bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flavonoids as stabilizers of fish oil: An alternative to synthetic antioxidants
Authors: Nieto Susana , Garrido Argelia , Sanhueza Julio , Loyola Luis A. , Morales Glauco , Leighton Federico , Valenzuela Alfonso
Published: January 2007

The antioxidant activities against fish oil oxidation of six commercially available flavonoids and of five flavonoids purified from two Chilean native plants were compared to those ofdl‐α‐tocopherol and of two synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole. Among the commercial flavonoids, catechin, morin and quercetin showed a higher activity when fish oil oxidation (either spontaneous or Fe2+‐induced) was assessed from the formation of peroxides or thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances. Among the native flavonoids, the 5,3′,4′‐trihydroxy‐7‐methoxy flavanone (designated as Pt‐2) showed the highest antioxidant activity. Mixtures of quercetin or of Pt‐2 withdl‐α‐tocopherol produced better inhibitory effects when compared to that of each substance assayed by itself. Also, when Pt‐2 and quercetin were assayed in combination (0.3 g/kg oil and 0.7 g/kg oil, respectively), a synergistic antioxidant effect was observed. Results indicate that several flavonoids could be used as natural antioxidants as a means to replace those synthetic antioxidants, the use of which has been questioned.
Separation of wax esters from olive oils by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Amelio Mauro , Rizzo Renzo , Varazini Flavio
Published: January 2007

To detect adulteration of olive oil with solvent‐extracted oils, the determination of the wax ester content has become more important during recent years. Hence, a greater number of wax ester analyses need to be performed by quality control laboratories. The most common method in use requires a liquid chromatographic (LC) separation of the less polar fraction, which contains the wax esters, from the glyceride matter on a hand‐filled silica gel column. The aim of this project was to verify the possibility of replacing LC with high‐performance liquid chromatography by taking advantage of the greater reliability and repeatability of this technique, as well as of the possibility of making the separation automatic. The paper describes how to perform the analysis and the statistical test that was carried out; furthermore, a comparison has been made with the usual method and results are in good agreement.
Formation and partial characterization of canola oil sediment
Authors: Przybylski R. , Biliaderis C. G. , Eskin N. A. M.
Published: January 2007

The occasional development of a haze in canola oil represents a problem to the quality and acceptability of this oil. The present study examined the formation of sediment in bottled canola oil during storage at 2, 6 and 12°C over a 4‐d period. Oils stored at 2°C showed the highest rate of sediment formation, followed by storage at 6°C. Removal of sediment from canola oil prior to storage by cold precipitation and filtration did not eliminate this phenomenon, which still developed rapidly at 2°C. Chemical composition and thermal properties of canola oil sediment were compared to sediment obtained from commercial winterization of this oil. The thermal properties of the purified winterization sediment (melting temperature, 74.9°C) closely resembled those of the sediment from bottled canola oil. Saponification of both sediments yielded large amounts of long‐chain fatty acids and alcohols, which were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Sediment from commercial winterization contained higher amounts of fatty acids and alcohols with more than 24 carbon atoms in the chain.
Production of palm oil from fruit
Authors: Berger K. G.
Published: January 2007

Palm oil is obtained from the fruit flesh ofElaeas guineensis. Whole bunches of ripe fruit are harvested and brought to the oil mill. Processing involves sterilization, mechanical removal of fruit from the bunch, and mechanical breakdown of the fruit structure followed by expression of the oil in a screw press. Oil mixed with water and fruit debris is purified in settling tanks and centrifuges, dried and stored. Oil yield represents 22% of the fresh fruit bunch and kernels a further 5%. The solid wastes are the empty fruit bunch, the press fiber and the nut shells. Empty bunches are incinerated, while fiber and shell are used to fire the mill boilers. The liquid effluents are mixed and usually treated by anaerobic/aerobic fermentation until fit for discharge. Various treatment systems are described. Quality control in the oil mill concentrates on (a) minimizing deterioration of the oil by hydrolysis and by oxidation, and (b) optimizing oil yield by frequent measurements of oil losses.
Solvent extraction: Recent developments
Authors: Christensen P. L.
Published: January 2007

Each individual extractor operator must analyze his process and apply appropriate solutions. It would seem that larger plants, possibly using supercritical extraction and mechanical desolventizing, all monitored or controlled by some type of computer interface, will be the more efficient plants of the future.
Residual hexane in meals
Authors: Wolff J. ‐P.
Published: January 2007

It is now possible to determine in a reliable way the residual hexane in meals. In the case of rapeseed, tests performed in the experimental pilot plant of GERDOC have revealed three parameters, which to our knowledge have not previously been studied, and which have a favorable influence on the desorption of hexane: drying the seeds with hot air before they are crushed, dehulling the seeds, and decreasing the length of the extraction time.
Oilseed quality requirements for processing
Authors: Pritchard J. R.
Published: January 2007

