bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genesis of fragmental carbonate rocks in the Mesozoic and Tertiary of Mallorca, Spain
Authors: Adams A. E.
Published: July 2010

Fragmental carbonate rocks are common in the Mesozoic and Tertiary succession of Mallorca, in the western Mediterranean. On the Formentor peninsula at the northeastern end of the Sierra Norte, two phases of fragmentation post‐date Liassic platform carbonate and its subsequent reworking, and predate deposition of marine Burdigalian sediments. Phase 1 fragmentation resulted in brecciated rocks with angular fragments often little displaced, cemented by coarse calcite. Brecciated rock passes into veined or unbrecciated rock over short distances. These breccias are interpreted as the products of collapse during solution of an evaporite after uplift during the early Tertiary. Phase 2 fragmentation is related to the unconformity with Miocene sediments and is interpreted as a product of karstic processes operating prior to subsidence and deposition of Miocene marine conglomerates. Multiple brecciation is common, yielding complex fragmental rocks, but permitting a relative dating of the two phases and other depositional and structural events.
Chadian faunas and flora from dyserth: Depositional environments and palaeogeographic setting of Viséan strata in northeast wales
Authors: Somerville Ian D. , Strank Angela R. E. , Welsh Anthony
Published: July 2010

New floral and faunal data from the oldest Dinantian limestones (Foel Formation) in the Dyserth area, suggest that these sediments are of Chadian age, rather than the Asbian age concluded by earlier workers. The basal late Chadian limestones rest conformably on Dinantian Basement Beds of ?Chadian age or older.

The initial inundation of St. George's Land occurred during Chadian times, when shallow‐water marine limestones accumulated in the Dyserth area and further to the south, together with terrestrially derived siliciclastics, containing drifted plant fragments. Periodically, a restricted hypersaline lagoonal environment was established but an open marine, neritic environment with abundant stenohaline fauna prevailed in this area.

These Chadian sediments accumulated on the proximal part of a carbonate ramp and are presumed to have passed laterally downslope into deeper water basinal facies with Waulsortian buildups of the Irish Sea Basin. In the later Arundian, a carbonate ramp–to–platform transition occurred, with widespread deposition of shallow‐water carbonates. In the Asbian this platform developed a rimmed margin, with buildups forming a linear belt between platform and basin.

An almost complete Chadian to Brigantian Lower Carboniferous sequence can now be recognized in North Wales. This succession is comparable with the shelf succession in south Cumbria on the northern margin of the Irish Sea Basin.
A composite spessartite–appinite intrusion from Port‐na‐Blagh, County Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Elsdon R. , Todd S. P.
Published: July 2010

A sheet‐like appinite from Breaghy Head, North Donegal, is closely associated with a spessartite intrusion. Field, mineralogical, and geochemical similarities indicate that the parent magmas were very similar, and the appinite magma may have been derived from the spessartite by small degrees of crystal fractionation. The appinite is divided into an amphibole‐rich lower part and a felsic upper part; the mineralogical contrast between the two is best explained by two‐pulse intrusion of a batch of spessartitic magma within which amphibole and pyroxene had already segregated due to crystal settling or flow sorting. Unlike other Caledonian appinites, the Breaghy Head intrusion is not one of a cluster, and appears to be an isolated development. Possible reasons for its location are discussed.
A New Interpretation of the Corallian (Upper Jurassic) Cycles of the Dorset Coast, Southern England
Authors: Sun S. Q.
Published: July 2010

The Corallian Group of the Dorset coast is reinterpreted as representing four regressive–transgressive cycles in contrast to previous interpretations which recognized four asymmetric regressive cycles. Each regressive sequence is separated at its top from each transgressive sequence by a sharp erosional contact. Overall, the regressive, coarsening‐up sequences are characterized by relatively low faunal diversity, dominantly vertical burrows, relatively coarse sediments with cross‐bedding and swaley cross‐stratification, and the diagenesis predominantly influenced by meteoric water. In comparison, the transgressive, fining‐up sequences are generally characterized by relatively high faunal diversity, dominantly horizontal burrows, basal lag deposits (1–2m in thickness) overlying a sharp, erosional surface, followed by clay or nodular wackestone and dominantly deep burial diagenesis. The consistence of the four regressive‐transgressive cycles with the eustatic sea‐level curve suggests that the sedimentary cycles of the Corallian outcrops may have been mainly produced by the eustatic sea‐level changes. Tectonic movements may have been important in generating localized unconformity, relatively coarse clastic sediment influxes and rapid lateral facies variations. The recognition of storm‐ and tidally‐related sedimentary features suggests that the Corallian Group of the Dorset coast may have been deposited in a storm‐ and tidally‐influenced shallow epicontinental shelf.
The Cherty Rock, Elgin: A petrographic and isotopic study of a Permo‐Triassic calcrete
Authors: Naylor H. , Turner P. , Vaughan D. J. , Fallick A. E.
Published: July 2010

The Cherty Rock is a laterally persistent horizon that extends across the Inner Moray Firth Basin, northeastern Scotland. The southern exposures of the Cherty Rock near Elgin reveal an indurated carbonate and silica‐rich horizon (0·75‐10m thick) developed in the uppermost part of the largely aeolian Lossiemouth Sandstone Formation. Laminated, pisolitic, and brecciated textures within the Cherty Rock confirm that the horizon represents an analogue to Recent calcretes of semiarid areas. Textures characteristic of silcretes are widespread in the Cherty Rock but these originate from silica replacement of calcite. The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic composition of micrite in the Cherty Rock (mean σ 13C = ‐6·9%°, mean σ 18O = ‐5·7%°, both relative to PDB) is comparable to that of other Permo‐Triassic calcretes and modern soil carbonate, suggesting that similar processes were responsible for their formation. The σ 13C and σ 18O values for calcite in the Cherty Rock may indicate that evaporative processes contributed to its development. σ 18O data from spar (mean σ 18O = ‐9·8%° PDB) and macroquartz (mean σ 18O = 19·7% SMOW) indicate that these are later (burial) cements.

