bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design, and Synthesis of Aryl Derivatives of Imidazopyridine‐Thiadiazoles as Possible Anticancer Agents
Authors: Mannem Gangadhara Rao , Navudu Ramesh , Dubasi Narsimhaswamy , Mohammed Mujahid Alam , Bollikolla Hari Babu
Published: May 2022

In this article, we reported a new library of arylthiadiazole analogs of imidazopyridines (9 a–j) designed based on the structures of Nocodazole and Cefozopran. After characterization by spectroscopic data, the synthesized analogs were assessed for anticancer potential using MTT assay against PC3, A549, MCF‐7 and DU‐145 human cancer cell lines. Etoposide, an anticancer medication candidate, was employed as a positive control. The anticancer activity of the synthesized analogues was expressed in IC50 ranging from 0.01±0.008 μM to 19.3±7.65 μM and compared with positive control. Five compounds 9 d, 9 e, 9 g, 9 h and 9 j possessed more potent anticancer properties.
On Features of Halocyclization of 4‐Allyl‐5‐substituted‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐thiones and Synthesis of New Derivatives of 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Galstyan Armen S. , Grigoryan Sevak V. , Samvelyan Melanya A. , Frangyan Vardges R. , Yeganyan Tigran H. , Ayvazyan Armen G. , Ghochikyan Tariel V.
Published: May 2022

A study was carried out on the regioselectivity of the electrophilic halocyclization of 4‐allyl‐5‐substituted‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐thiones by the action of bromine and iodine. It was revealed which factors influence the structure of the reaction products. 6‐(Bromomethyl)‐3‐substituted‐5,6‐dihydrothiazolo[2,3‐c]‐[1,2,4]triazoles have been shown to be good starting materials for the synthesis of polyheterocyclic systems containing a 1,2,3‐triazole ring. In contrast, 6‐iodo‐3‐substituted‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3]thiazines do not undergo azidation. Due to the dehydrohalogenation reaction, a double bond is formed.
Social safety nets and new venture performance: The role of employee access to paid family leave benefits
Authors: Bao Jiayi
Published: May 2022

Research Summary

This study examines how social safety nets providing paid family leave (PFL) benefits to employees influence subsequent business performance for entrepreneurial ventures. A multilevel framework guided by qualitative interviews proposes two competing mechanisms (pre‐hiring recruitment gains via prospective employees and post‐hiring operation losses via incumbent employees) and a firm‐level contingency (venture innovation type). Leveraging the 2009‐implemented New Jersey PFL program in a difference‐in‐differences design, I show that employee access to state‐provided PFL benefits adversely affects the profitability for noninnovative new ventures but increases profitability for innovative ventures. Exploration of treatment timing and intermediate venture outcomes supports a dominating pre‐hiring mechanism for innovative ventures (in which the ventures become more attractive to joiners) but a dominating post‐hiring mechanism for noninnovative ventures (due to employee leave).

Managerial Summary

What are the business implications of employee access to paid family leave (PFL) benefits for nascent firms? Leveraging evidence from a U.S. state PFL program, the study shows that employee access to state PFL benefits hurts the profitability of noninnovative ventures but increases the profitability of innovative ventures. Results suggest that while noninnovative ventures experience operation losses as incumbent employees increase family leave use or quit their jobs, innovative ventures reap recruitment gains by attracting more and better prospective employees. For founders and managers, the provision of employee benefits is more central to firms' ability to create superior human capital pools than often thought and should be aligned with organizational incentive design and HR systems to prepare for productivity shocks related to employee leave use.
Simulation of the Solidification and Microstructural Evolution in Steel Casting Processes Using the InterDendritic Solidification Tool
Authors: Miettinen Jyrki , Somani Mahesh , Visuri Ville-Valtteri , Koskenniska Sami , Louhenkilpi Seppo , Fabritius Timo , Kömi Jukka
Published: May 2022

InterDendritic Solidification (IDS) is a thermodynamic–kinetic software combined with a microstructure tool developed to simulate the nonequilibrium solidification (non‐EQS) of steels. Herein, its main calculation module, solidification (SOL), is introduced, and some essential results of that module, such as the formation of ferrite and austenite in different types of steels during their solidification, and the formation and dissolution of precipitates during subsequent cooling and heating processes, respectively, following solidification, are presented. The non‐EQS is compared with equilibrium and poor‐kinetics solidification to demonstrate the effect of kinetics on the results using finite solute diffusion and microstructure data. The poor‐kinetics solidification is comparable with the modified Scheil simulation ignoring the solid‐state diffusion of slowly moving metallic elements. A particular emphasis is made on demonstrating how to use a postprocessing treatment to control the residual ferrite amounts in stainless steels and the extent of precipitation in particular steel. In this context, the phenomena occurring behind the results are discussed. Finally, to validate the simulations of the SOL module, its calculations are compared with numerous solidification measurements, such as the liquidus and solidus temperatures of different steels and the residual ferrite amounts in stainless steels.
Correction to: Participation and Social Exclusion – Are They Mutually Exclusive Phenomena?
Authors: Häbig Julia , Zala-Mezö Enikö , Herzig Pascale , Müller-Kuhn Daniela
Published: May 2022

