bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inferring Grassland Drought Stress with Unsupervised Learning from Airborne Hyperspectral VNIR Imagery
Authors: Hermanns Floris , Pohl Felix , Rebmann Corinna , Schulz Gundula , Werban Ulrike , Lausch Angela
Published: May 2021

The 2018–2019 Central European drought had a grave impact on natural and managed ecosystems, affecting their health and productivity. We examined patterns in hyperspectral VNIR imagery using an unsupervised learning approach to improve ecosystem monitoring and the understanding of grassland drought responses. The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the application of simplex volume maximisation (SiVM), an unsupervised learning method, for the detection of grassland drought stress in high-dimensional remote sensing data at the ecosystem scale and (2) to analyse the contributions of different spectral plant and soil traits to the computed stress signal. The drought status of the research site was assessed with a non-parametric standardised precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and soil moisture measurements. We used airborne HySpex VNIR-1800 data from spring 2018 and 2019 to compare vegetation condition at the onset of the drought with the state after one year. SiVM, an interpretable matrix factorisation technique, was used to derive typical extreme spectra (archetypes) from the hyperspectral data. The classification of archetypes allowed for the inference of qualitative drought stress levels. The results were evaluated using a set of geophysical measurements and vegetation indices as proxy variables for drought-inhibited vegetation growth. The successful application of SiVM for grassland stress detection at the ecosystem canopy scale was verified in a correlation analysis. The predictor importance was assessed with boosted beta regression. In the resulting interannual stress model, carotenoid-related variables had among the highest coefficient values. The significance of the photochemical reflectance index that uses 512 nm as reference wavelength (PRI512) demonstrates the value of combining imaging spectrometry and unsupervised learning for the monitoring of vegetation stress. It also shows the potential of archetypical reflectance spectra to be used for the remote estimation of photosynthetic efficiency. More conclusive results could be achieved by using vegetation measurements instead of proxy variables for evaluation. It must also be investigated how the method can be generalised across ecosystems.
Feasibility and Sustainability Challenges of the Süleyman’s Türbe Cultural-Tourism Centre Project in Szigetvár, Hungary
Authors: Sipos Norbert , Pap Norbert , Gonda Tibor , Jarjabka Ákos
Published: May 2021

The Süleyman’s Türbe in Szigetvár (Hungary) is a historical monument with exceptional features; the aim of the study is to present the planned cultural-tourism centre investment goals, risks and externalities. Cultural and tourism specificities significantly influence the implementation of such unique, three nations concerning projects. One of the crucial conditions of the implementation is the integration into the existing cultural heritage plans and the proper management of the related uncertainties. The authors decided to handle the Türbe as an investment project; therefore, a tourism exploratory analysis, a risk analysis, and externalities identification are discussed in this paper. The project development was carried by nominal groups between June and December of 2019 using professional experts workshops, group decision and information gathering approaches. The paper is using a case-study-based investigation. The most significant risks and their mitigation strategies are the emergences of Turkish influence: Turkish–Hungarian consultation, intensive consultation with Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TCCA); problems related to expropriation: preventive communication, cultivating good relations; delay in project implementation: professional lobby, preparation of scenarios. This study aims to present the design model of this multifaceted, international-scale project. It is suggested that similar projects should be handled and considered as a whole to reach the maximum of their potential.
Spatial-Temporal Coupling Coordination Relationship between Urbanization and Green Development in the Coastal Cities of China
Authors: Shang Yingshi , Liu Shuguang
Published: May 2021

With the rapid development of urbanization, coastal cities of China have made significant achievements in economic development. However, the eco-environment of these cities has been under tremendous pressure due to the interference of human activities. Therefore, it is of great significance to find the interrelationship between urbanization and regional development. As an environmental-friendly and social-inclusive way of economic growth, the level of green development (GD) represents the comprehensive status of regional economic, social, and ecological development. As few researchers have studied the relationship between urbanization and GD, especially in the coastal areas, this paper detailed an empirical investigation into the spatio-temporal variations of the coupling and coordination relationship between urbanization and GD in the coastal cities of China. The results showed that: (1) the coupling and coordination relationship is constantly improving, especially in big cities such as Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, all of which have entered into coordination development stage; (2) small prefecture-level cities, mostly agglomerated in the northeast and southwest of China, most of which lagged in urbanization, are still in the maladjusted coordination stage; (3) the contribution to the coordination relationship between urbanization and GD mainly comes from the industrial structure optimization and urbanization. However, at present the eco-environmental protection is not enough to support the coordination development between the two systems. Based on the findings of this paper, a series of policy implications for improving the coordination development between urbanization and GD is proposed.
Employee-Related Disclosure: A Bibliometric Review
Authors: Monteiro Albertina Paula , Aibar-Guzmán Beatriz , Garrido-Ruso María , Aibar-Guzmán Cristina
Published: May 2021

