bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 19: Wear-Reducing Properties of Mineral Oils and Their Fractions
Authors: Groszek A. J.
Published: June 2010

Refined lubricating oils from several crudes have been separated chromatographically and by thermal diffusion into fractions of different chemical and physical nature. Four-ball and pin-on-disc machines have been used to investigate the effects of the chemical nature of the oils and their fractions on wear-reducing properties.

In the four-ball machine the ‘aromatic’ fractions (aromatic compounds plus sulphur compounds eluted as one fraction from silica gel) were found to have better wear-reducing properties than the corresponding naphthene–paraffin fractions and the original oils from which they were separated. The ‘aromatic’ fractions from bright-stocks were found to have the best wear-reducing properties of all the components tested. The studies of wear in the pin-on-disc machine have demonstrated the superior wear-reducing properties of the naphthene– paraffin fractions.

Viscosity has been shown to have some effect in the wear tests, but chemical nature appears to have more influence on anti-wear performance than changes in viscosity within the normal range of conventional oils.

The type of ‘aromatic’ and saturated hydrocarbons that are most effective in wear reduction is not known at present. It is likely that mineral oils contain compounds which are even more active in wear reduction than the ‘aromatic’ and naphthene–paraffin fractions which are, of course, complex mixtures of many different types of hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds. There is little doubt that it is possible to isolate, from various crudes, groups of compounds possessing better wear-reducing properties and load-carrying capacity than the conventionally produced base oils
Paper 24: Dry Wear of Steel as Revealed by Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Quinn T. F. J.
Published: June 2010

Low-alloy, medium-carbon steel (AISI 4340) pins have been worn against discs of the same material at various loads under unlubricated (‘dry’) sliding conditions. Shadowed carbon replicas have been obtained from the surfaces of selected pins and discs. Transmission electron microscopy of these replicas revealed several interesting features, the most interesting being the presence of reproducible crack systems occurring in those parts of the surface at which the wear is taking place. These cracks are very similar to those obtained in fatigue failures. X-ray diffraction patterns were also obtained from these specimens, and from the corresponding wear debris. These indicated that oxidation had occurred at temperatures considerably in excess of the measured ambient temperatures. The various topographic and crystallographic features revealed by the electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism of ‘dry’ wear
Tribological Information for Designers: Some Observations on the Proceedings of the International Conference on Lubrication and Wear Held at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in September 1967
Authors: Barwell F. T.
Published: June 2010

A series of comprehensive reviews reveals much useful information that has become available during the last ten years and which enables the design of bearings to be placed on a sounder basis. The extended range and utilization of the digital computer has facilitated the solution of both the fundamental equations of lubrication and the optimization of design.

Sufficient information now exists to solve the problem of correct application of journal bearings under conditions of turbulence, transient load, and instability. Gas bearings are being used extensively and the design and stabilization of externally pressurized bearings are described.

The theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication has proved revealing in the design of cams and has provided understanding of the effect of surface finish on endurance under pitting fatigue conditions.
Paper 2: The Road Surface and Safety of Vehicles
Authors: Sabey B. E.
Published: June 2010

The control of a vehicle depends ultimately on the friction available between its tyres and the road surfaces to give adequate skidding resistance when wet under the many varied conditions of speed and road layout which are encountered in the course of normal driving.

Methods of measuring the skidding resistance of road surfaces are described, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of results in relation to accident risk and on the minimum requirements for safety under different road conditions.

The features of road surface texture which give these requirements are outlined and results of field surveys show the extent to which the requirements are met at the present time. The influence of tyre tread characteristics on the frictional properties of road surfaces is also discussed.
Paper 5: Some Human Factors Affecting the Design of Vehicles and Roads
Authors: Moore R. L.
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the task of driving in relation to the design of vehicles and roads. Following a discussion of the possible mental processes involved, certain limitations inherent in the driver's perceptual system which merit the attention of road engineers are noted.

By means of an illustrative example the difficulties confronting a driver as he tries to cross a particular road junction are described. It is shown that, in spite of excellent visibility, a driver is under considerable stress and this is reflected in a high accident rate.

It is concluded that, as a consequence of the higher speeds and greater volume of modern traffic, there is need to reconsider road layout practice with a view to simplifying the perceptual task of drivers.
Paper 7: Safety and Commercial Vehicle Design
Authors: Dickson-Simpson J. M.
Published: June 2010

Safety-consciousness has never been so evident in the road-transport industry as it is now. The Ministry of Transport deserves much credit for this awareness but is now in danger of actually inhibiting progress through its enthusiasm to make regulations on detail engineering features and by being tardy in keeping regulations in line with latest scientific knowledge.

