bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—On Fossil Dormice
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

In the nomenclature of fossil Myoxidæ, the generic term Myoxus has hitherto been used in a broad sense, under the assumption that the distinctive characters of the recent genera of the family are not apparent in their Tertiary representatives. It is my purpose to show in the present note that this is not the case, there being in the Middle Miocene, at any rate, two forms of Myoxidæ, one a Muscardinus, the other an Eliomys, which have been mixed up together by several previous writers, under the name Myoxus Sansaniensis.
IV.—On the South-Eastern Coalfield
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: May 2009

The discovery of a coalfield in 1890 at Dover, in a boring at the foot of Shakespeare Cliff, has been already brought before the British Association by the author at Cardiff in 1892, and is so well known that it is unnecessary to enter into details other than the following. The Carboniferous shales and sandstones contain twelve seams of coal, amounting to a total thickness of 23 feet 5 inches. These occur at a depth of 1,100 feet 6 inches below Ordnance datum, and have been penetrated to a depth of 1,064 feet 6 inches, or 2,177 feet 6 inches from the surface. They are identical, as I have shown elsewhere, with the rich and valuable coalfields of Somersetshire on the west, and of France and Belgium on the east
I.—A Note on the Geology of Socotra and Abd-el-Kuri
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The first account of tbe geology of Socotra we owe to Lieutenant J. R. Wellsted, who compiled the Admiralty chart and map, and in 1835 described the island in a detailed memoir, in which he showed that it consists of a mass of granite capped by limestones. Nothing material was added to this description until 1883, when Professor Bonney published his account of the extensive rock collection made by Professor J. B. Balfour during a six weeks' visit to the island in February and March, 1879. Professor Bonney's study of the rock specimens enables him to prove that Socotra consists of a block of Archean rocks covered in places by massive limestones, which, on the evidence of their foraminifera, Professor T. R. Jones suggested were probably of Miocene age
III.—The Base of the Gault in Eastern England
Authors: Davies A.M.
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in this MagazineinMarch, 1895, Dr. J. W.Gregory, incidentally discussing the exact age of the base of the Gault Clay, wrote:“Hoplites interruptus seems restrictedin[Eastern] England to the Folkestone area and the Eed Chalk.” Although some of his conclusions on that point were modified later, the general statement quoted above, with the qualification indicated by the bracketed word ‘Eastern,’ does not seem to have been challenged. Having myself found H. interrnplus at the base of the Gault at several places in Eastern England, I have been led to look up previous records, with the result that I am convinced that the zone of H. interruptus is represented in the lowest beds of the Gault Clay over a large part of that area.
IV.—Notes on Certain Granitoid Fragments from the Culm Conglomerates, and Tourmalinized Grits from the New Red Conglomerates of South Devon
Authors: Hnut Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

When studying the Dartmoor Rocks some years ago I was anxious to ascertain whether any fragments referable to Dartmoor could be detected in the Culm conglomerates and Culm sandstones of South Devon. Sections cut from these rocks, collected for me by my friend Mr. W. A. E. Ussher, F.G.S., proved in every way so dissimilar from Dartmoor rocks and minerals that further investigation in that direction appeared useless. About the same time I collected a variety of fragments from the New Red breccia at Labrador, near Teignmouth, while Mr. Ussher supplied me from other localities. These, again, even when schorlaceous, differed so much from any rocks known to me that I postponed further inquiry in that direction also sine die.
III.—Glaciated Valleys in the Cuillins, Skye
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Many geologists have recognized that valleys, which have once been occupied by large glaciers, exhibit peculiarities which can only be ascribed to glacial erosion modify in g the earlier water-worn form of the land-surface. Indeed, anyone who allows ice-action to be locally a factor of importance in erosion, must expect that the resulting topographical forms will differ in some measure from those proper to water-erosion. Not only does ice,invirtue of its physical properties, obey different laws as regards pressure and flow, but, what is of equal importance, it fills the whole valley instead of following certain narrow channels. We may hope that, just as Gilbert and others have worked out the principles of watererosion, so the much more difficult problem of ice-erosion may some day be reduced to analysis. An attempt in this direction has been made by McGee in a paper on “Glacial Canons,” which, however, I cite here rather for its brief summary of the observed characteristics of glaciated valleys.
VII.—On the Dates of the “Paléontologie Française” of D'Orbigny
Authors: Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

The first six volumes of Cretaceous Fossils and the first two volumes of Jurassic Fossils, described in this work, were issued without exact dates, and consequently have caused much confusion in nomenclature.
II.—Restoration of Elotherium
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The genus Elotherium, established by Pomelin1847, represents a family of extinct mammals, all of much interest. They were first foundinEurope, but now are known in the Miocene of North America, not only on the Atlantic coast, but especially in the Rocky Mountain region, and still further west. This family includes several genera, or subgenera, and quite a number of species, some of which contain individuals of large size, only surpassed in bulk among their contemporaries by members of the Rhinoceros family, and of the huge Brontotherid
V.—Note on Sediments Dredged from the English Lakes
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

Dr. H. C. Mill has recently made elaborate bathometric surveys of the principal English lakes, and whilst taking the soundings he has collected a series of samples of the bottom-deposits, for the purpose of microscopic study.

