bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A and carotenes
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E
Published: November 2023

Historically, the best defined role of vitamin A is in the visual process, as the prosthetic group of the opsins, the proteins that sense light in the retina and initiate the nervous impulse. It also functions as a carrier of mannosyl residues in the synthesis of some glycoproteins and, most importantly, it is a regulator and modulator of growth and tissue differentiation. Vitamin A deficiency is a serious problem of public health nutrition, and is probably the most important cause of preventable blindness in children in developing countries. Deficiency of vitamin A is second in scale only to protein-energy malnutrition among nutritional problems ·world-wide, and even in developed countries vitamin A (along with iron) is the nutrient most likely to be supplied in marginal amounts. In addition to primary deficiency of the vitamin, secondary (functional) vitamin A deficiency can be caused by zinc deficiency (see section 25.26.2) or, more importantly, protein-energy malnutrition (see section 12.2) as a result of impaired synthesis of the plasma retinol-binding protein which is required for transport of the vitamin from liver reserves to its sites of action.
Adverse reactions to food
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E
Published: November 2023

Apart from the presence of toxic substances, adverse reactions to food fall into several categories depending on the cause and the mechanism of the reaction. There are two main classes, food intolerance and food aversion. The former is defined as a reproducible, unpleasant reaction to a specific food or food ingredient that is not psychologically based and occurs even when the food is disguised. Food aversion is psychologically based and reactions do not occur when the food is disguised.
Extradural anaesthesia
Authors: Peutrell J M
Published: November 2023

Extradural catheters are rarely inserted at the thoracic level in children. The depth of the extradural space and distance between the tissues planes is smaller and the potential for spinal cord damage and dural puncture is probably greater than in adults. Thoracic extradurals are difficult to insert in awake children and damage to the spinal cord by the extradural needle will not be recognized in anaesthetized children. Analgesia for thoracic dermatomes can usually be obtained using an extradural block inserted at the lumbar level (see below).
The Management of Acute Pain
Authors: Park Gilbert , Fulton Barbara , Senthuran Siva
Published: November 2023

Caring for patients with acute pain problems can present a considerable challenge to junior doctors and nursing staff. Too often, the problems are inappropriately managed, resulting in the patient suffering unnecessary pain. The Management of Acute Pain provides simple, practical guidelines for those who prescribe and administer drugs for acute pain relief, particularly junior medical and nursing staff. The new edition has been extensively revised to take account of drug developments in recent years. Featuring easy to follow flowcharts, and clear concise descriptions, the book will be a valuable reference for House officers, SHO's, physiotherapists, and palliative care nurses.
Paediatric intensive care
Authors: Morton N S
Published: November 2023

This concise reference provides a core curriculum for those who have to look after critically ill children. Early recognition of those children who need intensive care, prompt resuscitation, and safe transportation to specialized units are the keys to success for the sickest children. Management of the common disorders is covered in a practical manner, as are the legal and ethical considerations.
Airway Management
Authors: Robinson D N
Published: November 2023

Skilled management of the airway is a core skill requirement for paediatric intensive care. A number of neonates, infants, and children will require intensive care solely for the establishment and safe maintenance of an airway, and many patients will undergo endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation as part of their overall management. Concentrated practice in managing the airway can best be obtained by full-time supervised experience in the operating theatre or PICU with a paediatric anaesthetist or intensivist.
Paediatric Problems in General Practice
Authors: Modell Michael , Mughal Zulf , Boyd Robert
Published: November 2023

This tremendously popular guide to caring for children's health in the primary care setting has been completely revised and updated for the new edition. It includes guidance on the implications of the Children's Act and child protection, Health for All Children, screening in pregnancy, asthma management, and other recent changes in practice and in the law. Dr Mughal's addition to the editorship ensures that this is the most reliable and up-to-date book available for the primary health care team.
Quality Improvement by Peer Review
Authors: Grol Richard , Lawrence Martin
Published: November 2023

Peer review is especially effective in inducing change and improvement in practice in the long term, and is particularly appropriate in the UK and Europe - it is relevant, locally based, simple and educational. The original Dutch book from which this book was developed was well reviewed. The ideas presented in this book are mainstream and challenging and will help to extend the audit debate as well as to further progress in continuing medical education.
Nuclear medicine imaging
Authors: Sharp Peter F
Published: November 2023

