bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and genetic mapping of a novel recessive genic male sterile gene ms305 in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Wang Yan , Gu Ronghuan , Chen Huawei , Shi Haichuan , Yu Xuejie , Zhang Huijuan , Zhao Changyun , Sun Qun , Ke Yongpei
Published: August 2015

The male sterility system shows tremendous value for the long-term utilization of hybrid crop breeding. In this study, a male sterile mutant,K305ms, was derived from the M3progeny of maize (Zea maysL.) inbred line K305 exposed to60Co-γ irradiation. Male sterileK305msplants did not show any obvious differences from their sibling male fertile plants (K305F) during the vegetative stage, but failed to produce functional pollen at the reproductive stage. Microscopic observations determined that the dyads and tetrads from the pollen ofK305msplants developed abnormally, and subsequently the microspores were shriveled. Genetic analysis indicated that the male sterility ofK305mswas controlled by a single recessive genic gene. Gene mapping showed that the responsible gene was located between two simple sequence repeat markers on chromosome 2L in a region of 10.3 cM, bnlg469b and bnlg1940, with genetic distances of 2.9 and 7.4 cM, respectively. According to the microscopic and mapping characteristics, our results showed that this gene was distinguishable from all other reported male sterile genes in maize, and it is temporarily designated asms305. The linkage map in this study will provide a useful fundamental basis for molecular marker-assisted selection as well as for further map-based cloning ofms305.
Assessing Donor-driven Reforms in the Palestinian Authority: Building the State or Sustaining Status Quo?
Authors: Springer Joanna E.
Published: August 2015

Official development assistance for statebuilding provided to the Palestinian Authority (PA) has increasingly been focused on technocratic governance reforms that fail to address the root causes of conflict between Israel and Palestinians. A prime example is an emphasis on preparing medium-term development plans despite the fact that the ongoing occupation prevents their effective implementation. The donor community is bound by the Fragile States Principles to strengthen state capacity to help prevent recurrence of conflict. Drawing on publicly available data and government documents, as well as interviews with stakeholders in PA development policy, this article identifies shortfalls in statebuilding strategy benchmarked against the Fragile States Principles. In order to fulfil their peacebuilding mandate, it is crucial for the donor community to address the role of the Government of Israel in governance failures in the occupied Palestinian territory and engage civil society more effectively.
The metabolic and temporal basis of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance exercise
Authors: Brook Matthew S. , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Smith Kenneth , Atherton Philip J.
Published: August 2015

Constituting ∼40% of body mass, skeletal muscle has essential locomotory and metabolic functions. As such, an insight into the control of muscle mass is of great importance for maintaining health and quality‐of‐life into older age, under conditions of cachectic disease and with rehabilitation. In healthy weight‐bearing individuals, muscle mass is maintained by the equilibrium between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown; when this balance tips in favour of MPS hypertrophy occurs. Despite considerable research into pharmacological/nutraceutical interventions, resistance exercise training (RE‐T) remains the most potent stimulator of MPS and hypertrophy (in the majority of individuals). However, the mechanism(s) and time course of hypertrophic responses to RE‐T remain poorly understood. We would suggest that available data are very much in favour of the notion that the majority of hypertrophy occurs in the early phases of RE‐T (though still controversial to some) and that, for the most part, continued gains are hard to come by. Whilst the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy represent the culmination of mechanical, auto/paracrine and endocrine events, the measurement of MPS remains a cornerstone for understanding the control of hypertrophy – mainly because it is the underlying driving force behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Development of sophisticated isotopic techniques (i.e. deuterium oxide) that lend to longer term insight into the control of hypertrophy by sustained RE‐T will be paramount in providing insights into the metabolic and temporal regulation of hypertrophy. Such technologies will have broad application in muscle mass intervention for both athletes and for mitigating disease/age‐related cachexia and sarcopenia, alike.
When will is not the same as should: The role of modals in reasoning with legal conditionals
Authors: Gazzo Castañeda Lupita Estefania , Knauff Markus
Published: August 2015

Naïve reasoners reject logically valid conclusions from conditional rules if they can think of exceptions in which the antecedent is true, but the consequent is not. However, when reasoning with legal conditionals (e.g., “If a person kills another human, then this person should be punished for manslaughter”) people hardly consider exceptions but evaluate conclusions depending on their own sense of justice. We show that participants’ reluctance to consider exceptions in legal reasoning depends on the modal auxiliary used. In two experiments we phrased legal conditionals either with the modal “should” (i.e., “ … then this person should be punished”), or with “will” (i.e., “ … then this person will be punished”) and presented them as modus ponens or modus tollens inferences. Participants had to decide whether the offender should or will be punished (modus ponens) or whether the offender indeed committed the offence (modus tollens). For modus ponens inferences phrased with “should” we replicate previous findings showing that participants select conclusions on the basis of their own sense of justice (Experiments 1 and 2). Yet, when the legal conditional is phrased with the modal “will” this effect is attenuated (Experiments 1 and 2), and exceptions are considered (Experiment 1). The modal auxiliary did not affect modus tollens inferences.
Imprisoned by Rhythm
Authors: Blackwood Stephen
Published: August 2015

