bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reaction Time and Intent to Respond
Authors: Yensen Roy
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that increases in muscle tension may have occurred just prior to the initiation of the response under conditions of artificially increased mass and that these may have contributed to Whitley's (1966) finding of significantly faster RT under this condition. Following brief discussion of variation in intent to move more or less strongly, it is postulated that the exertion of near maximum voluntary contraction of the prime movers in the initiation of a movement would decrease the RT and that such RT would correlate positively with movement time.
Technique for Measuring Reproductions of Visual Stimuli: II. Adult Reproductions of the Bender-Gestalt
Authors: Cooper John R. , Barnes Edward J.
Published: September 2011

An objective measurement technique developed for hand-drawn reproductions of two-dimensional visual stimuli was applied to reproductions of the Bender-Gestalt taken from brain-damaged, psychiatric, and normal Ss. This technique was found to be highly reliable with respect to interjudge agreement, and it discriminated significantly between the reproductions of neurologically damaged and non-damaged groups.
Stimulation Seeking during Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Smith Seward , Myers Thomas I.
Published: September 2011

36 volunteer Naval enlisted men underwent isolation for 48 hr. during a study of conditions of “relaxation.” Each S spent 24 hr. alone in dark quiet sensory deprivation (SD) and 24 hr. in a control condition (C) providing a virtual stimulus cafeteria. The amount of time S listened to a boring stock market report during 1 hr. each day was used as an index of stimulation-seeking need. Significantly more listening occurred while Ss were in the SD than in the C condition. Stimulation-seeking results were compared with various pre-isolation predictor tests, criterion measures during isolation and with post-isolation reports of isolation symptomatology.
Pleasing and Interesting Visual Complexity: Support for Berlyne
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: September 2011

Berlyne has stated that there are two kinds of exploratory behavior, specific and diversive, and has cited data relating to “pleasingness” and “interestingness” of complex visual patterns in support of his position. In order to test Berlyne's views, 28 Ss rank ordered nine polygons, of varying degrees of complexity, in terms of “pleasingness” and “interestingness.” Highly complex polygons were found to be more interesting, in support of Berlyne. No significant differences emerged for the “pleasingness” category. Birth order data showed a nonsignificant tendency for first borns to choose less complex polygons as more pleasing than higher complexity shapes.
Some Self-Rating Measures Related to Hypnotizability
Authors: Field Peter B.
Published: September 2011

This article describes two new tests that have moderate but statistically significant correlations with hypnotizability. The first test requests S to induce a number of hypnotic-like effects in himself and then to rate the result; for example, to rate how much difficulty he experienced in opening his mouth after concentrating on inability to do this. The second test is a self-rating measure of S's ability to experience semantic satiation. Also described is a procedure for obtaining a continuous measure of S's subjective depth during hypnosis. Results indicate that some Ss experience a paradoxical depth increase during trance termination, that Ss usually do not report a reinstated trance during performance of a simple posthypnotic response, and that only low relationships were found between self-ratings of depth and an objective measure of hypnotic depth.
Work-Oriented Interest Scales
Authors: Chansky Norman M.
Published: September 2011

Linguistic and Mathematical Proclivity Scales, developed from the Picture Interest Inventory (PII) items, distinguished between high and low scorers on relevant tests of the Multiple Aptitude Test (MAT). From U. S. Department of Labor Statistics and Roe's theoretical framework, Worker Demand and Level of Career Responsibility Scales, respectively, were developed for the PII, too. MAT and PII were administered to 130 ninth graders. The work-oriented interest scales were highly intercorrelated. A factor analysis revealed two factors with loadings on the new scales.
Varsity Football Performance
Authors: Langer Philip
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that personality and anxiety were related to football performance as a direct function of stress. To assess this hypothesis, the Cattell 16PF as well as the IPAT Anxiety Battery were administered to the 1965 Utah State University football team. The findings seemed at least partially to validate the hypothesis. In addition, findings replicated previous work indicating that anxiety was the most significant personality dimension related to performance. Thus anxiety seems to have both chronic and acute antecedents. Moreover, better performance seems to be associated with the ability to control the anxiety level as a function of stress.
Number Preference as a Variable Influencing Human S's Inability to Generate a Truly Random Series of Numbers
Authors: Melendez Fernando
Published: September 2011

55 Ss attempted to produce 2 series of random numbers on 2 separate days. The series were more similar to each other than they were to a random series, thus agreeing with the hypothesis that Ss show a preference for certain numbers over others and are thus incapable of generating a random series of numbers.
Exercise and Sleep Patterns in College Athletes
Authors: Baekeland Frederick , Lasky Richard
Published: September 2011

