bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Star polystyrene‐b‐hyperbranched polyglycidol: Synthesis and ionic conductivity
Authors: Peng Yun , Liu Hewen , Zhang Xingyuan
Published: December 2008

In this work, novel star‐hyperbranched block copolymers containing four polystyrene arms and hyperbranched polyglycidol at the end of each arm (sPS‐b‐HPG) have been synthesized. The polystyrene arms were prepared through atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene starting from a four‐arm initiator. The hydroxyl‐terminated PS star polymers served as precursors for the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of glycidol using BF3·OEt2 as the catalyst. The chemical structures of these block copolymers were characterized by using 1H and 13C NMR. DSC analysis indicated that the star‐hyperbranched block copolymers exhibited two distinct glass transition temperatures corresponding to the linear PS and the HPG segments, respectively. The addition of LiClO4 increased the Tg of HPG segments at low concentrations, however, decreased the Tg at high concentrations. The Tg of PS segments was not affected by the addition of salts at all. Furthermore, the interaction of sPS‐b‐HPG with LiBr was studied by using viscosity analysis based on the Jones–Dole equation. The star‐like PS core strengthened the interaction of sPS‐b‐HPG with Li ions that could facile the inhomogeneous distribution of Li cations and anions in different phases, which is important in polymeric electrolytes for lithium chemical power sources. The ionic conductivity of one sPS‐b‐HPG/LiClO4 electrolyte was measured to be higher than that of HPG/LiClO4 electrolyte. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 949–958, 2009
Reduced egg viability in codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following adult exposure to novaluron
Authors: Gökçe Ayhan , Kim Soo‐Hoon S , Wise John C , Whalon Mark E
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the principal pests of pome fruits in the world. The effects of novaluron, a benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor insecticide registered for use on apples in the USA, on fecundity and egg viability in codling moth were studied under laboratory conditions. Three different exposure methods were investigated: ingestion, contact and topical spray. Additionally, the duration of novaluron sublethal effects was measured subsequent to the three modes of exposure.

RESULTS: The fecundity of codling moth adults was not significantly affected by novaluron with any of the exposure methods. However, novaluron did cause significant reductions in the proportion of egg hatch with all three exposure methods. The duration of sublethal effects was 9 days or more for all modes of exposure, but with the topical spray these effects began to diminish after 6 days.

CONCLUSION: Novaluron does not affect fecundity in codling moth, but has significant sublethal activity by reducing egg viability subsequent to adult exposure. The topical, contact and ingestion exposures all induce sublethal effects after exposure, and these persist to various degrees throughout codling moth oviposition. A more complete understanding of novaluron's lethal and sublethal activities will help IPM practitioners optimize its use for management of the codling moth. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of glyphosate, crop volunteer and root pathogens on glyphosate‐resistant wheat under controlled environmental conditions
Authors: Baley George J , Campbell Kimberley G , Yenish Joseph , Kidwell Kimberlee K , Paulitz Timothy C
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND: The herbicide glyphosate has a synergistic effect on root disease because of increased susceptibility from reduced plant defenses resulting from the blockage of the shikimic acid pathway. Could glyphosate‐resistant (GR) wheat cultivars and glyphosate application in‐crop increase the risk of damage from soil‐borne pathogens? Growth chamber experiments were conducted with two GR wheat lines and their corresponding glyphosate‐sensitive (GS) parents and four pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn R. oryzae Ryker & Gooch, Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) v. Arx & J. Olivier var. tritici J. Walker and Pythium ultimum Trow). Treatments consisted of different herbicide timings and planting of crop volunteer to mimic management practices in the field.

RESULTS: GR cultivars were not inherently more susceptible to root pathogens than GS cultivars, and application of glyphosate did not increase root disease. When crop volunteer was grown in close proximity to GR cultivars, the timing of glyphosate application had a profound effect. In general, the longer the crop volunteer was left before killing with glyphosate, the greater was the competitive effect on the planted crop. Both R. solani and G. graminis var. tritici reduced plant height, number of tillers and root length of the GR cultivars in the presence of crop volunteer with glyphosate application.

CONCLUSION: To minimize the damaging effects of these pathogens, producers should apply glyphosate at least 2–3 weeks before planting GR wheat, as currently advised for GS cereals. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and shareholder value: an empirical test of the risk management hypothesis
Authors: Godfrey Paul C. , Merrill Craig B. , Hansen Jared M.
Published: December 2008

Do shareholders gain when managers disperse corporate resources through activities classified as corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Strategy scholars have recently developed a theoretical model that links such activities to shareholder value when a firm suffers a negative event; we test key portions of this theory of the ‘insurance‐like’ property of CSR activity. We posit that such activity leads to positive attributions from stakeholders, who then temper their negative judgments and sanctions toward firms because of this goodwill. We extend the risk management model by theorizing that some types of CSR activities will be more likely to create goodwill and offer insurance‐like protection than other types. We delineate several firm and event specific characteristics that we expect to influence the link between CSR activities and an insurance effect. We then test our model using an event study of 178 negative legal/regulatory actions against firms throughout the 11 years from 1993–2003. We find that participation in institutional CSR activities—those aimed at a firm's secondary stakeholders or society at large—provides an ‘insurance‐like’ benefit, while participation in technical CSRs—those activities targeting a firm's trading partners—yields no such benefits. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for future theorizing and research into the economic value of CSR engagement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer‐By‐Layer Electropeeling of Organic Conducting Material Imaged In Real Time
Authors: Munuera Carmen , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Paradinas Markos , Garzón Luis , Amabilino David B. , Ocal Carmen
Published: December 2008

