bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development with Special Reference to Oncology
Authors: Sardu Maria Luisa , De Nicolao Giuseppe , Poggesi Italo
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides a general overview of the role in drug development of the model based approaches adopted both in the decision making process and to meet the requirements for market authorization and approval. In particular, the complex scenarios that pharmaceutical industries have to face in order to launch new chemical entities are described. Modeling and simulation approaches provide a fundamental contribution in optimizing drug development processes. Models can be used to: (i) quantitatively evaluate the effects and the risk:benefit ratios for a new treatment; (ii) simulate the outcomes of experimentally untested conditions; and (iii) devise the best experimental design, and also providing a reasonable guess of the probability of technical success. In this way, the development of compounds with a low probability of being approved can be stopped, allowing the redirection of resources to projects with higher probabilities of success. Notably, a dedicated pharmacometric division was recently formed at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as the agency considered that it was urgent and crucial to boost the integration of pharmacometric expertise. In this chapter, some achievements in the oncology therapeutic area are illustrated through five paradigmatic semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic–pharmakodynamic models, covering all phases of drug development from preclinical to clinical. For each model, the discussion ranges from the relevant background and mathematical formulation to application and impact.
Epigenetics and Disease
Authors: Murrell Adele
Published: November 2015

Epigenetic mechanisms may actually initiate or drive disease processes, rather than present as historical markers of previous pathological events. Mendelian disorders that manifest as epigenetic diseases may arise through inheriting mutations in genes encoding DNA and chromatin modifiers as well as nucleosomal and architectural proteins. Because these proteins have pleiotropic effects on the expression of several genes, their mutation can result in complex phenotypes, masking their causal Mendelian origins. In contrast to Mendelian epigenetic diseases, epimutations such as aberrant DNA methylation can result in congenital non-Mendelian diseases such as genomic imprinting disorders. Acquired genetic mutations as well as epimutations can drive late onset diseases such as cancer. This review will examine the balance between genetic and epigenetic interactions, highlighting examples of congenital diseases caused through Mendelian and non-Mendelian transmission. Therapeutic epigenetic intervention strategies are increasingly being developed and we now have the potential for reversing even developmentally-induced mental retardation, by normalising epigenetically controlled gene expression.
Targeting DNA Methylation
Authors: Heightman Tom D. , McCullar Michael
Published: November 2015

The approval of DNA methylation inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia has demonstrated that modulation of relatively broad epigenetic regulatory processes can show beneficial efficacy/safety profiles in defined patient groups. This chapter will focus on the biochemical mechanisms controlling DNA methylation, consequences of aberrant DNA methylation in complex chronic diseases, existing modulators of DNA methylation used in the clinic, and opportunities for new drugs targeting this central epigenetic mechanism.
Targeting Non-Acetylation Histone Erasers
Authors: Lu Fei , Zhang Hui
Published: November 2015

Histone demethylases have emerged as a new class of non-acetylation histone erasers that control the dynamic and reversible states of histone methylation for gene expression, genome structure, epigenetic signal storage and inheritance. Although identified only recently, increasing lines of evidence suggest that histone demethylases play key roles in various biological processes, including maintenance of pluripotent embryonic stem cells, genome stability, transcription, cell cycle progression and development. The importance of balanced regulation of histone methylation is exemplified by alterations of histone demethylases in a wide array of diseases such as cancers, mental retardation and metabolic disorders. Histone demethylases are classified into the FAD-dependent demethylases, which oxidise the methyl group in mono- and dimethylated histones, and the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing demethylases, which utilise an iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent mechanism to hydroxylate and remove the methyl group from mono-, di- and trimethylated histones in a sequence-specific manner. Many demethylases form complexes with other proteins to define their substrate specificity and regulate gene expression in a context-dependent process. Analyses of demethylase structures and catalytic mechanisms have led to the identification, design and development of novel inhibitory chemicals against histone demethylases, which provide the promise for selectively targeting cancers and various other diseases.
Multivariate analysis of 3D ToF-SIMS images: method validation and application to cultured neuronal networks
Authors: Van Nuffel S. , Parmenter C. , Scurr D. J. , Russell N. A. , Zelzer M.
Published: November 2015

Here, we demonstrate that by using a training set approach principal components analysis (PCA) can be performed on large 3D ToF-SIMS images of neuronal cell cultures.
Identifying low-coverage surface species on supported noble metal nanoparticle catalysts by DNP-NMR
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Perras Frédéric A. , Kobayashi Takeshi , Schwartz Thomas J. , Dumesic James A. , Shanks Brent H. , Pruski Marek
Published: November 2015

DNP-NMR spectroscopy has been applied to enhance the signal for organic molecules adsorbed on γ-Al2O3-supported Pd nanoparticle catalysts.
Covalent organic frameworks with spatially confined guest molecules in nanochannels and their impacts on crystalline structures
Authors: Gao Jia , Jiang Donglin
Published: November 2015

One-dimensional channels of covalent organic frameworks enable the spatial confinement of guest molecules that tune the X-ray diffraction behaviours of the network lattice.
Correction: Efficient singlet oxygen generation from sugar pendant C60 derivatives for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Yano Shigenobu , Naemura Masami , Toshimitsu Akio , Akiyama Motofusa , Ikeda Atsushi , Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Shen Xiande , Duan Qian , Narumi Atsushi , Inoue Masahiro , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: November 2015

