bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield Components of Biomass in Switchgrass
Authors: Boe Arvid , Beck Dwayne L.
Published: July 2008

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has potential as a lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuel production. However, switchgrass yields need to be increased to make dedicated biomass feedstock economically competitive with conventional crops. Objectives of this study were to determine the importance of tiller density, number of phytomers per tiller, and mass per phytomer as: (i) determinants of biomass yield in swards of switchgrass in the northern Great Plains, and (ii) potential indirect criteria for selection for biomass. Swards of ‘Cave‐In‐Rock’, ‘Nebraska 28’, and ‘Sunburst’ were sampled from June through November during 2005 and 2006. Partial regression coefficients were greater than 0.0 for 93, 87, and 44% of the samples for tiller density, mass per phytomer, and number of phytomers per tiller, respectively. Path coefficient analysis indicated that tiller density and mass per phytomer had consistently large positive direct effects on biomass yield; whereas, number of phytomers per tiller had smaller and less consistent, albeit positive, direct effects on biomass yield. All three of the yield components have potential as indirect selection criteria for improving biomass in switchgrass. However, progress for biomass production in swards from selection for any of the yield components will depend on heritabilities of the yield components and genetic correlations between the components and biomass.
Does a Mixed‐Species Landscape Reduce Inorganic‐Nitrogen Leaching Compared to a Conventional St. Augustinegrass Lawn?
Authors: Erickson J. E. , Cisar J. L. , Snyder G.H. , Park D. M. , Williams K. E.
Published: July 2008

Low maintenance vegetation may reduce N leaching following establishment compared to routinely fertilized conventional turfgrass lawns. Therefore, using a field‐scale facility we examined N leaching from contrasting residential landscape models established on a sandy soil. Four replications each of a St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] monoculture (SA) and a mixed‐species (MS) landscape were randomly assigned to 47.5‐m2 plots. Fertilizer N was applied to the SA landscape bimonthly at a rate of 50 kg ha−1 (total of 900 kg N ha−1), while the MS landscape was fertilized bimonthly at a rate of 40 kg N ha−1 only during establishment (total of 480 kg ha−1). Data were collected for 3 yr (16 mo to 52 mo after planting). Cumulative mean inorganic‐N leached was 4.1 kg ha−1 and 7.4 kg ha−1 for the SA and MS landscapes, respectively. Relatively long establishment requirements for the MS landscape led to significantly greater inorganic‐N leaching (5.2 kg ha−1) in year 1 of the study compared to the SA landscape (1.3 kg ha−1). After year 1, inorganic‐N leaching was comparable on both landscapes, although it was significantly less on the MS landscape in year 3 when no fertilizer was applied. Overall, inorganic‐N leaching was low (<2% of applied N) on both landscapes following establishment, indicating the importance of management practices rather than species composition for reducing N leaching from residential land use.
Climatic Adaptation and Ecological Descriptors of 42 Mexican Maize Races
Authors: Ruiz Corral José Ariel , Durán Puga Noé , Sánchez González José de Jesús , Ron Parra José , González Eguiarte Diego Raymundo , Holland J.B. , Medina García Guillermo
Published: July 2008

To better understand the range of adaptation of maize (Zea mays L.) landraces, climatic adaptation intervals of 42 Mexican maize races were determined. A database of 4161 maize accessions was used to characterize altitudinal and climatic conditions where the 42 maize races grow, yielding ecological descriptors for each race. Using the geographical coordinates of the collection sites of each accession, their climatic conditions were characterized using the geographic information system IDRISI and a national environmental information system. Analyses of variance and cluster analyses of the racial ecological descriptors were performed to determine possible environmental groupings of the races. We found a very high level of variation among and within Mexican maize races for climate adaptation and ecological descriptors. The general overall climatic ranges for maize were 0 to 2900 m of altitude, 11.3 to 26.6°C annual mean temperature, 12.0 to 29.1°C growing season mean temperature, 426 to 4245 mm annual rainfall, 400 to 3555 mm growing season rainfall, and 12.46 to 12.98 h mean growing season daylength. These climatic ranges of maize surpass those from its closest relative, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis and Doebley), indicating that maize has evolved adaptability beyond the environmental range in which ancestral maize was first domesticated.
Agronomic and Quality Evaluation of Common Wheat Near‐Isogenic Lines Carrying the Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr47
Authors: Brevis Juan Carlos , Chicaiza Oswaldo , Khan Imtiaz A. , Jackson Lee , Morris Craig F. , Dubcovsky Jorge
Published: July 2008

Wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) causes significant yield losses in wheat production worldwide. Genetic resistance is a cost‐effective way to reduce these losses. Among the known leaf rust (Lr) resistance genes, nearly half are from alien sources. However, their deployment into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars has been limited, likely because of fear of potential negative effects of linked alien genes. We report here the effects of the Lr47 introgression from Triticum speltoides on agronomic and quality traits in common wheat. Five pairs of hard red spring near‐isogenic lines were tested in replicated field trials from 2002 to 2004. The presence of the Lr47 introgression was associated with an overall 3.8% reduction in grain yield (220 kg ha−1), but it varied significantly across genotypes and environments. The Lr47 introgression also affected several quality parameters. Lines with the alien Lr47 segment showed consistent increases in grain and flour protein concentration (4 to 5 g kg−1, P < 0.01) but also highly significant decreases in flour yield (21.8 g kg−1, P < 0.001) and increases in flour ash (0.14 g kg−1, P < 0.01). This information will help wheat breeders make informed decisions about the deployment of Lr47 in their breeding programs. An additional round of homeologous recombination will be necessary to determine if the detrimental effects on milling parameters are pleiotropic effects of Lr47 or the result of linked genes.
Grain Filling and Dry Matter Translocation Responses to Source–Sink Modifications in a Historical Series of Durum Wheat
Authors: Álvaro F. , Royo C. , García del Moral L. F. , Villegas D.
Published: July 2008

To understand yield limitations imposed by the source–sink relationship and the effects that breeding had on it, the source–sink ratio was modified on 24 durum wheat cultivars released in different periods. Field experiments were conducted during 3 yr, with treatments consisting of removing the flag‐leaf blade, degraining half of the spike, and intact checks. Grains from near‐basal spikelets tended to be the most sensitive to source–sink modifications. Degraining increased grain weight up to 15% in modern cultivars, which were more source limited and more responsive to source–sink modifications than the old ones. Our results suggest a source–sink colimitation for grain filling in Mediterranean environments. Translocation of preanthesis assimilates was responsible for 25, 27, and 33% of grain weight in old, intermediate, and modern cultivars, respectively. Defoliation did not alter dry matter translocation (DMT) from the main stem, as the reduction in translocation of leaf blades was compensated with translocation increases from the chaff. Sink demand determined DMT that was mostly regulated by the stem. Our results indicate that future yield improvements may be achieved by strengthening the source capacity.
Combining Ability of Salinity Tolerance on the Basis of NaCl‐Induced K+ Flux from Roots of Barley
Authors: Chen Zhonghua , Shabala Sergey , Mendham Neville , Newman Ian , Zhang Guoping , Zhou Meixue
Published: July 2008

Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting agricultural production. To understand the genetic behavior of salinity tolerance traits, a half‐diallel cross was made among six barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.), with contrasting levels of known tolerance, to study the combining ability of salinity tolerance on the basis of K+ loss from plant roots under saline conditions. The glasshouse pot experiments showed that the six parents were significantly different in salinity tolerance and those tolerances were highly correlated with the K+ flux measurements. The combining ability analysis showed that the variances of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant. Two tolerant cultivars, CM72 and Numar, showed significantly higher GCA for salinity tolerance (less K+ loss under salinity stress). Cultivars with medium GCA were YU6472 and Yan90260. Salinity tolerance was mainly controlled by additive effects with the tolerance allele showing partial dominance. High positive SCA was also found between two tolerant cultivars and between tolerant and medium‐tolerant cultivars, indicating possible different tolerant genes or some minor genes in these cultivars. The combination of these genes from different sources of tolerant cultivars should produce cultivars with even greater tolerance.
Planting Date Affects Production and Quality of Grass Pea Forage
Authors: Rao Srinivas C. , Northup Brian K.
Published: July 2008

The rising cost of commercial nitrogen fertilizers indicates that additional research is needed concerning agronomic practices required to integrate legumes into cereal‐based cropping systems. This study examined how planting date affects the productivity of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) in central Oklahoma. Experimental plots (3 by 20 m, n = 3) were disked and fertilized with 60 kg P2O5 ha−1, and inoculum‐treated (Rhizobium leguminosarum) seeds (‘AC‐Greenfix’) were planted at 60 kg ha−1 on 15 March, 1 April, and 15 April in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Biomass, N concentration, N accumulation per hectare, and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) of grass pea forage were determined on samples collected at 7 d of the year (DOY) after planting. Significant (P < 0.05) interactions occurred in response of biomass (DOY × year), N concentration, and IVDDM (DOY × year × planting date), and accumulated N (DOY × year; DOY × planting date). Peak biomass in 2004, 2005, and 2006 was 3900, 5800, and 3500 kg ha−1, respectively. Maximum accumulated N related to years was 115 to 157 kg ha−1 between DOY 165 and DOY 195. Peak N accumulation of 125 to 153 kg ha−1 occurred between DOY 180 and DOY 210. Grass pea is flexible in response to spring planting dates, indicating that it can be sown as a green manure or forage crop during a 30‐d period in the southern Great Plains and still maximize biomass and N accumulation.
Global Genetic Diversity of the Perennial Ryegrass Fungal Endophyte Neotyphodium lolii
Authors: van Zijll de Jong Eline , Dobrowolski Mark P. , Bannan Nathaniel R. , Stewart Alan V. , Smith Kevin F. , Spangenberg Germán C. , Forster John W.
Published: July 2008

