bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kemampuan Representasi Matematis Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Al Fattah Semarang
Authors: Purnama Rizki Nurintan
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan hasil analisis kemampuan representasi matematis siswa kelas VIII-C di SMP Al Fattah Semarang dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan dengan materi barisan dan deret aritmetika ditinjau dari kemampual awal matematis siswa. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa (1) kemampuan representasi tinggi, dapat dikategorikan sangat baik; (2) kemampuan representasi matematis siswa kelompok sedang, dapat dikategorikan baik; dan (3) kemampuan representasi matematis siswa kelompok rendah, dapat dikategorikan kurang. Hal-hal yang mempengaruhi kemampuan representasi matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematis siswa diantaranya: (a) kurang teliti pada proses perhitungan; (b) belum memahami materi atau konsep barisan dan deret aritmetika; (c) belum dapat menggunakan representasi simbol; (d) menganggap representasi verbal tidak dibutuhkan; dan (e) masih bingung dan ragu-ragu menjelaskan jawabannya.�
Problem-Based Learning: Strategi Pembelajaran untuk Siswa pada Berbagai Level Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis
Authors: Rejeki Sri , Safitri Atina Rahmi
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) perbedaaan pengaruh strategi pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar matematika; (2) perbedaan pengaruh kemampuan koneksi matematis terhadap hasil belajar matematika; (3) pengaruh interaksi strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan koneksi matematis terhadap hasil belajar matematika. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain eksperimen semu. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari 256 siswa kelas IX SMP N 3 Colomadu dengan sampel sebanyak 64 siswa (2 kelas) yang dipilih dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Kelas pertama merupakan kelas eksperimen dengan penerapan strategi Problem-Based Learning (PBL) dan kelas kedua merupakan kelas kontrol dengan penerapan strategi Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL). Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode tes, angket, dan dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan dengan analisis variansi dua jalan menggunakan taraf signifikansi 5%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, diperoleh: (1) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara penerapan strategi pembelajaran terhadap hasil belajar matematika, di mana strategi PBL lebih baik daripada strategi IBL; (2) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara level� kemampuan koneksi matematis terhadap hasil belajar matematika, di mana level kemampuan komunikasi matematis tinggi lebih baik daripada sedang dan rendah, serta level kemampuan komunikasi matematis sedang lebih baik daripada rendah;� �(3) tidak terdapat� pengaruh interaksi strategi pembelajaran dan kemampuan koneksi matematis terhadap hasil belajar matematika.�
Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis melalui Penerapan Pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia (PMRI) pada Pembelajaran Himpunan
Authors: Sholihah Imroatus , Rejeki Sri
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar matematika siswa pada materi himpunan. Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) ini dilaksanakan sebanyak dua siklus dengan menerapkan pendekatan Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia (PMRI). Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 31 siswa di kelas VII-B MTs Negeri 1 Karanganyar tahun ajaran 2019/2020. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes, observasi, catatan lapangan, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan reduksi data, pemaparan data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Sebelum tindakan, kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa berupa menginterpretasi mencapai 48%, menganalisis 42%, mengevaluasi 36%, dan menginferensi 32%. Hasil belajar siswa yang memenuhi Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) sebesar 29%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Pada siklus I kemampuan menginterpretasi siswa meningkat menjadi 82,07%, menganalisis 71,03%, mengevaluasi 75,86%, dan menginferensi 61,38%. Pada siklus II kemampuan menginterpretasi mencapai 92,41%, menganalisis 77,24%, mengevaluasi 72,41%, dan menginferensi 69,66%. (2) Hasil belajar yang memenuhi KKM meningkat menjadi 75,86% pada siklus I dan 79,31% pada siklus II. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pendekatan PMRI dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar matematika siswa pada materi himpunan.
Manajemen Pengembangan Profesionalisme Guru Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran Prakarya Siswa
Authors: Enget Enget
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan, faktor-faktor penghambat dan pendukung, serta hasil dari manajemen pengembangan profesionalisme guru dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran prakarya siswa SMP N 8 Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan dan studi dokumentasi. Peneliti melepaskan rancangan konseptual, preposisi, dan teori tertentu yang dimiliki selama pelaksanaan pengambilan data, untuk menjaga agar tidak terjebak pada kecenderungan studi verifikatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan manajemen pengembangan profesionalisme guru dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran prakarya sudah berjalan baik. Kepala Sekolah berhasil merencana dan mengawal pelaksanaan pengembangan profesionalisme guru melalui: 1)Program peningkatan kualifikasi pendidikan guru sesuai dengan dengan peraturan yang berlaku, program penyetaraan dan sertifikasi bagi guru yang mengajar tidak sesuai dengan latar belakang pendidikannya, 3) Program pelatihan terintegrasi berbasis kompetensi, dan 4)Program supervisi pendidikan. Kendala yang masih dihadapi adalah jumlah guru yang belum mencukupi, saat ini hanya 2 orang guru untuk mengajar 30 kelas. Dari dua guru, satu guru dengan latar belakang pendidikan sesuai, dan lainnya dengan latar belakang pendidikan tidak sesuai namun sudah memiliki kompetensi yang dibutuhkan. Upaya penambahan guru prakarya telah dilaksanakan namun belum berhasil karena undang-undang yang mengatur dan pelaksaanaan dilakukan oleh intansi luar sekolah, sehingga bisa dipertimbangkan dengan program guru keahlian ganda.
Causes of Mortality in Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischemia in Multifocal Atherosclerosis
Authors: О. А. Росицька
Published: July 2020

