bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Yield of Soluble Mustard Protein Isolate
Authors: Lorenzo L. Karina , Diosady Levente L.
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate methods for improving the yield of acid soluble mustard protein isolate (SPI) by solubilizing isoelectrically precipitated protein isolate (PPI). The SPI is more valuable, as it can be used in unique food applications. Four treatments were tested in the acidic pH range: Alcalase hydrolysis; transglutaminase cross-linking; salting in with NaCl, Na5P3O10, and (NaPO3)6; and protective colloid formation with pectin. The effectiveness of each treatment was determined by measuring the increase in nitrogen solubility (AOCS-Ba11-65). Alcalase hydrolysis improved PPI solubility evenly in the 2.5-3.5 pH range, effectively eliminating the solubility minimum near the isoelectric point. At pH 3, the hydrolysis treatment increased solubility from ~20% to a maximum of ~70% (0.04 g of enzyme preparation / g PPI, 2 h, pH 8.5, 50-55oC). Protein hydrolysis during isolate production could increase the yield of SPI from 0.16 to 0.75 kg per kilogram of mustard protein.
Global Finite-Time Partial Stabilization for a Class of Nonholonomic Mobile Robots Subject to Input Saturation
Authors: Chen Hua , Li Baojun , Zhang Binwu , Zhang Li
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the global finite-time partial stabilization problem is discussed for a class of nonholonomic mobile wheeled robots with continuous pure state feedback and subject to input saturation. Firstly, for the mobile robot kinematic model, a “3 inputs, 2 chains, 1 generator” nonholonomic chained form systems can be obtained by using a state and input transformation. The continuous, saturated pure state feedback control law is proposed such that the special chained form systems can be stabilized to zero (except an angle variable) in a finite time, i.e., finite-time partial stabilization. Secondly, the rigorous stability analysis of the corresponding closed-loop system is presented by applying Lyapunov theorem combined with the finite-time control theory, and the angle variable can be proved to converge to a constant, moreover, its convergent limit may be accurately estimated in advance. Finally, the simulation results show the correctness and the validity of the proposed controller not only for the chained system but also for the original mobile robots system.
Design and Evaluation of a Thermal Tactile Display for Colour Rendering
Authors: Jia Zhen , Li Jianqing , Chen Congyan
Published: November 2015

This paper proposes a novel method of manipulating both thermal change rate and thermal intensity to convey colour information by using a thermal tactile display. The colour-space transformation from {red, green, blue} to {hue, saturation, intensity} is introduced, and the mapping between colour and temperature is established based on warm and cold colours. Considering the lower resolution of the tactile channel, six limited stimulation levels are generated to represent colours. Based on the semi-infinite body model, the thermal response within the skin for each stimulation form is investigated. The Peltier element of the display is designed to convey different thermal stimuli to the human finger. Two experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the display: colour identification and discrimination. Experimental results indicate that there is a response bias among the perceived colours for the traditional method of only employing thermal intensity, but there is no response bias for the proposed method; subjects’ mean recognition accuracy with the proposed method is significantly higher than that gained using the traditional method. Furthermore, colour information of the captured images can be reliably discriminated by using this devised thermal tactile display.
Injection of Human Cord Blood Cells With Hyaluronan Improves Postinfarction Cardiac Repair in Pigs
Authors: Chang Ming-Yao , Huang Tzu-Ting , Chen Chien-Hsi , Cheng Bill , Hwang Shiaw-Min , Hsieh Patrick C.H.
Published: November 2015

Recent clinical trials using autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood cells to treat myocardial infarction (MI) show controversial results, although the treatment has a good safety profile. These discrepancies are likely caused by factors such as aging, systemic inflammation, and cell processing procedures, all of which might impair the regenerative capability of the cells used. Here, we tested whether injection of human cord blood mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) combined with hyaluronan (HA) hydrogel improves cell therapy efficacy in a pig MI model. A total of 34 minipigs were divided into 5 groups: sham operation (Sham), surgically induced-MI plus injection with normal saline (MI+NS), HA only (MI+HA), CB-MNC only (MI+CB-MNC), or CB-MNC combined with HA (MI+CB-MNC/HA). Two months after the surgery, injection of MI+CB-MNC/HA showed the highest left ventricle ejection fraction (51.32% ± 0.81%) compared with MI+NS (42.87% ± 0.97%, p < .001), MI+HA (44.2% ± 0.63%, p < .001), and MI+CB-MNC (46.17% ± 0.39%, p < .001) groups. The hemodynamics data showed that MI+CB-MNC/HA improved the systolic function (+dp/dt) and diastolic function (−dp/dt) as opposed to the other experimental groups, of which the CB-MNC alone group only modestly improved the systolic function (+dp/dt). In addition, CB-MNC alone or combined with HA injection significantly decreased the scar area and promoted angiogenesis in the infarcted region. Together, these results indicate that combined CB-MNC and HA treatment improves heart performance and may be a promising treatment for ischemic heart diseases.

