bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laser thermal therapy monitoring using complex differential variance in optical coherence tomography
Authors: Lo William C. Y. , Uribe‐Patarroyo Néstor , Nam Ahhyun S. , Villiger Martin , Vakoc Benjamin J. , Bouma Brett E.
Published: September 2016

Conventional thermal therapy monitoring techniques based on temperature are often invasive, limited by point sampling, and are indirect measures of tissue injury, while techniques such as magnetic resonance and ultrasound thermometry are limited by their spatial resolution.  The visualization of the thermal coagulation zone at high spatial resolution is particularly critical to the precise delivery of thermal energy to epithelial lesions. In this work, an integrated thulium laser thermal therapy monitoring system was developed based on complex differential variance (CDV), which enables the 2D visualization of the dynamics of the thermal coagulation process at high spatial and temporal resolution with an optical frequency domain imaging system. With proper calibration to correct for noise, the CDV‐based technique was shown to accurately delineate the thermal coagulation zone, which is marked by the transition from high CDV upon heating to a significantly reduced CDV once the tissue is coagulated, in 3 different tissue types ex vivo: skin, retina, and esophagus. The ability to delineate thermal lesions in multiple tissue types at high resolution opens up the possibility of performing microscopic image‐guided procedures in a vast array of epithelial applications ranging from dermatology, ophthalmology, to gastroenterology and beyond. 

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Symptom Reduction Without Remoralization: A Randomized, Waiting‐List Controlled Study Aimed at Separating Two Beneficial Psychotherapy Outcome Effects
Authors: Vissers Wiede , Keijsers Ger P.J. , Kampman Mirjam , Hendriks Gert‐Jan , Rijnders Paul , Hutschemaekers Giel J.M.
Published: September 2016

Objective

Treatment effects in psychotherapy outcome research are generally based on the reduction of symptoms. Standard inclusion of other beneficial treatment effects such as remoralization (increase of hope, self‐efficacy, well‐being) might lead to more elaborate findings in the field of psychotherapy. On the other hand, it is also possible that symptom reduction and remoralization always go hand in hand in the experience of patients. The present study sought to experimentally test this assumption.

Method

A total of 78 patients suffering from panic disorder were randomly assigned to brief remoralization treatment, brief exposure treatment, or waiting list (WL).

Results

Both treatments increased remoralization and both reduced symptoms of panic disorder as compared to WL.

Conclusion

It is unlikely that patients experience remoralization without symptom reduction or symptom reduction without remoralization. These findings do not favor the assumption that conclusions within psychotherapy outcome research are flawed because of its heavy reliance on measurements of symptom reduction.
Use of a Collagen Membrane to Enhance the Survival of Primary Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Di Claudio Fiorella , Muglia Cecilia I. , Smaldini Paola L. , Orsini Delgado María Lucía , Trejo Fernando M. , Grigera J. Raúl , Docena Guillermo H.
Published: September 2016

Intestinal epithelial cell culture is important for biological, functional, and immunological studies. Since enterocytes have a short in vivo life span due to anoikis, we aimed to establish a novel and reproducible method to prolong the survival of mouse and human cells. Cells were isolated following a standard procedure, and cultured on ordered‐cow's collagen membranes. A prolonged cell life span was achieved; cells covered the complete surface of bio‐membranes and showed a classical enterocyte morphology with high expression of enzymes supporting the possibility of cryopreservation. Apoptosis was dramatically reduced and cultured enterocytes expressed cytokeratin and LGR5 (low frequency). Cells exposed to LPS or flagellin showed the induction of TLR4 and TLR5 expression and a functional phenotype upon exposure to the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum or the pathogenic Clostridium difficile. The secretion of the homeostatic (IL‐25 and TSLP), inhibitory (IL‐10 and TGF‐β), or pro‐inflammatory mediators (IL‐1β and TNF) were induced. In conclusion, this novel protocol using cow's collagen‐ordered membrane provides a simple and reproducible method to maintain intestinal epithelial cells functional for cell‐microorganism interaction studies and stem cell expansion. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2489–2496, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Taguchi method in optimizing the microstructure of 316LN austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Zhang M. X. , Yang B. , Wang S. L. , Chen Y. F.
Published: September 2016

The hot deformation behavior of AISI 316LN austenitic stainless steel was studied through isothermal hot deformation tests conducted on Gleeble 1500 thermo‐simulation machine. By using Taguchi method with an L16 (43) orthogonal array, the hot deformation conditions including deformation temperature, strain rate and strain were optimized for obtaining minimum mean grain size of the steel. Analysis of variance was used for determining the effect of the hot deformation parameters on the mean grain size. The results suggested that the strain had the most significant effect on the mean grain size among the three factors. The percent contributions of deformation temperature, strain rate and strain to the mean grain size were 0.80 %, 2.45 % and 93.32 %, respectively. Finally, the confirmation experiment under the optimum conditions, i.e., 1050 °C temperature, 0.01 s–1 strain rate and 0.7 strain was carried out. The observational mean grain size (11.4 μm) is approximately twelve times smaller than that of the initial microstructure.
Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects
Authors: Schlüter Oliver , Rumpold Birgit , Holzhauser Thomas , Roth Angelika , Vogel Rudi F. , Quasigroch Walter , Vogel Stephanie , Heinz Volker , Jäger Henry , Bandick Nils , Kulling Sabine , Knorr Dietrich , Steinberg Pablo , Engel Karl‐Heinz
Published: September 2016