Academic research specifically focused on employee-related disclosure practices is needed to enhance understanding on CSR reporting. This paper aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art in research on employee-related disclosure, analyzing the characteristics of the scientific production on this topic. A bibliometric analysis is conducted on the papers specifically focused on employee-related disclosure published from 2000 to 2019 in journals indexed on the Web of Science database. The findings show that relatively few studies specifically focused on employee-related disclosure have been published over the last two decades (63 papers). Most articles were published during the last 8 years (93.6%), although the highest interest in the study of employee-related disclosure among scholars concentrates on a short period around 2017. Six journals concentrate 31.75% of the publications on the subject. Most papers are empirical studies, using the content analysis technique to analyze corporate reports. Papers are spread over three research subtopics: (1) extent, quality and drivers of human resource disclosures, (2) occupational health and safety disclosures, human rights disclosures and employee-related disclosures as a legitimization tool, and (3) diversity reporting. In all research subtopics, most of the papers have been published during the last four years, confirming that employee-related disclosure is a topic of current interest to researchers. The studies found that the overall level of employee-related disclosure is low, with an increasing or irregular tendency over time. Furthermore, not all items/categories got the same attention by firms. It can be concluded that this research subject is still far from reaching the level of research on environmental reporting and important issues remain to be resolved, both theoretically and empirically.
Summer Thermal Conditions in Outdoor Public Spaces: A Case Study in a Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Soares Renato , Corvacho Helena , Alves Fernando
Published: May 2021

Comfort in public spaces is essential to their attractiveness and continued role in improving human quality of life. Acceptable thermal conditions are determinant to ensuring users’ comfort. This study undertakes an assessment of three urban sites in Arouca, in the north of Portugal, using ENVI-met software. Simulations test the influence of pavement and façade covering material, vegetation, and site morphology. The climate of the region is classified as Mediterranean Csb, with rainy winters and dry and mildly warm summers. A typical summer day is considered. The results reveal that a combination of factors might lead to thermal discomfort even in this mild climate on an average day, mainly due to heat exchange by radiation. In addition, the impact of alterations to surface properties depends on the morphological characteristics of the site, e.g., high albedo of the pavement may lead to a decrease or an increase in mean radiant temperature, depending on the space. This variability is present in the effects observed at the studied sites. A high façade albedo always contributes, in these cases, to thermal discomfort. The conclusions of the present study highlight the importance of performing a specific study for each urban site whenever an intervention is to be planned.
Spatial Variability of Ozigo Wood Beams under Long-Term Loadings in Various Environmental Exposures
Authors: Nsouami Valérie , Manfoumbi Nicaise , Moutou Pitti Rostand , Bastidas-Arteaga Emilio
Published: May 2021

Timber is a renewable material that should be more used for sustainable construction. While the mechanical behavior and durability of some species have been widely studied in the past, few studies are available for the Ozigo (Dacryodes buettneri) specie. This paper deals with the spatial variability of Ozigo beams subjected to long-term loadings and different environmental conditions. These beams were previously subjected to long-term creep in three environments (air-conditioned, unsheltered, and sheltered) at Masuku in the south-east of Gabon. Various specimens were extracted from these beams to determine its moisture content and subjected to three-point bending tests to obtain the modulus of elasticity and failure stress at various points in the space. The results obtained showed that, after long-term loadings, environmental exposure combined with mechanical loading, play a key role in the mechanical properties of the timber beams. A reduction of strength was found for the specimens extracted from the unsheltered and sheltered outdoor exposures in comparison with those extracted from the air-conditioned exposure. Concerning the spatial variability, statistical tests confirm that there is significant spatial correlation. It was also found that the spatial variation of properties in the beam is not stationary because it was affected by loading and support conditions.
Regenerating Sponge City to Sponge Watershed through an Innovative Framework for Urban Water Resilience
Authors: Wang Jian , Xue Fei , Jing Ruiying , Lu Qiaohui , Huang Yilong , Sun Xiang , Zhu Wenbo
Published: May 2021

In recent years, cities universal are advocating ‘resilience’ in terms of water-related challenges. Accompanied by the development of sponge city construction, several emerging stormwater management practices are prevailing worldwide. This paper proposes a regenerative argument for sponge city construction from the urban scale towards the watershed scale by strengthening the urban water resilience and sustainability. An innovative framework is established to address urban water issues and human livability via 20 conventional and advanced indicators and the interrelations between the modules of water resilience, water resource, water treatment, water ecology, waterscape, and water management. Six representative cities from the sponge city construction pilot in South China have been selected, and the compatibility and divergence between their guidelines and the sponge watershed framework are revealed through pair analyses and parameter calculation. The diverse perspectives behind the scores have been discussed carefully, and the successful experiences of excellent cities are systematically summarized and promoted. The analyses and findings in this research have significant methodological implications for shifting the sponge city practice towards linking urban development with watershed ecological conservation. The proposed framework and strategies provide a reference for an integrated solution of watershed health and wellbeing in the next generation sponge city practice.
A Smart Surveillance System for People Counting and Tracking Using Particle Flow and Modified SOM
Authors: Pervaiz Mahwish , Ghadi Yazeed Yasin , Gochoo Munkhjargal , Jalal Ahmad , Kamal Shaharyar , Kim Dong-Seong
Published: May 2021

