bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network flow problem heuristic reduction using machine learning
Authors: Rosecký M. , Pluskal J. , Šomplák R.
Published: September 2023

Most of the supporting tools developed for logistic optimization and processing infrastructure planning are based on the network flow problem. The real-world application of these instruments can provide great insight and help to ensure long-term sustainability. The main limitation of these tools lies in great computing demand when there is the necessity of solving large-scale tasks in great detail. It means that the ability to find the optimal solution for real-world problems is limited. Thus, the detail of infrastructure is often reduced by data aggregation or heuristic approaches are used to find a suboptimal solution. This paper proposes a machine learning classification model to reduce the number of variables for an exact solution algorithm. First, the design of experiments is used to create a set of smaller problems that are possible to solve exactly. Artificial data are used at this stage, while domain knowledge is used to set appropriate distribution and parameters. Second, the classification model estimates the probability of the presence of each arc in the optimal solution. Features, which are related to costs and capacity, of each arc are utilized in the classification model. Models created on a subset of generated problems are then tested on the other problems. Finally, the proposed framework is applied to the waste management problem in the Czech Republic. The results of the verification show, that it is possible to remove 95% of arcs without impact on strategic decisions and without significant change of an objective function. The computing time of the reduced problem takes only 7% of the original task.
Statistical static timing analysis via modern optimization lens: I. Histogram-based approach
Authors: Bosák Adam , Mishagli Dmytro , Mareček Jakub
Published: September 2023

Statistical Static Timing Analysis (SSTA) is studied from the point of view of mathematical optimization. We present two formulations of the problem of finding the critical path delay distribution that were not known before: (i) a formulation of the SSTA problem using Binary–Integer Programming and (ii) a practical formulation using Geometric Programming. For simplicity, we use histogram approximation of the distributions. Scalability of the approaches is studied and possible generalizations are discussed.
A scientometric analysis of the effect of COVID-19 on the spread of research outputs
Authors: Zammarchi Gianpaolo , Carta Andrea , Columbu Silvia , Frigau Luca , Musio Monica
Published: September 2023

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a huge impact on the life course of all of us. This rapid spread has also caused an increase in the research production in topics related to different aspects of COVID-19. Italy has been one of the first countries to be massively involved in the outbreak of the disease. In this paper, we present an extensive scientometric analysis of the research production both at global (entire literature produced in the first 2 years after the beginning of the pandemic) and local level (COVID-19 literature produced by authors with an Italian affiliation). Our results showed that US and China are the most active countries in terms of number of publications and that the number of collaborations between institutions varies depending on geographical distance. Moreover, we identified the medical-biological as the field with the greatest growth in terms of literature production. As regards the analysis focused on Italy, we have shown that most of the collaborations follow a geographical pattern, both externally (with a preference for European countries) and internally (two clusters of institutions, north versus center-south). Furthermore, we explored the relationship between the number of citations and variables obtained from the data set (e.g. number of authors). Using multiple correspondence analysis and quantile regression we shed light on the role of journal topics and impact factor, the type of article, the field of study and how these elements affect citations.
An empirical comparison of correlation-based systemic risk measures
Authors: Pastorino Caterina , Uberti Pierpaolo
Published: September 2023

Despite the growing attention in the last years on the topic of systemic risk, a widely accepted definition of systemic crisis is missing. We use a theoretical scheme to subjectively define a systemic event. This permits the analysis of a financial crisis as a standard binary classification problem, providing an intuitive and useful framework to compare systemic risk measures defined in very different fields. Then we focus the empirical analysis on the comparison of the performance of correlation-based systemic risk measures using the standard tools for the evaluation of binary classifiers as the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC). We show that the binary classification framework is useful but unable to capture some significant differences among the measures under comparison. The experimental approach, developed on real financial data, is divided in an in-sample exercise, able to evaluate the descriptive power of the different systemic risk measures, and an out-of-sample application to evaluate the capacity of the measures in preventing and predicting systemic events. The forecasting ability of a measure can be fundamental for policy makers and investors respectively to stabilize market fluctuations and to reduce the losses.
Working from home leads to more family-oriented men
Authors: Inoue Chihiro , Ishihata Yusuke , Yamaguchi Shintaro
Published: September 2023

We examine how working from home (WFH) affects men’s participation in childcare and housework and their attitudes toward family. Because WFH is an endogenous decision, we apply a first-difference instrumental variable estimator, taking the degree to which one can work from home, measured at the individual level, as the instrument. We find that WFH increases the time that men spend on household chores and with family, and the fraction of men who consider life more important than work. Although WFH decreases their commuting time, we find no evidence that it reduces working hours or self-perceived productivity.
Ranking Cities According to Their Fundamental Power: A Comparison Among Results of Different Methods of Linear Ordering
Authors: Gierusz-Matkowska Anna , Wojewnik-Filipkowska Anna , Krauze-Maślankowska Patrycja
Published: September 2023

