bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining Housing and Services
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C
Published: November 2023

As the cliche has it, everyone needs a place called home. Home health programs, home care programs, personal-assistant services, day care, home modifications, and a host of other offerings in the armamentarium of long-term care are predicated on the long-term care consumer having a place to live. Moreover, almost since the advent of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, long-term care analysts have set as a goal that long-term care clients continue to live in their own homes. Movement to a nursing home or other institution has been perceived as a last resort when a care plan cannot be arranged at home for anything resembling a reasonable cost.
The Basics
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

Law (1979) introduced the notion of a Darwinian demon. Such an organism “starts to produce progeny almost immediately after its own birth, producing very large numbers at frequent intervals as it grows older. It experiences no mortality, and its capacity for dispersal and finding mates knows no bounds” (p. 82). We immediately react to such a proposition as ridiculous, and as Law points out, thinking about why Darwinian demons do not exist leads us to useful insights about ecology and evolution.
Winter Survival Strategies
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we use dynamic state variable models to study winter foraging and fat-reserve strategies for two vertebrate species: willow tits (Parus montanus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In both examples we define fitness in terms of winter survival. Both species are subject to predation risk while foraging, so they both face critical trade-offs between starvation and predation. The main source of stochasticity assumed to face willow tits in winter is variable costs of thermoregulation induced by cold weather periods. For the salmon, daily foraging success is variable. Field or laboratory tests of model predictions are also described.
The Larger Legal Framework for Human Tissue Research: Moore and Beyond
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Federal policy for research with human participants establishes the core legal parameters for investigators and institutions, but it does not constitute the sum total of pertinent law. As we have seen, various provisions of the Common Rule defer to other law regarding such matters as informed consent and privacy. Moreover, the regulations do not offer answers to important related questions about the risks of genetic discrimination or ownership of removed tissues. This chapter places genetics research with stored tissue samples in its larger legal and, to an extent, social context. Our account of the existing legal landscape is descriptive, though various points of interpretation may have normative features. While legal remedies for violations of a sample source’s rights are discussed at various points, this is not a central focus, and we refrain from theorizing about possible legal claims for alleged violations of participants’ rights and interests.
Environmentalism for a New Millennium
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: November 2023

For hundreds of years, Americans have claimed the right to use and abuse their land for pleasure and profit. Whether aided or opposed by government, individuals and corporations have vehemently and at times militantly asserted the prerogative to exploit natural resources. In the late 1970s, a collective assertion of such rights arose in the western states. It came to be known as the Sagebrush Rebellion. Fostered chiefly by energy companies and wealthy public lands ranchers, but significantly supported by grassroots westerners, the Sagebrush Rebels set themselves the goal of having most if not all federal lands, including national parks and wilderness areas, turned over to the states. The idea was that these lands would subsequently be made more easily available for private exploitation. In support of the rebellion, a number of western states laid claim to federal lands in court. The Sagebrush Rebels pitted themselves against the national government in its role as the caretaker of public lands. To a lesser extent, they also pitted themselves against environmentalists who advocated the further regulation and better caretaking of public lands. Identifying himself as a Sagebrush Rebel, Ronald Reagan set in motion the quick sale of federal public lands to private individuals and corporations.
What Is Complexity?
Authors: Mitchell Melanie
Published: November 2023

Brazil: The Amazon rain forest. Half a million army ants are on the march. No one is in charge of this army; it has no commander. Each individual ant is nearly blind and minimally intelligent, but the marching ants together create a coherent fan-shaped mass of movement that swarms over, kills, and efficiently devours all prey in its path. What cannot be devoured right away is carried with the swarm. After a day of raiding and destroying the edible life over a dense forest the size of a football field, the ants build their nighttime shelter—a chain-mail ball a yard across made up of the workers’ linked bodies, sheltering the young larvae and mother queen at the center. When dawn arrives, the living ball melts away ant by ant as the colony members once again take their places for the day’s march.

Nigel Franks, a biologist specializing in ant behavior, has written, “The solitary army ant is behaviorally one of the least sophisticated animals imaginable,” and, “If 100 army ants are placed on a flat surface, they will walk around and around in never decreasing circles until they die of exhaustion.” Yet put half a million of them together, and the group as a whole becomes what some have called a “superorganism” with “collective intelligence.”
Schumann’s Process of Composing a Cycle
Authors: Ferris David
Published: November 2023

The Eichendorff Liederlcrei.J provides us with an especially good opportunity to reevaluate the way in which we conceive Schumann’s song cycles, because there are two related circumstances concerning its genesis that have challenged our traditional assumptions about the genre. First, the poems that Schumann set were selected by Clara Wieck from Eichendorff’s collected edition and were never intended by the poet as a cycle. Second, the only complete set of manuscript sources that survives for the songs reveals that the order in which Schumann composed them bears virtually no relationship to the order in which they stand in the published opus. Our conventional understanding of the song cycle carries such powerful “implications of order and interdependence,” as Patrick McCreless puts it, that “the omission of any of the songs, or the rearrangement of their order, constitutes a threat to or negation of its cyclic character.”
Ragtime Then and Now
Authors: Morath Max
Published: November 2023

