bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Sodium‐Dependent Vitamin C Transporter‐2 and Ascorbate in Regulating the Hypoxic Pathway in Cultured Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Burgess Eleanor R. , Praditi Citra , Phillips Elisabeth , Vissers Margreet C. M. , Robinson Bridget A. , Dachs Gabi U. , Wiggins George A. R.
Published: October 2024

The most common and aggressive brain cancer, glioblastoma, is characterized by hypoxia and poor survival. The pro‐tumour transcription factor, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF), is regulated via HIF‐hydroxylases that require ascorbate as cofactor. Decreased HIF‐hydroxylase activity triggers the hypoxic pathway driving cancer progression. Tissue ascorbate accumulates via the sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter‐2 (SVCT2). We hypothesize that glioblastoma cells rely on SVCT2 for ascorbate accumulation, and that knockout of this transporter would disrupt the regulation of the hypoxic pathway by ascorbate. Ascorbate uptake was measured in glioblastoma cell lines (U87MG, U251MG, T98G) by high‐performance liquid chromatography. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knockout SVCT2. Cells were treated with cobalt chloride, desferrioxamine or 5% oxygen, with/without ascorbate, and key hypoxic pathway proteins were measured using Western blot analysis. Ascorbate uptake was cell line dependent, ranging from 1.7 to 11.0 nmol/106 cells. SVCT2‐knockout cells accumulated 90%–95% less intracellular ascorbate than parental cells. The hypoxic pathway was induced by all three stimuli, and ascorbate reduced this induction. In the SVCT2‐knockout cells, ascorbate had limited effect on the hypoxic pathway. This study verifies that intracellular ascorbate is required to suppress the hypoxic pathway. As patient survival is related to an activated hypoxic pathway, increasing intra‐tumoral ascorbate may be of clinical interest.
Prognostic Nutritional Index is Related to All‐Cause Mortality in Patients With Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Treated With Capecitabine: Single‐Center 24‐Month Observational Study in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Quang Hung , Nguyen Duc Luan , Hoang Van Hieu , Vu Anh Hai , Nguyen Trung Kien , Le Viet Thang
Published: October 2024

Aim

To determine the mortality rate and the predictive value of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) for all‐cause mortality during the 24 months in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine.

Methods

We conducted a study on 87 stage IV colorectal cancer patients treated with capecitabine. Before the day of treatment, all patients were measured CEA and CRP‐hs levels and calculated neutrophil/lympho ratio (NLR) and PNI. Patients were monitored and collected drug side effects and mortality for 24 months.

Results

The mortality rate of study subjects was 60.9%. CRP‐hs, NLR, and PNI were independent factors associated with 24‐month mortality in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). At a cut‐off value of 38.51, PNI was a predictor for mortality, with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 and p < 0.001.

Conclusions

PNI was a good predictor of all‐cause mortality in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer treated with capecitabine for 24 months.
A combination of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I overexpression and type I interferon induce mitochondrial dysfunction in human skeletal myoblasts
Authors: Thoma Anastasia , Alomosh Razan , Bond Holly L. , Akter‐Miah Tania , Al‐Shanti Nasser , Degens Hans , Pekovic‐Vaughan Vanja , Lightfoot Adam P.
Published: October 2024

The overexpression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I on the surface of muscle fibers is a characteristic hallmark of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), collectively termed myositis. Alongside MHC‐I overexpression, subtypes of myositis, display a distinct type I interferon (IFN) signature. This study examined the combinational effects of elevated MHC‐I and type I IFNs (IFNα/β) on mitochondrial function, as mitochondrial dysfunction is often seen in IIMs. Human skeletal muscle myoblasts were transfected with an MHC‐I isoform using the mammalian HLA‐A2/Kb vector. Mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generation were assessed with or without IFNα and IFNβ. We show that MHC‐I overexpression in human skeletal muscle myoblasts led to decreased basal glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, cellular spare respiratory capacity, adenosine triphosphate‐linked respiration, and an increased proton leak, which were all exaggerated by type I IFNs. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was induced by MHC‐I overexpression both in absence and presence of type I IFNs. Human myoblasts overexpressing MHC‐I showed elevated nitric oxide generation that was abolished when combined with IFN. MHC‐I on its own did not result in an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but IFN on their own, or combined with MHC‐I overexpression did induce elevated ROS generation. Surprisingly, we observed no gross changes in mitochondrial reticular structure or markers of mitochondrial dynamics. We present new evidence that MHC‐I overexpression and type I IFNs aggravate the effects each has on mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle cells, providing novel insights into their mechanisms of action and suggesting important implications in the further study of myositis pathogenesis.
Inflammation Decreases Ciclosporin Metabolism in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients
Authors: Malnoë David , Bories Mathilde , Pierre‐Jean Morgane , Marchand Tony , Le Corre Pascal
Published: October 2024

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHd) remains a significant challenge following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prevention of GVHd relies mainly on the use of calcineurin inhibitors, notably ciclosporin that exhibits complex pharmacokinetics influenced by many factors including drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Due to the downregulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, it has been postulated that inflammation may be a contributing factor to the variability observed in ciclosporin pharmacokinetics.

