bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ determination of metastable zone width by a simple optical probe
Authors: Jaiswal Ashnit , Sarkar Debasis
Published: April 2015

The metastable zone width (MSZW), which denotes the region between the solubility curve and the onset of nucleation, is an important control parameter for successful operation of a solution crystallization process as it defines an operating boundary for the crystallization process. The MSZW can be approximated as the gap between the loci of cloud points that correspond to onset of nucleation and clear points that closely represent solubility. This work presents the design and application of a simple optical probe consisting of a line laser source, a light‐dependent resistor, and a simple processing circuit for in situ determination of onset of nucleation of a crystallization process. Three different crystallization processes, namely, cooling crystallization of glycine, cooling crystallization of L‐asparagine monohydrate, and anti‐solvent crystallization of glycine, are investigated to assess the performance of the in situ probe. In all the cases, the cloud points and clear points are conveniently detected by sharp changes in output voltage of the probe with reasonable accuracy. The presented optical probe can be used as a simple and inexpensive alternative tool in the area of crystallization process monitoring.
From Field Emission to Vacuum Arc Ignition: A New Tool for Simulating Copper Vacuum Arcs
Authors: Timko H. , Ness Sjobak K. , Mether L. , Calatroni S. , Djurabekova F. , Matyash K. , Nordlund K. , Schneider R. , Wuensch W.
Published: April 2015

Understanding plasma initiation in vacuum arc discharges can help to bridge the gap between nano‐scale triggering phenomena and the macroscopic surface damage caused by vacuum arcs. We present a new twodimensional particle‐in‐cell tool to simulate plasma initiation in direct‐current (DC) copper vacuum arc discharges starting from a single, strong field emitter at the cathode. Our simulations describe in detail how a sub‐micron field emission site can evolve to a macroscopic vacuum arc discharge, and provide a possible explanation for why and how cathode spots can spread on the cathode surface. Furthermore, the model provides us with a prediction for the current and voltage characteristics, as well as for properties of the plasma like densities, fluxes and electric potentials in a simple DC discharge case, which are in agreement with the known experimental values. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative analysis of cell morphology in sputum samples homogenized with dithiothreitol, N‐acetyl‐l cysteine, cytorich® red preservative and in cellblock preparations to enhance the sensitivity of sputum cytology for the diagnosis of lung cancer
Authors: Saraswathy Veena Vamadevan , Sara George Preethi , Jayasree Kattoor , Sujathan Kunjuraman
Published: April 2015

Background

Lung cancer claims highest rate of cancer related mortality worldwide, mainly due to late diagnosis and distant metastasis. Sputum cytology is the simplest, non‐invasive and cost effective technique but it has low sensitivity due to lack of robust processing methods to retrieve all the diagnostic materials clogged in mucus, inflammatory exudates and blood.

Methods

This study have compared conventional pick and smear method of sputum processing with samples prepared by homogenization methods using N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, Dithiothreitol (DTT), CytoRich red solution and cell blocks (CBs) with respect to screening time, quality of staining, cellularity, smear background, nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology preservation, and diagnostic efficacy. The significance of CB prepared from homogenised samples for immunocytochemistry, protein extraction, Genomic DNA and RNA extraction were also evaluated on a cohort 3,185 samples. The significance of the morphological features in each of the techniques was statistically analysed using SPSS 11 software.

Results

The smear background clarity, staining quality and diagnostic efficacy of samples processed in red solution was found to be superior to the conventional method (P < 0.0001), where as samples homogenized in DTT showed a better cellularity (P < 0.0001). CBs prepared from samples homogenized in red solution were found to be very significant (P < 0.0001) in increasing the diagnostic efficacy compared to other two methods. Immunocytochemistry and DNA extraction were found possible in CBs as well as from the cell suspension. A combined analysis of smears and CBs found to improve the sensitivity of sputum cytology.

Conclusion

The study suggests homogenization of sputum in CytoRich ® red solution and cellblock preparations routinely for all samples to improve the sensitivity of sputum cytology. IHC and DNA extraction can be performed in sputum samples suggesting the role of sputum samples for ancillary techniques. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:551–558. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselective Allylic Alkylation Catalyzed by Novel C2‐Symmetric Bisphosphinites
Authors: Gök Yaşar , Zeki Gök Halil
Published: April 2015

In this article, we present our results concerning new C2‐symmetric bisphosphinites with a (1R,2R)‐1,2‐bis([1,1′: 3′,1″‐terphenyl]‐5′‐yl)ethane backbone. For the given chirality of the backbone, derivatives with aromatic and aliphatic substituents at the donor P‐atoms were synthesized with moderate yields in a straightforward manner. These compounds were evaluated in the Pd0‐catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylations (up to 67% ee).
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Non‐Lactonic Portion of (Z)‐Cryptofolione and Approaches towards Its Conversion to (Z)‐Cryptofolione
Authors: Nagendra Siddavatam , Krishna Reddy Vanka , Das Biswanath
Published: April 2015