Visual stage-of-sleep analysis of the sleep EEGs of 10 college athletes under three different conditions of exercise suggests a general positive relationship between exercise and the amount of slow-wave (delta) sleep in a night's sleep as well as a stress effect of exercise obtained in the evening.
Human Performance and Basal Skin Conductance in a Vigilance-Type Task with and without Knowledge of Results
Authors: Coules John , Avery Donald L.
Published: September 2011

This study showed no trends between reaction time and interstimulus intervals and reaction time and time blocks under knowledge of results or no knowledge of results. An ABC × S variance design of reaction time scores showed only knowledge of results by Ss was statistically reliable. The source of this variance was attributed to sex differences. Results showed that under knowledge of results fast mean reaction time (males) was associated with high skin conductance. For females slow mean reaction time was associated with low conductance. Under the no knowledge of results condition, females showed slower mean reaction time than males. Their conductance scores showed significantly greater variability without knowledge of results than under the knowledge condition. Males under no knowledge show mean conductance scores as high as those under knowledge of results. However, their mean reaction time scores under the no knowledge condition was significantly lower than under knowledge of results. It was concluded that males, contrasted with females, respond differentially to knowledge and no knowledge of results in simple reaction time studies. As males show high conductance and females high variability in conductance under no knowledge of results, an inhibition-reinforcement theory for vigilance tasks appears inadequate.
Informative Tactile Stimuli in the Perception of Direction
Authors: Schiff William , Kaufer Lane , Mosak Sandra
Published: September 2011

Three experiments evaluated the efficiency of a special tactile symbol, whose stimuli purportedly specify direction, for use in tactile diagrams for the blind. A tactile form of the conventional visual arrow symbol served as a control symbol. The directional aspects of the stimuli were easily discriminated by both blind and sighted Ss. Either symbol proved effective in simple diagrams, but the special symbol was superior in more complex diagrams, suggesting an interaction effect between symbol type and diagram complexity, appearing in response latency. The special symbol was preferred by blind Ss in simple and complex diagrams. Various aspects of diagram presentation also proved significant. For blind Ss IQ was negatively related to response time. Sighted Ss provided similar results, suggesting that effects were general. Blind Ss were faster than sighted Ss, tended to make more errors, and required more information about the tasks. The results were discussed considering involvement of cognitive factors and tactile sensitivity factors. General implications for symbolic displays and tactile graphics for the blind were also discussed.
Analysis of Factor Variance: The General Linear Case
Authors: Pinneau Samuel R. , Schurr Bryce C. , Butler Donald C. , Levine Anson J.
Published: September 2011

The method of analysis of factor variance, as previously proposed by the authors, has been extended to incorporate experimental designs which include multiple treatments in addition to multiple covariates and multiple response measures.
Perceptual Style and Reading Ability: Implications for an Instructional Approach
Authors: Stuart Irving R.
Published: September 2011

A strong positive correlation obtained between field independence (Witkin's Embedded Figures Test), and reading grade achievement. Identification of individual perceptual styles before initiating reading instruction seems justifiable for optimum results.
Keeping Track of Sequential Events: Effects of Stimulus On-Time and Interstimulus Off-Time
Authors: Taub Harvey A. , Monty Richard A. , Laughery Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

Ss were required to keep track of the number of occurrences of each of four different letters (categories) presented sequentially as a function of the total number of letters presented (trial length), the rate of presentation, and the two components which, when combined, constitute the rate, namely, stimulus on-time and the interstimulus interval or off-time. In general, performance varied inversely with trial length and rate of presentation. Of greater importance, however, was the complex interaction between the rate of presentation and the components of that rate. At the fastest rate, performance was relatively invariant as a function of these components; at intermediate rates the shortest on-time led to the best performance, while at the slowest rate the shortest on-time led to the poorest performance. The observed results are explained primarily in terms of the time available for rehearsal.
The IES “Experiment:” Some Additional Perspective
Authors: Signori E. I.
Published: September 2011

In a further consideration of the IES “experiment,” it is suggested that its scope be broadened to include contemporary cognate research and theory as guidelines for improving the design of IES testing procedures.
Relationships of Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Cognitive Styles to Creative Test Performance
Authors: Spotts James V. , Mackler Bernard
Published: September 2011

138 undergraduate males were administered individual and group measures of perceptual field-independence. Most Ss were also administered two measures of intelligence and a battery of tests of creativity. Comparisons were made of the creative test performance of 3 groups of 15 Ss each, matched for Otis IQ and drawn from field-dependent-, field-central-, and field-independent- S categories. Similar comparisons were made with independent groups drawn from the same perceptual orientation groupings. It was predicted that field-independent Ss would obtain higher scores on tests of creative ability than would field-dependents. A significant relationship was also predicted between Ss' scores on the individual and group measures of field-independence. Individuals with field-independent cognitive styles were consistently more creative on the tasks used in this study than individuals with field-dependent orientations. Significant differences between the creative test performance of these two groups were obtained in both matched and independent group comparisons. Relationships between creativity and intelligence were weak and typically nonsignificant. Factor analysis of all test scores for 114 Ss revealed six creativity factors and one factor composed of IQ and perceptual test scores. Significant relationships were found between individual and group measures of field-independence. Both measures of perceptual-field orientation were significantly correlated with factors commonly measured in intelligence tests. However, the degree of association between field-independence and IQ was influenced by the loadings of quantitative factors in the operational measures of intelligence employed. Some of the theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability of the New Harris-Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test
Authors: Dunn James A.
Published: September 2011