Soft materials comprising low‐molecular‐weight organic molecules are attracting increasing interest because of their importance in the development of a number of emerging areas in nanoscience and technology, including molecular electronics, nanosystems for energy conversion, and devices in the widest sense. Their interaction with electrodes and their behavior under electric fields is a topic of vital significance for these areas, and about which very little is known. Here unprecedented evidence is presented for the controlled peeling of organic molecular material when a voltage is applied between the conducting system and the conducting probe of a scanning force microscope. The rate of removal of the material from the surface of the bulk conducting supramolecular material can be tuned. It depends on the potential applied and is initiated only above a threshold value of 200 mV. The results indicate the importance of electric fields on the stability and performance of conducting organic systems at the nanoscale.
Prevalence of endometrial polyps and abnormal uterine bleeding in a Danish population aged 20–74 years
Authors: Dreisler E. , Stampe Sorensen S. , Ibsen P. H. , Lose G.
Published: December 2008

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of endometrial polyps and to investigate associated abnormal uterine bleeding in a Danish population aged 20–74 years.

Methods

This was a study of a random selection of women from the Danish Civil Registration System: 1660 women were invited of whom 686 were included (429 pre‐ and 257 postmenopausal). AUB was assessed by a validated questionnaire. The women underwent transvaginal sonography (TVS) and saline contrast sonohysterography (SCSH). Hysteroscopic resection was performed in cases with suspected focal intrauterine pathology. Full evaluation was performed in 619 women (two failures of TVS and 60 failures of SCSH, in two women SCSH was contraindicated (endometrial cancer), in two women hysteroscopy was contraindicated, and one polyp was lost before histology). World Health Organization histopathological criteria were used for diagnosing true endometrial polyps.

Results

On final diagnosis there were 48 women with polyps, eight with submucosal myomas, four with other benign findings and one with polypoidal growing endometrial cancer. Complex hyperplasia without atypia was diagnosed in two women with polyps. The prevalence of endometrial polyps was 7.8% (48/619; 95% CI, 5.6–9.9%). The prevalence was influenced significantly by age (P < 0.005); in women below the age of 30 years, the prevalence was 0.9%. Polyps were diagnosed in 5.8% of pre‐ and 11.8% of postmenopausal women (P < 0.01). Thirty‐nine (82%) of the women who had histopathologically verified polyps were asymptomatic. In asymptomatic premenopausal women the prevalence of polyps was 7.6%, while it was 13% in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. AUB, in particular intermenstrual bleeding, was more frequent among women without polyps (38%). By ultrasound examination, submucosal myomas were diagnosed in 4.2% (26/622; 95% CI, 2.6–5.8%) and intramural myomas in 11.1% (76/684; 95% CI, 8.8–13.5%) of women. Polyps were diagnosed in 2% of oral‐contraceptive and 25% of hormone‐therapy users.

Conclusions

The overall prevalence of endometrial polyps was 7.8% and the prevalence increased with age. Polyps were rare (0.9%) in women below the age of 30 years. Surprisingly, AUB was less frequent among women with polyps than among those without polyps. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐trimester fetal growth as a predictor of poor obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with low first‐trimester serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and a euploid fetus
Authors: Fox N. S. , Shalom D. , Chasen S. T.
Published: December 2008

Objective

To examine if fetal growth during the second trimester predicts poor pregnancy and neonatal outcome in patients with low first‐trimester serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and a euploid fetus.

Methods

We identified all patients with first‐trimester PAPP‐A < 5th centile who had undergone first‐ and second‐trimester ultrasound examination. We excluded multiple pregnancies and those with aneuploidy or major anomalies identified before or after birth. We compared pregnancies with and without ultrasound markers for fetal growth restriction at 18–24 weeks.

Results

We identified 239 patients with low PAPP‐A, 25 (10.5%) of whom had evidence of fetal growth restriction at 18–24 weeks. These 25 cases had significantly higher rates of third‐trimester small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) fetus, gestational hypertension, preterm birth, indicated preterm birth, low birth weight and birth weight centiles, 1‐min Apgar score < 7, neonatal intensive care unit admission and fetal or neonatal death.

Conclusion

Among patients with low first‐trimester PAPP‐A and a euploid fetus, fetal growth in the second trimester can predict poor obstetric and neonatal outcome. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction: longitudinal changes in ductus venosus and aortic isthmus flow
Authors: Figueras F. , Benavides A. , Del Rio M. , Crispi F. , Eixarch E. , Martinez J. M. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Gratacós E.
Published: December 2008

Objectives

To explore in growth‐restricted fetuses the sequence of changes in aortic isthmus and ductus venosus blood flow in relation to other arterial Doppler parameters commonly used to evaluate fetal wellbeing.

