bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A single dose of cannabidiol modulates medial temporal and striatal function during fear processing in people at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Davies Cathy , Wilson Robin , Appiah-Kusi Elizabeth , Blest-Hopley Grace , Brammer Michael , Perez Jesus , Murray Robin M. , Allen Paul , Bossong Matthijs G. , McGuire Philip , Bhattacharyya Sagnik
Published: September 2020

Emotional dysregulation and anxiety are common in people at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and are associated with altered neural responses to emotional stimuli in the striatum and medial temporal lobe. Using a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group design, 33 CHR patients were randomised to a single oral dose of CBD (600 mg) or placebo. Healthy controls (n = 19) were studied under identical conditions but did not receive any drug. Participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a fearful face-processing paradigm. Activation related to the CHR state and to the effects of CBD was examined using a region-of-interest approach. During fear processing, CHR participants receiving placebo (n = 15) showed greater activation than controls (n = 19) in the parahippocampal gyrus but less activation in the striatum. Within these regions, activation in the CHR group that received CBD (n = 15) was intermediate between that of the CHR placebo and control groups. These findings suggest that in CHR patients, CBD modulates brain function in regions implicated in psychosis risk and emotion processing. These findings are similar to those previously evident using a memory paradigm, suggesting that the effects of CBD on medial temporal and striatal function may be task independent.
Molybdenum disulfide@5-carboxyfluorescein-probe biosensor for unamplified specific fragment detection in long nucleic acids based on magnetic composite probe-actuated deblocking of secondary structure
Authors: Guo Bin , Yan Yurong , Fan Lu , Wu Haiping , Zhao Min , Duan Xiaolei , Cheng Wei , Ding Shijia
Published: September 2020

Secondary structures in long circulating tumor nucleic acids have potential obstacles for specific location point hybridized detection of gene fragments.
Determination of Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit Using Backward
Extrapolation
Authors: Andrade Vitor Luiz , Kalva-Filho Carlos Augusto , Ribeiro Nayan Xavier , Gobbi Ronaldo Bucken , de Arruda Tarine Botta , Papoti Marcelo
Published: September 2020

This study aimed to compare the Maximum Accumulated Oxygen Deficit determined by
the conventional method (MAODC) with that determined by the backward
extrapolation technique (MAODEXTR) in runners. Fourteen runners
underwent a maximal incremental test for determination of iVO2MAX,
ten submaximal efforts (50–95% of iVO2MAX for
7 min). During the submaximal efforts oxygen consumption
(VO2) values were obtained conventionally and through the backward
extrapolation technique (~ 3 s after the end of each effort). A
supramaximal effort (110% of iVO2MAX) (tLimC) and
five supramaximal bouts (tLimEXTR) were performed. MAODC
and MAODEXTR were determined from the difference between the
VO2 accumulated during tLimC and tLimEXTR
and the predicted values. The tLimC was lower than
tLimEXTR (164.06±36.32 s,
200.23±63.78 s, p<0.05). No significant differences were
found between absolute and relative MAODC and MAODEXTR
values, however, low intraclass correlations (0.26 and 0.24), high typical
errors (2.03 L and 24 mL∙kg−1) were
observed, and coefficients of variation (46 and 48%), respectively. The
graphical analysis of the differences showed agreement and correlation between
the methods (r=0.86 and 0.85). Thus, it can be concluded that the
MAODEXTR is not a valid method for estimating the anaerobic
capacity of runners, moreover, unreliable.
Cooling During Exercise May Induce Benefits Linked to Improved Brain Perfusion
Authors: Douzi Wafa , Dugué Benoit , Theurot Dimitri , Vinches Ludwig , Hallé Stéphane , Dupuy Olivier
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of using a cooling vest during physical exercise (per-cooling) in humid and temperate conditions (≈22°C, ≈80% relative humidity) on perceptual and physiological responses (tissue oxygenation and heart rate). 20 physically active men performed twice a 30-min cycling exercise at 70% of their theoretical maximum heart rate while using an activated (experimental condition) and a deactivated (control condition) cooling system in a randomized crossover study. Heart rate and tissue (cerebral and muscular) oxygenation were continuously measured during exercise and recovery, and skin temperature was measured every 10 min. Perception of temperature, humidity and comfort were assessed at the end of the recovery period. Results showed a decrease in trunk skin temperature (p<0.05), a faster heart rate recovery and an increase in the concentration of total hemoglobin at the brain level (p<0.05) compared with control condition. Moreover, an improved subjective rating of thermal sensations, wetness and comfort compared to control values (p<0.05) was noted. In conclusion, wearing a cooling vest during submaximal exercise improves perceptual and physiological responses in humid temperate conditions, which may be due to a better blood perfusion at the brain level and a better parasympathetic reactivation.
New Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Injury Risk Factors in Young Team Sport Athletes
Authors: Jauhiainen Susanne , Kauppi Jukka-Pekka , Leppänen Mari , Pasanen Kati , Parkkari Jari , Vasankari Tommi , Kannus Pekka , Äyrämö Sami
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this article is to present how predictive machine learning methods can be utilized for detecting sport injury risk factors in a data-driven manner. The approach can be used for finding new hypotheses for risk factors and confirming the predictive power of previously recognized ones. We used three-dimensional motion analysis and physical data from 314 young basketball and floorball players (48.4% males, 15.72±1.79 yr, 173.34±9.14 cm, 64.65±10.4 kg). Both linear (L1-regularized logistic regression) and non-linear methods (random forest) were used to predict moderate and severe knee and ankle injuries (N=57) during three-year follow-up. Results were confirmed with permutation tests and predictive risk factors detected with Wilcoxon signed-rank-test (p<0.01). Random forest suggested twelve consistent injury predictors and logistic regression twenty. Ten of these were suggested in both models; sex, body mass index, hamstring flexibility, knee joint laxity, medial knee displacement, height, ankle plantar flexion at initial contact, leg press one-repetition max, and knee valgus at initial contact. Cross-validated areas under receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.65 (logistic regression) and 0.63 (random forest). The results highlight the difficulty of predicting future injuries, but also show that even with models having relatively low predictive power, certain predictive injury risk factors can be consistently detected.
Neuromuscular Control of Ankle-stabilizing Muscles-specific Effects of Sex and Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Khowailed Iman Akef , Lee Haneul
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in neuromuscular control and mechanical properties of the ankle-stabilizing muscles between men and women, and during different phases of menstrual cycle in women. Fifteen women with regular menstrual cycles and 17 male counterparts were included in this study. Electromyographic signals were recorded from the peroneus longus (PL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles while performing three balance tasks. Muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity of muscles were measured using a MyotonPRO in the resting position. Outcomes were measured twice (ovulation and early follicular phases) for women, while measurements were acquired only once for men. Significantly higher tibialis anterior-peroneus longus co-contraction (TA/PL ratio) was observed in all balance tasks in women than in men (p< 0.05); however, significant differences between phases of the menstrual cycle were noted only in the 2 most difficult tasks (p< 0.05). A similar pattern was observed in the postural sway. These results highlight the importance of sex-specific hormonal effects on neuromuscular control and mechanical properties, and as well as the differences during phases of the menstrual cycle. These insights assume significance in the context of developing neuromuscular strategies for the purpose of preventing lower extremity injuries during sports activities.
Follow-up of Acute Respiratory Disorders in Cyclists Competing in the
100th Giro d’Italia
Authors: Pollastri Luca , Macaluso Claudio , Vinetti Giovanni , Tredici Giovanni , Lanfranconi Francesca
Published: September 2020

