bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipid, adipokine and ghrelin levels in myocardial infarction patients with insulin resistance
Authors: Gruzdeva Olga , Uchasova Evgenya , Belik Ekaterina , Dyleva Yulia , Shurygina Ekaterina , Barbarash Olga
Published: January 2014

Background

Insulin resistance (IR) is a risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (MI). IR often manifests in MI and is regarded as an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, which can provide early risk stratification for recurrent acute coronary events.

Methods

The study enrolled 200 patients (130 males and 70 females aged 61.4 ± 1.12 years) diagnosed with ST elevation MI. At days 1 and 12 from the MI onset, IR levels and lipid profiles, as well as serum glucose, insulin, adipokine and ghrelin levels, were measured.

Results

Free fatty acid (FFA) levels had the most pronounced changes: IR patients had a 9-fold increase in FFA levels at day 1, and patients without IR had a 6-fold increase. Leptin levels at days 1 and 12, in IR patients were, on average, 1.5- and 2-fold higher compared to the controls and patients with no IR (р < 0.05). Leptin levels in IR patients were increased throughout the entire hospital stay. Resistin levels in IR patients were, on average, 1.4-fold higher throughout the entire hospital stay, while in non-IR patients, resistin levels were similar to the controls. Adiponectin levels in IR patients were decreased compared to the controls, while in patients with IR, they were similar to the controls. Both IR and non-IR MI patients had 3-fold and 3.7-fold lower ghrelin levels at day 1, respectively, compared to the controls. The correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between ghrelin and FFA (r = −0.48 р = 0.007), ghrelin and leptin (r = −0.4 р = 0.003), ghrelin and insulin (r = −0.54 р = 0.002), and ghrelin and glucose (r = −0.31 р = 0.002) in MI patients.

Conclusion

Dyslipidaemia, along with insulinaemia and glycaemia, is one of the most significant IR risk factors in the acute and early recovery phases of MI. Dyslipidaemia is characterised by a high FFA level; an imbalance of leptin, resistin, and adiponectin; and a deficiency of ghrelin in the acute and early recovery periods of MI. FFA and ghrelin can be used as promising molecular markers to stratify the risk of recurrent acute coronary events and diabetes mellitus in MI patients.
Associations between interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms and sepsis risk: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang An-qiang , Pan Wei , Gao Jun-wei , Yue Cai-li , Zeng Ling , Gu Wei , Jiang Jian-xin
Published: January 2014

Background

Previous epidemiological studies have presented conflicting evidence regarding associations between interleukin-1 (IL-1) polymorphisms and sepsis susceptibility. We have performed a meta-analysis to evaluate possible associations between IL-1 polymorphisms and sepsis risk.

Methods

Eligible literature was retrieved from PubMed, Embase and Web of Knowledge databases until Jun 15, 2013. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random-effects model in the overall and subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, sepsis severity and quality score.

Results

Eighteen studies addressing five IL-1 polymorphisms were included in this meta-analysis. For IL-1A-889 (rs1800587) polymorphism, significant association was observed in overall comparison for allelic effect (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.01-2.13, P = 0.04). There were no significant associations between either IL-1B-511 (rs16944) or IL-1B-31 (rs1143627) and sepsis susceptibility in overall or subgroup analyses. For IL-1B + 3594 (rs143634) polymorphism, genotype TT decreased sepsis risk in overall analysis (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36-0.97, P = 0.04), as well as in Caucasian (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34-0.95, P = 0.03) and sepsis (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31-0.97, P = 0.04) subgroup analysis. For IL-1RN VNTR polymorphism, significant association was observed in overall comparison for allelic effect (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.01-1.95, P = 0.04). Furthermore, the effect sizes of IL-1RN VNTR on sepsis risk increased with disease severity (septic shock OR > severe sepsis OR > sepsis OR).

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis indicated that IL-1A-889, IL-1B + 3954 and IL-1RN VNTR might be associated with sepsis susceptibility. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and from homogenous populations would be necessary to validate these findings.
Association between blood cadmium levels and malnutrition in peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Hsu Ching-Wei , Lin Ja-Liang , Lin-Tan Dan-Tzu , Huang Wen-Hung , Chen Kuan-Hsing , Yen Tzung-Hai
Published: January 2014

Background

Malnutrition is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and may cause protein-energy wasting in individuals with chronic kidney disease. A previous study demonstrated that blood cadmium levels (BCLs) were associated with malnutrition in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, the correlation between cadmium exposure and malnutrition remains unclear in chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) patients. This study examined the possible adverse effects of environmental cadmium exposure in CPD patients.

Methods

A total of 301 CPD patients were enrolled and divided into 3 study groups based on the following BCL tertiles: low (<0.19 μg/L), middle (0.19–0.39 μg/L), and high (>0.39 μg/L). Demographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained for analysis. The analysis also included values of nutritional and inflammatory markers.

Results

The BCLs of CPD patients were lower than those of MHD patients. At baseline, patients in the high BCL group were older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus but lower serum albumin, creatinine, and phosphate levels than the patients in the other 2 groups. After adjusting for potential variables, stepwise backward multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age and alanine aminotransferase levels were positively associated with logarithmic transformation of BCLs (log BCLs), while serum albumin levels were negatively associated with log BCLs in CPD patients. The log BCLs were a significant determinant (beta coefficient ± standard error = -0.185 ± 0.074; P = 0.013) of nutritional status and significantly associated with the presence of malnutrition (odds ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.07–6.48; P = 0.035) in CPD patients after adjustment for related variables.