The opening chapter tracks this unruly American music as it coalesced in the late nineteenth century from undocumented folk origins. Early performers and composers left few fragments of their life and times, which have long since taken on a mythic quality. Urban tenderloins and a scruffy infant show business intersected a vigorous black culture, and a richly syncopated new music was spawned. Like other upheavals in popular music to come, it bubbled up from young people on hard times.
The Blues in Jazz
Authors: Porter Bob
Published: November 2023

The blues is the music of black Americans. Originating in the South and first discovered in Mississippi, it is music that developed from field hollers, work songs, religious music, and folk melodies. Undergoing continuous change through the years, it has kept its characteristics throughout. The blues means different things to different people. Simultaneously a form and a feeling, it has provided inspiration for singers and musicians for over a century. Blues influence can be heard in each form of American popular music.

There is no trace of the blues before 1890. Many suggest that “Joe Turner Blues” may be the first blues to have found some recognition with a wide audience. This blues was originally named for Joe Turney, a man responsible for moving black prisoners from Memphis to the penitentiary in Nashville and brother to Pete Turney, former governor of Tennessee. Joe Turney was famous for his method of handcuffing eighty prisoners to forty links of chain. While the lyric of “Joe Turner” referred specifically to the area around Tennessee, the melody was known all over the South. Each locale had its own lyric. By the end of the first decade of this century, the term the blues was in general circulation among southern blacks.
Bessie Smith
Authors: Albertson Chris
Published: November 2023

In the years after World War I, the burgeoning record industry’s catalogs were dominated by operatic arias, warhorse overtures, Sousa marches, and “foreign language” series, a euphemism for ethnic music. Oddly enough-considering that they would become the dominant influence on American music black people did not figure into record company marketing plans, neither as customers nor artists, until 1920. That’s when Perry Bradford, a black songwriter, finally persuaded Fred Hager of OKeh Records to record a vaudeville singer named Mamie Smith. Her first release, “That Thing Called Love,” sold well beyond Hager’s expectations, so he authorized another session. Bradford had Ms. Smith sing “Harlem Blues,” a tune from a 1918 revue, Made in Harlem, but changed the title to “Crazy Blues.” It was an even bigger success, and it started the blues craze of the twenties.

By early 1923 the major labels were scouting for blues-singing ladies for their newly established “race” records divisions. Talent scouts tapped the vaudeville and minstrel shows and came up with singers who easily slipped into a blues repertoire.
Louis Armstrong
Authors: Morgenstern Dan
Published: November 2023

In preparation for a fiftieth-birthday issue dedicated to Louis Armstrong, the editors of the magazine The Record Changer asked a number of musicians for tributes. The most succinct of these came from trombonist Benny Morton, who simply said: “What would we have done without Louis?”

Though he was never billed as the King of Jazz, Armstrong is the only legitimate claimant to that title. Without him there would of course have been the music called jazz, but how it might have developed is guesswork. This extraordinary trumpeter and singer was the key creator of the mature working language of jazz. Three decades after his death and more than three-quarters of a century since his influence first began to spread, not a single musician who has mastered that language fails to make daily use, knowingly or unknowingly, of something that was invented by Louis Armstrong. Or as Miles Davis put it: “You can’t play anything on your horn that Louis hasn’t played already.”

Nor was his influence limited to jazz. Brass players in all branches of music expanded the range and expressive power of their instruments in the wake of Armstrong’s unprecedented flexibility and range on the trumpet. He created a new kind of virtuosity.
Coleman Hawkins
Authors: Berger Kenny
Published: November 2023

Coleman Hawkins occupies a unique position in the history of jazz. He was born at the dawn of the twentieth century, and thus at the dawn of jazz history. His professional career began at roughly the same time that the first jazz recordings were made and continued through the swing and bebop eras, ending in the late 1960s, by which time the jazz avant-garde was firmly established. Though many of Hawkins’s contemporaries could boast equal or greater musical longevity, Coleman Hawkins was unique in that his musical style continuously evolved with the times. Though he was called the “father of the tenor saxophone,” he was never content to rest on his laurels. In Hawkins’s case, quite the opposite was true, for Coleman Hawkins was an artist who was obsessive about being on the cutting edge. He could not tolerate being thought of as old-fashioned, or past his prime, either as a musician or as a man, and found it impossible to grow old gracefully. The role of esteemed elder statesman, played with impeccable grace by contemporaries of his, such as Benny Carter and Doc Cheatham, was one which Coleman Hawkins couldn’t allow him-self to live long enough to play.
Lester Young
Authors: Schoenberg Loren
Published: November 2023

