bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise econômica do direito internacional
Authors: Hastreiter Michele Alessandra , Carta Winter Luís Alexandre
Published: February 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como o método da análise econômica do Direito (AED) pode ser empregado para auxiliar a compreensão do Direito Internacional Público. Para tanto, inicia-se investigando possíveis razões para a resistência que o método tem tido por parte de estudiosos do Direito Internacional. Na sequência, passa-se à análise dos pressupostos da AED – a escassez de recursos, a racionalidade econômica, a resposta à incentivos e eficiência - exemplificando maneiras de empregá-los para análise de questões específicas de Direto Internacional. Por fim, faz-se uma breve consideração acerca das preocupações com a justiça – valor axiológico que não pode ser olvidado na busca pela eficiência. Conclui-se que a AED pode ser uma ferramenta útil à compreensão do Direito Internacional e de seus institutos, razão pela qual deveria ser utilizada com mais frequência por estudiosos da disciplina.
Por que uma análise econômica do direito internacional público? Desafios e perspectivas do método no Brasil
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Ferreira , Caiado José Guilherme Moreno
Published: February 2016

o objetivo deste artigo é esclarecer o método, desafios e perspectivas da análise econômica do direito internacional público (AEDIP) no Brasil. O método vem sendo utilizado nas academias norte-americana, de forma precursora, e europeia, mais recentemente. No Brasil, é diminuto o número de docentes, publicações e grupos de pesquisa nesse campo. Há naturalmente uma questão temporal (formação de massa crítica) para sua introdução, mas também barreiras de linguagem e compreensão de seus limites e possibilidades. Na essência, a AEDIP é uma transposição da consolidada análise econômica do direito doméstico, com adaptações, para o plano internacional. Ao se utilizar de uma abordagem interdisciplinar por meio de conceitos econômicos, como escassez e racionalidade, o método contribui para explicar o direito (positivo, “ser”), prescrever soluções (normativo, “dever-ser”) e visualizar as potenciais consequências das interpretações das normas no mundo real (hermenêutica). Partindo de dois problemas selecionados acerca da origem material das fontes do direito internacional (tratados e costumes) e de duas áreas específicas (investimentos internacionais e direitos humanos), esclarece-se neste artigo essas abordagens. Conclui-se pela indispensável visão proporcionada pela AEDIP como mais uma das luzes sobre a “catedral” do direito internacional, e a possibilidade de se superarem os obstáculos cognitivos do método.
Organization of change agents during care process redesign in Swedish health care
Authors: Williamsson Anna , Eriksson Andrea , Dellve Lotta
Published: February 2016

Background: Swedish health care organizations (HCOs) are changing using management concepts such as Lean, in attempts of improving efficiency, quality of care and work environment. Since there are pre-conditional challenges for operative managers to engage in change, HCOs tend to assign supportive functions such as change agents (CAs) to facilitate change. Research on the use of CAs in HCOs is sparse, thus the aim of this study explores role assignments and conditions of formally appointed CAs contributing to care process redesign.Methods: A purposive sample of three Swedish hospitals initiating Lean-inspired care process redesign during 2010–2011 was done. In-depth interviews were held with fifty-one key functions during change. Focus group interviews were conducted with thirty-eight health care professionals. Data were analysed by content analysis.Results: Top managers’ goal was to have operative management responsible for change during care process redesign, with support from assigned CAs. Organizing of CAs varied concerning, e.g. their hierarchical positions, job descriptions and practices, and conditions to act as driving forces towards change. Being granted formal power, having earned legitimacy and credibility, clarity regarding roles and responsibilities in change; a good sense of timing and ability to build relationships and trust, were identified as beneficial for CAs to support change.Conclusions: Role assignment and organizing of CAs varies. A position closer to the operative levels, formalized and clarified responsibilities, earned legitimacy and timing support adaptation and alignment of planned change, such as Lean-inspired care process redesign.
How to Build up the Loan - Evaluation System toward Small and Medium Enterprises between Taiwan and China’s Commercial Banks？ The Application for Multi Criteria Decision Making
Authors: Lan Shu Hui , Cheng Jia Yi , Guo Sheng
Published: February 2016

Because of the financial market fast development between Taiwan and Mainland China, commercial banks, sometimes, cannot have an efficient method to investigate loan credentials for small and medium enterprises. Without efficient methods, commercial banks are forced to undertake the unnecessary default risks. The article chooses the behaviors of commercial banks between Mainland China and Taiwan to become study target. The purpose is to investigate the assessment method and influence factor of commercial banks toward small and medium enterprises for loan. Through modified Delphi approach and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), the article attempts to analyze the decision-making measure of loan for commercial banks toward small and medium enterprises. From the results of practical evidence, the loan assessment measure of commercial banks between Taiwan and Mainland China is quite different. During loan assessment, China commercial banks focus on the debt-paying ability; on the contrary, Taiwan commercial banks focus on profitability of enterprises. The practical approved result of the study has supplied the insufficient data for related study articles in the past. More, the study can also be an important reference for perform related tasks in Taiwan’s and China’s commercial banks.
Exploring Consuming Psychologies and Behaviors in Chinese Yi Ethnic Embroideries Product
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Xu Mingxiang , Li Guiping , Zhou Mingwu
Published: February 2016

This research aims to explore customers’ consuming psychologies and behaviors of Chinese Yi ethnic embroidery products. The present study focuses on the effects among perceived value, brand image, purchase intention, customer satisfaction and word of mouth. By quantitative method, the study has built research model and analyzed research data primarily by using structural equation modeling. Eventually, this study has found some significant effects which can explain people’s purchase tendency of Yi embroidery products. Based on these results, the study has made some constructive suggestions.
The Relation between Learning Orientation and Variables of Firm Performance with Strategic Human Resources Management Applications in the Islamic Banks in Turkey
Authors: Zehir Cemal , Basar Dogan
Published: February 2016

This study is aimed to research the relation between learning orientation and variables of firm performance with Strategic Human Resources Management (SHRM) Applications in the participation banks in Turkey. Labor force planning, education-development, assessing performance, reward system, and withholding employee are used as SHRM Applications. Firm performance is selected as only variable. It has been surveyed on participation banks in Turkey. Results inside the Strategic Human Resources Applications; it was detected that labor force planning is meaningfully impacting on labor force productivity and sales. On the other hand, labor force planning has no correlation with employee turnover rate which is one of the variable of organizational performance. Indeed, employee turnover rate is inversely correlated with sales of the company is detected.

