bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural Alkaloid Tryptanthrin Induces Apoptosis-like Death in Leishmania spp.
Authors: Garcia Andreza R. , Silva-Luiz Yasmin P. G. , Alviano Celuta S. , Alviano Daniela S. , Vermelho Alane B. , Rodrigues Igor A.
Published: June 2022

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease against which there are no approved vaccines, and the treatment is based on highly toxic drugs. The alkaloids consist of a chemical class of natural nitrogen-containing substances with a long history of antileishmanial activity. The present study aimed at determining the antileishmanial activity and in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological potentials of tryptanthrin alkaloid. The anti-Leishmania amazonensis and anti-L. infantum assays were performed against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Cellular viability was determined by parasites’ ability to grow (promastigotes) or differentiate (amastigotes) after incubation with tryptanthrin. The mechanisms of action were explored by mitochondrion dysfunction and apoptosis-like death evaluation. For the computational pharmacokinetics and toxicological analysis (ADMET), tryptanthrin was submitted to the PreADMET webserver. The alkaloid displayed anti-promastigote activity against L. amazonensis and L. infantum (IC50 = 11 and 8.0 μM, respectively). Tryptanthrin was active against intracellular amastigotes with IC50 values of 75 and 115 μM, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was observed in tryptanthrin-treated promastigotes. In addition, parasites undergoing apoptosis-like death were detected after 18 h of exposure. In silico ADMET predictions revealed that tryptanthrin has pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties similar to miltefosine. The results presented herein demonstrate that tryptanthrin is an interesting drug candidate against leishmaniasis.
Significance of Charge on the Dynamics of Hyperbolically Distributed Fluids
Authors: Yousaf Z. , Nashed G. G. L. , Bhatti M. Z. , Asad H.
Published: June 2022

This manuscript is devoted to analyze hyperbolically symmetric non-static fluid distribution incorporated with heat flux and electromagnetic field. We have developed a general framework in order to examine the dynamic regime of the matter configuration which eventually results in the static spacetime. With the aim of doing this, we constructed the Einstein-Maxwell (EM) field equations and obtained the conservation equation. Furthermore, the formulation of mass function indicates the presence of the negative energy density, which leads towards the significant quantum implications. Taking into account the transport equation, we have observed the thermodynamical attributes of the fluid. Additionally, quasi- homologous constraint has been utilized to construct several models. We have deduced the worthwhile applications of the astrophysical objects by evaluating several analytical solutions in terms of the kinematical variables.
Accelerated Universe from Modified Chaplygin Gas and Tachyonic Fluid
Authors: Benaoum Hachemi
Published: June 2022

A cosmological model with an exotic fluid is investigated. We show that the equation of state of this “modified Chaplygin” gas can describe the current accelerated expansion of the universe. We then reexpress it as FRW cosmological model containing a scalar field ϕ and find its self-interacting potential. Moreover motivated by recent works on tachyon field theory, a map for this exotic fluid as a normal scalar field ϕ with Lagrangian Lϕ=ϕ˙22−U(ϕ) to the tachyonic field T with Lagrangian LT=−V(T)1−T˙2 is obtained.
The Spatial Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Measured Redshifts from 24 Years of Observation
Authors: Bagoly Zsolt , Horvath István , Racz István I. , Balázs Lajos G. , Tóth L. Viktor
Published: June 2022

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous objects known: they outshine their host galaxies, making them ideal candidates for probing large-scale structure. Our aim is to determine the Spatial Two-Point Correlation Function of the GRBs with spectroscopic redshifts. We used all observations till 4 June 2021, and we also split the data according to the origin of the redshift (afterglow or host galaxy). We analyzed the possible correlation between the GRB redshift and sky position. There is only one region, called the Faraway GRB Patch, where nine distant GRBs shows deviation from the randomness with an ≈1% significance, showing that the sky and the radial component of the GRB distribution could be factorized and both can be determined independently. The GRBs’ cumulative monthly distribution was used to show that it is impossible to synthesize the Sky Exposure Function, even from the perfect observational logs. We estimated the Sky Exposure Function using the Gaussian kernel, and with the radial distribution, it was used for the estimation of the Spatial Two-Point Correlation Function. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine the Poissonian errors. Our result shows that the current Spatial Two-Point Correlation Function estimations are consistent with zero for the full and the afterglow/host galaxy datasets.
Origin of Plutonium-244 in the Early Solar System
Authors: Lugaro Maria , Yagüe López Andrés , Soós Benjámin , Côté Benoit , Pető Mária , Vassh Nicole , Wehmeyer Benjamin , Pignatari Marco
Published: June 2022