Conclusions

BCL is significantly associated with nutritional status and malnutrition in CPD patients. Therefore, it is important for CPD patients to avoid environmental exposure to cadmium such as through smoking and consumption of cadmium-rich foods.
The relationship between apelin and cardiac parameters in patients on peritoneal dialysis: is there a new cardiac marker?
Authors: Karadag Serhat , Ozturk Savas , Gursu Meltem , Gurdal Ahmet , Basinoglu Filiz , Yigit Servet , Aydin Zeki , Uzun Sami , Sumnu Abdullah , Oflaz Huseyin , Kazancioglu Rumeyza
Published: January 2014

Background

Many markers have been proposed for CVD risk assessment in dialysis population. Apelin is a peptide that has roles in cardiovascular functions and volume regulation namely vasodilation, decreased blood pressure (BP), positive inotropic effect and inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release. The aim of this study was to examine relationship of apelin levels with echocardiographic findings and laboratory parameters related with cardiovascular function and bone mineral metabolism among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study in which chronic PD patients aged between 18 and 80 without active cardiac, infectious or malignant diseases and hypervolemia have been included. Apelin-36 levels and echocardiographic findings were recorded as well as clinical and laboratory data.

Results

Of the 53 patients, the mean age and female/male ratio was 52.8 ± 15.3 years and 30/23, respectively. Mean apelin level was 1.45 ± 0.37 ng/ml. Gender, drugs (renin-angiotensin-aldosteron inhibitors, statins), presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and significant residual renal function did not affect apelin-36 levels. Apelin-36 was correlated negatively with age and left atrium diameter; and positively with diastolic BP, ejection fraction (EF), total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Diastolic BP, LDL-cholesterol, ALP and EF were found to be the independent determinants of apelin-36 levels with linear regression analysis.

Conclusions

Apelinergic system has important roles in volume regulation, cardiovascular functions, lipid metabolism and bone mineral disorders in PD patients. Prospective studies with large population are required.
The role of gestational diabetes, pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on the risk of newborn macrosomia: results from a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Alberico Salvatore , Montico Marcella , Barresi Valentina , Monasta Lorenzo , Businelli Caterina , Soini Valentina , Erenbourg Anna , Ronfani Luca , Maso Gianpaolo ,   for the Multicentre Study Group on Mode of Delivery in Friuli Venezia Giulia
Published: January 2014

Background

It is crucial to identify in large population samples the most important determinants of excessive fetal growth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the independent role of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes on the risk of macrosomia.

Methods

A prospective study collected data on mode of delivery and maternal/neonatal outcomes in eleven Hospitals in Italy. Multiple pregnancies and preterm deliveries were excluded. The sample included 14109 women with complete records. Associations between exposure variables and newborn macrosomia were analyzed using Pearson’s chi squared test. Multiple logistic regression models were built to assess the independent association between potential predictors and macrosomia.

Results

Maternal obesity (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.2), excessive gestational weight gain (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.6-2.2) and diabetes (adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-3.0 for gestational; adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-7.6 for pre-gestational) resulted to be independent predictors of macrosomia, when adjusted for other recognized risk factors. Since no significant interaction was found between pre-gestational BMI and gestational weight gain, excessive weight gain should be considered an independent risk factor for macrosomia. In the sub-group of women affected by gestational or pre-gestational diabetes, pre-gestational BMI was not significantly associated to macrosomia, while excessive pregnancy weight gain, maternal height and gestational age at delivery were significantly associated. In this sub-population, pregnancy weight gain less than recommended was not significantly associated to a reduction in macrosomia.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that maternal obesity, gestational weight gain excess and diabetes should be considered as independent risk factors for newborn macrosomia. To adequately evaluate the clinical evolution of pregnancy all three variables need to be carefully assessed and monitored.
Strengthening the perception-assessment tools for dengue prevention: a cross-sectional survey in a temperate region (Madeira, Portugal)
Authors: Nazareth Teresa , Teodósio Rosa , Porto Graça , Gonçalves Luzia , Seixas Gonçalo , Silva Ana Clara , Sousa Carla Alexandra
Published: January 2014

Background

Community participation is mandatory in the prevention of Dengue outbreaks. Taking public views into account is crucial to guide more effective planning and quicker community participation in preventing campaigns. This study aims to assess community perceptions of Madeira population in order to explore their involvement in the A. aegypti’s control and reinforce health-educational planning. Due to the lack of accurate methodologies for measuring perception, a new tool to assess the community’s perceptions was built.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was performed in the Island’s aegypti-infested area, exploring residents’ perceptions regarding most critical community behaviour: aegypti-source reduction and their domestic aegypti-breeding sites. A novel tool defining five essential topics which underlie the source reduction’s awareness and accession was built, herein called Essential-Perception (EP) analysis.

Results

Of 1276 individuals, 1182 completed the questionnaire (92 · 6%). EP-Score analysis revealed that community’s perceptions were scarce, inconsistent and possibly incorrect. Most of the population (99 · 6%) did not completely understood the five essential topics explored. An average of 54 · 2% of residents only partially understood each essential topic, revealing inconsistencies in their understanding. Each resident apparently believed in an average of four false assumptions/myths. Significant association (p<0.001) was found between both the EP-Score level and the domestic presence of breeding sites, supporting the validity of this EP-analysis. Aedes aegypti’s breeding sites, consisting of décor/leisure containers, presented an atypical pattern of infestation comparing with dengue prone regions.

