bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le mariage des infidèles au XVIe siècle : doutes missionnaires et autorité pontificale
Authors: de Castelnau Charlotte
Published: April 2018

L’article analyse trois interventions pontificales majeures du XVIe siècle sur la question du mariage des infidèles. Il tente de comprendre leurs liens et s’attache plus particulièrement à éclairer la dernière bulle de cette série, celle édictée en 1585 à l’attention des esclaves convertis du Brésil en expliquant les enjeux locaux mais aussi, ceux du centre romain qui ont abouti à ce texte. Le mariage des convertis infidèles est une question aussi ancienne que l’Église qui se pose avec une acuité nouvelle à partir de l’expansion missionnaire du XVIe siècle. L’existence de la polygamie chez la plupart des élites amérindiennes apparut rapidement comme une difficulté. Pour favoriser les conversions, les papes contournent l’obligation faite aux polygames convertis d’épouser leur première épouse (bulles de 1537 et de 1571), suscitant alors la critique de certains théologiens.

Dans le cas du Brésil, la discussion à partir des années 1570 concerne le mariage des esclaves, d’origine amérindienne ou africaine, de plus en plus nombreux dans la société coloniale. Pouvait-on remarier chrétiennement des hommes déportés en servitude qui avait une épouse restée dans leurs terres d’origine ? Les jésuites locaux estiment qu’il est nécessaire d’obtenir une nouvelle déclaration pontificale sur le mariage des infidèles convertis. Cette déclaration est une forme de justification indirecte de leur pratique de l’esclavage. Pour le pape Grégoire XIII, l’énonciation d’une nouvelle bulle est l’occasion de recourir à une solution juridique, bien connue des canonistes, le privilège paulin, manière de faire taire les critiques des théologiens sur les décisions pontificales antérieures et de revenir à la tradition de l’Église.

Cet exemple des mariages des infidèles permet de montrer le grand intérêt de la papauté pour les questions missionnaires au XVIe siècle et la prise en compte des situations nouvelles nées de l’esclavage atlantique par des solutions juridiques anciennes (le privilège paulin), illustrant ainsi le processus d’adaptation du catholicisme au monde moderne. des situations nouvelles nées de l’esclavage atlantique par des solutions juridiques anciennes (le privilège paulin), illustrant ainsi le processus d’adaptation du catholicisme au monde moderne.
Le congregazioni romane e la confessione dei neofiti del Nuovo Mondo tra facultates e dubia : riflessioni e spunti di indagine
Authors: Broggio Paolo
Published: April 2018

Lo studio dell’amministrazione della confessione agli indigeni del Nuovo Mondo ha sempre seguito direttrici ben precise : da una parte le modalità di trasposizione del concetto occidentale di peccato nell’universo mentale di culture altre attraverso l’analisi della letteratura penitenziale rivolta al mondo americano ; dall’altra il complesso delle indicazioni che la Chiesa impartiva a confessori cattolici e penitenti indigeni per una corretta esecuzione del sacramento (manuali di confessione a stampa). Mancano però studi che prendano in considerazione la concreta amministrazione della penitenza ai nativi americani, specie dal punto di vista dell’articolazione del sacramento con gli altri strumenti del controllo religioso e sociale, così come è avvenuto nella recente storiografia in relazione a contesti di studio europei. Constatata negli archivi delle congregazioni romane l’assenza di documenti classificabili come Dubia circa sacramenta relativi alla confessione dei neofiti americani, il saggio si ripropone di ricostruire le ragioni di tale fenomeno facendo ricorso soprattutto alla funzione che la penitenza man mano assunse nei territori di missione del Nuovo Mondo ; una funzione anche «ausiliaria » ad un altro sacramento di grande importanza nelle strategie di tridentinizzazione della Chiesa americana : il matrimonio degli indigeni, con le connesse e complicate questioni legate agli impedimenti per consanguineità e affinità e alle facultates di dispensa detenute dagli ordini religiosi, la maggior parte delle volte esperibili proprio in foro conscientiae. del Nuovo Mondo ; una funzione anche «ausiliaria » ad un altro sacramento di grande importanza nelle strategie di tridentinizzazione della Chiesa americana : il matrimonio degli indigeni, con le connesse e complicate questioni legate agli impedimenti per consanguineità e affinità e alle facultates di dispensa detenute dagli ordini religiosi, la maggior parte delle volte esperibili proprio in foro conscientiae.
La censure en Autriche
Authors: Grafinger Christine Maria
Published: April 2018