Based on the rapid increase in the demand for people counting and tracking systems for surveillance applications, there is a critical need for more accurate, efficient, and reliable systems. The main goal of this study was to develop an accurate, sustainable, and efficient system that is capable of error-free counting and tracking in public places. The major objective of this research is to develop a system that can perform well in different orientations, different densities, and different backgrounds. We propose an accurate and novel approach consisting of preprocessing, object detection, people verification, particle flow, feature extraction, self-organizing map (SOM) based clustering, people counting, and people tracking. Initially, filters are applied to preprocess images and detect objects. Next, random particles are distributed, and features are extracted. Subsequently, particle flows are clustered using a self-organizing map, and people counting and tracking are performed based on motion trajectories. Experimental results on the PETS-2009 dataset reveal an accuracy of 86.9% for people counting and 87.5% for people tracking, while experimental results on the TUD-Pedestrian dataset yield 94.2% accuracy for people counting and 94.5% for people tracking. The proposed system is a useful tool for medium-density crowds and can play a vital role in people counting and tracking applications.
The Influence of Diesel–Ethanol Fuel Blends on Performance Parameters and Exhaust Emissions: Experimental Investigation and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Diesel Engine
Authors: Shadidi Behdad , Alizade Hossein Haji Agha , Najafi Gholamhassan
Published: May 2021

Compression combustion engines are a source of air pollutants such as HC and Co, but are still widely used throughout the world. The use of renewable fuels such as ethanol, which is a low-carbon fuel, can reduce the emission of these harmful gases from the engine. A fundamental analysis is proposed in this research to experimentally examine the emission characteristics of diesel–ethanol fuel blends. Furthermore, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (e-MOGA) was developed based on the experimental data obtained to fine the most effective or Pareto set of engine emission and performance optimization solutions. So, the optimization problem had two inputs and seven objectives. For this purpose, input variables for the search space were S (rpm) varied in the range of (1600–2000) and E (%) varied in the range of (0–12). These design variables were chosen to be varied in a prespecified range with a lower and upper band as same as experimental conditions. A diesel engine using (DE2, DE4, DE6, DE8, DE10, and DE12) diesel–ethanol fuel blends, at the various speed of 1600 to 2000 rpm, was utilized for the experiment. The findings showed that the use of diesel–ethanol fuel blends decreased the concentration of CO and HC emissions by 3.2–30.6% and 7.01–16.25%, respectively, due to the high oxygen content of ethanol. As opposed to CO and HC emissions, the NOx concentration showed an increase of 7.5–19.6%. This increase was attributed to the high combustion quality in the combustion chamber, which resulted in a higher combustion chamber temperature. The optimization results confirmed that the shape of the Pareto front obtained from multi-objective ϵ-Pareto optimization could be convex, concave, or a combination of both. A new parameter was introduced as emission index or EI for selection of the best solution among the Pareto set of solutions. This parameter had a minimum value of 4.61. The variables levels for this optimum solution were as follows: engine speed = 1977 rpm, ethanol blend ratio = 10%, CO = 0.27%, CO2 = 6.81%, HC = 3 ppm, NOx = 1573 ppm, SFC = 239 g/kW·h, P = 56 kW, and T = 269.9 N·m. The EI index had a maximum value of 8.26. Conclusively, we can say that the optimization algorithm was successful in minimizing emission index for all ethanol blend ratios, especially at higher engine speeds.
Horizontal Distribution of Cadmium in Urban Constructed Wetlands: A Case Study
Authors: Zeng Zheng , Luo Wei-Ge , Yi Fa-Cheng , Huang Feng-Yu , Wang Cheng-Xia , Zhang Yi-Ping , Cheng Qiang-Qiang , Wang Zhe
Published: May 2021

