bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of vigour on measures of obesity across time
Authors: Shirom Arie , Melamed Samuel , Berliner Shlomo , Shapira Itzhak
Published: April 2011

Objectives. Past studies expected measures of obesity to be positively associated with positive affects. However, this hypothesis was not tested in reference to a specific positive affect. We tested the hypothesized unidirectional effects of measures of obesity on vigour, representing a positive affect, and of vigour on measures of obesity.

Design. We used a longitudinal design, separately for men and women. Participants were 1,876 and 931 healthy men and women, respectively, examined at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2), about 2 years apart.

Methods. Measures of obesity included body mass index, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐hip ratio. Vigour was assessed by the Shirom–Melamed Vigour Measure. We used structural equation modelling to test our hypotheses.

Results. We found that for both genders, T1 measures of obesity did not predict either T1 or T2 vigour. Among both genders, we found support for the effects of T1 vigour on T1 but not on T2 measures of obesity.

Conclusions. To the extent that the ‘Jolly fat hypothesis’ refers to the effects of measures of obesity on positive affects, we failed to support it for vigour as a positive affect. Vigour has contemporaneous but not longitudinal effects on body weight.
Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Tanker Ships via a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Martins Marcelo Ramos , Burgos Diego F. Sarzosa
Published: April 2011

The cost of a new ship design heavily depends on the principal dimensions of the ship; however, dimensions minimization often conflicts with the minimum oil outflow (in the event of an accidental spill). This study demonstrates one rational methodology for selecting the optimal dimensions and coefficients of form of tankers via the use of a genetic algorithm. Therein, a multi-objective optimization problem was formulated by using two objective attributes in the evaluation of each design, specifically, total cost and mean oil outflow. In addition, a procedure that can be used to balance the designs in terms of weight and useful space is proposed. A genetic algorithm was implemented to search for optimal design parameters and to identify the nondominated Pareto frontier. At the end of this study, three real ships are used as case studies.
Air-Sand Heat Exchanger for High-Temperature Storage
Authors: Warerkar Shashikant , Schmitz Stefan , Goettsche Joachim , Hoffschmidt Bernhard , Reißel Martin , Tamme Rainer
Published: April 2011

In view of rising energy prices and an increasing share of power generated by renewable energy sources, the importance of energy storage is growing. In the framework of this project, a thermal energy storage concept for solar power towers is being developed, in which quartz sand serves as a storage medium. Sand is suitable due to its properties such as high thermal stability, specific heat capacity, and low-cost availability. Compared with storages based on ceramic bodies, the use of sand promises to reduce costs of energy storage and thus to reduce the costs of electricity generation. In addition, the storage concept could be applicable in the steel industry. The central element of the storage concept is an air-sand heat exchanger, which is presently under development. This paper describes simulation results and measurements of the heat exchanger prototype. It includes sand flow behavior and experience with different porous walls as well as up-scaling options.
Gas Migration Mechanism of Saturated Highly-Compacted Bentonite and Its Modeling
Authors: Tanaka Yukihisa , Hironaga Michihiko , Kudo Koji
Published: April 2011

In the current concept of repository for radioactive waste disposal, compacted bentonite will be used as an engineered barrier mainly for inhibiting migration of radioactive nuclides. Hydrogen gas can be generated inside the engineered barrier by anaerobic corrosion of metals used for containers, etc. If the gas generation rate exceeds the diffusion rate of gas molecules inside of the engineered barrier, gas will accumulate in the void space inside of the engineered barrier until its pressure becomes large enough for it to enter the bentonite as a discrete gaseous phase. It is expected to be not easy for gas to entering into the bentonite as a discrete gaseous phase because the pore of compacted bentonite is so minute. Therefore the gas migration tests are conducted in this study to investigate the mechanism of gas migration. On the basis of the experimental facts obtained through the gas migration tests, possible gas migration mechanism is proposed. A simplified method for calculating gas pressure at large breakthrough, which is defined as a sudden and sharp increase in gas flow rate out of the specimen is also proposed.
Effective Use of Uranium Resources and Dissolution of Recovered Uranium Storage Accumulation by a Uranium Multi-Recycle System
Authors: Kotoh Kenji , Yamashita Yuzo , Nakamura Takeshi
Published: April 2011

The uranium recovered from LWR spent fuels, containing an amount of 235U comparable to that in the natural uranium, can be recycled as uranium fuels for LWRs by re-enrichment using a conventional centrifuge cascade. However, the remade fuel is inferior to the original fuel produced from the natural uranium on the burn-up performance, because the former includes 236U as a neutron absorber which is yielded in the spent fuel and then enhanced in the re-enrichment process. Therefore, a few times recycle of recovered uranium may be available but its successive recycle is not recommendable because of successive decline in burn-up resulting from 236U accumulating in remade fuels. In this study, an idea of uranium fuel recycling is proposed which is of the feed-back of recovered uranium to a uranium enriching cascade. Since this cascade processes a mixture of natural and recovered uranium, the product contains 236U enriched but diluted with the 236U-free bulk of natural uranium. In this process, the concentration of 236U in the fuels reaches a balance with increase in recycle times. The multi-recycling fuels perform the burn-up degrees in PWRs declining but comparing favorably with conventional uranium ones. The multi-recycling system not only makes effective use of nuclear fuel resources, but also dissolves the problem of accumulating inventory in the storage of recovered uranium taking the major volume of spent fuels.
Dose Assessment for Setting of EPZ in Emergency Plan for Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Minato Hirokazu , Hattri Takatoshi , Higashi Toshihiko , Iwata Takehiro
Published: April 2011

