bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analytic review of tipping compensation practices: An agency theory perspective
Authors: Banks George C. , Woznyj Haley M. , Kepes Sven , Batchelor John H. , McDaniel Michael A.
Published: January 2018

Tipping represents a form of compensation valued at over $50 billion a year in the United States alone. Tipping can be used as an incentive mechanism to reduce a principal–agent problem. An agency problem occurs when the interests of a principal and agent are misaligned, and it is challenging for the principal to monitor or control the activities of the agent. However, past research has been limited in the investigation of the extent to which tipping is effective at addressing this problem. Following an examination of 74 independent studies with 12,271 individuals, meta‐analytic results indicate that there is a small, positive relation between service quality and percentage of a bill tipped ( = .15 without outliers). Yet, in support of the idea behind tipping, relative weights analyses illustrate that service quality was a stronger predictor of percentage of the bill tipped than food quality, frequency of patronage, and dining party size. Evidence also suggests that racial minority servers tend to be tipped less than White servers (Cohen's d = .17), and women tend to be tipped more than men (Cohen's d = .15). Still, given the magnitude of the effect, one might question if tipping is an effective compensation practice to reduce the principal–agent problem. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for future research.
Stromal tiny black dots, like “sugar‐coated”, of von Kossa stain is a diagnostic clue to hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid gland
Authors: Hino Rumi , Motoi Noriko , Toda Kazutoshi , Ebina Aya , Yamada Keiko , Higuchi Miyoko , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Ishikawa Yuichi
Published: January 2018

Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) is a rare low‐grade tumor, and a prominent feature is the basement membranous stroma. We assume that such characteristic stromal findings of HTT are related to calcium deposition, and examined HTT samples by von Kossa special staining. There has been no report describing von Kossa special staining for such stroma. We collected 12 cases of HTT and 30 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that had matched age, gender, tumor size, and surgical procedure characteristics as a control group. We compared the staining pattern and degree of von Kossa positivity between HTT and PTC, and a grading system of von Kossa stain was adopted to highlight differences between them. On von Kossa staining, all HTT revealed many tiny black dots around vessels in the hyalinized stroma, like “sugar‐coated”, and a high degree of calcium deposition in most cases, whereas PTC showed sparse stromal calcification in some cases. The degree of von Kossa staining was significantly different between the two groups. This is the first report describing abundant tiny black dots, like a “sugar‐coated” appearance, of von Kossa stain in HTT. Here, we propose this finding can be a useful diagnostic clue to HTT.
Crassulacean acid metabolism in the Basellaceae (Caryophyllales)
Authors: Holtum J. A. M. , Hancock L. P. , Edwards E. J. , Winter K.
Published: January 2018

C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have evolved in the order Caryophyllales many times but neither C4 nor CAM have been recorded for the Basellaceae, a small family in the CAM‐rich sub‐order Portulacineae.

24 h gas exchange and day–night changes in titratable acidity were measured in leaves of Anredera baselloides exposed to wet–dry–wet cycles.

While net CO2 uptake was restricted to the light period in well‐watered plants, net CO2 fixation in the dark, accompanied by significant nocturnal increases in leaf acidity, developed in droughted plants. Plants reverted to solely C3 photosynthesis upon rewatering.

The reversible induction of nocturnal net CO2 uptake by drought stress indicates that this species is able to exhibit CAM in a facultative manner. This is the first report of CAM in a member of the Basellaceae.
In Through the Out Door: Examining the Use of Outsider Appeals in Presidential Debates
Authors: Stewart Jared Alan
Published: January 2018

A great deal of anecdotal analysis has been devoted to the use of anti‐Washington language in presidential campaigns, but no effort has been made to systematically explain what type of candidate uses this language or what factors influence the adoption of outsider rhetoric. This work utilizes debate transcripts from 1976 to 2016. Using a keywords approach that captures “outsider” appeals, the data show that this rhetoric is not limited to pure outsiders but is employed by a myriad of candidates. Furthermore, the data suggest that the adoption of outsider appeals does not seem to be driven by presidential approval, divided government, or polarization. This work provides a rigorous methodological approach that goes beyond anecdotal explanations of how and why candidates attempt to go outside to get in.
Biodiversity benefits of vegetation restoration are undermined by livestock grazing
Authors: Lindenmayer David B. , Blanchard Wade , Crane Mason , Michael Damian , Sato Chloe
Published: January 2018