Acute respiratory disorder is a common sub-clinical condition affecting elite
cyclists. Monitoring the perturbations of the immunological cells in the
respiratory tract, indicative of a likely proinflammatory state, during an
International Cycling Union world tour is a challenging task. The aim of this
study was to follow up on the sign and symptoms of upper way respiratory
infections with or without asthma, using non-invasive methods, during a 21-day
race (100° Giro d’Italia, 2017). Nine male elite cyclists of the
Bahrain Merida Team were evaluated before the training season and daily during
the race. Clinical history, skin prick and spirometric test, acute respiratory
symptoms were measured using validated questionnaires, and values of fraction of
exhaled nitric oxide were collected longitudinally. Four of the 9 athletes had
allergies with/or consistent abnormal spirometric curves before the
race. During the race, 5 athletes had a fraction of exhaled nitric oxide values
>20 ppb which correlated with respiratory symptoms collected
through questionnaires. These were related to the environmental characteristics
of the places travelled through in the race. The athletes with a predisposition
to chronic respiratory inflammation in the pre-competitive season were more
likely to develop acute respiratory symptoms during the race.
The Inverse Association of Muscular Strength with Carotid
Intima-media and Extra-media Thickness in Women
Authors: Karabinus Julie A. , DeBlois Jacob P. , Keller Allison , Glasgow Alaina C. , Barreira Tiago V. , Heffernan Kevin S.
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between strength and
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in young women. Carotid
intima-media thickness (IMT) and extra-media thickness (EMT) were used as
measures of subclinical atherosclerosis and CVD risk. Muscular strength, IMT,
and EMT were measured in 70 young women (mean age=21±4 years).
Strength was determined using a handgrip dynamometer and expressed relative to
body mass. IMT and EMT were measured using ultrasonography of the left common
carotid artery. Objectively measured moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)
was assessed with accelerometry. Higher relative handgrip strength was
associated with lower IMT (r=−0.23; p<0.05) and lower
EMT (r=−0.27; p<0.05). Associations between relative
handgrip strength and IMT (r=−0.24) as well as EMT
(r=−0.25) remained significant after adjusting for potential
confounders including traditional CVD risk factors and MVPA (p<0.05).
These results show that there is an inverse association between handgrip
strength with carotid IMT and EMT in young women. Muscular strength may reduce
CVD risk in young women via favorable effects on subclinical carotid
atherosclerosis independent of physical activity.
Tissue Factor-Independent Coagulation Correlates with Clinical Phenotype in Factor XI Deficiency and Replacement Therapy
Authors: Bertaggia Calderara Debora , Zermatten Maxime G. , Aliotta Alessandro , Batista Mesquita Sauvage Ana P. , Carle Vanessa , Heinis Christian , Alberio Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

Background In factor XI (FXI) deficiency, bleeding cannot be predicted by routine analyses. Since FXI is involved in tissue factor (TF)-independent propagation loop of coagulation, we hypothesized that investigating the spatiotemporal separated phases of coagulation (TF-dependent and -independent) could improve diagnostics.

