bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cascade of Interventions to Promote Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in African Countries
Authors: Jopling Rebecca , Nyamayaro Primrose , Andersen Lena S , Kagee Ashraf , Haberer Jessica E , Abas Melanie Amna
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

We reviewed interventions to improve uptake and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in African countries in the Treat All era.

Recent Findings

ART initiation can be improved by facilitated rapid receipt of first prescription, including community-based linkage and point-of-care strategies, integration of HIV care into antenatal care and peer support for adolescents. For people living with HIV (PLHIV) on ART, scheduled SMS reminders, ongoing intensive counselling for those with viral non-suppression and economic incentives for the most deprived show promise. Adherence clubs should be promoted, being no less effective than facility-based care for stable patients. Tracing those lost to follow-up should be targeted to those who can be seen face-to-face by a peer worker.

Investment is needed to promote linkage to initiating ART and for differentiated approaches to counselling for youth and for those with identified suboptimal adherence. More evidence from within Africa is needed on cost-effective strategies to identify and support PLHIV at an increased risk of non-adherence across the treatment cascade.
Being yourself for the ‘greater good’: An empirical investigation of the moderation effect of authenticity between self-compassion and compassion for others
Authors: Bayır-Toper Aydan , Sellman Edward , Joseph Stephen
Published: August 2020

Self-compassion offers profound benefits to well-being and healthy psychological functioning. Surprisingly however, the relationship assumed between compassion for self and others has been questioned by recent research findings and is at best inconsistently correlated. The aim of this study is to throw further light on this debate by testing whether the association between self-compassion and compassion for others is moderated by authenticity amongst 530 participants who completed the Authenticity Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Compassion Scale. The results show that authenticity has a moderation effect on the association between self-compassion and the kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and indifference subscales of the Compassion Scale. These results offer some initial insight into understanding the association between compassion for self and others and establish a case for researching the role of authenticity more thoroughly. The findings of this investigation call for further empirical attention to socially constructive aspects of authenticity and the development of new authenticity measurements that may better assess the interaction effect.
Patients’ decision to contribute to a biobank in the light of the patient-recruiter relationship—a qualitative study of broad consent in a hospital setting
Authors: Bosisio Francesca , Barazzetti Gaia , Koutaissoff Daria , Spencer Brenda
Published: August 2020

Findings from recent studies show that the relationship developed with the particular researcher asking for broad consent plays an important role in the participant’s willingness to give consent. Interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to present a description and analysis of meetings in which broad consent took place and to examine the role of recruiters in the patients’ decision-making and in building trust in the Lausanne University Hospital Institutional Biobank (BIL). Our findings suggest that patient broad consent to biobanking is strongly related to its setting. BIL recruiters’ were aware of their role as ambassadors of the BIL and their responsibility towards patients. Patient interviewees were sensitive to the quality of the information delivered, the timing of the consent request and the recruiters’ attitudes and behaviours, including the presence of the white coat. Participating in the BIL also seemed to reinforce the patient’s self-esteem and perceived efficacy, particularly since they are themselves ill and inactive when requested to participate. Recruiters and participants report that participation may be motivated by fundamental (existential) goals. Organisational factors also affected recruiters’ activity and the broad consent procedure raising several ethical issues. This qualitative study suggests that biobanking based on information-based models of decision-making might need to be re-evaluated in order to improve broad consent. Our findings have implications for the practice of broad consent and patient autonomy, as well as for the recruiters’ role and training.
Innovative Approaches, Tools and Visualization Techniques for Analysing Land Use Structures and Dynamics of Cities and Regions (Editorial)
Authors: Hecht Robert , Behnisch Martin , Herold Hendrik
Published: August 2020

Geospatial analysis and visualisation can be used to gain knowledge about land use structure and its changes on different spatial scales, which in turn is key to unlock the potential for sustainable land use development. This editorial provides a frame to a set of papers of the topical collection “Innovative approaches, tools and visualization techniques for analyzing land use structures and dynamics of cities and regions”, which was initiated in conjunction with the 2017 International Land Use Symposium taken place in Dresden, Germany. It first introduces current, urging land use, development and management challenges. Further on, the editorial presents the individual contributions and reflects their affiliation to the themes “Mapping and Monitoring Approaches” and “Planning, Decision Support and Participation”. Although the objectives, methods and underlying data used in the papers of this topical collection greatly vary, as pieces of a puzzle they contribute to a better analysis and understanding of current and future land use structures and dynamics of cities and regions.
Investigation of the BOLD-Based MRI Signal Time Course During Short Breath-Hold Periods for Estimation of the Cerebrovascular Reactivity
Authors: Zerweck Leonie , Hauser Till-Karsten , Roder Constantin , Klose Uwe
Published: August 2020