Current oilseed trade and trading specifications for soybeans, rapeseed, sunflower seed, palm kernels and copra are reviewed and compared with crude oil quality specifications, palm oil included. The limitations of the quality indices of the oilseeds are discussed with reference to present day needs of refiners producing end products of good quality, stability and yield. The developing, more stringent demands of physical refining on crude oil quality are outlined. The influence of seed quality, handling and the capability of the crusher to influence quality and yield with current technology is assessed. Particular reference is made to the degree of extraction, phosphatides, chlorophyll, waxes, free fatty acids and bleachability. Desirable attributes in specifications are listed and recommendations made which could benefit both processor and grower in the long term and facilitate international trade.
Instrumental analytical methods for edible oil processing: Present and future
Authors: Sleeter R. T.
Published: January 2007

Current trends in analytical techniques for edible oil processing are reviewed. Major emphasis is placed on advances in instrumental and automated analyses. Future goals and priorities are also discussed. Some of the major analytical topics covered are: pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, automated solid fat index, atomic absorption, automated active oxygen method, color, hydrogenation control, and gas liquid chromatography.
Miscellaneous exotic oils
Authors: Fedeli E.
Published: January 2007

The main problems relating to olive production are described considering varieties, climatic influences and attacks by pests. Analytical data are presented on composition of fruit, oil and waste materials. A similar description is provided for rice bran, safflower, grapeseed and the oils derived from them. Olive oil quality is complicated in that three types of oil are produced: virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, and residue refined olive oil. The first is used mainly as a salad oil, the second for cooking and as a salad oil, and the third for cooking. The latter two oils also are used in preparation of canned foods (e.g., tuna, mackeral, sardine). Advantages in the use of olive oil come mainly from its composition that is very stable to autoxidation. The presence of a complex antioxidant mixture preserves the oil during storage. Problems in the prduction of olive oil arise from the rapid spoilage of the fruit due to its enzymatic content.
Changes in commercial fat and oil products by the year 2000
Authors: Wiedermann L. H.
Published: January 2007

The best way to look at the year 2000 and beyond is to comprehend our historical developments and current practices. For food, the world depends on comparatively few fat and oil sources and that, basically, is not likely to change. We can, however, expect to see significant shifts within these sources as the world strives to meet its basic dietary needs. Pritein demands, for both direct and indirect consumption, will continue as the most immediate controlling factor. This is impacted by political and socioeconomic influences, and changes in eating habits where functional performance requirements are superimposed on basic caloric needs. Technological advances, both via conventional and genetic engineering, will be significant in tailoring these traditional oil sources. Biotechnology can change compositions and even traditional growing latitudes. What we will have from these new technologies in the more distant future will still depend on what we want and what we will allow to happen. Food fat systems for this futuristic period as defined by functional characteristics will be recognizably unchanged, being reasonably adaptable to any changes in fat and oil sources or their compositions.
Antioxidant activity of oxidation products of α‐tocopherol and of its model compound 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol
Authors: Suarna Cacang , Southwell‐Keely Peter T.
Published: January 2007

A variety of oxidation products (4–29) of α‐tocopherol, 1 and of its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol (2) has been tested for antioxidant activity against autoxidizing safflower oil (ASO) and autoxidizing methyl linoleate (AML). The following compounds showed good antioxidant activity against both substrates: 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (4), 5‐(2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (15), 1,2‐bis(2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol‐5‐)ethane (16), 5‐ethoxymethyl‐7,8‐dimethyltocol (19), 5‐mthoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (21), 5‐ethoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (20), 5‐propoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (22), 5‐butoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (23), 5‐(2‐methyl‐1‐propoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (24), 5‐(2‐methyl‐2‐propoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (25), 5‐heptoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (26), 5‐undecoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (27), 5‐phytoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (28) and 5‐cholesteroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (29). 2,2,7,8‐Tetramethylchroman‐5,6‐dione (17) and 1,2‐bis(2,2,7‐trimethylchroman‐5,6‐dione‐8‐)ethane (18) showed significant antioxidant activity against ASO but not against AML. If the corresponding oxidation products of 1 are formedin vivo it means that the antioxidant activity of 1 is not lost on oxidation. This may help to explain the outstanding capacity of 1 to protect cell membranes.
Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek
Authors: Sauvaire Yves , Ribes Gérard , Baccou Jean‐Claude , Loubatieres‐Mariani Marie‐Madeleine
Published: January 2007

The transformation of fenugreek subfractions, rich in steroid saponins, was studied upon their passage through the digestive tract to determine the contribution of saponins and/or diosgenin and other steroid sapogenins to the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds. Feces of alloxan diabetic dogs fed fenugreek subfractions were analyzed, and diosgenin, smilagenin and gitogenin were identified and measured using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Our results show that saponins are, in part (about 57%), hydrolyzed into sapogenins in the digestive tract. It appears that saponins may be implicated, alone or together with diosgenin, in the observed hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds in diabetic dogs.
Analysis of polymers from autoxidized marine oils by gel permeation HPLC using a light‐scattering detector
Authors: Burkow Ivan C. , Henderson R. James
Published: January 2007

