bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovary micromorphology and oogenesis in a rhyacodriline oligochaete (Clitellata: Naididae, Rhyacodrilinae)
Authors: Świątek Piotr , Rodriguez Pilar , Małota Karol , Urbisz Anna Z.
Published: February 2022

The main goal of the article is to describe the ovary organization and oogenesis in Peristodrilus montanus, an aquatic oligochaete of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae. The presented analysis will not only enrich the knowledge about how eggs are formed but, because of the suggested conservatism of ovary organization in clitellate annelids, can contribute to disentangling the complex phylogenetic relationships of the rhyacodrilines within Naididae. The paired, conically shaped ovaries are located in segment XI. They are composed of a dozen or so syncytial germ‐line cysts, which are associated with somatic cells. Each germ cell in a cyst has one intercellular bridge that joins it to a central and anuclear cytoplasmic mass, the cytophore. This pattern of cyst organization is typical for all clitellates that have been studied to date. Initially, the germ cells in a cyst undergo a synchronous development, however, there is no synchrony between cysts, and therefore there is a developmental gradient (oogonia, pre‐diplotene germ cells, germ cells in diplotene) of oogenesis along the long ovary axis. The cysts are composed of a maximum of 32 cells. Cysts with cells in diplotene detach from the ovaries and the extraovarian phase of oogenesis begins. The developmental synchrony is lost, one cell (an oocyte) per cyst starts to gather cell components and yolk and grows considerably. The remaining cells grow to some extent and function as nurse cells. Like in other microdriles, P. montanus oocytes are rich in yolk; other features of oogenesis are also similar to those that are known from other microdrile taxa. The system of ovary organization found in the studied species is broadly similar to the corresponding features known from Naidinae and Phreodrilidae and, to some extent, in Enchytraeidae. However, this system is different from the one that is known in Tubificinae, Limnodriloidinae and Branchiurinae.
Isolation and characterization of a novel clade of coxsackievirus B2 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Southwest China
Authors: Zhang Ming , Xu Danhan , Feng Changzeng , Guo Wei , Fei Chengrui , Sun Hao , Yang Zhaoqing , Ma Shaohui
Published: February 2022

Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) is an enterovirus B (EV‐B) species and can cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). We characterized a novel CVB2 (YN31V3) associated with HFMD in Yunnan, Southwest China, in 2019. Although YN31V3 and other Mainland China epidemic strains mainly belonged to genotype C, YN31V3 formed an independent branch. The genome sequence of the strain YN31V3 from this study showed a 12.91% nucleotide difference to its closest strain RW41‐2/YN/CHN/2012. Recombination analyses showed that the newly isolated YN31V3 was probably a recombinant, which was closely related to CVB2 strains in the genomic P1 region and other EV‐B strains in the P2 and P3 regions, respectively. YN31V3 strain had a temperature‐sensitive phenotype. The challenge of suckling BALB/c mice with YN31V3 could cause symptoms of disease and severe pathological lesions.
Construction of an end‐to‐end regression neural network for the determination of a quantitative index sagittal root inclination
Authors: Lin Yixiong , Shi Mengru , Xiang Dawei , Zeng Peisheng , Gong Zhuohong , Liu Haiwen , Liu Quan , Chen Zhuofan , Xia Juan , Chen Zetao
Published: February 2022

Background

Immediate implant placement in the esthetic area requires comprehensive assessments with nearly 30 quantitative indexes. Most artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven measurements of quantitative indexes depend on segmentation or landmark detection, which require extra labeling of images and contain possible intraclass errors.

Methods

For the initial attempt, the method was tested on sagittal root inclination measurement. This study had developed an accurate and efficient end‐to‐end model incorporating a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on unlabeled cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images for immediate implant placement diagnosis and treatment. The model took pretrained ResNeXt101 as the backbone and was constructed based on 2,920 CBCT images with corresponding angles of the tooth axis and bone axis. The performance of our CNN model was evaluated on a separate test set.

Results

Our model exhibited high prediction accuracy in sagittal root inclination measurements, as evidenced by the low mean average error of 2.16°, the high correlation coefficient of 0.915 to manual measurement, and the narrow 95% confidence interval shown by Bland‐Altman plots. The intraclass correlation coefficient further confirmed the measurement accuracy of our model was comparable with that of junior clinicians. The model took merely 0.001 seconds for each CBCT image, making it highly efficient. To better understand the model's quality, we visualized our end‐to‐end CNN model through Guided Backpropagation, Grad‐CAM, and Guided Grad‐CAM, and confirmed its effectiveness in region recognition.

