bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Arecanut Production Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Tumcos (Tota Utpannagala Marata Sahakara Sangha Niyamit) Members and Non-Members in Davanagere, Karnataka, India
Authors: Y. H. Preeti, , Hemavathi S. U., , G. N. Gunashree, , R. Rahul Prasad, , K. R. Ananda, , H. B. Arpitha,
Published: February 2025

Arecanut (Areca catechu), commonly known as betel nut, is a vital commercial crop in India, with Karnataka being the leading producer. Despite its economic significance, arecanut growers encounter various challenges, including increasing input costs, labor shortages, and limited knowledge of pest and disease management. Cooperatives like TUMCOS (Tota Utpannagala Marata Sahakara Sangha Niyamit) play a crucial role in supporting farmers by providing essential resources, training programs, and market linkages. This study assesses the production performance of arecanut growers by comparing TUMCOS members and non-members in Davanagere district, Karnataka. Conducted across five TUMCOS branch areas during 2020-2021, the study employed an ex-post facto research design. A total of 120 farmers (60 TUMCOS members and 60 non-members) were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through structured personal interviews and analyzed using statistical tools to evaluate production performance, knowledge levels, and adoption rates of recommended agricultural practices. Findings indicate that TUMCOS members exhibited superior performance compared to non-members, with over two-fifths (41.66%) of members achieving high production performance, whereas more than half (53.34%) of non-members fell into the medium-performance category. Similarly, knowledge levels were higher among members, with 41.66% possessing high knowledge compared to only 25.00% of non-members. This disparity was attributed to regular training sessions, extension services, and access to quality inputs facilitated by TUMCOS. Additionally, the adoption of recommended practices, particularly in irrigation methods, pest management, and intercropping, was more prevalent among members. The study underscores the significance of cooperative membership in enhancing farmers' technical expertise and resource availability, thereby improving productivity. Strengthening cooperative networks and expanding extension services can help bridge the gap between members and non-members, promoting sustainable arecanut farming. Addressing labor shortages, improving disease management knowledge, and ensuring access to high-quality seedlings are critical areas for future intervention.
Optimization of Drying Parameters for Maximum Nutrient Retention in Cassia auriculata: Implications for Functional Food Development
Authors: K Thirumalaiselvi , Babu C.Raja , Sugumar Raji V , Jasmine Sheeba
Published: February 2025

The development of efficient drying techniques for medicinal plants while preserving their nutritional composition remains a significant challenge in food processing technology. This study investigated the impact of three distinct drying methods (solar, cabinet, and shade drying) on the nutritional composition of Cassiaauriculata leaves, buds, and flowers. Fresh samples were collected and processed following standard protocols, with dried materials ground into powder and analysed in triplicate. Comprehensive proximate analysis revealed significant variations in fat content (p<0.008) and tannins (p<0.001) across drying methods. Mineral profiling demonstrated notable differences in potassium (p=0.001), selenium (p=0.004), magnesium (p<0.001), and copper (p=0.005) concentrations among the samples. Shade-dried samples exhibited superior nutrient retention, maintaining higher levels of essential minerals including calcium (6484.57 mg/kg), potassium (11100.2 mg/kg), and magnesium (2108.95 mg/kg) compared to solar and cabinet drying methods. Additionally, shade drying preserved the highest crude fiber content (16.20%) and protein levels (12.15%). The study establishes shade drying as the optimal method for Cassia auriculata processing, achieving a 40% recovery rate while maximizing nutrient preservation. These findings provide valuable insights for the standardization of drying protocols in medicinal plant processing and have significant implications for the functional food industry.
Phytochemical Screening and Effectiveness of Calotropis procera Ait. R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) Leaf Powder Against Cowpea Bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus Fab.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidea)
Authors: Barry Raoul Borkeum , Ebéné Michel Awoumé , Fotso Tagne Gabriel , Ndouyang Christian , Paggo Bruno Olivier Rouama , Ngakou Albert , Nukenine Nchiwan Elias
Published: February 2025

Cowpea grain is a legume that plays an important role in the diets of many populations. However its production is limited by several biotic and abiotic constraints, including the attack of Callosobruchus maculatus beetles. In this way, Calotropis procera leaf powder extract was evaluated in the ambient laboratory conditions (t ≈ 25.74 ± 1.03°C; r.h. ≈ 71.48 ± 2.04%) for adult mortality, F1 progeny reduction and seed damage, as well as on seed viability. Leaf powder was tested at 2, 4, 8 and 16 g/kg with four replications. Seed viability was assessed using seeds preserved for two months at a single concentration of 16 g/kg. Results showed that significant mortalities of C. maculatus on treated cowpea grains was recorded with leaf powder at all the concentrations, and they increased with the increasing of concentrations used and exposure periods. At the lowest concentration of 2 g/kg, C. procera leaf powder recorded more than 85% of mortality 1 day after exposure. The highest concentration (16 g/kg) caused almost complete adult mortality. The leaf extract used in this study showed complete inhibition in the F1 progeny emergence of C. maculatus within in the concentration of 8 g/kg, and considerably reduced grain damage caused by C. maculatus. Seeds viability were not affected by C. procera leaf extract used. Considering these results, C. procera leaf powder extract could be a good alternative insecticide for cowpea grains protection during storage.
Detecting Blindsight in Clinical Settings: A Preliminary Case Series Investigation
Authors: Aleci Carlo , Dutto Ketty
Published: February 2025