For the prognosis of stroke, patients with moyamoya disease (MMD) require the estimation of remaining cerebrovascular reactivity. For this purpose, CO2-triggered BOLD fMRI by use of short breath-hold periods seems to be a highly available alternative to nuclear medicine methods. Too long breath-hold periods are difficult to perform, too short breath-hold periods do not lead to sufficient BOLD signal changes. We aimed to investigate the required minimum breath-hold duration to detect distinct BOLD signals in the tissue of healthy subjects to find out how long the minimum breath-hold duration in clinical diagnostics of MMD should be. A prospective study was performed. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent fMRI during end-expiration breath-hold periods of different duration (3, 6, 9, and 12 s). Additionally, we compared the influence of paced and self-paced breathing altering the breath-hold periods. Data of a patient with MMD was evaluated to investigate whether the tested procedure is suitable for clinical use. Significant global BOLD signal increases were detected after breath-hold periods of 6, 9, and 12 s. The signals were significantly higher after breath-hold periods of 9 s than after 6 s, while not when the duration was extended from 9 to 12 s. Furthermore, we found additional BOLD signal changes before the expected signal increases, which could be avoided by paced respiratory instructions. This investigation indicates that end-expiration breath-hold period of at least 9 s might be used to measure the cerebrovascular reactivity. This time period resulted in distinct BOLD signal changes and could be performed easily.
Relaxed Euler systems and convergence to Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Peng Yue-Jun
Published: August 2020

We consider the approximation of Navier-Stokes equations for a Newtonian fluid by Euler type systems with relaxation both in compressible and incompressible cases. This requires to decompose the second-order derivative terms of the velocity into first-order ones. Usual decompositions lead to approximate systems with tensor variables. We construct approximate systems with vector variables by using Hurwitz-Radon matrices. These systems are written in the form of balance laws and admit strictly convex entropies, so that they are symmetrizable hyperbolic. For smooth solutions, we prove the convergence of the approximate systems to the Navier-Stokes equations in uniform time intervals. Global-in-time convergence is also shown for the initial data near constant equilibrium states of the systems. These convergence results are established not only for the approximate systems with vector variables but also for those with tensor variables.
The Second World War Japanese Occupation of Singapore
Authors: Huff Gregg , Huff Gillian
Published: August 2020

Japan's Second World War occupation of Singapore was marked by acute shortages of food and basic consumer goods, malnutrition, rampant black markets and social breakdown. We argue that the exploitation of Singapore was extreme and fully accorded with pre-war Japanese policy. Japan used Singapore mainly as a communications centre and port to ship Indonesian oil. Mid-1943 attempts to add manufacturing to the city's role had limited success. Acquiescence of Singaporeans to Japanese rule was a notable aspect of occupation. While part of the explanation is that the occupation was a reign of terror, the economics of shortage conferred on the Japanese considerable leverage in maintaining social control.
Comparative genetic diversity ofCryptosporidiumspecies causing human infections
Authors: Garcia-R Juan C. , Cox Murray P. , Hayman David T. S.
Published: August 2020

Parasites sometimes expand their host range and cause new disease aetiologies. Genetic changes can then occur due to host-specific adaptive alterations, particularly when parasites cross between evolutionarily distant hosts. Characterizing genetic variation inCryptosporidiumfrom humans and other animals may have important implications for understanding disease dynamics and transmission. We analyse sequences from four loci (gp60, HSP-70, COWP and actin) representing multipleCryptosporidiumspecies reported in humans. We predicted low genetic diversity in species that present unusual human infections due to founder events and bottlenecks. High genetic diversity was observed in isolates from humans ofCryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, Cryptosporidium hominisandCryptosporidium parvum. A deviation of expected values of neutrality using Tajima'sDwas observed inC. cuniculusandC. meleagridis. The high genetic diversity inC. meleagridisandC. cuniculusdid not match our expectations but deviations from neutrality indicate a recent decrease in genetic variability through a population bottleneck after an expansion event.Cryptosporidium hominiswas also found with a significant Tajima's D positive value likely caused by recent population expansion of unusual genotypes in humans. These insights indicate that changes in genetic diversity can help us to understand host-parasite adaptation and evolution.
Asphyxia at birth affects brain structure in patients on the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder spectrum and healthy participants
Authors: Wortinger Laura Anne , Engen Kristine , Barth Claudia , Andreassen Ole A. , Nordbø Jørgensen Kjetil , Agartz Ingrid
Published: August 2020

Background

Uncertainty exists about what causes brain structure alterations associated with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). Whether a history of asphyxia-related obstetric complication (ASP) – a common but harmful condition for neural tissue – contributes to variations in adult brain structure is unclear. We investigated ASP and its relationship to intracranial (ICV), global brain volumes and regional cortical and subcortical structures.

Methods

A total of 311 patients on the SZ – BD spectrum and 218 healthy control (HC) participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. They were evaluated for ASP using prospective information obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.

Results

In all groups, ASP was related to smaller ICV, total brain, white and gray matter volumes and total surface area, but not to cortical thickness. Smaller cortical surface areas were found across frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insular regions. Smaller hippocampal, amygdala, thalamus, caudate and putamen volumes were reported for all ASP subgroups. ASP effects did not survive ICV correction, except in the caudate, which remained significantly smaller in both patient ASP subgroups, but not in the HC.