We investigate the origin in the early Solar System of the short-lived radionuclide 244Pu (with a half life of 80 Myr) produced by the rapid (r) neutron-capture process. We consider two large sets of r-process nucleosynthesis models and analyse if the origin of 244Pu in the ESS is consistent with that of the other r and slow (s) neutron-capture process radioactive nuclei. Uncertainties on the r-process models come from both the nuclear physics input and the astrophysical site. The former strongly affects the ratios of isotopes of close mass (129I/127I, 244Pu/238U, and 247Pu/235U). The 129I/247Cm ratio, instead, which involves isotopes of a very different mass, is much more variable than those listed above and is more affected by the physics of the astrophysical site. We consider possible scenarios for the evolution of the abundances of these radioactive nuclei in the galactic interstellar medium and verify under which scenarios and conditions solutions can be found for the origin of 244Pu that are consistent with the origin of the other isotopes. Solutions are generally found for all the possible different regimes controlled by the interval (δ) between additions from the source to the parcel of interstellar medium gas that ended up in the Solar System, relative to decay timescales. If r-process ejecta in interstellar medium are mixed within a relatively small area (leading to a long δ), we derive that the last event that explains the 129I and 247Cm abundances in the early Solar System can also account for the abundance of 244Pu. Due to its longer half life, however, 244Pu may have originated from a few events instead of one only. If r-process ejecta in interstellar medium are mixed within a relatively large area (leading to a short δ), we derive that the time elapsed from the formation of the molecular cloud to the formation of the Sun was 9-16 Myr.
Use of Bethanechol, 50 mg/BID, for a Failed Decatheterization Test: A Position Statement
Authors: Walter James , Wheeler John
Published: June 2022

If urinary catheters are used during surgeries, epidurals and parturition, patients and their physicians want a return to volitional voiding as soon as possible. Micturition is regained by passing a decatheterization test. Fortunately, only a small percentage of patients fail three or more of these tests and have to use catheters longer-term. Surprisingly, there are no approved drugs that are currently approved to assist with these tests; however, bethanechol, 50 mg/BID, should be considered further for this application. The drug is a bladder wall receptor stimulant and, at this moderate dosage, it is reasonable to expect it to help with decatheterization tests. This position statement includes several designs for future bethanechol use and research. In addition, an International Neuro-Urological Research Group is introduced that is promoting this drug.
ARNT Inhibits H5N1 Influenza A Virus Replication by Interacting with the PA Protein
Authors: Feng Huapeng , Wang Zeng , Zhu Pengyang , Wu Li , Shi Jianzhong , Li Yanbing , Shu Jianhong , He Yulong , Kong Huihui
Published: June 2022

Increasing evidence suggests that the polymerase acidic (PA) protein of influenza A viruses plays an important role in viral replication and pathogenicity. However, information regarding the interaction(s) of host factors with PA is scarce. By using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a novel host factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), that interacts with the PA protein of the H5N1 virus. The interaction between PA and human ARNT was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy. Moreover, overexpression of ARNT downregulated the polymerase activity and inhibited virus propagation, whereas knockdown of ARNT significantly increased the polymerase activity and virus replication. Mechanistically, overexpression of ARNT resulted in the accumulation of PA protein in the nucleus and inhibited both the replication and transcription of the viral genome. Interaction domain mapping revealed that the bHLH/PAS domain of ARNT mainly interacted with the C-terminal domain of PA. Together, our results demonstrate that ARNT inhibits the replication of the H5N1 virus and could be a target for the development of therapeutic strategies against H5N1 influenza viruses.
Applying Modified VP53A Recombinant Protein as an Anti-White Spot Syndrome Virus Biological Agent in Litopenaeus vannamei Farming
Authors: Hsu Jeff Chia-Kai , Huang Huai-Ting , Lin Han-Jia , Chou Hsin-Yiu , Huang Po-Yu , Prachumwat Anuphap , Chen Li-Li
Published: June 2022

Shrimp farming is an important economic activity. However, due to the spread of pathogens, shrimp aquaculture is becoming increasingly difficult. Many studies have confirmed that white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) recombinant proteins can inhibit viral infection. Among them, VP53 recombinant protein has been found to reduce mortality upon WSSV challenge. This study was conducted in Kaohsiung, Taiwan and reports the first field feeding trial to demonstrate that WSSV recombinant proteins can improve shrimp survival rates at a farming scale. Prior to the feeding trial, the shrimp were confirmed to be slightly infected with WSSV, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), non-AHPND V. parahaemolyticus strains, and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), which are common pathogens that shrimp farmers often face. The shrimp were then divided into two groups: a control group (C group) fed with a commercial diet and a protein group (P group) fed with the same commercial feed with VP53 recombinant protein. Our findings indicated that the survival rate and expression of immune genes of the P group were higher than those of the C group. The intestinal microbiota of the two groups were also analysed. Collectively, our results confirmed that the recombinant WSSV envelope protein derivative can be used as an effective anti-virus biological agent in shrimp farms.
Comprehensive Linear Epitope Prediction System for Host Specificity in Nodaviridae
Authors: Shih Tao-Chuan , Ho Li-Ping , Chou Hsin-Yiu , Wu Jen-Leih , Pai Tun-Wen
Published: June 2022