The objective: to evaluate the causes of death in patients with chronic brain ischemia with multifocal atherosclerosis.Materials and methods. The study included 137 patients aged 40 to 84 years with chronic brain ischemia (CBI) against the background of multifocal atherosclerosis, which were divided into three clinical groups depending on the localization of vascular pool affection by stenosic atherosclerosis. The causes of death for 10 years were analyzed.Results. In the general group of investigated causes of death comorbid pathology (myocardial infarction, CHD with hypertensive disease) prevailed – 66,7 % of cases (30 among 45 dead) at p<0,01. Strokes of various types amounted to 20.0 % of cases (9 among 45 dead) and polymorbid pathology – 13.3 % (6 among 45 dead). The age of those who died between 50 and 60 years was 8.9 %, between 60 and 70 years old – 22.2 % and over 70 years old – 68.9 % of cases. Among the causes of death in all clinical groups, comorbid pathology significantly prevailed over stroke: in the first group – in 16.7% and 3.3% respectively, in the second group – in 24.1 % and 5.7 % respectively, and in the third group – in 20.0 % of cases of comorbid pathology without strokes. Mortality rate in chronic course of the disease was 47.8 %, in CBI with TIA – 13.4 %, in CBI with another stroke in the history – 30.5%, in CBI with repeated strokes in the history – 35.0 %. Strokes among the causes of death were more often established in the group of patients with CBI with recurrent strokes.Conclusions. Comorbid pathology as a modifiable factor, irrespective of the combination of vascular pools affected by atherosclerosis and the nature of the CBI flow, prevailed among the causes of death in patients with CBI in the background of multifocal atherosclerosis. Strokes of various types were the second leading cause of death in patients with CBI. In the analysis of mortality among patients with different types of CBI course was established reliably high its frequency in the group of persons with chronic course of disease without acute episodes of ischemia in the history with high rate of mortality from comorbid pathology.
Clinical, Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Osteoarthritis: Decreased Bone Density and Overweight
Authors: К. І. Терешкін  , Л. В. Черкашина  , О. С. Коміссарова  , Л. О. Смоліна  , А. С. Шкляр
Published: July 2020

A comprehensive study of 96 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) revealed that AA homozygotes prevail, the frequency of which is significantly higher than heterozygotes or homozygotes with the SS genotype (53.1 ± 5.1 %, 41.7 ± 5.0 % and 5, 2 ± 2.3 %, respectively; p <0.05). The frequency of homozygotes with the AA genotype significantly (almost 8–10 times; p <0.001) prevails over the frequency of SS homozygotes. The generalized WOMAC index in the patient groups was 48.8 ± 1.8  % and was large in AA homozygotes with a tendency to prevail in the severity structure of the manifestations of stiffness. Among homozygotes, AA have an increased body mass (BM) or obesity of 83.3 ± 4.8 %, among heterozygotes - 75.0 ± 6.8 %, among homozygotes of SS - 80.0 ± 19.1 % of people. The apelin content in the blood plasma of patients with OA depending on the BM and the variant polymorphism of the FDPS gene is characterized by the fact that with homozygosity SS, in the case of an increase in BM, the apelin content decreases, while with AA homozygosity it does not change significantly. The relationship between the FDPS gene polymorphism and the OA stage is characterized by the prevalence of more severe radiological signs of articular cartilage degradation among homozygous AA alleles.
Dinamika Politik Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia; Studi Kebijakan Pendidikan Islam Pada Masa Pra-Kemerdekaan hingga Reformasi.
Authors: Hoddin Muhammad Sholeh
Published: July 2020

Catatan sejarah membuktikan bahwa kebijakan pendidikan Islam, khususnya di Indonesia mengalami pasang surut, tergantung siapa yang mempunyai peran dalam menentukan kebijakan tersebut. Kajian yang bersifat literistik ini berupaya menyajikan dinamika politik pendidikan Islam di Indonesia, mulai masa pra-Kemerdekaan sampai dengan masa Reformasi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan empat buah potret relasi politik dan pendidikan Islam di Indonesia, pertama, bahwa, pada masa pra-kemerdekan, kebijakan yang dikeluarkan pemeritah Belanda dan Jepang bersifat diskriminasi; kedua, ada upaya pembenahan terhadap kebijakan pendidikan Islam yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Orde Lama, namun suhu politik yang tidak kondusif, di antaranya adanya pertentangan antara kelompok nasionalis, sekuler-komunis, dan Islam, berakibat tidak optimalnya implementasi kebijakan tersebut; Ketiga, melalui Tap MPRS No.27, pasal 1 tanggal 5 Juli 1966, pemerintah Orde Baru menetapkan bahwa “Agama, pendidikan dan kebudayaan adalah unsur mutlak dalam Nation and Character Building" , namun masih mengalami hambatan dengan adanya kebijakan sentralistik dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum pendidikan; Keempat, terbitnya UUSPN nomor 20 tahun 2003, khususnya pada pasal 12 ayat 1 (a) pada masa Reformasi merupakan perkembangan yang sangat positif bagi pendidikan Islam, walaupun masih menimbulkan pro dan kontra; dan dengan terbitnya Permen Dikbud No. 64 Tahun 2013 Tentang Standar Isi Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah menjadikan UUSPN nomor 20 tahun 2003 lebih bermakna dan aplikatif.
Peran Kepala Madrasah Dalam Pencegahan Krisis Akhlak Siswa di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Swasta Mata Air Kota Padang
Authors: Putra Ahmad
Published: July 2020

