bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rescue of TRAF3-null mice by p100 NF-κB deficiency
Authors: He Jeannie Q. , Zarnegar Brian , Oganesyan Gagik , Saha Supriya K. , Yamazaki Soh , Doyle Sean E. , Dempsey Paul W. , Cheng Genhong
Published: October 2006

Proper activation of nuclear factor (NF)–κB transcription factors is critical in regulating fundamental biological processes such as cell survival and proliferation, as well as in inflammatory and immune responses. Recently, the NF-κB signaling pathways have been categorized into the canonical pathway, which results in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB complexes containing p50, and the noncanonical pathway, which involves the induced processing of p100 to p52 and the formation of NF-κB complexes containing p52 (Bonizzi, G., and M. Karin. 2004. Trends Immunol. 25:280–288). We demonstrate that loss of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor–associated factor 3 (TRAF3) results in constitutive noncanonical NF-κB activity. Importantly, TRAF3−/− B cells show ligand-independent up-regulation of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and protection from spontaneous apoptosis during in vitro culture. In addition, we demonstrate that loss of TRAF3 results in profound accumulation of NF-κB–inducing kinase in TRAF3−/− cells. Finally, we show that the early postnatal lethality observed in TRAF3-deficient mice is rescued by compound loss of the noncanonical NF-κB p100 gene. Thus, these genetic data clearly demonstrate that TRAF3 is a critical negative modulator of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and that constitutive activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway causes the lethal phenotype of TRAF3-deficient mice.
Propagation de paires couvrantes dans les groupes symplectiques
Authors: Blondel Corinne
Published: October 2006

Let

π
\pi

be a self-dual supercuspidal representation of

G
L
(
N
,
F
)

GL(N,F)

and

ρ
\rho

a supercuspidal representation of

S
p
(
2
k
,
F
)

Sp(2k,F)

, with

F
F

a local nonarchimedean field of odd residual characteristic. Given a type, indeed a

S
p
(
2
N
+
2
k
,
F
)

Sp(2N+2k,F)

-cover, for the inertial class
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-bracket upper G upper L left-parenthesis upper N comma upper F right-parenthesis times upper S p left-parenthesis 2 k comma upper F right-parenthesis comma pi circled-times rho right-bracket Subscript upper S p left-parenthesis 2 upper N plus 2 k comma upper F right-parenthesis">

[
G
L
(
N
,
F
)
×
S
p
(
2
k
,
F
)
,
π
⊗
ρ

]

S
p
(
2
N
+
2
k
,
F
)

[GL(N,F) \times Sp(2k,F), \pi \otimes \rho ]_{Sp(2N+2k,F)}

satisfying suitable hypotheses, we produce a type, indeed a

S
p
(
2
t
N
+
2
k
,
F
)

Sp(2tN+2k,F)

-cover, for the inertial class
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-bracket upper G upper L left-parenthesis upper N comma upper F right-parenthesis Superscript times t Baseline times upper S p left-parenthesis 2 k comma upper F right-parenthesis comma pi Superscript circled-times t Baseline circled-times rho right-bracket Subscript upper S p left-parenthesis 2 t upper N plus 2 k comma upper F right-parenthesis">

[
G
L
(
N
,
F

)

×
t

×
S
p
(
2
k
,
F
)
,

π

⊗
t

⊗
ρ

]

S
p
(
2
t
N
+
2
k
,
F
)

[GL(N,F)^{\times t} \times Sp(2k,F), \pi ^{\otimes t } \otimes \rho ]_{Sp(2tN+2k,F)}

, for any positive integer

t
t

. We describe the corresponding Hecke algebra as a convolution algebra over an affine Weyl group of type

C
~

t

\tilde C_t

with quadratic relations inherited from the case

t
=
1

t=1

and the structural data for

π
\pi

.
Random walk methods for scalar transport problems subject to Dirichlet, Neumann and mixed boundary conditions
Authors: Keanini R.G
Published: October 2006

Three stochastic-based methods are proposed for solving unsteady scalar transport problems in bounded, single-phase domains. The first (Method I), a local solution appropriate to problems having Dirichlet conditions, adapts a well-known local stochastic solution of a backward Fokker–Planck equation to scalar transport. Method II, a local solution applicable to Dirichlet, Neumann and/or mixed initial boundary value problems (IBVPs), and representing a time-dependent extension of a recently reported heuristic steady solution, provides a straightforward addition to the limited collection of techniques available for Neumann and mixed problems. This approach is shown to be equivalent to a long-standing, rigorous low-order solution and, in addition, allows development of a probabilistic-based analytical solution to Neumann problems, stated in terms of an exit probability. Method III, a global solution, likewise suitable for Neumann and mixed IBVPs, follows by combined application of domain boundary Taylor expansions and Method I. This approach is shown to be computationally equivalent to a global version of Method II.
RECENT STUDIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING GLASSMELTING*
Authors: TURNER W. E S.
Published: October 2006