Conclusions

We succeeded in taking the first step in constructing the end‐to‐end immediate implant placement AI tool through sagittal root inclination measurements without intermediate steps and extra labeling on images.
Drivers of phytoplankton responses to summer wind events in a stratified lake: A modeling study
Authors: Mesman Jorrit P. , Ayala Ana I. , Goyette Stéphane , Kasparian Jérôme , Marcé Rafael , Markensten Hampus , Stelzer Julio A.A. , Thayne Michael W. , Thomas Mridul K. , Pierson Don C. , Ibelings Bas W.
Published: February 2022

Extreme wind events affect lake phytoplankton by deepening the mixed layer and increasing internal nutrient loading. Both increases and decreases in phytoplankton concentration after strong wind events have been observed, but the precise mechanisms driving these responses remain poorly understood or quantified. We coupled a one‐dimensional physical model to a biogeochemical model to investigate the factors regulating short‐term phytoplankton responses to summer wind events, now and under expected warmer future conditions. We simulated physical, chemical, and biological dynamics in Lake Erken, Sweden, and found that strong wind could increase or decrease the phytoplankton concentration in the euphotic zone 1 week after the event, depending on antecedent lake physical and chemical conditions. Wind had little effect on phytoplankton concentration if the mixed layer was deep prior to wind exposure. Higher incoming shortwave radiation and hypolimnetic nutrient concentration boosted phytoplankton concentration, whereas higher surface water temperatures decreased concentrations after wind events. Medium‐intensity wind events resulted in more phytoplankton than high‐intensity wind. Simulations under a future climate scenario did not show marked differences in the way wind events affect phytoplankton concentration. These findings help to better understand how wind impacts vary as a function of local environmental conditions and how climate warming and changing extreme weather dynamics will affect lake ecosystems.
Examples of weak amalgamation classes
Authors: Krawczyk Adam , Kruckman Alex , Kubiś Wiesław , Panagiotopoulos Aristotelis
Published: February 2022

We present several examples of hereditary classes of finite structures satisfying the joint embedding property and the weak amalgamation property, but failing the cofinal amalgamation property. These include a continuum‐sized family of classes of finite undirected graphs, as well as an example due to Pouzet with countably categorical generic limit.
Fake smiles. Customer reactions to employees’ display inauthenticity and choice restrictions
Authors: Pham Thuy , Lechner Andreas T. , Mathmann Frank
Published: February 2022

Frontline employees’ fake smiles (i.e., positive emotion display inauthenticity) frequently occur despite firms’ efforts to ensure real smiles in service delivery. Previous research on the effects of display inauthenticity on customers reveals considerable heterogeneity. Attempts to resolve this have largely been limited to stable and dispositional factors, which often escape managerial control. The present research investigates the impacts of display inauthenticity, choice restrictions, and their interaction on service performance. Choice restrictions may buffer inauthenticity effects as demonstrated by results from three factorial experiments in different contexts (e.g., restrictions of service provider choice in predelivery in Study 1 and in‐store choice restrictions during service delivery in Studies 2 and 3). Frontline employees’ display inauthenticity negatively affects service performance only if customers are subjected to low but not high choice restrictions. The interaction effect is explained by customers’ interdependent self‐construal and is generalizable to actual spending behaviors. Our findings inform managers about the interplay of increasingly common inauthenticity and choice restrictions due to market shocks such as COVID‐19 and provide insights into managerial interventions that can be used to mitigate the effects of inauthenticity on customers.
Recent Advances in Photochemical Reactions on Single‐Molecule Electrical Platforms
Authors: Zhu Xin , Xu Yanxia , Zhao Cong , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng
Published: February 2022

The photochemical reaction is a very important type of chemical reaction. Visualizing and controlling photo‐mediated reactions is a long‐standing goal and challenge. In this regard, single‐molecule electrical detection with label‐free, real‐time, and in situ characteristics has unique advantages in monitoring the dynamic process of photoreactions at the single‐molecule level. In this review, a valuable summary of the latest process of single‐molecule photochemical reactions based on single‐molecule electrical platforms is provided. The single‐molecule electrical detection platforms for monitoring photoreactions are displayed, including their fundamental principles, construction methods, and practical applications. The single‐molecule studies of two different types of light‐mediated reactions are summarized as below: i) photo‐induced reactions, including reversible cyclization, conformational isomerization, and other photo‐related reactions; ii) plasmon‐mediated photoreactions, including reaction mechanisms and concrete examples, such as plasmon‐induced photolysis of SS/OO bonds and tautomerization of porphycene. In addition, the prospects for future research directions and challenges in this field are also discussed.
De Novo and Dominantly Inherited SPTAN1 Mutations Cause Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Van de Vondel Liedewei , De Winter Jonathan , Beijer Danique , Coarelli Giulia , Wayand Melanie , Palvadeau Robin , Pauly Martje G. , Klein Katrin , Rautenberg Maren , Guillot‐Noël Léna , Deconinck Tine , Vural Atay , Ertan Sibel , Dogu Okan , Uysal Hilmi , Brankovic Vesna , Herzog Rebecca , Brice Alexis , Durr Alexandra , Klebe Stephan , Stock Friedrich , Bischoff Almut Turid , Rattay Tim W. , Sobrido María‐Jesús , De Michele Giovanna , De Jonghe Peter , Klopstock Thomas , Lohmann Katja , Zanni Ginevra , Santorelli Filippo M. , Timmerman Vincent , Haack Tobias B. , Züchner Stephan ,   PREPARE Consortium, Schüle Rebecca , Stevanin Giovanni , Synofzik Matthis , Basak A. Nazli , Baets Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Background

Pathogenic variants in SPTAN1 have been linked to a remarkably broad phenotypical spectrum. Clinical presentations include epileptic syndromes, intellectual disability, and hereditary motor neuropathy.

