bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Baix Camp: des de la Mussara a la Febró i a Prades
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 24 de maig de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà íntegrament pel sistema Mediterrani (i més concretament per la seva sots-unitat més interna: per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana). Així, discorrerà pràcticament entre la Mussara, la Febró i la població de Prades, prop d´on finalitzarà. Així doncs, la totalitat del recorregut de l´itinerari, es realitzarà per la  Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, entre els afloraments dels materials paleozoics i els mesozoics que la constitueixen, per aquests indrets. Per altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut es realitzarà totalment per dintre de la comarca del Baix Camp, des la localitat de la Mussara fins arribar a la població de Prades.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i de la Conca de Barberà: des de Prades a Vilanova de Prades, Vallclara i a Vimbodí
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 30 de maig de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l´itinerari discorrerà, per la zona de contacte entre el Sistema Mediterrani (més concretament per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana) i la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre (pel seu sector corresponent a la Depressió Central). Així, el recorregut s´iniciarà a la primera unitat geològica, per on es farà la primera aturada, prop de Vilanova de Prades. Tot seguit, s´entrarà a la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, per la qual es circularà fins a la fi del recorregut, a la població de Vimbodí. Tot i això, en bona part del recorregut es transitarà prop de la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, fins al punt de tornar a entrar en aquesta unitat, per tal de fer una parada a la Mina Saldes. Després i fins a la fi del recorregut, ja es tornarà a circular per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, que ja no s´abandonarà, fins arribar a Vimbodí. Per altra banda, la totalitat del recorregut s´haurà desenvolupat per la Regió de Reus, iniciant-se a la comarca del Baix Camp (prop de Prades, tot i que no es farà cap aturada) per a continuar i finalitzar dintre de  la Conca de Barberà (per on es circularà entre Vilanova de Prades i Vimbodí).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca de la Conca de Barberà: des de l´Espluga de Francolí a Sarral, a Santa Coloma de Queralt i a Valdeperes
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat l’1 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present l´itinerari discorrerà exclusivament per una de les unitats geològiques que constitueixen el nostre país, concretament per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, tot i que s´iniciarà prop d´una de les altres unitats: el Sistema Mediterrani (més concretament per la denominada Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, la seva unitat més externa). Tot i així, el recorregut per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre, discorrerà per dos dels seus sectors (MATA-PERELLÓ, 1995), concretament per la seva Depressió Central i també per un sector dels denominats Altiplans Meridionals. Tot i així, la major part del recorregut ho farà pel primer sector, per la Depressió Central, com succeirà entre l´Espluga de Francolí i Vallverd; i entre aquesta població i les immediacions de Valldeperes, per on clourà el recorregut de l´itinerari. En aquest tram del recorregut anirem trobant sediments cenozoics fonamentalment tous (lutites, calcolutites, lignits, guixos,...). Per altra banda, en un altre tram del recorregut, concretament entre Vallverd i Vallespinosa farem una fillola pels Altiplans Meridionals, concretament pels denominats conglomerats de Sant Miquel de Montclar. Finalment, cal dir que la totalitat del recorregut discorrerà per una sola comarca de les que constitueixen la Regió de Reus, concretament per la de la Conca de Barberà; tot i que els darrers trams ho farà per la seva subcomarca de la Baixa Segarra (amb capitalitat a Santa Coloma de Queralt).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i geoambiental per la comarca del Solsonès: des de Solsona a la Vall d´Ora i a Sant Pere de Grau d´Escales
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 7 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà per una de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya: concretament per la Depressió Geològica de l´Ebre. Així, ho farà en bona part per un dels sectors que la constitueixen (MATA-PERELLÓ, 1985): concretament per la seva Depressió Central, tot i que també recalarà pels sectors corresponents als Altiplans Septentrionals. Tot i així, ho farà pels indrets centrals de la primera, pels indrets on es troba replegada per diferents alineacions que la creuen d´Est a Oest. Aquests sectors poden situar-se dintre de la denominada Zona de l´Avant-país Plegat. Així, el recorregut començarà a Solsona, dintre de la comarca del Solsonès, per on no es farà la primera aturada.  Tot seguit, el recorregut transitarà pels termes d´Olius i de Navès, anant primer cap a la Vall d´Ora i finalment cap a Sant Pere de grau d´Escales, per on es faran les darreres aturades. Així, la totalitat del recorregut, haurà transitat per la comarca del Solsonès, des de principi a fi.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per les comarques del Baix Camp i del Priorat: des de Botarell a Riudecols, al Coll Negre, al Coll de Teixeta i a Pradell de la Teixeta
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: May 2015

Itinerari realitzat el 15 de juny de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut del present itinerari discorrerà íntegrament, per una sola de les tres unitats geològiques que constitueixen Catalunya: concretament per la coneguda com a Sistema Mediterrani. Dintre d’aquesta, el recorregut recalarà, de forma molt quasi exclusiva per la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana. Molt puntualment, d´una forma totalment marginal, entrarà en la Depressió Prelitoral Catalana, especialment entre Botarell i Riudecols. Així, el recorregut s’iniciarà dintre de la primera subunitats esmentada, per la qual discorrerà quasi totalment el recorregut. Així, començarà a l´estació de Botarell, dintre de la Serralada Prelitoral Catalana, per on es farà la primera aturada. Després, el recorregut discorrerà pels termes de Riudecols, l´Alforja, Duesaigües, Porrera i Pradell de la Teixeta; finalitzant en aquesta darrera població, dintre de la serralada esmentada en un principi. Per altra banda, el recorregut començarà a la comarca del Baix Camp, per a finalitzar a la del Priorat. El trànsit de la primera a la segona comarca es farà en passar pel Coll de la Teixeta.
The Politics of Fiscal Squeeze
Authors: Heald David , Hood Christopher
Published: May 2015

