bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Results, Lousy Process: the Management Experience of Organizational Change
Authors: Doyle Mike , Claydon Tim , Buchanan Dave
Published: March 2003

This paper reports the findings of a survey of 92 managers, from 14 public and 14 private‐sector organizations. The aim was to explore the experience of change, extending the findings of a previous study (Buchanan, Claydon and Doyle, 1999). The survey addressed six themes: communication, evaluation, learning, attitudes and relationships, implementation and change and continuity. Overall, the results present a bleak picture of the process and outcomes of contemporary change. Most managers claim that change responsibility affords valuable personal learning. However, recent change has also been accompanied by stress, work intensification, command and control and management–employee distrust. A comparison of public and private–sector responses suggests that the experience of change in the public sector has been more pressured than in the private sector. Comparison of responses by management level indicates that senior managers are more likely to hold positive views of the change process and its outcomes. Explanations for these differences in experience and perception are considered, along with the implications. It is concluded that an adequate theory of organizational change must address the contradictions and tensions in the lived experience of those implicated, and that effective practice should consider the linkage of change implementation with organizational learning mechanisms which, on this evidence, are absent.
The Politics of the Exhibition: Viewing Corporate Museums Through the Paradigmatic Lens of Organizational Memory
Authors: Nissley Nick , Casey Andrea
Published: March 2003

This paper explores corporate museums as little–understood sites of organizational memory and proposes that corporate museums, as a form of organizational memory, are used strategically by organizations in the development of the firm’s identity and image. More critically, the authors examine the politics of the exhibition of organizational memory, or what Sturken refers to as ‘organized forgetting’ or ‘strategic forgetting’. The authors propose that organizations, through these museums, choose what is recalled (the politics of remembering) as well as what is not remembered (the politics of forgetting). Four propositions are suggested to guide future research on corporate museums with the purpose of furthering our understanding of these museums and their relationship to the development of organizational identity and image as well as organizational actions – past, present, and future. The paper concludes with implications for the organizational–studies scholar.
UK Privatization: Its Impact on Procurement
Authors: Harris Lisa , Parker David , Cox Andrew
Published: March 2003

This study is concerned with changes in procurement and supply chain management in UK privatized companies. In most cases, privatization requires the organization to develop a completely new approach. This is because of the change in ownership and the new competitive environment into which the company moves. Part of this reassessment of the business by senior management can be expected to include procurement. The paper focuses on the nature and direction of the changes in procurement associated with privatization, based on research into the privatized sector in Britain. The method adopted involves an extensive questionnaire completed by 28 major companies privatized in the UK, followed up by interviews with twelve of these companies. Questions centre on the following key areas: changes in the structure of procurement, procurement strategy, the role and profile of procurement within the company, attitudes to outsourcing and supplier performance and changes in approach to assessing the performance of the procurement function. Our results indicate extensive change. Although cost reduction is often a driver of these changes, as the companies strive to reduce costs to meet City expectations and best practice in the private sector, another consideration is the contribution that procurement can make to the overall strategy of the company, so as to gain and maintain competitive advantage.
Liberty, Equality and the Rights of Cultures: The Marching Controversy at Drumcree
Authors: O'Neills Shane
Published: March 2003

This article offers a normative-theoretical assessment of a key aspect of the continuing cultural conflict in Northern Ireland. The marching controversy at Drumcree has had a destabilising effect on the peace process and it represents a serious threat to the achievement of the kind of political accommodation outlined in the Good Friday Agreement. The aim is to apply Jürgen Habermas's discourse theory of rights to this dispute so as to assess which, if any, of the conflicting claims should take priority. By seeking to assess the rational acceptability of the better arguments on either side, I reject the view that these claims are irreconcilable. In the concluding section I outline four principles that provide a normative basis for just resolutions to conflicts over contentious marches in Northern Ireland.
Social Democracy and Globalisation: The Limits of Social Democracy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Callaghan John
Published: March 2003

This article argues that social democratic governments throughout the 20th century faced internal and international constraints arising from the operation of capitalist economies and that the evidence for a qualitative deepening of such constraints since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system is far from unequivocal. Financial markets were already big enough and fast enough to deter such governments from the pursuit of egalitarian policies in the interwar years or to destabilise them if they ignored the warning signs. This article also shows that the efficacy of Keynesian macroeconomic policy in the Golden Age has been exaggerated and that the problem of short-term movements of speculative capital persisted throughout this era in a country such as Britain. Keynesianism never worked in the face of mass unemployment and it is misleading to suggest that its breakdown in the 1970s somehow robbed social democracy of the policy tools that had maintained full employment in the 1950s and 1960s. A host of additional problems have indeed beset social democratic governments since 1973, but the analysis of such problems is hindered rather than helped by much of the literature which invokes economic globalisation. Globalisation theory is in need of further specification before it can be useful and arguments about the economic consequences of globalisation since 1973 need to distinguish its effects from those of the many conjunctural problems of the period as well as the policies that important agencies have pursued in search of solutions to them.
Regulatory Uncertainty and the Volatility of Regional Electricity Company Share Prices: The Economic Consequences of Professor Littlechild
Authors: Robinson T. A. , Taylor Mark P.
Published: March 2003

