bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF RISK OF CARIES OF DENTAL SOLID
TISSUES IN ADULTS DUE TO A COMPLEX EXPOSURE TO WEATHER, CLIMATIC
AND OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS
Authors: Rakhmanov R.S. , Alikberov M.Kh. , Bakhmudov G.G. , Gadzhiibragimov D.A. , Grishin I.A. , Omarova Z.A. , Zhargalov S.I.
Published: September 2019

In Dagestan, mean value of daytime summer temperature in open areas was 27,4 °С (maximum –
30,0 °С), relative humidity – 77,3 % (up to 100,0 %), wind velocity – 4,3 (up to 7,0) m/s. Wind cooling
index confirmed a decrease of loss of heat by organism due to convection up to 21,8 %. The heat
exchange of organism by evaporation was hampered due to high humidity. It led to disturbances in
mineral balance of organism: a decrease of levels of potassium, sodium and chlorine. The ratio calcium:
phosphorus was disturbed due to a decrease of calcium in 53,3 % and an increase of phosphorus in
86,7 % of adults, respectively.
The stomatological status was characterized by shift of saliva pH to acid, mineralization potential to
demineralization, decrease of salivation and enamel resistance to acid; it led to elevated risk of caries of
dental solid tissues.
THE SOCIAL COMPONENT OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Garashchuk Olena
Published: September 2019

The article notes that significant transformation processes are taking place in the country. They affect the state of security. It is noted that with the development of scientific and technological progress the number of threats and dangers does not decrease. At the same time, the essence of the phenomenon of "danger" is revealed. Empirical studies have been carried out on the basis of an analysis of problems related to ensuring the necessary safety of people. It is established that in recent times organized crime, including cybercrime, has spread widely in Ukraine. It has a negative impact on ensuring national security and sustainable development. A number of factors have been singled out. They are a potential threat to national security. Groups of possible dangers are determined. Summarizing the opinions of scientists, the essence of the concept of "social security" is characterized. It is emphasized that its state is influenced by the level of economic development, the effectiveness of social policy of the state and state regulation of social development. The authors have grounded the formation of national and social security, have proved that sustainable development is connected with the observance of social standards; have considered the development and implementation of a balanced social and environmental and economic policy. This policy would involve active use of the latest production technologies, minimizing the amount of harmful emissions to the environment, strengthening the role of the state in solving social and economic problems and sustainable development.
DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM OF FOOD MARKETING IN SPHERE OF
REGIONAL AGRARIAN BUSINESS
Authors: Uzhva Alla
Published: September 2019

Introduction.The food marketing is an integrating sphere between the production of agricultural goods and its consumption. Functioning of the system of the food marketing will provide effective activity of subjects of agrarian business in direction of providing of population by high quality food and agro-food market development.
Purpose.The article aims to investigate theoretical andscientific principles of forming of the food marketing in the system of regional agrarian business and to ground the measures of its development in modern terms.
The method (methodology).In the process of research the method of comparison, method of analysis, theoretical and logical methods of generalization have been applied. The dialectical method has become the methodological basis of research.
Results. The theoretical base of concept «food marketing» is considered as an interlink between the specialized producers of food and users. Its purpose is in the facilitation of delivery of products from a producer to the user. The place of agricultural production and processing enterprises is studied in the system of the food marketing. The model of functioning of the food marketing is developed in the «food chain» of participants of agrarian business. Forms and methods of realization of products of agriculture are analysed. The measures as for the development of the system of the food marketing in agrarian business of region are determined.
SYSTEM OF RISK INDICATORS OF AGGRESSIVE TAX PLANNING
Authors: Brekhov Serhiy , Proskura Kateryna , Sushkova Olena
Published: September 2019

In this article the approach as for the determination of risk of usage of aggressive tax planning schemes and the level of probability of such activities realization by taxpayers is described. It is defined with the consideration of the specifics of administration of taxes in Ukraine. On the basis of generalization of international and domestic practice of aggressive tax planning schemes the authors have formed the system of risk indicators that shows the presence of tax minimization schemes of taxpayers. The authors have also formed the methodology for calculation of indicators of taxpayers. This methodology uses the aggressive tax planning schemes and evaluation criteria of their values.
THEORETICAL ORDERING OF THE METHODS AND TOOLS OF FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT OF INSURANCE COMPANIES
Authors: Prykazyuk Nataliia , Bilokin' Lesya
Published: September 2019

