bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Resonant Table: Drinking-Songs in the Traditional Community Gatherings
Authors: Ivanauskaitė-Šeibutienė Vita
Published: November 2022

The article focuses on the traditional Lithuanian drinking-songs that used to particularly flourish and be amply recorded by the folklore collectors in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The prevailing folkloric motives in these songs include the making of the drinks (most frequently, the beer), inviting of the guests and an insistent encouraging them to help themselves, to drink “to the bottom”, praising of the neighbors and relatives, etc. Direct connections of these songs to the verbal formula of the table etiquette, used to wish others good health and prosperity, as well as to the traditional entertainment customs in general are examined. The traditional Lithuanian feasts did not comprise any sufficiently developed toasting tradition that used to play an outstanding role in some other national cultures. Therefore, it is justified to assume that its place was taken instead by the drinkingsongs. A significant number of the drinking-songs used to make an integral part of the important community festivals, primarily – of the weddings. Inevitable decline of the festive rituals resulted in related songs finding their way into various community gatherings as mere pieces of entertainment. Such shift in context and purpose of these songs may be attributed to the broader changes taking place in the rituals of social solidarity: from the ancient offerings of drink to the contemporary toasting of each other by the members of the festive gathering. The drinking-songs stand out among other traditional Lithuanian songs in terms of their folkloric imagery, characterized by its peculiar ritual connections, unique hyperboles and specific kind of laughter, and rooted deeply in the traditional festive culture and dynamics of the social communication.
Chronicle
Authors: Racėnaitė Radvilė , Skujytė-Razmienė Asta , Skudutytė Ainė , Krikščiūnas Povilas , Kirdienė Gaila , Nakienė Austė , Žarskienė Rūta
Published: November 2022

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“Mummy Brought the Sister from Hospital, but Daddy Will Surely Bring a Brother”: Samples of Reasoning of the Modern Lithuanian Children
Authors: Vasiliauskienė Aistė , Skabeikytė-Kazlauskienė Gražina
Published: November 2022

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Searching for One’s Own and Other in the Society and Science
Authors: Anglickienė Laima
Published: November 2022

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Verification of Matthaeus Praetorius’ Mythical Material on Oak
Authors: Vičinskas Žydrūnas
Published: November 2022

The authenticity of Matthaeus Praetorius’ (Matthäus Prätorius) mythical information on Perdoytus, Wejopattis, Gardouten, Bangpjtjs, Luobgelda (partly Bardoayts) in the context of the 16th–17th centuries was already in the focus of some previous publications. The performed research revealed certain tendency of information noise manifesting in transmission of inaccurate data / ideas / thoughts – information X – to another person; therefore, it makes sense to continue analyzing the reliability of the mythical material by Praetorius. The article aims at verifying the reliability of the mythical information about the oak provided in the work by Praetorius, as well as reviewing and evaluating the interpretations on the oak by the well-known researchers of the 20th–21st centuries, who have analyzed the selected data of Praetorius. According to the results of the analysis, the aim of the articles is also highlighting the main features of the individual authors’ interpretative system. As revealed by the analysis of interpretations of Praetorius’ mythical material, the researchers of the 20th–21st centuries used and viewed Praetorius’ information in two ways. They either (1) did not consider the issue of authenticity of the Praetorius’ mythical data on oak, regarding it as sufficiently reliable and suitable to use in their scientific publications (Petras Klimas, Jonas Bertulaitis, Aukusti Robert Niemi, Marija Gimbutienė, Pranė Dundulienė, Nijolė Laurinkienė, Elvyra Usačiovaitė); or (2) understood the problem of verification of the material and tried solving it to some extent (Zenonas Slaviūnas, Gintaras Beresnevičius, Dainius Elertas). Before assessing the authenticity of Praetorius’ mythical material on oak, it must be said that most of the information provided in the first chapter of the fourth book of the work are inauthentic rewrites, but the sixth and twenty-sixth subchapters and the twenty-fourth subchapter of the fifth chapter are considered to be authentic mythical data. As for the reliability of sketches, the sketch of Romava ąžuolas (‘Romava Oak’) as well as the painting of Ąžuolas Ragainės lauke (‘The Oak on the Ragainė Field’) are considered partially authentic. Regarding the features of the Praetorius’ interpretative system, it may be said that: 1) written sources are used; 2) they are viewed in three ways: positively / negatively / ambiguously; 3) mythical data is interpreted linguistically; 4) assumptions are constructed using information from the chronicles and material from the contemporaries; 5) sketches of mythologemes are made.
Ballad-like Parallels in the (Auto)biographies of the Folk Singers
Authors: Liugaitė-Černiauskienė Modesta
Published: November 2022

