bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Neuroinflammation
Authors: Gorica Era , Calderone Vincenzo
Published: February 2021

:

Neuroinflammation is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses localized
within the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset of several neurodegenerative
disorders and is considered a typical feature of these disorders. Microglia perform
primary immune surveillance and macrophage-like activities within the central nervous system. Activated
microglia are predominant players in the central nervous system response to damage related
to stroke, trauma, and infection. Moreover, microglial activation per se leads to a proinflammatory
response and oxidative stress. During the release of cytokines and chemokines, cyclooxygenases
and phospholipase A2 are stimulated. Elevated levels of these compounds play a significant role in
immune cell recruitment into the brain. Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the
production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. In turn, arachidonic acid is biotransformed
through different routes into several mediators that are endowed with pivotal roles in the
regulation of inflammatory processes. Some experimental models of neuroinflammation exhibit an
increase in cyclic phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin
D2, or prostacyclin. However, findings on the role of the prostacyclin receptors have revealed
that their signalling suppresses Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, other in
vitro evidence suggests that prostaglandin E2 may inhibit the production of some inflammatory cytokines,
attenuating inflammatory events such as mast cell degranulation or inflammatory
leukotriene production. Based on these conflicting experimental data, the role of arachidonic acid
derivatives in neuroinflammation remains a challenging issue.
Covid-19 Pandemi Mücadelesinde Kadıköy İlçe Sağlık Müdürlüğünün Organizasyonel Yapısı
Authors: ERDEM Binnur , DEMİR YILDIRIM Ayça , ERDEM Feyzanur , YILMAZ ESENCAN Tuğba , UYAR Neslihan
Published: February 2021

Filyasyon, kelime anlamı itibariyle, bulaşıcı hastalıklarda kaynağı bulmak demektir. Daha geniş anlamıyla vakanın bildirimi sonrasında kaynağın ve etkenin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışma yapılması ve/veya temaslılar dahil koruma ve kontrol önlemlerinin alınmasıdır. COVİD-19 pandemi mücadelesinde; salgının başından itibaren İlçe Sağlık Müdürlükleri tarafından filyasyon ekipleri oluşturulmuş, olası ve kesin vakaların değerlendirmesi, numune alınması ve ilaç verilmesi gibi işlemler başarıyla yürütülmüştür.Ülkemiz, tarih boyunca birçok salgın hastalıkla mücadele etmiş ve bu mücadelelerde de büyük başarılar kaydetmiştir. Bu başarıları elde etmede nasıl bir yol izlendiği, çalışma haritası ve salgınlarla mücadele eden kahramanların nasıl çalıştığını anlatan literatür, bireysel mücadele ya da dernek ve kuruluşların öyküleriyle sınırlıdır. Bu derleme ile pandemiyle mücadelede İlçe Sağlık Müdürlüklerinin, sağlık hizmet sunucusu olan ve özveriyle çalışan sağlık çalışanlarının rolünün tarihe bir not olarak düşülmesi amacıyla literatüre katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
OPTIMASI PENAMBAHAN KITOSAN DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN TERHADAP FISIKOKIMIA CABAI KERITING (Capsicum Annuum L.) MENGGUNAKAN RSM
Authors:   Universitas Brawijaya Malang, Perkasa Benediktus Hendra ,   Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, Kusnadi Joni ,   Universitas Brawijaya Malang, Murtini Erni Sofia ,   Universitas Brawijaya Malang
Published: February 2021

Cabai adalah produk hortikultura yang cepat rusak. Produk tersebut dapat rusak akibat dari pengaruh fisik, kimiawi, mikrobiologi, dan fisiologis. Kerusakan tidak bisa dihentikan namun dapat dikurangi dengan cara pemberian kitosan sebagai pengawet. Kitosan merupakan pengawet alami yang tidak beracun dan berfungsi sebagai pelapis produk yang aman untuk kesehatan. Dalam penelitian berikut, optimasi konsentrasi kitosan, lama waktu perendaman kitosan dan lama waktu penyimpanan cabai merah keriting pada suhu ruang untuk menghasilkan warna, tekstur dan susut bobot dianalisis menggunakan metode RSM dan perangkat lunak Design Expert D.X 7.5.1 trial (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) serta analisis ANOVA dan uji lanjut Fisher dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% menggunakan software MINITAB. Konsentrasi optimasi perlakuan terbaik yaitu konsentrasi kitosan 2.22%, lama perendaman 10.52 menit dan lama penyimpanan 13.65 hari menghasilkan susut bobot 5.80%, warna a+ 34.20 dan tekstur 17.06 N.
PROCESSING BILIMBI INTO JUMBO RAISIN WITH DIFFERENT SUGAR ADDITIONS
Authors:   Politeknik Negeri Tanah Laut, Lestari Ema , Ilmannafian Adzani Ghani ,   Politeknik Negeri Tanah Laut, Saripah Saripah ,   Politeknik Negeri Tanah Laut
Published: February 2021

