bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Heat Treatments on the Degradation of Salmonella Nucleic Acid
Authors: Li Miaoyun , Zhao Gaiming , Liu Jie , Gao Xiaoping , Zhang Qiuhui
Published: October 2013

The effect of different heat treatments commonly used in the processing and consumption of food products on the detection and extinction of Salmonella nucleic acid were explored. Genomic DNA and RNA with different heat treatments were extracted at intervals and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that there was a large number of slowly degrading genomic DNA remained in the dead bacterial suspensions which had been treated with 65C/20 min and 85C/30 min, and DNA bands were still visible after 18 days; the DNA bands were very weak and disappeared after 4 days by boiling for 3 min. The 121C/15 min treated Salmonella had no visible DNA bands. The RNA bands of Salmonella were completely degradation initially in different heat treatments. The higher heating temperature and longer heat times Salmonella caused, the faster DNA degenerated. Therefore, DNA was not suitable for the quantitative detection and RNA was suitable for the qualitative detection during the detection of Salmonella by real‐time PCR/ reverse transcription PCR after heat treatments. The study may contribute to the successful application of Salmonella detection by nucleic acid in foods, since false positive of pathogens with PCR after heat treatments of food.

Practical Applications

This study demonstrated that PCR can result in the false positive of pathogens after heat treatments of food based on DNA. RNA was suitable for the qualitative detection during the detection of Salmonella by PCR with different heat treatments. It is of importance to detect Salmonella in food by nucleic acid after heat treatments.
Lawsonite blueschists and lawsonite eclogites as proxies for palaeo‐subduction zone processes: a review
Authors: Tsujimori T. , Ernst W.G.
Published: October 2013

Lawsonite‐bearing metamorphic/metasomatic rocks form at high‐pressure–ultrahigh pressure (HP–UHP) and low‐temperature (LT) conditions, commonly in Pacific‐type subduction zones. TheP–Tstability fields of lawsonite blueschists and lawsonite eclogites represent subfacies of the blueschist and eclogite facies, respectively. Although the lawsonite–epidote transition boundary has a positive Clapeyron (dP/dT) slope, the blueschist‐to‐eclogite transformation within the lawsonite stability field in metabasaltic rocks is gradual and cannot be defined by a specific discontinuous reaction inP–Tspace. The oldest occurrences of lawsonite‐bearing blueschists are latest Neoproterozoic, suggesting that subduction‐zone thermal structures evolved towards the necessary LTconditions for lawsonite formation only by the late Neoproterozoic. A clear difference in frequency between Phanerozoic lawsonite and epidote blueschists does not exist, but our new compilation found a global lawsonite hiatus in the Permian that is a robust indication of relatively warm subduction‐zone thermal regimes. Lawsonite eclogites have been confirmed from at least 19 localities; they are classified as L‐ (lawsonite only), E‐ (lawsonite + epidote), and U‐type (lawsonite + coesite). Complete preservation of L‐type lawsonite eclogites attending their return to the surface is uncommon. Rare evidence of progressive eclogitization within the lawsonite stability field is preserved in some zoned garnets, as growth isolates a significant volume of precursor phases and textures during incipient eclogitization. Brittle fracturing and fluid infiltration are common during prograde eclogite facies metamorphism. Certain lawsonite‐bearing metasomatic rocks record multiple fluid‐infiltration events. Significant cooling and continuous H2O supply from the dehydrating oceanic plate to exhuming HPserpentinite mélange may cause lawsonite blueschist facies overprinting and prevent breakdown of lawsonite during decompression. The subduction records of lawsonite blueschists and eclogites agree with numerical modelling of subduction zones.
The interactive roles of zinc and calcium in mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration
Authors: Pivovarova Natalia B. , Stanika Ruslan I. , Kazanina Galina , Villanueva Idalis , Andrews S. Brian
Published: October 2013

Zinc has been implicated in neurodegeneration following ischemia. In analogy with calcium, zinc has been proposed to induce toxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction, but the relative role of each cation in mitochondrial damage remains unclear. Here, we report that under conditions mimicking ischemia in hippocampal neurons – normal (2 mM) calcium plus elevated (> 100 μM) exogenous zinc – mitochondrial dysfunction evoked by glutamate, kainate or direct depolarization is, despite significant zinc uptake, primarily governed by calcium. Thus, robust mitochondrial ion accumulation, swelling, depolarization, and reactive oxygen species generation were only observed after toxic stimulation in calcium‐containing media. This contrasts with the lack of any mitochondrial response in zinc‐containing but calcium‐free medium, even though zinc uptake and toxicity were strong under these conditions. Indeed, abnormally high, ionophore‐induced zinc uptake was necessary to elicit any mitochondrial depolarization. In calcium‐ and zinc‐containing media, depolarization‐induced zinc uptake facilitated cell death and enhanced accumulation of mitochondrial calcium, which localized to characteristic matrix precipitates. Some of these contained detectable amounts of zinc. Together these data indicate that zinc uptake is generally insufficient to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, so that mechanism(s) of zinc toxicity must be different from that of calcium.