Extensive areas of the Earth's terrestrial surface have been subject to restoration, but how best to manage such restored areas has received relatively limited attention. Here, we quantify the effects of livestock grazing on bird and reptile biota within 61 restoration plantings in south‐eastern Australia. Using path analysis, we identified some of the mechanisms giving rise to differences in patterns of species richness and individual species occurrence between grazed and ungrazed plantings. Specifically, we found evidence of both: (1) indirect effects of grazing on various elements of biodiversity mediated through changes in vegetation condition (primarily the leaf litter layer), and (2) direct effects of grazing on biodiversity (irrespective of modification in vegetation cover attributes), possibly as a result of trampling by livestock. We also uncovered evidence of direct effects on bird and reptile biota of other planting attributes such as planting width and planting age. The results of our study suggest that the biodiversity benefits of restoration programs can be undermined by grazing, especially by uncontrolled grazing. We suggest that where the objective of vegetation restoration is to enhance biodiversity conservation, grazing within plantings should be limited or excluded.
Vitamin D and respiratory health in the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study
Authors: Mulrennan Siobhain , Knuiman Matthew , Walsh John P. , Hui Jennie , Hunter Michael , Divitini Mark , Zhu Kun , Cooke Brian R. , Musk Arthur W. (Bill) , James Alan
Published: January 2018

Background and objective

The relationship between vitamin D and respiratory disease was examined by cross‐sectional analysis of a large community‐based sample.

Methods

Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and history of respiratory disease, symptoms (recorded by questionnaire) and spirometry were measured in 5011 adults aged 45–69 years. Adjustments were made for age, sex, season and smoking (Model A), plus body mass index (BMI) and physical activity level (Model B), plus history of chronic diseases (Model C).

Results

Mean (SD) age was 58 (SD 6) years with 45% males, 10% current smokers and 12% taking vitamin D supplements. The prevalence of 25OHD level <50 nmol/L was 8.0%. In all the three models, 25OHD <50 nmol/L was significantly associated with asthma (Model C: odds ratio (OR): 1.32; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.73), bronchitis (1.54; 1.17, 2.01), wheeze (1.37; 1.10, 1.71) and chest tightness (1.42; 1.10, 1.83). Participants with vitamin D level > 100 nmol/L had higher forced vital capacity (FVC) in all the three models (1.17% higher, compared with the 50–100 nmol/L group in Model C).

Conclusion

Low levels of serum 25OHD were independently associated with asthma, bronchitis, wheeze and chest tightness after three levels of adjustment for potential confounders. Higher vitamin D levels were associated with higher levels of lung function.
The Functional Latent Block Model for the Co-Clustering of Electricity Consumption Curves
Authors: Bouveyron Charles , Bozzi Laurent , Jacques Julien , Jollois François-Xavier
Published: January 2018

As a consequence of recent policies for smart meter development, electricity operators nowadays can collect data on electricity consumption widely and with a high frequency. This is in particular so in France where the leading electricity company Électricité de France will be able soon to record the consumption of its 27 million clients remotely every 30 min. We propose in this work a new co-clustering methodology, based on the functional latent block model (LBM), which enables us to build ‘summaries’ of these large consumption data through co-clustering. The functional LBM extends the usual LBM to the functional case by assuming that the curves of one block live in a low dimensional functional subspace. Thus, the functional LBM can model and cluster large data sets with high frequency curves. A stochastic expectation–maximization–Gibbs algorithm is proposed for model inference. An integrated information likelihood criterion is also derived to address the problem of choosing the number of row and column groups. Numerical experiments on simulated and original Linky data show the usefulness of the methodology proposed.
Interpersonal Trust and Suicide Ideation Among Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Indirect Effect via Perceived Burdensomeness
Authors: Hill Ryan M. , Penner Francesca , Vanwoerden Salome , Mellick William , Kazimi Iram , Sharp Carla
Published: January 2018

The identification of theoretically and empirically supported correlates of suicide ideation is important to improve treatment approaches to suicide. This study sought to examine the association between interpersonal trust (theoretically conceptualized as a distal risk marker) and suicide ideation in adolescence. Specifically, it was hypothesized that interpersonal trust would be negatively associated with suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (conceptualized as more proximal risk markers). Data were drawn from a cross‐sectional sample of 387 adolescent inpatients between the ages of 12 and 17 years (M = 14.72, SD = 1.49). The sample was 63.6% female, 37.5% Hispanic, 26.9% African American/Black, and 25.8% Caucasian. Adolescents completed a series of self‐report measures to assess thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, interpersonal trust, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. A structural equation model was fit to the data, and results demonstrated a significant indirect path from interpersonal trust to suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness. Results suggest that interpersonal trust may be a distal risk marker for suicide ideation and that interventions to increase interpersonal trust may help prevent the development of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicide ideation.
Theoretical Implications of “High Rent”
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: January 2018

This essay reflects on issues surrounding the high rent problem.
The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur
Authors: Wahutu j. Siguru
Published: January 2018