City managers search for new concepts of city development in order to satisfy growing demands and manage risk. The research assumes that city management requires the combination of ideas of sustainable development, a smart city and resilience. These three concepts are the components of the so-called “Fundamental Power of the City”. The aim of this paper is to present and test the operationalization of the new hybrid approach to city development through the index named the Fundamental Power of the City Index which includes 80 variables. The research applies six linear ordering methods to investigate the functionality of the Index. These are used to investigate each city’s performance and compare it with other cities by ranking them according to a chosen measure. The research considers 18 voivodship capital cities of Poland. The research draws attention to different approaches of development assessment although analysis shows that most linear ordering methods produce similar rankings. Investigation shows that human and social capital factors contribute to high positions in the ranking which is consistent with the development strategies formulated by the leading cities. The results of the analysis also identify the most urgent problems of the municipalities. The research confirms that the Fundamental Power of the City concept, by including the requirements for sustainable, smart and resilient cities, fills the gaps between them and provides a holistic approach to city management.
The import of hypodoxes for the Liar and Russell’s paradoxes
Authors: Eldridge-Smith Peter
Published: September 2023

Is the set of all self-membered sets, S, a member of itself? In naive set theory, this is Russell’s hypodox. By the Laws of Excluded Middle and Non-contradiction, S is a member of itself xor it is not, but no principle of classical logic or naive set theory determines which. (Herein, ‘xor’ extends English with a specifically exclusive disjunction.) As a hypodox, the Truth-teller is a sentence that says of itself simply that it is true; by the above mentioned principles, the Truth-teller is true xor not true, but no principle of classical logic or naive truth determines which. Many concepts that have paradoxes have related hypodoxes, although the focus here is on these two. I argue that the Truth-teller does not rely on a principle of truth, in particular it does not rely on the T-schema. I also argue that Russell’s hypodox does not rely on Comprehension. Yet I relate Russell’s paradox and hypodox based on involution functions. The Liar and the Truth-teller are also related by means of involutions. Relations based on these involution functions can be represented in duality squares. Although hypodoxes are not paradoxes, these involution functions and duality relations warrant some commonality in a correct solution to a paradox and its dual hypodox. Using this and some other premises, I provide novel arguments supporting non-classical solutions for the Liar paradox and the significance of Russell’s hypodox for solutions to Russell’s paradox.
Determining and predicting feed intake in crossbred sheep from weaning until maturity
Authors: Theron P.G. , Brand T.S. , Cloete S.W.P. , van Zyl J.H.C
Published: September 2023

Access to simple, accurate feed intake models would facilitate decision-making in feedlots as feed costs are a major part of operational expenditure. This study aimed to develop genotype-specific feed intake models for South African feedlot lambs. Four ram and four ewe lambs each of eight genotypes were raised under ideal growth conditions from weaning until 1 year of age. Feed intake and growth were monitored throughout this period. The intake data were then used to fit various models to predict daily feed intake, intake as percentage of body weight, cumulative intake and feed conversion ratio. No satisfactory univariate models could be found for the prediction of daily or percentage intake, but a good fit was found for cumulative intake data (R2 >0.80, P <0.01). The slope parameters of these linear models show a strong correlation (72%) with feed conversion and can therefore also serve as proxies for feed conversion. A model was also developed that can predict feed conversion ratio with a moderate accuracy (R2 =0.5, P <0.05) at a given body weight. The cumulative intake model was deemed accurate and simple enough for practical use.
No evidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among pet cats and dogs, and low seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among pet rabbits in Poland
Authors: Turlewicz-Podbielska Hanna , Ruszkowski Jakub Jędrzej , Wojciechowski Jarosław , Pomorska-Mól Małgorzata
Published: September 2023

The seroprevalence of Paslahepevirus balayani genotype 3 (hepatitis E virus genotype 3 – HEV-3; Hepeviridae family, genus Paslahepevirus) in pet cats, dogs and rabbits was evaluated. Samples from cats and dogs were collected from three veterinary practices from various parts of Poland: Poznan (wielkopolskie voivodeship), Przemysl (podkarpackie voivodeship) and Lublin (lubelskie voivodeship). Samples from rabbits were collected in Poznan. In total, serum samples from 90 cats, 82 dogs and 71 rabbits were selected and tested for specific anti-HEV-3 immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a commercial ELISA test. Pathogen seroprevalence among rabbits was calculated at a 95% confidence interval (CI) for each gender, age (up to 12 months, 1–3 years, 4–7 years and over 8 years), symptoms group (healthy, gastrointestinal disorders, other disorders) and compared with a chi-squared test. No anti-HEV-3 IgG antibodies were detected in any of the samples from cats and dogs. Anti-HEV-3 IgG antibodies were detected in 2.82% of the serum samples from rabbits (2/71; 95% CI: 0.78–9.70). No significant correlations between seropositivity and gender, age, and symptoms (p > 0.05) were observed in rabbits. Our findings indicate that pet rabbits in Poland are exposed to HEV-3, develop humoral response due to infection and might constitute a source for HEV-3 transmission to humans.
How Social Networks Influence Human Behavior: An Integrated Latent Space Approach for Differential Social Influence
Authors: Park Jina , Jin Ick Hoon , Jeon Minjeong
Published: September 2023

