bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Plant Growth Regulator Mepiquat Chloride on Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Infestations on Cotton2
Authors: Flint Hollis M. , Leggett Joseph E. , Elhoff LeAnne , Parks Nancy J. , Davidson Elizabeth W.
Published: September 2017

Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants were treated with the plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride (Pix™) in greenhouse and field plot tests to determine its effect on infestations of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. In the greenhouse, Pix-treated plants were significantly shorter and had thicker leaves than untreated plants by the end of the second week following application. Most of the Pix treatments caused significant reductions in adults, eggs and nymphs on leaves by fourth and final week of the test. In a separate test, leaf water potentials were equal for Pix-treated and well-watered plants which were significantly lower than for water-stressed and control plants. Pix-treated plants in two field plot tests showed the same changes in plant morphology observed in Pix-treated plants in the greenhouse. However, leaf water potentials were the same as in untreated plants and no reductions in whitefly infestations were found during the 6 to 7 wk test periods. Pix-treated plants in a third field plot test showed no changes in plant morphology or in whitefly infestations. The reduced whitefly infestations of Pix-treated plants in the greenhouse, but not in field plots, may have been due to reduced leaf water potentials in Pix-treated greenhouse plants but not in field plants.
Cold Tolerance of Hickory Shuckworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae and Associated Parasites
Authors: Yonce C. E. , Tedders W. L. , Wood B. W.
Published: September 2017

Hickory shuckworm larvae, Cydia caryana (Fitch), in pecan shucks, were killed by extended periods of freezing temperature. While storage at −7°C killed 88% of larvae after 32 days of exposure, −18°C killed 85% after only 1 day and 100% by 8 to 16 days of exposure. Larvae exposed to cold temperatures prior to −18°C exposure appeared to possess enhanced cold resistance but were still killed after 32 days of exposure. Survival of the ichneumonid parasite, Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson), which comprised 92% of the total of all parasites emerging from pecan shucks, was not detectably affected by exposure to cooling (3–5°C) for up to 5 wks. Thereafter, when emergence began to decrease, about half of the parasites in the extended cooling treatment were viable for at least 10 wks. Conversely, 3 other parasites Phanerotoma fasciata Provancher (Braconidae), Macrocentrus instabilis Muesebeck (Braconidae), and Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich (Tachinidae), comprised the remaining 8% of total parasite emergence and survival was severely affected by extended cooling (3–5°C).
Rate of Removal of Fenoxycarb (Logic®) Fire Ant Bait by Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Treated Pastures
Authors: Ferguson J. Scott , Hosmer Alan J. , Green Michael E.
Published: September 2017

Field studies were conducted in Vero Beach, FL, in November 1993 and 1994 to determine the rate of removal of Logic® fire ant bait by red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, from treated improved pastures of bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Fluegge. Logic® fire ant bait was applied at the maximum label rate of 1.68 kg/ha (16.8 g ai/ha). In 1993, fire ants had removed approximately 35% of the granules by 4 h after application and about 67% by 12 h. By 24 h, 82% had been removed. By the last count (48 h after application) about 95% had been removed. In 1994, the granules were removed slightly faster, with about 60% removed by 4 h and 92% by 24 h after application. Nearly 97% of the granules had been removed by the last count (30 h after application). In 1993, several mounds of the ant, Dorymyrmex bureni Trager, were found in the test area while in 1994 only red imported fire ant mounds were present. The results indicate that Logic® fire ant bait is found and harvested very rapidly by fire ant workers under favorable foraging conditions and that a dose which will provide effective population reduction can be obtained in 12 to 24 h after application at 1.68 kg/ha. Additionally, with its low use rate, specificity to certain insects and rapid removal by fire ants, Logic® fire ant bait when used according to label poses minimal risk to non-target organisms.
Seasonal Distribution and Overwintering of Orius insidiosus (Say) in Arkansas
Authors: Elkassabany Nader , Ruberson John R. , Kring Timothy J.
Published: September 2017

The overwintering and seasonal habitats of Orius insidiosus (Say), timing of diapause in field populations, and seasonal population dynamics in selected crop and non-crop habitats were evaluated during 1992 and 1993 at two locations, one on southwestern and the other in central Arkansas. Each location consisted of three square miles (≈ 7.77 km2) of various habitats. Diapause status was determined by dissection. In early spring, females were found primarily on hairy vetch, crimson clover, and hairy buttercup. During that time, these weeds were flowering and were infested with high populations of thrips. During late spring and summer, populations of O. insidiosus increased in association with increasing thrips populations and flowering of corn, grain sorghum, cotton, and soybean. In the fall, population densities declined sharply and became widely dispersed. In the winter, females collected from both locations were in reproductive diapause from early November until mid-March. No males were recovered during the winter or early spring. Females in reproductive diapause were found to overwinter in vegetation, primarily grasses including wheat.
Semiochemistry of Cabbage Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Eurydema and Murgantia)1,3
Authors: Aldrich Jeffrey R. , Avery James W. , Lee Chang-Joo , Graf Jennifer C. , Harrison Dawn J. , Bin Ferdinando
Published: September 2017

