bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1H NMR Studies on the Acidity of Zeolites
Authors: DOREMIEUX‐MORIN C. , FRAISSARD J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polytypeformation in Nonmetallic Substances.
Authors: OLEINIK G. S. , DANILENKO N. V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation Reactions of Some Monosubstituted Anisole Derivatives by Cerium Perchlorate. Part 2
Authors: IGNACZAK M. , LESZCZYNSKI L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Domino Route to Chiral Cyclobutanones and Its Function as Cornerstone in the Synthesis of Versatile Natural Products
Authors: NEMOTO H. , FUKUMOTO K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Aldol Reactions Using Titanium Ate Complexes
Authors: MAHRWALD R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Oligosaccharide Units Library and Its Utilization
Authors: MURATA T. , USUI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Monoheterocyclic Compounds (Continued): Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Authors: ROBINS D. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The CH/π Interaction. Implications in Molecular Recognition
Authors: NISHIO M. , UMEZAWA Y. , HIROTA M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilized Analytical Reagents.
Authors: ZAPOROZHETS O. A. , GAWER O. M. , SUKHAN V. V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Pr2Ti2O7.
Authors: KOZ'MIN P. A. , ZAKHAROV N. A. , SURAZHSKAYA M. D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Composition on the Long Phosphorescent SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ Phosphor Crystals.
Authors: KATSUMATA T. , NABAE T. , SASAJIMA K. , KOMURO S. , MORIKAWA T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Investigation of the Ternary Nd‐Cu‐Si and Nd‐Cu‐Pb Systems at 870 K.
Authors: SALAMAKHA P. , ZAPLATYNSKY O.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Physical Properties of Quaternary Semiconductors: Ln2Mn3Sb4S12 (Ln: Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd).
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Jun , Li Long‐Hua , Wu Li‐Ming , Chen Ling
Published: August 2010

The new indirect band gap semiconductors of title are synthesized by solid state reactions of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (1100 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Revision of the Central Part of the Cr—Ge Phase Diagram.
Authors: Jandl Isabella , Richter Klaus W.
Published: August 2010

The reinvestigation of the Cr—Ge phase diagram by XRD, DTA, and chemical vapor transport experiments does not show a polymorphic phase transformation for Cr5Ge3 as previously reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Rearrangement of N‐Chlorolactams: A Route to N‐Heterocycles Through Concerted Ring Contraction.
Authors: Winter Dana K. , Drouin Alexandre , Lessard Jean , Spino Claude
Published: August 2010

Upon irradiation 6‐ and 7‐membered N‐chlorolactams are found to undergo novel ring contraction yielding pyrrolidine or piperidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthesis of Amides and Weinreb Amides Using PPh3 or Polymer‐Supported PPh3 and Iodine.
Authors: Kumar Amit , Akula Hari Kiran , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: August 2010

A wide range of secondary and tertiary amides is synthesized by reaction of various carboxylic acids with amines using PPh3 iodine or PS‐PPh2/iodine.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective, Organocatalytic Reduction of Ketones Using Bifunctional Thiourea‐Amine Catalysts.
Authors: Li De Run , He Anyu , Falck J. R.
Published: August 2010

Air‐stable thiurea catalysts are developed and applied to the enantioselective reduction of various aromatic, aliphatic, heteroaromatic and cyclic prochiral ketones to the corresponding alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Amidation and Azidation of Aldehydes by NHC Catalysis.
Authors: De Sarkar Suman , Studer Armido
Published: August 2010

α,β‐Unsaturated and aromatic aldehydes are converted under mild conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Fe(ClO4)3·xH2O‐Catalyzed Direct C—C Bond Forming Reactions Between Secondary Benzylic Alcohols with Different Types of Nucleophiles.
Authors: Thirupathi Ponnaboina , Kim Sung Soo
Published: August 2010

The procedure allows the preparation of triarylmethanes (V) and the one‐step synthesis of the anti‐coagulant coumatetralyl (B) (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid‐Promoted Friedel—Crafts Alkylation Reactions with α‐Ketophosphate Electrophiles.
Authors: Smith Austin G. , Johnson Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2010

The reaction is promoted by BF3·Et2O or by ZnCl2 and tolerates a range of aromatic, heteroaromatic and nonaromatic nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Chemo‐Enzymatic Approach Towards Variably Functionalized Benzotropolones.
Authors: Baisch Gabi , Wagner Barbara , Oehrlein Reinhold
Published: August 2010

Both lipophilic and hydrophilic pyrogallol derivatives are converted by commercial laccase into the corresponding symmetrical benzotropolones.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Functionalized Tetrahydrofurans via an Organocatalytic Michael Addition as Key Step.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Wang Chuan , Greb Andreas
Published: August 2010

