bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tonicity‐regulated AQP1 translocation in mammalian cells and the protective effect of Mannitol on the swelling of brain astrocytes
Authors: Salman Mootaz Mowfak
Published: June 2021

The flow of water into and out of cells is controlled by aquaporins (AQPs). AQPs are found throughout the body and are involved in many physiologies and pathologies making them important drug targets. There are no drugs that target AQPs directly yet despite their importance, and they are difficult to study as there are no known ligands that activate them and no useful functional assay. Therefore we have made DNA that encodes for AQP1 with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) attached. When we transfect this into mammalian cells, the cells make the AQP‐GFP and this can be seen under a confocal or fluorescent microscope. We have shown that when these cells are put into a diluted medium (hypotonic) the AQP‐GFP traffics to the cell membrane. We can inhibit this trafficking and this is important as it may have a huge impact on diseases, for example, we may be able to decrease AQPs in brain cell membranes as a therapy for brain oedema following head injury. We have shown that this trafficking happens in an immortalised cell line called HEKs which is used as a control so that we know the techniques are working. Our new work involves transfecting AQP1 into astrocytes to study their trafficking in more physiologically relevant cells. We transiently transfect the DNA into the cell but it is only that generation of cell that will express the AQP‐GFP, the daughter cells will not express the AQP‐GFP. Our work involves making stable HEK and astrocyte cell lines that express the AQP4; AQP1; and AQP9‐GFP. This also involves western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Additionally, Mannitol has been studied for its proposed protective effect for brain astrocytes by its effect on the trafficking on the brain AQPs receptors; this can be used as a lead compound for identifying new therapies for various brain diseases.
Mast cell proteases 6 and 7 show differential effects on endothelial cells in the induction of tube formation and the release of angiogenic factors
Authors: Junior Devandir Antonio Souza , Borges Antonio Carlos , Santana Ana Carolina , Oliver Constance , Jamur Maria Celia
Published: June 2021

An association between mast cells and angiogenesis is known to exist, but the exact role that mast cells play in this process is still unclear. It is thought that the mediators released by mast cells are important in neovascularization. However, it is not known how individual mediators are involved in this process. The present study aims to understand the way in which specific subtypes of recombinant mouse mast cell proteases (rmMCP‐6 and 7) induce tube formation by endothelial cells (SVEC4–10). SVEC4–10 cells were cultured on GeltrexTM with either rmMCP‐6 or 7 and tube formation was analyzed by phase contrast microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the capacity of the subtypes of proteases to induce endothelial cells to produce pro‐and anti‐angiogenic cytokines and proteins was analyzed. Our results show that rmMCP‐6 and 7 are able to induce tube formation in SVEC4–10 cells. SEM shows that following protease treatment SVEC4–10 cells penetrating the gel. Furthermore, rmMCP‐6 and rmMCP‐7 were able to induce the differential release of angiogenic factors. rmMCP‐7 was more efficient in inducing tube formation and releasing angiogenic factors than rmMCP‐6. However, the expression and activity of metalloproteases were not altered by incubation with these mast cell proteases. This study suggests that subtypes of proteases released from mast cells may be important in angiogenesis.
Modeling of O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase (MGMT) to assist in the confirmation of its role in the development and progression of cervical cancer
Authors: Thao Panfua , Sandner Robin , Flees Hannah , Krasovich Joey , Borchardt Morgan , DeLeon‐Camacho Francis , Gerwig Alyssa , Osberg Zoe , Wojczulis Mary , Fangmann Julie , Worthey Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

In 2008 the CDC reported 4,008 cervical cancer‐related deaths in the US. Researchers at MCW used Whole Genome Sequencing technology to sequence the DNA of a mother and daughter diagnosed with a rapidly progressing form of cervical cancer. Identifying the genetic underpinnings could explain how their cancer developed and progresses, and help develop a specific treatment for this cancer. One candidate gene, O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA‐methyltransferase (MGMT), is a DNA repair enzyme that removes a methyl group from methylated guanines via a cysteine residue (Cys145), creating a normal guanine that properly pairs with cytosine in DNA. Alteration of MGMT, such as the mutations found in this family (Ile143Val and Lys178Arg), may prevent this reaction, leaving improperly pairing methylguanines. Altered MGMT may lead to an increased rate of DNA mutations, which may lead to accumulation of mutations altering molecules responsible for regulation of cell growth, leading to cancer development. Understanding MGMT's structure, specifically at these altered positions, will assist MCW researchers in determining whether the mutated MGMT is a likely cause of disease. The Greenfield SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled MGMT using 3D printing technology to analyze the likely effect of these mutations to understand its possible role in the development of cervical cancer. Supported by a grant from NIH‐CTSA.
Calcium‐calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II: An Unforgettable Story
Authors: Tiffany Laura , Bothe Alex , Dyke Sarah , Eggleston Theresa , Kenny Savannah , Kuhn Erin , Satchie Alex , Tiffany Kathryn , Zietlow Emily , Tiffany Karen , Kramer Audra , Gerges Nashaat
Published: June 2021