Commercial vehicles present their own special safety problems as a result of the very varied operational environment in which they work. Loadings and weight distributions change markedly from journey to journey. Regulations impose tight restrictions. Noise, limited rearward vision, and harsh suspension produce driver-fatigue problems. Increase in operating speeds is making fresh assessments of handling, aerodynamics and braking quite urgent. Much remains to be done even though big advances have already been made and British technology in commercial-vehicle design now leads the world in many respects.
Paper 4: Development of a High Output Air-Cooled Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Okamura K.
Published: June 2010

In this paper some recent development work on a high output air-cooled two-stroke cycle compression ignition engine designed for a military tank is given. This engine develops a maximum gross output 870 PS (858 hp) from 21·5 litres (131 in3) of cylinder volume at a speed of 2200 rev/min. Exhaustive development was necessary for this new engine to ensure satisfactory performance and excellent durability.
Paper 5: Compact Long-Life Diesel Engine
Authors: Timoney S. G.
Published: June 2010

Continued development work at University College, Dublin, on the variable compression ratio, two-stroke diesel engine, discussed in earlier communications to the Institution, has demonstrated the ability of this unique design to combine long service life with high specific output. The present paper summarizes the current status of the programme after four years' work.

The basic design philosophy adopts a two-stroke cycle and exhaust gas turbocharging to obtain high specific output, and an automatic variable compression ratio mechanism to ensure long service life by controlling piston loads.

The paper gives details of the variable compression ratio mechanism including the specification of the various components of which it is comprised. Test results show the response rate of the mechanism relative to changes in engine operation. Results are also given for the engine as operated with various air supply blowers to give characteristics suitable for specific user applications.
Paper 6: The Differential Compound Engine: Interim Test Results and Assessment of Future Development
Authors: Wallace F. J. , Few P. C. , Cave P. R.
Published: June 2010

The first part of the paper describes initial test results obtained on an experimental installation of the differential compound engine. The initial tests broadly confirm the predicted torque–speed and power–speed relationships which are appropriate to traction-type prime movers, and are intended to eliminate the need for multi-ratio gearboxes or their hydrostatic or hydrokinetic equivalents.

The second part of the paper contains performance predictions based on certain cycle and component modifications such as interburning before the auxiliary turbine, and variable nozzles.
Paper 8: Curtiss-Wright's Rotating Combustion Engine—Compact, Lightweight Power
Authors: Jones C.
Published: June 2010

The present status of the ‘Rotating Combustion’ (RC) engine programme at Curtiss-Wright is presented with particular emphasis on high specific output air and liquid cooled models. Related developments which led to present configurations of these Wankel-type engines are briefly discussed and likely directions for the future are mentioned.

This prior work included cumulative test time of 40 000 hours on one- to four-rotor engines covering a displacement range of 445/1; the development of durable, efficient components; achievement of over 150 hp and 160 b.m.e.p. from the basic 60-in3 size petrol engine; development of twin rotor heavy fuel aircraft and military vehicle engines; and field testing in automobiles, trucks, boats, and generating sets. History, data, and background leading to current models are developed to show that today's RC engine offers a new power plant approaching the size, weight, and smoothness of the gas turbine at reciprocating engine fuel economy and cost.
Paper 1: Laser Measuring Techniques in Machine-Tool Applications
Authors: Tipton H.
Published: June 2010

The laser has found application to measurements on machine tools as a coherent source for interferometric measurement mainly in the field of metrology, and M.T.I.R.A. have used a laser interferometer calibrator for the last two years. The next application will probably be on measuring machines, and it is unlikely to be used as a machine tool scale in the near future unless an accuracy of 1 part in 106 is required.

A second use of the laser is to provide a well-collimated high-intensity beam of light which can be used as a straight-edge. Commercial tooling lasers for alignment are available and an in-process gauging system has been developed using a laser straight-edge.
Paper 3: Laser Machining of Photolithographic Masks in Thin Metallic Films
Authors: Rowe T. J. , Moule D. J.
Published: June 2010