At the request of Mr. Marr I undertook a careful mineralogical examination of these samples, and, though nothing very striking or specially interesting has resulted from the work, it may be worth while to record in the Geological Magazine the fact of such an examination having been made, and to state the mineralogical and other observations noted.
V.—Some Physical Questions Connected with Theories of the Origin of Mountain Ranges
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. Vaughan has honoured with a criticism my exposition of the physical principles upon which my Theory of the Origin of Mountain Ranges is founded, which appearedinthis MAGAZINE last May.

Had it not been that much of what I have written seems to have been misapprehended, I should probably have refrained from comment and left the two papers to speak for themselves.
V.—Mr. Harkee and Mr. Debley on the Scandinavian Ice-Sheet
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Deeley tells your readers that he has recently been to the summit of Mont Blanc, and has been studying the difference between névé and glacier ice. This is interesting; but we thought that a great many people had done the same thing during the last hundred years, and we thought that one of them, Forbes, had studied the famous Mountain and the phenomenoninquestion to good effect, not in a casual visit to the Alps, but in the course of many years of patient labour. Among other things we also thought he had shown that in a viscous body like ice, the slope of the upper surface necessary to make it begin to move is the same as the slope which, would be required to induce motion in the ice if its bed were inclined at an angle. He further collected considerable evidence to show what the least angle is upon which ice will begin to move. This is the slope, the least slope, available. It is nothing less than astounding to me that anyone should venture to postulate a Scand in avian ice-sheet in the North Sea until he had considered this necessary factor, and how it would operate.

The Scand in avian ice-sheet was, I believe, the invention of Croll, who, sittinginhis arm-chair and endowed with a brilliant imagination, imposed upon sober science this extraordinary postulate. He did not dream of testing it by an examination of the coasts of Norway, or even of Britain, but put it forward apparently as a magnificent deduction. All deductions untested by experiment are dangerous. Thus it came about that the great monster which is said to have come from Norway, goodness knows by what mechanical process, speedily dissolved away on the application of inductive methods. Of course it still maintained its hold upon that section, of geologists who dogmatiseinprint a great deal about the Glacial period before they have ever seen a glacier at work at all; but I am speaking of those who have studied the problem inductively. First Mr. James Geikie, a disciple of Croll, was obliged to confess that this ice-sheet, which is actually said to have advanced as far as the hundred-fathom line in the Atlantic, and there presented a cliff of ice like the Antarctic continent, never can have reached the Faroes, which had an ice-sheet of their own. Next Messrs. Peach and Home were constrained to admit that no traces of it of any kind occur in the Orkneys, or in Eastern Scotland. They still maintained its presence in the Shetlands; however, this was upon evidence which is somewhat extraordinary. I do not mean the evidence as to the direction of the striation, which was so roughly handled by Mr. Milne-Home, but I mean the evidence they adduce that the boulders found on the islands are apparently all local ones, and that, contrary to the deposits of glaciers, they diminish in number as we recede from the matrix whence they were derived.
IV.—The Surface Geology of the North of Europe, as Illustrated by the Åsar or sar of Scandinavia and Finland
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Let us next turn to the postulated subglacial rivers. How can we conceive of tunnels of ice 100 miles long runninginone direction, 300 feet high, and only 20 or 30 paces wide? The difficulty about the provenance of the stones, again, is equally great or even greater, and more insurmountable in such a case than it would be in the case already cited.
III.—The Solent River
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: May 2009

At Portsea Island a change takes place in the character of the drift, the 5 to 6 feet of gravelly clay forming the “Head” on the Old Beach to the east, being replaced on the same level by a bed of gravel, which, according to Mr. T. Codrington, attains a thickness of 27 feet, and still contains some boulders similar to those of Hayling Island, together with blocks of sarsenstone. to the west of Gosport the ground rises and the low cliffs of Stubbington and Hill Head are capped by 10 to 15 feet of gravel of a somewhat different character. No foreign boulders are to be seeninit, though I have found pebbles of quartzite derived apparently from the Triassic strata of Devonshire, as also some small subangular fragments of granite and other old rocks, large blocks of Tertiary Sandstone, and a few worn fragments of a fresh-water limestone containing small Lymneæ. There are no shells either fluviatile or marine, and no beach underlies the gravel which rests directly on the Tertiary strata. It is intercalated with seams of sand and loam roughly bedded, and contains flint implements. It is evident, therefore, that we have here some important changes in physical conditions, and that a considerable alteration in the characters of the drift-beds likewise commences. This has led to the belief that the gravel on the coast from this point to Bournemouth and Poole is the Alluvium of an old river, which, before the removal of the Chalk ridge that extended across the bay of Christchurch, blocked the rivers flowing southward, and diverted them into a main stream flowing eastward, passing along the line of the present Solent and debouch in g in the area now occupied by Spithead.
IV.—On a Modern Ferruginous Conglomerate upon Ashby Wolds, Leicestershire
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1885, in excavating for a small reservoir for colliery purposes at Moira, three miles west of Ashby-de-la Zouch, au interesting deposit of a kind of Limonite Iron-ore was met with, the following description of which may interest some of the readers of the Geological Magazine.

