bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural investigations of acrylonitrile–vinyl acid copolymers by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Bajaj Pushpa , Sreekumar T. V. , Sen Kushal , Kumar Rajeev , Brar Ajaib Singh
Published: February 2003

1H, 13C [1H]‐, and 2D HETCOR NMR spectroscopy have been employed to characterize polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymer and copolymers of methacrylic acid (MAA) and itaconic acid (IA) prepared by solvent–water suspension polymerization technique in a mixture containing DMF (solvent) and water. The chemical composition of P(AN–MAA) copolymers was determined using 1H‐NMR and that of P(AN–IA) using quantitative 13C[1H]‐NMR spectra. P(AN–IA) copolymers show two separate signals due to two carboxylic groups in different magnetic environments of IA, whereas P(AN–MAA) shows only one in the region of δ 6.32–7.60 ppm in 1H‐NMR and δ 171.0–176.0 ppm in 13C[1H]‐NMR spectra. Evidence of acrylamide formation by the partial hydrolysis of AN groups is obtained by the small broad signal at δ 7.9 ppm in 1H‐NMR spectra. No carboxylic proton signal was observed in copolymers containing 12 mol % of comonomer, which indicates the formation of anhydride. The microstructure was obtained in terms of the A‐ and M‐centered triad sequences from 13C[1H]‐and 1H‐NMR spectra of the copolymers, which showed configurational and compositional sequences. For example, at higher comonomer content, the concentration of AAM and AAI sequencing increases. This is confirmed by 2D HETCOR NMR spectra also. The distribution of AN sequences is found to be random (n0 ∼ nm ≃ 2.0). The tacticity values are not affected by the comonomer content. The isotacticity remained almost same at 27% (mm, 26.5–29.3) in all acrylonitrile polymers irrespective of the nature of the comonomer and polymerization medium, that is, DMF/H2O ratio. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1211–1217, 2003
Electrochemical polymerization of azure A and properties of poly(azure A)
Authors: Chen Chuanxiang , Mu Shaolin
Published: February 2003

The electrochemical polymerization of azure A has been carried out using repeated potential cycling. The scan potential is set between −0.2 and 1.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The electrolytic solution consisted of 5 mmol dm−3 azure A and 0.5 mol dm−3 Na2SO4 with pH 6.0. The temperature for polymerization was controlled at 50°C. An anodic peak and a cathodic peak appear at 0.38 and 0.23 V, respectively, on the cyclic voltammogram of poly(azure A) in 0.5 mol dm−3 Na2SO4 solution of pH 1.0. Their peak potentials shift toward the negative direction as pH value increases from 1.0 to 4.0. Poly(azure A) has good electrochemical activity and stability in the aqueous solution at the above pH range. The UV‐visible spectrum and FTIR spectrum of poly(azure A) are different from those of azure A. The FTIR spectrum of poly(azure A) indicates that no anions were doped into the oxidation form of poly(azure A). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1218–1224, 2003
Preparation and properties of water‐soluble polyester surfactants. III. Preparation and wetting properties of polyethylene glycol–polydimethylsiloxane polyester surfactants
Authors: Liu Hsin‐Jiant , Lin Li‐Huei , Chen Keng‐Ming
Published: February 2003

A novel series of water‐soluble polyethylene glycol–polydimethylsiloxane (PEG–Silicone) polyesters was prepared by reacting organopolysiloxane with hydroxyl‐terminated polyester. The polyesters are obtained by the polymerization of maleic anhydride (MA) and PEGs (number‐average molecular weights Mn = 2000–10,000). FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and elemental analysis were employed to characterized the structures of these compounds. These compounds exhibit good surface activities such as surface tension and low foaming. The influence of the PEG–Silicone polyester surfactants introduced at various concentrations (0.1–2 wt %) was examined by the contact angle method. The measurements performed with various solid substrates indicated that, at comparable concentrations, the PEG–Silicone polyester surfactants were shown to be more efficient for wetting PET and glass. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1236–1241, 2003
New process for the production of dry hexamethylenediammonium adipate
Authors: Papaspyrides C. D. , Vouyiouka S. N. , Bletsos I. V.
Published: February 2003

A simple and easy technique is proposed for the preparation of dry hexamethylenediammonium adipate (HMA salt), using conventional dry‐blending equipment. The process includes contacting adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, in the presence of a cryogenic medium, which is used to depress the exothermic of the salt formation. The purpose is the formation of free‐flowing HMA salt with good homogeneity and balanced end groups, which can be used as a starting intermediate in the polyamide industry. Critical parameters were studied, such as the nature and amount of cryogenic agent and the presence of water traces in the reacting mixture. Application in an industrial scale seems feasible so that all advantages of handling dry HMA salt instead of its components (adipic acid powder and hexamethylenediamine liquid) can be utilized. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1252–1257, 2003
Enhancement of the high‐temperature utility of a polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐polystyrene block copolymer by friedel–crafts naphthoylation
Authors: Jones Allan S. , Wright Timothy , Smook Malcolm A. , Harwood H. James
Published: February 2003

