bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Moisture Conditioning Process of Lime-Stabilized Clays
Authors: Celaya Manuel , Veisi Maryam , Nazarian Soheil , Puppala Anand J.
Published: July 2011

Lime stabilization is a common procedure currently used in road construction. This technique is particularly attractive for improving the subgrade material for low-volume unpaved or low-cost paved roads. Selection of the proper concentration of lime for stabilization of clays is primarily based on achieving a target pH value. A number of parameters—such as the interaction between the mineralogy of the clay materials and the additives in the presence or absence of moisture, construction methods, and curing processes—significantly affect the performance of stabilized clays. If the selected concentration of additives is not adequate to ensure shortand long-term strength and durability, the stabilization will be ineffective, and pavement rehabilitations, requiring costly repairs and road closures, will be necessary. Many state highway agencies supplement this design process with other tests to ensure that proper strength, stiffness, and durability can be achieved. The most common parameter considered for this purpose is the unconfined compressive strength of laboratory-prepared specimens that are cured for several days and subjected to capillary moisture conditioning for several additional days. This procedure is perceived as time-consuming to implement. To establish whether the stabilization method is effective in field construction projects, this paper addresses some shortcomings in the current protocols. Several accelerated testing methods that could potentially minimize the time required for soil specimen preparation, curing, conditioning, and testing to complete the stabilizer design process are evaluated. From this study, the most appropriate method was found to be backpressure saturation.
Comparison of Test Sections of Low-Volume Roadways Reconstructed with Conventional Techniques and Full-Depth Reclamation
Authors: Miller Heather J. , Kestler Maureen A. , Amatrudo Meghan , Eaton Robert , Hall Andrew
Published: July 2011

Three test sections were established in 2005 along a portion of the Kancamagus Highway in New Hampshire, where different reconstruction techniques were used: conventional (box-cut) reconstruction, full-depth reclamation (FDR), and FDR with cement-treated base. During the 2005–2006 winter and spring, elevation surveys were conducted to examine frost heave behavior. In 2006, those three test sections were folded into a larger research project sponsored by the New Hampshire Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service. For that project, extensive falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was conducted during the 2008 spring-thaw period to investigate variations in pavement stiffness that result from seasonal changes in temperature and moisture. An additional elevation survey was conducted in July 2009 to check for rutting in the wheelpaths. Results of this research suggest that FDR provides an economical and environmentally friendly alternative for reconstruction of low-volume roads. The 2005–2006 data show that the two FDR test sections exhibited more frost heave than the box-cut section, presumably due to frost-susceptible subgrade soils that remained in place in those sections. However, the 2008 FWD data suggest that the overall stiffness of all three test sections was similar. Five years after initial reconstruction, survey data indicate that little to no rutting has occurred. Visual inspection revealed some cracking, with most of the observed distress attributed to thermal cracking on all three test sections.
Coal Gangue Applied to Low-Volume Roads in China
Authors: Cao Dongwei , Ji Jie , Liu Qingquan , He Zhaoyi , Wang Hainian , You Zhanping
Published: July 2011

Coal gangue is a solid waste produced from the production, washing, and selection of coal processes. Coal gangue is a mixture of minerals containing carbonaceous shale, sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. Stabilizing coal gangue with different inorganic binders, such as lime, cement, and a combination of lime and fly ash, was studied. The mix design of inorganic binder–stabilized coal gangue was determined on the basis of compaction tests and unconfined compressive strength tests. The performance of inorganic binder–stabilized coal gangue was evaluated by testing for compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, freeze–thaw stability, and thermal shrinkage. It was found that inorganic binder–stabilized coal gangue has high compressive strength and flexural tensile strength, good freeze–thaw stability, and a low thermal shrinkage property. These properties satisfy the requirement of third-class roads in China. Therefore, coal gangue can be used as a base or subbase material in low-volume rural roads when it is properly stabilized by lime and fly ash or cement.
Rational Approach to the Evaluation of Soils for Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Núñez Washington Peres , Ceratti Jorge Augusto Pereira , Bressani Luiz Antônio , Pinheiro Rinaldo José Barbosa , Peraça Vinicius , Nogueira Matheus Lemos
Published: July 2011

Given the paramount importance of soils in unsurfaced or thinly surfaced roads, it seems worthwhile to evaluate soils on the basis of both pavement and soil mechanics. Such a rational approach is used to discuss the mechanical behavior of a residual soil found in southern Brazil. The experimental program included tests traditionally used in pavement engineering, such as grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, California bearing ratio, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation under repeated loading. The influence of water content and compaction degree on soil strength and stiffness was quantified. In addition, direct shear tests were performed to define shear strength parameters that were used to verify layer safety against failure. Water retention curves, which relate soil suction to saturation degree, were used to analyze permanent deformation evolution under repeated loads. The interpretation of test results confirmed the suitability of the suggested approach for evaluating soils for low-volume road construction.
Integrated Mechanistic-Based Framework for Sustainable “Green Street” Rehabilitation of Urban Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Berthelot Curtis , Haichert Rielle , Podborochynski Diana , Wandzura Colin , Taylor Brian , Guenther Duane , Cherry Daryl
Published: July 2011