The bed occurred about five feet below the surface soil, near a small stream, at a place called “Hanging Hill” [see Geol. 1-inch Map, Quarter-Sheet No. 63, N.W.]. In thickness it hardly reached a foot, but its extent was not proved; it rested unconformably upon stiff blue clay of the Coal-measures, and was overlaid by yellowish clay, loam, sand, etc., unstratified, containing a few pebbles and other drifted matter; it was principally composed of nodules and fragments of nodules of earthy yellowish brown ironstone, of similarly formed pieces of very hard and compact light grey siliceous stone having a thin crust or shell of compact dark brown iron-ore, (probably göthite), of sandy nodular masses largely composed of limonite; of fragments and small nodules of fossiliierous hard red hæmatite generally coated with a bright red skin which is often powdery; also specimens of compact brown iron ore having a yellow ochre coating, sometimes the compact red and yellow hæmatites are associated in the same sample, the latter variety appears to form a kind of shell to the red ore, though occasionally the two kinds exist in thin alternating bands.
V.—Note on the form of the Uneroded Surface of Rock Underneath a Talus
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

In the case of a vertical cliff, Mr. Fisher has shown that the uneroded surface of rock underneath a talus is in the form of a semi-parabola.1 The object of this note is to show that the form is parabolic, even if the cliff be not initially vertical, assuming, with Mr. Fisher, (1) that the cliff-face is weathered uniformly at all points, and (2) that the disintegrated material is spread evenly over the surface of the talus, so as to maintain it always at the same slope. The proposition may be proved analytically, as in Mr. Fisher's paper, or geometrically as follows.
III.—Notes on Jurassic Brachiopoda
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

The following notes relate to two Brachiopods—a Rhynchonella and a Terebratula—figured by the late Dr. Davidson in his last plates in the Palæontographical. Of the first a change of name is necessary; of the second, I consider that the identification needs revision, and that it deserves a separate name. Both species are from the Inferior Oolite.
III.—On the Palæontology of the Selachian Genus Notidanus, Cuvier
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Of the upper dental series, Probst attempts to give a tolerably complete account, but it is only illustrated by very imperfect woodcuts. Two of the foremost awl-shaped teeth are figured by Lawley (l.c. figs. 2, 3), and the same author ascribes to the upper jaw of this species three other of the Pliocene specimens. Fig. 19 represents an anterior upper tooth from the Middle Eocene of Hampshire, and the original of Fig. 20 is another from the Miocene of Baltringen, Wurtemberg. The former (B. M., p. 4707) exhibits a short thick base with an oblique principal cone, in front of which are a number of minute denticulations; posteriorly there is only one secondary cone, pointing sharply backwards, and about half the size of the principal cone; and this is followed by another small denticle. The second specimen (B. M. 35533) has also a short thick root, and shows a somewhat similar crown; the large principal cone is followed by one small secondary and a terminal denticle, and in front there are a few coarse serrations at its base.
III.—Did the Mammoth Live Before, During, or After the Deposition of the Drifts
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In recent papers which I have printed in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE I have tried to show that some of the greatest mountain chains in the world are of very recent origin; and that this accounts for their showing no traces, or very slight ones, of the action of ice on a wide-spread scale.

I have, in fact, ventured to lay down the conclusion that the presence or absence of such traces of ice-action is a test of whether these mountains existed at the so-called Glacial period or not.
V.—The Revised Astronomical Theory of Glaciation
Authors: Bwlman G. W.
Published: May 2009

In “The Cause of an Ice Age” Sir R. Ball claims to have removed from the Astronomical Theory of Glaciation the greatest stumbling block in the way of its general acceptance, and to have placed it on a firm and unassailable foundation. And this stumbling block he considers to have been Sir J. Herschel's erroneous statement, that, of the total heat received by a hemisphere in a year, one-half is received during the summer, and the other half dining winter.
I.—On Certain Affinities Between the Devonian Rocks of South Devon and the Metamorphic Schists
Authors: Hunt A. R.
Published: May 2009

In comparing the quartz-schists with the Devonian sandstones, or grit-bands, several original minerals can be traced from the one to the other, e.g. tourmaline, mica, and at least two quartzes. In the case of the Green Rocks and Devonian Volcanics we are met at the outset with the difficulty, that not a grain or crystal of an original mineral has been recorded with confidence as occurring in the metamorphic Green Rocks; though there seems to be little doubt that the latter are often metamorphosed diabases.
V.—Note on the Devonian Fishes of Soaumenao Bay and Campbelltown in Canada
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