Objectives

We investigated the role of SPTAN1 variants in rare neurological disorders such as ataxia and spastic paraplegia.

Methods

We screened 10,000 NGS datasets across two international consortia and one local database, indicative of the level of international collaboration currently required to identify genes causative for rare disease. We performed in silico modeling of the identified SPTAN1 variants.

Results

We describe 22 patients from 14 families with five novel SPTAN1 variants. Of six patients with cerebellar ataxia, four carry a de novo SPTAN1 variant and two show a sporadic inheritance. In this group, one variant (p.Lys2083del) is recurrent in four patients. Two patients have novel de novo missense mutations (p.Arg1098Cys, p.Arg1624Cys) associated with cerebellar ataxia, in one patient accompanied by intellectual disability and epilepsy. We furthermore report a recurrent missense mutation (p.Arg19Trp) in 15 patients with spastic paraplegia from seven families with a dominant inheritance pattern in four and a de novo origin in one case. One further patient carrying a de novo missense mutation (p.Gln2205Pro) has a complex spastic ataxic phenotype. Through protein modeling we show that mutated amino acids are located at crucial interlinking positions, interconnecting the three‐helix bundle of a spectrin repeat.

Conclusions

We show that SPTAN1 is a relevant candidate gene for ataxia and spastic paraplegia. We suggest that for the mutations identified in this study, disruption of the interlinking of spectrin helices could be a key feature of the pathomechanism. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Buyback and price postponement in a decentralized supply chain with additive and price‐dependent demand
Authors: Zhang Kairen , Shang Weixin , Zhou Weihua
Published: February 2022

We examine buyback contracts in a dyadic supply chain where a retailer orders from a supplier before observing the random demand and sets a retail price after observing it (a.k.a. price postponement). We focus on the case with linear additive demand, which is well known to be less tractable than the case with linear multiplicative demand. With mild conditions on the distribution of demand uncertainty, we derive the supplier's optimal buyback contract and show the following results. The supplier strictly prefers buyback contracts to wholesale price‐only contracts if and only if the unit production cost is lower than a threshold that depends on the dispersion of demand uncertainty; the optimal buyback rate is decreasing in the unit production cost; the profit allocation within the supply chain and channel efficiency depend on the dispersion of demand uncertainty. These results are in stark contrast to those in the case with linear multiplicative demand. Nevertheless, the relation between the operational decisions under the optimal buyback contract and those under the optimal wholesale price‐only contract is consistent with the case of multiplicative demand. We further extend the analysis to two related scenarios. On one hand, our results continue to hold in a supply chain where one supplier sells to two competing retailers. On the other hand, when the retailer does not postpone retail pricing decisions, we establish three distinctive properties of the optimal buyback contract: the supplier strictly prefers buyback contracts to wholesale price‐only contracts if and only if the unit production cost is intermediate; the optimal buyback rate is increasing in the unit production cost in the region where the supplier strictly prefers buyback contracts to wholesale price‐only contracts; price postponement benefits both the retailer and the supply chain but does not always benefit the supplier. The above analysis shows that the supplier's preference between buyback and wholesale price‐only contracts can swing either way when the retailer starts to practice price postponement.
A level‐set‐based shape optimization method for thermoelectric materials
Authors: Furuta Kozo , Sato Ayami , Izui Kazuhiro , Nishiwaki Shinji
Published: February 2022

A thermoelectric device is a useful device which directly converts thermal energy to electric energy and vice versa. Although this device has such energy conversion functions, the demands in the industries are limited because of the relatively low conversion performance. In order to enhance this performance, the thermal conductivity of thermoelectric material should be low. According to dramatic improvements of nano‐processing accuracy in recent decades, many thermoelectric materials have been developed with low thermal conductivities by utilizing a unique phenomenon of a nanoscale heat conduction which is called “temperature jump.” However, few structural optimization methods have been proposed for nanoscale thermoelectric materials since a conventional analysis method cannot be applied to a heat conduction problem in a nanostructure. On behalf of the Poisson's equation, we need to introduce a Boltzmann transport equation for describing a nanoscale heat conduction problem with a discontinuity effect on a material interface. The level set method has a potential for dealing with such a boundary condition in structural optimization. That is, material interfaces can be expressed by the iso‐surface of the level set function, and the boundary effects are imposed in the boundaries during the optimization procedures. In this paper, we propose a level‐set‐based shape optimization method for thermoelectric materials. First, an analysis method for a nanoscale heat conduction problem based on the Boltzmann transport equation is introduced. An objective functional is defined for obtaining a low thermal conductivity material. Then, based on an adjoint method, we derive the shape sensitivity, which enables us to consider the effects of the temperature jumps on the material interfaces. Next, a level‐set‐based shape optimization is applied to our optimization problem. Finally, as a validation of our proposed method, several numerical examples are computed.
COL4A1/COL4A2 and inherited platelet disorder gene variants in fetuses showing intracranial hemorrhage
Authors: Coste Thibault , Vincent‐Delorme Catherine , Stichelbout Morgane , Devisme Louise , Gelot Antoinette , Deryabin Igor , Pelluard Fanny , Aloui Chaker , Leutenegger Anne‐Louise , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Héron Delphine , Gould Douglas B , Tournier‐Lasserve Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

