bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Twice Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Block Coded (QOSTBC) Performance System with Zero Forcing EVCM Decoder
Authors: Agustin Desy , Mufti Adriansyah Nachwan , Muhsin
Published: October 2018

In today’s modern telecommunications systems, makes the number of studies and development of multiple antennas and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to achieve high reliability and low complexity. One attractive approach to improve that performance is using technique transmit diversity which is spacetime block coding and receiver diversity i.e. zero forcing EVCM (ZF EVCM). Although some earlier MIMO standards were develop some space-time codes like (O-STBC)and (Q-OSTBC) to provide high reliability but they are limited able to achieve orthogonality. In this research will be proposed a MIMO system scheme which is an improvement of QOSTBC that used a transmission diversity technique. This improvement from QOSTBC is Twice QOSTBC uses a provision in two codeword matrices to be sent are arranged diagonally so as to have higher levels of orthogonality. In this case Twice QOSTBC highly structured (4x1) can be replaced as an equivalent EVCM channel H. The proposed Twice-QOSTBC’s results outperform other QOSTBC techniques with a difference around 3 dB for single-input multi-input (MISO) input configuration at 10-6 BER and receiver ZF EVCM has a very similar structure as the code matrix S of the underlying Twice QSTBC which can eliminates the system complexity.
Strategy of smart meter infrastructure implementation using LPWAN technology, pilot project PLN Bali Case Study
Authors: Wibisono Gunawan , Badruzzaman Nofiandri
Published: October 2018

To realize the Bali Eco Smart Grid program, state electricity company (PLN) Bali implemented the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) through the deployment of a pilot project of 1,000 2 ways smart meters based on LoRa WAN in the Kuta area, Bali. The selection of long range wide area network (LoRa WAN) as smart meter access technology is due to low costs, low power, ease of implementation and technology readiness. LoRa WAN is one of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. For deploying smart meter AMI based on LoRa WAN throughout Bali, the right strategy is needed. This research will analyze the strategy of deploying smart meter AMI based on LoRa WAN using strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis. The stages of SWOT analysis are through the collection of internal and external factors obtained through techno-economic studies and surveys to customers, the general public, and PLN employees. Next, matching it by compiling an internal and external evaluation matrix, where an appropriate strategy is a progressive strategy (SO strategy). Components S and W are obtained from the survey while O and T are obtained from observing conditions outside of PLN. It is shown from the SWOT analysis results, obtained S-W = 5.95 and O-T = 2.59, so the strategy is in location (5.95, 2.59) quadrant I. Strategies for deploying smart meters based on WAN LoRa are progressive strategies.
The Application of Structural Equation Modelling for Predicting the Link between Motivation and Experience Quality in Creative Tourism
Authors: Suhartanto Dwi , Agustina Regina , Wibisono Nono , Leo Gundur
Published: October 2018

The Indonesian creative tourism industry is growing and competitive. In this competitive industry, the tourism attraction capability in delivering a quality of experience and motivating customers to visit is imperative. However, research to explore tourist motivation impact on experience quality in creative tourism is limited. This paper is designed to predict the influence of motivation on experience quality in the creative tourism by applying Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Data were collected through survey from 260 tourists visiting creative tourism attractions in Bandung. The result shows that push motivation has a significant impact on experience quality dimension of escape, learning, and recognition; while the impact of pull motivation is not significant. This finding improves the theoretical and managerial understanding on the link between motivation and experience quality as well as the application of SEM in creative tourism industry.
Sustainability in Accommodation Service Industry: The Role of Quality and Value
Authors: Suhaeni Tintin , Sosianika Adila
Published: October 2018

Hotel industry as a provider of tourist accommodation is an essential pillar of the tourism industry. This study is designed to identify how non-star budget accommodation industry sustain its business, through providing service that enables to satisfy and make loyal their customers. Referring to the existing literature, three predictors included in the model of developing guest loyalty, i.e. service quality, service value, and customer satisfaction. Data were collected from 298 domestic tourists in five tourism destinations in West Java; there are Cianjur, Cirebon, Bandung, Sukabumi, and Ciamis. The findings indicate that tourists tend not loyal to budget accommodation because of the service quality that they received does not meet their expectations. Similarly, tourists’ perception on the perceived value and level of satisfaction are not as customer expected. In terms of how domestic tourist develop loyalty, the result confirms that service quality and perceived value are important determinants of tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Thus, it is suggested that creating a high service quality and value are imperative for the non-star hotel industry to develop its sustainable business.
Aluminum based Composites by Severe Plastic Deformation Process as New Methods of Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Pramono Agus , Mochtar Jamil Alry , Milandia Anistasia
Published: October 2018