Correction for ‘Efficient singlet oxygen generation from sugar pendant C60 derivatives for photodynamic therapy’ by Shigenobu Yano et al., Chem. Commun., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07353g.
Incorporation of single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes for the control of crystal size and porosity of zeolitic imidazolate framework-L
Authors: Yang An-Chih , Wang Ting-Yu , Dai Chi-An , Kang Dun-Yen
Published: November 2015

The incorporation of single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes (AlSiNTs) into the interlayer of zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) results in novel AlSiNT@ZIF-L nanocomposites.
Benzodi(pyridothiophene): a novel acceptor unit for application in A1–A–A1 type photovoltaic small molecules
Authors: Chen Jianhua , Xiao Manjun , Duan Linrui , Wang Qiong , Tan Hua , Su Ning , Liu Yu , Yang Renqiang , Zhu Weiguo
Published: November 2015

BDPT-2DPP containing a new building block of benzodi(pyridothiophene) (BDPT) and two diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) units showed a PCE of 3.97% in their photovoltaic devices.
Surface treatment by binary solvents induces the crystallization of a small molecular donor for enhanced photovoltaic performance
Authors: Zhou Weihua , Xie Yuanpeng , Hu Xiaotian , Zhang Lin , Meng Xiangchuan , Zhang Yong , Ma Wei , Chen Yiwang
Published: November 2015

The surface treatment of p-DTS(FBTTh2)2:PC71BM films with binary solvents of methanol and 1-chloronaphthalene enhanced the PCE from 2.4% to 6.5%.
Structural, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties of B-, C- and N-doped MgO(001) surfaces
Authors: Pašti Igor A. , Skorodumova Natalia V.
Published: November 2015

B-, C- and N-doped MgO(001) possess intriguing magnetic properties and significantly enhanced reactivity, which depend on the type of dopant.
Micromechanical measurements of the effect of surfactants on cyclopentane hydrate shell properties
Authors: Brown Erika P. , Koh Carolyn A.
Published: November 2015

Investigating the effect of surfactants on clathrate hydrate growth and morphology, especially particle shell strength and cohesion force, is critical to advancing new strategies to mitigate hydrate plug formation.
Vibrational circular dichroism and chiroptical properties of chiral Ir(iii) luminescent complexes
Authors: Mazzeo Giuseppe , Fusè Marco , Longhi Giovanna , Rimoldi Isabella , Cesarotti Edoardo , Crispini Alessandra , Abbate Sergio
Published: November 2015

Three chiroptical spectroscopic techniques are applied to an octahedral iridium complex. The vibrational exciton interpretation of VCD spectra is especially important.
Hydroamination of diphenylbutadiyne with secondary N-methyl-anilines using the dipotassium tetrakis(2,6-diisopropylanilino)calciate precatalyst
Authors: Younis Fadi M. , Krieck Sven , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: November 2015

The s-block metal complex [K2Ca{N(H)Dipp}4] represents a suitable catalyst for the regioselective catalytic single and two-fold hydroamination of diphenylbutadiyne with N-methyl-anilines.
Exploring the acid-catalyzed substitution mechanism of [Fe4S4Cl4]2−
Authors: Al-Rammahi Thaer M. M. , Henderson Richard A.
Published: November 2015

Kinetic studies focussing on either the protonation or substitution step of the acid catalyzed substitution reactions of [Fe4S4Cl4]2− support a mechanism involving concomitant cluster protonation and Fe–(μ3-SH) bond cleavage.
Assessing the reactivity of sodium alkyl-magnesiates towards quinoxaline: single electron transfer (SET) vs. nucleophilic alkylation processes
Authors: Livingstone Zoe , Hernán-Gómez Alberto , Baillie Sharon E. , Armstrong David R. , Carrella Luca M. , Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. , Kennedy Alan R. , Rentschler Eva , Hevia Eva
Published: November 2015

Structurally tracking the reaction of a sodium butylmagnesiate supported by a bulky silyl(bisamide) ligand towards quinoxaline, SET reactivity.
Correction: Rosa canina L. – new possibilities for an old medicinal herb
Authors: Živković Jelena , Stojković Dejan , Petrović Jovana , Zdunić Gordana , Glamočlija Jasmina , Soković Marina
Published: November 2015

Correction for ‘Rosa canina L. – new possibilities for an old medicinal herb’ by Jelena Živković et al., Food Funct., 2015, DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00820d.
A microfluidic ExoSearch chip for multiplexed exosome detection towards blood-based ovarian cancer diagnosis
Authors: Zhao Zheng , Yang Yang , Zeng Yong , He Mei
Published: November 2015

Tumor-derived circulating exosomes, enriched with a group of tumor antigens, have been recognized as a promising biomarker source for cancer diagnosisviaa less invasive procedure.
Correction: Discovery of a potent and highly fluorescent sirtuin inhibitor
Authors: Yoon Y. K. , Ali M. A. , Wei A. C. , Choon T. S. , Oon C. E. , Shirazi A. N. , Parang K.
Published: November 2015