Objectives This article investigates the correlation of parameters describing TF-dependent and -independent coagulation with the clinical phenotype of FXI deficiency and their ability to assess hemostasis after FXI replacement.

Methods We analyzed: (1) plasma from healthy controls (n = 53); (2) normal plasma (n = 4) spiked with increasing concentrations of a specific FXI inhibitor (C7P); (3) plasma from FXI-deficient patients (n = 24) with different clinical phenotypes (13 bleeders, 8 non-bleeders, 3 prothrombotics); (4) FXI-deficient plasma spiked with FXI concentrate (n = 6); and (5) plasma from FXI-deficient patients after FXI replacement (n = 7). Thrombin generation was measured with the reference method calibrated automated thrombogram and with Thrombodynamics (TD), a novel global assay differentiating TF-dependent and -independent coagulation.

Results C7P dose-dependently decreased FXI activity, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and hampered TF-independent coagulation. In FXI-deficient bleeders, TD parameters describing TF-independent propagation of coagulation and fibrin clot formation were reduced compared with controls and FXI-deficient nonbleeders and increased in FXI-deficient patients with prothrombotic phenotype. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that TF-independent parameters were useful for discriminating FXI-deficient bleeders from non-bleeders. In FXI-deficient plasma spiked with FXI concentrate and in patients receiving FXI replacement, TD parameters were shifted toward hypercoagulation already at plasma FXI levels around 20%.

Conclusion TF-independent coagulation parameters assessed by TD have the potential to identify the clinical phenotype in FXI-deficient patients and to monitor FXI replacement therapy.
Successful Free Tissue Transfer in the Profoundly Hypercoagulable Glioblastoma Multiforme Patient: Surgical Experience and Anticoagulation Protocol
Authors: Niziol Paul A. , Doval Andres F. , Jalalabadi Faryan , Klebuc Michael
Published: September 2020

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) produces a hypercoagulable environment and is associated the highest rates of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary emboli (PE) of any malignancy. The use of postoperative radiation in this generally compromised patient group is associated with the development of complex scalp wounds. Free tissue transfer reconstruction will be essential in selected cases despite the presence of an underlying hypercoagulable state.

Methods A 67-year-old female with a history of previous DVT presented with osteoradionecrosis and infected scalp wound following GBM treatment. She underwent reconstruction with a free vastus lateralis flap and skin graft. Initial anticoagulation was provided with intravenous heparin and transitioned to oral apixaban. Wound cultures demonstrated coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Actinomyces neuii, and Peptoniphilus harei and were treated with a 6-week course of intravenous cefepime and vancomycin.

Results Despite the initial failure of a local scalp rotation flap, successful wound healing was achieved with a free muscle flap and a course of culture specific antibiotics. The patient succumbed to recurrent disease 22 months after surgery, underscoring the importance of limiting hospitalization and maximizing quality of life in this group of patients.

Conclusion Free tissue transfer can be successfully achieved in the hypercoagulable GBM patient. Heparin and apixaban were employed successfully in the prevention of thrombotic events. Antiplatelet therapy should also be considered to counteract platelet aggregation induced by the transmembrane glycoprotein (podoplanin) that is expressed on GBM tumor cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing (ELISA) of blood soluble podoplanin may help determine the degree of hypercoagulability and guide therapy.
Utility of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Procalcitonin for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Meningitis
Authors: Rajial Tanuja , Batra Prerna , Harit Deepika , Singh Narendra Pal
Published: September 2020

Objective Positive CSF culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of meningitis but it carries poor sensitivity. CSF procalcitonin (PCT) is shown to have some utility for the diagnosis of meningitis though there are limited studies in neonatal age group. We planned this study to compare CSF, serum, and CSF to serum PCT levels in neonates with confirmed, probable, and nonmeningitis groups to determine its optimal cut-off in CSF and serum for diagnosing meningitis.

Study Design Sixty-seven neonates who qualified for lumbar puncture were enrolled in the study. Neonates were categorized into confirmed meningitis, i.e., CSF cytochemistry and culture positive (N = 17), probable meningitis, i.e., CSF cytochemistry positive but culture negative (N = 25) and nonmeningitis, i.e., both cytochemistry and culture negative (N = 25). CSF and serum samples were stored at −80°C for PCT assay.

Results Significant difference was seen in mean of CSF PCT in neonates with confirmed (0.31 ng/mL), probable (0.22 ng/mL), and nonmeningitis (0.11 ng/mL) groups. Similarly, significant difference was observed in serum PCT levels also, though the ratio of serum to CSF PCT was comparable. At cut-off of 0.2 ng/mL, CSF PCT had sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 96% in the diagnosis of meningitis.

Conclusion CSF PCT is more specific marker for the diagnosis of neonatal meningitis as compared with serum PCT and CSF to serum PCT ratio.