The Cherty Rock is a useful stratigraphical and palaeoclimatic indicator, and its presence in the Inner Moray Firth basin suggests a period of tectonic stability in the basin during late Triassic times.
Deposition and palaeoecology of an Upper Silurian stromatoporoid reef on southernmost Gotland, Sweden
Authors: Kano Akihiro
Published: July 2010

A stromatoporoid reef in the Ludlovian Sundre Beds at the sea stack field of Holmhällar I on southernmost Gotland was subjected to subaerial exposure during its period of deposition. The sea stack field shows a subcircular belt 500 m in diameter and 50 m wide which exposes part of a reef complex. One distinct erosional surface can be traced through all the localities. The surface cuts the stromatoporoid framework of a lower unit and undulates with a general dip 0–15° away from the centre of the subcircle. On the low‐lying parts of the undulating surface, limestone boulders and sediments containing a number of subordinate erosional surfaces occur. The geometry of the platform results in a complicated facies mosaic of the upper unit composed of stromatoporoid boundstone and its lateral facies, crinoidal debris. The boundstone generally rests on the topographic rises of the inner part of the platform. The crinoidal debris largely occurs on the outer part. Stromatoporoid skeletons occupy 50–65 per cent of volume of the boundstone. This value far exceeds the proportion of framebuilders in Quaternary reefs. The stromatoporoid assemblages are recognized. The assemblage of the boundstone is strongly dominated by Plectostroma scaniense which is laminar‐domical and mostly larger than 50 cm in basal diameter. In the other facies, the commonest species is Parallelostroma typicum which often exhibits a certain growth form as a result of growth on soft bottom and periodical sedimentation.
A palaeomagnetic study of the Charnian, Caldecote, and Uriconian volcanics and plutons, central England
Authors: Piper J. D. A. , Strange Theresa M.
Published: July 2010

This palaeomagnetic study has investigated intrusive and extrusive calc‐alkaline igneous rocks comprising the pre‐Ordovician basement of central England and the Welsh Borderlands and dated ca. 560–530 Ma. Demagnetization studies resolve a range of magnetic components in both the older volcanic successions comprising the eastern Uriconian volcanics, and in the younger intrusive episodes comprising the Charnwood and South Leicestershire outcrops. Post‐Ordovician overprinting is largely absent and the remanence record dates from ca. 560–420 Ma. Within this time interval field tests are inadequate to confirm a primary origin and some components may be overprints acquired in immediate post‐Uriconian (Cadomian) or during late Ordovician (early Caledonian) thermotectonic events. A first order continuity is recognized on a palaeomagnetic scale between the data from the Midlands‐Welsh Borderlands and the terranes exposed in Anglesey and Southwest Wales. The British terranes moved through low latitudes during the interval represented by the Uriconian episode; they crossed the palaeoequator during the folding of these rocks and prior to emplacement of the later intrusive suite. Collectively they had rotated through ca. 170° and moved into intermediate latitudes by mid‐Lower Cambrian times. Post‐Lower Cambrian movements on the Malvernian lineament are a possible explanation for second order differences between the palaeomagnetic records of the English Midlands and the Welsh Borderlands; the largest possible regional rotation here is a ca. 90° movement of the Charnwood block with respect to the other outcrops. Correlation with the Gondwana APW path places the Anglo‐Welsh basement in the vicinity of a comparable calc‐alkaline volcanic province linked to a subducting plate margin in the Afro‐Arabian area. Subsequent continental breakup led to termination of this volcanic activity and establishment of a passive marine shelf environment later in Lower Cambrian times.
The Cowms Rocks Landslide
Authors: Johnson Richard H. , Vaughan Richard D.
Published: July 2010

The Cowms Rocks landslide was the result of a translational movement which occurred downslope of a stream junction but involved part of the tributary valley side. Its morphology is described and a Gradient Index has been used to identify the component slide units. Slippage occurred on a 7° planar surface at about 40 m below the original ground surface, and consequent upon slope failure the main slump moveden masse. The tensional stresses controlling the slide were not uniform and a series of upslope‐facing escarpments developed within the main slump with some toppling and flexuring taking place at the slump's inner edge. At its margins, the slump broke into several blocks, some of which were tilted or deformed during the slip movement. The dominant factor leading to slope failure was rock (mass) creep which developed when periglacial climates prevailed in Pleistocene times. This led to differential weakening of the rocks within the slope but the exact timing for this deterioration is not known. The ultimate failure was delayed until some time in the Flandrian when stream undercutting was the ‘trigger’ mechanism.
Controls on the evolution and demise of Lower Carboniferous carbonate platforms, northern margin of the Dublin Basin, Ireland
Authors: Pickard Neil A. H. , Rees John G. , Strogen Peter , Somerville Ian D. , Jones Gareth L. I.
Published: July 2010

Shallow water platform limestones of the Chadian–Asbian Milverton Group are restricted to the north‐eastern part of the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Dublin Basin. Here, they are confined to two granite‐cored fault blocks, the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, known to have been active during the late Dinantian. Three areas of platform sedimentation are delimited (the Kentstown, Drogheda and Milverton areas), although in reality they probably formed part of a single carbonate platform. Resedimented submarine breccias and calciturbidites (Fingal Group) composed of shallow water allochems and intraclasts sourced from the platform accumulated, along with terrigenous muds, in the surrounding basinal areas.

