bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovating in University Teaching Through Classroom Interaction
Authors: Alvarez-Alvarez Carmen , Sanchez-Ruiz Lidia , Ruthven Andrea , Montoua Del Corte Javier
Published: July 2019

Previous research has shown that the best educational practices are built on the basis of interaction in the classrooms, regardless of their level. However, the dialogue among the students themselves and between them and the teacher is still more scarce than desirable, especially in the university context. Taking this weakness into account, the authors of this contribution propose a Teaching Innovation Project (TIP) as a means of confronting the reality of this matter and advancing in it through an interdisciplinary collaboration involving 16 teachers, who participate as external observers, representing all the Faculties from the University of Cantabria (Spain). Here, we present the design of the TIP that we are currently developing, the working methodology and an advance of the first partial results. Specifically, each of the 16 people involved in this TIP will externally evaluate 6 teachers from their own field of knowledge. The aim is to identify varied interaction practices throughout the university. To develop this process we have designed three observation scales: one for students, another for the teacher in action and a third for the external observer. Data will be collected between October 2018 and May 2019. The ultimate goal is to promote innovation in university teaching through interaction in the classroom in order to achieve the active learning of the students. We hope to contribute to inspire other universities that may be interested in following our steps.
A Contextual Learning Approach Based on Augmented Reality to Improve Students’ Scientific Literacy
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Enrui , He Sining , Cai Su
Published: July 2019

Inquiry activities are important and challenging in primary science classes since it is not only related to scientific knowledge, but also to scientific literacy. However, with consideration of limited cost and risk issues, most of optical experiments are insufficient to implement in primary schools, so that students should rely on their own imagination to understand abstract concepts without inquiry activities. In this study, a contextual learning approach based on augmented reality (AR) technology was proposed to cope with this problem. A specially developed AR system created a virtual-reality combined environment for students taking an optical inquiry task about rainbow in grade 5. Moreover, a mixed methods research approach was used to analyze understanding about scientific concepts, use of inquiry process skills, and higher order thinking skills of the students who learned with the proposed approach. The experimental results revealed that the learning approach based on AR was able to assist in the construction of understandings about scientific concepts, provide students opportunities to use inquiry process skills, and develop students’ higher order thinking skills. Furthermore, by interviewing the teacher, the benefits and challenges of using this contextual learning approach based on AR were reported. These findings could be valuable references for those who intend to implement contextual inquiry learning activities with AR systems to assist improve students’ scientific literacy effectively.
Leadership Challenges of Urban Institutions of Higher Learning, Which Serve a Predominantly Diverse and Multi-cultural Student Population
Authors: Altamirano Michael
Published: July 2019

The topic of this research article examines the unique leadership challenges confronted by staff and faculty of higher education institutions that serve a predominantly diverse and multi-cultural student population in urban areas of the United States. Urban colleges and universities are found in the large metropolitan cities of the United States where students are from the area, as well as domestic and international. The study isolates five areas of concern that raise leadership challenges for these institutions of higher learning. Specific areas of challenge are the rising cost of tuition, retention, student preparedness for higher education, technology, and gainful employment. The exploratory research within this study was conducted primarily in the New York tri-state area. It is qualitative in nature and conclusions are based on research and observations of subjects directly affiliated with these institutions.
Efficiency evaluation of service marketing at a Hungarian telecommunication company
Authors: Kalmár Katalin , Kárpáti László
Published: July 2019

The article discusses the marketing effectivity of a communication service at a Hungarian telecommunication company. The main target is to establish economic effectivity of the enchanced promotion of the service. The basic metholodogy was the comparison of a new marketing plan and real figures of the planned period. The results of 2005 and 2006 show a verypositive financial effectivity of the surplus communication. Based on the results a further promotion is suggested.
Analysis of the reasons for the crisis and insolvency of agricultural enterprises
Authors: Kotormán Annamária
Published: July 2019

The huge insolvency of the enterprise organizations is very adverse for the national economy, the first social and economic task of each country, Hungary as well, should be the maintenanceof the efficient and viable organizations. The liquidation of the agricultural organizations has much more economic and social effects. As a result of my researches I declared that most of thetime the causes, which led to the liquidation of agricultural organizations, are independent from the organisation and are external. The common feature of external causes are that they arenot influenced by the organisations, so they cannot be avoided. So the adaptation to the external causes has huge importance in the battle of avoidance of insolvency.
A study of product strategy priorities at the small enterprises of the North-Alföld Region
Authors: Magyar Zoltán
Published: July 2019

Through a non-representative sample of the small enterprises of the North-Alföld Region, this paper studies the product strategic priorities enabling us to make a detailed typology of smallenterprises. According to the relevant technical literature, the types of small enterprises have typical strategic priorities. Obviously, each group can be characterised with certain strategicpriorities, which are sharply distinct from each other. These priority features are shown in the form of characteristic features in the enterprise’s marketing activities, market behaviour (product policy, innovation attitude, technology, price policy). This paper studies the enterprises of the sample through the role of production technology, material quality, low price and branding endeavours affecting product positioning.
Analysis of the Hungarian National Action Plan for Employment in the Framework of RuralJobs International Project
Authors: Szabó Andrea , Katonáné Kovács Judit
Published: July 2019