The symbiotic association between perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii is associated with host‐specific adaptations, particularly in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Knowledge of the origin of the symbiosis and the contribution of endophyte genotype to host phenotypic variation is currently limited. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess endophyte genetic diversity in a globally distributed collection of perennial ryegrass accessions. Consistent in planta detection was achieved with 18 of 22 SSR markers (primer pairs). Endophytes representing as many as four different taxa were detected in 42 accessions from 20 different countries, N. lolii being predominant. A total of 33 unique N. lolii genotypes were discriminated, of which 29 clustered into three major groups with limited within‐group variation. The three major N. lolii groups were associated with distinct perennial ryegrass chloroplast haplotypes. The alkaloid profiles of accessions were apparently associated with the presence of specific N. lolii genotypes. Genotypic analysis provides a powerful method for genetic dissection of the grass–endophyte interaction and prediction of phenotypic variation based on genotypic variation.
Heterosis in Switchgrass: Spaced Plants
Authors: Martinez‐Reyna Juan M. , Vogel Kenneth P.
Published: July 2008

Population and specific hybrids were made between populations and genotypes of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., and their progeny were evaluated for heterosis in space‐transplanted field trials in eastern Nebraska for a 3‐yr period. ‘Kanlow’ (lowland tetraploid) × ‘Summer’ (upland tetraploid) hybrids exhibit midparent heterosis for second‐ and third‐year biomass yields for both population and individual plant hybrids. These data and previously reported molecular marker data indicate that lowland‐tetraploid and upland‐tetraploid switchgrasses represent different heterotic groups that can potentially be used to produce F1 hybrid cultivars. Hybrids produced from cultivars and experimental strains developed from upland‐octaploid germplasm originating from spatially separated western and eastern regions of the original tallgrass or an adjacent forested ecoregion did not exhibit heterosis for any trait evaluated. These results suggest that these upland populations evaluated were from the same or closely related large germplasm pools or heterotic groups. A method for developing F1 switchgrass hybrid cultivars utilizing the gametophytic self‐incompatibility mechanism of the species is described.
Molecular Markers and Their Use in Marker‐Assisted Selection in Rice
Authors: Jena K. K. , Mackill D. J.
Published: July 2008

Increasing world population, shrinking cultivable rice (Oryza sativa L.) land area, water scarcity and excess, evolution of new biotypes of pests and diseases, and climate change pose serious challenges to rice breeders to increase production and productivity with multiple resistances to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent advances in rice genomics research and completion of the rice genome sequence have made it possible to identify and map precisely a number of genes through linkage to DNA markers. Noteworthy examples of some of the genes tightly linked to markers are resistance to or tolerance of blast, bacterial blight, virus diseases, brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), drought, submergence, salinity, and low temperature and improved agronomic and grain quality traits. Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) can be used for monitoring the presence or absence of these genes in breeding populations and can be combined with conventional breeding approaches. Marker‐assisted backcross breeding has been used to effectively integrate major genes or quantitative trait loci with large effect into widely grown varieties. Pyramiding different resistance genes using MAS provides opportunities to breeders to develop broad‐spectrum resistance for diseases and insects. The use of cost‐effective DNA markers derived from the fine mapped position of the genes for important agronomic traits and MAS strategies will provide opportunities for breeders to develop high‐yielding, stress‐resistant, and better‐quality rice cultivars.
Diffuse Hyperplastic Perilobar Nephroblastomatosis
Authors: Vicens Jimena , Iotti Alejandro , Lombardi Mercedes Garcia , Iotti Roberto , de Davila Maria Teresa Garcia
Published: July 2008

Nephroblastomatosis is a rare preneoplastic lesion defined as the presence of diffuse or multifocal nephrogenic rests. They are divided into 4 categories: perilobar, intralobar, combined, and universal. The aim of this report is to describe a case of diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis. A 1-year-old boy presented with an abdominal mass on the left side. Computed tomography scan showed a homogeneous, isointense enlarged left kidney. A fine needle aspiration cytology was reported as Wilms tumor. After chemotherapy, the left kidney was excised. Nephrectomy specimen presented a thick cortical rim of hyperplastic nephrogenic tissue, well delineated from preserved renal parenchyma without pseudocapsule. Nephroblastomatosis is a rare condition affecting renal parenchyma. Diagnosis is based on imaging studies, such as ultrasound, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. Fine needle aspiration cytology is of limited value. Therapeutic management is controversial. Chemotherapy is used preoperatively, and surgical excision may be an alternative for refractory cases.
Comparison of prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen concentration in blood samples collected via an intravenous catheter versus direct venipuncture in dogs
Authors: Maeckelbergh Vera A. , Acierno Mark J.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To compare prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen concentration in canine blood samples collected via an indwelling IV catheter and direct venipuncture.

Animals—35 dogs admitted to an intensive care unit that required placement of an IV catheter for treatment.

Procedures—Blood samples were collected via IV catheter and direct venipuncture at the time of catheter placement and 24 hours after catheter placement. Prothrombin time, APTT, and fibrinogen concentration were measured.