Composites a material was developed to replace metal and alloys, because of the properties such as light weight and unique mechanical properties. Processing of aluminum-based composites has been developing by new manufacturing technology, namely severe plastic deformation (SPD), to produce unique of mechanical properties. Some of the methods used are; equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and multi-axial forging (MAF). The results of some of these methods were compared with the latest method of new SPD, namely: repetitive press roll forming (RPRF). Based on grain morphology and mechanical properties, the result of RPRF has superior to another method. The properties produced by SPD technology was varies, the highest of hardness produced by RPRF process was 88 HV10, ECAP produced 65 HV10, MAF was 46 HV10 and ARB reached 50 HV10. While the highest of tensile strength produced by MAF was 237 MPa while the RPRF process just only around 147 MPa, but the ultrafine grains just only produced by RPRF method which is 0.9 μm, compared to other methods: MAF 1.2 μm, ECAP 5.7 μm and ARB is not so far with MAF that is equal to 1.4 μm. The RPRF process can be recommended for the interest of the aluminum-based composite materials processing industry. Because currently some component product by industries have been substituted from metal alloy materials to metal-based composites.
Influence of sheath gas flow rate in Ar induction thermal plasma with Ti powder injection on the plasma temperature by numerical calculation
Authors: Siregar Yulianta , Tanaka Yasunori , Ishijima Tatsuo , Uesugi Yoshihiko
Published: October 2018

Numerical calculation was conducted to study the gas flow fields and temperature distribution in Ar inductively couple thermal plasma (ICTP) with titanium (Ti) powder injection. Influence of sheath gas flow rates at 90 L/min, 80 L/min and 70 L/min was investigated on the thermal plasma temperature in the torch. Results indicated that higher sheath gas flow rate raises the axial temperature and gas flow velocity in the thermal plasma
Optimal survey schemes for stochastic gradient descent with applications to M-estimation
Authors: Clémençon Stephan , Bertail Patrice , Chautru Emilie , Papa Guillaume
Published: October 2018

Iterative stochastic approximation methods are widely used to solve M-estimation problems, in the context of predictive learning in particular. In certain situations that shall be undoubtedly more and more common in the Big Data era, the datasets available are so massive that computing statistics over the full sample is hardly feasible, if not unfeasible. A natural and popular approach to gradient descent in this context consists in substituting the “full data” statistics with their counterparts based on subsamples picked at random of manageable size. It is the main purpose of this paper to investigate the impact of survey sampling with unequal inclusion probabilities on stochastic gradient descent-based M-estimation methods. Precisely, we prove that, in presence of some a priori information, one may significantly increase statistical accuracy in terms of limit variance, when choosing appropriate first order inclusion probabilities. These results are described by asymptotic theorems and are also supported by illustrative numerical experiments.
Psychotische Störungen: Kognitiv-verhaltens-therapeutische Behandlungsstrategien
Authors: Hesse Klaus , Klingberg Stefan
Published: October 2018

Die Heterogenität von Psychosen erfordert differenzierte Therapiestrategien anhand von Störungsmodellen. Erfolgreich sind einige evidenzbasierte Ansätze aus der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie, bei denen die Patienten die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen erkennen lernen, um so ggf. rechtzeitig ein Rezidiv zu verhindern. Der Einbezug von Angehörigen und eine gut gestaltete Beziehung zwischen Therapeut und Patient sind dabei wichtige Eckpfeiler.
Bitterstoffe – von der traditionellen Verwendung bis zum Einsatz an der Haut
Authors: Wölfle Ute , Schempp Christoph M.
Published: October 2018

Bitterstoffe werden in der traditionellen Phytotherapie schon lange zur Linderung von Magenbeschwerden sowie bei Gallen- und Verdauungsproblemen eingesetzt. Erst seit wenigen Jahren weiß man allerdings, dass Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren außer in den Geschmacksknospen der Zunge auch im gesamten Verdauungstrakt und in nahezu allen anderen extraintestinalen Organen gebildet werden. In diesem Beitrag werden geschichtliche, pharmakologische, medizinische und neueste naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu den Bitterstoffen und Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Bedeutung der Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren für die Haut aufgezeigt. Bitterstoffe aus dem Gelben Enzian, z. B. Amarogentin, binden an Bitterstoff-Rezeptoren der Haut, es kommt in den Keratinozyten zu einem Einstrom von Kalzium und zur Bildung von Proteinen und Lipiden, die an der Ausbildung der Hautbarriere beteiligt sind. Somit beleben Bitterstoffe den Stoffwechsel der Haut und regenerieren die Hautbarriere. Dies kann für die Behandlung von Hautkrankheiten mit einer Barrierestörung, wie z. B. bei der Neurodermitis oder sehr trockener Haut, genutzt werden.
The Use of Frequency Lowering Technology in the Treatment of Severe-to-Profound Hearing Loss: A Review of the Literature and Candidacy Considerations for Clinical Application
Authors: Scollie Susan , Glista Danielle
Published: October 2018

