bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in DNA methylation with age replicate across diverse human populations
Authors: Gopalan Shyamalika , Carja Oana , Fagny Maud , Patin Etienne , Myrick Justin W. , McEwen Lisa , Mah Sarah M. , Kobor Michael S. , Froment Alain , Feldman Marcus W. , Quintana-Murci Lluis , Henn Brenna M.
Published: September 2016

Aging is associated with widespread changes in genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation. Thousands of CpG sites whose tissue-specific methylation levels are strongly correlated with chronological age have been previously identified. However, the majority of these studies have focused primarily on cosmopolitan populations living in the developed world; it is not known if age-related patterns of DNA methylation at these loci are similar across a broad range of human genetic and ecological diversity. We investigated genome-wide methylation patterns using saliva and whole blood derived DNA from two traditionally hunting and gathering African populations: the Baka of the western Central African rainforest and the ≠Khomani San of the South African Kalahari Desert. We identify hundreds of CpG sites whose methylation levels are significantly associated with age, thousands that are significant in a meta-analysis, and replicate trends previously reported in populations of non-African descent. We confirm that an age-associated site in the gene ELOVL2 shows a remarkably congruent relationship with aging in humans, despite extensive genetic and environmental variation across populations. We also demonstrate that genotype state at methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) can affect methylation trends at some known age-associated CpG sites. Our study explores the relationship between CpG methylation and chronological age in populations of African hunter-gatherers, who rely on different diets across diverse ecologies. While many age-related CpG sites replicate across populations, we show that considering common genetic variation at meQTLs further improves our ability to detect previously identified age associations.
Zika virus replication in the mosquitoCulex quinquefasciatusin Brazil
Authors: Guedes D. R. D. , Paiva M. H. S. , Donato M. M. A. , Barbosa P. P. , Krokovsky L. , Rocha S. W. dos S. , Saraiva K. L. A. , Crespo M. M. , Barbosa R. M. R. , Oliveira C. M. F. , Melo-Santos M. A. V. , Pena L. , Cordeiro M. T. , França R. F. de O. , Oliveira A. L. S, de , Leal W. S. , Peixoto C. A. , Ayres C. F. J.
Published: September 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has recently been associated with increased incidence of neonatal microcephaly and other neurological disorders. The virus is primarily transmitted by mosquito bite, although other routes of infection have been implicated in some cases. TheAedes aegyptimosquito is considered to be the main vector to humans worldwide, but there is evidence of other mosquito species, includingCulex quinquefasciatus, playing a role in the Brazilian outbreak. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally compared the vectorial competence of laboratory-rearedA. aegyptiandC. quinquefasciatus. We found ZIKV in the midgut, salivary glands, and saliva of artificially fedC. quinquefasciatus. Additionally, we collected ZIKV-infectedC. quinquefasciatusfrom urban areas of high microcephaly incidence in Recife, Brazil. Take into account; these findings indicate that there may be a wider range of vectors for ZIKV than anticipated.
Biotic drivers of seedling establishment in Neotropical savannas: selective granivory and seedling herbivory by leaf‐cutter ants as an ecological filter
Authors: Costa Alan N. , Vasconcelos Heraldo L. , Bruna Emilio M.
Published: September 2016

Herbivory has been shown to have prominent top‐down effects on vegetation in Paleotropical savannas, where consumers of early stages of life history act as demographic bottlenecks. Such impact has been largely ignored in Neotropical savannas, however, despite insect consumption being linked to reduced recruitment of woody species.

We hypothesize that Atta leaf‐cutter ants – the prevalent herbivores in the Neotropics – alter the establishment of woody plant seedlings in the Brazilian Cerrado by reducing seed availability and seedling survival. We also hypothesize that the demographic effects will be species‐specific.

To test these hypotheses, we experimentally (i) compared seed removal in areas with and without Atta foraging and (ii) compared the survivorship of seedlings exposed to or protected from Atta foraging. Both experiments were performed with the same common Cerrado species which allowed us to evaluate the potential net effects of consumers at the population and community levels.

Overall seed removal rates in sites with Atta foraging were greater than those where ants were absent (59.2% and 39.2% of seeds removed, respectively). There were differences in removal for 10 of the 12 tested species, with per species removal 1.1‐ to 3.8‐fold greater in areas with Atta foraging. On transplanted plants, 45% of seedlings exposed to Atta were attacked, resulting in a survival 7.6% lower than that of protected seedlings. Seedling survival was 11.8–31.5% lower in five species, with the largest differences in survival between treatments during the dry season.

Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that consumers can lead to demographic bottlenecks in Neotropical savanna plant species, with effects varying among life‐history stages and between species.