Employment and creation of new jobs getting more and more attention both on national and on European level. The examination of this topic is especially important in rural areas ofEurope. There were several European and national researches dealing with this question, and there are new upcoming works which try to find solutions for citizents to decrease unemployment in rural areas. The RuralJobs, EU Framework 7. project presented in the paper is one of these researches. After a short introduction of RuralJobs and the task under workpackage two of the research, which analysis strategies, policies and programmes from the aspect of rural jobs, one of the documents reviewed under this task, the Hungarian National Action Plan for Employment is presented, in line with the most important stages of the EU’semployment policy.
Analysis of human factors in wiev of safety at some agricultural companies in Hajdú-Bihar county
Authors: Terjék László
Published: July 2019

The author examined the human social influence factors of the occupational safety and health and number of workers at thirteen different agricultural firms. He’d measured at these enterprises the demographic characteristics and the risk sensibility of farmlabourers at scopes of activities and some related occupational safety and health attitudes from the psychosocial factors. He used questionnaire and personal guided interviews and methodical examinations. He used seven graded Likert-scale (-3...0...+3) (Malhotra, 2005) for qualification of answers. He established that selection by the leaders don’t prefer the special skills. He stated that the examined farm-labourers have got a low risk sensibility, but the statistics of the accidents not certifies it. With the occupational safety and health related attitudes influence the relation to the occupational safety and health, and to comply with OSH rules. It was established that the rate of quasi-accidents is relative high at agricultural workers.
Sustainable energy management – the importence of the renewable energy sources, their difficulties and chances
Authors: Dombi Mihály
Published: July 2019

The biggest question of the century standing before us is that if people will be able to direct the development to sustainable direction. One of the components of global problems threateningus is the pressure that the energy management puts on the environment, which can be significantly lowered by utilizing renewable energy sources. The aim of my study is to draft themodel of a sustainable energy management, putting the renewable energy sources into it in a sensible way, regarding the possibilities of Hungary.
Feeding questions of organic lamb fattening
Authors: Monori István , Fehér Alajos , Czimbalmos Róbert
Published: July 2019

Organic farming has done in line with conventional farming in the Karcag Research Institute of DU CASE since 2001. Our organic farming activities were enhanced with sheep farming andgrassland management in 2005. We started our study of technology development of organic lamb fattening and the treatment of its economic effect this year. Our goal was to developthe elements of the technology to reach a more efficient organic lamb fattening. We also studied what economic advantages the organic sheep farming could realize in the present economic environment. Our studies were carried out between 2005 and 2007. We established that the excellent ewe feeding (good quality of fodder and silage) can decrease the lamb feeding cost between the 2nd and 8th weeks of the lambs’ life. We established that theyield of convention lambs are significantly higher than the yield of organic lambs. The cost of organic lamb fodder is significantly lower than the cost a convention lamb fodder, but the profit was higher in the case of convention lamb fattening. The organic lamb fattening technology (without extra price) is not competitive to the conventional lamb fattening technology. We think that the profitability of organic lamb fattening is significantly less than of the convention one. The organic lamb price should be 20-30% higher than the other price to be competitive.  Unfortunatly there is only a little demand for organic lamb and there is no difference between the prices of organic and convention lambs, so organic sheep farmers have worse economic circumstances than conventional sheep farmers.
Development and Economic Benefits of Open Source Software
Authors: Simon András
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses open source software which became one of the most important trends in the software industry recently. The most often asked questions in this area are those related to intellectual property rights. The author used a more general approach and tried to give a survey of the advantages and disadvantages that the market players (developers, government and last but not least users) have to face.After sketching the history of open source software and discussing some of the prevailing definitions, we turn out attention to the starting point: what motivates the developers? Then we give a general overview of the advantages and disadvantages of open source software. In the next part, the author analyses the software policies of the EU partially based on the abovementioned advantages and disadvantages. Finally the paper concludes with the discussion of user benefits and costs.
The effects of joining The European Union in the area of tourism within health tourism in Hungary
Authors: Sőrés Anett
Published: July 2019

The occasion of Hungary joining to the European Union caused difficult tasks and questions for tourism in Hungary. Tourism sector must have been prepared for joining to European  Union, which means developing a well-functioning and future planning strategy. It has to improve taking parts our tourism into international market without significant deficit. The main aim is achieving the sustainable tourism by approach marketing and environmentally sound of way that is able to become competitive.My aim is to analyze by numerous indexes what are the effects of joining Hungary to the European Union in tourism sector. However the results need to extend survey into many years. It is very important to reach long-term economic results and development, next to it has to be suitable impacts for social and natural environment, quality of life and developing health tourism as well.To sum up we can establish extension of European Union area has improved diversity of tourism destination and goods, accessibility of natural and cultural features.
Analysis of the efficiency of higher education systems
Authors: Tóth Réka
Published: July 2019

