bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Student Survey: Reliability and prediction of overall satisfaction scores with special reference to UK Dental Schools
Authors: Satterthwaite Julian D. , Vahid Roudsari Reza
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the UK National Student Survey (NSS) (2018) and explore the predictive values of individual questions and question domains on the overall satisfaction score.

Methods

UK NSS result data (for 2018) were assessed for all those providers that award an undergraduate degree in dentistry. To analyse the correlation of each question item to the overall satisfaction question (question 27), a bivariate 2‐tailed Pearson correlation test was conducted, where a P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. The same test was used to assess such correlation at question domain level. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the test reliability of the NSS data.

Results

Question 5 (“My course has provided me with opportunities to explore ideas or concepts in depth”) had the highest predictive value, explaining 85% of the correlation data to the overall satisfaction question. The strongest positive correlation could be seen at the “teaching on my course” and “learning opportunities” domains, whereby 84% of the data can be explained by each of these variables. The worst predictor domain was assessment and feedback, whereby only 40% of the data could be explained by the correlation line. Cronbach's alpha was 0.952‐0.976.

Conclusions

The NSS is a highly reliable test, both at question and domain levels. The highest predictors of overall satisfaction are teaching, learning opportunities and academic support domains. Assessment and feedback has weak predictive value towards the overall satisfaction score. Question 5 is highly predictive of the overall outcome.
Foucault's concept of illegalism
Authors: Feldman Alex J.
Published: December 2019

This paper reconstructs Foucault's concept of illegalism and explores its significance for his genealogies of modern punishment and racial formation. The concept of illegalism, as distinct from illegality, plays a double role. It allows Foucault to describe a ruling class tactic for managing inequalities and also to characterize an important vein of resistant subjugated knowledges. The political project of the prison is linked to a new crime policy that does not so much aim to repress illegalisms as to manage them differentially. This practice of differential management, which arises in the 18th century, produces a primary split along class lines between two types of illegalism—an insight that has a certain resonance with Edwin's Sutherland's concept of “white collar crime.” Foucault's investigation of a third category of “infralegal illegalism” sheds light not only on the genealogy of the category of delinquency but also on his genealogy of racial categorization. Finally, Foucault argues that a genuinely radical critique of modern society must address the “need” organized political power has for the illegalisms from which it purportedly seeks to protect society. Against this practice of differentially managing illegalisms, Foucault seeks to reactivate a subjugated problematic that might open up questions about the transformative possibilities of illegalism today.
Rediscovering the public/private divide in EU private law
Authors: Cherednychenko Olha O.
Published: December 2019

This article explores the role of the public/private divide within EU private law. It shows that although EU private law cuts across the boundaries of public and private law, the conceptual distinction between these well‐established categories does matter within it and may lead to better law‐making in the EU more generally. The legal grammar of a particular EU harmonisation measure—which can be more “public” or “private”—may have important implications for the position of private parties at national level, for the CJEU's likely activism in this context, and ultimately for the measure's ability to realise its policy goals. Therefore, instead of ignoring the existing differences between public and private law, EU law should explicitly adopt the public/private law language in its discourse, without, however, introducing any sharp divide between these two areas.
Immunopathology of Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease: A reappraisal using novel immunohistochemistry markers
Authors: Sukswai Narittee , Jung Hye Ra , Amr Samir S , Ng Siok Bian , Sheikh Salwa S , Lyapichev Kirill , El Hussein Siba , Loghavi Sanam , Agbay Rose Lou Marie C , Miranda Roberto N , Medeiros L Jeffrey , Khoury Joseph D
Published: December 2019

Aims

Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a self‐limited disease characterised by destruction of the lymph node parenchyma. Few studies have assessed the immunohistological features of KFD, and most employed limited antibody panels that lacked many of the novel immunohistochemistry markers currently available.

Methods and results

We used immunohistochemistry to reappraise the microanatomical distribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), follicular helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, B cells, follicular dendritic cell (FDC) meshworks, and histiocytes in lymph nodes involved by KFD. The study group consisted of 138 KFD patients (89 women; 64.5%) with a median age of 27 years (range, 3–50 years). Cervical lymph nodes were most commonly involved, in 108 (78.3%) patients. The numbers of pDCs were increased, predominantly around and within apoptotic areas and the paracortex, and tapering off within xanthomatous areas. pDCs formed sizeable tight clusters, most notably around apoptotic/necrotic areas. T cells consisted mostly of CD8‐positive cells with predominant expression of T‐cell receptor‐β. There were notable increases in the numbers of CD8‐positive T cells within lymphoid follicles, and their numbers correlated with alterations in FDC meshworks (P < 0.001). The number of follicular helper T cells was decreased within distorted FDC meshworks. CD21 highlighted frequent distortion of FDC meshworks, even in lymph node tissue that was distant from apoptotic/necrotic areas. Distorted FDC meshworks spanned all morphological patterns, and FDC meshwork characteristics (intact; distorted; remnant/nearly absent) correlated with morphological patterns (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The immunohistological landscape of KFD is complex and characterised by increased numbers of pDCs that frequently cluster around apoptotic/necrotic foci, increased numbers of cytotoxic T cells, and substantial distortion of FDC meshworks.
Epigenetics in rheumatoid arthritis; fibroblast‐like synoviocytes as an emerging paradigm in the pathogenesis of the disease
Authors: Karami Jafar , Aslani Saeed , Tahmasebi Mohammad Naghi , Mousavi Mohammad Javad , Sharafat Vaziri Arash , Jamshidi Ahmadreza , Farhadi Elham , Mahmoudi Mahdi
Published: December 2019

