bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A note on the type of the name Rhizobotrya alpina (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Villani Mariacristina , Marcucci Rossella , Peruzzi Lorenzo
Published: November 2015

This study is related to the project “The Italian loci classici census”, ongoing since 2010 (Domina et al. 2012, Peruzzi et al. 2015). During the analysis of systematic and nomenclatural aspects of the species involved, some difficulties related to the identification of type localities have been pointed out. Our contribution has the aim to clarify the nomenclatural history of Rhizobotrya alpina Tausch (1836: 34).
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Response
Authors: Kavanagh Kevin T. , Beardsley James V.
Published: November 2015

This paper studies the effect of otologic disease on the brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER). Both conductive and neurosensory hearing losses are analyzed by plotting wave V latencies and amplitudes as a function of sound intensity. It was found that the BAER is elicited primarily by frequencies greater than 2000 Hz. Conductive hearing losses produce a latency intensity function which approaches the norm with high decibel stimulation. Neurosensory losses produce a variety of latency intensity functions. In determining the degree of hearing loss, wave threshold is found to be the best index. Wave latency at high decibels is found to have little correspondence to degree of neurosensory loss; wave amplitude is highly variable among subjects but still a useful indicator for detecting pathology. Between-ear comparisons of wave latencies elicited by high decibel sound stimulation suggest that unilateral nonrecruiting or partially recruiting hearing losses will result in a latency difference. This method can be used to detect unilateral acoustic neuromas, and the false positives found by this technique are probably caused by other unilateral nonrecruiting hearing losses. In evaluating neurological disease, and especially when testing for a second occult lesion in multiple sclerosis (MS) an audiogram should be obtained because the criterion of a normal wave latency with decreased amplitude for the diagnosis of MS can be mimicked by peripheral hearing loss.
Exostoses of the External Auditory Canal
Authors: DiBartolomeo Joseph R.
Published: November 2015

Exostosis of the external ear canal is a disease unique to man. It has been identified in prehistoric man, affecting the aborigines of the North American continent. Aural exostoses are typically firm, sessile, multinodular bony masses which arise from the tympanic ring of the bony portion of the external auditory canal. These growths develop subsequent to prolonged irritation of the canal. The large, primitive jaw of prehistoric man placed great mechanical stress on the tympanic ring. Chronic aural suppuration seen in the preantibiotic era was soon followed by exostoses. Today, prolonged contact of the external ear canal with cold sea water is the most prevalent cause (aquatic theory). As a result the disease is now essentially limited to coastal regions. In this way we have seen exostoses appear in different stages of the evolution of man as a result of mechanical, chemical and now thermal irritation. The author is an otolaryngologist in a coastal region. In examining 11,000 patients during a ten-year period, 70 cases of symptomatic exostoses of the external auditory canal were identified. The incidence of exostoses was found to be 6.36 per 1,000 patients examined for otolaryngologic disease. It is a predominantly male disease. The development of these “irritation nodules” is painless until the tenth year of aquatic exposure to irritation, when symptoms of obstruction occur. The hearing loss associated with exostoses is usually a conductive type, secondary to occlusion of the canal by impacted cerumen or acute external otitis. The results of studying the thermal characteristics of the body of water used for such aquatic activities is presented.
Juvenile Protection and Delinquency Prevention Policies in China
Authors: Wong Dennis S.W.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the laws designed especially for the purposes of protecting juveniles and preventing delinquency in China. The Juvenile Protection Law 1991 and Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Law 1999 have defined the duties, responsibilities and authorities which by law parents or guardians of a juvenile have in relation to the welfare, right of education and juvenile justice. This paper discusses the changes of juvenile justice in relation to the enactment of the new laws. In particular, the author relates the new prevention law to the existing Chinese model of delinquency control and how the new law affects this model. It is found that with the promulgation of new prevention law, there is a shift from an informal to a more formal direction of delinquency control where there may be an increase of custodial outcomes for juvenile delinquents.
The Incarceration of Minority Youth
Authors: Krisberg Barry , Schwartz Ira , Fishman Gideon , Eisikovits Zvi , Guttman Edna , Joe Karen
Published: November 2015

Minority youth are being incarcerated in public juvenile correctional facilities at rates three to four times that of whites. Their numbers are growing even though overall rates of serious youth crime are declining. FBI data and self-report data indicate that minority youth are somewhat more likely than white youngsters to be involved in serious crime but not to the extent that generally has been assumed. Recent research suggests that minority youth are more likely to be arrested and charged with serious crimes than comparably delinquent white youth. Although further research on these issues is imperative, it is also crucial that public officials begin testing out new strategies to reduce the tragic trend of ever more minority children growing up behind bars.
Racial Determinants of the Judicial Transfer Decision: Prosecuting Violent Youth in Criminal Court
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey , Forst Martin , Vivona T. Scott
Published: November 2015