Berkembangnya zaman ke era digital turut memengaruhi akhlak dan perilaku setiap manusia, termasuk siswa. Pada akhirnya, penting sekali bila perbaikan akhlak menjadi hal utama dalam menjadikan siswa tetap konsisten dalam menjalankan perannya sebagai pelajar. Kepala madrasah memiliki wewenang dan tanggung jawab dalam menyelesaikan berbagai problematika yang dialami siswa sehingga dapat meminimalisasi krisis akhlak yang ditampilkan siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengetahui bagaimana peran kepala madrasah dalam mencegah krisis akhlak di sekolah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian di MIS Mata Air Kota Padang. Subjek penelitian ini ialah kepala sekolah, siswa, dan guru. Hasil penelitian ini ialah terdapat beberapa bentuk penyimpangan yang dilakukan oleh siswa seperti bolos belajar, merokok di wc, tidak menghargai guru, tidak sopan ketika berbicara kepada guru, sering berkata kotor ketika berkomunikasi dengan teman sebaya, kedapatan membawa handphone, bergaya yang tidak pantas dan tidak patuh kepada kedua orangtua. Peran yang dilakukan oleh kepala madrasah terkait pencegahan krisis akhlak siswa ialah memberikan hukuman, menasehati, mengajarkan cara menjadi siswa yang baik, melalui cerita-cerita motivasi dan berdiskusi.
The Teachers’ Necessity in Developing Their Competences Through Learning Process in University
Authors: Saini Fadhlan , Lughu Maryam
Published: July 2020

Abstract The aim of this study was to figure out the reasons about the necessity of honorer teachers to continue their study and to reveal the implication of honorer teachers’ teaching and learning process at university into their classroom. Descriptive Qualitative Method was applied through interview and documentation. In this study, the researchers synthesized the results of interview from selected Islamic honorer teachers as the primary source. The secondary source was accomplished by related articles and books or documentations of the research.  The results showed that there were five reasons of the necessity such as (1). Based on the law number 14 of 2005 chapter 4 verse 8 – 13 and The Indonesian Republic Government Regulation No 49 of 2018 chapter 8, (2). To improve their teachers’ competences, (3). To raise their position to the next level such as bachelor degree (4). To get better salary,  and (5). To get Educator Identity Number. Meanwhile, the implication was studied and needed for further improvement for their competences. Furthermore, the honorer teachers required to have lots knowledge, apprehend to manage the classroom, understand to communicate, cooperate and  have a good relationship with students emotionally or even spiritually
Supervisi Pengawas dan Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah sebagai Stimulus dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru
Authors: Guntoro Guntoro
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar peran supervisi pengawas dan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah sebagai stimulus dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru. Guru sebagai salah satu pelaksana manajemen sekolah secara langsung berada di garda terdepan dalam mencetak generasi yang berintegritas dan berprestasi. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya kinerja guru dapat dipengaruhi oleh supervisi pengawas dan kualitas kepemimpinan kepala sekolah. Supervisi pengawas dalam menjalankan perannya sebagai koordinator, konsultan, dan evaluator yang memberikan bimbingan kepada guru dan manajemen sekolah. Sementara Kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dapat membantu guru meningkatkan kemampuan kinerja dalam peroses belajar mengajar. Membantu guru meningkatkan kompetensi pribadi, pedagogis, professional, sosial, dan memberikan motivasi untuk meningkatkan posisi karier mereka.
„Google-bácsi mindent tud” – eredmények és tapasztalatok az óvodások digitális eszköz- és internethasználatának vizsgálatáról
Authors: Janek Noémi
Published: July 2020

Jelen tanulmányomban egy olyan kutatásomat mutatom be, amit óvodás gyerekekkel végeztem el a korosztály digitalis eszköz- és internethasználatával kapcsolatban. A téma mélyebb összefüggéseinek megismerése miatt kifejezetten fontos, hogy ne csak közvetetten a szülőktől, hanem maguktól a gyermekektől is információkat kaphassunk az őket érő tapasztalatokról, esetleges behatásokról, így ebben a kutatásomban erre tettem kísérletet. A tanulmány során röviden ismertetem a téma relevanciáját a szakirodalmak tükrében, majd a vizsgálatom kutatmódszertani alapvetéseit mutatom be különös tekintettel a korosztályi sajátosságra. Emellett az adatfelvétellel kapcsolatos speciális feladatokra és a kapott adatok elemzésének lehetőségeire is példákat kívánok hozni írásomban.
A művészeti nevelés jó gyakorlatai hazai múzeumokban - Múzeumpedagógia, a pedagógusok nélkülözhetetlen eszköztára
Authors: Takács Anett
Published: July 2020

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Perceived effectiveness of in-service training in improving Teacher's Performance: Evidence from Private Schools in Karachi-Pakistan
Authors: Chandani Seema , ahmed Dr. afaq kazi
Published: July 2020

Research Paradigm: The approach for this study is based on positivism
theory with an intention to obtain evidence through focused observations and
identify its likeliness with the actual data collected so that it can be
generalized with the findings of other scholars who have worked on the topic (Remenyi et al., 1998). As elaborated
by (Gill & Johnson, 2002), the crux of
positivism philosophy revolves around the relationship of cause and its effect
generated by different constructs, and the best possible exploration of these
variables.

