bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOAA's Sea Surface Temperature Products From Operational Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Maturi Eileen , Harris Andy , Merchant Chris , Mittaz Jon , Potash Bob , Meng Wen , Sapper John
Published: May 2008

NOAA's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) has generated sea surface temperature (SST) products from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-East (E) and GOES-West (W) on an operational basis since December 2000. Since that time, a process of continual development has produced steady improvements in product accuracy Recent improvements extended the capability to permit generation of operational SST retrievals from the Japanese Multifunction Transport Satellite (MTSAT)-IR and the European Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite, thereby extending spatial coverage. The four geostationary satellites (at longitudes of 75°W, 135°W, 140°E, and 0°) provide high temporal SST retrievals for most of the tropics and midlatitudes, with the exception of a region between ~60° and ~80°E. Because of ongoing development, the quality of these retrievals now approaches that of SST products from the polar-orbiting Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). These products from GOES provide hourly regional imagery, 3-hourly hemispheric imagery, 24-h merged composites, a GOES SST level 2 preprocessed product every ½ h for each hemisphere, and a match-up data file for each product. The MTSAT and the MSG products include hourly, 3-hourly, and 24-h merged composites. These products provide the user community with a reliable source of SST observations, with improved accuracy and increased coverage in important oceanographic, meteorological, and climatic regions.
Changes in Frequency of Precipitation Types Associated with Surface Air Temperature over Northern Eurasia during 1936–90
Authors: Ye Hengchun
Published: May 2008

Potential benefits or disadvantages of increasing precipitation in high-latitude regions under a warming climate are dependent on how and in what form the precipitation occurs. Precipitation frequency and type are equally as important as quantity and intensity to understanding the seasonality of hydrological cycles and the health of the ecosystem in high-latitude regions. This study uses daily historical synoptic observation records during 1936–90 over the former USSR to reveal associations between the frequency of precipitation types (rainfall, snowfall, mixed solid and liquid, and wet days of all types) and surface air temperatures to determine potential changes in precipitation characteristics under a warming climate. Results from this particular study show that the frequency of precipitation of all types generally increases with air temperature during winter. However, both solid and liquid precipitation days predominantly decrease with air temperature during spring with a reduction in snowfall days being most significant. During autumn, snowfall days decrease while rainfall days increase resulting in overall decreases in wet days as air temperature increases. The data also reveal that, as snowfall days increase in relationship to increasing air temperatures, this increase may level out or even decrease as mean surface air temperature exceeds −8°C in winter. In spring and autumn, increasing rainfall days switch to decreasing when the mean surface air temperature goes above 6°C. The conclusion of this study is that changes in the frequency of precipitation types are highly dependent on the location’s air temperature and that threshold temperatures exist beyond which changes in an opposite direction occur.
Influence of a New Turbulence Regime on the Global Air–Sea Heat Fluxes
Authors: Sahlée Erik , Smedman Ann-Sofi , Rutgersson Anna , Högström Ulf
Published: May 2008

Recent research has found that boundary layer turbulence changes its organization as the stratification approaches neutral from the unstable side. When the thermal forcing weakens in combination with wind speed above approximately 10 m s−1, detached eddies are formed in the upper part of the surface layer. These eddies effectively transport drier and colder air from aloft to the surface as they move downward, thereby enhancing the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. This effect has been observed over both land and sea; that is, it is not dependent on the nature of the underlying surface. Here the authors perform a sensitivity study of how this reorganization of the turbulence structure influences the global air–sea heat fluxes. Using modified bulk formulations incorporating this effect, the magnitude of the enhancement in a climatic sense was estimated by the use of 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data in the bulk formulas. It is found that for the 1979–2001 period, the global increase of the latent and sensible heat fluxes over the ice-free oceans is 3.6 and 1.2 W m−2, respectively. These numbers suggest that this effect is of some significance. The results also indicate that the regional and seasonal variability may be large. The largest annual increases are found over the southern oceans between 30° and 60°S where the sensible heat flux increases by 2.3 W m−2 and the latent heat flux by 6.5 W m−2. Ocean areas close to the equator experience almost no increase, whereas the latent heat flux from the Arabian Sea during the monsoon period is enhanced by 11.5 W m−2.
Energy Spectrum Characteristics of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations: Climatology and Variations during the ENSO Developing and Decaying Phases*
Authors: Lin Ailan , Li Tim
Published: May 2008

The geographic-dependence characteristics of the energy spectrum of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO; May–October) over the Indo–western Pacific region were analyzed using 25-yr (1979–2003) observational data. The BSISO energy spectrum distribution exhibits a distinctive regional characteristic. The stationary and eastward-propagating modes are most pronounced at the equator (5°S–5°N), while the westward-propagating modes are dominant in the off-equatorial region (10°–20°N). While the eastward intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) spectrum agglomerates on the 30–60-day period and zonal wavenumber 1, the westward mode covers wider spatial (wavenumber) and temporal (period) range. Along the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and South China Sea (SCS) latitudes, the dominant wavenumber 1 mode is the eastward (westward) propagation at the 30–60-day (10–20 day) period; for zonal wavenumber 2, the dominant mode is the westward propagation at both the 30–60-day and 10–20-day periods. Compared to the absolute amplitude of both zonal and meridional mode energy spectrum, northward propagation is the most predominant mode in boreal summer over the Indo–western Pacific regions. The strongest northward-propagating BSISO signal appears in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.