Chapter 10 is changed as open access and the license text is updated in the chapter and book back cover.
A Comparison of Haptic and Auditory Feedback as a Warning Signal for Slip in Tele-Operation Scenarios
Authors: van Beek Femke E. , Bisschop Quinten , Gijsbertse Kaj , de Vries Pieter S. , Kuling Irene A.
Published: May 2022

Slip feedback is an important cue in everyday object manipulation, but it is generally missing in tele-operation systems. To test the usefulness of simple, abstract types of feedback that warn the user about slip events, we tested the effect of auditory and haptic vibration feedback in a tele-operation task. Participants were asked to hold an object in a remote robot hand, and the force profiles that they exerted in response to slip events were measured. Haptic feedback did not significantly change the response characteristics, but auditory feedback did significantly improve response latency. A small but significant difference between haptic and auditory reaction times (60 ms) found in our control experiment might explain the difference between the feedback types.
Haptic Guidance for Teleoperation: Optimizing Performance and User Experience
Authors: Becker Leonie , Weber Bernhard , Bechtel Nicolai
Published: May 2022

Haptic guidance in teleoperation (e.g. of robotic systems) is a pioneering approach to successfully combine automation and human competencies. In the current user study, various forms of haptic guidance were evaluated in terms of user performance and experience. Twenty-six participants completed an obstacle avoidance task and a peg-in-hole task in a virtual environment using a seven DoF force feedback device. Three types of haptic guidance (translational, rotational, combination of both, i.e. 6 DoF) and three guidance forces and torques (stiffnesses) were compared. Moreover, a secondary task paradigm was utilized to explore the effects of additional cognitive load. The results show that haptic guidance significantly improves performance (i.e. completion times, collision forces). Best results were obtained when the guidance forces were set to a medium or high value. Additionally, feelings of control were significantly increased during higher cognitive load conditions when being supported by translational haptic guidance.
A Rotary Induction Actuator for Kinesthetic and Tactile Rendering
Authors: Daher Georges , Régnier Stéphane , Haliyo Sinan
Published: May 2022

Actuators with low inertia and high bandwidth are of great interest for haptic devices, as they improve the quality of force rendering and transparency. This paper describes, as a proof of concept, a new design in rotary induction motors, the Axial-DSIM (Axial Double-Sided Induction Motor). This motor has a simple design construction that consists of a thin and lightweight disc-shaped moving secondary (rotor) surrounded by fixed primaries on both sides that generate a rotating magnetic field that induces a force on the disc. The low inertia of this motor and its principle of operation make it possible to render high-fidelity torques with high dynamics.
Haptic Feedback for Wrist Angle Adjustment
Authors: den Daas Michiel , van Beek Femke E. , Kuling Irene A.
Published: May 2022

Haptic feedback is envisioned to be a powerful tool in (digital) orthosis fitment procedures. In context of a larger research project on digital molding and developing a glove for orthopedic experts, we explored the use of vibrotactile feedback on the wrist for wrist angle adjustments. Five different patterns are presented on both the inside and outside of the wrist as well as crossing signals. Participants were asked to indicate whether the pattern was communicating that the wrist angle had to be increased or decreased by moving the hand up or down. The results show that the vibrotactile stimuli are being interpreted consistently by the participants, provided the patterns are presented on one side of the arm. Although the interpretations were consistent within participants, there were individual differences in the reported directions of the signals, which makes it important to take into account personal preferences and calibration when implementing haptic feedback.
Moving Hands Feel Stimuli Before Stationary Hands
Authors: Drewing Knut , Vroomen Jean
Published: May 2022

In the flash lag effect (FLE), a moving object is seen to be ahead of a brief flash that is presented at the same spatial location; a haptic analogue of the FLE has also been observed [1, 2]. Some accounts of the FLE relate the effect to temporal delays in the processing of the stationary stimulus as compared to that of the moving stimulus [3–5]. We tested for movement-related processing effects in haptics. People judged the temporal order of two vibrotactile stimuli at the two hands: One hand was stationary, the other hand was executing a fast, medium, or slow hand movement. Stimuli at the moving hand had to be presented around 36 ms later, to be perceived to be simultaneous with stimuli at the stationary hand. In a control condition, where both hands were stationary, perceived simultaneity corresponded to physical simultaneity. We conclude that the processing of haptic stimuli at moving hands is accelerated as compared to stationary ones–in line with assumptions derived from the FLE.
Perception of Friction in Tactile Exploration of Micro-structured Rubber Samples
Authors: Fehlberg Maja , Kim Kwang-Seop , Drewing Knut , Hensel René , Bennewitz Roland
Published: May 2022

