bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF FOSSIL POLLEN FROM THE TERTIARY
Authors: Boulter Michael C.
Published: April 2006

When names are given to dispersed fossil pollen and spores from the Tertiary, fundamental questions are raised concerning the relationships to modern forms and the effects on taxonomy of the detachment of plant parts. Through the stimulus of increasing international co‐operation, this article attempts to review the response to these factors by Tertiary palynologists over the last 30 years, and examines the problems involved from basic principles. Arguments are presented to encourage the inclusion of details of the geological age in the description of the fossil taxa, so as to help understand evolutionary and stratigraphic processes. It is also thought to be useful to make taxonomic distinction between fossil and modern forms unless there is scientific evidence available to prove similarity. It is important for full discussion to take place before formal changes are made to the Code, and that any alterations are simple and compatible with previous work.
NOMENCLATURE OFBOMBAX, CEIBA(BOMBACACEAE) ANDCOCHLOSPERMUM(COCHLOSPERMACEAE) AND THEIR TYPE SPECIES
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Conservation ofBombax ceibaLinnaeus as the type species ofBombaxLinnaeus is proposed because the type of the species is contrary to the original generic description. Revision of the citation of the type species ofCochlospermumKunth., nom. cons., is proposed in order to reflect the fact that the type species,Bombax gossypiumLinnaeus, is an illegitimate renaming ofBombax religiosumLinnaeus. Discussions are given of the typification of the three species originally included inBombaxby Linnaeus, each of which has become the type of a generic name, i.e.,BombaxLinnaeus,CochlospermumKunth, andCeibaMiller.
GLEDITSIA CASPIA, NOT A DISTINCT SPECIES (LEGUMINOSAE)
Authors: Pack J.
Published: April 2006

The so‐called Caspian Locust is morphologically so closely related to Gleditsia horrida (Thunb.) Miq. from Japan that it has been considered by C. K. Schneider merely as a variety of the latter. Legumes of both taxa were compared without finding differences. It is pointed out that laterally setose legumes as that figured recently by Dudik, do not occur in G. horrida. The area of distribution, both present and past, of relict laurel‐type forests is discussed with the conclusion that G. caspia Desf. is best regarded as a subspecies of G. horrida; three necessary new combinations are made in an Appendix.
SEROLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS OF THE TRIBE GENISTEAE (FABACEAE)
Authors: Cristofolini Giovanni , Chiapella Laura Feoli
Published: April 2006

In order to assess the systematic relations within the tribe Genisteae, the water‐soluble seed proteins of 45 species have been studied serologically. The reaction was tested by immunodiffusion and the results have been processed by cluster analysis and by principal component analysis.

Based on these data, the genus Cytisus s.l. (incl. Chamaecytisus, Sarothamnus and Corothamnus) represents a single homogeneous unit, except for C. sessilifolius, which appears to be more closely related to Laburnum and to Genista than to the other species of Cytisus. Also, C. emeriflorus is very similar to Lembotropis nigricans; its inclusion in the genus Lembotropis is sustained.

Genista is much more complex; its section Asterospartum should be segregated as the genus Cytisanthus Lang, being internally homogeneous, distinct from all other sections and fairly close to Lygos. A new combination, Cytisanthus aetnensis (Biv.) comb, nova, is published. Genista pilosa and G. anglica seem very much isolated, but the authors do not intend to propose here a new taxonomic rank, due to the scarcity of data. Teline is very similar to Genista. Even more similar to Genista is Chamaespartium sagittale, which biochemically and morphologically fits very well in the subgenus Genista, in spite of its winged stem.

In a general arrangement of the tribe, two groups of genera represent the extreme points of diversification: (1) Cytisus‐Lembotropis‐Calycotome and (2) Genista‐Teline‐Petteria‐Spartium and (with decreasing similarity) Cytisanthus and Lygos. Between these two groups there are a series of intermediate genera, that may be placed in one group or the other depending on the method of analysis: Adenocarpus, Argyrolobium (both of them should be included in the tribe), Cytisus sessilifolius and Laburnum. Ulex and Lupinus are very dissimilar from all other genera.
NICKEL ACCUMULATION BY SPECIES OF PELTARIA JACQ. (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Reeves Roger D. , Brooks Robert R. , Press J. Robert
Published: April 2006

The species Peltaria emarginata (Boiss.) Hausskn., from areas of serpentine in northern Greece and Euboea, has been found to accumulate extremely high concentrations of nickel, often exceeding 1% of the dry mass of the plant leaf. Extreme behaviour of this kind is not found in other species of Peltaria, nor in related genera such as Ricotia, even for those plants which have grown on a nickel‐rich substrate.