Key Points
Antithrombin p.Thr147Ala: The First Founder Mutation in People of African Origin Responsible for Inherited Antithrombin Deficiency
Authors: de la Morena-Barrio Belén , Jochmans Kristin , de la Morena-Barrio Maria Eugenia , Orlando Christelle , Pareyn Inge , Vanhoorelbeke Karen , Martínez-Martínez Irene , Vicente Vicente , Corral Javier
Published: September 2020

Background Hereditary antithrombin deficiency is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder predisposing to recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). To date, only two founder mutations have been described.

Objectives We investigated the antithrombin p.Thr147Ala variant, found in 12 patients of African origin. This variant is known as rs2227606 with minor allele frequency of 0.5% in Africans and absent in Europeans. A possible founder effect was investigated.

Methods Phenotypical characterization was established through immunological and functional methods, both under basal and stress conditions. Recombinant antithrombin molecules were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in HEK-293T cells. Secreted antithrombin was purified and functionally characterized. Structural modeling was performed to predict the impact of the mutation on protein structure. A novel nanopore sequencing approach was used for haplotype investigation.

Results Ten patients experienced VTE, stroke, or obstetric complications. Antithrombin antigen levels and anti-IIa activity were normal or slightly reduced while anti-Xa activity was reduced with only one commercial assay. On crossed immunoelectrophoresis, an increase of antithrombin fractions with reduced heparin affinity was observed under high ionic strength conditions but not under physiological conditions. The recombinant p.Thr147Ala protein displayed a reduced anti-Xa activity. Structural modeling revealed that residue Thr147 forms three hydrogen bonds that are abolished when mutated to alanine. The investigated patients shared a common haplotype involving 13 SERPINC1 intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Conclusion Antithrombin p.Thr147Ala, responsible for antithrombin type II heparin binding site deficiency, is the first founder mutation reported in people of African ancestry. This study further emphasizes the limitations of commercial methods to diagnose this specific subtype.
Pathological Features of Ruptured Coronary Plaque and Thrombus Interfaces: Fibrin and von Willebrand Factor as Platelet Scaffolds on Rupture Sites
Authors: Yamashita Atsushi , Nishihira Kensaku , Gi Toshihiro , Maekawa Kazunari , Hatakeyama Kinta , Horiuchi Saki , Wada Kei , Shibata Yoshisato , Asada Yujiro
Published: September 2020

Arterial thrombus formation is thought to be initiated by platelet adhesion to the subendothelial matrix, but ruptured atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by substantial reduction of matrix proteins compared with stable plaques. Intraplaque erythrocytes and/or fibrin have been reported in high-risk coronary plaques. The aims of the current study were to identify factors that provide scaffolds for platelets at the sites of ruptured coronary plaques and investigate depositions of iron and bilirubin as hemoglobin catabolites in the ruptured plaques. Histological characteristics of plaque components and the thrombus interface were examined in 73 acute coronary aspirated thrombi. Necrotic debris (95%), macrophages (95%), and cholesterin clefts (81%) were observed frequently at the ruptured plaque and thrombus interface. A fibrous matrix (47%), calcification (32%), and extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (15%) were identified as small foci. Tissue factor was localized in the necrotic core and macrophages. Fibrin and von Willebrand factor were consistently deposited within the plaques and beneath platelet aggregations. The citrullinated histone H3-immunopositive area accounted for only 0.5% of the plaque area. Bilirubin and iron depositions were detected in approximately 20% of the plaques in addition to biliverdin reductase and ferritin expression in macrophages. Fibrin and von Willebrand factor rather than matrix proteins and neutrophil extracellular traps may be major adhesive molecules at the sites of ruptured plaques. Iron and bilirubin deposits may be markers for rupture-prone plaques.
Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation at the Extremes of Body Weight: An Analysis from the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Ruff Christian T. , Kuder Julia F. , Shi Minggao , Lanz Hans J. , Antman Elliott M. , Braunwald Eugene , Giugliano Robert P.
Published: September 2020

Background The effects of anticoagulants at extremes of body weight (BW) are not well described. The aim of this study was to analyze the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and clinical outcomes in patients randomized to warfarin, higher dose edoxaban (HDER), and lower dose edoxaban (LDER) regimens at extremes of BW in ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48.

Methods and Results We analyzed three BW groups: low BW (LBW: <5th percentile, ≤55 kg, N = 1,082), middle BW (MBW: 45th–55th percentile, 79.8–84 kg, N = 2,153), and high BW (HBW: >95th percentile, ≥120 kg, N = 1,093). In the warfarin arm, LBW patients had higher rates of stroke/systemic embolism (SSE: 6.5 vs. 4.7 in MBW vs. 1.6% in HBW, P trend < 0.001), major bleeding (MB: 9.3 vs. 7.7 vs. 6.5%, P trend = 0.08), and worse net clinical outcome of systemic embolic event, MB, or death (31.5 vs. 19.1 vs. 16.0%, P trend < 0.0001). The time-in-therapeutic range with warfarin was lowest in LBW patients (63.0 vs. 69.3 vs. 70.1% patients, P trend < 0.001). The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of edoxaban was consistent across BW groups. The risk of SSE was similar between HDER and warfarin for each of the three weight groups (P int = 0.52, P int-trend = 0.86). MB was reduced by LDER versus warfarin (P int = 0.061, P int-trend = 0.023), especially in LBW patients. Net clinical outcomes were improved by HDER versus warfarin (P int = 0.087, P int-trend = 0.027), especially in LBW patients.