Methods

Umbilical and middle cerebral arteries, ductus venosus and aortic isthmus were explored serially by means of pulsed Doppler in a cohort of singleton small‐for‐gestational age fetuses requiring delivery before 34 weeks. Longitudinal changes in the last 30 days before delivery were modeled by multilevel analysis. Individual regression lines for each variable were calculated for each fetus and from these the regression lines for the whole group were derived, in order to estimate the mean time point at which each Doppler parameter became abnormal (outside the 5th–95th centile range). A survival analysis was performed during the monitoring period, in which the endpoint was an abnormal Doppler pulsatility index.

Results

A total of 162 observations were performed on 46 fetuses (median, 3; range, 2–10). The median gestational age at inclusion was 28.9 (range, 23.6–33.4) weeks and delivery occurred at a median gestational age of 30.5 (range, 25.9–33.9) weeks. Six (13%) cases of perinatal mortality occurred. Umbilical and middle cerebral artery Doppler showed an almost linear deterioration throughout monitoring, becoming abnormal on average 24 days and 20 days before delivery, respectively. Aortic isthmus Doppler became abnormal on average 13 days before delivery, while ductus venosus Doppler did so within the last week before delivery.

Conclusions

In preterm growth‐restricted fetuses, aortic isthmus blood flow becomes abnormal on average 1 week earlier than does that in the ductus venosus. This could provide a sound basis to better define management protocols aimed to improve intact fetal survival. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn and their correlations in breast cancer and normal adjacent tissues
Authors: Silva M. P. , Tomal A. , Pérez C. A. , Ribeiro‐Silva A. , Poletti M. E.
Published: December 2008

An experimental procedure using monoenergetic Synchrotron Radiation x‐ray Fluorescence (SR‐XRF) method was studied, justified and applied to determine trace elements concentrations of normal and neoplastic human breast tissues in the same individual. Scattered radiation from each sample was used as an internal standard in x‐ray emission spectroscopy in order to construct calibration curves used to determine Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations in 52 breast tissue specimens (26 neoplastic and 26 adjacent normal tissues).

This work showed that this experimental alternative is approximately matrix independent and also allows a reduction in instrumental variables. Our results showed, as expected, that Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations levels were significantly higher in neoplastic than in healthy breast tissues (all p < 0.001). It was also observed that Fe and Cu levels are correlated in malignant breast tissues as well as Ca and Zn levels, indicating that these elements' concentrations are related, in agreement with the hypothesis that there is a connection between Fe and Cu with both increased cellular activity and blood supply in the formation of neoplasies in breast tissue, and between Ca and Zn as regulators of neoplasies growth, since these metals are present in active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective ortho‐Metallation of 2‐Diphenylphosphanylpyridine and (2‐(2‐Diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)‐1‐3‐dioxalane with Methyltetrakis(trimethylphosphane)cobalt(I)
Authors: Beck Robert , Sun Hongjian , Li Xiaoyan , Klein Hans‐Friedrich
Published: December 2008

Co(CH3)(PMe3)4 forms 100 % regioselectively with (2‐(2‐diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)‐1,3‐dioxalane and 2‐diphenylphosphanyl‐pyridine, by elimination of methane, the four‐membered metallacycles Co{(C3O2HC6H3)P(C6H5)2}(PMe3)3 (1) and Co{(CNC4H3)P(C6H5)2}(PMe3)3 (4). The regioselectivity is independent of the steric requirement of the ortho substituent in the 2‐diphenylphosphanylaryl‐ligands. Oxidative addition with iodomethane transforms 1 and 4 into octahedral, diamagnetic low‐spin d6 complexes Co(CH3)I‐{(C3O2HC6H3)P(C6H5)2}(PMe3)2 (2) and Co(CH3)I‐{(CNC4H3)P(C6H5)2}(PMe3)2 (5). Under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide, insertion into the Co‐C bond results in ring expansion by forming the new assembled phosphanylbenzoyl complexes Co{(C4O3HC6H3)‐P(C6H5)2}CO(PMe3)2 (3) and Co{(OCNC4H3)P(C6H5)2}CO(PMe3)2 (6). The three different types of cobaltacycles are supported by X‐ray diffraction of 1, 3, 5 and 6.
Organotin Complexes of Alizarin and Purpurin
Authors: de Sousa Adriana T. , Bessler Karl E. , Lemos Sebastia˜o S. , Ellena Javier , Gatto Claudia C.
Published: December 2008

Five novel organotin complexes with the anthraquinone dyes alizarin (1,2‐dihydroxyanthraquinone) and purpurin (1,2,4‐trihydroxyanthraquinone) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FTIR and NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C and 119Sn). The crystal and molecular structures of four complexes were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals: [Bu2Sn(aliz)(H2O)]·C2H5OH (A1·EtOH), [Bu2Sn(aliz)(dmso)]2 (A3), [(Bu2Sn)3O(Hpurp)2] (P1) and [Bu2Sn(Hpurp)(dmso)]2 (P2), where H2aliz = alizarin and H3purp = purpurin. The coordination mode of the ligands is identical to that found in their Al/Ca complexes, where they act as dianionic tridentate ligands forming five and six‐membered fused chelate rings. The coordination to the tin atoms occurs exclusively via the 1,2‐ phenolate oxygen and the adjacent quinoid oxygen atoms. The complexes A1, A3 and P1 are dimers with hepta‐coordinated tin atoms in form of a slightly distorted pentagonal bipyramid. The trinuclear complex P2 contains two pentacoordinated and one heptacoordinated tin atoms.
Magnetic Ordering in Iron(II) Complexes due to a 2D Network of Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Weber Birgit , Jäger Ernst‐G.
Published: December 2008

