bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of high‐intensity running in rectus femoris muscle fiber in rats
Authors: Díaz‐Herrera Pilar , García‐Castellano José M. , Torres Ana , Morcuende José A. , Calbet José A. L. , Sarrat René
Published: July 2002

The effect of a 12‐week high‐intensity intermittent exercise program on fiber type composition and the oxidative capacity of rectus femoris skeletal muscle from 20 male Wistar rats (Trained, n = 10; Sedentary, n = 10) was histochemically determined. The training exercise program was developed in a motorized treadmill. It consisted of four running bouts of 2 min duration at 48 m/min, alternated with recovery intervals of 4 min. Training increased relative cross‐sectional area of oxidative fibers (I, IIA, IIX) and decreased the same parameter in type IIB non‐oxidative fibers (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that this type of strength exercise program is enough to induce changes in muscle fiber composition. This opens a possibility to use this kind of exercise in preventing and treating muscle atrophy. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microglial response to the neurotoxicity of 6‐hydroxydopamine in neonatal rat cerebellum
Authors: Podkletnova I. , Rothstein J.D. , Helén P. , Alho H.
Published: July 2002

Depletion of noradrenaline in newborn rats by 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) affects the postnatal development and reduces the granular cell area in the neocerebellum (lobules V–VII). During the first postnatal month, Bergmann glial fibers guide the migration of immature granule cells to the internal granule cell layer. Microglia and Bergmann glia may play an important role in this process, but the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is not known. We studied the effect of systemic administration of 6‐OHDA on the expression and localization on microglia and Bermann glia in the neonatal cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. In the neocerebellum, 6‐OHDA treatment caused a significant increase in the number of activated microglia. The increase was observed mainly in the granule cell layer and the cerebellar medulla. Bergmann glial cells in treated brains were abnormally located, did not form intimate associations with Purkinje cells, and the glial fibers were structurally different. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic influence may be necessary for the normal maturation and migration of granule cells, and abnormal migration may be the result of Bergmann glia destruction and the activation of microglia. Activated microglia in the granule cell layer may be used as a marker for an injured cerebellar area.
Fucosylated glycans in the periventricular structures and the cerebrospinal fluid of the fetal rat forebrain. An autoradiographic and lectin binding histiotopic study
Authors: Mareš Vladislav , Brückner Gert
Published: July 2002

Our autoradiographic 3H‐fucose incorporation study of the brains of 20‐day‐old rat fetuses showed that the synthesis of fucosylated glycans is significantly higher in the ventricular germinative zone of the forebrain hemisphere than in the more superficial layers, including the cortical plate. Intense incorporation of 3H‐fucose also occurred in the choroid plexus, both its epithelial and stromal component, in the primordial ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles, meninges and capillaries of the forebrain parenchyma. In the lateral ventricles, densely labeled microprecipitates of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were occasionally observed. The histiotopic differences in 3H‐fucose labeling were absent, or were much less expressed, in the autoradiograms prepared from unfixed cryostat sections containing mainly unincorporated isotope. This indicates that the blood‐mediated supply of 3H‐fucose to the studied brain compartments was essentially equal and our incorporation data reflect actual differences in the rate of fucosylation within the forebrain hemispheres. The cytochemical lectin‐binding assay, carried out with Ulex europaeus and Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinins, showed that regions with a higher rate of 3H‐fucose incorporation were also richer in fucose‐bearing glycoconjugates. The study revealed that the periventricular regions and the CSF of fetal rat forebrain form a fucosylated glycan‐enriched complex, which represents a new chemoarchitectonic feature that may be of importance for maintaining the germinative properties of the ventricular neuroepithelium and the growth of the hemispheric ventricles.
Human neuroblastoma cell lines regain catecholamine fluorescence when xenografted into athymic (nude) mice
Authors: Tomayko Mary M. , Triche Timothy J. , Reynolds C.Patrick
Published: July 2002

Detection of catecholamine production by neuroblastoma is a useful tumor marker. The majority of neuroblastoma patients have elevated levels of urinary catecholamines and/or their metabolites, and have tumors, which show histochemical evidence of catecholamines using glyoxylic acid‐induced catecholamine fluorescence. By contrast, continuous cell lines derived from neuroblastomas lack catecholamine fluorescence in vitro. In this study, we report that 11 out of 12 human neuroblastoma cell lines established from catecholamine‐positive tumors displayed histochemical evidence of catecholamines when grown as xenografts in athymic (nude) mice. Catecholamine fluorescence in these xenograft tumors decayed over a 5 day period when the cells were placed into tissue culture. Xenograft tumors of cell lines derived from four catecholamine‐negative neuroblastomas or seven primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) did not show catecholamine fluorescence. Ultrastructural comparisons of cell lines in vitro with their corresponding tumors in vivo showed that six of eight cell lines had fewer dense core (neurosecretory) granules in vitro compared to the more readily detectable dense core granules seen in nude mouse tumor tissue. These data indicate that catecholamine synthesis and/or storage in human neuroblastoma cells requires factor(s) not present in the in vitro environment. As neuroblastoma cell lines derived from catecholamine‐positive tumors retain the ability to produce and store catecholamines in vivo, such cell lines can be used to identify factors critical to catecholamine production in human neurons.
Hypothyroidism alters the effect of GTP on adenylyl cyclase in forebrain and hindbrain synaptosomal membranes from 15‐day‐old rats
Authors: Leung F.C.Lilian , Saggerson E.David , Clark John B.
Published: July 2002

