bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH ON SHIP MANUFACTURABILITY AND EVALUATION METHOD
Authors: LI JIN , YI HONG
Published: July 2011

Ship manufacturability is one of the most important works for modern shipbuilding industry. The basic concept of ship manufacturability and its evaluation system are discussed first. Then the characteristics of ship manufacturability are analyzed. One kind of ship manufacturability evaluation (SME) strategy is put forward. Two evaluation methods of ship manufacturability (knowledge-based manufacturability evaluation and simulation-based manufacturability evaluation) are proposed too. With the proposed methods, the ship manufacturability can be evaluated reasonably.
DESIGN ACTIVITY MODELING IN DISTRIBUTED KNOWLEDGE RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT
Authors: DAI XUDONG , MA XUEFEN , XIE YOUBAI
Published: July 2011

For the definition of knowledge flow, knowledge-flow control and knowledge-acquisition in integrated product design within distributed knowledge resources environment, this paper studies the structural modeling of design activity for integrated product design. The common features of integrated design in distributed resources environment are summarized as follows: centering on specific design requirements, organizing related design resources to perform design activities, outputting design results, carrying on value analysis of design results, and then making design decisions on the basis of value analysis. Based on the common features, a structural model of integrated design activities in distributed resources environment is built, which presents the structural expression of knowledge flow by defining the design requirements, the design resource input, the result output, the design activities, the relationship between the design activities, and the values of the design activities. Design activities at different levels are defined according to the design process models at different levels. A design activity that has been defined can be packaged into design components. The essence of integrated design lies in knowledge integration, which is to be realized by defining the input and output relationship between the design components and the knowledge components.
A COST ESTIMATION METHOD BASED ON THE SECONDARY DEVELOPMENT OF SOLIDWORKS
Authors: ZHANG XIN , ZHANG JIANWU
Published: July 2011

Due to the highly competitive nature of businesses today, cost estimation forms an important strategic process in making decisions about design and development of new products. It is advantageous to be able to estimate the product costs early in the product development cycle. In this paper, products' cost structure based on the feature is proposed by analyzing product cost, and the calculation methods of manufacturing cost is introduced. By means of parametric designing capability, functional frame of cost estimation system is built on the basis of the secondary development technique of SolidWorks. Taking certain type of hydraulic support as an example, the software prototype of cost estimation is developed. The result of cost estimation accords with actual product cost prove the feasibility of cost estimation method based on the secondary development of SolidWorks.
THE MODEL-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT METHOD BASED ON THE IMPROVED FEATURE ANALYSIS
Authors: WU LEI , WEI ZHEN
Published: July 2011

Aiming at the shortcomings of the modeling analysis of traditional Feature-Oriented Analysis Approach under service oriented architecture SOA, and providing more reusability and flexibility to the development of SOA system, this paper makes an improvement on Feature-Oriented Analysis Approach. It introduces the concept of service feature and improves the refinement and interaction description of feature models. On the basis of this, it proposes a method of domain analysis in SOA. In addition, in view of the fact that web services act as a technology available to implement SOA, it presents a method to transform feature model into interface model and composite model of web services. Finally, this method's application in ERP system project in publishing is verified as an example to show that it is feasible to improve software development efficiency.
DROP IMPACT ANALYSIS ON THE PACKAGING SYSTEM USING HONEYCOMB PAPERBOARD
Authors: LV YUAN-JUN , CHEN QIONG
Published: July 2011

A packaging system using the material of honeycomb paperboard, when it is subjected to drop impact, is a major concern to manufacturers as it relates to the maximum stress causing failure. In this work, the full-field dynamic responses of product packaging system are measured and analyzed in detail with the simulation and experiment method. First, on the basis of theoretical analysis, a series of honeycomb paperboards with different size dimension of paper honeycomb core had been set up in the FEA software. Then a packaging system which is made up of rigid body and deformable body had been analyzed. The results show that the physical dimension of paper honeycomb core has a great effect on its impact resistance: with the increasing size dimension, the peak acceleration has a quickly alteration within 10 mm–20 mm, but in other region it has an effect in the form of up and down fluctuation. At the same time, with the increasing size dimension, honeycomb paperboard can improve the energy absorption ability in the condition of elastic deformation. The research results can be used to optimize the structure design and material selection.
THE SURFACE AND INTERFACE PROPERTIES OF VANADIUM CARBIDE COATING PREPARED BY THERMAL DIFFUSION PROCESS
Authors: KONG DEJUN , ZHOU CHAOZHENG
Published: July 2011

Vanadium carbide (VC) coating is prepared with Thermal Diffusion (TD) method in the salt bath, and its surface-interface microstructures and energy spectrums were observed with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), respectively, and the distributions of C , V , Cr , Si , Fe , and Mo in VC coating interface are analyzed. Its interfacial and bonding methods are discussed, and the bonding micromechanism of VC coating in its bonding interface by TD process is analyzed. The experimental results show that the structure of coating surface by TD is single-phase, that is composed of V and C elements, and no other elements, the chemical elements such as V , Cr , C Si , Fe , Mo are the grade distributed in its bonding interface; its bonding method is metallurgical status; microhardness of coating-substrate is the grade distribution, which is direct ratio with the V distribution, microhardness of the coating surface is 3050–3200 HV, and the effect of TD process on roughness of cold-working die surface is little.
EVALUATION OF INFORMATION TIGHTNESS IN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING MODES BASED ON OBJECT-BASED KNOWLEDGE MESH
Authors: XUE CHAOGAI , DONG LILI
Published: July 2011

