bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Innocent Children to Unwanted Migrants and Unwed Moms: Two Chapters in the Public Discourse on Welfare in the United States, 1960-1961
Authors: Levenstein Lisa
Published: July 2012

In June 1961, a stringent set of welfare cutbacks in
Newburgh, New York, received widespread public support and incited a
racist backlash against welfare throughout the nation. Less than one year
earlier, however, an even harsher set of cutbacks aimed specifically
at black recipients of Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) in the state
of Louisiana provoked a mainly critical public response. This article
illustrates how the rhetorical framing and historical context of these
two sets of cutbacks shaped the divergent public reactions to them. In
1960, many northerners sympathetically described ADC in Louisiana
as "child aid," a grant targeting poor black children in the civil
rights-torn American South. In the Newburgh case, however, ADC was
referred to as "unwed mother aid," a grant supporting the supposedly
lazy and luxurious lifestyles of African-American women who migrated to
the North. By examining the language and issues of these cutbacks, this
article reveals a crucial moment in the evolution of our contemporary
antiwelfare discourse.
Engendering Relief: Women, Ablebodiedness, and the New Poor Law in Early Victorian England
Authors: Levine-Clark Marjorie
Published: July 2012

This article argues that ideas about gender informed the
1834 New Poor Law's concept of "ablebodiedness," which in turn affected
how women petitioned for assistance and received relief. Utilizing poor
law reports, workhouse and parish records, and women's petitions for
governmental assistance in the 1830s and 1840s, Levine-Clark demonstrates
that the poor law placed women in a difficult position by forcing
them to decide whether they were women or workers. The creators of
the New Poor Law assumed that women were physically fragile dependents
of male providers whose role was above all domestic; simultaneously,
the New Poor Law saw any able-bodied petitioner as one who supported
his or her existence through gainful employment. Focusing on the idea
of ablebodiedness, this article illuminates the complex and sometimes
conflicting ways gender operated in early Victorian English poor
law theory and practice.
"To Be Fully Human": U.S. Protestant Psychotherapeutic Culture and the Subversion of the Domestic Ideal, 1945-1965
Authors: Myers-Shirk Susan E
Published: July 2012

This article examines the conversation between U.S. Protestant
ministers and their secular fellow professionals in the years after World
War II. Their dialogue reveals that pastoral counselors articulated a
therapeutic theory and method that created a parallel discussion about
love and marriage which discounted the importance of a domestic imperative
for women. Ideas about personal autonomy and self-realization, the part
culture played in shaping human personality, and the significance of
the female perspective led pastoral counselors to reinterpret women's role
and reject both the domestic ideal and negative assumptions about women
that typically accompanied it. Pastoral counseling literature demonstrates
that the postwar decades were a time of cultural and intellectual ferment
in which assumptions about gender were highly contested. It suggests that
revisiting psychotherapeutic and religious professional culture provides
a more complex picture of postwar intellectual life and women's changing
social situation.
A Historical Memory for Women: The Gosteli Archive Documents More than One Hundred Years of Swiss Women's History
Authors: Wirz Claudia , Freitag Kornelia , Offen Karen M
Published: July 2012

This article, originally published in German in the Neue
Z�rcher Zeitung (20-21 March 1998), describes the Gosteli
Archive for Women's History in Switzerland, founded in 1982 by Marthe
Gosteli, and lodged in a villa near Bern that was once her family
home. The Gosteli Foundation assures the future of the archive. Kornelia
Freitag, a visiting scholar at the Institute for Research on Women
and Gender at Stanford University, and assistant professor of American
studies at the University of Potsdam, Germany, is primarily responsible
for the translation, with the assistance of women's historian Karen Offen.
A Case of Indifference?: Child Murder in Later Medieval England
Authors: Butler Sara M. (Sara Margaret)
Published: July 2012

Art historian Barbara Kellum's 1973 article on child murder in medieval England paints a picture of a world replete with ruthless and murderous single mothers who escaped the legal consequences of their actions due to an indifferent court system that chose to turn a blind eye to the deaths of young children. Despite the overstated tone of her work, it remains the most systematic study of child murder in the medieval English context. Employing a sampling of 131 instances of child murder (including 144 victims), drawn from royal and ecclesiastical courts from the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth centuries, the current investigation asks us to rethink these early conclusions. Infanticide was a felony in the Middle Ages and neither jurors nor royal officials treated child murder with indifference. Nevertheless, it is clear that both gender and marital status guided the courts in their decisions throughout the legal process in terms of indicting, prosecuting, and sentencing defendants in cases of child murder.
"The Burning of Letters Continues": Elusive Identities and the Historical Construction of Sexuality
Authors: Freedman Estelle B.
Published: July 2012

