bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corn (Field), True Armyworm Control in Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were applied and evaluated for control of armyworm in Augusta County, VA. Funks 5757 variety corn was planted May 1 using a randomized complete block design. Four row plots, 50 feet in length were replicated four times. Pretreatment population counts (number of plants with larvae) were obtained representing 200 ft of row replicated twice. Pretreatment population counts indicated 100% infestation. The two center rows of each plot were used for evaluating treatments. Treatments were applied May 30 using a compressed air spray operating at 30 psi spraying 73 gal/acre and a hand cranked duster to apply granular materials in a 7-in band. Post-treatment counts were obtained on June 1 and 3 by counting the number of larvae alive or dead per plot. Armyworm larvae were In their second to fourth instar.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Corn Seedling Maggot Control on Maize, Batangas, Philippines, 1980
Authors: Venugopal M.S. , Litsinger J.A. , Apostol R.F.
Published: March 2022

In a farmer’s field In Cale village, Tanauan, Batangas province, Philippines, 37 insecticide seed dressings were tested at 3 g ai/kg seed for seedling maggot control on maize. Seeds agitated in a plastic bag with 25% gum arabic-water solution and insecticide were sown (15 kg/ha) to 5-m2 plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Percentage deadhearts were recorded twice, 14 and 28 days after crop emergence, from 10 randomly selected plants per plot.
Field Corn, European Corn Borer Control, 1980
Authors: Witkowski J.F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first brood corn borer control were applied to dryland corn plots in Dixon County, Nebraska in July. Granular insecticides were applied July 3 with a specially modified Mahn Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied in 20 gal of water/acre at 2 mph at 22 psi with a specially modified back pack sprayer. Each single row plot was 100 ft. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Prior to insecticide application 14 consecutive plants in each plot were infested with approximately 60 first instar borer larvae using a hand held inoculator. In mid-August, artificially infested corn plants were split in half from tassel to the ground, examined, and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Efficacy of Chemicals for Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1980
Authors: Pitts Daniel L. , Pieters Edward P.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 213 variety was planted on May 5 at the Plant Science Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots 8 x 90 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 5 gal of final spray mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, and 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 12 times on a 4 to 5 day schedule from July 14 to Sept 3. Azinphosmethyl was applied to all plots at 0.25 lb ai/acre 13 times as needed from July 3 to Sept 24, to control boll weevils, Anthonomusgrondis Boheman. Aldicarb was applied to all plots at 2 lb ai/acre on June 10 to reduce beneficial arthropods. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damage by randomly selecting 25 squares from all parts of the plants along the center 2 rows. The tobacco budworm consisted of 90% of the population on July 8, and Aug 6, respectively. Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 2 rows on Oct 20 and 21.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, 1979
Authors: Rohlfs W. Mitchell , Bass Max H.
Published: March 2022

