bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTSD and Romantic Relationship Satisfaction: Cluster‐ and Symptom‐Level Analyses
Authors: LeBlanc Nicole J. , Dixon Louise , Robinaugh Donald J. , Valentine Sarah E. , Bosley Hannah G. , Gerber Monica W. , Marques Luana
Published: May 2016

Previous studies have demonstrated bidirectional associations between posttraumatric stress disorder (PTSD) and romantic relationship dissatisfaction. Most of these studies were focused at the level of the disorder, examining the association between relationship dissatisfaction and having a diagnosis of PTSD or the total of PTSD symptoms endorsed. This disorder‐level approach is problematic for trauma theorists who posit symptom‐level mechanisms for these effects. In the present study, we examined the prospective, bidirectional associations between PTSD symptom clusters (e.g., reexperiencing) and relationship satisfaction using the data from 101 previously studied individuals who had had a recent motor vehicle accident. We also conducted exploratory analyses examining the prospective, bidirectional associations between individual PTSD symptoms and relationship satisfaction. Participants had completed the PTSD Checklist‐Civilian Version and the Relationship Assessment Scale at 4, 10, and 16 weeks after the MVA. We performed time‐lagged mixed‐effects regressions to examine the effect of lagged relationship satisfaction on PTSD clusters and symptoms, and vice versa. No cluster effects were significant after controlling for a false discovery rate. Relationship satisfaction predicted prospective decreases in reliving the trauma (d = 0.42), emotional numbness (d = 0.46), and irritability (d = 0.49). These findings were consistent with the position that relationship satisfaction affects PTSD through symptom‐level mechanisms.
The Lilliput effect in crinoids at the end of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2: a case study from Poland
Authors: Brom Krzysztof R. , Salamon Mariusz A. , Ferré Bruno , Brachaniec Tomasz , Szopa Krzysztof
Published: May 2016

The Cretaceous Period (145–66 Ma) consisted of several oceanic anoxic events (120–80 Ma), stimulated by global greenhouse effects. The Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) occurred worldwide from the late Cenomanian to the early-middle Turonian, causing a significant faunal turnover, mostly in marine biota, pushing some species to the brink of extinction. Some organisms also underwent morphological changes, including reduction in size. This anoxic event drove other changes—e.g., in habitats or strategy of life. We show that stalkless crinoids (comatulids) from the Turonian of Poland adapted to unfavorable environmental conditions by reducing their body size. Furthermore, at the moment when environmental factors became favorable again, these crinoids regained their regular (pre-event) size. This phenomenon likely illustrates the so-called dwarfing mode of the Lilliput effect.
A Borophagine canid (Carnivora: Canidae: Borophaginae) from the middle Miocene Chesapeake Group of eastern North America
Authors: Jasinski Steven E. , Wallace Steven C.
Published: May 2016

A tooth recovered from the middle Miocene Choptank Formation (Chesapeake Group) of Maryland is identified as a new cynarctin borophagine (Canidae: Borophaginae: Cynarctina), here called Cynarctus wangi n. sp. The tooth, identified as a right upper second molar, represents the first carnivoran material reported from the Choptank Formation and part of a limited record of borophagine canids from eastern North America. As ?Cynarctus marylandica (Berry, 1938), another cynarctin borophagine from the older Calvert Formation, is known only from lower dentition, its generic affinities are uncertain. However, features of this new material are compared to features of ?C. marylandica through occlusal relationships, allowing for referral to a distinct species. Even so, the Choptank Formation material still offers two possible scenarios regarding its identification. In one, its geographic and stratigraphic provenance could imply that it belongs to ?C. marylandica. If this were correct, then the generic placement of ?C. marylandica would be correct and the taxon would be more derived than some other Cynarctus species in regard to hypocarnivory, and less derived than others. The second possibility, and the one believed to be most probable, is that a distinct cynarctin borophagine is present in the Chesapeake Group in strata younger than the type specimen of ?C. marylandica. This new borophagine canid expands the sparse fossil record of this group in northeastern North America and furthers our knowledge of the fossil record of terrestrial taxa in this region.
Intragroup and Intracluster Light
Authors: Mihos J. Christopher
Published: May 2016

The largest stellar halos in the universe are found in massive galaxy clusters, where interactions and mergers of galaxies, along with the cluster tidal field, all act to strip stars from their host galaxies and feed the diffuse intracluster light (ICL) and extended halos of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). Studies of the nearby Virgo Cluster reveal a variety of accretion signatures imprinted in the morphology and stellar populations of its ICL. While simulations suggest the ICL should grow with time, attempts to track this evolution across clusters spanning a range of mass and redshift have proved difficult due to a variety of observational and definitional issues. Meanwhile, studies of nearby galaxy groups reveal the earliest stages of ICL formation: the extremely diffuse tidal streams formed during interactions in the group environment.
The extended stellar substructures of four metal-poor globular clusters in the Galactic bulge
Authors: Chun Sang-Hyun , Sohn Young-Jong
Published: May 2016