This study aimed to assess the impact of inflammation, as indicated by C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, on the metabolism of ciclosporin in adult allogeneic HSCT recipients. A retrospective observational study was conducted at Rennes University Hospital involving 71 adult HSCT patients. The relationship between the intensity of inflammation (no‐to‐mild, moderate, and severe), and the metabolism of ciclosporin (estimated by the concentration/dose ratio) was assessed. Severe inflammation significantly decreased the metabolism of ciclosporin, as evidenced by higher concentration/dose ratios. Thanks to the daily dose adjustment, inflammation did not influence the blood levels of ciclosporin. Interestingly, DDIs did not emerge as a significant covariate in influencing ciclosporin metabolism. This is likely because the CYP3A4 inhibitory potential of interacting drugs may be masked in HSCT patients where metabolism is already upstream downregulated by inflammation.

The study highlights the intricate relationship between inflammation and ciclosporin pharmacokinetics in HSCT patients. This underscores the necessity for therapeutic monitoring and the potential adjustment of dosage strategies based on the inflammatory status. These insights could contribute to the development of more personalized, optimized, and effective management strategies for HSCT recipients.
A phase III, open‐label clinical trial evaluating pegunigalsidase alfa administered every 4 weeks in adults with Fabry disease previously treated with other enzyme replacement therapies
Authors: Holida Myrl , Linhart Aleš , Pisani Antonio , Longo Nicola , Eyskens François , Goker‐Alpan Ozlem , Wallace Eric , Deegan Patrick , Tøndel Camilla , Feldt‐Rasmussen Ulla , Hughes Derralynn , Sakov Anat , Rocco Rossana , Almon Einat Brill , Alon Sari , Chertkoff Raul , Warnock David G. , Waldek Stephen , Wilcox William R. , Bernat John A.
Published: October 2024

Pegunigalsidase alfa, a PEGylated α‐galactosidase A enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for Fabry disease, has a longer plasma half‐life than other ERTs administered intravenously every 2 weeks (E2W). BRIGHT (NCT03180840) was a phase III, open‐label study in adults with Fabry disease, previously treated with agalsidase alfa or beta E2W for ≥3 years, who switched to 2 mg/kg pegunigalsidase alfa every 4 weeks (E4W) for 52 weeks. Primary objective assessed safety, including number of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Thirty patients were enrolled (24 males); 23 previously received agalsidase beta. Pegunigalsidase alfa plasma concentrations remained above the lower limit of quantification throughout the 4‐week dosing interval. Thirty‐three of 182 TEAEs (in 9 patients) were considered treatment‐related; all were mild/moderate. No patients developed de novo anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs). In the efficacy analysis (n = 29), median (inter‐quartile range) eGFR change from baseline over 52 weeks was −1.9 (−5.9; 1.8) mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 28; males [n = 22]: –2.4 [−5.2; 3.2]; females [n = 6]: −0.7 [−9.2; 2.0]). Overall, median eGFR slope was –1.9 (−8.3; 1.9) mL/min/1.73 m2/year (ADA‐negative [n = 20]: −1.2 [−6.4; 2.6]; ADA‐positive [n = 9]: −8.4 [−11.6; –1.0]). Lyso‐Gb3 concentrations were low and stable in females, with a slight increase in males (9/24 ADA‐positive). The BRIGHT study results suggest that 2 mg/kg pegunigalsidase alfa E4W is tolerated well in stable adult patients with Fabry disease. Due to the low number of patients in this study, more research is needed to demonstrate the effects of pegunigalsidase alfa given E4W. Further evidence, outside of this clinical trial, should be factored in for physicians to prolong the biweekly ERT intervals to E4W.

Take‐home message

Treatment with 2 mg/kg pegunigalsidase alfa every 4 weeks could offer a new treatment option for patients with Fabry disease.
Extended long‐term efficacy and safety of velmanase alfa treatment up to 12 years in patients with alpha‐mannosidosis
Authors: Guffon Nathalie , Borgwardt Line , Tylki‐Szymańska Anna , Ballabeni Andrea , Donà Francesca , Joseph Amer , Nienhuis Henriët , Maugeri Caterina , Lund Allan
Published: October 2024

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using velmanase alfa previously showed promising efficacy and safety outcomes for up to 4 years of therapy in patients with alpha‐mannosidosis. This pooled analysis from two multicenter, open‐label phase IIIb extension trials rhLAMAN‐07 (N = 13; NCT01908712) and rhLAMAN‐09 (N = 8; NCT01908725) evaluated the long‐term effects of velmanase alfa. Sixteen patients who previously completed phase I–III rhLAMAN‐02/‐03/‐04/‐05/‐08 trials and five ERT‐naïve patients were enrolled. Patients received 1 mg/kg velmanase alfa once weekly. Endpoints included changes from treatment baseline (before initial dose of velmanase alfa in any trial) in serum oligosaccharides, 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), 3‐minute stair climb test (3MSCT), pulmonary function (forced vital capacity [FVC], % predicted), serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, and adverse events. The overall cohort comprised 21 patients, divided by age at treatment baseline into pediatric (n = 14) and adult subgroups (n = 7). Distance walked according to 6MWT increased or stabilized in pediatric patients, while in adults either stabilization or slight decline was observed. Similarly, pediatric patients performed better in the 3MSCT. Changes in FVC, % predicted, were comparable in both subgroups up to ~6 years of observation, diverging thereafter. Overall, sustained serum oligosaccharide clearance and serum IgG level increase was observed upon treatment initiation and persisted until last common observation. Velmanase alfa treatment was generally well tolerated, with the majority of reported adverse events being of mild‐to‐moderate intensity. With follow‐up of up to 12 years, long‐term efficacy and safety outcomes indicate continued benefits of velmanase alfa in patients with alpha‐mannosidosis.
A Spatial Interpolation Method for Meteorological Data Based on a Hybrid Kriging and Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Huang Julong , Lu Chuhan , Huang Dingan , Qin Yujing , Xin Fei , Sheng Hao
Published: October 2024