Le chancelier autrichien Metternich se servit de la censure pour la protection de l’État, de la religion et de la morale. La police jouait un rôle essentiel dans le combat contre les mouvements révolutionnaires et l’empereur François I, plaça la commission de la censure directement sous son autorité. Le chef de la police ne contrôlait pas seulement la sentence des censeurs, mais il lisait lui même l’ouvrage et il fut attaqué spécialement pour sa censure de la presse quotidienne. Les décisions de la censure allaient de l’interdiction totale jusqu’à la totale autorisation. On examinait tout ce qui était écrit, des inscriptions sur les monuments funéraires jusqu’aux dictionnaires, toutes les images, des boutons de manchettes aux estampes. La musique ne fut pas oubliée. Souvent l’Autriche fut considérée comme la Chine de l’Europe. Quelques écrivains se dérobaient au contrôle en fuyant à l’étranger ou en publiant leurs oeuvres sous pseudonyme. Les poètes restés en Autriche tentaient de ruser avec les différentes instances d’examen, soit en dissimulant de manière ironique leurs identités aux censeurs, soit en écrivant sans imprimer leurs oeuvres. Metternich se méfiait des Allemands réfugiés en France comme Heinrich Heine à cause de la diffusion des idées révolutionnaires. Il transmettait au nonce des informations sur les livres philosophiques représentant un danger pour la religion catholique. différentes instances d’examen, soit en dissimulant de manière ironique leurs identités aux censeurs, soit en écrivant sans imprimer leurs oeuvres. Metternich se méfiait des Allemands réfugiés en France comme Heinrich Heine à cause de la diffusion des idées révolutionnaires. Il transmettait au nonce des informations sur les livres philosophiques représentant un danger pour la religion catholique.
Zola à l’épreuve de la censure d’État et de l’Index
Authors: Disegni Silvia
Published: April 2018

L’article essaie d’analyser les deux types de censure dont Émile Zola a été la victime. En premier lieu, la censure d’état en France, en second lieu celle de l’Index de Rome. Après l’examen des faits, l’auteur essaie de montrer la stratégie adoptée par Zola pour y répondre tant dans ses prises de position publiques (en particulier dans la presse) que dans ses oeuvres de fiction (en particulier dans Rome). Mais elle entend aussi analyser , derrière les similitudes apparentes, ce qui distingue les deux types de censure mis en place pour le condamner (personnel, public, enjeux, méthodes, dispositifs...).
L’abbé Bremond à l’Index
Authors: Trémolières François
Published: April 2018

L’abbé Henri Bremond (1865-1933) est l’auteur en 1912 d’une biographie de Jeanne de Chantal (1572-1641) : Sainte Chantal, mise à l’Index en mai 1913, par le même décret que les Annales de philosophie chrétienne (et l’anonyme Ce qu’on a fait de l’Église). Cet épisode a fait l’objet d’un essai du P. Blanchet : Histoire d’une mise à l’Index, publié en 1967 soit trente ans avant l’ouverture des archives de la Congrégation et dont on rappelle ici les résultats. Ainsi peut-on détailler sur un cas particulier l’apport de l’étude du dossier de l’ACDF. Elle offre une connaissance directe des dénonciations et permet de détailler l’argumentation du censeur, telle qu’elle s’exprime dans le votum (dont nous publions ici l’intégralité) : en l’occurrence de Joseph-Pierre Lémius, tête pensante de l’anti-modernisme, qui construit à fin de condamnation une sorte de modèle de l’hagiographie moderniste. condamnation une sorte de modèle de l’hagiographie moderniste.
Summa difficultas faciendi pontis : César et le passage du Rhin en 55 av. J.-C. (B.G., IV, 17). Une analyse sémiologique
Authors: Grandazzi Alexandre
Published: April 2018

Le passage du Rhin par César en 55 av. J.-C. et l’expédition écourtée qui le suivit restent un épisode historique mal expliqué. Que cherchait l’auteur des Commentaires en s’attardant sur la description de l’ouvrage qui lui permit de passer le fleuve ? Masquer un échec militaire, souligner la supériorité technologique de l’armée romaine, exalter sa propre compétence de général en chef ? Une description si détaillée est d’abord un fait d’ordre littéraire, qui demande à être évalué comme tel. Une analyse sémiologique révèle la mise en oeuvre du syntagme pontem facere, qui était pour les Romains l’étymon de mot pontifex. César entendait ainsi rappeler à ses lecteurs sa qualité de pontifex maximus, dans une page qui aura une grande influence, notamment sur Trajan. Sont développées ensuite les importantes conséquences, idéologiques, littéraires et religieuses de l’autodéfinition cryptique suggérée par César dans un texte qui joue avec virtuosité sur plusieurs registres de signification.
The Northeast Chinese species of Psathyrella (Agaricales, Psathyrellaceae)
Authors: Yan Jun-Qing , Bau Tolgor
Published: April 2018

Twenty seven species of Psathyrella have been found in Northeast China. Amongst them, P.conica, P.jilinensis, P.mycenoides and P.subsingeri are described as new species, based on studying morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Detailed morphological descriptions, line drawings and photographs of the new species are presented. Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and an identification key to the 27 Psathyrella species occuring in Northeast China are provided.
Écologies politiques : essai de typologie
Authors: Bourg Dominique , Whiteside Kerry
Published: April 2018

Cet article, après avoir restitué succinctement le contexte historique de l’écologie politique, en avoir rappelé les racines, propose une typologie des écologies politiques. Le premier courant apparaît dès la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’écologie malthusienne. Une place particulière est attribuée à l’écologie arcadienne à laquelle on a tendance à réduire l’ensemble de l’écologie politique. Les autres courants sont les suivants, les écologies : autoritaire, institutionnaliste, catastrophiste, grassroots, constructiviste et anarchiste.
L’éthique des vertus : une condition pour opérer la transition environnementale
Authors: Pelluchon Corine
Published: April 2018