The magnetic properties of two octahedral iron(II) complexes with Schiff base like equatorial N2O2 coordinating ligands and methanol (MeOH) as axial ligand are reported. Both compounds [FeL1(MeOH)2] (1) and [FeL2(MeOH)2] (2) (with L1 = [3,3′]‐[1,2‐phenylenebis(iminomethylidyne)‐bis(2,4‐pentanedionato)(2‐)‐N,N′,O2,O2′] and L2 = [E,E]‐[{diethyl 2,2′‐1,2‐phenylenebis(iminomethylidyne)bis(3‐oxo‐3‐phenylpropanato)} (2‐)‐N,N′,O3,O3′]) show a weak spontaneous magnetization below TC = 10 K. Results from X‐ray structure analysis of 1 indicate, that this is due to 2D network of hydrogen bonds as previously discussed for a similar complex.
Are Organotin Reagents Derived from Bis(trimethylsilyl)picoline Suitable Precursors for the Preparation of Cyclometallated Complexes?
Authors: Molter Anja , Mohr Fabian
Published: December 2008

The organotin reagents [2‐PyC(SiMe3)2SnR3] (R = Me, nBu) were prepared in good yields from the reaction between the lithium salt of 2‐bis(trimethylsilyl)picoline and the corresponding trialkyltin chlorides. Reactions of these organotin reagents were carried out with various Pd and Pt complexes including [MCl2(cod)] and [MCl2(PhCN)2] (M = Pd, Pt). The results show that a Me group is transferred to the metal atom, rather than the 2‐bis(trimethylsilyl)picolyl group. The mechanism for this reaction is discussed and reasons why Me group transfer occurs based on DFT computed structural data are given.
Synthesis, Characterization and X‐ray Structures of AMTT‐Type Schiff bases and two CuI Complexes (AMTT= 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione)
Authors: Tabatabaee Masoumeh , Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Sadeghi Ali , Shahriary Mahmoud , Neumüller Bernhard , Rothenberger Alexander
Published: December 2008

The reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione (AMTT) with 4‐methylbenzaldehyde and 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde in ethanol led to the iminic derivatives ‐4‐(4‐methylbenzylideneamino)‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)thione (L1) and 4‐(4‐methoxybenzyl‐ideneamino)‐5‐methyl‐2H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3(4H)‐thione (L2). The reaction of L1 with CuCl in the presence of triphenylphosphane as co‐ligand in methanol/chloroform solution gave the CuI complex containing L1, [Cu(L1)(PPh3)2Cl]·0.5CH3OH·0.25CHCl3 (1).

Treatment of L2 with the same metal salt in a molar ratio of 1:1 in methanol and further addition of a solution of PPh3 in chloroform led to the complex [Cu(L2)(PPh3)2Cl]·2.5CHCl3 (2). The complexes and L1 were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray diffraction studies. In both complexes, the Schiff base ligand is coordinated to the copper ion through its sulfur atom. The other coordination sites around the copper ion are occupied by two triphenylphosphane molecules and one chloride ion. Therefore, each CuI ion is in a distorted tetrahedral environment.

Crystal data for L1 at −100 °C: space group P21/n with a = 720.5(1), b = 1140.6(1), c = 1426.3(2) pm, β = 91.25(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.03, for 1 at −120 °C : space group $P{\bar 1}$ with a = 1286.3(1), b = 1740.3(1), c = 2060.2(1) pm, α = 79.085(6), β = 83.827(5), γ = 76.688(6)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0649 and for 2 at −80 °C : space group $P{\bar 1}$ with a = 1183.7(2), b = 1370.1(2), c = 1812.1(3) pm, α = 85.69(2), β = 88.52(2), γ = 64.89(2)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0488.
RbGa3S5 und CsGa3S5 – Zwei neue Strukturtypen
Authors: Schlosser Marc , Frettlöh Vanessa , Deiseroth Hans‐Jörg
Published: December 2008

RbGa3S5 and CsGa3S5 – Two New Structure Types

The title compounds RbGa3S5 and CsGa3S5 were synthesized by a solid state reaction starting from GaS, S and MN3 (M = Rb, Cs) as alkaline metal source. They crystallize in the space group P21/c with comparable lattice parameters but with completely different structures (RbGa3S5: a = 7,1530(6), b = 12,715(1), c = 10,1282(9) Å, β = 102,43(1)°, Z = 4; CsGa3S5: a = 10,6717(8), b = 12,763(1), c = 6,9265(6) Å, β = 91,168(9)°, Z = 4). In RbGa3S5 Rb together with S shows the topology of a hexagonal close packing in which Ga occupies 3/12 of the tetrahedral holes. The GaS4 tetrahedra are connected by common corners and edges forming a 3D‐network. The structure of CsGa3S5 is characterized by corrugated layers of edge‐ and corner‐sharing GaS4‐tetrahedra. Both compounds represent so far unknown structure types and thus two further structural alternatives for compounds with the composition MM3′Ch5.
Homotopic stimulation can reduce the area of allodynia in patients with neuropathic pain
Authors: Love‐Jones Sarah J. , Besson Marie , Steeds Charlotte E. , Brook Peter , Chizh Boris A. , Pickering Anthony E.
Published: December 2008

