bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peroxiredoxins and NADPH-Dependent Thioredoxin Systems in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus
Authors: Tovar-Méndez Alejandro , Matamoros Manuel A. , Bustos-Sanmamed Pilar , Dietz Karl-Josef , Cejudo Francisco Javier , Rouhier Nicolas , Sato Shusei , Tabata Satoshi , Becana Manuel
Published: May 2011

Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), thioredoxins (Trxs), and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) constitute central elements of the thiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of plant cells. This study provides a comprehensive survey of this network in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The aims were to identify and characterize these gene families and to assess whether the NTR-Trx systems are operative in nodules. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunological and proteomic approaches were used for expression profiling. We identified seven Prx, 14 Trx, and three NTR functional genes. The PrxQ1 gene was found to be transcribed in two alternative spliced variants and to be expressed at high levels in leaves, stems, petals, pods, and seeds and at low levels in roots and nodules. The 1CPrx gene showed very high expression in the seed embryos and low expression in vegetative tissues and was induced by nitric oxide and cytokinins. In sharp contrast, cytokinins down-regulated all other Prx genes, except PrxQ1, in roots and nodules, but only 2CPrxA and PrxQ1 in leaves. Gene-specific changes in Prx expression were also observed in response to ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxins. Nodules contain significant mRNA and protein amounts of cytosolic PrxIIB, Trxh1, and NTRA and of plastidic NTRC. Likewise, they express cytosolic Trxh3, Trxh4, Trxh8, and Trxh9, mitochondrial PrxIIF and Trxo, and plastidic Trxm2, Trxm4, and ferredoxin-Trx reductase. These findings reveal a complex regulation of Prxs that is dependent on the isoform, tissue, and signaling molecule and support that redox NTR-Trx systems are functional in the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids of nodules.
A Versatile Set of Ligation-Independent Cloning Vectors for Functional Studies in Plants
Authors: De Rybel Bert , van den Berg Willy , Lokerse Annemarie S. , Liao Che-Yang , van Mourik Hilda , Möller Barbara , Llavata-Peris Cristina I. , Weijers Dolf
Published: May 2011

With plant molecular biology in the omics era, there is a need for simple cloning strategies that allow high throughput to systematically study the expression and function of large numbers of genes. Such strategies would facilitate the analysis of gene (sub)families and/or sets of coexpressed genes identified by transcriptomics. Here, we provide a set of 34 ligation-independent cloning (LIC) binary vectors for expression analysis, protein localization studies, and misexpression that will be made freely available. This set of plant LIC vectors offers a fast alternative to standard cloning strategies involving ligase or recombination enzyme technology. We demonstrate the use of this strategy and our new vectors by analyzing the expression domains of genes belonging to two subclades of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family. We show that neither the closest homologs of TARGET OF MONOPTEROS7 (TMO7/ATBS1) nor the members of the ATBS1 INTERACTING FACTOR subclade of putative TMO7 interactors are expressed in the embryo and that there is very limited coexpression in the primary root meristem. This suggests that these basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are most likely not involved in TMO7-dependent root meristem initiation.
SPIO–RGD nanoparticles as a molecular targeting probe for imaging tumor angiogenesis using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Chunfu , Yang Ke , Liu Ping , Xu Lisa X.
Published: May 2011

Angiogenesis, new blood vessels sprouting from pre-existing vessels, is essential to tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. It can be used as a biomarker for early stage tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy. To visualize angiogenesis many molecular imaging modalities have been used. In this study a novel X-ray molecular targeting probe using superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) conjugated with arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (SPIO–RGD) has been developed. Based on the extremely high sensitivity to the iron element of synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and the superior spatial resolution of third-generation synchrotron radiation, the feasibility of SPIO–RGD as a promising molecular probe for imaging tumor angiogenesis has been demonstrated.
Evidence of paternal nutrient provisioning to embryos in broad‐nosed pipefish Syngnathus typhle
Authors: Kvarnemo C. , Mobley K. B. , Partridge C. , Jones A. G. , Ahnesjö I.
Published: May 2011

In two experiments, radioactively labelled nutrients (either 3H‐labelled amino‐acid mixture or 14C‐labelled glucose) were tube‐fed to brooding male Syngnathus typhle. Both nutrients were taken up by the males and radioactivity generally increased in the brood pouch tissue with time. Furthermore, a low but significant increase of 3H‐labelled amino acids in embryos was found over the experimental interval (48 h), whereas in the 14C‐glucose experiment the radioactivity was taken up by the embryos but did not increase over the experimental time (320 min). Uptake of radioisotopes per embryo did not differ with embryo size. A higher uptake mg−1 tissue of both 3H‐labelled amino acids and 14C‐labelled glucose was found in smaller embryos, possibly due to a higher relative metabolic rate or to a higher surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio compared to larger embryos. Uptake in embryos was not influenced by male size, embryonic developmental advancement or position in the brood pouch. It is concluded that brooding males provide amino acids, and probably also glucose, to the developing embryos in the brood pouch.
Tumor stroma reaction‐related gene signature predicts clinical outcome in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Gao Qiang , Wang Xiao‐Ying , Qiu Shuang‐Jian , Zhou Jian , Shi Ying‐Hong , Zhang Bo‐Heng , Fan Jia
Published: May 2011