The new Harris-Goodenough Draw-A-Man test was administered to 36 boys and 36 girls in Grades 1 through 6 in order to estimate inter- and intra-rater reliabilities of the Harris scoring system. The Pearsonian coefficients were .88 and .93, respectively. Comparisons with the literature suggested that the test scores produced by the revised scoring procedure did not have greater reliability than those produced by the Goodenough method.
Stark's “Dualism” and the Psychology of Knowledge
Authors: Armour Leslie
Published: September 2011

This paper considers Stark's suggestion (1966) that Jacobi's concept of “reason” and Bergson's concept of “intuition” are relevant to the problem of novelty in the development of a psychology of knowledge and urges consideration, as an alternative, of the notion of an essentially developable conceptual map.
Effects of Stimulus Predifferentiation (Familiarization) on Stimulus and Response Generalization of a Learned Motor Response
Authors: Smith Richard K.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 50 Ss each were given either 0, 10, or 56 non-differentially reinforced presentations of 7 stimuli sampled from a numerosity continuum. Immediately following training of a 200° dialing movement to the median valued numerosity stimulus (S0), Ss were tested for generalization of the response to all 7 stimuli. Small, but significant, alterations in the bidirectional gradients of generalization around S0 occurred as a function of familiarization. No evidence of differential response generalization as a function of amount of familiarization or stimulus magnitude was observed.
Electropulse Responsivity to Changes in Skin Moisture
Authors: Brown R. L. , Spern R. A. , Solomon A.
Published: September 2011

12 Ss were exposed to electropulse stimulation under 3 moisture treatments: dry, water immersion, and a fluid approximation of sweat. Touch threshold data were obtained under these conditions during the first half of the experiment and electropulse recognition responses during the second half. A significant threshold rise occurred with increased amounts of moisture on the skin. Similarly, recognition accuracy decreased but remained within a 90 to 100% range. Human engineering implications pertinent to a tactual communication system were discussed.
Relationships among Five Judgmental Extremity-Confidence Measures Observed Using Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

An investigation was made regarding possible relationships among five extremity-confidence judgmental measures. The measures were determined from Kogan and Wallach's modification of Brim's “desire for certainty” questionnaire. For 40 hospitalized psychiatric patients it was found that confidence and judgmental extremity were positively related. Variability of confidence was not significantly related to any of the other measures whereas probability estimation variability was positively and significantly related to judgmental extremity and negatively related to probability estimation. Probability estimation was also positively and significantly related to confidence. Although correlation ratios, in addition to product-moment correlations were computed, no justification for regarding the observed relationships as other than linear was found.
Cognitive Styles in the Deaf
Authors: Fiebert Martin
Published: September 2011

To evaluate sex and developmental differences in the cognitive style functioning of the deaf and test an hypothesis derived from Witkin's differentiation theory (concerning the relationship between cognitive style and communication ability) 90 Ss at three age levels were rested. Each S was given three cognitive style tests, the Rod and Frame Test (RFT), the Children's Embedded Figures Test (CEFT), and the Poppelreuter Test (P-T). The Paragraph Meaning scores of the Stanford Achievement Test were used to assess one aspect of communication ability, reading. Special procedures were utilized in the cognitive testing of Ss and in particular, a method for the administration of the RFT to deaf individuals was developed. The results revealed consistent and clear-cut sex differences in cognitive style, such that boys were significantly more field independent than girls. Expected developmental differences in the direction of increasing field independency with age were evident in the performance of boys but were absent in the scores of girls. The relationships between cognitive style and communication measures indicate a partial confirmation of the differentiation hypothesis tested.
Delayed Sensory Feedback in Visual and Auditory Tracking
Authors: Wargo Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Visual compensatory, visual pursuit, auditory compensatory, and auditory pursuit tracking of 20 male college students was observed under the conditions of .000-, .210-, .420-, and .840-sec. transmission type control delay. Tracking efficiency decreased as transmission delays increased; visual tracking was consistently superior to auditory tracking, although the relative degradation across delays was greater for visual than for auditory tracking; and little if any adaptation to the delays was apparent. These results point out the essentially similar effects of delayed sensory feedback on equivalent motion patterns when guided by different feedback modalities.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LVII. Baldwin's Dictionary through 1893
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

