bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nursing in Kolkata: Everyday Politics of Labour, Power and Subjectivities
Authors: Ray Panchali
Published: January 2020

Research on ‘care work’ tends to focus on relations between gender and ‘care’ at the cost of obfuscating caste and class markings that devalue such labour. This article argues that the service work of the contemporary nursing profession, as observed in Kolkata, continues to be devalued, not because it is care work but because it is linked to low-caste/out-caste women who have historically provided nursing care. To counter such stigma, nursing has witnessed a splintering along the lines of ‘prestigious’ and ‘dirty’ work. This cleavage, based on historically and socially produced structural inequalities, is supported both by organisational strategies and a privileged section of workers, who deploy ‘merit’ or cultural capital to close ranks against others. The article examines how women located at the bottom of this hierarchy resist such strategies. What does ritual, banal everyday resistance imply for processes and practices that reproduce organisational inequalities?
The Ghalib Translations of Daud Kamal: ‘The Nightingale of a Garden Which is Yet to Come Into Existence’
Authors: Zaidi Ali Shehzad
Published: January 2020

Daud Kamal (1935–87), the preeminent English language poet of Pakistan, left behind many unpublished translations of poems by the classical Urdu poet Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869). This article presents and discusses several of these translations in the light of historical events during Ghalib’s lifetime. Although he endured many personal tragedies, Ghalib attained mystical heights that confirm his stature as the greatest Urdu poet.
Young Middle-Class Women, Consumption and Fitness in Contemporary India: ‘To Tackle All That is Thrown Her Way’
Authors: Maddox Callie Batts
Published: January 2020

This article examines the intersections of fitness, consumption, the middle class and the female body in contemporary India. Having grown up exposed to and interacting with global markets, brands and commodities, young middle-class Indian women seek to engage in cultural practices that distinguish them as members of an upwardly mobile class of urban professionals. For many young women, working out at a gym or fitness centre has become an important performative act that signifies ability to successfully navigate the globalised and cosmopolitan worlds. Drawing mainly from ethnographic fieldwork, the article suggests that the fit, young, middle-class body has become the ‘right’ female body in contemporary India and functions to reinforce a privileged social location. It underpins moralities of self-care and marks the rise of the global Indian woman prepared to tackle multiple roles and responsibilities.
Pneumonectomy for left-sided non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of 111 cases over 10 years
Authors: Baram Aram , Ramzi Ramzi Mowffaq , Al Bermani Salam
Published: January 2020

Background

Pulmonary resection is the preferred therapeutic option for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the physiological insult, pneumonectomy (PN) may be unavoidable in patients with early-stage central tumors. This study aimed to analyze the management of early-stage left-sided NSCLC by PN.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of patients with different stages of NSCLC who underwent left PN over a 10-year period. In-hospital morbidity and mortality and long-term survival were calculated.

Results

A total of 111 patients were enrolled (aged 46–80 years). Preoperatively, 53.2% of patients had stage IIIA, 32.4% stage IIB, and 14.4% had stage IIA disease. Postoperatively, the number of patients with stage IIA and IIB decreased while stage IIIA increased. All PNs were radical. The 5- and 10-year survival rates in stage IIA patients were 42.8% and14.2%, respectively, in stage IIB patients were 56.25% and 3.1%, and the 5-year survival in stage IIIA patients was 22. 5%. The overall 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 94.6%, 77.47%, 34.23%, and 2.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

The operative mortality, morbidity, and 5-year survival rates of patients with NSCLC after PN matched the international standards. Left PN might be unavoidable for patients with centrally located tumors.
Effect of Light-Curable Fluoride Varnish and Conventional Topical Fluoride Varnish on Prevention of Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets: A Comparative Study
Authors: Chakraborty Sudipta , Kidiyoor Harshavardhan , Patil Anand K.
Published: January 2020

Objectives: Various fluoride varnishes have shown promising result in preventing enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets as they do not depend on patient compliance. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of light-curable fluoride varnish (Clinpro XT) and conventional topical fluoride varnish (Fluoritop SR) in preventing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets.

Methods: 20 patients who required extraction of four first premolars for orthodontic treatment were bonded with orthodontic brackets and each premolar received single application of Clinpro XT and Fluoritop SR fluoride varnish in 2 diagonally opposite quadrants and rest 2 premolars acted as control. The sample teeth were debonded and extracted after 1 month and 2 months of varnish application. The samples were sectioned using hard tissue microtome and evaluated under polarized light microscopy to measure the depth of demineralization.

Results: Kolmogorov Smirnov test showed normal distribution of data. Comparison between the study groups with depth of demineralization scores showed statistically significant variation in one-way analysis of variance test. Turkey’s multiple post hoc procedures showed statistically significant difference in the depth of demineralization between all the 3 groups after 1 month and 2 months. Dependent t test showed statistically significant increment in the depth of demineralization in all the 3 groups between 1 month and 2 months.