The tumor stroma is a source of many potential new tumor biomarkers, in which the immune response is of major importance. Little is known regarding how changes in stromal gene expression affect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. We analyzed the expression of 28 stroma‐related genes using quantitative RT‐PCR in 122 HCC samples, and related the results to patient prognosis. Hierarchical clustering based on expression of the 28 genes, or the 6‐Th1 cell markers, can classify HCC patients into prognostically different subgroups. We further identified a five‐gene classifier (protective genes IRF1 and GZMB and risk genes CRTH2, VEGF, and MMP7) as a significant independent prognosticator for recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 4.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.31–9.96; P = 2.6 × 10−5) by multivariate analyses. Importantly, the classifier was further validated in an independent set of 172 HCC samples (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.20–3.00; P = 0.002). The predictive ability of the classifier, as measured by area under the curve (0.713 and 0.613 for original and validation cohorts, respectively), was comparable to those of vascular invasion, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, and TNM stage. The densities of various tumor stromal cells were analyzed by immunostaining. Comparing the immunostaining and gene expression data showed significant association of the gene classifier with the amount of reactive stroma in both cohorts. Thus, the signature reveals the strong prognostic capacity of immune responses, angiogenic activity, and ECM remodeling, highlighting the importance of stromal biology in HCC progression. Contained in this novel predictor may be targets suitable for new therapeutic interventions, or for use as independent prognosticators. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 1522–1531)
Effects of safety warnings on prescription rates of cough and cold medicines in children below 2 years of age
Authors: Sen E. Fatma , Verhamme Katia M. C. , Felisi Mariagrazia , ‘t Jong Geert W. , Giaquinto Carlo , Picelli Gino , Ceci Adriana , Sturkenboom Miriam C. J. M. ,   on behalf of the TEDDY European Network of Excellence
Published: May 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Cough and cold medicines are frequently used in children to treat upper respiratory tract infections without solid proof of benefits.

• Safety issues have been raised about the use of these drugs in young children.

• In 2007 international warnings were issued advising against use of these drugs in young children.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Cough and cold medicines prescribing by primary care physicians has not really been influenced by international warnings in the Netherlands, where no additional national warnings were made and only partially in Italy.

• A concerted action should be taken in Europe to advise strongly against the OTC use and prescription of cough and cold medicines in young children.

AIM The aim of the study was to assess the influence of national and international warnings on the prescription rates of cough and cold medicines (CCMs) in the youngest children (<2 years) in the Netherlands and Italy.

METHODS Analysis of outpatient electronic medical records of children <2 years in Italy and the Netherlands was carried out. Age and country specific prescription prevalence rates were calculated for the period 2005–08. Comparisons of prescription rates in 2005 (pre) and 2008 (post) warnings were done by means of a chi‐square test.

RESULTS The cohort consisted of 99 176 children <2 years of age. After international warnings, overall prescription rates for CCMs decreased slightly from 83 to 77/1000 person years (P= 0.05) in Italy and increased in the Netherlands from 74 to 92/1000 children per year. Despite the international warnings, prescription rates for nasal sympathomimetics and opium alkaloids increased in the Netherlands (P < 0.01). In Italy a significant decrease in the prescription rates of opium alkaloids and other cough suppressants (P < 0.01) was observed, and also a significant reduction in use of combinations of nasal sympathomimetics.

CONCLUSION Despite the international safety warnings and negative benefit‐risk profiles, prescription rates of cough and cold medicines remain substantial and were hardly affected by the warnings, especially in the Netherlands where no warning was issued. The hazards of use of these medicines in young children should be explicitly stipulated by the European Medicines Agency and all national agencies, in order to increase awareness amongst physicians and caretakers and reduce heterogeneity across the EU.
Nitric oxide modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression via interleukin-10
Authors: Hebeda C B , Teixeira S A , Tamura E K , Muscará M N , de Mello S B V , Markus R P , Farsky S H P
Published: May 2011

We have shown previously that nitric oxide (NO) controls platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) expression on both neutrophils and endothelial cells under physiological conditions. Here, the molecular mechanism by which NO regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial PECAM-1 expression and the role of interleukin (IL)-10 on this control was investigated. For this purpose, N-(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days dissolved in drinking water) was used to inhibit both constitutive (cNOS) and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) synthase activities in LPS-stimulated Wistar rats (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). This treatment resulted in reduced levels of serum NO. Under this condition, circulating levels of IL-10 was enhanced, secreted mainly by circulating lymphocytes, dependent on transcriptional activation, and endothelial PECAM-1 expression was reduced independently on reduced gene synthesis. The connection between NO, IL-10 and PECAM-1 expression was examined by incubating LPS-stimulated (1 µg/ml) cultured endothelial cells obtained from naive rats with supernatant of LPS-stimulated lymphocytes, which were obtained from blood of control or l-NAME-treated rats. Supernatant of LPS-stimulated lymphocytes obtained from l-NAME-treated rats, which contained higher levels of IL-10, reduced LPS-induced PECAM-1 expression by endothelial cells, and this reduction was reversed by adding the anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody. Therefore, an association between NO, IL-10 and PECAM-1 was found and may represent a novel mechanism by which NO controls endothelial cell functions.
Pasture‐based dairy farm systems increasing milk production through stocking rate or milk yield per cow: pasture and animal responses
Authors: Fariña S. R. , Garcia S. C. , Fulkerson W. J. , Barchia I. M.
Published: May 2011

