bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial interventions and work with families and carers
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Psychosocial interventions are much talked about in modern mental health services. They match the mood of the times. They emphasize the broader, non-drug approach to helping individuals with mental health problems while, at the same time, distancing themselves from the older, ideologically overburdened and ‘less scientific’ psychotherapies. The term is as much a statement of intent as a description of a method of working or an easily identified set of procedures. What all psychosocial interventions seem to have in common is a commitment to working together (staff, patients, and carers) to understand problems better and develop strategies to reduce their impact. These strategies can be psychological (such as challenging automatic thoughts in cognitive behaviour therapy), behavioural (avoiding expressing criticism in response to symptoms), or even pharmacological (taking increased medication in response to an agreed relapse signature).
Managing the team
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

Assertive outreach is an effective method of delivering intensive and comprehensive packages of care to severely mentally ill individuals. It relies on co-ordination, communication, and a clearly understood policy framework at a team level. It is a labour-intensive activity and deals with complex issues. Assertive outreach teams need a clinical team leader who is a mental health professional and capable of combining team case work with operational management, in order that the team functions effectively on all these levels. In the NHS, the consultant psychiatrist has a complementary leadership role and ultimate clinical accountability. This chapter sets out the relative roles and tasks, and presents a model for organizing the team’s resources day to day. For the many staff who graduate from clinical to managerial roles, basic management concepts are covered along with the contemporary policy framework. Throughout, key issues are raised for managers responsible for assertive outreach services.
Service planning
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike
Published: November 2023

By April 2001, the UK government’s NHS planhad seen 170 assertive outreach teams established, with a further 50 teams expected by 2004. These teams should serve all 20 000 people with severe and enduring mental health problems estimated to be hard to engage and in need of intensive support in the community (Department of Health 2000). This is an ambitious commitment and reflects the degree of centralized service planning in this country. By contrast, the North American experience has seen assertive outreach develop through a ‘franchising’ process (Bond 1991). Model assertive outreach programmes have been copied by other parts of the country over a relatively long time period. Using a particularly American metaphor, Bond suggests that service planners may be able to learn something from the fast food industry in its successful transmission of standards to new locations !
Behavioural psychotherapy
Authors: Drummond Lynne M , Kennedy Brett
Published: November 2023

Behavioural psychotherapy is surprisingly difficult to define. Whereas it has been referred to as a group of treatments based on the application of learning theory, this is only partly correct. Many behavioural treatments have been discovered and refined by trial and error, and by clinicians examining what is beneficial. In many cases, learning theory has been modified to incorporate clinical findings. It has been suggested that behavioural psychotherapy is merely the application of common sense. This again is only partially so. Whereas exposure can be seen as a variant of common sense, that if a person has a car accident they should soon drive again, the relevance of duration and other factors involved in exposure are not commonly appreciated.
The conversational model
Authors: Meares Russell
Published: November 2023

The Conversational Model is the name Robert Hobson (1920–1999) gave, in 1985, to an approach to psychotherapy that grew out of work with patients who had failed other treatments; many of these would now be called ‘borderline’. Its main focus is on the sense of a life going on within us, its feelings, images, and various forms. William James (1890) called this experience the ‘stream of consciousness’. It is what he understood as ‘self ‘. It barely features in main- stream psychotherapies, yet a disturbance of this experience is fundamental, no matter the clinical presentation. The enhancement of self involves the development of a particular form of relatedness, (Hobson called it aloneness–togetherness).
Conversation and meaning
Authors: Dowrick Christopher
Published: November 2023

So far I have been interested in re-interpreting the world that we call depression. I have argued that the concept of depression as a medical condition has less validity and utility than is commonly supposed and that the reasons for its popularity may have more to do with commercial, professional, and organisational interests, and with our value systems, than with any intrinsic scientific worth it might possess. I have indicated a variety of alternative linguistic, religious, and philosophical frameworks within which to understand the constellation of emotions and cognitions which we in the west have decided, for the time being, to call depression.
Decision Modelling For Health Economic Evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

