bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of Prox1/Prospero is expressed in the glia and is required for sensory behavior and cold tolerance
Authors: Kage‐Nakadai Eriko , Ohta Akane , Ujisawa Tomoyo , Sun Simo , Nishikawa Yoshikazu , Kuhara Atsushi , Mitani Shohei
Published: July 2016

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) amphid sensory organ contains only 4 glia‐like cells and 24 sensory neurons, providing a simple model for analyzing glia or neuron‐glia interactions. To better characterize glial development and function, we carried out RNA interference screening for transcription factors that regulate the expression of an amphid sheath glial cell marker and identified pros‐1, which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor homologous to Drosophila prospero/mammalian Prox1, as a positive regulator. The functional PROS‐1::EGFP fusion protein was localized in the nuclei of the glia and the excretory cell but not in the amphid sensory neurons. pros‐1 deletion mutants exhibited larval lethality, and rescue experiments showed that pros‐1 and human Prox1 transgenes were able to rescue the larval lethal phenotype, suggesting that pros‐1 is a functional homologue of mammalian Prox1, at least partially. We further found that the structure and functions of sensory neurons, such as the morphology of sensory endings, sensory behavior and sensory‐mediated cold tolerance, appeared to be affected by the pros‐1 RNAi. Together, our results show that the C. elegans PROS‐1 is a transcriptional regulator in the glia but is involved not only in sensory behavior but also in sensory‐mediated physiological tolerance.
On the Importance of Gravity in DNAPL Invasion of Saturated Horizontal Fractures
Authors: Cianflone Sean P. L. , Dickson Sarah E. , Mumford Kevin G.
Published: July 2016

Invasion percolation (IP) models of dense non‐aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) invasion into saturated horizontal fractures typically neglect viscous and gravity forces, as it is assumed that capillarity dominates in many situations. An IP model simulating DNAPL invasion into saturated horizontal fractures was modified to include gravity as a local effect. The model was optimized using a genetic algorithm, and demonstrated that the inclusion of gravity is important for replicating the architecture of the DNAPL invasion pattern. The optimized gravity‐included simulation showed the DNAPL invasion pattern to be significantly more representative of the experimentally observed pattern (80% accuracy) than did the optimized gravity‐neglected simulation (70% accuracy). Additional simulations of DNAPL invasion in 360 randomly generated fractures were compared with and without gravity forces. These simulations showed that with increasing fracture roughness, the minimum difference between simulations with and without gravity increases to 35% for a standard deviation of the mid‐aperture elevation field (SDz) of 10 mm. Even for low roughness (SDz = 0.1 mm), the difference was as high as 30%. Furthermore, a scaled Bond Number is defined which includes data regarding DNAPL type, media type and statistical characteristics of the fracture. The value of this scaled Bond Number can be used to determine the conditions under which gravity should be considered when simulating DNAPL invasion in a macroscopically horizontal fracture. Finally, a set of equations defining the minimum and maximum absolute percentage difference between gravity‐included and gravity‐neglected simulations is presented based on the fracture and DNAPL characteristics.
A DEA production technology and its usage for incorporation of collaboration in efficiency analysis: an axiomatic approach
Authors: Ghiyasi Mojtaba
Published: July 2016

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a method used to estimate the relative efficiency of decision‐making units (DMUs) that use multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. A number of different production possibility sets are defined from a dual point of view in the DEA literature; the convex cone, convex hull, free disposal hull, free replicability hull, and free coordination hull, each having different properties. This article introduces a novel DEA production technology that considers the possibility of aggregating units, so it assesses the performance of each unit compared with both individual and aggregated units. Hence, this technology provides a more competitive environment for DMUs to achieve an efficient frontier. On the other hand, possible collaboration between DMUs can be considered using this technology. The strength and practical relevance of the proposed technology is shown in the efficiency analysis of Danish hospitals in a collaborative environment. This yields a bi‐classification of hospitals, namely resistant and nonresistant hospitals. The proposed technology has a general framework, and the associated model is easy to solve using standard DEA software. It follows that the current article could potentially be used in other theoretical and empirical research in the future.
Epidemiology of post‐adolescence acne and adolescence acne in Singapore: a 10‐year retrospective and comparative study
Authors: Han X.D. , Oon H.H. , Goh C.L.
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Acne vulgaris commonly affects adolescents. But recent reports suggest a rising prevalence of post‐adolescence acne. While there are few reports on post‐adolescence acne, there are even fewer reports comparing adolescence acne and post‐adolescence.

Methods

Epidemiological data of adolescence (<25 years) and post‐adolescence (≥25 years) acne patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 in a tertiary dermatology referral centre was analysed. From the pool of patients seen in 2010, 80 adolescence and 84 post‐adolescence acne patients’ epidemiological characteristics and treatment responses were analysed.

