bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper-Rock-Scissors: an exploration of the dynamics of players’ strategies
Authors: Zhang Hanshu , Moisan Frederic , Gonzalez Cleotilde
Published: February 2021

This research contributes to the understanding of dynamic decision making behavior in adversarial repeated interactions. Using a well-known competitive game, Rock-Paper-Scissors in a two-player experiment, we collected data of repeated play in pairs over many trials. We design a payoff matrix that allows us to distinguish the optimal (Nash) behavior from random behavior. Our analyses indicate that participants do not play in agreement with Nash or random. We also do not find evidence of the cyclic behavior suggested in the literature. Interestingly, human behavior is very heterogeneous. While some players follow the common “Win-Stay/Lose-Shift” heuristic, many others also follow a "Win-Shift/Lose-Stay” heuristic. We summarize our conclusions for the study of the dynamics of behavior in adversarial situations.
Evaluating Risk-Propensity Assessment Methods: Patterns in Repeated Exposure to Emotional Stimuli
Authors: Susindar Sahinya , Wissel-Littmann Harrison , Ho Terry , Ferris Thomas K.
Published: February 2021

In studying naturalistic human decision-making, it is important to understand how emotional states shape decision-making processes and outcomes. Emotion regulation techniques can improve the quality of decisions, but there are several challenges to evaluating these techniques in a controlled research context. Determining the effectiveness of emotion regulation techniques requires methodology that can: 1) reliably elicit desired emotions in decision-makers; 2) include decision tasks with response measures that are sensitive to emotional loading; and 3) support repeated exposures/trials with relatively-consistent emotional loading and response sensitivity. The current study investigates one common method, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), for its consistency and reliability in measuring the risk-propensity of decision-makers, and specifically how the method’s effectiveness might change over the course of repeated exposures. With the PANASX subjective assessment serving for comparison, results suggest the BART assessment method, when applied over repeated exposures, is reduced in its sensitivity to emotional stimuli and exhibits decision task-related learning effects which influence the observed trends in response data in complex ways. This work is valuable for researchers in decision-making and to guide design for humans with consideration for their affective states.
Defining A Design Space of The Auto-Mobile Office: A Computational Abstraction Hierarchy Analysis
Authors: Li Mengyao , Katrahmani Atefeh , Kamaraj Amudha V. , Lee John D.
Published: February 2021

One advantage of highly automated vehicles is drivers can use commute time for non-driving tasks, such as work-related tasks. The potential for an auto-mobile office—a space where drivers work in automated vehicles—is a complex yet underexplored idea. This paper begins to define a design space of the auto- mobile office in SAE Level 3 automated vehicles by integrating the affinity diagram (AD) with a computational representation of the abstraction hierarchy (AH). The AD uses a bottom-up approach where researchers starting with individual findings aggregate and abstract those into higher-level concepts. The AH uses a top-down approach where researchers start with first principles to identify means-ends links between system goals and concrete forms of the system. Using the programming language R, the means-ends links of AH can be explored statistically. This computational approach to the AH provides a systematic means to define the design space of the auto-mobile office.
Assessing the Ability of Multidimensional Scaling and Pathfinder Networks to Measure Spatial Knowledge
Authors: Furlough Caleb , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: February 2021

Cognitive maps, or mental representations of external environments, aid spatial navigation. Typically, researchers study cognitive maps by having participants provide a sketched map. However, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and Pathfinder, statistical techniques which represent a set of input proximities as a n-dimensional space or a network, respectively, can both be used as measures of cognitive maps. Previous research with semantic knowledge suggests that Pathfinder is better than MDS for mental modelling. In the present study, participants drew maps of a familiar environment from memory and provided pairwise distance ratings for landmarks present in those locations. Using those distance ratings as inputs for MDS solutions and Pathfinder networks, the extent to which MDS and Pathfinder related to the participant sketch maps was assessed. Results indicated that MDS solutions were more highly correlated with sketch maps than were Pathfinder networks.
Towards a Context-Dependent Framework for Visualizing Mental Models
Authors: Harper Samantha , Dorton Stephen
Published: February 2021

Mental models describe an internal representation of knowledge, which can be used to describe, explain, and predict a person’s interactions with their environment. While there is no shortage on mental model research, a recent literature review revealed the majority of research on mental models does not include an actual model of any kind. Mental models are able to capture complex information, which is difficult to effectively convey through written word alone. A set of visual metaphors are needed to effectively convey the disparate information that can be identified in mental models. We have conducted initial research to develop a notional framework for visualizing mental models based on the context of the elicitation methods used (and the data collected).
Abstraction Hierarchy Based Explainable Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Dikmen Murat , Burns Catherine
Published: February 2021

