bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Um estudo do currículo de História da Escola Normal da Corte (1880-1889) / A study of the curriculum of History at the Escola Normal da Corte (1880-1889)
Authors: Silva Luciana De Rezendes Ferreira da
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho tem como intuito discutir a consolidação da disciplina História na formação de professores, no século XIX, sobretudo na Escola Normal da Corte. Ressaltando a importância da divulgação dos ideais nacionalistas para todos os setores da população, a análise da documentação referente à época e à escola se mostra de maneira extremamente relevante para que compreendamos a trajetória da história do ensino de História. Considerando as discussões de vários campos de estudo como: currículo, formação e história da educação, nos utilizamos de autores (BITTENCOURT, 1992/93. GOODSON,1997. LOPES, 2007, 2010, 2012. NÓVOA, 1991, 1992, 1999. UEKANE, 2004, 2008. Dentre outros). ***This work has as objective to discuss the consolidation of History discipline in teacher training, in the 19th century, especially in the Escola Normal da Corte. Emphasizing the importance of dissemination of nationalist ideals for all sectors of the population, the analysis of the documentation concerning the time and school shows extremely relevant to what we understand the trajectory of history of history teaching. Considering the discussions of various fields of study such as: curriculum, training and history of education in the use of authors (1992/93 BITTENCOURT. GOODSON .1997. LOPES, 2007, 2010, 2012. NÓVOA, 1991, 1992, 1999. UEKANE, 2004, 2008. Among others).
Grenzeloze problemen bij grensoverschrijdende arbeid
Authors: Laagland F.G.
Published: April 2021

Grenzeloze problemen bij grensoverschrijdende arbeid

Indien een werknemer in een ander land werkzaamheden verricht dan waar hij zijn dienstverband heeft, bevindt de (reikwijdte van zijn) arbeidsovereenkomst zich niet langer onder de glazen stolp van één nationaal rechtsstelsel. De stap over de grens maakt dat de arbeidsovereenkomst raakvlakken vertoont met meer landen, die elk hun eigen normen, waarden en regels kennen inzake het arbeidsrecht. Die eigenheid van het nationale arbeidsrecht maakt de vraag naar het toepasselijke recht relevant. Dat het antwoord hierop niet altijd eenduidig is te geven, blijkt uit de zaak die heeft geleid tot het arrest van de Hoge Raad van 3 februari 2012. De Hoge Raad stelt in dit arrest twee prejudiciële vragen aan het Hof van Justitie over de uitleg van het EVO-Verdrag indien sprake is van een permanente tewerkstelling in het ene land terwijl alle overige omstandigheden op een nauwe verbondenheid met een ander land wijzen. In deze bijdrage bespreekt de auteur de discussie tussen partijen over het toepasselijke recht in het licht van het EVO-Verdrag (en de Rome I-Verordening). Speciale aandacht gaat uit naar de betekenis van de fundamentele verdragsvrijheid inzake het vrije werknemersverkeer.
De waarden van het (arbeids)recht: liber amicorum voor prof. mr. Paul F. van der Heijden
Authors: Van Bever A.
Published: April 2021

De waarden van het (arbeids)recht: liber amicorum voor prof. mr. Paul F. van der Heijden

De bijdragenbundel De waarden van het (arbeids)recht bevat enkele reflecties over de grondslagen of basiswaarden en over de functies en grenzen van het (arbeids)recht. De bundel blikt terug op het preadvies dat Van der Heijden en Noordam in 2001 rond hetzelfde thema uitwerkten vanuit de vraag waartoe het grondslagendebat tot dusver heeft geleid. Wat is de staat van de in het preadvies geïdentificeerde basiswaarden en welke invulling krijgen ze in de huidige sociaal-rechtelijke context? Acht auteurs nemen het woord over een selectie van vijf van de genoemde basiswaarden, over de ‘sociaal-rechtelijke variabele’ van de wederkerigheid en over de functies van het arbeidsrecht. Heerma van Voss en Verhulp besluiten het geheel ten slotte met enkele kritische slotbeschouwingen.
De rechtsstaat en het geld
Authors: de Lange A. (Ton) , Valkenburg W.E.C.A. (Wim) , van der Vegte J. (Jessica)
Published: April 2021

De rechtsstaat en het geld

De auteurs van deze bijdrage signaleren dat in Polen en Hongarije de rechtsstaat wankelt. Nu is de rechtsstatelijke situatie in Polen en Hongarije weliswaar niet te vergelijken met die van ons land, toch is ook die niet onaantastbaar. Kwetsbaar in dit opzicht is de financiering van de rechtspraak. Zo kan de principiële vraag worden gesteld of de onafhankelijkheid van de derde staatsmacht wel voldoende is geborgd nu deze binnen de begroting van de uitvoerende macht valt, in casu het ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid. Het huidige financieringssysteem knelt überhaupt. Voor deze bijdrage is vooral relevant dat het financieringssysteem niet voorziet in een adequaat budget voor de noodzakelijke innovatie. Die noodzaak is er voortdurend en zeker nu.
Homofilia, polarización afectiva y desinformación en Twitter. Caso de estudio sobre la crisis migratoria #Openarms
Authors: Castillo-de-Mesa Joaquín , Méndez-Domínguez Paula , Carbonero-Muñoz Domingo , Gómez-Jacinto Luis
Published: April 2021