2,3,4‐Trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans are successfully obtained via an organocatalytic Michael addition followed by an aldehyde reduction/intramolecular oxo‐Michael addition sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconducting 2,3,6,7,10,11‐Hexakis{ [4‐(5‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl)phenyl]ethynyl}triphenylene and Its Discotic Liquid Crystalline Properties
Authors: Hoang Mai Ha , Cho Min Ju , Kim Kyung Hwan , Lee Tae Wan , Jin Jung‐Il , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: August 2010

design and synthesis of the title compound
ChemInform Abstract: Highly endo‐Selective and Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylide with α‐Enones Catalyzed by a Silver(I)/ThioClickFerrophos Complex.
Authors: Oura Ichiro , Shimizu Kenta , Ogata Kenichi , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: August 2010

The reaction proceeds with high endo‐ and enantioselectivities to afford the tetrasubstituted pyrrolidines in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a New Series of 2‐Vinylindoles and Their Cycloaddition Reactivity.
Authors: Arslan Tayfun , Sadak Ali Enis , Saracoglu Nurullah
Published: August 2010

A simple three‐step sequence is presented for the regioselective synthesis of the title compounds (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Oxidative Cyclization of 7‐Amino‐3‐R‐4,6‐dinitrobenzo[d]isoxazoles.
Authors: Bastrakov M. A. , Starosotnikov A. M. , Glukhov I. V. , Shevelev S. A.
Published: August 2010

Selective amination of 4,6‐dinitrobenzisoxazoles (I) in 7‐position succeeds using the complex Ag(py)2MnO4 as oxidant in a saturated solution of NH3 in MeOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Oxidative Carbon—Carbon Coupling with SBA‐15‐Support Iron Terpyridine Catalyst.
Authors: Liu Peng , Zhou Cong‐Ying , Xiang Song , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: August 2010

An efficient silica‐supported iron terpyridine complex for oxidative C—C cross coupling reactions of tertiary amines with various carbon nucleophiles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: First InCl3‐Catalyzed, Three‐Component Coupling of Aldehydes, β‐Naphthol, and 6‐Amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil to Functionalized Naphthopyranopyrimidines.
Authors: Nandi Ganesh Chandra , Samai Subhasis , Singh M. S.
Published: August 2010

The synthesis of the pharmaceutically important heterocyclic system does not require any activator or co‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Dihydro‐2‐thioxo‐4H‐3,1‐benzothiazin‐4‐one: Formation from Carbon Disulfide and Isatoic Anhydride.
Authors: Ottersbach Philipp , Haecker Hans‐Georg , Elsinghorst Paul W. , Schnakenburg Gregor , Guetschow Michael
Published: August 2010

The reaction affords unexpectedly the benzothiazinone (III) as sole product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Sulfonamides via Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Biswas D. , Samp L. , Ganguly A. K.
Published: August 2010

A variety of o‐bromophenylsulfonamides having different unsaturated substituents on the amide nitrogen is investigated as substrates with respect to synthesize seven‐ and eight membered heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Convenient Approach to Heterotetracyclic Benzoxazocines Through Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Quinolinium Salts.
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Mirjafary Zohreh , Saeidian Hamdollah , Taheri Salman , Khodabakhshi Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2010

The quinolinium salts are used as either iodides or bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Route to CDE Ring System of Schintrilactones Through Tandem ROM—RCM of a Norbornene Derivative.
Authors: Matcha Kiran , Maity Soumitra , Malik Chanchal K. , Ghosh Subrata
Published: August 2010

A synthesis of the tricyclic ring system (VI)/(VII) includes a key step sequence of ring‐opening and ring‐closing metathesis of the diastereomeric mixture of (II).
ChemInform Abstract: New Cytotoxic Myrsinane‐Type Diterpenes from Euphorbia prolifera
Authors: Li Jie , Xu Liang , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: August 2010

proliferins A (Ia), B (Ib), C (Ic) and D (II); proliferin A is active against A2780 cancer cells
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of “Aliskiren” (IV): The First Renin Inhibitor in Clinical Practice for Hypertension.
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Guesne Sebastien , Chenard Etienne
Published: August 2010

A key step to the target compound is the challenging metathesis reaction to yield the 9‐membered cyclic compound (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Norlignans from Rhizomes of Curculigo sinensis
Authors: Li Ning , Wang Tian‐Ming , Wang Kai‐Jin , Zhao You‐Xing
Published: August 2010

sinensigenins A (I) and B (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Colloidal Hybrid Nanostructures: A New Type of Functional Materials
Authors: Costi Ronny , Saunders Aaron E. , Banin Uri
Published: August 2010

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Conjugated Molecules with Fused Rings for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: Design, Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Wu Weiping , Liu Yunqi , Zhu Daoben
Published: August 2010

