bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing intrarow weed numbers in row crops by means of a biennial cultivation system
Authors: Melander  , Rasmussen
Published: March 2003

Intrarow weed emergence in row crops can be reduced by means of a biennial cultivation system that is based on an exhaustion of the weed seedbank in the upper soil layer of crop‐free bands established in a preceding cereal crop, year I, before the row crop, year II. In this study, a series of field experiments is presented focusing more specifically on the influence of prevention of weed seed shedding and of different cultivation tactics in the system on intrarow weed emergence in the bands in year II. As the system excludes inverting soil tillage between years I and II, the prevention of weed seed shedding in year I turned out to be a key factor in achieving the desired effect of the system. This was seen with spring barley grown in year I, but not with winter wheat, where the system actually resulted in an increase in intrarow weed numbers in spite of the measures taken in year I. Cultivating the crop‐free bands in spring barley in year I with conventional goose‐foot shares in order to enhance seed germination and mortality further had no significant effects regardless of time and intensity. Results from two other experiments, in which freshly shed weed seeds were incorporated into the soil, supported the finding that cultivating the bands was of no advantage.
Evaluating field‐scale sampling methods for the estimation of mean plant densities of weeds
Authors: Colbach  , Dessaint  , Forcella
Published: March 2003

The weed flora (comprising seven species) of a field continuously grown with soyabean was simulated for 4 years, using semivariograms established from previous field observations. Various sampling methods were applied and compared for accurately estimating mean plant densities, for differing weed species and years. The tested methods were based on (a) random selection wherein samples were chosen either entirely randomly, randomly with at least 10 or 20 m between samples, or randomly after stratifying the field; (b) systematic selection where samples were placed along diagonals or along zig‐zagged lines across the field; (c) predicted Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv seedling maps which were used to divide the field into low‐ and high‐density areas and to choose the largest sample proportion in the high‐density area. For each method, sampling was performed with 5–40 samples. Systematic methods generally resulted in the lowest estimation error, followed by the random methods and finally by the predicted‐map methods. In case of species over‐ or under‐represented along the diagonals or the zig‐zag sampling line, the systematic methods performed badly, especially with low sample numbers. In those instances, random methods were best, especially those imposing a minimal distance between samples. Even for S. viridis, the methods based on predicted S. viridis maps were not satisfactory, except with low sample numbers. The relationships between sampling error and species characteristics (mean density, variability, spatial structures) were also studied.
Selective uprooting by weed harrowing on sandy soils
Authors: Kurstjens  , Perdok  , Goense
Published: March 2003

Uprooting by weed harrowing and the potential of the uprooting process for selective weed control at early crop growth stages was studied. Effects of working depth, seed depth, soil moisture content and working speed on uprooting of Lolium perenne L., Lepidium sativum L. and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were investigated in laboratory harrowing experiments on a sandy soil. Harrowing uprooted on average 51% of the emerging plants and 21% of the plants in the seedling stage. Seventy per cent of all uprooted plants were completely covered by soil. An increase in working depth from 10 mm to 30 mm doubled the average fraction of uprooted plants. Uprooting was also promoted by higher soil moisture contents and higher working speeds. Average uprooting selectivity (=fraction of uprooted emerging plants/fraction of uprooted seedlings of the same species) varied between 2.0 (deep tillage and high speed) and 5.6 (dry soil). If tines could keep a distance of more than 3 mm from the crop and weed plants, the average selectivity of all treatments would improve from 2.4 to 5.5 and the average fraction of uprooted seedlings would decrease from 21% to 8%. This study indicates that uprooting may be a more important weed control mechanism than commonly believed. If working depth and the path of the harrow tines in relation to crop rows could be accurately controlled, uprooting could be a relatively selective weed control mechanism at early crop growth stages.
Weed flora in arable fields of eastern Ethiopia with emphasis on the occurrence of Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Tamado T , Milberg P
Published: March 2003

An exploratory weed survey was carried out on 240 crop fields in eastern Ethiopia to assess the influence of some environmental and crop management factors on weed species composition and distribution, and to investigate the association of the recently introduced Parthenium hysterophorus L. with other components of the weed flora. A total of 102 weed taxa belonging to 36 plant families were recorded. Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae were the most abundant families based on the number of species recorded. Digitaria abyssinica (Hochst. Ex A. Rich) Stapf was the most frequent species (63%) and Parthenium hysterophorus the second most frequent (54%). The latter species was ranked as the most important weed by 90% of the farmers in the lowlands while 86% of the farmers in the highlands ranked the former species as the worst weed. According to a partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA), altitude, rainfall, month of planting, number of weedings and soil type were the major environmental/crop management factors influencing the species distribution in the study area. The first pCCA axis clearly structured highland and lowland weed species while the second axis distinguished those species that grow on sandy soils. Parthenium hysterophorus has, in a very short time period, emerged as one of the most troublesome weed species in eastern Ethiopia.
A long‐term study of weed flora shifts in different tillage systems
Authors: Tuesca D , Puricelli E , Papa J C
Published: March 2003

