bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Brief Discussion on the News Media of Modern Korea
Authors: Yongkyoung Kim
Published: June 2018

The relationship between the ancient and modern China with the Korean Peninsula can be summed up using the term "fed by the same river", meaning neighbours separated by only a strip of water. Especially with the efforts of both China and Korea, the ancient East Asia region has created a splendid culture and has been the leaders in the world for a long period of time. However, by the end of the 19th century, the Japanese imperialist forces had always tried to 'Conquer the Korean Peninsula,' and, in 1910, the Korean Peninsula finally became a Japanese colony. After entering the modern era, one of the phenomenas manifested in the information flow in East Asia is the rapid development of media in China and Japan due to the increase in newspapers and magazines issued by the West.190 years ago, Chosun Dynasty under the Lee Family had continuously initiated the modernization movement in the Korean Peninsula, through introducing modernization productions from the West, the Qing Dynasty and Japan. In the modernization process, the opposition between "ethnography" and "pro- Japanese Korean" have resulted social conflicts.
Construction of Hangzhou Silk Cognitive Evaluation System Based on the Grounded Theory
Authors: Cao Aijuan
Published: June 2018

The article adopts the grounded theory research method, where it takes “how people perceive and evaluate Hangzhou Silk” as the research subject, and uses data that was obtained through interviews and investigations as data source. With the systematic analysis of the original data, this paper gradually extracts and summarizes the content dimension and evaluation results of consumers' cognition evaluation on Hangzhou silk using the quantitative analysis software NVivo 11.0. Finally, based on the eight dimensions of the above research, this study combs and analyzes the logical relationship between them, and constructs the cognition evaluation system of Hangzhou silk. The research conclusion enriches and expands the research scope in the field of silk cognition research.
Vocations, Exploitation, and Professions in a Market Economy
Authors: Koltonski Daniel ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: June 2018

In a market economy, members of professions—or at least those for whom their profession is a vocation—are vulnerable to a distinctive kind of objectionable exploitation, namely the exploitation of their vocational commitment. That they are vulnerable in this way is not a contingent fact, for it arises out of central features both of professions and of a market economy. And, for certain professions—the care professions—this exploitation is particularly objectionable, since, for these professions, the exploitation at issue is not only exploitation of the professional’s vocational commitment but also of her even more basic commitment to morality.
Phase-tuned neuronal firing encodes human contextual representations for navigational goals
Authors: Watrous Andrew J , Miller Jonathan , Qasim Salman E , Fried Itzhak , Jacobs Joshua
Published: June 2018

We previously demonstrated that the phase of oscillations modulates neural activity representing categorical information using human intracranial recordings and high-frequency activity from local field potentials (Watrous et al., 2015b). We extend these findings here using human single-neuron recordings during a virtual navigation task. We identify neurons in the medial temporal lobe with firing-rate modulations for specific navigational goals, as well as for navigational planning and goal arrival. Going beyond this work, using a novel oscillation detection algorithm, we identify phase-locked neural firing that encodes information about a person’s prospective navigational goal in the absence of firing rate changes. These results provide evidence for navigational planning and contextual accounts of human MTL function at the single-neuron level. More generally, our findings identify phase-coded neuronal firing as a component of the human neural code.
Host autophagy machinery is diverted to the pathogen interface to mediate focal defense responses against the Irish potato famine pathogen
Authors: Dagdas Yasin F , Pandey Pooja , Tumtas Yasin , Sanguankiattichai Nattapong , Belhaj Khaoula , Duggan Cian , Leary Alexandre Y , Segretin Maria E , Contreras Mauricio P , Savage Zachary , Khandare Virendrasinh S , Kamoun Sophien , Bozkurt Tolga O
Published: June 2018

During plant cell invasion, the oomycete Phytophthora infestans remains enveloped by host-derived membranes whose functional properties are poorly understood. P. infestans secretes a myriad of effector proteins through these interfaces for plant colonization. Recently we showed that the effector protein PexRD54 reprograms host-selective autophagy by antagonising antimicrobial-autophagy receptor Joka2/NBR1 for ATG8CL binding (Dagdas et al., 2016). Here, we show that during infection, ATG8CL/Joka2 labelled defense-related autophagosomes are diverted toward the perimicrobial host membrane to restrict pathogen growth. PexRD54 also localizes to autophagosomes across the perimicrobial membrane, consistent with the view that the pathogen remodels host-microbe interface by co-opting the host autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we show that the host-pathogen interface is a hotspot for autophagosome biogenesis. Notably, overexpression of the early autophagosome biogenesis protein ATG9 enhances plant immunity. Our results implicate selective autophagy in polarized immune responses of plants and point to more complex functions for autophagy than the widely known degradative roles.
Bdp1 interacts with SNAPc bound to a U6, but not U1, snRNA gene promoter element to establish a stable protein‐DNA complex
Authors: Verma Neha , Hurlburt Ann Marie , Wolfe Angela , Kim Mun Kyoung , Kang Yoon Soon , Kang Jin Joo , Stumph William E.
Published: June 2018