This paper attempts to measure the effects of regulatory intervention by measuring the conditional variance of stock price changes in the 12 UK regional electricity companies before and after an unexpected intervention by the electricity regulator in March 1995. The analysis uses an ARCH model in which the conditional variance follows an autoregressive formation. The results indicate a significant increase in the volatility of the conditional variance for eight of the 12 companies.
Measuring Technical Change Under Variable Returns to Scale: A Dual Approach
Authors: Wan Guang H.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, a dual measure of technical change is developed. The measure does not require parametric specification or estimation of the underlying technology, nor the assumptions of constant returns to scale and perfect competition. Imposing these assumptions, the proposed measure is shown to be equivalent to Solow’s productivity residual. Biases attributable to these assumptions are analysed.
Unemployment and the Rental Rate of Capital
Authors: Lagos Ricardo A.
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces a standard neoclassical production function in an equilibrium search model of the labour market, in order to analyse the effects that changes in the (exogenous) rental rate of capital have on the unemployment rate. When the number of firms is kept fixed, an increase in the rental rate affects unemployment only through its impact on selectivity, with the direction of the change depending on the size of the worker’s unemployment benefits relative to the firm’s search costs. Regardless of the behaviour of selectivity, when the number of firms is determined endogenously, an increase in the rental rate always increases unemployment through a process of job destruction.
Labour Taxation, Efficiency Wages and the Long Run
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: March 2003

In an efficiency wage economy with variable profits, a shift from payroll to employment taxes will reduce unemployment if the tax level is held constant at the initial wage. However, unemployment will rise if firms are constrained to zero profits in the long run and if tax revenues are constant. This reversal of employment effects occurs because the shift in taxes reduces wages. This implies a budget deficit. Hence, taxes will have to be raised if revenues are held constant. If the firm’s profits cannot change, the tax increase will cause some firms to close down and unemployment will rise. Thus, the predicted employment consequences of changes in the tax structure depend on assumptions about the time horizon and budget constraint.
Unemployment Hysteresis in the US States and the EU: A Panel Approach
Authors: León–Ledesma Miguel A.
Published: March 2003

This paper applies the panel unit root test proposed by Im, Pesaran and Shin (1997) to test for unemployment hysteresis in the US states and the EU countries against the alternative of a natural rate. The results show that hysteresis for the EU and the natural rate for the US states are the most plausible hypotheses.
Corporate social responsibility as a participative process
Authors: Maclagan Patrick
Published: March 2003

Corporate social responsibility is frequently defined primarily in terms of the social and environmental impact of systemic organisational activity. This misses the point. To be applicable, corporate responsibility should be understood as a process, through which individuals’ moral values and concerns are articulated. Moreover, there are important grounds for asserting that such a process should be participative, involving employees (and perhaps other stakeholders). It seems inconsistent not to respect such groups’ right to an opinion, while at the same time purporting to be ethical and responsible; also, a better alignment of organisational policy and employees’ values holds possibilities for enhanced motivation and work performance. Through such a participative process, matters of social responsibility may be identified in the expectations and moral claims of an organisation’s stakeholders. Such claims constitute prima facie obligations to which those responsible for corporate policy should attend, and where such demands conflict then dialogue is required in order to establish an appropriate course of action.
The ethical benefits of trust‐based partnering: the example of the construction industry
Authors: Wood Graham , McDermott Peter , Swan Will
Published: March 2003

As inter‐organisational relations represent an increasingly important element in business the ability to build sustainable relationships becomes a key skill. To achieve sustainable relationships parties need to move from a low trust/low ethics base to a high trust/high ethics base in their relating. This paper uses data from a study into trust‐based partnering in the construction industry to demonstrate that ethics is integral to trust building. The data supports the proposition that ethical partnering, which is characterised by reliability, delivery of promises, open and honest communications, respect and reciprocity, and a willingness to act reasonably towards each other, is the most effective model for parties seeking to build sustainable relationships.
The teaching of ethics in management accounting: progress and prospects
Authors: Bampton Roberta , Cowton Christopher J.
Published: March 2003