Knowledge of the long‐term effects of tillage on weed flora will provide useful information to improve weed management in agroecosystems. Field studies were conducted from 1991 to 1997 to evaluate the effects of tillage systems on weed density and species composition before control methods in rotations including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soyabean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.). In wheat, annual broad‐leaved species showed higher populations in conventional tillage in 4 out of 6 years, and grassy annuals and perennial species showed an erratic response with tillage systems. In summer crops, broad‐leaved populations were higher under conventional tillage than non‐tillage for the last 5 years in the wheat/soyabean rotation and for the last 4 years in the maize/soyabean rotation. The weed spectrum changed rapidly in non‐tillage plots. With time, in the absence of tillage, grassy annual populations increased in the maize/soyabean rotation, and wind‐dispersed weed populations increased in the wheat/soyabean rotation. Perennial weeds showed an inconsistent behaviour in relation to tillage systems in the maize/soyabean rotation.
Variation in life history characteristics between clones of Ranunculus repens grown in experimental garden conditions
Authors: Lynn D E , Waldren S
Published: March 2003

Ranunculus repens L. is a clonal perennial that occurs in a wide range of environmental conditions. This species is also a notorious weed of disturbed habitats. Life history parameters of clones from 24 Irish populations of R. repens from ruderal, marsh and turlough (temporary lake) habitat types were measured in an experimental garden across a growing season. Mother rosettes with a greater number of leaves produced a greater amount of primary stolons. Ramet production was higher in plants that produced a greater number of secondary and tertiary stolons. Growth and production of vegetative and sexual offspring did not vary with habitat types from which the clones were derived. High variability was evident between clones for all parameters measured. The extent and success of colonization by this species is therefore highly dependent on the productivity of the initial pioneer.
Tralkoxydim: adjuvant, MCPA and other effects
Authors: De Villiers B L , Kudsk P , Smit J J , Mathiassen S K
Published: March 2003

The effects of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium salts, mineral oil adjuvants, MCPA and time of day applied were determined for tralkoxydim activity. The influence of MCPA and sodium bicarbonate on herbicide rainfastness was also investigated. All the ammonium salts used overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism. Ammonium salts were also beneficial in deionized water. Ammonium sulphate was the most effective salt followed by ammonium nitrate. Ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide were less effective in sodium bicarbonate containing carriers. TF 8035 was a more effective mineral oil adjuvant than Addit. Ammonium sulphate further increased herbicide activity especially with Addit. Ammonium sulphate was effective with TF 8035 only in the sodium bicarbonate containing carrier water. MCPA was antagonistic to tralkoxydim and ammonium sulphate could not overcome the antagonism but enhanced the activity of the tralkoxydim – MCPA combination. Herbicide efficacy increased when applied in the evening and this was most pronounced in sodium bicarbonate carriers. Rain 30 min after application reduced its activity, but had no effect when tralkoxydim was applied with MCPA. In certain cases, rain improved herbicide activity with MCPA. The results indicate the importance of antagonistic carriers and combinations, adjuvants, ammonium salts and time of day applied on tralkoxydim activity and rainfastness.
Spatial variability in the degradation rates of isoproturon and chlorotoluron in a clay soil
Authors: WALKER A , BROMILOW R H , NICHOLLS P H , EVANS A A , SMITH V J R
Published: March 2003

Thirty separate soil samples were taken from different locations at the Brimstone farm experimental site, Oxfordshire, UK. Incubations of isoproturon under standard conditions (15 °C; −33 kPa soil water potential) indicated considerable variation in degradation rate in the soil, with the time to 50% loss (DT50) varying from 6 to 30 days. These differences were confirmed in a second comparative experiment in which degradation rates were assessed in 11 samples of the same soil in two separate laboratories using an identical protocol. There was a significant negative linear relationship (r2= 0.746) between the DT50 values and soil pH in this group of soils. In a third experiment, degradation rates of the related compound chlorotoluron were compared with those of isoproturon in 12 separate soil samples, six of which had been stored for several months, and six of which were freshly collected from the field. Degradation of both herbicides occurred more slowly in the stored samples than in the fresh samples but, in all of them, chlorotoluron degraded more slowly than isoproturon, and there was a highly significant linear relationship (r2=0.916) between the respective DT50 values.
Long‐term modelling of weed control strategies: analysis of threshold‐based options for weed species with contrasted competitive abilities
Authors: Munier‐Jolain N M , Chavvel B , Gasquez J
Published: March 2003