This study is aimed to explore the impact of Strategic Human Resource Management Applications (SHRMA) on learning orientation and firm performance under the conditions of intensive competitive business world where we live today. The variables of the study are Strategic Human Resource Applications, learning orientation, and firm performance. In the analysis, high constative relations of these variables were discussed with a reductant approach. When all the factors are fixed except the variables learn orientation, SHRMA and firm performance, the results of the correlation analyses gives us that the learning orientation, has a significant one to one effect on SHRMA and Firm Performance factors. Moreover, the results of the analyses that SHRMA has a complete mediator variable effect on the relation between Learning Orientation and Firm Performance. This results state a high arity between the variables that we procured via the corresponding structure equation model.

 
An SDWA Retrospective: 20 Years After the 1996 Amendments
Authors: Roberson J. Alan , Frey Michelle M.
Published: February 2016

Nearly 20 years since the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act were passed, there have been some successes, but additional work is needed to overcome challenges and ensure the safety and reliability of drinking water in the United States.
On Defining Semantics by Means of Extended Attribute Grammars
Authors: Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

The possibilities for defining predicate transformers, denotational semantics, and operational semantics by means of extended attribute grammars are treated. The approach to operational semantics consists of a set of attribute grammar rules that specifies the possible transformations upon a given program. A proposal for defining the domains of an attribute grammar within the formalism is given. It is also shown how an attribute grammar may be reformulated as a tree rewriting system. Finally an efficient evaluator that works for all attribute grammars (including some circular ones) is described. This evaluator constructs during a left-to-right scan of a linear representation of the parse tree (a right-parse) a directed (acyclic) graph that represents the values of the attributes at the root of the parse tree. The parse tree itself need not be constructed. During a (recursive) scan of this graph the attribute values may be evaluated.
A Universal Relational Operator
Authors: Larsen Kim Skak , Schmidt Erik Meineche , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We present a single relational operator which, in combination with a simple core language for manipulating atoms and tuples, generalizes all standard unary and binary operators in relational databases, while permitting a more intuitive query style. The new operator, factor, is based on a unique factorization of relations. We present an example language and demonstrate how the usual operators appear as simple and intuitive instances of factor. We further show that many new operators and combinations of old ones can be expressed in concise terms using factor. The factor versions will always be evaluated as efficiently as the originals and will sometimes even lead to a speed-up.
Partial orders and fully abstract models for concurrency
Authors: Engberg Uffe
Published: February 2016

In this thesis sets of labelled partial orders are employed as fundamental mathematical entities for modelling nondeterministic and concurrent processes thereby obtaining so-called noninterleaving semantics. Based on different closures of sets of labelled partial orders, simple algebraic languages are given denotational models fully abstract w.r.t. corresponding behaviourally motivated equivalences. Some of the equivalences are accompanied by adequate logics and sound axiomatisations of which one is complete.
Teaching object-oriented programming using BETA
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Nørgaard Claus , Petersen Lars Bak , Sandvad Elmer
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the approach to teaching object-oriented programming at Aarhus University. This includes a brief discussion of the conceptual approach to teaching object-oriented programming. The BETA language is used as a basis for the teaching. The paper includes a brief description of BETA. Finally a presentation of the BETA Macintosh environment is given. This environment makes it easy for students to create object-oriented applications.
A Unified Type System for Object-Oriented Programming
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We present a new type system for object-oriented languages with assignments. Types are sets of classes, subtyping is set inclusion, and genericity is class substitution. The type system enables separate compilation, and unifies, generalizes, and simplifies the type systems underlying SIMULA/BETA, C++, EIFFEL, and Typed Smalltalk, and the type system with type substitutions proposed by Palsberg and Schwartzbach, Classes and types are both modeled as node-labeled, ordered regular trees; this allows an efficient type-checking algorithm.
Object-Oriented Type Inference
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We present a new approach to inferring types in untyped object-oriented programs with inheritance, assignments, and late binding. It guarantees that all messages are understood, annotates the program with type information, allows polymorphic methods, and can be used as the basis of an optimizing compiler. Types are finite sets of classes and subtyping is set inclusion. Using a trace graph, our algorithm constructs a set of conditional type constraints and computes the least solution by least fixed-point derivation.
Transition Systems, Event Structures and Unfoldings
Authors: Nielsen Mogens , Rozenberg Grzegorz , Thiagarajan P. S.
Published: February 2016

Elementary transition systems were introduced by the authors in DAIMI PB-310. They were proved to be, in a strong categorical sense, the transition system version of elementray net systems. The question arises whether the notion of a region and the axioms (mostly based on regions) imposed on ordinary transition systems to obtain elementray net systems. Stated differently, one colud ask whether elementray transition systems could also play a role in characterizing other models of concurrency.

 

We show here that by smoothly stengthening the axioms of elementary transition systems one obtains a subclass called occurrence transitions systems which turn out to be categorically equivalent to the well-known model of concurrency called prime event structures.