According to the National Institutes of Health, 5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease (AD), which affects memory and the ability to learn. In long‐term potentiation (LTP), a correlate of learning and memory, the number of receptors at the synapse increases. Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a large dodecameric enzyme comprising 1–2% of all proteins in the brain, is part of a signaling pathway implicated in LTP. In this pathway, Ca+2 binds calmodulin (CaM) and the Ca+2/CaM complex activates CaMKII, which then phosphorylates other proteins in the cell, like α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. To investigate the role of CaMKII, the Cedarburg SMART (Students Modeling A Research Topic) Team used 3D printing technology to design a CamKII model, highlighting the catalytic, self‐association, and autoinhibitory domains. The Ca+2/CaM complex activates CaMKII by displacing a portion of the autoinhibitory domain that blocks the active site of the enzyme, exposing both the catalytic base and Thr286, the residue involved in autophosphorylation. When CaMKII phosphorylates AMPA receptors, their numbers increase in the post synaptic neuron and they are more sensitive to glutamate. Impaired LTP may lead to the cognitive decline seen in AD. Funded by a grant from NIH‐SEPA 1R25OD010505–01 from NIH‐CTSA UL1RR031973.
Small is beautiful: a practical course in microsurgery for medical students
Authors: Lin Daniel , Lewis Thomas L , Mobley Mark , Burnett Brian , Tunstall Richard , Abrahams Peter
Published: June 2021

Objective

Run a short course in microsurgery for medical students which aims to introduce the practical skills for suturing at a microscopic level and develop interest in specialties which use microsurgery.

Methods

A total of 4 microsurgery workshops were run between June 2012 and January 2013 under expert supervision. The workshops lasted 3 hours each and were open to 12 medical students at each session. Delegates were paired to 6 stations with 1 operating microscope and microvascular kit at each station to practice suturing different materials under the microscope and compete in a microsuturing competition to conclude the session. Pre‐ and post‐workshop qualitative questionnaires were completed.

Results

The total attendance for the 4 workshops was 42 delegates. Progression was demonstrated across all workshops with students becoming more confident at operating surgical microscopes and microsuturing. Feedback showed that teaching microsurgery to medical students requires more time and better equipment. 67% (n=28) of students felt that a good understanding of microsurgery is important for their future career. Students enjoy friendly competition.

Conclusions

A structured microsurgical course designed for medical students was conceived and developed with positive outcomes. This novel workshop has potential applications to other aspects of anatomy education.

Thanks to Mercian Surgical Instruments.
A Yeast Model for the Evolution of Multicellularity and Cellular Differentiation
Authors: Wahl Mary Elizabeth , Murray Andrew W
Published: June 2021

Multicellularity and cellular differentiation have each evolved independently in over a dozen clades. Most extant organisms either exhibit both traits or possess neither one, though it is presumed that these traits evolve serially. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain why the transitional forms (single‐celled, differentiating species, or vice versa) may be less fit or more evolutionarily unstable. To test these predictions, we have engineered strains of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae that can differentiate into two cell types and/or form clonal aggregates. (We model “germ‐soma” differentiation using an engineered gene excision system in which somatic cells irreversibly lose reproductive potential and induce expression of genes whose products benefit nearby germ cells.) By comparing these strains, we find that multicellularity (i) enhances the fitness benefits that somatic cells can provide to germ cells due to increased proximity and (ii) is protective against the invasion of a non‐differentiating mutant. By contrast, the costs of differentiation do not outweigh the benefits in our unicellular strains. These results buttress theoretical predictions that evolution through a multicellular, non‐differentiating intermediate is the most likely path to differentiating multicellular organisms, and that these two traits act synergistically to produce a more fit and stable phenotype.
Supplementation of oil palm phenolics in normal healthy human volunteers
Authors: Fairus Syed , Leow Soon‐Sen , Isa Naina Mohamed , Sundram Kalyana , Hayes Kenneth C , Tan Yew‐Ai , Sambanthamurthi Ravigadevi
Published: June 2021

In comparison to the lipid‐soluble antioxidants (vitamin E and carotenoids), it has been less known that the oil palm fruit also contains potent water‐soluble antioxidants. MPOB has developed a breakthrough technology in harvesting a substantial amount of phenolic acids from the bio‐aqueous co‐product of oil palm fruit. Based on several emerging evidences from in‐vitro and animal studies postulating the antioxidant effectiveness of oil palm phenolics (OPP), a Phase 1 Clinical Trial was conducted to evaluate physiological effects of the OPP. In this single‐blind, cross‐over design trial, 25 healthy human volunteers were supplemented with 150 mL of control or OPP (concentration at 1500 ppm Gallic acid equivalent, GAE) treatments, twice per day for 60 days recruitment period. Fasting blood and urine samples were collected at day 1, 30 and 60, and medical examination was performed during the trial interventions. All clinical biochemistry profiles values observed throughout the OPP trial recruitment period were in normal range and no major adverse effect occurred. Additionally, OPP supplementation resulted in significantly improving total cholesterol and LDL‐C levels, compared to the control treatment. These current evidences have provided investigators with several outcomes that justify the needs to continue the investigation with the dose‐exploration and phase 2 clinical trials of OPP in the near future.
Novel strategies for capturing health‐protective mango phytochemicals in shelf‐stable food matrices
Authors: Guzman Ivette , Grace Mary , Yousef Gad , Raskin Ilya , Lila Mary Ann
Published: June 2021