A procedure was developed for the Friedel–Crafts naphthoylation of the polystyrene segments of a polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butene)‐b‐polystyrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer. It was possible to obtain up to 72% 1‐naphthoylation or 100% 2‐naphthoylation of the polystyrene segments in the copolymer. Naphthoylation could also be accomplished using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as a catalyst. The naphthoylated products were characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The mechanical properties of the original and naphthoylated polymers were measured from 25 to 125°C. The results obtained indicate that naphthoylation enhances the tensile properties of the polymers at elevated temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1289–1295, 2003
Size control of poly(2‐oxy‐6‐naphthoyl) whiskers by the addition of oligomers during polymerization
Authors: Sarker Ashim Kumar , Kimura Kunio , Yamashita Yuhiko
Published: February 2003

The method of controlling the size of a poly(2‐oxy‐6‐naphthoyl) (PON) whisker was examined with a focus on lengthening the whisker. PON whiskers were prepared by the polymerization of 2‐acetoxy‐6‐naphthoic acid in liquid paraffin at 330°C. The whiskers were very symmetrical. and both tips were very sharp. Growth of the whiskers along the length took place by which oligomer lamellae piled up along the long axis of the needlelike crystals with spiral growth. During steady growth until 8 min, the tip angle of the whiskers was constant at 80°. However, it became significantly sharper (22°) at 30 min, and later the trunk part of the whiskers stopped increasing. To depress the sharpening of the tips and to extend the steady‐growth period for longer whiskers, oligomers were added to the polymerization system after 8 min, just before the tip angle became sharper, to keep the concentration of the oligomers in the polymerization system constant. The addition of the oligomers extended the steady‐growth period, and the length increased from 12.5 to 17.3 μm. Although the width of the whiskers increased very slightly with the addition of the oligomers, the axial ratio of the whiskers increased from 19.4 to 24.7. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1320–1327, 2003
Reinforcement of polypropylene using sisal fibers grafted with poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Zhou X. P. , Li R. K. Y. , Xie X. L. , Tjong S. C.
Published: February 2003

Sisal fiber (SF) surface modification was carried out by grafting with methyl methacrylate (MMA) using cerium and ammonium nitrate as initiator. The effects of reaction time, monomer, and initiator concentration on the grafting parameters were systematically investigated. The results showed that MMA was successfully grafted onto the sisal fiber surface. The PMMA‐grafted sisal fibers were melt blended with polypropylene (PP) and then injection molded. The PP/SF composites were characterized by means of thermal analysis, mechanical testing, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and SEM examination. PMMA grafted onto the surface of SF enhanced the intermolecular interaction between the reinforcing SF and PP matrix, improved the dispersion of SF in the PP matrix, and promoted the formation of β‐crystalline PP. These enhanced the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PP/SF composites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1055–1064, 2003
Surface morphology and nodule formation mechanism of cellulose acetate membranes by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Zeng Yiming , Wang Zhigang , Wan Lijun , Shi Yanqiao , Chen Guanwen , Bai Chunli
Published: February 2003

By the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), formation mechanism of nodular structure in cellulose acetate membranes was systematically investigated. Elementary factors affecting the nodule formation were delineated on the basis of both kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. It was shown that (1) the exact nature of nodular structure is thermodynamic equilibrium glassy state; nodular structure will vanish in the rubbery state; (2) the thermodynamic factor affecting nodule formation is the membrane formation temperature; with the membrane formation temperature decreasing, more chain segments are able to form nodular structures; (3) nodule formation is dependent on the segment rearrangement; variation of the solvent environment is the major kinetic factor affecting the segment rearrangement and nodule formation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1328–1335, 2003
Production and properties of highly oriented polyoxymethylene by die‐drawing
Authors: Taraiya A. K. , Mirza M. S. , Mohanraj J. , Barton D. C. , Ward I. M.
Published: February 2003

Highly oriented monofilaments were produced by a high‐temperature die‐drawing process followed by tensile drawing. It was shown that a successful high‐speed process required high‐quality melt‐extruded rod. The mechanical properties and structure of the die‐drawn products were investigated by means of tensile and bending tests, dynamic mechanical measurements, DSC, and X‐ray diffraction. The bending modulus and the tensile strength increased with increasing draw ratio. It was also observed that at high draw ratios the γ‐dispersion peak in the dynamic mechanical tan δ curve, which is associated with main chain micro‐Brownian motion in the amorphous regions, diminishes, implying that these chains become taut. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1268–1278, 2003
Radiation polymerization and controlled drug release of polymer hydrogels with NIPA and NVP
Authors: Zhuang Yinfeng , Yang Hua , Wang Guowei , Zhu Zhongqi , Song Weiqiang , Zhao Huidong
Published: February 2003