In the past decade, juvenile justice policy has shifted from “the best interests of the child” to approaches blending punishment and rehabilitation. The result has been efforts to narrow juvenile justice system jurisdiction, especially for violent, serious, and chronic offenders. Judicial transfer is the most widely applied mechanism to remove juvenile offenders to criminal jurisdiction. Transferred youth, particularly violent offenders, often receive lengthy prison sentences. A disproportionate share of male, minority adolescents are arrested for serious and violent crime. Thus, the harsh consequences of transfer, compounded by racial disparities in both juvenile and criminal justice processes have major implications for serious juvenile offenders considered for transfer. Transfer as a juvenile court disposition has received little scholarly attention, and racial determinants of transfer have yet to be analyzed. This study examines racial differences in judicial transfer decisions for chronically violent delinquents in four urban juvenile courts. Though minority youth were transferred more often, race was not predictive of transfer in multivariate models combining offense and offender characteristics. Rather, offense characteristics and defendant's age at the time of the offense are the strongest contributors to the transfer decision. Murder, in particular, is a determinant of transfer. The results suggest that juvenile court judges have adopted implicit policies to reserve transfer for older violent offenders, especially those charged with capital crimes.
The Evaluation of Mental Stress through the Analysis of Parotid Fluid
Authors: Street Robert L. , Singh Harpal , Hale Paul N.
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the utilization of the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) level in the parotid fluid as a measure of mental or emotional stress. Twelve graduate students were subjected to three levels of mental stress, and the results of the chemical analysis of the parotid fluid indicate that there is a definite relationship between mental or emotional stress and the 17-OHCS level.
Underwater Distance Distortion within the Manual Work Space
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , O'Reilly Joseph P. , Herman Louis M.
Published: November 2015

An experiment was conducted to measure apparent distance of a target within arm's length above water and under water. Eight experienced divers and eight novice divers wearing facemasks indicated apparent distances by reaching responses. The viewing conditions were (1) a target and a subject in air environment, (2) a target in water but a subject in air, and (3) a target and a subject under water. Apparent distances were smaller in conditions (2) and (3) than in (1). This difference is interpreted as being due to the dissimilar convergence and accommodation requirements in the various conditions. There was little difference between the experienced and novice divers.
Response Surface Methodology Central-Composite Design Modifications for Human Performance Research
Authors: Clark Christine , Williges Robert C.
Published: November 2015

Selected response surface methodology (RSM) designs that are viable alternatives in human performance research are discussed. Two major RSM designs that are variations of the basic, blocked, central-composite design have been selected for consideration: (1) central-composite designs with multiple observations at only the center point, and (2) central-composite designs with multiple observations at each experimental point. Designs of the latter type are further categorized as: (a) designs which collapse data across all observations at the same experimental point; (b) between-subjects designs in which no subject is observed more than once, and observations at each experimental point may be multiple and unequal or multiple and equal; and (c) within-subject designs in which each subject is observed only once at each experimental point. The ramifications of these designs are discussed in terms of various criteria such as rotatability, orthogonal blocking, and estimates of error.
Prediction and Cross-Validation of Video Cartographic Symbol Location Performance
Authors: Williges Robert C. , North Robert A.
Published: November 2015

A response surface methodology central-composite design was used to obtain multiple-regression prediction equations of performance on a video cartographic symbol search task. Observers were required to locate the position of designated target symbols on a series of maps displayed on black-and-white and color television (TV) monitors. The variables used to predict both location and latency performance were focus, density of nontarget symbols, visual angle of the observer, and TV raster lines per mm of actual map area. Prediction equations were compared for black-and-white and color TV monitors through collapsed and uncollapsed, within-subject data analyses. Both analysis procedures were compared in terms of resulting sensitivity and in terms of the predictive validity of the regression equations as determined in cross-validation. It was concluded that the uncollapsed, within-subject designs provided the better prediction equations.
Alcohol, Sleep Deprivation, and Driving Speed Effects upon Control Use during Driving
Authors: Huntley M. Stephen , Centybear Todd M.
Published: November 2015

An instrumented car was driven through a simple, short, pylon-defined, serpentine course on each of four experimental days, on four consecutive trials each day, after ingestion of an alcohol or a placebo beverage, and after a night of normal sleep or following 29 hours of sleep deprivation. In general, alcohol significantly increased control-use rate, whereas sleep deprivation tended to have the opposite effect in that it significantly decreased the effects of alcohol on coarse-steering reversal rates. Furthermore, the magnitude of alcohol effects upon coarse-steering reversal rates was directly and significantly related to the extraversion of the drivers. It was concluded that, if control-use behavior were to serve as an index of alcohol-associated impairment, the influence of sleep deprivation and individual differences (e.g., extraversion) would have to be taken into consideration.
Watchkeeping Performance as a Function of Certain Properties of the Viewing Situation
Authors: Bell Russell A. , Symington Lawrence E. , Bevan William
Published: November 2015