Results

During the 10‐year study period, there was an increase in the number and proportion of acne cases. In 2004, 4447 (5.77%) of all new diagnoses made were of acne vulgaris. The proportion rose to 5723 (8.13%) in 2013. There were consistently more female than male acne patients. The proportion of post‐adolescent cases remained constant at about 30% of all acne patients seen. Mean age of acne vulgaris patients decreased from 23.1 years in 2004 to 22.6 years in 2013. In the subgroup analysis, there were more males than females with adolescence acne (61.3% vs. 38.8%, P < 0.01) and more females with post‐adolescence acne (69.0% vs. 31.0%, P < 0.01). Thirty‐four (40.5%) post‐adolescence acne patients had acne from adolescence persisting into adulthood. Comedonal acne was more prevalent in the adolescence acne patients (58.8% vs. 40.5%, P = 0.019), whereas cystic acne was more prevalent in post‐adolescence patients (18.1% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.044). Systemic retinoids were more often used for treatment in the adolescence acne patients than post‐adolescence acne patients (23.8% vs. 10.7%, P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Acne predominantly affects adolescents but post‐adolescence acne is not uncommon. For post‐adolescence acne, females predominate over males. Inflammatory and cystic acne tends to be more predominant in post‐adolescence acne patients, whereas comedonal acne is more often seen in adolescence acne patients.
Clinical and molecular investigation of Buschke‐Fischer‐Brauer in consanguineous Tunisian families
Authors: Charfeddine C. , Ktaifi C. , Laroussi N. , Hammami H. , Jmel H. , Landoulsi Z. , Badri T. , Benmously R. , Bchetnia M. , Boubaker M.S. , Fenniche S. , Abdelhak S. , Mokni M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type I (PPPK‐BFB), also called Buschke‐Fischer‐Brauer disease (MIM 148600) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder of keratinization, characterized by multiple hyperkeratotic lesions on the palms and soles. Recently, PPPK‐BFB has been shown to be associated with mutations in the AAGAB gene in several families of European, African, Canadian and Asian origins.

Objective

To characterize the clinical and genetic features of PPPK‐BFB in a broad group of Tunisian patients.

Methods

Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from 18 PPPK‐BFB patients belonging to eight Tunisian families. We carried out mutational and structural analysis for families not previously investigated.

Results

Sequencing of the remaining families identified a total of three different mutations in AAGAB gene: one founder mutation (c.348_349delAG, p.R116Sfs*1) specific to the inbred Tunisian population, one recurrent mutation and (c.370C>T, p.R124*) one novel variant (c.430C>G, p.E144K). This novel mutation, involving a conserved amino acid, is predicted to be probably damaging to the p34 protein function. Assessment of the phenotypic presentation of this group of Tunisian patients was marked by variable severity and varying age at onset with a possible presence of anticipation noted in five out of eight families (62.5%). There is no apparent genotype–phenotype correlation. Despite the high degree of inbreeding, no homozygous individuals for AAGAB mutations were observed. Homozygous carriers in AAGAB gene are likely non‐viable.

Conclusion

This study contributes to further characterize PPPK‐BFB in consanguineous families and to extend the mutational spectrum of AAGAB gene in the Tunisian population.
A systematic review of tools for determining activity of localized scleroderma in paediatric and adult patients
Authors: Lis‐Święty A. , Janicka I. , Skrzypek‐Salamon A. , Brzezińska‐Wcisło L.
Published: July 2016

Localized scleroderma (LoS) is a rare inflammatory skin disorder that affects the dermis and sometimes subcutaneous tissues. LoS can have very long periods of quiescence followed by reactivation, but the progression or activity of the disease is difficult to measure. To review the measuring tools used for the evaluation of LoS activity, to choose the most appropriate technique to facilitate progress towards properly assessing the disease, a systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMedMEDLINE. Sixty‐three studies describing groups of children, adults or both were reviewed and included in the analysis. Case reports were excluded. The analysed papers were published between June 1986 and February 2016. Data were extracted with a focus on instruments measuring the clinical signs of LoS, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), laboratory tests and imaging techniques. Perusal of the literature confirmed that clinical characteristics of the lesions were used to identify activity and scoring systems that focused on a series of signs, and were initially validated in cases of childhood‐onset disease; however, there were no data concerning the adult‐onset form of the disease. Adult patients with LoS scored lower onHDLQIthan those with paediatric‐onset LoS. No validated biological markers were available as correlative laboratory parameters of LoS activity. For infrared thermography, ultrasound and other imaging techniques, the features of active lesions were described, but were only useful with appropriate clinical correlation. Measuring tools have not been prospectively validated yet. Summarizing, scoring methods seem to provide the most adequate assessment of LoS and deserve to be further investigated. Combined imaging techniques create optimal conditions for the proper interpretation of the temperature at the skin surface, as well as the structure and vascularity of LoS lesions. Additional scores, musculoskeletal or neuroimaging techniques and laboratory parameters are needed for the specific disease subtypes to monitor extracutaneous manifestations.
Evidence for habitat‐driven segregation of an estuarine fish assemblage
Authors: Loureiro S. N. , Reis‐Filho J. A. , Giarrizzo T.
Published: July 2016