At present, insects are rarely used by the European food industry, but they are a subject of growing interest as an alternative source of raw materials. The risks associated with the use of insects in the production of foods and food ingredients have not been sufficiently investigated. There is a lack of scientifically based knowledge of insect processing to ensure food safety, especially when these processes are carried out on an industrial scale. This review focuses on the safety aspects that need to be considered regarding the fractionation of insects for the production of foods and food ingredients.
Cation‐anion radical interactions between halopyridinium cations and metal dithiolene complexes [M(C2S2)2CN]−•: A theoretical study of halogen bonds in conducting or magnetic molecular materials
Authors: Zhao Chengxi , Lu Yunxiang , Wang Guimin , Zhu Weiliang
Published: September 2016

Metal dithiolene complexes have been extensively used for the elaboration of conducting or magnetic materials, whose molecular arrangements can be sensitively influenced by strong and directional noncovalent interactions. In this work, halogen bonds between N‐methyl‐3‐halopyridinium cations and cyano‐substituted anion radicals, [M(C2S2)2CN]−• (M = Ni, Pd, and Pt), were systematically investigated at the M06 level of theory. The CN···X interactions in these systems are predicted to be considerably strong and play a vital role in the controlling of the crystal structures of molecular conductors and magnets. The electrostatics contributes mainly to the attraction of these halogen bonds, while the orbital interaction is also important. Particularly, the formation of these interactions has little effect on the distribution of SOMOs, which is strongly delocalized on the two dithiolene moieties. These results will assist in the design of functional materials that exhibit exotic conducting or magnetic properties.
Structure‐Based System Dynamics Analysis of Engineering Design Processes
Authors: Kasperek Daniel , Schenk Daniel , Kreimeyer Matthias , Maurer Maik , Lindemann Udo
Published: September 2016

The dynamic process behavior of Engineering Design Processes (EDPs) needs to be understood in order to distribute resources appropriately as well as for cost and schedule calculation. Currently, structural and behavioral modeling approaches are used in the context of EDP management. In many use cases, it is essential to have at hand both the static structural view and the dynamic behavioral one. Currently, however, the two modeling approaches cannot be sufficiently combined. Within this work, a framework for the structure‐based System Dynamics analysis of EDPs is presented. It uses structural models as a basis for constructing System Dynamics models to simulate the process behavior and thereby supports understanding the correlation of process structure and behavior. This framework was iteratively developed by conducting case studies and consists of three layers, a five‐step procedure and special support for the transformation of the models. For the validation, a subset of the design process at a large German commercial vehicle manufacturer has been chosen. Based on the application of the framework during a six‐month project at the company, the industrial experts rated the framework as beneficial for the purpose of optimizing EDPs. Furthermore, they stated that the transparent representation of the sequence of the process, influencing factors and control variables in combination with the quantitative data had improved their understanding of the overall process.
Anti‐tumor effects of nitidine on camptothecin‐resistant A549 cells in a xenograft mouse model
Authors: Taira Naoyuki , Inafuku Masashi , Oku Hirosuke
Published: September 2016

Aim

Nitidine (NTD) has been reported to specifically inhibit the growth of human A549 non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells via selective intracellular accumulation. Our recent study showed that NTD preferentially accumulates in camptothecin‐resistant A549 cells (CRC) compared with normal A549 cells (nA549) in vitro. Here, we examined the in vivo anti‐tumor effects of NTD on CRC‐derived tumors and oral treatment on nA549 using a xenograft mouse model.

Methods

Cancer cells were intradermally inoculated into the back of mice. Then, 100 µg NTD was injected i.p. into the nA549‐ or CRC‐derived tumor‐bearing mice. To confirm the anti‐tumor effects of oral NTD, the nA549‐transplanted mice were fed a diet containing NTD concentrate prepared from
Toddalia asiatica Lam.

Results

The anti‐tumor effect of NTD (i.p.) manifested earlier in CRC‐derived tumors than in the A549‐derived tumors. Oral NTD concentrate also significantly inhibited the growth of the nA549‐derived tumors. NTD was detected in the tumor but not in other tissues in the NTD concentrate‐fed mice.

Conclusion

CRC‐derived tumor was more susceptible to NTD treatment than nA549‐derived tumor. Furthermore, the anti‐tumor effect of oral NTD and its preferential accumulation in tumor tissues have been demonstrated for the first time. This may be useful for the development of safe anti‐cancer drugs.
Efficacy of fixed-dosing aflibercept for treating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: 1-year results of the VAULT study
Authors: Lee Joo Eun , Shin Jae Pil , Kim Hyun Woong , Chang Woohyok , Kim Yu Cheol , Lee Sang Joon , Chung In Young , Lee Ji Eun ,   VAULT study group, Lee Joo Eun , Shin Jae Pil , Kim Hyun Woong , Chang Woohyok , Kim Yu Cheol , Lee Sang Joon , Chung In Young , Kim Kwang Soo , Park Sung Who , Lee Ji Eun
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To investigate fixed-dosing aflibercept for treating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).

