bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach
Authors: Ivakin Yurii D. , Smirnov Andrey V. , Kurmysheva Alexandra Yu. , Kharlanov Andrey N. , Solís Pinargote Nestor Washington , Smirnov Anton , Grigoriev Sergey N.
Published: November 2021

The great prospects for introducing the cold sintering process (CSP) into industry determine the importance of finding approaches to reduce the processing time and mechanical pressure required to obtain dense ceramics using CSP. The introducing zinc acetate into the initial ZnO powder of methods, such as impregnation, thermovapor autoclave treatment (TVT), and direct injection of an aqueous solution into a die followed by cold sintering process using a spark plasma sintering unit, was studied. The effect of the introduction methods on the density and grain size of sintered ceramics was analyzed using SEM, dynamic light scattering, IR spectroscopy, and XRD. The impregnation method provides sintered samples with high relative density (over 0.90) and significant grain growth when sintered at 250 °C with a high heating rate of 100 °C/min, under a uniaxial pressure of 80 MPa in a vacuum, and a short isothermic dwell time (5 min). The TVT and aqueous solution direct injection methods showed lower relative densities (0.87 and 0.76, respectively) of CSP ZnO samples. Finally, the development of ideas about the processes occurring in an aqueous medium with CSP and TVT, which are subject to mechanical pressure, is presented.
The Influence of Undercooling ΔT on the Structure and Tensile Strength of Grey Cast Iron
Authors: Dorula Józef , Kopyciński Dariusz , Guzik Edward , Szczęsny Andrzej , Gurgul Daniel
Published: November 2021

Inoculation of cast iron has become a commonly used metallurgical process, which is carried out in a foundry in order to improve the mechanical properties of utility alloys. It consists in changing the physicochemical state of the melted alloy. This change is caused by the introduction of cast iron with a low ability to nucleate graphite, shortly before pouring a small mass of the substance—an inoculant that increases the number of active nuclei. It is also justified that the literature often connects an increase in the tensile strength UTS of the inoculated grey cast iron, with changes in the characteristics of the particles of graphite. However, in strongly hypoeutectic cast iron, in which a large number of primary austenite grains crystallize, the interdendritic distribution of graphite is usually the result. It also follows that the nature of the graphite precipitates is determined by the mutual relations between the interfacial distances in eutectic grains and the interdendritic distances in the grains of primary austenite occurring in the Fe–C alloys. The article presents the influence of the inoculant on the characteristics of the precipitation of primary austenite grains in relation to the sulphur content in grey cast iron with flake graphite. The study also showed that primary grains in grey cast iron have a great influence on mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength UTS. In this case, the key is to know the value of the degree of undercooling ΔT. The type of inoculant used affects the ΔT value. The study related the number of N primary austenite grains with the degree of undercooling ΔT and the tensile strength UTS with the number of primary austenite N grains.
Statistical Techniques for Environmental Sciences: A Review
Authors: Tomy Lishamol , Chesneau Christophe , Madhav Amritha
Published: November 2021

This paper reviews the interdisciplinary collaboration between Environmental Sciences and Statistics. The usage of statistical methods as a problem-solving tool for handling environmental problems is the key element of this approach. This paper enhances a clear pavement for environmental scientists as well as quantitative researchers for their further collaborative learning with an analytical base.
Zhaoshumycins A and B, Two Unprecedented Antimycin-Type Depsipeptides Produced by the Marine-Derived Streptomyces sp. ITBB-ZKa6
Authors: Guo Zhikai , Ma Shiying , Khan Salman , Zhu Hongjie , Zhang Bo , Zhang Shiqing , Jiao Ruihua
Published: November 2021

Marine actinomycetes are prolific chemical sources of complex and novel natural products, providing an excellent chance for new drug discovery. The chemical investigation of the marine-derived Streptomyces sp. ITBB-ZKa6, from Zhaoshu island, Hainan, led to the discovery of two unique antimycin-type depsipeptides, zhaoshumycins A (1) and B (2), along with the isolation of the four known neoantimycins A (3), F (4), D (5), and E (6). The structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of the analysis of diverse spectroscopic data and biogenetic consideration. Zhaoshumycins A (1) and B (2) represent a new class of depsipeptides, featuring two neoantimycin monomers (only neoantimycin D or neoantimycins D and E) linked to a 1,4-disubstituted benzene ring via an imino group. Initial toxicity tests of 1–6 in MCF7 human breast cancer cells revealed that compounds 5 and 6 possess weak cytotoxic activity. Further structure–activity relationship analysis suggested the importance of the NH2 group at C-34 in 5 and 6 for cytotoxicity in MCF7 cells.
Extraction and Nano-Sized Delivery Systems for Phlorotannins to Improve Its Bioavailability and Bioactivity
Authors: Tong Tianjian , Liu Xiaoyang , Yu Chenxu
Published: November 2021