Essence of methods and tools of financial risk management of insurance companies are defined. It has been founf out that the methods of financial risk management of the insurer can be called a system of techniques in the field of financial risk management. Its use allows to solve a number of tasks to a certain extent. For example, it can allow to foresee the occurrence of risk events in the process activities of insurance companies and identify different ways of their avoidance, minimization, and transfer, and to take measures to reduce the consequences of occurrence of such events to the insurer. It has been defined that the tools of financial risk management of the insurance company are the totality of means. With their help we can make the analysis, control and funding of possible financial risks of the insurer that can arise in the process of implementation of economic activity. The methods and tools of financial risk management are closely connected. The main methods of financial risk management of the insurance company are analyzed. The most common methods of risk management in insurance are risk assessment, risk avoidance, risk reduction, risk acceptance, risk transfer. The instruments of financial risk management of the insurer, in particular, stress testing, early warning tests, Monte-Carlo, VaR-methodology, methods, which are based on calculation of indicators of ES, EVA and RAROC, as well as hedging, diversification, valuation, self-insurance, co-insurance and reinsurance are defined. The necessity to use the methods and tools of financial risk management by insurance companies is defined. It has ben provrd that the insurance company should choose the most appropriate methods and tools for risk management. The company should also take into account all the peculiarities of its activities and will assist in the evaluation and control of existing and prevention of possible risks.
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING CONSUMER CREDITING IN UKRAINE
Authors: Chaikovskyi Yaroslav
Published: September 2019

The article discusses different points of view and the essence of the economic category of «consumer credit». Analytical assessment of the current state and bank lending to individuals in Ukraine is carried out. Analysis of development of bank crediting of individuals has revealed that from 2005 to 2016 and for two months in 2017 consumer crediting in Ukraine has been developing unevenly. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of loans granted by banking institutions to residents, juridical and physical persons is carried out. The current state of bank crediting of individuals is characterized by a gradual decrease of volumes and a rapid reduction in the proportion in total bank lending. The main problems regarding the granting credits to individuals by banking institutions are revealed. High level of interest rates on loans to individuals, reduction of real incomes and risky credit policy of banks are the main obstacles of development of the bank consumer crediting. Recommendations for ensuring and increase of the efficiency of bank consumer crediting have been developed.
MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
Authors: Goncharov Yuriy , Kupper Olena
Published: September 2019

In conditions of current competition it is extremely difficult to retain market positions which were acquired. Achievement of competitive advantage by the enterprise is one of the most important categories of market economy. It can characterize the company's ability to timely and efficiently adapt to the conditions of external market environment that can rapidly change, to resist the economic crisis phenomena, to survive and develop. The essence of the concepts "competitiveness" and "competitive advantage" are considered in the article. The definition of "competitive enterprise" is proposed. The main approaches to the management of enterprise competitiveness in the modern world are analysed. In the article the "Conceptual model of sustainable competitive advantage" by IA Kuznetsov is shown. This model demonstrates that sustainable competitive advantages are formed at the intersection of using external and internal opportunities of unique properties of enterprise. These properties are expressed through industry success factors and key capabilities of the organization. The article examines the types of competitive advantages according to the forms of origin and manifestation (internal and external). It is concluded that the main demand of modern enterprise management competitiveness is the scientific study of strategic competitive advantages and maintaining the achieved position for a long time.
RAIDING ON ENTERPRISES OF FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX: STATUS AND FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Mamonov Kostyantyn , Velychko Volodymyr
Published: September 2019

The article aims to make the characteristics of state and to identify the peculiarities of raiding on the enterprises of fuel and energy sector. To achieve the goals the following tasks should be solved: to define the concept of "raiding", to develop the concept of "raiding appeal", to describe the status and trends of transformation of fuel and energy sector, to identify the factors that influence the formation and implementation of raider attacks. The authors’ definition of "raiding" has acquired the significant importance. It is characterized from the position of the complex of actions which aim to create a negative situation that leads to disruption of "normal" functioning of the entities in the energy sector or to their capture. The proposed concept of "raiding appeal" is considered as a system of believes, which includes the legal and information basis, evaluation procedures relating to setting of the integral criterion, the formation of information and analytical support and management decisions to counter raiding on the fuel and energy complex. It has been determined the necessity of the operation of a special unit to provide counteraction to raiding, which operates on the basis of the relevant provisions. It includes the following sections: regulatory and legal framework which governs its activities; rights and obligations; function; management structure; trends and features of combating forced seizure of the fuel and energy complex; implementation areas of functioning unit specialized in the operation of the fuel and energy complex; interoperability of specialized unit with other structural elements of the fuel and energy complex. It has been determined the need for antiraiding Code, which is to create and implement a set of measures to counteraction to raiding on the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. Herewith, we should consider the features of information policy, directions of application of legal security, corporate relationships, the level of interaction between units of fuel and energy complex and different groups of stakeholders, directions and measures to counteraction to raiding, the definition of responsible persons and presented directions and implementation activities. The analysis of the status and characteristics of raiding in the energy complex have allowed us to create an information basis for management decisions, including areas of cooperation between stakeholders.
METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF PROGRAMS OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN UNSTABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Pinchuk Tetyana
Published: September 2019

In modern conditions the problem of developing effective management measures acquires increasing relevance, as well as improving management efficiency in all sectors, especially in the field of telecommunication.