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Zinc and calcium are both implicated in ischemic injury. While calcium toxicity is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction, mechanisms of zinc toxicity are unclear. Here we show that under conditions mimicking ischemia in hippocampal neurons, glutamate‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction – swelling (red mitochondrion), depolarization and increased ROS generation – is triggered only by calcium, while zinc mainly facilitates calcium‐dependent mitochondrial damage.
Regulation of the high‐affinity choline transporter activity and trafficking by its association with cholesterol‐rich lipid rafts
Authors: Cuddy Leah K. , Winick‐Ng Warren , Rylett Rebecca Jane
Published: October 2013

The sodium‐coupled, hemicholinium‐3‐sensitive, high‐affinity choline transporter (CHT) is responsible for transport of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals from the synaptic cleft following acetylcholine release and hydrolysis. In this study, we address regulation of CHT function by plasma membrane cholesterol. We show for the first time that CHT is concentrated in cholesterol‐rich lipid rafts in both SH‐SY5Y cells and nerve terminals from mouse forebrain. Treatment of SH‐SY5Y cells expressing rat CHT with filipin, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβC) or cholesterol oxidase significantly decreased choline uptake. In contrast, CHT activity was increased by addition of cholesterol to membranes using cholesterol‐saturated MβC. Kinetic analysis of binding of [3H]hemicholinium‐3 to CHT revealed that reducing membrane cholesterol with MβC decreased both the apparent binding affinity (KD) and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax); this was confirmed by decreased plasma membrane CHT protein in lipid rafts in cell surface protein biotinylation assays. Finally, the loss of cell surface CHT associated with lipid raft disruption was not because of changes in CHT internalization. In summary, we provide evidence that CHT association with cholesterol‐rich rafts is critical for transporter function and localization. Alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol cholinergic nerve terminals could diminish cholinergic transmission by reducing choline availability for acetylcholine synthesis.

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The sodium‐coupled choline transporter CHT moves choline into cholinergic nerve terminals to serve as substrate for acetylcholine synthesis. We show for the first time that CHT is concentrated in cholesterol‐rich lipid rafts, and decreasing membrane cholesterol significantly reduces both choline uptake activity and cell surface CHT protein levels. CHT association with cholesterol‐rich rafts is critical for its function, and alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol could diminish cholinergic transmission by reducing choline availability for acetylcholine synthesis.
Telomeres and human health
Authors: Bojesen S. E.
Published: October 2013

Telomeres are the tips of chromosomes and consist of proteins and hexanucleotide tandem repeats of DNA. The DNA repeats are shortened at each mitotic division of normal cells, and the telomere length chronicles how many divisions the cell has undergone. Thus, telomere length is a marker of fundamental biological pathways. It has been possible to measure telomere length for more than 20 years, and it has been established that telomere length is associated with age, sex and lifestyle factors. Here, the current knowledge of telomere length as a biomarker of disease susceptibility and mortality will be reviewed. In addition, technical difficulties and the reasons why measurement of telomeres has still not been introduced into routine clinical practice will be discussed. Findings from recent studies conducted in many thousands of individuals indicate that telomere length is not–or at best only marginally–independently associated with risk of common disorders such as cardiovascular, pulmonary and neoplastic diseases. However, in sufficiently powered studies, short telomeres are repeatedly and independently found to be associated with increased risk of early death in the general population or in subsets of individuals. This indicates that measurement of telomeres could be a valuable prognostic biomarker in many clinical settings. However, whether short telomeres are a causal factor for or simply a marker of increased risk of early death must be determined. Finally, how Mendelian randomization studies could clarify this issue, and which clinical studies might be carried out to refine this very promising biomarker for routine clinical use will be considered.
Hedonic Responses and Individual Definitions of an Ideal Apple as Predictors of Choice
Authors: Seppä Laila , Railio Jenna , Vehkalahti Kimmo , Tahvonen Risto , Tuorila Hely
Published: October 2013

Hedonic ratings and individual definitions of an ideal apple were used to explain repeated choices during one‐week experiment. Participants (77 women, 31 men, mean age 45, range 19–65) rated the importance of six sensory attributes (red, green, sweet, sour, firm, crispy) in apples. Based on ratings, three clusters (CL) were identified: CL1 preferred sweet and soft; CL2 sour and firm; and CL3 medium sour and medium sweet apples. Liking of four cultivars with distinct sensory properties was measured three times (Monday–Wednesday–Friday) using a 7‐point scale (like not at all – like very much). Following each tasting, three fruits from one cultivar were chosen to take home. Liking and choice reflected CL to some extent. Logistic regression models showed that both the liking of the cultivar chosen and disliking the nonchosen alternatives affected the choice. Liking rated just before a choice was a better predictor than the first (initial) liking. Furthermore, CL and hedonic flexibility (the largest difference between the liking scores of the cultivars selected) significantly predicted some choices. Hence, along with liking a product, disliking other options, inclination to also accept less preferred alternatives, and individual preference for certain qualities in apples play a role in the choice.