89 items concerning some aspect of motor skills are listed alphabetically.
Keeping Track of Sequential Events: Irrelevant Information and Paced Rehearsal
Authors: Monty Richard A. , Karsh Robert , Taub Harvey A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of irrelevant information on Ss' ability to keep track of a changing situation mentally were examined. It appears that, when relevant stimuli are presented at an irregular rate of presentation, irrelevant stimuli interspersed with the relevant stimuli may enable Ss to pace rehearsal of the current state of the changing situation in a fashion that reduces the interference effects of the irregular rate of presentation.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LIX. Psychological Index No. 2, 1895
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

An alphabetical listing of 38 items dealing with motor skills.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXI. Psychological Index No. 4, 1897
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 46 items about motor skills.
Transposition in Dogs: Successive Reversals of the Intermediate Size Problem
Authors: Ebel Harvey C. , Werboff Jack
Published: September 2011

18 dogs ( basenjis) were tested on 3 consecutive intermediate size-discrimination and transposition problems in a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA). Solution of the discriminative task required significantly fewer trials across successive problems. Dogs generally responded to the absolute size of the stimulus. However, (a) delayed or repeated testing or (b) tests in the direction of the animal's original size preference facilitated responses to the relative middle-size stimulus.
Kinetic Behavior in Altered Clinical States: Approach to Objective Analysis of Motor Behavior during Clinical Interviews
Authors: Freedman Norbert , Hoffman Stanley P.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a scheme, derived both rationally and empirically, for the analysis of body movements occurring spontaneously in psychotherapeutic interviews. Focussing on hand movements, a distinction is made between two broad, conceptually different, and independent classes of movements: those accompanying speech (object-focussed), and those involving some form of self-stimulation but not speech-related (body-focussed). Furthermore, different kinds of object-focussed movements are identified according to their integration with and primacy vis-a-vis speech. Observations on two paranoid patients, each at two different points in his treatment, suggest that the coding scheme can reflect the patient's altered clinical states.
Pupillographic Recording in Stereoscopically Induced Perceptual Conflict
Authors: Bokander Ingvar
Published: September 2011

The present investigation describes a pupillographic method for recording the input/inhibition relationship in stereoscopically induced perceptual conflict between different objects. By means of an infrared technique for photographing the pupils it is shown which eye is inhibited and which eye is not at a specific moment of retinal rivalry. A series of such instantaneous tests of input/inhibition relationship were used to establish which of the two stereoscopical object fields had dominated perception during a 60-sec. interval. The test is based on the known fact that no pupillary reflex is found when an inhibited eye is stimulated by a flash during binocular rivalry. A possible use of the pupillographic method in research on so-called motivated perception is indicated.
A Safe and Simple Shock Source for Human Ss
Authors: Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

A simple shock circuit for use with humans in research on punishment is described.
Salivary Response to Lemon Juice as a Measure of Introversion
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

50 men and 50 women were administered the EPI and tested with respect to the increment in salivation produced by putting 4 drops of pure lemon juice on the tongue for 20 sec. It was found that in both groups introversion correlated approximately 0.7 with increase in salivation; there was no correlation with neuroticism. When a commercial product was substituted for pure lemon juice, all correlations became insignificant, possibly due to the weaker concentration of the product. The results are explained (and were predicted) in terms of an hypothesis relating introversion to cortical arousal.
Performances of Deaf and Normally-Hearing Children on the Bender-Gestalt and the Archimedes Spiral Tests
Authors: Gilbert Jeanne G. , Levee Raymond F.
Published: September 2011

50 hearing and 50 deaf children of comparable intelligence were given the Archimedes spiral aftereffect and the Bender-Gestalt tests. Controls performed significantly better than the deaf group on both tests. Children who made fewer errors on the Bender tended to perceive the negative spiral aftereffect more often, this tendency being more marked in the deaf group. Older hearing children performed better on both tests and brighter hearing children perceived the negative aftereffect more often, but this tendency was not evident with deaf children. Results suggest that the two tests may be measuring different cerebral functioning but the use of both should prove a valuable aid in the detection of visual-perceptual problems in deaf children.
Construct Validation of Measures of Three Kinds of Experiential Fatigue
Authors: Wolf Gerrit
Published: September 2011

Three subjective fatigues, nervous, drowsy, exhaustion, from a factor analysis of adjectives in a pre-study, were used as dependent variables in an experimental design in which three tasks were used to elicit the fatigues (N = 184 undergraduates). Measures of motivation were also taken to show the fatigues as a product of type of task and level of motivation. Results indicated that the fatigue is a product of motivation, not task. A modification of Campbell and Fiske (1959) multitrait, multimethod analysis and a varimax factor analysis indicated that the scales possess some discriminant validity but little convergent validity which was interpreted as possibly due to low reliability of the behavioral measures.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXVII. Psychological Index No. 10, 1903
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

