bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting a survey done
Authors:   Canada Surveyor General Branch
Published: October 2019

This publication provides information on the administrative requirements and procedures for surveys on Canada Lands. It is intended to assist government departments and First Nations administering Canada Lands, entities or persons requiring a survey and Canada
Lands Surveyors. It does not include the technical standards that must be followed by professional Canada Lands Surveyors. Those are published in the National Standards for the Survey of Canada Lands.
Magnitudes from signal duration compiled at the Pacific Geoscience Centre
Authors: Rogers G C , Muraro J
Published: October 2019

Magnitudes based on the durati.on of signal of local earthquakes have been computed on a routine basis for three years as part of the WCTN Preliminary Epicentre Program. Comparison with magnitudes published for the sume earthquakes in Earth Physics Branch
catalogues shows that the duration magnitudes are more internally consistent, having an average standard deviation of 0 . 15 versus 0.25 for the published values. Comparisons with magnitudes calculated with readings from the VIC Wood Anderson seismographs show that the duration magnitudes more
accurately represent values consistent with the original ML definition and that magnitudes currently published as ML by the Earth Physics Branch are systematically 0.4 magnitude units too low in the WCTN area.
Monitoring of magnetotelluric fields in the central region of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Auld D R , Bunyan T C , Law L K
Published: October 2019

Beginning in the fall of 1980, a series of magnetotelluric measurements have been made in the central region of Vancouver Island. The purpose of the experiment is to determine if electromagnetic parameters, such as geomagnetic transfer functions or impedance
tensor elements, are suitable as precursors to earthquake occurrence. Seven data sets have been obtained to date: fall 1980; spring and fall 1981 and 1982; and spring, 1983 and 1984. The data have been analysed using transfer function and impedance tensor techniques. The error bars associated with
the electromagnetic parameters derived from data measured at the two sampling rates, 2 second and 20 second, are discussed. One of the impedance tensor elements derived from 20 second data, Iyx, is determined to be best suited for monitoring temporal impedance change in the region. Plots of
percentage change with time in this Iyx element indicate there has been no significant change over the three year period of the experiment. In addition to the standard MT measurements noted above, in June of 1984, a data set was obtained at one of the sites using the Phoehix Geophysics system. These
measurements have established an initial baseline value, in the higher frequency ranges, in order to monitor impedance changes in future years.
Seismic wave velocities in a rock body at Chalk River, Ontario: part 2
Authors: Wright C , Johnston M , Lam C P
Published: October 2019

Two shallow seismic reflection profiles of about two kilometres in length running from northwest to southeast (profile A) and from northeast to southwest (profile R) were recorded over a crystalline rock body at Chalk River, Ontario. These data were interpreted
as a series of overlapping reversed refraction profiles. A smoothed velocity-distance curve between the ends of profile A yielded velocities between 4.5 and 5.6 km/s for the uppermost regions of the rock body, with the velocities below 5.0 km/s confined to narrow zones at the northwest and southeast
ends. The velocitics between the northwest end and borelhole CRl at a distance of 1300 m are significantly lower than the average velocities over a similar path calculated from an experiment using hydrophone s in the borehole. Between CRl and the southeast end of the profile the velocities from the
two experiments show smaller differences. The P velocities for profile B show more scatter, and clearly exceed 6.2 km/s over a distance of about 250 m at the northeast end of the profile; these high velocities distributed to propagation through gabbro. Further south, the velocities are close to 5. 5
krn/s with a trend towards slightly lower velocities at the southern end of the profile. No clear correlation with the surface geology is evident from the velocities of either profile, though lower velocities appear to be correlatcd with lithological changes that may in turn be associated with
extensive fracturing.
A temperature control system for the Canadian pendulum apparatus
Authors: Valliant H D , Grant I R , Geuer J W
Published: October 2019

A temperature control system has been developed for use with the Canadian Pendulum Apparatus for relative gravity measurements. T his system, which maintains the pendulums at a constant temperature of 40.00°C, consists of three major components: a vacuum
enclosure in which to house the pendulums; an electronic thermometer to measure their temperature; and an electronic thermostat to maintain a constant temperature. Extensive testing of the system indicates that the temperature of the pendulums may be measured with an accuracy of ±0.01 °C
and that the electronic thermostat has a stability of a bout 0.002°C when the vacuum chamber is kept continuously closed. Under normal operating conditions, when the pendulum case is opened regularly to change pendulums, the observed temperature fluctuations amount to a maximum of ±
0.025°C. As small corrections may be applied to the pendulum pe riods to compensate for these temperature fluctuations, the error in gravity due to temperature effects never exceeds 1/ 6 mGal.
An electronic system for measuring pendulum periods
Authors: Valliant H D
Published: October 2019