Practical Applications

In this study, we show that initial liking does not alone explain later liking. When products are offered side by side, such as in a real shopping situation, the properties of less‐preferred options also affect the choice. Descriptions of an ideal product and the clusters constructed thereof moderately reflect liking. Such definition of an ideal product can be a useful tool in revealing consumer preferences as long as the rated attributes are relevant. The results emphasize the importance of variety of fruits available to satisfy individual, fluctuating consumer preferences.
Nonparametric Estimation of d′ and Its Variance for the A–Not A with Reminder
Authors: Bi Jian , O'Mahony Michael , Lee Hye‐Seong
Published: October 2013

The A–Not A with reminder (A–Not AR) is a relatively new method in the sensory literature. This paper derives and demonstrates the function illustrating the relationship between the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and d′ for the A–Not AR with the differencing strategy. This function shows that the area under an ROC curve for the A–Not AR is equal to the maximum proportion of correct responses in an A–Not A. This theoretic function can be used to estimate d′ and its variance from the ratings of the A–Not AR. A simulation study shows that the nonparametric estimation based on this function is close to those obtained by using the maximum likelihood estimation. The estimation of the variance of d′ based on the delta method is close to that obtained by using the bootstrap method. R codes are provided for the estimations of d′ and its variance as well as simulations.

Practical Applications

The A–Not AR is a variation of the conventional A–Not A method, which is used in the sensory field for discrimination testing. This method is particularly useful when it is difficult to have an adequate familiarization procedure for the test samples for panelists before a test. This approach also offers the potential for applying such a method to problems like hedonic, purchase intent, and consumer concept measures in addition to other measures in the sensory and consumer science field. This paper provides a new nonparametric method and R codes for estimating d′ and its variance from the ratings of the A–Not AR.
Survival Analysis Statistics Applied to Threshold Data Obtained from the Ascending Forced‐Choice Method of Limits
Authors: Hough Guillermo , Methven Lisa , Lawless Harry T.
Published: October 2013

Sensory thresholds are often collected through ascending forced‐choice methods. Group thresholds are important for comparing stimuli or populations; yet, the method has two problems. An individual may correctly guess the correct answer at any concentration step and might detect correctly at low concentrations but become adapted or fatigued at higher concentrations. The survival analysis method deals with both issues. Individual sequences of incorrect and correct answers are adjusted, taking into account the group performance at each concentration. The technique reduces the chance probability where there are consecutive correct answers. Adjusted sequences are submitted to survival analysis to determine group thresholds. The technique was applied to an aroma threshold and a taste threshold study. It resulted in group thresholds similar to ASTM or logarithmic regression procedures. Significant differences in taste thresholds between younger and older adults were determined. The approach provides a more robust technique over previous estimation methods.

Practical Applications

Detection thresholds can indicate the level at which the average person is likely to notice a taste or smell. Therefore, they serve as an informative benchmark of when a tastant or aroma material will have an effect on consumer perception of that taste or flavor. They also serve as an indicator of the biological (sensory) potency of various taste and flavor materials. The survival analysis method outlined in this paper is recommended for the analysis of threshold data collected through the forced‐choice ascending concentration series method of limits. The new method takes into consideration an individual's sequence of incorrect and correct answers and the group's overall performance for a particular concentration, adjusting the individual's answers in a uniform manner. The adjusted answers can then be submitted to survival analysis statistical estimations to obtain more accurate group thresholds.
Bortezomib enhances fatty liver preservation in Institut George Lopez-1 solution through adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase and Akt/mTOR pathways
Authors: Bejaoui Mohamed , Zaouali Mohamed Amine , Folch-Puy Emma , Pantazi Eirini , Bardag-Gorce Fawzia , Carbonell Teresa , Oliva Joan , Rimola Antoni , Abdennebi Hassen Ben , Roselló-Catafau Joan
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the protective mechanisms induced by bortezomib added to Institut George Lopez (IGL)-1 preservation solution to protect steatotic livers against cold ischaemia reperfusion injury and to examine whether these mechanisms occur through the activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt/mTOR pathways.

Methods

Steatotic livers from obese rats were preserved for 24 h (at 4°C) in IGL-1 solution with or without bortezomib (100 nM) or pretreated with AMPK inhibitor adenine 9-α-D-arabinofuranoside and preserved in IGL-1 + bortezomib. Livers were then perfused for 2 h at 37°C. Liver injury (alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase) and function (bile production and vascular resistance) were measured. Also, Akt/mTOR, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK) and apoptosis were determined by Western blot analyses.

Key findings

Bortezomib addition to IGL-1 solution significantly reduced steatotic liver injury, improved graft function and decreased liver apoptosis. These benefits were diminished by the pretreatment of obese rats with AMPK inhibitor Ara. Western blot analyses showed a significant increase in pAMPK after ischaemia and reperfusion. We also observed a significant phosphorylation of Akt in IGL-1 + bortezomib group that, in turn, induced the phosphorylation of mTOR and glycogen synthase kinase 3β.

