bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern of cross‐resistance in pyrethroid‐selected populations of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lep., Noctuidae) from India
Authors: Ramasubramanian T. , Regupathy A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  In Helicoverpa armigera, withdrawal of selection pressure resulted in a two‐ to fourfold increase in susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroids and continuous selection enhanced the resistance level by four‐ to fivefold to the respective pyrethroids at the end of the 14th generation. Populations selected for resistance to one pyrethroid showed positive cross‐resistance to all other pyrethroids, but no cross‐resistance to endosulfan and thiodicarb. There was a significant increase in mixed‐function oxidase activity with advancing generation suggesting its possible role in the positive cross‐resistance among the pyrethroids. The induction of carboxyl esterases in pyrethroid‐selected populations may have resulted in the activation of indoxacarb, thereby accounting for the observed negative cross‐resistance.
The effects of the infestation ratio of spiny bollworm (Earias insulana) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on cotton yield grown in semi‐arid region of Turkey
Authors: Unlu L. , Bilgic A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Field studies were conducted in Harran Plain, Turkey, to investigate the infestation of spiny bollworm (SBW) and pink bollworm (PBW) in cotton blind bolls during the period 1999–2001. Blind bolls left on the cotton plants after the harvest were collected, and the PBW and SBW larvae, which are the causes of infection were counted in the laboratory by splitting the bolls. The statistical methods reveal that the infestation ratio variable plays an important role in reducing cotton yield. The infestation ratio variable was found to be statistically significant in all models used. Different soil types may have little effects on yield. We also estimate elasticity of yield with respect to infestation ratio variable. A 1% increase in infestation ratio would reduce about 2.5–6% of cotton yield. Although the infestation ratio of cotton yield is inelastic, which means that the yield is less responsive to the infestation ratio, the elasticity is however an economically important indication because additional cost spent on pests will increase total cost thereby increasing the level where marginal revenue equals the marginal cost.
Antioxidant Metabolism in Asymptomatic Leaves of Verticillium‐infected Pepper Associated with an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus
Authors: Garmendia I. , Goicoechea N. , Aguirreolea J.
Published: December 2004

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus deserticola can alleviate the deleterious effect of Verticillium dahliae on the growth and yield of pepper when pathogen attack occurs during the vegetative stage of growth. As biotic stresses can alter the activity of reaction oxygen species scavenger enzymes, our first objective was to determine if V. dahliae caused biochemical changes in asymptomatic leaves even before the onset of first visible symptoms of the disease in plants, laying special emphasis on antioxidant enzymes. The second aim was to assess if AMF modified the metabolism in leaves of Verticillium‐inoculated plants. Results showed that V. dahliae caused metabolic changes in asymptomatic leaves even before plants had developed disease symptoms, but there were some differences between non‐mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. Non‐mycorrhizal pepper inoculated with the pathogen exhibited an early enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which was not co‐ordinated with increases in any peroxidase activity. The presumably subsequent accumulation of H2O2 could be related to the quick progress of the disease observed in these plants. On the other hand, mycorrhizal plants did not show simultaneous co‐ordination among different antioxidant enzymes, but they had more balanced SOD, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in leaves during the first month after pathogen inoculation than non‐mycorrhizal ones. This fact could be related to the longer maintenance of photosynthetic rates in pathogen‐infected plants associated with AMF observed in previous studies.
Indole‐related Compounds Induce the Resistance to Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe grisea in Barley
Authors: Ueno M. , Kihara J. , Honda Y. , Arase S.
Published: December 2004

When barley leaves pretreated with indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA), tryptamine and tryptophan solutions at 50 μg/ml, which did not show antifungal activity, were inoculated with Magnaporthe grisea spores 24 h after chemical pretreatments, both blast lesion and infection‐hypha formations were significantly inhibited. Such resistance to M. grisea in barley was induced from 12 h after the pretreatment. In barley leaves pretreated with IAA, tryptamine and tryptophan at 50 μg/ml, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), peroxidase and chitinase activities were already significantly enhanced before M. grisea inoculation, when compared with that in distilled water (DW)‐treated leaves as a control. In chemical‐pretreated leaves, furthermore, H2O2 generation was observed by M. grisea inoculation before lesion formation, but not in DW‐pretreated leaves as a control even by M. grisea inoculation. These results suggested that indole‐related compounds IAA, tryptamine and tryptophan can protect barley from M. grisea as functioning as the plant activator. Studies on indole‐related compounds may contribute to develop new plant activators for disease control.
Detection of Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae in Rice Seeds Using BIO‐PCR
Authors: Song W. Y. , Kim H. M. , Hwang C. Y. , Schaad N. W.
Published: December 2004