Recent research has shown that, although still on a limited scale, the teaching of business ethics in UK higher education has been increasing in recent years. This paper reports on a postal questionnaire survey conducted to investigate the extent to which ethical issues are covered in the teaching of management accounting in higher education. The principal findings are that the majority of management accounting lecturers in the British Isles do not incorporate ethics. About a third of the respondents to the survey do address ethical issues, although about half of those say they do so only implicitly. Various factors underlying the findings and prospects for the future are discussed.
Responsibility, accountability and governance
Authors: Kaler John
Published: March 2003

‘Responsibility’, ‘accountability’ and ‘governance’ are key terms within business ethics. This paper aims to construct a framework to help us understand the relationships between these terms. I first of all analyse the concept of responsibility to show the place of accountability within it, then move to analyse accountability as a sub–concept of responsibility, then finally attempt to show how accountability along with responsibility in general figures within governance structures. While obviously not as complex as the concept of responsibility of which it is part, the sub–concept of accountability is somewhat more complex than often seems to be supposed. The view taken of governance is that as a concept it is relatively straightforward. It acquires complexity only with the involvement of responsibility along with accountability and other aspects of responsibility. The vexed questions as to how these are to be applied lie at the heart of disputes about corporate governance. Though not offering a solution to those disputes, the fact that they arise from the involvement of responsibility, accountability and related matters means that the analysis of concepts given here does offer a framework for thinking about these disputes more clearly.
Employees as Stakeholders
Authors: Jones Derek
Published: March 2003

In the context of employees, the discussion centres not so much on whether employees are stakeholders as on how their stakes should be embodied. In this article, the author argues that from the point of view of the performance of the firm, the best way to incorporate employee stake is by schemes which combine participation in control with participation in financial returns.
Why is Knowledge Management So Difficult?
Authors: Birkinshaw Julian
Published: March 2003

Knowledge management promises much, but often delivers very little. There are no simple solutions to this challenge. This article starts by trying to define what knowledge management is. It then identifies where the problems lie and suggests five steps to resolve those problems. The article is based on research in a dozen leading companies, including HP, Ericsson, ABB, Skandia and Xerox.
Strategic Vision: Sustaining Employee Commitment
Authors: Domm Donald R.
Published: March 2003

Vision is a key part of both the concept and practice of leadership. Many managers successfully create it and present it to employees. However, they are often less good at retaining employees’ long‐term commitment to the vision, which results in lost opportunities. This article explores how effectively senior managers build and sustain employee commitment to strategic vision, and how they could improve.
The Making of a Digital Leader
Authors: Fisk Peter
Published: March 2003

Leaders are struggling with complexity and the sheer speed of today’s economy. As the failure rate among CEOs rises, is it time to reinvent leadership to meet the emerging challenges of the 21st century?
Laughing With The Gurus
Authors: Greatbatch David , Clark Timothy
Published: March 2003

Management gurus are among the most influential public orators of the day. But mastery of age–old rhetorical devices, including the use of humour, is central to their effectiveness.
Seven Management Lessons from Microsoft
Authors: Anderson Jamie , Wood Robin
Published: March 2003

The software giant Microsoft is a mere corporate stripling. Yet around its formidable success lies an equally indomitable mystique. It is phenomenally successful. Few are bold enough to analyse how and why Bill Gates’ and Paul Allen’s bright idea turned into the corporate titan of our times. Until now.
Building Successful China Alliances
Authors: Jagersma Pieter Klaas
Published: March 2003

Pieter Klaas Jagersma looks at the issues faced by alliances in the burgeoning Chinese market.
The Relation between Behavior Problems and Peer Preference in Different Classroom Contexts
Authors: Stormshak Elizabeth A. , Bierman Karen L. , Bruschi Carole , Dodge Kenneth A. , Coie John D.
Published: March 2003

This study tested two alternative hypotheses regarding the relations between child behavior and peer preference. The first hypothesis is generated from the person–group similarity model, which predicts that the acceptability of social behaviors will vary as a function of peer group norms. The second hypothesis is generated by the social skill model, which predicts that behavioral skill deficiencies reduce and behavioral competencies enhance peer preference. A total of 2895 children in 134 regular first‐grade classrooms participated in the study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to compare four different behaviors as predictors of peer preference in the context of classrooms with varying levels of these behavior problems. The results of the study supported both predictive models, with the acceptability of aggression and withdrawal varying across classrooms (following a person–group similarity model) and the effects of inattentive/hyperactive behavior (in a negative direction) and prosocial behavior (in a positive direction) following a social skill model and remaining constant in their associations with peer preference across classrooms. Gender differences also emerged, with aggression following the person–group similarity model for boys more strongly than for girls. The effects of both child behaviors and the peer group context on peer preference and on the trajectory of social development are discussed.
Representation of Self and Socioemotional Competence in Kindergartners: Differential and Combined Effects of Attachment to Mother and to Father
Authors: Verschueren Karine , Marcoen Alfons
Published: March 2003

