bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health in the African American Community: Accounting for Health Inequalities
Authors: Dressler William W.
Published: November 2004

African Americans are at a higher risk of having a variety of health problems and have less access to health care than white Americans. This article explores these health inequalities and their explanations. Three conventional models of health inequalities—a racial‐genetic model, a health behavior or lifestyle model, and a socioeconomic status model—are examined and found to be insufficient to account for observed disparities. A fourth alternative, termed a “social structural model,” is proposed. In this model, it is argued that the primary index of ethnic status, namely skin color, serves as a criterion of social class in color‐conscious societies such as that of the United States. This alters social mobility processes and creates health inequalities for African Americans.
Metaphors in Disrupted Lives: Infertility and Cultural Constructions of Continuity
Authors: Becker Gay
Published: November 2004

This article addresses disruption to the lives of women and men in the United States following the discovery of infertility and subsequent efforts to create a sense of continuity by 236 women and men who experienced infertility and underwent medical treatment. The cultural life course and its root metaphors provided the context in which cultural constructions of continuity were understood. People drew on metaphors such as order and chaos, limbo, life and death, rebirth, and transformation in efforts to make sense of disruption. Successive phases of disruption, characterized as periods of chaos and limbo, were followed by efforts to create a new sense of order and continuity. It is suggested that a cultural model of continuity shapes responses to disruption and that metaphor mediates the process through which a sense of continuity is sought. As a cultural resource, metaphor is a mediator of disruption that enables people to recreate a sense of continuity and to reconnect themselves to the social and cultural order after a disruption. The effort to create continuity after a disruption emerges as a complex cultural process.
Anthropology, Bioethics, and Medicine: A Provocative Trilogy
Authors: Muller Jessica H.
Published: November 2004

This article investigates the contributions anthropological perspectives can make to the field of bioethics. Four dimensions of an anthropological approach to bioethics are presented: the contextual nature of bioethical dilemmas; the cultural embeddedness of moral systems; the culturally pluralistic character of many bioethical problems; and the examination of the field of bioethics as a cultural phenomenon. The discussion explores how moral dilemmas and the means to resolve them are inextricably bound to their institutional, economic, and social contexts, how different cultural systems have different moral codes with different standards for behavior, and how bioethical conflicts often arise in culturally plural health care settings. In addition, it discusses the challenge offered to anthropologists to examine the values, cognitive framework, and social organization of bioethics. The article concludes with a discussion of ways that anthropological methods and knowledge can be applied in the bioethics arena.
The Transformations of Tibetan Medicine
Authors: JANES CRAIG R.
Published: November 2004

This article presents a cultural and historical analysis of 20th‐century Tibetan medicine. In its expansion into the state bureaucracy, Tibetan medicine has acceded to institutional modernity through transformations in theory, practice, and methods for training physicians. Despite Chinese rule in Tibet, however, Tibetan medicine has not yielded completely to state interests. With the collapsing of the traditionally pluralistic Tibetan health system into the professional sector of Tibetan medicine, contemporary Tibetan medicine has become to the laity a font of ethnic revitalization and resistance to the modernization policies of the Chinese state. These processes are particularly evident in the elaboration of disorders of rlung, a class of sicknesses that, collectively, have come to symbolize the suffering inherent in rapid social, economic, and political change.
Intracultural Diversity and the Sociocultural Correlates of Blood Pressure: A Jamaican Example
Authors: Dressler William W. , Grell Gerald A. C. , Viteri Fernando E.
Published: November 2004

Attention to intracultural diversity in anthropological research has increased, but the implications of that diversity for research design and data analysis in medical anthropology have not proceeded as far. An examination of diversity and its use in guiding data analyses is given here, based on the study of blood pressure and its social and psychological correlates. It is argued that in the specific ethnographic setting of a small West Indian town, social class structures the diversity of the meanings of beliefs and behaviors. Diversity of meanings, in turn, alters the associations of those beliefs and behaviors with blood pressure. Data analyses guided by this orientation demonstrate that the social patterning of blood pressure varies between and within social class. Specifically, it is shown that one model of social and psychological influences on blood pressure applies only to middle‐class persons in a small Jamaican community and not to lower‐class persons. Medical anthropologists need to be more sensitive to the range of intracultural diversity and to how that diversity can influence the results of research.
Toward a More Comprehensive Medical Anthropology: The Case of Adolescent Psychopathlogy
Authors: FABREGA HORACIO , MILLER BARBARA D.
Published: November 2004

This article argues for a more comprehensive analytical approach in medical anthropology than is currently followed, one that combines attention to structural factors (political, economic, medical psychiatric), experiential symbolic expressions and meanings, and biological bodily features of disorders. We show how subject matter that may be defined as “adolescent psychopathology” would be better understood by a comprehensive approach than by partial views. Three areas within adolescent psychopathology are chosen as illustrative: anorexia nervosa, dissociation, and social aggression. Each of these, like adolescence itself, is powerfully shaped by historical and contemporary cultural influences, and each implicates important theories in medical anthropology.
Changes in Clinical Practice in Response to Reductions in Reimbursement: Physician Autonomy and Resistance to Bureaucratization
Authors: POSNER KAREN L. , GILD WILLIAM M. , WINANS EDGAR V.
Published: November 2004

