bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil seed bank from lowland rain forest in Singapore:
canopy-gap and litter-gap demanders
Authors: METCALFE DANIEL J. , TURNER I. M.
Published: July 2002

The vast array of species found in the humid lowland tropical forests of the world are frequently divided into two general groups, light-demanders and shade-tolerators (Denslow 1980, Swaine & Whitmore 1988). In this dichotomy the characteristics of the gap-demanders are often given to include small seed size, dormancy mechanisms, potentially rapid growth, and requirement of direct sunlight for germination and establishment. Conversely, shade-tolerators are considered to have large, short-lived seeds, the potential to germinate in canopy shade and an ability to grow slowly in deep shade (Swaine & Whitmore 1988). Failing to conform to either general pattern, small-seeded shade-tolerant species have been documented from both the Central American and South-east Asian tropics (Ellison at al., Metcalfe & Grubb 1995). Some of these small-seeded species have been shown to be able to germinate in filtered light approximating to canopy shade (Metcalfe 1996), and seedlings of other small-seeded species have been recorded growing under a closed canopy (Grubb 1996, Kiew 1988, Raich & Gong 1990). Several taxa shown by Metcalfe (1996) and Metcalfe & Grubb (1997) to be small-seeded and shade-tolerant were found in considerable numbers in the soil seed bank in Sabah by Kennedy (1991), and one (Urophyllum glabrum) by Putz & Appanah (1987) in Peninsular Malaysia. Species with small seeds (less than about 1-10 mg) do not have the resources to emerge from underneath a covering of leaf litter, and require litter-free sites for successful establishment (Guzmán-Grajales & Walker 1991, Molofsky & Augspurger 1992, Putz 1983).
Ecological relationships of a guild of tropical beetles breeding in Cecropia petioles in Costa Rica
Authors: JORDAL BJARTE H. , KIRKENDALL LAWRENCE R.
Published: July 2002

Petioles are not usually thought of as a habitat for wood-boring insects. The large, woody leaf petioles of Neotropical Cecropia trees, however, have a diverse coleopterous fauna: 36 beetle species in three subfamilies of Cerambycidae and Curculionidae were recorded from Cecropia leafstalks in Costa Rica. A high percentage of the petioles were colonized by beetles in many patches, though fewer were colonized in sun-exposed sites. Community composition was dependent on forest type, petiole moisture and geographical location, but not on the species of Cecropia. Species of Scolytinae were most abundant though species of Zygopinae and Lamiinae were found regularly. The host-specific scolytine genus Scolytodes dominated in most localities, although species of Hypothenemus, Coccotrypes and Xylosandrus morigerus occurred frequently. Sympatric species of Scolytodes clearly used different parts of the petioles. Brood sizes of scolytine beetles were extremely low, ranging from two to ten offspring on average. However, mortality due to parasitoid wasps or predators was low, and since fresh leaves fall close to the previously fallen ones, mortality due to dispersal may also be low. Thus, large beetle populations can exist despite extremely low brood sizes.
Was women's work bad for babies? A view from the 1911 census
of England and Wales
Authors: GARRETT EILIDH M.
Published: July 2002

Comments penned in the late-Victorian and Edwardian eras leave
few
doubts that many contemporaries believed that women's work (in the
sense of paid employment), particularly that of married women, was bad
for babies. Mothers who were employed in industry received particular
condemnation, accused by their critics of abandoning their children with
the most inadequate of childcare arrangements. As H. Jones, a doctor, put
it in 1894:

The children of women engaged in industrial occupations suffer from
the effects of maternal
neglect. They are handicapped from the moment of their birth in the struggle
for existence,
and have to contend not only against the inevitable perils of infancy but
also against perils
due to their neglect by their mothers, and the ignorance of those to whose
care they are
entrusted.

Such views did not go unchallenged, however, even at the turn of the
century. Some of Jones's critics, for instance, noting his particular
antipathy to women undertaking industrial occupations, argued that it
was the generally insanitary condition of the towns where women found
industrial employment which underlay the poor survival of their infants,
rather than their mothers' employment per se.
GENERALIZABILITY AND AUTOMATICITY OF SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING
UNDER IMPLICIT, INCIDENTAL, ENHANCED, AND INSTRUCTED CONDITIONS
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: July 2002

This experimental study examines the extent to which 60 adult Japanese ESL learners were
able to acquire a rule regulating the argument structure frames of novel verbs of English after
exposure to grammatical examples of sentences containing the verbs. Training took place under
conditions with no focus on form (implicit and incidental conditions) and with focus on form
(enhanced and instructed conditions). The presentation of instances during training was
manipulated as a test of predictions made by Logan's (1988, 1990, 1992) memory-based
instance theory of automaticity. Results measured in reaction times show similar
slopes for automaticity on trained examples in each condition but significant differences in the
extent of learning, with the focus on form conditions outperforming the no focus on form
conditions in transfer of learned knowledge to accurate judgments of new ungrammatical
sentences. Implications are drawn from the results regarding the acquisition of rule-based versus
memory-based knowledge from exposure to stimuli in each training condition and the influence
of this knowledge on decision-making about grammaticality during the transfer task.
CHANGES OVER TIME IN GLOBAL FOREIGN ACCENT AND LIQUID
IDENTIFIABILITY AND ACCURACY
Authors: Riney Timothy J. , Flege James E.
Published: July 2002

