bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and its Place in Nature
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: October 2003

Argues that conceptual analysis should be rejected in favour of a more naturalistic approach to epistemology. There is a robust natural phenomenon of knowledge; knowledge is a natural kind. An examination of the cognitive ethology literature reveals a category of knowledge that does both causal and explanatory work. It is argued that knowledge in this very sense is what philosophers have been talking about all along. Rival accounts of knowledge that are more demanding—requiring either that certain social conditions be met or that an agent engage in some sort of reflection—are discussed in detail, and it is argued that they are inadequate to the phenomenon. In addition, it is argued that the account of knowledge that emerges from the cognitive ethology literature can provide an explanation of the normative force of epistemic claims.
Knowledge as Natural Phenomenon
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: October 2003

Cognitive ethologists regularly attribute intentional states, such as belief, to non‐human animals. More than this, they regularly talk about such animals having knowledge. It is argued that this talk of knowledge is not merely a façon de parler: talk of knowledge in these theories does causal and explanatory work. Knowledge, in this view, is reliably produced true belief. It is argued that this is what we have all been talking about all along when we use the term ‘knowledge’.
Human Knowledge and Reflection
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: October 2003

Some have argued that knowledge, or human knowledge, requires some sort of reflection, usually on the reasonableness of one's beliefs. It is argued that there is no such requirement, either for knowledge in general, or even for human knowledge. Reflection is not always an epistemically good thing; when it is epistemically valuable, what is valuable about it is already explained by a reliability requirement on knowledge. Knowledge does not require reflection of any sort.
Normativity and Natural Knowledge
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: October 2003

Critics of naturalistic epistemology often argue that any account of knowledge that is descriptive thereby loses its ability to account for epistemic normativity. This chapter presents an account of epistemic normativity that flows from the descriptive account of knowledge as a natural kind presented in Ch. 2. Epistemic norms are argued to be hypothetical imperatives, contingent on having desires of any sort at all. Epistemic norms are thus universal, even if only hypothetical.
A New Mode of State
Authors: Hadenius Axel
Published: October 2003

Analyses the development of a new mode of state in the Middle Ages in Europe. This was the emergence of an interactive state, signified by a regulated intercourse between state and society. This was a state built on pluralism, power sharing and constitutionalism. Certain institutional and societal conditions contributed to this development, which laid the ground for the so‐called ‘European miracle’.
International Recognition of Refugees
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2003

Beginning with the establishment by the League of Nations of the first High Commissioner for Refugees in 1921, the scope and functions of assistance programmes for refugees gradually expanded, as efforts were made to regularize the status and control of stateless and denationalized people. During and after World War II, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organization (IRO) further expanded the international organizational framework for refugees. Since 1951, an international refugee regime—composed of UNHCR and a network of other international agencies, national governments, and voluntary or non‐governmental organizations—has developed a response strategy that permits some refugees to remain in their countries of first asylum, enables some to resettle in third countries and arranges for still others to be repatriated to their countries of origin.
The Cold War Origins of the UNHCR Under Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2003

UNHCR was created with a mandate for refugee protection and to provide solutions to refugee problems, but with practically no funds with which to carry out these functions. Despite the inauspicious beginnings of the UNHCR and the opposition of the US and the Soviet Union in the early Cold War period, the first High Commissioner, Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart, convinced the major powers that their interests in political stability in Europe converged with those of the UNHCR. By gradually enlarging the scope of his office, by obtaining the capacity for independent fund raising through the UN Refugee Emergency Fund and by assuming material assistance responsibilities, the High Commissioner paved the way for the UNHCR to become the centrepiece of the emerging international refugee regime.
Spinoza's Heresy
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: October 2003

This is a study of the reasons behind Spinoza's excommunication from the Portuguese–Jewish community of Amsterdam in 1656. The central question in the book is how and why did the issue of the immortality of the soul play a role in the decision to excommunicate Spinoza. The work begins with a discussion of the nature of cherem or banning within Judaism, and in the Amsterdam community, in particular, as well as of a number of possible explanations for Spinoza's ban. It then turns to the variety of traditions in Jewish religious and philosophical thought on the post‐mortem fate of the soul and the after life. This is followed by an examination of Spinoza's own views on the eternity of the mind in the Ethics and the role that the denial of personal immortality plays in his overall philosophical and political project. Part of the book's argument is that Spinoza's views were not only an outgrowth of his own metaphysical principles, but also a culmination of an intellectualist trend in medieval Jewish rationalism (especially Maimonides and Gersonides).
Abominations and Heresies
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: October 2003

