bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cement Behaviour on Casing Integrity in Superhot Geothermal Wells: A Numerical Study
Authors: Hoang N. H. , Bois A. P. , Naumann M. , Sæther S. , Coudert T.
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the results of numerical studies aiming to assess the effects of cement hydration on the casing integrity in superhot well conditions. Casing integrity challenges for high and super-high temperature geothermal wells were first discussed. A simplified well cement material model was implemented in the stand-alone code, Casinteg, to simulate cement behaviour in field conditions. Numerical simulations were performed, based on the IDDP-2 well scenarios, to investigate the effect of cement retarders, cement hydration heat and cement shrinkage on the casing stresses. The obtained results have shown that by engineering proper cement solutions, the risks of casing failure in geothermal wells can be minimized to sustainably harvesting green power from superhot geothermal reservoirs.

1. INTRODUCTION

To answer the growing need for energy and at the same time fighting against the global climate change, development of renewable energy sources is indispensable. Geothermal energy is today recognized as one of the potential renewable sources, contributing to the "green shift" from fossil fuels toward more sustainable energy. Currently, most commercial geothermal power plants operate at the temperature range of 150° – 300° C. However, exploring the huge potential from/of? super-high temperature reservoirs (up to 400° – 500 °C) may be needed to increase the power production output, thereby lowering levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of geothermal projects (Reinsch et al., 2017).

For sustainable exploitation of geothermal energy, robust and cost-efficient casing systems are an absolute demand. However, the harsh operation conditions encountered in the high-temperature (HT) geothermal reservoirs are very challenging and are detrimental for the well integrity. Improper material selection and design principles may lead to serious failure events, and loss of the production well, as reported in many HT geothermal well projects (Ford et al., 2017). Recent examples are experiences from the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP). The two first IDDP wells are themselves pilot experiments and great learning sources for both researchers and industry. However, they could not be used for power production due to well integrity problems. Both wells experienced severe casing damage/failure (casing collapse and corrosion), which were the main technical obstacle to tap geothermal power from these ultra-high temperature production wells (Kruszewski and Wittig, 2018).
Non-Cubic Law Fracture Flow Phenomena
Authors: Gee B. , Gracie R.
Published: September 2022

Hydraulic fracture and fracture flow simulations are almost exclusively based on Poiseuille flow (the cubic law). A key assumption embedded in our models is that flow is steady, inertial effects are negligible, the fracture surfaces are parallel and the rate of change of the fracture aperture does not impact flow. However, in many practical applications most and sometimes all of these assumptions are violated. In this paper, we will discuss various phenomena that may be observed in experiments and the newly derived Reduced Dimension Fracture Flow (RDFF) model which are not captured by simulations based on the cubic law. These include (1): fracture fluid flow induced by seismic waves, (2) phase shifts between pressure, aperture, and flux fields, (3) non-Darcian flow in the direction of positive pressure gradients, (4) negative near well bore fluid pressures induced by high velocity radial flow.

1 INTRODUCTION

Modern large-scale simulations of fracture flow and hydraulic fracture operations are based almost exclusively on the cubic law (also known as Poiseuille flow). The cubic law is popular because it provides a constitutive relationship between the fluid flux and the fluid pressure, but this model is accompanied by a number of limiting physical assumptions. The cubic law is the analytical solution to flow through rigid parallel plates and makes the assumptions: a) that flow is steady, b) inertial effects are negligible, c) fracture surfaces may be locally approximated using parallel plates, d) that flow is laminar, and e) that the rock mass is impermeable. In many applications of the cubic law, most and sometimes all of these assumptions are violated. The recently derived Reduced Dimension Fracture Flow (RDFF) model (Gee and Gracie, 2022b) provides an alternative to the cubic law. The RDFF model is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by integrating over the fracture aperture and making simplifying assumptions about the flow behaviour to generate a model that, at the cost of increased model complexity, is not subject to the same physical limitations as the cubic law. The RDFF model is capable of capturing inertial and transient flow behaviours, and has been shown to conserve energy in fractures of varying aperture where the cubic law does not.
Coupled Effect of Glass Microfiber Reinforcement and Temperature Elevation to the Swelling and Compressibility Characteristics of Bentonite
Authors: Calaunan J. M. F. , Eun J. , Kim S. , Kim Y.-R.
Published: September 2022