47 items concerning motor skills are listed alphabetically.
A Group Test of Perceptual Acuity
Authors: Gough Harrison G. , Mc Gurk Ethel
Published: September 2011

A continuing need in psychological appraisal is for instruments free of educational, linguistic, or experiential bias. The perception of form and geometric properties of figures (e.g., length, width, and area) is a universal phenomenon and hence an inviting domain for study. A group test of accuracy of visual perception was developed, utilizing 25 illusions (e.g., those of Baldwin, Delbouf, Mueller-Lyer, Poggendorff, Ponzo, and Sander) and 5 non-illusions, presented by means of lantern slides. In college ( N = 205) and grade school ( N = 732) samples, acceptable internal reliability was demonstrated, and in the grade school sample an age-developmental gradient ( r = .25) was discernible. The 30-item Perceptual Acuity Test is brief (testing time 20 min.), easy to administer, and favorably received by most respondents.
Psychological and Methodological Evaluation of the Components of Judging Accuracy
Authors: Danielian Jack
Published: September 2011

Components of judging accuracy in person perception were derived from paper-and-pencil measures, and the statistical origin and interpretation of each component discussed. To develop their psychological meaning, the components were related to laboratory measures of perceptual style (Ames Leaf Room and Witkin's Rod-and-Frame Test) and to selected personality variables. For 105 Brooklyn College summer students no relationship was found between the components and perceptual style but several low significant ( p ≤ .05) correlations were found with the personality measures. The broad attempt to establish external criteria by which to evaluate the components was judged only partly successful. However, some substantive issues present in the literature were illustrated by data and methodological problems of scoring and reliability discussed.
Arousal as a Factor in Reminiscence
Authors: Catalano John F.
Published: September 2011

Explanations of performance changes such as decrement and reminiscence are usually attributed to the development and dissipation of inhibition. It was suggested here that changes of activation level may also account for these performance phenomena. An experiment was designed to determine the effects of an interpolated activating stimulus (induced muscular tension) upon reminiscence in rotary pursuit tracking. A significant enhancement of reminiscence beyond that resulting from rest alone was found to occur following stimulation. Magnitude of enhancement was a function of intensity of stimulation. A bilateral effect also occurred. A relationship was observed between enhancement and the presence of prior performance decrement. The results were interpreted as supporting the activation hypothesis.
Classification and Similarity of Multidimensional Stimuli
Authors: Handel Stephen
Published: September 2011

Classification and similarity judgments for a set of multidimensional stimuli were compared for different types of stimulus dimensions. The results show that these judgments are in general related to each other but are not always related in a simple fashion to the discriminability of the stimulus dimension. Moreover, S did not always use the dimension he judged most dissimilar for classification, although he judged the dimension he used for classification as having more dissimilar magnitudes than did Ss who classified by a different dimension. The results suggest that Ss use different methods for perceptually organizing different stimulus sets.
Panel for Stimulus Control over Toggle-Switch Behavior in Technicians
Authors: Zimmerman J. , Plass R. C. , Brown W. , Hileman E. A.
Published: September 2011

This note describes a device which controls toggle-positioning behavior in technicians. Its application has eliminated toggle-positioning errors and superseded the daily verbal instructions previously employed. It can be applied to the reduction of technician errors in any situation in which a given set of equipment is used repeatedly in different ways over short periods of time.
Studies in Efficiency: Categorizing Efficiency of Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Cameron Samuel M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that schizophrenics would adapt their categorizing behavior to meet the demands imposed by payoff matrices less efficiently than normals. In addition, efficiency theory was compared to the over-inclusion hypothesis. 30 schizophrenics and 30 normals categorized a rapidly presented array as containing either 20 or 22 dots under each of 6 conditions determined by 3 matrices and 2 directions of S's attention One matrix required accuracy, one a bias toward 20 dots, and one a bias toward 22 dots. Ss earned money depending on how well they met the demands of the matrices. The predicted interaction between degree of psychopathology and ability to adapt categorizing behavior to meet the demands set by payoff matrices was observed. Normals earned more money than schizophrenics. Schizophrenics were not more inclusive in a category, if their attention was directed to that category, than normals.
Motor Skills Bibliography: LXX. Psychological Index No. 13, 1906
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

44 references to material on motor skills are listed alphabetically.
Research on the Modified Picture Titles Subtest of the IES Test
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