Conclusions

Since ASP was associated with smaller brain volumes in all groups, the genetic risk of developing a severe mental illness, alone, cannot easily explain the smaller ICV. Only the smaller caudate volumes of ASP patients specifically suggest that injury from ASP can be related to disease development. Our findings give support for the ICV as a marker of aberrant neurodevelopment and ASP in the etiology of brain development in BD and SZ.
The crow in the room: New Caledonian crows offer insight into the necessary and sufficient conditions for cumulative cultural evolution
Authors: Taylor Alex H. , Jelbert Sarah
Published: August 2020

New Caledonian (NC) crow populations have developed complex tools that show suggestive evidence of cumulative change. These tool designs, therefore, appear to be the product of cumulative technological culture (CTC). We suggest that tool-using NC crows offer highly useful data for current debates over the necessary and sufficient conditions for the emergence of CTC.
A cognitive approach to cumulative technological culture is useful and necessary but only if it also applies to other species
Authors: Gruber Thibaud
Published: August 2020

The debate on cumulative technological culture (CTC) is dominated by social-learning discussions, at the expense of other cognitive processes, leading to flawed circular arguments. I welcome the authors' approach to decouple CTC from social-learning processes without minimizing their impact. Yet, this model will only be informative to understand the evolution of CTC if tested in other cultural species.
Causal learning in CTC: Adaptive and collaborative
Authors: Weinstein Netanel , Baldwin Dare
Published: August 2020

Osiurak and Reynaud highlight the critical role of technical-reasoning skills in the emergence of human cumulative technological culture (CTC), in contrast to previous accounts foregrounding social-reasoning skills as key to CTC. We question their analysis of the available evidence, yet for other reasons applaud the emphasis on causal understanding as central to the adaptive and collaborative dynamics of CTC.
Tools as “petrified memes”: A duality
Authors: Korth Carsten
Published: August 2020

Tools are generated by defined steps, fulfill distinct uses, and elicit affordances or mental representations. When the latter are recombined, they are perceived as “technical reasoning,” resulting in novel tools when executed. They can be exchanged, varied, and selected between individuals in a cumulative social process. Tools are materialized, “petrified” memes forming a duality within the framework of active externalism.
The social side of innovation
Authors: Rawlings Bruce , Legare Cristine H.
Published: August 2020

Innovation is fundamental to cumulative culture, allowing progressive modification of existing technology. The authors define innovation as an asocial process, uninfluenced by social information. We argue that innovation is inherently social – innovation is frequently the product of modifying others' outputs, and successful innovations are acquired by others. Research should target examination of the cognitive underpinnings of socially-mediated innovations.
Taking into account the wider evolutionary context of cumulative cultural evolution
Authors: Claidière Nicolas
Published: August 2020

The target article reviews evidence showing that technological reasoning is crucial to cumulative technological culture but it fails to discuss the implications for the emergence of cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) in general. The target article supports the social view of CCE against the more ecological alternative and suggests that CCE appears when specialised individual-learning mechanisms evolve.
Human tool cognition relies on teleology
Authors: Hernik Mikołaj
Published: August 2020

Osiurak and Reynaud's account of human tool cognition misses key element: human capacity for functional representations and teleological inferences. I argue that the teleofunctional approach accounts better for some features of human tool cognition and points to a viable candidate for the cognitive “difference-maker” behind human technological success.
Chimpanzees' technical reasoning: Taking fieldwork and ontogeny seriously
Authors: Boesch Christophe
Published: August 2020

Following the tradition of comparing humans with chimpanzees placed under unfavorable conditions, the authors suggest many uniquely human technological abilities. However, chimpanzees use spontaneously tools in nature to achieve many different goals demonstrating technological skills and reasoning contradicting the authors contrast. Chimpanzees and humans develop skills through the experiences faced during their upbringing and neglecting this leads to fake conclusions.
Alternating-color words facilitate reading and eye movements among second-language learners of Chinese
Authors: Zhou Wei , Ye Wanwen , Yan Ming
Published: August 2020

The present study investigated whether word-boundary information, provided by alternating colors (consistent or inconsistent with word-boundary information) in a Chinese sentence would facilitate the reading of second-language (L2) learners. Thirty-three Korean students were recruited in the eye-movement experiment. Relative to a baseline (i.e., mono-colors) condition, incorrect word segmentation produced closer fixation location toward the beginning of words, longer fixation duration, higher refixation rate, and slower reading speed. In contrast, word segmentation with alternating colors produced further fixation location toward the center of words, shorter fixation duration, lower refixation rate, and faster reading speed. These results indicate that L2 readers are capable of making use of word-boundary knowledge for saccade generation, which can result in a facilitation of reading efficiency.
European Crime Cinema and the Auteur
Authors: Baschiera Stefano
Published: August 2020

This article will offer an overview of the ever-changing relationship between the crime genre – understood as a global, transnational phenomenon – and European art cinema, with its national specificities. After a historical contextualization, this contribution focuses on the mode of production and circulation of contemporary European crime cinema by looking at two case studies of the contemporary national productions of Spain and Northern Ireland. The goal is to grasp the shifts occurring in this relationship, so understanding both the role played by the ‘auteur’ label in the distribution, commercialization, and appreciation of European crime cinema and how easily-marketable crime storylines promote the creation of new modes of authorship.
Benchmarks and goals
Authors: Church Kenneth Ward
Published: August 2020