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by immune dysfunctions and chronic inflammation that mainly affects diarthrodial joints. Genetics has long been surveyed in searching for the etiopathogenesis of the disease and partially clarified the conundrums within this context. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, which have been considered to be involved in RA pathogenesis, likely explain the nongenetic risk factors. Epigenetic modifications may influence RA through fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs). It has been shown that FLSs play an essential role in the onset and exacerbation of RA, and therefore, they may illustrate some aspects of RA pathogenesis. These cells exhibit a unique DNA methylation profile in the early stage of the disease that changes with disease progression. Histone acetylation profile in RA FLSs is disrupted through the imbalance of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylase activity. Furthermore, dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is immense. Most of these miRNAs have shown an aberrant expression in FLSs that are involved in proliferation and cytokine production. Besides, dysregulation of long noncoding RNAs in FLSs has been revealed and attributed to RA pathogenesis. Further investigations are needed to get a better view of epigenetic alterations and their interactions. We also discuss the role of these epigenetic alterations in RA pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential.
Explaining Africa's public consumption procyclicality: Revisiting old evidence
Authors: Jalles João T.
Published: December 2019

This paper compiles a novel data set of time‐varying measures of government‐consumption cyclicality for a panel of 46 African economies between 1960 and 2014. Government consumption has, generally, been highly procyclical over time in this group of countries. However, sample averages hide serious heterogeneity across countries with the majority of them showing procyclical behaviour despite some positive signs of graduation from the “procyclicality trap” in a few cases. By means of weighted least squares regressions, we find that more developed African economies tend to have a smaller degree of government‐consumption procyclicality. Countries with higher social fragmentation, and those that are more reliant on foreign aid inflows, tend to have a more procyclical government‐consumption policy. Better governance promotes countercyclical‐fiscal policy while increased democracy dampens it. Finally, some fiscal rules are important in curbing the procyclical behaviour of government consumption.
Motivation and anxiety for dental treatment and dental attendance: The roles of the locus of causality personality and treatment styles
Authors: Halvari Anne Elisabeth Münster , Halvari Hallgeir , Deci Edward L. , Williams Geoffrey C.
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the present study was to test a self‐determination theory model with the following hypotheses: (1) Patients’ autonomous causality personality orientation and oral health care professionals’ autonomy‐supportive treatment styles, as perceived by patients, would both be positively indirectly associated with dental attendance through patients’ autonomous motivation for dental treatment. (2) Patients’ controlled causality personality orientation and oral health care professionals’ controlling treatment styles, as perceived by patients, would both be positively indirectly associated with avoidance of making a dental clinic appointment through patients’ anxiety for dental treatment. A sample size of about 200 patients was estimated to be acceptable in detecting moderate effect sizes (independent variables: 5–6; power: .80; p < .05). Student patients (N = 226) responded to a survey with validated questionnaires. Using LISREL, both hypotheses were supported. In addition, patients’ perception of a controlling treatment style moderated the controlled personality—dental anxiety relation, so that a lower controlling treatment style mitigated dental anxiety substantially among patients with a high control orientation. Effect sizes were moderate to large. Analyses (Z‐scores) also revealed that the autonomous personality is more strongly linked to situational autonomous motivation than situational autonomy support, whereas a controlled personality and a perceived controlling treatment style are equally and significantly associated to dental anxiety. Both patient personalities and oral health care professionals’ treatment styles are substantially linked to autonomous motivation and anxiety for dental treatment, which are relatively strongly associated with dental attendance and avoiding dental clinic appointments, respectively.
Diagnostic performance of a deep learning convolutional neural network in the differentiation of combined naevi and melanomas
Authors: Fink C. , Blum A. , Buhl T. , Mitteldorf C. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. , Deinlein T. , Stolz W. , Trennheuser L. , Cussigh C. , Deltgen D. , Winkler J.K. , Toberer F. , Enk A. , Rosenberger A. , Haenssle H.A.
Published: December 2019

Background

Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN) may assist physicians in the diagnosis of melanoma. The capacity of a CNN to differentiate melanomas from combined naevi, the latter representing well‐known melanoma simulators, has not been investigated.