The aim of the higher education reform process both in Hungary and in the European countries is establishing a competitive, qualitative higher education. The Education Minister of our country regularly emphasizes in his statements that the quantitative changes of he past 15 years are completed, from now the emphasis must be on quality :„a degree in itself is not sufficient, the actual knowledge behind is necessary”. To achievethis aim, the government carried out several changes in the field of higher education in the past years, one of them was implementing a budget support system in accordance with the performance of the institutions. The objective of the three year long support agreement between the state and the higher education institutions is considering quality parameters and outputs beside and instead of normative (input-based) support. The other occurent and debated issue is the introduction of tuition fees. Although this plan was rejected by the national referendum on 9th March, 2008, some weeks ago an amendment bill was passed, which would mean bringing tuition fees back in the system.In my paper I am examining whether the efficiency of higher education systems are influenced by the extent of the contribution of the state and the private sector to their expenses. Furthermore I’d like to find the answer to the following question: Does it matter what principles and mechanisms play role by the distribution of the state support between the institutions of higher education.
The fate of beach nourishment sand placed on the Florida East Coast
Authors: Houston James
Published: July 2019

Over 100 million yd3 of sand have been placed on Florida east coast beaches since the start of widespread beach nourishment in 1970. What has been the fate of this sand? Has it largely disappeared as some suggest, or is it largely in place, having increased beach width as much as expected? Shoreline position measurements show that beach nourishment has dominated shoreline change with beaches widening over 80 ft on average since 1970. Nourished beaches have widened an average of almost 120 ft and adjacent beaches that have never been nourished have widened almost 50 ft due to longshore transport moving nourishment sand to them. Using equilibrium profile theory, shoreline advance due to beach nourishment minus shoreline recession caused by longshore transport, inlets that trap sand in shoals, and sea level rise is shown to equal measured shoreline change within uncertainty limits in each east coast Florida county and for the entire coastline. About 90% of beach nourishment sand remains on profiles in the active littoral zone. Shoreline advance produced by beach nourishment has been eight times greater than the magnitude of the recession caused by sea level rise from 1970-2017. If beach nourishment sand is placed along this coast at the rate of the past 40 years, the shoreline will be wider in 2100 than in 2018 for all sea-levelrise scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Increased beach width since 1970 has produced significant benefits by reducing infrastructure storm damage and greatly increasing beach tourism.
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ADALET DİVANININ C-463/09 SAYILI KARARI İLE ALT İŞVEREN İLİŞKİSİ- İŞYERİNİN BİR BÖLÜMÜNÜN DEVRİ TARTIŞMASI
Authors: YÜCEL BODUR Mehtap
Published: July 2019

20.01.2011 tarihli
C-463/09 sayılı Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı kararı çalışma kapsamında incelenmektedir.
Karara konu olayda uyuşmazlık, devrin sonuçlarına ilişkin değil, bir devrin söz
konusu olup olmadığına ilişkindir. Bu nedenle çalışmada da işyeri devrinin
sonuçları üzerinde durulmamaktadır. Yönerge kapsamında “işyerinin devri”
kavramı kısaca incelenmekte, karara konu olayda mevcut olan salt faaliyet
devrinin AB hukuku, İngiliz hukuku ve Türk hukukunda işyeri devri kapsamına
girip girmediği belirtilmektedir. Hukukumuzda işin devri, şartlar da
sağlandığında asıl işveren alt işveren ilişkisi içinde mülahaza edilmekte ve
işçiler işyeri devri düzenlemelerinden daha sıkı bir yaklaşım içinde alt
işverenlik düzenlemeleri ile korunmaktadır. Türk hukukunda salt faaliyet devri
alt işverenlik ilişkisine vücut verebilen bir konudur. Bu nedenle çalışmada
Türk hukukunda işyerinin bir bölümünün devri ile asıl işveren- alt işveren
ilişkisinin bağdaşıp bağdaşmayacağına dair olan tartışmalara yer verilmektedir.
Bu konudaki görüşümüz izah edilmektedir.
YENİ MEDYADA NEFRET SÖYLEMİ VE NEFRET SÖYLEMİNDEN DOĞAN HUKUKÎ SORUMLULUK
Authors: AYDOS Sibel Serpil , AYDOS Oğuz Sadik
Published: July 2019