Conclusion Patients with LBW in ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 had in general a more fragile clinical status and poorer international normalized ratio control. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of edoxaban was consistent across extremes of BW, resulting in similar efficacy compared with warfarin, while major or clinically relevant non-MB and net outcomes were most favorable with edoxaban as compared to warfarin in LBW patients.
Anal Fissure in Children
Authors: Patkova Barbora , Wester Tomas
Published: September 2020

Anal fissure is a common clinical problem in children and is defined as a longitudinal tear in the anal canal. The typical presentation is painful defecation and rectal bleeding. The etiology of anal fissure is unknown, but passage of hard stools and increased internal anal sphincter pressure are considered important factors. The treatment is oriented to relieve the spasm of the internal anal sphincter, which prevents healing of the fissure. Conservative management with stool softeners, topical analgesics, and sitz baths is recommended as first-choice therapy. Surgical treatment has been replaced by nonoperative management as definitive therapy, which is associated with a marginally higher success rate than placebo. Most recent studies have focused on nonoperative treatment with glyceryl trinitrate, calcium channel blockers, or botulinum toxin injection treatment. There are a few controlled studies to compare the different nonoperative treatment options in children. Success rates vary between the studies, and there is no clear evidence about which is the optimal nonoperative treatment. A significant recurrence rate has been reported after nonoperative management of anal fissure. It is important to treat constipation to avoid recurrent tears in the anal canal.
Surgical Management of Rectal Prolapse in Infants and Children
Authors: Saadai Payam , Trappey A. Francois , Langer Jacob L.
Published: September 2020

The surgical management of children with rectal prolapse is wide ranging and without consensus within the pediatric surgical community. While the majority of rectal prolapse in infants and children resolves spontaneously or with the medical management of constipation, a small but significant subset of patients may require intervention for persistent symptoms. In this review, we discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of rectal prolapse in both infants and children, options for medical management, described interventions and surgical options and their outcomes, and future avenues for research and investigation.
Three-step deposition process for improved nucleation of noble metal thin films
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: September 2020

A three-step atomic layer deposition process tested with ruthenium could hold the key to creating continuous and smooth noble metal thin films.
Constitutive and facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in Cuban oregano,
Authors: Winter Klaus , Virgo Aurelio , Garcia Milton , Aranda Jorge , Holtum Joseph A. M.
Published: September 2020

Plants exhibiting the water-conserving crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway provide some of the most intriguing examples of photosynthetic diversity and plasticity. Here, a largely unnoticed facet of CAM-plant photosynthesis is highlighted: the co-occurrence of ontogenetically controlled constitutive and environmentally controlled facultative CAM in a species. Both forms of CAM are displayed in leaves of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Lamiaceae), a semi-succulent perennial plant with oregano-like flavour that is native to southern and eastern Africa and naturalised elsewhere in the tropics. Under well-watered conditions, leaves assimilate CO2 predominantly by the C3 pathway. They also display low levels of CO2 uptake at night accompanied by small nocturnal increases in leaf tissue acidity. This indicates the presence of weakly expressed constitutive CAM. CAM expression is strongly enhanced in response to drought stress. The drought-enhanced component of CAM is reversible upon rewatering and thus considered to be facultative. In contrast to C. amboinicus, the thin-leaved closely related Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. exhibits net CO2 fixation solely in the light via the C3 pathway, both under well-watered and drought conditions. However, low levels of nocturnal acidification detected in leaves and stems indicate that the CAM cycle is present. The highly speciose mint family, which contains few known CAM-exhibiting species and is composed predominantly of C3 species, appears to be an excellent group of plants for studying the evolutionary origins of CAM and for determining the position of facultative CAM along the C3–full CAM trajectory.
Hibernation and daily torpor in Australian and New Zealand bats: does the climate zone matter?
Authors: Geiser Fritz , Bondarenco Artiom , Currie Shannon E. , Doty Anna C. , Körtner Gerhard , Law Bradley S. , Pavey Chris R. , Riek Alexander , Stawski Clare , Turbill Christopher , Willis Craig K. R. , Brigham R. Mark
Published: September 2020

We aim to summarise what is known about torpor use and patterns in Australian and New Zealand (ANZ) bats from temperate, tropical/subtropical and arid/semiarid regions and to identify whether and how they differ. ANZ bats comprise ~90 species from 10 families. Members of at least nine of these are known to use torpor, but detailed knowledge is currently restricted to the pteropodids, molossids, mystacinids, and vespertilionids. In temperate areas, several species can hibernate (use a sequence of multiday torpor bouts) in trees or caves mostly during winter and continue to use short bouts of torpor for the rest of the year, including while reproducing. Subtropical vespertilionids also use multiday torpor in winter and brief bouts of torpor in summer, which permit a reduction in foraging, probably in part to avoid predators. Like temperate-zone vespertilionids they show little or no seasonal change in thermal energetics during torpor, and observed changes in torpor patterns in the wild appear largely due to temperature effects. In contrast, subtropical blossom-bats (pteropodids) exhibit more pronounced daily torpor in summer than winter related to nectar availability, and this involves a seasonal change in physiology. Even in tropical areas, vespertilionids express short bouts of torpor lasting ~5 h in winter; summer data are not available. In the arid zone, molossids and vespertilionids use torpor throughout the year, including during desert heat waves. Given the same thermal conditions, torpor bouts in desert bats are longer in summer than in winter, probably to minimise water loss. Thus, torpor in ANZ bats is used by members of all or most families over the entire region, its regional and seasonal expression is often not pronounced or as expected, and it plays a key role in energy and water balance and other crucial biological functions that enhance long-term survival by individuals.
The multifaceted nature of the antipassive construction
Authors: Janic Katarzyna , Witzlack-Makarevich Alena
Published: September 2020