Synthesis. Granivory by ants has been linked to reduced seedling recruitment of woody species in the Brazilian Cerrado. Our results show that leaf‐cutter ants may largely limit early seedling establishment of woody species by reducing seed availability and seedling survival with differential species‐specific effects. Atta ants may therefore be acting as an ecological filter, which coupled with potential selectivity in foraging on reproductive life‐history stages, may ultimately influence the relative abundance of different species and hence the structure and composition of Cerrado vegetation.
Do Alcohol Relapse Episodes During Treatment Predict Long‐Term Outcomes? Investigating the Validity of Existing Definitions of Alcohol Use Disorder Relapse
Authors: Maisto Stephen A. , Roos Corey R. , Hallgren Kevin A. , Moskal Dezarie , Wilson Adam D. , Witkiewitz Katie
Published: September 2016

Background

The construct of relapse is used widely in clinical research and practice of alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. The purpose of this study was to test the predictive validity of commonly appearing definitions of AUD relapse in the empirical literature.

Methods

Secondary analyses of data from Project MATCH and COMBINE were conducted using 7 definitions of “relapse” based on drinking quantity within a single drinking episode: any drinking; at least 4/5 drinks for women/men; at least 4.3/7.1 drinks for women/men; at least 6/7 drinks for women/men; at least 6 drinks; at least 7/9 drinks for women/men; and at least 8/10 drinks for women/men. Relapse was used to predict alcohol consumption, related consequences, and nonconsumption outcomes (quality of life, psychosocial functioning) at the end of treatment and up to 1 year posttreatment.

Results

Regression analyses indicated within‐treatment relapse definitions significantly predicted end‐of‐treatment alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related consequences. Heavy drinking definitions were generally more predictive than the any drinking definition, but no single heavy drinking definition was consistently a better predictor of outcomes. Relapse definitions were less predictive of longer‐term alcohol‐related outcomes and both shorter‐ and longer‐term nonconsumption outcomes, including health and psychosocial functioning.

Conclusions

One particular definition of relapse did not consistently stand out as the best predictor. Advances in AUD research may require reconceptualization of relapse as a multifaceted dynamic process and may consider a wider range of relevant behaviors (e.g., health and psychosocial functioning) when examining the change process in individuals with AUD.
Human papillomavirus test with cytology triage in organized screening for cervical cancer
Authors: Veijalainen Olga , Kares Saara , Kujala Paula , Tirkkonen Mika , Vuento Risto , Kholová Ivana , Luukkaala Tiina , Osuala Veronika , Mäenpää Johanna
Published: September 2016

Introduction

In randomized studies, testing for high‐risk (HR) human papillomavirus (hrHPV) has been more sensitive than conventional cytology in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of HPV testing in the setting of an organized routine screening program.

Material and methods

Since 2012, 35‐ to 60‐year‐old women living in the city of Tampere have been screened with the Abbott RealTime hrHPV test. HPV‐negative women are referred to the next screening round in five years. HPV‐positive women are triaged with conventional cytology, and women with at least low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL+) are referred to colposcopy. The remaining HPV‐positive women are referred for re‐testing after 12 months, and then all HPV‐positive women are referred to colposcopy. The data from the last cohort with cytological screening (screened in 2011) is presented for comparison.

Results

A total 5637 (70%) women attended the first round of HPV screening, and 369 were HPV‐positive. Of them, 54 women LSIL+ were referred to colposcopy, resulting in 16 CIN2+ lesions found. Of the remaining HPV‐positive women, 66% were still positive one year later, and were referred to colposcopy, with 18 additional CIN2+ lesions found. The attendance rate to the last round of cytological screening was 71% (5814 women). Sixty‐four women with LSIL+ cytology were referred to colposcopy, and 11 CIN2+ lesions were found. Of the 777 women with borderline cytology and scheduled for reflex screening in the following year, 109 (19%) had ASC‐US+, and 57 underwent colposcopy, resulting in six additional CIN2+ lesions found. The total detection rate of CIN2+ was significantly higher in the HPV‐screened cohort (6.0/1000 vs. 2.9/1000, p = 0.015). However, the total colposcopy rate was 4% vs. 2%, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Human papillomavirus testing also seems to be more sensitive than cytology in detecting CIN2+ lesions in the setting of a routine organized screening program, besides in the context of randomized trials. The problem of an increased colposcopy rate needs to be addressed in the future.
T‐cell immunity in myocardial inflammation: pathogenic role and therapeutic manipulation
Authors: Stephenson E , Savvatis K , Mohiddin S A , Marelli‐Berg F M
Published: September 2016