A high‐performance gel‐permeation chromatographic method was developed for the isolation and quantification of polymers from autoxidized fish oils. The chromatographic system consists of a single pump, a 500 Å styrene/divinylbenzene column, and a light‐scattering “mass” detector. Dichloromethane was used as the mobile phase, and quantifications were carried out using glycerol as internal standard. The polymer content of commercially available fish oils was found to be around 2%, but the value increased rapidly during oxidation at 35°C in air under light. The oxidized oils were also characterized by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, ultraviolet (UV) measurements, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)/densitometry, and capillary gas chromatography. No correlation between polymer content and standard oxidation assessment parameters for the fish oils analyzed was found. However, a relationship between the polymer increase and the decrease of total fatty acids was observed, indicating that the polymers may be the main oxidation product in autoxidized marine oils.
Unusual product ratios resulting from the gamma‐irradiation of cholesterol in liposomes
Authors: Maerker G. , Jones K. C.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol in aqueous suspensions of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) was exposed to gamma‐irradiation (0.5–10 kGy) at 0–4°C. Cholesterol oxidation products resulting from the irradiation were isolated by dry column extraction followed by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and were quantitated by on‐column gas chromatography (GC). The ratio of 7‐ketocholesterol/cholesterol 5,6‐epoxides generated by irradiation was less than one, much lower than the ratio of ten commonly produced by autoxidation. Irradiation also produced relatively higher amounts of 7‐hydroxycholesterol than did autoxidation. These unique product ratios may be suitable indicators of past exposure to irradiation.
Gas chromatographic analysis of malonaldehyde and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal produced from arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in a lipid peroxidation model system
Authors: Tamura H. , Shibamoto T.
Published: January 2007

Malonaldehyde (MA) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HN) formed upon oxidation with Fe2+/H2O2 from arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, and their ethyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The MA and 4‐HN produced were reacted withN‐methylhydrazine (NMH) to give 1‐methylpyrazole and 5(1′‐hydroxyhexyl)‐1‐methyl‐2‐pyrazoline, respectively. The derivatives were analyzed by GC on a fused silica capillary column using a nitrogen‐phosphorus detector. With arachidonic acid, more MA and 4‐HN were formed from the ester (88 nmol/mg and 23 nmol/mg, respectively) than from the free acid (25 nmol/mg and 9 nmol/mg, respectively). In contrast, with linoleic acid, more MA and 4‐HN were produced from the free acid (53 nmol/mg and 13 nmol/mg, respectively) than from the ester (39 nm/mg and 8 nmol/mg, respectively).
Separation and quantitation of phospholipids in animal tissues by latroscan TLC/FID
Authors: De Schrijver Remi , Vermeulen Daniel
Published: January 2007

A procedure has been developed to separate and quantitate phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, from animal tissues by means of the Iatroscan TLC/FID technique. The method is based on the use of 0.01 M oxalic acid impregnated Chromarods‐SII and stepwise resolution of the phospholipids in the presence of 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho (N,N‐dimethylethanolamine) as internal standard. To remove the neutral lipids, the rods are initially developed in a nonpolar solvent mixture followed by partial scanning. Next, the rods are impregnated with oxalic acid, developed twice in CHCl3/CH3OH/CH3COOH/HCOOH/H2O (80∶35∶2∶1∶3, v/v/v/v/v) and partially scanned for measuring lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine. The subsequent step involves double development in CHCl3/CH3OH/30% NH4OH (60∶35∶0.9, v/v/v) to resolve cardiolipin, internal standard, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. For each phospholipid a linear calibration curve with a highly significant correlation coefficient was obtained. However, the calibration lines extrapolated to negative intercepts on the ordinate, indicating declining sensitivity at low phospholipid loads.
Effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity in the hamster
Authors: Oda Hitoshi , Kuroki Syoji , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Nakayama Fumio
Published: January 2007

In order to investigate the effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic microsomal deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity, three different bile acids were administered (0.2% w/w in chow) to hamsters for two weeks. Deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity was increased markedly by feeding of cholic acid (CA) and slightly by deoxycholic acid (DCA) Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) had little effect on the enzyme activity. Feeding each of the bile acids significantly inhibited the activity of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase in the order CDCA≥ DCA>CA. There was no correlation between deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity. It is concluded that the activity of deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase is up‐regulated by feeding DCA and CA and that the mechanism seems to be different from that of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase. The increased activity of hepatic deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase by CA and DCA should be beneficial in minimizing the toxic effects of DCA in the hamster.
Rapid analysis of fatty acids in plasma lipids
Authors: Ohta Akira , Mayo Michael C. , Kramer Nancy , Lands William E. M.
Published: January 2007