Aims: After occipital damage, hemianopic patients may respond to targets presented in their non-responsive hemifield even if they are unaware of their presence. This phenomenon, called blindsight, is probably mediated by an extrastriate route and can be revealed by forced-choice response paradigms. Since blindsight can help patients avoid obstacles and prevent collisions, and can be trained, identifying blindsight subjects within the clinical setting deserves consideration. This preliminary investigation assesses the effectiveness of a simple and fast procedure devised on purpose in four well-studied hemianopic patients.
Study Design: Case-series.
Place and Duration of Study: University of Turin, Dept of Ophthalmology, between February 2023 and July 2024.
Methodology: Flickering sinusoidal gratings (temporal frequency: 10 Hz) were briefly presented in the blind hemifield above or below the horizontal meridian. Fixation was strictly monitored. Subjects had to report, according to a 2AFC (Alternative-Forced Choice) temporal paradigm, in which interval the stimulus was presented.
Results: A proportion of correct responses significantly above chance was recorded in subject DC (60.94%, c2 = 6.08, p: .013) with selective deafferentiation of the striate cortex whereas the performance of the other patients, with more extensive damage, was at a chance level.
Conclusion: In line with the literature, blindsight depends on the extent of the cerebral injury. This simple and fast procedure (examination time: approximately 20 minutes) seems promising for selecting, within the clinical setting, patients who should be further investigated for blindsight. Within a translational framework, the aim is to customize and optimize rehabilitation programs aimed at increasing the unconscious detection rate in the blind region and, hopefully, switching unconscious detection into aware perception.
Effect of Gypsum Application on Salinity Stress Mitigation at Different Growth Stages of Boro Rice cv. BRRI dhan47
Authors: Jolly Nilufar Yeasmin , Pervin Salina , Rana Md. Sohel , Nasim Md Roconuzzaman , Biswas Monisha , Khan Md. Abdul Wahed , Rahman Md. Anisur , Billah Masum , Ahmed Md. Foyez , Begum Mahfuza , Kader Md. Abdul
Published: February 2025

Salinity is a critical abiotic stress in Bangladesh, severely limiting rice growth and yield due to the crop's high sensitivity to saline conditions. While gypsum application is known to mitigate salinity stress, its effects on different growth stages of rice under varying salinity levels remain inadequately explored. To address this gap, a study was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh (24.75°N, 90.5°E), during the Boro season (November 2023 to April 2024). The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four salinity levels (0, 4, 8, and 12 dS m-1) and three gypsum levels (0, 1, and 2 g gypsum kg-1 soil) applied across three growth stages: tillering, panicle initiation, and flowering. Results demonstrated that high salinity (120 mM NaCl) significantly reduced plant height (9.63%), tiller number (7.8%), leaf area index (19.32%), and grain yield (24.19%) compared to the control. In contrast, gypsum application at 2 g kg-1 soil effectively mitigated salinity stress, enhancing leaf area index (5%), root length (2%), and grain yield (29.55%) over the control. Moreover, it recovered almost 8% grain yield under highly saline conditions.  The findings highlight gypsum's potential as a practical and effective soil amendment for improving rice performance in saline environments. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of gypsum application under field conditions and explore its integration with complementary agronomic practices for sustainable rice production.
Use of Single Mini-plate Versus Two Miniplates Osteosynthesis for Linear Non-comminuted Fracture of Anterior Mandible: A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study
Authors: T Muhammed Ajnas , Patel Abhinandan , Gowda Girish , Bhat Preethi , Batra Akshit
Published: February 2025

Mandibular fractures are the most common fractures within the facial skeleton. The management of mandibular fractures has evolved from closed techniques such as maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), splints, and external stabilization to rigid internal fixation. This study aims to evaluate and compare the stability and recovery times in anterior mandibular fractures after open reduction with either single or dual miniplate fixation. All patients with anterior mandibular fractures underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans and post-operative radiographic evaluations following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Group 1 included 10 patients who were treated with a 2.5mm single miniplate (comprising 6 holes with a gap), while Group 2, also consisting of 10 patients, received treatment with one 2mm miniplate and one 2.5 mm miniplate, being placed at the lower border (each having 4 holes with a gap). An arch bar was used in the mandibular arch for a duration of 3 weeks in both groups. Patients were assessed at one week, four weeks, and twelve weeks after the procedure as part of a follow-up protocol, focusing on factors such as postoperative occlusion, the stability of the fractured segments, bite force measured with a specific device, neurosensory deficits, wound dehiscence, and damage to the roots of the anterior and bicuspid mandibular teeth. Our study effectively showed that a single miniplate provided stability comparable to that of a two-miniplate system in managing anterior mandibular fractures after open reduction and internal fixation.
Integrating Land Suitability and Socio-economic Analysis for Strategic Agriculture Commodities in Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hakim Dani Lukman , Adji Riyanto , Satwhikawara Rachmi
Published: February 2025