Conventional spatial interpolation methods for meteorological data are usually based on linear interpolation. However, with the improvements in the temporal and spatial resolution of observational data, local neighbouring stations are susceptible to the influence of underlying surface changes and high terrain gradients. Moreover, for interpolation at a single time point, the inability to extract continuous change information effectively from adjacent times limits the interpolation performance. In this paper, an improved hybrid deep learning‐kriging method is proposed that combines a graph neural networks (GNNs) prediction model with the kriging interpolation algorithm. The GNNs considers dynamic changes over time and combines spatial and temporal information to estimate (interpolate) meteorological data at target weather stations using reanalysis data as input. The experimental results show that the hybrid method exhibits good performance in interpolating station data in complex terrain areas and under uneven surface conditions. The interpolation effectiveness of this method is markedly improved compared to that of traditional kriging methods. Moreover, when applied to station‐to‐grid interpolation, the hybrid method still provides better interpolation results than those of kriging methods. Therefore, this research provides a new method and perspective for meteorological data interpolation.
Systemic immune‐inflammation states in US adults with seropositivity to infectious pathogens: A nutrient‐wide association study
Authors: Xie He , Halimulati Mairepaiti , Dou Yuqi , Zhang Hanyue , Jiang Xiaowen , Peng Lei
Published: October 2024

Background

Limited understanding exists regarding the association between daily total dietary nutrient intakes and immune‐inflammation states in US adults exposed to various pathogens. This study sought to examine the correlation between nutrient intakes and immune‐inflammation indicators and to assess their performance in distinguishing immune‐inflammation states.

Methods

This study was derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 33,804 participants aged 20 years or older between 2005 and 2018. Multivariable linear regression and restricted cubic spline regression were conducted to evaluate the association between nutrient intakes and immune‐inflammation indicators. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminatory performance of identified nutrients for various immune‐inflammation states measured by the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII).

Results

Ten key nutrients were significantly associated with immune‐inflammation responses, including calcium, saturated fatty acid (SFA) 4:0, SFA 6:0, SFA 12:0, SFA 14:0, SFA 16:0, vitamin B2, total SFAs, retinol, and lutein + zeaxanthin, which show potential as dietary indicators. The area under the curve for discriminating various immune‐inflammation states was improved by at least 0.03 compared with a model that included only covariates, with all P values <0.05 in the Delong tests, indicating a significant enhancement in model performance.

Conclusions

Ten nutrients, including calcium, various SFAs, vitamin B2, retinol, and lutein + zeaxanthin, exhibit significant association with SII and potential as dietary indicators for distinguishing between different immune‐inflammation states in US adults with seropositivity to various viruses.
The impact of intravenous versus submucosal dexamethasone on short‐term patient response: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pearce Ellen P. , Deas David E. , Powell Charles A. , Diogenes Anibal , Kotsakis Georgios A. , Mader Michael J. , Palaiologou Archontia
Published: October 2024

Background

The purpose of this randomized, cross‐over trial was to determine if a preoperative dose of dexamethasone administered submucosally is as effective as intravenous (IV) dexamethasone in reducing pain, swelling, and analgesic consumption after periodontal flap surgery.

Methods

Thirty‐nine patients planned for two similar flap surgeries under IV sedation were included. Before the first surgery, patients were randomized to receive 8 mg of IV or submucosal dexamethasone. Via the alternate route, 0.9% sodium chloride (placebo) was administered. Dexamethasone was administered via the opposite route during the second surgery. A standardized regimen of 600 mg ibuprofen and 325 mg acetaminophen was used to manage postoperative pain. Patients recorded pain and swelling levels on a 21‐point numerical rating scale (NRS‐21) and a four‐point visual rating scale (VRS‐4), as well as analgesic usage via a phone application at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h postoperatively.

Results

While NRS‐21 and VRS‐4 data suggest a trend toward decreased pain and swelling with IV administration, there were no significant differences in analgesic usage or pain at any time and a significant difference in swelling only at 72 h in favor of IV administration (p = 0.047).