Objective

To assess the diagnostic performance of a CNN when used to differentiate melanomas from combined naevi in comparison with dermatologists.

Methods

In this study, a CNN with regulatory approval for the European market (Moleanalyzer‐Pro, FotoFinder Systems GmbH, Bad Birnbach, Germany) was used. We attained a dichotomous classification (benign, malignant) in dermoscopic images of 36 combined naevi and 36 melanomas with a mean Breslow thickness of 1.3 mm. Primary outcome measures were the CNN's sensitivity, specificity and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) in comparison with 11 dermatologists with different levels of experience.

Results

The CNN revealed a sensitivity, specificity and DOR of 97.1% (95% CI [82.7–99.6]), 78.8% (95% CI [62.8–89.1.3]) and 34 (95% CI [4.8–239]), respectively. Dermatologists showed a lower mean sensitivity, specificity and DOR of 90.6% (95% CI [84.1–94.7]; P = 0.092), 71.0% (95% CI [62.6–78.1]; P = 0.256) and 24 (95% CI [11.6–48.4]; P = 0.1114). Under the assumption that dermatologists use the CNN to verify their (initial) melanoma diagnosis, dermatologists achieve an increased specificity of 90.3% (95% CI [79.8–95.6]) at an almost unchanged sensitivity. The largest benefit was observed in ‘beginners’, who performed worst without CNN verification (DOR = 12) but best with CNN verification (DOR = 98).

Conclusion

The tested CNN more accurately classified combined naevi and melanomas in comparison with trained dermatologists. Their diagnostic performance could be improved if the CNN was used to confirm/overrule an initial melanoma diagnosis. Application of a CNN may therefore be of benefit to clinicians.
Effects of a healthy diet enriched or not with pecan nuts or extra‐virgin olive oil on the lipid profile of patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Campos V. P. , Portal V. L. , Markoski M. M. , Quadros A. S. , Bersch‐Ferreira Â. C. , Garavaglia J. , Marcadenti A.
Published: December 2019

Background

The present study aimed to assess the effect of a healthy diet, enriched or not with pecan nuts or extra‐virgin olive oil, on the lipid profile of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

This was a randomised clinical trial conducted for 12 weeks with patients aged between 40 and 80 years with stable CAD for more than 60 days. Individuals were randomised into groups [control group (CG) with 67 patients, pecan nut group (PNG) with 68 patients and olive oil group (OOG) with 69 patients]. The CG was prescribed a healthy diet according to the nutritional guidelines; the PNG was prescribed the same healthy diet plus 30 g day−1 of pecan nuts; and the OOG was prescribed a healthy diet plus 30 mL day−1 of extra‐virgin olive oil.

Results

In total, 204 subjects were submitted to an intention‐to‐treat analysis. After adjustment for baseline values and type of statin used, there was no difference regarding low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol (primary outcome), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol/HDL‐cholesterol ratio and HDL‐cholesterol/triglycerides ratio according to groups. However, the PNG exhibited a significant reduction in non‐HDL‐cholesterol levels [PNG: 114.9 (31) mg dL−1; CG: 127 (33.6) mg dL−1; OOG: 126.6 (37.4) mg dL−1; P = 0.033] and in the total cholesterol/HDL‐cholesterol ratio [PNG: 3.7 (0.7); CG: 4.0 (0.8); OOG: 4.0 (0.8); P = 0.044] compared to the CG and OOG.

Conclusions

Supplementing a healthy diet with 30 g day−1 of pecan nuts for 12 weeks did not improve LDL‐cholesterol levels but may improve other lipid profile markers in patients with stable CAD.
Restoration of the inferomedial orbital strut using a standardized three‐dimensional printing implant
Authors: Kim Jun Hyeok , Lee In‐Gyu , Lee Jeong‐Seok , Oh Deuk Young , Jun Young Joon , Rhie Jong Won , Shim Jin‐Hyung , Moon Suk‐Ho
Published: December 2019

The inferomedial orbital strut (IOS) is the thin bony junction of the orbital medial wall and floor. Its fracture is common and leads to serious complications, including enophthalmos, globe dystopia and diplopia. However, anatomical restoration of the IOS is challenging owing to reduced structural support; sound anatomical background and accurate implants are therefore essential. The aim of the present study was to incorporate data from cadaveric orbit anatomy into three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology and to reconstruct the complex orbital fracture elaborately. After averaging the data from computed tomography (CT) images of 100 adult cadavers, the dimensions of the IOS were extracted, and a tangent sphere was created using a computer‐aided design program. The curves were compared with the CT data of 10 adult patients from the simulation test. Based on these data, a standardized 3D implant, 1.15 mm thick, was designed using polycaprolactone. The implant was placed in five patients with complex orbital fractures. The radius of the sphere in contact with the orbit, measuring 33.54 mm, was confirmed to be appropriate. A comparison between the normal side volume (V0) and the postoperative volume (Vpost) showed that they were statistically similar. Furthermore, a comparison between V0 and the preoperative volume (Vpre), and Vpost compared with Vpre also showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). On follow‐up, the preoperative ocular symptoms were resolved. The orbital data obtained from 100 cadavers provided standardized orbital anatomy, and 3D printed implants were created. The implants were anatomically accurate with regard to the orbital cavity and adequately covered the simulation model. The implant also showed satisfactory results when applied clinically in actual patients.
Psychosocial determinants of adherence to oral antidiabetic medication among people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jannuzzi Fernanda F. , Cornélio Marilia E. , São‐João Thaís M. , Gallani Maria‐Cecília , Godin Gaston , Rodrigues Roberta C. M.
Published: December 2019

