bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pollen morphology of Agropyron Gaertner in Turkey
Authors: Özler Hülya , Cabi Evren , Us Ebru , Do?an Musa , Pehlivan Sevil
Published: June 2009

Pollen morphology of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner. s.s. (subsp. incanum (Náb?lek) Melderis and subsp. pectinatum (M. Bieb.) Tzvelev, latter including var. pectinatum and var. imbricatum (Roemer & Schultes) G. Beck) in Turkey has been studied by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The above-mentioned taxa are homogenous in both aperture type and exine ornamentation. Pollen grains are monoporate (rarely diporate in the case of var. imbricatum) having scabrate grouped exine surface. The scabra density and the height of scabrae as well as other morphological parameters such as annulus and operculum diameter are peculiar features for differentiation of taxa. Two different phenograms were created with the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) clustering technique using quantitative measurements of the pollen grains.   Keywords: Agropyron; Pollen morphology; SEM; Turkey.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2743Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 21-28, 2009 (June)
An assessment of floristic diversity of Gandhamardan Hill Range, Orissa, India
Authors: Reddy C. Sudhakar , Pattanaik Chiranjibi
Published: June 2009

The plant resources of Gandhamardan hill range were studied and analysed. A total of 912 vascular species belonging to 556 genera under 142 families were recorded. Herbs dominate the flora followed by trees, climbers and shrubs. Dominance of phanerophytes indicates the tropical moist and humid climate. Proper conservation and management plans are needed to save the natural resources, especially medicinal plants, of this sacred hill range. Keywords: Floristic diversity; Gandhamardan hill range; Life-form; Medicinal plants; Orissa.  DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2744  Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 29-36, 2009 (June)
Pollen morphology and systematics in two subfamilies of Ericaceae: Cassiopoideae and Harrimanelloideae
Authors: Sarwar A.K.M. Golam , Takahashi Hideki
Published: June 2009

Pollen morphology of two subfamilies of Ericaceae, Cassiopoideae and Harrimanelloideae, was studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and also, for selected species, transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The systematic significance of new palynological data is discussed in the light of the recent classification of Ericaceae. The Cassiopoideae are stenopalynous; the four 3-aperturate grains are united in compact minute tetrads with striate apoclopial exine sculpture. Infra- and inter-specific variations have been observed in some palynological features of Cassiope, this might be due to geographical distribution. The Harrimanelloideae pollen grain is characterized by minute tetrahedral tetrads with coarsely rugulate to psilate apoclopial exine sculpture and perforated septum. Pollen morphology supports the subfamilial status of Cassiopoideae and Harrimanelloideae, and the close relationship between the members of subfamily Harrimanelloideae and Vaccinioideae. The secondary sculpture on the exine surface might be a synapomorphic palynological character state for Harrimanelloideae + Styphelioideae + Vaccinioideae clade. Keywords: Pollen morphology; Systematics; Cassiopoideae; Harrimanelloideae; Ericaceae.  DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2745 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 37-46, 2009 (June)
Anatomical studies in Salvia viridis L. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Özdemir Canan , Baran Pelin , Aktas Kamuran
Published: June 2009

Anatomical properties of two morphologically distinct forms (Form I: with violet coma and Form II: without coma or with white, green or pink coma) of Salvia viridis L. have been studied. The analysis provided here studying the cross-sections of root, stem, leaf, petiole, bract, calyx and corolla comprises the first detailed description for the species. The results are furnished with photographs and drawings. Although no anatomical differences were observed between the forms, S. viridis showed some differences from other Salvia species.
Comparative morphology, anatomy and palynology of two Salvia L. species (Lamiaceae) and their taxonomic implications
Authors: Kahraman Ahmet , Celep Ferhat , Dogan Musa
Published: June 2009

Morphological, anatomical and palynological characteristics of Salvia glutinosa L. and S. staminea Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham and their taxonomic importance are presented. Their expanded description and phenology are also given. The features of stems, leaves, calyces, corolla and nutlets have been found to be significant to distinguish the species. Mesophyll structure, distribution of stomata on upper epidermis, size of stomata on lower epidermis, shape of vascular structure in midrib, and number of vascular bundles and presence of sclerenchymatic fibers in petiole are diagnostic characters. Moreover, pollen size and exine ornamentation are important in separating these two species.  Keywords: Morphology; Anatomy; Palynology; Salvia. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2749 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 73-82, 2009 (June)
Angiospermic flora of Runctia sal forest, Bangladesh. I. Liliopsida (Monocots)
Authors: Tutul Ershad , Uddin Md. Zashim , Rahman Md. Oliur , Hassan Md. Abul
Published: June 2009

This paper presents 49 plant species belonging to 38 genera and 13 families of the division Liliopsida (monocots) from Runctia sal forest in Sherpur district, Bangladesh. The update nomenclature, habit, habitat and representative specimen have been provided for each species. Important synonyms and local names have also been furnished, wherever available. Keywords: Angiosperm; Monocots; Runctia sal forest. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2750 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 83-90, 2009 (June)
Jungermannia obliquifolia (Schiffn.) VÁNA (Marchantiophyta) from India
Authors: Manju C. N. , Rajesh K. P. , Madhusoodanan P. V.
Published: June 2009

