bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial variability of the major chemistry of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Mulvaney R. , Wolff E. W.
Published: September 2017

A compilation of reliable data for sodium, nitrate, chloride and sulphate has been made. NO3 concentrations arc remarkably consistent across Antarctica, though there appears to be some correlation with altitude and accumulation rate. Post-depositional loss of NO3- is important at low-accumulation sites. Cl concentration (either measured directly or calculated from Na+ via the sea salt ratio) decreases with distance from the coast, though the decline is less rapid if the coastal topography is not steep or mountainous. Excess sulphate (xsSO42) concentration (here calculated from normal sea-salt ratios with Na+ or Cl) also declines with distance from the coast, though less quickly than Cl-. Fractionation of sea-salt ions makes the calculation of SO42- uncertain.
A two-dimensional finite-element study of flow in the transition zone between an ice sheet and an ice shelf
Authors: Lestringant Renaud
Published: September 2017

A numerical study has been carried out on the flow of ice in the transition zone between an ice sheet and an ice shelf. The study was motivated by the need for global ice-sheet-ice-shelf modelling to determine the characteristics of the transition zone. The problem is dealt with from an academic viewpoint, and the study especially focuses on two-dimensional vertical sharp transition zones. Stokes equations are solved using a finite-element method. Conclusions include: (1) in ice-sheet-ice-shelf modelling, each of the two components can be computed separately then linked by a jump-boundary condition [or the horizontal velocity; (2) as shown by studies on the response of an ice shelf to tidal forcing, the surface elevation/thickness ratio passes through the hydrostatic equilibrium value.
Constraints on the Progenitor of SN 2010jl and Pre-existing Hot Dust in its Surrounding Medium
Authors: Dwek Eli , Arendt Richard G. , Fox Ori D. , Kelly Patrick L. , Smith Nathan , Dyk Schuyler D. Van , Filippenko Alexei V. , Andrews Jennifer , Shivvers Isaac
Published: September 2017

A search for the progenitor of SN 2010jl, an unusually luminous core-collapse supernova of Type IIn, using pre-explosion Hubble/WFPC2 and Spitzer/IRAC images of the region, yielded upper limits on the UV and near-infrared (IR) fluxes from any candidate star. These upper limits constrain the luminosity and effective temperature of the progenitor, the mass of any pre-existing dust in its surrounding circumstellar medium (CSM), and dust proximity to the star. A lower limit on the CSM dust mass is required to hide a luminous progenitor from detection by Hubble. Upper limits on the CSM dust mass and constraints on its proximity to the star are set by requiring that the absorbed and reradiated IR emission not exceed the IRAC upper limits. Using the combined extinction-IR emission constraints, we present viable

combinations, where M
d and R
1 are the CSM dust mass and its inner radius. These depend on the CSM outer radius, dust composition and grain size, and the properties of the progenitor. The results constrain the pre-supernova evolution of the progenitor, and the nature and origin of the observed post-explosion IR emission from SN 2010jl. In particular, an η Car-type progenitor will require at least 4 mag of visual extinction to avoid detection by Hubble. This can be achieved with dust masses

(less than the estimated 0.2–0.5

around η Car), which must be located at distances of

cm from the star to avoid detection by Spitzer.
Low-temperature Condensation of Carbon
Authors: Krasnokutski S. A. , Goulart M. , Gordon E. B. , Ritsch A. , Jäger C. , Rastogi M. , Salvenmoser W. , Henning Th. , Scheier P.
Published: September 2017

Two different types of experiments were performed. In the first experiment, we studied the low-temperature condensation of vaporized graphite inside bulk liquid helium, while in the second experiment, we studied the condensation of single carbon atoms together with H2, H2O, and CO molecules inside helium nanodroplets. The condensation of vaporized graphite leads to the formation of partially graphitized carbon, which indicates high temperatures, supposedly higher than 1000°C, during condensation. Possible underlying processes responsible for the instant rise in temperature during condensation are discussed. This suggests that such processes cause the presence of partially graphitized carbon dust formed by low-temperature condensation in the diffuse interstellar medium. Alternatively, in the denser regions of the ISM, the condensation of carbon atoms together with the most abundant interstellar molecules (H2, H2O, and CO), leads to the formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) and finally organic polymers. Water molecules were found not to be involved directly in the reaction network leading to the formation of COMs. It was proposed that COMs are formed via the addition of carbon atoms to H2 and CO molecules

. Due to the involvement of molecular hydrogen, the formation of COMs by carbon addition reactions should be more efficient at high extinctions compared with the previously proposed reaction scheme with atomic hydrogen.
The Araucaria Project. The Distance to the Sculptor Group Galaxy NGC 7793 from Near-infrared Photometry of Cepheid Variables
Authors: Zgirski Bartlomiej , Gieren Wolfgang , Pietrzyński Grzegorz , Karczmarek Paulina , Gorski Marek , Wielgorski Piotr , Narloch Weronika , Graczyk Dariusz , Kudritzki Rolf-Peter , Bresolin Fabio
Published: September 2017