T‐cell‐mediated immunity has been linked not only to a variety of heart diseases, including classic inflammatory diseases such as myocarditis and post‐myocardial infarction (Dressler's) syndrome, but also to conditions without an obvious inflammatory component such as idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertensive cardiomyopathy. It has been recently proposed that in all these conditions, the heart becomes the focus of T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune inflammation following ischaemic or infectious injury. For example, in acute myocarditis, an inflammatory disease of heart muscle, T‐cell responses are thought to arise as a consequence of a viral infection. In a number of patients, persistent T‐cell‐mediated responses in acute viral myocarditis can lead to autoimmunity and chronic cardiac inflammation resulting in dilated cardiomyopathy. In spite of the major progress made in understanding the mechanisms of pathogenic T‐cell responses, effective and safe therapeutic targeting of the immune system in chronic inflammatory diseases of the heart has not yet been developed due to the lack of specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers at an early stage. This has also prevented the identification of targets for patient‐tailored immunomodulatory therapies that are both disease‐ and organ‐selective. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the development and functional characteristics of pathogenic T‐cell‐mediated immune responses in the heart, and, in particular, in myocarditis, as well as recent advances in experimental models which have the potential to translate into heart‐selective immunomodulation.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc
Vascular actions of relaxin: nitric oxide and beyond
Authors: Leo C H , Jelinic M , Ng H H , Marshall S A , Novak J , Tare M , Conrad K P , Parry L J
Published: September 2016

The peptide hormone relaxin regulates the essential maternal haemodynamic adaptations in early pregnancy through direct actions on the renal and systemic vasculature. These vascular actions of relaxin occur mainly through endothelium‐derived NO‐mediated vasodilator pathways and improvements in arterial compliance in small resistance‐size arteries. This work catalysed a plethora of studies which revealed quite heterogeneous responses across the different regions of the vasculature, and also uncovered NO‐independent mechanisms of relaxin action. In this review, we first describe the role of endogenous relaxin in maintaining normal vascular function, largely referring to work in pregnant and male relaxin‐deficient animals. We then discuss the diversity of mechanisms mediating relaxin action in different vascular beds, including the involvement of prostanoids, VEGF, endothelium‐derived hyperpolarisation and antioxidant activity in addition to the classic NO‐mediated vasodilatory pathway. We conclude the review with current perspectives on the vascular remodelling capabilities of relaxin.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Progress in the Understanding of Relaxin Family Peptides and their Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.10/issuetoc
Total mesorectal excision for cancer: histological and immunohistochemical evidence of nerve removal and risk‐factor analysis
Authors: Moszkowicz D. , Rougier G. , Julié C. , Nyangoh Timoh K. , Beauchet A. , Vychnevskaia K. , Malafosse R. , Nordlinger B. , Peschaud F.
Published: September 2016

Aim

Whether or not nerve‐sparing rectal‐cancer surgery can effectively prevent removal of the pelvic autonomic nerves has not been substantiated microscopically. We aimed to analyse the quality of nerve preservation in female patients by quantifying residual nerve fibres in total mesorectal excision specimens, to analyse pro‐erectile function of the nerve fibres removed and to determine risk factors for pelvic denervation.

Method

Serial transverse sections from female patients, 64 ± 18 years of age, were studied after the mesorectal fascia was inked and studied histologically [using anti‐S100 and anti‐neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibodies]. Nerve fibres located within 1 mm of the inked surface were counted and analysed according to type of surgery, tumour location, pT stage, circumferential resection margin and the necessity for a posterior colpectomy.

Results

Twelve specimens were analysed. Per specimen, the mean number of nerve‐fibre sections outside the mesorectum was 5.3 ± 3.6 (range: 1–12). The mean number of fibres per specimen was 6.4 ± 4.1 in patients having a low‐rectal tumour and 4.4 ± 2.9 in those with mid or higher rectal tumours (P = 0.42). The mean number of fibres was higher (9.2) for T4 tumours than for T2/T3 tumours (5.0 ± 3.5), but this difference was not statistically sigmificant (P = 0.25). Patients having abdominoperineal excision, a posterior colpectomy or a circumferential resection margin of less than 1 mm had significantly more nerve fibres in the specimen (10.6 ± 1.9 vs 4.4 ± 2.8; P = .041). Fibres localized at the anterolateral rectum corresponded to branches of the neurovascular bundle, expressing rich pro‐erectile activity (positive anti‐nNOS immunostaining).

Conclusion

The neurovascular bundle is a key risk zone for pelvic denervation during total mesorectal excision. Abdominoperineal excision, posterior colpectomy and an invaded circumferential resection margin are associated with perineal denervation.
Children with medical complexity: creating a framework for care based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: Glader Laurie , Plews‐Ogan Jim , Agrawal Rishi
Published: September 2016

Children with medical complexity (CMC) comprise a growing sector of the pediatric population. They are characterized by having severe chronic multiple system conditions, functional limitations, and family needs. While CMC comprise 0.4% to 0.7% of children, they have high healthcare costs and resource utilization, and are thus a key population of interest in health reform efforts. Despite the growth in the development of complex care delivery models, there is little available information to guide the training of diverse professionals in the provision of care that CMC and their families need. We propose a new framework for analysis and discussion based on the components of the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health, with augmentation of further areas of common need identified in this unique population of children. This framework can be used to delineate necessary professional team areas of expertise, guide improvement in care and provider training, and, potentially, to reduce cost as best practices for care are developed and researched.
Bobath and NeuroDevelopmental Therapy: what is the future?
Authors: Mayston Margaret
Published: September 2016