This review aims to provide an informative summary of studies on extraction and nanoencapsulation of phlorotannins to improve their bioavailability and bioactivity. The origin, structure, and different types of phlorotannins were briefly discussed, and the extraction/purification/characterization methods for phlorotannins were reviewed, with a focus on techniques to improve the bioactivities and bioavailability of phlorotannins via nano-sized delivery systems. Phlorotannins are promising natural polyphenol compounds that have displayed high bioactivities in several areas: anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, and antioxidant. This review aims to provide a useful reference for researchers working on developing better utilization strategies for phlorotannins as pharmaceuticals, therapeuticals, and functional food supplements.
Angular Heterotopic Pregnancy: Successful Differential Diagnosis, Expectant Management and Postpartum Care
Authors: Didziokaite Gabija , Vitaityte Monika , Zykute Gerda , Paliulyte Virginija , Samuilis Arturas
Published: November 2021

Heterotopic pregnancy is a rare, difficult to diagnose and life-threatening pathology, which requires timely decisions made by an experienced multidisciplinary team. In this type of multiple pregnancy there are both intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies present. Its incidence increases in pregnancies conceived by assisted reproductive technology or in pregnancies with ovulation induction. This article presents an angular heterotopic pregnancy case in a 34-year-old multigravida. The patient was admitted on the 14th week of gestation due to abdominal pain on the left side with suspicion of heterotopic pregnancy. Transabdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed to confirm the diagnosis of heterotopic angular pregnancy in the left cornu of the uterus. Multidisciplinary team made a decision to keep monitoring the growth of both pregnancies by ultrasound while maternal vitals were stable. Due to intensifying abdominal pain, diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. No signs of uterine rupture were observed, and no additional surgical procedures were performed. Maternal status and ultrasonographic findings were closely monitored. The mass in the left cornu of the uterus did not change significantly and the fetal growth of the intrauterine pregnancy matched its gestational age throughout pregnancy. At the 41st week of gestation, a healthy female neonate was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery. The incidence rate of heterotopic pregnancy tends to grow due to an increased number of pregnancies after assisted reproductive technology and ovulation induction. It is important to always assess the risk factors. The main methods for diagnosing heterotopic pregnancies are ultrasonography and MRI. The main management tactics for heterotopic pregnancy include expectant management as well as surgical or medical termination of the ectopic pregnancy. Expectant management may be chosen as an option only in a limited number of cases, if the clinical situation meets the specific criteria. When applicable, expectant management may reduce the frequency of unnecessary interventions and help to prevent patients from its complications.
Dual-Resonator-Based (DRB) and Multiple-Resonator-Based (MRB) MEMS Sensors: A Review
Authors: Zhu Yusi , Zhao Zhan , Fang Zhen , Du Lidong
Published: November 2021

Single-resonator-based (SRB) sensors have thrived in many sensing applications. However, they cannot meet the high-sensitivity requirement of future high-end markets such as ultra-small mass sensors and ultra-low accelerometers, and are vulnerable to environmental influences. It is fortunate that the integration of dual or multiple resonators into a sensor has become an effective way to solve such issues. Studies have shown that dual-resonator-based (DRB) and multiple-resonator-based (MRB) MEMS sensors have the ability to reject environmental influences, and their sensitivity is tens or hundreds of times that of SRB sensors. Hence, it is worth understanding the state-of-the-art technology behind DRB and MRB MEMS sensors to promote their application in future high-end markets.
Differences between the Leaf Mycobiome of Coffea arabica and Wild Coffee Species and Their Modulation by Caffeine/Chlorogenic Acid Content
Authors: de Sousa Leandro Pio , Guerreiro Filho Oliveiro , Costa Mondego Jorge Maurício
Published: November 2021

The study of microbes associated with the coffee tree has been gaining strength in recent years. In this work, we compared the leaf mycobiome of the traditional crop Coffea arabica with wild species Coffea racemosa and Coffea stenophylla using ITS sequencing for qualitative information and real-time PCR for quantitative information, seeking to relate the mycobiomes with the content of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in leaves. Dothideomycetes, Wallemiomycetes, and Tremellomycetes are the dominant classes of fungi. The core leaf mycobiome among the three Coffea species is formed by Hannaella, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Erythrobasidium, and Alternaria. A network analysis showed that Phoma, an important C. arabica pathogen, is negatively related to six fungal species present in C. racemosa and C. stenophylla and absent in C. arabica. Finally, C. arabica have more than 35 times the concentration of caffeine and 2.5 times the concentration of chlorogenic acid than C. stenophylla and C. racemosa. The relationship between caffeine/chlorogenic acid content, the leaf mycobiome, and genotype pathogen resistance is discussed.
Optimization of Airflow Field for Pneumatic Drum Magnetic Separator to Improve the Separation Efficiency
Authors: Li Xudong , Wang Yuhua , Lu Dongfang , Zheng Xiayu , Gao Xuesong
Published: November 2021