El Mediterráneo es una de las rutas migratorias más mortíferas del mundo y se ha convertido una vez más en centro de la polémica en relación a la actuación del buque humanitario Open Arms. Este buque, tras rescatar migrantes del mar,  estuvo en travesía durante diecinueve días, bloqueado institucionalmente y envuelto en disputas diplomáticas en la Unión Europea. Como reacción, la ciudadanía, distintos actores sociales y la propia ONG Open Arms hicieron uso de Twitter para intercambiar información y expresar opiniones y sentimientos en relación con el fenómeno migratorio. En este artículo se analizan pautas de conectividad e interacción de los usuarios de Twitter en torno al hashtag #Openarms. Tras recoger muestras masivas de tuits con técnicas de extracción, se identificaron los actores sociales con mayor liderazgo mediante análisis de redes sociales. Se han detectado comunidades por medio del algoritmo de modularidad, cuyo contenido ha sido interpretado mediante netnografía. Los resultados evidencian cómo los usuarios de Twitter tienden a congregarse con quienes comparten sus mismas creencias, formándose las denominadas cámaras eco. La interacción en base a este suceso despertó estados emocionales colectivos que dieron lugar a burbujas filtro que potenciaron la desinformación y la polarización entre comunidades.
THE INFLUENCE OF SPRINT TRAINING ON CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Chmielewska Katarzyna , Ptaszek Bartłomiej , Teległów Aneta
Published: April 2021

Aim: Celem pracy było przedstawienie zmian morfologiczno-reologicznych krwi u sprinterów pod wpływem treningu przygotowawczego do zawodów sportowych.
Basic procedures: Badania przeprowadzono na grupie 10 sprinterów z Klubu Sportowego AZ...
CONTROL IN THEPHYSICAL PREPARATION OF ATHLETES AGED 8-9 YEARS IN SPORT DANCING
Authors: Osadtsiv Taras , Sosina Valentina , Lykyanenko Oksana
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The lack of control and specifically purposeful development of physical fitness qualities causes a significant difference between indicators of physical readiness among young dancers. Due to the authors’ data, flexibility, strength endurance and coordination abilities were selected as the main physical fitness qualities. Also, based on factor analysis, evaluation systems of young dancers’ physical fitness level were developed.
The level of sports performance of people with intellectual disabilities in athletics competitions of Special Olympics
Authors: Sroka Radosław , Eider Jerzy , Wiażewicz Aleksander
Published: April 2021

Background: The Special Olympics are dedicated to people with intellectual disability and multiple disabilities. The aim of the study was to define the level of athletics competition results for participants with intellectual disabilities. More over researchers tried to determine the impact of gender and age on the results obtained by people with mental disabilities.
Material and methods: There were 1108 results (431 female, 677 male) achieved at Special Olympics events in 2016-2017. Competitors were divided into 4 age groups and competed in 8 track and field events.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the examined males and females in the 50 m sprint scores in all categories. In the 100, 200 and 400 m races, the males in groups III and IV were faster than the females in each group. In the long jump-standing competition, the results for the males were on average longer than the females in every category. The results of the long jump-running indicate that the women in the III and IV category had on average shorter lengths than men in the same groups. Only men in category III had higher scores than females in the ball throw. All categories showed higher results of men in the shot put. Among females there were differences between age groups in 100, 200 m races, long jump-standing and ball throw events. Among males age groups, the differences were observed in 100, 200 m races and long jump-running competitions.
Conclusion: The results of people aged 8-11 and 12-15 indicated a similar level of athletics competition results for males and females. In the groups 16-21 and 22+ years, a higher level of athletics competition results for was observed in men.‪
EFFECTIVENESS OF NORDIC WALKING AND PHYSICAL TRAINING IN IMPROVING BALANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION OF PERSONS WITH DOWN SYNDROME
Authors: Skiba Amadeusz , Stopa Agnieszka , Sulowska Iwona , Chwała Wiesław , Marchewka Anna
Published: April 2021

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nordic Walking training and physical training on the balance and body composition in adult people with Down syndrome. Basic procedures We enrolled 32 subjects with Down syndrome, aged 25-40 years with moderate intellectual disability. They were randomly divided into three groups: Nordic Walking training group, physical training group and control group with no intervention. Training sessions were held for 10 weeks at a frequency of 3 times a week. Subjects were examined twice: 1 week before training and a week immediately after intervention. To evaluate balance we applied modified Clinical Test for Sensory Integration and Balance (mCTSIB) on BioSway platform. Evaluation of body composition was assessed with Tanita Body Composition Analyzer TBF – 300. Results After training, in the mCTSIB statistically significant changes were observed only in the Nordic Walking group. In the control group in the mCTSIB the changes were not reported. There were observed improvements in the body composition after Nordic Walking training and in the control group there were deteriorated. Conclusions The research shows that regular physical activity such as Nordic Walking training has positive influence on the balance in people with Down syndrome. The changes were greater in people participated in Nordic Walking training rather than physical training. Both of the study groups presented improvement compared to controls. Key words: Down syndrome, Nordic Walking, disability, balance, stability, BMI, mCTSIB, body composition, rehabilitation
THE EFFECT OF 10-WEEK BODYWEIGHT TRAINING ON BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL FITNESS IN YOUNG MALES
Authors: Lipecki Krzysztof
Published: April 2021

Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes on body compositions and physical fitness in young males performing 10-week bodyweight training.
Material and Methods. The study examined body height and composition (body mass, fat percent and body water) in 15 healthy male adults (23.4 ± 3.3 years, 180.3 ± 6.8 cm, 75.7 ± 7.6 kg). The physical parameters included: running speed, agility, explosive power and strength endurance, flexibility and cardiorespiratory capacity. The examinations were conducted before and after 10-week bodyweight training.
Results. Results indicated no significant changes in body composition in the men examined. Improvements were observed in measured parameters of physical fitness, agility (4.1%, p<0.01), dynamic strength of the shoulder girdle muscles, the back and the abdomen (by 12.1%, p<0.01), static strength of the right hand (6.7%, p<0.05), strength endurance of the upper limbs (by 30.1%, p<0.01), strength endurance of the body trunk muscles (7.0%, p<0.01), flexibility (20.1%, p<0.05) and cardiorespiratory capacity (6.1%, p<0.05).
Conclusion. Bodyweight training without a properly balanced diet has an insignificant effect on changes in body composition of young men. The training concept based on performing bodyweight exercises leads to the significant improvements in muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, agility and cardiovascular endurance. The bodyweight training by Lauren and Clark, due to the high frequency and intensity, is recommended for young people with a high physical fitness level and perseverance.
BODY BUILT AND PHYSICAL FITNESS OF 14-16-YEAR-OLD FOOTBALL PLAYERS AS COMPARED WITH NON-TRAINING PEERS
Authors: Opanowska Monika , Prętkiewicz-Abacjew Elżbieta , Wilk Barbara , Pasek Marcin , Skonieczny Paweł , Kupcewicz Ewa
Published: April 2021

Aim: The objective of the study was the assessment of somatic build and physical fitness of 14-16-year-old football players as compared with non-training peers as well as relation between their body-build and physical fitness.
Basic procedures: 108 football players and 101 non-training boys participated in the research. The level of somatic development of boys was assessed on the basis of body height and weight measurements, which were used to determine BMI and Rohrer index. Additionally functional length of left and right lower limbs was determined. The level of physical fitness was tested by EUROFIT. The strength and relation between body built features and physical fitness were measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient r linear, and by the test t to define its significance.
Results: Football players and non-training boys characterized leptosomatic build type. Only 14-year-old footballers were higher in terms of statistical significance and had longer lower limbs in comparison with non-training peers. In physical fitness tests football players had better scores than non-training ones, and the differences of statistical significance most frequently occurring in 14-year-olds were demonstrated.
Conclusion. The assessed motor abilities forming physical fitness of football players and non-training peers indicated clear correlations with body built only in 14-year-old boys. Rare occurrence of smaller correlations in 15-16-year-old football players can suggest that football training created a certain structure of physical fitness, different from that of non-training peers, but in most cases it was not related to the body structure.
MÉTODOS DE REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA NOS ESTUDOS CIENTÍFICOS
Authors: Canuto Lívia Teixeira , Oliveira Adélia Augusta Souto de
Published: April 2021

O aumento da produção científica nas diversas áreas do conhecimento e a velocidade de sua divulgação reivindicam estudos de reconhecimento dos avanços científicos. Diferentes métodos de revisão bibliográfica surgem como alternativas de compreensão ampla do conhecimento da produção científica de um campo, área ou tema. Esses métodos apresentam variações em rigor e complexidade que, apesar de manterem pontos comuns, têm objetivos distintos. Assim, buscou-se caracterizar e identificar as especificidades dos métodos de revisão bibliográfica que são empregados no domínio acadêmico por meio de uma revisão narrativa de literatura. Indica-se a importância do reconhecimento da complexidade, rigor e amplitude de cada método, a fim fazer melhor uso. Conclui-se que esses tipos de estudo configuram-se como lugar privilegiado de proposições de políticas sociais e educacionais, e ainda como meio de crítica e desenvolvimento teórico e metodológico da própria Ciência.
Sistema de alertas para possíveis reações adversas causadas por interações fármaco-nutriente
Authors: Calderaro Guilherme , Bagatini Daniela
Published: April 2021