This test was initiated on Sept 18 near Cottonwood, AL. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each of the 40 plots was 4 rows x 37 ft (0.01 acres). Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer, 3 nozzles per row, delivering 15 gal of mixed spray per acre. Post-treatment counts were made by shaking the peanut vines vigorously in a section of row 3 ft long, then rolling the vines back from the middle to the row, first on one side of the row then on the other, and counting and recording the number of live VBC larvae on the ground. This was done twice per plot three days after treatment.
Field Evaluation of Foliar Insecticides Against Rice Caseworm, 1980
Authors: Litsinger J. A. , Bandong J. P.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen days after transplanting, field plots(2 m2) were hand infested with greenhouse-reared second instar larvae at 4 larvae/hill. The next day insecticides were applied as foliar sprays at 0.75 kg ai/ha in a volume of 300 l/ha. The IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) trial (randomized complete block design) was replicated 4 times over time. Each plot surrounded with levees was encircled with plastic sheeting to prevent interplot larval movement. Two replications planted April 4 were sprayed April 18 and two replications planted May 26 were sprayed June 9. Climatic data for the two 10-day periods after each spraying were: rainfall 0 and 8.2mm, RH 79% and 83%, mean daily maximum temperature 32° and 32° C, and mean daily minimum temperature 23 and 25° C, respectively. Caseworm damage was scored immediately before spraying and 5 and 10 days later. A tiller was scored as damaged if at least one leaf was cut by caseworm feeding. The leaf scraping index (1-9) was based on percent leaf area removed: 1 = 0%, 3 = 1-10%, 5 = 11-25%, 7 = 26-50%, 9 = 51-100%.
Thrips Control on Soybean, 1980
Authors: Farlow R. A. , Pitre H. N.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans at the time of treatment were at the V-3 developmental stage, under drought stress and had moderately yellowed foliage due to the thrips. Treatment plots within a production field were 1 row x 25 ft, arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Thrips counts in each plot were taken by randomly selecting 10 trifoliolates which were examined later in the laboratory. Pretreatment counts averaged 29.9 thrips/trifoliolate. Treatments were applied June 11 using a hand held compressed sprayer air sprayer with a fan tip nozzle delivering 5 gpa at 40 psi (Basagran and Blazer applied at 10 gpa).
Soil Insecticide Applications on Soybeans, 1980
Authors: Hammond Ronald B.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-three soybean plots (Var. Williams) were located at the Southern Branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Plots measured 50 ft by 4 rows and were bordered by 2 rows. Soil type was a silt loam, pH = 6.6, and 3% organic matter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design, 3 blocks each with 11 treatments. Treatments were applied in-furrow or 7 in band with a 2-row John Deere planter with Gandy applicators on May 15. Temik was applied in 15 in rows, other treatments in 30 in rows. Plots then received a herbicide application of Lorox and Lasso. Soybeans were sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (25 sweeps/plot) on June 25, July 24, and Aug 27. Soybean plant growth stages at sampling were: V6, R3, and R7, respectively. Samples were examined for potato leafhoppers (PLH) and Mexican bean beetles (MBB) in the laboratory. Stand counts were taken and plants examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity on June 4. Total rainfall from planting to harvest was as follows: May 3.10 in, June 4.37 in, July 2.71, Aug 4.17 in, and Sept 3.10 in. Soybeans were hand harvested on Sept 24.
Green Cloverworm Control on Soybean, 1980
Authors: Lenrz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Forrest variety soybean was planted May 6 on Collins silt loam soil (pH 7) at the Milan Experiment Station, Milan, TN. Four-row plots, 50 ft long, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made by taking 17 20-sweep samples over the entire plot area. Insecticides were applied Aug 22 with a 4-row boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row, with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Evaluations were made Aug 25 by taking a 20-sweep sample from each of the two center rows. The center two rows of each plot were harvested Oct 8.
Flue-Cured Tobacco, Insect Control with Transplant Water Treatments, 1980
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

‘McNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on May 28 in 4 ft rows with 20-in row spacing. Treatment plots, 20 ft long (12 plants) and 1 row wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated on each side by single guard rows. Transplant-water treatments were applied in 200 gal of water/acre using a dipper. Black cutworm larvae (4th to 6th instar) were placed under 0.25 of loose soil about 3 in from each of 10 plants/plot on May 29. The number of plants damaged by cut-worms were recorded for each plot on May 30, 31, and June 2, 3, and 4. Five leaves/plot were examined for flea beetle punctures on June 16. Prior to analysis, green peach aphid counts were transformed to Log10
Apple, Acaricide Tests, 1980
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to run-off with a hand-gun at 14.06 kg/cm2 (200 psi) and 132.5 litres/min (35 gpm). Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Each replicate was represented by a different cultivar (Triple Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York). Unsprayed buffer trees were left between all replicates. A pretreatmenf (Jul 7) and 4 post-treatment mite counts (Jul 15, Jul 22, Jul 29, and Aug 5) were made. Random samples of 20 leaves/free were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites and mite eggs were counted. Data were recorded as mites or mite eggs/leaf. All data were transformed to log10 (X+l). ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used for the analyses. Plictran 50W was the standard.
Leaf Miner Control on Greenhouse Chrysanthemums, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted at a commercial chrysanthemum range in Coweta Co., GA. Five insecticide formulations were evaluated for efficacy in controlling leaf miners on chrysanthemums grown for pot flower production on raised greenhouse benches. Cuttings were stuck Jun 25, moved out of propagation Jul 8, pinched Jul 22, spaced Aug 12, and ready for shipping approximately Sep 1, Foliar sprays were applied Jul 9 and every 7 days thereafter until the last application on Aug 6 (Temp 27 - 30C). Application was to run-off utilizing a 8003 nozzle and 80 psi. Treatment plots were 20 to 25, 165 mm Azalea pots replicated 4 times. Each replication was a bench of 1 of 4 cultivars: ‘Pot-O-Gold’, ‘Butterball’, ‘Tip’, and ‘Garland’. Treatments were evaluated by placing a pot on a 26 cm diameter by 2.5 cm deep polystyrene tray (5 in each treatment block). Leaf miner larvae and/or pupae captured in the trays were counted each week. Treatments were evaluated on Aug 27 for marketability. Five plants in each treatment block were rated on a scale of 0 (no damage) to 10 (every fully developed leaf damaged).
Residual Control of Aphids in Christmas Tree Plantations with Aldicarb, 1977-80
Authors: Ahrens J. F. , Moore R.E.B.
Published: March 2022

