bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FISH EMBRYOS: PRACTICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF SIGNWICANCE TO FISHERIES1
Authors: Longwell A. Crosby.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Cyto‐embryological analyses of fish eggs collected in nature can be a more sensitive indicator of environmental pollution than more typical assays conducted on artificially‐spawned eggs. This is because uncertainties associated with artificial spawning and rearing are dispensed with, as well as because of the sensitivity of some cellular and subcellular analyses. At the same time, such measures can provide information on interannual differences in egg viability of importance in elucidating great, unexplained variability in fisheries recruitment. Extensive experience with fish embryos from ocean plankton has led to the choice of a particularly useful, practical suite of observations for different developmental stages. This includes measures of embryo mortality, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, abnormal cell differentiation, and development rate. Atlantic mackerel egg mortality has been determined to be greater in the surface waters of the New York Bight apex and along the New Jersey coast than in less polluted portions of the Bight. Chromosome abnormality of mid‐stage embryos was also greater in more impacted areas of the same water mass, as well as in the somatic cells of adult mackerel and winter flounder, and in juvenile and adult windowpane flounder caught in more impacted areas. Mortality and abnormality of the mackerel embryos showed statistical associations with toxic hydrocarbons as measured in plankton, and with heavy metals as measured in sea surface waters. The sensitivity, practicality, and relevance of the cytoembryological studies to population dynamics of resource species make this an important means of monitoring environmental quality.
USE OF IN SITU MICROCOSMS FOR EVALUATING RESERVOIR WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS1
Authors: French Richard H. , Cooper James J. , Vigg Steven
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of in situ microcosms for performing reservoir trophic studies and aiding in the design of reservoir restoration programs are discussed. The site of this study was Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada, which has experienced water quality problems associated with monospecific blooms of blue‐green algae and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletions.

In situ microcosms were used to investigate the response of phytoplankton species composition to additions of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and the phosphorus precipitant aluminum sulfate. At the end of the 16‐day experimental period, the microcosms receiving the phosphate treatments yielded the highest standing crops of algae and the greatest percentage composition of blue‐green algae. The microcosms receiving the nitrate treatment exhibited greater initial algal concentrations followed by a decline in photoplankton, which coincided with an increase in the zoo‐plankton population.

The results presented here suggest that microcosms can be a cost‐effective method for assessing reservoir water quality and planning restoration programs.
A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO ASSESS FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CHEMISTRY USING MONITORING DATA1
Authors: Fisher Frederick M. , Dickson Kenneth L. , Rodgers John H. , Anderson Keith , Slocomb John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method to partition the variation in concentrations of water chemistry parameters in a river is described. The approach consists of fitting a family of curves for each chemical parameter. Each curve indicates the response of the parameter to river flow for a particular time period or location. An analysis of covariance is then used to identify statistically significant differences between curves. Such differences result largely from two factors: (1) the discharge of effluents and (2) river flow‐concentration relationships. The deviations from the fitted curves indicate month‐to‐month variations unrelated to river flow that are controlled by factors such as temperature‐related seasonal patterns. Underlying statistical assumptions are discussed with respect to water chemistry data. The technique is applied to a data set consisting of monthly samples of 22 water chemistry parameters from the Sulphur River of Texas and Arkansas. Several patterns of response to river flow and to two effluent discharges were revealed.
FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GRAVITY CURRENTS WITH VARYING DENSITY1
Authors: Warwick John J. , Murray Willard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A one‐dimensional, gradually varying, non‐uniform, flow equation is developed to describe the movement of a variable density gravity current through a reservoir. A linearly decreasing underflow density function is used to investigate the effect of in‐reservoir density reduction on typical gravity current flow profiles. Only two types of flow profiles are found to exist for varying density underflows: Type I profiles where the underflow asymptotically approaches a horizontal surface, and Type III profiles where the underflow vertically approaches critical depth. Type I profiles pass through a transitional depth as the underflow density approaches that of the upper layer.

Results indicate that a reservoir can be segmented into four distinct spatial regions with well defined flow profile characteristics. The location of these regions allows the sketching of interfacial flow profiles along with identifying the location of transitional depth conditions. Transitional depth conditions are utilized as the logical starting point for Type I flow profile numerical computation. (KEY WORDS: density; fluid flow; reservoirs; hydraulics.)