Background: Nodaviridae infection is one of the leading causes of death in commercial fish. Although many vaccines against this virus family have been developed, their efficacies are relatively low. Nodaviridae are categorized into three subfamilies: alphanodavirus (infects insects), betanodavirus (infects fish), and gammanodavirus (infects prawns). These three subfamilies possess host-specific characteristics that could be used to identify effective linear epitopes (LEs). Methodology: A multi-expert system using five existing LE prediction servers was established to obtain initial LE candidates. Based on the different clustered pathogen groups, both conserved and exclusive LEs among the Nodaviridae family could be identified. The advantages of undocumented cross infection among the different host species for the Nodaviridae family were applied to re-evaluate the impact of LE prediction. The surface structural characteristics of the identified conserved and unique LEs were confirmed through 3D structural analysis, and concepts of surface patches to analyze the spatial characteristics and physicochemical propensities of the predicted segments were proposed. In addition, an intelligent classifier based on the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) dataset was utilized to review the predicted segments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed to identify host-specific LEs. Principal findings: We predicted 29 LEs for Nodaviridae. The analysis of the surface patches showed common tendencies regarding shape, curvedness, and PH features for the predicted LEs. Among them, five predicted exclusive LEs for fish species were selected and synthesized, and the corresponding ELISAs for antigenic feature analysis were examined. Conclusion: Five identified LEs possessed antigenicity and host specificity for grouper fish. We demonstrate that the proposed method provides an effective approach for in silico LE prediction prior to vaccine development and is especially powerful for analyzing antigen sequences with exclusive features among clustered antigen groups.
Human Beta Papillomavirus Type 8 E1 and E2 Proteins Suppress the Activation of the RIG-I-Like Receptor MDA5
Authors: Rattay Stephanie , Hufbauer Martin , Hagen Christian , Putschli Bastian , Coch Christoph , Akgül Baki , Hartmann Gunther
Published: June 2022

Persistent infections of the skin with the human papillomavirus of genus beta (β-HPV) in immunocompetent individuals are asymptomatic, but in immunosuppressed patients, β-HPV infections exhibit much higher viral loads on the skin and are associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. Unlike with HPV16, a high-risk α-HPV, the impact of β-HPV early genes on the innate immune sensing of viral nucleic acids has not been studied. Here, we used primary skin keratinocytes and U2OS cells expressing HPV8 or distinct HPV8 early genes and well-defined ligands of the nucleic-acid-sensing receptors RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3, and STING to analyze a potential functional interaction. We found that primary skin keratinocytes and U2OS cells expressed RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3, and STING, but not TLR7, TLR8, or TLR9. While HPV16-E6 downregulated the expression of RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3, and STING and, in conjunction with HPV16-E7, effectively suppressed type I IFN in response to MDA5 activation, the presence of HPV8 early genes showed little effect on the expression of these immune receptors, except for HPV8-E2, which was associated with an elevated expression of TLR3. Nevertheless, whole HPV8 genome expression, as well as the selective expression of HPV8-E1 or HPV8-E2, was found to suppress MDA5-induced type I IFN and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Furthermore, RNA isolated from HPV8-E2 expressing primary human keratinocytes, but not control cells, stimulated a type I IFN response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating that the expression of HPV8-E2 in keratinocytes leads to the formation of stimulatory RNA ligands that require the active suppression of immune recognition. These results identify HPV8-E1 and HPV8-E2 as viral proteins that are responsible for the immune escape of β-HPV from the innate recognition of viral nucleic acids, a mechanism that may be necessary for establishing persistent β-HPV infections.
Predictors of the Third (Booster) Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine Intention among the Healthcare Workers in Saudi Arabia: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Alobaidi Sami , Hashim Almoutaz
Published: June 2022

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic is still continuing throughout the world, with newer genetic variants regularly appearing from different parts of the world. Considering the waning of immunity against COVID-19 infection even with two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, regulatory authorities have authorised booster COVID-19 vaccination in many countries, especially for vulnerable populations, including healthcare workers. The current study analysed factors predicting the third (booster) dose of COVID-19 vaccine intention, including the health belief model (HBM), among the healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional online survey performed from 1st October 2021 to 30th November 2021, using a questionnaire prepared in GoogleTM form among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire asked demographic factors, COVID-19 experience of participants, subjective assessment of health, intention of COVID-19 booster dose vaccination, preferences for local/foreign-made vaccines, and health belief of the study population related to COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 booster dose. Results: This study received 2059 complete responses. The study population reported mixed health belief with respect to the susceptibility of COVID-19 infection, and higher health belief perception regarding the severity. The perceptions of the study participants regarding the benefits of COVID-19 booster dose were positive. There were few barriers to COVID-19 booster dose expressed by study participants. A total of 1464 (71.1%) study participants reported positive intent for receiving a COVID-19 booster dose. The study showed significant association between definite intention to receive a booster dose and nationality (p = 0.001), marital status (p = 0.017), gender (p < 0.001), education level (p = 0.001), monthly income (p < 0.001), and co-morbid medical illness (p = 0.045). The perception of the COVID-19 booster vaccine as a good idea to minimise worries about getting COVID-19 (OR = 2.28, CI 1.89–2.76), and perceptions that receiving the third (booster) dose reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection and associated complications (OR= 2.69, CI = 2.17–3.34), of the perceived benefit construct of HBM, predicted significantly higher definite intention to receive a booster dose. The concern with the safety of the vaccine (OR= 0.40, CI 0.34–0.47) under the perceived barriers construct of HBM predicted as significantly higher no definite intention to receive a booster dose. Conclusions: The results of the present study can guide policy makers in their efforts to promote booster doses of COVID-19 vaccination among the healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia.
Increased EBV DNAemia after Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplants
Authors: Musialik Joanna , Kolonko Aureliusz , Więcek Andrzej
Published: June 2022