The effect of GTP concentration on forskolin‐stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was examined in synaptosomal membranes from 15‐day‐old rats that were hypothyroid due to administration of propylthiouracil and a low‐iodine diet to the mothers during pregnancy and suckling. In membranes from the forebrain hypothyroidism abolished the overall stimulatory effect of GTP, which was seen in the euthyroid case. In membranes from the hindbrain hypothyroidism had the opposite effect in that there was an enhancement of an overall stimulatory effect of GTP. It is suggested that these findings reflect changes during early development of the brain in the expression of various G‐proteins and/or the expression of different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase.
C2H2‐171 : A novel human cDNA representing a developmentally regulated poz domain/zinc finger protein preferentially expressed in brain
Authors: Becker Kevin G. , Lee Insong J. , Nagle James W. , Canning Rachel D. , Gado Ameer M. , Torres Rosarelis , Polymeropoulos Mihael H. , Massa Paul T. , Biddison William E. , Drew Paul D.
Published: July 2002

We describe a novel human zinc finger cNDA, C2H2‐171. This cDNA represents an mRNA which encodes a protein of 484 amino acids and a calculated molecular weight of 54 kD. Four zinc finger‐like domains are found in the C‐terminal end of the protein. At the N‐terminus, C2H2‐171 contains a POZ/tramtrack‐like domain similar to that found in the tumor associated zinc finger proteins LAZ‐3/BCL‐6 and PLZ‐F, as well as in non‐zinc finger proteins. C2H2‐171 RNA is preferentially expressed in the brain, and increases during the course of murine development, with maximal expression in the adult. C2H2‐171 RNA is differentially expressed in brain regions, with the highest level of expression in the cerebellum. C2H2‐171 RNA was expressed at high levels in primary cerebellar granule cell neurons compared to astrocytes. The gene encoding C2H2‐171 is highly conserved in vertebrates, and maps to the terminus of human chromosome 1 (1q44‐ter). This chromosomal location is associated with a number of cytogenetic aberrations including those involving brain developmental anomalies and tumorigenesis. These data suggest that C2H2‐171 may play an important role in vertebrate brain development and function.
Developmental regulation of mouse brain monomeric acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Moreno Ricardo D. , Campos Eliseo O. , Dajas Federico , Inestrosa Nibaldo C.
Published: July 2002

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecular forms were studied during mouse brain development. Mouse embryos expressed a monomeric (G1) and a tetrameric (G4) AChE form. Our results indicate that G4 AChE expressed at embryonic day (ED) 9 and ED15 could be purified by acridinium‐Sepharose chromatography and shared similar biochemical and kinetic properties with the adult form. However, the G1 form expressed at either embryonic stage did not bind to acridinium, was not inhibited by excess substrate, and possessed higher Km and lower Vmax values than the adult G1 form. Two peripheral anionic binding site inhibitors, fasciculin and propidium, had a significantly lower affinity for the monomeric form at ED9. Results are discussed in terms of the biological significance of the embryonic G1 form, and its resemblance to the AChE activity found, associated with the senile plaques present in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
Gender‐ and age‐dependent differences in latent inhibition following pre‐weaning non‐handling : implications for a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia
Authors: Shalev U. , Feldon J. , Weiner I.
Published: July 2002

Latent inhibition (LI) refers to retarded conditioning to a stimulus as a consequence of its prior nonreinforced pre‐exposure, and is considered to index the capacity of an organism to ignore irrelevant stimuli. LI disruption has received increasing attention as an animal model of the widely described attentional deficit of schizophrenia, consisting of an inability to ignore irrelevant stimuli. The present experiments investigated the effects of infantile manipulations on the development of LI. Male and female rats handled or nonhandled in infancy (days 1–22), were tested at 3 and 16 months. Young handled animals had lower emotional reactivity than nonhandled, and this difference persisted in females at 16 months. At 3 months, LI, poorer conditioning of stimulus pre‐exposed as compared to nonpre‐exposed rats, was obtained in handled and nonhandled females, as well as in handled males, but was absent in nonhandled males. This pattern changed at 16 months : both nonhandled males and females failed to show LI. These gender‐ and age‐dependent effects of pre‐weaning manipulations on LI loss may provide an animal parallel to the susceptibility of young adult males to schizophrenia and the attenuation of gender differences in long‐term outcome schizophrenia.
Appearance and maturation of synaptic plasticity during juvenile development in aplysia
Authors: Fredman Steven M.
Published: July 2002