Lester Young introduced a new sensibility to jazz: one that was at once close to the swinging New Orleans roots of the music and yet malleable enough in its basic abstraction to appeal to any and all contemporary artists. With an arsenal of fresh and daring devices, Young created melodies and phrases that remain a vital part of the jazz language. His solos revealed an architectural perfection that contrasted with their seemingly effortless nature. For Young, it had to flow, and flow in a speech like manner befitting his New Orleans-based patois, which he eventually transformed into a James Joyce-like double-talk based on all manner of veiled allusions, double entendres, and hoo-hah. His speaking voice was high for a man of his stature (over six feet) and at times bordered on the feminine; he was a master of the poetic potential of curse words, which he used with taste and with humor. Lester Young was above all a speech like player. He reveled in sounds for their own sake. The actual notes sometimes took a back seat to the timbre and the shape.
Pre-Swing Era Big Bands and Jazz Composing and Arranging
Authors: Maher James T , Sultanof Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The American dance band has often mirrored its rich past while moving forward as a vital part of cross-cultural exchanges. In the post-World War I era its commonplace popular song repertoire was first reshaped by “symphonic” orchestrations, then was transformed by the creative scoring of young arrangers, black and white alike, audaciously probing the future. Immediately after the war it surfaced as a show business commodity with an underpinning of historical changes in dancing, broadcasting, recording, and filmmaking. Quickly, its publicitypro and copushed it into the celebrity world, where it deployed its exciting and musically turbulent other self: jazz (which in after-hours jamming, and later in public performances, often subverted segregation, as the musician-writer Rex Stewart has observed). In Europe in the early nineteenth century, the first celebrity dance orchestra emerged during the Congress of Vienna (1812-22). At that time violinist Joseph Launer started a dance orchestra, creating a historic “book” of his own music. Soon, Lanner had four orchestras meeting the demand for his music in ballrooms, beer gardens, concert rooms, and private mansions.
Swing Era Big Bands and Jazz Composing and Arranging
Authors: Harrison Max
Published: November 2023

Fallowing the Depression, the early 1930s seemed a bad time for jazz. Yet music’s unfolding cannot be subsumed in cultural, still less social, history, and recordings-our sole reliable witnesses-prove that the language of jazz continued to develop. What happened in the 1930s was built on the 1920s, the achievements of that decade being consolidated and synthesized, then germinating further innovations. These became known as swing.

In the jazz of the 1930s there was no specifically “new movement.” There seldom is; yet people prefer fantasy to fact, and hence various dates have been accepted as marking the start of this swing music. The most plausible remains August 21, 1935, the day of a spectacularly successful performance from Benny Goodman’s dejected band at a ballroom in Los Angeles. Yet by then swing was almost old, and a less improbable candidate is the now-forgotten Casa Loma Orchestra, which from 1930 recorded in a style that seemed new to jazz. Played with extraordinary impetus, “Maniac’s Ball” (Brunswick) is representative, and tension is increased relentlessly through each idea being slightly more propulsive than the last. Gene Gifford, the band’s chief arranger, was preoccupied not with melody or color but with almost
Pianists of the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Katz Dick
Published: November 2023

In any art form, it is important to remember that as changes occur, there is much overlapping. Eras do not define themselves with precision. Significant changes tend to happen gradually, and even though stylistic breakthroughs seem initially revolutionary, the passage of time confirms the fact that true innovation is built solidly on the past.

The years between 1940 and 1960 saw jazz piano styles undergo an amazing transformation.

The three acknowledged masters in 1940 were Earl “Fatha” Hines, Teddy Wilson, and, of course, Art Tatum. Hines, it is agreed by most, is the true source of most “modern” jazz piano. Wilson, originally a Hines disciple, was probably the most popular and imitated pianist in the thirties and into the forties. Tatum is still considered by many the greatest of all time, truly in a class by himself.

These jazz icons continued to flourish at a high creative level well into the postbebop era. Their collective greatness transcended and endured all manner of trends and stylistic innovations, and they individually profoundly influenced the future masters of the music.
Jazz in Europe: The Real World Music ... or the Full Circle
Authors: Zwerin Mike
Published: November 2023

When you date the arrival of jazz in Europe depends on what you mean by jazz and how you define arrive.

To begin with, it grew out of a combination of European and African influences, harmony and rhythm respectively. Appropriate instruments (brass saxhorns as well as saxophones) were invented in the nineteenth century by the Belgian Adolphe Sax. About half of the roots can be considered European. It was brewed in America by African Americans, and it matured in mixed blood there. Eventually, it came full circle and bounced back to Europe full of vim and vigor. So where are we, and what next?