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Brindle Cheyenne S.
Published: August 2010

Review: 357 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Chemistry of 4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐ones
Authors: Ibrahim Magdy A.
Published: August 2010

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselectivity in Asymmetric Aminocatalysis
Authors: Marigo Mauro , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: August 2010

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In‐Depth Understanding of π‐Electron Systems: New Vistas in Fullerene Endohedrals
Authors: Yamada Michio , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Akasaka Takeshi , Nagase Shigeru
Published: August 2010

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Life as Molecules: Reductionism versus Vitalism
Authors: Fontecave Marc
Published: August 2010

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Biological Functions and Applications of High‐Molecular‐Mass Poly‐γ‐glutamic Acids
Authors: Sung Moon‐Hee
Published: August 2010

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Extending the Reliability and Applicability of B3LYP
Authors: Zhang Igor Ying , Wu Jianming , Xu Xin
Published: August 2010

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids: Promising Media for Gas Separations
Authors: Gomes Margarida F. Costa , Husson Pascale
Published: August 2010

Review: 68 refs.
3‐Alkenyl‐oxindoles: Natural Products, Pharmaceuticals, and Recent Synthetic Advances in Tandem/Telescoped Approaches (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 24/2010)
Authors: Millemaggi Alessia , Taylor Richard J. K.
Published: August 2010

The cover picture shows the structure of Sutent® superimposed upon the plants Isatis indigotica (used to prepare the widely used traditional Chinese medicine “Ban‐Lan‐Gen”) and Souliea vaginata (the source of Soulieotine). Natural products possessing the 3‐alkenyl‐oxindole core are presented in the Microreview by A. Millemaggi and R. J. K. Taylor on p. 4527 f. We thank Adam Gooch for his assistance with the cover graphic. The cover photographs are used with permission, and we are grateful to the following sources: Isatis indigotica: Creative Commons Copyright, Pethan, 2005. Souliea vaginata: Copyright 2007 by D. E. Boufford [photograph from the “Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains” website (http://hengduan.huh.harvard.edu/fieldnotes, 19‐04‐2010)].
Lipid domains in the milk fat globule membrane: Specific role of sphingomyelin
Authors: Lopez Christelle
Published: August 2010

Lipids are secreted in milk in the form of unique colloidal assemblies, the milk fat globules, which are surrounded by a biological membrane, the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). Recent confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments showed heterogeneities in the composition and structure of the MFGM. For the first time, we revealed the phase separation of polar lipids in the plane of the MFGM with the lateral segregation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in rigid liquid‐ordered (Lo) domains surrounded by the fluid matrix of glycerophospholipids in the liquid‐disordered (Ld) phase. The MFGM is a unique and highly dynamic biophysical system, the functional and nutritional properties of which need to be further studied for health benefits.
Behaviour of Oxide Inclusions in Liquid Steel: Multi‐QMOM Simulation
Authors: Claudotte L. , Rimbert N. , Gardin P. , Simonnet M. , Lehmann J. , Oesterlé B.
Published: August 2010

The topic of this paper is the study of inclusion properties and behaviour inside a ladle containing liquid steel. A new numerical tool tracks the size and the composition of inclusions during the oxygen removal and the steel refining. Commercial CFD codes (Fluent™), home‐made thermo‐kinetics code and population balance model have been associated to follow oxide precipitates. The long‐term scientific goal of this study consists in proposing actuators to prevent or to eliminate harmful inclusions based on results predicted by the numerical model.
Safety of Liver Resections in Obese and Overweight Patients
Authors: Balzan Silvio , Nagarajan Ganesh , Farges Olivier , Galleano Claudio Zettler , Dokmak Safi , Paugam Catherine , Belghiti Jacques
Published: August 2010

Background

The new global epidemic, overweight and obesity, has a significant role in the etiology of liver tumors. However, the impact of body weight on the outcome after liver resection is unknown.

Methods

We carried out a prospective study of 684 patients who underwent liver resections. Patients were stratified according their body mass index (BMI) as follows: normal (<25 kg/m2) (52%), overweight (25–29 kg/m2) (34%), and obese (≥30 kg/m2) (14%), and according to the extent of resection, as either minor or major hepatectomy. Preoperative and intraoperative characteristics and outcomes were prospectively studied. The Dindo–Clavien classification of morbidity was used.

Results

Overall postoperative morbidity and morbidity rates were not influenced by BMI. Pulmonary complications were significantly more frequent in obese patients irrespective of the extent of resection. During major resection obese had longer pedicular clamping and more frequently required blood transfusion. After major resection, major morbidity (Dindo–Clavien grade III or more) was more frequent in obese (57%) and overweight (54%) patients than in patients of normal body weight (35%; P < 0.05), including a higher rate of respiratory complications and ascites and longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays. Obesity and overweight were independent predictors of major morbidity (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2–5.8 and OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.2, respectively), and obesity was a predictor of the need for blood transfusion (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–7.9) after major resections.