Results—5 dogs were excluded from the study; results were obtained for the remaining 30 dogs. Agreement (bias) for PT was −0.327 seconds (limits of agreement, −1.350 to 0.696 seconds) and 0.003 seconds (limits of agreement, −1.120 to 1.127 seconds) for the 0- and 24-hour time points, respectively. Agreement for APTT was −0.423 seconds (limits of agreement, −3.123 to 2.276 seconds) and 0.677 seconds (limits of agreement, −3.854 to 5.207 seconds) for the 0- and 24-hour time points, respectively. Agreement for fibrinogen concentration was −2.333 mg/dL (limits of agreement, −80.639 to 75.973 mg/dL) and −1.767 mg/dL (limits of agreement, −50.056 to 46.523 mg/dL) for the 0- and 24-hour time points, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Agreement between the 2 techniques for sample collection was clinically acceptable for PT, APTT, and fibrinogen concentration at time 0 and 24 hours. It is often difficult or undesirable to perform multiple direct venipunctures in critically ill patients. Use of samples collected via an IV catheter to monitor PT and APTT can eliminate additional venous trauma and patient discomfort and reduce the volume of blood collected from these compromised patients.
Mucosal distribution of eosinophilic granulocytes within the gastrointestinal tract of horses
Authors: Rötting Anna K. , Freeman David E. , Constable Peter D. , Eurell Jo Ann C. , Wallig Matthew A.
Published: July 2008

Objectives—To establish reference values for the range of the number of eosinophils found in equine gastrointestinal mucosa and to describe the distribution of this cell within the equine gastrointestinal mucosa.

Sample Population—Gastrointestinal mucosal specimens from 14 adult horses euthanatized for reasons other than gastrointestinal disease.

Procedures—Gastrointestinal mucosal specimens were collected and grouped according to their anatomic regions. For histologic examination slides were stained with Luna's eosinophil stain to determine eosinophil accumulation and distribution. The mucosa was divided into 5 sections for each anatomic location, and the percentage of eosinophils in each of the 5 sections relative to the total eosinophil count in all sections was determined. Additionally, the number of eosinophils per square millimeter of mucosa was calculated as a measure of the degree of eosinophil accumulation.

Results—Lowest numbers of eosinophils were found in the stomach, and numbers increased from there to the cecum, then decreased from the ascending colon (right ventral colon, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, and right dorsal colon) to small colon. In all gastrointestinal sections, most eosinophils were located near the muscularis mucosae and were rarely found near or on the luminal surface of the mucosa.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The distribution of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract of horses followed a pattern within the mucosa and between different sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The derived reference values and distribution data could be used to detect changes in eosinophil response in the equine gastrointestinal mucosa caused by diseases states.
Use of endoscopy for examination of the sacral epidural space in standing cattle
Authors: Franz Sonja , Dadak Agnes M. , Moens Yves , Baumgartner Walter , Iff Isabelle
Published: July 2008

Objective—To develop an epiduroscopic technique for use in standing cattle and describe the endoscopically visible anatomic structures of the epidural space in the sacrococcygeal area.

Animals—6 healthy nonlactating, nonpregnant cows (mean ± SD age, 60 ± 18.5 months; mean weight, 599.7 ± 63.87 kg) and 3 bovine cadavers.

Procedures—Cadavers were used to allow familiarization with the equipment and refinement of the technique. Following these experiences, procedures were performed in live animals. Each cow was restrained in a stock. After sedation with xylazine (0.03 mg/kg, IV), 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (0.25 mg/kg) was injected epidurally in the first intercoccygeal or the sacrococcygeal intervertebral space. By use of an introducer set (guidewire and dilation trocar and shaft), a flexible endoscope (length, 75 cm; diameter, 2.3 mm) was inserted through the dilation shaft into the epidural space. To obtain an optimal view, small amounts of air were insufflated into the epidural space through the working channel of the endoscope via a syringe with special filter.

Results—Anatomic structures of the epidural space that were viewed by means of the endoscopic procedure included blood vessels, connective tissue, fat, nerves, and the spinal dura mater. No adverse events were detected during epiduroscopy, and it was tolerated well by all 6 cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In ruminants, epidural structures can be viewed via endoscopy. Such epiduroscopic procedures may be useful in anatomic studies as well as for the diagnosis of disease or therapeutic interventions in ruminants.
Determination of serologic and colostral response in late-gestation cows vaccinated with a Mycoplasma bovis bacterin
Authors: Calloway Christopher D. , Schultz Loren G. , Chigerwe Munashe , Larson Robert L. , Youngquist Robert S. , Steevens Barry J.
Published: July 2008

Objective—To determine whether vaccinating cows during late gestation against Mycoplasma bovis will result in adequate concentrations of M bovis–specific IgG1 in serum, colostrum, and milk.

Animals—78 dairy cows.

Procedures—Serum samples were obtained 60 and 39 days prior to expected parturition in vaccinated and control cows from a single herd. Serum and colostrum samples were also obtained at parturition. Milk samples were obtained 7 to 14 days after parturition. Samples were analyzed for anti–M bovis IgG1 concentrations.