Following the earlier discovery of classical Cepheid variables in the Sculptor Group spiral galaxy NGC 7793 from an optical wide-field imaging survey, we have performed deep near-infrared J- and K-band follow-up photometry of a subsample of these Cepheids to derive the distance to this galaxy with a higher accuracy than what was possible from optical photometry alone, by minimizing the effects of reddening and metallicity on the distance result. Combining our new near-infrared period–luminosity relations with previous optical photometry, we obtain a true distance modulus to NGC 7793 of (27.66 ± 0.04) mag (statistical) ±0.07 mag (systematic), i.e., a distance of (3.40 ± 0.17) Mpc. We also determine the mean reddening affecting the Cepheids to be E(B − V) = (0.08 ± 0.02) mag, demonstrating that there is significant dust extinction intrinsic to the galaxy in addition to the small foreground extinction. A comparison of the new, improved Cepheid distance to earlier distance determinations of NGC 7793 from the Tully–Fisher and TRGB methods is in agreement within the reported uncertainties of these previous measurements.
New localities of Adiantum capillus-veneris in the river basin of the Volarja/Volarnik (the Julian Alps) and a phytosociological analysis of its sites / Nova nahajališča vrste Adiantum capillus-veneris v porečju Volarje/Volarnika (Julijske Alpe) in ...
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Martinčič Andrej , Rojšek Daniel
Published: September 2017

The article describes the localities, sites and communities of Adiantum capillus-veneris along the Volarja/Volarnik, the right tributary of the Soča River between Tolmin and Kobarid (9747/4). We classified its communities from three locations at elevations between 210 and 250 m into the subassociation Eucladio-Adiantetum cratoneuretosum commutati, a new variant Eucladio-Adiantetum hymenostylietosum recurvirostri var. Pinguicula alpina and into the new association Adianto-Molinietum arundinaceae.Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Eucladio-Adiantetum, Adianto-Molinietum arundinaceae, Natura 2000, Upper Soča Valley, Julian Alps, Slovenia V članku opisujemo nahajališča, rastišča in združbe vrste Adiantum capillus-veneris ob  Volarji/Volarniku, desnem pritoku Soče med Tolminom in Kobaridom (9747/4). Njene združbe na treh krajih, na nadmorski višini od 210 m do 250 m, uvrščamo v subasociacijo Eucladio-Adiantetum cratoneuretosum commutati, v novo varianto Eucladio-Adiantetum hymenostylietosum recurvirostri var. Pinguicula alpina in v novo asociacijo Adianto-Molinietum arundinaceae.Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Eucladio-Adiantetum, Adianto-Molinietum arundinaceae, Natura 2000, Zgornje Posočje, Julijske Alpe, Slovenija
Pomen makrofitov v jezerskem ekosistemu / The importance of macrophytes in lake ecosystem
Authors: Šiling Rebeka , Germ Mateja
Published: September 2017

V preglednem članku povzemamo temeljne značilnosti makrofitov v jezerskem ekosistemu. Makrofiti so povezovalni člen med sedimentom, vodo in ozračjem. Vodne rastline vplivajo na zgradbo habitata, prav tako pa so vir avtohtonih snovi, ki so osnova za prehranjevalni splet. Rast vodnih rast­lin je odvisna od mnogih okoljskih dejavnikov, ki so med seboj povezani - svetloba, temperatura, vodni tok, globina ipd. Za prehod od velike kalnosti do prosojnosti vode v jezeru sta značilni spremembi v prevladi skupin primarnih producentov in vrst v celotnem prehranjevalnem spletu, kjer namesto prevladujočega fitoplanktona postanejo prevla­dujoči primarni producenti submerzni makrofiti ali perifitonske alge. Makrofiti so pomembni tudi za vrednotenje človekovega vpliva na jezerski ekosistem ter posredno pri izvajanju upravljavskih načrtov za vode.Ključne besede: makrofiti, jezera, fitoplankton, ekološko stanje In a review paper we summarized the basic features of macrophytes in lake system. Macrophytes present link between sediment, water and atmosphere. Primarily aquatic plants determine the structure of habitat and present the vital source of autochthonous matter as a base for food web. The growth of aquatic plants depends on a number of environmental factors, which are linked - light, temperature, water flow, depth etc. Transition from high turbidity to the transparency of the water in the lake is characterized by a change in the dominance of primary producers and species throughout the food web, where instead of the dominant phytoplankton the dominant primary producers becomes submerged macrophytes or periphytic algae. Macrophytes are important for evaluating human impact on lake ecosystems and indirectly in the management plans for water.Key word: macrophytes, lakes, phytoplankton, ecological status
Un complejo de diques cónicos en la isla de La Gomera. Islas Canarias
Authors: Rodríguez Losada J. A.
Published: September 2017