The bacterium, Acidovorax avenae ssp. avenae causes several important plant diseases including bacterial stripe of rice, bacterial stalk rot of corn, bacterial leaf blight of oats, and red stripe of sugarcane and millet. Although the organism is seed‐borne in rice, no reliable seed assay is available. A semiselective liquid medium based on d‐sorbitol and l‐pyroglutamic acid (SP medium), and two sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed for use in a BIO‐PCR assay for detection of A. avenae ssp. avenae in rice seeds. External primer set, Aaaf3 and Aaar2, and internal primer set, Aaaf5 and Aaar2, designed from a 619 bp fragment of the internal transcribed spacer region of the 16S–23S rDNA of A. avenae ssp. avenae strain CAa4 were specific at the subspecies level. A nested‐PCR assay produced the expected DNA product from 58 rice strains tested but not with DNA from 27 strains of A. avenae ssp. avenae from corn and other hosts. Furthermore, the primers failed to amplify a PCR product from two strains of A. avenae ssp. cattleyae, 10 strains of A. avenae ssp. citrulli, or 64 other bacteria. When A. avenae ssp. avenae was enriched prior to PCR by incubating washings of naturally contaminated rice seeds for 12 h in SP liquid medium, populations of the pathogen increased over 1000‐fold, whereas populations of saprophytic bacteria remained stable. Populations of the target bacterium routinely reached PCR‐detectable levels after seed samples containing as few as 1–2 target cells and up to 104 cfu of other bacteria were soaked overnight in phosphate buffer and then enriched for 12 h in SP liquid medium. Assays of 64 naturally infected rice seed samples resulted in 53 being positive by BIO‐PCR and 34 by classical PCR. The BIO‐PCR assay provides a sensitive, reliable tool for the specific detection of A. avenae ssp. avenae in rice seeds.

The use of trade, firm or corporation names in this publication (or page) is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the United States Department of Agriculture or the Agricultural Research Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
Sonographic imaging of the sciatic nerve and its division in the popliteal fossa in children
Authors: SCHWEMMER ULRICH , MARKUS CHRISTIAN KARL , GREIM CLEMENS ALEXANDER , BREDERLAU JÖRG , TRAUTNER HERBERT , ROEWER NORBERT
Published: December 2004

Background:  High resolution ultrasound is a possible option for anesthetists to detect nerves. We tested the possibility of imaging the sciatic nerve and its division into the tibial and peroneal part using high resolution ultrasound in children.

Methods:  Twelve children up to 45 kg body weight were randomly selected. Using a handheld ultrasound system with a 10 MHz linear array probe the popliteal fossa and the back of the thigh were examined and measured. The sciatic nerve and its division were depicted by ultrasound.

Results:  The sciatic nerve and its division could be displayed in all children. The position of the nerve division showed large anatomical variation.

Conclusions:  Ultrasound opens a window to detect the anatomy of the sciatic nerve in children. In addition, the surrounding anatomical structures can also be depicted. The results suggest a possibility of safe placement of a cannula for blockade of the sciatic nerve under visual control.
The risky business of public–private partnerships
Authors: Hodge Graeme A
Published: December 2004

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) are now a common strand of third way government policy, with better efficiency promised from the private funding of public infrastructure through the transfer of risks to private parties. This paper aims to investigate, on an empirical basis, the realities of risk transfers in PPPs and compare this experience against both the rhetoric of project proponents and the formal contract conditions. The paper outlines some conceptual frameworks underpinning PPPs and establishes the notions of risk shifting and risk sharing. The range of typical risks encountered in infrastructure projects is specially considered, and differences to traditional project delivery arrangements are articulated. Some empirical experience on the transfer of risks under PPPs is then outlined through a case study. This analysis shows the extent to which risks were shifted to the private parties as planned, or whether risks remained with government. It is argued that while commercial risks were largely well managed, governance risks were not. It is critical to understand better the nature of risk transfers in PPPs in view of the large financial implications of these deals along with long contract terms.
The 2004 federal election — party platforms toward the public service
Authors: Wanna John
Published: December 2004

The public service emerged as an election issue some months before John Howard called the election, but was promptly drowned in the mêlée of marginal seat vote‐bidding of the campaign proper. While this report will appear after the electoral outcome is known, it is important to record the policies of the various political party on the public service and to a degree the wider public sector. This includes what was said and what was not. Both main protagonists declared themselves supportive of a ‘truly independent public service’ with Labor critical of the alleged politicisation of senior levels of the service. As suggested in the commentary below, the proposed policy statements of intent tended to tinker at the margins rather than present a blueprint of significant change.
A Small Firm Approach to the Internationalisation of Universities: A Multinational Perspective
Authors: Sugden Roger
Published: December 2004

The paper draws on analysis of industrial economic development to contrast two models of internationalisation in universities. The first is based upon copying and serving large corporations. The suggestion is that adopting this approach would imply significant failures in the educational process. In the extreme, it would result in a world with a small number of first tier universities that fail to serve the interests of the communities and societies in which they operate. The second model is a type of networking, a so‐called multinational web. This draws on the behaviour of certain small firms. It envisages research and learning that is inclusive, enhanced by widened experiences, understanding and options. Rooted in the college of scholars approach, its emphasis is on democracy, positive freedom and multinationalism. These characteristics are illustrated and explored through a case: an on‐going experience of nurturing research and learning in industrial economics.
Long‐lasting contractile action and the inhibitory action of cupric ions on ileal longitudinal muscle
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Nasu T.
Published: December 2004

1 Cupric ions (Cu2+), at concentrations above 0.03 mm, induced a progressive increase in the tonic contraction of guinea‐pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Maximal contraction of 0.1 mm Cu2+ attained a level above that of the 60‐mm K+‐induced tonic response, within 20 min of application. The tension induced by Cu2+ persisted for more than several hours. Tetrodotoxin (3 × 10−6 m) had no effect on the contraction induced by 0.1 mm Cu2+.