Research Design: Primary data would be collected through a structured
close-ended questionnaire which use to gather the responses from the
stakeholders including teachers, coordinators, and school management and human
resource personnel in the private schools. Therefore, the research
questionnaire adapted from Dogan
(2009)
and Asiyai (2016) as a research
instrument.

Sample Size and Sampling technique: The target population
for this research study consists of different stakeholders for instance:
teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in
private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Non-probability purposive sampling is
being used for this study. The sample size of 400 different stakeholders from
private schools would be adequate to figure out the results (Loehlin, 2004). Since the
actual size of the population is not exactly known and neither accessible to
conduct random sampling, therefore non probability purposive sampling is
chosen. Since the sample consists of different stakeholders for instance:
teachers, coordinators, and school management and HR personnel working in
private schools of Karachi -Pakistan. Therefore, it is a purposive sampling.

Data Collection Tool: In this study we used the quantitative research to
measure the perceived effectiveness of in-service training in improving teacher’s
performance with one independent variables: in-service training (Training need
assessment and training methodology), one dependent variables teachers
performance (Task performance and contextual performance), 03 mediators
(professional skills, knowledge enhancement and work engagement) and one moderator
(reward). Questionnaire has distributed in the several schools by hand or
through email.

Statistical Technique: Since the model consists of multiple variables with mediation
and moderation model, therefore the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used.
The interface terms integrated with the model is measured for statistical
significance via bootstrapping method. The structural equation modeling has
executed by the partial least square approach.
Withdraw
Authors: C S
Published: July 2020

Withdraw, made a mistake.
Makalah Ilmu Jiwa Belajar PAI
Authors: Nurhidayah
Published: July 2020

Dalam keseluruhan proses pendidikan di sekolah atau perguruan tinggi, kegiatan belajar merupakan kegiatan yang paling pokok. Ini berarti bahwa berhasil tidaknya pencapaian tujuan pendidikan banyak bergantung kepada bagaimana proses belajar yang dialami oleh peserta didik. Menurut pengertian secara psikologis, belajar merupakan suatu proses perubahan yaitu perubahan tingkah laku sebagai hasil dari interaksi dengan lingkungannya dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya
Peran Filsafat Islam Dalam Dunia Modern
Authors: Sara Dewi
Published: July 2020

Dunia Islam telah berhasil membentuk suatu filsafat yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip agama dan keadaan masyarakat Islam sendiri. Nama Al-Kindi adalah merupakan nama yang diambil dari nama sebuah suku, yaitu : Banu Kindah. Banu Kindah adalah suku keturunan Kindah, yang berlokasi di daerah selatan Jazirah Arab dan mereka ini mempunyai kebudayaan yang tinggi.Mengenai filsafat dan agama, Al-Kindi berusaha mempertemukan amtara kedua hal ini; Filsafat dan agama. Al-Kindi berpendapat bahwa filsafat adalah ilmu tentang kebenaran atau ilmu yang paling mulia dan paling tinggi martabatnya. Dan agama juga merupakan ilmu mengenai kebenaran, akan tetapi keduanya memiliki perbedaan.
SKRIPSI Membina keluarga sakina menurut pandangan hukum islam
Authors: Indriani
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana pandangan hukum islam tentang membina keluarga sakinah? dan hal-hal apa saja yang mempengaruhi dalam membina keluarga sakinah menurut pandangan hukum Islam?Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang merupakan salah satu unsur penting dalam melakukan suatu penelitian. Teknik yang digunakan yaitu Observasi dan Wawancara.Tipe penelitian ini termasuk pada penelititan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ini di KUA Manggala Kota Makassar. Sumber data diperoleh melalui observasi dan wawancara dan data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, referensi-referensi, peraturan perundang-undangan, dokumen, observasi, yang diperoleh dari lokasi penelitian.Hasil penelitian ini membahas bagaimana membina keluarga sakinah menurut pandangan hukum islam, yaitu menciptakan keluarga sakinah yang berdasarkan hukum islam adalah untuk selalu senantiasa bermusyawarah minimal antara suami dan isteri, lebih-lebih melibatkan anak-anak agar tercipta saling menghormati.
Jesus Is Son of GOD
Authors: Du James Xianxing
Published: July 2020

This testimony presents definitive logic and extensive evidence to support The Claim by Jesus Christ that Jesus Is Son of GOD rather than GOD.
Stage 1 Registered Report Manuscript - Transcriptional Correlates of Savings Memory: Is Forgetting Due to Decay or Retrieval Failure?
Authors: Calin-Jageman Robert , Calin-Jageman Irina , Rosiles Tania , Nguyen Melissa , Garcia Annette , Garcia George , Gordon Hannah , Juarez Lorena , Duron Monica
Published: July 2020