Alors que la plupart des citoyens reconnaissent que la dégradation de l’environnement est préoccupante et que l’accord sur le climat adopté en décembre 2015 est le signe que l’écologie s’impose comme l’un des enjeux politiques de ce siècle, la transition environnementale est loin d’être une réalité. Rares sont les personnes qui changent leurs habitudes de consommation et les États tardent à prendre les mesures requises dans le domaine de la production, des transports, de l’énergie, de l’agriculture, etc. Cet écart entre la théorie et la pratique peut toutefois être comblé dès lors que l’on s’intéresse aux motivations concrètes des agents, c’est-à-dire aux représentations, aux émotions et aux affects qui sont les véritables moteurs de l’Histoire. Tel est l’intérêt de l’éthique des vertus, qui identifie les dispositions morales permettant aux individus de modifier leurs styles de vie et de contribuer à la réorganisation de l’économie et de la politique.
Une mosaïque de transitions en catastrophe. Réflexions sur les marges de manœuvre décroissantes de la transition écologique
Authors: Semal Luc
Published: April 2018

Depuis bientôt une dizaine d’années, la notion de « transition écologique » a pleinement intégré le référentiel des politiques d’environnement, prenant peu ou prou le relais d’un « développement durable » en perte de vitesse. Cet article propose une analyse critique du mainstreaming de la transition écologique, qui se manifeste aujourd’hui tant par son institutionnalisation accélérée que par une certaine mise à distance de l’idée de limites à la croissance. Il propose enfin la notion de « transitions en catastrophe » pour penser les trajectoires intermédiaires entre les deux idéaux-types quelque peu fantasmagoriques que seraient une transition écologique totalement maîtrisée d’une part, et un effondrement global et sans nuance d’autre part.
Concevoir la démocratie pour le long terme : innovation institutionnelle et changement climatique
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: April 2018

Le court-termisme est un important dysfonctionnement de la démocratie, conduisant à des réponses politiques inefficaces pour faire face au changement climatique – enjeu parmi d’autres relatif au long terme. Cet article explore les sources des myopies de la démocratie et se demande comment les institutions démocratiques pourraient être conçues pour promouvoir une pensée de long terme et ainsi être plus efficace vis-à-vis du changement climatique. Une attention particulière est donnée aux objectifs démocratiques d’une Agence indépendante pour les Générations Futures, une innovation institutionnelle d’actualité.
EMG-Based Mobile Assessment System for Neck and Shoulder Fatigue
Authors: Lai Pei Lun , Chiang Hsiu-Sen , Huang Qi-An
Published: April 2018

The neck and shoulders are the key channels for blood supply to the head. Bad blood circulation cannot only cause dizziness and headache but can also affect the vitality of brain cells and cognitive function. The neck muscles also provide all support for the head, and incorrect posture can put stress on the lower cervical vertebrae, accelerating joint wear and poor blood circulation, leading to hypoxia of neck muscle and tissue, and resulting in muscle fatigue and stiffness. Keeping the neck and shoulders rigid over an extended period, can produce neck and shoulder pain, dizziness and headache, and possibly even memory loss and short-term cognitive impairment, which can thus negatively impact learning ability and work efficiency. In this article, electromyography (EMG) characteristics were extracted through EMG analysis. Test subjects wore sensors while engaged in work or studying. The sensors retrieved EMG data which was then uploaded to a cloud-based platform for computation. A smartphone-based app then allowed users to monitor their own neck and shoulder fatigue in real time. Moreover, based on users' personal basic information, the system recommends personalized exercises to promote neck and shoulder relief, thus promoting comfort and reducing stress.
c-Myb Coordinates Survival and the Expression of Genes That Are Critical for the Pre-BCR Checkpoint
Authors: Fahl Shawn P. , Daamen Andrea R. , Crittenden Rowena B. , Bender Timothy P.
Published: April 2018

The c-Myb transcription factor is required for adult hematopoiesis, yet little is known about c-Myb function during lineage-specific differentiation due to the embryonic lethality of Myb-null mutations. We previously used tissue-specific inactivation of the murine Myb locus to demonstrate that c-Myb is required for differentiation to the pro-B cell stage, survival during the pro-B cell stage, and the pro-B to pre-B cell transition during B lymphopoiesis. However, few downstream mediators of c-Myb–regulated function have been identified. We demonstrate that c-Myb regulates the intrinsic survival of CD19+ pro-B cells in the absence of IL-7 by repressing expression of the proapoptotic proteins Bmf and Bim and that levels of Bmf and Bim mRNA are further repressed by IL-7 signaling in pro-B cells. c-Myb regulates two crucial components of the IL-7 signaling pathway: the IL-7Rα-chain and the negative regulator SOCS3 in CD19+ pro-B cells. Bypassing IL-7R signaling through constitutive activation of Stat5b largely rescues survival of c-Myb–deficient pro-B cells, whereas constitutively active Akt is much less effective. However, rescue of pro-B cell survival is not sufficient to rescue proliferation of pro-B cells or the pro-B to small pre-B cell transition, and we further demonstrate that c-Myb–deficient large pre-B cells are hypoproliferative. Analysis of genes crucial for the pre-BCR checkpoint demonstrates that, in addition to IL-7Rα, the genes encoding λ5, cyclin D3, and CXCR4 are downregulated in the absence of c-Myb, and λ5 is a direct c-Myb target. Thus, c-Myb coordinates survival with the expression of genes that are required during the pre-BCR checkpoint.
Crucial Role of Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex–Mediated Inhibition of Programmed Cell Death in TLR4-Mediated B Cell Responses and B1b Cell Development
Authors: Sasaki Yoshiteru , Iwai Kazuhiro
Published: April 2018

Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear polyubiquitin plays crucial roles in thymus-dependent and -independent type II Ab responses and B1 cell development. In this study, we analyzed the role of LUBAC in TLR-mediated B cell responses. A mouse strain in which LUBAC activity was ablated specifically in B cells (B-HOIPΔlinear mice) showed defective Ab responses to a type I thymus–independent Ag, NP-LPS. B cells from B-HOIPΔlinear mice (HOIPΔlinear B cells) underwent massive cell death in response to stimulation of TLR4, but not TLR9. TLR4 stimulation induced caspase-8 activation in HOIPΔlinear B cells; this phenomenon, as well as TLR4-induced cell death, was suppressed by ablation of TRIF, a signal inducer specific for TLR4. In addition, LPS-induced survival, proliferation, and differentiation into Ab-producing cells of HOIPΔlinear B cells were substantially restored by inhibition of caspases together with RIP3 deletion, but not by RIP3 deletion alone, suggesting that LPS stimulation kills HOIPΔlinear B cells by apoptosis elicited via the TRIF pathway. Further examination of the roles of cell death pathways in B-HOIPΔlinear mice revealed that deletion of RIP3 increased the number of B1 cells, particularly B1b cells, in B-HOIPΔlinear mice, indicating that B1b cell homeostasis is controlled via LUBAC-mediated suppression of necroptosis. Taken together, the data show that LUBAC regulates TLR4-mediated B cell responses and B1b cell development and/or maintenance by inhibiting programmed cell death.
Meeting report: ‘How do I incorporate research into my family practice?’: Reflections on experiences of and solutions for young family doctors
Authors: Yakubu Kenneth , Colon-Gonzalez Maria C. , Hoedebecke Kyle , Gkarmiri Vasiliki , Hegazy Nagwa N. , Popoola Olugbemi O.
Published: April 2018

Background: Family doctors (FDs) focus on biopsychosocial components of health during consultations. However, much of the evidence employed by these doctors is produced by researchers who are not routinely involved in family practice. Family doctors competent in both clinical practice and research are essential to addressing this gap. With the growing recognition of family medicine as the specialty of choice for many young doctors, there is a scarcity of literature that describes their experiences in combining research and daily family practice.Aim: Members from Young Doctor Movements (YDMs) under the auspices of the World Organisation of Family Doctors (WONCA) sought to address this knowledge gap by reflecting on their experiences towards becoming researchers. With the assistance of senior doctors, they explored solutions that can help young FDs incorporate research into their family practice.Methods: Following an online YDM meeting, a summary of the experiences of young FDs as well as strategies useful for incorporating research into their everyday practice as FDs was prepared.Result: Nine thematic areas were derived, including experiences and motivation towards regular research, culture and environment of practice, relevance and gains of research, teamwork and mentorship.Conclusion: Family practices can incorporate research by promoting a personal and organisational research culture, highlighting gains and relevance of making it part of the profession and fostering teamwork, supportive networks and mentorship while making it enjoyable.
Prenatal screening for genetic disorders
Authors: Phadke Shubha R. , Puri Ratna D. , Ranganath Prajnya
Published: April 2018

Prenatal testing is the best strategy for reducing the burden of genetic disorders and congenital disabilities that cause significant postnatal functional impairment. Universal prenatal screening is advisable for common genetic disorders and congenital anomalies such as Down syndrome, beta-thalassaemia and neural tube defects. Several prenatal-screening tests are now available for Down syndrome, but knowledge about the appropriate timing of the test and the need for pre- and post-test counselling may not be updated among the primary care physicians. There is also a considerable degree of confusion regarding the prenatal screening test to be chosen in each case, due to the availability of a number of new and advanced screening techniques. At present, there is no nation-wide consensus regarding the nature and timing of these prenatal-screening protocols. Due to the absence of any definite guidelines and the additional lacunae in the awareness regarding the appropriate prenatal screening in the country, the optimum benefits of these screening protocols are not reaching the population. This review focuses on the various prenatal screening and diagnostic tests that are available for common genetic conditions and congenital disabilities and attempts to outline the most cost-effective and gestational age-appropriate strategies for prenatal screening for the Indian healthcare set-up. The recommendations suggested would serve as a source guide for formulating prenatal-screening guidelines for reducing the incidence of common genetic disorders and congenital disabilities in India.
Do practice gaps exist in evidence-based medication prescription at hospital discharge in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery & coronary angioplasty?
Authors: Pereira Pradeep , Kapoor Aditya , Sinha Archana , Agarwal Surendra K , Pande Shantanu , Khanna Roopali , Srivastava Nilesh , Kumar Sudeep , Garg Naveen , Tewari Satyendra , Goel Pravin
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

Prescription patterns of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) after coronary artery bypass surgery [coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)] and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at hospital discharge are often not optimal. In view of scarce data from the developing world, a retrospective analysis of medication advice to patients following CABG and PCI was conducted.

Methods:

Records of 5948 patients (post-PCI: 5152, post-CABG: 796) who underwent revascularization from 2010 to 2014 at a single tertiary care centre in north India were analyzed.