Based on its nutritional content, bilimbi contains high vitamin C, high water content, and has a relatively short shelf life. This study aimed to make jumbo raisins to produce raisins preferred by consumers, and analyze its quality based on its water content, vitamin C content, and the level of panelist acceptance. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) single factor with variations of concentration of sugar solution (50%, 75% and 100%). The quality tests were including water content by drying using an oven, vitamin C content by iodometry, and the level of acceptance through organoleptic tests (taste, color and aroma). The results showed that bilimbi raisin with 100% sugar is preferred by panelists based on its taste (score 3) and aroma (score 3), and had a water content of 11.91% and vitamin C content of 5.13 mg / 100 g.
PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG TULANG IKAN PATIN DAN TEPUNG TULANG IKAN TUNA UNTUK PEMBUATAN COOKIES
Authors:   Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran, Pangestika Widya , Putri Fitria Widyasari ,   Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran, Arumsari Kusuma ,   Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Pangandaran
Published: February 2021

Limbah tulang ikan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tepung tulang ikan untuk bahan tambahan dalam pembuatan cookies kaya kalsium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil rendemen, tingkat penerimaan konsumen, kadar kalsium, serta daya simpan cookies. Penambahan tepung tulang ikan patin P1 (8%); P2 (16%); P3 (24%) dan tuna T1 (8%); T2(16%); T3 (24%) dilakukan sebagai substitusi tepung terigu. Cookies tanpa penambahan tepung tulang ikan (K) juga dibuat pada penelitian ini. Dari hasil perhitungan, diketahui rendemen tepung tulang ikan patin dan tuna, masing-masing sebesar 38.6% dan 43.6%. Tingkat penerimaan konsumen dilihat dari uji hedonik dimana diketahui bahwa cookies tanpa penambahan tepung tulang ikan (K) adalah yang paling disukai konsumen, dengan rata-rata 7.5. Kandungan kalsium pada cookies tulang ikan patin (P1) dan tuna (T1) adalah 47.7 mg/100 g dan 120.2 mg/100 g. Setelah 14 minggu penyimpanan, diketahui bahwa seluruh parameter sensori cookies tulang ikan patin dan tulang ikan tuna tidak berubah secara signifikan.
Improvements to Linear and Nonlinear Models of Machine Key Components
Authors: Ji Chan Yum
Published: February 2021

Precision machinery has come a long way over the years. Factories that once relied on manpower now use machines, and this development has brought with it innumerable benefits including improvements to accuracy, repeatability, productivity and efficiency. Naturally, though, machines
are imperfect in that precision of a batch of machines vary slightly. On top of that, machines experience wear and tear or even break-downs. These unpredictable events can be costly to manufacturers. This is why research to better understand factors that affect a machine's precision is important.
This knowledge can be used to reduce the issues that occur with machine tools and thereby maximise the efficiency and quality of production. This is the goal of Dr Yum-Ji Chan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan. His research on vibration engineering,
structural dynamics and the dynamics of rotors is seeking to better understand machine tools and, in doing so, improve their performance. He believes more research is required to understand the behaviour of specific components in machine tools, and he is seeking to fill this gap in knowledge.
This involves understanding the vibration phenomena that occur in components in machine tools and, to do so, Chan and his team are producing accurate dynamic behaviour in machine tool models. This will, in turn, enable researchers to develop virtual machine tools that can monitor the condition
of machines.
Examination and international comparison of effectiveness of techno-animism concept in social acceptance of AI and robots
Authors: Sakura Osamu
Published: February 2021

Technology is shaped by its builders and research efforts are now underway to make sure that technology works for societies and all of its members with a focus on Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Professor Osamu Sakura is heading up a project at the Interfaculty Initiative in Information
Studies at the University of Tokyo, to address this, his team are researching the social and cultural impacts on emerging technology.
Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) system research - Edutab box
Authors: Takahashi Hirotaka
Published: February 2021

Collaborative/active learning has proven to be an effective educational method. It involves groups of two or more learners working together to solve a problem or complete a task and the benefits are numerous. For example, it enhances problem-solving skills, inspires critical thinking,
improves social interactions and helps in the development of self-management skills and oral communication skills, to name but a few. There is potential to further enhance these benefits using information and communications technology (ICT). Professor Hirotaka Takahashi has spent his career
looking at a wide range of topics, including adaptive data analysis methods, information theory, gravitational wave physics and astronomy. His current work centres around computer-supported collaborative/active learning (CSCL) systems, which he is seeking to further develop by collaborating
with experts in data science, ICT system development and education. Specifically, Takahashi is working with experts to develop a CSCL system/software called the 'Edutab Box'.
Novel printing techniques to print flexible radio frequency devices such as antennas
Authors: King Simon George , Tariq Malik Bilal , Giannak Pavlos , Shkunov Maxim
Published: February 2021