Background

Variants of COL4A1/COL4A2 genes have been reported in fetal intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) cases but their prevalence and characteristics have not been established in a large series of fetuses. Fetal neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a major acquired ICH factor but the prevalence and characteristics of inherited platelet disorder (IPD) gene variants leading to thrombocytopenia are unknown. Herein, we screened COL4A1/COL4A2 and IPD genes in a large series of ICH fetuses.

Methods

A cohort of 194 consecutive ICH fetuses were first screened for COL4A1/COL4A2 variants. We manually curated a list of 64 genes involved in IPD and investigated them in COL4A1/COL4A2 negative fetuses, using exome sequencing data from 101 of these fetuses.

Result

Pathogenic variants of COL4A1/COL4A2 genes were identified in 36 fetuses (19%). They occurred de novo in 70% of the 32 fetuses for whom parental DNA was available. Pathogenic variants in two megakaryopoiesis genes (MPL and MECOM genes) were identified in two families with recurrent and severe fetal ICH, with variable extraneurological pathological features.

Conclusion

Our study emphasizes the genetic heterogeneity of fetal ICH and the need to screen both COL4A1/COL4A2 and IPD genes in the etiological investigation of fetal ICH to allow proper genetic counseling.
Autism spectrum disorder identification in schools: Impact of criteria, assessments, and student data for identification decisions
Authors: Duesenberg McKinzie D. , Burns Matthew K.
Published: February 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is\ often diagnosed by clinical practitioners with criteria from the American Psychiatric Association, but an educational diagnosis is usually based on state special education law and is geared towards addressing concerns within schools. The current study aims to examine the extent to which the clinical diagnosis of ASD corresponds to the educational diagnosis of Autism, and what factors and assessments influenced the diagnosis. Data consisted of 32 randomly selected deidentified initial school evaluation reports (autism = 16; non‐autism = 16) from one midwestern state. The reports were coded based on identification methods and student data. Results indicate that the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition assessment was the strongest predictor of Autism eligibility within schools, but students with a cognitive ability score that was one standard deviation below the mean (i.e., standard score £84) were more frequently identified with educational eligibility of ASD (AU) by a factor of 14.67 as compared with individuals with a higher cognitive score. Implications for future research and practice are included.
Hamiltonian chemical kinetics for studying roaming in formaldehyde dissociation: Linear and nonlinear models
Authors: Farantos Stavros C.
Published: February 2022

A recently developed theory for formulating chemical kinetics with a Hamiltonian theory similar to classical mechanics is applied to study linear and nonlinear kinetic models for the photodissociation of formaldehyde
via roaming pathways. Chemical kinetic equations are proposed by mapping time invariant phase space structures, such as stationary points of the potential energy surface and periodic orbits, to relevant intermediate chemical species. Solving kinetic equations in the Hamiltonian framework, we calculate reaction paths to asymptotically stable equilibria for closed reactions and varying the initial concentration of H2CO at constant temperature and pressure. The reaction paths may be classified by defining a thermodynamic distance between initial and equilibrium states, as well as the entropy production. A brusselator‐type nonlinear model is proposed as the phenomenological equivalent to the periodic orbit description of roaming mechanism given before. Treating the photodissociation of formaldehyde as an open system and properly selecting the rate coefficients of the reactions and the initial concentration of formaldehyde, a periodic orbit emanates as the result of a Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcation. This yields an oscillatory reaction between the two long‐range metastable intermediates,
and
, which lead to radical and molecular products.
Microgels as drug carriers for sonopharmacology
Authors: Zou Miancheng , Zhao Pengkun , Fan Jilin , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas
Published: February 2022

The ultrasound‐induced cleavage of covalent and non‐covalent bonds to activate drugs (sonopharmacology) is a promising concept to gain control over the action of active pharmaceutical ingredients by an external trigger. Previously, linear polymer architectures bearing drug payloads were exploited for drug release by using the principles of polymer mechanochemistry. In this work, the carrier design is altered by the polymer topology to improve the ultrasound‐triggered release of covalently anchored drugs from polymer scaffolds. We use microgels crosslinked by mechanoresponsive disulfides and copolymerized with Diels‐Alder adducts of furylated payload molecules and acetylenedicarboxylate. Force‐induced thiol formation induces a Michael‐type addition liberating the payload from the microgels. The use of microgels significantly reduces sonication times compared to linear polymer chains and shields the cargo efficiently from non‐triggered activation using ultrasound that produces inertial cavitation at a frequency of 20 kHz as model condition.
Mapping and Imaging of Thin Films on Large Surfaces
Authors: Petrik Peter , Fried Miklos
Published: February 2022

