bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permafrost modelling in northern Great Slave region, Northwest Territories, Phase 1: Climate data evaluation and 1-d sensitivity analysis
Authors: Riseborough D W , Wolfe S A , Duchesne C
Published: March 2013

Climate variables were examined to evaluate their use in permafrost models, using data for Yellowknife Northwest Territories, Canada as an example. Results suggest that conversion of the annual temperature cycle to a sine wave is an acceptable approximation, as
long as the wave retains the correct values for the annual freezing and thawing degree-day totals. Changes in snow depth can be approximated by a parabolic accumulation function. The delay of snow cover initiation with respect to the start of the freezing season, the snow accumulation function, and
snow density are all critical, whereas end-of-season snowpack evolution is of secondary importance.
Modelling results show that any difference in substrate materials produces a change in the mean annual temperature at the top-of-perennially frozen/unfrozen ground (TTOP) and annual maximum freezing/thawing layer thickness (AFTT). The greatest differences in TTOP were produced by changes in the
thickness and degree of saturation of the surface organic layer. Intermediate differences were due to differences in substrate materials within and immediately below the annual freezing/thawing layer itself, and the smallest differences were due to variations in the substrate well below the
thickness of the annual freezing/thawing layer. These results suggest that knowledge or consideration of the thickness and moisture content of organic soil veneers will be vital to permafrost mapping in this environment.
Sagaria 2:8(12): ’n Moontlike Afrikaanse vertaling van ’n moeilike teks
Authors: O'Kennedy Daniel F.
Published: March 2013

Geleerdes stem saam dat die Hebreeuse teks van Sagaria 2:8 (v. 12 in Hebreeus) uiters moeilik is om te vertaal. Hierdie artikel fokus op die volgende vrae: Maak die Masoretiese teks sin? Moet ons die Masoretiese teks wysig? Die vertaling van die volgende ingewikkelde woorde en frases word bespreek: (1)תואבצ הוהי; (2) ינחלשׁ דובכ רחא; 3) the particle יכ; (4) תבבב; (5) en וניע. Die skrywer glo dat dit nie nodig is om die Masoretiese teks te wysig nie en bied die volgende moontlike vertaling aan: ‘Want so sê die HERE van alle magte: Ná die heerlikheid (d.i. die visioen) het Hy my gestuur na die nasies deur wie julle uitgebuit is; waarlik, wie aan julle vat, vat aan die appel van sy oog.’Zechariah 2:8(12): A possible Afrikaans translation of a difficult text. Scholars agree that the Hebrew text of Zechariah 2:8 (v. 12 in Hebrew) is extremely difficult to translate. The questions posed by this article is: Does the Masoretic text make sense? Do we need to change the Masoretic text? The article discuses the translation of the following difficult words or phrases: (1)תואבצ הוהי; (2) ינחלשׁ דובכ רחא;3) the particle יכ; (4) תבבב; (5) and וניע. The author argues that we do not need to change the Masoretic text and the following possible translation is presented: ‘For thus says the Lord of all powers: After the glory (i.e. the vision) He sent me to the nations who plundered you; truly, the one who touches you touches the apple of his eye.’
Lack of evidence for safe vaccination with the Muguga cocktail in Sudan
Authors: Geysen Dirk , Berkvens Dirk
Published: March 2013

How to cite this article: Geysen, D. & Berkvens, D., 2013, ‘Lack of evidence for safe vaccination with the Muguga cocktail in Sudan’, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 80(1), Art. #571, 1 page. http:// dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr. v80i1.571
Quantum Drinfeld Hecke Algebras
Authors: Levandovskyy Viktor , Shepler Anne V.
Published: March 2013

We consider finite groups acting on quantum (or skew) polynomial rings. Deformations of the semidirect product of the quantum polynomial ring with the acting group extend symplectic reflection algebras and graded Hecke algebras to the quantum setting over a field of arbitrary characteristic. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such algebras to satisfy a Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt property using the theory of noncommutative Gröbner bases. We include applications to the case of abelian groups and the case of groups acting on coordinate rings of quantum planes. In addition, we classify graded automorphisms of the coordinate ring of quantum 3-space. In characteristic zero, Hochschild cohomology gives an elegant description of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt conditions.
Engagement in Activities and Occupations by People Who Have Experienced Psychosis: A Metasynthesis of Lived Experience
Authors: Hitch Danielle , Pepin Genevieve , Stagnitti Karen
Published: March 2013

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to answer the question ‘How do people who have experienced psychosis describe their engagement in activities of daily living and occupations?’

Procedures:

A qualitative metasynthesis was undertaken on nine studies (encompassing 73 participants) published in occupational therapy literature. Only studies that had used individual qualitative interviews were included to highlight lived experience on a personal level. The quality of the evidence was assessed across all studies and found to be generally high.

Findings:

Four overarching themes across the nine studies were identified: my emotions and identity; my own health and wellbeing; my relationships with family, friends and community; and my activities and occupations. The overarching themes are not intended to be considered categorically, as they all influence and interact with each other.