Stunting, the result of chronic nutritional deficiencies, afflicts an estimated 180 million children under the age of 5. It is exacerbated when local diets rely on easily preserved dietary staples largely devoid of protein and phytoactive compounds from fruits and vegetables. Simple cost‐effective methods are presented for concentrating nutritional mango (Mangifera indica L.) compounds in shelf‐stable food matrices, adapted for rural village use in Zambia. Taking advantage of the solubility of carotenoids in oils, and the affinity of medium‐polarity phytoactive compounds to proteins, pureed mango was complexed with sunflower oil and either defatted soy flour (DSF) or medium roasted peanut flour (MPN). After complexation, ~97% carotenoids from one cup mango puree were captured in 25 mL of sunflower oil. DSF and MPN captured ~1 mg/g polyphenols, while sugars were discarded in an aqueous layer. An alternative process involved co‐drying mango puree with whole grain soy flour or MPN. Polyphenols, carotenoids, and natural sugars were stably bound in the protein‐rich flour matrices. Both strategies require minimal instrumentation, are compatible with rural village dietary practices; and capture the benefits of otherwise perishable seasonal resources combining healthful proteins with phytoactive compounds that do not exist together in nature. Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Iron Bioavailability of Maize Hemoglobin in a Caco‐2 Cell Culture Model
Authors: Beavers Alyssa Whitney , Bodnar Anastasia L , Scott Marvin Paul , Proulx Amy K , Reddy Manju B
Published: June 2021

Maize is an important staple crop in many parts of the world but has low iron bioavailability, in part due to its high phytate content. Hemoglobin is a form of iron that is highly bioavailable and not affected by phytate. We hypothesize that biofortification of maize with iron can be accomplished by overexpression of maize hemoglobin in the endosperm. Maize was transformed with a gene construct encoding a translational fusion of maize globin and green fluorescent protein under transcriptional control of the maize 27 kDa gamma zein promoter. Iron bioavailability of maize hemoglobin produced in E. coli and transformed seeds expressing the maize globin‐GFP fusion was determined using an in vitro Caco‐2 cell culture model. Maize flour fortified with purified hemoglobin had iron bioavailability similar to flour fortified with ferrous sulfate or bovine hemoglobin but is significantly higher than unfortified flour. Transformed maize was found to have significantly higher iron bioavailability than untransformed seeds, suggesting that overexpression of maize globin in endosperm may be one of the strategies to improve iron bioavailability of maize.

Supported by Bailey Career Research Award and Biotechnology fellowship at Iowa State University
Serum levels of zinc, calcium, and iron are associated with the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women
Authors: Kim Jihye , Kim Young Ju , Lee Rena J , Moon Jong Hwa , Jo Inho
Published: June 2021

Several evidences indicate that various elements including antioxidant minerals might play an important role in preeclampsia (PE). This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between serum mineral levels such as zinc, calcium, iron and selenium and the risk of preeclampsia in Korean women. Thirty women with preeclampsia and 29 normal controls were recruited for the study. Preeclampsia was defined as high blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks gestation) and proteinuria (≥ 300 mg/24 hours). Serum mineral content was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Serum zinc (P < 0.0001) and calcium (P = 0.0188) levels were lower in women with preeclampsia than those of normal women, while serum iron was significantly higher in women with preeclampsia (P = 0.0045). The odds ratio for preeclampsia was lower in women with higher serum zinc levels than those with lower levels after adjustment for age, height, and weight before delivery (P < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio for preeclampsia also decreased across tertiles of serum calcium concentration (P = 0.0452). However, we found increased adjusted odds ratio for preeclampsia across tertiles of serum iron level (P = 0.0104). These results suggest that levels of serum minerals such as zinc, calcium, and iron may be associated with the risk of preeclampsia in Korean pregnant women.
Effect of iron supplementation on novel object recognition in growing rats
Authors: Han Murui , Chang JuOae , Sukumaran Abitha , Alsulimani Helal Hussain , Ye Qi , Kim Jonghan
Published: June 2021

Our recent study demonstrated that manganese exposure corrected neurobehavioral problems resulting from iron deficiency in young rats, suggesting a beneficial role of metal loading in brain function in growing children. To characterize the effect of dietary iron supplementation on behavioral performance, weanling rats were fed iron‐loading diet (10,000 mg iron/kg diet) or iron‐adequate control diet (50 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and a battery of behavioral tests (elevated plus maze, novel object recognition, rotarod) was conducted. Iron‐supplemented (IS) rats displayed higher non‐heme iron levels in serum (1.8‐fold) and liver (10.6‐fold) compared with controls, reflecting iron loading condition. Although iron loading did not affect anxiety determined by elevated plus maze, IS rats exhibited a better short‐term memory function (2‐hour) as assessed by an increased novel object recognition index (IS 22% change vs. control 12%; P=0.047; n=11/group). Iron loading did not alter overall activity (open field) or motor performance (rotarod test), indicating that increased memory functions are not due to altered mobile activity. Our investigation suggests that iron supplementation improves memory performance during developmental and rapidly growing periods of life. Supported by NIH ES017781.
ZnT4‐null mice have impaired pubertal mammary gland development resulting in lactation defects
Authors: McCormick Nicholas , Kelleher Shannon L
Published: June 2021