A rapid and convenient procedure for the quantitative determination of the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids is described. Human plasma was applied directly to the preadsorbent zones of thin‐layer silica gel plates with added antioxidant, internal standards and carriers. The thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) plates were partially developed with methanol followed by chloroform/methanol (1∶1, v/v), and then they were fully developed in hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (80∶20∶1, v/v/v) to separate the major classes of lipids. Silica gel from regions containing the separated lipids was scraped into screw‐capped tubes and treated with boron trifluoride‐methanol prior to gas chromatography. The method of direct application to TLC plates gave yields and compositions of fatty acids very similar to the method of applying extracted plasma lipids. This relatively simple method is suitable for analyzing the fatty acids in plasma lipids from a 50 microliter finger‐tip blood samples from an individual, and it may be useful in wide‐scale screening of different individuals to estimate the relative amounts of ingested polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Is intestinal villus phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase bound pancreatic carboxylester lipase?
Authors: Mizuno N. K. , Brockman H. L.
Published: January 2007

Similarities in substrate specificity, localization and molecular weight between villus membrane phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase and carboxylester lipase of pancreatic origin suggested their possible identity. To test this, a preparation of the phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase released from brush border vesicles by papain was compared to authentic, pancreatic carboxylester lipase. Susceptibility of both activities to the inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate, was consistent with their identity, but inconclusive. It also indicated that two populations of phospholipase A2 species may be present in the papain‐released preparation. However, comparison of binding of the activities to Sepharose‐coupled, anti‐carboxylester‐lipase IgG indicates that they are immunologically distinct.
Interactive effects of prenatal ethanol and N−3 fatty acid supplementation on brain development in mice
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y. S. , Mills D. E. , Ward G. R. , Ward R. P. , McCutcheon D.
Published: January 2007

This study assesses the combined effects on brain and behavioral development of ethanol administration and supplementation of the maternal diet with long chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. From day 7 to 17 of gestation, pregnant mice were fed equivalent daily amounts of isocaloric liquid diets; 20% of the energy was provided by either ethanol or maltose‐dextrin, and a further 20% by either safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid, 18∶2n−6), or a combination of safflower oil with a fish oil concentrate (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, 20∶5n−3, and docosahexaenoic acid, 22∶6n−3). On day 18 the liquid diets were replaced by lab chow; a fifth group was maintained on lab chow throughout the experiment. Measures on the pups included brain weight and the fatty acid composition of the brain phospholipids on days 22 and 32 post‐conception (birth=day 19), as well as behavioral development. Maternal weight gain during gestation was decreased by ethanol relative to maltose‐dextrin, and increased by fish relative to safflower oil. On day 32, the brain weight of ethanoltreated animals fed fish oil was greater than their safflower oil controls, whereas the reverse was true in the two maltose‐dextrin groups; a similar trend was apparent on day 22. The brain phospholipid content of the longer chain fatty acids (20∶4n−6, 22∶4n−6, 22∶5n−6, 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, 22∶6n−3) on day 22 reflected that of the prenatal diet, with the proportion of n−3 compounds being higher and that of n−6 floer in the fish oil than safflower oil groups. Prenatal dietary effects were absent by day 32, with the exception of lower 22∶5n−6 in fish oil groups. Dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids increased the ratio of 20∶3n−6 to 20∶4n−6, which is consistent with a blockade of the activity of Δ‐5 desaturase. On day 22 the incorporation of dietary long chain n−3 fatty acids into the brain phosphatidylcholine fraction was enhanced in the ethanol‐treated animals; by day 32 the animals treated prenatally with ethanol also showed increased levels of long chain n−6 compounds. Behavioral development was retarded by ethanol, but there was no effect of the dietary oils. These results support the hypothesis that effects of ethanol on the developing brain may be modified by the availability of an exogenous supply of long chain fatty acids.
The status of biodegradability testing of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Mausner M. , Benedict J. H. , Booman K. A. , Brenner T. E. , Conway R. A. , Duthie J. R. , Garrison L. J. , Hendrix C. D. , Shewmaker J. E.
Published: January 2007

A wide range of nonionic surfactants was studied in an extensive inter‐laboratory biodegradability testing program carried out by member companies of The Soap and Detergent Association over a three year period. The objectives were to determine the biodegradability of a variety of nonionic surfactants, and to develop a reliable laboratory scale test method which could be used to evaluate the biodegradability of new candidate materials. The results of this research and testing confirm that the primary and secondary alcohol ethoxylates, the alkyl alkanolamides, and the alkyl amine oxides are all highly biodegradable. These materials represent the important classes of nonionics used in household and institutional synthetic detergents. The removal of these materials under conditions of normal secondary wastewater treatment can be anticipated. The diversity of structures represented in the complete nonionic surfactant spectrum, and the problems of residue analysis imposed serious obstacles in the development of a single standard laboratory procedure which will correlate well with the limited field data presently available. The objective of establishing a standard test for all nonionics was not achieved. Residues of nonionic surfactants from household and institutional synthetic detergents do not appear to contribute to esthetic water pollution or to interfere with waste treatment processes. A variety of biodegradability assessment procedures, applicable to specific nonionics or nonionic groups are currently available and should assure that their residues will not adversely affect the quality of receiving waters. The Subcommittee plans to maintain a program for continued research in nonionic biodegradability testing.
Synthetic high molecular weight linear alkyl sulfates in heavy duty detergents
Authors: Sosis Paul , Katstra Richard D.
Published: January 2007