Subjects performed a 90-min. watchkeeping task requiring the detection of a plus sign which occasionally appeared in a matrix of solid circles. Independent variables were: (1) number of stimulus elements in the display; (2) location of those elements relative to the strong contours produced by the physical boundary of the viewing field; and (3) distance of the observer from the display. Average detection time for successive 100-trial blocks revealed the commonly observed vigilance decrement. Detection times were consistently shorter when a wider expanse of surround separated the stimulus array and the physical boundary of the display. They were not influenced by either stimulus density or viewing distance. Accuracy of response was found to deteriorate with an increase in stimulus density but was unaffected by the proximity of the display contours to the stimulus array or, again, by viewing distance.
Human Response to Whole-Body Vibration: An Evaluation of Current Trends
Authors: McCullough Maurice L. , Clarke Michael J.
Published: November 2015

For the past 40 years, experiments have been underway to establish equal-sensation contours throughout the frequency range of vibration normally encountered in vehicular transport. Unfortunately, there has been little consistency in the results. This inconsistency is probably attributable to an almost exclusive reliance on methods which require subjects to rate vibration in semantic terms. During the last few years there has been an increasing awareness of the value of psychophysical techniques, and very recently an attempt was made to develop a ratio scale relating the objective and subjective magnitudes of vibration stimuli. The present paper argues that this attempt should form the starting point for future research. It also argues that fractionation and multiplication procedures are more appropriate than magnitude estimation procedures for developing ratio scales. Some preliminary data are presented to support this latter claim.
Syntactic Errors in Computer Programming
Authors: Boies Stephen J. , Gould John D.
Published: November 2015

A study of users of a large-scale computer system (TSS/360) revealed that only 12 to 17% of the FORTRAN, PL/I, and Assembler Language computer programs submitted to the language processors contained syntactic errors. Thus, syntactic errors do not appear to be a significant bottleneck in programming. This experiment is part of a larger effort to identify and reduce the behavioral bottlenecks in computer programming.
Information Seeking with Input Pacing and Multiple Decision Opportunities
Authors: Levine Jerrold M. , Samet Michael G. , Brahlek Rae E.
Published: November 2015

Forty-eight college students performed a task in which they had to request updated enemy position reports from three information sources to determine which of eight locations was the target of a gradual enemy advance. Eight different problems, presented twice each, were arranged into two factorial designs. In Design FP, the effects of pacing rate, pacing variability, and the number of decision modification opportunities were evaluated. In Design SP, information requests were self-paced rather than forced-paced; the effects of the number of decision modification opportunities and basis of payoff were studied. Results indicated that (a) self pacing and fast forced pacing resulted in more information seeking and greater accuracy than did slow forced pacing, and (b) increased opportunities for decision modification generally decreased the accuracy of, and confidence in, first decisions. The rate at which information was presented was more important than whether it was provided automatically or upon request.
Subjective Response to Overhead Thermal Radiation
Authors: Griffiths Ian , McIntyre Donald
Published: November 2015

Forty subjects in two experiments experienced conditions in which ceiling temperatures varied between 26.5°C and 45°C. Air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, and humidity were held constant. Experimental variables consisted of two levels of seat height, subject baldness, and environmental temperature. The subjects appraised the environmental conditions by use of a 34-item semantic differential questionnaire. Baldness and seat height were unimportant factors, but ceiling temperature significantly affected warmth assessment. Conditions of higher ceiling temperature were perceived as cooler than those with the same mean radiant temperature and lower ceiling temperatures. Raising the air temperature did not increase sensitivity to overhead radiation, and raising the ceiling temperature did not cause discomfort. The results indicate greater sensitivity to radiant exchange with walls than with the ceiling, and that European upper limits for ceiling temperature are unduly restrictive.
Recreation, Technology, and System Safety
Authors: Fraser T. M.
Published: November 2015

A model of a man-machine-environment complex is presented in which it is shown that each man-machine system defines for itself an operational environment from within the ecosphere. It is pointed out that this model has application to all design for human use, and to operation of man-machine systems. Its specific application to recreation is shown in relation to three areas—considerations of system safety in recreation; responsibilities and liabilities of manufacturers of recreational equipment; and responsibilities of researchers, human factors engineers, and those who supply manufacturers with operational design data. It is argued that safety management requires an epidemiological rather than a therapeutic or piecemeal approach, and that until safety is considered systematically as an objective in the design and operation of a man-machine-environment complex, recreational or otherwise, we cannot attain the optimal.
Epidemiology of Ski Injuries: Effect of Method of Skill Acquisition and Release Binding Accident Rates
Authors: Shealy Jasper E. , Geyer Lewis H. , Hayden Robert
Published: November 2015

An epidemiological study of a closed population of 2071 skiers investigated the effects of method of skill acquisition and type of release binding on accident rates.