For use within the microelectronics industry, a pulsed helium–neon laser, in conjunction with a tape-controlled co-ordinate table, is employed as a fine machine tool for the generation of three main types of photolithographic mask. The main advantages of the system over the conventional method of mask production are its adaptability to computer control, the elimination of detailed artwork, and the ability to design and produce sets of masks within a few days of the initial requirement.
Paper 5: The Laser in the Measurement of Velocity and Length of Materials
Authors: Botcherby S. C. L. , Bartley-Denniss G. A.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the use of a low-power gas laser as a source of radiation for a Doppler radar working at optical frequencies. The laser beam is focused on to a moving target and the light back-scattered from the target is photo-mixed with a reference signal to give the Doppler difference frequency. Doppler tracking techniques are used to establish the target speed. The system has been applied to the measurement of speed of aluminium extrusions, hot steel, plastic strip, nylon thread, paper, and many other materials. The reliability of the laser Doppler system in an industrial environment has been shown by the fact that it has now been in continuous operation on an aluminium extrusion press for over seven months without requiring any attention or servicing.
Paper 6: Design Tolerances in Laser Measurement Systems
Authors: Rowley W. R. C. , Wilson D. C.
Published: June 2010

Interferometric measurement of length by fringe-counting, using a laser source, is a precision technique suitable for both engineering and laboratory applications. The limitations of such systems, in respect of speed and straightness of movement, are considered. Equations are given to assist the specification of the optical requirements and mechanical tolerances.
Paper 8: Ring Lasers: Principles and Applications
Authors: Smith R. C. , Watkins L. S.
Published: June 2010

The use of a circulatory ring resonator in a laser produces a device which can detect very small rotations and mass flows. The basic operation of ring lasers is discussed, together with their limitations and practical realization. A review is given of present-day progress in gyroscopes and contactless flowmeters.
Paper 9: Some Aspects of Laser Safety
Authors: Harris K. D.
Published: June 2010

Considerable study has been made over the past few years of the conditions under which damage can be sustained by living tissue due to laser light. This has led to limits of power density which should not be exceeded without caution. However, many applications have to be carried on where it is not possible to exclude all possibility of hazard. In such cases it is necessary to assess the probability of the hazard and to decide whether the event is sufficiently improbable to be acceptable or not. This paper deals with some of the factors useful in making this type of assessment.
Paper 10: Development and Potentialities of Gas Lasers
Authors: Hillier M.
Published: June 2010

The application of laser radiation to industrial processes depends on its interaction with and reflection from matter. Gas lasers provide the highest mean power generators of coherent radiation in the visible and near infrared; their high coherence beams can be utilized in interference-based measurements of distance and velocity. Ion and, more particularly, molecular gas laser development promises focused power densities of tens of megawatts per square centimetre. Experimental results of cutting and welding metallic and non-metallic materials show that the economic and technical advantages of high-power c.w. lasers can be realized in a range of industrial processes.
Paper 11: Laser Energy Measurements by Absolute Methods
Authors: Scott B. F.
Published: June 2010

The value of laser experiments is frequently determined by the accuracy and reliability of the techniques used for power and energy measurements.

Most absolute measurements rely upon the calorimetric principle; they determine the total energy from the thermal response of a mass absorbing the radiation. Peak power is the major factor determining the design, and two distinct calorimetric groups can be identified.

Pulsed solid-state lasers generate high peak powers and can create damage in the absorber unless measures are taken to restrict the specific absorption to a safe level. This is the design basis for both the cone and liquid absorption cell calorimeters. Both are widely used and can achieve an absolute accuracy of about 10 per cent.

Because of the substantially lower instantaneous powers associated with continuous wave lasers surface damage is not a major problem and a variety of calorimeters, both ballistic and continuous, are admissible. Absolute accuracy, response time and convenience are the important factors determining choice. The black body absorber in the form of a sphere offers the greatest potential power range but interpretative difficulties remain to be solved.
Paper 12: A Long Distance Laser Alignment System
Authors: Reicher G. J. , Harris K. D.
Published: June 2010

An improved laser alignment aid has been designed and built for use in engineering operations such as tunnel boring, pipe laying, or road construction to provide a permanent straight line which maintains its true position between periodic checks by a surveyor, thus avoiding expensive errors.

A laser tube has been used which has sealed mirror construction, and the mechanical design is such as to give improved stability in the field. This makes for a second generation instrument which should allow more widespread practical experience of lasers to be obtained in the open.
Paper 14: Pulsed Solid-State Lasers for Engineering Fabrication Processes
Authors: Scott B. F. , Hodgett D. L.
Published: June 2010

Explosive ejection of liquid phase material can be induced when the output of a pulsed laser is focused into the surface plane of a solid. When the output characteristics of the laser are properly chosen, the damage mechanism can be controlled in such a way that drilling and welding operations, useful in engineering applications, can be performed. This is the theme of the paper which offers, in illustration, descriptions of specific laser manufacturing systems. Factors affecting cost and reliability arc also considered.
Paper 9: Industrial Training and the Nuclear Engineer
Authors: Shaw M. K.
Published: June 2010

With the expansion of the application of nuclear power, it would now seem reasonable that the initial formal training of all mechanical engineers should contain instruction in some basic nuclear technology, including physics, special materials, safety, engineering in radioactive environments, reactor types, and basic control problems. The professional institutions should be encouraged to co-operate with the universities and technical colleges in formulating a basic syllabus.