In the present study, we examined the differential predictive power and the joint or compensatory effects of representations of child–mother and child–father attachment for children's representation of self and their socioemotional competence. The representations of attachment were assessed by an attachment story completion task, completed once for mother and once for father (in counterbalanced order). Eighty participants (40 boys and 40 girls), aged between 55 and 77 months (M = 5 years 3 months), took place in the study. The socioemotional competence (peer social competence, disruptive behavior, anxious/withdrawn behavior, and school adjustment) and behavioral manifestations of self‐esteem were evaluated by the kindergarten teacher. The inner representation of self (positiveness of self, perceived competence, and social acceptance) was assessed in a subgroup of 50 children. Results showed that the relative predictive power of child–mother and child–father attachments differed according to the domain of child functioning that was assessed. More specifically, it was found that the child's positiveness of self was better predicted by the quality of the child–mother attachment representation than by the quality of the child–father attachment representation. In contrast, the child's anxious/withdrawn behavioral problems were better predicted by the quality of the child–father attachment representation than by the quality of the child–mother attachment representation. With regard to the joint effects of child–mother and child–father attachment, it was found that a secure attachment to one parent can compensate for or buffer against an insecure attachment to the other parent. However, the buffering effect was not complete.
Developmental Patterns in Security of Attachment to Mother and Father in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Associations with Peer Relations
Authors: Lieberman Melissa , Doyle Anna‐Beth , Markiewicz Dorothy
Published: March 2003

This study examined developmental differences in two dimensions of attachment security (parental availability and child dependency on parents) in late childhood (N = 274) and early adolescence (N = 267) and their association with peer relations. Children's perceptions of mother's availability and boys' perceptions of father's availability did not differ as a function of age. Dependency on parents, however, decreased with age. Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between parental availability and reliance on parental help when measuring attachment developmentally. Children's reports of positive friendship qualities and lack of conflict in their best friendships were related to attachment to both mother and father, whereas the presence of a reciprocated friendship and popularity were not. Father availability was a particularly important predictor of lower conflict with best friends. Findings indicate that the quality of parent–child attachment generalizes primarily to the quality of children's close peer relations.
Child‐Directed Speech Produced by Mothers with Symptoms of Depression Fails to Promote Associative Learning in 4‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Kaplan Peter S. , Bachorowski Jo‐Anne , Zarlengo‐Strouse Patricia
Published: March 2003

Child‐directed (CD) speech segments produced by 20 mothers who varied in self‐reported symptoms of depression, recorded during a structured play interaction with their 2‐ to 6‐month‐old infants, were used as conditioned stimuli with face reinforcers in a conditioned attention paradigm. After pairings of speech segments and faces, speech segments were assessed for their ability to increase time spent looking at a novel checkerboard pattern (summation test) using 225 4‐month‐old infants of nondepressed mothers. Significant positive summation, an index of associative learning, was obtained in groups of infants tested with speech produced by mothers with comparatively fewer self‐reported symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory or BDI ≤ 15). However, significant positive summation was not achieved using speech samples produced by mothers with comparatively more symptoms of depression (BDI> 15). These results indicate that the CD speech produced by mothers with symptoms of depression does not promote associative learning in infants.
Effects of Residential Instability on Head Start Children and Their Relationships with Older Siblings: Influences of Child Emotionality and Conflict between Family Caregivers
Authors: Stoneman Zolinda , Brody Gene H. , Churchill Susan L. , Winn Laura L.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the influence that residential dislocations have on child behavior problems, depression, peer competence, cognitive competence, and the quality of sibling relations in a sample of 70 Head Start children, aged 32 to 67 months, and their older brothers and sisters, aged 48 to 155 months. This was the first study to investigate the sibling relationship in the context of high residential mobility. Information on child characteristics was obtained from mothers and teachers. Sibling data (warmth/harmony and conflict) were obtained from coding videotaped interactions. Child emotionality was found to be an important moderator of the effects of residential mobility on young, poor children and their siblings; caregiver conflict was a less powerful moderator of these effects. Residential instability seemed to compromise the warmth/harmony of the sibling relationship. It was concluded that the effects of residential instability are complex and cannot be understood without considering child characteristics, such as temperament, and the family context in which the child lives.
The A‐Not‐B Error: Results from a Logistic Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Marcovitch Stuart , Zelazo Philip David
Published: March 2003