Here, we used a radioactive distribution approach for water samples from the Liu Shao Yan constructed wetland to investigate the horizontal advection of cadmium (Cd) in this urban constructed wetland. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Cd removal in constructed wetlands. Additionally, this study examined the factors affecting the horizontal distribution of Cd. Sediment samples were collected from an enclosed wet area. A predictive advection model was executed using a combination of observed Cd concentrations and predicted Cd concentrations from a genetic algorithm–backpropagation artificial neural network (GA–BPANN). A coefficient of variation was used to assess differences in Cd distribution due to flow rate, precipitation, and water plants. Scanning electronic microscopy–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) results suggested that the plant species Pontederia cordata could absorb Cd, but the influence was negligible. All plants investigated in our experiment were unsuitable for Cd removal. However, predictions from the GA–BPANN algorithm indicated that 13–25% of Cd loading was efficiently removed by constructed wetland, which mainly resulted from sediment sorption, bacterial uptake, and the dilution caused by water advection. Consequently, we conclude that the constructed wetlands are an environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology that can remove Cd to a certain extent.
On SD-Prime Labelings of Some One Point Unions of Gears
Authors: Shiu Wai-Chee , Lau Gee-Choon
Published: May 2021

Let G=(V(G),E(G)) be a simple, finite and undirected graph of order n. Given a bijection f:V(G)→{1,…,n}, and every edge uv in E(G), let S=f(u)+f(v) and D=|f(u)−f(v)|. The labeling f induces an edge labeling f′:E(G)→{0,1} such that for an edge uv in E(G), f′(uv)=1 if gcd(S,D)=1, and f′(uv)=0 otherwise. Such a labeling is called an SD-prime labeling if f′(uv)=1 for all uv∈E(G). We provide SD-prime labelings for some one point unions of gear graphs.
Cytokines and Leukocytes Subpopulations Profile in SARS-CoV-2 Patients Depending on the CT Score Severity
Authors: Rutkowska Elżbieta , Kwiecień Iwona , Żabicka Magdalena , Maliborski Artur , Raniszewska Agata , Kłos Krzysztof , Urbańska Weronika , Klajnowicz Izabella , Rzepecki Piotr , Chciałowski Andrzej
Published: May 2021

The role of the adaptive microenvironment components in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection is widely researched, but remains unclear. Studying the common dynamics of adaptive immune response changes can help understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially in critical patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytokines concentration and leukocyte subpopulations profiles in the severe COVID-19 (n = 23) and critical (n = 18) COVID-19 group distinguished by the computed tomography (CT) severity score. We observed lower percentage of lymphocyte subpopulation, higher neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and higher IL-6 concentration in critical COVID-19 group than in severe group. CT severity score was negative correlated with proportion of lymphocytes, lymphocytes T, CD4+ cells, Treg cells and NK cells and positive correlated with neutrophils, NLR, and IL-6. In critical group more correlations between cytokines and lymphocytes were observed, mainly between TNF-α, IL-1β and lymphocyte subpopulations. The collective assessment of the cytokine profile, leukocyte subpopulations and the CT severity score can help to characterize and differentiate patient in advanced COVID-19 than the study of single parameters. We have shown that the interconnection of elements of the adaptive microenvironment can play an important role in critical COVID-19 cases.
Novel Clade 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5N8 and H5N5 Viruses in Denmark, 2020
Authors: Liang Yuan , Nissen Jakob N. , Krog Jesper S. , Breum Solvej Ø. , Trebbien Ramona , Larsen Lars E. , Hjulsager Charlotte K.
Published: May 2021

Since late 2020, outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have emerged in Europe. To investigate the evolutionary history of these viruses, we performed genetic characterization on the first HPAI viruses found in Denmark during the autumn of 2020. H5N8 viruses from 14 wild birds and poultry, as well as one H5N5 virus from a wild bird, were characterized by whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The Danish H5N8 viruses were found to be genetically similar to each other and to contemporary European clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 viruses, while the Danish H5N5 virus was shown to be a unique genotype from the H5N5 viruses that circulated at the same time in Russia, Germany, and Belgium. Genetic analyses of one of the H5N8 viruses revealed the presence of a substitution (PB2-M64T) that is highly conserved in human seasonal influenza A viruses. Our analyses showed that the late 2020 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N8 viruses were most likely new incursions introduced by migrating birds to overwintering sites in Europe, rather than the result of continued circulation of H5N8 viruses from previous introductions to Europe in 2016/2017 and early 2020.
Bulk Drag Predictions of Riparian Arundo donax Stands through UAV-Acquired Multispectral Images
Authors: Lama Giuseppe Francesco Cesare , Crimaldi Mariano , Pasquino Vittorio , Padulano Roberta , Chirico Giovanni Battista
Published: May 2021