How social networks influence human behavior has been an interesting topic in applied research. Existing methods often utilized scale-level behavioral data (e.g., total number of positive responses) to estimate the influence of a social network on human behavior. This study proposes a novel approach to studying social influence that utilizes item-level behavioral measures. Under the latent space modeling framework, we integrate the two latent spaces for respondents’ social network data and item-level behavior measures into a single space we call ‘interaction map’. The interaction map visualizes the association between the latent homophily among respondents and their item-level behaviors, revealing differential social influence effects across item-level behaviors. We also measure overall social influence by assessing the impact of the interaction map. We evaluate the properties of the proposed approach via extensive simulation studies and demonstrate the proposed approach with a real data in the context of studying how students’ friendship network influences their participation in school activities.
Providers’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review
Authors: Rajeev Nithya D. , Samaan Jamil S. , Premkumar Agnes , Yu Erin , Srinivasan Nitin , Samakar Kamran
Published: September 2023

Bariatric surgery remains underutilized despite its proven efficacy in the management of obesity. Provider perceptions of bariatric surgery are important to consider when discussing utilization rates. PubMed, SCOPUS, and OVID databases were searched in April 2023, and 40 published studies discussing providers’ knowledge and perceptions of bariatric surgery were included. There were generally positive perceptions of the efficacy of bariatric surgery, although overestimations of surgical risks and postoperative complications were common. Providers’ previous training was associated with knowledge and perceptions of bariatric surgery and familiarity with perioperative management across studies. These perceptions were also associated with referral rates, suggesting that inadequate provider knowledge may contribute to bariatric surgery underutilization. We advocate for increased bariatric surgery-related education throughout all stages of medical training and across specialties.
Numerical and experimental analyses of methane leakage in shield tunnel
Authors: He Jie , Zhu Hehua , Wei Xiangyang , Jin Rui , Jiao Yaji , Yin Mei
Published: September 2023

Tunnels constructed in gas-bearing strata are affected by the potential leakage of harmful gases, such as methane gas. Based on the basic principles of computational fluid dynamics, a numerical analysis was performed to simulate the ventilation and diffusion of harmful gases in a shield tunnel, and the effect of ventilation airflow speed on the diffusion of harmful gases was evaluated. As the airflow speed increased from 1.8 to 5.4 m/s, the methane emission was diluted, and the methane accumulation was only observed in the area near the methane leakage channels. The influence of increased ventilation airflow velocity was dominant for the ventilation modes with two and four fans. In addition, laboratory tests on methane leakage through segment joints were performed. The results show that the leakage process can be divided into “rapid leakage” and “slight leakage”, depending on the leakage pressure and the state of joint deformation. Based on the numerical and experimental analysis results, a relationship between the safety level and the joint deformation is established, which can be used as guidelines for maintaining utility tunnels.
Coping with and self-management of chronic painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a qualitative study among cancer survivors
Authors: van de Graaf Daniëlle L. , Mols Floortje , Smeets Tom , Trompetter Hester R. , van der Lee Marije L.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

Patients with chronic painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) may experience a negative impact of CIPN on daily life. They can use various coping (i.e., dealing with symptoms and resulting impairments in general) and self-management (i.e., practical actions to reduce symptoms) strategies to live with their limitations. This paper aimed to examine experienced helpful coping and self-management strategies of patients with chronic painful CIPN.

Methods

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve patients with chronic painful CIPN. We applied a hybrid deductive-inductive coding approach. ATLAS.ti was used for coding.

Results

Generated from the data were two themes and nine codes for coping and four themes and 31 codes for self-management strategies. Coping of patients often included active strategies like planning, seeking social support, and acceptance. Additionally, patients often used passive strategies such as focusing on and venting emotions and suppressing competing activities. The most common self-management strategies were mostly passive (i.e., medication, deliberate choice of shoes, resting, sitting, and consulting healthcare professionals) but also active (i.e., exercising) strategies.