Conclusion and relevance:

There is considerable synchronicity between the experiences of people who have experienced psychosis and the values of the profession. A client's meaningful engagement in activities and occupation is evidence towards how therapists provide authentic, respectful and effective support to these clients, in a manner that meets their needs as individuals.
The Personal Meaning of Music Making to Maltese Band Musicians
Authors: Roberts Anne E K , Farrugia Maria Daniela
Published: March 2013

Introduction:

Occupations are known to be imbued with personal, social and cultural meaning. Although there is a growing body of research on the meaning of specific occupations, little attention has been given to the personal meaning of music making as an occupation. This study aimed to explore the personal meaning of engagement in an occupation embedded in a culture by studying music making in Maltese band musicians. Determining the subjective meaning of engagement in an occupation helps to explain why people do what they do and what benefit is derived.

Method:

A qualitative study guided by the principles of grounded theory was conducted with 12 band musicians, using a semi-structured interview. Data were recorded, transcribed and analysed using the principles of grounded theory.

Findings:

Three main categories of meaning emerged: the personal meaning of playing in a band, including spiritual and emotional significance; social and cultural connectedness; and the effect of music making on self-identity and personal health.

Conclusion:

It was evident that there was an important and dynamic connection between the occupation of music making, the individual musician and the social and cultural environment. This interconnection created a feeling of wellbeing and belonging and emphasised the therapeutic value of music making in a band.
Understanding Social Inclusion as an International Discourse: Implications for Enabling Participation
Authors: Pereira Robert B , Whiteford Gail E
Published: March 2013