Conclusions

Obese and overweight patients are at increased risk of potentially life‐threatening morbidity after major hepatic resections. Because the risk of mortality is not increased significantly, there is no justification for a compromise in the indication or extent of surgery.
Rebuilding the relationship between people and nature: the Satoyama Initiative
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuhiko
Published: August 2010

The satoyama landscape is a traditional Japanese rural land‐use system that represents a balanced relationship between human beings and nature, thereby sustaining a variety of ecosystem services, including the diversity of secondary natural environments. Overuse of the satoyama, as occurred during the Edo and early Meiji periods, as well as underuse as seen in the wake of the fuel and fertilizer revolutions of the 1960s, destroy this balance and hence the sustainability of this system. The Satoyama Initiative is an effort to rebuild a healthy relationship between nature and people who respect the traditional knowledge embodied in the satoyama system, and to explore new shared management systems (“new” commons) in which various actors, including corporations, participate in working toward the combined goals of a low‐carbon, resource‐circulating, nature‐harmonious society. In the interests of furthering cooperation with developing nations, it is important that this initiative pay heed to the need for improved agricultural, forestry, and livestock industry productivity that harmonizes with the natural environment, and to the improvement of human well‐being and the reduction of poverty.
Volatile Profiles of Rapeseed Oil Flavored with Basil, Oregano, and Thyme as a Function of Flavoring Conditions
Authors: Adams An , Kruma Zanda , Verhé Roland , De Kimpe Norbert , Kreicbergs Viesturs
Published: August 2010

The flavoring of oils with herbs gives a specific taste and aroma to the oils and may increase their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The volatile aroma compounds in flavored rapeseed oil were studied as a function of flavoring conditions, by means of headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis. Rapeseed oils were flavored with dried basil, oregano, and thyme at two different concentrations (3 and 6%) and were heated at different temperatures and for various time intervals, followed by filtration. In the headspace of flavored oils, the main volatiles of the dried herbs were detected. In general, the share of monoterpenes in the headspace of flavored oil was higher than in the original dried herbs, while sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds were detected to a considerably lower extent in the oil than in the herbs. The concentrations of the volatiles detected in the oil increased with increasing heating time and temperature.
The double mutation ΔL6MW241F in PsbO, the photosystem II manganese stabilizing protein, yields insights into the evolution of its structure and function
Authors: Popelkova Hana , Commet Alan , Yocum Charles F.
Published: August 2010

The W241F mutation in spinach manganese‐stabilizing protein (PsbO) decreases binding to photosystem II (PSII); its thermostability is increased and reconstituted activity is lower [Wyman et al. (2008) Biochemistry 47, 6490–6498]. The results reported here show that W241F cannot adopt a normal solution structure and fails to reconstitute efficient Cl− retention by PSII. An N‐terminal truncation of W241F, producing the ΔL6MW241F double mutant that resembles some features of cyanobacterial PsbO, significantly repairs the defects in W241F. Our data suggest that the C‐terminal F → W mutation likely evolved in higher plants and green algae in order to preserve proper PsbO folding and PSII binding and assembly, which promotes efficient Cl− retention in the oxygen‐evolving complex.
When Does Contact with Successful Ingroup Members Change Self-Stereotypes?
Authors: Asgari Shaki , Dasgupta Nilanjana , Gilbert Cote Nicole
Published: August 2010

A longitudinal study examined the relationship between contact with successful ingroup members and women’s stereotypes about their own leadership abilities, career goals, and assertive behavior in class. Upon entry into college and toward the end of their sophomore year we measured (1) participants’ quantity and quality of contact with successful ingroup members (female professors), (2) implicit and explicit leadership self-concept, (3) career goals, and (4) classroom behavior. Frequent contact with ingroup members predicted stronger implicit self-conceptions of leadership and more career ambitions, but only when contact experiences were of high quality rather than superficial. Quality and quantity of contact independently predicted assertive behavior. The findings suggest that changing implicit self-beliefs requires both high quality and frequent exposure to counterstereotypic individuals.
Spatial and temporal patterns of nonvolcanic tremor along the southern Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Boyarko Devin C. , Brudzinski Michael R.
Published: August 2010