Results:

While age and gender distributions were similar, diabetes and stable angina were more frequent in CABG group. Prescription rates for aspirin 100 per cent versus 98.2 per cent were similar, while beta-blockers (BBs, 95.2 vs 90%), statins (98.2 vs 91.6%), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (89.4 vs 41.4%), nitrates (51.2 vs 1.1%) and calcium channel blockers (6.6 vs 1.6%) were more frequently prescribed following PCI. Despite similar baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (48.1 vs 51.1%), diuretics were prescribed almost universally post-CABG (98.2 vs 10.9%, P<0.001). Nearly all (94.4%) post-CABG patients received a prescription for clopidogrel. Patients undergoing PCI were much more likely to receive higher statin dose; 40-80 mg atorvastatin (72 vs <1%, P<0.001) and a higher dose of BB.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Significant differences in prescription of GDMT between PCI and CABG patients existed at hospital discharge. A substantial proportion of post-CABG patients did not receive BB and/or statins. These patients were also less likely to receive high-dose statin or optimal BB dose and more likely to routinely receive clopidogrel and diuretics. Such deviations from GDMT need to be rectified to improve quality of cardiac care after coronary revascularization.
Cedrus deodara
Authors: Narayan Shyam , Thakur Chandreshwar Prasad , Bahadur Shiv , Thakur Meenakshi , Pandey Shashi Nath , Thakur Ajit Kumar , Mitra Dipendra K. , Mukherjee Pulok K.
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

The existing antileishmanial drugs for complete cure of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) are limited. The available drugs are either toxic or less effective leading to disease relapse or conversion to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Several herbal extracts have been shown to have antileishmanial activity, but a herbal drug may not always be safe. In the present study, the extract of Cedrus deodara leaves has been standardized and tested for immunomodulatory antileishmanial activities.

Methods:

The extracts of C. deodara leaves with different solvents such as benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were made by soxhlation process. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and temperature using rotary evaporator. The antileishmanial bioassay test was performed with in vitro maintained parasites. Immunomodulatory activity of different extracts was tested by flow cytometry. Standardization of the effective fraction was performed with Linalool as a marker compound through reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results:

The extract with the use of benzene solvent showed strong antileishmanial activities within a dose 25-200 μg/ml culture with non-significant haemolytic activities and significant immunomodulant activities against the host cells. Linalool was found to be 1.29 per cent in the effective extract of C. deodara.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The antileishmanial activity of C. deodara, as assessed by bioassay testing on Leishmania donovani parasites and immunomodulatory effect of benzene extract of leaves on host cells indicated that it might be a potential new safe therapeutic target to cure the visceral leishmaniasis.
Effects of olfactory training: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sorokowska A. , Drechsler E. , Karwowski M. , Hummel T.
Published: April 2018

The neural plasticity of the olfactory system offers possibilities of treatment in terms of stimulation of the sense of smell, and different studies have suggested effectiveness of smell training, i.e., daily exposition to certain odors. To obtain reliable and precise estimates of overall treatment benefit on the olfactory function, we meta-analyzed the effects of smell training reported in 13 previous studies. We analyzed the smell training effectiveness across three different olfactory abilities, smell identification, discrimination and threshold for odor detection. We found a significant, positive effect of olfactory training for all olfactory abilities, with large effects of training on identification, discrimination and TDI-score and small-to-moderate effect in the case of threshold for odor detection. Interestingly, the pattern of results differed across Sniffin Sticks subtests depending on the origin of participants smell disorder, and the smell training duration influenced its effectiveness in the case of identification and the TDI score. Although the exact mechanism of olfactory recovery following the smell training still requires further investigation, our meta-analysis showed that such training should be considered an addition or alternative to existing smell treatment methods.
Carbide Fragmentation and Dissolution in a High-Carbon High-Chromium Steel Using Hot Rolling Process: Microstructure Evolution, Wear, High-Temperature Oxidation, and Chloride-Induced Corrosion Properties
Authors: Shahsanaei Majid , Pour-Ali Sadegh , Kiani-Rashid Ali-Reza , Virtanen Sannakaisa
Published: April 2018