Thin films covering large surfaces are used in a very wide range of applications from displays through corrosion resistance, decoration, water proofing, smart windows, adhesion performance to solar panels, and many more. Scaling up existing thin‐film measurement techniques requires a high speed and the redesign of the configurations. The aim of this review is to give an overview of recent and past activities in the area, as well as an outlook of future opportunities.
p‐n Heterojunction Constructed by Sea Urchin MgAl‐LDH/Co3O4 to Accelerate Photogenerated Carrier Flow
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Xu Jing , Luo Rui , Yang Qian , Wu Yue
Published: February 2022

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is the most promising solution to environmental pollution and energy crisis. A reasonable construction of heterojunction is one of the common methods to improve photocatalytic hydrogen production. The nanosheet MgAl‐LDH and Co3O4 form a sea urchin‐like MgAl‐LDH/Co3O4 p‐n heterojunction by electrostatic self‐assembly. Under the irradiation of light, the hydrogen yield of the composite catalyst will reach 120 μmol in 5 h. Compared with Co3O4, it is six times higher. This is because, after the successful coupling of the two semiconductors, an internal electric field is generated on the surface of the material, which accelerated the flow of photogenerated carriers, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the material. XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TEM confirm the successful synthesis of the composite catalyst. In XPS analysis, strong interaction between electrons is found. In addition, the photoluminescence spectra and electrochemical analysis are used to compare the photogenic electron production and transfer rates of different catalysts. Based on the above analysis combined with UV–vis DRS diffuse reflection spectroscopy and BET characterization, a possible hydrogen evolution principle is proposed and analyzed.
Warranty data maturity—Effect of observation time on reliability prediction and the warranty management process
Authors: Kleyner Andre , Elmore David
Published: February 2022

Warranty data analysis is a form of life data analysis and is part of the engineering and business process of assessing product reliability and predicting the number of parts failing in the field and the associated warranty cost. However, oftentimes the prediction is started early and is based only on a few months of field data, which raises a question of data maturity. As data matures and the product is operating longer in the field the prediction changes, since the failure distribution becomes the function of the observation time. Data maturation has been known as a complicating factor in warranty data analysis affecting the accuracy of prediction, however there were very few attempts to look at how the data maturity affects the failure patterns and the probability of failure as the time in the field and consequently the observation time increases.

This paper discusses the causes of data maturity, presents an analytical model to assess the maturation trends and presents several case studies based on the automotive electronics warranty data. The paper analyzes the patterns of how warranty data matures as more field data becomes available and how it affects the accuracy of prediction. It also suggests the criteria of determining the levels of data maturity.
Changing pleural fluid triglyceride levels in cirrhotic chylothorax
Authors: Chan Ka Pang , Yip Wing Ho , Chan Tina Yee Ching , Law Chun‐Yiu
Published: February 2022

Chylothorax is an uncommon disease entity, but it occasionally poses a diagnostic challenge to physicians. Pleural fluid triglyceride level has been advocated as a screening test to diagnose chylothorax. However, its level can be depressed if there is an additional pathology driving the process of pleural fluid production. We report a case of high‐volume pleural fluid output due to dual pathologies, cirrhotic hydrothorax and chylothorax, causing an initial failure to diagnose chylothorax due to low pleural fluid triglyceride level. The fluid triglyceride levels were unmasked after the treatment for underlying portal hypertension. These findings were further substantiated by positive lipoprotein electrophoresis for chylomicron. In this patient, lipoprotein electrophoresis of his pleural fluid specimen helps distinguish chylothorax as a second pathology amidst the underlying cirrhotic hydrothorax.
Granulation after stenting for tuberculous bronchial stenosis treated with tranilast: A case report
Authors: Ohashi Takuya , Miyasaka Miwako , Kawago Mitsumasa , Hirai Yoshimitsu , Kiyoi Megumi , Yata Yumi , Kawaji Mari , Fusamoto Aya , Iguchi Hideto , Nakanishi Hitomi , Nishimura Yoshiharu
Published: February 2022

A 63‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with tuberculous bronchial stenosis of the left main bronchus following recurrent pneumonia. She underwent airway dilatation and stenting for long and severe stenosis. Initially, a Dumon Y‐stent was implanted, but repeated granulation occurred at the distal end of the stent. The granulation reappeared repeatedly despite cauterization and stent replacement. An attempt at stent removal led to worsening of scar stenosis; therefore, it was reinstalled. Finally, two self‐expandable metallic stents were implanted sequentially, and she remained asymptomatic for 14 months. After this, she presented with fever and a computed tomography showed obstructive pneumonia due to associated granulation at the distal end of the stent. She was then started on tranilast to treat the granulation with the stent in situ. Granulation almost completely disappeared after 4 months and no recurrence was noted at 12 months since the start of tranilast.
Carbon‐Encapsulated Ni3Se4/CoSe2 Heterostructured Nanospheres: Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Storage Anode with Prominent Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wei Shuaijie , Zhao Zhipeng , Pei Xiangdong , Zhao Wei , Wang JinBao , Du Xin , Li Dan
Published: February 2022