The author of the article aims at seeking individual connections between folk ballads, characterized by peculiar poetics and melodics, and dramatic life experiences of their performers, attributing particular relevance to the keynote narrative of the misery. Rather than approaching ballads as a genre, the author treats them as a certain “register”, which also resonates in other folksongs and folk narratives, likewise being reflected by some circumstances in the life of their performers, such as widowhood, orphanage, singleness, grievance, and general misery. These are certain “ballad-like notes” in the performers’ lives. Therefore, the author views ballads and other folksongs from a special perspective, attempting to “insert” them into the everyday circumstances of the singers, weaving them together with the biographical facts of the performers or taking into consideration other relevant data. In other words, the authors attempts to broaden the scope of the ballad research by including the life stories of the performers, or at least fragments of these stories.However, although such terms as autobiographical narratives or life stories appear in the article, such personal experience narratives as those common in the modern folklore research that have become subject to analysis for several decades already, do not and even cannot emerge in this study. It is precisely because the legacy of all the performers introduced in this article comes from the second half of the 20th century (a little – also from the first half of it). At that time folklore collectors paid little attention to the life stories of the singers or storytellers, normally noting down only the most essential personal information. Only rarely more extensive autobiographical data supplied by the informants themselves are available. The main subject of the current study comprises mostly such fragmented and scarce material, or even separate facts, carefully picked out from the collectors’ remarks, memoires, and (auto) biographies.The folk singers mentioned in this article belong to the generation born approximately at the turn of the 19th and the 20th centuries, which grew up and learned the folksongs in the period of existence of the first independent Lithuanian Republic. Almost all of them lived in the so-called Vilnius Region, which at that time belonged to Poland. The majority of these performers are inhabitants of the southern part of the Vilnius Region, or Dzūkija.In terms of contextuality, all kinds of data regarding the “actual” context of the folklore pieces are important to their perception. By presenting biographical facts of the singers, the aim is not creating their exhaustive portraits, but rather viewing the folksongs in the light of the certain events from the lives of their performers. The author concludes that experience and memory of those events is able to alter the perception of the ballads. More broadly, this is the possible contemporary context of the ballads that has reached our times, enabling us to understand them better.
The Feeling of One’s Own in Terms of Inherent Community
Authors: Daujotytė-Pakerienė Viktorija
Published: November 2022

The article was presented as a paper at the seminar of the local culture studies. Here, on the grounds of the author’s personal experience and on the part of experience that reaches us from fiction, writers’ communication, and language, the meaning of one’s own is revealed. According to the author, the feeling of one’s own, or belonging, is an inherent, natural one; however, it transfers onto the level of consciousness. In Lithuanian cultural tradition, the concept of one’s own stems mostly from the family, testimonies of which are ample in the writers’ autobiographies and the life stories in general. Ideas by Vydūnas and Jonas Basanavičius support this statement.The sphere of one’s own is bridged by the language, which has a lot of words and concepts to describe it. The language remains directed at one’s own even in those cases when somebody becomes alienated from it, adopting another language instead. The possibility of returning is nevertheless there, which is originally described in the “Notes” by philologist Merkelis Račkauskas.Considering the importance of the concept of one’s own, the author maintains that deep tolerance and understanding or regard towards the other or foreign is more characteristic to the persons with keen feeling of “own”.
Lietuvių folkloristės veikalas – prestižinėje mokslo leidinių serijoje
Authors: Šlekonytė Jūratė
Published: November 2022

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Dangus virš Baltarusijos prabilo savais vardais
Authors: Sinkevičius Rokas
Published: November 2022

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Experience of Earth. The Case of Janina Degutytė
Authors: Šmitienė Giedrė
Published: November 2022

The article presents a description of the peculiar experience of earth based on letters written by poet Janina Degutytė in 1972–1989. The city-born poet happens to find herself at a homestead, the original center of agriculture, and recognizes this place as an especially suitable one for her to live – she feels comfortable and peaceful there. Besides, her sick and physically fragile body confirms suitability of this place, feeling revived even in medical terms. Life in the countryside means both living on the ground and in the air. The article describes the integral feeling of earth and sky. The earth is experienced in several ways: by walking on it, by planting and growing, and by eating food received from it. All these ways shape and reshape the human body, senses and knowledge. All these ways also reveal support of the ground, and depict subjective trust in it.This closely surveyed case of the ground’s attraction experienced by Degutytė leads to another view of the boom in collective gardening of the 1960s and 1970s in the Soviet Lithuania. As well as mass purchasing of summerhouses in the countryside several decades later, the collective gardening could have been supported by the latent longing for the ground and farming activities. The author of the article examines such spontaneous experience of the ground as continuation of the agricultural tradition.The concept of tradition is reviewed in several aspects. The author raises a question whether or not direct inheritance is the only way of continuing the tradition. It is supposed that tradition, at least partly, survives in the environment and can manifest itself as an attraction of suitable places and activities. Stepping back from the concept of tradition represented by collections of things, the author of the article proposes the concept of lived tradition based on corporal perception and sensual experience.
We Wish the Same on All Occasions – Freedom and Home. Letters from Exile by Kazimiera Kairiūkštytė-Galaunienė (1953–1955)
Authors: Šmitienė Giedrė
Published: November 2022

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Following the Pathways of Greimas’ Mythology
Authors: Vaitkevičienė Daiva
Published: November 2022