P(NIPA–NVP) and P(NIPA)/PVP interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels were synthesized by radiation polymerization in this article. Acetylsalicylic acid proved a model drug of salt resistance. Drug‐controlled release of these hydrogels containing acetylsalicylic acid was investigated. Influences of radiation dose, feed composition on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), swelling behavior, salt dissolubility, and controlled release effect were discussed. The preferable preparation conditions for the titled aim were dose rate of 1 KGy/h, total dose of 30 KGy, feed monomer ratio of NIPA:NVP between 1:1 and 4:1, and total monomer concentration of 10%. As NVP content of the hydrogel increased, LCST rose, swelling ratios increased, salt resistance improved, and both swelling and deswelling rates slowed. Due to the ability of forming association complex, these hydrogels had the function of solubilization that made the drug release of difficult dissoluble medicine effective. These hydrogels had a higher drug release at physiological environment. The experimental results showed that these hydrogels were promising materials for causing solubilization and developing a long‐term controlled release system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 724–729, 2003
Effect of solvent on properties of solution‐cast dense SPPO films
Authors: Kruczek B. , Matsuura T.
Published: February 2003

The effect of solvent on properties of solution‐cast dense films was investigated using high molecular weight sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (SPPO) and five different solvents having relatively similar molar volumes. The study revealed that polymer–solvent interactions existing in casting solution primarily determine the concentration of residual solvent and surface morphology of the films. On the other hand, the O2 and CO2 permeabilities, which for most permeable films were more than three times greater than for the least permeable ones, appear to be governed by the volatility of solvent in casting solution. At the same time, the more permeable films showed lower O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 permeability ratios than the less permeable ones. In addition to physical factors such as polymer–solvent interactions and volatility of solvent in casting solution, the differences in gas transport properties of SPPO films could arise from the formation of quaternary salts—in particular, in the case of films prepared from the pyridine solution. The analysis of casting solution properties, surface images by atomic force microscopy, and gas transport properties allowed us to associate defective structures of some SPPO films with a specific surface morphology and a particular combination of solvent properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1100–1110, 2003
Structural properties of CrF3‐ and MnCl2‐filled poly(vinyl alcohol) films
Authors: Zidan H. M.
Published: February 2003

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films filled with different amounts of CrF3 and MnCl2 were prepared by the casting method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to study the changes in the structure properties that occurred because of filling. The changes occurring in the measured parameters with increasing filler contents were interpreted in terms of the structural modification of the PVA matrix. All the studied samples had a main melting temperature due to the main crystalline phase of PVA. The intensity and position of this peak depended on the filling level. However, the samples of CrF3‐filled PVA films with a filling level greater than or equal to 10 wt % revealed another melting temperature, which indicated the presence of a new crystalline phase in addition to the main crystalline phase. The changes that occurred in the degree of crystallinity of the studied samples were examined. The calculated degree of crystallinity was formulated numerically to be an exponential function of the filling level. The XRD patterns of the studied samples confirmed the DSC results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1115–1120, 2003
Polycondensation of sodium tetrazodiphenyl naphthionate and pyromellitic dianhydride under microwave irradiation and the performance of the third‐order nonlinear optics
Authors: Tang Xiubo , Lu Jianmei , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin , Wang Lihua , Li Najun , Sun Zhenrong
Published: February 2003

Sodium tetrazodiphenyl naphthionate and pyromellitic dianhydride were polycondensed under microwave irradiation and oil‐bath heating. The resultant poly(amic acid) was imidized in the solid phase by microwave irradiation and oil‐bath heating. The effects of the reaction temperature, the concentration of monomers, the monomer ratio, and the microwave irradiation time on the conversion, intrinsic viscosity, and third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficient of the polymer were investigated. The results showed that the polycondensates had high third‐order NLO coefficients (χ(3) = 1.476 × 10−12esu) and very fast time responses (15.79 ps). The χ(3) values of the polycondensates under microwave irradiation were higher than those of conventional thermopolymerization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1121–1128, 2003
Interaction of crosslinked ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer blends with chlorinated organic penetrants
Authors: Siddaramaiah  , Roopa S. , Guruprasad K. H.
Published: February 2003

The sorption and diffusion of halogenated hydrocarbon penetrants through different ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends, such as EPDM/natural rubber, EPDM/bromobutyl rubber, and EPDM/styrene butadiene rubber (50/50 w/w), were studied. The diffusion coefficient of halogenated penetrants fell in the range 1.5–14.52 × 10−7 cm2/s in the temperature range of 25–60°C. Transport data were affected by the nature of the interacting solvent molecule rather than its size and also by the structural variations of the EPDM blends. 1,2‐Dichloroethane showed a lower mass uptake compared to other penetrants. The temperature dependence of the transport coefficient was used to estimate the activation parameters, such as the activation energy of diffusion (ED) and the activation energy of permeation (Ep) from Arrhenius plots. The activation parameters for ED of aliphatic chlorinated organic penetrants was in the range 7.27–15.58 kJ/mol. These values fell in the expected range for rubbery polymers, well above their glass‐transition temperature. Also, the thermodynamic parameters, such as enthalpy and entropy, were calculated and fell in the range 2–15 kJ/mol and 3–54 J/mol/K, respectively. Both first‐ and second‐order transport kinetics models were used to investigate the transport kinetics, and first‐order kinetics were followed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 1366–1375, 2003
Implementing relevance feedback in the Bayesian Network Retrieval model
Authors: de Campos Luis M. , Fernández‐Luna Juan M. , Huete Juan F.
Published: February 2003

