bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Détermination de la densité d’un liquide inconnu par la poussée d’Archimède
Authors: ZOLA  NGOYO Matthieu , MBUNGU MBENI Esaron
Published: March 2024

L’historique légendaire de la poussée d’Archimède montre que c’est par ce principe que le savant Archimède aurait déterminé la densité d’un corps solide (la couronne du Roi HIERON II) par immersion dans l’eau.Nos investigations se sont étendues sur ce principe jusqu’à la détermination de la densité d’un corps liquide par la poussée d’Archimède. De toutes nos théories et expériences, nous avons trouvé la densité de : - L’essence par la valeur d= 0,733± 0,026 ; - Mazout (gaz oil), par la valeur d= 0,830 ± 0,046. Comparativement aux valeurs théoriques de densités de ces 2 liquides : essence (d=0,73) et le mazout (d= 0,83). Nos valeurs trouvées ont des précisions respectives de :3,5 % et 5,5%
Mental health in times of covid-19: an analysis of Colombia before and during the pandemic
Authors: Restrepo Luis Carlos , Restrepo Londoño Katheleen Johana , Zúñiga Pérez Luis Manuel , Amaya Gómez Ana Yanira
Published: March 2024

This work is framed within the study of mental health in Colombia, in which concepts related to its impact on human health are addressed, based on the perspectives of entities such as the World Health Organization (WHO), and taking into account national statistics and related regulations. The main objective of the study is to conduct a bibliographic review of research and official data related to mental health in Colombia based on two scenarios: before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. In order to fulfill the projected, the reflexive methodology was implemented, of descriptive type, making use of information sources such as: journalistic documents, research articles, Internet, essays among others. As conclusions, it could be argued that mental health is linked to various economic, social and labor problems in the country, and the Covid-19 pandemic was an important aggravating factor to increase the figures related to it
Asesmen pada Matakuliah Berbasis Sains dan Ilmu Sosial
Authors: Devi Budi Rahayu
Published: March 2024

Studi kasus dan studi literatur mengenai asesmen pada matakuliah berbasis sains dan matakuliah ilmu sosial disajikan dalam makalah ini. Makalah ini memfokuskan pembahasan pada penggunaan asesmen otentik dalam perkuliahan. Asesmen otentik yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah penilaian proses perkuliahan yang digunakan untuk mengungkap kemampuan mahasiswa secara utuh pada berbagai aspek (pengetahuan, sikap, keterampilan) melalui tugas-tugas dalam konteks kehidupan nyata. Dengan berbagai keunggulan yang dimilikinya, asesmen ini dapat digunakan dalam perkuliahan berdampingan dengan penggunaan asesmen tradisional yang perannya saling melengkapi. Penggunaan asesmen otentik dalam perkuliahan adalah alternatif solusi yang dapat dilakukan oleh dosen untuk membantu mahasiswa yang mengalami kendala dalam perkuliahan/kesulitan belajar di institusi pendidikan tinggi. Keragaman mahasiswa Institut Agama Islam Bakti Negara (IBN) Tegal yang berasal dari berbagai latar belakang sosial, budaya, usia, bahkan profesi tentunya juga  memengaruhi keberagaman kemampuan mahasiswa dalam proses perkuliahan. Melalui asesmen otentik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, mahasiswa difasilitasi untuk memahami hakikat perkuliahan, agar mereka memiliki bekal pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap yang positif dalam menunjang kehidupannya di masa depan.
Konsep Pendidikan Islam dalam Kajian Tokoh (Studi Pemikiran al Qabisi)
Authors: Ahmad Hufron
Published: March 2024

Al-Qabisi merupakan salah satu tokoh pendidikan dan seorang pemikir yang mempunyai kredibilitas tinggi dan peran yang sangat besar dalam mengembangkan pendidikan Islam klasik serta berpartisipasi dalam mewarnai corak perkembangan dunia pendidikan Islam. Ia memiliki kemampuan dalam melontarkan ide-ide dan gagasan pembaharauan yang mudah dicerna dan dipahami serta dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat luas. Pola pemikiran al-Qabisi lebih tertuju pada pengembangan-pengembangan dari berbagai sudut pandang. Terlihat pada pemikirannya tentang anak didik bahwa bercampurnya antara anak didik laki-laki dan perempuan bisa dengan mudah merusak atau memperngaruhi psikologi anak didik lainnya. Demikian halnya dengan pemikirannya tentang pendidik yang menambah kode etik atau syarat-syarat bagi seorang pendidik. Menurutnya kurikulum pendidikan bisa saja mengalami pengembangan dan diselaraskan dengan melihat aspek kebutuhan pasar atau perkembangan zaman. Begitu juga tentang metode pendidikan menurut al-Qabisi harus diselaraskan dengan usia atau tahapan psikologi anak didik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi literasi dengan mengmbil referensi dari beberapa buku yang berkaitan dengan pemikiran al-Qabisi.
Implikasi Ibadah Puasa Menurut Al-Ghazali dan Relevansinya dalam Mengatasi Dampak Wabah Covid-19
Authors: Moh. Sobirin
Published: March 2024

Akibat dari penyebaran virus corana banyak masyarakat yang merasakan dampak yang cukup berat dan kompleks. Mulai dari masalah kesehatan, kejiwaan, sosial ekonomi, hingga masalah keamanan. Upaya mengatasi masalah tersebut selain mematuhi protokol kesehatan, meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh dan menjaga kesehatan adalah terapi puasa. Ibadah puasa sebagaimana dijelaskan al-Ghazali memilki 10 manfaat antara lain adalah meningkatkan daya tahan fisik dan mental, meningkatkan kecerdasan dan motivasi dan memiliki kepudulian sosial. Implikasi ini memiliki relevansi terhadap upaya mengatasi atau mengurangi dampak dari pandemi virus corono
PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS BELAJAR MATA KULIAH BIMBINGAN KONSELING BELAJAR MELALUI STRATEGI TEAM QUIZ PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER IV PRODI BKI IBN TEGAL
Authors: Roikhatul Jannah
Published: March 2024

