bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMAÇÃO PARA DOCÊNCIA NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: ESTUDOS SOBRE OS SABERES DOCENTES E OS PROGRAMAS DE MONITORIA
Authors: Souza Renato Oliveira de , Nery Vitor Sousa Cunha
Published: March 2017

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetiva realizar um diagnóstico das produções cientifico-acadêmicas, partindo de eixos temáticos como: Saberes Docentes, Monitoria e Formação Docente para o Ensino Superior. Para tanto, sistematizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica das produções de teses e dissertações elaboradas no período de 2006 a 2014, de modo a estabelecer o Estado da Arte dessas produções e, assim realizar um balanço das mesmas de acordo com suas dimensões temporais, espaciais e teóricas. O corpo do trabalho se encontra divido em dois capítulos principais; O primeira aborda os aspectos conceituais e formativos dos Saberes Docentes conforme autores renomados na área, em seguida apresenta os aspectos conceituas, históricos e legais da Monitoria acadêmica, aludindo a trajetória e as transformações da monitoria ao longo da história brasileira; o segundo capítulo, apresenta um diagnóstico das produções de teses e dissertações elaboradas no Brasil, seguido da análise das mesmas. Os resultados evidenciaram que há poucas variantes metodológicas e referenciais nas produções, porém apresentam uma grande lacuna na produção trabalhos com a agregação dos referidos temas, pois somente um trabalho apresenta em sua pesquisa os três eixos temáticos. Diante de tudo, conclui-se que são poucas as produções com os temas supracitados, talvez por falta de interesse ou de informação, apontando para o não reconhecimento do potencial formativo docente das atividades de monitoria.  Palavras-chave: Saberes Docentes. Monitoria. Formação Docente. Ensino Superior
La responsabilidad internacional del Estado colombiano ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos por la inoperancia de la justicia interna
Authors: Mestizo Sosa Mayra
Published: March 2017

En la actualidad la responsabilidad internacional del Estado Colombiano ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, evidencia un aumento de las violaciones a los estándares que contempla el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, que exponen una situación compleja en la justicia interna, en una ausente dinámica procesal que perfeccione la instrucción del proceso y esclarezca las circunstancias y responsabilidades a que haya lugar. Se identifica un patrón de solución, proporcional a cada fase de la Administración de Justicia, correspondiente en su orden a la indagación e investigación, proporcionando un método de orientación, basado en el equilibrio de modelos matriciales, efectivos a la hora de formular una justicia clara e evidente, lo cual indica tener la capacidad de identificar lo simple de lo complejo, ante la inoperancia de la justicia interna. La metodología utilizada fue analítica, de tipo documental y explicativa, teniendo como soporte principal la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. En conclusión el Estado Colombiano debe generar mecanismos de seguimiento, monitoreo y control con criterios de transparencia, objetividad e independencia en los macros y micros procesos de la Administración de Justicia. Además de la implementación adecuada y eficiente de una Estrategia Jurídica Ordenada que proporcione una verdadera evolución jurídica.
Propuesta para disminuir la temperatura en la cabina del avión T-90 Calima
Authors: Cedeño Niño Néstor Fabián , Acosta Palacios Elías Fernando , Plazas Rosas Ramiro Alejandro
Published: March 2017

La temperatura es un factor importante en el momento de realizar una labor; sí la sensación térmica no es agradable, un trabajo sencillo puede transformase en un trabajo complicado, donde se puede exponer la integridad de la persona. En las aeronaves de entrenamiento los pilotos no son ajenos a los inconvenientes de la exposición a una temperatura elevada generada por radiación solar, equipos, entre otros. Al incluir un sistema de refrigeración a la cabina de entrenamiento de la aeronave ésta se ve afectada en características como equilibrio, mayor consumo de combustible, disminución de la eficiencia debido al aumento de peso. En este artículo, se proponen tres formas de disminuir la temperatura en la cabina del avión T-90, en las diferentes fases de vuelo, que consisten en implementar tomas y salidas de aire, utilizar una película térmica para la cabina y desarrollar un dispositivo que permita la circulación de aire en la fase previa al despegue.
Vigilancia Dependiente Automática (ADS-b) en Colombia
Authors: Gómez Leonardo
Published: March 2017

En este artículo se presentan las actuales tecnologías usadas para la prestación de los servicios de navegación y vigilancia aeronáutica en Colombia. También, se realiza una breve descripción del concepto Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM), haciendo énfasis en la tecnología Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), con lo que se busca analizar las ventajas y desventajas que trae consigo su implementación, teniendo en cuenta las condiciones de tránsito aéreo y geografía colombiana. ADS-B es la tecnología mediante la cual las aeronaves, vehículos de aeródromo, y otros objetos pueden automáticamente transmitir y/o recibir datos de identificación, posición en cuatro dimensiones, y datos de los sistemas de posicionamiento y navegación. El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar el estado del servicio ADS-B en Colombia, y mostrar cuáles son las tecnologías que están siendo usadas para su implementación.
Análisis comparativo del diseño de la geometría alar para una góndola aerodinámica de un globo sonda recuperable y reutilizable
Authors: Rubio Forero David
Published: March 2017