Benchmarks can be a useful step toward the goals of the field (when the benchmark is on the critical path), as demonstrated by the GLUE benchmark, and deep nets such as BERT and ERNIE. The case for other benchmarks such as MUSE and WN18RR is less well established. Hopefully, these benchmarks are on a critical path toward progress on bilingual lexicon induction (BLI) and knowledge graph completion (KGC). Many KGC algorithms have been proposed such as Trans[DEHRM], but it remains to be seen how this work improves WordNet coverage. Given how much work is based on these benchmarks, the literature should have more to say than it does about the connection between benchmarks and goals. Is optimizing P@10 on WN18RR likely to produce more complete knowledge graphs? Is MUSE likely to improve Machine Translation?
Aggregation of Abnormal Memory Scores and Risk of Incident Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Measure of Objective Memory Impairment in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Bradfield Nicholas I. , Ellis Kathryn A. , Savage Greg , Maruff Paul , Burnham Samantha , Darby David , Lautenschlager Nicola T. , Martins Ralph N. , Masters Colin L. , Rainey-Smith Stephanie R. , Robertson Joanne , Rowe Christopher , Woodward Michael , Ames David
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

The criteria for objective memory impairment in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are vaguely defined. Aggregating the number of abnormal memory scores (NAMS) is one way to operationalise memory impairment, which we hypothesised would predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia.

Methods:

As part of the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing, 896 older adults who did not have dementia were administered a psychometric battery including three neuropsychological tests of memory, yielding 10 indices of memory. We calculated the number of memory scores corresponding to z ≤ −1.5 (i.e., NAMS) for each participant. Incident diagnosis of AD dementia was established by consensus of an expert panel after 3 years.

Results:

Of the 722 (80.6%) participants who were followed up, 54 (7.5%) developed AD dementia. There was a strong correlation between NAMS and probability of developing AD dementia (r = .91, p = .0003). Each abnormal memory score conferred an additional 9.8% risk of progressing to AD dementia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for NAMS was 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) .81–.93, p < .01]. The odds ratio for NAMS was 1.67 (95% CI 1.40–2.01, p < .01) after correcting for age, sex, education, estimated intelligence quotient, subjective memory complaint, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score and apolipoprotein E ϵ4 status.

Conclusions:

Aggregation of abnormal memory scores may be a useful way of operationalising objective memory impairment, predicting incident AD dementia and providing prognostic stratification for individuals with MCI.
Is late bedtime an overlooked sleep behaviour? Investigating associations between sleep timing, sleep duration and eating behaviours in adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Grummon Anna H , Sokol Rebeccah L , Lytle Leslie A
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To examine whether bedtime is associated with usual sleep duration and eating behaviour among adolescents, emerging adults and young adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional multivariable regression models, stratified by developmental stage, to examine: (1) association between bedtime and sleep duration and (2) associations between bedtime and specific eating behaviours at each developmental period, controlling for sleep duration. All models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms and screen time behaviours.

Setting:

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, waves I–IV, USA.

Participants:

A national probability sample surveyed in adolescence (aged 12–18 years, wave I: 1994–1995, n 13 048 and wave II: 1996, n 9438), emerging adulthood (aged 18–24 years, wave III: 2001–2002, n 9424) and young adulthood (aged 24–34 years, wave IV: 2008, n 10 410).

Results:

Later bedtime was associated with shorter sleep duration in all developmental stages, such that a 1-h delay in bedtime was associated with 14–33 fewer minutes of sleep per night (Ps < 0·001). Later bedtime was also associated with lower odds of consuming healthier foods (i.e. fruits, vegetables; range of adjusted OR (AOR), 0·82–0·93, Ps < 0·05) and higher odds of consuming less healthy foods and beverages (i.e. soda, pizza, desserts and sweets; range of AOR, 1·07–1·09, Ps < 0·05). Later bedtime was also associated with more frequent fast-food consumption and higher sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (Ps < 0·05).

Conclusions:

Later bedtime was associated with shorter sleep duration and less healthy eating behaviours. Bedtime may be a novel behaviour to address in interventions aiming to improve sleep duration and dietary intake.
A review of the stem amnioteEldeceeon rolfeifrom the Viséan of East Kirkton, Scotland
Authors: RUTA Marcello , CLACK Jennifer A. , SMITHSON Timothy R.
Published: August 2020