Interações medicamentosas são um problema conhecido na área da saúde e ocorrem quando um componente, fármaco ou não, altera o efeito do medicamento gerando uma reação adversa. A partir de um processo de bibliometria quantitativa identificamos que quando se trata de interação medicamento-medicamento existem vários trabalhos de referência, porém o mesmo não ocorre com a interação fármaco-nutriente. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo encontrar formas de alertar possíveis reações adversas causadas por interações fármaco-nutriente. Neste artigo apresentamos a análise de trabalhos relacionados e a proposta do sistema a partir de regras de associação para extrair padrões que possam indicar interações entre medicamento e alimentos.
Sistema para auxiliar pessoas com deficiência visual no reconhecimento de cédulas de dinheiro em Real com a técnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais
Authors: Sausen Fabrício Samuel , Frozza Rejane
Published: April 2021

A deficiência visual afeta um grande número de pessoas no Brasil. Segundo o Censo Demográfico realizado em 2010, pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), cerca de 3,4% da população brasileira possui deficiência visual, ou seja, cerca de 443 mil pessoas. Dentre os diversos problemas enfrentados por elas, destaca-se o uso do dinheiro, para o qual dependem do auxílio de pessoas conhecidas para realizar a identificação das cédulas. Neste sentido, este trabalho, ainda em andamento, busca desenvolver um sistema que as auxilie no reconhecimento de cédulas de dinheiro em Real, através de um aplicativo para smartphones, utilizando-se de técnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais.
Estudos para o desenvolvimento de um método de Classificação de Tráfego Cifrado em Redes Utilizando Machine Learning
Authors: Kramer Dyonatha Batista , Neu Charles
Published: April 2021

O aumento do tráfego criptografado é reflexo de fortes investimentos em segurança da informação. Todavia, ao se oferecer mais segurança na Internet, cria-se, para os administradores de rede, obstáculos na gerência, controle de monitoramento e segurança da mesma. Por isso, a caracterização de tráfego cifrado se torna um tema cada vez mais pertinente de pesquisa, buscando soluções que evitem expor dados pessoais do usuário, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, possam oferecer um controle de monitoramento de rede. A fim de ajudar a lidar com essas questões, este artigo propõe um sistema baseado em machine learning utilizando informações estatísticas para classificar tráfego cifrado em rede.
High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of New Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel
Authors: BAO Ziming , HAN Renheng , ZHU Yanqing , LI Hong , LI Ning , TANG Ming , ZHANG Hexin , ZHAO Chengzhi
Published: April 2021

The research focuses on the high temperature oxidation resistance of martensitic heat-resistant steel. A new type of martensitic heat-resistant steel was developed with the addition of Al and Cu, and the oxidation behavior of the new martensitic heat-resistant steel at 650 °C and 700 °C was analyzed. The high temperature oxidation kinetics curves of new martensitic heat-resistant steel at 650 °C and 700 °C were determined and plotted by cyclic oxidation experiment and discontinuous weighing method. XRD technique was applied to qualitatively analyze the surface oxide of the material after oxidation. The surface and cross-section morphology of the material were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and the oxidation mechanism at high temperature was analyzed. The results show that the oxide film can be divided into two layers after oxidation at 650 ºC for 200 h. The outer oxide film is mainly composed of Fe and Cu oxides, and the inner oxide film is mainly composed of Al2O3, SiO2 and Cr2O3. After oxidation at 700 ºC for 200 h, the outer layer is mainly composed of Fe, Cu, Mn oxides, and the inner layer is mainly composed of Cr, Al and Si oxides. The addition of a small amount of Cu promotes the diffusion of Al and Si elements, facilitates the formation of Al2O3 and SiO2, and improves the high-temperature oxidation resistance of martensitic heat-resistant steel.
Heavy Metal Contamination
Authors: Kumari Soni , Mishra Amarnath
Published: April 2021

In the era of industrialization, pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life. Heavy metal contaminations are the major causes of environment deteriorations. The basic reasons are natural as well as anthropogenic. Chief sources of heavy metal contamination are air pollution, river sediments, sewage sludge, town waste composts, agricultural chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides, and industrial waste like factories releasing chemicals, anthropogenic activities, etc. Agricultural soils in many parts of the world are generally contaminated by heavy metal toxicity such as Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, Hg, As, etc. These are due to the long-term use of phosphate fertilizers, sewage sludge, dust from smelters, industrial waste, etc. Heavy metals in soils are detected with some specific instruments like atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence and spectroscopy. Among all these instruments, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is the best because it gives the precise quantitative determination. AAS is a method applied for measuring the quantity of the trace elements present in the soil or any other samples.
The Trouble with Minding Markets: Emotional Finance in Context
Authors: Coffman D’Maris
Published: April 2021

