bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Particle Size on Pt/C Electrocatalyst Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Groom D , Rajasekhara S , Matyas S , Yang Z , Gummalla M , Ball S , Ferreira P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Imaging and Spectroscopy of Energy-Related Nanomaterials
Authors: Wang F , Wu L , Su D , Ma C , Inada H , Volkov V , Graetz J , Wang J , Adzic R , Zhu Y
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang J , Lim B , Kobayashi H , Zhang H , Xia Y , Kim M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
High Resolution Characterization on Point Defects in (Pr,Al) Implanted SrTiO3
Authors: Zhu G , Knights A , Botton G
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Imaging Plasmon Modes in Metallic Nanostructures with Correlated Optical and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Iberi V , Li S , Leonard D , Pennycook S , Guiton B , Camden J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Threading Dislocations in Metamorphic In0.20Ga0.80As Grown on GaAs Substrates
Authors: Yang L-M , Swaminathan K , Grassman T , Ringel S , Mills M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
In-Situ Lithiation/Delithiation Observation of Individual Amorphous Si Nanorods
Authors: Ghassemi H , Au M , Shahbazian-Yassar R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
The Advantage of a Dedicated STEM for High-Resolution Structural and Chemical Analysis of Li-Ions Batteries Electrode Materials
Authors: Trudeau M , Veillette R , Zaghib K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nano-Area Electron Diffraction for Studies of Energy-Related Nanomaterials
Authors: Volkov V , Wang F , Zhu Y
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Investigating the Microstructure of Perfluorosulfonic Acid (PFSA) Ionomers Used as Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEM)
Authors: Krishnan V , Wu D , Paddison S , Hamrock S , Duscher G
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Flame Synthesis of C-Doped TiO2 Nanopowders for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Al-sharab J , Halim H , Ahmed S , Asefa T , Birnie D , Tse S , Kear B
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Nanostructured Alloy Catalysts: Control of Size, Shape and Composition
Authors: Kariuki N , Gurneau J , Mawdsley J , Wang X , Myers D
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of TiO2 Anatase Crystal Morphology Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis
Authors: Horvat B , Drazic G
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Synthesis and Characterization of Electrospun TiO2/Ag Composite Nanofibers for Photocatalysis Applications
Authors: Mishra S , Ahrenkiel P , Shankar R , Whites K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Observation of Single Nanocrystal Growth Trajectories in Solution Using Liquid Cell TEM
Authors: Zheng H , Liao H-G , Park J , Dahmen U , Alivisatos P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Synthesis of Lead Chalcogenide Nanoparticles for Ionizing Radiation Detector
Authors: Kim G , Hammig M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO/α-Fe2O3 Nano-Architectures
Authors: Lowes W , Liu J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Helium Ion Microscopy to Study Bulk Hetero Junction Polymer Solar Cell Materials
Authors: Rodenburg C , Pearson A , Lidzey D , Boden S , Bagnall D
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Ultrafast Laser Formation of Nanoparticles Using Interfaces
Authors: Murphy R , Abere M , Torralva B , Yalisove S
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Failure Analysis of Brass Components
Authors: Shah C
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Unusual Failure of a Rim Fire Cartridge Brass Casing
Authors: Schmidt F , McDougall J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Methanol Pipeline Failure in the Canyon Express System
Authors: Vander Voort G , Lucas G
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
The Tensile Behavior of Kevlar-29 Fibers
Authors: Tejeda-Ochoa A , García-Estrada J , Herrera-Ramírez C , Antúnez-Flores W , Martínez-Sánchez R , Herrera-Ramírez J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
The Colors and Techniques of 17th Century Portuguese Azulejos: a Multi-Analytical Study
Authors: Coentro S , Muralha V , Lima A , Pais A , Silva A , Mimoso J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Surface Characterization of 19th Century and Modern Daguerreotypes using High-Resolution SEM
Authors: Ravines P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Use of X-Ray Mapping to Investigate Art Works Before their Restoration
Authors: Wuhrer R , Moran K , Dredge P , Phillips M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Materials Evaluation and Monitoring of a Large-Scale Conservation Project: Eight Monumental Sculptures by A.M. Calder
Authors: Lins A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Microstructure of Woolen Fiber Dyed by PbCrO4Yellow Dyeing Technique Imported into Japan in the Middle of the 19th Century
Authors: Sugioka N , Kitada M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Risk Assessing the Use of Variable Pressure SEM for the Examination of Cultural Heritage Artefacts
Authors: Ball A , Kearsley A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Raman Microanalysis of Meteorites and Other Geological Samples
Authors: Tague T , Wang P
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Archaeometallurgy of Iron in South Central Iranian Plateau According to the Mineralogical Investigation on Iron Crucibles
Authors: Emami M
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Phase Transformations Induced by Mechanical Milling and Sintering in the (Fe, Al)-Fullerenes Composites
Authors: Santana I , Calderon H
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Characterization of Core Shell Cu-Au Nanoparticles by Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Calderon H , Bao Y , Wen T , Krishnan K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Failure Analysis of Crimp Connectors
Authors: Vianco P , Kilgo A , Grant R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Picosecond Time-Resolved Cathodoluminescence to Probe Exciton Dynamics in α-Plane (Al,Ga)N/GaN Quantum Wells
Authors: Corfdir P , Lefebvre P , Dussaigne A , Balet L , Sonderegger S , Zhu T , Martin D , Ganière J-D , Grandjean N , Deveaud-Plédran B
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Formation and Characterization of Cobalt Nanoparticles in Silica by Ion Implantation
Authors: Malik A , Belay K , Llewellyn D , Hutchison W , Elliman R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Scanning Transmission X-Ray Microscopy on Calcium Aluminate From the Early Solar System And Ancient Stars
Authors: Zega T , Nittler L , Stroud R , Alexander C , Kilcoyne A
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Elevated Temperature Deformation Mechanisms in Ta2C
Authors: De Leon N , Wang B , Weinberger C , Thompson G
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Microstructure and Microanalysis of Porous Glass Obtained by Sintering of Vitreous Powders from Cr-Ni Sludge
Authors: Ballesteros Elizondo S , Rincón J
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Testing Fundamental Assumptions: 3-D X-ray Spectrum Imaging of Concrete
Authors: Sudbrink B , Davis J , Ley T , Scott K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Controlled Growth of Zn2GeO4/ZnO Heterojunction Nanowires
Authors: Cao B , Chen J , Zhou W
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
EM Characterization of Self Hardening CrAlN/BN Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Nose M , Chiou W-A , Lai L-C , Watanuki T , Matsuda K
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Understanding the Soil Microfabric of Drying Mature Fine Tails
Authors: Elliott G , Munoz V , Elias J , Mikula R
Published: October 2011