Significance

This study using healthy human cord blood mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) to treat myocardial infarction provides preclinical evidence that combined injection of hyaluronan and human CB-MNCs after myocardial infarction significantly increases cell retention in the peri-infarct area, improves cardiac performance, and prevents cardiac remodeling. Moreover, using healthy cells to replace dysfunctional autologous cells may constitute a better strategy to achieve heart repair and regeneration.
Cu2+-Citrate Dimer Complexes in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yahia Z. Hamada  , Robin Cox  , Hasan Hamada
Published: November 2015

The UV-Vis spectra, speciation diagrams, and potentiometric profiles for Cu2+-citrate complexesin aqueous solutions are presented. As the pH increases from 2.29 to 5.15, the UV-Vis spectral profile of the Cu2+-citrate complexes showed a blue shift from 820 nm to 760 nm. We have set the conditions to construct the speciation diagram as follow: Cu2+:citric acid was in 1:1 ratio with concentration of 1.0 x 10-4 mol.L-1, 0.1023 mol.L-1 NaOH solution, and pKw = 13.781 ± 0.006 taken from Sweeton, Mesmer, and Baes. The current report is the first potentiometric study that has taken into accounts two Cu-Cit dimeric species to be refined simultaneously. These spectroscopic and potentiometric data are discussed which augment what had been reported in the literature.
Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Attitudes of Students Towards Entrepreneurship
Authors: Muhammad Kashif Yaqub  , Nadeem Ahmad Mufti  , Shaukat Ali  , Muhammad Uzair Khaleeq
Published: November 2015

Entrepreneurship has become an international interest of students. The economic and social relevance of entrepreneurship is established across the world and many offerings are available by the universities. This has resulted into an increased focus of university teachers on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship education on attitude of students to become an entrepreneur. Relationship between the education and student in development of entrepreneurial attitude is proposed.Review of the literature also shows the importance of entrepreneurship education in development of entrepreneurial attitude. This study was carried out in universities of Pakistan and data was collected from 10 different universities in which entrepreneurship is available as a course or discipline. Sample of 329 students was collected and statistical tests were used to evaluate the relationship. It is found that a strong relationship and positive correlation exist between attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.
Différences de genres musicaux ou différences de pratiques ? Une voie pour renouveler les pratiques pédagogiques en musique
Authors: Schepens Eddy
Published: November 2015

Le Cefedem Rhône-Alpes est un centre de formation supérieure des professeurs de musique. Depuis 2000, il accueille de jeunes musiciens pratiquant des genres musicaux différents au sein d’un cursus commun, en dépassant la répartition en guichets spécifiques qui le plus souvent, en France, les séparent. À l’objectif d’accueillir tous les publics au-delà des singularités de parcours et de profils sociologiques s’ajoute un enjeu artistique : la reconnaissance de la diversité ne peut se contenter d’une juxtaposition bienveillante de ces genres, elle doit permettre à chaque musicien de prendre connaissance de la musique de l’autre par les pratiques. Basée sur une pédagogie par projets et par contrats, cette formation inédite permet de substituer à la notion courante de genres musicaux celle de pratiques de musiciens, permettant pour chaque moment musical et chaque situation de formation pédagogique l’analyse des procédures utilisées, l’analyse des modes de coopération des musiciens entre eux, ainsi que l’invention de dispositifs créant des contextes musicaux et pédagogiques dédiés à de telles approches. L’objectif de cette formation est de former des futurs professeurs ayant acquis des compétences pour travailler en équipes pluridisciplinaires, capables de créer des contextes de pratiques musicales plus divers et de s’adresser à des publics plus variés.
Répertoires vocaux enseignés de la maternelle à la fin du collège, en « éducation musicale » en France
Authors: Tripier-Mondancin Odile , Maizières Frédéric
Published: November 2015

Dès les débuts de l’enseignement de la musique, dénommé « éducation musicale » dans l’école généraliste française, le chant apparaît comme l’une des deux activités principales. Même si aucun répertoire n’a jamais été véritablement imposé, des orientations institutionnelles successives ont pu mettre l’accent sur des idéologies politiques, morales, ou encore, sur la chanson en tant qu’outil au service de la langue (Alten 1995). Mais aujourd’hui, alors que l’on parle de culture commune au sein de l’école, qu’en est-il des répertoires enseignés en France ? Quel est l’impact des pratiques musicales sociales de référence et de la culture des enseignants sur le répertoire qu’ils choisissent ? Deux enquêtes nationales inter-académiques à visée descriptive/compréhensive adressées simultanément aux enseignants du premier degré (école primaire ; n=935) et du second degré (collège ; n=104) permettent de mettre en évidence, certaines caractéristiques du répertoire chanté dans les classes de la maternelle à la fin du collège. On relève notamment l’utilisation assez constante de la chanson française des années 1945-1968, soit celle des auteurs-compositeurs-interprètes de la rive gauche parisienne. Les résultats montrent également des liens entre l’école primaire et le collège : la récurrence de certains auteurs tend à montrer une certaine continuité de l’école primaire au collège. Des différences assez nettes, apparaissent notamment au niveau de certaines catégories musicales (chanson enfantine à l’école primaire, répertoire jazz et savant au collège). Les critères de choix (le texte à l’école primaire, la question de la faisabilité vocale dans les deux cas et les notions musicales au collège) témoignent à la fois d’enjeux différents d’un cycle à l’autre, mais aussi de la spécificité des enseignants qui ont en charge cet enseignement (enseignant généraliste à l’école primaire et enseignant spécialisé au collège).
La construction de l’identité professionnelle à l’épreuve de la formation : le cas des étudiants belges se formant à enseigner l’éducation musicale
Authors: Deltand Muriel
Published: November 2015