Although several decades have passed since studies in mythology by Algirdas Julius Greimas Apie dievus ir žmones (‘Of Gods and Men’, 1979) and Tautos atminties beieškant (‘In Search of the National Memory’, 1990) saw publication, his pathway of mythological research has not been discussed in detail so far. The article contains chronological survey of Greimas’ works on mythology (including the ones published in French). The author highlights prerequisites and goals of Greimas’ studies on mythology and his attitude towards the situation of mythological research in Lithuania.Greimas’ earliest encounter with mythology and folklore is related with Lithuanian folklorist Jonas Balys. In the 1940s–1960s Greimas used to correspond with Balys, receiving folklore publications from him, and after having started publishing his works on Lithuanian mythology,engaging in discussions regarding his research methods. In 1949, Greimas published in theperiodical of Lithuanian diaspora Viltis his review of the research study and collection ofsources “Readings in Lithuanian Folklore” by Balys, and that was the first time he touchedupon issues of Lithuanian mythology.However, it was not friendship and discussions with Balys that channeled Greimas’ interest towards mythology. In the 1950s, his inspiration to study mythology stemmed from semiotic research: when developing his theory in semantics, Greimas used works on mythology, cultural anthropology, and folklore – among others, those by George Dumézil, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Vladimir Propp. In 1963, 1965, and 1966 Greimas published theoretical articles on mythology. Lithuanian mythology attracted his attention in the late 1950s, when he wrote two works on semiotic theory based on the Lithuanian fairy tale belonging to the type AT 326 (“The Youth Who Wanted to Learn What Fear Is”). In 1972, his mythological study in Lithuanian appeared, focusing on analysis of kaukas and aitvaras (Greimas 1972). Afterwards, Greimas published all his research on mythology in Lithuanian. The sequence of rapidly appearing studies formed two books (Greimas 1979, 1990) that comprised all his most important contributions to mythology written in Lithuanian.Lithuanian mythology not only constituted an “experimental plot” for Greimas’ semiotic research, but also presented him with possibility of self-realization as a culture historian and researcher of religion. Besides, in his own words, he was thus paying his “debt to Lithuania”. On the other hand, he also attempted to open up the Lithuanian material to the research of the Indo-European culture. Greimas’ contribution to the studies of Lithuanian mythology and to the comparative research in mythology still awaits proper appreciation.
Polyphony and Multidimensionalism of the Traditional Music
Authors: Ramonaitė Ainė
Published: November 2022

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Последний сказитель Русского Севера
Authors: Лемешкин Илья
Published: November 2022

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Farewell with Folksongs. In Memory of Irena Seliukaitė
Authors: Kadžytė Gražina
Published: November 2022

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The Weimar Manuscript by Martynas Liudvikas Rėza
Authors: Citavičiūtė Liucija
Published: November 2022

The Goethe and Schiller Archive in Weimar contains some valuable Lithuanian cultural artefacts, including the manuscript collection of Lithuanian folksongs, which Liudvikas Rėza sent to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1820. That is the so-called Weimar manuscript. Goethe noted in his diary of having received this manuscript; however, Rėza remained forever unaware of the fact. The first to publish information in periodical about the manuscript being in Weimar was a historian from Konigsberg Erich Jenisch in 1931, and the first Lithuanian to see it was Juozas Eretas in 1933. However, the latter only copied the titles of the songs. The last to mention the manuscript was Albinas Jovaišas in 1969; but he had not seen it himself. The manuscript was not included into Lithuanian bibliographies and subsequently sank into oblivion, his fate becoming the legendary subject. Nevertheless, a copy of the manuscript brought to Lithuania in 2017 by the author of this article clearly testifies this being a collection of 89 folksongs ready for publication, which was printed in 1825 with only several minor corrections and slight editing. The song translations into German suffered the heaviest editing. The manuscript does not contain any handwritten remarks by Goethe or anybody else.
Recent Fundamental Source Edition
Authors: Skabeikytė-Kazlauskienė Gražina
Published: November 2022

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Konstantinas Bružas. Apie tai, kas neturi išnykti: XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. 8 dešimtmečio etnografinė Žemaitijos apylinkių medžiaga, kn. I, parengė, sudarė, pastabas ir įvadinį straipsnį parašė Rimantas Balsys, Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla
Authors: Klimka Libertas
Published: November 2022

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Riddle of the Talking Quill: Wandering Motives
Authors: Kensminienė Aelita
Published: November 2022