WATER RESOURCES POLICY: OLD MODELS AND NEW REALITIES1
Authors: Cortner Hanna J. , Auburg Joe
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Policy models are designed to help describe the principal actors and processes by which decisions are made, but they also have prescriptive roles. They advance some interests over others and reflect policy biases about the nature of the desired policy outputs. Historically, federal water resources development policy could be most easily explained by reference to subsystem government (or iron triangles), a policy model that describes how local water interests, federal water construction agencies, and public works committees coalesce to effectively dominate the decisionmaking process by which water projects are authorized and funded. Using the programs and activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, this paper explains how prescriptive elements of two other policy models, administrative rationality and market allocation, have affected the traditional alignment of actors and policy outputs.
MODELING INSTREAM RECREATIONAL BENEFITS1
Authors: Flug Marshall , Montgomeiy Robert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A basic problem in the management of rivers has been how to balance the tradeoffs between instream and out‐of‐stream uses. Traditionally, the problem has been addressed by optimizing the economic benefits of flow diversions and regulated releases with instream uses as a flow constraint. An alternative method is to model the effect different river flows have on various recreational uses (e.g., boating, fishing) and then use the results as an additional function or piece of information to determine river project operations and benefits. A methodology that is based on multiobjective decision theory and that relates instream recreational preferences to river flow is proposed. The methodology consists of determining, standardizing, and combining recreational benefit functions, and incorporating potential sources of uncertainty into an estimate of total instream benefits. Thus different types of flow patterns, resulting from reservoir regulation (out‐of‐stream water uses), can be analyzed to determine their potential instream impact. The methodology is applied to the New River Gorge, West Virginia, which has been designated as a National River.
NATIONWIDE REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTING URBAN RUNOFF WATER QUALITY AT UNMONITORED SITES1
Authors: Tasker Gary D. , Driver Nancy E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regression models are presented that can be used to estimate mean loads for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus nitrogen, total phosphorous, dissolved phosphorous, total copper, total lead, and total zinc at unmonitored sites in urban areas. Explanatory variables include drainage area, imperviousness of drainage basin to infiltration, mean annual rainfall, a land‐use indicator variable, and mean minimum January temperature. Model parameters are estimated by a generalized‐least‐squares regression method that accounts for cross correlation and differences in reliability of sample estimates between sites. The regression models account for 20 to 65 percent of the total variation in observed loads.
INTERPRETATION OF “RESTRICTED VALIDITY” IRRIGATION PERMITS IN THE SVARTÅ RIVER BASIN, SWEDEN1
Authors: Castensson Reinhold , Goulter Ian C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Irrigation permits in the Svartå River basin, Sweden, are issued with restricted validities by which irrigation is permitted only in those periods when the release from the primary regulation facility in the basin is greater than 2.0 m3/s. A “risk” measure describing the expected total duration of periods in which irrigation will not be permitted in the basin under a range of conditions has been formulated and applied to the basin. The measure recognizes only the period for which irrigation is not permitted and does not consider water availability as it is not a factor in this case. Comparison of the measure with a previously proposed approach shows that it provides a better measure of system behavior. The new measure is particularly useful for transferring to the nontechnical water user or manager an understanding of how well the overall irrigation system can be expected to perform.
THE USE OF WATER RESOURCE INFORMATION: THE SECOND NATIONAL WATER ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Osborn C. Tim. , Shabman Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Despite discontinuation of periodic National Water Assessments resulting from the dissolution of the Water Resources Council (WRC), information that assesses the Nation's water quantity and quality remains important to those involved in water resource management. However, citing limited apparent use of the WRC's Second National Water Assessment, some have implied that past assessments have been of minimal value to water resource management and policy. This has led to numerous suggestions for modifying the assessment process in the belief that such changes would increase the perceived value of future national water assessment efforts.

This paper examines use of the Second National Water Assessment by water resource managers and decision makers. Based upon the individual and organizational characteristics of users, conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of national assessment use. The paper concludes that the primary value of national water assessment stems from the fact that it provides a unifying general description of the Nation's water resource situation and that it serves as a symbolic statement that a rational thought process guides national water policy. (KEY WORDS: National Water Assessment; information use; water planning; water policy; organizational decision making; logit analysis.)