Methods

This phase IV, prospective, single-arm, interventional case series was conducted in eight centers. Forty treatment-naïve PCV patients were administered three monthly doses of intravitreal aflibercept (2.0 mg) and an injection every 2 months thereafter. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) were measured at each visit. Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed at baseline, 3 and 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who maintained BCVA (<15 letters loss) at 12 months. Changes in BCVA, macular appearance, and polypoidal lesion appearance were also examined.

Results

Thirty-five eyes (87.5 %) had maintained BCVA at 12 months. Average BCVA was significantly higher at 12 months (20/53, 64.2 letters) than at baseline (20/80, 55.1 letters, 9-letter gain; P < .001). Mean CSMT was significantly lower at 12 months (253.6 μm) than at baseline (365.2 μm, P < .001). The macula was dry in 32 (76.2 %), 27 (64.3 %), and 24 eyes (60.0 %) at 3, 6, and 12 months respectively. Fourteen eyes (33.3 %) had a fluid recurrence or increase at 6 months, and they had a significantly lower vision gain (P = .005) than other patients at 12 months. Complete polyp regression occurred in 26 eyes (66.7 %) at 12 months.

Conclusions

Fixed-dosing aflibercept showed favorable outcomes in PCV patients at 12 months. However, some patients had worse outcomes because of fluid recurrence during maintenance dosing, and these patients would require additional treatments.
Prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors
Authors: Pal Amitava , Pari Amal Kumar , Sinha Arunangshu , Dhara Prakash C.
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives:

Malnutrition is a silent emergency and it is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adolescent throughout the world. The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition among 10 to 17 years old adolescent and its association with socio-demographic factors.

Design and setting:

This community based cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between May 2014 to April 2015 on 839 subjects.

Subjects and methods:

Anthropometric measures were measured in 560 adolescents in rural areas of West Bengal state, India, by using standard technique. Different socio-demographic variables were studied by questioner method.

Results:

In the present investigation, about 54% of adolescents were stunted and 49% were thin. The adolescents belonged to lower social class were significantly more likely to be stunted (OR = 2.68) and thin (OR = 2.44). Other variables like father's occupation, mother's education, economic status and sanitation showed significant and negative association with undernutrition. However, mother's working status showed significant and positive association with undernutrition. Adolescents of working mothers were more likely to be stunted and thin than those who do not worked outside of the home. The adolescents of women with higher education were less likely to be undernourished than adolescents of poor and uneducated women. Adolescents of nuclear families (family size <4) were more likely to be stunted and thin.

Conclusions:

Poverty is found to be an important factor of undernutrition among the adolescents. So there is a require to implement well-thought poverty reduction actions along with providing mass education regarding nutrition and health with a special focus on economically and socially deprived sections of the society.
Hegel’s ‘Bad Infinity’ as a Logical Problem
Authors: Kolman Vojtěch
Published: September 2016

The paper analyses the concept of ‘bad infinity’ in connection with Hegel’s critique of infinitesimal calculus and with the belittling of Hegel’s mathematical notions by the representatives of modern logic and the foundations of mathematics. The main line of argument draws on the observation that Hegel’s difference is only derivatively a mathematical one and is primarily of a broadly logico-epistemological nature. Because of this, the concept of bad infinity can be fruitfully utilized, by way of inversion, in an analysis of the conceptual shortcomings of the most prominent foundational attempts at dealing with infinite quanta, such as Cantor’s set theory and Hilbert’s axiomatism. As such, the paper is an attempt at reconstructing Hegel’s philosophy of mathematics and its role in his philosophical system and, more importantly, as a contribution to logic in the more general and radical sense of the word.
Stratigraphy, mammalian paleontology, paleoecology, and age correlation of the Wasatch Formation, Fossil Butte National Monument, Wyoming
Authors: Gunnell Gregg F. , Zonneveld John-Paul , Bartels William S.
Published: September 2016

Fieldwork conducted in the Wasatch Formation in and around Fossil Butte has yielded a diverse assemblage of early Eocene vertebrates. Fossil vertebrates are distributed through three discrete stratigraphic intervals within the uppermost 180 m of the main body of the Wasatch Formation underlying the Green River Formation. These assemblages were derived primarily from fluvial overbank mudstone units overprinted with variably well-developed paleosols. The lowest (20 m) and highest (60 m) sections are characterized by less mature and more hydromorphic paleosols, whereas the middle section (100 m) is typified by more mature paleosols and more abundant channel sandstones.