The late Viséan anthracosauroidEldeceeon rolfeifrom the East Kirkton Limestone of Scotland is re-described. Information from two originally described and two newly identified specimens broadens our knowledge of this tetrapod. A detailed account of individual skull bones and a revision of key axial and appendicular features are provided, alongside the first complete reconstructions of the skull and lower jaw and a revised reconstruction of the postcranial skeleton. In comparison toSilvanerpeton, the only other anthracosauroid from East Kirkton,Eldeceeonis characterised by a proportionally wider semi-elliptical skull, comparatively smaller nostrils set farther apart, smaller and more rounded orbits, a shorter skull table with gently convex lateral margins, and a deeper suspensorium with a straight posterior margin and a small dorsal embayment. The remarkably large hind feet and elongate toes ofEldeceeonpresumably represent an adaptation for attaining high locomotory speed through increased stride length and reduced stride frequency. This would necessitate great muscle force but few muscle contractions. At the beginning of a new stride cycle, repositioning the pes anteriorly and lifting the toes off the ground would require a strong and large muscle to pull the femur upward and rotate it inward and forward. It is hypothesised that such muscle might correspond to thepuboischiofemoralis internus 2, which would extend along the posterior half of the vertebral column, consistent with the occurrence of long, curved ribs in the anterior half of the trunk. Using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, cladistic analyses of all major groups of stem amniotes retrieve a sister group relationship betweenEldeceeonandSilvanerpeton, either as the most plesiomorphic stem amniote clade or as a clade immediately crownward of anthracosauroids.
The Shadow of the Soviet Legacy on the World's Nuclear Future
Authors: Brown Kate
Published: August 2020

I woke one day the spring of 2019 to a jammed inbox and the realization that I had become a character in my own history. I have not shied away from writing in the first person, but publishing Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future involved a heightened level of exposure that left me for a time wishing I could sink down under the earth's crust, the book with it.
Global Cities versus Rustbelt Realities: The Dilemmas of Urban Development in Russia
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: August 2020

Following the argument of urban geographers that “superstar” cities are the engines of economic growth in a globalized era, Kremlin advisor Aleksei Kudrin and others have argued that Russia should invest in a handful of major cities including Moscow and St. Petersburg. That advice has now become part of official government planning. In stark contrast to the developed world, however, Russia's population is not concentrated in a few urban centers, but in several hundred medium-sized cities and towns, many distributed across Russia's vast territory, often far from other metropolitan agglomerations. These include more than a hundred officially-designated “monotowns,” whose fate is dependent on a single industry, which the government ranks according to the severity of their “socio-economic conditions.” This paper will explore the dilemmas faced by monotowns in particular, and the challenge to authorities of balancing the need for new economic growth from urban metropolises against preventing social unrest in declining industrial communities.
Diagnostik und Behandlung der akuten Cholezystitis
Authors: Ukegjini Kristjan , Schmied Bruno M.
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die akute Cholezystitis gehört zu den häufigsten akuten chirurgischen Krankheitsbildern. Charakteristisch für die Cholezystitis sind rechtsseitige Oberbauchschmerzen, Fieber und Leukozytose. Mittels Abdomensonographie kann die Diagnose häufig gestellt werden. Es besteht Konsens darüber, dass die laparoskopische Cholezystektomie die Therapie der Wahl darstellt und innerhalb weniger Tage nach Symptombeginn erfolgen soll. Das Risiko für weitere Komplikationen kann durch die frühe Operation reduziert oder verhindert werden. Auch bei Hochrisikopatienten sollte eine frühe laparoskopische Cholezystektomie erwägt und wenn vertretbar, durchgeführt werden. Die konventionell-laparoskopische Cholezystektomie über 3 – 4 Zugänge gilt weiterhin als chirurgischer Standard. und kann mit einer niedrigen Mortalität und Morbidität durchgeführt werden. Chirurgische Komplikationen sind selten, Gallengangsverletzungen gehören zu den Schwerwiegendsten. Chirurgische Komplikationen sind oft technisch bedingt oder Folge mangelnder Erfahrung. Die Morbidität einer laparoskopischen Cholezystektomie kann durch folgende Massnahmen gesenkt werden: Stellen der richtigen Operationsindikation; Beachten der kritischen Operationsschritte; die Hemschwelle zur Konversion soll tief gehalten werden; Adäquates Training der Chirurgen.
Akute Appendizitis – Aktuelle Kontroversen in der Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Fahrner René , Inderbitzin Daniel
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die akute Appendizitis ist eine der häufigsten akuten chirurgischen Krankheitsbilder. Vermeintlich wird diese Erkrankung meist als einfach zu diagnostizieren und zu behandeln angesehen. Dies gilt zwar für eine Mehrzahl der Patienten, jedoch gibt es auch regelmässig Fälle, bei denen die Diagnostik schwierig und die adäquate Therapie nicht immer eindeutig ist. Die Diagnostik umfasst neben der Anamnese und der klinischen Untersuchung in vielen Ländern zunehmend die intensivere Nutzung von bildgebenden Verfahren (Ultraschall, Computertomographie, ggfs. Magnetresonanztomographie), was wiederum zu unnötiger Strahlenbelastung v. a. junger Patienten und erhöhten Kosten im Gesundheitswesen führen kann. Im Gegensatz dazu, führen Verzögerungen in der Diagnosestellung und Therapie und die damit verbundenen Komplikationen häufig zu rechtlichen Auseinandersetzungen. Zusätzlich kommt hinzu, dass in den letzten Jahren ein Wandel in der Therapie-Strategie stattgefunden hat und nicht immer die notfallmässige Operation als Standardtherapie empfohlen wird. Die nicht-operative, konservative Therapie kommt immer mehr zum Einsatz, wobei es noch keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse und klare Identifizierung von Patienten-Gruppen gibt, die von dieser Therapie zweifelsfrei profitieren. Diese Probleme und Kontroversen sollen in diesem Artikel beleuchtet werden. Insbesondere soll dabei auch auf rechtliche Aspekte und interkollegiale Konflikte zwischen Zuweisern, Spitalärzten, Angehörigen und Patienten eingegangen werden. Einmal mehr zeigt sich, dass das vermeintlich einfache Krankheitsbild, doch nicht immer so einfach ist.
Update zum Management der Divertikulitis
Authors: Kohler Andreas , Studer Peter , Brügger Lukas
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Es werden aktuell verschiedene Klassifikationssysteme für die Divertiukose und Divertikulitis verwendet. Die «Classification of Diverticular Disease» CDD basiert auf der heute standardmässigen Abklärung der Divertikulits mittels Schnittbildgebung und teilt in therapierelevante Gruppen ein, weshalb die Verwendung dieser Klassifikation sinnvoll ist. Die akute unkomplizierte Divertikulitis wird im Regelfall konservativ therapiert. Meist werden Patienten peroral oder intravenös antibiotisch behandelt. Mehrere über die letzten Jahre publizierten Studien zeigen, dass die alleinige symptomatische Therapie für die Mehrheit der Patienten mit unkomplizierter Divertikulitis keinen Nachteil gegenüber einer antibiotischen Therapie hat. Die akute komplizierte Divertikulitis mit einem relevanten Abszess oder einer Perforation wird interventionell oder operativ therapiert. Bei der operativen Therapie zeigt sich ein Trend weg von der klassischen Diskontinuitätsresektion nach Hartmann zur primären Anastomose oder bei schwerer Sepsis zu einem «Damage Control» Konzept. Bezüglich der elektiven Resektion im Intervall soll sich die Indikationsstellung an der Symptomatik des Patienten orientieren. Die Operationsindikation wird bei einer im Ausmass oder der Frequenz störenden Symptomatik gestellt. Die Anzahl der abgelaufenen Divertikulitisschübe ist nicht relevant. Chronische Komplikationen wie Fisteln und Stenosen stellen eine Operationsindikation dar.
Multifluids for Representing Subgrid‐Scale Convection
Authors: Weller Hilary , McIntyre William , Shipley Daniel
Published: August 2020