A 2‐year whole‐farm study compared pasture‐based systems increasing milk production per ha by increasing either stocking rate (from 2·5 to 3·8 cows ha−1) or milk yield per cow (from 6000 to 9000 kg cow−1 lactation−1) or both. Four treatments (systems), comprising 30 cows each, were compared under the same management and grazing decision rules. The diet was based on grazed pasture, whereas pellets and conserved fodder were fed when deemed necessary. Milk production per ha increased by 0·49, 0·1 and 0·66 in the systems that increased either stocking rate, milk yield per cow or both respectively. Cows in the ‘high milk yield per cow’ systems had a significantly higher body condition score throughout the lactation, but reproductive performance was similar among all groups. Total pasture utilized (11 t DM ha−1 year−1) and pasture nutritive value were similar across all systems. This was associated with the grazing rules applied and the ability of accurately supplementing to meet deficits in available pasture. At the whole‐system level, there was a higher marginal efficiency of supplement use when increasing stocking rate than when increasing milk yield per cow or increasing both (0·18, 0·07 and 0·12 kg milk MJ−1 of metabolizable energy of supplements respectively).
Accuracy and continuity in discharge information for patients with eating difficulties after stroke
Authors: Carlsson Eva , Ehnfors Margareta , Eldh Ann Catrine , Ehrenberg Anna
Published: May 2011

Aims.  To describe the accuracy and continuity of discharge information for patients with eating difficulties after stroke.

Background.  Eating difficulties are prevalent and serious problems in patients with stroke. Screening for eating difficulties can predict undernutrition and subsequent care needs. For optimal care, information transferred between care settings has to be comprehensive and accurate.

Design.  Prospective, descriptive.

Methods.  The study investigated a sample of 15 triads, each including one patient with stroke along with his patient record and discharge summary and two nursing staff in the municipal care to whom the patient was discharged. Data were collected by observations of patients’ eating, record audits and interviews with nurses. Data were analysed using content analysis and descriptive statistics.

Results.  Accuracy of recorded information on patients’ eating difficulties and informational continuity were poor, as was accuracy in the transferred information according to nursing staff’s perceptions. All patients were at risk of undernutrition and in too poor a state to receive rehabilitation. Nevertheless, patients’ eating difficulties were described in a vague and unspecific language in the patient records. Co‐ordinated care planning and management continuity related to eating difficulties were largely lacking in the documentation. Despite their important role in caring for patients with eating difficulties, little information on eating difficulties seemed to reach licensed practical nurses in the municipalities.

Conclusions.  Comprehensiveness in the documentation of eating difficulties and accuracy of transferred information were poor based on record audits and as perceived by the municipal nursing staff. Although all patients were at risk of undernutrition, had multiple eating difficulties and were in too poor a state for rehabilitation, explicit care plans for nutritional problems were lacking.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Lack of accuracy and continuity in discharge information on eating difficulties may increase risk of undernutrition and related complications for patients in continuous stroke care. Therefore, the discharge process must be based on comprehensive and accurate documentation.
Psychometric evaluation of a Spanish Language Version of the Screen for Caregiver Burden (SCB) in caregivers of patients with mixed, vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia
Authors: Guerra‐Silla María G , Gutiérrez‐Robledo Luis M , Villalpando‐Berumen Juan M , Pérez‐Zepeda Mario U , Montaña‐Álvarez Mariano , Reyes‐Guerrero Jorge , Rosas‐Carrasco Óscar
Published: May 2011

Aims and objectives.  To validate a Spanish language version of the Screen for Caregiver Burden, the full‐length or long (25‐item) and short (seven‐item) versions in Mexican caregivers of patients with mixed, vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia.

Background.  Patients with dementia display impaired executive function and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as behavioural changes and sleep disturbances. These symptoms can make patients become more dependent. The experience of caregiving for patients under these conditions is burdensome. It is important to detect this burden to protect both the caregiver and the patient from negative outcomes.

Design.  Survey.

Methods.  Participants were 143 primary caregivers of patients with dementia and 30 caregivers of older adults without dementia in two hospitals in Mexico City.

Results.  The internal reliability was Cronbach’s α = 0·89 and 0·82 for the 25‐item and the seven‐item versions, respectively. The item–total correlations for two Screen for Caregiver Burden versions were significant from r = 0·26 to r = 0·77 p < 0·001. The test–retest was ICC = 0·78 p < 0·001; CI 95% (0·55–0·89) and ICC = 0·72 p < 0·001; CI 95% (0·41–0·86) for the 25‐item and the seven‐item, respectively. We found from non‐significant to highly significant correlations between two Screen for Caregiver Burden versions and other measures ranged. Validity of known groups showed that the caregivers of demented patients experienced more burden than those caring for non‐demented patients.