This research developed a mechanistic-based framework for recycling rubble materials into high-value-added engineered road structural materials for use in urban road rehabilitation. Scientific-based engineering methods were integrated with advanced materials processing, road construction, and nondestructive asset management techniques to explicitly quantify the benefits of recycled material systems using reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and portland cement concrete (PCC) rubble generated within the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The ability to process RAP and PCC rubble to meet or exceed conventional granular aggregate specifications with minimal waste was demonstrated. It was found that RAP and PCC aggregates can exceed the mechanistic material constitutive properties of conventional city of Saskatoon granular base aggregates by at least 30%. The mechanistic material property value of unstabilized RAP and PCC was demonstrated in addition to the benefits of various cold stabilization systems using cement and emulsion. Recycled RAP was used as a black base layer and PCC was used as a subbase course or a drainage and stress-dissipation layer, or both, in rehabilitated road structures of nine “Green Street” test sections constructed in Saskatoon. These test sections met or exceeded target structural designs and were validated by using nondestructive heavy-weight deflectometer testing. The use of recycled RAP and PCC rubble materials for urban road rehabilitation had economic, social, environmental, and energy benefits for the city of Saskatoon. Recycled rubble materials were found to provide a technically viable and cost-effective solution for rehabilitating urban low-volume roads relative to conventional granular aggregates.
Performance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Tran Binh T. , Hassan Rayya A.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this paper is to report the initial findings of an experimental program to design and assess the properties of recycled hot dense graded asphalt mixes. The mixes include Size 14-mm wearing course mix with and without recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). The RAP contents in the recycled mixes were 10%, 20%, and 30%. Laboratory designs of the recycled mixes were conducted according to current Australian practice, which requires the use of a gyratory compactor to compact the mixes at 120 cycles and the use of lower-grade binder in mixes with >15% RAP content. The mixes, virgin and recycled, were designed to have similar blend gradations and acceptable film indices. The virgin and RAP aggregates were sourced from one supplier to ensure consistency throughout the project. Binder Grade C320 was used for the virgin mix and for the mix with 10% RAP. For the other two recycled mixes, a binder grade C170 (lower viscosity) was used. Results from the limited laboratory design and testing program indicate that despite having similar blend gradations and acceptable design film index values, the mixes vary in most volumetric properties and in stiffness. However, this design approach proved to be successful in producing recycled mixes with up to 20% RAP that meet specification requirements. Results also indicate that the addition of RAP leads to reduction in required binder content to achieve 4% air voids content, also a reduction in the value of voids in mineral aggregate, voids filled with binder, and film index. Further, the addition of RAP results in a stiffer mix, and this effect increases with increasing RAP content.
Decision Support Models for Asset Management of Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Veeraragavan A. , Krishna P Murali
Published: July 2011

Pavement maintenance decisions are based on skimpy rules and rules of thumb. Generally, the selection of roads for maintenance is based on a worst-first policy. The timing of maintenance intervention and standards adopted for maintenance govern the service life of the pavement. The rate of pavement deterioration depends on the timing of maintenance intervention, choice of the type of maintenance treatment, and the quality of the construction. In the present investigation, the periodic performance data of typical low-volume rural roads constructed under the rural road development programs in India are considered. Performance prediction models are developed. The models are used to predict the performance during the design life. Different maintenance interventions are considered at different pavement conditions. The effect of the timing of maintenance on agency costs and vehicle operation costs is quantified and presented.
Appropriate Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Management System for Local Governments
Authors: Douglas Robert A.
Published: July 2011

Local government officials find themselves squeezed between the need to produce pavement rehabilitation and maintenance budgets by using rational, systematic approaches and the lack of pavement engineering expertise and scarce funds. To meet that challenge, an appropriate pavement management system (PMS) is required. Such a system must be sufficiently sophisticated, yet straightforward and transparent in use. This paper outlines the development of a PMS designed specifically to meet the unique needs of local governments having the task of managing pavement assets. It sketches the environment in which such systems must work to set the terms of reference, discusses data collection requirements, covers pavement deterioration, comments on maintenance and rehabilitation treatment selection, and details the desirable budgeting capabilities.
Smart Pipes—Instrumented Water Pipes, Can This Be Made a Reality?
Authors: Metje Nicole , Chapman David N. , Cheneler David , Ward Michael , Thomas Andrew M.
Published: July 2011