In nuclear medicine clinical information is derived from observing the distribution of a pharmaceutical administered to the patient. By incorporating a radionuclide into the pharmaceutical, measurements can be made of the distribution of this radiopharmaceutical by noting the amount of radioactivity present. These measurements may be carried out either in vivo or in vitro. In vivo imaging is the most common type of procedure in nuclear medicine, nearly all imaging being carried out with a gamma camera (see Section 1.3). It offers the potential, unique among imaging techniques, of demonstrating function rather than simply anatomy.
Musculo-skeletal problems in emergency medicine
Authors: Wardrope Jim. , English Bryan
Published: November 2023

Musculo-skeletal problems underlie many of the cases seen by doctors working in accident and emergency departments. It is estimated that over 4 million patients per annum will attend an A & E department in England and Wales with such a condition. Although many of these problems may be considered less serious, when compared to others seen in A & E departments, a misdiagnosis could have far reaching and even fatal consequences. It is also the area where statistically A & E doctors are most likely to make an error of diagnosis. Musculo-skeletal problems in emergency medicine provides guidelines on the history taking and examination of patients with musculo-skeletal problems. The book starts by explaining the pathology of musculo-skeletal injuries, describing the wide range of non-traumatic musculo-skeletal problems that present to an A & E department. Each section of the body is then dealt with in detail, with advice given on the management of Uspecific patient presentations. Throughout, emphasis is placed on the diagnosis of traumatic and non-traumatic injuries, and detailed guidance provided on their initial investigation, management, and ongoing referral. The book is fully illustrated and includes ‘key points’ at the start of each chapter.
Treatment verification and in vivo dosimetry
Authors: Mayles W P M , Heisig S , Mayles H M O
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, the problem of ensuring that radiotherapy treatments are carried out as they were intended is considered. The principal focus is on external beam therapy but some reference is also made to brachytherapy. The treatment plan for a patient will be the result of careful work and interaction between the planning technicians and the radiation oncologist (radiotherapist). The prescribed dose may be the mid-target dose, as recommended by the ICRU, or frequently some other means of specification may have been used. A dose distribution may have been calculated. However, at every step in the process and in the treatment delivery, uncertainties will be introduced.
Neurology
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ
Published: November 2023

The axial unenhanced computed tomography (CT) scan taken at the level of the lateral ventricles shows characteristic periventricular calcified tubers. The differential for this appearance is intrauterine cytomegalovirus/toxoplasma infection but in these conditions smaller calcific lesions, cerebral atrophy, and microcephaly would also be present. The lateral skull radiograph (Fig. la) shows scattered areas of intracranial calcification (arrows) for which there is a long differential diagnosis.
Hepatobiliary Disease
Authors: Harvey CJ , Roberts HRS , Shaw PJ
Published: November 2023

This 76-year-old lady presented with a 5-day history of increasing abdominal pain and distension with vomiting. What abnormality has been arrowed on this plain abdominal film? Give two further abnormalities.
The newborn
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Neonatology is an interesting subject for the student as it combines some physiology with a range of dramatic diseases that are almost all exclusive to the subspeciality. Questions will be asked on the changes at birth, respiratory distress syndrome, infection, prematurity, statistics, resuscitation, jaundice, and rashes. However, there are many other conditions that may also come up.
Respiratory disease
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

True. The most widely used instrument for monitoring the progress of children with a wide variety of problems is the pulse oximeter. It works by measuring the absorbence of light at different frequencies, exploiting the fact that oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin have different absorbence spectra. It measures the differences in absorbence occurring during a pulse and so eliminates the effect of absorbence by the tissues.
Neurology
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Neurology is one of the larger areas in paediatrics, particularly in examinations. As neurological patients often have long-standing diseases that may be disabling, they are seen in the community by a variety of professionals, and these children may require frequent hospitalization. As they are often stable’ and have reliable signs they make up a core of children for clinical examinations in paediatrics.
Haematology and oncology
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Paediatric haematology is dominated by several fairly common conditions—iron deficiency anaemia is the most common red cell problem, with other haemo- globinopathies (sickle cell, thalassaemia) being important in certain populations. Clotting disorders may be encountered too, particularly immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and also haemophilia is important because of the genetic aspect.
Immunology and infectious diseases
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Changes in disease patterns, antibiotic use, and research have made this a fast moving and exciting subspeciality. From a clinical viewpoint, the diseases are varied and dramatic. For an exam student, knowledge will be expected of all the common diseases and organisms. Understanding of the changes in prevalence of the various diseases with age is expected. Interpretation and management questions will focus particularly on the febrile child or one with a rash. Students are also expected to have some understanding of immune function and immunodeficiency.
Gastroenterology
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Paediatric gastroenterology is a relatively small area at undergraduate level. Questions will be based on symptoms (vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, weight loss, jaundice, distension) and the common diseases [gastroenteritis, colitis, cystic fibrosis (CF), hepatitis, coeliac disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux].
Growth and nutrition
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Growth and nutrition is a particularly ‘paediatric’ topic that is not only very important but also a favourite for examiners. Understanding of the physiology and endocrinology of growth is vital as well as a working knowledge of how to approach a child who is too short or too tall. Fortunately, the basics are quite simple and only a few conditions need be known in detail. Adequate nutrition is required for growth, and although most children have no problem deciding how much this is, paediatricians are required to know various facts about normal nutrition.
Community paediatrics and developrnent
Authors: Round Jonathan
Published: November 2023