Social inclusion is an inherently political construction. Given this, the purpose of this opinion piece is not to present an exhaustive analysis of the historical conditions that have shaped its development and construction over time. Rather, the authors explore here the salience of an occupational perspective within social inclusion policies and consider what this may mean as a platform for enabling participation. In closing, they explore the utility of critical occupational therapy, as first named by Townsend and Whiteford, as an appropriate vehicle through which this may be possible.
On the absolute calibration of SO2 cameras
Authors: Lübcke P. , Bobrowski N. , Illing S. , Kern C. , Alvarez Nieves J. M. , Vogel L. , Zielcke J. , Delgado Granados H. , Platt U.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Sulphur dioxide emission rate measurements are an important tool for volcanic monitoring and eruption risk assessment. The SO2 camera technique remotely measures volcanic emissions by analysing the ultraviolet absorption of SO2 in a narrow spectral window between 300 and 320 nm using solar radiation scattered in the atmosphere. The SO2 absorption is selectively detected by mounting band-pass interference filters in front of a two-dimensional, UV-sensitive CCD detector. One important step for correct SO2 emission rate measurements that can be compared with other measurement techniques is a correct calibration. This requires conversion from the measured optical density to the desired SO2 column density (CD). The conversion factor is most commonly determined by inserting quartz cells (cuvettes) with known amounts of SO2 into the light path. Another calibration method uses an additional narrow field-of-view Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy system (NFOV-DOAS), which measures the column density simultaneously in a small area of the camera's field-of-view. This procedure combines the very good spatial and temporal resolution of the SO2 camera technique with the more accurate column densities obtainable from DOAS measurements. This work investigates the uncertainty of results gained through the two commonly used, but quite different, calibration methods (DOAS and calibration cells). Measurements with three different instruments, an SO2 camera, a NFOV-DOAS system and an Imaging DOAS (I-DOAS), are presented. We compare the calibration-cell approach with the calibration from the NFOV-DOAS system. The respective results are compared with measurements from an I-DOAS to verify the calibration curve over the spatial extent of the image. The results show that calibration cells, while working fine in some cases, can lead to an overestimation of the SO2 CD by up to 60% compared with CDs from the DOAS measurements. Besides these errors of calibration, radiative transfer effects (e.g. light dilution, multiple scattering) can significantly influence the results of both instrument types. The measurements presented in this work were taken at Popocatépetl, Mexico, between 1 March 2011 and 4 March 2011. Average SO2 emission rates between 4.00 and 14.34 kg s−1 were observed.
Environmental change impacts on the C- and N-cycle of European forests: a model comparison study
Authors: Cameron D. R. , Van Oijen M. , Werner C. , Butterbach-Bahl K. , Grote R. , Haas E. , Heuvelink G. B. M. , Kiese R. , Kros J. , Kuhnert M. , Leip A. , Reinds G. J. , Reuter H. I. , Schelhaas M. J. , De Vries W. , Yeluripati J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Forests are important components of the greenhouse gas balance of Europe. There is considerable uncertainty about how predicted changes to climate and nitrogen deposition will perturb the carbon and nitrogen cycles of European forests and thereby alter forest growth, carbon sequestration and N2O emission. The present study aimed to quantify the carbon and nitrogen balance, including the exchange of greenhouse gases, of European forests over the period 2010–2030, with a particular emphasis on the spatial variability of change. The analysis was carried out for two tree species: European beech and Scots pine. For this purpose, four different dynamic models were used: BASFOR, DailyDayCent, INTEGRATOR and Landscape-DNDC. These models span a range from semi-empirical to complex mechanistic. Comparison of these models allowed assessment of the extent to which model predictions depended on differences in model inputs and structure. We found a European average carbon sink of 0.160 ± 0.020 kgC m−2 yr−1 (pine) and 0.138 ± 0.062 kgC m−2 yr−1 (beech) and N2O source of 0.285 ± 0.125 kgN ha−1 yr−1 (pine) and 0.575 ± 0.105 kgN ha−1 yr−1 (beech). The European average greenhouse gas potential of the carbon sink was 18 (pine) and 8 (beech) times that of the N2O source. Carbon sequestration was larger in the trees than in the soil. Carbon sequestration and forest growth were largest in central Europe and lowest in northern Sweden and Finland, N. Poland and S. Spain. No single driver was found to dominate change across Europe. Forests were found to be most sensitive to change in environmental drivers where the drivers were limiting growth, where changes were particularly large or where changes acted in concert. The models disagreed as to which environmental changes were most significant for the geographical variation in forest growth and as to which tree species showed the largest rate of carbon sequestration. Pine and beech forests were found to have differing sensitivities to environmental change, in particular the response to changes in nitrogen and precipitation, with beech forest more vulnerable to drought. There was considerable uncertainty about the geographical location of N2O emissions. Two of the models BASFOR and LandscapeDNDC had largest emissions in central Europe where nitrogen deposition and soil nitrogen were largest, whereas the two other models identified different regions with large N2O emission. N2O emissions were found to be larger from beech than pine forests and were found to be particularly sensitive to forest growth.
Dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon and aquatic metabolism in the Tana River Basin, Kenya
Authors: Tamooh F. , Borges A. V. , Meysman F. J. R. , Van Den Meersche K. , Dehairs F. , Merckx R. , Bouillon S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A basin-wide study was conducted in the Tana River Basin (Kenya), in February 2008 (dry season), September–November 2009 (wet season), and June–July 2010 (end of the wet season) to assess the dynamics and sources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as well as to quantify CO2 fluxes, community respiration (R), and primary production (P). Samples were collected along the altitudinal gradient (from 3600 m to 8 m) in several headwater streams, reservoirs (Kamburu and Masinga), and main Tana River. DIC concentrations ranged from 0.2 mmol L–1 to 4.8 mmol L–1 but with exceptionally high values (3.5 ± 1.6 mmol L–1) in Nyambene Hills tributaries. The wide range of δ13CDIC values (−15.0‰ to −2.4‰) indicate variable sources of DIC with headwater streams recording higher signatures compared to main Tana River. With few exceptions, the entire riverine network was supersaturated in CO2, implying the system is a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere. pCO2 values were generally higher in the lower main Tana River compared to headwater tributaries, opposite to the pattern typically observed in other river networks. This was attributed to high suspended sediment in the main Tana River fuelling in-stream community respiration and net heterotrophy. This was particularly evident during 2009 wet season campaign (median pCO2 of 1432 ppm) compared to 2010 end of wet season (1002 ppm) and 2008 dry season (579 ppm). First-order estimates show in-stream community respiration was responsible for the bulk of total CO2 evasion (59% to 89%) in main Tana River while in tributaries respiration accounted for 4% to 52% of total CO2 evasion, suggesting CO2evasion in tributaries was sustained by processes than respiration, such as CO2-oversaturated groundwater input. While sediment loads increase downstream and thus light availability decreases in the water column, both chlorophyll a (0.2 μg L–1 to 9.6 μg L–1) and primary production (0.004 μmol L–1 h–1 to 7.38 μmol L–1 h–1) increased consistently downstream. Diurnal fluctuations of biogeochemical processes were examined at three different sites along the river continuum (headwater, reservoir, and mainstream), and were found to be substantial only in the headwater stream, moderate in the reservoir and not detectable at main Tana River. The pronounced diurnal fluctuations observed in the headwater stream were largely regulated by periphyton as deduced from the low chlorophyll a in the water column.
Cesium-134 and 137 activities in the central North Pacific Ocean after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident
Authors: Kameník J. , Dulaiova H. , Buesseler K.O. , Pike S. M. , Št'astná K.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Surface seawater 134Cs and 137Cs samples were collected in the central and western North Pacific Ocean during the 1.5 yr after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident to monitor dispersion patterns of these radioisotopes towards the Hawaiian Islands. In the absence of other recent sources and due to its short half-life only those parts of the Pacific Ocean would have detectable 134Cs that were impacted by Fukushima releases. Between March and May 2011, 134Cs was not detected around the Hawaiian Islands and Guam. Here, most 137Cs activities (1.2–1.5 Bq m−3) were in the range of expected preexisting levels. Some samples north of the Hawaiian Islands (1.6–1.8 Bq m−3) were elevated above the 18-month baseline established in surface seawater in Hawaii indicating that those might carry atmospheric fallout. The 18-month time-series analysis of surface seawater from Hawaii did not reveal any seasonal variability or trends, with an average activity of 1.46 ± 0.06 Bq m−3 (Station Aloha, 17 values). In contrast, samples collected between Japan and Hawaii contained 134Cs activities in the range of 1–4 Bq m−3 and 137Cs levels were about 2–3 times above the preexisting activities. We found that the southern boundary of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio extension currents represented a boundary for radiation dispersion with higher activities detected within and north of the major currents. The radiation plume has not been detected over the past 1.5 yr at the main Hawaiian Islands due to the transport patterns across the Kuroshio and Kuroshio extension currents.
The OASIS3 coupler: a European climate modelling community software
Authors: Valcke S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. This paper presents the OASIS3 coupling software used in five of the seven European Earth System Models (ESMs) participating to the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). A short history of the coupler development is followed by a technical description of OASIS3. The performances of a few relatively high resolution models coupled with OASIS3 are then described. It is shown that, although its limited field-per-field parallelism will eventually become a bottleneck in the simulation, OASIS3 can still be considered an appropriate tool for most of these relatively demanding coupled configurations. Its successful use in different CMIP5 ESMs is then detailed. A discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of the OASIS3's approach and a presentation of planned developments conclude the paper.
Hypoxylon from China – 2: H. dengii sp. nov. and H. crocopeplum new to China
Authors: Ma Hai-xia , Vasilyeva Larissa , Li Yu
Published: March 2013

