bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sensitivity of Continuous Laboratory Measures of Physiological and Subjective Sexual Arousal for Diagnosing Women with Sexual Arousal Disorder
Authors: Meston Cindy M. , Rellini Alessandra H. , McCall Katie
Published: October 2009

Introduction

Past findings on the diagnostic sensitivity of vaginal photoplethysmography are limited by testing among women with heterogeneous sexual dysfunctions and by the use of statistical techniques that are unable to assess how changes in subjective arousal are associated with changes in physiological arousal.

Aims

The aims of this study were to: (i) test the sensitivity of vaginal photoplethysmography and continuous measures of subjective sexual arousal in differentiating between women with and without sexual arousal or orgasm dysfunction; and (ii) examine the diagnostic utility of measuring the synchrony between genital and subjective sexual responses.

Methods

Sexual arousal was assessed in sexually healthy women (n = 12), women with orgasm disorder (OD; n = 12), and 38 women who met the criteria for the three subcategories of sexual arousal dysfunction described by Basson et al. (i.e., genital sexual arousal disorder [GAD; n = 9], subjective sexual arousal disorder [SAD; n = 13], and combined genital and subjective arousal disorder [CAD; n = 16]).

Main Outcome Measures

Physiological sexual arousal was assessed using vaginal photoplethysmography, and subjective sexual arousal was measured continuously and using a Likert-scale in response to sexual videos.

Results

Women with GAD showed the lowest and women with CAD showed the highest levels of vaginal pulse amplitude response to erotic stimuli. Women with sexual arousal disorder showed significantly lower levels of subjective sexual arousal to erotic stimuli than did sexually healthy women. Relations between subjective and physiological measures of sexual arousal were significantly weaker among women with sexual arousal disorder than sexually healthy women or women with OD.

Conclusion

Preliminary support was provided for the diagnostic utility of measuring the synchrony between subjective and genital arousal in women with sexual arousal disorder. Findings do not support the sensitivity of using vaginal photoplethysmography, or continuous or Likert-scale measures of subjective arousal for differentiating between subtypes of women with sexual arousal disorder.
Impact of Photodynamic Treatment with Meso‐substituted Porphyrin on the Immunomodulatory Capacity of White Blood Cell‐containing Red Blood Cell Products
Authors: Trannoy Laurence , Roelen Dave , Koekkoek Karin , Brand Anneke
Published: October 2009

After transfusion, the presence of contaminating white blood cells (WBC) in blood components may result in either deleterious or positive immunological responses. We have previously reported that photodynamic treatment (PDT) with meso‐substituted mono‐phenyl‐tri‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)‐porphyrin (Tri‐P(4)) and red light can inactivate pathogens in red blood cell (RBC) products. The present study explored the effect of PDT on contaminating WBC in RBC products with varying hematocrit (Hct). After PDT, we evaluated adaptive and innate immunomodulation through allogeneic and mitogenic stimulation. PDT resulted in decreased T‐cell proliferation which was more pronounced with lower Hct. Dark effect of porphyrin Tri‐P(4) was remarkable on antigen‐presenting cells affecting expression of co‐stimulatory molecules CD80/CD86. Finally, cytokine profile after PDT revealed a mixed Th1/Th2 type response while surface antigen expression supported the development of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMφ or Type 2 macrophages) instead of dendritic cells. In conclusion, PDT with Tri‐P(4) altered proliferation, allo‐stimulation, cell surface antigen expression and cytokine profiles of the cells. These results suggest that PDT may be potentially useful in preventing transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease and alloimmunization. It seems worthwhile to further explore PDT‐induced immunomodulation to optimize conditions which may result in allo‐tolerance by AAMφ.
Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Detection and Characterization of Cervical Cancers In Vitro
Authors: Ebenezar Jeyasingh , Aruna Prakasarao , Ganesan Singaravelu
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic potential of synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy (SFS) technique for the detection and characterization of normal and different malignancy stages of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC) cervical tissues. SF spectra were measured from 45 biopsies from 30 patients in vitro. Characteristic, highly resolved peaks and significant spectral differences between normal and MDSCC, PDSCC cervical tissues were obtained. Nine potential ratios were calculated and used as input variables for a discriminant analysis across different groups. The potentiality of the SFS technique was estimated by two discriminant analyses. Discriminant analysis I performed across normal and abnormal (including MDSCC and PDSCC) cervical tissues classified as 100% both original and the cross‐validated grouped cases. In discriminant analysis II performed across the three groups, normal, MDSCC and PDSCC, 100% of both original and the cross‐validated grouped cases were correctly classified. Using the SFS technique, one can obtain all the key biochemical markers such as tryptophan, collagen, hemoglobin, reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in a single scan and hence they can be targeted as tumor markers in the detection of normal from abnormal cervical tissues.
Bacteriorhodopsin O‐state Photocycle Kinetics: A Surfactant Study
Authors: Chu Li‐Kang , El‐Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: October 2009