The deep geological repository is one of the most preferred disposal methods in many countries for high-level radioactive waste materials and spent fuel after nuclear energy production. The engineered barrier system (EBS) in the repository holds the nuclear waste-containing canister in place. However, it is known that the EBS can be readily dried near the canister due to the heat emitted from the spent fuel inside the canister, which could induce the generation of cracks in the EBS. Inorganic microfiber can be an alternative to mitigate such cracks, and thus, enhance the performance of the engineered buffer material. This study investigated the coupled effect of glass microfiber reinforcement on the swelling and compressibility characteristics of sodium bentonite at both ambient (22°C) and elevated (50°C) temperatures. By using the one-dimensional consolidation test setup with temperature controls, the swelling pressure test was performed to investigate the swelling pressure, compression, and swelling indices for 0.0% and 3.0% glass fiber contents by weight. A unique coupled relationship between the fiber inclusion and temperature elevation for the bentonite can better explain the engineering performance of the deep geological repository to safely store the high-level radioactive waste materials and spent fuel.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nuclear energy is one of the main sources of energy utilized across the globe. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2021), the United States of America generated 809 BkWh of total annual nuclear electricity last 2019. This amount translates to 30.5% of the total world nuclear electricity generation. At present, the United States has 94 nuclear reactors in operation, in which 30 of its states house many commercial nuclear power plants (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2021).

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2022), fossil fuel accounts for 65% of global greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, nuclear power currently represents more than half of all low-carbon electricity generation in the U.S. and 30% of the world’s low-carbon electricity (Hsu, 2021). With that, nuclear energy is gaining traction due to its non-production of greenhouse gas emissions during operation (World Nuclear Association, 2022). However, given the national and global reliance on this energy, its production entails a huge amount of nuclear waste generated afterward.
Geological and Geomechanical Analyses for Hydrogen Storage in Salt Caverns, Central Kansas
Authors: Meng Jingyao , Hasiuk Franek , Holubnyak Eugene , Raney Jennifer
Published: September 2022

The H-2-SALT study aimed to assess the feasibility of a power-to-hydrogen system utilizing salt cavern storage of hydrogen in Kansas. Two specific sites were evaluated in this study, including Gordon Evans Energy Center (GEEC), located near Colwich, KS; and the Hutchinson Energy Center NG-EGU (HEC), located northeast of Hutchinson, Kansas. The existing well and Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) salt cavern data were collected at the two sites and adjacent area to develop a hydrogen storage potential database for site characterization efforts. The Hutchinson Salt Member, a bedded salt formation, exists in central to western Kansas, dipping towards the west and providing prospective potential for hydrogen storage in designed salt caverns. GEEC and HEC contain 200-300 ft (61-91 m) Hutchinson salt under the 300-450 ft (91-137 m) overburden formation. Little or no major stability issue is existed at the study area. Potential stability issue such as cavern closure, roof collapse, interbed slip, and tensile fracturing can be avoided by limiting the cavern parameters during the hydrogen storage operation. Pressure, size limitation, and distribution of potential salt caverns for each site were determined to meet the criteria of cavern stability. Future research should focus on obtaining core and log data, and 2D or 3D seismic surveying to characterize the salt formation and mechanical behavior for pre-FEED (front end engineering and design) studies.

1. INTRODUCTION

Natural, bedded salt formations can be considered as host rocks for cavern storage of hydrogen produced by the conversion of excess energy to hydrogen via electrolysis. There are three active facilities in the US and one facility in the UK stores hydrogen in salt caverns (Zivar et al., 2021). Thick salt deposits underlie south-central Kansas (Sawin and Buchanan, 2002; Walters, 1978). Kansas has a mature salt industry, including traditional mining, solution mining, and underground liquid hydrocarbon storage in salt caverns. A comprehensive understanding of the geology and geomechanics principles is vital to understanding site selection, sizing, and designing a hydrogen storage facility. The H-2-SALT study aimed to assess the feasibility of a power-to-hydrogen system utilizing salt cavern storage of hydrogen in Kansas. Sponsorship of this study was provided by the National Energy Technology Laboratory, US Department of Energy.
Permeability and Water Saturation Characterization and Prediction in Wellington Oil Field Using Core Analysis and Seismic Inversion
Authors: Esmaeilpour S. , Ispas I.
Published: September 2022

Reservoir permeability is a critical parameter for the evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. It is often measured in the laboratory from reservoir core samples or evaluated from well test data. The prediction of reservoir rock permeability utilizing well log and seismic data is important because the core analysis and well test data are usually only available from a few wells in a field and are associated with high coring and laboratory analysis costs. In this work, a joint inversion strategy based on Multi Attribute Analysis (MAA) and Deep Feed-forward Neural Networks (DFNNs) algorithm was applied to predict the spatial variations of key petrophysical parameters (porosity, permeability, and saturation) for inter-well regions. In this method, acoustic impedance (AI) models are computed from post-stack seismic amplitude data by seismic inversion in the time domain with measured log density and velocity as constraints. The obtained results reveal that the proposed strategy, which combines MAA and PNNs, leads to the optimization of lateral and vertical facies heterogeneities and accurate prediction of reservoir parameter distribution. The time slice maps of inverted porosity and permeability at various time intervals indicate a reasonable calibration with the measured core and well log data. The methodology proposed in this study may be considered useful for other basins in Kansas with similar geological settings and anywhere in the world for reservoir characterization, particularly for carbonate Cambrian-Ordovician formations and variable depositional environments.