This work explores the application of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) in the context of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). We built an AI system using a loan evaluation data set and applied an XAI technique to obtain data-driven explanations for predictions. Using an Abstraction Hierarchy (AH), we generated domain knowledge-based explanations to accompany data-driven explanations. An online experiment was conducted to test the usefulness of AH-based explanations. Participants read financial profiles of loan applicants, the AI system’s loan approval/rejection decisions, and explanations that justify the decisions. Presence or absence of AH-based explanations was manipulated, and participants’ perceptions of the explanation quality was measured. The results showed that providing AH-based explanations helped participants learn about the loan evaluation process and improved the perceived quality of explanations. We conclude that a CWA approach can increase understandability when explaining the decisions made by AI systems.
Creating Metrics for Human-Agent Teams
Authors: Cavanah Elizabeth , Ford Zachary , Jasper Angelica , Stonewall Jacklin , Gilbert Stephen B. , Dorneich Michael
Published: February 2021

This paper describes the requirements and overall design of a testbed for a human-agent team. A robust, flexible testbed will enable researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of human-agent teaming concepts and issues. In the testbed, MazeWorld, multiple agents play different roles in which tasks are interdependent. Each role can be served by a human or an autonomous agent. Metrics were developed to capture individual and team effectiveness and allow researchers to compare different types of teams and teamwork protocols. Examples of the current task design are presented with the discussion of the future development of the system.
The Effect of Effort on the Allocation of Visual Attention During the Induction of General Anesthesia: A SEEV Model Analysis
Authors: Grundgeiger Tobias , Beckh Katharina , Happel Oliver
Published: February 2021

Anesthesiologists work in complex work environments where optimal scanning of information is critical for patient safety. The Salience, Effort, Expectancy, Value (SEEV) model can be used to model attention distributions of individuals. We used an existing data set of eye tracking data of anesthesiologists inducing general anesthesia to (1) develop a method for considering the effort parameter in the model in such an environment and (2) investigate the explanatory power of an EEV model compared to an EV model. To operationalize effort, we created a 3D model using Unreal Engine 4. We used Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations to obtain EV and EEV model predictions. The inclusion of effort did not yield an advantage over the model which did not include effort. We discuss methodological considerations for future research and suggest to simultaneously consider salience and effort to be able to assess the role of effort more accurately.
How Coordinated Visual Attention on a Target Area of Interest is Impacted by a Change in Workload Over Time
Authors: Devlin Shannon P. , Flynn Jake R. , Riggs Sara L.
Published: February 2021

Data-rich environments rely on operators to collaborate, especially in light of workload changes. This work explores the relationship between the operators’ shared visual attention patterns on a target area of interest (AOI), i.e. the AOI causing a workload change, and how it affects collaborative performance. Eye tracking data was collected from ten pairs of participants who completed two scenarios, the first being low workload and the second being high workload, in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command and control testbed. Then, best and worst performing pairs were compared in terms of two shared visual attention metrics: (1) percent gaze overlap and (2) the phi coefficient for the target AOI. The results showed that coordinated visits to and from the target AOI were associated with better performance during high workload. These results suggest including quantitative measures of visual attention can be indicators of the adaptation process in real- time.
Scanpath analysis into the wild: the spatiotemporal distribution of fixations as an indicator of driver’s mental workload
Authors: Nocera Francesco Di , Ricciardi Orlando , Mastrangelo Simon , Torres Emiliano , Bordignon Marco , Marcolin Francesco
Published: February 2021

Past studies using the distribution of eye fixations as an indicator of mental workload are limited to simulations and laboratory tasks. Hence, this assessment strategy has not yet been proven useful in real- world settings. In order to bridge this gap, in this study eye movements of a group of individuals were recorded while driving a car in a suburban road. Drivers’ scanpaths during driving and during driving while performing mundane secondary tasks were compared in this study. A more grouped pattern of fixations was expected in the dual-task condition than in the driving-only condition. As expected, results showed the effectiveness the spatiotemporal distribution of fixations in correctly discriminating between task load conditions, therefore indicating its usefulness for assessing mental workload also in complex real-world tasks.
Applying Design Thinking: Tales From The Field
Authors: Batra Sanjay , Belanger Hugues , Confer Scott
Published: February 2021

It has been over 30 years since The Design of Everyday Things was published by Don Norman. An increasingly popular approach of “Design Thinking” owes much of its popularity to Norman’s notion of “Human-Centered Design.” Design thinking at its core empowers everyone on a team to “think like a designer” with an array of creativity approaches to solve complex problems. This panel will focus on the utility of Design Thinking by bringing together viewpoints from three experience designers with over 60 years of combined tenure creating products and services. By discussing the challenges in each of their respective industries of business consulting, internet software, and hardware development, the panelists will share their experiences how design thinking can be applied and extended.
A Longitudinal Study Investigating the Effects of Workload and Exposure on 3D Gestural Human Computer Interaction
Authors: Jurewicz Katherina A. , Neyens David M.
Published: February 2021