2 After incubation in a Ca2+‐free medium, the ileal response to 0.1 mm Cu2+ was lost. Nifedipine, a L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker, dose‐dependently inhibited contractions induced by Cu2+.

3 As the duration of the first application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ increased above 30 min, after washing with normal medium, the contractile response to a second application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ decreased gradually. After 150 min of the first application of 0.1 mm Cu2+, a second application of Cu2+ could not evoke any contraction.

4 After the application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ for 150 min, when muscles were washed with a medium containing 1 mm EDTA, the response to 0.1 mm Cu2+ returned to a greater extent in the normal Ca2+ medium.

5 In conclusion, Cu2+ (0.1 mm) induced a maximal ileal tension above that of the K‐induced tonic response within 20 min. The ileal contraction to Cu2+ persisted for more than several hours and depended on extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. It is possible that a part of Cu2+, bound to a EDTA‐inaccessible site, also has a tension inhibitory effect.
The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake) venom
Authors: Lumsden N. G. , Fry B. G. , Ventura S. , Kini R. M. , Hodgson W. C.
Published: December 2004

1 The great taxonomic and prey base diversity of colubrids (non‐front‐fanged snakes) suggests that their venoms may represent a ‘literal gold mine’ for scientists eager to find novel pharmacological probes (Mackessy, 2002).

2 While pharmacological characterization is lacking for most of these venoms, this is even more so with regard to activity of colubrid venoms on the mammalian autonomic nervous system. This study characterizes the activity of venom from the colubrid, Boiga dendrophila using in vitro smooth muscle preparations and the anaesthetized rat.

3 In the prostatic segment of the rat vas deferens, cumulative additions of venom (1–150 μg ml−1) induced concentration‐dependent inhibition of electrically evoked (0.2 Hz, 0.3 ms, 70–100 V) twitches. The inhibitory effect of venom (100 μg ml−1) was attenuated by 8‐phenyltheophylline (8‐PT) (20 μm) and 8‐cyclopentyl‐1, 3‐dipropylxanthine (20 μm) but not idazoxan (1 μm), or a combination of ranitidine (0.2 μm) and thioperamide (10 μm). The inhibitory effect of venom (100 μg ml−1) was augmented by dipyridamole (10 μm) but abolished by pretreatment with adenosine deaminase (7.5 units/100 μl) suggesting that it contains components with adenosine A1 receptor activity, most likely adenosine.

4 In isolated segments of guinea‐pig ileum, venom (10–100 μg ml−1) caused concentration‐dependent contractions which were inhibited by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (0.1 μm) but not by the histamine receptor antagonist mepyramine (0.5 μm).

5 In the anaesthetized rat, venom (5–7.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) caused a hypotensive effect.

6 Our data suggest that the venom contains components with purinergic and muscarinic receptor activity.
NANOSCALE PROPERTIES OF FRICTION AND LUBRICATION AT SOLID INTERFACES WITH LUBRICANTS
Authors: KAWAGUCHI TAKAAKI , MATSUKAWA HIROSHI
Published: December 2004

Nanoscale frictional phenomena at a solid interface with a lubricant layer are studied numerically. We use a model which consists of two rigid substrate lattices with surface impurities and a lubricant lattice, where the upper substrate is driven by an external force. From the analysis of velocity–velocity correlations, it is found that surface randomness due to impurities cause a correlated lubrication dynamics in the lubricant layer. Such correlation is not observed for clean interfaces. We discuss effects of surface randomness on lubrication dynamics of the lubricant.
MAGNETOELASTIC NANOCRYSTALLINE Co–Ni ALLOYS
Authors: KONG H. Z. , WEE A. T. S. , DING J. , LI Y. , LIU Y.
Published: December 2004

Magnetic susceptibility of the Co – Ni suck-cast plates underwent an abrupt change at 32 at% Ni due to phase transformation. Strain value of Co -32 at% Ni cast plate increased from 54 to 850 με as temperature decreased to 150 K. Phase formation of thin film is dependent upon deposition condition.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COBALT FERRITES MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES IN ALKANETHIOL SOLUTION
Authors: KERK W. T. , LI J. M. , CHIN W. S. , HUAN A. C. H.
Published: December 2004

Magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite have been synthesized in a homogeneous solution containing dodecanethiol at room temperature. The alkanethiol molecules have provided a mean to control the particle size distribution. The uniformed size distribution, crystallinity and morphology of these nanoparticles are characterized with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The stoichiometry of the cobalt ferrite is confirmed by both elemental analysis and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Fabrication of assembled arrays of these nanoparticles on Si (100) have been achieved by slow evaporation of the solution and studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Magnetic properties of the nanoparticles are determined by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and show a magnetization (Ms) of 75.3 emu/g and a coercivity (Hc) of 1500 Oe at room temperature.
Speech-Controlled Human Machine Interaction (Sprachgesteuerte Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion)
Authors: Helbig Jörg , Schindler Bernd
Published: December 2004

This paper deals with speech controlled applications in an industrial environment. Starting from the application areas the requirements resulting from the technical specialities of this field are described. On the basis of example applications and experiences in the practical use, conclusions for the technological realization of speech control systems are derived. The focus is given to the input and output of the audio signals, the data transmission to the speech recognition computer and to the design of dialogues and vocabularies.
Application-Independent Knowledge-Processing in a Task-Oriented Speech-Dialog-System (Applikationsunabhängige Wissensverarbeitung in aufgabenorientierten Sprach-Dialogsystemen)
Authors: te Vrugt Jürgen , Portele Thomas
Published: December 2004

Spoken language dialog systems allow users to control applications by voice. These systems tightly integrate the applications to control them, even though knowledge sources of the building blocks are often configurable. Some dialog systems controlling multiple applications loosen the coupling.