This study assessed global foreign accent in sentences and the production of two English
consonants, /[upside-down r]/ and /l/, by 11 Japanese college students during
their freshman and senior years (T1, T2). In Experiment 1, native English-speaking listeners
rated five sentences spoken by the Japanese speakers and five native English control speakers.
Experiments 2 and 3 examined 25 word onsets containing /[upside-down r]/ and
/l/. Auditory evaluations by native English-speaking listeners were used to determine:
(a) to what extent the consonants produced could be identified as intended at T1 and T2; and (b)
whether /[upside-down r]/ and /l/ were produced more accurately at T2 than
at T1. The results provided little support for a markedness hypothesis based on statistical
frequencies and mixed support for a hypothesis based on perception studies. Some speakers
made significant improvement, however, in both global foreign accent and liquid identifiability
and accuracy.
l-1 summability of multiple Fourier integrals and positivity
Authors: BERENS HUBERT , XU YUAN
Published: July 2002

Let f∈L1(ℝd),
and let fˆ be its Fourier integral. We study summability
of the l-1 partial integral
S(1)R, d(f; x)=
∫[mid ]v[mid ][les ]Reiv·xfˆ(v)dv, x∈ℝd;
note that the integral ranges over the l1-ball in
ℝd
centred at the origin with radius R>0. As a central result
we
prove that for δ[ges ]2d−1 the l-1 Riesz
(R, δ) means of the inverse Fourier integral
are positive, the lower bound being best possible. Moreover, we will give
an
l-1 analogue of Schoenberg's modification of Bochner's theorem
on positive definite functions on ℝd as well as
an
extention of Polya's sufficiency condition.
Analysis and resolution of protected area–people conflicts in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, India
Authors: MAIKHURI R.K. , NAUTIYAL S. , RAO K.S. , CHANDRASEKHAR K. , GAVALI R. , SAXENA K.G.
Published: July 2002

Conflicts between local people and protected area managers are a common problem in developing countries, but in many cases there has been little attempt to comprehensively characterize the underlying problems. Resource uses, management practices, economy and people's perceptions of problems and likely solutions were analysed in two villages near
and two villages away from the core zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in the Indian Himalaya. Agriculture, although practised on less than 1% of the area, was the primary occupation of local people. Six annual crops of a total of 22 and all four horticultural crops on private farms were damaged by wildlife, but Reserve management provided compensation only for livestock killing by wildlife and compensation amounted to only 4–10% of the total assessed monetary value of killed livestock. A variety of wild plant products were used locally but 27 were marketed by more than 50% of surveyed families; income from wild products was substantially lower than that from crops and livestock. A sociocultural change from a subsistence to a market economy, together with changes in traditional land/resource rights and institutions, has led to a number of changes in land-use and management practices. The livestock population has declined,
agricultural area has remained the same and people have started cultivating medicinal species in the last 20 years. These changes seem complementary to the goal of conservation. However, changes such as abandonment of some traditional food crops and stress on cash crops lacking fodder value, requiring substantial manure inputs derived from forest litter and livestock excreta, and causing severe soil erosion, seem to counter the goal of environmental conservation. Some government-managed Reserve Forest sites were similar to the Community Forests in terms of species richness, basal area and soil physico-chemical properties. Two Reserve Forest sites showed basal areas of 160.5–191.5 m2/ha, exceeding the highest values reported so far from the region. The formal institutional framework of resource management seems to be not as effective as the traditional informal system. The Reserve Management Plan lays more emphasis on legal
protection than on the sustainable livelihood of local communities and has led to conflicts between local people and reserve managers. Plantation of fodder and medicinal species in degraded forest lands, suppression of economic exploitation of local people in the market, enhancement of local knowledge of the economic potential of biodiversity, incentives for cultivation of crops with comparative advantages and lesser risks of damage by wildlife, and rejuvenation of the traditional involvement of the whole village community in decison-making, could be the options for resolving conflicts between people and protected areas in this case.
Mediterranean marine protected areas: some prominent traits and promising trends
Authors: HARMELIN JEAN-GEORGES
Published: July 2002

Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs) are very diverse in their intrinsic, jurisdictional, management and enforcement features (e.g. Ramos Esplá & McNeill 1994; Batisse & Jeudy de Grissac 1995). They offer a wide array of situations, ranging from relatively large multiple-use marine areas (sensu Agardy 1997), with active management and strong social interactions, to small sanctuaries that are theoretically totally closed to any human activity. This variety may illustrate a good adaptation to local needs, but often results from economic and political compromises which put the ecological considerations in the background.
Marine protected areas: challenges and opportunities for understanding and conserving coastal marine ecosystems
Authors: CARR MARK H.
Published: July 2002