Conclusions

Bortezomib, at low and non toxic concentration, is a promising additive to IGL-1 solution for steatotic liver preservation. Its protective effect is due to the activation of AMPK and Akt/mTOR pathways.
Gaidropsarus granti from a Ligurian seamount: a Mediterranean native species?
Authors: Orsi Relini Lidia , Relini Giulio
Published: October 2013

Two specimens of the Azorean rockling Gaidropsarus granti (Regan 1903) were caught in the period August 1989–January 1990 on a seamount located about 29 nautical miles south of Genoa, Ligurian Sea. The records remained unpublished because of errors in the literature concerning the two Macaronesian species Gaidropsarus granti and Gaidropsarus guttatus. Old and recent records of G. granti are now used to characterize morphological and ecological traits of this species. In particular, G. granti is unmistakably adapted to a sedentary life on hard substrata, and all records occurred in offshore slope waters, frequently on banks and seamounts. Ecological characteristics and biogeographical considerations are introduced in the discussion about the origin of the Mediterranean records of G. granti, specifically whether this fish should be considered an introduced or a native species.
Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination XI: Identification and elemental analysis of impact craters on Al foils from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector
Authors: Stroud Rhonda M. , Allen Carlton , Ansari Asna , Anderson David , Bajt Saša , Bassim Nabil , Bastien Ron S. , Bechtel Hans A. , Borg Janet , Brenker Frank E. , Bridges John , Brownlee Donald E. , Burchell Mark , Burghammer Manfred , Butterworth Anna L. , Changela Hitesh , Cloetens Peter , Davis Andrew M. , Doll Ryan , Floss Christine , Flynn George , Frank David R. , Gainsforth Zack , Grün Eberhard , Heck Philipp R. , Hillier Jon K. , Hoppe Peter , Huth Joachim , Hvide Brit , Kearsley Anton , King Ashley J. , Kotula Paul , Lai Barry , Leitner Jan , Lemelle Laurence , Leroux Hugues , Leonard Ariel , Lettieri Robert , Marchant William , Nittler Larry R. , Ogliore Ryan , Ong Wei Jia , Postberg Frank , Price Mark C. , Sandford Scott A. , Tresseras Juan‐Angel Sans , Schmitz Sylvia , Schoonjans Tom , Schreiber Kate , Silversmit Geert , Simionovici Alexandre S. , Solé Vicente A. , Srama Ralf , Stephan Thomas , Sterken Veerle J. , Stodolna Julien , Sutton Steven , Trieloff Mario , Tsou Peter , Tsuchiyama Akira , Tyliszczak Tolek , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Westphal Andrew J. , Von Korff Joshua , Zevin Daniel , Zolensky Michael E.
Published: October 2013

The Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination team analyzed thirteen Al foils from the NASA Stardust interstellar collector tray in order to locate candidate interstellar dust (ISD) grain impacts. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images reveal that the foils possess abundant impact crater and crater‐like features. Elemental analyses of the crater features, with Auger electron spectroscopy, SEM‐based energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscope‐based EDX spectroscopy, demonstrate that the majority are either the result of impacting debris fragments from the spacecraft solar panels, or intrinsic defects in the foil. The elemental analyses also reveal that four craters contain residues of a definite extraterrestrial origin, either as interplanetary dust particles or ISD particles. These four craters are designated level 2 interstellar candidates, based on the crater shapes indicative of hypervelocity impacts and the residue compositions inconsistent with spacecraft debris.
Volatiles produced by soil‐borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions
Authors: D'ALESSANDRO MARCO , ERB MATTHIAS , TON JURRIAAN , BRANDENBURG ANNA , KARLEN DANIELLE , ZOPFI JAKOB , TURLINGS TED C. J.
Published: October 2013

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by soil microorganisms influence plant growth and pathogen resistance. Yet, very little is known about their influence on herbivores and higher trophic levels. We studied the origin and role of a major bacterial VOC, 2,3‐butanediol (2,3‐BD), on plant growth, pathogen and herbivore resistance, and the attraction of natural enemies in maize. One of the major contributors to 2,3‐BD in the headspace of soil‐grown maize seedlings was identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, an endophytic bacterium that colonizes the plants. The production of 2,3‐BD by E. aerogenes rendered maize plants more resistant against the Northern corn leaf blight fungus Setosphaeria turcica. On the contrary, E. aerogenes‐inoculated plants were less resistant against the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis. The effect of 2,3‐BD on the attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris was more variable: 2,3‐BD application to the headspace of the plants had no effect on the parasitoids, but application to the soil increased parasitoid attraction. Furthermore, inoculation of seeds with E. aerogenes decreased plant attractiveness, whereas inoculation of soil with a total extract of soil microbes increased parasitoid attraction, suggesting that the effect of 2,3‐BD on the parasitoid is indirect and depends on the composition of the microbial community.
Latent class analysis of a series of 717 patients with vitiligo allows the identification of two clinical subtypes
Authors: Ezzedine Khaled , Le Thuaut Aurélie , Jouary Thomas , Ballanger Fabienne , Taieb Alain , Bastuji‐Garin Sylvie
Published: October 2013