Proper mammary gland (MG) development is needed to provide milk of optimal quality and quantity for the growing infant. MG development requires communication between stromal and epithelial tissue. It consists of epithelial proliferation and invasion into the mammary fat pad during puberty, and extensive secondary branching and lobular‐alveolar differentiation during reproduction. Many of these cellular processes are zinc (Zn) dependent. ZnT4 provides Zn for vital mammary cell functions. ZnT4‐null mice have smaller and functionally impaired MGs. We hypothesized that ZnT4 provides Zn for processes that are critical for optimal MG development. During lactation, ZnT4‐null mice had ~30% fewer alveoli and sparse ductal architecture. However, the ducts and alveoli were well‐organized, patent and did not accumulate lipid droplets. During development, increased proliferating and apoptotic cells in stromal tissue were noted, suggesting greater stromal turnover in ZnT4‐null MGs. Moreover, ZnT4‐null mice had comparable primary duct invasion but less secondary branching. This suggests that impaired MG function during lactation results from impaired pubertal development and not defects in differentiation during reproduction, and implicates ZnT4‐mediated Zn transport as a critical regulator of optimal MG development. Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH R01 HD058614 to SLK.
Folate intake and status of healthy young females in Serbia, a country without folic acid food fortification
Authors: Ivankovic Marija Djekic , Gurinovic Mirjana , Savikin Katarina , Nikolic Marina , Glibetic Marija
Published: June 2021

Objective

A single‐day cross‐sectional study was performed to assess folate intake and status of healthy young females in Serbia, a country without folic acid food fortification.

Method

Dietary intake of folate was assessed on the sample of 420 women (aged 18 to 30) using validated semi quantitative food frequency and 24 hr recall questionnaires. Folate intake was calculated using DietAsses nutritional software and Serbian Food Composition Data Base. On 10% of participants’ folate status was determined by red blood cell (RBC) and serum folate concentrations.

Results

Mean daily intake of folate was more than 400 μg in 9. 77% of participants and only 0.71% of all participants were taking folic acid supplements. In a subpopulation of 40 female subjects, calculated mean daily intake of folate was 311.84 ± 81.20 μg DFE (dietary folate equivalents). The results of serum and RBC folate indicated that 32.5% of females in Serbia were folate deficiency and only 20% reached RBC folate concentrations needed to prevent fetal neural tube defect (>;400 ng/mL).

Conclusion

Folate was below the daily recommended intake (400 μg/day) in more than 90% of participants, and prevalence of folate deficiency was high among females of reproductive age. Our data demonstrates that there is a need for promotion of folic acid supplementation among young women in Serbia.

Source of research support: Ministry of Science, Serbia III grant 41030
Formulation of the Rare‐Sugar Delivery System for Functional Food
Authors: Shirai Yoko , Sasaki Hitomi , Kamimura Wataru
Published: June 2021

It is known that rare‐sugars – those exist in small amount in nature – have various physiological activities such as the regulation of body mass or blood glucose level. Because of the low digestion ratio and the disposition different from glucose, the availability of rare sugars is limited. In this study, we attempted to improve the blood threshold of rare sugars by means of drug‐delivery techniques. In order to apply for functional food we chose several safe, easily available, and inexpensive carriers and prepared the complexes of them with rare sugars. The amount of the supported substrates and the release efficiency of rare sugars in biological conditions were measured.
Apoptotic sensitivity in osteoblasts is maturation specific
Authors: Mastracco Dominick , Saunders Ray , Scheinfeld Victoria , Adams Christopher S
Published: June 2021

As the microenvironment of bone contains significant levels of apoptogens, we hypothesize that maturation of osteoblasts is characterized by changes in sensitivity to those apoptogens. Human Fetal Osteoblast (hFOB) cells cease proliferation and differentiate when cultured above 37°C and maintain a proliferative phenotype at 34°C. Thus, these cells can serve as an in vitro model for osteoblast maturation. hFOBs were cultured at 34°C and 39°C and exposed to elevated levels of the phosphate and calcium ion pair for 24 h. Viable cells were identified by MTT assay and apoptosis confirmed using Mitochondrial ToxGlo and Caspase‐3/7 assays. Results indicated that differentiated osteoblasts had an increased sensitivity to the ion pair. The mitochondrial membrane potential rose initially after apoptogen exposure, followed by a loss of potential consistent with a permeability transition event. The caspases were seen to steadily increase following exposure to the apoptogen. These results indicate that osteoblasts have increased sensitivity towards apoptosis with maturation. This study was supported by a grant from the Center for Chronic Disorders of aging at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Self‐Reported Dietary Intake and the Human Metabolome
Authors: Guertin K A , Moore S C , Sampson J N , Stolzenberg‐Solomon R Z , Sinha R , Cross A J
Published: June 2021