The term ‘marine protected area’ (MPA) refers to areas in which human activities that cause reductions in populations either directly through exploitation or indirectly through habitat alteration are eliminated or greatly reduced. This spatially explicit approach to managing human impacts has many potential ecological and socio-economic benefits that can alleviate some of the problems fundamental to conventional management practices and can therefore complement, but is unlikely to supplant, the conventional practices (Allison et al. 1998; Bohnsack 1998, Lauck et al. 1998; Hastings & Botsford 1999; Murray et al. 1999). Five reviews in this number of Environmental Conservation summarize the main issues relevant to MPAs in the Western Mediterranean, our understanding of their ecological and management consequences, and our knowledge of the ecological and socio-economic processes that determine their effectiveness for fisheries management and conservation (Badalamenti et al. 2000; García Charton et al. 2000; Pinnegar et al. 2000; Planes et al. 2000; Sánchez Lizaso et al. 2000). The reviews identify three issues of key importance to the development and success of MPAs for conservation and management. First, MPAs hold strong promise for management and conservation objectives, but the historical pattern of haphazard design, implementation, enforcement and evaluation has often produced equivocal and sometimes contradicting evidence for both their ecological effects and their effectiveness at achieving their intended objectives. Second, our understanding of many of the critical population and community processes that bear greatly on the consequences of this approach (e.g. dispersal, recruitment, direct and indirect effects of competition and predation) suffers from a lack of strong empirical studies and a comprehensive theoretical framework. Third, the global growth of interest in MPAs and concern for rapid development of organized systems of MPAs is great. Taken together, these three issues identify an urgent need for a well-developed theoretical framework, more rigorous empirical studies motivated and directed by theory, and actual implementation of systems of MPAs that will allow for proper evaluation and an evolution toward optimal design.
Special Issue: Configuration Design
Authors: DARR TIMOTHY , KLEIN MARK , McGUINNESS DEBORAH L.
Published: July 2002

In configuration design parts are selected and
connected to meet customer specifications and engineering
and physical constraints. Specifications include preferences
(e.g., “prefer lower cost to higher performance,
all things being equal”), bounds on various resources
(e.g., “the computer should have four PCI slots”),
and other information to customize a configuration. Constraints
typically arise from exogenous concerns, such as the available
parts, the way parts can interact, and the manufacturing
plant.
Serodiagnosis of human plague by an anti-F1 capsular antigen specific IgG/IgM ELISA and immunoblot
Authors: NEUBAUER H. , RAHALISON L. , BROOKS T. J. , ALEKSIC S. , CHANTEAU S. , SPLETTSTÖSSER W. D.
Published: July 2002

Plague is a re-emerging disease endemic in at least 24 countries. Non-endemic countries should
be able to confirm plague to prevent outbreaks due to imported cases. We established a
combination of a IgG/IgM screening ELISA and a confirmation immunoblot employing F1
capsular antigen (CA) for the serodiagnosis of plague in countries where yersiniosis is present.
The ELISA and the immunoblot assay showed a specificity of 96·1% and 100% among sera
from healthy German blood donors. This group had a seroprevalence of 39% of anti-yersinia
outer protein (YOP) antibodies obviously caused by previous Y. enterocolitica infection. The
ELISA detected anti-F1 CA antibodies in 22 and the immunoblot in 20 out of 26 sera of
plague vaccinees. Five control sera from bacteriologically confirmed plague cases from
Madagascar reacted positively. It can be concluded that anti-YOP antibodies do not affect
assays based on purified F1 CA.
Environmental survey of salmonella and comparison of genotypic character with human isolates in Western Japan
Authors: MURAKAMI K. , HORIKAWA K. , ITO T. , OTSUKI K.
Published: July 2002

To estimate the prevalence and distribution of salmonellae, especially Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), in Western Japan, an investigation was conducted of the chicken industry and environmental sources between 1995 and 1998. Salmonellae were isolated from 34 of 90 samples (37·8 %) of raw chicken parts, 34 of 98 faecal samples (34·7 %) at 35 broiler farms, 11 of 59 samples (18·6 %) of liquid eggs, and from 71 of 272 samples (26·1 %) of swab specimens from equipment and cracked or faecally soiled shell eggs at the processing facilities. Salmonellae, including S. Enteritidis, were also isolated from swab samples of henhouses associated with one of the shell-egg processing facilities (11 samples out of 55, 20 %). In the broiler meat production environment, S. Infantis was dominant. Twenty-two of 36 sewage samples (61·1 %) and 16 of 72 samples (22·2 %) taken from 5 rivers contained salmonellae including S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis isolates were analysed with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using enzyme Bln I. Thirty-four isolates from shell-egg processing facilities and henhouses, obtained over several years, had the same pulsed-field profile as isolates obtained from four individual outbreaks that occurred in this location in 1997. One of the clonal lines of S. Enteritidis, among multiple serovars of salmonellae in the environment, was thought to have distributed in reservoirs, laying hens, for several years, and continued to cause outbreaks in this area.
Co-existence of cerebral cysticercosis with Japanese

encephalitis: a prognostic modulator
Authors: DESAI A. , SHANKAR S. K. , JAYAKUMAR P. N. , CHANDRAMUKI A. , GOURIE-DEVI M. , RAVIKUMAR B. V. , RAVI V.
Published: July 2002