Several millions of kilometres of pipes and cables are buried beneath our streets in the UK. As they are not visible and easily accessible, the monitoring of their integrity as well as the quality of their contents is a challenge. Any information of these properties aids the utility owners in their planning and management of their maintenance regime. Traditionally, expensive and very localised sensors are used to provide irregular measurements of these properties. In order to have a complete picture of the utility network, cheaper sensors need to be investigated which would allow large numbers of small sensors to be incorporated into (or near to) the pipe leading to so-called smart pipes. This paper focuses on a novel trial where a short section of a prototype smart pipe was buried using mainly off-the-shelf sensors and communication elements. The challenges of such a burial are presented together with the limitations of the sensor system. Results from the sensors were obtained during and after burial indicating that off-the-shelf sensors can be used in a smart pipes system although further refinements are necessary in order to miniaturise these sensors. The key challenges identified were the powering of these sensors and the communication of the data to the operator using a range of different methods.
Braulio de Zaragoza, el rey Chindasvinto y Eugenio de Toledo: imagen y opinión en el Epistularium de Braulio de Zaragoza
Authors: Miguel Franco Ruth
Published: July 2011

Tradicionalmente se ha supuesto que las piezas que componen el Epistularium de Braulio de Zaragoza († 651) no están organizadas siguiendo ningún patrón concreto. Como prueba de esta afirmación se ha aducido el hecho de que la correspondencia entre Braulio y Eugenio III de Toledo, que se fecha cuando este último desempeñaba ya el cargo de obispo de la sede toledana, anteceda a la que Braulio intercambió con el rey Chindasvinto antes de la consagración episcopal de Eugenio, que provocó un enfrentamiento entre el obispo de Zaragoza y el monarca. Este trabajo parte del análisis global del orden del Epistularium de Braulio, que demuestra que está organizado según una estructura altamente elaborada. Dentro de esta compleja disposición, las epístolas de Braulio, Eugenio y Chindasvinto adquieren nuevos significados derivados de su lectura anticronológica y de su relación con las otras piezas de su entorno. En conclusión, se intentará demostrar que, mediante la cuidadosa organización de las epístolas y otros mecanismos formales y literarios, Braulio proyecta una imagen determinada del poder real y expresa su opinión sobre su relación con el rey Chindasvinto.
Historia social y literatura en Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX. Los sectores sociales medios en la novela Cosme de José Félix Fuenmayor
Authors: Solano D. Sergio Paolo , Flórez Bolívar Roicer
Published: July 2011

Basado en el método indicial propuesto por Carlos Ginzburg este artículo se centra en la novela Cosme para analizar aspectos del contexto social que subyace en la obra. Desde los círculos concéntricos exteriores formados por lo poco que conocemos sobre la vida de José Félix Fuenmayor, los autores se desplazan hasta el mundo de los personajes de la novela, mostrando que en esta existen ciertos aspectos muy allegados a la vida personal y familiar del autor. Reconstruyen algunos aspectos del tejido sociocultural de la Barranquilla de comienzos del siglo XX, en especial de unas capas medias organizadas alrededor de un estilo de vida en el que la proyección de una imagen valorada socialmente era esencial.
Genetic Diversity Assessment of Rarely Cultivated TraditionalIndica Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Varieties
Authors: Rekha T. , Martin Kottackal Poulose , Sreekumar V. B. , Madassery Joseph
Published: July 2011

Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed to assess the genetic diversity among rarely cultivated traditional indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties collected from a tribal hamlet of Kerala State, India. A total of 664 DNA bands amplified by 15 primers exhibited 72.9% polymorphism (an average of 32.3 polymorphic bands per primer). The varieties Jeerakasala and Kalladiyaran exhibited the highest percent (50.19%) polymorphism, while Thondi and Adukkan showed the lowest (9.85%). Adukkan (78 bands) and Jeerakasala (56 bands) yielded the highest and the lowest number of amplicons, respectively. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean analysis using the Dice similarity coefficient showed the highest value of similarity coefficient between the varieties Adukkan and Thondi, both shared higher level of similarity (0.81), followed by Kanali and Thondi (0.88). Of the three subclusters, the varieties of Adukkan, Thondi, Kanali, Mannuveliyan, Thonnuranthondi, and Chennellu grouped together with a similarity of 0.77. The second group represented by Navara, Gandhakasala, and Jeerakasala with a similarity coefficient of 0.76 formed a cohesive group. The variety Kalladiyaran formed an isolated position that joined the second cluster. The Principal Coordinate Analysis also showed separation of Kalladiyaran from the other varieties.
Role of Charged Residues in the Catalytic Sites ofEscherichia coliATP Synthase
Authors: Ahmad Zulfiqar , Okafor Florence , Laughlin Thomas F.
Published: July 2011