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Programming Skill, Knowledge, and Working Memory Among Professional Software Developers from an Investment Theory Perspective
Authors: Bergersen Gunnar Rye , Gustafsson Jan-Eric
Published: October 2011

This study investigates the role of working memory and experience in the development of programming knowledge and programming skill. An instrument for assessing programming skill – where skill is inferred from programming performance – was administered along with tests of working memory and programming knowledge. We recruited 65 professional software developers from nine companies in eight European countries to participate in a 2-day study. Results indicate that the effect of working memory and experience on programming skill is mediated through programming knowledge. Programming knowledge was further found to explain individual differences in programming skill to a large extent. The overall findings support Cattell’s investment theory. Further, we discuss how this study, which currently serves a pilot function, can be extended in future studies. Although low statistical power is a concern for some of the results reported, this work contributes to research on individual differences in high-realism work settings with professionals as subjects.
Poor Control Strengthens the Association Between Sensation Seeking and Disgust Reactions
Authors: Dvorak Robert D. , Simons Jeffrey S. , Wray Tyler B.
Published: October 2011

Perception of risk to a stimulus associated with negative affect may depend on the level of emotional arousal it elicits. Sensation seeking is associated with a decreased level of arousal to risk stimuli. Individuals high in sensation seeking may require greater emotional arousal in order to induce harm avoidance. Poor control increases the salience of emotional cues, which may increase the magnitude of emotion associated with risk stimuli. In the present study, we found that, as sensation seeking decreased, high levels of poor control increased the likelihood of experiencing an emesis perception following disgust. The results support a harm avoidance system tied to emotions elicited from immediate threat that is potentiated by poor control.
Measuring Performance in Dynamic Decision Making
Authors: Danner Daniel , Hagemann Dirk , Holt Daniel V. , Hager Marieke , Schankin Andrea , Wüstenberg Sascha , Funke Joachim
Published: October 2011

The Tailorshop simulation is a computer-based dynamic decision-making task in which participants lead a fictional company for 12 simulated months. The present study investigated whether the performance measure in the Tailorshop simulation is reliable and valid. The participants were 158 employees from different companies. Structural equation models were used to test τ-equivalent measurement models. The results indicate that the trends of the company value between the second and the twelfth month are reliable variables. Furthermore, this measure predicted real-life job performance ratings by supervisors and was associated with the performance in another dynamic decision-making task. Thus, the trend of the company value provides a reliable and valid performance indicator for the Tailorshop simulation.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation influence on winter maximum daily precipitation in California in a spatial model
Authors: Shang Hongwei , Yan Jun , Zhang Xuebin
Published: October 2011