In financially constrained health systems across the world, increasing emphasis is being placed on the ability to demonstrate that health care interventions are not only effective, but also cost-effective. This book deals with decision modelling techniques that can be used to estimate the value for money of various interventions including medical devices, surgical procedures, diagnostic technologies, and pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of the appropriate representation of uncertainty in the evaluative process and the implication this uncertainty has for decision making and the need for future research. This highly practical guide takes the reader through the key principles and approaches of modelling techniques. It begins with the basics of constructing different forms of the model, the population of the model with input parameter estimates, analysis of the results, and progression to the holistic view of models as a valuable tool for informing future research exercises. Case studies and exercises are supported with online templates and solutions. This book will help analysts understand the contribution of decision-analytic modelling to the evaluation of health care programmes. ABOUT THE SERIES: Economic evaluation of health interventions is a growing specialist field, and this series of practical handbooks will tackle, in-depth, topics superficially addressed in more general health economics books. Each volume will include illustrative material, case histories and worked examples to encourage the reader to apply the methods discussed, with supporting material provided online. This series is aimed at health economists in academia, the pharmaceutical industry and the health sector, those on advanced health economics courses, and health researchers in associated fields.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

Economic evaluation is increasingly used to inform the decisions of various health care systems about which health care interventions to fund from available resources. This is particularly true of decisions about the coverage or reimbursement of new pharmaceuticals. The first jurisdictions to use economic evaluation in this way were the public health systems in Australia and Ontario, Canada (Commonwealth Department of Health 1992; Ministry of Health 1994); since then many others have developed similar arrangements (Hjelmgren et al. 2001). In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has a wider purview in terms of health technologies, and uses economic evaluation to inform decisions about medical devices, diagnostic technologies and surgical procedures, as well as pharmaceuticals (NICE 2004a).
Efficient research design
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we establish a sufficient condition for deciding to conduct further research and identify efficient research design. To do so we need to consider the expected benefits and costs of sample information. The value of sample information and the expected net benefits of sampling are outlined in the following section. This section considers the case where incremental net-benefit is normally distributed, as well as the calculation of the expected value of sample information for parameters or groups of model parameters based on conjugacy assumptions. These methods are then applied to the simple model of zanamivir, which was introduced in Chapter 6. This example demonstrates how measures of the societal payoff from research can be used to identify efficient research designs. Additional issues for research design that can be addressed within the general framework offered by considering the value of sample information are discussed in the final section.
Swampy ground: brief interventions with families before bereavement
Authors: Chowns Gillian
Published: November 2023

In a book about children’s bereavement this chapter is the odd one out, because its focus is on working with children before a death. Nevertheless the principles underpinning the work will no doubt be familiar to many readers, and these will be illustrated through a variety of case examples. Pre-bereavement work has to contend with one major and unique issue—uncertainty. However tragic the experience of a bereaved child, she knows where she is, she knows she is bereaved, and that someone important has died. This also applies to the worker. But sup- porting children in a family where a parent or grandparent is seriously ill, is like wading through a swamp that has been sown with land mines.
Brief Interventions in Critical Care Environments
Authors: Speck Peter
Published: November 2023

Family structures and attitudes regarding children and death have changed enor- mously over the past 100 years. Victorian art frequently depicts children involved in death-bed scenes and the funeral processions. The funerals were often of children under 15 years of age and, therefore, it is the siblings that may be seen carrying the baby coffin or walking with the parents to the graveside. In recent times, however, there is a tendency to be protective of young children and the attempt to shield them from the reality of death.
Appendix to Chapter 1 Cholesterol, saturated, and unsaturated fats. What do they do in the body?
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry
Published: November 2023

Membranes encircle all cells and control the exchange of material between the cell and its surroundings. Inside cells, membranes separate the different cell compartments (organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria) from the fluid cell matrix (the cytosol).

The main constituents of membranes are lipid and protein, the amount of protein increasing with the number of functions the membrane performs. ‘ Lipid’ is a general term used to describe any biological compound that is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and ether. The term includes both molecules that contain fatty acids, examples being triglycerides and phospholipids, and molecules containing hydrocarbon ring structures, examples being cholesterol, steroid hormones, and some of the fat-soluble vitamins.
Band Theory of Solids An Introduction from the Point of View of Symmetry
Authors: Altmann Simon L
Published: November 2023

The structure of much of solid-state theory comes directly from group theory, but until now there has been no elementary introduction to the band theory of solids which adopts this approach. This book provides such an introduction, employing only the simplest and most basic of group theoretical ideas, and emphasizing the significance of symmetry in determining many of the essential concepts used in the subject. Given the extensive training of chemists in applying group theory, there is no quicker entry into the subject than by means of the approach used in this book. Many topics were chosen with the needs of chemists in mind, and many of the examples have a chemical flavour. Numerous problems are included which enable the reader to apply the major ideas and to complete some parts of the treatment. Chemists will find this a valuable introduction to band theory, and the book will also appeal to all physical scientists who would like to go a little beyond the elementary treatments so far available.
The Therapeutic Relationship and the Social Domain
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney
Published: November 2023