MULTICRITERION ANALYSIS OF FOREST WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: Tecle Aregai , Fogel Martin M. , Duckstein Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The impacts of alternative forest watershed management practices are examined from a multicriterion viewpoint in order to select the most satisfactory management scheme. The selection process is carried out using two types of multicriterion decision making techniques: the outranking types of ELECTRE I and II, and the distance‐based type of compromise programming (CP). The process is illustrated using the U.S. Forest Service Beaver Creek Experimental Watershed in the Salt‐Verde River Basin of Arizona as an example. The desired objectives of the experimental study and the alternative forest watershed resources management schemes are transformed into an evaluation matrix of alternatives versus criteria array. Analyses of the matrix using the aforementioned techniques result in a complete preference ordering of the feasible alternatives in the cases of ELECTRE LI and CP and a partial ordering when ELECTRE I is used. In addition, some sensitivity analyses have been performed and showed ELECTRE II and CP to be fairly robust with respect to parameter changes, while ELECTRE I being highly sensitive to changes in threshold levels. Overall the three techniques pointed out that 65 percent vegetation cut is the best management scheme, while the next best is shown to be 50 percent vegetation cut.
COLD‐SHOCK RESISTANCE TO LARGEMOUTH BASS, BLUEGILL, AND CHANNEL CATFISH1
Authors: Wilde E. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Juvenile specimens of largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish were tested to determine their ability to withstand abrupt temperature decreases simulating the environmental impact from a sudden shutdown of a nuclear reactor during the winter. Temperature reductions were administered over 2‐hour and 24‐hour periods to assess the importance of the rate of temperature change and hence the mitigative value of having a holding pond with a one‐day retention time between the proposed cooling tower discharge and the receiving stream. Temperature decreases administered over a 2‐hour period resulted in much greater mortality than decreases of the same magnitude administered over a 24‐hour period. Thus, the value of a pond for mitigation from cold shock was substantiated. Results also indicated that adherence to the U.S. EPA temperature criteria for freshwater fish should provide adequate protection from cold shock.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE HYDROMETRIC NETWORK OPERATION BY A HEURISTIC TRAVELING SALESMAN ALGORITHM1
Authors: Simonovic Slobodan P. , Pelletier Patrice M. , Barlishen Kim D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The problem of determining the optimal route to operate a network of hydrometric gauges within a given area is formulated and solved by an original heuristic traveling salesman algorithm. The algorithm used for solving the problem takes into account the variation of station service time, the eight‐hour maximum working day, existence of more than one home base, and the budget constraint. The traveling salesman algorithm is used to solve the optima! assignment problem within a one‐day time limit, locating a starting base, stations to visit, and the closest home base. The ending base for the previous day becomes the starting base for the next day, and the assignment procedure is repeated. The computation proceeds from day to day, until all the stations in the considered region are serviced. The solution obtained presents the optimal route to operate a network of hydrometric gauges. The optimization procedure has been applied to the Dauphin hydrometric field area in Manitoba.
FORECAST UNCERTAINTY IN WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR OPERATION1
Authors: Mishalani Nabeel R. , Palmer Richard N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This research investigates the benefits of forecasting in water supply systems. Questions relating operational losses to forecast period and accuracy are addressed. Some simple available forecasting techniques are assessed for their accuracy and applicability. These issues are addressed through the use of a simulation model of the Cedar and South Fork Tolt Rivers, where the system is modeled as a single purpose reservoir supplying municipal and industrial water to the Seattle metropolitan area. The following conclusions were made for this system: (1) reservoir operation deteriorates markedly with the loss of forecast accuracy; (2) the optimal length of forecasting period is five months; (3) reservoir operation may be improved by as much as 88 percent if perfect predictive abilities are available; (4) the mean of the historic data is not recommended to predict future flows because Markov methods are always superior; and (5) lag‐one autoregressive Markov schemes exhibit about a 9 percent improvement in operation over no forecasting.
PARTIAL DEFORESTATION AND SHORT‐TERM AUTOCHTHONOUS ENERGY INPUT TO A SMALL NEW ENGLAND STREAM1
Authors: Mullen Dennis M. , Moring John R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Autochthonous energy input, in the form of periphyton production and growth, was studied before and after partial logging of the watershed surrounding School Brook, a small tributary of the Aroostook River, Maine. Due to infection by the spruce budworm (Chiristoneura fumiferana), the buffer strip on one bank of the stream was logged and only limited riparian vegetation was left. Though impacts in subsequent years are unknown, the effect of the logging on the periphyton community was insignificant during the nine months following cutting, seemingly due to several factors. Because only 5 percent of the canopy was actually removed, the intensity of available light changed little. Small springs in the area helped maintain a stable thermal regime, and only a small portion of the low gradient watershed was actually logged. Consequently, the nutrients reaching the stream did not change. The relatively low concentrations of nitrates (< 0.3 mg/l) and phosphates (< 10 μg/l), both before and in the first nine months after logging, reflect the limited autochthonous input, thereby reducing the effect of this limited cutting on the stream community.