Recent studies have found that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has statistically significant influences on extreme precipitation. A limitation of most existing work is that a separate generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is fitted for each individual site. Such models cannot address important questions that involve events jointly defined across multiple sites; for instance, what is the probability that the 50 year return levels of three sites in the vicinity of a city occur in the same season? With the latest statistical methodology for spatial extremes, we fit max‐stable process models to winter maximum daily precipitation of 192 sites in California over 55 years. A composite likelihood approach is used since the full likelihood is unavailable either analytically or numerically. In addition to latitude, longitude, and elevation, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is incorporated into the parameters of the marginal GEV models. We find that, in a spatial context, the ENSO has a significant influence on the extreme precipitation in California by shifting the location parameter of the GEV distributions, with higher values of the SOI corresponding to lower maximum winter daily precipitation. The joint spatial model is used to assess risks concerning joint extremal events at network of sites with spatial dependence properly accounted for. The probability of extremal events occurring at multiple sites in the same season is found to be much higher than what would be expected under the independence assumption.
Vertical average for modeling seawater intrusion
Authors: Pool M. , Carrera J. , Dentz M. , Hidalgo J. J. , Abarca E.
Published: October 2011

Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a 3‐D phenomenon. However, 3‐D regional aquifer models are often limited by insufficient geological and hydrological data, the large horizontal to vertical scales ratio, and by numerical constraints. We present an effective formulation for modeling seawater intrusion that relies on a dimensional reduction of the original density‐dependent flow and transport problem. We carry out a vertical integration of the 3‐D problem and arrive at a coupled set of 2‐D equations for the mean flux and salt concentration, which are essentially identical to those of 2‐D groundwater flow. However, two new terms emerge from the integration: (1) Darcy's law needs not only the buoyancy term reflecting aquifer bottom slope, but also another one reflecting variability of aquifer thickness; and (2) transport requires a new term reflecting vertical variations of groundwater flux, which are essential for density‐dependent flow and we approximate by means of a Fickian dispersion term. The proposed equations are verified by direct steady state numerical simulations of confined aquifers. The results show that the effective formulation correctly reflects the effective dynamics in the 3‐D system.
Natural immunity
Authors: von Hertzen Leena , Hanski Ilkka , Haahtela Tari
Published: October 2011

The global decline in biodiversity and the rise of inflammatory diseases might be linked. If the former is causing the latter, it presents a serious challenge for public health.
SABIO-RK: Access to Biochemical Reaction Kinetics Data
Authors: Golebiewski Martin
Published: October 2011

SABIO-RK (http://sabio.h-its.org/) is a curated database for biochemical reaction kinetics data drawn from different sources: from literature or direct submission by experimenters. The system offers standardized data by the use of controlled vocabularies and annotations pointing to other resources and biological ontologies. SABIO-RK can be accessed either manually via a web-based search interface or automatically via web services that allow direct data access by other tools. Both interfaces support the export of the data together with its annotations in SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) complying with the MIRIAM (Minimal Information Requested In the Annotation of biochemical Models) standard. New RESTful web services, as well as a new browser interface both offer extended functionality, such as hierarchical search for data based on organism taxonomy or tissue and cell type ontology.SABIO-RK facilitates the exchange of kinetic data between experimentalists and modelers, and thereby supports the setup of quantitative computer models. The web services and the degree of data integration make it well suited for its integration into applications using or requiring kinetic data, such as systems biology modeling platforms.
Controlled recrystallization for low-current RESET programming characteristics of phase-change memory with Ge-doped SbTe
Authors: Wu Zhe , Zhang Gang , Park Youngwook , Kang Stephen D. , Lyeo Ho-Ki , Seok Jeong Doo , Jeong Jeung-hyun , No Kwangsoo , Cheong Byung-ki
Published: October 2011

An investigation was conducted to examine the high RESET-current (IRESET) problem of phase-change memory (PCM) using a fast growth-dominated Ge-doped SbTe (GeST). By examining material and device characteristics of GeST with varying Sb-to-Te ratio from 1.80 to 3.82, the growth rate of crystallization was found to play an important role in determining IRESET and SET speed of the device. Lower IRESET obtained with decreasing Sb-to-Te ratio was ascribed to lower growth rate leading to smaller degree of recrystallization during melt-quenching. With shrinkage of device dimensions, GeST-PCM of a lower Sb-to-Te ratio may become increasingly promising due to its lower IRESET and scaled SET speed.
Stress evolution during the oxidation of silicon nanowires in the sub-10 nm diameter regime
Authors: Kim Byung-Hyun , Ariesto Pamungkas Mauludi , Park Mina , Kim Gyubong , Lee Kwang-Ryeol , Chung Yong-Chae
Published: October 2011