Traditional parameterizations of convection are a large source of error in weather and climate prediction models, and the assumptions behind them become worse as resolution increases. Multifluid modeling is a promising new method of representing subgrid‐scale and near‐grid‐scale convection allowing for net mass transport by convection and nonequilibrium dynamics. The air is partitioned into two or more fluids, which may represent, for example, updrafts and the nonupdraft environment. Each fluid has its own velocity, temperature, and constituents with separate equations of motion. This paper presents two‐fluid Boussinesq equations for representing subgrid‐scale dry convection with sinking and w = 0 air in Fluid 0 and rising air in Fluid 1. Two vertical slice test cases are developed to tune parameters and to evaluate the two‐fluid equations: a buoyant rising bubble and radiative convective equilibrium. These are first simulated at high resolution with a single‐fluid model and conditionally averaged based on the sign of the vertical velocity. The test cases are next simulated with the two‐fluid model in one column. A model for entrainment and detrainment based on divergence leads to excellent representation of the convective area fraction. Previous multifluid modeling of convection has used the same pressure for both fluids. This is shown to be a bad approximation, and a model for the pressure difference between the fluids based on divergence is presented.
The Value of Initial Condition Large Ensembles to Robust Adaptation Decision‐Making
Authors: Mankin Justin S. , Lehner Flavio , Coats Sloan , McKinnon Karen A.
Published: August 2020

The origins of uncertainty in climate projections have major consequences for the scientific and policy decisions made in response to climate change. Internal climate variability, for example, is an inherent uncertainty in the climate system that is undersampled by the multimodel ensembles used in most climate impacts research. Because of this, decision makers are left with the question of whether the range of climate projections across models is due to structural model choices, thus requiring more scientific investment to constrain, or instead is a set of equally plausible outcomes consistent with the same warming world. Similarly, many questions faced by scientists require a clear separation of model uncertainty and that arising from internal variability. With this as motivation and the renewed attention to large ensembles given planning for Phase 7 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP7), we illustrate the scientific and policy value of the attribution and quantification of uncertainty from initial condition large ensembles, particularly when analyzed in conjunction with multimodel ensembles. We focus on how large ensembles can support regional‐scale robust adaptation decision‐making in ways multimodel ensembles alone cannot. We also acknowledge several recently identified problems associated with large ensembles, namely, that they are (1) resource intensive, (2) redundant, and (3) biased. Despite these challenges, we show, using examples from hydroclimate, how large ensembles provide unique information for the scientific and policy communities and can be analyzed appropriately for regional‐scale climate impacts research to help inform risk management in a warming world.
A Pore‐Scale Upscaling Approach for Laminated Sandstones using Minkowski Maps and Hydraulic Attributes
Authors: Jiang Han , Arns C. H.
Published: August 2020