Hypoxylon dengii (Xylariales, Xylariaceae) is described from China as a new species, and H. crocopeplum is reported for the first time from the Chinese Mainland. The morphological descriptions and photographs of stromata and microstructures are provided based
on the Chinese collections.
Resupinate polypores from mixed ombrophilous forests in southern Brazil
Authors: Westphalen Mauro C. , Silveira Rosa Mara Borges da
Published: March 2013

During a survey of polypore fungi in the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 24 resupinate species were identified. Trechispora mollusca, Antrodia variiformis, Diplomitoporus venezuelicus, and Flaviporus subundatus,
rare species in Brazil, are fully described, discussed and illustrated. Comments are also given on Fomitiporia maxonii, recorded for the first time from Rio Grande do Sul State. An identification key and a checklist of the species are presented.
Microfungi from Portugal: Minimelanolocus manifestus sp. nov. and Vermiculariopsiella pediculata comb. nov.
Authors: Hernández-Restrepo Margarita , Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F. , Gené Josepa , Guarro Josep , Minter David W. , Stadler Marc
Published: March 2013

Two microfungi from a forest in Portugal are described and illustrated. The new species Minimelanolocus manifestus is distinguished by polyblastic, integrated, sympodial conidiogenous cells, and solitary, cymbiform, (2−)3-septate, smooth conidia with pale brown middle cells
and subhyaline end cells. A new combination Vermiculariopsiella pediculata is proposed for Gyrothrix pediculata.
A new species of Calonectria causing leaf disease of water lily in China
Authors: Xu Jun-Jie , Qin Shao-Yuan , Hao Yuan-Yuan , Ren Jun , Tan Ping , Bahkali Ali H. , Hyde Kevin D. , Wang Yong
Published: March 2013

A species of Calonectria, isolated from a leaf spot of water lily (Nymphaea tetragona) in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China was shown to be pathogenic by applying Koch's postulates. Identification based on morphological characters and a comparison of sequences from beta-tubulin
and translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1) genes supported its status as a new species. Calonectria nymphaeae sp. nov. is introduced and compared with similar taxa.
Phylogenetic systematics of the Gigasporales
Authors: Silva Gladstone Alves da , Maia Leonor Costa , Oehl Fritz
Published: March 2013

The classification, phylogeny, and evolutionary pathways of the Gigasporales are re-evaluated based on concomitant morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Only Cetraspora was not supported in the morphology-based tree, while Quatunica formed a monophyletic
group with its sister genus Dentiscutata. Only a few taxa were not completely supported in the SSU rDNA phylogenetic analyses, namely Dentiscutata and Fuscutata (Dentiscutataceae) and Racocetra and Cetraspora (Racocetraceae). However, all trees
generated by the LSU, SSU (rDNA), and β-tubulin genes supported the existence of the families with strong support for all genera represented in the LSU rDNA and β-tubulin analyses. In conclusion, the current classification of the Gigasporales has a strong morphological and
molecular congruency.
Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini, first record from Romania
Authors: Chinan Vasilică Claudiu , Venturella Giuseppe
Published: March 2013

Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini, on Laserpitium latifolium roots, is reported in Romania for the first time. A description and illustrations of this variety are provided.
A microfungus from Costa Rica: Ticosynnema gen. nov.
Authors: Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F. , Granados María M. , Mardones Melissa , Stadler Marc , Minter David W. , Hernández-Restrepo Margarita , Gené Josepa , Guarro Josep
Published: March 2013

Ticosynnema carranzae gen. & sp. nov., a new microfungus collected on the twig of an unidentified plant, is described and illustrated. It is distinguished by synnematous determinate conidiomata, monoblastic integrated determinate conidiogenous cells, and solitary, 3–4-septate,
oblong, cylindrical to vermiform, brown conidia that secede rhexolytically.
A new species of Scopinella from pampas grass in Argentina
Authors: Sánchez Romina M. , Giordano Lucrecia , Anderson Freda E. , Bianchinotti M. Virginia
Published: March 2013

A previously undescribed species of the genus Scopinella was found during a survey of the fungi associated with Cortaderia selloana (Poaceae) in Argentina. The ascospores are strongly asymmetrical and have the shape of a truncated pyramid with a convex quadrangular
base. This peculiar ascospore shape sets this species, described here as new, apart from the others of the genus. This is the second record of Scopinella from South America.
Development and morphology of Lysurus cruciatus—an addition to the Indian mycobiota
Authors: Abrar S. , Swapna S. , Krishnappa M.
Published: March 2013