In this study, we investigated the frequency of co-existence of
cerebral

cysticercosis (CC) in

Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases with special emphasis on its role in predicting

the final clinical

outcome. Amongst the 163 confirmed cases of JE, 37·42% (61/163)
had

co-existent CC. This

was confirmed by antibody detection in the CSF of 45 cases, CT scan of
the brain

in 6 cases

and at autopsy in 3 cases. In 2 cases confirmation was possible by CT scan
as

well as at

autopsy, in 4, CSF antibody levels and CT scan were suggestive of CC while
in 1,

CSF antibodies and autopsy were suggestive of CC. The co-occurrence of

Cysticercus cellulosae in

the brain emerged as a prognosticator of poor outcome in JE cases

(P<0·03).
Antibody levels against Streptococcus pneumoniae and

Haemophilus influenzae type b in a population of

splenectomized individuals with varying vaccination status
Authors: KONRADSEN H. B. , RASMUSSEN C. , EJSTRUD P. , HANSEN J. B.
Published: July 2002

In order to determine antibody levels against Streptococcus

pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in a population of splenectomized

subjects, 561 persons in

a Danish county, splenectomized between 1984 and 1993 were identified.
Two

hundred and thirty-five were alive and 149 participated in the study. Each
person

donated a blood sample

for antibody determination by ELISA. Though vaccine coverage among the
149

persons was

91% only 52% had ‘protective’ levels of pneumococcal antibodies.

Despite recommendations

for regular follow-up on pneumococcal antibody levels this had only been

carried out in 4% of

the subjects. Splenectomized subjects who needed pneumococcal revaccination

were significantly

more likely to have received their initial vaccination less than 14 days

before or after

splenectomy, as recommended, than those not requiring revaccination. Therefore,

the timing of initial pneumococcal vaccination in relation to splenectomy
seems to be

important. All persons

had Hib antibody levels higher than 0·15 μg/ml and 60% had

levels higher than 1 μg/ml,

which are the levels thought to provide short term and long term protection,

respectively. In total, 37% of the 149 persons tested had pneumococcal

and Hib antibody

levels thought to correlate with protection from serious infections.
Validity of SmaI-defined genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni

examined by SalI, KpnI, and BamHI polymorphisms:

evidence of identical clones infecting humans, poultry, and cattle
Authors: ON S. L. W. , NIELSEN E. M. , ENGBERG J. , MADSEN M.
Published: July 2002

We describe here an examination of the validity of molecular types
of
Campylobacter jejuni as
defined by separation of SmaI-digested DNA using pulsed-field

gel electrophoresis (PFGE),
recently suggested as part of a molecular subtyping scheme. Thirty-four
Danish strains from
humans, water, poultry and cattle were assigned to one of six
SmaI ‘profile groups’ (PGs),
with two additional strains included as genotypically distinct controls.
The interstrain
relationships were reexamined by PFGE of SalI,
KpnI and BamHI-digested DNA, and also
by serotyping with heat-stable antigens. All outbreak-related strains were
indistinguishable by
all criteria, as were two sets of two randomly-isolated human strains.
Two groups of
indistinguishable isolates contained randomly isolated strains from more
than one source
(poultry, humans and/or cattle), a finding with significant epidemiological
connotations. All
‘genetically identical’ strains belonged to the same serotype,

whereas genetic differences were
detected between strains assigned to the same SmaI PG but
differing in serotype. We conclude
that PFGE-based genetic fingerprinting can yield invaluable data for epidemiological
studies of
sporadic C. jejuni infection, but that results based on one
restriction site polymorphism must be checked with another enzyme.
Evidence for airborne transmission of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) in a hotel restaurant
Authors: MARKS P. J. , VIPOND I. B. , CARLISLE D. , DEAKIN D. , FEY R. E. , CAUL E. O.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of gastroenteritis followed a meal in a large hotel during which one of the diners
vomited. The clinical features of the illness suggested Norwalk-like virus (NLV, small round
structured virus) infection, and this was confirmed by electron microscopy and reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) of stool samples. Further characterization
of the virus by nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR amplicons revealed identical strains in
all the affected individuals. The foods served at the meal could not be demonstrated to be the
cause of the outbreak. Analysis of attack rates by dining table showed an inverse relationship
with the distance from the person who vomited. No one eating in a separate restaurant
reported illness. Transmission from person-to-person or direct contamination of food seems
unlikely in this outbreak. However, the findings are consistent with airborne spread of NLV
with infection by inhalation with subsequent ingestion of virus particles.
The age-specific prevalence of human parvovirus immunity in
Victoria, Australia compared with other parts of the world
Authors: KELLY H. A. , SIEBERT D. , HAMMOND R. , LEYDON J. , KIELY P. , MASKILL W.
Published: July 2002