The present chapter opens the volume by proving an
overview of the antipassive construction from the typological perspective.
After setting the scene by introducing the major theoretical concepts used
in this volume, we consider various aspects of the formal and functional
variation of the antipassive construction. First, we show how the
antipassive construction varies among languages with respect to the
realization of the P argument. We then discuss various aspects of
the antipassive marker, including its dedicatedness and obligatoriness, as
well as its syncretism with other functions. This chapter also zooms in on
various functions performed by the antipassive. In addition to semantic,
discourse-pragmatic and syntactic functions commonly recognized in the
literature, we also address a less typical stylistic function. Another
parameter of variation discussed is the productivity of the antipassive.
Finally, this chapter addresses the question of various constructions which
formally or functionally overlap with antipassive constructions.
Antipassive propensities and alignment
Authors: Mithun Marianne
Published: September 2020

Antipassive constructions were once thought to be
unique to languages with ergative/absolutive alignment. Subsequent
work demonstrated their existence in languages with
nominative/accusative alignment as well. Here antipassives are
described in languages with a third kind of system, agent/patient
patterning. The languages come from four genealogically and areally
unrelated families indigenous to North America: Siouan, Haida,
Pomoan, and Iroquoian. Antipassives in all three types of systems,
ergative, accusative, and agent/patient, serve similar semantic and
discourse functions, eliminating less topicworthy participants from
the core. But the perception of a special link to ergativity is not
unmotivated. Two explanations are given. One is the formal salience
of the shift in argument marking resulting from detransitivization
in ergative systems. The other is a by-product of syntactic
constructions which require absolutive status of one of the
arguments. In many cases antipassivization is exploited to meet this
requirement. These two factors are illustrated with material from
Hiligaynon, a language of the Philippines.
Antipassive in the Cariban family
Authors: Sapién Racquel-María , Arandia Natalia Cáceres , Gildea Spike , Meira Sérgio
Published: September 2020

To date, no published reference grammar of a
Cariban language has described an antipassive construction. However,
all languages of the family have a cognate verbal morpheme, termed
detransitivizer, which prefixes to a transitive verb to
derive an intransitive verb. While monovalent, the detransitivized
verb bears inflectional person morphology that is distinct from that
of non-derived intransitive verbs. We collected all available text
examples of detransitivized verbs from five Cariban languages
(Akawaio, Hixkaryana, Kari’nja, Tiriyó, and Ye’kwana) and
categorized them into formal and functional subtypes. Alongside the
well-described functions of reflexive/reciprocal/middle,
anticausative, and passive, we encountered a substantial number of
examples that can only be characterized as antipassive: the S of the
detransitivized verb corresponds to the A of the transitive verb
from which it is derived and the P of the transitive verb is either
absent or expressed in an oblique (locative) PP.

This paper has four goals: first, we present the
detransitivized construction and explain the methodology by which we
identify tokens of the construction functioning as an antipassive.
Second, we present the results of our text counts – a significant
number of the categorizable detransitivized tokens have the
antipassive function – and we discuss why this phenomenon has been
overlooked until now. Third, given that the detransitivized
construction is semantically polysemous, we explore the conditions
under which it has an antipassive reading, identifying one pragmatic
and two semantic subtypes: Nontopical P, Semantically Absent P, and
Locative P. Finally, we discuss the implications of these patterns
for a diachronic typology of antipassive.
Aspect and modality in Pama-Nyungan antipassives
Authors: Denniss Jessica
Published: September 2020

I present data from Pama-Nyungan languages that
display aspectual and modal readings in the antipassive
construction, and propose that antipassives contain a
predicate-internal aspectual morpheme that derives an atelic
predicate. Taking a modal approach to aspect unifies the aspectual
and modal readings. I detail the striking resemblance between the
set of interpretations attested in antipassives and imperfectives
more generally, and show how the compositional analysis I propose is
able to provide insight into unexpected volitional and “total
effect” readings.
Antipassive constructions in Oceanic languages
Authors: Moyse-Faurie Claire
Published: September 2020

This article will discuss the different
constructions which could be relevant for identifying antipassives
in Oceanic languages, in spite of the fact that there is no
dedicated antipassive marker. Some of these constructions involve
the backgrounding of the object, but are associated with different
syntactic devices, discursive strategies and semantic functions,
giving rise to either incompleteness of the action, low
individuation of the patient, or restrictions on its uses.