The stereoselective synthesis of the non‐lactonic part of the natural G2 checkpoint inhibitor, (Z)‐cryptofolione, has been accomplished. Butane‐1,4‐diol was used as the starting material, and the stereogenic centers were generated through L‐proline‐catalyzed α‐aminoxylation and Maruoka asymmetric allylation. We attempted to convert this non‐lactonic moiety to (Z)‐cryptofolione via olefin cross‐metathesis reaction, but by this approach another naturally occurring lactonic compound, goniothalamin, was obtained.
The Aggregation Behavior of Butyllithium in Diethyl Ether in the Presence of LiBr, LiClO4, and Phenyllithium: A Deuterium‐Induced Secondary6Li‐NMR Isotope‐Effect Study
Authors: Böhler Bernd , Günther Harald
Published: April 2015

The aggregation of BuLi (LiR) in diethyl ether (Et2O) in the presence of LiBr was studied by6Li‐ and13C‐NMR spectroscopy. For a 1.0 : 0.8 mixture of both species, the clusters (LiR)4, Li4R3Br, Li4R2Br2, Li4RBr3, and/or Li2RBr in the ratio 7 : 81 : 12 with Li4RBr3and/or Li2RBr<1 were detected with theisotopic fingerprint methodthat is based on secondary deuterium (D)‐induced isotope shifts forδ(Li). The raising content of bromide ions causes increased shielding forδ(Li). As in the case of a 1 : 1 MeLi/LiBr mixture in Et2O, cluster Li4R3Br is the most stable one. In the presence ofN,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), only a mixed dimer was found. For LiClO4, no inclusion of the ClO$\rm{{_{4}^{-}}}$ion could be detected. A mixture BuLi/PhLi 1 : 1 in Et2O in the presence of TMEDA showed only dimers with the mixed dimer as the most stable cluster. Chemical exchange of Li between the two homodimers was detected by EXSY spectroscopy. This implies an exchange mechanism with afluxionaltetramer as intermediate.
Tracking residence times in hydrological systems: forward and backward formulations
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Rinaldo Andrea , Botter Gianluca
Published: April 2015

In recent years, several papers contributed to the development and clarification of key theoretical issues underlying the formulation of transport by travel time distributions in catchments. Such a formulation provides a robust description of the temporal evolution of ages contained in the catchment storage and sampled by the output fluxes. In particular, special attention has been devoted to general time‐variant dynamics that are likely to occur in complex systems like catchments. In this context, important theoretical and practical implications arise from a proper distinction between backward and forward age distributions, which are based on the definition of diverse reference variables. The ‘age’ of a water particle represents the time elapsed since a previous injection, and as such, it is intrinsically a backward time concept. A forward approach, instead, requires the introduction of the particle's ‘life expectancy’, which quantifies the time a water particle will spend within the system before being sampled by one of the outflows (e.g. stream discharge or evapotranspiration). The sum of age and life expectancy is the particle's travel time. Despite forward and backward approaches being different, and that they only coincide in the special case of stationary systems, a proper distinction of these formulations has been sometimes overlooked in the literature. In this contribution, we review recent backward formulations using a unified notation and discuss a novel forward formulation. This paper illustrates how age and life‐expectancy distributions naturally evolve in response to unsteady hydrologic fluxes and presents numerical applications relevant to catchment‐scale solute circulation. In both forward and backward formulations, the mixing of ages, which is modelled through age‐selection functions, plays a central role in describing the fate of solutes introduced in the system and measured at the system outlets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bisphenol A inhibits duodenal movement ex vivo of rat through nitric oxide‐mediated soluble guanylyl cyclase and α‐adrenergic signaling pathways
Authors: Sarkar Kaushik , Tarafder Panchali , Paul Goutam
Published: April 2015

The gastrointestinal tract is directly exposed to bisphenol A (BPA)‐tainted foods and beverages stored in polycarbonate plastic containers. The effect of BPA on the movement of small intestine has not been reported until now. We report here the effect of BPA on the movement of the duodenum ex vivo in a rat model. We found significant inhibition of duodenal movement by BPA (10–320 µ M). We suggest that BPA‐induced inhibition of duodenal movement might be due to the suppression of stimulatory and/or activation of inhibitory motor neurons in enteric plexuses innervating the longitudinal and circular visceral smooth muscle cells in the duodenal wall. We observed a significant reversal of BPA‐induced depression of duodenal movement by methylene blue, a soluble guanylyl cyclase blocker and N‐ω‐nitro‐ L‐arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor; but significant potentiation of the movement by sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor. From the results, we may suggest that BPA‐induced inhibition of the movement might be partially due to activation of inhibitory motor neurons that secrete NO, a relaxant, on to smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we found significant reversal of BPA‐induced depression of the movement in phentolamine, an α‐adrenergic receptor blocker, pretreated preparation. This result proves that norepinephrine secreting motor neurons may also be involved in BPA‐induced inhibition of the movement. From the results, we conclude that BPA inhibits the movement of the duodenum through NO‐mediated soluble guanylyl cyclase and α‐adrenergic signaling pathways in visceral smooth muscle cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analgesia via blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling does not influence fracture healing in mice
Authors: Rapp Anna E. , Kroner Jochen , Baur Stephanie , Schmid Fabian , Walmsley Adrian , Mottl Harald , Ignatius Anita
Published: April 2015