One promising line of telecommunication enterprises development is the creation of the programs of development.

The article is focused on providing methodical approach to formation of the programs of the telecommunication enterprise development in unstable business environment. It should be formed on the basis of the plan, tree of objectives and evaluation of development programs of a telecommunication enterprise.

A program of the telecommunication enterprise development is a set of interrelated programs that is a portfolio of programs, which includes a number of related projects, programs. They are united by a common purpose. The resources for their realisation are allocated. Programs of development are formed by the relevant authorities and individuals and supported and coordinated at all levels of management.

It is defined and systematized that programs of telecommunication enterprises development have a number of distinctive features that need to be taken into account when the programs are at the stage of formation.

Concurrently, the article specifies that the program of a telecommunication enterprise development consists of a set of interrelated plans (technical, operational and business plans). The tree of objectives, which implies the evaluation of the program and integrated system of formation and implementation of the program of development, is recommended. It allows choosing the most effective approach to the formation of the program of development, taking into consideration both the business environment and specific features of the telecommunication field.
PROBLEM ISSUES OF ECONOMIC ESSENCE DETERMINATION OF PRODUCTION SUPPLIES
Authors: Roieva Olha
Published: September 2019

Introduction. The essence of inventory from the logistic and economic point of view is considered in the article. It has been established that the national scientist believe that the theoretical basis for identifying and recording of inventory does not need improvement. Changes are appropriate only in certain situations due to the specifics of the company or industry. According to the results of analysis of the regulatory and legal framework it is proposed the clarification of criteria of resources of the inventory and recognition of their assets.
Purpose. The article aims to determine the nature of inventory enterprises in the fast-growing information needs of users.
The method (methodology). The study has used methods of theoretical and logic synthesis, method analysis and synthesis, method of comparison and prediction.
Results. The approaches to defining the essence of inventory with the aim to optimize the process of accounting and management in enterprises of different economic sectors have been proposed. Recommendations for determining categorical nature "inventory" and the concept of "economic benefits" that would allow economic grouping and operational control of inventories are worked out. Implementation of proposed criteria will deepen the theoretical and methodological basis of accounting and inventory. It will improve the efficiency of accounting and analytical system of manufacturing companies of any sector of the economy.
INTEGRAL ESTIMATION OF THE SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP IMPACT ON THE STAFF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sytnyk Oksana
Published: September 2019

Introduction. Ukraine's transition to a market economy has changed the content of social and labour relations and allocation of functions between the social partners. In such conditions, the social partnership performs not only protective, organizational and peacekeeping functions, but also the function of the human capital development. The positive experience with the social partnership system’s application in the staff developed gives the basis for actively implements it in Ukrainian realities. Meanwhile, the study of social partnership exactly at the microeconomic level reveals the contradictions between employers and employees in the matter of social and labour relations, and human resources development in particular.
Purpose. The article aims to develop methods of integral estimation of the social partnership impact on the staff development at the microeconomic level. It will allow to justify the measures to strengthen the interaction between social partnership and staff development in purpose to improve the firm operating results.
Method (methodology). A systematic approach in the construction for the influence of the social partnership system on firm operating results, a logical generalization in the method validation of measuring employee development results, an analysis and synthesis for justification of staff development’s operational recommendationsat microeconomic level and for determination indicators of the impact of social partnership on the staff development, a method of expert evaluations and an integrated assessment method for constructing a model of assessing the impact of the social partnership on the staff development have been used in the research.
Results. In the article the integral estimation’s methodology of the social partnership’s impact on the staff development has been introduced. It contains the indicators validation for the estimation, the sequence of the evaluation and contents of it. According to the results of the assessment the alternative measures to improve employee development through activation of social partnership at the microeconomic level are proposed. The results have significantly deepen methodical bases of staff development’s management on the basis of an integrated assessment of the state of social partnership’s development, operating results and employee development at the enterprise.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT OF REGIONAL INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN AGRICULTURE SECTOR OF UKRAINE
Authors: Utkina Galyna
Published: September 2019