In metazoans, U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) gene promoters utilize a proximal sequence element (PSE) recognized by the small nuclear RNA‐activating protein complex (SNAPc). SNAPc interacts with the transcription factor TFIIIB, which consists of the subunits TBP, Brf1 (Brf2 in vertebrates), and Bdp1. Here, we show that, in Drosophila melanogaster, DmSNAPc directly recruits Bdp1 to the U6 promoter, and we identify an 87‐residue region of Bdp1 involved in this interaction. Importantly, Bdp1 recruitment requires that DmSNAPc be bound to a U6 PSE rather than a U1 PSE. This is consistent with the concept that DmSNAPc adopts different conformations on U6 and U1 PSEs, which lead to the subsequent recruitment of distinct general transcription factors and RNA polymerases for U6 and U1 gene transcription.
Protein kinase D displays intrinsic Tyr autophosphorylation activity: insights into mechanism and regulation
Authors: Cobbaut Mathias , Derua Rita , Parker Peter J. , Waelkens Etienne , Janssens Veerle , Van Lint Johan
Published: June 2018

The protein kinase D (PKD) family is regulated through multi‐site phosphorylation, including autophosphorylation. For example, PKD displays in vivo autophosphorylation on Ser‐742 (and Ser‐738 in vitro) in the activation loop and Ser‐910 in the C‐tail (hPKD1 numbering). In this paper, we describe the surprising observation that PKD also displays in vitro autocatalytic activity towards a Tyr residue in the P + 1 loop of the activation segment. We define the molecular determinants for this unusual activity and identify a Cys residue (C705 in PKD1) in the catalytic loop as of utmost importance. In cells, PKD Tyr autophosphorylation is suppressed through the association of an inhibitory factor. Our findings provide important novel insights into PKD (auto)regulation.
Electrochemistry of Hypervalent Iodine Compounds
Authors: Francke Robert , Broese Timo , Roesel Arend F.
Published: June 2018

Compared to conventional methods for the preparation of hypervalent iodine compounds, electrosynthesis represents an interesting alternative. The facts that toxic and dangerous oxidants are replaced by electric current and that unstable or hazardous hypervalent iodine reagents can be generatedin siturender this method attractive from the economic and ecologic point of view. Furthermore, the electrochemical approach provides access to a number of iodine(III) species that are not or only difficult to prepare by conventional means. The electrochemical procedures developed thus far provide access to diaryliodonium compounds, (difluoroiodo)arenes, and (dialkoxyiodo)arenes. The latter two species have also been intensively studied with respect to their reactivity toward various organic compounds and were found to be potent electrochemical mediators. In this chapter, the abovementioned classes of iodine(III) compounds will be individually discussed according to their electrochemical preparation, followed by a treatment of their (electro)synthetic applications. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the developments since the first reports on this topic in the 1960s.
Orienting Active Crystal Planes of New Class Lacunaris Fe2PO5 Polyhedrons for Robust Water Oxidation in Alkaline and Neutral Media
Authors: Wu Yunzhen , Meng Yanan , Hou Jungang , Cao Shuyan , Gao Zhanming , Wu Zhijian , Sun Licheng
Published: June 2018

Developing efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is essential for realizing sustainable energy conversion, such as solar fuels. Although modulating active sites and electron transfer is of great significance to boost electrocatalysis activity, it still remains a big challenge to desirably actualize this goal. Herein, engineering of active sites and electronic framework is implemented via oriented modulation of crystal planes and construction of lacunaris architecture supported by ammonification‐elicited simultaneous incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen‐defect strategy. The new class porous nitrogen‐incorporated Fe2PO5 with oxygen‐defect (N‐Fe2PO5–x) polyhedron with dominantly exposed {110} reactive facets exhibits superior performance toward water oxidation, achieving current densities of 10 mA cm−2 at quite low overpotentials of 235 and 315 mV in alkaline and neutral media, respectively. Furthermore, density functional theoretical calculations reveal the energetically favorable {110} planes of lower absorption energy of intermediates and remolding of electronic density framework arising from the ammoniated elicitation process, contributing to excellent OER performance of lacunaris N‐Fe2PO5–x polyhedrons. This work may offer a feasible guideline for regulating active sites and electron transfer to develop low‐cost and highly efficient OER electrocatalysts in energy conversion systems.
Interfacial Charge Behavior Modulation in Perovskite Quantum Dot‐Monolayer MoS2 0D‐2D Mixed‐Dimensional van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Wu Hualin , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Zihan , Zhang Zheng , Si Haonan , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Suicai , Wu Jing , Zhang Xiankun , Zhang Yue
Published: June 2018

Fundamental understanding of charge behavior inside heterostructures is of vital importance for advancing high‐performance optoelectronic applications. However, the charge behavior of 0D‐2D mixed‐dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (MvdWHs) in the photoexcited state remains elusive. In this work, an energy band alignment protocol is adopted to realize effective energy band structure engineering inside 0D‐2D MvdWHs of perovskite quantum dots and MoS2 monolayer with precisely designed typical type I and type II heterostructures, respectively. A profile and in‐depth understanding of interfacial photoinduced charge behavior is determined from two opposite perspectives based on MvdWHs. Sufficient comparison of a series of optical characterization results, including Raman shift, quenched photoluminescence, visualized suppressed fluorescence intensity, and shortened fluorescence lifetime imaging, clearly verifies that interfacial charge behavior can be tailored by varying the band alignment in 0D‐2D MvdWHs. Furthermore, the photoresponse performance and the relatively stronger and weaker photogating effects of such MvdWH‐based phototransistors also demonstrate modulation of interfacial charge behavior in 0D‐2D MvdWHs via energy band structure engineering, which is still feasible for optoelectronic performance optimization. These results are expected to shed light on designing novel functional devices and advancing the development process of 0D‐2D MvdWHs in the foreseeable future.
CoFe2O4 Nanocrystals Mediated Crystallization Strategy for Magnetic Functioned ZSM‐5 Catalysts
Authors: Li Bin , Yildirim Erol , Li Wei , Qi Dianpeng , Yu Jiancan , Wei Jiaqi , Liu Zhiyuan , Sun Zhenkun , Liu Yong , Kong Biao , Xue Zhaoteng , Liu Zhuangjian , Yang Shuo‐Wang , Chen Xiaodong , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: June 2018