Evaluations were made in 1980 of the effectiveness of prior applications of granular aldicarb (Temik 10G) on control of aphids in 5 to 8 ft conifers. The conifers were planted in Apr 74 in two-row plots replicated three times. The soil type was a sandy loam. The trees were spaced 3 to 6 ft apart in rows 6 ft wide. One row of each plot received Temik 10G in single bar holes 4 to 6 in deep at the drip line of the trees, and the other row was untreated. The holes were closed with a kick of the heel. Each subplot had three to five trees. The times and rates for the Temik 10G application in grams per tree were: Sep 8’76 - 10; Apr 13’78 - 10’ and Apr 10’79 - 20. No treatment was applied in 1980, On Jun 23’80, aphid injury ratings were made on a scale of 0 to 4, with 0 as no injury and 4 as severe injury.
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Control in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. , El-Azawi Elham
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for hemlock woolly adelgid control by treating four blocks of 35 - 40 ft trees. Four trees within each block were sprayed with one treatment using a Bean hydraulic sprayer (600 psi) on Oct 6. Each block of trees was separated by sufficient distance to avoid drift. Temperature was 60°F and winds were calm. Prerreatment observations of each treated tree indicated heavy infestations. Post-treatment evaluations were made by recording the number of living insects out of 20 observed per new terminal; 4 different sites with 4 terminals each were observed at 4 different locations within each tree for a total of 320 insects per tree. The mean number of living adelgids per tree site (out of 80) was determined 14 days post-treatment.
Japanese Beetle Control with Bendiocarb on Roses, 1980
Authors: Kathy J. , Wayne W.
Published: March 2022

Rose foliage was tested by use of a compressed air sprayer at 20 psi applied to the point of runoff and exposed to normal climatic conditions. Treatments were applied on Aug 13 at Hudson, New Hampshire. Rainfall was monitored during the study period. Six-inch stems (with foliage) were clipped, inserted in water containers and placed in quart jars. Jars were covered with cheesecloth, and 10 beetles were placed in each container at post-treatment periods of 1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days. Tests were replicated 3 times. Efficacy and speed of knockdown were monitored.
Phytotoxicity of Bedding Plants Resulting from Applications of Knoxout 2Fm, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