We investigated the stellar density substructures around four metal-poor globular clusters (NGC 6266, NGC 6626, NGC 6642, and NGC 6723) in the Galactic bulge. Wide-field near-infrared (JHKs) imaging data were obtained from WFCAM of UKIRT telescope. Field stars contamination around the globular clusters was reduced by using a statistical weighted filtering algorithm. Tidal stripping stellar substructures in the form of tidal tail (NGC 6266 and NGC 6626) or small density lobes/chunk (NGC 6642 and NGC 6723) were found around the four globular clusters in the two-dimensional density contour maps. We also find the overdensity features, which deviate from the theoretical models, in the outer region of radial density profiles. The observed results imply that the four globular clusters have experienced a strong tidal force or the bulge/disk shock effect of the Galaxy.
Halo Mass Estimation for Galaxy Groups: The Role Of Magnitude Gaps
Authors: Lu Yi , Yang Xiaohu , Shen Shiyin
Published: May 2016

We find that for the galaxy groups, the luminosity gap between the brightest and the subsequent brightest member galaxies in a halo (group) can be used to significantly reduce the scatter in the halo mass estimation based on the luminosity of the brightest galaxy alone. These corrections can significantly reduce the scatter in the halo mass estimations by ~ 50% to ~ 70% in massive halos.
Globular cluster clustering around ultra compact dwarf galaxies in the halo of NGC 1399
Authors: Voggel Karina , Hilker Michael , Richtler Tom
Published: May 2016

We tested the spatial distribution of UCDs and GCs in the halo of NGC 1399 in the Fornax cluster. In particular we tried to find out if globular clusters are more abundant in the vicinity of UCDs than what is expected from their global distribution. A local overabundance of globular clusters was found around UCDs on a scale of 1 kpc compared to what is expected from the large scale distribution of globulars in the host galaxy. This effect is stronger for the metal-poor blue GCs and weaker for the red GCs. An explanation for these clustered globulars is either that they are the remains of a GC system of an ancestor dwarf galaxy before it was stripped to its nucleus, which appears as UCD today. Alternatively these clustered GCs could have been originally part of a super star cluster complex.
New axes for the stellar mass fundamental plane
Authors: Schechter Paul L.
Published: May 2016

We argue that the stellar velocity dispersion observed in an elliptical galaxy is a good proxy for the halo velocity dispersion. As dark matter halos are almost completely characterized by a single scale parameter, the stellar velocity dispersion tells us the virial radius of the halo and the mass contained within. This permits non-dimensionalizing of the stellar mass and effective radius axes of the stellar mass fundamental plane by the virial radius and halo mass, respectively.
Tracing the stellar halo of an early type galaxy out to 25 effective radii
Authors: Rejkuba Marina
Published: May 2016

We have used ACS and WFC3 cameras on board HST to resolve stars in the halo of NGC 5128 out to 140 kpc (25 effective radii, Reff) along the major axis and 70 kpc (13 Reff) along the minor axis. This dataset provides an unprecedented radial coverage of stellar halo properties in any galaxy. Color-magnitude diagrams clearly reveal the presence of the red giant branch stars belonging to the halo of NGC 5128 even in the most distant fields. The V-I colors of the red giants enable us to measure the metallicity distribution in each field and so map the metallicity gradient over the sampled area. The stellar metallicity follows a shallow gradient and even out at 140 kpc (25 Reff) its median value does not go below [M/H]~−1 dex. We observe significant field-to-field metallicity and stellar density variations. The star counts are higher along the major axis when compared to minor axis field located 90 kpc from the galaxy centre, indicating flattening in the outer halo. These observational results provide new important constraints for the assembly history of the halo and the formation of this gE galaxy.
Resolving the stellar halos of six massive disk galaxies beyond the Local Group
Authors: Monachesi Antonela , Bell Eric F. , Radburn-Smith David J. , de Jong Roelof S. , Bailin Jeremy , Holwerda Benne , Streich David
Published: May 2016