Metabolomics may improve upon self‐reported measures of dietary intake, or offer a substitute when self‐report is unavailable. We investigated partial Pearson correlations between self‐reported diet and ~500 serum metabolites, measured by HPLC and GC‐MS, in 254 adults from a large U.S. cohort. After Bonferroni correction and adjustment for age, gender, smoking, and energy intake, >;43 metabolites were correlated with citrus fruits, seafood, peanuts, coffee, alcohol, calcium, or multivitamins. Serum proline betaine, found in citrus fruits, was correlated with citrus intake (r=0.39). As expected, multivitamins were associated with higher serum α‐tocopherol (r=0.31) and lower γ‐tocopherol (r=−0.26). 3‐Carboxy‐ 4‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐2‐furan propionic acid (CMPF), a uremic toxin which induces oxidative stress in vitro and impedes drug metabolism, was associated with fish intake (r=0.32); CMPF is of unknown origin but has been detected in fish. A further 17 unknown metabolites were associated with diet (r=0.23–0.38); identifying these metabolites may provide insight into downstream effects and diet‐disease associations. Future studies should investigate correlations reported herein, associations of these metabolites with disease, and determine whether dietary and metabolite data can be combined to better characterize associations with disease.

Funding: NCI Intramural Research, NIH
Nile and Ornate monitor lizard tooth and jaw morphology: phylogenetically relevant characters and founder populations
Authors: Serajfar Yasmin Dee , Meers Mason B , D'Amore Domenic
Published: June 2021

Nile monitors (Varanus niloticus), most closely related to the Ornate monitor (V. ornatus), differs from its sister taxon primarily in geographic distribution, diet, and soft‐tissues. The recent elevation of V. ornatus to species creates a problem for museums with osteological specimens that lack appropriate soft‐tissue material, resulting in V. ornatus erroneously cataloged as V. niloticus. In order to identify osteological or dental characters that can be used to distinguish the two species, we examine tooth and jaw morphology using CT scans, digital and X‐ray photography, in order to identify defining characters among wild‐killed specimens of the two species, as well as from an invasive Florida population. V. niloticus exhibits significantly more pointed teeth along the mandible and among all size classes than those found in V. ornatus, though this may be obscured in the oldest specimens. Further, tooth form differs significantly between the two species, with V. niloticus teeth being more conical, with a more bulbous morphology found in V. ornatus. Florida V. niloticus are more homogeneous than their native African conspecifics, suggesting a founder effect. This research will allow clarification of museum specimen affinities, and supports on‐going research into the morphological divergence of invasive animals from their parent populations.
Effects of nutrient timing following resistance‐exercise on changes in body composition in post‐menopausal women participating in weight loss program
Authors: Byrd Mike , Jung YP , Lockard B , Baetge C , Levers K , Galvan E , Jagim A , Simbo S , Oliver JM , Koozechian M , Khanna D , Dalton R , Sanchez B , Horrell K , Leopold T , Cho M , Fluckey J , Riechman S , Greenwood M , Hart J , Shimkus K , Gapinski W , Perez M , Bessire B , Rasmussen C , Kreider R
Published: June 2021

21 sedentary women (59.8±5 yr, 43.7±3% body fat, 31.0±3 kg/m2) followed Curves Complete® energy‐restricted diet (30% C, 45% P, and 25% F) while participating in a circuit resistance‐training (3 d/wk) and walking (30 min, 3/d wk) program for 12‐wks. Participants ingested a drink containing 15g of protein immediately following (I) or 2‐hr after (D) exercise as part of their diet. Data were analyzed by MANOVA and are presented as changes from baseline after 12 wks for the I and D groups, respectively. While significant time effects were seen in body mass, fat mass, and body fat; no significant group × time effects were observed. However, participants in the D group generally experience more favorable changes in body mass (I −3.6±2.2; D −4.2±4.2, kg, p=0.59), fat mass (I −3.5±1.5; D −4.8±3.3, kg, p=0.32), FFM (I −0.0±1.7; D 1.1±1.3, kg, p=0.24), and body fat (I −2.8±1.9; D −4.4±3.1 %, p=0.25). No differences were seen among groups in REE (I − 82±126; D −90±142 kcal/d, p=0.34). Additional research should examine whether nutrient timing affects training adaptations in post‐menopausal women who participate in an energy deficit higher protein and low fat diet with resistance‐exercise.
Adherence to a high protein and low fat energy‐restricted diet while participating in a circuit resistance‐exercise program promotes positive changes in blood glucose and lipids in postmenopausal women
Authors: Jagim A , Byrd M , Lockard B , Baetge C , Levers K , Galvan E , Simbo S , Jung YP , Oliver J , Koozehchian M , Dalton R , Khanna D , Sanchez B , Kresta J , Horrell K , Leopold T , Cho M , Springer S , Rivera A , Cerda C , Rasmussen C , Kreider R
Published: June 2021

