bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Final Valor: 1865-1870
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

As the war approached its end, Robert tried to encourage Mary. Admitting that Grant’s forces “seem to have everything their own way,” he said the Confederacy must trust “a Merciful God, who does not always give the battle to the strong.” He offered ilo prayers for victory, acknowledging that his supplications could only be “that we may not be over whelmed.” Not mentioning how he was outnumbered at Petersburg nearly three to one, Robert merely assured Mary that he would, as always, “do my duty and fight to the last.” With winter turning into the sorrowful spring of 1865, Robert’s letters home became the merest notes as he tried desperately at Fort Steadman and Five Forks to repel the Federal power. He placed Mary in the care of brother Smith Lee, who was no longer active in the war, telling them “we can only toil and trust.” God could be relied upon to “do all things right.” Taking what was left of his army, about 35,000 exhausted hungry men, Robert abandoned Petersburg on 2 April. Forced to allow Richmond to fall, he headed southwest toward Danville, where he thought another show of resistance might be possible. Grant and his men quickly foiled Lee’s last strategy, compelling him to turn for Lynchburg. Along the way, Lee steadily lost troops to weariness and the enemy. On 6 April, a quarter of what remained of the Army of Northern Virginia was captured and much of Lee’s pitifully few supplies were destroyed. The next day, after Grant suggested Lee should surrender, the two commanders began an exchange of notes in which Lee showed that he understood his plight: he was virtually surrounded and outnumbered six to one.
A Visit to the Suds Factory: Demystifying the Machines and Tubes
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

For most people, going to a hemodialysis center for the first time is a bit frightening and overwhelming. This is true for both patients and the family members who may be accompanying them. The tubes, machines, blood, and needles can be daunting to a firsttimer. In fact, it can be daunting for a good while. So we wondered how we could take away some of the fear factor.
Dialysis Options: Choosing What Works Best for You
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

Once your doctor determines that you are indeed in need of—or will be in need of—dialysis or a transplant, then together you must decide which type of treatment, or which type of “modality” as it is often referred to by the medical community, will work best for you. In this chapter we will specifically focus on the variety of dialysis modalities that exist. In the next chapter we’ll discuss at length the alternative modality: transplantation. You may already know that transplantation is your chosen route, but even so, it is very likely that you will be on dialysis for some amount of time before receiving a successful transplant. Or perhaps you are too sick to make any decisions about modalities when you first begin dialysis. That’s OK. The good news is that you are not wedded to any particular dialysis modality. Even if you’ve already started on one kind of dialysis, you may opt to switch to another in the future. So whether you are awaiting a transplant or have already started a particular dialysis regime, we’d encourage you to read on.
The Decision to Pursue a Transplant
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

As we’ve heard, dialysis is not the only option in dealing with defunct kidneys. In fact, for many it is not even the best option. Transplantation, agreed to be the preferable course of treatment for the majority of patients, is a lofty subject and an entire book could be spent on all that is involved before, during, and after a transplant. This is not that book. This is a book about dialysis—how best to live with, cope with, and adapt to it—an important subject even for the sizable population awaiting a transplant. But given the interconnectedness of dialysis with transplantation in the treatment of kidney failure, we would be shortsighted not to devote a chapter to the overarching discussion of transplantation and the role of this treatment in the lives of dialysis patients. For one who chooses to pursue transplantation, dialysis is still a necessary interim treatment until a donor kidney becomes available. But who chooses transplantation and for what reasons? Is it always an easy decision? Oftentimes yes, but not always, and it is a choice that many dialysis patients grapple with.
Dealing with Emotions: The Psychological Impact of Dialysis
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

True or false: people who are on dialysis are unhappier than people who are not on dialysis? If you answered true you’ll probably be surprised to hear that a carefully designed research study has proven otherwise. The study, led by a psychologist, Jason Riis, while he was completing graduate work at the University of Michigan, compared forty-nine individuals on hemodialysis, three times weekly, with forty-nine healthy individuals of the same age, race, education, and sex.1 All of the subjects were given electronic devices that prompted them to record their moods throughout the day. Moods were rated on a 5-point scale from “very pleasant” to “very unpleasant” and subjects were given the opportunity to answer these questions privately and repeatedly over time.
The Impact of Dialysis on Interpersonal Relationships: Love, Sex, Family, and Friendship
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