The semiochemistry of the common North American pest of crucifers, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (the harlequin bug), and two related European species, Eurydema ventrale L. and E. oleraceum L., was investigated. The metathoracic scent glands of these warningly-colored stink bugs (Pentatomidae) are smaller than the scent glands of most cryptically-colored pentatomids, and the secretions from the scent glands of Murgantia and Eurydema species include two heretofore unknown natural products: (2E,62E)-octadienedial and (2E,6E)-octadiene-l,8-diol diacetate. It also was discovered that when harlequin bug adults are squeezed, they expel a frothy fluid from the margins of the prothorax with a distinctive odor due to the presence of 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine. The presence of alkylmethoxyprazines in the expelled fluid of harlequin bugs extends the known distribution of these compounds to include the Heteroptera, and strengthens the argument that this class of pyrazines constitute a universal warning ordor equivalent to the color red as a visual warning signal.
Effects of Condensed Tannins and Catalpol on Growth and Development of Compsilura concinnata (Diptera: Tachinidae) Reared in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Mallampalli Nikhil , Barbosa Pedro , Weinges Karl
Published: September 2017

Condensed tannin is generally considered an example of a quantitative plant allelochemical defense, and catalpol an example of a qualitative chemical defense. The effects of these compounds on the growth and survival of a tachinid parasitoid, Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), reared in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were compared. Each chemical was incorporated into synthetic diets in a range of ecologically relevant doses and fed to host larvae. Larvae were fed in each of two ways: immediately after parasitization (one day after fourth instar molt), and from egg hatch onward. Growth and survival of unparasitized gypsy moth larvae on test diets were also monitored. No significant effect of either catalpol or condensed tannin on C. concinnata growth or puparial survival was observed. Tannin did lengthen development time of unparasitized host larvae from fourth stadium onward, and lowered pupal weights of larvae fed tannin from egg hatch onward. Catalpol had no significant impact on overall gypsy moth larval development, indicating that this insect is able to compensate for the reduction in weight gain reported to be caused by catalpol in younger larvae. Mortality in all experiments was insignificant. It appears that these phytochemicals are more similar in their effects on the parasitoid than was predicted based on their roles as toxins and digestibility-reducers in herbivores. The data also suggest that generalist tachinid parasitoids such as C. concinnata may be more tolerant of allelochemicals in their host's diet, than their hymenopteran counterparts.
Female Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Mating Success Under Synthetic Sesiid Sex Pheromone Treatment
Authors: Pearson G. A. , Meyer J. R.
Published: September 2017

Field observations of virgin female grape root borers (Vitacea polistiformis Harris) were made throughout daylight periods under different pheromone treatments and doses. The pheromone compounds used were: the grape root borer pheromone, a 99:1 blend of E,Z-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (EZ) and Z,Z-3,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (ZZ); EZ alone; and ZZ alone. Two different pheromone dispensers were used – rubber septa and Shin-Etzu twist-tie ropes. Treatments with 99:1 EZ: ZZ and 100% ZZ significantly reduced the ability of females to attract a mate. Shin-Etzu ropes were the most effective dispenser for prevention of mating.
Low Temperature Effects on Development, Mortality, Fecundity, and Viability of the Ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)1
Authors: Greenberg S. M. , Morales-Ramos J. A. , King E. G.
Published: September 2017

The low temperature threshold for development of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) was 12°C for eggs, 11.5°C for larvae, and 9.5°C for pupae. The developmental time for male or female parasitoids increased by 4.6 to 5.3 times and the preovipositional period of females increased from 2.2 to 9.3 days when the temperature was reduced from 30°C to 15°C. The number of degree-days to complete development was 225.6 for females and 197.2 for males. The mean duration of emergence for C. grandis ranged from 2.6 days at 27°C - 30°C to 5.7 days at 20°C. Reduction of the temperature from 25°C to 15°C increased the death rate of C. grandis 2.3 times and reduced emergence of parasitoid females by 77.8%. The percentage of emergence of females from pupae with the black thorax-yellow abdomen held at temperatures lower than 15°C for 20 days or more and pupae with yellow color held at 5°C for 10 or more days decreased significantly compared with females from pupae held at 25°C. Storage of pupae at 20°C or lower resulted in adult females with reduced fecundity. However, the sex ratio of the progeny was not significantly affected.
Mating Disruption of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cabbage Using a Blend of Pheromones Emitted from the Same Dispenser1
Authors: Mitchell E. R. , Hu G. Y. , Okine J. , McLaughlin J. R.
Published: September 2017