This chapter considers the metres of the Consolation’s first two poems—in elegiac couplets and hemiepes + adonic respectively—as well as the prose section between them. Attention is paid to the prosodical interplay of metre, meaning, and sound, and the interaction of these with prisoner’s physical and psychological state.
Functional Purpose
Authors: Blackwood Stephen
Published: August 2015

This chapter places the Consolation’s system of metric repetition, outlined in the previous chapter, within the context of repetition and memory more generally, and especially as these were entwined with moral, aesthetic, intellectual, spiritual, and literary practices in antiquity.
Freedom, Providence, and Prayer
Authors: Blackwood Stephen
Published: August 2015

As the ending of a meditative ascent often contains a standpoint that is comprehensive of the whole, this chapter aims to establish by meditative reading whether the fifth book of the Consolation contains such a standpoint, and if so, what it is. It is argued that the fifth book does disclose the principles that underlie the argument and method of the work as a whole; and that the final pages, in which human subjectivity is known to be grounded in the divine activity, attain the height of work’s meditative ascent and the culmination of its consolation.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackwood Stephen
Published: August 2015

The central aporia of the Consolation is briefly sketched in both its philosophical and historical context; the Consolation’s theological character is further examined; and it is argued that the metric-acoustic system, considered again in relation to memory, time, and eternity, gives the Consolation the character of a repeated liturgical act.
Introduction
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: August 2015

This introduction sets out the importance of in-depth ethnographic fieldwork with evangelicals for developing more nuanced understandings of evangelical cultures than standard sociological approaches based on surveys of short periods of research contact. It situates the particular significance of an urban ethnography of everyday evangelical life for deepening understanding of what it means to maintain a strong sense of religious identity in a secular modern context. The chapter outlines the methodological approach taken in the book, and describes the background and context of ‘St John’s’, detailing how the author came to focus on the central themes of the book: coherence, equality, integrity, embodiment, and shame. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the significance of reflexivity in the lifeworlds of both evangelicals and ethnographers.
What Does God Want? Coherence, Love, and the Personality of God
Authors: Strhan Anna
Published: August 2015

This chapter explores how St John’s congregants experience the personality of God as coherent, and how this increases their consciousness of their own moral fragmentation, a tension they narrate through specific idioms of sin and idolatry. The chapter argues that this awareness of subjective division increases individuals’ desire for God, and describes how their ways of focusing on Jesus’s death provides an emotional release from these tensions. The chapter suggests that individuals’ learnt sense of guilt serves to bind them more closely in their sense of relationship with God in an ongoing process as they seek to understand themselves as forgiven and these tensions as ultimately reconciled by God, while simultaneously identifying themselves as sinful.
Foundation of Statistical Energy Analysis in Vibroacoustics
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This book deals with the statistical theory of sound and vibration. The foundation of statistical energy analysis is presented in detail. In the modal approach, an introduction to random vibration with application to complex systems having a large number of modes is provided. For the wave approach, the phenomena of propagation, group speed, and energy transport are extensively discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the emergence of diffuse field, the central concept of the theory. All important notions are gradually introduced—making the text self-contained—to lead the reader to the ultimate result of ‘coupling power proportionality’ and the concept of ‘vibrational temperature’.Further key topics include the analogy between thermodynamics and sound vibration. Applications are concerned with random vibration in mass–spring resonators, strings, beams, rods, and plates but also reverberation in room acoustics, radiation of sound, and sound response.
Ensemble of Resonators
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter outlines the exchange of power between multi-degree-of-freedom subsystems. The equivalence between a large number of resonators and random resonators is presented by the Monte Carlo method. It is proved that the power exchanged between two subsystems is proportional to the difference of modal energies. The case of a uniform probability density for eigenfrequencies is fully treated.
Continuous Systems
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

The statistical theory of sound and vibration is applied to various continuous systems. Resonator, string, beam, sound radiation, and structural responses are studied. The relevant coupling loss factors are calculated. The notions of resonant modes, rain-on-the-roof excitation, and equipartition of energy are introduced and discussed.
Diffuse Field
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter focuses on the conditions which lead to the emergence of diffuse field. The notion of mean free path is first introduced. The equations of propagation of rays in ergodic billiards and their energy density and radiative intensity are also given. It is shown that when the ray field becomes diffuse, the power exchanged between two lightly coupled domains follows the coupling power proportionality.
Energy Balance
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter presents the general methodology for applying statistical energy analysis to actual systems. Substructuring of complex systems, evaluation of the parameters (modal densities, injected powers, damping loss factors, coupling loss factors), and application of energy balance are successively detailed. Many references to the practice of statistical energy analysis or to further discussions are provided.
Thermodynamics of Sound and Vibration
Authors: Le Bot A.
Published: August 2015