This paper deals with the evaluation of information tightness in advanced manufacturing modes based on its formal representation. To this end, first, the formal representation approach to advanced manufacturing modes is given, that is, object-based knowledge mesh (OKM) and information transfer relationship mesh (ITRM). Second, to evaluate the information tightness, three indices are proposed. Third, based on the OKM and ITRM, the indices are quantified. And finally, a case study is given to show the evaluation process, which lays a foundation for enterprise information system structure optimization based on information flow.
NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS
Authors: ZHAO XUANHE , KOH SOO JIN ADRIAN , SUO ZHIGANG
Published: June 2011

This paper describes an approach to construct models of dielectric elastomers undergoing dissipative processes, such as viscoelastic, dielectric and conductive relaxation. This approach is guided by nonequilibrium thermodynamics, characterizing the state of a dielectric elastomer with kinematic variables through which external loads do work, as well as internal variables that describe the dissipative processes. Within this approach, a method is developed to calculate the critical condition for electromechanical instability. This approach is illustrated with a specific model of a viscoelastic dielectric elastomer, which is fitted to stress-strain curves of a dielectric elastomer (VHB tape), measured at various strain rates. The model shows that a higher critical voltage can be achieved by applying a constant voltage for a shorter time, or by applying ramping voltage with a higher rate. A viscoelastic dielectric elastomer can attain a larger strain of actuation than an elastic dielectric elastomer.
CAVITATION INSTABILITY IN RUBBER
Authors: VOLOKH K. Y.
Published: June 2011

Rubber materials and structures can fracture because tensile deformation and growth of small pre-existing voids become unstable, leading to failure localization and crack propagation. Thus, it is important to predict the onset of static instability of the growing voids. We consider two typical cases of interest: the instability of 3D voids under the remote hydrostatic tension in the bulk and the instability of 2D voids under the remote biaxial tension in the membrane. For the purpose of analysis, we use constitutive models of natural and styrene-butadiene rubbers with the failure description enforced by energy limiters. The limiters provide the saturation value for the strain energy which indicates the maximum energy that can be stored and dissipated by an infinitesimal material volume. We find that the unstable growth of a 3D bulk void can start when the remote hydrostatic tension reaches the value of ~2 ÷ 3 MPa and the unstable growth of a 2D membrane void can start when the remote biaxial tension reaches the value of ~50 ÷ 60 MPa.
A mathematical model of action potentials of mouse sinoatrial node cells with molecular bases
Authors: Kharche Sanjay , Yu Jian , Lei Ming , Zhang Henggui
Published: July 2011

Genetically modified mice are popular experimental models for studying the molecular bases and mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmia. A postgenome challenge is to classify the functional roles of genes in cardiac function. To unveil the functional role of various genetic isoforms of ion channels in generating cardiac pacemaking action potentials (APs), a mathematical model for spontaneous APs of mouse sinoatrial node (SAN) cells was developed. The model takes into account the biophysical properties of membrane ionic currents and intracellular mechanisms contributing to spontaneous mouse SAN APs. The model was validated by its ability to reproduce the physiological exceptionally short APs and high pacing rates of mouse SAN cells. The functional roles of individual membrane currents were evaluated by blocking their coding channels. The roles of intracellular Ca2+-handling mechanisms on cardiac pacemaking were also investigated in the model. The robustness of model pacemaking behavior was evaluated by means of one- and two-parameter analyses in wide parameter value ranges. This model provides a predictive tool for cellular level outcomes of electrophysiological experiments. It forms the basis for future model development and further studies into complex pacemaking mechanisms as more quantitative experimental data become available.
Diastolic dysfunction is associated with cardiac fibrosis in the senescence-accelerated mouse
Authors: Reed Alana L. , Tanaka Atsuko , Sorescu Dan , Liu Hong , Jeong Euy-Myoung , Sturdy Megan , Walp Erik R. , Dudley Samuel C. , Sutliff Roy L.
Published: July 2011