Toss a rock into a body of water and watch as the water cascades from where the rock hits the surface. Now imagine that someone on dialysis is much like that rock being tossed into the water. The impact on the water is greatest at the center, the location of where the rock hits the surface. But, like the cascading water around the rock, those around a person on dialysis feel the reverberations of the impact and are profoundly affected as well. The more intimate you are with the person, the larger the ripple. Spouses, children, parents, and others very close to the person must endure the strongest impact. Those on the outer periphery—for example, a coworker or a simple acquaintance—may feel only the slightest blip or even calm. This chapter is written to help those near and dear to a dialysis patient ride the waves of dialysis successfully and to help patients understand the inevitable reverberations taking place around them.
Work and Financial Implications of Being on Dialysis
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

In most social situations when we meet a new person, one of the first questions we ask one another is “What do you do?” For most people what you do is considered to be a big part of who you are. When someone begins dialysis, one of the first concerns usually is “What do I do now ?” And in keeping with the logic that what we do is such an integral part of our identity, it is a safe assumption that wondering “What do I do now?” is really just another way of wondering “Who will I be now?” The thought of having to adopt a new identity, one that includes the response, “I do dialysis, or I do disability” isn’t really a self-portrait that many of us would be comfortable with or take pride in. This sudden loss of an answer to what had previously been a very straight-forward question can be very challenging. For many people new to dialysis the idea of who they were and where the future was going to take them has unexpectedly changed.
Financial Markets and Economic Efficiency
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

In chapter 1, we explained that the essential function of a system of financial markets is to facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. We also learned that economists use the concept of economic efficiency to evaluate how well financial markets, as regulated by public policy, perform. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic efficiency. Financial markets facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges by organizing trading in financial securities. These securities, and the information contained in their prices, enable individuals to reach higher levels of lifetime utility than would be possible in the absence of financial markets. We begin this chapter with a brief treatment of financial securities, followed by a discussion of the more important tasks that financial markets must perform to be economically efficient. We include brief treatments of two kinds of market failures. We conclude with a general discussion of informational efficiency and the efficient markets hypothesis.
Maximizing Lifetime Utility in a Firm with Many Shareholders
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

We know that individuals enter mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges as part of their strategies to maximize their levels of lifetime utility. The essential purpose of financial markets is to facilitate these exchanges by providing information and liquidity. Some economists would say that the essential purpose of financial markets (indeed, any market) is to reduce transaction costs. In the preceding two chapters, we made several simplifying assumptions to develop the fundamental principles defining the economics of financial markets. In particular, we abstracted from an explicit consideration of firms.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, we use portfolio theory to derive the capital asset pricing model. This model, abbreviated CAPM in the literature, is the seminal model created by economists to address the following question: what empirical relationships should we observe among the prices of financial securities if investors allocate their funds according to the principles of portfolio theory? In particular, when financial markets are in equilibrium, what will be the relationship between the average rate of return offered by a security and the quantity of risk that must be borne by an investor who holds that security? Of course, to answer these questions we must first decide how to measure the risk in a security.
Capital Structure
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