Results—Prior to vaccination, control and vaccinated cows had similar anti–M bovis IgG1 concentrations. After initial vaccination and subsequent booster and at parturition, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups, with vaccinated cows having higher IgG concentrations. Colostrum from vaccinated cows had higher anti–M bovis IgG1 concentrations, compared with control cows; however, IgG1 concentrations in milk did not differ between the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vaccination of late-gestation cows resulted in increased concentrations of anti–M bovis IgG1 in colostrum. However, ingestion of colostrum by calves may not guarantee protection against M bovis infection.
Density Functional Theory Study of the Trans-Trans-Cis (TTC)→Trans-Trans-Trans (TTT) Isomerization of a Photochromic Spiropyran Merocyanine
Authors: Cottone Grazia , Noto Rosina , La Manna Gianfranco
Published: July 2008

Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on the TTC→TTT isomerization reaction of the open forms of the 1',3'-dihydro-8-bromo-6-nitro- 1',3',3'-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-(2H)indole (8-Br-6-nitro-BIPS) system. The calculations were carried out in vacuo and in methylene chloride solution at different temperatures. Results are compared with the available experimental values of free energy difference and activation energy in solution.
Diterpenes from the Brown Alga Dictyota crenulata
Authors: De-Paula Joel Campos , Bueno Ludmila Bomeny , Cavalcanti Diana Negrão , Yoneshigue-Valentin Yocie , Teixeira Valéria Laneuville
Published: July 2008

The crude extract of the Brazilian brown alga Dictyota crenulata was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and HRGC-MS techniques. Seven diterpenes were identified: pachydictyol A, dictyodial, 4β-hydroxydictyodial A, 4β-acetoxydictyodial A, isopachydictyol A, dictyol C and dictyotadiol. Xeniane diterpenes have previously been found in D. crenulata from the Pacific Ocean. The results characterize D. crenulata as a species that provides prenylated guaiane (group I) and xeniane diterpenes (group III), thus making it a new source of potential antiviral products.
A New Sesquiterpenoid Hydroquinone from the Marine Sponge Dysidea arenaria
Authors: Qiu Yan , Wang Xiu Min
Published: July 2008

Detailed chemical investigation of the South China sponge Dysidea arenaria resulted in the isolation of a new sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone, 19-hydroxypolyfibrospongol B (1), along with five known compounds: polyfibrospongol B (2), isosemnonorthoquinone (3), ilimaquinone (4), smenospongine (5) and smenotronic acid (6). The structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The in vitro anti- HIV activity on HIV-1 RT was evaluated. Compounds 3 -6 displayed moderate inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 239.7, 16.4, 176.1, and 130.4 μM, respectively, while 1 and 2 were found to be inactive against the same biological target.
Syntheses of Diheterocyclic Compounds Based on 2-Thioacetohydrazide-5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]- pyrimidine
Authors: Liu Zu-Ming , Chen Qiong , Chen Chao-Nan , Tu Hai-Yang , Yang Guang-Fu
Published: July 2008

The syntheses of some diheterocyclic compounds from 2-thioacetohydrazide- 5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (1) are described. Compound 1 can be converted into triazoles, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles. The structures of the intermediates and the target compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, MS and elemental analyses.
Two New Flavonol Glycosides from Sarcopyramis bodinieri var. delicate
Authors: Wang Xiu Min , Wan Chun Peng , Zhou Shou Ran , Qiu Yan
Published: July 2008

Detailed chemical investigation of the herb Sarcopyramis bodinieri var. delicate resulted in the isolation of two new flavonol glycosides, namely, isorhamnetin-3-O-(6′′-OE- feruloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and isorhamnetin-3-O-(6′′-O-E-feruloyl)-β-Dgalactopyranoside (2). In addition, four known compounds, quercetin-3-O-(6′′-acetyl)-β-Dglucopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin-3-O-(6′′-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3- O-(6′′-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), and isorhamnetin-3-O-(6′′-O-E-pcoumaroyl)- β-D-glucopyranoside (6) were obtained. The structures of the new isolates were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INTRA‐URBAN TRIP PATTERN IN ZARIA
Authors: Ubogu Andrew
Published: July 2008

The concern over the likely impact of space‐adjusting technologies like telecommunications has attracted considerable attention in most studies. The focus of this paper is to examine how the proliferation of telecommunications affects intra‐urban flow of people in a medium size urban centre. This is with a view to understanding the implications of the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on travel pattern in a sub‐Saharan urban centre like Zaria, Nigeria. In doing this however, attempts were made to answer the following questions: How have telecommunications substituted trip patterns in the study area? Does telecommunication usage eliminate all types of trips and to what extent has it helped to eliminate urban trips? In trying to provide answers to these questions, this study obtained purposive data from 335 telecommunication users that were carefully sampled. The results thereafter established that 76.7 % of the respondents substitute certain trips in the city and that telecommunications do not eliminate the physical movements of the residents surveyed. Furthermore, results also depict that not all trip types in the city are significantly substituted by telecommunications, rather the usage of ICT has tremendously helped to complement intra‐urban trip types in the city. The implications of these findings therefore are that with the improvement and subsequent increases in high tele‐density in the area, least‐cost travel planning will be ultimately achieved.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Habitat Selection of Large Carnivores and Their Ungulate Prey in Proximity to Roads
Authors: Liang Xuankai , Long Zexu , Chen Shiyu , Qi Jinzhe , Sun Buyi , Roberts Nathan James , Bao Heng , Jiang Guangshun
Published: February 2025