This article introduces a dialog system accessing multiple applications with a dynamic setup that can be changed at run-time, separating the applications from the system. This is achieved by application-independent knowledge processing inside the dialog system based on modular ontological descriptions. A clear interface between dialog system and applications is provided, generic dialog functionality is realized on top of the application independent knowledge processing. Examples illustrate interactions with the system.
Tomografische Rekonstruktion zweier asynchron rotierender Objekte am Beispiel einer hydrodynamischen Kupplung (Tomographic Reconstruction of two Asynchronously Rotating Objects by the Example of a Hydrodynamic Coupling)
Authors: Hoppe Dietrich , Hampel Uwe , Zippe Cornelius , Prasser Horst-Michael , Kernchen Reinhard
Published: December 2004

Zwei asynchron rotierende Objekte sollen gemeinsam tomografisch rekonstruiert werden. Dafür werden tomografische Projektionen immer nur dann vorgenommen, wenn beide Objekte eine bestimmte Relativposition zueinander aufweisen. Die Objekte erscheinen dadurch wie fest miteinander verbunden. Vorhandene radiale Symmetrien der Objekte können ausgenutzt werden. Als praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel dient eine hydrodynamische Kupplung.
Body Art
Authors: Peace William J.
Published: December 2004

Body Art: Marks of Identity. American Museum of Natural History, New York, November 20, 1999–May 29, 2000.
Redefining the Ethnographic Object: An Anthropology Museum Turns Fifty
Authors: Mathur Saloni
Published: December 2004

Exhibit A: Objects of Intrigue. Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, March 9, 1999–March 31, 2000.

Objects and Expressions: Celebrating the Collections of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. Vancouver: Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 1999.
Canaan and Ancient Israel
Authors: Rosen Steven A.
Published: December 2004

Canaan and Ancient Israel. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, permanent installation.
Malinowsk's Kiriwina: Fieldwork Photography 1915–1918
Authors: Edwards Elizabeth
Published: December 2004

Malinowsk's Kiriwina: Fieldwork Photography 1915–1918. Michael M. Young. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998. 306pp.
Paradise Bent
Authors: Holmes Lowell D.
Published: December 2004

Paradise Bent. 1999. 51 minutes, color. video by Heather Croall. For more information, contact Beyond Distribution, PTY LTD, 53‐55 Brisbane Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Sydney, Australia; or 1875 Century Park East, Suite 1320, Los Angeles, CA 90067.
For These Eyes
Authors: Robben Antonius C. G. M.
Published: December 2004

For These Eyes. 1997. 52 minutes, color. film by Gonzalo Arijón and Virginia Martinez. For more information, contact First Run/Icarus Films. 153 Waverly Place, New York. NY 10014.
Coming from the Caribbean: Knowledge Production and Cultural Transformations
Authors: Bolles A. Lynn
Published: December 2004

Uprooted Women: Migrant Domestics in the Caribbean. Paula L. Aymer. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 172 pp.

Caribbean Portraits: Essays on Gender Ideologies and Identities. Christine Barrow. ed. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 1997. 497 pp.

The Parish behind God's Back: Changing Culture of Rural Barbados. George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.240 pp.

Daughters of Caliban: Caribbean Women in the Twentieth Century. Consuelo Lopez Springfield. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 316 pp.
The Persistence of Sail in the Age of Steam: Underwater Archaeological Evidence from the Dry Tortugas
Authors: Kane Adam I.
Published: December 2004

The Persistence of Sail in the Age of Steam: Underwater Archaeological Evidence from the Dry Tortugas. Donna J. Souza. New York: Plenum Press, 1998. 189 pp.
Language, Identity, and Marginality in Indonesia: The Changing Nature of Ritual Speech on the Island of Sumba
Authors: Hoskins Janet
Published: December 2004

Language, Identity, and Marginality in Indonesia: The Changing Nature of Ritual Speech on the Island of Sumba. Joel C. Kuipers. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 185 pp.
Perspectives on Human Sexuality
Authors: Trevathan Wenda
Published: December 2004

Perspectives on Human Sexuality. Anne Bolin and Patricia Whelehan. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1999. 503 pp.
Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People
Authors: Goldstein Daniel M.
Published: December 2004

Pathways of Memory and Power: Ethnography and History among an Andean People. Thomas A. Abercrombie. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. 603 pp.
The Need for Enemies: A Bestiary of Political Forms
Authors: Menon Usha
Published: December 2004