 

Next we show that occurrence transition systems are to elementry transition systems what occurrence nets are to elementary nets systems. We define an ''unfold'' operation on elementry transition systems which yields occurrence transistion systems. We then prove that this operation uniquely extends to a functor which is the right adjoint to the inclusion functor from (the full subcategory of) occurrence transition systems to (the category of) elementary transition systems. Thus the results of this paper also show that the semantic theory of elementray net systems has a nice counterpart in the more abstract world of transition systems.
A Linear Specification Language for Petri Nets
Authors: Brown Carolyn , Gurr Doug , Paiva Valeria De
Published: February 2016

This paper defines a category GNet with object set all Petri nets. A morphism in GNet from a net N to a net N' gives a precise way of simulating every evolution of N by an evolution of N'. We exhibit a morphism from a simple message handler to one with error-correction, showing that the more refined message handler can simulate any behaviour of its simple counterpart. The existence of such a morphism proves the correctness of the refinement.
Relations and Non-commutative Linear Logic
Authors: Brown Carolyn , Gurr Doug
Published: February 2016

Linear logic differs from intuitionistic logic primarily in the absence of the structural rules of weakening and contraction. Weakening allows us to prove a proposition in the context of irrelevant or unused premises, while contraction allows us to use a premise an arbitrary number of times. Linear logic has been called a ''resource-conscious'' logic, since the premises of a sequent must appear exactly as many times as they are used.

In this paper, we address this ''experimental nature'' by presenting a non-commutative intuitionistic linear logic with several attractive properties. Our logic discards even the limited commutativityof Yetter's logic in which cyclic permutations of formulae are permitted. It arises in a natural way from the system of intuitionistic linear logic presented by Girard and Lafont, and we prove a cut elimination theorem. In linear logic, the rules of weakening and contraction are recovered in a restricted sense by the introduction of the exponential modality(!). This recaptures the expressive power of intuitionistic logic. In our logic the modality ! recovers the non-commutative analogues of these structural rules. However, the most appealing property of our logic is that it is both sound and complete with respect to interpretation in a natural class of models which we call relational quantales.
Small Changes: Using Workshops for Giving Participants a Voice
Authors: Greenbaum Joan , Madsen Kim Halskov
Published: February 2016

While technological change is often occurring at what appears to be a rapid pace, the pace at which technology is absorbed into an organization is, in fact, quite slow. This paper discusses the need for patience in accepting and preparing for organizational change. Specifically it discusses the authors' experiences in a project where many types of workshops were used to help foster an environment where the participants could find ways to express their needs for new computer support.
Simulation Techniques
Authors: Gammelgaard Anders
Published: February 2016

In the papers surveyed in this thesis a number of simulation techniques are presented together with their applications to several examples. The papers improve upon existing techniques and introduce new techniques.

 

The improvement of existing techniques is motivated in programming methodology: It is demonstrated that existing techniques often introduce a double proof burden whereas the improved techniques alleviate such a burden. One application is to ensure delay insensitivity in a class of self-timed circuits.

 

A major part of the thesis is concerned with the deduction and use of two simulation techniques to prove the correctness of translations from subsets of occam-2 to transputer code.
On-Line Reevaluation of Functions
Authors: Miltersen Peter Bro
Published: February 2016

Given a finite set S and a function f : S^n -> S^m, we consider the problem of making a data structure which maintains a value of x in S^n and allows us to efficiently change an arbitrary coordinate of x and efficiently evaluate f_i(x) for arbitrary i. We both examine the problem for specific choices of f and relate the possibility of an efficient solution to general properties of f: expressibility as a formula, space complexity and time complexity.
Binding Time Analysis: Abstract Interpretation vs. Type Inference
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

Binding time analysis is important in partial evaluators. Its task is to determine which parts of a program can be specialized if some of the expected input is known. Two approaches to do this are abstract interpretation and type inference. We compare two specific such analyses to see which one determines most program parts to be eliminable. The first is the abstract interpretation approach of Bondorf, and the second is the type inference approach o£ Gomard. Both apply to the untyped lambda calculus. We prove that Bondorf's analysis is better than Gomard's.
A Description of the MATHILDA System
Authors: Shriver Bruce D.
Published: February 2016

A dynamically microprogrammable processor called MATHILDA is described. MATHILDA has been designed to be used as a tool in emulator and processor design research. It has a very general microinstruction sequencing scheme, sophisticated masking and shifting capability, high speed local storage, a 64-bit wide bus structure, a horizontally encoded microinstruction, and other features which make it reasonably well suited for this purpose. Also, hardware modification is relatively easily undertaken to enhance the experimental nature of the machine.
The Growth Range Equivalence Problem for D0L Systems is Decidable
Authors: Berstel Jean
Published: February 2016

The decidability of equivalence problems for DOL systems has been studied in various papers. One of the questions left open in these papers, is the decidability of what one might call the growth range equivalence problem. Two DOL systems are said to be equivalent if the ranges of their growth functions coincide. This problem is proved to be decidable.

Published in: A. Lindenmayer & G. Rozenberg (ed.) Automata, Languages and Development, North-Holland, 1976.
The Complexity of Finite Memory Programs with Recursion
Authors: Jones Neil D. , Muchnick Steven S.
Published: February 2016

In an earlier paper (JACM, 1976) we studied the computational complexity of a number of questions of both programming and theoretical interest (e.g. halting, looping, equivalence) concerning the behaviour of programs written in an extremely simple programming language. These finite memory programs or fmps model the behaviour of FORTRAN-like programs with a finite memory whose size can be determined by examination of the program itself.

The present paper is a continuation in which we extend the analysis to include ALGOL-like programs (called fmp^(rec) s) with the finite memory augmented by an implicit pushdown stack used to support recursion.