Here we describe the role of charged amino acids at the catalytic sites ofEscherichia coliATP synthase. There are four positively charged and four negatively charged residues in the vicinity of ofE. coliATP synthase catalytic sites. Positive charges are contributed by three arginine and one lysine, while negative charges are contributed by two aspartic acid and two glutamic acid residues. Replacement of arginine with a neutral amino acid has been shown to abrogate phosphate binding, while restoration of phosphate binding has been accomplished by insertion of arginine at the same or a nearby location. The number and position of positive charges plays a critical role in the proper and efficient binding of phosphate. However, a cluster of many positive charges inhibits phosphate binding. Moreover, the presence of negatively charged residues seems a requisite for the proper orientation and functioning of positively charged residues in the catalytic sites. This implies that electrostatic interactions between amino acids are an important constituent of initial phosphate binding in the catalytic sites. Significant loss of function in growth and ATPase activity assays in mutants generated through charge modulations has demonstrated that precise location and stereochemical interactions are of paramount importance.
Pandemic-related ability and willingness in home healthcare workers
Authors: Gershon, MHS, DrPH Robyn R. M. , Magda, MA Lori A. , Canton, BA Allison N. , Riley, BA Halley E. M. , Wiggins, BA Faith , Young, MBA Wayne , Sherman, PhD Martin F.
Published: July 2011

Objective: To assess pandemic-related attitudes and behavioral intentions of home healthcare workers (HHCWs).Design: Cross-sectional survey.Setting: New York City.Participants: A convenience sample of 384 HHCWs.Main Outcome Variables: Ability and willingness to report to work during a pandemic influenza outbreak.Results: A large proportion of HHCWs reported that they would be either unable or unwilling (or both) to provide care to their current (83 percent) or new (91 percent) patients during a pandemic. Ability was significantly associated with not having children living at home, having alternatives to mass transportation, not having a spouse/partner employed as a first responder or healthcare worker, and having longer tenure (ie, six or more years) in homecare. During an outbreak, 43 percent of HHCWs said they would be willing to take care of current patients and only 27 percent were willing to take care of new patients.Willingness to care for both current and new patients was inversely associated with fear for personal safety (p 0.01). Provision of key elements of a respiratory protection program was associated with decreased fear (p 0.05). Most participants (86 percent) had not received any work-based, pandemic- related training, and only 5 percent reported that their employer had an influenza pandemic plan.Conclusions: Given that a large majority of the participating HHCWs would either be unable or unwilling to report to duty during a pandemic, potential shortfalls in this workforce may occur. To counter this, organizations should focus on strategies targeting intervenable barriers to ability and to willingness (ie, the provision of a vaccine and respiratory protection programs).
Pediatric issues in disaster management, Part 2: Evacuation centers and family separation/reunification
Authors: Mace, MD Sharon E. , Sharieff, MD Ghazala , Bern, MD Andrew , Benjamin, MD Lee , Burbulys, MD Dave , Johnson, MD Ramon , Schreiber, PhD Merritt
Published: July 2011

Although children and infants are likely to be victims in a disaster and are more vulnerable in a disaster than adults, disaster planning and management has often overlooked the specific needs of pediatric patients.We discuss key components of disaster planning and management for pediatric patients including emergency medical services, hospital/facility issues, evacuation centers, family separation/reunification, children with special healthcare needs, mental health issues, and overcrowding/surge capacity. Specific policy recommendations and an appendix with detailed practical information and algorithms are included. The first part of this three part series on pediatric issues in disaster management addresses the emergency medical system from the field to the hospital and surge capacity including the impact of crowding. The second part addresses the appropriate set up and functioning of evacuation centers and family separation and reunification. The third part deals with special patient populations: the special healthcare needs patient and mental health issues.
Multi-Method Evaluation of Distress Tolerance Measures and Construct(s): Concurrent Relations to Mood and Anxiety Psychopathology and Quality of Life
Authors: Bernstein Amit , Marshall Erin C. , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: July 2011

Despite the growing theoretical and clinical interest in distress tolerance (DT) and its role(s) in psychopathology vulnerability, we lack knowledge regarding the: (1) nature and degree of associations between putatively related measures of DT, and (2) universal/differential nature of associations between these DT measures and psychopathological syndromes. Accordingly, the purpose of the current multi-method study was thus to investigate the relations between and among various self-report and behavioral DT measures, as well as to examine the measures' differential relations to multiple forms of mood and anxiety psychopathology and quality of life. Participants were 149 adults (61.3% women; Mage = 23.4, SD = 8.8) who completed self-report [Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS; Simons & Gaher, 2005), Discomfort Intolerance Scale (DIS; Schmidt, Richey, & Fitzpatrick, 2006)] and behavioral (mirror-tracing, breath-holding, and CO2-enriched air tolerance tasks) measures of DT, as well as a structured clinical interview and quality of life measure. As hypothesized, the self-report DT measures were significantly related to one another and the behavioral DT measures were significantly related to one another, though the self-report and behavioral DT measures were orthogonal. Furthermore, DTS scores evidenced significant transdiagnostic relations to psychopathology and quality of life; lower levels of perceived tolerance of emotional distress were related to mood and anxiety disorder diagnostic status, greater levels of co/multi-morbidity, and poorer quality of life. In contrast, the behavioral DT measures were not related to any of the clinical outcomes studied. Implications of the present study for conceptualizing the nature of individual differences in DT construct(s), and the role(s) of these individual differences for psychopathology vulnerability, are discussed.
Modulation of responses to emotional information in pathological anxiety
Authors: Schrooten Martien G.S. , Smulders Fren T.Y. , Arntz Arnoud
Published: July 2011

