bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intramolecular Arylative Dearomatization of para‐Aminophenols†
Authors: Xu Ren‐Qi , Yang Ping , Zheng Chao , You Shu‐Li
Published: March 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Asymmetric arylative dearomatization reactions of para‐aminophenols are realized by a Pd‐catalyst consisting of a TADDOL (α,α,α',α'‐tetraaryl‐2,2‐disubstituted 1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐dimethanol)‐derived chiral phosphoramidite ligand. The tetracyclic products bearing the key skeleton of Erythrina alkaloids are afforded in reasonable yields (up to 73%) with good to excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). Concise total synthesis of (–)‐3‐demethoxyerythratidinone is achieved by employing this method as the key step.
Longitudinal pain and pain interference in long‐term survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Karlson Cynthia W. , Alberts Nicole M. , Liu Wei , Brinkman Tara M. , Annett Robert D. , Mulrooney Daniel A. , Schulte Fiona , Leisenring Wendy M. , Gibson Todd M. , Howell Rebecca M. , Srivastava Deokumar , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Robison Leslie L. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Zeltzer Lonnie K. , Krull Kevin R.
Published: March 2020

Background

The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence and risk of pain, pain interference, and recurrent pain in adult survivors of childhood cancer in comparison with siblings.

Methods

This study analyzed longitudinal data from survivors (n = 10,012; 48.7% female; median age, 31 years [range, 17‐57 years]; median time since diagnosis, 23 years) and siblings (n = 3173) from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Survivors were diagnosed between 1970 and 1986 at 1 of 26 participating sites. Associations between risk factors (demographics, cancer‐related factors, and psychological symptoms) and pain, pain interference, and recurrent pain (5 years apart) were assessed with multinomial logistic regression. Path analyses examined cross‐sectional associations between risk factors and pain outcomes.

Results

Twenty‐nine percent of survivors reported moderate to severe pain, 20% reported moderate to extreme pain interference, and 9% reported moderate to severe recurrent pain. Female sex, a sarcoma/bone tumor diagnosis, and severe/life‐threatening chronic medical conditions were associated with recurrent pain. Depression and anxiety were associated with increased risk for all pain outcomes. Poor vitality mediated the effects of anxiety on high pain and pain interference (root mean square error of approximation, 0.002).

Conclusions

A large proportion of adult survivors report moderate to severe pain and pain interference more than 20 years after their diagnosis. Increased screening and early intervention for pain interference and recurrent pain are warranted.
An asynchronous computation architecture for enhancing the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting model
Authors: Bayá Rodrigo , Pedemonte Martín , Gutiérrez Arce Alejandro , Ezzatti Pablo
Published: March 2020

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model does not usually show an adequate scalability for small‐sized domains in large computing platforms. With this in mind, we propose a novel asynchronous software architecture for the WRF model that decouples the calculation of the solar radiation from the rest of the model. The experimental evaluation was conducted on real‐world data for forecasting the photovoltaic energy fed into the electrical grid of Uruguay by twelve solar power plants. The experimental results show that the proposed architecture can make a better use of the hardware resources available on the computing platform, reducing the total runtime of the WRF while maintaining the numerical accuracy.
A class‐AB flipped voltage follower cell with high symmetrical slew rate and high current sourcing/sinking capability
Authors: Jindal Caffey , Pandey Rishikesh
Published: March 2020

The paper presents a class‐AB flipped voltage follower (FVF) cell based on quasi‐floating gate and bulk‐driven techniques. The quasi‐floating gate technique is used to increase the current sinking capability, whereas the bulk‐driven technique is used to enhance the current sourcing capability by reducing the threshold voltage. Using these two techniques, the proposed class‐ AB FVF cell offers high current sinking and sourcing capabilities. Also, it provides high symmetrical slew rate without any additional circuitry. The physical layout of the proposed class‐ AB FVF cell has been designed in Cadence Virtuoso Layout XL editor using BSIM3v3 180‐nm CMOS technology, and post‐layout simulation results have been presented to validate its performance. The corner analysis of the proposed class‐ AB FVF cell has also been performed with temperature and supply voltage as design variables to show its performance under extreme conditions.
Experimental and numerical fitting of model parameters versus the gas pressure using six phase radiative Lee model in AECS PF‐1, 2 and INTI PF for nitrogen, argon, and neon gases
Authors: Al‐Hawat Sh. , Akel M. , Saw S. H. , Lee S.
Published: March 2020