In emergency plan for a nuclear power plant, taking enough measures in EPZ boundary (Emergency Planning Zone) is one of priority matters, to have protection against the release of radioactive materials in accident efficiently and quickly to minimize environmental impacts. EPZ is set as the zone which emergency plans should be mainly prepared on emergency conditions. The criteria of EPZ is that dose value in the area between plant and EPZ boundary have to be less than 10mSv, even if very conservative release mechanisms and path are supposed. The released amount of radioactive material from a nuclear power plant is calculated to the accident scenario were supposed with the each phase of decommissioning. Moreover, the dose value is calculated as the evaluation of environmental impacts, using atmospheric diffusion parameters are determined by the plume concentration Gaussian type distribution model at steady state, and annual meteorological data of the reference plants. Both of ‘the spent fuel storage phase’ and ‘the safe maintenance and dismantling phase’ on each of the expected accident scenario, the dose value in EPZ boundary is much less than safety criteria (10mSv), and there is no need to plan offsite emergency plan, such as the Sheltering and Escape for a reference plant. This result is agreeing with the opinion of Waste and decommission working group 2006 of Western European Nuclear Regulator’s Association (WENRA).
Development of Characterization Technology for Fault Zone Hydrology
Authors: Karasaki Kenzi , Onishi Celia Tiemi , Gasperikova Erika , Goto Junichi , Tsuchi Hiroyuki , Miwa Tadashi , Ueta Keiichi , Kiho Kenzo , Miyakawa Kimio
Published: April 2011

Several deep trenches were cut, and a number of geophysical surveys were conducted across the Wildcat Fault in the hills east of Berkeley, California. The Wildcat Fault is believed to be a strike-slip fault and a member of the Hayward Fault System, with over 10 km of displacement. So far, three boreholes of ∼ 150m deep have been core-drilled and borehole geophysical logs were conducted. The rocks are extensively sheared and fractured; gouges were observed at several depths and a thick cataclasitic zone was also observed. While confirming some earlier, published conclusions from shallow observations about Wildcat, some unexpected findings were encountered. Preliminary analysis indicates that Wildcat near the field site consists of multiple faults. The hydraulic test data suggest the dual properties of the hydrologic structure of the fault zone. A fourth borehole is planned to penetrate the main fault believed to lie in-between the holes. The main philosophy behind our approach for the hydrologic characterization of such a complex fractured system is to let the system take its own average and monitor a long term behavior instead of collecting a multitude of data at small length and time scales, or at a discrete fracture scale and to “up-scale,” which is extremely tenuous.
Evaluated and Estimated Solubility of Some Elements for Performance Assessment of Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste Using Updated Version of Thermodynamic Database
Authors: Kitamura Akira , Doi Reisuke , Yoshida Yasushi
Published: April 2011

Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) established the thermodynamic database (JAEA-TDB) for performance assessment of geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) and TRU waste. Twenty-five elements which were important for the performance assessment of geological disposal were selected for the database. JAEA-TDB enhanced reliability of evaluation and estimation of their solubility through selecting the latest and the most reliable thermodynamic data at present. We evaluated and estimated solubility of the 25 elements in the simulated porewaters established in the “Second Progress Report for Safety Assessment of Geological Disposal of HLW in Japan” using the JAEA-TDB and compared with those using the previous thermodynamic database (JNC-TDB). It was found that most of the evaluated and estimated solubility values were not changed drastically, but the solubility and speciation of dominant aqueous species for some elements using the JAEA-TDB were different from those using the JNC-TDB. We discussed about how to provide reliable solubility values for the performance assessment.
Design Options for HLW Repository Operation Technology: Part IV—Shotclay Technique for Seamless Construction of EBS
Authors: Kobayashi Ichizo , Fujisawa Soh , Nakajima Makoto , Toida Masaru , Nakashima Hitoshi , Asano Hidekazu
Published: April 2011