Conclusions

The studied population was not prepared for being fully engaged in dengue prevention. Evidences suggest that EP-methodology was efficient and accurate in assessing the community perception and its compliance to practices. Moreover, it suggested a list of myths that could persist in the community. This is the first study reporting an aegypti-entomological pattern and community’s perception in a developed dengue-prone region. Tailored messages considering findings of this study are recommended to be used in future campaigns in order to more effectively impact the community perception and behaviour.
Rational selection and engineering of exogenous principal sigma factor (σHrdB) to increase teicoplanin production in an industrial strain of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus
Authors: Wang Haiyong , Yang Liu , Wu Kuo , Li Guanghui
Published: January 2014

Background

Transcriptional engineering has presented a strong ability of phenotypic improvement in microorganisms. However, it could not be directly applied to Actinoplanes teichomyceticus L-27 because of the paucity of endogenous transcription factors in the strain. In this study, exogenous transcription factors were rationally selected and transcriptional engineering was carried out to increase the productivity of teicoplanin in L-27.

Results

It was illuminated that the σHrdB molecules shared strong similarity of amino acid sequences among some genera of actinomycetes. Combining this advantage with the ability of transcriptional engineering, exogenous sigma factor σHrdB molecules were rationally selected and engineered to improve L-27. hrdB genes from Actinoplanes missouriensis 431, Micromonospora aurantiaca ATCC 27029 and Salinispora arenicola CNS-205 were selected based on molecular evolutionary analysis. Random mutagenesis, DNA shuffling and point mutation were subsequently performed to generate diversified mutants. A recombinant was identified through screening program, yielding 5.3 mg/ml of teicoplanin, over 2-fold compared to that of L-27. More significantly, the engineered strain presented a good performance in 500-l pilot scale fermentation, which meant its valuable potential application in industry.

Conclusions

Through rational selection and engineering of exogenous transcriptional factor, we have extended the application of transcriptional engineering. To our knowledge, it is the first time to focus on the related issue. In addition, possessing the advantage of efficient metabolic perturbation in transcription level, this strategy could be useful in analyzing metabolic and physiological mechanisms of strains, especially those with the only information on taxonomy.
Simple fabrication of N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods with the enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Zhou Xiufeng , Lu Juan , Jiang Jingjing , Li Xiaobin , Lu Mengna , Yuan Guotao , Wang Zuoshan , Zheng Min , Seo Hyo Jin
Published: January 2014

N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods were fabricated by a modified and facile sol–gel approach without any templates. Ammonium nitrate was used as a raw source of N dopants, which could produce a lot of gasses such as N2, NO2, and H2O in the process of heating samples. These gasses were proved to be vitally important to form the special mesoporous structure. The samples were characterized by the powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, nitrogen adsorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectra. The average length and the cross section diameter of the as-prepared samples were ca. 1.5 μm and ca. 80 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution. The N-doped mesoporous TiO2 nanorods showed an excellent photocatalytic activity, which may be attributed to the enlarged surface area (106.4 m2 g-1) and the narrowed band gap (2.05 eV). Besides, the rod-like photocatalyst was found to be easy to recycle.
Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication
Authors: Chen Christie , Zuckerman David M , Brantley Susanna , Sharpe Michka , Childress Kevin , Hoiczyk Egbert , Pendleton Amanda R
Published: January 2014

Background

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogenic chicken coronavirus. Currently, vaccination against IBV is only partially protective; therefore, better preventions and treatments are needed. Plants produce antimicrobial secondary compounds, which may be a source for novel anti-viral drugs. Non-cytotoxic, crude ethanol extracts of Rhodiola rosea roots, Nigella sativa seeds, and Sambucus nigra fruit were tested for anti-IBV activity, since these safe, widely used plant tissues contain polyphenol derivatives that inhibit other viruses.

Results

Dose–response cytotoxicity curves on Vero cells using trypan blue staining determined the highest non-cytotoxic concentrations of each plant extract. To screen for IBV inhibition, cells and virus were pretreated with extracts, followed by infection in the presence of extract. Viral cytopathic effect was assessed visually following an additional 24 h incubation with extract. Cells and supernatants were harvested separately and virus titers were quantified by plaque assay. Variations of this screening protocol determined the effects of a number of shortened S. nigra extract treatments. Finally, S. nigra extract-treated virions were visualized by transmission electron microscopy with negative staining.

Virus titers from infected cells treated with R. rosea and N. sativa extracts were not substantially different from infected cells treated with solvent alone. However, treatment with S. nigra extracts reduced virus titers by four orders of magnitude at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 in a dose-responsive manner. Infection at a low MOI reduced viral titers by six orders of magnitude and pretreatment of virus was necessary, but not sufficient, for full virus inhibition. Electron microscopy of virions treated with S. nigra extract showed compromised envelopes and the presence of membrane vesicles, which suggested a mechanism of action.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that S. nigra extract can inhibit IBV at an early point in infection, probably by rendering the virus non-infectious. They also suggest that future studies using S. nigra extract to treat or prevent IBV or other coronaviruses are warranted.
ACPA-positive and ACPA-negative rheumatoid arthritis differ in their requirements for combination DMARDs and corticosteroids: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Seegobin Seth D , Ma Margaret HY , Dahanayake Chanaka , Cope Andrew P , Scott David L , Lewis Cathryn M , Scott Ian C
Published: January 2014

Introduction

UK guidelines recommend that all early active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are offered combination disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and short-term corticosteroids. Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and ACPA-negative RA may differ in their treatment responses. We used data from a randomized controlled trial - the Combination Anti-Rheumatic Drugs in Early RA (CARDERA) trial - to examine whether responses to intensive combination treatments in early RA differ by ACPA status.