The source of ethical guidelines governing the relationship between psychiatrists and patients can be traced to the Hippocratic tradition of fourth-century Greece. Though the oath of the Pythagorean School makes no reference to treatment of the mentally ill, it has nevertheless shaped the concept of right and wrong conduct for contemporary physicians, including psychiatrists, by defining two fundamental goals of the medical profession: (i) establishing values that guide its work; and (ii) promoting guild interests by advancing scholarship and technical skills for the purpose of applying ‘specific knowledge to the needs of fellow citizens’.
Psychiatric Treatment and Services
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney
Published: November 2023

Assessing and treating patients, the cardinal interrelated tasks of the clinical psychiatrist, depend on establishing a working alliance and obtaining informed consent. We have dealt with the ethical aspects of the alliance in Chapter 2 on the psychiatrist-patient relationship. We have also examined informed consent as it applies to research in psychiatry in chapter 9 on research ethics. We now turn to the place of informed consent and its ramifications in the clinical sphere.
Research
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney
Published: November 2023

If psychiatry is to advance its knowledge base and, correspondingly, offer the mentally ill effective treatments and progress towards preventing illness, systematic research must have a pivotal place. And yet, a contradiction looms in that the conduct of much research in psychiatry requires the active collaboration of patients who may lack the wherewithal to provide informed consent and to appreciate fully their own interests and needs. When scientific research became an inherent feature of psychiatry during the nineteenth century, the ethical dimension was barely considered, if at all. This lack of systematic attention extended well into the twentieth century.
Dementia: visualizing the metabolic changes of early Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Wu William , Small Scott A
Published: November 2023

The pathological course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progresses slowly, taking years to cause cognitive disability, producing an often confusing array of histological and functional alterations in the brain. Despite notable inconsistencies, a consensus regarding the anatomy and physiology of AD has emerged by investigating brain tissue, both living and dead, in human patients and in mouse models of disease. Prospective neuropsychological studies have made the fundamental observation that AD begins in the hippocampal formation. The hippocampus itself is made up of anatomically distinct subregions, and recent microarray studies have shown that each hippocampal subregion expresses a unique molecular profile. Although, over time, most subregions will manifest AD pathology, these molecular observations underlie the assumption that early on, AD selectively targets the hippocampus. By investigating multiple hippocampal subregions simultaneously, a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies have pinpointed the entorhinal cortex as the single hippocampal subregion most vulnerable to AD. Once germinating in the entorhinal cortex, AD progresses anatomically, spreading across multiple regions of the neocortex. Within each region, AD progresses pathophysiologically as well. Ultimately, in what can be called the ‘cell-death’ stage, AD is characterized by neuronal loss accompanied by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, affected neurons do not die immediately, and it is now clear that there is antecedent ‘cell-sickness’ stage, characterized by neurons that are alive but suffer physiological and metabolic dysfunction. Notably, the cell-sickness stage can occur before amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles.
Introduction
Authors: Grath Joanna Collicutt Mc
Published: November 2023

It is Tuesday afternoon and I am seeing the last client of my outpatient clinic, Alison. Her husband, Brian, sustained a severe head injury in a fall 2 years ago. After a long period of rehabilitation he was discharged home to his family. He needs supervision for most activities of daily life, and he attends a day centre once a week. The couple are in their forties and have two children.

After a discussion of the results of her husband’s neuropsychological assessment Alison tells me that she would like to ask some further questions concerning his psychology.
Case studies
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt
Published: November 2023

In this final chapter there are 18 case studies presented as worked examples. Each case study takes the form of a brief scenario followed by a list of issues that it raises. For cases 1–6 the groundwork for decision making set out in Figure 6.1 (see p. 114) is worked through, and completed proformas for alternative courses of action are presented. But no decisions are reached. This is left to the reader(s), as is thinking through the process of enacting the decision, managing the costs, and evaluating the outcome.
Dynamical Grammar
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej
Published: November 2023