WATER‐SURFACE PROFILES WITHOUT ENERGY LOSS COEFFICIENTS1
Authors: Zavesky Richard R. , Goodman Alvin S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a new method of computing water‐surface profiles, which does not require the assumption of hydrostatic pressure or of roughness coefficients. The method is based upon distributing entropy production values along a channel as uniformly as boundary conditions permit. The method requires a discharge capacity rating at a channel cross‐section within the limits of the reach of the channel. A new theoretical relationship between the kinetic and momentum coefficients for the velocity profile is used, together with a dynamic programming technique for optimal distribution of energy losses along the channel. A computer model was developed and was used to verify the methodology for flood flow and channel data at four locations.
USE OF MICROCOMPUTERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY DATA1
Authors: Grayman Walter M. , Males Richard M. , Clark Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Information on raw water quality, treatment process removal efficiency, and distribution system monitoring is essential to the proper management and operation of a water utility system. Microcomputer hardware and software systems using commercially available data base management systems (DBMS) have emerged within the last few years as an effective means of managing, analyzing, and displaying water quality data. Understanding hardware, software, and training requirements is essential to the proper use of these systems. Three types of data base design are common: relational, hierarchical, and network. Only the relational type of data base architecture is widely implemented on microcomputer DBMS. In this paper two examples of the application of DBMS to water utility problems are presented. One example deals with collection and analysis of data concerning the water quality of the Mississippi River. The second example deals with the DBMS as a means of analyzing water quality data in the North Penn Water Authority (NPWA) distribution system.
RESERVOIR RELEASES TO USES WITH DIFFERENT RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Alaouze Chris M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Releases from a reservoir may be allocated to a number of uses, each of which may require a given volume of water at a different reliability. The paper provides a method that can be used to estimate the volume of water associated with a given reliability for each use of water when the proportion of releases allocated to each use is known. These results can be used to evaluate the meeting of specified objectives under a published release policy derived by stationary stochastic dynamic programming. The results can also be used to solve water allocation problems when the probability distribution of available water is known (or can be estimated) and water has multiple uses, each of which has different volume and reliability requirements.
OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION1
Authors: Ellis Christopher R. , Stefan Heinz G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice.

Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result.

Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near‐sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING MEAN WATERSHED SLOPE1
Authors: Chang Mingteh , Watters Steven P , Sayok Alexander K
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ten topographic analysis methods were employed to estimate watershed mean slopes for 13 small forested watersheds (32 to 131 mi2) in East Texas. Of the ten methods employed, the mean slope curve is the most accurate but also the most tedious and laborious one. The method can be simplified by measuring only the lengths of five contours and the areas between these contours within the watershed with little loss of its accuracy. Watershed slopes estimated by the contour length method, the grid contour method, the systematic slope sampling method, and the simplified contour length method are satisfactory for general purposes and relatively simple. The watershed circumference‐stream length method, the length‐width axis method, the Justin method, and the regression plane method are not suitable for estimating watershed slopes in East Texas without modification.
STANDARDIZATION OF PEAK‐VOLUME TRANSFORMATIONS1
Authors: Hawkins Richard H. , Pole Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A general treatment of logarithmic transformations and standardization of peak flows on powers of direct runoff is given. Interpretation is offered in this regard for several recent works. There is no basis in reason and no justification in practice for the power standardization. All power standardizations may be calculated from the original relationship.
REAL‐TIME QUALITY CONTROL OF STREAMFLOW DATA—A SIMULATION STUDY1
Authors: Krajewski Witold F. , Krajewski Karol L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The problem of real‐time quality control of streamflow data is addressed. Five methods are investigated via a Monte‐Carlo simulation experiment based on streamflow data from Bird Creek basin in Oklahoma. The five methods include three deterministic approaches and two statistical approaches. The relative performance of the investigated methods is evaluated under hypothesized random mechanism generating isolated outliers. The deterministic method based on streamflow gradient analysis and the statistical method based on forecast residual analysis perform best in detecting such outliers.