Methods

The CARDERA trial randomized 467 early active RA patients to receive: (1) methotrexate, (2) methotrexate/ciclosporin, (3) methotrexate/prednisolone or (4) methotrexate/ciclosporin/prednisolone in a factorial-design. Patients were assessed every six months for two years. In this analysis we evaluated 431 patients with available ACPA status. To minimize multiple testing we used a mixed-effects repeated measures ANOVA model to test for an interaction between ACPA and treatment on mean changes from baseline for each outcome (Larsen, disease activity scores on a 28-joint count (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), EuroQol, SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores). When a significant interaction was present, mean changes in outcomes were compared by treatment group at each time point using t-tests stratified by ACPA status. Odds ratios (ORs) for the onset of new erosions with treatment were calculated stratified by ACPA.

Results

ACPA status influenced the need for combination treatments to reduce radiological progression. ACPA-positive patients had significant reductions in Larsen score progression with all treatments. ACPA-positive patients receiving triple therapy had the greatest benefits: two-year mean Larsen score increases comprised 3.66 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.27 to 5.05) with triple therapy and 9.58 (95% CI 6.76 to 12.39) with monotherapy; OR for new erosions with triple therapy versus monotherapy was 0.32 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.72; P = 0.003). ACPA-negative patients had minimal radiological progression irrespective of treatment. Corticosteroid’s impact on improving DAS28/PCS scores was confined to ACPA-positive RA.

Conclusions

ACPA status influences the need for combination DMARDs and high-dose tapering corticosteroids in early RA. In CARDERA, combination therapy was only required to prevent radiological progression in ACPA-positive patients; corticosteroids only provided significant disease activity and physical health improvements in ACPA-positive disease. This suggests ACPA is an important biomarker for guiding treatment decisions in early RA.

Trial registration

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN32484878
Efficacy of Coming Out Proud to reduce stigma's impact among people with mental illness: pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rüsch Nicolas , Abbruzzese Elvira , Hagedorn Eva , Hartenhauer Daniel , Kaufmann Ilias , Curschellas Jan , Ventling Stephanie , Zuaboni Gianfranco , Bridler René , Olschewski Manfred , Kawohl Wolfram , Rössler Wulf , Kleim Birgit , Corrigan Patrick W.
Published: January 2014

Background

Facing frequent stigma and discrimination, many people with mental illness have to choose between secrecy and disclosure in different settings. Coming Out Proud (COP), a 3-week peer-led group intervention, offers support in this domain in order to reduce stigma's negative impact.

Aims

To examine COP's efficacy to reduce negative stigma-related outcomes and to promote adaptive coping styles (Current Controlled Trials number: ISRCTN43516734).

Method

In a pilot randomised controlled trial, 100 participants with mental illness were assigned to COP or a treatment-as-usual control condition. Outcomes included self-stigma, empowerment, stigma stress, secrecy and perceived benefits of disclosure.

Results

Intention-to-treat analyses found no effect of COP on self-stigma or empowerment, but positive effects on stigma stress, disclosure-related distress, secrecy and perceived benefits of disclosure. Some effects diminished during the 3-week follow-up period.

Conclusions

Coming Out Proud has immediate positive effects on disclosure- and stigma stress-related variables and may thus alleviate stigma's negative impact.
Prolactin/Stat5 and Androgen R1881 Coactivate Carboxypeptidase-D Gene in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Koirala Samir , Thomas Lynn N. , Too Catherine K. L.
Published: January 2014

Plasma membrane-bound carboxypeptidase-D (CPD) cleaves C-terminal arginine from extracellular substrates. In the cell, arginine is converted to nitric oxide (NO). We have reported that up-regulation of CPD mRNA/protein levels by 17β-estradiol and prolactin (PRL) in breast cancer cells, and by testosterone in prostate cancer cells, increased NO production and cell survival. The CPD promoter contains a consensus γ-interferon-activated sequence (GAS) and 3 putative androgen response elements (ARE.1, ARE.2, ARE.3) that could potentially bind PRL-activated transcription factor Stat5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) and the liganded androgen receptor (AR), respectively. This study showed that synthetic androgen R1881 and PRL elevated CPD mRNA/protein levels in human MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells in a time-/dose-dependent manner. PRL/R1881-elevated CPD expression was blocked by actinomycin-D, and a CPD promoter construct containing these GAS and AREs was stimulated by PRL or R1881, indicating transcriptional regulation by both hormones. Luciferase reporter assays showed that GAS and the adjacent ARE.1 only were active. Mutation of GAS in the ΔGAS-CPD construct (ARE.1 intact) abolished CPD promoter activity in response to PRL and, surprisingly, to R1881 as well. ΔGAS-CPD promoter activity was restored by PRL+R1881 in combination, and enhanced by ectopic Stat5, but abolished by Stat5 gene knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed binding of activated Stat5 and liganded AR to GAS and ARE.1, respectively. Activated Stat5 also induced binding of unliganded AR to ARE.1, and liganded AR induced binding of unactivated Stat5 to GAS. In summary, PRL and R1881, acting through Stat5 and AR, act cooperatively to stimulate CPD gene transcription in breast cancer cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of Soluble and Thermally Stable Poly(ether–imide–urea)s
Authors: Toiserkani Hojjat
Published: January 2014