Geographic heterogeneity, encompassing both species‐environment interactions and interspecific relationships, significantly influences the ecological attributes of wildlife habitat selection and population distribution. However, the impact of geographic heterogeneity on the distribution of target species within predator–prey systems, particularly in human‐dominated landscapes, remains unclear. By conducting line transect surveys, utilizing a monitoring network, and applying logistic geographically weighted regression (GWR) in conjunction with generalized linear models (GLM), we examined the spatial heterogeneity of habitat selection by the Amur tiger, Amur leopard, and their main ungulate prey, wild boar and roe deer, in Northeast China. Our results suggest that the factors affecting the spatial distribution of predators are more complex than those for prey. More significantly, the selection coefficients of roe deer and wild boar for certain habitat factors serve as crucial explanatory variables in the Amur tiger and leopard models. Our findings emphasize the importance of spatial non‐stationarity in predator–prey habitat selections, and the heterogeneous selection by prey may drive dispersals of large felids across complex road landscapes. This study offers new insights into how to help apex predators cross road barriers by effectively managing prey habitat selection in a landscape dominated by roads, providing valuable guidance for future habitat conservation policies.
One‐pot synthesis of tunable fluorescent polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer for antimicrobial and anticancer theranostics
Authors: Yadav Dokkari Nagalaxmi , Harijan Dinesh , Pogu Sunil Venkanna , Prabusankar Ganesan , Rengan Aravind Kumar
Published: February 2025

Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), is a well‐known biocompatible and biodegradable polymer with a wide range of applications such as surface coating of nano/micro materials for improving their biocompatibility, immunological inertness, and systemic circulation. However, PEG is a nonfluorescent material limiting its application in bioimaging. So herein, a novel fluorescent PEG polymer was synthesized using a facile method. For this, in‐house water‐soluble compound [4,5‐bis‐{(N‐ carboxy methyl benzimidazolium) methyl} acridine] dibromide}] (b‐ACA) was synthesized and used to modify nonfluorescent PEG polymer into a novel fluorescent PEG polymer (PEG‐b‐ACA) by one‐pot method. PEG‐b‐ACA displayed a range of fluorescence from green to red with respect to the concentration of b‐ACA being used. The synthesized PEG‐b‐ACA mixture was evaluated for its antimicrobial and antiviral efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans, and Bacteriophage Lambda, and it showed significant inhibition of microbial and viral growth. The mixture was also evaluated for its cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy using 4T1 breast cancer cells, and it showed significant results in both. The results demonstrated that the PEG‐b‐ACA mixture is a potent antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agent when compared with PEG and b‐ACA alone. Therefore, the synthesized PEG‐b‐ACA mixture could be an effective material for various biomedical applications.
Methylmercury Chronic Exposure and a High‐Fat Diet Induce Gut Microbiome Alterations and Intestinal Barrier Disruption in Mice
Authors: Matos Gabriella A. , Nunes‐Costa Daniela , Pinto Daniel V. , Martins Conceição S. , Silva Janayne L. , Leocadio Paola Caroline Lacerda , Andrade Maria Emília Rabelo , Raposo Ramon S. , Tiago Igor , Alarico Susana , Santos Elandia A. , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento , Santos Flávia A. , Alvarez‐Leite Jacqueline I. , Empadinhas Nuno , Oriá Reinaldo B.
Published: February 2025

Methylmercury (MeHg) is markedly toxic to humans. Our study explores whether MeHg and high‐fat diet (HFD) can impair the intestinal barrier with microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Weanling mice were fed to HFD or standard diet for 40 days. In the last 20 days of diets, mice received either MeHg (20 mg/L) or drinking water. Proximal small intestine, cecum, and hair samples were collected. Villus length, crypt depth, villus/crypt length, mucin2 and lysozyme‐positive cell counts, ZO‐1 and occludin gene expression, and intestinal functional permeability were analyzed to assess the intestinal barrier. Blood samples were drawn to assess lipid parameters. Gut microbiome profiling was conducted with DNA from fecal/cecal samples. In addition, we analyzed ZO‐1 immunofluorescence in the colon and small intestine. HFD increased MDA, Mucin2, and reduced villus height, crypt depth, villus/crypt length, lysozyme(+)‐cell count, and increased intestinal permeability, regardless of MeHg intoxication. MeHg‐HFD combination affected the intestinal barrier, decreasing ZO‐1, occludin, and Nrf2 transcription, and increased permeability. HFD increased total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Only MeHg‐HFD reduced microbiome alpha‐diversity along with colonic ZO‐1 immunolabeling loss compared to non‐intoxicated mice fed a control diet. Regardless of diet, the genera Streptococcus, Psychrobacter, Facklamia, and Corynebacterium were severely depleted following MeHg intoxication. Other groups, such as Atopostipes and Jeotgalicoccus, were not altered by MeHg or HFD alone, but were significantly reduced by the combined HFD‐MeHg. Synergistic effects of MeHg‐HFD on the mucosa‐associated microbiota are more pronounced than their individual effects. Our findings suggest that MeHg intoxication does not cause extensive dysbiosis but led to intestinal barrier disruption.
Quantum Harmonic Analysis on Locally Compact Abelian Groups
Authors: Fulsche Robert , Galke Niklas
Published: February 2025