The population was observed for an entire skiing season. Accidents numbering 221 were generated by the population. Distributions within the population of age, sex, skill level, years of experience, marital status, and type of binding used were obtained prior to the start of the season. Exposure to risk was obtained at the end of the season.

Injury data included measures of severity, location of injury (upper vs. lower extremity), ski patrol involvement, binding release or not, and overall and lower-extremity injury rates.

Conclusions drawn are: (1) lessons as presently structured are not contributing to ski safety and, in fact, are associated with high accident rates; (2) bindings that have more than two release modes (up at the heel laterally at the toe, roll about longitudinal axis, etc.) have lower accident rates than those with only two release modes; (3) cable bindings are categorically dangerous by every accident variable available; and (4) a significant sex by binding-type interaction exists that has important implications for both female skiers and binding designers.
Systems Safety in Recreational and Powered Garden Vehicles
Authors: Sowa Vincent M. , Fraser T. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper is concerned with the development of a standardized dynamic evaluation process which will be applicable to specialized power consumer vehicles on which the operator rides. The standardized process will be suitable for evaluation of vehicles with specialized functions such as boats, lawnmowers, snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, golf carts, industrial vehicles, and farm equipment.

The proposed method differs from existing practices, which are usually limited to employing static human engineering standards in vehicle design and testing, and generally give inadequate consideration to dynamic operating influences. The authors believe that the vehicle should be considered not only as a dynamic man-machine system, but as a dynamic man-machine system operating within a variety of dynamic environments. Only by such complete analysis will adequate safety be assured.
A Biomechanical Model for the Upper Extremity using Optimization Techniques
Authors: Ayoub M. A. , Ayoub M. M. , Walvekar A. G.
Published: November 2015

A biomechanical model for predicting paths of motion and the associated motion characteristics for the arm articulation joints is presented. The underlying principle of the model is that the average individual follows an optimizing criterion in performing his tasks. A detailed description of the model assumptions, mechanics, and formulation is presented for three-dimensional motions. Three approaches are presented for solving the model: (1) suboptimization (linear and geometric programming); (2) dynamic programming; and (3) simulation. The accuracy and the adequacy of the model in predicting human motion under planar conditions were tested and evaluated. Future perspectives and limitations of modeling human motion are outlined and discussed.
Team Organization and Monitoring Performance
Authors: Morrissette Julian O. , Hornseth John P. , Shellar Kathy
Published: November 2015

Monitoring performance of individuals and two-man teams was examined. Two conditions of team organization were tested: Division of labor and redundancy. The task consisted of detecting critical signals randomly presented–spacially and sequentially–on one of four 1-in. (2.54-cm) circular milk-glass display windows. Response times were recorded in 0.1 second intervals. Team performance was found to be superior to individual performance. The average detection times for the two team conditions were not significantly different. Long detection times were observed under the division of labor team organization but not under the redundancy team organization. Consequently, redundancy was considered to be the more effective team organization for the monitoring task used in this study. The data suggest that the team members in a redundancy organization should work in the presence of each other and not in separated work compartments.
Luminance Specifications for Automobile Instrument Panels
Authors: Mourant Ronald R. , Langolf Gary D.
Published: November 2015

To establish a minimum luminance level, a psychophysical procedure was used to establish the 95% correctness threshold for 95% of older drivers (ages ranged from 45 to 67). The correctness threshold and subject response times were obtained over eight letter luminance levels, four letter sizes, and three contrast ratios. The results showed that letters must be at least 0.64 cm high (at an 81.3–cm viewing distance) in order to be visible to 95% of the older drivers when letter luminance is set at 1.71 cd/m2. Response times declined as letter size, contrast ratio, and letter luminance increased beyond their threshold values. Although older drivers' visual acuity losses may be compensated by the use of corrective lenses, their losses in brightness and contrast sensitivity simply mean that they need about 10 times as much light as younger drivers.
Research Note: Modified Orthogonal Central-Composite Designs
Authors: Williges Robert C.
Published: November 2015

Simplified formulae for determining the coded value of α are presentedfor rotatable, blocked orthogonal second–order designs in which all data points are replicated an equal number of times. These three central–composite design parameters are compared, and the advantages and limitations of orthogonal designs are presented.
Mathematical Modeling of Air-to-Ground Target Acquisition
Authors: Greening Charles P.
Published: November 2015