Several herbarium specimens labelled Peltaria dumulosa Post have also been shown to have very high nickel levels. P. dumulosa appears never to have been described properly, and the specimens have now been identified as Alyssum samariferum Boiss. & Hausskn., a species in which nickel accumulation has been demonstrated previously.
GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ULMACEAE BASED ON FLAVONOID CHEMISTRY
Authors: Giannasi David E.
Published: April 2006

The family Ulmaceae is most often treated as a single family with two subfamilies: The Ulmeae (Ulmoideae) and Celteae (Celtidoideae) or, more recently, as two separate families: the Ulmaceae and the Celtidaceae (sensu Grudzinskaya). A flavonoid survey of 80 species of Ulmaceae shows that each of the 19 genera is characterized by the production of flavonols (Ulmoid) or glycoflavones (Celtoid), but not both. Further, the arrangement of genera based on this flavonoid dichotomy is remarkably compatible with the generic assignments in Grudzinskaya's bifamilial concept of the Ulmaceae. The only exceptions are Ampelocera, Aphananthe, and Gironniera (in part), which are normally considered Celtoid but possess Ulmoid (flavonols) chemistry. However, recent anatomical and morphological studies of these three genera indicate that their relationship to the Celtoid line may not be as direct as has been supposed, a point also suggested by the flavonoid chemistry.
OBSERVACIONES BIOLOGICAS Y TAXONOMICAS SOBRE HYDROMYSTRIA LAEVIGATA (HYDROCHARITACEAE)
Authors: Hunziker Armando T.
Published: April 2006

Observations on living plants of Hydromystria laevigata found in an Argentinian site (Prov. Córdoba); a report on the germination of the seeds is also included, together with a short discussion on the differences between the monotypic genus Hydromystria and Limnobium, its boreal counterpart, also monotypic (L. spongia).
FLORAL ODORS AND QUANTITATIVE TAXONOMY OF MAGNOLIA AND LIRIODENDRON
Authors: Thien L. B. , Heimermann W. H. , Holman R. T.
Published: April 2006

The eight species of Magnolia native to the United States are pollinated by a variety of beetles. Flower color as well as floral odors, produced primarily by the androphore, attract the insects. Analysis of the floral odors using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, indicates that aliphatic hydrocarbons, methyl esters and terpenes comprise the fragrances. A quantitative correlation of the species of Magnolia was developed utilizing the composition of the floral odors.
THE PROGYMNOSPERMOPSIDA: BUILDING A CONCEPT
Authors: Bonamo Patricia M.
Published: April 2006

Fifteen years have elapsed since the establishment of the Progymnospermopsida, a class of plants showing both pteridophytic reproduction and gymnospermous anatomy. Subsequent work has yielded many taxa ascribed to the group but only a few show the dual characteristics upon which the class was founded: Archaeopteris, Protopitys, Tetraxylopteris, Aneurophyton and Rellimia. Our concept of this extinct group must be based on these few genera. All five are similar in the branching pattern of their fructifications, dichotomous then pinnate. This is obvious in Tetraxylopteris, Rellimia and Protopitys, less so in Archaeopteris and Aneurophyton. The other taxa merely show similarities to one or another of the above, but not the combination of characters diagnostic of the group. They should be treated as form genera assigned only tentatively to the progymnosperms. Such isolated pieces of anatomy, vegetative axes and sporangial fragments add little to the concept. If incorrectly assigned, due to parallelisms in other plant groups, the evolutionary, ecological and stratigraphic value of the Progymnospermopsida would be obscured.
ON THE GENERIC STATUS OF SYMPHYSIA
Authors: Kloet S. P. Vander
Published: April 2006

Transferring Symphysia to Vaccinium expands the circumscription of the latter in terms of pedicel morphology, calyx tube enlargement before anthesis, floral plasticity and seed shape. Although Vaccinium is a diverse genus comprising about 30 sections, adding Symphysia is tantamount to making the genus a dumping ground for any Vaccinieae of uncertain affinity.
THE CALIFORNIAN CLOSED CONE PINES (SUBSECTION OOCARPAE LITTLE AND CRITCHFIELD): A TAXONOMIC HISTORY AND REVIEW
Authors: Millar Constance I.
Published: April 2006

Of the seven pines that compose subsection Oocarpae (Little and Critchfield) in the genus Pinus, only the three Californian species form a coherent group, while the other four differ from each other and from the Californian species. Traits of the Californian species (Pinus radiata, P. muricata, P. attenuata) vary in complex geographic patterns, a situation that has led to nomenclatural confusion. Modern studies of genetic varation clarified some relationships among the taxa and uncovered other new problems. The taxonomic history and present status are reviewed and discussed. Monterey pine has been described as Pinus californiana, P. adunca, P. Montereyensis, P. monteragensis, P. Sinclairii, P. tuberculata, P. insignis, and P. radiata. Numerous varietal names for the mainland populations were described, then dropped. Current understanding of this species describes pines at Año Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria as P. radiata var. radiata, pines on Guadalupe Is. as P. radiata var. binata, and on Cedros Is. as P. radiata var. cedrosensis. Complex variation in bishop pine led populations of that species to be called P. insignis, P. Edgariana, P. murrayana, P. contorta, and P. muricata. Present taxonomy describes central and southern populations as P. muricata var. muricata, populations north of (and including a few individuals at) Monterey as P. muricata var. borealis. The status of two cone variants, P. muricata var. stantonii and P. remorata is disputed on the basis of relationships among other traits. The latter appears to be a variant of bishop pine. Knobcone pine has been described as P. californica, P. tuberculata and P. attenuata. Only the latter name is currently used.
PRESERVATION OF HERBARIUM SPECIMENS: AN ARCHIVE CONSERVATOR'S APPROACH
Authors: Clark Susie H.
Published: April 2006

Paper conservation techniques were successfully used to restore severely flood‐damaged herbarium specimens from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. A conservation assessment of the materials used for specimen preservation is made; some were found to be particularly unsuitable where permanence is required. Recommendations are given for improving general herbarium methods of specimen preservation.
THE TYPIFICATION AND STATUS OF THE NAMECHAETANGIUM(ALGAE)
Authors: Parkinson P. G.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclatural problems connected with the nameChaetangiumare resolved by abandoning this name and proposing the conservation ofSuhriaagainst it, the adoption of a new family name to replace Chaetangiaceae Kuetzing, and the re‐adoption of the old nameNothogeniaMontagne (to replaceChaetangiumin its established application), with six recombinations:Nothogenia fastigiata, N. pulvinata, N. cornea, N. pseudosaccata, N. erinaceaandN. ovalis.