A simple life‐cycle‐based demography model was adapted for two contrasting weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides and Poa annua). This model included a seed production function that accounted for population self‐regulation through weed:weed interactions. The A. myosuroides version of the model was tested with field data. Long‐term simulations of population demography were then performed to investigate the relationship between weed control strategies based on density thresholds and both the frequency of herbicide use and the long‐term economic profitability. This study confirms that threshold‐based weed management strategies are more cost‐effective than spraying every year and may allow important reductions in herbicide use. However, after the first transient years of either systematically spraying or withholding herbicide, the long‐term spraying frequency was insensitive to threshold values between 0.01 and 100 plants m−2. The highest long‐term profitability was obtained for the lowest threshold tested, and the profitability decreased rapidly when the threshold was raised above 4–6 and 10–20 plants m−2 for A. myosuroides and P. annua respectively. The study thus indicates that the exact threshold value is of little importance for the long‐term reliance of the system on herbicide, provided that it is reasonably low. For species with low competitive ability, high thresholds may be used in some cropping systems to reduce the spraying frequency for environmental considerations, but those options would also reduce the profitability if no compensatory measures were taken.
Effects of individual plant phenology on dormancy of Rumex obtusifolius seeds at dispersal
Authors: Honěk A , Martinková Z
Published: March 2003

In 1998–2000, the relationship was investigated between the time of bolting of shoots and the percentage of germinability in seeds from individual plants of Rumex obtusifolius. Each year, the date of bolting of shoots was recorded in 30–108 plants, which were then grown intact until maturation, and their seeds were collected before dispersal. The proportion of germinable seeds increased with the date on which the shoots bolted. The timing of shoot bolting and seed germinability for individual plants persisted over the years of observation. To discriminate between the effect of mother plant and timing of seed maturation, shoot bolting of another 40 (1998) and 50 (1999) plants was recorded, and their shoots were then cut in late June The shoots of cut plants regrew and matured nearly simultaneously, later than in intact plants, whereas overall seed germinability decreased. In individual plants, the seed germinability was still significantly correlated with the date when plants originally bolted.
Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues?
Authors: Bàrberi P
Published: March 2003

Summary
Despite the serious threat which weeds offer to organic crop production, relatively little attention has so far been paid to research on weed management in organic agriculture, an issue that is often approached from a reductionist perspective. This paper aims to outline why and how this problem should instead be tackled from a system perspective. Compared with conventional agriculture, in organic agriculture the effects of cultural practices (e.g. fertilization and direct weed control) on crop:weed interactions usually manifest themselves more slowly. It follows that weed management should be tackled in an extended time domain and needs deep integration with the other cultural practices, aiming to optimize the whole cropping system rather than weed control per se. In this respect, cover crop management is an important issue because of its implications for soil, nutrient, pest and weed management. It is stressed that direct (physical) weed control can only be successful where preventive and cultural weed management is applied to reduce weed emergence (e.g. through appropriate choice of crop sequence, tillage, smother/cover crops) and improve crop competitive ability (e.g. through appropriate choice of crop genotype, sowing/planting pattern and fertilization strategy). Two examples of system‐oriented weed management systems designed for organic agriculture are illustrated as well as future perspectives and problems.
Influence of liquid manure application method on weed control in spring cereals
Authors: Rasmussen K
Published: March 2003

Summary Injection of liquid manure (slurry) into the soil is an alternative to the traditional surface application. By the injection method, it is possible to place nutrients closer to the crop sown, thus offering the crop a competitive advantage over weeds. This study compares the response in crop yield, weed density and weed biomass to injection vs. surface application of liquid manure through three growing seasons in barley and oats. The manure applications were combined with treatments of weed harrowing or herbicide spraying or no treatment at all. The levels of weed control and crop yield obtained by harrowing and herbicides were larger when slurry was injected compared with surface application. Without any weed control treatments, the injection method decreased the final weed biomass in barley. The influence of nutrient injection on yield and weed control seemed to be modulated by the time of emergence and the early growth rate of the crop relative to weeds. Thus, because of its early root growth and development, barley responded more quickly to the injection treatment than oats. Consequently, barley became a more competitive crop.
Comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence and whole‐plant bioassays of isoproturon
Authors: Klem K , Špundová M , Hrabalová H , Nauš J , Váňová M , Masojídek J , Tomek P
Published: March 2003

Summary The response to aqueous solutions of isoproturon was examined on intact plants of Matricaria perforata, Apera spica‐venti and Sinapis alba in greenhouse tests, comparing visual estimates of shoot phytotoxicity at 30 d after application (DAA) with measurements of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction at 10 DAA on leaves of the same treated plants. The sensitivity was greatest from pre‐emergence application to intact plants of M. perforata and A. spica‐venti, whereas post‐emergence sprays were relatively more active on S. alba. The use of fluorescence induction was investigated further in Petri‐dish experiments on excised M. perforata leaf segments. The Petri‐dish bioassay enabled detection of isoproturon at concentrations above 9 × 10−7 M within 96 h after herbicide exposure. The potential for using chlorophyll fluorescence assays for the determination of isoproturon content in soil extracts is discussed.
Demography of Anoda cristata in wide‐ and narrow‐row soyabean
Authors: Puricelli E , Orioli G , Sabbatini M R
Published: March 2003