Correction for ‘Discovery of a potent and highly fluorescent sirtuin inhibitor’ by Y. K. Yoon et al., Med. Chem. Commun., 2015, 6, 1857–1863.
Phototransformation patterns of the antiplatelet drug tirofiban in aqueous solution, relevant to drug delivery and storage
Authors: Henriet Théo , Secrétan Philippe-Henri , Amrani Fatma , Sadou-Yayé Hassane , Bernard Mélisande , Solgadi Audrey , Yagoubi Najet , Do Bernard
Published: November 2015

Tirofiban in aqueous solution mostly photodegrades through photosensitized oxidation reactions and the photoproducts formed are not structurally alerting for genotoxicity.
A sandwich-type zinc complex from a rhodamine dye based ligand: a potential fluorescent chemosensor for acetate in human blood plasma and a molecular logic gate with INHIBIT function
Authors: Devi Manisha , Dhir Abhimanew , Pradeep Chullikkattil P.
Published: November 2015

Zn-R1exhibits reversible binding with acetate yielding different optical and fluorescence outputs on alternate addition of zinc and acetate ions.
Highly selective colorimetric and fluorescent BODIPY dyes for sensing of cysteine and/or homocysteine
Authors: Wu Qinghua , Zhou Jinyuan , Wu Yangchun , Yu Changjiang , Hao Erhong , Jiao Lijuan
Published: November 2015

Selective “naked eye” and fluorescent sensing of biothiols by visible-light excitable α- and β-formyl BODIPYs1and3was developed.
Room temperature synthesis of organic surfactant-free PbS and PbSe nanoparticles exhibiting NIR absorption
Authors: Gottapu Sanyasinaidu , Muralidharan Krishnamurthi
Published: November 2015

The supersaturated condition in the reaction facilitated the formation of organic surfactant-free nanoparticles.
Selective basic etching of bifunctional core–shell composite particles for the fabrication of organic functionalized hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres
Authors: Liu Zhenhui , Chen Lianxi , Ye Xinshan , Yu Huogen , Li Jie , Zeng Fanlong
Published: November 2015

Bifunctional particles were synthesized by a two-step sol–gel reaction of organosilanes, and hollow or rattle-type structures could be fabricated via the basic etching process.
Ultrafast direct fabrication of flexible substrate-supported designer plasmonic nanoarrays
Authors: Hu Yaowu , Kumar Prashant , Xu Rong , Zhao Kejie , Cheng Gary J.
Published: November 2015

We reported fabrication of large-area designer plasmonic nanostructures on flexible commercial metallic substrates with high precision and ultrafast manner.
Studies on homologous random and alternating segmented conjugated polymers with and without silicon synthesized by ADMET
Authors: Singh Gagandeep , Ardolic Hamid , Peetz Ralf M.
Published: November 2015

Using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET), we synthesized homologous luminescent conjugated polymers with two aromatic segments based on thiophene and substituted phenylene, either alternating or randomly distributed, and either directly connected or separated by Si-linkers.
Copper-mediated C(sp3)–H amination in a multiple C–N bond-forming strategy for the synthesis of N-heterocycles
Authors: Xie Zeqiang , Peng Jiangling , Zhu Qiang
Published: November 2015

A three-component reaction for the construction of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines through copper-promoted C(sp3)–H amination has been developed.
Cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes of (aryl)ethenyl functionalized 2,2′-bipyridine: synthesis, photophysical properties and trans–cis isomerization behavior
Authors: Sinha Soumalya , Mandal Soumik , Gupta Parna
Published: November 2015

The syntheses and photoinducedtrans–cisisomerization behavior of 4,4′-(aryl)ethenyl functionalized 2,2′-bipyridyls and their cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have been investigated by NMR and electronic spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and combined DFT-TDDFT studies.
Impact of aluminium addition on the corrosion behaviour of Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu lead-free solder
Authors: Nordin N. I. M. , Said S. M. , Ramli R. , Weide-Zaage K. , Sabri M. F. M. , Mamat A. , Ibrahim N. N. S. , Mainal A. , Datta R. S.
Published: November 2015

(a) Al provides an enhanced passivation capability over SAC105 solder alloy. (b) Corrosion products on the surface consist of Al2CuO4, Al2O3, SnO and SnO2. (c) Al-added SAC105 is less susceptible to corrosion.
Growth of branched gold nanoparticles on solid surfaces and their use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates
Authors: Evcimen N. I. , Coskun S. , Kozanoglu D. , Ertas G. , Unalan H. E. , Nalbant Esenturk E.
Published: November 2015

Branched gold nanoparticles were synthesized directly on solid surfaces (silicon, glass, ITO) in high yield. They revealed strong SERS activity for the detection of R6G with an enhancement factor estimated as greater than 8 orders of magnitude.
Enantioselective synthesis of mosquito oviposition pheromone and its epimer from a naturally occurring fatty acid
Authors: Hurem David , Dudding Travis
Published: November 2015

Direct epoxidation of cis-5-hexadecenoic acid towards the synthesis of Mosquito Oviposition Pheromone (MOP) and evaluation of Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DYKAT) for late-stage asymmetric induction are presented.
Biocompatibility evaluation of novel β-type titanium alloy (Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta)98Si2in vitro
Authors: Sun Yu , Song Yang , Zuo Jianlin , Wang Shengqun , Gao Zhongli
Published: November 2015