A meta‐analysis of the A‐not‐B error was conducted using logistic regression on studies conducted before September 1997 (107 data points). An earlier meta‐analysis by Wellman, Cross, and Bartsch revealed that age, delay between hiding and retrieval, and number of hiding locations were significant predictors of both the proportion of infants who searched correctly on B trials and the proportion of infants who searched perseveratively. The current analysis replicated these findings with two exceptions: (1) The number of trials at the A location was a significant predictor, and (2) the number of locations was a significant predictor of the proportion of infants who searched perseveratively, but not the proportion of infants who searched correctly. Implications of these findings are discussed and a quantitative version of a hierarchical competing‐systems model of infant search is proposed.
Children's Categorization and Evaluation of Different Types of Lies and Truths
Authors: Bussey Kay
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the ability of children from three age groups (4, 8, and 11 years of age; N = 72) to categorize three different types of intentionally false and true statements as lies and truths, and also measured their evaluation of such statements. Results revealed that the older children were more likely to categorize false statements as lies and true statements as truths than were the 4‐year‐olds. All children evaluated telling lies as worse than telling truths. Antisocial lies were rated as the most serious lie type and “white lies” as the least serious. Anticipated regulatory control was more advanced for the 8‐ and 11‐year‐olds, who expected both self‐approval for truth‐telling and self‐disapproval for lying for two of the three truth and lie types; the younger children did not anticipate greater self‐approval for truth‐telling and self‐disapproval for lying for any of the truth and lie types.
Consistency and Development of Prosocial Dispositions: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Guthrie Ivanna K. , Murphy Bridget C. , Shepard Stephanie A. , Cumberland Amanda , Carlo Gustavo
Published: March 2003

The issue of whether there is consistency in prosocial dispositions was examined with a longitudinal data set extending from ages 4 to 5 years into early adulthood (N = 32). Spontaneous prosocial behaviors observed in the preschool classroom predicted actual prosocial behavior, other‐ and self‐reported prosocial behavior, self‐reported sympathy, and perspective taking in childhood to early adulthood. Prosocial behaviors that were not expected to reflect an other‐orientation (i.e., low cost helping and compliant prosocial behavior) generally did not predict later prosocial behavior or sympathy. Sympathy appeared to partially mediate the relation of early spontaneous sharing to later prosocial dispositions. The results support the view that there are stable individual differences in prosocial responding that have their origins in early childhood.
Does Memory Development Belong on an Endangered Topic List?
Authors: Kuhn Deanna
Published: March 2003

Although memory has long been regarded as a central and well‐defined topic within the field of cognitive development, developments in and related to the study of memory increasingly suggest that the study of memory needs to be situated in a number of broader conceptual and research contexts. Four of these contexts are identified here and the ways they accommodate memory phenomena are examined: (1) knowledge (what is remembered?); (2) comprehension (what does it mean?); (3) context/function (why remember?); and (4) strategy (how to remember?). Memories, it is suggested, are best examined as knowledge structures that are the product of efforts to understand and to know, and memorizing is a socially situated activity undertaken in the service of individual or social goals.
The Rebirth of Children's Learning
Authors: Siegler Robert S.
Published: March 2003

Learning is a central part of children's lives, but the study of learning is a rather peripheral part of the field of cognitive development. Fortunately, this situation is starting to change; recent theoretical and methodological advances have sparked renewed interest in children's learning. This renewed interest has already yielded a set of consistent and interesting findings regarding how children learn, as well as intriguing proposals regarding the mechanisms that underlie the learning. Increasing our focus on children's learning promises to yield practical benefits as well as a more exciting field of cognitive development.
Integrating Basic and Applied Developmental Research: A New Model for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Schwebel David C. , Plumert Jodie M. , Pick Herbert L.
Published: March 2003

Until recently, basic and applied research agendas in the field of child development have followed separate paths. One reason the two have not merged is that the objectives of basic and applied research are often seen as incompatible. In this paper, we argue that researchers can simultaneously achieve the objectives of advancing basic knowledge and addressing applied problems within a single research program. We provide a framework for this perspective by first looking back at historical trends of basic and applied developmental research and then looking forward at potential new approaches for integrating basic and applied research. We use our own research on perception of affordances and unintentional childhood injuries to illustrate how researchers might implement these strategies for integrating basic and applied research. We conclude by discussing how we might extend this integration further to include nontraditional classes of application.
Compulsive‐like Behavior in Individuals with Down Syndrome: Its Relation to Mental Age Level, Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior
Authors: Evans David W. , Gray F. Lee
Published: March 2003

