. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xiv + 103 pp. These are all books designed to make the Snopeses keep off. No Fairer Land excludes Southern life after 1900, Writing the South bristles with, references to high structuralism, and Across the Creek stays behind doors with the Faulkner family circle — Sartorises and blacks allowed but no white trash. These circles, whether academic or social, are all strictly genteel.
A LINE OF COMPLICITY: BAUDELAIRE — T.S. ELIOT — ADRIENNE RICH
Authors: Deane Patrick
Published: March 2011

"A mixture of admiration and of some indefinable anxious fear' ' : this is Théodore de Banville, French poet and apostle of aestheticism, describing early public reaction to Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal, published in Paris in June, 1857.1 The speed with which the establishment moved to suppress the poems betrays the depth of that "anxious fear"; proceedings were begun against Baudelaire within a month of publication. It was a reaction evidently anticipated by the editors of the Revue des Deux Mondes, where eighteen of Baudelaire's poems had appeared two years before, strategically prefaced by an editorial note preparing readers for their encounter with a text committed to the subversion of their cherished ideals and preconceptions.2
BEHIND THE BAY WINDOW: GERALD PARKER'S THE EAGLE AND THE LION
Authors: Woodman Ross G.
Published: March 2011

The Eagle and the Lion, a new play performed during the last week of January, 1988, in the Drama Workshop at the University of Western Ontario under the direction of its author, Professor Gerald Parker of the Department of English, begins impressively. Edwin Forrest, the nineteenth-century American actor, is performing in a separately-framed playing area the role of the Indian Chief, Metamora. It is the final scene. Surrounded by off-stage white soldiers, his wife, Nahmeokee, hands him his dead child wrapt in a white shawl as if in swaddling bands. Knowing himself defeated, Metamora stabs his wife, assuring her she will join in death her murdered father. "She felt no white man's bondage," he orates in that nineteenth-century melodramatic manner that will be with us for the rest of the evening. "She was free as the air in which she lived . . . pure she was . . . pure as the snow . . . and yet. . . and yet. . . ." The lighting now slowly shifts from red to blue. Forrest takes off his Indian head-dress and puts on Othello's robe. "Yet I'll not shed her blood," he continues with no shift of rhythm or intonation. When at last he smothers Desdemona, it is with the swaddling band encasing the dead child of Nahmeokee.
THEORY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL AND COMPARATIVE HISTORY
Authors: Crunden Robert M.
Published: March 2011

James T. Kloppenberg. Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870-1920. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. x + 546 pp. Paul Edward Gottfried. The Search for Historical Meaning: Hegel and the Postwar American Right. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986. viii + 178 pp. These two volumes pose different but important problems in the writing of both intellectual and comparative history.
HELLMAN, WILLIAMS, HEMINGWAY AND COWLEY: VIEWS AND INTERVIEWS
Authors: Griffin Joseph
Published: March 2011

Albert J. Devlin, ed. Conversations with Tennessee Williams. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xx + 369 pp. Matthew J. Bruccoli, ed. Conversations with Ernest Hemingway. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xiv + 204 pp. Jackson R. Bryer, ed. Conversations with Lillian Hellman. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xxvi + 298 pp. Thomas Daniel Young, ed. Conversations with Malcolm Cowley. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. xxii + 224 pp. Interviews with writers have become a popular genre, at least in North America. They are a staple of the literary periodicals, and collections of them often appear in book form. Canadian literature has been well served by the writer interview; in the last two decades no fewer than five collections of interviews with Canadian creative writers have appeared in print, and the most recent of these, Andrew Garrod's Speaking for Myself,1 is an example of the genre at its best. Probably the best known collections of writer interviews are Viking's long-standing Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews, currently and for some time past edited by George Plimpton. This series, now several volumes large, began publication in 1959 and signals the continuing interest in the genre.
getting right with the poor white
Authors: Fellman Michael
Published: March 2011

Frederick A. Bode and Donald E. Ginter, eds. Farm Tenancy and the Census in Antebellum Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986. xix + 278 pp. maps. Orville Vernon Burton. In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina. Illus. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. xiv + 480 pp. Illus. Bruce Collins. White Society in the Antebellum South. London: Longman, 1985. xiii + 216 pp. Paul D. Escott, Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1850-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. xxii + 344 pp. Illus. John Mack Faragher. Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. xxii + 280 pp. David Thelan. Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. x + 321 pp. Let us begin with three stories.
GOOD AND EVIL MIXED: LINCOLN AND HIS PARTY IN THE CIVIL WAR ERA
Authors: Lightner David L.
Published: March 2011