Traditional dry magnetic separation has poor separation efficiency for fine-grained materials, and combining airflow and a magnetic field may be one of the most effective means to improve it. Based on the pneumatic drum magnetic separator developed by our team, an improved pneumatic magnetic separator with a segmented flow field is proposed, which pushes materials to move along the separation surface. Analysis of flow field in the separation zone and the forces on particles show that the improved pneumatic magnetic separator makes it easier to collect fine magnetic particles, while nonmagnetic particles are more easily removed by airflow. Separation test results also show that the iron grade and the recovery of concentrate improved from 37.89% and 74.75% to 51.76% and 91.79%, respectively. The separation efficiency of the pneumatic drum magnetic separator has been remarkably improved by optimizing airflow field in the separation zone.
Phosphate and Ammonium Removal from Wastewaters Using Natural-Based Innovative Bentonites Impacting on Resource Recovery and Circular Economy
Authors: Zamparas Miltiadis , Kyriakopoulos Grigorios L. , Drosos Marios , Kapsalis Vasilis C.
Published: November 2021

The research objective of the study is the estimation of a novel low-cost composite material f-MB (Fe-modified bentonite) as a P and N adsorbent from wastewaters. Τhe present study aimed at examining the phosphate and ammonium removal efficiency from different types of wastewater using f-MB, by conducting bench-scale batch experiments to investigate its equilibrium characteristics and kinetics. The SEM analysis revealed that the platelets of bentonite in f-MB do not form normal bentonite sheets, but they have been restructured in a more compact formation with a great porosity. Regarding the sorption efficiencies (Qm), the maximum phosphate sorption efficiencies (Qm) calculated using the Langmuir model were 24.54, 25.09, 26.13, 24.28, and 23.21 mg/g, respectively, for a pH range of 5 to 9. In addition, the maximum NH4+-N adsorption capacities (Qm) calculated from the Langmuir model were 131.8, 145.7, 168.5, 156.7, and 159.6 mg/g, respectively, for a pH range from 5 to 9. Another important finding of this study is that f-MB can recover P from treated wastewater impacting on resource recovery and circular economy (CE). The modified clay f-MB performed the phosphate and ammonium recovery rates of 80% and 78.5%, respectively. Finally, f-MB can slowly release the largest proportion of phosphate and ammonium ions for a long time, thus extending the application of the f-MB material as a slow-release fertilizer and soil improver.
Synthesis of Zwitter-Ionic Conjugate of Nido-Carborane with Cholesterol
Authors: Druzina Anna A. , Zhidkova Olga B. , Dudarova Nadezhda V. , Nekrasova Natalia A. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Timofeev Sergey V. , Bregadze Vladimir I.
Published: November 2021

9-HC≡CCH2Me2N-nido-7,8-C2B9H11, a previously described carboranyl terminal alkyne, was used for the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with azido-3β-cholesterol to form a novel zwitter-ionic conjugate of nido-carborane with cholesterol, bearing a 1,2,3-triazol fragment. The conjugate of nido-carborane with cholesterol, containing a charge-compensated group in the linker, can be used as a precursor for the preparation of liposomes for BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy). The solid-state molecular structure of a nido-carborane derivative with the 9-Me2N(CH2)2Me2N-nido-7,8-C2B9H11 terminal dimethylamino group was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Role of Caryophyllane Sesquiterpenes in the Entourage Effect of Felina 32 Hemp Inflorescence Phytocomplex in Triple Negative MDA-MB-468 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Di Giacomo Silvia , Mariano Alessia , Gullì Marco , Fraschetti Caterina , Vitalone Annabella , Filippi Antonello , Mannina Luisa , Scotto d’Abusco Anna , Di Sotto Antonella
Published: November 2021

Cannabis sativa L. crops have been traditionally exploited as sources of fibers, nutrients, and bioactive phytochemicals of medical interest. In the present study, two terpene-rich organic extracts, namely FOJ and FOS, obtained from Felina 32 hemp inflorescences collected in June and September, respectively, have been studied for their in vitro anticancer properties. Particularly, their cytotoxicity was evaluated in different cancer cell lines, and the possible entourage effect between nonintoxicating phytocannabinoids (cannabidiol and cannabichromene) and caryophyllane sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide and α-humulene), as identified at GC/MS analysis, was characterized. Modulation of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors was studied as a mechanistic hypothesis. Results highlighted marked cytotoxic effects of FOJ, FOS, and pure compounds in triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells, likely mediated by a CB2 receptor activation. Cannabidiol was the main cytotoxic constituent, although low levels of caryophyllane sesquiterpenes and cannabichromene induced potentiating effects; the presence in the extracts of unknown antagonistic compounds has been highlighted too. These results suggest an interest in Felina 32 hemp inflorescences as a source of bioactive phytocomplexes with anticancer properties and strengthen the importance of considering the possible involvement of minor terpenes, such as caryophyllane sesquiterpenes, in the entourage effect of hemp-based extracts.
Pt-Free Metal Nanocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Combining Experiment and Theory: An Overview
Authors: Cruz-Martínez Heriberto , Guerra-Cabrera Wilbert , Flores-Rojas Ernesto , Ruiz-Villalobos Dunia , Rojas-Chávez Hugo , Peña-Castañeda Yesica A. , Medina Dora I.
Published: November 2021

