bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The place of the Republic: Space, territory and identity around and after Charlie Hebdo
Authors: Welch Edward , Perivolaris John
Published: July 2016

Media coverage of the Charlie Hebdo crisis was striking for its triangulation of locations which are emblematic of contemporary France. From the banlieue where the attackers grew up, to the public spaces in central Paris where French national values were reasserted, space and its representation emerged as key perspectives from which to consider the events and what they reveal about the current state of the country. This article examines the spatial dynamics of the crisis, its visual representation, and their role in the framing and consumption of the events. It discusses the work of photographer John Perivolaris, who was present in Paris in the week following the crisis during a visit planned before the attacks. His images record how popular reaction was inscribed in public space, how memories of previous moments of resistance were re-enacted, and how shifting forms of protest are indicative of broader pressures at work in contemporary France.
Nicolai Kravkov’s pancreotoxine
Authors: Uzbekova Dinara G
Published: July 2016

The article reviews the life and work of an outstanding Russian pharmacologist Professor Nikolai Kravkov (1865–1924). Among his many scientific achievements, he worked on an extract from the pancreas of animals in the early 1920s and was successful in isolating the internal secretion, which he named “pancreotoxine.” This reduced blood glucose levels in animals and diabetic humans. Kravkov’s work on the isolation of pancreotoxine was going on coincidentally with F. Banting’s and C. Best’s research of insulin, but their methods of isolation of the hormone were quite different.
Joseph Lovell, MD (1788–1836): First US army surgeon general
Authors: Craig Stephen C
Published: July 2016

Joseph Lovell, trained in medicine at Harvard and in military medicine/surgery by the War of 1812, became the first Surgeon General to sit on the reorganised army staff at the tender age of 29 in 1818. With a keen intellect, medical acumen, and wartime experiences for his tools and a close supporting relationship with Commanding General Jacob Jennings Brown and Secretary of War John C Calhoun (1728–1850), Lovell constructed an efficient and effective organisational and administrative framework for the new Medical Department of the US Army. Moreover, he not only redefined the role of the American military physician but also established the professional dignity, respectability and value of the medical officer among line officers and staff. Lovell’s 18-year tenure came to an abrupt end, but the operational framework he created became both foundation and legacy for his successors.
Robert Emmett Farr (1875–1932): A pioneer of pediatric regional anesthesia
Authors: Driscoll MaryKate , Chung Hyun Kee , Desai Manisha S
Published: July 2016

Surgeons influence the introduction and development of anesthesia in many ways. Robert Emmett Farr is frequently cited as the first to describe the use of brachial plexus anesthesia in children. A surgeon based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, he passionately believed that regional anesthesia was superior to general anesthesia for many surgical procedures. He wrote extensively promoting other regional techniques, including local infiltration of local anesthetics for pyloromyotomy and harelip repairs, as well as caudal blocks for lower abdominal procedures. Anesthesia texts from the early 1900’s suggest that regional anesthesia was not popular as a reliable alternative to general anesthesia. Undeterred, Farr continued promoting his view that regional anesthesia was the future of surgery. We examine how Farr promoted regional anesthesia in children and adults, in a way changing surgical practice and improving clinical care. We also hope to highlight the other contributions to medicine made by this pioneer.
The Moderating Role of Neutralizers on the Relationship between Abusive Supervision and Intention to Quit: A Proposed Model
Authors: Pradhan Sajeet , Jena Lalatendu Kesari
Published: July 2016