Jurnal berjudul “Peningkatan Aktivitas Belajar mata kuliah Bimbingan Konseling Belajar melalui Strategi Team Quiz Pada mahasiswa Semester IV Prodi BKI IBN Tegal, yang merupakan hasil penelitian fundamental ini dimaksudkan untuk melihat sejauh mana peningkatan aktivitas belajar mahasiswa dalam pembelajaran Bimbingan Konseling Belajar ketika menggunakan strategi team quiz. Jurnal ini diharapkan dapat memberi wawasan dalam dunia pendidikan tentang strategi atau metode pembelajaran yang dapat mengaktifkan mahasiswa dalam belajar. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, angket dan metode dokumentasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa secara umum, aktivitas belajar Mahasiswa Semester IV Prodi BKI IBN Tegal baik, suasana pembelajaran juga menyenangkan dan mahasiswa lebih bersemangat dalam belajar, kelancaran pembelajaran juga baik dan tertib, dan prestasi belajar mahasiswajuga baik.
FIQH PARENTING: Pemberian Nama Anak Perspektif Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah
Authors: Saeful Bahri
Published: March 2024

Nama merupakan doa dan pemberi harapan yang baik, nama dapat mendorong orang yang dinamai berbuat sesuai dengan nama yang disandangnya. Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah dalam karya Tu?fat al-Maud?d bi ah-K?mi al-Maul?d menekankan, bahwa, Jika sampai keliru dalam membuatkan nama kepada anak, tentu bukan kebaikan yang ia didapatkan, melainkan sebaliknya. Menurutnya, beberapa pasal yang perlu diperhatikan oleh kedua orang tua dalam pemberian nama kepada anaknya adalah: (1) waktu pemberiannya bersifat fleksibel, (2), nama anak hendaknya menunjukan penghambaan kepada Allah, sederhana, layak dan memiliki arti baik, (3) nama yang buruk dianjurkan diganti (4) boleh memberikan kunyah kepada anak (5) nama anak merupakan hak seorang ayah, (6) kunyah dan laqab merupakan sarana mengenalkan identitas, (7) menggunakan kunyah Nabi SAW hukumnya makruh, (8) boleh memiliki banyak nama, (9) antara nama dan orang yang dinamai ada keterkaitan,(10) pada hari kiamat manusia akan dipangil namanya dan nama bapaknya. Dalam konteks sekarang, konsep pemberian nama anak yang ditawarkan Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah sebagian masih relevan, sebagian lain tidak, misalnya proses pergantian nama, dan penggunaan nama yang lebih dari satu.
PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM (SKI) BERPERSPEKTIF MULTIKULTURALISME
Authors: Lili Hidayati
Published: March 2024

Salah satu rahmat yang dikaruniakan Allah SWT kepada bangsa Indonesia adalah keberagaman, baik suku, agama, ras dan golongan. Semua itu dikaruniakan Allah bukan tanpa sebab. Allah ingin menunjukkan ke-Maka Kuasa-an Nya. Padahal kalau Dia mau, maka bisa saja manusia dijadikan satu golongan. Selain itu Allah ingin menunjukkan bahwa dengan beragaman dan perbedaan akan muncul Rahmat Nya. Namun seringkali manusia tidak menyadari tujuan tersebut, sehinga seringkali pula perbedaan menjadi sebab perpecahan dan pertikaian. Hanya karena berbeda suku dan ras manusia saling menjelekkan dan merendahkan. Hanya karena berbeda aliran dan agama, sesama saudara saling mengkafirkan hingga menghalalkan darahnya. Fenomena inilah yang seringkali muncul di masyarakat dan itu terjadi semakin massif dengan adanya media sosial. Namun hal ini tidak boleh dibiarkan karena keragaman yang disalah tafsiri hanya akan menghasilkan perpecahan dan pertikaian yang berkepanjangan. Karenanya harus ada ikhtiar untuk menghentikannya, yakni melalui pendidikan. Salah satu upaya yang bisa dilakukan melalui pendidikan adalah dengan menginternalisasikan nilai-nilai multikulturalisme ke dalam kurikulum pembelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam di Madrasah Aliyah dengan menggunakan contribution approach, additive approach), transformation approach dan social action approach.
Pelatihan Desain Grafis Menggunakan Aplikasi Adobe Illustrator Untuk Meningkatkan Kreatifitas Dan Daya Saing Digital Marketing Warga Desa Sikapak Timur Pariaman
Authors: Gusman Taufik , Sumema  , Firosha Ardian , Rotama Hendra
Published: March 2024

Pelatihan Desain Grafis menggunakan aplikasi Adobe Illustrator bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kreativitas dan daya saing digital marketing warga Desa Sikapak Timur, Pariaman. Pelatihan ini akan membantu peserta untuk memahami dasar-dasar desain grafis dan cara menggunakan Adobe Illustrator, sehingga dapat membuat desain yang menarik dan profesional. Peserta akan diperkenalkan dengan berbagai elemen desain grafis, seperti warna, bentuk, komposisi, dan tata letak. Kemudian, peserta akan diajarkan cara menggunakan Adobe Illustrator, mulai dari menggambar bentuk sederhana hingga membuat desain yang lebih kompleks. Selain itu, pelatihan ini juga akan memberikan pengetahuan tentang desain grafis yang berorientasi pada digital marketing, seperti pembuatan desain untuk media sosial, website, dan materi promosi. Target khusus memberikan life skill desain grafis Dengan adanya pelatihan ini, diharapkan akan tercipta keterampilan baru bagi peserta untuk menghasilkan desain grafis yang kreatif dan menarik, sehingga dapat meningkatkan daya saing digital marketing di Desa Sikapak Timur, Pariaman. Metode yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran adalah dengan menggunakan teori desain, terutama dalam hal penggunaan warna dan komposisi visual yang menarik dan menonjol. Dalam teori desain, ada beberapa prinsip yang dapat diterapkan untuk menciptakan efek visual yang menarik, seperti prinsip simplicity, consistency, contrast, hierarchy, size
Neuroróżnorodność na polskich uczelniach. Doświadczenia osób studiujących: w spektrum autyzmu, z ADHD i z dysleksją
Authors: Pisula Ewa , Płatos Mateusz , Banasiak Anna , Danielewicz Dorota , Gosztyła Tomasz , Podgórska-Jachnik Dorota , Pyszkowska Anna , Rumińska Aleksandra , Winczura Barbara
Published: March 2024