A series of hot rolling processes with different reduction percentages (10%, 30%, and 50%) were applied to a high-carbon high-chromium tool steel (2HCTS). Microstructural evolutions, wear behavior, high-temperature oxidation, and aqueous corrosion properties were investigated. The results revealed the breakage and dissolution of primary carbides and a uniform carbide distribution after the hot rolling process. It was proposed that the presence of higher amounts of dissolved chromium in the hot rolled samples leads to the formation of Cr-rich oxides with more protection and less porosity at high temperatures, as well as an improved corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This improvement in the corrosion behavior is not at the expense of the degradation of wear resistance. Probable mechanisms for carbides dissolution are also discussed.
Genetic parameters for longitudinal behavior and health indicator traits generated in automatic milking systems
Authors: Santos Laura Viviana , Brügemann Kerstin , Ebinghaus Asja , König Sven
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Genetic (co)variance components were estimated for alternative functional traits generated by automatic milking systems (AMSs), and reflecting dairy cow behavior and health. Data recording spanned a period of 30 days and included 70 700 observations (visits to the AMS) from 922 Holstein cows kept in three German farms. The three selected farms used the same type of AMS and specific selection gates allowing “natural cow behavior on a voluntary basis”. AMS traits used as behavior indicator traits were AMS visits per cow and day as binary traits, with a threshold for equal to or greater than three visits (VIS3) and equal to or greater than four visits (VIS4), knocking off the milking device with a threshold of at least one udder quarter, also as a binary trait (KO), milking duration of each AMS visit in minutes (DUR), average milk flow in kg min−1 (AMF), and the interval between two consecutive milkings (INT). Electrical conductivity (EC) of milk from each udder quarter and in total was used as a health indicator trait. For genetic analyses, in univariate and bivariate models, linear and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) with a logit link function were applied to Gaussian distributed and binary traits, respectively. The heritability was 0.08 ± 0.03 for VIS3, 0.05 ± 0.05 for VIS4, 0.03 ± 0.03 for KO, 0.19 ± 0.07 for DUR, 0.25 ± 0.07 for AMF, and 0.07 ± 0.03 for INT. Heritabilities for EC varied between 0.37 ± 0.08 and 0.46 ± 0.09, depending on the udder quarter. On the genetic scale, an increased number of AMS visits (VIS3 and VIS4) were associated with an increase of KO (rg= 0.24 and rg= 0.55, respectively). From a genetic perspective, high-milk-yielding cows visited the AMS more often (rg= 0.49 for VIS3 and rg= 0.80 for VIS4), had a faster AMF (rg= 0.40), and shorter INT (rg= −0.51). When considering these traits as behavior indicator traits, selection of cows with desired temperament simultaneously increases milk yield. An increase of automatically and objectively recorded AMS traits with moderate heritabilities justifies modifications of dairy cattle breeding goals towards higher emphasis on behavioral traits, especially when developing specific robot indices. Nevertheless, ongoing research in this regard with a larger data is suggested in order to validate the results from the present pilot study.
IASI nitrous oxide (N2O) retrievals: validation and application to
transport studies at daily time scales
Authors: Kangah Yannick , Ricaud Philippe , Attié Jean-Luc , Saitoh Naoko , Vidot Jérôme , Brunel Pascal , Quesada-Ruiz Samuel
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to present a method to retrieve nitrous oxide (N2O) vertical profiles from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp platform. We retrieved N2O profiles using IASI clear sky radiances in 2 spectral bands: B1 and B2 centered at ∼ 1280 cm−1 and ∼ 2220 cm−1, respectively. Both retrievals in B1 and B2 (hereafter referred to as N2O_B1 and N2O_B2, respectively) are sensitive to the mid-to-upper troposphere with a maximum of sensitivity at around 309 hPa. The degrees of freedom for N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 are 1.38 and 0.93, respectively. We validated the retrievals using the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO). The comparisons between HIPPO and the two retrieved datasets show relatively low standard deviation errors around 1.5 % (∼ 4.8 ppbv) and 1.0 % (∼ 3.2 ppbv) for N2O_B1 and N2O_B2, respectively. However, the impact of H2O contamination on N2O_B1 due to its strong absorption bands in B1 significantly degrades the quality of the retrievals in tropical regions. We analysed the scientific consistency of the retrievals at 309 hPa with a focus on the long-range transport of N2O especially during the Asian summer monsoon. Over the mid-latitude regions, both variations of N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 at 309 hPa are influenced by the stratospheric N2O-depleted air because of the relative coarse shape of the averaging kernel. The analysis of N2O_B2 using results from backtrajectories exhibits the capacity of these retrievals to capture long-range transport of air masses from Asia to northern Africa via the summer monsoon anticyclone on a daily basis. Thus, N2O_B1 and N2O_B2 offer an unprecedented possibility to study global upper tropospheric N2O on a daily basis.
On wake modeling, wind-farm gradients, and AEP predictions at the Anholt wind farm
Authors: Peña Alfredo , Schaldemose Hansen Kurt , Ott Søren , van der Laan Maarten Paul
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We investigate wake effects at the
Anholt offshore wind farm in Denmark, which is a farm experiencing strong
horizontal wind-speed gradients because of its size and proximity to land.
Mesoscale model simulations are used to study the horizontal wind-speed
gradients over the wind farm. From analysis of the mesoscale simulations and
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), we show that for westerly flow in particular, there is a clear
horizontal wind-speed gradient over the wind farm. We also use the mesoscale
simulations to derive the undisturbed inflow conditions that are coupled with
three commonly used wake models: two engineering approaches (the Park and G. C. Larsen models) and a linearized Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach
(Fuga). The effect of the horizontal wind-speed gradient on annual energy
production estimates is not found to be critical compared to estimates from
both the average undisturbed wind climate of all turbines' positions and the
undisturbed wind climate of a position in the middle of the wind farm.
However, annual energy production estimates can largely differ when using
wind climates at positions that are strongly influenced by the horizontal
wind-speed gradient. When looking at westerly flow wake cases, where the
impact of the horizontal wind-speed gradient on the power of the undisturbed
turbines is largest, the wake models agree with the SCADA fairly well; when
looking at a southerly flow case, where the wake losses are highest, the wake
models tend to underestimate the wake loss. With the mesoscale-wake model
setup, we are also able to estimate the capacity factor of the wind farm
rather well when compared to that derived from the SCADA. Finally, we
estimate the uncertainty of the wake models by bootstrapping the SCADA. The
models tend to underestimate the wake losses (the median relative model error
is 8.75 %) and the engineering wake models are as uncertain as Fuga. These
results are specific for this wind farm, the available dataset, and the
derived inflow conditions.
The Impact of Out‐of‐Stocks and Supply Chain Design on Manufacturers: Insights from an Agent‐Based Model
Authors: Rosales Claudia , Whipple Judith M. , Blackhurst Jennifer
Published: April 2018