Relevance Feedback consists in automatically formulating a new query according to the relevance judgments provided by the user after evaluating a set of retrieved documents. In this article, we introduce several relevance feedback methods for theBayesian Network Retrieval Model.The theoretical frame on which our methods are based uses the concept of partial evidences, which summarize the new pieces of information gathered after evaluating the results obtained by the original query. These partial evidences are inserted into the underlying Bayesian network and a new inference process (probabilities propagation) is run to compute the posterior relevance probabilities of the documents in the collection given the new query. The quality of the proposed methods is tested using a preliminary experimentation with different standard document collections.
Size of the pancreatic head as a prognostic factor for the outcome of Beger's procedure for painful chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Keus E , van Laarhoven C J H M , Eddes E H , Masclee A A M , Schipper M E I , Gooszen H G
Published: February 2003

Background

Duodenum-preserving resection of the head of the pancreas (DPRHP) according to Beger has been developed as an alternative to pylorus-preserving resection of the pancreatic head for painful chronic pancreatitis.

Methods

Between 1988 and 2000, 36 consecutive DPRHPs were performed. The group was divided into patients with (group 1; n = 23) and without (group 2; n = 13) significant enlargement of the pancreatic head. Pain was the indication for surgery in all patients.

Results

Complications occurred in 12 patients, necessitating reoperation in 11. Initial overall results were favourable; significant improvement or complete relief of pain was reported in 27 of 35 patients. Long-term results were obtained in 27 of 30 patients; the overall success rate was 16 of 27, 13 of 16 patients with distinct enlargement of the pancreatic head and 3 of the 11 with minimal or no enlargement (P = 0·018).

Conclusion

DPRHP can be performed with good early results. This effect is sustained in patients with distinct localized disease of the pancreatic head. In those without, the long-term results are disappointing.
Factors predictive of 5-year survival after transarterial chemoembolization for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: O'Suilleabhain C B , Poon R T P , Yong J L , Ooi G C , Tso W K , Fan S T
Published: February 2003

Background

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is widely used for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the long-term survival benefit remains unclear.

Methods

Pretreatment variables were analysed for factors predictive of actual 5-year survival from a prospective database of patients with inoperable HCC treated by TACE between 1989 and 1996.

Results

Complete 5-year follow-up (median 91 months) was obtained for 320 patients who underwent a median of 4 (range 1–41) TACEs. Median tumour size was 9 (range 1–28) cm. There were 25 5-year survivors (8 per cent), including eight with tumours larger than 10 cm in diameter and three with portal vein branch involvement. On univariate analysis, female gender (P = 0·037), absence of ascites (P = 0·028), platelet count below 150 ×109 per litre (P = 0·011), albumin concentration greater than 35 g/l (P = 0·04), α-fetoprotein level below 1000 ng/ml (P = 0·007), unilobar tumour (P = 0·027), fewer than three tumours (P = 0·015), absence of venous invasion (P = 0·011), and tumour diameter less than 8 cm (P = 0·021) were significant predictors of 5-year survival. Albumin concentration greater than 35 g/l (P = 0·011), unilobar tumour (P = 0·012) and α-fetoprotein level below 1000 ng/ml (P = 0·014) were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

Five-year survival is possible with TACE for inoperable HCC, even in some patients with advanced tumours. Unilobar tumours, α-fetoprotein level below 1000 ng/ml and albumin concentration greater than 35 g/l were factors predictive of 5-year survival.
Non-suture methods of vascular anastomosis
Authors: Zeebregts C J , Heijmen R H , van den Dungen J J , van Schilfgaarde R
Published: February 2003

Background

The main aim of performing a vascular anastomosis is to achieve maximal patency rates. An important factor to achieve that goal is to minimize damage to the vessel walls. Sutures inevitably induce vascular wall damage, which influences the healing of the anastomosis. Over time, several alternatives to sutures have become available.

Methods

A Medline literature search was performed to locate English, German and French language articles pertinent to non-suture methods of vascular anastomosis. Manual cross-referencing was also performed and many historical articles were included.

Results and conclusion

The non-suture techniques can be categorized into five groups based on the materials used: rings, clips, adhesives, stents and laser welding. With all these techniques a faster and less traumatic anastomosis can be made compared with sutures. However, each device is associated with technique-related complications. As a consequence, suturing continues to be the standard approach. The disadvantages of the non-suture techniques include: rigidity and a non-compliant anastomosis with rings; toxicity, leakage and aneurysm formation with adhesives; early occlusion with stents; cost, reduced strength in larger-sized vessels and demand for surgical skills with laser welding. Further refinement is needed before widespread adoption of these techniques can occur. Clips, however, may be particularly promising but long-term evaluation is required.
Serum antigen(s) drive the proinflammatory T cell response in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Sweeney K J , Kell M R , Coates C , Murphy T , Reynolds J V
Published: February 2003

Background

Immune cells and cytokines are central to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure associated with acute pancreatitis. The specific role of T cells in this response is unclear, and this study focused on evaluating T cell activation and its regulation in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Methods

Peripheral blood samples of 14 patients with acute pancreatitis were obtained within 24 h of the onset of pain, within 48 h and at 1 week. T cell expression of surface markers CD69, CD62L and CD25 was measured. The production of interleukin (IL) 10 and IL-2 in vitro in response to the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) was assessed. Serum samples from these patients were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from volunteers in the presence or absence of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA) 4 immunoglobulin, a specific inhibitor of antigen-dependent T cell activation.