The spectroscopy and dynamics of interaction between the O intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and several surfactants (cetrimonium bromide [CTAB], sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] and diethylene glycol mono‐n‐hexyl ether [C6E2]) were investigated using steady‐state UV–VIS spectrometry, circular dichroism spectroscopy and time‐resolved absorption techniques. The steady‐state spectral results show that bR can retain its trimeric state without severe damage in the molar concentration ratio of C6E2/bR ranging up to 4000. Time‐resolved observations indicate that the rise and decay rates and transient populations of the O state can be increased in the presence of nonionic surfactant C6E2; however, these studies indicate the opposite phenomenon in the presence of the ionic surfactants CTAB and SDS. The observed 40% enhancement in the transient population of the O intermediate state that results from treatment of C6E2 is proposed to result from an expanding bR structure, which leads to more effective proton pumping efficiency in the photosynthetic system of bR.
Establishing Real-World Connections for a Better Understanding of Circuits
Authors: Bonner David
Published: October 2009

Many physics teachers would agree that students making real-world connections is a critical aspect of learning physics, but what does this really mean? Merely seeing a real-world application of a physical concept does not necessarily allow students to incorporate the concept into the way they perceive their world. It is not just seeing the application that makes the real-world connection, but establishing personal relevance to that student's life that is a key to learning physics. This paper describes a constructivist activity in which students design and assemble a common and personally relevant electrical device—the power strip.
“Back of the Spoon” Outlook of Coanda Effect
Authors: López-Arias T. , Gratton L. M. , Bon S. , Oss S.
Published: October 2009

The tendency of fluids to follow, in certain conditions, curved profiles is often referred to as the Coanda effect. A simple experiment modeling the common teapot effect, the curling of the liquid around the beak when it is poured, can be used in the classroom to illustrate simple dynamic principles and basic fluid dynamics concepts as well.1
A Simple Demonstration of Back emf
Authors: Turner Lou
Published: October 2009

In discussing motors, one college textbook says, “As the coil (of a motor) rotates in a magnetic field, a back emf is generated that tends to counter the emf that supplies the current.” This is a true statement, but it does little to enhance student understanding of how and why it is created. In this paper, I will explain how to take students step by step through the creation of what the experts call “back emf” and then describe a simple experiment that clearly demonstrates its existence.
Collective Wisdom Made Visible
Authors: Blanton Patricia
Published: October 2009

At the end of a teaching unit and prior to an assessment of what students have learned, many teachers will take time to review the materials with the class. During the typical review session, the major concepts are summarized, sample problems are worked, and students are given a chance to take notes and ask questions about things they don't understand. I recently observed a teacher using a very different review technique and was very impressed with the student involvement during the session.
Sixty Symbols, by The University of Nottingham
Authors: MacIsaac Dan
Published: October 2009

Faculty at the University of Nottingham are continuing to develop short (5–10 minutes long) insightful video-streamed vignettes for the web. Their earlier sites: Test Tube: Behind the World of Science and the widely known Periodic Table of Videos (a video on each element in the periodic table featured in WebSights last semester) have been joined by a new effort from the faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Engineering—Sixty Symbols: Videos about the Symbols of Physics and Astronomy. I liked the vignette on chi myself.
STRUCTURES IN THE CALEDONIDES BETWEEN LOCH DUICH AND GLENELG, NORTH-WEST HIGHLANDS
Authors: SUTTON JOHN , WATSON JANET
Published: October 2009

At least three periods of folding affected the Moine and Lewisian rocks south of Loch Duich in the North-West Highlands before the formation of the Moine thrust.

Two major folds are recognized and shown to belong to a set recognized elsewhere. The folding is frequently markedly disharmonic and is accompanied by sliding. The small-scale structures are described and figured. It is shown that the intensity of the regional metamorphism and related phenomena diminished during the folding. The changes in structural style resulting from this are described. A system of quartz-filled gashes in the Torridonian west of the Moine thrust is shown to be related to the Loch Alsh fold. Conjugate folds and other structures formed with the Moine thrust, are shown to be later than any of the large folds affecting the Moines.
THE CALEDONIAN SEQUENCE IN NY FRIESLAND, SPITSBERGEN
Authors: HARLAND WALTER BRIAN
Published: October 2009

Arising mainly out of observations in the last decade the structure of the Ny Friesland sector of Spitsbergen is outlined for the first time and summarized in a map and sections. It is interpreted as reflecting the formation of a geosyncline of Hecla Hoek rocks (late Pre-Cambrian to mid-Ordovician), and their deformation in the Ny Friesland orogeny, with the formation of gneisses and with the emplacement of “post-tectonic” batholiths, followed by Old Red Sandstone deposition and deformation in the Svalbard folding. Thus a mobile history (the Caledonian sequence) stretches from late Pre-Cambrian to Upper Devonian times and reaches its climax in the Ny Friesland orogeny (between mid-Ordovician and late Silurian) and the structures arising therefrom form the core of this paper as they do of the region itself. The sequence is compared with that in other areas, particularly East Greenland.
THE LOWER MARGIN OF THE SHIANT ISLES SILL
Authors: DREVER HARALD IRVING , JOHNSTON ROBERT
Published: October 2009

At one locality near or at the lower margin of the main Shiant Isles sill there are contacts with Jurassic marl. Immediately adjacent to the highest of these contacts there is clear evidence of an endogenous reaction—Mg-olivine→ titanaugite. Zeolites tend to be concentrated near the contacts with marl and there is some evidence that teschenitic rock can result from exogenous reactions within the marl. An unusual degree of variability in the textural relations of olivine and augite with plagioclase is described and discussed. It is suggested that where there has been assimilation of marl, augite may have been precipitated instead, or as a replacement, of early olivine and that rocks not readily distinguishable from alkaline dolerites and teschenites were produced on a limited scale by interaction with the marl of water-and soda-rich picritic material intruded slightly in advance of the main picritic facies of this sill. Interbanding of picritic and teschenitic rocks at another locality can be interpreted as due to flowage and intrusion of these products of mixed origin. Analogous phenomena in some other sills are briefly discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE PROGRESS IN GEOLOGY IN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS. II
Authors: HAWKES LEONARD
Published: October 2009