Knoxout 2FM was evaluated for phytotoxicity on 8 types of bedding plants. The experiment was conducted on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments were replicated 4 times (exception ‘Red Star’ marigold only 3 replicates) for each type of plant in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one plant transplanted in a 4 x 4 inch square pot filled with pro-mix. Foliar sprays were applied May 2 to the point of runoff with a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Knoxout 2FM was used at 2 rates: 1% (7.8 lb ai/100 gal) and 2% (15.6 lb al/100 gal). Five treatments were observed: treatment 1, one application of 1% spray; treatment 2, two applications of 1% spray; treatment 3, one application of 2% spray; treatment 4, two applications of 2% spray; and treatment 5, control. Plants were retreated at a 7 day interval (temperatures 75°F and 76°F, respectively). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following the first application. They were evaluated for overall appearance of the plant compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3=severe.
Nursery Potted Vegetable Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1979-80
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Helmkamp A. L.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity resulting from one application of selected insecticides (one insecticide/vegetable) to several potted vegetables was determined. The following materials were evaluated: Lannate 1.8L, Orthene 75S, Pirimor 50W, Pramex 2E, SPB-1382 2E, Vydate 2L. Compounds were chosen based on their ability to control many pests commonly found on potted vegetables and due to a lack of information necessary for their labeling on these crops in a nursery. Applications were made in Jan, March, July or Aug and several plots designs were employed (Table 1). Materials were applied until run-off with a hand gun operating from a 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) piston pump at 125 psi. Plants were sprayed outdoors at all locations and then transferred to raised benches within greenhouses at UCR and onto black plastic sheets located at ground level under shade at cooperating nurseries. The soil at all locations was based on a University of California mixture with a pH of ca 7.4. Following the date of spray application, data on phytotoxicity were recorded weekly for 4 weeks. Damage was evaluated based on the overall appearance of the plants compared to an untreated control: 0-no damage; 1-slight damage, no effect on marketability; 2-moderate damage, marketability reduced; 3-heavy damage, unmarketable. An evaluation of phytoroxic effects was made on plant growth if this occurred after the insecticide applications. Observations on phytotoxicity were made by at least 2 individuals on each date and where possible, only the innermost plants within replicates were evaluated.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1978
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Nolan P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas, from Sept 7-Dec 10. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB 1392), Fenvalerate 2.4E (SD-43775), Permethrin 2E (SPB-1513) (all at 0.1 lb ai/100 gal) and Oxyamyl 2E (Vydate) (0.5 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at 1 ml/gal of finished spray. Materials were applied until runoff to both sides of bracts and leaves using a 10 gal hydro-piston pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. There were 3 replicates/variety/treatment with 4 five-inch pots/replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: 1) when plants were well rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking), 2)when bracts began to show color and flower buds were evident and 3) when 0.5 - 0.75 in bloom. A commercial application of Aldicarb 10G (Temik) at 0.0416 g ai/ft was applied on Oct 20. Observations of phytotoxicity were made 2,4 and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated control.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1979
Authors: Parrella M.P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K.R. , Nolan P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were carried out at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas during Oct 16-Dec 4. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB-1382), Permethrin 2E (SBP-1513) and 3.2E (Pounce) (Permanone 40) (all at 0.1 lb ai/100 gal) and Bendiocarb 76W (NC 6897) (0.25 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at 1 ml/gal to tfie finished spray. Materials were applied to both sides of leaves and bracts using a 10 gal hydro-picton pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. The C-l red, white and Bl varieties were used with 4 replicates/variety/treatment with 3 five inch pots per replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: Oct 16, when plants were well-rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking); Nov 6, when bracts begin to show color and flower buds were evident; Nov 27, when plants were 0.5-0.75 in full bloom. Temperature range at the time of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications were 20.0-23.3, 21.1-23.9 and 21.7-26.7° C, respectively. Observations of phytotoxicity were made 2, 4, and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated check.
Insecticides Evaluated for Quarantine Use Against Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1979 and 1980
Authors: von Windeguth D. L. , Arner A.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-one insecticides, combinations of insecticides and varying dose rates of toxicants were evaluated for use on international aircraft flights. Laboratory strain flies were caged In screen-capped 1-pint cardboard ice-cream cartons, ca. 100 adult flies/cage, and 4 cages were used for each test replicate. A 71-M empty trailer van provided a test area simulating the interior space of an aircraft. One cage was taped to each of three walls (right, left, and front) at ca. 1.5 M high and one to the van ceiling (ca. 3 M high) at a central location. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as an inert carrier and propelled with a pressurized CO2 cylinder. Aerosols were released from standard pressurized hand-held cans. The emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and ultra low volume concentrates (ULV) were applied with portable power-operated equipment. Aerosols were released inside closed trailers, sprays and dusts introduced through the right rear door. The insect toxicant exposure period was 30 minutes, 10 minutes with the van doors closed and 20 more with one door open. The cages containing the flies were then removed and 30-minute knock down (KD) counts made. At 24 hours following toxicant exposure a final mortality count was made. The average temperatures during the test period were 23°C in the April 1979 tests and 20°C in the April 1980 tests in Miami, Florida. Most tests were replicated 3 or 4 times except where noted differently. Tabulated mortality data is the mean for the replicates corrected for control mortality.
Evaluation of Aerosols for Quarantine Control of Three Tephritid Flies, 1979
Authors: Fons James , Cawley Bryant M. , Hayes Dora K.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted to find an effective adulticide for treatment in aircraft cabins and hold to prevent accidental transport of three tephritid flies from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. Initial tests were con-ducted in transport trailers with caged flies. Colony-reared melon flies and Mediterranean and Oriental fruit flies were immobilized and counted in a cold room, and their sexes were determined. Ten of each sex for each species were placed in 0.45-liter paper cans with 7 mesh/crrr nylon screen on both ends. Sugar cubes and water-saturated sponges were placed on each cage before and after treatment. Five cages were placed in standard positions at three dif-ferent levels: floor, 1.5 m high on walls, and ceiling. In four tests three additional cages of flies were released inside the trailer just before treatment. Because only d-phenothrin was registered for use in aircraft, four tests were conducted with this formulation with caged flies in ten positions in the cargo areas in each of two C-141 and in eleven positions in the cabins of two DC-10 aircraft. All exposure periods were 30 min. In trailers the rear doors were closed for the first 10 min and opened for the remaining 20 min; in the aircraft, the first 10 min were without ventilation and the final 20 min were with it. The three insecticides selected for the study, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and S-5602, are synthetic pyrethroids with relatively low mammalian toxicity. All were formulated as self-propellant aerosols in dichlorodifluoromethane (F-12)- Aerosols were released along the entire length of the test space. Proper doses were obtained by spraying for a prescribed time based on release-rate and weighing and re-spraying as necessary. Knockdown counts were made immediately after the 30 min exposure period, and mortality counts were made 48 hr posttreatment.
Candidate Quarantine Pesticides for Stored-Product Insects, 1979
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared insects were exposed to pesticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 71 m3) in Miami, FL, and Baltimore, MD. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm-diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Freon-propelled aerosols were released from within closed trailers, either from the center of the trailer or by an individual walking the length of the trailer and spraying for the required length of time. Dusts were formulated with Hi Sil 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellent through an open rear door. Emulsifiable concentrates were diluted with water and introduced for 1 min through an open rear door with an ULVAFAN battery-powered unit (Micron West, Inc., Houston, TX), or a Micro-Gen Bolt Model E10 110 VAC (Micro-Gen Equipment Corp., San Antonio, TX). The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each insecticide application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) after 24 h and for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush) at 14 days post-exposure. Each test was replicated at least 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 24° ± 3°C.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Cockroaches in Urban Apartments, 1980
Authors: Bennett Gary W. , Runstrom Erik S.
Published: March 2022