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to identify the psychosocial determinants of adherence to oral antidiabetic medication, according to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).

Background

Appropriate adherence to oral antidiabetic medication contributes to long‐term glycaemic control. However, glycaemic control is often poor in people with type 2 diabetes, mainly due to the poor adherence to oral antidiabetic agents.

Design

Prospective study with 2 waves of data collection, based on STROBE checklist was conducted. One hundred and fifty‐seven adults with type 2 diabetes, in chronic use of oral antidiabetic agents, composed the sample. At baseline, self‐reported measures of medication adherence (proportion and global evaluation of adherence) and of metabolic control (glycated haemoglobin) of diabetes were obtained.

Methods

The TPB main constructs (attitude, subjective norm and perceived control) and related beliefs were measured. Adherence and metabolic control measurements were obtained in a two‐month follow‐up (n = 157).

Results

Attitude and subjective norm, together, explained 30% of the variability in intention; their underlying belief‐based measures (behavioural and normative beliefs) explained 28% of the variability in intention. In addition, intention predicted behaviour at follow‐up. However, when added to the prediction model, past behaviour was the only explanatory factor of adherence behaviour.

Conclusion

Adherence behaviour to oral antidiabetic medication was predicted by intention, which, in turn, was determined by attitude and subjective norm. In order to promote adherence to oral antidiabetic agents, health professionals should include motivational strategies as well as strategies targeted to attitude and subjective norm when designing interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

The nonadherence to antidiabetic medication contributes to lack of control of diabetes and ensuing complications. The comprehension of the factors explaining the variability in medication adherence can inform the design of theory‐based interventions aimed at promoting this behaviour.
Occupational stress facing nurse academics—A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Singh Charanjit , Cross Wendy , Munro Ian , Jackson Debra
Published: December 2019

Aim

To better understand occupational stress faced by nurse academics.

Methods

A mixed‐methods systematic review, following the Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], (Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual: 2014 edition, 2014) process. Studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias by using standardised critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute. In addition, processes and reporting were checked against the Equator guidelines. See Appendix S1.

Results

The review revealed that nursing academics do experience occupational stress, including burnout. Occupational stress for academic nurses is associated with various factors including work–life balance, workload issues, resources and support, and adapting to change. However, much of the literature focuses on nurses during the initial transition from clinical to academic environment, with rather less focus on established mid‐to‐late career nurse academics.

Discussion

Occupational stress and burnout are evident in the university academic workforce, adversely affecting the well‐being of academic nurses, and the long‐term sustainability of the academic nursing workforce. While there is considerable literature focusing on the novice academic nurse, particularly during the transition period, rather less is known about occupational stress among academic nurses across the career trajectory. Various strategies to deal with the negative consequences of occupational stress are identified, including (a) quality mentors for novice and younger nursing academics; (b) training in resilience building for novice academics; (c) supporting collegial relationships and reducing bullying; (d) assistance for professional development and research; (e) better support and resources to overcome increasing workloads; and (f) greater work‐related empowerment to enhance job satisfaction.

Conclusion

There is a need for a broader whole‐of‐career research focus to more fully identify, explore and mitigate the occupational stressors that negatively affect the academic nurse workforce.

Relevance to clinical practice

A strong and resilient academic nurse workforce is essential for the sustainability of the profession.

Organisations should review their work practices and provide greater work‐related empowerment to reduce occupational stressors among nursing academics.
The influence of indigestible protein on broiler digestive tract morphology and caecal protein fermentation metabolites
Authors: Bryan Dervan D. S. L. , Abbott Dawn A. , Van Kessel Andrew G. , Classen Henry L.
Published: December 2019