This study examined the nature of repetitive, ritualistic, and compulsive‐like behaviors in 50 typically developing children and 50 individuals with Down syndrome (DS), matched on mental age (MA; M = 59.72 months). Parents reported on their children's compulsive‐like behaviors — including ritualistic habits — and perfectionistic behaviors, as well as their children's adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Results indicated that children with DS show similar MA‐related changes in compulsive‐like behaviors compared to the MA‐matched comparison group. Younger children (both typical and DS) exhibited significantly more compulsive‐like behaviors than older children. In general, children with and without DS did not differ from each other in terms of the number of compulsive‐like behaviors they engaged in, although participants with DS engaged in more frequent, more intense repetitive behaviors. Compulsive‐like behaviors were differentially related to adaptive and maladaptive behaviors across the MA and mental retardation groups. The results extend the “similar sequence” model of development to the construct of compulsive‐like behaviors, and also suggest that some repetitive behaviors may be among the behavioral phenotype of individuals with DS.
Dual Representation and  Young Children's Use of Scale Models
Authors: DeLoache Judy S.
Published: March 2003

To use a symbolic object such as a model, map, or picture, one must achieve dual representation; that is, one must mentally represent both the symbol itself and its relation to its referent. The studies reported here confirm predictions derived from this concept. As hypothesized, dual representation was as difficult for 2H‐year‐olds to achieve with a set of individual objects as it was with an integrated model. Decreasing the physical salience of a scale model (by placing it behind a window) made it easier for 2H‐year‐old children to treat it as a representation of something other than itself. Conversely, increasing the model's salience as an object (by allowing 3‐year‐old children to manipulate it) made it more difficult to appreciate its symbolic import. The results provide strong support for dual representation.
Psychosocial Antecedents of  Variation in Girls' Pubertal Timing: Maternal Depression, Stepfather Presence, and Marital and Family Stress
Authors: Ellis Bruce J. , Garber Judy
Published: March 2003

Drawing on Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper's evolutionary theory of the development of reproductive strategies, we tested a model of individual differences in girls' pubertal timing. This model posits that a history of psychopathology in mothers results in earlier pubertal maturation in daughters, and that this effect is mediated by discordant family relationships and father absence/stepfather presence. The model was supported in a short‐term longitudinal study of 87 adolescent girls. In the primary test of the model, it was found that a history of mood disorders in mothers predicted earlier pubertal timing in daughters, and this relation was fully mediated by dyadic stress and biological father absence. In families in which the mother's romantic partner was not the biological father, dyadic stress accounted for almost half of the variation in daughters' pubertal timing. Stepfather presence, rather than biological father absence, best accounted for earlier pubertal maturation in girls living apart from their biological fathers. We propose that stepfather presence and stressful family relationships constitute separate paths to early pubertal maturation in girls.
Attachment from Infancy to Early Adulthood in a High‐Risk Sample: Continuity, Discontinuity, and Their Correlates
Authors: Weinfield Nancy S. , Sroufe L. Alan , Egeland Byron
Published: March 2003

This study explores the stability of attachment security and representations from infancy to early adulthood in a sample chosen originally for poverty and high risk for poor developmental outcomes. Participants for this study were 57 young adults who are part of an ongoing prospective study of development and adaptation in a high‐risk sample. Attachment was assessed during infancy by using the Ainsworth Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Wittig) and at age 19 by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main). Possible correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment were drawn from assessments of the participants and their mothers over the course of the study. Results provided no evidence for significant continuity between infant and adult attachment in this sample, with many participants transitioning to insecurity. The evidence, however, indicated that there might be lawful discontinuity. Analyses of correlates of continuity and discontinuity in attachment classification from infancy to adulthood indicated that the continuous and discontinuous groups were differentiated on the basis of child maltreatment, maternal depression, and family functioning in early adolescence. These results provide evidence that although attachment has been found to be stable over time in other samples, attachment representations are vulnerable to difficult and chaotic life experiences.
Attachment over Time
Authors: Lewis Michael , Feiring Candice , Rosenthal Saul
Published: March 2003

Continuity in attachment classification from infancy to late adolescence was examined and related to autobiographical memories of childhood, divorce, and maladjustment. Eighty‐four White middle‐class children (48 girls) were seen in a modified Strange Situation at 12 months and given the Adult Attachment Interview at 18 years. In addition, data were collected on 13‐year‐olds' childhood recollections as well as adolescent, mother, and teacher ratings of maladjustment at 13 and 18 years of age. Divorce status of parents also was obtained. Results indicated no continuity in attachment classification from 1 to 18 years of age and no relation between infant attachment status and adolescent maladjustment. Divorce was related to 13‐year‐olds' childhood recollections as well as to insecure attachment status at 18 years. Eighteen‐year‐olds with insecure attachment classification were more likely to rate themselves as maladjusted. The results support the idea of attachment as an evolving representation dependent upon the nature of the family environment as indexed by divorce.
Behavior Problems among Children from Different Family Structures: The Influence of Genetic Self‐Selection
Authors: Cleveland H. Harrington , Wiebe Richard P. , Van Den Oord Edwin J. C. G. , Rowe David C.
Published: March 2003