Summary The annual weed Anoda cristata is recognized as a problem of increasing importance in soyabean crops. As seeds are the only source for the renewal of A. cristata populations, knowledge of its seedbank characteristics and seed production is useful in improving weed management decisions. There is a lack of information about the effect of the planting pattern of soyabean on weed population dynamics. The effects of 70‐cm and 35‐cm soyabean row spacings on A. cristata seedbank, seedling recruitment and mortality, plant biomass, seed production and seed shed were determined. Soyabean density was higher in 35‐cm row spacings as an increase in planting rate in narrow‐row soyabean is recommended for producers in Argentina. The different planting patterns modified A. cristata demography through changes in plant biomass and, subsequently, in seed production. Seedling emergence, plant mortality and the pattern and duration of seed shed were similar in both planting patterns and thus independent of crop spatial arrangement and density. Increments in A. cristata seedbank can be reduced by planting soyabean at narrower row spacings and by bringing forward soyabean harvest. The first practice reduces A. cristata biomass and consequently seed production, and the second practice decreases the amount of seeds contributing to the soil seedbank.
Contact sensitization to cyanoacrylate adhesive as a cause of severe onychodystrophy
Authors: Guin Jere D. , Baas Kelly , Nelson‐Adesokan Paula
Published: March 2003

BackgroundThe technology used for artificial nails, the chemistry of cyanoacrylates and the reported reactions to these products are briefly reviewed.

Materials and methodsWe studied three patients with prominent fingernail dystrophy, nail bed hyperkeratosis, fingertip eczema, and onycholysis, two of whom also had eczematous lesions at distant sites, ostensibly from hand transfer. Patch testing was performed with a standard screening tray, dried cyanoacrylate adhesives, and, in one case, with fingernail clippings.

ResultsAll three patients were prominently patch‐test positive to the polymerized 2‐ethylcyanoacrylate, used as an adhesive on artificial (plastic) fingernails. One patient was also mildly formaldehyde sensitive, one was mildly reactive to two acrylate allergens, and one was extremely allergic to toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin. One patient had a positive patch test to her fingernail clippings 2 months after use of the adhesive was discontinued and an attempt was made to remove it.

ConclusionsReactions to cyanoacrylate adhesives used for artificial nails can cause both nail dystrophy and fingertip eczema, and may produce eczema elsewhere, probably from hand transfer. Persistence is likely due to retained polymer, which slowly degrades in the presence of water probably releasing antigens. Patch testing with the dried adhesive on an adhesive plaster seems to be reliable.
Epidemiologic analysis and clinical course of 84 consecutive cases of pemphigus in eastern Sicily
Authors: Micali MD Giuseppe , Musumeci MD Maria, Letizia , Nasca MD Maria Rita
Published: March 2003

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the clinical and epidemiologic features of pemphigus in eastern Sicily.

MethodsAll new cases of pemphigus seen in the Dermatology Clinic at the University of Catania during the period January 1982 to June 1996 were studied retrospectively.

ResultsEighty‐four patients with pemphigus represented 1.3% of 6653 patients admitted to our clinic in a 13.5‐year period, with an average annual incidence of six cases per year. The most common form of presentation was pemphigus vulgaris (PV) (75%), followed by pemphigus erythematosus (17%), pemphigus herpetiformis (6%), and pemphigus vegetans (2%). In 6% of PV patients, the oral lesions were not followed by skin involvement, and the lag time between the onset of illness and the final diagnosis in five PV cases was prolonged, ranging from 4 to 7 years, probably due to the mild clinical presentation of the disease. Two trauma‐related PV cases were documented; in one case, the blisters were located in a surgical scar and in the other in a burn scar.

ConclusionsOur findings showed that pemphigus has a relatively high prevalence in eastern Sicily compared with other Italian regions; PV is the most common variant, and may have a mild course not always requiring aggressive therapy.
Lichen planus or lichenoid tattoo reaction?
Authors: Dang Minh , Hsu Sylvia , Bernstein Eric
Published: March 2003

A 27‐year‐old white man with a tattoo of 3 months’ duration was referred for possible laser removal because a pruritic eruption had developed in the tattoo 1 month after placement. Physical examination revealed erythematous papules confined to the red areas of the tattoo ( Fig. 1). He also had flat‐topped papules on the glans penis, which the patient stated had developed a few weeks after tattoo placement.

Tattoo before treatment, showing involvement of only the red areas

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Biopsy of a penile lesion revealed a histologic pattern characteristic of lichen planus. Biopsy of the tattoo eruption revealed a lichenoid lymphocytic infiltrate with hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, and jagged epidermal hyperplasia. Deposits of black granular material were also present in the upper part of the dermis ( Fig. 2).