Energy harvesting devices such as solar panels and wind generators collect energy sources and convert them to generate power. Such devices are economical and efficient and also allow energy to be generated and devices and applications powered in places without conventional power sources,
such as underwater. Energy harvesting also has the potential to be used to satisfy the need for energy autonomy that autonomous electronics, the Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices demand. At the University of Surrey, UK, Dr Simon King is collaborating with Dr Bilal Malik, Dr Maxim
Shkunov and Dr Pavlos Giannakou on a project called flexible smart SURFaces for Augmented indoor communicationS (SURFAS) to design energy harvesting surfaces (antennas) for zero-power consuming electronic devices. Each team member has their own speciality and all share the common goal of revolutioning
the ways that devices access and consume energy. The goal is to reduce energy consumption and provide cost benefits. Part of the team's current work involves the use of novel printing techniques to fabricate flexible radio frequency (RF) devices, such as rectifying antennas. The team believes
the development of fully integrated printed energy harvesting devices will lead to countless future IoT applications. The ultimate objective of SURFAS is to enable zero-power consumption electronic devices and smart surfaces that are capable of optimally redirecting Wi-Fi signals and enhancing
the performance of receivers. The team is also working to develop a manufacturing process for rapidly and cost-effectively producing such devices.
Blockchain-Based Digital Contact Tracing Apps for COVID-19 Pandemic Management: Issues, Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions (Preprint)
Authors: Idrees Sheikh Mohammad , Nowostawski Mariusz , Jameel Roshan
Published: February 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused substantial global disturbance by affecting more than 42 million people (as of the end of October 2020). Since there is no medication or vaccine available, the only way to combat it is to minimize transmission. Digital contact tracing is an effective technique that can be utilized for this purpose, as it eliminates the manual contact tracing process and could help in identifying and isolating affected people. However, users are reluctant to share their location and contact details due to concerns related to the privacy and security of their personal information, which affects its implementation and extensive adoption. Blockchain technology has been applied in various domains and has been proven to be an effective approach for handling data transactions securely, which makes it an ideal choice for digital contact tracing apps. The properties of blockchain such as time stamping and immutability of data may facilitate the retrieval of accurate information on the trail of the virus in a transparent manner, while data encryption assures the integrity of the information being provided. Furthermore, the anonymity of the user’s identity alleviates some of the risks related to privacy and confidentiality concerns. In this paper, we provide readers with a detailed discussion on the digital contact tracing mechanism and outline the apps developed so far to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, we present the possible risks, issues, and challenges associated with the available contact tracing apps and analyze how the adoption of a blockchain-based decentralized network for handling the app could provide users with privacy-preserving contact tracing without compromising performance and efficiency.
Unsupervised Machine Learning for Identifying Challenging Behavior Profiles to Explore Cluster-Based Treatment Efficacy in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Retrospective Data Analysis Study (Preprint)
Authors: Gardner-Hoag Julie , Novack Marlena , Parlett-Pelleriti Chelsea , Stevens Elizabeth , Dixon Dennis , Linstead Erik
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Challenging behaviors are prevalent among individuals with autism spectrum disorder; however, research exploring the impact of challenging behaviors on treatment response is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to identify types of autism spectrum disorder based on engagement in different challenging behaviors and evaluate differences in treatment response between groups.

METHODS

Retrospective data on challenging behaviors and treatment progress for 854 children with autism spectrum disorder were analyzed. Participants were clustered based on 8 observed challenging behaviors using k means, and multiple linear regression was performed to test interactions between skill mastery and treatment hours, cluster assignment, and gender.

RESULTS

Seven clusters were identified, which demonstrated a single dominant challenging behavior. For some clusters, significant differences in treatment response were found. Specifically, a cluster characterized by low levels of stereotypy was found to have significantly higher levels of skill mastery than clusters characterized by self-injurious behavior and aggression (P<.003).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings have implications on the treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Self-injurious behavior and aggression were prevalent among participants with the worst treatment response, thus interventions targeting these challenging behaviors may be worth prioritizing. Furthermore, the use of unsupervised machine learning models to identify types of autism spectrum disorder shows promise.
Gamification-based The Kampus Merdeka Learning in 4.0 era
Authors: Aini Qurotul , Budiarto Mukti , Putra Panca Oktavia Hadi , Santoso Nuke Puji Lestari
Published: February 2021

Recently, education has been enlivened by the presence of the Merdeka Campus program initiated by Nadiem Makarim. It uses the Kampus Merdeka concept to learn to follow the development of education in the 4.0 era. This change has become a paradigm for Higher Education to build a Merdeka Campus to learn to face challenges in the 4.0 era. However, the challenge is not easy for universities, so that students join the independent program to learn quickly. This study aims to motivate students to participate in independent learning activities in a collaborative learning system with gamification techniques. Gamification is in the form of reward badges for student achievement in all learning activities carried out. The higher education independent learning system is designed using the library study method and Agile Development with two frameworks, namely Laravel and VueJS. It can be proven from the results of the SUS Score Analysis showing the number 92.5 indicating that the independent learning campus system provides positive benefits by gamification of students being more motivated and ready to face learning challenges in the 4.0 era.
Attention-Based BiLSTM for Negation Handling in Sentimen Analysis
Authors: Pratiwi Riszki Wijayatun , Sari Yunita , Suyanto Yohanes
Published: February 2021

