bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carving a Legacy: Public Sculpture of Queen Anne, c.1704‐1712
Authors: VAN HENSBERGEN CLAUDINE
Published: May 2014

Questions of Queen Anne's legacy have been much debated by historians of the period, who contest her role in securing the great achievements of her reign. This essay explores how contemporary public sculpture of the queen was used to create monuments to Anne's legacy, placing her at the centre of narratives that recorded the triumphs of the period. The essay focuses on two examples: Matthew Prior's involvement with plans for sculptural monuments to Anne in the early years of her reign, and Francis Bird's sculpture of the queen with radiating allegories at St Paul's Cathedral, unveiled in 1713.
‘The Rising Sun Gains Advantage’: The Iconography of George of Denmark as Royal Consort
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID A. H. B.
Published: May 2014

This essay considers the iconography of George of Denmark (1653‐1708), the consort of Queen Anne. Of the few male monarchical consorts in the British Isles, George of Denmark has received the least attention from historians, and in turn his portraiture has been overlooked. Unlike Philip II or Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (previous consorts of queens regnant in England and Scotland respectively), George was not made king, and his lack of political power appears to have been addressed in his portraiture, where he appropriated earlier male Stuart portrait types and assumed the martial visual language of the male monarch.
Transnational Civil Society Activism and International Security Politics: From Landmines to Global Zero
Authors: Krause Keith
Published: May 2014

Effective civil society activism in the high politics realm of international peace and security has not received sustained scholarly attention, and, at least until recently, was considered a ‘hard case,’ compared to other issue areas. This article reviews recent civil society efforts and assesses, in a preliminary fashion, some of the preconditions and constraints on transnational civil society activism in a range of security issues, from antipersonnel landmines to antinuclear campaigns. It concludes that high levels of policy uncertainty, the possibility of issue reframing, significant resources, and strategic partnerships are all key ingredients for effective civil society engagement. Conversely, vague or diffuse goals, the absence of state engagement, and policy stovepipes, all stand as obstacles to transnational activism.
Computer‐based analysis of general movements reveals stereotypies predicting cerebral palsy
Authors: Philippi Heike , Karch Dominik , Kang Keun‐Sun , Wochner Katarzyna , Pietz Joachim , Dickhaus Hartmut , Hadders‐Algra Mijna
Published: May 2014

Aim

To evaluate a kinematic paradigm of automatic general movements analysis in comparison to clinical assessment in 3‐month‐old infants and its prediction for neurodevelopmental outcome.

Method

Preterm infants at high risk (n=49; 26 males, 23 females) and term infants at low risk (n=18; eight males, 10 females) of developmental impairment were recruited from hospitals around Heidelberg, Germany. Kinematic analysis of general movements by magnet tracking and clinical video‐based assessment of general movements were performed at 3 months of age. Neurodevelopmental outcome was evaluated at 2 years. By comparing the general movements of small samples of children with and without cerebral palsy (CP), we developed a kinematic paradigm typical for infants at risk of developingCP. We tested the validity of this paradigm as a tool to predictCPand neurodevelopmental impairment.

Results

Clinical assessment correctly identified almost all infants with neurodevelopmental impairment includingCP, but did not predict if the infant would be affected byCPor not. The kinematic analysis, in particular the stereotypy score of arm movements, was an excellent predictor ofCP, whereas stereotyped repetitive movements of the legs predicted any neurodevelopmental impairment.

Interpretation

The automatic assessment of the stereotypy score by magnet tracking in 3‐month‐old spontaneously moving infants at high risk of developmental abnormalities allowed a valid detection of infants affected and unaffected byCP.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELEVANCE AND SCOPE OF NATIONALITY AS A COORDINATION DEVICE
Authors: STODDARD OLGA , LEIBBRANDT ANDREAS
Published: May 2014

In a period marked by extensive cross‐national interactions, nationality may present an important focal point that individuals coordinate on. This study uses an experimental approach to study whether nationality serves as a coordination device. We let subjects from Japan, Korea, and China play coordination games in which we vary information about their partner. The results show that nationality serves as a coordination device if common nationality is the only piece of information available to the subjects. The strength of this device is nationality‐dependent and diminishes when participants are provided with additional information about their partner. We also find that subjects are likely to coordinate on the Pareto‐dominant equilibrium at about the same rate if the partner has a different nationality than if nationality is unknown. (JEL C91, C92, Z1, Z13)
SMAD inhibition attenuates epithelial to mesenchymal transition by primary keratinocytes in vitro
Authors: O'Kane Donal , Jackson Megan V. , Kissenpfennig Adrien , Spence Shaun , Damkat‐Thomas Lindsay , Tolland Julia P. , Smyth Anita E. , Denton Christopher P. , Stuart Elborn J. , McAuley Daniel F. , O'Kane Cecilia M.
Published: May 2014