An electronic system for mea suring the period of freely swinging pendulums bas been developed for use with the Canadian Pendulum Apparatus. Extensive testing with an electrically generated test signal suggests that the error indetermining the mean period of a
one-second pendulum, averaged over 1200 seconds, does not exceed 100 and may be as low as 13ns. Further testing with actual pendulums indicates that the measured periods, for a group of 3000- second observations, have a standard deviation of 600 ns. It is believed that this increased error is due to
some factor associated with the pendulums, such as the effects of microseisms, knife- edge effects, or the dimensional stability of the pendulums themselves.
Electromagnetic induction in a conductor bounded by an inclined interface
Authors: Yukutake T
Published: October 2019

Electromagnetic induction is studied for a two-dimensional earth model where a top conducting layer is underlain by a different tilted conductor, The problem is solved for a small angle of tilt by a successive approximation method, following repeated reflections
of electromagnetic energy between the ground surface and the tilted boundary.
Two types of field are fonnulated within a conductor, One is characterized by having a vertical component of the magnetic field and the other by having no vertical component of the magnetic field. Both types of field are generated when either type of field arrives at the tilted boundary, It appears
that the latter type field plays an important role in producing an anisotropie variation in the electromagnetic
field.
Solutions are computed numerically on an electronic computer. Severa! exemples of anisotropie behaviour of the electromagnetic field are shown.
Towing Equipment Ratings and Practices
Authors:   Motor Vehicle Council
Published: October 2019