Experiments were conducted in commercial plantings of cabbage in spring 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the efficacy of a blend of pheromones for diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), for disrupting mating when dispensed simultaneously from Yoto-con-S® ‘rope’ dispensers (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). A 12.1-ha cabbage field was treated with pheromone in 1994 using a blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecen-l-ol acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecanol in a 49:50:1 ratio for diamondback moth and (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol in a 98:2 ratio for cabbage looper. The test was repeated in 1995 using a 10.1-ha cabbage field. In 1995, 24.6 ha of cabbage also were treated with a blend of diamondback moth-only pheromone: (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecen-l-ol acetate in a 50:50 ratio. All pheromone treatments were applied at the rate of 1,000 m rope per ha within 2 wk after the cabbage was planted. Captures of diamondback moth and cabbage looper males in traps baited with synthetic pheromones and mating by laboratory-reared sentinel females in pheromone-treated fields were significantly reduced for 7 to 9 wk post-treatment relative to control areas. Larval infestation data on cabbage were insufficient to establish the effect, if any, of the diamondback moth/cabbage looper combination pheromone treatment on cabbage looper control. In 1995, the diamondback moth pheromone only and the diamondback moth/cabbage looper combination pheromone effectively suppressed diamondback moth larval numbers below the composite economic action threshold of 0.3 larva per cabbage plant for approximately 60 days. A single application of pesticide quickly reduced the diamondback moth larval count below the action threshold in the pheromone-treated cabbage, and no further pesticide applications were required. The correspondent control field was sprayed 7 times with pesticides for control of diamondback moth.
Compatibility of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses and Inherited Sterility for Control of Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hamm J. J. , Carpenter J. E.
Published: September 2017

Inherited sterility has been proposed as a means of suppressing the populations of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). If nuclear polyhedrosis viruses could be used to kill larvae, thereby reducing the number of moths in the field populations, fewer moths treated with substerilizing doses of irradiation would need to be released. However, for these two methods to be compatible, the progeny of substerile moths should be no more susceptible to the virus than the progeny of the field populations. The corn earworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Elcar™) was bioassayed against corn earworm larvae from untreated moths and larvae from male, female, and male and female moths treated with 100 Gy of irradiation and larvae from male moths treated with 150 Gy of irradiation. The fall armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus was bioassayed against fall armyworm larvae from untreated moths and larvae from male moths treated with 100 to 150 Gy of irradiation. There was no significant difference between susceptibility of larvae from untreated moths and larvae from irradiated moths. Thus, the use of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses for control of larvae should be compatible with the release of substerilized moths as part of an integrated pest management approach for area-wide management of the corn earworm and fall armyworm.
Biotype Composition of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomiidae) Populations from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina and Virginia
Authors: Ratcliffe Roger H. , Ohm Herbert W. , Patterson Fred L. , Cambron Sue E.
Published: September 2017

Fourteen populations of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), from Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina, and Virginia were evaluated for biotype composition, and two Arkansas populations were tested for response to Hessian fly resistance genes or gene combinations H3, H5, H6, H7H8, and H9 to H19 in wheat. The biotype composition of Hessian fly populations was estimated by confining individual gravid females on the four wheat differential cultivars ‘Monon’ (H3), ‘Magnum’ (H5), ‘Caldwell’ (H6), and ‘Seneca’ (H7H8). The response of Arkansas fly populations to resistance genes was evaluated in replicated tests with wheat germplasm lines or cultivars homozygous for these genes. Hessian fly populations from Arkansas were predominately biotype L, with low levels of biotypes F, G, J, M, and O, depending upon population. Biotype L was predominant in the Illinois, North Carolina, and Virginia populations, although biotype D was present in populations from extreme southwestern Illinois and Virginia and North Carolina. Biotypes G, J, L, M, and O were identified from the west-central Georgia population collected at Griffin, while only biotypes M and O were identified from the southwestern Georgia population, collected at Plains. All fly populations were virulent to resistance genes H3, H5, and H6, while the southwestern Georgia population was avirulent to H7H8. Plants with single resistance genes H9 to H19 varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in their resistance to the two Arkansas populations. Plants with single resistance genes H9, H10, H13, H14, and H16 to H19 conditioned resistance (88 to 100%) to both populations, while plants with single genes Hll, H12, or H15 were susceptible to one or both populations. Wheat germplasm lines developed in the Purdue/USDA program that carry single gene resistances H9, H13, H14, and H16 to H19 should provide useful sources of resistance for developing improved wheat cultivars adapted to the mid-south and southeastern United States.
Survivorship, Development, and Fecundity of Buck Moth (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) on Common Tree Species in the Gulf Coast Urban Forest
Authors: Martinat P. J. , Solomon J. D. , Leininger T. D.
Published: September 2017