In normal glassmaking processes not one of the alkaline carbonates is decomposed by heat alone, whereas at 800°C their reaction with silica proceeds rapidly. Calcium carbonate, on the other hand, decomposes completely at 610°C; hence it is almost entirely thermal and does not rise by interaction with silica. There is evidence that in mixtures of sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and silica the shrinkage and sintering of the mass at 600°C and 750°C are due entirely to reaction of the soda and silica, the calcium acting as it does in the simple calcium carbonate and silica mixtures.
A STUDY OF SOME FRIT COMPOSITIONS*
Authors: PARMELEE C. W. , LYON K. C.
Published: October 2006

The results of a study of seventy‐five frits containing Na2O, CaO, B2O3, Al2O3, and SiO2 and properties of melting, flowing, corrosion, solubility, and PH are reported.
THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF SOME RAW LEAD MAT GLAZES*
Authors: PARMELEE C. W. , HORAK WILLIAM
Published: October 2006

This is a report on the microstructure of mats found in the following composition range:

image

These were fired at cones 03, 2, 4, and 6. The compounds present recognized as crystals were anorthite, cession (probably), tridymite, and wollastonite. Willemite was not observed. The good mats were due to crystal separations. A high alumina content was not essential. Anorthite was the principal crystalline form present in mat glazes containing lime.
IDENTIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES BY MEANS OF X‐RAYS*
Authors: WARREN B. E.
Published: October 2006

Methods of preparing X‐ray diffraction patterns of crystalline materials, the significance of an X‐ray diffraction pattern, and its relation to the sample material are presented. Methods are also gien for identification by (a) direct analysis of pattern, and (b) comparison with diffraction patterns of known materials. Difficulties in classifying and cataloging diffraction patterns are listed. The identification of a completely unknown material is therefore, in general, not possible. Except in special cases it is necessary to have some additional information such as an approximate chemical composition. Difficulties in identification are encountered when more than one crystalline compound is present.

The advantages of X‐ray diffraction identification are as follows: (a) a definite crystalline modification is identified (not simply a chemical compound or chemical composition); (b) sharp differentiation between crystalline and amorphous or glassy modifications; (c) identification of different components when individual grains are sub‐microscopic in size; (d) the diffraction pattern consisting of a large number of lines which must fit the known pattern both with respect to the positions of the lines and their relative intensities; considerable data are available, and hence the identification by an X‐ray diffraction pattern is, in general, very definite; and (e) the production of an X‐ray diffraction pattern is very simple
ON SOME NEW GLASSES CONTAINING BISMUTH*
Authors: RIECEL E. RAYMOND , SHARP DONALD
Published: October 2006

Meltings were made of several soda‐bismuth‐silica and potash‐bismuth‐silica glasses. Data are given on refractive index, mean dispersion, and specific gravity. In general, the refractive index, specific gravity, and durability of bismuth glasses are higher than those of the corresponding lead glasses.
FACTORS FOR THE CALCULATION OF CERAMIC AND NONMETALLIC MINERALS*
Authors: SKINNER KENNETH G. , WILSON HEWITT
Published: October 2006

A table of ratios between the oxide components of ceramic and nonmetallic minerals was devised for slide‐rule calculations and can be used for calculation between the compound and its equivalent oxide. Examples of the two methods of calculation are given at the back of the table.
RELATION BETWEEN UNCOMBINED QUARTZ AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF CERAMIC BODIES*
Authors: MORGAN W. R.
Published: October 2006

The percentage by volume of uncombined quartz in each of fifteen commercial shale and fireclay bodies was determined by the intercept method by means of a petrographic microscope and a Wentworth screw‐micrometer.

The thermal expansion of the same bodies fired commercially was determined from atmospheric temperature to 1000°C by measurement of the expansion as indicated by a 1/l0,000‐inch Ames dial when the 9‐inch specimen was heated in an electric resistance furnace.

Photomicrographs of two bodies are given, showing the grain size and distribution of the quartz; expansion curves are also given, showing high cristobalite expansion for the body containing a low percentage of uncombined quartz, and low cristobalite expansion for the body containing a high percentage of uncombined quartz.

Cristobalite began to form by dissociation of the clay minerals at about cone 5 (approximately 1200°C). For bodies fired from cones 5 to 7, the expansion at 260°C, indicating the presence or absence of cristobalite, was inversely proportional to the percentage of uncombined quartz in the body. The expansion from 565 to 620°C was directly proportional to the percentage of uncombined quartz in the body.
REACTIONS BETWEEN SOLIDS IN THE ABSENCE OF A LIQUID PHASE*
Authors: TAYLOR NELSON W.
Published: October 2006

Finely divided solids in intimate contact frequently react chemically with one another. Although the reaction may be greatly accelerated by the presence of a liquid phase, the liquid is not necessary for the reaction. In the presence of a liquid the direction of reaction is usually determined by the formation of an insoluble product or by the production of a gas, but in the absence of a liquid the direction and driving force of the reactions are measured by the free energy change which may be expressed in terms of the lattice or crystal energy of the constituents.

The reactivity of an ionic type of solid is enhanced by those factors which weaken the inter‐ionic forces. Such factors are heat, structure rearrangement at transition temperatures, ionic distortion due to polarization, solid solution, etc. Specific‐heat curves of solids show temperatures at which they are acquiring considerable vibrational or rotational energy and therefore indicate temperatures at which reactions are possible. High‐temperature specific‐heat data are greatly needed in connection with the study of reactions of solids.