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to all trucks that are equipped with armlift bodies, carrier bodies, wheel lift bodies, wrecker, and underlift bodies. Additional rating methods are provided for tow slings, truck hitches, and chain assemblies.
Back to the Future II: Tidal evolution of four supercontinent
scenarios
Authors: Davies Hannah S. , Green J. A. Mattias , Duarte Joao C.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Earth is currently 180 Ma into a supercontinent cycle that began with the breakup of Pangea, and will end in around 200–250 Ma (Mega-annum) in the future, as the next supercontinent forms. As the continents move around the planet, they change the geometry of ocean basins, and thereby modify their resonant properties. In doing so oceans move through tidal resonance, causing the global tides to be profoundly affected. Here, we use a dedicated and established global tidal model to simulate the evolution of tides during four future supercontinent scenarios. We show that the number of tidal resonances on Earth vary between 1 and 5 in a supercontinent cycle, and that they last for no longer than 20 Ma. They occur in opening basins after about 140–180 Ma, an age equivalent to the Present-Day Atlantic Ocean, which is near resonance for the dominating semi-diurnal tide. They also occur when an ocean basin is closing, highlighting that in its lifetime, a large ocean basin – its history described by the Wilson cycle – may go through two resonances: one when opening and one when closing. The results further support the existence of a super-tidal cycle associated with the supercontinent cycle, and gives a deep-time proxy for global tidal energetics.
Analytical model captures intratidal variation in salinity in a convergent, well-mixed estuary
Authors: Xu Yanwen , Hoitink Antonius J. F. , Zheng Jinhai , Kästner Karl , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Knowledge of the processes governing salt intrusion in
estuaries is important, since it influences the eco-environment of estuaries
as well as its water resource potential in many ways. Analytical models of
salinity variation offer a simple and efficient method for studying salt
intrusion in estuaries. In this paper, an unsteady analytical solution is
presented to predict the spatio-temporal variation in salinity in
convergent estuaries. It is derived from a one-dimensional
advection–diffusion equation for salinity, adopting a constant mixing
coefficient and a single-frequency tidal wave, which can directly reflect
the influence of the tidal motion and the interaction between the tide and
runoff. The deduced analytical solution is illustrated with an application
to the Humen estuary of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and proves to be an
efficient and accurate approach for predicting the salt intrusion in convergent
estuaries. The unsteady analytical solution is tested against observations
from six study sites to validate its capability to predict intratidal
variation in salt intrusion. The results show that the proposed unsteady
analytical solution can be successfully used to reproduce the spatial
distribution and temporal processes governing salinity dynamics in
convergent, well-mixed estuaries. The proposed method provides a quick and
convenient approach for deciding on water-fetching methods to make good use of
water resources.
Time variability and uncertainty in the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment
Authors: Stockinger Michael Paul , Bogena Heye Reemt , Lücke Andreas , Stumpp Christine , Vereecken Harry
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The time precipitation needs to travel through a
catchment to its outlet is an important descriptor of a catchment's
susceptibility to pollutant contamination, nutrient loss, and hydrological
functioning. The fast component of total water flow can be estimated by the
fraction of young water (Fyw), which is the percentage of streamflow younger
than 3 months. Fyw is calculated by comparing the amplitudes of sine
waves fitted to seasonal precipitation and streamflow tracer signals. This
is usually done for the complete tracer time series available, neglecting
annual differences in the amplitudes of longer time series. Considering
inter-annual amplitude differences, we employed a moving time window of
1 year in weekly time steps over a 4.5-year δ18O
tracer time series to calculate 189 Fyw estimates and their uncertainty.
They were then tested against the following null hypotheses: (1) at least
90 % of Fyw results do not deviate more than ±0.04 (4 %) from the
mean of all Fyw results, indicating long-term invariance. Larger deviations
would indicate changes in the relative contribution of different flow paths;
(2) for any 4-week window, Fyw does not change more than ±0.04,
indicating short-term invariance. Larger deviations would indicate a high
sensitivity of Fyw to a 1-week to 4-week shift in the start of a 1-year sampling
campaign; (3) the Fyw results of 1-year sampling campaigns started in a
given calendar month do not change more than ±0.04, indicating
seasonal invariance. In our study, all three null hypotheses were rejected.
Thus, the Fyw results were time-variable, showed variability in the chosen
sampling time, and had no pronounced seasonality. We furthermore found
evidence that the 2015 European heat wave and including two winters into a
1-year sampling campaign increased the uncertainty of Fyw. Based on an
increase in Fyw uncertainty when the mean adjusted R2 was
below 0.2, we recommend further investigations into the dependence of Fyw and
its uncertainty to goodness-of-fit measures. Furthermore, while investigated
individual meteorological factors did not sufficiently explain variations of
Fyw, the runoff coefficient showed a moderate negative correlation of r=-0.50 with Fyw. The results of this study suggest that care must be taken
when comparing Fyw of catchments that were based on different calculation
periods and that the influence of extreme events and snow must be
considered.
The Struve Geodetic Arc: the development of the triangulation, technical possibilities, and the initiation of the project
Authors: Puziene Ruta
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The determination of parameters of the Earth's ellipsoid
is quite a difficult task that gives no rest to scientists to this
day. One of the more famous works is the Struve Geodetic Arc, which was stretched from
the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean by employing the method of a triangulation
network and which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. However, until
this project was implemented, many steps of scientific and technological
advancement had to be taken, the entirety of which created the conditions
for the realization of this project. A study of the method of triangulation
measurements, the development of geodetic devices, the state
politics of the Russian Empire in the 17th–19th centuries in the field of
geodesy, and the development of triangulation during this period are
presented in the article. Moreover, a study of the origins of the Struve
Geodetic Arc project that led to such a grand result is conducted. The
obtained results reveal that certain factors predetermined
the favourable conditions for the successful execution of the project of
this geodetic arc.
AN INTER-COMPARISON OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CO OVER HIGH FIRE REGIONS BASED ON MOPITT AND GFED
Authors: Lin C. Y. , Wang S. , Cohen J. B.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The spatial and temporal distributions of Carbon Monoxide (CO) as measured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging spectroradiometer (MOPITT) instrument are analyzed in depth in this work. We specifically look at how these values, their statistics and their trends behave from 2000 to 2018 over regions defined as high fire regions, based on the carbon emissions product from the Global Fire Emission Database (GFED). Our results indicate that there are significant differences in the timing, duration, and magnitude of the fires as measured by MOPITT over different high fire regions. Our results are also different from past studies which have relied upon remotely sensed aerosol measurements, such as AOD. Over these high fire regions, we find that the fires contribute the vast majority of the CO loading, which always occurs over a short period of time, on order of weeks. Over 7 regions studied, we have found a statistically significant decreasing trend, albeit smaller than the measurement error. The correlation between the MOPITT and GFED approaches if found to be reliable over the regions where the two datasets overlap. We finally find evidence for possible long-range transport of CO from one fire region to another.