The subject of the article is an international riddle type about the quill pen, which could be provisionally entitled The Tortures of the Quill. The Lithuanian riddle of this type has over one hundred of the recorded variants, the oldest of which dates back to the beginning of the 18th century, and reads the following way: “Cut my head, take out the heart, and let me speak”. Variants of the riddle differ in terms of using the imperative vs. more neutral indicative – first or third person; frequently, they also include the fourth motive – drinking. Having accumulated all the Lithuanian variants of the riddle – both published ones and those from the archived manuscripts, as well as the international equivalents, historical sources, mythological data, folktales, legends, incantations, proverbs and proverbial sayings, the author reveals the possible connections of these riddle motives with other texts, their migration, and the religious inspirations behind them. Similar motives are discerned in the Greek myths, in the Poetic Eda, in the Western European chronicles and hagiographies describing two historical events - namely, the martyrdoms of the Saint Adalbert of Prague and the Saint Bruno of Querfurt that took place in the end of the 10th and in the beginning of the 11th century. Having surveyed all the varying motives of the riddle the author assumes that the riddle in question does not necessarily follow the descriptions of the definite historical events; rather, both the descriptions and the riddles, as well as other similar texts have been composed by adhering – whether consciously or subconsciously – to certain mythical patterns or religious events, and resonate with them. The riddle of the tortured quill may be depicting a symbolical dying that means rejecting the old nature and rebirth in a new form, having drawn from the otherworldly sources that enable one to utter the divine or prophetical words. This may also include reminiscences of the shamanic rites. Although it is not a direct transmission of a memory narrative – rather, it is more like a wandering textual memory of a once important knowledge. Various folklore texts tend to be recreated and relived from time to time, while the spread of writing signified an enormously important turning point in the human history, worth to be highlighted and emphasized. Riddles used to be an extremely important genre of folklore, related in the ancient Vedic tradition to the knowledge of the world creation and the rituals of its renewal. Such renewal could have connected the new kind of the knowledge bearer and its transmitter – i. e. the quill pen, with the shamanic rituals from the past that require particular spiritual strength and devotion to serve the common good.
Alfonsas Motuzas (1955 11 22–2019 11 01)
Authors: Apanavičius Romualdas
Published: November 2022

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Conception of Manor in the Lithuanian Worldview
Authors: Smetona Marius , Lisauskaitė Agnė , Mierkytė Greta , Vaitkutė Ieva
Published: November 2022

Linguistic studies focusing on manors are rather scarce. The conception of manor mainly appears in historical and literary discourses. Research articles by historians most frequently focus on history, cultural significance and heritage of individual manors rather than on analysis of the history of manors in general. After WWI, when aristocracy lost its privileges, new manor estates ceased being established. The old ones started to deteriorate and this process particularly accelerated during the Soviet occupation. The restoration of Lithuanian independence significantly increased the public interest in manors. The buildings in question underwent restoration and started serving as venues for cultural events. Currently, manors attract high numbers of tourists.The semantic field of the manor is broadly revealed in Lithuanian literature. Works by Lithuanian authors and writers of Lithuanian origins, like “Metai” (The Seasons) by Kristijonas Donelaitis, “Sename dvare” (In the Old Manor) by Šatrijos Ragana, “Altorių šešėly” (In the Shadow of Altars) by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, “Isos slėnis” (The Issa Valley) by Czesław Miłosz, “Skirgaila” (Skirgaila) by Vincas Krėvė, or “Ponas Tadas” (Sir Thaddeus) by Adam Mickiewicz present a multi-layered conception of manor. Some literary works depict manors as places of peasant exploitation, while manor masters engaged in their customs and traditions appear as forming a separate world. Other works tell stories about peasants, who experience no neglect in the manor estates and even receive help or sympathy from the representatives of the nobility. Manors also stand out as cultural centers.The image of manor is far from homogenous in the Lithuanian worldview. One could safely say that the old conception of manor has survived until nowadays; however, it is now supplemented with perception adopted from literary works and functions of the extant manors. Firstly, manors are undoubtedly related to certain specific historical and cultural period. The manor symbolizes the past, which attempts speaking again but is suppressed by external factors and the current pace of life. The manor embodies history not only as a building with its surroundings, but reminds the present-day Lithuanians of the social roles in old times through its functions performed in the past. Contemporary Lithuanians perceive the historical aspect of manor and its role in the social, cultural and property-based social layers, although their understanding of manor as an economic entity has significantly deteriorated. However, new semes related to politics, enterprise, tourism, or functioning of manors as museums or a mystical places are also evident. The latter stems from literature, fairy tales, and proverbs.
Regarding Two Births of a Single Romance
Authors: Krikščiūnas Povilas
Published: November 2022

This publication deals with a popular Lithuanian romantic folksong Vien tik vosilkų žiedai (‘Only the Cornflower Blossoms’). The first part presents the author’s remarks on the history and spread of this song, while the second part comprises its nine variants. The Russian folklorists consider the song in question to be the folklorized version of a fragment from the poem by Aleksey Apuchtin “The Madman”. Peculiarities of such transformation are the subject of an article by the Russian anthropologist and folklore researcher Aleksandra Archipova, written in 2012 and discussing the Russian variants of this particular song. The Folklore Archives of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore contain 41 variant of this song. Unfortunately, the Lithuanian folklore collectors have ignored the new kinds of folklore for a long time; therefore, such number of the variants more likely reflects these methodological principles of folklore collection rather than the real extent of the song’s popularity. However, such amount of the material, studied against the background of all the romantic folksongs recorded in Lithuania, allows for grasping the peculiarities of the folksong adaptation in the new cultural surroundings, which is the purpose of the present publication. Parallels between the Russian and Lithuanian song texts may be evident; however, a more detailed comparative research reveals certain newly acquired features of their content, poetics, and style. Since the article by Archipova dealing with the Russian variants is also published in this journal, the present comparison focuses mainly on the materials from other peoples collected from printed sources and the internet. The song fragments are inserted into the article as illustrations. The supplement in the end of the publication contains folksong texts along with their melodies, revealing a much greater musical variety in this song than used to be hitherto assumed.
International Meeting of the Ballad Researchers in Vilnius
Authors: Liugaitė-Černiauskienė Modesta
Published: November 2022