Students should be encouraged to pursue post-graduate work in related subjects but this work should not become simply an extension of first degree work. Universities and technical colleges should establish a close relationship with industry and the government establishments so that research projects and practical work correspond to the industry's needs.

Industry should provide the education which adapts the new graduate to local engineering conditions and traditions, and also provide imaginative programmes. The organization structure should have the necessary flexibility to allow experience to grow and should not insist on too early a specialization.
Paper 1: Dragon Reactor Fuel-Handling Equipment
Authors: Kinkead A. N. , Smith P. C.
Published: June 2010

The fuel-handling equipment for the Dragon reactor experiment has presented some unusual engineering problems because its design was completed in advance of that for any similar equipment on other reactors using helium as coolant.

The adoption of an in-built charge/discharge machine has facilitated access to the core for removal and replacement of numerous fuel element designs during off-load refuelling periods.

The general scheme for fuel changing is outlined and reasons are given for special measures specified initially with the aim of ensuring functional uniformity combined with maximum reliability. The charge/discharge machine is described in some detail as one of the unique features in the fuel cycle system. Component development testing is mentioned and a report is given of operational experience with the equipment over a period of four years.
Paper 6: Tyre Forces as Functions of Cornering and Braking Slip on Wet Road Surfaces
Authors: Holmes K. E. , Stone R. D.
Published: June 2010

The pure braking and cornering forces of a given tyre on a given wet surface at a given speed are functions of braking slip and slip angle respectively. These functional relationships are of great importance in connection with the handling and stability of vehicles and the behaviour of brakes and antilocking devices. When cornering and braking occur simultaneously the forces interact and the functional relationships are modified, with consequent effects on vehicle characteristics.

The empirical data available at the Laboratory on these relationships, both for pure forces and for forces in combination, are presented. The known effects of such factors as speed, road surface texture, tread pattern, tread resilience, and tyre construction are reported, but since the work was carried out at various times and for various purposes the coverage is incomplete and uneven.

The test vehicle, test procedure and the methods of measuring and evaluating the data are briefly described. Some data have been analysed statistically to discover the dependence of the various frictional coefficients on factors such as those mentioned above. It is believed that greater use should be made of these statistical techniques in future work. Raw data can also be converted into such practical quantities as braking distances, wheel locking times, etc., by computing theoretically the behaviour of model braking systems. An example of such a study is given.

The principal features of the mutual effect of braking and cornering forces may be summarized as follows:

(a) If curves of sideway force against slip angle are plotted for constant values of braking force, there is little change of initial slope, but the maximum sideway force and the slip angle at which it occurs are reduced. If, however, the curves are plotted for constant braking slip, then the initial slope is decreased and the slip angle for maximum sideway force is increased; at this same angle the sideway force at zero braking slip will only be slightly greater. (b) The presence of a fixed amount of angular slip reduces the initial slope of the curve of braking force against braking slip, reduces the maximum value of the force, and increases the slip at which it is attained. (c) In a few cases examined, if resultant force is plotted against resultant slip for a given speed, tyre, and surface, there is a tendency for the points to lie in a fairly definite band having a form similar to that of the braking force–braking slip curve.
Paper 4: A New Loose Inverse Procedure for Matching Tyres and Car Using a Mathematical Model
Authors: Chiesa A. , Rinonapoli L.
Published: June 2010

Differences of car-handling behaviour between normal and emergency conditions have been investigated by mathematically simulating manoeuvres of change of lane, entry into a curve, going out from a curve, and straight running in gusty crosswinds.

A new ‘loose inverse procedure’ has been utilized to simulate these manoeuvres: the trajectory of each is followed, just as in actual road tests, by a tolerance which depends not only on the characteristics of the tyres and the car but also on the behaviour of the driver.

Calculations have shown that stronger tyres (i.e. of greater cornering stiffness) make the emergency manoeuvres less dangerous, since they increase the stability and the response of the car. Nevertheless, tyres of greater cornering stiffness may increase driver-stress in normal manoeuvres, since the same steer errors produce larger trajectory errors. This inconvenience may be eliminated if front roll understeer of the car is increased when these tyres are to be utilized.
Paper 6: Lubrication of Bearings and Gears for Operation in a Space Environment
Authors: Harris C. L. , Warwick M. G.
Published: June 2010

The lubrication of moving mechanical parts in the environment of space presents problems not ordinarily encountered in conventional operating conditions on earth. The special effects to be considered include those of weighlessness, radiation, temperature extremes, and prolonged exposure to hard vacuum. Of these, the last probably represents the most fundamental obstacle to the application of conventional designs, lubricants, and techniques.