This article proposes a conceptual model that explores the effect of abusive supervision on subordinates’ intention to quit the organization. We refer to several justice theories like social exchange theory and met expectations theory to strengthen our assertion that subordinates’ intention to quit the organization is high when they perceive their supervisor’s behaviour to be abusive. This article also strives to identify factors which might act as neutralizer in mitigating the pernicious effect of abusive supervision on subordinates’ decision to quit. These factors are positive affect, perceived co-worker support, emotional intelligence and meaningful work which might act as buffer in reducing the deleterious effect of abusive supervision on subordinates, thereby minimizing their intention to quit the organization. We offer several research propositions which can be empirically tested, and conclude with implications of the study, limitations of the proposed model and research directions for future investigations.
Servant and Spiritual Leadership Theories: Are They Two Different Notions?
Authors: Francoise Contreras T.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to analyze if two emergent models of leadership, servant and spiritual are really different or, on the contrary, are similar, with different labels. Both approaches were analyzed from their backgrounds, depictions, definitions, theoretical models proposed and limitations. It is concluded that both models of leadership are about the same models that share a similar root; both of them are oriented towards transcendental values of employees as a core component of leadership and a main factor related to the quality of job performance. Further studies should be done in order to provide new empirical evidence to support whether servant and spiritual leadership can be considered as completely independent models.
The Relationship Between Mutuality, Filial Piety, and Depression in Family Caregivers in China
Authors: Pan Yuqin , Jones Patricia S. , Winslow Betty W.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. Caregiving to parent stroke survivors in China is increasing and adult child–parent relationships are being challenged. The purpose of this study was to explore whether mutuality and filial piety have a protective role against caregiver depression. Design. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with a nonproportional quota sample of 126 caregivers. Surveys were conducted at hospitals or in homes using structured questionnaires: the 15-item Mutuality Scale, the 4-item Filial Attitude Scale, the 9-item Filial Behavior Scale, and the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results. Higher mutuality and stronger filial attitudes were significantly associated with less caregiver depression after the covariates were controlled. Mutuality explained 5.5% ( p < .01) and filial attitude explained 4.6% ( p < .01) of the variance in caregiver depression. Conclusion. Mutuality and filial attitude may be protective factors against caregiver depression. Implications for Practice. Supportive strategies can be implemented to enhance mutuality and filial attitude.
Cancer Transitional Care for Terminally Ill Cancer Patients Can Reduce the Number of Emergency Admissions and Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Shimada Naoki , Ishiki Hiroto , Iwase Satoru , Chiba Tsukuru , Fujiwara Noriko , Watanabe Aya , Kinkawa Junya , Nojima Masanori , Tojo Arinobu , Imai Kohzoh
Published: July 2016

Background:

Emergency admissions and emergency department visits (EAs/EDVs) have been used as quality indicators of home care in terminally ill cancer patients. We established a cancer transitional care (CTC) program to monitor and manage terminally ill cancer patients receiving care at home. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CTC by the frequency of EAs/EDVs.

Methods:

In a retrospective chart review, we identified 133 patients with cancer admitted to our department, of whom 56 met study eligibility criteria. The CTC consisted of at least 1 or more following components: (1) a 24-hour hotline for general physicians or home care nurses to reach hospital-based physicians, (2) periodic phone calls from an expert hospital-based oncology nurse to home care medical staff, and (3) reports sent to our department from home care medical staff. The primary outcome variable was the frequency of EAs/EDVs.

Results:

There were 32 EAs/EDVs and 69 planned admissions during the observation period. In the last 30 days of life, 16 patients (28.6%) had 1 EA/EDV and none had multiple EAs/EDVs. Compared with previous studies, our study found a similar or lower frequency of EAs/EDVs.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that the implementation of CTC reduces the number of EAs/EDVs by replacing them with planned admissions. Further prospective studies to evaluate CTC are warranted.
Effects of electrode pattern on thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery
Authors: Wang Meng , Le Anh V , Noelle Daniel J , Shi Yang , Yoon Hyojung , Zhang Minghao , Meng Y Shirley , Qiao Yu
Published: July 2016

In the current study, through a set of nail penetration and impact tests on modified lithium-ion battery coin half-cells, we examine the effects of electrode pattern on the heat generation behaviors associated with internal shorting. The results show that the temperature profile is quite insensitive to the openings in cathode layer, which may be attributed to the high specific energy as well as the secondary conductive paths. This finding will considerably influence the study in the area of thermal runaway mitigation of energy storage systems.
Locals’ Bidimensional Acculturation Model
Authors: Lefringhausen Katharina , Marshall Tara C.
Published: July 2016

Across two studies, we tested whether members of host communities (i.e., locals) can themselves simultaneously maintain their national culture maintenance and adapt toward cultural diversity (i.e., multiculturalism) in their own home country, supporting a bidimensional model of acculturation, or whether these strategies are incompatible, supporting a unidimensional model of acculturation. We modified the Vancouver Index of Acculturation (Multi-VIA) to assess locals’ national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation within their own home country. Study 1 supported the bidimensionality of the Multi-VIA in an American sample ( n = 218). Moreover, we found an oblique association between locals’ national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation. In Study 2, we tested the Multi-VIA’s psychometric properties across three continent groups (North America, Europe, and Asia; N = 619). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit for the entire sample. Nevertheless, the association between national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation was orthogonal for Asians and oblique for Americans and Europeans. In addition, national culture maintenance predicted higher levels of locals’ life satisfaction, whereas multicultural adaptation was associated with less acculturative stress and greater intercultural sensitivity.
Diversifying the Sports Department and Covering Women’s Sports: A Survey of Sports Editors
Authors: Laucella Pamela C. , Hardin Marie , Bien-Aimé Steve , Antunovic Dunja
Published: July 2016

