bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Th1‐ and Th2‐like subsets of innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Bernink Jochem , Mjösberg Jenny , Spits Hergen
Published: February 2013

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) constitute a family of effectors in innate immunity and regulators of tissue remodeling that have a cytokine and transcription factor expression pattern that parallels that of the T‐helper (Th) cell family. Here, we discuss how ILCs can be categorized and summarize the current knowledge of Th1‐ and Th2‐like ILCs with regard to the molecular mechanisms of development, effector functions, and their interplay with other cell types.
Th17 cell development: from the cradle to the grave
Authors: Zúñiga Luis A. , Jain Renu , Haines Christopher , Cua Daniel J.
Published: February 2013

T cells surviving the clonal selection process emigrate from the thymus to the periphery as immature naive T cells. In the periphery, upon activation under specific cytokine milieus, naive T cells adopt specific effector phenotypes, e.g. T‐helper 1 (Th1), Th2, or Th17, and acquire diverse functions to control a myriad of pathogens, tissue injuries, and other immunological insults. Interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) is one of the key cytokines that shapes the development and function of Th17 cells with characteristic expression of retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γ‐t (RORγt), IL‐17, IL‐22, and granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). More recently, emerging data suggest that IL‐23 also promotes development of ‘natural Th17’ (nTh17) cells that arise from the thymus, analogous to natural regulatory T cells (nTreg). We are just beginning to understand the unique thymic developmental path of nTh17 cells, which are distinct from antigen‐experienced memory Th17 cells. In this review, we explore the differentiation and function of inducible, natural, and memory Th17 subsets, which encompass a broad range of immune functions while maintaining tissue hemostasis, and highlight the participation of IL‐23 during the life cycle of Th17 cells.
CD4+ T‐cell subsets in transplantation
Authors: Liu Zhongmin , Fan Huimin , Jiang Shuiping
Published: February 2013

The identification of T‐helper 9 (Th9), Th17, Th22 cells as distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells has extended the Th1/Th2 paradigm in the adaptive immunity. In the past decade, many studies in animal models and clinical transplantation have demonstrated that interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is involved in allograft rejection. It appears that Th17 cells together with Th1 and Th2 cells play an important role in mediating allograft rejection. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the contribution of Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, and follicular T‐helper (Tfh) cells in allograft rejection. We also discuss the regulation of CD4+ T‐cell subsets by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the context of transplantation tolerance.
Work demands, social support, and job satisfaction in eating disorder inpatient settings: A qualitative study
Authors: Davey Amanda , Arcelus Jon , Munir Fehmidah
Published: February 2013

In this qualitative study, we aimed to investigate work demands experienced by health‐care workers in an adult eating disorder inpatient service. We also aimed to investigate the use of social support and job satisfaction in this setting. Twelve health‐care workers from an eating disorder inpatient ward, including nurses, health‐care support workers, and occupational therapists, participated in semistructured interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. A number of work demands were discussed relating to therapeutic care, physical care, and organizational demands. Most participants discussed social support at work as being highly valuable, formally and informally, whereas external support was viewed as less important. Despite the challenges of caring for patients with eating disorders, the majority of participants reported good patient‐related job satisfaction, but poor job satisfaction in relation to organizational factors. Eating disorder inpatient care is complex and demanding, necessitating effective teamwork, communication, and support systems among health‐care workers. Interventions should be developed to target barriers to care, including time constraints, administrative workload, and insufficient allocation of staff.
Determinants of preventive dental practice for children among final‐year dental students inNigeria
Authors: Folayan Morenike O. , Khami Mohammad R. , Folaranmi Nkiru , Orenuga Omolola , Popoola Bamidele O. , O. Olatosi Olubukola , Ligali Taofeek O. , Sofola Oyinkan O. , Adeniyi Abiola A. , Esan Ayo , Osaguona Antony
Published: February 2013

Background

This study aims to identify the determinants of caries prevention‐oriented practice for children among final‐year dental students inNigeria.

Method

A questionnaire was distributed to 179 final‐year dental students in six dental schools in Nigeria. It requested information on age, gender, knowledge of caries prevention measures, self‐perceived competency in providing caries‐preventive care for children, and caries prevention‐oriented practice for two hypothetical cases with high and low risk of caries. Chi‐squares tests and logistic regression analysis were done.

Results

Between 24% and 41% of the respondents indicated their inability to determine the appropriate treatment modality for children with high and low caries risk. Majority of the students failed to differentiate between the caries‐preventive practice for children with high and low risk of caries: preventive strategies for children with high caries risk were also used for those with low caries risk. Age, gender, knowledge of caries prevention measures, and self‐perceived competency in providing caries‐preventive care were not associated with student's capacity to provide caries‐preventive practice for children.