Publikacja jest raportem z największego jak dotąd badania sytuacji studentów neuroatypowych, przeprowadzonego przez interdyscyplinarny zespół specjalistów z siedmiu polskich uczelni, którzy na co dzień naukowo zajmują się problematyką spektrum autyzmu i innych zagadnień z obszaru nieneurotypowego rozwoju. Opracowanie dostarcza bogatych informacji na temat przebiegu studiowania, aktywności na uczelni, doświadczanych problemów, zgłaszanych potrzeb i otrzymywanego wsparcia oraz zagadnień związanych z kontekstem społecznym i zdrowiem psychicznym.
The Hippo kinase cascade regulates a contractile cell behavior and cell density in a close unicellular relative of animals
Authors: Phillips Jonathan E , Pan Duojia
Published: March 2024

The genomes of close unicellular relatives of animals encode orthologs of many genes that regulate animal development. However, little is known about the function of such genes in unicellular organisms or the evolutionary process by which these genes came to function in multicellular development. The Hippo pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and tissue size in animals, is present in some of the closest unicellular relatives of animals, including the amoeboid organism
Capsaspora owczarzaki
. We previously showed that the
Capsaspora
ortholog of the Hippo pathway nuclear effector Yorkie/YAP/TAZ (coYki) regulates actin dynamics and the three-dimensional morphology of
Capsaspora
cell aggregates, but is dispensable for cell proliferation control (Phillips et al., 2022). However, the function of upstream Hippo pathway components, and whether and how they regulate coYki in
Capsaspora
, remained unknown. Here, we analyze the function of the upstream Hippo pathway kinases coHpo and coWts in
Capsaspora
by generating mutant lines for each gene. Loss of either kinase results in increased nuclear localization of coYki, indicating an ancient, premetazoan origin of this Hippo pathway regulatory mechanism. Strikingly, we find that loss of either kinase causes a contractile cell behavior and increased density of cell packing within
Capsaspora
aggregates. We further show that this increased cell density is not due to differences in proliferation, but rather actomyosin-dependent changes in the multicellular architecture of aggregates. Given its well-established role in cell density-regulated proliferation in animals, the increased density of cell packing in
coHpo
and
coWts
mutants suggests a shared and possibly ancient and conserved function of the Hippo pathway in cell density control. Together, these results implicate cytoskeletal regulation but not proliferation as an ancestral function of the Hippo pathway kinase cascade and uncover a novel role for Hippo signaling in regulating cell density in a proliferation-independent manner.
Decoupling of the Onset of Anharmonicity between a Protein and Its Surface Water around 200 K
Authors: Zheng Lirong , Zhou Bingxin , Wu Banghao , Huang Juan , Tyagi Madhusudan , Sakai Victoria García , Yamada Takeshi , O’Neill Hugh , Zhang Qiu , Hong Liang
Published: March 2024

The protein dynamical transition at ∼ 200 K, where the biomolecule transforms from a harmonic, non-functional form to an anharmonic, functional state, has been thought to be slaved to the thermal activation of dynamics in its surface hydration water. Here, by selectively probing the dynamics of protein and hydration water using elastic neutron scattering and isotopic labelling, we found that the onset of anharmonicity in the two components around 200 K are decoupled. The one in protein is an intrinsic transition, whose characteristic temperature is independent of the instrumental resolution time, but varies with the biomolecular structure and the amount of hydration, while the one of water is merely a resolution effect.
Linking environmental factors and gene regulation
Authors: Penner-Goeke Signe , Binder Elisabeth B
Published: March 2024

A technique called mSTARR-seq sheds light on how DNA methylation may shape responses to external stimuli by altering the activity of sequences that control gene expression.
Malondialdehyde: A Toxic Stress Marker for Periodontitis
Authors: Bey Afshan , Arrvind Arthy , Yadav Pramod Kumar , Sareen Shubham
Published: March 2024

Recently, it has been discovered that one of the primary causes of a variety of inflammatory illnesses, including periodontitis, is an excess of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). It is recognised that the host’s response to pathogens plays an equal or even bigger part in determining how connective tissue breaks down. The process of Polymorphonuclear (PMN) phagocytosis greatly increases ROS formation through the metabolic pathway known as the “respiratory burst.” Because the antioxidant defense system is unable to neutralise these high levels or activities of ROS, Oxidative Stress (OS) and tissue damage ensue. ROS can directly affect tissue through Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) damage, protein breakdown, and the oxidation of essential enzymes. Numerous aldehydes can be produced as byproducts of LPO, including Malondialdehyde (MDA), propanal, hexanal, and 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). They can be detected in bodily fluids and suggest a pro-oxidant state. MDA is a by-product created by the enzymatic or non enzymatic breakdown of Arachidonic Acid (AA) and larger Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs). MDA is the most studied OS tissue damage indicator. After it is formed, MDA can either be broken down by enzymes or combine with DNA or proteins in cells and tissues to form adducts that can cause harm to biological molecules.
Flexural Strength of Recently Advanced Lithium Disilicate Glass-ceramic CEREC Tessera: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Alayad Abdullah S , AlDabeeb Dalal S , Algoblan Ghayda M , Aldawsari Maha H , Alghamdi Rahaf A , Alqahtani Shahd M
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Ceramic materials are quickly becoming the preferred materials for indirect restorations. The improvements in digital impression technology and manufacturing processes have led to the broad spectrum use of Computer-aided Design/ Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) in the fabrication of indirect restorations. Aim: To assess the biaxial flexural strength of the CAD/CAM Advanced Lithium Disilicate (ALDS) glass-ceramic CEREC Tessera and compare it with that of LDS IPS e.max CAD. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted at the Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from September 2022 to September 2023 to assess the flexural strength of advanced LDS (CEREC Tessera; Dentsply Sirona) in comparison with LDS (IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar Vivadent). A total of 10 specimens of each material were tested for flexural strength using an Instron universal machine. The data were analysed using a t-test with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: A significantly lower mean flexural strength was observed in the ALDS group compared to the LDS group, with a p-value of 0.00008. Conclusion: The LDS exhibited greater flexural strength than advanced LDS.
Fire Mitigation Game Assisted Project Based Learning Model Towards Elementary School Student’s Cognitive Skill
Authors: Suharti Peni , Asy’ari  , Wikanta Wiwi
Published: March 2024