Toplum

hâlinde yaşayan insanları, etnik kökenleri, dinleri, inançları, cinsiyetleri, dilleri

gibi nedenlerle ayrıştırarak, beraberce yaşamak istenilmediği duygusu

uyandırmak ve bu suretle onların kişilik haklarını ihlâl etmek nefret

söylemidir. Mobil gibi ağlar üzerinden oluşturulan haber siteleri, arama

motorları, bloglar, wikiler, web siteleri, sosyal medya ve benzeri iletişim

araçlarından oluşan yeni medyanın hızı ve editoryal denetimden uzak olması

nefret söyleminin artmasına ve normalleşmesine yol açmaktadır. Toplumsal huzur

ve barışın bozulmaması için nefret söylemi ile etkin mücadele yöntemleri

geliştirilmelidir. Öncelikle yeni medya okuryazarlığı eğitiminin

yaygınlaştırılması ve hukuki yaptırımların etkin şekilde uygulanması

gerekmektedir. Haksız fiil olarak vasıflandırıldığında eylemi gerçekleştiren

kişinin tazminat yaptırımına tâbi olması dinamik bir koruma sağlayacaktır.
İDARİ TEŞKİLATTA YAPILAN YENİ DÜZENLEMELERE GÖRE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI KONUSUNDA GÖREV VE YETKİLER
Authors: ÇAKMAK Naci Münci
Published: July 2019

Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümeti sistemine

geçişle birlikte Türk idari teşkilatı içerisinde önemli değişiklikler meydana

gelmiştir. İdari teşkilat içerisinde yeni idari merciler oluşturulmuştur. Bu

yeni mercilere çok çeşitli konularda görev ve yetkiler tanınmıştır. Ne yazık ki

yenilenebilir enerji konusuyla ilgili hatta enerji konusuyla bile ilgili

doğrudan görevlendirilmiş bir birim kurulmamıştır. Yeni sistemde yenilenebilir

enerji konusunda görevli olan idari birimlerde de değişim olmuştur. Merkez

teşkilatı içerisinde yer alan mercilerin görev ve yetkileri arasında

yenilenebilir enerji konusuna yer verilmemesi yenilenebilir enerji

kaynaklarından enerji üretiminin ve kullanımının gelişmemesine neden olacaktır.

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları geleceğimiz açısından son derece önemlidir.

Doğrudan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının yönetimi ile ilgili merkez

teşkilatı içerisinde bir birim oluşturulması bir gerekliliktir.
Pengaruh Kitosan pada Dua Tingkat Kematangan yang Berbeda terhadap Kadar Vitamin C Paprica (Capsicum annuum L. var Grossum)
Authors: Srimulyati Neneng
Published: July 2019

Pemanenan paprika dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan, yaitu panen buah matang hijau dan panen buah matang berwarna (merah atau kuning) sesuai dengan permintaan pasar dan harga di pasaran. Paprika tergolong komoditi yang mudah rusak (very perishable), baik sesudah panen, maupun dalam penyimpanan. Secara umum paprika memiliki masa simpan yang pendek yaitu 5-7 hari. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua perlakukan yaitu beberapa taraf konsentrasi kitosan (0%, 1%, 1,5%, 2% dan 2,5%) dan dua tingkat kematangan paprika (hijau dan merah) dan diulang 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1).Pemberian Kitosan pada tingkat kematangan yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kualitas paprika (Capsicum annuum L. var Grossum) kultivar Edison,yaitu dapat mempertahankan kadar vitamin C; 2). Pengaruh pemberian kitosan pada paprika kondisi matang hijau yang paling baik terjadi pada konsentrasi 2%, yaitu terbukti dapat menghasilkan kadar vitamin C sebanyak 171, 493 mg. Sedangkan pada paprika kondisi matang merah pengaruh pemberian kitosan yang paling baik terjadi pada konsentrasi 1,5%, yaitu terbukti dapat menghasilkan kadar vitamin C sebanyak 188, 643 mg dan hasil ini tidak berbeda nyata dengan pemberian kitosan konsentrasi 2% dan 2,5%.
Respon Pertumbuhan dan Daya Tahan Hidup Setek Mikro Krisan
Authors: Pitaloka Gina Gustiani , Komariah Ai
Published: July 2019

The objectives of this experiment was to study the interaction between NAA and alginate concentrations on growth and shelf life of Chrysanthemum morifolium Rahmat Syn. Micro cutting in capsule. Design of this experiment used Randomized Block Design with two factors and two replication. The first factor wa concentration of NAA consisted of three levels (0.00 ppm, 0.10 ppm, and 0,15 ppm) and the second factor was concentration of alginate consisted of four levels (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3.0%).the result of experiment showed that interaction among concentration of NAA and alginate on capsule texture, plant weight, leaves number, leaves weight, and shelf life of plant in capsule. There was no interaction between concentration of NAA and alginate on percentage of green capsules, percentage of micro cutting shoot growth, and percentage of capability of shoot growth break through capsule. Optimum concentration for plant weight was 0.1281 ppm NAA and 2.4671% alginate, with maximum weight was 0.0145 grams. Optimum concentration for shelf life of micro cutting in capsule was 0.1191 ppm NAA and 2.8071% alginate, with maximum shelf life was 5.9541 days.
Perbaikan Tanah inceptisol Karawang oleh Cacing (Lumbricus rubellus) dan Mulsa organic serta Kajian Potensi terjadi Erosi Alibatnya
Authors: Sudjana Briljan
Published: July 2019