The lattice type of a crystal of an inorganic substance may be true ionic or it may be essentially an oxide lattice, e.g., A++BO4= or AO.BO3 and the mechanism of reaction will be different. In a reaction like A'O + ABO4= A'B04 + AO, if BO3 is a volatile oxide, the reaction may consist essentially in a distillation of BOI from A0 to A'O.

The velocity of a solid‐phase reaction is primarily determined by the heat of activation, or “work of loosening” of the constituents. This quantity can be obtained from the kinetic data itself and varies in magnitude from a few hundred calories per mol to rather large values. The greater the value of the heat of activation, the slower is the reaction. Another important factor in controlling the speed is the particle size.

Solid‐phase reactions permit the preparation of many materials which can not be made in the wet way. Silica reacts with alkali earth oxides at temperatures as low as 400°C. Lime reacts with sillimanite as low as 530°C to give calcium metasilicate and alumina. In the field of ceramics many structural changes frequently occur far below the eutectic temperature of the system. One example of this is indicated by the marked heat evolution which occurs in kaolin at about 900°C. An important reaction of the Portland cement industry is the dissociation of tricalcium silicate, 3CaO.SiO2→ 2Cao.SiO2+ CaO, which runs with maximum speed at about 1150°C.

Some practical applications to refractories are mentioned.
A METHOD OF MEASURING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AT FURNACE TEMPERATURES*
Authors: WEINLAND CLARENCE E.
Published: October 2006

An apparatus of original design for the measurement of the thermal conductivities of insulating and refractory materials at temperatures up to 2600°F was constructed. The primary heat was supplied by Globar resistors, and the rate of heat flow measured by a calibrated “heat‐meter,” means for the calibration of which were incorporated in the apparatus itself. The test specimen consisted of eight standard‐size brick forming a section 18 by 18 by 2 1/2 inches in size.

The results of six complete tests are given: one of a high‐temperature insulating brick, one of a fireclay brick, and four tests of refractory insulating brick. In two cases, comparative results from tests in a different type of apparatus are shown. The accuracy of the results obtained in testing insulating and refractory insulating brick is believed to be fully equal to the requirements of engineering use.
MAGNESIA REFRACTORIES IN BASIC OPEN‐HEARTH STEEL FURNACES*
Authors: ANDERSEN OLAF
Published: October 2006

By microscopic examination of new and old magnesia bottoms of open‐hearth furnaces it has been shown that the periclase (MgO) and the slag matrix in the bottoms undergo considerable changes during the campaign of a furnace. The periclase absorbs large amounts of iron oxide. Thus examples described show that the iron oxide (contained in solid solution as MgO.Fe2O3) in periclase may be 3% in dead‐burned magnesia, 9% in a new bottom made of a 3:l magnesia‐slag mixture, and as much as 50% in the upper layers of an old bottom. At the same time the microstructure of the bottom changes materially. The periclase in a new bottom occurs as separate, rounded grains of diameters up to 0.2 millimeter, each grain entirely surrounded by a silicate matrix which is liquid at furnace temperatures. The periclase grains in the upper layers of an old bottom may have diameters up to 0.5 millimeter; the grains are no longer separated, but are joined to a more or less continuous aggregate while the silicates (together with some calcium ferrite) now may be gathered in scattered aggregates often surrounded by periclase. The changes have been produced by the influence of slags high in iron oxide and lime. Sometimes these slags have penetrated through cracks or pores to the deeper layers of the bottom where they have changed parts of the bottom to a dark aggregate containing a periclase high in iron oxide. Reducing gases given off by the molten metal may also have produced changes in the bottom especially by reducing the iron oxide in the periclase from the ferric to the ferrous state and thus irnparting a light color to this dominating constituent and to the aggregates in which it occurs. These light aggregates are often irregularly mixed with the dark aggregates formed through the influence of slags.

Studies have been made of the reactions between magnesia brick used in end walls of open‐hearth furnaces and the furnace dust, rich in iron oxides, which accumulates on the inside surfaces of the walls. The reactions result in a gradual melting of the magnesia brick. Mag‐nesioferrite‐magnetite solid solutions and periclase‐magnesioferrite solid solutions partake, together with silicates, in this process of melting. The solid solutions must be formed before any appreciable melting of the magnesia in the brick can take place. The rate of melting will depend largely upon the rate of formation and the ultimate properties of the solid solutions. Low porosity of the brick and an oxidizing atmosphere are likely to prolong the life of the brick.
B. FLOW OF GLASS THROUGH TUBULAR ORIFICES
Authors: RICHARDSON H. K.
Published: October 2006

NOTE: The data given in this part of the paper were obtained during routine operation. It is not as precise as the writer would wish it to be, but a study of this material has indicated the probable relationships which apply to the flaw of glass through tubular orifices. In all the data given the word “die” is used and should be understood to mean a tubular orifice.
X‐RAY DETERMINATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF GLASS*
Authors: WARREN B. E.
Published: October 2006