Conclusions

There was no significant difference in pain or analgesic usage following periodontal flap surgery comparing IV and submucosal dexamethasone. A statistically significant difference in swelling between groups at 72 h is likely of limited clinical relevance. Submucosal dexamethasone is an effective way to mitigate pain following periodontal surgery, particularly when IV access for sedation is not required.
Higher skin sympathetic nerve activity as a potential predictor of overactive bladder in females refractory to oral monotherapy
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chen , Chen Hao‐Wei , Huang Tien‐Chi , Lee Chien‐Hung , Chu Ting‐Yin , Juan Yung‐Shun , Liu Yu‐Peng , Tsai Wei‐Chung , Wu Wen‐Jeng
Published: October 2024

This study investigates predictors of unsatisfactory outcomes in female overactive bladder (OAB) patients treated with oral monotherapy by analyzing skin sympathetic nerve activity (SKNA) using a novel “neuECG” method. The study included 55 newly diagnosed female patients with idiopathic OAB, autonomic function was evaluated using neuECG before treatment initiation, and validated OAB questionnaires and urodynamic studies were administered. Initial monotherapy was administered for the first 4 weeks, with non‐responders defined as patients not achieving satisfactory symptom relief and requiring further treatment. Responders (n = 32) and non‐responders (n = 23) had no significant differences in baseline characteristics or urodynamic parameters; however, non‐responders exhibited significantly higher baseline average SKNA (aSKNA) (1.36 ± 0.49 vs. 0.97 ± 0.29 μV, p = 0.001), higher recovery aSKNA (1.28 ± 0.46 vs. 0.97 ± 0.35 μV, p = 0.007), and a lower stress/baseline ratio of aSKNA (1.05 ± 0.42 vs. 1.26 ± 0.26, p = 0.029). Baseline aSKNA had the highest predictive value for monotherapy refractoriness in OAB (AUROC = 0.759, p = 0.001), with an optimal cut‐off point of >1.032 μV. These findings suggest that elevated pre‐treatment aSKNA can predict resistance to oral monotherapy in OAB, warranting close monitoring and proactive treatment strategies for patients with high aSKNA.
Viability of Free Bone Graft in Combination With Free Tissue Transfer and Post‐Operative RT in Orbital Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Chakrabarti Swagnik , Phad Avadhut Tukaram , Shetty Chaitra , Ghosh Abhishek
Published: October 2024

Objectives/Aim

Orbital floor reconstruction post cancer ablation is challenging especially when associated with extensive soft tissue defects. Due consideration is to be given to the possible toxicities of adjuvant radiotherapy as well. Free bone‐soft tissue flaps are ideally suited in such situations. However, a single flap may fall inadequate for large defects. Using two free flaps in combination increases operating time and donor site morbidities. Non‐vascularized bone grafts combined with large soft tissue flaps harbor the risk of bone resorption and osteo‐radio necrosis. Alloplastic implants can lead to exposure and infection. We conducted a study researching the outcome of non‐vascularized cortico‐cancellous iliac bone graft (NVCIBG) used in orbital floor reconstruction along with free anterolateral thigh (FALT) flap in subjects undergoing extensive surgical ablation and adjuvant radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods

Ten consecutive subjects who underwent maxillo‐mandibular resection with or without skin were included in the study. The parameters assessed were diplopia, ectropion, bone viability, and osteointegration. Subjects were assessed in the immediate post‐operative period, 1 month after surgery, and after 1 year of radiotherapy.

Results

The size of iliac bone harvested ranged from 3 to 5.5 cm (mean 4.8 cm). Forty percent subjects complained of binocular diplopia in the initial post‐operative period which subsided subsequently. Thirty percent subjects developed ectropion all of whom required external skin reconstruction. None developed osteoradionecrosis.

Conclusion

NVCIBG along with FALT flap is an excellent reconstructive option for orbital floor defects. It can withstand the toxicities of adjuvant radiotherapy and avoids the need for double free flap reconstruction.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 135:1072–1077, 2025
Oceanographic features boost latitudinal patterns in copepod body size distribution in the South Atlantic
Authors: Becker Érica C. , Macedo‐Soares Luis C. P. , Marcolin Catarina R. , Brandão Manoela C. , Stemmann Lars , Mazzocchi Maria G. , Freire Andrea S.
Published: October 2024

The South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) is an under‐sampled ocean where the influence of environmental drivers on copepod body size is poorly understood. This study investigated the body size distribution of copepods from 13°S to 64°S to test Bergmann's rule, which predicts the occurrence of smaller organisms in warmer areas. We hypothesized that additional influence of oceanographic features strengthens this pattern. Zooplankton were sampled during the austral summer from the chlorophyll maximum depth up to the surface, at approximately 100 m depth, using a 200‐μm net. The samples were analyzed using the ZooScan imaging system and were classified using the Ecotaxa tool. We estimated copepod family abundance, biomass, and size structure, and their relationships with environmental variables were assessed through generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). Although most copepods increased in size at higher latitudes, not all families followed Bergmann's rule. Small adults of Clausocalanidae, Paracalanidae, Corycaeidae, and Oncaeidae contributed mostly in the Brazil Current (BC), while Calanidae copepodites disproportionately contributed to overall biomass, and Oithonidae adults were the most abundant in high latitudes. Copepod abundance or biomass hotspots were present in the southern limit of the warm BC, at the Subtropical Confluence Zone, and in the subantarctic waters at the Drake passage. Our results suggest that oceanographic features strengthen latitudinal body size relationships due to food availability, and the importance of different life history strategies.
Deepening the Decade: Collaborative Action for Advancing Deep‐Ocean Science and Policy in the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
Authors: Hetherington Elizabeth D. , Anderson Clarissa , Bastian Liliana , Boon Naomi , Chu Nan‐Chin , Cruz Ceci Rodriguez , Drennon Hayley , Gates Andrew , Gertz Brandon , Goodwin Kelly D. , Halfter Svenja , Howell Kerry , Howes Ella , Lopes Vanessa , Martin Tinah , McConnell Terrence , Qian Pei‐Yuan , Seabrook Sarah , Smith Leslie , Snyder Glen , Stocks Karen I. , Sylvan Rosalynn , Wright Dawn , Levin Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