This section aims to cover several different areas—development and the developmentally delayed child, immunization, screening, and child protection as well as (in the interpretation and reasoning section) look at decision making in this field. From an MCQ topic point of view, immunization must be thoroughly understood, and key developmental milestones known. As much of the work of community paediatricians involves the child with special needs or a potentially abused child, an approach to these situations should be prepared.
Clinical interventions in chronic renal failure
Authors: Coles G A , Nahas A M El
Published: November 2023

Chronic renal failure (CRF) may be defined as the presence of permanent impairment of renal function, usually judged by the finding of a persistently raised plasma creatinine and depressed creatinine clearance [glomerular filtration rate (GFR)]. Progressive renal failure is diagnosed when there is a continuing decline in renal function, usually recognized by the patient having a progressive increase in plasma creatinine (or a decline in creatinine clearance). The distinction between these two definitions is important because some patients may have impaired but stable renal function for many years. Such individuals will make any supposed treatment for progression appear effective unless the therapy is evaluated by a proper controlled trial including a run-in period to establish the nature (progressive or stable) of their CRF. All too often, clinical trials have failed to take this factor into consideration assuming that all patients with CRF have a progressive decline in renal function leading to the inclusion of patients with stable, albeit impaired renal function, thus con founding the outcome and interpretation of these studies.
Morphology of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes contrasted with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Fioretto Paola , Saller Alois , Vestra Michele Dalla , Mauer Michael
Published: November 2023

Although type 2 diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), l--l the majority of studies on renal morphology have been performed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, although it is well established that in type l diabetes the most important structural changes involve predominantly the glomerulus, the few studies in patients with type 2 diabetes do not allow us to conclude that the renal lesions are similar in type l and type 2 diabetes.
The central autonomic disturbance in Rett syndrome
Authors: Julu Peter O O
Published: November 2023

Rett syndrome can be defined as a congenital neurodevelopmental disorder. Its clinical character is described in Chapter 1 and the causative mutations in MECP2 gene in Chapter 2. I will repeat certain clinical features of the disorder here in relation to autonomic dysfunction: Mental disability of variable severity, speech ranging from none to a few words. It is not clear if this is due to lack of growth factors leading to inadequate brainstem projections into the cerebral cortex in early intrauterine development; however brainstem autonomic nuclei do participate in the early projections into the cerebral cortex, making them relevant to any discussion of learning disability.
Autonomic dysfunction and sudden death in Rett syndrome: prolonged QTc intervals and diminished heart rate variability
Authors: Glaze Daniel G , Schultz Rebecca J
Published: November 2023

Rett syndrome girls are expected to survive into adulthood to become women with Rett syndrome. A preliminary study indicates that the survival curve for Rett syndrome (RS) follows the general female population until age 10 years. Thereafter, survival declines, most precipitously after age 20 years to 70% at age 35 years compared to 98.4% in the general US female population. However, in comparison to severely retarded individuals retaining self-feeding skills and some degree of ambulation, the survival curve for RS declines less rapidly. By age 35 years, 70% survival in RS contrasts to 27% survival for profoundly mentally retarded individuals. The majority of deaths appear to be either sudden and unexplained, or secondarily to pneumonia (DeJunco et al. 1992). Of the deaths reported to the International Rett Syndrome Association, 22% were sudden deaths of unknown cause without preceding acute illness (Sekul et al. 1994).
Linkage and association
Authors: Sham Pak , McGuffin Peter
Published: November 2023

Linkage and association analyses are methods for mapping disease loci. Both methods depend on the existence of polymorphic genetic markers and can be used to test specific candidate genes, or in a systematic scan of a chromosome or the entire genome. When used systematically, linkage and association analyses do not require knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease. Linkage and association have complementary properties, in that linkage is only able to detect genes of major effect, but at large distances, whereas association can detect genes of minor effect, but only at small distances. Systematically screening the whole genome requires only several hundred markers for linkage analysis, but many thousands of markers for association analysis.
The capsular warning syndrome and lacunar TIAs
Authors: Donnan G A , O’Malley H M , Quang L , Hurley S , Bladin P F
Published: November 2023

Transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) were recognized quite early as a distinct clinical entity but, since then, in historical terms, there has been only modest development in their classification. They have been categorized broadly into either carotid or vertebrobasilar territory groups by earlier workers, but little further characterization has been attempted apart from the classification of carotid territory symptoms into retinal and hemispheric subsets. It was well known that TIAs as a group may herald subsequent stroke in the same vascular territory, hence the clinical recognition of these events assumed considerable importance. Because of various methodological difficulties with many earlier studies, the true annual stroke risk associated with TIAs was difficult to determine, the main problems being with TIA definition and end point definition (Brust 1977).
Caudate infarcts
Authors: Caplan L R
Published: November 2023

Knowledge about the clinical consequences of infarction of the caudate nucleus and its incoming and outgoing fibre connections is still evolving. Most information about clinical signs and symptoms, physiology, and aetiology come from recent reports and case series.
Renaissance
Authors: Harrison John
Published: November 2023

Iam writing this chapter just a few days after the end of the last millennium. As we might have expected, the arbitrary change from 1999 to 2000 was not accompanied by planes falling from the sky, civil disorder, or the gradual unfolding of the apocalyptic Revelations of St John. Nevertheless, the end of the last century was accompanied by much anxiety, pontification, and hyperbolic accounts of imminent disaster. What’s fascinating about fin de siecle fever, as we might call it, is that the issues of major concern in 1899 and 1999 appear to be very similar.
When is synaesthesia not synaesthesia? When it is a metaphor
Authors: Harrison John
Published: November 2023

There’s something you may have noticed about people with synaesthesia, i.e. they tend to be women? What is immediately curious about the figures from history who, it is claimed, are or were synaesthetes is the overwhelming preponderance of males. Before we proceed it is again time for a little honesty. What is clear from the foregoing chapters is that there are objective means of determining whether any given individual has synaesthesia.
Introduction
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

In these experiments, one circumstance struck me with particular surprize. This was the sudden, wide, and forcible spreading of a drop of oil on the face of the water, which I do not know that any body has hitherto considered. If a drop of oil is put on a polished marble table, or on a looking-glass that lies horizontally, the drop remains in place, spreading very little. But when put on water it spreads instantly many feet around, becoming so thin as to produce the prismatic colors, for a considerable space, and beyond them so much thinner as to be invisible, except in its effect of smoothing the waves.
The French Connection
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

France is different today, was different then. Its special charms have somehow survived unchanged through the reigns of profligate kings, through violent revolution and devastating wars. Franklin, on his first visit in 1767, noted the high fashion of Parisian women, the rows of trees lining country roads, the high quality of the wine, the same as a tourist today might. In 1779, when he lived as America ‘s plenipotentiary on the grounds of a great estate in Passy, on the western side of Paris, he had 1040 bottles of wine in his cellar. In September 1782 the inventory was 1203 bottles.
Irving Langmuir: Molecular Attitudes
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

Irving Langmuir was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1881 and died on a visit to his nephew David on Cape Cod in 1957. His life span coincides with America ’s great years of expansion, her meteoric rise to the ranks of the world ’s top nations. America was a new force in the world, a force for progress and democracy and nationwide prosperity. Driven by boundless energy, supremely selfconfident, it rode roughshod over traditional methods and social customs, sometimes forgetting that anything at all had existed before, and sometimes undoubtedly throwing out the good with the bad.
Epilogue—The Biological Frontier
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

We are now all ardent converts. The membrane is accepted, even honored — given top priority for current research. Anatomists, anesthesiologists, biochemists, cell biologists, immunologists, neuroscientists, opthalmologists, pharmacologists, physiologists — we have all sorts of titles and degrees, but we all now love cell membranes and want to know how they work. We all agree that the phospholipid bilayer, exactly two molecules thick, is everywhere the basic framework of membrane structure, and we understand the forces that tenaciously hold the lipid molecules together.
Latin America
Authors: Pike Fredrick B
Published: November 2023

The manifestations of Christianity (meaning, for all practical purposes, Roman Catholicism) in late eighteenth-century Latin America arc diverse and complex, almost beyond description. Not surprisingly, then, when the independence movement erupted early in the nineteenth century, Christianity proved a divisive rather than a unifying force. A few of the factors contributing to divisiveness must be sketched before turning to the crucial independence era and its immediate aftermath.
Genetically determined degenerations of the nervous system
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