En esta nota, se describe la existencia de una intrusión filoniana de diques cónicos al norte de la isla de La Gomera; igualmente se presenta la cartografía geológica del complejo traquítico-fonolítico, inédita hasta el momento de este trabajo, al cuál pertenece el sistema filoniano como uno de los episodios más importantes en su evolución. Los diques, de composición traquítica y fonolítica; muestran frecuentemente bordes de enfriamiento; textura afanítica y a menudo otras inclusiones xenolíticas de rocas básicas. Se desarrollan tanto a través del complejo basal; como de coladas sálicas y depósitos fragmentarios de igual naturaleza, preexistentes en el área estudiada. Las medidas sistemáticas de la orientación de estos diques y el posterior tratamiento de los datos en proyección estereográfica equiareal, permite definir una pauta cónica en el complejo filoniano.
Criterios del sentido de movimiento en espejos de fricción: clasificación y aplicación a los granitos cizallados de la Sierra de San Vicente (Sierra de Gredos)
Authors: Doblas M.
Published: September 2017

En este trabajo establecemos primeramente una clasificación de los diferentes criterios para la deducción del sentido de movimiento en espejos de fricción, obteniendo así una guía práctica de utilización en el campo o en el laboratorio, inexistente hasta ahora.
En segundo lugar, aplicamos algunos de estos criterios a los planos de cizallamiento C de los granitos deformados de la Sierra de San Vicente. Estas estructuras planares en granitos, que hasta ahora no se habían empleado en estudios de espejos de fricción, resultan muy útiles para comprobar y/o proponer criterios, ya que sus sentidos de movimiento se conocen en nuestra zona por investigaciones anteriores (Doblas et al., 1983, Doblas 1985). Una innovación que aportamos aquí, es la utilización del microscopio electrónico de barrido para el estudio de estas estructuras. Las estructuras observadas en los planos C, además de indicarnos el sentido del movimiento, revelan también interesantes características genéticas de los mismos.
Comentarios sobre “Aportaciones al conocimiento de la comprensión tardía en la Cordillera Ibérica Centro-Oriental: La Cuenca Neógena inferior del Mijares (Teruel-Castellón)”, de J. Paricio Cardona y J. L. Simón Gómez
Authors: Guimerà J.
Published: September 2017

No disponible
Les ambiances dans les récits de visite : une source pour l’étude de la réception de l’architecture
Authors: Bastoen Julien
Published: September 2017

Cet article propose de considérer les comptes rendus de visite au musée non pas du point de vue de l’expérience esthétique, ni même du point de vue de l’analyse sociologique du public des musées, mais comme une source pour l’histoire de l’architecture et la théorie de la réception (Roullin, 2002 ; Monnier, 2006). Par les enjeux d’ambiance qu’ils cristallisent (accessibilité, flux, confort, lumière, climat, etc.) et les contradictions qu’ils mettent en évidence, ces récits de visite peuvent être analysés comme des révélateurs de problématiques architecturales sous-estimées ou négligées dans le cadre du projet architectural. Le cas du nouveau siège du Musée du Luxembourg, inauguré en 1886 à Paris, est symptomatique de la manière dont le manque d’ambition de la politique de l’Etat français en faveur de l’art contemporain se traduit dans des choix architecturaux hasardeux, y compris et jusque dans le traitement partiel et approximatif des ambiances.
Magneto-Hemodynamics Mixed Convection with Radiative Heat Transfer in a Stenosed Artery
Authors: Ngufor Korande Fonso , Makinde Oluwole Daniel
Published: September 2017

The hemodynamics mixed convection in a stenosed artery with radiative heat transfer in the presence of magnetic field is investigated. Blood is regarded as a viscous, incompressible, Newtonian, electrically conducting and optically dense bio-magnetic fluid. The variable viscosity of blood depending on hematocrit (percentage volume of erythrocytes) is taken into account in order to improve resemblance to the real situation. The constriction in the artery due to stenosis is assumed to be symmetrical such that the stenotic height is small compared with the half width of the unconstricted channel. The governing equations of momentum and energy balance are obtained and solved both numerically using a shooting technique coupled with Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration method and analytically using a well known perturbation technique. The effects of various controlling parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, pressure gradient, skin friction and Nusselt number are presented graphically and discussed. It is observed that the flow rate at the stenotic region is enhanced by buoyancy force. The fluid velocity decreases while the temperature increases with an in magnetic field intensity. Our results could be useful in improving the design of flow meters in bio-medical instrumentation for detecting cardiovascular pathological conditions such as stenosis.
Unilateral renal agenesis with subseptate uterus and sacrococcygeal teratoma: A unique triad
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad S , Imtiaz Sheeza , Pathan Hina , Usman Rahila
Published: September 2017

Unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is a rare condition with a reported incidence of 0.93–1.8 per 1000 autopsies. It is commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding on imaging.URA is frequently associated with other genitourinary anomalies. Different associations have been described in both males and females, however, to our knowledge, it has not been reported with subseptate uterus (SSU) and sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) in the same individual. Here, we present a unique case of URA with SSU and SCT.
Complications exclusive to long strut grafts used following multilevel cervical corpectomy: Utilization of advanced imaging techniques
Authors: Thippeswamy Pushpa B , Kumaran Sunitha P , Hegde Vinay , Viswamitra Sanjaya
Published: September 2017