The high degree of reliability required in mechanisms for use in space instruments or vehicles necessitates the use of test chambers which have an ultra-high vacuum capability in the range 10-7–10-10 torr. The paper will describe the techniques used and the results obtained from a large number of such tests, conducted in this laboratory, on miniature ball bearings, gears, and jewel bearings. Lubricants studied include low vapour pressure oils and greases, lamellar solids, soft metals, and composites. Basic materials range from plastics to hardened tool-steel.

Over 200 vacuum life tests have been performed on pairs of bearings mounted in specially designed eddy-current motors operating at 3000 rev/min. With certain oils and greases, up to two years' continuous life has been demonstrated. The most successful performance, in terms of life and reliability, has been obtained by the application of the soft metal, lead, as a thin film coating. The longest running test motor has completed in excess of 30 000 h continuous operation at 3000 rev/min in vacuum of 10-10 torr.
Paper 11: Degradation of Lubricating Fluids in a Vacuum
Authors: Laurenson L. , Holland L. , Baker M. A.
Published: June 2010

Examination of oil vapours emitted from an oil-sealed rotary pump using gas–liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed their molecular weight was significantly less than the average value of the parent oil.

It was suspected that the predominantly low molecular weight of the vapour was due to the evolution of inherent light fractions in the oil and to cracking products resulting from friction processes in the pump. To separate these effects small amounts of lubricants were subjected to controlled frictional working conditions under vacuum. The emitted vapour was analysed by a rapid scan mass spectrometer and the residual fluid examined for changes in composition by gas–liquid chromatography.
Paper 13: Design of an Experimental Arm Prosthesis: Biological Aspects
Authors: McWilliam R.
Published: June 2010

The design of a prosthesis should take into account a number of factors, some of which are in conflict. Information is needed, not only on the requirements for each aspect, but also on the interaction between them.

A prosthesis for dysmelic children is being built, embodying a deliberate compromise between as many of the factors as possible, in order to study first the specification and design problems and then the function and acceptability of the result. The problems of movement and control will be discussed in detail, including the choice of control sites, the movements patterns needed, and the means by which these are linked. Initial experience with the device will be reported.
Paper 8: A Self-Adaptive Gripping Device: Its Design and Performance
Authors: Ring N. D. , Welbourn D. B.
Published: June 2010

Owing to the impossibility of fully replacing a wearer's lost sensation within a prosthetic limb, a compromise must be made. Externally powered limbs are often ‘driven’ by a wearer, causing high fatigue and energy expenditure. In order to combat this problem a prosthetic hook has been constructed which measures the weight of an object being held and corrects the grip automatically, this being analogous to the human reflex action. A description is given of the construction and operation of the device, as well as a brief examination of the picking-up operation using the natural hand.
Paper 6: Design of an Artificial Elbow: An Electromechanical Solution
Authors: Livingstone S. M. , Crecraft D. I.
Published: June 2010

This paper presents an outline of the power and energy requirements of a human elbow and gives a discussion on the means by which these requirements can be met. Reasons are given for the choice of a system using batteries for energy storage and direct electric drive by a motor and gearbox. The gearbox is of an unusual type, using ‘harmonic drive’ elements, which permit the motor to be installed transversally at the elbow. The gear reduction unit is described in detail. The paper also discusses the problems inherent in controlling a motor with large stall current in such a way that most efficient use is made of the energy stored in the battery, and two control circuits are described which meet the requirements.
Paper 17: Research into the Possibility of a Substitute for Proprioception
Authors: Carruthers M. T. , Pottinger J. M.
Published: June 2010

The powered prosthetic replacement of part or the whole of the human upper limb does not currently provide the user with the sensory information associated with the normal human limb. The artificial provision of part of this missing information might lead to significant improvement of the amputee's performance. This paper describes an objective evaluation of the hypothesis that prosthesis-operator information transfer will be beneficial to a limb-deficient person.

The various ways in which the information transfer could be achieved are discussed, and a rationale is proposed for the choice of vibrotactile stimulation of the skin.