This study surveyed sports editors about gender-related issues in hiring and coverage. Although many editors estimate reader interest to be low and do not believe coverage of women’s sports should be improved, results also suggest that sports editors’ values and beliefs have shifted over the past decade in ways that could lead to more opportunities for women journalists and to eventual improvements in coverage of female athletes and women’s sports. The research also suggests when sports editors commit to hiring women, they find women who can move up within organizations and become leaders.
Availability and Accessibility of Vacant Lots for Urban Cultivation in Post-Katrina New Orleans
Authors: Kato Yuki , Andrews Scarlett , Irvin Cate
Published: July 2016

Based on interviews with 44 urban growers in New Orleans, this study examines their experiences of establishing urban agriculture (UA) projects on publicly and privately owned lots, either through purchase or lease. Publicly owned lots are easier to identify, but bureaucratic application processes and unpredictable policy changes made access less predictable and insecure, especially in terms of purchasing. Leasing privately owned lots is often a straightforward procedure, but these lots are difficult to identify without a comprehensive list, and were rarely available for purchase. Ultimately, neither type of vacant space produces significantly more security in land tenure for UA projects. The findings indicate that availability of vacancy does not equal initial or long-term access to the growers, and the current system of making vacant properties available for UA raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of UA projects.
The effects of sous-vide cooking parameters on texture and cell wall modifications in two apple cultivars: A response surface methodology approach
Authors: Ortiz Abel , Le Meurlay Dominique , Lara Isabel , Symoneaux Ronan , Madieta Emmanuel , Mehinagic Emira
Published: July 2016

This work aimed at evaluating the effects of sous-vide cooking parameters, such as time and temperature and their interactions, on textural attributes of ‘Mondial Gala’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apple cultivars. For this, different response surface methodology-based models were developed. This methodology proved a suitable means for the assessment of changes in textural parameters and cell wall modifications during the processing of apples. ‘Mondial Gala’ fruit displayed better aptitude for the preservation of textural properties after high-temperature processing conditions and were therefore apparently more suited to sous-vide cooking than ‘Granny Smith’ apples. Pectin methylesterase activity levels in ‘Mondial Gala’ apples were enhanced at mild temperatures and pectins in this cultivar displayed a lower degree of methylation. Therefore, the establishment of calcium-mediated linkages between cell wall polymers might have been favoured in ‘Mondial Gala’ apples, thus reinforcing tissues and improving the preservation of textural attributes, in comparison to ‘Granny Smith’ samples.
On Public–Private Partnership Performance
Authors: Hodge Graeme A. , Greve Carsten
Published: July 2016

Private finance-based infrastructure public–private partnerships (P3s) are globally popular, including renewed interest in the United States, but their performance remains contested. This article explores the meaning of P3 and the notion of P3 success, and points to multiple interpretations of both. It proposes a new conceptual model of the P3 phenomenon, including five levels of meaning: project, delivery method, policy, governance tool, and cultural context. Numerous criteria exist on which the success of P3 might be judged. These are as oriented toward politics and governance as they are toward more traditional utilitarian policy goals concerned with project delivery, or value for money (VfM). Indeed, governments have dozens of different goals in mind. Given mixed international results to date for VfM, it is posited that to the extent that infrastructure P3s continue to show popularity, governments may stress P3 success more on the basis of political and governance strengths, than utilitarian characteristics.
Mississippi Communities for Healthy Living
Authors: Landry Alicia S. , Thomson Jessica L. , Huye Holly F. , Yadrick Kathy , Connell Carol L.
Published: July 2016

Background. Improving the diet of communities experiencing health inequities can be challenging given that multiple dietary components are low in quality. Mississippi Communities for Healthy Living was designed to test the comparative effectiveness of nutrition education using a single- versus multiple-message approach to improve the diet of adult residents in the Lower Mississippi Delta. Method. The single-message approach targeted discretionary calories while the multiple-message approach also targeted vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein. Delta food frequency questionnaires were used to measure participants’ diet, while the Healthy Eating Index–2005 (HEI-2005) was used to generate diet quality scores. Generalized linear mixed model regression was used to test for significant time, treatment, and time × treatment interaction effects in HEI-2005 component and total score changes. Results. The majority of participants in the single- and multiple-message arms ( n = 114 and 127, respectively) were female (88% and 96%, respectively), African American (90% and 98%, respectively), overweight or obese (92% and 87%, respectively), and 41 to 60 years of age (57% and 43%, respectively). Significant time effects were present for HEI-2005 total and component scores, with three exceptions—whole fruit, total grains, and saturated fat. Significant treatment effects were present for two components—total and whole fruit; scores were higher in the multiple-message approach arm as compared to the single-message approach arm across time points. No interaction effects were significant for any of the HEI-2005 scores. Conclusion. Focusing nutrition education on the discretionary calories component of the diet may be as effective as focusing on multiple components for improving diet quality.
Health Risk Information Engagement and Amplification on Social Media
Authors: Strekalova Yulia A.
Published: July 2016