The design and manufacture of highly efficient nanocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is key to achieve the massive use of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Up to date, Pt nanocatalysts are widely used for the ORR, but they have various disadvantages such as high cost, limited activity and partial stability. Therefore, different strategies have been implemented to eliminate or reduce the use of Pt in the nanocatalysts for the ORR. Among these, Pt-free metal nanocatalysts have received considerable relevance due to their good catalytic activity and slightly lower cost with respect to Pt. Consequently, nowadays, there are outstanding advances in the design of novel Pt-free metal nanocatalysts for the ORR. In this direction, combining experimental findings and theoretical insights is a low-cost methodology—in terms of both computational cost and laboratory resources—for the design of Pt-free metal nanocatalysts for the ORR in acid media. Therefore, coupled experimental and theoretical investigations are revised and discussed in detail in this review article.
The Type of Fat in the Diet Influences Regulatory Aminopeptidases of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Stress in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Domínguez-Vías Germán , Segarra Ana Belén , Ramírez-Sánchez Manuel , Prieto Isabel
Published: November 2021

(1) Background: Prolonged feeding with a high-fat diet (HFD) acts as a stressor by activating the functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) stress axis, accompanied of hypertension by inducing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Angiotensinases enzymes are regulatory aminopeptidases of angiotensin metabolism, which together with the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), pyroglutamyl- and tyrosyl-aminopeptidase (pGluAP, TyrAP), participate in cognitive, stress, metabolic and cardiovascular functions. These functions appear to be modulated by the type of fat used in the diet. (2) Methods: To analyze a possible coordinated response of aminopeptidases, their activities were simultaneously determined in the hypothalamus, adenohypophysis and adrenal gland of adult male rats fed diets enriched with monounsaturated (standard diet (S diet) supplemented with 20% virgin olive oil; VOO diet) or saturated fatty acids (diet S supplemented with 20% butter and 0.1% cholesterol; Bch diet). Aminopeptidase activities were measured by fluorimetry using 2-Naphthylamine as substrates. (3) Results: the hypothalamus did not show differences in any of the experimental diets. In the pituitary, the Bch diet stimulated the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by increasing certain angiotensinase activities (alanyl-, arginyl- and cystinyl-aminopeptidase) with respect to the S and VOO diets. DPP-IV activity was increased with the Bch diet, and TyrAP activity decrease with the VOO diet, having both a crucial role on stress and eating behavior. In the adrenal gland, both HFDs showed an increase in angiotensinase aspartyl-aminopeptidase. The interrelation of angiotensinases activities in the tissues were depending on the type of diet. In addition, correlations were shown between angiotensinases and aminopeptidases that regulate stress and eating behavior. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, these results support that the source of fat in the diet affects several peptidases activities in the HPA axis, which could be related to alterations in RAS, stress and feeding behavior.
Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae
Authors: Ladino Liliana , Sánchez Nathalia , Vázquez-Frias Rodrigo , Koletzko Berthold
Published: November 2021

Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.
Outbreak of CTX-M-15 Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST394 in a French Intensive Care Unit Dedicated to COVID-19
Authors: Emeraud Cécile , Figueiredo Samy , Bonnin Rémy A. , Khecharem Mouna , Ouzani Souad , Leblanc Pierre-Etienne , Jousset Agnès B. , Fortineau Nicolas , Duranteau Jacques , Dortet Laurent
Published: November 2021

Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) are constantly rising worldwide and are often reported as causative agent of outbreaks in intensive care units (ICUs). During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, bacterial cross-transmission was thought unlikely to occur due to the reinforcement of hygiene measures and prevention control. However, we report here an ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (ST394) isolate responsible for a nosocomial outbreak in an ICU dedicated to COVID-19 patients.
Ticks, Human Babesiosis and Climate Change
Authors: Gray Jeremy S. , Ogden Nicholas H.
Published: November 2021

The effects of current and future global warming on the distribution and activity of the primary ixodid vectors of human babesiosis (caused by Babesia divergens, B. venatorum and B. microti) are discussed. There is clear evidence that the distributions of both Ixodes ricinus, the vector in Europe, and I. scapularis in North America have been impacted by the changing climate, with increasing temperatures resulting in the northwards expansion of tick populations and the occurrence of I. ricinus at higher altitudes. Ixodes persulcatus, which replaces I. ricinus in Eurasia and temperate Asia, is presumed to be the babesiosis vector in China and Japan, but this tick species has not yet been confirmed as the vector of either human or animal babesiosis. There is no definite evidence, as yet, of global warming having an effect on the occurrence of human babesiosis, but models suggest that it is only a matter of time before cases occur further north than they do at present.
The New Human Babesia sp. FR1 Is a European Member of the Babesia sp. MO1 Clade
Authors: Bonsergent Claire , de Carné Marie-Charlotte , de la Cotte Nathalie , Moussel François , Perronne Véronique , Malandrin Laurence
Published: November 2021