This analysis of field data from 1991 and 1992 examines the process of joint decision making between cardiothoracic surgeons and anesthesiologists in a U.S. hospital as they made changes in clinical practice in response to reimbursement reductions. Although these physicians have concurrent responsibility for patient care in the operating room, their domains of authority are ambiguous. Much clinical decision making was found to be based on charismatic authority. In making practice changes, cardiothoracic surgeons maintained all and anesthesiologists most of their charismatic authority, expanding the conventional range of physician practice while prescribing specific practices for nonphysician providers. Ambiguity of joint physician authority over patient care was left unresolved, and the economic goals of the practice changes were not realized. Physicians resisted the bureaucratic claim to authority rooted in cost accounting by resorting to the need for nonroutinized clinical decisions.
The Catholic Church and U.S. Health Care Reform
Authors: Angrosino Michael V.
Published: November 2004

The Catholic Church is the largest (and arguably the best organized) single denomination in the United States, and it has extensive holdings in the health care field. It therefore has a material stake in the current debate over health care reform, as well as a moral interest in a question touching on the ethics of resource distribution. The position of the church on health care is analyzed as a case study of how organized religion interacts with and attempts to influence social policy in a pluralistic society.
Alcohol Consumption, Brothel Attendance, and Condom Use: Normative Expectations among Thai Military Conscripts
Authors: MacQueen Kathleen M. , Nopkesorn Taweesak , Sweat Michael D. , Sawaengdee Yothin , Mastro Timothy D. , Weniger Bruce G.
Published: November 2004

This article investigates the relationship between alcohol consumption and inconsistent condom use with brothel‐based commercial sex workers among Thai military conscripts in Northern Thailand. Data from 10 focus groups indicate that alcohol consumption (1) is consciously used by men to reduce inhibitions that constrain their interpersonal interaction with women and with each other; (2) reduces inhibitions of individuals to sexual risk taking; (3) provides a socially acceptable excuse for nonuse of condoms; (4) is associated by conscripts with brothel attendance; and (5) is seen to enhance male sexual pleasure, in contrast to condoms, which are said to reduce pleasure. Understanding the culturally defined expectations that surround alcohol consumption and sexual behavior is critical for developing realistic interventions to reduce HIV transmission.
The Cultural Debate over Female Circumcision: The Sudanese Are Arguing This One Out for Themselves
Authors: Gruenbaum Ellen
Published: November 2004

This article critiques medical ecological analysis of female circumcision as a “maladaptive cultural pattern” and argues that this highly controversial procedure must be analyzed within the larger contexts of women's lives in underdeveloped countries. International efforts to eradicate female circumcision, while often couched in seemingly progressive feminist rhetoric, inadvertently serve to mask the negative health effects of the economic exploitation of poor countries such as Sudan. Reproductive histories and ethnographic data are used to argue that though female circumcision is not maladaptive, cultural discourse about it is resulting in changes in the meaning, techniques, and frequency of this practice.
A Biocultural Perspective on Health and Household Economy in Southern Peru
Authors: Leatherman Thomas L.
Published: November 2004

This article presents a biocultural approach to human health that integrates perspectives from anthropological political economy, ecology, and human adaptability. This approach frames local conditions in relation to macrohistorical forces, and focuses on the social relations that underlie health and responses to illness. It examines the coping responses of human agents operating with a “conditional rationality,” and the multiple consequences to these responses. The approach is illustrated with results from a study on the relationship between health and household economy among small‐scale farmers of the Nuñoa District in the southern Peruvian Andes. Poor health and nutritional status reflect historical and current economic conditions in the district. Households in illness plant half as many fields at twice the labor cost as healthy households. Among poor households the effects of illness on farming production are exacerbated by their inability to adequately supplement family labor with nonhousehold workers. The consequences of illness can force changes in access to resources and production strategies, thus shaping household health and economy in the future.
Exhibition Catalogues and Book Reviews
Authors: Dawson Lawrence R. , Schevill Margot , Zuhur Sherifa , Bakewell Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

Schneebaum. Tobias. 1985 Asmat Images from the Collection of the Aamat Museum of Culture and Progress. The Asmat Museum of culture and Progress, Agats, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. 18 black and white photographs, 87 drawings, maps, short bibliography, and appendices on symbols, designs, tools and weapons. Available from Crosier Missions, 3204 East 43rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55406 for $15.00

Gallagher. Jacki 1983 Companions of the Dead; Ceramic Tomb Structure from Ancient West Mexico. Los Angeles. Museum of Cultural History. 28. 21.5 cm., 125 pp., 10 color plates, 167 black and white illustrations,. map, References cited. No price given. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024.

Crotty. Helen K. 1983 Honoring the Dead: Anasazi Ceramics from the Rainbow Bridge Monument Valley expedition. Los AngeLes. Museum of Cultural History. University of California. 28. 21.5. m., 91 pp., 59 black and white illustrations including tables, map and chronology. 4 appendices, and bibliography. No price given. Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles. CA, 90024.