In the present study we examine the developmental appearance and maturation of synaptic plasticity at the A–B neuron synapse in the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia. In the CNS of juvenile Aplysia 120 days after hatching, the excitatory synaptic connection between A and B cluster neurons is essentially the same as in the adult cerebral ganglion. No differences were observed between the amplitudes of the initial EPSPs in the cerebral ganglia of juveniles and adults. One form of plasticity, low frequency synaptic depression, is also present in juveniles. Another form of activity‐dependent plasticity, slow developing potentiation (SDP) appears and matures during the late juvenile stage of development. At 120 days posthatching SDP, evoked by tetanic stimulation, is largely absent. Potentiated EPSPs have a significantly smaller amplitude than in adults. Over the next 80 days SDP undergoes a maturation process. The peak potentiation increases linearly with age from 135±12% at 125 days to 275±20% at 188 days. The duration of the potentiation, as measured by the time‐constant its decay, also increases linearly from 12.7±3.4 min to 27.9±3.9 min. From 120–170 days, <50% of the A neurons tested exhibited SDP. After 170 days, >85% exhibited SDP. Changes in the rising phase of the A neuron action potential have been implicated in mediating SDP. At 120 days, the A neuron action potential has a significantly shorter duration (half‐width) than in the adult. Between 120 and 200 days, both the duration and rise‐time of the A neuron action potential increase linearly. These results confirm findings by other investigators, that different forms of synaptic plasticity develop independently, with depression appearing before potentiation.
Long‐term basal forebrain cholinergic‐rich graftsderived from trisomy 16 mice do not develop β‐AMYLOID pathology and neurodegeneration butdemonstrate neuroinflammatory responses
Authors: Stahl Tobias , Goldammer Axel , Luschekina Elena , Beck Mike , Schliebs Reinhard , Bigl Volker
Published: July 2002

Patients with Down syndrome (human trisomy 21) develop neuropathological andcholinergic functional defects characteristic of Alzheimers disease, which has been attributed tothe location of the Alzheimer β‐amyloid precursor protein on chromosome 21. Due tothe partial genetic homology between mouse chromosome 16 and human chromosome 21, murinetrisomy 16 was used as a model to study functional links between increased expression of theamyloid precursor protein, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammatory responses. Basal forebraincholinergic‐rich tissue derived from trisomy 16 mice at embryonic age of day 16 was transplantedinto the lateral ventricle of adult normal mice. At 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after transplantation,the grafts were characterized by immunocytochemistry, molecular biological analysis, andstereological methods. Grafts survived up to one year and still demonstrated immunoreactivity forcholinergic, GABAergic and astroglial cells. Though a 1.5‐fold neuronal overexpression ofamyloid precursor protein was detected in brains from trisomy 16 embryos by Northern analysis, β‐amyloid deposits were found neither in control nor trisomic grafts. Detailedstereological analysis of trisomic grafts did not reveal any neurodegeneration or morphologicalchanges of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons during the course of graft maturation up to oneyear, as compared to grafts derived from euploid tissue. However, both euploid and trisomicgrafts demonstrated a strong infiltration with T‐ and B‐lymphocytes and a significant micro‐ andastroglial activation (hypertrophic astrocytes) within and around the grafts. These observationsfurther suggest that the trisomy 16‐induced neurodegeneration is seemingly due to a lack ofneuron supporting factors which are provided by either the metabolic interaction of trisomic graftwith surrounding healthy host tissue or by cells of the immune system infiltrating the graft.
MIC trial: metoprolol in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: effects on ventricular function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing
Authors: Genth‐Zotz Sabine , Zotz Rainer J. , Sigmund Martin , Hanrath Peter , Hartmann Dagmar , Böhm Michael , Waagstein Finn , Treese Norbert , Meyer Jürgen , Darius Harald
Published: July 2002

Beta‐blocker therapy results in a functional benefit in patients with heart failure (CHF) due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This study assessed if similar effects were observed in patients with ischemic heart disease (CAD), NYHA II–III after 6 months of therapy with metoprolol.

Methods and results:

Fifty‐two patients with CHF secondary to DCM (26 patients) and CAD (26 patients) and a left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) < 40% were enrolled in the placebo‐controlled study. The study medication was titrated over 6 weeks, the mean final dosage was 135 mg/day. Three patients died due to cardiogenic shock, two received placebo and one metoprolol. Eight patients did not complete the study due to non‐compliance. Metoprolol significantly reduced heart rate at rest and after submaximal and maximal exercise. V̇o2‐max and V̇o2‐AT as well as the 6‐min walk test improved significantly after metoprolol treatment. There was a significant increase in EF at rest (27.3–35.2%), submaximal (28.5–37.7%) and maximal exercise (28.7–40.9%) in the metoprolol‐treated patients. No differences were found between patients with CAD and DCM. We also observed reduced left ventricular volumes.

Conclusion:

The additional therapy with metoprolol improved cardiac function and the cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with CHF.
The Euro Heart Failure Survey of The EUROHEART Survey Programme: A survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe
Authors: Cleland J.G.F. , Swedberg K. , Cohen‐Solal A. , Cosin‐Aguilar J. , Dietz R. , Follath F. , Gavazzi A. , Hobbs R. , Korewicki J. , Madeira H.C. , Preda I. , van Gilst W.H. , Widimsky J. , Mareev V. ,   for The Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology, Mason J. , Freemantle N. , Eastaugh Joanne ,   for The Medicines Evaluation Group Centre for Health Economics University of York
Published: July 2002

Background:

The EUROHEART programme is a rolling programme of cardiovascular surveys among the member nations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). These surveys will provide information on the nature of cardiovascular disease and its management. This manuscript describes a survey into the nature and management of heart failure.