The age-specific immunity to human parvovirus infection was estimated in Victoria, Australia
using prospectively collected samples from the Royal Children's Hospital, the Royal Women's
Hospital and the Australian Red Cross Blood Service and from sera stored at the Victorian
Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL). All testing was performed at VIDRL using
a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Biotrin). Of the 824 sera tested, 28% of
those drawn from people aged 0–9 years contained protective antibodies to human parvovirus.
This rose to 51% in the next decade of life. There was then a slow rise to about 78%
immunity over 50 years of age. An analysis of all requests for parvovirus serology at VIDRL
from 1992 to 1998 suggested that parvovirus tended to occur in 4-year cycles, with 2 epidemic
years followed by 2 endemic years. A review of published reports of parvovirus immunity
suggested that parvovirus infection may be more common, with a correspondingly higher
proportion of the community immune, in temperate as opposed to tropical countries.
Evidence of increased carriage of Corynebacterium spp. in
healthy individuals with low antibody titres against diphtheria
toxoid
Authors: BERGAMINI M. , FABRIZI P. , PAGANI S. , GRILLI A. , SEVERINI R. , CONTINI C.
Published: July 2002

This study evaluated whether a correlation exists between carriage of corynebacteria and the
lack of immunity to diphtheria toxoid. Samples of both nasal and pharyngeal secretions were
taken from 500 apparently healthy subjects of both sexes and of all ages and inoculated onto
Tinsdale's medium. A serum sample was also taken for ELISA test to determine the titre of
diphtheria toxin antibodies. None of the subjects carried Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Ninety-three strains of Corynebacterium spp. were isolated from 93 subjects and 86 of these were
classified to species or group level by biochemical tests. C. xerosis was the most common
(25·8%) followed by C. pseudodiphthericum (16·1%), C. jeikeium
and C. striatum (both 10·8%),
and C. urealyticum (9·7%). Three other species accounted for approximately 20% of strains
and seven were unclassified as biochemically atypical corynebacteria. Non-protective antibodies
to diphtheria toxin were found in 80 of the 93 subjects and a strong statistical association was
demonstrated between carriage of corynebacteria and non-protective levels of anti-toxin
antibodies. The remaining 13 subjects had protective levels of antitoxin antibodies. In contrast,
only 45 of the 407 non-colonized subjects had non-protective antitoxin titres. The prevalence of
carriage increased with age among males as did the percentage of non-protected subjects. The
prevalence of female carriers of corynebacteria was significantly lower. Serum samples from 12
subjects with different antibody titres to diphtheria toxoid reacted to varying degrees with
whole-cell lysates of a number of species of corynebacteria. The results suggest that a causal
relationship may exist between nasopharyngeal carriage of corynebacteria and a low anti-diphtheria toxin immune response.
Reproductive suppression and pituitary sensitivity to exogenous GnRH in the highveld mole‐rat (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae)
Authors: van der Walt L. , Bennett N. C. , Schoeman S.
Published: July 2002

The highveld mole‐rat Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae exhibits an extreme reproductive division of labour. Reproduction in this seasonally breeding social mole‐rat is restricted to a breeding pair. The non‐reproductive females seem to be physiologically suppressed from reproducing, whereas the non‐reproductive males are restricted from sexual activity through incest avoidance. Circulating basal concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) between reproductive and non‐reproductive females were not significantly different, yet the response to an exogenous gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge was significantly lower in non‐reproductive females when compared to reproductive females. The mean basal LH concentration in non‐reproductive females was not significantly different in and out of the breeding season. However, the magnitude of the LH response in non‐reproductive females out of the breeding season was greater than in the breeding season. The ovaries of reproductive females showed little change with respect to season. However, reproductive females had enhanced follicular activity in comparison to their non‐reproductive counterparts. This suggests that non‐reproductive females are under stricter control from the reproductive female when she is pregnant. The tropical African mole‐rats exhibit a continuum of socially induced infertility with differing social species inhabiting regions of varying degrees of aridity. In this spectrum, a predominantly behavioural repression is found amongst non‐reproductive females in social mesic‐adapted species, whereas a strictly physiological suppression is operative amongst non‐reproductive females in arid‐adapted social species. Here we show that the mesic‐adapted highveld mole‐rat does not fit this trend in that the non‐reproductive females seem to be physiologically suppressed. We discuss this in light of the seasonality of breeding and the ecological constraints that may operate during times of drought.
The place of psychodynamic theory in developmental psychopathology
Authors: FONAGY PETER , TARGET MARY
Published: July 2002

Psychoanalysis ushered in this century. Will its influence on developmental psychopathology
end in the next? The paper explores some critical obstacles in the way of psychodynamic
research, including the fragmentation of psychoanalytic theory, the relative independence of
theory from its clinical and empirical base, the predominance of inductive scientific logic, the
polymorphous use of terms, the privacy of clinical data, the dominance of the reconstructionist
stance, and the isolation of psychoanalysis from psychology and neurobiology. Notwithstanding
these limitations, core psychoanalytic precepts are not only consistent with some of the most
important advances of the last decade but may also be helpful in elaborating these new
discoveries in the next century. Psychoanalysis is centered on the notion that complex,
conflicting, unconscious representations of mental states constitute a key facet of normal and
abnormal development. This notion retains its power, and deserves a prominent position among
the major frames of reference to guide developmental science in the next century.
Prototype formation in autism
Authors: KLINGER LAURA GROFER , DAWSON GERALDINE
Published: July 2002