Allodynia is a common, troublesome feature of neuropathic pain conditions. In a previous study of postherpetic neuralgia we observed that repeated tactile stimulation appeared to reduce the size of the area of allodynia in some patients. We have undertaken a pragmatic clinical study to characterise this phenomenon in neuropathic pain patients with a range of different aetiologies.

Neuropathic pain patients with a discrete area of tactile allodynia were recruited (n=20). We assessed the sensitive area using punctate and dynamic tactile stimuli, and thermal quantitative sensory testing. On two separate testing visits, the patients had repeated (10× over 1min) noxious heat or cotton bud strokes applied to the affected site or contralaterally.

Tactile stimulation of the affected area evoked pain (median 7 NRS) and a reduction (>30%) in the area of allodynia in 9/18 patients (maximum−48±9%, after 20min), although the intensity of allodynic pain was unchanged. This effect persisted for over 1h and was present the following day in all patients tested (n=5/5). No subjects showed an increase in area after allodynic stimulation. There was no change in heat pain threshold at a distant site following allodynic stimulation, suggesting no activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory control. Repeated thermal noxious stimulation (median NRS 7) could also elicit changes (>30%) in the area of allodynia in some patients (reductions in 7/20, increases in 3/20).

Thus, we have found that a brief period of homotopic painful stimulation can reduce the area of allodynia in around half of patients with established neuropathic pains.
Regional cerebral blood flow patterns of change following the own body image exposure in eating disorders: A longitudinal study
Authors: Rodriguez-Cano Teresa , Beato-Fernandez Luis , Garcia-Vilches Inmaculada , Garcia-Vicente Ana , Poblete-Garcia Victor , Soriano-Castrejon Angel
Published: December 2008

Objective

The aim of the present study is to see if the changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) experienced by restrictive anorexia nervosa (AR) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients, following the exposure to their own body image, persist at follow-up.

Methods

Three single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed on nine patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of AR, 13 with BP, and 12 controls: at rest, following a neutral stimulus, and after exposure to their previously filmed whole body image. Body dissatisfaction was measured by means of the Body Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (BSQ). One year later the same assessment was repeated.

Results

Following the exposure to their own body image, BN showed an increase in body dissatisfaction, which was associated with the increase in the rCBF of the Right Temporal Area. Those changes persisted at follow-up.

Discussion

More specific long term therapies are needed for the treatment of the averse response showed by ED patients to their own body image exposure that is associated with the hyperactivation of the right temporal area when they are confronted with their whole body image.
Enzymatic characteristics of two novel Myxococcus xanthus enzymes, PdeA and PdeB, displaying 3′,5′‐ and 2′,3′‐cAMP phosphodiesterase, and phosphatase activities
Authors: Kimura Yoshio , Okazaki Nozomi , Takegawa Kaoru
Published: December 2008

Myxococcus xanthus PdeA and PdeB, enzymes homologous to class III 3′,5′‐cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, hydrolyzed 3′,5′‐ and 2′,3′‐cyclic AMP (cAMP) to adenosine, and also demonstrated phosphatase activity toward nucleoside 5′‐tri‐, 5′‐di‐, 5′‐ and 3′‐monophosphates with highest activities for nucleoside 5′‐monophosphates. The substrate specificities of PdeA and PdeB show no similarity to that of any known cNMP phosphodiesterase, nucleotidase, or phosphatase. The enzyme activities of PdeA and PdeB were stimulated by 50 μM Mn2+ or Co2+. The K
m values of PdeA and PdeB for 3′,5′‐cAMP, 2′,3′‐cAMP, 5′‐ATP, and 5′‐AMP were in the low micromolar range (1.4–12.5 μM).
Potential mechanism of cell death in the developing rat brain induced by propofol anesthesia
Authors: Pešić Vesna , Milanović Desanka , Tanić Nikola , Popić Jelena , Kanazir Selma , Jevtović‐Todorović Vesna , Ruždijić Sabera
Published: December 2008

Commonly used general anesthetics can have adverse effects on the developing brain by triggering apoptotic neurodegeneration, as has been documented in the rat. The rational of our study was to examine the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the apoptotic action of propofol anesthesia in the brain of 7‐day‐old (P7) rats. The down‐regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and protein expression in the cortex and thalamus at defined time points between 1 and 24 h after the propofol treatment, as well as a decrease of phosphorylated Akt were observed. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway was induced by over‐expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which led to the activation of caspase‐3 in both examined structures. Neurodegeneration was confirmed by Fluoro‐Jade B staining. Our findings provide direct experimental evidence that the anesthetic dose (25 mg/kg) of propofol induces complex changes that are accompanied by cell death in the cortex and thalamus of the developing rat brain.
The Phospholipid Vesicle-Based Drug Permeability Assay: 5. Development toward an Automated Procedure for High-Throughput Permeability Screening
Authors: Flaten Gøril Eide , Awoyemi Opeyemi , Luthman Kristina , Brandl Martin , Massing Ulrich
Published: December 2008