Episodic tremor and slip (ETS), the spatial and temporal correlation of slow slip events monitored via GPS surface displacements and nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) monitored via seismic signals, is a newly discovered mode of deformation thought to be occurring downdip from the seismogenic zone along several subduction zone megathrusts. To provide overall constraints on the distribution and migration behavior of NVT in southern Cascadia, we apply a semiautomated location algorithm to seismic data available during the EarthScope Transportable Array deployment to detect the most prominent pulses of NVT and invert analyst‐refined relative arrival times for source locations. In the processing, we also detect distinct and isolated bursts of energy within the tremor similar to observations of low‐frequency earthquakes in southwest Japan. We investigate in detail eight NVT episodes between November 2005 and August 2007 with source locations extending over a 650 km along‐strike region from northern California to northern Oregon. We find complex tremor migration patterns with periods of steady migration (4–10 km/d), halting, and frequent along‐strike jumps (30–400 km) in activity. The initiation and termination points of laterally continuous tremor activity appear to be repeatable features between NVT episodes which support the hypothesis of segmentation within the ETS zone. The overall distribution of NVT epicenters occur within a narrow band primarily confined by the surface projections of the 30 and 40 km contours of the subducting plate interface. We find as much as 50 km spatial offset from the updip edge of the tremor source zone to the downdip edge of the thermally and geodetically defined transition zone, which may inhibit ETS from triggering earthquakes further updip. Intriguingly, NVT activity is spatially anticorrelated with local seismicity, suggesting the two processes are mutually exclusive. We propose that the transition in frictional behavior coupled with high pore fluid pressures in the ETS zone favor tremor generation instead of regular interplate seismicity and frequent ETS produces a semicontinuous relaxation of strain within the overriding and subducting plates that further inhibit seismogenesis surrounding the ETS source region.
A split in the outer radiation belt by magnetopause shadowing: Test particle simulations
Authors: Saito S. , Miyoshi Y. , Seki K.
Published: August 2010

We developed a three‐dimensional relativistic test particle code and used it to calculate the trajectories of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. By applying time‐varying magnetic field data calculated from the Tsyganenko model and using observed solar wind data and the Dst index, we examined the drift loss of relativistic electrons by magnetopause shadowing (MPS). Since other loss processes such as wave‐particle interactions are not included in this simulation, the pure MPS effect can be discussed. A split was found in the outer radiation belt after the enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. Isolated electrons outside of the split have a narrow pitch angle distribution around 90° and are confined to a narrow range of the L shell. We found that the existence of the isolated electrons depends on the large geomagnetic tilt angle. These findings indicate that the split can be seen during summer and winter after MPS occurs. We suggest that this split in the outer radiation belt during summer and winter is evidence that MPS actually causes the loss of the outer radiation belt.
Postseismic relaxation following the 1989 MS7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake, central California
Authors: Savage J. C. , Svarc J. L.
Published: August 2010

The postseismic relaxation (postseismic displacement less displacement that would have occurred at the preseismic rate) measured by GPS and leveling following the 1989 MS7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake is reexamined. The temporal dependence of the relaxation over the first 1200 days postseismic is well described by 1 − e−t/τ, where τ = 414 ± 92 days. (Quoted uncertainties are standard deviations.) That temporal dependence appears to be a linear function of the cumulative number of M > 2.5 aftershocks that have occurred. The relaxation is attributed to afterslip (1.56 ± 0.20 m dextral strike slip and 0.60 ± 0.04 m reverse slip) on the downdip extension (depth, 16–21 km) of the coseismic rupture plus a collapse (0.11 ± 0.02 m fault‐normal displacement) of the rupture zone (depth, 5–16 km). Because the postseismic uplift was determined by leveling over a route with relief in excess of 1000 m, an allowance (18 ± 2 ppm of height above the base elevation) for excess (beyond corrections already applied) height‐dependent error in the measured uplift was estimated simultaneously with the afterslip and collapse parameters. This new solution for afterslip and collapse on the plane of the rupture provides an alternative explanation to the suggestion by Bürgmann et al. (1997) that the postseismic deformation was due to afterslip on the coseismic rupture and on a nearby, shallow, 30° dipping thrust.
Trend and climate signals in seasonal air concentration of organochlorine pesticides over the Great Lakes
Authors: Gao Hong , Ma Jianmin , Cao Zuohao , Dove Alice , Zhang Lisheng
Published: August 2010