Conclusion: This study concluded that single application of both Fluoritop SR and Clinpro XT was effective in reducing significant depth of demineralization compared to control. Clinpro XT showed significantly less demineralization compared to Fluoritop SR after 1 month and 2 months of varnish application.
The occupational repertoires of children with mobility difficulties: The child’s perspective
Authors: Pontes Tatiana Barcelos , Mah Katie , Arnold Adrianne K , Polatajko Helene J , Davis Jane A
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Children with mobility difficulties are thought to share similar participation repertoires due to the impact of their physical impairments. However, with these children, as with all others, individual differences and contexts should mediate occupational repertoires and experiences, resulting in participation differences, at least in part. This study aimed to explore the occupational repertoires of children with mobility difficulties and their view of their occupational participation.

Methods

Five children with mobility difficulties were assessed using the paediatric activity card sort, to establish their occupational repertoires. Semi-structured interviews were used to understand the children’s occupational participation.

Findings

Our findings suggest that children with mobility issues are more likely to participate in quiet occupations, but not exclusively. The children defined participation in their own way.

Conclusion

The knowledge about how children with mobility difficulties understand participation in occupation can help occupational therapists to establish goals with their clients and personalise interventions.
Do workplace contextual factors engender abusive supervision?
Authors: Khan Shahid
Published: January 2020

Drawing upon affective events theory (AET), this study seeks to investigate the effects of workplace contextual factors – such as procedural justice climate (PJC), or a lack thereof – on subordinates’ ‘perception of abusive supervision’ (AS), which is largely overlooked in the domain of AS. The data (213 subordinates across 51 work groups) showed that subordinates’ perception of AS and their feelings of anger, in turn, mediated the deleterious effects of PJC (or a lack thereof) on subordinates’ organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). The study contributes to the AS literature by highlighting and investigating PJC, building on understanding around subordinates’ perceptions of AS. Also, by incorporating a two-stage mediating mechanism (stage 1: AS, stage 2: anger), this study investigates the full impact of the cascading effects of AS. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

JEL Classification: C3, C31, C91, D23
Implanting the Games Ethic in Bengal: The Colonial Context
Authors: Basu Basudhita
Published: January 2020

The present article is mainly concerned with Bengal, the first province to witness the rise of British Empire in India. The Bengalis were looked upon by the British as deficient in masculinity, yet ironically a large proportion of the Westernised bureaucrats through whom India was ruled were Bengali Clerks or Babus. They formed the prime example of effeminacy.2 It is very important to examine how this games ethic got injected into the veins of these ‘effeminate’ Babus. How much spontaneous or induced it was? What were the factors that played important role in the spread of games in Bengal? The study tries to highlight the various ways through which sporting culture circulated among the Bengalis. Instead of offering a monocausal explanation, it is important to underline the aspect of multiple causalities. In this article, weightage has been given to the efforts of Anglo-Indian schools and various colleges, such as Presidency College, Scottish Church, St. Paul’s College and St. Xavier’s College, in spreading the sports culture. After looking into various sources and college magazines, it can be concluded that much emphasis was given to the Western sports.
Salt Trade in Goalpara District During Colonial Period
Authors: Wary Jaysagar
Published: January 2020

Salt is an essential commodity for human beings, and its demand has been increasing in the markets since the early days. There was no information regarding salt production in Assam during the precolonial and colonial periods. On the other hand, small salt brines existed in places like Sadiya, Burhat and Naga hills, but they were unaffordable. At that time, people used Khar, the burn ashes of certain trees which produced a salty taste instead of ready-made salt. The salt became a symbol of wealth which helped people maintain a high status in the society of Assam as well as in the Goalpara district. The salt of Bengal became very famous because of its affordability—its supply was also available at Goalpara in the colonial period. Thus, Goalpara became the centre of salt trade of the north-eastern frontier countries. This article will attempt to highlight the salt trade and its significance in the colonial period.
Gender Differences in Superior-memory SuperAgers and Associated Factors in an Australian Cohort
Authors: Maccora Janet , Peters Ruth , Anstey Kaarin J.
Published: January 2020