Histopathology of the tattoo eruption shows a lichenoid lymphocytic infiltrate with hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, and jagged epidermal hyperplasia, with deposits of black granular material in the upper dermis

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During a 2‐week follow‐up visit, the patient developed more lesions on his arms and legs. After 4 weeks of treatment with halobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% to the tattoo, legs, and arms, all lesions had resolved. The red areas of the tattoo became flat, nonpalpable, and asymptomatic ( Fig. 3).

Tattoo after treatment with topical corticosteroids

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Childhood pemphigus
Authors: Wananukul Siriwan , Pongprasit Prapai
Published: March 2003

Background Five children with pemphigus are reported: three with pemphigus vulgaris, one with pemphigus vegetans, and one with pemphigus foliaceus. Only one case of juvenile pemphigus vegetans has been published in the literature.

Materials and Methods All three patients with pemphigus vulgaris were treated with oral corticosteroid; in two cases, azathioprine was added for steroid‐sparing effect. The patient with pemphigus vegetans had a clinical presentation resembling pemphigus vulgaris, but the lesions in the perianal area healed as hypertrophic granulation tissue. He was treated with oral corticosteroid, azathioprine, and intralesional corticosteroid. The patient with pemphigus foliaceus presented with exfoliative dermatitis, and was treated with oral corticosteroid; methotrexate was added later for steroid‐sparing purposes

Results The patients were followed up for 1–4 years; the prognosis of childhood pemphigus is good.

Conclusions Long‐term follow‐up is needed to detect flaring of the disease and the side‐effects of immunosuppressive drugs.
Pityriasis lichenoides and acquired toxoplasmosis
Authors: Rongioletti Franco , Delmonte Sergio , Rebora Alfredo
Published: March 2003

A 32‐year‐old man was seen in January 1997 for a skin eruption which had appeared 2 months earlier. He was in good health and was not taking any drugs. He had not left town and denied any other symptom except a short, flu‐like episode 2 months earlier.

On examination, he showed multiple, papular, scaly and necrotic lesions over the trunk, arms ( Fig. 1), and thighs. The face and the mucosae were spared. No lymphadenopathy was evident, and the liver and spleen were not palpable.

Scaly and necrotic papules on the arm

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Routine laboratory tests were insignificant. Histopathology of a papular lesion of the arm showed a thick scaly crust overlying a necrotic epidermis and a lichenoid infiltrate of lymphocytes and neutrophils ( Fig. 2). Extravasation of red blood cells and endothelial swelling of the small superficial vessels were also present.

Histopathology showing a lichenoid infiltrate of lymphocytes and neutrophils with a thick scaly crust and necrosis of the epidermis (hematoxylin and eosin, ×100)

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A diagnosis of subacute pityriasis lichenoides (PL) was made, and treatment with 500 mg/day azithromycin, 3 days a week for 1 month, was prescribed without any benefit. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Toxoplasma gondii showed immunoglobulin G (IgG) 150 (n.v. <10) and IgM 1.35 (n.v. <0.65). Diagnosis of recent toxoplasmosis prompted an ocular examination which excluded any eye involvement.

A specific treatment with spiramycin, 3,000.000 U twice a day for 2 months, was given. The patient underwent a complete resolution of skin lesions which healed leaving atrophic and hyperpigmentary signs ( Fig. 3). At the end of therapy, ELISA was still positive for both IgG and IgM. Spiramycin was changed to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, 800–160 mg twice a day, which was continued for 2 months.

Clearing of the PL after specific anti‐Toxoplasma therapy

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Reactive serology persisted for both IgG and IgM for 8 months, but no new lesions developed.
Comparative study of staphylococci from the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and from healthy subjects
Authors: Higaki Shuichi , Morohashi Masaaki , Yamagishi Takayoshi , Hasegawa Yoshinori
Published: March 2003

Background Bacterial infections occur frequently on the skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the microbiology of the skin of AD patients for staphylococci, the frequency and density of each species, and their susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs.

Methods To study the staphylococci present on the skin of 21 AD outpatients and of 12 healthy subjects (HS), cutaneous organisms were obtained using the contact‐plate method.

Results
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 85.7% of AD patients (mild type, 77.8%; moderate type, 87.8%; and severe type, 100%) and in 25% of HS, while Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in 83.3% of HS and in 38.1% of AD patients. Among the coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) identified, S. epidermidis was the common type and several other CNS were detected in both AD patients and HS. As the eruption grade of dermatitic skin became more severe, the average density of S. aureus increased (severe, 2.68 ± 0.86; moderate, 2.49 ± 0.48; mild, 2.28 ± 0.44). A reversed tendency was seen in S. epidermidis (severe, 1.80; moderate, 1.90; mild, 2.10). Among nine antimicrobial drugs tested against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and some other types of CNS isolates, vancomycin (VCM) and minocycline (MINO) were the most active, gentamycin (GM) was the less active, and ampicillin (ABPC) was the least active.