This chapter conceives ‘fiscal squeeze’ as political effort to correct the public finances by raising taxes or cutting spending (or both), distinguishing different types of squeeze. It poses three questions about such squeezes, namely whether there is something special about the politics of austerity or retrenchment, whether fiscal squeeze presents credit-claiming opportunities or severe blame-avoidance challenges to elected governments, and how consequential the effects of fiscal squeezes are. It argues that to put fiscal squeezes into perspective we need to observe what else is happening in the relevant country and in the outside world, to examine what happened afterwards, and to compare fiscal squeezes with one another to see what, if any, common patterns they display. It introduces nine different cases of fiscal squeeze in democracies ranging from the early 1800s to the early 2000s. Each of those cases can be seen as puzzling or contested in some way.
Going, Going, Gone? The Ideologies and Politics of Gamilaraay-Yuwaalaraay Endangerment and Revitalization
Authors: Austin Peter K.
Published: May 2015

The history of indigenous Aboriginal languages in eastern Australia for the 200 years following first European settlement in 1788 has been one of loss and extinction. By 1988 it appears that none of the approximately 70 languages originally spoken in what is now New South Wales and Victoria had fully fluent speakers who had acquired them as a first language as children. However, the last 25 years have seen the development of language revitalization projects in a number of communities across this region that have achieved remarkable outcomes, and have introduced Aboriginal languages into schools and other domains. This chapter is an exploration of the social, cultural, political, and attitudinal factors that relate to these developments, drawing on a case study of Gamilaraay-Yuwaalaraay from north-west New South Wales. The importance of local, regional, and national politics is also explored.
Finding the Languages We Go Looking For
Authors: Stebbins Tonya N.
Published: May 2015

This chapter contends that the disciplinary context of linguistics makes certain information about languages and contiguous matters more readily available to us than others and, relatedly, it makes certain languages more readily apparent to us than others. These preoccupations and barriers to engagement reflect ideological positions within the discipline. They impact on our ability to identify languages worthy of study, to describe these languages and their social contexts adequately, and to plan for them in appropriate ways. This chapter aims to show how our ideas about what a language is predetermine to a significant extent what we are able to study (and fund) within the discipline, given that we can (and do) identify specific collections of people with shared practices that we call languages. A model for understanding the impact of these ideologies is critical insofar as work with speakers of endangered languages involves a clash in ideological perspectives.
Whose Ideology, Where, and When? Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) Experiences
Authors: Grinevald Colette , Bert Michel
Published: May 2015

Fieldwork on Rama (Nicaragua) and Francoprovençal (France) has revealed ever-present and ever-changing ideological forces at work. This chapter examines how ideologies in the two different locations are essentially built in opposition to others, how they are projected onto specific types of actions, and how they are explicitly articulated by some people and then adopted and absorbed largely implicitly by others. The authors also discuss why a certain ideology is evident at a certain time, and try to trace what might be at stake for whom: communities, governments, and institutions, as well as academic linguists.
CD15 Expression Does Not Identify a Phenotypically or Genetically Distinct Glioblastoma Population
Authors: Kenney-Herbert Emma , Al-Mayhani Talal , Piccirillo Sara G.M. , Fowler Joanna , Spiteri Inmaculada , Jones Philip , Watts Colin
Published: May 2015

Recent research has focused on the hypothesis that the growth and regeneration of glioblastoma (GB) is sustained by a subpopulation of self-renewing stem-like cells. This has led to the prediction that molecular markers for cancer stem cells in GB may provide a treatment target. One candidate marker is CD15: we wanted to determine if CD15 represented a credible stem cell marker in GB. We first demonstrated that CD15-positive (CD15+) cells were less proliferative than their CD15-negative (CD15−) counterparts in 10 patient GB tumors. Next we compared the proliferative activity of CD15+ and CD15− cells in vitro using tumor-initiating primary GB cell lines (TICs) and found no difference in proliferative behavior. Furthermore, TICs sorted for CD15+ and CD15− were not significantly different cytogenetically or in terms of gene expression profile. Sorted single CD15+ and CD15− cells were equally capable of reconstituting a heterogeneous population containing both CD15+ and CD15− cells over time, and both CD15+ and CD15− cells were able to generate tumors in vivo. No difference was found in the phenotypic or genomic behavior of CD15+ cells compared with CD15− cells from the same patient. Moreover, we found that in vitro, cells were able to interconvert between the CD15+ and CD15− states. Our data challenge the utility of CD15 as a cancer stem cell marker.