Having accepted the suggestion from the International Ballad Commission / Commission internationale pour l’étude de la chanson populaire / Kommission für Volksdichtung, the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore organized the research conference “Human Relationships in and through Songs: Meanings and Contexts”, which took place in Vilnius on May 20–24, 2019. This scholarly event was the 49th conference of this organization by the folksong tradition researchers from all over the world and the first of its kind in Lithuania. Forty-four researchers representing over 20 countries in Europe, America and Asia made presentations on various historical and modern forms of folksong, followed by inspiring discussions. The collection of the conference abstracts can be obtained in the libraries or online: http://www.llti.lt/failai/Human%20Relationships+%20(1).pdf. Articles based on the conference presentations will be included into the special issue of the journal Tautosakos darbai / Folklore Studies published in the first half of the 2020.
The Sister-Brother Recognition Motif in the Albanian Folk Ballad: Meaning and Contexts within the National Culture
Authors: Dushi Arbnora
Published: November 2022

The motif of sibling relationships has been part of folklore since ancient times. In ancient civilizations, a marriage between brother and sister was considered the perfect pairing, as represented by the union of the moon and the sun, with its creative power on life on earth. According to written sources, Paganism supported this belief until the advent of Christianity, which sacrificed the sibling couple on the altar of monotheism, while it is also proven that the prohibition of incest originates from where nature transcends itself, where the social defeats the natural. This paper looks at this phenomenon among Albanians, and examines how it is treated in tradition, by analyzing the cultural background of the motif in folk ballads and in current artistic variations. How does the sister-brother relationship manifest in Albanian folk ballads? What is its origin? What do folk ballads say about the complexity of this relationship through time? I will draw on examples from Albanian folk ballads alongside anthropological theories built on family relationships, kinship, and cultural influences from a comparative perspective.
Latvian Laumas: Reflections on the Witchisation of Tradition
Authors: Laime Sandis
Published: November 2022

In Baltic languages, the word laume/lauma initially referred to a certain supernatural being (Lithuanian laumė, Latvian lauma/laume, Prussian *laume). The analysis of written sources and folklore related to this supernatural being allows for the conclusion that Lithuania is both the core and the relic area of the laumė tradition, where the original beliefs have been retained; while Latvia, located at the periphery of the tradition territory, is the innovation area, where the perception of this supernatural being was substantially transformed. It was humanised and incorporated in the witchcraft belief system prior to or during the period of witch persecution (the 16th to 18th centuries). The article attempts to analyse the corpus of lauma tradition in order to clarify its position in the historical typology of Latvian witchcraft beliefs. The first chapter briefly describes three chronological stages of the development of Latvian witchcraft beliefs (night, dairy, and diabolic witches), characterises the lauma folklore sources and previous research. The second chapter analyses the lauma text corpus and attempts to find out which stages of the historical typology of witchcraft beliefs are reflected in the lauma folklore of the 19th–20th centuries. In the third chapter the hypothesis about the transformation of laumas from supernatural beings to dairy witches is argued.
Tatars by the Vokė River: Historical Memory and Personal Experiences
Authors: Leparskienė Lina
Published: November 2022

In the historical narrative of Lithuania, the Vokė River is inseparable from the settling of Tatars in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the end of the 14th century, under the rule of Vytautas the Great. Until the present day, members of this Muslim ethnic community continue to live in villages and towns scattered along the banks of the river. According to their life stories, identity narratives and dreams analyzed in this article, the Tatars primarily perceive the landscape by the Vokė River through their community life, and in terms of their personal and family life evolving in this space. People reflecting on the historical narrative emphasize the importance of their voluntary decision to be there, contradicting popular historiographic theories of their ancestors having been moved there as prisoners of war or under the orders of the Lithuanian rulers. A string of villages situated along the Vokė River from its source to the mouth near the town of Grigiškės, have names that sound Turkic or Slavic; elderly local Tatars call them akolicas and point out to their peculiar layout, recognizing Tatar features even in the faces of the local inhabitants of other nationalities. The locals call their main settlement and the center of the Muslim community, the village of Keturiasdešimt Totorių (‘Forty Tatars’) in the Old Russian – Sorok Tatary. This place name was known as early as the 16th century, testifying to the deep entrenchment of the Tatar inhabitants in the culture of Lithuania, in which the Old Russian language was used for official writings and spoken by the nobility. From the 17th century, the Polish language took over, becoming both written and spoken language, adopted by the noble Tatars as well. Currently, local Tatars mostly use the local Belorussian dialect or Polish and Russian languages; this sets them apart from their fellow-countrymen living in the Kaunas Region who have started speaking Lithuanian during the interwar period. The author of the article regards Slavic languages as part of the cultural identity of the Vilnius Region and as an important mark of the ethnic Tatar culture related to their regional and noble identity, and to their attempts at fostering the Tatar families by means of frequently seeking spouses from the Tatar settlements in Belarus or Poland.
Pengaruh Pemberian Tepung Maggot Bsf Terhadap Bobot Potong, Bobot Karkas, Dan Persentase Karkas Burung Puyuh Umur 8 Minggu
Authors: Siregar Magdalena , Tumanggor Santa
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of BSF maggot flour on slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage of quail (Cortunix-cortunix japonica) aged 8 weeks. This research was conducted in Simalingkar A, Medan Tuntungan District. This study used 80 quails which were taken as many as 4 randomly from each treatment plot. At 8 weeks of age. The rations used were a mixture of several of feed prepared. The method used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 5 treatments, namely P0 = 0% ; P1 = 5% ; P2 = 10% ; P3 = 15% dan P4 = 20% and each had 4 replications, each replication consisted of 10 quails. Parameters measured were slaughter weight, carcass weight and carcass percentage. The data obtained from the results of this study were analyzed by ANOVA. The conclusion obtained from the results of this study showed that the provision of BSF maggot flour in the ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on slaughter weight, carcass weight. and carcass percentage of quail aged 8 weeks.
The Use of Communication Strategies to Compensate for Gaps in Classroom Communication: The Case of the University of Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Etrue Essien Lawrencia , Ekua Tekyiwa Amua-Sekyi , Mensah Eric
Published: November 2022