Introduction. New technologies, materials and means became the main elements of innovation, innovative activity of the industrial age emerged. The difference of the modern era of knowledge economy is in the fact that innovation processes are based and they develop owing to effective usage of information, fast and comprehensive analysis, the capabilities to isolate highly specific necessary data from large total ones. The experience of the EU countries shows the need for the development of the regional innovative components as elements of a single programme of the development.
The purpose of the article is to reveal the content and the organizational support of regional innovative activity of agrarian business in Ukraine.
Results. The attention is given to the fact that the equalization of socio-economic development of regions appears to be a crucial problem of Ukraine's regional policy now. This process may be based on systematic innovation transformation of social production processes, which is generally based on the restructuring of the entire system of innovative activity in the industry. Taking into account the structure of the agricultural sector in Ukraine, it is extremely appropriate to determine the implementation of the regional innovation system with respect to its members and in particular the contribution of each to achieve the integrity of the system - from the National Agrarian Academy of Ukraine to teaching math in high school. It is proved that both state and regional levels provide a particular organizational support of innovative activity of the agricultural sector. However, until operating centers of implementing reasonable model of development planning in rural areas are organized, nobody can ensure the implementation of effective regional innovative activity of agriculture industry in general. That is because their main task is not only in education and information support of the productive activities, but also in the implementation of coordination functions.
To implement effective opportunity to use the knowledge linked to acquired assimilation of information flows, commodity producer should have an appropriate level of professional knowledge base due to the practical implementation of skills in professional activities. This leads to a mandatory intellectual background at the regional level (improving knowledge base, relevant educational level of subjective life of the region). The building of innovative development system of communities requires clarification and consideration of ties of innovative development of the triad "education-science-production".
ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULT OF INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROVIDERS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN UKRAINE
Authors: Kazarian Genrikh
Published: September 2019

The article analyzes the effectiveness and effectiveness of institutional regulation of socio-economic provision of persons with disabilities in Ukraine. The author found that the low productivity of persons with disabilities increases the cost of production, and the increase of prices in conditions of severe competition is practically impossible, therefore the profits of the corresponding specialized enterprises are low. On the basis of the conducted analysis, a multifactorial linear model is constructed that allows determining the optimal ratio of the use of institutional factors for the socio-economic provision of persons with disabilities in Ukraine.
Ungkapan Bermakna Budaya dalam Adat Perkawinan
Authors: Kusnan Kusnan
Published: September 2019

Theproblem of this research is 1) what the expressions forms of mesarapu, mesokei,and umo’api in the marriage custom of Tolaki Tribe in South East of Sulawesiare. 2) What the meaning of the cultural expressions of mesarapu, mesokei, andumo’api in the marriage custom in Tolaki-South East Sulawesi are.This research is a qualitative descriptiveresearch. Data used in this research is language expressions of mesarapu,mesokei, and umo’api which collected through 1) deep interview, 2) observationin the field in order to get the detail data, and 3) library research in orderto get the personal writings, publishing documents, or research result fromlocal instances or local culture institutions. Data in this research iscollected through 1) recording technique which collecting data is got frominformant using recording tools. 2) Note taking which is used to record otherexternal additional and important data. 3) Transcript technique which is thetransforming data from spoken language to written language. 4) Translationtechnique which is transforming expressions in mesarapu, mesokei, and umo’apiwhich are in Tolaki language into Indonesian Language. Analysis of the meaning in this research isused descriptive interpretative approach using the concept of SPEAKING, then isanalyzed in accordance to the purpose of this research. The researcherdescribed the data based on Hymes concept, the existing data is chosen orexerted according to the verbal expressions and non verbal expressions. Nonverbal expressions are the data used in the marriage custom of Tolaki Tribe inSouth East Sulawesi. The data collected is the language expressions of  mesarapu, mesokei and umo’api in the marriagecustom of Tolaki Tribe in South East Sulawesi which is classified by Chaer(2002:75). The result of this researchshows that the language expression of mesarapu, mesokei, and umo’api in themarriage custom of Tolaki Tribe is the form of communication media which isfull of meaning. The language expression of mesarapu, mesokei, and umo’api withimplicit language and symbolic language which meaning cannot be reached by somepeople.Key words: expressions ofmesarapu,mesokei, and umo’api, and cultural meaning
Rancang Bangun Electrosurgery Unit (Pure Cut) Mode Bipolar
Authors: Faroby M. Aldi Bahij , Ariswati Her Gumiwang , Hamzah Torib , Luthfiyah Sari
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sebuah modul Electrosurgery unit (Pure Cut) mode bipolar. Adapun yang menjadi penulis melatar belakangi pembuat modul ini karena peralatan bedah yang berfungsi melakukan pembedahan dengan meminimalisir darah yang dikeluarkan oleh pasien, dengan memanfaatkan frekuensi tinggi dan arus listrik untuk memotong (cutting), mengental (coagulation), dan pengeringan jaringan (fulguration). Namun pada penelitian ini menggunakan mode cutting  saja dengan dua pemilihan daya dan frekuensi dapat diatur dengan rentan 100 kHz sampai 300 kHz. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hasil dengan daya terendah 6,5 Watt dan daya tertinggi 38,6 Watt, yang mempengaruhi hasil ukur daya tegangan, arus, hambatan, dan frekuensi. Bipolar electrosurgery adalah salah satu alat bedah yang paling umum digunakan untuk seluruh pembedahan pada titik tertentu, berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu adanya alat bedah dengan mode bipolar untuk pembedahan minor misal pada organ tubuh tertentu yang membutuhkan lingkup kecil pada manusia dengan menggunakan frekuensi tinggi.
Diversification as a Means of Achieving Sustainable Development Goal on
Poverty Eradication:
Evidence from Farm Households, Rural Nigeria
Authors: Shehu Abdulaziz , F. Sidique Shaufique
Published: September 2019