The current United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030; hereafter, the Decade) offers a unique opportunity and framework to globally advance ocean science and policy. Achieving meaningful progress within the Decade requires collaboration and coordination across Decade Actions (Programs, Projects, and Centres). This coordination is particularly important for the deep ocean, which remains critically under‐sampled compared to other ecosystems. Despite the limited sampling, the deep ocean accounts for over 95% of Earth's habitable space, plays a crucial role in regulating the carbon cycle and global temperatures, and supports diverse ecosystems. To collectively advance deep‐ocean science, we gathered representatives from 20 Decade Actions that focus at least partially on the deep ocean. We identified five broad themes that aim to advance deep‐ocean science in alignment with the Decade's overarching 10 Challenges: natural capital and the blue economy, biodiversity, deep‐ocean observing, best practices in data sharing, and capacity building. Within each theme, we propose concrete objectives (termed Cohesive Asks) and milestones (Targets) for the deep‐ocean community. Developing these Cohesive Asks and Targets reflects a commitment to better coordination across deep‐ocean Decade Actions. We aim to build bridges across deep‐ocean disciplines, which encompass natural science, ocean observing, policy, and capacity development.
Stripe Soliton in All‐Fiber Lasers
Authors: Gao Qun , Zhang Heze , Du Yueqing , Zeng Chao , Mao Dong , Grelu Philippe , Zhao Jianlin
Published: October 2024

Stripe solitons (SSs), the special localized wavepackets exhibiting periodic modulations, are identified in condensed matter physics and nonlinear science. Here, giant‐chirp and chirp‐free SSs in all‐fiber lasers are demonstrated composed of single‐mode fiber and polarization‐maintaining fiber. The chirp property of SSs depends on the cavity dispersion while the stripe period relies on the fiber birefringence. Theoretical and numerical results coincide with experimental findings, revealing that the filtering and frequency shift of two vector modes is governed by the mode coupling related to birefringence and the nonlinear coupling induced by the phase modulation, respectively, which disrupts their complementarity and ultimately leads to modulation of the overall spectrum. With the aid of the saturable absorption and cross‐phase modulation effects, the multi‐color pulses synergistically overlap, giving rise to the unique SSs. These results present a simple approach for generating chirp‐controllable SSs in all‐fiber lasers, which is crucial for applications in difference frequency generation and soliton physics.
Robust Characterization of Photonic Integrated Circuits
Authors: Wang Jiajia , Xu Xingyuan , Zhang Haoran , Zeng Xuecheng , Bai Yunping , Lowery Arthur J. , Xu Kun
Published: October 2024

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) offer ultra‐broad optical bandwidths that enable unprecedented data throughputs for signal processing applications. Dynamic reconfigurability enables compensation of fabrication flaws and fluctuating external environments, tuning for adaptive equalization and training of optical neural networks. The initial step in PIC reconfiguration entails measuring its dynamic performance, often described by its frequency response. While measuring the amplitude response is straightforward, e.g. using a tunable laser and optical power meter, measuring the phase response presents challenges due to various factors, including phase variations in test connections and instrumentation limitations. To address these challenges, a universal and robust characterization technique is proposed, which uses an on‐chip reference path coupled to the signal processing core (SPC), with a delay gap larger than the total delay across the signal processing paths. A Fourier transform of the chip's power response reveals the SPC's impulse response. The method is more robust against low reference‐path power and imprecise delays. Experiments using a finite‐impulse‐response (FIR) structure demonstrate rapid SPC training, overcoming thermal crosstalk and device imperfections. This approach offers a promising solution for PIC characterization, facilitating expedited physical parameter training for advanced applications in communications and optical neural networks.
On Riemannian 4‐manifolds and their twistor spaces: A moving frame approach
Authors: Catino Giovanni , Dameno Davide , Mastrolia Paolo
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we study the twistor space of an oriented Riemannian 4‐manifold using the moving frame approach, focusing, in particular, on the Einstein, non‐self‐dual setting. We prove that any general first‐order linear condition on the almost complex structures of forces the underlying manifold to be self‐dual, also recovering most of the known related rigidity results. Thus, we are naturally lead to consider first‐order quadratic conditions, showing that the Atiyah–Hitchin–Singer almost Hermitian twistor space of an Einstein 4‐manifold bears a resemblance, in a suitable sense, to a nearly Kähler manifold.
The Noether–Lefschetz locus of surfaces in P3${\mathbb {P}}^3$ formed by determinantal surfaces
Authors: Leal Manuel , Lozano Huerta César , Vite Montserrat
Published: October 2024

We compute the dimension of certain components of the family of smooth determinantal degree surfaces in , and show that each of them is the closure of a component of the Noether–Lefschetz locus . Our computations exhibit that smooth determinantal surfaces in of degree 4 form a divisor in with five irreducible components. We will compute the degrees of each of these components: , and .
A 28 GHz balun‐first LNA with db‐linear 32 db gain range for 5 G applications
Authors: Xu Taotao , Chen Hongchen , Wan Cao , Deng Shuai , Qin Pei , Zhu Haoshen , Xue Quan
Published: October 2024