EFFECT OF SERIAL CORRECTION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY SAMPLING FREQUENCY1
Authors: Close M.E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Methods of calculating uncertainty in estimates of serial correlation coefficients, and correcting for bias in short and medium length (less than 50 data point) records, are presented. Uncertainty and bias in the estimation of serial correlation coefficients for ground water quality data is shown to be considerable and to result in inaccurate calculation of the sampling frequencies for monitoring purposes. The methods are applied to a ground water data set consisting of 87 monthly measurements of nitrate concentrations. The variation in serial correlation coefficients with variation of record length is examined. The optimum sampling frequencies for detection of changes in ground water nitrate concentrations are estimated.
CHANGES IN STRATIFICATION IN ONONDAGA LAJKE, NEW YORK1
Authors: Owens Emmet M. , Effler Steven W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The calibration of a mixed‐layer stratification model to the complex stratification region of Onondaga Lake is documented. The short‐ and long‐term impacts of the closure of an adjoining alkali plant on the stratification regime of Onondaga Lake are evaluated with this model from the perspective of natural variations associated with meteorological variability. Chemical stratification prevailed in the lake during the operation of the facility as a result of its discharge of ionic waste. A predicted likely short‐term impact of the closure, that was subsequently observed, was the failure of the lake to turn over in the spring immediately following the closure. Spring turnover did not occur regularly during the operation of the facility; but turnover can be expected to occur regularly in the future. Other projected changes in average stratification conditions include: 1) a 45% shorter period of stratification, 2) a 3m deeper upper mixed layer, and 3) a 30% lower maximum density gradient. Substantial variability in the stratification is predicted as a result of meteorological variability, indicating that comparison of characteristics for individual years during and after the operation of the facility could be misleading. The changes in the stratification regime are expected to affect water quality. In particular, certain features of the oxygen resources of the hypolimnioa are expected to improve (e.g., delayed onset of anoxia).
MANAGING GROUND WATER QUALITY IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL ACTiVITIES1
Authors: Magette William L. , Shirmohammadi Adel , Lessley Billy V. , Weismiller Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground water quality is an environmental issue of national concern. Agricultural activities, because they involve large land areas, often are cited as a major contributor of ground water contaminants. It appears that some degree of ground water contamination from agricultural land use is inevitable, especially where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration. For this reason, and because agriculture differs significantly from point sources of pollution, farmers, policymakers, and scientists need alternative management strategies by which to protect ground water. Mathematical models coupled to geographic information systems to form expert systems can be important management tools for both policymakers and agricultural producers. An expert system can provide farmers, researchers, and environmental managers with information by which to better manage agricultural production systems to minimize ground water contamination. Significant research is necessary to perfect such a system, necessitating interim ground water management strategies that include not only a strong research program, but educational and public policy components as well.
WATER QUALITY MODEL CALIBRATION: A COMPARISON OF INPUT AND OUTPUT ERROR CRITERIA1
Authors: Little Keith W. , Lauria Donald T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A common framework for the analysis of water resources systems is the input‐parameter‐output representation. The system, described by its parameters, is driven by inputs and responds with outputs. To calibrate (estimate the parameters) models of these systems requires data on both inputs and outputs, both of which are subject to random errors. When one is uncertain as to whether the predominant source of error is associated with inputs or outputs, uncertainty also exists as to the correct specification of a calibration criterion. This paper develops and analyzes two alternative least squares criteria for calibrating a numerical water quality model. The first criterion assumes that errors are associated with inputs while the second assumes output errors. Statistical properties of the resulting estimators are examined under conditions of pure input or output error and mixed error conditions from a theoretical perspective and then using simulated results from a series of Monte Carlo experiments.
LAND‐USE AND WATER‐QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE GEORGES CREEK BASIN, MARYLAND1
Authors: Duckson Don W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Models developed in Ohio to predict water quality conditions resulting from various land uses associated with the surface mining of coal are employed to ascertain their transferability to Maryland conditions. Discriminant analysis is employed to assess patterns of association between water quality and land use variables, and predictive models were then constructed with which to quantify changes in stream quality to be expected from the changing mosaic of upstream land uses in the Georges Greek basin of western Maryland. Data collected under procedures specified by the regulatory authority in Maryland may have accounted for the lack of statistically significant results from these models. Suggested changes in the collection of data are made for the coal region of Maryland.