The advances in our knowledge of the rocks in the hidden depths are reviewed. Through seismology three discoveries were made : the crust of the earth (J. Milne), its base (A. Mohorovièiæ) and the core of the earth (R. D. Oldham). The composition of the uppermost part of the mantle and the absence of the Mohorovièiæ discontinuity beneath certain oceanic areas are discussed. The lavas common to continental and oceanic areas, basalts and tholeiites are considered to come from the mantle, those igneous rock types restricted to the continents from the crust or from mantle liquids modified by the crust.

The significance of the fold mountain belts is discussed in the light of the evidence for gravitational sliding, and the hypothesis of a contracting globe in geological time is examined.

The bearing of geomagnetic rock studies on the hypotheses of polar wandering and continental drift, and the pre-geological history of the earth’s crust during which the continent–ocean separation took place are briefly considered.
THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE OF THE MONYASH-WIRKSWORTH AREA, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: SHIRLEY JACK
Published: October 2009

The area described comprises the south-eastern portion of the Derbyshire limestone massif. A local stratigraphical succession, of Via Gellia Limestones (D
1
), Lathkill Limestones (D
2
) and Cawdor Limestones (P
2
), is established.

The subdivisions of the Carboniferous Limestone have unconformable relations with one another. The representatives of the D
1
zone are overlain by the Lathkill Limestones of Upper D
2
age. There are no representatives of the Station Quarry and Priestcliffe Limestones of the Miller’s Dale area. The upper division of the Lathkill Limestones overlaps the lower in the neighbourhood of Matlock. The Cawdor Limestones, of proved P
2
age at Cawdor Quarry, lie unconformably on the lower formations, cutting out the whole of the Lathkill Limestones and resting on Via Gellia Limestones at Wirksworth.

Contemporaneous basalts and tuffs occur at several horizons although there is a concentration at certain levels. Dolomitization has affected much of the limestone.

The lead-zinc ores are generally concentrated in the anticlinal structures, with the notable and still unexplained exception of Millclose Mine in the Stanton syncline. The main anticlines and synclines were already in existence during D
2
times. They were accentuated by post-D
2
movements causing rapid facies changes in the Cawdor Limestones and persisted at least to the base of the Millstone Grit. Late faults which are not mineralized have affected the area and of these the Bonsall fault separates areas of different tectonic pattern.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE USK INLIER (MONMOUTHSHIRE)
Authors: WALMSLEY VICTOR GORDON
Published: October 2009

Calcareous and shelly Upper Silurian beds, about 2000 feet in thickness, outcropping over approximately 28 square miles in the Usk inlier (Monmouthshire) have been investigated. The lithological and faunal succession has been established and found to be constant, with minor exceptions, throughout the inlier.

The Wenlock Shale is represented by at least 800 feet of mainly argillaceous beds which become sandy and micaceous in their transition upwards into a thin (40 feet) development of Wenlock Limestone.

The Ludlow Series is between 1050 and 1300 feet thick and has been subdivided, mainly on the basis of total fossil assemblages, into seven stratigraphical groups. With the possible exception of a thin conglomerate band in the south of the inlier, there is no sign of any important break in the succession. This contradicts the claim by Gardiner (1917 and 1927) that the Lower Ludlow and Aymestry beds are missing.

The presence of the Ludlow Bone-bed has been established and the succeeding Speckled Grit Beds are considered to be Downtonian in age.

Structurally, the Usk inlier is a complex pericline whose major axis trends NNE.-SSW. A “Sudetic” phase of embryonic arching, and a possible “Malvernian” phase, preceded the main movements of Armorican age.
THE GARS-BHEINN ULTRABASIC SILL, ISLE OF SKYE
Authors: WEEDON DOUGLAS STANLEY
Published: October 2009

Gars-bheinn, the most southerly peak of the Cuillin Hills in the Isle of Skye, has on its flank two minor intrusions, the lower of which is of notable petrological interest. They were mentioned by Harker (1904, p. 67), who observed that the lower intrusion “is in visible continuity with a dyke below . . . cutting the basaltic lavas and the underlying Torridon Sandstone”, and that, as in the main Sgùrr Dubh mass, banding occurs in the Gars-bheinn intrusions. The type of banding developed at Gars-bheinn differs from that of the main mass, which is more readily comparable with that in the Rhum ultrabasic rocks (
Brown 1956
); in Sgùrr Dubh and Rhum the banding is due to varying proportions of medium-grained primary precipitate crystals. In the Gars-bheinn intrusions, the banding is of medium-grained olivine-rich bands alternating with pegmatitic feldspar-rich bands, individual feldspar crystals in the latter often exceeding three inches in length.

The intrusions occur on the southern flank of Gars-bheinn at 1000 and 1500 feet respectively. The lower is associated at its eastern side with a vertical feeder dyke, the continuation of which may be traced above the sill, trending towards the higher intrusion.