Abatement of fracture‐related pain is important in patient welfare. However, the frequently used non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are considered to impair fracture healing through blockade of cyclooxygenase‐2. An alternative for fracture‐related pain treatment may be blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF)/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) signaling. Because the effect of blocking this signal‐pathway on bone healing has not been extensively investigated, we addressed this issue by applying neutralizing antibodies that target NGF and TrkA, respectively, in a mouse fracture model. Mice with a knock‐in for human TrkA underwent femur osteotomy and were randomly allocated to phosphate‐buffered‐saline, anti‐NGF‐antibody, or anti‐TrkA‐antibody treatment. The analgesic effect of the antibodies was determined from the activity and the ground reaction force of the operated limb. The effect of antibody administration on fracture healing was assessed by histomorphometry, micro‐computed tomography, and biomechanics. NGF/TrkA‐signaling blockade had no negative effect on fracture healing as callus formation and maturation were not altered. Mice treated with anti‐TrkA antibody displayed significantly greater activity on post‐operative day 2 compared to PBS treatment indicating effective analgesia. Our data indicate, that blockade of NGF/TrkA signaling via specific neutralizing antibodies for pain reduction during fracture healing does not influence fracture healing. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1235–1241, 2015.
Regulatory role of collagen V in establishing mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments is tissue dependent
Authors: Connizzo Brianne K. , Freedman Benjamin R. , Fried Joanna H. , Sun Mei , Birk David E. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: April 2015

Patients with classic (type I) Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), characterized by heterozygous mutations in the Col5a1 and Col5a2 genes, exhibit connective tissue hyperelasticity and recurrent joint dislocations, indicating a potential regulatory role for collagen V in joint stabilizing soft tissues. This study asked whether the contribution of collagen V to the establishment of mechanical properties is tissue dependent. We mechanically tested four different tissues from wild type and targeted collagen V‐null mice: the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon, Achilles tendon (ACH), the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and the supraspinatus tendon (SST). Area was significantly reduced in the Col5a1ΔTen/ΔTen group in the FDL, ACH, and SST. Maximum load and stiffness were reduced in the Col5a1ΔTen/ΔTen group for all tissues. However, insertion site and midsubstance modulus were reduced only for the ACL and SST. This study provides evidence that the regulatory role of collagen V in extracellular matrix assembly is tissue dependent and that joint instability in classic EDS may be caused in part by insufficient mechanical properties of the tendons and ligaments surrounding each joint. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:882–888, 2015.
Combination therapy with PTH and DBM cannot heal a critical sized murine femoral defect
Authors: Pensak Michael , Hong Seung‐Hyun , Dukas Alex , Bayron Jennifer , Tinsley Brian , Jain Ashish , Tang Amy , Rowe David , Lieberman Jay R.
Published: April 2015

Orthopaedic surgeons continue to search for cost‐effective bone graft substitutes to enhance bone repair. Teriparatide (PTH 1‐34) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) have been used in patients to promote bone healing. We evaluated the efficacy of PTH and DBM in healing a critical sized femoral defect in three lineage‐specific transgenic mice expressing Col3.6GFPtopaz (pre‐osteoblastic marker), Col2.3GFPemerald (osteoblastic marker) and α‐SMA‐Cherry (pericyte/myofibroblast marker). Mid‐diaphyseal defects measuring 2 mm in length were created in the central 1/3 of mice femora using a circular saw and stabilized with an alveolar distractor device and cerclage wires. Three groups were evaluated: Group I, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily, Group II, PTH 30 μg/kg injection daily + DBM, and Group III, DBM + 30μL saline injection. PTH was given for 28 days or until the time of sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Radiographs at the time of sacrifice were evaluated using a 5‐point scaled scoring system. Radiographs showed a lack of healing across all treatment groups at all time points: Group I, 1.57 +/− 0.68; Group II, 3.00 +/− 1.29; and Group III, 2.90 +/− 1.03. Bone formation in the defect as measured by radiographic healing score was significantly better at 56 days in Groups II (p = 0.01) and III (p < 0.01) compared to Group I. Across all treatment groups and time points the defects were largely absent of osteoprogenitor cells based on gross observation of frozen histology and quantitation of cellular based histomorphometric parameters. Quantitation of frozen histologic slides showed a limited osteoprogenitor response to PTH and DBM. Our results suggest that the anabolic agent teriparatide is unable to induce healing in a critical sized mouse femoral defect when given alone or in combination with the DBM preparation we used as a local bone graft substitute. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1242–1249, 2015.
Comparison of markers for muscle damage, inflammation, and pain using minimally invasive direct anterior versus direct lateral approach in total hip arthroplasty: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Mjaaland Knut Erik , Kivle Kjetil , Svenningsen Svein , Pripp Are Hugo , Nordsletten Lars
Published: April 2015