This study examined the spatio‐temporal variability in fish assemblage structure and composition following monthly sampling (August 2006 to July 2007). Three estuarine zones (upper, middle and lower) of the unvegetated intertidal and subtidal channel habitats located in the Marapanim Estuary were investigated. In each of these zones, salinity, organic matter and sediment types were measured to assess any correlation between habitat types and the fish fauna. A total of 41 496 fishes, belonging to 76 species and 29 families, was recorded. Recurring changes in both species composition and trophic structure were attributed to seasonal variations, while habitat type played a more permanent role in modifying the structure of fish assemblages. Zooplanktivores (e.g. Lycengraulis grossidens) and herbivores (e.g. Cetengraulis edentulus) used the intertidal habitat almost exclusively and were associated with salinity and substratum composition (gravel, silt and mud). In contrast, benthophages (e.g. Cathorops spixii) and benthophage‐ichthyophages (e.g. Cynoscion leiarchus) were primarily associated with the subtidal habitat throughout the estuary and were highly related to the presence of sandy substrata. This study highlighted the intricate roles that local factors (such as habitat connectivity) may have on the distribution of fishes at the assemblage level. As such, incorporating habitat sharing or segregation between species should be viewed as essential for any comparisons of estuaries over large geographic scales, and in particular for conservation planning and management measures.
Spatial patterns of distribution and the influence of seasonal and abiotic factors on demersal ichthyofauna in an estuarine tropical bay
Authors: da Silva D. R. , Paranhos R. , Vianna M.
Published: July 2016

This study focused on the influence of local‐scale environmental factors on key metrics of fish community structure and function at Guanabara Bay, an estuarine system that differs from all other south‐western Atlantic estuaries due to the influence of an annual low‐intensity upwelling event during late spring and summer, between November and March, when a warm rainy climate prevails. The spatial patterns of the bottom temperature and salinity were more heterogeneous during the rainy season than the dry season, being linked to total precipitation and seasonal oceanographic events. The study identified 130 species and 45 families, placing Guanabara Bay as one of the most species‐rich tropical estuarine ecosystems, far exceeding 22 other Brazilian estuaries. These results, in addition to characteristics such as a relatively well‐preserved mangrove forest, high productivity and favourable conditions for the growth and reproduction of estuarine species, indicate that Guanabara Bay plays a central role in supporting large populations of fishes, including commercially important species.
Loss of lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein attenuates the development of diet‐induced non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice
Authors: Jin Cheng Jun , Engstler Anna Janina , Ziegenhardt Doreen , Bischoff Stephan C , Trautwein Christian , Bergheim Ina
Published: July 2016

Background and Aim

It has been suggested in several studies that an increased translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and, subsequently, an activation of toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐dependent signaling pathways in the liver may contribute to the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Methods

Eight‐week‐old lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP)‐/‐ and wild‐type (WT) mice were pair fed either a liquid diet rich in fat, fructose, and cholesterol (Western‐style diet [WSD]) or a control liquid diet for 8 weeks. Parameters of liver injury, markers of TLR‐4‐dependent signaling pathway, and glucose/lipid metabolism were determined.

Results

Despite similar total caloric intake, weight gain, fasting blood glucose levels, and liver‐to‐bodyweight ratio, indices of liver damage determined by liver histology and transaminases were markedly lower in WSD‐fed LBP‐/‐ mice than in WSD‐fed WT animals. In line with these findings, number of neutrophils, F4/80 positive cells, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 were only found to be significantly increased in livers of WSD‐fed WT mice. While mRNA expressions of TLR‐4 and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 were similar between WSD‐fed groups, concentrations of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and 4‐hydroxynonenal protein adducts were significantly higher in livers of WSD‐fed WT mice than in WSD‐fed LBP‐/‐ animals. Markers of lipid metabolism, for example, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1c and fatty acid synthase per se, were significantly lower in livers of LBP‐/‐ mice; however, mRNA expressions did not differ between controls and WSD‐fed mice within the respective mouse strain.

Conclusion

Taken together, our results suggest that LBP is a critical factor in the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice.
Role of purinergic P2X4 receptors in regulating striatal dopamine homeostasis and dependent behaviors
Authors: Khoja Sheraz , Shah Vivek , Garcia Damaris , Asatryan Liana , Jakowec Michael W. , Davies Daryl L.
Published: July 2016

Purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) belong to the P2X superfamily of ion channels regulated by ATP. We recently demonstrated that P2X4R knockout (KO) mice exhibited deficits in sensorimotor gating, social interaction, and ethanol drinking behavior. Dopamine (DA) dysfunction may underlie these behavioral changes, but there is no direct evidence for P2X4Rs’ role in DA neurotransmission. To test this hypothesis, we measured markers of DA function and dependent behaviors in P2X4R KO mice. P2X4R KO mice exhibited altered density of pre‐synaptic markers including tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporter; post‐synaptic markers including dopamine receptors and phosphorylation of downstream targets including dopamine and cyclic‐AMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa and cyclic‐AMP‐response element binding protein in different parts of the striatum. Ivermectin, an allosteric modulator of P2X4Rs, significantly affected dopamine and cyclic AMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa and extracellular regulated kinase1/2 phosphorylation in the striatum. Sensorimotor gating deficits in P2X4R KO mice were rescued by DA antagonists. Using the 6‐hydroxydopamine model of DA depletion, P2X4R KO mice exhibited an attenuated levodopa (L‐DOPA)‐induced motor behavior, whereas ivermectin enhanced this behavior. Collectively, these findings identified an important role for P2X4Rs in maintaining DA homeostasis and illustrate how this association is important for CNS functions including motor control and sensorimotor gating.