Lysurus cruciatus (Phallomycetidae, Phallaceae) produces a basidiome with a long receptacle terminating in conical arms that branch initially and interconnect at their tips to support gleba on lateral surfaces. Its development from primordia to mature basidiome
has been microscopically examined. Fructification begins as a small protuberance that differentiates into a series of layers and with gelatinization develops into an egg. The matured fruitbody stands up with an expanded receptacle. Lysurus cruciatus is a new record for the India mycobiota.
Boletus atlanticus sp. nov., a new species of section Luridi from coastal dunes of NW Spain
Authors: Blanco-Dios Jaime B. , Marques Guilhermina
Published: March 2013

Boletus atlanticus, found in coastal sand dunes in Galicia (NW of Spain) under Cistus salviifolius and maritime pines (Pinus pinaster), is described as a new species from section Luridi based on morphology. Morphological description, drawings of microscopic
characters, and color pictures of the basidiomata are presented. A discussion about other close taxa of section Luridi is also outlined.
A new species of Mycena sect. Sacchariferae from the Iberian cushion-shaped Genisteae
Authors: Zamora Juan Carlos , Català Santiago
Published: March 2013

Mycena acanthophila, collected from several localities in Spain, is described as a new species. It specialises by growing on dead branches of two spiny, cushion-shaped species of Leguminosae. A complete description, drawings, and microphotographs showing the morphological
characters are accompanied by comparisons with morphologically related taxa.
Two interesting cantharelloids from Nan and Kanchanaburi Provinces, Thailand
Authors: Yomyart Sunadda , Watling Roy , Phosri Cherdchai , Piapukiew Jittra , Sihanonth Prakitsin
Published: March 2013

Two cantharelloid fungi are recorded and described from Nan and Kanchanaburi Provinces, Thailand. Cantharellus atratus, a new record for Thailand, is recombined in Craterellus based on molecular studies. Although previously known from Peninsular Malaysia, Pterygellus
polymorphus var. minor represents a new record for Thailand.
Polyporus submelanopus sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Northwest China
Authors: Xue Hui-Jun , Zhou Li-Wei
Published: March 2013

Polyporus submelanopus, collected from Qinghai Province, Northwest China, is described and illustrated based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses. It is characterized by a terrestrial habit, black-stipitate basidiocarps, circular to angular pores, two kinds of generative
hyphae bearing simple septa and clamp connections respectively, and cylindrical smooth hyaline basidiospores. Morphologically, P. submelanopus belongs to the melanopus group and resembles P. melanopus in sharing similar pilei with a shallow central depression, circular to angular
pores, basidiospores, and a terrestrial habit. However, P. melanopus has smaller pores, thicker and entire dissepiment, fusoid cystidioles, and clamped generative hyphae only. The differences between P. submelanopus and P. badius, P. xinjiangensis, and P. tubaeformis
are discussed as well. Phylogenetic ITS sequence analysis supports P. submelanopus within the melanopus group but distinctly separate from other sampled species of this group.
A new species of Clitopilus from southwestern China
Authors: Deng Wang-Qiu , Li Tai-Hui , Shen Ya-Heng
Published: March 2013

Clitopilus ravus is described and illustrated as a new species from southwestern China. It is characterized by its tawny gray or grayish brown to brown tomentose pileus, absence of pleuro- and cheilocystidia, subfusiform to amygdaliform basidiospores with 4–5 prominent
longitudinal ridges, and cylindric or clavate terminal cells of the pileipellis filled with brown non-encrusting intracellular pigment. Comparisons with similar taxa and photographs and drawings of its macroscopical and microscopical characters are provided.
New records of Ochrolechia and Placopsis from the Hengduan Mountains, China
Authors: Gao Tong-Li , Ren Qiang
Published: March 2013

Based on specimens collected in the Hengduan Mountains, Ochrolechia laevigata is recorded as new to Asia, O. africana as new to China, and Placopsis gelida as new to mainland China.
Nomenclatural notes on the lichen genera Leucodecton and Myriotrema (Graphidaceae) in India
Authors: Joshi Santosh , Upreti Dalip K. , Haridas Biju
Published: March 2013

Nine species of Leucodecton and nine species of Myriotrema are recorded for India. The recently resurrected Leucodecton accommodates species earlier placed in Leptotrema, Myriotrema, or Thelotrema, which were segregated based primarily on medullary
chemistry such as stictic and norstictic acids, although Myriotrema retains species with a prosoplectenchymatous cortex and psoromic or protocetraric acid chemosyndromes. This contribution includes new synonyms, changes in generic placement, new species distributions, and new records.
Leucodecton compunctum and L. subcompunctum are new records for India.
Checklist of the Argentine Agaricales 5. Agaricaceae
Authors: Niveiro N. , Albertó E.
Published: March 2013

A checklist of species belonging to the family Agaricaceae (Agaricomycetes) in Argentina is provided. The list includes all species published up to 2011. Of the 13 genera and 171 species represented, Agaricus and Lepiota have the greatest number of species
names recorded (85 and 37 respectively) followed by Leucoagaricus (13 species), Leucocoprinus (8) Cystolepiota (7), Macrolepiota (7), and Cystoderma (4). The remaining genera — Cystoagaricus, Micropsalliota, Chlorophyllum, Cystodermella, Pheolepiota
— are represented by fewer than 3 species each.
A new Stigmella species associated with Lycium leaf spots in northwestern China
Authors: Wang Yan , Chen Xiu-Rong , Yang Cheng-de
Published: March 2013