The research objectives were to discovered how’s Lumbricus rubellus and Organic mulching able to replenished soil physics characteristic of Inceptisol Karawang. It also been studied that soil loss to water erosion is able to be predicted by using these parameters. As a results, linearly Lumbricus and mulch were abled to reduce bulk density value, and also soil permeability. These research practices is one of tools to predict level of erosion. Moreover, Lumbricus and organic mulching are “eco-friendly” agent in a system of soil tillage-less.
Analisis Diversifikasi Pangan dan Tingkat Kecukupan pada Rumah Tangga Petani (Studi Kasus di Desa Bunikasih Kecamatan Warung Kobdang Kabupaten Cianjur)
Authors: Indrianrini Etty
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kecukupan konsumsi dan diversifikasi pangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Teknik penentuan lokasi penelitian berdasarkan purposive yaitu di Desa Bunikasih yang merupakan sentra padi pandan wangi. Penentuan responden dilakukan secara purposive terhadap sepuluh orang petani pandan wangi. Data berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara langsung dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari pustaka dan lembaga lain yang berhubungan dengan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kecukupan pangan sumber karbohidrat dan protein yang dihitung menunjukkan bahwa RT di Desa Bumikasih memenuhi konsumsi campuran untuk energy dan protein serta termasuk ke dalam kriteria cukup. Diversifikasi konsumsi pangan terutama pangan sumber karbohidrat dan protein masih sedikit jumlahnya. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan oleh Skor Pola Pangan Harapan (SPPH) yang dicapai masih di bawah dari Skor PPH maksimum. Skor PPH yang telah dicapai tersebut masih didominasi oleh kelompok pangan pad-padian. Ini menunjukkan masih tergantungnya makanan pokok beras sebagai sumber karbohidrat utama.
Kelimpahan Pakan Rusa (Cervus timorensis) di Taman Wisata Alam dan Cagar Alam Pangandaran
Authors: Purwanto Asep
Published: July 2019

The research on abudance and species diversity of birt with the IPA (Indices Ponctuels d’Abondence). method was used to sample the birds in the Ciremai mount area, and also dird identification guide book for determine. A total of  60 individual birds belonging to 23 families and 46 species was recorded. The dominant family was silsiidae, comprising 8 species (13,33%) of the total species. The most abundant species in the mount Ciremai was the burung kacamata biasa (Zosterops palpebrosus). The analysis of abudance and species diversity of bird status was achieved about 11 endemic species, and 15 species as restricted range bird. Based on Indonesia Governmen Policy and IUCN International Convention, there are 21 species as the protected bird. There were 15 feeding guild group of bird include 48 species as insectivore, 8 species as carnivore and 4 species as herbivore. The factors with threat to bird population and its habitat are : 1). Illegal hunting, 2). Forest destruction and 3). Forest fire
Ethical Issues in the Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Related to Brain Death and Attitudes of Organ Harvest
Authors: KIM Do-Kyong
Published: July 2019

Organ preserving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OP-ECMO) is used as a method of donor management in donation after brain determination of death (DBDD) or potential brain-death to acquire organs in a way that stabilize vital sign in hemodynamically unstable donors. Because it can cause physical and psychological harm to donors and their family members OP-ECMO for DBDD or potential brain death raises ethical issues. Donors who refuse life-sustaining treatment may not receive the end of life care they want, and family members may have difficulty in accepting the patient’s death because of the use of ECMO even after a brain-death declaration. In cases of a potential brain-death, a medical professional who initiates ECMO without informed consent betrays the patient, the family, and any third-party payers. In light of scarce medical resources, the use of OP-ECMO should be carefully examined. To address the potential ethical issues related to ECMO use in organ donors, medical professionals should indicate that the purpose of organ donation is not merely to harvest organs but rather give to the gift of life and should approach donor-centered organ donation and the harvesting process with respect for donor.
Petrol Fiyatları ve Enflasyon İlişkisi: Seçilmiş Petrol İthalatçısı Ülkeler İçin Panel Veri Analizi
Authors: BAYRAKTUTAN Yusuf , SOLMAZ Ali Rıza
Published: July 2019

Üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin temel bileşenlerinden olan petrol ve türevleri, uluslararası ticarete konu olan en önemli ürünler arasında yer almaktadır. Arz ve talep koşullarına bağlı olarak dünya petrol fiyatındaki değişmeler, özellikle petrol ithal eden ülkelerde maliyet artışları yoluyla enflasyona neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, petrol fiyatının en çok petrol ithal eden 20 ülkede enflasyonist etkisi analiz edilmiştir. 1993-2017 dönemi yıllık verileri, panel veri yöntemi ile analiz edilmiş ve petrol fiyatlarının enflasyonu uyarıcı bir etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance in Constraining Earnings Management in Pakistan
Authors: S. Latif Aysha , Abdullah Fahad
Published: July 2019