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process whereby epithelial cells undergo transition to a mesenchymal phenotype and contribute directly to fibrotic disease. Recent studies support a role for EMT in cutaneous fibrotic diseases including scleroderma and hypertrophic scarring, although there is limited data on the cytokines and signalling mechanisms regulating cutaneous EMT. We investigated the ability of TGF‐β and TNF‐α, both overexpressed in cutaneous scleroderma and central mediators of EMT in other epithelial cell types, to induce EMT in primary keratinocytes and studied the signalling mechanisms regulating this process. TGF‐β induced EMT in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK cells), and this process was enhanced by TNF‐α. EMT was characterised by changes in morphology, proteome (down‐regulation of E‐cadherin and Zo‐1 and up‐regulation of vimentin and fibronectin), MMP secretion and COL1α1 mRNA expression. TGF‐β and TNF‐α in combination activated SMAD and p38 signalling in NHEK cells. P38 inhibition with SB203580 partially attenuated EMT, whereas SMAD inhibition using SB431542 significantly inhibited EMT and also reversed established EMT. These data highlight the retained plasticity of adult keratinocytes and support further studies of EMT in clinically relevant in vivo models of cutaneous fibrosis and investigation of SMAD inhibition as a potential therapeutic intervention.
Investigation of In‐Flight Glass Melting by Controlling the High‐Temperature Region of Multiphase AC Arc Plasma
Authors: Liu Yaping , Tanaka Manabu , Choi Sooseok , Watanabe Takayuki
Published: May 2014

A large volume discharge produced by a stable 12‐phase alternating current (AC) arc plasma is preferable to melt the granulated glass materials for time and energy saving. The discharge behavior and the high‐temperature region of the plasma system can be controlled by the electrode configurations. In this study, the spatial characteristics of the arc discharge were examined by image analysis with a high‐speed camera. The melting characteristics of alkali‐free glass particles were investigated by microscope and X‐ray diffractometry. This is the first time to investigate the relationship between spatial characteristics of plasma and glass particle property. Results show the arc existence area is strongly related to the electrode configuration. Distributions of in‐flight powders and the spatial characteristics of arc are important factors when using multiphase AC arc for in‐flight melting. This study provides information of efficient particle treatment according to the electrode configuration.
Sensory and chemical effects of two alternatives of prefermentative cold soak in Malbec wines during winemaking and bottle ageing
Authors: Casassa Luis F. , Sari Santiago E.
Published: May 2014

Two alternatives of cold soak (CS), traditional external refrigeration (CS‐T) and use of solid CO2 (CS‐DI), were evaluated in Malbec wines and contrasted against a control (C) during winemaking and up to 24 months of bottle ageing. Sugar consumption up to 5 g L day‐1 was observed in CS‐T during the CS period. Both the viability of the population of Saccharomyces and non‐Saccharomyces were maintained during CS. CS‐T was detrimental for the anthocyanin and phenolic content and caused a reduction of absorbance in the visible spectrum of the wines relative to C and CS‐DI. CS‐DI had an early positive effect in the anthocyanin content and chromatic properties, but this effect subsided after 6 months of bottle ageing relative to C. From a sensory standpoint, CS‐T had the lowest colour saturation and a marked acetaldehyde character. CS‐DI wines were the most saturated in colour at press and early ageing, whereas a balsamic‐like aroma developed during bottle ageing. C wines were characterised by red fruits aroma, reduction and astringency early during winemaking, but a decrease in astringency and the reduction character occurred during bottle ageing.
Extravesical robot‐assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux: Initial experience in Japan with the ureteral advancement technique
Authors: Hayashi Yutaro , Mizuno Kentaro , Kurokawa Satoshi , Nakane Akihiro , Kamisawa Hideyuki , Nishio Hidenori , Moritoki Yoshinobu , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro , Kojima Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To report our initial experience with robot‐assisted laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation using the ureteral advancement technique.

Methods

A total of 15 ureters from nine patients (age range 2–25 years) underwent robot‐assisted laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation for the management of vesicoureteral reflux. The reflux was classified as grade I in one ureter, grade II in two ureters, grade III in seven ureters, grade IV in three ureters and grade V in two ureters. One of the five female patients had a bilateral duplex system, and reflux was observed in all four ureters. The da Vinci surgical system was utilized. Ureteral advancement was carried out in all cases. We also compared the operative outcomes between conventional laparoscopic procedure and robotic surgery.

Results

The console time was 211.5 ± 87.4 min (median ± standard deviation) in the bilateral cases and 144.0 ± 40.8 min in the unilateral cases. Urethral catheters were removed at one or two postoperative days. None of the patients suffered postoperative complications, such as urine leakage or urinary retention. Postoperative voiding cystourethrography showed that the reflux had been resolved in 14 of the 15 ureters (success rate 93.3%). In the remaining case, the reflux grade decreased from III to I. The operative outcomes of robotic surgery were favorable and safe compared with conventional laparoscopic procedure.