Looking at their semantic and pragmatic
specificities, I will investigate what these types of construction
have in common and to which extent they can be labelled
‘antipassive’, as has been done inter alia by Cooreman (1994), Dixon (1992) and Janic (2013, 2016).
Antipassive and the lexical meaning of verbs
Authors: Say Sergey
Published: September 2020

Descriptions of antipassive constructions in
individual languages show that these constructions are often
compatible with only a subset of transitive verbs. There are
significant typological similarities between the sets of verbs that
allow antipassivization. The following properties are typical of
these verbs: (1) agentive A, (2) specification of the manner
component in the verb meaning, (3) lack of inherent telicity (the
transitive use can be compositionally transitive, but this is
cancelled under antipassivization), (4) narrow class of potential
Ps, and (5) affectedness of A. Verbs with all of the properties in
(1)–(5), such as ‘eat’, constitute the core of “natural
antipassives”, whereas verbs with only some of these properties are
at the periphery of this class. Apart from being especially prone to
enter antipassive constructions, the fuzzy class of natural
antipassives is relevant for a number of phenomena. First,
polyfunctional valency-related markers or constructions tend to
yield antipassive reading when applied to natural antipassives.
Second, natural antipassives tend to choose the less marked
construction in languages with two antipassive constructions. Third,
lexicalization of antipassives is more likely for verbs that lack
natural antipassive properties, and a typical scenario of
lexicalization involves coercion of some of these properties.
Ultimately, I conjecture that it is the relevance of the P-argument
for the meaning of the verb which accounts for the rarity of
lexically unrestricted and semantically uniform antipassive
constructions in the world’s languages.
Unspecified participant
Authors: Bugaeva Anna
Published: September 2020

This paper shows that there are two
synchronically distinct i- markers in Ainu, viz.
the derivational antipassive i- and inflectional
‘fourth’ person object i- with the functions of
first person plural inclusive, second person honorific, and
logophoric. The derivational antipassive marker i-
‘person/thing’ can be regarded as an antipassive marker per
se based on its syntactic (eliminating a
patient/theme/recipient argument), semantic (denoting an unspecified
generic participant or lexicalizing it to a single or subset of
objects) and discourse (patient-defocusing) properties. Contrary to
the accepted view, I adduce the ‘antipassive to 1pl.incl.o’
scenario based on extensive cross-linguistic and Ainu-internal
evidence. The antipassive i-, in its turn,
originated in the incorporation of a generic noun
*i ‘thing/place/time’, which is not unusual in
languages without overt expression of the demoted O participant in
the antipassive. The extended use of the antipassive
i- is attested on obligatorily possessed nouns
to enable their use without possessive affixes. Finally, my
corpus-based study of semantic classes of verbs with a predilection
for antipassive derivation revealed that the antipassive in Ainu is
most likely to apply to a ‘middle section’ of the semantic
transitivity hierarchy since it belongs to the lower individuation
of patients (LIP) type, which is assumed to be more typical of
antipassives in non-ergative languages.
Variation in the verbal marking of antipassive constructions
Authors: Janic Katarzyna
Published: September 2020

The coding of antipassive constructions displays
crosslinguistically irregular though noteworthy patterns. It
commonly involves a phonologically overt form, labeled here
antipassivizer. However, this segmental coding
is not the only way to signal an antipassive meaning. In some
languages, antipassive constructions can also involve a change in a
verbal stem. This non-linear morphological type of coding has not,
however, attracted much attention among linguists so far. It is the
aim of this study to fill this gap. Given also that an
antipassivizer may have different origins, another goal is to bridge
the synchronic investigation of these markers with their diachronic
description in order to provide a survey of the most common forms,
which developed into an antipassive function.
Antipassive derivation in Soninke (West Mande)
Authors: Creissels Denis
Published: September 2020

Soninke, a West Mande language spoken in Mali,
Mauritania, Gambia, and Senegal, provides crucial support to the
view that accusative languages may have fully productive antipassive
derivations. In Soninke, the distinction between transitive and
intransitive predication is particularly clearcut. The alignment
between transitive and intransitive predication is neutral in
indexation, but accusative in flagging, and accusative alignment is
found in constituent order too. Soninke has two verbal suffixes that
can be involved in antipassivization defined as a morphologically
marked alternation by which transitive verbs are converted into
intransitive verbs whose sole core argument fulfills the same
semantic role as the A argument of the transitive verbs from which
they derive. One of these two suffixes is a dedicated antipassive
suffix, whereas the other is a multifunction detransitivizing suffix
acting as an antipassive marker with a limited number of verbs. In
Soninke, there is no interaction between antipassive and aspect, and
there is no constraint restricting the use of the antipassive form
of transitive verbs to the encoding of habitual events or
stereotyped activities either. Antipassive constructions can refer
to specific events, provided no specific patient is mentioned. In
Soninke, null objects are not allowed, only a tiny minority of
transitive verbs can be used intransitively with a subject
representing their agentive argument, and the high productivity of
antipassive derivation follows from the use of derived intransitive
verbs as the preferred strategy for not specifying the patientive
argument of transitive verbs. Diachronically, there is evidence that
the multipurpose detransitivizing suffix acting as an antipassive
marker with a limited number of verbs was originally a reflexive
marker, whereas the dedicated antipassive suffix results from the
grammaticalization of a verb ‘do’ in a cross-linguistically common
type of antipassive periphrasis.
Explaining the antipassive-causative syncretism in Mocoví
(Guaycuruan)
Authors: Juárez Cristian , Álvarez González Albert
Published: September 2020