The homonymy ofErinaceaLamouroux (1824) andErinaceaLink (1831) is discussed and the suggestion is made to conserveErinaceaLink.
NOMENCLATURAL AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ONDILSEAANDNEODILSEA(DUMONTIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Lindstrom Sandra C.
Published: April 2006

The genusDilseaStackhouse (1809, p. 55) currently contains two species,D. carnosa(Schmidel) Kuntze (1898, p. 404) andD. californica(J. Agardh) Kuntze (1891, p. 892); the genusNeodilseaTokida (1943, p. 96) encompasses six species,N. americanaAbbott (1968, p. 187),N. crispataMasuda (1973a, p. 37),N. integra(Kjellman) Zinova (1961, p. 84),N. natashaeLindstrom (1984, p. 29),N. tenuipesYamada et Mikami in Mikami (1954, p. 83), andN. yendoanaTokida (1943, p. 96). Masuda (1973b, p. 468) describedN. integravar.longissima, and Abbott (1982, p. 301) made the combinationN. araneosaforAbbotia araneosaPerestenko (1975, p. 1686). I discuss the use of the nameDilsea carnosarather thanD. edulis(Stackhouse) Stackhouse (1809, p. 55) and argue for the reinstatement ofNeodilsea integrainDilseaasD. integra(Kjellman) Rosenvinge (1898, p. 19).Neodilsea longissima(Masuda) comb. nov. is proposed forN. integravar.longissima, andN. borealis(Abbott) comb. nov. is proposed forSchizymenia borealis, an earlier name forN. americana. Neodilsea araneosais removed from the Dumontiaceae to the Cryptonemiaceae; its correct name isNeoabbottiella araneosa(Perestenko) comb. nov. Lectotypes are designated forD. integra(asKallymenia?integra),N. borealis(asSchizymenia borealis), andN. yendoana.
A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING KARYOTYPE ASYMMETRY
Authors: Zarco Carlos Romero
Published: April 2006

Two numerical parameters are used to estimate the karyotype asymmetry in twenty‐two taxa of the tribe Aveneae (Gramineae) from the Iberian Peninsula and Baleares. The new method is useful when there are only slight differences in karyotype asymmetry and when karyograms or idiograms are available.
TYPIFICATION OF NAMES IN CERATOZAMIA BRONGN., DION LINDL., AND MICROCYCAS A. DC. (ZAMIACEAE)
Authors: Stevenson Dennis Wm. , Sabato Sergio
Published: April 2006

All valid combinations in the genera Ceratozamia, Dion, and Microcycas are presented. The holotypes are identified, and, in those cases where no holotype has been found, a lectotype or neotype is designated.
INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN GAMETOPHYTIC AND SPOROPHYTIC CLASSIFICATIONS IN MOSSES
Authors: Rohrer Joseph R.
Published: April 2006

Bryophyte systematists have long believed that because both the gametophytic and sporophytic generations are well developed and diverse, the classification of mosses presents difficulties not found in other plants. Often classifications based on the sporophyte are quite different from those based on the gametophyte. Following methods developed by Rohlf, the product–moment correlation between two matrices of similarity values was used as a numerical measure of congruence, and a randomization test was applied to assess its significance. The degree of incongruence between phenetic similarity matrices based independently on gametophytic and sporophytic characters was measured for three published data sets. The similarity matrix correlation coefficients range from 0.07 to 0.21, all indicating a high degree of incongruence. This incongruence is as great as or greater than that reported for classifications based on different life stages or body parts in other groups of plants and animals. For two of the three data sets studied, classifications based independently on gametophytic and sporophytic characters are significantly less congruent than classifications based on randomized subsets of the characters. The differences in phenetic relationships as expressed by the gametophytic and sporophytic generations thus appear to be real rather than being simply an artifact of splitting a homogeneous set of characters into two subsets.
A SUPRAGENERIC TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE HAMAMELIDACEAE
Authors: Endress Peter K.
Published: April 2006

The first comprehensive suprageneric classification of the family Hamamelidaceae since the treatment by Harms (1930) is provided. Four subfamilies are recognized: Hamamelidoideae, Rhodoleioideae, Exbucklandioideae (incl. Disanthoideae and Mytilarioideae), and Altingioideae. The Hamamelidoideae contain four tribes: Hamamelideae, Corylopsideae, Eustigmateae, and Fothergilleae (incl. Distylieae). Within the Hamamelideae three subtribes are described: Hamamelidinae subtrib. nov., Loropetalinae subtrib. nov., and Dicoryphinae subtrib. nov.
Observations on the unique form of sweeping hairs on the styles of the Eremothamneae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Robinson Harold
Published: April 2006