The variation of BSISO differs significantly in the El Niño and La Niña developing and decaying phases. During the El Niño (La Niña) developing summer, the eastward propagation is enhanced (weakened) at the equator, while the northward propagation is also strengthened (weakened) over the western Pacific (east of 140°E). During the El Niño (La Niña) decaying summer, the eastward propagation weakens (strengthens) at the equator, opposite to that in the developing summer; the westward propagation off the equator and the northward propagation over SCS and the western Pacific are suppressed (enhanced). The amplitude of the BSISO variation is stronger in the decaying summer than that in the developing summer. This asymmetry in BSISO variations is primarily attributed to the asymmetry of the background mean flow change associated with the developing and decaying phases of ENSO.
The Effect of the Galápagos Islands on ENSO in Forced Ocean and Hybrid Coupled Models
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Murtugudde Raghu , Busalacchi Antonio J.
Published: May 2008

An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) of the tropical Pacific Ocean is used to examine the effects of the Galápagos Islands on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). First, a series of experiments is conducted using the OGCM in a forced context, whereby an idealized El Niño event may be examined in cases with and without the Galápagos Islands. In this setup, the sensitivity of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly response to the presence of the Galápagos Islands is examined. Second, with the OGCM coupled to the atmosphere via zonal wind stress, experiments are conducted with and without the Galápagos Islands to determine how the Galápagos Islands influence the time scale of ENSO.

In the forced setup, the Galápagos Islands lead to a damped SST anomaly given an identical zonal wind stress perturbation. Mixed layer heat budget calculations implicate the entrainment mixing term, which confirms that the difference is due to the Galápagos Islands changing the background mean state, that is, the equatorial thermocline as diagnosed in a previous paper. In the hybrid coupled experiments, there is a clear shift in the power spectrum of SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Specifically, the Galápagos Islands lead to a shift in the ENSO time scale from a biennial to a quasi-quadrennial period. Mechanisms for the shift in ENSO time scale due to the Galápagos Islands are discussed in the context of well-known paradigms for the oscillatory nature of ENSO.
Estimating Bolus Velocities from Data—How Large Must They Be?
Authors: Killworth Peter D.
Published: May 2008

This paper examines the representation of eddy fluxes by bolus velocities. In particular, it asks the following: 1) Can an arbitrary eddy flux divergence of density be represented accurately by a nondivergent bolus flux that satisfies the condition of no normal flow at boundaries? 2) If not, how close can such a representation come? 3) If such a representation can exist in some circumstances, what is the size of the smallest bolus velocity that fits the data?

The author finds, in agreement with earlier authors, that the answer to the first question is no, although under certain conditions, which include a modification to the eddy flux divergence, a bolus representation becomes possible. One such condition is when the eddy flux divergence is required to balance the time-mean flux divergence. The smallest bolus flow is easily found by solving a thickness-weighted Poisson equation on each density level. This problem is solved for the North Pacific using time-mean data from an eddy-permitting model. The minimum bolus flow is found to be very small at depth but larger than is usually assumed near the surface. The magnitude of this minimum flow is of order one-tenth of the mean flow. Similar but larger results are found for a coarse-resolution model.
Data Assimilation for a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model. Part II: Parameter Estimation
Authors: Kondrashov Dmitri , Sun Chaojiao , Ghil Michael
Published: May 2008

The parameter estimation problem for the coupled ocean–atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific Ocean is investigated using an advanced sequential estimator [i.e., the extended Kalman filter (EKF)]. The intermediate coupled model (ICM) used in this paper consists of a prognostic upper-ocean model and a diagnostic atmospheric model. Model errors arise from the uncertainty in atmospheric wind stress. First, the state and parameters are estimated in an identical-twin framework, based on incomplete and inaccurate observations of the model state. Two parameters are estimated by including them into an augmented state vector. Model-generated oceanic datasets are assimilated to produce a time-continuous, dynamically consistent description of the model’s El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). State estimation without correcting erroneous parameter values still permits recovering the true state to a certain extent, depending on the quality and accuracy of the observations and the size of the discrepancy in the parameters. Estimating both state and parameter values simultaneously, though, produces much better results. Next, real sea surface temperatures observations from the tropical Pacific are assimilated for a 30-yr period (1975–2004). Estimating both the state and parameters by the EKF method helps to track the observations better, even when the ICM is not capable of simulating all the details of the observed state. Furthermore, unobserved ocean variables, such as zonal currents, are improved when model parameters are estimated. A key advantage of using this augmented-state approach is that the incremental cost of applying the EKF to joint state and parameter estimation is small relative to the cost of state estimation alone. A similar approach generalizes various reduced-state approximations of the EKF and could improve simulations and forecasts using large, realistic models.
Elevated Convection and Castellanus: Ambiguities, Significance, and Questions
Authors: Corfidi Stephen F. , Corfidi Sarah J. , Schultz David M.
Published: May 2008