Background: Despite expectations of deterioration in memory function with age, some older adults demonstrate superior memory performance and have been defined as SuperAgers. Method: SuperAgers were identified in a population-based prospective cohort in Australia ( n = 1,679; 49.4% female; mean age = 70.6 ±1.5 years) as participants who, over a 12-year period, consistently scored at or above the median of participants 40 years younger on recall tasks. Chi-square and t tests and logistic regression models measured associations between risk factors and being a SuperAger. Results: The prevalence of SuperAgers was higher in women (8.6%) than men (5.3%). Education was associated with being a SuperAger for women (adjusted odds ratio [OR] =1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.01, 1.26]) and men (adjusted OR = 1.22, 95% CI = [1.05, 1.40]). Other associated factors were investigative activities and alcohol consumption for women and social activities and depressive symptoms for men. Conclusion: Adults over 60 can sustain superior memory recall; however, associated factors may vary between genders.
Integration reasoning at the ECtHR: Challenging the boundaries of minorities’ citizenship
Authors: Henrard Kristin
Published: January 2020

This contribution zooms in on a particularly disconcerting development in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, that is visible in several recent cases brought by religious minorities with a migrant background, in which the Court accepts – in the name of (requirements for) integration – far-reaching restrictions on the rights of these religious minorities with a migrant background to be respected in their own religiously inspired way of life. The Court furthermore glosses over a context of Islamophobia and related stereotypes, thus failing to identify and counter instances of discrimination on grounds of religion. The article argues that the ECtHR in these cases not only drifts away from the counter-majoritarian core of human rights protection, turning several of its steady lines of jurisprudence favourable to (the effective protection of) minorities’ fundamental rights on their head, but also allows States to basically push religious minorities with a migrant background out of the public space/public schools, in the name of social integration – an integrated society. Ultimately, States are contesting the substantive citizenship of religious minorities with a migrant background and the Court, unfortunately, enables them to exclude and marginalise these religious minorities with a migrant background. The Court thus disregards the foundational value of the right to equal treatment for the human rights paradigm, and moves away from an equal and inclusive citizenship. Put differently, the Court enables governments to dress up Islamophobic, exclusionary agenda’s with a human face, thus challenging the boundaries of citizenship in the name of ‘integration’.
Driver-behavior-based robust steering control of unmanned driving robotic vehicle with modeling uncertainties and external disturbance
Authors: Chen Gang , Su ShuHua
Published: January 2020

In this paper, a steering robust control method based on professional driver behavior with modeling uncertainties and external disturbance is proposed for an unmanned driving robotic vehicle, to realize the accurate and stable steering control like a professional human driver. An unmanned driving robotic vehicle nonlinear dynamics model considering modeling uncertainties and external disturbance is established. A driver behavior model composed of an adaptive preview model, a driver path planning model, and a driver desired yaw rate model is established, with the influences on preview time and driver path planning strategy, respectively. On the basis of this, a robust steering controller based on professional driver behavior is presented, by taking road information, driver reaction delay time, and vehicle driving status as inputs and the servo motor rotation angle of the steering mechanical arm as output. The stability of the control system with modeling uncertainties and external disturbance is proved. A comparison of the analysis results of simulation and experiment among the proposed control method, other existing control methods, and professional human driver demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Carbon monoxide intoxication in geriatric patients: How important are lactate values at admission?
Authors: Doğruyol S , Akbaş I , Tekin E , Doğruyol MT
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment modalities of elderly patients with carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication. The secondary aim was to evaluate the importance of plasma lactate values in the diagnosis of acute CO intoxication in geriatric patients.

Methods:

Data on geriatric patients who were admitted to the emergency department of Atatürk University Medical Faculty between January 2013 and April 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:

Of the 197 cases included in the study, 97 were in the intoxication group and 100 were in the control group; 82.5% of the intoxication cases had mild neurological symptoms and 17.5% had severe neurological symptoms. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were significantly higher in patients with severe neurological symptoms ( p = 0.031). All patients with severe neurological symptoms received hyperbaric-oxygen therapy ( p < 0.001). In the intoxication group, lactate levels were significantly higher than in the control group ( p = 0.001). The specificity for lactate 4 mmol/L and above was found as 98.0% with a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 84.5% and 53.3%, respectively.

Conclusion:

High initial lactate levels may be a guide for cases with nonspecific symptoms in geriatric patients with suspected CO intoxication.
Protective effects of spirulina against hemato-biochemical alterations, nephrotoxicity, and DNA damage upon lead exposition
Authors: Gargouri M , Akrouti A , Magné C , El Feki A , Soussi A
Published: January 2020

The current study was aimed at exploring the protective efficacy of spirulina against the hemato-biochemical alterations and nephrotoxicity induced by lead (Pb). Female rats aged 12 weeks were treated for 4 weeks with Pb (0.344 g kg−1 bw) associated or not with spirulina (5.3 g kg−1 bw).