Cell proliferation, osteoblast adhesion, morphology, differentiation, inflammatory response, apoptosis and biomineralization were investigated to evaluate the biocompatibility of (Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta)98Si2 alloy.
Assessment of density functional methods for exciton binding energies and related optoelectronic properties
Authors: Lee Jui-Che , Chai Jeng-Da , Lin Shiang-Tai
Published: November 2015

Mean absolute error (MAE) in exciton binding energy (Eb) from 9 DFT methods against benchmark CCSD and EOM-CCSD.
An insight into thermodynamics of adsorptive removal of fluoride by calcined Ca–Al–(NO3) layered double hydroxide
Authors: Ghosal Partha S. , Gupta Ashok K.
Published: November 2015

A framework for determination of thermodynamic equilibrium constant and Gibbs free surface energy change was presented. The interactive effect of temperature on adsorption process was addressed by RSM. Endothermic, spontaneous reaction was observed.
Iron–nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon sphere with mesoporous structure for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Gao Qingwen , Lai Qingxue , Liang Yanyu
Published: November 2015

An iron–nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon sphere (FeN-HCS) with a mesoporous structure was prepared and exhibited extremely high oxygen reduction activity.
A new and environmentally benign synthesis of aroylguanidines using iron trichloride
Authors: Pape Simon , Wessig Pablo , Brunner Heiko
Published: November 2015

A new synthetic approach for the guanylation of aroylthioureas using iron trichloride is presented.
Unique lamellar lyotropic liquid crystal phases of nonionic phytosterol ethoxylates in glycerol
Authors: Qian Zhaohong , Yue Xiu , Yi Sijing , Li Qintang , Chen Xiao
Published: November 2015

As one type of biocompatible surfactant, phytosterol ethoxylates (BPS-n, n is the oxyethylene chain length) have attracted more and more attention for their characteristic molecular structure.
Polysaccharide-based freestanding multilayered membranes exhibiting reversible switchable properties
Authors: Silva Joana M. , Caridade Sofia G. , Reis Rui L. , Mano João F.
Published: November 2015

The combination of covalent and ionic cross-linking gives rise to synergetic effects in multiproperties. The robustness, compliance, calcium induced-adhesion and shape memory ability will pave the way towards novel therapeutic applications in tissue engineering.
One-step electrochemical synthesis of tunable nitrogen-doped graphene
Authors: Lou Fengliu , Buan Marthe Emelie Melandsø , Muthuswamy Navaneethan , Walmsley John Charles , Rønning Magnus , Chen De
Published: November 2015

Nitrogen-doped graphene is synthesized by one-step electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, which exhibits superior catalytic performances towards the oxygen reduction reaction.
Interfacial nitrogen stabilizes carbon-coated mesoporous silicon particle anodes
Authors: Han Xiang , Chen Huixin , Li Xin , Wang Jianyuan , Li Cheng , Chen Songyan , Yang Yong
Published: November 2015

We report for the first time that the interfacial Si–N–C layer could stabilize the solid–electrolyte interphase of a cabon-coated mesoporous silicon particle anode and enable 100% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 0.1 A g−1.
Characterization and optimization of pH-responsive polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery to oral biofilms
Authors: Zhou Jiayi , Horev Benjamin , Hwang Geelsu , Klein Marlise I. , Koo Hyun , Benoit Danielle S. W.
Published: November 2015

Corona and core molecular weights of p(DMAEMA)-b-p(DMAEMA-co-BMA-co-PAA) block copolymer micelles can be tuned to enhance drug release in response to acidic milieus consistent with oral biofilms.
Hypouricemic and Nephroprotective Effects of Emodinol in Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice are Mediated by Organic Ion Transporters and OIT3
Authors: Hui Wu , Yongliang Yuan , Yongde Chen , Guo Lu , Li Lan , Zhonglin Yang , Hui Ji , Qinghua Hu
Published: November 2015

Emodinol, 1β,3β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-acid, as the main active ingredient firstly extracted from the rhizomes of Elaeagus pungens by our research group, has been demonstrated to exhibit uricosuric activity by our previous study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uricosuric and nephroprotective effects of emodinol and explore its possible mechanisms in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice with renal dysfunction. Mice were orally administrated 250 mg/kg of potassium oxonate once daily for 7 consecutive days to induce hyperuricemia with renal dysfunction. Emodinol was given at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg on the same day 1 h after oxonate treatment, and allopurinol (10 mg/kg) was given as a positive control. After 1 week, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, urine uric acid, urine creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and hepatic xanthine oxidase activity were determined. The mRNA and protein levels of urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2, organic anion transporter 1, oncoprotein-induced transcript 3, and organic cation/carnitine transporters in the kidney were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. In addition, urinary and renal Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein concentrations were examined by ELISA assays. Emodinol significantly reduced serum urate levels, increased urinary urate levels and fractional excretion of uric acid, and inhibited hepatic xanthine oxidase activity in hyperuricemic mice. Moreover, potassium oxonate administration led to dys expressions of renal urate transporter 1, glucose transporter 9, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2, organic anion transporter 1, and oncoprotein-induced transcript 3 as well as alternations of uromodulin concentrations, which could be reversed by emodinol. On the other hand, treatment of emodinol caused upregulated expressions of organic cation/carnitine transporters, resulting in an improvement of renal function characterized by decreased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Emodinol exhibited hypouricemic and nephroprotective actions by inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity and regulating renal ion transporters and oncoprotein-induced transcript 3, which may be a potential therapeutic agent in hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction.
The Application of Virtual Planning and Navigation Devices for Mandible Reconstruction and Immediate Dental Implantation
Authors: Rahimov Chingiz R. , Farzaliyev Ismayil M. , Fathi HamidReza , Davudov Mahammad M. , Aliyev Anar , Hasanov Emin
Published: November 2015