Using a reactive molecular dynamics simulation, the oxidation of Si nanowires (Si-NWs) with diameters of 5, 10, and 20 nm was investigated. The compressive stress at the interface between the oxide and the Si core decreased with increasing curvature in the sub-10 nm regime of the diameter, in contrast to the theory of self-limiting oxidation where rigid mechanical constraint of the Si core was assumed. The Si core of the thinner Si-NW was deformed more with surface oxidation, resulting in a lower compressive stress at the interface. These results explain the experimental observation of full oxidation of very thin Si-NWs.
Modal versus nonmodal linear stability analysis of river dunes
Authors: Camporeale C. , Ridolfi L.
Published: October 2011

When a free surface turbulent shear flow interacts with a deformable cohesionless sediment bottom, dune patterns can arise and perform a complex time evolution. These bed forms are very widespread in fluvial environments and have catalyzed an intense research activity of both an applicative and theoretical nature. This work investigates the non-normality of the linearized mathematical operator which rules the initial value problem, in order to detect possible transient growths and make a comparison with the picture described by the outcome of the eigenvalue problem. The dune dynamics have resulted to be heavily non-normal in large regions of the parameter space and to be able to develop important transient growths, even for asymptotically stable wavenumbers. The effects on progressive wavelength elongation that has been observed in some experiments are discussed, and an explanation, based on purely linearly mechanisms, is proposed and compared with some experimental data. A discussion about the saturation length concept in the sediment transport modeling is also proposed.
Time-sliced velocity-mapped imaging studies of the predissociation of single ro-vibronic energy levels of N2 in the extreme ultraviolet region using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization
Authors: Gao Hong , Yang Lei , Pan Yang , Zhou Jingang , Ng C. Y. , Jackson William M.
Published: October 2011

The predissociation of N2 from the rotational levels in the o1$\scriptstyle\prod$∏u (v′ = 2) and b′1Σu (v′ = 8) bands has been studied in the wavenumber (or energy) range from 109 350 cm−1 (13.5577 eV) to 109 580 cm−1 (13.5862 eV) by time-sliced velocity-mapped imaging technique with VUV photoionization detection of the fragments. These levels were excited from the ground state of N2 (X1Σg+, v″ = 0) levels using an unfocused vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser via a one-photon process. The same VUV laser is used to ionize the metastable N (2Do) produced from the predissociation process and the time-sliced velocity-mapped imaging technique is used to determine their velocity and angular distributions. Two different theoretical methods developed, respectively, by Kim et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133316 (2006) and Zande [J. Chem. Phys. 107, 9447 (1997)] were used to calculate the anisotropic parameters for the predissociation to the channel N(4So) + N(2Do) to compare with the observed value for each of the rotational levels. Very good agreement with the experimental results was obtained for both methods. Possible predissociation mechanisms were predicted from the measurements and calculations.
Search for conformal invariance in compressible two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: Stefanus  , Larkin J. , Goldburg W. I.
Published: October 2011

We present a search for conformal invariance in vorticity isolines of two-dimensional compressible turbulence. The vorticity is measured by tracking the motion of particles that float at the surface of a turbulent tank of water. The three-dimensional turbulence in the tank has a Taylor microscale Reλ ≃ 160. The conformal invariance theory being tested here is related to the behavior of equilibrium systems near a critical point. This theory is associated with the work of Löwner, Schramm and others and is usually referred to as Schramm-Löwner evolution (SLE). The system was exposed to several tests of SLE. The results of these tests suggest that zero-vorticity isolines exhibit noticeable departures from this type of conformal invariance.
On polygonal relative equilibria in the N-vortex problem
Authors: Celli M. , Lacomba E. A. , Pérez-Chavela E.
Published: October 2011

Helmholtz's equations provide the motion of a system of N vortices which describes a planar incompressible fluid with zero viscosity. A relative equilibrium is a particular solution of these equations for which the distances between the vortices are invariant during the motion. In this article, we first show that a relative equilibrium formed of a regular polygon and a possible vortex at the center, with more than three vertices on the polygon (two if there is a vortex at the center), requires equal vorticities on the polygon. We also provide an 8-vortex configuration, formed of two concentric squares making an angle of 45°, with uniform vorticity on each square, which is in relative equilibrium for any value of the vorticities.
Domain structures of ferroelectric thin film controlled by oxidizing atmosphere
Authors: Ma D. C. , Zheng Yue , Wang Biao , Woo C. H.
Published: October 2011