Not available.Keywords: Marchantiophyta; Jungermannia obliquifolia; New record; Western Ghats; India. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v16i1.2752 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 16(1): 95-97, 2009 (June)
Isopropyl Myristate-Modified Polyether-Urethane Coatings as Protective Barriers for Implantable Medical Devices
Authors: Roohpour Nima , Wasikiewicz Jaroslaw  M. , Moshaverinia Alireza , Paul Deepen , Rehman Ihtesham  U. , Vadgama Pankaj
Published: June 2009

Polyurethane films have potential applications in medicine, especially for packaging implantable medical devices. Although polyether-urethanes have superior mechanical properties and are biocompatible, achieving water resistance is still a challenge. Polyether based polyurethanes with two different molecular weights (PTMO1000, PTMO2000) were prepared from 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and poly(tetra-methylene oxide). Polymer films were introduced using different concentrations (0.5-10 wt %) of isopropyl myristate lipid (IPM) as a non-toxic modifying agent. The physical and mechanical properties of these polymers were characterised using physical and spectroscopy techniques (FTIR, Raman, DSC, DMA, tensile testing). Water contact angle and water uptake of the membranes as a function of IPM concentration was also determined accordingly. The FTIR and Raman data indicate that IPM is dispersed in polyurethane at ≤ 2wt% and thermal analysis confirmed this miscibility to be dependent on soft segment length. Modified polymers showed increased tensile strength and failure strain as well as reduced water uptake by up to 24% at 1-2 wt% IPM.
Phage Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy: Low Environmental Impact Approaches to Inactivate Microorganisms in Fish Farming Plants
Authors: Almeida Adelaide , Cunha Ângela , Gomes Newton C. M. , Alves Eliana , Costa Liliana , Faustino Maria A. F.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the increasing importance of aquaculture to compensate for the progressive worldwide reduction of natural fish and to the fact that several fish farming plants often suffer from heavy financial losses due to the development of infections caused by microbial pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria, more environmentally-friendly strategies to control fish infections are urgently needed to make the aquaculture industry more sustainable. The aim of this review is to briefly present the typical fish farming diseases and their threats and discuss the present state of chemotherapy to inactivate microorganisms in fish farming plants as well as to examine the new environmentally friendly approaches to control fish infection namely phage therapy and photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
Pentavalent Antimonials: New Perspectives for Old Drugs
Authors: Frézard Frédéric , Demicheli Cynthia , Ribeiro Raul R.
Published: June 2009

Pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate, have been used for more than half a century in the therapy of the parasitic disease leishmaniasis. Even though antimonials are still the first-line drugs, they exhibit several limitations, including severe side effects, the need for daily parenteral administration and drug resistance. The molecular structure of antimonials, their metabolism and mechanism of action are still being investigated. Some recent studies suggest that pentavalent antimony acts as a prodrug that is converted to active and more toxic trivalent antimony. Other works support the direct involvement of pentavalent antimony. Recent data suggest that the biomolecules, thiols and ribonucleosides, may mediate the actions of these drugs. This review will summarize the progress to date on the chemistry and biochemistry of pentavalent antimony. It will also present the most recent works being done to improve antimonial chemotherapy. These works include the development of simple synthetic methods for pentavalent antimonials, liposome-based formulations for targeting the Leishmania parasites responsible for visceral leishmaniasis and cyclodextrin-based formulations to promote the oral delivery of antimony.
On Connected Target Coverage for Wireless Heterogeneous Sensor Networks with Multiple Sensing Units
Authors: Shih Kuei-Ping , Deng Der-Jiunn , Chang Ruay-Shiung , Chen Hung-Chang
Published: June 2009

The paper considers the connected target coverage (CTC) problem in wireless heterogeneous sensor networks (WHSNs) with multiple sensing units, termed MU-CTC problem. MU-CTC problem can be reduced to a connected set cover problem and further formulated as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. However, the ILP problem is an NP-complete problem. Therefore, two distributed heuristic schemes, REFS (remaining energy first scheme) and EEFS (energy efficiency first scheme), are proposed. In REFS, each sensor considers its remaining energy and its neighbors’ decisions to enable its sensing units and communication unit such that all targets can be covered for the required attributes and the sensed data can be delivered to the sink. The advantages of REFS are its simplicity and reduced communication overhead. However, to utilize sensors’ energy efficiently, EEFS is proposed. A sensor in EEFS considers its contribution to the coverage and the connectivity to make a better decision. To our best knowledge, this paper is the first to consider target coverage and connectivity jointly for WHSNs with multiple sensing units. Simulation results show that REFS and EEFS can both prolong the network lifetime effectively. EEFS outperforms REFS in network lifetime, but REFS is simpler.
Molecular taxonomy ofCamellia(Theaceae) inferred from nrITS sequences
Authors: Vijayan Kunjupillai , Zhang Wen‐Ju , Tsou Chih‐Hua
Published: June 2009