Conclusions.  Given these psychometric properties, both versions of the Screen for Caregiver Burden are valid tools and can be reliably used to assess the presence and level of caregiver burden in caregivers of demented patients.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The Screen for Caregiver Burden in the Spanish Language can be used in clinical practice to detect caregiver burden in family members. We recommend using the long or full‐length version when the objective is to assess the caregiver burden carefully and the short version (seven‐item) as a screening method of caregiver burden that requires attention.
Validity and reliability of two pain assessment tools in Brazilian children and adolescents
Authors: da Silva Flavia Claro , Santos Thuler Luiz Claudio , de Leon‐Casasola Oscar A
Published: May 2011

Aims.  The aim of this research is to examine the validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Revised Faces Pain Scale and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale.

Background.  Several self‐report and behavioural pain tools have been shown to have good psychometric properties for the evaluation of pain in children and adolescents. This study was designed to analyse the correlation between two pain scales in school‐age children and adolescents.

Design.  This is a validation study.

Methods.  This research studied 90 children between 7–17 years old. They received care at the outpatient and the inpatient departments of the National Cancer Institute of Brazil. A self‐report tool, the Revised Faces Pain Scale, was used by children and adolescents to measure their pain, while the observational Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale was used by the healthcare providers to measure pain.

Results.  The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability scale presented a good internal consistency (Cronbach α coefficient = 0·76). There was a moderate‐to‐good correlation between the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability scale and the Revised Faces Pain Scale scores (Spearman’s coefficient = 0·74).

Conclusion.  Findings support the reliability and the validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale and the Revised Faces Pain Scale as a measure of pain in the Brazilian population.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The validity and the reliability of both scales will improve pain evaluation and treatment in Brazilian children and adolescents, leading to a better pain control.
Care of patients with neurological conditions: the impact of a Generic Neurology Nursing Service development on patients and their carers
Authors: Kirton Jennifer A , Jack Barbara A , O’Brien Mary R , Roe Brenda
Published: May 2011

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this study was to explore patients and carers views and experiences of the impact of the Generic Neurology Nursing Service.

Background.  Neurological conditions are a major cause of disability and are estimated to affect up to one billion people worldwide. It is clear that this number is set to rise as the world’s population is ageing. Although there are established disease specific neurological specialist nursing services that have been reported as benefitting patients and carers, not all neurological patients are captured in these services. To address this deficit and to provide a rapidly accessible service the Generic Neurology Service was established.

Design.  A qualitative study using joint and one to one semi structured interviews. A purposive sample of 20 patients and carers participated in the study.

Results.  Two broad themes emerged which are inextricably linked: longer consultation times and the benefit of seeing a knowledgeable specialist nurse.

Conclusions.  The respondents in this study reported the benefits of a longer consultation time coupled with the opportunity to talk freely about their symptoms and to ask more questions. All the patients and carers interviewed in this study were satisfied with the care provided by the Generic Neurology Nurse Service, with the majority highlighting improvements it has made in their lives.

Relevance to clinical practice.  This study has shown how a novel approach to service design and delivery can help to bridge the gap in the provision of a bespoke service for patients with a neurological condition who currently are receiving sub optimal care. Having a service that patients can rapidly access can be suggested as preventing clinical emergencies, maintaining patients’ self management and resulting in care of the level of the best.
Diabetes education: what do adolescents want?
Authors: Chaney David , Coates Vivien , Shevlin Mark , Carson Dennis , McDougall Andrea , Long Arlene
Published: May 2011

Aims and objectives.  To establish adolescents’ beliefs regarding the need for structured diabetes education and their views on how such a programme should be organised and what topics need to be addressed.

Background.  Structured diabetes education programmes have become common place in diabetes care in recent years. Despite the use of these programmes in adult patients, to date, there exists no tried or tested programme for adolescents. Prior to the development of programmes for this age group, there is a need to establish their views on programme content, delivery mechanisms and how best to introduce structured education in this population.

Design.  An exploratory qualitative study.

Methods.  Five focus group interviews were undertaken across three acute Hospital Trusts in Northern Ireland. A total of 21 adolescents between 13–19 years were interviewed. Data were analysed by means of a thematic content analysis framework.

Results.  All participants expressed a need for a structured education programme specifically tailored to their needs. The complexity of existing diabetes regimens brought with it feelings of frustration and guilt for the majority of adolescents. Many felt isolated and alone. Dietary management and insulin adjustment were seen as very complex.