This final chapter explores fundamental questions on thermodynamics and its application to sound and vibration. The notions of vibrational temperature and vibrational entropy are examined in detail. The analogy between the Clausius principle and coupling power proportionality and its consequences are extensively discussed. Statistical energy analysis is interpreted in terms of linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
The small (clause) beginnings
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter focuses on tenseless (root) small clauses, lacking the TP (Tense Phrase) layer of hierarchical structure and shows that such clauses are measurably simpler than full finite TP sentences, and that they should be considered as (living) fossils of the flat, paratactic small-clause stage in the evolution of syntax. These clauses lack finite verbs, structural case, the ability to question or move constituents, as well as the ability to embed and show recursion. Many among the root small clauses in e.g. English and Serbian are now marginal, formulaic expressions, although some are still in productive use. One finds corroborating evidence for the proposal in first and second language acquisition and agrammatism, and potential testing grounds in the fields of neuroscience and genetics.
Parataxis and coordination as precursors to hierarchy: Evolving recursive grammars
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter investigates the nature of the bond between the merged elements in the proto-syntactic constructs, as well as how the syntactic bond evolves over time. A distinction is made between the primary operation Conjoin, which produces flat (symmetrical) structures, and the operation Merge, which produces asymmetrical, hierarchical structures. In this respect, the chapter identifies three rough stages in the evolution of the syntactic bond: (i) the paratactic stage, characterized by Conjoin, (ii) the intermediate Proto-Coordination Stage, and (iii) the Specific Functional Category Stage (Subordination), characterized by Merge. It also identifies a host of transitional, ambivalent structures. As per the theme of this book, each new stage builds on the foundation of the previous one(s), as well as preserves their achievements. This chapter also shows how recursive structures emerge gradually, and how and why languages differ when it comes to recursion.
Islandhood (Subjacency) as an epiphenomenon of evolutionary tinkering
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter on islandhood (Subjacency) is a good example of how evolutionary considerations of the kind pursued in this book can shed new light on the very nature of language design. Despite the sustained effort of syntactic theory for over forty years to account for the islandhood effects, that is, for the existence of constructions that prohibit Move, to date there has been no principled account. This book offers an explanation why: islands are not a well-defined syntactic phenomenon forming a natural class, but instead islands can be just pockets of proto-syntax interspersed with more modern structures which allow Move. To put it differently, given that proto-syntactic (paratactic and proto-coordination stages) did not exhibit Move (see previous chapters), the survivors of these stages, adjuncts and conjuncts, continue to show islandhood effects.
Exocentric VN compounds
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter considers in detail what may be the best fossils we can access today of the paratactic absolutive-like stage in the evolution of human grammar: the exocentric verb-noun compounds (e.g. turn-coat, cry-baby, kill-joy). Structurally speaking, these compounds are exactly what the postulated paratactic stage would have looked like: a rigid combination of only two elements, a verb and a noun, with no subject/object distinction, and with no Move or recursion available. What is even more striking about these compounds is that they specialize for derogatory reference (insult) when they refer to humans, in language after language, which makes it plausible that comparable creations in the ancient past were used for ritual insult, contributing to the sexual selection of this simplest type of syntax (Progovac and Locke 2009).
The plausibility of natural selection for syntax
Authors: Progovac Ljiljana
Published: August 2015

This chapter identifies some concrete communicative advantages that would have been incurred by each new stage, and considers how the progression through these stages would have been guided by selection pressures. It looks at one concrete evolutionary scenario that would have solidified the earliest, paratactic stage of syntax by way of natural/sexual selection. Further, it identifies some specific communicative benefits of transitioning to a hierarchical stage, such as the reduction in vagueness, which in turn facilitates the capacities for displacement and novelty. This chapter identifies (paratactic) precursors to each hierarchical phenomenon discussed in the book, including transitivity and recursion, and shows how transitioning to the hierarchical level in each case would have been incremental, leaning on the foundation provided by the precursors. This approach thus offers a reconstruction of how communicative considerations may have shaped some properties of the formal design of human language.
The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