Robinson, H.: Observations on the unique form of sweeping hairs on the styles of the Eremothamneae (Asteraceae). ‐ Taxons: 199–200. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The same, unique type of stylar sweeping hairs that had been used in defining the originally monogeneric tribe Eremothamneae has been found in Hoplophyllum. This underscores the close relationship of Hoplophyllum and Eremothamnus and the distinctness of Eremothamneae to which they both belong.
Validation of Synchysidendron, gen. nov. (Fossiles)
Authors: DiMichele William A. , Bateman Richard M.
Published: April 2006

DiMichele, W. A. & Bateman, R. M.: Validation of Synchysidendron, gen. nov. (Fossiles). – Taxon 42: 647–648. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Omission of the type citation in an earlier publication requires republication to validate the name of the genus Synchysidendron and of its constituent species, S. resinosum and S. dicentricum (Pennsylvanian lycopsids).
Pollination, adaptation and speciation models in the Cape flora of South Africa
Authors: Johnson Steven D.
Published: April 2006

Johnson, S. D.: Pollination, adaptation and speciation models in the Cape flora of South Africa. – Taxon 45: 59‐66. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Recent species definitions have placed emphasis on “diagnostic characters” rather than isolating mechanisms. Such characters can be informative about the evolutionary processes which lead to speciation in highly diversified plant groups, such as those found in the Cape floral region of South Africa. Rampant speciation in the Cape flora has often been attributed to heterogeneity of the physical environment, yet many large Cape genera show radiation in floral, rather than vegetative, characters, which suggests that adaptation to pollinators has played a major role in speciation. Selection for more efficient pollination systems in a pollinator‐limited context, rather than isolating mechanisms, is suggested to be the primary driving force behind floral evolution in the Cape flora.
IN SITU PRESERVATION OF DNA IN PLANT SPECIMENS
Authors: Pyle Marla Meeth , Adams Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Twenty‐seven treatments of plant specimens were examined to determine their effects on the quantity and quality of DNA obtained from spinach leaves. Treatments included various drying methods, cold storage, and chemical preservatives. Good yields of quality genomic DNA (30–50 kbp) were obtained from fresh, frozen, and dried leaves, but none of the chemical preservatives yielded high molecular weight DNA, even after only three to seven days of storage. The application of the hot CTAB procedure to fresh and dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba, Juniperus ashei, J. virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora, Phoradendron tomentosum. Pinus ponderosa, Quercus virginiana and Thuja orientalis, species that possess considerable tannins, yielded high molecular weight DNA from all the fresh leaves with some degradation. The dried leaves of Juniperus ashei, Quercus virginiana and Magnolia grandiflora yielded only small amounts of high molecular weight DNA with the hot CTAB extraction procedure.
Silica gel: An ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Hills Harold H.
Published: April 2006

Chase, M. W. & Hills, H. H.: Silica gel: An ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies. ‐ Taxon 40: 215–220. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Silica gels an inexpensive and reliable substance to preserve field‐collected leaves for molecular studies of variation in DNA. A method for its utilization is explained, and results are presented, comparing total cellular DNA samples extracted from a set of fresh and silica‐gel dried samples of the same species, as well as examining the efficiency of endonuclease restriction and intactness of DNA from of a set of field‐collected leaves preserved with silica gel.
HERBRECS ‐ the Queensland Herbarium records system ‐ its development and use
Authors: Johnson R. W.
Published: April 2006

Johnson, R. W.: HERBRECS ‐ the Queensland Herbarium records system ‐ its development and use. ‐ Taxon 40: 285–300. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

HERBRECS is the herbarium records database of label information held in the Queensland Herbarium. It was initiated in 1971 using an automatic paper‐tape punching typewriter which enabled the generation of labels for new accessions to be combined with the storage of label information on an indexed sequential magnetic tape masterfile. Capture of data from the existing herbarium collections started in 1975. Sequential tape storage was replaced by a custom‐built database management system that became fully operational in 1981. Details of the development of the system are provided, and problems encountered are outlined. A wide range of users are requesting information from the database, particularly distributional information about taxa and floristic lists for given areas. Aside from taxonomic institutions most demand has come from conservation organisations and those involved in economic botany. The major challenge in the future will be to ensure that information associated with herbarium specimens, in particular the botanical name, remains identical to that stored on the computer masterfile while collections are being revised.
ON CHYTROEISPHAERIDIA HYALINA (RAYNAUD) LENTIN & WILLIAMS (PYRRHOPHYTA, DINOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Riding James B.
Published: April 2006

Chytroeisphaeridia grossa Smelror is a junior synonym of the characteristic early/mid Callovian (Middle Jurassic) dinoflagellate cyst Chytroeisphaeridia hyalina (Raynaud) Lentin and Williams; a full synonymy is presented.
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOLANUM INCANUM L. AND SOLANUM INSANUM L. (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Lester Richard N. , Hasan Sayed M. Z.
Published: April 2006

The taxon Solanum insanum L. represents weedy forms of S. melongena L., whereas S. incanum L. is a distinct species.
Report on the status of proposals to conserve and/or reject names (nomina conservanda et rejicienda proposita) published by the end of 1992
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Nicolson, D. H.: Report on the status of proposals to conserve and/or reject names (nomina conservanda et rejicienda proposita) published by the end of 1992. — Taxon 42: 435–446. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