Debt is bad, right? Persons who have not studied economics, particularly the economics of finance, are likely to agree that debt is bad. While it may sometimes be necessary for a firm to borrow money to finance a new project, clearly the sooner the debt is paid off, the wealthier the firm’s shareholders will be. For a particular example, consider an individual who obtains a mortgaged loan to purchase a house. It would be obvious to many persons that the homeowner should put a high priority on paying off the loan as soon as possible. After all, the sooner the homeowner pays off the loan, the sooner he or she can stop paying interest.
Options
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The purposes of this chapter are to explain the pricing of options and to demonstrate some of the ways in which investors use options to effect mutually beneficial exchanges that would otherwise not occur. An option is a financial security. Throughout this book, we have argued that financial securities, and the markets in which these securities are priced and traded, contribute to economic efficiency by promoting mutually beneficial exchanges. In this chapter, we explain how options contribute to economic efficiency. At its most fundamental level, the relationship between options and economic efficiency is analogous to the relationship between economic efficiency and the capital structure of firms that we examined in chapter 13. We argued that a firm’s capital structure affects its ability to create wealth for its shareholders. In particular, by choosing the capital structure of their firms optimally, investors can create mutually beneficial exchanges that will otherwise be foregone. We demonstrated this argument in three ways. First, we showed how investors who differ in their willingness to tolerate risk can effect mutually beneficial exchanges by including both bonds and common stock in their firms’ capital structures. Second, we explained how a firm could use callable, convertible bonds to mitigate the economic inefficiencies that would otherwise occur when there is asymmetric information between investors and managers of firms. Third, we examined some of the ways that investors can use debt in a firm’s capital structure to mitigate problems of agency.
Additional Topics in the Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The analysis of the economic efficiency of financial markets involves many topics. This introductory treatment in this book omits several of these topics. The following sections describe briefly the more important of these topics. At the end of the chapter there is a selected bibliography for readers interested in a more comprehensive (omits more challenging) treatment. In our analysis of financial securities, we concentrated on common stocks, presenting bonds as an alternative way in which investors can hold claims against a firm’s earnings and firms can raise capital to finance new projects. We demonstrated how the use of bonds can promote economic efficiency by organizing exchanges between persons who have different tolerances for risk and by mitigating problems of agency between the shareholders and the managers of a firm. There are many additional ways in which the use of bonds affects the efficacy of financial markets. For example, there is a substantial literature on the effect of callable and convertible bonds on economic efficiency. The contributions to this literature analyze the optimal behavior of firms and investors with respect to these bonds. There is also a large empirical literature on the relationship of the rates of return on bonds that have different amounts of time remaining until their dates of maturity.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The purpose of a system of financial markets is to facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. Financial markets promote these exchanges by organizing trading in a variety of financial securities. A financial security is a saleable right to receive a sequence of future payments. Economists assess the performance of any system of markets against the criterion of economic efficiency. A system of markets is economically efficient if it allocates resources so that there are no further opportunities for mutually beneficial exchanges. The economic analysis of financial markets is a particular application of micro-economic theory. Equilibrium is the fundamental concept in the analysis of a system of markets. Equilibrium is a configuration of prices and quantities with the property that no one, whether a consumer, an investor, or a manager of a firm, has an incentive to change their current choices about the quantities that they wish to buy or sell. Equilibrium in a system of financial markets is a configuration of the prices and quantities of financial securities such that no person has an incentive to restructure his or her portfolio of securities. An investor’s portfolio of securities contains stocks and bonds issued by firms, and options and futures contracts issued by other investors. Each investor constructs a portfolio to obtain the combination of risk and expected rate of return that he or she most prefers.
Chapter One
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson
Published: October 2023

His statue still stands in the city of New Orleans, untouched by the hurricane disaster of 2005. In the town square named after him, he sits astride a horse that has risen to an anatomically impossible position and waves his hat in triumph over something or someone—perhaps the British, or the Indians. A replica of the statue faces the White House in Washington, and another may be seen at the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee.
Was the Best Defense a Good Offense? Jefferson Davis and Confederate Strategies
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

When Generals Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre G. T. Beauregard wrote that the Confederacy had possessed more than sufficient resources to win the Civil War, their thinly veiled message was that responsibility for failure rested on the shoulders of Jefferson Davis. The former Confederate president, who endured several such accusations in the postwar years, did not deign to reply to them directly in the twelve hundred pages of his own memoirs, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Instead, he declared loftily that he would tell the truth in full confidence “that error and misrepresentations have, in their inconsistencies and improbabilities, the elements of self-destruction, while truth is in its nature consistent and therefore self-sustaining.”
The Last Rebel: Jesse James
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

One Of The Enduring Myths of American folklore is that Jesse James was a home-grown Robin Hood who “stole from the rich and gave to the poor,” in the words of “The Ballad of Jesse James,” which enjoyed a revived popularity among the romantic Left in the 1960s. Supported by Hollywood movies, pulp fiction, and even serious scholarship, this image has dominated our understanding of the post–Civil War James gang and other Western out-laws. The British historian Eric J. Hobsbawm placed James squarely in the category of “social bandit.” He was a “primitive rebel,” a “noble robber” who championed “a special type of peasant protest and rebellion.” He was one of the “peasant outlaws… who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice.”
Unvexed to the Sea: Lincoln, Grant, and the Vicksburg Campaign
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

In November 1861, According to One Story, President Abraham Lincoln met with several of his military advisers to discuss strategy for gaining control of the Mississippi River. Lincoln pointed to a map of this great valley that stretched from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico and placed his finger on the town of Vicksburg, Mississippi. “See what a lot of land those fellows [Confederates] control of which Vicksburg is the key,” he said. “The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.”
Brahmins at War
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