A method has been developed for analyzing the X‐ray diffraction patterns of amorphous solids, and the atomic arrangement in two simple glasses has been completely worked out. In SO2, for example, each silicon is tetra‐hedrally surrounded by 4 oxygens at a distance 1.60 AIR, and each oxygen is shared between two such tetrahedral groups. The mutual orientation of the two groups about their common direction of bonding is random, and hence it is a random three‐dimensional network which is built up. The configuration does not repeat at regular intervals and hence is noncrystalline; it is this feature which distinguishes the glassy state from the crystalline.
THE EFFECT OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE IN GLASSES, GLAZES, AND ENAMELS*
Authors: KINZIE C. J. , COMMONS C. H.
Published: October 2006

The subject of zirconium opacity is discussed from the theoretical and practical standpoint.
EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS ON VITREOUS ENAMEL SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: ANDREWS A. I. , PORST E. G.
Published: October 2006

A study of the effect of natural waters of varying hardness on the yield values and mobilities of enamel slips using the Gardner mobilometer is given.
CONDENSABLE VAPORS IN A TANK FURNACE MELTING A SALTCAKE BATCH*
Authors: GREGORIUS J. S. , MAHAFFEY W. A.
Published: October 2006

Vapors arising from the surface of a tank melting a saltcake batch were collected on water‐cooled condensers. The condensates were analyzed and these data, together with analyses of checker chamber slag and flue débris, permitted certain interpretations of superstructure corrosion by vapors.
VISCOSITY AND REBOILING OF BLUE GROUND COATS*
Authors: DANIELSON R. R. , TETRICK J. D.
Published: October 2006

The evolution of gases during the firing or refiring of ground coats on sheet iron or steel may be the cause of certain types of copperheading in the ground coat or in blistering of the cover enamel. The fluidity of the ground coat in the melted state on the ware has an important bearing on its ability to free itself of the gases.

The calculated refractory value of an enamel is an index of its fusibility and fluidity during the firing operations. It is therefore an aid in the compounding of enamels which will minimize the defects arising from the evolution of gases during the firing of the enamels.
MICROSCOPIC CONTROL OF PARTICLE SIZE IN REFRACTORY MANUFACTURE*
Authors: Fabianic W. L.
Published: October 2006

A comparison is made of the results of particle‐size determinations by screening, elutriation, and microscopic count. Particular stress is laid on those sizes under 325‐mesh (44 microns). The results obtained indicate that the microscope offers a quick practical method of sufficient accuracy to warrant its use in such work.
REACTIONS IMPORTANT FOR ADHERENCE WHEN FIRING GROUND COATS CONTAINING NO ADHERENCE‐PROMOTING OXIDES*
Authors: Dietzel A. , Meures K. , King R. M.
Published: October 2006

A study was made of the reactions occurring in adherence when firing ground coats containing no adherence‐promoting oxides. Enamel coatings were fired on trial pieces of steel through three stages or zones and the results of each firing were noted. It was found that in laboratory tests, enamels which do not contain cobalt and nickel oxides have good adhering qualities if they are correctly fired. Iron oxide increases the refractive index of the enamel.
THE RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORY BRICK*
Authors: Austin J. B. , Pierce R. H. H.
Published: October 2006

In the report on the cooperative tests on heat transfer through refractories presented at the Symposium in Cincinnati last February two important points, (1) the reproducibility of the measurement on a given brick in the same apparatus and (2) the possibility of variation in the brick tested at the different laboratories, were not adequately discussed. A thorough test of these points would require a large number of measurements on one brick and a rather large number of specimens, with a statistical treatment of the results, but a preliminary study on a smaller amount of data has led to some useful conclusions.

The examination of a set of silica brick similar to those used in the coöperative tests and of the set of silica brick used by Wilkes in his measurements shows that with our apparatus, which is of the Wilkes' type, the individual readings taken on a single brick do not deviate from the average of a number of readings by more than 5%; and the real variation in the thermal conductivity of these brick appears to be less than can be detected in our apparatus. It is concluded, therefore, that the source of the differences existing in the values reported by the several cooperating laboratories lies not in the sample but almost entirely in the methods employed.

In addition to the results on the silica brick mentioned, data are given for the thermal conductivity of three brands of silica splits and for fireclay splits.

A detailed description of the apparatus is also given.
A STUDY OF THE WORKING PROPERTIES OF SILICA MORTARS*
Authors: Cole Sandford S.
Published: October 2006

AESRACT

A method of testing the consistency of silica mortars is described which is a modification of the flow test for concrete and building mortars. The effect of added colloids and PH on the working properties is described. The use of colloids will produce marked improvements in mortars and will prevent settling out of the aggregate.
CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIES OF “RADEX” MAGNESITE BRICK*
Authors: Budnikoff P. P. , Pines B. J.
Published: October 2006

Physical and chemical data on “Radex” magnesite brick are given, macro‐ and micro‐structure studies described, and details of X‐ray tests are noted. The brick is highly resistant to basic slag, and has spalling resistance under rapid temperature fluctuations.
THE GUARDED RADIATION PLATE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Peterson C. A.
Published: October 2006