El presente artículo plantea dos diseños conceptuales de alas que mantienen el área alar, la razón de aspecto, la envergadura y los perfiles aerodinámicos iguales, mediante la variación de la forma alar y cambiando la longitud de la cuerda en la raíz y la punta de cada modelo, con el fin de determinar el diseño con más eficiencia de la geometría alar de una góndola aerodinámica que pueda ser implementada en una radiosonda recuperable y reutilizable. Se analiza el coeficiente de sustentación y arrastre en función del ángulo de ataque, como parámetro comparativo, lo que permite evidenciar una mejora en la sustentación cuando la cuerda de la punta tiene más longitud.
Identificación de temperatura y humedad en un prototipo deshidratador de pulpa de Annona Muricata
Authors: Torres Amaya Paula Andrea , Cano Fajardo Kimberly , Ramos Sandoval Olga Lucía
Published: March 2017

La industria de alimentos, es considerada como una de las actividades económicas con mayor participación en Colombia, la cual para continuar con su proceso de producción, se han enfrentado con problemas de desperdicios debido a falta de infraestructura y métodos de conservación de alimentos que no altere las propiedades físico – químicas del producto a comercializar. Por ende, se ha presentado la necesidad de desarrollar metodologías orientadas a la extracción de agua, sin alterar sus nutrientes y así prolongar el periodo de degradación del fruto. En el presente artículo, se expone los resultados del análisis en temperatura y humedad que son necesarios para realizar el proceso de deshidratación de la Annona Muricata, la cual presenta un alto contenido de agua (83 por cada 100 gramos de fruta). El desarrollo de este proyecto se enfocó en permitir a los productores frutícolas, tener la capacidad de ofrecer frutos tropicales de degradación rápida, a mercados nacionales y posiblemente internacionales. Cuyos resultados se observan en la conservación de alimentos por largos periodos de tiempo, disminuyendo las perdidas, fomentando el consumo y el desarrollo económico del productor agrícola.
Cocción de alimentos en Bogotá empleando una cocina solar tipo caja
Authors: Jiménez Castellanos Silvio Alejandro , Rátiva Prieto Luis Carlos
Published: March 2017

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar el campo transitorio de temperaturas de una cocina solar tipo caja básica (sin aditamentos tales como: doble acristalamiento, reflectores internos, reflectores externos, línea de alivio de vapor, entre otros); diseñada para las condiciones meteorológicas promedio anuales de Bogotá – Colombia, con el fin de determinar sí con este dispositivo es posible cocinar en esta ciudad. La metodología utilizada comprendió tres fases: el desarrollo de un modelo físico – matemático del proceso de calentamiento, con base en balances de energía para cada uno de los componentes: vidrio, tapa de recipiente, recipiente, absorbedor, pared y fluido, la realización de un experimento computacional en el software Autodesk Algor Simulation y la comparación de los resultados. La temperatura final del agua obtenida por el modelo físico - matemático fue de 81.85 ℃ y la máxima obtenida con la simulación térmica fue de 79.60 ℃. De los resultados se puede concluir que en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C no es posible cocinar con un dispositivo de esta clase.
Situación actual y perspectivas de la persecución a reclutadores de menores: el caso colombiano
Authors: Caballero Acevedo Ana María
Published: March 2017

Este artículo busca conocer las disposiciones que serían aplicables a los reclutadores de menores en el conflicto armado colombiano, teniendo en cuenta (i) la dinámica de reclutamiento en el país, (ii) la normatividad internacional, (iii) la normatividad nacional y (iv) las tendencias relevantes en materia. A partir de un ejercicio de revisión documental especializada, se encontró que la naturaleza del crimen de reclutamiento de menores, la creciente exigencia global en el castigo de este y la adopción de rígidas disposiciones en el ordenamiento nacional, abren la puerta para el juzgamiento de los perpetradores. Dos tendencias constituyen otros hallazgos destacados: (i) tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional, se tiende a considerar los 18 años (y no la disposición anterior de 15 años) como la mayoría de edad para ser protegido contra el reclutamiento forzado como menor; y (ii) las amnistías concedidas en procesos de justicia transicional excluyen cada vez con más vehemencia crímenes graves, incluido el reclutamiento de menores.
El fortalecimiento de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana: una efectiva estrategia hacia la negociación
Authors: Melamed Janiel
Published: March 2017

El presente artículo analiza cómo el fortalecimiento de la Fuerza Aérea colombiana a partir del inicio del nuevo milenio, permitió proporcionar importantes golpes militares a las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC-EP),  llevando a esta organización si bien no a una derrota militar, si a un detrimento en sus capacidades operativas. Estas circunstancias de fortaleza en el terreno de batalla, permitieron que el Estado colombiano pudiera abordar un proceso de negociación y diálogo con esta debilitada organización subversiva, muy diferente a las desarrolladas en el pasado.
Mobilizing students’ interpretive resources: A novel take on subjective response in the literature classroom
Authors: Lemieux Amelie , Lacelle Nathalie
Published: March 2017