3D gestural input technology has the ability to expand human-computer interaction (HCI) beyond traditional input modalities. It is known that context and domain expertise are influential to gesture development, but there is little known about other individual factors such as workload and exposure. Therefore, the objective of this work is to explore the effects of workload and exposure on intuitive gesture choice and reaction time under a general HCI context. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the differences in intuitive mappings for high and low workload conditions as well as across three separate experimental sessions. There were no differences in the intuitive mappings for either workload conditions or different experimental sessions. However, there was a difference in reaction times between all experimental sessions indicating there was a learning effect from the first to the last session in that the participants became faster in generating intuitive mappings.
Impact of Agents’ Errors on Performance, Reliance and Trust in Human-Agent Collaboration
Authors: Daronnat Sylvain , Azzopardi Leif , Halvey Martin
Published: February 2021

Trust in automation is often strongly tied to an agent’s performance. However, our understanding of imperfect agents’ behaviours and its impact on trust is limited. In this paper, we study the relationship between performance, reliance and trust in a set of human-agent collaborative tasks. Participants collaborated with different automated agents that performed similarly but made errors in different ways; namely mistakes (error of prioritization), lapses (error of omission) and slips (lowered accuracy). We conducted a 4x2 within-subjects experiment (n=24) varying the agent behaviours (no error, slips, mistakes and lapses) and task difficulty (easy/hard) during a real-time collaborative game. Our results show that, at the same level of agent performance, agents’ errors are perceived differently and change the way participants interact with agents. For instance, slips and mistakes are more harmful to performance than lapses while slips are more harmful to reliance than mistakes.
Patterns of interaction with information sources: A case study of a home healthcare admission nurse completing medication-related activities
Authors: McLaurin Elease , Bass Ellen J.
Published: February 2021

A method is presented for understanding how people interact with information sources in complex work environments. The method is based on 1) the importance of focusing on information transformations in cognitive work systems articulated in the information trails model and 2) the concept of mediated actions from activity theory as a framework for systematically describing the activities of a human actor. The method was applied to data from a single observation of a home healthcare nurse completing medication-related activities during an admission visit. During the visit, the nurse provided or obtained information using 21 different action patterns to interact with information sources. Using these action patterns, the complexity of different care activities was inspected. The presented method provides a tool for identifying work system redesign opportunities for improving information flow.
What makes phishing emails hard for humans to detect?
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Aggarwal Palvi , Rajivan Prashanth , Gonzalez Cleotilde
Published: February 2021

This research investigates the email features that make a phishing email difficult to detect by humans. We use an existing data set of phishing and ham emails and expand that data set by collecting annotations of the features that make the emails phishing. Using the new, annotated data set, we perform cluster analyses to identify the categories of emails and their attributes. We then analyze the accuracy of detection in each category. Our results indicate that the similarity of the features of phishing emails to benign emails, play a critical role in the accuracy of detection. The phishing emails that are most similar to ham emails had the lowest accuracy while the phishing emails that were most dissimilar to the ham emails were detected more accurately. Regression models reveal the contribution of phishing email’s features to phishing detection accuracy. We discuss the implications of these results to theory and practice.
Cybersecurity Teamwork: A Review of Current Practices and Suggested Improvements
Authors: Simonson Richard J. , Keebler Joseph R. , Lessmiller Mathew , Richards Tyson , Lee John C.
Published: February 2021

As cyber-attacks and their subsequent responses have become more frequent and complex over the past decade, research into the performance and effectiveness of cybersecurity teams has gained an immense amount of traction. However, investigation of teamwork in this domain is lacking due to the exclusion of known team competencies and a lack of reliance on team science. This paper serves to provide insight into the benefit that can be gained from utilizing the extant teamwork literature to improve teams’ research and applications in the domain of cyber-security.
Tools for Ergonomic Intervention: The Development and Analysis of a Cost Calculator
Authors: Stephens Derek , Schwerha Diana J.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine if safety professionals can use an ergonomic intervention costing calculator, which integrates performance and quality data into the costing matrix, to increase communication and better of decision making for the company. The sample size included 9 participants, which included four safety managers, four EHS managers, and one HR generalist. Results showed that all participants found the calculator very useful, well integrated, and it increased communication across the company. The mean System Usability Score (SUS) score was 82, which is rated as a perfectly acceptable software for use. Recommendations from this study include adding some additional features to the calculator, increasing awareness and availability of the calculator, and conducting further analysis using larger sample sizes. Limitations in this study include small sample size and limited interventions that were tested.
Effects of Visual Location of Information on The Performance of Monitoring Task Searhing in Digital Interactive Interface
Authors: Wu Xiaoli , Li Qizhi
Published: February 2021