Research on sentiment analysis in recent years has increased. However, in sentiment analysis research there are still few ideas about the handling of negation, one of which is in the Indonesian sentence. This results in sentences that contain elements of the word negation have not found the exact polarity.The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of the negation word in Indonesian. Based on positive, neutral and negative classes, using attention-based Long Short Term Memory and word2vec feature extraction method with continuous bag-of-word (CBOW) architecture. The dataset used is data from Twitter. Model performance is seen in the accuracy value.The use of word2vec with CBOW architecture and the addition of layer attention to the Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTM) methods obtained an accuracy of 78.16% and for BiLSTM resulted in an accuracy of 79.68%. whereas in the FSW algorithm is 73.50% and FWL 73.79%. It can be concluded that attention based BiLSTM has the highest accuracy, but the addition of layer attention in the Long Short Term Memory method is not too significant for negation handling. because the addition of the attention layer cannot determine the words that you want to pay attention to.
Prototipe Perangkat untuk Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Berbasis Web Diiintegrasikan ke Smarthome System
Authors: Nasyarudin Achmad Faris , Ritzkal Ritzkal , Goeritno Arief
Published: February 2021

The design and construction of a device prototype for a water level measurement system in a tank and controlling a number of garden light analogies has been carried-out and the prototype can be integrated into smarthome system. Three topics are discussed in this paper, including the manufacture, programming, and performance measurement of device prototypes. The formation of prototype of the device is done through wiring integration between electronic devices, in order to obtain the hardware handshacking. Programming the prototype of device is done through the creation of algorithms and preparation of syntax, in order to obtain the software handshacking. The performance of the prototype of device is measured when integrated into the Smarthome system, in order to obtain the hardware and software handshacking. The performance of prototype of the device when monitoring in the form of information about the water level in the water tank with 3 (three) conditions, namely the criteria of "empty", "medium", and "full", while the control in the form of information about the operation of ON/OFF of the LED as an analogy to the lamp garden are done for 3 (three) positions, namely position #1, #2, and #3. The manufactured subsystem prototype can be integrated into the smarthome system when a validation test is performed. Prototype of the device for monitoring and control based-on web that can be integrated into the smarthome system.
The Art of Language—Re-read of Pride and Prejudice
Authors: Ying Gou , Xiao Xie , Hang Cheng
Published: February 2021

Pride and Prejudice, a masterpiece by the famous British female writer Jane Austen in the 19th century, is also Jane Austen’s earliest novel, which took a year to complete. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen successfully created a new era of women-Elizabeth, starting with the arrogance and prejudice of the hero Darcy and the heroine Elizabeth. After several twists and turns, the hero and heroine finally became a beautiful couple. The Jane Austen was different from the British popular literary language creation model at the time. She was bold and innovative, using female delicate thinking, exaggerated irony, simple, lively and vivid yet charming literary language, and created a book about A masterpiece of life and marriage thinking. Therefore, this article will discuss Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of literary language, and at the same time help readers better understand the connotation and internal meaning.
Джебцзун-Дамба-хутухта и амбань Сань До: начало противостояния (из донесений генерального консула в Урге Я. П. Шишмарева в 1910 году)
Authors:   Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the RAS (6, Sakhyanova St., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation), Tsybenov Bazar D. , Kuras Leonid V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction. The situation in non-Han territories of the Qing Empire that preceded the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 was quite tense. Outer Mongolia became the scene of growing impatience with the dominance of the Manchu administration and Chinese merchants, which attested to weak positions of the Qing dynasty in the region. In the meantime, the Russian Empire in every way available increased its political and economic influence on Outer Mongolia. Goals and Objectives. The article studies the relationships between the religious leader of Mongolia Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and the new appointee of the Qing Empire Amban Sando. Sando proved a supporter of the ‘new policy’ who had served as a Manchu official in South China, and then spent seven years in Japan. Immediately prior to Urga, he had been ruling the Tumet Banners. The research objectives set include as follows: review of Amban Sando’s activities between his arrival to Urga in February 1910 to April 1910; insight into the March 1910 Urga unrest of Buddhist priests; analysis of interpersonal relationships between Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and Sando. Somewhat secondary tasks are to analyze reactions of Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu and the Mongolian population to the departure of the 13th Dalai Lama to India in 1910; to consider the problem of the emerged rebel detachment led by Togtokho from Inner to Outer Mongolia. Materials. The work analyzes reports by Russian Consul General in Urga Ya. Shishmarev housed by the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. The study also examines some Mongolian and Russian research works. Conclusions. According to Ya. Shishmarev, Sando was supporting China’s reforms and entered the Urga office with all his might. The reports inform the relationships between Sando and Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu were tough since the very beginning, and they worsened after the March 1910 Urga unrest largely joined by Buddhist monks. The Russian official concludes Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu was quite satisfied with the 13th Dalai Lama’s departure towards India, and reports that the border Mongolian population was supporting Togtokho’s rebel detachment from Inner Mongolia.
К вопросу о развитии рыболовства у калмыков в дореволюционный период
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Mandzhiev Andrey K.
Published: February 2021