Non‐segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an enigmatic disease with various clinical courses. To empirically identify underlying subtypes of NSV, we performed latent class analysis (LCA) of 717 consecutive patients with NSV seen between 2006 and 2012 and were analyzed. Median age was 32 yrs (14–45), median age at NSV onset was 18 yrs (8–32), and median NSV duration 5 yrs (0.75–78.5). A two‐class model showed the best fit. Of the 717 patients, 280 (39%) belonged to LC1 and 437 (61%) to LC2. LC1 patients had high probabilities for early disease onset (<12 yrs), halo nevi, family history of premature hair greying, Koebner phenomenon, previous episodes of repigmentation, and family history of vitiligo. By contrast, LC2 patients were characterized by a late disease onset (after or at the age of 12 yrs, median age of 30 yrs) and acrofacial localization without any lesions on trunk or limbs. These two LCA classes (LC1, ‘prepubertal onset’; LC2, ‘post‐pubertal onset’) may help refining results from genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) and allow a more accurate genotype–phenotype correlation and help defining more directed treatment protocols.
Energy Policies and Domestic Politics in the MENA Region in the Aftermath of the Arab Upheavals: The Cases of Lebanon, Libya, and KSA
Authors: Khodr Hiba , Ruble Isabella
Published: October 2013

This article is a comparative, exploratory multicase study examining the relationship between domestic politics and national policies in the energy sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Libya. Key research questions are: What are the key factors shaping this relationship in each of these countries and what are the main obstacles to better policy‐making processes and outcomes? To understand each country's context, a short overview of the energy profile and the political structure in terms of its legislative, political, and administrative institutions is provided. The study then identifies several challenges that fall under five major categories: political, policy‐related, administrative, strategic, and economic challenges. While this study does not focus on the impact the interplay may have on the prospects of democracy in each country, it particularly considers its repercussions in the light of the upheavals in the Middle East and North African region.

Related Articles:

Sarquis, David J. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 871‐903. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00381.x/abstract

Luckhurst, Jonathan. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 958‐977. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00386.x/abstract

Mahler, Annegret. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 583‐611. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00305.x/abstract

Related Media:

. 2012. “.” November 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2zNqxy32Q0

Ridgwell, Henry. 2013. “.” . May 22. http://www.voanews.com/content/us‐oil‐surge‐could‐impact‐mideast‐geopolitics/1665943.html
Gender Mainstreaming: A Five‐Country Examination
Authors: Hankivsky Olena
Published: October 2013

Although gender mainstreaming (GM) has been the international norm for working toward gender equality in policies and practices since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing 1995, its impact has been uneven. The lack of substantive results has led to debate surrounding GM's capacity for engendering meaningful policy change. This article synthesizes the input of key GM stakeholders (within government, academia, and nongovernmental organizations) across Canada, Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine. It discusses national approaches to mainstreaming gender, identifies key factors inhibiting and/or promoting GM, and proposes how current strategies can be modified, strengthened and/or replaced by alternative approaches. Central to the analysis is the question as to whether GM in current or expanded versions has the potential to addresses the wide variety of diversities among nation state populations.

Related Media

. 2013. “.” http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/resource‐guides/gender/gender‐mainstreaming#.Ud7nzaz9zTo

. 2012. “.” Gender Equality. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/gender‐equality/
Occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels grown in northwestern Spain
Authors: Aguín O. , Cao A. , Pintos C. , Santiago R. , Mansilla P. , Butrón A.
Published: October 2013

Fusarium poses food and feed safety problems because most species produce mycotoxins. To understand the epidemiology of the Fusarium disease, efforts must focus more precisely on how environmental variables affect disease presence. The objectives of the present study were to monitor the occurrence of Fusarium species in maize kernels in northwestern Spain to determine the risk of mycotoxin contamination and to identify environmental traits affecting the composition of the Fusarium species identified. A combination of 24 environments was evaluated. The percentage of kernels infected by F. verticillioides ranged from 33 to 99%, supporting the idea that fumonisin contamination is the main maize‐based feed and food safety concern in this area. In this region, temperature and humidity primarily affected Fusarium spp. occurrence. Warmer temperatures during the later stages of kernel development and during kernel drying increased the frequency of F. verticillioides in maize kernels, while the presence of F. subglutinans was increased by higher relative humidity during the silking stage and cooler temperatures during kernel drying.
Government Reform, Political Ideology, and Administrative Burden: The Case of Performance Management in the Bush Administration
Authors: Lavertu Stéphane , Lewis David E. , Moynihan Donald P.
Published: October 2013

This article examines how ideological differences between political officials and agencies may have affected the implementation of an ostensibly nonpartisan, government‐wide administrative initiative: the George W. Bush administration's Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) review of federal programs. The analysis reveals that managers in agencies associated with liberal programs and employees (“liberal agencies”) agreed to a greater extent than those in agencies associated with conservative programs and employees (“conservative agencies”) that PART required significant agency time and effort and that it imposed a burden on management resources. Further analysis reveals that differences in reported agency effort can be explained partly by objective differences in the demands that PART placed on agencies—liberal agencies were required to evaluate more programs and implement more improvement plans relative to their organizational capacity—and partly by the ideological beliefs of employees—on average, liberal managers reported more agency effort, even after accounting for objective measures of administrative burden.
Novel HLA‐C*07:314 allele identified by sequence‐based typing in a French lymphoblastic leukemia patient
Authors: Elsermans V. , Top I. , Kuzio E.‐M. , Ballieu S. , Labalette M.
Published: October 2013