Significance

The data from this study contribute to the ongoing debate about the role of cancer stem cells in gliomagenesis. Results showed that CD15, a marker previously thought to be a cancer stem-like marker in glioblastoma, could not isolate a phenotypically or genetically distinct population. Moreover, isolated CD15-positive and -negative cells were able to generate mixed populations of glioblastoma cells in vitro.
Body Management: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Control the Internal Regenerator
Authors: Caplan Arnold I. , Hariri Robert
Published: May 2015

It has been assumed that adult tissues cannot regenerate themselves. With the current understanding that every adult tissue has its own intrinsic progenitor or stem cell, it is now clear that almost all tissues have regenerative potential partially related to their innate turnover dynamics. Moreover, it appears that a separate class of local cells originating as perivascular cells appears to provide regulatory oversight for localized tissue regeneration. The management of this regeneration oversight has a profound influence on the use of specific cells for cell therapies as a health care delivery tool set. The multipotent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), now renamed the medicinal signaling cell, predominantly arises from pericytes released from broken and inflamed blood vessels and appears to function as both an immunomodulatory and a regeneration mediator. MSCs are being tested for their management capabilities to produce therapeutic outcomes in more than 480 clinical trials for a wide range of clinical conditions. Local MSCs function by managing the body's primary repair and regeneration activities. Supplemental MSCs can be provided from either endogenous or exogenous sources of either allogeneic or autologous origin. This MSC-based therapy has the potential to change how health care is delivered. These medicinal cells are capable of sensing their surroundings. Also, by using its complex signaling circuitry, these cells organize site-specific regenerative responses as if these therapeutic cells were well-programmed modern computers. Given these facts, it appears that we are entering a new age of cellular medicine.

Significance

This report is a perspective from an active scientist and an active entrepreneur and commercial leader. It is neither a comprehensive review nor a narrowly focused treatise. The broad themes and the analogy to the working component of a computer and that of a cell are meant to draw several important scientific principles and health care themes together into the thesis that regenerative medicine is a constant throughout life and its management is the next frontier of health care. Mesenchymal stem cells are used as the central connection in the broad theme, not as multipotent progenitors but rather as an important control element in the natural local regeneration process.
Pradžios knygos 1–4 sk. vertimas ir leksikografinės pastabos, III: pasakojimas apie įvykius gerovės sode 3,1–24
Authors: Dikevičius Danielius , Gudauskienė Ingrida
Published: May 2015

Tai trečias straipsnis iš ciklo „Pradžios knygos 1–4  sk. vertimas ir leksikografinės pastabos“ (žr.  Lituanistica, t.  60, Nr.  1 ir Nr.  3), kuriame šįkart pateikiamas naujo literatūrinio Pr 3,1–24 teksto vertimo iš biblinės hebrajų kalbos pasiūlymas. Šis vertimas, kaip ir Pr 1,1–2,3 bei 2,4–25 tekstinių vienetų atvejais, yra argumentuojamas paraidiniu interlinijiniu vertimu bei jį lydinčiomis leksikografinėmis pastabomis, kai kuriais atvejais grindžiančiomis ir apsisprendimą už naujas teksto versijos į lietuvių kalbą galimybes. Autoriai šiomis publikacijomis atitinkamu lygmeniu siekia suintensyvinti šiuo metu Lietuvoje vos pastebimą diskusiją apie biblinių tekstų vertimą. Pastaroji yra neišvengiama norint kuo profesionaliau tęsti skirtingomis tradicijomis turtingą Biblijos vertimų į lietuvių kalbą istoriją. Pateikiami nauji tekstų vertimų variantai išties nėra šiuo metu Lietuvoje paplitusio(-ių) vertimo(-ų) kvestionavimo apraiškos, bet siekis atkreipti dėmesį, kad biblinis tekstas visuomet yra atviras savalaikei interpretacijai, o biblistą profesionalą į tai pirmiausia veda teksto vertimo instrumentarijus.
Rankraštiniai duomenys apie kalendorines šventes
Authors: Venskienė Asta
Published: May 2015

Tyrimo objektas – kalendorinių švenčių tematika sukaupta etnografinė medžiaga Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyriaus 81 fonde, Vilniaus universiteto kraštotyrininkų klubo „Ramuva“ rankraščiai 169 fonde ir Lietuvos istorijos instituto bibliotekos rankraštyno Etnologijos skyriaus fonde. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis inventorinių knygų įrašais, aptarti minėtuose rankraštynuose esančias etnografinės medžiagos bylas apie kalendorines šventes, atlikti jų kiekybinę analizę. Peržiūrėtos minėtų rankraštynų inventorinės knygos, suregistruotos bylos kalendorinių švenčių tema, išanalizuotas surinktos etnografinės medžiagos pasiskirstymas pagal atskiras šventes, nustatytas bylų pasiskirstymas bėgant laikui ir etnografinės medžiagos rinkimo intensyvumas. Darbe naudotas matematinis medžiagos apdorojimo, lyginamasis, analizės metodai. Svarbiausias kriterijus registruojant bylas iš inventorinių knygų – bylos pavadinimas. Autorė atrinko tas bylas, kurių pavadinime yra žodžiai „šventė“, „kalendorinės šventės“ arba pateikiamas konkrečios šventės pavadinimas, su kalendorine švente susijusi tradicija.
Évaluation de l’appréciation des premiers diplômés du programme court de 2e cycle en interprétation et médiation culturelles
Authors: Paquin Maryse
Published: May 2015