Renal damage induced by Pb was related to a severe anemia, increases of oxidative stress-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (+29%), protein carbonyl (PCO) (+66.3%), and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) (+110%)), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (+80%), creatinine and urea levels in plasma, and uric acid concentration in urine, as well as genotoxic changes (+89.3% and +60% for DNA and mRNA levels, respectively). Conversely, LDH and antioxidant enzyme activities in kidney were decreased, as well as the levels of plasma uric acid, and urinary creatinine and urea levels. Spirulina-supplemented rats exhibited normal peripheral blood and renal parameters and renal histology. It can be suggested that Arthrospira platensis alleviates damages induced by Pb, thanks to its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.
Daring to differ? Strategies of inclusion in peacemaking
Authors: Hirblinger Andreas T , Landau Dana M
Published: January 2020

‘Inclusion’ has emerged as a prominent theme in peacemaking. However, its exact meaning remains vague, as do assumptions about the relationship between inclusion and peace. This article seeks to problematize the research, policy and practice of inclusion. Focusing on United Nations (UN) peacemaking, we ask how the object of inclusion has been framed, and based on what strategies and underlying rationales. We do so against the backdrop of emerging debates about an agonistic peace, which suggest that violent antagonistic relationships can be overcome if peace processes enable contestation between adversaries. This requires that peacemakers recognize the constitutive role of difference in political settlements. We identify three distinct strategies for inclusion, with corresponding framings of the included. Firstly, inclusion can be used to build a more legitimate peace; secondly, to empower and protect specific actor groups; and thirdly, to transform the sociopolitical structures that underlie conflict. The first strategy frames the included in open terms that can accommodate a heterogeneity of actors, the second in closed terms pertaining to specific identity traits, and the third in relational terms emerging within a specific social, cultural and political context. In practice, this leads to tensions in the operationalization of inclusion, which are evidence of an inchoate attempt to politicize peace processes. In response, we argue for an approach to relational inclusion that recognizes the power relations from which difference emerges; neither brushing over difference, nor essentializing single identity traits, but rather remaining flexible in navigating a larger web of relationships that require transformation.
Managing ‘dangerous populations’: How colonial emergency laws shape citizenship
Authors: Berda Yael
Published: January 2020

This article traces the historical foundations of current security legislation as the matrix of citizenship. Examining Israel’s new Counter-Terrorism Law against the backdrop of security legislation in India, its main proposition is that these laws and their effects are rooted in colonial emergency regulations and the bureaucratic mechanisms for population control developed therein, rather than in the ‘global war on terror’. The article offers an organizational vantage point from which to understand the development of population-classification practices in terms of an ‘axis of suspicion’ that conflates ‘political risk’ with ‘security risk’. Through an account of the formalization of emergency laws, it explains the effects of colonial bureaucracies of security upon independent regimes seeking legitimacy as new democracies by tracing decisions regarding the use of an inherited arsenal of colonial and settler-colonial practices of security laws for population management, particularly mobility restrictions, surveillance and political control. One of the most important of these effects is the shaping of the citizenship of targeted populations by security laws.
African Union Institutional Reform: Rationales, Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Chekol Yayew Genet
Published: January 2020

This paper aimed at investigating the rationalities, Challenges and prospects of Africa Union institutional reforms agendas. The paper has been analysed by using the documentary source of data. The institutional reforms of the African Union (AU) have gained significant prominence in recent years within the framework of promoting regional integration and strengthening the African collective action. Africa has witnessed significant changes over the past two decades on several fronts, which has made reforming the AU more urgent than ever before. The main attention of the institutional reform is its focus on key priorities with continental scope, realign AU institutions to deliver against those priorities, manage the AU efficiently at both political and operational levels and finance the AU ourselves and sustainably. However, having these focus areas with prospects, challenges facing the institutional reform agenda are prevailed and needs homogenous intervention amongst member State for real implementation of the AU reform.
Book review: John Aerni-Flessner, Dreams for Lesotho: Independence, Foreign Assistance, and Development
Authors: Grilli Matteo
Published: January 2020

John Aerni-Flessner, Dreams for Lesotho: Independence, Foreign Assistance, and Development. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2018, p. 284, Hardcover $55.00, eBook (PDF) $43.99, eBook (EPUB) $43.99, ISBN-10: 0268103615; ISBN-13: 978-0268103613.
Falling Short: The State’s Role in Workplace Safety and Health
Authors: Lax Michael B.
Published: January 2020

The state plays a major role in occupational safety and health in the United States, impacting all aspects including resources, training, research, standard setting, and enforcement. Howard Waitzkin has challenged public health activists to rethink their understanding of the State and to replace the dominant pluralist view with a conception that serves as the theory for more effective public health action to improve the health of working people. This paper is a response to Waitzkin’s challenge utilizing a framework that views the State as a reflection of the relationship and power dynamics between capital and labor, within the confines of institutions, policies, and laws organized to protect and maintain the capitalist system. A historical review of safety and health since the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 in the context of the capitalist state serves as the basis for suggestions as to how this might shape safety and health advocates’ strategy.
Physical Activity of Women After Radical Unilateral Mastectomy and Its Impact on Overall Quality of Life
Authors: Puszczalowska-Lizis Ewa , Flak Kinga , Biskup Malgorzata , Zak Marek
Published: January 2020