Aims:

The Euroheart Failure survey aims to describe the quality of hospital care, diagnostic and therapeutic, for patients with suspected or confirmed heart failure in ESC member countries. Patients will be interviewed subsequent to hospital discharge to assess their understanding of their condition, side effects from and their compliance with therapy and their satisfaction with the management for heart failure. The quality of management will be judged against the recommendations contained in the ESC guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. Outcome will be further assessed by repeat interviews in 6–12 months time. A further survey of heart failure in 2001/2002 is also planned.

Methods:

A prospective survey of all deaths and discharges from medical (cardiology, internal medicine and geriatric medicine) and cardiac surgical wards to identify patients with heart failure, suspected or confirmed. Approximately 70 hospital clusters, comprising two to six hospitals in each cluster, in 24 member countries of the ESC are conducting the study. At the time of writing, approximately 30 000 deaths and discharges have been screened and approximately 4000 patients have been enrolled.

Conclusions:

The Euroheart Survey will allow actual practice to be compared to ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. The surveys and guidelines should prove mutually informative. The main EuroHeart Failure project will be completed by late 2000. However, new centres volunteering to participate in the study (contact corresponding author) may be accepted providing they have the necessary research personnel and provided funding can be agreed for statistical support and administration.
The effect of valvular regurgitation on plasma Cardiotrophin‐1 in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function
Authors: Talwar Suneel , Squire Iain B. , Davies Joan E. , Ng Leong L.
Published: July 2002

Background

Cardiotrophin‐1 (CT‐1), a member of the interleukin‐6 related cytokine family that act via the gp130 signalling pathway, has been shown to stimulate the assembly of sarcomeric units in series in cardiomyocytes resulting in eccentric hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation and finally loss of function. In situations of volume overload a similar form of eccentric hypertrophy occurs with time.

Aims

We hypothesised that plasma CT‐1 would be raised in patients with significant mitral, tricuspid and/or aortic regurgitation (MR/TR or AR, respectively) when compared to those with no (or mild) valvular regurgitant lesion.

Methods

A novel competitive immunoluminometric assay using an in‐house polyclonal antibody to amino acids 105–120 of the CT‐1 sequence was developed. Seventy‐eight patients (31 male, mean±S.D. age 63.5±17.9 years), all with normal left ventricular systolic function were studied. Results are expressed as mean±S.D. fmol/ml.

Results

Sixty‐three subjects had no significant valvular lesion, seven had moderate/severe MR, nine had moderate/severe TR and four had moderate/severe AR. These subjects had CT‐1 concentrations of 53.3±23.2, 90.5±44.4, 72.6±43.8 and 48.4±24.4, respectively (P=0.02, ANOVA). Mean log CT‐1 was higher in those with moderate/severe MR when compared to those without a significant regurgitant valvular lesion (P<0.03). The only predictor of moderate/severe MR was log CT‐1 (P=0.004).

Conclusion

These results suggest that plasma CT‐1 is raised in those patients with moderate/severe MR in the presence of normal left ventricular systolic function. This secretion of CT‐1 could potentially be the cause of ventricular dilatation and subsequent loss of contractile function in these patients. It also offers the intriguing possibility that plasma CT‐1 could be used to monitor progression of mitral regurgitation biochemically.
Low doses vs. high doses of the angiotensin converting‐enzyme inhibitor lisinopril in chronic heart failure: a cost‐effectiveness analysis based on the Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) study
Authors: Sculpher Mark J. , Poole Lynne , Cleland John , Drummond Michael , Armstrong Paul W. , Horowitz John D. , Massie Barry M. , Poole‐Wilson Philip A. , Ryden Lars
Published: July 2002

Objective

A cost‐effectiveness analysis of high and low doses of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril in the treatment of chronic heart failure.

Methods

A cost‐effectiveness analysis using data from a randomized controlled trial, ATLAS, where 3164 patients with chronic heart failure were allocated to a high‐dose (daily target dose 32.5–35 mg) or low‐dose strategy (daily target dose 2.5–5.0 mg) of lisinopril. Differential costs were based on resource use data collected in the trial costed using UK unit costs. Cost‐effectiveness analysis related differential costs to differential life‐years during a 4‐year trial follow‐up.

Results

The mean total number of hospital in‐patient days per patient was 18.5 in the high dose group and 22.5 in the low dose group. Over the whole duration of the trial, the mean (S.D.) daily dose of lisinopril in the high‐dose group was 22.5 mg (15.7mg) compared to 3.2 mg (2.5 mg) in the low‐dose group. The mean difference in cost per patient was £397 lower in the high‐dose group [95% CI (high‐dose–low‐dose) −£1263 to £436]. Mean life‐years per patient were 0.085 years higher in the high‐dose group [95% CI (high‐dose–low‐dose) −0.0074 to 0.1706). Based on mean costs and life‐years, high‐dose therapy dominates low‐dose (less costly and more effective). Allowing for uncertainty in mean costs and life‐years, the probability of high‐dose therapy being less costly than low dose was 82%. If a decision maker is willing to pay at least £3600 per life‐year gained, the probability of high‐dose being more cost‐effective was 92%.

Conclusions

The ATLAS Study showed that the treatment of heart failure with high‐doses of lisinopril has a high probability of being more cost‐effective than low‐dose therapy.
Altered diaphragm position and function in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Caruana Lynn , Petrie Mark C. , McMurray John J. , MacFarlane Niall G.
Published: July 2002

Background:

Breathlessness is a common symptom experienced by patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) but its etiology remains controversial. Various molecular and histological adaptations have been reported for the diaphragm in CHF but their functional consequences are poorly described.