Results

Expression of CD69 was significantly increased in CD3+ and CD4+ populations at 48 h and 1 week, and on CD8+ cells at 1 week. There was a significant increase in the production of SEB-induced IL-2 compared with findings in controls, but no significant IL-10 response. Serum from patients with pancreatitis activated normal T cells. This response was abolished completely by CTLA-4.

Conclusion

Acute pancreatitis results in the systemic activation of T cells. These cells are primed for a proinflammatory response to antigen stimulation and can be inhibited by antigen-specific T cell blockade. These data indicate that the immunoinflammatory response in acute pancreatitis is fuelled by one or more serum antigens and offer prospects for further understanding of the aetiogenesis of pancreatitis.
Bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer
Authors: Ozbas S , Dafydd H , Purushotham A D
Published: February 2003

Background

Several studies have demonstrated that bone marrow micrometastasis in patients with breast cancer is an independent prognostic factor for systemic recurrence and poorer survival.

Methods

This review describes the detection and clinical significance of micrometastatic cells in bone marrow, and examines the correlation between such micrometastasis and established clinicopathological prognostic factors. The relevant English language literature on bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer was searched via Medline (1975–2002), cross-referencing with key articles on the subject.

Results and conclusion

The balance of evidence favours the hypothesis that bone marrow micrometastasis impacts on disease-free and overall survival. Further prospective studies are required to examine this in greater detail, with particular reference to early node-negative breast cancer and the value of adjuvant systemic therapy in patients with bone marrow micrometastasis.
Identification of a sphincter at the sigmoidorectal canal in humans: Histomorphologic and morphometric studies
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Asaad Soheir , Doss Sameh
Published: February 2003

In a recent study we demonstrated that the rectosigmoid junction is a large bowel segment 2.8 ± 0.9 cm in length, which we have termed the ‘sigmoidorectal canal’ (SRC). In that study we showed that the SRC exerted increased intraluminal pressure, contained a thick, circular, smooth muscle layer, and reacted to sigmoid colon (SC) and rectal contraction by relaxation and contraction, respectively. These findings suggest the existence of an anatomical sphincter at the SRC. To investigate this hypothesis, in the present study we carried out a morphometric (quantitative) analysis of the musculature of the SC, SRC, and rectum. Twenty‐two cadavers (13 male, 9 female; mean age = 32.3 ± 17.6 years) were investigated. Histomorphologic studies comprised staining transverse (15 cadavers) and longitudinal (7 cadavers) sections from the SC, SRC, and rectum. Specimens were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome, and silver stains. Morphometric studies, using image analyzer computer equipment, measured the muscle thickness of the muscularis externa (ME) of the SC, SRC, and rectum. The ME of the SRC was markedly thickened compared to the ME of the SC or rectum. In 16 specimens, the increased thickness involved mainly the circular muscle layer and in six specimens both the circular and longitudinal layers. Connective tissue septa connected the adventitia with the submucosa: these ‘adventitial septa’ contained nerve ganglia. ‘Localized bundles’ of smooth muscle fibers were detected between the circular muscle fibers. The morphometric findings showed that the mean thickness of the circular muscle layer measured 440.3 ± 80.1 μm in the SC, 1166.1 ± 255.4 μm in the SRC, and 394.9 ± 123.9 μm in the rectum. This study strongly suggests the presence of an anatomic sphincter at the SRC. This sphincter may explain the higher pressure at the SRC and the response of the SRC to rectal and SC contractions. The localized smooth muscle bundles in the ME may represent a rectosigmoid pacemaker. Clin. Anat. 16:138–143, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations in the number and position of human lumbar sympathetic ganglia and rami communicantes
Authors: Murata Yasuaki , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Yamagata Masatsune , Takahashi Yuzuru , Shimada Yutaka , Moriya Hideshige
Published: February 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide precise anatomical and statistical information about the number and location of lumbar sympathetic ganglia and the number and length of the related rami communicantes, and to consider the neurological pathway for nociception from the low back. Three‐hundred ninety‐three ganglia and 719 rami communicantes from 50 human cadavers were identified by gross dissection. The number of ganglia in a single lumbar chain ranged from 2 to 6, the mean being 3.9. The mean lengths of rami connected to the 1st and 5th lumbar spinal nerves, respectively, were significantly longer and shorter than those connected to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th nerves. The lumbar sympathetic ganglia and rami communicantes were not distributed segmentally. The present results may assist in understanding the nociceptive pathway from the low back. Clin. Anat. 16:108–113, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of the pelvic autonomic nervous system and its potential impact on surgical intervention in the pelvis
Authors: Baader B. , Herrmann M.
Published: February 2003

Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction caused by iatrogenic lesions of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) are well known and commonly tolerated in pelvic surgery. Because the pelvic autonomic nerves are difficult to define and dissect in surgery, and their importance often ignored, we conducted a gross anatomic study of 90 adult and four fetal hemipelves. Using various non‐surgical approaches, the anatomic relations and pathways of the IHP were dissected. The IHP extended from the sacrum to the genital organs at the level of the lower sacral vertebrae. It originated from three different sources: the hypogastric nerve, the sacral splanchnic nerves from the sacral sympathetic trunk (mostly the S2 ganglion), and the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which branched primarily from the third and fourth sacral ventral rami. These fibers converge to form a uniform nerve plate medial to the vascular layer and deep to the peritoneum. The posterior portion of the IHP supplied the rectum and the anterior portion of the urogenital organs; nerve fibers traveled directly from the IHP to the anterolateral wall of the rectum and to the inferolateral and posterolateral aspects of the urogenital organs. The autonomic supply from the IHP was supplemented by nerves accompanying the ureter and the arteries. An understanding of the location of the autonomic pelvic network, including important landmarks, should help prevent iatrogenic injury through the adoption of surgical techniques that reduce or prevent postoperative autonomic dysfunction. Clin. Anat. 16:119–130, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seminar in breast self‐examination for female medical students integrated into a human gross anatomy course
Authors: Fischer V. , Pabst R. , Nave H.
Published: February 2003

A breast self‐examination (BSE) seminar for first‐year female medical students is presented and a single‐gender approach for other subjects in the medical curriculum is discussed. In 1999 a small group seminar on BSE was offered at the Hannover Medical School to female medical students as part of their curriculum in human gross anatomy. An evaluation questionnaire was answered by 94 students (87% of participants). Frequencies of answers to two open questions were used as indicators of: 1) the acceptance of a single‐gender course and 2) an increased awareness of breast cancer prevention. A linear regression analysis was carried out to identify the most important predictors for the global course evaluation and a heightened interest in breast cancer prevention. The mean global rating of the seminar was 13.8 (minimum: 1 point; maximum: 15 points). Factors that significantly influenced the global rating were the course atmosphere, the teacher's enthusiasm, and the professional interest of the students. An increased concern for breast cancer prevention was significantly dependent on the professional interest and the self‐awareness of the women. The results suggest that there is a need for single‐gender seminars in academic medicine and that instruction of female students in BSE is an ideal subject for this approach. Because of the prevalence of breast cancer, it is recommended that such a seminar become an integral part of the preclinical curriculum for all female medical students. Clin. Anat. 16:160–164, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumbar lordosis: Study of patients with and without low back pain
Authors: Murrie V.L. , Dixon A.K. , Hollingworth W. , Wilson H. , Doyle T.A.C.
Published: February 2003

We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess lumbar lordosis in 27 patients with low back pain and 19 patients and 10 volunteers with no known back pain. Our study aimed to investigate whether lordosis changes with age and is reduced in those with low back pain. Although our results confirm known observations that lumbar lordosis is more prominent in women (P < 0.01) and those with a higher body mass index (P < 0.04), we were unable to demonstrate any significant variation in lordosis with age. Nor could we demonstrate any difference in the degree of lordosis among women with or without back pain. Men with low back pain tended to have a less prominent lordosis, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, a ‘reduced lumbar lordosis’ should be regarded as a very weak clinical sign. Clin. Anat. 16:144–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrapericardial administration of basic fibroblast growth factor: Myocardial and tissue distribution and comparison with intracoronary and intravenous administration
Authors: Laham Roger J. , Rezaee Mehrdad , Post Mark , Xu Xunyu , Sellke Frank W.
Published: February 2003

Growth factor‐induced angiogenesis is being investigated in ischemic heart disease. Intracoronary and intravenous delivery are the most practical, but are limited by low myocardial uptake and significant systemic recirculation. The pericardial space may act as a drug delivery reservoir with increased myocardial uptake and reduced systemic toxicities. This study was designed to investigate the myocardial and tissue deposition and retention of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) after intrapericardial administration in normal and chronically ischemic animals. Twelve Yorkshire pigs were used for the study [six normal and six animals with chronic myocardial ischemia (ameroid constrictor on LCx)] with bolus intrapericardial administration of 125I–FGF‐2 (25 μCi) with 30 μg of cold FGF‐2 and 3 mg of heparin. Tissue and myocardial distribution was determined at 1 and 24 hr by measuring 125I‐bFGF–specific activity. In addition, regional myocardial deposition was determined using 125I‐bFGF activity and organ level autoradiography. The heart (pericardium and myocardium) accounted for the majority of 125I‐bFGF activity in ischemic animals (30.9% at 1 hr and 23.9% at 24 hr). Left anterior descending artery territory activity/gm of tissue for nonischemic and ischemic animals was 0.01% and 0.01% at 1 hr and 0.0009% and 0.12% at 24 hr, respectively. LCx territory activity for nonischemic and ischemic animals was 0.006% and 0.008% at 1 hr and 0.03% and 0.05% at 24 hr, respectively. Endocardial activity was low at all time points. Liver uptake was 0.47% (nonischemic) and 0.34% (ischemic) at 1 hr and 0.23% (nonischemic) and 0.54% (ischemic) at 24 hr. Intrapericardial delivery of FGF‐2 provides markedly higher myocardial deposition and retention and lower systemic recirculation than intracoronary or intravenous delivery at the expense of poor subendocardial penetration. This limitation, however, did not affect its efficacy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:375–382. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of renal artery stenosis requiring revascularization in patients initially referred for coronary angiography
Authors: Khosla Sandeep , Kunjummen Binu , Manda Ravi , Khaleel Rizwan , Kular Rajnishpaul , Gladson Marina , Razminia Mansour , Guerrero Mayra , Trivedi Atul , Vidyarthi Vasundhara , Elbzour Monther , Ahmed Aziz
Published: February 2003