Accounts for all botanical names proposed for conservation/rejection that were not acted upon by the XIV International Botanical Congress in 1987 (Berlin), and those proposed by the end of 1992.
Morphology and chromosome number of Viola pilosa, and its systematic position
Authors: Okamoto Motoharu , Okada Hiroshi , Ueda Kunihiko
Published: April 2006

Okamoto, M., Okada, H., Ueda, K.: Morphology and chromosome number of Viola pilosa, and its systematic position. – Taxon 42: 781‐787. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The chromosome number of Viola pilosa was counted as 2n = 20. This number as well as other characteristics such as acaulescent stoloniferous habit, adaptations to myrmecochorous dispersal and slightly uncinate styles suggest close similarity of V. pilosa and its relatives to V. ser. Viola. On the other hand, they contrast in chromosome number, fruit characters and style morphology with other species traditionally placed in V. ser. Serpentes (W. Becker) Steenis. We thus propose that V. pilosa, including the type of V. ser. Serpentes, and its relatives be transferred to V. ser. Viola. A new name is given to what is left of Becker's “Serpentes group”: V. ser. Australasiaticae Okamoto.
Nomenclature générique des trachéidoxyles fossiles mésozoïques à champs araucarioïdes
Authors: Philippe Marc
Published: April 2006

Philippe, M.: Nomenclature générique des trachéidoxyles fossiles mésozoïques à champs araucarioïdes. ‐ Taxon 42: 74‐80. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Many studies on fossil woods did not respect the International code of botanical nomenclature. As a result their nomenclature is complex and fluctuating. During preparation of a thesis on Jurassic fossil woods from Franche‐Comté (northeastern France), problems have arisen with the nomenclature of gymnospermous woods with araucarioid cross‐field pitting. This work is a nomenclatural review of the twenty‐one generic names that have been used to designate mesozoic tracheidoxyls with araucarioid cross‐fields. Only eight are legitimate and can be justifiably used. As a taxonomic summary, a generic key is proposed.
Lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. (Ochnaceae)
Authors: Bittrich Volker , Amaral Maria do Carmo E.
Published: April 2006

Bittrich, V. & Amaral, M. C. E.: Lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. (Ochnaceae). – Taxon 43: 89‐93. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Kanis's earlier lectotypification of Gomphia Schreb. is superseded and a new lectotype, Ochna jabotapita L. (1762, non 1753), is designated. As a consequence, Gomphia becomes a synonym of Ouratea Aubl., making one new combination necessary, Campylospermum senatum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M. C. E. Amaral.
Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiospermHydrostachys
Authors: Albach Dirk C. , Soltis Douglas E. , Chase Mark W. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: April 2006

Albach, D. C., Soltis, D. E., Chase, M. W. & Soltis, P. S.: Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic angiospermHydrostachys. ‐ Taxon 50: 781–805. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Hydrostachys, an enigmatic aquatic plant genus from Madagascar and southern to central Africa, has been suggested to be related toLamialesbased on embryology, whereasrbcLsequences have indicated a relationship withHydrangeaceae (Cornales). We investigated these hypotheses by combiningrbcLwithatpBandndhFsequences and increased taxon sampling inHydrangeaceaecompared to previous analyses. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution vary acrossndhFwith the 3′ portion giving a different result than the 5′ portion. The highly divergent sequences ofHydrostachysmake phylogenetic placement difficult, but maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of combined data sets agree in placingHydrostachyswithinHydrangeaceae, as do separate analyses ofrbcL, atpB, and the 5′ portion ofndhF. Few morphological and embryological characters support this relationship.
A quick method for making accurate botanical illustrations
Authors: Cook Christopher D. K.
Published: April 2006

Cook, C. D. K.: A quick method for making accurate botanical illustrations. – Taxon 47: 371‐380.1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Not all botanists in need of illustrating their publications are gifted artists, and trained as such; nor can every botanist or publisher afford hiring professional help. To those who decide to produce their own drawings, this paper gives practical guidance of how to proceed, illustrated by examples of how palatable the results may look.
Botanical systematics 1950‐2000: change, progress, or both?
Authors: Stevens Peter F.
Published: April 2006

Stevens, P. F.: Botanical systematics, 1950–2000: change, progress, or both? – Taxon 49: 635–659. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Biosystematics, the study of variation patterns and evolution at the species level and below, flourished In the 1950s. Higher evolutionary level studies, however, were stalled because there was no convincing way of hypothesising relationships. Phenetic systematics developed in the late 1950s as a critique of both the goals and methods of evolutionary systematics, its own goals being those earlier stated by Gilmour (1940: 472, emphasis in original): “A natural classification is that grouping which endeavours to utiliseallthe attributes of the individuals under consideration, and hence is useful for a very wide range of purposes”. Phenetic computer‐assisted analyses of data became popular. Nevertheless, many systematists were specifically interested in phylogenies. By the late 1970s several methods that produced hypotheses of phylogeny were in use; they emphasised the possession of shared, derived characters. Since then variants of parsimony‐based Hennigan analyses have remained popular. With the influx of molecular data—a flood after 1990—and the development of methods that estimated aspects of support for branches of phylogenetic trees, a radical overhaul of higher‐level relationships got underway. Analyses of species‐level patterns of variation were less popular during much of this period, and the process of description of species has remained largely unchanged. However, computer‐based interactive keys and multi‐purpose descriptive databases may fundamentally affect this area of our business. During the last 50 years some kinds of systematic work have become highly cooperative and systematics as a whole is a much more unified discipline, even as some more traditional areas of botanical systematics seem largely static if not in regress.
Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) – a synopsis
Authors: Liede Sigrid
Published: April 2006