The article seeks to examine respective sources and show that the Oirats – ancestors of Kalmyks – had been engaged in fishery activities since ancient time, and on arrival in Russia’s borders borrowed neither fishing techniques nor terms but would rather make use of their original ones. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes historical data related to fishing practices of the Kalmyks and published in various scientific papers. It also involves quite a number of expert observations. The study employs historical genetic, historical systemic, and historical comparative research methods. Results and Conclusions. A number of scholars to have dealt with Kalmyk studies believed that since ancient time the Kalmyks had been engaged exclusively in nomadic livestock breeding, leaving any other branches of economic production totally undeveloped, and their fishing activities in the Lower Volga, thus,viewed as a desperate measure caused by impoverishment only. The study shows the Oirat population had been well familiar with this industry back in their historical ancestral lands. Already the early 18th century witnesses the adoption of central and provincial government decrees supposed to regulate quite shaped fishery activities and distinguish Kalmyk-occupied fishery areas from those of Russian settlers. In the mid-to-late 19th and early 20th centuries, fishery proved central to economies of Kalmyk-inhabited districts adjacent to the Volga and Caspian Sea. It can also be noted that the development of fishing practices within the Kalmyk community definitely strengthened its economic basis and increased vital resources.
Выставка изобразительного искусства, посвященная 500-летию эпоса «Джангар»: первые профессиональные художники Калмыкии
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Batyreva Svetlana G.
Published: February 2021

The article examines the emergence of Kalmykia’s professional arts activities in the 1930s. Goals. It seeks to review formation stages of the ethnic school, determine its essentials and local features as part of Soviet artistic culture. In this regard, a fundamental research problem is that the vast majority of local pre-war visual arts works had been lost during the Great Patriotic War and Kalmyk deportation (1943–1956). Materials and Methods. Considered are works of Kalmykia’s first professional artists ― such as I. Nuskhaev, L. Ochirov,R. Bogoslavsky, etc. ― inspired by epic heritage and realia of Socialist construction. The study employs a historical-and-cultural approach which determines the use of sources (archival papers, eyewitness reports, available pictorial works and studies); characterizes the pre-war life of the republic and its integration into Socialist cultural environment. Results. The paper reveals a central event of the era, examines the preparation and arrangements of the 1940 jubilee exhibition to celebrate 500 years of the Kalmyk heroic epic of Jangar. Conclusions. Cultural heritage proved most essential to the formation of Soviet Kalmykia’s pictorial arts trend, central to the latter being traditions of Russian realistic art represented by ethnos-related works of V. Favorsky and his colleagues.
NOVO ENSINO MÉDIO: consequências e perspectivas para a formação dos jovens
Authors: Martins Suely Aparecida , Dos Santos Franciele Soares
Published: February 2021

Este artigo reflete sobre o contexto atual do Ensino Médio brasileiro, por meio da análise dos discursos presentes na Reforma do Ensino Médio e na Base Nacional Comum Curricular-BNCC, no que se refere a formação dos jovens em nível médio na atualidade. A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, analisamos as mudanças recentes nesta etapa de ensino, promovidas por estas reformas curriculares.  Consideramos que tais reformas encontram-se afinadas com as políticas neoliberais para educação brasileira das últimas décadas, com ênfase no protagonismo juvenil, colocando o jovem como definidor de seu percurso formativo, além de focar na necessidade do desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades requeridas pelas novas formas de organização do trabalho produtivo. Ou seja, estas representam mais retrocessos para a educação da classe trabalhadora, e reforçam a dualidade estrutural já existente, além de provocar o empobrecimento de conteúdo desta etapa do ensino.
CRITERIA OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE IN THE CONCEPTION OF THE STUDY OF RELIGION BY JOACHIM WACH
Authors:   Irina L. Kozlova St. John the Theologian's Moscow Orthodox Institute, Kozlova Irina L.
Published: February 2021

The article presents the reconstruction of the system of criteria by Joachim Wach's (1898-1955), created by him for definition of religious experience. The main source is the author's translation of fragments of English-language works of the German-American classic of religious studies, which have not been translated into Russian before. The main characteristics of religious experience are singled out. In the J. Wach's understanding, this experience is presented as an experience structured, emotionally-intellectual, ordering, situational, and integrating. The structurally functional content of the four formal J. Wach's criteria in their connection with the concept of “numinous” introduced by R. Otto is described and analyzed. The specifics of the definition of religion, represented in the religious approach of J. Wach are considered. The author of the article proposes a new formulation of the definition of religion based on the constructions of J. Wach, in which religion is understood as the experience of life in the confront of ultimate reality...
THE ACTIVITIES OF PROTESTANT COMMUNITIES IN SIBERIA IN THE 1920S
Authors:   Natalya P. Siebert, Siebert Natalya P.
Published: February 2021