In Europe, Babesia divergens is responsible for most of the severe cases of human babesiosis. In the present study, we describe a case of babesiosis in a splenectomized patient in France and report a detailed molecular characterization of the etiological agent, named Babesia sp. FR1, as well as of closely related Babesia divergens, Babesia capreoli and Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites. The analysis of the conserved 18S rRNA gene was supplemented with the analysis of more discriminant markers involved in the red blood cell invasion process: rap-1a (rhoptry-associated-protein 1) and ama-1 (apical-membrane-antigen 1). The rap-1a and ama-1 phylogenetic analyses were congruent, placing Babesia sp. FR1, the new European etiological agent, in the American cluster of Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites. Based on two additional markers, our analysis confirms the clear separation of B. divergens and B. capreoli. Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites should also be considered as a separate species, with the rabbit as its natural host, differing from those of B. divergens (cattle) and B. capreoli (roe deer). The natural host of Babesia sp. FR1 remains to be discovered.
Seroepidemiological Study of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae and Identification of a Putative New Species, Rickesttsia sp. Da-1, in Gongliao, Northeast Taiwan
Authors: Yen Tsai-Ying , Wang Hsi-Chieh , Chang Yin-Chao , Su Chien-Ling , Chang Shu-Fen , Shu Pei-Yun , Tsai Kun-Hsien
Published: November 2021

Tick-borne spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses were neglected in Taiwan. The study reported a seroepidemiological survey of SFG rickettsiae in residents in Gongliao District, Northeast Taiwan. Blood samples were examined for antibodies against SFG rickettsiae by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay. Risk factors were assessed using logistic regression. Ticks parasitizing dogs were collected within a 2 km radius from the houses of seropositive participants, and PCR was performed to detect possible tick-borne pathogens. Of 1108 participants, 75 (6.8%) had antibodies against SFG rickettsiae. Residents were more likely to be seropositive if they were older than 65 years, recruited by Dr. Enjoy’s Clinic, or resided in Jilin village. A total of 184 ticks including 5 species (Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Dermacentor auratus, Haemaphysalis hystricis, Haemaphysalis ornithophila) were collected. Rickettsia spp. were detected in 6.5% (12/184) of ticks. Rickettsia sp. TwKM01 was found in 6 R. sanguineus and 4 R. haemaphysaloides; while Rickettsia sp. TwKM03 was identified in 1 R. sanguineus. Moreover, gene-based pairwise analysis indicated identification of a putative new species, Rickettsia sp. Da-1, in D. auratus. These findings provided evidence of SFG rickettsiae infection in ticks and suggested SFG rickettsiae exposure in the residents.
Sickle Cell Anemia and Babesia Infection
Authors: Beri Divya , Singh Manpreet , Rodriguez Marilis , Yazdanbakhsh Karina , Lobo Cheryl Ann
Published: November 2021

Babesia is an intraerythrocytic, obligate Apicomplexan parasite that has, in the last century, been implicated in human infections via zoonosis and is now widespread, especially in parts of the USA and Europe. It is naturally transmitted by the bite of a tick, but transfused blood from infected donors has also proven to be a major source of transmission. When infected, most humans are clinically asymptomatic, but the parasite can prove to be lethal when it infects immunocompromised individuals. Hemolysis and anemia are two common symptoms that accompany many infectious diseases, and this is particularly true of parasitic diseases that target red cells. Clinically, this becomes an acute problem for subjects who are prone to hemolysis and depend on frequent transfusions, like patients with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Little is known about Babesia’s pathogenesis in these hemoglobinopathies, and most parallels are drawn from its evolutionarily related Plasmodium parasite which shares the same environmental niche, the RBCs, in the human host. In vitro as well as in vivo Babesia-infected mouse sickle cell disease (SCD) models support the inhibition of intra-erythrocytic parasite proliferation, but mechanisms driving the protection of such hemoglobinopathies against infection are not fully studied. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of Babesia infection and hemoglobinopathies, focusing on possible mechanisms behind this parasite resistance and the clinical repercussions faced by Babesia-infected human hosts harboring mutations in their globin gene.
Development of Breast Cancer Spheroids to Evaluate Cytotoxic Response to an Anticancer Peptide
Authors: Cavaco Marco , Fraga Patrícia , Valle Javier , Andreu David , Castanho Miguel A. R. B. , Neves Vera
Published: November 2021