This study demonstrates, for the first time, that in pathological anxiety, behavioural responses depend on spatial correspondence to emotional information. Anxious patients and healthy controls were presented with word pairs consisting of one emotional and one neutral word (one above the other) and were asked to respond to the print colour of each pair by pressing the upper or lower response key. Patients responded faster when the required response did spatially correspond with a threat-related or positive word than when not; controls showed no significant response modulation. Response patterns were similar with 14 ms and 500 ms word presentation. These results are taken to suggest that these anxious patients preferentially respond to threat-relevant and positive information and are impaired to counteract this early tendency.
Anxiety Psychopathology and Alcohol Use among Adolescents: A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature and Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: Blumenthal Heidemarie , Leen-Feldner Ellen W. , Badour Christal L. , Babson Kimberly A.
Published: July 2011

Adolescent alcohol use is a critical public health concern; accordingly, a considerable body of work exists identifying developmentally salient risk and protective factors. One area receiving increasing attention among adults is the linkage between specific constellations of anxiety psychopathology and alcohol use problems. Relatively less is known about such linkages among adolescents, despite the onset of both anxiety-type problems and alcohol use during this developmental period. The current review presents a detailed summary and analysis of the empirical literature focused on specific forms of anxiety psychopathology as they relate to alcohol use among adolescents, and provides a number of specific recommendations for future work with an emphasis on the utility of experimental psychopathology techniques for clarifying basic questions and forwarding this body of work.
Cumulative versus Multiple-Risk Models in the Prediction of Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Viana Andres G. , Gratz Kim L. , Rabian Brian
Published: July 2011

The present study aimed to advance understanding of the cumulative and incremental influences of anxiety sensitivity, behavioral inhibition, and interpretive and judgment biases on anxiety outcomes in a large sample of emerging adults (N = 862; mean age = 18.75 years, SD = 1.04). Participants completed a battery of questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest and cumulative- and multiple-risk models were tested. Linear, hierarchical regression analyses showed that cumulative- and multiple-risk models significantly predicted anxiety outcomes, although the statistical prediction offered by the latter model was superior. Additionally, variability in each risk factor significantly predicted anxiety outcomes after controlling for the total number of risks, supporting the value of the severity of risk to the prediction of anxiety outcomes. Findings, implications for intervention, and limitations are discussed.
Associative Conditioning Deficits: Caused by or Cause of Anxiety?
Authors: Prenoveau Jason M. , Craske Michelle G. , Liao Betty , Ornitz Edward M.
Published: July 2011

Associative conditioning deficits resulting in a sense of perceived unpredictability have been linked with increases in contextual anxiety and behavioral avoidance. Trait and state anxiety were investigated as predictors of such conditioning deficits. In a differential fear conditioning paradigm with 107 healthy participants, state, but not trait, anxiety predicted awareness of the association between the conditioned stimulus (CS+) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) as assessed by post-experimental questionnaire and an online measure of US expectancy. Independent of initial state anxiety, unaware participants demonstrated increased contextual anxiety compared to aware participants as indicated by skin conductance responses (physiological arousal), eye blink startle reflex (defensive emotional response), and self-reported fear of the CS- (CS not paired with the US) as well as by self-reported US expectancy during intertrial intervals. Current findings may help to explain the perpetuating nature of anxiety.
Evaluations of NOx and highly reactive VOC emission inventories in Texas and their implications for ozone plume simulations during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006
Authors: Kim S.-W. , McKeen S. A. , Frost G. J. , Lee S.-H. , Trainer M. , Richter A. , Angevine W. M. , Atlas E. , Bianco L. , Boersma F. K. , Brioude J. , Burrows J. P. , de Gouw J. , Fried A. , Gleason J. , Hilboll A. , Mellqvist J. , Peischl J. , Richter D. , Rivera C. , Ryerson T. , te Lintel Hekkert S. , Walega J. , Warneke C. , Weibring P. , Williams E.
Published: July 2011