Field investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various insecticide formulations on field infestations of German cockroaches. Low-income housing units were treated and monitored from May to Aug. Aqueous formulations were applied to runoff with a 1 gal B&G compressed air sprayer using the coarse fan opening (spraying systems no. 80015). Aerosol and stick formulations were applied according to label directions. Visual counts were made in the kitchen and all bathrooms prior to treatment and at specified intervals after treatment. Analysis was calculated on percentage reductions for each apartment using Kruskal-Wallis rank sums and Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks tests.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Hcst Ticks, 1980
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of Boophilusannulatus (Say), the cattle tick, and B. microplus (Canestrini), the southern cattle tick, in colony at Falcon Heights, TX, and Anocentornitens (Neumann), the tropical horse tick, and Dermacentoralbipictus, (Packard), the winter tick, at Kerrville, TX, are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are used in the test. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. Compounds not soluble In xylene are formulated in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene-Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% active ingredient; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. For treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, weighed, and placed into 45-50 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 sec and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27±1°C and>80% RH for oviposition. After 2-3 weeks, the ticks are discarded; however, the eggs are weighed and held for another month, at which time percentage hatch is estimated visually. Controls, groups of 10 ticks, are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100 and methyl-pyrrolidinone and handled as treated ticks.
Cattle, Face and Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ectrin Ear Tags, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

Ectrin ear tags were attached to two herds of beef cattle in June. The first group consisted of 44 adult Angus cows with calves. All cows were tagged in both ears on June 20. The second group consisted of 34 adult Hereford cows with calves and were tagged in one ear on June 21. Calves were not ragged. A third group of similar size, with no fly treatment, served as a control. The groups were separated by at least 2 miles. An assessment of treatment efficacy was made prior to treatment and post-treatment by inspecting 10 head selected at random from each herd at weekly intervals usually between 10-12 a.m. Face flies were counted on the entire face while horn flies were counted on both sides of the entire animal. Binoculars were used to aid counting when necessary. Data was analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Pastures, 1980
Authors: Lame Marc L. , Bass Max H.
Published: March 2022

Tests utilizing nine treatments were conducted at three locations in Alabama near the towns of Camp Hill, Greenville, and Snowdown. A completely randomized design with 3 replications was used at each site except that SN-72129 treatments were replicated 2 times at the Camp Hill location. Plots were one acre in size. All formulations were applied with a Seed Easy seed broadcaster mounted on a tractor. Applications were made in early June. Before application the number of active mounds were counted within a circle with a radius of 89 feet in each plot. Each mound was evaluated using the USDA-APHIS classification system. Post-treatment counts were performed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks and at 90 days.
Residual Barn Treatments Using Atroban Permethrin for the Control of House Flies, 1980
Authors: Smith J. P. , Hall R. D. , English L. M.
Published: March 2022

Atroban permerhrin formulated as 10%, 42.5% (methylene chloride solvent), 42.5% (xylene solvent) emulsifiable concentrate (EC) or 25% wettable powder (WP) was applied to the interior surfaces of 3 livestock barns located on the University of Missouri South Farm and to 1 beef barn located ca 12 miles north of Columbia. An untreated barn located at South Farm served as control. Two separate trials were conducted. All treatments were applied at 0.125% Al at the rate of 0.09 l/m2 (1 gql/450 ft2) using a power sprayer delivering 1034 kPa (150 lb/in2). Fly populations were monitored prior to and at regular intervals posttreatment via a 0.25 m2 Scudder fly grill. Five 30 sec grid counts were taken at each observation.
Apple, Mite Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1980
Authors: Weires R. W. , Alm S. R.
Published: March 2022