Evolutions of domain morphology in the ferroelectric thin film subjected to the oxidizing atmosphere were predicted by using the phase field simulations, which incorporate the long-range electrostatic interactions and ionic surface charges. Due to effect of the oxidizing atmosphere, it is found that the ionic surface charges carried by oxygen can effectively change the internal electric filed, control the polarization orientation, and drive the domain wall motion of the ferroelectric thin film. Domain structures were simulated and also reveal that domain morphology of the ferroelectric thin film can be adjusted from a multi-domain to a mono-domain with increasing of the ionic charge density.
Measurements of electromagnetic wave absorption properties of carbon nanotube–epoxy composites at microwave frequencies around 8.43 GHz
Authors: Li Z. , Ye Z. , Roberts J. A. , Zhao G. L.
Published: October 2011

Microwave (8.43 GHz) absorption properties have been measured for multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–epoxy composites. A microwave resonant cavity technique was utilized as a probe. Six groups of MWCNT–epoxy composite samples with different MWCNT outside diameters were fabricated and tested. The weight percentages of MWCNTs in each sample group were in the range of 1%–10%. The amplitudes of the absorption profiles, the linewidths at half-power maxima, and the shifts in resonant frequencies under load for the six groups of MWCNT–epoxy composite samples were compared. Similar to our previous results measured at 9.968 GHz [Z. Ye et al., J. Appl. Phys. 108, 054315 (2010)], the microwave absorption properties of our samples strongly rely on two parameters: the number of nanotubes and the density of nanotube bundles. It was found that the measured microwave absorption properties of the samples around 8.43 GHz showed a more sensitive response to the magnetic component of the microwave field rather than the electric component.
Energetic igniters realized by integrating Al/CuO reactive multilayer films with Cr films
Authors: Zhu Peng , Shen Ruiqi , Ye Yinghua , Zhou Xiang , Hu Yan
Published: October 2011

This paper deals with the energetic igniters realized by integrating Al/CuO reactive multilayer films (RMFs) with Cr Films, which could be used in micro-ignition system. The as-deposited Al/CuO RMFs has been characterized with varied analytical techniques. Results show that distinct Al/CuO RMFs is sputter deposited in a layered geometry, and the Al/CuO RMFs gives a heat of reaction equal to 2760 J/g. The structure of igniter is similar to a capacitor, which may place an electric field across the igniter and allow the instantaneous large-current to drift through the igniter. Firing characteristics of the igniter were accomplished using constant voltage firing set. The experiment shows that the ignition delay time and total released energy of the igniter discharged in 40 V are 0.7 ms and 482.34 mJ, respectively. In addition, the explosion temperature could keep an approximately constant value of 3500 °C for 1.4 ms.
A new parametrizable model of molecular electronic structure
Authors: Laikov Dimitri N.
Published: October 2011

A new electronic structure model is developed in which the ground state energy of a molecular system is given by a Hartree-Fock-like expression with parametrized one- and two-electron integrals over an extended (minimal + polarization) set of orthogonalized atom-centered basis functions, the variational equations being solved formally within the minimal basis but the effect of polarization functions being included in the spirit of second-order perturbation theory. It is designed to yield good dipole polarizabilities and improved intermolecular potentials with dispersion terms. The molecular integrals include up to three-center one-electron and two-center two-electron terms, all in simple analytical forms. A method to extract the effective one-electron Hamiltonian of nonlocal-exchange Kohn-Sham theory from the coupled-cluster one-electron density matrix is designed and used to get its matrix representation in a molecule-intrinsic minimal basis as an input to the parametrization procedure – making a direct link to the correlated wavefunction theory. The model has been trained for 15 elements (H, Li–F, Na–Cl, 720 parameters) on a set of 5581 molecules (including ions, transition states, and weakly bound complexes) whose first- and second-order properties were computed by the coupled-cluster theory as a reference, and a good agreement is seen. The model looks promising for the study of large molecular systems, it is believed to be an important step forward from the traditional semiempirical models towards higher accuracy at nearly as low a computational cost.
Application of transmission electron microscopy for microstructural characterization of perfluoropentacene thin films
Authors: Haas Benedikt , Beyer Andreas , Witte Wiebke , Breuer Tobias , Witte Gregor , Volz Kerstin
Published: October 2011