The visual location of the information influences the searching efficiency of the monitoring task. In this paper, from the division of human eye’s visual regions, the task searching experiments of visual location in digital interactive interface are conducted. The experimental results show that, for target information blocks in the foveal and the parafoveal regions, the operators can finish the task searching efficiently and rapidly. However, when the target task is away from present fixation range’s parafoveal region, it will easily lead to sequence searching that will cost extra unnecessary task searching time, or even lead to failure of task searching. Therefore, the information layout design of digital interactive interface should be set successively in effective visual locations, i.e., the foveal and the parafoveal regions according to task order. This will satisfy the visual location rule and will efficiently improve the performance of task searching.
The Influence of Voice on Pedagogical Agent’s Persona and Recall Performance
Authors: Morris Thomas W. , Chen Hung-Tao M.
Published: February 2021

Despite the prevalence of computer-generated speech, few studies have investigated the direct relationship between an agent’s voice and students’ perception or recall performance. This study investigated the effects of voice (without visual information) on students’ perception ratings and recall performance. Our results indicated that in the absence of visual information, students greatly preferred the human voice. The recall performance, however, indicated that the synthesized voices led to better recall performance. Implications for pedagogical practices are described in the discussion section.
An Explorative Analysis of the Feasibility of Implementing Metacognitive Strategies in Self-Regulated Learning with the Conversational Agents
Authors: Desai Smit , Chin Jessie
Published: February 2021

With the prevalence of commercially available conversational agents (CAs), little research examined the capacities and constraints of these devices to support adults to learn new information on their own. The article conducted systematic analysis on the commercially available CAs (using work domain analysis and literature review), synthesized the metacognitive strategies that have been implemented in the computer-based learning environments, and examined the feasibility to implement these strategies on CAs to support self-regulated learning. This study has implications on designing scalable evidence-based theory-driven educational applications to support users to learn new information on their own using the off-the-shelf devices.
Bridging Psychology and Engineering: Undergraduate Conceptions of Human Systems Engineering
Authors: Roscoe Rod D. , Arnold Samuel T. , Clark Ashley T.
Published: February 2021

Instruction and coursework that link engineering and psychology may enable future engineers to better understand the people they are engineering for (e.g., users and clients) and themselves as engineers (e.g., teammates). In addition, human-centered engineering education may empower engineering students to better solve problems at the intersection of technology and people. In this study, we surveyed students’ conceptions and attitudes toward human systems engineering. We aggregate responses across three survey iterations to discuss students’ knowledge and beliefs, and to consider instructional opportunities for introductory courses.
Who is in the Room? Notification for Intrusions While in Virtual Reality
Authors: Crowson Aaron , Pugh Zachary H. , Wilkinson Michael , Mayhorn Christopher B.
Published: February 2021

The development of head-mounted display virtual reality systems (e.g., Oculus Rift, HTC Vive) has resulted in an increasing need to represent the physical world while immersed in the virtual. Current research has focused on representing static objects in the physical room, but there has been little research into notifying VR users of changes in the environment. This study investigates how different sensory modalities affect noticeability and comprehension of notifications designed to alert head-mounted display users when a person enters his/her area of use. In addition, this study investigates how the use of an orientation type notification aids in perception of alerts that manifest outside a virtual reality users’ visual field. Results of a survey indicated that participants perceived the auditory modality as more effective regardless of notification type. An experiment corroborated these findings for the person notifications; however, the visual modality was in practice more effective for orientation notifications.
Field Observations of Placement for Large-Panel Flat and Curved Displays for Presbyopic and Prepresbyopic Computer Users
Authors: Bartha Michael C , Allie Paul , Kokot Doug
Published: February 2021

Displays with panels larger than 30 inches are being provided to workers in corporate settings at an increasing rate. Additionally, some models are offered that have curved panels. This field study was designed to observe user selected position of 34 inch curved and flat displays and determine if there are positioning, user experience and satisfaction differences between pre-presbyopes and presbyope workers who have multifocal vision correction. The results indicate that participants position larger displays a little farther away than displays with a less than 30 inch diagonal. Newer, larger displays did not reduce reports of eye discomfort, but they did significantly reduce reports of neck and shoulder discomfort. Study participants preferred working with the curved display compared to the large flat display.
Face Validity of Various Display Methodologies in Conveying Spatial Awareness and Depth Perception
Authors: Figueroa-Jacinto Rosemarie , Kappler Elizabeth , Jin Xiaojian , Arndt Steve , Rundell Steve
Published: February 2021