Liede, S.: Subtribes and genera of the tribe Asclepiadeae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) – a synopsis. – Taxon 46: 233‐247. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The tribe Asclepiadeae is divided into six subtribes, each of which is succinctly characterized and defined in terms of included genera. The inclusion of the Gonolobeae in the Asclepiadeae is formalized and subtribal rank is attributed to the group. A synonymic synopsis of genera accounts for all validly published generic names.
The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Soejarto D. D. , Delprete P. , Regalado J. C. , Madulid D. A.
Published: April 2006

Soejarto, D. D., Delprete, P., Regalado, J. C. & Madulid, D. A.: The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae). – Taxon 45: 487‐492. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

As a corollary to the recollection of Badusa palawanensis in its locus classicus in southern Palawan (Philippines), typification and taxonomic status of B. philippica are discussed. What has been considered a doubtful species of questionable Philippine origin becomes a straightforward synonym of B. corymbifera originating (as does the latter) from Tonga.
Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae)
Authors: Austin Daniel F. , Bianchini Rosangela Simão
Published: April 2006

Austin, D. F. & Bianchini, R. S.: Additions and corrections in American Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae). – Taxon 47: 833‐838. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Information is presented updating an earlier paper on the subject in this journal, by Austin & Huáman. Notes on the nomenclature or taxonomy of Ipomoea demerariana, I. neurocephala, I. wrightii, and Convolvulus littoralis.
Potential plant distribution mapping based on climatic similarity
Authors: Skov Flemming
Published: April 2006

Skov, F.: Potential plant distribution mapping based on climatic similarity. ‐ Taxon 49: 503–515. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A GIS application of the program ArcView 3.1 is presented that creates potential plant distribution maps based on data from georeferenced specimen data bases. The application makes use of the relationship between species distribution and environmental parameters such as altitude, humidity, or temperature, to predict a taxon's potential distribution. The application contains tools for modification and further refinement of basic maps.
Types of names in Ampelocissus and Cissus (Vitaceae) referring to taxa in the Caribbean, Central and N. America
Authors: Lombardi Julio Antonio
Published: April 2006

Lombardi, J. A.: Types of names in Ampelocissus and Cissus (Vitaceae) referring to taxa in the Caribbean, Central and N. America. – Taxon 46: 423‐432.1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Types are cited for accepted names and synonyms published in Ampelocissus (4 species) and Cissus (20 species), and concerning Central American, N. American or Caribbean taxa. Several lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are newly designated. Three new combinations (for one species and two subspecies) are proposed.
Plant names for the 21st century: the International Plant Names Index, a distributed data source of general accessibility
Authors: Croft J. , Cross N. , Hinchcliffe S. , Lughadha E. Nic , Stevens P. F. , West J. G. , Whitbread G.
Published: April 2006

Croft, J., Cross, N., Hinchcliffe, S., Nic Lughadha, E., Stevens, P. F., West, J. G. & Whitbread, G.: Plant names for the 21st century: the International Plant Names Index, a distributed data source of general accessibility. – Taxon 48: 317‐324. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Plant Names Project is a collaborative venture between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria, and the Australian National Herbarium. The Index kewensis, the Gray card index, and the Australian plant names index are being combined and the data edited to produce the International plant names index (IPNI). IPNI will consist of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for finding and checking basic bibliographic information about plant names; such names will be presented in a distributed data base, freely available and with the data standardised against authority data and ultimately verified. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, globally current, continually improving in accuracy, and allowing, indeed encouraging, direct contributions by all members of the botanical community.
The Index Nominum Algarum
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Moe Richard L.
Published: April 2006

Silva, P. C. & Moe, R. L.: The Index Nominum Algarum. – Taxon 48: 351‐353. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Index Nominum Algarum (ING) is an ongoing project with the goal of producing and maintaining an index of scientific names of algae, both living and fossil, at all ranks. Initiated by Silva in 1949, it now comprises about 180,000 entries. Although it is currently in the form of a card file housed in the Herbarium of the University of California at Berkeley, it is being converted into a database that will be searchable on‐line. Meanwhile, the cards, only about 10% of which are backed by an electronic file, have been archived as digital images on compact discs. An important by‐product of the INA is the Bibliographia Phycologica Universalis (BPU), which now comprises about 65,000 references. Both the INA and the BPU have been made available to the taxonomic community continuously since their inception.
AsterophoraDitmar ex Link 1809 versusNyctalisFries 1825, and the status ofUgolaAdanson 1763
Authors: Redhead Scott A. , Seifert Keith A.
Published: April 2006