In vitro screening for oral absorption has become an essential part of drug discovery and development. Recently, a new phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay was developed which has shown to satisfyingly predict passive absorption of drugs in humans. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the assay may be further developed into a high-throughput tool by automating its most time-consuming steps. The following challenges were addressed: (1) to design, build, and test a heat-sealing machine for mounting of the desired type of filter support onto both single wells and 24-well titer plate inserts and (2) to transfer the permeability assay to a robotic workstation with attached ultraviolet (UV) reader. The workstation is able to pipette and transport both plates and filter inserts and perform on-line photometric quantification of the amount of drug permeated. To enable the robot to move single (Standard Transwell; Corning Inc, Lowell, MA) filter inserts, an extension of the gripping arm was designed, built, and tested. Furthermore, in an alternative approach 24-well filter plates (Millicell; Millipore, Billerica, MA) were used instead of single filter inserts. The latter turned out to be more suitable in terms of error-free high-throughput robotic handling. The permeability values of drugs gained by the two automated procedures were compared with those measured by manual handling of the assay. Only neglectable differences in permeability values were seen.

In conclusion, the most time-consuming steps of the assay were shown to be eligible for automation. This represents an interesting addition to the toolbox of in vitro permeability screening assays running in a medium- to high-throughput format due to its easiness, its transferability to other laboratories, and its good correlation with in vivo data on fraction absorbed of drugs in humans.
Immediate and delayed effects of cognitive interventions in healthy elderly: A review of current literature and future directions
Authors: Papp Kathryn V. , Walsh Stephen J. , Snyder Peter J.
Published: December 2008

Background

Research on the potential effects of cognitive intervention in healthy elderly has been motivated by (1) the apparent effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients; (2) the face validity of bolstering skills eventually burdened by disease; (3) interest in low‐cost/noninvasive methods of preventing or delaying onset of disease; (4) the epidemiologic research suggesting protective effects of educational attainment and lifelong participation in cognitively stimulating activities; (5) the burgeoning industry of brain training products and requisite media attention; and (6) the aging world population.

Methods

We performed a systematic review with meta‐analytic techniques to analyze randomized controlled trials of cognitive interventions in healthy elderly.

Results

The weighted mean effect size (Cohen's d) of cognitive intervention across all outcome measures after training was .16 (95% confidence interval, .138 to .186). The existing literature is limited by a lack of consensus on what constitutes the most effective type of cognitive training, insufficient follow‐up times, a lack of matched active controls, and few outcome measures showing changes in daily functioning, global cognitive skills, or progression to early AD.

Conclusions

Our review was limited by a small, heterogeneous, and methodologically limited literature. Within this literature, we found no evidence that structured cognitive intervention programs delay or slow progression to AD in healthy elderly. Further work that accounts for the limitations of past efforts and subsequent clear and unbiased reporting to the public of the state and progress of research on this topic will help the elderly make informed decisions about a range of potential preventive lifestyle measures including cognitive intervention.
Clinical Decision‐Making for Repair of Spontaneous Childbirth Trauma: Validation of Cues and Related Factors
Authors: Cioffi Jane M. , Arundell Fiona , Swain Julie
Published: December 2008

From recalled childbirth cases, a series of cues and related factors were previously identified that were used by midwives when making decisions to suture or not suture perineal and associated trauma incurred during spontaneous vaginal delivery. This study aimed to determine the validity of these cues and related factors. A panel of 18 experienced midwives evaluated their content validity using the criteria of “necessity” and “sufficiency.” The two main cue categories—“bleeding” and “birth trauma”—were considered by 18 (100%) of the panel members to be necessary to assess. At least 16 (89%) panel members considered the following specific cues necessary to assess: in the bleeding category—type, flow, amount, and effect of application of pressure or ice; in the birth trauma category—trauma sites, trauma types, dimensions of trauma, types of tissue, alignment of tissue, edema, and bruising. Seventeen (94%) panel members considered seven woman‐centred related factors that were necessary to assess and 14 (78%) considered the combination of all cues in bleeding, birth trauma, and related factors sufficient for making the decision to suture or not. The availability of these validated cues and related factors has the potential to guide a comprehensive assessment on which the decision to suture or not suture depends. This addition to the domain of midwifery knowledge enables educational preparation of midwives who will have the capacity to more adequately support women in childbirth.
Delivering Diversity: Newly Regulated Midwifery Returns to Manitoba, Canada, One Community at A Time
Authors: Kreiner Meta
Published: December 2008