Looks at various hypotheses offered by scholars for Spinoza's ban or excommunication. Some of theories focus on political, social, or economic factors; others have to do with philosophical ideas or religious heresy; still others insist that it was a matter of religious conformity and Jewish law.
Patriarchs, Prophets, and Rabbis
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: October 2003

Examines various traditions in Judaism regarding the post‐mortem fate of the person in Heaven and/or Hell and the immortality of the soul. Selected sources include the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, midrashim, and other rabbinic texts. The discussion is focused on the ways in which Jewish traditions have portrayed the after life and its moral dimensions, especially the rewards of virtue and the punishment of sin.
Institutional and Sectoral Interactions in Monetary Policy and Wage/Price‐Bargaining
Authors: Franzese Robert J.
Published: October 2003

Considers institutional complementarities at the macroeconomic level. It examines unemployment and inflation management in developed democracies, stressing the interactions of central‐bank independence and wage/price‐bargaining coordination with each other and with the sectoral structure of bargaining in determining monetary—policymakers’ and wage/price‐bargainers’ incentives. The evidence from 21 developed democracies over 20 years of flexible exchange rates supports the argument that credible monetary conservatism and traded‐sector‐led (not public‐sector‐led) coordinated bargaining, complement in producing low unemployment and substitute in producing low inflation.
Business, Government, and Patterns of Labor Market Policy in Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Wood Stewart
Published: October 2003

Explores the connection between the political economy and the public policies that governments produce, using the cases of labour market policy in the 1980s in West Germany and the UK. Governments will favour policies that reinforce the comparative institutional advantage of their economic institutions, because policy options are constrained by the different organizational capacities of employers in CMEs and LMEs. It examines the constitutional and political sources of state power in the Federal Republic and UK, a contrast that suggests significant variation in the expected stability of the two labour market policy regimes. Business–government relations and public policies are therefore systematically correlated with varieties of capitalism, as also a function of broader political arrangements that may vary ‘across type’.
The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contract Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States
Authors: Casper Steven
Published: October 2003

The chapter examines the key role played by legal frameworks in the construction of the political economy and its relationship to corporate strategy. Germany and the US have different legal systems. Drawing on an analysis of legal challenges associated with supplier network modernization within the automobile industry, the chapter demonstrates how German patterns of non‐market business coordination and highly regulatory laws channel firms towards patterns of corporate strategy associated with incremental innovation, or ‘diversified quality production’, and constrain against more radical innovation strategies. In the US, a more classical legal system combined with predominantly market‐based inter‐firm relations conduces towards radically innovative corporate strategies, but impinge on the establishment of incremental innovation patterns associated with diversified quality production.
Right Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

It has been said that virtue ethics does not, and cannot, provide action guidance, the way utilitarianism and deontology do because it rejects codifiability and does not come up with any rules or principles. But this is a misconception: virtue ethics can provide a specification of ‘right action’—as ‘what a virtuous agent would, characteristically do in the circumstances’—and such a specification can be regarded as generating a number of moral rules, called ‘v‐rules’. Each virtue generates an instruction—‘do what is honest’, ‘do what is charitable,’ and each vice a prohibition—‘do not act, do what is dishonest, uncharitable..’
The Virtuous Agent's Reasons for Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

The fully virtuous may be said to act ‘out of a sense of duty’ or ‘because they think it is right’. The virtuous, when acting virtuously, act for a variety of reasons that form ranges characteristic of particular virtues. When children, and people who are in a transitory emotional state, act for such reasons they do not count as ‘acting out of a sense of duty’ but when the virtuous, who act from a settled state of character, act for such reasons, they do. Acting from virtue is sufficient for acting from duty.
Naturalism
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: October 2003

Virtues are those character traits that make a human being a good human being— those traits that human beings need to live well as human beings, to live a characteristically human life. Ethical evaluations of human beings as good or bad are taken to be analogous to evaluations of other living things as good or bad specimens of their kind, as Foot has argued. This naturalism reveals that several features of ethical evaluation thought to be peculiar to it, and inimical to its objectivity, are present in the quasi‐scientific evaluation, even of plants.
The Charms and Consequences of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Dupré John
Published: October 2003