Sedimentological evidence suggests that the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks possessed tilt‐block geometries and developed during an episode of basin‐wide extensional faulting in late Chadian time. Rotation of the blocks during extension resulted in the erosion of previously deposited sequences in footwall areas and concomitant drowning of distal hangingwall sequences. Antithetic faults on the northern part of the Balbriggan Block aided the preferential subsidence of the Drogheda area and accounts for the anomously thick sequence of late Chadian platform sediments present there.

Continued subsidence and/or sea‐level rise in the late Chadian–early Arundian resulted in transgression of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks; carbonate ramps developed on the hangingwall dip slopes and transgressed southward with time. Subsequent progradation and aggradation of shallow water sediments throughout the Arundian to Asbian led to the development of carbonate shelves. Several coarse conglomeratic intervals within the contemporaneous basinal sequences of the Fingal Group attest to periodic increases of sediment influx associated with the development of the shelves.

Sedimentological processes controlled the development of the carbonate platforms on the hangingwall dip slopes of the Kentstown and Balbriggan Blocks, though periodic increases of sediment flux into the basinal areas may have been triggered by eustatic falls in sea level. In contrast, differential subsidence along the bounding faults of these blocks exerted a strong control on the margins of the late Dinantian shelves, maintaining relatively steep slopes and inhibiting the progradation of the shelves into the adjacent basins.

Tectonically induced collapse and retreat of the platform margins occurred in the late Asbian–early Brigantian. Platform sediments are overlain by coarse‐grained proximal basinal facies which fine upwards before passing into a thick shale sequence, indicating that by the late Brigantian carbonate production had almost stopped as the platforms were drowned.
Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock) of Bohemia
Authors: Štorch Petr
Published: July 2010

Nearly 50 sections through the Llandovery and Wenlock black shales of the Barrandian area (Bohemia) have been examined bed by bed. This has made possible the compilation of an improved and well defined graptolite zonal scheme with much new biostratigraphic data included. A total of 268 graptolite species and subspecies have been found. Their stratigraphic distribution allows the recognition of 27 graptolite zones: ascensus–acuminatus, vesiculosus, cyphus, triangulatus–pectinatus, simulans, convolutus, sedgwickii, linnaei, turriculatus, crispus, griestoniensis, tullbergi, spiralis, grandis, insectus, centrifugus, murchisoni, riccartonensis, dubius, belophorus, rigidus, ramosus–perneri, lundgreni, parvus, nassa–frequens, praedeubeli–deubeli, ludensis, and several subzones. The biozones are defined by the vertical ranges of their ‘index’ species and are characterized by rich accompanying associations. The zonal scheme is correlated with graptolite sequences elsewhere.
Storm‐dominated sedimentation along a rocky transgressive shoreline in the Silurian (Llandovery) of Western Ireland
Authors: Doyle Eamon N.
Published: July 2010

Sedimentation patterns are described from the Kilbride Formation west of the Maam Fault zone, north Galway, Ireland. Seven distinct facies are described using faunal and lithological parameters. Environments of deposition range from marginal marine to deep shelf conditions. Lateral facies distributions were largely controlled by a rocky topographic high which influenced sedimentation until being buried by outer shelf sediments in middle‐upper Kilbride Formation times. Four distinct sequences are described: in the lower Kilbride Formation, sequences I and IV are dominated by proximal storm deposits; sequence II was deposited in the lee of the topographic high and is interpreted as barred estuarine deposits; and in sequence III, at the topographic high, no deposition took place. In the upper Kilbride Formation the barrier was buried and uniform outer shelf conditions prevailed throughout the area. Faunal assemblages were strongly controlled by local environmental conditions and do not conform directly with the expected pattern of depth‐related brachiopod communities. The Lingula and Eocoelia communities are amalgamated and alloch‐thonous, the Pentameroides and Costistricklandia communities are absent, and only the Clorinda community is well represented, though parautochthonous.
Lithostratigraphy of the Windermere Supergroup, Northern England
Authors: Kneller B. C. , Scott R. W. , Soper N. J. , Johnson E. W. , Allen P. M.
Published: July 2010

A formal lithostratigraphy is erected for the Late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of northern England. The scheme presented herein emphasizes natural depositional sequences within the supergroup and defines new type sections or cites existing definitions where appropriate. It is intended to be sufficiently flexible and comprehensive to apply to all the inliers, and to bear some rational relationship to lithostratigraphical usage in other British Lower Palaeozoic inliers.
Structure and tectonic evolution of the Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone (Rhodope Massif, southern Bulgaria and northern Greece)
Authors: Zagorčev Ivan S.
Published: July 2010

The Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone occupies the south‐western part of the Rhodope Massif. It consists of Proterozoic amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks of the Rhodopian Supergroup, and granitoids of Hercynian, Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age.