A modified form of Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles subtest was used to assess age and sex differences in impulse, ego, and superego functions in a population of university students, ranging in age from 18 to 22 yr. The ego and superego variables differentiated best on both age and sex differences, with females showing the greater changes over age. The impulse variable showed no discriminating power.
Factor Analysis as an Experimental Technique
Authors: Hall A. C.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis is not restricted to explanatory and classificatory studies but has its place as a hypothesis-testing experimental tool. A study in the field of experimental esthetics is briefly described. In this study, a set of orthogonal reference factors summarized the essential characteristics of a set of random ‘paintings.’ The vectors of Ss, who had ranked the paintings, were inserted into this factor space to test a prediction regarding differences in vector positions related to different experimental treatments. Two advantages of this type of experimental design over more usual classical procedures are suggested.
Continuous versus Terminal Visual Feedback in Prism Aftereffects
Authors: Cohen Malcolm Martin
Published: September 2011

Ss wore prisms as they reached for a visible target with one hand. When the reaching hand was viewed continuously, aftereffects were restricted to that hand. When the reaching hand was viewed only after each reaching movement had already been completed, aftereffects were obtained with both hands. These findings dispute the generality of assertions that the aftereffects of wearing prisms are exclusively a result of either changes in the sensed position of the prismatically viewed arm or changes in the judgment of the direction of the gaze. Rather, both appear to be possible mechanisms underlying the aftereffects, and their relative prominence depends strongly upon visual feedback conditions.
Continuous Monitoring of Overt Human Body Movement by Radio Telemetry: A Brief Review
Authors: Herron R. E. , Ramsden R. W.
Published: September 2011

Although radio transmission of analog signals has been known for over 100 yr., very few investigators have exploited this approach to the systematic study of overt human movement. The small number of known previous applications are critically reviewed and suggestions made regarding future possibilities. Now that micro-electronic transmitters are commonplace, the only major obstacle to future use of this technique seems to rest with the design of unobtrusive motion transducers which are parsimonious in the acquisition of relevant data.
Variance Components in the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

The standardization data for the ITPA were analyzed to determine the variance components of its nine subtests. Over-all, the proportion of the total variance accounted for by the specificity was about three-quarters of that accounted for by the communality. This finding was compared with those of similar analyses of the WISC and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception.
Decrease and Increase in Test-Threshold Luminance Induced by a Contiguous Annular Field
Authors: Tanaka Yoshihisa , Uemura Yasuko , Torii Shuko
Published: September 2011

The threshold luminance of the test field (0.6°) presented to the retinal region about 1°09′ below a fixation point was measured under various combinations of luminance and area of contiguous annular field, according to the method of limits. The following results for 2 Ss were obtained. (1) As the luminance of inducing field increased from −2.5 to 0.5 log mL, the test threshold, after once it became lower than the ones measured without inducing field, increased gradually. (2) It seemed to be dependent on the inducing-area where minimum value of threshold appears on the inducing luminance axis.
Temporal Relationship between Automobile Accidents and Psychiatric Hospitalization
Authors: Buttiglieri Matthew W. , Guenette Marie
Published: September 2011

Records of accidents and driving violations for 3 yr. prior to psychiatric hospital admission were obtained for 361 patients who had drivers licenses in their possession when admitted. The frequency of accidents and driving violations for the patient group did not differ significantly from comparable frequencies for a large comparison group composed of male California drivers. When accidents and violations were plotted with reference to the hospitalization date for each patient, a trend was noted for more accidents and driving violations to occur in the months immediately preceding hospitalization than in those months further removed. Some of the reasons why these relationships are not greater were discussed. It is suggested that more research be directed to the multiple-offender regardless of whether or not he has a psychiatric label.
Exploratory Response of Rats to Stimuli of Differing Complexity
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

The response of the rat to vertical or horizontal lines is examined. Initially, the rat prefers vertical lines but after experience with both stimuli the rat changes this preference. These results are examined for their compatibility with previous findings.
Phenomenal Shape as a Function of Ambiguity of Contour Perspective
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: September 2011