Research on literature pedagogy still refers to traditional, text-oriented methods in practice (Todorov, 1982; Peirce, 1977), with occasional consideration for students’ subjectivity through reader-response exercises involving reading logs, surveys, or journals. When addressing subjectivities in individual and collective classroom contexts, researchers should direct attention towards the strategies students mobilize when reading. Owing to Sauvaire’s (2013) typology of interpretive dimensions in reading, this qualitative case study investigates patterns emerging from students’ written and verbalized expressions of their subjectivities in a 9th-grade literature classroom. The data point to conclusive results explaining pathways for interpretive strategies, which vary in group and individual settings.
Size Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosol in a Typical Industrial City Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Wang Honglei , An Junlin , Zhu Bin , Shen Lijuan , Duan Qing , Shi Yuanzhe
Published: March 2017

In order to investigate the size distributions and seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosols (OC and EC), the carbonaceous species were collected and then analyzed by using a 9-stage Anderson-type aerosol sampler and DRI Model 2001A Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer on the typical industrial city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China in the summer, autumn and winter of 2013 and spring of 2014. OC, EC, SOC and POC exhibited obvious seasonal variations, with the highest level in winter (39.1±14.0, 5.7±2.1, 23.6±11.7 and 14.1±5.7 μg•m-3) and the lowest level in summer (20.6±6.7, 3.3±2.0, 12.2±3.8 and 8.4±4.1 μg•m-3), and were mainly centralized in PM1.1 in four seasons. The concentrations of OC in PM1.1 varied in the order of winter > autumn > spring > summer, while EC ranked in the order of autumn > winter > summer > spring. In the PM1.1-2.1 and PM2.1-10, the concentrations of OC and EC decreased in the sequence of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The size spectra of OC, EC and SOC had bimodal distributions in four seasons, except for EC with four peaks in summer. The size spectra of POC varied greatly with seasons, exhibiting bimodal distribution in winter, trimodal distribution in spring and summer, and four peaks in autumn. The OC/EC ratios were 7.0, 6.3, 7.6 and 6.9 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, which demonstrated the abundance of secondary organic aerosols in Nanjing. The sources of carbonaceous aerosol varied significantly with seasons, and were dominated by vehicle exhaust, coal and biomass burning in PM2.1, and dominant by dust, coal and biomass burning in PM2.1-10.
Pengaruh Penambahan Plat Terhadap Koefisien Perpindahan Panas Lokal pada Surface Condenser PLTU Paiton
Authors: Novianarenti Eky
Published: March 2017

Penelitian untuk mengetahui karakteristik aliran dan perpindahan panas diluar pipa yang mengalir secara crossflow telah mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Salah satunya dengan melakukan modifikasi susunan pipa pada daerah surface condenser untuk mengurangi gaya dinamik akibat tumbukan aliran fluida di jajaran pipa kritis dengan tidak mengurangi tujuan dari desain sebuah surface condenser yaitu untuk mengembunkan exhaust steam dari steam turbine untuk memperoleh efisiensi maksimum dan juga mengubah exhaust steam menjadi air murni (disebut sebagai kondensat steam) sehingga mungkin kembali ke generator uap sebagai boiler feed water. Surface condenser ini menjadi penting peranannya karena dengan adanya kondensasi dari exhaust steam pada tekanan di bawah tekanan atmosfir, penurunan tekanan uap antara inlet dan exhaust turbin meningkat yang meningkatkan jumlah panas yang tersedia untuk konversi ke tenaga mesin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa sudut plate yang optimal untuk mengatasi tekanan tinggi di daerah kritis. Pemodelan numerik 3D dengan menggunakan CFD software ANSYS 14.5 dengan turbulensi berupa k-ε standard solver pressure based solution. Hasilnya dengan melakukan penambahan plate maka nilai NuФ pada tube ke-1 pada kondisi baseline pada kondisi ditambah plate dengan variasi sudut (α) 150, 300 dan 450 berurutan yaitu 511,5; 293,3; 273 Nilai dan. Tren grafik NuФ cenderung turun. Namun, pada tube ke-4 trennya naik dengan nilai 120,04; 117; 175,8; 149,0. Dalam penelitian tentang variasi penambahan sudut plate, kombinasi sudut optimal (α) diperoleh pada α=300.
Przedmowa
Authors: Kojder Ireneusz
Published: March 2017

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Fluorki w kościach człowieka – wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Palczewska - Komsa Mirona , Kalisińska Elżbieta , Stogiera Anna , Szmidt Monika
Published: March 2017

Długotrwała podaż fluoru prowadzi do fluorozy kostno-szkieletowej. Toksyczność fluorków (F⁻), nie tylko dla organizmu człowieka, ale i całego ekosystemu, powoduje, że niezbędne jest stałe monitorowanie ich zawartości w środowisku. W związku z tym istnieje konieczność kontrolowania stężenia fluorków u ludzi, szczególnie w tkance kostnej, która odzwierciedla długofalową kumulację tych związków. Celem pracy było określenie stężenia fluorków w kościach człowieka w zależności od czynników biologicznych i warunków środowiskowych na podstawie dostępnego piśmiennictwa. Biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie tkanki kostnej jako głównego rezerwuaru jonów fluorkowych, istotnym problemem jest dalsze monitorowanie stężenia F⁻ w tej tkance, szczególnie u osób bytujących w środowisku zanieczyszczonym związkami fluoru. Liczne są prace w piśmiennictwie światowym dotyczące stężenia tego pierwiastka w kościach ludzkich, co świadczy o dużym zainteresowaniu tą tematyką. Należy podkreślić potrzebę dalszych badań tego problemu w odniesieniu do osób zamieszkujących różne regiony Polski.
Kinesiotaping jako interdyscyplinarna metoda terapeutyczna
Authors: Mosiejczuk Hanna , Lubińska Agnieszka , Ptak Magdalena , Szylińska Aleksandra , Kemicer-Chmielewska Ewa , Laszczyńska Maria , Rotter Iwona
Published: March 2017