The varied topography of Tasikmalaya Regency, characterized by its hills, plains, and valleys, significantly influences the agricultural practices that serve as the primary livelihood for 41.13% population.  Nonetheless, the key agricultural commodities such as rice, corn, vegetables, and fruits demonstrate suboptimal economic performance, largely attributable to environmental and socioeconomic constraints.  This research integrates land suitability analysis with economic feasibility assessments to maximize agricultural development within the region.  Utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS)-based land evaluation techniques alongside socioeconomic surveys, we analyzed nine principal commodities across distinct agro-ecological zones, specifically focusing on lowland rice, corn, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes, cocoa, cloves, and coffee. The findings suggest that the majority of areas fall within the categorizations of moderately suitable (S2) or marginally suitable (S3), with potential for high suitability (S1) for rice, potatoes, and carrots contingent upon enhancements in soil quality and irrigation practices.  The economic analysis indicates that plantation crops, including cocoa, coffee, and cloves, yield greater profitability compared to horticultural products.  However, limitations related to market access and infrastructure impediments adversely affect overall profitability. Zoning recommendations arise from this analysis, proposing the cultivation of lowland rice in the northern regions, corn and peanuts in central areas, horticulture across the northern to central zones on Red-Yellow Podzolic soils, and the production of cloves and plantation crops in the central to southern regions.  This study underscores the necessity for focused investments in irrigation systems, farmer education, and agro-industrial integration to bolster agricultural productivity and enhance the welfare of farmers in Tasikmalaya Regency.
Prevalence and Patient Characteristics of Ectodermal Dysplasias in Denmark
Authors: Herlin Laura Krogh , Schmidt Sigrun A. J. , Hermann Xenia Buus , Rønholt Kirsten , Bygum Anette , Schuster Annette , Lei Ulrikke , Mogensen Mette , Vinding Gabrielle R. , Djursby Malene , Hove Hanne , Blechingberg Jenny , Graversen Lise , Mogensen Trine H. , Gjørup Hans , Langan Sinéad M. , Sommerlund Mette
Published: March 2024

Importance

Ectodermal dysplasias constitute a group of rare genetic disorders of the skin and skin appendages with hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and hypohidrosis as cardinal features. There is a lack of population-based research into the epidemiology of ectodermal dysplasias.

Objective

To establish a validated population-based cohort of patients with ectodermal dysplasia in Denmark and to assess the disease prevalence and patient characteristics.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This nationwide cohort study used individual-level registry data recorded across the Danish universal health care system to identify patients with ectodermal dysplasias from January 1, 1995, to August 25, 2021. A 3-level search of the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish National Child Odontology Registry was conducted to identify patients with diagnosis codes indicative of ectodermal dysplasias; patients registered in the Danish RAREDIS Database, the Danish Database of Genodermatoses, and local databases were also added. The search results underwent diagnosis validation and review of clinical data using medical records. Of 844 patient records suggestive of ectodermal dysplasias, 791 patients (93.7%) had medical records available for review. Positive predictive values of the diagnosis coding were computed, birth prevalence was estimated, and patient characteristics were identified. Data analysis was performed from May 4 to December 22, 2023.

Results

The identified and validated study cohort included 396 patients (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 13 [4-30] years, 246 females [62.1%]), of whom 319 had confirmed ectodermal dysplasias and 77 were likely cases. The combined positive predictive value (PPV) for ectodermal dysplasia−specific diagnosis codes was 67.0% (95% CI, 62.7%-71.0%). From 1995 to 2011, the estimated minimum birth prevalence per 100 000 live births was 14.5 (95% CI, 12.2-16.7) for all ectodermal dysplasias and 2.8 (95% CI, 1.8-3.8) for X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasias. A molecular genetic diagnosis was available for 241 patients (61%), including EDA (n = 100), IKBKG (n = 55), WNT10A (n = 21), TRPS1 (n = 18), EDAR (n = 10), P63 (n = 9), GJB6 (n = 9), PORCN (n = 7), and other rare genetic variants.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this nationwide cohort study indicate that the prevalence of ectodermal dysplasias was lower than previously reported. Furthermore, PPVs of the search algorithms emphasized the importance of diagnosis validation. The establishment of a large nationwide cohort of patients with ectodermal dysplasias, including detailed clinical and molecular data, is a unique resource for future research in ectodermal dysplasias.
Mental Well-Being Among Adversity-Exposed Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Raney Julia H. , Weinstein Shayna , Ganson Kyle T. , Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B. , Pantell Matthew , Glidden David V. , Brindis Claire D. , Nagata Jason M.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Further research is needed to understand factors associated with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents who have experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).

Objective

To explore factors associated with improved mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents who have experienced ACEs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the baseline (2016-2018) and sixth (March 2021) COVID Rapid Response Research (RRR) surveys of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, which includes 21 sites across the US. Adolescents aged 11 to 15 years who completed the COVID RRR mental health measures were included. Data analyses were conducted from June to August 2023.

Exposures

School-based factors (eg, in-person school) and 8 coping behaviors (eg, exercise).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were adolescent-reported positive affect (PA) and perceived stress (PS). Adolescents were stratified by no ACEs, low-to-intermediate ACEs (1-3), and high ACEs (≥4). Linear regressions estimated associations between factors and mental health, adjusting for potential confounders. Unstandardized beta coefficients (B) were compared with equality of coefficients tests.