Conclusion.  Participants favoured a structured diabetes education programme that was short in duration, practical in nature, positive in outlook and relevant to daily life.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Programmes should address the specific needs of adolescents, be delivered in a practical manner and be realistic for everyday use.
Indications and patterns of therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents in the Danish pig production from 2002 to 2008
Authors: JENSEN V. F. , EMBORG H.‐D. , AARESTRUP F. M.
Published: May 2011

Jensen, V. F., Emborg, H.‐D., Aarestrup, F. M. Indications and patterns of therapeutic use of antimicrobial agents in the Danish pig production from 2002 to 2008. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 33–46.

This study describes trends in the use and indications for prescriptions of antimicrobial agents in the Danish pig production in the period between 2002 and 2008 and is the first description of a complete prescription pattern for one animal species in an entire country. Data on all prescription for pigs in Denmark were retrieved from the VetStat database. Antimicrobial use was measured in defined animal daily doses (ADD) for the specific age‐group and in ADDkg as a measure of amounts used. According to the results of the ADDkg data, 26% of all antimicrobials were prescribed for sows, 38% for weaner pigs, and 33% for finisher pigs. In weaner and finisher pigs, gastrointestinal infections accounted for 74–83% and 56–65% of the use, while respiratory infections accounted for 9–17% and 18–24%, respectively. From 2002 to 2008, prescription for respiratory disease increased by 145% for sows/piglets, by 141% for weaning pigs, and by 81% for finisher pig. The most commonly used class of antibiotics was tetracycline for all age‐groups, replacing the previously used macrolide/lincosamide group. The use of pleuromutilin increased in 2008 to the level of macrolides. In sow/piglets, the second most used class was penicillins. The switch in choice of antimicrobial classes prescribed seems to be related primarily to changes in the price of the drugs.
Genetic analysis of selenocysteine biosynthesis in the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis
Authors: Hohn Michael J. , Palioura Sotiria , Su Dan , Yuan Jing , Söll Dieter
Published: May 2011

In Archaea selenocysteine (Sec) is synthesized in three steps. First seryl‐tRNA synthetase acylates tRNASec with serine to generate Ser‐tRNASec. Then phosphoseryl‐tRNASec kinase (PSTK) forms Sep‐tRNASec, which is converted to Sec‐tRNASec by Sep‐tRNA:Sec‐tRNA synthase (SepSecS) in the presence of selenophosphate produced by selenophosphate synthetase (SelD). A complete in vivo analysis of the archaeal Sec biosynthesis pathway is still unavailable, and the existence of a redundant pathway or of a rescue mechanism based on the conversion of Sep‐tRNASec to Cys‐tRNASec during selenium starvation, cannot be excluded. Here we present a mutational analysis of Sec biosynthesis in Methanococcus maripaludis strain Mm900. Sec formation is abolished upon individually deleting the genes encoding SelD, PSTK or SepSecS; the resulting mutant strains could no longer grow on formate while growth with H2 + CO2 remained unaffected. However, deletion of the PSTK and SepSecS genes was not possible unless the selenium‐free [NiFe]‐hydrogenases Frc and Vhc were expressed. This required the prior deletion of either the gene encoding SelD or that of HrsM, a LysR‐type regulator suppressing transcription of the frc and vhc operons in the presence of selenium. These results show that M. maripaludis Mm900 is facultatively selenium‐dependent with a single pathway of Sec‐tRNASec formation.
Bacterial moving and shaking: the 11th blast meeting
Authors: Alexandre Gladys , Crosson Sean , Shimizu Thomas , Msadek Tarek
Published: May 2011

Since their inception 20 years ago, the biennial blast (Bacterial Locomotion and Signal Transduction) meetings instantly became the place to be for exchanging and sharing the latest developments in the field of bacterial motility and signalling. At the 11th edition, held last January in New Orleans, LA, researchers reported on the myriad of mechanisms involved in bacterial movement, sensing and adaptation, ranging from the molecular level to multicellular behaviour. New insights into bacterial signalling phenomena were gained, revealing previously unsuspected layers of complexity, particularly in mechanisms ensuring signal transduction fidelity and novel links to metabolic processes.
The Arabidopsis thaliana aquaporin AtPIP1;2 is a physiologically relevant CO2 transport facilitator
Authors: Heckwolf Marlies , Pater Dianne , Hanson David T. , Kaldenhoff Ralf
Published: May 2011

Cellular exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) is of extraordinary importance for life. Despite this significance, its molecular mechanisms are still unclear and a matter of controversy. In contrast to other living organisms, plants are physiologically limited by the availability of CO2. In most plants, net photosynthesis is directly dependent on CO2 diffusion from the atmosphere to the chloroplast. Thus, it is important to analyze CO2 transport with regards to its effect on photosynthesis. A mutation of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtPIP1;2 gene, which was characterized as a non‐water transporting but CO2 transport‐facilitating aquaporin in heterologous expression systems, correlated with a reduction in photosynthesis under a wide range of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we could demonstrate that the effect was caused by reduced CO2 conductivity in leaf tissue. It is concluded that the AtPIP1;2 gene product limits CO2 diffusion and photosynthesis in leaves.
A step forward on the path towards understanding osteoporosis
Authors: Fisher E
Published: May 2011