Dynamical Grammar explores the consequences for language acquisition, language evolution, and linguistic theory of taking the underlying architecture of the language faculty to be that of a complex adaptive dynamical system. It contains the first results of a new and complex model of language acquisition which the authors have developed to measure how far language input is reflected in language output and thereby get a better idea of just how far the human language faculty is hard-wired.
Computational Simulation of Language Acquisition: CAMiLLe
Authors: Culicover Peter W , Nowak Andrzej
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we argued that purely statistical techniques are not sufficient to acquire grammar from naturally occurring text. There are of course many statistical regularities in naturally occurring text that reflect gram matical generalizations, as we have noted. If a corpus contains only gram matical expressions of a language, the corpus will reflect the constraints imposed by the grammar of the language. The problem for the learner is that while the text reflects the grammar of the language, it does so only imperfectly. The statistical properties of the text are skewed by the mean infulness of the text. The actual distribution of forms is determined by the content of the text; words and phrases that bear on a particular subject matter occur together (e.g. drink milk) while those that do not rarely if ever correlate with one another (e.g. drink cake). Completely un interpreted distributional information is limited in that it does not provide general evi dence for the learner about the sound-meaning correspondence, and it does not provide sufficient evidence accurately to determine lexical and phrasal categories.
Word Order
Authors: Buck Timothy
Published: November 2023

In a main clause (except in the case of a question or command) the finite verb forms the second element in the sentence. It may, as usually in English, follow the subject, e.g. der Mann reitet auf dem Pferd the man is riding the horse; but it may also follow another element, in which case the subject comes after the finite verb, as happens in English in cases like no sooner was she ... , only later did they ... —this is known as inversion.
Setting Up the State, 1833–75
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: November 2023

Before 1789 Spain had been both an imperial and a major European power. Less than three decades later, the American colonies were lost and the peninsula ravaged. Once a great presence on the world stage, Spain was reduced to a peripheral role on the edge of Europe, the subject of diplomatic concern and military interventions. The few remaining colonies—Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines—kept abject humiliation at bay, but these ‘crumbs from the imperial banquet’ could not sustain pretensions to world power status.1
Imagining the Nation, 1875–98
Authors: Vincent Mary
Published: November 2023

Language has always been seen as an impediment to Spanish nationalism. The persistence of Basque, Catalan, and Galician signifies to many the failure to establish a Spanish nation-state. This is primarily understood as a peculiarly powerful kind of nationalism: for the nation-state to exist, Spanish citizens would identify themselves as such, would believe in the existence and historical identity of Spain, and would perceive this identity so strongly that they would be prepared even to die for it.
The Shape and Characteristics of Social Security Today (including Insurance) Pensions) and Means-tests)
Authors: Harris Neville
Published: November 2023

The British social security system is today based on a tangle of complex, often interrelated, benefit schemes whose structures are subject to frequent amendment. These structures are based on an even more intricate legal framework. This chapter aims to map out the current framework of social security provision and to draw some conclusions about the system’s shape and principal characteristics. It examines various ways of classifying social security benefits for the purposes of such a map. It also explores the contrast between contributory and income-related benefits, including the principles on which each of these broad categories is based.
Social Security and Education
Authors: Harris Neville
Published: November 2023

Since the late 1980s successive governments have adopted a policy of seeking to widen access to and participation in further and higher education. The present government endorses the philosophy of a ‘learning age’ and recognises a need for ‘lifelong learning’.Indeed, enhanced educational opportunity is one of the Government’s principal policy goals and is seen as the key to future economic prosperity and social cohesion. The Government wants to increase by 500,000 the number of students with places in further and higher education.
Nature of Units
Authors: Sin Kam Fan
Published: November 2023

The term unit trust carries with it the connotation that it is a species of trust. Its distinctiveness as a species is supposed to be found in the word ‘unit’, a word that describes the trust. An understanding of the legal features of a unit will provide us insights into the character of a unit trust. It also enables us to determine if such features are necessary components in the unit trust as a distinct legal institution. It is imperative to our understanding whether the law of unit trusts is a mere application of private trust principles in the commercial arena and whether the term unit trust is no more than a commercial description. that does not have any legal signification.
Unfair Competition: Its Legal Basis
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman
Published: November 2023

In this Chapter the international dimension and the principles of unfair competition law will be set out. As such the international superstructure of the Paris Convention will be the starting point. Then its principles in various jurisdictions will be traced. Through describing the structure of unfair competition law in selected countries, the differences in the legal basis for unfair competition law will show. Two distinctive groups are discerned.
RPI-X Price-cap Regulation
Authors: Rees Ray , Vickers John
Published: November 2023