Our major results are the following. First, we show that at least deterministic exponential time is required to determine whether a program in the basic fmpr~C model accepts a nonempty set. Then we show that a model with a limited version of call-by-name requires exponential space to determine acceptance of a nonempty set, and that a more sophisticated model with rewritable conditional formal parametershas an undecidable halting problem. The same lower bounds apply to the equivalence problem, which in contrast to the situation for the basic fmp model is not known to be decidable (since it is not known whether equivalence of deterministic pushdown automata is decidable).
Methods for Computing LALR(k) Lookahead
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

Methods for constructing LALR(k) parsers are discussed. Algorithms for computing LALR(k)-lookahead are presented together with the necessary theory to prove their correctness. Firstly a special algorithm for the LALR(1) case is presented. Secondly a general LALR(k)-algorithm with k >= 1 is presented. Given an item and a state the algorithms compute their corresponding LALR-lookahead during a recursive traversal of the LR(0)-machine. Finally the LALR(k)-algorithm is generalised to compute LALR(k)-lookahead for all items and states visited during the recursive traversal performed by the former algorithms.
Regions of Absolute Stability
Authors: Sand Jørgen , Østerby Ole
Published: February 2016

At the Department of Computer Science a system has been developed for plotting regions of absolute stability for a large class of formulae and methods for solving systems of ordinary differential equations. This report is a pictorial guide through the stability regions of a number of well-known formulae thereby showing the capabilities of our programs, and hopefully also giving some new information about the methods. In an appendix we give coefficients for Adams, Nystrom, generalized Milne-Simpson and backward differentiation formulae up to order 12 (resp. 11) and coefficients for Pade approximations to the exponential up to degree 6.
A Constructive Approach to Compiler Correctness
Authors: Mosses Peter D.
Published: February 2016

 It is suggested that denotational semantic definitions of programming languages should be based on a small number of abstract data types, each embodying a fundamental concept of computation. Once these fundamental abstract data types have been implemented in a particular target language (e.g. stack-machine code), it is a simple matter to construct a correct compiler for any source language from its denotational semantic definition. The approach is illustrated by constructing a compiler similar to the one which was proved correct by Thatcher, Wagner Et Wright ( 1979). Some familiarity with many-sorted algebras is presumed.
Comparison of two pivotal strategies in sparse plane rotations
Authors: Zlatev Zahari
Published: February 2016

Let the rectangular matrix A be large and sparse. Assume that plane rotations are used to decompose A into RDS where R^T R = I, D is a diagonal and S is upper triangular. Both column and row interchanges have to be used in order to preserve the sparsity of matrix A during the decomposition. It is proved that H the column interchanges are fixed, then the number of non-zero elements in S does not depend on the row interchanges used. However, this does not mean that the computational work is also independent of the row interchanges. Two pivotal strategies, where the same rule is used in the choice of pivotal columns, are described and compared. It is verified (by many numerical examples) that if matrix A is not very sparse, then one of these strategies will often perform better than the other both with regard to the storage and the computing time. The accuracy and the robustness of the computations are also discussed.
Redes transnacionales de organizaciones indígenas. Análisis del uso de las redes en conflictos socioambientales
Authors: Paz Herrera Marcela
Published: February 2016

The article is the result of a doctoral research project that addressed the issue of contemporary indigenous policies by analyzing the formation and use of transnational networks of indigenous organizations within the context of socio-environmental conflicts. It was a case study involving a transnational indigenous coalition and three socio-environmental conflicts caused by the installation and development of extractive exploitation projects. The theoretical focus entailed a review of the concepts of civil society, transnational social movements, and ethnicity. The last of these was done considering that ethnic vindication is explained by the formation of supra-local and transnational ties. In the case analyzed, the leading role played by non-governmental organizations within this network was evident.
Growth and characterization of indium-doped Zn3P2 bulk crystals
Authors: Katsube Ryoji , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Nagaoka Akira , Yoshino Kenji , Nose Yoshitaro , Shirai Yasuharu
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we report the crystal growth of indium-doped zinc phosphide bulk crystals to obtain n-type conduction. The crystal growth experiments were carried out by unidirectional solidification from In–Zn–P ternary solution, and n-type Zn3P2 bulk crystals were successfully obtained. It was also revealed that the electrical properties of indium-doped Zn3P2 crystals could be controlled by heat treatment under controlled partial pressure of phosphorus or zinc. The relationship between the electron concentration and the partial pressure of zinc or phosphorus even in indium-doped Zn3P2 can be understood on the basis of defect equilibria, as in the case of undoped Zn3P2. However, the controllable range of the electron concentration was 1010–1013 cm−3, which was too low in terms of the concentration of doped indium. This is due to the low formation energy of the intrinsic acceptor, interstitial phosphorus, and carrier compensation should be discussed. According to recent reports on ab initio calculation, a weakly n-type Zn3P2 is expected to be formed under extremely Zn-rich growth conditions. The results obtained in this study coincide with the prediction based on calculations, and provide useful knowledge for the formation of the p–n junction of Zn3P2.
Low-dark-current waveguide InGaAs metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector monolithically integrated with InP grating coupler on III–V CMOS photonics platform
Authors: Cheng Yongpeng , Ikku Yuki , Takenaka Mitsuru , Takagi Shinichi
Published: February 2016

The fabrication of waveguide InGaAs metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetector (PD) monolithically integrated with an InP grating coupler has been demonstrated using the III–V CMOS photonics platform. The grating coupler shows approximately 28% coupling efficiency, which allows wafer-scale testing with better coupling and alignment tolerance than edge-fire coupling. The InGaAs PD with an InP/InAlAs Schottky barrier enhancement (SBE) layer exhibits a low dark current of 0.75 nA at 1 V bias. When the bias is 4 V, a responsivity of approximately 0.19 A/W with 3 nA dark current is achieved. The fabricated PD on a III–V-on-insulator wafer can be used for the fabrication of low-power receiver chips for optical interconnects.
Formation of Ge oxide film by neutral beam postoxidation using Al metal film
Authors: Ohno Takeo , Nakayama Daiki , Okada Takeru , Samukawa Seiji
Published: February 2016