High incidence of poverty in sub Saharan Africa and other parts of developing countries has clearly shown that that a lot have to be done towards the accomplishment of sustainable development goal (SDG) of poverty eradication by the year 2030. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of diversification on poverty
reduction among farm households in rural Nigeria with a view to proffer possible suggestions on how to achieve sustainable development goal on poverty eradication by 2030. The study used per capita consumption expenditure as a measure of economic wellbeing as well as poverty status. Data on the third wave of the Nigerian General Household Survey (GHS) with a nationally representative sample of 3,256 panel rural
households conducted by the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the World Bank in 2015/2016 was used for the study which was analysed using propensity score matching approach. The matching results revealed that diversification has a positive and significant effect on the household wellbeing irrespective of their
poverty status. However, diversification contributes more to the wellbeing of the non-poor households than the poor ones. In the light of the foregoing, the study recommends that sustainable development policies seeking to address rural poverty should not only consider agricultural development. They should also consider enhancing the ability of poor rural households to diversify into high return non-farm activities as it supplements their earnings from agriculture and have positive significant effect on their wellbeing. Further, there is need to encourage rural banking scheme with the simple collateral requirement as well as promote cooperative societies,
educational programmes, non-farm enterprise activities and community infrastructures.
DEVELOPMENT OF YIELD PREDICTION MODELS IN THE MAIZE CROP USING SPECTRAL DATA FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Victor Rueda Ayala  , Seshadri Kunapuli  , Javier Maiguashca
Published: September 2019

Machine learning techniques were applied with statistical tools such as linear, logistic and multinomial regression, to work out predictive algorithms for yield estimation. Spectroradiometer readings were collected throughout the main maiz producing provinces of Ecuador, at two crop development stages.A model using six degree polynomial regression is recommended for acceptable yield prediction. This model could contribute to decide about imports strategies and avoid the overlapping with the national production.
ARVENSES ASOCIADAS A LOS CULTIVOS DE NARANJILLA Y TOMATE DE ÁRBOL
Authors: William Viera  , Paul Mejía  , Michelle Noboa  , Javier Obando  , Andrea Sotomayor  , Wilson Vásquez  , Pablo Viteri
Published: September 2019

En el cultivo de naranjilla y tomate de árbol, las arvenses presentes pueden ser hospederas de insectos parasitoides que permiten un control biológico natural de plagas. En este estudio se muestreó especies arvenses en las localidades de El Chaco (Napo) y Río Negro (Tungurahua) donde las familias encontradas mayoritariamente fueron Asteraceae, Poaceae y Cyperaceae.
STUDENT ́S LEARNING STYLES IN SOIL SCIENCE: AN ECUADORIAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Pablo Quichimbo  , Michelle Chérrez  , Leticia Jiménez
Published: September 2019

The learning of Soil Science depends on the student’s learning styles and those need to be taken into account to plan teaching strategies.
PENGOLAHAN DATA SENSUS PENDUDUK MENGGUNAKAN BAHASA PEMROGRAMAN PHP BERBASIS WEB PADA KECAMATAN BUKIT SUNDI KABUPATEN SOLOK
Authors: Erlinda Erlinda
Published: September 2019

Based on research conducted at the Bukit Sundi District Office Solok District shows important information and news for the community, especially information on population census and other information. By looking at the current technological sophistication, the right internet technology, which has website facilities, with accuracy both in terms of time and cost and information that can be accessed at any time, the author will use it by building a website using the PHP application, to provide accurate and fast information, which we can provide to gather more up-to-date information.
IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI SMART TOURISM PADA DINAS PARIWISATA KABUPATEN KAMPAR
Authors: Arribe Edo
Published: September 2019

Dinas Pariwisata Pemuda dan Olahraga Kabupaten Kampar saat ini belum mengetahui tentang banyaknya objek ekowisata yang ada. Untuk memudahkan pencarian lokasi ekowisata, pihak dinas pariwisata membutuhkan aplikasi berbasis web. Dengan menggunakan Google API dapat membudahkan dalam penerapan Sistem Informasi Geografis. Salah satu tujuan pembuatan sistem ini adalah untuk membantu dinas pariwisata dalam hal pencarian informasi lokasi ekowisata yang ada di Kabupaten Kampar. Beberapa alat bantu dan teknik pengerjaan seperti Aliran Sistem Informasi, Diagram Konteks, DFD (Data Flow Diagram) dan ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram). Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempermudah bagi masyarakat umum maupun dinas pariwisata untuk mengetahui lokasi ekowisata yang ada di Kabupaten Kampar. Ekowisata lebih populer dan banyak dipergunakan dibanding dengan istilah ecoteurism. Pengertian ekowisata adalah suatu bentuk wisata yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kelestarian area yang masih alamai (natural aren).
Writing Life: Early Twentieth-Century Autobiographies of the Artist-Hero
Authors: Pooler Mhairi
Published: September 2019