Following worldwide bans or restrictions, the atmospheric level of many organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) over the Great Lakes exhibited a decreasing trend since the 1980s in various environmental compartments. Atmospheric conditions also influence variation and trend of OCPs. In the present study a nonparametric Mann‐Kendall test with an additional process to remove the effect of temporal (serial) correlation was used to detect the temporal trend of OCPs in the atmosphere over the Great Lakes region and to examine the statistical significance of the trends. Using extended time series of measured air concentrations over the Great Lakes region from the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network, this study also revisits relationships between seasonal mean air concentration of OCPs and major climate variabilities in the Northern Hemisphere. To effectively extract climate signals from the temporal trend of air concentrations, we detrended air concentrations through removing their linear trend, which is driven largely by their respective half‐lives in the atmosphere. The interannual variations of the extended time series show a good association with interannual climate variability, notably, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. This study demonstrates that the stronger climate signals can be extracted from the detrended time series of air concentrations of some legacy OCPs. The detrended concentration time series also help to interpret, in addition to the connection with interannual variation of the NAO, the links between atmospheric concentrations of OCPs and decadal or interdecadal climate change.
Hydraulics of subglacial supercooling: Theory and simulations for clear water flows
Authors: Creyts Timothy T. , Clarke Garry K. C.
Published: August 2010

Glaciohydraulic supercooling is a mechanism for accreting ice and sediment to the base of glaciers. We extend existing models by reworking the Spring‐Hutter model for subglacial water flow in tubular conduits to allow for distributed water sheets. Our goal is to determine diagnostic features of supercooling relative to controlling variables. Results focus on along‐path water flow under time‐varying conditions, with attention to ice accretion in and along subglacial overdeepenings. We contrast simulations with constant recharge to diurnally‐varying recharge and expose behavior that cannot be inferred from simple models. For example, locations of simulated ice accretion differ from those found for steady state models, even though total ice accretion remains comparable to field estimates. Downstream accretion influences upstream effective pressures that then modify the hydraulic gradient that drives water flow. This modified gradient tends to inhibit additional accretion by increasing velocity and heat production via viscous dissipation. During diurnal cycles, accretion varies considerably: in daytime, viscous dissipation dominates the heat balance and ice melts. In morning and evening, when flow is rising or falling, viscous dissipation is lower and accretion can proceed. Over nighttime, the largest temperature depressions occur in the subglacial system, but water flux is lowest and accretion rates are negligible. We conclude by inferring that overdeepened glaciers with only clear water flows evolve toward stronger supercooling regimes rather than toward a dynamic equilibrium. Stabilizing feedbacks are unlikely to occur through glacier hydrology alone, and other processes, such as erosion, sedimentation, and sliding, must play an important role.
On the dynamics of canopy resistance: Generalized linear estimation and relationships with primary micrometeorological variables
Authors: Irmak Suat , Mutiibwa Denis
Published: August 2010

The 1‐D and single layer combination‐based energy balance Penman‐Monteith (PM) model has limitations in practical application due to the lack of canopy resistance (rc) data for different vegetation surfaces. rc could be estimated by inversion of the PM model if the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) rate is known, but this approach has its own set of issues. Instead, an empirical method of estimating rc is suggested in this study. We investigated the relationships between primary micrometeorological parameters and rc and developed seven models to estimate rc for a nonstressed maize canopy on an hourly time step using a generalized‐linear modeling approach. The most complex rc model uses net radiation (Rn), air temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), relative humidity (RH), wind speed at 3 m (u3), aerodynamic resistance (ra), leaf area index (LAI), and solar zenith angle (Θ). The simplest model requires Rn, Ta, and RH. We present the practical implementation of all models via experimental validation using scaled up rc data obtained from the dynamic diffusion porometer‐measured leaf stomatal resistance through an extensive field campaign in 2006. For further validation, we estimated ETa by solving the PM model using the modeled rc from all seven models and compared the PM ETa estimates with the Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREBS)‐measured ETa for an independent data set in 2005. The relationships between hourly rc versus Ta, RH, VPD, Rn, incoming shortwave radiation (Rs), u3, wind direction, LAI, Θ, and ra were presented and discussed. We demonstrated the negative impact of exclusion of LAI when modeling rc, whereas exclusion of ra and Θ did not impact the performance of the rc models. Compared to the calibration results, the validation root mean square difference between observed and modeled rc increased by 5 s m−1 for all rc models developed, ranging from 9.9 s m−1 for the most complex model to 22.8 s m−1 for the simplest model, as compared with the observed rc. The validation r2 values were close to 0.70 for all models, and the modeling efficiency ranged from 0.61 for the most complex model to −1.09 for the simplest model. There was a strong agreement between the BREBS‐measured and the PM‐estimated ETa using modeled rc. These findings can aid in the selection of a suitable model based on the availability and quality of the input data to predict rc for one‐step application of the PM model to estimate ETa for a nonstressed maize canopy.
Efficient regularization and uncertainty analysis using a global optimization methodology
Authors: Moore Catherine , Wöhling Thomas , Doherty John
Published: August 2010