Camellia, comprising more than 200 species, is the type genus of the family Theaceae. Currently, the interspecies relationship of the economically important genus is still a matter of great debate and controversy. In an attempt to help settle this dispute using molecular phylogeny, we analyzed ITS sequences of 112 species ofCamellia. The maximum parsimony and Bayesian trees grouped these species into eight major clades and four isolates. The current study supported the monophyly of sectionsTheaandFurfuracea, a merged section ofTheopsisandEriandraand the formation of sectionOleiferaby H, ‐t. Chang (Flora of Reipulicae Popularis Sinicae. Tomus 49 (3), Science Press, China). The study suggested the polyphyletic nature of the sectionsCamellia, Paracamellia, Pseudocamellia, andTuberculataand the paraphyletic nature of the sectionChrysanthabut did not support the sectional status of the three small sections,Archecamellia, Piquetia, andSterocarpus. We also discuss the results in terms of morphology, geographic distribution and the results from an earlier molecular phylogeny analysis.
Phytochrome gene expression and phylogenetic analysis in the short‐day plant Pharbitis nil (Convolvulaceae): Differential regulation by light and an endogenous clock
Authors: Zheng Cheng Chao , Potter Daniel , O'Neill Sharman D.
Published: June 2009

To investigate the role of distinct phytochrome pools in photoperiodic timekeeping, we characterized four phytochrome genes in the short‐day plant Pharbitis nil. Each PHY gene had different photosensory properties and sensitivity to night break that inhibits flowering. During extended dark periods, PHYE, PHYB, and PHYC mRNA accumulation exhibited a circadian rhythmicity indicative of control by an endogenous clock. Phylogenetic analysis recovered four clades of angiosperm phytochrome genes, phyA, phyB, phyC, and phyE. All except the phyE clade included sequences from both monocots and eudicots. In addition, phyA is sister to phyC and phyE sister to phyB, with gymnosperm sequences sister to either the phyA‐phyC clade or to the phyB‐phyE clade. These results suggest that a single duplication occurred in an ancestral seed plant before the divergence of extant gymnosperms from angiosperms and that two subsequent duplications occurred in an ancestral angiosperm before the divergence of monocots from eudicots. Thus in P. nil, a multigene family with different patterns of mRNA abundance in light and darkness contributes to the total phytochrome pool: one pool is light labile (phyA), whereas the other is light stable (phyB and phyE). In addition, PHYC mRNA represents a third phytochrome pool with intermediate photosensory properties.
Impact of a Rheumatology Consultation Service on the Diagnostic Accuracy and Management of Gout in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: BARBER CLAIRE , THOMPSON KARA , HANLY JOHN G.
Published: June 2009

Objective.

To determine if a hospital rheumatology consultation service improves diagnostic accuracy and adherence to treatment recommendations for gout.

Methods.

This was a retrospective, single-center, case-control study of consecutive hospitalized patients with gout. Demographic, diagnostic, and treatment variables were compared in patients with and without a rheumatology consultation (controls). American College of Rheumatology (ACR) preliminary criteria for the classification of acute gout and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations were used to determine diagnostic accuracy. Adherence to EULAR drug management recommendations and Quality Indicators for treatment were compared between groups.

Results.

In total, 138 patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 71.3 (13.4) years and 70% were men. Forty-eight (35%) patients had gout on admission, 90 (65%) during their hospital stay, and 8 (6%) had multiple attacks. A total of 79 (57%) patients had a rheumatology consultation. These patients had more joints involved (p < 0.001), more frequent synovial fluid analysis (p < 0.001), and fulfilled ACR classification criteria more frequently than those who did not have a rheumatology consultation (65% vs 37%; p = 0.002). Intraarticular corticosteroid use was more common (44% vs 12%; p < 0.001) in patients who were seen by rheumatology. In contrast, colchicine was used more frequently in controls (63% vs 40%; p = 0.006). Patients seen by rheumatology were more likely to use nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or colchicine for gout prophylaxis while titrating allopurinol to target (p = 0.033).

Conclusion.

A rheumatology consultation service for hospitalized patients with gout significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy and adherence to established guidelines for short and longterm treatment.
The Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-blocking Agent Infliximab Inhibits Interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6 Gene Expression in Human Osteoblastic Cells
Authors: MUSACCHIO ESTELLA , VALVASON CHIARA , BOTSIOS CONSTANTIN , OSTUNI FRANCESCA , FURLAN ANTONIO , RAMONDA ROBERTA , MODESTI VALENTINA , SARTORI LEONARDO , PUNZI LEONARDO
Published: June 2009

Objective.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of several rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), associated with systemic bone loss and subchondral bone erosions. TNF-α-blocking agents such as infliximab have been successful in treatment of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-resistant rheumatic diseases. Infliximab therapy in RA also had beneficial effects on local bone destruction and bone mineral density. We assessed effects of infliximab treatment on the bone tissue compartment and cytokine profile expression in vitro.