Envisageant les stages d’enseignement comme un moment charnière dans la construction de l’identité professionnelle, notre recherche a pour objectif d’interroger le vécu d’étudiants en situation d’enseignement musical n’ayant pas d’expériences artistiques avant l’entrée en formation. Comment ces étudiants, se destinant à devenir des instituteurs du primaire vivent-ils cette expérience, se positionnent-ils envers la didactique de l’éducation musicale et structurent-ils leur rapport à cette discipline au regard de leur projet identitaire ? Trois étudiantes issues d’une étude réalisée de 2009 à 2012 et composée de quinze sujets témoignent de leur projet, de l’expérience didactique et de l’accompagnement reçu des maîtres de stage en Belgique. Par ces trajectoires, l’étude fait apparaître quatre thématiques importantes pour le domaine de la formation. Il s’agit du projet identitaire comme fil conducteur du rapport à l’expérience, du rôle des accompagnants, de la reconnaissance de l’autrui significatif et enfin de la relativisation du manque d’antécédents d’expérience en éducation musicale avant l’entrée en formation. Ces résultats permettent d’alimenter la réflexion relative aux liens entre l’expérience en situation, l’éducation musicale et l’identité professionnelle en formation.
A consideration of the Perspectives of Healing Practitioners on Research into Energy Healing
Authors: Warber Sara L. , Bruyere Rosalyn L. , Weintrub Ken , Dieppe Paul
Published: November 2015

Energy healing is a complex intervention with the purpose of enhancing wholeness within the client. Approaches to complex interventions require thoughtful utilization of a wide range of research methods. In order to advance the research in this field, we sought to understand the healing practitioners’ point of view by reviewing qualitative literature, research reviews, and commentary written by and about practitioners. Further, we conducted a brief survey among healers, asking their opinions on types and topics of research in this field. Emerging from this inquiry is an overview of the healers’ state required for successful healing, the importance of the clients’ contribution, the heterogeneity of the process of healing, and the importance of choosing appropriate outcomes to reflect the goal of wholeness. Beyond attending to measurement of these nuanced aspects, we propose utilization of research designs appropriate for complex interventions, more use of qualitative research techniques, consideration of large data registries, and adoption of the perspectives of realist research. An important gap identified was the overall lack of understanding of the clients’ experience and contribution to the healing encounter.
Cross-talk between PRMT1-mediated methylation and ubiquitylation on RBM15 controls RNA splicing
Authors: Zhang Li , Tran Ngoc-Tung , Su Hairui , Wang Rui , Lu Yuheng , Tang Haiping , Aoyagi Sayura , Guo Ailan , Khodadadi-Jamayran Alireza , Zhou Dewang , Qian Kun , Hricik Todd , Côté Jocelyn , Han Xiaosi , Zhou Wenping , Laha Suparna , Abdel-Wahab Omar , Levine Ross L , Raffel Glen , Liu Yanyan , Chen Dongquan , Li Haitao , Townes Tim , Wang Hengbin , Deng Haiteng , Zheng Y George , Leslie Christina , Luo Minkui , Zhao Xinyang
Published: November 2015

RBM15, an RNA binding protein, determines cell-fate specification of many tissues including blood. We demonstrate that RBM15 is methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) at residue R578, leading to its degradation via ubiquitylation by an E3 ligase (CNOT4). Overexpression of PRMT1 in acute megakaryocytic leukemia cell lines blocks megakaryocyte terminal differentiation by downregulation of RBM15 protein level. Restoring RBM15 protein level rescues megakaryocyte terminal differentiation blocked by PRMT1 overexpression. At the molecular level, RBM15 binds to pre-messenger RNA intronic regions of genes important for megakaryopoiesis such as GATA1, RUNX1, TAL1 and c-MPL. Furthermore, preferential binding of RBM15 to specific intronic regions recruits the splicing factor SF3B1 to the same sites for alternative splicing. Therefore, PRMT1 regulates alternative RNA splicing via reducing RBM15 protein concentration. Targeting PRMT1 may be a curative therapy to restore megakaryocyte differentiation for acute megakaryocytic leukemia.
Pervasive transcription read-through promotes aberrant expression of oncogenes and RNA chimeras in renal carcinoma
Authors: Grosso Ana R , Leite Ana P , Carvalho Sílvia , Matos Mafalda R , Martins Filipa B , Vítor Alexandra C , Desterro Joana MP , Carmo-Fonseca Maria , de Almeida Sérgio F
Published: November 2015

Aberrant expression of cancer genes and non-canonical RNA species is a hallmark of cancer. However, the mechanisms driving such atypical gene expression programs are incompletely understood. Here, our transcriptional profiling of a cohort of 50 primary clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) reveals that transcription read-through beyond the termination site is a source of transcriptome diversity in cancer cells. Amongst the genes most frequently mutated in ccRCC, we identified SETD2 inactivation as a potent enhancer of transcription read-through. We further show that invasion of neighbouring genes and generation of RNA chimeras are functional outcomes of transcription read-through. We identified the BCL2 oncogene as one of such invaded genes and detected a novel chimera, the CTSC-RAB38, in 20% of ccRCC samples. Collectively, our data highlight a novel link between transcription read-through and aberrant expression of oncogenes and chimeric transcripts that is prevalent in cancer.
Schematic memory components converge within angular gyrus during retrieval
Authors: Wagner Isabella C , van Buuren Mariët , Kroes Marijn CW , Gutteling Tjerk P , van der Linden Marieke , Morris Richard G , Fernández Guillén
Published: November 2015