It is proposed that the use of biochemical markers for muscle damage and inflammation provides an objective measure on invasiveness in total hip arthroplasty. We analyzed levels of creatine kinase and C‐reactive protein (CRP) after total hip arthroplasty in patients randomized to minimally invasive direct anterior approach or direct lateral approach, also recording consumption of pain medication and levels of pain postoperatively. Eighty‐three patients were operated by the use of anterior approach and eighty using lateral. Creatine kinase and CRP levels were measured preoperatively, creatine kinase directly after surgery, and both creatine kinase and CRP on postoperative day 1 through 4. The use of pain medication and levels of pain were recorded. Creatine kinase were higher in the anterior group compared to the lateral group, reaching statistical significance directly postoperative and on day 4. Levels of CRP did not differ, reaching a maximum of mean 52 mg/L on day 3. The use of pain medication was higher in the lateral group on the day of surgery (p = 0.011), and pain levels were higher on all days in the lateral group (p < 0.007). In conclusion, the use of minimally invasive anterior approach caused less pain, but higher postoperative levels of CK, than the use of direct lateral approach. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1305–1310, 2015.
Computational Kinetic Study for the Unimolecular Decomposition of Cyclopentanone
Authors: Zaras Aristotelis M. , Thion Sebastien , Dagaut Philippe
Published: April 2015

Among various categories of potential biofuel molecules, ketones are of significant interest. Cyclopentanone is a cyclic ketone that can be produced from biomass, and its combustion is still unknown. Moreover, its cyclic configuration makes it an interesting feedstock for the further production of high‐density fuels such as bi(cyclopentane). This study reports the first computational kinetic investigation of the unimolecular decomposition pathways of cyclopentanone by using the compound G3B3 method. The rate constants were calculated using Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory in the temperature range of 800–2000 K. The results presented here can be used in a future kinetic combustion mechanism.
Amyloid deposition in Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Petrou Myria , Dwamena Ben A. , Foerster Bradley R. , MacEachern Mark P. , Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Müller Martijn LTM , Albin Roger L. , Frey Kirk A.
Published: April 2015

Background

Varying degrees of cortical amyloid deposition are reported in the setting of Parkinsonism with cognitive impairment. We performed a systematic review to estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) range cortical amyloid deposition among patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We included amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies using Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB).

Methods

We searched the databases Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles pertaining to amyloid imaging in Parkinsonism and impaired cognition. We identified 11 articles using PiB imaging to quantify cortical amyloid. We used the metan module in Stata, version 11.0, to calculate point prevalence estimates of patients with “PiB‐positive” studies, that is, patients showing AD range cortical Aβ‐amyloid deposition. Heterogeneity was assessed. A scatterplot was used to assess publication bias.

Results

Overall pooled prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies across all three entities along the spectrum of Parkinson's disease and impaired cognition (specifically PDD, PD‐MCI, and DLB) was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24‐0.57). Prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.55‐0.82) in the DLB group, 0.34 (95% CI, 0.13‐0.56) in the PDD group, and 0.05 (95% CI, −0.07‐0.17) in the PD‐MCI group.

Conclusions

Substantial variability occurs in the prevalence of “PiB‐positive” studies in subjects with Parkinsonism and cognitive impairment. Higher prevalence of PiB‐positive studies was encountered among subjects with DLB as opposed to subjects with PDD. The PD‐MCI subjects showed overall lower prevalence of PiB‐positive studies than reported findings in non–PD‐related MCI. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics in a generalized coordinate system with a finite‐deformation constitutive model
Authors: Yashiro Shigeki , Okabe Tomonaga
Published: April 2015

This study proposes smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) in a generalized coordinate system. The present approach allocates particles inhomogeneously in the Cartesian coordinate system and arranges them via mapping in a generalized coordinate system in which the particles are aligned at a uniform spacing. This characteristic enables us to employ fine division only in the direction required, for example, in the through‐thickness direction for a thin‐plate problem and thus to reduce computation cost. This study provides the formulation of SPH in a generalized coordinate system with a finite‐deformation constitutive model and then verifies it by analyzing quasi‐static and dynamic problems of solids. High‐velocity impact test was also performed with an aluminum target and a steel sphere, and the predicted crater shape agreed well with the experiment. Furthermore, the numerical study demonstrated that the present approach successfully reduced the computation cost with marginal degradation of accuracy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yield predictions for photovoltaic power plants: empirical validation, recent advances and remaining uncertainties
Authors: Müller Björn , Hardt Laura , Armbruster Alfons , Kiefer Klaus , Reise Christian
Published: April 2015