In The 1970s General John A. Wickham of the U.S. Army, commander of the famed 101st Airborne Division, visited the Civil War battlefield of Antietam. There he gazed at Bloody Lane, where Union soldiers had attacked repeatedly before finally breaking through after suffering casualties greater than 50 percent in some regiments. “You couldn’t get American soldiers today to make an attack like that,” he said.
Mountain Farmer
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

Walter fell in love with his mountain farm, which he came to see as “perhaps the prettiest place in all the wild mountains.” Part of its appeal to him was its solitude, the sense of isolation he craved as he sought to prove to himself and others that his crippling wound had not robbed him of his manly independence. Crab Orchard, as Walter called his farm, was a few miles above Tom and Lizzie’s place on the East Fork of the Pigeon River. He set up house in a drafty, windowless, one-room cabin infested with vermin. Trying to make it habitable, he spent the first two weeks daubing cracks in the siding, setting the floor of the cabin closer to the ground, and making a bedstead so he would not have to sleep on the floor. His nine slaves were packed into an even smaller cabin, which also served as a kitchen. The outbuildings consisted of a dilapidated corncrib and a chicken coop that Walter converted into a smokehouse. No lots had been fenced for livestock and the ditching and fencing were badly in need of repair.
Concluding Comments Tracing Behavioral Modernity in the Levantine Record
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

Paleoanthropologists interested in the Middle Paleolithic often emphasize the monotonous nature of the material culture of this period. In the Levant, however, lithic variability is a long-recognized feature of the Middle Paleolithic record. Accordingly, at the core of this study are attempts to identify the unifying rules and processes that led to the diverse facies of a single, clearly defined prehistoric entity, the Levantine Mousterian. The sequence of assemblages from the terrace of Qafzeh Cave has served as the main case study.
It’s the ’60s, Stupid”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

The 1960s marked a critical breaking point, a cultural divide that would shape American politics and culture for the rest of the century and beyond. Many young protestors took to the streets to demonstrate their frustration with the slow pace of civil rights reform, the growing fear of nuclear war, and the widening commitment to Vietnam. The clashes between protestors and police in the streets of Berkeley, Chicago, and Detroit were far less violent than the bloody battles between Union and Confederate armies that took in place at Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg. Both civil wars, however, produced a generation that was scarred by the memory of the struggle, deeply divided over its meaning, and determined to win a long-term fight for the hearts and minds of the American people.

The standard narrative of the 1960s tells the story of a monolithic generation of young people rising up to stamp out racism, end the Vietnam War, and expand opportunities for women. It is true that many in the generation who came of age in the prosperous postwar years rejected the moderation and conformity of their parents’ world, focused their attention on a new set of social and cultural questions, and shared a sense of impatience. Unprecedented prosperity served as the midwife of cultural revolution.
Newt Gingrich: Wedges and Magnets
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

Newt Gingrich Entered the House in 1979, a key moment in the evolution of the Republican Party. Just five years earlier the Watergate scandal had engulfed the Nixon White House, damaged the party, and demoralized its leadership in Congress. By 1979, however, the mood had shifted. Jimmy Carter was fighting a losing battle against stagflation at home while struggling to establish his credibility as a strong leader abroad. Gingrich, and the other thirty-five Republican freshmen elected that year, brought a new set of attitudes and ideas to Congress. A confidential internal report commissioned by the Republican congressional leadership observed: “Freshmen had not been exposed to the demoralizing impact of Watergate, the Agnew and Nixon resignations, the Ford defeat, and maneuvering in a Congress dominated by two-to-one Democrats. Where older members saw persistence and shrewdness, the freshman saw timidity and indecision.” The report noted that among younger members “there is widespread support for more vigorous, determined, and strategically managed leadership.” It concluded: “The circled wagons era of staving off the Democratic assault and surviving Watergate has ended.” The Republicans wanted “to play the role of attacking Indians, while the Democrats circle their wagons for awhile.”
The Revolution
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

On Tuesday Morning, September 27, 1994, Newt Gingrich, smiling broadly, strutted across the west lawn of the Capitol, stopping occasionally for photographs and to greet bystanders. “You made us proud, Newt!” shouted an admirer. “Way to go, Mr. Speaker,” said another. “Not yet,” he responded. “We’ve still got an election to win.” A few minutes later he joined 350 Republican House candidates gathered on a three-tiered stage constructed on the steps of the Capitol for the signing of the “Contract with America.” After a prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, Gingrich took the podium. He could barely contain his enthusiasm at the prospect that Republicans had a fighting chance of picking up the forty seats needed to gain control of the House. “Clinton is in such trouble with the American people that our job is to go out and offer a clear, positive alternative,” Gingrich told the crowd. He pledged that if the Republicans won the majority, within the first 100 days they would bring to the House floor bills based on each of the ten items in their highly touted “Contract with America.” For Gingrich, however, the goal was much more grand. “Today on these steps we offer this contract as a first step towards renewing American civilization.”
“Monica Changed Everything”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