The term ‘Emotional Finance’ normally denotes a methodological approach advocated by Richard Taffler and David Tuckett, which they intended as a challenge both to Behavioral Finance and to mainstream finance and economics. In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis, Emotional Finance received a warm reception from regulators, the financial press, and the CFA Institute. Nearly a decade on, their ideas have largely failed to achieve traction in the academic literature, and continue to struggle to find empirical validation. Their approach is essentially an application of Kleinian psychoanalysis to financial markets, albeit without the terminological rigor that psychoanalytic practitioners might expect. Because their approach is inherently interdisciplinary, it has rarely been subject to scrutiny, as few psychoanalytic commentators feel qualified to comment on financial markets, and fewer finance academics feel comfortable commenting on the psychoanalytic theory. This chapter characterizes the main theoretical claims of Emotional Finance, and subjects each of them to scrutiny, finding them largely untenable. Although financial bubbles are commonplace and emotional responses to markets unremarkable, the subsidiary arguments advanced by advocates of Emotional Finance to support their primary claims are found wanting. The interpretative strategy of Emotional Finance is fundamentally flawed. Although it is fruitful to analyze the role of emotions in financial markets, more precise, rigorous and realistic approaches to these problems are needed.
A Purpose-Built System for Culturing Cells as In Vivo Mimetic 3D Structures
Authors: Wrzesinski Krzysztof , Alnøe Søren , H. Jochumsen Hans , Mikkelsen Karoline , D. Bryld Torsten , S. Vistisen Julie , Willems Alnøe Peter , J. Fey Stephen
Published: April 2021

Culturing cells in 3D is often considered to be significantly more difficult than culturing them in 2D. In practice, this is not the case: the situation is that equipment needed for 3D cell culture has not been optimised as much as equipment for 2D. Here we present a few key features which must be considered when designing 3D cell culture equipment. These include diffusion gradients, shear stress and time. Diffusion gradients are unavoidably introduced when cells are cultured as clusters. Perhaps the most important consequence of this is that the resulting hypoxia is a major driving force in the metabolic reprogramming. Most cells in tissues do not experience liquid shear stress and it should therefore be minimised. Time is the factor that is most often overlooked. Cells, irrespective of their origin, are damaged when cultures are initiated: they need time to recover. All of these features can be readily combined into a clinostat incubator and bioreactor. Surprisingly, growing cells in a clinostat system do not require specialised media, scaffolds, ECM substitutes or growth factors. This considerably facilitates the transition to 3D. Most importantly, cells growing this way mirror cells growing in vivo and are thus valuable for biomedical research.
Germplasm Conservation
Authors: Quazi Sameer , Golani Tanya , Martino Capuzzo Arnaud
Published: April 2021

With the increase in risk of extinction of various plants, the trend has been shifted to employment of many biotechnological techniques for preservation of genetic resources of plant and is the area of research which needs to be revolutionized after a specific time period because it allows the production and selection of crop varieties with desirable characteristics during breeding process such as improved fuel, food and health facilities. Having an immense research in conservation of non-threatened species, there is a small collection of knowledge available for conservation of endangered ones. This chapter aims to highlight the various techniques in germplasm conservation of endangered or the species which are at extent of extinction and also the future directions in this field. In developing countries where most of agriculture depends upon food crops, the maintenance of genetic variation is of immense importance. On farm conservation provides the best example of preservation and evolution based on genetic variability which can occur ex-situ and in- situ environment in farms or gene bank. So, it presents the best option for conservation or maintenance of ecosystem and biodiversity which ensures survival of endangered species via germplasm. The most point to consider is that germplasm or genes have to be conserved instead of genotype. In situ conservation involves preservation of plant crops in the field condition in ecosystem where plant is adopted to grow in order to maintain self –sustaining process in natural ecosystem. Similarly ex-situ involve the collections of seed banks of genes collected from plant under natural conditions to produce desirable varieties or from tissue culture in laboratory also referred as in-vitro methodology. In –vitro techniques include cryopreservation which include freezing at much lower temperature than that of freezing point i.e. -196 °C in liquid nitrogen for preserving species which are near to extent of endangerment. Cold storage and storing at lower temperature provides best opportunity for protection against damage caused by rapid freezing. Germplasm exchange has become now a usual practice ensuring exchange of varieties between cultivated and wild types as for example in potatoes specie etc. DNA as well as gene or seed banks provide molecular sources for conservation at biotechnological level. The techniques of introgression and incorporation are basic approaches for germplasm conservation. So there is need to revolutionize and practice germplasm conservation for fulfilling future needs being aimed at conserving endangered or threatened species from conservation hotspots.
Frog Virology: Biosafety in an Experimental Farm
Authors: Luís Martins Batista Cláudia , Nuno Vaz Batista de Vieira e Brito Alexandre , César Oliveira Lopes Júlio
Published: April 2021

Understanding and detecting diseases of amphibians has become vitally important in conservation and ecological studies and prevent and biosecurity a determinant priority in experimental farms, mainly when related with academic and research activities. Ranavirus belongs to the family Iridoviridae, and causes an emergent infectious disease that affects different species, especially fish, reptiles and amphibians, with a significant contribution to the decline of the population. In amphibian systems, Ranaviruses transmission can occur between vertebrate classes through direct contact, by scavenging or through virus particles persisting in the environment. Subclinical infected individuals may serve as reservoirs in the most susceptible anura species. Humans play a significant role in this emergent disease and biosecurity measures are determinant to prevent the introduction of these viruses, either in commercial or experimental farms. A Biosafety Plan is a fundamental tool in the Ranaviruses prevention and include educational and training programs, relevant to the mission of a Higher Education Institution.
Corporate Governance and ERM for SMEs Viability in Italy
Authors: Riva Patrizia , Comoli Maurizio , Garelli Ambra
Published: April 2021