EVALUATION OF CONSUMER NOTIFICATION UNDER THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT1
Authors: Wardlaw Linda A. , Bruvold William H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 as amended in 1986 requires that consumers be notified when maximum contaminant levels are exceeded in their community water supply and when prescribed testing and treatment procedures are not met. A review of communication theory indicates that for the message to be effective (1) it must be received by the intended audience, (2) it must be attended to by that audience, (3) it must be understood, and (4) it must be accepted and acted upon. A review and analysis of existing research evaluating notification programs administered under the Safe Drinking Water Act indicates (1) that receipt rates have been highly, variable, (2) that attention to the message has usually not been directly assessed, (3) that levels of understanding, while variable, have usually been minimal, and (4) that acceptance, though not often directly measured, seemed higher than expected. These results, while critical of past notification programs, indicate that understanding and acceptance can be increased if receipt and attention rates are increased. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for improving receipt and attention rates, for increasing understanding, and, most importantly, for increasing acceptance and community action for upgrading local water treatment and quality.
AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION, KEZAR LAKE, NEW HAMPSHIRE1
Authors: Connor Jody N. , Martin Michael R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four‐year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake‐database utilized to evaluate the short‐and long‐term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll‐a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue‐green phyto‐plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa‐rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre‐treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll‐a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post‐treatment levels. Although long‐term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.
A PRACTICAL SOIL MOISTURE PROFILE MODEL1
Authors: Groves James R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A computationally simple, physically based model capable of generating reliable estimates of volumetric soil moisture content is described. The model requires only rainfall, pan evaporation, and soil column description by texture group as inputs, and predicts soil moisture values within as many as three user‐defined soil horizons. The microcomputer based model is intended for practical engineering and agricultural applications.
A STAGE DISTRIBUTION APPROACH TO ESTIMATING ICE RELATED FLOODING PROBABILITIES1
Authors: Burn Donald H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A procedure is presented for estimating flooding probabilities resulting from either open water or ice condition events. The methodology involves individually fitting a distribution function to water stages from open water and ice events and determining the composite probability of exceedence of any stage value. The parameters of the two distribution functions are estimated using censored maximum likelihood. The approach is evaluated with a Monte Carlo sampling program and is applied to estimate flooding probabilities on the Yukon River.
EVALUATION OF INFLOW TO MIRROR LAKE, NEW HAMPSHIRE1
Authors: Winter T.C. , Eaton J.S. , Likens G.E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Measured stream discharge plus calculated ground water discharge (total measured runoff) were compared with runoff calculated by the unit‐runoff method for the two largest watersheds of Mirror Lake for 1981–1983. Runoff calculated by the unit‐runoff method, using Hubbard Brook watershed 3 as the index watershed, was greater than the total measured runoff into Mirror Lake during periods of high flow and slightly less than the total measured runoff into Mirror Lake during periods of low flow. Annual calculated unit runoff was 17 to 37 percent greater than total measured runoff. Differences in monthly runoff are far greater, ranging from 0 to greater than 100 percent. For high flows the calculated unit runoff is about 2 times greater than total measured runoff. For low flows the northwest basin of Mirror Lake has the greatest ground water contribution compared to the other two basins. In contrast, Hubbard Brook watershed 3 has the least ground water contribution.
EARLY MORNING CANOPY TEMPERATURES FOR EVALUATING WATER STRESS IN A WHEAT CROP1
Authors: Hope Allen S. , Jackson Ray D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Several crop water stress indices were examined to determine their potential for use from a space‐based system. These indices were compared using data collected over a wheat crop grown under arid environmental conditions. Indices that required concurrent ground‐based measurements were less adaptable than the simple difference between canopy temperatures of a field with unknown stress conditions and a similar crop known to be unstressed. The results indicate that it would be feasible to develop space‐based crop water stress techniques that would be useful for scheduling irrigations.
SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO SOIL CATENAS IN ILLINOIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR IRRIGATION1
Authors: Schaetzl Randall J. , Hendrie L. Keith , Kirsch Scott W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Soil water was monitored by neutron scattering in six soils, three each within two drainage catenas in east‐central Illinois, over a 15‐month time span. The prairie soils have formed in: (1) 76–152 cm of silt loam, eolian sediments (bess) over glacial till (Catlin‐Flanagan‐Drummer catena), and (2) bess greater than 152 cm in thickness (Tama‐Ipava‐Sable catena). We characterized the water content of these soils over the total time span and for wet and dry climatic subsets, as an aid to potential irrigation decisions. Soils of the thin bess, C‐F‐D catena dried out to lower water contents and had greater soil water variability than did the thick bess soils. Under wet conditions, soil water contents in the two catenas were quite similar. Alleviation of surface and subsurface drying via irrigation would thus be more advantageous to yields on the C‐F‐D soils than on the T‐I‐S soils.
LIMNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROCKY MOUNTAIN HEADWATER RESERVOIR1
Authors: Marcus Michael D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hyalite Reservoir, Montana, was studied to determine properties of this small, montane, headwater, deep‐release reservoir relative to reservoirs at lower elevations. While retention times for waters were as brief as 12 d, the mean residency of 40 d from mid‐March to mid‐December was within the range reported for other reservoirs. No significant through‐reservoir gradients for suspended sediments were observed, contrasting to observations for most reservoirs. Thermal stratification, evident during the first part of the summer, was disrupted in August by cool, dense tributary inflows and strong wind‐induced mixing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations paralleled temperature patterns in the reservoir; lowest average values for both occurred in waters sampled nearest the outlet. Total phosphorus averaged greater than twice the total nitrogen concentrations; greatest average concentrations for both were found in the near‐bottom waters nearest the outlet. Enrichment of nitrogen concentrations in outflow over inflow waters is hypothesized to occur through nitrogen fixation by Aphanizonwnon flos‐aquae. Despite the relatively high quality of waters from tributary inflows, an algal bloom, chlorophyll a concentrations, and primary productivity estimates suggested that the reservoir was mesotrophic. Circulation of waters within the reservoir was primarily influenced by wind‐induced mixing, thermal gradients, and currents produced by the deep‐water outlet.
WATER AND WATER RIGHTS TRANSFERS: A NEW POLICY FOR NEBRASKA1
Authors: Gilliland Martha W. , Wallin Gerald P. , Smaus Ronald
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nebraska has abundant supplies of high quality surface and ground water. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1982, declaring ground water to be an article of commerce, is widely perceived as giving neighboring states easier access to Nebraska water. Some neighboring states, particularly Colorado and Wyoming, are in water short situations. Additionally, current legal restrictions on certain types of transfers within the State could be inhibiting the “highest and best use” of Nebraska's water. Thus, in 1987 the Nebraska Legislature called for the development of a new water policy for Nebraska that would promote the economically efficient use of water, yet protect the environment as well as the rights of individuals (for example, third parties) and the public.

Through an interagency study employing an extensive public involvement process, a policy to be recommended to the Legislature in 1989 emerged. The policy revises the basic definition of water rights and transfers and eliminates most of the inconsistencies in the water allocation system by treating most types of water resources, most types of water users, and most locations of use similarly in the permitting process. (The principal exception is the individual irrigator using ground water on the overlying land where overlying land is one government surveyed section; such use is not defined to be a transfer nor is a permit required.) An impact assessment would be required of most new water uses except on site uses of ground water. Compensation measures could be specified as a condition of the permit where appropriate. The permit would be issued only if the benefits of the proposed transfer clearly outweigh adverse effects that could not be avoided or effectively compensated. The policy allows for the sale or lease of “salvaged” water. It calls for the State to facilitate transfers by acting as a clearinghouse for potential buyers and sellers, and it allows the State to sponsor water projects. An annual fee to be paid by many water users, in order to provide a fund for compensation and for state sponsored water projects, was proposed. However, it met with extensive opposition. Thus, the policy recommends only that the Legislature examine potential funding programs and equitable user fees.
STORM RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAZED WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN OREGON1
Authors: Higgins D. A. , Maloney S. B. , Tiedemann A. R. , Quigley T. M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rainfall and runoff data from 485 storms during the summers of 1979–84 were evaluated to characterize storm runoff volumes (SF) and peak flows (QP) for 13 small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Storm hydrographs were separated by using watershed‐specific baseflow rise rates of 0.002–0.013 cfsm/hr. Median SF and QP were 0.0014 in and 0.43 cfsm, respectively, for all storms. Total storm rainfall (PPT) and initial flow (QI) were important stepwise regression variables in accounting for the variation in SF and peak flow above initial flow (QPI); 30‐ and 60‐mm rainfall intensities and rainfall duration were relatively unimportant. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch‐Douglas‐fir (nine watersheds), and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir‐spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain meadow, and ponderosa pine). Mean SF and QP did not differ (P=0.05) among vegetation classes but significant differences were apparent in the relation of SF to PPT and QI, and QPI to PPT and QI. As PPT and QI increased, SF and QPI from larch‐Douglas‐fir watersheds increased at a slower rate than they did from the other watersheds. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on storm runoff.