Cognitive skill was a needed effort for students in nowadays modern era that occurs continuously. The use of fire mitigation game application trough project-based learning was an effort to support the stage of cognitive skills. The main purpose of the research was analysed the model of project-based learning assisted by fire mitigation game in order to improve the student’s cognitive skills. The method that applied in this research was quantitative research that conducted towards 55 SD Muhammadiyah 9 Surabaya students. The participant selection was purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria that conducted by the researchers and the data collection was conducted by learning implementation observation and student’s critical thinking level test. The data that collected in the research was statistically analysed trough correlational approach (correlational research) and linear regression. Based on the research it was showed that correlation coefficient gained significances values about 0,000 < 0,05 it was confirmed that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. Therefore, based on the analysis of the research data it was appropriate with normality test by histogram graphic with bell form without leaning right or left, so that the histogram graphic was recognized as normal. It was also recognized as normal because of normality pretest based on Q-Q plot that the plots was showed the fit line, so that the distribution recognized as normal, because the data above was following the normal line. Responding the result of the analysis that conduct by significances values (sig.) in the F-Test was 0,000. Because sig. 0,000 < \(\alpha\) = 0,05 it could be summed up that there are influence of Project-based learning model assisted by fire mitigation game towards the student’s cognitive skills in elementary school.
Analysis of the Extension and Technological Gaps in Rice–Wheat Production System in Chhattisgarh Plain of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Rai S. K. , Shrivastava Atul , Thakur Risikesh , Sarvade S. , Bisen N. K. , Khan Imran
Published: March 2024

The present study was conducted under rice-wheat cropping system in Chhattisgarh Plain of Madhya Pradesh to find out the extension and technological gap in technological interventions under farmers FIRST project at College of Agriculture, Balaghat. The 60 demonstrations on farmers’ fields with a total of 24.0 ha area were selected under the farmer FIRST project. Prevailing farmer’s practices were treated as control for comparison with recommended practices. Results of two years’ data revealed that the rice crop average yield of demonstrated intervention was 41.35 q/ha over control (34.40 q/ha) with an increase of 20.19%, while in case wheat average yield was recorded 30.22 over the control 24.35 q/ha with an increase of 21.11%. The extension gap was observed 6.95 and 6.15 q/ha, while, the technology gap were 8.65 and 13.35 q/ha in rice and wheat, respectively. The technology index was 17.30% and 32.83% in rice and wheat, respectively.
Utilization of Bumblebee in Crop Pollination
Authors: Gadhiya V. C.  , Kanani M. K.  , Dodiya T. P.  , Pastagia J. J.
Published: March 2024

Bumblebees play a vital role in pollination of plants due to their large size and hairiness hence are ideal for picking up and transferring pollen. They can vibrate (‘buzz’) flowers and have no communication system but can work efficiently in tunnels as they have a better sense of direction. They are 400 times more efficient than honeybees at any pollination chore and are capable of visiting 30 to 50 flowers per minute. They are non-swarming and less aggressive than honeybees. Bumblebee generally forages during the early morning (0530-0800h) and evening (1700-1900h) time. Bumblebees are better pollinators than honeybees in greenhouses and glass houses and they have a great potential to serve as supplemental pollinators in the cultivation of crops such as tomato, eggplant, cucumber, melon, strawberry, pumpkin, cherry, sweet pepper, etc. It improves the yield and quality parameters of the fruits. In India, efforts are being made at Solan to mass rear bumble bees and utilize them in pollination. A few private companies have attempted to introduce newer species of bumblebees in India. In the present era, the global population of bumblebees is declining due to injudicious use of pesticides, loss of natural colony and mechanization in agriculture and climatic effect.
Laboratory Bioassays to Study the Efficacy of Diamides against Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) of Brinjal
Authors: Prashanth G. , Sunitha N D  , V. Chavan S.S  , Shiva Kumar V
Published: March 2024

This study was undertaken with the objectives to investigate the toxicity of insecticides against larval stage of L. orbonalis in the laboratory. Management stratagies of the pest requires frequent spraying of chemical insecticides. Due to continuous spraying of insecticides L. orbonalis had developed a resistance to different insecticides that are urgently needed to test new molecules. In this bioassay, seven insecticides such as Cyantraniliprole 10OD, chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC, flubendiamide 480SC thiodicarb 75WP, methomyl 40SP, cartap hydrochloride and profenophos 50EC belonging to different insecticides groups were tested against L. orbonalis in the laboratory. In this bioassay larval mortality showed increasing trend with maximum percent mortality observed at 72HAT. All the treatments were found significantly superior over UTC. Among the seven insecticides tested against L. orbonalis, three diamides were found to be significantly superior. Cyantraniliprole 10OD recorded significantly highest percent larval mortality (97.26%), followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (94.14%) flubendiamide 480SC (88.45%), thiodicarb 75WP (77.53%), methomyl 40SP (71.50%), cartap hydrochloride 50SP (68.04%) and profenophos 50EC (65.88%). It is suggested that diamides may be used for the control of L. orbonalis.
Synergizing Geophysical Analysis and Geotechnical for Artificial Recharge Well and Aquifer Studies: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shah M. V. , Patel U. K. , Patel Elishkumar
Published: March 2024