The Need for Enemies:. Bestiary of Political Forms. F. G. Bailey. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998. 223 pp.
Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore
Authors: Ahroni Reuben
Published: December 2004

Holy Writ as Oral Lit: The Bible as Folklore. Alan Dundes. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999. 131 pp.
Introduction to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change
Authors: Mills David
Published: December 2004

Introduction to Action Research: Social Research for Social Change. Davydd J. Greenwood and Morten Levin. Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage. 1998. 274 pp.
Kindreds of the Earth: Badaga Household Structure and Demography
Authors: Basu Alaka
Published: December 2004

Kindreds of the Earth: Badaga Household Structure and Demography. Paul Hackings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. 302 pp.
Illness and Culture in the Postmodern Age
Authors: Bell James
Published: December 2004

Illness and Culture in the Postmodern Age. David B. Morris. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 345 pp.
Two Approaches to an Archaeology of the Social
Authors: Hodder Ian
Published: December 2004

Social Theory in Archaeology. Michael Brian Schiffer. ed. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000. 235 pp.

Social Transformations In Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives. Kristian Kristiansen and Michael Row. lands. London: Routledge, 1998. 438 pp.
Modern Reflex
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: December 2004

Facing Modernity: Ambivalence, Reflexivity and Morality. Barry Smart. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999.206 pp.

Questions of Modernity. Timothy Mitchell. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 229 pp.
Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science
Authors: Marks Jonathan
Published: December 2004

Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as. Science. Robert Aunger. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.242 pp.
The Politics of Gender after Socialism: A Comparative‐Historical Essay
Authors: Verdery Katherine
Published: December 2004

The Politics of Gender after Socialism:. Comparative‐Historical Essay. Susan Gal and Gail Kligman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.169 pp.
Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking
Authors: Kendall Laurel
Published: December 2004

Shamans and Religion: An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking. Alice Beck Kehoe. Prospect Heights, 1L: Waveland Press, 2000. 125 pp.
God‐Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia
Authors: Hawkey Diane E.
Published: December 2004

God‐Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology in South Asia. Kenneth A. R. Kennedy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.480 pp.
Women and Households in Indonesia: Cultural Notions and Social Practices
Authors: Nourse Jennifer
Published: December 2004

Women and Households in Indonesia: Cultural Notions and Social Practices. Juliette Koning. Marleen Nolten. Janet Rodenburg. and Ratna Saptari. eds. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. 2000 pp.
Cultural Psychiatry and Medical Anthropology: An Introduction and Reader
Authors: Cravalho Mark A.
Published: December 2004

Cultural Psychiatry and Medical Anthropology: An Introduction and Reader. Roland Littlewood and Simon Dein. eds. London: Athlone Press, 2000.398 pp.
Gender and Anthropology
Authors: Scandlyn Jean N.
Published: December 2004

Gender and Anthropology. Frances E. Mascia‐Lees and Nancy Johnson Black. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2000. 128 pp.
Colonial "Reformation" in the Highlands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1892‐1995
Authors: George Kenneth M.
Published: December 2004

Colonial "Reformation" in the Highlands of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1892‐1995. Albert Schrauwers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. 279 pp.
Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond
Authors: Barkow Jerome H.
Published: December 2004

Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond. Ullica Segerstrile. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.493 pp.
How It Came to Be: Carl O. Sauer, Franz Boas, and the Meaning of Anthropogeography
Authors: Mathewson Kent
Published: December 2004

How It Came to Be: Carl O. Sauer, Franz Boas, and the Meaning of Anthropogeography. William W. Speth. Ellensburg, WA: Ephemera Press. 268 pp.
Measuring Mamma's Milk: Fascism and the Medicalization of Maternity in Italy
Authors: Counihan Carole M.
Published: December 2004

Measuring Mamma's Milk: Fascism and the Medicalization of Maternity in Italy. Elizabeth Dixon Whitaker. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 358 pp.
Global Health Policy, Local Realities: The Fallacy of the Level Playing Field
Authors: Lurie Sue Gena
Published: December 2004

Global Health Policy, Local Realities: The Fallacy of the Level Playing Field. Linda M. Whiteford and Lenore Manderson. eds. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. 331pp.
Food Rules: Hunting, Sharing, and Tabooing Game in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Pollock Nancy J.
Published: December 2004

Food Rules: Hunting, Sharing, and Tabooing Game in Papua New Guinea. Harriet Whitehead. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. 330 pp.
The American Anthropological Association and the Values of Science, 1935‐70
Authors: Trencher Susan R.
Published: December 2004

American anthropologists have repeatedly addressed questions about the nature of anthropology as a science and the relationship of anthropology to society. Complex interactions between anthropology and political events in American life have challenged definitions of science, including anthropologists as citizens, scientists, and professionals and the roles they appropriately play. A series of exchanges and events between the 1930s and 1970 are examined in order to shed light on some of the recurrent dilemmas of definition and practice in anthropology as anthropologists have grappled with them in different times and in relation to different contexts. [Keywords: U.S. anthropology, U.S. history, science]
Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine
Authors: Prins Harald E.L.
Published: December 2004

Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine. Bruce J. Bourque. with Steven L. Cox and Ruth H. Whitehead. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.368 pp.
Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader
Authors: Eisenlohr Patrick
Published: December 2004