The term elevated convection is used to describe convection where the constituent air parcels originate from a layer above the planetary boundary layer. Because elevated convection can produce severe hail, damaging surface wind, and excessive rainfall in places well removed from strong surface-based instability, situations with elevated storms can be challenging for forecasters. Furthermore, determining the source of air parcels in a given convective cloud using a proximity sounding to ascertain whether the cloud is elevated or surface based would appear to be trivial. In practice, however, this is often not the case. Compounding the challenges in understanding elevated convection is that some meteorologists refer to a cloud formation known as castellanus synonymously as a form of elevated convection. Two different definitions of castellanus exist in the literature—one is morphologically based (cloud formations that develop turreted or cumuliform shapes on their upper surfaces) and the other is physically based (inferring the turrets result from the release of conditional instability). The terms elevated convection and castellanus are not synonymous, because castellanus can arise from surface-based convection and elevated convection exists that does not feature castellanus cloud formations. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the definitions of elevated convection and castellanus, fostering a better understanding of the relevant physical processes. Specifically, the present paper advocates the physically based definition of castellanus and recommends eliminating the synonymity between the terms castellanus and elevated convection.
Screen Memory: Its Importance to Object Relations and Transference
Authors: Reichbart Richard
Published: May 2008

A screen memory of an obsessive and narcissistic man, reported early in psychoanalysis, both represented and disguised the patient's oedipal conflict, incestuous wishes, and sibling rivalry. It symbolized for him his relationship with his mother and was treated by him, in a repetitive and fetishistic manner throughout treatment, as the reason for his bitterness toward life, his sense of entitlement, his narcissism, and his distrust of women. In the transference, the memory—far from being inert— constantly played an active role in his wishes and disappointments regarding the analyst, and in his fantasied oedipal triumph over him. As the analysis progressed, and after years of treatment, the encapsulated nature of this memory began to give way to the patient's growing awareness of his oedipal wishes, the full range of his feelings toward his mother, and his sense of abandonment by her. The nature of screen memory is explored, including how it relates to a patient's personality and use of the past in general, how it may figure in the development of a person's object relations, and the decisive role it may play throughout a treatment.
Depression and Internally Directed Aggression: Genetic and Environmental Contributions
Authors: Haddad Suzanne K. , Reiss David , Spotts Erica L. , Ganiban Jody , Lichtenstein Paul , Neiderhiser Jenae M.
Published: May 2008

This study uses behavior genetic (BG) methodology to investigate Freud's theory of depression as aggression directed toward the self (1930) and the extent to which genetically and environmentally influenced aggressive tendencies contribute to depressive symptoms. Data from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden (TOSS) is used to demonstrate how, in estimating shared and unique environmental influences, BG methods can inform psychoanalytic theory and practice, particularly because of their shared emphasis on the importance of individual experience in development. The TOSS sample consists of 909 pairs of adult twins, their partners, and one adolescent child per couple. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff 1977) was used to measure depressive symptoms and the Karolinska Scales of Personality (Schalling and Edman 1993) to measure internally directed aggression. Genetic analyses indicated that for both men and women, their unique experiences as well as genetic factors contributed equally to the association between internally directed aggression and depressive symptoms. These findings support Freud's theory that constitutionally based differences in aggression, along with individual experiences, contribute to a person's depressive symptoms. Establishing that an individual's unique, not shared, experiences and perceptions contribute to depressive symptoms and internally directed aggression reinforces the use of patient-specific treatment approaches implemented in psychoanalytic psychotherapy or psychoanalysis.
Becoming Journalists
Authors: Sanders Karen , Hanna Mark , Berganza María Rosa , Sánchez Aranda José Javier
Published: May 2008