Sociologists are not at the forefront of studying African news organizations’ coverage of atrocity despite having the tools to do so. This article works to remedy that. I investigate how a media field in Africa frames and represents an atrocity unfolding in Darfur. The article relies on content analysis of news reports published in Kenya between 2003 and 2008. To provide more nuanced analysis, I also rely my own interviews with journalists who had covered and traveled to Darfur. The content analysis delineates the article through the use of by‐line accreditation to allow for an analysis between different journalists working for either local news organizations or wire agencies with offices in Nairobi. I find that Kenyan journalists are not central actors in the process of “meaning making” when it comes to the atrocities in Darfur for the Kenyan audience. They are, effectively, silenced from the knowledge‐construction process in Kenya. Consequently, being Kenyan conspires to produce a condition of invisibility and erasure of Kenyan journalists in the global narrative construction.
Reconfiguring Worker Subjectivity: Career Advice Literature and the “Branding” of the Worker's Self
Authors: Vallas Steven P. , Hill Andrea L.
Published: January 2018

Career advice literature, commonly used by many job seekers, has increasingly exhibited an emphasis on “personal branding,” an economic discourse that invites workers to conceive of themselves as profit‐generating enterprises. In this article, we examine the meanings that personal branding provokes in the minds of precariously employed white‐collar workers in Boston. We use interviews conducted with 62 white‐collar workers and job seekers to explore the utility of Foucauldian theories of governmentality, which have received little attention within American sociology. Results suggest that precariously employed workers do feel pressured to incorporate personal branding into their orientations toward both self and work, much as Foucauldian theory expects. Yet our findings also identify important exceptions to this pattern, with smaller proportions of workers engaging in outward accommodation of self‐branding discourse, or else explicit contestation of its terms. We conclude that Foucauldian theories of the “enterprising self” warrant more widespread consideration among American sociologists, hopefully opening up a stronger understanding of counterconduct, one of the theory's notable blind spots to date.
In vivo skin reactions from pulsed‐type, bipolar, alternating current radiofrequency treatment using invasive noninsulated electrodes
Authors: Cho S.B. , Na J. , Zheng Z. , Lim J.M. , Kang J.‐S. , Lee J.H. , Lee S.E.
Published: January 2018

Background

Bipolar, alternating current radiofrequency (RF) conduction using invasive noninsulated electrodes consecutively generates independent tissue coagulation around each electrode and then, the converged coagulation columns.

Methods

Two pulsed‐type RF models at the on‐time pulse width/pulse pack of 30 and 40 milliseconds were designed to amplify the early stage of RF‐induced tissue reaction using hairless mouse skin in vivo. Then, structural and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in hairless mouse skin samples at baseline and immediately 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after treatment.

Results

Immediately after pulsed‐RF treatment, a few chrysanthemum‐like zones of electrothermal coagulation and hypereosinophilic collagen fibers were found in the dermis and dermo‐subcutaneous fat junction. Histochemical staining for periodic acid‐Schiff and immunohistochemical staining for type IV collagen revealed marked thickening of basement membranes. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that pulsed‐RF treatment resulted in higher electron‐dense and remarkably thicker lamina densa, as well as increases in anchoring fibrils, compared with untreated control specimens. Furthermore, CD31‐positive blood vessels were smaller in size with a slit‐like luminal appearance, without excessive damage to endothelial cells.

Conclusion

Our data indicated that pulse‐type, bipolar RF energy induces structural and ultrastructural changes in basement membranes and vascular components in hairless mouse skin.
The economic burden of epilepsy in Bhutan
Authors: Wibecan Leah , Fink Günther , Tshering Lhab , Bruno Veronica , Patenaude Bryan , Nirola Damber K. , Dorji Chencho , Dema Ugyen , Pokhrel Dillram , Mateen Farrah J. ,   the Bhutan Epilepsy Project
Published: January 2018

Objective

To assess the economic impact of epilepsy in Bhutan, a lower‐middle‐income country with a universal health care system, but with limited access to neurological care.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of patients with epilepsy at the Jigme Dorji Wangchuk National Referral Hospital from January to August 2016. Data were collected on clinical features, cost of care, impact of epilepsy on school or work and household economic status of participants and matched comparisons (a sibling or neighbour from a household without epilepsy).

Results

A total of 172 individuals were included in the study (130 adults and 42 children). One‐third of adults and 20 (48%) children had seizures at least once per month. Mean direct out‐of‐pocket cost for epilepsy care was 6054 Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN; 91 USD) per year, of which transportation formed the greatest portion (53%). Direct costs of epilepsy were an average of 3.2% of annual household income. Adults missed 6.8 (standard deviation [SD]: 9.0) days of work or school per year on average, and children missed 18.6 (SD: 34.7) days of school. Among adults, 23 (18%) abandoned employment or school because of epilepsy; seven children (18%) stopped school because of epilepsy. Households with a person with epilepsy had a lower monthly per‐person income (6434 BTN) than comparison households without epilepsy (8892 BTN; P = 0.027).