Methods.

Osteoblast-like cells were exposed for 24 h to sera of RA patients collected at baseline and after 1 month (T1) and 3 years (T2) of infliximab treatment. Total RNA was extracted, and expression of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) was measured by RT-PCR.

Results.

IL-1ß gene expression was significantly reduced by the T1 serum, and the same decrease was elicited by the T2 serum. IL-6 downregulation was evident with the T2 serum. OPG was unaffected.

Conclusion.

The finding of downregulation of inflammatory cytokines was interesting, particularly IL-6, which plays a crucial role in arthritis-related bone loss due to its involvement in osteoclast recruitment and activation. These results may represent a biological explanation and a link for the clinical observation of the beneficial effects of anti-TNF-α agents on the progression of rheumatic diseases at the bone level.
Entheses and Bones in Spondyloarthritis: 2008 Annual Research and Education Meeting of the Spondyloarthritis Research and Therapy Network (SPARTAN)
Authors: COLBERT ROBERT A. , DEODHAR ATUL A. , FOX DAVID , GRAVALLESE ELLEN M. , KHAN MUHAMMAD ASIM , McGONAGLE DENNIS , REVEILLE JOHN D. , SCHETT GEORG , WEISMAN MICHAEL , CLEGG DANIEL O.
Published: June 2009

The Spondyloarthritis Research and Therapy Network (SPARTAN), founded in 2003 to promote research, education, and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and related forms of spondyloarthritis (SpA), held its 6th Annual Research and Education Meeting in July 2008 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The overall theme of the meeting was entheses and bones in SpA, which included presentations on the anatomy and physiology of the synovial-entheseal complex; bone formation and destruction, and the effect of inflammation on bone; the Th17 axis, HLA-B27, IL23R, and ARTS1; and breakout sessions on epidemiology and registries.
Aquariums: Some of the Reasons Why They Work So Well
Authors: Nightingale John , Dickens Marie , Vincent Don
Published: June 2009

The number and diversity of aquarium display facilities has grown considerably in the past few years. This is, in part, because the aquarium operating model has allowed a certain economic independence. This article examines the enhanced revenue earning potential of aquariums. It compares
aquarium financial factors with zoos and other cultural organizations, which normally require an annual government contribution for operations. As an industry, aquariums have considerable drawing power, are smaller in size when compared to zoos and are efficient to operate. These factors contribute
to financial viability—an important element in sustaining modern aquarium's work in public education, research and conservation. As the number and diversity of Aquariums grows, more people are exposed to the underwater world and its many conservation issues. Aquariums do not limit their
audience to the experts, they allow anyone to experience and learn about the oceans, rivers and streams of the world. To meet future demands, the financial sustainability of aquariums must be continually strengthened to ensure continued future public awareness.
Aquarium Life Support System Design Entering the Twenty-first Century
Authors: LaBonne David L.
Published: June 2009

There has not been a more dynamic period of growth in the aquarium industry than during the last two decades of the twentieth century. In 20 years, over 30 facilities were constructed in North America, Asia and Europe. A census of these facilities would show that over 50 million gallons
of marine and freshwater exhibits were built to display a diverse collection of fishes, mammals, invertebrates and plants, many of which had never previously been exhibited. At the outset of this generation of aquarium building, there was limited information as to what engineering and water
treatment technology might be suitable or available for the maintenance of healthy aquatic environments. In fact, such an engineering specialty did not possess a name or professional designation. The punctuated building of aquariums spurred the creation of a new breed of design specialist,
the aquatic life support engineer. Initially the mechanical engineers and biologists that were in the vanguard of this new specialty had limited water quality data to develop their designs. Aquarium biologist began collecting the data and eventually forged a collaborative design relationship
with engineers eager to develop new approaches for aquatic life support. Consequently, as aquariums enter the new millennium, the fundamental principles of life support design have never been more clearly defined. Simply put, the basic platform of life support design is water filtration, and
the three technological pillars that support that platform are biological, chemical and mechanical.
Two Case Studies of Collaborations Between Aquariums and Research Institutions in Exploration and Education
Authors: McNutt Marcia , Ballard Robert D.
Published: June 2009

Aquariums and "blue water" oceanographic institutions in America have traditionally had completely separate missions, with the former concentrating on public outreach and education and the latter undertaking basic research. Recently, two new institutions, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research
Institute (MBARI) and the Mystic Aquarium/Institute for Exploration (MA/IFE), were founded for the expressed purpose of bridging the gap between basic ocean discovery and public education. In both cases, the ability to bring the excitement of undersea exploration to the public has been enabled
by sophisticated undersea vehicles that permit the aquarium audience to participate in the research enterprise via telepresence. The fact that the research is constantly in the public eye provides researchers with frequent opportunities to explain the importance and the relevancy of their
work for the benefit of society. Despite the efforts over the past 50 years, over 95 percent of the oceans remain unknown and unexplored. This fact combined with the realization that all citizens of the twenty-first century must be well informed on the consequences of their actions on the
health of this ocean planet makes it likely that such partnerships between research and educational institutions will proliferate.
Micro-Safaris: The Display of Live Microorganisms in Public Aquariums
Authors: Consi Thomas R.
Published: June 2009