Mental schemas form associative knowledge structures that can promote the encoding and consolidation of new and related information. Schemas are facilitated by a distributed system that stores components separately, presumably in the form of inter-connected neocortical representations. During retrieval, these components need to be recombined into one representation, but where exactly such recombination takes place is unclear. Thus, we asked where different schema components are neuronally represented and converge during retrieval. Subjects acquired and retrieved two well-controlled, rule-based schema structures during fMRI on consecutive days. Schema retrieval was associated with midline, medial-temporal, and parietal processing. We identified the multi-voxel representations of different schema components, which converged within the angular gyrus during retrieval. Critically, convergence only happened after 24-hour-consolidation and during a transfer test where schema material was applied to novel but related trials. Therefore, the angular gyrus appears to recombine consolidated schema components into one memory representation.
Identification of a Munc13-sensitive step in chromaffin cell large dense-core vesicle exocytosis
Authors: Man Kwun Nok M , Imig Cordelia , Walter Alexander M , Pinheiro Paulo S , Stevens David R , Rettig Jens , Sørensen Jakob B , Cooper Benjamin H , Brose Nils , Wojcik Sonja M
Published: November 2015

It is currently unknown whether the molecular steps of large dense-core vesicle (LDCV) docking and priming are identical to the corresponding reactions in synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis. Munc13s are essential for SV docking and priming, and we systematically analyzed their role in LDCV exocytosis using chromaffin cells lacking individual isoforms. We show that particularly Munc13-2 plays a fundamental role in LDCV exocytosis, but in contrast to synapses lacking Munc13s, the corresponding chromaffin cells do not exhibit a vesicle docking defect. We further demonstrate that ubMunc13-2 and Munc13-1 confer Ca2+-dependent LDCV priming with similar affinities, but distinct kinetics. Using a mathematical model, we identify an early LDCV priming step that is strongly dependent upon Munc13s. Our data demonstrate that the molecular steps of SV and LDCV priming are very similar while SV and LDCV docking mechanisms are distinct.
Tachykinin acts upstream of autocrine Hedgehog signaling during nociceptive sensitization in Drosophila
Authors: Im Seol Hee , Takle Kendra , Jo Juyeon , Babcock Daniel T , Ma Zhiguo , Xiang Yang , Galko Michael J
Published: November 2015

Pain signaling in vertebrates is modulated by neuropeptides like Substance P (SP). To determine whether such modulation is conserved and potentially uncover novel interactions between nociceptive signaling pathways we examined SP/Tachykinin signaling in a Drosophila model of tissue damage-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity. Tissue-specific knockdowns and genetic mutant analyses revealed that both Tachykinin and Tachykinin-like receptor (DTKR99D) are required for damage-induced thermal nociceptive sensitization. Electrophysiological recording showed that DTKR99D is required in nociceptive sensory neurons for temperature-dependent increases in firing frequency upon tissue damage. DTKR overexpression caused both behavioral and electrophysiological thermal nociceptive hypersensitivity. Hedgehog, another key regulator of nociceptive sensitization, was produced by nociceptive sensory neurons following tissue damage. Surprisingly, genetic epistasis analysis revealed that DTKR function was upstream of Hedgehog-dependent sensitization in nociceptive sensory neurons. Our results highlight a conserved role for Tachykinin signaling in regulating nociception and the power of Drosophila for genetic dissection of nociception.
The apparent permeabilities of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs: magnitude, and independence from both biophysical properties and endogenite similarities
Authors: O’Hagan Steve , Kell Douglas B.
Published: November 2015

We bring together fifteen, nonredundant, tabulated collections (amounting to 696 separate measurements) of the apparent permeability (Papp) of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs. While in some cases there are some significant interlaboratory disparities, most are quite minor. Most drugs are not especially permeable through Caco-2 cells, with the medianPappvalue being some 16 ⋅ 10−6cm s−1. This value is considerably lower than those (1,310 and 230 ⋅ 10−6cm s−1) recently used in some simulations that purported to show thatPappvalues were too great to be transporter-mediated only. While these values are outliers, all values, and especially the comparatively low values normally observed, are entirely consistent with transporter-only mediated uptake, with no need to invoke phospholipid bilayer diffusion. The apparent permeability of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs is poorly correlated with either simple biophysical properties, the extent of molecular similarity to endogenous metabolites (endogenites), or any specific substructural properties. In particular, the octanol:water partition coefficient, logP, shows negligible correlation with Caco-2 permeability. The data are best explained on the basis that most drugs enter (and exit) Caco-2 cells via a multiplicity of transporters of comparatively weak specificity.
Efeito da época de aplicação de herbicidas sulfonilureias no controle de azevém anual na cultura do trigo
Authors: Santos Jony Cley dos , Mendes Marcelo Cruz , Rosário Jerônimo Gadens do , Camargo Junior Osnil Alves , Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes
Published: November 2015