Fingertip friction and the related shear of skin are key mechanical mechanisms in tactile perception, but the perception of friction itself is rarely explored except for the flat surfaces of tactile displays. We investigated the perception of friction for tactile exploration of a unique set of samples whose fabric-like surfaces are equipped with regular arrays of flexible micropillars. The measured fingertip friction increases with decreasing bending stiffness, where the latter is controlled by radius (20–75 µm) and aspect ratio of the micropillars. In forced-choice tasks, participants noticed relative differences in friction as small as 0.2, and even smaller when a sample with less than 100 µm distance between pillars is omitted from the analysis. In an affective ranking of samples upon active touch, the perception of pleasantness is anticorrelated with the measured friction. Our results offer insights towards a rational design of materials with well-controlled surface microstructure which elicit a dedicated tactile appeal.
Perception of Spatialized Vibrotactile Impacts in a Hand-Held Tangible for Virtual Reality
Authors: Cabaret Pierre-Antoine , Howard Thomas , Pacchierotti Claudio , Babel Marie , Marchal Maud
Published: May 2022

Informative and realistic haptic feedback significantly enhances virtual reality (VR) manipulation. In particular, vibrotactile feedback (VF) can deliver diverse haptic sensations while remaining relatively simple. This has made it a go-to solution for haptics within hand-held controllers and tangible props for VR. However, VF in hand-helds has solely focused on monolithic vibration of the entire hand-held device. Thus, it is not clear to what extent such hand-held devices could support the delivery of spatialized information within the hand. In this paper, we consider a tangible cylindrical handle that allows interaction with virtual objects extending beyond it. This handle is fitted with a pair of vibrotactile actuators with the objective of providing in-hand spatialized cues indicating direction and distance of impacts. We evaluated its capability for rendering spatialized impacts with external virtual objects. Results show that it performs very well for conveying an impact’s direction and moderately well for conveying an impact’s distance to the user.
Perceiving Sequences and Layouts Through Touch
Authors: Gupta Richa
Published: May 2022

Accessing graphical information is a challenge for persons with individuals with blindness and visual impairment (BVI). The primary method for making graphical information more accessible to BVI is to translate visual graphics into tactile graphics (TGs), sometimes called “raised line” graphics. Effective design of tactile graphics demands an in-depth investigation of perceptual foundations of exploration through touch. This work investigates primitives in tactile perception of spatial arrangements (i.e. sequences and layouts). Two experiments using tiles with different tactile shapes were arranged in a row on tabletop or within a 5 × 5 grid board. The goal of the experiments was to determine whether certain positions offered perceptual salience. The results indicate that positional primitives exist (e.g. corners, field edges and first and last positions in sequences), and these reinforce memory of spatial relationships. These inferences can influence effective tactile graphic design as well as design of inclusive and multi-modal interfaces/experiences.
Whole-Hand Haptics for Mid-air Buttons
Authors: Maunsbach Martin , Hornbæk Kasper , Seifi Hasti
Published: May 2022

Mid-air buttons are currently slow and error-prone. One reason is that their haptic feedback are attempts at replicating physical button feedback instead of being designed specifically for interaction in mid air. We present an approach to haptics for mid-air buttons that extends the feedback beyond the fingertip. Our approach is inspired by recent findings that show how skin vibrations from fingertip presses extend to the whole hand. We apply the haptic feedback across the whole hand to simulate the pull-up effect that triggers users to withdraw their finger upon button activation. We conduct a user study with two tasks to evaluate the whole-hand feedback and compare it with prior work. Our results show that the whole-hand haptic feedback reduces the overall button press duration and allows for more successful button activations compared to the localized haptic feedback. We discuss the reasons behind the improved performance and further steps to improve mid-air presses.
Proximity-Based Haptic Feedback for Collaborative Robotic Needle Insertion
Authors: Mieling Robin , Stapper Carolin , Gerlach Stefan , Neidhardt Maximilian , Latus Sarah , Gromniak Martin , Breitfeld Philipp , Schlaefer Alexander
Published: May 2022

Collaborative robotic needle insertions have the potential to improve placement accuracy and safety, e.g., during epidural anesthesia. Epidural anesthesia provides effective regional pain management but can lead to serious complications, such as nerve injury or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Robotic assistance might prevent inadvertent puncture by providing haptic feedback to the physician. Haptic feedback can be realized on the basis of force measurements at the needle. However, contact should be avoided for delicate structures. We propose a proximity-based method to provide feedback prior to contact. We measure the distance to boundary layers, visualize the proximity for the operator and further feedback it as a haptic resistance. We compare our approach to haptic feedback based on needle forces and visual feedback without haptics. Participants are asked to realize needle insertions with each of the three feedback modes. We use phantoms that mimic the structures punctured during epidural anesthesia. We show that visual feedback improves needle placement, but only proximity-based haptic feedback reduces accidental puncture. The puncture rate is 62% for force-based haptic feedback, 60% for visual feedback and 6% for proximity-based haptic feedback. Final needle placement inside the epidural space is achieved in 38%, 70% and 96% for force-based haptic, visual and proximity-based haptic feedback, respectively. Our results suggest that proximity-based haptic feedback could improve needle placement safety in the context of epidural anesthesia.
A Preliminary Study on the Perceptual Independence Between Vibrotactile and Thermal Senses
Authors: Park Jaejun , Kim Jeongwoo , Park Chaeyong , Oh Seungjae , Park Junseok , Choi Seungmoon
Published: May 2022