The lower sill (Fig. 1), which at outcrop is approximately 900 feet in length and 250 feet thick, is moderately well exposed, whereas much of the upper is obscured by a scree of large detached blocks. The term “Gars-bheinn sill” refers only to the lower sill, which has the greater petrological interest.

The bulk
THE SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS IGNEOUS COMPLEX, ISLE OF RHUM
Authors: HUGHES CHARLES JAMES
Published: October 2009

The structure and petrology of an acid complex forming the southern part of the Rhum Tertiary igneous centre are described. The rock types of primary concern are felsites, explosion breccias, intrusive tufts and granophyre. The intrusive rocks have been injected along an arcuate fracture, 1½ miles in diameter, with subsidence of country rock centrally. The order of intrusion has been, first felsites associated with explosion breccias, followed by intrusive tufts, and finally granophyre. These three phases mark increasing depths of formation. It is concluded that the explosion breccias and intrusive tufts had their origin in the escape of water vapour from porphyritic acid magma that subsequently crystallized as felsite, and that the granophyre is the crystallization product of an apparently identical magma which retained its water content.
THE GEOLOGY OF THE WOOLHOPE INLIER (HEREFORDSHIRE)
Authors: SQUIRRELL HEW CRAWFORD , TUCKER EDWARD VIVIAN
Published: October 2009

The Silurian rocks of the Woolhope inlier (Herefordshire) present a typical calcareous and shelly development of the shelf facies. Upper Llandovery and Wenlock deposits resemble those of neighbouring Silurian areas. The Ludlow Series (215 to 1300 feet) is subdivided into eight stratigraphical groups based essentially upon variation in lithology and faunal assemblage. The succession is continuous except for minor breaks at the base of the
Dayia
Beds and immediately below the base of the Upper Ludlow, and the absence of deposits equivalent to the Ayrnestry Limestone in the extreme south of the inlier. A distinctive fauna, with abundant
Shaleria ornatella,
can be recognized in the thin division which succeeds the
Dayia
Beds. Upper Ludlow deposits yield many thin condensed beds, biotite-bearing bands and bone-beds. The Ludlow Bone-bed separates the Ludlovian Series from overlying sandstones and siltstones of the Downtonian. The succession compares closely with those of both May Hill and Usk, and a tentative correlation with the successions of the Ludlow district and Builth area is offered.

Structurally the Woolhope inlier is a much-faulted, asymmetric pericline, its axis trending N W —SE. The northern part of this upfold has been subjected to rotation with the formation of two domes. The Shucknall inlier, a sub-parallel anticlinal structure, is separated from the Woolhope pericline by a topographic depression, believed to mark the site of a deep-seated fracture which is probably a continuation of the Neath disturbance. The main structural elements of the two inliers are attributable to an E —W . compression and a later N.—S. compression, both believed to be phases of a complex Armorican orogeny.
VITRIFICATION OF ARKOSE BY KARROO DOLERITE NEAR HEILBRON, ORANGE FREE STATE
Authors: ACKERMANN PETRUS BASSON , WALKER FREDERICK
Published: October 2009

A 50-foot sill of Karroo dolerite near Heilbron, O.F.S., has fused the overlying Ecca Series arkose to a dark buchite. Progressive vitrification accompanied by mineralogical changes may be traced towards t h e contact a t which hybridism between dolerite and vitrified sediment has taken place locally. The phenomena involved are described with the aid of micrometric data and 10 new chemical analyses.
THE GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY OF MADAGASCAR, AND A COMPARISON WITH EASTERN AFRICA
Authors: DIXEY BY FRANK
Published: October 2009

The metamorphic region of Madagascar has much in common with the “Mozam- bique Belt” of East and Central Africa, although the grade of metamorphism seen is often higher. No clear comparison can be drawn between the main subdivisions of the Madagascar Basement and those of the mainland; moreover, the unconformably overlying Crystalline Limestone Series has no known counterpart in Africa, while the major late Pre-Cambrian or Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary systems of the mainland, frequently but little altered or disturbed, are not represented in Madagascar, although there is a widespread Quartzite Series, ascribed to the Devono-Carboniferous, of somewhat different character.

The principal metamorphism of the Basement rocks of Madagascar is ascribed to a major orogeny dated as 2600 m.y., but the older orogenies of the mainland, up to 3250 m.y., have not been recognized.

The later Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments are in many respects closely comparable with those of the mainland, as may be expected from their position on opposite sides of a great geosyncline. While there are important differences in the associated older volcanic episodes, the Tertiary and post-Tertiary volcanism followed a similar course in both regions. Post-Tertiary rifting is present in Madagascar, but only locally and on a small scale.

The geomorphological history of Madagascar compares closely with that of the mainland, the regions appearing to have responded similarly to the intermittent sinking of the intervening geosyncline. Intermittent uplift, with seaward tilting, has given rise to a step-like arrangement of erosion surfaces around a core of Basement highlands with maximum elevations ranging from 1000 to 2200 metres ; the ages of these surfaces, as determined mainly from their relations to fossiliferous sediments, range from Quaternary to the later Tertiary, mid-Tertiary, late Cretaceous and Jurassic.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOINTS AND FAULT PATTERNS IN THE ESKDALE GRANITE (CUMBERLAND) AND THE ADJACENT BORROWDALE VOLCANIC SERIES
Authors: FIRMAN RONALD JOHN
Published: October 2009

Minor fractures in the Eskdale Granite and adjacent Borrowdale Volcanic rocks have been investigated using a random sampling technique. One hundred joints were measured at each station and the data plotted on equal-area nets. The major concentrations are represented on maps in this paper. The distribution, dip and strike of the low-angled joints corresponds with that of the aplites and pegmatites and suggests that most of the low-angled joints were formed at an early stage in the emplacement of the granite. Very few of the high-angled joints show a similar correlation with aplites and pegmatites and the majority are thought to have been formed by a later north-to-south stress.