Objective experiments to test the basic hypothesis are presented.
Paper 18: The Use of Muscle Electric Potential for the Position Control of Artificial Arms
Authors: Hall M. J. , Lambert T. H.
Published: June 2010

Attempts to build a position-control servomechanism actuated by amplitude or some other function of muscle potential, would be frustrated by the inherent noisy signal properties. As position control is desirable, suitable processing techniques must be established. Original experiments designed to evolve such techniques are presented and their significance is analysed. The principal conclusion of the experiments is that linear filtering methods cannot produce a sufficiently noise-free signal. It is possible, however, that non-linear filtering techniques will be adequate.
Paper 21: Lability and Stability of Human Position Sense
Authors: Craske B.
Published: June 2010

It is argued that when normal humans make reaching movements, they move their limbs from a kinaesthetically appreciated starting position. There is a considerable amount of evidence, however, to support the contention that this ‘felt position’ of the limb is highly labile, notwithstanding the apparently contradictory evidence for the existence of receptors which directly determine joint angle.

It is proposed that the lability of ‘felt’ position sense in limbs is a transient emergency response of the human localizing system. It is suggested that such a response enables adequate localization to occur subsequent to an error of localization being made when none was intended. (This does not exclude the possibility of lability being associated with other conditions.)

Lability is also shown to be a factor in an individual's appreciation of direction of gaze, thus simple experimental protocols can lead to visual misperception of the direction of distal objects. The evidence supports the idea that the visual control system is reset by means of cross modal checking, namely seeing limb extremities to be where they are felt to be. There is also evidence which indicates that kinaesthesis can be altered and stabilized by using visual or auditory position information. This circularity, that vision can modify kinaesthesis and that kinaesthesis can modify apparent direction of gaze, leads to a problem as to the nature of the fixed referent for the human localization system.
Paper 23: Statistical Analysis of Myoelectric Potentials in Man
Authors: Lange G. W. , Priban I. P.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes an initial study of the problem of automatically distinguishing the action potentials of single motor units in skeletal muscle in man. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the use of EMG activity for controlling externally powered devices and as a possible means for categorizing pathological states.
Paper 1: Project Management of Bloodhound
Authors: Rowley D. , Metcalfe H.
Published: June 2010

The Bloodhound anti-aircraft surface-to-air defence project in two main Marks has been under development and in production for some 18 years, with total costs of well over £100 million. It has been subjected to about 20 different operational requirements, including the need to satisfy three Air Forces and an Army with different defence needs, there have been numerous reorganizations of the Ministries responsible for development and the companies concerned have been reorganized and in some cases merged.

The Guided Weapons (G.W.) team at the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) responsible for Bloodhound has graduated from a single product line to a multi-project business and from developing a pilotless supersonic aircraft of unique design, to recognizing and handling the complete weapon system and the management tasks arising from substantial sales. The project started before sophisticated management techniques were respectable in England, but it has been found worthwhile to apply many of the principles and procedures even during the later stages. Major sub-contractors have been coordinated under a variety of contractual arrangements.

Despite its kaleidoscopic background, the project has been a successful one both for the company and the nation. A number of considerable risk situations have been dealt with as a result of successful negotiations between government departments, the company, the customers and the various sub-contractors.

A number of shortcomings on our techniques still exist and the paper concludes by suggesting priorities for management of future major systems.
Paper 2: The Engineering of Large Projects
Authors: Gott H. H.
Published: June 2010

Without attempting or wishing for an exact permanent definition of the term ‘large project’ this paper is an attempt to extract valid and useful generalizations from my experience, in particular in cases where the success of the project fell below what I regard as acceptable, in the guidance of a number of power plant projects costing typically £80–£100m.

Though the degree of abstraction is considerable it is not expressed in mathematical notation but as an argument covering, and it is hoped linking, the various aspects of engineering complex projects. Such projects are presently characterized by some or all of the following features, not necessarily in order of importance:

Long time span from commitment to completion.

The project may occupy a significant fraction of an engineer's working lifetime, and a period unhappily long when related to the rate of technical evolution and to ‘characteristic times’ for planning purposes.

Capital commitments which are of ‘national’ magnitude.

Lack of coherence in total labour force arising from complexity of organization, large number of organizations participating, often with only partial loyalty to the complete entity of the project.

High cost, in absolute terms, of engineering charges and lack of clear basis for discussion of optimum expenditure in this area.

Complex relationship to existing matrix of usage, the nature of which is unfolded by technical assessment as the project develops, which offers to modify ‘the project itself’ and also the existing matrix.