Two series of new modified poly(ether–imide–urea)s, POa–POc and PSa–PSc, with benzoxazole or benzothiazole pendent groups were successfully synthesized by diphenyl azidophosphate (DPAP)-activated one-pot polyaddition reaction of two bis(imide–dicarboxylic acid)s, 2-[3,5-bis(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]benzoxazole (1O) or 2-[3,5-bis(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)phenyl]benzothiazole (1S) with various kinds of aromatic diamines a–c. In this direct method, the polymers were prepared by polyaddition reactions of the in situ-formed diisocyanate with the aromatic diamines. For comparative purposes, reference poly(ether–imide–urea)s, PRa–PRc, were also prepared by reacting a bis(imide–dicarboxylic acid) lacking pendent groups, namely, 3,5-bis(4-trimellitimidophenoxy)benzene (2) with the same diamines under similar conditions. Characterization of polymers was accomplished by inherent viscosity measurements, FTIR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities between 0.19 and 0.37 dL g−1. The solubilities of modified poly(ether–imide–urea)s in common organic solvents as well as their thermal stability were enhanced compared to these of the corresponding unmodified poly(ether–imide–urea)s. The glass-transition temperature, 10% weight loss temperature, and char yields at 800 °C were, respectively, 7–28, 14–38 °C, and 3–7% higher than those of the reference polymers in nitrogen atmosphere.
Η οξεία επίδραση της υπερομοκυστεϊναιμίας που προκαλείται μετά τη λήψη μεθειονίνης σε ασθενείς με σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2
Authors: Ντούπης Ιωάννης
Published: January 2014

Οι αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις της ομοκυστεΐνης είναι γνωστό ότι προκαλούν δυσλειτουργία του ενδοθηλίου σε άτομα χωρίς διαβήτη βλάπτοντας την ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή. Επιπλέον οι χρονίως αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις της ομοκυστεΐνης έχουν συνδεθεί με αυξημένο κίνδυνο για καρδιαγγειακά επεισόδια. Δεν υπάρχουν όμως στοιχεία για τη δράση της οξείας υπερομοκυστεϊναιμίας στην ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή ούτε στην αρτηριακή σκλήρυνση σε ασθενείς με διαβήτη τύπου 2. Σκοπός: Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να εξετάσει την επίδραση της οξείας υπερομοκυστεϊναιμίας που προκλήθηκε μετά από τη χορήγηση μεθειονίνης στην ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή αλλά και στην αρτηριακή σκλήρυνση σε ασθενείς με διαβήτη τύπου 2. Ασθενείς - Μέθοδοι : Μελετήθηκε η επίδραση της φόρτισης από του στόματος με μεθειονίνη (0.1g/Kg) σε συσχέτιση με τη χορήγηση ύδατος στην ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή και στην αρτηριακή σκλήρυνση σε 30 ασθενείς με διαβήτη τύπου 2 (μέση ηλικία 58.7 ± 7.6 έτη, μέση διάρκεια διαβήτη 7.0 έτη) που δεν είχαν κλινικά έκδηλη μακροαγγειοπάθεια. Η ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή υπολογίστηκε ως η επί τοις εκατό μεταβολή της διαμέτρου της βραχιονίου αρτηρίας μετά από ισχαιμική περίδεση σε σχέση με τη βασική κατάσταση. Η αρτηριακή σκλήρυνση εκφράστηκε με το δείκτη ενίσχυσης του σφυγμικού κύματος (Augmentation index) με τη χρήση πιστοποιημένης συσκευής (Sphygmocore). Οι μετρήσεις έγιναν σε κατάσταση νηστείας και την 1η , 2η , και 3η ώρα μετά από τη λήψη ύδατος ή μεθειονίνης. Αποτελέσματα: Η χορήγηση ύδατος δεν προκάλεσε σημαντική αλλαγή στις συγκεντρώσεις της ολικής ομοκυστεΐνης πλάσματος ενώ η χορήγηση μεθειονίνης είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση της ολικής ομοκυστεΐνης πλάσματος κατά 143% την 3η ώρα. Η ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή κατά τη διάρκεια του πειράματος εκφραζόμενη ως το εμβαδόν των τιμών της καμπύλης (Area under the Curve, AUC) παρουσίασε στατιστικά σημαντική ελάττωση μετά από τη λήψη της μεθειονίνης σε σχέση με τη λήψη ύδατος ( AUC: 14.5 ± 6.1 έναντι 24.8 ± 9.2 % , αντίστοιχα, P<0.001). Ο δείκτης ενίσχυσης του σφυγμικού κύματος παρουσίασε στατιστικά σημαντική αύξηση μετά από τη λήψη μεθειονίνης σε σχέση με τη λήψη ύδατος. (AUC: 176.9 ± 36.4 έναντι 156.7 ± 48.1 mm Hg ? h, αντίστοιχα, P=0.03). Συμπέρασμα: Η οξεία υπερομοκυστεϊναιμία όχι μόνο παραβλάπτει την ενδοθηλιοεξαρτώμενη αγγειοδιαστολή, αλλά, επιπλέον, αυξάνει και την αρτηριακή σκλήρυνση (μειώνει την αρτηριακή ελαστικότητα) σε ασθενείς με διαβήτη τύπου 2. Η βλαπτική αυτή επίδραση πιθανότατα οφείλεται στην ελάττωση της βιοδιαθεσιμότητας του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου στο ενδοθήλιο.
Dentin reactions to caries are misinterpreted by histological “gold standards”
Authors: Silva Priscila Florentino , de Holanda Ferreira Danilo Augusto , Meira Kássia Regina Simões , Forte Franklin Delano Soares , Chaves Ana Maria Barros , de Sousa Frederico Barbosa
Published: January 2014