A adoção de práticas de manejo de plantas daninhas constitui em uma das principais ferramentas que podem contribuir para o aumento da produtividade de grãos nas lavouras de trigo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos herbicidas do grupo químico das sulfonilureias, isolados e em associação, em diferentes épocas da aplicação sobre a produtividade de cultivares comerciais de trigo, e no controle do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.). O delineamento foi o de blocos casualisados, com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2, compostos pela aplicação de metsulfuron-methyl e iodosulfuron- methyl, isolados e em associação e testemunha, utilizando duas cultivares comerciais de trigo (Quartzo e BRS Tangará) em duas épocas de aplicação 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação. Foram avaliados a fitointoxicação das cultivares, o nível de controle do azevém anual e o rendimento das características agronômicas da cultura do trigo. Para o controle do azevém anual constatou-se que há diferença quando utilizado os herbicidas sulfoniluréias, sendo o iodosulfuron-methyl em uso isolado e em associação com o metsulfuron-methyl eficiente no controle. A aplicação de iodosulfuron-methyl (5,0 g i.a. ha-1) e metsulfuron-methyl (2,4 g i.a. ha-1) + iodosulfuron-methyl (5,0 g i.a. ha-1) aos 30 dias após a semeadura resultou na maior produtividade de grãos de trigo.
Época de aplicação de dessecantes em pré-emergência na soja convencional
Authors: Placido Henrique Fabricio , Albrecht Leandro Paiola , Krenchinski Fabio Henrique , Albrecht Alfredo Junior Paiola , Korber Angelo Henrique Canan , Tessele Augusto , Lorenzetti Juliano Bortoluzzi
Published: November 2015

O manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja destaca-se como importante ferramenta para assegurar seu alto potencial produtivo. O advento do plantio direto aumentou a importância do manejo realizado na entressafra e pré-semeadura da soja visando evitar a interferência das plantas daninhas no período inicial do cultivo. A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o controle de plantas daninhas e o desempenho agronômico da soja convencional com o uso de diferentes herbicidas dessecantes. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no esquema fatorial 4x3, sendo o primeiro fator constituído dos herbicidas aplicados glyphosate - sal isopropilamida; glyphosate – sal de potássio; glyphosate – sal isopropilamida + 2,4-D; e paraquat + diuron e o segundo fator das épocas de aplicação (13 e 7 dias antes da semeadura - DAS; e 1 dia depois da semeadura - DDS). Avaliou-se o porcentual de controle de plantas daninhas, estande, emergência de plântulas, altura de plantas, número de vagens, massa de cem sementes e produtividade. A dessecação de manejo somente com glyphosate próximo a semeadura ocasionou decréscimo no percentual de controle de plantas daninhas, já uso de glyphosate + 2,4-D ocasionaram diminuição no crescimento inicial do cultivo devido à proximidade com a semeadura, aplicação de paraquat+diuron próximo a época se semeadura causou menor inserção de primeira vagem na cultura. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para componentes de produção da soja, nestas condições experimentais.
Subdoses do ácido 2-cloroetilfosfônico em estádios vegetativos da cultura do milho
Authors: Felisberto Patrícia Aparecida de Carvalho , Felisberto Guilherme , Ramos Andréia Rodrigues , Timossi Paulo César
Published: November 2015

O uso de maturadores tem sido prática comum na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. A aplicação destes produtos ocorre muitas vezes por meio de pulverização aérea, o que aumenta as chances de ocorrer deriva das moléculas do maturador em outras culturas, como o milho. Visando estudar possíveis fitointoxicações no milho ocasionadas por deriva de ethephon, foi realizado um experimento em campo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de subdoses do maturador quando aplicado nos estádios de desenvolvimento V4 e V8 da cultura do milho. O experimento foi instalado no delineamento com blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com primeiro fator correspondente aos estádios de desenvolvimento do milho em que foi aplicado o maturador (V4 e V8) e o segundo fator foi referente às subdoses de ethephon (0; 14,26; 28,51; 42,77 e 57,02 g ha-1 i.a.). Efeitos de fitotoxicidade visual não foram perceptíveis quando se aplicou as subdoses nos estádios V4 e V8 de desenvolvimento da cultura do milho. Da mesma forma, as características agronômicas e a produtividade de grãos não foram alterados por subdoses de até 57,02 g ha-1 i.a. de ethephon.
Identificação e controle de biótipos resistentes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde ao glyphosate
Authors: Licorini Leandro Rissieri , Gandolfo Marco Antonio , Sorace Maria Aparecida , Osipe Robinson , Cossa Conceição Aparecida , Osipe Jethro Barros
Published: November 2015