Conclusions

Our preliminary results showed that robot‐assisted laparoscopic surgery is a feasible and useful approach to extravesical ureteral reimplantation, even for patients with bilateral reflux.
Large Biases in Regression‐Based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Hirsch Robert M.
Published: May 2014

It has been documented in the literature that, in some cases, widely used regression‐based models can produce severely biased estimates of long‐term mean river fluxes of various constituents. These models, estimated using sample values of concentration, discharge, and date, are used to compute estimated fluxes for a multiyear period at a daily time step. This study compares results of the LOADEST seven‐parameter model, LOADEST five‐parameter model, and the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) model using subsampling of six very large datasets to better understand this bias problem. This analysis considers sample datasets for dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus. The results show that LOADEST‐7 and LOADEST‐5, although they often produce very nearly unbiased results, can produce highly biased results. This study identifies three conditions that can give rise to these severe biases: (1) lack of fit of the log of concentration vs. log discharge relationship, (2) substantial differences in the shape of this relationship across seasons, and (3) severely heteroscedastic residuals. The WRTDS model is more resistant to the bias problem than the LOADEST models but is not immune to them. Understanding the causes of the bias problem is crucial to selecting an appropriate method for flux computations. Diagnostic tools for identifying the potential for bias problems are introduced, and strategies for resolving bias problems are described.
The Relationship Between Personal Knowledge and Decision Self‐Efficacy in Choosing Trial of Labor After Cesarean
Authors: Scaffidi Rose M. , Posmontier Barbara , Bloch Joan Rosen , Wittmann‐Price Ruth
Published: May 2014

Introduction

The number of women in the United States giving birth via cesarean remains high as the number of vaginal births after cesarean (VBAC) declines. The purpose of this study was to explore how personal knowledge and decision self‐efficacy of women who had a prior cesarean birth affected their decision about mode of birth in a subsequent pregnancy.

Methods

A sample of 45 pregnant women with a history of a prior cesarean birth between 10 and 22 weeks’ gestation were surveyed to assess their knowledge of the risks and benefits of trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) and elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD), and their degree of decision self‐efficacy related to their choice of mode of birth for the present pregnancy.

Results

Decision self‐efficacy was not a significant predictor of choice for mode of birth (P = 0.58). Knowledge scores of women who chose ERCD ranged from 0 to 10 (mean [SD], 4.64 [2.94]). Of women who chose TOLAC, knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 13 (mean [SD], 5.90 [3.64]) out of a total possible score of 14. Knowledge was found to be a significant factor in the decision‐making process for mode of birth (P = 0.03). Among women who were deemed to have high knowledge, 55% chose TOLAC, whereas 24% of women with high knowledge chose ERCD. The likelihood of a woman with high knowledge scores choosing a TOLAC was 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09‐13.81) times the odds of a woman with low knowledge scores choosing ERCD.

Discussion

In this study, more knowledge about the risks and benefits of TOLAC and ERCD was found to be positively associated with the decision for TOLAC. This finding is important for health care providers when counseling women who have had a prior cesarean about their choices regarding mode of birth during a subsequent pregnancy. Supplying women with complete and accurate information about the risks and benefits of both choices may help increase the number of women who opt for TOLAC.
Targeting calpain‐mediated proteolysis and peptide signaling as a strategy to reduce injury in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rosenberger Thad A.
Published: May 2014

Read the full article ‘Effects of a novel orally administered calpain inhibitor SNJ‐1945 on immunomodulation and neurodegeneration in a murine model of multiple sclerosis’ on page 268
Do They Have Your Number? Understanding the Moderating Role of Format Effects and Consumer Numeracy for Quantitative Front‐of‐Package Nutrition Claims
Authors: TANGARI ANDREA H. , BURTON SCOT , DAVIS CASSANDRA
Published: May 2014

Front‐of‐package (FOP) nutrient content claims are often used by food manufacturers to promote the nutrition levels of their products. In this research, two studies examine the influence of the numerical format (either percentages or absolute numbers) presented on FOP‐reduced nutrient content claims and the moderating influence of consumers' numeracy levels (i.e., consumers' ability to interpret numbers). Low numerate consumers are more strongly influenced by the label's numerical format, but results differ across nutrition attributes linked to cardiovascular disease risk. For saturated fat, low numerate consumers had more favorable evaluations of the product that had a label presented in a percent format compared to an absolute unit format. In contrast, the moderating effect of numeracy had little effect on the format of reduced sodium claims. Implications are offered for policymakers, consumer researchers, and food manufacturers.
Comprehensive assessment of alcohol‐related brain damage (ARBD): gap or chasm in the evidence?
Authors: Horton L. , Duffy T. , Hollins Martin C. , Martin C. R.
Published: May 2014

Accessible summary

Alcohol‐related brain damage (ARBD) causes a broad range of both neurological and neurocognitive impairment.

Mental health nurses are required to provide programmes designed to facilitate individuals with chronic alcohol dependency to radically change their drinking behaviour, invariably with an abstinence focus.

No evidence that related to the nutritional and physical intervention needs of this group was found.