The pre‐Hercynian structure of the zone is dominated by an interference pattern of three superimposed fold generations of NE‐SW and NW‐SE trends. These structures are cut by Hercynian granitoids, and the entire complex is affected by late Hercynian or early Alpine conical folds. The zone was overthrusted by the Ogražden and Kroussia Units (Serbo‐Macedonian ‘Massif’) along the north‐east vergent Mid‐Cretaceous Strimon overthrust, and by the Central Rhodope Zone of the Rhodope Massif, along the south‐west vergent Meso‐Rhodopean Overthrust. With this thrusting event, the Pirin‐Pangaion Structural Zone was brought together with the Serbo‐Macedonian ‘Massif’ and the Central Rhodope Zone to form the Late Cretaceous Morava‐Rhodope Zone, which acted as a ‘plateau’ along the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. Late Cretaceous granitoid magma of crustal origin intruded this zone, whereas north of it the Srednogorie volcanic island arc was the site of igneous activity with magmas originating in the upper mantle.

The West Thrace Zone developed as a Palaeocene to Oligocene depression superimposed over the older basement obliquely to the southern periphery of the Rhodope Massif. In the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, this depression represented a volcanic island arc with mantle‐derived basic to intermediate magmas; contemporaneous granitoid magmas formed through crustal melting in the thickened crust of the Rhodope Massif (Pirin and Pangaion Units included). Early Miocene thrusting was most intense in the Pangaion Unit, and was followed by Late Miocene to Quaternary extension.
Early Telychian changes in graptoloid diversity and sea level
Authors: Loydell David K.
Published: July 2010

It is suggested that a decrease in graptoloid diversity in theutilisSubzone (early Telychian) resulted from a eustatic fall in sea level induced by the spread of ice sheets from the highlands of central Gondwanaland. Major extinctions occurred within the retiolites and the generaGlyptograptus, Petalolithus, StimulograptusandRastrites. The selectivity of the extinction may reflect the degree of environmental tolerance of the various graptoloid taxa, with those exhibiting water mass specificity most seriously affected. Lithological changes, here correlated with the glacial interval, are recognized from the Yangtze Platform of China and from Europe.
Brackish water faunas from the St Maughans Formation: The Old Red Sandstone section at Ammons Hill, Hereford and Worcester, UK, re‐examined
Authors: Barclay W. J. , Rathbone P. A. , White D. E. , Richardson J. B.
Published: July 2010

The disused railway cutting at Ammons Hill, Hereford and Worcester, exposes a sequence of beds belonging to the Devonian St Maughans Formation of Lochkovian (Gedinnian) age. The beds are of Old Red Sandstone facies, but contain brackish water faunas. These faunas occur at a level generally considered to be above the level of marine influence that affected the older Raglan Mudstone Formation of mainly Přídolí Series age. The section, described by King in 1934, is now overgrown, but was excavated in 1986 by the British Geological Survey during its survey of the Worcester 1:50000 sheet. The evidence of the section calls for slight amendment of Allen's (1985) model of an interrupted transition from marine deposition in Ludlow time to freshwater deposition in Gedinnian time that was complete by the time of the formation of a regionally extensive calcrete palaeosol, the Psammosteus Limestone. Subsequent transgressive events took place before the establishment of apparently wholly fluvial and floodplain environments.
Gamma‐tocotrienol as an effective agent in targeting prostate cancer stem cell‐like population
Authors: Luk Sze Ue , Yap Wei Ney , Chiu Yung‐Tuen , Lee Davy TW , Ma Stephanie , Lee Terence Kin Wah , Vasireddy Raja S , Wong Yong‐Chuan , Ching Yick Pang , Nelson Colleen , Yap Yee Leng , Ling Ming‐Tat
Published: July 2010

Emerging evidence supports that prostate cancer originates from a rare subpopulation of cells, namely prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs). Conventional therapies for prostate cancer are believed to mainly target the majority of differentiated tumor cells but spare CSCs, which may account for the subsequent disease relapse after treatment. Therefore, successful elimination of CSCs may be an effective strategy to achieve complete remission from this disease. Gamma‐tocotrienols (γ‐T3) is one of the vitamin‐E constituents, which have been shown to have anticancer effects against a wide range of human cancers. Recently, we have reported that γ‐T3 treatment not only inhibits prostate cancer cell invasion but also sensitizes the cells to docetaxel‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that γ‐T3 may be an effective therapeutic agent against advanced stage prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that γ‐T3 can downregulate the expression of prostate CSC markers (CD133/CD44) in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC‐3 and DU145), as evident from Western blotting analysis. Meanwhile, the spheroid formation ability of the prostate cancer cells was significantly hampered by γ‐T3 treatment. In addition, pretreatment of PC‐3 cells with γ‐T3 was found to suppress tumor initiation ability of the cells. More importantly, although CD133‐enriched PC‐3 cells were highly resistant to docetaxel treatment, these cells were as sensitive to γ‐T3 treatment as the CD133‐depleted population. Our data suggest that γ‐T3 may be an effective agent in targeting prostate CSCs, which may account for its anticancer and chemosensitizing effects reported in previous studies.
Inhibition of titanium particle‐induced inflammatory osteolysis through inactivation of cannabinoid receptor 2 by AM630
Authors: Geng D. C. , Xu Y. Z. , Yang H. L. , Zhu X. S. , Zhu G. M. , Wang X. B.
Published: July 2010