Americans taught the Europeans how to play it. Once they learned, they distilled and added to it until they felt that they no longer needed Americans hanging around taking their gigs. From the reverse angle, Americans no longer particularly wanted to hang around Europe either. As Europe grew richer it became more expensive; there were more taxes, and they were harder to avoid. And the home playing field began to level out for African Americans.

Players preferred not to uproot their families and make their children learn French or Swedish or whatever.
The Clarinet in Jazz
Authors: Ullman Michael
Published: November 2023

The first jazz record, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s “Livery Stable Blues,” announced in 1917 a new kind of music but also, startlingly, a new kind of clarinet playing, heard in the forthright, repeated squeal, a high E flat, by clarinetist Larry Shields. Shields’s thin, abrasive tone sounds like a wild cry as it carries above the rest of the band. On the “Dixieland Jass Band One-Step,” he flings out high notes before him, letting them sag in pitch in a manner that might have been plaintive but for the insistently upbeat style of the band. His two-bar breaks include the whinnying sounds and brash glissandos heard repeatedly in early jazz. Those high notes, pushed out dramatically, are inevitable if he is going to be heard, but his vibrato-laden tone is not. It is indicative of a New Orleans style of clarinet playing, which frequently took the instrument’s sound in a direction radically different from the classical tradition.
The Trumpet in Jazz
Authors: Sandke Randy
Published: November 2023

Metal trumpets were known in Egypt as far back as the second millennium B.C., but it wasn’t until the early nineteenth century that the valved instrument, capable of playing a full chromatic scale, was invented. The cornet, a descendent of the military bugle, developed around the same time. Trumpets and cornets are made of brass and share the same range and technique, differing only in the diameter of their tubing: trumpets have a uniformly cylindrical bore until the flare of the bell, whereas cornets have a constantly expanding “conical” bore. This produces a generally brighter, more penetrating tone on the trumpet and a darker, more rounded tone on the cornet.

Toward the latter half of the nineteenth century the trumpet was the preferred instrument of symphony orchestras, where it played and continues to play a largely subservient role, while the cornet became the leading voice in wind bands. As such, the cornet developed more quickly as a solo instrument, capable of dazzling agility and expressiveness. This was the golden age of the cornet virtuoso as personified by J.B. Arban (author of the method book brass players still cut their teeth on) and Herbert L. Clarke, soloist of the Sousa band.
The Electric Guitar and Vibraphone in Jazz: Batteries Not Included
Authors: Tesser Neil
Published: November 2023

In 1950 the recordings of the George Shearing Quintet began to capture the attention of not only the demimonde of jazz hipsters but the larger sphere of American pop music as well. A British pianist raised on swing, Shearing now became a leading popularizer of bebop: his group hammered home bop’s angular intervals and tense chords, yet softened the blow with plush harmonization and cushiony textures.

But the “Shearing sound” relied as much on his then-unique combination of electric guitar and vibraphone, which replaced the standard-issue bebop horns-and which makes his band a perfect starting point for this discussion. What’s more, the band achieved its success in the early 1950s, the very middle of a century dominated by the spread of electricity to every aspect of our lives-and without electrical amplification, we’d have heard little from either the guitar or the vibes in jazz, since neither instrument on its own can generate enough dynamic force to challenge the presence of trumpets, saxophones, piano, and drums.

Still, amplification alone would not have equipped these instruments for jazz’s rigorous demands of expression and improvisation. Their success depends at least as much on sustain as it does on volume.
Jazz and Film and Television
Authors: Berg Chuck
Published: November 2023

Jazz and film, both artistic children of the twentieth century, are arguably America’s greatest gifts to world culture. Born and nurtured at the fringes of proper society, each has risen to attain respectability. After decades of being shunned by Eurocentric guardians of high culture, jazz and film are now deemed subjects worthy of serious study. With film screenings and jazz concerts at the White House and formal recognitions by Congress, these two prototypically American arts, with their melting-pot parentage and kinetic New World dynamism, speak passionately of diverse peoples seeking their destinies as individuals as well as groups. Indeed, when future historians look back to identify the mainsprings that drove the past millennium’s last centenary, jazz and movies will undoubtedly top the list of those phenomena best capturing the artistic and cultural vigor that was “the American Century.”

Although jazz and film (and film’s electronic offspring, television and video) have traveled along mostly parallel and therefore separate tracks, there are intersections where the two have met head on. These junctures are the subject of this essay. In mapping these crossroads, a largely chronological approach is employed. Still, as the intertwined tale of jazz and film unfolds, several recurring topics should be noted.
Jazz Clubs
Authors: Pelote Vincent
Published: November 2023

Between the years 1890 and 1920 a great social upheaval took place in American culture. The old American ethic of hard work and emotional constraint was replaced with a new outlook that stressed pleasure and self-expression.