High molecular weight alcohol derivatives, when blended with linear alkyl sulfates (LAS), produce high performing soil removal systems which exhibit improved water solubility over that of the alkyl sulfate alone. The foam profile of the mixed active product may also be designed to yield either moderate or high foaming products. Studies of blend ratios, active concentrations and builder effects are presented to optimize performance. Blend ratios which exhibited considerable interest ranged from 1 part LAS per 2 parts high molecular weight synthetic alcohol sulfate (HMWAS) to 1.5 parts LAS per 1 part HMWAS. Evaluations were conducted on soil removal with cellulosic and synthetic fabrics and foam stability. The effects of foam boosters, water hardness and temperature are also measured as foam modifiers. Synthetic lauryl alcohol was shown to be an effective foam booster in these systems.
Reaction of aldehyde oils with a resinous polyol, styrene‐allyl alcohol copolymer
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Lakshmanan P. R.
Published: January 2007

A series of film formers based on aldehyde oils, derived by reductive ozonolysis of soybean and linseed oils was prepared by a two‐step reaction with a resinous polyol, styrene‐allyl alcohol copolymer. The methyl acetals of the di‐ and monoaldehyde oils were interchanged with the hydroxyl functionality of the resinous polyol with potassium acid sulfate as the catalyst as follows: (a) The heterogeneous mixture was heated only to clarity in the first step. This consumed about 20–25% of the hydroxyl groups of the resinous polyol. (b) Films of the partially reacted products of (a) were cast and cured at various temperatures between 100 and 175 C for variable periods of time. The films showed good hardness, scratch and chemical resistance. Some yellowing was observed. The film former in the (a) stage was compatible with melamine and urea‐formaldehyde resins and, upon baking, these compositions also produced clear, hard chemical‐resistant films.
Resin catalyzed epoxidation of methyl undecylenate
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Bender J. R. , Sreenivasan B.
Published: January 2007

The optimum temperature for the epoxidation of methyl undecylenate is 60 C and a maximum conversion of about 50% occurs in 4 hr reaction. Thin layer chromatography showed evidence of ring opening and the presence of decomposition products. Gas liquid chromatography on a silicone column appears promising but cannot be used for quantitative purposes due to the presence of noneluting components. However, infrared absorption at 906 cm−1 is characteristic of terminal unsaturation and the intensity of this peak has been observed to be proportional to the concentration up to 90 g/liter of the methyl undecylenate. Hence, we feel this absorption can be used to estimate the unreacted methyl undecylenate in the products.
Laboratory oilseed processing by a small screw press
Authors: Sivakumaran K. , Goodrum J. W.
Published: January 2007

Applicability of the small screw press as a laboratory tool in processing oilseeds was investigated. The meal and oil produced from peanuts in a small press were physically characterized. A simple set of standards was established for relating the oil extraction efficiency and the meal oil content to the physical and visual qualities of the meal produced. This will assist a researcher in maintaining in‐process control of the quality of screw press products. These standards were used to identify the conditions of maximum peanut oil recovery. Results with screw pressing of peanuts are compared to studies of other oilseeds.
An improved procedure for the detritylation of 1‐alkyl 2‐acyl 3‐trityl‐sn‐glycerols
Authors: Iwama Takashi , Foglia Thomas A.
Published: January 2007

The effects of experimental conditions and acid catalysts on the removal of the trityl group of 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐3‐trityl‐sn‐glycerols to yield 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols have been investigated. Removal of the trityl protecting group was complicated by the concomitant migration of the 2‐acyl moiety to yield the 1‐alkyl‐3‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol isomer. The course of detritylation as well as the extent of the 2‐acyl to 3‐acyl migration under the various conditions used were followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Optimum yields of the desired 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol (}90%) were obtained with a molar equivalent of boron trifluoride‐methanol in methylene chloride at 22 C for five min.
NMR relaxation studies to explore the role of emulsifier in tristearin polymorphic transformation
Authors: Azoury R. , Aronhime J. S. , Sarig S. , Abrashkin S. , Mayer I. , Garti N.
Published: January 2007

Proton magnetic resonance measurements were performed onα andβ polymorphs of tristearin crystals. T1 relaxation time was measured with the Bruker PC Minispec at 20 MHz and 37° on the pure triglyceride crystals and therefore on tristearin crystallized in the presence of different solid surfactants. A significant negative correlation for T1 values and different compositions ofα andβ polymorphs in a mechanical mixture was found. The shortening of T1 relaxation time of theβ form was found to be different for the various types of the added surfactants while they have no effect on the relaxation time of theα form. A model was proposed according to which the presence of additives, such as surfactants, generates vacancies within the crystal lattice of triglyceride and enhances the freedom of rotation of the fat molecule about the terminal carbon‐carbon bond.
Sensory and chemical evaluation of stored oil‐roasted, high oleic nonoil sunflower kernels
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Lyon B. G. , Morrison W. H. , Miller J. F.
Published: January 2007