Six principal models of air-to-ground target acquisition modeling and prediction are described in a common format and are compared in terms of structure, types of submodels, unique features, and evidence of validity. Sensitivity to variables is examined semi-quantitatively. Most of the models share certain features, such as (1) strong emphasis on purely optical elementsof target acquisition with corresponding neglect of cognitive factors, (2) reliance on laboratory data rather than field data for sources of submodels, and (3) limited evidence of overall validation. The implications of the characteristics of existing models for current applications and for possible future work are discussed.
Human Factors Aspects of Queuing: A Critical Review
Authors: Wichansky Anna M.
Published: November 2015

Both classical queuing theorists and social psychologists have neglectedto define and offer solutions to the problems encountered in everyday humanqueuing situations. In particular, the mathematical model of queuing systems offered by operations researchers has failed to incorporate significant human factors of queuing, as elucidated by Mann (1969) and others, into its assumptions. It is suggested that arrival rates of human customers may depend upon length of queue and the information queuers have about other customers' behavior. Cognitive abilities, motivational variables, personality characteristics, and social factors may all play a significant role in determining human waiting behavior. Classical queuing theory's assumptions of a stationary service rate within channels and independence of service rate and queue length may be violated in systems with human servers. A free flow of information between service facilities and customers, and consideration for the mental and physical well–being of human customers and servers, will yield more efficient and pleasant queuing systems.
An Airplane Performance Control System: A Flight Experiment
Authors: Bergman Craig A.
Published: November 2015

Pilot performance and preference measures were obtained for 12 pilots inactual flight operations using a twin–engine general aviation aircraft withboth conventional controls and a Performance Control System (PCS). The PCS provides zero–order control of aircraft bank angle and vertical speed over the ranges of ±60° and ±457.2 m/min, respectively. An information–processing side–task was also used. With the PCS, flight error scores were reliably lower than with conventional aircraft controls. Pilot preferences, using a six–point scale, ranging from “slight” to “moderate”to “strong”preference for each of the two control systems, showed a “moderate preference for the PCS”as the median response.
Continuous versus Intermittent Display of Information
Authors: Hepler Stephen P.
Published: November 2015

If information is displayed for a fixed amount of time, it is usually presented continuously rather than intermittently. Although there is some literature to support this practice, it is scarce. This paper suggests that a continuous display is optimal in certain instances only, while in other cases, repeated presentations of the same information leads to a higher retention rate. The paper also proposes an equation relating the number of items reported to the total time the information is displayed and to the number of presentations. To reconcile the apparent contradictionin optimal methods of presentation, the paper identifies three stages in the processing of visually presented information.
The Slash Obscures the Symbol on Prohibitive Traffic Signs
Authors: Dewar Robert E.
Published: November 2015

The problem of whether drivers should be told what they can do (permissive message) or what they cannot do (prohibitive message) is discussed as it relates to traffic sign symbols. A widely used version of the prohibitive message (symbol surrounded by a red ring with a slash through the symbol) was found to have limited legibility because the slash obscures the symbol. Two experiments examined the glance legibility of 15 symbols under each of four conditions-slash over symbol, slash under symbol, partial slash, and no slash. The results indicated that the glance legibility of traffic sign symbols is better when no slash or a partial slash is used to convey the prohibitive message.
Color Code Size for Searching Displays of Different Density
Authors: Cahill Mary-Carol , Carter Robert C.
Published: November 2015

Twenty observers searched for three–digit numbers on displays ranging in density from 10 to 50 items coded in one through ten colors. Search times increased linearly with density and showed a curvilinear relation to number of colors used. An initial drop in search times as the first few colors were added to an uncoded display was followed by a rise in search times as still more colors were used. Minimal search times at different display densities were associated with different code sizes. Search times increased as more colors were added to the code, even when the number of items per color category was constant. The detrimental effect on search times of larger code sizes is interpreted as a camouflage of the color contour of the target's class by the multiple color boundaries in the heterogeneous background.
A Task Analytic Approach to Development of a Motorcycle Operator License Skill Test
Authors: McPherson Kenard , McKnight A. James
Published: November 2015

A test of motorcycle operator skill was developed for use by state licensing agencies. The test was developed from a systematic and comprehensive analysis of critical on-street motorcycle operator tasks and the skills that underlie the performance of these tasks. The test was evaluated through its administration to 18 riders representing various levels of experience. The performance of each operator was scored by three test examiners and rated for proficiency by a panel of six expert riders. Both the scores and the ratings evidenced a high degree of interjudge reliability. A correlation of .88 was obtained between scores and ratings. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the analytically derived skill test constitutes the best available measure of critical on-street motorcycle operator skills and is sufficiently valid to warrant being employed as a license test.
Accidents, Risks, and Models of Explanation
Authors: Taylor Donald H.
Published: November 2015