The reactivation of latent viruses during SARS-CoV-2 infection is well recognized, and coinfection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with severe clinical cases of COVID-19 infection. In transplant patients, EBV infection presents a significant challenge. Assessing the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations on EBV infections in stable kidney and liver transplant recipients was the objective of our study. Ten solid-organ-transplant (SOT) patients (eight kidney and two liver) vaccinated with standard doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were included. EBV DNA viral load measurements were conducted prior to the vaccination and during a follow-up period (at the first month and after six months) after the second vaccine dose. After the second dose, a significant increase in median viremia was observed (p < 0.01) in 9 patients, and in one patient, the reactivation of EBV infection was found. Six months later, the median viremia decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The EBV viral load should be closely monitored as it could lead to the earlier diagnosis and treatment of EBV-related complications. Despite experiencing a decrease in the viral load six months post-vaccination, some patients still had a viral load over the baseline, which increased the risk of potential complications.
Competition of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Cell Culture and Tissue: Wins the Fastest Viral Autowave
Authors: Tokarev Alexey , Mozokhina Anastasia , Volpert Vitaly
Published: June 2022

Replication of viruses in living tissues and cell cultures is a “number game” involving complex biological processes (cell infection, virus replication inside infected cell, cell death, viral degradation) as well as transport processes limiting virus spatial propagation. In epithelial tissues and immovable cell cultures, viral particles are basically transported via Brownian diffusion. Highly non-linear kinetics of viral replication combined with diffusion limitation lead to spatial propagation of infection as a moving front switching from zero to high local viral concentration, the behavior typical of spatially distributed excitable media. We propose a mathematical model of viral infection propagation in cell cultures and tissues under the diffusion limitation. The model is based on the reaction–diffusion equations describing the concentration of uninfected cells, exposed cells (infected but still not shedding the virus), virus-shedding cells, and free virus. We obtain the expressions for the viral replication number, which determines the condition for spatial infection progression, and for the final concentration of uninfected cells. We determine analytically the speed of spatial infection propagation and validate it numerically. We calibrate the model to recent experimental data on SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variant replication in human nasal epithelial cells. In the case of competition of two virus variants in the same cell culture, the variant with larger individual spreading speed wins the competition and eliminates another one. These results give new insights concerning the emergence of new variants and their spread in the population.
Dynamics of Whole Virus and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) IgG Response in Mice Immunized with Two Commercial Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines
Authors: Salat Jiri , Strakova Petra , Ruzek Daniel
Published: June 2022

The presence of a non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines and the possible induction of an NS1-specific immune response in vaccinated individuals remains a somewhat controversial topic. Previously, we detected the presence of NS1 in the Encepur TBE vaccine by mass spectrometry and found the induction of NS1-specific IgG antibodies in mice vaccinated with the FSME-Immun TBE vaccine. Here, in this follow-up study, we examined the dynamics and extent of the NS1-specific IgG response in mice vaccinated with these two vaccines in more detail and compared it with the IgG response to the whole virus (WV). Mice were vaccinated at two-week intervals with a total of six doses of each vaccine, and levels of IgG antibodies to TBE virus WV and NS1 were measured by ELISA after each dose. Both vaccines elicited a robust anti-WV IgG response after two doses. The Encepur vaccine did not elicit NS1-specific IgG even after all six doses. In contrast, the FSME-Immun vaccine triggered the production of NS1-specific IgG after four doses. The results indicate that FSME-Immun is the only vaccine that elicits an NS1-specific antibody response in mice. However, compared to WV-specific IgG, the NS1-specific response is weaker, and a higher number of doses is required to induce detectable levels of NS1-specific IgG antibodies.
Canine Cytokines Profile in an Endemic Region of L. infantum: Related Factors
Authors: Marín-García Pablo Jesús , Llobat Lola
Published: June 2022

Canine leishmaniosis is caused by infection with parasite Leishmania infantum, which are transmitted by sandflies Phlebotomus. Canine leishmaniosis is an endemic disease in the Mediterranean region. The immune response could vary between hosts and determines the severity of the disease and clinical features. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8, which are related to the activation of Th1 or Th2 immune responses in dogs living in the L. infantum endemic region. Moreover, we intend to relate and correlate these levels with different factors, such as sex, age, diet, lifestyle, and breed. Epidemiological data and serum were recovered for seventy-eight dogs, and serum levels of cytokines described previously were analyzed by using the ELISA method. The results showed differences in serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-8 between breeds. The lifestyle also affected serum levels of IL-2. The main conclusion of this study is that Ibizan hounds and crossbred dogs have a serological profile of cytokines that seems to indicate certain protections against infection by L. infantum compared to boxer and purebred breeds.
Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Dogs with Superficial Pyoderma and Their Owners
Authors: Lai Cheng-Hung , Ma Yu-Chan , Shia Wei-Yau , Hsieh Yu-Ling , Wang Chao-Min
Published: June 2022