Considers, first, why the programme of evolutionary psychology appears to have such appeal, despite its epistemological weakness. Answers to this question include a commitment to an ill‐conceived unity of science, a reluctance to accept irreducible contingency, and the rewards that accrue to advocates of even excessively ambitious projects. A final section argues that, contrary to the claims of its adherents, often based on appeals to the naturalistic fallacy, evolutionary psychology has significant political consequences, often of a harmful kind. The impossibility of a rigid fact/value distinction is illustrated with respect to evolutionary psychological theories of rape.
Knowledge, Globalization, and Regions: An Economist's Perspective
Authors: Audretsch David B.
Published: October 2003

The issues involving the links between the geography of economic activity and the emergence of the knowledge‐based economy addressed in the first chapter are examined in more detail in seven main sections. These address the following: the loss of the former comparative advantage of mature, technically moderate industries in Europe and North America; the breakdown at the level of the firm of the knowledge production function (this shows that the empirical link between knowledge inputs and innovative outputs becomes stronger as the unit of production becomes increasingly aggregated); knowledge spillovers to small firms from larger firms or universities; the importance of location and geographic space in knowledge spillovers; and the use of foreign direct investment as a strategy to access localized knowledge spillovers for transfer back to the home country.
Foreign Direct Investment into the USA: A Subnational Investigation
Authors: Wallace Lorna H.
Published: October 2003

The industrial distribution of inbound foreign direct investment (FDI) within a national economy is uneven, differing among and also within the subnational units. This chapter analyses the impact of the globalization of production and markets at the subnational level by studying FDI in the state of New Jersey (NJ), USA. A summary is presented of quantitative statistics, analysing the trends, significance, concentration, and source of FDI in the state. Next, the determinants of FDI in the state are examined from an academic and business literature view as well as from interviews with practitioners; in addition, the policy implications for corporate practitioners and the role of government in the attraction, development, and retention of inbound FDI to the state are briefly addressed. Finally, it is argued that the intranational distribution of inward FDI stock provides a sensitive guide to the resources, capabilities, and policies of subnational units; and that a national analysis of FDI may not be sufficient or necessary to understand the drivers of international economy.
The Software Cluster in Bangalore
Authors: Balasubramanyam V. N. , Balasubramanyam Ahalya
Published: October 2003

The software cluster in Bangalore, South India, represents in a microcosm several of the developments associated with globalization identified in Ch. 1. It is a knowledge‐oriented or human‐capital‐intensive industry that has attracted multinational firms to Bangalore, both as producers and consumers of software, turning the city into an international gateway for trained labour. The state has actively assisted the growth of the industry. This chapter addresses the reasons for the success of the software cluster. The main sections provide a brief description of the size and structure of the software cluster in Bangalore, discuss the Bangalore cluster in the light of received explanations of clusters from geographers and regional economists, and analyse the cluster in the context of the economics of agglomeration and developments associated with globalization.
The Changing Nature of Foreign Investment Policy in Europe: From Promotion to Management
Authors: Brown Ross , Raines Philip
Published: October 2003

Begins with an overview of foreign investment promotion in Western Europe by examining the importance of attracting investment as a goal from a national‐level perspective, emphasizing the change in attitudes that has taken place over the last decade; this section also includes a brief overview of the role of the European Commission in controlling competition between EU member states. Following this, the motives and policy instruments underpinning sub‐national actors in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) in Western Europe are examined. To show these processes at work, case studies are used to compare the promotional policies of two European regions with very different approaches to attracting investment: Scotland and Nordrhein‐Westfalen. The final section addresses the future of FDI promotion policy.
EMU's Impact on National Institutions: Fusion Towards a ‘Gouvernance Économique’ or Fragmentation?
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang , Linsenmann Ingo
Published: October 2003