Two models of explanation are outlined: the causal model, used in the physical sciences and in traditional behavioristic psychology, and the purposive model, which although not strictly “scientific,” is making a useful comeback in modem cognitive psychology. It is shown that both models are required to produce a satisfactory definition of the concept of accident, four aspects of which are considered. The discussion is extended to the concept of risk, where it is shown that the two models used together illuminate the notions of objective and subjective risk. It is suggested that the latter is closely associated with loss of intentional control. A rule-following model of driving is proposed, initially based on an outdated hedonic theory, but which is shown to have close links with current psychological concepts of attentionand arousal. Finally, it is argued that both models of explanation must be acknowledgedif progress is to be made in understanding accidents and risk.
Estimates of Car-Following Distances on Three Types of Two-Laned Roads
Authors: Harte David B. , Harte Marilyn R.
Published: November 2015

A study was conducted to test the ability of subjects to estimate four different car-following distances on three types of two-laned roads: segmented-lined, solid-lined, or unlined. Car-following distances were underestimated more on segmented-lined roads than on unlined roads and more on unlined roads than on solid-lined roads. This finding indicates that the type of cues offered by roads affect drivers' judgments on those roads. It is proposed that the effect of highway delineations on driver skills be determined so that maximum safety for the driving population can be assured in the design of highways.
Visual Search Behavior while Viewing Driving Scenes under the Influence of Alcohol and Marihuana
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Ziedman Kenneth , Sharma Satanand
Published: November 2015

Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of alcohol and marihuana on visual scanning patterns in a simulated driving situation. In the first experiment 27 male heavy drinkers were divided into three groups of nine, defined by three blood alcohol levels produced by alcohol treatment: 0.0%, 0.075%, and 0.15% BAC's. Significant changes in visual search behavior including increased dwell duration, decreased dwell frequency, and increased pursuit duration and frequency were found under alcohol. In the second experiment, 10 male social users of marihuana were tested under both 0 mcg and 200 mcg tetrahydrocannabinol per kilogram bodyweight. Marihuana was found to have no effect on visual search behavior. The results are related to previous studies of alcohol and marihuana effects on information processing.
Profile Drunk Analysis of Persons Arrested for Driving
Authors: Foley James P. , Glauz William D. , Sharp Michael C.
Published: November 2015

The characteristics of persons arrested for drunk driving during the last three years in Kansas City, Missouri, were analyzed to provide a profile of the drunk driver. It was found that the profile was associated with both the disposition of the arrest and the sentence and referral when the defendant was found guilty. The profile of arrested drivers was compared with the profile of drivers who were judged to be culpable in alcohol-related fatal crashes and the profile of drunk drivers interviewed in roadside surveys. The analyses showed that each was distinct from the other two. The young drinking driver was found to be over-represented in alcohol-related fatal crashes and under-represented in arrests. New or revised programs need to be developed to prevent the involvement of young drinking drivers in fatal crashes.
Social Interaction Patterns in Driver Behavior: An Introductory Review
Authors: Wilde Gerald J. S.
Published: November 2015

Despite all apparent anonymity of people who use the streets and roads as vehicle operators or as pedestrians, participation in traffic does not take place in a social vacuum. The individual performs his driving task in the context of the collective of road users, and this context is characterized by the central tendencies of social habits and values, expectations and communications, as well as their patterns of deviation. This paper attempts to bring together the existing points of view, hypotheses, and empirical evidence obtained with respect to the role played by social interaction factors in the behavior of road users.
Advance Information on the Road: A Simulator Study of the Effect of Road Markings
Authors: Witt Harald , Hoyos Carl G.
Published: November 2015

Accident statistics and studies of driving behavior have shown repeatedly that curved roads are hazardous. It was hypothesized that the safety of curves could be improved by indicating in advance the course of the road in a more effective way than do traditional road signs. A code of sequences of stripes put on right edge of the pavement was developed to indicate to the driver the radius of the curve ahead. The main characteristic of this code was the frequency of transitions from code elements to gaps between elements. The effect of these markings was investigated on a driving simulator. Twelve subjects drove on simulated roads of different curvature and with different placement of the code in the approach zone. Some positive effects of the advance information could be observed. The subjects drove more steadily, more precisely, and with a more suitable speed profile.
Efforts to Reduce Truck and Bus Operator Hazards
Authors: Miller James M.
Published: November 2015

Pressures from government legislation (OSHA), organized labor, government regulatory bodies, and litigation are forcing designers to consider more carefully the driver's exposure to hazards. Noise, vibration, heat, carbon monoxide, and fatigue are the performance stressors discussed. Safety considerations, such as visibility, workspace comfort, entry-exit, and crash worthiness, are also presented from the perspective of what standards, practices, or information are available or required for truck and bus cab interior design.
Target Uncertainty in Applied Visual Search
Authors: Monk Timothy H.
Published: November 2015