Conclusions

In Bhutan, despite universal health care services, households of people with epilepsy face a significant economic burden. With many adults and children unable to attend school or work, epilepsy causes a major disruption to individuals’ livelihoods.
Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics, seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)
Authors: White S N
Published: January 2018

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m−2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.
Performance Prediction and Scaling Laws of Circular Dielectric Elastomer Membrane Actuators
Authors: Hau Steffen , York Alexander , Rizzello Gianluca , Seelecke Stefan
Published: January 2018

For a number of emerging mechatronics applications, dielectric elastomers (DEs) appear as a more energy efficient, lightweight, and low-cost solution with respect to established actuation technologies based, e.g., on solenoids or pneumatic cylinders. In addition to large strain, low power consumption, and high flexibility, DE actuators (DEA) are also highly scalable. Since DE membranes can be easily manufactured in different sizes and shapes, an effective approach to scale their performance is based on properly designing the material geometry. Clearly, to perform an optimal scaling the relation between material geometry and performance has to be properly investigated. In this paper, performance scaling by means of geometry is studied for circular out-of-plane (COP) DEAs. Such actuators consist of a silicone elastomer membrane sandwiched between two electrodes (carbon black silicone mixture). DEAs with six different geometries are manufactured, and a model-based strategy is used to find an experimental relationship between geometry and electro-mechanical behavior. In addition, an effective and computationally efficient method for predicting force–displacement characteristics of different geometries is presented. The proposed method allows to easily adapt DEAs to different applications in terms of stroke and force requirement, while minimizing at the same time both characterization and prototyping effort.
Effect of Process Parameters on Joint Formation and Mechanical Performance in Friction Stir Blind Riveting of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Ma YunWu , Li YongBing , Carlson Blair E. , Lin ZhongQin
Published: January 2018

Aluminum alloys have been increasingly adopted in the fabrication of automotive body structures as an integral component of mass savings strategy. However, mixed use of dissimilar aluminum alloys, such as sheet metals, castings, and extrusions, poses significant challenges to the existing joining technologies, especially in regard to single-sided joint access. To address this issue, the current study applied the friction stir blind riveting (FSBR) process to join 1.2 mm-thick AA6022-T4 aluminum alloy to 3 mm-thick Aural-2 cast aluminum. A newly developed, robot mounted, servo-driven, FSBR equipment and the procedure using it to make FSBR joints were introduced systematically. The effect of rivet feed rate and spindle speed on joint formation and cross section geometry was investigated, and it was found that a high spindle speed and a low rivet feed rate, i.e., high heat input, are prone to produce good joints, and that low heat input can cause severe problems related to insufficient softening of the sheets. The rivet deformation, especially the notch location on the mandrel relative to the shank has significant influence on lap-shear strength and fracture mode of the final joints. A rivet pull-out fracture mode was observed at higher rivet feed rates and lower spindle speeds and exhibited significantly improved energy absorption capability, i.e., 62% higher compared to traditional blind riveted (BR) joints.
Water Hammer Peak Pressures and Decay Rates of Transients in Smooth Lines With Turbulent Flow
Authors: Hullender David A.
Published: January 2018

Transient pressure peak values and decay rates associated with water hammer surges in fluid lines are investigated using an analytical method that has been formulated, in a previous publication, to simulate pressure transients in turbulent flow. The method agrees quite well with method of characteristics (MOC) simulations of unsteady friction models and has been verified with experimental data available for Reynolds numbers out to 15,800. The method is based on the formulation of ordinary differential equations from the frequency response of a pressure transfer function using an inverse frequency algorithm. The model is formulated by dividing the line into n-sections to distribute the turbulence resistance along the line at higher Reynolds numbers. In this paper, it will be demonstrated that convergence of the analytical solution is achieved with as few as 5–10 line sections for Reynolds numbers up to 200,000. The method not only provides for the use of conventional time domain solution algorithms for ordinary differential equations but also provides empirical equations for estimating peak surge pressures and transient decay rates as defined by eigenvalues. For typical sets of line and fluid properties, the trend of the damping ratio of the first or dominate mode of the pressure transients transfer function is found to be an approximate linear function of a dimensionless parameter that is a function of the Reynolds number. In addition, a reasonably accurate dimensionless trend formula for estimates of the normalized peak pressures is formulated and presented.
Deep-Well Injection in the Peninsula of Florida
Authors: Garcia-Bengochea J. I.
Published: January 2018

Well injection is defined as the “subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled or driven well; or through a dug well where the depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and a principal function of the well is the subsurface emplacement of fluids” (EPA, 1979). Deep-well injection of wastewater effluents is an engineering tool that can be either most valuable for the freshwater resources of an area or very detrimental to the quality of the waters of that area. Which of these two alternatives takes place depends entirely on how we handle this tool in the particular area with which we are concerned.