Early on Wednesday Morning, January 21, Erskine Bowles arrived at his office in the White House at his usual 7:00 am starting time. He liked to spend a few hours getting caught up on the news in preparation for his daily 9:00 am briefing with the president. The day was already packed with events, and Bowles was trying to wrap up the details of the State of the Union address scheduled for the following week. While some White House officials had learned the previous evening that the Washington Post was running a story about the president having an illicit affair with an unnamed White House intern, Bowles learned about it for the first time when he opened the paper sitting on his desk. There across four columns at the top of the paper read the headline: “Clinton Accused of Urging Aide to Lie; Starr Probes Whether President Told Woman to Deny Alleged Affair to Jones’s Lawyers.”

The story, and investigations that followed, revealed the intrigue taking place behind the scenes to bring down the Clinton presidency. After their initial encounter on November 15, 1995—the second day of the government shutdown—the president and Monica Lewinsky continued their clandestine meetings for the next twenty months.
The End of Reform
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

Shortly after 9:00 am on Friday, December 18, Illinois Republican Ray LaHood gaveled the House Chamber to order. Gingrich did not want his last act as Speaker to be presiding over the impeachment of a president, and Speaker-designate Robert Livingston did not want it to be his first act, so they selected LaHood for the task. The chaplain opened the session with a brief prayer: “Where there is hatred, let us sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is discord, union; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; where there is sadness, joy.”

The proceedings were pushed back by a day following the president’s announcement that he was ordering a military strike on Iraq for violating its agreement on arms inspections. The military maneuvers only added to the tension in the hall. Republicans were convinced that Clinton had ordered the strike to distract attention from the impeachment proceedings; Democrats were angry that Republicans would attempt to undermine the authority of the commander in chief while American troops were still in harm’s way. While most Republican leaders questioned the timing of the attack, Gingrich supported the president’s decision. “We have a chance today to say to the world: no matter what our constitutional process, whether it is an election eve or it is the eve of a constitutional vote, no matter what our debates at home, we are, as a nation, prepared to lead the world.”
Interpretation of Instruments
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

Credits and guarantees are credits and guarantees and not traditional contracts although contracts and their interpretation are perhaps the closest reference. They are very close to ordinary service contractsexcept that the services as a whole constitute “a facility”. Sometimes the interpretation of an instrument or contract relates to its classification: is it a credit or something else? “The adjective “definite” is taken from the UCP. It approves cases that deny letter of credit status to documents that are unduly vague or incomplete. See, e.g. Transparent Prods. Corp. v Paysaver Credit Union, 864 F.2d 60 (7th Cir. 1988). Note, however, that no particular phrase or label is necessary to establish a letter of credit. It is sufficient if the undertaking of the issuer shows that it is intended to be a letter of credit, In most cases the parties’ intention will be indicated by a label on the undertaking itself indicating that it is a “letter of credit,” but no such language is necessary.”
Jurisdiction and Choice of Law
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

Lex mercatoriahas become an evergreen topic of discussion and there is not very much one can say about it which would not have already been said or commented on a number of times in literature and articles. Despite criticism it continues to emerge, continues to gain force, and increasingly takes a written form. Increasingly, also, it is being codified. Supranational law is emerging.
In Town
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

The Village and Town population of the South grew by five million people between 1880 and 1910. The growth came fastest in the 1880s, slowed in the 1890s, and then accelerated again in the first decade of the new century. Villages, settled places with populations under 2,500, accounted for about a quarter of that increase. Thousands of new villages came into being between 1880 and 1910 and hundreds more passed over the line into official “urban” status even as larger towns grew into ambitious small cities. In 1900, about one of every six Southerners—in some subregions, one of every four—lived in a village or town.