A novel human leukocyte antigen‐C (HLA‐C) allele, C*07:314, was identified in a French acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient.
A novel full length KIR3DL1*0070103 identified by molecular typing
Authors: Yindom L.‐M. , Wang L. , Rowland‐Jones S. L. , Dong T.
Published: October 2013

KIR3DL1*0070103 differs from KIR3DL1*0070101 with two mutations at 11548 (G>A) and 13889 (T>G), respectively.
P–T–t estimation of deformation in low‐grade quartz‐feldspar‐bearing rocks using thermodynamic modelling and 40Ar/39Ar dating techniques: example of the Plan‐de‐Phasy shear zone unit (Briançonnais Zone, Western Alps)
Authors: Lanari Pierre , Rolland Yann , Schwartz Stéphane , Vidal Olivier , Guillot Stéphane , Tricart Pierre , Dumont Thierry
Published: October 2013

Pressure–Temperature–time (P–T–t) estimates of the syn‐kinematic strain at the peak‐pressure conditions reached during shallow underthrusting of the Briançonnais Zone in the Alpine subduction zone was made by thermodynamic modelling and 40Ar/39Ar dating in the Plan‐de‐Phasy unit (SE of the Pelvoux Massif, Western Alps). The dated phengite minerals crystallized syn‐kinematically in a shear zone indicating top‐to‐the‐N motion. By combining X‐ray mapping with multi‐equilibrium calculations, we estimate the phengite crystallization conditions at 270 ± 50 °C and 8.1 ± 2 kbar at an age of 45.9 ± 1.1 Ma. Combining this P–T–t estimate with data from the literature allows us to constrain the timing and geometry of Alpine continental subduction. We propose that the Briançonnais units were scalped on top of the slab during ongoing continental subduction and exhumed continuously until collision.
The perforated uterus
Authors: Shakir Fevzi , Diab Yasser
Published: October 2013

Key content

Uterine perforation is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of uterine manipulation, evacuation of retained products of conception or termination of pregnancy (TOP), hysteroscopic procedures and during coil insertion.

Factors that increase the risk of uterine perforation include uterine anomalies, infection, recent pregnancy and postmenopause. TOP is the most common procedure associated with uterine perforation.

Prevention of uterine perforation is favoured, although if it occurs, initial recognition together with immediate and ongoing management is key to reducing morbidity, mortality and long‐term consequences.

It is important that surgeons performing surgical TOP are adequately trained. The experience of the surgeon results not only in fewer perforations but also in the early recognition of uterine injury.

Uterine perforation is a complication that is well recognised by all gynaecologists, although subsequent assessment and management needs to be standardised.

Learning objectives

To be aware of the incidence of uterine perforation and the potential serious complications that can result.

To identify the risk factors of uterine perforation, the mechanism of injury and how to potentially prevent it from occurring.

To increase awareness of this complication and to propose a standardised management protocol if a uterine perforation occurs, together with risk management issues.

Ethical issues

Are women at increased risk of uterine perforation counselled adequately about the complications and consequences?

Are women at increased risk given the full range of alternative treatment options?
Enhanced recovery in gynaecology
Authors: Torbé Emma , Crawford Robin , Nordin Andy , Acheson Nigel
Published: October 2013

Key content

Enhanced recovery pathways improve the quality and experience of care for patients undergoing elective gynaecology surgery.

Enhanced recovery pathways enable patients to recover more quickly and leave hospital sooner.

Enhanced recovery pathways reduce physical and psychological stress on patients.

Enhanced recovery pathways involve patients in their own care, which leads to better outcomes.

Learning objectives

To understand the principles and benefits of enhanced recovery pathways.

To share learning and experience of enhanced recovery pathways.

Ethical issues

Further research in the form of a randomised controlled trial of enhanced recovery versus ‘old fashioned’ care would be difficult as denying aspects of care would not be ethical.
Low‐frequency human platelet antigens as triggers for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Peterson Julie A. , Gitter Maria , Bougie Daniel W. , Pechauer Shannon , Hopp Kathleen A. , Pietz Brad , Szabo Aniko , Curtis Brian R. , McFarland Janice , Aster Richard H.
Published: October 2013

Background

Twenty‐four low‐frequency human platelet antigens (LFHPAs) have been implicated as immunogens in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). We performed studies to define more fully how often these antigens trigger maternal immunization leading to NAIT.

Study Design and Methods

In a Phase 1 study, fathers of selected NAIT cases not resolved by serologic testing but thought to have a high likelihood of NAIT on clinical and serologic grounds were typed for LFHPAs by DNA sequencing. In a Phase 2 study, high‐throughput methods were used to type fathers of 1067 consecutive unresolved NAIT cases for LFHPAs. Mothers of 1338 unresolved cases were also typed to assess the prevalence of LFHPAs in a population racially/ethnically similar to the fathers.