Atomic energy commission of syria (AECS) PF‐1, 2 devices were operated in N2 and Ar gases at pressures varied between 0.1–1 mbar and applied voltage of 15 kV on the capacitors bank with capacitance of 25 μF. The voltage, current, and current derivative curves were digitally recorded by Ohmic voltage divider and two Rogowskii coils; one with a big number of turns for current and the other one with a low number of turns for the current derivative. Also, the current curve for the discharge as LCR circuit was recorded to calibrate the current measurement. By integrating the current derivative in time and using the curve of calibrated current, the current curve free of noise has been established. By inserting the geometrical and electrical parameters of two AECS PF‐1, 2 devices, the working gas pressure and the kind of the gas into six phase model which describes the instability in the plasma, and adding the anomalous resistance as a term in the current and voltage equations in the model; the computed curves for voltage and current were found and compared with the obtained experimental curves at the same conditions taking into account the readjustment of model parameters fm, fc, fmr, and fcr until getting a good fitting between the measured and computed currents. This fitting has proved the validity of six phase Lee model and its ability to give a description of plasma focus in the radial phase stage (which consists now of four subradial phases: radial inward shock, radial reflected shock, the pinch phase, and after that the instability phase), which is followed by the expanded phase of plasma focus. In parallel to our work, similar efforts were made on the INTI PF device in Ne; the validity of six phase Lee model was proved by getting a proper fitting between the measured and computed currents under the operational conditions. Moreover, the equivalent resistances and time scales of the anomalous resistance phases were obtained by this method; also, the ratios for PF device classification into two types according to the static inductance of the PF system were determined for N2 and Ar as working gases in AECS‐PF1, 2.
A privacy‐preserving biometrics based authenticated key agreement scheme using ECC
Authors: Qi Mingping , Chen Jianhua
Published: March 2020

To ensure secure communication over the insecure public network, this work presents a privacy‐preserving biometrics‐based authenticated key agreement scheme using elliptic curve cryptography, making full use of the advantages that the biometrics can be used to uniquely identify a particular human, and the elliptic curve cryptography can provide the same level security with far less key size compared with other public key cryptography. The proposed scheme realizes the mutual authentication of participants, session key agreement, and various security properties and also can resist kinds of known attacks. Moreover, the proposed scheme has perfect user experience in the aspect of changing password by not interacting with the server. In addition, the security features of our new designed scheme are formally proved under the widely used BPR adversary model. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the authors, the proposed scheme can be considered as the authenticated key agreement scheme for mobile users.
Influences of early‐life stress on frontolimbic circuitry: Harnessing a dimensional approach to elucidate the effects of heterogeneity in stress exposure
Authors: Cohodes Emily M. , Kitt Elizabeth R. , Baskin‐Sommers Arielle , Gee Dylan G.
Published: March 2020

Early‐life stress confers profound and lasting risk for developing cognitive, social, emotional, and physical health problems. The effects of stress on the developing brain contribute to this risk, with frontolimbic circuitry particularly susceptible to early experiences, possibly due to its innervation with glucocorticoid receptors and the timing of frontolimbic circuit maturation. To date, the majority of studies on stress and frontolimbic circuitry have employed a categorical approach, comparing stress‐exposed versus non‐stress‐exposed youth. However, there is vast heterogeneity in the nature of stress exposure and in outcomes. Recent forays into understanding the psychobiological effects of stress have employed a dimensional approach focused on experiential, environmental, and temporal factors that influence the association between stress and subsequent vulnerability. This review highlights empirical findings that inform a dimensional approach to understanding the effects of stress on frontolimbic circuitry. We identify the timing, type, severity, controllability, and predictability of stress, and the degree to which a caregiver is involved, as specific features of stress that may play a substantial role in differential outcomes. We propose a framework for the effects of these features of stress on frontolimbic development that may partially determine how heterogeneity in stress exposure influences this circuitry and, ultimately, mental health.
Mega‐trials in heart failure: effects of dilution in examination of new therapies
Authors: Davison Beth A. , Takagi Koji , Senger Stefanie , Koch Gary , Metra Marco , Kimmoun Antoine , Mebazaa Alexandre , Voors Adriaan A. , Nielsen Olav W. , Chioncel Ovidiu , Pang Peter S. , Greenberg Barry H. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Ertl Georg , Sato Naoki , Teerlink John R. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Ponikowski Piotr , Gayat Etienne , Edwards Christopher , Cotter Gad
Published: March 2020

Aims

Over the last 30 years, many medicine development programmes in acute and chronic heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have failed, in contrast to those in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We explore how the neutral results in larger HF trials may be attributable to chance and/or the dilution of statistical power.

Methods and results

Using simulations, we examined the probability that a positive finding in a Phase 2 trial would result in the study of a truly effective medicine in a Phase 3 trial. We assessed the similarity of clinical trial and registry patient populations. We conducted a meta‐analysis of paired Phase 2 and 3 trials in HFrEF and acute HF examining the associations of trial phase and size with placebo event rates and treatment effects for HF events and death. We estimated loss in trial power attributable to dilution with increasing trial size. Appropriately powered Phase 3 trials should have yielded ∼35% positive results. Patient populations in Phase 3 trials are similar to those in Phase 2 trials but both differ substantially from the populations of ‘real‐life’ registries. We observed decreasing placebo event rates and smaller treatment effects with increasing trial size, especially for HF events (and less so for mortality). This was more pronounced in trials in acute HF patients.