Every subregion contained its landmark cities. The Atlantic coastal plain claimed the ports of Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, and Jacksonville; the Gulf plain had the ports of Mobile, New Orleans, and Houston. The Piedmont could boast Richmond and Raleigh, plus some of the fastest growing cities of the South—Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Columbia, Augusta, and Atlanta—along with many smaller but flourishing towns. The cities within the recesses of the mountains, Knoxville and Asheville, developed steadily, but Roanoke, Chattanooga, and Birmingham, on the edge of the highlands, grew more impressively.
Faith
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

“The South is by a long way the most simply and sincerely religious country that I ever was in,” Sir William Archer wrote. “It is not, like Ireland, a priest-ridden country; it is not, like England, a country in which the strength of religion lies in its social prestige; it is not, like Scotland, a country steeped in theology. But it is a country in which religion is a very large factor in life, and God is very real and personal.” Indeed, “there is a simple sincerity in its appeal to religious principle which I have often found really touching.”

Religious faith and language appeared everywhere in the New South. It permeated public speech as well as private emotion. For many people, religion provided the measure of politics, the power behind law and reform, the reason to reach out to the poor and exploited, a pressure to cross racial boundaries. People viewed everything from courtship to child-rearing to their own deaths in religious terms. Even those filled with doubt or disdain could not escape the images, the assumptions, the power of faith.
Out in the Country
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

“Formerly The Farmers of the South were the most independent people in the world,” an observer sadly commented in the 1890s. “Now the division of labor and cheap transportation have restricted the number of commodities which can be produced at a profit.” Western meat, flour, com, oats, and hay swamped local products, and the results were obvious: “The old homesteads are going to rack, lands are washing away, and the young girls and boys are hastening to the towns and cities.” Those who remained on the farms “feel deeply humiliated at their growing dependence.” Their parents and grandparents had never faced such a situation, such dependence.

Part of the problem, some said, was that the New South generation had higher expectations, expectations fed by the stores growing up in their midst.
Alliances
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Southern Farmers thought that public policy and private enterprise favored almost everyone in America other than themselves. Even though they produced more goods, paid more taxes. and cast more votes than any other group of Gilded Age Americans, farmers’ voices often seemed to go unheard. Farmers felt abused by both of the major parties and exploited by every level of business from national corporations to local storekeepers.

Soon after the Civil War farmers launched crusades to correct some of the wrongs that had developed in rural life during the tmmoil of the war and Reconstruction. The Patrons of Husbandry-popularly known as “the Grange”—made a strong impression on the rural South even before Redemption, pulling in nearly a quarter of a million members at its peak in the mid-1870s. In states across the region, farmers eagerly joined this national organization in the hope that it could help them deal with the problems of chronic debt and rural decline; by 1875, over 50,000 Grangers had enlisted in Kentucky, over 30,000 each in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Texas, and about 20,000 in both Arkansas and Georgia.
Turning of the Tide
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

During The Years the Farmers’ Alliance and the Populists grew across the South, signs of hard times became ever more obvious in the international economy. Farmers from Russia to Rumania, from Spain to Ireland, from Alabama to Nebraska watched helplessly as the prices for their products dropped. Countries throughout Europe erected trade barriers and tariffs to protect their economies from the vicissitudes of the world market, and the United States joined them in 1890 with the McKinley tariff. Weak economies on the periphery of the industrial world tottered on the edge of default, and in 1890 the English government saved a major banking house entangled in Argentinean finance. Skittish European investors began to pull capital out of the United States after 1890. The nation’s rail system, a voracious consumer of capital, material, and men throughout the 1880s, found that it had built too far too fast. Exports from the United States fell. Credit tightened as fears of a depression grew.
Judicial Independence
Authors: Resnik Judith
Published: October 2023

Around the world, constitutions and transnational conventions now insist that judges be “independent” from the authorities that employ them. Consider first a few such statements. The courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially and without fear, favour or prejudice. No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the courts. Organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect the courts to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts.
Separation of Powers and Parliamentary Government
Authors: Claus Laurence P
Published: October 2023

Government under the U.S. Constitution is not parliamentary. To be certain of this, we need notice only two features of American government. First, the person primarily responsible for administering the American government is chosen independently of the national legislature in most circumstances. Second, that person does not depend for continuation in office on majority support in the House of Representatives. During the century of the American founding, the British government was evolving a practice whereby the national legislature’s choice of per- sons to administer the nation from day to day was consistently accepted by the monarch. Those who could assemble majority support in the elected chamber of the British Parliament were appointed by the monarch as his ministers. Those appointees served formally at the monarch’s pleasure, but in fact their appointments depended on parliamentary support and did not last longer than Parliament’s confidence in them. Parliamentary systems of government are distinguished by their conformity with the British proto- type in four respects, the first two essential and the other two usual. First, the choice of those who will administer government is directly or indirectly determined by a legislature in most circumstances, and second, the chosen ministers depend for their continuation in office on continued majority support in the legislature.
Review of Laws Having a Disparate Impact Based on Gender
Authors: Jackson Vicki C
Published: October 2023