To explore how historians grapple with the sexual identity of their subjects, this article reflects on the research process for a biography of prison reformer Miriam Van Waters. It reviews three kinds of evidence that combine to shape an interpretation of Van Waters' sexuality: first, authoritative discourses she encountered and may have internalized or modified; second, personal sources such as letters and diaries that provide clues to her subjective experience of sexuality; and third, rumors, accusations, and assumptions that entered the historical record. While affirming earlier insights that we cannot depend on either labels or direct evidence of sexual behavior to locate the subjects of lesbian history, this article also argues for historical specificity about the meaning of sexual identity and an appreciation of the ways that class and race can take precedence over sexuality as a source of identity.
The Eberbach Asylum and the Practice(s) of Nymphomania in Germany, 1815-1849
Authors: Goldberg Ann
Published: July 2012

This article is a case study of rural, lower-class female patients diagnosed with (or displaying symptoms of) nymphomania at one of Germany's first modern insane asylums, Eberbach. It seeks to uncover the social dynamics behind the translation of female behavior into medical constructions of pathological genitals, and how that sexual pathology came to be coded in both class and gender terms. It examines nymphomaniacal behavior as communicative and strategic acts within the power dynamics of the asylum, showing how nymphomania was produced in and through the struggles between doctors and patients over a range of issues: power, identity, freedom, and survival.
"A Woman Who Married Three Wives": Management of Disruptive Knowledge in the 1879 Australian Case of Edward De Lacy Evans
Authors: Chesser Lucy
Published: July 2012

Edward De Lacy Evans, born female, lived as a man for twenty-three years between 1856 and 1879, in the colony of Victoria, Australia. The "imposture" was discovered when s/he was admitted to a lunatic asylum, and this attracted substantial press when it was revealed that Evans had married three women and was father to a young daughter. Evans's three marriages made sexual desire between women a prominent topic of discussion. This article explores the episode for what it reveals about contemporary understandings of gender and sexuality. Although in recent years attention has focused upon the disruptive potential of cross-dressing, sex impersonation, and gender ambiguity, this article focuses upon the ways in which those who wrote about Evans "managed," "neutralized," and "normalized" a potentially confronting example of gender and sexual transgression.
An Archival Resource: INS Case Files on Chinese Women in the American Midwest
Authors: Christoff Peggy Spitzer
Published: July 2012

In conducting research on Chinese women in the United States during the Chinese exclusion period (1882-1943), historians have concentrated on women residing on the East and West Coasts. By examining the use of the Midwest region's Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Chinese case files, this article broadens the geographical scope of research. The author focuses on how to interpret information embedded in the entire collection and in women's individual case files. The Midwestern collection allows scholars to assess the bureaucratic approaches for processing immigrants, and, perhaps more important, reveals the resourcefulness of immigrant strategies in response to INS investigations.
Women, Audience, and Public Acts in Medieval Flanders
Authors: Kittell Ellen E.
Published: July 2012

The intersection of economic dynamism, Germanic custom, and religious decentralization made thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Flanders one of the most heterosocial societies in Europe. The county's primarily oral-aural culture turned anyone pursuing daily business into a public performer. Women, acting as their own agents, routinely participated in the public arena, not only as members of the audience whose presence validated public acts, but also as the performers whose oral presentation of petitions shaped and formed Flemish society. An examination of medieval Flemish women's activities reveals that polarized notions of gender characterizing contemporary learned opinion had little impact on the conventional wisdom and practices of their time.
Reconstructing Rural Infanticide in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Symonds Deborah A.
Published: July 2012

Infanticide was a common occurrence in early modern Scotland, the result of complex economic forces that made marriage difficult. Premarital sex leading to illegitimate births was dangerous for women even from 1690, when a harsh statute was enacted and women began to be hanged, until about 1730. After this time, women convicted of infanticide tended to be banished rather than executed. This article uses a typical case from 1762 and information drawn from 346 other women's investigations and trials to explore the dynamics of infanticide, most often committed by young, single, agricultural servants or daughters of tenant farmers accused by older married women, often midwives, and ministers. Yet, all-male juries became reluctant to convict, reflecting the developing bourgeois ideology of motherhood and the inexorable process of agricultural transformation.
Women "Working" the Law: Gender, Authority, and Legal Process in Early Modern France
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: July 2012

This article unpacks the contexts and meanings of one extended episode surrounding a notary's wife, her husband, their kin, his clients, and the judicial system. It suggests how women as agents and subjects were central in the interlocking web of social relations and laws that maintained a complex, negotiated, and contested, household-based gender hierarchy as a key element of the social and political topography of early modern Trance. The legal disadvantages and exclusions women faced were key elements in the maintenance of an inequitable gender hierarchy. Yet "the law" was a complicated matter involving national decrees promulgated by the monarchy and regional customary laws. Moreover, these laws gained meaning only in the encounters between the many different actors—spouses and kin who were part of middling families, as well as notaries, judges, and lawyers whose roles were to put laws into practice—that constituted the legal process.
Confronting Continuity
Authors: Bennett Judith M.
Published: July 2012