Family Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (Family SMEs) in Italy have been asked by the new Insolvency and Crisis Code (IC-Code) to establish organizational, management and accounting bodies and tools appropriate to their nature and size. They need to be able to face early warning of company’s crisis and potential loss of going concern and to be able to implement strategies provided by the law to recover viability. The peculiarity of the Italian System is the joint existence of two levels of controls. A “downstream” one carried out by Auditors in charge of the accounting control and an “upstream” one carried out by the Supervisory Board in charge for the surveillance of directors’ behaviour. The board of statutory auditors (Collegio Sindacale), which has been defined as the watchdog distinguishing Italian corporate governance system, plays a fundamental role in reaching the goal. Its supervisory activities are played ex-ante over directors and are set with independence and competence. Auditors, instead, operate when everything has already been decided or even implemented concentrating on the accounting issues. The IC-Code sets up new corporate governance rules for a huge number of Family SMEs requiring the appointment of independent control bodies, Board of Statutory Auditors and Auditors and demanding therefore for more attention to risk monitoring and managing.
Smoking and Non-Communicable Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigeria Scenario
Authors: Ayodapo Abayomi , Ibisola Babalola
Published: April 2021

Smoking remains a strong factor in the emergence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and it contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory disease which are the four leading NCDs worldwide. Non-Communicable Diseases has been implicated in about two thirds of the global premature deaths. However despite the strong evidence of link of smoking to NCDs, the prevalence of smoking is still high among the youths and adults, with an attendant adverse health effects. Nigeria, though a signatory to WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) of 2005, and its recent domestication in National Tobacco Act of 2015, effective operationalization and implementation is still a mirage.
Usability Recommendations for Designers of Smartphone Applications for Older Adults: An Empirical Study
Authors: Ahmad Bilal , Richardson Ita , Beecham Sarah
Published: April 2021

Older adults (OAs) are a growing and dominant part of the global population, with specific communication and usability needs. Information technology, such as smartphone applications, has the potential to help OAs stay connected, yet some designs do not appeal to this group of users. Current recommendations for the design of usable smartphone applications for OAs can be hard to apply and difficult to interpret. As a result, designers of smartphone applications do not have a clear set of recommendations for the design of smartphones for OAs. In this paper we elicit and transform usability trends and difficulties experienced directly by tech-savvy1 OA users, into an organised set of recommendations. To do this we conducted an empirical study in four stages: (1) Data extraction. Digital context is extracted through conducting Think Aloud sessions with tech-savvy OAs (aged 50+); (2) Data mapping. Digital content extractions are mapped against 7 key aspects of usability; (3) Validation. Validated mappings through inter-rater reliability testing; (4) Presentation. Presented resultant recommendations as design patterns. Applying this method resulted in a set of 131 Usability recommendations with some overlap, transformed into a set of 14 design patterns that can act as a starting point for designers and developers of smartphone applications for OAs, and for pedagogy. Three of these patterns are presented in this study.
Herding and Stampeding: The Albatross of Mosquito/Malaria Control
Authors: S.O. Ugwu Francis
Published: April 2021

Malaria is lingering globally with 3.3 billion people at risk of infection and 1.2 billion others classified as high risk. The economic burden caused by the disease and vectors is humongous globally. The epicenter is Sub-Sahara Africa which accounts for 92% of the annual death burden of 435,000 of which 61% are children of less than five years. Result of elimination activities are manifest in all other WHO regions except in Sub-Sahara Africa where efforts to control the disease/vector bear unsatisfactory testimony. This worst case scenario in the region is the handiwork of weak governments and institutions that appear to lead control strategies by showiness via information media; but in reality, they are part of the albatross that stampede the processes. Remedying the situation would require multi-tactics including arm-twisting relevant authorities in Africa by the international community and knowledge-based actions by private individuals and communities to stem the tide.
Conventional and Molecular Detection Methods of the Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogen Campylobacter concisus
Authors: Huq Mohsina , Istivan Taghrid
Published: April 2021

Campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen that causes gastroenteritis and is a suspected cause of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its importance is enhanced by the chronic sequela that results from acute infection. This bacterium has been under-diagnosed in intestinal infectious diseases, and its clinical importance has not been determined yet. In order to establish the implication of this emerging bacterial species in human gastroenteritis and other infections, different approaches and procedure have been performed, where molecular typing methods have played a central role. The chapter provides a comprehensive past and recent updates on the detection of C. concisus by biochemical and molecular methods.
Impact of the Jamapa River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez María , Lango-Reynoso Fabiola
Published: April 2021