This shift led to the development of new institutions such as dance halls, cabarets, ritzy restaurants, and theaters. Less elegant forms of the aforementioned had already existed in New York’s unsavory tenderloin districts, the bohemian areas of San Francisco’s Barbary Coast, and black ghettos. Around the turn of the century, the white middle class adopted these institutions, imbued them with respectability, and integrated them into the mainstream of American culture. The nightclub grew out of these early dance halls and cabarets.

Nightclubs proliferated after World War I, taking the place of the larger, less intimate music halls. The lineage of the nightclub in America can be traced to the nineteenth-century, European-inspired cabarets. These large establishments, which were particularly prevalent in New York, featured elaborate entertainment with music. The nightclub as we recognize it today, with its atmosphere of intimacy, developed in the speakeasies that came to fruition during Prohibition.
Voyager and Galileo
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

It is not easy to get to Jupiter and even harder to reach the planets beyond. Apart from the hazards posed by the risk of collision and radiation damage, the distances are very great and the journey times involved are so long that the spacecraft must be relied upon to continue to function and stay in radio communication with Earth for several years. As table 3.1 shows, Saturn is about twice as far away as Jupiter, and Uranus is twice as far again. It took Pioneer-10 almost two years to reach Jupiter. Bearing in mind that a spacecraft has to fight the Sun’s gravity all the way, at the same initial speed it would normally take considerably more than four times as long to reach Uranus. This is a long time to wait for results, especially as a mission is typically in the prelaunch planning stage for several years beforehand. To send a spacecraft on such a long journey to a single distant planet also entails significant risk that it will break down on the way, making the whole mission virtually a washout. By a stroke of immense good fortune, the Voyager spacecraft were able to minimize these problems by visiting several planets in turn while still reaching their final targets faster than if they had been sent by a more direct route.
Active Worlds
Authors: Rothery David A
Published: November 2023

Four satellites are regarded as active in this book: Io and Europa (Jupiter), Enceladus (Saturn), and Triton (Neptune). The occurrence of present-day activity on Europa and Enceladus can be disputed, but there is no doubt whatsoever in the case of Io. 7.1 10 Unlike the other satellites discussed in this book, Io does not have an icy surface (except for a sprinkling of sulfur dioxide frost). Its density and size are intermediate between those of the Moon and Mars, and in most respects it can be regarded as a terrestrial planet that happens to be in orbit around Jupiter. Jupiter’s influence is manifested by the elevated temperature in the inner part of the protojovian nebula that seems to have prevented a substantial amount of ice from accreting onto Io. Tidal heating caused by orbital resonance with Europa keeps Io’s interior hotter than it would otherwise now be in a rocky body of this size.
“So, That Explains It ”
Authors: Kimmel Michael S
Published: November 2023

There’s a famous cartoon of two babies, a boy and a girl, standing together. They’re both holding open their diapers and peering down at their genitals. The caption reads, “So, that explains the difference in our salaries.” The cartoon adopts a popular idea about the theories of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that the anatomical differences between males and females led them toward different personalities, that sex did determine temperament. However, he did not believe that such differences were programmed into males and females at birth. On the contrary, Freud saw his work as challenging those who held that the body contained all the information it needed at birth to become an adult man or woman. He believed that the, observed differences between women and men were traceable to our different experiences from infancy onward, especially in the ways we were treated in our families.
Of Embryos and Worms and Very Old Men The Developmental Genetics of Senescence and Lifespan
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