Eight-tree plots of from 5-7 different apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied at pink (Mcintosh), May I, petal fall (Rome), May 19, and In 6 cover sprays, Jun 5, 19, Jul 3, 17, 31, and Aug 14. The CGA 29170 treatment was applied only at pink, while the UC 55248 treatment was applied at pink and petal fall. Plictran 50W (4 oz form./lOO gal) was included with the DISA, HAG, Pydrin and Guthion treatments for mite control on Jul 3. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.2 (during May) and 4.2 (Jun through remainder of season) gal spray/tree (307-403 gal/acre). Fungicides applied over the plots by airblast sprayer a 3X (133 gal/acre) included Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on Apr 17 and Cyprex 65WP (4 oz/100 gal) on Jun 13. Above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall contributed to rather early and severe European red mite buildup. The “open” winter (no snow cover) apparently reduced Amblyseiusfallacis populations which remained low during the entire season.
Peach: Evaluation of Several Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of Peach Pests, 1980
Authors: Horsburg R. L. , Ponton L. F. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Four peach trees (one of each of the four cultivars, Loring, Red Haven, Sunhigh, and Madison) were sprayed to the drip point for each treatment and the water control. All treatment trees were bordered by unsprayed buffer trees. Application was with an adjustable hand gun at 200 psi (14 kg/cm2). The pH of the spray water was 7.4. Treatments and the water control were applied on Apr 18, 24, May I, 12, 22, 28, Jun 4, II, 18, 25, Jul 2, 9, 16, 24, 30 and Aug 6. Pounce was applied up to and including Jun 4 on one treatment (4 trees). At the manufacturer’s request FMC 45806 was substituted for Pounce in the treatment on Jun II and all remaining spray dates. Oriental fruit moth injury was recorded as no. of infested terminals observed in two minutes per tree - 4 reps per treatment (Table I). Samples of 20 leaves per tree (4 reps per treatment) were collected, brushed and mites and mite eggs were counted with a binocular microscope (Henderson-McBurnie method). The data (converted to mites, and mite eggs per leaf) was transformed (x + .5) and analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (Table 2). In developing the Japanese Beetle data each treatment tree was given a numerical rating for injury to foliage (0 = no injury, 10 = 100% of leaves severely damaged (Table 3).
Peach, Lesser Peach Tree Borer Control, 1979 and 1980
Authors: Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