Conclusion

Caries‐preventive practice among dental students in Nigeria could be improved. It may be important to explore the possible role of problem‐based learning approach in addressing this challenge.
Food allergy update: more than a peanut of a problem
Authors: Husain Zain , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: February 2013

Food allergies have become a significant medical and legal concern for children worldwide, as there is a rising incidence of potentially fatal hypersensitivity reactions. The most common foods implicated include cow milk, wheat, egg, soy, peanut, tree nuts such as walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, cashews, pecans, and pistachios, fish and shellfish. The majority of food allergies represent an IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction to specific proteins found in foods. Peanut allergy, in particular, is a significant food allergy responsible for the majority of patients with food‐induced anaphylaxis. Even trace quantities to food proteins in the sensitized individual can lead to fatal reactions. There is often a rapid onset of symptoms after exposure, with prominent cutaneous findings of urticaria, angioedema, or diffuse nonspecific dermatitis. The majority of children outgrow allergies to milk, soy, egg, and wheat. However, allergy to peanuts, tree nuts, and seafood are usually lifelong conditions, as few outgrow it. Children with food allergies and their families should be knowledgeable of management strategies for the condition, including carrying and properly administering self‐injectable epinephrine. New immunotherapeutic options are being investigated and appear promising.
Reticulate erythema associated with violaceous papules on the forearms
Authors: Zafar Sara , Gonzalez‐Santiago Tania M. , Khezri Farzaneh , Gibson Lawrence E. , Comfere Nneka I.
Published: February 2013

What is your diagnosis?
Erythematous, yellowish plaque on the face of a child
Authors: de Oliveira Rocha Bruno , de Sousa Medeiros Torres Isabelle , Rêgo Vitória Regina Pedreira de Almeida , Fernandes Juliana Dumêt
Published: February 2013

What is your diagnosis?
Topical delivery of triamcinolone via skin pretreated with ablative radiofrequency: a new method in hypertrophic scar treatment
Authors: Issa Maria C. A. , Kassuga Luiza E. B. P. , Chevrand Natalia S. , Pires Marianna T. F.
Published: February 2013

Background

Epidermal permeability alterations induced by ablative fractional resurfacing and low‐frequency ultrasound technology may offer drug delivery for the treatment of hypertrophic scars through transepidermal drug delivery (TED). This technology can improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects.

Objective

To evaluate clinical response and side effects of TED technology in hypertrophic scars in the body and on the face using ablative fractional radiofrequency (RF) associated with low‐frequency acoustic pressure ultrasound (US).

Methods

Four patients with hypertrophic scars were treated with triamcinolone using fractional ablative RF and US. The treatment procedure comprised three steps: (i) ablative fractional RF for skin perforation; (ii) topical application of triamcinolone acetonide 20 mg/ml on the perforated skin; and (iii) acoustic pressure wave US applied to enhance triamcinolone penetration into the skin.

Results

Complete resolution was seen after one session in patients with scars on the nose and mandibular area. The scar on the neck showed complete resolution after four sessions. The scar on the knee showed a marked improvement after four sessions. Mild and homogeneous atrophy was observed in hypertrophic scars on the neck.

Conclusion

Ablative fractional RF associated with acoustic pressure US is a new technology aiming to increase drug delivery into skin. This new method can improve the efficacy of steroids in hypertrophic scar treatment, minimizing the risks of localized atrophy and irregular appearance of the treated lesion.
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome in a patient with melanoma and a novel mutation in the FCLN gene
Authors: Mota‐Burgos Ana , Acosta Enrique Herrera , Márquez Francisco Vílchez , Mendiola Matilde , Herrera‐Ceballos Enrique
Published: February 2013

Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by the presence of three skin tumors (fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, and acrochordons), together with an increased risk for other tumors, especially renal tumors, caused by a mutation in folliculin, an oncogene suppressor protein. The association of this syndrome with melanoma is very unusual. We report the case of a 54‐year‐old man with a history of melanoma who had multiple white facial papules. His son also presented similar facial lesions. Histopathologic study showed fibrofolliculomas. These clinical and histopathologic features suggested the diagnosis of BHDS. Genetic study revealed a novel heterozygous mutation p.S185P in exon 6 of the FLCN gene. To date, the association between melanoma and BHDS has rarely been described. As the pathogenic mechanism responsible for melanoma seems to be the same as that responsible for neoplasms in BHDS, the authors consider the melanoma a manifestation of BHDS. Thus, during the periodic follow‐up of patients with BHDS, we recommend periodic exhaustive skin examination and excisional biopsy of any suspicious pigmented lesion.
Luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) receptor agonists vs antagonists: a matter of the receptors?
Authors: Tolkach Yuri , Joniau Steven , Van Poppel Hendrik
Published: February 2013

Luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists and antagonists are commonly used androgen deprivation therapies prescribed for patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Both types of agent target the receptor for LHRH but differ in their mode of action: agonists, via pituitary LRHR receptors (LHRH‐Rs), cause an initial surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and, subsequently, testosterone. Continued overstimulation of LHRH‐R down‐regulates the production of LH and leads to castrate levels of testosterone. LHRH antagonists, however, block LHRH‐R signalling causing a rapid and sustained inhibition of testosterone, LH and FSH. The discovery and validation of the presence of functional LHRH‐R in the prostate has led to much work investigating the role of LHRH signalling in the normal prostate as well as in the treatment of PCa with LHRH agonists and antagonists. In this review we discuss the expression and function of LHRH‐R, as well as LH/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors and FSH receptors and relate this to the differential clinical responses to agonists and antagonists used in the hormonal manipulation of PCa.
An investigation of turbulent accelerated flow along smooth prismatic chutes
Authors: Mohamed Hassan Ibrahim
Published: February 2013

Turbulent chute flow was investigated experimentally and numerically for various flow conditions. The Navier‐Stokes equations are solved with the k − ε turbulence model on a structured non‐orthogonal grid. A method based on water continuity was used to calculate the movement of the water surface. Using an adaptive grid in the vertical direction, the location of the water surface was recalculated from an initially horizontal profile. After several iterations a steady solution emerged. The velocity distribution in longitudinal and vertical directions and pressure distribution along the chute were calculated. The numerical model was calibrated and verified using experimental data model studies. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental results and that from the numerical model. Multiple‐regression equation was developed for computing the water surface profile along chute.
Emergency nurses' experiences of caring for survivors of intimate partner violence
Authors: van der Wath Annatjie , van Wyk Neltjie , Janse van Rensburg Elsie
Published: February 2013

Aim

To report a study of emergency nurses' experiences of caring for survivors of intimate partner violence.

Background

Emergency nurses have the opportunity to intervene during the period following exposure to intimate partner violence when survivors are most receptive for interventions. The confrontation with the trauma of intimate partner violence can, however, affect emergency nurses' ability to engage empathetically with survivors, which is fundamental to all interventions.

Design

The research was guided by the philosophical foundations of phenomenology as founded by Husserl.

Method

A descriptive phenomenological inquiry grounded in Husserlian philosophy was used. The phenomenological reductions were applied throughout data collection and analysis. During 2010, concrete descriptions were obtained from interviewing 11 nurses working in emergency units of two public hospitals in an urban setting in South Africa. To arrive at a description of the essence, the data were analysed by searching for the meaning given to the experience of caring for survivors of intimate partner violence.

Findings

Emergency nurses in South Africa are often witnesses of the emotional and physical effects of intimate partner violence. Exposure to the vulnerability and suffering of survivors elicits sympathy and emotional distress. Emergency nurses are left with the emotional impact and disruptive and recurrent memories.

Conclusion

Exploring the tacit internal experiences related to caring for survivors of intimate partner violence revealed emergency nurses' vulnerability to the effects of secondary traumatic stress. The findings generated an opportunity to develop guidelines through which to support and empower emergency nurses.
Expression levels of 10 candidate genes in lung tissue of vaccinated and TB‐infected cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Roodgar Morteza , Lackner Andrew , Kaushal Deepak , Sankaran Sumathi , Dandekar Satya , Satkoski Trask Jessica , Drake Christiana , Smith David Glenn
Published: February 2013

The expression of ten tuberculosis candidate genes in lung and lymph nodes of cynomologus macaques vaccinated and experimentally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was quantified. The expression of TNFα, IL10, IL1β, TLR4, IL17, IL6, IL12, and iNOS in the lungs of vaccinated animals was higher than that of non‐vaccinated animals.
Early life stress‐induced histone acetylations correlate with activation of the synaptic plasticity genes Arc and Egr1 in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Xie Lan , Korkmaz Kemal Sami , Braun Katharina , Bock Jörg
Published: February 2013

Early life stress (ELS) programs the developing organism and influences the development of brain and behavior. We tested the hypothesis that ELS‐induced histone acetylations might alter the expression of synaptic plasticity genes that are critically involved in the establishment of limbic brain circuits. Maternal separation (MS) from postnatal day 14–16 was applied as ELS and two immediate early genes underlying experience‐induced synaptic plasticity, Arc and early growth response 1 (Egr1) were analyzed. We show here that repeated ELS induces a rapid increase of Arc and Egr1 in the mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, immunoblotting revealed that these changes are paralleled by histone modifications, reflected by increased acetylation levels of H3 and H4. Most importantly, using native Chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR (nChIP‐qPCR), we show for the first time a correlation between elevated histone acetylation and increased Arc and Egr1 expression in response to ELS. These rapid epigenetic changes are paralleled by increases of dendritic complexity and spine number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in ELS animals at weaning age. Our results are in line with our working hypothesis that ELS induces activation of synaptic plasticity genes, mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. These events are assumed to represent early steps in the adaption of neuronal networks to a stressful environment.
Overexpression of CD147 contributes to the chemoresistance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Huang Zhiquan , Wang Lili , Wang Youyuan , Zhuo Ying , Li Haigang , Chen Ju , Chen Weiliang
Published: February 2013

Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world and most of them are squamous cell carcinomas. High frequency of cisplatin resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) leads to tumor relapse and irresponsiveness to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. However, the mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance is still largely unrevealed. In this study, we found that CD147 was overexpressed in cisplatin‐resistant HNSCC cell lines. Based on the result, CD147 expression was down‐regulated in the cisplatin‐resistant cell line and we observed that the sensitivity to cisplatin increased, as showed in the results of MTT assay and PI‐staining apoptotic detection. Meanwhile, transfection of CD147 expression vector promoted the occurrence of cisplatin resistance in the cisplatin‐sensitive cell line. Simultaneously blocking of uPAR with neutralizing antibody would significantly prevent the occurrence of cisplatin resistance induced by CD147 overexpression. In conclusion, our study finds that CD147 is also involved in mediating cisplatin resistance in HNSCC and uPAR serves as a possible candidate that collaborates with CD147 in this process.
After‐hours on‐call: The effect on paediatricians' spouses and families
Authors: Emmett Brierley M , Dovey Susan M , Wheeler Benjamin J
Published: February 2013

Aim

The after‐hours or on‐call component of a paediatrician's work has implications for their spouse and family. Little is known about the specifics and extent of this impact. We aimed to understand the potential positive and negative impacts of this important aspect of a paediatrician's work.

Methods

The spouses (nine female and one male) of 10 practising paediatricians, who are providing care in a variety of hospital settings within New Zealand, were interviewed using an open‐questioning technique. Interviews were analysed by a qualitative line‐by‐line thematic method in order to categorise the perceived impact of their spouses' on‐call work on themselves and their families.

Results

Participants reported multiple effects of after‐hours on‐call on themselves, their paediatrician partners and their families. Negative themes included sleep deprivation, restrictions on life‐style and living location (specifically home proximity to hospital), spousal sacrifice, intimacy and communication challenges, and diminished quality time with children. Positive themes highlighted professional rewards, financial security and adaptability. Themes were consistent across age, length of relationship, spousal occupation and the presence of children. The intensity of these impacts for our participants appeared to vary depending on the degree of marital support and frequency of on‐call.

Conclusion

After‐hours on‐call has a generally negative impact on paediatricians' spouses and families.
Mental health nurse prescribing: using a constructivist approach to investigate the nurse–patient relationship
Authors: Ross J. D. , Clarke A. , Kettles A. M.
Published: February 2013

Accessible summary

Prescribing medication was previously the monopoly of medical doctors but in recent years suitably qualified mental health nurses among others, have been authorized to prescribe.

The nurse–patient relationship is considered paramount in mental health nursing but some mental health nurses are concerned that prescribing may somehow conflict with this relationship. However there has been little reported on the views of mental health nurse prescribers and their clients.

In this study clients and other stakeholders from one National Health Service Foundation Trust were interviewed or participated in a focus group regarding their experiences of nurses prescribing medication.

Clients in this study believed that nurse prescribing was working well and they were satisfied having their medication prescribed by their nurse. Nurse prescribers believed that their prescribing was well received by their clients and by other professionals.

Nurse prescribing has been embraced in many areas of nursing, but less so in mental health. Relatively few studies have been published in this field with even fewer asking clients who have their medication prescribed by a mental health nurse about their views. This paper reports findings concerning the mental health nurse prescriber–patient relationship. It draws on data from a qualitative study, which was undertaken in one mental health National Health Service Foundation Trust in England to ascertain the views of clients and other stakeholders (nurse prescribers, pharmacist prescribers, nurse managers and doctors) about nurse prescribing. Data were collected by interview (either face to face or telephone) or focus group. Following Framework analysis, findings revealed that clients liked to have their nurse prescribe for them as they valued the pre‐established relationship. They also valued the consistency of seeing the same person and the relative ease of access to appointments. Doctors and nurse managers were aware of positive feedback from clients. Nurse prescribers believed that nurse prescribing provided an enhanced service to clients.
Hydroid assemblages across the Atlantic–Mediterranean boundary: is the Strait of Gibraltar a marine ecotone?
Authors: González‐Duarte Manuel M. , Megina Cesar , Piraino Stefano , Cervera Juan L.
Published: February 2013

Strong gradients in physico‐chemical properties between abutting water masses create prominent transition zones in the marine environment. The Strait of Gibraltar forms the well defined boundary between the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and this paper examines spatial variation of hydroid assemblages in this transition zone. Although several studies highlighted the transitional character of the Strait and defined it as an ecotone, the benthic hydroid assemblages did not show differences between the Gulf of Cádiz and the Alboran Sea. However, there is an asymmetrical influence of the Atlantic waters on the coastal benthic ecosystems of the Alboran Sea, which maintains a more Mediterranean character in the hydroid assemblages of the northern coast, whereas a more Atlantic character was found in the rest of the studied sites. The transition zone between Atlantic and Mediterranean benthic communities could be associated with an Atlantic Influence Zone rather than with the Strait of Gibraltar itself.
Mass spawning events, seasonality and reproductive features in Milleporids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Reunion Island
Authors: Bourmaud Chloé Annie‐France , Leung Julia Ka Lai , Bollard Stéphanie , Gravier‐Bonnet Nicole
Published: February 2013