Diastolic heart failure is a major cause of mortality in the elderly population. It is often preceded by diastolic dysfunction, which is characterized by impaired active relaxation and increased stiffness. We tested the hypothesis that senescence-prone (SAMP8) mice would develop diastolic dysfunction compared with senescence-resistant controls (SAMR1). Pulsed-wave Doppler imaging of the ratio of blood flow velocity through the mitral valve during early (E) vs. late (A) diastole was reduced from 1.3 ± 0.03 in SAMR1 mice to 1.2 ± 0.03 in SAMP8 mice ( P < 0.05). Tissue Doppler imaging of the early (E') and late (A') diastolic mitral annulus velocities found E' reduced from 25.7 ± 0.9 mm/s in SAMR1 to 21.1 ± 0.8 mm/s in SAMP8 mice and E'/A' similarly reduced from 1.1 ± 0.02 to 0.8 ± 0.03 in SAMR1 vs. SAMP8 mice, respectively ( P < 0.05). Invasive hemodynamics revealed an increased slope of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (0.5 ± 0.05 vs. 0.8 ± 0.14; P < 0.05), indicating increased left ventricular chamber stiffness. There were no differences in systolic function or mean arterial pressure; however, diastolic dysfunction was accompanied by increased fibrosis in the hearts of SAMP8 mice. In SAMR1 vs. SAMP8 mice, interstitial collagen area increased from 0.3 ± 0.04 to 0.8 ± 0.09% and perivascular collagen area increased from 1.0 ± 0.11 to 1.6 ± 0.14%. Transforming growth factor-β and connective tissue growth factor gene expression were increased in the hearts of SAMP8 mice ( P < 0.05 for all data). In summary, SAMP8 mice show increased fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction similar to those seen in humans with aging and may represent a suitable model for future mechanistic studies.
Remodeling of atrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels in a model of salt-induced elevated blood pressure
Authors: Lader Joshua M. , Vasquez Carolina , Bao Li , Maass Karen , Qu Jiaxiang , Kefalogianni Eirini , Fishman Glenn I. , Coetzee William A. , Morley Gregory E.
Published: July 2011

Hypertension is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation; however, the electrophysiological consequences of this condition remain poorly understood. ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, which contribute to ventricular arrhythmias, are also expressed in the atria. We hypothesized that salt-induced elevated blood pressure (BP) leads to atrial KATP channel activation and increased arrhythmia inducibility. Elevated BP was induced in mice with a high-salt diet (HS) for 4 wk. High-resolution optical mapping was used to measure atrial arrhythmia inducibility, effective refractory period (ERP), and action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90). Excised patch clamping was performed to quantify KATP channel properties and density. KATP channel protein expression was also evaluated. Atrial arrhythmia inducibility was 22% higher in HS hearts compared with control hearts. ERP and APD90 were significantly shorter in the right atrial appendage and left atrial appendage of HS hearts compared with control hearts. Perfusion with 1 μM glibenclamide or 300 μM tolbutamide significantly decreased arrhythmia inducibility and prolonged APD90 in HS hearts compared with untreated HS hearts. KATP channel density was 156% higher in myocytes isolated from HS animals compared with control animals. Sulfonylurea receptor 1 protein expression was increased in the left atrial appendage and right atrial appendage of HS animals (415% and 372% of NS animals, respectively). In conclusion, KATP channel activation provides a mechanistic link between salt-induced elevated BP and increased atrial arrhythmia inducibility. The findings of this study have important implications for the treatment and prevention of atrial arrhythmias in the setting of hypertensive heart disease and may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
Suppression of eNOS-derived superoxide by caveolin-1: a biopterin-dependent mechanism
Authors: Karuppiah Kanchana , Druhan Lawrence J. , Chen Chun-an , Smith Travis , Zweier Jay L. , Sessa William C. , Cardounel Arturo J.
Published: July 2011

In the vasculature, nitric oxide (NO) is generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent reaction. In the absence of the requisite eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), NADPH oxidation is uncoupled from NO generation, leading to the production of superoxide. Although this phenomenon is apparent with purified enzyme, cellular studies suggest that formation of the BH4 oxidation product, dihydrobiopterin, is the molecular trigger for eNOS uncoupling rather than BH4 depletion alone. In the current study, we investigated the effects of both BH4 depletion and oxidation on eNOS-derived superoxide production in endothelial cells in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating eNOS oxidase activity. Results demonstrated that pharmacological depletion of endothelial BH4 does not result in eNOS oxidase activity, whereas BH4 oxidation gave rise to significant eNOS-oxidase activity. These findings suggest that the endothelium possesses regulatory mechanisms, which prevent eNOS oxidase activity from pterin-free eNOS. Using a combination of gene silencing and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that eNOS-caveolin-1 association is increased under conditions of reduced pterin bioavailability and that this sequestration serves to suppress eNOS uncoupling. Using small interfering RNA approaches, we demonstrate that caveolin-1 gene silencing increases eNOS oxidase activity to 85% of that observed under conditions of BH4 oxidation. Moreover, when caveolin-1 silencing was combined with a pharmacological inhibitor of AKT, BH4 depletion increased eNOS-derived superoxide to 165% of that observed with BH4 oxidation. This study identifies a critical role of caveolin-1 in the regulation of eNOS uncoupling and provides new insight into the mechanisms through which disease-associated changes in caveolin-1 expression may contribute to endothelial dysfunction.
Regulatory domain phosphorylation to distinguish the mechanistic basis underlying acute CFTR modulators
Authors: Pyle Louise C. , Ehrhardt Annette , Mitchell Lisa High , Fan LiJuan , Ren Aixia , Naren Anjaparavanda P. , Li Yao , Clancy J. P. , Bolger Graeme B. , Sorscher Eric J. , Rowe Steven M.
Published: July 2011