Dentin reactions to caries, crucial for pathogenesis and for the determination of the severity of caries lesions, are believed to be reasonably detected by stereomicroscopy (SM) and polarized light microscopy in quinoline (PLMQ), but accuracies are not available. Here, stereomicroscopy of wet (SW) and dry (SD) ground sections of natural occlusal caries lesions resulted in moderate (0.7, for normal dentin) and low accuracies (< 0.6, for carious and sclerotic dentin) as validated by contrast-corrected microradiography. Accuracies of PLMQ were moderate for both normal (0.71) and carious dentin (0.71). The hypothesis that detection of dentin reactions by SM and PLMQ would be influenced by the contrast quality of micrographic images was rejected. Dentin reactions were scored by SW, SD, PLMQ, and three types of microradiographic images with varying contrast qualities and each technique was compared against the one that resulted in the highest number of scores for each dentin reaction. Large differences resulted, mainly related to the detection of sclerotic dentin by both SW and SD, and normal and carious dentin by PLMQ. It is concluded that contrast-corrected microradiography should be preferred as the gold standard and SM and PLMQ should be avoided, but the relationship of PLMQ with dentin mineralization deserves further investigation.
Changes in State Prescription Contraceptive Mandates For Insurers: The Effect on Women's Contraceptive Use
Authors: Atkins Danielle N. , Bradford W. David
Published: January 2014

CONTEXT

Access to effective contraceptives is critical to reducing levels of unintended childbearing in the United States. Since 1998, more than half the states have passed legislation requiring insurers that cover prescription drugs to cover prescription contraceptives approved by the Food and Drug Administration. An assessment of the impact of these laws on women's contraceptive use is needed to determine whether such policies are effective.

METHODS

Information was collected on state contraceptive coverage policies, and contraceptive use data among women at risk of unintended pregnancy were drawn from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys conducted between 1998 and 2010. Logit regression analysis was used to calculate the marginal effects of state contraceptive coverage laws on insured and uninsured women's use of prescription methods.

RESULTS

Insured women who lived in a state with a contraceptive coverage law were 5% more likely than their counterparts in states without such laws to use an effective method (i.e., a prescription method, condoms or sterilization). Among women who used such methods, those in contraceptive coverage states were 5% more likely than women in other states to use any prescription method, and 4% more likely to use the pill. No associations were found between contraceptive mandates and method use by uninsured women. Among both users and nonusers, contraceptive coverage was associated with a 5% increase in pill use.

CONCLUSIONS

Contraceptive coverage mandates appear to play a role in increasing the use of prescription contraceptives among insured women, and hence may help to reduce the numbers of unintended pregnancies.
Effect of potassium, boron and strontium on winter wheat
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: January 2014

Mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajon, az MTA ATK TAKI Nagyhörcsöki Kísérleti Telepén (Mezoföldön) vizsgáltuk a K, B és Sr elemek közötti kölcsönhatásokat oszi búzában. Az alaptrágyázás általában 100–100 kg N és P2O5·ha−1·év−1 volt, amelyet 25%-os pétisó és szuperfoszfát formájában adtunk ki. A K-szinteket megismételt 0, 1000, 2000 kg K2O-, a B-szinteket megismételt 0, 20, 40, 60 kg B-, a Sr-szinteket 67 kg Sr hektáronkénti adaggal állítottuk be. Mutrágyaként 60%-os KCl-ot, 11%-os bóraxot és 33%-os SrCl2·6H2O sót alkalmaztunk. Foparcellánként 3 K-kezelés, alparcellánként 4 B-kezelés, al-alparcellánként 2 Sr-kezelés szolgált, 24 kezeléssel×3 ismétlésben = 72 parcellával, osztott parcellás elrendezésben.A kísérlet beállításakor (1987 oszén) a szántott réteg 5% CaCO3-ot, 3% humuszt, 20% agyagot tartalmazott. A pH(H2O) 7,8; a pH(KCl) 7,3; az AL-oldható K2O és P2O5 180–200 és 100–120, a KCl-oldható Mg 110–150, a KCl+EDTA-oldható Mn 60–80, a Cu és Zn 1–2, valamint a B 0,7 mg·kg−1 értékkel volt jellemezheto. A termohely kielégíto K-, Ca- és Mg-; közepes N- és P-; valamint gyenge Zn- és Cu-ellátottságú. A talajvíz szintje 13–15 m mélyen található, a terület aszályérzékeny. Az átlagos középhomérséklet 11°C, az éves csapadékösszeg 400–600 mm közötti, egyenetlen eloszlással.A fobb megállapítások, levonható tanulságok:

Ezen a káliummal és bórral egyaránt kielégítoen ellátott mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajon trágyahatások a termésben nem jelentkeztek. Az elovetemény cirok kiszárította a talajt, a búza 9 hónapos tenyészideje alatt mindössze 234 mm csapadékot kapott. Ebben a száraz évben 3,0 t·ha-1 szalma- és 3,5 t·ha−1 szemtömeg képzodött átlagosan.