Three species of fire corals are present on the fringing coral reefs of Reunion Island (SW Indian Ocean): Millepora exaesa, Millepora platyphylla and Millepora tenera. Compared with scleractinian corals, reproduction studies on milleporids are scarce and this is the first study to be conducted in the Indian Ocean and on M. exaesa. We used a combination of weekly in situ observations and laboratory studies to document reproductive stages and phenology. The sexual reproductive period was the austral summer (Nov–Jan), the maturation of the colonies being correlated to the seasonal increasing water temperature. We describe both ampullae and short‐lived medusae (medusoids), and report differences in the size and density of ampullae and the distribution of nematocysts in the medusoids of the three species. The absence of radial and circular canals in all medusoids agrees with the original description but not with the current diagnosis of the family Milleporidae. We observed the first mass spawning event in M. exaesa and M. platyphylla, and provide the first description of a zooxanthellate Millepora larva. Spawning always began before dark but was not correlated with the lunar or tidal cycles. Millepora tenera colonies released several batches of medusoids during the reproductive period, suggesting that this species may be a serial spawner.
Biodiversity and distribution patterns of planktonic cnidarians in San Matías Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Guerrero Elena , Gili Josep‐María , Rodriguez Carolina , Araujo Enilma M. , Canepa Antonio , Calbet Albert , Genzano Gabriel , Mianzan Hermes W. , González Raúl A.
Published: February 2013

The special location (40–42°S in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean) and the hydrodynamic regime (limited water exchange with open ocean) in San Matías Gulf (Argentina) seem to produce a particular fauna of planktonic cnidarians whose their abundances are mainly shaped by the Gulf circulation. Four oceanographic cruises, covering 93 stations in three different seasons during 2007 and 2008 were carried out to quantify species richness and abundance, as well as to analyse the distribution of these cnidarians. We identified 20 species of hydromedusae and one siphonophore, increasing the total number of hydromedusae for the area to 23. This value is similar to the one found in the abutting Argentine continental shelf (20), but with a different assemblage composition. Hydromedusae abundances found were low, except for a bloom of the Leptomedusa Obelia spp. during the cold season. The only siphonophore found in the area, Pyrostephos vanhoeffeni, has previously been thought to be endemic to Antarctic and sub‐Antarctic waters, this being the first record for temperate waters of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean.
Description of a new hydromedusa from the southwesternAtlanticOcean,Bougainvillia pagesisp. nov. (Cnidaria,Hydrozoa,Anthoathecata)
Authors: Nogueira Miodeli , Rodriguez Carolina S. , Mianzan Hermes , Haddad Maria A. , Genzano Gabriel
Published: February 2013

A new hydromedusa species of the genusBougainvillia(Anthoathecata; Bougainvillidae) is described.Bougainvillia pagesisp. nov. was collected in shallow coastal waters from southern Brazil (~25–26°S) and northern Argentina (~36–38°S). It differs from other species of the genus mainly by two characters: (i) relatively large size (up to ~20 mm wide and high) and (ii) voluminous folded hanging gonads at perradial walls of the manubrium and extending to the proximal region of the radial canals. Its cnidoma is similar to the other species of the genus, with desmonemes (undischarged capsules: 7.08–10.01 × 2.5–5.59 μm) at marginal tentacles and microbasic euryteles (undischarged capsules: 7.66–11.44 × 2.64–4.43 μm) and smaller (undischarged capsules <2 μm) desmonemes at oral tentacles.
Trophic role of ambush‐foraging hydromedusae in the White Sea
Authors: Prudkovsky Andrey A.
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the trophic role of three ambush‐feeding hydromedusae inhabiting the White Sea, both in the natural environment (in the sea) and in an experimental system in the laboratory. Aglantha digitale (up to 35 ind.·m−3), Bougainvillia superciliaris (up to 4 ind.·m−3), and Sarsia tubulosa (up to 50 ind.·m−3) were the most abundant hydromedusae species apart from Obelia spp. There was a variety of zooplankton prey in the stomachs of ambush‐foraging medusae in the sea. A prey selection index C (Pearre ) was positive and significant for copepod prey and cirriped nauplii (B. superciliaris and S. tubulosa), copepods, cladocerans and chaetognath eggs (A. digitale). In laboratory experiments, A. digitale was poor at capturing cirriped larvae. It may be that a deficiency in desmoneme nematocysts prevents A. digitale from retaining this prey. Diet, ingestion and digestion rates of these three ambush‐foraging medusae did not agree completely. It appears that A. digitale has a shorter digestion time compared with the anthomedusae. Individual predation rates in the sea were low for A. digitale in comparison with anthomedusae. Bougainvillia superciliaris cleared 0.018–0.06 l ind.−1 h−1 with Oithona similis nauplii as a food source in an experimental setting. The average predation rate of medusae in the sea was in the range of experimental values. The prey with the latest onset of reproduction, such as eurythermic copepods, were the most affected by medusae predation. Also, anthomedusae feeding substantially increased mortality rates for cirriped larvae due to high selectivity for this prey.
Shallow‐water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean)
Authors: Soto Àngel Joan J. , Peña Cantero Álvaro L.
Published: February 2013