Arguments are developed which may be used to increase the probability of success, in the type of work under discussion, and which may also be relevant to other forms of engineering work of shorter time span.
Paper 4: Integration and Supervision of Industrial Training in Sandwich Degree Courses
Authors: Osborne-Moss J.
Published: June 2010

The meaning and objectives of integrated sandwich courses are defined, including the importance of establishing the relevance of previous academic studies to a period of industrial training. The several constraints imposed on a college proposing to introduce an integrated sandwich degree course are discussed, and attention is drawn to the relative standards of skills required during industrial training, with additional reference to training in observation and in analysis and criticism of existing processes. The necessity of regular visits to students in training by the appropriate college tutors is emphasized and the object and frequency of visits is considered together with methods of assessing the training. A method of establishing comparative assessment with academic achievement is outlined. Attention is drawn to the problems of a satisfactory commencement of the project work during the final period of industrial training and a method of assessing the project in comparison with academic examination performances is suggested.

The problems of both college and industry in placing students in industrial training are discussed and reference is made to Booklet No. 5 of the Engineering Industry Training Board.
Paper 5: The Part-Time Degree and Creativity
Authors: Beale R. J.
Published: June 2010

The preferred alternative route to attain the academic educational standard of the engineering profession (alternative, that is, to the normal full-time or full-time sandwich education) should be by a part-time degree course, probably C.N.A.A. degree; and such a part-time course should foster the creative potential of the student as a major objective.

The professional engineer must be broadly educated as well as technically trained. The part-time degree course must be designed to assist the student in his awareness of the human, sociological, and economic effects of his future professional work.

Courses based largely on a tutorial system could be well suited to the part-time student, who has not the time to attend a number of specified formal instruction and laboratory periods, and is in a good position to undertake individual guided creative exercises—much of them in his own time. These could often be used to introduce and illustrate the fundamentals of engineering science. Obvious examples are design work at all levels of complexity, and the selection of apparatus and instrumentation for a specified experimental investigation; possibly they could be in collaboration with the student's employment. The course could be of equal academic and intellectual level as the traditional university degree, but with greater scope for originality. Some outline suggestions are given for a part-time degree course of this type.
Paper 7: Practical Training and Integration of Practical Training on Sandwich Courses
Authors: Old C. L.
Published: June 2010

We have a task to prepare the engineer for the environment in which he has to operate, but he needs to be introduced to the whole of the environment and not merely the technical aspect. Integration of practical and theoretical training should seek to explore the total environment by exploiting the developing qualities of the man. He needs to gain an appreciation of skills, of the functions of the control departments, and of the sales and marketing departments. The methods adopted to gain this appreciation may be wrong; it might be better to think of them as complementary but with each allowing for and exploiting the natural training aspects of the other.
Paper 9: The C.E.I. Approach to Qualification of Chartered Engineers
Authors: Baxter A. D.
Published: June 2010

The Charter granted to C.E.I. calls for those wishing to become Chartered Engineers to have passed the Council's examination, which is to be at a standard not lower than that of a U.K. degree, or to have been exempted from it by a degree level qualification. While most professional engineers are expected to qualify by exemption, the examination provides a yardstick for assessment of exempting qualifications, and a net for those who miss the opportunity to study to degree level through the usual routes. These routes are described, together with the policy for recognition of exemptions, with provision for interim arrangements.

The examination is intended to provide a broad common foundation in Part 1 for later studies in Part 2 which can be specialized to a greater or lesser degree. The pattern of the examination and its evolution is discussed. Mention is made of entry requirements, subjects to be taken at each session, part-time preparation, referment, interim provision for taking two Part 2 subjects in certain circumstances, and of the compulsory subject ‘The Engineer in Society’.
Paper 10: Possible Alternative Routes to Professional Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Turner B. T.
Published: June 2010

This paper suggests three possible alternative routes to professional status for mechanical engineers, other than by obtaining a university or C.N.A.A. degree. Stress has been put on the importance of engineering design and a case is made for a new approach to teaching engineering at the undergraduate level. Finally, a plea is made for retaining a thesis route for those of mature years and approved experience who, for some reason or other, have failed to acquire the required academic qualifications.
Paper 13: Mechanical Engineering Courses in the Polytechnics
Authors: Tagg D. , Needham G. , Hodson L. J.
Published: June 2010

The requirements to be met by a polytechnic are reviewed and the probable pattern of mechanical engineering courses in the polytechnics is considered. The general structure of mechanical engineering sandwich courses is mentioned, and reference is made to the inclusion of design and project work and to the importance of the associated industrial training. The recruitment of students is examined and the feasibility of the transfer of students between courses is discussed. Mention is also made of the attitude towards research. The relationships of the polytechnics with the C.N.A.A., industry, the universities, and other colleges are considered, and the desirability of links between the polytechnics is examined.
Paper 1: Centrifugal Compressors for Gas Turbines
Authors: Ferguson T. B.
Published: June 2010

The trends in fluid mechanical development of centrifugal compressors are discussed. The main developments in the impeller are the application of quasi-three-dimensional isentropic methods together with some separation criteria based on two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer theory. Diffusers are sometimes designed on a simplified two-dimensional basis but channel diffusers still appear to be preferred especially at high Mach numbers.