This book provides an introduction to crystallography, light, X-ray, and electron diffraction. The book also shows, by historical and biographical references, how the subject has developed from the work and insights of successive generations of crystallographers and scientists. The book shows how an understanding of crystal structures, both inorganic and organic may be built up from simple ideas of atomic and molecular packing. Beginning with (two-dimensional) examples of patterns and tilings, the concepts of lattices, symmetry point, and space groups are developed. ‘Penrose’ tilings and quasiperiodic structures are also included. The reciprocal lattice and its importance in understanding the geometry of light, X-ray, and electron diffraction patterns is explained in simple terms, leading to Fourier analysis in diffraction, crystal structure determination, image formation, and the diffraction-limited resolution in these techniques. Practical X-ray and electron diffraction techniques and their applications are described. A recurring theme is the common principles: the techniques are not treated in isolation.
Two-dimensional patterns, lattices and symmetry
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

This chapter starts by looking at two dimensional patterns and symmetry. It then considers the five plane lattices and examines seventeen-plane groups. It also describes one-dimensional symmetry which includes the border or frieze patterns. The chapter also looks at symmetry in art and design, counterchange patterns, and the eighty layer (two-sided) patterns giving examples in woven textiles. Finally, it looks at non-periodic patterns, Penrose tilings, the Golden Ratio, the Fibonacci series, and equiangular spirals.
Crystal symmetry
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

Chapter 4 is about symmetry and crystal habit. It looks at thirty-two crystal classes; centres and inversion axes of symmetry; crystal symmetry and properties; translational symmetry elements; space groups; and Bravais lattices, space groups, and crystal structures. The chapter also examines crystal structures and space groups of inorganic compounds, close packing of organic molecules (Kitaigorodskii), long chain polymer molecules, and quasiperiodic crystals (Mackay). Finally, it considers icosahedral structures and transformations, which relates to crystalline (icosahedral packing of spheres).
The reciprocal lattice
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

Chapter 6 starts by looking at some basic concepts: representation of a family of lattice planes by a reciprocal lattice vector—leading to reciprocal lattices and unit cells. It then considers the relations between the ‘direct’ and reciprocal lattice unit cells for the cubic P, I, and F lattices. It also considers the derivation of the relations between lattice vectors a, b, c, and reciprocal lattice vectors a*, b*, c*. The chapter ends by providing proof of some useful geometrical relationships, lattice planes, and reciprocal lattice planes.
The diffraction of X-rays
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

Chapter 9 illustrates the intensities of X-ray diffracted beams and considers atomic scattering factors, the structure factor equation, and its applications. Next, it analyses the broadening of diffracted beams and the Scherrer equation. The chapter examines the concept of integrated intensity; crystal size and perfection via mosaic structure and coherence length; the geometries of Laue, oscillation, rotation, and precession methods; and single crystal thin films and multi-layers. Finally, it looks at X-ray and neutron diffraction from ordered crystals, X-ray sources, synchrotron radiation, and recording techniques.
Electron diffraction and its applications
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

This chapter starts by looking at wave-particle character of electrons. It also explains the Ewald reflecting sphere construction for electron diffraction and provides an analysis of electron diffraction patterns. It also illustrates the precession and rotation electron diffraction techniques, Shechtman's identification of quasiperiodic crystals, Kikuchi patterns in the electron microscope and electron backscattered (EBSD) patterns in the scanning electron microscope, and image formation and resolution in the electron microscope.
Fourier analysis in diffraction and image formation
Authors: Hammond Christopher
Published: August 2015

This chapter starts with the Fourier series and Fourier transforms, and the representation of periodic functions. It then looks at Fourier analysis in crystallography. It details electron density, the derivation of relations between Fourier coefficients and structure factors, the X-ray resolution of a crystal structure, and the structural analysis of crystals and molecules (trial and error methods, the Patterson function, interpretation of Patterson maps, heavy atom and isomorphous replacement techniques, direct methods, and charge flipping). Finally, it provides an analysis of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern from a grating and the Abbe theory of image formation.
Introduction to Industrial Policy in Ethiopia
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2015

Ethiopia is a low-income country, landlocked, and located in a ‘bad neighbourhood’, and has the second largest population in Africa, with all the challenges and opportunities that entails. It has recorded one of the fastest economic growth rates in the early twenty-first century. In obvious ways, Ethiopia is a clear example of the ‘African Renaissance’, having undergone dramatic political and economic transformation in the past twenty-five years. This is the context within which research behind the book was carried out, drawing on quantitative data (primary and secondary) and on qualitative interviews. The chapter introduces the reader to industrial policymaking in Ethiopia, and the research design and methodology required to understand the policymaking process. The methodology draws heavily on structuralist development economics and political economy.
Beyond Bloom and Bust? Development and Challenges in Floriculture
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2015