Wstęp: Kinesiotaping (KT) jest metodą terapeutyczną, która znalazła zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach medycyny: neurologii, ortopedii i traumatologii, onkologii, ginekologii i położnictwie oraz w pediatrii. Dzięki swoim specyficznym właściwościom KT może być stosowany w zależności od indywidualnych potrzeb i problemów podczas usprawniania.Cel: Celem pracy był przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczącego skuteczności KT w fizjoterapii.Wnioski: Kinesiotaping ze względu na szerokie zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach fizjoterapii może być dobrą metodą wspomagającą leczenie zarówno farmakologiczne, jak i usprawniające w wielu schorzeniach, a ze względu na swoje specyficzne właściwości może być stosowany u dzieci, dorosłych, a także u kobiet w ciąży
Wewnątrzczaszkowy krwiak nadtwardówkowy w okolicy odległej od operowanej jako powikłanie resekcji przerzutu raka embrionalnego jądra do płata potylicznego mózgu – opis przypadku
Authors: Andrusewicz Wojciech , Limanówka Bartosz , Sagan Leszek , Kojder Ireneusz
Published: March 2017

W niniejszej pracy opisano przypadek pacjenta, u którego po resekcji przerzutu raka embrionalnego jądra do płata potylicznego lewego na drodze kraniotomii ciemieniowo- -potylicznej lewostronnej doszło do powikłania w postaci krwiaka nadtwardówkowego okolicy czołowo-skroniowo-ciemieniowej lewej. Omówiono również możliwe przyczyny wystąpienia tej komplikacji.
Ocena wiedzy kobiet na temat seksualnych czynników ryzyka raka szyjki macicy
Authors: Sulima Magdalena , Lewicka Magdalena , Wiktor Krzysztof , Bakalczuk Grzegorz , Wiktor Henryk
Published: March 2017

Wstęp: W Polsce nowotwory narządu rodnego są istotnym problemem medycznym, jak również społecznym. Ryzykowne zachowania seksualne, takie jak: wczesne rozpoczęcie współżycia seksualnego, duża liczba partnerów seksualnych oraz duża liczba partnerek seksualnych obecnego partnera, zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia nowotworu szyjki macicy. Celem pracy była ocena wiedzy kobiet na temat seksualnych czynników ryzyka raka szyjki macicy.Materiał i metoda: Badaniami objęto 200 kobiet pochodzących z Lublina i Radomia oraz wsi Jabłonna. Badania przeprowadzono metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza ankiety własnego autorstwa opracowanego dla potrzeb niniejszej pracy. Uzyskane wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej.Wyniki: Stwierdzono istotną statystycznie zależność pomię- dzy wiedzą badanych kobiet na temat wczesnego rozpoczęcia współżycia seksualnego jako czynnika ryzyka raka szyjki macicy a stanem cywilnym (p = 0,003), miejscem zamieszkania (p = 0,01) oraz formą aktywności zawodowej (p = 0,03). Ponadto stwierdzono istotną statystycznie zależność pomiędzy wiedzą badanych kobiet na temat dużej liczby partnerów seksualnych jako czynnika ryzyka raka szyjki macicy a wiekiem (p = 0,002), stanem cywilnym (p = 0,03) oraz formą aktywności zawodowej.Wnioski: Kobiety wiedzą, że wczesne rozpoczęcie współżycia seksualnego oraz duża liczba partnerów seksualnych to czynniki ryzyka nowotworu szyjki macicy. Natomiast nie posiadają wiedzy o wpływie dużej liczby partnerek seksualnych obecnego partnera na możliwość wystąpienia nowotworu szyjki macicy. Istnieje potrzeba prowadzenia działań edukacyjnych wśród kobiet na temat wpływu ryzykownych zachowań seksualnych na możliwości rozwoju raka szyjki macicy.
EOR Feasibility for Mexico's Mature Fields
Authors: Alvarado Kelvis , Cruces Lilith , Menendez Cristian
Published: March 2017

Within the Mexico energy reform, a static and dynamic characterization was made from two representative sectors from the mature fields bidded on the R1-L03 to evaluate the implementation potential for EOR.