Two types of joint pattern, with predominating high-angled joints, occur in the granite. One type is considered to consist of two near-vertical, shear-joint concentrations intersecting at about 60
o
and bisected by two sets of tension-joints. These are attributed to irrotational fracturing resulting from an approximately north-to-south stress. The hypothetical shear-joints are parallel to sinistral and dextral faults and haematite veins. The other type is restricted to areas near the wrench-faults and haematite veins. Evidence is presented which suggests that these patterns are developed in zones of dextral and sinistral shearing and are due to rotational shear.

Diffuse patterns in which low-angled joints predominate occur in both the granite and Borrowdale Volcanic rocks, only a few yards from normal faults. Although no satisfactory mechanical explanation of these patterns has been deduced, they are capable of empirical interpretation to give the approximate strike and direction of hade of the fault-plane. The structural history of the area is outlined.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE STEINMANN TRINITY, MAINLY CHEMICAL
Authors: BASLEY EDWARD B. , MCCALLIEN WILLIAM JOHN
Published: October 2009

Attention is directed to Eskola, Vuoristo & Rankama's (1935) experimental reaction development of albite from anorthite ; to the importance of depth of immersion in relation to such spilitic change ; to Vuagnat's investigation of textural and chemical zoning within individual pillows; to crystallizations that have occurred in a Ligurian variolitic ash, dated with reference to contact with the sea and subsequent explosion; to frequent occurrence of penecontemporaneous gabbro fragments in other Ligurian ashes, where the gabbro is often in the condition of augen-gabbro ; to a parent gabbro that illustrates both the shear and shatter phenomena involved ; to the condition of lavas within the Mull pneumatolytic zone and crater-lake as compared with that of geosynclinal suites elsewhere ; to Benson's Australasian pillowlavas, some of which show little change of composition ; to Campbell and Lunn's Dalmahoy dolerite, Edinburgh, of mugearitic composition, associated with Auchinoon dolerite, of spilitic composition ; and to the strong support which much of the above furnishes to Dewey and Flett's conclusion that many submarine lavas have suffered considerable chemical change while cooling. The behaviour of Ligurian gabbros (and serpentinites) raises other points of interest in relation to the Steinmann trinity.
A MAGNETIC SURVEY IN THE WESTERN ENGLISH CHANNEL
Authors: ALLAN THOMAS DONALD , HILL MAURICE NEVILLE
Published: October 2009

Since 1956, when a nuclear spin magnetometer was first developed for towing behind a ship, measurements of the earth’s total field in the western English Channel have been made on six expeditions of R.R.S.
Discovery II
and R.V.
Sarsia.
There are now enough profiles to allow a magnetic contour map of the area to be drawn.

The most striking feature of the map is an anomaly with its peak value approximately 15 miles south of the Eddystone and with a total area of 30 × 12 square miles. The discovery of this anomaly has necessitated a reappraisal of the underlying geology which had been previously postulated from coring and seismic results.

Sharp magnetic anomalies to the east of the Lizard show good correlation with the basic intrusive rocks on land but the limited extent of the anomalies to the east appears to disprove the idea of a continuous Lizard-Dodman-Start thrust. The boundary of New Red Sandstone outcrops on the sea-floor, postulated from previous coring results, shows a remarkable coincidence with the extent of the sharp anomalies off the Lizard and off the Start peninsula.
GEO PHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN TREMADOC BAY, NORTH WALES
Authors: GRIFFITHS DONALD HARRISON , KING ROY FAVELL , WILSON CHARLES DOUGLAS VERNON
Published: October 2009

The results of a gravity survey of North Wales (
Powell 1956
) suggested that Tremadoc Bay, off North Wales, might be a Triassic basin, the eastern boundary being a major fault coinciding in part with the coastline, but nowhere exposed. To test these ideas a seismic refraction survey has been made of Tremadoe Bay, consisting of a long traverse and some short lines, these being supplemented by a number of shorter profiles across the coastal flats of Morfa Dyffryn. A survey of the bay with a proton magnetometer was also undertaken and some closely spaced gravity and magnetic measurements have been made on Morfa Dyffryn.

The results of the seismic work indicate the presence of three layers. The top layer has a maximum thickness of about 1800 feet and a velocity of 6500 feet/sec., thins westwards and ultimately dies out. It is considered to be late Mesozoic or Tertiary in age. All the evidence indicates the eastern boundary of this layer to be a major fault or a scarp. The middle layer has a maximum thickness of 6000 feet and a velocity of 13,000 feet/sec. The form and magnitude of the gravity anomaly in the area, after allowing for the effect of the top layer, make it most unlikely that this second layer has a low enough density to be Mesozoic. It is probably Ordovician. The third and lowest layer identified is thought to be Cambrian.