Emerging pandemics call for unique health communication and education strategies in which public health agencies need to satisfy the public’s information needs about possible risks while preventing risk exaggeration and dramatization. As a route to providing a framework for understanding public information behaviors in response to an emerging pandemic, this study examined the characteristics of communicative behaviors of social media audiences in response to Ebola outbreak news. Grounded in the social amplification of risks framework, this study adds to an understanding of information behaviors of online audiences by showing empirical differences in audience engagement with online health information. The data were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Facebook channel. The final data set included 809 CDC posts and 35,916 audience comments. The analysis identified the differences in audience information behaviors in response to an emerging pandemic, Ebola, and health promotion posts. While the CDC had fewer posts on Ebola than health promotion topics, the former received more attention from active page users. Furthermore, audience members who actively engaged with Ebola news had a small overlap with those who engaged with non-Ebola information during the same period. Overall, this study demonstrated that information behavior and audience engagement is topic dependent. Furthermore, audiences who commented on news about an emerging pandemic were homogenous and varied in their degree of information amplification.
Pathways to Early Cancer Detection for Latinas: En Acción Contra el Cáncer
Authors: Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Otero-Sabogal Regina , Sabogal Fabio , Nápoles-Springer Anna
Published: July 2016

Latinas have less breast cancer, have more cervical cancer, and obtain fewer screening tests at recommended intervals. This article reviews the epidemiology and use of screening tests for these cancers and cultural factors that affect screening. En Acción Contra el Cáncer was designed to increase use of breast and cervical cancer screening services by distributing free cancer educational materials in Spanish, implementing a media campaign, conducting community outreach, training lay networkers, and assisting clinicians. A survey of 1,601 Latinas, 20 to 74 years old, ascertained screening behavior and knowledge and attitudes about cancer. Comparison of intervention and control cities showed significant differences in proportion insured, married, born in the United States, and less acculturated. There were no significant differences in mammography and Pap smear use, knowledge, and attitudes. Culturally appropriate prevention interventions that target ethnic-specific concerns arc needed.
Pathways to Early Detection of Cervical Cancer for a Multiethnic, Indigent, Emergency Department Population
Authors: Engelstad Linda , Bedeian Katherine , Schorr Kimberley , Stewart Susan
Published: July 2016

When access to primary care is limited, low-income women of all races and ethnicities seek care in public hospital emergency departments (EDs) in which preventive services are often unavailable. This project implemented and evaluated a cervical screening program in an inner-city ED. Clinicians were asked to offer Pap smears to women undergoing diagnostic pelvic examinations. Women with abnormal results were randomized to follow-up in one of two settings. Women with normal results received an intervention promoting annual rescreening. In 12 months, 1,523 Pap smears were performed on 1,442 women; 58% were African American; 21%, Hispanic; and 7%, Asian. Among these women, more than 22 languages were spoken, and 26% did not recall having a prior Pap smear. Preliminary findings suggest that cervical cancer screening can be incorporated into routine ED care, creating an important alternative pathway to early detection for a high-risk population.
Printed Health Education Materials for Diverse Communities: Suggestions Learned from the Field
Authors: Sabogal Fabio , Otero-Sabogal Regina , Pasick Rena J. , Jenkins Christopher N. H. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J.
Published: July 2016

Health education materials designed for the general population may be perceived as unattractive, irrelevant, or unclear by members of certain cultural groups. Given the increasingly multicultural demographics of the United States, planners need to be aware of the specific characteristics of a target audience to address cultural differences and similarities in health messages. The authors describe the use of the subjective culture methodology and social marketing to develop health education materials targeted to multicultural populations, illustrate cultural factors that should be considered when designing printed materials, and outline steps in the design of attractive, stimulating, and culturally appropriate materials. The authors describe the challenges and problems in designing printed materials for multiethnic communities, give suggestions for written educational messages, present a summary of the lessons learned in the development of materials for ethnically diverse populations, and give examples of success stories in multiethnic communities.
Similarities and Differences Across Cultures: Questions to Inform a Third Generation for Health Promotion Research
Authors: Pasick Rena J. , D'onofrio Carol N. , Otero-Sabogal Regina
Published: July 2016

The increasing diversity of American communities raises an important question about the efficiency, appropriateness, and feasibility of tailoring messages and intervention strategies to target groups identified by race and ethnicity. To explore this issue, This article distinguishes race and ethnicity from culture and then discusses four questions: (1) What is the meaning of culture in health promotion? (2) What is the role of culture in understanding health behavior? (3) What is the role of culture in the design of interventions? and (4) What do the relationships of culture to behavior and to intervention mean for cultural tailoring? Based on this analysis, the authors suggest that effective health promotion will tailor interventions by culture as necessary but reach across cultures when possible and appropriate. A framework is presented to assess the need for cultural tailoring, and a new generation of health promotion research is proposed to facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.
Edge stresses analysis in laminated thick sandwich cylinder subjected to distributed hygrothermal loading
Authors: Ahmadi Isa
Published: July 2016