Paper published with permission.
Fluidized Bed Combustion Packaged Boilers
Authors: Wallish John W.
Published: January 2018

Approximately 20 years ago, the National Coal Board, the British Coal Utilization Research Association, and the Central Electricity Generating Board, of the United Kingdom, in a joint venture, established a Research and Development Program covering Fluidized Bed Combustion Coal-Fired Boiler equipment. The primary objective of the program was to develop technology for the firing of high sulphur coal in a fluidized bed combustion process to generate steam in an environmentally acceptable manner. During the 1960’s, the accomplishments were significant, with the technology developed clearly indicating consideration should be given to boilers utilizing a fluidized bed combustion process for firing coal as well as other fuels.

Paper published with permission.
Automated Juice Room Control
Authors: Stanley R. C.
Published: January 2018

This presentation will identify the control processes and variables associated with juice room control and explain the fundamentals of computer control methods. At the heart of the discussion will be the construction and operation of a prototype system.

Paper published with permission.
Infra-Red Thermography: Applications and Benefits
Authors: Caruso Frank T.
Published: January 2018

On the campus of the University of South Carolina, in Columbia, an examination of laboratory animals which have been implanted with both malignant and benign cultures to determine which of the two control groups have the cancerous tumors.

Paper published with permission.
Aseptic Processing for the Citrus Industry
Authors: Marcy Joseph E.
Published: January 2018

Aseptic processing and packaging of citrus juices is just beginning in the United States, but has enjoyed commercial success in other parts of the world including Europe, Japan, Australia, and Canada.

Paper published with permission.
Basic Hydraulics: Centifugal Pump Applications
Authors: Poore James H.
Published: January 2018

We will discuss practical application, installation and power consumed by centrifugal pumps.

Paper published with permission.
Wastewater Treatment Alternatives for a Food Plant
Authors: Overcash Alan
Published: January 2018

I was asked to speak to you for a few minutes about a project I have been working on at one of our Minute Maid production facilities in Hightstown, New Jersey. We produce both Minute Maid and Hi-C single strength fruit juices at this plant.

Paper published with permission.
Considerations in the Manufacture of Alcohol From Citrus
Authors: Hammond James S.
Published: January 2018

The subject of this paper is alcohol production from citrus. First, what is alcohol? According to Morrison and Boyd, “Alcohol is a family of chemical compounds of the general formula, ROH, where R is any Alkyl group or substituted group and OH is the hydroxyl group contained by all alcohols that determines this family’s chemical properties and characteristics.”

Paper published with permission.
Problems and Opportunities in the Use of Reconditioned Steel Drums
Authors: Murphy J. M.
Published: January 2018

The title of this paper is an attempt to be completely candid. No one will argue that the engineer in the citrus processing industry often associates the use of reconditioned steel drums with problems, and we should acknowledge that. Some of these problems, of course, derive from using steel drums for a purpose to which they are not well-suited, and for which they were not really designed. In-plant storage of massive amounts of FCOJ inventory is the best example. That application has been properly taken over, in large degree, by installation in most plants of bulk tank farm storage as is found in almost every other major food industry with a liquid product. The concentrate industry grew so fast during the Fifties and Sixties that it simply took a while before the technology and systems were developed for the logical addition of bulk tank storage. Tanks of course are wonderful things — that is, if the valves don’t leak, and if the product temperature doesn’t get too high, and of course if the manhole covers stay intact!

Paper published with permission.
Citrus Research in Florida: Issues, Policies, and Solutions
Authors: Kender Walter J.
Published: January 2018

The Florida citrus industry will continue to face new and serious challenges throughout the rest of this century and into the 21st century. Issues such as increasing production and labor costs, competition from other regions of the world, environmental awareness, energy, water management, government regulations, among others will focus our efforts on more efficient production, handling, processing and marketing methods. The historical commitment by the U.S. to a strong and highly-organized system for agricultural research has helped to maintain a vital and competitive domestic and international trade stature. Similarly, research has helped to keep the Florida citrus industry viable and competitive through the many major scientific developments from Lake Alfred.