A 15-yr-old block of Sunqueen and Red Haven peaches was used in these tests. The objective of the 1979 experiment was to determine the effects of timing and interval between applications on the performance of Thiodan. The objective in 1980 was to compare the effectiveness of several insecticides for lesser borer control. In each year, 10 trees arranged in a randomized block design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied to the trunk and scaffold limbs with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a hand-gun and operated at 250 pst. Trees were sprayed until the bark, and especially old borer injuries, were thoroughly soaked, which required approximately 4 gallons of spray per tree. The timing of sprays coincided with the emergence of 1st generation moths, as measured by pupal case counts and pheromone trap catches. Timing of applications in 1979 using Thiodan 50WP 0.75 lb Al/100 gal is given in Table I; application dates in 1980 were Jun 6 and 26. The treatment effectiveness was determined by weekly counts of pupal cases, which was indicative of the number of larvae and pupae able to complete their development in the treated trees (1980) and the successful establishment and completion of development by the generation following treatment (1979, 1980). Pupal cases were removed as counted.
Control of Root Weevil Larvae on Blueberry, 1980
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chase David L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located at Gate, WA. Plots were 4 ft x 4 ft with a single blueberry bush In the center of each plot. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The soil was a sandy gravelly loam. The chemicals were applied to the soil on Jan 4 with a sprinkling can in 2 qt of water/plot. Records of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the 3 nearest recording locations showed that 4-5 in of rain fell during the next 2 weeks. The treatments were evaluated on Apr 16 by digging 4 shovels of soil around each plant and counting the weevil larvae in the soil.
Control of European Red Mite on Concord Grapes, 1980
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Five compounds were screened for efficacy against European red mite (ERM) in a Concord grape vineyard in Harborcreek, PA. Plots consisted of 5 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Three vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied on Aug 22 using an Ortho garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 6I256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayers. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in the equivalent of 200 gal of solution applied per acre. The equivalent of 0.5 pt Triton AG-98 per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of motile mites on each of 10 injured leaves selected randomly per plot. Inadvertent miticide spraying of the experimental area by the grower 10 days after these sprays were applied prevented further evaluations. Data were transformed to X + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Evaluation of Japanese Beetle Adultlcides on Grape Foliage, 1980
Authors: Miller Karl V. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Field efficacy was evaluated in an experimental vineyard at Wooster, OH. Rows were 8 ft on center with 8 ft between vines in a row. A replicate consisted of the first 12 vines in each row. Insecticidal applications were made to foliage on Jul 23 and Aug 4 at the rate of 140 gal water/acre, using a CO2 sprayer operating at 60 psi and equipped with a TeeJet No. 9505E fan-type nozzle. In sampling, 20 randomly selected shoots were examined from each replicate. Numbers of adult Japanese beetles per shoot were recorded and mean numbers per shoot for all replicates were compared.
Citrus Bud Mite Control in Orange Co., 1979
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus bud mite in a lemon grove near Irvine, California. Treatments were applied on Sep 19 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1500 gal per acre. Five buds on each of four terminals were dissected for each of the three replicates, and the percent buds infested was calculated.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Childers C. C. , Knapp J. L. , Fasulo T. R. , Konsler B. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 6 times in single tree plots (Table 1). An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. The spray application was applied dilute with a handgun at 350 psi using a truck-mounted sprayer on Jun 6. Twenty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Bean Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied by air to each of three different fields on Jul 28. An untreated check was also included in each field. Each material was applied using ten gallons of water per acre. Lygus bugs and beneficials were sampled two and nine days after application by taking four sets of 25 sweeps along the bean row in each plot. Western bean cutworm damage was counted by examining 2,000 pods per plot on Aug 22.
The Importance of Reporting Correct Scientific Names of Host Plants And A Checklist of 100 Fruit, Vegetable, and Field Crop Names for Insecticide and Acaricide Tests
Authors: Johnson Eric M.
Published: March 2022

Proper identification of the host plant is very important in reports to Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. The host is an integral part of each experiment. Often, it serves as an intermediate to pesticide action in controlling insects, especially those pesticides with a systemic mode of action. Some modern cultivars have natural resistance to insects, which may resolve unexplained differences in what were once thought to be homologous experiments. The exact host plant must be known in order to repeat an experiment, a criterion fundamental to all research. Thus, Insecticide and Acaricide Tests requires the use of specific names to communicate the exact host being treated. Editorially, they are necessary for complete indexing and cross-referencing.
Bean Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Sroltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Three large scale field plots were established across southcentral Idaho in beans in 1979. Plots were approximately 0.85 acres. Tfiimet, DiSyston, Temik, and an untreated check were replicated three times at each location. The granular chemicals were applied in a narrow band two to three inches directly below the seed at planting on May 24. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and soil temperatures were 55-60°F. Insect counts were made at weekly intervals by taking 300 sweep samples or counting insects on 10 trifoliate leaves. Phytotoxlcity and yield data were also taken. Alate aphids were counted because of their potential role as vectors of mosaic viruses as they leave cut alfalfa fields or drying grain fields.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Snap Beans, 1980
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Plots were seeded Feb. 26, 1980 in Rockdale soil. Each plot was a single row 30 ft long planted on 3 ft centers. There were 3 replications per treatment planted in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made on Mar 28, Apr 4, 11, 18, and 22. They were applied with a CO2 powered, 2 1/2 gal hand-held sprayer with 40 pst at the rate of 100 gal of water per acre. On Apr 16 the numbers of leafhoppers and vegetable leafminer mines were counted on 10 randomly selected leaves per plot. Garden fleahoppers and southern stink bugs were counted by shaking 3 ft of row per plot over a cloth and counting the insects on the cloth. Duncan’s new multiple range test was used to separate treatment means.
Control of Worms and Aphids on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of ‘Eastern Baldhead’ cabbage transplanted on Jul 1, 1980 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, New Hampshire was utilized. Spray treatments were applied on Aug 7, 14, 21, 28; Sep 4, 11, and 18, 1980 to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated 4-times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made to both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) at a rate of 25 gal/acre. All combination treatments were tank mixed. Evaluations were made by counting the number of worms on 5 plants per replicate and by foliage injury ratings on Sep 16, 1980. The categories used in rating the foliage injury were: 1 = slight or trace holes; 2 = less than 10% of leaves with feeding holes; 3 = severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4 = severe feeding on 50% of leaves; 5 = severe feeding on 100% of leaves. Aphid control evaluations were also made on Sep 16, 1980 by determining the percentage of plants per plot with at least one established aphid colony. Percent marketable heads was determined on Oct 27, 1980. Most of the reduction in marketability was due to aphid damage.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1980
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated May 23 at our vegetable entomology research farm near Geneva, NY in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds were planted at 10/ft and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made Jul 1. The crop was then thinned to ca 1 plant every 18 in. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 24 in row width. All sprays were applied using a CO2-powered sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. In-furrow and over-furrow sprays at planting were applied at 78 GPA. Foliar sprays timed for cabbage maggot fly peaks were applied at 104 GPA. Injury ratings were made Aug 20 by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Evaluation of Three Sprayers for Control of Cabbage Loopers on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Luetchford C. M.
Published: March 2022