Two reservoirs were studied using public and generic information in each of them:A naturally fractured carbonate reservoir, dual porosity (matrix/fracture), with tight porosity (6.3%) and permeability in the matrix and high permeability in the fracture. Clean Carbonate with low clay content, average depth: 3400 [m], fluid type is a gas and condensate with retrograde condensation (49.7 °API), with an underlining regional aquifer as the primary drive mechanism.The model is populated by 5 wells with a combined 2670 [m3/d] maximum production of oil and 3766140 [m3/d] of gas. This production declined to 16 [m3/d] of oil and 70800 [m3/d] of gas. The initial pressure of 376 [bar] being declined about 30% 279 [bar]. The model also contains a numerical aquifer.A shaly sandstone sequence reservoir highly laminated, containing high porosity (20%) and high permeability. Unconsolidated sandstone with average depth of 320 [m], the fluid is heavy oil of 20 °API, The reservoir is mainly discontinuous having poor or none vertically communication, arealy there are evidences of communication. The reservoir drive is mainly volumetric with no evidence of aquifer support.A sectorial model which contains 12 wells is used, this reservoir had produced for 46 years. The maximum production reached 825 [m3/d] of oil, currently the oil production is under 95 [m3/d].

In both models a history matching was made representative for pressure and production, then it was simulated a production forecast of 15 years with natural depletion and enhanced oil recovery implementation.

They were modeled through numerical simulation evaluating different enhanced oil recovery processes, both miscible injection (natural gas, N2, CO2, hydrocarbon gas injections) and thermal recovery (cyclic steam, continuous steam injection, SAGD and HASD); these methods were selected trough compatibility criteria for every case studied.

Miscible gas injection was simulated in the naturally fractured reservoir, the additional recovery factor achieved lies between 0.4 and 1.6%. With economic analysis this recovery factor might result in economic unviability, on the other hand according to simulation results a higher recovery factor and profitability could be reached with natural depletion adding drilling new wells and major workovers to the actual ones.

The thermal EOR methods were simulated in a sandstone reservoir containing heavy oil, in this reservoir a 0.7 to 4.2 % additional recovery factor was achieved and this indicates technical feasibility in the implementation of this kind of processes.
The Use of WalnutShell Filtration with Enhanced Media for Reduction and/or Elimination of Upstream Produced Water Treatment Equipment
Authors: Wiercinski Shane
Published: March 2017

Walnut shell media filtration has traditionally been used in upstream and downstream produced water treatment applications onshore. This has been largely driven by the footprint required for the flux rates traditionally applied to walnut shell filtration. At the traditional flux rates, walnut shell filters typically require a larger footprint atop a platform or FPSO than equipment such as hydrocyclones and gas flotation units. Recent developments including the incorporation of internalized backwash systems as well as increased processing capacity using reduced footprint has made media filtration using walnut shells more appealing to both onshore and offshore users and operators. In addition, there has been a trend to use tertiary treatment technologies downstream of secondary equipment such as flotation cells, due to the need to reduce hydrocarbon discharge to the environment.

One limitation in using walnut shell media is that walnut, as well as other nut shell media, are produced by, and are subject to, an agricultural season. Due to the fact that nut shell media are subject to uncontrollable environmental factors, crop yields can be sparse resulting in reduced availability. More recently, a synthetic alternative has been developed to replace nut shell media. The synthetic media is manufactured from materials that are not subject to yearly agricultural limitations. Through experimental and field testing, the following benefits have been observed in using this synthetic media:

Ability to handle greater than four to five times the amount of oil before requiring a backwash as compared to standard nut shell media Ability to maintain feed concentrations of greater than 500 mg/L while producing effluent well under 29 ppm Applicability to a wide range of oil API from 10-35+ and elevated temperatures greater than 90°C

This paper will highlight the performance data and results, backwash frequency, ability to remove and/or eliminate treatment equipment upstream of media filtration such as gas flotation and its combination with standard nut shell filtration. It will also highlight the potential reduction of treatment chemicals needed to enhance gas flotation and reduction or elimination of waste sludge into recoverable crude. It will also capture comparison of reduced footprint and weight as compared to full produced water treatment systems.
Development of a Fatigue Corrosion Resistant Steel for Sucker Rods
Authors: Bühler M.. , Camara Guillet F. R. , Lopez E.. , Pereyra M..
Published: March 2017

This paper aims to discuss the behavior of different sucker rods steels in corrosive environments, the influence of manufacturing techniques and the development of a new Steel for Sucker Rod with enhanced properties for Corrosion-Fatigue.

Corrosion-fatigue is a major cause of premature failures in O&G industry and it is hard to predict its behavior. Besides the level of stresses, Corrosion Fatigue depends on many others factors, among which the most relevant are pressure, temperature, H2S and CO2 concentration, water, PH, chlorines and flow conditions.

Under harsh environment, steel performance is not only related to its mechanical properties. Parameters like alloying and residual elements, steel cleanliness, microstructure, toughness, among others play an important role.

Increased volumes of injection water/gas for mature fields, EOR and shale operations increase the risk of failures related to corrosion-fatigue mechanisms.

The performance of a steel material under the combined action of cycling loads and corrosive environments, depends on many factors, including the environment characteristics, the material properties, and the applied stresses. In corrosive environments, the fatigue life, both in terms of failure stresses or failure times, can be drastically reduced compared to the cycling stress in a non-corrosive environment.

A deep understanding of the behavior of standard steels and they failure mechanisms, allowed the development of a steel able to withstand harsh environments. Results of this research led to the development of new steel composition and processing routes, both for sucker rods and couplings, that notably increase the performance under corrosive environments.