When surgical decompression of cervical spine is considered, multilevel cervical corpectomy with long strut grafts is the preferred treatment. This procedure is used in a variety of pathologies including degenerative disease, tumors, trauma and infection. Corpectomy with interbody grafting helps in adequate spinal canal and neural decompression compared to multilevel discectomy, which could be difficult as well as inadequate. Fibular/iliac strut grafts are used for reconstruction along with a stabilizing hardware in this procedure. So far, complete imaging spectrum of complications exclusive to strut graft has not been reported in the literature. This pictorial essay presents complications exclusive to the strut graft, utility of advanced imaging in diagnosis and a brief note on the clinical management of complications.
An extremely rare case of dermoid cyst of urinary bladder
Authors: Jain Chirag , Mittal Mahesh K , Shiraz Fouzia
Published: September 2017

We report an extremely rare case of a dermoid cyst of the urinary bladder in a 30-year-old female who presented with pain in the left flank and dysuria since 9 months. On imaging (ultrasound and computed tomography), a relatively well-defined mass lesion with areas of fat and calcification was seen arising from the bladder wall. Cystoscopy showed presence of hair on the surface of the lesion. Histopathological findings were consistent with dermoid cyst in the urinary bladder.
Use of multidetector computed tomography angiography of upper limb circulation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
Authors: Altinsoy Hasan B , Alatas Ozkan , Kayancicek Hidayet , Hafiz Erhan , Dogan Omer F
Published: September 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the bilateral forehand circulation using a 64-channel multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) as a noninvasive method to define criteria for an upper extremity arterial anatomy and pathology prior to the use of arterial conduits. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five patients with coronary artery disease who underwent total arterial coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomly selected for this prospective study. MDCT angiography was performed for 110 examinations of forearm and hand arterial anatomy. Prior to MDCT, Allen tests were performed in all patients with a normal result, except four. Thirteen patients had diabetes mellitus (DM), 8 had peripheral artery occlusive disease, and 19 had a history of smoking. Results: All arteries, including axillary, ulnar artery (UA) and radial artery (RA), were clearly visualized in all patients. Upper extremity anatomical and pathological results were examined in 16 patients (29.1%). Severely calcified RA and/or UA were found in 6 patients who had a moderate renal failure. Nearly total occlusion of the RA was detected in another two patients. Focal intimal RA calcification was recorded in 1 female and 3 male patients. Ten patients who had severe calcification or intimal sclerosis of the upper extremity arteries had DM. The remaining patients had normal forehand arterial circulation. A persistent median artery with the absence of radial and ulnar arteries and a high bifurcation of RA from the brachial artery was detected as an anatomic variation in seven patients (12.7%). Conclusions: The major advantages of MDCT angiography are its non-invasiveness and the ability to detect calcific subadventitial plaques, which are difficult to diagnose using conventional angiography. MDCT may be used as a safe and non-invasive method to assess RA and UA prior to harvesting the upper limb artery. Preoperative imaging of forehand arteries is a means to avoid unnecessary forearm exploration or the use of an unsuitable arterial conduit in CABG operations, especially in patients with DM and moderate renal impairment.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree: A rare cause of obstructive jaundice in children which can mimic choledochal cysts
Authors: Kinariwala Dhara J , Wang Andrew Y , Melmer Patrick D , McCullough William P
Published: September 2017

Jaundice in children is more often due to hepatic disease than obstruction. Differential considerations for obstructive jaundice in children include choledocholithiasis, choledochal cysts and rare neoplasms. Rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft tissue sarcoma in pediatric patients, typically involves the head and neck, genitourinary system and extremities. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the biliary tree is a rare entity. We present a 3-year-old boy with abrupt onset obstructive jaundice. Although initial imaging suggested a dilated biliary system with fusiform common bile duct, sludge, and possible cholelithiasis, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) diagnosed a common bile duct embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and further imaging showed involvement of the cystic duct. This case illustrates the importance of considering malignant etiologies in cases of obstructive jaundice, particularly when imaging is not classic for common causes.
Utility of diffusion weighted imaging in diagnosing subdiaphragmatic endometriosis presenting as shoulder pain
Authors: Singh Anuradha , Das Chandan J , Das Bimal K , Gupta A K
Published: September 2017

Extrapelvic endometriosis (EPE) is a rare entity which may potentially occur at any site. Symptomatic EPE is now increasingly being managed laparoscopically. Imaging is imperative in diagnosis as well as extent delineation prior to surgery. In addition to increasing the success rate of diagnostic laparoscopy, prior knowledge of EPE at certain sites may modify the standard surgical technique. We present here an unusual case of chronic pain in the right shoulder in a 26-year-old female caused by subdiaphragmatic endometriosis (SDE). It was noticed on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences; however, due to the lack of the characteristic signal intensity, imaging findings were noncontributory. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) facilitated its characterization and precisely mapped the extent of involvement. SDE should be suspected in young females presenting with cyclical shoulder pain. Due to nonspecific clinical features, it may remain undiagnosed. MRI is the imaging modality of choice in evaluation of EPE. Including DWI sequence in the MR protocol increases the diagnostic precision besides delineating the extent of involvement noninvasively.
Designing a Knitwear Collection
Authors: Donofrio-Ferrezza Lisa , Hefferen Marilyn
Published: September 2017