1. INTRODUCTION

Recently, acoustic impedance (AI) mapping, which is derived from the inversion of poststack seismic amplitude data, has emerged as a widely used technique for predicting spatial reservoir properties. It has been proposed that the inverted models of AI, i.e., P-impedance, S-impedance, and density, can be used to estimate lithofacies, petrophysical, and elastic parameters (Singha and Chatterjee 2014; Leiphart and Hart 2001; Pramanik et al. 2004; Calderon 2007; Kumar et al. 2016; Kumar et al. 2016; Walls et al. 2002). Based on the literature, several researchers have developed geological features and petrophysical properties using particular seismic attributes. For example, Russell et al. (2004), demonstrated how seismic attributes may be used to estimate the porosity cube. They employed stepwise regression and neural network approaches to create the porosity cube. De Groot and Aminzadeh (2004) employed the seismic attribute to discover faults, cracks, gas chimneys, and salt bodies in the ground.
Effect of Rock Elastic Anisotropy on Hydraulic Fracture Containment in the Bakken Formation
Authors: Chellal H. A. K. , Merzoug A. , Rasouli V. , Brinkerhoff R.
Published: September 2022

In this study, a special focus was dedicated to the effect of elastic anisotropy of shales on the in-situ stress contrast between different layers and its implications on the vertical containment of hydraulic fractures (HF) and how they relate to the widely observed fracture driven interaction (FDI) phenomena and undesirable HF height growth. The reported elastic and mechanical properties of the main members of the Bakken petroleum system in the Williston Basin (i.e. Upper and Lower Bakken Shale, Middle Bakken, and Three Forks) were used to estimate the in-situ stresses based on anisotropic rock properties and use the minimum horizontal stress profile for HF modeling. The estimated stress profile appeared to be very different from the one calculated based on the isotropic formation assumption. The anisotropic stress model, as reported by other researchers, is more realistic in transversely isotropic rocks and rocks with a high volume of clay and TOC and generated more reliable results that conform better with other indicators and observations from other types of data associated with HF geometry.

1. INTRODUCTION

Accurate estimation of the minimum principal in-situ stress is a milestone in the successful design of hydraulic fracturing (HF) jobs (Ganpule et al., 2015). The role of accurate stress variations with depth becomes more pronounced where HF is performed in different horizons to explore what is called stacked pay. Estimation of in-situ horizontal stresses is mainly attributed to the inherently simplistic assumptions of the commonly used stress models (Zoback, 2007). However, the revolution in the oil and gas industry due to production from Shale plays indicated the necessity of using anisotropic, or what is so-called as transverse isotropic (TI) assumption for the different geological layers for improved estimation of the horizontal stresses. In this study, we showcased the importance of laboratory characterization of the elastic and mechanical properties for accurate prediction of stress profiles and how they can change our designs and improve the profitability of our investments by generating more reliable stress models that are coherent with what is indicated by other types of data. This can serve as a strong base for improved planning. This is proved through our case study performed using data from the Bakken petroleum system in the Williston Basin. It was found that the HF geometries predicted from simulation using a well-calibrated anisotropic stress model strongly agreed with HF geometries observations from microseismic data reported in many other studies such as McKimmy et al. (2022) and Lorwongngam et al. (2018).
The Effect of Fracture Aperture on Fracturing Fluid Imbibition into Gas-Saturated Rocks
Authors: Li Guanlin , Liu Yuetian , Cheng Ziyan , Xue Liang , Kong Xiangming
Published: September 2022

During well shut in after hydraulic fracturing, a large amount of fracturing fluid enters the formation through imbibition, which significantly reduces the recovery of injected water. However, the capillary pressure of fractures is usually ignored, and the effect of fracture aperture on this process is not clear. We examined the imbibition characteristics between fractures and matrix in the capillary-controlled gas-water flow. The focus is on the flow behavior and effects caused by capillary pressure of fractures. The imbibition experiments were carried out under different fracture apertures (50-950 μm). The results show that fractures within a certain opening range accelerate water imbibition by providing a plane source. The water flows rapidly in the fractures, then being absorbed by the matrix on both sides. The water imbibition rate of fractures is mainly affected by the fractures aperture, which controls the fracture capillary pressure and permeability. The overall trend is that the imbibition rate is inversely proportional to the fracture aperture. This indicates that the small aperture fractures without proppants can quickly transport water to the interior of the matrix. The research is significant to understand the law of fracturing fluid imbibition in the formation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing are an important technical means for developing unconventional gas reservoirs (Fazelipour, 2011; Yu and Sepehrnoori, 2013; Lei et al., 2022). A large volume of water-based fracturing fluid such as slick water is injected into the formation to form a complex fracture network (Barati and Liang, 2014; Cai et al., 2017). Field practice shows that the flowback rate of fracturing fluid is generally low (Alkouh and Wattenbarger, 2013; Osselin et al., 2018). Spontaneous water imbibition is considered to be one of the main reasons for this phenomenon (Almulhim et al., 2014; Ge et al., 2015; Al-Ameri et al., 2018). The fracturing fluid spontaneously imbibes into the matrix from fractures, which could increase water saturation and reduce the gas phase relative permeability, affecting the production of gas reservoirs (Saini et al., 2021). The study of spontaneous imbibition mostly focuses on the capillary pressure of matrix pores and related problems (Makhanov et al., 2012; Dehghanpour et al., 2013; Roychaudhuri et al., 2013; Sadjadi and Rieger, 2013; Mason and Morrow, 2013; Shi et al., 2018). But spontaneous imbibition in unsaturated water fractures also deserves attention. There are different scales of fractures in the complex fracture network formed by artificial and natural fractures (Yushi et al., 2016). Studying the effect of fracture aperture on fracturing fluid imbibition into gas-saturated rocks has significance for improving fracturing technology and enhancing recovery.
Determining Elastic Constants and Indirect Tensile Strength from a Single-Orientation Core of Transversely Isotropic Rock by the Uniaxial Compression and Brazilian Tests
Authors: Yim Juhyi , Lee Yoonsung , Hong Seungki , Min Ki-Bok
Published: September 2022