A new anamorphic species Stigmella lycii on Lycium chinense is described and illustrated from Chinese material and compared with all known species of this genus. This is the first report of Stigmella species in China.
Corticioid basidiomycetes on the bark of living trees from Porto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues César Luiz M. , Guerrero Rosa T.
Published: March 2013

The species of Corticiaceae s.l. growing on the bark of living trees in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were studied. Dendrothele syspora is described as a new species, based on morphology and development of spores, and the new
combination Dendrodontia bispora is proposed. Five species of Dendrothele and one of Xenosperma represent new records for Brazil. Descriptions, illustrations, and an identification key are included.
Integration and Regression of Implanted Engineered Human Vascular Networks During Deep Wound Healing
Authors: Hanjaya-Putra Donny , Shen Yu-I , Wilson Abigail , Fox-Talbot Karen , Khetan Sudhir , Burdick Jason A. , Steenbergen Charles , Gerecht Sharon
Published: March 2013

The ability of vascularized constructs to integrate with tissues may depend on the kinetics and stability of vascular structure development. This study assessed the functionality and durability of engineered human vasculatures from endothelial progenitors when implanted in a mouse deep burn-wound model. Human vascular networks, derived from endothelial colony-forming cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogels, were transplanted into third-degree burns. On day 3 following transplantation, macrophages rapidly degraded the hydrogel during a period of inflammation; through the transitions from inflammation to proliferation (days 5–7), the host's vasculatures infiltrated the construct, connecting with the human vessels within the wound area. The growth of mouse vessels near the wound area supported further integration with the implanted human vasculatures. During this period, the majority of the vessels (∼60%) in the treated wound area were human. Although no increase in the density of human vessels was detected during the proliferative phase, they temporarily increased in size. This growth peaked at day 7, the middle of the proliferation stage, and then decreased by the end of the proliferation stage. As the wound reached the remodeling period during the second week after transplantation, the vasculatures including the transplanted human vessels generally regressed, and few microvessels, wrapped by mouse smooth muscle cells and with a vessel area less than 200 μm2 (including the human ones), remained in the healed wound. Overall, this study offers useful insights for the development of vascularization strategies for wound healing and ischemic conditions, for tissue-engineered constructs, and for tissue regeneration.
Ethnocentrism
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: March 2013

Ethnocentrism is the tendency of individuals to elevate their own culture as the standard against which they judge others, and to see their own as superior to others. In the nineteenth century Charles noted that tribes were more sympathetic to their own groups, first used the term ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism involves perceptions of cross‐cultural difference, can underlie cultural conflict and negative stereotypes, and is probably universal among humans. Sumner, in his early work, noted numerous cultural groups (e.g., Caribs, Greenlanders, Jews, Kiowa, Lapps, Seri) that had words identifying their own groups as uniquely “people,” “chosen,” “men,” or in other ways superior.
The Relationship Between Cultural Individualism–Collectivism and Student Aggression Across 62 Countries
Authors: Bergmüller Silvia
Published: March 2013

This study examined the relationship between countries' dominant cultural values (i.e., individualism and collectivism) and (a) school principals' perceptions of aggressive student behavior and (b) students' self‐reports of being aggressively victimized in school. Data on student aggression and victimization were collected across 62 countries in nationally representative samples of fourth and eighth graders (N = 428,566) and their principals (N = 15,043) by the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2007. Students were asked about three forms of aggressive victimization: physical, verbal, and relational; principals about two forms of aggressive student behavior: physical and verbal. Country‐level regression analyses revealed that the level of cultural individualism, according to the individualism index (IDV) by Hofstede, Hofstede, and Minkov (2010), wasnotsignificantly related to either form of student‐reported victimization. However, school principals reported aggressive student behavior more often the more individualist, and hence less collectivist, their country's culture. This relation was evident in the principals' reports on 4th and 8th grade students' aggressive behavior for both physical and verbal aggression. Multilevel analyses revealed that cultural individualism was still a powerful predictor of principal‐reported aggressive student behavior after controlling for school and country characteristics. The discussion outlines reasons why principals' reports of aggressive student behavior are probably more valid indicators of student aggression than student self‐reports of victimization, thereby supporting the hypothesis of culture‐dependency of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 39 :182‐200, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of Environmental and Genetic Factors and Gene–Environment Interactions With Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Karlson Elizabeth W. , Ding Bo , Keenan Brendan T. , Liao Katherine , Costenbader Karen H. , Klareskog Lars , Alfredsson Lars , Chibnik Lori B.
Published: March 2013

Objective

We developed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk models based on validated environmental factors (E), genetic risk scores (GRS), and gene–environment interactions (GEI) to identify factors that can improve accuracy and reclassification.