A major question that troubles those who think deeply about the evolutionary origins of senescence and death is the biological basis for the tremendous variability in maximum lifespan seen between species living in the same environmental niche. Why do some species live so much longer than others? How could such differences have arisen in the first place? Maximum lifespan will certainly be affected to some extent by variability in the rate at which senescence results in death, either through accident or collapse ofinternal systems, once it sets in. But perhaps more important, variability in maximum lifespan seems to reflect the variability in the time after birth before individual members of a given species reach reproductive maturity. Evidence gathered across a wide range of species suggests that truly “serious” senescence is delayed until at least the beginning of the reproductive period.
Human Genetic Diseases That Mimic the Aging Process
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The search for genes that might be involved in the human aging process—human senescence—was given a major push forward with the publication, in 1978, of a landmark study by George Martin entitled “Genetic Syndromes in Man with Potential Relevance to the Pathobiology of Aging.” His analysis of the existing medical and scientific literature had suggested that as many as 7000 human genes might be involved in the degenerative processes associated with aging, but he concluded that probably no more than seventy, and perhaps as few as seven, of these genes controlled processes in the body that have a major impact on senescence. He excluded from consideration genes encoding specific diseases that might cause death either early or late in life; although death is clearly the endpoint of senescence, Martin .
Cycling to Senescence
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Few discoveries have rocked the generally staid world of gerontology research quite like the pronouncement of Leonard Hay¬ flick and Paul Moorehead in their 1961 paper, “The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains.” It had been dogma for nearly fifty years that cells removed from the body would grow virtually forever in vitro. This directed the attention of everyone interested in aging away from the cell itself and toward factors within the body that caused otherwise immortal cells to age and die. But Hayflick and Moorehead showed otherwise. And they provided convincing evidence that the aging of cells in vitro—replicative senescence, as it came to be called was a reasonably good reflection of cellular aging in vivo.
Replicative Immortality Cancer and Aging
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Although by no means restricted to the old, cancer is a dis¬ ease we ordinarily associate with aging and senescence, and to a large extent this correlation is valid. For males over thirty in the United States, cancer is second only to heart attack as a cause of death in all age groups. Cancer is actually the leading disease cause of death in women between forty and sixty, but once past menopause, the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases in women, and heart attacks then exceed cancer as a cause of death in both sexes. As an age associated idiopathic disease, cancer is very much a part of the normal process of senescence. Unquestionably, as advances in medicine and public health in this century have increased average lifespan, the pro¬ portion of deaths from cancer has increased. This is not because the frequency of cancer has increased in the population, but because other causes of death (obviously excluding cardiovascular disease) have been brought under control, unmasking an underlying association of cancer.
Northern Tanzania and Zanzibar
Authors: Dorrill J C , Kamukuru A T , Mgaya Y D , Risk M
Published: November 2023

The northern section of the Tanzanian coast includes the mainland areas of Tanga, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam as well as the oceanic island of Pemba and the continental island of Unguja (often mistakenly called Zanzibar, Fig. 6.1). Zanzibar is, in fact, the name of the state which is comprised of the two islands of Unguja and Pemba. The 200 m depth contour, which indicates the approximate edge of the continental shelf, lies between six and 40 km from the mainland coast. Pemba being an oceanic island is separated from the continental shelf by a 400 m deep channel. The mainland coast and the islands are surrounded by coastal fringing reefs and patch reefs. The mainland fringing reef is broken by bays and river estuaries.
The Maldives: A Nation of Atolls
Authors: Risk Michael J , Sluka Robert
Published: November 2023

The Maldives are a double chain of islands in the Indian Ocean stretching for almost 1000 km south of Sri Lanka (74,75). There are more than 1200 islands (only 202 are inhabited), grouped into 19 atolls. The word atoll itself comes from Dhivehi, a Sinhalese dialect which is the language of the Maldives, and means an administrative district (4). The name Maldives is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit word malodheep, meaning garland, presumably from the appearance of the chain of islands from the deck of a ship. Marco Polo called the Maldives ‘the flower of the Indies’.
The Mascarene Islands
Authors: Nairn Odile , Cuet Pascale , Mangar Vijay
Published: November 2023

The Mascarenes consist, from west to east, of Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues. The archipelago lies 800 km east of Madagascar between 21°07’ and 19°40’ south and 55°13’ and 63°30’ east (Fig. 12.1). The three islands of the archipelago consist of geologically and topographically distinct units with a narrow island shelf. Surface areas and highest points are 2512 km2 and 3069 m in Reunion, 1865 km2 and 905 m in Mauritius, and 110 km2 and 400 m in Rodrigues, respectively. The birth of the Mascarene islands through volcanic action (Box 12.1), and their separation from the African and Asian continents, as well as the distance between them, has led to a separate evolution and a high degree of endemism. The archipelago was first visited by Europeans in the 16th century but remained uninhabited until the 17th century. By the 18th century most of the terrestrial endemic animals had been decimated.
The Muse that Sings
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

The Muse That Sings is a unique behind-the-scenes look at both twentieth-century music and the nuts and bolts of creative work. Here, twenty-five of America's leading composers--from Adams to Zorn, from Bolcom to Vierk--talk candidly about their craft, their motivations, their difficulties, and how they how proceed from musical idea to finished composition. While focusing on the process and the stories behind specific works, the composers also touch on topics that will interest anyone involved in creative work. They discuss teachers and mentors, the task of revision, relationships with performers, and the ongoing struggle for a balance between freedom and discipline. They reveal sources of inspiration, artistic goals, and the often unexpected ways their musical ideas develop. Some describe personal tonal systems; others discuss the impact of computers and other electronic tools on their work; still others reflect philosophically on the inner impulses and outer influences that continue to drive them. While serious music has a reputation for being difficult and inaccessible, The Muse That Sings provides a powerful antidote. The composers in this book speak clearly and thoughtfully in response to key questions of concern to all readers interested in contemporary music. Each interview has been edited to stand alone as a concise meditation on muse and technique, and the book includes selected discographies as well as brief biographical sketches. Anyone with an interest in twentieth-century music or in the creative process will find this lively collection a valuable source of inspiration and insight.
Steve Rich
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