Yield predictions are performed to predict the solar resource, the performance and the energy production over the expected lifetime of a photovoltaic (PV) system. In this study, we compare yield predictions and monitored data for 26 PV power plants located in southern Germany and Spain. The monitoring data include in‐plane irradiance for comparison with the estimated solar resource and energy yield for comparison with predicted performance. The results show that because of increased irradiance in recent years (‘global brightening’) the yield predictions systematically underestimate the energy yield of PV systems by about 5%. Because common irradiance databases and averaging times were used for the yield predictions analysed in this paper, it is concluded that yield predictions for areas where the global brightening effect occurred in general underestimated the energy yield by the same magnitude. Using recent satellite‐derived irradiance time series avoids this underestimation. The observed performance ratio of the analysed systems decreases by 0.5%/year in average with a relatively high spread between individual systems. This decrease is a main factor for the combined uncertainty of yield predictions. It is attributed to non‐reversible degradation of PV cells or modules and to reversible effects, like soiling. Based on the results of the validation, the combined uncertainty of state of the art yield predictions using recent solar irradiance data is estimated to about 8%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Nano‐Aluminum/Nitrocellulose Mesoparticles in Composite Solid Rocket Propellants
Authors: Young Gregory , Wang Haiyang , Zachariah Michael R.
Published: April 2015

In this work we investigate the potential application of nano‐aluminum/nitrocellulose mesoparticles as an ingredient for solid composite rocket propellants. The basic strategy is to incorporate nanoaluminum in the form of a micrometer scale particle containing a gas‐generator, to enable easier processing, and potential benefits resulting from reduced sintering prior to combustion. The mesoparticles were made by electrospray and comprised aluminum nanoparticles (50 nm) and nitrocellulose to form micrometer scale particles. In this study, 80 % solids loaded composite propellants (AP/HTPB based) were made with the addition of micrometer sized (2–3 μm) aluminum (10 wt‐%), and compared directly to propellants made by directly substituting aluminum mesoparticles for traditional micrometer sized particles. Propellant burning rate was relatively insensitive for mesoparticles containing between 5–15 wt‐% nitrocellulose. However, direct comparison between a mesoparticle based propellant, to a propellant containing micrometer scale aluminum particles showed burning rates approximately 35 % higher while having a nearly identical burning rate exponent. High speed imaging indicate that propellants using mesoparticles have less agglomeration of particles on the propellant surface.
Does experience help or hinder top managers? Working with different types of resources in Hollywood
Authors: Mannor Michael J. , Shamsie Jamal , Conlon Donald E.
Published: April 2015

Research summary: Research on the resource‐based view has begun to place more emphasis on the ability of managers to extract better performance from the resources that are available to them. In this paper, we show that prior experience can both help and hinder their ability to generate performance from various categories of resources. Further, we argue that the fungibility of each resource influences the opportunities managers have to use their experiences in order to find the best method to deploy them. We test our hypotheses by examining the ability of Hollywood film producers to generate results from financial, brand, and human resources. Our findings show that experienced producers can generate better performance from more fungible resources, but they actually achieve weaker results with less fungible resources.

Managerial summary: Do more experienced top managers get better results from their resources? We examine this question for Hollywood film producers. Our results show that experience can really help when producers work with resources such as cash (budgets) and brand resources (such as film sequels). However, such experiences actually reduce performance when they work with some human resources, such as highly talented directors. We argue that experience can be most helpful when managers work with more fungible resources, which can be used in a variety of different ways but can actually hurt when they work with resources that are more constrained in how they can be deployed. Under ideal circumstances, we find that experienced producers can generate nearly 40 percent more revenue with the right mix of resources. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ensure that commencement is memorable, personal
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2015

Graduates have put years of work into getting to their special day. Making sure commencement is the event they and their families hope for requires attention to hundreds of details.
Pediatric First Aid Practices in Ghana: A Population‐Based Survey
Authors: Gyedu Adam , Mock Charles , Nakua Emmanuel , Otupiri Easmon , Donkor Peter , Ebel Beth E.
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Children in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) often receive care outside the formal medical sector. Improving pre‐hospital first aid has proven to be highly cost‐effective in lowering trauma mortality. Few studies in LMIC have examined home first aid practices for injured children.

Methods

We conducted a representative population‐based survey of 200 caregivers of children under 18 years of age, representing 6520 households. Caregivers were interviewed about their first aid practices and care‐seeking behaviors when a child sustained an injury at home. Injuries of interest included burns, lacerations, fractures and choking. Reported practices were characterized as recommended, low‐risk, and potentially harmful.