The boundary layer hygrothermal stresses in the thick sandwich cylinder with laminated face are investigated. Uniform and through the thickness steady-state distribution for temperature and moisture content can be considered in the analysis. A displacement based layer-wise formulation is presented for analysis of thick sandwich composite cylinders subjected to hygrothermal loading conditions. Considering a general displacement field and employing a displacement based layer-wise theory, the governing equations of thick laminated sandwich cylinder are obtained. The displacement based formulation is derived for thick sandwich cylinder, which is subjected to non-uniform hygrothermal loading conditions. The faces of the sandwich cylinder are made of laminated composite with general layer stacking. The governing equations of the system include a set of coupled differential equations on the displacement components of the numerical surfaces. A semi-analytical solution is developed and the governing equations are solved for free edge boundary conditions. The accuracy of the numerical results is validated by the results of the finite element simulation and good agreements are seen between the predicted results. The free edge interlaminar stresses distributions are presented for thin and thick sandwich composite cylinders for uniform and non-uniform loading conditions. It is concluded that the presented layer-wise formulation is efficient and accurate method for analysis of thermal and hygroscopic stresses in thick and thin sandwich cylinders with general layer stacking.
Neurobehavioral Effects of Consuming Dietary Fatty Acids
Authors: Lindseth Glenda , Petros Thomas
Published: July 2016

Background:

Research results on the neurobehavioral effects of consuming dietary fatty acids are mixed. Therefore, this study examined the effects of consuming dietary fatty acids on depression, mood, and anxiety.

Methods:

In this randomized crossover-design study, 37 university students served as their own controls, consuming each of the following diets for a 4-day period with a 2-week washout period between diets: (1) low fatty acid, (2) high saturated fatty acid (SFA), (3) high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and (4) control. The order of sessions was counterbalanced across dietary groups. Following consumption of each diet, participants were examined for within-subject differences in depression, mood, and anxiety. Measures included weighed dietary fat intakes, Zung’s Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scales, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.

Results:

Participants had significantly higher positive affect scores ( p < .007) and were significantly less irritable ( p < .04) when they consumed diets rich in SFAs and PUFAs than when they consumed a low fatty acid or control diet. However, depression, anxiety, and negative affect scores did not differ significantly among diets. Analysis of participants’ serum lipid levels following their intake of the fatty acid and control diets indicated significantly higher levels of total cholesterol ( p = .006) and serum triglycerides ( p = .003) with the control diet.

Conclusions:

These results highlight the neurobehavioral benefits of consuming dietary fatty acids among healthy individuals. By concentrating on the positive effects of diet on affective processes, health professionals can also provide support for at-risk individuals.
Dentate nucleus connectivity in adult patients with multiple sclerosis: functional changes at rest and correlation with clinical features
Authors: Sbardella Emilia , Upadhyay Neeraj , Tona Francesca , Prosperini Luca , De Giglio Laura , Petsas Nikolaos , Pozzilli Carlo , Pantano Patrizia
Published: July 2016

Background and objective:

The dentate nucleus, which is the largest of the cerebellar nuclei, plays a critical role in movement and cognition. The aim of our study was to assess any changes in dentate functional connectivity (FC) in adult relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) patients and to investigate possible clinical correlates.

Materials and methods:

In all, 54 patients and 24 healthy subjects (HS) underwent multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), three-dimensional-T1-weighted and resting state (RS) functional images; they also underwent a cognitive evaluation, that is, attention and information processing speed, by means of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Patients were also scored according to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). RS-MRI data were analysed using FMRIB Software Library (FSL) tools, with the seed-based method to identify dentate FC.

Results:

When compared with HS, patients exhibited brain atrophy and widespread DTI abnormalities, as well as greater FC between the dentate nucleus and cortical areas, particularly in the frontal and parietal lobes. Within these areas, FC in patients correlated inversely with clinical impairment. Finally, FC correlated inversely with lesion load and microstructural brain damage.

Conclusion:

Our findings indicate that dentate FC at rest is altered in MS patients. Whether these functional changes are induced by the disease and play a compensatory role remains to be established.
Defining brain volume cutoffs to identify clinically relevant atrophy in RRMS
Authors: Sormani Maria Pia , Kappos Ludwig , Radue Ernst-Wilhelm , Cohen Jeffrey , Barkhof Frederik , Sprenger Till , Piani Meier Daniela , Häring Dieter , Tomic Davorka , De Stefano Nicola
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To define values of normalized brain volume (NBV) that can be categorized as low, medium, or high, according to baseline characteristics of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients.