Forty species of benthic hydroids, belonging to 15 families and 21 genera, were found in a collection, obtained by SCUBA diving, from the Maltese Islands. Paradoxically for the well studied Mediterranean region, the hydroid fauna of these islands is virtually unexplored. Of 40 species, 33 were identified to species level, with 28 of them reported for the first time for the study area. Hydractinia monocarpa is recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea, and a presumed new species of the genus Clytia has been found. The most speciose families are Campanulariidae with 10 species (25%), Aglaopheniidae with six species (15%) and Sertulariidae with five species (12%). Aglaophenia and Clytia are the most diverse genera, both with six species (15%). A problem with respect to subspecies of Sertularella ellisi is resolved based on nematocyst observations. In terms of geographic distribution, eight species (24%) are endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, this number increases to 16 species (48%) when including those restricted to Mediterranean and nearby Atlantic waters, whereas the remaining species have wider distributions.
Detrimental Citizenship Behaviour: A Multilevel Framework of Antecedents and Consequences
Authors: Pierce Jason R. , Aguinis Herman
Published: February 2013

There is regular and explicit media coverage of employee behaviour intended to advance organizational goals, but that harms stakeholder interests in ways that exceed necessity and reason. Although several constructs such as workplace deviance, organizational misbehaviour, corporate crime and corruption, and unethical pro-organizational behaviour have been advanced to account for this type of behaviour, no comprehensive framework exists that also includes the full scope of its important consequences. Accordingly, we propose the umbrella construct of detrimental citizenship behaviour (DCB) that allows us to integrate and build upon previous related conceptualizations that have developed mostly in parallel bodies of research. We rely on ethical decision-making, creativity, and instrumental stakeholder theories to embed the umbrella DCB construct within a multi-level and longitudinal model. The DCB model includes processes through which such behaviour and its consequences unfold over time for organizational members, organizations, and society at large. The proposed framework describes, explains, and predicts DCB and also leads to suggestions for future research. In addition, we offer suggestions regarding how to manage this highly consequential type of organizational behaviour, thereby engaging in a much-needed science-practice dialogue in management and organization studies.
Explorations of lung cancer stigma for female long‐term survivors
Authors: Brown Cati , Cataldo Janine
Published: February 2013

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, accompanied by greater psychological distress than other cancers. There is minimal but increasing awareness of the impact of lung cancer stigma (LCS) on patient outcomes. LCS is associated with increased symptom burden and decreased quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of female long‐term lung cancer survivors in the context of LCS and examine how participants discursively adhere to or reject stigmatizing beliefs. Findings situated within Cataldo and colleagues' theoretical model include: (1) addiction and tobacco marketing as possible precursors for LCS, (2) the possible role of expert providers as LCS enhancers, (3) response of overlapping complicated identity shifts, (4) simultaneous rejection and assumption of LCS, and (5) information control via advocacy activities as a LCS mitigation response. These findings expand the current understanding of LCS, and call for future conceptual exploration and theoretical revision, particularly with respect to the possibility of interaction between relevant/related stigma(s) and LCS. As the number of women living with lung cancer increases, with longer survival times, the effect of LCS and other experiences of discrimination on patient outcomes could be substantial.
Progress in understanding of inhibitory purinergic neuromuscular transmission in the gut
Authors: Goyal R. K. , Sullivan M. P. , Chaudhury Arun
Published: February 2013

Recent studies with genetic deletion of P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1−/−) have clinched its role in enteric purinergic inhibitory neurotransmission and suggested that β‐NAD may be the purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon. In this issue of the Journal, Gil and colleagues extend their earlier observations to the cecum and gastric antrum, showing that P2Y1 receptor mediated purinergic inhibition may be a general phenomenon in the gut. However, the authors made an unexpected observation in contrast with their earlier findings in the colon that neither the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500, nor P2Y1 receptor deletion, blocked the hyperpolarizing action of β‐NAD in the cecum. These observations suggest that β‐NAD may be the purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon, but not in the cecum. This group had previously reported that the selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS 2179 suppressed the hyperpolarizing action of ATP or ADP. Further studies are now needed to determine whether the hyperpolarizing actions of ATP and ADP are suppressed by the more potent P2Y1 antagonist MRS2500, and in P2Y1−/− mutants to test the intriguing possibility that different purines serve as purinergic inhibitory neurotransmitters in the colon and cecum and perhaps in different parts of the gut. Studies in P2Y1−/− mice will resolve other issues in purinergic neurotransmission including cellular localization of the β‐NAD or ATP‐activated P2Y1 receptors on either smooth muscle cells or PDGFRα+ fibroblast‐like cells, relationship of purinergic to nitrergic neurotransmission and understanding the physiological and clinical importance of purinergic transmission in gastrointestinal motility and its disorders.
Factors related to abdominal pain in gastroparesis: contrast to patients with predominant nausea and vomiting
Authors: Hasler W. L. , Wilson L. A. , Parkman H. P. , Koch K. L. , Abell T. L. , Nguyen L. , Pasricha P. J. , Snape W. J. , McCallum R. W. , Sarosiek I. , Farrugia G. , Calles J. , Lee L. , Tonascia J. , Unalp‐Arida A. , Hamilton F.
Published: February 2013