Heterogeneous structures are used as energy storage devices because of their ability to accelerate charge transfer, which greatly contributes to the rate capability of devices. However, the construction of heterostructures with conspicuous electrochemical properties remains a huge challenge. In this study, a design of heterostructured Ni3Se4/CoSe2 nanospheres encapsulated by a carbon shell (Ni3Se4/CoSe2@C) synthesized through facile hydrothermal and annealing methods is presented. The Ni3Se4/CoSe2@C exhibits excellent cyclic performance with a capacity of 420 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles for Na‐storage and 330.1 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 200 cycles for K‐storage. The excellent cyclic performance can be attributed to the carbon coating that maintains the structural stability and enhances electrical conductivity, and significantly, the heterostructures that promote ion/electron transport. The sodium storage mechanism of the Ni3Se4/CoSe2@C is revealed by ex situ X‐ray powder diffraction, ex situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and in situ electrochemical impedance spectra analyses. The first principles density functional theory calculation is performed to prove that the heterostructure on the Ni3Se4/CoSe2 interface can induce an electric field and thus improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics. This study provides an effective approach for constructing heterostructured composites for high‐performance alkaline batteries.
Review of Two‐Step Method for Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Han Yipeng , Xie Haibing , Lim Eng Liang , Bi Dongqin
Published: February 2022

The quality of the perovskite film is crucial to the technological breakthrough of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The two‐step method can facilitate the formation of a perovskite film with high quality and reproducibility. Many milestones have been made in the development of hybrid lead halide PSCs by using the two‐step method, which has a significant impact on their practical application. Herein, the reaction mechanism of the two‐step method including two‐step immersion method and two‐step spin coating method is summarized. The strategies such as component engineering, solvent engineering, and additive engineering of the two‐step method in preparing high‐quality films are introduced systematically and in detail. In addition, current issues of the two‐step method and its applications in lead‐free PSCs, all‐inorganic PSCs, large areas, and tandems are introduced and some suggestions are put forward for future research.
Bifunctional Cobalt‐Doped ZnIn2S4 Hierarchical Nanotubes Endow Noble‐Metal Cocatalyst‐Free Photocatalytic H2 Production Coupled with Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Xue Jierui , Liu Huanhuan , Zeng Suyuan , Feng Yafei , Zhang Yangyang , Zhu Yin , Cheng Mingyu , Zhang Huaikun , Shi Liang , Zhang Genqiang
Published: February 2022

Noble metals are widely used as cocatalysts to enhance the performance of photocatalysts, while large‐scale applications of noble metals are restricted due to their scarcity and high cost. In this context, it is an urgent task to design efficient noble‐metal cocatalyst‐free photocatalysts. Herein, the rational design and self‐sacrificial template‐assisted synthesis of cobalt‐doped ZnIn2S4 hierarchical nanotubes (Co‐ZIS HNTs) are presented that can act as a bifunctional photocatalyst for H2 evolution and benzaldehyde production. Comprehensive experimental results indicate that the Co‐ZIS HNTs can lead to the enhanced separation and transfer efficiency of photoinduced carriers. As a result, the Co‐ZIS HNTs exhibit a 1.93 times higher H2 evolution rate than undoped ZnIn2S4 microspheres (ZIS MSs) without any cocatalysts. Impressively, the Co‐ZIS HNTs show remarkable bifunctial photocatalytic activity toward both H2 evolution and benzyl alcohol oxidation. The extraordinary production rates of H2 and benzaldehyde are 2823.7 and 2769.0 μmol h−1 g−1, which are 7.44 and 7.60 times higher than that of bare ZIS MSs under visible light, respectively. This work not only proposes a promising strategy to devise highly active cocatalyst‐free photocatalysts, but also illustrates the potential for H2 evolution coupled with add‐valued products.
Post‐Treatment Passivation by Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Zwitterion for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yan , Zhang Yong , Zhang Luozheng , Liu Chang , Zhou Xianyong , Wang Deng , Niu Bingbing , Lu Chunling , Chang Jianhui , Jiang Xuening , Tang Zikang , Xu Baomin
Published: February 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been booming for more than a decade. Defect passivation strategies play an important role in updating the efficiency record. Herein, a posttreatment strategy is proposed to passivate the defects in PSCs by quaternary ammonium chloride (QAC) salts. The tetramethylammonium chloride (TC) molecule shows the best achievement among those passivation agents. Enhanced crystallinity and reduced defects of TC‐treated perovskite result in promotion of the open‐circuit voltage of the device from 1.06 to 1.12 V, thus largely improving the conversion efficiency from 19.8% to 21.7% for the FA0.95MA0.05PbI2.85Br0.15 perovskite component. Moreover, the TC‐based device retains 93.2% of its initial power conversion efficiency after storage in drying cupboard (relative humidity 20%≈30%) for more than 30 days. By the verification of various characterization techniques (transient resolved photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, light intensity dependent voltage, and transient absorption spectroscopy), the enhanced performance results from the less recombination retarded by QAC in the treated device compared with the control device. Additionally, X‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy proves the interaction between TC molecule and Pb in perovskite. This system of selection will definitely provide a novel way to search for effective passivators to promote performance of PSCs.
Semantics to the rescue of document‐based XML diff: A JATS case study
Authors: Cuculovic Milos , Fondement Frederic , Devanne Maxime , Weber Jonathan , Hassenforder Michel
Published: February 2022