Conclusions

The selection of more positive Phase 2 trials for further development does not explain the failure of HFpEF and acute HF medicine development. Increasing sample size may lead to reduced event rates and smaller treatment effects, resulting in a high rate of neutral Phase 3 trials.
Cysteine Chemistry in Connection with Abiogenesis
Authors: Shalayel Ibrahim , Youssef‐Saliba Sparta , Vazart Fanny , Ceccarelli Cecilia , Bridoux Maxime , Vallée Yannick
Published: March 2020

Theoretical and experimental work has been conducted about possible prebiotic syntheses of cysteine. Activated derivatives of this amino acid can oligomerize and polymerize to afford various poly‐thiazolines and cysteine‐rich chains.
Interfering with the Sugar Code: Ten Years Later
Authors: Bernardi Anna , Sattin Sara
Published: March 2020

This paper reviews the past ten years of our research in the field of glycomimetics synthesis and design. The structure‐based design of mono‐ and polyvalent lectin ligands is one of the three main areas that we have explored in this period. We summarize here our work on ligands targeted against the dendritic cell receptor DC‐SIGN. A second direction we have followed involves the discovery of lectin antagonists by screening of glycomimetic libraries. This approach has led to interesting hits against cholera toxin and related bacterial enterotoxins, as well as, in a different campaign, against the human C‐type lectin dectin‐2. Underlying both approaches, the development of robust synthetic methodologies for the rapid and selective synthesis of unnatural glycoconjugates has been our attempt to contribute to the diversification and enrichment of the chemical toolbox of glycoscience.
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays of halobenzoquinones disinfection byproducts using different human cell lines
Authors: Li Jiabao , Zhang Haifeng , Han Yingnan , Chao Huang , Ma Mei , Yang Min
Published: March 2020

Recently, halobenzoquinones (HBQs) disinfection byproducts, including 2,6‐dichloro‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (DCBQ), 2,6‐dichloro‐3‐methyl‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (DCMBQ), 2,3,6‐trichloro‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (TCBQ), and 2,6‐dibromobenzoquinone (DBBQ), have been of increasing concern due to their reported ability to induce oxidative damage, and thus genotoxicity. However, data on the risk of genotoxicity due to chromosomal damage by HBQs are still scarce. Here, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the four HBQs were assessed using human cell lines (bladder cancer 5637 cells, colon carcinoma Caco‐2 cells, and gastric MGC‐803 cells). The four HBQs exhibited significant concentration‐response relationships in all the three cell lines. Cytotoxicity of DCBQ, DCMBQ, TCBQ, and DBBQ, represented by the 50% concentration of inhibition (IC50) values, were 80.8–99.5, 41.0–57.6, 122.1–146.6, and 86.9–93.8 μM, respectively. The lowest effective concentrations for cellular micronuclei induction in the cell lines by DCBQ, DCMBQ, TCBQ, and DBBQ were 50–75, 20–41.5, 87.4–100, and 50 μM, respectively. 5637 and Caco‐2 cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of HBQs than MGC‐803 cells. These results show that HBQs can induce chromosomal damage; DCMBQ induced the highest cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in all the cell lines, and TCBQ caused the least toxicity.
The association between gut butyrate‐producing bacteria and non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Gui Qifeng , Li Hanyu , Wang Ange , Zhao Xinxiu , Tan Zhongju , Chen Lufang , Xu Keying , Xiao Chi
Published: March 2020

Background

Recently, it has been found that the gut microbiota may affect the development of lung cancer through the “gut‐lung axis.” To investigate this relationship, we performed this study to determine whether the gut microbiota in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is different from that in healthy adults.

Methods

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression levels of eight gut butyrate‐producing bacteria in healthy adults and NSCLC patients. We enrolled 30 patients with NSCLC and 30 subjects from 100 healthy adults after matching for age and sex.

Results

Compared to healthy adults, most of the gut butyrate‐producing bacteria in NSCLC patients were significantly decreased; these included Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum, Clostridial cluster I, Ruminococcus spp., Clostridial Cluster XIVa, and Roseburia spp. Among the gut butyrate‐producing bacteria, we analyzed Clostridial cluster IV and Eubacterium rectale were not decreased in NSCLC patients.

Conclusions

We conclude that NSCLC patients had gut butyrate‐producing bacteria dysbiosis. Further studies should be performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of how these specific bacteria affect lung cancer progression and prognosis.
Expanding our understanding of the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicide attempts: The roles of emotion regulation self‐efficacy and the acquired capability for suicide
Authors: Gratz Kim L. , Spitzen Tara L. , Tull Matthew T.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Although past literature has emphasized the role of acquired capability in the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts, support for the indirect relationship of NSSI to suicide attempts through acquired capability is limited. Thus, research examining other factors that may underlie this relationship is needed. Across two studies, this research examined the indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to suicide attempts through both acquired capability and emotion regulation self‐efficacy (ERSE).