The most distinctive feature of monopoly regulation in Britain is the RPI-X method of price control. RPI-X price control is a type of price-cap regulation. In its basic form, it requires that the price index for a defined ‘basket’ of the firm’s regulated products and services should increase by no more than the rate of retail price inflation minus X per cent per annum for a period of years. In short, average price must fall by at least X per cent in real terms, or rise by at most—X per cent if X is negative. Following the Littlechild Report (1983), RPI—X price control was introduced for BT, and the general method, albeit with important variations, has since been adopted in other privatized industries with monopoly power—gas, airports, water, and electricity.
Problems of Yardstick Regulation in Electricity Distribution
Authors: Weyman-Jones Thomas
Published: November 2023

The electricity supply industry in the UK has been substantially restructured before privatization, with the consequence that, unlike electricity-supply arrangements in virtually every other country the functions of generation, transmission, distribution, and supply have been separated. These functions now differ in ownership structure, regulation, and in entry liberalization. The functions themselves are succinctly described in the briefing of the government’s lead broker, James Capel (1990) as: Generation: the production of electricity.
Introduction: Privatization in Performance
Authors: Bishop Matthew , Kay John , Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

One of the most enduring legacies of the 1980s has been the programme of privatizations that the Thatcher government set in train in the first half of the decade. Whole sectors of the UK economy which were formerly part of the public sector were sold to the private sector. Some were bought out by their employees; others were bought by the public at large. Some public services were contracted out to the private sector; others were placed on a more commercial footing. The UK privatization programme had an influence on economic policy throughout the world. Privatization programmes were initiated in Asia, South America, and Africa, as well as in Europe and North America. The most recent to experiment with privatizations have been the East European countries which have seen privatization as the fastest route to move from socialism to capitalism.
Privatization, Restructuring, and Regulatory Reform in Electricity Supply
Authors: Yarrow George
Published: November 2023

The privatization of the British electricity supply industry, accomplished during 1990 and 1991, was the most ambitious exercise in the whole UK privatization programme. Seventeen new private companies were created, significant organizational restructuring occurred, and a whole new regulatory framework was established. Most important, at least in so far as England and Wales are concerned, British public policy abandoned the traditional model of the horizontally and vertically integrated utility (i.e. the franchised-monopoly model), and opted instead for experimentation with an approach based upon competition in both electricity generation and retail supply of electricity.
Privatization and Domestic Consumers
Authors: Winward John
Published: November 2023

On first inspection, discussion of privatization from the point of view of domestic consumers appears an unrewarding prospect; consumer organizations have generally viewed ownership as one of the less interesting aspects of industrial organization. In practice, however, the privatization programme has been about much more than ownership, raising questions about the potential for liberalization of markets, industrial restructuring, and the extended regulation (or re-regulation) of particular sectors. It is these aspects that have been of most significance for domestic consumers, and the organizations that represent them.
Popular Capitalism
Authors: Grout Paul
Published: November 2023

In 1979 the proportion of the adult population of the UK that directly owned shares in companies was 9 per cent. In the last thirteen years this has risen dramatically and it is estimated that 25 per cent of the adult population now own shares. In many ways this has been a spectacular change and one that, in 1979, would have appeared almost impossible to achieve. This seems to indicate that ‘popular capitalism’ has arrived in abundance and has been an unmitigated success. There is, however, another side to the story. In 1975 the percentage of the UK equity market in direct personal ownership was 37.5 per cent. By 1981 this had fallen to below 30 per cent and by the end of the decade was barely above 20 per cent.
Management Buy-outs and Privatization
Authors: Wright Mike , Thompson Steve , Robbie Ken
Published: November 2023

Most discussion about privatization appears to assume, explicitly or implicitly, that it will be effected by stock market flotation to create a dispersed ownership PLC (Vickers and Yarrow 1988). This focus of attention has been despite the large number of other forms of sale, such as buy-outs and sales to third parties, which have taken place (Wright, Thompson, and Robbie 1989). The benefits to be derived from privatization may be extended if these other forms of private-sector ownership are considered. This chapter critically examines the merits of the management buy-out (MBO) and its close relations as a privatization device. It is suggested that agency-cost arguments, supported by a growing body of empirical evidence, indicate that the MBO form is effective in improving firm performance, at least in the short to medium term.
Introduction
Authors: Bishop Matthew , Kay John
Published: November 2023