Routine reconstruction of subtotal defects of the mandible and orthopedic rehabilitation supported by dental implants is achieved by means of detailed planning and lasts over a year. This article shows the outcomes of single-stage surgical treatment and immediate orthopedic rehabilitation performed with the help of preoperative virtual computer simulation. 3D investigation of pathological and donor sites, virtual simulation of tumor resection, positioning of the dental implants into fibula, virtual flap bending and transfer, virtual bending of fixing reconstruction plates, and fabrication of navigation templates and bridge prosthesis supported by dental implants were done preoperatively. The surgery included tumor resection, insertion of dental implants into fibula, elevation of fibula osteocutaneous free flap, rigid fixation within recipient site, and immediate loading by bridge orthopedic device. On 10-month follow-up, functional and esthetic results were asses as reasonable. Radiography showed dental implants to be integrated and positioned appropriately. We found that successful rehabilitation of the patients with extensive defects of the jaws could be achieved by ablative tumor resection, dental implants insertion prior to flap elevation guided by navigation templates, further osteotomy, modeling of the flap based on navigation template, flap transfer, and rigid fixation within recipient site by prebended plates, with application of prefabricated prosthesis.
Defining the Role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Chronic Low Back Pain: An Overview
Authors: Hanscom David A. , Brox Jens Ivar , Bunnage Ray
Published: November 2015

Study Design

Narrative review of the literature.

Objectives

Determine if the term cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is useful in clinical care and research. What literature supports these variables being relevant to the experience of chronic pain? What effects of CBT in treating these factors have been documented? What methods and platforms are available to administer CBT?

Methods

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex neurologic disorder with many components. CBT refers to a broad family of therapies that address both maladaptive thoughts and behaviors. There are several ways to deliver it. CLBP was broken into five categories that affect the perception of pain, and the literature was reviewed to see the effects of CBT on these variables.

Results

The term cognitive behavioral therapy has little use in future research because it covers such a wide range of therapies. CBT should always be defined by the problem it is intended to solve. The format and method of delivery should be defined because they have implications for outcomes. They are readily available even at the primary care level. The effectiveness of CBT is unquestioned regarding its effectiveness in treating each of the variables that affect CLBP. It is unclear why it is not more widely implemented.

Conclusions

CBT represents a family of therapies that are effective for a wide range of problems, many of which coexist with and influence CLBP. Each of the variables can be improved with focused CBT. Early, widespread adoption of CBT in treating and preventing CLBP is recommended. Future research and clinical care should focus on strategies to operationalize these well-documented treatments utilizing a public health approach.
Diagnosing x-ray power and energy of tungsten wire array z-pinch with a flat spectral response x-ray diode
Authors: Wang Kun-lun , Ren Xiao-dong , Huang Xian-bin , Zhang Si-qun , Zhou Shao-tong , Dan Jia-kun , Li Jing , Xu Qiang , Ouyang Kai , Cai Hong-chun , Wei Bing , Ji Ce , Feng Shu-ping , Wang Meng , Xie Wei-ping , Deng Jian-jun
Published: November 2015

Fast z-pinch is a very efficient way of converting electromagnetic energy to radiation. With an 8-10 MA current on primary test stand facility, about 1 MJ electromagnetic energy is delivered to vacuum chamber, which heats z-pinch plasma to radiate soft x-ray. To develop a pulsed high power x-ray source, we studied the applicability of diagnosing x-ray power from tungsten wire array z-pinch with a flat spectral response x-ray diode (FSR-XRD). The detector was originally developed to diagnose radiation of a hohlraum in SG-III prototype laser facility. It utilized a gold cathode XRD and a specially configured compound gold filter to yield a nearly flat spectral response in photon energy range of 0.1-4 keV. In practice, it was critical to avoid surface contamination of gold cathode. It is illustrated that an exposure of an XRD to multiple shots caused a significant change of response. Thus, in diagnosing x-ray power and energy, we used each XRD in only one shot after calibration. In a shot serial, output of FSR-XRD was compared with output of a nickel bolometer. In these shots, the outputs agreed with each other within their uncertainties which were about 12% for FSR-XRD and about 15% for bolometer. Moreover, the ratios between the FSR-XRD and the bolometer among different shots were explored. In 8 shots, the standard deviation of the ratio was 6%. It is comparable to XRD response change of 7%.
A new high pressure and temperature equation of state of fcc cobalt
Authors: Armentrout Matthew M. , Kavner Abby
Published: November 2015