Paper published with permission.
Florida Citrus Freeze Losses and Recovery in the Field
Authors: Whitney Jodie D.
Published: January 2018

Freezes have had and will continue to have a significant impact on the conduct of the Florida citrus industry. A viable industry and all its associated suppliers and services depend very heavily on the consistent and continued production of fruit in the field. The main reason that fruit production has been inconsistent is the fruit and tree losses associated with damaging freezes. This paper will discuss a brief history of the freezes, the economics of several options of rehabilitating freeze-damaged trees, and cultural practices, etc. in the field which can minimize freeze losses.

Paper published with permission.
Coal Rediscovered
Authors: Wilda Jon C. , Elizer Mark C.
Published: January 2018

Despite recent experience in petroleum markets, future oil prices and availability are still major uncertainties that can have significant impact on energy users. Natural gas prices have also seen continual escalation. In COMCO’s coal-based alternative fuel development work, we have taken a long-term outlook, namely that the only sensible fuel strategy for utility and industrial users continues to be the increased utilization of coal. Coal slurry fuels, such as coal-oil mixtures and coal-water mixtures, represent a way for energy users with existing conventional fuel-fired equipment to increase coal utilization without replacing those facilities with costly new coal-fired systems.

Paper published with permission.
Cogeneration for the Simultaneous Supply of Power, Heat and Refrigeration
Authors: Holldorff G. , Malewski W.
Published: January 2018

Cogeneration means the simultaneous generation of different forms of energy from fossile fuels: Energy as high grade mechanical/electrical energy and thermal energy for different modes of application. An interesting possibility to use thermal energy of low or medium quality is the conversion to refrigeration by means of absorption refrigeration systems.

Absorption refrigeration was invented even earlier than mechanical refrigeration; for many years it was considered inferior. Process improvements and the increased attention to energy conservation and waste heat utilization in the last years, however, made this system attractive again as promising alternative to mechanical vapor compression.

The advantages of this system become particularly evident for low temperature applications. More than 50% of the plants built in the last 20 years by the leading manufacturer in this field are designed for evaporation temperatures below −40° F, most of them in freeze-drying plants with temperatures down to −65° F, where they have been proven under severe working conditions with very sensitive products.

In the citrus industry the greatest amount of refrigeration is required for concentrate processing at a temperature level of approximatley −41° F. And this is the reason why ammonia absorption refrigeration systems — particularly integrated in cogeneration plants — should be of interest for the citrus industry. Therefore absorption refrigeration will be a focal point of this paper.

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Automated Inspection/Classification of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Miller William M.
Published: January 2018

Rapid advances in the electronic industry have generated high interest in automated grading technology tor fresh fruits and vegetables. During the last two decades, packaging and container handling have become significantly mechanized. However, sorting remains a labor intensive operation in many fresh produce industries. The amount of fruit removed can be quite significant. In Florida citrus packing, an average of 30% of the fruit is diverted to processing. Such high removal rates coupled with limited grading tables areas can diminish human grading performance and the production capacity of a packing plant. Furthermore, the cullage removal rates will probably increase with further mechanization of harvesting and field handling.

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CAER, SARA and the Citrus Processor
Authors: Ballard Kenneth , Wise Donald
Published: January 2018

This paper is going to cover what led up to, what we were doing, what some of the government rules and regulations are, and some suggestions if CAER and SARA are all new to you.

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Environmental Permitting and Development of Citrus Groves in Southwest Florida
Authors: Helfferich William M.
Published: January 2018

Since the introduction of sweet oranges to Florida with the establishment of the settlement at St. Augustine in 1565, the citrus industry has been steadily moving south. Prior to the “big freeze”, of 1894–95, the main citrus growing region was the hammocks of north-central Florida. The major citrus producing counties in the 1890’s were Orange, Alachua, Volusia, Lake, Putnam, Hillsborough, Pasco, Brevard and Polk, in that order. In 1889–90, Alachua county accounted for about one-third of the total citrus production. The freezes of the 1890’s caused the citrus belt to move south a hundred miles or so. By 1955, the leading counties were Polk, Lake, Orange, Hillsborough, Indian River, Highlands, Brevard and Volusia. Due to the strong influx of new residents in the 1950’s, the best drained areas along the coasts and central portion of the state were being converted to residential sub-divisions. Citrus growers were forced into less desirable locations. An attempt was made to expand citrus plantings along the upper west coast, but the winters of 1957–58 and 1962–63, with their severe freezes, again forced the industry south. The latest freezes of 1977 and the mid-1980’s have had a profound effect on the industry. In 1986–87 the major citrus producing counties were Polk, St. Lucie, Indian River, Highlands and Hendry. Lake County produced 40 million boxes of fruit in 1975–76 and less than 2 million in 1986–87. The most recent freezes have renewed interest in the undeveloped pastureland of southwestern Florida. As of January, 1988, 300 square miles of citrus have been permitted in Hendry, Glades, Collier and Lee Counties. Applications for another 100 square miles are pending.