Modulator compounds intended to overcome disease-causing mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR) show significant promise in clinical testing for cystic fibrosis. However, the mechanism(s) of action underlying these compounds are not fully understood. Activation of CFTR ion transport requires PKA-regulated phosphorylation of the regulatory domain (R-D) and dimerization of the nucleotide binding domains. Using a newly developed assay, we evaluated nine compounds including both CFTR potentatiators and activators discovered via various high-throughput screening strategies to acutely augment CFTR activity. We found considerable differences in the effects on R-D phosphorylation. Some (including UCCF-152) stimulated robust phosphorylation, and others had little effect (e.g., VRT-532 and VX-770). We then compared CFTR activation by UCCF-152 and VRT-532 in Ussing chamber studies using two epithelial models, CFBE41o− and Fischer rat thyroid cells, expressing various CFTR forms. UCCF-152 activated wild-type-, G551D-, and rescued F508del-CFTR currents but did not potentiate cAMP-mediated CFTR activation. In contrast, VRT-532 moderately activated CFTR short-circuit current and strongly potentiated forskolin-mediated current. Combined with the result that UCCF-152, but not VRT-532 or VX-770, acts by increasing CFTR R-D phosphorylation, these findings indicate that potentiation of endogenous cAMP-mediated activation of mutant CFTR is not due to a pathway involving augmented R-D phosphorylation. This study presents an assay useful to distinguish preclinical compounds by a crucial mechanism underlying CFTR activation, delineates two types of compound able to acutely augment CFTR activity (e.g., activators and potentiators), and demonstrates that a number of different mechanisms can be successfully employed to activate mutant CFTR.
Regulation of renal NaCl and water transport by the ATP/UTP/P2Y2receptor system
Authors: Vallon Volker , Rieg Timo
Published: June 2011

Extracellular nucleotides (e.g., ATP) activate ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors in the plasma membrane to regulate and maintain cell function and integrity. This includes the renal tubular and collecting duct system, where the locally released nucleotides act in a paracrine and autocrine way to regulate transport of electrolytes and water and maintain cell volume. A prominent role has been assigned to Gq-coupled P2Y2receptors, which are typically activated by both ATP and UTP. Studies in gene knockout mice revealed an antihypertensive activity of P2Y2receptors that is linked to vasodilation and an inhibitory influence on renal salt reabsorption. Flow induces apical ATP release in the thick ascending limb, and first evidence indicates an inhibitory influence of P2Y2receptor tone on the expression and activity of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 in this segment. The apical ATP/UTP/P2Y2receptor system in the connecting tubule/cortical collecting duct mediates the inhibitory effect of dietary salt on the open probability of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC and inhibits ENaC activity during aldosterone escape. Connexin 30 has been implicated in the luminal release of the ATP involved in the regulation of ENaC. An increase in collecting duct cell volume in response to manipulating water homeostasis increases ATP release. The subsequent activation of P2Y2receptors inhibits vasopressin-induced cAMP formation and water reabsorption, which facilitates water excretion and stabilizes cell volume. Thus recent studies have established the ATP/UTP/P2Y2receptor system as a relevant regulator of renal salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. The pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential remains to be determined, but dual effects of P2Y2receptor activation on both the vasculature and renal salt reabsorption implicate these receptors as potential therapeutic targets in hypertension.
Heteronymous reflex connections in human upper limb muscles in response to stretch of forearm muscles
Authors: Manning Curtis D. , Bawa Parveen
Published: June 2011

Torque motor produced stretch of upper limb muscles results in two distinct reflex peaks in the electromyographic activity. Whereas the short-latency reflex (SLR) response is mediated largely by the spinal monosynaptic reflex pathway, the longer-latency reflex (LLR) is suggested to involve a transcortical loop. For the SLRs, patterns of heteronymous monosynaptic Ia connections have been well-studied for a large number of muscles in the cat and in humans. For LLRs, information is available for perturbations to proximal joints, although the protocols for most of these studies did not focus on heteronymous connections. The main objective of the present study was to elicit both SLRs and LLRs in wrist flexors and extensors and to examine heteronymous connections from these muscles to elbow flexors (biceps brachii; BiBr) and extensors (triceps brachii; TriBr) and to selected distal muscles, including abductor pollicis longus (APL), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor digiti minimi (ADM), and Thenars. The stretch of wrist flexors produced SLR and LLR peaks in APL, FDI, ADM, Thenars, and BiBr while simultaneously inducing inhibition of wrist extensors and TriBr. When wrist extensors were stretched, SLR and LLR peaks were observed in TriBr, whereas the primary wrist flexors, APL and BiBr, were inhibited; response patterns of FDI, ADM, and Thenars were less consistent. The main conclusions from the observed data are that: 1) as in the cat, afferents from wrist flexors and extensors make heteronymous connections with proximal and distal upper limb muscles; and 2) the strength of heteronymous connections is greater for LLRs than SLRs in the distal muscles, whereas the opposite is true for the proximal muscles. In the majority of observations, SLR and LLR excitatory peaks were observed together. However, on occasion, LLRs were observed without the SLR response in hand muscles when wrist extensors were stretched.
Selectivity of pyramidal cells and interneurons in the human medial temporal lobe
Authors: Ison Matias J. , Mormann Florian , Cerf Moran , Koch Christof , Fried Itzhak , Quiroga Rodrigo Quian
Published: June 2011

Neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) respond selectively to pictures of specific individuals, objects, and places. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to such degree of stimulus selectivity are largely unknown. A necessary step to move forward in this direction involves the identification and characterization of the different neuron types present in MTL circuitry. We show that putative principal cells recorded in vivo from the human MTL are more selective than putative interneurons. Furthermore, we report that putative hippocampal pyramidal cells exhibit the highest degree of selectivity within the MTL, reflecting the hierarchical processing of visual information. We interpret these differences in selectivity as a plausible mechanism for generating sparse responses.
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm as a Cause of Massive Hemoptysis: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Corr Peter
Published: June 2011

Massive hemoptysis is a life-threatening medical emergency. Prompt radiological diagnosis and management are essential. I present a case of an inflammatory pulmonary aneurysm (Rasmussen aneurysm) from active pulmonary tuberculosis. This is an uncommon cause for massive hemoptysis which was successfully treated by endovascular coiling.
Fever of Unknown Origin: An Unusual Case
Authors: Bansal R. A. , Hayman G. R. , Bansal A. S.
Published: June 2011

Recurrent episodic fever of unknown origin (FUO) arising from tumour of the gastrointestinal tract is rare. We report an otherwise healthy 62-year-old man with recurrent circumscribed bouts of fever and raised CRP for 3 years who has remained well and fever-free 2 years after the removal of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon. Occult colonic neoplasm should be considered and sought when routine investigations for FUO are negative.
Enhancing Physical Activity and Brain Reorganization after Stroke
Authors: Carr Janet H. , Shepherd Roberta B.
Published: July 2011

It is becoming increasingly clear that, if reorganization of brain function is to be optimal after stroke, there needs to be a reorganisation of the methods used in physical rehabilitation and the time spent in specific task practice, strength and endurance training, and aerobic exercise. Frequency and intensity of rehabilitation need to be increased so that patients can gain the energy levels and vigour necessary for participation in physical activity both during rehabilitation and after discharge. It is evident that many patients are discharged from inpatient rehabilitation severely deconditioned, meaning that their energy levels are too low for active participation in daily life. Physicians, therapists, and nursing staff responsible for rehabilitation practice should address this issue not only during inpatient rehabilitation but also after discharge by promoting and supporting community-based exercise opportunities. During inpatient rehabilitation, group sessions should be frequent and need to include specific aerobic training. Physiotherapy must take advantage of the training aids available, including exercise equipment such as treadmills, and of new developments in computerised feedback systems, robotics, and electromechanical trainers. For illustrative purposes, this paper focuses on the role of physiotherapists, but the necessary changes in practice and in attitude will require cooperation from many others.
Asymptotic Convergence of the Solutions of a Discrete Equation with Two Delays in the Critical Case
Authors: Berezansky L. , Diblík J. , Růžičková M. , Šutá Z.
Published: June 2011

A discrete equation Δy(n) = β(n)[y(n − j) − y(n − k)] with two integer delays k and j, k > j ≥ 0 is considered for n → ∞. We assume , where and . Criteria for the existence of strictly monotone and asymptotically convergent solutions for n → ∞ are presented in terms of inequalities for the function β. Results are sharp in the sense
that the criteria are valid even for some functions β with a behavior near the so‐called critical value, defined by the constant (k − j) −1. Among others, it is proved that, for the asymptotic convergence of all solutions, the existence of a strictly monotone and asymptotically convergent solution is sufficient.
The Arthroscopic Ulnohumeral Arthroplasty: From Mini-Open to Arthroscopic Surgery
Authors: Degreef Ilse , De Smet Luc
Published: June 2011

In cubarthritis—osteoarthritis of the elbow—surgical procedures may be considered to debride the elbow joint to reduce pain, to increase mobility, and to postpone joint replacement surgery. The ulnohumeral arthroplasty as described by Outerbridge and Kashiwagi was originally introduced to debride both anterior and posterior elbow compartments through a direct posterior mini-open approach. To achieve this, a distal humeral fenestration throughout the humeral fossa is performed. Although with an elbow arthroscopy, a technique that was obviously developed later on, all compartments can be easily visualized. The arthroscopic fenestration of the humerus preserves its advantages, with good clinical results focused on pain relief and gaining mobility. On top, future elbow joint locking based on degenerative loose bodies can be prevented. Therefore, this surgery is often done in young, more active patients and even in sportsmen. These patients, however, need to be prompted to restrict loading on the elbow in the immediate postoperative period, because the elbow is biomechanically weakened and may be prone to a fracture. However, both outcome and postoperative rehabilitation are promising and the arthroscopic Outerbridge procedure is a reliable procedure with an easy rehabilitation. Therefore, the threshold is relatively low in early cubarthritis and recurrent locking of the elbow. In this paper, we present a literature review and the author's experience and own research on the Outerbridge procedure.
Haptenation: Chemical Reactivity and Protein Binding
Authors: Chipinda Itai , Hettick Justin M. , Siegel Paul D.
Published: June 2011