Conclusion

Patients exhibit a great variety of coping and self-management strategies that they perceive as helpful to deal with chronic painful CIPN. However, research has shown that certain strategies are not that helpful or even come with aversive effects. More research into the effectiveness and implementation of psychosocial interventions is needed since it may help patients adopting helping strategies. In addition, healthcare professionals need to refer patients with CIPN in a timely manner to physical therapists, occupational therapists, or rehabilitation teams to reduce or prevent (further) impairments.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Patients can consult one of their healthcare providers in case of problems in dealing with their symptoms, to get proper guidance and possible referral.
Preserving Positive Intermediate Curvature
Authors: Chow Tsz-Kiu Aaron , Johne Florian , Wan Jingbo
Published: September 2023

Consider a compact manifoldN(with or without boundary) of dimensionn. Positivem-intermediate curvature interpolates between positive Ricci curvature ($$m = 1$$m=1) and positive scalar curvature ($$m = n-1$$m=n-1), and it is obstructed on partial tori$$N^n = M^{n-m} \times \mathbb {T}^m$$Nn=Mn-m×Tm. Given Riemannian metrics$$g, {\bar{g}}$$g,g¯on$$(N, \partial N)$$(N,∂N)with positivem-intermediate curvature andm-positive difference$$h_g - h_{{\bar{g}}}$$hg-hg¯of second fundamental forms we show that there exists a smooth family of Riemannian metrics with positivem-intermediate curvature interpolating betweengand$${\bar{g}}$$g¯. Moreover, we apply this result to prove a non-existence result for partial torical bands with positivem-intermediate curvature and strictlym-convex boundaries.
Recent Advances Ultra-Porous Drug Nano-Carriers: Synthesis and Targeting Approaches
Authors: Hady Mayssa Abdel
Published: September 2023

Mesoporous silica has attracted increasing interest due to the pandemic spreading of the viral infection in recent years. These smart materials have many advantages as high loading capacity, high surface area, and unique morphology making them great materials for smart drug carriers. In this review, I summarized the synthesis of Ultra-Porous Drug Nano-Carriers in recent years. Factors affecting (mesoporous nanoparticles) MSN Synthesis as surfactants, Co-surfactants, and solvents were mentioned in the full description and targeting approaches. Types of silica nanoparticles such as Mesoporous SBA-1 silicas, Mesoporous SBA-2 silicas, and hybrid mesoporous materials are also shown in a detailed manner. Future research efforts are also highlighted for AI-based techniques aimed at more accurate tissue engineering prediction and operation optimization in drug carrier-based processes.
Gravitational entropy of stringy charged black holes in teleparallel gravity
Authors: Mourad M. F. , Abdelgaber M.
Published: September 2023

In order to resolve several theoretical and practical flaws in general relativity GR, a variety of modified theories of gravity have been proposed. One exciting strategy is to modify gravity’s geometrical nature. The teleparallel theory of gravity accomplishes this. In this paper, we study the gravitational energy GE and gravitational pressure of stringy charged black holes SCBH namely within the basic framework of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity GR. We determine GE bounded by the event horizon of the black hole BH and the radial pressure RP over it. Furthermore, we examine the gravitational entropy of SCBH which is affected by BH’s mass m and charge Q.
Cultivating Global Health: Exploring Mindfulness Through an Organisational Psychology Lens
Authors: Sutton Anna
Published: September 2023

The interface of public health and mindfulness as presented in Oman’s review (Mindfulness for Global Public Health: Critical Analysis and Agenda) holds great promise and reveals fertile ground for future research and interdisciplinary exploration. Oman’s framework is supported by compelling arguments, offering a balanced critique of mindfulness that identifies genuine applications and potential. This commentary notes key ideas in Oman’s paper that carry important lessons for organisational research on mindfulness and explores how organisational psychology research and theory can contribute to this proposed integration of mindfulness into global health efforts. It begins by reviewing the close relationships between work, mindfulness, and health, identifying commonalities between mindfulness, health, and organisational research. This is followed by an illustration of organisational psychology’s potential contributions to the alignment of mindfulness and health, focused on 2 of the 14 dimensions proposed by Oman (Concern for Equity and Addresses Attentional Environments). The commentary then draws on recent research and theoretical developments in mindfulness research within the workplace context to discuss the role of resilience and challenges in measuring mindfulness. Overall, this commentary aims to provide insights for organisational research while contributing to the integration of mindfulness and public health.
Integral transforms suitable for solving fractional differential equations
Authors: Boiti Chiara , Franceschi Jonathan
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this article is to obtain appropriate tools for solving fractional differential equations that are flexible enough to adapt to different purposes. We thus look for a very general fractional Fourier transform with a phase function which can be appropriately chosen according to the problem you want to face.
Obesity: a gender-view
Authors: Muscogiuri G. , Verde L. , Vetrani C. , Barrea L. , Savastano S. , Colao A.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

There is a growing awareness of the importance of understanding gender differences in obesity. The aim of this short review was to revise the current evidence on anthropometric characteristics and nutritional and pharmacological aspects of obesity from a gender perspective.

Methods

A literature search within PubMed was performed. Selected publications related to obesity and gender differences were reviewed.