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Overview of Toxic Contaminants in Ground Water Origin, Transport, and Treatment
Authors: Wilder Brannon H.
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Most of you are primarily interested in ground water, by that I mean well water. I don’t believe anyone here uses a surface water source for either product water or in plant drinking water or so you think. I have had some surprises from Florida ground water acting like surface water. When hunting for reasons it was explained that water perculating through your soil acts almost like a huge lake or river with varying levels of naturally occuring contaminants and man made pollutants present depending on location and magnitude of source. I have had trouble with this since during the depression when my family lived on a grove in Lake County. Our well was driven into the limestone aquifer and my father was firmly convinced this was the best water in the entire State of Florida. In retrospect, I can never recall tasting better water, however it was hard as a rock and during the “monsoons” that occasionally came our way the well water took on a brown color just like the lake and cat-tail swamp across the road. Wells driven into the limestone aquifer, even in the artisian region below impermiable cap rock may be subject to significant surface intrusion.

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The Volatile Flavors of Orange Juice
Authors: Redd James B.
Published: January 2018

I want to thank the Florida Section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the opportunity of talking with you about my favorite subject: “Orange Juice”. I’m a bit like the fellow from Texas who was visiting in Oklahoma. The town’s “ner-do-well” had passed away and at the local church, the minister was trying to say something nice about the departed. He soon ran out of words so he asked if someone in the audience cared to say a few words about the deceased. After a few moments of silence, the Texan got up and said that if nobody wanted to talk about the deceased, then he would like to take a few minutes to talk about Texas. That is how I feel about orange juice.

Paper published with permission.
Citrus Irrigation With Reclaimed Wastewater
Authors: McMahon Brian R. , Koo Robert C. J. , Persons H. Williams
Published: January 2018

In 1986 the City of Orlando, Florida; Orange County; and area citrus growers implemented an innovative program to reclaim municipal wastewater for irrigation of citrus trees. This program, known as Water Conserv II, is planned to ultimately provide up to 50 million gallons per day of reclaimed water to as much as 15,000 acres of citrus grove land. In this paper, the authors present the program concept; identify public health issues that were considered; describe the facilities that were constructed to treat, transmit and distribute the reclaimed water; discuss operational factors and summarize initial observations of the project’s performance after the first two years of operation.

Paper published with permission.
Homogenizing Concentrate in a Juice Evaporator
Authors: Grant Philip
Published: January 2018

A process used to concentrate orange juice and other citrus juices by using an APV Gaulin homogenizer within the T.A.S.T.E. Evaporator. The purpose of this process is to reduce viscosity, eliminate defects, reduce bottom pulp, increase yields, and provide for a smoother operation of the evaporator, subsequent to homogenization. This process, equipment and benefits are the basis of U.S. Patent #4,886,574 issued September 5, 1989, and application #339,171, pending.

Paper published with permission.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Applied to Citrus Processing
Authors: Balaban Murat O. , Arreola Ana G.
Published: January 2018

Uses of supercritical (SC) fluids in citrus processing in conventional applications such as citrus oil fractionation, lemon oil extraction, and orange juice debittering are reviewed. In a non-conventional application, single strength orange juice was treated with SC CO2. Effect of pressure (7–34 MPa), temperature (35–60°C), and time (15–180 min) on pectinesterase (PE) activity, cloud stability, microorganisms, and sensory attributes were investigated. SC CO2 inactivated PE below thermal inactivation temperatures. (Activation energy at 31 MPa = 97.4 KJ/mole; at atmospheric pressure = 166.6 KJ/mole.) SC treatment did not change pH and °Brix; but stabilized and enhanced cloud and color. Ascorbic acid was better preserved. Sensory evaluations of color and cloudiness of treated juice were better. Flavor, aroma and overall acceptability were not different. Aerobic total plate counts showed that D value of treated juice decreased as pressure increased. D values at 35, 45 and 60°C of SC treated juice at 33.1 MPa were 28, 22.6 and 12.7 min, respectively.

Paper published with permission.
Citrus Debittering With Ultrafiltration/Adsorption Combined Technology
Authors: Wethern Mike
Published: January 2018

A citrus debittering process combining the technologies of ultrafiltration and adsorption resin has been successfully applied in twelve (12) commercial installations around the world. Figure 1 documents the commercial uses of the combined technology debittering process since 1985. The commercial applications of this process include:

— Debittering of Navel orange juice

— Reduced bitter grapefruit juice

— Quality upgrading of orange pulp wash

Paper published with permission.
A New Concept of Evaporation Plants: Thermal Vapor Recompression for Reducing Costs and Improving Product Quality
Authors: Wiegand Bernhard W. H.
Published: January 2018

GEA Wiegand has introduced a new evaporating concept tor concentrating orange juices by applying thermal vapor recompression (TVR). This technology is not new and has been used very successfully tor many decades in other industries but was never applied so far for citrus juice concentration.