Low molecular weight chemical (LMW) allergens are commonly referred to as haptens. Haptens must complex with proteins to be recognized by the immune system. The majority of occupationally related haptens are reactive, electrophilic chemicals, or are metabolized to reactive metabolites that form covalent bonds with nucleophilic centers on proteins. Nonelectrophilic protein binding may occur through disulfide exchange, coordinate covalent binding onto metal ions on metalloproteins or of metal allergens, themselves, to the major histocompatibility complex. Recent chemical reactivity kinetic studies suggest that the rate of protein binding is a major determinant of allergenic potency; however, electrophilic strength does not seem to predict the ability of a hapten to skew the response between Th1 and Th2. Modern proteomic mass spectrometry methods that allow detailed delineation of potential differences in protein binding sites may be valuable in predicting if a chemical will stimulate an immediate or delayed hypersensitivity. Chemical aspects related to both reactivity and protein-specific binding are discussed.
Elliptic Cylinder with Slotted Antenna Coated with Magnetic Metamaterials
Authors: Hamid A. K.
Published: July 2011

The radiation properties of an axially slotted elliptic antenna coated with magnetic metamaterials are investigated. The fields inside and outside the dielectric coating are expressed in terms of the Mathieu functions. The boundary conditions at various surfaces are enforced using the orthogonality property of angular Mathieu functions. Numerical results are presented graphically for the radiation pattern, aperture conductance, and antenna gain for the TM case. It was found that a slotted antenna coated with magnetic metamaterials has more gain as well as lower side lobes compared to one coated with conventional dielectric or nonmagnetic metamaterials.
The Use of PET-CT in the Assessment of Patients with Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: O'Connor Owen J. , McDermott Shanaugh , Slattery James , Sahani Dushyant , Blake Michael A.
Published: July 2011

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer, accounting for 53,219 deaths in 2007 and an estimated 146,970 new cases in the USA during 2009. The combination of FDG PET and CT has proven to be of great benefit for the assessment of colorectal cancer. This is most evident in the detection of occult metastases, particularly intra- or extrahepatic sites of disease, that would preclude a curative procedure or in the detection of local recurrence. FDG PET is generally not used for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer although there are circumstances where PET-CT may make the initial diagnosis, particularly with its more widespread use. In addition, precancerous adenomatous polyps can also be detected incidentally on whole-body images performed for other indications; sensitivity increases with increasing polyp size. False-negative FDG PET findings have been reported with mucinous adenocarcinoma, and false-positive findings have been reported due to inflammatory conditions such as diverticulitis, colitis, and postoperative scarring. Therefore, detailed evaluation of the CT component of a PET/CT exam, including assessment of the entire colon, is essential.
Hypoglycemic Syndrome in a Patient with Proinsulin-Only Secreting Pancreatic Adenoma (Proinsulinoma)
Authors: Fadini Gian Paolo , Maran Alberto , Valerio Anna , Meduri Francesco , Pelizzo Mariarosa , Miotto Diego , Lanza Cristiano , Altavilla Giuseppe , Avogaro Angelo
Published: July 2011

We describe an unusual case of hypoglycemic syndrome in a 69-year old woman with a proinsulin-only secreting pancreatic endocrine adenoma. The clinical history was highly suggestive of an organic hypoglycemia, with normal or relatively low insulin concentrations and elevated proinsulin levels. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography of the abdomen showed a 1 cm pancreatic nodule and multiple accessory spleens. The diagnosis was confirmed by selective angiography, showing location and vascularization of the nodule, despite no response to intra-arterial calcium. After resection, the hypoglycemic syndrome resolved. The surgical specimen was comprised of a neuroendocrine adenomatous tissue with high proinsulin immunoreactivity. Study of this unusual case of proinsulinoma underlines (i) the need to assay proinsulin in patients with hypoglycemia and normal immunoreactive insulin, (ii) the differential diagnosis in the presence of accessory spleens, (iii) the unresponsiveness to intra-arterial calcium stimulation, and (iv) the extensive evaluation needed to reach a final diagnosis.
Gold Nanoparticle Sensor for the Visual Detection of Pork Adulteration in Meatball Formulation
Authors: Ali M. E. , Hashim U. , Mustafa S. , Che Man Y. B. , Islam Kh. N.
Published: June 2011

We visually identify pork adulteration in beef and chicken meatball preparations using 20 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as colorimetric sensors. Meatball is a popular food in certain Asian and European countries. Verification of pork adulteration in meatball is necessary to meet the Halal and Kosher food standards. Twenty nm GNPs change color from pinkish‐red to gray‐purple, and their absorption peak at 525 nm is red‐shifted by 30–50 nm in 3 mM phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Adsorption of single‐stranded DNA protects the particles against salt‐induced aggregation. Mixing and annealing of a 25‐nucleotide (nt) single‐stranded (ss) DNA probe with denatured DNA of different meatballs differentiated well between perfectly matched and mismatch hybridization at a critical annealing temperature. The probes become available in nonpork DNA containing vials due to mismatches and interact with GNPs to protect them from salt‐induced aggregation. Whereas, all the pork containing vials, either in pure and mixed forms, consumed the probes totally by perfect hybridization and turned into grey, indicating aggregation. This is clearly reflected by a well‐defined red‐shift of the absorption peak and significantly increased absorbance in 550–800 nm regimes. This label‐free low‐cost assay should find applications in food analysis, genetic screening, and homology studies.
Effective Targeting of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by PF-4942847, a Novel Oral Inhibitor of Hsp 90
Authors: Mehta Pramod P. , Whalen Pamela , Baxi Sangita M. , Kung Pei-Pei , Yamazaki Shinji , Yin Min-Jean
Published: June 2011

Purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have poor prognoses and survival outcomes such that the development of new targeted therapies is in strong demand. Mechanisms associated with high proliferation and aggressive tumor progression, such as PI3K/PTEN aberration, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression, and cell-cycle upregulation, play important roles in TNBC. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is required for the conformational maturation and stability of a variety of proteins in multiple pathways, such as EGFR, AKT, Raf, cdk4, etc. Therefore, an Hsp90 inhibitor may show therapeutic benefit in TNBC by targeting multiple pathways.

Experimental Design: The novel oral Hsp90 inhibitor PF-4942847 was characterized in multiple in vitro and in vivo assays to determine its antitumor activity in TNBC cell lines. In addition, the correlation of AKT degradation and Hsp70 induction in host peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and xenograft tumors was determined.

Results: PF-4942847 induces degradation of multiple client proteins, cell-cycle block, apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation in TNBC lines, subsequently leading to tumor growth inhibition in mouse xenograft models. The correlation of AKT degradation and Hsp70 induction between PBLs and xenograft tumors reveals a differential modulation of Hsp90 activity between host and tumor tissues, and suggests that AKT degradation in PBLs may serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in future clinical development.

Conclusions: The novel oral Hsp90 inhibitor, PF-4942847, is a candidate for clinical development in TNBC by collaboratively targeting multiple signaling pathways. In addition, AKT degradation in PBLs may serve as a biomarker in clinical development. Clin Cancer Res; 17(16); 5432–42. ©2011 AACR.
Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers
Authors: Durinck Steffen , Ho Christine , Wang Nicholas J. , Liao Wilson , Jakkula Lakshmi R. , Collisson Eric A. , Pons Jennifer , Chan Sai-Wing , Lam Ernest T. , Chu Catherine , Park Kyunghee , Hong Sung-woo , Hur Joe S. , Huh Nam , Neuhaus Isaac M. , Yu Siegrid S. , Grekin Roy C. , Mauro Theodora M. , Cleaver James E. , Kwok Pui-Yan , LeBoit Philip E. , Getz Gad , Cibulskis Kristian , Aster Jon C. , Huang Haiyan , Purdom Elizabeth , Li Jian , Bolund Lars , Arron Sarah T. , Gray Joe W. , Spellman Paul T. , Cho Raymond J.
Published: June 2011

Timely intervention for cancer requires knowledge of its earliest genetic aberrations. Sequencing of tumors and their metastases reveals numerous abnormalities occurring late in progression. A means to temporally order aberrations in a single cancer, rather than inferring them from serially acquired samples, would define changes preceding even clinically evident disease. We integrate DNA sequence and copy number information to reconstruct the order of abnormalities as individual tumors evolve for 2 separate cancer types. We detect vast, unreported expansion of simple mutations sharply demarcated by recombinative loss of the second copy of TP53 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) and serous ovarian adenocarcinomas, in the former surpassing 50 mutations per megabase. In cSCCs, we also report diverse secondary mutations in known and novel oncogenic pathways, illustrating how such expanded mutagenesis directly promotes malignant progression. These results reframe paradigms in which TP53 mutation is required later, to bypass senescence induced by driver oncogenes.

Significance: Our approach reveals sequential ordering of oncogenic events in individual cancers, based on chromosomal rearrangements. Identifying the earliest abnormalities in cancer represents a critical step in timely diagnosis and deployment of targeted therapeutics. Cancer Discovery; 1(2); 137–43. © 2011 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 91
Antimicrobial Traits of Tea- and Cranberry-Derived Polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Yoo S. , Murata R.M. , Duarte S.
Published: June 2011

There are over 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the human oral cavity, but only a small fraction of those are attributed to causing plaque-related diseases such as caries. Streptococcus mutans is accepted as the main cariogenic agent and there is substantial knowledge regarding the specific virulence factors that render the organism a pathogen. There has been rising interest in alternative, target-specific treatment options as opposed to nonspecific mechanical plaque removal or application of broad-spectrum antibacterials that are currently in use. The impact of diet on oral health is undeniable, and this is directly observable in populations that consume high quantities of polyphenol-rich foods or beverages. Such populations have low caries incidence and better overall oral health. Camellia sinensis, the plant from which various forms of tea are derived, and Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry fruit) have received notable attention both for their prevalence in the human diet as well as for their unique composition of polyphenols. The biologically active constituents of these plants have demonstrated potent enzyme-inhibitory properties without being bactericidal, a key quality that is important in developing therapies that will not cause microorganisms to develop resistance. The aim of this review is to consider studies that have investigated the feasibility of tea, cranberry, and other select plant derivatives as a potential basis for alternative therapeutic agents against Streptococcus mutans and to evaluate their current and future clinical relevance.
Les relations des cités du Pont-Euxin ouest et nord avec les centres cultuels du monde grec
Authors: Dana Madalina
Published: July 2011