[[This is a Stage 1 Registered Report manuscript. The project was submitted for review to eNeuro. Upon revision and acceptance, this version of the manuscript was pre-registered on the OSF (9/11/2019, https://osf.io/fqh8j) (but due to an oversight not posted as a preprint until July 2020). A Stage 2 manuscript is now posted as a pre-print (https://psyarxiv.com/h59jv) and is under review at eNeuro. A link to the final Stage 2 manuscript will be added when available.]]There is fundamental debate about the nature of forgetting: some have argued that it represents the decay of the memory trace, others that the memory trace persists but becomes inaccessible due to retrieval failure. These different accounts of forgetting make different predictions about savings memory, the rapid re-learning of seemingly forgotten information. If forgetting is due to decay then savings requires re-encoding and should thus involve the same mechanisms as initial learning. If forgetting is due to retrieval-failure then savings should be mechanistically distinct from encoding. In this registered report we conducted a pre-registered and rigorous test between these accounts of forgetting. Specifically, we used microarray to characterize the transcriptional correlates of a new memory (1 day from training), a forgotten memory (8 days from training), and a savings memory (8 days from training but with a reminder on day 7 to evoke a long-term savings memory) for sensitization in Aplysia californica (n = 8 samples/group). We find that the transcriptional correlates of savings are [highly similar / somewhat similar / unique] relative to new (1-day-old) memories. Specifically, savings memory and a new memory share [X] of [Y] regulated transcripts, show [strong / moderate / weak] similarity in sets of regulated transcripts, and show [r] correlation in regulated gene expression, which is [substantially / somewhat / not at all] stronger than at forgetting. Overall, our results suggest that forgetting represents [decay / retrieval-failure / mixed mechanisms].
Generalization and source memory in acquired equivalence
Authors: de Araujo Sanchez Maria Alexandra , Zeithamova Dagmar
Published: July 2020

Memory allows us to remember specific events but also combine information across events to infer new information. New inferences are thought to stem from integrating memories of related events during encoding but can be also generated on-demand, based on separate memories of individual events. Integrative encoding has been argued as dominant in the acquired equivalence paradigm, where people have a tendency to assume that when two faces share one preference, they also share another. A downside may be a loss of source memory, where inferred preferences are mistaken for observed ones. Here, we tested these predictions of the integrative encoding hypothesis across five datasets collected using variations of the acquired equivalence paradigm. Results showed a statistically reliable but numerically small tendency to generalize preferences across faces, with stronger evidence for on-demand inferences at retrieval rather than spontaneous integration during encoding. A newly included explicit source memory test showed that participants differentiated learned from inferred preferences to a high degree, irrespective of whether they generalized preferences across faces. False memory was however increased in participants who made generalization decisions faster, as would be predicted by integrative encoding. The results indicate that generalization in acquired equivalence may result from integrated representations that facilitate new inferences at the expense of source memory, as proposed previously. However, they also demonstrate that on-demand retrieval-based processes may play a larger role in this paradigm than previously thought. Finally, the results indicate that reaction times may be more sensitive than performance as a means to assess representations underlying behavior. More broadly, the study informs current theories of generalization and knowledge representation and provides new insights into how memory biases decisions.
Academic Assessment System of Learners in IGNOU
Authors: Jena Pravat Kumar
Published: July 2020

Distance learning is an excellent method of adult learners to possess the desired higher degree of qualification. Quality of distance education should be maintained properly in order to compete with the present world. Assessment plays a vital role to measure the quality of distance education system. The traditional practice of assessment has changed to meet the need of the modern society. Assessment is no longer used for grading and certification, rather it has linked with learning and skill development of the learners. In India, the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) has been providing opportunities of higher education to a large segment of population which is very difficult or impossible by the formal education system. Therefore, a study to analyze the current assessment process of distance education system of IGNOU is needed to highlight strengths and problems in the system. It can be helpful to review the current system to improve its output and establish assessment system on effective basis in future. In this paper, academic assessment strategies used by IGNOU for the learners are discussed. Views/perceptions of the learners and evaluators on the assessment system of IGNOU are analyzed and constructive suggestions are given to meet the challenges of assessment.
Awareness and Practice on Postpartum Family Planning among Postpartum Mothers attending on Maternal and Child Health Clinic
Authors: Shrestha Sarita , Poudel Radha , Napit Jenny
Published: July 2020