Method

Two large samples of adults (one nationwide community sample and one clinical sample of patients with substance use disorders) completed questionnaires and/or interviews.

Results

Results revealed significant indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to lifetime suicide attempts through ERSE, but not acquired capability, within both samples.

Conclusions

Results highlight the relevance of ERSE to both suicide attempts and the NSSI‐suicide attempt relationship, and suggest the potential utility of interventions aimed at increasing ERSE among individuals with repeated NSSI.
Assessing the availability and quality of Spanish‐language genetic resources for patients on the internet
Authors: Westrate Libby , Brennan Simone , Carmany Erin P.
Published: March 2020

In recent years, people increasingly are accessing health information on the Internet. A significant percentage of the United States (US) population has limited English proficiency with Spanish being the most common other language spoken. There is limited research on the presence or quality of Spanish‐language health information, particularly in genetics, on the Internet overall. Therefore, we aimed to assess the availability and quality of patient‐specific education resources in Spanish available on US‐based support group websites for a wide range of genetic conditions. We assessed 630 websites through the Disease InfoSearch website (www.diseaseinfosearch.org), created by Genetic Alliance, for the presence of Spanish genetic resources for patients with a new diagnosis of a genetic condition. Of these, 261 (41.4%) websites met study criteria for further evaluation. Of the 99 websites (37.9%) that had any Spanish content, 45 Spanish resources and a paired English resource from the same site met criteria for a quality assessment. Scoring was performed by two independent raters using Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), a previously validated tool to assess the quality of written health information. The mean scores for Spanish and English resources were 57.3% and 58.4%, respectively, corresponding to a good quality score according to guidelines proposed by authors of EQIP. An independent two‐sample t test showed no significant difference in the mean quality scores between Spanish and English resources (p‐value = .506). Overall, we found limited availability of Spanish resources on the websites analyzed, but of those identified, there was no difference between the quality of Spanish resources and the paired English resources from the same site. These results highlight the need for genetics professionals to advocate for the creation of more Spanish patient resources. However, genetics professionals can have some reassurance that if a support group does produce a Spanish resource, it likely has comparable quality to its English equivalent.
POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD MOBILITY IN RURAL SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo
Published: March 2020

This article uses household panel data for six countries in rural sub‐Saharan Africa to study the dynamics of off‐farm diversification rather than the ‘static’ analyses common in the related literature. It identifies drivers of economic livelihood mobility and implications for poverty reduction. The results show that on‐farm specialization imposes considerable welfare costs on rural households. In most of the countries, income poverty reduction was highest for households that became diversified and lowest for those that became specialized. Yet, off‐farm diversification entry is hampered by living in a female‐headed household, old age, low farm productivity and poor rural infrastructure. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and desorption characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on middle‐pressure chromatogram isolated gels
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Fei , Wu Fa‐Jie , Jia Ai‐Ling , He Tian‐Zhu , Qu Mo , Xiao Chun‐Ping , Cole Janét , Wang Wei‐Nan , Qiu Zhi‐Dong
Published: March 2020

Four types of middle‐pressure chromatogram isolated gels are evaluated for adsorption or desorption characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Among them, SP207SS and SP2MGS were selected for dynamic investigations based on their static adsorption or desorption capacity of total ginsenoside. Their adsorption kinetics was better explained by pseudosecond‐order model and isotherms were preferably fitted to Langmuir model. Dynamic breakthrough experiments indicated an optimum sample loading speed of 4 bed volume/h for either SP207SS or SP2MGS. Desorption speed was determined to be 2 bed volume/h according to desorption amount of total ginsenoside in their effluents. Eight ginsenosides were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography‐triple quadropole‐mass spectrometry in total ginsenoside extract and different fractions during stepwise dynamic elution. For SP207SS, 27.62% of loaded ginsenosides was detected in 40% ethanol fraction, while 59.12% of them were found in 60% ethanol fraction. As on SP2MGS, the number went to 53.71 and 44.43%, respectively. Recovery rate of ginsenosides were calculated to 78.65% for SP207SS and 89.53% for SP2MGS, respectively. Intriguingly, content of Rg1 and Re in 40% ethanol fraction from SP207SS became 20.1 and 18.6 times higher than that in total ginsenoside extract by one‐step elution, which could be leveraged for the facile enrichment of these two ginsenosides from natural sources.
Are Current Technical Exclusion Criteria for Clinical Trials of Magnetic Resonance–Guided High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound Too Restrictive?
Authors: Lau Lung W. , Eranki Avinash , Celik Haydar , Kim AeRang , Kim Peter C. W. , Sharma Karun V. , Yarmolenko Pavel S.
Published: March 2020