Aims:

This study aims to determine the position and function of the diaphragm in CHF patients.

Methods:

The diaphragm position was measured, relative to the renal pelvis, by ultrasound in 20 CHF patients and ninety controls matched for age and body mass. The extent and velocity of diaphragm movement was also measured during quiet breathing and sniffing.

Results:

At the end of expiration, the diaphragm was significantly nearer to the renal pelvis in CHF patients (89.3 ± 16.8 vs. 96.3 ± 19.2 mm, P < 0.05) and also moved further during quiet breathing (18.2 ± 4.4 vs. 12.7 ± 4.6 mm, P < 0.001) and sniffing (23.9 ± 7.4 vs. 18.2 ± 5.7 mm, P < 0.005). Velocity of diaphragm movement was also increased in CHF patients during quiet breathing (26.5 ± 8.2 vs. 15.9 ± 6.1 mm s−1, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

These data demonstrate that the position and function of the diaphragm is altered in CHF.
The effect of chronic digitalization on pump function in systolic heart failure
Authors: Hassapoyannes Constantine A. , Easterling Bruce M. , Chavda Kiran , Chavda Krina K. , Movahed M. Reza , Welch Gary W.
Published: July 2002

Background:

Short‐ and intermediate‐term use of cardiac glycosides promotes inotropy and improves the ejection fraction in systolic heart failure.

Aim:

To determine whether chronic digitalization alters left ventricular function and performance.

Methods:

Eighty patients with mild‐to‐moderate systolic heart failure (baseline ejection fraction ≤ 45%) participated from our institution in a multi‐center, chronic, randomized, double‐blind study of digitalis vs. placebo. Of the 40 survivors, 38 (20 allocated to the digitalis arm and 18 to the placebo arm) were evaluated at the end of follow‐up (mean, 48.4 months). Left ventricular systolic function was assessed by both nuclear ventriculography and echocardiography. The ejection fraction was measured scintigraphically, while the ventricular volumes were computed echocardiographically.

Results:

The groups did not differ, at baseline or end‐of‐study, with respect to the ejection fraction and the loading conditions (arterial pressure, ventricular volumes and heart rate) by either intention‐to‐treat or actual‐treatment‐received analysis. Over the course of the trial, the digitalis arm exhibited no significant increase in the use of diuretics (18%, P ‐ 0.33), in distinction from the placebo group (78%, P ‐ 0.004), and a longer stay on study drug among those patients who withdrew from double‐blind treatment (28.6 vs. 11.4 months, P ‐ 0.01).

Conclusion:

Following chronic use of digitalis for mild‐to‐moderate heart failure, cross‐sectional comparison with a control group from the same inception cohort showed no appreciable difference in systolic function or performance. Thus, the suggested clinical benefit cannot be explained by an inotropic effect.
Improved outcomes from a comprehensive management system for heart failure
Authors: Holst Diane P. , Kaye David , Richardson Meroula , Krum Henry , Prior David , Aggarwal Anne , Wolfe Rory , Bergin Peter
Published: July 2002

Aims:

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with a high readmission rate after diagnosis. We assessed the ability of a comprehensive management program (CMP) for CHF to reduce readmissions with secondary endpoints of improving quality of life, exercise capacity and targeted drug doses.

Methods and results:

Patients (pts) with: New York Heart Association Class (NYHA) III or IV CHF; left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%; and stable outpatient therapy were assigned to a CMP of cardiology assessment intensive education and referral to a tailored exercise program. Forty‐two pts (35 M, 7 F, mean age 54 years, S.D. 12 years) were enrolled. Two pts were transplanted, two died during follow‐up and two were lost to follow‐up. Hospital admissions were reduced by 87.2%, (mean 1.05, S.D. 0.98, admissions per pt to mean 0.08, S.D. 0.28, admissions per pt at 6‐month follow‐up; P < 0.0001). ACE‐inhibitor dose increased by 42% (P < 0.0008) and beta‐blocker dose increased by 61% (P < 0.0001). NYHA Class, 6‐min walk and quality of life scores all improved significantly (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

A CMP improves QOL and exercise capacity as well as substantially reducing hospital admissions in CHF pts. This study validates the benefit of intensive outpatient care of CHF.
Results from post‐hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high‐risk patient groups with chronic heart failure
Authors: Erland Erdmann , Philippe Lechat , Patricia Verkenne , Hermann Wiemann
Published: July 2002

Background:

The beneficial effects of the β‐blocker bisoprolol on mortality and rate of hospitalisation as well as its safety in patients with chronic heart failure has been proven. However, its efficacy in patients in whom β‐blockers have traditionally been contraindicated or caution has been advised has not been clearly determined. Therefore, analyses in high‐risk subgroups of patients taking part in CIBIS II have been performed to investigate the effect of bisoprolol in elderly patients, in patients with type 2 diabetes, with renal failure, NYHA functional class IV or concomitantly treated with digitalis, aldosterone antagonists or amiodarone.

Methods:

High‐risk subgroups of patients with chronic heart failure taking part in the CIBIS II study were retrospectively analysed with respect to mortality, hospitalisation, combined endpoint of cardiovascular mortality or hospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons and treatment withdrawal as well as cause of death and hospitalisation. Analysis is based on intention‐to‐treat.