Background: Women in the postpartum period need effective contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies soon after child birth. This helps to promote the mother health as well as to reduce the child mortality and morbidity rate. The objective of study was to find out the awareness and practice regarding postpartum family planning among postpartum mothers.
Methods: A descriptive study design was carried among 241 postpartum mothers having under6monthsage child came for vaccination at Sunaulo Bhabisya Nepal, Chitwan. Postpartum mothers were selected using purposive sampling technique. All the postpartum mothers were interviewed through semi structured questionnaire for data collection. Data collection was done from17th December 2019 to 14th January 2020. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that the mean age of the mothers was 25.36 years. Regarding the awareness on postpartum family planning,most of the mothers had below average (39%) and average (36.9%) level of awareness. Whereas few (24.1%) had above average level of awareness. More than one third of mothers (37.8%) were used family planning method.
Conclusions: The study concluded that only few postpartum mothers had above average awareness. Practice of family planning method was low. Therefore it is recommended that routine counseling on postpartum family planning (PPFP) among antenatal and postnatal mother in health institute should be done.
Keywords: awareness; practice; postpartum family planning.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Relation with Depth of Invasion and Lymph Node Metastasis
Authors: Sahi Rajina , Karmacharya Dilip , Rao Thungathurthi Sheshagiri
Published: July 2020

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity has become one of the most common malignancies in Nepal. Neck node involvement is frequently seen in this type of malignancy. Depth of invasion is one of the most important criteria for determining further management of the patient. This study is undertaken to see whether the depth of tumor invasion is a reliable parameter for predicting regional lymph node metastasis.

Methods: This retrospective study was done among 85 patients of pathology department of   the College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur from May to Oct 2019.  

Results: This study found that most of the cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma had occurred in old age within 60-70 years of age. The most common site of occurrence for oral squamous cell carcinoma was tongue (60%), followed by lower alveolus (20%).  The depth of invasion of 5mm and more was among 89% of the cases while cervical lymph node metastasis was among 53% cases. Most of the cases (60%) were well-differentiated (Grade I). There was no statistical relationship between depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis (p>0.05).

Conclusions: The most common site of oral squamous cell carcinoma was tongue. Depth of invasion was not a predictor for lymph node metastasis.

Keywords: depth of invasion;  lymph node metastasis; oral squamous cell carcinoma; simple compass divider.
Bid-Rent Theory and Urban Land Use of Butwal Urban Area, Western Nepal
Authors: Chidi Chhabi Lal
Published: July 2020

Modern urbanization process characterizes different land use pattern than that of classical urban land use theories. However, the general scenario of land use pattern still related to classical theories. Thus, this paper aims to assess the application of classical land use model and land economic theory in Butwal urban area of western Nepal based on field study information collected from 50 randomly selected plots of the Butwal urban area. Thematic maps of various urban land features were prepared, and regression analyses have been used. Geographic Information System (GIS), excel and Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used for data analysis. The findings of this study indicate that classical model has important role to study medium size urban land use. Simultaneously, land economic theory is also equally applicable with considering the physical and social factors of land use for urban area.
Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Tankhuwakhola Watershed, Eastern Hills Nepal
Authors: Khatiwada Shambhu Prasad
Published: July 2020

This paper examines land use and land cover changes in the eastern hills in general and Tankhuwakhola watershed in particular. More specifically, it attempts to analyze the spatial pattern of land use and land cover changes in the Tankhuwakhola watershed. Land is an integral part of the local community addressing conservation of water, biodiversity resources, and agricultural activities for improving local livelihoods through diversified activities. Land use can be considered as to reflect the degree of human activities directly related to land and making use of its resources and land cover is defined as the observed bio-physical cover of the watershed. The local communities are involved in land used in various ways, ranging from agriculture, forestry, settlements, and water bodies and so on. It shows that land use and land cover change comprises multidisciplinary in nature. This paper concludes that changes in land cover may reveal a response to a shift in local climatic conditions, increasing assess to road transportation, market integration and adoption of new agricultural crops. For this purpose, the data are collected from different sources, including satellite image and topo-sheet maps.
Tourism Education and Training for the Entrepreneurship Development
Authors: Paudyal Narayan Prasad
Published: July 2020

This paper explores emerging concepts of tourism education, training and entrepreneurship development. Nowadays, the discourses on this theme have been growing in both developed and developing countries, especially for reducing unemployment rates through the education of youth people. For this purpose, this paper used secondary sources of data to analyze individual rationality and creativity of educated youth people for the entrepreneurship development in business sector. The analytical framework begins from the examination of tourism industry and processes for empowering those people since tourism industry is considered as one of the agents of socio-economic changes in developing countries, like Nepal. But it needs skilled and trained manpower to operate properly. The main theme of this paper is that the aforesaid manpower can be developed with entrepreneurship skills by providing education and training regarding this business. This paper entirely agrees that once the tourism industry is well run by removing hurdles seen in this sector, it can help increase employment opportunities, increase the country's revenue and solve many other social problems.
Beneficial role of Stevia rebaudiana dry extract on the blood glucose reduction in the chronic diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sari Flori R , Hendarto Hari , Alfan Djamal , Anwar Saiful , Adhiyanto Chris , Wulandari Rizkiani Juleshodia
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Prolonged hyperglycemia may lead to several detrimental microvascular or macrovascular complications in the chronic diabetes mellitus. Thus, achieving normal glycemic condition remains the most important strategy in the diabetes mellitus. Stevia rebaudiana plays an important role on the blood glucose reduction, however, its role in the chronic diabetes mellitus has not been fully elucidated yet.Method: Stevia rebaudiana dry extract (400 mg/kg BW) were given daily by oral gavage for 84 days in rat with diabetes. The measurement of blood glucose concentration were done monthly during the study. Urine output was analyzed on the day 1 and 84. Additionally, lipid profile were measured on the day 84.Results: Compared to the normal rat, significant hyperglycemia were observed in the diabetic rat. Blood glucose concentration tends to decrease in the rat received Stevia rebaudiana extract (St), however, significant difference was achieved on the day 84 of the study confronted to the diabetic rats. Moreover, lower concentration of plasma cholesterol concentration and urine output reduction was significantly observed in the St rat compared to the D rat on the day 84.Discussion: Daily intake of Stevia rebaudiana extract on its therapeutic doses may play beneficial role in the chronic diabetes mellitus by gradually reduced blood glucose concentration, urine output and plasma cholesterol concentration. However, further cellular analysis were required to explicate the exact mechanism.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 22-26
Proportion of Peptic Ulcer Patients Based on Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) Examination at Jakarta Haji Hospital 2015-2018
Authors: Akbar Femmy N , Tjakradidjaja Francisca A , Hendarto Hari , Ridho Sayid , Nursyahidah - , Rahma Lathifa A
Published: July 2020