Writing Life offers a revisionary exploration of the relationship between an author’s life and art. By examining the self-representation of authors across the schism between Victorianism and Modernism via the First World War, this study offers a new way of evaluating biographical context and experience in the individual creative process at a critical point in world and literary history. Writing Life is also the story of four literarily and personally interconnected writers – Edmund Gosse, Henry James, Siegfried Sassoon and Dorothy Richardson – and how and why they variously adapted the model of the German Romantic Künstlerroman, or artist narrative, for their autobiographical writing, reimagining themselves as artist-heroes. By appropriating key features of the genre to underpin their autobiographical narratives, Writing Life examines how these writers achieve a form of life-writing that is equally a life story, artist’s manifesto, aesthetic treatise and modern autobiographical Künstlerroman. Pooler argues that by casting their autobiographical selves in this role, Gosse, James, Sassoon and Richardson shift the focus of their life-stories towards art and its production and interpretation, each one conducting a Romantic-style conversation about literature through literature as a means of reconfirming the role of the artist in the face of shifting values and the cataclysm of the Great War.
The Art of Life
Authors: Pooler Mhairi
Published: September 2019

In A Small Boy and Others and Notes of a Son and Brother Henry James depicts an apprenticeship in the conversion of impressions into art. By closely paralleling the model of the German Romantic Künstlerroman, James shows that the complex art of life is also a reflection of his broader artistic programme. The discussion focusses on James’s concept of the ‘fostered imagination’ – the way in which his surroundings, experience and key relationships (e.g. with the painter John LaFarge) shaped his creative development. This chapter concludes that the Bildungsreise or apprenticeship journey at the heart of James’s autobiographical volumes bears witness to and enacts the conversion of a small boy’s quiet observations into the aesthetic manifesto of the mature master. By subtly destabilising the genre with his slight deviations from the traditional model, James casts himself as an artist-hero aware of the constructed nature of personal and public identity, and he skews the focus of his narrative away from self-confession towards art. The Künstlerroman provides James with the means of reframing the increasingly problematic autobiographical premise of a knowable self, allowing him to pursue his quest clothed in the armour of poetic relations.
A Twofold Experiment with Time
Authors: Pooler Mhairi
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 examines how Siegfried Sassoon’s deeply entrenched divided self formally and thematically shapes his autobiographical trilogy as a poet’s journey from Romanticism to Modernism. The second prose trilogy by Sassoon is ‘the story of my effort to become a famous poet’. Although more explicitly Wordsworthian than James, Sassoon’s final undercutting of the Künstlerroman form in his so-called ‘straight autobiography’ is also more drastic, revealing the impact of war on artistic identity. The chapter discusses Sassoon’s self-theorising throughout the texts and his desire to write himself into something more than a soldier poet, which these texts achieve with ease. The chapter concludes that much like poetry, the structure of the text embodies equal meaning to the words, so that Sassoon’s ‘factual’ prose works invite literary interpretation and even poetic comparisons.
Ribbon Societies in Nineteenth-Century Ireland and its Diaspora
Authors: Hughes Kyle , MacRaild Donald
Published: September 2019