This article provides a review of the current literature on the topic of frequency lowering hearing aid technology specific to the treatment of severe and profound levels of hearing impairment in child and adult listeners. Factors to consider when assessing listener candidacy for frequency lowering technology are discussed. These include factors related to audiometric assessment, the listener, the type of hearing aid technology, and the verification and validation procedures that can assist in determining candidacy for frequency lowering technology. An individualized candidacy assessment including the use of real-ear verification measures and carefully chosen validation tools are recommended for listeners requiring greater audibility of high-frequency sounds, when compared with amplification via conventional hearing aid technology.
Amplified spontaneous emission from a surface-modified GaN film fabricated under pulsed intense UV laser irradiation
Authors: Fujiwara Hideki , Sasaki Keiji
Published: October 2018

We propose a simple method for fabricating random structures directly on Mg-doped GaN thin films. The process is relatively simple, involving only irradiation with strong UV pulses from a fabrication laser on the thin-film surface. After intense UV laser pulses (>400 MW/cm2) are irradiated on the flat GaN film, the surface is roughened and quasi-periodic structures form. When the roughened surface is excited with laser light of intensity about 10 times smaller than the fabrication laser intensity, emission increases around 367 nm, and spectral narrowing and threshold behavior are observed. Because such behaviors are not observed without the application of intense laser irradiation, we conclude that amplified spontaneous emission is induced in the modified GaN surface by the intense UV laser pulse irradiation. This method offers the possibility of easy and direct fabrication of microscale random-laser devices on semiconductor substrates.
Time-tagged coincidence counting unit for large-scale photonic quantum computing
Authors: Li Wei , Hu Yi , Zhong Han-sen , Wang Yue-fei , Wang Xi-lin , Peng Cheng-zhi , Jiang Xiao
Published: October 2018

Real-time analysis of single-photon coincidence is critical in photonic quantum computing. The large channel number and high counting rate foreseen in such experiments pose a big challenge for the conventional time tagged method and coincidence instruments. Here we propose a real-time time-tagged coincidence method and a data filtering solution, demonstrated by a 32-channel coincidence counting unit that has been implemented successfully on a field-programmable gate array system. The unit provides high counting rates, a tunable coincidence window, and a timing resolution of 390 ps. Beyond that, it is feasible to be scaled up to 104 channels and is thus ideally suited for channel consuming applications such as boson sampling. Based on the versatility and scalability the unit has shown, we believe that it is the turn-key solution for many single-photon coincidence counting applications in photonic quantum computing.
Single-shot frequency-resolved optical gating for retrieving the pulse shape of high energy picosecond pulses
Authors: Aboushelbaya R. , Savin A. F. , Ceurvorst L. , Sadler J. , Norreys P. A. , Davies A. S. , Froula D. H. , Boyle A. , Galimberti M. , Oliveira P. , Parry B. , Katzir Y. , Glize K.
Published: October 2018

Accurate characterization of laser pulses used in experiments is a crucial step to the analysis of their results. In this paper, a novel single-shot frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) device is described, one that incorporates a dispersive element which allows it to fully characterize pulses up to 25 ps in duration with a 65 fs per pixel temporal resolution. A newly developed phase retrieval routine based on memetic algorithms is implemented and shown to circumvent the stagnation problem that often occurs with traditional FROG analysis programs when they encounter a local minimum.
Quantum-optical influences in optoelectronics—An introduction
Authors: Chow Weng W. , Reitzenstein Stephan
Published: October 2018

This focused review discusses the increasing importance of quantum optics in the physics and engineering of optoelectronic components. Two influences relating to cavity quantum electrodynamics are presented. One involves the development of low threshold lasers, when the channeling of spontaneous emission into the lasing mode becomes so efficient that the concept of lasing needs revisiting. The second involves the quieting of photon statistics to produce single-photon sources for applications such as quantum information processing. An experimental platform, consisting of quantum-dot gain media inside micro- and nanocavities, is used to illustrate these influences of the quantum mechanical aspect of radiation. An overview is also given on cavity quantum electrodynamics models that may be applied to analyze experiments or design devices.
Ultrathin films of L1-MnAl on GaAs (001): A hard magnetic MnAl layer onto a soft Mn-Ga-As-Al interface
Authors: Navío C. , Villanueva M. , Céspedes E. , Mompeán F. , García-Hernández M. , Camarero J. , Bollero A.
Published: October 2018