The researches of the officers of the Geological Survey of X Canada have brought to light, in the Devonian rocks of Scaumenac Bay and of Campbelltown, a series of fossil fishes which are of especial interest to the geologist as well as to the zoologist, on account of the analogies which they bear to the fishes of the Old Eed Sandstone of Great Britain. Principally collected by Mr. G. H. Foord, these fishes have been described by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, and are indeed remarkable for their beautiful state of preservation, which enables them to throw fresh light on many points in the structure of these ancient forms.
VII.—Note on an Occurrence of Willemite in a Slag
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

Crystallized silicate of zinc, Willemite, has frequently been observed, artificially formed, in metallurgical operations, but so far as I am aware no case has been recorded of its crystallizing out from a magma of slag of a different composition, of which the zinc silicate formed only a comparatively small proportion.
V.—Geology of the Channel Islands
Authors: Birds J. A.
Published: May 2009

In the most extended view, the Channel Islands may be regarded as fragments and relics of the Eastern or European coast of the Atlantic, reckoning from the North Cape to Cape St. Vincent, and including the Western shores of Scotland and Ireland, and the promontories of Pembrokeshire and Cornwall. They are excellent illustrations, says Professor Ansted, “of those spurs and tongues of porphyritic rock, of which almost all the promontories of the Atlantic coast of Europe consist.” Very small and insignificant specks indeed they seem in such a length of coast, stretching from lat. 37° to 72°, or upwards of 2000 miles; but there is a charm in such wide horizons, and it is a very allowable indulgence so to connect the little with the great, and to consider the position of such little specks in relation to the geography of Europe; one might almost as well say, of the world at large.
II.—Notes on Some Fossil Bivalved Entomostraca
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Notes and references accumulating for some years have induced me to offer some remarks on a new fossil Estheria, and on some already known, of Carboniferous, of Permian, and of Triassic age; also a description of some fossil Ostracoda from the Ironstone of Shotover, near Oxford, involving remarks on all the known Wealden species; and lastly notes on some species found in the Purbeck strata of the Subwealden Boring, near Battle, in Sussex.
III.—Geology of the Channel Islands
Authors: Birds J. A.
Published: May 2009

From the sandstone (i), which Professor Ansted asserts, though without giving his reasons, to be “no doubt modern,” and to have been “deposited before” [just before?] “or during the last great elevation,” down to the superficial clays and sands, there is not a scrap of any other Secondary or Tertiary rock in situ to be found on any of these islands. We leap at once from this sandstone to clays and sands of Post-Tertiary date. Mr. Duncan, in his History of Guernsey (edit. 1841, p. 513), says that “flint and chert nodules, containing impressions of shells, etc., are frequently discovered beneath the soil in places which preclude the probable transport by the hand of man.”
I.—The Age of the World as viewed by the Geologist and the Mathematician
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Until Geology began to take the place of a science, few, if any, troubled themselves about the age of our planet. The habit of thought, created partially by the Mosaic Cosmogony, which led us to look at all the natural features around us as if but just freshly formed by the hands of the Creator was not favourable to any such inquiry.
II.—Geological Time
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd
Published: May 2009

In passing on to the consideration of the rate at which the various strata were formed, it will be well, I think, to group the rocks under six heads. First, Mechanical deposits formed in deltas, lakes, and estuaries; secondly, Mechanical deposits along the shoreline, in large bays, or constricted seas, such as the German Ocean; thirdly, Chalk; fourthly, Coral Limestone; fifthly, Coal; and lastly. Volcanic Rocks.
II.—Eccentricity and Glacial Epochs
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

Dr. Croll's “Climate and Time” is perhaps the most important geological work that has appeared in recent years, certainly the most valuable and original that refers to Glacial Geology. It teems with novel and instructive ideas. The part which is best known and has chiefly contributed to its celebrity is the theory, propounded and maintained in the first four chapters, of the causes of the Glacial Epoch. Though the theory met with much opposition at first, it seems now to be gradually gaining belief. Not only are Dr. Croll's views accepted by geologists, but his arguments are quoted in text-books. Now, when Science is used as a means of education, it is of high importance that the reasoning placed before the student should be sound. I propose in this article to examine Dr. Croll's description of the manner in which, according to his views, Glacial Periods have been brought about, to discuss the soundness of his reasoning, and to investigate the actions of the causes which he suggests. Some of the remarks here made are probably originally derived from an able article by Mr. S. V. Wood, jun., in the Geol. Mag. for 1876. The suggestion at the end of the paper is due to Mr. W. M. Hicks, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College.
III.—On some Fossil Bird-Remains from the Siwalik Hills in the British Museum
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