Wear particle could induce inflammatory osteolysis and is the primary pathological factor for aseptic loosening. Although it is known that cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) inhibits osteoclast differentiation, the effect on inflammatory osteolysis induced by wear particles remains unclear. This study examined the effect of CB2 in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), which has been shown to be stimulated by titanium (Ti) particles and receptor activator of the NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). Results showed that CB2 expression in RAW cells cultured with Ti particles and RANKL. CB2 inactivation by AM630, a CB2 selective antagonist, effectively inhibited osteoclastogenesis in the differentiation medium system. AM630 treatment (≥100 nM) significantly reduced the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive cells when compared with the control. Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AM630 (100 nM) inhibited mRNA expression of RANK and cathepsin K in RAW cells stimulated by Ti particles and RANKL. Moreover, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed that AM630 (100 nM) reduced protein expression of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α in RAW cells cultured with Ti particles. In addition, 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide revealed that AM630 had no toxic effect on RAW cells. These results suggested that CB2 inactivation by AM630 could provide a promising therapeutic target for treating or preventing aseptic loosening. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
The regioselectivity of the ring opening of 1‐activated or nonactivated 2‐alkoxycarbonyl or 2‐cyanoaziridines by carbanions of the dicarbonyl compounds
Authors: Bouayad Zoheir , Chanet‐Ray Josette , Ducher S. , Vessière Roger
Published: July 2010

Ring opening of title compounds with alkyl malonates, acetylacetone, methyl acetylacetate, and malononitrile was studied. The regioselectivity of the opening depends on several factors. A phenyl group on C3 favours C3N bond cleavage, whereas C2N bond cleavage is predominant with C3‐substituted or C2H aziridines. Cyanoaziridines are predominantly cleaved at C3N. The aziridine configuration at C2 and C3 is maintained during the cyclisation in pyrrolidones.
Spectroscopic study of inhibition of calcium oxalate calculi growth by Larrea tridentata
Authors: Pinales L. A. , Chianelli R. R. , Durrer W. G. , Pal R. , Narayan M. , Manciu F. S.
Published: July 2010

Urolithiasis, the category of diseases associated with the formation of kidney stones, has many causes. However, only a few have been documented as aggravating calculi depositions and aggregations. This amply justifies continued work in developing effective and efficient inhibition and treatment techniques. The recent resurgence in reviews on plant antiurolithiatic activity has given credence to the application of modern spectroscopic analysis, and has led us to this study. Results obtained from Raman and infrared (IR) absorption analysis of inhibited calculi growth resulting from laboratory synthesis of calcium oxalate crystals accompanied by the natural infusion of Larrea tridentata are reported. A visible decrease in calcium oxalate crystal growth with increasing amounts of L. tridentata herbal infusion was observed in photomicrographs, as well as a color change from white‐transparent for pure crystals to light orange‐brown for crystals with inhibitor. Both Raman and IR absorption spectra reveal a monohydrate structure for the crystals grown alone, which transform to a dihydrate morphology with the addition of the L. tridentata inhibitor. Furthermore, the resulting data support the possibilities of the influences, in this complex process, of the nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and its derivative compounds from L. tridentata and the bonding of the magnesium of the inhibitor with the oxalate ion on the surface of the calculi crystals. This assumption corroborates well with the micrographs obtained under higher magnification, which show that the separated small crystallites consist of a darker brownish core, which we attribute to the dominance of growth inhibition by NDGA, surrounded by light transparent thin shells, which possibly correspond to passivation of the crystals by magnesium oxalate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide‐Treated Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Nanofibrous Membranes: Morphology, Structures and Properties as an Ionic‐Liquid Host
Authors: Yee Wu Aik , Xiong Shanxin , Ding Guoqiang , Nguyen Chien Anh , Lee Pooi See , Ma Jan , Kotaki Masaya , Liu Ye , Lu Xuehong
Published: July 2010

A reverse‐barrier technique is used to enable the treatment of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membranes with supercritical carbon dioxide. The treatment induces the formation of nanopores and extended‐chain β crystallites of small lateral dimensions in the nanofibers. It also creates interfiber junctions, resulting in a remarkable improvement in mechanical properties of the membranes. The treated membranes are able to retain their shape very well after loading with an ionic liquid (IL). The ionic conductivity of the IL‐loaded membrane is very close to that of the neat IL.

magnified image
A Study of Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation as a Route to Produce Porous Polymer–Metal Materials
Authors: Dubinsky Stanislav , Petukhova Alla , Gourevich Ilya , Kumacheva Eugenia
Published: July 2010

We report the results of the experimental study of the preparation of hybrid porous polymer material carrying gold nanorods (NRs) on the surface of pores. The material was prepared by utilizing two effects occurring concurrently: the photoinitiated polymerization‐induced phase separation in the polymer–solvent mixture and the migration of the NRs to the interface between the polymer and the porogen solvent. We show that the enrichment of the interface with the NRs is enhanced at high polymerization rate leading to the rapid phase separation. By contrast, more rapid increase in viscosity achieved at high polymerization rate does not have a significant effect on the segregation of NRs to the surface of pores.

magnified image
Control over Internal Structure of Liquid Crystal Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning
Authors: Nakashima Keita , Tsuboi Kazuma , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Ishige Ryohei , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji , Tanioka Akihiko
Published: July 2010