Sayer. Chloe 1985 Costumes of Mexico. Austin. University of Texas Press. Printed in Great Britain by Jolly & Barber Ltd., Rugby, Warwickshire. 28. 22.5 cm., 240 pp. 36 color plates, 105 black and white illustrations,38 drawings,. maps, chronology,. appendices, glossary, bibliography, and index. ISBN 0‐292‐71099‐2; 292‐71100‐x (pbk.). $29.95 (plus postage), University of Texas Press, PO Box 789, Austin, TX, 78713.

Washburn. Dorothy K. 1983 Structure and Cognition in Art. Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney. Cambridge University press. 28. 22 cm., 170 pp., 119 black and white illustrations, 18 tables, and index. ISBN. 521 23471 9. $39.50. The Cambridge University Press, 510 North Avenue, New Rochelle, NY 1080L

Dunin. Elsie Ivancich 1984 Dance Occasions and Festive Press in Yugoslavia, Museum of Cultural History, university of California, Los Angeles, Monograph Series, No. 23, Regents of UCLA, 28. 21.5 cm. 72 pp. 15 color plates, 48 black and white. Includes catalogue of exhibition presented at Museum of Cultural History Gallery, UCLA, Jan. 11 to Mar. 4, 1984. No price given.

Nancy Sweezy 1984 Raised in Clay: The Southern Pottery Tradition. Smithsonian Institution Press for the Office of Folklife Programs. Washington, DC. 28. 21.5 cm, 320 pp. color plates, 67 line drawings, 201 black and white photographs. Map, bibliography. Price plus postage, Cloth $39.95, paper $19.95. Smithsonian Institution Press, PO Box 1579 Washington, DC 20013.
Reviews, Catalogues and New Publications
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Gibson. Shirley Mann The Cultural Imperative: Creating New Management for the Arts. Association of Cultural Executives, 506 Jarvis Street, Toronto, Ontario, M4Y2H6. $10, plus $3 handling for members of the Association of Cultural Executives, $12, plus $3 handling for non‐members.

Donnan. Christopher B. and Guillermo A. Cock. editors. 1986. The Pacatnamu Papers Volume I. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 28x22 cm., 188 pp.,. color plates, 91 black‐and‐white photographs, maps, drawings, floor‐plans, map insert, bibliography. ISBN 0‐930741‐14‐5 (hardcover), 0‐930741‐11‐0 (paperback).

Gully. Anthony Lacy. editor 1985 Phoebus 4:. Journal of Art History. Tempe: Arizona State University. 22.5 cm. 15 cm., 128 pp., 75 black‐and‐white photographs, notes. For subscriptions, write to Anthony Gully, School of Art, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287.

Gwatkin. Nina Wade‐Dalton 1986 Scenes for. Raja: Study of an Indian Kalamkari'found in Indonesia. Los Angeles. Museum of Cultural History, University of California. 28x21.5 cm., 24 pp., 19 black‐andwhite photographs, color wrap‐around cover. Notes, Glossary, and Bibliography.

Middleton. John 1987 (originally published 1960). Lugbara Religion. Ritual and Authority among an East African People. Foreword by Ivan Karp. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. 23. 15 cm., 279 pp., bibliography. Index. ISBN 0‐87474‐66701, paperback.

Yudhishthir Raj Isar. editor. 1986. The Challenge to Our Cultural Heritage: Why Preserve the Past? Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. UNESCO, Paris. 23 X15 cm., 252 pp., 54 black‐and‐white 20 photographs, charts, ISBN 0‐87474‐543‐8, paperback,. 11.95. Smithsonian Institution Press, P.O. Box 4866, Hampden Station, Baltimore, MD 21211,. 1.50 postage and $. 50 for each additional book.

Cohen. John. Director/Producer 1986. Choqela, Only Interpretation. 15 minutes, 16 mm. film. Distributed by Cinema Guild, 1697 Broadway, New York City 10019, (212)246‐5522.

Fanshel. Susan. Director, with Deborah Gordon and John Adair. Ph.D., Producers. 1986. Weave of Time: The Story of. Navqjo Family, 1938 1986. Navajo Film Project. One hour, 16 mm., color documentary, also available in video formats. 16 mm. Sale $895/Rental$100,1/2″ video sale $500/rental $75. Distributor Direct Cinema Limited, P.O. Box 69799, Los Angeles, CA 90060‐9976. (213)652‐8000.
The Problematics of Plane Pattern Analysis and Material Culture
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Washburn. Dorothy K. and Donald W. Crowe 1988 Symmetries of Culture: Theory and Practice of Plane Pattern Analysis. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 38.5. 22.5 cm., 312 pp., illustrations, charts, black and white photographs, appendices, bibliography, index. ISBN 0‐295‐96586‐X, LC 87‐27924, $40 hard cover.
Huupukwanum Tupaat: Out of the Mist: Treasures of the Nuu‐chah‐nulth Chiefs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado
Authors: Sinclair Jane
Published: November 2004