The shotclay method is construction method of the high density bentonite engineered barrier by spraying method. Using this method, the dry density of 1.6 Mg/m3, which was considered impossible with the spray method, is achieved. In this study, the applicability of the shotclay method to HLW bentonite-engineered barriers was confirmed experimentally. In the tests, an actual scale vertical-type HLW bentonite-engineered barrier was constructed. This was a bentonite-engineered barrier with a diameter of 2.22 m and a height of 3.13 m. The material used was bentonite with 30% silica sand, and water content was adjusted by mixing chilled bentonite with powdered ice before thawing. Work progress was 11.2 m3 and the weight was 21.7 Mg. The dry density of the entire buffer was 1.62 Mg/m3, and construction time was approximately 8 hours per unit. After the formworks were removed, the core and block of the actual scale HLW bentonite-engineered barrier were sampled to confirm homogeneity. As a result, homogeneity was confirmed, and no gaps were observed between the formwork and the buffer material and between the simulated waste and the buffer material. The applicability to HLW of the shotclay method has been confirmed through this examination.
Adaptation of CCIM Technology for HLW Treatment: Results of Research and Development
Authors: Lebedev Vladimir , Stefanovsky Sergey , Kobelev Alexander , Lifanov Fyodor , Dmitriev Sergey
Published: April 2011

Results of feasibility tests of application of Cold Crucible Inductive Melting (CCIM) technology to high level waste (HLW) treatment on examples of Savannah River Site, USA, and PA “Mayak”, Russia, HLW, carried out at SIA Radon, and results of design of new perspective bench-scale HLW vitrification facility are presented in this report. Full-scale low level waste (LLW) vitrification plant is under operation at Radon since 2003. Successful Radon experience aroused an interest to this technology from US DOE. Since 2001 Radon performed tests on vitrification of surrogates of various types of HLW stored at US DOE Sites. Process variables were determined and vitrified wastes were characterized in details. Since 2007 Radon was a subcontractor in the project on design and construction of a new CCIM based vitrification facility at PA “Mayak”. From preliminary tests on Mayak HLW surrogates the main technological features of CCIM process were determined and principles of the process control were formulated. Radon performed the design of the cold crucible and automated control system. On the base of analysis of previously and newly obtained data the main requirements to designing of cold crucible melters and auxiliary equipment, intended for actual HLW treatment, were worked out.
Deformation Characteristics of Pipeline in Mining Subsidence Areas Based on Strain
Authors: Wu Zhangzhong , Han Bing , Hao Jianbin , Jing Hongyuan , Liu Jianping
Published: April 2011

The mechanical model of oil and gas pipeline in mining subsidence areas is proposed according to the characteristics of mining areas and properties of pipe material, and the effects of subsidence imposed on pipeline are divided into soil creeping, local pipe span, free pipe span, and sudden soil subsidence respectively. The mechanical equations of four states are provided based on strain and Ramberg-Osgoods’ stress-strain relationship, and the direct search method with Newton-Raphson method is used for the solution. Under the condition of different wall thickness (WT), outside diameter (OD) and buried depth, numerical calculation analyzes the deformation characteristics of the strain subject to the change in length of the span or subsidence. It shows that WT of pipe exerts the greatest impact than others, and the influence of buried depth is larger than OD except the state of soil creeping. In addition, a conclusion can be drawn that the application of strain-based design gives full play to the advantage of self-bearing ability, and the allowable length of subsidence imposed on pipeline is increased.
An Automatic Segmentation Algorithm Used in Pipeline Integrity Alignment Sheet Design
Authors: Guo Lei , Zhou Lijian , Jia Shaohui , Yi Li , Yu Haichong , Han Xiaoming
Published: April 2011

Pipeline segmentation design is the first step to design alignment sheet. In this step, several rectangular boxes are used to cover pipeline and each box will become the basic unit of alignment sheet design. After studying various pipeline alignment sheet mapping technologies, the author found that traditional manual design method, which can take advantage of designers’ subjectivity, causes low work efficiency. By reviewing and studying existing works at home and abroad, the author believed that it is possible and feasible to develop an automatic segmentation algorithm based on existing curve simplification algorithms to improve to improve the efficiency of pipeline section design and alignment sheet mapping. Based on several classical curve simplification algorithms, the author proposed the automatic segmentation algorithm, which automatically adjusts the location of rectangular boxes according to the number of pipeline/circle intersection points and pipeline/ rectangular box intersection points. Finally, through comparing time and result with the traditional manual method, the author proved the algorithm’s effectiveness and feasibility.
J and CTOD Estimation Procedure for Circumferentially Cracked Pipes Based on Fully-Plastic Solutions
Authors: Chiodo Mario S. G. , Ruggieri Claudio
Published: April 2011

This work provides an estimation procedure to determine the J-integral and CTOD for pipes with circumferential surface cracks subjected to bending load for a wide range of crack geometries and material (hardening) based upon fully-plastic solutions. A summary of the methodology upon which J and CTOD are derived sets the necessary framework to determine nondimensional functions h1 and h2 applicable to a wide range of crack geometries and material properties characteristic of structural, pressure vessel and pipeline steels. The extensive nonlinear, 3-D numerical analyses provide a large set of solutions for J and CTOD which enters directly into fitness-for-service (FFS) analyses and defect assessment procedures of cracked pipes and cylinders subjected to bending load.
Key Quality Aspects for a New Metallic Composite Pipe: Corrosion Testing, Welding, Weld Inspection and Manufacturing
Authors: Conder Robert J. , Felton Peter , Smith Richard , Burke Raymond , Dijkstra Frits , Deleye Xavier
Published: April 2011