This exploratory essay shows how attention to long-term continuities in the status of women can create new interpretive possibilities for women's history. These continuities suggest a patriarchal equilibrium that has worked to maintain the status of European women in times of political, social, and economic change. This essay suggests a critical distinction between change in women's experiences and transformation in women's status, and it illustrates how historians of women have often confused one for the other. Arguing that narratives of transformation are unduly dominant in women's history, this essay then analyzes four factors that have promoted this dominance. The essay uses European history to frame its discussion but suggests that its conclusions might be applicable beyond Europe. The essay closes with an example, taken from the history of women in the English brewing industry, of how the concept of patriarchal equilibrium opens new and productive questions.
An Honorable Avocation for Ladies: The Work of the Mexico City Unión de Damas Católicas Mexicanas, 1912-1926
Authors: Schell Patience A.
Published: July 2012

This article examines the volunteer work of the Unión de Damas Católicas Mexicanas (Union of Mexican Catholic Ladies, UDCM) in Mexico City from the Mexican Revolution (1910-1917) to the beginning of the Cristero Rebellion (1926-1929). The UDCM used such means as vocational education, union organizing, and morality campaigns to respond to changes in society precipitated by the revolution. While in other countries Catholics cooperated with feminists and socialists to achieve shared goals, the anticlericalism of 1920s Mexico made cooperation with non-Catholic organizations impossible for the UDCM. Eventually, the hostility of Mexico's revolutionary governments toward the Catholic Church pushed the UDCM, an organization that officially avoided political entanglements, to protest anticlerical policies vociferously.
Gender in Cartoons of German Unification
Authors: Carstens-Wickham Belinda
Published: July 2012

A striking number of political cartoons published in the year after the fall of the Berlin Wall use stereotypes of such powerless and often devalued groups as women, children, and the disabled to represent the German Democratic Republic (GDR). In general, a powerful male role is assigned to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). These images are closely linked to the language and imagery used to discuss unification, borrowed from the world of courting, sex, and marriage. Analysis reveals the dynamic between gender images and the dominant patriarchal political ideology. The repetitious presentation of sexist images and language to define German unification reinforced if not directly supported Western capitalist interests. Ultimately, connecting the images of subaltern groups with the GDR helped justify the economic takeover of the GDR as an inferior entity. These images served to disadvantage GDR women, the biggest losers in the unification process.
The End of Gender Solidarity: The History of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform in the United States, 1929-1933
Authors: Neumann Caryn E.
Published: July 2012

With the establishment of Prohibition in the United States in 1920, the American public believed that women stood solidly behind the legislation because it would reduce the evils long associated with male drunkenness. The formation in 1929 of an anti-Prohibition women's group, the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform, challenged this notion of a unified woman's voting bloc. This article explores the WONPR, arguing that its members shared with women Prohibitionists the desire to protect the home but opposed Prohibition as an act of state force. The dispute among organized women over Prohibition is important because it shows that the struggle over special labor legislation was not the only sign that gender unity had died.
"Better Than Silver and Gold": Design Schools for Women in America, 1848-1860
Authors: Allaback Sarah
Published: July 2012

During the mid-nineteenth century, schools of design for women in Philadelphia, Boston, and New York formed the core of a mid-nineteenth-century movement to educate women in the theory and practice of industrial design. A diverse cross section of educated Americans—women's rights advocates, intellectuals, merchants, and philanthropists—supported an effort promising to elevate the status of women and to benefit the growth of American industrial arts. Design schools trained hundreds of future artists and teachers in artistic professions, while providing such female intellectuals as Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and Ednah Dow (Littlehale) Cheney the opportunity to discuss women's issues in a public forum. From written records describing the great hope invested in female education and the professional status that became a possibility for women at midcentury, historians can begin to reassess the position of nineteenth-century women involved in the arts.
Hearing Women Speak: Antoinette Brown Blackwell and the Dilemma of Authority
Authors: Munson Elizabeth , Dickinson Greg
Published: July 2012

Antoinette Brown Blackwell's work, especially her scientific writings, are prescient of contemporary, standpoint theory critiques of Enlightenment ways of knowing. Her ongoing struggle for an authority with which to speak led her to confront biblical teachings that forbade women's ministry and later led her to challenge the use of evolutionary theory to deny equality to women. In both cases, she attempted to meld the dominant discourse to her own uses, gaining the authority she needed to argue for women's equality. In her biblical arguments, she submitted Pauline texts to historical analysis by explicitly limiting their universal authority. Similarly, she critiqued the male bias evident in evolutionary science, undercutting its supposed objectivity. In so doing, though, Brown Blackwell undermined the universal basis of authority that she claimed for herself and encoded into her work conflicts about the basis of authority and women's equality.
Hesschel’s Two Maimonides
Authors: Marmur Michael
Published: July 2012