Indigestible dietary protein fermentation products have been suggested to negatively influence broiler performance due to their impact on health and digestive tract morphology. This study evaluated the digestive tract morphology and caecal protein fermentation metabolites of broiler fed 3 dietary protein levels (24%, 26% and 28%) with low or high indigestible protein (LIP, HIP). Two completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial trials were conducted with protein level (PL) and indigestible protein (IDP) as the main factors. In both trials, birds received six diets (24‐LIP, 24‐HIP, 26‐LIP, 26‐HIP, 28‐LIP and 28 HIP) formulated with no medication. On day 5, trial 1 birds were vaccinated with Coccivac‐B52, while trial 2 received no vaccine. Tissue and caecal samples were collected and caecal contents analysed for fermentation metabolites. Differences were considered significant when p ≤ .05. The LIP treatment caecal content in trial 1 at 14 days had greater histamine, agmatine and cadaverine levels, while HIP diets resulted in increased serotonin, tryptamine and spermidine. Histamine, serotonin and tryptamine at day 28 were not affected by IDP, and ammonia was not affected by treatments at day 14 or day 28. At day 14, HIP birds had lower total short‐chain fatty acids, higher caecal pH and heavier pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, jejunum and ileum weights. The same effects of IDP found in trial 1 were observed for histamine, agmatine, cadaverine, serotonin, tryptamine and spermidine at day 21 in trial 2. Trial 2 had a PL‐by‐IDP interaction influencing tyramine, spermidine (28‐LIP > 24‐LIP) and spermine with values increasing with PL for LIP diets and remaining constant for HIP diets. An interaction between PL and IDP was found for ammonia level and was similar to interactions for biogenic amines. In conclusion, dietary PL and IDP influence broiler caecal protein fermentation metabolites and those effects varied with coccidiosis vaccination and rearing environment.
The European Academy for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia: An initiative of the European Insomnia Network to promote implementation and dissemination of treatment
Authors: Baglioni Chiara , Altena Ellemarije , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Blom Kerstin , Bothelius Kristoffer , Devoto Alessandra , Espie Colin A. , Frase Lukas , Gavriloff Dimitri , Tuuliki Hion , Hoflehner Andrea , Högl Birgit , Holzinger Brigitte , Järnefelt Heli , Jernelöv Susanna , Johann Anna F. , Lombardo Caterina , Nissen Christoph , Palagini Laura , Peeters Geert , Perlis Michael L. , Posner Donn , Schlarb Angelika , Spiegelhalder Kai , Wichniak Adam , Riemann Dieter
Published: December 2019

Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder worldwide, confers marked risks for both physical and mental health. Furthermore, insomnia is associated with considerable direct and indirect healthcare costs. Recent guidelines in the US and Europe unequivocally conclude that cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) should be the first‐line treatment for the disorder. Current treatment approaches are in stark contrast to these clear recommendations, not least across Europe, where, if any treatment at all is delivered, hypnotic medication still is the dominant therapeutic modality. To address this situation, a Task Force of the European Sleep Research Society and the European Insomnia Network met in May 2018. The Task Force proposed establishing a European CBT‐I Academy that would enable a Europe‐wide system of standardized CBT‐I training and training centre accreditation. This article summarizes the deliberations of the Task Force concerning definition and ingredients of CBT‐I, preconditions for health professionals to teach CBT‐I, the way in which CBT‐I should be taught, who should be taught CBT‐I and to whom CBT‐I should be administered. Furthermore, diverse aspects of CBT‐I care and delivery were discussed and incorporated into a stepped‐care model for insomnia.
Hoya amicabilis sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), from Java discovered on Facebook
Authors: Rahayu Sri , Rodda Michele
Published: December 2019

A new species from Java, Hoya amicabilis S.Rahayu & Rodda is described and illustrated. It was first identified as a new species from pictures posted on social media in 2017. Hoya amicabilis is part of a small group of species that have an unusual shrubby habit, but it is the only one in that group with bright yellow campanulate flowers. Furthermore, Hoya amicabilis is a rather unusual species of Hoya since its staminal corona lobes are oblong, erect, while most species of Hoya have well‐developed generally spreading corona lobes, and its style head is umbonate, brightly coloured and extending above the anther appendages, while most species have a conical style head covered by anther appendages.
The role of ethylene in metabolic acclimations to low oxygen
Authors: Hartman Sjon , Sasidharan Rashmi , Voesenek Laurentius A. C. J.
Published: December 2019

Submerged plants ultimately suffer from shortage in cellular oxygen availability (hypoxia) as a result of impaired gas diffusion underwater. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is rapidly entrapped in submerged plant tissues and is an established regulator of morphological and anatomical flood‐adaptive responses. Multiple recent discoveries suggest that ethylene also plays a crucial role in hypoxia anticipation and metabolic acclimation during plant submergence. Ethylene was shown to accelerate and enhance the hypoxic response through enhanced stability of specific transcription factors (group VII ethylene response factors). Moreover, we suggest that ethylene could play an important role in the induction of autophagy and promote reactive oxygen species amelioration, thereby contributing to enhanced survival during flooding, hypoxia, and reoxygenation stress.
Structural racism and its influence on the severity of atopic dermatitis in African American children
Authors: Tackett Kelly Jo , Jenkins Frances , Morrell Dean S. , McShane Diana B. , Burkhart Craig N.
Published: December 2019

Background/Objectives

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common skin disease of childhood and is often more severe in African American than white children. The reason for this disparity is unknown, but recent research indicates that it may be due to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The objective of this article was to explore the relationship between measures of structural racism and residential segregation within pediatric AD.