We extend the notions of quantum harmonic analysis, as introduced in R. Werner’s paper from 1984 (J Math Phys 25(5):1404–1411), to abelian phase spaces, by which we mean a locally compact abelian group endowed with a Heisenberg multiplier. In this way, we obtain a joint harmonic analysis of functions and operators for each such phase space. Throughout, we spend significant extra effort to include also phase spaces which are not second countable. We obtain most results from Werner’s paper for these general phase spaces, up to Wiener’s approximation theorem for operators. In addition, we extend certain of those results (most notably Wiener’s approximation theorem) to operators acting on certain coorbit spaces affiliated with the phase space.
Powering precision: development of a certified reference material for elemental composition analysis of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li-NMC) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Recknagel Sebastian , Richter Silke , Hoppe Marion , Meckelburg Angela , Prinz Carsten , Roik Janina , Abad Carlos
Published: February 2025

This work presents the development and certification of the world’s first certified reference material (CRM), BAM-S014, for a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 or Li-NMC 111) cathode material—an integral component in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles (EVs), portable electronics, and stationary energy storage systems. By providing certified mass fractions for 11 elements, this CRM addresses a critical need for accurate and traceable elemental analysis, supporting quality control and regulatory compliance in the global battery industry. Ensuring reliable and harmonized measurements supports the efficient use of resources, including the reuse of recycled materials, and ultimately helps maintain product performance and safety. The values were assigned through an interlaboratory comparison involving 16 participating laboratories and various analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, and combustion analysis. In addition to chemical characterization, the certification process includes homogeneity and stability testing of the candidate material. Details are provided on the analytical methods used for chemical characterization and the calculation of the uncertainties of the certified mass fractions. In addition to detailing the development of the CRMs, this work provides an overview of ongoing standardization activities in Li-component analysis, thereby guiding the calibration of analytical methods and contributing to the establishment of globally accepted standards for evaluating energy storage materials and advancing sustainable mobility and clean energy solutions.

Graphical Abstract
Reflectometric-based sensor arrays for the screening of kinase-inhibitor interactions and kinetic determination
Authors: Wurster Viola , Fechner Peter , Proll Günther , Pamies-Cuberos Rebecca , Frech Matthias , Baumgärtner Jens , Malissa Antonia , Marchetti-Deschmann Martina , Ivleva Natalia P. , Saal Christoph , Fuchs Sebastian , Moniot Sébastien , Göttsche Anja , Huhn Carolin
Published: February 2025

Kinases are involved in numerous cellular processes but possibly also in tumor progression. Several kinase inhibitors are approved as drugs and there is an intense search for new inhibitors in pharmaceutical research. In this study, we present a new analytical method based on reflectometric interference spectroscopy, RIfS, for kinase and inhibitor screening. First, the sensor surface was optimized to reduce non-specific binding. Different inhibitors, e.g. staurosporine or fasudil, were immobilized on the transducer surface. Different kinases (focal adhesion kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase) were flushed over the sensor with the immobilized inhibitors. The specific interaction was proven by binding inhibition assays. The kinase-inhibitor interaction was monitored label-free and recorded in real time allowing the binding curves to be used to determine the association and dissociation rate constants as well as the affinity. These constants differed depending on the specific kinase-inhibitor pair, which was well expected from parallel docking simulations and measurements with microscale thermophoresis. The strategy was successfully transferred to 1-lambda reflectometry, a modification of RIfS, to enable the simultaneous monitoring of several kinase-inhibitor interactions in 5×7 small spots increasing throughput and automation on a sensor array with imaging detection. Importantly, the techniques developed here can provide both kinetic and thermodynamic data for a multitude of kinases in a single screening approach, which allows for both protein kinase and inhibitor screening.

Graphical Abstract
The agreement of the OMERACT grey-scale ultrasound scoring system for salivary glands and minor salivary gland biopsy results in a single-center cohort of patients with suspected Sjögren’s disease
Authors: Schmidt Nanna Surlemont , Fana Viktoria , Georgiadis Stylianos , Døhn Uffe Møller , Terslev Lene
Published: February 2025

Objective

Salivary gland ultrasound (SGUS) is a non-invasive tool for the evaluation of parenchymal changes related to primary Sjögrens disease (pSjD) with the potential to reduce the need for minor salivary gland biopsies when diagnosing patients with pSjD. The aim was to assess the agreement between SGUS findings and minor salivary gland biopsy results in patients suspected of pSjD.

Methods

All patients referred with a suspicion of pSjD and scheduled for a diagnostic minor salivary gland biopsy were included in the period 2017–2021. All underwent SGUS of the parotid and submandibular glands bilaterally, Schirmer’s test, unstimulated salivary flow, and blood samples including autoantibody analysis. Changes in the four glands were scored 0–3 using a previously developed ultrasound atlas based on the OMERACT SGUS scoring system for pSjD. All biopsies were scored at the same pathology department and a focus score > 1 was indicative of pSjD.