COMPARING A RANGE OF SIMPLE PLUME RISE MODELS AND MISR AEROSOL HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Wang S. , Lin C. Y. , Cohen J. B.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Rapid economic development leads to increasing sources of aerosols from both urban and biomass sources, which in turn have a significant impact on the atmosphere and the environment. There are significant differences however between urban sources, which tend to be emitted at low temperature, and biomass sources, which are co-emitted with a significant amount of heat. In this work, we first analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosol height from 3.5 years of day-by-day global measurements of aerosol plume height from MISR from January 2008 through June of 2011. We next use a simple plume rise model (PRM) based on FRP and various meteorological variables both from MISR and from other data sources. We find that the PRM makes a reasonable reproduction of the MISR measurements in Western Siberia, Alaska, Central Canada, Argentina, and Eastern Europe, although it underestimates the MISR measurements everywhere. We compute the amount of aerosol above the boundary layer as well as its distribution, and find that the PRM can only come close to reproducing this in conditions which are dry and found in extra-tropical regions. In specific we find that there is a slight model improvement when we apply factors to the wind speed. In general, we find the results are optimized when wind speed is adjusted by 20% around the given mean value, and the vertical velocity is adjusted by −20% to +40% of the original value. The best fitting region, Argentina, is obtained with an RMS error (model biased low) of 0.39 km, when the horizontal wind is unadjusted and the vertical wind is adjusted by −20%. We further find that the PRM approach is not applicable over those regions which have the highest magnitude of aerosol emissions, as detected by OMI and MOPITT measurements of NO2 and CO respectively, leading to future plans on how to correct for and improve this approach.
THE AEROSOLS OPTICAL PROPERTIES INVESTIGATION DURING THE DUST POLLUTION
Authors: Fu S. L. , Xie C. B. , Tian X. M. , Zhuang P. , Qian L. Y. , Shao J. D. , Fang Z. Y. , Li L. , Wang B. X. , Liu D.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. At present, the air environment in China is characterized by complex pollution. In this paper, the pollutant sources, transport paths and aerosol optical properties during the dust pollution was conducted to analyse based on ground-based lidar, space-borne sensor and atmospheric transmission model. Firstly, the NMMB/BSC-Dust model, the VIIRS-Suomi NPP date and HYSPLIT were carried out to analyse the dust transport paths and the dust particle size, and then the concentration of particles was analysed. Finally, the optical properties of aerosol particles in the dust weather were studied. During the formation of this weather, there is high dust in the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts. With the influence of wind direction, the dust moves from north to south, and the dust load significantly increased in southern China. Dust at the low altitude is generally transported from the Taklamakan Desert, while dust at the high altitude is generally transported from the Gobi Desert. The hourly average change of PM10 is from 36 μg/m3 to 818 μg/m3, while the hourly average change of PM2.5 is from 15 μg/m3 to 197 μg/m3. The dust was the main cause of the pollution weather. In this study, the formation process of the dust pollution revealed which can be used to provide guidance for government for the prevention work of dust pollution.
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS ON SCATTERING CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLES OF HAZE
Authors: Ji W. M. , Jiang F. Y. , Chu C. X.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The light scattering characteristics of sulfate, one of the main pollutant particles in haze, are calculated by T-Matrix method at a target wavelength of 550 nm. The variation between shape factors (such as effective radius and aspect ratio) and scattering phase functions with different types and shapes are analysed in small scale range. The influence of shape factors on scattering cross section and depolarization ratio of particles are also discussed. Results show that the shape of particles has great effects on the spatial distribution of scattering energy, and the scattering properties of particles are sensitive to aspect ratio. The depolarization of spherical particles is close to zero, while the difference between ellipsoidal and cylindrical particles reaches several orders of magnitude. When the equivalent radius is larger than 1.0 μm, the mean depolarization ratio of the non-spherical particles is greater than 0.2. The mean depolarization ratio and scattering cross section of non-spherical particle change continuously with a certain aspect ratio and particle size range, and the shape of some particles can be therefore distinguished under certain conditions.
LONG TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE MODIS AEROSOL PRODUCT OVER HUAIHAI ECONOMIC REGION IN CHINA
Authors: Chen J. , Li Y. J. , Ma Q. M. , Li X.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The Huaihai Economic Region (HER, 32.5–36.5°N, 114–121°E) with a land area of 178,000 km2, which contains 20 cities, is one of the earliest regional economic cooperative organizations in China. The huge population (100 million, about 7% of the China’s population), local heavy industries, chemical enterprises and vehicle emissions have resulted in serious air pollution. In this paper, a long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) data set from 2000 to 2018 over HER with 10 km spatial resolution has been produced and analyzed from the latest version of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol products. Validation results show that MODIS AOD has a strong correlation relationship (r = 0.94, slope = 0.92) with Aeronet Robotic Network (AERONET) over HER. The seasonal average AOD maps indicate that the high AOD values mainly occurred with a banding distribution from southeastern to northwestern HER, with AODs larger in summer and spring than in fall and winter. Temporally, the monthly average AOD has increased since 2000 and reached the highest level in 2011 (+0.02/year); then it has obviously declined from 2012 to 2018 (−0.05/year), owing to strict air pollution control implemented since 2012. In general, the annual average AOD over HER is 0.71 for the past nearly 20 years, and in 2018, the annual average AOD firstly lower than that in 2000. The study suggests that there has been a slightly improvement in air quality over HER and long-term and sustainable efforts should be made.
EVALUATING THE SPATIAL-SEASONAL VARIATION, HETEROGENEITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY OF NANJING, CHINA
Authors: Kang X. , Pan J. J.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Urban thermal environment (UTE), as a important parameter in urban ecosystem, strongly and directly linking to urban development and human health. In recently decades, rapid urbanization and population development resulted in serious urban thermal environment problem particularly the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Today, it’s urgent to control and curb urban thermal environment based on the UTE’s spatial-temporal characteristics, in addition, the seasonality of UTE lacked in-depth understanding, which is also a significant question in UTE management, a better understanding the UTE will help human improve governing efficiency and effect. Thus, in our study, we investigated the spatial-seasonal variation and distribution of UTE by statistic analysis, spatial index analysis and landscape metric analysis. We found that: there has a significant spatial and temporal differences on UTE under different seasons, the UHI intensity and mean LST showing a significant difference and stability, additionally, “heat island” of urban showing a cluster trend in urban space particularly in high UHI intensity seasons. These results extend our understanding on the spatial-seasonal variation, heterogeneity and distribution of UTE and which can provide very significant reference and information for urban decision-makers to govern UTE.
« Pour un nouvel engagement féminin : la figure de la bergère entre tradition et transgression dans le roman de Saphia Azzeddine Confidences à Allah (2008) »
Authors: Antic Jelena
Published: October 2019