This chapter explores the striking performance of the floriculture sector, and looks at output, the sector’s structure, forward and backward linkages, and the content of policymaking that is credited with the success of the sector. Success in flower production has attracted international attention and some debate about the main drivers of the success. This chapter contributes to this debate and, while it celebrates success, also highlights the new constraints uncovered by that success and the problems these pose for policymakers. As with other chapters, this one highlights the role of government intervention, but also the interplay between policymaking and institutions, and the dynamics of industrial structure and interest groups. The floriculture sector is a classic demonstration of how unemployed, underutilized local entrepreneurial potential and natural endowments can be mobilized for economic development, but do not just bloom automatically under the warm sun of comparative advantage.
Duns Scotus and Divine Necessity
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: August 2015

The chapter shows that Scotus defends the view that ‘God exists’ is both metaphysically and logically necessary. Thus, Scotus maintains that denying that God exists involves asserting a contradiction, and that this can be shown to be the case. But while Scotus believes that it can be shown that there is a concept in virtue of which ‘God exists’ is self-evident, he also believes that human beings in the current run of things can have no access to the content of this concept. The chapter also relates the claims that God is both metaphysically and logically necessary to the kind of causally dependent modalities (neither metaphysical nor logical) that Scotus employs in his attempt to prove God’s existence.
Ockham’s Scientia Argument for Mental Language
Authors: Hagedorn Eric W.
Published: August 2015

William Ockham held that, in addition to written and spoken language, there exists a mental language, a structured representational system common to all thinking beings. This chapter presents and evaluates an argument found in several places across Ockham’s corpus, wherein he argues that positing a mental language is necessary for the nominalist to meet certain ontological constraints imposed by Aristotle’s account of scientific demonstration.
Silence, Skepticism, and Vulgar Theology
Authors: Davies Daniel
Published: August 2015

Diverse interpretations of Maimonides’ Guide have abounded since it was first written. A recent school depicts Maimonides as a critical philosopher, in the Kantian mold, who was skeptical of claims to know certain metaphysical truths. Josef Stern’s new book is a landmark in this skeptical interpretation, which refines and extends the debate in various new directions. This chapter claims that focusing on skeptical motifs can bring Maimonides into line with recent developments in understanding the history of philosophy. Stern directs attention to the role that questioning can play in religious faith, and contends that Maimonides’ arguments are a series of spiritual exercises leading to equipollence and, ultimately, to silence and incomplete knowledge of God and the intelligences. The second half of the chapter turns to arguments that oppose a straightforward reading. It contextualizes them in studies of recent decades and offers alternative explanations of key passages in order to preserve a traditional reading.
Aquinas on the Beginning and End of Human Life
Authors: Amerini Fabrizio
Published: August 2015

The chapter provides a response to Patrick Toner, “Critical Study of Fabrizio Amerini’s Aquinas on the Beginning and End of Human Life,” Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy 2 (2013), 211–28. The chapter corrects two misrepresentations in Toner’s review. First, it proves that, given Aquinas’ assumptions on substantial form and human soul, Aquinas could not give up his preference for delayed hominization of the embryo even if he were acquainted with contemporary embryology. Aquinas takes as the starting point of his embryology Aristotle’s characterization of the human soul as the act of an organic physical body having life potentially, and this characterization leads him to the conviction that the human soul can enter into the human body only after the principal vital organs are formed. Second, the chapter corrects Toner’s unusual interpretation of the clause “organic” in the Aristotelian characterization of the human soul, by specifying the different senses of potentiality (to being human) in Aquinas’ embryology. The chapter reaffirms the core idea that establishing when the hominization of the human embryo begins is not decisive for rejecting abortion. The chapter suggests relating the question of abortion to the identity or continuity of the human embryo rather than to the beginning of hominization.
Introduction
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

The book begins with the first moment Nadia Boulanger heard the music of Igor Stravinsky, at the 1910 premiere of L’Oiseau de feu. This chapter then transports Boulanger and Stravinsky from the end of the dizzying Belle Époque in Paris to the devastated aftermath of World War I and reconstruction. I consider both how Boulanger and Stravinsky fit into the cultural fabric of postwar Paris and the roles they played in supporting the emerging neoclassical aesthetic. The introduction presents the work of Pierre Bourdieu and his notions of cultural capital and the field of cultural production, tying them to Boulanger’s activity as a cultural agent and increasingly fervent supporter of Stravinsky’s music.
Foundations
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

In this chapter Igor Stravinsky invites Boulanger to oversee the musical education of his younger son, and she accepts. This chapter explores Boulanger’s relationship as a sort of surrogate aunt to the young Soulima, who she calls Svétik. The text then shows how Boulanger’s closeness with Soulima translated into her corresponding with and ingratiating herself to his mother, Ekaterina, and grandmother Anna. It was her closeness with the women of Stravinsky’s domestic world that drew Boulanger closer to the composer himself, and in this chapter we see this closeness translate into her accepting an invitation to attend the world premiere of the Symphonie de psaumes in Brussels, Belgium. This concert and her closeness with this composition would have extraordinary professional ramifications for both Boulanger and Stravinsky. Overall, this chapter argues that it was the domestic, woman-centered arena of Igor Stravinsky’s world in which he and Boulanger connected.
Surviving the Great Depression
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