The crystalline structure and orientation of perfluoropentacene (C22F14, PFP) fibers formed upon thin-film deposition onto SiO2 substrates have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and x-ray diffraction. The synopsis of TEM micrographs and diffraction patterns enhances the understanding of local crystal orientation on small length scales. The relationship of the PFP fiber morphology with the crystalline arrangement of PFP molecules within single fibers was established using this technique. Radiation damage, which is a critical problem for TEM investigations of organic materials, is described and the sample morphology after TEM investigations is correlated with AFM measurements of samples previously examined by TEM.
On the strain in n-type GaN
Authors: Xie Jinqiao , Mita Seiji , Hussey Lindsay , Rice Anthony , Tweedie James , LeBeau James , Collazo Ramón , Sitar Zlatko
Published: October 2011

It was demonstrated that Ge has the same effect as Si on the strain evolution in n-type GaN as measured by x-ray diffraction. Dislocation inclination, which causes tensile strain in n-type GaN, was clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy where Ge doping was introduced during epitaxial growth. This result is explained by the Fermi level effect model that indicates dislocation inclination due to the climbing process through Ga vacancies. Therefore, there is no dependence of dislocation inclination on dopant species.
Theoretical analysis and modeling of light trapping in high efficicency GaAs nanowire array solar cells
Authors: Wen Long , Zhao Zhifei , Li Xinhua , Shen Yanfen , Guo Haoming , Wang Yuqi
Published: October 2011

A rigorous analysis and design of efficient light trapping for Gallium arsenide nanowire array (NWA) solar cells is presented. The influence of the geometric parameters on the optical absorption of NWA has been thoroughly analyzed by using finite-difference time-domain simulations. It is found that the NWA have superior absorption characteristic over thin-film due to the combined effects of intrinsic anti-reflection and efficient excitation of resonant modes. Optimized optical designs are obtained by maximizing the ultimate photocurrent under AM1.5G illumination. The photogeneration profiles under optimized conditions are incorporated into electrical modeling, in which the core-shell NWA solar cells exhibit 22.3% efficiency.
Ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin-wave dispersions in a dipole-exchange coupled bi-component magnonic crystal
Authors: Zhang V. L. , Lim H. S. , Lin C. S. , Wang Z. K. , Ng S. C. , Kuok M. H. , Jain S. , Adeyeye A. O. , Cottam M. G.
Published: October 2011

The magnon dispersion relations of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases in a dipole-exchange coupled one-dimensional magnonic crystal comprising alternating cobalt and Permalloy nanostripes have been mapped by Brillouin spectroscopy. To elucidate the magnetization dynamics at the interfaces between stripes, the experimental data are analyzed based on a macroscopic theory under Hoffmann-type boundary conditions. Good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment for both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases. Results suggest the existence of strong exchange coupling across the cobalt-Permalloy interfaces, comparable with the exchange coupling within each component material.
Communication: Effects of stress on the tube confinement potential and dynamics of topologically entangled rod fluids
Authors: Sussman Daniel M. , Schweizer Kenneth S.
Published: October 2011

A microscopic theory for the effect of applied stress on the transverse topological confinement potential and slow dynamics of heavily entangled rigid rods is presented. The confining entanglement force localizing a polymer in a tube is predicted to have a finite strength. As a consequence, three regimes of terminal relaxation behavior are predicted with increasing stress: accelerated reptation due to tube widening (dilation), relaxation via deformation-assisted activated transverse barrier hopping, and complete destruction of the lateral tube constraints corresponding to microscopic yielding or a disentanglement transition.
Tree kangaroo molecular systematics based on partial cytochrome b sequences: are Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) and Goodfellow's tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) sister taxa?
Authors: McGreevy Thomas J. , Dabek Lisa , Husband Thomas P.
Published: October 2011

New Guinea tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.) are unique arboreal macropodid marsupials mainly listed as critically endangered or endangered. The molecular systematics of Dendrolagus has not been fully resolved and is critical for the accurate identification of species and their evolutionary relationships. Matschie’s tree kangaroo (D. matschiei) and Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) share numerous morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits. We analysed the partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene for D. matschiei (n = 67), D. g. buergersi (n = 8), D. goodfellowi unidentified ssp. (n = 8), golden-mantled tree kangaroo (D. g. pulcherrimus; n = 1), and two additional New Guinea Dendrolagus taxa to determine whether D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi are sister taxa. D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi were not placed as sister taxa in our phylogenetic analyses; however, we were unable to analyse a known sample from a D. g. goodfellowi. We found initial genetic evidence that D. matschiei and the Lowland tree kangaroo (D. spadix) are sister taxa – they may have diverged after the formation of the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea. Our results also support the elevation of D. g. pulcherrimus to a full species. An improved understanding of Dendrolagus molecular systematics will contribute substantially to their conservation.
The status of non-volant mammals along a rainfall gradient in the south-west Kimberley, Western Australia
Authors: Start A. N. , Burbidge A. A. , McDowell M. C. , McKenzie N. L.
Published: October 2011