Linguistic Anthropology:. Reader. Alessandro Duranti. ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. 493 pp.
Culture: The Anthropologists' Account
Authors: Yengoyan Aram A.
Published: December 2004

Culture: The Anthropologists' Account. Adam Kuper. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. 299 pp.
Cultivating Dissent: Work, Identity and Praxis in Rural Languedoc
Authors: Schippers Thomas K.
Published: December 2004

Cultivating Dissent: Work, Identity and Praxis in Rural Languedoc. Winnie Lem. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. 247 pp.
Casas Grandes and Its Hinterland: Regional Organization in Northwest Mexico
Authors: Schaafsma Curtis
Published: December 2004

Casas Grandes and Its Hinterland: Regional Organization in Northwest Mexico. Michael E. Whalen and Paul E. Minnis. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001. 250 pp.
Where Is "Africa"? Re‐Viewing Art and Artifact in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Phillips Ruth B.
Published: December 2004

The Sainsbury African Galleries. The British Museum, London. Long‐term exhibition, opened March 2001.

African Worlds. The Horniman Museum and Gardens, London. Long‐term exhibition, opened April 1999.

African Voices. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Long‐term exhibition, opened December 1999.
The Museum of the City of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Juli Harold D.
Published: December 2004

The Museum of the City of Cholula, Puebla, Mexico. Permanent installations, opened September 2001.
Memory and Violence
Authors: Peacock James
Published: December 2004

Perilous Memories: The Asia‐Pacific War(s). T. Fujitani. Geoffrey M. White. and Lisa Yoneyama. eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 472 pp.

Disturbing Remains: Memory, History and Crisis in the Twentieth Century. Michael S. Roth and Charles G. Salas. eds. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications, 2001. 300 pp.
Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist
Authors: Dinan Elizabeth
Published: December 2004

Grahame Clark: An Intellectual Biography of an Archaeologist. Brian Fagan. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2001. 320 pp.
The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing
Authors: Maxwell Judith M.
Published: December 2004

The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Stephen Houston. Oswaldo Chinchilla Mazariegos. and David Stuart. eds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001. 576 pp.
Changing Food Habits: Case Studies from Africa, South America, and Europe
Authors: Smart Josephine
Published: December 2004

Changing Food Habits: Case Studies from Africa, South America, and Europe. Carola Lentz. ed. Newark, NJ: Gardon and Breach Publishing, 1999. 296 pp.
Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes: The Islands of the Sun and the Moon
Authors: Moore Jerry D.
Published: December 2004

Ritual and Pilgrimage in the Ancient Andes: The Islands of the Sun and the Moon. Brian S. Bauer and Charles Stanish. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.330 pp.
Inside Organizations: Anthropologists at Work
Authors: Jordan Ann T.
Published: December 2004

Inside Organizations: Anthropologists at Work. David N. Gellner and Eric Hirsch. eds. Oxford: Oxford International Publishers, 2001. 256 pp.
The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism as Cultural Performance
Authors: Norget Kristin
Published: December 2004

The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism as Cultural Performance. David M. Guss. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 252 pp.
Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande
Authors: Brown Diana
Published: December 2004

Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande. Barbara G. Hoffman. in collaboration with Kassim Kone. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. 298 pp.
Team Spirits: The Native American Mascot Controversy
Authors: Krouse Susan Applegate
Published: December 2004

Team Spirits: The Native American Mascot Controversy. C. Richard King and Charles Fruehling Springwood. eds. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 356 pp.
Hunting the Gatherers: Ethnographic Collectors, Agents, and Agency in Melanesia, 1870s–1930s
Authors: Cannizzo Jeanne
Published: December 2004

Hunting the Gatherers: Ethnographic Collectors, Agents, and Agency in Melanesia, 1870s–1930s. Michael O'Hanlon and Robert L. Welsch. eds. Salem: Peabody Essex Museum,2001 .268 pp.
Of Wonders and Wise Men: Religion and Popular Cultures in Southeast Mexico, 1800–1876
Authors: Jones Grant D.
Published: December 2004

Of Wonders and Wise Men: Religion and Popular Cultures in Southeast Mexico, 1800–1876. Terry Rugeley. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001. 384 pp.
When the Hands Are Many: Community and Social Change in Rural Haiti
Authors: Chierici Rose‐Marie
Published: December 2004

When the Hands Are Many: Community and Social Change in Rural Haiti. Jennie M. Smith. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. 229 pp.
An Esthetic Technique to Fill Screw-Retained Fixed Prostheses
Authors: Taylor Ryan C. , Ghoneim Ashraf S. , McGlumphy Edwin A.
Published: December 2004

Currently, many composite materials have been used in the filling of access openings for screw-retained implant prosthesis. The main disadvantage of these materials is the compromise in esthetics that they place on the implant crown. An additional disadvantage is leakage of bacterial contaminants around traditional light-cured composites placed in the screw access hole. This article introduces a technique that uses opaqueing composites and the expansion properties of panacea (Zeza Inc, Chester, NY) resin to help remedy these problems. The fabrication of the silicone obturator is explained in previous literature. By following this technique, the dentist can use resin to decrease microleakage and opaqueing composite to improve esthetics.
Insider and outsider status: An African American perspective
Authors: Smith Sherwood
Published: December 2004