Europe stands at the start of its first great merger wave. Growing international trade, accelerated by the 1992 ‘Single Market’ programme, has seen a sharp increase in mergers across national borders between European based firms. During the 1990s, this increase in European mergers will almost certainly continue. As it does, it is sure to raise important questions for industrial policy-makers and business strategists. Should, for instance, leading national firms merge to form ‘European champions’? When does merger make good business sense, and with which firm? Are hostile take-overs a sound method for ensuring top management accountability; are alternative ownership controls preferable? What are the proper grounds for politicians to prevent a merger, and which politicians? Many of these issues will be all too familiar to British managers, investors, and politicians, who, unlike their European counterparts, have extensive experience of the costs and benefits of mergers and take-overs. As Europe’s first great merger wave begins, those guiding it should draw heavily on this British experience. Britain itself has just come to the end of its third great merger boom of the twentieth century. The first was in the 1920s when the development of mass production techniques created a steep change in the scale of production, and firms such as Unilever and ICI, which have continued to dominate the British industrial scene ever since, were brought together. The marked rise in industrial concentration in the 1920s was the product both of mergers and of internal growth.
The Empirical Analysis of Market Structure and Performance
Authors: Fairburn* James , Geroski† Paul
Published: November 2023

In evaluating any horizontal merger, a central concern is the likely effect of that merger on industry performance. Although many performance crieria might be thought relevant-level of costs and efficiency, standards of inventiveness and innovation-much attention is typically given to the apparently more direct and tractable effects on prices and thence profits. Will the reduction of competition arising from the merging of competing firms, and the corresponding changes in the concentration of sales within an industry, elevate prices over costs and thus increase profits? A potentially fruitful approach to this question is to consider the past performance of a range of industries which differ in their configuration of firms and in other attributes, and to isolate and measure the general effect on observed prices or profits of varying levels of sales concentration. Research of this type is the subject of this chapter.
The Evolution of Merger Policy in Britain
Authors: Fairburn* James
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the operation of merger policy in Britain from the introduction of controls on mergers in 1965 to the end of 1986. The structure of the paper broadly reflects the two-stage procedure characteristic of British policy, whereby a limited number of the many merger proposals falling within the scope of the legislation are first selected by the authorities for further consideration, and these few are then examined by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission against a broad public interest standard. Thus, following a brief description of the legislation, Section 2 will examine the initial selection decision: which types of mergers have been referred to the Commission, and how the types and number of references have changed over time. The section is concerned with establishing the broad pattern of policy. Section 3 then focuses on the operation of the Commission: how it has dealt with the various issues it has been required to consider, for example, how it establishes the effect of a particular merger on competition. Section 4 contains some concluding comments on the overall operation of this two-stage policy, and offers some tentative policy recommendations.
European or National? The Community’s New Merger Regulation
Authors: Bishop* Matthew
Published: November 2023

Since September 1990, mergers taking place in the European Community (EC) have been regulated under a new merger regulation. After sixteen years of unsuccessful negotiations, undertaken with varying degrees of enthusiasm and occasional hostility, the EC member states agreed, in December 1989, to this new system of community-wide merger regulation, based around the Competition Directorate of the European Commission. The negotiation of this regulation raised questions reaching to the heart of current debates about the future economic and political development of the Community, and particularly issues of national sovereignty. These questions will continue to be debated. A central plank of the new merger regulation is to be reassessed in the years to 1994. The new merger regulation has, however, been broadly welcomed, and its practice mostly uncontroversial. UK Trade Minister, John Redwood, called the regulation ‘very important . . . providing more certainty for companies about who exactly is determining the fate of their mergers’. Leon Brittan, the European Commissioner responsible for competition policy, emphasized the link between merger control and the single market programme, and that the European Community has ‘for the first time a single framework in which take-overs and mergers with a Community dimension can be dealt with, recognizing the importance of maintaining fair competition throughout the single market’.
Other Dynamic Pitfalls
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

The possibility that a lax debt policy will lead to a headlong march, or a series of stumbles, into fiscal instability was treated at length in Chapter 6. This is far from the only hazard that can await an economy in a many period setting. Whilst there is no space here to deal with all the issues that arise, two others merit particular attention.
IT and Economic Development: International Competitiveness
Authors: Kraemer Kenneth L , Dedrick Jason
Published: November 2023