Hemileuca maia maia (Drury), the buck moth, is abundant in urban areas of the Gulf Coast region where it defoliates oaks. However, the extent to which the buck moth can survive on other tree species common in the southern urban forest has not been reported. In the laboratory, we studied the suitability and acceptability to larvae of 14 common tree species in New Orleans and determined the extent to which larvae were able to switch to species other than oak midway in their development. Larvae had greater survival, pupal weight, and fecundity, as well as reduced development time, on live oak, water oak, black oak and black cherry than on green ash, sugarberry, sweetgum, red maple, a deciduous ornamental magnolia, American holly, tallow tree, crapemyrtle, mulberry, and black willow. Larvae showed some ability to switch from oak to some non-oak species, but fecundity, pupal weights, and development time were affected as assessed from the time of switch. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of outbreak dynamics of the moth in urban forests.
Evaluation of Trap Cropping and Biological Control Against Southern Corn Rootworm (Coleopetera: Chrysomelidae) in Peanuts
Authors: Barbercheck M.E. , Warrick W.C.
Published: September 2017

Field trials to test the efficacy of trap cropping and biological control for the management of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini) in peanuts were conducted in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Cucurbita maxima Duchesne cv. ‘Blue Hubbard’ was used as a trap crop for adult beetles and the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapse Weiser and Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston, were used as biological control agents against soil-inhabiting larvae. In 1992, peanut yields were highest in treatments that included a trap crop. Trap crop did not affect yield in 1993 or 1994. In 2 out of the 3 years, distribution of pod damage relative to the trap crop suggested that beetles oviposited more frequently in peanuts growing in the row next to the trap crop than in peanuts 3 rows from the trap crop. Although entomopathogenic nematodes persisted for a sufficient period to overlap with the presence of rootworms, they did not affect yield or pod damage in peanuts.
Insect Pests and Arthropod Predators Associated with Tree-Turf Landscapes2
Authors: Ellen Dix Mary , Baxendale Frederick
Published: September 2017

Sweep-nets and pitfall traps were used to examine the distribution and dynamics of predominant predators and pests in turfgrass foliage in parks, golf courses and suburban/rural landscapes in 1991 and 1992. Araneae, Formicidae, and Coccinellidae were the most abundant predators in the sweeps, while Araneae, Formicidae, and) Carabidae were the most abundant predators in the pitfall traps. In both years, Araneae comprised over 60% of the total predators in the sweep samples. Formicidae (>70%) and Araneae (13–19%) were the most abundant arthropod predators in the pitfall samples. Cicadellidae, Chrysomelidae, and Orthoptera accounted for over 96% of the prey in the sweep samples, while Cicadellidae, Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets), and Aphididae comprised over 90% of the prey in the pitfall samples. Abundance of predators and prey, and prey / predator ratios fluctuated with site, date, and distance from the trees. During the season, high prey / predator ratios usually preceded peak prey abundance in the sweep samples. Predators usually were more prevalent in sweep samples closer to tree borders, while prey populations tended to be higher at distances further from the tree borders. These results suggest that tree borders provide food, shelter, and refuge for predators during periods of environmental stress.
Predation of Indianmeal Moth Larvae by Lyctocoris campestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Different Stored Commodities
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Locke L. A.
Published: September 2017

Predation rates for the anthocorid predator Lyctocoris campestris (F.) against varying densities of late-instar Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) were compared in whole corn, whole wheat, or rolled oat stored commodities. More prey were attacked in corn and wheat than in oats, and female predators generally fed on more larvae than did male predators. Predation increased with an increase in prey density. This relationship was best described by a Type II functional response equation. Our results suggest that commodity type affects the number of prey attacked by this predator.
Susceptibility of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Field Rates of Selected Cotton Insecticides2
Authors: Tillman P. Glynn , Scott William
Published: September 2017

The parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) was treated topically with minimum recommended field rates of formulated insecticides commonly used in cotton insect control. The 14 insecticides were acephate, azinphosmethyl, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, fipronil, methomyl, methyl parathion, oxamyl, profenofos, thiodicarb, and AC 303,630. Eleven of the 14 insecticides were extremely toxic to C. marginiventris, causing 80 to 100% mortality of adult wasps, whereas treatment with thiodicarb, oxamyl, and acephate resulted in lower mortality of C. marginiventris males and females. For both male and female C. marginiventris, thiodicarb and oxamyl were less toxic than acephate. Esfenvalerate was the least toxic pyrethroid for C. marginiventris females. Of the three insecticides used in boll weevil control (oxamyl, azinphosmethyl, and methyl parathion), oxamyl was the least toxic to C. marginiventris. Selective use of the insecticides which result in higher survival could facilitate conservation of C. marginiventris.
Influence of Brood on the Nutritional Preferences of the Tropical Ant Species, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr)
Authors: Cornelius Mary L. , Grace J. Kenneth
Published: September 2017