Individuals with autism have difficulty integrating information and generalizing previously
learned concepts to new situations. It was hypothesized that these problems result from an
underlying impairment in category formation. Persons with autism may not abstract a summary
representation (a prototype) during category learning and, instead, may form categories by
memorizing a list of rules. Children with autism, Down syndrome, and normal development
participated in one set of category learning tasks that could be solved using a rule-based approach
and a second set of tasks in which there was no rule that defined category membership (prototype
tasks). In the rule-based tasks, all groups were successful at using a rule to learn a new category.
In the prototype tasks, only the typically developing children were able to learn a new category.
Neither the persons with autism nor the persons with Down syndrome appeared to develop a
prototype during category learning. These data suggest that persons with autism and Down
syndrome have difficulty categorizing new information by forming prototypes and, instead, tend
to rely on a rule-based approach to learning.
A new method for functional arrays
Authors: O'NEILL MELISSA E. , BURTON F. WARREN
Published: July 2002

Arrays are probably the most widely used data structure

in imperative programming languages, yet functional languages

typically only support arrays in a limited manner, or prohibit

them entirely. This is not too surprising, since most other

mutable data structures, such as

trees, have elegant immutable analogues in the functional world,

whereas arrays do not. Previous attempts at addressing the

problem have suffered from one of three weaknesses, either

that they don't support arrays as a persistent data

structure (unlike the functional analogues

of other imperative data structures), or that the range of

operations is too restrictive to

support some common array algorithms efficiently, or that they

have performance problems.

Our technique provides arrays as a true functional analogue of

imperative arrays with the

properties that functional programmers have come to expect

from their data structures. To

efficiently support array algorithms from the imperative world,

we provide O(1) operations for

single-threaded array use. Fully persistent array use can also

be provided at O(1) amortized

cost, provided that the algorithm satisfies a simple

requirement as to uniformity of access.

For those algorithms which do not access the array uniformly

or single-threadedly, array

reads or updates take at most O(log n)

amortized time, where n is the size of the array.

Experimental results indicate that the overheads of our

technique are acceptable in practice for many applications.
Algorithm + strategy = parallelism
Authors: TRINDER P. W. , HAMMOND K. , LOIDL H.-W. , PEYTON JONES S. L.
Published: July 2002

The process of writing large parallel programs is complicated by
the
need to specify both the parallel behaviour of the program and the algorithm

that is to be used to compute its
result. This paper introduces evaluation strategies: lazy higher-order

functions that control the
parallel evaluation of non-strict functional languages. Using evaluation

strategies, it is possible
to achieve a clean separation between algorithmic and behavioural code.
The result is enhanced
clarity and shorter parallel programs. Evaluation strategies are a very
general concept: this
paper shows how they can be used to model a wide range of commonly used
programming
paradigms, including divide-and-conquer parallelism, pipeline
parallelism, producer/consumer
parallelism, and data-oriented parallelism. Because they are based on unrestricted
higher-order
functions, they can also capture irregular parallel structures. Evaluation
strategies are not
just of theoretical interest: they have evolved out of our experience in
parallelising several
large-scale parallel applications, where they have proved invaluable in
helping to manage the
complexities of parallel behaviour. Some of these applications are described
in detail here.
The largest application we have studied to date, Lolita, is a 40,000 line
natural language
engineering system. Initial results show that for these programs we can
achieve acceptable
parallel performance, for relatively little programming effort.
Fear of imbalance and falling
Authors: Yardley Lucy
Published: July 2002

This review examines the relationship between dysequilibrium, falling and anxiety, and their combined impact on the lives of elderly people. More than one in four people aged over 69 fall each year, and a higher proportion of those over 74. Although only one in ten incurs serious injury as a direct result of the fall, fear of falling can often lead not only to psychological distress but also to restriction of activity and an unnecessary and undesirable loss of independence. Naturally, symptoms of imbalance constitute a key risk factor for falling.
Predictors of carer distress following stroke
Authors: Morrison Valerie
Published: July 2002

Whilst there is a considerable literature surrounding predictors of depressed mood in stroke survivors, much less research has been directed towards identifying the impact of a stroke on primary informal carers and the nature of the relationship between patient and carer characteristics, stroke consequences and carer distress. This review attempts to elucidate such relationships so that implications for health and social care provision can be drawn.
‘Any’ and its French equivalents
Authors: Reed Paul
Published: July 2002

This paper examines whether the conceptual distinction made by anglophone philosophers of language between an existential and a universal any holds for the French equivalents of any. It argues that the distinction provides a useful basis for anglophones working towards French, by enabling a correct choice for any to be made from among its various French equivalents. Within the more general perspective of contrastive lexicology, however, the existential-universal distinction proves to be less significant in French than in English. The specific lexical realisations of any in French straddle, like any itself, the existential-universal divide, but with the exception of n'importe qui/quoi/quel(le). The existence of the latter has the effect of displacing the conceptual focus from the existential-universal contrast to nuances within the universal field.
GN démonstratifs à référence générique: une généralité discursive
Authors: Gary-Prieur Marie-Noëlle
Published: July 2002