On the basis of archival materials the article examines the position and activity of Protestant communities of Siberia, including the Altai, in the context of state-confessional policy in the first years of the Soviet power. In the early 1920s state and confessional policy of the Soviet power, rather loyal to Protestants, provoked a certain numerical growth of the Protestant communities and inflow of new believers in already existing ones, throughout the entire territory of the RSFSR. The first legislation came to power; the Bolsheviks had a favorable effect on the activity of Protestant communities, and provided the Soviet regime numerous benefits, allowed reaching a new level of development. In all regions of the country including Siberia, local party bodies and the staff of the State Political Directorate (Joint State Political Directorate) provided strict control of activity of religious organizations, both official and illegal ones. The wide secret-service network including the enlisted parishioners and employees of the Joint State Political Directorate who are artificially introduced in arrivals was developed for this purpose...
PILGRIMAGE AND OTHER RITUALS IN CYBERSPACE
Authors:   Zulfiia Yu. Pavlichenko  Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Pavlichenko Zulfiia Yu.
Published: February 2021

Now the Internet as the media channel is becoming the main mass media for religious organizations. This channel not only allows communities of believers to light their activity and to look for new adherents, but influences dogmas and religious practices, allows religious institutes to be more open and flexible in relation to life realities. Rituals in cyberspace have become one of the vivid expressions of social activity related to religion. Under the influence of the Internet some traditional religious practices can expand modes of the existence, forming new ways of cult activity. Pilgrimage is the most frequent online religious practice. This article discerns the phenomenon of pilgrimage online in the world web-net. The author conducts an analysis of the place of the Internet pilgrimage in the newly emerged system of religious practices in cyberspace. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the discussion of the terminology of the researched topic. It provides description of the main approaches to the study of online religious practices...
TWO PATHS OF FAITH. ON THE QUESTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL IDEAS OF RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY OF F.M. DOSTOYEVSKY AND L.N. TOLSTOY
Authors:   ANDREY V. LAPIN  Amur State University, Lapin Andrey V. , Stefanova Anastasiya Andreevna ,   Anastasiya Andreevna Stefanova Amur State University
Published: February 2021

The paper deals with consideration of approaches to definition of the phenomenon of religious faith. Modern determination of faith relies on semantics of the term and a number of significant aspects, which historically determined the contents of religious belief understood by representatives of the Russian philosophy. Many ideas raised by fiction gained further development and specification and acted as a powerful impulse of evolution of the Russian philosophical thought. In this work the authors address two most outstanding and authoritative figures of the national imaginative and philosophical thought - F.M. Dostoyevsky and L.N. Tolstoy. Tolstoy recognizes the sense of faith regardless of its object. His faith is “the force of life”, knowledge of sense of human life, and means of finding of this sense. It is completely rational and can choose any, even not religious principle, as an object of faith. For Dostoyevsky, faith is a gift sent from above, otherworldly and independent of human. His belief is irrational; it is valuable in itself and for the sake of itself, as only faith is able to answer the last, “accursed questions”.
DYNAMICS OF THE CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE PSKOV REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors:   Andrey G. Manakov  Pskov State University, Manakov Andrey G. , Dementiev Vitaliy S. ,   Vitaliy S. Dementiev  Pskov State University
Published: February 2021

The article presents the results of a historical and geographical study of the confessional composition of the population of the Pskov region using the time series analysis. This method has been widely used in the historical geography of the population. The study covers almost 50 years since the middle of the 19th century to the census of the population in 1897. This period is divided into two stages, and the turn of the 1870-80s is chosen as the intermediate date. The study reveals differences in the confessional structure of the population of the Pskov region. The Pskov region is a unique object for studying various historical and geographical processes; in particular, participating in the formation of the modern ethno-cultural space of the Northwest of Russia. This is explained by the position of the region in the contact zone of three cultural worlds, the specifics of which are determined by the prevailing religions. This is the Russian Orthodox world (the territory of the Pskov region), the Central European Catholic world (the eastern part of Latvia - Latgale), and the Northern European Lutheran world (Estonia). In order to study all of the processes, one can suggest using methods developed in historical geography, in particular, time series analysis.
TO THE ISSUE OF STUDYING A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY IN A LARGE CITY (MOSCOW ISMAILI COMMUNITY CASE)
Authors:   TOKHIR S. KALANDAROV Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of RAS, Kalandarov Tokhir S.
Published: February 2021