The influence of brood on the nutritional preferences of two ant pests, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr), was examined. Both ant species preferred fruit fly pupae and diamondback moth larvae to tuna and peanut butter. The foraging rates of O. glaber for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon both the food type and the amount of brood present. When O. glaber foragers were presented with a choice of tuna (a less preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate was always greater on sucrose, regardless of the presence of brood. However, when ants were presented with fly pupae (a more preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate on pupae was greater than on sucrose for colonies containing brood and the foraging rate on protein and sucrose was similar for colonies without brood. The foraging rate of P. megacephala for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon the type of protein, but was not affected by the presence of brood.
Survey of the Parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Coastal South Carolina Using Yellow Sticky Traps
Authors: Simmons Alvin M.
Published: September 2017

A survey was conducted to identify which native parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (sweetpotato whitefly strain-B = silverleaf whitefly) are present in coastal South Carolina and to monitor their seasonal abundance. South Carolina is the northern geographic limit of year-round field populations of B. argentifolii in the eastern U.S. Yellow sticky cards were used to monitor the parasitoids. Parasitoid abundance varied over time and among five coastal South Carolina sweetpotato field locations where pesticide was not used. Five species of parasitoids were found (Encarsia pergandiella, E. nigricephala, E. strenua, E. quaintancei, and Eretmocerus sp.). The most abundant species were E. nigricephala and E. pergandiella (89% in 1993; 70% in 1994). No parasitoid fauna of B. argentifolii had heretofore been reported from fields in South Carolina. This background information will aid in developing a biological control component in a management strategy for B. argentifolii.
Isolation and Identification of 2-Phenoxyethanol from a Ballpoint Pen Ink as a Trail-Following Substance of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes sp.
Authors: Chen Jian , Henderson Gregg , Laine Roger A.
Published: September 2017

Isolation and identification of 2-phenoxyethanol from a ballpoint pen ink as a termite trail-following substance was accomplished by using trail-following bioassays, column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This chemical elicited trail-following in both C. formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes sp.
Herbivory, Seed Priming, and Tillage Systems: Impacts on the Growth Response of Pisum sativum L.
Authors: Williams Livy , Schotzko D. J. , O'Keeffe L. E.
Published: September 2017

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of herbivory, seed priming, and tillage practices on the growth response of Pisum sativum L. A factorial treatment design incorporated two levels of tillage treatment (moldboard and chisel plow), three levels of seed priming [Captan, PEG (polyethylene glycol) 8000, and Captan+PEG 8000], and four levels of herbivory by Sitona lineatus (L.) (caged controls, uncaged controls, 1 weevil/plant, and 8 weevils/plant). Pisum sativum stands at approximately 75% emergence were infested for 1 wk. Sitona lineatus infestations resulted in defoliation of approximately 5, 25, and 55% for the control, low, and high weevil densities, respectively. Conservation tillage led to increased surface residue but did not affect soil moisture, temperature, or compensatory growth response of P. sativum. Seed priming treatments, incorporating PEG, led to an undercompensatory growth response of P. sativum, as did high levels of S. lineatus defoliation. Improved seed priming methods that promote vigorous seedling growth may help minimize the impacts of S. lineatus and suboptimal soil conditions on P. sativum.
Increased Ovipositional Attractancy to Surfactant-Treated Broccoli by the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Tests of Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Riggin-Bucci Toni M. , Gould Fred , White Cynthia
Published: September 2017

Studies were conducted to investigate potential mechanisms by which treatment of broccoli leaves with the surfactant Latron CS-7® causes increased diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), oviposition. The importance of vision on oviposition was investigated by use of choice and no-choice tests conducted in the presence of light and in complete darkness. Females oviposited 10.7 and 12.8 times as many eggs on treated plants relative to nontreated plants in the presence and absence of light, respectively, indicating that females do not prefer treated plants based solely on visual cues. Greenhouse studies showed that moths continue to lay significantly more eggs on surfactant-treated plants up to 3 d after initial treatment of plants with Latron CS-7. No difference was observed in larval development or survival on treated versus nontreated plants. Scanning electron microscopy indicated a dramatic difference in wax crystallite morphology of surfactant-treated plants relative to nontreated plants. Ovipositional attractancy of surfactant-treated leaves to diamondback moths could be due to a change in mechanoreceptor cues on the leaf surface or volatile compounds released from the leaf surface as a result of altered plant wax micromorphology.
Influence of Irrigation and Maturity Group on the Seasonal Abundance of Soybean Arthropods
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Layton R. C. , McLaurin W. J. , Mills W. A.
Published: September 2017