Notre travail vise à examiner les métamorphoses du personnage de la bergère Jbara dans le roman de Saphia Azzeddine Confidences à Allah. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéresserons à l’aspect générique du récit, plus précisément au rapport entre la narratrice et le destinataire Allah. Dans un second temps, nous observerons la métamorphose de Jbara qui se pervertit à une femme prostituée. À la fin, nous analyserons un nouveau changement du personnage de Jbara dû à son expérience dans la prison et à sa tentative de redevenir une femme traditionnelle. L’objectif de ce travail est de montrer que les changements permanents et les revirements du personnage de Jbara émanent de son désir d’échapper à la misère et d’oser lever la voix féminine contre l’hypocrisie sociale et contre la soumission de la femme dans la société marocaine. Ainsi seront examinés les procédés littéraires auxquels l’auteure recourt afin de montrer l’évolution et l’émancipation du personnage principal. Nous observerons les spécificités génériques et formelles du roman ainsi que le lien entre le genre du récit, la marginalité et l’engagement féminin.
L’écriture engagée du XXIe siècle : l’autofiction au-delà d’un « mauvais genre »
Authors: Devine Kathryn E.
Published: October 2019

Cet article explore le rapport entre l’autofiction au XXIème siècle et les mouvements socio-politiques reconceptualisant l’identité en examinant la façon dont ce genre véhicule des commentaires sur les notions de l’altérité, de l’étrangeté, et de l’appartenance. L’étude d’Autoportrait en vert de Marie N’diaye et de Mes mauvaises pensées de Nina Bouraoui démontrent la possibilité de voir dans l’emploi du privé, de l’intime, et du personnel une provocation visant à déclencher une réflexion quant à la dépendance des notions d’identité qui reposent sur des hiérarchies binaires. L’axe principal de cette étude est d’examiner comment cette écriture, en s’auto-référenciant, interroge sa propre évolution, celle du rôle de l’œuvre littéraire et de l’auteur. Elle se penche sur l’emploi de l’autofiction à des fins explicitement politiques, capable de créer un espace littéraire commun — un « territoire » partagé — depuis lequel l’auteur et le lecteur peuvent interroger le rôle attribué aujourd’hui aux marqueurs d’identité et à la notion de différence.
Immigration et engagement dans trois romans du XXIe siècle : Eldorado de Laurent Gaudé, Petit Pays de Gaël Faye, Debout-payé de Gauz
Authors: OGIER-FARES Marie-Odile
Published: October 2019

A l’heure où la planétarisation croissante des échanges et des flux de migration inspire de nombreux écrivains, la notion d’engagement littéraire fait question. Comment l’engagement peut-il s’exprimer à travers des fictions qui décrivent et dénoncent, et soulèvent plus de questions qu’elles n’imposent de réponses, proposant une forme d’engagement particulière, celle du partage de valeurs plus que des positionnements politiques, et restant toutes ouvertes vers un après et un espoir, y compris dans les blancs d’un récit qui semble invariablement inachevé. A travers les trois fictions de notre corpus, nous interrogeons le lien entre esthétique et éthique, entre fiction et réalité. Nos auteurs invitent diversement à prendre conscience de l’horreur des conditions migratoires et de leurs causes, ainsi que des politiques d’accueil des populations immigrantes. Par-delà cette dénonciation évidente, un autre discours émerge, tantôt d’invite à voyager et à aller voir, loin du confort de l’Occident, dans Eldorado, tantôt d’invite à revenir aux sources, au pays d’origine et à reconstruire dans Petit Pays. Le réalisme de ces trois romans varie également sur le plan du style, allant de l’épopée tissée de perception du monde fondée sur le sensible et l’imaginaire, alternant l’humour et le regard enchanté de l’enfant avec l’horreur du génocide rwandais, ou usant essentiellement de l’humour pour rendre compte des difficultés du statut de sans-papiers en France. Le point commun entre ces trois auteurs réside alors dans l’assimilation à l’état d’esprit du personnage principal questionnant le lien et la distance entre l’ethos du romancier engagé, et le romancier de romans sur la migration, lien complexe entre biographie, autobiographie et fiction.
A Proposed Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Research Articles
Authors: I. Tawalbeh Ahmad
Published: October 2019

This research is taken from a thesis that examines the rhetoric of accounts of methodology in English and Arabic research articles (henceforth RAs) (Tawalbeh, 2019). Genre analysts have focused on using Swales’ move analysis approach to investigate the discourse units of the sections conventionally found in an RA: introduction, methods results and discussion. This research suggests a wider perspective for analysing RA sections. It argues for the desirability of employing both top-down and bottom-up processing to make more sense of the texts analysed. It also suggests employing the perspective of tacit knowledge to identify the assumed shared knowledge between writers and readers of RAs. The use of these different approaches may be helpful in making a detailed analysis, the results of which may benefit beginner academic writers.
Doā or Namāz? Analysis of Overt and Covert Translations in Two Renditions of ‘The Prophet’ by Jibran Khalil Jibran
Authors: Rahmani Hamideh , Yaqubi Mojde , Eliza Abdul Rahman Wan Rose
Published: October 2019