The composite pipe system, known as XPipe™, uses high-performance adhesives to manufacture a metallic composite pipe. Both technical development and a robust manufacturing quality system are required to ensure the safe use of such novel technology. Several aspects are discussed in this paper. Firstly, the use of ultra-high strength martensitic steels in a buried, cathodically protected environment requires an understanding of their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. A series of slow strain rate and constant load tests was performed under polarised conditions to establish any reduction in ductility over samples tested in air. The results are presented and implications for their use in such a system are discussed. Secondly, although the technology to perform quality welds in thin walled austenitic materials using automated orbital techniques is well established, weld inspection by radiographic techniques is not preferred due to the continuous nature of the process and safety considerations. However, the inspection of such welds by ultrasonic techniques is challenging due to the coarse grained nature of the austenitic welds and the thinness of the liner, well below the 6mm normally considered the minimum for conventional weld inspection. Therefore, Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT) requires optimized ultrasonic techniques. AUT capabilities and recommendations towards an optimal inspection concept will be discussed in this paper. Thirdly, the manufacture of the liner, ultra-high strength steel strip and adhesive into the XPipe™ composite pipe requires a robust manufacturing control system, which maintains traceability of the incoming materials and controls and records all the essential parameters during pipe production. This is achieved using a sophisticated SCADA system, using feedback from a variety of sensors.
Validation of Latest Generation MFL In-Line Inspection Technology Leads to Improved Detection and Sizing Specification for Pinholes, Pitting, Axial Grooving and Axial Slotting
Authors: Sutherland Jeff , Bluck Martin , Pearce Justin , Quick Eric
Published: April 2011

In 1996, the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF) published its first version of an In Line Inspection Specification to standardize how an operator and vendor would undertake a pipeline inspection. Within the POF specification, anomalies have been classified into categories as a function of their length and width in order to allow vendors to state their Probability of Detection and sizing tolerances for each classification. In the latest 2009 revision, there is an increased visibility for all corrosion categories. Previously, when utilizing conventional MFL tools, ILI vendors were not capable of supplying probability of detection and sizing specifications for several categories such as Pinholes and Axial Slotting. Recent advancements with MFL technologies have allowed performance improvements to be made detection and sizing for Pinholes, Pitting, Axial Grooving and Axial Slotting. This paper will summarize experience gained from both pull through and field results of the latest generation MFL Technology leveraging data from a high density array of axial, radial, & transverse sensors. The data will show there is a distinguishable improvement in the Probability of Detection and Sizing tolerances for many of the POF categories which will allow pipeline operators make more informed pipeline integrity decisions.
Study on the Safety of Restart of a Long-Term Unpigged Crude Pipeline
Authors: Miao Qing
Published: April 2011

A crude oil pipeline transporting heated Daqing crude in the Northeast of China had not carried out pigging for four years and the wax deposition in it was very serious. The existence of wax deposition layer decreased the heat loss of the crude in the pipeline during its normal running, but this did not mean it would also make the pipeline cool down slowly after the shutdown of the pipeline, that is, the wax deposition does not always benefit to the heat preservation of a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline. So the restart safety of a long-term unpigged hot crude pipeline could not be derived directly from that of the same pipeline pigged before shutdown, even qualitatively. In this paper, study on the safety of the restart of a long-term unpigged crude pipeline is conducted based on numerical simulation and significant conclusions are drawn.
Global Buckling Assessment of High Pressure and High Temperature (HP/HT) Offshore Pipeline
Authors: Yang Seung-Ho , Jung Jong-Jin , Kim Yun-Hak , Lee Woo-Seob , Kim Jong-Bae
Published: April 2011

In recent years, requirement for the consideration of global buckling due to high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) condition has increased in the detailed design of offshore pipelines on a seabed. The interaction between pipeline and seabed including support structures or sleepers gives a significant effect on buckling behavior. Global lateral buckling analysis has been carried out to assess the stability of offshore HP/HT pipelines considering the interaction between HP/HT submarine pipeline system/foundation structure and seabed. A non-linear finite element method is used in the present static analysis using the ABAQUS program. The FE model considers concrete sleepers as well as 3-D profile of the seabed. The stress distribution and lateral amplitude of the pipeline were evaluated and remedial measures were suggested to ensure that pipe stresses and strains are kept within allowable limits. Sleepers are designed as a buckle trigger which can provide artificial imperfection to allow pipe to move laterally and mitigate axial force. Comparative study could provide design strategy of pipeline related to sleeper supports.
Investigation of Pipe Strain Measurements in a Curved Wide Plate Specimen
Authors: Hertele´ Stijn , De Waele Wim , Denys Rudi , Van Wittenberghe Jeroen , Verstraete Matthias
Published: April 2011