Results

In Phase 1, LFHPAs were identified in 16 of 244 fathers (6.55%). In Phase 2, LFPAs were found in only 28 of 1067 fathers (2.62%). LFHPAs were identified in 27 of 1338 maternal samples (2.01%). HPA‐9bw was by far the most common LFHPA identified in the populations studied and was the only LFHPA that was significantly more common in fathers than in mothers of affected infants (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Maternal immunization against recognized LFHPAs accounts for only a small fraction of the cases of apparent NAIT not resolved by standard serologic testing. Typing of the fathers of such cases for LFHPAs is likely to be rewarding only when a maternal antibody specific for a paternal platelet glycoprotein is demonstrated and/or there is compelling clinical evidence for NAIT.
Effect of 176Lu intrinsic radioactivity on dual head PET system imaging and data acquisition, simulation, and experimental measurements
Authors: Efthimiou Nikos , Loudos George , Karakatsanis Nicolas A. , Panayiotakis George S.
Published: October 2013

Purpose:

In this work, the authors aim for the estimation of the effect of176Lu intrinsic radioactivity on the performance of a dual head PET system dedicated to small animal imaging.

Methods:

A prototype camera has been used as a reference system in order to validate two GATE simulation models, which were used for the investigation. The first model includes the176Lu intrinsic radioactivity, while the second does not. The two models have been designed in order to provide similar sensitivities, in terms of count rate performance and scatter fraction, in the linear range of activities. In addition, the model with the 176Lu intrinsic radioactivity, has been validated in terms of background count rate. Different acquisition schemes have been examined in order to determine the optimum conditions to minimize the 176Lu effects, while maintaining a high trues count rate. In addition, the effect on the image quality, in terms of spatial resolution, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and minimum detectable activity, was investigated.

Results:

Both models are in good agreement with the measured data. While, the presence of the176Lu altered the dead time of the model, it also affected the singles, trues, and randoms count rates. The noise equivalent count rate curves of the two models indicate that for low activities, the lack of 176Lu radioactivity leads to better noise properties due to the underestimation of the randoms. Signal‐to‐noise ratio measurement on coincidence images confirm the aforementioned claim, since the model without the 176Lu provides better less noisy images. Furthermore, the spatial resolution and the minimum detectable activity are overestimated.

Conclusions:

It has been proven that the lack of the176Lu intrinsic radioactivity has an impact on the design of the simulation modelˈs dead time. Even if there is an alignment with experimental results still the noise properties, for a wide range of activities, are overestimated. In addition, for low activities, better image quality, is presented, mainly due to the lack of the 176Lu photons which blur the images. Furthermore, it was shown that the use of a high hardware threshold allows the application of a wide energy window, which improves the statistics without a significant compromise on the quality of the detected photons, mainly, due to the early rejection of the low energy photons and the low scatter factor.
Demonstration of a software design and statistical analysis methodology with application to patient outcomes data sets
Authors: Mayo Charles , Conners Steve , Warren Christopher , Miller Robert , Court Laurence , Popple Richard
Published: October 2013

Purpose:

With emergence of clinical outcomes databases as tools utilized routinely within institutions, comes need for software tools to support automated statistical analysis of these large data sets and intrainstitutional exchange from independent federated databases to support data pooling. In this paper, the authors present a design approach and analysis methodology that addresses both issues.

Methods:

A software application was constructed to automate analysis of patient outcomes data using a wide range of statistical metrics, by combining use of C#.Net and R code. The accuracy and speed of the code was evaluated using benchmark data sets.

Results:

The approach provides data needed to evaluate combinations of statistical measurements for ability to identify patterns of interest in the data. Through application of the tools to a benchmark data set for dose‐response threshold and to SBRT lung data sets, an algorithm was developed that uses receiver operator characteristic curves to identify a threshold value and combines use of contingency tables, Fisher exact tests, Welch t‐tests, and Kolmogorov‐Smirnov tests to filter the large data set to identify values demonstrating dose‐response. Kullback‐Leibler divergences were used to provide additional confirmation.

Conclusions:

The work demonstrates the viability of the design approach and the software tool for analysis of large data sets.
Speech quality estimation of voice over internet protocol codec using a packet loss impairment model
Authors: Lee Min-Ki , Kang Hong-Goo
Published: October 2013

This letter proposes a degradation and cognition model to estimate speech quality impairment because of packet loss concealment (PLC) algorithm implemented in the speech CODEC SILK. By considering the fact that the quality degradation caused by packet loss is highly related to the PLC algorithm, the impact of quality degradation on various types of previous and lost packet classes is analyzed. Then, the PLC effects to the proposed class types are measured by the class conditional expectation of the degradation scores. Finally, the cognition module is derived to estimate the total quality degradation in a mean opinion score (MOS) scale. When assessed for correlation with subject test results, the correlation coefficient of the encoder-based class model is 0.93, and that of the decoder-based model is 0.87.
A lightweight push-pull acoustic transducer composed of a pair of dielectric elastomer films
Authors: Sugimoto Takehiro , Ando Akio , Ono Kazuho , Morita Yuichi , Hosoda Kosuke , Ishii Daisaku , Nakamura Kentaro
Published: October 2013