The writing of digital text documents has become a longer process that usually goes through revision rounds. Document comparison is important for the human reader interested in changes made by the authors. These documents contain structural data using text‐centric XML as one of their main storage systems. Current XML diff algorithms are able to represent differences with a limited number of edit operations: insert, delete, move and update. This approach does not fit the scope of digital text document comparison where the human reader needs to understand actual modifications made by the author. With JATS being a text‐centric XML vocabulary, we propose within this paper a new XML diff algorithm called jats‐diff, able to support bijection between higher‐level modifications made by the authors, such as structural changes and restyling, and the changes detected between XML documents. In addition, jats‐diff provides similarity information between different nodes in order to measure the impact of the text changes on the XML tree.
Reactivity of the stibinidene complex [ClSb{Cr(CO)5}2(thf)]
Authors: Rummel Lena , Seidl Michael , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred
Published: February 2022

Stibinidene complexes are rare and highly sensitive low‐valent main group compounds, which have not been studied extensively for their reaction behavior so far. In the reaction with GaCl3, the stibinidene complex [ClSb{Cr(CO)5}2(thf)] (1) shows a dimerization to [ClSb{Cr(CO)5}2]2 (2) and yields the anionic double‐chlorinated compound [Cl2Sb{Cr(CO)5}2]− (3) in the reaction with different ionic nucleophiles. When using neutral nucleophiles (such as amines, isocyanides and phosphines) as reaction partners, tetrahedral complexes of the type [ClSb{Cr(CO)5}2Nu] (4: Nu=NH2Mes; 5: Nu=CN(dmp); 6: Nu=PPh3; 7: Nu=PPh2H) are formed which can be used in subsequent reactions. All of these products are among the first of their type to be synthesized and isolated.
Introduction: Thinking About Seeds
Authors: Pimbert Michel
Published: February 2022

Seed diversity is crucial to the sustainability of food and agricultural systems. Yet as Michel Pimbert’s survey of the global ‘state of seeds’ reveals, both wild and domesticated varieties are disappearing under an onslaught of human-driven pressures. Planetary crises—the sixth great extinction and climate change—constitute one. Industrialized agriculture is another: just three crops (maize, rice and wheat) currently supply over 60% of the calories humanity obtains from food. The impacts of this impoverishment on small and Indigenous farmers, ecosystems, food security and human health are manifold, and understanding them demands that we unravel a range of intermeshed social and political factors. Disparities in wealth, gender and ethnicity, for instance, determine the way seeds are cultivated, conserved, collected and exchanged. And the primary domains of seed governance—state, corporate and farm—wield different, often unequal powers. By confronting these complexities, Pimbert asserts, we can map ways of managing seeds equitably, to support human and planetary wellbeing.
The Third Way of Seed Governance: The Potential of the Seed Commoning in Japan
Authors: Tamura Norie
Published: February 2022

As both material entities and “packages” of genetic information, seeds are a common—a co-managed natural resource—in communities and regions all over the world. In this analysis of Japan’s national potential for a commons approach to seed sovereignty, Norie Tamura looks through the lens of institutional change. In 2017, the revocation of the Main Crop Seeds Act, a law upholding the state-run seed system, triggered a major backlash in Japanese civil society. Many in the movement called for a revival of state control without fully recognizing the part it plays, for instance, in agricultural industrialization. Yet simultaneously, a range of seed commons exist in Japan at the village and prefectural level, as well as through the network maintained by the Japan Organic Agriculture Organization. For seed commoning to spread and consolidate in Japan, Tamura asserts a need for reintegrating the producer–user divide and fostering open communication between seed and civil sectors.
Organizations and Functions for Seed Management in East Asia: Korea, Japan and Taiwan
Authors: Tomiyoshi Mitsuyuki
Published: February 2022

How important are informal seed-saving systems in conserving agrobiodiversity? Mitsuyuki Tomiyoshi probes that question in the East Asian context in this survey and analysis examining the prevalence of community seed banks and other non-profits in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. In Japan, traditional varieties are generally cultivated on the basis of heritage and culture, and an array of non-profits are involved in seed provision, domestic production, collection and networking. In South Korea, where interest in heirloom seeds has been growing since the early 2000s, comparable organizations include a research firm, cooperative and civil society network. Relevant non-profits in Taiwan, meanwhile, are at the formative stage. Informal systems are key to maintaining agrobiodiversity, Tomiyoshi concludes, but to operate sustainably they must better integrate their functions and set strategies for collaboration with public institutions.
Historical Memory and Its (Dis)contents
Authors: Schultze-Kraft Markus
Published: February 2022