41 sedentary women (55.6±10 yr, 45.0±4% body fat, 33.7±5 kg/m2) were randomized to participate in a control group (C) or the Curves Complete® (CC) weight loss and circuit resistance‐exercise program for 12‐wks. Participants in the CC program followed an energy‐restricted diet (30% C, 45% P, and 25% F) while participating in a circuit resistance‐training (3 d/wk) and walking (30 min, 3/d wk) program. Fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 4, 8, & 12 wks and analyzed by MANOVA. Data are presented as changes from baseline after 4, 8, and 12 wks for the C and CC groups, respectively. Overall MANOVA analysis revealed a significant time (p=0.004) and group × time (p=0.002) differences. Univariate analysis revealed significant time effects for TG, CHL, and LDL and that participants in the CC group experienced significantly different changes in blood glucose (C 1.7±8, 2.6±6, −1.3±8; CC 0.6±8, −3.2±6, −0.8±7 %, p=0.04) and CHL (C 0.6±12, −0.3±12, −2.2±11; CC −11.2±11, −9.5±10, −11.2±9 %, p=0.005) with no significant differences in TG (p=0.14), HDLc (p=0.37) or LDLc (p=0.11). Results indicate that adherence to a high protein and low fat energy restricted diet while participating in a resistance‐based circuit training program promotes favorable changes in blood glucose and some blood lipids in postmenopausal women.
Mushroom consumption is associated with increased nutrient intakes and better diet quality in adult participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2010)
Authors: O'Neil Carol E. , Nicklas Theresa A. , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: June 2021

Associations between mushroom consumption, nutrient intake, and diet quality were examined in adults using data from NHANES (2001–2010). Intake was determined using a 24 hour recall; mushroom consumers were defined as those with intake of 281 food codes including mushrooms. Means and ANOVA (covariate adjusted) were determined using appropriate sample weights; significance was p<0.01. Diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index‐2005 (HEI). Mean mushroom consumption was 20.6±0.75 g/d. Compared to non‐consumers (n=22,408), consumers (n=2,399) had higher intakes of energy (2162±10 v 2307±26 kcals/d), protein (83±0.3 v 86±0.8 g/d), thiamin (1.6±0.0 v 1.8±0.0 mg/d), niacin (24.7±0.1 v 26±0.3 mg/d), folate (540±4.2 v 573±10.3 DFE mcg/d), copper (1.3±0.0 v 1.4±0.0 mg/d), selenium (110±0.5 v 119±1.4 mcg/d), and sodium (3479±11.2 v 3774±33.1 mg/d). Total (124±0.8 v 115±1.7 g/d) and added sugars (19.4±0.2 v 17.2±0.4 tsp/d) were lower in consumers. Consumers had higher total HEI scores (51.3±0.2 v 52.4±0.4) than non‐consumers; specifically, for total vegetables (3.0±0.0 v 3.5±0.4), dark green/orange vegetables (1.2±0.0 v 1.4±0.0), total grains (4.2±0.0 v 4.4±0.0), and milk (4.9±0.1 v 5.2±0.1), and a lower score for sodium (4.0±0.0 v 3.2±0.1). Mushroom consumption was positively associated with higher intake of most nutrients and better diet quality. Support: Mushroom Council and USDA.
Navigating culture: dietary practices among young pregnant Cambodian women
Authors: Peterman Jerusha Nelson , Chen Shanshan , Mouth Ronnie , An Rasy , Cordeiro Lorraine
Published: June 2021

Young and emerging adults in refugee families are at high risk of poor health outcomes due to combined pre‐migration experiences and the U.S. food environment. Pregnancy is a key time to intervene. This study assessed dietary practices of pregnant young women of Cambodian heritage in Massachusetts (15–30YO) and assessed relationships with characteristics through a cross‐sectional survey (n=35). Most respondents consumed high‐calorie, nutrient‐poor American‐style foods >;1x/month (fast food, hot dogs, pizza, and chicken nuggets, 69%), sweetened beverages >;1x/week (54%), and white rice >;1x/day (87%). Half consumed dairy products >;1x/day. Having a child >;3YO and higher acculturation were positively related to consuming American‐style foods and dairy products. These young women navigate multiple cultures and the U.S. food environment. Exposure to dominant U.S. culture likely influences both positive (calcium consumption) and negative (American‐style food consumption) dietary practices, while cultural heritage likely influences white rice consumption. Nutrition education efforts should address healthy cultural and American‐style dietary practices for pregnant young and emerging adults in refugee families. Funding: USDA‐CSREES #H991.
Needs Assessment of Non‐Profit Milk Banks
Authors: Spence Kimberly , Fogleman April
Published: June 2021

In order to inform and improve both the daily operations and overarching organizational components of a non‐profit milk bank, a 61‐question survey was sent to each of the donor human milk banks. Informants were asked questions regarding ten categories of potential challenges: first steps, location, internal key players, external key players, administration, finances, public relations, equipment, processing, and the mentor program. With nine of the eleven milk banks responding, this data represents the current condition of non‐profit milk banks in North America. According to the milk bank staff, the most challenging issue is finances, followed by administration, and then external key players and first steps. Currently the average price of donor milk is $3.67 per ounce across the country, which could indicate a potential issue with equity. These milk banks report distributing at least 1,427, 579 ounces of human milk in 2011, and yet this data also reveals that 57% of the banks feel understaffed to meet their demand. Milk bank staff report that pasteurizing milk is the most expensive step of their processing. Therefore more research should be conducted regarding ways to make donor milk banking more effective and cost efficient while maintaining the strong safety precautions. These results demonstrate the need for quality assessment and further support of non‐profit milk banks.
Hypoxia in pressure overloaded heart
Authors: Nanka Ondrej , Pesevski Zivorad , Stopkova Tereza , Sedmera David
Published: June 2021

The heart grows in response to circulatory demands and this growth is governed by genetic programs but may be modified by hemodynamic alterations. Hypoxic regions are present in the developing myocardium. Conotruncal banding (CTB) is a well‐established model of embryonic pressure overload. The aim of this study was to elucidate how the extent of hypoxic regions in myocardium is changed under pressure overload.