We study whether the vibrotactile and thermal senses are independent in terms of information transmission. In Exp. 1, we estimated the respective information transmission capacities of vibrotactile and thermal stimuli. In Exp. 2, we measured the information transfer (IT) of vibrotactile-thermal multimodal stimuli. We compare the IT values obtained in the two experiments and demonstrate that approximately 90% of the information encoded through the two sensory modalities is preserved when they are combined. This result can contribute to the design of multimodal haptic stimuli for various user-interactive purposes.
On the critical exponents of generalized ballot sequences in three dimensions and large tandem walks
Authors: Wallner Michael
Published: May 2022

We answer some questions on the asymptotics of ballot walks raised in [S. B. Ekhad and D. Zeilberger, April 2021] and prove that these models are not D-finite. This short note demonstrates how the powerful tools developed in the last decades on lattice paths in convex cones help us to answer some challenging problems that were out of reach for a long time. On the way we generalize tandem walks to the family of large tandem walks whose steps are of arbitrary length and map them bijectively to a generalization of ballot walks in three dimensions.
Low- and middle-income countries demonstrate rapid growth of type 2 diabetes: an analysis based on Global Burden of Disease 1990–2019 data
Authors: Liu Jinli , Bai Ruhai , Chai Zhonglin , Cooper Mark E. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2022

Aims/hypothesis

The study aims to quantify the global trend of the disease burden of type 2 diabetes caused by various risks factors by country income tiers.

Methods

Data on type 2 diabetes, including mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) during 1990–2019, were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We analysed mortality and DALY rates and the population attributable fraction (PAF) in various risk factors of type 2 diabetes by country income tiers.

Results

Globally, the age-standardised death rate (ASDR) attributable to type 2 diabetes increased from 16.7 (15.7, 17.5)/100,000 person-years in 1990 to 18.5 (17.2, 19.7)/100,000 person-years in 2019. Similarly, age-standardised DALY rates increased from 628.3 (537.2, 730.9)/100,000 person-years to 801.5 (670.6, 954.4)/100,000 person-years during 1990–2019. Lower-middle-income countries reported the largest increase in the average annual growth of ASDR (1.3%) and an age-standardised DALY rate (1.6%) of type 2 diabetes. The key PAF attributing to type 2 diabetes deaths/DALYs was high BMI in countries of all income tiers. With the exception of BMI, while in low- and lower-middle-income countries, risk factors attributable to type 2 diabetes-related deaths and DALYs are mostly environment-related, the risk factors in high-income countries are mostly lifestyle-related.

Conclusions/interpretation

Type 2 diabetes disease burden increased globally, but low- and middle-income countries showed the highest growth rate. A high BMI level remained the key contributing factor in all income tiers, but environmental and lifestyle-related factors contributed differently across income tiers.

Data availability

To download the data used in these analyses, please visit the Global Health Data Exchange at http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2019.

Graphical abstract
Air pollution and internal migration: evidence from an Iranian household survey
Authors: Farzanegan Mohammad Reza , Gholipour Hassan F. , Javadian Mostafa
Published: May 2022

Air pollution has become an important national issue in Iran in recent years. Several studies in Iran have shown that air pollution harmfully impacts the physical and mental health of citizens, reducing labor productivity and student academic performance. One aspect of air pollution that is yet to be examined is if it explains migration behavior across the provinces of Iran. Between 2011 and 2016, approximately 4.3 million Iranians (about 5% of the population) left their habitual residences and moved to new locations (mostly within the borders of Iran). The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of air pollution (measured using satellite data of aerosol optical depth) on net outmigration. We used data from the 2011 and 2016National Population and Housing Censusesfor 31 provinces in Iran and applied panel fixed effects and instrumental variable procedures to analyze the data. Our results show that air pollution has a positive and significant effect on net outmigration. We also found that higher levels of economic activities discourage outmigration.
Prospective analysis of the expression status of FGFR2 and HER2 in colorectal and gastric cancer populations: DS-Screen Study
Authors: Yasui Hisateru , Takeno Atsushi , Hara Hiroki , Imamura Hiroshi , Akamatsu Hiroki , Fujitani Kazumasa , Nakane Minoru , Kondoh Chihiro Nakayama , Yukisawa Seigo , Nasu Junichiro , Miyata Yoshinori , Makiyama Akitaka , Ishida Hiroyasu , Yoshida Norimasa , Matsumura Eiji , Ishigami Masato , Sugihara Masahiro , Ochiai Atsushi , Doi Toshihiko
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) proteins are both molecular targets for cancer therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression status of FGFR2 and HER2 in patients with gastric cancer (GC) or colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods

Archived tumor tissue samples from patients with histologically-confirmed GC or CRC suitable for chemotherapy were analyzed for FGFR2 and HER2 expression using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (HER2 in CRC only).