HUUPUKWANUM TUPAAT: OUT OF THE MIST: TREASURES OF THE NUU‐CHAH‐NULTH CHIEFS AT THE DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE, DENVER, COLORADO, October 6, 2000‐January 15, 2001 (opened in Victoria, British Columbia at the Royal British Columbia Museum in July of 1999). After its stay in Colorado, the exhibition traveled to the Gene Autry Museum in Los Angeles. Catalog with the same title by Martha Black, curator of ethnology at the Royal British Columbia Museum.
The Yuquot Whalers'Shrine
Authors: Smythe Charles W.
Published: November 2004

The Yuquot Whalers'Shrine, Aldona Jonaitis with Research Contributions by Richard Inglis. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1999. xiv, 233 pp. illustrations, references, index.
Exhibiting Cultures; Museums and Communities
Authors: Ruby Jay
Published: November 2004

Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display. 1991. Karp. Ivan and Steven D. Levine (eds.) Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Museums and Communities. 1992. Karp. Ivan. Christine Mullen Kreamer. and Steven D. Levine. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Film Review
Authors: Ehrlich Linda C.
Published: November 2004

Pizzicata. Director and screenwriter: Edoard Winspeare. Cinematography: Paolo Carnera, Italy, 1993.93 minutes, color.
Book Review
Authors: Michalak Laurence
Published: November 2004

Lawrence of Arabia:. Film's Anthropology. Steven C. Caton. University of California Press, 1999. 301 pp, xv, paper.
Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth Century Benin
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: November 2004

Art, Innovation, and Politics in Eighteenth Century Benin. Ben‐Amos. Paula Girshick. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1999.
Edward S. Curtis: An Old Picture in a New Frame
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: November 2004

Coming to Light: Edward S. Curtis and the North American Indians. 2000. Directed by Anne Makepeace. co‐produced by Anne Makepeace and WNET. Distributed by Bullfrog Films. P.O. Box 149, Oley, PA 19547. 84 minutes (also available in an abridged 56 minute version).
A Meta-Analysis of the Timing of Chest Irradiation in the Combined Modality Treatment of Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Huncharek Michael , McGarry Ronald
Published: November 2004

The objective of this study was to determine whether initial combined chemoradiation results in superior 1-, 2-, and 3-year survivals in the treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer versus sequential or split-course therapy. Using a prospective meta-analysis protocol outlining study inclusion criteria, literature search strategy, and statistical procedures, data from all available randomized controlled trials addressing the above-noted objective were pooled using a fixed effects model (Peto). Results were expressed as summary odds ratios (ORp), and statistical tests for data heterogeneity were performed prior to calculation of ORps. Odds ratios greater than 1.0 favored the experimental arm versus control (i.e., early chest irradiation). If statistical heterogeneity was demonstrated, sensitivity analyses were performed by previously described methods to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity across the included studies. Pooling data from eight randomized controlled trials enrolling over 1,500 patients showed that early integration of chest radiotherapy with systemic chemotherapy increases overall survival by 34%–216%, depending on the end point of interest. Etoposide (E) plus cisplatin (P) in conjunction with chest irradiation appears to offer the greatest increase in survival versus delayed or split-course radiation therapy and non-EP-containing drug schedules. The available randomized trial data support early concurrent chest radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy in the form of E and P in the management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer.
Subcellular accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Jabusch Thomas W , Swackhamer Deborah L
Published: November 2004

In this study, the subcellular accumulation of 13 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was investigated in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Two main arguments pertaining to the mechanism of bioaccumulation of persistent bioaccumulative toxic chemicals (PBTs) in phytoplankton were evaluated, including the controversy of whether the limitation of uptake of ultra-hydrophobic pollutants is kinetic or due to a physical barrier presented by the membrane that prevents transfer into the internal parts of the cell, and second, the role of surface adsorption for the bioaccumulation process. The first argument was addressed by studying the time-dependent subcellular uptake of PCBs into thylakoids (photosynthetic membranes) as representative internal membranes. The second issue was addressed by investigating the role of the algal cell wall as a potential extracellular sorbate. Accumulation of PCBs in thylakoids was found to be limited kinetically and slow compared to total accumulation in the alga. Super-hydrophobic PCBs with Kow > 6 were not restricted from entering the cell. Sorption to the cell wall was found to be less than 10% and insignificant compared to total bioaccumulation in C. reinhardtii. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the subcellular uptake of a class of PBTs was investigated directly. The results offer a mechanistic framework for improving kinetic modeling of PBT bioaccumulation in phytoplankton.
Assessment of the toxicity of triasulfuron and its photoproducts using aquatic organisms
Authors: Vulliet Emmanuelle , Emmelin Corinne , Chovelon Jean-Marc , Chouteau Céline , Clement Bernard
Published: November 2004

The toxicological effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide triasulfuron and its photoproducts were assessed on four aquatic organisms. Toxicity varied with tested organism and with triasulfuron irradiation time. Triasulfuron and its photoproducts had no significant effects on the crustacean (Cladocera) Daphnia magna (causing 50% effective concentration [EC50] [48 h] = 49 ± 1 mg/L) and the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri (EC50 [30 min] > 100 mg/L). In contrast, primary producers (the duckweed Lemna minor, the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Chlorella vulgaris) were very sensitive to triasulfuron (EC50s < 11 μg/L). For these organisms, triasulfuron photoproducts were less toxic than the parent compound but the residual toxicity observed still represented a potential environmental hazard.
Copper toxicity in relation to surface water-dissolved organic matter: Biological effects to Daphnia magna
Authors: Kramer Kees J.M , Jak Robbert G , van Hattum Bert , Hooftman Ria N , Zwolsman John J.G
Published: November 2004