Redhead, S. A. & Seifert, K. A.:AsterophoraDitmar ex Link 1809 versusNyctalisFries 1825, and the status ofUgolaAdanson 1763. – Taxon 50: 243–268. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The use of two generic names,AsterophoraandNyctalis,for the same fungi (holomorphs) has been contradictory, and nomenclatural application remains unresolved after 175 years. Controversy first arose from a lack of understanding of the biology of these pleomorphic fungi, but debate now rests upon the interpretation of the type ofAsterophora,either as an anamorph or a teleomorph, as influenced by modifications to Article 59 of theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclatureover several decades. The historical record is reviewed andAsterophorais accepted as the holomorphic generic name for three species,A. lycoperdoides, A. parasitica,andA. mirabilis. Asterophora lycoperdoides(Bull.) Ditmar is proposed separately for conservation over a sanctioned name,Asterophora agaricoidesFr.: Fr. previously largely ignored.Ugolais the oldest generic name applicable to the anamorphs. The following new combinations are proposed:Ugola physaroides(≡Asterophora physaroides),U. baryana(≡Hypomyces baryanus), andAsterophora mirabilis(≡Nyctalis mirabilis).
A synopsis of Silene subgenus Petrocoptis (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Mayol Maria , Rosselló Josep A.
Published: April 2006

Mayol, M. & Rosselló, J. A.: A synopsis of Silene subgenus Petrocoptis (Caryophyllaceae). – Taxon 48: 471‐482. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Petrocoptis, a small genus of chasmophytic plants endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, is included as a subgenus within a widely defined Silene. Thus, in Europe, Silene comprises subg. Silene itself, subg. Lychnis, subg. Viscaria, subg. Conoimorpha, and subg. Petrocoptis. It is anticipated that, based on nuclear rDNA sequences, S. subg. Petrocoptis will be found to be monophyletic. The bearded hilum is the only morphological synapomorphy supporting S. subg. Petrocoptis. Four species (seven taxa) are recognised within S. subg. Petrocoptis: S. glaucifolia subsp. glaucifolia and subsp. pseudoviscosa, S. laxipruinosa, S. montserratii subsp. montserratii and subsp. crassifolia, S. pardoi subsp. pardoi and subsp. guarensis. Morphological features of diagnostic value are discussed. A key and maps of the recognised taxa are provided.
Allozyme studies inLemnaceae: variation and relationships inLemnasectionsAlataeandBiformes
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. , Landolt Elias , Les Donald H. , Kimball Rebecca T.
Published: April 2006

Crawford, D. J., Landolt, E., Les, D. H. & Kimball, R. T.: Allozyme studies inLemnaceae: variation and relationships inLemnasectionsAlataeandBiformes.– Taxon 50: 987–999. 2001.–ISSN 0040–0262.

Allozyme variation was examined within and among three species ofLemna(Lemnaceae) that have been viewed as closely related based on morphological and DNA sequence data. These includeL. aequinoctialis, L. perpusilla, andL. tenera, with the former two species the only members of sect.Alataeand the latter the sole species of sect.Biformes. Lemna aequinoctialisis widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions whereas the other two species have much narrower distributions. Sampling from one population ofL. aequinoctialisrevealed several multilocus genotypes but a deficiency of heterozygotes, which agrees with observations that the species can self‐fertilise and produce seed in addition to reproducing clonally. Two series of localized populations revealed several multilocus genotypes in each group, but no heterozygotes were detected at any of the variable loci. Twenty single clones from much of the geographic range ofL. aequinoctialiscontain the same alleles detected in the local populations; no pattern of large‐scale geographic variation was detected. Allozyme data support the recognition ofL. perpusillaas distinct fromL. aequinoctialis, but the two species share much higher identities at allozyme loci than either does with any other species ofLemna, thus agreeing with morphological and plastid DNA sequence data indicating that the two are closely related yet distinct species.Lemna tenerashares very low allozyme identities withL. aequinoctialisandL. perpusilla.Neither allozymes nor plastid sequences support the hypothesis thatL. perpusillais a hybrid betweenL. aequinoctialisandL. turionifera.Molecular data indicate that the three species form a strongly supported monophyletic group, with the common ancestor ofLemna teneraandL. aequinoctialis‐L. perpusillahaving diverged first, much later divergence occurring between the common ancestor ofL. aequinoctialisandL. perpusilla.
Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian‐Mediterranean disjunction
Authors: Sun Hang , McLewin Will , Fay Michael F.
Published: April 2006

Sun, H., McLewin, W. & Fay, M. F.: Molecular phylogeny of Helleborus (Ranunculaceae), with an emphasis on the East Asian‐Mediterranean disjunction. ‐ Taxon 50: 1001–1018 2001.‐ISSN 0040–0262.