Designing a Knitwear Collection, 2nd Edition, is an essential and comprehensive overview of the knitting design and development process. Featuring more than 475 color images, emerging fashion designers will find inspiration from the work of featured knitwear designers and practical information to design their own knitwear collection. The book follows the history of the industry to present day, introducing yarn and stitch basics, knitting methods, and machinery. It explores the process of preparing the design package from initial concept and sketches to specifications of samples and documents for production—through the presentation of a final collection. Updates to this edition include advances in technology in the knitwear industry, expanded coverage of sample development, and more than 50% new images including new designer profiles and current knitwear designs.
Introduction
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

In the 1870s, Lily Westbrooke was an unassuming, ordinary resident of the New York State Asylum for Idiots. An “industrious and faithful worker,” she spent her days laboring in the institution’s laundry, where she had “assume[d] the responsibility of looking after a great deal of the children’s clothing.” An affectionate woman who loved taking charge of younger pupils, Westbrooke had come far since arriving at the asylum from a “pauper” family in 1858 as a bashful nine-year-old who understood only simple language and was unaware that “printed words stood for objects of any kinds.” Now a “great talker” and an avid reader, she showed no signs of the obstinacy, violent temper, and reputed “moral deficiency” that Madison County Poorhouse officials claimed had led them to send her to the Asylum for Idiots in the first place....
Her Mother Did Not Like to Have Her Learn to Work
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 uses the nationwide spread of idiot asylums in the mid-nineteenth century as a lens into how families understood productivity and issues of care prior to the emergence of large-scale wage labor and intense urbanization. Although superintendents of asylums depicted “idiots” as unproductive, immoral drains on society, in part to obtain funding from lawmakers, families resisted these pejorative depictions. Relatives viewed productivity as a spectrum that varied by age, gender, and ability, reflecting the fact that people with a wide range of bodily capabilities had long participated in household economies and the wage labor market.
He Had No Home but the County Poor House
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 explores how the shift to an unpredictable, urban wage economy left many families unable to care for or make use of “idiotic” relatives who might be only partly productive. Complicating matters, charity policies intended to prevent public dependency—scientific charity programs and efforts to separate diverse poorhouse residents into specialized institutions—increasingly selected pupils who had no home to which they could return. In response to this rapidly increasing and permanent population, asylum directors allied with proto-eugenicists such as Josephine Shaw Lowell to convince lawmakers to fund dedicated custodial asylums for “feeble-minded” people. In these institutions, inmates’ labors no longer led to discharge. Instead, perceived abilities determined every facet of life, from institutional conditions to inmates’ likelihood of dying shortly after arrival, and often in perverse ways. Despite being depicted by superintendents as unemployable in mainstream society, “feeble-minded” women who were institutionally productive were much less likely to be discharged and remained for decades, performing vast amounts of unpaid care work that defrayed much of the costs of these custodial asylums. Nonetheless, for some inmates, their toils offered some meaning and a small measure of control over their lives.
We Do Not Prefer Cripples, but They Can Earn Full Wages
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 opens by investigating the ways in which working-class communities and workers had traditionally understood disability: as an anticipated, if feared, outcome of working life, but not as a cause for stigma. While bodily modifications such as missing fingers, crushed limbs, blinded eyes, or weakened lungs often brought a loss of skill and income, injured workers continued to work, often in the informal labor market. Mechanization and the drive for efficiency, however, provided employers with new notions of what made a good worker. With the striking exception of the Ford Motor Company, almost all major industrial employers began to believe that a modern, mechanized, and efficient workplace required employees with intact, interchangeable bodies. Henry Ford, however, demonstrated that, if carefully handled, mechanization could actually expand the range of employable bodies.
The Greatest Handicap Suffered by Crippled Workers
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

As Chapter 5 shows, another public policy intended to prevent dependency—workmen’s compensation—greatly exacerbated disabled workers’ difficulties on the mainstream labor market. Originally intended to aid families who had lost a breadwinner to death or disability, compensation laws could not encompass the immense diversity of disabilities and their mutability over time. The statutes also did nothing to address the long-term financial challenges faced by workers who became permanently disabled. Due to the segregated nature of the labor force, furthermore, rarely did women and African Americans receive compensation for their work-induced illnesses and disabilities. Making matters worse, the structure of compensation tables created financial incentives for employers to exclude workers with disabilities, regardless of their origin. By the 1920s, nearly all major employers made it a practice to require physical examinations before hiring workers. Even Ford Motor Company substantially reduced its hiring of new workers with disabilities, although it retained many existing ones.
Conclusion
Authors: Rose Sarah F.
Published: September 2017