Results:

It was demonstrated that in spite of the expected increase in the overall risk of death and hospitalisation, patients who are diabetic, have renal impairment, NYHA class IV symptoms, are elderly, are taking either digitalis, amiodarone or aldosterone antagonists as co‐medication benefit equally from β‐blockade with bisoprolol as patients without these complications or drugs. Benefit was shown for the primary endpoint all cause mortality, as well as for the secondary endpoints.

Conclusions:

Contrary to the hitherto prevailing doctrine of not using beta‐blockers in high risk patient groups with chronic heart failure, retrospective analyses of the CIBIS II study justify the use of this drug class in patients regardless of age, NYHA functional class, the presence of diabetes, renal impairment or concomitant treatment with digitalis, amiodarone or aldosterone antagonists.
International Connections Among Midwives
Authors: Thompson Joyce E.
Published: July 2002

Women's health throughout the world is adversely affected by low status and literacy, poor nutrition, environmental toxins, violence, and other social, cultural, and economic factors. The majority of maternal deaths and disability occur in the developing nations of the world, such as Africa, where being born female is often a tragedy. The International Confederation of Midwives and the American College of Nurse‐Midwives have nearly a century of commitment to making pregnancies and births safer and women's lives better. The shared vision of women as persons who are due full human rights guides the efforts of nurses and midwives in their global efforts of working with women and childbearing families and promoting health for all.
Labor and Delivery Nurses' Attitudes Toward Intermittent Fetal Monitoring
Authors: Walker Deborah S. , Shunkwiler Susan , Supanich Judith , Williamsen Jodi , Yensch Amy
Published: July 2002

Fetal monitoring is a routine procedure overseen by labor and delivery nurses and upon which they exert considerable influence. There is a discrepancy, however, between the type of fetal monitoring routinely used and the evidence provided by current research and professional organization recommendations. This study provides the first look at labor and delivery nurses' attitudes toward fetal monitoring in more than 20 years. A descriptive, correlational study was conducted at five southeastern Michigan hospitals to evaluate attitudes toward intermittent fetal monitoring and the effect of selected demographic variables on their attitudes. Of the labor and delivery nurses who participated (N = 145), 72.4% agreed that intermittent fetal monitoring should be the standard of care. Although 87% of the respondents stated that they were willing to provide intermittent monitoring, 53.9% indicated that nurse/patient ratios were a problem in providing this service. Nurses' attitudes were significantly influenced by education level (P = .004), and 48% were unsure about current research findings related to intermittent auscultation. Nurses have a positive attitude toward intermittent monitoring, although safe nurse/patient ratios and clear policies need to be addressed. Lack of knowledge regarding the current evidence and other barriers may contribute to intermittent auscultation not being used routinely, despite the fact that its use for women of low obstetrical risk is supported by current research and professional organizations.
A structured reflective process supports student awareness of employability skills development in a science placement module
Authors: Mello Luciane V. , Varga‐Atkins Tunde , Edwards Steve W.
Published: April 2021

Placements are often an extra‐curricular activity of a science degree. This study reports on the outcomes of a final‐year credit‐bearing 6‐week placement module that was specifically designed to develop and enhance students’ employability skills. A key element of this module was that the student placements were not only evaluated from a science perspective, but also evaluated with an emphasis on meaningful reflection and evaluation of employability skills development. Students recorded their levels of confidence in skills before, during and after the placement via an Online Reflective Log, as part of a module’s summative assessment. The results showed that taking part in the placement and conducting their own independent research helped students to make connections between their scientific knowledge, otherwise constrained within the walls of the undergraduate science laboratory, and the wider impact of their research on society. Another theme that emerged concerned career choices and aspirations, and the placement experiences either confirmed prior choices or opened new horizons. The Online Reflective Log helped students to feel supported by their university supervisor who were at a distance. Feedback on their tasks prompted students to reflect on the scientific and personal skills while being engaged in scientific activities during placement. Students agreed that they had further developed their employability skills during the placement and acknowledged that it was challenging to acquire evidence of skill development. However, students appreciated the usefulness of this reflection in relation to their future career development.
Exosome‐Coated 10B Carbon Dots for Precise Boron Neutron Capture Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glioma In Situ
Authors: Li Juan , Kong Jianglong , Ma Sihan , Li Jiacheng , Mao Meiru , Chen Kui , Chen Ziteng , Zhang Jiaxin , Chang Yanan , Yuan Hui , Liu Tong , Zhang Zizhu , Xing Gengmei
Published: April 2021