This letter presents a 28 GHz balun‐first low noise amplifier (LNA) featuring a wide dB‐linear variable gain range. The architecture of LNA includes three‐stage cascode amplifiers. An integrated balun at the input stage provides RF ESD protection and converts a single‐ended signal to a differential one (S‐to‐D). A transformer‐based dual‐resonant matching network is designed and analyzed to achieve wideband performance. To realize a continuous dB‐linear variable gain range and consistent input/output matching, gain control is implemented in the second stage using a 5‐bit digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) for a 32 dB gain range. The DAC can generate a nonlinear analog voltage to control the gate of the common‐gate transistor in the second cascode stage, inversely compensating for the nonlinear gain variations of the cascode amplifier. The LNA is fabricated in 65‐nm CMOS process with a core size of 0.154 mm². Measurement results exhibit a maximum gain of 33.5 dB and a minimum noise figure (NF) of 3.65 dB with a 3‐dB bandwidth of 23–29.5 GHz. The measured variable gain range is approximately 32 dB across 32 different gain states, with a linear gain step of ~1 dB per state and an IP1dB ranging from −6.5 dBm to −35.25 dBm. The power consumption is 35.4–48 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage.
A novel broadband low backscattering antenna array based on integration of absorptive and coding metasurface
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Alanazi Mubarak A. , Irfan Muhammad
Published: October 2024

This paper presents a low‐scattering 1 × 2 patch array antenna combining resistive and coding metasurfaces (MSs) for the reduction of wideband‐backscatter. An artificial magnetic conductor technology is used to validate the proposed technique, which is fundamentally based on scattering, phase cancellation, and absorptive property of the MS. By integration of coding MS elements and an absorbent unit cell, three different array blocks are utilized to significantly reduce the monostatic and bistatic backscattered energy level from 6.5 to 16.5 GHz, as well as overall reduction from 5 to 22 GHz. Under the incidence of plane waves, various reflection phases have been observed. The diffusion of the scattering energy from the surface can be achieved by carefully choosing the phase distributions for the reflected waves. Additionally, the bistatic backscattered energy level of the prototype is realized at various frequency points. This technique is validated using artificial magnetic conductors, which uniquely combine the effects of scattering, phase cancellation, and absorption in the MS's hybrid unit cells. Further, antenna array parameters are optimized for frequency, polarization, and angular diversity, S‐parameters, radiating efficiency, reducing radar cross section (RCS) in the wideband range and ensuring robust performance. The experimental results were substantiated by simulations of the reference and proposed prototypes suggesting that the proposed prototype can be a good candidate for applications that require a low monostatic and bistatic RCS platform.
Use of Advanced Constitutive Models for the Mechanical Behavior of Soft Soils With Diatoms From Bogotá (Colombia)
Authors: Mendoza Cristhian , de Farias Márcio Muniz
Published: October 2024

Most constitutive models did not initially consider special behaviors in some soils with singular characteristics (e.g., soft soils with diatom content). For example, at first, these models did not consider the effect of soil structure and viscosity. However, in the last decades, these variables have been incorporated into several constitutive models to describe the mechanical behavior of the soil in its natural state. Structure and viscosity laws that adequately reproduce the soil behavior had to be developed to include these variables. This paper compares the mechanical behavior of soft soils in Bogotá with different constitutive models. Bogotá’s soft soils are lacustrine deposits with a high content of diatoms in their structure. Natural soil samples with intact structures show a high‐water content, which can be higher than 300%, liquid limits of up to 400%, void ratios higher than five, and friction angles of almost 40°. In addition, the model validations were made through the simulations of triaxial tests in compression and shear paths. Modified Cam Clay (MCC), hypoplastic (HP), and subloading Cam Clay (SCC) were the constitutive models used. Two models are based on an elastoplastic framework, and the third uses a HP framework. Several lessons were learned from the simulations regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the models compared to the tests carried out. Finally, the extensive discussion revolves around determining the most suitable model for simulating the mechanical behavior of soft soils containing diatoms in Bogotá.
Long‐term sequelae and quality of life after childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma: Results of a Spanish multicenter study
Authors: Pérez‐Torres Lobato Maria R. , Morell Mariona , Solano‐Páez Palma , Ortiz‐Palacios Marina , Menárgez Ángela , Panesso Melissa , Vázquez‐Gómez Felisa , Moreno‐Carrasco JLuis , Lassaletta Álvaro , Santa‐María Vicente , Pavon‐Mengual Miriam , Quiroga Eduardo , García‐Ariza Miguel A. , Mora‐Matilla Maria , Garrido‐Colino Carmen , Verdú‐Amoros Jaime , Nova‐Lozano Cristina , Vieito María , Cordero‐Asanza Esteban X. , Clemente Maria , Ramos‐Albiat Mónica , de las Morenas‐Iglesias Juan , Moreno Lucas , Llort Anna
Published: October 2024

Purpose

We aim to describe the characteristics of patients with childhood‐onset craniopharyngioma and to analyze factors that impair quality of life (QoL) in this population.

Methods

Multicenter national study including patients treated between 2008 and 2022, from 2 to 25 years of age diagnosed with craniopharyngioma. QoL was assessed once during patient's follow‐up by age‐adapted versions of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) questionnaire.