Background

Factors associated with abdominal pain in gastroparesis are incompletely evaluated and comparisons of pain vs other symptoms are limited. This study related pain to clinical factors in gastroparesis and contrasted pain/discomfort‐ with nausea/vomiting‐predominant disease.

Methods

Clinical and scintigraphy data were compared in 393 patients from seven centers of the NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium with moderate‐severe (Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders Symptoms [PAGI‐SYM] score ≥3) vs none‐mild (PAGI‐SYM < 3) upper abdominal pain and predominant pain/discomfort vs nausea/vomiting.

Key Results

Upper abdominal pain was moderate‐severe in 261 (66%). Pain/discomfort was predominant in 81 (21%); nausea/vomiting was predominant in 172 (44%). Moderate‐severe pain was more prevalent with idiopathic gastroparesis and with lack of infectious prodrome (P ≤ 0.05) and correlated with scores for nausea/vomiting, bloating, lower abdominal pain/discomfort, bowel disturbances, and opiate and antiemetic use (P < 0.05), but not gastric emptying or diabetic neuropathy or control. Gastroparesis severity, quality of life, and depression and anxiety were worse with moderate‐severe pain (P ≤ 0.008). Factors associated with moderate‐severe pain were similar in diabetic and idiopathic gastroparesis. Compared to predominant nausea/vomiting, predominant pain/discomfort was associated with impaired quality of life, greater opiate, and less antiemetic use (P < 0.01), but similar severity and gastric retention.

Conclusions & Inferences

Moderate‐severe abdominal pain is prevalent in gastroparesis, impairs quality of life, and is associated with idiopathic etiology, lack of infectious prodrome, and opiate use. Pain is predominant in one fifth of gastroparetics. Predominant pain has at least as great an impact on disease severity and quality of life as predominant nausea/vomiting.
Roles of cholesterol and bile salts in the pathogenesis of gallbladder hypomotility and inflammation: cholecystitis is not caused by cystic duct obstruction
Authors: Behar J. , Mawe G. , Carey M.
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose

A large number of human and animal studies have challenged the hypothesis that cystic duct obstruction by gallstones causes cholecystitis. These studies suggest that lithogenic bile that can deliver high cholesterol concentrations to the gallbladder wall causes hypomotility and creates a permissive environment that allows normal concentrations of hydrophobic bile salts to inflame the mucosa and impair muscle function inhibiting gallbladder emptying. High concentrations of cholesterol increase its diffusion rates through the gallbladder wall where they are incorporated into the sarcolemmae of muscle cells by caveolin proteins. High caveolar cholesterol levels inhibit tyrosine‐induced phosphorylation of caveolin proteins required to transfer receptor–G protein complexes into recycling endosomes. The sequestration of these receptor–G protein complexes in the caveolae results in fewer receptors recycling to the sarcolemmae to be available for agonist binding. Lower internalization and recycling of CCK‐1 and other receptors involved in muscle contraction explain gallbladder hypomotility. PGE2 receptors involved in cytoprotection are similarly affected. Cells with a defective cytoprotection failed to inactivate free radicals induced by normal concentrations of hydrophobic bile salts resulting in chronic inflammation that may lead to acute inflammation. Ursodeoxycholic acid salts (URSO) block these bile salts effects thereby preventing the generation of free radicals in muscle cells in vitro and development of cholecystitis in the ligated common bile duct in guinea pigs in vivo. Treatment with URSO improves muscle contraction and reduces the oxidative stress in patients with symptomatic cholesterol gallstones by lowering cholesterol concentrations and blocking the effects of hydrophobic bile salts on gallbladder tissues.
Distensibility of the esophagogastric junction assessed with the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP™) in achalasia patients
Authors: Pandolfino J. E. , de Ruigh A. , Nicodème F. , Xiao Y. , Boris L. , Kahrilas P. J.
Published: February 2013

Background

The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP), measures esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility (cross‐sectional area/luminal pressure) during volume‐controlled distension. The aim of this study is to apply this tool to the assessment of the EGJ in untreated and treated achalasia patients and to compare EGJ distensibility with other diagnostic tools utilized in managing achalasia.