The Jamapa River basin is located in the central region of the State of Veracruz, it is born in the Pico de Orizaba and connects with the Veracruz Reef System in the Gulf of Mexico, both protected natural areas. The lower part of the basin has the contribution of two important effluents, Arroyo Moreno, which is a protected natural area, strongly impacted due to municipal discharges from the metropolitan cities Veracruz-Boca del Río-Medellín. And the Estero, which is part of a complex aquatic system that discharges its waters from the Lagunar Mandinga system to the Gulf of Mexico. Currently, there is a diversity of chemical and biological compounds that the basin receives from different sources of freshwater pollution, such as industrial waste, sewage, agricultural and urban runoff, and the accumulation of sediments. The climatic seasons are the determining factors in the composition of its sediments, due to the force exerted on the bottom of the river by the increase in rainfall, the force of the winds mainly in the north wind season, where the greatest quantity of polluting materials.
Potency of SARS-CoV-2 on Ocular Tissues
Authors: Durak Saliha , Eda Sutova Hande , Alp Yetisgin Abuzer , Kutlu Ozlem , Cetinel Sibel
Published: April 2021

The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 100 million people and resulted in morbidity and mortality around the world. Even though the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by respiratory tract involvement, previous and recent data also indicates ocular manifestation. Not surprisingly, cell entry point of the virus, ACE2 receptor, is widely expressed in ocular tissues ranging from conjunctiva to retina. Despite the sensibility of ocular tissues, the sophisticated defense mechanism of the eye might eliminate viral transmission. Nevertheless, the potential of systemic transmission through the nasolacrimal duct may not be eliminated. In the case of ocular involvement, the disease outcomes might be as treatable as conjunctivitis or as serious as retinal degeneration and the treatment regimen vary accordingly. Within these contingencies, our aim with this chapter is to shed light on molecular bases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, systemic invasiveness following ocular transmission, manifestation and permanent effects on ocular tissues.
Surface-Confined Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Benzimidazole Derivatives: Toward Functional Devices
Authors: Haga Masa-aki
Published: April 2021

Substitutionally inert ruthenium complexes bearing benzimidazole derivatives have unique electrochemical and photochemical properties. In particular, proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) in ruthenium–benzimidazole complexes leads to rich redox chemistry, which allows e.g. the tuning of redox potentials or switching by deprotonation. Using the background knowledge from acquired from their solution-state chemistry, Ru complexes immobilized on electrode surfaces have been developed and these offer new research directions toward functional molecular devices. The integration of surface-immobilized redox-active Ru complexes with multilayer assemblies via the layer-by-layer (LbL) metal coordination method on ITO electrodes provides new types of functionality. To control the molecular orientation of the complexes on the ITO surface, free-standing tetrapodal phosphonic acid anchor groups were incorporated into tridentate 2,6-bis(benzimidazole-2-yl)pyridine or benzene ligands. The use of the LbL layer growth method also enables “coordination programming” to fabricate multilayered films, as a variety of Ru complexes with different redox potentials and pKa values are available for incorporation into homo- and heterolayer films. Based on this strategy, many functional devices, such as scalable redox capacitors for energy storage, photo-responsive memory devices, proton rocking-chair-type redox capacitors, and protonic memristor devices have been successfully fabricated. Further applications of anchored Ru complexes in photoredox catalysis and dye-sensitized solar cells may be possible. Therefore, surface-confined Ru complexes exhibit great potential to contribute to the development of advanced functional molecular devices.
Smart Metering in Infrastructure-Less Communication Environments and Applicability of LoRa Technology
Authors: Paul Biswajit , Palit Rajesh
Published: April 2021

Advanced-Metering-Infrastructure (AMI) is an integral part of Smart-Grids (SGs). It enables accurate consumer billing in presence of dynamic pricing, and improves efficiency and reliability of electricity distribution in presence of distributed generation. Value-added features of AMI such as diagnostics and maintenance service can identify the anomalous power consumption patterns of appliances at the end of their life cycle. Water and gas utility distribution networks in smart cities will incorporate AMI as an application of Internet-of-Things (IoT). The communication infrastructure plays a crucial role in enabling two-way communication between Smart-Meters (SMs) and the utility. AMI’s bi-directional communication facility supports precise modeling of load information and data management system facilitating demand-response applications to reduce energy wastage. Researchers have investigated the role of wireless technologies in Home-Area-Networks (HANs), Neighborhood-Area-Networks (NANs) and Wide-Area-Networks (WANs) in AMI. The arrival of new Low-Power-Wide-Area-Networks (LPWANs) technologies has opened up new technology integration possibilities in AMI. However, it is essential to understand the AMI architecture, envisioned application types, network requirements, features and limitations of existing technologies to determine a technology’s integration suitability in an application for smart metering technology. This chapter discusses LoRa for smart metering in infrastructure-less environments and the possible use of our multi-hop routing scheme.
FAIR and Open Research Metadata as Leverage for Digital Libraries: The Flemish Case
Authors: Vancauwenbergh Sadia
Published: April 2021