Most instruments used to access domains relevant to ARBD in terms of providing a comprehensive assessment have not been validated in this group.

Alcohol‐related brain damage (ARBD) is primarily caused by chronic alcohol misuse and thiamine deficiency, and results in a broad range of impairments. Despite the increasing incidence of ARBD in the UK in recent decades, it is currently underdiagnosed, managed inappropriately and treated inadequately. Moreover, information about assessments for individuals with ARBD is currently absent from clinical guidelines and policy documents. The aim of this paper was to review the evidence relating to the neurological, neuropsychological, psychosocial, physical and nutritional assessment of individuals with ARBD to identify appropriate assessment tools that could be used to measure and monitor the impact of ARBD over time. A systematic online database search revealed a total of 160 separate references, 133 of which were rejected and two of which could not be accessed. Twenty‐five papers were included in the review, including six neuroimaging studies, 17 neuropsychological studies and two studies using psychosocial methods of assessment. A lack of evidence for nutritional and physical assessment of individuals with ARBD was found. The review findings are inconclusive; most instruments currently used in ARBD research have not specifically been validated for use within an ARBD context. Further research is required to identify comprehensive methods of ARBD assessment.
Influence of a flooding dose of valine on key indicators of metabolic status in the growing pig
Authors: Libao‐Mercado A. J. , Columbus D. , de Lange C. F. M.
Published: May 2014

A key concern with the flooding dose technique for measuring protein synthesis is that a large dose of amino acid (AA) can potentially change the animals’ hormonal and nutritional status, which in turn can influence protein synthesis. Among stable isotope tracers, 1‐[13C]‐valine is the preferred AA for measuring protein synthesis in gut tissue and mucins. A study was conducted to determine the impact of a flooding dose of valine on the metabolic status of pigs. Six barrows [16.5 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to intravenous infusions of either 150 mm valine (1.5 mmol/kg BW) or physiological saline, following a crossover design. Blood samples were taken 10 min prior to infusion, at the end of infusion, at 10‐min intervals for 60 min post‐infusion, and at 90 and 120 min post‐infusion. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, AA, urea nitrogen and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured. Infusion of valine increased plasma valine concentrations (4129 vs. 582 μm; P < 0.05) but had no influence on PCV (26.4% vs. 27.2%) and plasma concentrations of glucose (6.0 vs. 5.8 mm) and insulin (8.2 vs. 8.5 μU/ml; P > 0.10). Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was reduced with valine infusion (8.5 vs. 7.8 mg/dl; P < 0.05). A flooding dose of valine had no impact on plasma concentrations of AA, and specifically branched‐chain AA such as leucine (240 vs. 231 μm) and isoleucine (310 vs. 331 μm; P > 0.10). There was, however, a slight increase in the plasma concentrations of threonine (224 vs. 263 μm; P < 0.05) and a tendency towards reduced glycine (1387 vs. 1313 μm; P < 0.10). The results indicate that a flooding dose of valine does not cause a substantial change in the metabolic status of growing pigs and is therefore suitable for measuring protein synthesis rates.
Metformin In Vitro and In Vivo Increases Adenosine Signaling in Rabbit Corpora Cavernosa
Authors: Vignozzi Linda , Filippi Sandra , Comeglio Paolo , Cellai Ilaria , Morelli Annamaria , Rastrelli Giulia , Maneschi Elena , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario
Published: May 2014

Introduction

In subjects with erectile dysfunction responding poorly to sildenafil, metformin was reported to improve erections.

Aims

The aim of this study is to investigate metformin's mechanism of action on erectile function, particularly focusing on adenosine (ADO) and nitric oxide (NO) signaling in an animal model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic syndrome.

Methods

In vitro contractility studies of penile strips. Penile expression of genes related to ADO or NO signaling was also evaluated.

Main Outcome Measure

In vitro contractility studies were used to investigate the effect of in vivo and ex vivo metformin administration on ADO- or acetylcholine (Ach)-induced relaxation of penile strips from HFD as compared with animals fed a regular diet (RD).

Results

Expression of ADO receptor type 3 (A3R), ADO deaminase (ADA), AMP deaminase type 1 (AMPD1), and 2 (AMPD2) was decreased in HFD as compared with RD. Accordingly, in HFD the ADO relaxant effect was potentiated as compared with RD (P < 0.02). In vivo metformin treatment in both RD and HFD significantly increased the ADO relaxing effect (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively, vs. relative untreated groups) although to a different extent. In fact, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)/IC50 ratio in RD increased fourfold vs. HFD (RD IC50 ratio = 13.75 ± 2.96; HFD IC50 ratio = 2.85 ± 0.52). In corpora cavernosa (CC) from HFD, in vivo metformin (i) normalized A3R, ADA, and AMPD1; (ii) further decreased AMPD2; (iii) increased dimethylarginine dimethylamino-hydrolase; and (iv) partially restored impaired Ach-induced relaxation. Ex vivo metformin time and dose dependently increased the relaxant effect of ADO in RD. The potentiating effect of metformin on ADO-induced relaxation was significantly reduced by preincubation with NO synthase inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME). Interestingly, in vivo testosterone supplementation in HFD rabbits (i) increased penile expression of endothelial NO synthase and AMPD2 and (ii) restored metformin's potentiating effect on ADO-induced relaxation up to RD level.