Abstract. Satellite and aircraft observations made during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) detected strong urban, industrial and power plant plumes in Texas. We simulated these plumes using the Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with input from the US EPA's 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI-2005), in order to evaluate emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the cities of Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth. We compared the model results with satellite retrievals of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns and airborne in-situ observations of several trace gases including NOx and a number of VOCs. The model and satellite NO2 columns agree well for regions with large power plants and for urban areas that are dominated by mobile sources, such as Dallas. However, in Houston, where significant mobile, industrial, and in-port marine vessel sources contribute to NOx emissions, the model NO2 columns are approximately 50 %–70 % higher than the satellite columns. Similar conclusions are drawn from comparisons of the model results with the TexAQS 2006 aircraft observations in Dallas and Houston. For Dallas plumes, the model-simulated NO2 showed good agreement with the aircraft observations. In contrast, the model-simulated NO2 is ~60 % higher than the aircraft observations in the Houston plumes. Further analysis indicates that the NEI-2005 NOx emissions over the Houston Ship Channel area are overestimated while the urban Houston NOx emissions are reasonably represented. The comparisons of model and aircraft observations confirm that highly reactive VOC emissions originating from industrial sources in Houston are underestimated in NEI-2005. The update of VOC emissions based on Solar Occultation Flux measurements during the field campaign leads to improved model simulations of ethylene, propylene, and formaldehyde. Reducing NOx emissions in the Houston Ship Channel and increasing highly reactive VOC emissions from the point sources in Houston improve the model's capability of simulating ozone (O3) plumes observed by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft, although the deficiencies in the model O3 simulations indicate that many challenges remain for a full understanding of the O3 formation mechanisms in Houston.
Association of TNF-α Genetic Polymorphisms with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Susceptibility: A Case-Control Study in a Han Chinese Population
Authors: Chen Xiangmei , Zhang Ling , Chang Yibin , Shen Tao , Wang Ling , Zhuang Hui , Lu Fengmin
Published: July 2011

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene promoter region have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to various types of cancers. A case-control study (126 hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] patients and 126 normal controls) was conducted to elucidate their possible association with the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC in a Han Chinese population. TNF-α polymorphisms -1031T/C, -863C/A, -857C/T, -308G/A, and -238G/A were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct DNA sequencing. Disease associations were analyzed by the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. When analyzed by overall groups, no significant differences in genotype and allele distributions were observed between the control and cases. However, stratified analysis according to sex showed that the frequency of the homozygous C allele of the -857 polymorphism was lower in female cases than in female controls (62.9% vs. 88.9%, p=0.026). In addition, further haplotype analysis revealed that the TCCGA (-1031/-863/-857/-308/-238) was more frequent in controls than cases (p=0.018; odds ratio = 0.266; 95% confidence interval, 0.083–0.857). These results indicated that the TNF-α-857C/T polymorphism may modify HBV-related HCC risk among women, and the haplotype TCCGA (-1031/-863/-857/-308/-238) may account for a decreased susceptibility to HCC development in the Han Chinese population. Additional studies in patients with different ethnic backgrounds are needed to validate these finding and to further explore the genetic pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC.
Postdischarge Impact of C-L Psychiatry Treatment in Obstetrical Inpatients
Authors: Sloan Eileen Patricia , Kirsh Sharon
Published: July 2011

Purpose. Twenty-eight women, referred to C-L Psychiatry during their obstetrical inpatient stay were interviewed six months post-discharge to determine how they experienced the consultation process, whether they recollected and adhered to treatment recommendations, and whether they developed or had a recurrence of mental health problems post-discharge.
Method. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted by a psychologist who had not been involved with patient care.
Results. There was strong congruence between reason for referral as stated in psychiatric consult notes and participants' recollections and strong congruence and compliance regarding treatment recommendations. Sixty-four percent of women had concerns regarding mood post-discharge, of whom 66% sought professional help within six months. Participants' recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the C-L service to obstetrical inpatients pertained mainly to sensitivity to patients' feelings, consistency of message and personnel, and post-discharge follow-up.
Conclusions. Obstetrical patients had good recollection of their experience of C-L psychiatry, and post-discharge compliance with treatment recommendations was high. A post-discharge telephone call might further enhance treatment compliance and encourage women who are struggling with mood difficulties to seek help. Contact between C-L psychiatry and patients' primary care physician may also enhance care post-discharge.
Synthesis and Characterization of [2-CH3CH2C6H4NH3]6P6O18⋅4H2O
Authors: Marouani Houda , Al-Deyab Salem Slayyem , Rzaigui Mohamed
Published: July 2011