Results

The 4515 adolescents in this study (mean [SD] age, 13.3 [0.88] years; 51% [95% CI, 50% to 53%] female) were racially and ethnically diverse (American Indian/Alaska Native, 2% [95% CI, 2% to 3%]; Asian, 8% [95% CI, 7% to 9%]; Black, 11% [95% CI, 10% to 12%]; Latino or Hispanic, 17% [95% CI, 15% to 18%]; White, 61% [95% CI, 60% to 63%]; other, 1% [95% CI, 0% to 2%]). For youths with high ACEs, caring for one’s body (PA B = 4.02 [95% CI, 1.39 to 6.66]; PS B = −0.92 [95% CI, −1.84 to 0.00]), exercising (PA B = 3.19 [95% CI, 0.46 to 5.92]; PS B = −1.41 [95% CI, −2.40 to −0.43]), and engaging in healthy behaviors (PA B = 4.07 [95% CI, 1.28 to 6.84]; PS B = −1.01 [95% CI, −1.98 to −0.05]) were associated with higher PA and lower PS scores. In-person schooling had a greater impact on PA scores for youths with high ACEs (B = 5.55 [95% CI, 2.08 to 9.01]) than youths with low-to-intermediate ACEs (B = 1.27 [95% CI, 0.27 to 2.27]).

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that in-person schooling and several coping behaviors (caring for one’s body, exercising, and engaging in healthy behaviors) were associated with significantly higher PA and lower PS during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents with high ACEs. Adolescents with high ACEs demonstrated especially greater mental health scores when they reported in-person schooling. Future studies should build on these findings to identify clinical and school-based mental health protective factors for adolescents with high ACE risk.
Guidelines for Material Design in Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Forberich Karen , Troisi Alessandro , Liu Chao , Wagner Michael , Brabec Christoph J. , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2024

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are uniquely suited for semitransparent applications due to their adjustable absorption spectrum. However, most high‐performance semitransparent cells reported to date are based on materials that have shown high power conversion efficiency for opaque devices. A model is therefore presented to assess the optimum efficiency and transparency for a specific donor and acceptor bandgap. The absorption characteristics of both donor and acceptor are modeled with spectral data of typical absorber materials from the literature which are adjusted to achieve the desired bandgap value. The results show three distinct regions of high light utilization efficiency (LUE) if the photopic curve is employed as a weighting function (corresponding to window applications), and a broad maximum for the plant action spectrum as a weighting function (corresponding to greenhouse applications). When comparing these findings to reported experimental values, it is evident that the bandgaps of the materials used for the experimental studies do not correspond to the maxima identified by the simulation model. The analysis of the energy levels of molecules recorded in the literature confirms that all bandgaps and therefore all LUE maxima are chemically feasible so that the performance of semitransparent OSCs can be further improved by designing materials with optimized absorption spectra.
Tailoring Perovskite Surface Potential and Chelation Advances Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Shao Wenlong , Wang Haibing , Fu Shiqiang , Ge Yansong , Guan Hongling , Wang Chen , Wang Cheng , Wang Ti , Ke Weijun , Fang Guojia
Published: March 2024

Modifying perovskite surface using various organic ammonium halide cations has proven to be an effective approach for enhancing the overall performance of perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, the impact of the structural symmetry of these ammonium halide cations on perovskite interface termination has remained uncertain. Here, this work investigates the influence of symmetry on the performance of the devices, using molecules based on symmetrical bis(2‐chloroethyl)ammonium cation (B(CE)A+) and asymmetrical 2‐chloroethylammonium cation (CEA+) as interface layers between the perovskite and hole transport layer. These results reveal that the symmetrical B(CE)A+ cations lead to a more homogeneous surface potential and more comprehensive chelation with uncoordinated Pb2+ compared to the asymmetrical cations, resulting in a more favorable energy band alignment and strengthened defect healing. This strategy, leveraging the spatial geometrical symmetry of the interface cations, promotes hole carrier extraction between functional layers and reduces nonradiative recombination on the perovskite surface. Consequently, perovskite solar cells processed with the symmetrical B(CE)A+ cations achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.60% and retain ≈91% of their initial PCE after 500 h of maximum power point operation. This work highlights the significant benefits of utilizing structurally symmetrical cations in promoting the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Giant Tunability of Rashba Splitting at Cation‐Exchanged Polar Oxide Interfaces by Selective Orbital Hybridization
Authors: Xu Hao , Li Hang , Gauquelin Nicolas , Chen Xuejiao , Wu Wen‐Feng , Zhao Yuchen , Si Liang , Tian Di , Li Lei , Gan Yulin , Qi Shaojin , Li Minghang , Hu Fengxia , Sun Jirong , Jannis Daen , Yu Pu , Chen Gang , Zhong Zhicheng , Radovic Milan , Verbeeck Johan , Chen Yunzhong , Shen Baogen
Published: March 2024