Conclusion

Metformin in vivo and ex vivo increases ADO signaling in CC, most probably interfering with NO formation and ADO breakdown.
Where does the carbon go? A model–data intercomparison of vegetation carbon allocation and turnover processes at two temperate forest free‐air CO2 enrichment sites
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Zaehle Sönke , Walker Anthony P. , Dietze Michael C. , Wang Ying‐Ping , Luo Yiqi , Jain Atul K. , El‐Masri Bassil , Hickler Thomas , Wårlind David , Weng Ensheng , Parton William J. , Thornton Peter E. , Wang Shusen , Prentice I. Colin , Asao Shinichi , Smith Benjamin , McCarthy Heather R. , Iversen Colleen M. , Hanson Paul J. , Warren Jeffrey M. , Oren Ram , Norby Richard J.
Published: May 2014

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) has the potential to increase vegetation carbon storage if increased net primary production causes increased long‐lived biomass. Model predictions of eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage depend on how allocation and turnover processes are represented.

We used data from two temperate forest free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments to evaluate representations of allocation and turnover in 11 ecosystem models.

Observed eCO2 effects on allocation were dynamic. Allocation schemes based on functional relationships among biomass fractions that vary with resource availability were best able to capture the general features of the observations. Allocation schemes based on constant fractions or resource limitations performed less well, with some models having unintended outcomes. Few models represent turnover processes mechanistically and there was wide variation in predictions of tissue lifespan. Consequently, models did not perform well at predicting eCO2 effects on vegetation carbon storage.

Our recommendations to reduce uncertainty include: use of allocation schemes constrained by biomass fractions; careful testing of allocation schemes; and synthesis of allocation and turnover data in terms of model parameters. Data from intensively studied ecosystem manipulation experiments are invaluable for constraining models and we recommend that such experiments should attempt to fully quantify carbon, water and nutrient budgets.
Clinical relevance of Küttner tumour and IgG4‐related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis
Authors: Furukawa S , Moriyama M , Kawano S , Tanaka A , Maehara T , Hayashida J‐N , Goto Y , Kiyoshima T , Shiratsuchi H , Ohyama Y , Ohta M , Imabayashi Y , Nakamura S
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Küttner tumour (KT), so‐called chronic sclerosing sialoadenitis, is characterised by concomitant swelling of the submandibular glands secondary to strong lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis independent of sialolith formation. However, recent studies have indicated that some patients with KT develop high serum levels of IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells, namely IgG4‐related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis (IgG4‐DS), so‐called Mikulicz's disease. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical and pathological associations between KT and IgG4‐DS.

Materials and Methods

Fifty‐four patients pathologically diagnosed with KT or chronic sialoadenitis were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of sialolith (KT‐S (+) or KT‐S (−), respectively).

Results

There were no significant differences in the clinical findings, including the mean age, sex and disease duration, between the two groups. All patients in the KT‐S (+) group showed unilateral swelling without infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells or a history of other IgG4‐related diseases (IgG4‐RD), while those in the KT‐S (−) group showed bilateral swelling (37.5%), strong infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasma cells (87.5%) and a history of other IgG4‐RD (12.5%).

Conclusions

These results suggest an association between the pathogeneses of KT‐S (−) and IgG4‐DS, but not KT‐S (+).
Report on World Workshops on Oral Medicine (WWOM) IV and V: research themes and citation impact
Authors: Peterson DE , Lodi G , Beier Jensen S , Greenberg MS , Hodgson T , Kerr AR , Wray D , Lockhart PB
Published: May 2014

The first World Workshop on Oral Medicine (WWOM) was held in 1988. The portfolio has continued to expand in scope and impact over the past 26 years. Five World Workshops were conducted between 1988 and 2010, focusing on creation of systematic reviews in biomedicine and health care of importance to the international oral medicine community. WWOM VI was conducted in April 2014 and further extended this modeling. This most recent Workshop also fostered creation of the inaugural joint meeting between the American Academy of Oral Medicine and the European Association of Oral Medicine, together with The British Society for Oral Medicine and the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia. The goal of the WWOM portfolio is to strategically enhance international oral medicine research, education, and clinical practice. To this end, this report summarizes subject areas for WWOM IV (2004) and research recommendations for WWOM V (2010), as well as citation metrics relative to publications from these two conferences. The information is designed to provide research and clinical context for key issues in oral medicine as delineated by the WWOM portfolio over the past 10 years, as well as for projected outcomes of WWOM VI over the next 12 months.
Rapid shift in thermal resistance between generations through maternal heat exposure
Authors: Zizzari Zaira Valentina , Ellers Jacintha
Published: May 2014