Efforts to recover and preserve the historical memory of past violence and injustice are today increasingly widespread in countries wrestling with, or emerging from, violent conflict. This reflects the rise of memory studies as a distinct field of inquiry as well as the growing recognition of the importance of centrally including the voices of victims in the elaboration of narratives of past suffering and evil. However, as an “essentially contested concept,” historical memory faces numerous challenges that have to be navigated when conducting applied historical memory work in violence-inflected settings. Among the pitfalls, historical memory work faces the unresolved tension between history and memory, which gives substance to claims that forgetting should trump remembering. Furthermore, owing to it being anchored in the subjective domain of memory, applied historical memory work risks deepening prevailing patterns of hatred, enmity and exclusion, in addition to being instrumentalised and manipulated by hegemonic societal groups and interests. This notwithstanding, the case of Colombia reveals that under certain conditions historical memory work can yield positive results in terms of giving voice to victims on all sides and honouring their entitlement to recover and preserve the memories of past suffering, thereby helping them to address traumatic past experiences.
Historical Memory-Oriented Peace Education and the Sustaining Peace Agenda
Authors: Schultze-Kraft Markus
Published: February 2022

The sustaining peace agenda, fielded by the UN in the mid-2010s, offers an opportunity to take a fresh look at the ways in which we approach our applied, everyday work on and/or for peace in the classroom and beyond. Regarding the field of peace education, there is merit in adopting the less prescriptive, value-laden and universalising and, at the same time, more indeterminate, normatively restrained and humble elements that set the discourse on sustaining peace apart from that of conventional international peacebuilding as we have known it. In this respect, incorporating a focus on historical memory can enhance the strength and value of education on and/or for peace in a world riven with crises, disunity and violent conflict. Rather than upholding notions of universal values, independent of local culture and historically formed power relationships, and the idea that peace can be achieved by righting the individual mind; or seeking to bring about far-reaching social transformation to alleviate the plight of the oppressed and marginalised by empowering them to resist and fight, such an approach strives to enable learners (and teachers) to work towards healing past trauma and recognising the “other” as a moral agent.
Conclusion
Authors: Schultze-Kraft Markus
Published: February 2022

Contemporary education on and for peace can be strengthened by incorporating a focus on historical memory, especially in countries wrestling with, or emerging from, violent conflict. Peace education conceived in these terms helps to address some of the shortcomings of what I call the conventional and critical schools in the field. Furthermore, historical memory-oriented peace education can contribute to filling voids in and enhancing the new, UN-led sustaining peace agenda, thereby supporting the achievement of the SDGs. At the same time, the narrative highlights that we cannot take anything for granted. Our present knowledge about the relationship between historical memory, peace education for sustaining peace and achieving the SDGs is limited. There clearly is a need for more research on these complex issues.
On phase-space integrals with Heaviside functions
Authors: Baranowski Daniel , Delto Maximilian , Melnikov Kirill , Wang Chen-Yu
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We discuss peculiarities that arise in the computation of real-emission contributions to observables that contain Heaviside functions. A prominent example of such a case is the zero-jettiness soft function in SCET, whose calculation at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD is an interesting problem. Since the zero-jettiness soft function distinguishes between emissions into different hemispheres, its definition involves θ-functions of light-cone components of emitted soft partons. This prevents a direct use of multi-loop methods, based on reverse unitarity, for computing the zero-jettiness soft function in high orders of perturbation theory. We propose a way to bypass this problem and illustrate its effectiveness by computing various non-trivial contributions to the zero-jettiness soft function at NNLO and N3LO in perturbative QCD.
Precision calculation of inflation correlators at one loop
Authors: Wang Lian-Tao , Xianyu Zhong-Zhi , Zhong Yi-Ming
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We initiate a systematic study of precision calculation of the inflation correlators at the 1-loop level, starting in this paper with bosonic 1-loop bispectrum with chemical-potential enhancement. Such 1-loop processes could lead to important cosmological collider observables but are notoriously difficult to compute due to the lack of symmetries. We attack the problem from a direct numerical approach based on the real-time Schwinger-Keldysh formalism and show full numerical results for arbitrary kinematics containing both the oscillatory “signals” and the “backgrounds”. Our results show that, while the non-oscillatory part can be one to two orders of magnitude larger, the oscillatory signal can be separated out by applying appropriate high-pass filters. We have also compared the result with analytic estimates typically adopted in the literature. While the amplitude is comparable, there is a non-negligible deviation in the frequency of the oscillatory part away from the extreme squeezed limit.
Page curve from dynamical branes in JT gravity
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi , Sakai Kazuhiro
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We study the Page curve of an evaporating black hole using a toy model given by Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity with Fateev-Zamolodchikov-Zamolodchikov-Teschner (FZZT) antibranes. We treat the anti-FZZT branes as dynamical objects, taking their back-reaction into account. We construct the entanglement entropy from the dual matrix model and study its behavior as a function of the ’t Hooft coupling t proportional to the number of branes, which plays the role of time. By numerical computation we observe that the entropy first increases and then decreases as t grows, reproducing the well-known behavior of the Page curve of an evaporating black hole. The system finally exhibits a phase transition, which may be viewed as the end of the evaporation. We study the critical behavior of the entropy near the phase transition. We also make a conjecture about the late-time monotonically decreasing behavior of the entropy. We prove it in a certain limit as well as give an intuitive explanation by means of the dual matrix model.