Methods:

Expected NBV (eNBV) was calculated for each patient based on age, disease duration, sex, baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and T2-lesion volume, entering these variables into a multiple regression model run on 2342 RRMS patients (pooled FREEDOMS/FREEDOMS-II population). According to the difference between their observed NBV and their eNBV, patients were classified as having low NBV, medium NBV, or high NBV. We evaluated whether these NBV categories were clinically meaningful by assessing correlation with disability worsening.

Results:

The distribution of differences between observed NBV and eNBV was used to categorize patients as having low NBV, medium NBV or high NBV. Taking the high-NBV group as reference, the hazard ratios (HRs) for 2-year disability worsening, adjusted for treatment effect, were 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92–1.63, p = 0.16) for the medium NBV and 1.75 (95% CI: 1.26–2.44, p = 0.001) for the low NBV. The predictive value of NBV groups was preserved over 4 years. Treatment effect appeared more evident in low-NBV patients (HR = 0.58) than in medium-NBV (HR = 0.72) and in high-NBV (HR = 0.80) patients; however, the difference was not significant ( p = 0.57).

Conclusion:

RRMS patients can be categorized into disability risk groups based on individual eNBV values according to baseline demographics and clinical characteristics.
Who responds to protest? Protest politics and party responsiveness in Western Europe
Authors: Hutter Swen , Vliegenthart Rens
Published: July 2016

This article addresses the questions of whether and why political parties respond to media-covered street protests. To do so, it adopts an agenda-setting approach and traces issue attention in protest politics and parliament over several years in four West European countries (France, Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland). The article innovates in two ways. First, it does not treat the parties in parliament as a unitary actor but focuses on the responses of single parties. Second, partisan characteristics are introduced that might condition the effect of protest on parliamentary activity. More precisely, it assesses the explanatory power of ideological factors (left-right orientation and radicalism) and other factors related to issue competition between parties (opposition status, issue ownership and contagion). The results show that parties do respond to street protests in the news, and they are more likely to respond if they are in opposition and if their competitors have reacted to the issue.
EMMIE and engineering: What works as evidence to improve decisions?
Authors: Tilley Nick
Published: July 2016

While written by a proponent of realism, this article argues in favour of a pragmatic approach to evaluation. It argues that multiple sources of evidence collected using diverse research methods can be useful in conducting informative evaluations of programmes, practices and policies. It argues in particular that methods, even if their assumptions appear incommensurable with one another, should be chosen to meet the evidence needs of decision-makers. These evidence needs are captured in the acronym, EMMIE, which refers to Effect size, Mechanism, Moderator (or context), Implementation and Economic impact. Finally the article questions evidence hierarchies that are inspired by clinical trials, and suggests instead that, notwithstanding the clear differences in the physical and social worlds, engineering may provide a superior model for evaluators to try to emulate. And engineering is, above all, a pragmatic field.
Solid particle erosion protection for the BLOODHOUND SSC front wheel arches
Authors: Hannon Chris J , Evans Ben J
Published: July 2016

BLOODHOUND SSC is a World Land Speed Record Vehicle designed to travel at speeds of up to 1050 mph (469 m·s−1), with the lower chassis and suspension extremely close to the ground. The shockwave from the nose of the car is expected to fluidise the desert surface of the track in Hakskeen Pan, South Africa. Sacrificial materials must be added to the exterior of the car to limit erosive wear. An open loop gas blast erosion rig was used to test materials at velocities predicted by computational fluid dynamics in the front wheel arches, an area highlighted by the BLOODHOUND SSC engineers as requiring extensive protection. Tests of potential erosion protection materials were performed at 15° and 90° Impact angle using alumina as a substitute for Hakskeen Pan soil. Testing resulted in the use of a 2-mm thick Kevlar 49 laminate and 1.2 mm thick titanium Ti 15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al sheet for the wheel arch liner, with titanium Ti 6Al-4V used for the wheel arch lip. The erodent mass flow rate for the application was an unknown variable during testing; the test rig used a specific erodent mass flow rate of approximately 300 kg·m−2·s−1. Depending on in-service erosion rates, the titanium liner may be replaced with either a more durable liner made from Stellite 6B or a less dense liner made from aluminium Al 6082-T6.
Consensus and dissent after terror: Editorial policies in times of crisis
Authors: Thorbjørnsrud Kjersti , Figenschou Tine Ustad
Published: July 2016