Digital core analysis offers unprecedented insight into fluid transport mechanisms at the pore scale, yet the integration of this knowledge into standard workflows requires the consideration of larger sample volumes. For hierarchical materials, this can be achieved by appropriate classification schemes and associated upscaling of pore‐scale transport properties to continuum measures. This work introduces a robust upscaling approach based on regional Minkowski measures or Minkowski maps with or without an additional hydraulic attribute. Data clustering of this feature vector field is achieved with a Gaussian mixture model leading to spatially compact rock types capturing the layering of the analyzed laminated sandstone. Other regional attribute fields like pore size, throat size, and volume/surface ratio are analyzed using these partitions. This is followed by a characterization of their transport properties, namely, electrical conductivity and permeability, for which an efficient sampling scheme utilizing spectral methods is introduced. We compare the upscaled transport properties on the basis of homogenization to full‐scale direct pore‐scale simulations for a thinly laminated sandstone and demonstrate very good agreement and large computational speed‐up.
Dual clumped isotope thermometry resolves kinetic biases in carbonate formation temperatures
Authors: Bajnai David , Guo Weifu , Spötl Christoph , Coplen Tyler B. , Methner Katharina , Löffler Niklas , Krsnik Emilija , Gischler Eberhard , Hansen Maximilian , Henkel Daniela , Price Gregory D. , Raddatz Jacek , Scholz Denis , Fiebig Jens
Published: August 2020

Surface temperature is a fundamental parameter of Earth’s climate. Its evolution through time is commonly reconstructed using the oxygen isotope and the clumped isotope compositions of carbonate archives. However, reaction kinetics involved in the precipitation of carbonates can introduce inaccuracies in the derived temperatures. Here, we show that dual clumped isotope analyses, i.e., simultaneous ∆47 and ∆48 measurements on the single carbonate phase, can identify the origin and quantify the extent of these kinetic biases. Our results verify theoretical predictions and evidence that the isotopic disequilibrium commonly observed in speleothems and scleractinian coral skeletons is inherited from the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of their parent solutions. Further, we show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can achieve reliable palaeotemperature reconstructions, devoid of kinetic bias. Analysis of a belemnite rostrum implies that it precipitated near isotopic equilibrium and confirms the warmer-than-present temperatures during the Early Cretaceous at southern high latitudes.
Cosmc controls B cell homing
Authors: Zeng Junwei , Eljalby Mahmoud , Aryal Rajindra P. , Lehoux Sylvain , Stavenhagen Kathrin , Kudelka Matthew R. , Wang Yingchun , Wang Jianmei , Ju Tongzhong , von Andrian Ulrich H. , Cummings Richard D.
Published: August 2020

The molecular mechanisms regulating lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes are only partly understood. Here, we report that B cell-specific deletion of the X-linked gene,Cosmc, and the consequent decrease of protein O-glycosylation, induces developmental blocks of mouse B cells. After transfer into wild-type recipient,Cosmc-null B cells fail to home to lymph nodes as well as non-lymphoid organs. Enzymatic desialylation of wild-type B cells blocks their migration into lymph nodes, indicating a requirement of sialylated O-glycans for proper trafficking. Mechanistically,Cosmc-deficient B cells have normal rolling and firm arrest on high endothelium venules (HEV), thereby attributing their inefficient trafficking to alterations in the subsequent transendothelial migration step. Finally,Cosmc-null B cells have defective chemokine signaling responses. Our results thus demonstrate thatCosmcand its effects on O-glycosylation are important for controlling B cell homing.
Nanoscale mechanism of UO2 formation through uranium reduction by magnetite
Authors: Pan Zezhen , Bártová Barbora , LaGrange Thomas , Butorin Sergei M. , Hyatt Neil C. , Stennett Martin C. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Bernier-Latmani Rizlan
Published: August 2020

Uranium (U) is a ubiquitous element in the Earth’s crust at ~2 ppm. In anoxic environments, soluble hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) is reduced and immobilized. The underlying reduction mechanism is unknown but likely of critical importance to explain the geochemical behavior of U. Here, we tackle the mechanism of reduction of U(VI) by the mixed-valence iron oxide, magnetite. Through high-end spectroscopic and microscopic tools, we demonstrate that the reduction proceeds first through surface-associated U(VI) to form pentavalent U, U(V). U(V) persists on the surface of magnetite and is further reduced to tetravalent UO2 as nanocrystals (~1–2 nm) with random orientations inside nanowires. Through nanoparticle re-orientation and coalescence, the nanowires collapse into ordered UO2 nanoclusters. This work provides evidence for a transient U nanowire structure that may have implications for uranium isotope fractionation as well as for the molecular-scale understanding of nuclear waste temporal evolution and the reductive remediation of uranium contamination.
Antibody-secreting cell destiny emerges during the initial stages of B-cell activation
Authors: Scharer Christopher D. , Patterson Dillon G. , Mi Tian , Price Madeline J. , Hicks Sakeenah L. , Boss Jeremy M.
Published: August 2020