Richard H. Abbott. The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. xiv + 303 pp. Don E. Fehrenbacher. Lincoln in Text and Context: Collected Essays. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987. x + 364 pp. William E. Gienapp. The Origins of the Republican Party 1852-1856. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. xi + 564 pp. Stanley Harrold. Gamaliel Bailey and Antislavery Union. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1986. xvi + 301 pp. Illus. Joel H. Silbey. The Partisan Imperative: The Dynamics of American Politics Before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. xx + 234 pp. John L. Thomas, ed. Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986. viii + 162 pp. "How good and evil principles are mixed! What strange unnatural alliances of opposites."1 So said antislavery journalist Gamaliel Bailey in 1855 about the Republican party, the new political organization that he was helping to create but that he regarded with ambivalence. It might not surprise Bailey that present-day historians differ in their understandings of how and why the Republican party arose so suddenly, propelled Abraham Lincoln to the presidency, and plunged the nation into the crisis that culminated in civil war. What motivated the party's leaders, and how did they succeed in winning over so many Northern voters? Why did Lincoln become the party's 1860 presidential candidate, and what sort of Republican was he? Recent works grapple with these and other questions, using a variety of methodological approaches.
THE BIG SLEEP: PRODUCTION HISTORY AND AUTHORSHIP
Authors: Lev Peter
Published: March 2011

Studies of authorship in cinema have largely ignored questions of production history, of exactly how individual films are made. The authorship debate has focused on other issues: the definition of an author, the description of personal style, the placement of an author code in relation to other semiotic codes.1 Nevertheless, authorship is clearly an historical, as well as a critical and theoreti- cal, problem. Any reasonable account of creative responsibility for a particular film must investigate the history of that film's production. What is the division of labor between producer, director, writer, actor, cinematographer, and so on? Which collaborators strongly influence a film, and at what stages of production? What are the institutional structures that shape a filmmaking project? Such questions are vital to an understanding of film authorship, but they are rarely asked.2
PROTECTING THE SMALL-TOWN PRESS: COMMUNITY, SOCIAL POLICY AND POSTAL PRIVILEGES, 1845-1970
Authors: Kielbowicz Richard B. , Lawson Linda
Published: March 2011

Community—whatever form it takes—depends on communication; the common etymology of the words suggests as much. As John Dewey explained, people "live in a community, [by] virtue of things which they have in common; and communication is the way in which they come to possess things in common." Whether organized along geographic lines (e.g., national, regional, local) or lines of interest (e.g., religious, political, occupational), a community derives its cohesion from shared information, symbols, ideology and experiences. Interper- sonal communication can sustain a community where its members live in close proximity, but more complex social arrangements require some form of mediated communication.1
NATURALIST NARRATIVES AND THEIR IDEATIONAL CONTEXT: A THEORY OF AMERICAN NATURALIST FICTION
Authors: Seaman Roger
Published: March 2011

How subtle the influence of a dreary atmosphere. Sister Carrie, Ch. X I Theory In the first book-length effort to formulate a theory of American literary natural- ism C. C, Walcutt set forth two main aims for such a study: "It should describe the body of theory that is designated naturalistic-, and it should show in some detail what this body of theory does to the novels in which it appears" (vii). Walcutt's statement calls attention to two crucial facts, one regarding naturalism itself, the other about critical theories of it. First, naturalism, unlike most forms of nineteenth-century fiction, openly announces its dependence on theory. This is in direct contrast to the aim of classic realism, which was to present itself as unmediated representation. "The only reason for the existence of the novel," James proclaimed, "is that it does attempt to represent life" ("The Art of Fiction," 662). Second, naturalism's theoretical burden has led critics to make two "natural" mistakes. They identify and thus confound naturalism with its theory or theories, or they deny the relevance of theory and look for the common element in naturalist narratives.1 What I want to do is take up Walcutt's challenge to join theory and narrative in order to account for what we might call, to alter a phrase of Roland Barthes', the "naturalist effect."2 Naturalism is the distinctive outcome of a complex interaction between a recoverable ideational background and a peculiar narrative form.
AMERICAN GRAFFITI: GASS'S 'IN THE HEART OF THE HEART OF THE COUNTRY'
Authors: Fogel Stan
Published: March 2011

The narrators in William Gass's fiction attempt relentlessly to yoke signs and being, to replace an inchoate world with their noetic, their verbal structures. The same impulse prods Donald Barthelme's Snow White to utter her lament, "O I wish there were some words in the world that were not the words I always here."1 Perceiving a mundane, banal milieu around her, she betrays a yearning for the kind of language play that has not turned being into a cliché, into the jejune phrasing that has cosseted the world. In this sense, as it is for E.L. Doctorow in "False Documents," creative use of language produces liberation from reified perceptions of the world and concomitantly from sterile visions of America. The attempt on the part of the metafictionists and their protagonists is to undermine the status of those false documents which have become ensconced as reality. The purpose is not to supplant those documents with truer ones (though occasional thrasonical narrators try); rather, it is to expose the palpable fictiveness of those and any documents that purport to explain world, that masquerade as truth rather than as construct.
PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE CINEMA
Authors: Snyder Stephen
Published: March 2011