The information conveyed through visual cues varies greatly depending on the display method. Digital images are often used as trial demonstratives and are a vital resource in the presentation and transfer of information to a jury during litigation. In the situation where depth perception and spatial awareness are a key factor in the understanding of a subject incident, immersive technology, such as virtual reality (VR), may provide a valuable alternative to traditional media forms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different display methodologies in conveying depth perception and spatial awareness during an “optical illusion” misstep and fall case. This study provides a quantitative characterization of participants’ responses to various display methodologies ranging from 2D photographs to a VR environment. Results indicate that individuals were able to perceive a larger number of visual cues when immersed in a three-dimensional virtual environment, giving them a more accurate representation of the scene.
Media and Public Engagement for Societal Impact: Getting the Word Out about Human Factors and Ergonomics
Authors: Roscoe Rod D. , Acemyan Claudia Z. , Jacobs Karen , Robertson Michelle M. , Yoo Angela , Mitchell Doug
Published: February 2021

Societal impact refers to the influence of research on economic, environmental, cultural, and social outcomes that extend beyond the scientific sphere. In 2018, the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society launched the Societal Impact Committee to mindfully identify societal issues in which HF/E could contribute to beneficial impact while also advancing science and practice. This panel will consider the role of media and public engagement in facilitating this broad endeavor. Panelists will discuss their experiences, strategies, and lessons learned pertaining to connecting with the media and public via outreach, journalism, museums, and more.
Inclusion and Accessibility in The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Authors: Gomes Kylie M. , Nguyen Theresa , Stonewall Jacklin , Davis Kermit , Coppola Sarah , Hallett Kim , Williams Rua M.
Published: February 2021

The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Diversity Committee is entering its fourth year and continuing ways to improve diversity within the society as well as promote inclusive excellence within the HFE profession. Building on the annual meeting content from the committee’s first two years, 2019’s alternative format session on “HFE in Diversity, Inclusion and Social Justice: A Practical Primer” facilitated discussion amongst attendees about practical knowledge related to conducting diversity, inclusion, and social justice research. At the end of the session, a questionnaire was administered to gather input for future annual meeting programming. A topic of interest that emerged included promoting inclusion in HFE training, education, and the profession as a whole. Therefore, with input from past participants, this panel brings together researchers, experts, and HFES leadership to discuss challenges related to inclusion and accessibility within the society and profession, as well as how to move forward to address these challenges.
UX & HF: The State of the Union
Authors: Ballew Tim , Bartha Michael C. , Harper Christy , Holmes Danae , Kruithof Pieter , Meingast Melissa
Published: February 2021

The disciplines of HF and UX appear to be drifting further apart, with careers in UX continuing to grow at rates that far surpass those in HF. Does this divergence come at a cost, or is it a natural step that lends clarity and focus to the two disciplines, or both? In this panel we will explore the reasons for this separation and how this divergence has been reflected in our own career from a range of perspectives, ranging from research practices that incorporate both disciplines as critical aspects of the design process, to those where HF processes underlie the approach to UX, to those that trade scientific rigor in favor of democratization of the discipline. We will discuss the implications of this separation, and how (and if) to bridge the gap.
HFES Student Chapters: A Discussion of Best Practices
Authors: Waldfogle Grace E. , Lucaites Katie , Brunsen Emily , Derby Jessyca
Published: February 2021

The objective of this panel is to open a dialog about how to effectively run student chapters of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. The panel will start by Grace Waldfogle briefly giving an overview of the discussion panel and providing her insight into the University of Central Florida’s student chapter. Katie Lucaites will discuss the benefits of applied projects and how the Clemson student chapter succeeds. Emily Brunsen will share how the North Carolina State University student chapter makes their presence known on campus. Finally, Jessyca Derby will discuss the do’s and don’ts of chapter success from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. The specific theme of this discussion panel is to express student chapter successes and failures in an open discussion format. Each panelist brings a different viewpoint from varying chapter sizes around the country. Grace will foster discussion among the panelists and questions from the general audience.