This study discusses data from the most extensive survey of journalism students conducted in Britain, and similar data from Spanish journalism students, collected as they commence their studies in journalism. It shows that significant differences exist between these countries in students' motivations to be journalists, including `public service' motives, and in their views on the social roles of news media. Yet, British and Spanish students exhibit similar views on journalism ethics. To consider effects of `professionalization', students' responses are compared with those of experienced journalists previously surveyed in both countries. The findings suggest that distinct, national journalistic `cultures' have influenced students before they arrive at university.
Broadcasting Indigenous Voices
Authors: Pietikäinen Sari
Published: May 2008

Ethnic minority media embody much of the multiculturalist, multilingual and transnational changes in the media landscape and in the wider societal frame as well. Often minority media aim at providing relevant information, but also alternative publicity and empowering experiences in regard to their own identity, language and culture. Through an analysis of journalists' interviews and ethnographic data, this article examines how these tendencies, possibilities and limitations are played out in the indigenous Sami media. The findings suggest that the Sami journalists have managed to provide an alternative public space and contribute to linguistic revitalization. Yet, working within translocal journalistic practices and addressing multicultural and multilingual audiences remains a challenge.
Understanding Cybersocial Network Trends for Innovation in Libraries
Authors: Ferreiro Soledad , Muga José Miguel
Published: May 2008

This document shows our concern about how libraries can participate in the increasing world of networks and cybercitizenship. The Library of Congress of Chile is exploring these possibilities and shares how this experience of adding value to Congress and the roles of congress persons could be extended to other libraries. We have identified three ways in which a library can approach cybersocial networks. Firstly, as a sponsor and co-creator, providing technological platforms and human capabilities so citizens can learn to participate in cybernets. Secondly, as a citizen trendwatcher, that identifies social conversations, particularly those emerging and not published yet in papers or books. Lastly, as a promoter of emerging collectives that shape the national community, around issues of social political interest in Congress. With a strong commitment to promoting digital culture, the Library's web catalyzes all our digital services, eliciting a very high response from the public. We share the path taken, the drivers and steps followed in this exploration.
North African Research Tendencies in Library and Information Science: the theoretical and the empirical
Authors: Gdoura Wahid
Published: May 2008

The aim of this work is to study the evolution of research activities in the field of library and information science in North Africa in relation to changes in the information sector, and to analyze the basic characteristics of scientific production within the information area. A rough reading of Arabic literature in the field of librarianship shows that the volume of this literature remains modest and that its content is mainly characterized by the predominance of empirical studies and the almost total absence of theoretical and methodological studies. The effort of theoretical thinking is still put aside despite its being important for the development of the new science of information. The interest is more on how to solve technical problems than on methodological and theoretical questions related to the information field. It is because of this that ambiguity remains over some fundamental concepts, research topics and Arabic language terms. It appears that some studies by Arab researchers are marked by the mechanical `transplantation' of concepts without considering their cultural and historical context and roots.
The DISA Project. Packaging South African heritage as a continuing resource: content, access, ownership and ideology
Authors: Pickover Michele
Published: May 2008

The intention of the DISA (Digital Innovation South Africa) Project is to build a continual digital resource through content based on the initiative of local scholars and dovetailing with the discussion of what it means to constitute a serialized archive of the liberation struggle. The user demand for materials selected is secondary. It is the larger questions which frame this project, such as national policies and processes around heritage, political identities, contested archives, the commodification of the Archive and intellectual property rights. In the South African context the digitization of heritage material for publication via the World Wide Web is a site of struggle and the real challenges are not technological or technical but social and political. Digitizing archives is more than merely collecting and aggregating documents in cyberspace. What is at stake is the politics of memory in digital form and how what is selected for digitization projects frames research agendas and plays a role in curriculum strategies. The development dimension is also paramount, how these projects enhance the public interest, service researchers in the South and promote South-South dialogue. This paper gives a brief overview of the DISA Project, to examine notions of partnership that cut across international boundaries, interrogate the ideological and intellectual ramifications including issues of content selection and access, and review South African policy framework discussions and recommendations.
What Are High Schools Offering as Preparation for Employment?
Authors: Guy Barbara A. , Sitlington Patricia L. , Larsen Michael D. , Frank Alan R.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study is to determine (a) the patterns that existed in employment preparation courses offered by districts across a midwestern state and (b) the primary intent, primary method of instruction, and location of the classroom-based and work-based components of these courses. Findings indicated that (a) employment preparation offerings were limited, (b) career and technical education was the primary vehicle for delivering employment preparation, (c) the majority of employment preparation course work was offered in the classroom setting, (d) the intent of instruction for work-based-only courses was different from other delivery models, (e) the primary method of instruction in classroom-based-only courses was combined lecture and experiential, and (f) the method of delivering work-based learning differed by model.
The Meaning of Patient Advocacy for Iranian Nurses
Authors: Negarandeh Reza , Oskouie Fateme , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Nikravesh Mansoure
Published: May 2008