Results

Sixty‐six patients were included. Median age at diagnosis was 5 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3–8), while median follow‐up was 7.4 years (IQR: 2.8–9.7). Most craniopharyngioma were suprasellar (93.9%), and 59.7% had hypothalamic involvement (HI). All patients underwent surgery, 44.4% received radiotherapy, and 23.6% intracystic therapy. Most frequent long‐term complications were visual deficit (72.7%) and endocrine impairment (94.5%). Patients exhibited hypothyroidism requiring hormone replacement (92.4%), hypocortisolism (80.3%), diabetes insipidus (86.4%), and/or growth hormone therapy (50%). When parents evaluated QoL, PedsQL median score was 53.8 points out of 100 (IQR: 41–71.6). Higher scores were noted when patients assessed their own QoL (median score 64.8 [IQR: 57.3–81.8]), observing statistically significant differences (p = .019). QoL was impaired by repeated surgeries (r = −.44; p = .014), HI (median score 51.5 [IQR: 39–63.8] vs. 76.4 [59–84.8]; p = .001), radiotherapy (median score 51.9 [IQR: 38.1–61.3] vs. 63.8 [IQR: 49–82.5]; p = .02) and longer follow‐up (r = −.3; p = .01).

Conclusion

In our study, most patients had significant comorbidities and low overall QoL scores, which was mainly affected by repeated surgery, radiation, and hypothalamic involvement. This reflects the need for further research and intensified studies of systemic therapy/alternate strategies to broaden the standard‐of‐care options, so that treatment‐related sequalae can be avoided.
Albuminuria‐based stratification of end‐stage kidney disease progression and mortality with sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i): A retrospective cohort study in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Authors: Chang Tien‐Jyun , Lee Yen‐Chieh , Wu Li‐Chiu , Chang Chia‐Hsuin
Published: October 2024

Background

Clinical trials have shown the kidney‐protective benefits of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). However, their real‐world impact, particularly across varying levels of albuminuria, remains less well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the association of SGLT2i, compared with other oral glucose‐lowering drugs, with end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD) progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stratified by urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) levels.

Methods

Using data from a national database spanning from 2016 to 2021, the study included patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and who started on SGLT2i or other oral glucose‐lowering drugs. Patients were stratified into groups by UACR ≥300 mg/g and <300 mg/g. Propensity score matching was used to minimize confounding, and progression to ESKD was evaluated using competing risks and Cox proportional‐hazards models. All‐cause mortality was also analyzed.

Results

Following propensity score matching, 18,514 patients in the severely increased albuminuria group (UACR ≥300 mg/g) were tracked, with 2.6% progressing to ESKD over 3 years. In contrast, only 0.3% of the 26,946 patients with UACR <300 mg/g progressed to ESKD. SGLT2i use was associated with a 30% reduction in risk of ESKD progression, compared with the use of other oral glucose‐lowering drugs, in the severely increased albuminuria group (hazard ratio[HR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61–0.80). In the lower albuminuria group, no significant association was evident, though there was a nonsignificant trend toward protection over time. A consistent reduction in mortality risk was observed across all albuminuria levels.

Conclusions

SGLT2i are associated with a reduction in the progression to ESKD among patients with severely increased albuminuria, with less pronounced effects observed in those with lower albuminuria levels, suggesting variability in renal outcomes based on albuminuria severity. The consistent survival benefit across all albuminuria levels supports the potential utility of SGLT2i in diabetes and CKD treatment strategies, emphasizing the need for more targeted research.
Rating pome fruit quality traits using deep learning and image processing
Authors: Nguyen Nhan H. , Michaud Joseph , Mogollon Rene , Zhang Huiting , Hargarten Heidi , Leisso Rachel , Torres Carolina A. , Honaas Loren , Ficklin Stephen
Published: October 2024

Quality assessment of pome fruits (i.e. apples and pears) is used not only for determining the optimal harvest time but also for the progression of fruit‐quality attributes during storage. Therefore, it is typical to repeatedly evaluate fruits during the course of a postharvest experiment. This evaluation often includes careful visual assessments of fruit for apparent defects and physiological symptoms. A general best practice for quality assessment is to rate fruit using the same individual rater or group of individual raters to reduce bias. However, such consistency across labs, facilities, and experiments is often not feasible or attainable. Moreover, while these visual assessments are critical empirical data, they are often coarse‐grained and lack consistent objective criteria. Granny, is a tool designed for rating fruit using machine‐learning and image‐processing to address rater bias and improve resolution. Additionally, Granny supports backward compatibility by providing ratings compatible with long‐established standards and references, promoting research program continuity. Current Granny ratings include starch content assessment, rating levels of peel defects, and peel color analyses. Integrative analyses enhanced by Granny's improved resolution and reduced bias, such as linking fruit outcomes to global scale ‐omics data, environmental changes, and other quantitative fruit quality metrics like soluble solids content and flesh firmness, will further enrich our understanding of fruit quality dynamics. Lastly, Granny is open‐source and freely available.
Utilizing drawings to understand how our backgrounds and experiences change our plant mental models
Authors: Linderwell Sarah , Hargiss Christina L. M. , Norland Jack , Comeau Paula
Published: October 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Our culture, life experiences, and the places we live teach us about the world around us and the plants within it. This information gives each individual distinct mental models. By delving into plant mental models of young adults, this study offers insights into the complex landscape of plant knowledge, with a special emphasis on Indigenous communities. Beyond broadening our understanding, these findings provide valuable resources for educators and researchers striving to bridge the gap in plant literacy. Moreover, the methods used offer a blueprint for similar investigations globally, which will foster a deeper understanding of plant awareness across diverse populations.