S (“)teve Reich received his formal music training at Juilliard with William Bergsma and Vincent Persichetti, and at Mills College with Lucia o Beno and Danus Milhaud, then went on to study non-Western music,,ij?0 cularly African drumming, Indonesian gamelan, and Hebrew cantillation. In 1966 he founded an ensemble to perform his music; Steve Reich and Musicians has since toured and recorded extensively for a broad audience. In 1997 Nonesuch released a ten-disc retrospective box set of Reich’s work, a rare event for a living composer still breaking new ground.
Claude Baker
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

∼1laude Baker grew up in Lenoir, North Carolina, and majored in ‘ music at East Carolina University. He studied composition with Samuel Adler and Warren Benson at the Eastman School of Music, Where he completed his doctoral studies. His music has been commissioned by the Louisville Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, and the National Symphony, among others.
Christopher Rouse
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

““1, hristopher Rouse grew up in Baltimore, where he developed an early ‘ interest in both classical music and rock and roll. He began composing at age seven and studied the guitar and drums. His composition “rs included Richard Hoffman at Oberlin Conservatory and Karel Husaat Cornell University, where he earned a doctorate in composition. He also worked privately with George Crumb in Philadelphia.
Libby Larsen
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

Libby Larsen grew up in Minneapolis and was educated at the University of Minnesota, where she studied composition with Dominick Argento, Paul Feder, and Eric Stokes. She is a prolific composer who has written fo’r che ra, dance, opera, chorus, theater, and chamber and solo instruments’.0M ch of her music makes use of American folk and popular idioms, and it is often inspired by historic and literary figures.
David Lang
Authors: McCutchan Ann
Published: November 2023

David Lang was born in Los Angeles and received his education at Stanford University, the University of Iowa, and the Yale School of Music. He studied composition with Jacob Druckman, Hans Werner Henze, and Martin Bresnick. Lang’s musical life thrives in “downtown” New York, where he is cofounder and coartistic director of Bang on a Can, an organization dedicated to adventurous new music (best known for its annual new music marathon). He has been a visiting professor of composition at Yale and composer-in-residence at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.
Crossroads, 1954-55
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

The long-awaited Brownruling aroused great excitemem among blacks during the next few days, many of whom shared Ralph Ellison’s belief that it could open up a ‘‘wonderful world of possibilities” for black children. News of the case, indeed, carried to the byways of the South. Julius Chambers, a black teenager in rural North Carolina who was later to become director-counsel for the Fund, remembered hearing about the decision and gathering his schoolmates and teachers to celebrate. “We assumed that Brownwas self-executing. The law had been announced, and people would have to obey it. Wasn’t that how things worked in America, even in white America?” Other black people wept with joy. Sara Lightfoot, a ten-year-old black girl, vividly recalled the moment that news of Brown reached her house.
Counselors Who Teach and Teachers Who Counsel: Some Conflicts of Interest in Psychological and Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Cohen Elliot D
Published: November 2023

This chapter develops two case studies that explore morally problematic dual role relationships arising from the blending of teaching and counseling. The first case pertains to psychological counseling; the second to philosophical counseling. Although similarities between both forms of counseling will become apparent, the newly instituted practice of philosophical counseling, with its less clearly delineated role expectations, will be shown to present special problems for philosophical practice. Standards of practice regarding ethical management of dual role relationships, which expand on existing codes of ethics in psychological and philosophical counseling, will be adduced from analyses of each case. The method used to articulate these practical guidelines resemble that of legal reasoning in which case analyses provide precedents (stare decises) from which rules can be derived.
Strategies
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T
Published: November 2023

Few topics in writing research engender as much controversy and produce such differing views as the value of various strategies for applying a writer’s knowledge. Expert opinions on prewriting strategies, for example, range from recommendations to use elaborate notecard systems arranged and embedded in complex patterns to foregoing prewriting altogether. Views on strategies for composing first drafts and revising subsequent drafts are equally at odds with each other.
HIV and Blood in Japan Transforming Private Conflict into Public Scandal
Authors: Feldman Eric A
Published: November 2023