Rick Altman. The American Film Musical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. x + 386 pp. Illus. Mary Ann Doane. The Desire to Desire: The Woman's Film of the 1940s. Bioomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. 211 pp. Illus. Krin Gabbard and Glen 0. Gabbard. Psychiatry and the Cinema. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. xx + 304 pp. Illus. Wes D. Gehring. The Marx Brothers: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1987. xv + 262 pp. Illus. Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies. New York: The Free Press, 1987. x + 374 pp. Illus. At a time when cinema scholarship is permeated by a virtually incomprehensible vocabulary derived from psychoanalysis and structuralism, a reader may be forgiven a less than enthusiastic response to a new cluster of works spilling from the structuralist/psychoanalytic horn-of-plenty. However, contrary to expecta- tion, each of the five books reviewed here is a great deal less facile than most of the unintelligible and unintelligently done applications of French Structuralism which have dominated film scholarship, ad nauseam, in recent years. Each of these books (excluding Gehring's which does not really touch upon psychoana- lytic themes) has managed in varying degrees to digest and use facets of structuralist thought without becoming too enmeshed in the very obfuscating "patriarchal" discourse which most structuralists claim to abhor yet repeat anyway. In fact, the myth of the film scholar as detached scientist would be an appropriate study for film scholarship; structuralists in particular might benefit from analyzing their own assumptions of scientism, as Joel Kovel has done for psychoanalysis in a recent critique which identifies the scientific pose as an extension of bourgeoisie ideology.11 mention this issue because it keeps appear- ing in some way in each of the books reviewed here.
ETHNIC SOUTHERNERS AND SOUTHERN ETHNICS: TOWARD A NEW HISTORY OF THE SOUTH
Authors: Silverman Jason H.
Published: March 2011

Dirk Hoerder, editor. "Struggle a Hard Battle": Essays on Working-Class Immigrants. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1986. 375 pp. Gary R. Mormino & George E. Pozzetta. The Immigrant World of Ybor City : Italians and their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987. xiii + 368 pp. Twenty-two years ago, in an influential volume of essays on southern history, Arthur Link and Rembert Patrick wrote, "Southerners who lament that they are misunderstood or maligned must admit that in any event their region has not been ignored. Since the colonial era the number of articles and books about the South has multiplied in geometric ratio, until southern history excels as well as exceeds that of any other region of the United States." Indeed, reviewers described this volume as everything from "amazingly comprehensive" to a "monumental commentary on the writing of Southern history." And, to its credit, for over two decades it has served to chart the direction and record the progress of southern historiography.1
GEORGIA O'KEEFFE — LARGER THAN LIFE
Authors: Lennon Madeline
Published: March 2011

Jack Cowart, Juan Hamilton and Sarah Greenough. Georgia O'Keeffe Art and Letters. Washington: National Gallery of Art with New York Graphic Society Books and Little, Brown and Company, 1987. ix + 306 pp. Illus. Jan Garden Castro. The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1985. x + 192 pp. Illus. Georgia O'Keeffe distrusted words. For most of her long life she declined to cooperate with those who would write about her. Published critical analyses and interpretations of her paintings so dismayed her, that in 1976 she authored her own book of careful reproductions of selected paintings representing her favourite themes of landscape, flowers and still life, interspersed with her commentary (Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Viking Press). Her frustration was evident from the very introduction:
ERNEST POOLE: NOVELIST AS PROPAGANDIST, 1917-1918: A NOTE
Authors: Cuff Robert
Published: March 2011

The Committee on Public Information, (CPI), Woodrow Wilson's propaganda instrument during World War I, attracted a remarkable number of prewar social critics to its side. It was not true, as some conservatives charged, that with CPI "Greenwich Village is moving to Washington." It was true, however, that the Committee's staff did read like "a roll call of the muckrakers."1
LABOR HISTORY AND THE WAY AMERICA WORKS
Authors: Nellis Eric G.
Published: March 2011