Water quality standards for copper are usually stated in total element concentrations. It is known, however, that a major part of the copper can be bound in complexes that are biologically not available. Natural organic matter, such as humic and fulvic acids, are strong complexing agents that may affect the bioavailable copper (Cu2+) concentration. The aim of this study was to quantify the relation between the concentration of dissolved natural organic matter and free Cu2+ in surface waters, and the biological effect, as measured in a standardized ecotoxicological test (48 h-median effective concentration [EC50] Daphnia magna, mobility). Six typical Dutch surface waters and an artificial water, ranging from 0.1 to 22 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were collected and analyzed quarterly. Chemical speciation modeling was used as supporting evidence to assess bioavailability. The results show clear evidence of a linear relation between the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (in milligrams DOC/L) and the ecotoxicological effect (as effect concentration, EC50, expressed as micrograms Cu/L): 48-h EC50 (Daphnia, mobility) = 17.2 × DOC + 30.2 (r2 = 0.80, n = 22). Except for a brook with atypical water quality characteristics, no differences were observed among water type or season. When ultraviolet (UV)-absorption (380 nm) was used to characterize the dissolved organic carbon, a linear correlation was found as well. The importance of the free copper concentration was demonstrated by speciation calculations: In humic-rich waters the free Cu2+ concentration was estimated at ≈10−11 M, whereas in medium to low dissolved organic carbon waters the [Cu2+] was ≈10−10 M. Speciation calculations performed for copper concentrations at the effective concentration level (where the biological effect is considered the same) resulted in very similar free copper concentrations (≈10−8 M Cu) in these surface waters with different characteristics. These observations consistently show that the presence of organic matter decreases the bioavailability, uptake, and ecotoxicity of copper in the aquatic environment. It demonstrates that the DOC content must be included in site-specific environmental risk assessment for trace metals (at least for copper). It is the quantification of the effects described that allows policy makers to review the criteria for copper in surface waters.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in mussels from prince william sound, ALASKA, USA, document the return to baseline conditions
Authors: Boehm Paul D , Page David S , Brown John S , Neff Jerry M , Burns William A
Published: November 2004

Bioavailable hydrocarbons in the Exxon Valdez oil spill zone in Prince William Sound (PWS; AK, USA) shorelines were at or near background levels in 2002, as indicated by low concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels (Mytilus trossulus) collected from sites throughout PWS. Total PAH (TPAH) minus parent naphthalene concentrations in mussels collected in 1998 to 2002 from sites oiled in 1989 were at or near reference-site values. Both oiled and reference sites included locations associated with past human and industrial activity (HA). Inclusion of the unoiled HA sites in the range of reference sites that define prespill conditions is consistent with federal regulations. For the period from 1998 to 2002, the geometric mean of TPAH concentrations for 218 mussel samples collected from 72 sites, including four HA sites that had been heavily oiled in 1989, is 54 ng/g dry weight (range, 2–1,190 ng/g). The maximum mussel TPAH concentrations are equivalent to a weathered-oil exposure dose to intertidal foragers that is one to three orders of magnitude less than the doses shown to cause sublethal effects in surrogate species. The geometric mean of TPAH concentrations for mussel samples from 28 locations not oiled in 1989 and unaffected by human use (NHA sites) is 28 ng/g (range, 3–355 ng/g), whereas the geometric mean of TPAH concentrations for mussel samples from 14 locations not oiled in 1989 and affected by human use (HA sites) is 106 ng/g (range, 2–12,056 ng/g). The range of data for the unoiled HA and NHA sites defines the background of bioavailable PAHs to mussels on western PWS shorelines that would have prevailed if the oil spill had not occurred. The low PAH concentrations in mussels from sites known to have subsurface oil residues demonstrates the low bioavailability of these spill remnants and, thus, are a low additional risk to foraging wildlife. The present study shows continuous exposure from four- to six-ring PAHs originating at HA sites in western PWS. At low concentrations, these PAHs are known to cause adverse biological effects. However, in the context of PWS, oiled and HA sites represent a small percentage (∼0.1–0.2%) of the total PWS shoreline.
Accumulation of tributyltin in Hyalella azteca as an indicator of chronic toxicity: Survival, growth, and reproduction
Authors: Bartlett Adrienne J , Borgmann Uwe , Dixon D. George , Batchelor Suzanne P , Maguire R. James
Published: November 2004