Situating Boulanger within the shifting world of a Paris crippled by the Great Depression and awash in refugees fleeing Hitler, this chapter considers the professional options for women within the tumultuous cultural field of Europe after 1932. Boulanger continued her dialogue with Stravinsky during this period, editing the piano-vocal reduction of his melodrama Perséphone and organizing the work’s unofficial premiere as part of her Wednesday afternoon classes. Along with a discussion of her copies of parts for Stravinsky’s 1934 Ave Maria, this chapter considers Boulanger’s financial situation during the Great Depression and how this may have influenced her access to Stravinsky’s music. This chapter also considers how, even in the wake of the death of her mother, Boulanger secured a position—and dependable income—for Stravinsky at the École normale de musique.
Beyond France
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

Following the death of her mother, Boulanger grew restless in a stifling Paris. From 1936 to 1939 she bolstered her international reputation, first by working in England and then by completing three tours of the United States. In her travels Boulanger cultivated connections with wealthy American women patrons such as Mildred Woods Bliss and worked to connect Stravinsky with this source of revenue, including by negotiating for him the commission for the Dumbarton Oaks Concerto. Simultaneously, Stravinsky experienced deep personal loss as his daughter, Lyudmila, and his wife died from tuberculosis. Boulanger and Stravinsky became closer through their shared sense of loss and search for hope, even as Stravinsky emigrated to the United States.
The War
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

Following the Nazi occupation of Paris and the establishment of the Vichy government, Boulanger emigrated to the United States. Once there, she faced the difficulty of adjusting to a new cultural milieu and a deep sense of guilt at having abandoned those she left behind. This chapter grapples with several difficult subjects that arise in the light of Boulanger and Stravinsky’s early adaptation to life in the United States during World War II, including the possibility of a romantic connection between Boulanger and Stravinsky (especially following his remarriage to Vera Sudeikina), allegations by Louise Talma of Boulanger’s anti-Semitism, and the complications Boulanger faced in reestablishing herself in America. Alongside this discussion is a consideration of the roles played by music, particularly Stravinsky’s Symphony in C, and her dialogue with Stravinsky in mitigating the pain of exile.
Redefining a Partnership, Reestablishing an Icon
Authors: Francis Kimberly A.
Published: August 2015

World War II eventually ended, and Boulanger leapt at the chance to return home, even though it meant a painful separation from her beloved friends Igor and Vera. Boulanger was particularly excited about reuniting with those she had not seen since 1940, including Soulima and Theodore Stravinsky. Once settled back in Paris, Boulanger again grew close with Soulima, his new wife Françoise, and their young son, Jean. This chapter considers the culture of early reconstruction Paris and the role Boulanger played in advocating for the reestablishment of European cultural greatness through presenting lectures, renewing her teaching practices, and performing concerts. Overall, we see here how Stravinsky’s music—particularly his Roman Catholic Mass—played a large part in Boulanger’s early postwar cultural work.
(Un)Familiar Femininities
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta
Published: August 2015

The female homosexual in South Asia is not always a visible lesbian person. She is often a figuration of an act that challenges hegemonic ideas of gender and female subjectivity. This lesbian femininity can be found in many socio-cultural conversations, defamiliarizing and subverting normative ideas of female monogamy, compulsory motherhood, asexuality, celibacy, and compliance. A nuanced reading of contemporary literary and cinematic texts from India and its diaspora, this work traces the histories of the ‘(un)familiar’ lesbian in the homophobic realm around us. Focusing on representations and legacies of such femininities, the book shows how female same-sex socialities and female same-sex love straddle terrains both familiar and unfamiliar, arguing that homosexuality and heterosexuality are not in opposition but in a state of constant dialogue with each other.
Gender Insubordination
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta
Published: August 2015

This chapter explores the link between gender displays and transgression. Some gender presentations can visibly disrupt the seamless translation of maleness into masculinity and femaleness into femininity through their gender insubordination: female masculinity, for example, as women using the codes and practices of masculinity to present female bodies as masculine transgress and explode ideas of masculinity as confined only to male bodies. The ‘butch’ body thus generated is the ‘lesbian vernacular’ or an externalized shorthand in public consciousness for ‘lesbian’ itself, the visible sign of sexualities that are not heterosexual. Does the appropriation of masculinity by women confer upon the subversive female body the privilege of entering or occupying public spaces more confidently? This chapter examines, through its readings of Strange Obsession, Babyji and Kari, how the (un)familiar as insubordinately gendered body becomes a queer event.
Lesbians in the House!
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta
Published: August 2015