Herbert G. Gutman and Donald H. Bell, eds. The New England Working Class and the New Labor History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. xvi + 296 pp. Illus. Alan Dawley and Paul Buhle, eds. Working for Democracy: American Workers from the Revolution to the Present. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985. xv + 148 pp. Illus. As with virtually all academic disciplines in America, the study of history in the twentieth century has been inexorably fractured into a set of narrowed specialties. As the number of historians has grown, the hyphenated historian is ascendant, and scholarly professionalism has been shaped in the last few decades into permanent careerist extensions of the doctoral thesis. Moreover, broad perspective and narrative have been replaced by models, methodology and quantification. The monograph and case study have triumphed as the dominant forms of history writing. This development can be seen as an inevitable consequence of contempo- rary society's perceived need for professional expertise and the scholarly com- munity's response to that need. But there is now a debate on whether or not the study and meaning of history has benefited from the refinement of the discipline. As Bernard Bailyn puts it, "The great proliferation of historical writing has not served to illuminate the central themes of Western history but to obscure them."1 As more is known with more precision, there is now an expressed doubt that historians are sacrificing a complete image of the past for sharper but isolated details of American history. It is to be hoped that this debate will encourage historians to reconcile the particular and specific with general historical themes, and integrate the case study with more broadly defined issues in American history. This should not be a difficult task for political, economic or cultural historians, but it will require a creative, imaginative approach in such subjective fields as women's history, black history and labor history.
THINKING ABOUT THE CONSTITUTION
Authors: Emerson Roger L.
Published: March 2011

Forrest McDonald. Novus Ordo Sectorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985. xiii + 359 pp. Morton White. Philosophy, The Federalist, and the Constitution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. xi + 273 pp. These two quite different studies of the intellectual background to the U.S. Constitution have many things in common. Both books continue stories begun elsewhere—in McDonald's We the People: The Economic Origins of the Consti- tution (1958) and E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic, 1776-1790 (1979) and in White's The Philosophy of the American Revolution (1958). Both are still wrestling with Charles A. Beard's Economic Interpretation of the Constitution. For McDonald, this involves showing that he is not really a "neo-Beardian" (vii) but fully aware of an "intellectual dimension" and "the passion for fame among the founders" which Beard overlooked and which Douglas Adair had once taxed the author with ignoring (ix). White is concerned to show that Beard missed the philosophy of The Federalist's pseudonymous author "Publius" and that of the founders, because it is implicit in the practical work which produced both the Constitution and its brilliant defense. For White, this philosophy is essentially that of the Declaration of Independence, which he earlier showed to derive principally from Locke and Hume. He sums this up in Chapters 12 and 13, and in the latter challenges Gordon Wood's claim that "the whole intellectual world of 1776 had become unraveled by 1787" (208).
DOES EVIDENCE MATTER? PURITANISM REVISED, REVILED, AND DECONSTRUCTED
Authors: Bellesiles Michael A.
Published: March 2011

Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. xii + 291 pp. Illus. Toby L. Ditz. Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750-1820. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. xvi + 213 pp. Leon Howard. Essays on Puritans and Puritanism, eds., James Barbour and Thomas Quirk. Albequerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986. xiii + 221 pp. Ann Kibbey. The Interpretation of Material Shapes in Puritanism: A Study of Rhetoric, Prejudice and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. xi + 203 pp. Amy Schrager Lang. Prophetic Woman: Anne Hutchinson and the Problem of Dissent in the Literature of New England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. xii + 237 pp. Edmund Leites. The Puritan Conscience and Modern Sexuality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. xi + 191 pp.* Teresa Toulouse. The Art of Prophesying: New England Sermons and the Shaping of Belief. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987. xii + 211 pp. When confronted with evidence that he had spoken words which might be construed as support for Anne Hutchinson, John Cotton replied angrily that the problem was with his audience, not him. For "if men that hear me, do instead of my words take up words of their own and carry them to infer other conclusions," both contradiction and confusion ensue. Cotton insisted that he could not be faulted if Hutchinson and others heard his calls for a spiritual awakening as a license to preach their own spiritual superiority.1
A COMPLICATED TRIANGLE: THE INDIANS, THE BRITISH, AND THE AMERICANS IN THE OLD NORTHWEST
Authors: Sims C. A.
Published: March 2011

Colin G. Calloway. Crown and Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. xiv + 345 pp. Maps and Illus. Harvey Lewis Carter. The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987. xvii + 275 pp. Maps and Illus. Colin G. Calloway and Harvey Lewis Carter focus mainly on the Old Northwest, the triangular area bounded by the Mississippi river, the Great Lakes and the Ohio river. By studying this area, they are given an opportunity to trace the complicated relationships involving the Indians, the British and the Americans at a time when each of the three groups had a vested interest in it.1 These two books illustrate the need to understand the complex motivations leading to conflicts and compromises between the end of the Revolutionary War and the termination of the War of 1812.