A new hot‐plate apparatus and method for measuring thermal conductivities at elevated temperatures are shown and an accurate means of measuring the rate of heat flow through the test piece by means of a calibrated heat loss or “radiation” plate is described. Normal heat flow is assured by means of guard heaters around both hot plate and radiation plate. Test pieces can be cut from one‐half of a 9‐inch straight brick. The calculation of results is shortened to a few minutes, calibration can be checked in place, and construction details are shown. The results on products in the market will be given in a subsequent paper.
THE TESTING OF GLASS CONTAINERS FOR CHEMICAL DURABILITY*
Authors: Turner W. E. S.
Published: October 2006

Any standard method prescribed for testing the chemical durability of glass as, for example, in the form of bottles, must be set out and subsequently applied with meticulous attention to detail. For bottles of any one composition, the alkali extracted by water can be modified by the annealing conditions and by the period and conditions of storage. Individual bottles in a set may, for these reasons, not give very closely agreeing results. Standard tests must have reference to a particular size and shape of bottle. Within the limits of time tested (5 to 6 hours), the total extraction by water is proportional to the area of surface exposed; the concentration of Na2O in the solution obtained falls off as bottle capacity increases. Besides alkali extraction, pitting and cracking, when boiled with water, and flaking must be taken into account when assessing the chemical durability. Bottles after storage and subsequent washing usually yield a smaller amount of Na2O to water than when new; on the other hand, the tendency to produce flaking is increased. Aqueous alcohol more readily leads to the production of flakes than water alone, a maximum effect being associated with the mixture containing approximately 40% by volume of alcohol. Alkali extraction, however, is greater with water than with the alcohol‐water mixtures.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL SUSPENSION, I Exchangeable Base and Viscosity Measurements on Some Vallendar Clays*
Authors: Terry G. E. , King R. M.
Published: October 2006

The results of viscosity measurements upon untreated and electrodialyzed Vallendar clay slips, using borax as an electrolyte in varying concentrations, are set forth and discussed. Several Vallendar clays have been analyzed for exchangeable base content and the results are given.
LITHIUM OXIDE AS A CONSTITUENT OF GLASSES‐ITS EFFECT THERMAL EXPANSION*
Authors: Navias Louis
Published: October 2006

Winkelmann and Schott give the factors of 10.0 to Na2O, 8.5 to K2O, and 2.0 to Li2O to indicate the effect of these oxides upon thermal expansion. A review of the literature of glasses containing Li2O and some measurements made on new glasses indicate that, in respect to thermal expansion, Li2O is as effective as Na2O in promoting high expansibility.
NOTE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN COBALT AND NICKEL‐OXIDE CONTENT AND REBOILING OF SHEET‐STEEL GROUND COATS*
Authors: Cayford J. M. , King R. M.
Published: October 2006

To a selected enamel varying amounts of cobalt and nickel oxides were added and the duration and persistence of reboiling were determined. These oxides were found to have a definite influence on reboiling.
THE USE OF A NICKEL DIP IN ENAMELING PRACTICE*
Authors: Hansen J. E. , Irwin J. T.
Published: October 2006

The compositions of various nickel salt solutions now being used commercially in enameling practice and reasons for their use are given. The advantages to be gained are better adherence of enamel to the metal, decreased fishscaling, and control of copperheading conditions. Methods for control of PH and for analysis of solutions are given.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTION OF STEAM ON GLASS*
Authors: Burch O. O.
Published: October 2006

The action of saturated steam on glass is apparently an action of superheated water. Filtration of saturated steam with partial removal of entrained water materially decreases the rate of decomposition of glass in contact with the steam, while dry steam has no apparent effect on glass. The decomposition of blown glass articles by saturated steam is influenced by the size, shape, and thickness of the articles and by their past history.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF GLASS IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Silverman W. B.
Published: October 2006

The modulus of elasticity of a glass was determined at various temperatures by measuring the elongation of a glass fiber under load. The rate of decrease of modulus with temperature showed an abrupt change between 250°C and 300°C. It was considered that this phenomenon was connected with the increased rate of expansion which occurs in glasses near these temperatures.

A description is given of an interferometric method of measuring the deflection of compressed specimens at temperatures up to the softening point of the glass.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF ZIRCONIA ON THE CHEMICAL DURABILITY OF SOME BOROSILICATE GLASSES*
Authors: Horak William , Sharp Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Four meltings were made on a small scale of a borosilicate glass in which ZrO2 was progressively substituted for Al2O3 Determinations of chemical durability showed that the substitution increased the resistance of the glasses to weathering.
THE USE OF SODIUM CYANIDE IN A NEUTRALIZING BATH IN PICKLING SHEET IRON FOR ENAMELING*
Authors: Shands E. H. , Bruton G. L. , Grimes G. J.
Published: October 2006

Sodium cyanide has been found to be effective as a neutralizer when used in equal parts with soda ash. Its principal advantages are (1) lengthened life of the solution, (2) increased speed of the neutralizing reaction, (3) more thorough penetration into the pores of the steel, and (4) economy in plant operation.
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF MAGNESIUM ALUMINATE (SPINEL) AS A MATERIAL FOR GLASSMELTING CONTAINERS*
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Lyon K. C.
Published: October 2006

Crucibles were formed from spinel raw materials and commercial spinel grains, with and without admixtures of other chemicals. Bottle glass was melted in these and the behavior was compared with similar containers made from fueclay grog and mullite (Corhart).