The high pressure and temperature equation of state of cobalt metal in the face-centered cubic phase was measured up to 57 GPa and 2400 K using the laser heated diamond anvil cell in conjunction with synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The measured region is bisected by a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition across the Curie temperature necessitating use of an equation of state that incorporates a 2nd order phase transition within its formalism. A third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with a Mie-Grüneisen-Debye thermal correction and a Hillert-Jarl magnetic correction is employed to describe the data above and below the Curie temperature. We find best fit parameters of V0 = 6.753 (fixed) cm3/mol, K0 = 196 (3) GPa, K′ = 4.7 (2), γ0 = 2.00 (11), q = 1.3 (5), and θ0 = 385 K (fixed).
Simultaneous moduli measurement of elastic materials at elevated temperatures using an ultrasonic waveguide method
Authors: Periyannan Suresh , Balasubramaniam Krishnan
Published: November 2015

A novel technique for simultaneously measuring the moduli of elastic isotropic material, as a function of temperature, using two ultrasonic guided wave modes that are co-generated using a single probe is presented here. This technique can be used for simultaneously measuring Young’s modulus (E) and shear modulus (G) of different materials over a wide range of temperatures (35 °C–1200 °C). The specimens used in the experiments have special embodiments (for instance, a bend) at one end of the waveguide and an ultrasonic guided wave generator/detector (transducer) at the other end for obtaining reflected signals in a pulse-echo mode. The orientation of the transducer can be used for simultaneously generating/receiving the L(0,1) and/or T(0,1) using a single transducer in a waveguide on one end. The far end of the waveguides with the embodiment is kept inside a heating device such as a temperature-controlled furnace. The time of flight difference, as a function of uniform temperature distribution region (horizontal portion) of bend waveguides was measured and used to determine the material properties. Several materials were tested and the comparison between values reported in the literature and measured values were found to be in agreement, for both elastic moduli (E and G) measurements, as a function of temperature. This technique provides significant reduction in time and effort over conventional means of measurement of temperature dependence of elastic moduli.
A three-dimensional continuum model incorporating static and kinetic effects for granular flows with applications to collapse of a two-dimensional granular column
Authors: Lee Cheng-Hsien , Huang Zhenhua , Chiew Yee-Meng
Published: November 2015

This work extends a one-dimensional continuum model for granular flows down inclined planes [C. H. Lee and C. J. Huang, “Kinetic-theory-based model of dense granular flows down inclined planes,” Phys. Fluids 24, 073303 (2012)] to solve three-dimensional problems involving both static and flow states. The new model decomposes the shear stress and pressure into enduring-contact and kinetic components. One novelty of the present model is the determination of the enduring-contact component of pressure, which is a composition of a pressure depending only on the volume fraction and a pressure derived from the dilatancy law together with the equation of state from the kinetic theory. Another novelty of this study is a new numerical scheme that can avoid numerical instability caused by large volume fractions. To demonstrate its capability, the present model is applied to simulate the collapse of a granular column with various aspect ratios. The evolution of the column shape, the flow field, the final height, and the run-out predicted by the present model agree well with those provided by discrete element methods and experiments.
Oscillatory instability development in extraction system of a negative ion source
Authors: Barminova H. Y. , Chikhachev A. S.
Published: November 2015

Conditions of oscillatory instability development in the extraction system of a negative hydrogen ion source based on a volume-produced plasma are studied. Such an ion source is characterized by the presence of the parent gas in the extraction system due to the leakage from the gas-discharge chamber. The secondary electrons in the area of the ion-optical system become the reason of oscillation appearance and possible beam current modulation. Analytically the range of the stable beam propagation is found. The instability increment is shown to be rather small. Maximum increment of the oscillations corresponds to the beam velocity equal to the thermal velocity of plasma electrons. The group velocity of the oscillations is close to the beam velocity so the oscillations are convective. Simulation of the low energy beam propagation is performed in COMSOL Multiphysics, the beam current modulation being observed.
Ab initio implementation of quantum trajectory mean-field approach and dynamical simulation of the N2CO photodissociation
Authors: Xie Binbin , Liu Lihong , Cui Ganglong , Fang Wei-Hai , Cao Jun , Feng Wei , Li Xin-qi
Published: November 2015

In this work, the recently introduced quantum trajectory mean-field (QTMF) approach is implemented and employed to explore photodissociation dynamics of diazirinone (N2CO), which are based on the high-level ab initio calculation. For comparison, the photodissociation process has been simulated as well with the fewest-switches surface hopping (FSSH) and the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) methods. Overall, the dynamical behavior predicted by the three methods is consistent. The N2CO photodissociation at λ > 335 nm is an ultrafast process and the two C—N bonds are broken in a stepwise way, giving birth to CO and N2 as the final products in the ground state. Meanwhile, some noticeable differences were found in the QTMF, FSSH, and AIMS simulated time constants for fission of the C—N bonds, excited-state lifetime, and nonadiabatic transition ratios in different intersection regions. These have been discussed in detail. The present study provides a clear evidence that direct ab initio QTMF approach is one of the reliable tools for simulating nonadiabatic dynamics processes.
Numerical evaluation of a 13.5-nm high-brightness microplasma extreme ultraviolet source
Authors: Hara Hiroyuki , Arai Goki , Dinh Thanh-Hung , Jiang Weihua , Miura Taisuke , Endo Akira , Ejima Takeo , Li Bowen , Dunne Padraig , O'Sullivan Gerry , Sunahara Atsushi , Higashiguchi Takeshi
Published: November 2015