Certain technical criteria must be met to ensure the treatment safety of magnetic resonance–guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound. We retrospectively reviewed how our enrollment criteria were applied from 2014 to 2017 in a clinical trial of magnetic resonance–guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound ablation of recurrent malignant and locally aggressive benign solid tumors. Among the 36 screened patients between 2014 and 2017, more than one‐third were excluded for technical exclusion criteria such as the anatomic location and proximity to prosthetics. Overall, patients were difficult to accrue for this trial, given the incidence of these tumors. To increase potential accrual, screening exclusion criteria could be more generalized and centered on the ability to achieve an acceptable treatment safety margin, rather than specifically excluding on the basis of general anatomic areas.
Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation of Two‐Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography in the Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Filho Raimundo Holanda Carneiro , Pereira Fernando Linhares , Iared Wagner
Published: March 2020

Objectives

To evaluate two‐dimensional (2D) shear wave elastography (SWE) performance as an independent predictor of malignancy in the diagnostic differentiation of thyroid nodules (TNs), including subgroup analyses of different manufacturers and respective cutoffs points.

Methods

The online databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles using 2D SWE in TN evaluation. After good‐quality relevant thyroid‐specific articles were selected, the main data, plus their sensitivity and specificity, were tabulated. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to verify the accuracy of data obtained from 3 manufactures. A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate whether clinical recommendations can be improved by the use of 2D SWE to differentiate TNs.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity parameters of 2D SWE for the differentiation between benign and malignant TNs according to different instruments were, respectively, as follows: Toshiba SWE (Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan), 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70–0.83) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72–0.81); Virtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67–0.77) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78–0.84); and SuperSonic SWE (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix‐en‐Provence, France), 0.63 (95% CI, 0.59–0.66) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79–0.83). The summary receiver operating characteristic curves showed the following area under the curve syntheses: Toshiba SWE, 0.84 (Q* = 0.7707); Virtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification, 0.85 (Q* = 0.7809); and SuperSonic SWE, 0.88 (Q* = 0.8102). Positive and negative predictive values varied, respectively, from 16% to 94% and 29% to 100%, considering all included articles. The overall accuracy ranged from 53% to 93%.

Conclusions

Two‐dimensional SWE is a relevant and an important tool that supports ultrasound in clinical practice in the diagnostic differentiation between benign and malignant TNs.
Transmitter Effects on Growth and Survival of Forster's Tern Chicks
Authors: Herzog Mark P. , Ackerman Joshua T. , Hartman C. Alex , Peterson Sarah H.
Published: March 2020

Radio‐telemetry is a commonly used scientific technique that allows researchers to collect detailed movement, habitat use, and survival data of animals; however, evidence indicates that using telemetry can affect behavior and survival. Using multiple breeding colonies and years, we investigated the effects of attached radio‐transmitters on growth and survival of Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, 2010–2011. We tested these potential effects at isolated islands that allowed for high re‐capture rates (typically >85%) in radio‐marked and banded‐only chicks. Modeled Gompertz growth curves suggested that transmitters had a small negative effect on some of the asymptotic growth parameters of tern chicks; tarsus (−1.5 ± 0.7% [SE]), culmen (−1.7 ± 1.2%), and wing (−4.9 ± 2.0%) lengths were shorter for radio‐marked chicks compared to banded‐only chicks. In contrast, there was no difference in asymptotic mass between radio‐marked chicks and banded‐only chicks. Survival from hatching to fledging was lower for radio‐marked chicks than banded‐only chicks during 2010 (banded‐only = 0.313 ± 0.162 vs. radio‐marked = 0.250 ± 0.165) and 2011 (0.193 ± 0.030 vs. 0.123 ± 0.027). Most of the transmitter effect occurred within the first week after hatching, rather than in older chicks. Notably, the effect of transmitters on chick survival was primarily additive, indicating that the effect of transmitters on radio‐marked chicks was not influenced by other ecological covariates. Given the effect radio‐transmitters had on survival did not change across temporal or ecological gradients, transmitters can still be used to evaluate ecological factors affecting survival and timing of mortality and radio‐marked birds can be used to make inferences to the general population. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Estimation of vertical structure of latent heat generated in thunderstorms using CloudSat radar
Authors: Naren Athreyas Kashyapa , Gunawan Erry , Tay Bee Kiat
Published: March 2020

The Earth's atmosphere is highly coupled between the vertical layers and the surface. An understanding of circulations in the atmosphere is important for developing models and improving weather forecasting. The latent heat produced in the atmosphere is one of the key driving forces of these circulations. It is therefore very important to estimate the latent heat in the atmosphere accurately, especially in thunderstorm clouds, which have proved to be one of the major sources of gravity waves in tropical regions. The current space‐based latent heat retrievals are limited to precipitation‐based estimation which cannot define the complete structure of a thunderstorm where precipitation is not the main indicator of the severity. A novel method is proposed in this study which retrieves the latent heat profiles of thunderstorm clouds using CloudSat W‐band radar profiles. A realistic database of simulated thunderstorm events developed using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System – Cloud Resolving Model (RAMS‐CRM) is compared with observations using the Bayesian Monte Carlo method to derive an estimate with an uncertainty analysis for each estimate. The method is validated in the southeast Asian region with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts driven RAMS‐CRM profiles. The algorithm performance on observation data using linear fit, regression and bias analysis is discussed. A case study retrieval is also performed to demonstrate the retrieval on real CloudSat data.
Use of venous couplers in microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Haug Valentin , Panayi Adriana C. , Kadakia Nikita , Abdulrazzak Obada , Endo Yori , Udeh Kodi , Kollar Branislav , Hundeshagen Gabriel , Pomahac Bohdan , Kneser Ulrich , Hirche Christoph
Published: March 2020