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite intense research efforts, BC treatment still remains challenging. Improved drug development strategies are needed for impactful benefit to patients. Current preclinical studies rely mostly on cell-based screenings, using two-dimensional (2D) cell monolayers that do not mimic in vivo tumors properly. Herein, we explored the development and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) models, named spheroids, of the most aggressive BC subtypes (triple-negative breast cancer-TNBC; and human-epidermal growth receptor-2-HER2+), using the liquid overlay technique with several selected cell lines. In these cell line-derived spheroids, we studied cell density, proliferation, ultrastructure, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell permeabilization (live/dead). The results showed a formation of compact and homogeneous spheroids on day 7 after seeding 2000 cells/well for MDA-MB-231 and 5000 cells/well for BT-20 and BT-474. Next, we compared the efficacy of a model anticancer peptide (ACP) in cell monolayers and spheroids. Overall, the results demonstrated spheroids to be less sensitive to treatment than cell monolayers, revealing the need for more robust models in drug development.
Antibodies Processed Using High Dilution Technology Distantly Change Structural Properties of IFNγ Aqueous Solution
Authors: Penkov Nikita
Published: November 2021

Terahertz spectroscopy allows for the analysis of vibrations corresponding to the large-scale structural movements and collective dynamics of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Previously, differences had been detected in the emission spectra of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) solutions surrounded by extremely diluted solutions of either IFNγ or antibodies to IFNγ without direct contact compared to a control. Here we aimed to analyse the structural properties of water in a sample of an aqueous solution of IFNγ via terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Tubes with the IFNγ solution were immersed in fluidised lactose saturated with test samples (dilutions of antibodies to IFNγ or control) and incubated at 37 °C for 1, 1.5–2, 2.5–3, or 3.5–4 h. Fluidised lactose was chosen since it is an excipient in the manufacture of drugs based on diluted antibodies to IFNγ. After incubation, spectra were recorded within a wavenumber range of 10 to 110 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1. Lactose saturated with dilutions of antibodies to IFNγ (incubated for more than 2.5 h) changed the structural properties of an IFNγ aqueous solution without direct contact compared to the control. Terahertz spectra revealed stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds and an increase in the relaxation time of free and weakly bound water molecules. The methodology developed on the basis of THz-TDS could potentially be applied to quality control of pharmaceuticals based on extremely diluted antibodies.
Elucidation of the Origin of the Monumental Olive Tree of Vouves in Crete, Greece
Authors: Bombarely Aureliano , Doulis Andreas G. , Lambrou Katerina K. , Zioutis Christos , Margaritis Evi , Koubouris Georgios
Published: November 2021

The olive tree of Vouves in Crete, is considered the oldest producing olive tree in the world with an estimated age exceeding 4000 years. In the present study, we sequenced two samples (from the bottom and the top of the tree) to elucidate the genetic relation of this ancient tree with other olive cvs as well as to gain some insights about its origin. Our results showed that both samples have different genetic origins, proving that this ancient tree has been grafted at least one time. On the basis of whole genome sequences the sample from the top of the Vouves tree showed relation of the same order than half-siblings to one accession corresponding to the present-day Greek cv ‘Mastoidis’. Nevertheless, in the framework of a microsatellite analysis it was found to cluster with the ‘Mastoidis’ samples. The Vouves rootstock (bottom sample) showed a clear grouping with the oleaster samples in a similar way to that of ‘Megaritiki’ Greek cv although it does not show any signal of introgression from them. The genomic analyses did not show a strong relation of this sample with the present-day Greek cvs analyzed in this study so it cannot be proved that it has been used as a source for cultivated olive tree populations represented by available genome sequences. Nevertheless, on the basis of microsatellite analyses, the Vouves rootstock showed affinity with two present-day Greek cvs, one “ancient” rootstock from continental Greece as well as monumental trees from Cyprus. The analysis of the impact of the variants in the gene space revealed an enrichment of genes associated to pathways related with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This is in agreement with what has been found before in the sweep regions related with the process of domestication. The absence of oleaster gene flow, its old age and its variant profile, similar to other cultivated populations, makes it an excellent reference point for domestication studies.
Studies on Reproductive Development and Breeding Habit of the Commercially Important Bamboo Bambusa tulda Roxb
Authors: Chakraborty Sukanya , Biswas Prasun , Dutta Smritikana , Basak Mridushree , Guha Suman , Chatterjee Uday , Das Malay
Published: November 2021