À l’écoute des besoins de formation de la société, les universités ont pour rôle de proposer une offre éducative visant à mieux préparer l’étudiant à relever les défis qui l’attendent, une fois diplômé. Depuis les années 2000, les institutions culturelles sont nombreuses à réclamer une formation universitaire sur la médiation culturelle. Dans ce contexte, le Département d’études en loisir, culture et tourisme de l’Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières offre, depuis l’automne 2010, un programme court de 2e cycle en ce domaine. Une évaluation de l’appréciation des diplômés de la première cohorte a été menée. Les résultats montrent qu’en plus de nouvelles connaissances ces diplômés ont acquis une capacité de réflexion critique sur la théorie et les pratiques professionnelles en médiation culturelle, une autonomie intellectuelle et professionnelle, une identité professionnelle forte, de même qu’une capacité d’agir en développement culturel. Parmi les pistes éventuelles de développement de la formation, il apparaît opportun de poursuivre l’évaluation de l’appréciation auprès d’un plus grand nombre de diplômés, de mettre sur pied une association professionnelle et de coordonner la mise en oeuvre de programmes d’études supérieures spécialisées afin de permettre aux étudiants intéressés d’approfondir la réflexion d’ordre théorique et pratique amorcée au programme court.
Du visiteur à l’exposition. Vingt ans de recherche en éducation des adultes et en action culturelle
Authors: Dufresne-Tassé Colette
Published: May 2015

L’article présente un ensemble de recherches passées, présentes et futures du Groupe de recherche sur le musée et l’éducation des adultes. Le passé : quelques lignes de force des études des vingt dernières années, soit les fonctionnements cognitif, imaginaire et affectif de visiteurs adultes de type « grand public » qui traversent une exposition permanente non thématisée et les catégories de traitement que ces personnes réservent aux objets dans ce genre d’exposition. La suite dans le présent : les résultats de la recherche actuelle, en particulier les principes de conception d’une exposition temporaire thématique. Un futur déjà présent ou les questions qui orientent déjà les études, par exemple: Quels principes de conception conviennent à l’exposition permanente non thématisée ou à cette nouvelle venue qu’est l’exposition immersive? Comment rassembler et séquencer des objets pour qu’ils se « renforcent » les uns les autres et que le sens de chacun devienne plus évident pour le visiteur?

Il y a vingt ans, la fondation du Groupe d’intérêt spécialisé en éducation muséale permettait aux chercheurs canadiens intéressés par le sujet de se rencontrer annuellement, de diffuser leurs résultats, de se faire mieux connaître et même de se faire reconnaître à l’étranger. La tenue d’un colloque anniversaire a permis aujourd’hui à se pencher sur ces vingt années, à revoir le passé et à y distinguer des lignes de force. J’ai choisi l’une de celles-ci, que je décrirai assez longuement afin que deviennent évidents non seulement le lien entre ma recherche passée et ma recherche actuelle, mais aussi la pertinence de projets qui constituent en quelque sorte un futur déjà présent.
Esthétique du Slam et de la poésie orale dans la région frontalière de Gatineau-Ottawa
Authors: Paré François
Published: May 2015

Dans cet article, l’auteur s’intéresse à l’évolution du mouvement de poésie slam dans la région de Gatineau-Ottawa. Il retrace l’évolution rapide de la performance slam depuis les premiers tournois aux États-Unis en 1975 jusqu’à la formation d’équipes compétitives à Montréal et dans l’ensemble des régions du Québec et de l’Ontario. En dépit des frontières géopolitiques et linguistiques qui délimitent les espaces urbains de Gatineau et d’Ottawa, les slameurs, tant franco-ontariens que québécois, circulent librement entre les différents lieux de diffusion. Il semble alors utile d’examiner le déploiement de la scène slam dans cette région exemplaire, où se produisent des poètes oraux de réputation internationale comme Marjolaine Beauchamp, Lise Careau, Pierre Cadieu et Mehdi Hamdad.
Cartographie des attracteurs temporels et photographie panoramique, des outils innovants au service de l’observation des rythmes du territoire
Authors: Beyer Chris , Royoux Dominique
Published: May 2015

Avec la crise des temps caractérisée par le délitement des rythmes sociaux et le sentiment d’accélération, penser les temporalités est devenu un nouvel enjeu des politiques publiques territoriales. Cependant, un hiatus demeure entre les problématiques liées à l’hypertension des rythmes des territoires et les méthodes existantes pour les représenter. Des apports de la Time-geography, au chronotopes du politecnico di Milano, les travaux qui essaient de saisir le temps des territoires laissent entrevoir la difficulté à retranscrire un phénomène aussi intangible. Notre propos est de présenter deux méthodes innovantes utilisées dans notre recherche afin de faciliter le chronoaménagement et le chronourbanisme. La première repose sur la cartographie des attracteurs temporels lors de la révision du PLU (Plan Local d’Urbanisme) de la ville de Niort. La seconde s’appuie sur de développement d’une méthode de photographie en série destinée à capter les évolutions fines des pratiques d’un lieu dans le cadre de son ré-aménagement ou du souhait de rééquilibrer ses fonctions et pratiques.
Traversing Digital Babel
Authors: Peled Alon
Published: May 2015

A groundbreaking approach to information sharing among government agencies: using selective incentives to “nudge” them to exchange information assets.