Single crystals of [2-CH3CH2C6H4NH3]6P6O18⋅4H2O are synthesized in aqueous solution by the interaction of cyclohexaphosphoric acid and 2-ethylaniline. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with P21/c space group the unit cell dimensions are: a=16.220(4) Å, b=10.220(5) Å, c=20.328(4) Å, β=113.24(3)∘, Z=2, and V=3096.5(18) Å3. The atomic arrangement can be described by layers formed by cyclohexaphosphate anions P6O186− and water molecules connected by hydrogen bonds O–H⋯O. These inorganic layers are developed around bc planes at x=1/2 and are interconnected by the H-bonds created by ammonium groups of organic cations. All the hydrogen bonds, the van der Waals contacts and electrostatic interactions between the different entities give rise to a three-dimensional network in the structure and add stability to this compound. The thermal behaviour and the IR spectroscopic studies of this new cyclohexaphosphate are discussed.
Effect of Malunited Midshaft Clavicular Fractures on Shoulder Function
Authors: Shapira Shachar , Dvir Zeevi , Givon Uri , Oran Ariel , Herman Amir , Pritsch (Perry) Moshe
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose. Displaced middle third clavicle fractures are traditionally treated non-operatively and heal with residual deformity. Few studies assessed treatment success by using patient-oriented outcome measures or objective muscle strength testing. The purpose of our study was to determine whether clavicle malunion affects functional results. Methods. Union was documented in 25 patients who were treated conservatively due to a displaced mid shaft clavicle fracture. Ten had significant malunion. Patients were examined at least 12 months following the fracture. Function was assessed by DASH and UCLA questionnaires. Clinical assessment included Range of Motion (ROM) measurement, manual and isokinetic muscle strength testing. Healthy shoulder served as a control. Results. Mean follow up time was 38 months. The mean DASH score was 9, mean UCLA score was 31.7. Range of motion was preserved—less than 6° side-to-side difference. Abduction strength reduction in the involved side amounted to 7%. No correlation was found between radiographic malunion and the functional results. Interpretation. Displaced healed middle clavicle fractures result in satisfactory functional results. The average deficits detected in strength and ROM were within the normal limits compared to the non-injured side. Radiographic healing position had no effect on functional outcome.
Large Eddy Simulation of Laminar and Turbulent Flow on Collocated and Staggered Grids
Authors: Ketabdari M. J. , Saghi H.
Published: July 2011

Momentum and Continuity are the basic equations for fluid flow modeling. The momentum equations in their final form are known as Navier-Stokes equations and can be solved using different numerical methods. There are several approaches such as SIMPLE, PISO, and Fractional Step for solving these equations. In solution procedure, it needs to decide where to store the velocity components. Staggered and Collocated grids can be used to evaluate this problem. On Staggered grids, the velocity components are stored at the cell face, and the scalar variables such as pressure are stored at the central nodes. However, on Collocated grids, all parameters are defined at the same location at the central nodes. The Staggered grids method gives more accurate pressure gradient estimation. However, Collocated grids method is simpler for solving the equations. In this paper, for solving Navier-Stokes equations, Collocated and Staggered grids are employed. Comparison of horizontal and vertical velocities and stream lines at various Reynolds numbers was performed. The results were validated using standard tests such as lid-driven cavity, channel and backward facing step. Discussion is made on accuracy of these methods to estimate horizontal and vertical velocity profiles.
Efficient and Highly Selective Aqueous Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides at Room Temperature Catalysed by Supported Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on SBA‐15
Authors: Rajabi Fatemeh , Naserian Sareh , Primo Ana , Luque Rafael
Published: July 2011

The present manuscript describes a simple, efficient and environmentally friendly room temperature aqueous catalytic approach to the selective preparation of sulfoxides from sulfides utilising low‐loaded supported iron oxide nanoparticles and aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Materials could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused ten times without any loss in activity and no metal leaching was observed during the reaction. This is thus the first selective aqueous oxidation of sulfides using an iron‐based heterogeneous system.
Using checklists in a gross anatomy laboratory improves learning outcomes and dissection quality
Authors: Hofer Ryan Engebretson , Brant Nikolaus O. , Pawlina Wojciech
Published: July 2011

Checklists have been widely used in the aviation industry ever since aircraft operations became more complex than any single pilot could reasonably remember. More recently, checklists have found their way into medicine, where cognitive function can be compromised by stress and fatigue. The use of checklists in medical education has rarely been reported, especially in the basic sciences. We explored whether the use of a checklist in the gross anatomy laboratory would improve learning outcomes, dissection quality, and students' satisfaction in the first‐year Human Structure didactic block at Mayo Medical School. During the second half of a seven‐week anatomy course, dissection teams were each day given a hardcopy checklist of the structures to be identified during that day's dissection. The first half of the course was considered the control, as students did not receive any checklists to utilize during dissection. The measured outcomes were scored on four practice practical examinations and four dissection quality assessments, two each from the first half (control) and second half of the course. A student satisfaction survey was distributed at the end of the course. Examination and dissection scores were analyzed for correlations between practice practical examination score and checklist use. Our data suggest that a daily hardcopy list of anatomical structures for active use in the gross anatomy laboratory increases practice practical examination scores and dissection quality. Students recommend the use of these checklists in future anatomy courses. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists
Developing observational skills and knowledge of anatomical relationships in an art and anatomy workshop using plastinated specimens
Authors: Moore Charleen M. , Lowe Constance , Lawrence Jane , Borchers Penelope
Published: July 2011