Conotruncal banding was performed in the chick model at embryonic day (ED) 4.

The marker for hypoxia Hypoxyprobe 1, was injected into the vitelline vein at ED 6 and ED 8. The embryos were reincubated for 1h and then fixed in 4% PFA. The reaction product was detected on paraffin sections with Hypoxyprobe‐1 antibody.

Examination of control hearts showed isolated regions of hypoxia in the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. In pressure‐overloaded hearts we found ventricular dilatation, thickening of the compact myocardium and trabeculae. The hypoxic regions were significantly more extensive in the compact layer of both ventricles, septum, and the outflow tract.

We conclude that the thickening of the embryonic myocardium induced by pressure overload results in its increased hypoxia. This finding can explain previous observations of matching capillary growth in this model, as well as accelerated maturation of the conduction system.

Supported by project UNCE 204013 and PRVOUK P35/LF1/5.
Growth of Infants and Children treated with the Ketogenic Diet for Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Thompson Lindsey M , Kayyali Husam R , Vaughn Lindsey R , Gustafson Megan M , Myers Tara C , Abdelmoity Ahmed T
Published: June 2021

The objective of this research was to assess long‐term growth in epileptic infants and children being treated with the ketogenic diet. Retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who received ketogenic diet therapy for ≥12 months in the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Children's Mercy Hospital between May 2008 and January 2011 (n=39). Anthropometrics, including weight and height percentiles and z‐scores for age, were collected and reviewed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Student's paired t tests were used to compare anthropometrics at baseline with 6 and 12 months. Statistical significance was indicated at α=0.05. Mean age of patients at baseline was 3.49 years. Mean weight and height‐for‐age percentiles and z‐scores declined over 12 months, but these changes were not statistically significant (Table 1). In conclusion, weight and height were not significantly affected infants and children treated with the ketogenic diet up to 12 months at our center.
The Relationships with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Korean Adolescents and Sociodemographic Factors
Authors: Kim Yangsuk , Kwon Yong‐Suk
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to investigate the fruit and vegetable consumption status of Korean adolescents and its relationships with sociodemographic factors using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web‐based Survey (KYRBWS) in 2006 and 2011. The prevalence of vegetable intake over once a day excluding salted vegetable among 12–18 year‐olds was 58.2% in 2006 and 45.2% in 2011. The prevalence of fruit intake over once a week excluding fruit juice was 32.3% in 2006 and 20.3% in 2011. In 2006 survey, female adolescents (OR=0.823) were less likely to consume vegetables over once a day and adolescents perceiving their household income level ‘middle’ (OR=0.882) and ‘low’ (OR=0.819) were less likely to consume vegetables over once a day. In case of fruit consumption, female adolescents (OR=1.197) were more likely to consume fruits over once a day and adolescents perceiving their household income level ‘middle’ (OR=0.651) and ‘low’ (OR=0.424) were less likely to consume fruits over once a day. In 2011 survey, there was no relationship with vegetable intake and gender. Adolescents perceiving their household income level ‘middle’ (OR=0.851) and ‘low’ (OR=0.835) were less likely to consume vegetables over once a day. Female adolescents (OR=1.227) were more likely to consume fruits over once a day and adolescents perceiving their household income level ‘middle’ (OR=0.639) and ‘low’ (OR=0.492) were less likely to consume fruits over once a day.
Psychosocial factors related to weight loss among low income midlife women
Authors: Johnson Cassandra , Zartman Jill , Gizlice Ziya , Samuel‐Hodge Carmen , Keyserling Thomas
Published: June 2021

Few evidence‐based weight loss programs have targeted at‐risk low income and minority women, and it is not known how psychosocial variables influence weight loss. The objective of this study is to determine which changes in psychosocial variables were associated with weight loss. Psychosocial variables included quality of life (Short Form‐8 Health Survey), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), social support (the Social Support from Family & Friends for PA and Social Support for Eating Habits surveys), and family functioning (Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve measure). Data were obtained from a 16‐week evidence‐based behavioral weight loss intervention tested in a randomized controlled trial among low income, African American and Caucasian women 40–64 years of age (n = 189 total; n=126, study intervention). Results indicated a significant association between change in depression and change in weight, but no significant associations between change in self‐rated health or change in weight‐related quality of life and change in weight. Improvements in depression scores were related to better weight loss, and this was independent of group assignment. After adjusting for race and education level, the change in depression score was positively associated with weight loss (p = 0.03). In addition, 26% of the effect of depression change on weight loss was mediated by attendance. Findings from this study can help inform future weight loss interventions for at‐risk women.
Spatial and temporal ECM expression pattern during human cardiogenesis ‐ learning from nature's blueprint
Authors: Votteler Miriam , Liebscher Simone , Geist Susanne , Weimar Timo , Horke Alexander , Schenke‐Layland Katja
Published: June 2021