Objectives: The morbidity and mortality rate of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is quite high. For example proportion of PUD in China was 17.2%. There is a lack of epidemiological data available for this disease in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the proportion of PUD in Haji Hospital Jakarta and to describe the risk factors of age, sex, and patient history of NSAIDs medication.Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Samples were patients who undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examinations at the Hajj Hospital Jakarta from 2015 until 2018. Samples who met the inclusion dan exclusion criteria were selected randomly as needed. Data of chief complaints, diagnosis, age, sex, and history of NSAIDs medication were taken from the medical record.Result and Discussions: 112 samples were selected in this study. Major chief complaint was dyspepsia (42.9%). The proportion of PUD was 16 (14.3%) and predominantly male (75%). Most of the samples with PUD were >46 years old (68.8%). History of NSAIDs medications were 81.3% and most commonly used was mefenamic acid (41.2%). There was no significant association between PUD with sex (p>0.005), but there was a significant association between PUD and age (p < 0.005). Furthermore, older people more than 46 years were 11.5 times more likely to develop peptic ulceration than below 46 years (PR= 11.556).Conclusion: Elderly people should be more aware of the risk of getting PUD, especially those who had a history of NSAIDs medication.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 27-30
Medical Practice Preferences among Indonesian Moslem Fresh Graduate Medical Doctor during Internship Waiting Period and the Related Factors
Authors: Habibi Ahmad Azwar , Saputera M Ilyas , Yuristo Eddy , Jayadisastra Zakka Zayd Zhullatullah
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Indonesian Medical Doctor Internship Program, or internship, is a preregistration professional training program for medical school graduates in Indonesia. The candidates have to wait about six months to participate in the one-year internship program which is becoming mandatory for the application of medical license. By laws, medical practice by internship program candidates during internship waiting period (six months or more) is forbidden. In the context of sharia, some scholars considered these medical practices as haram. The study was first to investigate the medical practice preference during internship waiting period and the related factors.Method: 107 respondents were taken from Moslem doctors that passed national board exam. Religiosity was measured using adapted DUREL (Duke University Religion Index) questionnaire and reported as DUREL Score. University origin religion base (UORB); university origin funding source (UOFS); and pre-internship medical practice (pIMP) were asked using multiple choices questionnaires. All of the questionnaires were asked using google form. Then, Spearman correlation two-tailed test was conducted. The obtained significant variables tested in binomial logistic regression test. Result: DUREL score had a weak negative significant correlation to pIMP (r= -0.197; p<0.1), UORB had a weak positive significant correlation to pIMP (r= 0.295; p<0.1), and UOFS had an insignificant correlation to pIMP (p>0.1). The binomial logistic regression test showed that higher DUREL score led to lower preference in doing pIMP although UORB of Islam led to the opposite (OR=3.6 90%CI 1.85-7.35).Discussion: Religiosity seems to prevent pre-Internship doctors to do pIMP although the UORB predicts otherwise. However, the correlations of the variables are weak. A further study is needed to learn the motive of pIMP and bring the solution to the problem.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 50-54
The change of Astigmatism before and after phacoemulsification cataract surgery with temporal incision in senile cataract patients at RSUP Fatmawati year 2015 – 2016
Authors: Maralaut Azhardin , Farida Nida , Sari Nurmila
Published: July 2020