One of the strong trends in medical education today is the integration of the humanities into the basic medical curriculum. The anatomy program is an obvious choice for using the humanities to develop professionalism and ethical values. They can also be used to develop close observational skills. Many medical schools have developed formal art observation training in conjunction with nearby art museums to enhance the visual diagnostic skills of their medical students. We report here on an art and anatomy workshop that paired medical and art students who did drawing exercises from plastinated anatomical specimens and the animated face to hone observational skills. Each member of the pair brought a different perspective and expertise to the work that allowed each to be a mentor to the other. The workshop had three sessions: the first involved drawings of plastinated specimens that allowed an intimate experience with authentic human material; the second involved drawings of the human face; and the third included examination of anatomical texts of important anatomist‐artists, a lecture on contemporary artists whose work involves anatomy, and a film demonstrating the facial muscles. We propose workshops such as these will help students increase their ability to detect details. This will assist the medical student in developing diagnostic skills for identifying disease and the art student in using the human body as subject. We further propose that these programs will help students develop humanistic sensitivities and provide an outlet for expression of the emotional aspects of dealing with disease and mortality. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
The diverse utility of wet prosections and plastinated specimens in teaching gross anatomy in New Zealand
Authors: Cornwall Jon
Published: July 2011

Anatomical education has traditionally used cadaveric material to study the human body, with both wet prosections and plastinated (PP) material commonly utilized. However, the frequency of use of these different preparation modes in a tertiary institution has not been previously examined. An audit of PP use in the Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology at the University of Otago was performed for 2009, assessing the number of courses, variety, and number of PP used throughout 2009. Results indicate the unique and diverse nature of PP utilization and are discussed with reference to their relative strengths and weaknesses. Such information is useful to those wishing to initiate or maintain programs that involve the teaching of human anatomy with cadaveric material. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Unusual complication of pacemaker implantation/revision: Secondary endocarditis due to fracture and embolization of an introducer sheath
Authors: South Harry , Bains Jujhar , Hirsh Jeffrey
Published: July 2011

We report a 48‐year‐old male with a rare complication of pacemaker revision—fracture, migration, and secondary endocarditis due to a venous introducer sheath. We illustrate the possible mechanism of injury and discuss approaches to management. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinguishing Carbones from Allenes by Complexation to AuCl
Authors: Esterhuysen Catharine , Frenking Gernot
Published: July 2011

Quantum chemical calculations have been performed for the dicoordinated carbon compounds C(PPh3)2, C(NHCMe)2, R2CC=CR2(R=H, F, NMe2), C3O2, C(CN)2−and N‐methyl‐substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHCMe). The geometries of the complexes in which the dicoordinated carbon molecules bind as ligands to one and two AuCl moieties have been optimized and the strength and nature of the metal–ligand interactions in the mono‐ and diaurated complexes were investigated by means of energy decomposition analysis. The goal of the study is to elucidate the differences in the chemical behavior between carbones, allenes and carbenes. The results show that carbones bind one and two AuCl species in η1fashion, whereas allenes bind them in η2fashion. Compounds with latent divalent carbon(0) character can coordinate in more than one way, with the dominant mode indicating the degree of carbone or allene character. The calculated structures of the mono‐ and diaurated tetraaminoallenes (TAAs) reveal that TAAs exhibit a chameleon‐like behavior: The bonding situation in the equilibrium structure is best described as allene [(R2N)2]CCC[(NR2)2] in which the central carbon atom is a tetravalent CIVspecies, but the reactivity suggests that TAAs should be considered as divalent C0compounds C{C[(NR2)2]}2, that is, as “hidden” carbones. Carbon suboxide binds one AuCl preferentially in the η1mode, whereas the equilibrium structures of the η1‐ and η2‐bonded diaurated complex are energetically nearly degenerate. The doubly negatively charged isoelectronic carbone C(CN)22−binds one and two AuCl very strongly in characteristic η1fashion. The N‐heterocyclic carbene complex, [NHCMe(AuCl)], possesses a high bond dissociation energy (BDE) for the splitting off of AuCl. The diaurated NHC adduct, [NHCMe(AuCl)2], has two η1‐bonded AuCl moieties that exhibit aurophilic attraction, which yield a moderate bond strength that might be large enough for synthesizing the complex. The BDE for the second AuCl in [NHCMe(AuCl)2] is clearly smaller than the values for the second AuCl in doubly aurated carbone complexes.
Electrochemical Conversion of Copper‐Based Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructures to Copper Metal Nanoparticles and Their Testing in Nitrate Sensing
Authors: Andreoli Enrico , Annibaldi Valeria , Rooney Denise A. , Liao Kang‐Shyang , Alley Nigel J. , Curran Seamus A. , Breslin Carmel B.
Published: July 2011

Metallic copper nanoparticles (CuNP) are formed from the reduction of hierarchical copper‐based micro/nanostructures previously electrodeposited on polypyrrole‐polystyrene sulfonate (PPy‐PSS) thin films. The application of a high reduction potential causes the erosion of the micro/nanostructures nanosheets and the formation of CuNP. The CuNP are used in a series of preliminary tests in order to assess their performance in the sensing of nitrate. The sensing performance is improved with the introduction of polyethyleneimine‐functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT‐PEI) to the PPy‐PSS films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies show that the nanotubes increased the electronic conductivity of the reduced films. The limit of detection of the PPy‐PSS‐MWNT‐PEI‐CuNP nanocomposite is 30 µM nitrate. The materials need further development and optimization work in order to be applied as sensors.