By the 1920s, people with many different types and origins of disabilities—from tuberculosis and feeble-mindedness to amputations and blindness—had been pushed out of the paid labor market and, thereby, edged out from “good citizenship.” Most people with disabilities kept on working, although their labors were rarely recognized or compensated as such. The “problem” of disability, however, lay not in the actual bodies of disabled people, but rather in the meanings assigned to those impairments by employers and policy makers, as well as how those meanings intersected with shifting family capacities, a rapidly changing workplace, public policies aimed at discouraging dependency, and the complexity and mutability of disability itself....
Becoming Mobile in the Age of Segregation
Authors: Pryor Elizabeth Stordeur
Published: September 2017

Between the 1780s and the 1850s, two separate and interconnected historical developments led to segregation as a method of social control. The first was black emancipation in the North, the result of a prolonged and uneven process that lasted decades. In light of African American freedom, white northerners began to imagine black people as people, although nominally free, in need of regulation. As a result, whites scrutinized the travel of free people of color with a level of suspicion previously reserved for slaves. Thus, a process best thought of as the criminalization of black mobility emerged. This was highly deleterious to African Americans because it fostered antiblack vigilantism in public space. At the same time, advances in technology brought on a “transportation revolution.” As an elite cohort of newly freed African Americans sought equal access to public vehicles, transportation proprietors and white passengers in the North viciously guarded the thresholds of stagecoaches, steamships, and railroads. Colored travelers fought back against exclusion in a variety of ways that highlight the importance of travel in their conceptions of citizenship. The protest strategies of these earliest activists planted the seeds of the nineteenth-century equal rights movement.
Contraception and Abortion
Authors: Jaffary Nora E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses ethnohistorical accounts, medical texts, legal codes, and criminal and Inquisition records to trace both practices and attitudes toward abortion and contraception in Mexico beginning in the pre-Columbian era and carrying through the nineteenth century. In the colonial period, Mexican midwives employed a variety of medicinal substances, particularly the flowering plant cihuapatli, to assist women in regulating their pregnancies while neither state nor medical authorities did little to regulate their use. Although colonial law condemned abortion, Mexican communities condoned or ignored women’s use of both contraception and abortion. In the wake of the country’s establishment of the first national penal code in 1871, however, denunciations for the crime of abortion dramatically increased. The growing penalization of abortion is also apparent in the agents of institutional medicine’s increased efforts in the century and a half after 1750 to limit women’s use of pre-Columbian abortifacients.
Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Birth
Authors: Jaffary Nora E.
Published: September 2017

This chapter uses institutional medical records, medical texts, and inquisition and criminal trials to track the evolution of obstetrical medicine from the colonial period through the nineteenth century. It argues that the colonial state and colonial Mexicans considered childbirth a private and unremarkable matter. One important exception involved the colonial state and church’s late eighteenth-century promotion of caesarian sections, undertaken to baptize newborns caught in the wombs of women who died during childbirth. Childbirth transformed to become an event of intense public concern by the close of the nineteenth century. This is evident in the new prominence of nationalist obstetrical medicine, the establishment of maternity hospitals, and the prominent discussions of childbirth that appeared in popular news and scientific publications from the mid nineteenth century onward. Mexico’s experience of the professionalization of obstetrics presents some counternarratives to the prevalent story of the modernization of childbirth in other contexts whereby physicians wrested control over childbirth from traditional midwives. While it would be distortive to present midwife- physician relations in Mexico as exclusively harmonious, neither were their interactions always characterized by unilateral domination.
Power of Objects in Eighteenth-Century British America
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Over the course of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans purchased an unprecedented number and array of goods. This book investigates these diverse artifacts—from portraits and city views to gravestones, dressing furniture, and prosthetic devices—to explore how elite American consumers assembled objects to form a new civil society on the margins of the British Empire. In this interdisciplinary transatlantic study, artifacts emerge as key players in the formation of Anglo-American communities and, eventually, of American citizenship. Interweaving analysis of paintings and prints with furniture, architecture, textiles, and literary works, the book reconstructs the networks of goods that bound together consumers in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Charleston, S.C. Moving beyond emulation and the desire for social status as the primary motivators for consumption, this work illuminates that Anglo-Americans’ material choices were intimately bound up with their efforts to institute civility and to distance themselves from native Americans and African Americans. It also traces colonial women’s contested place in forging provincial culture in British America. As encountered through a woman’s application of makeup at her dressing table or an amputee’s donning of a wooden leg after the Revolutionary War, material artifacts were far from passive markers of rank or political identification. Instead, they actively participated in making Anglo-American society.
Imprinting the Civil
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores a group of large city views, also known as long views, sponsored by local subscribers in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, and engraved in London. These prints perfected urban environments by eliminating spaces of unruly commerce and crime and celebrating residents’ architectural accomplishments. They contributed to colonists’ efforts to reduce the wilderness by adapting the prospect view and drawing upon the science of surveying. The views allowed subscribers to articulate their common goals for urban planning and hope for their cities’ growth. Intended for a British imperial audience, the prints also asserted colonial Americans’ civic growth and reminded British viewers of North America’s large size. Whereas English thinkers belittled America’s fauna and her land, colonial city views proclaimed North America’s magnitude.
Portraits in Stone
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Elite residents of Charleston, South Carolina, sought a unique means of memorializing their dead: gravestones embellished with bust-length depictions of the deceased. Commissioned from stone carvers in Boston, these portrait gravestones reimagined the small, ivory form of the portrait miniature at a public scale suitable for the cemetery. This chapter examines why Charlestonians patronized this type of memorial, tying the gravestones to residents’ horror at the savagery unleashed upon corpses by putrefaction and to their desire to preserve bodies’ former politeness. Considering portrait gravestones along with mourning rituals and coffin construction illuminates the stones’ role as protective containers that kept savagery at bay, an important function given Charleston’s high death rate and steamy climate. Recognizing the memorials’ similarity to boundary markers, such as those erected to mark the Mason Dixon line, illuminates how the gravestones demarcated a space of colonial control. By erecting stone portraits of civil persons, Charlestonians created a social network with incredible permanence.
The Art of Concealment
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