Taking the new treaty provisions and subsequent acts as independent variables, this chapter considers the impacts of three sets of significantly different modes of governance— supranational policy‐making, ‘hard’ coordination, and ‘soft’ coordination—on domestic actors and institutions in the 15 member states with varying politico‐institutional as well as socioeconomic backgrounds. Following ‘top‐down’ institutionalist approaches, the core assumption is that, the institutional developments on the European level will trigger changes in domestic institutions. However, two alternative scenarios serve as points of reference for examining empirical developments at both European and domestic levels: first, the possibility of common trends towards a vertical and horizontal fusion leading to a ‘gouvernance économique’; second, the emergence of fragmentation trends across policy areas and levels of interaction.
Experience and Reason
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Offers the Switching Argument for the claim, (2), that only reason‐giving relations between perceptual experiences and empirical beliefs could possibly serve the content‐determining role required by (1). Non‐reason‐giving relations between perceptual experiences and basic empirical beliefs would necessarily leave the subject quite ignorant of which mind‐independent object his belief is supposed to be about, in a way that is incompatible with his having the understanding required for this to be a belief of his, about just that thing, at all. Along with the assumption that we have beliefs about a mind‐independent spatial world, (1) and (2) entail (R), that perceptual experiences provide reasons for empirical beliefs, the main thesis of Part I of the book.
Certitude Sustained: Portrait of G. E. Moore as a Perspectivalist
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Offers an internalist and perspectivalist reading of G. E. Moore's epistemological views. Challenges Barry Stroud's influential interpretation and defends Moore's rejection of scepticism, his ‘defence of common sense’ and his ‘proof of an external world’ against Stroud's criticisms. The conception of knowledge‐yielding enquiry, as addressed to determinate questions, within a setting of defeasible agreements regarding epistemic methods, norms, and background beliefs, is worked out in greater detail.
Peircean Enquiry: Knowledge Without Truth
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F.
Published: October 2003

Devoted to an explicit exploration of the relationships between knowledge and truth. Opens with a critique of reliabilist externalist views of epistemic justification and defends the characteristically pragmatist conclusion that truth cannot function as the goal of enquiry. What is arguably wanted is not truth but objectivity, and C. S. Peirce's appeal to the ‘abductive’ method of science, as a fallible and inter‐subjective means of fixing beliefs, yields a useful analysis of the latter notion.
Ontological Elimination
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: October 2003

Although science often posits new entities and features of the world, scientific progress is also made by moves that eliminate previously posited features. Such eliminativist programme within science are always motivated by specific difficulties (mathematical, conceptual, and empirical) with existing theories. The eliminativist programme has many aspects in common with the philosophical positivist programme of eliminating unobservables from our theoretical posits, in principle. Looking closely at this may cast some doubt on ‘naturalist’ views about how science can do without ‘first philosophy’. But we may also come to a clearer understanding of the limits and legitimacy of philosophical global eliminationism by seeing how such programmes work locally within science.
Conclusions
Authors: Sklar Lawrence
Published: October 2003

Abstract, philosophical scepticism about the truth of theories can rest on doubts about positing unobservables, doubts arising out of the role played by idealization in theories, and doubts arising from the transient place of our theories in our corpus of accepted theories. But each of these kinds of scepticism can play a role within scientific theory construction and evaluation. As a local project within ongoing science, each mode of sceptical argument has a far richer and more interesting structure than is evident from the role played by these arguments in abstract philosophy.
Reasonable Self‐Interest
Authors: Hill Thomas E.
Published: October 2003

Contrasts common‐sense ideas of what is reasonable with current philosophical ideas of rational choice: (1) maximizing self‐interest, (2) efficiency and coherence in pursuit of one's ends, (3) maximizing intrinsic value, and (4) efficiency and coherence constrained by a Kantian ideal of co‐legislation. Contrary to the usual assumptions, the last corresponds more closely to common‐sense ideas than any of the other models do. This is not a proof of the Kantian ideal, or of common sense, but it calls for rethinking assumptions about self‐regarding and other‐regarding reasons for action.
The Meaning of Life
Authors: Shields Christopher
Published: October 2003

Shields defends Aristotle's claim that life is homonymous, specifically, a core‐dependent homonym. Shields argues that Aristotle's account of the homonymy of life is a clear and compelling illustration of the fruitfulness of the methodology of homonymy. Aristotle's account of life reflects various facts about living things without making them definitional of life; which, as Shields argues, is desirable, as definitions of life should be neither univocal nor disjunctive.
India as Rescuer? Order Versus Justice in the Bangladesh War of 1971
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: October 2003

Examines the justifications, motives, and outcomes surrounding India's use of force against Pakistan in December 1971. It shows how international society as reflected in the positions taken by the Security Council and the General Assembly interpreted India's action as a breach of the legal rules prohibiting the use of force rather than as a rescue of the Bengali people.
A Solidarist Moment in International Society? The Case of Safe Havens and No‐Fly Zones in Iraq
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: October 2003

Charts how the Western powers came to intervene in Iraq after the Gulf War to protect Kurds in the north and Shiites in the south. Charts how the Security Council adopted in Resolution 688 a new understanding of Chapter VII of the UN Charter that provided the legitimating ground for Western action in the form of the safe havens and no‐fly zones.
Global Bystander to Genocide: International Society and the Rwandan Genocide of 1994
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: October 2003