In today's competitive environment, consumers have high expectations regarding product availability. Out‐of‐stock (OOS) occurrences can have a detrimental impact to both retailers and manufacturers in terms of lost sales as well as reduced consumer loyalty. In this article, we investigate the impact of repeated OOS occurrences under different supply chain design scenarios, which mix the channel replenishment strategy with the inventory responsibility for in‐store shelf management on the retailer versus on the manufacturer. We frame our agent‐based simulation to examine the change in manufacturer's market share that results from OOS scenarios not only under different supply chain distribution scenarios (i.e., traditional versus direct store delivery or DSD), but also with different consumer preference characteristics (i.e., high and low brand loyalty) and varied levels of demand. The agent‐based simulation allows us to examine the impact of consumer learning under repeated OOS situations. Our results provide new insights for manufacturers regarding repeated supply chain OOS situations.
Disparity in public funding of therapies for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer across Canadian provinces
Authors: Woon Dixon T.S. , Chandrasekar Thenappan , Aaron Lorne , Basappa Naveen S. , Chi Kim N. , Conter Henry J. , Gotto Geoffrey , Hotte Sebastien J. , Malone Shawn , Saad Fred , Shayegan Bobby , Park-Wyllie Laura , Hamilton Robert J.
Published: April 2018

Introduction: Treatment using abiraterone acetate plus prednisone, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, and radium-223 (Ra-223) improves overall survival (OS) and quality of life for patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Despite their proven benefits, access to these therapies is not equal across Canada.Methods: We describe provincial differences in access to approved mCRPC therapies. Data sources include the pan-Canadian Oncology Drug Review database, provincial cancer care resources, and correspondence with pharmaceutical companies.Results: Both androgen receptor-axis-targeted therapies (ARATs), abiraterone acetate plus prednisone and enzalutamide, are funded by provinces in the pre-and post-chemotherapy setting, however, sequential ARAT use is not funded. “Sandwich” therapy, where one ARAT is used pre-chemotherapy and a second is used upon progression on chemotherapy, is funded in six provinces: Ontario (ON), Alberta, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (PEI), Nova Scotia (NS), and Newfoundland and Labrador. Ra-223 is funded in five provinces: ON, Quebec (QC), British Columbia (BC), Saskatchewan, and Manitoba to varying degrees; ON allows Ra-223 either pre- or post-chemo (not both); QC allows Ra-223 post-chemo unless chemo is not tolerated; BC allows Ra-223 if other life-prolonging mCRPC therapies have been received or ineligible. Cabazitaxel is funded in all provinces post-docetaxel, except QC and PEI. Cabazitaxel is not funded as fist-line treatment for mCPRC or in combination with other agents. In ON, BC, QC, and PEI, cabazitaxel is not funded after progression on an ARAT in the post-chemotherapy setting.Conclusions: While all provinces have access to docetaxel and ARATs, sandwiching sequential ARATs with docetaxel is funded only in select provinces. Ra-223 and cabazitaxel access is not ubiquitous across Canada. Such inequalities in access to life-prolonging therapies could lead to disparities in survival and quality of life among patients with mCRPC. Further research should quantify interprovincial variation in outcomes and cost that may result from variable access.
Engineering polymers with high mechanical and thermal resistance for electric motors
Authors: Kantor Łukasz , Michalik Krzysztof , Laska Jadwiga
Published: April 2018

The aim of the research was to select and evaluate polymers that could be used as rotor insulation in electric motors based on Halbach array system. Which have specific material properties, such as high mechanical strength, high thermal resistance and, especially, high thermal conductivity, also at room and at elevated temperatures. Three high performance polymers were selected for the research: polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyamideimide (PAI) and poly(p-phenylene sulphide) (PPS). Polymers were evaluated for mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, linear thermal expansion and also differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetry (TG) analyses were carried out. Analyses are proved that all materials have appropriate properties for advanced electric motor insulator.
Structure-function relationship of the influenza fusion peptide
Authors: Szymaniec Anna , Worch Remigiusz
Published: April 2018

Influenza is an enveloped virus which enters the host cell through en-docytosis-mediated mechanism. To enable the release genetic material, a process of fusion between viral and host cell membranes occurs, which is mediated by influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The N-terminal fragment of hemagglutinin HA2 subunit, directly interacting with the membrane, is named a fusion peptide (HAfp), since it is able to promote fusion also as a synthetic fragment. Its C-terminal part contains three residues (W21-Y22-G23), which are highly conserved among various serotypes of Influenza A. It has been shown that the peptide length has an influence on its structure: HAfp1-20 forms a boomerangin contrast to a tight helical hairpin formed by HAfp1-23. To gain more insight into the role of the conserved residues, we studied the effect of peptide length on fusion properties, its structural dynamics, and par-titioning to the phospholipid bilayer. By means of molecular dynamics simulations and spectroscopic measurements, we showed that the presence of three C-terminal residues in HAfp1-23 promotes the for-mation of hairpin structure. In contrast to less structured HAfp1-20,it orients perpendicularly to the membrane plane and induces more disorder in the surrounding lipids. Using a novel fusion visualization assay based on FLIM microscopy on giant unilamellar vesicles (GUV), we observed that HAfp1-23 promotes fusion to a higher extent than HAfp1-20. Moreover, we report cholesterolenriched domain formation exclusively by the longer fusion peptide. This redistribution of membrane components in fluid phases is likely to play a role during membrane fusion.
The concentration of sialic acid in acute and chronic pancreatic diseases
Authors: Gruszewska Ewa , Chrostek Lech , Kędra Bogusław
Published: April 2018