Target uncertainty was studied in an applied type of task with non-alphanumeric material and no fixed order of scanning. Targets varied from non-targets along a single dimension. Target uncertainty was found to produce a 9.5% increase in search time and did not interact with either target difficulty or target position.
Field Dependence and Driver Visual Search Behavior
Authors: Shinar David , McDowell Edward D. , Rackoff Nick J. , Rockwell Thomas H.
Published: November 2015

This paper reports on two studies that examined the relationship between field dependence and on-the-road visual search behavior. In the first study, concerned with eye movements in curve negotiation, it was found that field-dependent subjects have a less effective visual search pattern. In the second study, young and aged drivers were compared on several information processing tasks and on their ability to maintain their eyes closed part of the time while driving. Of the various information processing tasks, only field dependence and visual search time correlated significantly with the mean time the drivers needed to maintain their eyes open while driving, Together the two studies indicate that field dependent subjects require more time to process the available visual information and are less effective in their visual search pattern.
Continuous Thickness Control of Centrifugally Cast Concrete Pipes by an Ultrasonic Echo-System
Authors: de Raad J. A. , de Sterke A.
Published: November 2015

Large diameter pipes of prestressed concrete with a length of 10–20 ft. used for water transport are made in rotating moulds.

To control the thickness of these concrete pipes during production, an ultrasonic pulse-echo system mounted at the end of the feeder is used. Basically, the air gap between feeder and inner pipe wall is continuously measured, whereby deviations due to misalignment of the feeder are electronically compensated.

A prototype version of the system has proved its usefulness. An accuracy of ±5% of the nominal wall thickness was obtained.
The Ergonomics of Panel Layout
Authors: Spencer J.
Published: November 2015

The ergonomics of instrument panels is very important, and will continue to be so for some considerable time to come if we assume that man will retain executive responsibility for the majority of industrial enterprises.

The reason why research in this area is limited is discussed, and then such research as seems relevant in order either to suggest guiding principles for successful panel design, or to indicate where research is needed to complete our knowledge is briefly outlined.
The Evaluation of Two Methods of Low Consistency Measurement
Authors: Reed C.
Published: November 2015

PIRA has spent some time on the study of low consistency measurement and the evaluation of two methods of measurement form the subject of this paper. They are firstly the Källe Thin Stock Indicator type K22S which is claimed by the manufacturers to measure consistency over the range 0.4 to 1.5% with an accuracy better than 0.05% consistency and secondly the Sperry Gravity-master which is an extremely sensitive instrument for the continuous measurement of the density of process liquids. Instruments of this latter type have been available for many years and their potential application was obvious. The Sperry however was the first to claim sufficient sensitivity to satisfactorily measure thin stock consistency.
Activities of the Centre Technique in the Field of Consistency Measurement
Authors: de Marcé M , Badouin M.
Published: November 2015

A brief account of a few aspects of the work done at the Centre Technique de I'Industrie du Papier in consistency measurements on fibrous suspensions is given.

The work is essentially industrial. In principle, no exhaustive laboratory studies of apparatus for metering consistency or other characteristics have been undertaken, but, either at the request of the sponsors, the French paper makers, or in connection with certain aspects ofits own work, the Centre has collected a certain amount of data.

A detailed account of precise and comprehensive results is not given.

By presenting the problems in which it is interested and through the methods used, the Centre's desire for technical co-operation is indicated.

The first part of the paper deals with concentrations over 2, 0% and the second with lower consistencies. How the two aspects are connected is briefly shown against the background of a more extensive programme ofstudies undertaken by the Centre.
The Utilisation of Natural Gas Burners and Processes
Authors: Smith H. R.
Published: November 2015

Manufactured town gas as we now know it will, in the near future, be replaced by natural gas, and all gas burning plant will be designed accordingly.

In view of this, and of the problems of conversion of existing gas fired plant to burn natural gas, the paper compares the properties of the two types of gas with particular reference to the relatively low reaction rate and narrow flammability range of natural gas.

Methods of overcoming flame instability arising from these characteristics are discussed, and an indication given of the probable influence of natural gas on plant design.

When properly used, natural gas is a satisfactory fuel, but it is much less tolerant than town gas of crude burner and plant design.