The coming-out story is a heavily-freighted, yet central narrative genre for gay/lesbian/queer self-fashioning. This chapter studies transnational films about South Asians centering on overt lesbian coming-out like Nina’s Heavenly Delights and I Can’t Think Straight in relation to films like Bend It Like Beckham, The World Unseen, and Chutney Popcorn, all of which narrativize how (un)familiar counter-hegemonic non-heterosexual or non-heteronormative female subjects refuse to forfeit the reproductive labours they perform within the space of the home, family and diaspora. Showing the space of the home and the traditions it embodies as culturally valuable, and therefore not to be forfeited by the female protagonist, but also oftentimes refusing explicit ‘lesbian’ identity, some of these films perform the vital function of providing a vocabulary for the (un)familiar woman to join conversation with non-heterosexual selving and of providing models for self-fashioning that are not heterosexual. This functionalist view of the coming-out narrative is particularly important in relation to a form like cinema that, whether mainstream or multiplex, has such a large field of circulation within South Asian public cultures.
Unbecoming Women
Authors: Rajendran Aneeta
Published: August 2015

The female novel of growth or Bildungsroman is often defined less as a novel of growing up and more as one of ‘growing down’. Where the conventional or male novel of growth is able to show as its culmination the protagonist taking his socially validated places in the world, novels tracking the growth of female protagonists find themselves deferring, rather than concluding the heroine’s struggles to take her appropriate social place. Key to these novels is the woman’s resistance to this patriarchally defined trajectory, or reproductive temporality. This chapter studies two kinds of (un)familiar Bildungsroman, one Ismat Chughtai’s Terhi Lakeer written just prior to the birth of the independent Indian nation, and Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe which places female growing up in context of caste and class. Examining how both texts use formulations of maternity to fashion subjecthood, this chapter theorizes the (un)familiar story of growth as strategically using clandestinity, interruption and forgetting in order to allow (un)familiar female protagonists the space to un-become heteronormative femininity.
Evidential restrictions on epistemic modals
Authors: Matthewson Lisa
Published: August 2015

In recent work on the relation between epistemic modals and evidentials, von Fintel and Gillies (2010) argue that the English epistemic modals must and might encode an evidential restriction, specifically an indirect evidence requirement. This chapter argues that the evidential contribution made by must and might is not an indirect evidence requirement but rather a ban on evidence of a certain level of trustworthiness. Although evidentials are not usually viewed as encoding trustworthiness distinctions, the chapter shows that there are some elements whose primary function is evidential, and which do target the trustworthiness dimension. This brings must and might into line with the broader class of evidentials, exactly as von Fintel and Gillies propose. Following ideas found in Kratzer (2012), it is argued that all epistemic modals encode evidential information as a matter of definition, since an ‘epistemic modal’ is a modal whose modal base relies on evidence (not on knowledge).
Grading and hedging bygewiss
Authors: Hinterwimmer Stefan , Umbach Carla
Published: August 2015

The chapter argues for a unified account of three different kinds of DPs headed by the German specificity marker ein(e) gewiss(e): DPs with count nouns, DPs with proper names, and DPs with abstract mass nouns derived from gradable adjectives. In the latter two cases, the variant with ein gewiss gives rise to speaker commitments weaker than those associated with their salient alternatives (namely sentences employing bare proper names and bare abstract mass nouns, respectively) while in the first case it is the other way round. The authors show that this at first sight problematic fact can be accounted for by combining the analysis of Ebert, Ebert, and Hinterwimmer (2013) of ein(e) gewiss(e) in combination with count nouns with independently motivated assumptions about the semantics of proper names and abstract mass nouns, on the one hand, and plausible pragmatic principles, on the other.
Interacting lattice clusters
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse
Published: August 2015

In Chapter 3 the thermodynamic limit in models of lattice clusters is reviewed. The chapter then discusses the convexity of the limiting free energy and the concavity of the Legendre transform of the limiting free energy. The limiting free energy of lattice clusters and critical points, and the limiting free energy of lattice clusters in a wedge geometry are reviewed. In addition, the chapter covers the free energy of stiff random walks, Dyck paths, Lah and Lobb numbers, partitions and unzipping walks.
Self-avoiding walks and polygons
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse
Published: August 2015

Chapter 7 provides an overview of self-avoiding walks, polygons and half-space walks. The Hammersley-Welsh construction is discussed, as well as the bridge decomposition of half-space walks. Loops, hoops and their relation to lattice polygons are reviewed. The generating functions of self-avoiding walks and the pattern theorem for models of walks are also discussed. In addition, the chapter covers the pattern theorem for interacting models of self-avoiding walks. Finally, curvature and knotting in stiff lattice polygons are considered.
Self-Avoiding Walks in Slabs and Wedges
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse
Published: August 2015