A low-temperature neutral beam postoxidation process using an aluminum (Al) metal film was used to obtain a high-quality germanium (Ge) oxide film. After the deposition of a 1-nm-thick Al film on a Ge substrate, the simultaneous oxidation of Al and Ge was carried out at 300 °C, and a Ge oxide film with 28.5% Ge dioxide (GeO2) content was realized by controlling the acceleration bias power of the neutral oxygen beam. We also confirmed that the fabricated Au/AlO
x
/GeO
x
/Ge/Al MOS gate structure shows an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 2.8 nm. This result demonstrates the great potential of neutral beam postoxidation for fabricating high-performance Ge MOS transistors.
Tandem photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical GaAs/InGaAsP–WO3/BiVO4 device for solar hydrogen generation
Authors: Kosar Sonya , Pihosh Yuriy , Turkevych Ivan , Mawatari Kazuma , Uemura Jin , Kazoe Yutaka , Makita Kikuo , Sugaya Takeyoshi , Matsui Takuya , Fujita Daisuke , Tosa Masahiro , Struk Yaroslav M. , Kondo Michio , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: February 2016

We demonstrated highly efficient solar hydrogen generation via water splitting by photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical (PV–PEC) tandem device based on GaAs/InGaAsP (PV cell) and WO3/BiVO4 core/shell nanorods (PEC cell). We utilized extremely thin absorber (ETA) concept to design the WO3/BiVO4 core/shell heterojunction nanorods and obtained the highest efficiencies of generation, separation and transfer of the photo-induced charge carriers that are possible for the WO3/BiVO4 material combination. The PV–PEC tandem shows stable water splitting photocurrent of 6.56 mA·cm−2 under standard AM1.5G solar light that corresponds to the record solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of 8.1%.
Paralarvae of the complex Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis‐Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in the northern limit of the shallow oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (April 2012)
Authors: Sánchez‐Velasco Laura , Ruvalcaba‐Aroche Erick D. , Beier Emilio , Godínez Victor M. , Barton Eric D. , Díaz‐Viloria Noe , Pacheco María R.
Published: February 2016

The three‐dimensional distribution of the paralarvae of the complex Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis‐Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) was analyzed at the northern limit of the shallow oxygen minimum zone in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in April 2012. The upper limit of the oxygen minimum water (∼44 µmol/kg or 1 mL/L) rises from ∼100 m depth in the entrance of the Gulf of California to ∼20 m depth off Cabo Corrientes. Most of the paralarvae of this complex, dominated by D. gigas, were concentrated in the Gulf entrance, between the thermocline (∼20 to ∼50 m depth) and the sea surface, in the warmest (>19°C) oxygenated (>176 µmol/kg) layer. The highest abundance of paralarvae was detected in an anticyclonic eddy (∼120 km diameter and >500 m deep), which contained lower‐salinity water (<35 g/kg), consistent with formation in the California Current. Lower paralarvae abundance was recorded further south off Cabo Corrientes, where hypoxic layers were elevated as water shoaled nearshore. Almost no paralarvae were found in the north of the study area beyond the strong salinity front (∼34.8–35.4 g/kg) that bounded the anticyclone. These results showed an affinity of the paralarvae for lower‐salinity, oxygenated water, illustrated by the influence of the mesoscale anticyclonic eddy and the salinity front in their distribution. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the expansion of the depth range of hypoxic water observed in the Eastern Tropical Pacific may be increasing environmental stress on the paralarvae by vertically restricting their habitat, and so affecting their survival.
Expression of the M3Muscarinic Receptor on Orexin Neurons that Project to the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla
Authors: Dai Yu‐Wen E. , Lee Yen‐Hsien , Y.S. Chen Jennifer , Lin Yen‐Kuang , Hwang Ling‐Ling
Published: February 2016

Activation of central cholinergic receptors causes a pressor response in rats, and the hypothalamus is important for this response. Projections from hypothalamic orexin neurons to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are involved in sympatho‐excitation of the cardiovascular system. A small population of orexin neurons is regulated by cholinergic inputs through M3muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R). To elucidate whether the M3R on orexin neurons is involved in cardiosympathetic regulation through the RVLM, we examined the presence of the M3R on retrograde‐labeled RVLM‐projecting orexin neurons. The retrograde tracer was unilaterally injected into the RVLM. Within the hypothalamus, retrograde‐labeled neurons were located predominantly ipsilateral to the injection side. In the anterior hypothalamus (−1.5 to −2.3 mm to the bregma), retrograde‐labeled neurons were densely distributed in the paraventricular nuclei and scattered in the retrochiasmatic area. At −2.3 to −3.5 mm from the bregma, labeled neurons were located in the regions where orexin neurons were situated, that is, the tuberal lateral hypothalamic area, perifornical area, and dorsomedial nuclei. Very few retrograde‐labeled neurons were observed in the hypothalamus at −3.5 to −4.5 mm from the bregma. About 19.5% ± 1.6% of RVLM‐projecting neurons in the tuberal hypothalamus were orexinergic. The M3R was present on 18.7% ± 3.0% of RVLM‐projecting orexin neurons. Injection of a muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, in the perifornical area resulted in a pressor response, which was attenuated by a pretreatment of atropine. We conclude that cholinergic inputs to orexin neurons may be involved in cardiosympathetic regulation through the M3R on the orexin neurons that directly project to the RVLM. Anat Rec, 299:660–668, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance optimization of continuous countercurrent tangential chromatography for antibody capture
Authors: Dutta Amit K. , Tan Jasmine , Napadensky Boris , Zydney Andrew L. , Shinkazh Oleg
Published: February 2016