Results

A total of 176 GC patients and 389 CRC patients were enrolled. Among patients with GC, 25.6% were FGFR2-positive and 26.1% were HER2-positive. Among patients with CRC, 2.9% were FGFR2-positive and 16.2% were HER2-positive. No clear relationship was found between FGFR2 and HER2 status in either GC or CRC. In GC, FGFR2 and HER2 statuses did not differ between different primary cancer locations, whereas there were some differences between histological types. Based on FGFR2- and/or HER2-positive status, 117 patients were identified as potentially suitable for inclusion in clinical trials of therapeutic agents targeting the relevant protein (GC = 45, CRC = 72; FGFR = 56, HER2 = 62), of whom 7 were eventually enrolled into such clinical trials.

Conclusions

This study indicated the prevalence of FGFR2 and HER2 in GC and CRC in the Japanese population. The screening performed in this study could be useful for identifying eligible patients for future clinical trials of agents targeting these proteins.

Trial registration

Clinical trial registration Japic CTI No.: JapicCTI-163380. https://www.clinicaltrials.jp/cti-user/trial/ShowDirect.jsp?directLink=RNlzx1PPCuT.PrVNPxPRwA.
Vertebral anomalies in a natural population of Taricha granulosa (Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Danto Marylène , McGuire Jimmy A.
Published: May 2022

Developmental plasticity, a common pattern in lissamphibian evolution, results in numerous alternative morphologies among species and also within populations. In the present study, a natural population of the salamander Taricha granulosa (Salamandridae) was examined to detect variation in the vertebral count and to identify potential deformities of their vertebral column. The number of trunk vertebrae varied between 11 and 13 and we recorded 58 individuals with 69 anomalous vertebral elements. These anomalies range from congenital malformations (block vertebrae, unilateral bars, hemivertebrae), extra ossifications in the haemal region, to posttraumatic pathologies. Most osseous pathologies were encountered in the caudal region of the axial skeleton. Our data suggest a high frequency of vertebral malformations in salamanders; however, the identification of the exact causes remains challenging.
A palaeothermometer of ancient Indigenous fisheries reveals increases in mean temperature of the catch over five millennia
Authors: Hillis Dylan , Gustas Robert , Pauly Daniel , Cheung William W. L. , Salomon Anne K. , McKechnie Iain
Published: May 2022

Climate change is altering the distribution and composition of marine fish populations globally, which presents substantial risks to the social and economic well-being of humanity. While deriving long-term climatic baselines is an essential step for detecting and attributing the magnitude of climate change and its impacts, these baselines tend to be limited to historical datasets and palaeoecological sediment records. Here, we develop a method for estimating the ‘ancient Mean Temperature of the Catch’ (aMTC) using Indigenous fisheries catch records from two archaeological sites in the northeast Pacific. Despite different catch compositions, we observe an increase in aMTC over a 5,000-year period at two contemporaneously occupied archaeological sites in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. We document cooler catches from 5,000 to 3,000 cal yr BP and comparatively warmer catches from 1,800 to 250 cal yr BP. These warmer temperatures are broadly consistent with palaeoceanographic sea surface temperature proxies from British Columbia and Alaska. Because this method requires converting measures of fish bones into estimates of fish size structure, abundance, biomass, and finally aMTC, opportunities exist to account for both variation and uncertainty at every step. Nevertheless, given that preindustrial fisheries data are ubiquitous in coastal archaeological sites, this method has the potential to be applied globally to broaden the temporal and geographic scale of ocean temperature baselines.
Asymmetry in the spin-up of a stratified fluid in a sliced, square cylinder
Authors: Munro R. J. , Foster M. R.
Published: May 2022

Previously, we have reported theory and experiments on the spin-up of a linearly stratified fluid contained in a sealed square cylinder with a bottom sloped at angle $$\alpha$$
α
(Munro & Foster, Phys. Fluids, 26, 026603, 2014). The motion is characterized by the small Rossby number, $$\epsilon$$
ϵ
, the fractional change in the rotation rate, the Ekman number, E, and the Burger number, S, the square of the ratio of the buoyancy frequency (or Brunt-Väisälä frequency) to the base rotation rate. This paper, supplementing what has gone before, is focused on the horizontal and vertical structure of the propagating vorticity waves (Rossby waves), with alternating anti-cyclonic and cyclonic cells, which move across the tank from east to west, thereby accomplishing at least the early stages of the spin-up. We find strong dependence of the modal structure of these Rossby waves, and their speed, on the Burger number. However, what is particularly noteworthy is the observed strong north-south asymmetry of the wave field. We find that the asymmetry is not consistent with typical Rossby-wave theories (Pedlosky and Greenspan, J. Fluid Mech., 27, p. 291, 1967), but is attributable to second-order effects in the asymptotic expansion of the streamfuntion in powers of $$\alpha$$
α
.
Model uncertainty and efficiency measurement in stochastic frontier analysis with generalized errors
Authors: Makieła Kamil , Mazur Błażej
Published: May 2022