Discussion time: 90 minutes
Patient Safety Learning Labs: What are we actually learning
Authors: Anders Shilo , Patterson Emily S. , Catchpole Ken R. , Holden Richard J. , Gurses Ayse , Weinger (Co-Chair) Matthew B. , Xiao (Co- Chair) Yan
Published: February 2021

Over the last several years, a number of human factors researchers have been integral to the advent and success of AHRQ’s Patient Safety Learning Laboratories (PSLLs). This panel is made up of researchers involved in this program of research and co-chaired by two different project PIs. The goal of this panel is to share what panelists have learned as the engage in this research to address patient safety issues using a systems engineering approach.
Exploring the Complexities of Trauma Care Flow and Documentation
Authors: Patel Danita , Pruitt Zoe , Barrientos Ronald Romero , McEwen Tim , Metzger Max , Fong Allan
Published: February 2021

Trauma care is complex as severe injuries happen unexpectedly, may not immediately present symptoms, and may require assessment by multiple providers to improve outcomes. This work aims to explore the complexities of trauma patient flow and documentation challenges through semi-structured interviews of both in-field and in-hospital providers. Ten trauma care providers were asked to explain their typical workflow and documentations related to trauma care. We found that trauma care flow is convoluted and non-linear depending on several factors, such as how the patient enters the system and the severity of injuries. Additionally, documentation practices vary, following no specific guidelines, partly due to the chaotic nature of incoming traumas. Participants mentioned using apps to aid workflow, but none were used to aid in documentation or clinical handover. Documentation usually takes place on paper or away from electronic devices, which has design implications for clinical decision support or artificial intelligence development tools.
Effect of Guided Tactical Breathing with Biofeedback on Acute Stress Attenuation and Marksmanship Performance of Novice Shooters
Authors: Lotfabadi Ramtin , Granek Joshua A. , He Jiayuan , Jiang Ning , He Fan , Bae Junhan , Boland Hamid , Burns Catherine M.
Published: February 2021

The current study introduced a novel approach to inducing stress, and examining effects of wearable and mobile technology-assisted tactical breathing with real-time heartrate biofeedback, on the attenuation of acute stress, post-stressor recovery and performance. 39 participants with no prior experience with firearms participated in a marksmanship task engaging stationary targets with a semi-automatic rifle, at a controlled indoor shooting range. Novice shooters applying guided tactical breathing with biofeedback following exposure to the shooting task, were able to maintain lower arousal (uninhibited parasympathetic system). Findings suggested significant effect of intervention with biofeedback on stress attenuation, however no significant improvement of marksmanship performance among novice shooters resulting from the intervention was found. This study provides insights into app-led tactical breathing training to control arousal levels during stress, recommending strategies on further evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile and wearable technologies on stress attenuation for varying levels of marksmanship skill and individual difference.
Physician Perceptions of Disposition Decision-making for Older Adults in the Emergency Department: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Rutkowski Rachel A. , Salwei Megan , Barton Hanna , Wust Kathryn , Hoonakker Peter , Brenny-Fitzpatrick Maria , King Barbara , Shah Manish N. , Pulia Michael S. , Patterson Brian W. , Dáil Paula vW. , Smith Maureen , Carayon Pascale , Werner Nicole E.
Published: February 2021

Disposition decision-making in the emergency department (ED) is critical to patient safety and quality of care. Disposition decision-making has particularly important implications for older adults who comprise a significant portion of ED visits annually and are vulnerable to suboptimal outcomes throughout ED care transitions. We conducted a secondary inductive content analysis of interviews with ED physicians (N= 11) to explore their perceptions of who they involve in disposition decision-making and what information they use to make disposition decisions for older adults. ED physicians cited 7 roles (5 types of clinicians, patients and families) and 11 information types, both clinical (e.g. test/lab results) and non-clinical (e.g. family’s preference). Our preliminary findings represent a key first step toward the development of interventions that promote patient safety and quality of care for older adults in the ED by supporting the cognitive and communicative aspects of disposition decision-making.
Illuminating the decision-making strategies of anesthesia providers in challenging cases
Authors: Biro Joshua , Neyens David M. , Jaruzel Candace , Tobin Catherine D. , Alfred Myrtede , Coppola Sarah , Abernathy James H. , Catchpole Ken R.
Published: February 2021

Medication errors and error-related scenarios in anesthesia remain an important area of research. Interventions and best practice recommendations in anesthesia are often based in the work-as-imagined healthcare system, remaining under-used due to a range of unforeseen complexities in healthcare work-as- done. In order to design adaptable anesthesia medication delivery systems, a better understanding of clinical cognition within the context of anesthesia work is needed. Fourteen interviews probing anesthesia providers’ decision making were performed. The results revealed three overarching themes: (1) anesthesia providers find cases challenging when they have incomplete information, (2) decision-making begins with information seeking, and (3) attributes such as expertise, experience, and work environment influence anesthesia providers’ information seeking and synthesis of tasks. These themes and the context within this data help create a more realistic view of work-as-done and generate insights into what potential medication error reducing interventions should look to avoid and what they could help facilitate.
Anonymity in Questions and Answers about Health
Authors: Guo Cheng , Caine Kelly
Published: February 2021