Results

The prevalence of obesity among men is higher than in women, but women have a higher percentage of body fat content compared to men, and gender appears to be an important factor in the manifestation of central (android) or peripheral (gynoid) obesity. In addition, while in most clinical trials, women are still underrepresented, in clinical registration trials of anti-obesity drugs, women are commonly up-represented and gender-specific analysis is uncommon. Considering that adipose tissue is one of the factors affecting the volume of distribution of many drugs, mainly lipophilic drugs, gender differences might be expected in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-obesity drugs. Indeed, although Liraglutide 3 mg, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and naltrexone/bupropion display lipophilic properties, currently, a gender–dose adjustment for both these drugs administration is not recommended. In addition, despite that predicted responders to treatment offer substantial opportunities for efficient use, especially of expensive new therapies, such as anti-obesity drugs, data on gender differences to identify early responders to both these have not yet been investigated. Finally, bariatric surgery gender disparity reflects healthcare practices. Weight loss similar, but differing effects: women need more correction and face psychology challenges; men have worse physiology and fewer comorbidity improvements.

Conclusion

Gender differences exist in obesity prevalence and phenotype, body fat distribution, drug efficacy, clinical trial representation, and different secondary effects of bariatric surgery. Gender is an important variable in obesity analysis.
AI-Empowered Methods for Smart Energy Consumption: A Review of Load Forecasting, Anomaly Detection and Demand Response
Authors: Wang Xinlin , Wang Hao , Bhandari Binayak , Cheng Leming
Published: September 2023

This comprehensive review paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the most recent developments in the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, with an emphasis on their critical role in the demand side of power distribution systems. This paper offers a meticulous examination of various AI models and a pragmatic guide to aid in selecting the suitable techniques for three areas: load forecasting, anomaly detection, and demand response in real-world applications. In the realm of load forecasting, the paper presents a thorough guide for choosing the most fitting machine learning and deep learning models, inclusive of reinforcement learning, in conjunction with the application of hybrid models and learning optimization strategies. This selection process is informed by the properties of load data and the specific scenarios that necessitate forecasting. Concerning anomaly detection, this paper provides an overview of the merits and limitations of disparate learning methods, fostering a discussion on the optimization strategies that can be harnessed to navigate the issue of imbalanced data, a prevalent concern in power system anomaly detection. As for demand response, we delve into the utilization of AI techniques, examining both incentive-based and price-based demand response schemes. We take into account various control targets, input sources, and applications that pertain to their use and effectiveness. In conclusion, this review paper is structured to offer useful insights into the selection and design of AI techniques focusing on the demand-side applications of future energy systems. It provides guidance and future directions for the development of sustainable energy systems, aiming to serve as a cornerstone for ongoing research within this swiftly evolving field.
Assessment of environmental degradation of lakes of Nainital district: an ecohydrological perspective
Authors: Divyanjali  , Thakur Gaurav , Priyanka  , Singh Rajesh , Gehlot Anita , Twala Bhekisipho , Priyadarshi Neeraj , Akram Shaik Vaseem
Published: September 2023

Human activities have degraded lakes in Uttarakhand, endangering their vital role in urban sustainability, which includes providing essential services like water supply, flood mitigation, agriculture support, and biodiversity conservation in the Himalayan region. This study focused on Nainital district lakes, utilizing remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess their condition. Time series Landsat 8 satellite imageries acquire by USGS earth explorer from 2017 and 2022 were captured, pre-processed, and subjected to spectral-based classification algorithms in ArcGIS software to calculate Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) indices to assess changes in vegetation, water bodies, and build-up area in and around the lakes respectively. The results indicate a decrease in built-up areas for Nainital district lakes from 2017 to 2022: Naini Lake (1.42%), Bhimtal Lake (1.83%), Naukuchiatal Lake (1.45%), Sattal Lake (2.18%), Khurpatal Lake (2.25%), and Sariyatal Lake (1.3%). Additionally, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal, and Khurpatal lakes exhibited reductions in shrub and grass vegetation by approximately 12%, 16%, and 0% over the five-year period. Notably, Sattal and Khurapatal lakes demonstrated significant decreases in built-up areas, likely attributed to restoration efforts or landslides. Findings emphasize the need for conservation, sustainable land-use practices, and effective management to protect lake ecosystems.
Tarp-Assisted Cooling for Exertional Heat Stroke Treatment in Wildland Firefighting
Authors: Pryor Riana R. , Haboian Kara , Fitts Triniti , Stooks Jocelyn J.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Exertional heat stroke is a life-threatening emergency necessitating immediate treatment with rapid body cooling. A field-expedient alternative may be tarp-assisted cooling, requiring only water and a tarp. The objective of this study was to compare core temperature (Tc) cooling rates of tarp-assisted cooling using the limited resources available to a wildland firefighter and the current standard care provided in wilderness settings.