Conclusions The skin of AD patients was more frequently colonized with S. aureus than that of normal controls. As the severity of the AD lesions increased, the numbers of S. aureus isolated increased. The skin of HS was more colonized with S. epidermidis. Other species of CNS were isolated from several cases of AD patients and HS. In addition, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and the other CNS showed poor susceptibility to some of the tested antimicrobial drugs.
Long‐term administration of cyclosporin A to HCV‐antibody‐positive patients with dermatologic diseases
Authors: Miura Hiroyuki , Itoh Yuka , Matsumoto Yoshiko , Tani Mamori , Tanabe Noboru , Isonokami Masaaki , Kurachi Kishirou , Kozuka Takahito
Published: March 2003

Background Cyclosporine A (CYA) is an immunosuppressive agent which is being used in the treatment of an increasingly wide range of dermatologic diseases, but its use has been avoided in carriers of hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods We administered small doses of CYA (maximum, 3 mg/kg/day) for a long time to treat dermatologic diseases in one HCV‐antibody‐positive patient with no HCV‐RNA in the blood, one patient with a small amount of HCV‐RNA in the blood, and two patients with large amounts of HCV‐RNA in the blood.

Results Skin lesions improved in all patients, but recurred upon complete or partial withdrawal of CYA. In the absence of HCV‐RNA in the blood, or when only a small quantity of HCV‐RNA was present in the blood, HCV‐RNA load showed no apparent change. In one patient with a large blood HCV‐RNA load, CYA dosage reduction was followed by increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and decreases in blood HCV‐RNA. Aggravation of hepatitis due to immunologic reactivation was suspected in this patient.

Conclusions The reduction of CYA dosage is a key element in the use of this agent for cutaneous diseases.
Onychomycosis in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Bokhari Mohammad Azam , Mcps . , Hussain Ijaz , Fcps . , Jahangir Mohammad , Mcps . , Haroon Tahir Saeed , Fcps . , Aman Shahbaz , Mcps . , Khurshid Khawar , Mcps . , Fcps .
Published: March 2003

Background Onychomycosis, a common nail disorder, is caused by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. These fungi give rise to diverse clinical presentations. The present study aimed to isolate the causative pathogens and to determine the various clinical patterns of onychomycosis in the population in Lahore, Pakistan.

Patients In 100 clinically suspected cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by mycologic culture. Different clinical patterns were noted and correlated with causative pathogens.

Results Seventy‐two women (mean age, 32.6 ± 14.8 years) and 28 men (mean age, 40.6 ± 15.8 years) were studied. Fingernails were involved in 50%, toenails in 23%, and both fingernails and toenails in 27% of patients. The various clinical types noted were distolateral subungual onychomycosis (47%), candidal onychomycosis (36%), total dystrophic onychomycosis (12%), superficial white onychomycosis (3%), and proximal subungual onychomycosis (2%). Candida was the most common pathogen (46%), followed by dermatophytes (43%) (Trichophyton rubrum (31%), T. violaceum (5%), T. mentagrophytes (4%), T. tonsurans (2%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (1%) and nondermatophyte molds (11%) (Fusarium (4%), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (2%), Aspergillus (2%), Acremonium (1%), Scytalidium dimidiatum (1%), and Alternaria (1%).

Conclusions Onychomycosis is more common in women of 20–40 years of age. Distolateral subungual onychomycosis and candidal onychomycosis are the most common clinical presentations, and Candida and T. rubrum are the major pathogens in Pakistan.
Cathepsin D expression in early cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Bartenjev Igor , Rudolf Zvonimir , Štabuc Borut , Vrhovec Ivan , Perkovič Tanja , Kansky Aleksej
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background The aspartic proteinase cathepsin D is believed to be associated with proteolytic processes leading to the invasion and seeding of tumor cells. An association between cathepsin D tissue concentration and aggressiveness of tumors has been detected in different cancer types, as well as in metastatic melanoma.

Methods The concentration of cathepsin D was measured immunoradiometrically (ELSA‐CATH‐D kit, CIS Bio International) in the cytosols of 51 primary cutaneous melanomas (with Breslow index < 4 mm) to estimate the tissue concentrations of cathepsin D in early cutaneous melanoma.

Results A significantly elevated concentration of cathepsin D was measured in the tumor cytosols as compared to adjacent normal tissue (44.2 vs. 14.7 pmol/mg of total protein,P < 0.001).

Conclusions Our results indicate that cathepsin D is expressed at high levels by melanoma cells. The extremely high expression of cathepsin D in two of our patients, with later progression of the disease over a 42‐month follow‐up period, suggests a possible correlation between the cathepsin D tissue concentration and the prognosis of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi in morphea and lichen sclerosus
Authors: Özkan S˛ebnem , Atabey Nes˛e , Fetil Emel , Erkızan Verda , Günes˛ Ali Tahsin
Published: March 2003

Background
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) infection has been implicated in the development of morphea and lichen sclerosus; however, conflicting results have been reported with different investigational methods from different regions. We looked for evidence of Bb in patients with morphea and lichen sclerosus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of of skin biopsy samples.