To examine both genetic and environmental influences on children's behavior problems in households defined by marital status and sibling relatedness, this study applied behavioral genetic methodology to four groups totalling 1524 sibling pairs drawn from 796 households: (1) two‐parent full siblings, (2) two‐parent half siblings, (3) mother‐only full siblings, and (4) mother‐only half siblings. Model‐fitting procedures found that within‐group variation on four subscales from the Behavior Problems Index was best explained by a model including both genetic and shared environmental factors. This model was then fit to the behavior problems means of the four groups. Its successful fit to these mean structures suggested that mean‐level differences between groups were explained with the same influences that accounted for within‐group variation. Genetic influences accounted for 81% to 94% of the mean‐level difference in behavior problems between the two‐parent, full sibling and the mother‐only, half sibling groups. In contrast, shared environmental influences accounted for 67% to 88% of the mean‐level difference in behavior problems between the two‐parent, full sibling and mother‐only, full sibling groups. The genetic influences are interpreted in terms of genetic self‐selection into family structures.
Using ‘The Japanese Problem’ as a Corrective to the Ethnocentricity of Western Theory
Authors: Tobin Joseph
Published: March 2003

This reflection on the essay by Rothbaum, Pott, Azuma, Miyake, and Weisz focuses on how knowledge about Japanese psychological development and culture can serve as a corrective to the ethnocentrism of Western theory. Particular attention is given to the Japanese cultural concepts of amae and kejime.
Interparental Conflict and Child Adjustment: Testing the Mediational Role of Appraisals in the Cognitive‐Contextual Framework
Authors: Grych John H. , Fincham Frank D. , Jouriles Ernest N. , McDonald Renee
Published: March 2003

Children's appraisals of interparental conflict consistently have been associated with adjustment problems, but the processes that give rise to this association are not well understood. This paper proposes that appraisals of threat and self‐blame mediate the association between children's reports of interparental conflict and internalizing problems, and tests this mediational hypothesis in two samples of children, one drawn from the community (317 ten‐ to fourteen‐year‐olds) and the other from battered women's shelters (145 ten‐ to twelve‐year‐olds). Results indicate that perceived threat mediates the association between interparental conflict and internalizing problems for boys and girls in both samples, and self‐blame mediates this association for boys in both samples and girls in the shelter sample. Perceived threat and self‐blame do not mediate links with externalizing problems, and there is no evidence of a moderating effect of appraisals on the association between conflict and child adjustment. Implications for understanding the mechanism by which exposure to interparental conflict could lead to child maladjustment are discussed.
Continuity and Discontinuity of Behavioral Inhibition and Exuberance: Psychophysiological and Behavioral Influences across the First Four Years of Life
Authors: Fox Nathan A. , Henderson Heather A. , Rubin Kenneth H. , Calkins Susan D. , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: March 2003

Four‐month‐old infants were screened (N = 433) for temperamental patterns thought to predict behavioral inhibition, including motor reactivity and the expression of negative affect. Those selected (N = 153) were assessed at multiple age points across the first 4 years of life for behavioral signs of inhibition as well as psychophysiological markers of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry. Four‐month temperament was modestly predictive of behavioral inhibition over the first 2 years of life and of behavioral reticence at age 4. Those infants who remained continuously inhibited displayed right frontal EEG asymmetry as early as 9 months of age while those who changed from inhibited to noninhibited did not. Change in behavioral inhibition was related to experience of nonparental care. A second group of infants, selected at 4 months of age for patterns of behavior thought to predict temperamental exuberance, displayed a high degree of continuity over time in these behaviors.
Learning Words through Overhearing
Authors: Akhtar Nameera , Jipson Jennifer , Callanan Maureen A.
Published: March 2003

Recent research indicates that toddlers can monitor others' conversations, raising the possibility that they can acquire vocabulary in this way. Three studies examined 2‐year‐olds' (N= 88) ability to learn novel words when overhearing these words used by others. Children aged 2,6 were equally good at learning novel words— both object labels and action verbs—when they were overhearers as when they were directly addressed. For younger 2‐year‐olds (2,1), this was true for object labels, but the results were less clear for verbs. The findings demonstrate that 2‐year‐olds can acquire novel words from overheard speech, and highlight the active role played by toddlers in vocabulary acquisition.
Emotional Development in Children with Different Attachment Histories: The First Three Years
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna
Published: March 2003