The effects of irrigation and soybean maturity group (Group V ‘Forrest’ variety vs Group VII ‘Braxton’ variety) on the seasonal abundance of arthropod pest and beneficial population densities were examined in large-plot field tests at the Attapulgus Research Center in Attapulgus, GA, in 1987 through 1990. In general, soybean plant growth was more abundant, yields were higher, and canopy closure indices were lower in irrigated than in non-irrigated plots for both varieties. Irrigation and the resultant increased soybean vegetation supported a greater overall seasonal abundance of all five of the insect pests monitored: stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spississtilus festinus (Say), and green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.). No overall varietal effects were noted for N. viridula; however, each year, population densities were higher in the early-maturing ‘Forrest’ up to julian day 250 then densities were higher in the later-maturing ‘Braxton’ for the remainder of the grown season. Mean estimates of the seasonal abundance of A. gemmatalis and P. scabra populations were similar between the two varieties; however, P. includens and S. festinus were more abundant on Forrest than on Braxton. Total arthropod predators, including Nabis spp., Geocoris spp., and spiders, also were more abundant on irrigated soybeans, while overall varietal means were similar. Yearly analyses revealed significant irrigation and variety effects for most of the species sampled.
Response of Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to Bifenthrin and Endosulfan by Vial Bioassay in Florida, Georgia and Texas
Authors: Wolfenbarger D. A. , Riley D. G. , Staetz C. A. , Leibee G. L. , Herzog G. A. , Gage E. V.
Published: September 2017

Median lethal concentration (LC50) values of bifenthrin and endosulfan were determined for dead and moribund + dead categories for adults of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring) (formerly sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennadius), strain B), in 3-h vial bioassays in Florida, Georgia, and Texas in 1991 and 1992. For the moribund + dead category in Florida, LC50 values for bifenthrin ranged from 0.00076 to 1.48 μg/vial, a 1,947-fold difference. An LC50 as high as 128.1 μg bifenthrin/vial for adults from cabbage in Texas was determined for the dead category. For endosulfan in Florida, LC50 values of the moribund plus dead categories for endosulfan ranged from 0.04 to 35.6 μg/vial, an 890-fold difference. An LC50 as high as 119.7 μg endosulfan/vial was determined for adults from cotton in Texas for the dead category. The wide ranges of LC50 values for both insecticides suggest the presence of resistant and susceptible whiteflies in all three states.
Evaluation of Unbaited Pyramid Traps for Monitoring and Controlling Plum Curculio Adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apple Orchards
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Marsello Michael , Leskey Tracy C. , Wright Starker E.
Published: September 2017

We investigated unbaited black pyramid traps, placed on the ground, for monitoring overwintered adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in eight large commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts. None of the trap positions for any tree size in any orchard showed a significant positive relationship between the temporal occurrence of adult captures from petal fall until 4 to 5 wks afterward and the temporal occurrence of adult-initiated ovipositional injury to developing fruit during the same period. The amount of adults captured by traps was not significantly related to the amount of injury to fruit caused by adults, either across the entire period of overwintered adult activity or within periods of adult activity before, between or following insecticide applications. Similar traps placed next to trunks of groups of four adjacent trees in a small unmanaged orchard or next to trunks of every tree in a small commercial orchard failed to provide detectable or commercially-acceptable control of plum curculio. An alternative to unbaited pyramid traps on the ground is needed to effectively monitor or control plum curculio in apple orchards in Massachusetts.
Synanthedon rileyana (H. Edwards) Response to Selected Clearwing Pheromone Blends
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Johnson Donn T. , Priesner E.
Published: September 2017

Male moths of the horse nettle borer, Synanthedon rileyana (H. Edwards), were attracted to various blends of (E,Z)-3,13-ODDOH alcohol and (E,Z)-3,13-ODDA acetate. Fields containing horse nettle, Solanum carolinense L., were utilized in Ohio and Arkansas during these attractancy trials in 1988 and 1989. Efficacy was determined by the number of males trapped in sticky traps. The optimum ratio of alcohol to acetate was found to be 100:25 to 100:50 confirming earlier observations and expanding the knowledge through replicated experiments in two states. A second blend of 100:3 (E,Z)-3,13-ODDOH and (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA also attracted more males than the blank traps did at both locations. Seasonal moth emergence, reflected by the number of male moths trapped, begins in Ohio in mid-July and peaks by mid-August.
Pirimiphos-Methyl and Thiabendazole Impact on the Quality of On-Farm Stored Shelled Corn
Authors: Price Bryan D. , Sedlacek John D. , Weston Paul A.
Published: September 2017

A study was conducted to examine the ability of Actellic® (pirimiphos-methyl, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE), an organophosphorous insecticide, and Mertect® 340-F (thiabendazole, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ), a benzimidazole fungicide, to preserve the quality of shelled corn stored for an extended duration in metal grain bins. Treatments included application of pirimiphos-methyl, thiabendazole, pirimiphos-methyl and thiabendazole combined, and untreated control. Corn samples of 0.3 liter were taken bi-monthly with a deep-bin cup probe and kept frozen until processed. Quality parameters examined included total insect contaminants (numbers of insects and insect fragments), numbers of insect-damaged kernels, percent fines, and numbers of kernels with visible fungal growth. Suppression of insects and fungi by Actellic or Mertect was evident, but the overall quality of the corn was not consistently improved by their application.
A Rapid Bioassay for Detection of Adulterated Beeswax
Authors: Aquino Italo S. , Abramson Charles I. , Payton Mark E.
Published: September 2017