Recent studies have demonstrated that continuous countercurrent tangential chromatography (CCTC) can effectively purify monoclonal antibodies from clarified cell culture fluid. CCTC has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of conventional packed bed protein A chromatography. This paper explores the optimization of CCTC in terms of product yield, impurity removal, overall productivity, and buffer usage. Modeling was based on data from bench‐scale process development and CCTC experiments for protein A capture of two clarified Chinese Hamster Ovary cell culture feedstocks containing monoclonal antibodies provided by industrial partners. The impact of resin binding capacity and kinetics, as well as staging strategy and buffer recycling, was assessed. It was found that optimal staging in the binding step provides better yield and increases overall system productivity by 8–16%. Utilization of higher number of stages in the wash and elution steps can lead to significant decreases in buffer usage (∼40% reduction) as well as increased removal of impurities (∼2 log greater removal). Further reductions in buffer usage can be obtained by recycling of buffer in the wash and regeneration steps (∼35%). Preliminary results with smaller particle size resins show that the productivity of the CCTC system can be increased by 2.5‐fold up to 190 g of mAb/L of resin/hr due to the reduction in mass transfer limitations in the binding step. These results provide a solid framework for designing and optimizing CCTC technology for capture applications. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:430–439, 2016
ChemInform Abstract: PERDEUTEROTRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN UND TRIFLUORACETYL‐DECADEUTERODIPHENYLPHOSPHIN SOWIE DESSEN VERHALTEN GEGENUEBER MOLEKULAREM SAUERSTOFF
Authors: LINDNER EKKEHARD , EBERT HANS‐DIETER , HAAG ARMIN
Published: February 2016

Aus PCl3 und D5‐Brombenzol wird in 50%iger Ausbeute durch Grignard‐ Reaktion das D15‐Phosphin (I) dargestellt, aus dem das Na‐phosphid (II) (ca 70%) erhalten wird, das mit dem Acetylchlorid (III) bei ‐78°C in THF zum Acetylphosphin (IV) (30%) reagiert; in Benzol oder Toluol führt dessen Oxidation bei Zimmertemperatur überraschenderweise zum Ester (V) (21%), der zur Phosphinsäure (VI) (75%) hydrolysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON BRENZCATECHIN MIT METHYL‐ UND PHENYLDICHLORPHOSPHIN
Authors: WIEBER M. , HOOS W. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Phosphine (II) reagieren mit Brenzcatechin (I) bei Anwesenheit von Tri‐ äthylamin als HCl‐Akzeptor zu den Benzodioxaphospholen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BEZIEHUNG ZWISCHEN DEN STABILITAETSKONSTANTEN VON KOMPLEXEN MIT ANIONEN UND DEN PARAMETERN FUER DAS NUCLEOPHILE VERHALTEN DIESER ANIONEN
Authors: SMIDT V. S. , SOKOLOV S. V.
Published: February 2016

Die log der Stabilitätskonstanten von Neutralkomplexen wie (I) in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff steigen linear mit dem nucleophilen Charakter des Anions.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. UND THERMOYLSE VON MAGNESIUMOXALATEN UND ‐CHLORIDOXALATEN
Authors: LEVY LEONE WALTER , PERROTEY JEAN
Published: February 2016

Durch Zugabe von Oxalsäure zu einer konz. wäßrigen Mg‐chlorid‐Lösung bei 25 bzw. 50°C entstehen die Doppelsalze (Ia) bzw. (Ib), in stark verdünnter Lösung entsteht das Mg‐oxalat (II), dessen Struktur nach Alterung bestimmt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE UMLAGERUNG IN ASYMM. RHODIUM(I)‐DIOLEFIN‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: HEITNER HOWARD I. , LIPPARD STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2016

Anhand von Analysen der temperaturabhängigen 1H‐NMR‐Spektren wird für die Komplexe (I) und (II) eine schnelle intramolekulare, konzentrationsunabhängige und temperaturabhängige cis‐trans‐Umlagerung festgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ELEKTRISCHE MOMENTE UND KONFORM. VON MOLEKUELEN 7. MITT. MERCAPTO‐ UND ACETYLTHIOPHENE 8. MITT. 2‐METHOXY‐ UND 2‐METHYLMERCAPTO‐PYRIDINE, IMIDATE, TETRAMETHYLHARNSTOFF UND ‐THIOHARNSTOFF, N‐METHYL‐PIPERIDON‐(2) UND PYRIDONE
Authors: LUMBROSO HENRI , BERTIN DANIEL MARCEL , CAGNIANT PAUL
Published: February 2016

Aus Untersuchungen der Dipolmomente geht hervor, daß die Mercaptothiophene (I) Thiolstruktur besitzen.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMUS DER RETRO‐FAVORSKIJ‐RK. 2. MITT. ALKALISPALTUNG VON 0‐DEUTERIERTEM METHYLAETHYL‐(PHENYLAETHINYL)‐CARBINOL UND MECHANISMUS DER FAVORSKIJ‐RK.
Authors: SCELKUNOV A. V. , MULDACHMETOV Z. M. , RACHIMZANOVA N. A. , FAVORSKAJA T. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Spaltung des Carbinols (I) durch metallisches K in Diäthyläther verläuft unter Übertragung eines Protons von der Alkyl‐Gruppe auf das entstehende, nicht deuterierte Phenylacetylen (III) und Bildung des deuterierten Ketons (II).
ChemInform Abstract: RED. VON ALPHA‐KETOL‐ UND ALPHA‐DIKETO‐FETTSAEUREN MIT JODWASSERSTOFFSAEURE
Authors: OSMAN S. M. , AHMAD M.
Published: February 2016