Video Podcast: https://youtu.be/JaTpxub97xg
Gait patterns for children with cerebral palsy: proceed with caution
Authors: Novacheck Tom F
Published: September 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Rethlefsen et al. on pages 79–88 of this issue.
Interictal epileptiform discharges and cognition
Authors: Sánchez Fernández Iván , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: September 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Gröppel et al. on pages 89–97 of this issue.
Autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome
Authors: Moss Joanna F
Published: September 2016

This commentary is on the original article by Oxelgren et al. on pages 276–283 of this issue.
Head width–body mass equation: facilitating worker termite biomass estimates
Authors: DAHLSJÖ CECILIA A. L.
Published: September 2016

1. Termites are one of the most important invertebrate ecosystem engineers in tropical regions, which may be quantified using termite biomass data. However, biomass data are particularly difficult to collect as they rely on termites being weighed in the field, which may neither be possible nor convenient. Local scale linear regression models, based on termite head widths (mm) and body masses (mg), have been used in the past to estimate termite biomass using head width and abundance data. However, these models represent very limited numbers of termite taxa from single sites. In the present study, I provide one of the most representative linear regression models available based on 90 samples from three different countries (Peru, Kenya, and Malaysia).

2. Although the linear regression model under‐ or overestimated body weights of taxa with characteristic features (e.g. large heads of Odontotermes workers or elongated abdomens of Kalotermitidae) it provides a robust method for estimating termite biomass at the community level. Additionally, while there are limitations related to the general model, which may be solved by focusing on taxa specific data and the use of higher accuracy equipment, it is the first model to facilitate termite biomass estimates using the head with and abundance data only.

3. This study encourages the use of termite biomass data to gain a better understanding of termites in ecosystem processes and calls for comparative data to be gathered for the purpose of creating models that may be representative of the variability among termite taxa.
Postnatal light alters hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function and induces a depressive‐like phenotype in adult mice
Authors: Coleman Georgia , Gigg John , Canal Maria Mercè
Published: September 2016

The postnatal light environment that a mouse experiences during the critical first three postnatal weeks has long‐term effects on both its circadian rhythm output and clock gene expression. Furthermore, data from our lab suggest that postnatal light may also impact the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a key regulator of stress. To test the effect of postnatal light exposure on adult stress responses and circadian rhythmicity, we raised mice under either 24‐h light–dark cycles (LD), constant light (LL) or constant dark (DD) during the first three postnatal weeks. After weaning we then exposed all animals to LD cycles (basal conditions), followed by LL (stressed conditions) environments. We examined brain neuropeptide and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression, plasma corticosterone concentration rhythm and body temperature rhythm, together with depression‐ and anxiety‐related behaviour. Results showed that LL‐ and DD‐raised mice exhibited decreased GR expression in the hippocampus, increased plasma corticosterone concentration at the onset of the dark phase and a depressive phenotype when exposed to LD cycles later in life. Furthermore, LL‐raised mice showed increased corticotrophin‐releasing hormone mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. When exposed to LL as adults, LL‐raised mice showed a significant circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone concentration, together with a shorter period and stronger circadian rhythm of body temperature compared to DD‐raised mice. Taken together, these data suggest that altered postnatal light environments have long‐term effects on the HPA axis and the circadian system, which can lead to altered stress responses and a depressive phenotype in adulthood.
Tactics for Seeking and Obtaining Funding in Academia
Authors: Lee Young‐A
Published: September 2016

This article shares insight for seeking and obtaining funding for researchers in academia. Locating and securing research funding is becoming increasingly competitive, as funding opportunities are limited and the number of researchers vying for those dollars continues to grow. This article urges researchers to devote considerable time and effort to identify funding agencies that fit the researcher's subject matter area, to be familiar with funding mechanisms at the researcher's own institution and other funding agencies, and to build interdisciplinary and collaborative research teams with colleagues.
Leadership Styles and Collaboration Among Members of the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences
Authors: Saiki Diana , Kandiah Jay , Beard Kate , Jones James J.
Published: September 2016

The objectives of this study were to examine the degree of collaboration and leadership style related to: levels of leadership position, years of leadership among female members of the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, age of members, and types of professions within Family and Consumer Sciences. Two hundred participants were recruited through convenience sampling at an annual conference. The participants completed a printed survey. The results showed that members who were engaged in national/international positions, older than 49, and with 5–25 years of leadership experience exhibited collaborative and participatory leadership styles. The results can be utilized to understand and cultivate effective collaborators and leaders in family and consumer sciences.
The Role of Propensity to Plan on Retirement Savings and Asset Accumulation
Authors: Lee Jae Min , Kim Kyoung Tae
Published: September 2016