Steel chemistry and manufacturing process were specially design to obtain a fine grain and ultraclean steel with increased hardenability and tempering resistance, and improved toughness. This features provides to the final product an outstanding Fatigue resistance in corrosive environment such us H2S and CO2.
Dynamic Online Planning Operations System for Heavy Crude Oil Pipeline Network
Authors: Monroy David A. , Valdez Claudia I. , Torres Adelfo , Collado Claudia
Published: March 2017

Heavy oil produced in Pemex Marine Northeast Region (Brownfields Cantarell and Ku Maloob Zaap) have an °API density around 12-21 degrees and high water cut, approximately 50 % and salinity. Current conditions are affecting crude oil quality to exportation. Within production complex Akal J, is carried out the treatment processes for gas and crude oil, and from this point is send and distributed the heavy oil production to Dos Bocas Marine Terminal (DBMT) under required quality standards.

The system includes defined scenarios to distribute production through out off-shore facilities bringing flexibility for the daily operation and supporting decision making as function of the crude oil quality requirements, operative restrictions and emergency plans.

This Dynamic Online Planning Operations System main features are;The online real-time application uses a model that tracks the production system and runs at a speed equivalent to real-time, receives selected online measurements and adjusts values of the selected parameters in the model so the estimated variables from the model match the corresponding measured variables.The online look-ahead application automatically loads snapshots from the online real-time model and makes predictions, providing operators and engineers with warnings about potential problems that may arise.An offline mode application is used for planning as well as more detailed analysis, preparing operator procedures and training.

This system allows a more stable operation, trending to manage crude oil optimum conditions, generating warnings about abnormal conditions and it supports to predict each hydrocarbon phase and water arriving to Dos Bocas Marine Terminal.

The system is considering facilities' real capacity to avoid deffered production, supporting the daily production balance with robust calculation models and brings flexibility in the daily operations in a real-time basis.
Optimization of Foamy Oil Production in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Balaji Karthik , Suhag Anuj , Ranjith Rahul , Peksaglam Zumra , Wijaya Zein , Inceisci Turgay , Abdelfatah Elsayed Raafat
Published: March 2017

Certain heavy oils that foam under severe depressurization give rise to increased recovery factor and an increased rate of production under solution gas drive. Alongwith stabilizing foam, at lower volume ratios, these oils have the ability of stabilizing dispersion of gas bubbles. Chemistry of oil and its viscosity are the reasons for this. In comparison to conventional oils, response of foamy oils to drawdown of pressure is more favorable; primary recovery factor, rate of production, volume ratio of oil to gas that is recovered and the length of time that a given pressure gradient or rate of production can be maintained, all increase substantially. It is a complex phenomenon with intrinsic properties, thus it requires a robust understanding of each factor in this recovery process. In this study, the significance of factors that influence foamy oil recovery in horizontal wells is investigated and outlined.

A robust commercial optimization and uncertainty software is coupled with a full-physics commercial simulator that models the phenomenon with bubbly oil approach in order to investigate the significance of major parameters, on performance of horizontal wells in a foamy oil reservoir in the North Sea. Fluid properties of Maini et al. are employed. Foamy oil is modeled as small bubbles in oil along with small mobile droplets of gas in oil, larger trapped droplets of gas phase and flowing discontinuous gas foam where bubbles can affect viscosity and compressibility along with foam mobility reduction in relative permeability effects, which are region dependent is incorporated.

Sensitivity and optimization has been done on major reservoir parameters, such as, fluid and rock properties and well operational parameters. Tornado diagrams have been used to portray the significance of each parameter. It is observed that a robust approach on handling of uncertainties in reservoir are as important as management of well operational parameters in the scope of reservoir management.

Reasons for the favorable response of foamy oils in solution gas drive are not well understood and tentative explanations that have been put forward are controversial, where utilization of horizontal wells adds another degree of complexity. This study provides an in depth optimization and uncertainty analysis to outline the significance of each major parameter involved in production performance and ultimately the recovery efficiency in foamy oil reservoirs produced with horizontal wells.
Geochemical Modelling of Carbonated Low Salinity Water Injection CLSWI to Improve Wettability Modification and Oil Swelling in Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Lee Ji Ho , Jeong Moon Sik , Lee Kun Sang
Published: March 2017

Conventional carbonated water injection (CWI) induces oil swelling and reduction of oil viscosity and density. The CO2 solubility in carbonated water is a key factor to determine these effects and is sensitive to pressure, temperature, and salinity. The CWI has another aspect of CO2 storage due to solubility trapping mechanism. Low saline water is a favorable condition to solubilize CO2 into brine due to salting-out phenomenon. As well, the low saline water injection (LSWI) has potential to enhance oil recovery originated from wettability modification in a carbonate reservoir. In terms of geochemical aspect, low saline brine introduces higher CO2 solubility and wettability modification effect. It has triggered the evalution of hybrid process, which integrates LSWI with CWI. The CO2 dissolution and wettability modification effects are highly related to geochemical reactions in brine/oil/rock system. This study has constructed the numerical modelling of carbonated low salinity water injection (CLSWI) coupled with geochemical reaction and evaluated the performance in terms of oil production and CO2 storage.