Classroom interaction is very critical to the teaching and learning process in the second language classroom and speakers may encounter difficulties in expressing their communication intentions as a result of gaps in their linguistic repertoire. Necessarily, this study was conducted to ascertain the strategies students and lecturers of the University of Cape Coast use to compensate for gaps in their classroom interactions. The concurrent mixed method approach was used to study 128 students and 2 lecturers of the Department of Arts Education of the University of Cape Coast. Questionnaires and a structured observation guide were used to collect data from students and lecturers. It was found that students prefer to use non-linguistic means (indirect strategies) to convey their meaning. In contrast, lecturers prefer to use strategies that engage students in the conversation (interactional strategies). Fillers, self-rephrasing, and self-repetition were found to be the most frequently used strategies by students and lecturers. The study concluded that interactional strategies are often used by lecturers as a teaching methodology even though excessive use of communication strategies sometimes disrupts instructional hours and impedes the proper acquisition of the English language. The study also recommends using more learner-centered teaching methodologies, which will allow students to self-learn the second language by practicing it.
School Geographical Location and Its Effect on Teacher Burnout in Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
Authors: Gituriandu Tabitha , Mukolwe Newton , Kimani Mwaura
Published: November 2022

Teachers’ ought to work in an environment (context) free from too much stress, anxiety, exhaustion to avoid burnout. However, this is not the case in Tharaka Nithi County. Teachers in the county are faced with numerous stressors that could lead to burnout; limiting their abilities to meet teaching obligations. These include poor learning facilities and long distances to school among others. The study set out to determine the effects of workload, expected students’ academic performance by school administrators, students’ indiscipline issues, school geographical location and school physical facilities on teacher burnout in public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The study adopted the descriptive survey design and was founded on the Multidimensional Theory of Burnout and Golembiewski and Munzenrider’s model of burnout. It targeted 104 principals and 6862 teachers from 104 schools in addition to 10 Teachers Service Commission (TSC) officials and 10 Quality Assurance and Standards Officials (QASOs) from Tharaka Nithi County. Out of these, 378 teachers and 31 principals from 31 schools in addition to all the 10 TSC officials and 10 QASOs were sampled using two-stage cluster random sampling, purposively and simple random techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires from teachers, interview guides from TSC officials and QASOs, and data collection forms. Quantitative data from questionnaires were analyzed descriptively by use of frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations as well as inferentially by use of Pearson Correlation and multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level. For qualitative data from open-ended questions in the questionnaires, interviews, and secondary data transcripts, content analysis was employed. The study established that school geographical location has significant effects on teacher burnout (r=0.186, P<0.05). Based on the findings it can thus be concluded that school geographical location affected teacher burnout. The study recommends that there should be effort to build sufficient housing as well as other social amenities for teachers even in remote areas to make work bearable for teachers and other government officials.
ICE-CAMERA: a flatbed scanner to study inland Antarctic polar precipitation
Authors: Del Guasta Massimo
Published: November 2022

Abstract. Studying precipitation at very high latitudes is difficult because of the
harsh environmental conditions that limit the external activity of humans
and instruments, especially in the polar winter. The direct monitoring of
ice crystal habits and size distribution in Antarctic precipitation is
important for the validation of the algorithms used for retrieving
precipitation from ground-based and satellite-borne radar instruments and
for the improvement of the climatological modelling of polar areas. This paper
describes an automated device (ICE-CAMERA) specifically developed for the
imaging, measurement, and classification of ice precipitation on the
Antarctic high plateau. The instrument gives detailed information on
precipitation on an hourly basis. The article provides a description of the
device and its image processing software. Starting in 2014, the instrument
has operated almost unattended all year round at Concordia station, Antarctica (75∘ S, 123∘ E, 3220 m altitude).
Data Quality Enhancement for Atmospheric Chemistry Field Experiments via Sequential Monte Carlo Filters
Authors: Röder Lenard L. , Dewald Patrick , Nussbaumer Clara M. , Schuladen Jan , Crowley John N. , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: November 2022