Throughout the last two decades, curved wide plate (CWP) tests have proven to be highly valuable to evaluate the strain capacity of defected girth welds. Despite its widespread application, the CWP test is not yet standardized. In particular, the effects of specimen geometry and deformation measurement setup on the measurement of pipe (remote) strain have not yet been thoroughly documented. Recently, Laboratory Soete published its ‘UGent’ guidelines for CWP testing, in which advice is given on the entire experimental setup. This paper elaborates a finite element analysis of the effect of the CWP specimen’s geometry on the strain measurement. It is found that, following the UGent guidelines and under the assumptions of the study, the geometry has a limited influence for the entire range of investigated materials and pipe dimensions. This indicates that meeting the UGent guidelines for CWP testing yields representative pipe strain measurements.
Performance and Integrity Issues for Composite Reinforced Steel Pipelines With Cathodic Protection
Authors: Denzine Robert A. , Hill Davion M.
Published: April 2011

Composites have seen increased usage for repair of pipelines. The performance of the entire metal-composite system has not been extensively addressed with regard to corrosion of the substrate and adhesion loss when the conditions are wet and the substrate is cathodically protected. In this work we have investigated the influence of corrosive environments on the performance of composite repair systems for pipelines. Earlier in this work we used FEA models to evaluate a composite patch for pipelines and the present research includes the experimental results for both patch and full-wrap composite repairs in simulated and field environments. The effect of impacts, cathodic protection, long term immersion, and soil corrosivity have been investigated by monitoring variables related to potential and conductivity of the electrolyte. We have also tested mechanical properties via four point bend on specimens intentionally exposed to ASTM cathodic disbondment tests. We have also evaluated the performance of these repairs in a modified ASTM G8 cathodic disbondment test with the addition of high pressure cyclic loading. By monitoring these variables, loss of adhesion and integrity in the composite-metal system is addressed.
Cumulative Risk Assessment Conceptual Model
Authors: Harron Lorna , McCutcheon Doug
Published: April 2011

The energy transportation network of the United States consists of over 2.5 million miles of pipelines operated by approximately 3,000 companies. Based on data generated from annual reports to PHMSA from pipeline operators, the network includes approximately: • 173,000 miles of hazardous liquid pipeline; • 324,000 miles of gas transmission and gathering pipelines; • 2,037,000 miles of natural gas distribution mains and service pipelines; • 113 LNG plants connected to natural gas systems. There are 580,000 kilometers of pipeline in Canada, transferring oil and natural gas to various locations within the country, North America, and to ports, where products can then be shipped globally. As organizations change and grow, there is a need to determine not only the risk of a specific project or new asset, but the effect of that project or new asset on the risk profile of the facility or pipeline. Different types of risk evaluations may be performed at a location, so obtaining a risk score that can integrate various risk assessment techniques can be a challenge. This paper proposes a new technique developed to meet this need, called the cumulative risk assessment process. The cumulative risk assessment provides a quantified value for the operating risk at a facility based on the following formulae: BaselineRiskValue=L×C(1)OperatingRiskValue=BaselineRiskValue×(1×10−MitCredits)(2)CumulativeRiskValue=Σ(OperatingRiskValue)scen(3) Baseline risk is defined as the risk value in the absence of mitigation or risk control. Operating risk is the current risk level with existing mitigation and risk controls in place, evaluated in the calculation as mitigation credits. For the baseline risk calculation (L) refers to Likelihood and (C) refers to Consequence. Both baseline and operating risk are evaluated per scenario, with all scenarios summed to obtain the cumulative risk value for a location, pipeline or pipeline segment. This paper describes the cumulative risk assessment process and provides examples of how this risk assessment technique can be applied to an existing facility with new assets constructed and to a segment of operating mainline pipe.
Definition of Lateral Spread Displacement for Regional Risk Assessments of Pipeline Vulnerability
Authors: Honegger Douglas G. , Rahman Mujib , Puebla Humberto , Wijewickreme Dharma , Augello Anthony
Published: April 2011