Three sprayers, commonly used by commercial growers in upstate NY, were compared in a mature, commercial field heavily infested with cabbage loopers. A section of the field was set up as a RCB design with 6 replications. Plots consisted of six 50-ft rows bordered by 12 rows between treatments and 50 ft between replications. Each sprayer used Pydrin at 0.1 lb ai/acre with one-half tablespoon of spreader/gal. The three sprayers were used as growers normally employed them and were: (1) a 12 row brush boom sprayer with 21 fan nozzles directed over the cabbage and delivering 16 gal/acre (70 psi) at 5.7 mph; (2) a 2-row boom sprayer with 3 fan nozzles/row (1 directed over the cabbage and 2 drop nozzles directed into the plants) and delivering 32 gal/acre (60 psi) at 3.0 mph; and, (3) a 10-row John Bean Airblast Sprayer delivering 32 gal/acre at a speed of 5.2 mph. An untreated control was also included. Treatments were applied Oct 3 and evaluation consisted of careful examination of 8 plants/plot on Oct. 6.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Celery, 1979
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Shal K. M.
Published: March 2022

An experimental celery planting (Tall Utah 5270-R) was transplanted on Aug 1. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a random block design. The replicates were 2 rows wide (40 in centers) by 25 ft long with a 5 ft buffer between replicates ten plants/replicate were inspected weekly from Aug 21 through Nov 2. Insecticides were applied when 5 or more larvae/40 plants were found. Insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer with 3 nozzles/row at an operating pressure of 30 psi and delivery rate of 100 gal/acre. The nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 23 cores and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader/sticker (Biofilm). The treatments were harvested on Nov 7 and all plants were inspected for lepidopterous larvae damage. The data were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level of probability. Arcsin transformation was used for celery damage.
Foliar Treatments to Control the Cabbage Looper on Collards, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3 ft rows on Jun 10 and thinned to 10 inch spacing 1 month later. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The plants were clipped Aug 5 as looper populations were too low to evaluate and the plants were becoming large and difficult to treat. The treatments were initiated Aug 19 when regrowth was about 8 inches high and the loopers averaged approximately 10/collard plant. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 19 and 27; Sep 2 and 10. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 10 collard plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 10-25% foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 25-50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Collard Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Johnson Eric M.
Published: March 2022

‘Morris Heading’ collards were transplanted on May 22, near Benson, NC. Treatments consisted of single-row plots 15-ft long. They were replicated 4 times in a Randomized complete block design with 5-ft alleys between blocks. Treflan (at 0.5 lbs ai/acre) was incorporated preplant for weed control. Treatments were applied weekly beginning Jun 6 and ending Sep 26 for a total of 17 applications. All applications were made at a rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water per acre using a piston pump sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow cone nozzle. Phenological data were collected biweekly throughout the test. Foliar ratings were made on Sep 24 and Oct 13. The plants were stripped of all older leaves on Aug 7 and yields taken on Oct 13. Harlequin bugs and cabbage aphids were noted on the untreated check. Irrigation was used to supplement natural rainfall such that approximately 1 in of water was applied weekly.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Aztec’ sweet corn was planted May 6 ‘80 to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30 in centers and 25 ft long. Granular systemic treatments were banded in the furrow at planting; granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 6 in band over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one nozzle centered over the row calibrated to deliver 30 gal/A at 40 psi. All foliar treatments were applied Jun 10, 17 and 23. At harvest, 20 ears from the middle two rows of each plot were examined for corn borer damage as “none” (clean), “tip” (< 1 1/2 in tip damage) and “side”. Twenty stalks in treated rows were split from tassel to soil surface on Jul 28, and each inch of stalk damage was recorded as 1 cavity.