Chapter 8 provides an overview of half-space walks and bridges in slabs, as well as the free energy of walks in slabs. The generating functions of walks in slabs and a pattern for walks in a slab are discussed. The growth constants of walks and adsorbing walks in slabs are also covered. Finally, walks and polygons in wedges in the hypercubic lattice are reviewed.
Interaction models of self-avoiding walks
Authors: Van Rensburg E.J. Janse
Published: August 2015

Chapter 9 reviews the free energy of adsorbing walks and polygons, specifically covering the adsorption transition in adsorbing walks. The location of the adsorption transition is discussed, as well as adsorbing walks in a slab. Self-avoiding walk models of adsorbing copolymers, collapsing self-avoiding walks and the theta transition are reviewed. The chapter also discusses a dense walk model of collapsed walks. Finally, the free energy of collapsing and adsorbing walks is examined, as are pulled self-avoiding walks and the phase diagram of pulled adsorbing walks.
Intonational phonology of Catalan and its dialectal varieties
Authors: Prieto Pilar , Borràs-Comes Joan , Cabré Teresa , Crespo-Sendra Verònica , Mascaró Ignasi , Roseano Paolo , Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , del Mar Vanrell Maria
Published: August 2015

This chapter describes the intonation and prosodic phrasing patterns which characterize the main dialects of the Catalan language, namely Central Catalan, Northwestern Catalan, Valencian, Balearic Catalan, Northern Catalan, and Algherese Catalan taking into account the most recent work on Catalan intonation. The chapter incorporates the important perspective of using a transparent ToBI analysis that is common to the intonation transcription of other Romance languages. The empirical basis of the investigation includes a large-scale intonation survey based on the Discourse Completion Task methodology in 70 different Catalan locales within these various dialectal areas. The central part of the chapter compares the prosodic realization of the different sentence types under analysis. Interestingly, differences in the prosodic realization of information-seeking yes-no questions (rising vs. falling configurations) distinguish two broad dialectal areas of the Catalan language domain which are also related to other Romance areas.
Intonational phonology of French: Developing a ToBI system for French
Authors: Delais-Roussarie Elisabeth , Post Brechtje , Avanzi Mathieu , Buthke Carolin , Di Cristo Albert , Feldhausen Ingo , Jun Sun-Ah , Martin Philippe , Meisenburg Trudel , Rialland Annie , Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , Yoo Hi-Yon
Published: August 2015

The aim of the chapter is to propose a ToBI transcription system for French, F_ToBI. The system is designed in such a way as to (i) be (surface) transparent and easily learnable by researchers working in different theoretical frameworks; and to (ii) make the exchange of data more feasible. It is couched in the Autosegmental Metrical framework and follows the usual ToBI conventions. This is to facilitate research in prosodic typology in particular within Romance, for which ToBI-style systems are often used. F_ToBI is designed to transcribe distinct intonation contours that are generally accepted in the literature on French intonation and which are supported by the analysis of empirical data. While it is inspired by existing theoretical accounts of French phrasing and intonation, it does not follow one single precursor, since its primary goal is to allow for an adequate and comprehensive transcription of French prosody in a cross-dialectal perspective.
Intonational phonology of Friulian and its dialects
Authors: Roseano Paolo , Mar Vanrell Maria del , Prieto Pilar
Published: August 2015

This chapter describes the intonational features of the most important dialects of Friulian, namely Central, Northern, and Western Friulian. The empirical data for the analysis were collected in 20 different locales by means of an intonation survey based on the Discourse Completion Task methodology. The first part of the chapter describes prosodic phrasing in Friulian. The following part contains a description of the intonational lexicon of Friulian in terms of phonological pitch accents and boundary tones, together with a description of the rules governing the phonetic implementation of phonological tones. The final section of the chapter provides a description of how intonation–along with modal particles and morphosyntax–encodes sentence modality.
Intonational phonology of Occitan
Authors: Sichel-Bazin Rafèu , Meisenburg Trudel , Prieto Pilar
Published: August 2015

This chapter gives the first overall description of the prosodic organization of Occitan, a Gallo-Romance minority language spoken mainly in southern France. It presents the relevant units of the prosodic hierarchy and the main intonational contours associated with their semantic-pragmatic value, and proposes a transcription system for Occitan prosody (Oc_ToBI). The results stem mainly from the analysis of data in the central Lengadocian dialect, but dialectal variation is also taken into account thanks to the data of the Atlàs interactiu de l’intonacion de l’occitan (Prieto and Sichel-Bazin 2007-). In most of its territory, Occitan is in contact with French, with which it shares many prosodic properties, mainly the relevance of the Accentual Phrase and some intonational features such as preaccentual rises in nuclear accents. However, two subdialects show different interference phenomena: Aranese, which is in contact with Catalan and Spanish; and Cisalpine, with Piedmontese and Italian.