Given the current rapid climate change, understanding the mechanisms underlying heat tolerance and its plasticity is an important goal of global change biology. Soil fauna communities are especially vulnerable because of their limited dispersal ability. It is generally recognized that transgenerational effects can contribute to the expression of phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, transgenerational plasticity in belowground organisms has received relatively little attention in the context of climate change, despite their major role in soil functioning. Here we test for transgenerational effects of heat shock exposure in the soil arthropod Orchesella cincta, a springtail species that regularly experiences heat stress conditions in its natural environment. We exposed females to heat stress, and subsequently investigated the effects of the same stress on the survival of their offspring. Thermal resistance of the progeny from treated and untreated mothers was compared at three life stages: egg, juvenile and adult. We provide evidence that exposure to heat shock induces a life stage‐dependent increase in thermal resistance in the subsequent generation. The induced adaptive maternal effect persisted into the adult stage of the progeny. However, there is also a tradeoff resulting in reduced clutch size of treated females. These results are of broad significance to understanding the potential of organisms to cope with a changing climate.
Would continuous feedback of patient's clinical outcomes to practitioners improve NHS psychological therapy services? Critical analysis and assessment of quality of existing studies
Authors: Davidson Kate , Perry Andrea , Bell Lisa
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Continuous outcome monitoring studies have been conducted by one group of researchers in the United States, mainly in university counselling clinics. We completed a systematic review of continuous outcome monitoring and feedback during psychological therapy and assessed the quality and methodological rigour of existing studies to examine if the findings might be applicable to psychological therapy settings in the United Kingdom.

Methods

An electronic database literature search was carried out on studies on or after 1990 to June 2013 using strict research criteria. Independent ratings of the quality of existing studies were undertaken.

Results

Ten studies with original data met inclusion criteria and two meta‐analyses. Feedback improves outcomes for clients who are at risk of treatment failure but effect sizes diminish with more severe psychiatric populations. No study has followed up patients to assess maintenance of gains. Study quality is highly variable. Few studies included diagnostic information and details of randomization. Clinical Support Tools are thought to be helpful but how these were used was not described.

Conclusions

Although research in continuous monitoring and feedback of clinical outcomes shows promising results in counselling settings, study quality, and methodological issues set limitations on the generalizability of the findings.

Practitioner points

Feedback improves the outcome of therapy for young people with mild problems for those who are at risk of not improving with therapy.

Feedback improves outcomes for those with more severe mental health problems but with reduced effect sizes.

We do not know if improved outcomes are sustained.

The generalizability of the findings may be limited.
Arborescent Vascular Dilatation Mimicking Lichtenberg Figures from Lightning
Authors: Tempark Therdpong , Iwasaki Julie , Shwayder Tor
Published: May 2014

The clinical presentation of arborizing vascular dilatation can resemble Lichtenberg figures from lightning. Both have a feather‐like or ferning pattern. We report an interesting case of pressure‐induced vasodilatation (PIV) caused by temporary vascular occlusion from jeans buttons.
Interim Responses of Benthic and Snag‐Dwelling Macroinvertebrates to Reestablished Flow and Habitat Structure in the Kissimmee River, Florida, U.S.A.
Authors: Koebel Joseph W. , Bousquin Stephen G. , Colee James
Published: May 2014

A critical component in the effort to restore the Kissimmee River ecosystem is the reestablishment of an aquatic invertebrate community typical of free‐flowing rivers of the southeastern United States. This article evaluates early responses of benthic and snag‐dwelling macroinvertebrates to restoration of flow and habitat structure following Phase I construction (interim period) of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project. Replicate benthic and snag samples were collected from remnant river channels in Pool A (Control site), and Pool C, the site of the first phase of restoration (Impact site). Samples were collected quarterly for 2 years prior to construction (baseline) and monthly or quarterly for 3 years following Phase I construction and restoration of flow. Baseline benthic data indicate a community dominated by taxa tolerant of organic pollution and low levels of dissolved oxygen, including the dipterans Chaoborus americanus (Chaoboridae) and the Chironomus/Goeldichironomus group (Chironomidae). Baseline snag data indicate a community dominated by gathering‐collectors, shredders, and scrapers. Passive filtering‐collector invertebrates were rare. Following restoration of flow, benthic invertebrate communities are numerically dominated by lotic taxa, including bivalves and sand‐dwelling chironomids (e.g. Polypedilum spp., Cryptochironomus spp., and Tanytarsini). Snags within the Phase I area support an invertebrate community dominated by passive filtering‐collectors including Rheotanytarsus spp. (Chironomidae) and Cheumatopsyche spp. (Hydropsychidae). Results indicate that restoration of flow has resulted in ecologically significant changes to the river habitat template not observed in Pool A. Observed shifts in benthic and snag macroinvertebrate community structure support previously developed hypotheses for macroinvertebrate responses to hydrologic restoration.
Interim Hydrologic Responses to Phase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project, Florida
Authors: Anderson David H.
Published: May 2014