The tests consisted of heating bottle glass in the crucibles at 1400°C for four hours and noting the appearance of the crucibles after the treatment. The results indicated that. under the conditions used, magnesia spinel is not suited for glass refractory material.
MECHANICAL METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE PLASTICITY OF CLAYS AND MIXTURES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Whittemore J. W.
Published: October 2006

A method of measuring the plasticity of clays and mixtures of clays is presented. An apparatus is described by which the penetration of a constantly loaded hemisphere into a plastic clay mass during a definite time period is measured. The data indicate that the formula, d= atP, expresses the relationship between t, the amount of penetration, during t, the time periods studied for any clay. Undoubtedly α is related to the load used, the diameter of the hemisphere, and some of the properties of the clay; P, in the formula, is a measure of the plastic properties of the clay. The data also show, through the variations in the value of P, the marked change in plasticity of a clay caused by changes in grinding, aging, and de‐airing of a clay.
THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION OF COLORS*
Authors: Maerz A.
Published: October 2006

Colors may be referred to by names or by systematic symbols. Of the latter, a number of systems has been proposed during the course of years, but none has ever found general or lasting acceptance. The reasons for this are brought out in an outline of the development of such systems and in an analysis and comparison of the whole group. A history of this kind has never been drawn up before and, without it as a background, the standardization of colors and of an accepted nomenclature can not be understood. The custom of referring to colors by names is examined in detail to determine whether a more systematic and standardized usage of names is not possible.
BASE RELEASE OF SOME COMMERCIAL GLASSES AS DETERMINED BY ELECTRODIALYSIS *
Authors: King R. M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Nine commercial glasses were electrodialyzed, and the results were compared with those obtained by the American Ceramic Society No. 1 powder method. Data showing the rates at which bases were released have been included.
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON PLASTICITY OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Whittaker H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

A Kentucky ball clay and a Georgia kaolin were resolved into seven practically monodisperse fractions, ranging from 0.2 to 20.0 microns in mean size. The distribution of sizes and the physical characteristics of the fractions were determined to place the fractions on a comparable basis. Plasticity, drying shrinkage, and dry strength measurements were made on the fractions. There was no definite relationship between drying shrinkage and particle size, but, in general, the drying shrinkage increased with decreasing particle size. The drying shrinkage measurements, however, afforded a means for computing the thickness of water films at the maximum plasticity developed. This computed thickness was between 90 and 160 Angstrom units at maximum plasticity. The dry strength increased up to a certain limit in direct relation with increased area of surface or decreased particle size. The optimum plasticity value, taken as the product of yield and strain, increased with increasing surface area according to the relation.

Log S = AP + B.

Where S= surface available per 100 g. clay.

P= plasticity.

A and B= constants.

The constant, B, is equal to 180 × 104 for the kaolinite used in this investigation. This means that there must be more than 180 × 104 square centimeters of total surface per 100 grams of clay on the basis of platelike particles before the material will exhibit plasticity. This surface represents a monodisperse system of particles approximately 2 microns in diameter; systems containing particles more than 2 microns in diameter exhibit the Osborne‐Reynolds close‐packing effect.
SOME FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NEPHELINE SYENITE*
Authors: Koenig C. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The fundamental properties of nepheline syenite, such as thermal expansion and fusion characteristics, are given. Test specimens of twelve bodies, comprising various flux combinations of nepheline syenites and potash feldspars with talc, whiting, magnesium carbonate, and pyrophyllite, were fired to seven different cones. The firing linear shrinkage curves of combinations of nepheline syenite with the. various materials are somewhat similar to such combinations with potash feldspar except that the syenite combinations are active at lower temperatures. That the sintering ranges of nepheline syenites are longer than those of potash feldspar is explained thermochemically.
ABSORPTION OF MAGNESIA BY CHROMITE SPINEL*
Authors: Trostbl L. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The expansion of chrome ore‐magnesite mixtures is attributed to the solid solution of magnesia in the spinel component of the ore. This conclusion is substantiated by measurements of the density, index of refraction, and lattice width, before and after exposure to magnesia.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COLOR IN PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Zwermann Carl H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Several different colored stains were prepared and added separately to a transparent enamel. The effect of fineness of the enamel, thickness of application, and various heat treatments on the colors obtained with application on both white and black undercoats were studied by analyzing the resulting colors with a K. & E. spectrophotometer. The percentage of reflectance for each wave‐length in the visible spectrum was plotted. Microscopic and X‐ray examinations were also made in order to study the factors producing the color changes noted.
CHROME‐MAGNESITE BRICK FOR OPEN‐HEARTH FURNACES*
Authors: Chesters J. H. , Lynam T. R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