Abstract. In this study we explore the applications and limitations of Sequential Monte Carlo filters (SMC) to atmospheric chemistry field experiments. The proposed algorithm is simple, fast, versatile and returns a complete probability distribution. It combines information from measurements with known system dynamics to decrease the uncertainty of measured variables. The method shows high potential to increase data coverage, precision and even possibilities to infer unmeasured variables. We extend the original SMC algorithm with an activity variable that gates the proposed reactions. This extension makes the algorithm more robust when dynamical processes not considered in the calculation dominate and the information provided via measurements is limited. The activity variable also provides a quantitative measure of the dominant processes. Free parameters of the algorithm and their effect on the SMC result are analyzed. The algorithm reacts very sensitively to the estimated speed of stochastic variation. We provide a scheme to choose this value appropriately. In a simulation study O3, NO, NO2 and jNO2 are tested for interpolation and de-noising using measurement data of a field campaign. Generally, the SMC method performs well under most conditions, with some dependence on the particular variable being analyzed.
Multiple Early Holocene eruptions of Katla produced tephra layers with similar composition to the Vedde Ash
Authors: Harning David , Thordarson Thor , Geirsdóttir Áslaug , Miller Gifford , Florian Christopher
Published: November 2022

Abstract. The Vedde Ash, first described in Norway and dated to ~12000 cal a BP, has been taken to represent tephra derived from a large eruption of the Katla volcano in Iceland and dispersed across the North Atlantic and Europe. However, evidence for tephra layers with similar composition to the Vedde Ash, but of different ages, questions the utility of isolated Vedde-like tephra layers as reliable and independent age control. Here, we report three stratigraphically separated Early Holocene Katla tephra layers from the lake Torfdalsvatn, in north Iceland, that have bimodal chemical composition similar to the Vedde Ash. By using previously published conventional 14C ages and revised calibration curves, we provide new ages for these tephra layers of ~11375, 11360, and 11200 cal a BP – all substantially younger than the Vedde Ash. Torfdalsvatn’s record stands as an important reminder that repeated explosive eruptions of Iceland’s major volcanos during the deglacial cycle have produced multiple tephra plumes with similar geochemistry that may span 1000s of years. As a result, we urge caution when using isolated Icelandic tephra layers in distant regions as precise geochronometers without supporting age control.
Precipitation biases and snow physics limitations drive the uncertainties in macroscale modeled snow water equivalent
Authors: Cho Eunsang , Vuyovich Carrie M. , Kumar Sujay V. , Wrzesien Melissa L. , Kim Rhae Sung , Jacobs Jennifer M.
Published: November 2022

Abstract. Seasonal snow is an essential component of regional and global
water and energy cycles, particularly in snow-dominant regions that rely on
snowmelt for water resources. Land surface models (LSMs) are a common
approach for developing spatially and temporally complete estimates of snow
water equivalent (SWE) and hydrologic variables at a large scale. However,
the accuracy of the LSM-based SWE outputs is limited and unclear by mixed
factors such as uncertainties in the meteorological boundary conditions and
the model physics. In this study, we assess the SWE, snowfall,
precipitation, and air temperature products from a 12-member ensemble –
with four LSMs and three meteorological forcings – using automated SWE,
precipitation, and temperature observations from 809 Snowpack Telemetry
stations over the western US. Results show that the mean annual maximum LSM
SWE is underestimated by 268 mm. The timing of peak SWE from the LSMs is on average 36 d earlier than that of the observations. By the date of peak
SWE, winter accumulated precipitation is underestimated (forcings mean: 485
mm vs. stations: 690 mm). In addition, the precipitation partitioning
physics generates different snowfall estimates by an average of 113 mm with the same forcing data. Even though there are widespread cold biases (up to 3 ∘C) in the temperature forcings, larger ablations and lower ratios of SWE to total precipitation are found even in the accumulation period, indicating that melting physics in LSMs drives some SWE uncertainties. Based on the principal component analysis, we find that
precipitation bias and partitioning methods have a large contribution to the first principal component, which accounts for about half of the total
variance. The results provide insights into prioritizing strategies to
improve SWE estimates from LSMs for hydrologic applications.
Simulation of NMR spectra at zero- and ultra-low field from A to Z – a tribute to Prof. Konstantin L’vovich Ivanov
Authors: Stern Quentin , Sheberstov Kirill
Published: November 2022

Abstract. Simulating NMR experiments may appear mysterious and even daunting for those who are new to the field. Yet, broken down into pieces, the process may turn out to be easier than expected. Quite to the opposite, it is in fact a powerful and playful means to get insights into the spin dynamics of NMR experiments. In this Tutorial Paper, we show step by step how some NMR experiments can be simulated, assuming as little prior knowledge from the reader as possible. We focus on the case of NMR at zero- and ultra-low field, an emerging modality of NMR in which the spin dynamics is dominated by spin-spin interactions rather than spin-field interactions, as is usually the case of conventional high-field NMR. We first show how to simulate spectra numerically. In a second step, we detail an approach to construct an eigenbasis for systems of spin-½ nuclei at zero-field. We then use it to interpret the numerical simulations. In this attempt to make NMR simulation approachable, the authors wish to pay a tribute to Prof. Konstantin L’vovich Ivanov, a great scientist and pedagogue who passed away on March 5th 2021.
PERANCANGAN GAME “LAST NIGHT" MENGGUNAKAN UNITY 3D
Authors: Anshori Iedam Fardian
Published: November 2022