Methods

This cross-over, randomized control trial of 17 healthy individuals consisted of exercise in a 42±1°C, 32±4% relative humidity environment while wearing wildland firefighter attire, followed by cooling. Body cooling consisted of either pouring 11 L of 25±1°C water over the torso while lying supine on a tarp configured to hold water close to the individual (Tarp) or dousing the water on the participant followed by lying supine with a light breeze, current standard care in the wilderness (Current Care). Cooling occurred until Tc reached 38°C.

Results

Participants walked until a similar Tc was achieved in Tarp (39.59±0.04°C) and Current Care (39.55±0.22°C; P=0.36). Core temperature cooling rate was not different between Tarp (0.076±0.042°C·min−1) and Current Care (0.088±0.046°C·min−1; P=0.41).

Conclusions

In hyperthermic individuals, Tarp did not provide a faster cooling rate compared to the current exertional heat stroke care provided in the wilderness, and both provided a slower cooling rate than that provided by the traditional method of cold water immersion (>0.20°C·min−1) to treat exertional heat stroke patients.
The Impact of Climate‐Driven Lake Level Changes on Mantle Melting in Continental Rifts
Authors: Xue Liang , Muirhead James D. , Moucha Robert , Wright Lachlan J. M. , Scholz Christopher A.
Published: September 2023

Climate cycles fundamentally control surface processes that affect the distribution of water and sediment, and their associated loads, across the Earth's surface. Here, we use a geodynamic model to examine how water loading can affect mantle melt generation in continental rift settings covered by deep lakes. Our modeling results suggest that lake level fluctuations can modulate the timing and rate of mantle melting. A rapid lake level drop of 800 m has the potential to increase mantle melt volumes by enhancing mantle upwelling beneath the rift, whereas a lake level rise can lead to a reduction of mantle melting. The volume of melt produced driven by lake level fluctuations is also dependent on crustal rheology, extension rate, mantle potential temperature, and lithosphere thickness. Our study identifies the importance of water loading for controlling rift processes, while also demonstrating critical links between changing climate, rift evolution and mantle melting.
A Juno‐Era View of Electric Currents in Jupiter's Magnetodisk
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Blanc M. , Zong Q.‐G.
Published: September 2023

Recent observations from Juno provided a detailed view of Jupiter's magnetodisk, including its magnetic fields, waves, plasmas, and energetic particles. Here, we contribute to Juno results by determining the electric currents threading the magnetodisk and their coupling to field‐aligned currents (FACs) in the midnight‐to‐dawn local time sector. We first derive from Juno magnetic field data the spatial distributions of the height‐integrated radial (Ir) and azimuthal (Ia) currents in the magnetodisk, and then calculate the FACs from the divergence of the two current components. The Ir‐associated FAC, Jr, flows into and out of the magnetodisk at small and large radial distances, respectively, approximately consistent with the axisymmetric corotation enforcement model. On the other hand, Ia decreases with increasing local time everywhere in the local time sector covered, indicating an additional FAC (Ja) flowing out of the magnetodisk. From Ia and Ja, we conclude that the influence of the solar wind, which compresses the dayside magnetosphere and thus breaks the axisymmetry of currents and fields, reaches deep to a radial distance of at least about 25 Jupiter radii. Our results provide observational constraints on Jupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling current systems, on their relation to the main auroral emission and on the radial mass transport rate in the magnetodisk, which we estimate to be close to ∼1,500 kg/s.
Polarization and Spatial Distribution Features of Pc4 and Pc5 Waves in the Magnetosphere
Authors: Rubtsov A. V. , Nosé M. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I. , Miyoshi Y.
Published: September 2023

Ultra‐low frequency waves interact with different particle populations all over the magnetosphere. Some interaction mechanisms are associated with certain wave modes, but is it really so and what about waves interaction between each other? We present a statistical analysis of Pc4 and Pc5 waves in the magnetosphere of the Earth that were observed by Arase satellite from March 2017 to December 2020. These waves were classified by polarization into toroidal, poloidal, and compressional waves. Toroidal and poloidal waves are thought to be Alfvén waves that are eigenoscillations of Earth's magnetic field lines. The former are believed to be generated by external sources, while the latter one—by internal sources. We compared spatial distribution features with well‐known case studies to reveal their nature for all three polarizations. A high inclination of Arase orbit supported a wave field‐aligned structure research. We found that toroidal waves are mostly odd harmonics and poloidal waves are both even and odd harmonics of Alfvén waves, while compressional waves were observed in a narrow equatorial region only. Different wave generation mechanisms that cause a clear difference in spatial distributions of toroidal, poloidal, and compressional waves could excite a specific wave polarization. Surprisingly, the statistics of wave polarization has a normal distribution without separate clusters. We suggest that polarization change and mode coupling processes make mixed polarization the most common type of polarization in the magnetosphere. This result raises the question of how the polarization change process affects wave‐particle interactions responsible for energy transport throughout the magnetosphere.
In Situ Observations of the Small‐Scale Dynamics at Camarinal Sill—Strait of Gibraltar
Authors: Roustan Jean‐Baptiste , Bordois Lucie , Dumas Franck , Auclair Francis , Carton Xavier
Published: September 2023