Methods

An in‐office, online survey consisting of 58 questions spanning 5 domains (demographics, in‐home crowding, community crowding, air quality, and litter) was administered to a convenience sample of 201 pediatric AD patients (age 0‐18 years). Survey data were geocoded and linked to a measure of structural racism (ie, residential segregation).

Results

African American children were more likely to live in rented homes, be in lower income families, have caregivers with lower educational attainment, and be exposed to tobacco smoke. The same factors that were associated with worse AD severity in this study were also found in published literature, emphasizing the role of social determinants of health and racial differences in AD severity. Additionally, this study found that living in highly segregated communities was more likely to be associated with severe AD in African American children.

Conclusions

Consistent with reported literature, socioeconomic status, race, and the physical environment appear to affect AD severity. This investigation adds structural racism as an important community characteristic that likely has significant effects on AD severity for African American Children.
Experimental keratitis in rats caused by Acanthamoeba griffini: A kinetic histopathological study
Authors: Ávila‐Blanco Manuel Enrique , Martín‐Pérez Tania , Ventura‐Juárez Javier , Pérez‐Serrano Jorge
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammation process that resulted from the inoculation of Wistar Rats with Acanthamoeba griffini, a virulent T3 Acanthamoeba genotype that produces keratitis. Haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid stain, immunohistochemistry and morphometry were used to analyse tissues from rats of an Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) model. Two weeks after inoculating the rats with A griffini trophozoites, the thickness of the stroma had diminished, followed by an increase in thickness at 4 weeks. At the latter time, an abundance of inflammatory infiltrate cells was observed, some found to express IL‐1β, IL‐10 and/or caspase 3. Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 was expressed in corneal blood vessels amid the abundant vascularization characteristic of the development of AK. Through an immunohistochemical technique, trophozoites were detected at 2 and 4 weeks post‐inoculation. By 8 weeks, there were a low number of trophozoites and cysts and the corneas of infected rats were similar in thickness to those of the controls. Thus, the rats were capable of healing experimental AK in the present rat model. Diverse immunological mechanisms regulated the inflammatory process in acute AK induced by A griffini in a murine model.
Does Administrative Burden Influence Public Support for Government Programs? Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Authors: Keiser Lael R. , Miller Susan M.
Published: December 2019

Research indicates that administrative burden influences the behaviors and views of clients and potential clients of government programs. However, administrative burden may also shape mass attitudes toward government programs. Taking a behavioral public administration approach, the authors consider whether and how exposure to information about administrative burden embedded within eligibility‐based programs influences citizen favorability toward those programs. It is hypothesized that if information about the existing screening mechanisms is highlighted and made salient, this will lead to greater approval of eligibility‐based programs. This expectation is evaluated using a survey experiment that explores administrative burden in the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. The evidence shows that being exposed to information about administrative burden increases favorability toward TANF and its recipients, though these effects are conditional on party identification. The results provide insight into a potential consequence of administrative burden, showing the way in which information regarding burden can shape citizens’ support for eligibility‐based programs.
A business empire and its migrants: Royal Dutch Shell and the management of racial capitalism
Authors: Kunz Sarah
Published: December 2019

This paper traces the category “expatriate” in the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies, focusing on two key moments of corporate structural change in the 1950s and 1990s. The paper examines how the “expatriate” was materially and narratively produced by the corporation, by employees labelled expatriate and by spouses. It interrogates continuities and transformations, and their power effects, inquiring who became an expatriate, for what purposes, what meaning the category was inscribed with, and how it was lived. The central argument of the paper is that the Shell “expatriate” has a postcolonial genealogy: its constitution, functions, and lived experience cannot be understood without accounting for histories of European imperialism. The category initially reified imperial power relations – indeed, was instrumental to their racialised production. The mid‐century “racial break” prompted changes, yet did not result in the wholesale decolonisation of corporate mobilities and managerial hierarchies as imperial differentiations and logics continued to work in the postcolonial corporation, if in adapted and ambiguous ways. Similarly, the Shell “expatriate” was a gendered construct that not only denoted husbands’ corporate control but increasingly depended on women's organisational, emotional, and social labour, until its gendered destabilisation in the 1990s. The shifting and fragmented category “expatriate” thus reflects how racialised and gendered logics were (re)worked, by and for corporate management, in contested and ambiguous ways. More generally, the paper historicises contemporary managerial arrangements of multinational firms, which depend squarely on migration, and shows them to be central to the postcolonial production of racial capitalism. It thereby contributes to furthering the dialogue between postcolonial and economic approaches in geography.
Don't get too attached: Property–place relations on contested coastlines
Authors: O'Donnell Tayanah
Published: December 2019