This study focuses on 108 culture-specific items (CSIs) in the Prophet written by Jibran Khalil Jibran (1923) and its two Persian renditions done by Maghsoudi (1992) and Elahi Ghomshei (1999). It primarily identified the classifications of English CSIs evident in the original work and their percentages. It also discovered the translation strategies used in translating CSIs by the two translators. Applying House (1997) dichotomy of overt and covert translation, the two translated versions were investigated and compared. Finally, the more successful translated version was discovered based on the usage covert translation. Results revealed that six categories of CSIs in the English coups and that eight translation strategies were used to translate English CSIs into Persian. The results also revealed that ‘cultural equivalent’ was the most frequent translation strategies used by the two translators. Finally based on the data analysis, results confirmed that Elahi Ghomshei used more covert translation strategy in his framework and consequently was more successful in translating the CSIs.
“Practicing the Wild”: Twain and Thoreau at the Lakes
Authors: Baggett J. Mark
Published: October 2019

Mark Twain's depiction of Lake Tahoe in Chapters 22 and 23 of Roughing It—“the fairest picture the whole earth affords”—has embedded him within Tahoe's history and culture. His descriptions of pristine waters of the lake echo the Transcendental phrasings of Thoreau in “The Ponds” chapter of Walden and fit securely within the nineteenth-century Romantic tradition of wilderness writing. The lakes become important measures of the authors' conceptualizations of the natural world—their “practice of the wild,” in the poet Gary Snyder's terms. Using theoretical applications of wildness, including Thoreau's essay “Walking,” this article argues that neither author's literary imagination reconciles the presence of wildness, ultimately appropriating it as a setting where human activity takes place, and resisting the representation of nature as an organism in a state of constant change. Even Thoreau, after his disorienting climb to the summit of Mount Ktaadn, vows to settle for a more orthodox assimilation of wildness.
Nature in Mark Twain'sPersonal Recollections of Joan of Arc: Pastoralism Revisited
Authors: Louis-Dimitrov Delphine
Published: October 2019

In its full range, the presence of nature in Mark Twain's Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc has remained largely unexplored. As a site of fictionalization in a narrative that otherwise strongly relies on historiographical material, the treatment of nature nonetheless proves central to the characterization of the heroine, to the construction of a timeless aesthetic sphere in which her childhood is set, and to the understanding of her relationship with history. It also bears the stamp of Mark Twain's imagination and reveals the oft-denied proximity of his 1895–96 historical romance with his other writings. Focusing on the articulation of nature with spirituality and history, this article argues that the narrative reinterprets the myth of the divinely inspired shepherdess and thereby defines an original form of pastoralism that not only fuses existing traditions, but also reaches beyond the tension of nature and history that the genre commonly involves. Through the treatment of Joan's mystic union with nature, the text defines a form of pastoralism in which the retreat into the natural world turns out to be the principle of a renewed commitment to history.
The 2014 Ngolog Mitmit: A Case Study Examining Public and Private Heritage in Yap State, FSM
Authors: Krause Stefan
Published: October 2019

This article provides an ethnographic case study of heritage processes in action that were observed and recorded during fieldwork in 2013 and 2014 on the Main Islands of Yap State—the westernmost state of the Federated States of Micronesia. A description will be provided of a historic traditional gathering known as a mitmit which from the day it was decided upon activated the transmission of cultural heritage knowledge and practices throughout Yap’s Main Islands. By examining the mitmit, the event’s significance for Yapese stakeholders, and how the U.S. National Park Service was indirectly involved, several findings emerge. It is found that the planning, organization and performance of the mitmit assisted in preserving elements of Yapese cultural heritage that local stakeholders identified as most valuable and in need of safeguarding. The case study also supports the continuing utility of Chambers’ (2006) public and private heritage constructs, especially when evaluating heritage practices within indigenous contexts where the preservation of intangible cultural heritage is often a more critical concern. The analysis suggests that more attention should be devoted to identifying how public heritage interventions can activate private heritage practices, thereby mitigating the hegemonic effects of Smith’s (2004) authorized heritage discourse (AHD).
Leptospirosis in donkeys (Equus asinus) destined for slaughter and export
Authors: Morais Davidianne de Andrade , Santos Júnior Dinamérico de Alencar , Nunes Bruno Cesar , Costa Diego Figueiredo , Viana Maira Porto , Silva José Dêvede da , Higino Severino Silvano dos Santos , Azevedo Sérgio Santos de , Alves Clebert José
Published: October 2019