The combined assemblages contain at least 46 species of mammals. Faunal characteristics include high abundances of equid perissodactyls and a relatively high abundance and diversity of notharctines primates, an apparent absence of omomyid primates, relatively high rodent diversity, and relatively diverse and abundant artiodactyls. One new genus (Eoictopsnew genus) and three new species (Eoictops novacekinew species,Palaeosinopa lacusnew species, and ?Notoparamys blochinew species) are included in the Fossil Butte assemblage. Also recorded are late occurrences of two hyopsodontid condylarths and an early occurrence of a rare phenacodontid condylarth. The relatively high abundances of equids and notharctines suggest that vertebrate samples were derived from relatively open paleohabitats that included forested areas along water courses.

All three assemblages contain characteristic Lysitean (Wasatchian biochron Wa-6) elements, but the occurrence of the palaeotheriid perissodactylLambdotheriumin the uppermost horizon indicates a Lostcabinian (Wa-7) age for at least the top of the Wasatch Formation. The overlying predominantly fish-bearing Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation also containsLambdotheriumand is therefore Wa-7 in age as well.
A large eagle (Aves, Accipitridae) from the early Miocene of Panama
Authors: Steadman David. W. , MacFadden Bruce J.
Published: September 2016

We report the first Tertiary bird fossil from Central America, an ungual phalanx from a large, unknown genus and species of Accipitridae from the early Miocene Centenario Fauna, Panama. This specimen provides another example of a Neogene bird from North and Central America with its possible closest living relatives occurring today in Africa. In contrast, there is no evidence of African affinities among the reptile or mammal fossils from the Centenario Fauna.
Callovian and Oxfordian (Jurassic) teuthids (Coleoidea, Cephalopoda) from Chile
Authors: Riccardi Alberto C.
Published: September 2016

Coleoid specimens from the Jurassic of northern Chile are included in two different species ofTrachyteuthis, i.e.,T. covacevichiFuchs and Schultze, 2008 andT. chilensisn. sp., and in a new genus and a new species,Pseudoteudopsis perezin. gen. n. sp. The specimens described and figured are from two different areas in northern Chile. Those referred toPseudoteudopsis perezin. gen. n. sp. came from a locality north of Calama and are associated with ammonites indicating the lower Callovian uppermostbodenbenderito lowermostproximumzones (≈gracilisStandard Zone) of the Andean ammonite zonation. Those described asT. covacevichiandT. chilensisn. sp. came from the Cordillera de Domeyko, northeast of Taltal, and are associated with ammonites indicating the middle OxfordiantransversariumZone.
Organic-walled microfossils of the mid-Neoproterozoic Alinya Formation, Officer Basin, Australia
Authors: Riedman Leigh Anne , Porter Susannah
Published: September 2016

Estimates of Precambrian eukaryotic diversity and disparity indicate broad trends of increase in the Mesoproterozoic Era, leading to a peak and then rapid decline by ca. 750 Ma. The organic-walled microfossil assemblage presented here is representative of that mid-Neoproterozoic height of eukaryotic species richness. Organic-rich shales and siltstones of the mid-Neoproterozoic upper Alinya Formation, eastern Officer Basin, Australia, preserve an abundant and diverse assemblage of organic-walled microfossils deposited in a low-latitude, shallow marine setting. Use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed an unexpected level of morphological detail not visible in transmitted light microscopy. This led to the recognition of new species as well as establishment of degradational sequences, which aid in fossil recognition. In total, 26 taxa are described here; these include 21 previously named forms, four newly described species (Caelatimurus foveolatus, Culcitulisphaera revelata,Karenagare alinyaensis, andMorgensternia officerensis), and one new combination (Vidalopalla verrucata).
ON REALS WITH -BOUNDED COMPLEXITY AND COMPRESSIVE POWER
Authors: HERBERT IAN
Published: September 2016

The (prefix-free) Kolmogorov complexity of a finite binary string is the length of the shortest description of the string. This gives rise to some ‘standard’ lowness notions for reals: A isK-trivial if its initial segments have the lowest possible complexity and A is low forKif using A as an oracle does not decrease the complexity of strings by more than a constant factor. We weaken these notions by requiring the defining inequalities to hold only up to all${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$orders, and call the new notions${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$-bounded K-trivialand${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$-bounded low for K. Several of the ‘nice’ properties ofK-triviality are lost with this weakening. For instance, the new weaker definitions both give uncountable set of reals. In this paper we show that the weaker definitions are no longer equivalent, and that the${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$-boundedK-trivials are cofinal in the Turing degrees. We then compare them to other previously studied weakenings, namelyinfinitely-often K-trivialityandweak lowness for K(in each, the defining inequality must hold up to a constant, but only for infinitely many inputs). We show that${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$-boundedK-trivial implies infinitely-oftenK-trivial, but no implication holds between${\rm{\Delta }}_2^0$-bounded low forKand weakly low forK.
REDUCTS OF STRUCTURES AND MAXIMAL-CLOSED PERMUTATION GROUPS
Authors: BODIRSKY MANUEL , MACPHERSON DUGALD
Published: September 2016

Answering a question of Junker and Ziegler, we construct a countable first order structure which is not ω-categorical, but does not have any proper nontrivial reducts, in either of two senses (model-theoretic, and group-theoretic). We also construct a strongly minimal set which is not ω-categorical but has no proper nontrivial reducts in the model-theoretic sense.
DEFINABILITY OF SATISFACTION IN OUTER MODELS
Authors: FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , HONZIK RADEK
Published: September 2016