Societies are now squarely facing the risks of environmental and climatic change, and developed coastlines are ground zero. Climate change will cause damage to, or loss of, coastal property – property that, in most Western societies, is considered a high net value asset. This paper examines cultural ideas about private property and the complexities of using land use planning law as an enabler of climate change adaptation. It reports the findings of qualitative research that explores how residents living in coastal Australia respond to the risks to their property and to the places they live that are posed by sea level rise and other coastal climate change‐related risks. By reporting how residents experience their material coastal environment, and how they relate with and to ideas of “property” in a coastal environmental change context, this paper contributes to both coastal policy and to legal geography scholarship.
Hemodynamic evaluation of anesthetized baboons and piglets by transpulmonary thermodilution: Normal values and interspecies differences with respect to xenotransplantation
Authors: Längin Matthias , Konrad Mark , Reichart Bruno , Mayr Tanja , Vandewiele Stephanie , Postrach Johannes , Mokelke Maren , Radan Julia , Brenner Paolo , Bauer Andreas , Abicht Jan‐Michael
Published: December 2019

Background

Transpulmonary thermodilution is well established as a tool for in‐depth hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients during surgical procedures and intensive care. It permits easy assessment of graft function following cardiac transplantation and guides post‐operative volume and catecholamine therapy. Since no pulmonary catheter is needed, transpulmonary thermodilution could be useful in experimental cardiac pig‐to‐baboon xenotransplantation. However, normal values for healthy animals have not yet been reported. Here, we present data from piglets and baboons before xenotransplantation experiments and highlight differences between the two species and human reference values.

Methods

Transpulmonary thermodilution from baboons (body weight 10‐34 kg) and piglets (body weight 10‐38kg) were analyzed. Measurements were taken in steady state after induction of general anesthesia before surgical procedures commenced. Cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), parameters quantifying cardiac filling (global end‐diastolic volume index, GEDI), and pulmonary edema (extravascular lung water, ELWI) were assessed.

Results

Preload, afterload, and contractility parameters clearly correlated with total body weight or body surface area. Baboons had lower CI values than weight‐matched piglets (4.2 ± 0.9l/min/m2 vs 5.3 ± 1.0/min/m2, P < .01). MAP and SVRI were higher in baboons than piglets (MAP: 99 ± 22 mm Hg vs 62 ± 11 mm Hg, P < .01; SVRI: 1823 ± 581 dyn*s/cm5*m2 vs 827 ± 204 dyn*s/cm5*m2, P < .01). GEDI and ELWI did differ significantly between both species, but measurements were within similar ranges (GEDI: 523 ± 103 mL/m2 vs 433 ± 78 mL/m2, P < .01; ELWI: 10 ± 3 mL/kg vs 11 ± 2 mL/kg, P < .01). Regarding adult human reference values, CI was similar to both baboons and piglets, but all other parameters were different.

Conclusions

Parameters of preload, afterload, and contractility differ between baboons and piglets. In particular, baboons have a much higher afterload than piglets, which might be instrumental in causing perioperative xenograft dysfunction and post‐operative myocardial hypertrophy after orthotopic pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenotransplantation. Most transpulmonary thermodilution‐derived parameters obtained from healthy piglets and baboons lie outside the reference ranges for humans, so human normal values should not be used to guide treatment in those animals. Our data provide reference values as a basis for developing algorithms for perioperative hemodynamic management in pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenotransplantation.
Optimization of Roundness Error in Deep Hole Drilling using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
Authors: Mohamad Azizah , Mohd Zain Azlan , Alwee Razana , Mohd Yusof Noordin , Najarian Farhad
Published: December 2019

In the manufacturing industry, machining is a part of all manufacture in almost all metal products. Machining of holes is one of the most common processes in the manufacturing industries. Deep hole drilling,  DHD is classified as a complex machining process .This study presents an optimization of machining parameters in DHD using Cuckoo Search algorithm, CS comprising feed rate (f), spindle speed (s), depth of hole (d) and Minimum Quantity Lubrication MQL, (m). The machining performance measured is roundness error, Re. The real experimentation was designed based on Design of Experiment, DoE which is two levels full factorial with an added centre point. The experimental results were used to develop the mathematical model using regression analysis that used in the optimization process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher‘s statistical test (F-test) are used to check the significant of the model developed.  According to the results obtained by experimental the minimum value of Re  is 0.0222µm and by CS is 0.0198µm. For the conclusion, it was found that CS is capable of giving the minimum value of Re as it outperformed the result from the experimental.
Second-look breast ultrasonography after galactography in patients with nipple discharge
Authors: Kim Hyeonseon , Kang Bong Joo , Kim Sung Hun , Lee Jeong min
Published: December 2019