The aim of this article is to describe and analyze the ways in which Maimonides appears in the work of Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972). Throughout his life, Heschel related to two distinct figures, who may be termed Maimonides and the Rambam, symbol of dry rationalism and hero of prophetic passion. The article hopes to shed light on Heschel's understanding of his own enterprise, and to provide a view of Heschel's Maimonides in the context of other modern Jewish readings of Maimonides. Two Maimonides are to be found in The article touches upon Heschel's opposition to Maimonidean dogma, his placement of Maimonides within the typology contrasting Rabbi Ishmael with Rabbi Akiva, and the special role played in Heschel's work by the biographical and the individual. A brief discussion of Heschel's scholarly methods is followed by a consideration of Heschel's Maimonides along the axis established by Leo Strauss and Julius Guttmann. The article concludes with a consideration of the conceptions of prophecy and imitatio dei in Heschel's work, in an attempt to show that the role of Maimonides in Heschel's theological enterprise is both demonstrable and highly significant.
Gender Marking and Racial Stereotyping at the 2004 Athens Games
Authors: Daddario Gina , Wigley Brian J.
Published: July 2012

This qualitative discourse analysis examines the occurrence of gender marking and racial stereotyping in the commentary of the 2004 Olympics. Four strategies are identified and involve the tendency of announcers to engage in the framing of female athletes according to their familial roles, the second-guessing of their emotional and/or psychological states, the selective application of masculine descriptors to successful female athletes and the grouping of Asian athletes as a collective unit and ascribing them with common cultural stereotypes.
Double Standard: Why Women Have Trouble Getting Jobs in Local Television Sports
Authors: Sheffer Mary Lou , Schultz Brad
Published: July 2012

A national survey of television news directors was conducted to find out why women are fairly well represented in local television news (39%) but hardly at all in local television sports (7%). News directors say they have no preconceived gender bias related to their hiring decisions, but a double standard does exist. Those women that do get jobs are often hired more for their physical looks than their skill, which suggests a relatively short career track. Other implications are also discussed.
Byline Gender and News Source Selection: Coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics
Authors: Denham Bryan E. , Cook April L.
Published: July 2012

Scholars have examined the effects of reporter gender on news source selection, and the present study extends that research to the sports page. Focusing on the 2004 Summer Olympics, held in Athens, Greece, the study analyzes reports (n=448) published in the New York Times , the San Francisco Chronicle , and the Washington Post . Interestingly, and perhaps counter-intuitively, female reporters wrote more articles dominated by male sources than male journalists wrote. The study also revealed remarkable parity across the New York Times and the Washington Post in terms of news sources and the selection of quotes, indicating that reporters from the two newspapers likely relied on many of the same sources. Implications for sports journalism and future scholarly research are discussed.
Ordinary Terrorism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Miller Martin A.
Published: July 2012

First the terrorism path has to be accepted as ours , even—or even precisely because—it is critically rejected. ŠŠŠŠŠŠ( —Slavoj Zizek
Religion, Genetics, and Sexual Orientation: The Jewish Tradition
Authors: Davis Dena S.
Published: July 2012

This paper probes the implications of a genetic basis for sexual orientation for traditional branches of Judaism, which are struggling with how accepting to be of noncelibate gays and lesbians in their communities. The paper looks at the current attitudes toward homosexuality across the different branches of Judaism; social and cultural factors that work against acceptance; attitudes toward science in Jewish culture; and the likelihood that scientific evidence that sexual orientation is at least partly genetically determined will influence Jewish scholars' and leaders' thinking on this issue.
The Irreversibility of Death: Reply to Cole
Authors: Tomlinson Tom
Published: July 2012

Professor Cole is correct in his conclusion that the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) protocol does not violate requirements of "irreversibility" in criteria of death, but wrong about the reasons. "Irreversible" in this context is best understood not as an ontological or epistemic term, but as an ethical one. Understood that way, the patient declared dead under the protocol is "irreversibly" so, even though resuscitation by medical means is still possible. Nonetheless, the protocol revives difficult questions about our concept of death.
The Patient-Physician Relationship and the Allocation of Scarce Resources: A Law and Economics Approach
Authors: Mehlman Maxwell J. , Massey Susan R.
Published: July 2012