Islam and Russian Muslim community play a significant role in social and political life of Russia. It naturally affects the capital of Russia. The given work focuses on the difficulties of ethnological study of the religious community using the example of Ismailites in Moscow. The paper is based on the “insider” experience of study of the Ismaili community in Moscow. The author raises such issues as ethic aspects, definition of the level of religiosity of the studied community, access to the “intimate secrets” of informants, etc. It seemed that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and diminishing of antireligious discourse it would be easier for researchers to study Islam in all its dimensions. However, the antireligious discourse was substituted by the “veracity” of this or that Islamic direction. The paper highlights major aspects of Ismailism, describes methodological difficulties, that author faced during his fieldwork. After the years of studying Ismailis in Tajikistan and Russia, the author concludes that an insider researcher has many advantages while working with informants, but he faces several difficulties as well. Sometimes his conclusions are not welcomed by members or leaders of the religious community and can even be treated painfully. The author discovered that during their field work insider researchers could could have too much trust in their informants, which can influence the results.
ETHNO-RELIGIOUS AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PRE-SOVIET GOVERNMENT OF THE DAGESTAN REGION
Authors:   MAGOMEDKHAN M. MAGOMEDKHANOV  Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, MAGOMEDKHANOV MAGOMEDKHAN M. , CHENCINER ROBERT ,   ROBERT CHENCINER St. Anthony's College of Oxford University (UK), GARUNOVA SAIDA M. ,   SAIDA M. GARUNOVA  Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: February 2021

The article studies ethno-religious / confessional and legal aspects in the pre-Soviet practice of government of the Dagestan region. The Russian Empire was one of the most varied in the world with regard to the ethnic and religious relations. By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire covered an area of almost 22.5 million square km., and its 125.7 million population included, in addition to Russians (about 42.0%), two hundred peoples, followers of various religions and beliefs, including Islam (11.1%), Judaism (4, 2%) and Buddhism (0.5%). With the incorporation of Dagestan into Russia, in 1868 the feudal form of government or the Khanate(s) was abolished. The institutions of civil self- government of rural societies were adapted to the general imperial goals of government and subordinated to the tsarist administration. In general, administrative and territorial delimitation at grassroots level corresponded to the traditional divisions of rural societies. The former administrative division into “naibstva” (administrative units, from Arabic نَائِب (nāʾib) assistant, deputy head) was retained...
Impacts of long-term disturbance on soil health with relation to vegetation distribution in a tropical ecosystem
Authors:   Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Basweti C. N. , Otor S. ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Manohar S. ,   Department of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Published: February 2021

Land-use and land-cover changes are the main cause of soil degradation and associated human and environmental problems. The study was conducted in Mai Mahiu ecosystem, Kenya whose aim was to assess long-term (1985 to 2015) impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on soil health with disturbance-induced vegetation distribution. Landsat archive was utilized to detect land-use change for 30 years at an interval of 15 years and analysed based on supervised image classification. Four land-use practices (undisturbed forest, disturbed forest, cropland and grassland) were selected and soil sampled to 15 cm depth for soil analyses. In this period, cropland increased by 135% at the expense of natural forest while built-up areas increased by three times. Soil bulk density increased significantly (p<0.001) from 0.93±0.02 g cm-3 in forest soil to 1.27±0.02 g cm-3 in disturbed grassland. Soil pH had significant change (p=0.002) that ranged between 6.19±0.14 and 7.18±0.12. Soil organic carbon declined significantly (p=0.008) with land-use change with losses of up to 63% recorded in disturbed grassland. Total nitrogen levels declined from 0.34% in the forest to 0.15% in disturbed grassland soil. The pronounced changes in land-use and land-cover in Mai Mahiu have negatively affected the soil health with a potential drop in soil productivity and ecosystem provisioning. An integrated approach, enforcement of relevant laws and policy implementation are recommended to restoring and maintaining soil quality of this ecosystem.
Age and gender aspects of HIV-infected patients mortality
Authors: Matsiyeuskaya N. V. , Kashevnik T. I. , Kopytski A. V. , Skhazka A. E.
Published: February 2021

Aim of study: to present the causes of mortality in HIV-infected patients, taking into account age and gender aspects.

Materials and methods. The frequency, causes of mortality in the group of 284 HIV-infected patients are analyzed. Among them were 190 (66,9%) men, 94 (33,1%) women. The average age of patients was 45,3±4,2 years. The medical documentation of patients were retrospectively analyzed.

Results. In the analyzed group of deceased HIV-infected patients, the overwhelming majority were young people under 40 years old (61.6%) compared with people who died between the ages of 41–50 years old — 73 (25,7%) and 51 years old and older 36 (12,7%) (p<0,05). In all age groups, the proportion of deceased men signiﬁcantly (more than 2 times) exceeded the proportion of women. Among young males, co-infection with viruses of parenteral hepatitis, tuberculosis and alcohol abuse is more common. Over 70% of deceased patients did not receive ART or were on short courses of therapy (less than 1 year). The average life expectancy after HIV-infection diagnosis was 5,8±4,4 years and did not differ depending on the gender and age of the patients. AIDS-related causes of death accounted for 141 (49,6%) cases, nonAIDS-associated — 143 (50,4%). Among AIDSrelated causes, tuberculosis was the most frequent (59/20,8%). Among non AIDS-associated causes, death was associated with the decompensation of liver cirrhosis. A signiﬁcant inﬂuence on the formation of AIDS-associated mortality of a complex of factors — co-infection with viruses of parenteral hepatitis, the presence of «advanced» stages of HIV infection, alcoholism and life expectancy with HIV infection, must be taken into account when monitoring HIV-infected patients.
HIV and infertility: neuro-endocrine and metabolic aspects
Authors: Leshchenko O. Ya. , Genich E. V. , Darenskaya M. A. , Kolesnikova L. I.
Published: February 2021