Social Question & Answer (Q&A) sites are a unique source of health information that draw from personal, rather than professional experience. When people ask or answer questions about health using these sites, they may do so using their real name, or another type of identity such as pseudonymity (e.g., a username or nickname) or anonymity. People’s behavior may differ when they have a choice about which type of identity they choose, especially the context of different levels of sensitivity of content (e.g., health vs. non- health). In this work, we explore the relationship between different types of identity (e.g., anonymity and pseudonymity) and several Q&A metrics of user behavior on Yahoo Answers in the context of health and non-health content using path analysis. We find that health-related questions are more likely to be asked and answered anonymously. We also find that anonymous answers have more upvotes and downvotes than pseudonymous answers indicating more engagement. We conclude by suggesting that health Q&A sites and other online health communities may improve the quality of discussion by providing anonymity features and implementing moderation mechanisms.
A Proactive Risk Assessment Methodology to Enhance Patient Safety: Reducing Wrong Site Surgery as a Preventable Medical Error
Authors: Tabibzadeh Maryam , Jahangiri Gelareh
Published: February 2021

Patient safety has been a major area of concern over the last decades in the healthcare industry. The number of preventable medical errors in hospitals has been noticeably high. These errors are more likely to occur in intensive care units including Operating Rooms (ORs). Wrong site surgery is one of the critical sentinel events that occur in healthcare settings.

This paper fills an important gap by proposing an integrated, system-oriented methodology for proactive risk assessment of operations in ORs, to specifically analyze the wrong site surgery issue, through the identification and monitoring of appropriate Leading Safety Indicators (LSIs) to evaluate the safety of those operations and generate warning/predicting signals for potential failures. These LSIs are identified across the layers of an introduced framework, which is built on the foundation of the Human-Organization-Technology (HOT) model originally developed by Meshkati (1992). This multi-layered framework captures the contributing causes of wrong site surgery.
Interventions to Improve Interprofessional Bedside Rounds in a Paediatric Critical Care Unit
Authors: Bateman Alanna , Pinkney Sonia , Tomasi Jessica , Laussen Peter , Trbovich Patricia
Published: February 2021

Communication errors are the leading root cause of preventable adverse events in hospitals. Patient care rounds provide the most important opportunity for interprofessional communication; however, rounds involve many interprofessional team members, and it can be challenging to achieve optimal communication and team functioning. While rounding best practices have been identified, implementations of best practices have produced mixed results, and little emphasis has been placed on explicitly aligning interventions to user needs. The goal of this study was to elucidate health care providers’ (HCPs) rounding needs and to align intervention design to those needs to improve interprofessional communication within a paediatric critical care unit (CCU). Interview and survey data were collected to identify needs and a participatory design approach was taken to transform needs into intervention(s). The main needs identified led to specific changes included in the intervention design such as changes in the structure, content and timing of morning rounds.
Acceptance of mHealth by Elderly Adults: A Path Analysis
Authors: Xie Zhenzhen , Kalun Or Calvin
Published: February 2021

Mobile health (mHealth) appears to be a promising assistive tool for the long-term health management of the elderly. However, mHealth adoption rates remain relatively low among the elderly. In this study, we surveyed 108 elderly adults to determine their perceptions of mHealth applications (apps) and conducted a path analysis with the aim of studying the factors that affected the acceptance of mHealth in this population. Notably, the intention to use health apps was positively affected by the perceived usefulness (PU) (β=0.32, p<0.001), perceived ease of use (PEOU) (β=0.24, p=0.003), mHealth literacy (β=0.21, p=0.004), smartphone screen size (β=0.15, p=0.02), and healthcare providers’ influence (β=0.17, p=0.02), but negatively affected by storage consumption (β=-0.18, p=0.03). PU was positively affected by PEOU (β=0.16, p=0.02), favorable features (β=0.40, p<0.001), and quality of information (β=0.26, p=0.003).

Based on these findings, we suggest that high-quality information, a user-friendly interface, intriguing features, low storage consumption, a large display screen, and the involvement of healthcare professionals are needed to promote the acceptance of mHealth interventions among the elderly.
Relationship between Motion Sickness and Accuracy of Vestibulo-ocular Reflex
Authors: Sato Hikaru , Sato Yuki , Wada Takahiro
Published: February 2021