A lightweight push-pull acoustic transducer using dielectric elastomer films was proposed for use in advanced audio systems in homes. The push-pull structure consists of two dielectric elastomer films developed to serve as an electroactive polymer. The transducer utilizes the change in the surface area of the dielectric elastomer film, induced by an electric-field-induced change in the thickness, for sound generation. The resonance frequency of the transducer was derived from modeling the push-pull configuration to estimate the lower limit of the frequency range. Measurement results presented an advantage of push-pull driving in the suppression of harmonic distortion.
Diacylglycerol Kinase ζ Limits B Cell Antigen Receptor–Dependent Activation of ERK Signaling to Inhibit Early Antibody Responses
Authors: Wheeler Matthew L. , Dong Matthew B. , Brink Robert , Zhong Xiao-Ping , DeFranco Anthony L.
Published: October 2013

An enzyme that curtails diacylglycerol signaling in B cells sets the threshold for antibody production.
Yorkie Feedback Goes Both Ways
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: October 2013

Tissue-specific targets allow the transcriptional cofactor Yki to exert positive feedback control over the Hippo pathway.
Going with the Flow: From Circulating Tumor Cells to DNA
Authors: Bidard Francois-Clement , Weigelt Britta , Reis-Filho Jorge S.
Published: October 2013

Experience gained from the translation of circulating tumor cell detection should help chauffeur circulating tumor DNA into the clinic.
Engineering the Emergence of Stem Cell Therapeutics
Authors: Healy Kevin E. , McDevitt Todd C. , Murphy William L. , Nerem Robert M.
Published: October 2013

The long-awaited translation of stem cell–based therapies to the clinic requires engineering approaches.
Sense and Sensibility of Insulin Pumps
Authors: Tirosh Amir
Published: October 2013

The insulin pump had a positive impact on type 1 diabetes patients; telling the pump when to stop might do the same.
North America; Plate-tectonic setting and tectonic elements
Authors: Bally A. W. , Scotese C. R. , Ross M. I.
Published: October 2013

This volume is about the evolution of the North America Plate. It also briefly discusses the evolution of the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean as they relate to North America. We will briefly sketch the present outlines of the North America Plate, review the plate-tectonic development of North America in a global context, and offer an overview of the major tectonic (Fig. 1) and geomorphic elements of our continent.

Earthquakes are primary indicators of present plate boundaries and of plate motions that are related to these boundaries. The outline of the North America Plate is shown clearly on Figure 2, which is based only on the distribution of earthquakes occurring from 1977 to 1987. Note also the good definition of the Caribbean and Cocos Plates. In the Arctic regions (Fig. 3), earthquakes clearly outline the plate boundary along the mid-ocean ridge up to the north coast of Siberia. However, from there southward, across northeastern Siberia, the margin of the North America Plate is quite diffuse.

Substantial intraplate earthquakes (Fig. 2) have occurred particularly within the United States. The 1811 to 1812 New Madrid (Missouri) and the 1866 Charleston (South Carolina) earthquakes exceeded magnitude 7 and occurred in areas that are still active today (Seeber and Armbruster, 1988; Hinze and Braile, 1988). New England is another area of intraplate seismic activity. According to Zoback and others (1986), the midplate stress of the North America Plate is compressive, with a maximum horizontal principal stress oriented northeast to east northeast. The stress field extends from the Rocky Mountain front to within 230 km of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
An outline of the geology of Mexico
Authors: Cserna Zoltan de
Published: October 2013

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the geology of Mexico for members of the international geological community unfamiliar with the geology of the southern border region of the North American continent and adjacent parts of northern Central America. The main geologic features are presented by morphotectonic provinces, including the adjacent sea floor, accompanied by relevant references, primarily in English. Since most of the geological information is of reconnaissance nature, regional interpretations necessarily involve speculations and resulting controversial issues. These have been avoided, for their objective presentation would have exceeded the predetermined number of pages for this chapter.

The first geological map of Mexico was prepared by the staff of Comisión Geológica Nacional, the starting organization of the Mexican Geological Survey, under the direction of Antonio del Castillo (1889a); the explanatory text constitutes the first geological synthesis of the country, the Bosquejo geológico de México, and was published with the participation and coordinating efforts of Aguilera (1896). The pioneer descriptions of the geology of the Yucatán Peninsula(Heilprin, 1891; Sapper, 1896), Chiapas and Tabasco(Böse, 1905)and northern Central America(Sapper, 1899)allowed the presentation of a regional tectonic synthesis during the 8th International Geographical Congress in Washington, D.C. (Sapper, 1905). On the occasion of the 10th session of the IGC, held in Mexico in 1906, a set of 31 field trip guidebooks was edited, presenting the country’s geology in a very objective way. The so-called Bailey Willis geological map of North America was distributed to the participants, although it was published formally by the U.S. Geological Survey (Willis, 1912), whileAguilera (1906)presented an overview on the tectonics and volcanism in Mexico. The first description of the physiography of Mexico according to physiographic provinces is credited toThayer (1916);the first book on the geology of Mexico, which was published in Berlin, is credited toFreudenberg (1921).