Azhardin Maralaut Siregar. Medical Studies and Medical Eduaction Program. The change of Astigmatism Before and After Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery with Temporal Incision in Senile Cataract Patients at RSUP Fatmawati year 2015-2016.Background: Cataract is a common disease in the elderly. Treatment of cataracts to date is by surgery, one of them with phacoemulsification technique, which is considered to have the best results because it gives the very small effect of change in astigmatism. Some of the factors that cause astigmatism change are the surgical techniques as well as the large and the location of the incision.Objective: To know the change of astigmatism in senile cataract patient before and after surgery with phacoemulsification technique at RSUP Fatmawati.Method: This research uses cross sectional design conducted in February 2017 until August 2017 at RSUP Fatmawati. The study used secondary data taken from a medical record of senile cataract patients who had undergone phacoemulsification technique surgery performed by one ophthalmologist in January 2015 to December 2016.Results: Respondents numbered 52 eyes from 52 patients aged ≥50 years. Analyzed using kolmogorov-smirnov test, it was found that the astigmatism change was not significant in the first week after surgery with p value 0.319, the insignificant astigmatism change in the third week after surgery with p value 0,505, the insignificant astigmatism change in the sixth week after surgery of astigmatism before operation with p value 0.311. But there was an increasing number of astigmatism patients from 32 (65%) to 39 patients (75%). Conclusions: There was an insignificant astigmatism change in the first, third and sixth weeks after phacoemulsification surgery of senile cataracts.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 55-61
Spinal Anaesthesia Induced Hypotension and Related Adverse Effects in Caesarean Section Delivery and Neonatal Outcome: A Comparison of Using Crystalloid Pre-Loading and Co- Loading in Caesarean Patients
Authors: Mohammad Taneem , Chowdhury Moinul Hossain , Akter Shamima , Miah Mohammad Abdul Karim , Mohammad Mohsin - , Habib SM Ahsanul , Sultana Arifa
Published: July 2020

Background: Volume loading by rapid infusion of crystalloid solution before/during induction of spinal anaesthesia may effectively reduce the incidence of anaesthesia induced hypotension.Objective:To compare the efficacy of crystalloid pre-loading and co-loading to preventhypotension and related adverse effects as well aspoor neonatal outcome in caesarean section delivery under spinal anaesthesia.Methods:This single blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia & Intensive Care, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, between January 2013 and December 2014. A total of 90 patients were selected –45patients of group I received co-loading with Ringer’s lactatesolution, while another 45 patients of group II received a pre-loading of the same fluid.Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. Ephedrine and adrenaline were administered as needed to treat hypotension.APGAR scores of the newborn were recorded at 1st minute and 5th minute after delivery. Adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, light headedness and shivering was observed all through during operation and post-operative phase in all patients, if any, and recorded.Results:The incidence of hypotension was 17 (37.8%) in group I (co-loading) and 27 (60%) in group II (pre-loading), which was significantly higher in group II (p<0.05).Adverse effects – nausea, vomiting, light headedness and shivering was observed more in group II patients; however, the difference was not statistically significant. In neonates, APGAR score at 1 minute was found ≤7 in 18 (40.0%) from group I, while 28 (62.2%) from group II; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in APGAR score at 5 minutes, as found ≤7 in 6 (13.3%) and 3 (6.7%) in group I andgroup II respectively.Conclusion:Severity of hypotension, increased ephedrine requirement and poor APGAR score wereevident in patients who received crystalloid pre-loading group(group II), which meanscrystalloid co-loading group(group I) procedurewas more effective in preventing spinal anaesthesia induced hypotension and secured better neonatal outcome.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 90-95
Gender Differentials of Metabolic Syndrome in Bangladesh taking Menopause into Consideration
Authors: Billah Syed Muhammad Baqui , Jahan Muna Shalima , Jundi Saadi Al , Rajab Ahmad Mamoun
Published: July 2020

Objective:To assess the gender differences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Bangladesh and factors associated with it.Materials and methods: Cross sectional study was performed on 227 premenopausal women, 48 menopausal women and 217 men. The gender differentials were studied with measurement of waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting blood for triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), blood sugar (FBS).Results:Premenopausal women had 22.9% (95% CI: 17.9-28.8%), menopausal women had 43.8% (95% CI: 30.7-57.7%), and the men had 53.9% (95% CI: 47.3-60.4%) prevalence of MetS giving a 1:1.7:2.1 ratio of premenopausal, menopausal women and men prevalence respectively. More than 95% of study population had low HDL irrespective of gender and menopause status. Obesity was 5.3% in premenopausal women, 14.6% in menopausal women and 54.4% in men. HTN was 10.6% in premenopausal women, 35.4% in menopausal women, and 19.4% in men. High TG was 42.5% in premenopausal women, 41.7%, in menopausal women and 62.0% in men. High FBS was 22.0% in premenopausal women, 37.5% in menopausal women and 30.4% in men.Conclusion: Compared to premenopausal women, MetS in men was two times higher and nearly two times higher in menopausal women, pulling menopausal women prevalence almost equal to men. Menopausal women had high prevalence of HTN while obesity was more prevalent in men. Dyslipidemia should be a concern for the policy makers in search of a prevention program.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 101-107
Malignant Lung Carcinoid Tumour with Liver and Bone Metastasis: A Case Report
Authors: Zainulabid Ummu Afeera , Razak Megat Razeem Abdul , Hassan Nurhidayah , Harun Norra , Ghani Fatimatulzahra Abdul
Published: July 2020

Atypical lung carcinoid tumour, which is highly malignant has not been described widely in the literature. We report a middle-age woman who initially referred for possible lung malignancy. She presented with chronic diarrhoea to surgical team initially, who incidentally found to have a minimally enhancing irregular hypodense lesion at medial segment right lower lobe based on CT thorax finding. This patient later was diagnosed to have malignant lung carcinoid tumour based on histopathological examination with liver and bone metastasis. This case highlights the rare presentation of carcinoid tumour. A thorough history, supplemented by imaging and bronchoscopic examinations may lead to the diagnosis.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 108-111