Upon stimulation, B cells assume heterogeneous cell fates, with only a fraction differentiating into antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here we investigate B cell fate programming and heterogeneity during ASC differentiation using T cell-independent models. We find that maximal ASC induction requires at least eight cell divisions in vivo, with BLIMP-1 being required for differentiation at division eight. Single cell RNA-sequencing of activated B cells and construction of differentiation trajectories reveal an early cell fate bifurcation. The ASC-destined branch requires induction of IRF4, MYC-target genes, and oxidative phosphorylation, with the loss of CD62L expression serving as a potential early marker of ASC fate commitment. Meanwhile, the non-ASC branch expresses an inflammatory signature, and maintains B cell fate programming. Finally, ASC can be further subseted based on their differential responses to ER-stress, indicating multiple development branch points. Our data thus define the cell division kinetics of B cell differentiation in vivo, and identify the molecular trajectories of B cell fate and ASC formation.
Reconfigurable structured light generation in a multicore fibre amplifier
Authors: Lin Di , Carpenter Joel , Feng Yutong , Jain Saurabh , Jung Yongmin , Feng Yujun , Zervas Michalis N. , Richardson David J.
Published: August 2020

Structured light, with spatially varying phase or polarization distributions, has given rise to many novel applications in fields ranging from optical communication to laser-based material processing. However the efficient and flexible generation of such beams from a compact laser source at practical output powers still remains a great challenge. Here we describe an approach capable of addressing this need based on the coherent combination of multiple tailored Gaussian beams emitted from a multicore fibre (MCF) amplifier. We report a proof-of-concept structured light generation experiment, using a cladding-pumped 7-core MCF amplifier as an integrated parallel amplifier array and a spatial light modulator (SLM) to actively control the amplitude, polarization and phase of the signal light input to each fibre core. We report the successful generation of various structured light beams including high-order linearly polarized spatial fibre modes, cylindrical vector (CV) beams and helical phase front optical vortex (OV) beams.
3D printable tough silicone double networks
Authors: Wallin Thomas J. , Simonsen Leif-Erik , Pan Wenyang , Wang Kaiyang , Giannelis Emmanuel , Shepherd Robert F. , Mengüç Yiğit
Published: August 2020

Additive manufacturing permits innovative soft device architectures with micron resolution. The processing requirements, however, restrict the available materials, and joining chemically dissimilar components remains a challenge. Here we report silicone double networks (SilDNs) that participate in orthogonal crosslinking mechanisms—photocurable thiol-ene reactions and condensation reactions—to exercise independent control over both the shape forming process (3D printing) and final mechanical properties. SilDNs simultaneously possess low elastic modulus (E100% < 700kPa) as well as large ultimate strains (dL/L0 up to ~ 400 %), toughnesses (U ~ 1.4 MJ·m−3), and strengths (σ ~ 1 MPa). Importantly, the latent condensation reaction permits cohesive bonding of printed objects to dissimilar substrates with modulus gradients that span more than seven orders of magnitude. We demonstrate soft devices relevant to a broad range of disciplines: models that simulate the geometries and mechanical properties of soft tissue systems and multimaterial assemblies for next generation wearable devices and robotics.
Dynamics of entomopathogenic nematode foraging and infectivity in microgravity
Authors: Kaplan Fatma , Shapiro-Ilan David , Schiller Karl Cameron
Published: August 2020

Microgravity is a unique environment to elucidate host–parasite biology. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), model parasites, kill host insects with mutualistic bacteria and provide environmentally friendly pest control. It is unknown how microgravity affects a multistep insect invasion by parasites with mutualistic bacteria. EPNs respond directionally to electromagnetic cues and their sinusoidal locomotion is affected by various physical factors. Therefore, we expected microgravity to impact EPN functionality. Microgravity experiments during space flight on the International Space Station (ISS) indicated that EPNs successfully emerged from consumed insect host cadavers, moved through soil, found and infected bait insects in a manner equivalent to Earth controls. However, nematodes that developed entirely in space, from the egg stage, died upon return to Earth, unlike controls in microgravity and on Earth. This agricultural biocontrol experiment in space gives insight to long-term space flight for symbiotic organisms, parasite biology, and the potential for sustainable crop protection in space.
Author Correction: GRAFENE: Graphlet-based alignment-free network approach integrates 3D structural and sequence (residue order) data to improve protein structural comparison
Authors: Faisal Fazle E. , Newaz Khalique , Chaney Julie L. , Li Jun , Emrich Scott J. , Clark Patricia L. , Milenković Tijana
Published: August 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Author Correction: Healthcare utilization among children and young people with life-limiting conditions: Exploring palliative care needs using National Health Insurance claims data
Authors: Kim Cho Hee , Song In Gyu , Kim Min Sun , Lee Jin Yong , Lim Nam Gu , Shin Hee Young
Published: August 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.