Zeolites have many applications in the petrochemical and fine chemical industry and their functionalization does expand the spectrum of potentials. However, the integration of functional nanocrystals into zeolite frameworks with controlled size, dispersion, and crystallization behavior still remains a significant challenge. Here, a new synthesis of magnetic functioned ZSM‐5 zeolite catalysts via a CoFe2O4 nanocrystal mediated crystallization strategy is reported. It is found that high crystallinity of CoFe2O4 nanocrystals results in a well‐dispersed encapsulation of them into a single‐crystal of ZSM‐5 due to non‐further‐grown nanocrystals during the fast ZSM‐5 growth. On the contrary, low crystallinity of CoFe2O4 nanocrystals leads to the polycrystalline zeolite growth due to the secondary growth of nanocrystals accompanied by the zeolite crystallization and large lattice mismatch between them. The successful encapsulation of small CoFe2O4 nanocrystals (≈4 nm) into single crystals lies on the preattachment of them into solid silica gel. During the growth of ZSM‐5 crystals, no secondary growth of nanocrystals happens and its motion is restricted. The encapsulation of magnetic CoFe2O4 nanocrystals not only endows magnetic function into zeolites for the first time, but also does not impact catalytic performance of ZSM‐5 in acetalization of cyclohexanone with methanol, which is highly promising in catalytic industries.
Novel Redox‐Responsive Polymeric Magnetosomes with Tunable Magnetic Resonance Property for In Vivo Drug Release Visualization and Dual‐Modal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Zhongling , Xue Xiangdong , He Yixuan , Lu Ziwei , Jia Bei , Wu Hao , Yuan Ye , Huang Yee , Wang Han , Lu Hongwei , Lam Kit S. , Lin Tzu‐Yin , Li Yuanpei
Published: June 2018

Monitoring of in vivo drug release from nanotheranostics by noninvasive approaches remains very challenging. Herein, novel redox‐responsive polymeric magnetosomes (PolyMags) with tunable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties are reported for in vivo drug release monitoring and effective dual‐modal cancer therapy. The encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) significantly decreases PolyMags' T2‐contrast enhancement and transverse relaxation rate R2, depending on the drug loading level. The T2 enhancement and R2 can be recovered once the drug is released upon PolyMags' disassembly. T2‐ and T2*‐MRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) are utilized to quantitatively study the correlation between MRI signal changes and drug release, and discover the MR tuning mechanisms. The in vivo drug release pattern is visualized based on such tunable MRI capability via monitoring the changes in T2‐weighted images, T2 and T2* maps, and R2 and R2* values. Interestingly, the PolyMags possess excellent photothermal effect, which can be further enhanced upon DOX loading. The PolyMags are highly efficacious to treat breast tumors on xenograft model with tumor‐targeted photothermal‐ and chemotherapy, achieving a complete cure rate of 66.7%. The concept reported here is generally applicable to other micellar and liposomal systems for image‐guided drug delivery and release applications toward precision cancer therapy.
Time‐Dependent T1–T2 Switchable Magnetic Resonance Imaging Realized by c(RGDyK) Modified Ultrasmall Fe3O4 Nanoprobes
Authors: Bai Chen , Jia Zhengyang , Song Lina , Zhang Wei , Chen Yi , Zang Fengchao , Ma Ming , Gu Ning , Zhang Yu
Published: June 2018

To achieve the accurate diagnosis of tumor with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nanomaterials‐based contrast agents are developed rapidly. Here, a tumor targeting nanoprobe of c(RGDyK) modified ultrasmall sized iron oxide is reported with high saturation magnetization and high T1‐weighted imaging capability, attributed to a large number of paramagnetic centers on the surface of nanoprobes and rapid water proton exchange rate (inner sphere model), as well as strong superparamagnetism (outer sphere model). These nanoprobes could actively target and gradually accumulate at the tumor site with a time‐dependent T1–T2 contrast enhancement imaging effect. In in vivo MRI experiments, the nanoprobes exhibit the best T1 contrast enhancement at 30 min after intravenous administration, followed by gradually vanishing and generating T2 contrast enhancement with increasing time at tumor site. This is likely due to time‐dependent nanoprobes aggregation in tumor, in good agreement with in vitro experiment where aggregated nanoprobes display larger r2/r1 value (19.1) than that of the dispersed nanoprobes (2.8). This dynamic property is completely different from other T1‐T2 dual‐modal nanoprobes which commonly exhibit the T1‐ and T2‐weighted enhancement effect at the same time. To sum up, these c(RGDyK) modified ultrasmall Fe3O4 nanoprobes have significant potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity in MRI.
Ultrabright Fluorescent and Lasing Microspheres from a Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Gardner Kirsty , Aghajamali Maryam , Vagin Sergey , Pille Jennifer , Morrish William , Veinot Jonathan G. C. , Rieger Bernhard , Meldrum Alkiviathes
Published: June 2018