image

We propose that P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) regulate dopamine (DA) homeostasis and associated behaviors. Pre‐synaptic and post‐synaptic DA markers were significantly altered in the dorsal and ventral striatum of P2X4R KO mice, implicating altered DA neurotransmission. Sensorimotor gating deficits in P2X4R KO mice were rescued by DA antagonists. Ivermectin (IVM), a positive modulator of P2X4Rs, enhanced levodopa (L‐DOPA)‐induced motor behavior. These studies highlight potential interactions between P2X4Rs and DA system.
High diversity of Pseudo‐nitzschia along the northern coast of Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), with descriptions of P. bipertita sp. nov. and P. limii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Teng Sing Tung , Tan Suh Nih , Lim Hong Chang , Dao Viet Ha , Bates Stephen S. , Leaw Chui Pin
Published: July 2016

Forty‐eight isolates of Pseudo‐nitzschia species were established from the Miri coast of Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) and underwent TEM observation and molecular characterization. Ten species were found: P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. fukuyoi, P. kodamae, P. lundholmiae, P. multistriata, P. pungens, P. subfraudulenta, as well as two additional new morphotypes, herein designated as P. bipertita sp. nov. and P. limii sp. nov. This is the first report of P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. kodamae, P. fukuyoi, and P. lundholmiae in coastal waters of Malaysian Borneo. Pseudo‐nitzschia bipertita differs from its congeners by the number of sectors that divide the poroids, densities of band striae, and its cingular band structure. Pseudo‐nitzschia limii, a pseudo‐cryptic species in the P. pseudodelicatissima complex sensu lato, is distinct by having wider proximal and distal mantles, a higher number of striae, and greater poroid height in the striae of the valvocopula. The species were further supported by the phylogenetic reconstructions of the nuclear‐encoded large subunit ribosomal gene and the second internal transcribed spacer. Phylogenetically, P. bipertita clustered with its sister taxa (P. subpacifica + P. heimii); P. limii appears as a sister taxon to P. kodamae and P. hasleana in the ITS2 tree. Pairwise comparison of ITS2 transcripts with its closest relatives revealed the presence of both hemi‐ and compensatory base changes. Toxicity analysis showed detectable levels of domoic acid in P. abrensis, P. batesiana, P. lundholmiae, and P. subfraudulenta, but both new species tested below the detection limit.
Individual Responsibility and Economic Development: Evidence from Rainfall Data*
Authors: Davis Lewis
Published: July 2016

This paper estimates the effect of individual responsibility on economic development using an instrument derived from rainfall data. I argue that a taste for collective responsibility was adaptive in preindustrial societies that were exposed to high levels of agricultural risk, and that these attitudes continue to influence contemporary social norms and economic outcomes. The link between agricultural risk and collective responsibility is formalized in a model of optimal parental socialization effort. Empirically, I find a robust negative correlation between rainfall variation, a measure of exogenous agricultural risk, and a measure of individual responsibility. Using rainfall variation as an instrument, I find that individual responsibility has a large positive effect on economic development. The relationships between rainfall variation, individual responsibility and economic development are robust to the inclusion of variables related to climate and agricultural and institutional development.
Boron abundances and isotopic ratios of olivine grains on Itokawa returned by the Hayabusa spacecraft
Authors: Fujiya Wataru , Hoppe Peter , Ott Ulrich
Published: July 2016

We report the B abundances and isotopic ratios of two olivine grains from the S‐type asteroid Itokawa sampled by the Hayabusa spacecraft. Olivine grains from the Dar al Gani (DaG) 989 LL6 chondrite were used as a reference. Since we analyzed polished thin sections in both cases, we expect the contribution from the solar wind B (rich in 10B) to be minimal because the solar wind was implanted only within very thin layers of the grain surface. The Itokawa and DaG 989 olivine grains have homogeneous B abundances (~400 ppb) and 11B/10B ratios compatible with the terrestrial standard and bulk chondrites. The observed homogeneous B abundances and isotopic ratios of the Itokawa olivine grains are likely the result of thermal metamorphism which occurred in the parent asteroid of Itokawa, which had a similar composition as LL chondrites. The chondritic B isotopic ratios of the Itokawa samples suggest that they contain little cosmogenic B (from cosmic‐ray spallation reactions) rich in 10B. This observation is consistent with the short cosmic‐ray exposure ages of Itokawa samples inferred from the small concentrations of cosmogenic 21Ne. If other Itokawa samples have little cosmogenic B as well, the enrichment in 10B found previously on the surface of another Itokawa particle (as opposed to the bulk grain study here) may be attributed to implanted solar wind B.
The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase LecRK‐I.9 is required for full resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling
Authors: Balagué Claudine , Gouget Anne , Bouchez Olivier , Souriac Camille , Haget Nathalie , Boutet‐Mercey Stéphanie , Govers Francine , Roby Dominique , Canut Hervé
Published: July 2016

On microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. For the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. Cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. Here, the function of LecRK‐I.9 (At5g60300), a legume‐type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall–plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular ATP (eATP) perception, was studied through biochemical, gene expression and reverse genetics approaches. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LecRK‐I.9 expression is rapidly, highly and locally induced on inoculation with avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Two allelic lecrk‐I.9 knock‐out mutants showed decreased resistance to Pst. Conversely, over‐expression of LecRK‐I.9 led to increased resistance to Pst. The analysis of defence gene expression suggests an alteration of both the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways. In particular, LecRK‐I.9 expression during plant–pathogen interaction was dependent on COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1) and JAR1 (JASMONATE RESISTANT 1) components, and JA‐responsive transcription factors (TFs) showed altered levels of expression in plants over‐expressing LecRK‐I.9. A similar misregulation of these TFs was obtained by JA treatment. This study identified LecRK‐I.9 as necessary for full resistance to Pst and demonstrated its involvement in the control of defence against pathogens through a regulation of JA signalling components. The role of LecRK‐I.9 is discussed with regard to the potential molecular mechanisms linking JA signalling to cell wall damage and/or eATP perception.
Immune response in human chromoblastomycosis and eumycetoma – focusing on human interleukin‐17A, interferon‐gamma, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐1 beta and human beta‐defensin‐2
Authors: Leeyaphan Charussri , Hau Carren , Takeoka Shintaro , Tada Yayoi , Bunyaratavej Sumanas , Pattanaprichakul Penvadee , Sitthinamsuwan Panitta , Chaiprasert Angkana , Sasajima Yuko , Makimura Koichi , Watanabe Shinichi
Published: July 2016

Knowledge regarding host immune response to chromoblastomycosis and eumycetoma is limited, particularly concerning cytokines and antimicrobial peptides production. This was a retrospective study of 12 paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from patients diagnosed with chromoblastomycosis or eumycetoma from histological findings and tissue culture. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from tissues were done to evaluate human interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and human beta‐defensin‐2 (HBD‐2) expressions. Human beta‐actin primer was used for confirming DNA detection, and DNA extracted from psoriasis lesional skin samples was used as positive controls. The twelve paraffin‐embedded sections used in this study consisted of five chromoblastomycosis and seven eumycetoma tissues. All PCR reactions showed beta‐actin band at 51 bp in all clinical specimens, confirming adequate DNA levels in each reaction. As positive control, the psoriasis skin samples revealed bands for IL‐17A at 174 bp, IFN‐γ at 273 bp, TNF‐α at 360 bp, IL‐1β at 276 bp and HBD‐2 at 255 bp. For the chromoblastomycosis and eumycetoma tissues, PCR analyses showed IL‐17A band at 174 bp in two eumycetoma tissues and HBD‐2 band at 255 bp in a chromoblastomycosis tissue. This study demonstrated IL‐17A expression in human eumycetoma and HBD‐2 expression in human chromoblastomycosis for the first time. However, their role in immune response remains to be elucidated.
Characteristics of ganglion cells in pituitary gangliocytomas
Authors: Novello Mariangela , Gessi Marco , Doglietto Francesco , Anile Carmelo , Lauriola Libero , Coli Antonella
Published: July 2016

The occurrence of ganglion cells in the sella turcica, in association or not with a pituitary adenoma, has been rarely reported. Various names have been employed for this rare entity, gangliocytoma being frequently used and recommended by WHO classification. Expression of cytokeratin in these ganglion cells has been previously occasionally reported, a very intriguing observation raising questions on the possible nature and derivation of these cells. We describe the pathological findings in three cases of growth hormone‐producing adenomas, all sparsely granulated, showing the presence of a ganglion cell population admixed with an adenomatous component. A review of the literature is also provided.
Loss‐of‐function of Arabidopsis receptor‐like kinase BIR1 activates cell death and defense responses mediated by BAK1 and SOBIR1
Authors: Liu Yanan , Huang Xingchuan , Li Meng , He Ping , Zhang Yuelin
Published: July 2016

The Arabidopsis receptor‐like kinase (RLK) BIR1 (BAK1‐INTERACTING RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE 1) functions as a negative regulator of plant immunity. Previous work showed that loss‐of‐function of BIR1 leads to constitutive activation of cell death and defense responses. These autoimmune phenotypes are partially dependent on another RLK, SOBIR1.

In order to identify additional components involved in the BIR1‐regulated plant defense signaling pathway, a suppressor screen was carried out in the bir1‐1 pad4‐1 mutant background. Mutations in the suppressor mutants were identified by genetic mapping and re‐sequencing of the mutant genomes.

A number of suppressor mutants were found to carry mutations in an additional RLK, BAK1, indicating that BAK1 is required for activation of cell death and defense responses in bir1‐1. Co‐immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that BAK1 and SOBIR1 associate with each other in planta when the function of BIR1 is compromised.