Through its publicly funded health care system, Canada is committed to offering accessible, quality maternity health services to all its citizens, yet this remains a challenge in its First Nations, rural and immigrant communities. With the implementation of midwifery as a self‐regulating health profession in Manitoba, Canada, in 2000, initiatives were incorporated into the structure of the profession to try to address this issue. This qualitative investigation documents and explores these initiatives through a case study combining semistructured interviews and documentary sources. The innovations discussed include the development of an Aboriginal midwifery degree program, the supports put in place to assist rural midwifery practices, and the efforts to increase ethnic diversity and cultural competence within the midwifery profession. What unites these efforts is a community building approach which attempts to strengthen communities through local midwifery services and midwives drawn from community members.
Postpartum Depression and Help‐Seeking Behavior
Authors: McGarry Joanne , Kim Han , Sheng Xiaoming , Egger Marlene , Baksh Laurie
Published: December 2008

The objective of this analysis was to investigate the demographic differences between women who report postpartum depression symptoms (PPDS) and seek help versus those who report symptoms but who do not seek help, using data from the Utah Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) 2004 dataset. Overall, 14.7% of Utah women reported experiencing PPDS in 2004. Sixty percent of the women who reported having PPDS did not seek help Seeking help for depression during pregnancy was associated with help‐seeking behavior postpartum (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04–0.2). Other factors associated with seeking help included having an infant admitted to the intensive care unit (aOR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.9) and rural residency (aOR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2–0.7). Nonwhite women were 12.1 times (95% CI, 3.0–48.5) more likely to not seek help for depression compared to white women. Further, Hispanic women (aOR = 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3–8.1) and women who experienced emotional abuse had increased odds of not seeking help (aOR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3–6.2). Nearly 15% of Utah women in this study reported PPDS, yet fewer than half sought help. Target populations, such as nonwhite, Hispanic, emotionally abused, and urban women, have been identified for public health interventions.
Nutrition and Mental Health in Early Pregnancy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fowles Eileen R. , Murphey Christina
Published: December 2008

A pilot study was conducted to explore the dietary quality and maternal psychosocial status during the early weeks of pregnancy in a convenience sample of women (N = 13) recruited from two Planned Parenthood Clinics. Women were between 19 and 31 years of age, having their first pregnancy, and were on average 7 weeks pregnant. Average caloric intake was 2653 kcal/day consisting of 34% fat. Six of the women had inadequate intake of calcium (x = 800 mg) and 11 had low iron intake (x = 20 mg). Dietary Quality Index‐Pregnancy scores were below recommendations and six women had scores indicating a major depression. Dietary intakes of these low‐income women early in pregnancy did not meet recommendations for pregnancy. Identifying factors that are related to poor dietary intake, such as low‐income and the presence of depression, in early pregnancy may promote timely recognition of women in need of comprehensive monitoring throughout the pregnancy.
Hearing Screening for Newborns: The Midwife's Role in Early Hearing Detection and Intervention
Authors: Biernath Krista , Holstrum W. June , Eichwald John
Published: December 2008

Universal newborn hearing screening is becoming the standard of care in the United States. However, there has been some controversy around this pediatric preventive health care practice. In 2001, the US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF), the leading independent panel of experts on prevention and primary care in the United States, reviewed the scientific literature and found inconclusive evidence to recommend for or against universal newborn hearing screening. As a result of this lack of recommendation, some pediatric providers were not screening the hearing of all newborn infants. The USPSTF released an update in July 2008 concluding there is scientific evidence to recommend newborn hearing screening for all infants. Universal newborn hearing screening is the first step in the national Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) program. EHDI includes not only universal newborn hearing screening but also diagnostic evaluation for any infant failing the initial hearing screen and intervention services for any infant diagnosed with hearing loss. During the prenatal and postnatal periods, obstetric care providers can play a vital role in the EHDI process through education, screening, referral, and assistance with follow‐up. Through these services, clinicians can work with parents and pediatric care providers to help newborns and infants develop communication and language skills that will last a lifetime.
Frequency, Severity, and Effect on Life of Physical Symptoms Experienced During Pregnancy
Authors: Kamysheva Ekaterina , Wertheim Eleanor H. , Skouteris Helen , Paxton Susan J. , Milgrom Jeannette
Published: December 2008

This study aimed to: 1) describe the number, frequency, severity of discomfort and effect of symptoms on life of 29 physical symptoms women experienced at 15 to 25 weeks of gestation; 2) explore whether experiencing this group of physical symptoms more frequently and intensely was associated with a higher score of depressive symptoms and lower self‐esteem; (3) examine whether discomfort and effect ratings aided prediction of well being over and above symptom frequency; and (4) investigate which individual physical symptoms contributed most to predicting depressive symptoms and self‐esteem. Pregnant women (n = 215) completed the Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, and a physical symptoms questionnaire. Frequency, discomfort, and the effect of physical symptoms all consistently correlated with higher scores for depressive symptoms, but less consistently with lower self‐esteem. Discomfort and the effect of symptoms predicted variance in depressive symptoms after accounting for symptom frequency. Higher frequency, more discomfort, and the effect of fatigue and effect of flatulence were related to depressive symptoms. Relationships between pregnancy‐related physical symptoms, depressive symptoms, and low self‐esteem suggest that when women report any of these constellation of factors, further screening is indicated. A comprehensive assessment of physical symptoms includes frequency, discomfort, and effect on life.
Midwifery and Health Disparities: Theories and Intersections
Authors: Cox Kim J.
Published: December 2008