Charts the limits of the new norm of humanitarian intervention by showing how international society failed to prevent and end the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. After three months of the genocide, France did intervene and the chapter considers the dubious humanitarian credentials of this intervention.
Social Indicators
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2003

Social indicators are an important tool for evaluating a country's level of social development and for assessing the impact of policy. Such indicators are already in use in investigating poverty and social exclusion in several European countries and have begun to play a significant role in advancing the social dimension of the EU as a whole. The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators for the purposes of European policy‐making. It considers the principles underlying the construction of policy‐relevant indicators, the definition of indicators, and the issues that arise in their implementation, including that of the statistical data required. It seeks to bring together theoretical and methodological methods in the measurement of poverty/social exclusion with the empirical practice of social policy. The experience of member states is reviewed, including an assessment of the National Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted for the first time in June 2001 by the 15 EU governments. The key areas covered by the book are poverty, including its intensity and persistence, income inequality, non‐monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, and restricted social participation. In each case, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in the EU, and makes recommendations for the indicators to be employed. The book is based on a report prepared at the request of the Belgian government, as part of the Belgian presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2001, and presented at a conference on ‘Indicators for Social Inclusion: Making Common EU Objectives Work’ held at Antwerp on 14–15 Sept 2001.
Indicators in Principle
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2003

Begins with an examination of the principles underlying the construction of social indicators to be used for the express purpose of assessing performance in achieving the social agenda of the EU. The end product in this context is a portfolio of common indicators applied across the EU, and the principles involved in its construction may concern either the single indicators or the portfolio as a whole. Indicators can take different forms, and the second part of Ch. 2 considers indicator properties; since any portfolio of indicators involves selecting from a range of competing alternatives, it is essential to understand the full set of possibilities. Choice of indicators involves compromise over objectives, but will also be constrained by data limitations and by institutional differences across countries; these are the subjects of the third part of Ch. 2.
Financial Poverty
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2003

Chs. 5–8 examine individual indicators, beginning in Ch. 5 with a single field: the risk of financial poverty. A whole chapter is devoted to this one indicator for two reasons: poverty is intrinsically important, and estimates of the extent of poverty in Europe have played a major role in the evolution of EU social policy; moreover, the design of poverty indicators serves to illustrate the issues that arise with indicators in general. Reviews the many different approaches that have been adopted to the measurement of poverty, and sets out the choices that have to be made in arriving at a concrete implementation. The indicators of financial poverty described in the chapter provide a measure of the degree to which people face the risk of serious deprivation in terms of their standard of living or to which they fall below a specified minimum level of resources. To measure the seriousness of the poverty risk that people face, or the depth of their poverty, further indicators need to be added, and these are discussed in Ch. 6.
Education, Employment, and Unemployment
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2003

Examines the fields of education, employment, and unemployment. It starts from the social indicators on low education, joblessness, long‐term unemployment and regional disparities proposed by the European Commission. However, it goes beyond these, covering also differential access to education, employment activation, and the working poor and low pay.
Health, Housing, and Wider Dimensions
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2003

Considers indicators of health, housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, access to essential services, financial precariousness, and social participation. These are all potentially important fields that are not covered by the European Commission's original proposals. In each case, the interest is in indicators relevant to social inclusion. Homelessness, e.g. is clearly a major reason for concern about social exclusion. In the case of health, however, it is not mortality as such that is of concern, but differential mortality according to socioeconomic or other characteristics, and the impact that poor health or disability has in exacerbating social exclusion.
Ideal Code, Real World
Authors: Hooker Brad
Published: October 2003

Begins by explaining and arguing for certain criteria for assessing normative moral theories. Then argues that these criteria lead to a rule‐consequentialist moral theory. According to rule‐consequentialism, acts should be assessed morally in terms of impartially justified rules, and rules are impartially justified if and only if the expected overall value of their general internalization is at least as great as for any alternative rules. In the course of developing this theory, the book discusses impartiality, well‐being, fairness, equality, and the question of how ‘general internalization’ of rules is to be interpreted. It also considers the main objections to rule‐consequentialism. The book also discusses contractualism, utilitarianism, act‐consequentialism, Ross‐style pluralism, and the question of which moral prohibitions and which duties to aid others rule‐consequentialism endorses. The last part of the book considers the implications of rule‐consequentialism for some current controversies in practical ethics.
Questions of Formulation
Authors: Hooker Brad
Published: October 2003