The computer systems of government agencies are notoriously complex. New technologies are piled on older technologies, creating layers that call to mind an archaeological dig. Obsolete programming languages and closed mainframe designs offer barriers to integration with other agency systems. Worldwide, these unwieldy systems waste billions of dollars, keep citizens from receiving services, and even—as seen in interoperability failures on 9/11 and during Hurricane Katrina—cost lives. In this book, Alon Peled offers a groundbreaking approach for enabling information sharing among public sector agencies: using selective incentives to “nudge” agencies to exchange information assets. Peled proposes the establishment of a Public Sector Information Exchange (PSIE), through which agencies would trade information.

After describing public sector information sharing failures and the advantages of incentivized sharing, Peled examines the U.S. Open Data program, and the gap between its rhetoric and results. He offers examples of creative public sector information sharing in the United States, Australia, Brazil, the Netherlands, and Iceland. Peled argues that information is a contested commodity, and draws lessons from the trade histories of other contested commodities—including cadavers for anatomical dissection in nineteenth-century Britain. He explains how agencies can exchange information as a contested commodity through a PSIE program tailored to an individual country's needs, and he describes the legal, economic, and technical foundations of such a program. Touching on issues from data ownership to freedom of information, Peled offers pragmatic advice to politicians, bureaucrats, technologists, and citizens for revitalizing critical information flows.
Voice and v
Authors: Legate Julie Anne
Published: May 2015

An investigation of the syntactic structure of voice and v, using Acehnese (Malayo-Polynesian) as the empirical starting point.

In Voice and v, Julie Anne Legate investigates the syntactic structure of voice, using Acehnese as the empirical starting point. A central claim is that voice is encoded in a functional projection, VoiceP, which is distinct from, and higher than, vP. Legate further claims that VoiceP may be associated with phi-features that semantically restrict the external argument position but do not saturate it. Through minor variations in the properties of VoiceP, Legate explains a wide range of non-canonical voice constructions, including: agent-agreeing passives, grammatical object passives, impersonals, object voice constructions, and applicative voice in causatives. Her analysis draws on data from a typologically diverse set of languages, not only Malayo-Polynesian, but also Celtic, Scandinavian, and Slavic.

Voice and v provides a detailed investigation into the syntactic structure of an understudied Malayo-Polynesian language, and thereby reveals important insights for the theoretical analysis of voice and the verb phrase. Moreover, the work applies and broadens these insights to a range of related passive-like constructions crosslinguistically. Voice and v thus joins a handful of model volumes that enlist typological depth and breadth to further our development of modern linguistic theory.
Morgan's canon, Garner's phonograph, and the
evolutionary origins of language and reason
Authors: RADICK GREGORY
Published: July 2002

‘Morgan's canon’ is a rule for making inferences from animal behaviour about animal
minds, proposed in 1892 by the Bristol geologist and zoologist C. Lloyd Morgan, and celebrated
for promoting scepticism about the reasoning powers of animals. Here I offer a new account of
the origins and early career of the canon. Built into the canon, I argue, is the doctrine of the
Oxford philologist F. Max Müller that animals, lacking language, necessarily lack reason.
Restoring the Müllerian origins of the canon in turn illuminates a number of changes in Morgan's
position between 1892 and 1894. I explain these changes as responses to the work of the American
naturalist R. L. Garner. Where Morgan had a rule for interpreting experiments with animals,
Garner had an instrument for doing them: the Edison cylinder phonograph. Using the
phonograph, Garner claimed to provide experimental proof that animals indeed spoke and
reasoned.
Informal Privatization Through Internationalization: The Rise of Nomenklatura Capitalism in China's Offshore Businesses
Authors: DING X. L.
Published: July 2002

China's remarkable business expansion abroad since the mid-1980s cannot be explained simply by applying existing theories, which focus on conventional international businesses from capitalist systems. Many puzzling phenomena in Chinese investments abroad become intelligible only when we introduce a key variable–illicit privatization through internationalization. So far only advantageously-placed nomenklatura members and their kin have had access to crossborder ownership, but many of them are accumulating sizeable private wealth at the cost of nationalized property. Contrary to an impression held by many in the West, the Chinese economy under Communist rule experiences spontaneous privatization parallel to what has happened in European postcommunist nations–though with a few Chinese characteristics. An examination of informal privatization in China's multinationals adds a new dimension to our understanding of the shift from state socialism to market capitalism.
The Rule Against Perpetuities and the Law Commission's Flawed Philosophy
Authors: Gallanis T.P.
Published: July 2002

The author considers the proposal of the Law Commission that the Rule against Perpetuities should be amended rather than abolished and emphasises the need for a balance between the freedom of the current generation and the freedom of future generations to control property. The article draws attention to the experience of Canada and the United States and suggests that experience undermines the Rule's economic rationale and that the Law Commission should consider recommending the Rule's abolition.
ESTOPPEL, UNCONSCIONABILITY AND FORMALITIES IN LAND LAW
Authors: Dixon Martin
Published: July 2002