In the past decade, the reduction of health disparities has become an important policy agenda in the United States. Clinicians in practice, however, may be unfamiliar with the prevailing causal theories and uncertain about what they can do to help to reduce inequalities in health. The purpose of this article is to provide women's health care clinicians with an overview of the definitions, measurement issues, and theories that fall under the rubric of health disparities. The intersecting roles of genetics, race/ethnicity, environment, and gender are discussed. The article also provides practical suggestions for interventions and health policy change that can be implemented by clinicians in practice.
Racial Disparities in Biopsychosocial Factors and Spontaneous Preterm Birth Among Rural Low‐Income Women
Authors: Jesse D. Elizabeth , Swanson Melvin S. , Newton Edward R. , Morrow John
Published: December 2008

In this descriptive prospective study, 269 African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian women from rural prenatal clinics were interviewed once between 16 and 28 weeks'gestation. Associations between biopsychosocial risk factors and preterm birth (PTB) were examined. African American women with spontaneous PTB were more likely to be older, and to have higher Bowman Gray Risk Index scores and hypertensive diseases of pregnancy than African American women who did not have a spontaneous PTB. There were significant differences in bacterial vaginosis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, smoking, social support from others, and self‐esteem among the three racial groups. In the total sample after adjustment for sociodemographic and biopsychosocial factors, women with spontaneous PTB were three times more likely to be African American, to have oligohydramnios, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, and had higher Bowman Gray Risk Index scores than the total sample of women without spontaneous PTB. Understanding the risks associated with spontaneous PTBs that are unique to African American women and why biopsychosocial risk factors vary by racial/ethnic group may lead to tailored interventions.
The Inter‐Tester Reliability of Physical Therapists Classifying Low Back Pain Problems Based on the Movement System Impairment Classification System
Authors: Harris‐Hayes Marcie , Van Dillen Linda R.
Published: December 2008

Objective

The classification of patients with low back pain (LBP) may be important for improving clinical outcomes and research efficiency. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter‐tester reliability of 2 trained physical therapists to classify patients with LBP by using the standardized Movement System Impairment (MSI) classification system. The 5 proposed MSI classifications are based on the most consistent patterns of movement and alignment observed throughout the examination that correlate with the patient's symptom behavior.

Design

Test‐retest to assess reliability

Setting

Academic healthcare center outpatient facility

Participants

Thirty subjects (21 women and 9 men) with chronic, recurrent LBP (mean age 31.1 ± 12.9 years) were examined independently by 2 experienced physical therapists.

Methods

Training consisted of self‐study of a procedure manual, a supervised practice of examination procedures and classification rules, and discussion. Subjects were examined independently by each therapist using a test‐retest design. Each therapist assigned a LBP classification upon completion of the examination. Both therapists were blinded to the other therapist's findings.

Main Outcome Measures

Inter‐tester reliability of therapists classifying the LBP problems was indexed by the percent agreement and kappa coefficient.

Results

Overall percent agreement on the classification assigned was 83% with kappa = 0.75 (95% confidence interval = 0.51‐0.99; P < .0001).

Conclusion

Inter‐tester reliability of classification of patients with LBP when therapists use a standardized clinical examination based on the MSI classification system is substantial.
Immediate Effects of Contralateral and Ipsilateral Cane Use On Normal Adult Gait
Authors: Aragaki Dixie R. , Nasmyth Mary C. , Schultz Scott C. , Nguyen Gretchen M. , Yentes Jennifer M. , Kao Kaly , Perell Karen , Fang Meika A.
Published: December 2008

Objective

To determine the effects of ipsilateral and contralateral cane use on gait kinematics and peak vertical force in young healthy adults.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center.

Participants

Fifteen healthy adults of aged 26 to 52 years (mean age 31 years) with no gait impairment and minimal experience using single‐point canes.

Methods

The Pedar‐X Mobile System plantar pressure measurement system was used to collect kinematic data from subjects walking in 3 different conditions (relative to a randomly “assigned” limb): contralateral cane (C), ipsilateral cane (I), and no cane (N).

Main Outcome Measures

Peak vertical force, cadence, percentage swing phase and double limb support, and regional plantar pressure ratios.

Results

Peak vertical force (normalized for body weight) was reduced during both cane use conditions on the randomly assigned limb when compared to walking unaided (P<.001). The peak vertical force was 7% to 11% lower for the assigned limb than the opposite limb when a cane was used on either side (P<.016). Mean cadence was higher when participants ambulated without a cane (113 steps/min) than with a cane used on either the contralateral (98 steps/min) or ipsilateral (98 steps/min) side (P<.0001). Mean cadence did not significantly differ between the cane use conditions (P=.93). Regional plantar pressure ratios did not significantly change on either limb in any of the tested conditions. Double limb support slightly increased with cane use (P<.016).

Conclusion

Both ipsilateral and contralateral cane use reduced cadence and mean peak vertical plantar force on the limb advanced with the cane in healthy young adults. Double limb support increased with cane use likely due to the reduced cadence and initial unfamiliarity with using an assistive device. A clinical implication of these findings is that prescription of canes for either ipsilateral or contralateral use effectively offloads a designated lower limb.