Although BAK1 was previously characterized as a negative regulator of cell death, our study highlights a novel role of BAK1 in promoting cell death and defense responses in conjunction with SOBIR1.
Development of the photosynthetic apparatus of Cunninghamia lanceolata in light and darkness
Authors: Xue Xian , Wang Qi , Qu Yanli , Wu Hongyang , Dong Fengqin , Cao Haoyan , Wang Hou‐Ling , Xiao Jianwei , Shen Yingbai , Wan Yinglang
Published: July 2016

Here, we compared the development of dark‐ and light‐grown Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) cotyledons, which synthesize chlorophyll in the dark, representing a different phenomenon from angiosperm model plants. We determined that the grana lamellar membranes were well developed in both chloroplasts and etiochloroplasts. The accumulation of thylakoid membrane protein complexes was similar between chloroplasts and etiochloroplasts.

Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that photosystem II (PSII) had low photosynthetic activities, whereas the photosystem I (PSI)‐driven cyclic electron flow (CEF) rate exceeded the rate of PSII‐mediated photon harvesting in etiochloroplasts.

Analysis of the protein contents in etiochloroplasts indicated that the light‐harvesting complex II remained mostly in its monomeric conformation. The ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase and NADH dehydrogenase‐like complexes were relatively abundantly expressed in etiochloroplasts for Chinese fir.

Our transcriptome analysis contributes a global expression database for Chinese fir cotyledons, providing background information on the regulatory mechanisms of different genes involved in the development of dark‐ and light‐grown cotyledons. In conclusion, we provide a novel description of the early developmental status of the light‐dependent and light‐independent photosynthetic apparatuses in gymnosperms.
Being appropriately professional: the interaction between professionalism,ICTand knowledge transfer
Authors: Butler Clare
Published: July 2016

This article examines how professionalism impacts on the interaction and knowledge transfer of professionals within open plan workspaces and between distributed workplaces when usingICT. Knowledge is key to the system of professions and the power of professionals. At the same time, professional work requires professionals to behave in an appropriate and professional‐like manner, and this includes sharing knowledge with colleagues. Yet, the ideology of professionalism is changing. Alongside, professionals are working differently, including across distributed workplaces and often interacting viaICT. These shifting contexts make understanding the interaction between professionalism, knowledge transfer andICTcrucial. Drawing on Goffman's work, particularly his exposition of interaction rituals, interviews with accountants reveal that when usingICT, the professional framework of interaction – what can be said, who has the right to speak and who is the audience – meets appropriateness in sometimes contradictory ways, potentially limiting the growth and propagation of knowledge.
Neurorehabilitation strategies for poststroke oropharyngeal dysphagia: from compensation to the recovery of swallowing function
Authors: Cabib Christopher , Ortega Omar , Kumru Hatice , Palomeras Ernest , Vilardell Natalia , Alvarez‐Berdugo Daniel , Muriana Desirée , Rofes Laia , Terré Rosa , Mearin Fermín , Clavé Pere
Published: July 2016

Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is very prevalent among poststroke patients, causing severe complications but lacking specific neurorehabilitation treatment. This review covers advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and physiologically based neurorehabilitation strategies for poststroke OD. The pathophysiology of oropharyngeal biomechanics can be assessed by videofluoroscopy, as delayed laryngeal vestibule closure is closely associated with aspiration. Stroke may affect afferent or efferent neuronal circuits participating in deglutition. The integrity of oropharyngeal–cortical afferent pathways can be assessed by electroencephalography through sensory‐evoked potentials by pharyngeal electrical stimulation, while corticopharyngeal efferent pathways can be characterized by electromyography through motor‐evoked potentials by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Dysfunction in both cortico‐mediated evoked responses is associated with delayed swallow response and aspiration. Studies have reported hemispherical asymmetry on motor control of swallowing and the relevance of impaired oropharyngeal sensitivity on aspiration. Advances in treatment include improvements in compensatory strategies but are mainly focused on (1) peripheral stimulation strategies and (2) central, noninvasive stimulation strategies with evidence of their clinical benefits. Characterization of poststroke OD is evolving from the assessment of impaired biomechanics to the sensorimotor integration processes involved in deglutition. Treatment is also changing from compensatory strategies to promoting brain plasticity, both to recover swallow function and to improve brain‐related swallowing dysfunction.
Avoiding ethics pitfalls in publishing: a perspective from COPE
Authors: Pierson CA
Published: July 2016

The mission of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) is to promote integrity in research publication. COPE was started in 1997 with a small group of editors and now has a membership of more than 10 000. Throughout its history, COPE has provided a forum for discussion about ethical issues related to all aspects of scholarly publishing and developed resources to assist those who write, review, and edit scholarly work. This concise review provides examples of ethical issues related to authoring, reviewing, and editing scholarly manuscripts from the perspective of COPE.
The locus for resistance to Asian soybean rust in PI 587855
Authors: Yamanaka Naoki , Morishita Mio , Mori Tomomi , Muraki Yukie , Hasegawa Midori , Hossain Md. Motaher , Yamaoka Yuichi , Kato Masayasu
Published: July 2016