Os made outline drawings of the apparent shapes of a rectangle and three trapezoids, exposed under reduced viewing conditions at slant of 10°, 25°, and 40°. The four forms were of equal height and area. The smallest projective angular convergence of the sides of the frontal-parallel trapezoids was larger than that of the rectangle at its maximum slant. Os distinguished significantly between forms and angles of slant. The shape indices for the monocular and binocular groups did not differ significantly, and the interaction between eye(s) and form was not significant. The data were interpreted, with those of a similar experiment on slant (Smith, 1966a) as supporting a formulation of the shape-slant relation in which phenomenal shape is primary, phenomenal slant subsidiary.
Age as a Factor in Australid Mentality
Authors: Porteus S. D. , Bochner S. , Russell J. , David Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The article reviews briefly work done previously in the Central and Kimberley regions of the Australian interior. Investigations since 1962 had the initial purpose of comparing recent data with those obtained in 1929 and the secondary aim of attempting to demonstrate the effect of age on Maze performance. Difficulties met with in carrying out this program are outlined. What evidence is available indicates a comparative early decline in the mean scores, beginning in the age decade 41 to 50 yr. This was apparent in the work reported by Porteus and Gregor in 1963, by Porteus and David in 1966, and in the present study. These investigations agree in showing that the tempo of the deficiency increases in the next decade (51 to 60 yr. of age), followed by a drastic loss in still older Ss. It appears that among Australids resistance to the inroads of advancing age is less than among more civilized peoples and that this may be an important factor in the matter of inventiveness and technological advance. If these trends are confirmed by further studies, a most significant racial difference will have been uncovered, one that should be of great importance in any program of cultural development. The incidence of trachoma, the most prevalent Australid eye disease, has been demonstrated by Elphinstone and Mann in desert and semi-arid regions. Its possible effect on Maze performance is discussed.
Effect of Film Feedback on Learning the Motor Skills of Karate
Authors: Burkhard Donald G. , Patterson James , Rapue Robert
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of individual execution films in teaching elementary karate movements. Results indicated that S's learning rate improved when he was able to view his own performance.
Two Methods of Determining Body Sensitivity: A Comparison and Evaluation
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

Field independence, as measured by the magnitude of error in judging true vertical on the Rod and Frame test, has been considered to be related to the utilization of body cues by Witkin, et al. (1954). Benfari and Vitale (1965) have used one portion of the Rod and Frame test, analyzed in terms of direction of error from the vertical, to determine if Ss were “body-oriented.” If field-independence and body-orientation measures tap the same attribute, then they should be highly correlated. Body orientation was not significantly related to field independence when data from 46 adult males were analyzed using both procedures.
A Theory of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Pressey A. W.
Published: September 2011

The Mueller-Lyer illusion is explained on the basis of the central tendency effect which refers to errors of overestimation and underestimation that occur whenever repeated judgments of a series of stimuli are made. It was noted that the theory could be extended to explain some, but not all, other types of geometrical illusions.
Field Dependence and Eye Dominance
Authors: Oltman Philip K. , Capobianco Frances
Published: September 2011

21 Ss with incompletely established eye dominance were found to be significantly more field dependent (Hidden-figures Test) than 58 with established eye dominance.
Intercorrelations among Rhythm Subtests of Three Tests of Musical Aptitude
Authors: Tanner Jane , Loess Henry
Published: September 2011

78 fifth-grade students were given 5 rhythm subtests from 3 standardized tests of musical aptitude: Seashore Measures of Musical Talents (Sense of Rhythm and Sense of Time), Drake Musical Aptitude Tests (Rhythm Test Form A and Rhythm Test Form B), and Wing Standardized Tests of Musical Intelligence (Rhythmic Accent). Intercorrelations varied from .59 (Drake A—Drake B) and .56 (Seashore Rhythm—Drake A) to .08 (Drake B—Wing) and .05 (Seashore Time—Wing). Test-retest and split-half reliability coefficients were also obtained for each subtest from separate groups of undergraduate students. Test-retest reliabilities varied from .37 (Drake B) to .88 (Seashore Rhythm), and split-half reliabilities varied from .60 (Wing) to .90 (Drake).
Item Analysis of the Modified Picture Titles Subtest of the IES Test
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

An item analysis was made of the modified form of Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles subtest of the IES Test. Most of the items had a fairly high degree of internal consistency.
Psychophysiological Patterning to Psychological Processes
Authors: Edwards David C.
Published: September 2011

A further demonstration of differential direction of heart rate change in response to perceptual and cognitive visual tasks supports the findings of Lacey and others.
Relation of Pattern Spacing to Pattern Discrimination in the Hooded Rat
Authors: Elias Merrill F. , Stein Andrew I.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relation of pattern spacing to improved learning with large pattern-small background combinations, rats were trained with: 1-sq. in. patterns on narrowly-spaced 4-sq. in. backgrounds (NS 1:4); 1-sq. in. patterns on widely-spaced 4-sq. in. backgrounds (WS 1:4); 1-sq. in. patterns on 16-sq. in. backgrounds (1:16). Patterns were closest together for the NS 1:4 condition and the same distance apart for WS 1:4 and 1:16. For a triangle-circle discrimination, learning was best for NS 1:4, poorer for WS 1:4 and poorest for 1:16. For a diamond-square discrimination, NS 1:4 was superior to WS 1:4 and 1:16 which did not differ. Conclusions were that decreased pattern spacing (a) improves learning and (b) is more critical for difficult problems.
Toward a Psychology of Knowledge: IV. Further Illustrations of the Hypothesis regarding Philosophical Conservatism and Rorschach Movement Responses
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper offers further illustrations of the hypothesis that Rorschach form and movement responsivity are differentially associated with political philosophy, specifically, that form responsivity is associated with Enlightenment philosophy and movement responsivity with Burkean philosophy. The illustrations are drawn from Robert Nisbet's “Conservatism and Sociology” and Werner Stark's “Conservative Tradition in the Sociology of Knowledge.”
Rate of Adaptation under Constant and Varied Optical Tilt
Authors: Ebenholtz Sheldon M. , Mayer Deborah
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 8 Ss each were exposed either to a constant optical tilt (Group C) of 30° for ½ hr. or to a series of prism tilts that varied from 5° to 30° in 5° increments every 5 min. (Group V). The rate of change in level of adaptation per unit time was significantly greater for Group V than Group C. The relation between these results and implications from the assumption of a comparator were discussed.
Certain Speech and Linguistic Abilities in Subclasses of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hammill Donald D. , Myers Patricia I. , Irwin Orvis C.
Published: September 2011