Patients with insufficient financial resources place physicians in a conflict of interest between the patients' needs and the financial interests of the physician, other patients, and society. Not only must physicians act ethically, but they must avoid liability for violating their legal duties to their patients. The traditional rules of contract and malpractice law that govern the patient-physician relationship do not provide satisfactory guidelines. Better answers are found in the rules of fiduciary law, but only with regard to direct conflicts between patients and physicians and only at the risk of reducing patient access to care. Certain types of legislative action can resolve these conflicts by altering the traditional legal rules, but care must be taken to preserve patient-physician trust, which the legal rules were designed to enhance.
For Better or Worse?: The Moral and Policy Lessons of Minnesota's HealthRight Legislation
Authors: Caplan Arthur L. , Priester Reinhard
Published: July 2012

Minnesota's recently enacted HealthRight legislation places the state at the forefront of American health reform. How did the state manage to overcome the policy gridlock in evidence in other states and at the national level? And how well does the legislation fare under close ethical scrutiny? Among the most important factors that permitted Minnesota to enact reforms were the explicit linkage in the legislative debate of the goal of cost containment to the desire to expand access, the public perception that HealthRight is incremental and consistent with earlier reform efforts in Minnesota, and the lengthy public debate that preceded the enactment of HealthRight. Although it endeavors to create a fair and efficient health care system, it is not at all certain that HealthRight, in its present form, will achieve these normative goals.
Induced Delivery of Anencephalic Fetuses: A Response to James L. Walsh and Moira M. McQueen
Authors: O'Rourke Kevin , DeBlois Jean
Published: July 2012

James Walsh and Moira McQueen accurately conclude that the early delivery of anencephalic fetuses is morally acceptable, but the reasoning they use to reach that conclusion is flawed. First, the principle of double effect does not require a weighing of good and evil, but rather seeks a sufficient reason for tolerating the physical evil indirectly intended. Second, the principle of double effect requires a clear distinction between physical and moral causality. Third, the Catholic moral tradition will not admit direct and intended killing of the innocent. Rather, early delivery of anencephalic fetuses is permissible because of the pathology associated with delivery of anencephalic fetuses at full term. Thus, the early delivery of an anencephalic infant is acceptable if the purpose of the moral act is avoiding a pathological condition on the part of the mother.
Justice and the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies: An Argument for Further Reform
Authors: DeBruin Debra A.
Published: July 2012

Our society's practice of inadequately representing women as subjects of clinical research is unjust, not only because it results in inequalities in the quality and availability of care that have a detrimental impact on women's health, but also because it is linked to women's oppression. Although recent policy changes help to resolve the problems, more must be done. Additional remedies for the injustices of our society's research practices are proposed.
A Memo from the Central Office: The "Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services"
Authors: Wildes Kevin Wm.
Published: July 2012

In 1994, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops revised the "Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services." A goal of the Directives is to maintain the moral integrity of Catholic health care institutions and to address controversies in bioethics and health care. The Directives represent a shift to an exclusively principle-based approach to moral reason. This shift threatens to undermine the very tradition that the bishops seek to protect.
The Telltale Heart: Public Policy and the Utilization of Non-Heart-Beating Donors
Authors: Caplan Arthur L.
Published: July 2012

The transplant community has quietly initiated efforts to expand the current pool of cadaver organ donors to include those who are dead by cardiac criteria but cannot be pronounced dead using brain-based criteria. There are many reasons for concern about "policy creep" regarding who is defined as a potential organ donor. These reasons include loss of trust in the transplant community because of confusion over the protocols to be used, blurring the line between life and death, stress on family members, and burdens imposed on health care providers when a long-standing policy regarding who can serve as a cadaver organ donor is unilaterally changed. While these concerns are not sufficient reason for abandoning efforts to broaden existing eligibility standards for cadaver donation, they are sufficient reasons for the transplant community to desist in changing existing standards without widespread professional and public discussion.
The Word "Bioethics": Its Birth and the Legacies of those Who Shaped It
Authors: Reich Warren Thomas
Published: July 2012

Extensive historical sleuthing reveals that the word "bioethics" and the field of study it names experienced, in 1970/1971, a "bilocated birth" in Madison, Wisconsin, and in Washington, D.C. Van Rensselaer Potter, at the University of Wisconsin first coined the term; and André Hellegers, at Georgetown University, at the very least, latched onto the already-existing word "bioethics" and first used it in an institutional way to designate the focused area of inquiry that became an academic field of learning and a movement regarding public policy and the life sciences. A further comparison of the Potter and the Hellegers/Georgetown understandings of bioethics and the relative acceptance of the two views will appear in the March 1995 issue of this journal.
Human Growth Hormone: The Dilemma of Expanded Use in Children
Authors: White Gladys B.
Published: July 2012