Results

For common injuries, 75–96 % of caregivers reported employing a recommended practice (e.g., running cool water over a burn injury). However, for these same injuries, 13–61 % of caregivers also identified potentially harmful management strategies (e.g., applying sand to a laceration). Choking had the highest proportion (96 %) of recommended first aid practice: (e.g., hitting the child’s back) and the lowest percent (13 %) of potentially harmful practices (e.g., attempting manual removal). Fractures had the lowest percent (75 %) of recommended practices (e.g., immediately bringing the child to a health facility). Burns had the highest percent (61 %) of potentially harmful practices (e.g., applying kerosene).

Conclusions

While most caregivers were aware of helpful first aid practices to administer for a child injury, many parents also described potentially harmful practices or delays in seeking medical attention. As parents are the de facto first responders to childhood injury, there are opportunities to strengthen pre‐hospital care for children in LMICs.
Clinicopathological Meaning of Size of Main‐Duct Dilatation in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of Pancreas: Proposal of a Simplified Morphological Classification Based on the Investigation on the Size of Main Pancreatic Duct
Authors: Kang Mee Joo , Jang Jin‐Young , Lee Selyeong , Park Taesung , Lee Seung Yeoun , Kim Sun‐Whe
Published: April 2015

Background

The 2012 consensus guideline on intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN) described a three‐stage criteria involving main pancreatic duct (MPD) size with definitions of malignancy relevant for treatment decisions. Re‐evaluation and simplification of this classification for clinicians are warranted.

Methods

Data from the Seoul National University Hospital of 375 consecutive patients with pathology‐confirmed IPMN after surgery were analyzed. The association between clinicopathologic characteristics of IPMN and MPD size was assessed. The cut‐off value of MPD size for a current definition of malignancy prediction was calculated.

Results

Diagnostic accuracy for malignancy was highest when the cut‐off value of MPD size was 7 mm (area under the curve = 0.7126). Dichotomizing IPMN into MPD ≤7 mm versus MPD >7 mm, patient age (p = 0.039), sex (p = 0.001), presence of mural nodule (p < 0.001), and invasiveness risk (13.2 vs. 39.8 %, p < 0.001) resulted in significantly different results. Mural nodule‐negative patients with MPD >7 mm had a significantly lower 5‐year survival rate than those with MPD ≤7 mm (78.4 vs. 91.4 %, p = 0.006). Among patients with MPD size ≤7 mm, elevated serum CA 19‐9 and mural nodule were independent risk factors of malignancy. Patients with MPD size ≤7 mm without these risk factors had malignancy risk of 2.6 %.

Conclusion

Using the definition of malignancy provided in the 2012 guideline, the MPD size >7 mm criterion was statistically driven. The current morphologic classification of IPMN can be simplified as branch‐duct‐predominant IPMN (MPD ≤7 mm)’ and main‐duct‐predominant IPMN (MPD >7 mm). Patients who are determined to have main‐duct‐predominant IPMN and branch‐duct‐predominant IPMN with elevated serum CA 19‐9 or mural nodule are recommended to undergo surgical treatment.
Complex species distribution models of Goldcrests and Firecrests densities in Poland: are remote sensing‐based predictors sufficient?
Authors: Kosicki Jakub Z. , Stachura Krystyna , Ostrowska Marta , Rybska Eliza
Published: April 2015

Species distribution models should identify ecological requirements of species and predict their spatial density. However, data from remote sensing sources are often used alone as predictors in modelling distributions. Such data will only produce accurate models if features that are distinguishable by remote sensing are a good match to the environmental traits that delineate habitat requirements. Both the GoldcrestRegulus regulusand the FirecrestRegulus ignicapillarespond to complex features of habitats that are not described by simple remote sensing data. We tested the usefulness of remote sensing data as a predictor for two Regulus species according to data from 970 study plots sized 1 × 1 km. Predictors were aggregated using the PCAs and related to the Hayne estimator of species density using GAMs. The models based on both remote sensing data and detailed environmental data proved to be better than the model based only on remote sensing data and/or detailed forest structure data. The Goldcrest reached the highest density in areas with a high share of old spruce‐dominated forests with a substantial share of the fir, avoiding the pine, and it preferred forests with a low number of tree species. In turn, the Firecrest favoured old forests, dominated by the spruce and the beech, with an admixture of single old fir and larch trees, avoiding the pine, and preferring forests with a high number of tree species. We suggest using not only free data sources, but also more detailed data containing thorough information on forest inventory derived from ground measurements.
Neurological Involvement and Hepatocellular Injury Caused by a Snake With Hematotoxin Envenomation
Authors: Sontichai Watchareewan , Reungrongrat Sanit , Narongchai Paitoon , Natesirinilkul Rungrote
Published: April 2015