Compared to other grasses, flowering in bamboo is quite divergent, yet complex with respect to time to flower, number of individual culms in a population that have been induced at a time (sporadic vs. gregarious), nature of monocarpy, morphology of inflorescences (solitary spikelet vs. pseudospikelet), biology of pollen and nature of genetic compatibility. Wide diversity exists even across species and genotypes. However, due to the rarity of flowering and inaccessibility, few studies have been done to systematically analyse diverse aspects of the reproductive behaviour of bamboo. In this study, four recurrently occurring, sporadic flowering populations of Bambusa tulda have been closely observed over the last seven years. Detailed inflorescence and floral morphology and development of reproductive organs have been studied. Pollen viability was assessed by staining and in vitro germination. Self and cross pollination experiments were performed in a plantation site to assess the genetic nature of pollen-pistil interaction. The study identifies interesting reproductive features, that are not common in other grasses. A few important observations include the early appearance of a solitary spikelet vs. late appearance of a pseudospikelet in the flowering cycle, low rate of pollen germination, protandry, self-incompatibility and higher rate of seed setting by the pseudospikelet as compared to the solitary spikelet. The findings will not only be useful to understand the reproductive behaviour of this non-woody timber plant, but will also be useful for forest management and sustainable use of bamboo bioresources.
Combining an HA + Cu (II) Site-Targeted Copper-Based Product with a Pruning Wound Protection Program to Prevent Infection with Lasiodiplodia spp. in Grapevine
Authors: Reis Pedro , Gaspar Ana , Alves Artur , Fontaine Florence , Rego Cecília
Published: November 2021

The genus Lasiodiplodia has been reported from several grape growing regions and is considered as one of the fastest wood colonizers, causing Botryosphaeria dieback. The aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the efficacy of Esquive®, a biocontrol agent, on vineyard pruning wound protection, applied single or, in a combined protection strategy with a new site-targeted copper-based treatment (LC2017), and (ii) compare their efficacy with chemical protection provided by the commercially available product, Tessior®. For two seasons, protectants were applied onto pruning wounds, while LC2017 was applied throughout the season according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Pruning wounds of two different cultivars were inoculated with three isolates of Lasiodiplodia spp. Efficacy of the wound protectants, varied between both years of the assay and according to the cultivar studied but were able to control the pathogen to some extent. The application of LC2017 did not show clear evidence of improving the control obtained by the sole application of the other products tested. Nevertheless, LC2017 showed a fungistatic effect against Lasiodiplodia spp., in vitro, and has previously shown an elicitor effect against grapevine trunk diseases. Therefore, this combination of two protection strategies may constitute a promising long-term approach to mitigate the impact of Botryosphaeria dieback.
Reinforced Concrete Structures Containing Chopped Carbon Fibers with Polymer Composite Materials
Authors: Soupionis George , Zoumpoulakis Loukas
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the reinforcement of concrete combining composite materials with carbon, glass and aramid fibers is discussed. Accordingly, cement specimens reinforced with chopped carbon fibers were manufactured via the retrofitting method and coated using various different types of fabrics (carbon, glass and aramid), and epoxy resin systems were developed and studied using compressive strength tests. In addition, polymeric matrix (epoxy resin) composite materials reinforced with different types of fabric (carbon, glass and aramid (Kevlar® 49)) were manufactured and their shear and bending strengths were measured. Before reinforcing cement specimens, all fabrics (carbon, glass and aramid (Kevlar® 49)) were placed in a vacuum chamber and were processed via pre-impregnation. This specific reinforcing method significantly improved the mechanical properties of cementitious structures with compressive strength values that reached 81 MPa. In a similar way, the bending and shear strengths of the materials under study were measured at 405 MPa and 33 MPa, respectively.
Effect of Processing Temperature and the Content of Carbon Nanotubes on the Properties of Nanocomposites Based on Polyphenylene Sulfide
Authors: Dydek Kamil , Latko-Durałek Paulina , Sulowska Agata , Kubiś Michał , Demski Szymon , Kozera Paulina , Sztorch Bogna , Boczkowska Anna
Published: November 2021

The study aimed to investigate the effect of processing temperature and the content of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the rheological, thermal, and electrical properties of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/MWCNT nanocomposites. It was observed that the increase in MWCNT content influenced the increase of the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus. The microscopic observations showed that with an increase in the amount of MWCNTs, the areal ratio of their agglomerates decreases. Thermogravimetric analysis showed no effect of processing temperature and MWCNT content on thermal stability; however, an increase in stability was observed as compared to neat PPS. The differential scanning calorimetry was used to assess the influence of MWCNT addition on the crystallization phenomenon of PPS. The calorimetry showed that with increasing MWCNT content, the degree of crystallinity and crystallization temperature rises. Thermal diffusivity tests proved that with an increase in the processing temperature and the content of MWCNTs, the diffusivity also increases and declines at higher testing temperatures. The resistivity measurements showed that the conductivity of the PPS/MWCNT nanocomposite increases with the increase in MWCNT content. The processing temperature did not affect resistivity.
Matrix and Filler Recycling of Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review
Authors: Scaffaro Roberto , Di Bartolo Alberto , Dintcheva Nadka Tz.
Published: November 2021