The U.S. Constitution is one of the world’s oldest. Its principal provisions were drafted by representative bodies in which women did not participate, and it was rati!ed through processes that, for the most part, also excluded women. See also Kathleen M. Sullivan, Constitutionalizing Women’s Equality, 90 Calif. L. Rev. 735 (2002). (“The U.S. Constitution is the only major written constitution that includes a bill of rights but lacks a provision explicitly declaring the equality of the sexes,” in contrast to those of France, Germany, India, Canada, and South Africa.)
Free Speech and the Incitement of Violence or Unlawful Behavior: Statutes Not Specifically Directed at Speech
Authors: Gey Steven G
Published: October 2023

Issues of incitement or verbal instigation of breach of the peace are often raised in prosecutions under statutes that have nothing to do with dangerous ideas or political radicalism. These issues are often litigated under statutes relating generally to public decorum or breach of the peace, as in the Australian decision Coleman v. Power, which is excerpted below. Although the legal contexts in which these issues are raised differ widely from the speech-specific statutes discussed in the previous chapter, the basic principles of free speech (and the ways in which courts discuss these principles) are often strikingly similar in each context. One of the questions raised by these cases is whether the prosecution of antisocial or offensive speech is just a cover for official suppression of the government’s ideological adversaries. Many of the statutes used against disruptive speakers involve public order or public decorum mandates. Should legal regimes protecting freedom of speech recognize a legitimate governmental interest in protecting the public from gratuitously abusive or insulting language? If so, should political dissenters nevertheless receive broader protection from official attempts to regulate the style of a speaker’s discourse? How would Mr. Coleman be viewed in this regard? Although his pamphlet complained of police corruption, he was not engaged in what would traditionally be considered political advocacy or political dissent. Viewed from this angle, these cases raise the question whether rules protecting free speech should treat generalized antiauthoritarianism in the same manner as more traditional political dissent.
Religious Freedom
Authors: Alan E. Brownstein
Published: October 2023

The Free Exercise Clause of the U.S. First Amendment has been conceptualized by the Supreme Court and many commentators in all- or-nothing terms. The Court has tended to either apply “strict scrutiny” to burdens on religious exercise—in which case the government’s justi*cations for imposing the burden are rigorously reviewed––or instead, as of late, to apply a minimalist test that asks only whether government burdens on religion are motivated by antireligious sentiment. As the following materials and notes illustrate, other jurisdictions have tried to chart more nuanced middle-ground approaches. Whether balancing tests such as Canada’s, discussed below, are workable––there or more generally— is for readers to decide. Note that Canada, unlike the United States, has no explicit non establishment provision in its Charter. And yet, as the materials below suggest, Canada has incorporated many of the principles of religious equality on which much of the U.S. Establishment Clause jurisprudence has been built on. Perhaps Canada’s textual protection for multiculturalism has been an adequate vehicle in this regard. After reading the materials, consider whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause could or should do more work in U.S. disputes implicating religious equality.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I don’t feel seizures have affected my relationships or menstrual functions. But because I have epilepsy, I have decided not to have children unless I plan ahead with the advice of my doctors and take precautions. I am now single, so this has not become a problem. Sometimes a person who is unfamiliar with seizures may be frightened when they’re told that someone they know has epilepsy. But usually, once they have asked questions and gotten the proper answers, they are no longer frightened. I have never felt that hiding my epilepsy from people was the best thing to do. Whenever I am in a relationship, I always tell the other person about my epilepsy. I explain how I act during a seizure and then explain what to do if I have one.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I was not diagnosed with epilepsy until I was a senior in high school. I am now 21 years old, so I have dealt with this for only 3 years now. At first, it was a little scary to hear the neurologist say ‘‘You have epilepsy,’’ but it was even more frustrating before the diagnosis was made because my family and I had no idea what was wrong with me. At least having a diagnosis brought a bit of relief. At times I consider myself very lucky. There are so many people who have epilepsy that is more severe than mine. I have experienced a grand mal seizure; however, I have no memory of it. My mother is the one that has the not-so-pleasant honor of being able to recall the scene. I consider myself lucky because on a regular day-to-day basis, I just pop pills.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Except for poor vision, I had always had very good health. Then, 10 years ago, I had my first seizure after a very emotionally traumatic experience. I am sure that there was a complex partial seizures every few hours. I would still go to work.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am going to try to fill you in on my past long life regarding my seizure disorder. When I was young, I just used to stare. Then I developed convulsions as I grew older. My mother always kept my problem a big secret from everyone. She was ashamed and so I felt the same way. My seizures didn’t affect dating or marriage because I always kept them in the closet. My husband and I were married 50 years ago. I never thought we would have children, but we had our first child 7 years later and our second child 4 years after that.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I started noticing the changes in my late teenage years. Sometimes it felt more like the past than the present. At those times, I knew who I was, but it didn’t feel right. Part of me felt like someone else, not the way it should be. I wasn’t sure if my mother was really my mother. Her house looked different to me. Things seemed to have a brighter look, and they seemed larger. I felt kind of alone. I was afraid I might get lost. Sometimes I heard a mean voice laughing inside my head. That sounded wicked. Whenever those feelings came on, I would hold tight to my clothes. I was scared that I might not come out of this feeling.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am a woman with epilepsy who has recently reached menopause. Because my epilepsy was influenced by hormonal factors in the past, I am wondering what effect menopause will have on