Patient advocacy has been a topic of much discussion in the nursing literature for a number of decades. Ambiguities remain, however, concerning definitions of advocacy in nursing. This qualitative grounded theory-type study aimed to inquire into the meaning of patient advocacy from Iranian nurses' perspective. A purposive sample of 24 nurses (staff nurses, head nurses and supervisors) working in a large university hospital in Tehran was used. Data were collected using in-depth semistructured interviews and reflective diaries kept by the participants. The data were analyzed using elements of Strauss and Corbin's' approach. Advocacy was defined by the participants as: informing and educating; valuing and respecting; supporting; protecting; and promoting continuity of care for patients. The participants also believed that advocacy could take place only if there was respect for patients' individuality and their inherent human dignity. Many of the descriptions given by the participants are consistent with previous research in this area and represent a comprehensive account of their perceptions of patient advocacy.
The Lived Experience of Nursing Advocacy
Authors: Hanks Robert G
Published: May 2008

Nursing advocacy for patients is considered to be an essential component of nursing practice. This phenomenological qualitative pilot study explored registered nurses' lived experience of nursing advocacy with patients using a sample of three medical-surgical registered nurses. The guiding research questions were: (1) how do registered nurses practicing in the medical-surgical specialty area describe their experiences with nursing advocacy for their patients; and (2) what reflections on educational preparation for their professional roles do registered nurses identify as related to their practices of nursing advocacy with their patients? Data analysis procedures were based on Moustakas' data analysis method, and Lincoln and Guba's criteria were applied for rigor. The emergent themes were: speaking out and speaking for patients; being compelled to act on unmet needs of patients; fulfillment and frustration; the patient is changed; primarily learned on the job; and confidence gained through practice. The findings increase the body of knowledge surrounding nursing advocacy as practiced by nurses.
Uncaring Midwives
Authors: Eliasson Margareta , Kainz Gisela , von Post Iréne
Published: May 2008

The aim of this study was to understand how mothers experienced midwives' uncaring behaviour and actions during birth. Sixty-seven first-time mothers took part in the study, in which data were collected through interview. The interview text was analysed using hermeneutic text analysis. Nearly half of the mothers interviewed ( n = 32) said that midwives did not care for them. The findings show that midwives' behaviour was humiliating when they ignored mothers and held them in contempt. The mothers felt further humiliated when the midwives did not believe them, treated their bodies in a careless manner and tended to put blame on them. Through their behaviour and actions, some midwives have shown that they no longer have a caring attitude as an element of their professional practice and that they have ignored ethics by offending mothers' sense of dignity.
Maintenance of Patients' Integrity in Long-Term Institutional Care
Authors: Teeri Sari , Välimäki Maritta , Katajisto Jouko , Leino-Kilpi Helena
Published: May 2008

This study aimed to describe and compare the views of nurses and older patients' relatives on factors restricting the maintenance of patient integrity in long-term care. The purposive sample comprised 222 nurses and 213 relatives of older patients in four Finnish long-term care institutions. The data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire addressing five sets of factors relating to patients, relatives, nurses, the organization and society. The maintenance of patient integrity was restricted by: (1) social factors, including lack of respect for long-term geriatric care and lack of adequate resources; (2) patient factors relating to forgetfulness; and (3) factors relating to nurses and relatives in maintaining patient integrity. Better maintenance of patient integrity requires that more consideration is paid to issues of social respect and to the availability of adequate resources. Closer attention must be given to patients who are forgetful and unable to take part in decision making.
The Devaluation of Nursing: a Position Statement
Authors: Allan Helen , Tschudin Verena , Horton Khim
Published: May 2008

How nursing as a profession is valued may be changing and needs to be explored and understood in a global context. We draw on data from two empirical studies to illustrate our argument. The first study explored the value of nursing globally, the second investigated the experiences of overseas trained nurses recruited to work in a migrant capacity in the UK health care workforce. The indications are that nurses perceive themselves as devalued socially, and that other health care professionals do not give nursing the same status as other, socially more prestigious professions, such as medicine. Organizational and management structures within the NHS and the independent care home sector devalue overseas nurses and the contribution they make to health care. Our conclusions lead us to question the accepted sociocultural value of the global nursing workforce and its perceived contribution to global health care, and to consider two ethical frameworks from which these issues could be discussed further.
When “Aha Moments” Make All the Difference
Authors: Napier Nancy K. , Bahnson Paul R. , Glen Roy , Maille Cheryl J. , Smith Kirk , White Harry
Published: May 2008