Novel boron‐containing carbon dots (BCDs) are designed and prepared for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) with superior water solubility and excellent optical property for tracking 10B in vitro and in vivo. Encapsulation of BCDs using exosomes (Exos) from macrophages yields BCD–Exos of ≈100 nm. Fluorescent imaging shows that the BCD–Exos are internalized and distributed around the nuclei of U‐87‐MG glioma cells. BCD–Exos are also verified to cross the blood–brain barrier and significant accumulation in tumor tissue of the orthotopic U‐87‐MG glioma tumor‐bearing mice model 4 h after administration. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), it is detected that 10B in tumor tissue is 107.07 ± 1.58 ppm, and T/N ratios are enhanced from 2.03 ± 0.08 of boron phenylalanine (BPA) to 5.28 ± 0.29 of the BCD–Exos. In BNCT, the neutron radiation dose is 8.40 ± 0.12 Gy when a 500 mg kg−1 10B dosage is given. Finally, there is a prominent BNCT effect of the BCD–Exos‐treated brain glioma in the mice model, and the survival ratio is 100% at the end of the experiment. The excellent curative effect of BNCT using BCD–Exos to brain glioma is achieved through adjusted biodistribution of boron in the cancer cell, enhanced T/N ratios, and the precise match between boron and neutron exposure in the site of the tumor in vivo with fluorescence imaging of BCD–Exos.
A CoN‐based OER Electrocatalyst Capable in Neutral Medium: Atomic Layer Deposition as Rational Strategy for Fabrication
Authors: Guo Daying , Zeng Zhihao , Wan Zhixin , Li Yan , Xi Bin , Wang Chengxin
Published: April 2021

Reported herein is an active and durable CoN‐containing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst which efficiently functions in a neutral medium (pH ≈7). The composite material (N, S)‐RGO@CoN is synthesized by delicate atomic layer deposition (ALD) of CoN on a nitrogen and sulfur (N, S) co‐doped reduced graphene oxide (RGO) substrate. Representative results of the comprehensive study are: 1) The flower‐like sphere RGO substrate prepared by spray drying method features rich physical and chemical properties, which are beneficial for rapid mass/charge transfer to improve the intrinsic OER process; 2) the optimal ALD material for OER tests is afforded by tuning spray conditions and ALD parameters. Versatile structural and compositional characterizations confirm uniform growth and strong chemical coupling of nanostructured CoN on (N, S)‐RGO matrix; 3) the material is electrocatalytically active and durable in a neutral electrolyte, recording an OER overpotential of 220 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and stability of 20 h continuous catalysis at 20 mA cm−2 with nearly 100% Faradic efficiency; 4) Upon the experimental studies and density functional theory calculations, the eventual mechanism of remarkable OER activity conforms to the structural fate of ALD CoN electronic coupling to the carbon substrate.
Multi‐Functional Black Bioactive Glasses Prepared via Containerless Melting Process for Tumor Therapy and Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Wang Endian , Li Xinfang , Zhang Yu , Ma Lingling , Xu Qing , Yue Yuanzheng , Wang Wenzhong , Li Qin , Yu Jianding , Chang Jiang
Published: April 2021

Tissue regeneration in complex lesions such as the site of tumors, bacterial infection, and sites lacking blood vessels, has been a huge challenge. Therefore, developing bioactive implantable materials with multi‐functional properties such as tumor destruction, bacteria growth inhibition, and angiogenesis promotion is of great significance. In this study, black CaO‐SiO2‐TiO2 (CST) glasses are prepared through the containerless melting approach, by which heterogeneous nucleation can be avoided and thereby glass formation becomes possible via fast quenching. This approach enables the formation of trivalent titanium (Ti3+) without using a reducing atmosphere or reducing agents. The black CST glasses are found in this study to possess a strong ability to inhibit bacteria and tumors by their excellent photothermal and photocatalytic effects. Strikingly, these glasses also promote the formation of blood vessels and accelerate the healing of chronic wounds by the synergistic effects of the photothermal effect and Si ions. Thus, this glass system can be a promising multi‐functional material for tissue regeneration in complex lesions.
Heterometallic Seed‐Mediated Zinc Deposition on Inkjet Printed Silver Nanoparticles Toward Foldable and Heat‐Resistant Zinc Batteries
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Yinan , Yang Yi , Huang Fei , Zhu Mingke , Ang Barbara Ting Wei , Xue Jun Min
Published: April 2021

To achieve high performed zinc metal batteries, it is imperative to address the issues of dendrite growth and the side‐reactions occurring at the Zn anode, particularly when the batteries are operated at high current densities and high temperature. Herein, a flexible and dendrite‐free Zn metal anode (AgNPs@CC/Zn), which is prepared by inkjet printing silver nanoparticles on a 3D carbon matrix, is reported. Experimental observations and DFT calculation reveal that the Ag nanoparticles can work as heterometallic seeds for zinc deposition, and thus simultaneously improve the zincophilicity and thermal conductivity of the carbon matrix. This not only lowers the Zn nucleation overpotential and guides the uniform Zn nucleation but also promotes the reversible zinc stripping/plating via AgZn alloying/de‐alloying reactions. As a result, the AgNPs@CC/Zn anode presents low voltage hysteresis of 80 mV and superior cycling over 480 h at a high current density of 10 mA cm−2. The AgNPs@CC/Zn anode can enable full cells with exceptional cyclic stability and enhanced high‐temperature endurance. Furthermore, the foldable pouch cell using the AgNPs@CC/Zn anode exhibits high capacity retention regardless of different deformation status. This work demonstrates the promising potential of inkjet printing technology in developing 3D dendrite‐free zinc anode for foldable and heat‐resistant zinc batteries.
Effect of age on dexmedetomidine treatment for ventilated patients with sepsis: a post‐hoc analysis of the DESIRE trial
Authors: Sato Tetsuya , Kawazoe Yu , Miyagawa Noriko , Yokokawa Yuta , Kushimoto Shigeki , Miyamoto Kyohei , Ohta Yoshinori , Morimoto Takeshi , Yamamura Hitoshi
Published: April 2021

Aim

There are no definitive data to determine whether age influences the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) treatment. Thus, we investigated whether older age was associated with more favorable sedative action by DEX in sepsis patients who required mechanical ventilation.