Radical unilateral mastectomy is an acknowledged source of traumatic experience for women, adversely affecting their behavioral and emotional paradigm. The present study aimed to assess the quality of life in physically active and inactive postmastectomy women. Population sample involved 100 women, aged 50 to 60 years, having undergone radical unilateral mastectomy, allocated into 2 groups, upon assumption of undertaking physical activity. The abbreviated version of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was a research tool of choice. The data were analyzed with the aid of χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Statistically significant dependence was established between physical activity actually pursued and self-assessment of overall quality of life ( P = .014) and overall the self-rated perception of health ( P < .001). In the group of physically inactive women, physical health was a variable dependent upon individual level of education ( P = .031). The highest scores in this domain were noted in the women boasting secondary education, whereas the lowest in the ones with vocational education. Social domain was the highest rated aspect of quality of life in both the physically active and inactive postmastectomy women, while the physical health domain was rated the lowest. Both in the case of physically active and inactive postmastectomy women, the quality of life in the respective domains, as listed in the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, was found independent of the living environment.
An Investigation of a Classroom-Based Specialized Music Therapy Model for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Voices Together Using the VOICSS™ Method
Authors: Schmid Lorrie , DeMoss Lauren , Scarbrough Paige , Ripple Carol , White Yasmine , Dawson Geraldine
Published: January 2020

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have marked deficits in social communication skills, which can challenge their ability to participate in academic and social activities. Music therapy is a popular intervention for children with ASD, and although research evidence supporting its effectiveness is growing, methodological flaws limit interpretation. The present study proposes a new measure, the DUACS, to assess outcomes associated with a group music therapy program, Voices Together. Participants were 64 elementary students from nine self-contained autism classrooms who attended 16 weekly intervention sessions. Teacher-reported behavior questionnaires and direct student behavioral measures were administered at baseline, during, and after treatment. Increases in communication and social skills suggested program effectiveness, particularly among students with higher baseline skills. Further investigation of this program approach will help to better understand its mechanisms and for whom it works best.
Perceptions of Use Patterns and Health Consequences Associated With Mentholated Cigarettes Among U.S. Adults
Authors: Glasser Allison M. , Barton Alexis , Rath Jessica , Simard Bethany , Rose Shyanika W. , Hair Elizabeth , Vallone Donna
Published: January 2020

Despite declines in overall cigarette smoking in the United States, menthol cigarette smoking prevalence has increased among young adults (18-25 years) and remains constant among older adults (26 years and older). Disparities in menthol cigarette use exist, with higher prevalence among younger adult smokers and among racial/ethnic minority populations. Menthol in cigarettes has been shown to play a role in increasing smoking initiation and making it more difficult to quit smoking. Little research focuses on perceptions of the addictive potential and health consequences of menthol cigarette use. This analysis uses data from a national panel of U.S. adults ( n = 1,303) surveyed in 2016. Participants were asked to what extent they agreed with various statements regarding menthol use among demographic and tobacco use subgroups. These data reveal disparities in perceptions of the impact of menthol use, with Black, non-Hispanic, and Hispanic adults and adults with lower income and less education misperceiving the health effects and addiction potential of menthol in cigarettes. Determining how and to what extent population subgroups understand the effect of menthol cigarette use can inform public education strategies and, in turn, policy efforts to ban or restrict menthol cigarette availability.
New surgical approach for sutureless scleral fixation
Authors: Veronese Chiara , Maiolo Chiara , Armstrong Grayson W , Primavera Laura , Torrazza Carlo , Della Mora Livia , Ciardella Antonio P
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The aim of this article is to describe a novel surgical technique for sutureless scleral fixation of an intraocular lens using the newly developed FIL SSF Carlevale IOL (Soleko, Italy).

Methods:

Four eyes of four patients with poor capsular support were recruited to our study, three resulting from intraocular lens subluxation and one case resulting from traumatic cataract. A novel sutureless sclera-fixated intraocular lens was implanted into the posterior chamber of each eye with sclerocorneal plugs fixating the lens to the wall of the eye.

Results:

Mean age of patients was 52 ± 16 years, ranging from 35 to 70 years. Mean follow-up was 6.50 ± 1.29 months (range: 5–7 months). Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 0.50 ± 0.33 logMAR (range: 1–0.3 logMAR). Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity improved to 0.08 ± 0.08 logMAR (range: 0.2–0 logMAR). There was no significant change in the mean intraocular pressure and there were no postoperative complications, such as iatrogenic distortion or breakage of the intraocular lens haptic, intraocular lens decentration, endophthalmitis, or retinal detachment.