The harvesting of surface runoff stands as a pivotal process in artificially recharging groundwater, playing a crucial role in augmenting groundwater within aquifers. Groundwater recharge via recharge wells is one of the successful direct sub-surface methods. To pinpoint the most suitable locations for recharge wells, a combination of geophysical surveys, including Electrical Resistivity, Magnetic, and Electrologging surveys, was used. These geophysical surveys serve as essential tools for comprehending the sub-surface lithology and played a pivotal role in identifying distinct aquifers and determining their respective dimensions, thereby aiding in the precision of recharge well placement. Our objective is to review the various methods to assess the underground water storage capacity of the aquifer based on tests viz. Sieve Analysis, Soil Water Retention Capacity, and Lateral Permeability tests. These combination of theoretical and practical evaluations aim to determine the aquifer's potential for storing groundwater. Geophysical surveys are invaluable for deriving various relationships through diverse analyses. Moreover, exploring the correlation between geophysical methods, such as electrical resistivity, and shear strength parameters is essential for comprehending the strength characteristics of subsurface layers.
Darstellung von Hydroxylactamen durch Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung. 2. Mitt.: Einfluß der Salzbildung auf die Dehydrierungsrate in vergleichenden Untersuchungen mit und ohne Komplexbildner
Authors: Möhrle H.
Published: October 2006

Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Hydroxyaminen ergaben, daß die Ausbeute an Lactam bei der Dehydrierung ohne Komplexbildner fast auf 0 absinkt. Bei Einsatz von Salzen der Aminoalkohole zur Dehydrierung wurde mit und ohne ÄDTA eine Abnahme der Dehydrierungsrate festgestellt. Diese Verminderung der Dehydrierung war auch bei Aminen ohne Hydroxylfunktion zu beobachten.

Eine Herabsetzung der Dehydrierungsgeschwindigkeit durch Zusatz von ÄDTA konnte im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben nicht bestätigt werden.
Über Glucoside von Hydroxychinolinen und Hydroxyisochinolinen. 8. Mitt.: über „Glykoside von Heterocyclen”︁
Authors: Wagner G. , Schmidt R.
Published: October 2006

Acetylierte O‐β‐D‐Glucoside von Hydroxychinolinen und Hydroxyisochinolinen lassen sich nach dem Fischer‐Helferich‐Verfahren durch Umsetzung der Silbersalze der Aglucone mit α‐Acetobromglucose in siedendem Toluol gewinnen. Die freien O‐Glucoside des 2‐Hydroxychinolins und des 1‐Hydroxyisochinolins konnten durch Behandlung der Tetraacetyglucoside mit Natriummethylat nicht dargestellt werden.

Durch Einwirkung von Quecksilber(II)‐bromid in einem siedenden nichtpolaren Lösungsmittel auf 2‐(Tetraacetyl‐1‐β‐D‐glucosyloxy)‐chinoline wurden die O‐α‐Anomere erhalten. Aus 4‐(Tetraacetyl‐1‐β‐D‐glucosyloxy)‐chinolin entstand unter ähnlichen Bedingungen in geringer Menge das 1‐(Tetraacetyl‐1‐β‐D‐glucosyl)‐chinolon‐(4). Nach Einwirkung von HgBr2 auf 1‐(Tetraacetyl‐1‐β‐D‐glucosyloxy)‐isochinolin konnte das anomere O‐Glucosid isoliert und ein N‐Glucosid pe nachgewiesen werden.
Darstellung von Hydroxylactamen durch Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung 10. Mitt.: Umsetzung von Aminoalkoholen mit aliphatischer Hydroxygruppe
Authors: Möhrle H.
Published: October 2006

1‐Pipecolino‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐phenoxypropane wurden durch Aminolyse von Phenoxypropenoxid dargestellt. Die Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung ergab beim unsubstituierten Piperidin‐, β‐Pipecolin‐ und γ‐Pipecolin‐Derivat die entsprechenden Lactame. Der α‐Pipecolin‐Abkömmling lieferte dagegen hauptsächlich die Imoniumverbindung und nur geringe Mengen Lactam.
Das Werden des Kosmos Von der Erfahrung der zeitlichen Dimension astronomischer Objekte im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Krafft Fritz
Published: October 2006

The Permanent ‘Becoming’ of the Cosmos: On Experiencing the Time Dimension of Astronomical Entities in the 18th Century. ‐ This paper deals with two of the initial stages through which the dimension of time, in the sense of an irreversible development, found its way into astronomical‐cosmological thinking. The one resulted from the first consequental application of Newtonian principles and laws to cosmic entities outside of our solar system found in the General Natural History or Theory of the Heavens of Immanuel Kant (1755): Endeavoring to explain through natural causes first the peculiarities of the solar system, no longer naturally explainable through the celestial mechanics of Isaac Newton (such as the common orbital plane and rotational direction of all the members of the solar system and the distribution of the masses) ‐ which, however, had been deducible in Johannes Keplers Weltharmonik ‐, and endeavoring secondly to explain above all the beginning of the inertial movement of all discrete heavenly bodies ‐ which, however, could have been derived from René Descartes's vortex theory ‐ without using arbitrary acts of God as Newton had done, Kant had to introduce an initial state in which matter in the form of atoms was equally and almost homogeneously distributed over the whole space (similar to the permanent state in Descartes's theory). Thereupon, according to Kant, the initial movements of the slowly growing masses resulted from the effect of gravitational forces. The parameters within the solar system which had to be explained, could then be easily deduced from the process of mass concentration at different points and from the resulting vortex movements. ‐ The other initial stage is found in the classification of ‘nebulae’ by William Herschel who introduced the historical time factor, in the above‐mentioned sense, as a principle of order in addition to the outward shape, which had become common for all the different elements in natural history during the second half of the 18th century. Thereupon the different shapes of the nebulae could be interpreted as stages of development from the primordial nebular state to multiple or single stars. (Herschel had not yet considered them to be accumulations of stars for lack of a suitable telescope.)