Marine and freshwater microorganisms are important components of aquatic ecosystems but they are not commonly displayed, live, in public aquariums. In this paper I review the technical challenges involved in displaying and maintaining aquatic microorganisms. A proposed viewing system
consisting of a mobile, immersed, endoscope is presented as a possible solution to these technical challenges. A set of simple experiments is described that evaluate the image characteristics generated by an endoscope used to observe live microorganisms. The results of these tests showed that
the endoscope gives acceptable images in this application. Optical and mechanical problems encountered in the experiments are also discussed.Throughout the paper sources of new technology are identified that have potential applications in the development of the microorganism display systems.
Retractable Surface-Following Sampler
Authors: Donoghue Terence G. , Zafiriou Oliver C. , Taylor Craig D.
Published: June 2009

The design and use of a Retractable Surface-Following Sampler (RSFS) for chemical sampling, particularly of trace gases on depth scales smaller than the draft of the research platform, is discussed. The RSFS is compared to other vessel-tethered surface water sampling systems, such as
buckets, bottes/rosettes, catamarans, hull intakes, and booms. The RSFS is a 5 m welded aluminum sampling boom with a hinge-mounted rolling trolley support at the inboard end; at the outboard end, floatation spheres support a scientific payload at fixed depths relative to the sea surface on
an adjustable mount. The wheels of the trolley are confined in a deck-mounted track, allowing the boom to be quickly and easily deployed and retrieved using a pneumatic tugger, or fixed at an intermediate position that allows access for maintenance. Data and water sample lines from the instrument
mount are secured within the boom, allowing continuous, controlled near-surface sampling at a distance from the ship's hull. Field data from a comparison of different water intake methods for carbon monoxide sampling, along with CTD and fluorometer data, exemplify typical uses of the system.
Scientific Cave Diving
Authors: Iliffe Thomas M. , Bowen Curt
Published: June 2009

Cave diving is one of the most technical and potential dangerous forms of diving done today. It may involve use of multiple tanks, regulators and gas mixtures or rebreathers, in combination with powerful long-range diver propulsion vehicles, to penetrate thousands of meters into submerged
cave systems where direct ascent to the surface in the case of emergencies is impossible. In order to carry out scientific studies under such difficult conditions, individuals must be highly competent and experienced cave divers. In spite of these problems, numerous scientific investigations
in the fields of biology, ecology, microbiology, geology, hydrology and archaeology have carried out by cave diving scientists. Exploratory cave divers have provided the initial impetus for this research by exploring and mapping underwater caves.
The Factors and Processes that Influence Artificial Reef Longevity
Authors: Grace Robert A.
Published: June 2009

Demolition products, surplus articles, and designed structures may be placed on the sea floor as habitat for fish and invertebrates or to provide substrate for corals or large attached plants. Such installations should be stable in the long-term, not to be torn apart or swept away during
episodes of severe local storms or the onslaught of large swell from distant disturbances. To this end, calculations must be carried out, for a "design wave" deemed appropriate for the site involved, to evaluate applied kinematical loads and seabed reactions. Should the artificial reef appear
unstable, then it must be pinned to the bottom unless meaningful redesign is feasible. This paper discusses the various aspects of the whole stability question and provides well more than one hundred pertinent and timely references.
Complexities of using Discrete Tidal Zoning for High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Water
Authors: Wong Cary R.
Published: June 2009

Discrete tidal zoning is a methodology used by the National Ocean Service (NOS) to provide tide reducers for hydrographic surveys. Analyses of historical tide data, models, and other research are used to describe the tidal characteristics of a given survey area to generate co-tidal
charts of co-range and co-phase lines. The number of zones for a particular survey depends upon the complexity of the tide in the area. Each zone is described by a range ratio and a time correction to a water level station in operation during the survey. Tide reducers are compiled by applying
the appropriate time and range corrections to the sounding data relative to chart datum which is Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). Shallow water areas typically have the most complex tidal characteristics where the amplitude of the tide reducers can be a significant percentage of the overall sounding
depth and can dominate the overall error budget. In high resolution surveys using multi-beam technology, discrete tidal zoning introduces unwanted jumps when soundings cross from one zone to another. NOS is pursuing research into the application of smooth continuous functions for tide reducers
to replace discrete tidal zoning. NOS is developing tools such as Tidal Constituent and Residual Interpolation (TCARI) and Kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) for operational vertical control. However, these tools still require water level station installations prior to the survey for
the development of tidal datum ties to geodetic datum using GPS and to map MLLW relative to the ellipsoid.
Cost Effective Swath Bathymetry
Authors: Hogarth Peter
Published: June 2009