A szalma és szem B-tartalmát a B- és K-trágyázás egyaránt közel a kétszeresére emelte, így a kontrollon mért B-tartalmak átlagosan a négyszeresére nottek. A Ktrágyázás ezen túlmenoen nagyobb K-, illetve mérsékeltebb Mg-tartalmakat eredményezett a szalmában. A Sr-trágyázással enyhén nott a szalma Sr-, illetve mérséklodött Na-tartalma.

A kicsi szalmatermés és az extrém nagy K-kínálat nyomán a szalma 4,22% K-tartalmat halmozott fel. Az 1 t szemtermés és a hozzátartozó melléktermés ún. fajlagos/egységnyi K-tartalma és Mg-tartalma több mint kétszeresen haladta meg a szokásosat, ezért félrevezeto lehet a szaktanácsadás számára.

A felvett K 90%-át, illetve a Sr 98%-át a melléktermés szalma halmozta fel.
Cartilage: Biomimetic Study of the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Anyaeji Chinedu I. , Basser Peter J. , Horkay Ferenc
Published: January 2014

Cartilage is a complex biological tissue that exhibits gel-like behavior. Its primary biological function is providing compressive resistance to external loading and nearly frictionless lubrication of joints. In this study, we model cartilage extracellular matrix using a biomimetic system. We demonstrate that poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) hydrogels are robust biomaterials exhibiting mechanical and swelling properties similar to that of cartilage extracellular matrix. A comparison is made between the macroscopic behavior of PVA gels and literature data reported for cartilage.
Geometry-based, n-type-enhanced p-type polymer/metal oxide nanocomposites for high-efficiency, high-specificity conductive systems
Authors: Raccis Riccardo , Wortmann Laura , Ilyas Shaista , Schläfer Johannes , Mettenbörger Andreas , Mathur Sanjay
Published: January 2014

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were diffused of two different shapes (spherical and cubical) in PEDOT:PSS matrices below the percolation threshold. Increases in conductivity within a distinct range in concentration were observed in the dark and under simulated solar illumination. The effect was ascribed to a generalized Poole-Frenkel effect in conjunction with basic properties of heterojunctions and electrostatic dipoles, and verified through data fitting. A difference in behaviour between sphere- and cube-based nanocomposites was also observed.
Mapping the clockworks: what does the Clock Drawing Test assess in normal and pathological aging?
Authors: Paula Jonas Jardim de , Miranda Debora Marques de , Moraes Edgar Nunes de , Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes
Published: January 2014

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a cognitive screening tool used in clinical and research settings. Despite its role on the assessment of global cognitive functioning, the specific cognitive components required for test performance are still unclear. We aim to assess the role of executive functioning, global cognitive status, visuospatial abilities, and semantic knowledge on Shulman’s CDT performance. Fifty-three mild cognitive impairment, 60 Alzheimer’s dementia, and 57 normal elderly controls performed the CDT, the Frontal Assessment Battery, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Stick Design Test, and a naming test (TN-LIN). An ordinal regression assessed specific neuropsychological influences on CDT performance. All the cognitive variables were related to the CDT, accounting for 53% of variance. The strongest association was between the CDT and executive functions, followed by global cognitive status, visuospatial processing, and semantic knowledge. Our result confirms the multidimensional nature of the test and the major role of executive functions on performance.
Familial adult spinal muscular atrophy associated with the VAPB gene: report of 42 cases in Brazil
Authors: Kosac Victor , Freitas Marcos R. G. de , Prado Frederico M. , Nascimento Osvaldo J. M. , Bittar Caroline
Published: January 2014

Familial spinal muscular atrophy (FSMA) associated with the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) gene is a rare autosomal dominant disease with late onset and slow progression. We studied 10 of 42 patients from 5 families by taking clinical histories and performing physical exams, electrophysiological studies, and genetic tests. All patients presented late onset disease with slow progression characterized by fasciculations, proximal weakness, amyotrophy, and hypoactive deep tendon reflex, except two who exhibited brisk reflex. Two patients showed tongue fasciculations and respiratory insufficiency. Electrophysiological studies revealed patterns of lower motor neuron disease, and genetic testing identified a P56S mutation of the VAPB gene. Although it is a rare motor neuron disease, FSMA with this mutation might be much more prevalent in Brazil than expected, and many cases may be undiagnosed. Genetic exams should be performed whenever it is suspected in Brazil.
Tokuhashi Scoring System has limited applicability in the majority of patients with spinal cord compression secondary to vertebral metastasis
Authors: Oliveira Matheus Fernandes de , Barros Breno de Amorim , Rotta Jose Marcus , Botelho Ricardo Vieira
Published: January 2014