This article analyses the role of central editors in constructing a national debate in the Norwegian media after the 2011 Oslo terror attacks. A broad literature has documented that after crisis, mainstream media move away from their everyday critical function to a ritual type of journalism that fosters adherence to shared values and support for national authorities. Based on in-depth interviews with debate editors, this article analyses how this type of national crisis discourse is substantiated and guarded through editorial decisions and policies. Second, it gives insights into how changes in the perceived climate of opinion and increasingly vocal critical voices gradually affect editorial practices and challenge consensus. Theoretically, the article combines perspectives from a critical approach (the media as channels for political authorities during crisis) and a cultural approach (the media as constitutive for resilience and recovery) to contribute to the understanding of crisis journalism in a multi-platform, multi-directional media landscape.
Explaining the allocation of regional Structural Funds: The conditional effect of governance and self-rule
Authors: Charron Nicholas
Published: July 2016

What regional factors can explain the heterogeneity in Structural Funds distribution to European Union regions? Past studies have shown that aside from the level of economic development and rates of unemployment, other political, and economic factors systematically explain why certain European Union regions receive greater funding than others, in particular where there is room for bargaining. In this article, a novel theory is posited which argues that the determination of Structural Funds is based on an interaction between a region’s formal institutions (the level of a regional autonomy) and informal institutions (its level of quality of government). In cases of low regional autonomy, member states and European Union level actors prefer to allocate greater levels of Funds to regions with lower quality of government in order to increase cohesion. Yet in cases of high regional autonomy, risks associated with absorption failure in lower capacity regions lead states to strategically allocate greater levels of transfers to regions with higher quality of government. The theory is tested on data for 171 European Union regions for the 2007–2013 budget period. The results show robust empirical support for the theoretical claims.
Performance of turbulence and cavitation models in prediction of incipient and developed cavitation
Authors: Koukouvinis Phoevos , Naseri Homa , Gavaises Manolis
Published: July 2016

The aim of this article is to assess the impact of turbulence and cavitation models on the prediction of diesel injector nozzle flow. Two nozzles are examined, an enlarged one, operating at incipient cavitation, and an industrial injector tip, operating at developed cavitation. The turbulence model employed includes the re-normalization group k–ε, realizable k–ε and k–ω shear stress transport Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models; linear pressure–strain Reynolds stress model and the wall adapting local eddy viscosity large eddy simulation model. The results indicate that all Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and the Reynolds stress turbulence models have failed to predict cavitation inception due to their limitation to resolve adequately the low pressure existing inside vortex cores, which is responsible for cavitation development in this particular flow configuration. Moreover, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models failed to predict unsteady cavitation phenomena in the industrial injector. However, the wall adapting local eddy viscosity large eddy simulation model was able to predict incipient and developed cavitation, while also capturing the shear layer instability, vortex shedding and cavitating vortex formation. Furthermore, the performance of two cavitation methodologies is discussed within the large eddy simulation framework. In particular, a barotropic model and a mixture model based on the asymptotic Rayleigh–Plesset equation of bubble dynamics have been tested. The results indicate that although the solved equations and phase change formulation are different in these models, the predicted cavitation and flow field were very similar at incipient cavitation conditions. At developed cavitation conditions, standard cavitation models may predict unrealistically high liquid tension, so modifications may be essential. It is also concluded that accurate turbulence representation is crucial for cavitation in nozzle flows.
Are British Muslims alienated from mainstream politics by Islamophobia and British foreign policy?
Authors: Martin Nicole
Published: July 2016

This paper uses the 2010 Ethnic Minority British Election Study to look at the political attitudes of Muslims in Britain. It tests the relationship between political alienation and political participation on the one hand, and Islamophobia and disapproval of British military involvement in Afghanistan on the other. The principal findings are that perceptions of Islamophobia are linked to greater political alienation, to a greater likelihood of non-electoral participation and to a lower likelihood of voting among Muslims. Likewise, disapproval of the war in Afghanistan is associated with greater political alienation and a greater likelihood of some types of non-electoral participation. There is strong evidence that British Muslims are more likely to interpret discrimination they experience as motivated by their religion and that they perceive more prejudice at the group level. These findings have two theoretical implications. First, they support the theory that non-electoral participation is motivated by dissatisfaction with the party political system. Second, they suggest that perceptions of sociotropic discrimination (for minorities) and a rare salient political issue in which all parties are in opposition to most voters can lead to negative affect towards the political system and stimulate non-electoral participation at the expense of voting.
Bayesian dynamic modelling to assess differential treatment effects on panic attack frequencies
Authors: Krone Tanja , Albers CJ , Timmerman ME
Published: July 2016

Abstract:

To represent the complex structure of intensive longitudinal data of multiple individuals, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian Dynamic Model (BDM). This BDM is a generalized linear hierarchical model where the individual parameters do not necessarily follow a normal distribution. The model parameters can be estimated on the basis of relatively small sample sizes and in the presence of missing time points. We present the BDM and discuss the model identification, convergence and selection. The use of the BDM is illustrated using data from a randomized clinical trial to study the differential effects of three treatments for panic disorder. The data involves the number of panic attacks experienced weekly (73 individuals, 10–52 time points) during treatment. Presuming that the counts are Poisson distributed, the BDM considered involves a linear trend model with an exponential link function. The final model included a moving average parameter and an external variable (duration of symptoms pre-treatment). Our results show that cognitive behavioural therapy is less effective in reducing panic attacks than serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors or a combination of both. Post hoc analyses revealed that males show a slightly higher number of panic attacks at the onset of treatment than females.
Hybrid three-dimensional representation based on panoramic images and three-dimensional models for a virtual museum: Data collection, model, and visualization
Authors: Hu Qingwu , Yu Dengbo , Wang Shaohua , Fu Caiwu , Ai Mingyao , Wang Wende
Published: July 2016

As an important part of the public service and educational infrastructures for national culture and heritage culture, a virtual museum presents the user experience of a real museum, with visitors, educators, and tourists interacting with the prepared digital culture contents by a mouse, touch panel, and other augmented reality devices. The goal of virtual museum is to help students and visitors to move around the virtual museum space freely and generate experience and satisfaction from the fruition of cultural heritage anytime, anywhere, and from any device. This study presents a hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum based on panoramic images and three-dimensional models. A technical framework of hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum is proposed on the basis of a typical three-tier architecture, which includes the data layer, technique supporting layer, and application layer. A hybrid three-dimensional data organization approach with geo-referenced sequence panoramic images and three-dimensional models is designed to build the data layer of hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum. A three-dimensional scene of geo-referenced sequence panoramic images and three-dimensional models is created in real time using Unity three-dimensional and web service under the mobile Internet environment for hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum. The different applications of hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum based on the data layer and technique infrastructure are designed to achieve handheld virtual museum guidance and navigation, three-dimensional browsing, and heritage culture information query for visitors with smartphones to access anytime and anywhere. As an example, a hybrid three-dimensional virtual museum application for Jinsha Archaeological Site Museum is developed with the proposed approach. The geo-referenced sequence panoramic images of museum galleries, together with three-dimensional models of cultural relics, can integrate seamlessly to a three-dimensional reality-based museum space where users can move around the space actively and freely with all kinds of personal computer and smartphone clients.
How Men and Women Respond to Hypothetical Parental Discovery: The Importance of Genetic Relatedness
Authors: Bertamini Marco , Lyons Minna
Published: July 2016

Paternal uncertainty has shaped human behavior both in evolutionary and cultural terms. There has been much research investigating parenting as a function of genetic relatedness to the child, with a focus on male behavior, but the nature of these sex differences is hard to evaluate. We devised a hypothetical scenario that was as similar as possible for men and women to test whether, even in such a scenario, sex differences would remain strong. Participants were presented with the discovery that a child that s/he believed to be theirs was not carrying their own genes. Irrespective of sex, participants ( n = 1007) were more upset when the baby was not genetically related to them than when the child was genetically related but the sex gamete was not from a chosen donor. Women were more upset than men in both scenarios, but were more likely to want to keep the baby. The results are discussed with reference to evolved and rational mechanisms affecting parenting.
The Association between Unequal Parental Treatment and the Sibling Relationship in Finland: The Difference between Full and Half-Siblings
Authors: Danielsbacka Mirkka , Tanskanen Antti O.
Published: July 2016

Studies have shown that unequal parental treatment is associated with relationship quality between siblings. However, it is unclear how it affects the relationship between full and half-siblings. Using data from the Generational Transmissions in Finland project ( n = 1,537 younger adults), we study whether those who have half-siblings perceive more unequal parental treatment than those who have full siblings only. In addition, we study how unequal parental treatment is associated with sibling relationship between full, maternal, and paternal half-siblings. First, we found that individuals who have maternal and/or paternal half-siblings are more likely to have encountered unequal maternal treatment than individuals who have full siblings only. Second, we found that unequal parental treatment impairs full as well as maternal and paternal half-sibling relations in adulthood. Third, unequal parental treatment mediates the effect of genetic relatedness on sibling relations in the case of maternal half-siblings, but not in the case of paternal half-siblings. After controlling for unequal parental treatment, the quality of maternal half-sibling relationships did not differ from that of full siblings, whereas the quality of paternal half-sibling relationships still did. Fourth, the qualitative comments ( n = 206) from the same population reveal that unequal parental treatment presents itself several ways, such as differential financial, emotional, or practical support.