The 2D electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interfaces exhibits extraordinary properties, such as 2D superconductivity and ferromagnetism, coupled to strongly correlated electrons in narrow d‐bands. In particular, 2DEGs in KTaO3 (KTO) with 5d t2g orbitals exhibit larger atomic spin‐orbit coupling and crystal‐facet‐dependent superconductivity absent for 3d 2DEGs in SrTiO3 (STO). Herein, by tracing the interfacial chemistry, weak anti‐localization magneto‐transport behavior, and electronic structures of (001), (110), and (111) KTO 2DEGs, unambiguously cation exchange across KTO interfaces is discovered. Therefore, the origin of the 2DEGs at KTO‐based interfaces is dramatically different from the electronic reconstruction observed at STO interfaces. More importantly, as the interface polarization grows with the higher order planes in the KTO case, the Rashba spin splitting becomes maximal for the superconducting (111) interfaces approximately twice that of the (001) interface. The larger Rashba spin splitting couples strongly to the asymmetric chiral texture of the orbital angular moment, and results mainly from the enhanced inter‐orbital hopping of the t2g bands and more localized wave functions. This finding has profound implications for the search for topological superconductors, as well as the realization of efficient spin‐charge interconversion for low‐power spin‐orbitronics based on (110) and (111) KTO interfaces.
Sequentially Processed Bulk‐Heterojunction‐Buried Structure for Efficient Organic Solar Cells with 500 nm Thickness
Authors: Zhang Huarui , Liu Yuqiang , Ran Guangliu , Li Hongxiang , Zhang Wenkai , Cheng Pei , Bo Zhishan
Published: March 2024

Large‐area printing fabrication is a distinctive feature of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the advance of upscalable fabrication is challenged by the thickness of organic active layers considering the importance of both exciton dissociation and charge collection. In this work, a bulk‐heterojunction‐buried (buried‐BHJ) structure is introduced by sequential deposition to realize efficient exciton dissociation and charge collection, thereby contributing to efficient OSCs with 500 nm thick active layers. The buried‐BHJ distributes donor and acceptor phases in the vertical direction as charge transport channels, while numerous BHJ interfaces are buried in each phase to facilitate exciton dissociation simultaneously. It is found that buried‐BHJ configurations possess efficient exciton dissociation and rapid charge transport, resulting in reduced recombination losses. In comparison with traditional structures, the buried‐BHJ structure displays a decent tolerance to film thickness. In particular, a power conversion efficiency of 16.0% is achieved with active layers at a thickness of 500 nm. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this represents the champion efficiency of thick film OSCs.
Environmental Effects on the Performance of Small‐Molecule Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Jagoo Zafrullah , McNeil L.E.
Published: March 2024

Electrical measurements are performed on a bottom‐gate bottom‐contact organic thin‐film transistor with 2,8‐difluoro‐5,11‐bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF‐TES ADT) (diF‐TES ADT) as the active layer, varying the relative humidity of the environment surrounding the transistor. The results strongly indicate that water negatively impacts the electrical performance of the transistor and that the ingress of water is dynamic provided that the organic semiconductor layer is not encapsulated. It is found that the change can be reversed and the performance restored by removing the source of water. The drain current and threshold voltage of the transistor varied linearly when the relative humidity is changed from 35% to 7%, suggesting that the transistor can be used as a humidity sensor.
Slot‐Die Coating for Scalable Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Matondo Jadel Tsiba , Hu Hongwei , Ding Yu , Mateen Muhammad , Cheng Guanggui , Ding Jianning
Published: March 2024

Solution‐coating processes are promising methods to form active layers with low‐cost input in the industrial development of perovskite solar devices. Among available coating processes, of particular interest are those capable of producing uniform coatings with small defect distribution over large areas at high speeds, referred to as scalable methods. Slot‐die coating is one of these methods. It involves the meniscus coating of liquids or solutions over a static or moving substrate. This review discusses recent advances in slot‐die coating of active layers used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules (PSMs). Various strategies to control ink spreading over substrates, wet film drying, and post‐coating crystallization of light‐absorbing perovskite layer are outlined along with different approaches and materials used in post‐deposition defects healing. Then, commonly used solvents for perovskite ink formulation are analyzed based on their specific rheology and potential effect on human health and equipment safety. Also, precursor materials, solvents, and strategies to obtain desirable properties and morphology in the slot‐die coating of charge‐transporting layers are discussed. Lastly, an analysis of the performance of slot‐die coated perovskite solar mini‐modules and future perspectives on this topic conclude this review.
Preparation of Sustainable Composite Materials from Bio‐Based Domestic and Industrial Waste: Progress, Problems, and Prospects‐ A Review
Authors: Rehman Naeem Ur , Ullah Khalid Saif , Sajid Muhammad , Ihsanullah Ihsanullah , Waheed Abdul
Published: March 2024

Bio‐based waste from households and industries is a big problem for the world, however, turning it into valuable composite materials can offer a promising approach to deal with it. It involves the conversion of waste from different bio‐based sources such as cellulose waste from farming and forestry leftovers, chitin waste from seafood and mushrooms, and keratin waste from hair, nails, and feathers into natural fibers. These fibers are then effectively mixed with other materials to create composite materials having unique properties, such as high strength and stiffness, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and better barrier properties. Developing these materials is not just good for the environment because it reduces landfill waste and the reliance on non‐renewable resources, but it can also make economic sense for producers. In this review, the basic compounds of natural fibers and the development of composite materials from them are explored and discussed in detail. Furthermore, their chemical and mechanical properties are discussed and summarized. In the final section, a brief overview of the challenges and the future research needed in this fast‐evolving field is given.
Functional 2D Nanoplatforms Alleviate Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis by Modulating Eosinophil Extracellular Trap Formation
Authors: Tu Zhaoxu , Liu Ming , Xu Changyi , Wei Yi , Lu Tong , Xiao Yongqiang , Li Hongxia , Zhang Shuaiyin , Xie Xinran , Li Jian , Wen Weiping
Published: March 2024