Recently, PROTEVS GIB20 experiment was performed in the Strait of Gibraltar. Part of this experiment was dedicated to observe the high frequency dynamics near Camarinal Sill (CS), considered as a mixing hotspot in the region. Mooring lines equipped with current profilers and temperature/salinity probes provided data which evidence two dynamical regimes depending on the tidal current intensity; in neap tide floods, local internal hydraulic control is never observed over CS while in spring tide, local internal hydraulic control depicts a tide‐dependent and spatially variable pattern. In spring tide floods, measurements revealed the development of a hydraulic jump over the sill and its advection on the lee side. Cross sill sections with CTD casts and acoustic images confirmed this dynamics and depicted a well developed hydraulic jump on the eastern flank of the sill during spring tide ebbs. The north‐south and temporal variability of the internal hydraulics was analyzed from several zonal sections over CS, the mean topographic feature of the Strait of Gibraltar. We highlighted a complex series of local hydraulic jumps constrained by topography and a significant north‐south variability. The spatiotemporal variability of local hydraulics questions the two dimensional representation of the exchange flow in the Strait of Gibraltar. During neap tide flood, the dynamics of the Mediterranean outflow was investigated from a fixed station. We imaged the development of instabilities at the interface between Atlantic and Mediterranean waters jointly with the generation of much thicker billows deeper. Finally, we discuss our findings in relation to other straits dynamics.
Atmospheric Gravity Wave and Instability Observations From the International Space Station Using the Near InfraRed Airglow Camera (NIRAC)
Authors: Hecht J. H. , Gelinas L. J. , Rudy R. J. , Walterscheid R. L.
Published: September 2023

The Near Infrared Airglow Camera (NIRAC) is an imager that was deployed to the International Space Station (ISS) in May 2019. NIRAC's bandpass (1.5–1.72 microns) and field of view (∼23° × 23°) are ideal for observations of the bright OH Meinel airglow emission. NIRAC utilizes a 4‐megapixel Teledyne H2RG detector, a custom‐designed rectilinear lens, and a newly developed motion compensation system to obtain a spatial pixel‐resolution of about 83 m (66 m) at the ground (airglow layer). This design allows smear‐free, high (>50) signal to noise (S/N) imaging (of the ground or airglow layer) over the whole detector during multi‐second image acquisition times, even though the ISS is moving >7 km/s. NIRAC nominally acquires imagery at an ∼7.5 s cadence resulting in image sequences with significant overlap. These can be analyzed for wavelike features (gravity waves and instabilities) at 85 km using the relative displacement of these features as viewed from the two different viewing angles. This technique removes tropospheric cloud backgrounds and Earth background surface features that otherwise make identification of wavelike difficult in this band, an issue with remote sensing satellite instruments. Examples of imagery are presented that show how this technique can distinguish wavelike features that originate at ∼85 km from surface and tropospheric cloud features. This limited data set shows that complex wavelike dynamics are seen in the airglow directly over weather fronts. Because these regions are often cloudy and remote these dynamics have not been well‐studied.
Lipid Biosignatures From SO4‐Rich Hypersaline Lakes of the Cariboo Plateau
Authors: Nichols Floyd , Pontefract Alexandra , Dion‐Kirschner Hannah , Masterson Andrew L. , Osburn Magdalena R.
Published: September 2023

Modern and ancient hypersaline brines have been identified across the solar system, but the habitability of these environments remains unknown. Here, we evaluate organic matter (OM) production in MgSO4 and Na2CO3 rich hypersaline lakes whose chemistries resemble deposits on Mars such as those identified in Jezero crater. We focus our analysis on lipid biomarkers including fatty acids, alkanes, and ether‐bound lipids in modern brines, salt deposits, and surface sediments. We also report total organic carbon (TOC), carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios, and bulk OC (δ13C and δ15N) isotopes to contextualize the lipid biomarker data. In all lakes, the predominant biosignatures include midchain (12 < C < 23) fatty acids and alkanes suggesting microbial origin. Sediments also incorporate a greater diversity of lipids. Ether‐bound lipids derived from archaea and bacteria constitute a minor but measurable fraction of the lipids. This result contrasts with typical findings from other studies with NaCl brines which contain significant archeal biomass. TOC concentrations in all sediments are high, ranging from 0.7% to 12% with sulfate‐rich sediments having the highest concentrations. The isotopic and elemental compositions of TOC corroborate the biomarker results, showing δ13C values and C/N values indicative of aquatic microbial origin. This richness of organic matter and in situ microbial biosignatures differ from previously studied Cl‐dominated Mars‐analog sites which have shown limited OM production and preservation and acidic SO4‐rich hypersaline environments which were dominated by terrestrial inputs. Overall, our results suggest that MgSO4‐rich hypersaline environments are conducive for life and harbor a rich microbial biomarker landscape.
Inequalities in treatment among patients with colon and rectal cancer: a multistate survival model using data from England national cancer registry 2012–2016
Authors: Ling Suping , Luque Fernandez Miguel-Angel , Quaresma Manuela , Belot Aurelien , Rachet Bernard
Published: September 2023