Both initial stages, which arose out of the thinking of the second half of the 18th century, were still premature for astronomy and cosmology; they have only been taken up again since the end of the 19th century as a result of the emergence of astrophysics, which provided the empirical data for the earlier speculations and conclusions from analogy.
Kant, von Baer und das kausal‐historische Denken in der Biologie
Authors: Lenoir Timothy
Published: October 2006

Kant, von Baer, and causal‐historical thinking in biology. In his Kritik der Urteilskraft Kant set forth an analysis of bio‐causality which attempted to unite the best features of teleological and mechanical frameworks of explanation. Kant's analysis suggested that related organic forms must be materially interconnected in the unity of a fundamental plan or morphotype. In the hands of Karl Ernst von Baer these suggestions led to concrete researches and groundbreaking empirical discoveries, including the discovery of the mammalian ovum. Von Baer's theories of developmental types, germ layers and fundamental organs offered a precise formulation of the research program initially outlined by Immanuel Kant. Above all through the embryological method von Baer introduced the analysis of causal‐historical relations as the basic tool for biological research, the power of which he revealed in the formulation of a limited theory of evolution.
Britische Politiker als Liebhaber der Wissenschaft (ca. 1850–1914) — Zur Ideologie des Amateurismus
Authors: Kleinknecht Thomas
Published: October 2006

The various scholarly and scientific endeavours — comprising both arts and sciences —, which British statesmen persued in their leisure time, transcend the mere biographical aspect. In the light of the slow, yet steady professionalisation of educational and political institutions, many of them modernised or newly created in order to achieve what came to be called “National Efficiency”, the literary and scientific pastimes of men, like Gladstone, Morley, Salisbury, Balfour or Haldane, seemed soon to become somewhat obsolete. Yet, it is argued, that the often professedly amateurish activities did not merely display the traditional hobby attitude to the sciences, so characteristic of the wealthy aristocrat, but in some cases revealed a good understanding of the scientific and educational needs of society, leading up to their active advancement. The British amateurs, it would seem, were pleading for providing a balanced higher education and training, rather than going for the technical excellence of the political rival Imperial Germany, which dazzled and, at the same time, intimidated some of them.
“… daß der Liebhaber etwas Erfreuliches und Nützliches zu leisten im Stande ist.” Goethe, Soemmerring und das Os intermaxillare beim Menschen
Authors: Wenzel Manfred
Published: October 2006

Goethe's theoretical comments on the acknowledgement of the natural sciences dilettante differ considerably from his own experiences in this role (Farbenlehre, Zwischenkieferknochen) of dilettante. Therefore, it seems necessary to raise general questions on the concept: dilettante of natural sciences during Goethe's time, furthermore, on the characterization and labeling of such a dilettante in an historical‐scientific context. This is especially important since up to the present time this particular problem has hardly ever been examined. In addition, there is a summary of an historical case study, the discovery of the human intermaxillary bone by Goethe and of the specialists' reactions on this discovery, especially that of Soemmerring.
Zum Verhältnis von Religion und Zoologie im 17. Jahrhundert (William Harvey, Nathaniel Highmore, Jan Swammerdam)
Authors: Bäumer Änne
Published: October 2006

Jan Swammerdam was one of the first scientists to do biological research on the basis of physico‐theology. He was a very religious man and thought that by studying the secrets of nature he could best serve the Almighty God. He saw his life's work in demostrating the importance of God in the world of the smallest animals. The most important works of Swammerdam refer to the world of the insects and other lower animals, which he called the „legions of the God of Israel”︁, through which God tells mankind to recognize their sins, to desist from them and to honour him with greater humility. „The miracles of nature”︁ he said „are an open bible, which everywhere points to God as its eternal origin.”︁ This is one of the reasons for the title of the work Biblia naturae. It was Swammerdam's declared aim to demonstrate that the insects were no less perfect than the higher animals. Therefore, he tried to refute all three arguments used by his contemporaries to show up the difference between the higher animals and the insects: 1. insects were believed to have no inner anatomy; 2. they were thought to originate by spontanous generation; 3. development occurred through „metamorphosis”︁. Swammerdam succeeded in refuting all three arguments by exact studies of the nature and development of the insects. Most important for him was his aim to demonstrate that even the structure and the development of the smallest of animals demonstrate that they could only be made by God himself. Science as God's worship must be strictly objective, he said, because only than could one understand the laws of nature and in this way the real nature of God himself.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled drugs of abuse for use as internal standards in quantification by selected ion monitoring. I. Methamphetamine; 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐methylamphetamine (DOM); phencyclidine (PCP); and methaqualone
Authors: Fentimanjr Allison F. , Foltz Rodger L.
Published: October 2006

Four deuterium‐labelled compounds were prepared for use as internal standards in the quantification of methamphetamine, DOM, PCP, and methaqualone at low levels in body fluids by selected ion monitoring. The need for standards containing more than three deuterium atoms per molecule and having high isotopic purity is discussed.
Specific 14c‐labeled surfactants. The addition of homogeneous polyoxyethylene glycols to 2,6,8‐trimethyl‐4‐nonanol
Authors: Tanaka F. S. , Wien R. G. , Stolzenberg G. E.
Published: October 2006

Two molecularly homogeneous nonionic detergents with specific‐14C labeling were prepared. Polyoxyethylene glycols of six and nine ethylene oxide units were coupled to 2,6,8‐trimethyl‐4‐nonanol (TMNOH). The radioactive label was in the first ethylene oxide unit attached to the alkyl moiety, TMNOCH2*CH2(OCH2 CH2)nOH. All react ions employed in this synthesis gave good to excellent results. Two routes were developed for the reduction of an alkoxyacetic acid intermediate to the corresponding alcohol, and both methods gave excellent yields. The overall yields for TMN(OCH2CH2)6OH and TMN(OCH2CH2)9OH were 4Z and 33 per cent, respectively.
Preparation of tritiated substituted estratrienes
Authors: Fraser A. D. , Clark S. J. , Wotiz H. H.
Published: October 2006