Mutations in NOTCH2 cause Hajdu‐Cheney syndrome, a disorder of severe and progressive bone loss Simpson et al. (2011) Nature Genetics 43 (4): 303–305
The new Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome: what do they change?
Authors: Faivre L , Collod‐Beroud G , Adès L , Arbustini E , Child A , Callewaert BL , Loeys B , Binquet C , Gautier E , Mayer K , Arslan‐Kirchner M , Grasso M , Beroud C , Hamroun D , Bonithon‐Kopp C , Plauchu H , Robinson PN , De Backer J , Coucke P , Francke U , Bouchot O , Wolf JE , Stheneur C , Hanna N , Detaint D , De Paepe A , Boileau C , Jondeau G
Published: May 2011

Faivre L, Collod‐Beroud G, Adès L, Arbustini E, Child A, Callewaert BL, Loeys B, Binquet C, Gautier E, Mayer K, Arslan‐Kirchner M, Grasso M, Beroud C, Hamroun D, Bonithon‐Kopp C, Plauchu H, Robinson PN, De Backer J, Coucke P, Francke U, Bouchot O, Wolf JE, Stheneur C, Hanna N, Detaint D, De Paepe A, Boileau C, Jondeau G. The new Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome: what do they change?

The diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (MFS) is challenging and international criteria have been proposed. The 1996 Ghent criteria were adopted worldwide, but new diagnostic criteria for MFS were released in 2010, giving more weight to aortic root aneurysm and ectopia lentis. We aimed to compare the diagnosis reached by applying this new nosology vs the Ghent nosology in a well‐known series of 1009 probands defined by the presence of an FBN1 mutation. A total of 842 patients could be classified as MFS according to the new nosology (83%) as compared to 894 (89%) according to the 1996 Ghent criteria. The remaining 17% would be classified as ectopia lentis syndrome (ELS), mitral valve prolapse syndrome or mitral valve, aorta, skeleton and skin (MASS) syndrome, or potential MFS in patients aged less than 20 years. Taking into account the median age at last follow‐up (29 years), the possibility has to be considered that these patients would go on to develop classic MFS with time. Although the number of patients for a given diagnosis differed only slightly, the new nosology led to a different diagnosis in 15% of cases. Indeed, 10% of MFS patients were reclassified as ELS or MASS in the absence of aortic dilatation; conversely, 5% were reclassified as MFS in the presence of aortic dilatation. The nosology is easier to apply because the systemic score is helpful to reach the diagnosis of MFS only in a minority of patients. Diagnostic criteria should be a flexible and dynamic tool so that reclassification of patients with alternative diagnosis is possible, requiring regular clinical and aortic follow‐up.
Quality control of leucocyte‐reduced blood components: overestimation of WBC content due to nucleated red blood cells
Authors: Fischer J. C. , Moog R. , Giers G
Published: May 2011

Most methods for quality control of white blood cell (WBC) depletion in blood products are based on flow cytometric techniques. Nearly all commercial kits are based on propidium iodide staining of the DNA and subsequently counting those DNA based events as residual WBC. Here, we could show that a substantial proportion of those events are derived from nucleated red blood cells and therefore not specific for WBCs (e.g. in erythrocyte products 30%). We developed a flow cytometric method for residual WBC counting applying simultaneous DNA‐ and WBC‐specific surface staining to enable this.
Plant cation/H+ exchangers (CAXs): biological functions and genetic manipulations
Authors: Manohar M. , Shigaki T. , Hirschi K. D.
Published: May 2011

Inorganic cations play decisive roles in many cellular and physiological processes and are essential components of plant nutrition. Therefore, the uptake of cations and their redistribution must be precisely controlled. Vacuolar antiporters are important elements in mediating the intracellular sequestration of these cations. These antiporters are energized by the proton gradient across the vacuolar membrane and allow the rapid transport of cations into the vacuole. CAXs (for CAtion eXchanger) are members of a multigene family and appear to predominately reside on vacuoles. Defining CAX regulation and substrate specificity have been aided by utilising yeast as an experimental tool. Studies in plants suggest CAXs regulate apoplastic Ca2+ levels in order to optimise cell wall expansion, photosynthesis, transpiration and plant productivity. CAX studies provide the basis for making designer transporters that have been used to develop nutrient enhanced crops and plants for remediating toxic soils.
Epidural abscess in a neonate
Authors: Hazelton Briony , Kesson Alison , Prelog Kristina , Carmo Kathryn , Dexter Mark
Published: May 2011

We report the case of a 16‐day‐old neonate who presented with fever and irritability. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected on his admission grew methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus on culture, prompting an urgent search for parameningeal collections or an occult sinus involving the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pyogenic collection within the epidural space extending from the upper cervical to lumbosacral level and multiple other deep tissue collections that required repeated surgical drainage. Central nervous system infections due to S. aureus are uncommon, particularly in the absence of an anatomical defect or prior neurosurgical instrumentation. This case demonstrates the importance of a timely and thorough search for parameningeal foci when CSF cultures are positive for unusual organisms such as S. aureus.
Immunisation issues for Indigenous Australian children
Authors: Menzies Robert , Andrews Ross
Published: May 2011