Background

Free tissue transfer for lower limb reconstruction has become a workhorse procedure for limb‐salvage. Compared with other recipient sites, the lower extremity has a higher risk of microvascular complications, in particular with venous anastomosis. The study's objective is to evaluate the evidence, safety, and efficacy of venous coupler use in microsurgical anastomosis in lower limb reconstruction to provide objective appraisal of the surgical techniques.

Methods

A systematic review (SR) and meta‐analysis (MA) were performed analyzing articles from PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1990, to August 2018. Abstracts and titles were screened and assessed for eligibility by independent reviewers. Following full‐text review, articles were included in the SR and MA. Case reports were excluded. Cochrane Collaboration and the Quality of Reporting of Meta‐analyses (QUOROM) guidelines were followed.

Results

Out of 15 included studies that met the inclusion criteria for the SR, 9 were included in MA. Patients treated with venous couplers did not experience more surgical complications (risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48–1.33; p = .38), total failure (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.22–1.70; p = .34), venous compromise (RR 0.72; 95% CI 0.23–2.27; p = .57), arterial compromise (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.25–2.88; p = .80), partial failure (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.33–1.77; p = .54), or reoperation (RR 11.79; 95% CI 0.49–286.55; p = .13) in comparison with hand‐sewn anastomosis.

Conclusions

Outcomes of venous couplers in lower limb reconstruction are comparable to those of hand‐sewn anastomosis. However, this study was limited by the quality of the available literature. Additional prospective studies should aim to directly compare both techniques and potential further benefits in clinical trials.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SID AND THE INDUSTRY
Authors: Seetzen Helge
Published: March 2020

Our industry is approaching a critical juncture in 2020. On the one hand, we have witnessed significant increases in innovation, display technology variants, and new use cases such as foldable displays. The future is ripe with potential.
SID Honors Industry Standouts
Authors:   Editorial Staff
Published: March 2020

Each year, the Society for Information Display celebrates industry heroes—professionals whose personal contributions or technical achievements have helped to advance the field. The 2020 recipients of SID honors and awards, who will be recognized during Display Week, include boundary‐pushers, educators, and research pioneers. Here, a look at their accomplishments.
The development and validation of instruments to measure dignity‐protective continence care for care‐dependent older people in residential aged care facilities: A study protocol
Authors: Ostaszkiewicz Joan , Dunning Trisha , Hutchinson Alison , Wagg Adrian , Gwini StellaMay , Dickson‐Swift Virginia
Published: March 2020

Aims

To develop and validate two instruments to measure dignity‐protective continence care for care‐dependent older people in residential aged care facilities: one instrument to be completed by care recipients and another for healthcare professionals.

Methods

The first phase of the project will involve a review of literature to identify the attributes of “dignity‐protective continence care” for older people, which will be used to design the initial drafts of the instruments. Thereafter the Delphi survey technique will be used to establish the face and content validity of the draft instruments with three purposive samples; (a) care recipients (care‐dependent older people with decisional capacity), (b) formal carers (nurses and personal care workers from residential aged care facilities, and (c) healthcare professionals with gerontological expertize in the management of incontinence. After instrument development, a large cross‐sectional survey of care recipients and formal carers will be conducted to establish the internal consistency and construct validity of the instruments. This will be followed by a series of tests to establish their test‐retest reliability.

Conclusion

The completed research will result in two reliable and valid instruments that will support broader efforts to ensure that care practices in residential aged care facilities do not violate the dignity of care‐dependent older people with continence care needs, and allow care partners and providers to act upon the results.
Mechanical and flame‐retardant properties and thermal decomposition of vinyl ester resin modified by different phenyl silsesquioxanes
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Zhang Wenchao , Qin Zhaolu , Zhang Xin , Yang Fan , Qiao Liang , Yang Rongjie
Published: March 2020