(1) The attempt to replace silica brick in open‐hearth, furnaces by more refractory basic brick has raised a number of interesting problems. Thus, chrome‐magnesite brick, although much improved in their physical properties, are subject to certain limitations in service, e.g., the bursting which occurs when they become impregnated with iron oxide. (2) The properties of a number of British and Continental chrome‐magnesite brick are given, including data on the factors determining their thermal‐shock and bursting resistance. The influence of iron oxide on the melting point of chrome‐magnesite brick is also discussed. (3) The results obtained, both with limited trials and with complete furnaces built from chrome‐magnesite brick, are described, and an attempt is made to analyze the ultimate causes of failure. (4) Both laboratory and service tests suggest that the bursting which accompanies iron‐oxide absorption is responsible for a considerable part of the damage but that this can be overcome at least in part by a modification of the brick batch. With hot metal furnaces, where the concentration of iron oxide is lower and shutdowns less frequent than in cold metal furnaces, the life obtained with chrome‐magnesite brick is considerably greater.
IDENTITY AND AMOUNTS OF FLUORIDE CRYSTALS PRESENT IN ENAMELS*
Authors: King Burnham W. , Andrews Andrew I.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

A group of enamels containing fluorspar, cryolite, and sodium silicofluoride, added in various proportions, was prepared under carefully controlled conditions, including smelting in an electric resistor furnace. The only mill additions were clay and water; no opacifier was used. X‐ray diffraction patterns were made of all the fired enamels. Recrystallized cryolite (Na3AlF6), fluorite (CaF2), and villiaumite (NaF) were found in the fired enamels. Cryolite, the most important opacifier used in the enamels studied, was found to recrystallize whenever enough cryolite or sodium silicofluoride was added in the raw batch. The accuracy of the X‐ray method was found to be ±1/2% for villiaumite or fluorite and ± 1% for cryolite. A calculation of the unaccounted‐for fluorine showed it to be fairly constant at about 2.8%.
NOTES ON CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS*
Authors: Vilensky Michel B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The old tedious method of dehydration of silica is replaced by a new, short method. The dehydrating agent used is HClO4 in place of HCl. The evaporation is performed in a period of 1 to 2 hours by employing a specially designed platinum radiator. The complete chemical analysis of glass is made in a very short time. All ingredients of the glass are determined, one after another, by employing the same sample of the material. The alkali contents are determined by using a separate sample. Many samples of different glasses have been analyzed with satisfactory results, which are tabulated.
CRISTOBALITE FORMATION AS A FACTOR IN FREEZING OF PYROMETRIC CONES*
Authors: Smith Paul Laurens
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Studies were made of the thermal expansion, X‐ray pattern, and fusion behavior of cones 7 and 8 “frozen” in a commercial kiln. Similar studies were made on specimens heat‐treated in the laboratory, and it is shown that the characteristics of a “frozen” cone may be produced in cones 7 and 8 by proper heat treatment. Evidence is presented which indicates that freezing is due at least in part to the formation of cristobal‐ite by devitrification.
SOME PROPERTIES OF SEMISILICA BRICK*
Authors: Remmby G. Bickley
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The most important differences between semisilica, super‐duty, first‐quality clay, and silica brick are shown by comparative tests. A new 24‐hour deformation test is described which measures the rate of deformation of brick at various temperatures. First‐quality clay brick are shown to have fairly rapid flow at temperatures as low as 2150°F, and super‐duty brick at 2350°F; semisilica brick show a zero rate of deformation up to 2650°F. First‐quality clay brick vitrify and spall at temperatures as low as 2300°F; under similar conditions, semisilica brick do not vitrify at much higher temperatures. Limitations in the use of semisilica brick are also discussed.
V, ELECTRIC KILNS AND FURNACES
Authors: Gould R. E. , Toole M. G. , Nelson M. S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

An experimental electric tunnel kiln firing to cones 13 to 14 is described. This kiln is different from previous electric‐kiln experiments in the type of heating elements used, their position in the kiln, and the method of heat recuperation. Heating is done by a new graphite resistor operated at low wattage dispersion placed horizontally in the kiln to heat the charge from underneath and on top. The difficulties in putting the kiln into operation are described.

The experiment was undertaken to answer three primary questions, viz., (1) do resistors exist that will heat properly to these temperatures and is their life “commercial” in cost and ease of manipulation; (2) can heating be done evenly over given cross sections; and (3) what are the relative costs of using electricity as a fuel compared with other types, such as gas, oil, or coal?

The operation of the electric kiln was successful after it was adjusted mechanically; no grave difficulties were encountered in the heating elements, and the heating over the cross section used was even.

From the data obtained, it appears that under certain conditions the use of electricity as a fuel can compete with gas or oil. The power input into the kiln for any given temperature is a constant, and the power consumed per unit weight varies inversely with the weight of the charge per cubic foot and the speed of schedule.
STUDY OF MILLING AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL SLIPS*
Authors: Fellows R. L. , McLaughlin J. L.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

In studying the effect of some of the variables in ball‐mill operation on porcelain enamel slips, variations in the amount of frit charge, amount of ball charge, size of balls, and r.p.m. of the mill were found to change the fineness distribution of a white steel enamel. Other variables, such as the water content, temperature of milling, and pressure under which the enamel was milled, apparently had little effect on the fineness of the enamel. An increase in temperature at which the enamels were milled decreased the Na2O to B2O3 ratio of the mill liquor and decreased the set of the enamel. Variation in milling under the conditions stated had no effect on the opacity or gloss and texture of the enamels.
EFFECT OF SOME ELECTROLYTES ON THE CONSISTENCY OF A DIPPING ENAMEL*
Authors: Whitesell R. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