Ferromagnetic MnAl (L10-MnAl phase) ultrathin films with thickness varying from 1 to 5 nm have been epitaxially grown on a GaAs (001) substrate. A coercivity above 8 kOe has been obtained with no need of a buffer layer by tuning the sample preparation and the growth parameters. Surface and interface analysis carried out by in situ characterization techniques (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction), available in the molecular beam epitaxy chamber, has shown the formation of a ferromagnetic interface consisting of Mn-Ga-As-Al, which contribution competes with the MnAl alloyed film. The appearance of this interface provides important information to understand the growth mechanism of MnAl-based films reported in the literature.
A HR-XPS study of the formation of h-BN on Ni(111) from the two precursors, ammonia borane and borazine
Authors: Bachmann Philipp , Düll Fabian , Späth Florian , Bauer Udo , Steinrück Hans-Peter , Papp Christian
Published: October 2018

Together with borazine, ammonia borane is a prominent precursor molecule for the formation of hexagonal boron nitride, which is of high interest as a 2D-material and graphene analog. Ammonia borane is also a possible solid hydrogen carrier for renewable energies with high storage density. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption, we investigated low-temperature adsorption and dehydrogenation during heating of borazine and ammonia borane on Ni(111) to form h-BN. For borazine, we observe the formation of disordered boron nitride above 300 K, which starts to form hexagonal boron nitride above 600 K. Ammonia borane shows multiple dehydrogenation steps at the boron and nitrogen atoms up to 300 K. This results in various BHxNHy species, including borazine-like intermediates, before the formation of disordered boron nitride and finally hexagonal boron nitride, analogous to the borazine decomposition.
Metasurface-enabled airborne fractional acoustic vortex emitter
Authors: Jia Yu-Rou , Ji Wen-Qian , Wu Da-Jian , Liu Xiao-Jun
Published: October 2018

An annulus acoustic metasurface (AAM) composed of composite labyrinthine structure (CLS) subunits has been well designed to generate fractional acoustic vortices (FAVs) in air. The FAVs with different topological charges (TCs) are realized by modulating the transmitted phase shifts through the CLS subunits. The evolution of the pressure field and phase distributions of the FAV is investigated numerically using the finite element method and demonstrated theoretically. As TC increases from 1 to 2, the central phase singularity first splits into two phase singularities and then gradually merges into a higher-order phase singularity. Meanwhile, the corresponding pressure field distribution first evolves from the annular intensity pattern to two discontinuous parts and then gradually recovers to the annular ring distribution with larger radius. We further find that the FAV generated by the AAM could extend to a relatively long distance. Finally, experiments are performed to verify the FAV by the AAM and demonstrate its long-distance propagation. The airborne FAVs by the AAMs may find potential applications in micro-particle manipulation, acoustic communication, and edge-detection imaging.
Rapid acoustophoretic motion of microparticles manipulated by phononic crystals
Authors: Li Fei , Xiao Yang , Lei Junjun , Xia Xiangxiang , Zhou Wei , Meng Long , Niu Lili , Wu Junru , Li Jiangyu , Cai Feiyan , Zheng Hairong
Published: October 2018

We present the acoustophoretic motion of microparticles simultaneously driven by the acoustic streaming induced drag force (ASF) and acoustic radiation force (ARF) on a phononic crystal plate (PCP). A much faster acoustophoresis can be achieved via a PCP than a traditional standing wave in bulk and surface acoustic wave devices. The mechanism is attributed to the significantly enhanced ASF and ARF originating from the resonant excitation of a nonleaky zero-order antisymmetric Lamb mode intrinsically in the plate, which generates the highly localized field vertical to the surface and periodic field parallel to the surface. We also demonstrate the transition from the ASF dominated acoustophoresis to ARF dominated acoustophoresis as a function of particle size. The predicted trajectories and velocity of acoustophoretic particles by the proposed finite element model are in reasonable agreement with experimental phenomena. This study would aid the development of simple, scalable, integrated, and disposable phononic crystal based acoustofluidic systems for biomedical applications such as rapid mixing, cell trapping, sorting, and patterning.
The effects of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) and paeoniflorin (Pae) on inflammatory-immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yu Jun , Wang Chun , Wei Wei
Published: October 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and systemic autoimmune disease with an unknown aetiology. Accumulative studies suggest that the pathogenesis of RA involves the excessive activation of synoviocytes and immune cells, increasing the secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in synoviocytes, causing dysfunctional E-prostanoid (EP)-G-protein-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and mitogen-associated-protein kinase (MAPK) signalling in synoviocytes. Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) extracted from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall, was approved by the China Food and Drug Administration as an anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulator drug in 1998. Paeoniflorin (Pae), a water-soluble monoterpene glucoside,is the main effective component of TGP. TGP and Pae produce anti-inflammatory and immuno-regulatory effects by suppressing immune cells and synoviocytes activation, decreasing inflammatory substance production and restoring abnormal signalling in synoviocytes. In this review, the regulation of the inflammatory-immune responses and the therapeutic mechanism between RA and TGP and Pae are discussed in detail. The aim of this review was to provide novel insights into the treatment of RA.
Retained austenite stabilisation in low carbon high silicon steel during isothermal holding
Authors: Xie Z. J. , Liu Z. F. , Misra R. D. K. , Shang C. J. , Han G. , Wang X. L.
Published: October 2018