Hydrologic conditions were evaluated during a 10‐year Interim Period following completion of Phase I of the Kissimmee River Restoration Project and initiation of environmental water releases from upstream to provide adaptive management of flow to the Phase I area. Phase I construction backfilled 13 km of flood control canal C‐38 and redirected flow into 22 km of reconnected river channel. Evaluations focused on five restoration expectations (performance measures) based on pre‐channelization hydrologic data for the Kissimmee River. Environmental releases resulted in more continuous discharge from upstream, but did not affect the magnitude of discharge. After backfilling of C‐38, water levels in the Phase I area varied with discharge and periodically inundated the floodplain. However, the long, annual recession event, characteristic of pre‐channelization, was not reestablished; instead, most Interim Period years had multiple events with shorter durations and faster recession rates. Mean channel water velocity increased during the Interim Period but was not always in the desired range. Hydrologic conditions throughout much of the Phase I area were affected by the backwater effect of the downstream water control structure. Four expectations showed improvements in terms of number of years met; however, none met the expectation targets. The inability to meet expectation targets reflects in part the incomplete or interim status of the restoration project.
Hidden Costs of Passive Restoration
Authors: Zahawi Rakan A. , Reid John L. , Holl Karen D.
Published: May 2014

The first few years of tropical forest restoration can be expensive, especially when applied to expansive areas. In light of this, passive restoration has been recommended as a considerably cheaper or even free alternative. There are, however, both direct and indirect costs associated with passive restoration. First, the longer recovery time that is typically required in passive restoration can be perceived as project failure, especially when compared with nearby active restoration efforts. In the worst‐case scenario, this can lead to the premature termination of a project by a landowner who would like to see more rapid or visible results. Second, passive restoration may be viewed as land abandonment, and in developing nations where land tenure is not always strictly enforced this may invite unanticipated uses, such as ranchers who may unintentionally or intentionally allow livestock to take advantage of the “unused” forage grass, thus setting back recovery efforts. Lastly, passive restoration does have direct financial costs, including material costs for establishing fences and repairing them, and labor costs for site vigilance. These upfront investments may need to be made repeatedly in passive restoration efforts, and for a longer time period than for an active restoration project. Both the direct and indirect costs should be considered prior to choosing passive restoration as a strategy in a particular restoration project.
Induction of Bcl‐xL‐Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Mice
Authors: Larsen H. L. , Andersen M. H. , Wandall H. H. , Madsen C. B. , Christensen R. E. , Petersen T. R. , Pedersen A. E.
Published: May 2014

The induction of active immunity against tumour‐associated antigens to prevent relapse of cancer is a promising approach but has so far shown only low efficacy. This low efficacy may in part be due to clonal escape of tumour cell variants by the downregulation of antigen expression or inflammation‐induced dedifferentiation. Identification of novel tumour‐associated antigens that at the same time are essential for continued tumour cell survival is thus critical for the development of active cancer vaccinations. At the same time, identification of novel endogenous murine tumour antigens will help improve preclinical development of cancer immunotherapy. The anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL has been suggested to be such an essential tumour antigen, but the lack of well‐defined murine epitopes have delayed preclinical studies of Bcl‐xL‐targeting cancer vaccines. Here, we report the identification of two novel murine tumour‐associated epitopes TAYQSFEQV and AFFSFGGAL derived from mouse Bcl‐xL. Dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccination induced CD8+ T cells capable of producing IFN‐γ upon restimulation with these epitopes. Thus, our data may benefit the design of future immunotherapy strategies by providing a preclinical model for cancer vaccination with an endogenous tumour antigen that can be combined with other cancer treatments.
Possible Role of Toll‐like Receptor‐2 in the Intracellular Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Murine Peritoneal Macrophages: Involvement of Cytokines and Anti‐Oxidant Enzymes
Authors: Bishayi B. , Bandyopadhyay D. , Majhi A. , Adhikary R.
Published: May 2014

Effects of blocking toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR‐2) on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages of Swiss albino mice were analysed. Macrophages were infected with S. aureus in the presence and absence of anti‐TLR‐2 antibody. Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) concentrations were measured. Expressions of TLR‐2, NF‐κB, MyD 88 were analysed by Western Blot. Expression of TLR‐2 was increased in S. aureus‐infected macrophages with respect to control and was MyD 88 independent. TLR2 blocking significantly reduced TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β and IL‐10 and increased IFN‐γ and IL‐12 production. Decreased catalase activity and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) by S. aureus with concomitant increase in H2O2 and nitric oxide (NO) were observed in the case of prior TLR‐2 blocking. To understand whether catalase contributing in the intracellular survival, was of bacterial origin or not, 3‐amino, 1, 2, 4‐triazole (ATZ) was used to inhibit specifically macrophage‐derived catalase. Catalase enzyme activity from the whole staphylococcal cells in the presence of ATZ suggested that the released catalase were of extracellular origin. From the intracellular survival assay, it was evident that pretreatment of macrophages with ATZ reduces the bacterial burden in macrophages when infected with the recovered bacteria only from the anti‐TLR‐2 antibody‐treated macrophages after phagocytosis. Catalase protein expression from the whole staphylococcal cells recovered after phagocytosis also indicated the catalase release from S. aureus. Capturing of S. aureus via TLR‐2 induces inflammatory reactions through activation of NF‐κB‐signalling pathways which was MyD88‐independent.
No Discretion Required? Caseworker Autonomy and the Rules of Welfare Reform
Authors: Taylor Tiffany
Published: May 2014