In the specialized area of pediatric endocrinology, the use of human growth hormone (hGH) both for children who have a growth hormone abnormality and for the treatment of non-hGH-deficient children who are short is a current clinical reality that raises important ethical questions. Generally speaking, the use of hGH for those children who are clearly lacking it is an efficacious intervention based upon established clinical criteria. The use of hGH for children who are short, but have no growth hormone abnormality is ethically and clinically more controversial. The moral conundrum of how to gain knowledge about new medical treatments that may be beneficial to children while, at the same time, ethically enrolling them in clinical trials with placebo arms in order to gain such knowledge will continue to be a contentious issue in the conduct of research and in the delivery of health care. In addition, there are questions about what ought to be studied and whether a physical characteristic such as short stature ought to be viewed as a circumstance of less than optimal health.
Theological Ethics, Moral Philosophy, and Public Moral Discourse
Authors: Jonsen Albert R.
Published: July 2012

The advent and growth of bioethics in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s precipitated an era of public moral discourse, that is, the deliberate attempt to analyze and formulate moral argument for use in public policy. The language for rational discussion of moral matters evolved from the parent disciplines of moral philosophy and theological ethics, as well as from the idioms of a secular, pluralistic world that was searching for policy answers to difficult bioethical questions. This article explores the basis and content of the unique contributions of both theological and philosophical ethics to the development of public moral discourse.
The HFEA Public Consultation Process on Hybrids and Chimeras: Informed, Effective, and Meaningful?
Authors: Baylis Françoise
Published: July 2012

In September 2007, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in the United Kingdom concluded that "there is no fundamental reason to prevent cytoplasmic hybrid research . . . this area of research can, with caution and careful scrutiny, be permitted." Later, in January 2008, HFEA issued two research licenses to create humanesque cytoplasmic hybrid embryos from which stem cells could be derived. This article critically examines the public consultation process that preceded these decisions, concluding that the process was flawed and demonstrating how the HFEA documents summarizing the findings of the public consultation process misrepresent the public's contributions to this policymaking initiative.
Ontological and Ethical Implications of Direct Nuclear Reprogramming
Authors: Magill Gerard , Neaves William B.
Published: July 2012

Scientific breakthroughs rarely yield the potential to engage a foundational ethical question. Recent studies on direct reprogramming of human skin cells reported by the Yamanaka lab in Japan and the Thomson lab in Wisconsin suggest that scientists may have crossed both a scientific and an ethical threshold. The fascinating science of direct nuclear reprogramming highlights empirical data that may clarify the ontological status of cellular activity in the early stages of what could become a human fetus and justify ethical options for research in this controversial field. The ontological and ethical implications that accrue here are connected with the biological or natural potentiality of these cells.
Between Defector and Migrant: Identities and Strategies of North Koreans in South Korea
Authors: Chung Byung-Ho
Published: July 2012

This article examines the structural conditions and the individual strategies of North Koreans in South Korea. It provides a historical account on the changing social definitions of and policies toward North Korean border-crossers and how the changing conditions have affected their identities and lives. It also gives an ethnographic account of the difficulties and risks of individuals whose identities are caught between “defector” and “migrant.” The problems they face in capitalist South Korea are examined in the major areas of social transition—arrival, orientation, residence, consumption, work, education, and ideology—focusing on individual strategies that negotiate cultural differences between the two Koreas.
The Gay Rights Movement in Democratizing Korea
Authors: Bong Youngshik D.
Published: July 2012

The transition to democracy and the experience of globalization have transformed the ways Korea as a nation defines its national identity. Rising public attention and acceptance of human rights issues have resulted in discernable political changes in the areas of human rights, but sexual minorities are still left outside such positive developments. Building on the existing scholarly literature on gay rights in Korea, this article examines the problems of sexual minorities and their fight against them in the military, mass media, the educational system, and the courts. It also highlights the key points of contention and obstacles to underpinning the current state of sexual minorities and discusses the likely future trajectory of the gay rights movement in Korean society.
Reconsidering Transnational Cultural Flows of Popular Music in East Asia: Transbordering Musicians in Japan and Korea Searching for "Asia"
Authors: Shin Hyunjoon
Published: July 2012

After the South Korean government lifted its ban on Japanese culture in 1998, transnational cultural flows between Japan and South Korea entered a third phase of cultural traffic between the two countries. Among the flows, I concentrate on transbordering or translocation of Japanese and Korean musicians and interactions between them. After analyzing cultural interactions between Japanese and Korean music both in contemporary and historical experience, I explain in detail the practices of these transbordering musicians, especially Lee-tzsche (Sang-ŭn Yi) and Hachi (Kasuga Hirofumi). The different types of symbolic representations by different transbordering musicians are critically examined. I argue that analyzing contemporary Asian cultural flows in this conceptual framework has implications for the public debate in Korea in regard to how to go beyond postcolonial relations without erasing the memory of a troubled history.
North Korean "Rural Fiction" from the Late 1990s to the Mid-2000s: Permanence and Change
Authors: Gabroussenko Tatiana
Published: July 2012