Discussion:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of outcomes using the novel sutureless sclera-fixated FIL SSF Carlevale IOL. This new surgical technique offers a simplified and effective approach for sutureless scleral intraocular lens fixation with good refractive outcomes.
An evaluation of glistening and stability of intraocular lens material manufactured by different methods
Authors: Kawai Kenji
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To evaluate glistening and long-term stability of five commercially available intraocular lenses.

Methods:

This experimental study evaluated the SN60WF (Alcon), XY1 (Hoya), NS-60YG (NIDEK), ZCB00V (Johnson & Johnson Vision) and AN6KA (Kowa) intraocular lenses. To generate glistenings, intraocular lenses were immersed in physiological saline at 50°C for 2 h, then left in situ at 35°C and removed at regular intervals over 24 h. Stability of the intraocular lens material was assessed by immersing intraocular lenses into vials of purified water placed at 100°C for 115 days, which simulated 20-year ageing. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect leached compounds.

Results:

Almost no glistenings were observed for the AN6KA. Glistenings were observed in the remaining intraocular lenses after 3 h. The number of glistenings gradually disappeared by 6 h for all intraocular lenses except SN60WF (12 h). Only the NS-60YG and ZCB00V intraocular lenses had no changes in weight or dimensions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry detected phenethyl alcohol in XY1 and SN60WF, 2-phenoxyethanol in AN6K and no compounds in the remaining intraocular lenses. A peak shift due to the carbonyl group between 1600 and 1700 cm−1 was detected for the SN60WF and AN6K intraocular lenses only.

Conclusion:

SN60WF had the most numerous glistenings that resolved over a longer duration. The long-term stability test confirmed elution of the intraocular lens material–derived compounds and signs of degradation for the XY1, SN60WF and AN6K intraocular lenses. NS-60YG and ZCB00V showed no signs of deterioration due to ageing. Differing manufacturing methods likely play a role in the stability of intraocular lenses.
A Brief History of Psoriasis Management in Canada
Authors: Maliyar Khalad , Fleming Patrick , Ogunyemi Boluwaji , Lynde Charles
Published: January 2020

Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory disease with a varying degree of clinical presentations. Managing psoriasis has always been arduous due to its chronicity and its propensity to relapse. Prior to the development of targeted biologic therapies, there were few effective treatments for psoriasis. Ancient psoriasis therapies included pinetar, plant extracts, psychotherapy, arsenic, and ammoniated mercury. In the 19th century, chrysarobin was developed. Then, in the early half of the 20th century, anthralin and coal tar were in widespread use. In the latter half of the 20th century, treatments were limited to topical first-line therapies, systemic drugs, and phototherapy. However, as the treatment of psoriasis has undergone a revolutionary change with the development of novel biologic therapies, patients with moderate to severe psoriasis have been able to avail therapies with high efficacy and durability along with an acceptable safety profile. This article is a brief historical review of the management of psoriasis prior to the inception of biologics and with the development of novel biologic therapies.
Diagnostic approach and management of genetic aortopathies
Authors: Bhandari Rohan , Aatre Rajani D , Kanthi Yogendra
Published: January 2020

Aortic aneurysms were the primary cause of nearly 10,000 deaths in 2014 according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and may involve segments of the thoracic or abdominal aorta. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections are more commonly associated with an underlying genetic etiology. In the past several decades, in parallel with the burst of new genome sequencing technologies, a number of genetic aortopathies have been identified. These have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms of aneurysmal disease, but pose challenges in clinical practice as there are limited consensus recommendations at this time. In this review, we aim to address the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment considerations in the key heritable thoracic aortopathies.
The seduction of craft: Making and value in artisanal labour
Authors: Makovicky Nicolette
Published: January 2020

Drawing on fieldwork amongst lacemakers in Slovakia, this article examines the relationship between practices of making and the production of value in artisanal labour. The author shows that the processes of making challenged artisans’ perceptions of the natural distribution of agency between humans and objects, resulting in feelings of ontological insecurity. Arguing that they perceived this insecurity as a problem of ethics, as well as a problem of agency, she demonstrates how the intellectual and sensual experience of manufacture was constitutive of the ways in which artisans perceived the value of their craftwork. Taking this approach, the article seeks to disrupt the anthropological habit of framing questions about value in terms of domestic economies, global markets and aesthetic regimes, and making in terms of skilled practice, embodied knowledge and knowledge transmission. The author also suggests that scholars ought to pay more attention to the ways in which ethical considerations are grounded in our ontological disposition towards the material world.
‘When my autism broke’: A qualitative study spotlighting autistic voices on menopause
Authors: Moseley Rachel L , Druce Tanya , Turner-Cobb Julie M
Published: January 2020