The mechanical properties and fire resistance of vinyl ester resin (VER) composites containing cage‐shaped octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS), incompletely cage‐shaped phenyl silsesquioxane (PhT7POSS), and ladder‐shaped phenyl silsesquioxane (PPSQ) were investigated. The POSS structure and dispersion have a great influence on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and decomposition process of VER composites. The bending strength at break and modulus of the VER‐POSS composites were enhanced obviously, especially for VER‐PPSQ composite and VER‐OPS composite, respectively. In addition, PhT7POSS‐based VER composites revealed the lower values of the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release in cone calorimetry tests due to the formation of dense carbon/silica protective layers that acted as a barrier to heat and mass transfer. Moreover, the flame‐retardant mechanisms of condensed phase and gas phase were also investigated in detail. These results illustrate VERs modified by OPS, PhT7POSS, and PPSQ are providing an applicable method to fabricate the composites with excellent flame‐retardant and mechanical properties.
Effect of Graphene Oxide loading on ferroelectric and dielectric properties of hot pressed poly(vinylidene fluoride) matrix composite film
Authors: Muduli Sakti P. , Parida Sabyasachi , Nayak Sasmita , Rout Sanjeeb K.
Published: March 2020

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐Graphene Oxide composite films were prepared by solution casting followed by hot press technique with variation of Graphene Oxide content up to 1.6 vol%. High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and the dispersion of GO. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra were analyzed to identify and estimate the fraction of β phase. All the composite film samples are found to have fraction of β phase >80%. Dielectric constant of the composite films increases with increase in Graphene Oxide content up to 0.15 vol% and with further increment; it causes decrease in dielectric constant. Both dielectric loss tangent and ac conductivity show increasing trend with increment of Graphene Oxide content. Both remnant polarization and energy density are affected by Graphene Oxide loading. Remnant polarization increases with Graphene Oxide content whereas energy density follows the same variation trend that of dielectric constant.
Treatment fidelity reporting in intervention outcome studies in the school psychology literature from 2009 to 2016
Authors: Sanetti Lisa M. Hagermoser , Charbonneau Sarah , Knight Allison , Cochrane Wendy S. , Kulcyk Molly C. M. , Kraus Katherine E.
Published: March 2020

Both student outcomes and treatment fidelity data are necessary to draw valid conclusions about intervention effectiveness. Reviews of the intervention outcome literature in related fields, and prior reviews of the school psychology literature, suggest that many researchers failed to report treatment fidelity data. The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend previous reviews of treatment fidelity in four school psychology journals between 2009 and 2016. Results indicate that a plurality of studies reviewed operationally defined some, but not all intervention(s). Further, the majority of studies (72.8%) include a quantitative treatment fidelity data, a 35% increase from the Sanetti, Gritter and Dobey (2011) review of these same journals. Results also indicate many studies include data on multiple dimensions of fidelity. Of the multiple dimensions, adherence is (a) the most commonly reported dimension, (b) most often reported using a single index, (c) assessed using in vivo observation, and (d) high in a majority of studies. Further, results indicate some study and design characteristics are associated with the presence of operational definitions and treatment fidelity data.
The Global Assessment of School Functioning (GASF): Criterion validity and interrater reliability
Authors: Maerlender Arthur , Palamara Joseph , Lichtenstein Jonathan
Published: March 2020

The Global Assessment of School Functioning (GASF) provides a robust estimate of a student's overall level of functioning within the school environment. It is intended to capture a global metric reflecting academic, social and general behavioral functioning within the school. It is a modification of the Global Assessment of Functioning and reflects functioning across academics, interpersonal relationships, school behavior, and school participation. It was developed to allow school personnel a means to communicate the general level of student functioning without reverting to specific issues or immediate concerns. This paper reports on the scale's criterion validity and interrater reliability. Confirmations of the scale structure and descriptors were obtained using subject matter experts, who confirmed descriptor's criterion validity. Vignettes were developed and then rated by 64 educators to establish interrater reliability. Strong intraclass correlations (ICC) were obtained supporting the GASF reliability (single measure absolute agreement ICC = 0.998, 95th percentile confidence interval = 0.994 to 1.00). With appropriate use, this tool has value for all school personnel as a general indicator of student functioning and as a point of student reference in school team considerations. Anecdotal evidence indicates it can be used for overall progress monitoring as well.
Feasibility trial of the school‐based STRONG intervention to promote resilience among newcomer youth
Authors: Crooks Claire V. , Hoover Sharon , Smith Alexandra C. G.
Published: March 2020

There are thousands of refugee students in Canadian schools and many struggle with distress and trauma symptoms. Even those not demonstrating overt distress may face adjustment challenges. This paper describes the pilot of the Supporting Transition Resilience of Newcomer Groups (STRONG) program in ten schools. STRONG is a 10‐session, manualized program focused on building skills and helping students process their migration journey. This pilot used a pragmatic mixed‐methods approach to evaluate the feasibility of STRONG, with a focus on acceptability, implementation, and perceived utility of the intervention. Clinicians (n = 16) provided data at the training, throughout the intervention and at the end through clinician surveys and focus groups. Clinicians reported high levels of acceptability for the training and program. Implementation challenges included time constraints, external influences, and some challenges with language. Overall STRONG was seen to provide significant positive benefits for students in increasing connectedness, stress management, and coping strategies. Clinicians felt that students developed more positive self‐image and had improved optimism. This feasibility trial of the STRONG program indicated the potential utility for promoting resilience and reducing distress among refugee students through a structured, school‐based group intervention.
Interdependence of physical and psychological morbidity among patients with cancer and family caregivers: Review of the literature
Authors: Streck Brennan P. , Wardell Diane W. , LoBiondo‐Wood Geri , Beauchamp Jennifer E. S.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Caregivers for patients with cancer have an integral role in maintaining patients' health. Although patients and caregivers experience the impact of cancer individually, studies suggest their health is interdependent. The objective of this review was to synthesize the literature on interdependent physical and psychological morbidity in patient‐caregiver dyads published since 2016.