Advanced efficiency measurement methods usually fall within Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), or their derivatives. Although SFA has some theoretical advantages, it has been criticized for relying on arbitrary and potentially restrictive assumptions about model specification. One strand of the literature suggests the use of nonparametric SF models to cope with the issue. We follow an alternative path and demonstrate that it is possible to deal with specification uncertainty and potentially restrictive assumptions while maintaining the advantages of the parametric approach. First, we develop a flexible stochastic model based on generalized t and generalized beta of second kind distributions, which encompasses virtually all known parametric SFA specifications. Second, we apply Bayesian inference methods, which are less restrictive than those used so far, and propose feasible approximate alternatives based on maximum likelihood. Third, we pool results from alternative specifications using model averaging. Our focus is on the distributional assumptions regarding the compound error in SFA since this aspect has not been addressed so far in a satisfactory way. However, extensions to other elements of specification uncertainty, like the choice of the frontier functional form, are straightforward. Finally, we show simulations results and analyze two well-researched datasets, for which we obtain probabilistic (density) estimates of efficiency scores that take into account the estimation error and model uncertainty in a formally justified manner.
Self-serving dishonesty: The role of confidence in driving dishonesty
Authors: Heger Stephanie A. , Slonim Robert , Tausch Franziska
Published: May 2022

Ambiguity and uncertainty as an explanation for ethical blind spots is well-documented. We contribute to this line of research by showing that these blind spots arise even when there is naturally occurring uncertainty—that is, when individuals are simply uncertain of the truth they “fill-in” this uncertainty in a self-serving way. To examine self-serving dishonesty, we asked a sample of U.S. car owners to respond to an auto insurance underwriting questionnaire that affects their price of insurance (i.e., premium), and investigated how financial incentives affect the honesty of their responses. We find, consistent with the current literature, that people have a strong preference for truthfulness, but only when they are confident of the objective truth. However, when people are not completely certain of the objectively correct answer, significant dishonesty occurs in a self-serving manner. We also find that reports of confidence do not depend on incentives and thus self-serving dishonesty is not strategic.
Invited Review: Short-term Variability with the Observations from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO): Insights into Flare Magnetism
Authors: Kazachenko Maria D. , Albelo-Corchado Marcel F. , Tamburri Cole A. , Welsch Brian T.
Published: May 2022

Continuous vector magnetic-field measurements by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) allow us to study magnetic-field properties of many flares. Here, we review new observational aspects of flare magnetism described using SDO data, including statistical properties of magnetic-reconnection fluxes and their rates, magnetic fluxes of flare dimmings, and magnetic-field changes during flares. We summarize how these results, along with statistical studies of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), have improved our understanding of flares and the flare/CME feedback relationship. Finally, we highlight future directions to improve the current state of understanding of solar-flare magnetism using observations.
Upscaling calcite dissolution rates in a tight reservoir sandstone
Authors: Hale Sina , Trindade Pedrosa Elisabete , Jacob Arne , Reinhardt Marcel , Enzmann Frieder , Kersten Michael , Butscher Christoph , Blum Philipp
Published: May 2022

Calcite is a highly abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust and occurs as a cement phase in numerous siliciclastic sediments, where it often represents the most reactive component when a fluid percolates through the rock. Hence, the objective of this study is to derive calcite dissolution rates on different scales in a reservoir sandstone using mineral surface experiments combined with vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) and two types of core plug experiments. The 3D geometry of the calcite cement phase inside the rock cores was characterized by X-ray micro-computed tomography (µXCT) and was used to attempt dissolution rate upscaling from the mineral surface to the core scale. Initially (without upscaling), our comparison of the far-from-equilibrium dissolution rates at the mineral surface (µm-mm-scale, low fluid residence time) and the surface normalized dissolution rates obtained from the core experiments (cm-scale, high fluid residence time) revealed differences of 0.5–2 orders of magnitude. The µXCT geometric surface area connected to the open pore space $$\left( {GSA_{{Cc,{\text{open}}}} } \right)$$

G
S

A

C
c
,
open

considers the fluid accessibility of the heterogeneously distributed calcite cement that can largely vary between individual samples, but greatly affects the effective dissolution rates. Using this parameter to upscale the rates from the µm- to the cm-scale, the deviation of the upscaled total dissolution rates from the measured total dissolution rates was less than one order of magnitude for all investigated rock cores. Thus, $$GSA_{{Cc,{\text{open}}}}$$

G
S

A

C
c
,
open

showed to be reasonably suitable for upscaling the mineral surface rates to the core scale.
Discriminative and efficient non-local attention network for league of legends highlight detection
Authors: Wan Qian , Wang Aruna , Zhang Guoshuai , Liu Le , Wu Jiaji
Published: May 2022

With the growing popularity of eSports, video highlight detection, which encapsulates the most informative parts in a few seconds, has become a critical part of live competition. However, learning the spatial–temporal dependency efficiently and discriminatively in video highlight detection for league of legends (LoL) is a critical problem. In this study, to address these existing problems, we propose a novel discriminative and efficient non-local attention network (DENAN) for LoL highlight detection. In particular, both spatial and temporal dependencies are learned using an end-to-end lightweight trainable framework. An auxiliary triplet loss is used in discriminative training to learn robust LoL video feature representations and improve DENAN’s performance. Our experimental results on the NLACS and LMS datasets show the effectiveness of our method in terms of performance and computation cost.
Authorization schemes for internet of things: requirements, weaknesses, future challenges and trends
Authors: Khan Abid , Ahmad Awais , Ahmed Mansoor , Sessa Jadran , Anisetti Marco
Published: May 2022