Between 23rd and 25th July 2001 GeoSwath, a high specification shallow water wide swath bathymetry system, was used to survey the entire Portsmouth NH Harbor area. This paper deals with the results of this survey, illustrating the potential for significant reductions in the high costs,
which have prevented widespread proliferation of Swath Bathymetry systems to date. Data, including a complete DTM gridded to 1 m resolution, will be presented and discussed in detail. These results show that the system is very easy to set up and use, requires greatly reduced boat and processing
time, whilst offering high accuracy and very high coverage and resolution when used in a real-world survey of a dynamic harbor environment.
Processing Data for Seafloor Mapping: Integration and Metrics
Authors: Byrne Shannon , Clifford Brian , Simmons Walter , Depner Jan , Reed Barbara , Moestikiwati Jenny , Smith Gail
Published: June 2009

Today's state-of-the-art hydrographic survey instrumentation produces higher resolution and more densely sampled measurements than were available in the past. This supports improvements in the definition of seafloor features and characteristics, however, it also places more stringent
requirements on the systems used to process seafloor survey data. In shallow water environments bathymetric sampling rates can exceed 4000 soundings per second and data from Digital Side-Scan Sonar Systems can exceed 1 Gb/hr. In support of the Second International Conference on High-Resolution
Surveys in Shallow Water, and working in cooperation with Reson Inc., Goleta, Ca., and the University of New Hampshire's Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (CCOM), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Newport, RI conducted a survey of the conference common data set test
area in Portsmouth Harbor using a Reson 8125 dual-head sonar system. The acquired data were made available as part of the conference common dataset. An area-based approach to data cleaning, including the use of an automated filter for spike detection, is presented. Resource and effort metrics
associated with the processing of samples from the common data set are provided. This includes corrector application, data cleaning, validation, and quality control. Results from the area-based approach are compared with results from a traditional line-oriented approach. Three bathymetric
datasets from Portsmouth Harbor are compared and the results reported.
Algorithm Based Editing of Spikes in Multibeam Soundings: A Case Study
Authors: Eeg Jørgen
Published: June 2009

Using the tracks from November 3 and 6 of the Portsmouth survey as an example, this paper discusses algorithm based editing of spikes in multibeam data as carried out today at the Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography (RDANH). A robust version of the MapSpikes test
presented in (Eeg, 1995) has been integrated into an in-house developed visual swath editor, VISE. This editor is an open source software (OSS), thus enabling hydrographers to test the efficiency of the algorithm on their own data.Following a brief description of the MapSpikes test, the
robust version of this test is introduced. The problem of false positive identifications of spikes, which is inherent in robust testing, is addressed—at least for a subset of the swath. Finally the findings in the editing session are compared to the editing performed by the surveyors
on WHITING of the same files.
Acoustic Ground Discrimination Techniques for Submerged Archaeological Site Investigations
Authors: Lawrence M.J. , Bales C.R.
Published: June 2009

Single beam acoustic ground discrimination systems (AGDS) based on standard echo sounders are routinely used for commercial and research applications. Analysis of the return echo signals using these systems produces indexes of seabed "roughness" and "hardness" which have been used to
classify seabed type and are here used to map submerged archaeological materials.The aim of this paper is to assess the potential for this technology to characterize submerged archaeological sites. Benefits of characterizing sites in this way include the potential for assessing future
impacts on the archaeological material based on the assessment of sediment type and stability from the acoustic data. The technology could offer a means by which sites can regularly be monitored for changes over time, allowing for mitigation strategies to be employed to prevent loss of cultural
material.AGDS systems have already been shown to differentiate wide-ranging bottom types over large areas of seabed. Examples are given from two archaeological sites where trials of one particular AGDS indicate that it is possible for small areas of seabed containing exposed archaeological
material to be readily distinguished from the surrounding seabed in terms of the character of the acoustic responses.Further research is necessary to determine if, on a site-to-site basis, relationships can be established between acoustic signature, generic archaeological material, sediment
type and the degree of preservation of archaeological material.
Development of a Seamless Multisource Topographic/Bathymetric Elevation Model of Tampa Bay
Authors: Gesch Dean , Wilson Robert
Published: June 2009