Ölsäure, Petroselinsäure (cis‐6‐Octadecensäure) und Erucasäure (cis‐13‐Docosaensäure) wurden an der Doppelbindung hydroxyliert und die entstandenen α‐Glykole (I) mit Chromsäure zu den α‐Diketosäuren (II) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON 2‐HETEROALKYL‐SUBSTITUIERTEN 2‐CYCLOHEXEN‐1‐ONEN
Authors: TOBIAS M. A. , STRONG J. G. , NAPIER R. P.
Published: February 2016

2‐Cyclohexenon (I) wurde zu (II) epoxidiert, aus dem mit nucleophilen Reagentien (III) über die Carbinole (IV) unter sofortiger Dehydratisierung die 2‐Heteroalkyl‐substituierten 2‐Cyclohexenone (V) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: ALICYCLISCHE VERBINDUNGEN 5. MITT. SYNTH. VON CYCLODECADIENON‐FRAGMENTIERUNG EINES DELTA‐KETO‐TOSYLATES
Authors: MUKHARJI P. C. , DAS GUPTA T. K. , GHOSH D. P.
Published: February 2016

Das Hydroxy‐decalon (II) und das Isomere (III) wurden aus dem Ketal (I) durch Reduktion mit Natriumboranat und anschließende Deketalisierung hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: METHOXYMERCURIERUNG VON BULLVALEN UND BICYCLO(4,2,2)DECA‐2,4,7,9‐TETRAEN
Authors: LOEFFLER H. P. , SCHROEDER G.
Published: February 2016

Bullvalen (I) und Bicyclo(4,2,2)decatetraen (V) werden bei 20°C mit Quecksilberacetat in Methanol und danach mit Kaliumjodid (oder Kochsalz) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLIERUNG VON TOLUOL MIT EPICHLORHYDRIN IN GEGENWART VON ALUMINIUMCHLORID
Authors: SADYCH‐ZADE S. I. , KURBANOV S. B. , MUSTAFAEV R. I.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reaktion von Toluol (I) mit Epichlorhydrin in Gegenwart von A1(III)‐chlorid bei 0°C entstehen die isomeren Tolylchlorpropanole (II); das Gemisch enthält 60‐65, 20‐25 bzw. 15‐20% des 0‐, m‐ bzw. p‐Isomeren.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOISMERISIERUNGEN IN DER 1,3‐CYCLOHEXADIEN‐REIHE 6. MITT. STEREOCHEMISCHE PHOTOLYTISCHE RINGOEFFNUNG UND EINE SIGMATROPE 1,7‐WASSERSTOFFWANDERUNG BEI THERMISCHER BEANSPRUCHUNG
Authors: COURTOT P. , RUMIN R.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse der beiden Diphenyl‐dimethyl‐cyclohexadiene (Ib) und (IIb), deren Herstellung aus entsprechenden Dicarbonestern (I) und Diolen über die Sulfonester und deren Alanatreduktion beschrieben ist, führt zu den acyclischen Trienen (III) bzw. (V), die thermisch unter (1,7)‐Wasserstoff= Verschiebung in das Trien (IV) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE UMLAGERUNG VON BICYCLO(3,3,1)NONA‐3,7‐DIEN‐2,6‐DIONEN ZU TRI‐ASTERANDIONEN
Authors: KNOTT P. A. , MELLOR J. M.
Published: February 2016

Das in seiner Herstellung beschriebene Bicyclo(3,3, l )nona‐3,7‐dien‐2,6‐ dion (I) liefert bei der Photolyse das Triasterandion (III), wobei (II) als Zwischenstufe angenommen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NAPHTHYLMETHYLSELENO‐SUBSTITUIERTE ALKANCARBONSAEUREN
Authors: FREDGA ARNE
Published: February 2016

Durch Reduktion entsprechender Diselenodicarbonsäuren mit Zn oder Rongalit in wäßrigem NH3 zu Selenolcarbonsäuren und deren direkte Umsetzung mit Naphthyl‐(1)‐methylchlorid bzw. ‐(2)‐methylbromid wurden die Titelverbindungen (I) mit 60‐80% Ausbeute erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON DIAZOALKANEN MIT TROPON UND TROPOLON, SYNTH. VON STABILEM BICYCLO(4,2,0)OCTADIEN‐(2,4)‐ON‐(7)
Authors: FRANCK‐NEUMANN M.
Published: February 2016

Diazo‐2‐propan reagiert mit Tropon (I) bei ‐30°C in Äther.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐AMINO‐SYMM.‐TRIAZOLO(4,3‐A)PYRIDINE AUS 2‐HALOGEN‐PYRIDINEN UND THIOSEMICARBAZID
Authors: HEINISCH LOTHAR
Published: February 2016

Durch Erhitzen der Pyridine (I) mit Thiosemicarbazid (II) in Äthylenglykol entstehen über die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) die Triazolopyridine (V).
ChemInform Abstract: UNGESAETTIGTE ZUCKER
Authors: FERRIER R. J.
Published: February 2016

Der Übersichtsartikel befaßt sich mit den Synthesen, Reaktionen (Additionen, Umlagerungen) und NMR‐Spektren von Glycalen, 2‐substituierten Glycalen, 2,3‐, 3,4 , 4,5‐ und 5,6‐ungesättigten, cyclischen Zuckern mit anderen ungesättigten cyclischen und acyclischen Zuckern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. DER 2,3,4,6,7‐PENTA‐O‐METHYL‐D‐GLYCERO‐L‐MANNO‐HEPTOSE UND DER 2,4,6,7‐TETRA‐O‐METHYL‐D‐GLYCERO‐L‐MANNO‐HEPTOSE
Authors: SINGH P. P. , ADAMS G. A.
Published: February 2016