KEN Holt was a wealthy farmer in Lincolnshire. In 1952 he befriended Geoffrey Gillett and then persuaded the young man to work on the farm instead of continuing at school. For nearly 40 years, Gillett was Holt’s right arm, a relationship that did not falter when Gillett married. Over these years, when Gillett managed the farm and eventually entered into partnership with Holt, Holt repeatedly promised that Gillett would be the principal beneficiary of his will. These were no idle boasts, but were repeated often, in public, and were given effect in several versions of Holt’s will. In 1992, Holt formed a friendship with Mr Wood (a trainee solicitor), the result of which was the eventual breakdown of his relations with the Gillett family and their exclusion from his will. In Gillett v. Holt [2000] 3 W.L.R 815 Geoffrey Gillett asserted that Holt was estopped from changing his will so as to deny Gillett his expected legacy. As we might think, a simple case of proprietary estoppel based on assurance, reliance and detriment. However, Carnwath J. at first instance thought otherwise and rejected estoppel because first, Gillett could not establish that Holt had made an irrevocable promise not to change his will (and everyone knows that wills may be changed), and secondly, Gillett had suffered no detriment.
BEST POSSIBLE COMPACTNESS RESULTS OF LIONS–PEETRE TYPE
Authors: Cobos Fernando , Cwikel Michael , Matos Pedro
Published: July 2002

If $T:A_{0}\rightarrow B$ boundedly and $T:A_{1}\rightarrow B$ compactly, then a result of Lions–Peetre shows that $T:A\rightarrow B$ compactly for a certain class of spaces $A$ which are intermediate with respect to $A_{0}$ and $A_{1}$. We investigate to what extent such results can hold for arbitrary intermediate spaces $A$. The ‘dual’ case of an operator $S$ such that $S:X\rightarrow Y_{0}$ boundedly and $S:X\rightarrow Y_{1}$ compactly, is also considered, as well as similar questions for other closed operator ideals.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46B70; 47D50
INVOLUTION AND THE HAAGERUP TENSOR PRODUCT
Authors: Kumar Ajay
Published: July 2002

We show that the involution $\theta(a\otimes b)=a^*\otimes b^*$ on the Haagerup tensor product $A\otimes_{\mrm{H}}B$ of $C^*$-algebras $A$ and $B$ is an isometry if and only if $A$ and $B$ are commutative. The involutive Banach algebra $A\otimes_{\mrm{H}}A$ arising from the involution $a\otimes b\to b^*\otimes a^*$ is also studied.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L05; 46M05
Implementing cotton integrated pest management
Authors: Matthews G. A.
Published: July 2002

Strategies for the implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) of cotton
differ significantly depending on the agroecosystem and incidence of pests. Examples of successful IPM programmes from different countries, including those which involve insecticide treatments, are given in contrast to cases of inappropriate use of insecticides leading to pest resistance and crop failure. Inter-disciplinary research and farmer participation on a regional basis is necessary if IPM is to be implemented successfully.
ANALYSIS OF THE GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN MUSA TRIALS
Authors: DE CAUWER I. , ORTIZ R.
Published: July 2002

Plantain hybrids and landraces, and banana cultivars (Musa spp. L.) were evaluated for three years in the plant and ratoon crops at three locations in the humid lowland forest (Mbalmayo and Onne) and derived savanna (Ibadan) agro-ecozones of sub-Saharan Africa. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) models accounted for a significant percentage of the genotype × environment interaction (GE) affecting bunch weight (kg plant−1) and yield potential (t ha−1 a−1). Obino l'Ewai, a plantain landrace, showed little GE for bunch weight, whereas the exotic cooking banana cultivar Cardaba had the most stable yield potential as revealed by the biplots of the GE analysis (AMMI-2 biplots). Plantain hybrids achieved high yield potential due to their short growth cycle. The high yield potential of the cooking bananas was mainly the result of their fast sucker development.
INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION TO FLOODWATER ON OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS AND SURVIVAL OF RICE DURING COMPLETE SUBMERGENCE
Authors: RAMA KRISHNAYYA G. , SETTER T. L. , SARKAR R. K. , KRISHNAN P. , RAVI I.
Published: July 2002

Low concentrations of phosphorous were added to the floodwater of submerged rice in an attempt to regulate algal growth, so as to increase floodwater O2 concentration and plant survival during submergence for up to 12 days. Increasing the phosphorus concentration of the floodwater by 1 ppm increased algal growth by at least 4-fold based on chlorophyll concentrations, and increased floodwater O2 concentrations to over twice air saturation. However, additions of phosphorus reduced rice plant survival during submergence by up to 35%. The adverse effects of a high phosphorus concentration in the floodwater were mainly attributed to competition between the algae and the submerged rice for CO2 and, perhaps, light. The importance of photosynthesis during the submergence of rice was supported by the results of experiments in which floodwater CO2 concentration was manipulated by altering pH. The survival of an intolerant rice cultivar during submergence increased from 0 to 17 and 62% at pH 8, 7 and 5 respectively, while floodwater CO2 concentrations at these pHs would have increased from 0.02 to 0.3 and 1.0 mol m−3 respectively. The results were used to question the importance of floodwater O2 concentrations above anoxia for submergence tolerance of rice.
Suppressor genes with gender differences in activity in
natural populations of Drosophila robusta: another
approach to wild-type
Authors: LEVITAN MAX
Published: July 2002