Em áreas de plantio direto, algumas espécies invasoras têm apresentado potencial para desenvolver resistência ao herbicida glyphosate. Herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase podem constituir uma alternativa de controle de biótipos de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde resistentes ao glyphosate. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar a ocorrência de resistência em biótipos de D. insularis (L.) Fedde ao glyphosate em áreas de plantio direto de municípios do Estado do Paraná e encontrar as doses de clethodim adequadas para seu controle. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação no município de Bandeirantes-PR, sendo o primeiro com o herbicida glyphosate e o segundo, com o herbicida clethodim. Sementes de plantas de D. insularis (L.) Fedde foram coletadas em cinco locais diferentes e curvas de dose-resposta foram obtidas para a verificação da resistência. As doses testadas foram equivalentes a 0; 0,5; 1; 2; 3 e 4 vezes as doses recomendadas dos herbicidas. No momento da aplicação, as plantas apresentavam de 15 a 20 cm de altura. Os resultados mostraram que os biótipos de D. insularis (L.) Fedde oriundos das cidades do Paraná são resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate. Além disso, verificou-se tolerância diferenciada de tais biótipos ao herbicida clethodim.
Nitrogen cycling in the secondary nitrite maximum of the eastern tropical North Pacific off Costa Rica
Authors: Buchwald Carolyn , Santoro Alyson E. , Stanley Rachel H. R. , Casciotti Karen L.
Published: November 2015

Nitrite is a central intermediate in the marine nitrogen cycle and represents a critical juncture where nitrogen can be reduced to the less bioavailable N2 gas or oxidized to nitrate and retained in a more bioavailable form. We present an analysis of rates of microbial nitrogen transformations in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) within the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean (ETNP). We determined rates using a novel one‐dimensional model using the distribution of nitrite and nitrate concentrations, along with their natural abundance nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotope profiles. We predict rate profiles for nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, and nitrite oxidation throughout the ODZ, as well as the contributions of anammox to nitrite reduction and nitrite oxidation. Nitrate reduction occurs at a maximum rate of 25 nM d−1 at the top of the ODZ, at the same depth as the maximum rate of nitrite reduction, 15 nM d−1. Nitrite oxidation occurs at maximum rates of 10 nM d−1 above the secondary nitrite maximum, but also in the secondary nitrite maximum, within the ODZ. Anammox contributes to nitrite oxidation within the ODZ but cannot account for all of it. Nitrite oxidation within the ODZ that is not through anammox is also supported by microbial gene abundance profiles. Our results suggest the presence of nitrite oxidation within the ETNP ODZ, with implications for the distribution and physiology of marine nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, and for total nitrogen loss in the largest marine ODZ.
Ion upflow dependence on ionospheric density and solar photoionization
Authors: Cohen I. J. , Lessard M. R. , Varney R. H. , Oksavik K. , Zettergren M. , Lynch K. A.
Published: November 2015

Motivated by rocket observations showing a variety of different ionospheric responses to precipitation, this paper explores the influence of the background ionospheric density on upflow resulting from auroral precipitation. Simulations of upflow driven by auroral precipitation were conducted using a version of the Varney et al. (2014) model driven by precipitation characterized by observations made during the 2012 Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén resonator rocket mission and using a variety of different initial electron density profiles. The simulation results show that increased initial density before the onset of precipitation leads to smaller electron temperature increases, longer ionospheric heating timescales, weaker ambipolar electric fields, lower upflow speeds, and longer upflow timescales but larger upflow fluxes. The upflow flux can increase even when the ambipolar electric field strength decreases due to the larger number of ions that are accelerated. Long‐term observations from the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard radar taken during the International Polar Year support the effects seen in the simulations. This correlation between ionospheric density and ion upflows emphasizes the important role of photoionization from solar ultraviolet radiation, which the EISCAT observations show can increase ionospheric density by as much as an order of magnitude during the summer months.
Insights from heterogeneous structures of the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi‐Chi earthquake thrust termination in and near Chushan excavation site, Central Taiwan
Authors: Huang Wen‐Jeng , Chen Wen‐Shan , Lee Yuan‐Hsi , Yang Chih‐Cheng , Lin Ming‐Lang , Chiang Cheng‐Shing , Lee Jian‐Cheng , Lu Shih‐Ting
Published: November 2015

Abstract

We describe and analyze the surface and subsurface deformation of the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake thrust termination of the Chelungpu fault in and near the Chushan excavation site, central Taiwan. In order to minimize damage to engineering structures within a deformation zone and formulate regulations for earthquake fault zones and fault setbacks, one needs to know the characteristics of the deformation zone and the connection between surface and subsurface deformation. The surface deformation zone of high strain induced by the earthquake faulting ranges from 15 to 70 m in width, and characterized by a 0.5 to 2 m high escarpment is much wider in the hanging wall. Exposures in the trench, 40 m long and 10 m deep, excavated across the earthquake ground rupture, show on the one hand the heterogeneous structure of a steep, monocline‐like fold. On the other hand, strikingly different surface deformation profiles on either side of the 14 m wide trench, i.e., semiparabola‐like and monoclinal, do not reflect in any obvious way the subsurface structure. The analysis of our detailed mapping results along with well logs suggests that the significant width variation of the surface deformation zone is attributed to secondary faults branching from the dominant fault at several tens of meters depth. The surface profile of the escarpment is controlled by the depth of the relevant fault tip, and the subsurface heterogeneous structure formed during at least four earthquakes.
Joint modeling of lithosphere and mantle dynamics: Evaluation of constraints from global tomography models
Authors: Wang Xinguo , Holt William E. , Ghosh Attreyee
Published: November 2015