The microbial communities on the skin of dogs include several species of bacteria, which contribute to skin health and disease. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, cultured at high frequency from the skin of dogs, is an opportunistic pathogen causing superficial pyoderma. Effective treatment against S. pseudintermedius infections is an important issue in veterinary medicine. However, multiple antibiotic-resistant mechanisms gradually developed by bacteria make treatment more challenging nowadays. Drug-resistant genes may have the chance to be transferred from infected dogs to other staphylococci in humans. The objective of this survey is to investigate the bacterial species that cause canine superficial pyoderma and characterize the antibiotic-resistant profiles and drug-resistant genes of isolated S. pseudintermedius. In addition, the possible risk factors causing S. pseudintermedius colonizing owners were also evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Sixty-five bacteria were isolated from dogs with superficial pyoderma, which included 47 S. pseudintermedius (72.3%), 12 other staphylococci (18.5%), 4 other Gram-positive bacteria (6.2%) and 2 Gram-negative bacteria (3.1%). Strains containing mecA and blaZ genes showed multiple-drug resistance characteristics. Dogs that received antimicrobial treatment within a recent month were at significantly higher risk of MRSP infections. Only five S. pseudintermedius strains (8.33%) were isolated from 60 samples of owners. Risk factor analysis indicated there was no significant association between S. pseudintermedius isolated from dogs and owners, but the “Keeping three or more dogs” and “Dogs can lick the owner’s face” have high odds ratios of 3.503 and 5.712, respectively. MRSP isolates belonged to three different dru types, including dt11y (29.41%), dt11a (47.06%) and dt10cp (23.53%). In conclusion, the major pathogen of canine superficial pyoderma is found to be S. pseudintermedius in Taiwan, and isolates which are mecA- or blaZ-positive are generally more resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Although S. pseudintermedius isolated from the owners might be transferred from their dogs, definite risk factors should be examined in the future study.
Ultrasonographical Assessment of Caudal Vena Cava Size through Different Views in Healthy Calves: A Pilot Study
Authors: Casalta Hélène , Busoni Valeria , Eppe Justine , Grulke Sigrid , Merveille Anne-Christine , Moula Nassim , Gommeren Kris
Published: June 2022

Ultrasonographic measurements of the caudal vena cava (CVC) and aorta (Ao) are known as reliable tools to assess intravascular volume status in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining ultrasonographical measurements of CVC and Ao in two different views, assess intra- and interobserver variability, and study the effect of sex, age, body weight, and breed on measurements in healthy calves. The diameter and area of CVC and Ao were measured by a single investigator in two anatomic sites (subxiphoid and paralumbar window) in 48 calves aged less than 60 days and then repeated 2.5 months after the first assessment. For intra- and interobserver variability assessment, CVC and Ao measurements were repeated by three observers on five randomly selected calves. CVC and Ao measurements were easily obtained in PV and more difficult to obtain in SV. CVC and Ao area in PV showed high repeatability and reproducibility. A positive correlation was highlighted between age and CVC and Ao measurements in both sites. In conclusion, CVC size assessment by point of care ultrasound can be easily performed at a paralumbar site in calves under 4 months of age and could be used to assess intravascular volume status.
Treatment of Y-T Humeral Fractures with Polyaxial Locking Plate System (PAX) in 14 Dogs
Authors: Martini Filippo , Boschi Paolo , Lusetti Filippo , Eid Chadi , Bonardi Andrea
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study is to report the results and to review the outcome of 14 cases of Y-T humeral fractures repair using paired polyaxial locking system (PAX) plates through a combined medial and lateral approach. Fourteen consecutive dogs, with traumatic humeral Y-T fractures, met the inclusion criteria. This study includes signalment, preoperative radiographs, type of implants, radiographic bone healing assessment, complications, range of motion (ROM) of the elbow and limb function evaluated at 120 days after surgery. Postoperative radiographs revealed adequate anatomic reconstruction, and in all cases, bone healing has been achieved. No implant failure was observed. Functional outcome was excellent in 7 dogs (no lameness and preserved ROM), good in 4 (slight lameness and moderate ROM reduction) and discrete in 2 (mild lameness and severe ROM reduction). Complications were encountered in 2/14 patients with implant-associated infection resolved after long-term antibiotic treatment and implant removal. The PAX system is shown to be a valid alternative for the treatment of Y-T humeral fractures, offering the benefit of polyaxial insertion of locking screws. The possibility of angle locking screws is helpful in the distal humeral bicondylar fractures, providing additional options for screw placement in juxtarticular fractures, avoiding fracture lines or other implants.
The Riemannian Geometry Theory of Visually-Guided Movement Accounts for Afterimage Illusions and Size Constancy
Authors: Neilson Peter D. , Neilson Megan D. , Bye Robin T.
Published: June 2022