Asian soybean rust (ASR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most serious soybean (Glycine max) diseases in tropical and subtropical areas. A soybean line, PI 587855, showed a resistance phenotype against ASR pathogens in Japan and South America at high frequency; however, little is known of the genetic control of this resistance and chromosomal location of the corresponding locus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the inheritance of PI 587855 resistance and map the corresponding locus with SSR markers aiming to use the linked markers in marker‐assisted selection. In the segregating population, resistance to ASR appeared to be controlled by a single dominant gene. The ASR resistance locus was mapped near to the chromosomal region where the resistant loci, Rpp1 and Rpp1‐b, were previously mapped. Comparative genetic mapping and disease reaction profiles of other seven lines carrying Rpp1 or Rpp1‐b to four Brazilian ASR isolates revealed that the resistance reaction exhibited by PI 587855 was similar to that of Rpp1‐b‐carrying varieties which have useful resistance to South American ASR strains.
Serum α‐fetoprotein concentration in extremely low‐birthweight infants
Authors: Maruyama Kenichi
Published: July 2016

Background

Extremely low‐birthweight infants (ELBWI) are at greater risk of developing hepatoblastoma than are normal‐weight infants. Serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) plays an important role as a tumor marker in the diagnosis of hepatoblastoma, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the changes in serum AFP concentration after birth in ELBWI.

Methods

Data were obtained for infants born between January 2005 and March 2008 with birthweight <1000 g who were followed up at Gunma Children's Medical Center with clinical examinations, including monitoring of the development of hepatoblastoma. The relationship between serum AFP concentration and age was analyzed up to 730 days after birth.

Results

Overall, 95 serum AFP measurements were obtained from 23 infants 30–730 days of age, with gestational age 24–32 weeks, and birthweight 498–982 g. Log10(AFP [ng/mL]) was significantly correlated with log10(age [days]) (r = −0.961, P = 0.000, n = 95), with the following regression formula: log10(AFP [ng/mL]) = 11.063 − 3.752 log10(age [days]) (adjusted R2 = 0.923, n = 95). The standard error of the estimate, mean log10(age [days]), and the sum of squares for log10(age [days]) were 0.363, 2.503, and 10.579, respectively.

Conclusions

A correlation was found between serum AFP concentration and age in ELBWI, and the 95%CI of serum AFP concentration was determined for ELBWI up to 2 years after birth.
First report of three benthic dinoflagellates, Gambierdiscus pacificus, G. australes and G. caribaeus (Dinophyceae), from Hainan Island, South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Hua , Wu Zhen , Cen Jingyi , Li Yang , Wang Hualong , Lu Songhui
Published: July 2016

Species of the marine benthic dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus are the principal cause of Ciguatera fish poisoning. This genus has been recorded from tropical to temperate oceans, although Gambierdiscus species have rarely been found in Chinese waters. Our work revealed the morphological and genetic characteristics of three potentially toxic Gambierdiscus species observed in the temperate to subtropical waters of China. The fine thecal morphology was determined based on light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses, and these species were also characterized by sequencing the D1–D3 and D8–D10 regions of the LSU rDNA. The morphological and genetic data indicated that these three Gambierdiscus species were G. pacificus, G. australes and G. caribaeus. This work provides the first report of these species in Chinese waters, which increases the known species distribution of this genus.
Low‐grade endotoxemia and clotting activation in the early phase of pneumonia
Authors: Cangemi Roberto , Della Valle Patrizia , Calvieri Camilla , Taliani Gloria , Ferroni Patrizia , Falcone Marco , Carnevale Roberto , Bartimoccia Simona , D'Angelo Armando , Violi Francesco ,   in collaboration with the SIXTUS Study Group
Published: July 2016

Background and objective

Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with an increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still unclear. We investigated if, in patients with CAP, a pro‐thrombotic state does exist and its relationship with serum levels of endotoxins.

Methods

A total of 104 consecutive patients with CAP were prospectively recruited and followed up until discharge. At admission and at discharge, serum endotoxins, systemic markers of clotting activation and zonulin, a marker of gut permeability, were analysed. Hospitalized patients matched for gender, age and comorbidities but without infections were used as control.

Results

At admission, CAP patients showed higher plasma levels of F1

+2, a marker of thrombin generation (P = 0.023), and lower levels of protein C (PC; P < 0.001) and activated PC (aPC) (P < 0.001) compared with controls. At discharge, plasma levels of both PC and aPC significantly increased while F1

+2 significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Baseline serum endotoxins and zonulin were higher in CAP patients than controls (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased at discharge; a significant correlation between serum endotoxins and zonulin was detected (R = 0.575; P < 0.001)

Conclusion

This study provides the first evidence that CAP patients disclose an ongoing pro‐thrombotic state and suggests a role for endotoxemia in determining enhanced thrombin generation.
Examining the role of positive and negative metacognitive beliefs in depression
Authors: Huntley Christopher D. , Fisher Peter L.
Published: July 2016