In core and pilot systems, the wettability modification effect of CLSWI contributes to 9% and 15% increased oil recovery over CSWI. In both systems, more CO2 has been captured up to 17% and 45% due to salting-out phenomenon, respectively. CLSWI enhancing oil swelling and oil viscosity reduction has also improved injectivity up to 31% over CSWI in pilot system. The results from this study has demonstrated that CLSWI is a promising water-based hybrid EOR.
A Mechatronic Platform for Measurement and Study of Ultrasonic Wave Fields
Authors: dos Santos C. M. , Regnier P.. , Pepe I.. , Alfonzo J.. , Silva L.. , Vidal V.. , Júnior J..
Published: March 2017

This project aims to elaborate, develop and validate a mechatronic platform able to automate the process of acquisition, processing, digitizing and display of analogical electrical signals. In this work, the signals will be supplied by piezoelectric sensors used to measure the three-dimensional ultrasonic wave field produced by ultrasonic transducers in a pipe. Such platform will allow studying the use of ultrasonic field for the cleaning of dirty oil pipelines.
Sandpack Filterability- Faster Way to Screen Polymers and Measure Resistance Factors for Laboratory and Field Applications for EOR
Authors: Rane J.. , Howard S.. , Fournier F. M.
Published: March 2017

Objective of this study is to introduce a novel derivative screening technique using a field sandpack based on modified Seright's filterability apparatus to deliver fast and effective results. For polymer manufacturers, it is often important to understand injectivity of several polymers for a particular EOR application. Space, time and labor constraints can make polymer screening by core flood testing quite cumbersome and expensive. This technique could be of help in such situations. For oil operator companies, it could be useful to screen and reduce the number of polymers to evaluate through third party tests. This technique also could be used at a field location to understand if there is blocking potential of polymer solution for different batches and estimate the resistance factor (RF). This new technique, sandpack filterability, could act as effective tool to screen various polymers for a particular EOR application using field sand instead of core flood techniques currently utilized.

Sandpacks can be prepared from field or generic sand. A chromatography column is used to prepare a sandpack, which is connected to a pressure tank. Different polymers are chosen for a particular field application. Polymer solution corresponding to throughput of 1000 cm3/cm2 of polymer is passed through the sandpack and sandpack resistance is calculated over throughput at a constant pressure of 20 psi. Polymers showing increase in sandpack resistance with increase in throughput could potentially block the formation.

For RF measurements- flow rates of brine and polymer solutions through sandpacks are measured at different pressures. Using Darcy's law, RF is the ratio of flow rate of brine to that of polymer at constant pressure. RF against shear rate (or flux) is plotted. This technique effectively measures RF that is in close agreement with the core flooding data. Case study of 5 Kemira polymers is shown for a particular field.

Although 5 polymers pass traditional tests with a filter ratio of less than 1.2 through 1.2 microns polycarbonate filter, sand pack filterability results differ. Based on mineralogy of field sand and pore throat size distribution, the flow of polymer through the porous media can change. Flow through the sandpack should demonstrate more realistic behavior of the polymer in the field. This technique narrowed down the polymer selections to 2 polymers based on filterability and sand pack filterability results.

Those 2 polymer were screened for RFs in sand packs and core floods at different shear rates for correlation. Differences and similarities between these two techniques (novel sand pack filterability and core flooding) are compared in this study to understand strengths and weaknesses of the novel test. This novel testing could help in many scenarios to understand injectivity of the polymer and help measuring RFs with minimal equipment, time and cost.
Lessons Learned From Polymer Flooding Pilots in Brazil
Authors: Melo M. A. , Lins A. G. , Silva I. P.
Published: March 2017

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a way to increase petroleum reserves in the short term. However, the conventional EOR methods need to be reassessed and/or modified to face the new concepts of sustainability, clean production and energy efficiency, but above all, the stricter environmental laws that now guide economic decisions. One of the most important problems in the oil industry is the large volume of produced water that must be separated from the production stream and disposed. Polymer flooding is a method that changes the swept efficiency, or, in other words, improves drainage area of the injected phase and thus can reduce the use of water. Other methods are more focused in the oil phase. Thereby, the polymer flooding is indispensable in EOR projects, alone or in combination with other methods. Motivated by this scenario, the present paper restudies polymer applications in Brazil to reevaluate the lessons learned.

The first Brazilian experience with polymers was in 1969-72, in the Carmópolis Field during primary recovery (before water injection). Decades later new projects were carried out in the fields of Carmópolis (1997), Buracica (1999) and Canto do Amaro (2001), all in the Northeast of Brazil. Those three new projects were implemented in mature fields to evaluate the real potential of polymer in the context of reducing the problems related to large volumes of water production.