The concept of the Pareto front has received considerable attention in the model calibration literature, particularly in conjunction with global search optimizers that have been developed for use in contexts where objective function surfaces are pitted with local optima or characterized by multiple broad regions of attraction in parameter space. In this paper, use of the Pareto concept in such calibration contexts is extended to include regularization and model predictive uncertainty analysis. Both of these processes can be formulated as constrained optimization problems in which a trade‐off is analyzed between a set of constraints on model parameters on the one hand and maximization/minimization of one or a number of model outputs of interest on the other hand. In both cases, the optimal trade‐off point, though being calculable on a theoretical basis for synthetic cases, must be chosen subjectively when working with real‐world models. Two cases are presented to illustrate the methodology: one a synthetic groundwater model and the other a real‐world surface water model.
The Marcellus Shale: Resources and Reservations
Authors: Soeder Daniel J.
Published: August 2010

The Marcellus Shale is an organic‐rich, sedimentary rock formation in the Appalachian Basin of the northeastern United States that contains significant quantities of natural gas. Published estimates of the amount of gas that may be recoverable from the Marcellus Shale have been higher than 1.42 trillion cubic meters, or 50 trillion cubic feet [Engelder and Lash, 2008]. The recovery of commercial quantities of gas from a low‐permeability rock like the Marcellus became economically possible with the application of directional drilling technology, which allows horizontal boreholes to penetrate kilometers of rock, combined with staged hydraulic fracturing to create permeable flow paths into the shale. Each hydraulic fracturing treatment may use more than 11 million liters of water (3 million gallons), which must then be recovered from the ground to allow gas flow [Harper, 2008].
M. Gordon “Reds” Wolman (1924–2010)
Authors: Wilcock Peter
Published: August 2010

M. Gordon Wolman, known to all as “Reds,” died at his home in Baltimore, Md., on 24 February 2010. He was 85. His career was defined by fundamental contributions to scientists' understanding of rivers, pioneering work in developing interdisciplinary environmental education, and an extraordinary commitment to the application of research to water management and policy. His warmth, affection, and delight inspired generations of students, colleagues, and friends.
Research and Teaching About the Deep Earth: Understanding the Deep Earth: Slabs, Drips, Plumes and More; Virtual Workshop, 17–19 February and 24–26 February 2010
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Mogk David W. , McDaris John
Published: August 2010

Images and models of active faults, subducting plates, mantle drips, and rising plumes are spurring new excitement about deep‐Earth processes and connections between Earth's internal systems and plate tectonics. The new results and the steady progress of Earthscope's USArray across the country are also providing a special opportunity to reach students and the general public.

The pace of discoveries about the deep Earth is accelerating due to advances in experimental, modeling, and sensing technologies; new data processing capabilities; and installation of new networks, especially the EarthScope facility. EarthScope is an interdisciplinary program that combines geology and geophysics to study the structure and evolution of the North American continent. To explore the current state of deep‐Earth science and ways in which it can be brought into the undergraduate classroom, 40 professors attended a virtual workshop given by On the Cutting Edge, a program that strives to improve undergraduate geoscience education through an integrated cooperative series of workshops and Web‐based resources. The 6‐day two‐part workshop consisted of plenary talks, large and small group discussions, and development and review of new classroom and laboratory activities.
2010–2012 AGU Council Takes Office
Authors: Anonymous
Published: August 2010

The AGU Council is the governing body responsible for science issues and is chaired by the Union president‐elect (for more information, visit http://www.agu.org/about/governance/). The newly expanded Council includes the 24 focus group chairs and vice‐chairs; 22 section presidents and presidents‐elect; five committee chairs; four student/early‐career scientists; and two ex officio members, the AGU president and the executive director. Council members elected their leadership team, which develops and oversees the work of the Council and defines issues of importance for Council deliberation.
THEMIS observations of the spatial extent and pressure‐pulse excitation of field line resonances
Authors: Sarris T. E. , Liu W. , Li X. , Kabin K. , Talaat E. R. , Rankin R. , Angelopoulos V. , Bonnell J. , Glassmeier K.‐H.
Published: August 2010

We present a case study of Field Line Resonances (FLRs) in the dayside magnetosphere, observed in both electric and magnetic field components at multiple L‐shells near the equator. The event measured by the five THEMIS probes and the nearby GOES and Geotail satellites provides a unique opportunity to differentiate between temporal and spatial characteristics of FLRs. Narrow‐band FLRs were excited globally at different frequencies matching the local field line resonant frequency. In conjunction with a sharp increase in the upstream solar wind density, prompt intensification of the FLR power was observed at different L‐shells, simultaneously at different frequencies and amplitudes.
Who needs a greener revolution?
Authors: Rull Valentí
Published: August 2010

To meet the challenge of producing sufficient food for 9 billion people by 2050, many have proposed a new green revolution. However, Valentí Rull questions if this is a viable solution to alleviate hunger in the long term and whether it could lead to undesired and potentially disastrous consequences.
Regulation of TGF-β signalling by protein phosphatases
Authors: Liu Ting , Feng Xin-Hua
Published: August 2010