Recent visualization studies have shown how far the actual flow in impellers may depart from the actual model and there is a lack of systematic quantitative experimental work on limiting blade loading and pressure gradients both in impellers and diffusers.

A summary of gas turbine centrifugal compressors is also made.
Paper 4: Gas-Turbine Cycles and Associated Problems
Authors: Burdett R. H. , Thomas D. W.
Published: June 2010

The practical value of cycle efficiency is influenced by the extent of the capital investment necessary to achieve that efficiency and also by the quality, and hence the cost, of the fuel necessary for the successful attainment of the operating parameters necessary to the given efficiency level. This paper shows how such considerations have led to proposals for combined gas/steam cycles.

The gas turbine in electricity supply has been severely limited in its extent of application because of the considerable problems and implied limitations of cheap fuels. In the future the coolant of gas-cooled nuclear reactors could offer greatly widened scope for the application of gas turbine technology. This paper explores the prospects in the context of the developments which may be expected in advanced gas-cooled reactor technology as it is evolving in Great Britain.
Paper 5: A Cycle Analysis Technique for Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Rodgers C.
Published: June 2010

Aerothermodynamic analysis studies for open Brayton cycles are often conducted treating the component efficiencies as independent variables. However, as maximum output power is decreased and maximum cycle temperature increased, turbomachinery component sizes diminish resulting in lower component efficiencies. A meaningful small gas turbine cycle analysis should, therefore, treat the component efficiencies as dependent variables.

A discussion of such a treatment, as employed during the cycle analysis phase of a small gas turbine, is presented. The particular aerodynamic configuration examined is one comprising a single-stage radial compressor and a single-stage radial turbine. Additionally, cycle performance charts for the selected configuration are presented indicating optimum cycle parameter combinations, attainable performance levels, and typical small gas turbine engine weights.
Paper 6: Recent Developments in the Aerodynamic Design of Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: Gostelow J. P. , Horlock J. H. , Marsh H.
Published: June 2010

Work on subsonic compressors is reviewed and traditional British and American methods of design are compared. Transonic compressors are now well established and recent progress, demonstrating the necessity for properly shaped blades in machines having high tip speeds, is examined.

Advances in the computer-aided design of turbomachinery are described: these include the ‘Matrix through-flow’ and ‘Streamline curvature’ methods of calculating the meridional flow. Experimental results give preliminary confirmation of a method of annulus wall boundary layer prediction.

Finally, current and future developments are discussed and an attempt is made to describe how an axial flow compressor may be designed a decade hence.
Paper 7: Radial Gas Turbines
Authors: Barnard M. C. S. , Benson R. S.
Published: June 2010

The optimum speed range for radial gas turbines is given and the practical advantages of this type of turbine are discussed with reference to some current applications. One-dimensional flow considerations are briefly reviewed and the representation of nozzle and rotor loss data described. Two- and three-dimensional flows in the rotor turbine are examined in the light of recent numerical techniques. Comparison is made of the predictions in the rotor losses using these techniques and some experimental results.

The design performance of a small radial gas turbine is given. The mechanical and thermal stresses of rotor life together with materials and methods of manufacture are examined. The results of service experience are reviewed with particular reference to rotor and nozzle life. Future trends in development of the radial gas turbine are indicated.
Paper 9: Combustion Aspects of Industrially Applied Aero Gas Turbines
Authors: Pilkington G. , Carlisle D. R.
Published: June 2010

This paper concentrates on the combustion experience gained by the application of the Rolls-Royce Avon aero gas turbine to industrial usage and each of the following subjects is considered in detail.

A brief summary of the design philosophy which has dictated the configuration of the basic aero combustion equipment.

The particular implications of industrial operation as this affects the combustion system. This includes the effect of different fuels and operation for long periods in a ground level environment.

The operational problems experienced to date with the basic aero equipment and the design and development work undertaken to overcome them. These problems comprise frettage, flare distortion, smoke output, starting, corrosion and combustion stability.

The design and development of an improved system, now under way, which will be capable of satisfactory operation with a wide range of liquid or gaseous fuels without component change.

The use of steam injection into the combustion system as a means of improving overall cycle efficiency.

Consideration of the range of industrial fuels available, from diluted gases to distillate and residual oils, and their suitability for gas turbine usage.

Future trends in combustion technology.