Models of galaxy formation in a hierarchical universe predict substantial scatter in the halo-to-halo stellar properties, owing to stochasticity in galaxies' merger histories. Currently, only few detailed observations of stellar halos are available, mainly for the Milky Way and M31. We present the stellar halo color/metallicity and density profiles of red giant branch stars out to ~60 kpc along the minor axis of six massive nearby Milky Way-like galaxies beyond the Local Group from the Galaxy Halos, Outer disks, Substructure, Thick disks and Star clusters (GHOSTS) HST survey. This enlargement of the sample of galaxies with observations of stellar halo properties is needed to understand the range of possible halo properties, i.e. not only the mean properties but also the halo-to-halo scatter, what a ‘typical’ halo looks like, and how similar the Milky Way halo is to other halos beyond the Local Group.
How the first stars shaped the faintest gas-dominated dwarf galaxies
Authors: Verbeke Robbert , Vandenbroucke Bert , De Rijcke Sven
Published: May 2016

Cosmological simulations predict that dark matter halos with circular velocities lower than 30 km/s should have lost most of their neutral gas by heating of the ultra-violet background. This is in stark contrast with gas-rich galaxies such as e.g. Leo T, Leo P and Pisces A, which all have circular velocities of ~15 km/s (Ryan-Weber et al. 2008, Bernstein-Cooper et al. 2014, Tollerud et al. 2015). We show that when we include feedback from the first stars into our models, simulated dwarfs have very different properties at redshift 0 than when this form of feedback is not included. Including this Population-III feedback leads to galaxies that lie on the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation over the entire mass range of star forming dwarf galaxies, as well as reproducing a broad range of other observational properties.
Tracing the Galactic Halo: Obtaining Bayesian mass estimates of the Galaxy in the presence of incomplete data
Authors: Eadie Gwendolyn , Harris William , Widrow Lawrence , Springford Aaron
Published: May 2016

The mass and cumulative mass profile of the Galaxy are its most fundamental properties. Estimating these properties, however, is not a trivial problem. We rely on the kinematic information from Galactic satellites such as globular clusters and dwarf galaxies, and this data is incomplete and subject to measurement uncertainty. In particular, the complete 3D velocity vectors of objects are sometimes unavailable, and there may be selection biases due to both the distribution of objects around the Galaxy and our measurement position. On the other hand, the uncertainties of these data are fairly well understood. Thus, we would like to incorporate these uncertainties and the incomplete data into our estimate of the Milky Way's mass. The Bayesian paradigm offers a way to deal with both the missing kinematic data and measurement errors using a hierarchical model. An application of this method to the Milky Way halo mass profile, using the kinematic data for globular clusters and dwarf satellites, is shown.
Stellar halos around Local Group galaxies
Authors: McConnachie Alan W.
Published: May 2016

The Local Group is now home to 102 known galaxies and candidates, with many new faint galaxies continuing to be discovered. The total stellar mass range spanned by this population covers a factor of close to a billion, from the faintest systems with stellar masses of order a few thousand to the Milky Way and Andromeda, with stellar masses of order 1011M⊙. Here, I discuss the evidence for stellar halos surrounding Local Group galaxies spanning from dwarf scales (with the case of the Andromeda II dwarf spheroidal), though to intermediate mass systems (M33) and finishing with M31. Evidence of extended stellar populations and merging is seen across the luminosity function, indicating that the processes that lead to halo formation are common at all mass scales.
Chemical Abundances of Metal-poor stars in Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Venn Kim A. , Jablonka Pascale , Hill Vanessa , Starkenburg Else , Lemasle Bertrand , Shetrone Matthew , Irwin Mike , Norris John , Yong David , Gilmore Gerry , Salvadori Stephania , Skuladottir Asa , Tolstoy Eline
Published: May 2016

Stars in low-mass dwarf galaxies show a larger range in their chemical properties than those in the Milky Way halo. The slower star formation efficiency make dwarf galaxies ideal systems for testing nucleosynthetic yields. Not only are alpha-poor stars found at lower metallicities, and a higher fraction of carbon-enhanced stars, but we are also finding stars in dwarf galaxies that appear to be iron-rich. These are compared with yields from a variety of supernova predictions.
Viscoelastic lithography for fabricating self-organizing soft micro-honeycomb structures with ultra-high aspect ratios
Authors: Jeong Gi Seok , No Da Yoon , Lee JaeSeo , Yoon Junghyo , Chung Seok , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: May 2016

High-aspect ratio micro- and nano-structures have been used for the production of a variety of applications. In this paper, we describe a simple and cost-effective approach to fabricate an arrayed microarchitecture with an ultra-high aspect ratio using soft materials. The shapes and sizes of the honeycomb structure can be easily modulated by changing the dimensions and position of the base mould pattern and the pressure. The honeycomb structure is used to prepare a drug delivery patch and a microwell array to form cell spheroids without cell loss. The honeycomb structures prepared using natural ECM (collagen–Matrigel) materials are successfully fabricated. The hepatocytes and endothelial cells are seeded and co-cultured in the ECM-based micro-honeycomb to prepare a 3D liver model successfully mimicking an ultrastructure of liver and providing enhanced liver function.
Quantum coding with finite resources
Authors: Tomamichel Marco , Berta Mario , Renes Joseph M.
Published: May 2016