With the advances in technology, seismological theory, and data acquisition, a number of high‐resolution seismic tomography models have been published. However, discrepancies between tomography models often arise from different theoretical treatments of seismic wave propagation, different inversion strategies, and different data sets. Using a fixed velocity‐to‐density scaling and a fixed radial viscosity profile, we compute global mantle flow models associated with the different tomography models and test the impact of these for explaining surface geophysical observations (geoid, dynamic topography, stress, and strain rates). We use the joint modeling of lithosphere and mantle dynamics approach of Ghosh and Holt (2012) to compute the full lithosphere stresses, except that we use HC for the mantle circulation model, which accounts for the primary flow‐coupling features associated with density‐driven mantle flow. Our results show that the seismic tomography models of S40RTS and SAW642AN provide a better match with surface observables on a global scale than other models tested. Both of these tomography models have important similarities, including upwellings located in Pacific, Eastern Africa, Iceland, and mid‐ocean ridges in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean and downwelling flows mainly located beneath the Andes, the Middle East, and central and Southeast Asia.
Distinguishing between Traumatic and Non‐Traumatic Memory: A Commentary on Reminiscing and Child Maltreatment
Authors: Valentino Kristin , McDonnell Christina G.
Published: November 2015

Salmon and Reese review literature on parent–child conversations about children's negative experiences and consider how impoverished parent–child reminiscing about child sexual abuse may affect children's memory for that trauma. To extend the application of developmental psychopathology theory to the study of reminiscing and memory, the present commentary had three overarching goals. First, evidence supporting relatively accurate retention of memories for trauma in contrast to impairments in non‐traumatic autobiographical memory among maltreated children is reviewed. Second, the influence of mother–child reminiscing about everyday emotional experiences on maltreated children's autobiographical memory and socio‐emotional functioning is considered. Third, translational implications are discussed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conversations and Memory Processes: A Commentary
Authors: Bauer Patricia J.
Published: November 2015

This commentary on Salmon and Reese lauds the efforts of the authors to explain the significance of parent–child conversations about negative events and experiences for children's subsequent memory for them. Salmon and Reese place their review in the context of theories of social–cultural development and attachment relationships, perspectives essential to understanding the development of skilled remembering. This commentary elaborates on Salmon and Reese's analysis by focusing on the basic processes involved in memory formation and later retrieval, with special emphasis on those that contribute to forgetting. The analysis further elucidates the myriad ways that parent–child conversations influence children's memory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Limitations of Our Knowledge About Social Influences on Memories of Sexual Abuse over the Long Term
Authors: Koppel Jonathan , Berntsen Dorthe
Published: November 2015

Fagin, Cyr, and Hirst provide an informed and insightful application of the social memory literature to the important question of how memories of sexual abuse may be re‐shaped, both over the short term and long term, by communication with others, as well as with oneself. In the following commentary, we outline several respects in which we believe that the application of this literature to memories of sexual abuse, particularly over the long term, is still open to debate. In particular, we focus on induced forgetting and social contagion for such memories, as well as the application of the social memory literature to intrusive involuntary memories of trauma. Where applicable, we offer suggestions for future research that may contribute towards addressing the limitations of the existing literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telling and Remembering: Complexities in Long‐term Effects of Listeners on Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Pasupathi Monisha , Oldroyd Kristina
Published: November 2015

The fact that people talk about most of their emotional experiences with others is well established, as are the influences of listeners on the nature of such talk. Established effects of variability in that talk—such as those due to the listener's attentiveness—could also influence later memory, but the evidence directly testing such influences is relatively sparse. We report the results of a study in which participants (n = 64, 30 men) initially narrated a positive or negative experience to a same‐sex friend. The friend was randomly assigned to be either a responsive or a distracted listener, which resulted in changes to the conversational narration that are reported elsewhere. In a second session, approximately 1 month later, participants were asked to recall the same experience. In this study, we examined whether event valence and listener condition influenced the retention of information from the session 1 narrative at the follow‐up session, as well as the consistency of the session 2 narratives with the session 1 narrative. Prior findings linking more attentive listening to higher retention and consistency were partially replicated in the present study but were moderated by gender (retention) and event valence (consistency). Broader implications of these findings are discussed.
A Review of Different Creep Mechanisms in Mg Alloys Based on Stress Exponent and Activation Energy
Authors: Athul Karuna Ratnakaran , Pillai Uma Thanu Subramonia , Srinivasan Amirthalingam , Pai Bellambettu Chandrasekhara
Published: November 2015

Magnesium being the lightest structural material, is being increasingly used in automotive industry but at elevated temperatures, alloys like AZ91D, AM60B, AM50A etc. exhibit poor creep resistance which hinders the powertrain applications. This article summarizes the various creep deformation mechanisms prevailing in magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures by the influence of elemental additions. The main creep mechanisms are found to be dislocation climb, diffusion creep, and grain boundary sliding. The variation of creep mechanisms for different Mg alloys with respect to the activation energy (Q), stress exponent (n) for different stresses and temperatures are reported.
Covalently Bonded Graphene–Carbon Nanotube Hybrid for High‐Performance Thermal Interfaces
Authors: Chen Jie , Walther Jens H. , Koumoutsakos Petros
Published: November 2015