The first part of the “Records of the Geological Survey of India” for 1879 contains some interesting notes by Mr. R. Lydekker, B.A., descriptive of a “few fragmentary bird-remains” recently obtained from the Tertiary deposits of the Siwaliks, and preserved in the Geological Museum at Calcutta. The subjects of most interest alluded to in this memoir are some bones referred to Dromœus, by Mr. Lydekker, and his remarks thereon, and upon some bones of kindred birds which form part of the extensive series of vertebrate remains collected in the same range of hills by the late Colonel Sir Proby T. Cautley, then Captain in the Bengal Artillery, and presented by him to the National Collection.
IV.—The Supposed Old Red Sandstone of the Curlew and Fintona Districts, Connaught and Ulster, Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

Since my former paper on the rocks of the Curlew and Fintona districts was published, I have had an opportunity of more carefully examining these districts. Both are eminently favourable for the theoretical geologist, as in them the rocks are much obscured by drift; however, for a careful and painstaking explorer, there are sufficient sections exposed, to show the geological age of the rocks. The accompanying diagram represents the rocks as they occur in the Curlew Mountains district.
II.—On the Cromer Cliffs
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

I have read with much interest Mr. Reid's paper on the Glacial Deposits of Cromer. It is a valuable contribution towards the elucidation of a difficult subject. I cannot, however, think that at present the mode of accumulation of glacial deposits is finally settled. The old people, among whom I count myself, used to consider these heterogeneous mixtures to have been dropped from floating-ice, or to have gone down, ice and all, to the bottom of the sea, when so much of the ice had been thawed that the mineral matter exceeded one-twentieth of the whole bulk. Now, however, many of the younger geologists, and especially those connected with the Survey, attribute much more importance to the action of great glaciers or ice-sheets, enveloping not only whole countries, but also filling up and advancing over what are at present sea-beds.
V.—On the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of West and Central Ross-shire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

The rocks described by Mr. Davies in Notes 15–20 belong to the newer series, and were collected as nearly as possible at the points indicated in the sections. They are here described for comparison with the older rocks already referred to, and with the rocks to be further mentioned to the east of this line. I selected intentionally for examination those which appeared most highly altered, or otherwise to have any resemblance to the old rocks; as it is well known that Prof. Nicol considered them to belong to that series, and not to the newer groups. The petrological evidence as given by Mr. Davies proves that they are in no way allied to the gneiss rocks of the old formation, and that they are not sufficiently metamorphosed to be allied to any schists of known Pre-Cambrian age in these areas. These facts, combined with the physical evidence of the discordance in strike also almost everywhere apparent, seem therefore conclusively to prove that they cannot be of Pre-Cambrian age, but that they belong to a much younger series, and overlie the limestone group found along the west side of Glen Laggan.
III.—Note on the Pebbles in the Bunter Beds of Staffordshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

For many years past I have been familiar with the Trias of Staffordshire, but of late I have been noticing more carefully, during my occasional visits to that county, the pebbles in the Bunter, in the hope of being able to identify the parent rocks from which they have been derived. It has already been regarded as almost certain that many of them have a northern origin: and with, this idea in view I observed last summer the lithological character of the quartzites near Loch Maree. Although the results at which I have arrived are very incomplete, I think more good will be done by publishing them than by waiting, because, as it seems to me, they settle one or two points of importance, and because a question, like that of the origin of the pebbles in a deposit so widely spread as the Bunter, is one which can be better determined by a number of observers living in different localities than by any one person, especially if, like myself, he has but little time to spare for the investigation. If, however, I can show that one or two points may be regarded as fairly certain, it will very much facilitate the work of such observers. This work, the careful scrutiny of the contents of conglomerates, is one of more importance than may at first sight appear, because a rock fragment no less, and sometimes more, than a fossil records certain facts in the physical geography of the deposit in which it is found.
V.—On the included Pebbles of the Upper Neocomian Sands of the South-East of England, especially those of the Upware and Potton Pebble Beds
Authors: Keeping Walter
Published: May 2009

It has often appeared to me that in working out the ancient physical features of the earth in former periods of its history, too little attention has been given to one simple set of evidences which are of wide-spread occurrence, and, frequently, of very clear and decided meaning. I refer to the included rock-fragments of conglomeratic deposits. An appeal to these fragments would, I believe, often bring out clearly-written facts of no small value for the elucidation of the nature of ancient sea-margins, as compared with the much-involved palæontological evidences with which we are made so much more familiar.
VII.—Notes on the Vertebrata of the Pre-Glacial Forest Bed Series of the East of England
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

In some notes communicated to the GeologicalMagazine last April (p. 152), attention was called to the fact that remains of the Glutton had been recently obtained from the “Forest Bed.” So much interest is attached to the discovery of an animal, which at the present day is restricted to the cold northern regions, along with Elephant and other remains, which seem to indicate a warm climate, that it has been thought desirable to give some account of the discovery. I am indebted to Mr. R. Fitch, of Norwich, to whom the specimen belongs, for his courtesy in submitting it to me for examination. It is a portion of a lower jaw with teeth, of a Glutton, Gulo luscus, Linn., a genus which, although known to occur in the fossil state, has hitherto only been obtained from Cave deposits.
V.—On the Terms “Bernician” and “Tuedian.”
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