Although firms’ annual reports are supposed to provide an unbiased and accurate picture of their financial position, managers may be induced to engage in earnings management in order to circumvent expectations. Such incentives can take the shape of stock prices, management incentives, or debt covenants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of three attributes of corporate governance in constraining earnings management practices. These include board characteristics, audit committee characteristics, and ownership structure. Based on a sample of 120 nonfinancial firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange during 2003–12, we find that audit committee independence is negatively associated with earnings management, while CEO duality and institutional shareholding is positively associated with earnings management. Moreover, the effectiveness of governance mechanisms in constraining earnings management practices differs across high- and low-growth firms.
Education and Maternal Health in Pakistan: The Pathways of Influence
Authors: Dar Shandana , Afzal Uzma
Published: July 2019

Although numerous studies have explored the relationship between education and women’s health-seeking behavior, the role of education – and the pathway through which it affects health-seeking behavior – remains unclear. We use data from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey for 2006/07 on women aged 15–49 who had given birth at least once in the last three years to determine which socioeconomic factors affect maternal healthcare use, and how the effect of women’s own education is transmitted to their health-seeking behavior. We implement two estimation techniques: (i) a two-step instrumental variable linear probability model, in which women’s exposure to mass media is used as an instrumental variable for their health knowledge; and (ii) a community fixed effects model. The results of the analysis indicate that predisposing factors – such as women’s level of education, their children’s birth order, their spouse’s level of education, type of occupation, and empowerment – are important determinants of maternal health-seeking behavior in Pakistan. The results also confirm the important role played by women’s own health knowledge, independent of their education, on their maternal healthcare use.
A Comparative Returns Performance Review of Islamic Equity Funds with Socially Responsible Equity Funds and the Broader Market Indices
Authors: Kalim Hyder Bukhari Syed , Azam Mohammed
Published: July 2019

Islamic mutual funds and socially responsible mutual funds are two similar asset classes that incorporate negative screens in their portfolio selection process to filter out stocks that fail to meet certain ethical, social, environmental, and/or religious standards. This study uses a single-factor capital asset pricing model and an adjusted sample consisting of 224 Islamic funds and 573 socially responsible funds to examine their excess risk-adjusted returns, market volatility, and systematic risk. It also gauges the market-timing abilities of the fund managers concerned in relation to both Islamic/socially responsible and conventional market indices. While there are some differences in the risk factors of Islamic funds and socially responsible funds, both are associated with lower risks and have the same market-timing ability.
The Socioeconomic Impact of a Customized Lending Program for Furniture Clusters in Chiniot, Punjab
Authors: Mubin Sajjad , Mudassir Ali Shazia , Iqbal M. Ubaid
Published: July 2019

This study evaluates a Punjab Government development project titled “Customized Lending Program for Furniture Cluster at Chiniot.” The project was implemented by the Punjab Government’s Small Industries Corporation at a total cost of PRs 40 million: the sum of PRs 100,000 was loaned to 400 small and medium furniture manufacturers in Chiniot, to be repaid in 22 equal monthly installments with a grace period of two months. The socioeconomic impact of the loan was determined from data collected through a survey. Overall, the project was deemed unsuccessful: on average beneficiaries’ income fell due to negative factors such as power outages and the fact that uniform loans were made to small and larger manufacturers.
The Aftermarket Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan
Authors: Zubair Mumtaz Muhammad , A. Smith Zachary , Maqsood Ahmed Ather
Published: July 2019

This paper estimates the aftermarket performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange. The evidence confirms that IPOs generate statistically significant abnormal returns in the short run, which indicates that underwriters initially underprice IPOs when analyzed using a short time horizon. However, when using longer time horizons to estimate abnormal performance, the results indicate that IPOs underperform in the long-run. There is an apparent dislocation between the initial valuation set by underwriters and the premium paid by the market for these new issues. The market sentiment that causes this temporary disequilibrium eventually fades and the market reprices the newly issued shares. We conduct an extreme bounds analysis to test the sensitivity and robustness of 16 explanatory variables in determining the long-term performance of unseasoned newly issued shares. The results indicate that the long-term investment ratio, industry affiliation, market-adjusted abnormal returns, financial leverage, return on assets, IPO activity period, the aftermarket risk level of unseasoned issues, and the post-issue promoter’s holdings variables significantly affect IPOs’ aftermarket performance. Theoretically, the overreaction hypothesis, ex-ante uncertainty hypothesis and window-of-opportunity hypothesis best explain IPOs’ aftermarket performance in this study.
The Impact of Remittances on Child Education in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Sami Ullah , Jehangir Khan Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This study examines the impact of remittances on school enrollment and the level of education attained among children aged 4–15 years in Pakistan. It uses a nationally representative survey, the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey for 2010/11. The migrant network variable at the village level interacting with the number of adults at the household level is used as an instrument for remittances. The results of the IV probit model show that children from remittance-receiving households are more likely to enroll in school. The marginal impact of remittances on school enrollment is larger for girls and for rural households. Hence, remittances help reduce regional and gender disparities in child school enrollment in Pakistan. The IV censored ordered probit model is used to investigate the impact of remittances on children’s grade attainment. The estimated impact is negative and significant, except for urban children, lowering the probability that a child will move to a higher grade.
Electricity Consumption Patterns: Comparative Evidence from Pakistan’s Public and Private Sectors
Authors: Khan Karim , Shah Anwar , Khan Jaffar
Published: July 2019