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are low-density, high-performance composite materials, which find important applications in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industry, to only cite a few. With the increasing concerns about sustainability and environment risks, the problem of the recycling of such complex composite systems has been emerging in politics, industry, and academia. The issue is exacerbated by the increased use of FRPs in the automotive industry and by the expected decommissioning of airplanes and wind turbines amounting to thousands of metric tons of composite materials. Currently, the recycling of FRPs downcycles the entire composite to some form of reinforcement material (typically for cements) or degrades the polymer matrix to recover the fibers. Following the principles of sustainability, the reuse and recycling of the whole composite—fiber and polymer—should be promoted. In this review paper, we report on recent research works that achieve the recycling of both the fiber and matrix phase of FRP composites, with the polymer being either directly recovered or converted to value-added monomers and oligomers.
Thermoplastic Starch–Based Composite Reinforced by Conductive Filler Networks: Physical Properties and Electrical Conductivity Changes during Cyclic Deformation
Authors: Peidayesh Hamed , Mosnáčková Katarína , Špitalský Zdenko , Heydari Abolfazl , Šišková Alena Opálková , Chodák Ivan
Published: November 2021

Conductive polymer composites (CPC) from renewable resources exhibit many interesting characteristics due to their biodegradability and conductivity changes under mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electrical stress. This study is focused on investigating the physical properties of electroconductive thermoplastic starch (TPS)–based composites and changes in electroconductive paths during cyclic deformation. TPS–based composites filled with various carbon black (CB) contents were prepared through melt processing. The electrical conductivity and physicochemical properties of TPS–CB composites, including mechanical properties and rheological behavior, were evaluated. With increasing CB content, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus were found to increase substantially. We found a percolation threshold for the CB loading of approximately 5.5 wt% based on the rheology and electrical conductivity. To observe the changing structure of the conductive CB paths during cyclic deformation, both the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties were recorded in parallel using online measurements. Moreover, the instant electrical conductivity measured online during mechanical deformation of the materials was taken as the parameter indirectly describing the structure of the conductive CB network. The electrical conductivity was found to increase during five runs of repeated cyclic mechanical deformations to constant deformation below strain at break, indicating good recovery of conductive paths and their new formation.
Particle Image Velocimetry Test for the Inter-Blade Vortex in a Francis Turbine
Authors: Xu Lianchen , Jin Xiaohui , Li Zhen , Deng Wanquan , Liu Demin , Liu Xiaobing
Published: November 2021

Hydropower units are usually operated in non-design conditions because of power grid requirements. In a partial-load condition, an inter-blade vortex phenomenon occurs between the runner blades of a Francis turbine, causing pressure pulsation and unit vibration, which hinder the safe and stable operation of power stations. However, the mechanism through which the inter-blade vortex generation occurs is not entirely clear. In this study, a specific model of the Francis turbine was used to investigate and visually observe the generation of the blade vortex in Francis turbines in both the initial inter-blade and vortex development zones. Particle image velocimetry was used for this purpose. In addition, we determined the variation law of the inter-blade vortex in the Francis turbine. We found that the size and strength of the inter-blade vortex depend on the unit speed of the turbine. The higher the unit speed is, the stronger the inter-blade vortex becomes. We concluded that the inter-blade vortex of such turbines originates from the pressure surface or secondary flow and stall of the blade at the inlet side of the runner at high unit speeds, and also from the backflow zone of the suction surface of the blade at low unit speeds.
Potential Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Secondary Metabolites of Nostoc linckia Cultivated under Zn and Cu Stress Conditions
Authors: Ramadan Khaled M. A. , El-Beltagi Hossam S. , Shanab Sanaa M. M. , El-fayoumy Eman A. , Shalaby Emad A. , Bendary Eslam S. A.
Published: November 2021

The objective of the present study is to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Nostoc linckia extracts cultivated under heavy metal stress conditions (0.44, 0.88, and 1.76 mg/L for zinc and 0.158, 0.316, 0.632 mg/L for copper). Phycobiliprotein, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins were measured. Active ingredients of extracts were evaluated by GC-mass spectroscopy. The obtained results revealed that higher zinc and copper concentrations showed growth inhibition while 0.22 mg/L (Zn) and 0.079 mg/L (Cu) enhanced growth, reaching its maximum on the 25th day. Increases in catalase, lipids peroxidation, and antioxidants, as well as tannins and flavonoids, have been induced by integration of 0.88 mg/L (Zn) and 0.316 mg/L (Cu). Elevation of Zn concentration induced augmentation of antioxidant activity of crude extract (DPPH or ABTS), with superior activity at 0.44 mg/L zinc concentration (81.22%). The anticancer activity of Nostoc linckia extract (0.44 mg/L Zn) tested against four cancer cell lines: A549, Hela, HCT 116, and MCF-7. The extract at 500 µg/mL appeared the lowest cell viability of tested cell lines. The promising extract (0.44 mg/L Zn) recorded the lowest cell viability of 25.57% in cervical cell line, 29.74% in breast cell line, 33.10% in lung cell line and 34.53% in the colon cell line. The antioxidant active extract showed significant stability against pH with attributed increase in antioxidant activity in the range between 8–12. The extract can be used effectively as a natural antioxidant and anticancer after progressive testing.