The form of the regional gravity low over Cardigan Bay points to a structural origin for the bay, though the alternative theory that the anomaly is due to a major granitic intrusion is considered possible.
PSAMMOSTEIDS FROM THE MIDDLE AND UPPER DEVONIAN OF SCOTLAND
Authors: TARLO LAMBERT BEVERLY
Published: October 2009

The known Scottish psammosteids are re-examined and new material is described. As a result, although Traquair’s species
Psammosteus pustulatus
is retained, his
P. taylori, P. tesselatus
and
P. sp
are now referred to
Psammosteus megalapteryx
(Trautschold),
Psammolepis undulata
(Agassiz) and
Psammosteus falcatus
Obruchev respectively. In addition, the new name
Psammosteus markae
is proposed for
P. tessellatus
(Preobrajenski).

The pattern of the sensory canal system previously unknown in the psammosteids is described from the dorsal plate of
P. megalopteryx,
and is shown to approximate to that known in
Cardipeltis
The dorsal plate of
Psammolepis undulata,
with its characteristic ornament arranged in scale-like tesserae, is described for the first time, as is the ventral plate, which has no tesserae. The dorsal plate of
Psammosteus pustulatus
is also described. This shows no superficial division into tesserae, its chief characteristic being a reduction of the dentine layer in the direction of the advanced
Aspidosteus heckeri
Obruchev, in which this layer is entirely absent.

A new reconstruction of
Psammosteus
is attempted, based on the associated carapace of
P. megalopteryx
The orientation of its branchial plates and the proportions of its post-orbital plate are used to demonstrate the morphological changes that have occurred in the derivation of
Psammosteus
from
Psammolepis
The development of the psammosteid carapace is traced from the primitive condition seen in
Tesseraspis
to that of the advanced
Psammosteus

Westoll (1951)
and Obruehev (1958) suggested two entirely different correlations between the Upper Old Red Sandstone of the Nairn-Elgin region and the Baltic sequence, both based on the contained vertebrate faunas. As the same psammosteid species are now shown to occur in both provinces, a more exact correlation becomes possible. The Nairn Sandstones are considered to be equivalent to the Podsnetogor Stage
(Psl. undulata);
the Whitemire and Alves Beds to the Snetogor and Shelon Ilmøn Stages
(Pst. megalopteryx)
and the Scaat Craig Beds to the
e
Stage
(Pst. falcatus)
A PHOTOGEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE WESTERN GUAYAS PROVINCE, ECUADOR: WITH DISCUSSION OF THE STRATIGRAPHY AND TABLAZO FORMATION, DERIVED FROM SURFACE MAPPING
Authors: MARCHANT STEPHEN
Published: October 2009

The geology of an area in the extreme western part of the Guayas Province of Ecuador is described, chiefly from a study of aerial photographs. The exposed succession extends from the Cretaceous to the Miocene, overlain unconformably by Pleistocene tablazo. The stratigraphy is discussed and a sequence suggested which is thought to improve on previous published accounts. The tablazos are discussed and it is concluded that only one deposit exists, faulted to different levels by recent movements ; this is at variance with the traditional view that tablazo is developed at three horizons. The aerial photographs show the important effect that faults have had on the distribution of tablazo and indicate how they may have caused the anomalous distribution of recent raised beaches. Some speculation is added about the tablazos in northern Ecuador and north-western Peru.

The structure of the area is described and is shown to be dominated by faulting on three main lines, N.–S., NW.–SE. and NE.–SW. It is suggested that the faults consist essentially of intersecting sinistral and dextral wrenches which disrupt less prominent N.–S. high-angled thrusts ; such a pattern seems plausible in this area, which is at the top of the westward-facing arc in the Andean chain. By analogy with the observations on land it is suggested that the Gulf of Guayaquil was caused by an intersecting system of sinistral and dextral wrenches and further that similar fault-patterns and tectonic systems may occur elsewhere in coastal Ecuador and north-western Peru.
A GEOCHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE METAMORPHIC COMPLEXES OF THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS
Authors: GILETTI BRUNO J. , MOORBATH STEPHEN , LAMBERT RICHARD ST. JOHN
Published: October 2009

Rubidium–strontium age-determinations are presented for minerals and whole rocks from the Lewisian, Moinian and Dalradian metamorphic complexes of Scotland and from the Connemara schists of western Ireland.

Age data from the Lewisian complex confirm that it was affected by two major periods of metamorphism. Pegmatites associated with the Scourian part of the Lewisian complex are shown to be at least 2460 m.y. old, whereas the Laxfordian metamorphism occured about 1600 m.y. ago. The effect of the Laxfordian metamorphism on the Scourian pegmatites is to produce a scatter of ages in which coexisting potassium feldspars and biotites show the pattern potassium-feldspar age > biotite age.

Six biotites, a microcline and a muscovite from the Moine Series have ages in the range 435 to 405 m.y., showing that a widespread Caledonian
(sensu stricto)
metamorphism affected the Moine Series 420 ± 15 m.y. ago. Two pegmatites from the Knoydart–Morar area yielded muscovites with ages of 740 m.y. and 665 m.y.; asurvey of the geochemical possibilities and consideration of the geological setting of the pegmatites suggest that the Moine sediments in this area are older than 740 m.y. and may have undergone an early metamorphism before this date.