To evaluate the prevalence of clinically significant renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients referred for coronary angiography, we analyzed data on 2,439 consecutive patients. Patients underwent selective renal angiography in conjunction with coronary angiography if refractory hypertension (blood pressure > 140/90 on two drugs) or flash pulmonary edema was present. A total of 1,089 renal arteries of 534 patients were evaluated. Twelve percent (137/1,089) of the renal arteries in 19% (101/534) of patients had > 70% diameter stenosis in at least one vessel. Bilateral renal artery stenosis was present in 26% (26/101) of patients. One hundred and thirty‐two of the 137 vessels underwent stent revascularization due to clinical renovascular hypertension. Acute clinical success (< 20% diameter stenosis without death or urgent surgery) was 98% (99/101). Due to high prevalence and effective available treatment, we recommend routine screening for RAS in all patients with refractory hypertension referred for coronary angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:400–403. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral acetylcysteine does not protect renal function from moderate to high doses of intravenous radiographic contrast
Authors: Boccalandro Fernando , Amhad Muhammad , Smalling Richard W. , Sdringola Stefano
Published: February 2003

The use of radiographic contrast during cardiac catheterization can cause acute renal failure with an increase in morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic acetylcysteine plus intravenous hydration have been shown to prevent contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing computed tomography scan, who receive low doses of intravenous contrast. Whether the use of prophylactic acetylcysteine can decrease the incidence of CIN when larger doses of contrast are used remains to be determined. We sought to evaluate whether the prophylactic administration of acetylcysteine plus intravenous hydration is superior to intravenous hydration alone in prevention of CIN in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing cardiac catheterization and receiving moderate to high doses of intravenous contrast (> 1 cc/kg). Seventy‐three consecutive patients with renal insufficiency who received intravenous hydration and 600 mg of acetylcysteine twice a day 24 hr before and the day of the cardiac catheterization were compared with 106 consecutive patients who received hydration alone. Baseline and 48‐hr serum creatinine concentrations were compared between the two groups before and after cardiac catheterization. Multivariate and univariate analysis were performed to assess the effects of acetylcysteine and other clinical variables in the change of serum creatinine after the procedure. Both groups had comparable clinical characteristics and received similar volumes of intravenous hydration. The volume of contrast used was similar for the two groups (2.2 ± 1.7 vs. 2.3 ± 1.5 cc/kg; P = 0.67). A mean change in serum creatinine of 0.17 ± 0.54 mg/dl for the acetylcysteine group vs. 0.19 ± 0.40 mg/dl for the control group (P = 0.77) was observed at 48 hr. The incidence CIN was 13% in the acetylcysteine vs. 12% in the control group (P = 0.84). Acetylcysteine, whether analyzed with multivariate or univariate analysis, failed to demonstrate a significant effect in the change of serum creatinine after cardiac catheterization. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, acetylcysteine in a dose of 600 mg twice a day before and after cardiac catheterization, along with intravenous fluids, is as effective as fluids alone in the prevention of CIN when moderate to high doses of contrast are used. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:336–341. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Procedural outcomes of repeated transradial coronary procedure
Authors: Yoo Byung‐Su , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Ko Ji‐Yean , Lee Bong‐Ki , Kim Seung‐Nyun , Lee Myung‐Ok , Hwang Sung‐Oh , Choe Kyung‐Hoon , Yoon Junghan
Published: February 2003

We evaluated the changes in radial arterial diameter and the procedural outcomes of repeated transradial procedures through the same radial artery in 117 cases. No significant differences were found in the mean diameter of the radial artery between preprocedure and 1 day after procedure on initial and repeated procedures. However, the mean radial arterial diameter was significantly decreased from 2.63 ± 0.35 to 2.51 ± 0.29 mm during follow‐up after the initial procedure (P = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the vascular access times of the initial and repeated procedures (2.9 ± 3.1 vs. 3.3 ± 3.6 min; P = 0.08), and procedural success of repeated procedure was similar to those of the initial procedure. However, the incidence of radial arterial occlusion was higher for repeated procedures (2.6% vs. 0%; P = 0.01). We conclude that the repeated use of the radial artery is feasible in most patients with a high procedural success rate and low vascular complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:301–304. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm using the Amplatzer duct occluder
Authors: Fedson Savitri , Jolly Neeraj , Lang Roberto M. , Hijazi Ziyad M.
Published: February 2003