Terasen Gas Inc. (Terasen) operates a natural gas supply and distribution system situated within one of the zones of the highest seismic activity in Canada. The region encompasses significant areas underlain by marine, deltaic, and alluvial soil deposits, some of which are considered to be susceptible to liquefaction and large ground movements when subjected to earthquake ground shaking. Terasen undertook an assessment of seismic risks to its transmission and key intermediate pressure pipelines in the Lower Mainland in 1994 [1]. The seismic assessment focused on approximately 500 km of steel pipelines ranging from NPS 8 to NPS 42 and operating at pressures from 1900 to 4020 kPa. The 1994 risk assessment provided the basis for detailed site-specific assessment and seismic upgrade programs to retrofit its existing system to reduce risks to acceptable levels. While the general approach undertaken in 1994 remains technically sound, advancements have been made over the past 15 years in the understanding of earthquake hazards and their impact on pipelines. In particular, estimates of the earthquake ground shaking hazard in British Columbia as published by Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) have recently been updated and incorporated into the 2005 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC). In addition, empirical methods of estimating lateral spread ground displacements have been improved as new case-history information has become available. Given these changes, Terasen decided in 2009 to reexamine the seismic risk to Terasen’s pipelines. The scope of the updated seismic risk study was expanded over that in 1994 to include pipelines on Vancouver Island and the Interior of British Columbia. For regional assessments, estimates of lateral spread displacements are necessarily based upon empirical formulations that relate displacement to variables of earthquake severity (earthquake magnitude and distance), susceptibility to liquefaction (density, grain size, fines content), and topography (distance from a river bank or ground slope). Implementing empirical formulae with the results of probabilistic seismic hazard calculations is complicated by the fact that the empirical approach requires earthquake magnitude and distance, as a parametric couple, to be related to the ground shaking severity. However, but such a relationship does not exist in the estimates of mean or modal earthquake magnitude and distance disaggregated from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This paper presents an overview of the approach to regional risk assessment undertaken by Terasen and discusses the unique approach adopted for determining lateral spread displacements consistent with the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.
Investigations Into the Microstructure–Toughness Relation in High Frequency Induction Welded Pipes
Authors: Gu¨ngo¨r O¨. E. , Yan P. , Thibaux P. , Liebeherr M. , Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. , Quidort D.
Published: April 2011

In the present paper, investigations performed on ArcelorMittal X65 linepipe steel in order to understand the effects of high frequency induction (HFI) welding process and in-line post-weld heat treatment on weld properties are described. The factors that potentially can affect weld toughness, such as microstructure, grain size, precipitates, hardness, inclusions, and texture, are evaluated and discussed systematically in order to correlate weld microstructure with toughness of the HFI welded pipes.
Simulation of Microstructure Evolution and Its Experimental Verifications for Girth Welds in High-Strength Pipelines
Authors: Chen Yaoshan , Wang Yong-Yi , Gianetto James , Rajan Vaidyanath , Quintana Marie
Published: April 2011

Girth Welding of high strength steels such as X80 or X100 poses a number of challenges because of the sensitivity of weld mechanical properties to variations in welding parameters and material properties. This dependency is further complicated by the application of alternative welding processes with multiple wires, tandem wire or dual torch welding, for example. In order to correlate the relation between weld mechanical properties and the welding conditions, an integrated thermal and microstructure model has been developed. Given the welding conditions, the thermal model is able to simulate the local thermal cycles for a girth weld with multiple passes and multiple electrode wires. In the mean time, a microstructure model, using the thermal cycles obtained from the thermal model as input, simulates the microstructure evolution both in the weld metal and the HAZ as the welding progresses. This paper presents the latest development of this microstructure model and its verification against metallurgical measurement data from X100 girth welds. These welds included girth welds made under practical welding conditions and experimental welds made with X100 plates. The measured hardness was compared to the predicted by the microstructure model. The comparison indicated that the microstructure was able to predict the hardness profiles in a multi-pass girth weld and the general trend of variation as a function of welding conditions. In order to improve the accuracy of hardness prediction, the areas of improvement in the microstructure model have been identified.
Integrating Pipeline Data Management Application and Google Maps Dataset on Web Based GIS Application Using Open Source Technology Sharp Map and Open Layers
Authors: Wisianto Arie , Saniya Hidayatus , Gumilar Oki
Published: April 2011

Development of web based GIS application often requires high cost on base map datasets and software licenses. Web based GIS Pipeline Data Management Application can be developed using the benefit of Google Maps datasets combined with available local spatial datasets resulting comprehensive spatial information. Sharp Map is an easy-to-use mapping library for use in web and desktop applications. It provides access and enables spatial querying to many types of GIS data. The engine is written in C# and based on the .Net 2.0 frameworks and provides advantages for integration with Pipeline Data Model such as PODS using .NET technology. Sharp Map enables development of WMS and web services for serving pipeline data management information on internet/intranet web based application. Open Layers is use to integrate pipelines data model and Google Maps dataset on single map display with user friendly and dynamic user interfaces. The use of Sharp Map and Open Layers creating powerful Pipeline Data Management web based GIS application by combining specific information from pipelines data model and comprehensive Google Maps satellites datasets without publishing private information from local datasets. The combination on Sharp Map, Open Layers, Google Maps datasets, and .NET technology resulting a low cost and powerful Pipeline Data Management web based GIS solution. Impact zone of the event then we can calculate their consequences and finally we can figure their risk.
Measuring the Effectiveness of the U.S. IMP Program
Authors: Boss Terry , Johnson David , Selig Bernie , Zurcher John
Published: April 2011