Specimens from the Dalradian Series of Perthshire suggest a major metamorphism at 475 ± 15 m.y. ago, interpreted as Lower or Middle Ordovician in age. Two whole-rock and three mineral analyses from the pre-metamorphic Ben Vuroeh granite-gneiss suggest that the intrusion was formed 600 ± 100 m.y. ago and that a partial reconstitution occurred 415 ± 10 m.y. ago. The Ben Vuroch granite complex as a whole appears to have behaved as a closed system with respect to rubidium and strontium during later metamorphism.

Three specimens of muscovite and biotite from the Connemara schists of western Ireland have a mean age of 475 m.y.; this finding tends to support the generally supposed contemporaneity of the Dalradian and Connemara metamorphisms. Biotite from the Galway granite has an age of 365 ± 10 m.y., which suggests that this granite may be contemporaneous with other dated Caledonian granites of the British Isles.

Four potassium–argon ages support the conclusions on the age of the Laxfordian and Caledonian–Moinian metamorphisms.
TIME RELATIONS BETWEEN FOLDING, METAMORPHISM AND THE EMPLACEMENT OF GRANITE IN ROSGUILL, COUNTY DONEGAL
Authors: KNILL DIANE CONSTANCE , KNILL JOHN LAWRENCE
Published: October 2009

Rosguill is an area in which the time relationships between folding, metamorphism and the emplacement of granite can be demonstrated. During the first phases of the structural history two slides were developed which were folded during four succeeding deformation-episodes; a regional metamorphism was imposed at this period and was then followed by diapthoresis. Migmatitic gneisses, associated with a pronounced metamorphism, cut across the pre-existing structures. A xenolithic granodiorite was emplaced after these gneisses, and evidence is presented which suggests that this mass marks a later phase in the activity of the migmatite.
A MID-CARBONIFEROUS (NAMURIAN) BASIN IN PARTS OF THE COUNTIES OF LIMERICK AND CLARE, IRELAND
Authors: HODSON FRANK , LEWARNE GILLIAN CLARE
Published: October 2009

The goniatite-bearing black marine shales at the base of the Namurian in County Clare and County Limerick, described by Hodson in north Clare and at Foynes Island (1954
a
, 1954
b
) are redefined as a litho-stratigraphic unit, the Clare Shales, to exclude an upper sandy division. The outcrop of the Clare Shales has been mapped in detail for a distance of about 50 miles from the Atlantic coast of north-west County Clare southwards to the Limerick-Cork border. Wherever possible the faunal succession and the thickness of the goniatite zones have been determined. It is shown t h a t the junction of the Carboniferous Limestone and the overlying Namurian is, over the greater part of the outcrop, and probably the whole of it, non-sequential. The basal beds of the Clare Shales vary from Lower
Eumorphoceras
age (E
l
) immediately north of the Shannon estuary to
Homoceras
age (H) at the northern and probably at the southern limits of the area investigated. It is demonstrated that a mid-Carboniferous trough of sedimentation exists in County Clare and County Limerick, with its axis roughly along the line of the present-day Shannon estuary. The regularity of the overlap of the lower zones of the Namurian is disturbed north of the Shannon by thinning due to a ridge of Carboniferous Limestone at Carrowkilla, north of Ballynaeally, and by the presence of beds of basal Namurian age containing
Cravenoceras leion
in the area around Shallee Castle, west of Ennis. Apart from these iregularities, there is a steady overlap of the lower zones by the upper as one proceeds a w a y from the Shannon. By the correlation of accurately measured sections it is possible to reconstruct the form of trough along the line of section examined.
GLACIAL CHANGES IN THE ALYN RIVER SYSTEM AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN THE GLACIOLOGY OF THE NORTH WELSH BORDER
Authors: PEAKE DOROTHY SARA
Published: October 2009

The drainage-pattern of the North Welsh border was greatly modified during the Pleistocene period. Southerly diverson of the drainage caused by Welsh and Irish Sea ice-barriers effected many changes in the Alyn river system, some temporary, some permanent. The distribution of deltaic glacial gravels in the valleys indicates the formation of a chain of ice-dammed lakes linked by narrow overflow channels which notched previous water-divides. There is evidence of more than one advance of the Irish Sea ice-sheets, and the implications are extended to a wider consideration of the readvances of Welsh and Irish Sea ice in the Last Glaciation on the North Welsh border, with discussion of their dates.
THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC AND ASSOCIATED ROCKS OF THE SCAFELL AREA, ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: OLIVER ROBIN LANGFORD
Published: October 2009

Thirty-five square miles of lavas and tufts are folded into what is essentially a broad syncline plunging east-north-east, modified b y subsidiary wrinkles. Faults trending north-west and north or north-north-east form a conspicuous pattern. Cleavage appears to be related to the major folding, but the joint-pattern is obscure. The stratigraphical sequence, from bottom to top, is: aphanitic basaltic andesites and porphyritic pyroxene-andesites; garnetiferous flows and welded tufts of dacitic, rhyodacitic and rhyolitic composition, with local bedded tufts and an andesite flow; bedded andesitic and rhyolitic tufts, with a small rhyolite flow; welded rhyolitic tufts; tuffaceous hornstone. The thickness is 9160 to 10,210 feet. Intrusive rocks are granite; granite-porphyry; garnetiferous biotite-quartz-porphyry ; hybrid (?) “porphyry and porphyrite”, with garnets; dolerite, and other basic rocks. The granite is probably connected to the neighbouring Eskdale granite, to which most of the other intrusions may be genetically related. Secondary alteration in the volcanic rocks is mainly the result of contact metamorphism and metasomatism. The chemical relationships (major and minor elements) of the lavas and welded tufts resemble those of a calc-alkali series.
THE CLIMATIC FACTOR IN THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD
Authors: HOLLINGWORTH SYDNEY EWART
Published: October 2009

The greater part of the preserved geological record represents marine environments; source and transport conditions are difficult to assess, and there may be a tendency to interpret the stratigraphy in terms of diastrophic change without adequate consideration of the more obscure factor of climatic change.