Spine is the primary bone site affected by systemic metastasis. Although there are scales that attempt to manage these patients, their real applicability is unknown. The Tokuhashi Scoring System (TSS) is a widely used prognostic tool. At the time of treatment, the data necessary to complete TSS may be incomplete, making its application impossible. Objective To evaluate the number of TSS scores completed by the time the clinical therapeutic decision was made. Methods From July 2010 to January 2012, we selected patients who were diagnosed with spinal metastases. Results Sixty spinal metastasis patients (21 female, 39 male) were evaluated between July 2010 and January 2012. At the time of the treatment decision, only 25% of the patients had completed the TSS items. Conclusion In the majority of patients with vertebral metastasis, TSS variables cannot be applied.
Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves: a review with emphasis on surgical indication
Authors: Martins Roberto Sergio , Bastos Dhiego , Siqueira Mario Gilberto , Heise Carlos Otto , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: January 2014

Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is a dramatic condition present in many of the injuries to the upper and lower extremities. An understanding of its physiopathology and selection of a suitable time for surgery are necessary for proper treatment of this challenging disorder. This article reviews the physiopathology of traumatic peripheral nerve injury, considers the most used classification, and discusses the main aspects of surgical timing and treatment of such a condition.
Prosody and levodopa in Parkinsons disease
Authors: Azevedo Luciana Lemos de , Reis Cesar Augusto da Conceicao , Souza Irene Soares de , Cardoso Francisco Eduardo Costa
Published: January 2014

Objective Research is scarce regarding the use of prosodic parameters in the expression of attitudes in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the parameters used in prosodic expression of attitudes in individuals with idiopathic PD and the effect of levodopa on these parameters. Method We studied the use of levodopa in 10 individuals with idiopathic PD during the “off” and “on” periods, and 10 individuals without neurological abnormalities. Results PD patients showed lower frequency measurements and longer duration measurements. The levodopa caused reduction in the duration parameter. Conclusion PD patients use prosody to express their attitudes in the same way as controls in both off and on periods. However, when attitudes are not taken into account, levodopa is effective in improving the duration parameter.
Trends in the mortality of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in Colombia: a 10-year analysis of a nationwide registry
Authors: Alcala-Cerra Gabriel , Young Adam M.H. , Paternina-Caicedo Angel , Ribas Eduardo Santamaria Carvalhal
Published: January 2014

Objective To assess trends in mortality from 1999 to 2008 resulting from non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the Colombian population. Method This population-based study analyzed all deaths by assuming a Poisson model. Results Subarachnoid hemorrhage-related deaths showed a statistically significant increase of 1.6% per year (p<0.001). The age-standardized analysis demonstrated an increased mortality trend of 3.3% per year (p<0.001) in people older than 70 years, but a decreased mortality trend in people younger than 50. It remained stable in patients 50-69 years old. Conclusion The overall SAH-related mortality rate in Colombia has increased because increased mortality among the elderly has been counterbalanced by reduced mortality rates in younger age groups. These disparities may reflect epidemiologic transition, treatment inequities, or a less favorable comorbid profile.
Interictal dysphoric disorder: a frequent psychiatric comorbidity among patients with epilepsy who were followed in two tertiary centers
Authors: Nascimento Pedro Paulo Gomes do , Oliva Carlos Henrique , Franco Clelia Maria Ribeiro , Mazetto Lennon , Yamashiro Alberto S. , Araujo Filho Gerardo Maria de , Yacubian Elza Marcia Targas
Published: January 2014

Psychiatric disorders are frequent among patients with epilepsy. Data in the literature have shown a heterogeneous clinical presentation of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy. Interictal dysphoric disorder could be a specific psychiatric comorbidity associated with epilepsy, primarily in patients treated in tertiary centers. Objective The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of interictal dysphoric disorder among patients with epilepsy who were followed in two tertiary epilepsy services in Brazil. Method Sixty-five patients with epilepsy completed the Portuguese version of the Interictal Dysphoric Disorder Inventory. Results Thirty-three (50.7%) patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for interictal dysphoric disorder, although all participants answered positively to having at least one key symptom. Conclusion The high rate of patients with epilepsy who fulfilled the diagnosis of interictal dysphoric disorder confirms an association between epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. However, there is clearly a need to improve diagnostic tools to allow better differentiation between interictal dysphoric disorder and other psychiatric disorders.
Right cerebral hemisphere and central auditory processing in children with developmental dyslexia
Authors: Murphy-Ruiz Paulina C. , Penaloza-Lopez Yolanda R. , Garcia-Pedroza Felipe , Poblano Adrian
Published: January 2014

Objective We hypothesized that if the right hemisphere auditory processing abilities can be altered in children with developmental dyslexia (DD), we can detect dysfunction using specific tests. Method We performed an analytical comparative cross-sectional study. We studied 20 right-handed children with DD and 20 healthy right-handed control subjects (CS). Children in both groups were age, gender, and school-grade matched. Focusing on the right hemisphere’s contribution, we utilized tests to measure alterations in central auditory processing (CAP), such as determination of frequency patterns; sound duration; music pitch recognition; and identification of environmental sounds. We compared results among the two groups. Results Children with DD showed lower performance than CS in all CAP subtests, including those that preferentially engaged the cerebral right hemisphere. Conclusion Our data suggests a significant contribution of the right hemisphere in alterations of CAP in children with DD. Thus, right hemisphere CAP must be considered for examination and rehabilitation of children with DD.