Today some foreign observers have begun to claim significant changes in the North Korean "socialist realism" literary tradition, such as a broadening of the permissible range of topics and even some concessions to alternative discourses. This article investigates whether the most favored branch of contemporary North Korean literature, namely, "rural fiction," has indeed become a conduit of political liberalization and, if so, to what extent. The author analyzes the core messages that North Korean creative writings about the countryside are disseminating today and considers these messages in relation to the Party's recent directives in regard to agricultural or rural development.
Thinking Locally, Acting Globally: Redefining Traditions at the Korean Minjok Leadership Academy
Authors: Finch John , Kim Seung-kyung
Published: July 2012

Focusing on three distinctive aspects of the Korean Minjok Leadership Academy (KMLA)—its English-only policy, the use of Korean traditions and its success as a college preparatory school—this article examines the ways in which this academically competitive, contemporary high school negotiates the nexus between Korean traditions and globalization. Our research is based on interviews with administrators, faculty, students, and alumni of KMLA and a review of media reports and the school's own literature. We discuss what "Korean Traditions" mean to the members of the school, why these traditions are so important to them, and how KMLA fits into the larger framework of Korea's efforts to revitalize Korean culture and identity in the context of globalization.
Traditional versus New Directions: The First Meeting of the Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers, 1970
Authors: Denevan William M.
Published: July 2012

La primera reunión de la Conferencia de Geógrafos Latinoamericanistas se organizó en Muncie en 1970, un período de cambios y descontento en los Estados Unidos y también en la disciplina de geografía. Esta situación ser reflejó en las ponencias y las discusiones durante la reunión como también en los resultados publicados en 1971. Geógrafos jóvenes confrontaron a sus viejos y más tradicionales colegas, en reclamo de nuevas aproximaciones y métodos—la teoría espacial, el análisis estadístico, la geografía aplicada y, sobre todo, su relevancia social. La reunión se caracterizó como contenciosa; después muchos cambios ocurrieron y, ahora, las perspectivas tradicionales y novedosas comparten el respeto de todos.
Out of the hands of babes: On a possible sign advantage in language acquisition
Authors: Meier Richard P. , Newport Elissa L.
Published: July 2012

Recent research has examined the early stages of language development in signed and spoken language. In this paper we discuss claims that, in the timing of early language milestones, there is an advantage for the acquisition of signed languages. In particular, we will review the evidence that the emergence of the first signs and of the first twosign combinations is precocious in signing children as compared to the appearance of the first words and of the first two-word strings in speaking children. We conclude that the evidence for early emergence of the first signs deserves continued attention, but that the evidence for early syntax in signing children is not at all compelling. Finally, we discuss the import of a short-lived sign advantage in early language acquisition, in terms of understanding maturational timing mechanisms more generally. Specifically, we address the question of whether or not a single timing mechanism underlies early milestones in the acquisition of both vocabulary and syntax.
A pragmatic analysis of so-called anaphoric islands
Authors: Ward Gregory , Sproat Richard , McKoon Gail
Published: July 2012

It is commonly assumed that words are grammatically prohibited from containing antecedents for anaphoric elements, and thus constitute 'anaphoric islands' (Postal 1969). In this paper, we argue that such anaphora—termed OUTBOUND ANAPHORA —is in fact fully grammatical and governed by independently motivated pragmatic principles. The felicity of outbound anaphora is shown to be a function of the accessibility of the discourse entity which is evoked by the word-internal element and to which the anaphor is used to refer. The morphosyntactic status of the antecedent is but one factor affecting the accessibility of that entity. A series of psycholinguistic experiments support the analysis.
Idioms
Authors: Nunberg Geoffrey , Sag Ivan A. , Wasow Thomas
Published: July 2012

In the literature of generative grammar, idiomaticity has been widely identified with noncompositionality. Such a definition fails to recognize several important dimensions of idiomaticity, including, among others, conventionality and figuration. We propose to distinguish IDIOMATICALLY COMBINING EXPRESSIONS (e.g. take advantage, pull strings ), whose meanings—while conventional—are distributed among their parts, from IDIOMATIC PHRASES (e.g. kick the bucket, saw logs ), which do not distribute their meanings to their components. Most syntactic arguments based on idioms are flawed, we argue, because they treat all idioms as noncompositional. A careful examination of the semantic properties of idioms and the metaphors that many of them employ helps to explain certain intriguing asymmetries in the grammatical and thematic roles of idiomatic noun phrases.
The Women Foundation Members of the Linguistic Society of America
Authors: Falk Julia S.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the major professional interests and accomplishments of the 31 women Foundation Members of the Linguistic Society of America and identifies the characteristics shared by those who established a presence within the profession, distinguishing their careers from the careers of those who did not. The inclusion of these women linguists in the history of the field for the decades beginning in 1924 brings a new focus to several areas of scholarship, pursued by both men and women, distinct from the concerns of the synchronic structuralism that came to be taken, in retrospect, as defining American work for this period.
The origins of consonant-vowel metathesis
Authors: Blevins Juliette , Garrett Andrew
Published: July 2012