Previous research suggest that welfare caseworkers break rules either for their own gain or to help clients. In the last decade, the rules regarding Temporary Assistance to Needy Families participation have become stricter and more prescriptive for clients although caseworkers still use discretion. Using observations and interviews in a case study of a welfare‐to‐work office in rural North Carolina (USA), I find caseworkers used discretion in ways that benefited the county Department of Social Services; yet, they gave accounts of sticking to the rules. Building on literature on welfare provider discretion, I broaden my focus to examine welfare workers within the broader context of worker autonomy. I draw on classic studies of worker autonomy, and I argue that placing studies of welfare worker discretion within a broader body of literature on autonomy will allow scholars to better understand contemporary issues of worker autonomy across sectors.
EINSTEIN AND MYSTICISM
Authors: Bowman Gary E.
Published: May 2014

Albert Einstein deliberately and repeatedly expressed his general religious views. But what were his views of mysticism? His statements on the subject were few, relatively obscure, and often misunderstood. A coherent answer requires setting those statements in historical, cultural, and theological context, as well as examining Einstein's philosophical and religious views. Though the Einstein that emerges clearly rejected supernatural mysticism, his views of “essential” mysticism were—though largely implicit—more nuanced, more subtle, and ultimately more sympathetic than “mere appearance” suggests.
PROSPECTS FOR THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION: AN OCTOPUS VIEW
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik
Published: May 2014

The organic unity between the head and the vital arms of the octopus is proposed as a metaphor for science and religion as an academic field. While the specific object of the field is to pursue second‐order reflections on existing and possible relations between sciences and religions, it is argued that several aspects of realism and normativity are constitutive to the field. The vital arms of the field are related to engagements with distinctive scientific theories, specialized philosophy of science, representative theological proposals, and the input from the study of world religions.
SCIENTISTS AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES: INVESTIGATING PERCEPTIONS, BUILDING UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Wiseman Jennifer , Arveson Paul
Published: May 2014

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion (DoSER) program has embarked on an exciting project, “Scientists and Religious Communities: Investigating Perceptions to Build Understanding.” The project will provide the first quantitative data on the underlying assumptions and concerns that shape national attitudes on science. A nationally representative survey conducted in collaboration with sociologists at Rice University has reached 10,000 people, including evangelical Christians, mainline Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. The survey probed how a broad range of religious people, particularly evangelical Christians, understands and thinks about science, and what they perceive about scientists. Scientists, broadly defined, were likewise surveyed to gauge their perceptions of how religious people regard science. The goal for AAAS is to increase understanding between the scientific and evangelical Christian communities and redefine this critical relationship. DoSER will bring together leaders from scientific and evangelical communities to discuss the implications of survey results and to use them for building better understanding and communication strategies. Building relationships between scientists and religious communities has the potential to create a new paradigm of understanding. Finding out what each group actually thinks, through a survey, is only the beginning.
Heat Transfer Control Around an Obstacle by Using Ribs in the Downstream Region
Authors: Ghorbani-Tari Zahra , Wang Lei , Sunden Bengt
Published: May 2014

This paper investigates the effect of the presence of a rib on the local heat transfer around an obstacle using liquid crystal technique. An obstacle with a rectangular cross section is placed in a channel and attached to the end-wall. A rib is positioned in the downstream region of the obstacle. The spacing S between the rib and the obstacle is normalized by the spanwise width of the obstacle and the value is 1.25d. The effects of the rib height e/Dh and Reynolds number are investigated. The e/Dh has the values 0.039 and 0.078. The Reynolds number varies between 35,600 and 55,600. It is shown that the local heat transfer in the upstream region of the obstacle remained unaffected by the presence of the rib. The feature of local heat transfer in the downstream area of the obstacle was substantially modified by the presence of the rib.
Architectural acoustics and sense of place
Authors: Stocker Michael A.
Published: May 2014

A large part of the work in architectural acoustics is focused on noise control, tailoring reverberation time, improving speech intelligibility, and reduction of specular reflections. But there are other factors that play into the suitability of an acoustic environment for a specific purpose that are not easily expressed on numerical indices. In this presentation, the author reviews his own work in the US National Holocaust Museum “Daniel's House” exhibit, the Museo Papalote del Niño Rainforest Tree Exhibit in Mexico City, and various other settings in public exhibition spaces. The presentation will also review some historic successes and failures in public enclosures and soundscapes that hinge on how the user/visitor experiences their relationship with the acoustical surroundings.