In many cases the necessary elimination of crude equipment in favour of more sophisticated designs will lead to improved performance.
Electroheat Control
Authors: Roots William K. , Gönenç Güney
Published: November 2015

During 1967–68 three papers were published on the on-off control of electroheat processes. They apparently reported conflicting results. This has led to confusion in electroheat-control circles. In this paper these contributions are compared; two are shown to be complementary and the third misleading. New material makes good deficiencies in all three. The presentation is intended for the professional engineer concerned with industrial electroheat control.
The Theory of the Correlation Method of Dynamic Analysis and its Application to Industrial Processes and Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Godfrey K. R.
Published: November 2015

The theory of the time domain relationship between the input and output of a linear process is presented, and the mathematical relationships are explained and clarified by graphical illustration. The theory of the correlation method of process dynamic analysis is similarly presented. Special reference is made to the use of pseudo-random binary signals as perturbation signals, and a design procedure for crosscorrelation experiments with a pseudo-random binary perturbation signal is given. Tables listing experiments so far reported in the literature are included, and applications in the process industries and to nuclear power systems are considered.
Computer Control at Lockenby Universal Plate Mill
Authors: Hall B. , Shepherd R.
Published: November 2015

The AEI CON PAC 4060 Computer at Dorman Long's Lackenby Plate Mill has been installed to provide a control system aimed at producing an accurate control of the thickness of hot rolled plate, together with maximizing the mill throughput without exceeding the mechanical or electrical constraints of the mill.

This project is running late, partly because a major change to the function of the mill was created when a 4-stand continuous mill was built last year, requiring the Universal Mill to operate sometimes as a reversing rougher and sometimes as a finishing mill, and partly because of instrumentation difficulties. The addition of a second furnace and other plant changes has necessarily required modification to be made to the control.

Although the whole project is unfinished a number of functions have been working on-line for the past two years. Our experience connected with developing an on-line system working 24 hours a day on a live mill provides the background against which this general paper has been written. The fully adaptive control is expected to be operating in August, 1969.
Computer Control of Temperature
Authors: Roots William K. , Shridhar Malayappan
Published: November 2015

New temperature-control techniques become available with the introduction of a computer. These are outlined with emphasis upon established thermal processes that embody considerable empirical experience so that the change from classical control practice must be gradual. It is assumed that time-shared control is a first objective so control loops will incorporate sample and hold elements. This necessitates new stability evaluation techniques which are presented as displays for evaluating stability in common thermal processes. Strategies are developed whereby the computer can compensate for offset and disturbance errors without affecting process stability. The presentation is for plant engineers and control designers concerned with the control of temperature in industrial processes; and familiar with transform techniques.
Superheater Metal Temperature Measurement
Authors: Crawford J. N.
Published: November 2015

With the insistence of the Electricity Boards that Boiler manufacturers be responsible for installation of metal temperature measuring equipment, it is necessary that the companies should be in a position to implement this requirement. The report examines the performance of selected thermocouple attachments under simulated service conditions.
A Steady-State Model of a Side-Fired Reformer
Authors: Ganderton R. , Godfrey K. R. , Finkelstein L.
Published: November 2015

A steady-state model of a side-fired steam reforming furnace is formulated. Both a grey gas radiation and a single-band radiation treatment of the furnace are given, and an estimate of the convection term is included. The model compares very favourably with available plant data, and indicates the validity of the assumption that the furnace gases are well-mixed. The structure of the dynamic model of the reformer and the engineering approximations used to simplify the equations are re-examined.
The Dynamics and Control of Chemical Processes in Man
Authors: Carson E. R. , Finkelstein L.
Published: November 2015

The paper reviews the various control mechanisms to be found in chemical reactions occurring in man. The concept of compartmental analysis is discussed and the unit processes of biochemistry are considered, e.g. enzymic reactions, expanding systems, transport systems. Modelling techniques are discussed with particular reference to plasma protein metabolism and bilirubin metabolism.
Optimisation of a Third Order System
Authors: Lees L. H.
Published: November 2015

A general algebraic method of optimising a third order system is presented. The method consists of extending Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to the infinite interval case and reducing the characteristic two point boundary value problem to that of the solution to quartic equations. The index of performance considered was a quadratic which took saturation on the control vector into account.
The Development of a Laser-Operated Scanning Rod Gauge
Authors: Binks S. D.
Published: November 2015

Unsatisfactory tests on a rod gauge using bar radiation led to the adoption of a scanning gauge using back illumination. The chosen design employs a helium-neon laser and a multi-face mirror rotated by a synchronous motor driven by a crystal-controlled oscillator. Digital counting techniques are employed to determine bar diameter to better than ± 0.001 in. (±0.025 mm) over a range from 0.2 in. (5 mm) to 1.0 in. (25 mm).

In the course of laboratory and on-site testing improved techniques were developed to overcome errors due to rod movement and interference by dirt and water. Results better than required by the specification were obtained. Experience has led to the adoption of an instrument giving a digital output updated every 0.4 to 0.8 s. for indication and a fast (0.01 s. response time) instrument giving an analogue deviation signal for control.