This study used the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) to identify the role of the propensity to plan on retirement savings and asset accumulation. Based on the theory of propensity to plan, this study proposed two comprehensive indices for propensity to plan by reducing the number of related variables using principal components analysis. Results from ordinary least squares regressions indicated that both retirement savings and net worth increased as the level of propensity to plan increased. This study provides empirical evidence and implications for the role of the propensity to plan on retirement savings and wealth accumulation.
Understanding How Family Science Interns Conceptualize Social Justice
Authors: Garcia‐Reid Pauline , van Eeden‐Moorefield Bradley , Forenza Brad , Reid Robert J. , Eckert Caitlin , Lardier David T.
Published: September 2016

This study examined the connection between social justice and internships in Human Development and Family Science. In particular, the study sought to provide additional clarity to current conceptualizations of social justice by adding the voices of undergraduate family science students. In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 family science students who completed an internship that was part of a federally funded HIV/substance abuse prevention initiative. The initiative took place in an economically disadvantaged city in the northeast. Eleven themes emerged from the data and were organized according to the sensitizing concepts of (i) conceptions of social justice; (ii) exposure to social justice; (iii) synthesis of knowledge. Implications for education and training are discussed.
Managing Frequent Relocation in Families? Considering Prospect Theory, Emotional Framing, and Priming
Authors: Spencer Emily , Page Kimberly , Clark Matthew G.
Published: September 2016

We review the evidence and impact of relocation on outcomes in child development in civilian and military families, both those who relocate regularly and those who do not. Research with broad samples of families and conventional wisdom suggests that frequent relocation leads to negative outcomes in children. However, this observation is not consistently observed for military families or for some civilian families who regularly relocate. The reasons for these differences are not clear, but maternal attitude and parent–child interactions have been suggested as a possible moderator of relocation resilience. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms or approach for promoting relocation resilience is not clear in the evidence base. Through an analysis of the limited available data, we propose that effectively promoting relocation resilience may involve three primary approaches and related psychological processes: (i) managing the perception of risk (based on prospect theory), (ii) emotional framing, and (iii) priming. These processes are reviewed and presented for further consideration in future research on promoting relocation resilience.
Experimental Design to Understand the Student Loan Decision: A Methodological Note
Authors: Cho Soo Hyun , Mountain Travis P. , Porto Nilton , Kiss D. Elizabeth , Gutter Michael S. , Griesdorn Tim
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to introduce a relatively new methodology of combining experimental design and survey data in the context of personal financial decision making. The NC2172 research team collected data online while manipulating framing effects, aspirations, and gender on hypothetical student loan decisions. The paper describes the development of the experimental conditions, demonstrates the effectiveness of the manipulations, and explains the importance and structure of random assignment of respondents across conditions. It seeks to guide future attempts utilizing experimentally designed online surveys by providing potential benefits and challenges.
The unseen invaders: introduced earthworms as drivers of change in plant communities in North American forests (a meta‐analysis)
Authors: Craven Dylan , Thakur Madhav P. , Cameron Erin K. , Frelich Lee E. , Beauséjour Robin , Blair Robert B. , Blossey Bernd , Burtis James , Choi Amy , Dávalos Andrea , Fahey Timothy J. , Fisichelli Nicholas A. , Gibson Kevin , Handa I. Tanya , Hopfensperger Kristine , Loss Scott R. , Nuzzo Victoria , Maerz John C. , Sackett Tara , Scharenbroch Bryant C. , Smith Sandy M. , Vellend Mark , Umek Lauren G. , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: September 2016

Globally, biological invasions can have strong impacts on biodiversity as well as ecosystem functioning. While less conspicuous than introduced aboveground organisms, introduced belowground organisms may have similarly strong effects. Here, we synthesize for the first time the impacts of introduced earthworms on plant diversity and community composition in North American forests. We conducted a meta‐analysis using a total of 645 observations to quantify mean effect sizes of associations between introduced earthworm communities and plant diversity, cover of plant functional groups, and cover of native and non‐native plants. We found that plant diversity significantly declined with increasing richness of introduced earthworm ecological groups. While plant species richness or evenness did not change with earthworm invasion, our results indicate clear changes in plant community composition: cover of graminoids and non‐native plant species significantly increased, and cover of native plant species (of all functional groups) tended to decrease, with increasing earthworm biomass. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that introduced earthworms facilitate particular plant species adapted to the abiotic conditions of earthworm‐invaded forests. Further, our study provides evidence that introduced earthworms are associated with declines in plant diversity in North American forests. Changing plant functional composition in these forests may have long‐lasting effects on ecosystem functioning.
Global patterns in lake ecosystem responses to warming based on the temperature dependence of metabolism
Authors: Kraemer Benjamin M. , Chandra Sudeep , Dell Anthony I. , Dix Margaret , Kuusisto Esko , Livingstone David M. , Schladow S. Geoffrey , Silow Eugene , Sitoki Lewis M. , Tamatamah Rashid , McIntyre Peter B.
Published: September 2016