The chronic toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) was examined by exposing two successive generations of the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, to sediments spiked with TBT. Survival was the most sensitive measure of effect, with lethal concentration resulting in 50% mortality (LC50) values on a water and body concentration basis ranging from 76 to 145 ng Sn/L and 2,790 to 4,300 ng Sn/g, respectively. Individual growth of amphipods was not negatively affected by TBT, and although reproduction might be more sensitive than survival, the data were too variable to use on a routine basis. There were no detectable TBT-induced differences in the response between first- and second-generation animals. The relationship between toxicity and bioaccumulation of TBT in H. azteca was determined and can be used as a tool to predict the toxicity of TBT in environmental samples. Body concentrations exceeding 2,000 ng Sn/g in H. azteca exposed to field-collected samples would indicate that chronic toxicity due to TBT is likely occurring in amphipod populations at those sites.
A ranking system for the evaluation of intersex condition in european flounder (Platichthys flesus)
Authors: Bateman Kelly S , Stentiford Grant D , Feist Stephen W
Published: November 2004

Intersex (ovotestis) is the condition whereby an individual possesses oocytes, at varying degrees of severity, within the normal testicular tissue and is regarded as an endpoint of endocrine disruption in male fish. The occurrence of intersex has been linked with exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds present in the environment, which are thought to mimic the actions of the female sex hormone 17-β-oestradiol. Using stained histological sections of archived cases of intersex from European flounder (Platichthys flesus), this study developed a grading method to assess the extent of the condition. This was termed the ovotestis severity index (OSI). The OSI utilizes the distribution pattern (focal, diffuse, cluster, zonal) and type of oocyte (previtellogenic, cortical alveolar, vitellogenic) to assign a severity rating to each intersex fish. A high OSI refers to fish with testicular material almost completely replaced with mature (vitellogenic) oocytes, and lower scores indicate those fish with small numbers of immature (previtellogenic) oocytes. The development of this index provides pathologists with a robust tool for the grading of the intersex condition in European flounder and potentially in other fish species.
Predicting the toxicity of chromium in sediments
Authors: Berry Walter J , Boothman Warren S , Serbst Jonathan R , Edwards Philip A
Published: November 2004

Chromium exists in sediments in two oxidation states: Cr(III), which is relatively insoluble and nontoxic, and Cr(VI), which is much more soluble and toxic. Chromium(VI) is thermodynamically unstable in anoxic sediments, and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) is formed only in anoxic sediments; therefore sediments with measurable AVS concentrations should not contain toxic Cr(VI). If this hypothesis holds true, measuring AVS could form the basis for a theoretically based guideline for Cr in sediments. Ten-day water-only and spiked sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita were performed with Cr(VI) and Cr(III), along with sediments collected from a site contaminated with high concentrations of Cr. In sediments where AVS exceeded analytical detection limits, Cr concentrations in interstitial water were very low (<100 μg/L) and no significant toxicity to A. abdita was observed. In sediments in which AVS was not significantly greater than zero, Cr concentrations in interstitial waters increased significantly, with greater than 90% of the Cr present as Cr(VI), and mortality of A. abdita was elevated. These results demonstrate that measurements of AVS and interstitial water chromium can be useful in predicting the absence of acute effects from Cr contamination in sediments.
Enhancement of phenanthrene solubilization and biodegradation by trehalose lipid biosurfactants
Authors: Chang Jae-Soo , Radosevich Mark , Jin Yan , Cha Daniel K
Published: November 2004

Effects of trehalose lipid biosurfactants produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene (PHE) were investigated. Based on surface tension measurements, the average critical micelle concentration (CMC) of trehalose lipids was determined to be approximately 16 mg total organic carbon (TOC)/L. In solubilization assays, the addition of biosurfactants at 20-fold the CMC increased the apparent solubility of PHE by more than 30-fold. Using a known PHE degrader (isolate P5-2), batch PHE biodegradation experiments were conducted, with and without trehalose lipids, in three systems: Water (devoid of soil solids), soil (Kenansville loamy sand having 0.72% organic matter), and soil-water slurry. Addition of trehalose lipids at 10-fold the CMC enhanced both the rate and the extent of PHE mineralization by isolate P5–2 in the liquid culture. The addition of biosurfactant (32.2 mg TOC/kg soil) to the soil system also increased both the initial rate (by more than twofold) and the extent of PHE mineralization. Biosurfactants increased the rate, but not the extent, of PHE mineralization in the soil-water slurry. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the trehalose lipid biosurfactants produced by R. erythropolis have good solubilization capacity for hydrophobic organic compounds and great potential for applications in bioremediation of sites contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Dietary mercury exposure and bioaccumulation in southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae
Authors: Unrine Jason M , Jagoe Charles H
Published: November 2004