The requirement to perform Integrity Management Programs (IMP) in the U.S. was mandated by Congress at the end of 2002. Actual inspections began in 2004. The Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, (INGAA), began a program to measure the effectiveness of the IMP (Integrity Management Program) with some of its member companies, representing approximately 120,000 miles of transmission pipeline. The U.S. has 295,000miles of on shore gas transmission piping. This paper provides 6 years of gathered data on IMP activities and compares them to PHMSA data. The INGAA participating companies have inspected more than 80% of their High Consequence Areas (HCAs) while the total for all PHMSA miles is more than 90% by the end of 2009. The number of PHMSA reported immediate and scheduled repairs being made in HCAs is 0.17 repairs/mile of assessed HCA averaged over the 6 year period. The total number of all repairs reported for the INGAA companies is an average of 0.11 repairs per mile of HCA inspected. There were 6 reportable incidents in HCAs in 2009 for all onshore gas transmission piping, 5 of which were due to third party caused damage. Reassessments, re-inspection of pipe that already had a baseline inspection, are reported for the INGAA program. For calendar years 2007 through 2009, a total of 641 HCA miles of pipeline have been reassessed. There were 19 repairs made in the reassessed pipe, equating to 0.03 repairs/mile, a 73% reduction in the number of repairs in reassessed pipeline.
Improved Collapse Resistance of Large Diameter Pipe for Deepwater Applications Using a New Impander Technology
Authors: Reichel Thilo , Pavlyk Vitaliy , Beissel Jochem , Kyriakides Stelios , Jang Wen-Yea
Published: April 2011

Large diameter pipe is most commonly produced by the UOE and JCO processes. In both cases the pipe is finished by cold expansion, which is known to be the main contributor to the reduced collapse pressure of such pipe compared to seamless pipe of the same steel grade and diameter-to-thickness ratio. The main cause of this degradation in collapse pressure is a reduction in the compressive yield strength of the material that results from the cold forming steps involved, particularly the expansion. This paper presents a new manufacturing technology in which longitudinally welded pipe is finished by controlled compression. A newly developed cold sizing press, called Impander, is used to produce pipe that is rounder, has reduced residual stresses, and increased compressive yield strength. The combination of these factors can lead to a significant increase in the collapse pressure of the pipe. The new technology is first introduced followed by experimental and analytical results that demonstrate the improved collapse pressure of pipes manufactured by it. The enhancement in collapse pressure will be demonstrated using X-65 grade, 20-inch pipe with one-inch wall. Pipes are compressed to different degrees, and their dimensional characteristics and compressive mechanical properties are measured. The measurements are used in finite element models to calculate the collapse pressure demonstrating the improved performance. The advantages of the process will also be confirmed using results from full-scale collapse experiments on 20-inch pipe manufactured by the new process.
An Operator’s Perspective in Evaluating Composite Repairs
Authors: Kulkarni Satish , Alexander Chris
Published: April 2011

For more than a decade composite materials have been used by pipeline operators to repair damaged pipelines. To validate the performance of composite repair materials, numerous research programs have been conducted. The recent introduction of standards such as ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24817 have provided industry with guidance in using composite materials concerning factors such as the minimum required repair thickness, recommended performance tests, and qualification guidance. Up until now, operators have developed individual requirements for how composite materials can be used and under what circumstances their use is deemed acceptable. To compliment these internal guidance standards, several operators have elected to conduct independent investigations to evaluate the benefits derived in using composite materials for reinforcing specific anomalies such as gouges, dents, girth welds, and wrinkle bends. This paper provides insights that can be used by operators in evaluating the use of composite materials in repairing damaged pipelines with an emphasis on incorporating the current industry standards.
Mechanical Properties and Component Behaviour of X80 Helical Seam Welded Large Diameter Pipes
Authors: Knoop Franz Martin , Flaxa Volker , Zimmermann Steffen , Groß-Weege Johannes
Published: April 2011

The paper discusses the development and processing of hot rolled X80 coil material and its conversion into thick-walled helical seam welded pipes. Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of strips and pipes produced are characterized and compared. High strength characteristics and good deformability as a result of the fine homogenous mainly bainitic microstructure have been determined. Stress strain characteristics and the response to cold deformation during pipe forming have been investigated. Correlations between strip and pipe properties are described and have been used as a data basis for FEM simulations of the pipe forming process. The real pipe behavior has been investigated by means of burst tests performed on 48″ and 42″ pipe sections with 18.9mm wall thickness. The results achieved have been compared with results for other pipe grades, dimensions and types of pipe. An outlook will be given on future material and process development steps and use of X80 HSAW-pipes produced.
U.S. and Canada Cross Border Pipelines: Regulatory Environment
Authors: Mayberry Alan K.
Published: April 2011

The expanding oil sand production regions in Canada are bringing new sources of crude oil to market. Further, there’s strong momentum to construct an Alaska natural gas pipeline crossing Canada on it’s way to the US bringing new natural gas resources to the lower 48 states. What does this activity mean for the regulatory environment? The author intends to discuss recent U.S. regulatory actions taken to facilitate cross border pipelines and increase throughput in existing pipelines.
Case for Continuous Reassessment of Risk in Managing Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Len Nathan , Mihell James , Adams Keith , Rout Cameron
Published: April 2011