Estimating the main hydrodynamic features of real vegetated water bodies is crucial to assure a balance between their hydraulic conveyance and environmental quality. Riparian vegetation stands have a high impact on vegetated channels. The present work has the aim to integrate riparian vegetation’s reflectance indices and hydrodynamics of real vegetated water flows to assess the impact of riparian vegetation morphometry on bulk drag coefficients distribution along an abandoned vegetated drainage channel fully covered by 9–10 m high Arundo donax (commonly known as giant reed) stands, starting from flow average velocities measurements at 30 cross-sections identified along the channel. A map of riparian vegetation cover was obtained through digital processing of Unnamed Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-acquired multispectral images, which represent a fast way to observe riparian plants’ traits in hardly accessible areas such as vegetated water bodies in natural conditions. In this study, the portion of riparian plants effectively interacting with flow was expressed in terms of ground-based Leaf Area Index measurements (LAI), which easily related to UAV-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The comparative analysis between Arundo donax stands NDVI and LAI map enabled the analysis of the impact of UAV-acquired multispectral imagery on bulk drag predictions along the vegetated drainage channel.
Rumor surveillance methods in outbreaks: A systematic literature review
Authors: Salehinejad Simin , Jangipour Afshar Parya , Borhaninejad Vahidreza
Published: May 2021

Background: The spreading of health-related rumors can profoundly put society at risk, and the investigation of strategies and methods can efficiently prevent the dissemination of hazardous rumor is necessary, especially during a public health emergency including disease outbreaks. In this article we review the studies that implicated the surveillance system in identifying rumors and discuss the different aspects of current methods in this field. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for relevant publications in English from 2000 to 2020. The PICOS approach was used to select articles, and two reviewers extracted the data. Findings were categorized as a source of rumors, type of systems, data collection, and data transmission methods. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) checklist. Results: Five studies that presented the methods used for rumor detection in different outbreaks were included in the critical appraisal process. Findings were grouped into four categories: source of rumors, type of systems, data collection, and data transmission methods. The source of rumors in most studies was media, including new social and traditional media. The most used data collection methods were human-computer interaction technique, and automatic and manual methods each were discussed in one study. Also, the data transmission method was asynchronous in the majority of studies. Conclusion: Based on our findings, the most common rumor detection systems used in the outbreaks were manual and/or human-computer methods which are considered to be time-consuming processes. Due to the ever-increasing amount of modern social media platforms and the fast-spreading of misinformation in the times of outbreaks, developing the automatically and real-time tools for rumor detection is a vital need.
Evaluation of salivary calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase concentrations before and after the first phase of periodontal treatment in patients with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Yaghini Jaber , Khashei Samaneh , Afshari Zohreh , Mogharehabed Ahmad
Published: May 2021

Background. Evaluation of salivary biomarkers is a non-invasive, convenient, and economical method for diagnosing many diseases. Evidence shows that salivary biomarkers and periodontal disease might be correlated. This study was conducted to evaluate phase I periodontal therapy’s effect on salivary concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Methods. In this descriptive, analytical study, 16 patients were selected from those referred to the Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, using convenience sampling. Salivary samples were collected using the drooling method. The salivary concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, and ALP were measured immediately after saliva collection, before the first phase of periodontal therapy and one month later, using a colorimetric assay. The data were analyzed with SPSS using paired t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The salivary concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, and ALP were 6.68, 20.57, and 48.31 mg/dL, respectively, before and 7.15, 22.51, and 40.37 mg/dL, respectively, after phase I periodontal therapy. There were no significant differences between the salivary levels of calcium, phosphorous, and ALP before and after phase I periodontal therapy (P>0.05). Conclusion. This study revealed that the salivary concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, and ALP remained relatively unchanged after phase I periodontal therapy.
A new classification of the sagittal root positioning of the mandibular anterior teeth in relation to their anterior buccal bone using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)
Authors: Moghaddas Omid , Behravan Irana
Published: May 2021

Background. This study aimed to develop a classification for the sagittal root positioning (SRP) of mandibular anterior teeth in terms of their anterior buccal bone for use before placing immediate implants. Methods. A retrospective review of CBCT images was conducted on 150 patients (75 males and 75 females; mean age: 47.5 years) who met the inclusion criteria. The root position of the tooth samples was classified as buccal, middle, or lingual types according to their respective sagittal position and subtypes a, b, c, or d, according to the morphology of their osseous housing. Results. The frequencies of the root positions of each classified group of the sample teeth were as follows: 14% buccal type, 77% middle type, and 8% lingual type; 18.0% subtype a, 4.33% subtype b, 75.55% subtype c, and 2.11% subtype d. As a complementary procedure for data collection, the sagittal position of the apex was classified into Class I (buccally angulated apex: 4.6%), Class II (apex with no angulation: 78.2%), Class III (lingually angulated apex: 0.7%) and Class IV (exposed root: 16.3%). In addition, the results of the examination of the buccal undercut showed that in 1.6%, 32.0%, and 66.3% of the sample teeth, the undercut was located coronally, medially, and apically, respectively. Conclusion. Considering these results, the newly proposed SRP classification system can be used to study the mandibular anterior buccal bone morphology as a diagnostic tool for immediate implant treatment.
Effect of Empowerment Program with and without Telenursing on Self-efficacy and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Index of Patients with Type-2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Azhdari Mamaghani Hadi , Jabbarzadeh Tabrizi Faranak , Seyedrasooli Alehe , Sarbakhsh Parvin , Badri Gargari Rahim , Zamanzadeh Vahid , Zanboori Vahdat
Published: May 2021