Autistic women often struggle with the onset of menstruation, a key transition point in the female reproductive lifespan. Presently, there is no research investigating how autistic people navigate the menopausal transition, and whether it poses additional challenges in addition to those already faced by neurotypical women. As a preliminary participatory study in this area, we conducted an online focus group with seven autistic individuals, aged 49–63 years (median = 64.5 years) and assigned female at birth, to explore the state of knowledge about the menopause in autism, difficulties the menopause might bring, support that might be needed, and what questions require scientific investigation. Thematic analysis of the discussion generated three themes: (a) lack of knowledge and understanding; (b) cracking the mask and adaptive functioning; and (c) finding support. Themes suggested a lack of professional knowledge, understanding and communication about menopause for autistic people, and an absence of support. Menopause was discussed as heightening pre-existing and generating new cognitive, social, emotional and sensory difficulties. This study illustrates the need for greater focus of attention towards how autistic people cope with the major life transition of menopause.

Lay abstract

Autistic girls are known to struggle with the onset of menstruation, reporting that during their period, sensory sensitivities are heightened, it becomes more difficult to think clearly and control their emotions and they struggle more with everyday life and self-care. Yet surprisingly, nothing is known about how autistic women handle the menopausal transition in midlife. In non-autistic women, the menopause brings many physical changes and challenging symptoms from hot flushes to feeling more anxious and depressed. Because autistic women are already vulnerable to suicide, poor physical and mental health, and because they may already struggle with planning, controlling their emotions and coping with change, the menopause may be an especially challenging time. Yet, not one single study exists on the menopause in autism, so we conducted an online discussion (focus group) with seven autistic women. They confirmed that very little is known about menopause in autistic people, very little support is available and that menopause might be especially difficult for autistic people. Autism-related difficulties (including sensory sensitivity, socializing with others and communicating needs) were reported to worsen during the menopause, often so dramatically that some participants suggested they found it impossible to continue to mask their struggles. Participants also reported having extreme meltdowns, experiencing anxiety and depression, and feeling suicidal. This study highlights how important it is that professionals pay attention to menopause in autism, and discusses future research directions.
The spectacle of the ‘Other’: Media representations of same-sex sexuality in Senegal
Authors: Mbaye Aminata Cécile
Published: January 2020

This article examines media representations of same-sex sexuality in Senegal, and analyses how same-sex sexuality has been covered in a selection of Senegalese newspapers since the early 2000s. Drawing on Stuart Hall’s perspective on the role of mass media and ideology and the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis, this article describes how discourses produced by selected Senegalese newspapers generate and circulate ideological meanings. This article intends to underline the ways in which Senegalese media have come to fabricate a certain image of gay and lesbian people, often portrayed as deviant, mad or abnormal.
Possible association between craniofacial dimensions and genetic markers in ESR1 and ESR2
Authors: Omori Marjorie Ayumi , Gerber Jennifer Tsi , Marañón-Vásquez Guido Artemio , Matsumoto Mirian Aiko Nakane , Weiss Suyany Gabriely , do Nascimento Mariele Andrade , Araújo Mônica Tirre de Souza , Stuani Maria Bernadete Sasso , Nelson-Filho Paulo , Scariot Rafaela , Küchler Erika Calvano
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To investigate the association of genetic markers in ESR1 and ESR2 with craniofacial measurements.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo.

Participants:

A total of 146 biologically unrelated, self-reported Caucasian Brazilians with no syndromic conditions were included.

Methods:

Sagittal and vertical measurements (ANB, S-N, Ptm’-A’, Co-Gn, Go-Pg, N-Me, ANS-Me, S-Go and Co-Go) from lateral cephalograms were examined for craniofacial evaluation. DNA was extracted from saliva and genetic markers in ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799) and in ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938) were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated using the Chi-square test within each marker. The associations between craniofacial dimensions and genotypes were analysed by linear regression and adjusted by sex and age. The established alpha was 5%.

Results:

Individuals carrying CC in ESR1 rs2234693 had a decrease of –3.146 mm in ANS-Me ( P = 0.044). In addition, rs4986938 in ESR2 was associated with S-N measurement ( P = 0.009/ ß = –3.465). This marker was also associated with Go-Pg measurement, in which the CC genotype had a decrease of –3.925 mm in the length of the mandibular body ( P = 0.043).