The practice of employing risk assessment as a tool for developing assessment plans has been universally accepted by gas and liquid pipeline operators. Risk management is a process that is inherent in the effective implementation of a pipeline integrity management program (IMP). In an IMP risk is used to accomplish the following activities: • Identifying potential threats and consequences to a pipeline; • Prioritizing integrity assessments; • Assessing the benefits derived from mitigating actions; • Determining the effectiveness of mitigation measures for identified threats; • Assigning preventative and mitigative measures to be implemented; • Assessing integrity re-assessment intervals; and • Determining effective use of resources. This paper endeavors to discuss the benefits of conducting ongoing risk assessments in support of overall pipeline integrity management.
Unique Video Technology to Help Industry With the CSA Standard Z.246.1 E9 for Security Management
Authors: Badawy Wael , Nafie Ghada , Brimble Shelly , Shehata Mohamed
Published: April 2011

The new CSA Standard, Security Management for Petroleum & Natural Gas Industry Systems, is changing the operational landscape throughout the oil and gas industry. This document focuses on an innovation that will help pipeline operators meet the new recommendations for monitoring and managing their remote assets as outlined in the new CSA standard. This paper includes an analysis of the current monitoring architecture that can be used for compliance with the new regulation as well as a detailed comparison of different architectures. New video surveillance architecture developments are also reviewed. The IntelliView technology uses software that turns passive cameras into video sensors capable of reporting video-based behavior exceptions based on user-defined rules. A hardware device known as a SmrtDVR sits on site and records the video in the highest quality (H.264) to ensure the images are clear for review and investigation. It acts like the brains of the system, able to think if the images it is seeing on the cameras are ones that it has been programmed to alert the pipeline operator about. Alerts can include: trip wire, loitering, object taken/left behind and man down. When an alarm is triggered, a real-time event notification is sent in an (optional) JPEG format to smart phones, monitoring stations and/or third party monitoring companies. These in-situ devices require minimal communication, power and IT infrastructure and notify operators with video driven alerts. A performance evaluation of the proposed system is presented that illustrates how IntelliView’s unique architecture is outperforming the current industrial practice.
Total Pipeline Integrity Management System Implemented for KOC Pipelines: A Case Study
Authors: Isaac M. Robb , Al-Sulaiman Saleh , Martin Monty R. , Sharma Sandeep
Published: April 2011

In early 2005, Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) initiated a Total Pipeline Integrity Management System (TPIMS) implementation in order to carry out a major integrity assessment of its operating facilities, equipment, buried plant piping and pipeline network and to establish a continuing integrity management program. KOC Transit System is a complex infrastructure consisting of over three hundred pipelines, thousands of wellhead flow lines, and consumer and offshore lines for which there was a significant loss of data when the facilities were destroyed during a military invasion in 1990. An initial pipeline system assessment identified issues and actions regarding condition of the pipelines, corridors, requirements on in-line inspection (ILI), documentation, RISK assessment, status of international code compliance, and overall state of the system. Following recommendations from that initial assessment led to the development of a long term strategy; the execution of which required the implementation of a comprehensive integrity management program. This case study discusses the results obtained after five years of implementation of TPIMS at KOC. It will demonstrate some of the complex components involved in managing the integrity of the Transit System that have been made possible through the implementation of the system. The general concept and structure of TPIMS will be described, and how it deals with the complexity of the KOC pipeline system. The system made it possible to integrate and manage data from various sources, by conducting integrity assessment using ILI, Direct Assessment and hydrostatic testing, as well as structure a comprehensive RISK & Decision Support mechanism. This is one of the world’s first implementations of this magnitude which encompasses such a wide range of services and variables; all being managed in a single environment and utilized by a multitude of users in different areas at KOC. The biggest challenge in a project of this scope is data management. Examples will be shown of the integration structure to illustrate the benefits of using a single comprehensive and versatile platform to manage system requirements; ultimately providing system reliability and improving overall operational efficiency.
A Microtexture-Microstructure Model to Simulate Intergranular Stress Corrosion Crack Propagation in Pipeline Steel
Authors: Arafin M. A. , Szpunar J. A.
Published: April 2011

Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) investigations were carried out to obtain the microtexture, grain boundary character, and physical microstructural parameters, such as the grain size and grain shape distributions, of API X65 pipeline steel that experienced extensive intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). The orientation distribution functions (ODF) and the grain boundary character distributions (GBCD) of the cracked and crack-arrest microstructures were obtained from the EBSD data of the corresponding regions. First, a Voronoi algorithm based microstructure reconstruction model has been utilized to generate model microstructure that resembles the experimentally observed ones. Subsequently, a Markov Chain–Monte Carlo model, coupled with the grain boundary character and orientation dependent vulnerability statistics, has been employed to simulate the crack propagation behavior. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental observations.