High oleic acid (HOA) and high linoleic acid (HLA) nonoil (confectionery) sunflower kernels were oil‐roasted at 180 C and then stored at 27 C for up to 26 weeks (wk). At two‐ and/or four‐wk intervals, samples were removed for chemical and sensory analyses. Fatty acid composition of the oils extracted from the roasted kernels were as follows: HOA — 16:0, 3.6%; 18:0, 3.3%; 18:1, 68.3%, and 18:2, 23.7%; regular HLA — 16:0, 5.0%; 18:0, 3.5%; 18:1, 29.0%, and 18:2, 62.6%. Hunter L and a values and hue angle for HOA and HLA kernels changed significantly (P<0.01) during 26 wk storage. Hunter a values for HLA did not change significantly but Hunter a values for HOA decreased significantly (P<0.01) during storage. Free fatty acids (FFA) of both the HLA and the HOA kernels increased significantly (P<0.01) beginning at 16 wk storage. In addition, the FFA from HLA kernels were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those from HOA kernels. Both types of stored, roasted kernels showed significant differences in sensory scores from the control samples (regular HLA type held at −35 C) beginning at four wk but rate of change throughout storage was similar for both kernel types. Sensory data were combined with objective parameters to analyze the multivariate data set by VARCLUS. Four clusters of attributes were extracted that explained 71.9% of the variation in the data. The data show there was a significant increase in off‐flavor for both HLA and HOA kernels but no significant difference between the two types of kernels. Changes in the color of the sunflower kernels during storage evidently were not related to flavor quality.
Silicone polymers as foam control agents
Authors: Sawicki George C.
Published: January 2007

Over the last decade, the European detergent industry has made tremendous strides to meet the everchanging demands of both consumers and regulatory bodies for improved detergent formulations. This has resulted in changes to almost every component of the traditional formulation, from the active system and the builder system to special nondetergent benefits. However, the magnitude of most of these improvements is dependent on effective foam control throughout the wash cycle, because European washing machines are lather intolerant. Optimum detergency can be achieved only when foam is controlled and the fabric is immersed in the wash liquor.

In order to implement these formulation changes, the industry has sought improved foam control systems that are more effective than the traditional soap system. One such system is based on polydimethyl siloxane polymers. With proper formulation, these polymers provide performance over a wide temperature range and in a broad range of novel detergent formulations. Equally important is that they function at very low addition levels, thereby creating the formulation latitude for the inclusion of other wash active materials.

The performance of these foam control agents in the detergent formulation is dependent on the method of incorporation. It is only with the advent of suitable processing techniques that such materials have become cost‐effective ingredients in new European detergent formulations. Finally, they represent a safe alternative as exhaustive testing over the past 30 years has established these materials as essentially innocuous and free of any significant toxicity.
Interaction of surfactants with alumina‐based thickening agents
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Barclay David A.
Published: January 2007

This work reports on the rheological properties of alumina dispersions and how those properties change in the presence of alcohol ethyoxylate, sodium ether sulfate, sodium alcohol sulfate and sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. The following conclusions were reached: alumina dispersions are pseudoplastic, that is, the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and they are also thixotropic, that is, the viscosity decreases with time if the shear rate is held constant. When shearing is stopped, the viscosity gradually recovers. At pH 9, the alumina dispersion studied consisted of suspended aluminum hydroxide flocs. The hindered flow of flocs past one another gave the dispersion a high viscosity. When surfactants were added to the dispersion, the viscosity decreased.
Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials: I. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates
Authors: Mann A. H. , Reid V. W.
Published: January 2007

The biodegradability of a number of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) has been evaluated by field trials with a trickling filter sewage plant serving a small community. All the LAS material examined showed a satisfactory order of biodegradability. In all the LAS materials examined, aeration of the sewage effluent resulted in further biodegradation to a degree corresponding to 96% to 99% degradation of the LAS present in the settled sewage. The results of laboratory scale biodegradation tests are largely in agreement with those obtained in the field trials. However, with tests of the simple open bottle type, such as the test of the U.K. Standing Technical Committee on Synthetic Detergents, misleading indications of low biodegradability may sometimes be obtained on products of higher molecular weight. Such products do not appear to acclimatize sufficiently rapidly to bacteria under the conditions of the open‐bottle test. Under practical sewage treatment conditions, or with tests which simulate these, a high order of biodegradation is obtained. There were only minor differences in biodegradability between an LAS derived from paraffins and those derived from cracked wax olefins.
Denatured hemoproteins as catalysts in lipid oxidation
Authors: Eriksson C. E. , Olsson P. A. , Svensson S. G.
Published: January 2007