Climate warming is expected to have large effects on ecosystems in part due to the temperature dependence of metabolism. The responses of metabolic rates to climate warming may be greatest in the tropics and at low elevations because mean temperatures are warmer there and metabolic rates respond exponentially to temperature (with exponents >1). However, if warming rates are sufficiently fast in higher latitude/elevation lakes, metabolic rate responses to warming may still be greater there even though metabolic rates respond exponentially to temperature. Thus, a wide range of global patterns in the magnitude of metabolic rate responses to warming could emerge depending on global patterns of temperature and warming rates. Here we use the Boltzmann–Arrhenius equation, published estimates of activation energy, and time series of temperature from 271 lakes to estimate long‐term (1970–2010) changes in 64 metabolic processes in lakes. The estimated responses of metabolic processes to warming were usually greatest in tropical/low‐elevation lakes even though surface temperatures in higher latitude/elevation lakes are warming faster. However, when the thermal sensitivity of a metabolic process is especially weak, higher latitude/elevation lakes had larger responses to warming in parallel with warming rates. Our results show that the sensitivity of a given response to temperature (as described by its activation energy) provides a simple heuristic for predicting whether tropical/low‐elevation lakes will have larger or smaller metabolic responses to warming than higher latitude/elevation lakes. Overall, we conclude that the direct metabolic consequences of lake warming are likely to be felt most strongly at low latitudes and low elevations where metabolism‐linked ecosystem services may be most affected.
Additive effects of temperature and infection with an acanthocephalan parasite on the shredding activity of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea: Amphipoda): the importance of aggregative behavior
Authors: Labaude Sophie , Rigaud Thierry , Cézilly Frank
Published: September 2016

Climate change can have critical impacts on the ecological role of keystone species, leading to subsequent alterations within ecosystems. The consequences of climate change may be best predicted by understanding its interaction with the cumulative effects of other stressors, although this approach is rarely adopted. However, whether this interaction is additive or interactive can hardly be predicted from studies examining a single factor at a time. In particular, biotic interactions are known to induce modifications in the functional role of many species. Here, we explored the effect of temperature on leaf consumption by a keystone freshwater shredder, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. This species is found at high densities in the wild and relies on aggregation as an antipredator behavior. In addition, gammarids regularly harbor acanthocephalan parasites that are known to induce multiple effects on their hosts, including modifications on their functional role. We thus assessed the cumulative effect of both intraspecific interactions and parasitism. Consumption tests were conducted on gammarids, either naturally infected with Pomphorhynchus tereticollis or uninfected, feeding alone or in groups. Our results show that increased temperatures induced a significant increase in consumption, but only to a certain extent. Interestingly, consumption at the highest temperature depended on amphipod density: Whereas a decrease was observed for single individuals, no such effect on feeding was observed for individuals in groups. In addition, infection by acanthocephalan parasites per se significantly negatively impacted the shredding role of gammarids. Overall, the combined effects of parasitism and temperature appeared to be additive. Thus, future studies focusing on the impact of climate change on the functional role of keystone species may benefit from a multimodal approach under realistic conditions to derive accurate predictions.
Sensitivity of soil carbon fractions and their specific stabilization mechanisms to extreme soil warming in a subarctic grassland
Authors: Poeplau Christopher , Kätterer Thomas , Leblans Niki I. W. , Sigurdsson Bjarni D.
Published: September 2016

Terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks to global warming are major uncertainties in climate models. For in‐depth understanding of changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) after soil warming, long‐term responses ofSOCstabilization mechanisms such as aggregation, organo‐mineral interactions and chemical recalcitrance need to be addressed. This study investigated the effect of 6 years of geothermal soil warming on differentSOCfractions in an unmanaged grassland in Iceland. Along an extreme warming gradient of +0 to ~+40 °C, we isolated five fractions ofSOCthat varied conceptually in turnover rate from active to passive in the following order: particulate organic matter (POM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC),SOCin sand and stable aggregates (SA),SOCin silt and clay (SC‐rSOC) and resistantSOC(rSOC). Soil warming of 0.6 °C increased bulkSOCby 22 ± 43% (0–10 cm soil layer) and 27 ± 54% (20–30 cm), while further warming led to exponentialSOCdepletion of up to 79 ± 14% (0–10 cm) and 74 ± 8% (20–30) in the most warmed plots (~+40 °C). Only theSAfraction was more sensitive than the bulk soil, with 93 ± 6% (0–10 cm) and 86 ± 13% (20–30 cm)SOClosses and the highest relative enrichment in13C as an indicator for the degree of decomposition (+1.6 ± 1.5‰ in 0–10 cm and +1.3 ± 0.8‰ in 20–30 cm). TheSAfraction mass also declined along the warming gradient, while theSCfraction mass increased. This was explained by deactivation of aggregate‐binding mechanisms. There was no difference between the responses ofSC‐rSOC(slow‐cycling) andrSOC(passive) to warming, and13C enrichment inrSOCwas equal to that in bulk soil. We concluded that the sensitivity ofSOCto warming was not a function of age or chemical recalcitrance, but triggered by changes in biophysical stabilization mechanisms, such as aggregation.
Liver fibrosis assessment by FibroScan compared with pathological findings of liver resection specimen in hepatitis C infection
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Aikata Hiroshi , Fukuhara Takayuki , Honda Fumi , Morio Kei , Morio Reona , Hatooka Masahiro , Kobayashi Tomoki , Nagaoki Yuko , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Ochi Hidenori , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Ohdan Hideki , Shiroma Noriyuki , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: September 2016

Aim

FibroScan is a tool for the non‐invasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis. Previous studies have compared liver stiffness to percutaneous liver biopsy findings, but no study has compared liver stiffness to liver resection specimen findings. The aim of this study was to compare FibroScan measurements to resected liver specimen findings.