Argues that rule‐consequentialism should be formulated in terms of expected value rather than in terms of actual consequences. Also, argues that the theory should be formulated in terms of acceptance value (including the various costs incurred in getting the code internalized) and not merely in terms of the value of compliance with the code. Rule‐consequentialism can be formulated so that its rules must be suitable as a public code, and must be universal as opposed to relative.
Truth and Correspondence
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: October 2003

Talk of truth as ‘correspondence to reality’ can be a platitude or a substantial and controversial philosophical theory. The chapter argues that pragmatists can accept the platitude of correspondence, but that they reject the substantial metaphysics or truth as correspondence and metaphysical realism. The second half of the chapter argues that Peirce's account of the role of iconic representations, such as diagrams—in cognition and ordinary language—can capture some important insights of the traditional correspondence theory of truth.
Metaphysics, Science, and Self‐Control
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: October 2003

Explores the role of metaphysics in Peirce's philosophy and discusses some themes in Karl Otto Apel's interpretation of his thought. Apel claims that Peirce's is a sort of transcendental philosophy, that he defended ‘transcendental semiotic’. The chapter challenges Apel's claim, arguing that Peirce rejected transcendental arguments, claiming that at best they establish that we are justified in hoping that their conclusions are true. It is argued that the role of Peirce's metaphysics in his philosophy is to provide a general scientific account of what the world must be like for the regulative ideas or hopes adopted in logic to be absolutely true. It concludes with a discussion of how metaphysical ideas provide guidance in constructing hypotheses in science.
Sentiment and Self‐Control
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: October 2003

Peirce argued that the use of induction depended upon the possession of altruistic sentiments. This chapter explores these arguments and considers Hilary Putnam's reasons for thinking that Peirce has provided a flawed answer to an important and previously unknown problem. This problem concerns the application of probability judgements in particular cases. The core of the chapter is an exploration of Peirce's cognitive account of emotions and sentiments and his account of the role of such states in the rational self‐control of action and inquiry.
The Marks of an Incarnate God
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

If God became incarnate in order to provide atonement for human sins, to identify with our suffering, and to reveal truth, he would need to live a certain sort of life. He would need to live a perfectly good life (culminated perhaps by a perfect death), provide moral and theological guidance, show that he believed himself to be God Incarnate, teach that that life (with his death) provided a means of atonement, and found a church to continue his work. God would need also to put his signature on that life by culminating it with a super‐miracle. Of no prophet in human history, with the possible exception of Jesus, is there good evidence that he led the requisite sort of life culminated in the right way.
The Life and Moral Teaching of Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

Jesus led a morally perfect life, teaching and healing (probably performing miracles), and died as a result of an unjust judicial verdict. He taught the importance of supererogatory love, prayer, and repentance; and that there would be a judgement that would separate the good from the bad. Almost inevitably, there are one or two incidents in the life of Jesus and one or two aspects of his teaching, about the morality of which we have some doubts; but there are so few such incidents and aspects that we reasonably doubt our moral intuitions about them.
Jesus Implied His Divinity
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

An explicit claim by Jesus that he was God would have been totally misunderstood by first‐century Jews. If Jesus was to make it clear to his followers that he was God Incarnate, he would have to leave many clues, subsequent reflection on which would lead them to see who he was. There are such clues. He accepted worship, forgave sins, and claimed a special intimacy with God his Father, and acted so as to be accused at his trial of ‘blasphemy’. In various strands of the New Testament, the writers implicitly acknowledge Jesus’ divinity; and so it is natural to look for a common source for this in the actions or teaching of Jesus.
The Appearances of the Risen Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2003

The Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, while all agreeing that Jesus rose from the dead and appeared to his followers, give different accounts of to whom Jesus appeared, where, and when. The account that has the greatest claim to reliability is the credal‐type account given by St Paul in 1 Corinthians. But this account lists only official witnesses whose witness would be credible to first‐century Jews. I develop a detailed hypothesis of how the other accounts of the appearances can be fitted into Paul's account without having to suppose any of the accounts misleading except in very small details, easily explicable by minor errors of memory.
The Gender Closet
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: October 2003

This chapter focuses largely on lesbian feminist theorizing in the 1990s, and argues that although it was committed to articulating differences between women, it nevertheless failed to make room for fully lesbian feminist theorizing. The assumption is challenged that if only feminist thinking began from the right conception of ‘woman’, it would then be adequate to the task of theorizing lesbians.
Defending Marriage
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: October 2003