The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission and its spatial distribution as well as plasma parameters in a microplasma high-brightness light source are characterized by the use of a two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamic simulation. The expected EUV source size, which is determined by the expansion of the microplasma due to hydrodynamic motion, was evaluated to be 16 μm (full width) and was almost reproduced by the experimental result which showed an emission source diameter of 18–20 μm at a laser pulse duration of 150 ps [full width at half-maximum]. The numerical simulation suggests that high brightness EUV sources should be produced by use of a dot target based microplasma with a source diameter of about 20 μm.
Under-water adhesion of rigid spheres on soft, charged surfaces
Authors: Sinha Shayandev , Das Siddhartha
Published: November 2015

Adhesion in a liquid medium is fundamentally important for understanding a myriad of physiological and technological issues such as nanoparticle or bacteria uptake by cells, attachment of viruses on bacterial surfaces, adhesion of a bacteria on a preformed biofilm, biofouling of ships and marine vehicles, and many more. In this paper, we provide a theory to analyze the under-water adhesion of a rigid spherical particle on a soft, charged surface, which is represented as a layer of grafted polyelectrolyte layer (PEL). Our model is based on calculating and minimizing the free energy, appropriately modified to account for the PEL electric double layer (EDL) induced electrostatic energies. The central result of our paper is that the presence of surface charge typically enhances the adhesion, indicated by a larger negative value of the equilibrium free energy and larger value of the equilibrium depth of indentation. Such a behavior can be explained by noting that the lowering of EDL electrostatic energy due to adhesion better balances the increase in elastic energy caused by the adhesion-induced deformation. We anticipate that our theory will provide the hitherto unknown basis of quantifying the effect of surface charge in under-liquid adhesion, which is central to the vast number of phenomena involving charged bio-systems, like cells, bacteria, and viruses.
Containment system for experiments on radioactive and other hazardous materials in a Paris-Edinburgh press
Authors: Jacobsen M. K. , Velisavljevic N.
Published: November 2015

Recent technical developments using the large volume Paris-Edinburgh press platform have enabled x-ray synchrotron studies at high pressure and temperature conditions. However, its application to some materials of interest, such as high hazard materials that require special handling due to safety issues, reactivity, or other challenges, has not been feasible without the introduction of special containment systems to eliminate the hazards. However, introduction of a containment system is challenging due to the requirement to provide full safety containment for operation in the variety of environments available, while not hindering any of the experimental probes that are available for inert sample measurement. In this work, we report on the development and implementation of a full safety enclosure for a Paris-Edinburgh type press. During the initial development and subsequent application stage of work, experiments were performed on both cerium dioxide (CeO2) and uranium (U). This device allows for full implementation of all currently available experimental probes involving the Paris-Edinburgh press at the High Pressure Collaborative Access Team sector of the Advanced Photon Source.
A new B-dot probe-based diagnostic for amplitude, polarization, and wavenumber measurements of ion cyclotron range-of frequency fields on ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Ochoukov R. , Bobkov V. , Faugel H. , Fünfgelder H. , Noterdaeme J.-M. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: November 2015

A new B-dot probe-based diagnostic has been installed on an ASDEX Upgrade tokamak to characterize ion cyclotron range-of frequency (ICRF) wave generation and interaction with magnetized plasma. The diagnostic consists of a field-aligned array of B-dot probes, oriented to measure fast and slow ICRF wave fields and their field-aligned wavenumber (k//) spectrum on the low field side of ASDEX Upgrade. A thorough description of the diagnostic and the supporting electronics is provided. In order to compare the measured dominant wavenumber of the local ICRF fields with the expected spectrum of the launched ICRF waves, in-air near-field measurements were performed on the newly installed 3-strap ICRF antenna to reconstruct the dominant launched toroidal wavenumbers (ktor). Measurements during a strap current phasing scan in tokamak discharges reveal an upshift in k// as strap phasing is moved away from the dipole configuration. This result is the opposite of the ktor trend expected from in-air near-field measurements; however, the near-field based reconstruction routine does not account for the effect of induced radiofrequency (RF) currents in the passive antenna structures. The measured exponential increase in the local ICRF wave field amplitude is in agreement with the upshifted k//, as strap phasing moves away from the dipole configuration. An examination of discharges heated with two ICRF antennas simultaneously reveals the existence of beat waves at 1 kHz, as expected from the difference of the two antennas’ operating frequencies. Beats are observed on both the fast and the slow wave probes suggesting that the two waves are coupled outside the active antennas. Although the new diagnostic shows consistent trends between the amplitude and the phase measurements in response to changes applied by the ICRF antennas, the disagreement with the in-air near-field measurements remains. An electromagnetic model is currently under development to address this issue.
Visualization of the evolution of charged droplet formation and jet transition in electrostatic atomization
Authors: Huo Yuanping , Wang Junfeng , Zuo Ziwen , Fan Yajun
Published: November 2015