At the London Meeting of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers last June, I read a paper in which I ventured to put forward a scheme of classification of the Carboniferous rocks of Northumberland which I believed to be both a natural and a convenient one.
III.—Note on two Palæozoic Crustaceans from Nova Scotia
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

The specimen referred to in the following note is I believe the first example of a Macrourous Crustacean from the Carboniferous of Nova Scotia; and it is interesting to find, as pointed out to me by Mr. Woodward, that its affinities are so close with the long known Palœocarabus dubius of Prestwich, and Anthra-palœmon of Salter, from the English and Scottish Coal-measures. It was found by Mr. Albert G. Hill, manager of the Cumberland Coal-mine, at the South Joggins in Nova Scotia, in one of the bands of black bituminous limestone which occur in the middle part of the Coal Formation.
V.—On Baron C. von Ettingshausen's Theory of the Development of Vegetation on the Earth
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

The following is an abstract of another of the papers forwarded to me from Graz, to which I alluded in the April Number of the GeologicalMagazine. The author first states that the opinion he had formed, that all the Floras of the present time were represented in the Tertiary Flora of Europe, has been still more confirmed by later researches, and then enters upon his more immediate subject.
II.—On the Age of the Mammalian Rootlet-bed at Kessingland
Authors: Blake J. H.
Published: May 2009

In two papers, by Messrs. S. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. Harmer, recently read, before the Geological Society,—alluded to by Mr. Belt, in the GeologicalMagazine for April last,—this Rootlet-bed at Kessingland has been referred to, and described as an interglacial shallow valley deposit; of an age posterior to the Contorted Drift or Lower Boulder-clay, lying in a trough excavated out of the Chillesford Clay. To make their description more intelligible, the authors (Messrs. Wood and Harmer) subjoin a sketch-map—in their combined, paper “Observations on the Later Tertiary Geology of East Anglia,” read November 8th, 1876—and indicate by a broken line the connexion of this trough with the existing (!) valley systems of the rivers Waveney and Yare—which are here mainly cut out of the Chalky Boulder-clay and Middle Glacial Sands—thus apparently assuming that, before the Middle Glacial Sands and Chalky Boulder-clay were deposited, there were valley systems occupying much the same positions in this immediate locality as there are now, with the addition of the supposed continuation of the interglacial valley of the Waveney in a south-easterly direction to Pakefield and Kessingland.
VIII.—Palæontological Notes
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The following brief notes on rare, little known, or occasionally new fossils, in some cases anticipating more detailed descriptions, may be of interest to the readers of the GeologicalMagazine.
I.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Nature has by no means contributed her charms to the adornment of St. Petersburg. In fact, it is built upon a marsh, in a situation so flat that it is not until you have almost landed that you can see anything of this great city. The only object in choosing such a site appears in a sentiment of its founder, who wished to have “a window looking out into Europe.” In some openings made in the streets and public gardens, I saw sections of from 15ft, to 20ft. thick, which gave some idea of the weak foundation on which certainly a large part of this great northern capital has been placed. It was all a bluish-grey sand. Beneath this sand I was told there was a bed of clay. But for this, if I may judge from the weak foundations which I saw, the look-out of the Russian Czar might by this time have entirely sunk from view. The low situation of St. Petersburg, together with its marshy surroundings, at certain seasons gives rise to a mild malaria; and if you visit the city in summertime, you will find that all the wealthy inhabitants have, in consequence, migrated towards the sea.
II.—Across Europe and Asia.—Travelling Notes
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

Perm is known to the Russians like Woolwich is to the English, as being a great cannon manufactory. It is said to employ 4000 workmen, and is the largest establishment of the kind in Russia. To see it one must go about three miles farther up the river. In driving there I passed a section of a whitish fissile rock, which was apparently a local representative of the Permian strata. The most noticeable thing at the works was a large steam hammer, said to be the largest in the world. The weight of the head of this instrument is 50 tons, but when steam is employed the energy is equivalent to three times this amount. The anvil on which this falls is a solid block of cast iron, weighing 667 tons. Up till quite recently all the coal used at these works was brought from England, which naturally involved considerable expense. Now they use their own coal, which is found on both sides of the neighbouring Urals in great abundance, coke only being brought from England.
II.—The Antiquity of Man
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