We elucidate here the role of isothermal hold temperature of 300–500°C after intercritical annealing at 760°C on bainitic transformation and in governing the stabilisation of retained austenite in a 0.23C-1.35Si-1.82Mn steel. A critical analysis was attempted to explain the observations using displacive mechanism of bainite formation in the attempt to endeavour to understand the kinetics of bainitic transformation during isothermal holding. The model predicted that carbon enrichment in austenite was of particular significance in governing the stability of retained austenite. Thus, through the contribution of transformation induced plasticity effect of retained austenite, high tensile strength (964 MPa) and excellent ductility (uniform elongation of 24.5% and total elongation of 32%) was obtained on isothermal holding at 400°C.
The influence of physical exercise on the relation between the phase of cardiac cycle and shooting accuracy in biathlon
Authors: Gallicchio Germano , Finkenzeller Thomas , Sattlecker Gerold , Lindinger Stefan , Hoedlmoser Kerstin
Published: October 2018

This study examined the influence of physical exercise on the relation between shooting accuracy and the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the shot is fired. Thirteen experienced biathletes (8 females, mean age 17 years) fired from the standing position at rest and right after a submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Shooting accuracy and the timing of each shot relative to the R‐waves of the electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded. Best shots (with greatest accuracy) and worst shots (with lowest accuracy) were fired prevalently in different phases of the cardiac cycle. In the rest condition, best shots were fired less frequently from 200 to 300 ms and more frequently from 500 to 600 ms after the R‐wave, compared to worst shots. In the exercise condition, best shots were fired less frequently from 100 to 200 ms after the R‐wave and from 20% to 30% of the R‐R interval, compared to worst shots. These findings support the hypothesis that shooting accuracy is influenced by the cardiac cycle phase due to the ballistocardiac recoil generated at each heartbeat. To achieve best results athletes could be trained (e.g. through biofeedback) to fire within a specific phase of the cardiac cycle.
Effect of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities
Authors: Carretero‐Navarro Germán , Márquez Gonzalo , Cherubini Doménico , Taube Wolfgang
Published: October 2018

Weighted vests are widely used to improve running economy and performance. However, it is not well‐studied how running mechanics are adapted to counteract the higher peak vertical ground reaction forces (Fpeak) while running with such a device. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different loading conditions on running mechanics at different velocities. Thirteen subjects participated in two separate sessions one week apart. In the first session, maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was determined through a maximal incremental running test while in the second session, they were instructed to run during one minute under different loading (0%, +10% and +20% of body mass [BM]) and velocity (60%, 80% and 100% of MAS) conditions in a random order. Spatiotemporal data were recorded and then running mechanics modelled using the spring‐mass model. The main results indicated that vertical and leg stiffness (Kvert and Kleg, respectively) were increased (P < .001) as velocity increased but remained unaltered (P > .05) when load was changed. At the same time, alterations of the running kinematics were observed such as longer contact times, reduced flight times, stride frequencies and step lengths, as well as an increase of the centre of mass dynamics. Based on these results it is assumed that runners maintain a certain stiffness level for each velocity despite different loading conditions. As a consequence, Fpeak increases and this probably causes spatiotemporal adjustments in the movement kinematics.
5. Making and working
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

‘Making and working’ describes the organization of the Wealth of Nations, which provides an account of economic growth or development that also accounts for the increase in social and individual well-being. Smith identified four types of society, developing through hunter, shepherd, agricultural, and commercial stages. The division of labour is discussed, along with the relation between price and value. Labour, land, and stock comprise the three components of the natural price. In the form of wages, rent, and profit this provides Smith with a basic division of income sources, establishing three corresponding ‘orders of people’—workers, merchants or manufacturers, and renters/farmers—each an equal component of society, but with differing relationships to the public or general interest.
Psychiatry: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