The aim of this paper is to examine the interactions between the cities of the western and northern shores of the Black Sea (from Apollonia to the Bosporan Kingdom) and the sanctuaries and oracles of the Aegean world. Through the networks between these peripheral cities and the religious centers like Delphi, Delos, Samothrace or Claros, over the centuries, the purpose is to question the way that the gifts, the theoriai and the consultation of oracles involved assuming and asserting a common Greek identity.
Trust, Tolerance and the Challenge of Difference
Authors: Seligman Adam B.
Published: July 2011

This essay explores the distinction between trust and confidence both analytically and in terms of the historical development of trust in modern societies. It compares a moral community of trust to communities of confidence and questions the ability of such communities to accept, abide by and live with difference. Finally, it presents the age-old idea of tolerance as a plausible if under-theoretized concept for how to live with ethnic and religious differences in our new multicultural societies. Arguments for tolerance are drawn from the work of John Dewey and the American pragmatist tradition.
Self at the Heart of Trust: The Global Relevance of an Interactionist Understanding of Trust as a Form of Association
Authors: Weber Linda R.
Published: July 2011

Trust is a way of organizing one’s relationship to the other, an orientation that exemplifies Simmel’s form of association of the second order. Whereas much has been said about the “further element” that distinguishes trust from confidence, I argue that the missing element is self. Confidence building is an inherently systemic or institution relevant function; in contrast, trust emerges in relationship to the self of the role-occupant, for this individual is the interface between these larger structures and the other. Providing fertile grounds for trust, confidence is not trust. Both may place the individual at risk; however, trust places the self at risk. In this paper, I examine the relevance of this self-oriented approach to trust in the context of increasing globalization as diverse selves cross national boundaries.
Abduction with (Dis)honor: Sovereigns, Brigands, and Heroes in the Ottoman World
Authors: Peirce Leslie
Published: July 2011

This essay is interested in the ways in which acts of abduction, their significations, and the identities of abductors changed over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. At the start of this period, abduction was a positive force for the honor and reputation of the Ottoman sultanate, but it gradually turned into an act that threatened the state’s authority. Powerful abductors—those whose deeds aroused public admiration or alarm, or perhaps both—are our principal subject. If at the start of the sixteenth century abduction was an act that could enhance a monarch’s renown, it was losing its force as emblematic conduct of the royal victor. By the mid-century, the ideal sultan was less a warrior of legendary prowess than a prudent statesman more interested in treaties with his enemies than personal violence against them. Moreover, he was now the prosecutor of abduction. Around 1540, imperial law began to crack down on abduction by prescribing the dire punishment of castration. As if in response, the uses of abduction as a public assertion of honor, power and valor began to be appropriated by opponents of the government’s vision of order—rebels and disaffected servants of the state.
“Convenient to the Piety of Our Signoria and to the Honor of the Lord God”: Gender and Institutional Honor on the Early Modern Dalmatian Frontier
Authors: Dursteler Eric
Published: July 2011

Conversion was a common phenomenon in the early modern Mediterranean, and in most instances, individual apostasies from Islam or Christianity warranted minimal response. The conversion of women, however, and particularly women of status, elicited a more significant reaction. Both Ottoman and Venetian ruling elites attributed particular significance to female spiritual peril, partly because of cultural assumptions about women’s weakness and lack of spiritual fortitude, but also because of the sexual peril that was assumed to accompany conversion. As a result, rulers responded to such threats institutionally in a much more determined fashion, in order to defend the woman’s virtue and the honor of her family, but also to preserve the reputation of the state and the honor of its male rulers. A close reading of a case from the Veneto-Ottoman frontier in Dalmatia demonstrates that just as the protection of wives and daughters was an essential measure of the honor of a family’s men, so too, the honor of the state, its institutions, and its rulers was uniquely bound to the defense of the faith and virtue of its female subjects.
Muslims in Christian Countrysides: Reassessing Exaricus Tenures in Eastern Iberia
Authors: Barton Thomas W.
Published: July 2011

This article re-examines a form of tenancy on Christian-ruled lands in eastern Iberia usually held by Muslims, termed exarici in Latin documentation, that has received little focused attention or trans-regional analysis. Some previous scholarship has insisted that Exaricus tenures were relatively uniform adaptations of pre-conquest Andalusi agricultural practices that consequently could not carry a juridical status. This study instead argues that in at least some sectors of the countryside there were two forms of Exaricus tenures with different institutional origins and circumstances. Subsets of each of these groups of tenants suffered from servile conditions instituted by landlords, custom, or contracts. Using overlooked and reinterpreted evidence drawn from multiple regions and time periods, this article finds that Exaricus tenures were highly diversified, shaped by lords and prospective tenants in response to shifts in the land and labor markets, and thus should not be described as conforming to generalized, universal characteristics.