This study examines the behavioral aspect of Pakistan’s energy crisis by comparing electricity consumption in the public and private sectors. Specifically, we compare consumption patterns of electricity across a sample of student hostels at two public sector universities and privately run student hostels. In addition, we collect household data for a sample of students at Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU) in Islamabad and compare their average electricity consumption with that of the public sector university hostels. We find that the latter’s average consumption of electricity is significantly higher than among private hostels and households. In assessing the moral hazard problem of the public sector in this context, we test the energy conservation behavior of QAU students and the university administration. The results show that students are largely indifferent to conserving electricity, while the administration pays little attention to the use of energy-efficient lights and equipment.
Technology in the Sialkot Gloves Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Firdousi Saba
Published: July 2019

This paper uses a unique sample of sports glove manufacturers from Sialkot to develop an index of technological sophistication. The data shows that total factor productivity (TFP) and total revenue productivity (TRP) cluster around their mean levels. The medium-tech and high-tech firms seem to have a higher TFP and LP than the low-tech firms. Another interesting result is that, across firms, the level of retained earnings has a negative impact on TFP and TRP.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Digital Economy
Authors: Hamid Naved , Khalid Faizan
Published: July 2019

It is believed that Pakistan’s digital economy will follow a similar growth trajectory to India, but with a lag of about five to six years. This implies that the digital economy in Pakistan carries immense potential and is likely to see very rapid growth in the next five years or so. This paper provides an overview of Pakistan’s digital economy in terms of international players, successful local businesses and rising stars in different segments of the industry. We also evaluate the role played by incubation centers. The industry’s emerging financial landscape appears to be attracting international venture capital firms, which is surprising, given the country risk and monitoring and control issues that are usually seen as binding constraints to investment. However, these investors use models tested in Silicon Valley and in countries such as India to estimate the potential for increase in the capital valuation of digital businesses in Pakistan. This development has also started to attract local investors. As a result, we are seeing the emergence of a venture capital industry in Pakistan. Finally, we examine the policy environment in the country and find that the existing tax policies, which were designed for traditional businesses, could be a major obstacle to the growth of the digital economy. We conclude by recommending that the government review its tax policy in view of the different nature of digital businesses and adapt it accordingly.
Access to Finance and Agency: An Overview of the Constraints to Female-Run Enterprises
Authors: Said Farah
Published: July 2019

A large proportion of women in Pakistan engage in home-based production rather than wage employment in the public space to generate an income. This article provides an overview of the literature on the role of access to finance and women’s decision-making power (at the household level) on the likelihood of business creation and growth by women. The literature shows that finance has little impact on business and household outcomes; this suggests that other constraints are at play when it comes to women setting up an enterprise or making business decisions. This overview shows how self-control – risk aversion and present biasedness – can inhibit business investment. Household members may also ‘capture’ a woman’s financial resources, including business loans or savings, and put them to unproductive use. Further, social and cultural norms may dictate whether setting up an enterprise is seen as an ‘appropriate’ activity for women. Against the backdrop of several government and private initiatives to promote enterprise, exploring these issues provides us with important insights into how female-run businesses can be encouraged and supported.
Innovation and Technological Upgrading in Lahore: Results From the LCCI Business Confidence Survey 2016
Authors: Faran Mahvish , Chaudhry Azam
Published: July 2019

The Lahore School of Economics and the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) conducted a unique business confidence survey of firms in March 2015. The objective of the survey was to determine industry-specific trends as well as firms’ perceptions of general macroeconomic trends. In 2016, the Lahore School and LCCI conducted a second business confidence survey in which they asked a sample of firms about the same issues as well as their level of innovation and technological upgrading. In this paper, we focus on the results of the innovation and technology component of the 2016 survey. We perform an aggregate analysis across firms to see if they have innovated and upgraded their technology. Next, we focus on the impact of innovation on exports and domestic sales to gauge whether firms reporting higher exports had innovated more. Finally, we look at each sector (manufacturing, services and retail) in turn and analyze the levels of innovation and technological innovation in each.
Pakistan’s Productivity Performance and TFP Trends, 1980–2015: Cause for Real Concern
Authors: Amjad Rashid , Awais Namra
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews Pakistan’s productivity performance over the last 35 years (1980–2015) and identifies factors that help explain the declining trend in labor productivity and total factor productivity (TFP), both of which could have served as major drivers of productivity growth – as happened in East Asia and more recently in India. A key finding is that the maximum TFP gains and their contribution to economic growth are realized during periods of high-output growth. The lack of sustained growth and low and declining levels of investment appear to be the most important causes of the low contribution of TFP to productivity growth, which has now reached levels that should be of major concern to policymakers vis-à-vis Pakistan’s growth prospects.
Costs, Capabilities, Conflict and Cash: The Problem of Technology and Sustainable Economic Growth in Pakistan
Authors: McCartney Matthew
Published: July 2019