Many applications of geospatial data in coastal environments require knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. However, because existing topographic and bathymetric data have been collected independently for different purposes, it has been difficult to use them together
at the land/water interface owing to differences in format, projection, resolution, accuracy, and datums. As a first step toward solving the problems of integrating diverse coastal datasets, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are
collaborating on a joint demonstration project to merge their data for the Tampa Bay region of Florida. The best available topographic and bathymetric data were extracted from the USGS National Elevation Dataset and the NOAA hydrographic survey database, respectively. Before being merged,
the topographic and bathymetric datasets were processed with standard geographic information system tools to place them in a common horizontal reference frame. Also, a key part of the preprocessing was transformation to a common vertical reference through the use of VDatum, a new tool created
by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey for vertical datum conversions. The final merged product is a seamless topographic/bathymetric model covering the Tampa Bay region at a grid spacing of 1 arc-second. Topographic LIDAR data were processed and merged with the bathymetry to demonstrate the incorporation
of recent third party data sources for several test areas. A primary application of a merged topographic/bathymetric elevation model is for user-defined shoreline delineation, in which the user decides on the tidal condition (for example, low or high water) to be superimposed on the elevation
data to determine the spatial position of the water line. Such a use of merged topographic/bathymetric data could lead to the development of a shoreline zone, which could reduce redundant mapping efforts by federal, state, and local agencies by allowing them to customize their portrayals of
the shoreline using a standard baseline elevation dataset.
Ocean Wave Energy Utilization
Authors: McCormick Michael E. , Kraemer Oavid R. B.
Published: June 2009

The exploitation of ocean waves in electricity production, potable-water production, waterbody revitalization and farming is discussed. Those energy-conversion technologies that are now at the prototype stage are described. The systems are those that are resonant in nature, since
resonant systems have been found to be the most efficient. The efficiency of these systems is due to both diffraction-induced wave focusing and possible impedance-matching.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Primer
Authors: Vega L. A.
Published: June 2009

The vertical temperature distribution in the open ocean can be simplistically described as consisting of two layers separated by an interface. The upper layer is warmed by the sun and mixed to depths of about 100 m by wave motion. The bottom layer consists of colder water formed at
high latitudes. The interface or thermocline is sometimes marked by an abrupt change in temperature but more often the change is gradual. The temperature difference between the upper (warm) and bottom (cold) layers ranges from 10°C to 25°C, with the higher values found in equatorial
waters. This implies that there are two enormous reservoirs providing the heat source and the heat sink required for a heat engine. A practical application is found in a system (heat engine) designed to transform the thermal energy into electricity. This is referred to as OTEC for Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion. Several techniques have been proposed to use this ocean thermal resource; however, at present it appears that only the closed cycle (CC-OTEC) and the open cycle (OC-OTEC) schemes have a solid foundation of theoretical as well as experimental work. In the CC-OTEC system,
warm surface seawater and cold seawater are used to vaporize and condense a working fluid, such as anhydrous ammonia, which drives a turbine-generator in a closed loop producing electricity. In the OC-OTEC system, seawater is flash-evaporated in a vacuum chamber. The resulting low-pressure
steam is used to drive a turbine-generator. Gold seawater is used to condense the steam after it has passed through the turbine. The open-cycle can, therefore, be configured to produce desalinated water as well as electricity.
Offshore Tidal Power Generation—A New Approach to Power Conversion of the Oceans' Tides
Authors: Ullman Peter W.
Published: June 2009

Offshore tidal power generation (“OTP”) is a new approach to tidal power conversion that resolves the environmental and economic problems of the familiar “tidal barrage” technology. OTP uses a rubble mound impoundment structure and low-head hydroelectric generating
equipment situated a mile or more offshore in a high tidal range area. Shallow tidal flats provide the most economical sites. Multi-cell impoundment structures provide higher load factors (about 62%) and have the flexibility to shape the output curve in order to dispatch power in response
to demand price signals. The tides are highly predictable and permit tidal power to fit comfortably into existing electricity distribution grids. The author describes a computer simulation program that uses equipment performance characteristics and tidal data to create a detailed simulation
of generation output, water flows and storage, and is used for design optimization. The article also contains a history of tidal power and discussion of tidal power's place in the renewables market.
Innovative Uses of Wave Power: Environmental Management of the Port of Ensenada, Mexico
Authors: Czitrom Steven , Núñez Ismael , Ramírez Isabel
Published: June 2009

Over the past century, the water and sediments of the port of Ensenada, México, have accumulated a lot of pollution from human activities. Although present day restrictive measures inhibit any further accumulation, the existing aggregation in the sediments is sufficient to maintain
high levels of contamination throughout the port, despite the flushing action of the tides. A SIBEO (SIBEO is an acronym for the Spanish SIstema de Bombeo por Energía de Oleaje) wave-driven seawater pump recently developed at the National University of
Mexico is proposed to inject clean and oxygen rich seawater from outside the port to promote flushing in the more stagnant sections of the harbour. Results from a numerical model of the port hydrodynamics shed light on why the tides cannot on their own adequately flush the system, and how
the wave-driven seawater pump will help to promote ventilation. Over the next 4 years, a cluster of SIBEO pumps is proposed to be installed on the Ensenada breakwater to inject unpolluted seawater at various locations in the port. A programme will be carried out to study the effects on
the water column and sediments, in this first full-scale application of the SIBEO.
Carolyn: A Submersible for Archaeology
Authors: Bass George F.
Published: June 2009

Inexpensive research submersibles can revolutionize the field of nautical archaeology. In the fall of 2001, archaeologists using a two-person SEAmobile made almost daily discoveries of ancient wrecks off the Turkish coast.
Deep Water, Archaeology and Technology Development
Authors: Mindell David A. , Croff Katherine L.
Published: June 2009