Purified catalase and peroxidase were denatured by heat, acid and urea. Denaturation resulted in up to 22‐fold increase in nonenzymatic lipid oxidation activity concomitant with loss of enzymatic activity. It is proposed that the increased nonenzymatic activity is due to increased exposure of the heme group. Acid‐splitting of the hemoproteins into apoprotein and hemin had the greatest influence on both of the catalytic activities and recombination reversed the effect. Urea‐denatured hemoprotein possessed increased nonenzymatic activity due to increased exposure of the protein‐bound heme, however, peroxidase increased less than catalase which is consistent with the fact that peroxidase is the more heat stable enzyme. Nonenzymatic activity of the heat denatured hemoproteins was maximum when catalase was treated at 90 C for 2 min and peroxidase at 100 to 125 C for 5 to 30 min.
Textured and shaped oilseed protein food products
Authors: Wilding M. D.
Published: January 2007

The major emphasis in developing textured and shaped protein foods has been with the use of soy proteins. The availability at a low stable price, the high protein content and quality, and the inherent chemical properties of the protein allowing for unique structure development are major reasons for its strong world‐wide use. The changing economic trends of many basic protein foods are creating a need for the use of unique textured proteins either as ingredients in existing foods or allowing improved functionality in new products. The two main procedures for texturing and shaping oilseed protein are spinning of protein isolates, and direct extrusion of flour. The spinning technique is more expensive and has greater product functionality in contrast to the direct extrusion method. Consumer acceptance is in large part correlated with the technological success of imparting desirable colors, flavors and textural properties in the finished food product. Examples of these variations are given. The use level of these textured proteins, particularly in meat products, are restricted by labeling standards. The present regulations are not clearly defined. Current proposals for labeling textured vegetable proteins when used with meat products involve standards on a ratio to meat basis.
Removal of nonhydratable phospholipids from soybean oil
Authors: Hvolby A.
Published: January 2007

On the basis of the literature concerning the chemical and physicochemical properties of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidates, an experimental investigation of the conditions under which nonhydratable phospholipids (Mg/Ca‐phosphatidates) are removable from water degummed soybean oil was carried out. The experiments were carried out by mixing water‐degummed oil at different fixed pH values with buffer solutions with and without admixture of Ca++, Mg/Ca‐binding reagents and surfactants. The results indicate that the nonhydratable phospholipids can be removed in a chemically nonconverted state as a component of micelles or of mixed emulsifiers. Furthermore, the nonhydratable phospholipids are removable by conversion into dissociated form, i.e., by removal of Mg and Ca from the phosphatidates, which can be accomplished by acidulation or by treatment with Mg/Ca‐complexing or Mg/Ca‐precipitating reagents. Alkali‐refining experiments have shown that removal or chemical conversion of the nonhydratable phospholipids result in reduced emulsion formation and in improved separation of the deacidified oil from the emulsion layer and the soapstock.
Evidence for hydroperoxide formation in the autoxidation of methyl linolenate
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell Christense , Tolberg Wesley E. , Paschke Raymond F. , Wheeler Donald H. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: January 2007

1. The results of chemical, spectral, and distillation analyses on the isolated oxidized fractions of three samples of methyl linolenate autoxidized at 0°C. to peroxide values from 600 to 760 m.e./kg. indicated that about 60% of the products consisted of cis, transconjugated diene methyl octadecatrienoate‐monohy‐droperoxide.

2. A product was isolated from the reduced peroxide concentrates which consisted of about 90% cis, transconjugated diene methyl monohydroxyoctadecatrienoate.

3. Analytical micromolecular distillation analyses showed that the total oxidized material isolated from samples of autoxidized methyl linolenate contained only about 15% polymeric material under the conditions of autoxidation employed in this study.

4. Linolenate was shown to be similar to linoleate in forming a cis, trans‐conjugated monomeric monohydroperoxide as a major initial product of autoxidation at 0°C.
Salmonella in relation to agriculture
Authors: Saulmon E. E.
Published: January 2007

Some of the more extensive programs directed to the control of salmonellosis in domestic animals, which have been conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are identified. These have been singularly successful, insofar as the economics of production is concerned. However, they fall short of meeting the present market demand for food free from all of the 900–1,200 odd serotype species ofSalmonella considered potentially infectious for man. The increasing incidence of salmonellosis in man, and the identification of domestic animals as a major reservoir of various species ofSalmonella, has made it necessary to broaden the objective of existing programs, expand the research effort, and intensify testing schedules in many of the existing regulatory control programs. The activities of a special salmonella task force set up to coordinate research with the needs of the various regulatory agencies specifically concerned are reviewed. Data developed by the Animal Health Division in a market survey of feed and feed ingredients as carriers of salmonella are presented. The more pressing problems and the current programs within other Divisions are discussed, insofar as the findings to date may serve to identify future needs.
The Cause and Prevention of Glassware Corrosion in Domestic Mechanical Diswashers
Authors: Rutkowski B. J.
Published: January 2007