Plant mental models, or what people think about when they think of a given plant, give insight into a person's knowledge and understanding of plants. However, little to no research has been conducted on plant mental models of young adults or comparing mental models across demographics. This study assessed college students' plant mental models in the demographic categories of race, gender, rurality, and college type (tribal vs. non‐tribal), as well as experience in art, photography, and plant identification, to determine the impact of these factors on plant mental models.

A total of 697 students from three tribal and three non‐tribal colleges enrolled in a specific introductory biology course participated. Participants completed four drawings, which represented their mental model of a plant, flower, grass, and tree. They also completed a short survey about demographics and experience with art, photography, and plant identification.

Tree drawings had the most detail, and grass drawings had the least. Gender was the only demographic factor that impacted the detail drawn, with females including more detail for flowers and trees and males for grass. Surprisingly, experience with art, photography, and plant identification did not impact the detail included in the drawings.

Overall, participants plant mental models across demographics were simplistic and lacked detail, potentially indicating a lack of plant awareness.
Children interstitial lung disease: Assessment and management
Authors: Moreno‐Galdo Antonio , Iglesias‐Serrano Ignacio , Rovira‐Amigo Sandra , Torrent‐Vernetta Alba
Published: October 2024

Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases or children interstitial lung disease (chILD) in pediatrics are a heterogenous group of more than 200 rare diseases with an incidence and prevalence around 8.2 and 46.4 cases/million, respectively, higher than previously recognized, probably related to a greater understanding and increased clinical awareness of these diseases. Children under 2 years of age account for 40%–60% of cases. Diseases presenting before the age of 2 years are mainly of genetic origin or associated with disorders of lung development and are very different from those of older children and adults. In 10%–20% of cases, a genetic cause is found, and in approximately 12%, no cause (undefined chILD) is found after performing all diagnostic tests. A multidisciplinary approach in an expert center is essential for diagnosis and treatment. Tests to be performed after lung computed tomography include serological and other blood tests, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage, genetic studies and lung biopsy. Although no approved specific treatment for most cases of chILD exists, an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of many of these diseases is facilitating the development of new treatments.
Investigation on the Effect of Energy Release Rate of Aluminized Explosive on the Damage of Underwater Targets
Authors: Zhou Zheng‐qing , Liu Yu‐zhe , Liao Wei‐liang , Yang Gui‐li , Jiang Hui‐ling , Sang Jin‐guo , Tian Wei , Chai Lu‐jia
Published: October 2024

As a type of high‐energy explosive, aluminized explosives are extensively used in underwater weapons and ammunition. This study aims to investigate the energy release rate on the damage of underwater targets caused by aluminized explosives (RDX/Al). The ship was selected as a target, and numerical simulations were conducted using AUTODYN software to study the energy release rate corresponding to different particle sizes of aluminum powder (25 nm −300 μm) in the underwater explosion process of RDX/Al, as well as its destructive effect on targets in the water. The research quantitatively evaluates the whole ship′s destruction results, including longitudinal bending deformations and crevasse. In addition, typical cabins were selected in this study to assess the local damage effects by analyzing stress, shock wave pressure, displacement, and acceleration shock response. Based on the damage results, it was revealed that RDX/Al with aluminum powder particle sizes ranging from 54 nm to 145 nm exhibited the most optimal damaging effects on ships after underwater explosions. These findings provide a basis for improving the destructive power of aluminized explosives against underwater targets, simultaneously, they can be utilized by ship designers to guide research and development of improved protective measures, aiming to reduce the vulnerability of ships to explosive attacks.
Improving Friction Sensitivity of Molecular Perovskite Energetic Material DAP‐4 by Polymer Binders Coated
Authors: An Erhai , Fan Zijun , Tan Yingxin , Jia Kanghui , Qin Qingfeng , Zhao Haixia , Han Kehua , Deng Peng , Cao Xiong
Published: October 2024

The high detonation and thermostability of the molecular perovskite energetic material DAP‐4 attracted a lot of interest, but its high friction sensitivity hindered its applicability. It is critical to minimize the friction sensitivity of DAP‐4 for future applications. DAP‐4‐based composites with core‐shell structures coated by polymer binders were devised and manufactured in this study. DAP‐4 was discovered to be polymer binder compatible, and the thermal breakdown temperature remained constant at 380°C. The friction sensitivity of DAP‐4‐based core‐shell composites increased from 36 N (raw DAP‐4) to 60 N (DAP‐4@Estane‐5703, DAP‐4@F2602, and DAP‐4@F2311) when 10% polymer binders were added as shell‐structured layers. Furthermore, their theoretical detonation performance was calculated, and each sample demonstrated superior performance. Among them, the theoretical detonation velocity of DAP‐4@F2602 reached 8081 m/s, and the heat of detonation was 5.118 kJ/kg. This provided proof‐of‐concept work for increasing the mechanical safety of molecular perovskite energetic materials.