Methods

Models including E, GRS, and GEI were developed among 317 white seropositive RA cases and 551 controls from the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS) and validated in 987 white anti–citrullinated protein antibody–positive cases and 958 controls from the Swedish Epidemiologic Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis (EIRA), stratified by sex. Primary analyses included age, smoking, alcohol, parity, weighted GRS using 31 non‐HLA alleles and 8 HLA–DRB1 alleles, and the HLA × smoking interaction. Expanded models included reproductive, geographic, and occupational factors and additional GEI terms. Hierarchical models were compared for discriminative accuracy using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and reclassification using the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and the continuous net reclassification improvement.

Results

The mean age at RA diagnosis was 56 years in the NHS and 51 years in the EIRA. Primary models produced AUCs of 0.716 in the NHS, 0.716 in women in the EIRA, and 0.756 in men in the EIRA. Expanded models produced improvements in discrimination with AUCs of 0.738 in the NHS, 0.724 in women in the EIRA, and 0.769 in men in the EIRA. Models including genetic factors (G) or G + GEI improved reclassification over E models; the full E + G + GEI model provided the optimal predictive ability by IDI analyses.

Conclusion

We have developed comprehensive RA risk models incorporating E, G, and GEI that have improved the discriminative accuracy for RA. Further work developing and assessing highly specific prediction models in prospective cohorts is still needed to inform primary RA prevention trials.
Algorithmic Tectonics: How Cold War Era Research Shaped Our Imagination of Design
Authors: Llach Daniel Cardoso
Published: March 2013

Between 1959 and 1967, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hosted the pioneering Computer‐Aided Design Project, funded by the US Air Force. Engineers, researchers and students were brought together to re‐imagine ‘design in the language of the machine’, and one of the most renowned students on this programme was Ivan Sutherland, the inventor and programmer of Sketchpad ‐ the first interactive graphics system. Here, Daniel Cardoso Llach, an architect and researcher based at MIT, traces the influence of this Cold War project on the culture of building design and production today.
Networked Space
Authors: Shelden Dennis
Published: March 2013

Dennis Shelden, Chief Technology Officer at Gehry Technologies, asserts ‘a networked spatial approach to design informatics’ that brings together a spatial understanding with a current knowledge of geometry, the digital and modern communications. This emphasises the connections between not only forms and objects in space, but also among disciplines in a collaborative practice context and of the Web itself. It is a connectedness that has been further facilitated by the adoption of 3‐D building information modelling (BIM) that helps to streamline processes and facilitate better communication among disparate members of the design team.
Structural Emergence: Architectural and Structural Design Collaboration at SOM
Authors: Besserud Keith , Katz Neil , Beghini Alessandro
Published: March 2013

At Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) there is a strong culture of collaboration between architects and engineers, and innovation in computational technologies ‐ the firm fervently embraced the computer over 50 years ago. Here a cross‐disciplinary team from SOM, architects Keith Besserud and Neil Katz and structural engineer Alessandro Beghini, describe their current work on FE algorithms and how this has informed recent projects.
Simulating the User Experience: Design Optimisation for Visitor Comfort
Authors: Sharma Shrikant , Fisher Al
Published: March 2013

Much emphasis in computation has been put on the potential of building information modelling (BIM) and other software in the coordination of the design and construction process and on building performance. What, however, can modelling techniques offer to shift the focus to simulating the user experience? Shrikant Sharma and Al Fisher of Buro Happold SMART Solutions, which offers specialist computational innovation services to external clients, describe how their team has developed SMART Move, a crowd‐modelling software that has been used in the development of the designs for Wilkinson Eyre's Exeter University Forum and Foster + Partners' Thomas Deacon Academy.
Bridging a Culture: The Design of Museo Soumaya
Authors: Romero Fernando , Ramos Armando
Published: March 2013

Fernando Romero and Armando Ramos of Fernando Romero EnterprisE (FREE) describe how the firm's design for an iconic museum in Mexico City, which adopted complex computational techniques, required them to develop an integrated and highly collaborative approach to design; with a central digital 3‐D model being applied throughout the construction phase.
Domesticating Parametric Design
Authors: Bell Bruce , Simpkin Sarah
Published: March 2013

Small‐scale domestic design has largely escaped the attention of the proponents of parametric design. Bruce Bell of Facit Homes and writer Sarah Simpkin describe how, with the aid of digital production methods, Facit is rethinking the sustainable house as a bespoke product produced by a single design‐manufacturing team.
Planning by Parameters
Authors: Zuidgeest Jeroen , van der Burgh Sanne , Kalmeyer Bas
Published: March 2013

With increasing pressure on available land for development, planning parameters continue to intensify. Since the early 1990s, such constraints on urban sites have provided a significant focus for MRVDV's design and research. The practice has worked on the creation of interactive software that enables designers to interact with the limits and opportunities highlighted by the visualisation and evaluation of these parameters. Jeroen Zuidgeest and Sanne van der Burgh of MVRDV and Bas Kalmeyer of think tank The Why Factory describe how parametric models are now being applied, leading the way to a whole new generation of open‐source planning tools.
After After Geometry
Authors: Meredith Michael
Published: March 2013

Michael Meredith of MOS Architects examines his own practice's preoccupation with physics and the particle‐oriented world, and the persistent problem of meaning and meaninglessness against the backdrop of the architecture of a previous era: a period that spanned the Deconstruction movement of the late 1980s and closed with Greg Lynn's seminal 1997 Architecture After Geometry edition of AD.
Computational Fluid Dynamics for Architectural Design
Authors: Kaijima Sawako , Bouffanais Roland , Willcox Karen , Naidu Suresh
Published: March 2013