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of second-look breast ultrasound (US) immediately after galactography in patients with nipple discharge.Materials and methods: Between January 2010 and November 2018, 89 patients with nipple discharge were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were examined by galactography and US. US was performed twice, before and after galactography. Galactography, mammography and US findings were categorized according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). The final diagnosis was established by histopathological examination.Results: Out of 89 patients, 25 (28.1%) patients had positive findings as evident by US before galactography. Forty-eight (53.9%) patients had positive findings as demonstrated by galactography. Fifty-nine (66.3%) patients had positive findings as evident by second-look US after galactography (13 patients with benign, 37 with borderline and 9 with malignant lesions). Second-look US after galactography showed the highest diagnostic accuracy (83.2%), sensitivity (95.8%) and negative predictive value (93.3%) for borderline and malignant lesions. For the detection of malignant lesions, secondlook US after galactography showed the highest sensitivity (90%) and negative predictive value (96.7%). Agreement between imaging and histological result using Bland-Altman analysis exhibited no significant difference between the size establishedby ultrasound and galactography.Conclusion: The second-look US after galactography is a powerful diagnostic tool for the detection of lesions in patients with nipple discharge and demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and negative predictive value.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound evaluation of testicular syphilis: a case report
Authors: Tagliati Corrado , Macchini Marco , Argalia Giulio , Giuseppetti Gian Marco , Giovagnoni Andrea
Published: December 2019

In North America and Europe, syphilis incidence has increased dramatically in the past decade among high-risk groups. Syphilis may occur in any organ, including the testis. There are not many cases of testicular syphilis assessed by means ofultrasound examination described in the literature, and in no case was the evaluation carried out using advanced ultrasound techniques. Here we present a case of testicular syphilis evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound.
Imaging findings on contrast-enhanced ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and hybrid positron emission tomography in Takayasu arteritis: a case report
Authors: Goh Yonggeng , Ting Eric , Kapur Jeevesh , Dewi Melati , Sinha Arvind Kumar , Sharma Vijay Kumar
Published: December 2019

This case report demonstrates the potential of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in diagnosing active arterial wall inflammation in a symptomatic patient with Takayasu arteritis (TA). To our knowledge, this is the first case which demonstrates pictorial correlation of arterial wall neovascularity on CEUS with mural edema on magnetic resonance imaging and metabolic activity on positron emission tomography – computed tomography in the same patient. As TA is a chronic disease which requires long-term follow-up, CEUS could be the potential imaging modality of choice as it is radiation-free, non-nephrotoxic and easily available.
High-brightness source of energetic He atoms
Authors: Jonnalagadda Venu S. , Randhawa Navjot S. , Awale Apeksha , Motwani Pratik , Wolfe John C.
Published: December 2019

In atom beam lithography, a beam of kilo-electron-volt helium atoms illuminates a stencil mask and transmitted beamlets transfer the mask pattern to resist on a substrate. It shares the advantages of masked ion beam lithography but is immune to charging artifacts that limit resolution and pattern fidelity. This paper describes a high-brightness source of energetic He atoms, where He+ ions are extracted from a multicusp ion source, focused by two-stage accelerating optics, and neutralized by charge-transfer scattering in a differentially pumped, He-filled cell. Since scattering angles are extremely small, the straight line trajectories of scattered atoms are essentially tangent to the (possibly curved) trajectories of the parent ions. Space-charge repulsion prevents the ion beam crossing over; instead, it converges to a waist of minimum cross section before diverging further downstream. Atom trajectories produced by a cell placed in the region of intense space charge near the waist are strongly affected by the curvature of ion trajectories within the cell. The flaring of the ion beam due to space charge can be used to increase the width of the atom beam, although to the detriment of resolution. In this paper, the authors study a configuration where the cell is placed in the converging ion beam as far as practicable from the ion-beam waist. The atom beam then converges to a crossover, which becomes the virtual source seen by the mask. The source diameter and angular flux density initially increase with increasing cell pressure but saturate at higher pressures; the respective saturation values at 50 keV are 125 μm (2σ) and 8.7 × 1017 particles/s sr. Under these conditions, the beam diameter is ∼2.5 cm, 7 m from the source. A practical system for subnanometer printing is discussed with 0.2 nm (2σ) penumbral blur and 1.25 × 1013 particles/s cm2 flux density over a 1 cm circular field.
Experimental study on sound transmission loss of plenum windows
Authors: Du Liangfen , Lau Siu-Kit , Lee Siew Eang
Published: December 2019

To investigate the noise reduction mechanism of plenum windows, the paper experimentally studied the influence of the air-gap spacing between two glass panes, the panel thickness, and the opening size on the sound transmission loss (TL). The results show that when the half wavelength of impinged sound is smaller than the air-gap spacing, the TL can be improved by the decrement of the opening sizes and the increment of the glass thickness but varies little with changes in air-gap spacing. When the half wavelength of impinged sound is larger, the modification of the three factors makes little impact on the TL.