Proboscis extension was used to test the ability of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) to detect beeswax adulterated with carnauba wax (Copernicia cerifera Arruda Camara). Subjects were exposed to either 100% beeswax (honeycomb) (e.g., no carnauba wax), 100% beeswax (melted) (e.g., as commercial beeswax cake), 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10% beeswax/carnauba mixtures, 0% beeswax (i.e., 100% carnauba wax), or unscented air. Maximum responding was observed in bees exposed to the scent of honey comb or melted beeswax cake. The addition of as little as 10% carnauba wax was readily detected and resulted in reduced proboscis extensions. Few proboscis extensions occurred to bees exposed to unscented air or 100% carnauba wax. The results indicate that the proboscis extension reflex can be used as a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable bioassay for the detection of adulterated beeswax. The bioassay will be useful in developing countries where chemical and physical methods are unavailable for detecting adulterated beeswax and can serve as an initial component in a comprehensive program of adulteration detection. An equation that predicts the probability of a proboscis response given the percent of adulterated wax is presented.
Mortality of Two Lepidopterans in Response to Selected Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner2
Authors: Ridgway Richard L. , Farrar Robert R.
Published: September 2017

Five commercial granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), were compared for insecticidal activity using treated discs of bean leaves. Three formulations, Dipel 10G®, Full-Bac ECBG™, and Strike BT®, were similar in terms of both mortality and speed of kill. A formulation containing a strain of B. thuringiensis developed by plasmid fusion, Condor G®, caused mortality similar to the other three formulations, but the speed of kill was slower. A fifth formulation containing a B. thuringiensis toxin produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula as result of a gene transfer, M-Peril™, caused substantially less mortality than any of the other formulations. An experimental water dispersible formulation, based on a previously developed granular matrix formulation containing B. thuringiensis and a nutrient-based phagostimulant, caused significantly higher mortality of the European corn borer than a similar formulation without the phagostimulant. Simulated field studies were conducted to study the effects of the phagostimulant on feeding and protection of B. thuringiensis from ultraviolet (UV) light. Bean plants treated with B. thuringiensis and the phagostimulant were exposed to different UV regimes outdoors under canopies made of specialized acrylic plastics and then infested with larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). A significant interaction between the UV regimes and the phagostimulant was found, indicating that the phagostimulant acted both as a feeding stimulant and as a UV protectant to enhance the activity of B. thuringiensis.
Activity and Persistence of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of the Celery Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with A Feeding Stimulant and a Stilbene-Derived Enhancer2
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Ridgway Richard L. , Dively Galen P.
Published: September 2017

A nutrient-based feeding stimulant and a diaminostilbene disulfonic acid-derived enhancer (fluorescent brightener, Blankophor BBH®; Burlington Chemical, Burlington, NC) were evaluated as adjuvants for the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV), against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), on collard, Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala group), cv. ‘Vates’. Tests included holding larvae on sprayed potted plants in the laboratory and bioassays of foliage collected from sprayed plants in the field. The feeding stimulant increased virus-caused mortality in all tests. The enhancer increased virus-caused mortality in the bioassays of field-collected foliage but not in the test of potted plants. Treatments with both materials maintained the greatest levels of activity over time in the field. At the concentration tested on potted plants (up to 0.5% of the spray), the enhancer may have acted as a feeding deterrent. Therefore, on the whole plants, where the larvae were free to move around, effects on feeding behavior may have reduced the effectiveness of the enhancer. In the bioassay of field-collected foliage, larvae were confined on small pieces of foliage and, thus, did not have the option of moving away from the enhancer. Because the enhancer and the feeding stimulant have both been previously reported to also protect viruses from degradation by ultraviolet light, exposure to sunlight in the field could also have contributed to differences in larval mortality.
Evaluation of Bt Transgenic Sweet Corn Hybrids for Resistance to Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using a Meridic Diet Bioassay2
Authors: Wiseman B. R. , Lynch R. E. , Plaisted D. , Warnick D.
Published: September 2017

A laboratory bioassay was used to evaluate Bt transgenic sweet corn hybrids for resistance against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Whorl leaves, silks, and kernels, either fresh or oven-dried and ground with a mill, were incorporated into a dilute pinto bean diet and bioassayed against neonate, 3-, or 6-day-old larvae. Regardless of age of the larvae, results with the diet bioassay using fresh silks, oven-dried silks or fresh kernels were highly correlated with those for the fresh silk bioassay. Differences in susceptibility between insect species to the CrylA(b) toxin produced in the transgenic plants were also readily discernable using the diet bioassay. Based on results of the bioassays, Novartis sweet corn hybrids containing a crylA(b) gene gene for δ-endotoxin production were very highly resistant to leaf, silk and kernel feeding by the corn earworm and highly resistant to leaf and silk feeding by the fall armyworm.
Influence of a Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor on Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Growth and Development Over Successive Generations
Authors: Elden T. C.
Published: September 2017