A practical method determining five elastic constants of a transversely isotropic rock is proposed by the uniaxial compressive strength test and the Brazilian test using specimens from a single-orientation core. The indirect tensile strength of the Brazilian test can be obtained through this suggested method. The simple iterative procedure based on the least square method was suggested. While suggested method works best for inclined cores in determining five independent elastic constants, horizontally or vertically layered cores require the empirical relation to determine the second shear modulus. Validation against Asan gneiss shows that the proposed method determines five elastic constants with acceptable variation in comparison with those determined by the conventional method using multiple cores. The indirect tensile strength of the Brazilian test can be evaluated with the determined elastic constants as inputs, but it can differ depending on the method determining elastic constants. According to the observed variations in the experiment results, the better understanding of the mechanism of the Brazilian test and the further experimental validation are recommended.

1. INTRODUCTION

Rock deformation and failure are often dependent on loading direction; as such, considering the mechanical anisotropy of rock is important in various civil, mining, and petroleum engineering applications. The anisotropic elastic constants have to be considered for in-situ stress measurement by the overcoring method (Van Heerden, 1983), design of underground structure (Sanio, 1985), and numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing (Kahn et al., 2012). The tensile strength needs to be carefully determined for the stability analysis for mine roof (Nova and Zaninetti, 1990) and the design of drilling or rock excavation (Yarali and Kahraman, 2011); therefore, accurate determination of tensile strength is important. The transversely isotropic (TI) model has been commonly used to characterize anisotropic rock owing to its applicability and simplicity (Amadei, 1996; Exadaktylos, 2001).
Revisiting Rockburst Predictive Models for Seismically Active Mines
Authors: Kulgatov A. , Adoko A. C.
Published: September 2022

Rockburst is a mining-induced seismic event characterized by a sudden explosion of rock due to the release of strain energy stored in rock mass, often occurring in high geo-stress and other unfavorable geological conditions. The prediction of the rockburst damage potential (RDP) is essential in mining as this phenomenon causes damage to excavations, leading to dire consequences that include economical losses, injuries, or casualties of miners. Despite the existence of a large number of rockburst predictive models and other empirical tools, a reliable prediction of RDP still remains challenging. Hence, the aim of this paper is to revisit some existing studies and propose practical RDP charts based on basic machine learning algorithms such as artificial neural network classifier. Historical records of rockburst compiled from Australian mines were employed for this purpose. Overall, the results of this study showed good consistency with the field data and outperformed those of some existing studies. It is concluded that the proposed charts could be used for the excavation vulnerability assessment and, therefore, assist in managing ground prone to rockburst in seismically active mines.

1. INTRODUCTION

Rockburst is commonly defined as a rock explosion that occurs primarily in high geo-stress conditions and other unfavorable geological conditions in underground excavations due to the sudden release of strain energy stored in rock mass (Xue et al., 2020). In underground mines, it occurs in the form of mining-induced seismic events. The consequences of this phenomenon have the potential to be extremely destructive causing significant damage to equipment and underground structures as well as injuries and fatalities among mine workers. As early as in 1738, when it was first mentioned in a tin mine in Great Britain (Zhou et al., 2012), rockburst has been associated with numerous accidents and casualties throughout the mining industry around the world. Rockburst was the main reason of the mine disaster in South Africa, where 73 employees died during underground gold extraction in 1975 (Cai, 2016). Many similar cases have been recorded in China, with an increase of cases every year as mines go deeper (Pu et al., 2019). These few examples illustrate the devastating consequences of rockburst and the urgent need to study ways of predicting or controlling its severity.
Capillary Imbibition of Fracturing Fluid in Unconventional Reservoirs: The Impact of Velocity-Dependent Dynamic Contact Angle
Authors: Gao Yanling , Wu Keliu , Chen Zhangxin , Tian Weibing , Li Jing , Bi Jianfei , Huang Ziyang
Published: September 2022