Vaccination has provided major benefits to the health of indigenous children in the face of continuing poorer socioe‐conomic conditions but several issues have been identified for improvement. While indigenous children are vaccinated at high rates for the standard schedule vaccines, vaccination is more commonly delayed. Coverage for ‘targeted’ vaccines is substantially lower, and data on coverage for indigenous adolescents is non‐existent. Improved identification of indigenous clients by immunisation providers and the expansion of the childhood register are required. The progressive removal of early‐acting Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines from schedules for indigenous children because of an international shortage raises the risk of disease re‐emergence and highlights the need for vigilant surveillance including carriage. The expanded use of existing vaccines (influenza) and early adoption of new vaccines (higher valency pneumococcal conjugates) are needed to maximise benefits, in particular the potential to impact on non‐invasive disease such as otitis media and non‐bacteraemic pneumonia that are so prevalent in indigenous children.
Recurrent infection in children: When and how to investigate for primary immunodeficiency?
Authors: Gray Paul EA , Namasivayam Mahila , Ziegler John B
Published: May 2011

While the impact of infectious diseases in developed countries has been diminished by improved nutrition, hygiene, vaccination coverage and health care, infections remain common, and even the healthiest children may suffer frequent infections, occasionally necessitating admission to hospital. When investigating a child with recurrent infections, it is therefore important to know the frequency, severity, infectious syndrome and infecting organisms which a normal child might experience, and to understand the impact of the child's underlying health on their susceptibility to infection. This paper examines infectious susceptibility in the healthy and immunocompromised child and explores the respective presentations of some primary immunodeficiencies.
Morphological and genetic diversity of the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria) from Japan and Myanmar
Authors: Soe Khin Myat , Yokoyama Akiko , Yokoyama Jun , Hara Yoshiaki
Published: May 2011

The morphology and phylogeny of 13 strains of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn, isolated from hot springs in Japan and Myanmar were analyzed to determine taxonomy and biogeography. From the morphological observations of cell size, there were significant differences among strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed two lineages: Lineages I and II. Lineage I consisted of strains collected in Japan and reference strains from a previous study (CCMEE 5329 and 5331, Hakone, Japan); Lineage II included all of the Myanmar strains and one Japanese strain, and was a novel lineage in phylogeographic studies on M. laminosus. Since strains in the Lineage II tended to have larger cells than those in the Lineage I, the morphological and phylogenetic lineages corresponded well with each other.
Characterization of two Synechococcus sp. PCC7002‐related cyanobacterial strains in relation to 16S rDNA, crtR gene, lipids and pigments
Authors: Montero Olimpio , Porta José María , Porta Javier , Martínez Gonzalo , Lubián Luis M.
Published: May 2011

Two Synechococcus strains from the Culture Collection of the Institute for Marine Sciences of Andalusia (Cádiz, Spain), namely Syn01 and Syn02, were found to be closely related to the model strain Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 according to 16S rDNA (99% identity). Pigment and lipid profiles and crtR genes of these strains were ascertained and compared. The sequences of the crtR genes of these strains were constituted by 888 bp, and showed 99% identity between Syn01 and Syn02, and 94% identity of Syn01 and Syn02 to Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. There was coincidence in photosynthetic pigments between the three strains apart from the pigment synechoxanthin, which could be only observed in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. Species of sulfoquinovosyl‐diacyl‐glycerol (SQDG), phosphatidyl‐glycerol (PG), mono‐ and di‐galactosyl‐diacyl‐glycerol (MGDG and DGDG) were detected by high performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of lipid extracts. The most abundant species within each lipid class were those containing C18:3 together with C16:0 fatty acyl substituents in the glycerol backbone of the same molecule. From these results it is concluded that these cyanobacterial strains belong to group 2 of the lipid classification of cyanobacteria.
Respiratory disorders in the Middle East: A review
Authors: WANESS ABDELKARIM , EL‐SAMEED YASER ABU , MAHBOUB BASSAM , NOSHI MOHAMMED , AL‐JAHDALI HAMDAN , VATS MAYANK , MEHTA ATUL C.
Published: May 2011

The spectrum of pulmonary pathology in the Middle East is as versatile as its civilizations and cultures. In this review, we outline the key challenges confronting pulmonologists in the Middle East. We shed light on the diverse conditions commonly encountered in the region, from the centuries‐old illnesses of tuberculosis, to contemporary problems such as lung complications from chemical warfare. We specifically highlighted unique aspects related to respiratory illnesses in the Middle East, for example, climate factors in the desert region, cultural habits, for example, water‐pipe smoking and disorders unique to the region, such as Behçet's disease. Pulmonologists are also faced with the consequences of modernization, including large immigrant population and associated social and health issues, rising incidence of obesity and sleep apnoea, and drug‐resistant tuberculosis. Tackling these health issues will require an integrated approach involving public health, primary care as well as specialist pulmonology input, taking into consideration the unique cultural and environmental factors to ensure effective management and compliance to medical care.
Comparison of alveolar nitric oxide concentrations using two different methods for assessing small airways obstruction in asthma
Authors: KOBAYASHI DAIKI , TOCHINO YOSHIHIRO , KANAZAWA HIROSHI , ICHIMARU YUKIKAZU , KYOH SHIGENORI , ASAI KAZUHISA , HIRATA KAZUTO
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is considered a potentially useful biomarker for airway inflammation. A two‐compartment model (2CM) of pulmonary NO dynamics has been used for the evaluation of bronchial NO flux (J'awNO) and alveolar NO concentration (CANO) in asthmatic patients. Recently, the trumpet shape of the airway tree and axial diffusion (TMAD) model has been reported as a modification of the 2CM. This study was designed to determine the validity of CANO measurement using the TMAD model for assessing small airways inflammation in asthma.