Homozygous or hemizygous expression of an X-linked wing mutant of
Drosophila robusta varies
from a rudimentary wing that does not reach the tip of the abdomen (called
‘club’) to forms with
full-sized but curled or crumpled wings (called ‘curly’).
Homozygous club females crossed to flies
from natural populations or laboratory stocks derived from wild flies
invariably produce
significantly less club male progeny than the 100% expected, most of
them exhibiting less severe
phenotypes: ‘curly’ forms and wild-type. The male progeny
from similar crosses using curly
females tend to be predominantly normal. By contrast, the male
progeny of outcrossed females
homozygous for an X-linked eye colour mutant, vermilion, are all vermilion.
The data indicate that
natural populations of D. robusta contain suppressors of the
wing mutant but not of the eye
colour mutant studied. Activity of the suppressors differs by gender:
in experiments in which
genetic theory expects similar results in the two sexes, males
consistently show stronger effects of the suppressors than females.
The role of epistasis in the increase in the additive genetic
variance after population bottlenecks
Authors: LÓPEZ-FANJUL C. , FERNÁNDEZ A. , TORO M. A.
Published: July 2002

The effect of population bottlenecks on the additive variance generated
by two neutral independent
epistatic loci has been studied theoretically. Three kinds of epistasis
were considered: (1)
additive×additive, (2) multiple dominant genotype favoured, and (3)
Dobzhansky–Muller type.
The additive variance in an infinitely large panmictic population (ancestral
variance) was compared
with its expected value at equilibrium, after t consecutive bottlenecks
of equal size N (derived
variance). Formulae were derived in terms of allele frequencies and effects
at each locus and the
corresponding epistatic effects. An increase in the additive variance after
bottlenecks will occur
only if its ancestral value is minimal or very small. This has been detected
only for: (1)
intermediate ancestral allele frequencies at both loci ; (2) extreme ancestral
allele frequencies at one
or both loci. The magnitude of the excess was inversely related to N
and t. With dominance gene
action, enhanced additive variance after bottlenecks implies a rise in
the genotypic frequency of
homozygous deleterious recessives, resulting in inbreeding depression.
Considering multiple loci,
simultaneous segregation of unfavourable alleles at intermediate frequencies,
or of favourable
recessives at low frequencies, cannot easily be conceived of unless there
is strong
genotype–environment interaction. With this possible exception, it
is unlikely that the rate of
evolution may be accelerated after population bottlenecks, in spite of
occasional increments of the
derived additive variance over its ancestral value.
On the experimental design and data analysis of mutation
accumulation experiments
Authors: DENG HONG-WEN , LI JIAN , LI JIN-LONG
Published: July 2002

Characterizing deleterious genomic mutations is important.
Most of the few current estimates
come from the mutation–accumulation (M-A) approach, which has been
extremely time- and
labour-consuming. There is a resurgent interest in implementing this approach.
However, its
estimation properties under different experimental designs are poorly understood.
By simulations
we investigate these issues in detail. We found that many of the previous
M-A experiments could
have been more efficiently implemented with much less time and expense
while still achieving the
same estimation accuracy. If more than 100 lines are employed in M-A and
if each line is
replicated at least 10 times during each assay, an experiment of 10 M-A
generations with two
assays (at the beginning and at the end of M-A) may achieve at least the
same estimation quality
as a typical M-A experiment. The number of replicates per M-A line necessary
for each assay
largely depends on the magnitude of environmental variance. While 10 replicates
are reasonable
for assaying most fitness traits, many more are needed for viability, which
has an exceptionally
large environmental variance. The investigation is mainly carried out using
Bateman–Mukai's
method of moments for estimation. Estimation using Keightley's maximum
likelihood is also
investigated and discussed. These results should not only be useful for
planning efficient M-A
experiments, but also may help empiricists in deciding to adopt the M-A
approach with
manageable labour, time and resources.
Genetic variants of the tuberous sclerosis 2 tumour
suppressor gene in mouse t haplotypes
Authors: KLEYMENOVA ELENA V. , DECLUE JEFFREY E. , WALKER CHERYL L.
Published: July 2002

The murine t complex on chromosome 17 contains a number of homozygous lethal and semi-lethal
mutations that disrupt development of the mouse embryo. We recently characterized an embryonic
lethality in the rat that results from a germ-line mutation in the tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc-2)
tumour suppressor gene (the Eker mutation). Remarkably, mouse embryos homozygous for tw8
mutation display cranial defects reminiscent of those observed in rat embryos homozygous for the
Eker mutation. To determine whether the Tsc-2 gene, which is in the t
complex, is mutated in tw8
or other t haplotypes, we characterized this gene in a series of
t haplotype mice. Four Tsc-2
polymorphisms were identified: three in the coding region and one intronic that appeared to be
common to all t haplotypes analysed. No evidence was found to argue that the Tsc-2 gene is
altered in tw8 haplotype mice. However, in the
tw5 haplotype we found a G to T mutation in Tsc-2
that was present only in this t haplotype. In contrast to other polymorphisms within the Tsc-2
coding region which did not result in amino acid changes in Tsc-2 gene product tuberin, this
mutation substituted a phenylalanine for a conserved cysteine in tw5
tuberin. Within the t complex, the Tsc-2 gene and the putative
tw5 locus appeared to map to different positions, complicating
identification of Tsc-2 as a candidate for the tw5
locus and suggesting that the G to T mutation in
the Tsc-2 gene may have arisen independently of the tw5
functional mutation.
Serum leptin concentration in pigs selected for high or low daily food intake
Authors: CAMERON NEIL D. , PENMAN JOHN C. , McCULLOUGH ELAINE
Published: July 2002