Certain regions of the nervous system are, for reasons which we do not yet clearly understand, particularly vulnerable to genetically determined degenerative disorders. These are rare disorders. The structures at risk include the optic nerves, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the olives, the long tracts of the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. The different systems of the nervous system which appear to be vulnerable will be grouped under separate headings but, although in any particular syndrome the most prominent damage affects one part of the nervous system, there is frequently less obvious involvement of other vulnerable parts of the nervous system and they are therefore difficult to classify precisely. Degenerative processes which affect the optic nerve (p.39) and the cerebral cortex (p.259) and the leucodystrophies (p.545) are considered elsewhere in this book.
Unnatural science
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

If a broad line of demarcation is drawn between the natural sciences and what can only be described as the unnatural sciences, it will at once be recognized as a distinguishing mark of the latter that their practitioners try most painstakingly to imitate what they believe-quite wrongly, alas for them-to be the distinctive manners and observances of the natural sciences.
Scientific fraud
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

Some policemen are venal; some judges take bribes and deliver verdicts accordingly; there are secret diabolists among men in holy orders and among vice-chancellors are many who believe that most students enjoying higher education would be better-off as gardeners or in the mines; moreover, some scientists fiddle their results or distort the truth for their own benefit.
Dolly: The Age of Biological Control
Authors: Wilmut Ian
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I wish to present the reader with several exciting possible applications of nuclear transfer technology, or cloning technology as it is popularly called. Nuclear transfer is the technique by which Dolly was created.1 What makes Dolly so unique is that she is the first mammal ever to be cloned using the nucleus of an already differentiated cell. In all of the furore that followed our announcement of Dolly’s birth at the Roslin Institute, and of her subsequent pregnancy, there has been relatively little attention paid to how revolutionary this step in nuclear transfer technology in fact was. What Dolly shows is that a nucleus from an adult animal cell can be reprogrammed to become totipotent; it can, in other words, be altered to allow the foll range of gene expression required to create a complete animal. We have thus entered what I have termed in the title an age of biological control, an era in which we will progressively become able to prevent as well as treat human diseases which currently cause terrible suffering, both by better understanding the molecular structure of cell development and modifying it.
Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109
Authors: Marston Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In his thorough analytical study of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, Nicholas Marston suggests a unique way of understanding this important work. The book provides an exhaustive study of its sources and an analytical approach to the structure of the sonata itself. The source study is based on a complete transcritpion of all the surviving manuscript sources for the work; the book includes a large majority of the sketches, and parts of the autograph score. The introductory chapter reivews Heinrich Schenker’s work on Op. 109. In Chapter 2 Beethoven’s letters, conversation books, sketchbooks and other sources are used to build up a detailed picture of the progess of his work on the sonata. The middle chapters form the core of the analytical study in which the sketches for each part of the three movements are analysed in detail, and the relevance of the sketches to the final version is explored. The final chapter extends the notion of ‘sketch’ beyond Op. 109 and summarizes the results of the study. No stone is left unturned: even Beethoven’s previously misunderstood notation of final barlines in the autograph score is shown to be of structural significance. The book is important in several respects. The attitude adopted towards the sketches is postive , approaching them as valid compositional acts and not wrong turnings en route to a perfect final version. As an analytical study the book provides perhaps the most extended Schenkerian analysis of a Beethoven sonata yet published, and offers a rare Schenkerian analysis of a variation movement. It may equally be read as a extension or critique of Schenkerian thinking: it goes beyond Schenker both in its espousal of unconventional ‘background’ strucures and in its suggestion of a single structural plan for the entire three-movement work.
Flute Technique
Authors: Morris Gareth
Published: November 2023

This is a book for both professional and amateur flute players. It contains instructions in sound production, breath control, intonation, tonguing, and dynamics; and it offers advice on phrasing, tone, vibrato, and orchestral playing. There are annotated fingering charts showing normal fingerings, and trill fingerings, and a concise account of the flute’s history. There is also a useful repertory list, and an appendix by Sebastian Bell describing avant-garde techniques.
“You Ain’t Heard Nothin’ Yet”
Authors: Sarris Andrew
Published: November 2023