The quantum capacity of a memoryless channel determines the maximal rate at which we can communicate reliably over asymptotically many uses of the channel. Here we illustrate that this asymptotic characterization is insufficient in practical scenarios where decoherence severely limits our ability to manipulate large quantum systems in the encoder and decoder. In practical settings, we should instead focus on the optimal trade-off between three parameters: the rate of the code, the size of the quantum devices at the encoder and decoder, and the fidelity of the transmission. We find approximate and exact characterizations of this trade-off for various channels of interest, including dephasing, depolarizing and erasure channels. In each case, the trade-off is parameterized by the capacity and a second channel parameter, the quantum channel dispersion. In the process, we develop several bounds that are valid for general quantum channels and can be computed for small instances.
Radiocarbon constraints on the extent and evolution of the South Pacific glacial carbon pool
Authors: Ronge T. A. , Tiedemann R. , Lamy F. , Köhler P. , Alloway B. V. , De Pol-Holz R. , Pahnke K. , Southon J. , Wacker L.
Published: May 2016

During the last deglaciation, the opposing patterns of atmospheric CO2 and radiocarbon activities (Δ14C) suggest the release of 14C-depleted CO2 from old carbon reservoirs. Although evidences point to the deep Pacific as a major reservoir of this 14C-depleted carbon, its extent and evolution still need to be constrained. Here we use sediment cores retrieved along a South Pacific transect to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of Δ14C over the last 30,000 years. In ∼2,500–3,600 m water depth, we find 14C-depleted deep waters with a maximum glacial offset to atmospheric 14C (ΔΔ14C=−1,000‰). Using a box model, we test the hypothesis that these low values might have been caused by an interaction of aging and hydrothermal CO2 influx. We observe a rejuvenation of circumpolar deep waters synchronous and potentially contributing to the initial deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2. These findings constrain parts of the glacial carbon pool to the deep South Pacific.
Relational thinking and relational reasoning: harnessing the power of patterning
Authors: Alexander Patricia A
Published: May 2016

This article offers an overview of the nature and role of relational thinking and relational reasoning in human learning and performance, both of which pertain to the discernment of meaningful patterns within any informational stream. Distinctions between thinking and reasoning relationally are summarized, along with specific forms of patterning that might be discerned. Next, the article summarizes what is presently known about relational reasoning, and then moves to explore future directions in educational research and in instructional practice that warrant attention based on the empirical literature.
Correction: Corrigendum: Effect of excessive CO2 on physiological functions in coastal diatom
Authors: Liu Feng-Jiao , Li Shun-Xing , Huang Bang-Qin , Zheng Feng-Ying , Huang Xu-Guang
Published: May 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 21694; Published online: 15 February 2016; Updated: 09 May 2016 The original version of this Article incorrectly listed ‘College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, China, 363000’ as a present address for Bang-Qin Huang rather thanShun-Xing Li.
Predicting the optoelectronic properties of nanowire films based on control of length polydispersity
Authors: Large Matthew J. , Burn Jake , King Alice A. , Ogilvie Sean P. , Jurewicz Izabela , Dalton Alan B.
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate that the optoelectronic properties of percolating thin films of silver nanowires (AgNWs) are predominantly dependent upon the length distribution of the constituent AgNWs. A generalized expression is derived to describe the dependence of both sheet resistance and optical transmission on this distribution. We experimentally validate the relationship using ultrasonication to controllably vary the length distribution. These results have major implications where nanowire-based films are a desirable material for transparent conductor applications; in particular when application-specific performance criteria must be met. It is of particular interest to have a simple method to generalize the properties of bulk films from an understanding of the base material, as this will speed up the optimisation process. It is anticipated that these results may aid in the adoption of nanowire films in industry, for applications such as touch sensors or photovoltaic electrode structures.
Multiple gene mutations identified in patients infected with influenza A (H7N9) virus
Authors: Chen Cuicui , Wang Mingbang , Zhu Zhaoqin , Qu Jieming , Xi Xiuhong , Tang Xinjun , Lao Xiangda , Seeley Eric , Li Tao , Fan Xiaomei , Du Chunling , Wang Qin , Yang Lin , Hu Yunwen , Bai Chunxue , Zhang Zhiyong , Lu Shuihua , Song Yuanlin , Zhou Wenhao
Published: May 2016