Selection for high or low daily food intake (DFI) in Large White pigs resulted in higher serum
leptin concentration, fat deposition and food intake in the high DFI line. The response in serum
leptin concentration indicated that the higher fat deposition of the high DFI line was not due to
insufficient leptin production, as in the Lepob/Lepob mouse. Serum leptin was more highly
correlated with fat deposition than with food intake indicating that the response in serum leptin
was primarily due to increased fat deposition rather than to higher energy intake per se. The low
correlations between serum leptin measured at 30 kg and performance test traits indicate that
serum leptin would not be efficient for selection of animals prior to performance test. However, the
consistent positive correlations between serum leptin and a measure of fat deposition suggest that
serum leptin could usefully be incorporated in selection criteria for genetic improvement of carcass
lean content in pigs.
SPECTRAL EVIDENCE, NON-SPECTRAL ACTS OF WITCHCRAFT, AND

CONFESSION AT SALEM IN 1692
Authors: CRAKER WENDEL D.
Published: July 2002

It is commonly asserted that people were hanged at Salem on

charges of spectral

appearance; and the way to avoid hanging was to confess. Non-spectral

acts of witchcraft are regarded

as inconsequential to the outcome of the trials. Yet it was the

non-spectral acts which provided the one

magnet that attracted attention from the court. No one charged only

with spectral appearance was even

tried. The reprieves granted to confessors were the last decisions the

court was allowed to make. This

profile provides evidence that the standard claims about the court of

oyer and terminer's use of evidence

are the reverse of what actually happened, and highlights a number of

patterns that have gone unremarked, requiring fresh interpretations.
RASHID KHALIDI, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Pp. 325. $42.00 cloth, $16.50 paper.
Authors: Massad Joseph
Published: July 2002

Rashid Khalidi sets out to study the emergence of Palestinian nationalism at the dawn of the 20th century. He explores the early cultural beginnings of Palestinian identity, which precede the encounter with Zionism, and studies the different developments of Palestinian identity in light of that encounter. Whereas a large number of accounts stress that Palestinian identity developed exclusively as a result of the encounter with colonial Zionism, Khalidi sets the record straight. In line with predominant theories of nationalism, Khalidi demonstrates that national identities are defined in relation to an other. Palestine identity, which as early as 1701 manifested itself against a hostile European Christianity, remained Jerusalem-centered until the beginning of the 20th century. That is when a modern Palestinian nationalism was emerging, before the encounter with British colonialism and Zionist settler colonialism changed the configuration of both the Palestinian self and its other. Khalidi charts the changes in the forms of knowledge that the Palestinian intelligentsia was acquiring in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, noting the shift from Islamic studies to modern social science and the humanities. Through an inventory of Palestinian libraries, Khalidi carefully chronicles these changes in forms of knowledge, correlating them with the new and emerging political ideas in the country.
AN AGRARIAN ECONOMY An Economic History of Ethiopia, Vol. I: The

Imperial Era, 1941–74. Edited by SHIFERAW

BEKELE. CODESRIA, 1995. Distributed by African Books

Collective Ltd. Pp. viii + 334. £14.95 (ISBN

2-86978-042-7).
Authors: CRUMMEY DONALD
Published: July 2002

Addis Ababa University has established a notable record for

scholarly production in a constantly changing, but never sympathetic,

political environment. The imperial regime of Haile Sellassie

discouraged liberal and critical thinking, and succeeding Derg tried

to bring the university under its ideological and institutional

control. The guerrilla movement which overthrew the Derg has proven no

more tolerant of intellectual or institutional independence. Ethiopian

scholars have had to define the meaning of scholarship and then to

carry it out in daunting, shifting, and, at times, hazardous,

conditions. This makes their achievements even more worthy of

respect.
AFRICAN RURAL ENTREPRENEURS AND LABOR IN
THE CAMEROON LITTORAL
Authors: ECKERT ANDREAS
Published: July 2002

IN most African farming systems, hired workers provide only a small
part of
the total labor devoted to agricultural production, even today. By and
large,
farm labor in Africa is still family labor. However, during and after the

colonial period, many Africans also ran agrarian enterprises on a scale
and in
a nexus of social relations far removed from the traditional picture of
the
smallholder cultivating land with family labor. In Cameroon, Duala and

Bamileke entrepreneurs mobilized and incorporated labor for cash crop
production, a process that necessitated changes in existing social and
political
institutions. This article explores these economic activities in their
cultural
context. It aims to show how specific social and cultural systems together

framed or determined entrepreneurial activities and to explain why specific

ethnic groups enjoyed – at least for a certain period – disproportionate

success in adapting to the opportunities of colonial life. Geographically,
the
paper concentrates on the Mungo region in the Cameroon littoral, part of
the
Cameroon ‘fertile crescent’ (Fig. I). Since the beginning of
the twentieth
century this thinly populated region has been one of the country's
most
important agricultural centers and, as a result, has attracted a large
number
of immigrants. Between the 1880s and 1950s, despite fundamental differences

in the social and economic organization of their respective ethnic
groups, first Duala and then Bamileke entrepreneurs emerged as leaders
in
the region's agricultural development.

This paper joins a growing number of studies which aim to refine our

understanding of the historical dimensions of African entrepreneurship.
In
development studies this new interest stems from a concern about the
weakness of African private enterprise and its contribution to poor economic

performance. Many authors see African entrepreneurs not so much as
individuals but as social classes which are analyzed in their socio-economic

and political context.