Liquid crystal polymer nanofibers with a diameter ranging from 0.13 to 4.71 µm were prepared by electrospinning from a main‐chain liquid crystalline polyester, BB‐5(3‐Me). WAXD measurements showed that the formation and orientation of the ordered structure in the electrospun fibers were controlled by the fiber diameter formed during electrospinning. For BB‐5(3‐Me), the SmA structure with two layer spacings was formed in the fiber during the electrospinning. Under optimal spinning conditions, the SmA structure is highly oriented in the fiber. In addition, annealing transformed the metastable SmA structure in the BB‐5(3‐Me) fiber into stable SmCA one.

magnified image
Mass spectrometry in the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs
Authors: Jansen Robert S. , Rosing Hilde , Schellens Jan H.M. , Beijnen Jos H.
Published: July 2010

Nucleoside analogs are widely used in anti‐cancer, anti‐(retro)viral, and immunosuppressive therapy. Nucleosides are prodrugs that require intracellular activation to mono‐, di‐, and finally triphosphates. Monitoring of these intracellular nucleotides is important to understand their pharmacology. The relatively involatile salts and ion‐pairing agents traditionally used for the separation of these ionic analytes limit the applicability of mass spectrometry (MS) for detection. Both indirect and direct methods have been developed to circumvent this apparent incompatibility. Indirect methods consist of de‐phosphorylation of the nucleotides into nucleosides before the actual analysis. Various direct approaches have been developed, ranging from the use of relatively volatile or very low levels of regular ion‐pairing agents, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), weak anion‐exchange, or porous graphitic carbon columns to capillary electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted light desorption—time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) MS. In this review we present an overview of the publications describing the quantitative analysis of therapeutic intracellular nucleotide analogs using MS. The focus is on the different approaches for their direct analysis. We conclude that despite the technical hurdles, several useful MS‐compatible chromatographic approaches have been developed, enabling the use of the excellent selectivity and sensitivity of MS for the quantitative analysis of intracellular nucleotides. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:321–343, 2011
Microarray analysis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas reveals enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes
Authors: Hudson Laurie G. , Gale James M. , Padilla R. Steven , Pickett Gavin , Alexander Bryan E. , Wang Jing , Kusewitt Donna F.
Published: July 2010

Gene expression profiles were determined for 12 cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) removed from sun‐exposed sites on nonimmunosuppressed patients. Gene expression in each SCC was compared to that in sun‐exposed skin from the same patient using the Affymetrix HGU133 2.0 PlusGeneChip. We identified 440 genes with increased expression in SCC and 738 with decreased expression; overall we identified a large number of small changes in gene expression rather than a few marked changes that distinguished SCC from sun‐exposed skin. Analyzing this robust data set according to biofunctional pathways using DAVID, transcriptional control elements using oPOSSUM, and chromosomal location using GSEA suggested genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in SCC. Some altered patterns of gene expression in SCC were consistent with regulation of spatially separated genes by a number of developmentally important transcription factors (forkhead, HMG, and homeo factors) that negatively regulated gene expression and to a few factors that positively regulated expression (Creb‐1, NFκB, RelA, and Sp‐1). We also found that coordinately enhanced expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes on chromosome 1q21 was a hallmark of SCC. A novel finding in our study was enhanced expression of keratin 13 in SCC, a result validated by immunohistochemical staining of an SCC tumor tissue array. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between Kinesia system assessments and clinical tremor scores in patients with essential tremor
Authors: Mostile Giovanni , Giuffrida Joseph P. , Adam Octavian R. , Davidson Anthony , Jankovic Joseph
Published: July 2010

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether scores on The Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS) correlate with quantitative assessments using the Kinesia™ (CleveMed) system in patients with essential tremor (ET). Patients sequentially evaluated and diagnosed with ET at the Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine were enrolled in the study. The Kinesia portable device was attached to the wrist and subjects were instructed to hold their arms in an outstretched position and then touch their nose while data were wirelessly transmitted to a computer. Subjects were rated on the arm where the system was placed using specific TETRAS items. A linear regression model was constructed for each task using the logarithmic values of both clinical scores and objective motion data parameters to compute a Kinesia score. Twenty subjects underwent complete clinical TETRAS and Kinesia quantitative assessments. TETRAS clinical scores significantly correlated with predicted Kinesia quantitative variables for postural (r = 0.738; P < 0.001) and kinetic (r = 0.57; P = 0.009) tremor. We conclude that the Kinesia system may, therefore, have a utility in quantitative assessments of ET when combined with standard clinical assessment. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Pallidal and thalamic deep brain stimulation in myoclonus‐dystonia
Authors: Gruber Doreen , Kühn Andrea A. , Schoenecker Thomas , Kivi Anatol , Trottenberg Thomas , Hoffmann Karl‐Titus , Gharabaghi Alireza , Kopp Ute A. , Schneider Gerd‐Helge , Klein Christine , Asmus Friedrich , Kupsch Andreas
Published: July 2010