Let M be a transitive model of ZFC. We say that a transitive model of ZFC, N, is an outer model of M if M ⊆ N and ORD ∩ M = ORD ∩ N. The outer model theory of M is the collection of all formulas with parameters from M which hold in all outer models of M (which exist in a universe in which M is countable; this is independent of the choice of such a universe). Satisfaction defined with respect to outer models can be seen as a useful strengthening of first-order logic. Starting from an inaccessible cardinal κ, we show that it is consistent to have a transitive model M of ZFC of size κ in which the outer model theory is lightface definable, and moreover M satisfies V = HOD. The proof combines the infinitary logic L∞,ω, Barwise’s results on admissible sets, and a new forcing iteration of length strictly less than κ+ which manipulates the continuum function on certain regular cardinals below κ. In the appendix, we review some unpublished results of Mack Stanley which are directly related to our topic.
Notes from Libya
Authors: Bennett Paul
Published: September 2016

‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies and follows the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas, and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merit a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.
The One Body of the Shema in 1 Corinthians: An Ecclesiology of Christological Monotheism
Authors: Byers Andrew
Published: September 2016

When Paul employs the motif of oneness in 1 Corinthians 12 and joins it to the metaphor of Christ's body, he is drawing not only on Greco-Roman political rhetoric, as argued by the majority of interpreters, but also, and at times more directly, from theological wells found within his Jewish theological heritage: the use of the phrase ‘one body’ in 1 Corinthians is an ecclesial application of the Shema. Paul's oneness language expresses not simply a call to internal unity or social harmony. Ultimately, the ecclesial designation ‘one’ is a succinct articulation of an ecclesiology of Christological monotheism.
Let the people sing? Irish rebel songs, sectarianism, and Scotland's Offensive Behaviour Act
Authors: Millar Stephen R.
Published: September 2016

Irish rebel songs afford Scotland's Irish diaspora a means to assert, experience and perform their alterity free from the complexities of the Irish language. Yet this benign intent can be offset by how the music is perceived by elements of Scotland's majority Protestant population. The Scottish Government's Offensive Behaviour Act (2012) has been used to prosecute those singing Irish rebel songs and there is continuing debate as to how this alleged offence should be dealt with. This article explores the social function and cultural perception of Irish rebel songs in the west coast of Scotland, examining what qualities lead to a song being perceived as ‘sectarian’, by focusing on song lyrics, performance context and extra-musical discourse. The article explores the practice of lyrical ‘add-ins’ that inflect the meaning of key songs, and argues that the sectarianism of a song resides, at least in part, in the perception of the listener.
Language ideology and kadongo kamu flow
Authors: Pier David
Published: September 2016

Kadongo kamu is a Ugandan guitar-based genre recognisable by its dense storytelling lyrics in Luganda language. This article offers a close analysis of kadongo kamu musical style, focusing on the interface between speech rhythm and musical rhythm. The style's poetic-musical ‘flow’ to be structurally analysed is interpreted with reference to a historically evolved language ideology which construes Luganda to be exceptionally ‘rich’ and ‘deep’. I show how specific musical techniques are used to foreground aspects of Luganda that speakers prize as elegant and learned. This musical artistry enhances listeners’ impressions of the proverb-rich ‘deep Luganda’ poetry for which kadongo kamu singers are famous.
The mobilising of the German 1848 protest song tradition in the context of international twentieth-century folk revivals
Authors: Robb David
Published: September 2016

The rediscovery of democratic traditions of folk song in Germany after the Second World War was not just the counter-reaction of singers and academics to the misuse of German folk song by the Nazis. Such a shift to a more ‘progressive’ interpretation and promotion of folk tradition at that time was not distinct to Germany and had already taken place in other parts of the Western world. After firstly examining the relationship between folk song and national ideologies in the nineteenth century, this article will focus on the democratic ideological basis on which the 1848 revolutionary song tradition was reconstructed after the Third Reich. It will look at how the New Social Movements of West Germany and the folk scene of the GDR functioned in providing channels of transmission for this, and how in this process a collective cultural memory was created whereby lost songs – such as those of the 1848 Revolution – could be awakened from extinction. These processes will be illustrated by textual and musical adaptations of key 1848 songs such as ‘Badisches Wiegenlied’ (Baden Lullaby), ‘Das Blutgericht’ (The Blood Court) and ‘Trotz alledem’ (For all that) within the context of the West German folk movement and its counterpart in the GDR.
Behind the magical mystery door: history, mythology and the aura of Abbey Road Studios
Authors: Bennett Samantha
Published: September 2016