Methods Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded skin biopsy samples from 10 patients with morphea and 12 patients with lichen sclerosus were investigated by PCR analysis for the presence of Bb.

Results The presence of Bb DNA was demonstrated in three of 10 patients with morphea and six of 12 patients with lichen sclerosus by nested PCR.

Conclusions The data obtained in this study suggest that Bb may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of both morphea and lichen sclerosus at least in the western parts of Turkey.
Topical liquiritin improves melasma
Authors: Amer Mohamed , Metwalli Mohamed
Published: March 2003

Twenty women with a clinical diagnosis of melasma were treated with liquiritin cream on one side of the face and with a vehicle cream on the other side twice daily for 4 weeks. Patients were advised to avoid sun exposure and/or used topical sunscreen during the entire period of treatment.

Inclusion criteria included an age range from 18 to 40 years and bilateral and symmetrical idiopathic epidermal melasma. Exclusion criteria included patients with dermal melasma (differentiated by Wood's light), melasma with pregnancy, and patients currently receiving hormone replacement therapy.

Melasma pigmentary intensity was rated on a five‐point scale in relation to the patient's normal facial skin (1, no difference; 2, slightly more pigmented; 3, moderately more pigmented; 4, markedly more pigmented; and 5, intensely more pigmented). The size of the lesions was measured directly using a millimeter grid scale. Ratings and measurements were made prior to treatment and at each of the follow‐up visits (after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks).

Clinical evaluation was performed at week 4; the overall response was rated as excellent, good, fair, or poor. Color photographs were taken at the start and at week 4 of the study. Side‐effects were observed and treated.
TNFα and IL‐6 are mediators in the blistering process of pemphigus
Authors: López‐Robles Eréndira , Avalos‐Díaz Esperanza , Vega‐Memije Elisa , Hojyo‐Tomoka Teresa , Villalobos Ricardo , Fraire Saúl , Domíguez‐Soto Luciano , Herrera‐Esparza Rafael
Published: March 2003

Background  Pemphigus is an autoimmune disease characterized by intraepidermal blisters induced by pemphigus IgG. In addition to autoantibodies, molecular mechanisms involved in acantholysis remain largely unknown. For this reason, we address a possible role of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and TNFα in pemphigus lesions.

Methods  Sixteen biopsies from patients with different types of pemphigus were studied by in situ hybridization using DNA fluorescent probes for IL‐6 and TNFα mRNA.

Results  Fifty‐six percent of lesional biopsies exhibited cytokine gene expression, which was poorly expressed in noninvolved skin. Deposits of TNFα and IL‐6 were products of in situ transcription at the epidermal level.

Conclusions  Inflammatory cytokine expression around the blister could play a mediator role in pemphigus lesions by increasing epithelial damage.
Safety and efficacy of glycolic acid facial peel in Indian women with melasma
Authors: Javaheri Saeid Mirzazadeh , Handa Sanjeev , Kaur Inderjeet , Kumar Bhushan
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background  Melasma is a common disorder of facial hyperpigmentation. Many modalities of treatment are available, but none is satisfactory.

Materials and methods  Twenty‐five nonpregnant female patients with a minimum melasma area and severity index (MASI) of 15 were recruited in the study. After a detailed history and clinical examination under natural light and Wood's light, MASI was calculated and color photographs were taken of all patients. Patients were advised to carry out a prepeel program of daily application of topical sunscreens (sun protection factor‐15, SPF‐15) and 10% glycolic acid lotion at night for 2 weeks. Patients were then treated with 50% glycolic acid facial peel once per month for three consecutive months. At regular intervals and at the end of the follow‐up period (3 months) after the last peel, the degree of improvement in pigmentation was assessed by remeasuring MASI. Side‐effects, if any, were also recorded. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using Student's paired t‐test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient test.

Results  Improvement in melasma (reduction in MASI) was observed in 91% of patients (P < 0.01). Patients with epidermal‐type melasma demonstrated a better response to treatment than those with mixed‐type melasma (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  The prepeel program followed by 50% glycolic acid facial peel once per month for three consecutive months proved to be an effective treatment modality in Indian patients without any significant side‐effects.
Rediscovering hydroxyurea: its role in recalcitrant psoriasis
Authors: Kumar Bhushan , Saraswat Abir , Kaur Inderjeet
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background  There is an acute paucity of second‐line systemic agents for the treatment of extensive chronic plaque psoriasis (CPP). Recent studies using hydroxyurea in patients with HIV infection and sickle cell anemia have rekindled interest in this old drug and have provided more data regarding safety and dosage.

Objective  We wanted to test the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxyurea in patients with extensive CPP who had to discontinue first‐line oral agents for any reason.

Methods  The study was a prospective nonrandomized series. Thirty‐one patients, including 26 with prior history of systemic antipsoriatic therapy were given hydroxyurea 1–1.5 g per day for a median duration of 36 weeks. They were followed up for a mean period of 36.1 ± 13.8 weeks.