Among the polyfunctional valency markers, an
antipassive-causative marker is a rather typologically unusual
grammatical feature. This paper tries to explain the antipassive-causative
syncretism in Mocoví, a Guaycuruan language spoken in northeastern
Argentina, by examining the synchronic functions and the diachronic
formation of the valency modifier -aɢan. We propose
that both -aɢan antipassive and causative concentrate
on the subject activity and involve the backgrounding of a core
argument. These two functions, which are traceable to the formation of
-aɢan from the state/change-of-state
nominalizer -aɢa and the transitive verbalizer
-n, work in tandem with the syntactic constraint of having
only two core arguments per derived and non-derived transitive
clauses, which crucially allows for the -aɢan
reanalysis from causative to antipassive.
Polyfunctional vanka- in Nivaĉle and the
antipassive category
Authors: Vidal Alejandra , Payne Doris L.
Published: September 2020

Nivaĉle (Mataguayan) is a non-ergative language
of Argentina and Paraguay. It has a voice/valency mechanism that
resembles an antipassive. Stell (1989: 310) refers to
vanka- as an intransitive marker. Fabre (2015, 2016) glosses
vanka- as ‘antipassive’ but does not provide an
in-depth analysis. We examine vanka- as an
antipassive marker, but also its connection to other functional
domains and its use with certain intransitive stems. On intransitive
stems, its semantic effects range from strongly agentive to middle
meaning. It implies that there is an extra but unexpressible
‘non-specific participant’ in the context. The extra participant
implication suggests that vanka- may originate in a
third-person marker va- plus a ‘cislocative’ or
‘middle’ n-, plus a ka- which may
correspond to an ‘indirect possessive’ formative.
The antipassive and its relationship to person markers
Authors: Auderset Sandra
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a cross-linguistic study of
morphological overlaps between antipassive and person markers and
their historical relationships, addressing the question of how
frequent developments from antipassive to person marker or vice
versa are and whether there are recurrent patterns of change. The
results show that historical connections between antipassive and
person markers are not confined to a specific macro-area or language
family. The development from antipassive to first person plural
patient marker is the most frequent pathway in the languages
investigated. However, this diachronic pathway does not account for
all cases, i.e. other pathways are also possible. While many
uncertainties concerning the detailed history of such diachronic
connections remain, this study shows that there are tendencies that
contribute to the understanding of the history and subsequent
development of antipassives.
Antipassive derivations in Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan and their
sources
Authors: Jacques Guillaume
Published: September 2020

This paper presents an overview of antipassive
constructions in the Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan family. It shows
that all of these constructions are relatively recent developments,
and originate from three distinct historical sources, including the
incorporation of generic nouns, the verbalization of action
nominalizations and reflexive/middle markers. All productive
antipassive constructions in the family are found in languages with
polypersonal indexation and ergative case marking.
The profile and development of the Maa (Eastern Nilotic)
antipassive
Authors: Payne Doris L.
Published: September 2020

Maa (Eastern Nilotic) language varieties have
nominative/accusative syntactic patterns, but also an antipassive
construction marked by the verb suffix -ɪshɔ(r).
This suffix turns an otherwise transitive construction into an
intransitive one that can no longer express the P. Semantically the
-ɪshɔ(r) construction focuses on the action of
the verb or profiles long-term characteristics or ability of the
agent. It is not required in imperfective situations, but most
commonly does correlate with them. Interestingly,
-ɪshɔ(r) may occur on some intransitive roots
where it appears to highlight imperfectivity. The
-ɪshɔ(r) antipassive construction does not
appear to reconstruct to proto-Eastern Nilotic, though a verb root
cognate with Maa ɪshɔ(r) ‘give’ does go back to a
Proto-Maa-Lotuko-Lopit genetic node (though non-Maa languages within
this group may lack the antipassive function). Given similarities
between ɪshɔ(r) ‘give’ and the suffix
-ɪshɔ(r), the possibility of an antipassive
developing from ‘give’ is explored. Potential “drift” or borrowing
under Kalenjin (Southern Nilotic) influence is also noted.
Indirect antipassive in Circassian
Authors: Arkadiev Peter M. , Letuchiy Alexander
Published: September 2020

The article focuses on antipassive formation in
Adyghe and Kabardian (Circassian < West Caucasian), polysynthetic
languages with ergative alignment of basic morphosyntax. The
Circassian antipassive is typologically unusual in several respects. First, it is
derived not only from transitive, but also from intransitive verbs:
in these cases, it eliminates the indirect object. Thus, antipassive
in Circassian targets an object argument, but not necessarily the
direct object, contradicting the general ergative patterning.
Second, the Circassian antipassive is expressed by the change of the
root-final vowel, which complicates the determination of the
direction of the valency change. Third, although the Circassian
antipassive mainly fulfils the semantic functions typologically
associated with antipassives, sometimes the syntactic type of the
argument (i.e. nominal vs. clause) is relevant for the choice of the
valency frame as well.