In rock historiography, Abbey Road Studios is depicted as the rock canon's ultimate recording house; home to the Beatles, Pink Floyd and a generation of classic rock album production. In recent years, the studio has struggled to maintain itself as an operational recording house, yet effectively exploits its past to secure its future. This article considers issues of heritage, pilgrimage and tourism before elucidating brand ‘Abbey Road’ as a conflation of geographical location, zebra crossing, graffiti wall, recording house and aura. In separating the tangible aspects of Abbey Road's heritage – the zebra crossing, graffiti wall and the Beatles Abbey Road album – out from its intangibles – its ‘magic’, legacy and studio ‘vibe’ – Abbey Road's studio aura is exposed as a commodity in its own right.
TREATMENT SWITCHING: STATISTICAL AND DECISION-MAKING CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES
Authors: Latimer Nicholas R. , Henshall Chris , Siebert Uwe , Bell Helen
Published: September 2016

Objectives: Treatment switching refers to the situation in a randomized controlled trial where patients switch from their randomly assigned treatment onto an alternative. Often, switching is from the control group onto the experimental treatment. In this instance, a standard intention-to-treat analysis does not identify the true comparative effectiveness of the treatments under investigation. We aim to describe statistical methods for adjusting for treatment switching in a comprehensible way for nonstatisticians, and to summarize views on these methods expressed by stakeholders at the 2014 Adelaide International Workshop on Treatment Switching in Clinical Trials.

Methods: We describe three statistical methods used to adjust for treatment switching: marginal structural models, two-stage adjustment, and rank preserving structural failure time models. We draw upon discussion heard at the Adelaide International Workshop to explore the views of stakeholders on the acceptability of these methods.

Results: Stakeholders noted that adjustment methods are based on assumptions, the validity of which may often be questionable. There was disagreement on the acceptability of adjustment methods, but consensus that when these are used, they should be justified rigorously. The utility of adjustment methods depends upon the decision being made and the processes used by the decision-maker.

Conclusions: Treatment switching makes estimating the true comparative effect of a new treatment challenging. However, many decision-makers have reservations with adjustment methods. These, and how they affect the utility of adjustment methods, require further exploration. Further technical work is required to develop adjustment methods to meet real world needs, to enhance their acceptability to decision-makers.
An Ordinal Model of Risk Based on Mariner's Judgement
Authors: Lopez-Santander Adan , Lawry Jonathan
Published: September 2016

This paper describes a statistical method for learning and estimating the risk posed by other craft in the vicinity of a vessel and an overview of its possible spatial application, simulating how professional mariners perceive and assess such risk and using navigational data obtained from a standard integrated bridge. We propose a non-linear model for risk estimation which attempts to capture mariners' judgement. Questionnaire data has been collected that captures and quantifies mariners’ judgements of risk for craft in the vicinity, where each craft is described by measurements that can be obtained easily from the data already present in the ship's navigational equipment. The dataset has then been used for analysis, training and validating Ordered Probit models in order to obtain a computationally efficient data driven model for estimating the risk probability vector posed by other craft. Finally, we discuss how this risk model can be incorporated into decision making and path finding algorithms.
Ferries in the Firthlands: Communications, Society and Culture along a Northern Scottish Rural Coast, c. 1600 to c. 1809
Authors: WORTHINGTON DAVID
Published: September 2016

This article identifies the social and cultural history of the early modern tidal water ferry, its skippers and passengers, by way of evidence from a northern Scottish rural coast. Evidence from the region's ‘firthlands’ reveals an amphibious communications network which transformed gradually prior to the early nineteenth century. The article argues that the defining local topography of coastal adjacency both influenced, and was influenced by, the people who lived their lives within and around the littoral. A system of short range communications over and between the estuaries and firths is highlighted from a Coastal History perspective, leading to the examination of a ‘pluriactive’ microhistorical space, linking south-east Sutherland, the eastern edges of Easter Ross and the Black Isle and the Nairnshire seaboard. The article thereby opens up possibilities for comparison with other peoples, places and periods, in which being ‘alongshore’ was integral to rural community construction, coalescence, dynamism and friction.
Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq-ERRATUM
Authors: RADPEY LOQMAN
Published: September 2016

In the above paper Figures 1, 2 and 3 were published with the incorrect citations. This error has now been rectified in the original article.
Effects of photoperiod on population performance and sexually dimorphic responses in two major arbovirus mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Costanzo K.S. , Dahan R.A. , Radwan D.
Published: September 2016

The Asian tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus(Skuse) and the yellow fever mosquito,Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus) are medically important species that vector several arboviruses. Globally, populations of both species experience (and are sensitive to) photoperiodic variations. The present study aims to test if photoperiod regimes affect the population performance ofAe. albopictusandAe. aegypti. Since mosquitoes have sex-specific strategies to maximize fitness, we also tested the hypothesis thatAe. albopictusandAe. aegyptiwould exhibit differences in the male and female response (sexually dimorphic response) to various photoperiod treatments. We reared cohorts of first instar larvae to adulthood in three photoperiod treatments: short day (10 h light), control (12 h light) and long day (14 h light). We measured and compared survival to adulthood, population growth, development time of males and females, and wing length across treatments. Although we detected no effects of photoperiod on the population performance of both species, we found evidence of a sexual dimorphic response to photoperiod inAe. albopictus, but not inAe. aegypti, withAe. albopictusfemales being more sensitive to variations in photoperiod. The observed differences between sexes ofAe. albopictusare consistent with sex-specific developmental constraints. The absence of a sexually dimorphic response to photoperiod inAe. aegyptican be attributed to different strategies evolved in this species to prepare for unfavourable conditions associated with shorter day length. We discuss the ecological and medical implications of our findings.
The Trouble with Institutions: How Women's Policy Machineries Can Undermine Women's Mass Participation
Authors: Hern Erin
Published: September 2016