Andrew Sarris has long been one of America's most celebrated writers on film, author of the seminal work The American Cinema, and for decades a highly regarded critic, first for The Village Voice and more recently for The New York Observer. Now comes Sarris's definitive statement on film, in a masterwork that has taken 25 years to complete. Here is a sweeping--and highly personal--history of American film, from the birth of the talkies (beginning with The Jazz Singer and Al Jolson's memorable line "You ain't heard nothin' yet") to the decline of the studio system. By far the largest section of the book celebrates the work of the great American film directors, with giants such as John Ford, Alfred Hitchcock, Charlie Chaplin, Orson Welles, and Howard Hawks examined film by film. Sarris also offers glowing portraits of major stars, from Garbo and Bogart to Ingrid Bergman, Margaret Sullavan, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Clark Gable, and Carole Lombard. There is a tour of the studios--Metro, Paramount, RKO, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, Universal--revealing how each left its own particular stamp on film. And in perhaps the most interesting and original section, we are treated to an informative look at film genres--the musical, the screwball comedy, the horror picture, the gangster film, and the western. A lifetime of watching and thinking about cinema has gone into this book. It is the history that film buffs have been waiting for.
Clinical Diagnosis in Neurosurgery
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Diagnosis in neurosurgery usually involves three steps: the organi-zation of historical features and physical findings into syndrome complexes (syndrome identification), the identification of the ana-tomical region involved (anatomic diagnosis), and the clarification of the disease represented in a particular patient (etiological and pathological diagnosis). There is an old saying in neurology: “the history tells what the disease is and the examination tells where it is.” Accurate diagnosis is a crucial initial step in neurosurgery.
Differential Diagnosis of Common Neurosurgical Problems
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents several of the most frequent complaints or findings encountered in neurosurgery, emphasizing their differential diagnosis and neurosurgical implications.
Neurosurgical Complications
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Complications that the neurosurgeon must treat may be divided into those of a general nature and those that are specific for a particular procedure or disease.
Vascular Disorders of the Brain and Spine
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

A stroke is a neurological event of sudden onset resulting from dis¬ease in the blood vessels supplying the brain. Two broad categories can be defined: ischemic strokes, in which lack of blood supply leads to infarction; and hemorrhagic strokes, in which there is abnormal bleeding in the brain. There are three forms of ischemic stroke- thrombotic, embolic, and hypertensive; and two forms of hemor¬rhagic stroke- intracerebral and subarachnoid.
Infections of the Brain and Spine
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Bone infections usually occur after a craniotomy or head injury. A skull X-ray will show a moth-eaten appearance of the bone. Unfor-tunately, this is not too different from the appearance of a normal bone flap that has a limited blood supply so that it is difficult on X-ray alone to make this differential diagnosis. An indium-labeled white blood cell scan may be helpful in this situation.
Selected Neurological Disorders of Neurosurgical Importance
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

By the nature of the subject, the student of neurosurgery is also a student of neurology, and must recognize all types of neurological illnesses. This chapter presents five neurological disorders that can mimic neurosurgical disorders and should be recognized in this guise.
Introduction
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

Kansas City, Missouri, a cradle of jazz, along with New Orleans, Chicago, and New York, bred a distinct style of jazz that swiftly grew from ragtime to bebop. In 1921, James Scott published one of his last great rags, “Don’t Jazz Me Rag (I’m Music). “ Twenty years later, Charlie Parker composed “What Price Love, “ a bebop classic later renamed “Yardbird Suite. “ The golden age of Kansas City Jazz produced a legion of bands and soloists who changed the course of American music. Surprisingly, little scholarship has been devoted to the development of Kansas City Jazz.
Carrie’s Gone to Kansas City
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

Like New York City’S Harlem, Kansas City’s 18th and Vine area developed into a self-contained community. During the days of public segregation, the intersection of 18th and Vine served as the hub of a bustling business and entertainment district—the heart and soul of an African American community, bounded by Independence Avenue on the north, Troost Avenue on the west, 27th Street on the south, and Benton Boulevard to the east. Baseball legend and former Kansas City Monarch Buck O’Neil mused that racial segregation in Kansas City “was a horrible thing, but a bitter-sweet thing. We owned the Street’s Hotel. We owned Elnora’s restaurant. The Kansas City Monarchs were our team. The money we made in the community, stayed in the community. When we traveled we spent money in other black communities and it came back when they came to Kansas City. “
The Territories
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

Walter Page’S Blue Devils and the legion of other bands barnstorming across the West were referred to as territorial bands in recognition of the vast areas they toured. Based in larger cities, some little more than dusty, overgrown frontier towns scattered across the plains, the bands staked out the western United States into immense territories. Bandleaders vigilantly protected their turf against claim-jumpers. “You had your own territory to play in and you didn’t play anywhere else unless you got permission from the leading band in that territory, “ Ed Lewis explained. “Around Oklahoma City, Wichita, Kansas, and places like that, Walter Page’s Blue Devils was the leading band. If Bennie Moten wanted to play dates in that territory, he had to get in touch with Walter Page. “1 Musical gunslingers, they settled territorial disputes in the spirit of the Wild West, shooting it out in battles of the bands. Walter Page boasted, “I cut both George E. Lee and Jesse Stone.
Hootie’s Blues
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck
Published: November 2023