The remarkable thermal properties of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been the subject of intensive investigations for the thermal management of integrated circuits. However, the small contact area of CNTs and the large anisotropic heat conduction of graphene have hindered their applications as effective thermal interface materials (TIMs). Here, a covalently bonded graphene–CNT (G‐CNT) hybrid is presented that multiplies the axial heat transfer capability of individual CNTs through their parallel arrangement, while at the same time it provides a large contact area for efficient heat extraction. Through computer simulations, it is demonstrated that the G‐CNT outperforms few‐layer graphene by more than 2 orders of magnitude for the c‐axis heat transfer, while its thermal resistance is 3 orders of magnitude lower than the state‐of‐the‐art TIMs. We show that heat can be removed from the G‐CNT by immersing it in a liquid. The heat transfer characteristics of G‐CNT suggest that it has the potential to revolutionize the design of high‐performance TIMs.
Metasurface Device with Helicity‐Dependent Functionality
Authors: Wen Dandan , Chen Shumei , Yue Fuyong , Chan Kinlong , Chen Ming , Ardron Marcus , Li King Fai , Wong Polis Wing Han , Cheah Kok Wai , Pun Edwin Yue Bun , Li Guixin , Zhang Shuang , Chen Xianzhong
Published: November 2015

Driven by miniaturization and system integration, ultrathin, multifunction optical elements are urgently needed. Traditional polarization‐selective optical elements are mainly based on birefringence, which is realized by using the well‐designed structure of each phase pixel. However, further reduction of the pixel size and improvement of the phase levels are hindered by the complicated fabrication process. An approach is proposed to realize a metasurface device that possesses two distinct functionalities. The designed metasurface device, consisting of gold nanorods with spatially varying orientation, has been experimentally demonstrated to function as either a lens or a hologram, depending on the helicity of the incident light. As the phase of the scattered light is controlled by the orientation of the nanorods, arbitrary phase levels and dispersionless phase profile can be realized through a much simpler fabrication process than the conventional device. This approach provides an unconventional alternative to realize multifunction optical element, dramatically increasing the functionality density of the optical systems.
Phosphino‐amine (PN) Ligands for Rapid Catalyst Discovery in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Borrowing Alkylation of Anilines: A Proof of Principle
Authors: Broomfield Lewis Marc , Wu Yichen , Martin Eddy , Shafir Alexandr
Published: November 2015

A general synthetic protocol for the synthesis of simple phosphino‐amine (PN) ligands is described with 19 ligands being isolated in good yields. High‐throughput ligand screening uncovered the success of two of these ligands for aromatic amine alkylations via ruthenium‐catalyzed hydrogen borrowing reactions. The combination of N,N′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐N,N′‐dimethylpropylenediamine with a ruthenium(II) source and potassium hydroxide (15 mol%) is the optimal system for selective monobenzylations of aromatic amines (method A). Over 70% isolated yields have been achieved for the formation of 14 secondary aromatic amines under mild reaction conditions (120 °C and 1.05 equivalents of benzyl alcohol). On the other hand, N,N‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐isopropylamine was the ligand utilized for both selective monomethylation and monoethylation reactions of aromatic amines (method B). Here the alcohol is charged as both the reaction medium and substrate and 9 examples are disclosed with all isolated yields exceeding 70%. These methods have been applied to the synthesis of important synthetic building blocks based on aminoferrocene.

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Aminocatalyzed Cascade Synthesis of Enantioenriched 1,7‐Annulated Indoles from Indole‐7‐Carbaldehyde Derivatives and α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Giardinetti Maxime , Moreau Xavier , Coeffard Vincent , Greck Christine
Published: November 2015

We report herein a new cascade strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of 1,7‐annulated indoles based on iminium‐enamine activation. A careful study of the indole substitution pattern revealed that a chloro substituent at the C‐3 position was important to the implementation of the reaction. Employing a diphenylprolinol silyl ether catalyst, a range of 3‐chloro‐1H‐indole‐7‐carbaldehyde derivatives reacted with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to afford the corresponding 1,7‐annulated indoles in good yields (62–99%) and enantioselectivities (62–92%). Besides the fluorescence properties of the 1,7‐ring fused indoles prepared following our methodology, these compounds contain a useful set of functional groups which undergo various synthetic transformations.

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A Review of Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Cheng Xin‐Bing , Zhang Rui , Zhao Chen‐Zi , Wei Fei , Zhang Ji‐Guang , Zhang Qiang
Published: November 2015

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are among the most promising candidates of high‐energy‐density devices for advanced energy storage. However, the growth of dendrites greatly hinders the practical applications of LMBs in portable electronics and electric vehicles. Constructing stable and efficient solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is among the most effective strategies to inhibit the dendrite growth and thus to achieve a superior cycling performance. In this review, the mechanisms of SEI formation and models of SEI structure are briefly summarized. The analysis methods to probe the surface chemistry, surface morphology, electrochemical property, dynamic characteristics of SEI layer are emphasized. The critical factors affecting the SEI formation, such as electrolyte component, temperature, current density, are comprehensively debated. The efficient methods to modify SEI layer with the introduction of new electrolyte system and additives, ex‐situ‐formed protective layer, as well as electrode design, are summarized. Although these works afford new insights into SEI research, robust and precise routes for SEI modification with well‐designed structure, as well as understanding of the connection between structure and electrochemical performance, is still inadequate. A multidisciplinary approach is highly required to enable the formation of robust SEI for highly efficient energy storage systems.