The book is the first full-length study of Irish Ribbonism. It traces its development from its origins in the Defender movement of the 1790s to the latter part of the century when the remnants of the Ribbon tradition found solace in a new movement: the quasi-constitutional affinities of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. This book places Ribbonism firmly within Ireland’s long tradition of secret societies and show that, due to its diversity and adaptability, it stood apart from other similar bodies and showed remarkable longevity not matched by its contemporaries. The book describes the wider context of Catholic struggles for improved standing, explores traditions and networks for association, and it describes external impressions. This study utilises very rich archives in the form of state surveillances records and evidence from spies. ‘Show trial’ proceedings also are examined in detail. Throughout, the book deploys masses of press reportage.
Harnesssing such evidence, the book shows that Ribbonism was a sophisticated and durable underground network drawing together various strands of the rural and urban Catholic populace in Ireland and Britain. Operating as a militant bulwark against Orangeism, an immigrant aid society, a social club, a proto-political collective, it also was at times a primitive trade union. Ribbonism operated more widely than previous studies have revealed, and was, in fact, a transnational entity linking Irish communities in Ireland and Britain, with trace elements also in the USA, Canada and Australia.
Ribbonism, O’Connellism, and Catholicism in the 1820s and 1830s
Authors: Hughes Kyle , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the development of Ribbonism in those two turbulent decades, and considers key aspects of social, religious, and political turmoil that provided a fitting setting for the development of Ribbonism. It shows how Ribbonmen expressed at times a Catholic pro-O’Connellism, even though both the Church and ‘the Liberator’ were hostile to them. The chapter also observes the inability of O’Connell to control Ribbonism in the northern province of Ulster demonstrated in hardening Orange–Green tensions. Finally, the chapter examines canal-based proto-trade union Ribbonism and the organisation’s role as a ‘kind of proletarian underground’: a primitive form of organized labour, controlling the portering and carrying trades around docks and inland waterways
The Transnational World of Richard Jones, 1835–1842
Authors: Hughes Kyle , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the capture and imprisonment of Richard Jones, a key Ribbon society leader, to frame the increasing cross-Irish Sea connections of Ribbonism. By the 1830s Ribbonmen in Ireland frequently corresponded with Ribbonmen in Liverpool, Manchester, Edinburgh, and various other British towns and cities and members criss-crossed the Irish Sea on a regular basis. Some simply sought employment in Britain; others required sanctuary whilst in flight from the authorities in Ireland. Ribbon leaders—including Jones—travelled to Liverpool to meet with fellow Ribbonmen and Scottish- and English-based delegates made regular trips back home to attend national meetings. Britain was an integral component of the Ribbon system.
Begging, Charity and Religion in Pre-Famine Ireland
Authors: McCabe Ciarán
Published: September 2019

Beggars and begging were ubiquitous features of pre-Famine Irish society, yet have gone largely unexamined by historians. Begging, Charity and Religion in Pre-Famine Ireland explores at length for the first time the complex cultures of mendicancy, as well as how wider societal perceptions of and responses to begging were framed by social class, gender and religion. The study breaks new ground in exploring the challenges inherent in defining and measuring begging and alms-giving in pre-Famine Ireland, as well as the disparate ways in which mendicants were perceived by contemporaries. A discussion of the evolving role of parish vestries in the life of pre-Famine communities facilitates an examination of corporate responses to beggary, while a comprehensive analysis of the mendicity society movement, which flourished throughout Ireland in the three decades following 1815, highlights the significance of charitable societies and associational culture in responding to the perceived threat of mendicancy. The instance of the mendicity societies illustrates the extent to which Irish commentators and social reformers were influenced by prevailing theories and practices in the transatlantic world regarding the management of the poor and deviant. Drawing on a wide range of sources previously unused for the study of poverty and welfare, this book makes an important contribution to modern Irish social and ecclesiastical history.
Defining Begging and Alms-Giving
Authors: McCabe Ciarán
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the challenges inherent in defining what precisely constituted begging in pre-Famine Ireland and who were considered beggars. For many poor persons, begging was just one of a number of survival strategies in the ‘economy of makeshifts’ and was resorted to according to fluctuating family circumstances. The giving of alms, meanwhile, was undertaken in various guises and oftentimes was undertaken as much to relieve genuine distress as it was to be rid of an unwanted mendicant.
The Mendicity Society Movement and the Suppression of Begging
Authors: McCabe Ciarán
Published: September 2019

Between 1809 and the early-1840s more than fifty mendicity societies were established throughout Ireland. These charities focused on the suppression of street begging and the relief of the destitute poor. Mendicity societies took their lead from earlier societies located in Britain and mainland Europe, and in Ireland the Dublin association acted as a parent body for this movement. While playing a prominent role in the welfare landscape in the first half of the nineteenth century Ireland’s mendicity societies largely disappeared within a short space of time, largely on foot of the introduction of the Poor Law system.
Protestant Approaches to Begging and Alms-Giving
Authors: McCabe Ciarán
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyses the disparate views and responses towards beggary and alms-giving within Irish Protestantism. The significant role played by evangelicalism in framing approaches towards mendicancy is discussed. Themes which are explored, and which mirror the discussion in the previous chapter on Catholic approaches, include the ‘deserving’ / ‘undeserving’ distinction, the morality of indiscriminate alms-giving, and the role of Protestant commentators and churches on the Poor Law question.
Comparing Single‐SNP, Multi‐SNP, and Haplotype‐Based Approaches in Association Studies for Major Traits in Barley
Authors: Abed Amina , Belzile François
Published: September 2019

Core Ideas

The multiple single nucleotide polymorphism (multi‐SNP) and haplotype‐based approaches that jointly consider multiple markers unveiled a larger number of associations, some of which were shared with the single‐SNP approach.

A larger overlap of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) between the single‐SNP and haplotype‐based approaches was obtained than with the multi‐SNP approach.

Despite a limited overlap between the QTLs detected by these approaches, each uncovered QTLs reported previously, suggesting that each approach is capable of uncovering a different subset of QTLs.