Abstract Introduction:Developing new training methods for improving the health of diabetic patients has always been a concern for nurses. The present study aims to investigate the effects of empowerment-based interventions with or without telenursing on self-efficacy and HbA1c level in diabetic patients. Methods:In this randomized clinical trial, 156 patients with type-2 diabetes were randomly assigned into two intervention groups (empowerment with/without telenursing) and one control group. All subjects in the intervention groups participated in two sessions of the empowerment program. However, only the group of empowerment with telenursing received telephone counseling for 12 weeks. The patients in the control group did not receive any intervention programs. Self-efficacy was measured by diabetes-specific self-efficacy scale. The HbA1c level was measured using Bionic kit. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). Results:After 14 weeks, while the changes in self-efficacy scores of the control group were not statistically significant, they were significant in the two intervention groups. Comparison of the two intervention groups showed that self-efficacy was higher in the group of empowerment with telenursing. It was only in the empowerment with telenursing group that the reduction of HbA1 c was significant. Conclusion:Training based on empowerment models and emphasis on the strengths of clients in solving their own problems can play a major role in increasing self-efficacy and reduction of HbA1c level. In addition, a continuous training program, along with telephone follow-ups can result in higher self-efficacy and lower HbA1c level.
The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Amnesia in Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Namdar Areshtanab Hossein , Alinejad Machiani Saeed , Ebrahimi Hossein , Sarbakhsh Parvin , Goljarian Sakineh , Noorazar Seyyed  Gholamreza
Published: May 2021

Abstract Introduction:Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the oldest procedure among the early biological treatments introduced in psychiatry. However, the most debated and treatment-limiting adverse effect of ECT is amnesia. Therefore, due to the restriction of the use of drugs to manage amnesia in patients undergoing ECT, the present study investigated the effect of reflexology on amnesia. Methods:In this randomized controlled trial, 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received foot reflexology with olive oil 20 minutes a day for 3 days, while the control group was given a gentle foot rub with olive oil 20 minutes a day for 3 days. The amnesia rate of all patients was measured by the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) 30 minutes after the end of ECT. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 11.5 and t-test, chi-squared test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results:The results showed that reflexology significantly increased recalling scores in the intervention group compared to the control group. Foot reflexology seems to be effective in managing amnesia in patients after ECT. Conclusion:Foot reflexology, as a relatively simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive technique with few side effects, can be used to manage amnesia in patients after ECT.
Cardioprotective effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum) seed extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Authors: Bafadam Soleyman , Mahmoudabady Maryam , Niazmand Saeed , Rezaee Seyed Abdolrahim , Soukhtanloo Mohammad
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Inadequate control of diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to considerable cardiovascular implications like diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is one of the main mechanisms of DCM pathogenesis associated with hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperlipidemia and several other factors. Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) has been long used as a traditional medicine and has many therapeutic effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate cardioprotective effects of fenugreek seed on diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in forty-two male rats by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60 mg/ kg). Diabetic animals were treated with three different doses of fenugreek seed extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) or metformin (300 mg/kg) for six weeks by gavage. Nondiabetic rats served as controls. Glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were measured in the blood samples, and oxidative stress markers as well as gene expression of ICAM1, Bax and Bcl2 were assessed in the cardiac tissues of the experimental groups. Results: Diabetic rats exhibited increased serum glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels, elevated markers of oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid–reacting substances (TBARS) levels , total thiol groups (SH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and enhanced apoptosis cell death (ratio of Bax/Bcl2). Fenugreek seed extract considerably improved metabolism abnormalities, attenuated oxidative stress and diminished apoptosis index. Conclusion: Our study suggests that fenugreek seed may protect the cardiac structure in STZ-induced diabetic rats by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Color stability of an artificially aged nanofilled composite resin post-cured with different techniques
Authors: Souza Lais Sampaio , Donato Tais Rocha , Cerqueira Gabriela Alves , Cavalcanti Andrea Nobrega , Mathias Paula
Published: May 2021