As Americans created a new political republic in the years after the Revolution, they questioned whether women could be trusted to bear republican responsibilities or whether they were too duplicitous. A set of elaborate dressing tables and dressing chests produced for elite women’s use in New York City and Charleston, South Carolina, in the 1790s implicate elite women’s toilette rituals in debates over authenticity and deception. As women applied cosmetics before their mirrors they improved their faces and enhanced their civility, drawing comparison to portrait painters who similarly altered public personas. Women enjoyed a unique relationship with their dressing furniture, and pieces became a kind of body double for elite users, even being dressed in similar costume. Dressing tables and chests deceived viewers by hiding cosmetics inside concealed drawers and allowing women to keep secret their use of makeup. Even as dressing furniture anchored women’s attempts to move into new roles in the republic, it compromised their characters through fears of social counterfeit.
Crafting Citizens
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the wooden legs donned by American male amputees after the Revolution through the only example known to survive: the prosthesis worn by politician Gouverneur Morris. Amputees’ bodily lack frightened America’s leaders, who sought to establish a self-sufficient male citizenry capable of heading households. Period associations of disability with poor morality also compromised amputees. Morris’s peg leg was manufactured by a Philadelphia cabinetmaker and allowed him to replenish his morality by borrowing the style of elite furniture. Moreover, Morris’s leg responded to fears that male amputation was akin to castration by supplementing his virility. Morris claimed that his prosthesis provided an example for other republicans, including new president George Washington, of how moderate consumption of goods could enhance civility. Morris’s success is evident in the choice to let him model for Jean-Antoine Houdon’s statue of George Washington.
Epilogue
Authors: Van Horn Jennifer
Published: September 2017

In the early republic, Americans faced the challenge of replacing colonial networks of objects with bonds of citizenship. Material goods became increasingly politicized, including Gilbert Stuart’s Lansdowne portrait of George Washington, which celebrates the first president as a civilian leader. New object types brought citizens together at a continental scale, including engravings of Washington, engraved city views, and creamware, or queensware, dining goods. Yet George Washington’s dentures point to the tensions in establishing civility that continued to haunt the new nation. Constructed from teeth taken from Washington’s slaves, the dentures suggest the barbarity that Americans sought to repress in their new political republic.
A Beginning
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents a selective account of Lovie’s childhood. Lovie’s interest in pregnancy and birth takes root on the Beard family farm where lay midwives, known as grannies, granny women or granny midwives, attended the deliveries of African American tenant farm women. These traditional midwives, who were community based and served women of color as well as poor white women, learned their vocation through an informal apprenticeship with an older woman, often a relative. When Lovie graduates from high school, her mother insists that she continue her education and pursue a career, advising her that she “can’t rely on menfolks.” Following the contours of Lovie’s life, the reader begins a journey through the last century of midwifery history in the South.
That Handmaiden Business
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Lovie Shelton’s nursing training at Norfolk General Hospital (through the U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps) and early nursing experiences in the 1940s, when delivery room nurses were little more than handmaidens to the doctors (often instructed, for example, to hold a laboring woman’s legs together to keep her from delivering before the doctor’s arrival). The chapter not only takes readers on an interesting historical side trip, but gives them a benchmark for gauging the significance of Lovie’s later career as a nurse-midwife attending home births by herself. The chapter also describes the highly routinized, medicalized hospital births at the time Lovie was in training and how birth in the U.S. arrived at this point. After graduation, Lovie worked for a country doctor and sometimes found herself attending deliveries of babies all on her own in homes. Wanting more training, she enrolled in the public health nursing program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she learned about nurse-midwives from visiting lecturer Laura Blackburn, a public health nurse-midwife employed by the state board of health in South Carolina. Lovie “caught on fire” to become a nurse-midwife herself.
The Fig Tree
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