Background

Individual and tumour factors only explain part of observed inequalities in colorectal cancer survival in England. This study aims to investigate inequalities in treatment in patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer in England between 2012 and 2016 were followed up from the date of diagnosis (state 1), to treatment (state 2), death (state 3) or censored at 1 year after the diagnosis. A multistate approach with flexible parametric model was used to investigate the effect of income deprivation on the probability of remaining alive and treated in colorectal cancer.

Results

Compared to the least deprived quintile, the most deprived with stage I–IV colorectal cancer had a lower probability of being alive and treated at all the time during follow-up, and a higher probability of being untreated and of dying. The probability differences (most vs. least deprived) of being alive and treated at 6 months ranged between −2.4% (95% CI: −4.3, −1.1) and −7.4% (−9.4, −5.3) for colon; between −2.0% (−3.5, −0.4) and −6.2% (−8.9, −3.5) for rectal cancer.

Conclusion

Persistent inequalities in treatment were observed in patients with colorectal cancer at every stage, due to delayed access to treatment and premature death.
Location is a major barrier for transferring US fossil fuel employment to green jobs
Authors: Lim Junghyun , Aklin Michaël , Frank Morgan R.
Published: September 2023

The green energy revolution may displace 1.7 million fossil fuel workers in the US but a Just Transition to emerging green industry jobs offers possibilities for re-employing these workers. Here, using 14 years of power plant data from the US Energy Information Administration, job transition data from the Census Bureau, as well as employment and skills data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we assess whether people employed in fossil fuel resource extraction today are co-located and have the transferable skills to switch to expected green jobs. We find that these workers could leverage their mobility to other industries and have similar skills to green occupations. However, today’s fossil fuel extraction workers are not co-located with current sources of green energy production. Further, after accounting for federal employment projections, fossil fuel extraction workers are mostly not located in the regions where green employment will grow despite attaining the appropriate skillsets. These results suggest a large barrier to a Just Transition since fossil fuel extraction workers have not historically exhibited geospatial mobility. While stakeholders focus on re-skilling fossil fuel extraction workers, this analysis shows that co-location with emerging green employment will be the larger barrier to a Just Transition.
Realistic fault detection of li-ion battery via dynamical deep learning
Authors: Zhang Jingzhao , Wang Yanan , Jiang Benben , He Haowei , Huang Shaobo , Wang Chen , Zhang Yang , Han Xuebing , Guo Dongxu , He Guannan , Ouyang Minggao
Published: September 2023

Accurate evaluation of Li-ion battery (LiB) safety conditions can reduce unexpected cell failures, facilitate battery deployment, and promote low-carbon economies. Despite the recent progress in artificial intelligence, anomaly detection methods are not customized for or validated in realistic battery settings due to the complex failure mechanisms and the lack of real-world testing frameworks with large-scale datasets. Here, we develop a realistic deep-learning framework for electric vehicle (EV) LiB anomaly detection. It features a dynamical autoencoder tailored for dynamical systems and configured by social and financial factors. We test our detection algorithm on released datasets comprising over 690,000 LiB charging snippets from 347 EVs. Our model overcomes the limitations of state-of-the-art fault detection models, including deep learning ones. Moreover, it reduces the expected direct EV battery fault and inspection costs. Our work highlights the potential of deep learning in improving LiB safety and the significance of social and financial information in designing deep learning models.
Synergistic effects of mixing and strain in high entropy spinel oxides for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Baek Jihyun , Hossain Md Delowar , Mukherjee Pinaki , Lee Junghwa , Winther Kirsten T. , Leem Juyoung , Jiang Yue , Chueh William C. , Bajdich Michal , Zheng Xiaolin
Published: September 2023

Developing stable and efficient electrocatalysts is vital for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) rates in sustainable hydrogen production. High-entropy oxides (HEOs) consist of five or more metal cations, providing opportunities to tune their catalytic properties toward high OER efficiency. This work combines theoretical and experimental studies to scrutinize the OER activity and stability for spinel-type HEOs. Density functional theory confirms that randomly mixed metal sites show thermodynamic stability, with intermediate adsorption energies displaying wider distributions due to mixing-induced equatorial strain in active metal-oxygen bonds. The rapid sol-flame method is employed to synthesize HEO, comprising five 3d-transition metal cations, which exhibits superior OER activity and durability under alkaline conditions, outperforming lower-entropy oxides, even with partial surface oxidations. The study highlights that the enhanced activity of HEO is primarily attributed to the mixing of multiple elements, leading to strain effects near the active site, as well as surface composition and coverage.