The therapeutic outcomes of patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) remain unsatisfactory, largely because the underlying mechanisms of eosinophilic inflammation are uncertain. Here, it is shown that the nasal secretions of ECRS patients have high eosinophil extracellular trap (EET) and cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) levels. Moreover, the cfDNA induced EET formation by activating toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling. After demonstrating that DNase I reduced eosinophilic inflammation by modulating EET formation, linear polyglycerol‐amine (LPGA)‐coated TiS2 nanosheets (TLPGA) as functional 2D nanoplatforms with low cytotoxicity, mild protein adsorption, and increased degradation rate is developed. Due to the more flexible linear architecture, TLPGA exhibited higher cfDNA affinity than the TiS2 nanosheets coated with dendritic polyglycerol‐amine (TDPGA). TLPGA reduced cfDNA levels in the nasal secretions of ECRS patients while suppressing cfDNA‐induced TLR9 activation and EET formation in vitro. TLPGA displayed exceptional biocompatibility, preferential nasal localization, and potent inflammation modulation in mice with eosinophilic inflammation. These results highlight the pivotal feature of the linear molecular architecture and 2D sheet‐like nanostructure in the development of anti‐inflammation nanoplatforms, which can be exploited for ECRS treatment.
Additive Manufacturing of Nanocellulose Aerogels with Structure‐Oriented Thermal, Mechanical, and Biological Properties
Authors: Sivaraman Deeptanshu , Nagel Yannick , Siqueira Gilberto , Chansoria Parth , Avaro Jonathan , Neels Antonia , Nyström Gustav , Sun Zhaoxia , Wang Jing , Pan Zhengyuan , Iglesias‐Mejuto Ana , Ardao Inés , García‐González Carlos A. , Li Mengmeng , Wu Tingting , Lattuada Marco , Malfait Wim J. , Zhao Shanyu
Published: March 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) is widely recognized as a versatile tool for achieving complex geometries and customized functionalities in designed materials. However, the challenge lies in selecting an appropriate AM method that simultaneously realizes desired microstructures and macroscopic geometrical designs in a single sample. This study presents a direct ink writing method for 3D printing intricate, high‐fidelity macroscopic cellulose aerogel forms. The resulting aerogels exhibit tunable anisotropic mechanical and thermal characteristics by incorporating fibers of different length scales into the hydrogel inks. The alignment of nanofibers significantly enhances mechanical strength and thermal resistance, leading to higher thermal conductivities in the longitudinal direction (65 mW m−1 K−1) compared to the transverse direction (24 mW m−1 K−1). Moreover, the rehydration of printed cellulose aerogels for biomedical applications preserves their high surface area (≈300 m2 g−1) while significantly improving mechanical properties in the transverse direction. These printed cellulose aerogels demonstrate excellent cellular viability (>90% for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts) and exhibit robust antibacterial activity through in situ‐grown silver nanoparticles.
Enhanced Bacterial Cuproptosis‐Like Death via Reversal of Hypoxia Microenvironment for Biofilm Infection Treatment
Authors: Luo Zhiyuan , Lu Renjie , Shi Tingwang , Ruan Zesong , Wang Wenbo , Guo Zhao , Zhan Zeming , Ma Yihong , Lian Xiaofeng , Ding Cheng , Chen Yunfeng
Published: March 2024

A recently emerging cell death pathway, known as copper‐induced cell death, has demonstrated significant potential for treating infections. Existing research suggests that cells utilizing aerobic respiration, as opposed to those reliant on glycolysis, exhibit greater sensitivity to copper‐induced death. Herein, a MnO2‐loaded copper metal–organic frameworks platform is developed denoted as MCM, to enhance bacterial cuproptosis‐like death via the remodeling of bacterial respiratory metabolism. The reversal of hypoxic microenvironments induced a cascade of responses, encompassing the reactivation of suppressed immune responses and the promotion of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Initially, MCM catalyzed O2 production, alleviating hypoxia within the biofilm and inducing a transition in bacterial respiration mode from glycolysis to aerobic respiration. Subsequently, the sensitized bacteria, characterized by enhanced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, underwent cuproptosis‐like death owing to increased copper concentrations and aggregated intracellular dihydrolipoamide S‐acetyltransferase (DLAT). The disruption of hypoxia also stimulated suppressed dendritic cells and macrophages, thereby strengthening their antimicrobial activity through chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Moreover, the nutritional effects of copper elements, coupled with hypoxia alleviation, synergistically facilitated the regeneration of bones and blood vessels. Overall, reshaping the infection microenvironment to enhance cuproptosis‐like cell death presents a promising avenue for eradicating biofilms.
Unraveling the Potential of Vinyl Ether as an Ethylene Surrogate in Heteroarene C─H Functionalization via the Spin‐Center Shift
Authors: Choi Wonjun , Kim Leejae , Hong Sungwoo
Published: March 2024