This discussion paper supplements our two theoretical contributions previously published in this journal on the geometric nature of visual space. We first show here how our Riemannian formulation explains the recent experimental finding (published in this special issue on size constancy) that, contrary to conclusions from past work, vergence does not affect perceived size. We then turn to afterimage experiments connected to that work. Beginning with the Taylor illusion, we explore how our proposed Riemannian visual–somatosensory–hippocampal association memory network accounts in the following way for perceptions that occur when afterimages are viewed in conjunction with body movement. The Riemannian metric incorporated in the association memory network accurately emulates the warping of 3D visual space that is intrinsically introduced by the eye. The network thus accurately anticipates the change in size of retinal images of objects with a change in Euclidean distance between the egocentre and the object. An object will only be perceived to change in size when there is a difference between the actual size of its image on the retina and the anticipated size of that image provided by the network. This provides a central mechanism for size constancy. If the retinal image is the afterimage of a body part, typically a hand, and that hand moves relative to the egocentre, the afterimage remains constant but the proprioceptive signals change to give the new hand position. When the network gives the anticipated size of the hand at its new position this no longer matches the fixed afterimage, hence a size-change illusion occurs.
Multi-Stakeholder Coordinated Operation of Reservoir Considering Irrigation and Ecology
Authors: Wei Na , He Shuni , Lu Kunming , Xie Jiancang , Peng Yuxin
Published: June 2022

In traditional ecological operation, it is difficult to coordinate the balance among the interests of stakeholders, and stakeholders find it difficult to accept the operation scheme. To address these problems, this study proposed a method of multi-stakeholder coordinated operation of reservoir (MSCOR). By comprehensively considering the interest demands of stakeholders, the multi-stakeholder interval coordination mechanism (MSICM) for reservoir operation was established. The multi-stakeholder coordinated operation model (MSCOM) was constructed. The multi-stakeholder solution algorithm based on the MSICM, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, and the approach of successive elimination of alternative schemes based on the k-order and p-degree of efficiency (MSIC-NSGA-II-SEABODE) were applied to solve the MSCOR problem. The coordination mechanism, model construction, multi-stakeholder optimization, and multi-attribute decision making were coupled to establish a multi-stakeholder coordinated operation method, comprising the whole process of mechanism–modeling–optimization–decision making. Taking Baojixia Reservoir as an example, the performance of the coordinated operation method was compared with that of the traditional optimal operation method, and the relationship between the irrigation benefits and ecological benefits of the reservoir was explored. The results show that: (1) On the premise of the same satisfaction degree of basic irrigation interests, the ecological AAPFD value of coordinated operation decreased by 0.184, 0.469, and 0.886 in a normal year, dry year, and extraordinary dry year, respectively. The effect of coordinated operation on balancing various stakeholders was more obvious with the decrease in water inflow. (2) The MSICM ensures that the multi-stakeholder operation of the reservoir conforms to the principles of comprehensiveness, balance, and sustainability. (3) The coordination scheme obtained by the MSIC-NSGA-II-SEABODE algorithm is more reasonable and feasible. The research results provide a new idea and method to address the MSCOR problem.
Characterisation of Hydro-Geochemical Processes Influencing Groundwater Quality in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Soutpansberg Region, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Lalumbe Lindelani , Kanyerere Thokozani
Published: June 2022

Groundwater is often the main or only source of fresh water supply in arid to semi-arid rural areas owing to decreasing rainfall patterns, reduced availability of surface water and socioeconomic activities. It is important to understand the hydro-geochemical processes influencing groundwater quality for improved management and sustainability of resources and to improve rural livelihoods. To understand the hydro-geochemical process influencing the hydro-geochemistry of the Soutpansberg region, this study assessed groundwater quality data from 12 boreholes and 2 geothermal springs collected between 1995 and 2017. This study indicated that the majority of the samples were classified as fresh groundwater dominated by Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl types. Gibbs diagrams, Pearson correlations, bivariate plots and saturation indexes suggested that rock dominance processes, such as weathering of silicates, dissolution of carbonates and halite minerals and ion exchange processes, were the main hydro-geochemical processes influencing the groundwater quality in the Soutpansberg region. The high concentration of F− in the geothermal spring was attributed to the dissolution of fluorite mineral. Point source anthropogenic inputs from fertilisers were attributed to the high concentration of NO3− in the groundwater. This study recommends that research outputs should be used to influence and support policy change and groundwater allocation in arid to semi-arid rural environments for improved management of resources and livelihoods. This study further recommends that suitable deflouridation and denitrification techniques be applied to improve the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes.
Identification of High-Impact Uncertainty Sources for Urban Flood Models in Hillside Peri-Urban Catchments
Authors: Reinstaller Stefan , Krebs Gerald , Pichler Markus , Muschalla Dirk
Published: June 2022