The development of fear, anger, and joy was examined in 112 children using a longitudinal design. Children were observed at 9, 14, 22, and 33 months in standard laboratory episodes designed to elicit fear, anger, or joy. At 14 months, mother–child attachment was assessed in the Strange Situation. The attachment groups (avoidant, secure, resistant, and disorganized/unclassifiable) differed in the trajectories of emotional development, with the differences first apparent at 14 months of age. Resistant children were the most fearful and least joyful, and fear was their strongest emotion. More than secure children, they responded with distress even in episodes designed to elicit joy. When examined longitudinally, over the second and third years, secure children became significantly less angry. In contrast, insecure children's negative emotions increased: Avoidant children became more fearful, resistant children became less joyful, and disorganized/unclassifiable children became more angry. Higher attachment security uniquely predicted that at 33 months, children would show less fear and anger in episodes designed to elicit fear and anger, and less distress in episodes designed to elicit joy, even in conservative regression analyses controlling for all the earlier emotion scores.
The Relations between Parental Friendships and Children's Friendships: Self‐Report and Observational Analysis
Authors: Simpkins Sandra D. , Parke Ross D.
Published: March 2003

The relations between the quality of mothers' and fathers' friendships and that of their children's friendships was examined. One hundred twenty‐five fourth‐grade children (9 year olds) completed the Friendship Quality Questionnaire. Observational measures of the target children playing with their self‐selected friend were also collected. Mothers and fathers separately completed the Friendship Quality Questionnaire about their best friend. Results indicated that children's self‐reports and observational measures of friendship quality were not highly correlated for girls, but were moderately associated for boys. The quality of mothers' and fathers' friendships was related to the quality of children's friendships, but the nature of the relations with children's friendships differed for girls and boys. The implications of these findings for the socialization of friendship patterns and the assessment of children's friendships were noted.
Antecedents and Behavior‐Problem Outcomes of Parental Monitoring and Psychological Control in Early Adolescence
Authors: Pettit Gregory S. , Laird Robert D. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E. , Criss Michael M.
Published: March 2003

The early childhood antecedents and behavior‐problem correlates of monitoring and psychological control were examined in this prospective, longitudinal, multi‐informant study. Parenting data were collected during home visit interviews with 440 mothers and their 13‐year‐old children. Behavior problems (anxiety/depression and delinquent behavior) were assessed via mother, teacher, and/or adolescent reports at ages 8 through 10 years and again at ages 13 through 14. Home‐interview data collected at age 5 years were used to measure antecedent parenting (harsh/reactive, positive/proactive), family background (e.g., socioeconomic status), and mother‐rated child behavior problems. Consistent with expectation, monitoring was anteceded by a proactive parenting style and by advantageous family–ecological characteristics, and psychological control was anteceded by harsh parenting and by mothers' earlier reports of child externalizing problems. Consistent with prior research, monitoring was associated with fewer delinquent behavior problems. Links between psychological control and adjustment were more complex: High levels of psychological control were associated with more delinquent problems for girls and for teens who were low in preadolescent delinquent problems, and with more anxiety/depression for girls and for teens who were high in preadolescent anxiety/depression.
Executive Accounts of Theory‐of‐Mind Development
Authors: Moses Louis J.
Published: March 2003

Two varieties of executive theories may be distinguished: emergence accounts and expression accounts. The meta‐analytic findings are fully consistent with emergence accounts of theory of mind and do not entirely rule out expression accounts.
Minds, Modules, and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Scholl Brian J. , Leslie Alan M.
Published: March 2003

Wellman and colleagues' meta‐analysis of performance on the false‐belief task is methodologically useful, but it does not lead to any theoretical progress concerning the nature of the mechanisms that underlie the existence and development of “theory of mind.” In particular, the results of this meta‐analysis are perfectly compatible with “early competence” accounts that posit a specific, innate, and possibly modular basis for theory of mind. The arguments presented by Wellman and colleagues against such views stem not from their meta‐analytic data, but from mistaken assumptions regarding the requirements of such theories (e.g., that there exist manipulations that improve performance only, or to a greater degree, in young children). Contrary to what Wellman and colleagues claim, their meta‐analysis, while consistent with conceptual change, does not lend any new support for such theories.
A Further Look at the Prognostic Power of Young Children's Reports of Depressed Mood and Feelings
Authors: Ialongo Nicholas S. , Edelsohn Gail , Kellam Sheppard G.
Published: March 2003

A primary objective of the present study was to determine the validity of first graders' self‐reports of depressed mood and feelings. To that end, the prognostic power of first grade self‐reports of depressed mood and feelings was examined with respect to later psychopathology and adaptive functioning in a population of urban school children (N= 946). First grade self‐reports of depressed mood predicted later child academic functioning, the need for and use of mental health services, suicidal ideation, and a diagnosis of major depressive disorder by age 14. The prognostic power of these early self‐reports suggests that children as young as 5 or 6 years of age are capable of providing valid reports of depressed mood and feelings.