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is the reflexive eye movement occurring in the opposite direction of head movement to stabilize the visual image during head movement. We hypothesize that there exists a correlation between motion sickness and the accuracy of VOR because motion sickness and VOR are thought to be related to the head movement signals estimated in the central nervous system. The first purpose of the present research is to investigate the relationship between motion sickness and VOR accuracy using a mathematical model, which simultaneously describes motion sickness and VOR. The result of numerical simulation experiments shows a strong negative correlation between VOR accuracy and the severity of motion sickness. The second purpose is to investigate the relationship between motion sickness and VOR accuracy by experiments on humans. The result shows moderate negative correlations between the VOR accuracy and the severity of motion sickness among participants.
Quantifying Dynamic Resilience using First-process Autoregressive Modelling: An Empirical Study
Authors: Crameri Luke , Hettiarachchi Imali , Hanoun Samer
Published: February 2021

Dynamic resilience is a temporal process that reflects individuals’ capability to overcome task-induced stress and sustain their performance during task-related events. First-order autoregressive (AR(1)) modelling is posited for measuring individuals’ dynamic resilience over time. The current research investigated this by testing 30 adults in a dynamic decision-making task. AR(1) modelling was conducted on the data, and was compared against a modified seismic resilience metric for concurrent validity purposes. Results revealed that AR(1) modeled parameters are applicable in assessing participants’ dynamic resilience, with analyses supporting their use to distinguish between individuals that can overcome task-induced stress and those that cannot, as well as, in the classification of individuals’ dynamic resilience.
On The Field: Examining Differences in Video Format in Sports Media Viewing
Authors: Wilson Ragan , Mayhorn Christopher B.
Published: February 2021

With virtual reality’s emerging popularity and the subsequent push for more sports media experiences, there is a need to evaluate virtual reality’s use into more video watching experiences. This research explores differences in experiences between Monitor (2D) video and HMD (360-Degree) video footage by measuring user perceptions of presence, suspense, and enjoyment. Furthermore, this study examines the relationship between presence, game attractiveness, suspense, and enjoyment as explored by Kim, Cheong, and Kim (2016). Differences were assessed via a MANOVA examining specifically presence, suspense, and enjoyment while the relationships were explored via a confirmatory factor analysis. Results suggest that there was a difference between Monitor (2D) video and HMD (360-Degree) in regard to spatial presence, engagement, suspense, and enjoyment, but the previous model from Kim et al. (2016) was not a good fit to this study’s data.
The Effect of Task Complexity on Eye Movement and Multitasking Performance in Students With and Without ADHD
Authors: Johnson Madison , Kim Ji-Eun
Published: February 2021

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects many individual’s ability to maintain and shift attention. Little is known about the connection between executive function and eye movement in individuals diagnosed with ADHD during multitasking. The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between patterns of eye movement and multitasking performance between students with and without ADHD. During the experiment, students with and without ADHD completed NASA’s Multi-Attribute Task Battery at both low and high task complexity. We found that students without ADHD showed higher error counts, higher workload ratings, and greater total number of fixations in the high task complexity than in the low task complexity. By understanding the relationship among eye movement, executive functioning, and mental workload, it is possible to gain insight in attention allocation in online learning environments and apply that knowledge to create tools for equal access to learning.
Is smartphone usage predicting fear of missing out and loneliness in a sample from the generation z?
Authors: Brazil Cristiane K. , Rys Malgorzata J.
Published: February 2021

Despite being an extremely connected society, new phenomena are stemming from this new tech-era, such as Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) and loneliness. In this project, data was collected from around 150 Generation Z engineering students to analyze possible individual predictors of FOMO and loneliness, and their link with objective measurements of smartphone and social media usage. The results show that more than half of subjects underestimated their usage time, and there was no direct correlation between overall smartphone use and FOMO. When analyzing individual differences in personality traits, FOMO was linked to Agreeableness, Neuroticism and Extraversion. Loneliness was found to be related with how subjects usually feel after using social media, with more than 40% of them having negative of mixed feelings after visiting social media platforms. This study gives insights of behavioral decisions of younger adults and how individual differences might impact the outcomes of social media use.
The use of non-spatial strategies in the Direction Orientation Task
Authors: Coyne Joseph T. , Brown Noelle L. , Foroughi Cyrus K. , Sibley Ciara , Sexauer Emily , Rovira Ericka
Published: February 2021

Spatial ability has been identified as one of the skills needed to be a pilot. However, the test used by the military to measure this ability, the Direction Orientation Task (DOT), has a number of problems. The DOT2, was developed to address issues such as a ceiling effect and the limited number of possible trials. The initial DOT2 validation was done with a group of Naval Aviators, however the current study sought to collect further evidence, within a more variable population. A group of students completed the new DOT2 task, along with a survey on strategy use. We found that the percentage of time participants reported using a math strategy on the task was highly correlated with accuracy whereas the use of a spatial strategy was negatively correlated with accuracy. A similar mathematical solution can be applied to the original DOT, suggesting neither tests may be measuring spatial ability.