Aufwuchs was collected from three reservoirs, a constructed wetland used for groundwater treatment, and mercury (Hg)-enriched mesocosms to examine the relationship between inorganic Hg and methylmercury concentrations in the diet of tadpoles. Four diets were then formulated with Hg-enriched aufwuchs to concentrations that bracketed those of Hg observed in aufwuchs from the field and reported in the literature from sites contaminated by atmospheric deposition. The diets were fed to southern leopard frog tadpoles in the laboratory for the entire larval period (60–254 d). Metamorphs and tadpoles were analyzed for inorganic Hg and methylmercury contents by gas chromatography—cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Methylmercury concentration increased with total Hg concentration in aufwuchs, but the proportion of methylmercury to inorganic Hg decreased with increasing total Hg concentration. In the feeding experiment, there was an inverse relationship between Hg exposure concentration and the bioaccumulation factor for each Hg species. We concluded that neither methylmercury nor inorganic Hg in aufwuchs is highly bioavailable to tadpoles and that bioaccumulation is not well explained by a simple partitioning model. This suggests that bioaccumulation factors as currently used are not the best predictors of dietary Hg bioaccumulation.
Identification of estrogenic compounds in wastewater effluent
Authors: Nakada Norihide , Nyunoya Hiroshi , Nakamura Masaru , Hara Akihiko , Iguchi Taisen , Takada Hideshige
Published: November 2004

In order to identify the dominant contributors to estrogenic activity in environmental waters, a comprehensive fractionation method using silica gel column chromatography, combined with recombinant yeast assay for detecting estrogenic activity and with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for quantifying endocrine disruptors and natural estrogens, was developed. The method was applied to the municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) secondary effluent discharged to the Tamagawa River in Tokyo, Japan, where endocrine disruption was observed in wild carp. The instrumental analysis demonstrated that averaged concentrations of nonylphenol, bisphenol A, estrone (E1), and 17β-estradiol (E2) were 564 ± 127, 27 ± 19, 33 ± 11, and 4.6 ± 3.0 ng/L, respectively. Based on the concentration and relative potency of these compounds, the natural estrogens E1 and E2 represented more than 98% of the total estrogen equivalent concentration (EEQ) in the STP effluent, while the contribution of phenolic compounds to total EEQ was less than 2%. Estrogenic activities associated with the dissolved phase of the effluent samples were detected by a recombinant yeast assay. By using silica gel column chromatography, the dissolved phase was separated into several fractions that were subjected to the bioassay. The polar fractions exhibited estrogenic activity. The greatest estrogenic activity was found in a polar fraction containing E1 and E2 and represented 66 to 88% of the total estrogenic activities estimated from the bioassay data. These results lead to the conclusion that E1 and E2 were the dominant environmental estrogens in the STP effluent, but a significant contribution to estrogenic activities stems from unidentified components in the effluents.
Effect of ethoxylate number and alkyl chain length on the pathway and kinetics of linear alcohol ethoxylate biodegradation in activated sludge
Authors: Itrich Nina R , Federle Thomas W
Published: November 2004

Batch activated-sludge die-away studies were conducted with various pure homologs to determine the effect of ethoxylate number and alkyl chain length on the kinetics of primary and ultimate biodegradation of linear alcohol ethoxylates. The 14C-(ethoxylate) homologs C14E1, C14E3, C14E6, and C14E9 were used to investigate the effect of ethoxylate number, and 14C-(ethoxylate) homologs C12E6, C14E6, and C16E6 were used to examine the effect of chain length. Activated sludge was dosed with a trace concentration (0.2 μM) of each homolog, and the disappearance of parent, formation of metabolites, production of 14CO2, and uptake into solids were monitored with time. Ethoxylate number had little effect on the first-order decay rates for primary biodegradation, which ranged from 61 to 78 h−1. However, alkyl chain length had a larger effect, with the C16 chain-length homolog exhibiting a slower rate of parent decay (18 h−1) compared to its corresponding C12 and C14 homologs (61–69 h−1). Ethoxylate number affected the mechanism of biodegradation, with fission of the central ether bond to yield the corresponding fatty alcohol and (poly)ethylene glycol group increasing in dominance with increasing ethoxylate number. Based upon the measured rates of primary biodegradation, removal of parent during activated-sludge treatment was predicted to range between 99.7 and 99.8% for all homologs except C16E6, which had a predicted removal of 98.9%. Based upon the measured rates of ultimate biodegradation, removal of ethoxylate-containing metabolites was predicted to exceed 83% for all homologs. These predictions corresponded closely with previously published removal measurements in laboratory continuous activated-sludge systems and actual treatment plants.
Viscosity aging of poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol: The effect of the resin type and plasticizer type
Authors: Nakajima N. , Harrell E. R.
Published: November 2004

The viscosity of freshly prepared poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol increases with time, and this phenomenon is called viscosity aging. The increase is rapid in the beginning and slows down to a quasistable value, but a very slow increase continues. The phenomenon may be a result of either the deagglomeration of agglomerated particles or the dissolution of low‐molecular‐weight PVC into the plasticizer. In this work, two typical commercial resins were used, one containing friable agglomerates and the other containing nonfriable agglomerates. With the friable‐agglomerate resin, about 40% of the initially present agglomerates deagglomerated, whereas the viscosity increased in a week to twice the initial value. With the nonfriable‐agglomerate resin, very fine and very low molecular weight particles, about 3% of all the particles, dissolved into the plasticizer in 2 days. The effect of the plasticizer type on the viscosity aging through deagglomeration was investigated with four plasticizers and three plasticizer blends. The emulsifiers used for polymerization, and retained through drying, affected the aging in the beginning. On the other hand, the viscosity after 1 week was free from the effect of the emulsifier and was affected only by the plasticizer type. With the exception of two blends, the 1‐week viscosity was quantitatively related to the dielectric constant divided by the molecular weight of the plasticizer. For the plasticizer blends, one of the plasticizers could have a dominant effect on the promotion of deagglomeration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 448–464, 2005
Improved Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Methyl‐2‐aryloxypropanoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Davis Roman D. , Fitzgerald Russ N. , Guo Jiasheng
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Immobilization of a High‐Valent Rhenium Complex on an Indium‐Doped Tin‐Oxide Electrode: Enhanced Catalytic Activity of a trans‐Dioxorhenium(V) Complex in Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Tsukube Hiroshi , Tanaka Koji
Published: November 2004