Climate change, as well as increasing urbanization, lead to an increase in urban flooding events around the world. Accurate urban flood models are an established tool to predict flooding areas in urban as well as peri-urban catchments, to derive suitable measures to increase resilience against urban flooding. The high computational cost and complex processes of urban flooding with numerous subprocesses are the reason why many studies ignore the discussion of model uncertainties as well as model calibration and validation. In addition, the influence of steep surface (hillside) conditions on calibration parameters such as surface roughness are frequently left out of consideration. This study applies a variance-based approach to analyze the impact of three uncertainty sources on the two variables—flow and water depth—in a steep peri-urban catchment: (i) impact of DEM validation; (ii) calibration of the model parameter; (iii) differences between 1D/2D and 2D models. The results demonstrate the importance of optimizing sensitive model parameters, especially surface roughness, in steep catchments. Additional findings of this work indicate that the sewer system cannot be disregarded in the context of urban flood modeling. Further research with real heavy storm events is to be pursued to confirm the main results of this study.
Backwater Effect of Clogging of Aquatic Plants at Fine-Particle Screens on Inland Flooding in Okayama
Authors: Inaba Takumi , Tsujimoto Kumiko , Nakashima Yoshitaka
Published: June 2022

In low-lying Okayama city, Japan, the heavy rainfall frequency and intensity have recently increased, subjecting the city to inland flooding. Another factor increasing the inland flooding risk is fine-particle screen clogging by aquatic plants at drainage pump stations, which obstructs drainage and causes backwater. In this study, water level simulations were conducted in drainage pump station channels to clarify the inland flooding risks with and without aquatic plant clogging-induced backwater at fine-particle screens. In the Urayasu West Drainage Pump Station channels, without backwater, no inland flooding occurred under an initial water level of 70% of the channel depth and a 40 m3/s discharge. However, when backwater deeper than 0.2 m occurred under the same conditions, inland flooding occurred, indicating an increased inland flooding risk associated with backwater. Additionally, we conducted an aquatic plant distribution survey in the main Okayama city channels and proposed six priority control sections based on sections with thriving aquatic plants. Although no previous inland flooding studies have considered aquatic plant clogging-induced backwater at fine-particle screens, aquatic plants cause clogging problems and drainage obstructions at water control facilities worldwide. Therefore, this study reveals the importance of conducting water level simulations and distribution surveys in areas other than Okayama city.
Assessment of Riverbank Erosion Hotspots along the Mekong River in Cambodia Using Remote Sensing and Hazard Exposure Mapping
Authors: Tha Theara , Piman Thanapon , Bhatpuria Dhyey , Ruangrassamee Piyatida
Published: June 2022

The large-scale monitoring of riverbank erosion is challenging because of human, equipment, and financial limitations, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to detect riverbank erosion and identify riverbank erosion hotspots along the Mekong River in Cambodia. A riverbank erosion rate map was developed using satellite images from Landsat 5, 7, and 8 (1990–2020) using the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) at a resolution of 30 m and Sentinel-2 (2016–2021) using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) at a resolution of 10 m. Detecting riverbanks in satellite images using a water index depends greatly on image resolution and water threshold. The riverbank lines were validated using Google Earth images. In the data used in December 2017, the root mean square error (RMSE) of Sentinel-2 was 6.00 m, while the RMSE of Landsat was 6.04 m. In the data used in January 2019, the RMSE of Sentinel-2 was 4.12 m, while the RMSE of Landsat was 5.90 m. The hotspots were identified by overlaying the riverbank erosion rate map and the exposure map of population density and land cover. Field surveys and interviews were conducted to verify riverbank erosion hotspots in the Ruessei Srok and Kaoh Soutin communes. The results showed that within the last 30 years (1990–2020), the riverbank eroded more than 1 km in a direction perpendicular to the river in some segments of the Mekong River in Cambodia. The highest average annual erosion rate was in the Ruessei Srok Commune in Kampong Cham Province, at approximately 43 m/yr. Most eroded areas were farmland and rural residential areas. The riverbank hotspots are situated mainly in the lower part of the Mekong River, where the population is dense, and the erosion rate is high. Riverbank erosion hotspots with a very high impact level and ongoing active erosion include the Peam Kaoh Sna, Kampong Reab, Kaoh Soutin, and Ruessei Srok communes in Kampong Cham Province. This study provides an efficient tool for using satellite images to identify riverbank erosion hotpots in a large river basin. The riverbank erosion hotspot map is essential for decision-makers to prioritize interventions to reduce the risk of riverbank erosion and to improve the livelihood of the people residing along the Mekong River.
Study on the Ablation of the Glacier Covered by Mineral Dust in Alpine Regions
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Xu Xinyi , Song Yongze , Zeng Qiang
Published: June 2022