Methods

This study involved a post‐hoc analysis of data from the Dexmedetomidine for Sepsis in the ICU Randomized Evaluation (DESIRE) trial. The patients were categorized based on median age into elderly and younger groups. The two groups were then compared during the first 7 days after ventilation based on proportion of patients with well‐controlled sedation (Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale score between −3 and +1), days free from delirium (based on the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU), and days free from coma (Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale score between −4 and −5).

Results

One hundred and one patients were assigned to the elderly group and 100 patients were assigned to the younger group. In the elderly group, 50 patients received DEX treatment and 51 patients received non‐DEX treatment, with the DEX arm having significantly better‐controlled sedation (range, 14–52% versus 16–27%; P = 0.01). In the younger group, 50 patients received DEX treatment and 50 patients received non‐DEX treatment, with no significant difference in the proportions of well‐controlled sedation (range, 20–64% versus 24–60%; P = 0.73). There were no significant differences in the numbers of days free from delirium or coma between the groups.

Conclusion

In elderly sepsis patients who require ventilation, dexmedetomidine could be more effective than other sedative agents for achieving proper sedation.
Highly Flexible and Tailorable Cobalt‐Doped Cross‐Linked Polyacrylamide‐Based Electrolytes for Use in High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Gunday Seyda Tugba , Qahtan Talal , Cevik Emre , Anil Ismail , Alagha Omar , Bozkurt Ayhan
Published: April 2021

A novel hydrogel polymer electrolyte was prepared by incorporation of 1,4‐butanediol diglycidyl ether (BG) to cross‐linked polyacrylamide (PAM). The electrolyte (PAMBG) was modified with cobalt (II) sulfate with various doping ratios (PAMBGCoX) to increase the capacitance by increasing faradaic reactions. The supercapacitor device assembly was performed by using active carbon (AC) electrodes and hydrogel polymer electrolytes. The specific capacitance of the PAMBGCo5 device indicated 130 F g−1, which is at least a seven‐fold improvement due to the insertion of Co as a redox component. The electrolyte device, PAMBGCo5, displays superior performance having an energy density of 38 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 500 W kg−1. Additionally, with the same hydrogel, the device performed 10,000 galvanostatic charge‐discharge cycles via retaining 91% of the initial capacitance. A cost‐effective electrolyte, PAMBGCo5, was tested in a carbon‐based supercapacitor under bent and twisted conditions at various angles, confirming the robustness of the device.
Characteristics associated with the risk of psychosis among immigrants and their descendants in France
Authors: Tortelli Andrea , Simon Patrick , Lehouelleur Sophie , Skurnik Norbert , Richard Jean Romain , Baudin Grégoire , Ferchiou Aziz , Leboyer Marion , Schürhoff Franck , Szöke Andrei
Published: April 2021

Objective

To explore the sociodemographic characteristics that might explain the increased incidence of psychosis among immigrants and their descendants in France.

Methods

Data were collected for all subjects with first contact for psychosis aged between 18 and 64 years, in two catchment areas in the Paris region. Incidence rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were adjusted for gender and age.

Results

During 805,396 persons‐year at risk, we identified 321 cases of first‐episode psychosis, of which 129 were immigrants and 78 descendants of immigrants. We found that the geographic origin was associated with the risk of psychosis although generation has little impact. Sub‐Saharan African immigrants and their descendants showed the highest risk (IRR = 3.1 and IRR = 2.9, respectively). We observed that living in deprived areas increased the incidence of psychosis (IRR = 1.3, 95CI%: 1.0–1.6), particularly among immigrants (IRR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1–2.5). Finally, our study showed that subjects having unstable housing (a proxy for “hard to count population”) could inflate the incidence rates among immigrants.

Conclusion

The current study shows that the increased risk of psychosis in groups with an immigration background in France is associated with their origin and highlights the importance of socioeconomic factors in modulating this risk.
Biochar as a Biocompatible Mild Anti‐Inflammatory Supplement for Animal Feed and Agricultural Fields
Authors: Yıldızlı Gizem , Coral Gokhan , Ayaz Furkan
Published: April 2021

Biochar is an organic material and high in carbon content, besides its use for energy purposes, it is also a material that serves the purpose of improving soil fertility, organic matter content of soils and removing heavy metals from water and soil. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of biochar whose beneficial effects on agricultural productivity has been proven by different studies. Scientific literature concerning the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of the apricot seed and olive seed biochar is limited. Biochar applications may help to alter the microbial diversity by modifying biological environment either in agriculture or in animal husbandry. Moreover, biochar has been used in animal husbandry to improve animal health especially by regulating the intestinal flora and inflammation in the intestines. Hence, in our study, we investigated the effect of biochar on the growth of Aspergillus niger, Cryphonectria parasitica, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Plenodomus tracheiphilus, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and two different bacteriophage strains. Biochar did not have any direct effect on the growth of either Gram‐positive or Gram‐negative bacteria, bacteriophages, and fungi. In order to test their direct effects on the immune cells, mammalian macrophages were used and biochar directly reduced the inflammatory cytokine levels produced by the in vitro activated macrophages.