It is no secret that men and women continue to have unequal access in democratic systems. In nearly every country for which data exist, women participate less in politics and hold fewer government positions than men (Beauregard 2014). In recent years, analysis of this ongoing problem has taken an institutional turn: feminist institutionalism examines how the formal and informal “rules of the game” create persistent bias against women in office and the advancement of feminist policy agendas (e.g., Krook and Mackay 2011). Such analysis is important and enlightening, but it illuminates only part of the story. An ongoing problem in most democracies is women's lower level of participation: women are less interested in politics, less likely to be active in campaigning, and less likely to contact officials. While women often vote at the same rate as men, their lower rates of political engagement and higher-intensity forms of participation remains to be explained (Coffe and Bolzendahl 2011; Verba, Burns, and Schlozman 1997).
A Flip-Flopping Climate Could Explain Mars's Watery Past
Authors: Hall Shannon
Published: September 2016

A new hypothesis might reconcile two opposing theories that have tried to explain Mars's mysterious history for more than 40 years.
Long-term treatment of phenylketonuria with a new medical food containing large neutral amino acids
Authors: Concolino D , Mascaro I , Moricca M T , Bonapace G , Matalon K , Trapasso J , Radhakrishnan G , Ferrara C , Matalon R , Strisciuglio P
Published: September 2016

Background/Objectives:

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by deficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. A low phenylalanine (Phe) diet is used to treat PKU. The diet is very restrictive, and dietary adherence tends to decrease as patients get older. Methods to improve dietary adherence and blood Phe control are continuously under investigation.

Subjects/Methods:

A new formula Phe-neutral amino acid (PheLNAA) has been tested in this study with the purpose of improving the compliance and lowering blood phenylalanine. The formula has been tested for nitrogen balance, and it is nutritionally complete. It is fortified with more nutritional additives that can be deficient in the PKU diet, such as B12, Biotin, DHA, Lutein and increased levels of large neutral amino acids to help lower blood Phe. The new formula has been tested on 12 patients with a loading test of 4 weeks.

Results:

Fifty-eight percent of patients had a significant decline in blood Phe concentration from baseline throughout the study. The PheLNAA was well tolerated with excellent compliance and without illnesses during the study.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, the new formula is suitable for life-long treatment of PKU, and it offers the PKU clinic a new choice for treatment.
Neurons in the primate dorsal striatum signal the uncertainty of object–reward associations
Authors: White J. Kael , Monosov Ilya E.
Published: September 2016

To learn, obtain reward and survive, humans and other animals must monitor, approach and act on objects that are associated with variable or unknown rewards. However, the neuronal mechanisms that mediate behaviours aimed at uncertain objects are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that a set of neurons in an internal-capsule bordering regions of the primate dorsal striatum, within the putamen and caudate nucleus, signal the uncertainty of object–reward associations. Their uncertainty responses depend on the presence of objects associated with reward uncertainty and evolve rapidly as monkeys learn novel object–reward associations. Therefore, beyond its established role in mediating actions aimed at known or certain rewards, the dorsal striatum also participates in behaviours aimed at reward-uncertain objects.
The gravity-induced re-localization of auxin efflux carrier CsPIN1 in cucumber seedlings: spaceflight experiments for immunohistochemical microscopy
Authors: Yamazaki Chiaki , Fujii Nobuharu , Miyazawa Yutaka , Kamada Motoshi , Kasahara Haruo , Osada Ikuko , Shimazu Toru , Fusejima Yasuo , Higashibata Akira , Yamazaki Takashi , Ishioka Noriaki , Takahashi Hideyuki
Published: September 2016

Reorientation of cucumber seedlings induces re-localization of CsPIN1 auxin efflux carriers in endodermal cells of the transition zone between hypocotyl and roots. This study examined whether the re-localization of CsPIN1 was due to the graviresponse. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that, when cucumber seedlings were grown entirely under microgravity conditions in space, CsPIN1 in endodermal cells was mainly localized to the cell side parallel to the minor axis of the elliptic cross-section of the transition zone. However, when cucumber seeds were germinated in microgravity for 24 h and then exposed to 1g centrifugation in a direction crosswise to the seedling axis for 2 h in space, CsPIN1 was re-localized to the bottom of endodermal cells of the transition zone. These results reveal that the localization of CsPIN1 in endodermal cells changes in response to gravity. Furthermore, our results suggest that the endodermal cell layer becomes a canal by which auxin is laterally transported from the upper to the lower flank in response to gravity. The graviresponse-regulated re-localization of CsPIN1 could be responsible for the decrease in auxin level, and thus for the suppression of peg formation, on the upper side of the transition zone in horizontally placed seedlings of cucumber.
Correction: Corrigendum: Genome-wide analysis of tomato long non-coding RNAs and identification as endogenous target mimic for microRNA in response to TYLCV infection
Authors: Wang Jinyan , Yu Wengui , Yang Yuwen , Li Xiao , Chen Tianzi , Liu Tingli , Ma Na , Yang Xu , Liu Renyi , Zhang Baolong
Published: September 2016