The evaluation of EOR pilot projects has several difficulties, such as the long time collecting and processing information and the inherent difficulty to maintain continuity with a multi-disciplinary team. Another point that is critical in the evaluation of polymer flooding pilot projects is the choice of the pilot area itself. Ideally, the area must be almost confined (in terms of mass balance), because unconfined areas strongly influenced by external wells affect negatively the evaluation. In this work, to minimize the error in each of the pilot projects, an assessment was made considering the total wells and the inner wells less subject to interference from wells outside the grid of the pilot project. This consideration was made because the objective of this work is not restricted to verify whether the pilot was or not a success but to gain information about the polymer injection process in mature fields focusing on future applications. These pilots represent the extension of laboratory research on a field scale. The evaluation of the polymer application was made by comparing the total recovery with that of the injected water, not focusing only in the oil gain, but also in the use of water of each pilot. The results in terms of oil gain and reduction of water is not directly proportional to the amount of polymer injected. On the contrary, the pilot who consumed the least amount of polymer had the best performance. The challenge now is to understand the physical mechanisms governing this amazing behavior.
Improving Oil Recovery in Mature Field With Innovative Completion Solution Dumpflood Application
Authors: Devia Néstor , Aguinaga Pilar , Gonzalez Camilo , Reina John , Gil Layonel , Bonilla Fernando , Niño Luzmila
Published: March 2017

Maximize oil production at the lowest cost, reduce the process facilities used for secondary recovery water injection projects and increase the static pressure of mature reservoirs was a need in Chichimene Field due to the challenging oil market conditions and the declining oil production rates. The legacy solution used by Ecopetrol consisted in producing water with artificial lift and then re-injecting it through horizontal pumping systems. This water injection method did not maximize oil recovery with the available resources.

Ecopetrol and Baker Hughes implemented the Dumpflood completion with electrical submersible pumping to address the challenges encountered in Chichimene field. The Dumpflood completion is a closed loop concept where water is produced and injected in a single well avoiding surface processes. This implementation allowed Ecopetrol to develop secondary oil recovery in a simplified and cost effective completion.

This paper will present the results of the first pilot of Dumpflood completion in Chichimene Field in Colombia. This Promoted enhanced oil recovery in the target injection zones, in addition, significant savings in capital expenditures were obtained due to the reduction of surface production tubing and required licenses for the oil industry in Colombia. Operating expenditures such as maintenance, water treatment, and energy costs were also reduced.

The success of the Dumpflood completion with electrical submersible pumping permitted the initiation of a change in the legacy water injection method in Chichimene field. It was demonstrated that the oil market is continuously in need of innovative completions solutions to optimize resources and oil recovery.
Exponentiation Bias in Production and Reserves Estimates Made by Use of Exponential-Decline Models
Authors: Morris Scott , Kaufman Gordon M. , Grace John D.
Published: March 2017

The standard method to evaluate an oil- or gas-production-decline curve estimated with an exponential function—taking the logarithms of both sides of the equation, estimating the parameters of the transformed function through linear regression, and exponentiating—leads to biased estimates of future production. The bias arises in the process of exponentiation.

The direction and magnitude of exponentiation bias depend on three driver variables: the variance of the post-peak-production history; the number of post-peak observations on production; and the estimated rates of production during the forecast period. A correction factor, dependent on the confluent-hypergeometric-limit function, applied to the biased estimators produces unbiased estimates of future production. The correction factor can be quickly evaluated and introduced into the work flow for use in evaluating exponential-decline curves.

The net bias in estimates of future production is more likely to be negative than positive. Negative bias understates remaining resources and reserves. The probability of negative, rather than positive net bias, is an increasing function of the maturity of production at the point of evaluation. The absolute magnitude of the bias is a direct function of both the variance of the empirical post-peak-production history and the forecasted rates of future production. It is an inverse function of the length of the post-peak-production history.

A data set of 54,254 completion-level monthly production histories from the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was used to quantify the bias and show the characteristics of production that determine its direction and magnitude. In this data set, exponentiation bias in estimates of remaining resources usually results in small absolute errors. Holding out varying fractions of the production histories of the completions analyzed, the interquartile range for errors in the estimated remaining resources (relative to unbiased estimates) extends from an underestimate of 886 to an overestimate of 2,105 BOE.

However, at the extreme ends of the distribution of errors, maximum underestimates of 8.3 million BOE and overestimates as large as 22.5 million BOE were found. More than 14% of the completions analyzed had forecast errors of more than 30%. Extreme biases are predictably associated with specific ranges and combinations of values of the three driver variables. Therefore, exponentiation bias can have very large and predictable effects on the economic value of estimated remaining resources, but they can be reliably corrected.
Wellbore Geomechanics of Extended Drilling Margin and Engineered Lost-Circulation Solutions
Authors: Mehrabian Amin , Abousleiman Younane
Published: March 2017

Wellbore tensile failure is a known consequence of drilling with excessive mud weight, which can cause costly events of lost circulation. Despite the successful use of lost-circulation materials (LCMs) in treating lost-circulation events of the drilling operations, extensions of wellbore-stability models to the case of a fractured and LCM-treated wellbore have not been published. This paper presents an extension of the conventional wellbore-stability analysis to such circumstances. The proposed wellbore geomechanics solution revisits the criteria for breakdown of a fractured wellbore to identify an extended margin for the equivalent circulation density (ECD) of drilling. An analytical approach is taken to solve for the related multiscale and nonlinear problem of the three-way mechanical interaction between the wellbore, fracture wings, and LCM aggregate. The criteria for unstable propagation of existing near-wellbore fractures, together with those for initiating secondary fractures from the wellbore, are obtained. Results suggest that, in many circumstances, the occurrence of both incidents can be prevented, if the LCM blend is properly engineered to recover certain depositional and mechanical properties at downhole conditions. Under such optimal design conditions, the maximum ECD to which the breakdown limit of a permeable formation could be enhanced is predicted.