Five measures of speech and linguistic ability were used to evaluate differences between athetoids and spastics matched on CA and IQ. The measures used were Integrated Articulation Test, speech articulation ratings, Abstraction Test, Sound Discrimination Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. The spastic children were superior to athetoid children on ratings of speech intelligibility and ability in articulation. The differences between the two groups on the sound discrimination, abstraction and vocabulary tests were nonsignificant, thus no significant differences were found between subclasses in auditory decoding as measured.
A Brief Ranking Method as an Alternative to Thurstone Scaling Procedures
Authors: Taylor James B.
Published: September 2011

When interjudge agreement is high and the scale items approximate a rectangular distribution, a brief item-ranking method can give results comparable to those obtained by successive interval-scale methods using many judges
Perception Bibliography: LV. Psychological Abstracts, 1938, Volume 12, Second Half
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

102 items on perceptual phenomena are listed below alphabetically.
Perceptual Environments and Pattern Preferences
Authors: Robbins Michael C.
Published: September 2011

No relationship was found between amount of angularity in S's urban environment (indicated by size) and preference for novelty (curved designs). Fairly equal saturation of angular and curved visual stimuli in Western environments, irrespective of size, probably contributed to the failure to reject the null hypothesis.
Forgetting of Dreams in the Laboratory
Authors: Meier C. A. , Ruef H. , Ziegler A. , Hall C. S.
Published: September 2011

An adult male S slept 45 nights in a laboratory and was awakened at the end of every REM period. He recorded 138 dreams during this time of which he could recall 88 when he awakened in the morning. Analysis of the data showed that recency, intensity, amount of material, and intraserial interference all influenced the morning recall of dreams. Intraserial interference was independent of the other three factors which interacted with one another. Repression does not appear to account for the forgetting of dreams reported during the night.
Adaptation of Response-Recognition Training Film for Use in the Classroom
Authors: Haskins Mary Jane
Published: September 2011

In a preliminary study a film was designed to shorten the time necessary to perceive the direction of a tennis return. Ss showed significant improvement in response time. Since the training was conducted with individual Ss, the use of the training film in a classroom situation was examined. Results indicated significant improvement in response time; thus the training device appears to be useful in classroom situations.
Cognitive Styles of Visual Perception in the Evaluation of Television Systems
Authors: Merrill R. G. , Metcalf D. R.
Published: September 2011

Subjective evaluations of television systems are usually avoided because they involve individual differences that are considered unpredictable and uncontrollable. The psychological concept of visual cognitive styles can lead to measures of individual differences in visual perception and therefore give insight into the nature of the human information-handling system. Evaluation of cognitive styles can therefore provide psychological controls in the interpretation of subjective evaluations of television systems; they may also provide guidance for solutions of the television bandwidth reduction problem.
Heart Rate and Heart-Rate Variability: An Attempt to Clarify
Authors: Burdick J. Alan , Scarbrough John T.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were conducted to investigate a possible relationship of heart rate among and within individuals and to investigate the relationship between HR level and two temporal measures of HR variability. In Exp. 1 records for 18 normal male volunteers yielded a linear relationship between the autocorrelation and HR level which was confirmed by the data collected in Exp. 2, in which repeated measurements from 1 S were taken. Another temporal measure of variability was suggested (CVT) which combined this predictable relationship between Ra and MHR. The autocorrelation had no consistent significant association with any noted behavior or training in Exp. 2, but CVT did seem to relate to behavior. The data do not support the hypothesis that resting heart rate and resting heart-rate variability ( Ra or CVT) are reliable measures of “arousal” by themselves, rather that both are highly affected by conditions usually uncontrolled in experiments. The CVT did not significantly relate to EEG measures of arousal, taken during the wakeful state in Exp. 1.
Signs of Creativity on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
Authors: Kahn Theodore C.
Published: September 2011

In a pilot study 14 signs of creativity were tentatively identified on the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement. Finding an adequate measure of creativity suitable for use as a criterion proved difficult. The signs are presented for exploration by those interested in creativity studies.