Background. Post-cured composite resins exhibit improvements in physical and mechanical properties due to additional polymerization conversion. However, the post-curing techniques might influence the color stability of composite resin materials. Thus, this study evaluated the color stability of a nanofilled composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT - 3M ESPE) subjected to different post-curing techniques. Methods. Sixty samples (color A2) were randomly allocated to six experimental groups (n=10): G1: photoactivation (P) (control); G2: P + microwave oven with distilled water; G3: P + microwave oven without distilled water; G4: P + conventional oven; G5: P + dry-heat sterilizer; G6: P + steam autoclave. All the groups were stored in distilled water for 60 days and immersed daily in 5 mL of a coffee solution for 3 minutes. The color readings (CIEL*a*b* system) were performed at two different time intervals, initially and after 60 days, in a reflectance spectrophotometer (UV-2600; Shimadzu). The colorimetric readings were performed using the Color Analysis software (CIEL*a*b* system). Results. Group G6 exhibited significantly low values of total color change (ΔE=13.16). The control (ΔE=15.32) and G5 (ΔE=15.49) groups exhibited intermediate values, with no difference between them. In turn, the groups in which the resin was heated in a microwave (G2 ΔE=18.55 and G3 ΔE=19.45) exhibited the most significant color changes (one-way ANOVA and Tukey test, P≤0.05). Conclusion. Steam autoclave post-polymerization increased the color stability of the nanofilled resin subjected to artificial aging and coffee immersion.
Skeletal and dental changes induced by the Flip-Lock Herbst appliance in the treatment of Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion during active growth period: A preliminary study
Authors: Iyer Sushmitha R , Premkumar Sridhar , Muruganandam Mangaleswari
Published: May 2021

Background. The Flip-Lock Herbst (TP Orthodontics Inc.) is a fixed functional appliance, a variant of the Herbst appliance, introduced by Miller. It is claimed to have better patient tolerance due to its increased freedom for the mandible’s lateral movements. There have been no studies on the flip lock Herbst till date. This study was undertaken to assess the efficiency of the Flip-Lock Herbst appliance in correcting Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion. Methods. Eight subjects in their active growth period with class II division 1 malocclusion due to a retrognathic mandible were included in the study. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to evaluate skeletal and dental changes with the SO analysis. Paired samples t-test was used to assess statistical significance. Results. Statistically significant increases in mandibular length (pg/OLp) and effective mandibular length (ar/OLp + pg/OLp) were observed. There was a significant maxillary restraining effect. Dental effects were significant and exhibited class II correction features except for the position of lower incisors within the mandible (ii/OLp - pg/OLp). Skeletal changes accounted for 61% and dental changes for 39% of the total treatment for molar correction. For overjet correction, skeletal changes contributed to 63% and dental changes to 37% of the total treatment. Conclusion. The Flip-Lock Herbst appliance was efficient in correcting Angle’s class II division 1 malocclusion due to a retrognathic mandible. Both skeletal and dental changes were evident, with the former predominating (60:40).
Association between ECG Alterations and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Organophosphate Poisoning
Authors: Shahsavari Nia Kavous , Moharamzadeh Payman , Taghizadieh Ali , Abedi Samira , Gharekhani Afshin
Published: May 2021

Background: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning leads to atrioventricular node blockade, alterations in ST segment, prolongation of QT interval, alterations in P wave, lethal arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and consequent accumulation of free synaptic acetylcholine level. So the present study was aimed to investigate the role of electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring combined with the introduction of anti-arrhythmic interventions on OPs poisoning outcomes. Methods: 41 patients with OPs poisoning were included. Patients with history of heart or liver diseases, cholinesterase deficiency, anemia, and poisoning with other toxins were excluded. Demographic characteristics, the time elapsed between OP ingestion and hospital admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and serum cholinesterase level were recorded. ECG of patients was analyzed for rate, rhythm, ST-T abnormalities, conduction defects, and measurement of PR and QT intervals. Study outcomes were measures of morbidity and mortality. Results: Of 41 patients, with mean age of 34.76±13 years, 19 were male. For 68.3% of the patients, the time elapsed between ingestion and hospital admission was 3-6 hours. Eight patients were treated with mechanical ventilation. There was a significant correlation between ST segment alterations and poisoning outcomes including uncomplicated discharge, complicated discharge, and death (P=0.02). Thirty one patients were discharged without any complication, 8 with morbidity and 2 expired. ST segment changes were seen in 4 patients. Two percent had PR interval greater than 0.21s and 3% had QT interval longer than 0.45s. The mean serum cholinesterase concentration was 3011.56 U/L. Conclusion: Due to lethal cardiac arrhythmia caused by OP poisoning, continuous monitoring, managing, and preventing irreparable effects of OP poisoning is highly emphasized.
Essential Oil Analysis and Isolation of Coumarins and Flavonol Glycosides of Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. Fruits
Authors: Farokhi-Firoozi Hedieh , Rahavi Mahtab , Pirali-Hamedani Morteza , Hadjiakhundi Abbas , Delnavazi Mohammad-Reza
Published: May 2021