Methods

Findings from FLIP, high‐resolution manometry (HRM), timed barium esophagram, and symptom assessment by Eckardt Score (ES) were compared in 54 achalasia patients (23 untreated, 31 treated). Twenty healthy volunteers underwent FLIP as a comparator group. The EGJ distensibility index (EGJ‐DI) was defined at the ‘waist’ of the FLIP bag during volumetric distension, expressed in mm2 mmHg−1. The ES was used to gauge treatment outcome: good response < 3 or poor response ≥ 3.

Key Results

Of the 31 treated patients, 17 had good and 14 poor treatment response. The EGJ‐DI was significantly different among groups, greatest in the control subjects and least in the untreated patients; patients with good treatment response had significantly greater EGJ‐DI than untreated or patients with poor response. The correlations between EGJ‐DI and ES and integrated relaxation pressure on HRM were significant.

Conclusions & Inferences

The FLIP provided a useful measure of EGJ distensibility in achalasia patients that correlated with symptom severity. The measurement of EGJ distensibility was complementary to existing tests suggesting a potentially important role in the clinical management of achalasia.
Simplifying the measurement of gastric accommodation using SPECT
Authors: Vijayvargiya P. , Camilleri M. , Shin A. , Breen M. , Burton D.
Published: February 2013

Background

Non‐invasive single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been validated as a test for postprandial gastric volume accommodation, with volumes measured twice over 30 min and averaged. The purpose of this study is to simplify the SPECT measurement of gastric accommodation.

Methods

The primary aim of this study was to compare two postprandial gastric volume measurements with data collected retrospectively from 443 patients and healthy volunteers who had undergone SPECT in the last decade. The differences in the two gastric volumes were compared in the entire group and each subgroup, and the correlation between the two measurements and their differences across a wide range of gastric volumes were plotted.

Key Results

There was a median difference of <2% (P = 0.041) between postprandial scan 1 (757 mL) and scan 2 (743 mL), with significant correlation (rs = 0.859, P < 0.01) and excellent agreement (SD 60 mL) between the two scans across the entire range of observed postprandial gastric volumes.

Conclusions & Inferences

A single postprandial scan can detect gastric accommodation with the same accuracy as averaging two postprandial scans. These data support simplifying SPECT measurement of postprandial gastric volume with a scan in the first 15 min after a meal.
Phosphorylated EGFR at tyrosine 1173 correlates with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Monteiro LS , Ricardo S , Delgado ML , Garcez F , do Amaral B , Lopes C
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We examined their utility as prognostic markers by relating to clinicopathological characteristics and the clinical outcome.

Materials and Methods

We analysed 74 primary OSCC and examined immunohistochemical expression of EGFR and pEGFR (phosphorylated at tyrosine 1173) using tissue microarray technology. Their role in survival was assessed by Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox regression models.

Results

Epidermal growth factor receptor expression was observed in all cases, and pEGFR expression was observed in 41.1% of the cases. We found a significant correlation between EGFR and pEGFR expression (P = 0.003). In the multivariable analysis for cause‐specific survival, we found an independent prognostic value for pEGFR expression (HR 7.94, 95% CI 2.03–31.06, P = 0.003) and for clinical stage (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.10–7.53, P = 0.031). For recurrence‐free survival, clinical stage (HR 6.59, 95% CI 1.36–31.90, P = 0.019) and tumour grade (HR 3.35, 95% CI 1.07–10.44, P = 0.037) presented independent prognostic value.

Conclusion

Epidermal growth factor receptor is highly expressed in OSCC and is phosphorylated in more than one‐third of the cases. The independent value of pEGFR expression in cause‐specific survival of OSCC suggests that this marker may serve as reliable biological marker to identify high‐risk subgroups and to guide therapy.
Autotransplantation of a maxillary third molar with closed roots
Authors: Asgary S. , Ahmadyar M.
Published: February 2013

Autogenous tooth transplantation (ATT) is a simple and economical option for the treatment of missing teeth when a suitable donor tooth is available. This case report presents an unconventional case of successful ATT of a maxillary third molar replacing the adjacent tooth with a perio‐endo lesion. Despite complete root development of the third molar, no endodontic treatment was carried out either during or after ATT. After atraumatic extraction of the molars, root‐end fillings with calcium‐enriched mixture (CEM) cement was placed in the third molar roots and the tooth was immediately transplanted into the recipient socket. At 6‐month and 2‐year clinical examinations, the patient was asymptomatic and the transplanted tooth was still functional with no evidence of marginal periodontal pathosis. Radiographic evaluation illustrated bone regeneration of the previous extensive periapical lesion, normal periodontal ligament (PDL) and absence of root resorption. Transplantation of mature third molars by placing a CEM retrofilling may be considered a simple/practical alternative for replacing lost permanent molar teeth.