Methods:  A total of 52 asthmatic patients and 12 normal control subjects were included in the study. Methacholine inhalation challenge and pulmonary function tests, sputum induction, and exhaled NO measurements at several flow rates were performed. J'awNO and CANO were calculated using both the 2CM (CANO 2CM, J'awNO 2CM) and TMAD models (CANO TMAD, J'awNO TMAD).

Results:  Both J'awNO (J'awNO 2CM and J'awNO TMAD) and CANO (CANO 2CM and CANO TMAD) were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in control subjects. CANO 2CM was significantly correlated with FEV1/FVC (r = −0.35, P = 0.01), FEF25–75 (r = −0.45, P < 0.001) and sputum eosinophils (r = 0.32, P = 0.02). In contrast, CANO TMAD was significantly correlated with FEF25–75 (r = −0.42, P = 0.002) but not with FEV1/FVC or sputum eosinophils.

Conclusions:  CANO TMAD is more specific as an indicator of small airways obstruction than CANO 2CM. Assessment of small airways obstruction using the TMAD model may clarify the role of the small airways in the pathogenesis of asthma.
Risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone‐resistant tuberculosis in a Beijing tuberculosis referral hospital
Authors: LIU CUI HUA , YANG NAN , WANG QI , HU YONG LIANG , LI LING , ZHANG GUANG YU , ZHU BAOLI
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  The rapid increase in the number of multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) cases worldwide emphasizes the importance of rational use of key important life‐saving second‐line anti‐TB drugs such as fluoroquinolones. In order to provide information for better case management, so as to minimize the further spread of extensively drug‐resistant TB, a retrospective study was performed to assess the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone resistance among TB patients attending the 309 Hospital in Beijing, China.

Methods:  Drug susceptibility testing results and clinical data for hospitalized TB patients for the period 2000–2010 were analysed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone‐resistant TB.

Results:  From July 2000 to July 2010, ofloxacin resistance was observed in 306 of 3546 (8.6%) hospitalized TB patients who were tested. The independent risk factors associated with fluoroquinolone‐resistant TB were being single (adjusted OR 1.65), being a migrant living in Beijing (adjusted OR 2.15), being a migrant from another area (adjusted OR 5.07), being a patient who was retreated (adjusted OR 2.84), exposure to fluoroquinolones (adjusted OR 2.73), having COPD (adjusted OR 3.53), having COPD with known exposure to fluoroquinolones (adjusted OR 2.47), having MDR‐TB (adjusted OR 1.67), and having poly‐resistant TB (adjusted OR 2.34).

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that in high‐risk populations continuous surveillance of fluoroquinolone resistance should be maintained. In addition, programs should be implemented for the management of patients with MDR‐TB and more complicated TB, so as to minimize the further spread of fluoroquinolone resistance and extensively drug‐resistant TB.
Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and health‐related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: VAN GESTEL ARNOLDUS J.R. , KOHLER MALCOLM , STEIER JöRG , TESCHLER SEBASTIAN , RUSSI ERICH W. , TESCHLER HELMUT
Published: May 2011

Background and objective:  COPD is associated with impaired health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Data describing the association between these factors in patients with COPD are mostly lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between cardiac autonomic dysfunction and HRQL in COPD.

Methods:  We studied 60 patients with COPD (37 women, mean (SD) age 65.20 (7.73) years, FEV1 % pred. 46.58 (18.53) %) and measured HRQL, as assessed by the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire, and cardiac autonomic dysfunction, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). Analysis of HRV was performed using a Holter‐ECG device during a recording period of 5 min. To evaluate a possible association between these factors, univariate and multivariate analyses were used.

Results:  There was a significant correlation between Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire total score and both variables of HRV reflecting parasympathetic tone; root mean square successive difference of RR intervals (rMSSD) (r = 0.34, P = 0.012) and the density of the beat‐to‐beat oscillation in the N‐N interval of HRV in the high‐frequency band (HF power) (r = 0.35, P = 0.01). In a multivariate analysis rMSSD was found to be independently associated with HRQL after correcting for FEV1, carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (DLCO), 6MWD and CRP.

Conclusions:  Resting parasympathetic tone, as measured by HRV, is independently associated with HRQL, which emphasizes the role of cardiac autonomic dysfunction on HRQL in patients with COPD.