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are rare congenital anomalies. When they rupture, they can lead to the development of biventricular failure as a result of systemic‐pulmonary shunting. Surgical repair has been the traditional treatment for these aneurysms. We present a case of a 54 year old man in whom a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was successfully closed using a catheter‐based approach with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:406–411. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gadolinium‐based percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with renal insufficiency
Authors: Bokhari Syed W. , Wen Yung‐Hsi J. , Winters Rex J.
Published: February 2003

We report the first case of using gadolinium as a contrast agent to perform percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with an acute coronary syndrome and a history of renal insufficiency. The procedure was well tolerated without any complications or nephrotoxicity. The images obtained with gadolinium were of good quality. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:358–361. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Debulking does not benefit patients undergoing intracoronary beta‐radiation therapy for in‐stent restenosis: Insights from the START trial
Authors: Bass Theodore A. , Gilmore Paul , Zenni Martin , Sasseen Brett , Savage Michael , Bonan Raoul , Laskey Warren , Popma Jeffrey J. , Costa Marco A.
Published: February 2003

Intracoronary brachytherapy has become the current treatment of choice for patients with in‐stent restenosis (ISR). The aim of the present study was to determine whether plaque extraction using debulking techniques prior to brachytherapy would improve the outcomes of patients with ISR. Patients enrolled into the START (n = 476) and START‐40 (n = 205) trials were divided into four subgroups according to their treatment assignments: debulking‐radiation, debulking‐placebo, balloon angioplasty (BA) radiation, and BA placebo. Patients were further divided according to their ISR lesion length: all lesions, > 15 mm, and > 19 mm. Restenosis rates were higher in placebo, nonradiated lesions undergoing debulking (52.7%) vs. BA alone (38.5%; P = 0.04). Postprocedural minimal lumen diameter (MLD) was similar among the subgroups. Outcomes were similar between debulking and BA within each therapeutic arm. MLD after debulking radiation was greater in patients with ISR > 15 mm (post‐MLD was 1.9 vs. 1.7 mm; P = 0.06) but not in the placebo. Debulking radiation patients had greater MLD at follow‐up, but restenosis (23.5% after debulking vs. 32.7% BA alone) and late loss (0.3 mm in both subgroups) were not statistically different. There was a trend toward higher mortality among debulked patients (3.7%) compared to BA alone (0.8%). In patients with ISR > 19 mm, four patients died following debulking radiation as compared to no death after BA (P = 0.05). Our results do not support the strategy of plaque extraction prior to intracoronary beta‐radiation for ISR. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:331–335. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In‐hospital outcomes of contemporary percutaneous coronary interventions in the very elderly
Authors: Dynina Olga , Vakili Babak A. , Slater James N. , Sherman Warren , Ravi Kumar L. , Green Stephen J. , Sanborn Timothy A. , Brown David L.
Published: February 2003

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death among the elderly (> 65 years) and the very elderly (> 85 years). Little information is available regarding the outcome of very elderly patients referred for PCI in the current era of improved techniques, devices, and pharmacotherapy. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of very elderly patients ≥ 85 years of age in a large, contemporary, multi‐institutional PCI database. Five hospitals in the New York City metropolitan area contributed these prospectively defined data elements on consecutive patients undergoing PCI from 1 January 1998 to 1 October 1999. Of 10,847 patients, 5,341 (49%) were younger than 65 years, 3,342 (31%) were 65–74 years, 1,885 (17%) were 75–84 years, and 279 (2.6%) were at least 85 years of age. Following PCI, the very elderly developed stroke (P < 0.001) and renal failure requiring dialysis (P = 0.002) more commonly than younger patients following PCI. The very elderly had a significantly increased in‐hospital mortality rate at 2.5% (P < 0.001). However, on multivariate analysis, age ≥ 85 years was not an independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality (OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.37–4.07). The very elderly should not be refused PCI on the basis of advanced age alone. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:351–357. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of distal coronary guidewire‐induced perforation with balloon catheter delivery of intracoronary thrombin
Authors: Fischell Tim A. , Korban Elie H. , Lauer Michael A.
Published: February 2003

Distal coronary artery perforation with a coronary guidewire is a relatively rare but potentially fatal complication during PTCA. Historically, these types of perforations have been easy to control with reversal of heparin anticoagulation combined with prolonged distal balloon inflation. In the modern era, with widespread use of potent glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, this type of distal wire perforation has become more difficult to manage and potentially lethal. In this article, we report two cases of guidewire‐related distal coronary artery perforation, successfully treated using a new technique using localized, distal intracoronary thrombin injection. During prolonged low‐pressure balloon inflation, a small dose of thrombin was injected just proximal to the wire perforation site via the lumen of a coronary balloon catheter. This approach appears to be a relatively rapid and effective way to control this troublesome complication. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:370‐374. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.