This chapter addresses the dual status of African American faculty in adult education as both a marginalized group and as a group central to the collective identity of adult education in the United States.
Electrical Discharges under High Voltage on Surface of Silica‐Nickel Ceramic Composites
Authors: Jankowiak A. , Blanchart P.
Published: December 2004

Strong electrical breakdowns on surface of Silica‐Nickel cermets are obtained under pulsed electric field. The electric field is significantly lower than for breakdowns at a similar air gap under the same atmosphere pressure. This hot plasma‐like process can be used for gas or liquid ignition. Processes follow the Paschen's and the Fowler‐Nordheim's laws at surface micro‐protrusions, when the current percolates through the composite material.
Sono‐ and Photochemical Routes for the Formation of Highly Dispersed Gold Nanoclusters in Mesoporous Titania Films
Authors: Yu J. C. , Wang X.‐C. , Wu L. , Ho W.‐K. , Zhang L.‐Z. , Zhou G.‐T.
Published: December 2004

A sono‐ and photochemical approach has been developed to incorporate highly dispersed gold nanoclusters into mesoporous TiO2 films. The first step involves the sonication of a TiO2 film immersed in a gold chloride solution. This effectively removes the air trapped in the porous film matrix and drives the gold chloride into the pore channels, leading to a homogeneous adsorption of ionic Au in the TiO2 mesoporous matrix. The second step takes advantage of the photocatalytic property of TiO2 to reduce the adsorbed Au ions to Au0. As the gold nanoclusters thus produced are stabilized by the TiO2 mesonetwork, no organic capping molecules are required. Highly dispersed Au/TiO2 nanoheterojunction arrays can be obtained using this interesting approach.
Dynamics of drop impact on solid surface: Experiments and VOF simulations
Authors: Gunjal Prashant R. , Ranade Vivek V. , Chaudhari Raghunath V.
Published: December 2004

The process of spreading/recoiling of a liquid drop after collision with a flat solid surface was experimentally and computationally studied to identify the key issues in spreading of a liquid drop on a solid surface. The long‐term objective of this study is to gain an insight in the phenomenon of wetting of solid particles in the trickle‐bed reactors. Interaction of a falling liquid drop with a solid surface (impact, spreading, recoiling, and bouncing) was studied using a high‐speed digital camera. Experimental data on dynamics of a drop impact on flat surfaces (glass and Teflon) are reported over a range of Reynolds numbers (550–2500) and Weber numbers (2–20). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) approach, was used to simulate drop dynamics on the flat surfaces. The experimental results were compared with the CFD simulations. Simulations showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. A VOF‐based computational model was able to capture key features of the interaction of a liquid drop with solid surfaces. The CFD simulations provide information about finer details of drop interaction with the solid surface. Information about gas–liquid and liquid–solid drag obtained from VOF simulations would be useful for CFD modeling of trickle‐bed reactors. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 59–78, 2005
Ligandeninduzierte Bewegungseinschränkung mit Stärkung nichtkovalenter Wechselwirkungen in Rezeptoren und Enzymen: Quelle für Bindungsenergie und katalytische Wirkung
Authors: Williams Dudley H. , Stephens Elaine , O'Brien Dominic P. , Zhou Min
Published: December 2004

Nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen werden bisweilen als additiv behandelt. Mit diesem Verfahren lassen sich brauchbare mittlere Bindungsenergien für typische Wechselwirkungen in wässriger Lösung ableiten, der Ansatz scheitert jedoch in vielen Fällen, da sich nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen oft gegenseitig verstärken (positiv kooperativ sind) oder abschwächen (negativ kooperativ sind). Bindungsenergie wird gewonnen, wenn ein Ligand die innere Beweglichkeit seines Rezeptors einschränkt (positiv kooperative Bindung). Auf ähnliche Weise wird bei enzymatisch katalysierten Reaktionen Energie für die Bindung des Übergangszustands gewonnen, wenn das Substrat im Übergangszustand innere Bewegungen des Enzyms einschränkt. Liganden und Substrate erhöhen auf diese Weise ihre Affinitäten für Proteine. Diese Organisation geht einher mit einem Gewinn an Bindungsenthalpie und einer Einschränkung der Dynamik (einem Entropieaufwand), erfordert aber nicht, dass neue nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen entstehen, sondern lediglich, dass die bereits existierenden Wechselwirkungen gestärkt werden. Negativ kooperative Effekte wirken sich umgekehrt aus: Die Packungsdichte wird verringert, und Enthalpie wird aufgewendet, während Entropie gewonnen wird.
Involution of lymphoid organs in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the western Gulf of Mexico: Implications for life in an aquatic environment
Authors: Clark Lance S. , Turner Jason P. , Cowan Daniel F.
Published: December 2004