The alteration of glycoprotein and glicolipids sialylation can cause increase in the serum concentration of sialic acid during the different pathological processes, including cancers and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the concentration of sialic acids in the serum of patients with pancreatic diseases. It has been shown a significant increase in the concentration of TSA, LSA and FSA in all pancreatic diseases in comparison to the healthy subjects, except the LSA in chronic pancreatitis. In contrast to the FSA, the TSA and LSA concentrations were significantly different between pancreatic diseases. There were no differences in sialic acids concentration according to the location of tumors in the pancreas and the severity of cancer. All sialic acids have a high diagnostic power in primary pancreatic cancers. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LSA in cancers were comparable to that of CA19-9. These results indicate a possibility of TSA, LSA and FSA using in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Among sialic acids, LSA has the greatest usefulness in the diagnosis and differentiation of pancreatic diseases. Its concentration can be useful in differentiating between pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. The high diagnostic power of LSA, comparable with CA19-9, suggest the possibility of its use as a non-specific marker of pancreatic cancer.
Modulation of neurogenesis and selected neuropeptides expression in the hypothalamus of rats exposed to neuroleptic
Authors: Rojczyk Ewa , Pałasz Artur
Published: April 2018

Patients treated with neuroleptics suffer from significant weight gain. Hypothalamus consists of neuronal circuits responsible for food intake regulation. Moreover, last finding suggest that adult neurogenesis occurs in the hypothalamus, which could play a role in the energy expenditure control. Considering that neuroleptics affect neural formation in the canonical neurogenic sites, we made a hypothesis that they could modulate hypothalamic neurogenesis and change expression of orexigenic/anorexigenic neuropeptides and their receptors. Experiments were carried out on adult male rats injected intraperitoneally for 1 or 28 days by the neuroleptics: olanzapine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol. Hypothalami were isolated in order to perform RT-PCR reaction and also whole brains were sliced for immunohistochemical assay. We observed that antipsychotics administered chronically supported the origin of newborn cells (Ki67 +) in the hypothalamic regions and affect the number of DCX-positive immature neurons. Furthermore, they have a distinct ability to upregulate preproorexin and orexin A expression and to increase the level of some anorexigenic factors (POMC, α-MSH), at the same time strongly decreasing nesfatin-1 signalling. Our results highlight the role of neuroleptics as potential modulators of the hypothalamic neurogenesis and contribute to better understanding the mechanisms of their side effects. They also underline the complexity of interplay between monoamine receptors, hypothalamic peptidergic pathways and adult neurogenesis which has putative but possible pharmacological applications.
Selected problems of the process of ensuring national security
Authors: Kulisz Marek
Published: April 2018

The essence of modern national security refers to actions aimed at guaranteeing the survival of a nation in the stable territorial state borders as well as its comprehensive and undisturbed development. In the light of the presented evolution of the term “national security” and the essence of the process of providing this security, the article presents a new approach to the strategic basis for this process. The selected issues of the process of providing national security discussed in the article may serve as a basis for improving the rationality of public administration efforts to ensure existential and behavioral needs of the society.
Analysis of the load-carrying capacity of a steel frame under fire conditions
Authors: Bilko Piotr , Sawczynski Szymon
Published: April 2018

This article aims at presenting the basic principles of designing steel structures according to Eurocode PN-EN 1993-1-2, i.e. with respect to ensuring the appropriate level of safety for such structures in case of a fire developing into flashover. The load-carrying capacity of a steel structure, serving as an example, was assessed on the basis of a static strain-stress analysis. The analysis was conducted regarding changes in the temperature of structural members, both the exposed and the fireproof protected ones, under fire conditions.
The influence of leadership qualities on the functioning of groups responsible for state security
Authors: Kopczewski Marian , Liberacki Marcin
Published: April 2018

In social reality no structures, groups or organizations exist in which there are no leaders. Virtually every formation has its own leader, which binds human resources, and whose behavior affects the implementation of tasks. The fact of having strong leadership supported by competencies and relevant characteristics of an individual is crucial for the functioning of groups responsible for security.
A competent leader should be able to express and evoke enthusiasm for common visions and goals, to take a leadership role regardless of occupational status, to direct subordinates’ work, but at the same time, without exonerating them from the obligation to achieve results, to strive to set a positive example in any given situation. A leader should be able to convince subordinates with his or her decision and reconcile the management style with the appropriate approach.
Being aware of own positive and negative characteristics, he or she disciplines himself/herself and takes a lead. Due to the ability to communicate with subordinates and the environment, a leader makes people who come into contact with him/her understand the intentions of his/her messages and actions and feel confident that they understand the information.