A comparison was made of the effect of various electrolytes on the consistency of a dipping enamel. The results indicated that the order of preference of the electrolytes tested was sodium nitrite, barium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium carbonate, and hydrochloric acid. The influence of the anion on the effect of various sodium compounds as electrolytes was determined.
THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE DIFFUSION OF WATER IN CLAYS*
Authors: Morgan W. R. , Hursh R. K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Drying tests were made on Florida clay under various conditions of temperature, relative humidity, and thickness of the specimen and on packed grains of Indiana shale of various grain sizes and water contents. The results show the effects of these variables on the rate of drying and indicate that the rates of evaporation are less than would be expected for free liquid evaporation; that no initial constant rate of drying, as proposed by Sherwood and his associates, exists in the drying of clays; that the diffusion coefficient in the diffusion equation is not a constant, as assumed; and that the equation, as used by Sherwood, Newman, and others, is not applicable to the drying of clays. In general, the drying of clays may be said to take place in two stages, an initial stage during which the rate of drying decreases slowly and approximately linearly until shrinkage is completed at the surface, and a second stage during which the rate of drying falls off rapidly because of increased resistance to diffusion of liquid and vapor from the interior of the ware. The rather sharp discontinuity separating the two branches of the rate curve has been called the critical point or the surface shrinkage limit.
ADAPTING MINIATURE CAMERAS TO PETROGRAPHIC PHOTOMICROGRAPHY*
Authors: Dear Paul S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

A simplified, composite apparatus by means of which miniature cameras may be adapted to the work of petrographic photomicrography is described. An assembly drawing of the various component parts is included, and examples of the application of the apparatus to problems in ceramic technology are given.
DRYING CERAMIC PRODUCTS USING INDUCED ULTRA‐HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL ENERGY*
Authors: Vaughan T. C. , Revercomb H. E. , Murray W. A. , Whittemore J. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

An apparatus was designed whereby samples of plastic clay could be dried by induced ultra‐high frequency electrical energy. Clays were dried by this method, and comparisons were made with drying under controlled relative humidity and heated air. Possible practical applications of this method of drying for ceramic plants are noted.
VISCOSITY STUDIES OF DICKITE SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: Helz A. W.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Viscosity studies are reported for suspensions of dickite. A horizontal capillary‐tube instrument was used to determine the relation between rate of shear and the shearing stress. The effect of oxalic acid, citric acid, tannic acid, and Na4P2O7 on the flow properties of dickite in water suspensions is shown. The specific hydrodynamic volumes of dickite in the water suspensions and in glycerine are calculated by the equation, η=η0 (1 + 2.5C + 14.1C2). The resulting values are an indication of the degree of defloccula‐tion. Citric acid has a negligible effect on the specific hydrodynamic volume, and oxalic acid and sodium pyrophosphate decrease it nearly to unity. Oxalic acid and tannic acid give the suspension the property of dilatancy. A brief review of this property and other flow properties of suspensions is included.
GLASS‐FRACTURE VELOCITY*
Authors: Barstow F. E. , Edgerton H. E.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Using an electric spark lasting less than one‐millionth second as a light source, cracks in glass have been successfully photographed during their propagation. A steel ball driven against the glass with a spring initiated fracture and simultaneously actuated an adjustable electrical time‐delay circuit, which in turn set off the spark at the required instant. By the use of two sparks, the velocity of propagation of cracks in glass was found to be constant and almost exactly 5040 feet per second—the same velocity found by Schardin and Struth. In general, the tips of the cracks form a nearly perfect circle at any particular instant, though some individual photographs show nonsymmetry.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN IMPROVEMENT OF CLAYS THROUGH PH CONTROL*
Authors: Barker George J. , Truog Emil
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The pH‐controlled process of clay treatment will produce beneficial results if proper information on the clay is available before treatment. The pH curve usually will supply this information. Three different types of curves are presented and discussed. Soluble salts affect the process. These effects and manner of control are explained. Actual tests which have been made in plant operations during the past year and the results obtained are described.
THE SERIES IRON OXIDES‐LIME*
Authors: Crook Welton J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

The literature in general shows a considerable divergence of opinion regarding the basicity of the ferrite formed in steelmaking slags. Evidence is presented which indicates that when mixtures of iron oxide and lime are melted under oxidizing conditions in contact with metallic iron a ternary system between CaO‐FeO‐Fe2O3 prevails and that the compound formed between lime and ferric oxide has the composition 3CaO‐Fe2O3, except possibly for melts containing somewhat less than 10 mol.% CaO.

A eutectic was found between FeO and 3CaO Fe2O3, which contains approximately 40 mol.% CaO.

It is believed that when basic steelmaking slags are considered, the ternary system CaO‐FeO‐Fe2O3 should be substituted for the binary system CaO‐Fe2O3, which has been used generally in the past.
A LABORATORY SLAGGING‐TEST FURNACE WITH A ROTATING BURNER*
Authors: Hursh R. K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract

A furnace is described in which uniform heat treatment and slag application is given to panels of test brick by means of a rotating gas burner through which the slag is fed in powdered form. Temperature gradients in the test panels and some test data are given.