Growth in Pakistan has been surprisingly sustainable. GDP growth of 5 percent p.a. since independence and no recession since (at least) 1960 according to World Bank data represents a creditable performance when compared to all but the most successful developing countries. Pakistan has significantly transformed the structure of its economy during these same decades; in 1950 99 percent of its exports were agricultural goods and by the 1990s exports were largely manufactured goods. This very success indicates a growing constraint on sustaining growth into the future or the concern that Pakistan may be headed for a Middle Income Trap. Although there does exist scope for continued growth based on further structural changes - in particular the large number of people still employed in agriculture or the women not currently engaged in the labor force - for growth to be sustained a more intensive or productivity-oriented growth will be necessary. This paper first outlines the importance of productivity growth for sustaining GDP growth in Pakistan, then examines the historical and comparative productivity performance of Pakistan, and explores a number of case studies of successful technological change, particularly in South Asia, and finally attempts to draw some lessons for contemporary Pakistan.
Same Jeans, Same Stitch? A Comparison of Denim Production Across Three Factories in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Thompson Chaudhry Theresa , Faran Mahvish
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we look at denim production in three different factories in Punjab, Pakistan. We map the manufacturing process for a standard pair of denim jeans produced for an international retailer. We asked three factories of different scales and proximities to the technological frontier to stitch, finish and wash an identical pair of jeans. These firms included a large-scale exporter with established links to a major multinational brand, a medium exporter with links to regional European labels and a small producer selling primarily to the domestic market. Timing the operations ourselves, we find that the stitching time of the large-scale exporter is about one-third less than that of the medium exporter and about half the stitching time of the small firm. Of the three firms, only the large exporter pays wages based strictly on standard minute value – the time expected to complete an operation. The two smaller firms pay piece rates that reflect the market rates paid for individual operations by firms throughout the sector. Even without increases in stitching efficiency, the two smaller firms could reduce their stitching costs by 30–50 percent if they were able to switch to paying wages based on stitching times. We also calculate the labor cost savings that the two smaller firms could accrue by adopting some of the more advanced equipment used by the large exporter, along with lower piece rates. Of these, the most reasonable investment would be in better loop-making machines; the cost of equipment could be recuperated by producing 325,000–500,000 garments, which for the medium firm is four to eight months’ production at current levels. However, piece rates are entrenched and, if sticky, could reduce the incentives for firms to adopt labor-saving technologies.
Overview
Authors: Amjad Rashid
Published: July 2019

Since the early 1990s, Pakistan’s economy has continued to lose its earlier growth momentum, except for a brief spurt in 2002–06. This has now become cause for considerable concern and urgent policy action is needed to revive the economy and move it to a higher growth trajectory. This slowdown during a period of rapid globalization (at least till 2008) and unprecedented technological advancement has raised fundamental questions as to the growing lack of competitiveness, both at the global level as well as against cheaper and better-quality imports in the domestic economy. In addition, recurring balance-of-payments crises have forced Pakistan to frequently seek IMF assistance and resort to severe contractionary policies to restore macroeconomic stability.
Pengaruh Informasi Asimetris terhadap Penciptaan Senjangan Anggaran dengan Faktor-faktor Person-Situation Interactionist sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi (Studi pada Organisasi Perangkat Daerah Kabupaten Banyumas)
Authors: Baryatdika Marliandi Tri , Mafudi Mafudi , Arofah Triani
Published: July 2019

This research is an explanatory and correlational study using survey method on heads of division in Regional Organizations of Banyumas Regency. This research aims to find out the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack and the effect of ethical factors expressed by person-situation interactionist factors on that relationship. The research population are all Regional Organizations of Banyumas Regency. The sampling method used is judgment sampling and it obtains 25 regional organizations. There are 4 heads of divisions from each regional organization who become the respondents.Based on the research result and data analysis using moderated regression analysis, it concludes: Asymmetric information can increase the creation of budgetary slack; (2) Ethical ideology does not moderate the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack; (3) Machiavellian character does not moderate the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack; (4) Locus of control does not moderate the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack; (5) Moral intensity does not moderate the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack; and (6) Organizational ethical climate does not moderate the effect of asymmetric information on the creation of budgetary slack.