Results

Of 103 patients included, 43 (42%) were diagnosed with pSjD and 40 (39%) fulfilled the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria. Thirty-two (31%) had a positive minor salivary gland biopsy. The sensitivity of SGUS score ≥ 2 in at least 1 gland was 0.59 and the specificity 0.75. The positive predictive and negative predictive values were 0.51 and 0.80, respectively. The agreement slightly improved when combined with an abnormal salivary flow rate or abnormal Schirmer’s test.

Conclusion

In patients with suspected pSjD, we found good agreement between the OMERACT SGUS scoring system and minor salivary gland biopsy; however, SGUS cannot yet fully replace biopsy in the diagnostic setup of SjD.
Inference from eDNA-based field distributions vs laboratory analysis of isolated strains: physiological performance of non-marine Antarctic biota
Authors: Novis Phil M. , Monks Adrian , Hunt John E. , Adams Byron , Dhami Manpreet K. , Kim Ji Hee , Mitchell Caroline , Morgan Fraser , Hawes Ian , Aislabie Jackie , Broady Paul
Published: February 2025

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is frequently used to infer distributions of microorganisms in Antarctica. Their distributions relative to environmental variables are, in turn, sometimes used to infer their physiological range (and a relationship between the two is generally assumed for conservation purposes). We sought to determine whether ecological inferences based on distributions accurately reflect tolerances of the organisms concerned, using 249 legacy non-marine samples from a latitudinal gradient between 72 and 86°S, Antarctica. A cyanobacterium, a heterotrophic bacterium, two eukaryotic algae, two fungi, and a moss were isolated into culture, and their field distributions inferred using eDNA analysis of the samples above. Tolerances of each organism with respect to environmental predictors were then inferred from the eDNA distribution and metadata using Generalised Additive Models. We then measured growth of the cultured isolates in response to a set of these predictors. Laboratory responses were then compared to inferences from the eDNA/metadata. Predictions from eDNA/metadata agreed with the results of physiological laboratory experiments for strains that were detected at high taxonomic resolution in the field samples. However, errors were never completely eliminated, and direct contradictions occurred when strains were represented at lower taxonomic resolution in the field data. We found that accurate ecological inference from eDNA studies would be best achieved via maximising both taxonomic resolution (through marker choice/read length) and ecological signal (through careful sampling design and rigorous metadata collection).
Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) vs hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) for resected brain metastases – a single centre analysis
Authors: Kretzschmar Lena , Gabrys Hubert , Joye Anja , Kraft Johannes , Guckenberger Matthias , Andratschke Nicolaus
Published: February 2025

Postoperative radiotherapy improves local control (LC) after resection of brain metastases. In comparison to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to resection cavity significantly reduces cognitive side effects. However, two phase-III trials have reported suboptimal LC with SRS, leading to increased interest in hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) as an alternative to improve outcomes. This single-centre study, based on a prospective quality assurance protocol, included 161 patients with 185 resected brain metastases treated with either SRS or SRT between February 2018 and June 2023. Patients were assigned to treatment based on cavity size, with SRS typically used for cavities < 10 cc and SRT for larger volumes. Primary and secondary endpoints were LC and radiation necrosis (RN), respectively. Data analysis was conducted retrospectively. Median cavity size was 13.3 cc, with 20% of cavities receiving SRS and 80% SRT. 12-month LC was 92.6% (95-CI: 88.2 – 97.3%), 12-month RN incidence was 9% (95-CI: 3–14%), with RN limited to CTCAE v5 ≤ 2. In cavities < 10 cc, no significant difference in LC was found between SRS and SRT. For cavities > 10 cc, PTV volume was the only significant predictor of LC, while fractionation and dose did not significantly impact outcomes. SRS and SRT both offer excellent LC for resection cavities < 10 cc with low rates of RN, suggesting SRS as the preferred treatment in this collective, in consideration of patient comfort and resource allocation. In larger cavities, PTV volume significantly influences LC. Dose escalation might be beneficial in improving outcomes in these cases.
Regularized methods via cubic model subspace minimization for nonconvex optimization
Authors: Bellavia Stefania , Palitta Davide , Porcelli Margherita , Simoncini Valeria
Published: February 2025

Adaptive cubic regularization methods for solving nonconvex problems need the efficient computation of the trial step, involving the minimization of a cubic model. We propose a new approach in which this model is minimized in a low dimensional subspace that, in contrast to classic approaches, is reused for a number of iterations. Whenever the trial step produced by the low-dimensional minimization process is unsatisfactory, we employ a regularized Newton step whose regularization parameter is a by-product of the model minimization over the low-dimensional subspace. We show that the worst-case complexity of classic cubic regularized methods is preserved, despite the possible regularized Newton steps. We focus on the large class of problems for which (sparse) direct linear system solvers are available and provide several experimental results showing the very large gains of our new approach when compared to standard implementations of adaptive cubic regularization methods based on direct linear solvers. Our first choice as projection space for the low-dimensional model minimization is the polynomial Krylov subspace; nonetheless, we also explore the use of rational Krylov subspaces in case where the polynomial ones lead to less competitive numerical results.