We demonstrated the efficiency of an integrated genome‐wide association study (GWAS) procedure, combining single‐locus and multilocus approaches to improve the capacity and reliability of association analysis to detect key QTLs.

The efficiency of barley breeding programs may be improved by the practical use of QTLs identified in this study.

Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have been widely used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying complex agronomic traits. The conventional GWAS model is based on a single‐locus model, which may prove inaccurate if a trait is controlled by multiple loci, which is the case for most agronomic traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Additionally, an individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) will prove incapable of capturing underlying allelic diversity. A multilocus model could potentially represent a better alternative for QTL identification. This study aimed to explore different GWAS approaches (single‐SNP, multi‐SNP, and haplotype‐based) to establish SNP–trait associations and to potentially describe the complex genetic architecture of seven key traits in spring barley. The multi‐SNP and haplotype‐based approaches unveiled a larger number of significant associations, some of which were shared with the single‐SNP approach. Globally, the multi‐SNP approach explained more of the phenotypic variance (cumulative R2) and provided the best fit with the genetic model [Bayesian information criterion (BIC)]. Compared with the multi‐SNP approach, the single‐SNP and haplotype‐based approaches were relatively similar in terms of cumulative R2 and BIC, with an improvement with the haplotype‐based approach. Despite limited overlap between detected QTLs, each approach discovered QTLs that had been validated previously, suggesting that each approach can uncover a different subset of QTLs. An integrated GWAS procedure, considering single‐locus and multilocus GWAS approaches jointly, may improve the capacity of association studies to detect key QTLs and to provide a more complete picture of the genetic architecture of complex traits in barley.
The Eruption of Outer Spine-like Loops Leading to a Double-stage Circular-ribbon Flare
Authors: Liu Chang , Lee Jeongwoo , Wang Haimin
Published: September 2019

Circular-ribbon flares occur in a confined magnetic structure, but can also be associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) when a filament embedded under the fan erupts. Here we study an M8.7 circular-ribbon flare (SOL2014-12-17T04:51), which is accompanied by a CME yet without a clear indication of filament eruption. Using a nonlinear force-free field model, we find that the outer spine-like loops form a magnetic flux rope (FR1) rooted at the edge of the fan, and that there is another flux rope (FR2) at the main magnetic polarity inversion line (PIL) under a fan-like flux rope FR3. We divide the event evolution into two stages by combining modeling results with EUV observations. The onset stage is featured with bidirectional jets that occurred between a filament and FR1, immediately followed by an upward motion of the latter. During this first stage, the inner/outer spine-related ribbons and the circular ribbon begin to brighten up. After about 10 minutes, another ejection stems from the main PIL region. In this second stage, all ribbons are significantly enhanced, and the twist of FR2 footpoints is decreased. We discuss these results in favor of a scenario where the initial reconnection between the filament and FR1 activates the latter to reconnect with FR3 with opposite twist. This produces larger scale erupting loops and consequently causes a weakening of FR3, which induces another eruption of FR2 from below. This event thus represents a new type of eruptive circular-ribbon flare caused by unstable outer spine-like loops.
A Sparkler in the Fireworks Galaxy: Discovery of an Ultraluminous X-Ray Transient with a Strong Oxygen Line in NGC 6946
Authors: Wang Chen , Soria Roberto , Wang Junfeng
Published: September 2019

We discovered and studied an ultraluminous X-ray source (CXOU J203451.1+601043) that appeared in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946 at some point between 2008 February and 2012 May and has remained at luminosities ≈2–4 × 1039 erg s−1 in all observations since then. Our spectral modeling shows that the source is generally soft but with spectral variability from epoch to epoch. Using standard empirical categories of the ultraluminous regimes, we found that CXOU J203451.1+601043 was consistent with a broadened disk state in 2012 but was in a transitional state approaching the supersoft regime in 2016, with substantial down-scattering of the hard photons (similar, for example, to the ultraluminous X-ray source in NGC 55). It has since hardened again in 2018–2019 without any significant luminosity change. The most outstanding property of CXOU J203451.1+601043 is a strong emission line at an energy of of (0.66 ± 0.01) keV, with an equivalent width of ≈100 eV and de-absorbed line luminosity of ≈2 × 1038 erg s−1, seen when the continuum spectrum was softest. We identify the line as O viii Lyα (rest-frame energy of 0.654 keV); we interpret it as a strong indicator of a massive outflow. Our finding supports the connection between two independent observational signatures of the wind in super-Eddington sources: a lower temperature of the Comptonized component and the presence of emission lines in the soft X-ray band. We speculate that the donor star is oxygen-rich: a CO or O–Ne–Mg white dwarf in an ultracompact binary. If that is the case, the transient behavior of CXOU J203451.1+601043 raises intriguing theoretical questions.