Objective: to establish a correlation of the main neuroendocrine and metabolic parameters associated with infertility and to provide a prognostic assessment of reproductive disorders in HIV-infected women, stages 4.

Materials and methods. Cross-sectional, cohort, clinical and sociological study of fertility of 83 women of reproductive age with HIV, stages 4.

Results. The most signiﬁcant indicators of lipid peroxidation and neuroendocrine regulation systems have been established in patients with HIV infection and reproductive disorders, which will make it possible to predict these disorders in the future. Decreased ovarian reserve, ovarian steroid function, increased pituitary prolactinergic function are associated with a deﬁciency of a number of antioxidants (retinol, tocopherol, superoxide dismutase) and the development of oxidative stress with a predominant accumulation of intermediate lipid peroxidation products in HIV-infected women with infertility.

Conclusion. The pathogenetically substantiated principle of the correction of antioxidant status is the use of a-tocopherol and retinol preparations and the correction of hormonal levels in HIV-infected women with reproductive disorders.
Аnalysis of cases of progressive multifocal leukethephalopathy in patients with HIV infection: clinical, epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the problem
Authors: Konkova-Reidman A. B. , Mikheeva T. V. , Veksey A. A. , Smirnova N. V. , Ermolenko Yu. Y. , Radzikhovskaya M. V.
Published: February 2021

Purpose of research. Study of epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients.

Materials and methods. We analyzed 10 cases of deaths from PML of patients with HIV infection according to the reports of the Magnitogorsk AIDS Center for 2014–2016, and provided our own clinical observation of a patient with PML who was treated in 1 infectious Department of the South Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia in 2018 year.

Results and discussion. In most cases of PML observed with CD4+ less than 50 cells and a viral load of more than 150 000 HIV RNA copies/ml, brain MRI is an informative method of in vivo diagnosis, WARTH slows the progression and improves the prognosis of patients.
Death Education: An Educational Approach to Death and Dying
Authors: Clark Peter , Donohue Jennifer , DiSandro Daniel , Grana David , Myers Andrew , Fontana Michael , Cooney Kevin
Published: February 2021

This paper explains the importance of education in the dying process and outlines a full curriculum to create a society more prepared for difficult end-of-life situations. This course is structured to be taught as a high school elective course in which the principles and approaches to death and dying are discussed in depth. For a high school student, death can be approached from diverse perspectives. Within these perspectives, there are several vital topics to understand in order to ensure a student’s proper education on death. The complexity of death is represented by the titles of the nine chapters of the course. Chapter One, titled “Definition of Death, Consciousness, and Persistent Vegetative State,” highlights the development of death throughout history, the general consensus about death today, and the morality of different levels of treatment for dying patients. Chapter Two, “End Stage Medical Conditions,” outlines the most common end-of-life health conditions along with their symptoms and possible treatments. In Chapter Three, titled “Bad News and Communication,” the course introduces patient-physician communication, the current shortcomings of medical education in this vital area, and the possible protocols for effectively conveying both truth and support to a patient. Chapter Four, labelled “Do Not Resuscitate Orders, Living Wills/Advance Directives, and Durable Powers of Attorney for Health Care,” presents the appropriate options available to prepare for a patient’s inability to make informed decisions autonomously. Chapter Five, “Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Means: The Issue of Tube Feedings,” discusses the distinction between different types of end-of-life treatment and when certain treatments can be morally excused. Chapter Six, titled “Palliative Care and Hospice: A Paradigm for End-of-Life Care,” gives effective options for terminally ill patients that ensure care is never stopped and a patient's dignity is never lost. Chapter Seven, “Pain Management,” highlights the difficulties and recommendations for establishing proper pain management. Chapter Eight, entitled “Medical Futility,” presents the debate surrounding patient autonomy with physician’s beneficence and nonmaleficence, forgoing and requesting treatments, and the values associated with this issue. Finally Chapter Nine, titled “Spirituality and End of Life Care,” emphasizes the inevitable linkage between healthcare, death, and spirituality and the benefits of proper support for a patient. This paper also highlights the ethical implications surrounding the death and dying process. The importance of this subject lies within the death-denying reality that society is today in which death is avoided and human dignity is increasingly sacrificed as a result. Discussions and education among society’s youngest adults can improve general knowledge about the dying process and lead to overall better preparation for handling this inevitable stage of humanity.