2,4‐Dibromo‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,6β,17β‐triol, 2,4‐dibromo‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,7α,17β‐triol and 2,4‐dibromo‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,16β,17β‐triol were prepared by bromination with N‐bromosuccinimide. 2,4‐Diiodo‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3,7α,17β‐triol, 2,4‐diiodo‐1,3,5 (10)‐estratriene‐3,11β,17β‐triol and 2,4‐diiodo‐1,3,5(10)‐estratriene‐3, 16α‐diol were formed by direct iodination with I2. Hydrogenolysis of the dihalo estrogen derivatives by tritium gas over 5% palladium/Al2O3 gave the 2,4‐tritiated parent compounds in good yield with high specific activity.
Preparation of 3H‐labeled ochratoxins
Authors: Chang Fred C. , Chu F. S.
Published: October 2006

3H‐Ochratoxins A, B, and C were obtained by tritiation of the toxins with tritiated water in acetic acid and platinum at 80° C overnight. The toxins were purified by solvent partition and thin layer chromatography with the recovery yield being 80% and the specific activity being 2.6 – 3.0 Ci/mmol. Hydrolysis of 3H‐ochratoxin A with carboxypeptidase A revealed that 80.9% of the tritium in ochratoxin A molecule distributed on the phenylalanine residue with only 19.1% in ochratoxin a moiety.
The synthesis of 2‐chlorobiphenyl‐1′,2′,3′,4′,5′,6′‐14c6, [1]
Authors: Reichardt Paul B. , Schuttner Scott E.
Published: October 2006

Modification of the traditional. Gomberg reaction conditions provides a simple, economical. route to 2‐chlorobiphenyl‐1′,2′,3′,4′,5′,6′‐14C6 (I). The reaction of benzene‐U‐14C6 with an excess of the diasonium salt from 2‐chloroaniline produces 14C‐labelled I in 10% radiochemical. yield. This method should be applicable to the preparation of any chlorinated biphenyl having one unsubstituted ring.
Synthesis of tritium‐labelled d.l‐coniine
Authors: Just Wilhelm W. , Böhnisch Volker , Werner Gottfried
Published: October 2006

D.l‐Coniine was labelled with tritium in the ring by catalytic hydrogenation of 2‐propylpyridine using Adams‐catalyst in the presence of acetic acid.
Synthese d'une pyridazine d'interet therapeutique, marquee au carbone 14: Dichlorhydrate de morpholinoethylamino‐3 methyl‐4 phenyl‐6 pyridazine 14C‐6 (30,038 CB)
Authors: Pichat L. , Beaucourt J. P. , Krausz F. , Moulineau C.
Published: October 2006

Benzoyl chloride‐714C is condensed with tris(trimethylsilyl) 1‐lithio‐1,1,2 propane tricarboxylate, which after hydrolysis gives rise to a 66% yield of 2‐methyl‐3‐(benzoyl‐7‐14C) propionic acid. After cyclisation with hydrazine, followed by treatment with bromine in acetic acid, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐6‐phenyl pyndazine 6‐14C is secured in a 77% yield. This hydroxypyridazine treated with POCl3 gave a 90% yield of 90 % pure 4‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐3‐chloropyndazine 6‐14C; The latter treated with 2‐morpholino‐1‐aminoethane in presence of sodium iodide has given 3‐morpholinoethylamino 4‐methyl 6‐phenylpyndazine 6‐14C. The overall yield based on barium carbonate 14C is 16.7 % (specific activity 18.5 mCi/mMole).
Labelling of an anti‐inflammatory agent with carbon‐14, synthesis of 5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxybenzoyl) indole‐2‐14C‐3‐acetic acid
Authors: Nakatsuka Iwao , Hazue Masaaki , Makari Yoshiaki , Kawahara Kazuo , Endo Michio , Yoshitake Akira
Published: October 2006

5‐Methoxy‐2‐methyl‐1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxybenzoyl)indole‐3‐acetic acid (ID‐955)(I), a new anti‐inflammatory agent, was labelled with carbon‐14 at C‐2 position of indole nucleus for the use of metabolic studies. The procedure used is shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Levulinic‐4‐14C acid was synthesized in 57% yield by condensation of ethyl acetoacetate‐3‐14C with ethyl bromoacetate and subsequent decarboxylation with hydrochloric acid. Reaction of III with N1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxybenzoyl)‐4‐methoxyphenylhydrazine (II) gave ID‐955‐2‐14C (I) in 58% yield. A total of 10.6 mCi of pure ID‐955‐2‐14c (I) was obtained, representing 25% radiochemical yield from sodium acetate‐1‐14C.
Synthesis of 2,4‐diamino‐6‐piperidinylpvrimidine‐3‐oxide‐3′,4′,;5′‐3h(n) tritiated minoxidil
Authors: Gilbertson Terry J.
Published: October 2006

Minoxidil‐3′,4′,;5′‐3H(N), 25.6 Ci/mM. has been synthesized by the reaction of piperidine‐3,4,5‐3H(N) with 2,4‐diamino‐6‐chloro‐pyrimidine‐3‐oxide. Purification was by paper chromatography. Minoxidil prepared in this way was shown to be suitable for radioimmunoassay and was stable for six months stored in MeOH at 4° C.
The synthesis of 2,6‐dichlorobenzylidene aminoguanidine acetate [α‐14C]
Authors: Sisenwine Samuel F. , Tio Cesario O. , Ahern Jenny
Published: October 2006