What makes a seasoned group of faculty members sit up straight and learn something remarkable? It happens when the members go through a process to develop a new product and realize that what (should) happen is not what does happen and that the difference comes from the “aha moments” along the way. In this article, the authors track the development of a new venture start up—of a young entrepreneurial business school, lacking regional or national image, and the process faculty members experienced in creating a highly differentiated potentially brand-creating new executive MBA program. Specifically, they reflect on the design and development phase of “what happened” and “what really happened,” which emerged through a series of “aha moments.” Along the way, the program's designers and deliverers offer insights and lessons relating to the process itself and examine the application of management theories to a new academic venture.
Why Is There No Christian Democracy in Poland — and Why Should We Care?
Authors: Bale Tim , Szczerbiak Aleks
Published: May 2008

Despite the fact that almost all Poles are Roman Catholics and that religion has played an important part in contemporary Polish politics, no self-declared Christian Democratic party has been successful in post-1989 Poland. None of the currently successful Polish centre—right parties profile themselves as Christian Democratic, nor can they be labelled as such objectively. While, superficially, Poland looks like fertile ground for Christian Democracy, the factors that were crucial to the formation and success of Christian Democratic parties in post-war Western Europe were largely absent during the emergence of democratic, multiparty politics in post-1989 Poland. Of course, parties are never simply produced and sustained by `cleavages', they are more than institutional responses to some kind of social demand. The formation and success, or otherwise, of Christian Democratic parties owes much to the interplay between social realities and sponsors, on the one hand, and the institutional and ideological crafting of entrepreneurial politicians, on the other.
t(8;21)(q22;q22) fusion proteins preferentially bind to duplicated AML1/RUNX1 DNA-binding sequences to differentially regulate gene expression
Authors: Okumura Akiko J. , Peterson Luke F. , Okumura Fumihiko , Boyapati Anita , Zhang Dong-Er
Published: May 2008

Chromosome abnormalities are frequently associated with cancer development. The 8;21(q22;q22) chromosomal translocation is one of the most common chromosome abnormalities identified in leukemia. It generates fusion proteins between AML1 and ETO. Since AML1 is a well-defined DNA-binding protein, AML1-ETO fusion proteins have been recognized as DNA-binding proteins interacting with the same consensus DNA-binding site as AML1. The alteration of AML1 target gene expression due to the presence of AML1-ETO is related to the development of leukemia. Here, using a 25-bp random double-stranded oligonucleotide library and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA-binding site screen, we show that compared with native AML1, AML1-ETO fusion proteins preferentially bind to DNA sequences with duplicated AML1 consensus sites. This finding is further confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo DNA-protein interaction assays. These results suggest that AML1-ETO fusion proteins have a selective preference for certain AML1 target genes that contain multimerized AML1 consensus sites in their regulatory elements. Such selected regulation provides an important molecular mechanism for the dysregulation of gene expression during cancer development.
Multifaceted mechanisms in COPD: inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair and destruction
Authors: Chung K. F. , Adcock I. M.
Published: May 2008

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality that is characterised by inexorable deterioration of small airways obstruction with emphysema associated with cellular inflammation and structural remodelling. Other features include apoptosis as well as proliferation of cells, and both tissue repair and lack of tissue repair.

Metalloprotease release, together with that of apoptotic factors, may underlie the emphysema, and, conversely, fibrosis of the small airways may be accounted for by the effects of growth factor activation. In advanced disease, influential factors include the development of autoimmunity, with activation of dendritic cells and T-helper cells of both type 1 and 2, and the senescence response.

An inability of macrophages to ingest apoptosed cells and bacteria may exacerbate inflammatory responses. Systemic inflammation with concomitant cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome may reflect the effect of cigarette smoke on nonpulmonary cells. Corticosteroid resistance may be secondary to oxidative stress mechanisms, such as inactivation of histone deacetylases.

The mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be heterogeneous, according to severity, and clinical phenotypes need to be correlated with cellular and pathological processes. Treatments may be targeted to patients with specific mechanisms.
Severe and recurrent episodes of bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia associated with indolent CD4+ CD8+ T-cell leukaemia
Authors: Martinez-Gallo M. , Puy C. , Ruiz-Hernandez R. , Rodriguez-Arias J. M. , Bofill M. , Nomdedeu J. F. , Cigudosa J. C. , Rodriguez-Sanchez J. L. , de la Calle-Martin O.
Published: May 2008

The present study describes an adult male who has had recurrent episodes of pulmonary infiltrates with severe acute respiratory failure over a period of 10 yrs. Clinical and pathological characteristics revealed bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia (BOOP) that responded dramatically to prednisone. BOOP is characterised by inflammation of the bronchioles and surrounding tissue in the lungs. It can mimic infectious pneumonia but diagnosis is suspected when there is no response to multiple antibiotic treatment, and blood and sputum cultures are negative for microorganisms.