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hellebons (Ranunculaceae) were evaluated with analyses of plastid trnL‐F and partial matK and nuclear ITS DNA sequences for all 16 currently recognised species in addition to several subspecies and geographical variants. The molecular study provides strong support for the monophyly of Helleborus. However, both traditional divisions of the genus, into two groups (Caulescentes and Scapigeri) or two subgenera (Helleborastrum and Helleborus), are refuted. All six currently recognised sections (Dicarpon, Chenopus, Griphopus, Helleborus, Helleborastrum, and Syncarpus) are monophyletic, four by default because they are monospecific. Section Dicarpon (H. thibetanus) is strongly supported as sister group to section Helleborastrum and could therefore be sunk into that section. Relationships between this pair of sections and the other sections are, however, not clear. At the specific level, all species which are clearly distinct morphologically are also distinct in terms of molecular divergence, but relationships between the poorly differentiated species in section Helleborastrum are not resolved with any degree of support. Using a molecular clock based on matK sequence divergence, the disjunction of H. thibetanus and section Helleborastrum between East Asia and the Mediterranean is tentatively dated at approximately 23 million years (middle Miocene), which corresponds well with the geological history of the area where H. thibetanus occurs.
Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): trying to classify the unclassifiable?
Authors: Carine Mark A. , Scotland Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Strobilanthinae comprise approximately 350 species from south and southeast Asia and Melanesia. Three main classifications of Strobilanthinae have been advocated, differing markedly in the number of groups recognised, their circumscription, and the rank assigned to them. But there remains no consensus concerning the best approach to the classification of the group. To investigate this issue, a morphological cladistic analysis of the southern Indian and Sri Lankan Strobilanthinae, comprising 66 species, is described. The results of the analysis demonstrate significant limitations of all three historical approaches to the classification of the group and, furthermore, suggest that any attempt to provide an informative formal classification of Strobilanthinae will be problematic. The only satisfactory approach consistent with these results is to place all previously recognised taxa in synonymy of an expandedStrobilanthesand to recognise informally those infrageneric monophyletic groups that can be clearly diagnosed.
Implementation of the Prometheus Taxonomic Model: a comparison of database models and query languages and an introduction to the Prometheus Object­Oriented Model
Authors: Raguenaud Cédric , Pullan Martin R. , Watson Mark F. , Kennedy Jessie B. , Newman Mark F. , Barclay Peter J.
Published: April 2006

Types of databases commonly used for handling taxonomic data are compared. It is shown that none of the existing types of databases fully support the requirements of taxonomic data. The results of this comparison provide a rationale for the design and implementation of a new database system based on an Extended Object­Oriented model. The new model, thePrometheus Object­Oriented Model (POOM)and its query languagePrometheus Object­Oriented Language (POOL), are discussed in relation to the requirements of taxonomic data and thePrometheus Taxonomic Data Model. POOMprovides the ability to represent the semantics of relationships between data. This allows us to build the type of graph structures that are found in taxonomic hierarchies. In addition, the system can query and manipulate these graphs (POOL). These features have been used to improve the originalPrometheus Taxonomic Data Model. These improvements and the advantages they offer are described and discussed.
Significance of August Weberbauer's plant collecting for today's Río Abiseo National Park, northern Peru
Authors: León Blanca
Published: April 2006

The year 2001 marked the centennial arrival of the most famous 20th century botanist and explorer in Peru, August Weberbauer. To honor this occasion, a brief account is presented of his botanical contributions to the area in northern Peru that has been established as a national park. In this area, Weberbauer collected nearly 57 collection numbers, of which approximately 50% are type material, and at least four of which represent taxa still only known from the type.
The Uses of International Law in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Newman Gerald L.
Published: April 2006

Is international law “irrelevant” to constitutional interpretation in the United States? How could that be? The arguments for categorical ignorance of international law in constitutional adjudication play on exaggerated fears: fear of foreign domination, fear of judicial activism, fear of the unknown. The claim of irrelevance depends on a false dichotomy between excluding international law fromjudicial consideration and allowing foreign institutions to control constitutional meaning. The more sensible inquiry would ask how international law has informed constitutional interpretation in the past, and how it should be used in the future.
Selective interaction of a poisson and renewal process: the dependency structure of the intervals between responses
Authors: Lawrance A. J.
Published: April 2006

This paper studies the dependency structure of the intervals between responses in the renewal inhibited Poisson process, and continues the author's earlier work on this type of process ((1970a), (1970b)). A new approach to the intervals between events in a stationary point process, based on the idea of an average event, is introduced. Average event initial conditions (as opposed to equilibrium initial conditions previously determined) for the renewal inhibited Poisson process are obtained and event stationarity of the resulting response process is established. The joint distribution and correlation between pairs of contiguous synchronous intervals is obtained; further, the joint distribution of non-contiguous pairs of synchronous intervals is derived. Finally, the joint distributions of pairs of contiguous synchronous and asynchronous intervals are related, and a similar but more general stationary point result is conjectured.
A note on telephone traffic with losses
Authors: Erlander Sven
Published: April 2006

Consider the following service system.
On the conditional expected value of contributions from a renewal process
Authors: James M. F.
Published: April 2006

The problem discussed in this paper arose from the study of the effects of unresolved resonances on neutron cross-sections, but it is considered here in more general terms.

Events in a modified renewal process occur at successive intervals x1, x2, …, and the ith event has associated with it a parameter Γi. The random variables xi and Γi are all independent, and their probability distribution functions are known. Each event contributes to two quantities F(u) and G(v) measured at u and v respectively. The value of the total contribution of all events to G(v) is assumed to be known from observation: this paper gives formulae for the mean value of F(u) conditional on this known value of G(v).
General models for r-molecular reactions
Authors: Tallis G.M. , Leslie R.T.
Published: April 2006

In the present paper we consider the r-molecular reversible reaction rA⇌B from several viewpoints. The deterministic theory for integral reaction orders is considered first and is subsequently extended to cover the case of fractional order reactions. Stochastic models are then proposed, the analyses being carried through by spectral methods and, in the case of first order reactions, the first passage time problem is also examined. Finally, we use a diffusion theory approach to the problem to obtain results which are valid for a large number of molecules.