Fluorescent microspheres are used for biomarkers, assay substrates, chemical diagnostics, flow cytometry, and biological imaging. These applications demand the highest fluorescence intensity achievable; however, concentration quenching limits the amount of dye that can be practically incorporated in conventional fluorescent microspheres. Conjugated polymers (CPs) can be less susceptible to concentration quenching, suggesting that they can be excellent candidates for a new class of light‐emitting microspheres. Due to their long‐chain‐conjugated backbone, however, CPs can be resistant to forming smoothly curved or spherical structures. Here, strongly fluorescent CP microspheres as large as 100 µm in diameter are synthesized. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) appear in the fluorescence spectra, and the microspheres show clear evidence of lasing above a threshold pump intensity. These conjugated polymer beads are up to 50 times larger than CP microspheres obtained by other methods, and they exceed the emission intensity of conventional fluorescent microspheres by more than an order of magnitude.
Field‐Free Programmable Spin Logics via Chirality‐Reversible Spin–Orbit Torque Switching
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wan Caihua , Kong Wenjie , Zhang Xuan , Xing Yaowen , Fang Chi , Tao Bingshan , Yang Wenlong , Huang Li , Wu Hao , Irfan Muhammad , Han Xiufeng
Published: June 2018

Spin–orbit torque (SOT)‐induced magnetization switching exhibits chirality (clockwise or counterclockwise), which offers the prospect of programmable spin‐logic devices integrating nonvolatile spintronic memory cells with logic functions. Chirality is usually fixed by an applied or effective magnetic field in reported studies. Herein, utilizing an in‐plane magnetic layer that is also switchable by SOT, the chirality of a perpendicular magnetic layer that is exchange‐coupled with the in‐plane layer can be reversed in a purely electrical way. In a single Hall bar device designed from this multilayer structure, three logic gates including AND, NAND, and NOT are reconfigured, which opens a gateway toward practical programmable spin‐logic devices.
Approaching Perfect Light Incoupling in Perovskite and Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells by Moth Eye Surface Textures
Authors: Qarony Wayesh , Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Dewan Rahul , Fischer Stefan , Meyer‐Rochow V Benno , Salleo Alberto , Knipp Dietmar , Tsang Yuen Hong
Published: June 2018

Solar cells with increased short‐circuit current density and energy conversion efficiency can be realized by integrating moth eye textures in the design of perovskite and amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. Broadband light incoupling in solar cells can be achieved by using hexagonally arranged arrays of nipples or domes with parabolically shaped surface profiles. The moth eye surface texture represents a refractive index grating that allows for an efficient incoupling of light in the solar cell while minimizing reflection losses. The light incoupling is studied for perovskite and amorphous silicon solar cells. Perovskite has a rather low refractive index of ≈2.5, while amorphous silicon exhibits a refractive index of ≈4.5 comparable to that of crystalline silicon. Due to largely different refractive indices, different device designs must be selected to allow for an efficient light incoupling in the solar cell. 3D finite‐difference time‐domain simulations are used for the optical modeling. Design guidelines are provided on how to realize perovskite and silicon thin film solar cells with high quantum efficiency and short‐circuit current by using moth eye textures.
Diastereocontrolled Monoprotodeboronation of β‐Sulfinimido gem‐Bis(boronates): A General and Stereoselective Route to α,β‐Disubstituted β‐Aminoalkylboronates
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Hall Dennis G.
Published: June 2018

β‐Aminoalkylboronic acids are bioisosteres of the pharmaceutically important class of β‐amino acids but few stereoselective methods exist for their preparation. The 1,2‐addition of lithiated 1,1‐diborylalkanes onto chiral N‐tert‐butanesulfinyl aldimines produces β‐sulfinimido gem‐bis(boronates) in good to excellent yields with high diastereoselectivity. The optimized conditions involve the use of rubidium fluoride and water, and are compatible with functionalized alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl substituents. Under these conditions, the geminal quaternary alkyl bis(pinacolatoboryl) intermediates undergo a highly diastereoselective monoprotodeboronation to afford a wide range of syn‐α,β‐disubstituted β‐aminoalkylboronates. This novel application of protodeboronation chemistry was shown to result from a kinetically controlled, diastereotopic‐group‐selective B−C bond protolysis dictated by the configuration of the adjacent stereogenic C−N center. Facile acidic cleavage of the sulfinimide auxiliary produces the free aminoboronates with high enantiomeric purity.
Transmission of Unidirectional Molecular Motor Rotation to a Remote Biaryl Axis
Authors: Uhl Edgar , Thumser Stefan , Mayer Peter , Dube Henry
Published: June 2018