A high proportion of double-positive (DP)-T-cells was detected in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage, expressing CD4 and CD8αβ heterodimer with memory phenotype. These DP-T-lymphocytes expressed specific homing molecules that could explain their tropism to lung tissue, giving rise to the clinical symptoms. The patient did not present organomegaly, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis or other features of malignancy. However, T-cell receptor Vβ chain analysis indicated clonal rearrangement, and cytogenetic studies displayed chromosomic alterations that were similar to clonal proliferation observed in ataxia-telangiectasia and T-prolymphocytic leukaemia.

The findings suggest a smouldering form of lymphoproliferation, the first sign of which was bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia requiring constant corticoid treatment.
Pax7 is requisite for maintenance of a subpopulation of superior collicular neurons and shows a diverging expression pattern to Pax3 during superior collicular development
Authors: Thompson Jennifer A , Zembrzycki Andreas , Mansouri Ahmed , Ziman Mel
Published: May 2008

Background

Pax7 encodes a transcription factor well-established as an important determinant of mesencephalic identity and superior collicular development. Pax7 mutant mice, however, present with no obvious morphological impairments to the superior colliculus. This finding is paradoxical and has been attributed to functional redundancy afforded by its paralogue Pax3. Here we utilise Pax7 mutant mice to investigate the precise role of this important developmental regulator during superior collicular development and neuronal specification/differentiation. We also assess its spatiotemporal relationship with Pax3 during embryonic development.

Results

Analysis of the superior colliculus of Pax7 mutant and wildtype mice at a variety of developmental timepoints revealed that whilst correct initial specification is maintained, a subpopulation of dorsal mesencephalic neurons is lost at early postnatal stages. Moreover, a comparative analysis of embryonic Pax3 and Pax7 expression profiles indicate that Pax3 expression overlaps extensively with that of Pax7 initially, but their expression domains increasingly diverge as development progresses, coinciding spatiotemporally with neuronal differentiation and maturation of the tissue. Furthermore, Pax3 expression is perturbed within the CNS of embryonic Pax7 mutant mice.

Conclusion

In summary, these results demonstrate that during superior collicular development, Pax7 is required to maintain a subpopulation of dorsal, mesencephalic neurons and partially regulates, spatiotemporally, Pax3 expression within the CNS. The differential nature of Pax7 and Pax3 with respect to neuronal differentiation may have implications for future stem cell therapies aimed at exploiting their developmental capabilities.
Transcription of the extended hyp-operon in Nostocsp. strain PCC 7120
Authors: Agervald Åsa , Stensjö Karin , Holmqvist Marie , Lindblad Peter
Published: May 2008

Background

The maturation of hydrogenases into active enzymes is a complex process and e.g. a correctly assembled active site requires the involvement of at least seven proteins, encoded by hypABCDEF and a hydrogenase specific protease, encoded either by hupW or hoxW. The N2-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may contain both an uptake and a bidirectional hydrogenase. The present study addresses the presence and expression of hyp-genes in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120.

Results

RT-PCRs demonstrated that the six hyp-genes together with one ORF may be transcribed as a single operon. Transcriptional start points (TSPs) were identified 280 bp upstream from hypF and 445 bp upstream of hypC, respectively, demonstrating the existence of several transcripts. In addition, five upstream ORFs located in between hupSL, encoding the small and large subunits of the uptake hydrogenase, and the hyp-operon, and two downstream ORFs from the hyp-genes were shown to be part of the same transcript unit. A third TSP was identified 45 bp upstream of asr0689, the first of five ORFs in this operon. The ORFs are annotated as encoding unknown proteins, with the exception of alr0692 which is identified as a NifU-like protein. Orthologues of the four ORFs asr0689-alr0692, with a highly conserved genomic arrangement positioned between hupSL, and the hyp genes are found in several other N2-fixing cyanobacteria, but are absent in non N2-fixing cyanobacteria with only the bidirectional hydrogenase. Short conserved sequences were found in six intergenic regions of the extended hyp-operon, appearing between 11 and 79 times in the genome.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that five ORFs upstream of the hyp-gene cluster are co-transcribed with the hyp-genes, and identified three TSPs in the extended hyp-gene cluster in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. This may indicate a function related to the assembly of a functional uptake hydrogenase, hypothetically in the assembly of the small subunit of the enzyme.
Human methanogen diversity and incidence in healthy and diseased colonic groups using mcrA gene analysis
Authors: Scanlan Pauline D , Shanahan Fergus , Marchesi Julian R
Published: May 2008

Background

The incidence and diversity of human methanogens are insufficiently characterised in the gastrointestinal tract of both health and disease. A PCR and clone library methodology targeting the mcrA gene was adopted to facilitate the two-fold aim of surveying the relative incidence of methanogens in health and disease groups and also to provide an overview of methanogen diversity in the human gastrointestinal tract.