There has been a growing recognition among economic development specialists that investments in technology can play a critical role in stimulating economic growth and productivity. The rapid economic expansion of Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) in East Asia is at least partially attributable to their investment in technologies to upgrade the productivity and competitiveness of export-oriented industries (Amsden 1989; Ranis 1990). The economic stagnation of other developing countries has been blamed in part on government policies which restricted the importation of advanced technologies from abroad (Lail 1985; Dahlman and Frischtak 1990).
The Base Model
Authors: Macho-Stadler Ines , Perez-Castrillo J David , Watt Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we analyse a reference situation that we will compare with the results of the following chapters in order properly to understand the consequences of the existence of asymmetric information. We consider a relationship between two individuals (or institutions) in which one works for the other, and in which a random result, depending in part on the effort supplied by the agent who is responsible for the activity in question, is obtained. Both participants have the same information, both before establishing the relationship and during it.
Networks and Virtuality
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

The terms ‘strategic network’ and ‘strategic alliance’ are often used interchangeably, and indeed there are situations in which they do overlap—as, for example, in the Japanese keiretsu form. However, there is a clear distinction between the idea of a network with its implication of close but non-exclusive relationships, and that of an alliance which, however loosely, implies the creation of a joint enterprise at least over a limited domain. A virtual corporation generally carries some of the impression of both.
Negotiation and Valuation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

If strategic alliances are to continue to grow in number and importance, as is the trend in the 1990s, it is important to be clear on some ground rules for negotiating them, and in particular for valuing the contribution each partner is able to make to the joint enterprise, in a way acceptable to both or indeed all the partners.
The Evolving Alliance
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Alliances do not stand still, at least if they are to survive. As partnerships, often formed in response to challenging competitive conditions, they are founded upon relationships that have a dynamic of their own and are subject to the influence of external changes bearing not only directly upon the alliance but also on the parents separately. They have to transform and adapt with a sense of direction. The main exception are those partnerships, such as oil-exploration consortia, which are designed for one-off purposes rather than to evolve into long-term relationships. Thus, only 4 per cent of these partnerships in the petroleum industry normally last longer than five years, according to a 1995 survey published in the Oil and Gas Journal (cited in De Rand and Faulkner 1997).
Accounting as a Representational Craft Lessons for Research on Information Systems
Authors: Boland Richard J
Published: November 2023

In order to deal with the broad topic of how the traditions of research in accounting can provide lessons for our approach to thinking about research in information systems, I have found it necessary to narrow the scope of this study considerably. I will focus on financial and managerial accounting, and will not be touching on other topics of accounting re search, such as taxation or auditing. I have also chosen to avoid accounting research based on agency theory, behavioural decision-making, capital markets, and so-called positive theory. This narrowing still leaves a large domain, and as an organising theme for considering that body of research I will focus on the construction and use of accounting representations such as income statements, balance sheets, funds flow statements, budgets, and cost statements.
Information Technology Outsourcing What Problems are we Trying to Solve?
Authors: Lacity Mary C , Hirschheim Rudy
Published: November 2023

When Eastman Kodak announced that it was outsourcing its information systems (IS) function in 1989 to IBM, DEC, and Business land (now Entex Information Services) it created quite a stir in the IS industry. Never before had such a well-known organisation, where IS was considered to be a strategic asset, turned it over to third party providers. Since then both large and small companies have found it acceptable, indeed fashionable, to transfer their IS assets, leases, and staff to outsourcing vendors.
Calibration
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

The calibration approach takes the inter temporally optimized model to the data to answer specific economic questions1. The essence of this methodology can be described in six steps; see Canova and Ortega (1997) and Cooley (1997): 1. formulation of an economic question; 2. selection of a model design which bears some relevance to the question asked; 3. choice of functional forms for the primitives of the model to find a solution for the endogenous variables in terms of the exogenous variables and the parameters; 4. choice of parameters and stochastic processes for the exogenous variables and simulation of paths for the endogenous variables of the model; 5. selection of a metric to compare the outcomes of the model relative to a set of ‘stylized facts’; 6. policy analyses, if required.
HRM and the ethics of commodified work in a market economy
Authors: Walsh Adrian J
Published: November 2023

Work is a central feature of our lives and an area of human activity that provides genuine possibilities for individual development and flourishing. At the same time it is a site of great economic and political conflict and, moreover, for many workers is nothing but drudge, the ‘toad god work’ as the English poet Philip Larkin once called it.
Stakeholder theory and the ethics of HRM
Authors: Greenwood Michelle , Cieri Helen De
Published: November 2023