The profound importance of blood, the symbolic weight and social meaning that Titmuss identifies as shared in all cultures, is illustrated by the fierce controversy caused by the distribution of HIV-contaminated blood products in Japan. In July 1996, the Tokyo and Osaka District Courts supervised an out-of-court settlement that transformed Japanese hemophiliacs from the victims of corporate malevolence and greed into victors who achieved the most lucrative HIV/blood settlement in the industrialized world. The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) and five pharmaceutical companies agreed to apologize for the HIV infection of 1800 Japanese hemophiliacs, and to pay each plaintiff 45 million yen (US$ 375,000).2 That figure went well beyond the money paid to infected hemophiliacs in France, where government officials were jailed for their role in the HIV/blood scandal; it made the absence of any compensation in the United States look even more anomalous. What had once appeared to be a hopeless lawsuit by a group of marginalized and dying hemophiliacs became one of the most volatile medical and political scandals of the postwar era.
Resonance in Soprano Voices
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Whereas resonance goals among pop and ethnic vocal idioms are widely divergent, there are common resonance expectations for the classical singer. For the professional musician, “classical” refers to music composed in the late eighteenth century; in lay parlance, classical designates non-pop idioms such as opera, oratorio, lieder, melodie, and the art song. Here the more general usage pertains. The classical singer is expected to exhibit an evenly modulated scale with good resonance balance, based on the relationship of the fundamental to its generated harmonic partials (overtones).
The Daily Regimen
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, specific areas of vocal technique were identified, and exercises were devised for improvement of vocal skills. Regardless of the category of sop rano, the entire instrument should be daily exercised in a systematic way.
Illinois’s Old State Capitol A Tale Lf Twl Speeches
Authors: Johannsen Robert W
Published: November 2023

In the heart of downtown Springfield, Illinois, flanked by modern office buildings, stands the Old State Capitol. I cannot now recall my sensations when I first noted the incongruity of the scene-the small, stately building amid all the noise and movement of a modern city-but in subsequent years, whenever I mounted the steps into the cool, quiet interior, insulated from the bustle, it was like stepping back in time. Constructed in the r830s and r840s of a warm yellowish-brown dolomite limestone cut from a nearby quarry, the building became known beyond the state’s borders as a distinctive example of early nineteenthcentury Greek Revival architecture.
The Grand Canyon
Authors: Worster Donald
Published: November 2023

Crossing a dry plateau covered by a wearisome labyrinth of pinyon and juniper, the Spanish conquistador Garcia U1pez de Cardenas and his small band of men came suddenly to the edge of the greatest natural wonder in the world. What those tired and thirsty travelers actually said to each other at first sight of the Grand Canyon in a.d. 1540 is skimpily recorded. Regrettably, they did not bring along a Cervantes or El Greco, who might have risen to the occasion and produced an extraordinary work of art. The soldiers did not need writers or artists to tell them how to react to the scene, but we can wish they had them to record the moment and leave us an account.
Phaeacians and Phoenicians: Overseas Trade
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

For the Phaeacians care nothing for the bow or the quiver, but rather for the masts and oars of ships and for the balanced ships in which they take pleasure as they traverse the hoary sea.And then Phoenician men, famed for their ships, came, gnawers, bringing thousands of trinkets in their black ship.Odyssey, Book 15With the help of Athena’s advice and directions, Odysseus approaches the city of the Phaeacians and the palace of Alcinous at the beginning of Book 7. The general tenor of this initial encounter sets the tone for Odysseus’ entire stay among the Phaeacians.
Personality And Personality Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

Personality represents a combination of stable, habitual patterns of behavior that are characteristic of a person and that develop over the first two decades of life and then change little. Personality patterns are termed traits because they are longstanding and consistent, just like other traits such as eye color, hair texture, and height. State behavior refers to behaviors that come and go, such as a mood state and many DSM axis I conditions. Abnormal behavioral states are assumed to represent illness and underlying brain dysfunction or disease. Abnormal behavioral traits are assumed not to reflect brain dysfunction or disease, but rather a deviance that has developed during a person’s formative years.
Bipolar Mood Disorders
Authors: Taylor Michael Alan
Published: November 2023

Bipolar mood disorder is defined as the presence sometime during a person’s life of mania, hypomania, or variants of these intense mood states. The number and severity of depressions are irrelevant to the category. A patient with only recurrent mania is bipolar. A patient with many recurrent depressions and only one mania is bipolar. Table 8.1 displays the bipolar disorders and their definitions.
Practical Reason
Authors: Buchanan David R
Published: November 2023

The distinction between practical reasoning and scientific reasoning, while wellestablished in philosophical circles, is virtually unknown among health researchers. The idea that the process of getting answers to questions about what ought to be done in the sociopolitical domain--derived from judgment, deliberation, and wisdom-is different from the process of getting answers to questions about the nature of relationships between objects in the natural world, has a long history.1 But this difference has never been seriously considered in public health promotion and, in the perennial discussions about the gap between theory and practice, practitioners find themselves constantly on the defensive for not demonstrating stronger scientific foundations for their efforts. This chapter describes practical reason and explains why it is a more viable and more coherent intellectual frame of mind for guiding the practice of public health promotion. In these pages, public health promoters will see that practical reason is an essential and quotidian part of their work. Let me give an example.