Conclusion:

The present study suggests that in ESR1 and ESR2 are markers for variations in the craniofacial dimensions. However, further research should confirm the results.
Effects of Workload and Workload Transitions on Attention Allocation in a Dual-Task Environment: Evidence From Eye Tracking Metrics
Authors: Moacdieh Nadine Marie , Devlin Shannon P. , Jundi Hussein , Riggs Sara Lu
Published: January 2020

High mental workload, in addition to changes in workload, can negatively affect operators, but it is not clear how sudden versus gradual workload transitions influence performance and visual attention allocation. This knowledge is important as sudden shifts in workload are common in multitasking domains. The objective of this study was to investigate, using performance and eye tracking metrics, how constant versus variable levels of workload affect operators in the context of a dual-task paradigm. An unmanned aerial vehicle command and control simulation varied task load between low, high, gradually transitioning from low to high, and suddenly transitioning from low to high. Performance on a primary and secondary task and several eye tracking measures were calculated. There was no significant difference between sudden and gradual workload transitions in terms of performance or attention allocation overall; however, both sudden and gradual workload transitions changed participants’ strategy in dealing with the primary and secondary task as compared to low/high workload. Also, eye tracking metrics that are not frequently used, such as transition rate and stationary entropy, provided more insight into performance differences. These metrics can potentially be used to better understand operators’ strategies and could form the basis of an adaptive display.
Positive Health Behaviors and Their Determinants Among Men Active on the Labor Market in Poland
Authors: Hildt-Ciupińska Katarzyna , Pawłowska-Cyprysiak Karolina
Published: January 2020

This paper reports on results from research conducted on health behaviors undertaken of men. Health behavior is one of the determinants of our health. The way in which people care for their health affects not only their health, but also their well-being, quality of life, and work ability. The lifestyle and health behavior have a significant impact on health, whereas a lack of pro-health behavior may cause the risk of many diseases and mortality, especially among men. The aim of the study was to define the determinants of positive health behaviors among men aged 20–65, active on the labor market.

To check the attitudes of men toward health and health behavior, a questionnaire-based research has been carried out among 600 men active on the labor market. Several tools were used: Positive Health Behaviour Scale (Woynarowska-Sołdan & Węziak-Białowolska, 2012), Work Ability Index (Tuomi et al., 1998), work–life balance—with the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (subscale “Work-home conflict”) (Kristensen & Borg, 2005), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (Wallston & Wallston, 1978, in polish adaptation Juczyński, 2001), Inventory for Psychological Sex Assessment (Kuczyńska, 2012) and Personal Values (Juczyński, 2001), and questionnaire “Work conditions” (developed in CIOPPIB).

These studies have shown which factors determine their health behavior. The positive health behaviors of men were associated with good economic status, high self-assessment of care for health, positive opinions about life and work, and masculinity. They were also white-collar workers with good work ability.
The media contest during the Iran–Iraq war: The failure of mediatized Shiʿism
Authors: Kalantari Mohammad R
Published: January 2020

This article explains why Iran was unsuccessful in its efforts to persuade Shiʿi Iraqis to support Iran during the critical early years of the Iran–Iraq war. Analysis of Iranian and Iraqi framing communicated to that target population shows Iran failed due to both structural and cultural factors. Its media strategy lacked reach and variety and it misunderstood the cultural identity of Shiʿi Iraqis. The author makes use of original archive material of radio transcripts from 1981–1983 as well as other primary sources and historical accounts. The research makes an original theoretical contribution by applying media contest theory to a military confrontation between two sovereign states, rather than between a state ‘authority’ facing a non-state ‘challenger’. The findings have implications for considering how Iran today may communicate more effectively beyond its borders through regional media strategies and thus the viability of a mediatized Shiʿism.
Safe level for harvesting for ulnar and median nerve transfers: a microanatomical and histological study
Authors: He Wen-ting , Li Shao-guang , Shao Yan , Yang Jian-tao , Yang Yi , Qin Ben-gang , Gu Li-qiang
Published: January 2020

In selective ulnar and median nerve transfers, donor nerve fascicles should be harvested in an area where motor and sensory fascicles are intermingled to minimize motor or sensory deficits. We aimed to define such an area for ulnar and median nerve harvesting through microanatomical dissection and histology in 12 fresh adult cadaveric upper extremities. Anatomically, we studied the arrangement, localization, and histological features of fascicle groups in two nerves at eight segments of the upper arms. Histological sections were examined to confirm the findings of the anatomical dissections. We found that sensory and motor fascicles were mixed proximally to the third most distal segment of the ulnar nerve and to the fourth most distal segment of the median nerve. We conclude that harvesting a part of the ulnar or median nerve proximal to these levels minimizes donor nerve deficits.
Exercise promotion in primary care
Authors: Delaney Lucy
Published: January 2020

Exercise is beneficial to health. Exercise can be undertaken by the majority of people and completed almost anytime and anywhere. To some it may be enjoyable and rewarding, to others daunting and alien. Regardless of how physical activity is perceived, we know that despite a multitude of health benefits, we are not doing enough. This article will explore the specific health benefits of physical activity, the current national recommendations and how we might get more of our patients to exercise regularly.