Of all geological questions, perhaps that of the Antiquity of Man is the most popular. Nor is it one on which geologists have been rash or hasty in advancing new ideas; quite the reverse: they have lagged behind the evidence. In the “Principles of Geology,” one of the most instructive chapters is that in which the author treats of the progress of Geology. Therein Sir Charles Lyell has shown how the science had been retarded for three hundred years by men's reluctance to admit such a simple and obvious matter as the marine origin of stratified rocks, owing to a fixed idea that the world had come into being a short time since in much the same state as it appears to-day. Yet the illustrious author of the “Principles of Geology” let pass for thirty years the evidence that Man was contemporaneous with the extinct Pleistocene mammalia.
III.—Reversed Faults in Bedded Slates
Authors: Hebert E. J.
Published: May 2009

If it be an established rule, in coal-mining districts, that the hade of a fault is to the downthrow, it is an equally undeniable fact, that the surfaces of bedded slates, as a rule, exhibit only faults which hade to the upthrow. In suggesting a possible explanation of this phenomenon, I shall allude to the latter as reversed, and the former as direct faults.
V.—Notes on Cretaceous Gasteropoda
Authors: Gardner J. S.
Published: May 2009

In May last I had the honour of laying before the Geological Society a description of all the known British Cretaceous Patellidæ and patelloid Gasteropoda. Since then the well-known collector, Griffiths, of Folkestone, has forwarded to me a new limpet from Hythe, which appears to belong to the genus Hipponyx. The finding of a shell of this genus is remarkable, as hitherto the shelly bases were the only indications of the existence of Hipponyx in Cretaceous rocks in England, whilst Capulus Dunkerianus, d'Orb., was the only shell on the Continent, of this age, which could be referred to the genus.
III.—On the Possibility of Changes in the Earth's Axis
Authors: Hill E.
Published: May 2009

The possibility of change in the position of the Earth's axis seems periodically to attract attention. This is happening now. Professor Haughton has written upon this subject, Sir William Thomson has alluded to it, while two important papers have been read upon it, one by Professor Twisden before the Geological Society, the other by Mr. George H. Darwin before the Royal Society. This article is an endeavour to exhibit to the general reader the assumptions with which they have started, and the results they have obtained.
VI.—On the Correlation of the Lower Helderberg Group of New York
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

I Propose in this paper to give the evidences for the strati-graphical position of this interesting group, both because the task, so far as I am aware, has not been attempted in detail, and because American geologists themselves are not altogether agreed on the subject, some maintaining the equivalence of the group with our Ludlow, while there are a few who regard it as an easterly extension of the Niagara series of Western New York. Having had an extensive practical acquaintance with the fossils of New York, in the State Museum, and having supplemented cabinet study by work in the field, I venture to hope that I may be able to determine the question to the satisfaction of geologists.
II.—On the Possibility of Changes in the Latitudes of Places on the Earth's Surface; being an Appeal to Physicists
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Hill's paper in the June Number of the Magazine has incited me to recur to the great question possibility of changes in the earth's axis of rotation within itself. Mr. Hill is well known to be an accomplished geologist; but he writes as if he were simply a physicist, without sympathies for the difficulties of his brethren of the hammer. Yet we feel certain that such is not the case. We know that he has studied in the field the tremendous movements which the strata have undergone, being often compressed into a small part of their original length: that he has appreciated the almost ubiquitous presence, either in past or present time, of volcanic activity: that he must feel how unsatisfactory all explanations short of a change in latitude are to account for the flora of a warm climate within the arctic circle. We therefore appeal to him, and to others similarly qualified, to look at this subject from both sides.
III.—A List of the Madreporaria of Crickley Hill, Gloucestershire, with Descriptions of some New Species
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

A considerable part of the material forming the present communication was collected as long ago as 1862, but the specimens obtained at that time, with the notes thereon, remained in abeyance until quite recently. On a renewed examination of them, it appeared that much of what had been noted down had not been superseded, and this induced me to go through the whole of it again, and make such additions and modifications as seemed necessary to bring it into its present form. And I have done this in the hope, and indeed in the belief, that it will serve a twofold purpose. It will make known some forms which are new, not only to the particular locality, but also to the catalogue of English species; and it will furnish a more complete list than has yet appeared of the species from one of the best-known Coral-reefs of the Inferior Oolite.
II.—Cataclysmic Theories of Geological Climate
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

The most important geological problem, and the one of all others which at present excites the greatest attention, is the cause of those extraordinary changes of climate which have taken place during past ages. How are we to account for the cold and Arctic condition of things which prevailed in temperate regions during what is called the Glacial Epoch, or for the warm and temperate climate enjoyed by the Arctic regions, probably up to the Pole, during part of the Miocene and other periods? Theories of the cause of those changes, of the most diverse and opposite character, have been keenly advocated, and one important result of the discussions which have recently taken place is the narrowing of the field of inquiry and the bringing of the question within proper limits.
II.—The Fossil Brachiopoda of the Lower Boulonnais
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