Methods

From April 2011 to November 2015, a total of 114 patients with liver tumor and hepatitis C were enrolled. We divided them into two groups, the training set and validation set. Liver stiffness was measured by FibroScan before surgery, and specimens obtained by liver resection were evaluated according to the METAVIR system.

Results

Using Spearman's rank correlation analysis, a positive correlation between liver stiffness measurement and liver fibrosis stage was observed (r = 0.786, P ≤ 0.0001). In the training set, the area under receiver operating curves for diagnosis of F ≥ 2 was 0.971 (95% confidence interval, 0.928–1.000; cut‐off value, 5.9), for diagnosis of F ≥ 3 was 0.911 (0.825–0.997, 9.8), and for diagnosis of F = 4 was 0.917 (0.849–0.985, 15.5). In the validation set, at a cut‐off value of 5.9 kPa, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values for F ≥ 2 were 95.7%, 0.0%, 97.8%, and 0.0%, respectively, of 9.8 kPa for F ≥ 3 were 86.2%, 52.6%, 73.5%, and 71.4%, and of 15.5 kPa for F = 4 were 100%, 71.8%, 45.0%, and 100%.

Conclusions

The stage of stiffness graded by FibroScan has a good correlation with the liver fibrosis of resected liver specimens. It has the ability to diagnose fibrosis stage non‐invasively.
Reality of working in a community‐based, recovery‐oriented mental health rehabilitation unit: A pragmatic grounded theory analysis
Authors: Parker Stephen , Dark Frances , Newman Ellie , Korman Nicole , Rasmussen Zoe , Meurk Carla
Published: September 2016

In the present study, we explored the experiences of staff working at a recovery‐oriented, community‐based residential mental health rehabilitation unit in Brisbane, Australia, called a ‘community care unit’ (CCU). A pragmatic approach to grounded theory was taken in the analysis of the transcripts of semistructured interviews with eight staff. Convenience sampling was used, and there was representation of junior and senior staff across nursing, allied health, and non‐clinical support roles. Four key themes emerged from the analysis: (i) rehabilitation is different to treatment; (ii) the CCU is a positive transitional space; (iii) they (consumers) have to be ready to engage; and (iv) recovery is central to rehabilitation practice. Staff understandings of recovery in rehabilitation work were complex and included consideration of both personal and clinical recovery concepts. Rehabilitation readiness was considered important to the ability to deliver recovery‐oriented care; however, the shared role of staff in maintaining engagement was acknowledged. Threats to recovery‐oriented rehabilitation practice included staff burnout and external pressure to accept consumers who are not ready. The reality of working at a community‐based recovery‐oriented rehabilitation unit is complex. Active vigilance is needed to maintain a focus on recovery and rehabilitation. Leadership needs to focus on reducing burnout and in adapting these services to emergent needs.
Independent reversals to terrestriality in squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) support ecologically mediated modes of adaptation
Authors: Rocha R. G. , Leite Y. L. R. , Costa L. P. , Rojas D.
Published: September 2016

The family Sciuridae is one of the most widespread and ecologically diverse lineages of rodents and represents an ideal model for investigating the evolution of locomotion modes and the historical biogeography of terrestrial mammals. We used a comprehensive database on locomotion modes, an updated phylogeny and novel biogeographic comparative methods to reassess the evolution of locomotion of squirrels and to investigate whether these locomotion modes evolved convergently in different continents. We found that locomotion changes occurred in different independent lineages of the family, including four reversals to terrestriality and one evolution of gliding. We also found evidence for Eurasia as the centre of origin of Sciuridae, challenging the classification of the oldest squirrel fossil records from the early Oligocene in North America. Additionally, Eurasia is also the possible centre of origin for most of squirrel subfamilies and tribes, and where locomotion changes have occurred. Parallel locomotion shifts could be explained by the adaptation towards different ecological niches followed by colonization of new continents.
Consequences of mating and predation risk for longevity in a freshwater snail: abstinence makes the heart beat longer
Authors: Auld J. R. , Helker A. D. , Kolpas A.
Published: September 2016