FORECASTING URBAN WATER USE: THE IWR‐MAIN MODEL1
Authors: Dziegielewski Ben , Boland John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the current forecasting practice, future water requirements of a growing urban area are often represented as the product of the number of people to be served by the water system and an assumed quantity of gross per capita water use. This paper describes a forecasting approach that differs from the per capita method in two important aspects. First, it disaggregates urban water use into a large number of categories, each consisting of a relatively homogeneous group of water users. Second, it links water use in each category to factors that determine both the need for water as well as the intensity of water use. This approach is incorporated into a computerized forecasting system referred to as IWR‐MAIN. The advantages of the IWR.MAIN model over the traditional per capita method are illustrated in a case study of Anaheim, California.
CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF THE SHOAL LAKE SUBDWISION1
Authors: Lussier B. , Mohr G. E. , Goulter I. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The techniques of conflict analysis derived from game theory were applied to the Shoal Lake water supply conflict in southeastern Manitoba, Canada. The issue of conflict is the desire of an Indian Band in the area to build cottage lots near the intake for water supply for the City of Winnipeg. The City of Winnipeg contends that such a development would seriously affect the quality of water supplied to the City, thereby increasing its treatment costs significantly. The four major players defined for the conflict are the City of Winnipeg, Indian Band No. 40, the Province of Manitoba, and the Federal Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. The results of the conflict analysis suggest that the introduction of the provincial and federal government into the conifict will not assist significantly in its resolution and that further progress on the resolution is unlikely until the results of Federal Environment Assessment Review office hearing become available.
WELFARE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATWE WATER RATIONING SCHEMES: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Mercer Lloyd J. , Douglas W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four alternate schemes often used to deal with a water shortage are: physical rationing, lifeline with increasing block rates, rationing with resale, and pure price rationing. Each of these are analyzed using a supply‐demand framework. The theoretical results are applied to a representative California water district and the welfare loss is calculated for a hypothetical 20 percent reduction in water supply for six different income classes. We find that reliance on schemes using the price mechanism in one form or another is clearly superior, in terms of welfare loss, as a means of dealing with a water shortage.
REGIONALIZATION OF STORM HYETOGRAPHS1
Authors: Bonta J. V. , Rao A. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regionalization of design storms can enhance their utility. Otherwise they have to be separately developed for different regions. Huff curves developed from point rainfall data collected at Coshocton, Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois, and from area‐averaged Illinois and Texas precipitation data, are compared. The curves are similar in shape and position, with some visual differences depending on quartile. Kolmogorov‐Smirnov tests showed no significant differences in moat of the comparisons. Where significant differences existed, they may not represent real differences due to the small number of storms sampled. Consequently, regionalization of Huff curves from Ohio to Illinois to Texas may be appropriate. The comparison of Huff curves is affected to an unknown degree both by the effects of area averaging of data and by basis. of‐development differences. The effects of observed differences in Huff curves on watershed response variables (e.g., peak flow) requires further study.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF RIVER RECREATION ON LOCAL ECONOMIES1
Authors: Ken Cordell H. , Bergstrom John C. , Ashley Gregory A. , Karish John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Outdoor recreation is a major, growing use of water resources in the United States. The economic effects of expenditures by visitors to three recreational river sites on local economies surrounding the sites were estimated using an input‐output model (IMPL.AN). Expenditure data were from the Public Area Recreation Visitors Study (PARVS). Results indicate that visitor spending stimulates a considerable amount of economic activity and growth in local economies. Economic effects include increases in total gross output ranging from $2.6 million to $13.4 million, increases in total income ranging from $1.2 million to $5.6 million, and increases in employment ranging from 60 to 292 jobs.
MODELING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF PROCESS INCLUDING LOSSES1
Authors: Wang Guang‐Te , Yu Yun‐Sheng
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Existing discrete, linear rainfall‐runoff models generally require the effective rainfall of a given storm as the input for computing the runoff hydrograph. This paper proposes a method for estimating, simultaneously, the optimal values of model parameters and the rainfall losses frem the measured rainfall hyetograph and the runoff hydrograph. The method involves an ARMA model for the rainfall‐runoff process and a nonlinear iterative technique. The number of model parameters to be estimated for the ARMA model is much less than the unit hydrograph model. Applications of the model to three different watersheds show that the computed runoff hydrographs agree well with the measurements.