In this work, we compare experimental data with different kinds of dynamic contact angle (DCA) models firstly, rationality of the values of fitting parameters are then analyzed. Based on the combined model, we modify the classic L-W equation further to consider the influence of DCA in the process of water imbibition in micro and nanoscale hydrophilic capillaries. Besides, the effects of static wettability and pore dimension are investigated. Results show that: 1) The velocity dependences of DCA predicted by different kinds of DCA models are similar to each other and they can all fit well with the experimental data due to the existence of fitting parameters. 2) DCA deviates from equilibrium contact angle (ECA) more in capillaries with larger dimensions, which is due to the lower flow resistance and higher imbibition velocity. 3)With the decreases of the ECA, the deviation between DCA and ECA increases, this is because energy dissipation in the meniscus is higher in more hydrophilic capillaries due to the stronger fluid-wall interaction. 4) For spontaneous water imbibition in hydrophilic capillaries, the influence of DCA is more obvious in capillaries with larger sizes or smaller ECA, where it should be considered for more accurate recovery prediction.

1. INTRODUCTION

Capillary imbibition is an interesting and ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, and plays a significant role in many industries (Feng et al. 2018b), such as ultrafine filtration process, irrigation engineering, energy conversion/storage, powder engineering, etc. (Zhang and Pei 2020, Feng et al. 2018b). Specially, in petroleum engineering, imbibition in porous media has important applications in the flowback of fracturing liquid and the huff-puff development of oil and gas field (Tian et al. 2021a). During the imbibition process, fracturing fluid, which is made up of as much as 97 percent water, imbibes into the matrix from the fracture, expelling oil and gas there and is favorable to the final recovery when the pore surface is water-wet (Tian et al. 2021b). Therefore, the imbibition process has great prospects in the development of fractured and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs and the recovery enhancement (Yha et al. 2020).
Expanding the Scope of Manual Medicine Through Research, Academic Exchange, and Healthcare Coverage: A Summary of Two International Conferences
Authors: Lee Seung Min Kathy , Han Su-Bin , Buser Boyd , Hensel Kendi , Kim Brian , Mayo William , Robinson Nicola , Shin Byung-Cheul , Williams Daniel , Shin Joon-Shik , Kim Me-riong , Ha In-Hyuk , Lee Jinho , Prokop Lawrence
Published: September 2022

In Korea, Chuna was officially included in the Korean national health insurance (NHI) system in 2019. In the US, osteopathic manipulative treatment has been part of conventional healthcare since 1966. Since there are few countries that provide manual therapy in mainstream healthcare, academic exchange between experts in Chuna therapy on an international stage is essential; to date there has been a conference in 2018 and 2019, both of which were held in Korea. This review presents a summary of these conference proceedings. There were 13 keynote speakers including doctors of Korean medicine, osteopathic physicians, and policymakers. In the 1st conference, seven speakers shared their knowledge on the history of Chuna, policies, and the current body of evidence for using Chuna and osteopathic manipulative treatment of various conditions. In the following year, six speakers also included novel Chuna techniques, similarities and differences, and explored the possibilities for collaborations moving forward. Previous to these two international conferences, the last national conference was held in Korea in 2008. The timing of these two international conferences has proved significant due to the inclusion of Chuna in Korean national health insurance in 2019, and helped to provide guidance in expanding the scope of manual medicine.
منهج التنشئة الاجتماعية في فكر الامام الصادق عليه السلام لبناء المجتمع الاسلامي
Authors: Meras Meras
Published: September 2022

يولد الانسان كائنا عضوياً خالصاً والمجتمع هو الذي ينقله من الحالة العضوية البيولوجية إلى الحالة الاجتماعية أي تصبح له شخصية اجتماعية متكاملة تتأثر بالنظام الاجتماعي وتؤثر به وفق علاقة إيجابية والتنشئة الاجتماعية هي عملية تلقين الفرد قيم المجتمع الذي يعد فيه ومقاييس هذا المجتمع ومفاهيمه بحيث يصبح متدربا على اشغال مجموعة أدوار تحدد نمط سلوكه اليومي ولتنشئة الفرد بصورة سليمة لابد من عرض القواعد والاسس التي اتبعها العظماء في تنشئة مجتمعاتهم تنشئة صحيحة واخترنا من هؤلاء العظماء في بحثنا الامام الصادق (عليه السلام) وقد انتظم البحث على:

تمهيد ومبحثين وخاتمة وذكرنا في التمهيد معنى النهج لغة واصطلاحا ومعنى التنشئة في اللغة والاصطلاح اما البحث الأول فقد احتوى على مطلبين، المطلب الأول بحث في اهداف التنشئة الاجتماعية وشروطها. اما الثاني منه فتعرض إلى العوامل المؤثرة في التنشئة الاجتماعية اما البحث الثاني فقد تضمن على مطلبين، المطلب الأول يتطرق إلى حياة الامام الصادق (عليه السلام) وهيبته وحلمه واخلاقه والثاني منه يبحث في مدرسته العلمية وثقافته الواسعة ودوره (عليه السلام) في بناء الجماعة الصالحة ومن الصعوبات التي واجهتني في البحث هي قلة المصادر والمراجع حول التنشئة الاجتماعية وفي الختام اشكر الاخوة القائمين على هذا المؤتمر، والحمد لله اولاً وآخراً.
Elaboração do conjunto de dados agregados do censo da educação básica
Authors: Barros Abílio Nogueira , Alencar Andreza , Nascimento André , Albuquerque Aldéryck Félix de , Mello Rafael Ferreira
Published: September 2022

O Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP) disponibiliza o Censo da Educação Básica, o maior levantamento anual de dados sobre a educação brasileira. Os dados são disponibilizados anualmente e com cerca de 370 colunas e pouco mais de 230 mil registros por ano. Este trabalho apresenta o processo que foi utilizado para criar um conjunto de dados que unificasse os anos de 2010-2021 e o disponibilizasse de forma a garantir boas práticas de disponibilização de dados na web. Foi gerado um conjunto de dados abrangendo todos os anos mencionados, posteriormente dividido em subconjuntos dada a natureza dos dados apresentados.
From Exercise Physiology to Network Physiology of Exercise
Authors: Balagué Natàlia , Garcia-Retortillo Sergi , Hristovski Robert , Ch. Ivanov Plamen
Published: September 2022

Exercise physiology (EP) and its main research directions, strongly influenced by reductionism from its origins, have progressively evolved toward Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics, and OMICS technologies. Although these technologies may be based on dynamic approaches, the dominant research methodology in EP, and recent specialties such as Molecular Exercise Physiology and Integrative Exercise Physiology, keep focused on non-dynamical bottom-up statistical inference techniques. Inspired by the new field of Network Physiology and Complex Systems Science, Network Physiology of Exercise emerges to transform the theoretical assumptions, the research program, and the practical applications of EP, with relevant consequences on health status, exercise, and sport performance. Through an interdisciplinary work with diverse disciplines such as bioinformatics, data science, applied mathematics, statistical physics, complex systems science, and nonlinear dynamics, Network Physiology of Exercise focuses the research efforts on improving the understanding of different exercise-related phenomena studying the nested dynamics of the vertical and horizontal physiological network interactions. After reviewing the EP evolution during the last decades and discussing their main theoretical and methodological limitations from the lens of Complex Networks Science, we explain the potential impact of the emerging field of Network Physiology of Exercise and the most relevant data analysis techniques and evaluation tools used until now.
Polymeric Systems for the Delivery of Herbicides to Improve Weed Control Efficiency
Authors: Marimuthu S. , Pavithran P. , Gowtham G.
Published: September 2022

Weeds are unwanted plants, which interfere with the crop production. Weeds compete with crops for resources, causing severe yield loss. Chemical weed control through herbicides is a quite effective and reliable strategy to manage weeds. Herbicides constitute a major share of the global pesticide market. However, the applied herbicides undergo losses in the agroecosystem in different ways (chemical degradation, microbial decomposition, photo-degradation, leaching, run-off, and volatilization), thus lowering the herbicidal action coupled with contaminating ecosystem and groundwater. Encapsulation of herbicides is an innovative approach that addresses issues associated with the application of herbicides for controlling weeds. Encapsulation represents the embedding of an active ingredient in shell of polymeric material to achieve the controlled release of the active ingredient at the desired rate. The encapsulation of herbicides enhances stability, solubility, and bioactivity and alters the release pattern of herbicide resulting in improved weed control efficiency. Further, encapsulation lowers the application rate of herbicides, which in turn reduces the residue carryover of herbicide in soil and minimizes the environmental hazards. Therefore, encapsulated herbicide formulation has greater significance in the future weed management and will become ground-breaking technology in the chemical era of weed control.
Preparation and Evaluation of Hydrophobic Grafted Ceramic Membrane: For Application in Water Desalination
Authors: Khemakhem Sabeur
Published: September 2022

A new inorganic hydrophobic porous membrane was prepared and applied in desalination with the air-gap membrane distillation process. Ceramic supports from low-cost natural Tunisian sand have been elaborated by the extrusion method. The microfiltration layer has been elaborated from ZrO2 powder by slip casting technical using a solution of water, sand powder, and polyvinyl alcohol solution. The hydrophobic surface of the active layer was elaborated by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane on the ceramic microfiltration membrane surface (Tunisian Sand/Zirconia), to prepare a hydrophobic surface. The contact angle method allows showing the hydrophobic nature on the grafted membrane surface since it increases from 25° before grafting to values exceeding 140° after grafting. The efficiency of the grafting process was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The membrane permeability varies from 700 l.h−1.m−2 before grafting to 10 l.h−1.m−2 after grafting. The new hydrophobic membrane seems to be promising in the field of membrane distillation. Salt retention higher than 98% was obtained using a modified microfiltration ceramic membrane.
Revisiting Microalgae as an Additive for Nutraceuticals: A Review
Authors: Sumanth Kausthubh , Subramanya Sanjana , Umashankar Sourav , Gummalam Supriya , Mallikarjunaiah Rajeswari , Sharma Ashwani , Nagaraj Rao Nagashree
Published: September 2022