Molecular motors undergo repetitive directional motions upon external energy input. A profound challenge is the defined transfer of directional motor motions to remote entities at the molecular scale. Herein, we present a molecular setup that allows for the transfer of the directional rotation of a light‐powered motor unit onto a remote biaryl axis via an ethylene glycol chain link. Based on a combination of X‐ray crystallographic analysis, ECD, and NMR experiments as well as a comprehensive theoretical assessment, we provide evidence for the coupled stepwise directional motions of both molecular units. With the presented setup, facile integration of molecular motor units into larger functional frameworks and complex molecular machines can be explored consciously in the future.
Robust Actuator‐Fault‐Tolerant Control System Based on Sliding‐Mode Observer for Thrust‐Vectoring Aircrafts
Authors: Li Bingqian , Dong Wenhan , Xiong Chao
Published: June 2018

In this paper, a robust actuator‐fault‐tolerant control (FTC) system is proposed for thrust‐vectoring aircraft (TVA) control. To this end, a TVA model with actuator fault dynamics, disturbances, and uncertain aerodynamic parameters is described, and a local fault detection and identification (FDI) mechanism is proposed to locate and identify faults, which utilizes an adaptive sliding‐mode observer (SMO) to detect actuator faults and two SMOs to identify and estimate their parameters. Finally, a fault‐tolerant controller is designed to compensate for these actuator faults, disturbances, and uncertain aerodynamic parameters; the approach combines back‐stepping control with fault parameters and a high‐order SMO. Furthermore, the stability of the entire control system is validated, and simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and potential for this robust FTC system.
DRILL Interface Makes Ion Soft Landing Broadly Accessible for Energy Science and Applications
Authors: Johnson Grant E. , Prabhakaran Venkateshkumar , Browning Nigel D. , Mehdi B. Layla , Laskin Julia , Kottke Peter A. , Fedorov Andrei G.
Published: June 2018

Polyoxometalates (POM) have been deposited onto carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes using benchtop ion soft landing (SL) enabled by a vortex‐confined electrohydrodynamic desolvation process. The device is based on the dry ion localization and locomotion (DRILL) mass spectrometry interface of Fedorov and co‐workers. By adding electrospray emitters, heating the desolvation gas, and operating at high gas flow rates, it is possible to obtain stable ion currents up to −15 nA that are ideal for deposition. Coupled with ambient ion optics, this interface enables desolvated ions to be delivered to surfaces while excluding solvent and counterions. Electron microscopy of surfaces prepared using the device reveal discrete POM and no aggregation that degrades electrode performance. Characterization of POM‐coated CNT electrodes in a supercapacitor showed an energy storage capacity similar to that achieved with SL in vacuum. For solutions that produce primarily a single ion by electrospray ionization, benchtop SL offers a simpler and less costly approach for surface modification with applications in catalysis, energy storage, and beyond.
Heißbemessung von Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonstützen
Authors: Fingerloos Frank , Zehfuß Jochen , Cyllok Michael
Published: June 2018

Dieser Beitrag unterstützt mit Erläuterungen, Diagrammen und erweiterten Tabellen die praktische Anwendung der Methode A in Eurocode 2 (DIN EN 1992‐1‐2) für die Heißbemessung von mehrseitig und einseitig brandbeanspruchten Betonstützen. Für einseitig brandbeanspruchte Stützen werden erweiterte tabellarische Werte angegeben, die mit dem Allgemeinen Rechenverfahren ermittelt wurden.
Neural functional architecture and modulation during decision making under uncertainty in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Assaf Michal , Rabany Liron , Zertuche Luis , Bragdon Laura , Tolin David , Goethe John , Diefenbach Gretchen
Published: June 2018

Background

Recent evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) might be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Cognitive models of GAD highlight the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in precipitating and maintaining worry, and it has been hypothesized that patients with GAD exhibit decision‐making deficits under uncertain conditions. Improving understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits associated with IU may lead to the identification of novel rTMS treatment targets and optimization of treatment parameters. The current report describes two interrelated studies designed to identify and verify a potential neural target for rTMS treatment of GAD.

Methods

Study I explored the integrity of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala neural networks, which underlie decision making under conditions of uncertainty, in GAD. Individuals diagnosed with GAD (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 20) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) gambling task that manipulated uncertainty using high versus low error rates. In a subsequent randomized‐controlled trial (Study II), a subset of the GAD sample (n = 16) completed the fMRI gambling task again after 30 sessions of active versus sham rTMS (1 Hz, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) to investigate the modulation of functional networks and symptoms.

Results

In Study I, participants with GAD demonstrated impairments in PFC‐PFC and PFC‐amygdala functional connectivity (FC) mostly during the high uncertainty condition. In Study II, one region of interest pair, dorsal anterior cingulate (ACC) – subgenual ACC, showed “normalization” of FC following active, but not sham, rTMS, and neural changes were associated with improvement in worry symptoms.

Conclusions

These results outline a possible treatment mechanism of rTMS in GAD, and pave the way for future studies of treatment optimization.
Time to steroid treatment in severe acute optic neuritis
Authors: Dale Gro Helen , Petersen Thor , Bacher Svendsen Kristina , Christensen Tove , Houen Gunnar , Bek Toke
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Steroid treatment can accelerate visual recovery in patients with optic neuritis (ON), but it is unknown whether the timing of the start of treatment influences the outcome. The main purpose of this observational study was to assess the effect of early onset steroid treatment of ON on visual prognosis and retinal morphology.