Scalable and secure authorization of smart things is of the crucial essence for the successful deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT). Unauthorized access to smart things could exacerbate the security and privacy concern, which could, in turn, lead to the reduced adoption of the IoT, and ultimately to the emergence of severe threats. Even though there are a variety of IoT solutions for secure authorization, authorization schemes in highly dynamic distributed environments remain a daunting challenge. Access rights can dynamically change due to the heterogeneous nature of shared IoT devices and, thus, the identity and access control management are challenging. This survey provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the current state-of-the-art IoT authorization schemes to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. Then, it defines the most important requirements and highlights the authorization threats and weaknesses impacting authorization in the IoT. Finally, the survey presents the ongoing open authorization challenges and provides recommendations for future research.
Religiöse Vielfalt als Bedrohung oder Bereicherung? Ergebnisse des Bertelsmann Religionsmonitors 2017 im Ländervergleich
Authors: Pickel Gert
Published: May 2022

Religionszugehörigkeit und Religiosität sind auf eine andere Weise wieder in das Licht der Öffentlichkeit zurückgekehrt, als von vielen erwartet wurde. So führte die Ausreitung religiöser Pluralisierung zu Konflikten. Diese beruhen zu großen Teilen auf Kategorisierungen und der Markierung kultureller Differenz. Die 2015 mobilisierten Vorurteile gegenüber muslimischen Migrant:innen, brachten nur einen bereits vorher bestehenden antimuslimischen Rassismus an den Tag. Dies zeigen neue Ergebnisse des Bertelsmann Religionsmonitors 2017 in mehreren europäischen Ländern. Das Gefühl einer Bedrohung durch „den Islam“ erweist sich als verschärfend für diese Konstellation. Gleichzeitig erweist sich sowohl diese Mobilisierung als auch der bestehende antimuslimische Rassismus als teilweise toxische Mischung für eine demokratische politische Kultur. So wie diese Vorurteile für manche das Einstiegstor in rechtsradikale Haltungen sind, steht die mit dem antimuslimischen Rassismus verbundene Ablehnung von Pluralität in einem fundamentalen Gegensatz zur liberalen Demokratie. Dabei ist dieses Ergebnis länderübergreifend gültig, allein bestehend Variationen.
Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using superficial layer of quadriceps tendon autograft: A case series of three patients
Authors: Tua Lubis Andri Maruli , Refdian Menkher Muhammad Ade , Setyawan Riky
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Recurrent patellar dislocation which caused by Medial Patellofemoral Ligament (MPFL) injury could be treated by MPFL reconstruction. This study evaluated MPFL reconstruction using superficial layer of quadriceps tendon autograft with knee functional outcome.

Method:

Three patients with recurrent patellar dislocation underwent MPFL reconstruction with superficial layer of quadriceps tendon autograft. The central quadriceps tendon was harvested at the superficial layer of the tendon. Then the proximal autograft routed medially on the periosteal hinge through vastus medial muscle. Functional outcome using IKDC, Tegner-Lysholm, and Modified Cincinnati were assessed pre and post-operative.

Result:

A good stability and painless knees were achieved. IKDC score, Tegner-Lysholm, and Modified Cincinnati was improved from pre-operative to post-operative. No severe postoperative complication was recorded.

Discussion:

The superficial layer of quadriceps tendon has similar biomechanical and anatomical macroscopic attribute to native MPFL. The procedure using quadriceps tendon was simple and has fewer complication than using other autografts, such as hamstring tendon, adductor tendon, and patellar tendon. The one-year follow-up outcome of this procedure is excellent.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction with superficial layer of quadriceps tendon autograft was proven to prevent patellar dislocation without deteriorating quadriceps muscle strength and produced knee stabilization with functional score improvement.

Highlights
Cultural Dynamics and Leadership
Authors: Harter Nathan W.
Published: May 2022

The intersection of leadership and culture is undertheorized. This Element looks behind familiar titles in leadership at materials from anthropology, sociology, and history to gain a more nuanced understanding of culture. Of particular relevance is an interpretive approach, elaborated in the works of Simmel, Cassirer, Ortega y Gasset, and Gadamer. A ﬁve-part schema examines permutations pertaining to the relationship between culture and leadership – as separate, conﬂicting, derivative, or engaged – with the most attractive being the possibility that leadership and culture are mutually constituting. To explain cultural change, Ortega y Gasset suggested as a unit of analysis the idea of a generation, illustrated in a historical account of translating the Bible. Archer proposed as a mechanism for cultural change the idea of social morphogenesis, which this Element applies to evolving issues of race in the civic order. This process illustrated in the thinking of pundit William F. Buckley, Jr.
Analysis of Panel Data
Authors: Hsiao Cheng
Published: May 2022