Brazil is the eighth largest exporter of equidae meat in the world. Most donkey meat is obtained from discarded animals, raising concerns about their health status, particularly regarding zoonotic infections such as leptospirosis. Thus, this study aimed to determine the frequency of anti-Leptospira sp. antibodies in Northeastern donkeys at two properties specializing in producing donkeys for slaughter and export to the Chinese market, in the municipalities of Parnamirim (A) and Araripina (B), both located in the mesoregion of the Sertão of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The serum of 349 donkeys was collected, including 147 males and 202 females, aged 3 to 12 years. All animals were subjected to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) using a cut-off point of 1:50. A total of 19.8% seropositive animals were obtained. The Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup was the most found in this study (40.6%), followed by Australis (27.5%), Autumnalis (8.7%), Sejroe (8.7%), Pomona (8.7%), Celledoni (2.9%), and Tarassovi (2.9%). A higher overall rate of seropositivity was found in donkeys from property B (2.2.4%) in the municipality of Araripina. In the association analysis, it was observed that animals less than 9 years of age were more likely to be seropositive, this may be due to the acquisition of resistance to Leptospira sp. as age advances. A significant number of donkeys seropositive for Leptospira sp. was found, thus, breeding these animals for slaughter and export requires implementing prophylactic measures.
Frequency of Mycoplasma haemocanis infection in dogs of Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Santos Débora Ferreira dos , Almeida Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de , Cayuela Mayara Aparecida Araujo , Freitas Vanessa Danielle de , Koiyoma Maíra Fernanda Gonçalves , Dutra Valéria , Sousa Valéria Régia Franco
Published: October 2019

Haemotropic mycoplasmas are pleomorphic, epicellular, gram-negative bacteria, which infect red blood cells. In dogs, the acute phase of this infection may lead to haemolytic anaemia potentially precipitated by splenectomy, or by immunosuppressive drugs or diseases; however, in cases of chronic infection, the signs are inapparent. Molecular techniques and microscopic observation are the most commonly used methods to diagnose mycoplasma infection, though studies about haemotropic mycoplasma infections in dogs from Cuiabá, capital of Mato Grosso, Brazil are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of mycoplasma infection, the Mycoplasma species present, and factors associated with infection in 334 dogs diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of infection was 5.4%, and M. haemocanis was the only species identified. No epidemiological factor investigated showed a statistically significant association with infection, including tick infestation.
Assessing the Long-Term Effect on Sales and CSR of a Nutrition Marketing Strategy in the Retailing Environment
Authors: Grandi Benedetta , Cardinali Maria Grazia , Bellini Silvia
Published: October 2019

The present work aims to implement a ‘healthy checkout’ in a real retailing environment in order to demonstrate that this kind of intervention can be a win-win strategy for both shoppers and retailers in a long-term perspective. A field experiment has been conducted in five stores belonging to a leading Italian Retailer in the north of Italy, where all the unhealthy products have been removed from the checkouts. Both sales analysis and shoppers attitudes towards the intervention have been studied. Sales data have been analyzed for the ‘healthy checkout stores’ vs ‘traditional checkout stores’, and customers have been interviewed at the end of the shopping trip five months after the implementation. Our findings show that developing a healthy checkout can have a positive impact on sales, retailer’s reputation in terms of perceived CSR, and loyalty to the store. The present work provides some interesting results about the long-term effect of an in-store marketing strategy that aims to promote health among customers.
Analysis of Gait Patterns in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder After Recreational Therapy Program at Eskisehir Technical University
Authors: Gürol Barış
Published: October 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of adapted recreational therapy program on gait patterns of children with autism. The current study included twenty-one autistic boys aged between 8 and 15 years. The scores of the children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to the “Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2-Turkish Version” (autism level) ranged between 62 and 123. The gait analyses of the participants were evaluated with the results of total distance, average velocity, average horizontal force and average vertical force before and after recreational therapy program. The recreational therapy program was performed throughout 12 weeks, two sessions per a week and one hour per session as the one-to-one training format. The program covered several gross motor skills such as balance, toys ball, jump, jogging to increase cardiorespiratory endurance, and several branches of the basic sports skills such as basketball, badminton, and soccer. Pearson Correlation analysis was performed in order to determine the correlation between autism level and gait parameters. A negatively significant correlation was found between autism level and average velocity (r=-.553**, p
Examination of the Restructured Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program
Authors: Alver Mehmet , Aydın Edanur
Published: October 2019

In the 21st century, dizzying rapid changes and innovations in science, technology, social life, learning and teaching approaches have redefined the characteristics of the type of human targeted to rise. The duty of training individuals with these qualifications falls to the teachers after the family. The training of teachers, who are the vital point of the education system, plays a key role in educating individuals with targeted qualifications. When considering history of training of teachers in Turkey, the existence of deep-rooted history is clear. As teacher training institutions change over time, it is seen that teacher training programs are renewed or updated parallel to the change. As a final, arrangements are made in 25 of teachers training undergraduate program to be applied in 2018-2019 academic year. One of these programs is the Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program. The aim of this study is to examine the restructured Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program in comparison with the previous Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program in various aspects. The study is a descriptive study in screening model. The study group of the research consists of the 2006-2007 Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program and the Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program implemented in the 2018-2019 academic year. The data of the study was collected by qualitative research techniques through document analysis. The descriptive analysis technique was used in the analysis of the study data and the data collected about the problem of the research were tabularized and interpreted. As a result of the research, according to Turkish Teaching Undergraduate Program that was put into practice in 2018-2019 academic year, it was detected that there is important changes in issues such as courses, course hours, course contents, course credits.
From Mussels Stand to Becoming a Doctor: A Discussion on the Importance of Education in the Vertical Transition Between Social Strata in Terms of Career Choices and Sources of Vocational Awareness in Children with Low Socioeconomic Level
Authors: İŞERİ Emel TÜZEL
Published: October 2019