Methods

Forty‐nine patients with acute mild/moderate (n = 21) or severe (n = 28) ON, and an equal number of healthy controls were enrolled. Patients with severe ON either received early onset steroid treatment (initiated within 1 week of presentation with visual loss) (n = 9), late‐onset treatment (initiated after 1 week) (n = 13), or no treatment (n = 6). Visual function and retinal morphology was studied after 6 and 12 months.

Results

All measures of visual function had improved after 6 months (p ≤ 0.03) in the three groups with severe ON. This was not the case for Rayleigh match setting range (SR) in the nontreated group (p = 0.24), or for SR (p = 0.08) and latency to P100 of visual evoked potential (p = 0.08) in the late‐onset treated group. After 12 months, further improvement occurred in the nontreated and late‐treated groups, but not in the early treated group. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) and ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer had decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in all three groups with severe ON after 6 months. After 12 months, only mRNFL had further significantly decreased and only in the late‐onset treated group (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

The beneficial effects of early onset steroid treatment of ON is limited to a few months whereas the long‐term prognosis is independent of the timing of treatment.
Topographical survey engineering education retrofitted by computer‐aided 3D‐printing
Authors: Wang Chen , Yap Jeffrey B. H. , Li Heng , Chua Jiayun , Abdul‐Razak Asrul S. , Mohd‐Rahim Faizul A.
Published: June 2018

Due to the sophisticated nature of contour lines on 2D drawings, students often find difficulties in visualizing three‐dimensional interpretations of flat and 2D displays, especially when they attempt to comprehend topographic maps. This study aims to determine the issues encountered in topographical survey education that could be mitigated by 3D‐printed models and to explore the effectiveness of hands‐on 3D‐printing exercises in real teaching practices by guiding students to design and fabricate 3D models using 3D‐printing techniques. A mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches has been employed including experiments and structured interview surveys. The qualitative ethnographic method through a qualitative experiment developed 3D‐printed models for topographic education. Topographic maps were developed using Sketchup Version 8 software in order to fabricate the 3D topographic models. Hands‐on 3D‐printing exercises engender better understanding and appreciation of topographic maps among the students. This research demonstrates how 3D models could complement the conventional teaching using 2D maps in university education.
Bioactivity‐Guided Isolation of Anti‐Inflammatory Constituents of the Rare Mushroom Calvatia nipponica in LPS‐Stimulated RAW264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Lee Seulah , Lee Dahae , Lee Joo Chan , Kang Ki Sung , Ryoo Rhim , Park Hyun‐Ju , Kim Ki Hyun
Published: June 2018

Calvatia species, generally known as puffball mushrooms, are used both as sources of food and as traditional medicine. Among the Calvatia genus, Calvatia nipponica (Agaricaceae) is one of the rarest species. Using bioassay‐guided fractionation based on anti‐inflammatory effects, five alkaloids (1 – 5), two phenolics (6 and 7), and a fatty acid methyl ester (8) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of C. nipponica. Compound 8 was identified from C. nipponica for the first time, and all isolates (1 – 8) were tested for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Compound 7 showed mild inhibition while compound 8 significantly inhibited NO production with an IC50 value of 27.50 ± 0.08 μm. The mechanism of NO inhibition of compound 7 was simulated by molecular docking analysis against nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which revealed the interactions of 7 with the key amino acid residue and the heme in the active site. With the most potent inhibition against LPS‐induced inflammation, compound 8 was further investigated with respect to its mechanism of action, and the activity was found to be mediated through the inhibition of iNOS and COX‐2 expression.
Mylohyoid hemispasm in a patient with hypoglossal nerve stimulation
Authors: Brüggemann Norbert , Steffen Armin
Published: June 2018

Key Clinical Message

Unilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation may be associated with myoclonus of the mylohyoid muscle.
Influence of Longitudinal Vortex Generator Configuration on the Hydrodynamics in a Novel Spouted Bed
Authors: Wu Feng , Huang Zhenyu , Zhang Jiejie , Zhou Wenjing , Ma Xiaoxun
Published: June 2018

The gas‐solid flow in a cylindrical spouted bed with a pair of spherical longitudinal vortex generators (LVGs) was numerically investigated by a two‐fluid model with kinetic theory for granular flow. Simulations and analyses were conducted on five types of spouted beds: a conventional spouted bed without disturbance units as well as spouted beds with a pair of LVGs in which the radius of spheres installed on the LVGs had four different dimensions. Results of the computational fluid dynamics demonstrate that the fountain height decreases with larger radius, and the influence range of the longitudinal vortex increases with the greater radius, both for the gas phase and particle phase. The turbulent kinetic energy of the gas phase along the radial and axial directions in the spouted bed was also promoted significantly by the longitudinal vortex and increased with larger radius, which is due to the higher LVG volume.
Modeling Mixing in Anaerobic Digesters with Computational Fluid Dynamics Validated by Experiments
Authors: Wiedemann Leonhard , Conti Fosca , Saidi Abdessamad , Sonnleitner Matthias , Goldbrunner Markus
Published: June 2018

To keep biogas production competitive against alternatives in the energy sector, operating costs of biogas plants must be reduced. Up to 50 % of the energy consumption in biogas plants is contributed by mixing of biomass slurry. Thus, optimization of the mixing system is a promising approach to increase the overall efficiency of biogas plants. Investigations to find the optimal conditions of mixing are challenging in full‐scale biogas digesters. Two main strategies to study biomass mixing in laboratories are to build a scale‐down digester using an artificial substrate to mimic biomass, and to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the mixing process. In this paper, a combined approach is carried out: a CFD model is presented and verified experimentally.
Mean Intrinsic Activity of Single Mn Sites at LaMnO3 Nanoparticles Towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Celorrio Veronica , Calvillo Laura , van den Bosch Celeste A. M. , Granozzi Gaetano , Aguadero Ainara , Russell Andrea E. , Fermín David J.
Published: June 2018