Senescence is not a static property of an individual or population, but rather it is a dynamic process that may be influenced by environmental conditions. This can occur in at least two ways: in the long‐term across multiple generations, and in the short‐term via phenotypic plasticity. The former has attracted a lot of attention, both theoretically and empirically; the latter has lagged behind. To determine whether two important environmental variables (predation risk and mate availability) affect the pattern of actuarial senescence (i.e. the increase in mortality with age), we reared 30 full‐sib families of the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Physa acuta under four different environmental conditions and tracked individuals until death. Individuals were reared in a 2×2 factorial experiment that manipulated the nonlethal presence of chemical cues from predatory crayfish (presence/absence) and the opportunity to mate with an unrelated partner (mated/not mated). Snails that receive a partner reproduce by outcrossing, whereas those that remain in isolation can reproduce by self‐fertilization. We compared the cumulative survival curves to test for an effect of predation risk and mating. The hazard ratio (HR) for the predation risk comparison was 1.042 indicating no significant difference between the curves. However, the HR for the mating comparison was 4.021, reflecting a significant reduction in survival probability for mated snails relative to isolated snails. As such, mating resulted in a much shorter lifespan, an outcome that we interpret in terms of shifting resource allocation.
Pain Treatment of Underserved Older African Americans
Authors: Yazdanshenas Hamed , Bazargan Mohsen , Smith James , Martins David , Motahari Hooman , Orum Gail
Published: September 2016

Older African Americans who experience pain are especially at high risk of underassessment and undertreatment. This study examined patterns and correlates of pain medication use: severity of pain, medical conditions, and access to care. African Americans aged 65 and older were recruited from 16 churches located in south Los Angeles (N = 400). Structured face‐to‐face interviews and visual inspection of each participant's medications were conducted. More than 39% of participants were aged 75 and older, and 65% were female. Forty‐seven percent used at least one type of pain medication. The frequency of pain medication use according to pharmaceutical class was nonopioid, 33%; opioid, 12%; adjuvant, 9%; and other drug, 8%. Seventy‐seven percent of nonopioids were nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which 25% of participants with hypertension, 28% with stroke, 26% with kidney disease, and 28% with gastrointestinal problems used. Ninety‐eight percent of participants who used NSAIDs, 98% experienced potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use, 69% experienced drug duplication, and 65% experienced drug–drug interactions. This study suggests severe mismanagement of pain in underserved older African Americans, particularly those with comorbidity, multiple providers, and limited access to health care. The use of pain medication was associated with drug–drug interactions, drug duplication, and PIM use. The data show that many participants with severe pain are not taking pain medication or experience PIM use. One in four participants was taking NSAIDs, which can cause serious side effects in older African Americans with multiple chronic conditions.
Teaching Pain Management in Interprofessional Medical Education: A Review of Three Portal of Geriatric Online Education Modules
Authors: Madaus Stacy M. , Lim Lionel S.
Published: September 2016

Chronic pain is an international healthcare crisis that affects an estimated 1.5 billion individuals worldwide, but pain management is not emphasized in the medical school curriculum, and thus supplemental education is essential. The Portal of Geriatric Online Education (POGOe) is a free repository of teaching modules for use by geriatric educators and learners. This article highlights three teaching modules available on this site: It's My Old Back Again: An Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Back Pain in the Older Adult (POGOe ID: 21670), Computer Based Learning Workbook, Third Edition module on Pain Management (POGOe ID: 21036), and Aging Q3 Curriculum on Pain Management of Older Adult Patients (POGOe ID: 21187). These modules were chosen based on their ability to address the major topics that the International Association for the Study of Pain proposes should be included in medical school curricula: mulitdimensional nature of pain, pain assessment and measurement, management of pain, and clinical conditions resulting in pain in older adults. They were also selected for their ability to be adapted for interprofessional education and how well they integrate basic science and clinical principles.
Prevalence of Frailty and Factors Associated with Frailty in Individuals Aged 90 and Older: The 90+ Study
Authors: Lee David R. , Kawas Claudia H. , Gibbs Lisa , Corrada María M.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of frailty and examine factors associated with frailty in the 90+ Study.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Population‐based longitudinal study of people aged 90 and older.

Participants

90+ Study participants (N = 824).

Measurements

Participants were assessed at baseline for five components of frailty (low weight, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, low physical activity). Frailty status was defined as meeting the criteria for at least three of the five components of frailty. The prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older was estimated according to sex and age (90–94, ≥95). Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the relationship between the prevalence of frailty and sex, age, education level, living situation, and marital status.

Results

This study estimated the overall prevalence of frailty in people aged 90 and older to be 28.0%. The overall prevalence of frailty was 24% in those aged 90 to 94 and 39.5% in those aged 95 and older. The prevalence of frailty was significantly associated with age in women but not men and with living with relatives or caregiver or in a group setting. Sex, education, and marital status were not significantly associated with frailty.

Conclusion

The prevalence of frailty was high in people aged 90 and older and continued to increase with age, particularly for women. As the number of people aged 90 and older continues to increase, it will be increasingly important to identify factors associated with frailty that may provide potential targets for the prevention of adverse health outcomes in this population.