A detailed experimental study on the evolution of charged droplet formation and jet transition from a capillary is reported. By means of high-speed microscopy, special attention has been paid to the dynamics of the liquid thread and satellite droplets in the dripping mode, and a method for calculating the surface charge on the satellite droplet is proposed. Jet transition behavior based on the electric Bond number has been visualized, droplet sizes and velocities are measured to obtain the ejection characteristic of the spray plume, and the charge and hydrodynamic relaxation are linked to give explanations for ejection dynamics with different properties. The results show that the relative length is very sensitive to the hydrodynamic relaxation time. The magnitude of the electric field strength dominates the behavior of coalescence and noncoalescence, with the charge relationship between the satellite droplet and the main droplet being clear for every noncoalescence movement. Ejection mode transitions mainly depend on the magnitude of the electric Bond number, and the meniscus dynamics is determined by the ratio of the charge relaxation time to the hydrodynamic relaxation time.
A method for evaluating the thrust of a space propulsion device with wide range time variations using a disturbance observer
Authors: Kakami Akira , Muto Takuya , Yano Yasuyuki , Tachibana Takeshi
Published: November 2015

A new method for evaluating thrust with high-frequency variations beyond the resonant frequency using a disturbance observer is presented. Setpoint control is applied to a conventional pendulum-type thrust stand to keep the pendulum at the target position using a solenoid actuator. During control, pendulum acceleration and solenoid-actuator current are measured, and the disturbance observer determines thrust with a wide range of frequency variations. The method allows thrust to be evaluated not only with constant and low-frequency variations, but also with high-frequency variations outside the resonant frequency. A thrust measurement device is prototyped to investigate accuracy over a wide frequency range from 0 to 100 Hz and the effects of the proportional-derivative-integral (PID) controller design. Calibration yields thrust measurement errors of 20% below 90 Hz. PID controller design has a smaller influence on the accuracy of the proposed method than the conventional null-balance method, so the proposed method requires the same stability under PID control as that for the null-balance method.
The velocity deviations of secondary electrons and the main condition of phase stability in two-sided multipactors
Authors: Mostajeran M.
Published: November 2015

The conditions for secondary emission of electrons and the occurrence of discharge have been analyzed in detail with a plane-parallel model. According to the traditional theory of a resonance discharge (referred to as “simple resonance theory”), the velocity deviation of secondary electrons has no effect on multipactor (MP) zones. In this work, the effect of such deviations from resonance value in two-sided multipactors has been investigated using a different approach. In a previous study [M. Mostajeran and M. Lamehi Rachti, J. Instrum. 5, P08003 (2010)], a stability equation was derived considering only the phase deviation from the resonant phase. Here, the approach used in that paper has been extended to include velocity deviations as well. It is shown that phase and velocity deviations, which may not be considered small, support MP zones. Theoretical calculations are then compared with numerical results.
Impurities in a non-axisymmetric plasma: Transport and effect on bootstrap current
Authors: Mollén A. , Landreman M. , Smith H. M. , Braun S. , Helander P.
Published: November 2015

Impurities cause radiation losses and plasma dilution, and in stellarator plasmas the neoclassical ambipolar radial electric field is often unfavorable for avoiding strong impurity peaking. In this work we use a new continuum drift-kinetic solver, the SFINCS code (the Stellarator Fokker-Planck Iterative Neoclassical Conservative Solver) [M. Landreman et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 042503 (2014)] which employs the full linearized Fokker-Planck-Landau operator, to calculate neoclassical impurity transport coefficients for a Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) magnetic configuration. We compare SFINCS calculations with theoretical asymptotes in the high collisionality limit. We observe and explain a 1/ν-scaling of the inter-species radial transport coefficient at low collisionality, arising due to the field term in the inter-species collision operator, and which is not found with simplified collision models even when momentum correction is applied. However, this type of scaling disappears if a radial electric field is present. We also use SFINCS to analyze how the impurity content affects the neoclassical impurity dynamics and the bootstrap current. We show that a change in plasma effective charge Zeff of order unity can affect the bootstrap current enough to cause a deviation in the divertor strike point locations.
Intermittent bursts in ion-temperature-gradient turbulence
Authors: Wei L. , Wang Z. X. , Hu Z. Q. , Li J. Q. , Kishimoto Y.
Published: November 2015

Linear and nonlinear evolution of ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) modes is numerically investigated by using a Landau-fluid model in a sheared slab geometry. Dependence of the linear growth rates of ITG modes with different radial mode numbers on various equilibrium parameters is discussed in detail. It is found that the ITG mode with a higher radial mode number is the dominantly unstable one in a narrow current sheet system with a low magnetic shear. In nonlinear simulations with different magnetic shears, two types of nonlinear states, specifically, oscillatory relaxation to a steady state and an intermittent bursting state, are observed in the weak turbulence regime. Similar phenomena of both nonlinear states are also observed in the simulations with different temperature gradients. The basic physical processes of both nonlinear states are thoroughly analyzed by means of quasilinear simulations. It is found that the system relaxes to a steady state when the ITG mode is slightly unstable, whereas it enters an intermittent burst state when the ITG mode is more unstable. During each burst, the ITG mode with a higher radial mode number becomes the dominant one due to the energy cascade in kx space, which is induced by self-generated zonal flows.