Results  Almost 75% of the patients showed an adequate response (35% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index at or before 8 weeks) with over half showing more than 70% reduction in PASI score. All adverse effects were mild and reversible and none of the patients required cessation of therapy.

Conclusion  Hydroxyurea is an effective, very safe but relatively slower acting alternative for patients with extensive CPP over the short‐to‐medium term.
Anxiety level and severity of skin condition predicts outcome of psychotherapy in atopic dermatitis patients
Authors: Linnet Jakob , Jemec Gregor B. E.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease associated with an increased anxiety level. Psychotherapy studies of AD patients report improvement in anxiety level and skin condition after psychotherapy.

Methods  This psychotherapy study investigated 32 adult AD patients with mild to severe AD. Sixteen participants received 6 months of brief dynamic psychotherapy, while 16 were controls. The participants were compared using Spielberger's State–Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) and Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis Index (SCORAD) pre‐ and post‐therapy, and at follow‐up after 12 months.

Results  Initially, no outcome differences were found between the two groups; however, a post hoc multiple regression analysis indicated that AD patients with a higher intake level of trait anxiety (TA) showed greater improvement after psychotherapy, in terms of anxiety level and skin condition, than did AD patients with a low intake level of TA. Atopic dermatitis patients with a higher anxiety level, in the no‐treatment group, were more likely to discontinue the program.

Conclusions  The results suggest that AD patients with a higher anxiety level are more likely to improve their psychologic and dermatologic condition after psychotherapy, but are more vulnerable to nonadherence when no adequate psychologic treatment is offered. The results underscore the importance of proper psychologic assessment and treatment in addition to dermatologic treatment.
Cutaneous foreign bodies: elusive presentation. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Al‐Jasmi Fatima , Al‐Khenaizan Sultan
Published: March 2003

Injuries by foreign bodies are a common problem in children, and sewing needles are not uncommonly found foreign bodies. Cutaneous foreign bodies are also occasionally seen, and these patients are referred to dermatologists because of skin findings resulting from body reactions. In this report we present an unusual case of a foreign body presenting as a linear skin eruption.
Mucin‐poor follicular mycosis fungoides
Authors: Özdemir Mustafa , Demirkesen Cuyan , Arzuhal Nurcan , Tüzün Yalçýn
Published: March 2003

A 49‐year‐old woman was admitted with generalized pruritus which she had for the last 4 years. Three months ago she developed erythema on her face, alopecia totalis, an erythematous macular eruption with follicular hyperkeratoses on the trunk and limbs (Fig. 1). She had bilateral palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. Histologic examination of the biopsies taken from the erythematous areas on the trunk and scalp revealed a folliculocentric infiltration composed of atypical, small and medium‐sized mononuclear cells, intermingled with reactive lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasmocytes, rare eosinophils, and giant cells without involvement of the epidermis (Fig. 2). The infiltrate surrounded and invaded the hair follicle epithelium without destroying it. With alcian blue staining, only small amounts of mucin were detected within the epithelium of the hair follicles. By the immunohistochemistry performed, folliculocentric infiltration was mainly composed of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(–) lymphocytes. A full blood count, peripheral smear, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the concentration of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood (BUN), creatinin, transaminases, serum electrolytes, C‐reactive protein (CRP), IgE, serum lipids, serum lactate dehydrogenase, urinalysis, roentgenogram and CT scan of chest were normal. Beta 2 microglobulin was 3.15 mg/L (normal range 1.2–2.5 mg/L). In the biopsy of the axillary lymph node, there was a focal infiltration of atypical T‐cells in the interfollicular area. She was given psoralen‐UVA (PUVA) treatment for 6 months (85 sessions, in escalating doses with a total 71.8 j/cm2) which resulted in a partial healing of the pruritus, erythematous plaques, follicular hyperkeratoses, and patchy hair regrowth. She then received oral methyl prednisolone, 40 mg daily for 3 weeks and the dose was gradually decreased and eventually reduced to 16 mg daily in 2 months. This resulted in healing of the pruritus, improvement in the erythematous plaques and follicular hyperkeratoses and axillary lymphadenopathy. Beta 2 microglobulin levels decreased to normal range (2.27 mg/L). After taking the 16 mg daily dose of the prednisolone for 6 months, her complaint of itching recurred. Erythematous plaques and follicular hyperkeratoses were noted again. The dosage of the steroids was increased to 40 mg daily and PUVA treatment was restarted. She is currently receiving oral methyl prednisolone and PUVA.

Follicular papules are seen on the upper extremities

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(A) FMF; a folliculocentric infiltration demonstrated in the dermis. (H & E × 200) (B)FMF; typical convoluted lymphocytes both surrounding and involving the follicular epithelium intermingled with histiocytes and eosinophils (H & E × 1000)

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