LaMnO3 has been identified as one of the most active systems towards the 4‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under alkaline conditions, although the rationale for its high activity in comparison to other perovskites remains to be fully understood. LaMnO3 oxide nanoparticles are synthesised by an ionic‐liquid based method over a temperature range of 600 to 950 °C. This work describes a systematic study of the LaMnO3 properties, from bulk to the outermost surface layers, as a function of the synthesis temperature to relate them to the ORR activity. The bulk and surface composition of the particles are characterised by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray absorption and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), as well as low‐energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEIS). The particle size and surface composition are strongly affected by temperature, although the effect is non‐monotonic. The number density of redox active Mn sites is obtained from electrochemical measurements, and correlates well with the trends observed by XPS and LEIS. ORR studies of carbon‐supported LaMnO3 employing rotating ring‐disk electrodes show a step increase in the mean activity of individual surface Mn sites for particles synthesised above 700 °C. Our analysis emphasises the need to establish protocols for quantifying turn‐over frequency of single active sites in these complex materials to elucidate appropriate structure‐activity relationships.
Toward Angiogenesis Inhibitors Based on the Conjugation of Organometallic Platinum(II) Complexes to RGD Peptides
Authors: Zamora Ana , Gandioso Albert , Massaguer Anna , Buenestado Silvia , Calvis Carme , Hernández Jose Luis , Mitjans Francesc , Rodríguez Venancio , Ruiz José , Marchán Vicente
Published: June 2018

A novel conjugate between a cyclometalated platinum(II) complex with dual antiangiogenic and antitumor activity and a cyclic peptide containing the RGD sequence (‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐) has been synthesized by combining solid‐ and solution‐phase methodologies. Although peptide conjugation rendered a non‐cytotoxic compound in all tested tumor cell lines (± αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrin receptors), the antiangiogenic activity of the Pt‐c(RGDfK) conjugate in human umbilical vein endothelial cells at sub‐cytotoxic concentrations opens the way to the design of a novel class of angiogenesis inhibitors through conjugation of metallodrugs with high antiangiogenic activity to cyclic RGD‐containing peptides or peptidomimetic analogues.
CSF3R Mutations are frequently associated with abnormalities of RUNX1, CBFB, CEBPA, and NPM1 genes in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhang Yang , Wang Fang , Chen Xue , Zhang Yu , Wang Mingyu , Liu Hong , Cao Panxiang , Ma Xiaoli , Wang Tong , Zhang Jianping , Zhang Xian , Lu Peihua , Liu Hongxing
Published: June 2018

Background

Mutations in the colony‐stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) gene occur frequently in chronic neutrophilic leukemia and are rare in de novo acute leukemia. The objective of this study was to assess the incidence of CSF3R mutations in acute leukemia and their association with other genetic abnormalities.

Methods

Amplicon‐targeted, next‐generation sequencing of 58 genes was performed retrospectively on 1152 patients (acute myeloid leukemia [AML], n = 587; acute lymphoid leukemia [ALL], n = 565). Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to detect 35 leukemia‐specific gene fusions.

Results

CSF3R mutations (26 patients) were detected in 3.6% (13 of 364 patients), 4.6% (8 of 175 patients), and 8.3% (4 of 48 patients) of those with de novo, relapsed, and secondary AML, respectively, and in 0.2% (1 of 565 patients) of those with ALL. In total, 9 distinct CSF3R mutations were detected. Membrane‐proximal missense mutations and cytoplasmic truncations were identified as mutually exclusive. The proportion of patients who had French‐American‐British subtypes M2 and M4 in the CSF3R‐mutated group was significantly greater than that in the CSF3R wild‐type group for both the de novo AML cohort (P = .001) and the relapsed AML cohort (P = .024). All de novo and relapsed AMLs with CSF3R mutations were associated with genetic alterations in transcription factors, including RUNX1‐RUNX1T1, CBFB‐MYH11, double‐mutated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPAdm), and NPM1 mutations; and core‐binding factor gene abnormalities and CEBPAdm accounted for 90.5% (19 of 21 patients).

Conclusions

CSF3R mutations are uncommon in AML; however, when they occur, they are often associated with core‐binding factor gene abnormalities and CEBPAdm. An in‐depth understanding of the interaction between these genetic alterations could facilitate a clearer understanding of the role of CSF3R mutations in AML development and may be used for disease classification, prognosis, and the development of targeted therapy.
Introduction of Graphene Nanofibers into the Perovskite Layer of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yun , Leung Wallace Woon‐Fong
Published: June 2018