To assess the current status of mammals in relation to mean annual rainfall and to improve knowledge of the original mammalian assemblages in tropical Western Australia, extant terrestrial mammals and subfossil mammalian remains were sought along a rainfall gradient in two parallel ranges in the Kimberley, Western Australia. As expected, extant mammal species richness decreased with decreasing rainfall. Data from other studies in higher-rainfall areas complemented this conclusion and a parallel decline in trap success implied an overall decline in abundance, although numbers of two rodents (Rattus tunneyi and Zyzomys argurus) were highly variable. Small rodents were rare. Subfossil deposits were biased by accumulation processes, with most attributable to tytonid owls. They largely consisted of rodent and, to a lesser extent, small dasyurid bones and there was a high level of consistency in the proportional composition of many common species across the rainfall gradient. Most deposits appear to predate the introduction of stock in the 1880s and some may be much older. All species persist in the study area except two Notomys spp. and three Pseudomys spp. Both the Notomys and one Pseudomys are apparently undescribed, extinct species. However, there were marked ratio differences between subfossil and modern assemblages. Although specimens of species larger than those taken by tytonid owls were scarce, their occurrences were broadly consistent with the modern understanding of distributions.
Short-term movement patterns and diet of small dasyurid marsupials in semiarid Australia
Authors: Warnecke Lisa , Körtner Gerhard , Burwell Chris J. , Turner James M. , Geiser Fritz
Published: October 2011

Since little information is available on the spatial ecology of small arid-zone marsupials, we used radio-tracking to investigate the small-scale activity patterns of three dasyurid species in semiarid Australia. Sminthopsis crassicaudata, Planigale gilesi and S. macroura were equipped with miniature radio-transmitters to monitor choice of resting sites and daily movements. Resting sites were located within an area of 1.27 ± 0.36 ha, 0.12 ± 0.02 ha and 3.60 ± 0.95 ha, respectively and individuals returned to previously used resting sites regularly. We also analysed scat samples of S. crassicaudata and P. gilesi, and identified Araneae, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera as the major prey taxa for both species. Our study presents the first radio-tracking-based information on movements for these species in semiarid habitat, which indicates that, over a period of several weeks, resting sites are situated within small and defined areas.
Response functions for computing absorbed dose to skeletal tissues from neutron irradiation
Authors: Bahadori Amir A , Johnson Perry , Jokisch Derek W , Eckerman Keith F , Bolch Wesley E
Published: October 2011

Spongiosa in the adult human skeleton consists of three tissues—active marrow (AM), inactive marrow (IM) and trabecularized mineral bone (TB). AM is considered to be the target tissue for assessment of both long-term leukemia risk and acute marrow toxicity following radiation exposure. The total shallow marrow (TM50), defined as all tissues lying within the first 50 µm of the bone surfaces, is considered to be the radiation target tissue of relevance for radiogenic bone cancer induction. For irradiation by sources external to the body, kerma to homogeneous spongiosa has been used as a surrogate for absorbed dose to both of these tissues, as direct dose calculations are not possible using computational phantoms with homogenized spongiosa. Recent micro-CT imaging of a 40 year old male cadaver has allowed for the accurate modeling of the fine microscopic structure of spongiosa in many regions of the adult skeleton (Hough et al 2011 Phys. Med. Biol. 56 2309–46). This microstructure, along with associated masses and tissue compositions, was used to compute specific absorbed fraction (SAF) values for protons originating in axial and appendicular bone sites (Jokisch et al 2011 Phys. Med. Biol. 56 6857–72). These proton SAFs, bone masses, tissue compositions and proton production cross sections, were subsequently used to construct neutron dose-response functions (DRFs) for both AM and TM50 targets in each bone of the reference adult male. Kerma conditions were assumed for other resultant charged particles. For comparison, AM, TM50 and spongiosa kerma coefficients were also calculated. At low incident neutron energies, AM kerma coefficients for neutrons correlate well with values of the AM DRF, while total marrow (TM) kerma coefficients correlate well with values of the TM50 DRF. At high incident neutron energies, all kerma coefficients and DRFs tend to converge as charged-particle equilibrium is established across the bone site. In the range of 10 eV to 100 MeV, substantial differences are observed among the kerma coefficients and DRF. As a result, it is recommended that the AM kerma coefficient be used to estimate the AM DRF, and that the TM kerma coefficient be used to estimate the TM50 DRF below 10 eV. Between 10 eV and 100 MeV, the appropriate DRF should be used as presented in this study. Above 100 MeV, spongiosa kerma coefficients apply well for estimating skeletal tissue doses. DRF values for each bone site as a function of energy are provided in an electronic annex to this article available at http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/56/6873/mmedia.
Construction of singular rational surfaces of Picard number one with ample canonical divisor
Authors: Hwang DongSeon , Keum JongHae
Published: October 2011