Jay Mcshann And Harlan Leonard managed to escape the full force of the local cleanup and break out nationally, with a little luck and help from Dave Dexter. In the fall of 1938, Dexter joined Down Beat in Chicago. Confidently moving into his new position as associate editor, Dexter brought a new professionalism to the musician’s monthly. “Within days I was writing, or rewriting from a dozen unpaid volunteer correspondents in the major cities, at least 80 percent of the news and features in each issue, “ Dexter proudly recalled. “I selected the photos and composed their captions. I pasted up the dummy of each page, corrected typographical errors, and arranged the physical layout of each story, writing every headline myself. “1 Dexter wrote under numerous pseudonyms to give the illusion of a large staff. The barely twenty-threeyear-old Dexter, still sporting his funny Kansas City haircut, trimmed high and tight on the sides, emerged as a powerhouse in the music industry, in deciding which records merited review and what bands deserved ink. Once established at Down Beat, Dexter wielded his considerable influence to advance the McShann and Leonard bands nationally, while continuing to champion the Kansas City tradition.

In early February 1939, Dexter brought Jay McShann to Chicago for an engagement at the newly opened Off-Beat Club, an offshoot of Down Beat, located below the popular Three Deuces Club on State Street. The Off-Beat attracted scores of musicians and industry insiders who hoped to appear in
The Genetic Basis of Plant Physiological Processes
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

Plant molecular biology is rapidly becoming an important and successful component of the worldwide research challenge to apply basic biochemical, physiological and genetic techniques for the improvement of agricultural crops. This book shows how the study of fundamental plant physiological processes is being advanced through the science of genetics. The author has adopted a case study approach to illustrate how defined genetic materials in mutants and plant variants are being productively used to explore photosynthesis, stress tolerance, seed physiology, and flowering and reproductive morphology. This approach also helps avoid overwhelming readers who might be unfamiliar with the enormous detail now available in this burgeoning field. The case studies cover all major fields of plant physiology and are grouped in a format familiar to students of the discipline. Most take the form of a brief introduction followed by a discussion of the isolation and characterization of the mutants in question, and then by examples of how these mutants have been used to provide physiological insights. The aim is to make the information accessible to students with an elementary knowledge of plant physiology, genetics, and molecular biology, as well as other scientists and students who wish to know more about the application of the powerful tools provided by genetics.
“Daddy’s Gone to War”
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

“Being Born in 1937,” wrote Ruby Anglea in 1990, “and my father serving in World War II, I thought I could be of some help to you in gathering information for your book. But the strangest thing happened shortly after I began to write down my memories-I couldn’t. I was recalling my father being separated from us, then my mother leaving to join him in a stateside camp, my living with my grandparents-and suddenly as if I was paralyzed I could go no further.” Ruby was not alone. To these homefront girls and boys, nothing was more unsettling than the father’s departure for military service. In other families, the wartime absence of an older brother was equally upsetting. The safety of uncles, cousins, and neighborhood fathers and brothers also concerned boys and girls. These were anxious and painful years for the home front children.
Working Mothers and Latchkey Children
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

Ail Hagar was not yet two in 1942 when her father entered the United States Army and then her mother left her “with a lady” and “got a job at the camp so she could be near daddy.” For most of her life, Gail recalled, she was unaware that this had had “any effect on me at all “But she became a grandmother, and one day her daughter was “phoning around .looking for a babysitter so she could go to work. I became very angry with her & told her she should be ashamed [for] just trying to unload Amy on anyone and going off & leaving her that way.” Gail’s anger surprised and concerned her, for she realized that “my feelings were not about my daughter and Amy [but] about my mother leaving me.” She was astonished that she harbored such “great resentments from even that early age.” Yet there was another reason for her upset. Like her childhood feelings of abandonment, this too was a life-course change related to her mother, who was eighty and ill. Gail, at fifty, was now struggling “with the fear all over again that she is going to leave me & what’s going to happen to me when she’s gone, and who will take care of me?”
The Problem of the Essential Indexical and Other Essays
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

The Problems of the Essential Indexical is a collection of twelve essays by John Perry and two essays he co-authored. These deal with various problems related to ‘self-locating beliefs’-the sorts of beliefs one expresses with indexicals and demonstratives like ‘I’ and ‘this’. Postscripts have been added to a number of the essays discussing criticisms that have been made by writers such as Gareth Evans and Robert Stalnaker. Included are such well-known essays as ‘Frege on Demonstratives’, ‘The Problem of the Essential Indexical’, ‘From Worlds to Situations’, and ‘The Prince and the Phone Booth’.
Possible Worlds and Subject Matter
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