Glaciers, known as solid reservoirs, are important water supply sources in northwest China. In this paper, mineral dust collected from a Chinese alpine mining area (Beizhan iron mine) and an ice cube (with a 225 cm2 section and a volume of 1000 mL) were employed via a delicate physical experiment to study the ablation of glaciers covered by mineral dust in alpine regions. After that, the ablation mechanism was revealed using the energy conservation theory. The main findings are as follows: (1) When the solar radiation intensity is 993 W/m2, the glacier ablation rate increases by 13.9% (from 282 to 321.2 mL/h) as the mineral dust coverage rate increases from 0% to 42.7%. (2) When the mineral dust coverage rate remains at 30%, the glacier ablation rate increases by 11.6% (from 291.8 to 325.78 mL/h) as the solar radiation intensity increases from 1007 to 1153 W/m2. (3) When the solar radiation intensity and mineral dust coverage rate remain unchanged, the ablation rate of the glacier covered by the mineral dust inversely increases with the dust particle size. The ablation rates of the particle size gradings C, B, and A (the dust particle sizes of gradings A, B, and C in 0.0375–0.075 mm, 0.075–0.125 mm, and 0.125–0.25 mm accounted for 5%:50%:45%, 30%:40%:30%, and 70%:30%:0%, respectively) were 293.4, 301.2, and 305.6 mL /h, respectively, and the corresponding ablation rates increased by 2.7% and 1.5%. (4) The smaller the average particle size of the mineral dust, the greater the contribution to the ablation rate; a 1 °C temperature increase to the glacier ablation rate is equivalent to 29.1%, 33.6%, and 40.6% increases in dust coverage for particle size classes C, B, and A. (5) The mineral dust covering the glacier surface could not only reduce the reflectivity of the glacier surface to solar radiation but could also continuously transfer the absorbed radiant energy and its own chemical energy to the glacier body, accelerating the glacier’s meltwater speed. The findings of this paper can provide the necessary theoretical basis for mineral dust control and glacier water conservation in alpine mining areas.
An Integrated Approach for Urban Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment at Catchment Level
Authors: Qi Man , Huang Huabing , Liu Lin , Chen Xi
Published: June 2022

With the rapid development of urbanization and global climate change, urban pluvial floods have occurred more frequently in urban areas. Despite of the increasing urban pluvial flood risk, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the physical and social influencing factors on the process. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper proposes a novel approach to calculate the comprehensive urban pluvial flooding risk index (PFRI) and investigates the interplay impacts from different components at catchment level. To be more specific, PFRI is determined by two components, Exposure Index (EI) and Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI). EI is evaluated based on two indicators, the depression-based Topographic Control Index (TCI) and impervious area ratio. SoVI is measured based on a set of demographic and socio-economic indicators. Our results demonstrated the spatial heterogeneity of urban pluvial flood exposure and social vulnerability, as well as the composite flooding risk across the study area. Our catchment-based urban pluvial flooding risk assessment method can provide a comprehensive understanding of urban flooding and promote the formulation of effective flood mitigation strategies from the catchment perspective.
Doppler ultrasound assessment results at stages of orthodontic treatment
Authors: Dmitrienko I. V.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. A modern diagnostic complex when planning orthodontic treatment is impossible without assessing the condition of periodontal tissues.

Purpose. To evaluate the changes in periodontal tissues during orthodontic treatment.

Material and methods. Blood velocity and flow rate in the anterior mandible were compared before and after the orthodontic treatment.

Results. Blood velocity and volumetric blood flow rate significantly increased 6 ± 2 months after the beginning of orthodontic treatment.

Conclusion. Orthodontic movement of crowded teeth using aligners proceeds without excessive pressure, which allows for a smooth and gradual change in the blood velocity and volumetric blood flow rate, pulsation index and peripheral resistance index.
Experience in the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment by oral ﬂuid biochemical parameters
Authors: Gromova S. N. , Elikov A. V. , Ogorodova N. Yu. , Pishkina O. A. , Gromov Ya. P. , Guzhavina N. A. , Koledaeva A. K.
Published: June 2022

Relevance. The oral hygiene and prevention quality depends on toothpaste. The literature analysis shows the underuse of saliva biochemical parameters for assessing oral hygiene product effectiveness.

Materials and methods. Thirty-three subjects aged 19 to 22 years participated in the study. The participants used four kinds of toothpaste by the same manufacturer to evaluate the toothpaste’s effectiveness. We conducted clinical examinations and collected saliva samples on the 1st, 14th and 28th days of the study. The saliva was collected on an empty stomach without stimulation in the morning. Then it was centrifuged. The supernatant was biochemically studied.

Results. The study established the criteria for the toothpaste’s low effectiveness, which involve a signifcant increase in hygienic indices and total antioxidant activity, associated with a statistically signifcant trend towards an increase in lactate content. The criteria for a toothpaste with medium effectiveness are a signifcant decrease in one of the hygienic indices, associated with an alkaline pH shift, and an increase in the total antioxidant activity, without signifcant changes in the lactate content. The criteria for a highly effective toothpaste are a signifcant decrease in hygienic indices, and an alkaline pH shift, associated with a signifcant lactate decrease. Determination of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the oral ﬂuid may be crucial for assessing the toothpaste remineralizing properties. The glucose content in mixed saliva yields little information for the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment.

Conclusion. We can recommend saliva biochemical parameters for assessing the oral hygiene status and the effectiveness of oral hygiene products during oral hygiene product comprehensive studies.