In order to meet the ever-growing global demands for food, healthcare, and energy, among other sources, the twenty-first century has seen a significant surge in the use of microalgae. They have seen applications in varied industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to energy to even the food industry, where its role as a source of proteins shines the most among other bioactive compounds. The microalgal biomass has the innate ability to grow in varied ecological conditions and has diverse compositions. While not economically competitive with fossil fuels or other renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, microalgal sources are technically viable, and a multitude of resources and time have been poured into the research of microalgal renewable fuels (biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, etc.). The rich diversity of microalgae, which is still underutilized, provides a variety of physiologically active metabolites of economic importance. These bioactive metabolites have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The microalgal biomass is a rich source of various compounds such as fatty acids, carotenoids, polysterols, and phenolics that can be utilized to synthesize pharmaceutical compounds and other nutraceuticals. Considering microalgae as a superfood, space food, functional food, strong agent for detoxification with high content of micro and macronutrients has found potential application in occupational, systematic, and life style disorders subsequently enhancing immunity. The path from algal research to the launching of new food products or dietary supplements is strongly affected by industrial, regulatory, and nutritional considerations. Our purpose is to review and assess what is known about different food components (i.e., proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, potential toxicants) in the context of improving knowledge about the efficacy of algal foods as nutraceuticals. This review will add be an asset for food, pharma, nutra, and cosmetic sector.
Thermochemical Conversion of Algal Based Biorefinery for Biofuel
Authors: Vaniyankandy Arosha , Ray Bobita , Karthikeyan Subburamu , Rakesh Suchitra
Published: September 2022

Algae being the photosynthetic organism, currently considered as underexplored species for biofuel production in the entire global region and yet need to be explored more. In presence of algal based theory regarding the thermochemical process, though many researchers have been proceeding with the experiment but have got to stretch it further. This process aims to produce energy and bioactive compounds using algal biomass as a raw material. The current study relates with the thermochemical conversion process and mainly reflects about the algal biomass conversion into biorefinery production, in a short time with easier and economically viable points, unlike other biochemical and chemical conversion processes. In thermochemical process, high temperatures used during the process produces different biofuels including solid, liquid, gaseous biofuels. This thermal decomposition process of algal biomass can be categorized into Gasification, Pyrolysis, Direct combustion, Hydrothermal process, and Torrefaction. Hence, in this study, it briefs on different type of processes for better production of biofuel as well as its significant merit and demerit comparisons of each process.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in COVID-19 Infection, an Old Weapon against a New Enemy
Authors: Elnawasany Sally
Published: September 2022

COVID-19 is a running story with an unexpected end. Despite the large effort to provide effective treatment and prophylaxis, many people are still getting infected. This may be explained by the continuous virus mutations, and hence, the attenuation of the vaccine’s efficacy. Therefore, long-life boosting of the body’s immunity is a hopeful way against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Medicinal plants and other complementary and alternative remedies were used effectively in treating numerous mankind’s health problems. Recently, a lot of studies have confirmed the effect of natural products, cupping therapy, and acupuncture against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this chapter is to remind ourselves of the natural pharmacy that God gave us, by shedding the light on the importance of some herbs and traditional remedies in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Psychological Impact of Vitiligo
Authors: Merino Nayra , Fumero Mónica , Eugenia Gaviño Maria , García-Bustinduy Marta
Published: September 2022

Vitiligo is a depigmentation disorder with a high psychological impact. It affects 0.5–2% of the population worldwide. Psychological comorbidities associated with vitiligo are feelings of stigmatization, adjustment disorders, sleep disturbance, relationship difficulties, including sexual dysfunction and avoidance or restriction behavior. Depression, anxiety, and alexithymia have been associated too and we have several studies in this way, they will be included in the chapter. Female sex, visible or genital lesions, age < 30 years, and greater body surface area involvement are risk factors to develop psychological comorbidities. Psychological test (HADS, TAS-20, DLQI, or BDI-II) could be useful to assess these patients and to decide the better therapeutical approach.
Design Insights to Support the Development of Effective Virtual Reality Nicotine and Vaping Dependency Therapy Scenarios for Future Telehealth
Authors: Cecilia Vega-Corredor Maria , Hoermann Simon , Watkins Alison , Tomintz Melanie
Published: September 2022