In this article a conventional 7-effect directly heated evaporating plant is set against a new 5-effect plant with thermal vapor recompression for comparison and to prove the many advantages of this concept with regard to low running and capital costs as well as product quality of the concentrate.

Paper published with permission.
Bar Code Production Inventory Systems: An Integral Solution
Authors: Stanberry Chris
Published: January 2018

The barrel room is one of the most labor intensive areas ot any Citrus Plant. Often operating three shifts in the peak of season, the barrel room may require as many as twelve people for barrel production. In addition to the labor requirements, the essential data for each drum produced is extensive. As Citrus product, single strength and concentrate, is purchased, received, processed, barreled, stored and shipped, the product data is required at each point of transaction.

Paper published with permission.
Tank Reaction System for Citrus Peel
Authors: Odio Carlos E.
Published: January 2018

The major nuisance of a citrus plant’s feed mill has to be the reaction system. Generally built as large screws with paddle, cut or ribbon flights these reactors require a lot of horsepower, often a lot of maintenance and because they are normally undersized, they are responsible for excessive waste heat evaporator scaling.

Paper published with permission.
Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act and the Citrus Industry: The Mystery Unravelled
Authors: Breckenridge John M.
Published: January 2018

The Americans with Disabilities Act was passed to help some of the 43 million people in the United States with a physical or mental disability obtain employment. It prohibits discriminatory hiring and personnel practices against a “qualified” disabled individual, and requires employers to make certain accommodations, provided they are reasonable under the circumstances, to a “qualified” person’s disability. This mandate is designed to give a “qualified”, but disabled, individual the same opportunity for employment or advancement that the able-bodied have.

Paper published with permission.
New Generation of State Test House Equipment
Authors: Ratajeski Roy
Published: January 2018

The new generation State Test House Brix/Acid test system, is a bold integration of open platform, personal computer and process controller instrumentation and software sub-systems designed to maximize the efficiency and utilization of existing automatic fruit analyzer hardware. The new equipment provides cost-effective, state-of-the-art hardware connectivity and software programmability.

The new generation of test house equipment is a recombination of basic industry approved automatic fruit analysis, test hardware and procedures. The scope of modernization and renovation included system rewiring, incorporation of a programmable controller, a new test computer, UNIX operating system, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) software, a fourth generation relational data base, communications system, and a central office host computer. A new environmental systems enclosure, new weight controllers, sample scale, Super VGA color monitor, pH and temperature sensing instrumentation, multi-form printers, and 9600 baud modems were also furnished. The method of testing for Brix and acid remained intact.

Paper published with permission.
Workplace Ergonomics: An Approach to Health, Safety, and Productivity
Authors: Kress Gary
Published: January 2018

Ergonomics is a discipline that considers the mental and physical capabilities and limitations of people in relation to the demands of their work. The goal of ergonomics is to minimize error and fatigue by matching job requirements with human abilities through a process of analysis and design in determining the dimensions and layout of the workspace, the design of tools and equipment, and the development of work procedures. When jobs fit people, the result is improved productivity, reduced accidents and injuries and greater job satisfaction. This paper briefly examines the ergonomic approach to identifying and reducing job related risk factors associated with cumulative trauma disorders and back stress. Examples of controls to eliminate risk factors are presented along with some workplace design principles and guidelines.

Paper published with permission.
Process Safety Management: An Outline for Compliance
Authors: Julitz Donald L.
Published: January 2018

This outline is intended to provide you with a “thumb-nail” sketch of the overall elements of Process Safety Management Standards for Highly Hazardous Chemicals, 29 CFR 1910.119. This outline will introduce you to the various aspects of the standard.

Paper published with permission.
Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Citrus Processing
Authors: Benson Jeannie
Published: January 2018

Improving efficiency and saving money are primary concerns of any citrus processing operation. Conducting a full scale energy audit will reveal the energy use characteristics of your entire operation and help you to discover opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Projects are evaluated on the basis of economic feasibility and operational practicality, and accepted or rejected by the appropriate plant personnel. Utility rebates are often available for the accepted projects based upon energy savings. Energy efficiency programs can be, and have been, used to improve operational efficiency and save money — money that could be better used to expand your operation or increase your profit margin.

Paper published with permission.