Now in its fourth edition, this comprehensive introduction of fundamental panel data methodologies provides insights on what is most essential in panel literature. A capstone to the forty-year career of a pioneer of panel data analysis, this new edition's primary contribution will be the coverage of advancements in panel data analysis, a statistical method widely used to analyze two or higher-dimensional panel data. The topics discussed in early editions have been reorganized and streamlined to comprehensively introduce panel econometric methodologies useful for identifying causal relationships among variables, supported by interdisciplinary examples and case studies. This book, to be featured in Cambridge's Econometric Society Monographs series, has been the leader in the field since the first edition. It is essential reading for researchers, practitioners and graduate students interested in the analysis of microeconomic behavior.
For Labor To Build Upon
Authors: Gould IV William B.
Published: May 2022

One of the enduring legacies of the United States Civil War is that democracy in the workforce is an essential part of societal democracy. But the past century has seen a marked decline in the number of unionized employees, a trend that has increased with the rise of the internet and low-paying, gig-economy jobs that lack union protection. William B. Gould IV takes stock of this history and finds that unions, frequently providing inadequate energy and resources in organizing the unorganized, have a mixed record in dealing with many public-policy issues, particularly involving race. But Gould argues that unions, notwithstanding these failures, are still the best means to protect essential workers in health, groceries, food processing, agriculture, and the meatpacking industry, and that the law, when properly deployed, can be a remedy not only for trade union-employer relationships, but also for the ailments of democracy itself.
Attractors for Semigroups and Evolution Equations
Authors: Ladyzhenskaya Olga A. , Seregin Gregory A. , Kalantarov Varga K. , Zelik Sergey V.
Published: May 2022

In this volume, Olga A. Ladyzhenskaya expands on her highly successful 1991 Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei lectures. The lectures were devoted to questions of the behaviour of trajectories for semigroups of nonlinear bounded continuous operators in a locally non-compact metric space and for solutions of abstract evolution equations. The latter contain many initial boundary value problems for dissipative partial differential equations. This work, for which Ladyzhenskaya was awarded the Russian Academy of Sciences' Kovalevskaya Prize, reflects the high calibre of her lectures; it is essential reading for anyone interested in her approach to partial differential equations and dynamical systems. This edition, reissued for her centenary, includes a new technical introduction, written by Gregory A. Seregin, Varga K. Kalantarov and Sergey V. Zelik, surveying Ladyzhenskaya's works in the field and subsequent developments influenced by her results.
Modelling the fluid mechanics in single-flow batteries with an adjacent channel for improved reactant transport
Authors: Kuperman Sofia , Ronen Rona , Matia Yoav , Zigelman Anna , Suss Matthew E. , Gat Amir D.
Published: May 2022

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an emerging electrochemical technology envisioned towards storage of renewable energy. A promising sub-class of RFBs utilizes single-flow membraneless architectures in an effort to minimize system cost and complexity. To support multiple functions, including reactant separation and fast reactant transport to electrode surfaces, electrolyte flow must be carefully designed and optimized. In this work, we propose adding a secondary channel adjacent to a permeable battery electrode, solving for the flow field and analysing the effects on the reactant concentration boundary layer at the electrode. We find that an adjacent channel with gradually changing thickness leads to a desired nearly uniform flow through the electrode to the adjacent channel. Consequently, the thickness of the concentration boundary layer is significantly reduced, increasing reactant transport to the electrode surface to 140% of the rate of a battery with a constant width adjacent channel, and 350% of the rate with no adjacent channel. Overall, this theory provides insight into the important role of flow physics for this promising sub-class of flow batteries, and can pave the way to improved energy efficiency of such flow batteries.
Trends in facility-level rates of Clostridioides difficile infections in US hospitals, 2019–2020
Authors: Rose Ashley N. , Baggs James , Kazakova Sophia V. , Guh Alice Y. , Yi Sarah H. , McCarthy Natalie L. , Jernigan John A. , Reddy Sujan C.
Published: May 2022

Objectives:

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused substantial changes to healthcare delivery and antibiotic prescribing beginning in March 2020. To assess pandemic impact on Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) rates, we described patients and trends in facility-level incidence, testing rates, and percent positivity during 2019–2020 in a large cohort of US hospitals.

Methods:

We estimated and compared rates of community-onset CDI (CO-CDI) per 10,000 discharges, hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI) per 10,000 patient days, and C. difficile testing rates per 10,000 discharges in 2019 and 2020. We calculated percent positivity as the number of inpatients diagnosed with CDI over the total number of discharges with a test for C. difficile. We used an interrupted time series (ITS) design with negative binomial and logistic regression models to describe level and trend changes in rates and percent positivity before and after March 2020.

Results:

In pairwise comparisons, overall CO-CDI rates decreased from 20.0 to 15.8 between 2019 and 2020 (P < .0001). HO-CDI rates did not change. Using ITS, we detected decreasing monthly trends in CO-CDI (−1% per month, P = .0036) and HO-CDI incidence (−1% per month, P < .0001) during the baseline period, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. We detected no change in monthly trends for CO-CDI or HO-CDI incidence or percent positivity after March 2020 compared with the baseline period.

Conclusions:

While there was a slight downward trajectory in CDI trends prior to March 2020, no significant change in CDI trends occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic despite changes in infection control practices, antibiotic use, and healthcare delivery.