Tight regulation of TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) superfamily signalling is important for normal cellular functions and tissue homoeostasis. Since TGF-β superfamily signalling pathways are activated by a short phosphorylation cascade, from receptor phosphorylation to subsequent phosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transducer R-Smads (receptor-activated Smads), reversible phosphorylation serves as a critical step to assure proper TGF-β signalling. The present article will review the current progress on the understanding of dynamic phosphorylation in TGF-β signalling and the essential role of protein phosphatases in this process.
Key motifs in EBV (Epstein–Barr virus)-encoded protein kinase for phosphorylation activity and nuclear localization
Authors: Gershburg Svetlana , Murphy Leann , Marschall Manfred , Gershburg Edward
Published: August 2010

A sole EBV (Epstein–Barr virus)-encoded protein kinase (EBV-PK) (the BGLF4 gene product) plays important roles in viral infection. Although a number of targets of this protein have been identified, the kinase itself remains largely unstudied with regard to its enzymology and structure. In the present study, site-directed mutagenesis has been employed to generate mutations targeting residues involved in nuclear localization of the EBV-PK, core residues in subdomain III of the protein kinase domain conserved in most protein kinases or residues in subdomain VIa conserved only within the HPK (herpesvirus-encoded protein kinase) group. Deletion of amino acids 389–391 resulted in exclusive cytoplasmic localization of the protein, indicating the involvement of this region in nuclear translocation of the EBV-PK. Mutations at the amino acids Glu113 (core component), Phe175, Leu178, Phe184, Leu185 and Asn186 (conserved in HPKs) resulted in loss of EBV-PK autophosphorylation, protein substrate [EBV EA-D (early antigen diffused)] phosphorylation, and ability to facilitate ganciclovir phosphorylation. These results reiterate the unique features of this group of kinases and present an opportunity for designing more specific antiviral compounds.
Structural and mechanistic insight into how antibodies inhibit serine proteases
Authors: Ganesan Rajkumar , Eigenbrot Charles , Kirchhofer Daniel
Published: August 2010

Antibodies display great versatility in protein interactions and have become important therapeutic agents for a variety of human diseases. Their ability to discriminate between highly conserved sequences could be of great use for therapeutic approaches that target proteases, for which structural features are conserved among family members. Recent crystal structures of antibody–protease complexes provide exciting insight into the variety of ways antibodies can interfere with the catalytic machinery of serine proteases. The studies revealed the molecular details of two fundamental mechanisms by which antibodies inhibit catalysis of trypsin-like serine proteases, exemplified by hepatocyte growth factor activator and MT-SP1 (matriptase). Enzyme kinetics defines both mechanisms as competitive inhibition systems, yet, on the molecular level, they involve distinct structural elements of the active-site region. In the steric hindrance mechanism, the antibody binds to protruding surface loops and inserts one or two CDR (complementarity-determining region) loops into the enzyme's substrate-binding cleft, which results in obstruction of substrate access. In the allosteric inhibition mechanism the antibody binds outside the active site at the periphery of the substrate-binding cleft and, mediated through a conformational change of a surface loop, imposes structural changes at important substrate interaction sites resulting in impaired catalysis. At the centre of this allosteric mechanism is the 99-loop, which is sandwiched between the substrate and the antibody-binding sites and serves as a mobile conduit between these sites. These findings provide comprehensive structural and functional insight into the molecular versatility of antibodies for interfering with the catalytic machinery of proteases.
Beyond Capacity Limitations II: Effects of Lexical Processes on Word Recall in Verbal Working Memory Tasks in Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Mainela-Arnold Elina , Evans Julia L. , Coady Jeffry
Published: August 2010

Purpose

This study investigated the impact of lexical processes on target word recall in sentence span tasks in children with and without specific language impairment (SLI).

Method

Participants were 42 children (ages 8;2–12;3 [years;months]): 21 with SLI and 21 typically developing peers matched on age and nonverbal IQ. Children completed a sentence span task in which target words to be recalled varied in word frequency and neighborhood density. Two measures of lexical processes were examined: the number of nontarget competitor words activated during a gating task (lexical cohort competition) and word definitions.

Results

Neighborhood density had no effect on word recall for either group. However, both groups recalled significantly more high- than low-frequency words. Lexical cohort competition and specificity of semantic representations accounted for unique variance in the number of target word recalled in the SLI and chronological age-matched (CA) groups combined.

Conclusions

Performance on verbal working memory span tasks for both SLI and CA children is influenced by word frequency, lexical cohorts, and semantic representations. Future studies need to examine the extent to which verbal working memory capacity is a cognitive construct independent of extant language knowledge representations.