During fetal cardiac development, extracellular matrix (ECM) compounds are recognized to be essential for cell differentiation and maturation processes. Thus, we aimed to identify spatial and temporal ECM expression pattern during human fetal cardiogenesis, in order to learn from these developmental cues for applictions in regenerative medicine. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal expression and the localization of six essential ECM molecules: collagen type I, III, IV and VI (COLI, COLIII, COLIV, COLVI), fibronectin (FN) and elastin (ELN). Here, we used human ventricular heart muscle tissues of different age groups: fetal first (week 4–12) and second (week 14–17) trimester, children (3–9 years), adults (50–70 years). We performed quantitative gene expression analysis of COL I, COL III, COL IV, COL VI, FN and ELN and analyzed temporal and spatial protein expression by immunofluorescence staining. We revealed a spatiotemporal distinct expression of collagen type IV during human cardiac development. Collagen type IV was highly expressed at the early onset of cardiogenesis, decreased during second trimester, where it was primarily detected in the epicardium, and increased postnatal around mature cardiomyocytes and in the epicardium. Collagen type I expression was the highest in first trimester ventricles and decreased during development. Here, we identified distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns of ECM proteins, which will serve as a blueprint for biomaterials that can be used for myocardial regeneration.
A prospective study of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids and the risk of age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Wu Juan , Cho Eunyoung , Schaumberg Debra A. , Sastry Srinivas M. , Willett Walter C.
Published: June 2021

Method

From 1984 to 2008, we prospectively followed 67,206 women aged ≥ 50 y in the Nurses’ Health Study who had omega‐3 fatty acids intake assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and were free of AMD, cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline.

Results

Over 24 years of follow‐up, we accrued 1,307 AMD cases with 700 early and 607 late AMD. Comparing the highest quintile to the lowest of docosahexaenoic acid intake, the multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for total, early and late AMD were 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.66, 0.99), 0.64 (0.48, 0.84; p for trend, 0.003), and 1.08 (0.80, 1.46), respectively. The results were similar for eicosapentaenoic acid. For alpha‐linolenic acid, the corresponding HRs were 1.26 (1.02, 1.57), 1.36 (1.02, 1.83; p for trend, 0.02) and 1.16 (0.84, 1.59). Compared with women who consumed seafood <1 serving/m, women who consumed ≥5 servings/wk had a HR of 0.50 (0.29, 0.87; p for trend, 0.004) for early AMD. The inverse associations between docosahexaenoic acid and total and early AMD were more evident in women <70 years old and those who took ≥1 tablet of aspirin/wk.

Conclusion

Both docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were associated with decreased risk of early AMD but not late AMD. Alpha‐linolenic acid was associated with increased risk of early AMD and warrants further investigation. Higher intake of seafood may benefit primary prevention of AMD.
Beta‐carotene inhibits lipid accumulation and ROS production induced by bisphenol A in 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Lee Ok‐Hwan , Lee Young Jun , Kim Jae‐Hwan , Park Jin‐Ju , Yang Hye‐Jeong , Lim Jeong‐Ho
Published: June 2021

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting compound, is widely generated in plastic products. It plays as a mixed agonist‐antagonist with respect to steroid hormones such as estrogens. Recent studies have suggested that BPA promotes adipose tissue and oxidative stress by molecular mechanisms including up/down regulation of adipogenesis and antioxidant defense systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BPA on adipogenesis and oxidative stress during the differentiation of 3T3‐ L1 preadipocytes. We also demonstrate that effect of a combination of BPA plus beta‐carotene on lipid accumulation and ROS production in 3T3‐L1 cells. Our results show that BPA promotes the lipid accumulation and ROS production in 3T3‐L1 cells. Especially, BPA significantly increase ROS production (~40%) in 3T3‐L1 cells compared to control cells by up‐regulating gene expression of pro‐oxidant enzyme. Nevertheless, BPA in combination with beta‐carotene was markedly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production compared with control groups that treated with BPA alone. These results indicate that beta‐carotene consider inhibitor that acceleration of adipocyte differentiation by BPA
Preventive effects of cranberry products on animal model of colitis
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Kim Jonggun , Park Cheon‐Seok , Park Yeonhwa
Published: June 2021

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have a significantly higher risk for the development of colorectal cancer, however, treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases are limited and have severe adverse effects. Thus, there remains a critical need to identify effective bioactive components for the prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases. Importantly, there is potential that cranberries can be used to prevent inflammatory bowl diseases. By using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis model, we tested the preventive efficacy of cranberries on colitis. 7‐week old male BALB/c mice were given treatment diets for 6 weeks; Negative control, control, positive control (5‐aminosalicylic acid), cranberry extracts (0.11 & 0.011% total phenolics in diets), and dried whole cranberry (0.011% total phenolics with 0.7% cranberry fibers in diet). DSS was administered during week 3 and 6 to induce colitis. Hemoccult test, stool consistency scores, and colon length were measured. Cranberry extract (0.11% total phenolics) and dried whole cranberry fed groups showed significantly reduced hemoccult and stool consistency scores (20–52% and 34–66% reduction, respectively), where dried whole cranberry was more effective in preventing colitis over cranberry extract. Shortening of colon length, indicative of severity of colitis, was significantly prevented in animals fed dried whole cranberry compared to control. This suggests potential preventive effects of cranberry phenolics and especially fibers on development of colitis in this model. Supported by the Wisconsin Cranberry Board