Despite the simplicity and abundance of ethylene, its practical application presents significant hurdles due to its nature as a highly flammable gas. Herein, a strategic use of easily handled vinyl ether is reported as a latent ethylene surrogate achieved via a spin‐center shift (SCS) pathway, enabling the successful three‐component reaction that bridges heteroarenes and various coupling partners, including sulfinates, thiols, and phosphine oxides. Through a photoredox catalytic process, α‐oxy radicals are generated by combining various radicals with phenyl vinyl ether, which are subsequently added to N‐heteroarenes. Subsequently, the radical‐mediated SCS pathway serves as the driving force for C─O bond cleavage, effectively engaging the phenoxy group as a leaving group. In addition, by broadening the utility of the method, a valuable synthon is provided for efficient C─H vinylation of N‐heteroarenes following sulfonyl group elimination. This approach not only enriches the toolbox of synthetic methodology but also provides a more streamlined alternative, circumventing the challenges associated with direct ethylene gas usage. The versatility of the method, particularly evident in late‐stage functionalizations of medicinally relevant molecules and peptides, underscores its capability to produce invaluable three‐component compounds and vinylated N‐heteroarene derivatives.
In Situ Remodeling of Efferocytosis via Lesion‐Localized Microspheres to Reverse Cartilage Senescence
Authors: Xiong Wei , Han Zeyu , Ding Sheng‐Long , Wang Haoran , Du Yawei , Cui Wenguo , Zhang Ming‐Zhu
Published: March 2024

Efferocytosis, an intrinsic regulatory mechanism to eliminate apoptotic cells, will be suppressed due to the delayed apoptosis process in aging‐related diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, cartilage lesion‐localized hydrogel microspheres are developed to remodel the in situ efferocytosis to reverse cartilage senescence and recruit endogenous stem cells to accelerate cartilage repair. Specifically, aldehyde‐ and methacrylic anhydride (MA)‐modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel microspheres (AHM), loaded with pro‐apoptotic liposomes (liposomes encapsulating ABT263, A‐Lipo) and PDGF‐BB, namely A‐Lipo/PAHM, are prepared by microfluidic and photo‐cross‐linking techniques. By a degraded porcine cartilage explant OA model, the in situ cartilage lesion location experiment illustrated that aldehyde‐functionalized microspheres promote affinity for degraded cartilage. In vitro data showed that A‐Lipo induced apoptosis of senescent chondrocytes (Sn‐chondrocytes), which can then be phagocytosed by the efferocytosis of macrophages, and remodeling efferocytosis facilitated the protection of normal chondrocytes and maintained the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs. In vivo experiments confirmed that hydrogel microspheres localized to cartilage lesion reversed cartilage senescence and promoted cartilage repair in OA. It is believed this in situ efferocytosis remodeling strategy can be of great significance for tissue regeneration in aging‐related diseases.
Nanofibrous Porous Organic Polymers and Their Derivatives: From Synthesis to Applications
Authors: Yang Chen , Wang Kexiang , Lyu Wei , Liu He , Li Jiaqiang , Wang Yue , Jiang Ruyu , Yuan Jiayin , Liao Yaozu
Published: March 2024

Engineering porous organic polymers (POPs) into 1D morphology holds significant promise for diverse applications due to their exceptional processability and increased surface contact for enhanced interactions with guest molecules. This article reviews the latest developments in nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives, encompassing porous organic polymer nanofibers, their composites, and POPs‐derived carbon nanofibers. The review delves into the design and fabrication strategies, elucidates the formation mechanisms, explores their functional attributes, and highlights promising applications. The first section systematically outlines two primary fabrication approaches of nanofibrous POPs, i.e., direct bulk synthesis and electrospinning technology. Both routes are discussed and compared in terms of template utilization and post‐treatments. Next, performance of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are reviewed for applications including water treatment, water/oil separation, gas adsorption, energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, microwave absorption, and biomedical systems. Finally, highlighting existent challenges and offering future prospects of nanofibrous POPs and their derivatives are concluded.
The Future of Material Scientists in an Age of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Maqsood Ayman , Chen Chen , Jacobsson T. Jesper
Published: March 2024

Material science has historically evolved in tandem with advancements in technologies for characterization, synthesis, and computation. Another type of technology to add to this mix is machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Now increasingly sophisticated AI‐models are seen that can solve progressively harder problems across a variety of fields. From a material science perspective, it is indisputable that machine learning and artificial intelligence offer a potent toolkit with the potential to substantially accelerate research efforts in areas such as the development and discovery of new functional materials. Less clear is how to best harness this development, what new skill sets will be required, and how it may affect established research practices. In this paper, those question are explored with respect to increasingly more sophisticated ML/AI‐approaches. To structure the discussion, a conceptual framework of an AI‐ladder is introduced. This AI‐ladder ranges from basic data‐fitting techniques to more advanced functionalities such as semi‐autonomous experimentation, experimental design, knowledge generation, hypothesis formulation, and the orchestration of specialized AI modules as stepping‐stones toward general artificial intelligence. This ladder metaphor provides a hierarchical framework for contemplating the opportunities, challenges, and evolving skill sets required to stay competitive in the age of artificial intelligence.
High Performance of Porous, Hierarchically Structured P2‐Na0.6Al0.11 − xNi0.22 − yFex + yMn0.66O2 Cathode Materials
Authors: Schmidt Marius , Mereacre Valeriu , Geßwein Holger , Bohn Nicole , Indris Sylvio , Binder Joachim R.
Published: March 2024