Vaping, or the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), has grown rapidly worldwide and is becoming an epidemic among youth in many countries. Invented as a method to help to quit smoking, ENDS are very popular, reaching increasing numbers of users and becoming a health concern. Virtual reality technology (VRT) represents an important tool for conducting addiction-associated interventions, including telemedicine. The design and quality of virtual reality scenarios (VRS) used for VR interventions are fundamental. How well VRS can replicate real-world scenarios has an impact on how realistic the VR immersion experiences are. Thus, VRS development influences therapeutic outcomes. VRT is used for interventions and treatments for smoking-related nicotine addiction but has yet to be validated for vaping-related disorders. Since vaping represents a technological step forward in nicotine consumption, the accurate contextualization of environments surrounding vapers is fundamental for developing advanced VR tools for the prevention and treatment of vaping disorders. Here, we present the results of focus group discussion with young vapers in New Zealand. The knowledge gained from this study will be used to design VRS for cue exposure and reactivity as a first step toward developing effective solutions for vaping disorders using VR interventions and telemedicine.
Perspective Chapter: Teledentistry and Distance Learning – Access to Oral Health State during COVID-19
Authors: Hussein Rafat Kotb Shaimaa
Published: September 2022

Background: COVID-19 virus is the most interesting pandemic in the last two years because of its life-threatening conditions. The American Dental Association defines dental emergencies as potentially life-threatening that require immediate treatment to stop ongoing tissue bleeding or alleviate severe pain or infection. Children and adolescents frequently have traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) damaging permanent teeth. Crown fractures and luxations of these teeth are the most common forms of dental trauma. A Favorable outcome requires accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up care. Telemedicine/Teledentistry refers to the remote delivery of clinical care through electronic communications. Dental’s virtual consultation is a convenient way to connect with patients from the comfort of their homes to show support and interest in teeth.
Embracing Human Complexity in Service Design for Inclusive and Sustainable Smart Cities
Authors: Pillan Margherita
Published: September 2022

According to the UN Agenda 2030, the sustainable development of cities is aimed at innovation for social, environmental, and economical progress. The goal is the development of services and socio-technical systems apt to conjugate inclusivity) with economical and ambient sustainability. To produce social progress, the innovation of infrastructures and services should match the diversified needs of the contemporary multicultural environments and be designed to favor the change of behavior of citizens toward more convenient and sustainable lifestyles. The chapter discusses the importance of the active contribution of citizens to achieving the objectives of the UN Agenda 2030. It argues the opportunity to include scientific theories on human complexity in university training for sustainable service design and proposes the theories of Design for Behavior Change as a valuable conceptual tool. Finally, the chapter focuses on the general value of considering gender perspectives in the design of smart services and systems to optimize satisfaction and adherence to services.
Managing Drought and Water Stress in Northern Africa
Authors: Belhassan Kaltoum
Published: September 2022

Northern Africa is a region surrounding the northern portion of the African continent. Northern Africa consists of five countries Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. Northern Africa has semi-arid and arid desert climates and low rainfall. Over the past four decades, many areas in Northern Africa have faced drought which has become more widespread, prolonged and frequent due to climate variability and which may expedite a shortage of water and to a decrease in the land areas suitable for agriculture. In fact, limited water reserves, growing population and droughts are the main factors reflected in the increased consumption of freshwater. It is critical to understand a balance between water demand and supply by managing drought and water stress in the region.
The Anthropocene as the End of Nature?
Authors: Boersma Keje ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: September 2022

In this article, I address and argue against the tendency to understand the anthropocene as inaugurating the end of nature. I conduct two key moves. First, by way of an engagement with the concept of anthropocene technology I explain how understanding the anthropocene as the end of nature prevents us from recognizing what the anthropocene is all about: interventionism. Secondly, I illustrate how a nondualist understanding of the human-nature relation allows us to recognize interventionism as the hallmark of the anthropocene without falling back into the hierarchical human-nature conceptions that underlie interventionism. A nondualist framework that conserves the human-nature distinction helps us in our ability to relate critically to contemporary science and technology in the anthropocene. I illustrate the conceptual narrative of the article through the specific case of gene drive technology development.
Teaching Students to Feel Pleasure and Pain at the Wrong Thing
Authors: Williams Brian A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2022

Despite their ubiquity and widespread acceptance and in contemporary education, formal grading systems are relatively recent innovations in the history and philosophy of education. Far from innocuous tools which aid the student’s academic development, grades and grading systems developed as ad hoc tools for ranking students against one another in academic competitions. This article examines the history of assessment, grades, and grading in light of the longer tradition of education and suggests alternative practices could better orient students toward the true, good, beautiful, holy, healthy, and beneficial. By understanding how and why contemporary approaches to grades developed, classical educators will be equipped to mitigate the unintended and often unseen adverse consequences grades have on their students. Ultimately, this article seeks to liberate teachers and students to pursue the intrinsic goods of learning over against the fleeting and extrinsic rewards of making the grade.