Laboratory scale procedures and practical tests were used to study the problem of glassware corrosion (permanent filming) in domestic mechanical dishwashers. Results of these tests showed glassware corrosion to be caused by alkali attack of the glass structure. It was also found that sequestrants such as sodium tripolyphosphate greatly accelerate the corrosive action of alkali. Silicates, certain metals and metal oxides were found to inhibit glassware corrosion. The basis for this inhibiting effect is believed to be adsorption on the glass surface of reaction products of these materials in an alkaline solution.
Binary freezing point behavior of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with methyl heptadecanoate
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L.
Published: January 2007

The binary freezing point behavior of methyl heptadecanoate with methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl elaidate and methyl petroselaidate have been determined. Both stable and metastable polymorphic forms were observed. Methyl laurate formed a simple eutectic with a region of metastable equilibrium. Methyl myristate formed a simple eutectic of stable equilibrium and a solid solution of metastable equilibrium. Methyl palmitate exhibited a solid solution of metastable equilibrium terminating in a eutectic and a region of discontinuous stable equilibrium. Methyl stearate formed a solid solution of metastable wquilibrium and also continuous stable equilibrium which formed an incongruently melting molecular compound that terminated in a eutectic point. Methyl heptadecanonate with the unsaturated eighteen carbon atom acid methyl esters exhibited only simple eutectic points and a small region of metastable equilibrium. The binary freezing point behavior of the methyl esters in general resemble that of the corresponding ethyl esters. The limited results of mixtures of methyl esters of an odd carbon acid with unsaturated acids indicate an induced stabilizing effect caused by unsaturation in the carbon chain.
Uses of digital computers in theoretical analytical chemistry: III. Some computational experiments on irregularities in countercurrent distribution
Authors: Eddy C. Roland , Martin Virginia G. , Showell John S.
Published: January 2007

These computations were formulated to answer some questions concerning variations in construction and operation of countercurrent distribution apparatus. An optimum, ideal separation was simulated for passage of two compounds through a countercurrent distribution, followed by simulation of several departures from the optimum. A significant decrease in separating efficiency was found to be produced by deviation of upper‐lower volume ratio from the optimum value, retainment of a portion of the upper (traveling) phase after transfer, and originally introducing solute into more than one tube before beginning the transfers. Little effect on separating efficiency was produced by randomness in tube volumes or randomness in upper (traveling) phase volumes due to time variation of solvent input. Variations in the distribution ratios can also cause significant enhancement or deterioration in separating efficiency.
Observations on the destruction of cyclopropene fatty acids of cottonseed oil on exposure to visible light
Authors: Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi
Published: January 2007

The destruction of cyclopropene fatty acids of cottonseed oil on exposure to light from a 500 W tungsten bulb was studied under various conditions in the laboratory. The Halphen test was used to determine the destruction. Visible light exerted a strong catalytic effect and oxygen, at least in traces, was necessary. In 4–12 hr the Halphen response was negative for refined cottonseed oil (0.2–10 ml) sealed in a 50 ml flask at 1 mm Hg without apparent peroxide development. No significant difference was noticed in the peroxide development pattern of the exposed and unexposed samples in the airoven stability test.
Unusual resin acids in tall oil
Authors: Zinkel Duane F. , Rowe John W. , Zank Lester C. , Gaddie D. W. , Ruckel E. R.
Published: January 2007

Combinations of silver nitrate column, gel permeation and gas liquid chromatography were used to isolate 8,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic, 8,15‐isopimaradien‐18‐oic and the secodehydroabietic, 2α‐[2′(m‐isopropylphenyl)ethyl]1β,3α‐dimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acids as their methyl esters from a fraction of distilled tall oil.
Soil removal in relation to total work input; a calorimetric approach for model wash systems
Authors: Loeb L. , Shuck R. O.
Published: January 2007

A simple, straightforward method, utilizing the concepts of classical adiabatic calorimetry, for direct measurement of total energy delivery to bench scale clothes washing systems is described. The results of such measurements can be expressed in conventional work units such as calories per unit weight or per unit area of fabric. Using this method, total energy input is measured and related to soil removal in model wash systems using a standard cotton soil cloth. The relationship between energy input and soil removal is considered for a number of situations involving variations in stroke rate, load weight and detergent concentration. Finally, these results are used to develop a modified definition of detergency which places the emphasis on the efficiency of mechanical energy utilization in a soil removal process.
Recent developments and improvements in pressure leaf filters
Authors: Haberstroh H. N.
Published: January 2007

This paper deals with new and different filter designs which have been offered to the oil industry. It also covers design changes on existing filters which have been made to correct the problems that have developed in operation. The paper also discusses the potential and practice of automating filters used in the oil industry.
The relationship of the dimer content of rosin determined by gas chromatography to crystallization time
Authors: Leonard R. H. , Kubitz K. A. , Rockwell J. N.
Published: January 2007

The resin acid dimer content of rosin influences the crystallization time, as determined with the Burrell‐Castor Gelometer. A gas chromatographic packing prepared by treatment of Chromosorb W with dimethyldichlorosilane and trimethylchlorosilane resolved the methyl esters of rosin dimers into 15 components. A vacuum stripping method for assay of rosin dimer agrees with results obtained by quantitative gas chromatography.