Sodium‐ion‐batteries (SIB) are a low‐cost alternative to currently used lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) but suffer from poor cycling stability. Spray drying provides porous, hierarchically structured particles of cathode active material (CAM) in large amounts, suitable for up‐scaling. Changing the chemical composition of the Na0.6Al0.11 − xNi0.22 − yFex + yMn0.66O2 layered oxides under identical synthesis conditions lead to differences in particle morphology, conductivities, sodium vacancy ordering, and phase transition, therefore influencing the electrochemical performance via several mechanisms. Here, a broad overview on these changes for samples with variable nickel and iron content is presented. With increasing iron content, the particle porosity is reduced and lower initial capacity is received for most cycling windows. Substituting half of the original Ni amount with Fe still leads to high capacities and improved cycling stability. The influence of Al as electrochemically inactive element becomes visible in stabilized cycling stability as well.
Review: Insights on Hard Carbon Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries (SIBs): Synthesis – Properties – Performance Relationships
Authors: Matei Ghimbeu Camélia , Beda Adrian , Réty Bénédicte , El Marouazi Hamza , Vizintin Alen , Tratnik Blaž , Simonin Loic , Michel Julie , Abou‐Rjeily John , Dominko Robert
Published: March 2024

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a significant amount of interest in the past decade as a credible alternative to the lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) widely used today. The abundance of sodium, along with the potential utilization of electrode materials without critical elements in their composition, led to the intensification of research on SIBs. Hard carbon (HC), is identified as the most suitable negative electrode for SIBs. It can be obtained by pyrolysis of eco‐friendly and renewable precursors, such as biomasses, biopolymers or synthetic polymers. Distinct HC properties can be obtained by tuning the precursors and the synthesis conditions, with a direct impact on the performance of SIBs. In this work, an in‐depth overview of how the synthesis parameters of HC affect their properties (porosity, structure, morphology, surface chemistry, and defects) is provided. Several synthesis‐property relationships are established based on a database created using extensive literature data. Moreover, HC properties are correlated with the electrochemical performance (initial Coulombic efficiency (iCE) and reversible capacity) vs. Na, in half‐cells. The Na‐ion storage mechanisms and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation are discussed along with the HC performance in full‐cell devices, as well as the SIB prototypes and a short history of SIBs enterprises.
Electronegativity Matching of Asymmetrically Coordinated Single‐Atom Catalysts for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Cao Fengliang , Zhang Xinke , Jin Zhihan , Zhang Jiuyue , Tian Zhenyu , Kong Debin , Li Yanpeng , Li Yutong , Zhi Linjie
Published: March 2024

Asymmetrically coordinated single‐atom catalysts are attractive for the implementation of high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li─S) batteries. However, the design principle of the asymmetric coordination that can efficiently promote bidirectional conversion of polysulfides has not been fully realized. Herein, a series of Co─N3X1 (X refers to F, O, Cl, S, or P) configurations are established, and theoretically unravel that the relative electronegativity value (REV) can be used as an index parameter for characterizing the catalytic activity. By virtue of enhanced chemical affinity with sulfur species and lowered Li2S decomposition, chlorine‐atom‐constructed asymmetric configurations with an optimal REV exhibit stronger catalytic effect to inhibit shuttling. Such a REV‐related catalytic effect is termed as REV effect. Following this principle, a novel single‐atom catalyst with dominated Co─N3Cl1 configuration is successfully synthesized through an inside‐out thermal reaction strategy and used as a modified layer on the cathode‐side separator. Interestingly, the assembled Li─S batteries exhibit quite high rate capacity (804.3 mAh g−1 at 5.0 C), durable cyclability (0.023% capacity decay per cycle), and competitive areal capacity (7.0 mAh cm−2 under 7.5 mg cm−2 sulfur loading and lean electrolyte). The guideline provided in this work gives impetus to the pursuit of highly efficient single‐atom catalysts for practical Li─S batteries.
Indolocarbazole Derivatives for Highly Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Patil Vilas Venunath , Hong Wan Pyo , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: March 2024

Since the discovery of the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), scientists worldwide have dedicated extensive efforts to enhance the efficiency and reliability of devices, striving for superior performance. Various molecular structures have undergone structural modifications to assess their suitability in achieving the desired outcomes. This review focuses on indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole (ICz), a building block that has garnered considerable attention within the OLED community. The rigid and fused ICz core induces a multiresonance effect through an alternating distribution of frontier molecular orbitals. Notably, ICz‐based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters exhibit a full width at half maximum below 20 nm, ensuring high color purity, and boast an external quantum efficiency above 30%, comparable to state‐of‐the‐art narrow‐emitting boron–nitrogen‐type materials. Furthermore, the ICz core is a building block in host and metal complexes, enhancing stability, efficiency, and color purity. Consequently, the ICz core is promising as a central component in host and emitters, improving OLED device performance. This review aims to succinctly summarize studies on ICz‐based organic materials within the OLED field, offering insights into future perspectives regarding developing and applying ICz‐derived organic compounds.