The positive arguments for same‐sex marriage are discussed. The first argument links marriage rights to a normative ideal of long‐term, monogamous, sexually faithful intimacy, and defends marriage rights based on the value of that ideal. The second argument presses the connection between homophobia and sexism, stressing the way that securing same‐sex marriage rights might reduce sexism. The third argument links the denial of marriage rights to the cultural construction of gay men and lesbians as outsiders to the family, who are for that reason defective citizens. In pursuing this third line of argument, the US House and Senate arguments supporting the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) of 1996 are addressed.
Individual Responsibility in a Global Age
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: October 2003

By attaching significance to the distinction between doing and failing to prevent and by recognizing special obligations to family members and others, common‐sense morality limits the size of an agent's moral world. Consequentialism, by contrast, upholds a more expansive notion of normative responsibility that neither assigns intrinsic moral significance to the distinction between doing and failing to prevent nor recognizes special obligations as a fundamental moral category. The conflict between restrictive and expansive notions of normative responsibility has a parallel in modern political life, in the opposition between nationalism and other varieties of particularism, on the one hand, and globalism or universalism, on the other. The opposing pulls of global integration and ethnic fragmentation pose a political problem that, Scheffler argues, we are unlikely to resolve without attaining greater stability in our thinking about normative responsibility more generally.
Families, Nations, and Strangers
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: October 2003

Scheffler's main aim in this essay is to explore the nature of ‘associative duties’—the special duties that participants in close personal relationships and members of significant social groups are thought to have to one another. These duties occupy a central position in common‐sense moral thinking, even though their precise content is often unclear. Scheffler considers two objections to associative duties: the voluntarist objection, rooted in an ideal of freedom and autonomy; and the distributive objection, rooted in a principle of equality. Like associative duties themselves, the values of freedom and equality exert genuine authority within common‐sense moral thought, and so there are deep internal conflicts in our thinking about the extent of our responsibilities to different individuals and groups.
Rawls and Utilitarianism
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: October 2003

After reviewing John Rawls's arguments against utilitarianism in A Theory of Justice and then examining Michael Sandel's and Robert Nozick's criticisms of those arguments, Scheffler points to three important similarities between utilitarianism and Rawls's own theory. Both the theories are systematic and constructive in character, both treat common‐sense notions of justice as deriving from a more authoritative standard, and both are committed to distributive holism, in the sense that they regard the justice of any assignment of benefits to a particular individual as dependent on the justice of the overall distribution of benefits in society. These similarities may make it seem that Rawls's theory fails to remedy utilitarianism's neglect of the distinctness of persons. But Scheffler argues that Rawls's theory accommodates holistic pressures while maintaining a commitment to the inviolability of the individual. Scheffler also suggests that the complexity of Rawls's attitude toward utilitarianism in A Theory of Justice may help to explain his willingness, in Political Liberalism, to treat utilitarianism as a candidate for inclusion in an overlapping consensus.
The Case for Choice
Authors: Brighouse Harry
Published: October 2003

Describes the main kinds of school choice: public school choice, charter schools, and school vouchers. It looks at a series of arguments for school choice reforms, including Milton Friedman's original argument for vouchers, arguments based on parental rights, and arguments based on libertarianism. It examines the public goods based argument for state funding of schools (which Milton Friedman's case for vouchers assumes) and shows why it fails.
Getting the balance right: an evaluation
Authors: Hunt Paula , Poulter Jenny , Strong Maureen
Published: October 2003

The British Meat Nutrition Education Service has updated its food guide “Getting the balance right” (GBR). Qualitative research to explore the use, perceived suitability and effectiveness of the new GBR posters and supporting booklet suggests it has been very well received by nutrition educators in the field. The GBR graphic was unanimously preferred to the Food Standards Agency’s “Balance of good health” model, which was now appearing somewhat out‐dated. The GBR materials were felt to have strong visual impact and wide appeal except perhaps for those working mainly with minority ethnic groups. Whilst prospects for the educational effectiveness of the GBR materials look promising, this can only be truly demonstrated by quantitative research. The commercial origin of the GBR materials does not seem to compromise their use as core resources for the promotion of balanced healthy eating messages.
Campylobacter jejuni and the human food chain: a possible source
Authors: Mills Anna , Phillips Carol A.
Published: October 2003