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) are established treatment options in primary dystonia and tremor syndromes and have been reported anecdotally to be efficacious in myoclonus‐dystonia (MD). We investigated short‐ and long‐term effects on motor function, cognition, affective state, and quality of life (QoL) of GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS in MD. Ten MD‐patients (nine ε‐sarcoglycan‐mutation‐positive) were evaluated pre‐ and post‐surgically following continuous bilateral GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS at four time points: presurgical, 6, 12, and as a last follow‐up at a mean of 62.3 months postsurgically, and in OFF‐, GPi‐, VIM‐, and GPi‐VIM‐DBS conditions by validated motor [unified myoclonus rating scale (UMRS), TSUI Score, Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS)], cognitive, affective, and QoL‐scores. MD‐symptoms significantly improved at 6 months post‐surgery (UMRS: 61.5%, TSUI Score: 36.5%, BFMDRS: 47.3%). Beneficial effects were sustained at long‐term evaluation post‐surgery (UMRS: 65.5%, TSUI Score: 35.1%, BFMDRS: 48.2%). QoL was significantly ameliorated; affective status and cognition remained unchanged postsurgically irrespective of the stimulation conditions. No serious long‐lasting stimulation‐related adverse events (AEs) were observed. Both GPi‐ and VIM‐DBS offer equally effective and safe treatment options for MD. With respect to fewer adverse, stimulation‐induced events of GPi‐DBS in comparison with VIM‐DBS, GPi‐DBS seems to be preferable. Combined GPi‐VIM‐DBS can be useful in cases of incapaciting myoclonus, refractory to GPi‐DBS alone. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
NMR‐Spektroskopie für die quantitative Analyse
Authors: Malz Frank , Pfeifer Dietmar
Published: July 2010

Die hohe Empfindlichkeit und die Homogenität von Hochfeld‐NMR‐Spektrometern führen heute zu so präzisen Ergebnissen, dass sich die Spektren unter bestimmten Randbedingungen quantitativ auswerten lassen.
Statt Kapillaren –Chromatographie auf Mikrochips
Authors: Kutter Jörg P.
Published: July 2010

Chromatographische Mikrochips nutzen die Möglichkeiten der Miniaturisierung und Mikrofabrikationstechnik, um eine bessere Trennleistung zu erreichen.
“Kein totes Pferd reiten”
Authors: Griesar Klaus
Published: July 2010

Die größeren Unternehmen der deutschen chemischen Industrie haben bei der Implementierung von Prozessen und Werkzeugen für das F E‐Management in den letzten beiden Dekaden ihre Hausaufgaben gemacht. Dennoch sieht Klaus Griesar Entwicklungschancen.
Leitfähigkeit automatisch messen
Authors: Vogel Eva , Vincent Steve
Published: July 2010

Schlüsselindikator für die Verwendbarkeit von hochreinem Wasser in der Pharmaproduktion ist die Leitfähigkeit. Das Standardmessverfahren dazu lässt sich automatisieren.
Alte Ideen neu entdeckt
Authors: van der Velde Andrea , Leker Jens
Published: July 2010

Das Wissen um und die Nutzung von vermeintlich gescheiterten Ideen könnte die Pipeline der Pharmaindustrie wieder füllen. Ein Beispiel ist ein Wirkstoff, dessen Weiterentwicklung große Pharmaunternehmen zunächst nicht weiterverfolgt haben. Jahre später hat ein Start‐up diesen wiederentdeckt und bringt ihn nun als Arzneimittel auf den Markt.
Vom Forschungsprojekt zum eigenen Unternehmen
Authors: Festel Gunter
Published: July 2010

Mit einem Spin‐off der Universität Frankfurt am Main setzt ein Biologieprofessor seine Ideen zur Herstellung von Biokraftstoffen um, ein Chemiker unterstützt ihn dabei als Founding Angel.
“In der Spitzenforschung gibt es keine Demokratie”
Authors: Remenyi Christian
Published: July 2010

Was sind die Ziele der europäischen Forschungsförderung und wie kann Deutschland zur Weltspitze aufsteigen? Die Nachrichten aus der Chemie sprachen mit Ernst‐Ludwig Winnacker, dem Generalsekretär des Europäischen Forschungsrats.
Wie biologische Fe‐S‐Zentren CO2 aktivieren
Authors: Dobbek Holger
Published: July 2010

Mehrkernige Eisen‐Schwefel‐Zentren sind als Cofaktoren an Enzymreaktionen beteiligt, zu denen auch die Aktivierung und Umsetzung von kleinen Molekülen gehören. Obwohl es sich dabei um intensiv untersuchte Reaktionen handelt, sind ihre Mechanismen nur unvollständig verstanden.
Über die Ausbildung von Chemielehrern
Authors: Demuth Reinhard
Published: July 2010

Die Diskussion um den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht lenkt den Blick auf die Lehrerausbildung. Zurzeit werden die Lehramtsstudiengänge auf Bachelor‐ und Master‐Abschlüsse umgestellt. Dies bietet die Chance, die Strukturen an den Anforderungen zu messen und die Ausbildungsgänge neu zu justieren. Nutzen die Universitäten diese Chance?
Zufrieden mit dem letzten Jahr
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2010

Die meisten Spezialchemikalienproduzenten machten im Jahr 2007 Gewinne. Auch Unternehmen der Pharmabranche beklagten sich nicht über zu geringe Umsätze.
Die Branche fasst Mut
Authors: Bengs Holger
Published: July 2010

Erstmals Umsatzmilliarde, mehr Mitarbeiter, höhere Forschungsausgaben: Dienstleister und Zulieferer, medizinische und industrielle Biotechnikunternehmen in Deutschland sind zufrieden. Unbefriedigend sind dagegen der Kapitalmarkt und die Zahl der Gründungen.
Mehr als nur Einzelmolekülmagnete
Authors: Kögerler Paul
Published: July 2010

Der molekulare Magnetismus steht nach einer stürmischen Entwicklung vor veränderten Aufgaben: Es gilt, neue physikalische Phänomene anzugehen und die bisherigen Erkenntnisse in Modelle einer molekularen Spinelektronik umzusetzen.
Glas durchschaut
Authors: Krystek Petra , Mikkers Frans
Published: July 2010