Results

DNA faecal extracts (207 in total) from a group of healthy controls and five gastrointestinal disease groups were investigated. Colorectal cancer, polypectomised, irritable bowel syndrome and the control group had largely equivalent numbers of individuals positive for methanogens (range 45–50%). Methanogen incidence in the inflammatory bowel disease groups was reduced, 24% for ulcerative colitis and 30% for Crohn's disease. Four unique mcrA gene restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles were identified and bioinformatic analyses revealed that the majority of all sequences (94%) retrieved from libraries were 100% identical to Methanobrevibacter smithii mcrA gene. In addition, mcrA gene sequences most closely related to Methanobrevibacter oralis and members of the order Methanosarcinales were also recovered.

Conclusion

The mcrA gene serves as a useful biomarker for methanogen detection in the human gut and the varying trends of methanogen incidence in the human gut could serve as important indicators of intestinal function. Although Methanobrevibacter smithii is the dominant methanogen in both the distal colon of individuals in health and disease, the diversity of methanogens is greater than previously reported. In conclusion, the low incidence of methanogens in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, the functionality of the methanogens and impact of methane production in addition to competitive interactions between methanogens and other microbial groups in the human gastrointestinal tract warrants further investigation.
Comparison of time-dependent effects of (+)-methamphetamine or forced swim on monoamines, corticosterone, glucose, creatine, and creatinine in rats
Authors: Herring Nicole R , Schaefer Tori L , Tang Peter H , Skelton Matthew R , Lucot James P , Gudelsky Gary A , Vorhees Charles V , Williams Michael T
Published: May 2008

Background

Methamphetamine (MA) use is a worldwide problem. Abusers can have cognitive deficits, monoamine reductions, and altered magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Animal models have been used to investigate some of these effects, however many of these experiments have not examined the impact of MA on the stress response. For example, numerous studies have demonstrated (+)-MA-induced neurotoxicity and monoamine reductions, however the effects of MA on other markers that may play a role in neurotoxicity or cell energetics such as glucose, corticosterone, and/or creatine have received less attention. In this experiment, the effects of a neurotoxic regimen of (+)-MA (4 doses at 2 h intervals) on brain monoamines, neostriatal GFAP, plasma corticosterone, creatinine, and glucose, and brain and muscle creatine were evaluated 1, 7, 24, and 72 h after the first dose. In order to compare MA's effects with stress, animals were subjected to a forced swim test in a temporal pattern similar to MA administration [i.e., (30 min/session) 4 times at 2 h intervals].

Results

MA increased corticosterone from 1–72 h with a peak 1 h after the first treatment, whereas glucose was only increased 1 h post-treatment. Neostriatal and hippocampal monoamines were decreased at 7, 24, and 72 h, with a concurrent increase in GFAP at 72 h. There was no effect of MA on regional brain creatine, however plasma creatinine was increased during the first 24 h and decreased by 72 h. As with MA treatment, forced swim increased corticosterone more than MA initially. Unlike MA, forced swim reduced creatine in the cerebellum with no change in other brain regions while plasma creatinine was decreased at 1 and 7 h. Glucose in plasma was decreased at 7 h.

Conclusion

Both MA and forced swim increase demand on energy substrates but in different ways, and MA has persistent effects on corticosterone that are not attributable to stress alone.
Prognostic implications of negative dobutamine stress echocardiography in African Americans compared to Caucasians
Authors: Srivastava Ajay V , Ananthasubramaniam Karthik , Patel Salil J , Lingam Natesh , Jacobsen Gordon
Published: May 2008

Background

African Americans (AA) have higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than Caucasians (CA). Despite its excellent negative predictive value, the influence of race on the prognostic implications of negative dobutamine echocardiography in predicting major cardiac problems is largely unknown.

Methods

We studied 387 AA and 340 CA patients with negative dobutamine stress echocardiography (NDSE). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to create freedom-from-event curves for major adverse cardiac events over a 36-month period, and a Cox proportional-hazards multivariable model to examine the influence of race on cardiac outcomes.

Results

AA patients were younger (69.4 ± 12.6 vs. 74.2 ± 10.7, p < .001), had higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (37% vs. 29%, p = .01), hypertension (91% vs. 85%, p = .006), left ventricular hypertrophy (70% vs. 49%, p < .001) and lower incidence of prior coronary artery disease (27% vs. 34%, p = .05) compared to CA patients. Ejection fraction ≥ 50% was comparable (81% vs. 82%, p = .8). At 3-years, AA patients had a lower freedom from nonfatal myocardial infarction (92% vs. 96%, p = .006) and any cardiac event (cardiac death, myocardial infarction) (91% vs. 95%, p = .005) compared to CA patients.

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate that AA patients have higher rates of nonfatal MI and MACE compared to CA patients with a NDSE. These patients require closer follow-up and aggressive preventive and treatment strategies should be employed to help reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality despite negative ischemic workup.