Involution of lymphoid tissues in relation to age has not been defined for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Twenty‐five bottlenose dolphins from the coast of Texas and western Louisiana were examined and complete necropsies were performed with histological samples taken of nearly all tissues. Ages ranged from several days to 27 years. The histology of four lymphoid organs—thymus, pharyngeal tonsil, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the colon, and anal tonsil—was assessed. Numerical scores were assigned to specific morphological features, thus creating an involution score. Definable and scorable features of each organ were selected for evaluation and determination of loss of lymphoid elements. Neonatal dolphins were recorded as the reference standard for no involution. The highest score for each organ represented the greatest amount of retention of tissue elements. Thus, the lower the score, the greater degree of involution. Comparing involution scores to tooth age permitted an assessment of involution over time. The greatest degree of involution was found in the MALT of the colon. The MALT of the colon declined dramatically so that after age 10 it was absent from 4 of 14 animals and minimally present in 8 others. Thymic tissue also suffered a precipitous drop in volume after about age 5, but was found in animals up to 24 years of age. Involution was moderate and variable in both pharyngeal and anal tonsils. In some animals, these tissues were reduced in volume early, and prominent in others well into adult life (over 20 years). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression patterns of mRNAs for P2X receptor subunits in neurochemically characterized dorsal root ganglion neurons in the rat
Authors: Kobayashi Kimiko , Fukuoka Tetsuo , Yamanaka Hiroki , Dai Yi , Obata Koichi , Tokunaga Atsushi , Noguchi Koichi
Published: December 2004

The ionotropic purine receptors, P2X receptors, are composed of an assembly of multiple P2X subunits. At present, seven subunits have been cloned and named “P2X1–7.” We examined the precise distribution of mRNAs for these subunits in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) using riboprobes and characterized their expression among some neuronal subpopulations by ISHH and immunohistochemistry. P2X1 was not expressed by DRG neurons. P2X2 mRNA was preferentially expressed by neurofilament (NF)‐200 negative small‐sized neurons expressing Ret, but not TrkA or TrkC mRNAs. P2X3 mRNA was mainly expressed by NF‐200‐negative neurons. Most P2X3‐positive neurons had Ret mRNA, and about a half of them coexpressed TrkA and TRPV1 mRNAs. P2X4 was the most ubiquitous subunit, evenly distributing among all examined neuronal subpopulations. P2X5 and P2X6 were expressed by about half of the neurons, and most of these neurons were NF‐200‐positive. P2X7 mRNA‐expressing neurons were quite rare. We further examined the coexpression of all pairs of P2X2‐P2X6 mRNAs in DRG neurons and found that: 1) P2X4 was always present in combination with the other subunits. 2) All TrkC neurons had three subunits, P2X4, P2X5, and P2X6, and made up 32% of the total neurons. 3) 12.5% of the total neurons had both P2X2 and P2X3. 4) 12.9% of the neurons had both P2X3 and P2X5. We determined the neuronal subpopulation‐specific distribution of P2X subunits in the DRG. These findings suggest possible combinations of subunits of native P2X receptor in DRG neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:377–390, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Water–Hydrogen Fluoride Equimolar Mixture
Authors: Simon Christian , Klein Michael L.
Published: December 2004

Hydrogen fluoride and water can be mixed in any proportion. The resulting solutions have unique acidic properties. In particular, hydrogen fluoride undergoes a weak‐to‐strong acidity transition with increasing concentration of HF. To supplement the knowledge already obtained on dilute or moderately concentrated solutions and gas‐phase aggregates, an equimolar mixture is studied here by Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics. The natures of the ions and of the complexes formed in the equimolar liquid were determined. Specifically, H3O+, H5O2+, FHOH2, and HF2− were spontaneously obtained while only hydronium and fluoride ions pre‐exist in the equimolar crystal. The behaviour of the proton in the equimolar liquid was compared with mixtures of other proportions simulated previously in an attempt to relate proton dynamics to acidity. In the same way, the behaviour of HF2− was also examined. In this case, proton localization and transfer appeared to be driven by the fluctuating environment of the solvated ion.
CCR4‐deficient mice show prolonged graft survival in a chronic cardiac transplant rejection model
Authors: Hüser Norbert , Tertilt Christine , Gerauer Klaus , Maier Stefan , Traeger Tobias , Aßfalg Volker , Reiter Rudolf , Heidecke Claus‐Dieter , Pfeffer Klaus
Published: December 2004

Chronic graft rejection mediated by cellular immune responses still poses a serious clinical problem in transplant surgery. Chemokines coordinate the recruitment of leukocytes in inflammatory and immune responses. Their precise functions in the rejection of allografts are still ill defined. This study investigates the role of chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Allogeneic hearts were transplanted into CCR4 deficient (CCR4–/–) and control recipients. Reverse transcription‐PCR showed transcription of macrophage‐derived chemokine and thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine, the cognate chemokine ligands of CCR4, within the graft. Compared to wild‐type controls, acute allograft rejection in CCR4–/– recipients was only slightly prolonged. In contrast, in a gallium nitrate chronic cardiac allograft rejection model, cardiac graft survival was significantly prolonged in CCR4–/– recipients. A relative increase in the percentage of graft infiltrating CD8+ T cells in CCR4–/– recipients was observed 30 days after transplantation and was accompanied by a decrease in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the percentage of NK1.1+CD3+ graft‐infiltrating cells was significantly reduced on day 5 and day 30 post transplantation. These findings indicate that CCR4 is involved in the recruitment of NK1.1+CD3+ cells into cardiac allografts and clearly establish an important and novel role for CCR4 in chronic graft rejection.