The influence of leupeptin, a cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitor, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), growth and development was investigated over nine successive generations. Concern that ingestion of proteinase inhibitors by phytophagous insects could induce production of inhibitor-insensitive proteinase activity initiated this investigation. The percent alfalfa weevil larval, pupal and adult survival, and defoliation was significantly lower on alfalfa foliage treated with leupeptin than on untreated foliage in all nine generations tested. Main effects for generations and treatment times generation were nonsignificant for all variables. This study demonstrates that after nine generations leupeptin, when compared to an untreated control, does not lose its ability to significantly inhibit alfalfa weevil growth and development. This suggests that the alfalfa weevil did not utilize or induce other proteinases (digestive enzymes) to compensate for inhibition of one of its major proteinases.
Evaluation of Multiple-Funnel and Slot Traps for Collection of Southern Pine Bark Beetles and Predators
Authors: McCravy Kenneth W. , Nowak John T. , Douce G. Keith , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

Pheromone-baited traps are frequently used for research or in monitoring populations of bark beetles such as the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, and Ips spp. which are important pests of southern pines. We compared the effectiveness of two commercially available trap designs, the multiple-funnel trap and the slot trap, for collection of D. frontalis, three species of Ips, and two of their common predators. Slot traps captured greater numbers of bark beetles while multiple-funnel traps captured more predators. Multiple-funnel traps were judged to be easier to transport and check in the field. This study indicates that slot traps are preferable for monitoring southern bark beetles with the least disruption to natural enemy populations, while multiple-funnel traps are better for monitoring bark beetle/predator ratios. Due to ease of checking and handling, multiple-funnel traps are preferable for uses that involve large numbers of traps, long-distance manual hauling, or frequent relocation of traps.
Harvest with Raking for Control of Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Blodgett Sue L. , Lenssen Andrew W. , Cash S. Dennis
Published: September 2017

Successful implementation of early harvest techniques for alfalfa weevil larval, Hypera postica Gyllenhal, management depends on synchronization between alfalfa growth sufficient for harvest and economic populations of the insect, conditions that frequently occur in Montana. Field trials were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine if the addition of raking to timed harvest would improve the efficacy of alfalfa weevil larvae management, an important cultural control of alfalfa weevil larval populations. Post-baling mean number of alfalfa weevil larvae in stubble were 4.3 (SE = 1.6) and 7.5 (SE = 1.1) per 0.1 m2 for cutting with raking and cutting alone, respectively, (P = 0.06). Nutritive value of forage, as estimated by crude protein and neutral and acid detergent fiber concentrations, did not differ between treatments. Harvest combined with early raking effectively reduced alfalfa weevil larvae populations over cutting alone without compromising nutritive value of forage.
A Sex Attractant for the Siberian Moth Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Klun Jerome A. , Baranchikov Yuri N. , Mastro Victor C. , Hijji Yousef , Nicholson Jesse , Ragenovich Iral , Vshivkova Tamara A.
Published: September 2017

Field trapping experiments were conducted against the Siberian moth, Dendrolimus superans sibiricus Butler, in Siberia, Russia, using traps baited with a virgin female moth or 100 μg synthetic mixtures of C12 straight chain-length aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates alone or in combinations on rubber septa. Traps baited with a 1:1 blend of aldehydes and alcohols captured many males. The capture rate was similar to the rate of capture seen in traps baited with virgin females. The mixture of aldehydes and alcohols (64% Z,E-5,7-dodecadienal, 10% Z-5-dodecenal, 18% E-7-dodecenal, 8% E-6-dodecenal) and (64% Z,E-5,7-dodecadien-1-ol, 10% Z-5-dodecen-1-ol, 18% E-7-dodecen-1-ol, 8% E-6-dodecen-1-ol) can be used as a sex attractant to monitor endemic Siberian moth populations in Asia, and for surveillance and detection of the moth in countries where the insect might be accidentally introduced.
Radiation-Induced Pathology in the Metamorphosis of the Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)2
Authors: Thomas Donald B. , Hallman Guy J.
Published: September 2017

Late third instars of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), exposed to ≥20 Gy of gamma radiation are able to pupariate normally but do not emerge as adults. Contrary to expectations, the imaginal discs were undamaged and metamorphosis to the pupal stage proceeded normally. Rather, development was arrested at the transition from cryptocephalic to phanerocephalic pupa, a process which requires vigorous muscular contractions. Protein metabolism during metamorphosis was found to be retarded in irradiated but living individuals relative to non-irradiated controls. These results suggest that a general radiation sickness is the cause of developmental arrest and eventual death of the pharate insect rather than a specific tissue atrophy.