Barbara Partee emphasizes two contributions possible-worlds semantics has made to linguistics (1989). First, possible worlds have helped to provide an appropriate structure on the space of meanings. Second, the possible-worlds conception helps relate linguistic meaning to other kinds of informational content.1 She believes that these contributions are “largely independent of metaphysical issues” (1989, 107).
Strong Medicine
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

In one form or another, health care is now being rationed; not every patient receives all that is possibly beneficial for him - sometimes with tragic consequences. Decisions to ration raise a classic dilemma: how can we treat an individual with dignity and genuine respect when he is being short-changed by an efficient policy that seems best overall? Strong Medicine argues that we can respect the individual, if those policies represent the hard trade-off preferences of patients controlling resources for their larger lives. Rationing is still strong medicine to swallow, but then it becomes what patients, as well as the doctor, ordered. Menzel develops this central idea and applies it to major issues of health policy and economics: the notion of pricing life, the long-run cost of prevention, measuring quality of life, imperilled newborns, adequate care for the poor, containing costs by market competition, malpractice suits, procuring organs for transplant, and dying expensively in old age. He provides a hard-hitting, critical philosophical discussion of these issues, in non-technical language accessible to a wide range of readers.
The Molecular Vision of Life
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

Molecular biology as a distinct scientific discipline had its origins in chemistry and physical biochemistry, gradually emerging in the period between 1930 and the elucidation of DNA in the mid 1950s. Today this field has risen to a dominant position, and with its focus on deciphering genetic structure, it has endowed scientists with unprecedented power over life. In this fascinating study, however, Lily Kay argues that molecular biology did not “evolve” in a random fashion but, rather, was the result of systematic efforts by key scientists and their supporting foundations to direct the development of biological research toward a preconceived vision of science and society. The author traces and analyses the conceptual roots of molecular biology and the social matrix in which it was developed, focusing on the role of leading researchers headquartered at Caltech, and on the Rockefeller Foundation’s sponsorship of the new science. The study thus explores a number of vital, sometimes controversial topics, among them the role of private power centres in shaping the scientific agenda, the political aspects of “pure” research, and how genetic engineering was envisioned by some as a potential tool for social intervention. This book will be of special interest to all molecular biologists, as well as historians and sociologists of science. However the story told has broad significance, and it is written in an accessible, nontechnical manner, fully understandable to general readers.
Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry: Ion and Neutral Analysis
Authors: Odom Robert W , Schueler Bruno
Published: November 2023

Laser microprobe mass spectrometry is a microanalytical materials analysis technique employed in the characterization of a material’s elemental and, in some cases, molecular composition.1-3 The laser microprobe technique is based on performing a mass and intensity analysis of the ionic species formed in the high-power density laser irradiation of a solid sample. The microanalytical feature of the laser microprobe technique is achieved by utilizing a finely focused ( ∼1 µ,min diameter) laser pulse to initiate the vaporization and ionization of a materials constituents. There are a number of different types of laser and mass spectrometer combinations (some of these are described elsewhere in this book) that provide chemical characterization of a solid sample.
Replying to Hume ‘s Heap
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

When Kant focuses on the demands that cognitive tasks put on the subject, he proclaims the existence of a “transcendental unity of apperception”. “Why not call it the transcendental diversity of apperception?”, Richard Rorty once inquired.1 Rorty ‘s irony reflects a common reaction among less sympathetic readers of the Critique. With this doctrine Kant ‘s tendency to sesquipedality becomes intolerable. The troubles that contemporary readers have with apperception go far deeper than matters of terminological style, however. This doctrine is Kant ‘s principal teaching about the necessary attributes of a being capable of cognitive experience. As such, it is the centerpiece of the subjective Deduction.
Perceiving Times and Spaces: The Cognitive Capacity at the Center of the Deduction
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

Chapters 4 and 5 showed how these analyses led to the development of a persuasive account of mental unity, the unity of apperception. This material constitutes a substantial part of the objective and subjective sides of the Deduction chapter. What is missing from the account so far is what is missing for most of the chapter itself: the connection between these task analyses and apperception, and Kant ‘s goal of establishing a special status for the 12 categorial concepts. That is the project for this chapter. I will use these task analyses and the account of apperception, plus a more specific analysis-the analysis of perceiving spatial and temporal arrays-to show how Kant ‘s transcendental psychology enables him to construct one long argument for the universal applicability and indispensability of the categories, an argument that stretches from the Aesthetic through the Principles.