The following carefully and elaborately prepared list of the fossil Brachiopoda of the Lower Boulonnais has been forwarded to the Editor for publication by his esteemed friend and frequent contributor Thomas Davidson, Esq., F.R.S., who writes as follows:— “At my request M. E. Rigaux (51, Grande Rue, Boulogne-sur-mer, France) has been engaged for more than two years in drawing up complete summary of all the Brachiopoda that are to be found in the various formations composing the Lower Boulonnais.
III.—Supplementary Note to “Pleistocene Mammals Dredged off the Eastern Coast”
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

The late Dr. Falconer figured in the “Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,” a fine lower jaw of an adult Elephas primigenius, preserved in the National Collection, and of which he gives two views, the first as seen from above, the second a side view; and in the descriptions of the plates in the above work given in his “Palæontological Memoirs,” vol. i. p. 439, occurs the following note regarding it: “Plate xiii. A. fig. 3.—E. primigenius. English fossil specimen, with two last true molars on either side. In the last left molar there are eighteen plates in 7·7 inches. The jaw has a short beak, and one inner mentary foramen on either side. In this, as in figs. 1 and 2, representing the jaw at different ages, it is to be noted that the opposite lines of molars are more or less convergent instead of being parallel, or nearly so, as laid down by Cuvier.
IV.—On the Ancient Volcanic District of Slieve Gullion
Authors: Nolan Joseph
Published: May 2009

It seems to be one of the chief objects of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in changing the place of meeting every year, to bring more prominently before the members of its respective sections such points of interest in their own department of Science as are afforded by the various localities. In accordance with this principle, I beg to lay before you some observations concerning the geology of a district not more distant than about two hours' railway journey from Dublin, which will, I trust, be of peculiar interest on the present occasion. The district I refer to is the hill country north of Dundalk, of which Slieve Gullion forms the most prominent feature. This mountain is a somewhat isolated mass, attaining an elevation of about 1900 feet, and is situated to the north-west of the hilly and picturesque country lying between the bays of Dundalk and Carlingford, or due west of the more remarkable group of the Mourne Mountains.
V.—On the Occurrence of Terebratula Morieri in England
Authors: Walker John Francis
Published: May 2009

A valuable paper by T. Davidson, Esq., F.R.S., appeared in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club for 1877, “On the species of Brachiopoda that occur in the Inferior Oolite at Bradford Abbas and its vicinity.” Since then, during a recent visit to this locality, I have added a few species to this list, including two which have not been discovered in England before. I propose to give a short account of these species, and also a table showing the relative distribution of the Brachiopoda in the Inferior Oolite and Fuller's Earth deposits at Cheltenham and France, compared with this district.
VII.—On the Occurrence of a Fossil Tree (Glyptodendron) in the Clinton Limestone (base of Upper Silurian), of Ohio, U.S.
Authors: Claypole E. W.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1877 I made a geological excursion, in company with one of my students, to the western part of our State, to examine the junction of the Upper Silurian (“Clinton” of the Ohio Survey) and the Cincinnati group of the Lower Silurian. Whilst thus engaged near Eaton, in Preble Co., my companion, Mr. Leven Siler, of that town, picked up and handed to me a slab bearing what appeared to be a mould of the well-known bark of the Lepidodendron, somewhat weathered. More careful examination confirmed the first impression, and convinced me that I had indisputable proof of the existence of arborescent vegetation of an earlier date than had hitherto been announced upon equally conclusive evidence.
IV.—An Abnormal Section of Chloritic Marl at Mupe Bay, Dorset
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: May 2009

In “The Geology of the Isle of Purbeck and Weymouth” (p. 152) I referred to some green sand which occurs next below the Chalk in Mupe Bay, Dorset, as somewhat resembling Chloritio Marl, but as being too thick for that bed. As it was followed by the Gault, I concluded that it belonged to the Upper Greensand. The section was subsequently visited by Mr. W. Hill, who collected from the sand in question Holaster subglobosus, var. altus, and Echinoconus castanea among other fossils, and inferred that it was Chloritic Marl. He considered that though it passed up inseusibly into the Chalk it was faulted against the Gault, but that there had been also considerable contemporaneous erosion of the Upper Greensand. In April of this year I revisited the section in company with Mr. Hill, and was fully satisfied as to the correctness of his views. The following account has been drawn up from our observations:—

The Lower Chalk becomes extremely impure in its lower part, and contains much glauconite; it thus graduates insensibly downwards into a gritty glauconitic sand. The sand contains a few phosphatic casts, more or less worn or corroded, scattered throughout it, but has a well-marked nodule-bed crowded with these casts at its base; other fossils with the shell preserved and not filled in with phosphate occur also throughout the whole bed.
III.—Contributions to the Palæontology of the Yorkshire Oolites
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid H.
Published: May 2009

Bibliography, etc.—Phillips's type was evidently a cast from the Kelloway Rock, of Hackness, near Scarborough. I have not been able to identify the original, which was supplied by Bean. The figure, however, plainly shows it to have been a cast of a good-sized discoidal shell, and there are specimens now in the Bean Collection at the British Museum not unlike it.