Scientific Reports 5: Article number: 16946; published online: 18 December 2015; updated: 14 September 2016
Correction: Corrigendum: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) –based score can predict in-hospital mortality in patients with heart failure
Authors: Huang Ya-Ting , Tseng Yuan-Teng , Chu Tung-Wei , Chen John , Lai Min-Yu , Tang Woung-Ru , Shiao Chih-Chung
Published: September 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 29590; published online: 14 July 2016; updated: 14 September 2016
Correction: Corrigendum: Knocking down of heat-shock protein 27 directs differentiation of functional glutamatergic neurons from placenta-derived multipotent cells
Authors: Cheng Yu-Che , Huang Chi-Jung , Lee Yih-Jing , Tien Lu-Tai , Ku Wei-Chi , Chien Raymond , Lee Fa-Kung , Chien Chih-Cheng
Published: September 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 30314; published online: 22 July 2016; updated: 14 September 2016
Generation of self-clusters of galectin-1 in the farnesyl-bound form
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazumi , Niwa Yusuke , Nakabayashi Takakazu , Hiramatsu Hirotsugu
Published: September 2016

Ras protein is involved in a signal transduction cascade in cell growth, and cluster formation of H-Ras and human galectin-1 (Gal-1) complex is considered to be crucial to achieve its physiological roles. It is considered that the complex is formed through interactions between Gal-1 and the farnesyl group (farnesyl-dependent model), post-translationally modified to the C-terminal Cys, of H-Ras. We investigated the role of farnesyl-bound Gal-1 in the cluster formation by analyzing the structure and properties of Gal-1 bound to farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (FTS), a competitive inhibitor of the binding of H-Ras to Gal-1. Gal-1 exhibited self-cluster formation upon interaction with FTS, and small- and large-size clusters were formed depending on FTS concentration. The galactoside-binding pocket of Gal-1 in the FTS-bound form was found to play an important role in small-size cluster formation. Large-size clusters were likely formed by the interaction among the hydrophobic sites of Gal-1 in the FTS-bound form. The present results indicate that Gal-1 in the FTS-bound form has the ability to form self-clusters as well as intrinsic lectin activity. Relevance of the self-clustering of FTS-bound Gal-1 to the cluster formation of the H-Ras–Gal-1complex was discussed by taking account of the farnesyl-dependent model and another (Raf-dependent) model.
Curcumin protects ANIT-induced cholestasis through signaling pathway of FXR-regulated bile acid and inflammation
Authors: Yang Fan , Tang Xiaowen , Ding Lili , zhou Yue , Yang Qiaoling , Gong Junting , Wang Guangyun , Wang Zhengtao , Yang Li
Published: September 2016

Cholestasis is a clinically significant symptom and widely associated with liver diseases, however, there are very few effective therapies for cholestasis. Danning tablet (DNT, a Chinese patent medicine preparation) has been clinically used to treat human liver and gallbladder diseases for more than 20 years in China. However, which ingredients of DNT contributed to this beneficial effect and their mechanistic underpinnings have been largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered that DNT not only demonstrated greater benefits for cholecystitis patients after cholecystectomy surgery in clinic but also showed protective effect against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis model in rodent. Curcumin, one major compound derived from DNT, exerted the protective effect against cholestasis through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which has been focused as potential therapeutic targets for treating cholestasis. The underlying mechanism of curcumin against cholestasis was restoring bile acid homeostasis and antagonizing inflammatory responses in a FXR-dependent manner and in turn contributed to overall cholestasis attenuation. Collectively, curcumin can be served as a potential treatment option for liver injury with cholestasis.
Wild capuchin monkeys adjust stone tools according to changing nut properties
Authors: Luncz Lydia V. , Falótico Tiago , Pascual-Garrido Alejandra , Corat Clara , Mosley Hannah , Haslam Michael
Published: September 2016

Animals foraging in their natural environments need to be proficient at recognizing and responding to changes in food targets that affect accessibility or pose a risk. Wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) use stone tools to access a variety of nut species, including otherwise inaccessible foods. This study tests whether wild capuchins from Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil adjust their tool selection when processing cashew (Anacardium spp.) nuts. During the ripening process of cashew nuts, the amount of caustic defensive substance in the nut mesocarp decreases. We conducted field experiments to test whether capuchins adapt their stone hammer selection to changing properties of the target nut, using stones of different weights and two maturation stages of cashew nuts. The results show that although fresh nuts are easier to crack, capuchin monkeys used larger stone tools to open them, which may help the monkeys avoid contact with the caustic hazard in fresh nuts. We demonstrate that capuchin monkeys are actively able to distinguish between the maturation stages within one nut species, and to adapt their foraging behaviour accordingly.