We argue against the prevailing view that metathesis is somehow less natural phonetically than other processes and distinguished by a relatively greater phonological motivation. We survey cases of consonant-vowel metathesis—both synchronic processes and diachronic changes—with the goal of understanding how metathesis sound changes arise. We identify two types of CV metathesis, with distinct synchronic properties and distinct historical origins, and we argue that the two types do have natural, phonetic bases and fundamental commonalities.
How children's relatives solve a problem for minimalism
Authors: McDaniel Dana , McKee Cecile , Bernstein Judy B.
Published: July 2012

Current work in syntax reexamines basic properties of movement. Under the minimalist assumptions of Chomsky (1995), movement is prohibited unless forced by grammatical considerations. From a set of comparable derivations, the one involving the least amount of moved material should therefore block other derivations. Within this framework, any cases of optional movement are problematic. We addressed this issue with experiments on stranding and pied-piping in relative clauses in 115 English learners, aged 3;5 to 11;11, and an adult control group. All subjects participated in an elicited production experiment and a grammaticality judgment experiment. Our findings suggest that pied-piping is possible in young children's grammars only when stranding is ruled out, as predicted by minimalism. We claim the children's responses represent the 'natural' grammar while the adults' responses reflect a prescriptive artifact. We also found a discrepancy in all subject groups between production and judgments of the genitive pied-piping construction. We account for this finding with Kayne's (1994) analysis of relative clauses.
An Event-Based Account of -kan Constructions in Standard Indonesian
Authors: Son Min-Jeong , Cole Peter
Published: July 2012

A widely held position in the literature on verbal meaning is that the lexical-semantic representation of verbsinvolvescomplex event structureswith semantic primitiveslike CAUSE and BECOME (e.g. Dowty 1979). A growing number of recent workson predicate decomposition have shown that there is a close correlation between the semantics of event structure and the syntax (e.g. Hale & Keyser 1993, Harley 1995, Travis 2000, van Hout 2000, Ramchand 2003, 2007). Thisarticle presentsan additional empirical argument for the view that there isa direct mapping between semantic decomposition of predicates and the (morpho)syntax by developing an explicit analysis of the semantics and syntax of the verbal suffix -kan in Standard Indonesian. We argue that -kan isa morphological reflex of the RESULT head, the semantics of which givesris e to a causative interpretation. By treating -kan as being sensitive to a syntactic configuration involving a result state, the current analysis not only provides important empirical support for the event decomposition of predicates in the syntax but also leads to a unified semantic and syntactic account of -kan, which captures straightforwardly distributional properties of the suffix.
Reader on Top: Public Libraries, Pleasure Reading, and Models of Reading
Authors: Ross Catherine Sheldrick
Published: July 2012

This article examines competing models of reading that have been available for librarians to use in their discourse and policy making about pleasure reading. Two models, "Reading with a Purpose" and "Only the Best," developed within public librarianship, while the others developed variously in education, psychology, mass media studies, and sociology. These models have differing stories to tell about the power of the text, the role of the reader, and the effect on the reader of what is read. Who is in charge in these stories of reading? Is reading a receptive process of extracting meanings right there in the text or is it a productive process that involves the reader as a co-creator of meaning? What happens during the reading transaction itself? Is the reader empowered? Or is the reader duped, dumbed down, tranquilized, or deceived? Each model of reading makes its own power claims and each has its own entailments. Some models are more appropriate than others for public libraries now that they are seeking to play a more significant role in the leisure structure. The article uses two types of readers as test cases whose reading tastes have historically been denigrated: the series book reader and the romance reader.
Information Research in Leisure: Implications from an Empirical Study of Backpackers
Authors: Chang Shan-Ju L.
Published: July 2012

In the modern, increasingly flat world, many individuals have seen an increase in the amount of leisure time they have available. This leisure time is used for different purposes, often including travel and tourism. Among the many types of travel and tourism, backpack or budget travelling is becoming more and more popular. This increasingly common leisure activity presumably involves intensive information search activities. This study places the backpackers' search for travel information in an everyday life information seeking (ELIS) perspective. The search for information by backpackers can be seen as a three-stage information search process. In each stage, depending on the type of task, backpackers use various information resources for different purposes. Such sources may be used for more than one purpose and in more than one information search stage. However, their relative importance varies depending on the characteristics of the source of information and the information search stage in which the source is being used. In this article I suggest that studies of leisure information behaviors and leisure activities show theoretical and practical value for both the information seeking public and the information science community. We also suggest that library and information science scholars and practice communities direct attention and research resources to leisure research in general, and the concept of serious leisure and its structured information acquisition and sharing activities in particular.