2,6‐Dichlorobenzylidene aminoguanidine acetate, a new antihypertensive agent, was labelled with 14C at the benzal position for metabolic studies. The key reaction involved the reduction of the sterically hindered 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile [cyano‐14C] with lithium aluminum hydride to 2,6‐dichlorobenzaldehyde [carbonyl‐14C]. The labelled nitrile was prepared by a Sandmeyer reaction employing 2,6‐dichloroaniline and K14CN. Further reaction of the labelled aldehyde with aminoguanidine bicarbonate produced the desired radioactive drug.
Preparation of nicotinic‐5‐2H acid from 5‐bromonicotinic acid
Authors: Clark Brian R.
Published: October 2006

Methyl nicotinate‐5‐2H was prepared in dry tetrahydrofuran by palladium‐catalyzed deuterolysis of methyl 5‐bromonicotinate. Acid hydrolysis of the crude reaction mixture resulted in a 92% yield of deuterium‐labeled nicotinic acid of which 80 mole% was nicotinic‐5‐2H acid and 12 mole% was nicotinic‐5‐2H acid containing an additional deuterium atom elsewhere in the molecule. The structure assignment was based on the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
The preparation of 14C‐labelled 6‐nbutyl‐2,8‐dicarboxy‐4,10‐dihydroxy‐1,7‐phenanthroline (ICI 74,917)
Authors: Bigg D. C. H.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 6‐nbutyl‐2,8‐dicarboxy‐4,10‐dihydroxy(3,9‐14C)‐1,7‐phenanthroline (ICI 74,917) from ethyl acetate‐2‐14C is described. The overall radiochemical yield was 12%, at a specific activity of 29.7 μCi/mg.
A high yield synthesis of 13C‐ and 14C‐labeled diethyl carbonate
Authors: Porter William R. , Spitznagle Larry A. , Trager William F.
Published: October 2006

Labeled silver carbonate was prepared from barium carbonate‐13C or ‐14C and aqueous silver nitrate in 95 to 100% yield. Diethyl carbonate‐13C or ‐14C was generated in 60 to 85% overall yield by treatment of labeled silver carbonate with ethyl iodide and tetraethylammonium iodide in dimethylformamide. The effects of alterations in reaction time, metal ion, solvent and catalyst were investigated.
Synthesis of 14C‐labeled antitumor agents. I. Synthesis of the ring‐ and side‐chain‐14C‐labeled DL‐4,4′‐propylenedi‐2,6‐piperazinediones
Authors: Lin Ying‐Tsung , Leaffer M. A. , Tanabe Masato
Published: October 2006

The ring‐ and side‐chain‐14C‐labeled DL‐4,4′‐propylenedi‐2,6‐piperazinediones (I) were synthesized from chloroacetic acid‐1‐14C in two steps and from DL‐analine‐1‐14C in six steps, respectively. The radiochemical yield for the ring labeling was 24.5%; for the side‐chain labeling it was 13.7%. In the side‐chain labeling, the synthesis involved a new method for preparing DL‐proprylenediamine from DL‐alaninamide.
Synthesis of tritium labeled 1‐methyl‐4‐[4‐(7‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐quinolyl)‐aminobenzoyl]piperazine and derivatives
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P.
Published: October 2006

Deuteration of p‐aminobenzoic acid hydrochloride (PAB·HCl) was studied to provide a model for tritiating PAB‐HCl. Tritium labeled PAB·HCl was used as the starting material for the synthesis of tritium labeled 1‐methyl‐4‐[4‐(7‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐quinolyl)aminobenzoyl]piperazine (Ic) and the corresponding 1‐demethyl compound (Id) and 1‐oxide (II).
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled 1,4‐benzodiazepines. III. 2‐allyloxy‐amino‐7‐chloro‐5‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐3h‐l,4‐benzodiazepine‐2‐14C, 8‐chloro‐1‐dimethylamino‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐4H‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐a][1,4]benzodiazepine‐3a‐14C, and 8‐chloro‐2,4‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐1H‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐a] [1,4]benzodiazepin‐l‐one‐3a‐14
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P. , Johnson Tommy D.
Published: October 2006

A group of radioactive 1,4‐benzodiazepine derivatives have been synthesized from glycine‐1‐14C. The subject compounds are labeled with carbon‐14 in the 2‐position of the 1,4‐benzodiazepine ring system.
Synthese du chloro‐7 nitro‐4 benzooxa‐2 diazole‐1,3 uniformement marque au carbone‐14: Chlorure DE NBD‐14C (U) “chloro ‐ 4 nitro‐7 benzofurazane 14C (U)”
Authors: Noel Jean‐Pierre , Pichat Louis
Published: October 2006

The little compound, a useful reagent in biochemistry, has been synthasised in 14 steps from barium carbonate 14C via benzene 14C‐U, through aniline 14C‐U, p‐aminobenzene oulfamide 14C‐U and 2, 6 dichloroaniline 14 C(U). The axidation of the latter into 2,6 dichloronitrosobenzene 14 C(U) is best performed with m‐chloro peroxybenoic acid; other reagents reported in the literature give rise to substantial amounts of 2,6 dichloronitrobenzene 14 C‐U. Sodium axide and the 2,6 dichloronitrosobenzene 14 C(U) give p‐chlorobenzfurazane‐14 C(U). Nitration of the latter is conveniently obtained with the complex: trifluoromethan sulfonic acid + nitric acid which gives NBD, chloride 14 C(U) with a 96 % yield. The overall yield is 14% basen on Ba 14 CO3. Specific activity: 199 mci/mMoLe ‐ Schelf‐life at − 20°C, as liophilised power kept under vaccum, so for has been good.
The preparation of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐[2‐14C]thiazol‐4‐ylacetic acid [I.C.I. 54,450]
Authors: White D. F. , Burns J.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐[2‐14C]thiazol‐4‐ylacetic acid [I.C.I. 54,450] from potassium [14C] cyanide in six stages is described. The overall radioachemical yield of product, at a specific activity of 12.56 μCi/mg, was 22.2%.