Perkembangan zaman terkadang dapat menimbulkan suatu situasi yang menekan orang yang bersangkutan entah karena tuntutan pekerjaan ataupun banyaknya tugas di sekolah. Situasi tertekan ini dikenal dengan istilah stress atau jenuh, banyak sekali cara orang-orang untuk mengatasi stress atau jenuh ini. Bisa dengan berwisata, berolahraga, beristirahat sampai bermain game. Pada penelitian ini, penyusun bertujuan membuat game bergenre horror menggunakan Unity 3D sebagai Tools Game Action dengan genre Survival Arcade menggunakan Bahasa Pemrograman C#, metode pengambangan perangkat lunak pada pengambangan game menggunakan metode waterfall. Setelah dilakukan tahap perancangan data yang meliputi tahap analisis, tahap desain, tahap pengembangan dan tahap pengujian Hasil dari pengujian Black-Box Testing menunjukan semua fungsi bekerja dengan baik sedangkan hasil dari pengujian dengan metode kuisoner menunjukan bahwa nilai ketertarikan dan manfaat yang didapatkan cukup tinggi. Game ini selain digunakan untuk bersenang–senang dapat juga digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran tentang game survival.
SISTEM PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN PENENTUAN CALON PENERIMA BANTUAN LANGSUNG TUNAI (BLT) DENGAN METODE SAW
Authors: Handayani Rissa Nurfitriana , Hariyanti Ifani
Published: November 2022

Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT) merupakan suatu program dari pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan perekonomian rakyat yang kurang mampu. Sistem penunjang keputusan (SPK) dapat digunakan untuk membantu menyelesaikan permasalahan atau mengambil keputusan yang bersifat semi terstruktur atau terstruktur. Metode yang digunakan adalah Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Kecamatan Cimahi Utara merupakan suatu instansi pemerintahan yang dimana memiliki andil dalam pengambilan keputusan calon penerima BLT. Staff Kecamatan Cimahi Utara harus mempertimbangkan warga mana yang layak untuk mendapatkan BLT dengan persetujuan Kepala Kecamatan. Persetujuan tersebut memerlukan waktu yang lama karena harus melihat syarat dan ketentuan sebagai penerima. Kegiatan pengambilan keputusan di Kecamatan Cimahi Utara dilakukan dengan proses manual. Untuk membantu mengatasi masalah tersebut maka diperlukannya metode penyelesaian dalam ketepatan dan kecepatan dalam pengambilan keputusan kelayakan pemberian pinjaman. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut perlu dikembangkan sistem yang baru yaitu sistem penunjang keputusan dengan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Sehingga dapat membantu Kepala Kecamatan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Setelah sistem diimplementasikan untuk digunakan sebagai sistem penunjang keputusan kelayakan pemberian BLT pada Kecamatan Cimahi Utara dengan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Sehingga mempermudah manajemen dalam menentukan kelayakan penerima BLT agar lebih cepat dan akurat. Kemudian sistem ini menghasilkan nilai dan keputusan untuk menentukan kelayakan penerima BLT. Berdasarkan nilai total tertinggi dari kriteria yang sudah ditetapkan.
APLIKASI PENDAFTARAN TES COVID BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Ningsih Rahayu , Prayoga Muhammad Yoviansyah
Published: November 2022

Karena virus Covid-19 yang menyebar di negara kita, Pemerintah menghimbau bagi masyarakat untuk dapat segera memeriksa kondisi fisik di rumah sakit apakah di dalam tubuh kita terdeteksi adanya virus Covid-19, tetapi jika setiap orang datang ke rumah sakit dikhawatirkan akan timbul masalah antrian yang memperburuk penyebaran virus tersebut. Dalam hasil observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti di rumah sakit premier di temukan belum adanya sebuah aplikasi pendaftara untuk pasien yang ingin melakukan tes covid, sehingga untuk masyarakat yang ingin melakukan tes covid harus datang ke rumah sakit dan terjadi penumpukan pendaftar yang akhirnya tidak sesuai dengan anjuran pemerintah unuk menjaga jarak di tempat umum. Untuk itulah peneliti membuat sebuah aplikasi pendaftaran tes covid-19 secara online, yang bertujuan agar setiap orang dapat mendaftarkan dirinya tanpa perlu mengantri di loket rumah sakit.  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi, studi kepustakaan di dalam pengumpulan datanya, metode waterfall dipergunakan untuk pengembangan perangkat lunaknya. Aplikasi yang digunakan adalah PHPMyAdmin dan MySQL. Hasilnya adalah dengan adanya aplikasi ini pengunjung hanya datang ke rumah sakit ketika sudah melakukan pendaftaran dan pembayaran secara online, dan  petugas cukup memvalidasi berkas yang dibawa oleh pasien, dan rumah sakit dapat melakukan penyimpanan proses pendaftaran menjadi lebih rapih dan baik.