Zur Herstellung von (X) wird D‐Galaktose (I) mit Aceton/Zinkchlorid/Schwefelsäure in die 1,2,3,4‐Di‐O‐isoprppyliden‐Verbindung (II) umgewandelt, diese tosyliert, das 6‐O‐Tosylat (III) mit methanolischer Salzsäure zu (IV) umgesetzt und (IV) mit Aceton/Kupfer(II)‐sulfat/ Schwefelsäure selektiv in das Methyl‐3,4‐0‐isopropyliden‐6‐O‐p‐tosyl‐a‐D‐galaktopyranosid (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEGATIV SUBSTITUIERTE ACETYLENE 3. MITT. UMGEKEHRTE WITTIG‐RK. MIT TRIPHENYL‐PHOSPHINOXID UND TRIPHENYL‐ARSINOXID
Authors: CIGANEK E.
Published: February 2016

Dicyanacetylen (I) liefert mit Triphenylphosphinoxid (II) über die Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) das Triphenylphosphoranyliden‐oxaloacetonitril (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOGERMANIUMVERBINDUNGEN 8. MITT. (1)H‐NMR‐SPEKTREN P‐SUBSTITUIERTER PHENYLTRICHLORGERMANE
Authors: SCHRAML J. , HETFLEJS J. , PICH J. , CHVALOVSKY V.
Published: February 2016

Die 1H‐NMR‐Spektren der Germane (I) werden analysiert und es wird gezeigt, daß die Elektronegativität von Germanium mehr bei 2,0 als bei 1,40 liegt.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXBLDG. VON DIALKYLSUBSTITUIERTEN MALONSAEUREN MIT METALLIONEN IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG
Authors: OSTACOLI GIORGIO , VANNI ADRIANO , ROLETTO EZIO
Published: February 2016

Potentiometrisch wird die Komplexbildung der Malonsäuren (I) mit M(2+)‐ Ionen (M: Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd) bei einer Ionenstärke von IC = 0,1 F (NaClO4) und 25°C untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HEXACYANORUTHENATE(II) DER SELTENERDMETALLE, KALIUMHEXACYANORUTHENATE(II) VON ND, SM, EU, GD, DY UND ER
Authors: KRALIK F.
Published: February 2016

In wäßrigen Lösungen von Kaliumhexacyanoruthena(II) und Eu‐, Ge‐ bzw. Dy‐trichlorid bzw. Sm‐ und Eu‐trinitrat sowie analogen Lösungen von Ndtrinitrat in Äthanol/Wasser wird mittels konduktometrischer Titration die Bildung der Komplexe (Ia) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ZIRCULARDICHROISMUS UND OPTISCHE ROTATIONSDISPERSION VON SESQUITERPEN‐LACTONEN
Authors: STOECKLIN W. , WADDELL T. G. , GEISSMAN T. A.
Published: February 2016

Die CD‐ und z.T. die ORD‐Kurven von 44 Sesquiterpenlactonen, wie z.B. (I), und der Cotton‐Effekt der Pyrazolin‐Addukte solcher Lactone, wie z.B. (II), wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DEUTUNG DES NIEDRIGSTEN ANGEREGTEN SINGULETT‐ZUSTANDES VON BIPHENYL UND SEINEN ANALOGEN
Authors: BERLMAN ISADORE B.
Published: February 2016

Untersucht werden die Elektronenabsorptions‐ und Fluoreszenzspektren von Kohlenwasserstoffen des Typs (I) bis (IV) und Biphenyl (Literatur).
ChemInform Abstract: BROMIERUNG VON DERIVATEN ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTER SAEUREN DURCH DIE BROM‐BROMID‐METHODE
Authors: ALEEV K. M. , USAKOV S. N.
Published: February 2016

Die Bromierungsgeschwindigkeit der Doppelbindung der Crotonsäure und ihrer Derivate nach der Brom‐Bromid‐Methode (Kaufmann), die an sich gering ist, hängt wesentlich von der Art der funktionellen Gruppe neben der Carbonyl‐Gruppe ab.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE ADDITION VON BENZYL‐LITHIUM‐VERBINDUNGEN AN NORBORNEN‐RINGE
Authors: LANSBURY P. T. , CARIDI F. J.
Published: February 2016

Behandlung des.‐Norbomenylbenzyläthers (I) mit Methyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran liefert nach Ansäuern den tricyclischen Äther (II), der auch aus dem Alkohol (III) dargestellt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATE VON SUBSTITUIERTEN 2‐ALKOXY‐2‐PHENYLACETAMIDO‐CARBONSAEUREN
Authors: LUCENTE GINO , LUCENTE GIOVANNA M. , PANTANELLA FRANCO , ROMEO AURELIO
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion der Alkohole (II) mit den Pseudooxazolonen (I) bei 75 bis 80°C werden die Ester (III) in guten Ausbeuten dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: AUTOKATALYSE BEI DEN RK. EINIGER FETTAROMATISCHER DIOLE MIT PHENYLISOCYANAT
Authors: KORNEV K. A. , SARZEVSKAJA V. P. , LYSOBYK S. E.
Published: February 2016

Es wurde die Kinetik der Umsetzung von (I) mit den fettaromatischen Diolen (II)‐(VI) zu entsprechenden Diurethanen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ENDO‐ UND EXO‐6,7‐BENZO‐8‐OXA‐1,5‐DIPHENYL‐TRICYCLO(3,2,1,0(2,4))OCTEN UND IHR VERH. BEI SAEUREBEHANDLUNG
Authors: GEIBEL K. , HEINDL J.
Published: February 2016

Wird Cyclopropen in eine Lösung von 1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran in Chloroform eingeleitet, so erhält man ein Rohprodukt, das aus 75% endo‐6,7‐ Benzo‐8‐oxa‐1,5‐diphenyl‐tricyclo(3,2,1,O2,4)octen (I), 13% exo‐Isomeres (II) und 12% trans‐Diol (III) besteht.