A high‐valent trans‐dioxorhenium(V) complex containing pyridine ligands was successfully immobilized on an ITO (indium‐doped tin‐oxide) electrode. The complex formed a monolayer structure on the electrode surface and promoted electrochemical catalytic oxidation of 1‐phenylethanol to acetophenone in CH2Cl2. Oxidation hardly occurred in CH2Cl2 solution containing the free rhenium(V) complex. Immobilization of other high‐valent metal complexes will present opportunities for design of functional electrodes with high activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Detritus Breakdown Rates in the River Flumendosa Basin (Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Fonnesu Alessio , Pinna Maurizio , Basset Alberto
Published: November 2004

Here we analyse in a 5th order Mediterranean river (River Flumendosa, Sardinia, Italy) spatial and temporal variations of plant detritus processing, a key functional aspect of river ecosystems. Decay rates of dead leaves (Phragmites australis) were studied during the fall‐winter and spring‐summer seasons at 17 sites distributed among 5 stream orders. Litter decay rates varied more, and were higher in spring‐summer than in fall‐winter. On the spatial scale, patterns of decay rate variation among sites and orders did not vary between seasons; seasonal variation was low in reaches with slow rates and high in reaches with fast rates. Data analysis showed a spatial pattern of increasing reed detritus decay rates with increasing stream order. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intergenerational relationships and partnerships in community programs: Purpose, practice, and directions for research
Authors: Zeldin Shepherd , Larson Reed , Camino Linda , O'Connor Cailin
Published: November 2004

This article serves as an introduction to the special issue and to the emerging topic of intergenerational relationships and partnerships in community programs. Our aim is to offer a frame in which to consider theory and practice on the topic. Toward that end, we focus on the multiple purposes of intergenerational relationships, adult strategies for creating strong relationships, and the organizational supports necessary to support relationships and partnerships. This analysis highlights program examples from the 10 articles included in this volume. We conclude by identifying key issues that researchers may explore to further enhance our understainging of youth–adult relationships and partnerships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 1–10, 2005.
Pitfalls and promising practices of youth–adult partnerships: An evaluator's reflections
Authors: Camino Linda
Published: November 2004

Youth–adult partnerships (Y‐APs) are an innovation being used increasingly as a key strategy for promoting youth development, as well as for building strong programs and communities. This article discusses three pitfalls that can undermine their effectiveness: (1) the assumption that youth should do everything of importance; (2) the belief that adults should “get out of the way,” and give up power, and (3) the focus on youth as the marked category. The article also describes three promising practices to overcome pitfalls: (1) integrate reflection into meetings; (2) articulate the logic of programs and Y‐APs; and (3) engage a third party to help explore group assumptions and values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 75–85, 2005.
Shell growth and chamber formation of aquarium‐rearedNautilus pompilius(Mollusca, Cephalopoda) by X‐ray analysis
Authors: Westermann Bettina , Beck‐Schildwächter Ingrid , Beuerlein Knut , Kaleta Erhard F. , Schipp Rudolf
Published: November 2004

Observations on the growth rate of aquarium maintainedNautilus pompiliusin different developmental stages, i.e. juveniles (shell length about 8.75 cm), late juveniles (≈10 cm), and early adolescent (≈13.5 cm), indicate that this species is fully grown at an age of 7.3–8 years. The age calculations are based on two different computations: (1) the measurement of the increase of the shell length per day and (2) the formation of new septa in time intervals of 150±5 days, as demonstrated by X‐ray analyses. AfterN. pompiliushatches, its shell grows about 139 mm to reach full growth and approximately 28 septa are formed. With an increase of the shell length of 0.052 mm per day, it takes about 2,673 days (7.3 years) to reach maturity. Provided that the process of chamber formation follows an exponential function, these computations result in ≈2,925 days (8 years) to reach full maturity. Supposing thatN. pompiliusmay live for several years after onset of maturity likeNautilus belauensis, the total life span for this species may exceed 11–12 years.J. Exp. Zool. 301A:930–937, 2004.© 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser hypersensitisation using 266 nm light
Authors: Sørensen H R , Canning J , Kristensen M
Published: November 2004

UV hypersensitisation using CW 266 nm light on
hydrogenated Ge-doped fibre is reported. The optimum sensitisation
fluence is found to be in the range of 5 to 10 kJ/cm2, coinciding
with previous results obtained using 355 nm light, indicating the
same end-process used in the photochemical reaction. We also
report the observation of type IA behaviour using this wavelength.