Psychiatry: A Very Short Introduction explores the nature of psychiatry, focusing on what it can and cannot do, and discussing why its history has been beset by dramatic shifts in emphasis and types of treatment. Considering the main disorders that have shaped its practice (such as schizophrenia and manic depression), it analyses how it differs from (and overlaps with) psychology and psychotherapy. Discussing philosophical issues of psychiatry’s legitimacy, this VSI explores the mistakes psychiatry has made and the blind alleys in its history, before looking forward to the problems associated with ageing populations and the likely changes in its practice with the coming of artificial intelligence and virtual reality.
Defining well-being in community development from the ground up: a case study of participant and practitioner perspectives
Authors: Coburn Annette , Gormally Sinéad
Published: October 2018

The concept of well-being is part of an inter-disciplinary agenda for health improvement and human flourishing, critiqued as a superficial ‘solution’ to structural inequality (Friedli, L. (2003) Mental Health Improvement ‘concepts and definitions’: briefing Paper for the National Advisory Group, Scottish Executive, Edinburgh; White, S. C. (2010) Analysing wellbeing: a framework for development practice, Development in Practice, 20 (2), 158–172). This article discusses an evaluation of three health promoting community projects, over a two-year period. The study identifies important features for understanding well-being at grassroots, community and practice levels. Local people had viable and holistic perceptions of well-being that helped them reflect on their current contexts. Practitioners tended to have a more limited conceptualization by associating wellbeing with mental health or community safety. Consideration of findings identified five conditions of wellbeing for community development practice: creating a sense of community; strong volunteering ethos; networking and partnership working; positive language; enhanced relationships. Applying these findings in practice helped to create a new reflective grid, incorporating seven elements of well-being. Participants found this grid easy to use and affirming in facilitating reflection on their personal well-being. This was also beneficial for community practitioners, who were not clinically qualified, to facilitate reflective learning at grassroots level. Analysis of this research enables a conclusion to be drawn to suggest that well-being is a valuable construct in unifying community development.
Sex-Based Differences in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir Activity and Residual Immune Activation
Authors: Scully Eileen P , Gandhi Monica , Johnston Rowena , Hoh Rebecca , Lockhart Ainsley , Dobrowolski Curtis , Pagliuzza Amélie , Milush Jeffrey M , Baker Christopher A , Girling Valerie , Ellefson Arlvin , Gorelick Robert , Lifson Jeffrey , Altfeld Marcus , Alter Galit , Cedars Marcelle , Solomon Ajantha , Lewin Sharon R , Karn Jonathan , Chomont Nicolas , Bacchetti Peter , Deeks Steven G
Published: October 2018

Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in women are lower early in untreated HIV-1 infection compared with those in men, but women have higher T-cell activation and faster disease progression when adjusted for viral load. It is not known whether these sex differences persist during effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), or whether they would be relevant for the evaluation and implementation of HIV-1 cure strategies. We prospectively enrolled a cohort of reproductive-aged women and matched men on suppressive ART and measured markers of HIV-1 persistence, residual virus activity, and immune activation. The frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1 DNA was comparable between the sexes, but there was higher cell-associated HIV-1 RNA, higher plasma HIV-1 (single copy assay), and higher T-cell activation and PD-1 expression in men compared with women. These sex-related differences in immune phenotype and HIV-1 persistence on ART have significant implications for the design and measurement of curative interventions.
Justification announcements in discrete time. Part II: Frame definability results
Authors: Olkhovikov Grigory K
Published: October 2018

In Part I of this paper we presented a Hilbert-style system $\Sigma _D$ axiomatizing stit logic of justification announcements interpreted over models with discrete time structure. In this part, we prove three frame definability results for $\Sigma _D$ using three different definitions of a frame plus another version of completeness result.
Saphenous Neuropathy
Authors: Zdunczyk Anna , Dengler Nora F.
Published: October 2018

Burning pain at the medial thigh or knee area with aggravation after physical activity (such as running) may be caused by saphenous nerve entrapment at the adductor canal. Saphenous neuropathy may arise spontaneously or secondary to trauma or a surgical procedure. The differential diagnosis includes knee pathologies (e.g., medial meniscal tear or patellofemoral disorders) and others. Venous insufficiency may also mimic symptoms of saphenous entrapment syndrome. Careful anamnesis and examination as well as a saphenous nerve block help to make the right diagnosis. If conservative management with physical therapy and pain medication is not effective, surgical options include neurolysis or neurectomy of the saphenous nerve.
Practical Cultural Psychiatry
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Ventriglio Antonio , Bhui Kamaldeep S.
Published: October 2018