Interest in the ethical implications of HRM is fairly recent but appears to be increasing (Winstanley and Woodall 2000a, 2000b). There are many possible explanations for this growing interest: the rise of the size and power of the corporate form, the decrease in regulation in the workplace and demise of unionization in industrialized countries, the growing use of employment in Third World countries, the increasing interest and power by advocacy groups in curtailing corporate excess and holding corporations accountable for their actions.
Ethics and work in emergencies: the UK fire service strike 2002–3
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: November 2023

Talk of employee relations has become more common than talk of IR in HRM, but collective action organized by trade unions has not disappeared from employment relationships. Collective action by trade unions operating in emergency services has traditionally been regarded as morally sensitive: it has taken on new significance throughout the West since September 11. In this chapter, I consider ethical issues raised by the strike in 2002–3 carried out by the UK fire services.
Jurisdiction Based on Defendant’s Location in England
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

The jurisdiction of the English courts can, in many cases, be based on the location of the defendant, or a connected entity, in England. Each of the following might be sufficient, as discussed in detail below: References to England in this book are to England and Wales and their territorial waters, but not the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man. See paragraphs 2.35–2.38 for further explanation. The traditional common law concept of domicile is connected with the idea of a person’s permanent home.
Jurisdiction Based on Procedural Connection with England
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

The jurisdiction of the English courts can often be based on a procedural connection between a claim and England. Thus, the courts will have jurisdiction over a claim against a Maltese defendant if the claim is closely connected with a claim against another defendant who is domiciled in England (even if the case has no other connection with England). Jurisdiction over third party claims and counterclaims can similarly be based on the claim’s connection with the original claim brought before the English courts. Finally, the English courts will sometimes assume jurisdiction if the claim is for an injunction to do or refrain from doing an act in England.
Introduction
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

When Henry Tudor, a moderately obscure magnate of Welsh descent, triumphed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, few would have given much for his chances of long survival. Princes, nobles, and notables, if not kings, had recently been coming and going with bewildering frequency, and there was no reason to suppose that the latest arrival, boasting only the most tenuous claim to the English throne, would fare better than his immediate predecessor. The times were not deemed propitious for dynastic stability.
The Consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

Once the initial round of public ceremonies, marking the stages whereby Henry VII secured his position on the English throne, had been completed, there was a marked decline in the spectacular aspect of kingship. Henry was content now to play the part of a dignified monarch, displaying his regality at recognized ceremonial occasions such as the festival of the Order of the Garter, and displaying his liberality and patronage of court life at the recognized festive season of Christmas. But the king did not again appear as the central figure in a great public spectacle.1 The scene was now set for a second series of ceremonies and public displays, marking the various stages of the consolidation of the Tudor dynasty by the advancement to honours, first of Henry VII’s elder son and heir, Prince Arthur, and then of his second son Henry, in exactly the same manner as that which had signalized the foundation of the Tudor dynasty.
Mary, and Philip and Mary
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

While Edward VI lay coughing on his death-bed, Northumberland was busy preparing for the future-a future which only really existed for him if the succession to the English throne could be diverted from the daughters of Henry VIII. The Duke must have played upon Edward’s religious susceptibilities with ruthless insistence, and prevailed upon him to devise the Crown not to his sisters but to Lady Jane Grey, his second cousin, who was rapidly married to the Duke’s son in a series of dynastic knots intended to tie the English succession firmly to the Dudley family. The whole process was neither legal nor logical. It was merely a desperate attempt by Northumberland to impose his will upon the King, Council, and country; and though he was able to cajole the King, and browbeat the Council, he failed utterly to convince the nation at large. He was universally hated and, in the testing fortnight after Edward’s death, he was unable to muster requisite strength to enforce his idiosyncratic view of the succession. On 19 July Mary was proclaimed Queen amidst wild enthusiasm-’all the belles ryngyng thrugh London, and bone-fyres, and tabuls in evere strett, and wyne and here and alle, and evere strett full of bon-fyres, and ther was money cast a-way’-and there was more rejoicing on 3 August when Mary entered London in triumph.1 Preparations were now afoot for the Queen’s coronation, but a number of formalities had first to be disposed of. On 8 August, Edward VI was interred at Westminster; on 18 and 19 August, Northumberland and his associates were arraigned and condemned : and on the 22nd the executions began with the Duke himself, whose craven recantation at the block set the seal on an unsavoury and ineffectual career.