Venomous snakes with hematotoxin—Russell’s viper ( Daboia spp), Malayan pit viper ( Calloselasma rhodostoma), and green pit viper ( Cryptelytrops albolabris and C macrops, previously named Trimeresurus spp) are commonly found in Thailand. Coagulation factor activation, thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are the main mechanisms of hemorrhaging from these snake bites. The neurological involvement and hepatocellular injury after Russell’s viper bites were reported in Sri Lanka, but there is no report from Southeast Asia. This case was a 12-year-old hill tribe boy who had ptosis and exotropia of the left eye, respiratory distress, and prolonged venous clotting time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time; low fibrinogen and platelet count; and transaminitis after being bitten by a darkish-colored snake. He did not respond to antivenom for cobra, Malayan pit viper, or Russell’s viper. However, his neurological abnormalities, respiratory failure, and hepatocellular injury improved, and coagulopathy was finally corrected after receiving antivenom for green pit viper. The unidentified snake with hematotoxin was alleged for all manifestations in this patient.
Norovirus Outbreaks Among Colorado River Rafters in the Grand Canyon, Summer 2012
Authors: Magill-Collins Anne , Gaither Marlene , Gerba Charles P. , Kitajima Masaaki , Iker Brandon C. , Stoehr James D.
Published: April 2015

Objective

To investigate the incidence and causative agent of the recurrent outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) among different rafting groups on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon National Park during the 2012 summer season.

Methods

Confidential illness reports were completed by all individuals with symptoms of AGI, and samples of fecal matter and vomitus, surface swabs of rafting equipment, and environmental swabs at stops along the hiking corridor were collected and tested for the presence of norovirus using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results

During the active outbreak period between May 9 and July 9, 2012, 97 rafters (1.4%) from 10 trips (2.9% of all trips) declared AGI symptoms. AGI incidence within the 10 infected trips varied from 6% to 88%. Outbreaks occurred in 3 distinct temporal clusters that involved 2 different genogroups of norovirus. All available toilet fecal samples (5 samples) were positive for norovirus RNA: 1 with genogroup I (GI) and 4 with GII. The vomitus sample tested positive for GI. None of the fomite samples from rafting equipment or from the hiking corridors were confirmed for norovirus.

Conclusions

The results suggest that norovirus may have been introduced by ill or asymptomatic individuals actively shedding the virus in their vomitus or feces, and spread within, or between, river trips by different modes of transmission. This study reinforces the importance of appropriate guidance and practice regarding norovirus prevention and the necessity of postoutbreak containment in relatively isolated groups of individuals.
Working-Class Households and Savings in England, 1850–1880
Authors: PERRITON LINDA , MALTBY JOSEPHINE
Published: April 2015

The British trustee savings banks that operated throughout the nineteenth century were designed expressly for working-class use, and solely to promote long-term saving. Despite the substantial numbers and national spread of these banks, there have been few studies of their use by savers. Their neglect as a data source is puzzling, given the extent of the surviving depositor records that provide long-run empirical data that includes savers’ identity, marital status, and occupation, as well as account balances and transactions. Our preliminary work on four banks (Limehouse, Newcastle, South Shields, and Bury) shows results of significant interest in understanding working-class financial behavior, including a substantial number of accounts opened and maintained by working-class married women, accounts opened and run by minors from earnings, and varied patterns of account usage.
Tackling Market Failure or Building a Cartel? Creation of an Investment Regulation System in Finnish Forest Industries
Authors: JENSEN-ERIKSEN NIKLAS , OJALA JARI
Published: April 2015

Government intervention in the economy is often justified by the need to correct market failures. This study analyzes one case, the investments of Finnish forest industries, in which, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, both policy makers and the trade association representing the sector reasoned that intervention was particularly necessary because otherwise, the only substantial natural resource in the small country would be overexploited. In the long run, however, the growth of forest resources turned out to be higher, and the demand for wood lower, than expected. Furthermore, the most influential industrialists managed to “capture” the regulatory system and make it a component of their network of cartels and other restrictive practices. Regulatory capture is usually seen as a something that should be avoided, but in this case, it helped the Finnish forest industries to transform themselves from a supplier of bulk goods into the world’s leading exporter of high-end paper grades. Recent decline in demand has, however, raised doubts about the wisdom of this strategy.
Long-term high fat feeding of rats results in increased numbers of circulating microvesicles with pro-inflammatory effects on endothelial cells
Authors: Heinrich L. F. , Andersen D. K. , Cleasby M. E. , Lawson C.
Published: April 2015