Over the past decade and a half, archaeology in deep water has been driven by technology available to only a handful of archaeologists. The field has now grown to a point where new tools are needed to address new questions and requirements. This paper addresses the problems inherent
in conducting archaeological work in deep water and the new directions in which technology can go in response to these challenges. We describe technological developments over the past thirteen years that have been a result of archaeological expeditions, and their implications for more widespread
use. We then pose a series of challenges and potential solutions to the four primary phases of an archaeological project: large area search, target identification, localized survey, and excavation.
Underwater Archaeology in Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Lake Huron—Preliminary Results from a Shipwreck Mapping Survey
Authors: Coleman Dwight F.
Published: June 2009

Off northeastern Lower Michigan, the bottom waters of Lake Huron in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve (TBNMS/UP) contain a vast array of historic shipwrecks representing more than a century of early Great Lakes shipping. During June 2001, in collaboration
with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the State of Michigan, the Institute for Exploration (IFE) mapped a large portion of “Shipwreck Alley”, which extends throughout the deep-water portion of the Sanctuary and continues farther north. Seventeen shipwrecks,
two of which are new discoveries, and many other interesting lakebed features were acoustically imaged and carefully surveyed using a high-frequency side-scan sonar towfish. In addition, a number of submerged sinkholes and lakebed pockmarks were discovered and mapped. These karst features
in the limestone bedrock were exposed subaerially from about 10000 to 8000 years ago, when the lake level was substantially lower following the last glacial maximum. The archaeological significance of these sinkholes, the newly discovered shipwrecks, and several other promising sonar targets
will be evaluated when IFE returns to TBNMS/UP in 2002. Using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and an advanced underwater imaging platform, we will visually survey the most important sites, collect high-definition underwater video, and ground-truth sonar targets. The work will be performed
by marine geologists in collaboration with underwater archaeologists and maritime historians. This effort is part of a long-term scientific, educational, and public outreach project in the TBNMS/UP supported by NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program and Office of Ocean Exploration.
The Investigation and Excavation of a Deepwater Shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Jones Toby N.
Published: June 2009

The Mica Wreck (so named because it lies in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico) lies in 810 MSW, approximately 50 kilometers south of the Louisiana coast. The shipwreck will be surveyed and partially excavated in July 2002 with the aid of the U.S. Navy's NR-1 nuclear
powered research submarine and several remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The primary goal of the excavation is to recover artifacts that will help determine the identity and origin of the wreck. The excavation is significant because it represents the first scientific study of a deepwater
shipwreck in the Gulf of Mexico. This paper will discuss the historical background and the innovative methods to be used during the excavation.
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: The Latest Tool for Archaeological Investigations
Authors: Church Robert A. , Warren Daniel J.
Published: June 2009

In 2001, C&C Technologies, Inc. of Lafayette, Louisiana began using the HUGIN 3000 AUV in the Gulf of Mexico for offshore oil and gas surveys. This new survey vehicle is faster, more accurate, and more maneuverable than conventional deep-tow systems and has raised the bar for deepwater
geophysical and hydrographic surveys. Although archaeology was not the primary purpose for developing the vehicle, archaeologists are and will continue to benefit from its use. Archaeological investigation with a conventional deep-tow system is seldom conducted during industry surveys because
of the cost and time involved in operating such a system. However, during the first year of operation with the HUGIN 3000, four shipwrecks were investigated as a result of the HUGIN's cost effectiveness. The use of the HUGIN 3000 directly led to the discovery of the long sought after German
submarine, U-166, which was located near its last victim, the passenger freighter SS Robert E. Lee. This AUV also helped document two additional newly discovered shipwrecks: The cargo freighter SS Alcoa Puritan and a small wooden sailing vessel known as the Mica wreck.
The Design and Performance of a Sequencing Sediment Trap for Lake Research
Authors: Muzzi Ronald W. , Eadie Brian J.
Published: June 2009

Static sediment traps have been successfully used to examine the processes of particle flux and resuspension in large lakes and coastal systems. Although the traps themselves are inexpensive, the deployment and retrieval of them is costly, which restricts both the quantity and frequency
of samples. To overcome this, a programmable sequencing sediment trap was designed and tested for use in large lakes and coastal systems. Sediment is collected into a carousel of 23 standard 60 ml (Nalgene™) polyethylene sample bottles. The sequencing design incorporates an electric
motor and paddle to rotate the carousel so that one sample bottle at a time is exposed according to a preprogrammed schedule. These traps incorporate a cylindrical design with a 20 cm collection opening and an 8:1 aspect ratio. The micro-controller monitors the operation and records operational
parameters allowing corifirmation of the exposure time of each bottle. Several field tests were conducted to verify the precision and uniformity of the sediment collection. Impmvements made over the 10 years of deployment experience and field testing have resulted in a very reliable and low-cost
instrument.