Methods

A search of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycInfo databases was performed using Cooper's recommendations and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews And Meta‐Analyses Guidelines. Studies were included if they measured individual physical or psychological morbidity in cancer patient‐caregiver dyads, evaluated interdependence, and were published in a peer‐reviewed journal.

Results

Twenty‐three studies met criteria, characterized by mainly spousal dyads. Studies included a variety of cancers and methodologies. Findings were inconsistent, indicating varying interdependence. However, the studies demonstrated a stronger relationship between patients' and caregivers' psychological morbidity than between their physical morbidity.

Conclusions

This review revealed a need for continued exploration of dyadic health interdependence. Future studies should consider samples of patients with a single type of cancer, testing cultural mediators/moderators, and using longitudinal designs.
Experimental Determination of Complex Optical Constants of Air‐Stable Inorganic CsPbI3 Perovskite Thin Films
Authors: Yan Wensheng , Guo Yi , Beri Deski , Dottermusch Stephan , Chen Haining , Richards Bryce S.
Published: March 2020

Air‐stable inorganic cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite thin films with a bandgap of 1.7 eV are a promising candidate for tandem cell solar cells, comprising a perovskite top cell with a crystalline silicon bottom cell. The device design and simulations are important to develop high‐efficiency photovoltaic devices. However, knowledge of complex optical constants of the CsPbI3 thin films is mandatory to complement such tasks. Herein, air‐stable inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite thin films are prepared using one‐step synthesis through a spin‐coating method. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) is then conducted at five angles (43.9°, 48.9°, 53.9°, 58.9°, and 63.9°) to obtain ellipsometric data (Ψ and Δ). The thickness nonuniformity model of the perovskite thin film combined with an effective medium approximation for describing rough surface is adopted to achieve excellent fitting. The complex optical constants of the CsPbI3 thin film are experimentally obtained in the wavelength range of 300–1200 nm. The present results open the door for design and simulations on high‐efficiency CsPbI3/c‐Si tandem solar cells.
Incorporating historical two‐arm data in clinical trials with binary outcome: A practical approach
Authors: Feißt Manuel , Krisam Johannes , Kieser Meinhard
Published: March 2020

The feasibility of a new clinical trial may be increased by incorporating historical data of previous trials. In the particular case where only data from a single historical trial are available, there exists no clear recommendation in the literature regarding the most favorable approach. A main problem of the incorporation of historical data is the possible inflation of the type I error rate. A way to control this type of error is the so‐called power prior approach. This Bayesian method does not “borrow” the full historical information but uses a parameter 0 ≤ δ ≤ 1 to determine the amount of borrowed data. Based on the methodology of the power prior, we propose a frequentist framework that allows incorporation of historical data from both arms of two‐armed trials with binary outcome, while simultaneously controlling the type I error rate. It is shown that for any specific trial scenario a value δ > 0 can be determined such that the type I error rate falls below the prespecified significance level. The magnitude of this value of δ depends on the characteristics of the data observed in the historical trial. Conditionally on these characteristics, an increase in power as compared to a trial without borrowing may result. Similarly, we propose methods how the required sample size can be reduced. The results are discussed and compared to those obtained in a Bayesian framework. Application is illustrated by a clinical trial example.
Generalized estimating equations to estimate the ordered stereotype logit model for panel data
Authors: Spiess Martin , Fernández Daniel , Nguyen Thuong , Liu Ivy
Published: March 2020

By modeling the effects of predictor variables as a multiplicative function of regression parameters being invariant over categories, and category‐specific scalar effects, the ordered stereotype logit model is a flexible regression model for ordinal response variables. In this article, we propose a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach to estimate the ordered stereotype logit model for panel data based on working covariance matrices, which are not required to be correctly specified. A simulation study compares the performance of GEE estimators based on various working correlation matrices and working covariance matrices using local odds ratios. Estimation of the model is illustrated using a real‐world dataset. The results from the simulation study suggest that GEE estimation of this model is feasible in medium‐sized and large samples and that estimators based on local odds ratios as realized in this study tend to be less efficient compared with estimators based on a working correlation matrix. For low true correlations, the efficiency gains seem to be rather small and if the working covariance structure is too flexible, the corresponding estimator may even be less efficient compared with the GEE estimator assuming independence. Like for GEE estimators more generally, if the true correlations over time are high, then a working covariance structure which is close to the true structure can lead to considerable efficiency gains compared with assuming independence.