Obesity and type 2 diabetes lead to dramatically increased risks of atherosclerosis and CHD. Multiple mechanisms converge to promote atherosclerosis by increasing endothelial oxidative stress and up-regulating expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Microvesicles (MV) are small ( < 1 μm) circulating particles that transport proteins and genetic material, through which they are able to mediate cell–cell communication and influence gene expression. Since MV are increased in plasma of obese, insulin-resistant and diabetic individuals, who often exhibit chronic vascular inflammation, and long-term feeding of a high-fat diet (HFD) to rats is a well-described model of obesity and insulin resistance, we hypothesised that this may be a useful model to study the impact of MV on endothelial inflammation. The number and cellular origin of MV from HFD-fed obese rats were characterised by flow cytometry. Total MV were significantly increased after feeding HFD compared to feeding chow (P< 0·001), with significantly elevated numbers of MV derived from leucocyte, endothelial and platelet compartments (P< 0·01 for each cell type). MV were isolated from plasma and their ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression was measured in primary rat cardiac endothelial cellsin vitro.MV from HFD-fed rats induced significant ROS (P< 0·001) and VCAM-1 expression (P= 0·0275), indicative of a pro-inflammatory MV phenotype in this model of obesity. These findings confirm that this is a useful model to further study the mechanisms by which diet can influence MV release and subsequent effects on cardio-metabolic health.
The Political Perfection of Original Judaism: Pedagogical Governance and Ecclesiastical Power in Mendelssohn'sJerusalem
Authors: Pollock Benjamin
Published: April 2015

Moses Mendelssohn famously penned hisJerusalem; or, On Religious Power and Judaismin response to a public challenge. Mendelssohn had declared “ecclesiastical power” to be a contradiction in terms, and had thus come out strongly against the use of coercion in religious life, and against the ban of excommunication by rabbinic authorities, in particular. In the anonymously publishedThe Search for Light and Right, August Cranz defies Mendelssohn to explain how he could reconcile this liberal view of religion with his continued commitment to—and his insistence that Jews were still obligated to observe—Jewish law. “As reasonable as all you say [about religious power] may be, to just that degree it contradicts the faith of your fathers . . . and the principles of its church . . . expressly set down in the books of Moses,” Cranz argues. “The theocratic ruling staff drove the whole people . . . with force and punishment.” True, Cranz concedes, exile reduced the capacity of Jewish authorities to enforce Jewish law, “but these ecclesiastical laws are there even if their exercise is no longer a must.” Cranz challenges Mendelssohn to explain his apparently irreconcilable commitments: “How can you persist in the faith of your fathers and shake the whole structure by clearing away its cornerstones, dear Mr. Mendelssohn, when you contest the ecclesiastical law given as divine revelation through Moses?”
Georges Florovsky's Monograph “Herzen's Philosophy of History”: The New Archival Material and the Reconstruction of the Full Text
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L.
Published: April 2015

Georges Florovsky (1893–1979) was a prominent Russian émigré historian, philosopher, Orthodox theologian, and ecumenist. He was also the first Orthodox theologian to teach at Harvard Divinity School (1957–1964). In the 1920s, Florovsky wrote and defended his dissertation on the leading nineteenth-century Russian public intellectual, Alexander Herzen (1812–1870). Until now, the full text of Florovsky's work had been considered lost. I recently found five documents containing a substantial portion of the dissertation in the Georges Florovsky Papers archive of the St Vladimir's Seminary Library (GFP SVS). This newly discovered material amounts to about one-half of the dissertation and contains some important clues for reconstructing the remaining half of the work. My article discusses: 1) the plan of the dissertation and the history of its composition; 2) Florovsky's defense of the dissertation in Prague in 1923, as summarized in Alexander Izgoev's report, preserved in the Georges Florovsky Papers at the Princeton University Library (GFP PUL); 3) Florovsky's preparation of the dissertation for publication; 4) the description of the newly discovered archival material; and 5) the reconstruction of the dissertation, as preserved in the redactions of 1928–1930. The dissertation is the only monographic study that Florovsky ever finished, his other book-length studies being surveys rather than monographs. The dissertation is also important for understanding the methodological presuppositions of Florovsky's magnum opus,The Ways of Russian Theology(1937).
Descartes's Proofs of God and the Crisis of Thomas Aquinas's Five Ways in Early Modern Thomism: Scholastic and Cartesian Debates
Authors: Agostini Igor
Published: April 2015

It is well known that the demonstration of God's existence is a crucial problem in early modern theology and philosophy. In contrast to the medieval period, in the seventeenth century atheism became not only an individual standpoint, but a true philosophical and epistemological position. Accordingly, any attempt to prove the existence of God had to address both atheist and libertine attacks against the classical proofs of his existence. In this sense, it is not possible to understand fully Descartes's metaphysical project, including his proposal of new proofs for the existence of God, without reading it as a reaction to this intellectual context. In spite of the charge of atheism brought against him in theAdmiranda methodus novæ philosophiæ Renati Des Cartes(Utrecht, 1643) by the Utrecht Theologian Gijsbert Voetius (1589–1676) and his follower Maarten Schoock (1614–1669) (who accused Descartes of replacing the traditional arguments for God's existence with new proofs intentionally made susceptible to the criticism of atheists), Descartes consistently claimed that the demonstrations proposed in theMeditationes de prima philosophia(Paris, 1641) aimed to establish the existence of God against the atheists.