Since the advent of the digital age, academic libraries have been transforming from traditional libraries to digital libraries. While digitisation of published materials has been taking place in most libraries, research data is not yet a common good. However, in an era where the Open Science movement affectuates the modus operandi of the entire research ecosystem, it is paramount for digital libraries to include information on other digital objects such as research data. In fact, FAIR and Open research (meta)data can truly act as a leverage for digital libraries and broaden the scope of the library from a place for content consumption to a place for content creation. In order to take on this role, digital libraries must cooperate with ICT and the research community to ensure that the infrastructure is in place to store research (meta)data and that the librarians have the digital skill set for handling FAIR and Open research (meta)data. Throughout the chapter, we will elaborate on the essentials for creating a digital repository, with emphasis on the underlying metadata scheme using the Flemish application profile for research data as example. In addition, we will highlight the essential roles for operating digital libraries containing research data.
STEAME Model in Action: Challenges and Solutions in Mastering the Digital Culture
Authors: Kovatcheva Eugenia , Koleva Milena
Published: April 2021

Due to the digital transformation of everyday practice the process of education has become more complicated than ever before. The role of teachers is more complex as they are not the only source of information and knowledge for their students anymore. Formally or informally, they need to help students develop new competencies and prepare them for the unknown future in the fast-growing and changing labor market. Essential part of these new competencies lies in the interconnected fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. In order for students to obtain them a variety of learning approaches have to be applied in an interdisciplinary educational environment and digital culture. The new generations of digital natives grow up with a set of skills about engaging in the digital world as a basic knowledge. Furthermore, to provide students with more holistic understanding the concepts of Arts are integrated with STEM to become STEAM education. This chapter presents extended education model taking STEM and STEAM to the next level and bringing the Entrepreneurship discipline to create an integrated STEAME curriculum. This chapter presents an integrated STEAME curriculum model, methodology for its implementation and STEAME classroom and environment design as a new education approach to tackle the challenges of the development of skills for the 21st century.
Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction to Value Added Products
Authors: Amin Farkhondehfal M. , Zeng Juqin
Published: April 2021

The CO2 that comes from the use of fossil fuels accounts for about 65% of the global greenhouse gas emission, and it plays a critical role in global climate changes. Among the different strategies that have been considered to address the storage and reutilization of CO2, the transformation of CO2 into chemicals and fuels with a high added-value has been considered a winning approach. This transformation is able to reduce the carbon emission and induce a “fuel switching” that exploits renewable energy sources. The aim of this chapter is to categorize different heterogeneous electrocatalysts which are being used for CO2 reduction, based on the desired products of the above mentioned reactions: from formic acid and carbon monoxide to methanol and ethanol and other possible by products. Moreover, a brief description of the kinetic and mechanism of the CO2 reduction reaction) and pathways toward different products have been discussed.
Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Certain Freshwater Fish Species and the Impact on Human Health: A General Review
Authors: Velappan Muralidharan , Munusamy Deecaraman
Published: April 2021

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, which are capable of causing disease and death in humans and animals when present in food. Recent studies evinces fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain. Although the increasing research publications related to the occurrence and prevention of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds, there was limited studies on bioaccumulation of mycotoxins research in common freshwater fish species. Further this was assumed fish species of salmonid and cyprinids are very sensitive to feed-borne mycotoxins so far. Studies have demonstrated, fish may also carry mycotoxins residue along the food chain, thus compromising human health. This review describes mainly mycotoxin contaminations in certain freshwater fish species and the impact on human health due to their potential proven toxicity. This review also provided comprehensive information on mycotoxins contamination levels in muscle and liver tissue of some freshwater fish species such as Nile tilapia, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla during capturing in fresh water lakes and also fish sold at wet market and hypermarket in Chennai, Tamilnadu.
Kyrk Choro
Authors: Aitkulova Meerim ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2021

The article attempts to understand the phenomenon of the neo-patriotic group Kyrk Choro in Kyrgyzstan, and focuses on issues such as the activities of the group and the conditions for its emergence. The confusion of ideological orientations in the country has led to the fragmentation of the Kyrgyz society. The emergence and popularity of Kyrk Choro are reflections of the aggravating contradictions between westernization and attempts to keep Kyrgyz values.
Self-Determination as the Ground and Constraint for the Right to Exclude
Authors: Kwan Jonathan ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: April 2021

In this article, I show how the principle of democratic self-determination can answer the boundary problem by both grounding and constraining a people’s right to exclude potential immigrants. I argue that a people has the qualified right to exclude insofar as it respects the self-determination claims of outsiders. I analyze the concrete implications of the requirement to respect the self-determination claims of outsiders in the cases of (a) long-term residents, (b) refugees, and (c) brain drain. Sometimes the only way for a people to respect the self-determination claims of outsiders will be by including, rather than excluding, them as members.
Resistance Characteristics For High-Speed Hull Forms with Vanes
Authors: Andrews Iruthayaraju , Avala Venkata Karthik , Sahoo Prasanta K. , Ramakrishnan Sudarshanaram
Published: April 2021

In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate the resistance characteristics of high-speed round bilge hull forms fitted with a vane in the stern region of the vessel. The Hull Vane ® is a fixed foil located below the waterline, aft of the stern of the vessel. The Hull Vane® reduces the generation of waves and the vessel’s motions in waves. The focus of this paper is to compare the total resistance of a single model from the AMECRC series of round bilge hull forms with and without Hull Vane® attached to the hull.