Background: Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. is a herbaceous perennial plant distributed in Iran, Turkey and Iraq. The aromatic aerial parts of this plant are commonly used as antiseptic, sedative, wound healing, analgesic and food additive. Methods: Column chromatography on silica gel (normal phase and RP-18) and Sephadex LH-20, along with recrystallization method were applied to isolation of the phytochemicals extracted from F. angulata fruits. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral analysis. Chemical composition of the fruits essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and steam distillation (SD) methods were also analyzed using GC-MS technique. Results: Six coumarin derivatives; suberosin (1), isoimperatorin (2), imperatorin (3), bergapten (4), tamarin (5) and suberenol (6), a monoterpene glycoside; verbenone-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), together with five flavonol-3-O-glycosides; isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (narcissin) (8), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) (9), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (10), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (11), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12) were isolated from F. angulata fruits. Essential oil extraction using HD and SD methods afforded colorless oils in 4.1 and 1.8% (v/w) yields, respectively. A total of 28 compounds were identified in essential oils, of which (Z)-β-ocimene (HD; 48.97%, SD; 50.02%), α-pinene (HD; 21.32%, SD; 23.06%) and allo-ocimene (HD; 6.98%, SD; 5.61%) were the main compounds. Conclusion: This study introduces F. angulata fruits as a new source of coumarin derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. The presence of these compounds with known biological properties provides more medicinal potentials for the fruits of F. angulata. The present study also reports hydrodistillation, as an efficient method for extraction of essential oil from these aromatic fruits.
Polyphenol Enriched Extract of Pomegranate Peel; A Novel Precursor for the Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Application in Sunscreens
Authors: Kokabi Maryam , Nejad Ebrahimi Samad
Published: May 2021

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) from agricultural wastes is an area of great interest due to it is eco-friendly and profitable. Zinc oxide is an inorganic UV-filter commonly used as UV-blocker in a different industry. Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully biosynthesized using Zn(NO3)2 as a substrate by polyphenol enriched fraction (PEF) of pomegranate peel. The biological activity of ZnO NPs was evaluated using MBC and MIC tests for antibacterial and DPPH assay for antioxidant potential. Sunscreen potential of NPs was determined after applying them in water-in-oil emulsions. Results: UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs. FE-SEM characterized the morphology and purity of the biosynthesized NPs with EDAX and XRD data. The average crystalline size of ZnO NPs was found to be 22 nm. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the role of phenolic compounds in the formation and stability of ZnO NPs. The antibacterial activity of PEF and its biosynthesized ZnO was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The prepared NPs showed a higher antibacterial effect than the commercial ZnO NPs. Interestingly, the antioxidant activity was also detected for obtained NPs. The PEF powder also exhibited higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity than the standards. Furthermore, the in vitro sun protection factors were estimated after applying NPs in water-in-oil emulsions. Conclusion: This study highlighted the possibility of using PEF of pomegranate peel for the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs as well as applying its NPs in sunscreens to achieve a safe alternative to harmful chemical UV-filters commonly used in cosmetics.
Carnosine Mitigates Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, Improves Mitochondrial Function, and Alleviates Histopathological Alterations in the Renal Tissue of Cholestatic Rats
Authors: Farshad Omid , Ommati Mohammad Mehdi , Yüzügülen Jale , Jamshidzadeh Akram , Mousavi Khadijeh , Ahmadi Zahra , Azarpira Negar , Ghaffari Hasti , Najibi Asma , Shafaghat Marzieh , Niknahad Hossein , Heidari Reza
Published: May 2021

Background: Cholestatic liver disease primarily affects hepatic tissue. Cholestasis could also influence the function of other organs rather than the liver. Cholestasis-induced kidney injury is a severe clinical complication known as "cholemic nephropathy" (CN). Bile duct ligation (BDL) is a trustworthy experimental model for inducing CN. Although the precise mechanism of renal injury in cholestasis is not fully recognized, several studies revealed the role of oxidative stress in CN. There is no promising pharmacological intervention against CN. Carnosine (CAR) is a peptide extensively investigated for its pharmacological effects. Radical scavenging and antioxidative stress are major features of CAR. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of CAR supplementation on the CN. Methods: CAR was administered (250 and 500 mg/kg, i.p) to BDL rats for 14 consecutive days. Urine and serum markers of renal injury, biomarkers of oxidative stress in the kidney tissue, and renal histopathological alterations were monitored. Results: Significant elevation in oxidative stress biomarkers, including ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, and protein carbonylation were found in the kidney of BDL rats. Moreover, renal tissue antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly decreased in the organ of cholestatic animals. Renal histopathological changes, including tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammation, tissue fibrosis, and cast formation, were detected in the kidney of BDL rats. It was found that CAR administration significantly protected the kidney of cholestatic animals. Conclusion: The antioxidative properties of this peptide might play a fundamental role in its protective properties during cholestasis.