Many psychological models have been developed to explain the development and maintenance of depression. The most widely evaluated model is the cognitive model of depression, and it is against this model that emerging models should be compared. Accordingly, this cross‐sectional study examined whether metacognitive beliefs, as specified in the metacognitive model of depression, would explain additional variance in depressive symptoms over dysfunctional attitudes; the core feature of the cognitive model. Moreover, mediational relationships between metacognitive beliefs, rumination, and depressive symptoms, predicted by the metacognitive model were also explored, whilst controlling for dysfunctional attitudes. A sample of 715 students completed self‐report questionnaires measuring depressive symptoms, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, and metacognitive beliefs. Regression analyses showed that metacognitive beliefs made a significant statistical contribution to depressive symptoms, after controlling for age, gender, rumination and dysfunctional attitudes. Furthermore, as predicted by the metacognitive model, the relationship between positive metacognitive beliefs and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by rumination, whilst the relationship between negative metacognitive beliefs about uncontrollability and danger and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by rumination. The results provide further empirical support for the metacognitive model of depression and indicate that positive and negative metacognitive beliefs play an integral role in the maintenance of depressive symptoms.
“I've Been a Long Time Leaving”: The Role of Limited Skill Transferability in Increasing Suicide‐Related Cognitions and Behavior in Veterinarians
Authors: Crane Monique F. , Phillips Jacqueline K. , Karin Eyal
Published: July 2016

Barriers to occupational mobility were investigated to determine whether they increased reported suicide‐related cognitions and behavior over 12 months. This was explored in a two‐wave longitudinal study. Intention to leave, depression, perceived skill transferability, and suicide‐related cognitions and behavior was measured at both time points approximately 12 months apart. Results indicated that when there was a high intention to leave at T1, reported suicide‐related cognitions and behavior increased over 12 months only when skill transferability to other professions was perceived to be limited. Findings support the role of limited occupational mobility in suicide‐related cognitions and behavior.
Evaluation on the efficiencies of county‐level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in China: results from a national survey
Authors: Li Chengyue , Sun Mei , Shen Jay J. , Cochran Christopher R. , Li Xiaojiao , Hao Mo
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The Chinese government has greatly increased funding for disease control and prevention since the 2003 Severe Acute Respiration Syndrome crisis, but it is also concerned whether these increased resources have been used efficiently to improve public health services. We aimed to assess the efficiency of county‐level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) of China and to identify strategies for optimising their performance.

Methods

A total of 446 county‐level CDCs were selected based on systematic sampling throughout China. The data envelopment analysis framework was used to calculate the efficiency score of sampled CDCs in 2010. The Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) model was applied to calculate the overall and scale efficiency, and the Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) model was used to assess technical efficiency. Models included three inputs and seven outputs. A projection analysis was conducted to identify the difference between projection value and actual value for inputs and outputs.

Results

The average overall efficiency score of CDCs was 0.317, and the average technical efficiency score was 0.442 and 88.3% with decreasing returns to scale. Projection analysis indicated that all seven categories of outputs were underproduced. CDCs in the eastern region tended to perform better than CDCs in the middle and the western region.

Conclusions

Most county‐level CDCs in China were operated inefficiently. Emphasis should be put on increasing staff and general operating expenses through current governmental funding, upgrading healthcare providers' competencies and enhancing the standardisation of operational management, so that CDCs could utilise their resources more efficiently.
A climate‐based prediction model in the high‐risk clusters of the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam: towards improving dengue prevention and control
Authors: Phung Dung , Talukder Mohammad Radwanur Rahman , Rutherford Shannon , Chu Cordia
Published: July 2016

Objective

To develop a prediction score scheme useful for prevention practitioners and authorities to implement dengue preparedness and controls in the Mekong Delta region (MDR).

Methods

We applied a spatial scan statistic to identify high‐risk dengue clusters in the MDR and used generalised linear‐distributed lag models to examine climate–dengue associations using dengue case records and meteorological data from 2003 to 2013. The significant predictors were collapsed into categorical scales, and the β‐coefficients of predictors were converted to prediction scores. The score scheme was validated for predicting dengue outbreaks using ROC analysis.

Results

The north‐eastern MDR was identified as the high‐risk cluster. A 1 °C increase in temperature at lag 1–4 and 5–8 weeks increased the dengue risk 11% (95% CI, 9–13) and 7% (95% CI, 6–8), respectively. A 1% rise in humidity increased dengue risk 0.9% (95% CI, 0.2–1.4) at lag 1–4 and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.2–1.4) at lag 5–8 weeks. Similarly, a 1‐mm increase in rainfall increased dengue risk 0.1% (95% CI, 0.05–0.16) at lag 1–4 and 0.11% (95% CI, 0.07–0.16) at lag 5–8 weeks. The predicted scores performed with high accuracy in diagnosing the dengue outbreaks (96.3%).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of a dengue prediction score scheme derived from complex statistical models for high‐risk dengue clusters. We recommend a further study to examine the possibility of incorporating such a score scheme into the dengue early warning system in similar climate settings.