There are many ‘compelling possibilities’ for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in architecture, as demonstrated by its successful adoption in the aerospace, automotive and product manufacturing industries. Sawako Kaijima, Roland Bouffanais, Karen Willcox and Suresh Naidu of ARCH‐CFD, a research initiative at the International Design Centre established by the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), explore CFD's potential.
Galapagos: On the Logic and Limitations of Generic Solvers
Authors: Rutten David
Published: March 2013

A graduate in architecture and urbanism from TU Delft, David Rutten works with software company Robert McNeel & Associates (RMN). The developer of Grasshopper®, he was recently awarded the ACADIA 2012 award for innovative research. The Galapagos plug‐in, which Rutten has developed for Grasshopper®, implements two generic solvers (one using a genetic algorithm and one using a simulated annealing algorithm). A generic solver will find a solution to a problem that can be expressed in a mathematical way; however, as he explains here, while these solutions may not be exact, they will be very good.
Processing and Characterization of In Situ (TiC–TiB2)p/AZ91D Magnesium Matrix Composites
Authors: Shamekh Mohammed , Pugh Martin , Medraj Mamoun
Published: March 2013

In this paper, a practical and cost‐effective processing route, in situ reactive infiltration technique, was utilized to fabricate magnesium matrix composites reinforced with a network of TiC–TiB2 particulates. These ceramic reinforcement phases were synthesized in situ from Ti and B4C powders without any addition of a third metal powder such as Al. The molten Mg alloy infiltrates the preform of (Tip + B4Cp) by capillary forces. The microstructure of the composites was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). The compression behavior of the composites processed at different conditions was investigated. Also, the flexural strength behavior was assessed through the four‐point‐bending test at room temperature. Microstructural characterization of the (TiB2–TiC)/AZ91D composite processed at 900 °C for 1.5 h shows a relatively uniform distribution of TiB2 and TiC particulates in the matrix material resulting in the highest compressive strength and Young's modulus. Compared with those of the unreinforced AZ91D Mg alloy, the elastic modulus, flexural and compressive strengths of the composite are greatly improved. In contrast, the ductility is lower than that of the unreinforced AZ91D Mg alloy. However, this lower ductility was improved by the addition of MgH2 powder in the preform. Secondary scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the fracture surfaces after the flexural strength test. The composites show signs of mixed fracture; cleavage regions and some dimpling. In addition, microcracks observed in the matrix show that the failure might have initiated in the matrix rather than from the reinforcing particulates.
Block‐Copolymer‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous WO3−x/Carbon Nanocomposites as High‐Rate‐Performance Electrodes for Pseudocapacitors
Authors: Jo Changshin , Hwang Jongkook , Song Hannah , Dao Anh Ha , Kim Yong‐Tae , Lee Sang Hyup , Hong Seok Won , Yoon Songhun , Lee Jinwoo
Published: March 2013

An ordered mesoporous tungsten‐oxide/carbon (denoted as m‐WO3−x‐C‐s) nanocomposite is synthesized using a simple one‐pot method using polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO) as a structure‐directing agent. The hydrophilic PEO block interacts with the carbon and tungsten precursors (resol polymer and WCl6), and the PS block is converted to pores after heating at 700 °C under a nitrogen flow. The m‐WO3−x‐C‐s nanocomposite has a high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and hexagonally ordered pores. Because of its mesoporous structure and high intrinsic density of tungsten oxide, this material exhibits a high average volumetric capacitance and gravimetric capacitance as a pseudocapacitor electrode. In comparison with reduced mesoporous tungsten oxide (denoted as m‐WO3−x‐h), which is synthesized by a tedious hard template approach and further reduction in a H2/N2 atmosphere, m‐WO3−x‐C‐s shows a high capacitance and enhanced rate performance, as confirmed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The good performance of m‐WO3−x‐C‐s is attributed to the high surface area arising from the mesoporous structure, the large interconnected mesopores, and the low internal resistance from the well‐dispersed reduced tungsten oxide and amorphous carbon composite structure. Here, the amorphous carbon acts as an electrical pathway for effective pseudocapacitor behavior of WO3‐x.
Extreme Optical Properties Tuned Through Phase Substitution in a Structurally Optimized Biological Photonic Polycrystal
Authors: Wu Xia , Erbe Andreas , Raabe Dierk , Fabritius Helge‐Otto
Published: March 2013

Biological photonic structures evolved by insects provide inspiring examples for the design and fabrication of synthetic photonic crystals. The small scales covering the beetle Entimus imperialis are subdivided into irregularly shaped domains that mostly show striking colors, yet some appear colorless. The colors originate from photonic crystals consisting of cuticular material and air, which are geometrically separated by a triply periodic D‐surface (diamond). The structure and orientation of the photonic crystals are charactized and it is shown that in colorless domains SiO2 substitutes the air. The experimental results are incorporated into a precise D‐surface structure model used to simulate the photonic band structure. The study shows that the structural parameters in colored domains are optimized for maximum reflectivity by maximizing the stop gap width. The colorless domains provide a biological example of how the optical appearance changes through alteration of the refractive index contrast between the constituting phases.