Although the application of graphene‐derived nanomaterials in the electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), or top electrode of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been thoroughly studied, the effects of inserting such materials into the perovskite layer of PSCs is not well understood. In this study, pristine graphene nanofibers were introduced into the perovskite layer of PSCs for the first time. The quality of the electrospun graphene nanofibers was optimized by controlled centrifugation of graphene sheets in the precursor suspension. Under optimized conditions, the device power conversion efficiency increased from 17.51 % without graphene to 19.83 % with graphene nanofibers, representing a 13 % increase. The introduction of graphene nanofibers into the perovskite layer led to a dramatic increase in the grain size of the perovskite layer to over 2 μm, owing to improved nucleation and crystallization at the nanofiber interface, which led to much higher FF and Jsc values. The significant increases in Jsc and Voc are attributed to the improved charge‐transport properties of the graphene nanofibers with superb charge conductivity introduced into the perovskite layer. The latter was independently verified by the measured electron transport time. The stability of the device was also improved. In summary, an effective approach has been developed to improve the performance of PSCs by using pure graphene nanofibers for the first time.
Tracking Ionic Rearrangements and Interpreting Dynamic Volumetric Changes in Two‐Dimensional Metal Carbide Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Xu Kui , Lin Zifeng , Merlet Céline , Taberna Pierre‐Louis , Miao Ling , Jiang Jianjun , Simon Patrice
Published: June 2018

Invited for this month's cover are the groups of Prof. Patrice Simon at the Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier and Prof. Jianjun Jiang at the Huazhong University Science and Technology. The image shows a simulation study performed on two‐dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene‐based supercapacitor in an ionic liquid as electrolyte combined with an in situ XRD experiment for verification. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201702068.
The quantum equation of state until the fourth virial coefficient for many‐component plasmas
Authors: Eisa D.A.
Published: June 2018

The aim of the present article is to calculate the quantum excess free energy until the fourth virial coefficient in terms of Slater sums for neutral many‐component plasmas. We used the results to calculate the equation of state; we used the thermal equilibrium plasma. Bound states are not taken into account in this work.
Finish with a sprint: Evidence for time‐selected last leg of migration in a long‐distance migratory songbird
Authors: Briedis Martins , Hahn Steffen , Krist Miloš , Adamík Peter
Published: June 2018

Under time‐selected migration, birds should choose a strategy for outcompeting rivals over securing access to prime resources at the final destination. Thus, migration can be viewed as a race among individuals where winners are arriving first when conditions are suitable. The sprint migration hypothesis predicts that individuals shift from maximum sustained speed to a final burst of sprint to shorten the transition from migration to breeding (Alerstam, 2006). In this study, we test the hypothesis of a final sprint migration in a long‐distance Afro‐Palearctic migrant, the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, during autumn and spring, and compare migration strategies between the seasons. In both seasons, collared flycatchers evidently exhibited sprint migration by increasing their overall speed over the last leg of migration after the Sahara crossing. This phenomenon was more pronounced in spring, contributing to overall faster spring migration and possibly highlighting higher importance for early arrival at the breeding grounds. In both seasons and particularly in spring, late departing individuals flew at a faster rate, partially being able to catch up with their early departing conspecifics. Differential fueling strategies may play an important role in determining migration speed, especially during the early stages of the migration, and might explain the observed differences in migration speeds between late and early departing individuals. Our findings suggest competition for early arrival at the breeding and at the nonbreeding destinations alike. Sprint migration might be an appropriate strategy to gain advantage over conspecifics and settle in prime territories as well as to cope with the increasingly earlier springs at high latitudes.
Remotely sensed canopy nitrogen correlates with nitrous oxide emissions in a lowland tropical rainforest
Authors: Soper Fiona M. , Sullivan Benjamin W. , Nasto Megan K. , Osborne Brooke B. , Bru David , Balzotti Christopher S. , Taylor Phillip G. , Asner Gregory P. , Townsend Alan R. , Philippot Laurent , Porder Stephen , Cleveland Cory C.
Published: June 2018

Tropical forests exhibit significant heterogeneity in plant functional and chemical traits that may contribute to spatial patterns of key soil biogeochemical processes, such as carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. Although tropical forests are the largest ecosystem source of nitrous oxide (N2O), drivers of spatial patterns within forests are poorly resolved. Here, we show that local variation in canopy foliar N, mapped by remote‐sensing image spectroscopy, correlates with patterns of soil N2O emission from a lowland tropical rainforest. We identified ten 0.25 ha plots (assemblages of 40–70 individual trees) in which average remotely‐sensed canopy N fell above or below the regional mean. The plots were located on a single minimally‐dissected terrace (<1 km2) where soil type, vegetation structure and climatic conditions were relatively constant. We measured N2O fluxes monthly for 1 yr and found that high canopy N species assemblages had on average three‐fold higher total mean N2O fluxes than nearby lower canopy N areas. These differences are consistent with strong differences in litter stoichiometry, nitrification rates and soil nitrate concentrations. Canopy N status was also associated with microbial community characteristics: lower canopy N plots had two‐fold greater soil fungal to bacterial ratios and a significantly lower abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea, although genes associated with denitrification (nirS, nirK, nosZ) showed no relationship with N2O flux. Overall, landscape emissions from this ecosystem are at the lowest end of the spectrum reported for tropical forests, consist with multiple metrics indicating that these highly productive forests retain N tightly and have low plant‐available losses. These data point to connections between canopy and soil processes that have largely been overlooked as a driver of denitrification. Defining relationships between remotely‐sensed plant traits and soil processes offers the chance to map these processes at large scales, potentially increasing our ability to predict N2O emissions in heterogeneous landscapes.