Cultures are defined in many ways and may mean different things. Culture consists of meanings, symbols, and ways of living that are shared by a group of people and within consists of microidentities which are related to gender, religion, sexual orientation, and many other factors. Cultures influence our world view, child rearing, responses to distress, explanatory models, and pathways into professional care. Increasingly, clinicians in medicine, but in psychiatry in particular, have become aware of the way that culture affects precipitating distress, its perpetuation, and prognosis. Cultures and society determine how healthcare is funded. Cultures are not confined to patients; health professionals also carry their own cultures related to professional values and training. Therefore it is important for healthcare professionals to be culturally competent, which reflects good clinical practice. In this volume, practical ways of assessing and managing patients are described, especially for those patients whose cultural background may be different from those of clinicians. It is critical to understand the impact of culture on individuals, their families, and their carers. Assessment using clinical tools needs to be culturally appropriate and sensitive too. Instruments for assessment need to be valid and culturally appropriate. Cultural formulations are helpful in ascertaining contributing and relieving factors. Engaging therapeutically and developing a therapeutic alliance is at the heart of successful patient outcomes. The impact of culture on presentation is described. Using medications in appropriate ways is explained, along with pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Being a doctor
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores what is involved in being a doctor. It includes details of the Foundation Programme and how to apply, the curriculum and assessment, healthcare in the UK, starting life as an F1, what to do before you start, your first day, occupational health, what to carry, organization and efficiency, patient-centred care, communication and conduct, breaking bad news, cross-cultural communication, outside agencies, quality and ethics, clinical governance/quality, medical ethics, patient confidentiality, capacity, consent, what to do when things go wrong, medical errors, complaints, incident reporting, colleagues and problems, hating your job, relaxation, causes of stress, pay and contracts, making more money, debt, NHS entitlements, career, specialty training applications, options, and competition, career structure, choosing a job, specialties in medicine, your curriculum vitae, post-Foundation Programme CV, interviews, membership exams, continuing your education, audit, presentations and teaching, teaching medical students, and research and academia.
Life on the wards
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses life on the wards. It includes the medical team, the multidisciplinary team, daily ward duties, ward rounds, being on-call, night shifts, writing and common symbols in the notes, anatomical terms and planes, discharge summaries (TTOs/TTAs), fitness to work notes, referrals, referral letters, investigation requests, radiology, common ward dilemmas, pain, thinking about death, palliative care, the dying patient, death, nutrition, nutritional requirements, difficult patients, aggression and violence, needle-stick injuries, surgery, pre-op assessment, bowel preparation, surgical terminology, preparing in-patients for surgery, booking theatre lists, surgical instruments, the operating theatre, post-op care, post-op problems, wound management, common elective operations, and stomas.
Cardiovascular
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses cardiovascular medicine, including chest pain and chest pain emergency, tachyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia emergency, bradyarrhythmia and bradyarrhythmia emergency, hypertension and hypertension emergency, and heart failure.
Respiratory
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter presents all aspects of respiratory medicine, including breathlessness and low sats emergency, stridor in a conscious adult patient, and cough.
Endocrinology
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores endocrinology, including hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia emergency, hyperglycaemia, sliding scales, diabetes mellitus, pituitary axis, adrenal disease, and thyroid disease.
Psychiatry
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores psychiatry, including aggressive behaviour emergency, the Mental Health Act, alcoholism, aggression and violence, acute confusion, dementia, mood disturbance/psychosis, and anxiety disorders/neuroses.
Fluids and renal
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon
Published: October 2018

This chapter discusses fluids and renal, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, haematuria, proteinuria, glomerular disease, urological disorders, low urine output, IV fluids, potassium emergencies, and electrolyte imbalance.
From Hostility to Hospitality
Authors: Balboni Michael J. , Balboni Tracy A.
Published: October 2018

Many will resist structural pluralism for medicine out of concern that it will lead to greater fragmentation. Though acknowledging this worry, the major spiritual traditions, from Abrahamic to humanist, are unified around three fundamental values including the centrality of the patient, critical incorporation of knowledge from the empirical sciences, and the value of hospitality. It is especially the value of hospitality, an individual and collective practice in which the ill stranger in need is graciously received, that links many traditions in why care for the sick is a central human value. The internal logic of hospitality remains the most powerful way of conceiving the patient–clinician relationship in terms of host and guest. When supported by spiritual traditions, hospitality is a concept that offers both language and perceptions, not only powerful enough to unite medicine despite structural pluralism, but uniquely able to counter the impersonal forces overtaking medicine.
Educational level and risk of chronic kidney disease: longitudinal data from the PREVEND study
Authors: Thio Chris H L , Vart Priya , Kieneker Lyanne M , Snieder Harold , Gansevoort Ron T , Bültmann Ute
Published: October 2018

Background

The longitudinal association between low education and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its underlying mechanisms is poorly characterized. We therefore examined the association of low education with incident CKD and change in kidney function, and explored potential mediators of this association.