Nevertheless, recent oceanographic research has emphasized the effect that polar ice-caps have had on marine sedimentation through their influence on oceanic circulation. Continents suffer extremes of climate and the character of the deposits often favours the preservation of climatic evidence.

Correlation by radio-carbon dating of alternations of arid-phase evaporite formation and humid-phase clastic sedimentation in inland drainage areas with fluctuations in extent of ice-sheets is noteworthy.

Study of the Pleistocene floras has stressed the magnitude, complexity, and rapidity of the climatic changes, especially in the best-known late-glacial and post-glacial record. It seems probable that the pattern of zonal climatic change, whether short-term, seasonal, within the historic record, during post-glacial time, or within the Pleistocene as a whole, is basically similar, varying in scale and duration. The theory that fluctuation in solar radiation is a major factor in climatic change finds increasing favour.

In the late Pleistocene the speed of temperature amelioration led to the survival of ice-sheets out of phase with their climatic environment, to stagnation, extremely rapid melting, and a correspondingly sudden world-wide rise of sea-level. A comparable sudden rise of sea-level inferred for the Carboniferous has presented a major difficulty on the diastrophic theory, but would fit well the 'glacial control’ theory of Wanless and Shepard.

The extent and perfection of the Permo-Carboniferous cycles mark them as abnormal in the geological record. They are probably related to the long period of intermittent glaciation of one or more of the southern continents.

A diastrophic origin for contemporaneous cyclic sedimentation in local lacustrine or terrestrial environments is questionable. It is envisaged that climatic fluctuations may have been considerable in the non-glacial phases of the earth's history.

The apparent anomaly that general extinction—conventionally associated with catastrophic climatic change linked with world-wide orogenies—has occurred during orogenic calms is largely removed ff climatic changes are not necessarily linked with crustal movement. The environmental stimulus to biological change may thus be always present.
THE SEQUENCE AND CORRELATION OF THE COAL MEASURES OF PEMBROKESHIRE
Authors: JENKINS THOMAS BENJAMIN HUW
Published: October 2009

The intensely folded and faulted strata exposed in long cliff-sections in the two structurally detached coalfields of Pembrokeshire (Little Haven–Amroth and Nolton–Newgale) present complex problems of correlation which are considered in detail. Many fossil bands are newly recorded and, where possible, are placed in measured sequences which are correlated by marine bands and are referred to non-marine lamellibranch zones, with occasional use of floral zones. Incomplete Ammanian successions from the Little Haven–Amroth coalfield are generally similar in thickness to corresponding portions of the succession in the western part of the North Crop of the main basin, but evidence exists for marked southward thickening of the basal measures and for moderate attenuation westwards of both the
lenisulcata
and
modiolaris
Zones. A tentative succession is proposed for the Morganian of the coastal cliffs, with some sequences assigned to the
tenuis
Zone and the Rickets Head strata (formerly regarded as the highest Coal Measures in Pembrokeshire) re-assigned to the
phillipsii
Zone.

The chief examples of ‘slump sheets’ cited by Kuenen are shown to lie near the middle of the basal cyclothem of the Ammanian; it is suggested that seismic shuddering, in conjunction with local slumping, produced these contemporaneous deformation-structures.

An anomalous thickness of 1100 feet of barren shale previously assigned to the basal Coal Measures of the western area is considered to be of Lower Palaeozoic age, as is the supposed Farewell Rock of Newgale.
A PLEISTOCENE COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA WITH ARCTIC AFFINITIES FROM FLADBURY, WORCESTERSHIRE
Authors: COOPE GEOFFREY RUSSELL
Published: October 2009

A fauna of fossil beetles has been obtained from a sample of peat-like material from the base of No.2 Terrace of the river Avon at Fladbury, Worcestershire. Most of the species are still living today, though many are not now found in Britain. Prom the present-day requirements of the species it has been possible to deduce much of the ecology and climate at the time of deposition of the 'peat' (radio-carbon date 38,000 years B.P.). The ‘peat’ accumulated in a pool of standing water on the flood-plain of the river, surrounded by patches of sedges and willow. Away from the pool the country was barren and sandy with a thin cover of vegetation.

The modern geographical distributions of the species shows that the largest number now occur together in arctic Scandinavia and northern Russia. Equation of the climate of northern Europe today with that of Fladbury in glacial times would, however, be misleading on account of the great difference in latitude. To avoid this difficulty the ranges of the carabid ground beetles in the mountains of Scandinavia have been tabulated according to their known occurrence in the floral zones that indicate deterioration of climate with increase in altitude. The maximum overlap of these ranges was in the lower alpine and birch zones, suggesting sub-arctic conditions at Fladbury.

The Fladbury fauna is shown to resemble, to a remarkable degree, the approximately contemporaneous insect fauna from Upton Warren, Worcestershire, and also the so-called interglacial insect faunas from Sweden.