Kollár gave a series of examples of rational surfaces of Picard number

1
1

with ample canonical divisor having cyclic singularities. In this paper, we construct several series of new examples in a geometric way, i.e., by blowing up several times inside a configuration of curves on the projective plane and then by contracting chains of rational curves. One series of our examples has the same singularities as Kollár’s examples.
Cultural Heritage in Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Authors: Filipa Vrdoljak Ana
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the protection of cultural heritage by humanitarian law (IHL), international human rights law (IHRL), and international criminal law (ICL). First, it outlines the exceptional treatment of cultural heritage in general international humanitarian law instruments including those covering non-international armed conflicts, and its overlap with international human rights law. Then, it details how this protection has been built upon by the specialist regime for the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflict and belligerent occupation developed under the auspices of UNESCO. Next, the chapter analyzes ICL jurisprudence from the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg to the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia, to show how efforts to prosecute violations of the laws and customs of war relating to cultural heritage have been intrinsic to the articulation and prosecution of crimes against humanity and genocide. Finally, it considers the evolving and potential future normative trends in this field in the light of recent developments with reference to obligations erga omnes, intentional destruction and the content of the obligation, and intangible heritage and cultural diversity.
Are Victims of Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Entitled to Compensation?
Authors: Gaeta Paola
Published: October 2011

Despite the expansion and development of international human rights law and, in more recent times, of international criminal law, victims of serious violations of rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) are still not considered to be entitled to reparation under international law. The common wisdom is that only the belligerent party as such has this legal entitlement, including for violations of IHL causing damage to specific individuals. This chapter examines to what extent the traditional approach to this issue is tenable today, when serious violations of IHL are at stake. It begins by stressing the ambiguities of the relevant provisions on compensation enshrined in the Hague Convention IV (Hague IV) of 1907 and Additional Protocol I (AP I) to the Geneva Conventions (GC). It then discusses the applicable rules under the general regime on state responsibility, in particular the rules regarding violations of erga omnes obligations. This analysis hopes to help with the identification of which states are entitled to ask for compensation within an inter-state framework or in the case of serious violations of the laws of warfare committed in non-international armed conflicts. Finally, some recent developments which indicate that under international law individuals have the right to obtain compensation from the state responsible for serious violations of IHL are considered.
Alienists, Neurologists, and Nerve-Doctors
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the framework within which British psychiatry took shape during the 19th century, which shared the weaknesses of the medical profession as a whole, but few of the strengths. Until the 1840s, in fact, mad-doctors were saddled with a number of particularly severe disabilities in their efforts to achieve professional recognition. Of these, the gravest was public uncertainty whether madness was really a medical problem at all, best treated by trained medical practitioners. The very origins of the psychiatric specialty within British medicine could be traced to the 18th-century competition between medical men and lay proprietors for control of “the trade in lunacy”—the establishment and management of private madhouses, which could prove profitable enterprises.
Nerve Force and Neurasthenia
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

The notion of nerve force has a venerable ancestry, extending back to the animal spirits that figured in classical medicine. Whatever physical properties Victorian and Edwardian medical men assigned to nerve force, they all concurred in warning that every person possessed only limited amounts. Heedless overexertion, whether mental or physical, could drain an individual's supply, leaving an exhausted nervous system incapable of all endeavors. Failure of nervous power meant utter incapacitation. From the 1880s to World War I, however, the new diagnostic category of neurasthenia seemed to impart not merely enhanced medical legitimacy, but also real distinction, to the sundry symptoms of depression formerly subsumed under the less specific concept of nervous prostration. Occupying so prominent a place in the late Victorian and Edwardian literature on the nerves, the concept of neurasthenia figured centrally in the tangled mass of conflicting medical attitudes concerning the impact of modem civilization on human health.