Cet article étudie les conditions dans lesquelles un déterminant démonstratif peut introduire un groupe nominal (GN) à référence générique. On y envisage successivement les différents types de fonctionnement du GN démonstratif, selon que son référent est repéré par deixis, par des indices figurant dans le contexte antérieur ou par une relative en relation de cataphore avec le déterminant. Deux propriétés principales se dégagent de l'examen de ces trois cas: 1) le GN démonstratif n'introduit un référent général que si ce dernier peut être opposé à d'autres référents généraux dans une catégorie plus large, 2) les référents généraux introduits par un GN démonstratif sont en relation avec l'événement (particulier, donc) que constitue le discours où apparaît le démonstratif.
Triangulations and meshes in computational geometry
Authors: Edelsbrunner Herbert
Published: July 2002

The Delaunay triangulation of a finite point set is a central theme in computational
geometry. It finds its major application in the generation of meshes
used in the simulation of physical processes. This paper connects the predominantly
combinatorial work in classical computational geometry with the
numerical interest in mesh generation. It focuses on the two- and three-dimensional
case and covers results obtained during the twentieth century.
Triangle Factors in Random Graphs
Authors: KRIVELEVICH MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

For a graph G=(V, E) on n vertices, where 3
divides n, a triangle factor is a subgraph
of G, consisting of n/3 vertex disjoint triangles (complete
graphs on three vertices). We
discuss the problem of determining the minimal probability
p=p(n), for which a random
graph G∈[Gscr ](n, p) contains almost surely
a triangle factor. This problem (in a more general
setting) has been studied by Alon and Yuster and by Ruciński, their
approach implies p=O((log n/n)1/2).
Our main result is that p=O(n)−3/5)
already suffices. The proof is based on a multiple use of the Janson inequality.
Our approach can be extended to improve known results about the threshold for the
existence of an H-factor in [Gscr ](n, p) for various
graphs H.
Preimplantation and postimplantation development of rat embryos cloned with cumulus cells and fibroblasts
Authors: Iannaccone Philip , Taborn Greg , Garton Ray
Published: July 2002

In this report we demonstrate the successful in vitro culture of

fertilised embryos from 1-cell to blastocyst stage, albeit in a

strain-dependent fashion. We report procedures for the enucleation

of rat oocytes; nuclear transfer by injection of nuclei (NT) from

adult rat cumulus cells, rat primary embryonic fibroblasts and genetically

modified rat fibroblasts; and activation resulting in advanced

preimplantation development. Blastocyst stage rat embryos were obtained

after in vitro culture of nuclear transfer zygotes at similar frequencies

with each of these nuclear donor cell types. Transfer of NT embryos to

surrogate mothers leads to implantation of 24% of the zygotes. These

results suggest that the nuclei of cultured rat cells, even following

genetic modification, can be reprogrammed to support early embryonic

development, which is a prerequisite to cloning the rat.
Analysis of aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 21, X and Y by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in a 47,XYY male
Authors: Martin Renée H. , McInnes Brenda , Rademaker A.W.
Published: July 2002

The frequency of aneuploid sperm was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in a 47,XYY male previously studied by sperm karyotyping. A total of 20 021 sperm were studied: 10 017 by two-colour FISH for chromosomes 13 and 21 and 10 002 by three-colour FISH for the sex chromosomes using chromosome 1 as an autosomal control for diploidy and lack of hybridisation. Results were compared with more than 500 000 sperm from 18 normal men. The frequencies of X-bearing (49.4%) and Y-bearing sperm (49.8%) were not significantly different from 50% as shown in our sperm karyotyping study. There was no significant increase in the frequency of diploid sperm compared with control donors. There was a significant increase in the frequency of disomy for chromosome 13 (p<0.0001) and XY disomy (p=0.0008) compared with control donors. However, since the frequency of disomy was 0.40% for chromosome 13 and 0.55% for XY disomy, it is not surprising that these increases were not discovered previously in our analysis of 75 sperm karyotypes. Our results suggest that the extra Y chromosome is eliminated during spermatogenesis in the majority of cells but that there may be a small but significant increase in the frequency of aneuploid sperm in these men.
DNA stability and thiol-disulphide status of rat sperm nuclei during epididymal maturation and penetration of oocytes
Authors: Said Syahruddin , Funahashi Hiroaki , Niwa Koji
Published: July 2002