Methods

We analysed data on 6078 participants from the community-based Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease study. Educational level was categorized into low, medium and high (< secondary, secondary/equivalent, > secondary schooling, respectively). Kidney function was assessed by estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by serum creatinine and cystatin C at five examinations during ∼11 years of follow-up. Incident CKD was defined as new-onset eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or urinary albumin ≥30 mg/24 h in those free of CKD at baseline. We estimated main effects with Cox regression and linear mixed models. In exploratory causal mediation analyses, we examined mediation by several potential risk factors.

Results

Incident CKD was observed in 861 (17%) participants. Lower education was associated with higher rates of incident CKD [low versus high education; hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 1.25 (1.05–1.48), Ptrend = 0.009] and accelerated eGFR decline [B (95% CI) −0.15 (−0.21 to −0.09) mL/min/1.73 m2/year, Ptrend < 0.001]. The association between education and incident CKD was mediated by smoking, potassium excretion, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and hypertension. Analysis on annual eGFR change in addition suggested mediation by magnesium excretion, protein intake and diabetes.

Conclusions

In the general population, we observed an inverse association of educational level with CKD. Diabetes and the modifiable risk factors smoking, poor diet, BMI, WHR and hypertension are suggested to underlie this association. These findings provide support for targeted preventive policies to reduce socioeconomic disparities in kidney disease.
Serial Verbs
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: October 2018

Serial verb constructions, or serial verbs, are sequences of verbs without any overt marker of coordination, subordination, or syntactic dependency of any sort. Serial verbs are monoclausal constructions describing what is conceptualized as a single event. They share prosodic properties with monoverbal constructions. A serial verb has one tense, aspect, mood, modality, and evidentiality value, that is, for example, one component cannot refer to past and another to present. Its components cannot be negated or questioned separately from the whole construction. Each component must be able to occur on its own, as the main verb of a clause. Prototypical serial verb constructions tend to share the subject and other core arguments. Serial verbs are a powerful means for a detailed portrayal of various facets of one single event. They often express grammatical meanings, including aspect and directionality, especially in languages where little inflection is available. A serial verb cannot be felicitously rephrased with a sequence of clauses. In terms of their composition, serial verbs divide into symmetrical and asymmetrical types. Symmetrical serial verb constructions consist of two or more verbs chosen from semantically and grammatically unrestricted verb classes. Their semantics covers sequences of sub-actions or concomitant actions related to each other; the order of components tends to be iconic. Symmetrical serial verbs tend to become lexicalized. Asymmetrical constructions include a “major” verb from an unrestricted class and a “minor” verb from a restricted verb class. They may express various grammatical categories, such as direction, orientation, aspect, change of state, adding an argument, and increasing valency. The order of components does not have to be iconic. The minor component tends to grammaticalize into an exponent of aspect or modality, directionality, etc. Then the erstwhile serial verb will lose its status as such. Grammatical categories of person-number, aspect, tense, modality, evidentiality, etc., may be marked just once per serial construction (single marking). Alternatively, they can be marked on each component (concordant marking). Further parameters for the classification of serial verbs include contiguity of components and wordhood of the construction. The components of some types of serial verbs may have to be strictly contiguous. Alternatively, other constituents may intervene between them. Some serial verbs may form one grammatical word, others will consist of several grammatical words. Verb compounding differs from single-word serialization: verbal compounds are nonproductive one-word verb-verb combinations whose meaning is only partly predictable, while serial verbs are a productive device with an array of meanings, as in Alamblak (see Bruce 1988 [cited under Serial Verbs and Event Representation]), Yimas: (see Foley 1991 [cited under Papuan Languages of New Guinea]), and Olutec (see Zavala 2006 [cited under Languages of North America, Including Meso-America]). Languages with multi-word serial verbs tend to be of analytic profile.
The Epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa; A Perspective on Current Knowledge and Framework to Investigate Plant Host–Vector–Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Jeger Michael , Bragard Claude
Published: October 2018

Insect-transmitted plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, and bacteria share many features in common regardless of the causal agent. This perspective aims to show how a model framework, developed originally for plant virus diseases, can be modified for the case of diseases incited by Xylella fastidiosa. In particular, the model framework enables the specification of a simple but quite general invasion criterion defined in terms of key plant, pathogen, and vector parameters and, importantly, their interactions, which determine whether or not an incursion or isolated outbreak of a pathogen will lead to establishment, persistence, and subsequent epidemic development. Hence, this approach is applicable to the wide range of X. fastidiosa-incited diseases that have recently emerged in southern Europe, each with differing host plant, pathogen subspecies, and vector identities. Of particular importance are parameters relating to vector abundance and activity, transmission characteristics, and behavior in relation to preferences for host infection status. Some gaps in knowledge with regard to the developing situation in Europe are noted.