This study aims to discuss the importance of education in vertical transition between social strata in the context of career choices and vocational awareness sources in children with low socioeconomic level. The study used a phenomenological design within a qualitative research approach framework. The study group consisted of 55 fourth-grade students enrolled in a primary school in a low socioeconomic area of Izmir province in Turkey. Findings of the research laid out that the students mostly wanted to be a doctor, their positive attitudes towards the profession and their desire to be beneficial to the society gained importance in their career choices, taking the example of people who they encountered in real life and who they watched on TV affected their career choices, and that there were participant views indicating that a thorough presentation of careers was not conducted even though a number of professions were mentioned in the lesson. The findings were discussed in terms of carrying out vocational guidance more carefully for participants consisting of children with low socioeconomic level who have parents with low education level so that its disadvantages can be eliminated.
Assesment of morphometric and hydrological properties of smalls watersheds in East Java Regions
Authors: Sujarwo Mohamad Wawan , Indarto Indarto , Wiratama Ega , Teguh Bobby
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the identification, assessment and visualization of physical, topographic, morphometric and hydrological properties of small watersheds in East Java Regions.  About 45 small watersheds were used for the analysis.  Physical propertis i.e: soil type layers, land use, etc were obtained by cropping the GIS layers with a watershed boundary. Then the ASTER G-DEM2 was used to derive morphometric properties of the watersheds. Furthermore, hydrological properties are derived statistically by analyzing available rainfall and discharge data. Parameters were selected to represent each watersheds properties. Finally, simple correlation analyses through the selected parameters were used to interpret the relation between physical, topographical, morphometric and hydrological properties of the watersheds. The resut show that some watersheds show the similtarity in certain parameters.Artikel ini menyajikan identifikasi, penilaian dan visualisasi sifat fisik, topografi, morfometrik dan hidrologi daerah aliran sungai kecil di Wilayah Jawa Timur. Empat puluh empat (44) DAS digunakan untuk analisis. Sifat fisik (yaitu, jenis tanah dan penggunaan lahan) diperoleh dengan memotong lapisan GIS dengan batas daerah aliran sungai. Kemudian ASTER G-DEM2 digunakan untuk menurunkan sifat morfometrik daerah aliran sungai. Selain itu, sifat hidrologis diperoleh dengan menganalisis data curah hujan dan debit yang tersedia. Parameter yang dipilih adalah untuk mewakili setiap properti daerah aliran sungai. Akhirnya, korelasi sederhana antara sifat-sifat fisik, topografi, morfometrik, dan hidrologi daerah aliran sungai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa DAS menunjukkan kesamaan dan perbedaan pada parameter morfometrik dan hidrologi.
Model Optimasi Pemeliharaan Jalan Multi Tahun dengan Batasan Anggaran
Authors: Zukhruf Febri , Frazila Russ Bona , Burhani Jzolanda Tsavalista , Samantha Ag Rafika Almira
Published: October 2019

Pavement maintenance has longtermly been perceived as an essential factor for the road network efficiency and the driver safety. However, these activities involve the challenge issues relating to the pavement aging, the deterioration mechanism, and the available budget constraints. This paper then presents an optimization model for handling the multiyear maintenance programs in the network-level by including budget constraint. The model is developed as a mathematical programming problem, in which the Lagrange relaxation-based procedure is invoked for solving the problem. The numerical examples are also presented for providing the better insight of model application, in which the model could provide not only the multiyear maintenance programs but also the optimum budget allocation by considering the expected roughness performance of road network.Pemeliharaan perkerasan jalan telah lama dianggap sebagai faktor penting dalam menentukan efisiensi jaringan jalan. Namun, kegiatan ini selalu melibatkan tantangan yang berkaitan dengan penuaan perkerasan, mekanisme deteriorasi, dan keterbatasan anggaran yang tersedia. Artikel ini kemudian mengusulkan model optimasi matematika untuk strategi pemeliharaan jalan multi tahun pada level jaringan. Model ini bertugas untuk menentukan jenis kegiatan pemeliharaan dan waktunya dengan tujuan meminimalkan nilai International Roughness Index (IRI) melalui pengoptimalan pemanfaatan alokasi anggaran. Untuk menginvestigasi aplikabilitas dari model ini,  eksperimen numerikal dilakukan pada jaringan jalan sederhana. Hasil dari eksperimen tersebut mengindikasikan kemampuan model tidak hanya dapat digunakan untuk merencanakan kegiatan pemeliharaan multi tahun dengan batasan anggaran, akan tetapi juga dapat digunakan untuk memberikan masukan terkiat penentuan alokasi anggaran dengan mengkonsiderasikan performa yang ingin dicapai.