DNA stability and thiol-disulphide status of rat sperm nuclei was observed in vivo during maturation in the epididymis and penetration of oocytes. When spermatids and spermatozoa were stained with acridine orange after fixation with acetic alcohol, the red/green fluorescence ratio observed under a confocal microscope was not different between spermatids (3.81 ± 0.16) and testicular spermatozoa (4.03 ± 0.34), and then decreased sharply (p < 0.01) as the spermatozoa descended the epidymis to the caput epididymis (1.13 ± 0.03). However, the ratio was not different among corpus (0.69 ± 0.01), cauda epididymis (0.68 ± 0.11) and ejaculated spermatozoa (0.63 ± 0.01). On the other hand, when spermatozoa were labelled with monobromobimane (mBBr), the fluorescence intensities gradually decreased (p < 0.01) during passage of spermatozoa from testis (4.74 ± 0.16) through epididymis (caput, 2.72 ± 0.08; corpus, 1.07 ± 0.03; cauda, −0.05 ± 0.05; ejaculated, 0.08 ± 0.03). The acridine orange red/green fluorescence ratio increased (p < 0.01) during zona penetration (binding sperm, 0.52 ± 0.09; perivitelline sperm, 0.64 ± 0.16) and sperm decondensation (decondensed sperm, 0.69 ± 0.12). When spermatozoa in the perivitelline space were labelled with mBBr, the fluorescence was detected. These results demonstrate that DNA stability against acid appears to be ahead of the oxidation of protamine during sperm maturation in the epididymis and is an initial event of the unpackaging process in rat genome occurring during or just after zona penetration but before ooplasm penetration.
Integrating climate forecasts and natural gas supply information into a natural gas purchasing decision
Authors: Changnon David , Ritsche Michael , Elyea Karen , Shelton Steve , Schramm Kevin
Published: July 2002

This paper illustrates a key lesson related to most uses of long‐range climate forecast information, namely that effective weather‐related decision‐making requires understanding and integration of weather information with other, often complex factors. Northern Illinois University's heating plant manager and staff meteorologist, along with a group of meteorology students, worked together to assess different types of available information that could be used in an autumn natural gas purchasing decision. Weather information assessed included the impact of ENSO events on winters in northern Illinois and the Climate Prediction Center's (CPC) long‐range climate outlooks. Non‐weather factors, such as the cost and available supplies of natural gas prior to the heating season, contribute to the complexity of the natural gas purchase decision. A decision tree was developed and it incorporated three parts: (a) natural gas supply levels, (b) the CPC long‐lead climate outlooks for the region, and (c) an ENSO model developed for DeKalb. The results were used to decide in autumn whether to lock in a price or ride the market each winter. The decision tree was tested for the period 1995–99, and returned a cost‐effective decision in three of the four winters. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Applied morphological processing of English
Authors: MINNEN GUIDO , CARROLL JOHN , PEARCE DARREN
Published: July 2002

We describe two newly developed computational tools for morphological processing: a
program for analysis of English inflectional morphology, and a morphological generator,
automatically derived from the analyser. The tools are fast, being based on finite-state
techniques, have wide coverage, incorporating data from various corpora and machine readable
dictionaries, and are robust, in that they are able to deal effectively with unknown words.
The tools are freely available. We evaluate the accuracy and speed of both tools and discuss
a number of practical applications in which they have been put to use.
Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests
Authors: ALBERT MARILYN S. , MOSS MARK B. , TANZI RUDOLPH , JONES KENNETH
Published: July 2002

Normals (N = 42) and patients with mild memory
difficulty (N = 123) were given a neuropsychological
test battery, and then followed annually for 3 years to
determine which individuals developed sufficient functional
change that they met clinical criteria for AD. Twenty-three
of the 123 participants with mild memory difficulty converted
to a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (AD)
within 3 years of follow-up. Four of the 20 neuropsychological
measures obtained at baseline, were useful in discriminating
the groups on the basis of their status 3 years after the
tests were given. The 4 discriminating tests pertained
to assessments of memory and executive function. When the
controls were compared to the individuals with memory impairments
who ultimately developed AD (the converters),
the accuracy of discrimination was 89%, based on the neuropsychological
measures at baseline. The discrimination of the controls
from the individuals with mild memory problems who did
not progress to the point where they met clinical criteria
for probable AD over the 3 years of follow-up (the Questionables)
was 74% and the discrimination of the questionables from
the converters was 80%. The specific tests that contributed
to these discriminations, in conjunction with recent neuropathological
and neuroimaging data from preclinical cases, have implications
for which brain regions may be affected during the prodromal
phase of AD. (JINS, 2001, 7, 631–639.)
Visual selective attention after severe closed head injury
Authors: Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen , Kibby and Michelle K.
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the nature of selective
attention deficits after severe closed head injury (CHI).
Twenty participants with severe CHI (greater than 1 year
postinjury) and 20 matched controls completed search and
nonsearch visual selective attention tasks under conditions
of low (Experiment 1) and high (Experiment 2) target–distractor
similarity. In the search situations, participants searched
visual displays that contained 1, 4, or 8 items for the
targets. In the nonsearch situations, the location of the
targets was visually cued with a peripheral arrow. The
results revealed that in both the low and high target–distractor
similarity search conditions, CHI participants required
a longer time than controls to locate and identify the
target. In contrast, in the nonsearch condition, CHI participants
were able to successfully ignore irrelevant task information
when target–distractor similarity was low. However,
when target–distractor similarity was high, CHI participants
had more difficulty than controls ignoring the irrelevant
information. These results suggest that, in comparison
to controls, CHI participants may be at a disadvantage
in selective attention situations when visual search is
required and when the discriminability between targets
and distractors is difficult. (JINS, 1998, 4,
144–159.)