Die chemische Zusammensetzung von Glas ergibt sich aus der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse. Der wichtigste Parameter für die Verarbeitung des Materials ist die Viskosität.
Vom Fuß der Berge durch die Museen bis zur Aussichtskuppel
Authors: Boeddinghaus Bele
Published: July 2010

Chemiker fahren mit dem Zug nach Turin oder sie fliegen, sie wohnen in eleganten Hotels oder gemütlichen Pensionen und sie erwarten erfüllte Tage im September: Weite Gärten, lange Arkaden und ein Panoramabalkon bieten Abwechslung zu Gesprächen über Chemie.
Biomoleküle ankoppeln
Authors: Haller Lars A. , Fels Gregor
Published: July 2010

Anwender des Modellingsystems MOE erhalten mit der Dockingsoftware Flexx eine zusätzliche Dockingroutine. Anwendern von Flexx bietet MOE eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche.
Desoxyribonukleinsäure auf der Molekülbaustelle
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: July 2010

Künstlich erzeugte DNA‐Moleküle, die einzelne Funktionen wie Substraterkennung oder Katalyse ausführen, gibt es inzwischen viele. Jetzt gilt es, solche Elemente zu nützlichen molekularen Maschinen zusammenzubauen.
Kein Roboter für alle Fälle
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2010

Die Hersteller automatisierter Analysegeräte präsentierten auf der Analytica in München spezialisierte Apparate zum Dosieren, Analysieren und Reinigen. Die Maschinen arbeiten immer genauer, schneller, mit immer geringeren Probenmengen und mit Radiotechnik.
“Das gewisse Mehr an Grundlagenforschung”
Authors: Remenyi Christian
Published: July 2010

Seit Anfang des Jahres arbeiten die RWTH Aachen und Bayer im Katalysezentrum CAT in Aachen zusammen. Die Nachrichten aus der Chemie sprachen mit Walter Leitner und Christoph Gürtler über Forschung an der Schnittstelle von Akademia und Industrie.
Pflanzenöle für die chemische Industrie
Authors: Meier Michael
Published: July 2010

Bereits heute nutzt die Industrie pflanzliche Öle – etwa in Kunststoffen, Schmierstoffen, waschaktiven Substanzen und Kosmetika. Um aber noch mehr petrochemische Produkte nachhaltig zu ersetzen, muss die stoffliche Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe intensiver erforscht werden.
Reise zum Ursprung der Säugetiere
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: July 2010

Das Schnabeltier galt bisher als eine Witzfigur der Zoologie. Die Untersuchung seines Genoms lieferte jedoch nun Aufschlüsse über die Evolution der Ursäuger und über deren Trennung von den Reptilien.
Organokatalyse durch asymmetrische Protonierung?
Authors: von Zezschwitz Paultheo
Published: July 2010

Als starke Brønsted‐Säuren protonieren chirale Phosphorsäurediester C‐N‐Doppelbindungen und erlauben so enantioselektive organokatalytische Umsetzungen. Neben Additionen an Imine sind nun auch andere Reaktionstypen möglich.
Was ein Reaktor wert ist
Authors: Schneider Bernd W. , Kadel Dirk
Published: July 2010

Chemieanlagen sind aus rechtlichen Gründen oder bei Verkäufen auf ihren materiellen Wert hin zu prüfen. Sorgfältiges Strukturieren und gute Branchenkenntnisse bilden die Grundlage für eine realistische Beurteilung.
A scalable and implicit meshless RBF method for the 3D unsteady nonlinear Richards equation with single and multi‐zone domains
Authors: Stevens David , Power Henry
Published: July 2010

The Local Hermitian Interpolation (LHI) method is a strong‐form meshless numerical technique which uses Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolants to satisfy linear and nonlinear governing equations and boundary operators. Recent developments have shown that, for linear transport problems, applying the PDE governing equation directly to the basis functions can greatly improve the accuracy and stability of the resulting solutions. In this work, the LHI formulation with local PDE‐interpolation is extended to the nonlinear gravity‐driven Richards equation, in order to solve unsteady problems involving flow in unsaturated porous media.

The application of the linearised PDE‐operator to the basis functions incorporates information, such as the effective velocity field, directly into the solution construction. This results in a form of ‘analytical upwinding’ which helps to stabilise the solution. In addition, the local interpolation itself satisfies the linearised governing equation, allowing for more accurate reconstruction of partial derivatives, and hence a more accurate solution. The procedure is tested using a 3D infiltration problem with a known analytical solution. The performance of the LHI method, both with and without local PDE interpolation, is compared to the Finite Element method via the FEMWATER software. The LHI formulation with PDE data centres shows consistent improvement over the FEMWATER solutions, reducing errors by several orders of magnitude.

In addition, a procedure is introduced to model strongly heterogeneous and layered soils. The physically correct matching conditions are applied over layer interfaces, i.e. continuity of pressure and mass flux. The ‘double collocation’ property of the Hermitian RBF method is exploited to enforce both matching conditions at the same set of locations on the layer interface. This procedure allows the accurate capture of solutions across such interfaces, replicating the required discontinuities in the first derivatives of the pressure profile. The multi‐layer formulation is validated using a transient two‐layer infiltration problem, with the analytical solution replicated to a high precision in a variety of configurations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.