Campylobacter spp. is the single most common cause of food‐borne illness in England and Wales and worldwide. Raw meat (particularly poultry) is commonly contaminated with the organism. Insufficient cooking and/or proper storage or cross contamination to foods not subsequently cooked are the main means by which humans become infected. The organism enters the human food chain because of its prevalence within the digestive tract of livestock herds and poultry flocks but the means whereby it initially colonises these are probably diverse. This study investigated the survival of Campylobacter jejuni in animal feed and therefore the possibility that, in certain circumstances, this medium may provide a vector for initial infection and a reservoir for further spread within the flock hence providing a means of entry into the human food chain.
A need for healthy canteens in secondary schools in Mauritius
Authors: Subratty A.H. , Chan Sun M. , Kassean H.K.
Published: October 2003

The present work focuses on the assessment of the level of hygiene practices among people involved in the preparation, cooking and serving of foods as well as the quality of foods offered for sale in secondary school canteens in four different urban areas in Mauritius.
A comparative study on the synthetic food colours usage in foods procured from urban and rural areas of Hyderabad
Authors: Rao Pratimo , Bhat Ramesh V.
Published: October 2003

A study was carried out to find the type and level of food colours added to various foods in the city of Hyderabad and rural areas around Hyderabad. The majority of foods from both urban and rural areas contained permitted colours while some foods sold at kiosks contained non‐permitted colours. The majority of the foods were found to contain colours exceeding the statutory limits. Of the eight synthetic permitted colours in India, only six were extensively used. Erythrosine whose ADI has been consistently reduced by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for Food Additives is still being used. A wide variety of foods, which do not form part of the Prevention of Food Adulteration list of specified food items were found to contain colours. Constant vigilence is needed to ensure that manufacturers comply with regulations on food colours.
Attitudes towards benefits among entrepreneurial employees
Authors: Carraher Shawn M. , Hart Darren E. , Carraher Charles E.
Published: October 2003

The dimensionality of a multi‐dimensional questionnaire – the Attitudes Towards Benefits Scale (ATBS) – was examined using a principal components analysis with an orthogonal rotation and multiple‐group confirmatory factor analysis for a sample of 851 employees of entrepreneurial organizations in the USA. As previously found by Hart and Carraher, it is found that the questionnaire contains three separate dimensions of attitudes towards benefits.
“The Vital Connection”:a rhetoric on equality
Authors: Hamilton Peter M.
Published: October 2003

The paper's principal focus of analysis is an equalities framework introduced into the UK National Health Service in April 2000. This framework, called “The Vital Connection” is first contextualised against the background of long standing concerns and debates relating to equal opportunities within the NHS. In going on to examine the framework document the paper conducts a rhetorical analysis of the document which this paper treats as a piece of instrumental discourse. In doing this, the intent of the paper is an examination of how the rhetoric of the document attempts to generate support and identification in attempting to move equal opportunities further up the managerial agenda.
Factors affecting Singaporeans’ acceptance of international postings
Authors: Wan David , Kee Hui Tak , Tiang Linda
Published: October 2003

Singapore is a cosmopolitan city. With the rapid globalisation of businesses and the government's call for Singapore companies to “go global”, to what extent are Singaporeans ready to take up foreign assignments? Location‐related factors have often been cited in the popular press as one of the most powerful barriers to expatriation. This study aims to ascertain: the willingness of Singaporeans to consider overseas assignments with specific reference to the cultural distance between the host and home countries; and the relative importance of different contributing factors (demographic attributes, individual personality traits, job and community tenure, spouse‐related attributes and company relocation policy) in determining Singaporeans’ willingness to accept expatriate assignments. Results from a survey of 200 working adults reveal that Singaporeans, in general, prefer to work in a culturally similar host country rather than an unfamiliar place. For both locations, the most influential antecedent of expatriation appears to be a company's relocation policy.
The organizational implications of human resources managers’ perception of teleworking
Authors: Pérez Pérez Manuela , Martínez Sánchez Angel , Pilar de Luis Carnicer María
Published: October 2003

Human resource managers are prime decision‐makers in the adoption of teleworking. This paper shows the results of an empirical study of the perceptions of HR managers about the feasibility of teleworking within their organizations. Teleworking feasibility is significantly explained by the percentage of tasks suitable to teleworking, the employees’ involvement in task design and programming, the percentage of salespeople in the workforce, the degree of work‐location sharing for teleworking, the use of information and communication technologies, and the degree of innovation. HR managers in small companies perceive a greater feasibility than HR managers in large companies.