Lovie confronts her anxieties about aging and retirement and the knowledge that she can’t keep delivering babies forever. Her identity is so thoroughly bound up with midwifery that she fears losing herself if she gives up her work. Lovie and the narrator grapple with a host of issues: What does it mean to be of service? What makes work meaningful? What does it mean to give up work that one believes one was put on earth to do? Folded into this is Lovie’s sense of her calling, her view of midwifery as sacred work and of herself partnering with God to bring new life into the world. Lovie turns 75, an occasion that initially seems to grant her permission to begin letting go of some things, possibly even midwifery. The narrator reflects on her listening role in doing documentary fieldwork with Lovie and questions her desire to pin Lovie down.
Babies and Mamas
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

Lovie is approached in public by a number of former clients (“my mamas”) as well as by some of the grown-up children (“my babies”) whose births she attended. Lovie revels in this public recognition, enjoying the news that one of her “babies” has grown up to make something of herself and grieving when she learns that others have fallen on hard times.
Sister Carolina
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

With the help of Mary Breckinridge, Lovie undertakes midwifery training at the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, an almost unheard of ambition for an American woman of her generation. Her instructor is Margaret “Maggie” Myles, one of the best-known teachers of midwifery from any era and the author of the Textbook for Midwives, the first midwifery text by a midwife for midwives. Lovie’s classmates came to call her “Sister Carolina” after her home state. In this chapter Lovie discusses her training: she spent the first six months observing and attending births at the Simpson and the second six months attending home births in Edinburgh. Lovie also describes her affection for the Scots and the lasting influence on her of Myles and the training program.
Palm Sunday
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores some of the challenges of doing documentary fieldwork when researcher and subject find their belief systems at odds. Yarger discusses Lovie’s brand of evangelizing, which focuses mainly on whether or not someone is attending church. Lovie tries to understand Yarger’s perspective on Christianity and Yarger, feeling judged and lacking by Lovie and others (at a seder hosted by the Jews for Jesus and again at the Young Peoples’ Sunday School Class at Lovie’s church on Palm Sunday), finds her highly cherished tolerance tested. A disagreement between Lovie and Yarger about biracial babies leads Yarger to reflect on racism and the process by which white people acquire racist patterns, as well as on her own often unsuccessful attempts while doing fieldwork to separate people from the racist patterns they sometimes exhibit.
Joy and Kenny
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

Narrator Lisa Yarger asks Lovie about the possibility of accompanying her to a birth. Lovie tries and fails to get one of her Mennonite clients to meet Yarger. Yarger gives Lovie Chris Bojalian’s novel Midwives, which Lovie mistakes for nonfiction. Lovie hits upon the idea of introducing Yarger to her newest client, Joy Mitchell of Pantego, who grew up in the Dutch-American community of Terra Ceia in northern Beaufort County. This chapter includes the story of how Joy and her husband Kenny Mitchell decide on a home birth for the delivery of their fourth child after three dissatisfying hospital births.
Up to My Neck in Deliveries
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

Lovie’s marriage takes her to the North Carolina town of Washington, where she takes a job with the Beaufort County Health Department and starts attending home births on the side. Lovie describes working under the granny law, given that North Carolina had no law at the time to regulate the practice of nurse-midwifery. At her job, she faces opposition from nursing colleagues prejudiced against midwifery who claim she is taking their profession “back to the dark ages.” Her prejudices against hospital births deepen after she has two babies at home and two in the hospital. This chapter also discusses Lovie’s departure from the health department in 1957 to embark on a solo home birth practice and chronicles the death of her husband, Marshall Shelton.
Receiving
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

Lovie’s health declines as Joy’s due date approaches. Members of the visitation committee at Lovie’s church stop by to cheer her, and Lovie must struggle with her antipathy towards being on the receiving end of good deeds. Yarger reflects on the challenges of doing documentary fieldwork with an evangelical Christian who sees her as a mentee, someone to be witnessed to. Lovie explains “dropping,” when a baby sinks lower in the uterus prior to the onset of labor. Yarger tries to figure out just when to join Lovie so as not to miss the birth and finally drives out 13 days before Joy's due date to be on the safe side.
Birth Stories
Authors: Yarger Lisa
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes Lovie’s geographical territory and some of the problems she encountered reaching clients in the low-lying counties of eastern North Carolina’s Tidewater region. Lovie recalls some of her more memorable deliveries, including a frightening drive through flood waters near Aurora, delivering by the light of a heater in a Washington home, and contending with bedbugs at a Martin County delivery. She also recounts a memorable breech birth and the time a log truck pulled up in her driveway with a woman and her newborn in the front seat. Lovie reflects on the father’s role at a birth during the peak years of her practice and tells about the time a man at a Robersonville delivery chopped up his front porch steps when she needed firewood. Lovie also talks about helping a handful of women who gave up their babies for adoption and the time she attended a woman suffering under a rootwork spell.