moments ago. I know it really bothers him when I can’t recall the lovely dinner we had a while back at that beautiful restaurant. It hurts him that I have difficulty remembering other places we’ve been and things we’ve done together. When he gives me a few clues, sometimes I can bring certain memories back.
Seizure Descriptions
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

Husband My initial introduction to my wife’s seizure disorder occurred months before we began dating. We were working in the same office complex when she came into my office one afternoon and sat in the chair across from me. I immediately discerned that something was amiss as she appeared disoriented and did not make much sense when she spoke to me. After a short time, she got up and went into the adjoining office. I immediately followed and stood beside her trying to stop her from wandering around and to ascertain her problem.
Seizure Descriptions
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Montouris Georgia D , Pellock John M
Published: October 2023

Age 11 Because I have nocturnal epilepsy, no one has ever actually seen me have a seizure except my parents. No one knows I have epilepsy unless I tell them or they see my photograph on our county epilepsy poster. Then they ask me why I’m on the poster and I tell them about me and epilepsy.
Guide for Teachers and Parents
Authors: Murphy William
Published: October 2023

For most students, school offers a safe, accepting, and nurturing environment. For a student with epilepsy, his or her sense of safety, acceptance, and opportunity is influenced by others’ understanding of the disorder, their response to seizures, and their expectations of the student. The unpredictable nature of epilepsy means that teachers—indeed, all school personnel—and other students may suddenly, without warning, have to respond to a seizure at school. The student who has a seizure at school may face a range of consequences and reactions to the episode, including embarrassment, fear, rejection, and interference with the learning process. These circumstances often limit the student’s opportunities to access the full spectrum of activities offered by the school community. Including epilepsy education and awareness in the school curriculum can minimize these consequences and help to assure everyone that epilepsy and seizures can be dealt with appropriately
The Public in the Museum
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

While the most compelling justification of the museum as a state institution was its effect on the public, the nature of this effect and of the public itself were far from simple questions. The ever-increasing numbers walking through the galleries of England—the British Museum in particular, but also the much-criticized National Gallery—called for reflection on what the goals of the museum in fact were, and how those goals were being met or failed by the institution. The impact of the collection on the public conscience was a central concern, but no more so than the impact of the public on prized objects. The risk of vandalism is one way to talk about the threat of the modern public, but the more subtle dangers posed to oil paint by the accumulation of bodily effluvia generated by individuals moving through galleries or by the coal smoke produced in the process of heating and feeding the bodies of the metropolis may be understood as related concerns.
Exhibiting India
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

The relationship between museums and the British Empire was constant and varied. Important objects were acquired by trade, exploration, and—more rarely—by outright battle throughout the areas in which Britain had economic and political interests. In India itself museums were established as early as the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, founded in 1784, and they proliferated throughout the nineteenth century. While the history of museums in the empire—which ran parallel to developments in England but also diverged in important ways—is outside the scope of this volume, the uncertain fate of the national collection of Indian materials is one important cultural manifestation of the metamorphoses of imperial power in the period.