Influenza A (H7N9) virus induced high mortality since 2013. It is important to elucidate the potential genetic variations that contribute to virus infection susceptibilities. In order to identify genetic mutations that might increase host susceptibility to infection, we performed exon sequencing and validated the SNPS by Sanger sequencing on 18 H7N9 patients. Blood samples were collected from 18 confirmed H7N9 patients. The genomic DNA was captured with the Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon kit, sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq 2000, and the resulting data processed and annotated with Genome analysis Tool. SNPs were verified by independent Sanger sequencing. The DAVID database and the DAPPLE database were used to do bioinformatics analysis. Through exon sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we identified 21 genes that were highly associated with H7N9 influenza infection. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that direct interactions among genetic products were significantly higher than expected (p = 0.004), and DAVID analysis confirmed the defense-related functions of these genes. Gene mutation profiles of survived and non-survived patients were similar, suggesting some of genes identified in this study may be associated with H7N9 influenza susceptibility. Host specific genetic determinants of disease severity identified by this approach may provide new targets for the treatment of H7N9 influenza.
Limits to sustained energy intake XXIV: impact of suckling behaviour on the body temperatures of lactating female mice
Authors: Gamo Y. , Bernard A. , Troup C. , Munro F. , Derrer K. , Jeannesson N. , Campbell A. , Gray H. , Miller J. , Dixon J. , Mitchell S. E. , Hambly C. , Vaanholt L. M. , Speakman J. R.
Published: May 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential causes of high body temperature (Tb) during lactation in mice as a putative limit on energy intake. In particular we explored whether or not offspring contributed to heat retention in mothers while suckling. Tb and physical activity were monitored in 26 female MF1 mice using intraperitoneally implanted transmitters. In addition, maternal behaviour was scored each minute for 8 h d−1throughout lactation. Mothers that raised larger litters tended to have higher Tbwhile nursing inside nests (P < 0.05), suggesting that nursing offspring may have influenced heat retention. However, Tbduring nursing was not higher than that recorded during other behaviours. In addition, the highest Tbduring the observation period was not measured during nursing behaviour. Finally, there was no indication that mothers discontinued suckling because of a progressive rise in their Tbwhile suckling. Tbthroughout lactation was correlated with daily increases in energy intake. Chronic hyperthermia during lactation was not caused by increased heat retention due to surrounding offspring. Other factors, like metabolic heat produced as a by-product of milk production or energy intake may be more important factors. Heat dissipation limits are probably not a phenomenon restricted to lactation.
Activated Stat5 trafficking Via Endothelial Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles Controls IL-3 Pro-angiogenic Paracrine Action
Authors: Lombardo Giusy , Dentelli Patrizia , Togliatto Gabriele , Rosso Arturo , Gili Maddalena , Gallo Sara , Deregibus Maria Chiara , Camussi Giovanni , Brizzi Maria Felice
Published: May 2016

Soluble factors and cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) control vascular cell fate during inflammation. The present study investigates the impact of Interleukin 3 (IL-3) on EV release by endothelial cells (ECs), the mechanisms involved in EV release and paracrine actions. We found that IL-3 increases EV release, which is prevented by IL-3Ralpha blockade. EVs released upon IL-3 stimulation were able to induce pro-angiogenic signals as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay performed on the promoter region of cyclin D1 and tridimensional tube-like structure formation. We herein demonstrate that these effects rely on the transfer of miR-126-3p, pre-miR-126 and, more importantly, of activated signal transduction and activator of transcription 5 (pSTAT5) from IL-3-EV cargo into recipient ECs. We show, using the dominant negative form (ΔN)STAT5 and an activated STAT5 (1*6STAT5) constructs, that STAT5 drives IL-3-mediated EV release, miR-126-3p and pSTAT5 content. Finally, using EVs recovered from ΔNSTAT5 expressing ECs, we provide evidence that miR-126-3p and pSTAT5 trafficking is relevant for IL-3-mediated paracrine pro-angiogenic signals. These results indicate that IL-3 regulates EC-EV release, cargo and IL-3 angiogenic paracrine action via STAT5. Moreover, these results provide evidence that EC-derived IL-3-EVs can serve as pro-angiogenic clinical delivery wound healing devices.
Bees eavesdrop upon informative and persistent signal compounds in alarm pheromones
Authors: Wang Zhengwei , Wen Ping , Qu Yufeng , Dong Shihao , Li Jianjun , Tan Ken , Nieh James C.
Published: May 2016

Pollinators such as bees provide a critical ecosystem service that can be impaired by information about predation. We provide the first evidence for olfactory eavesdropping and avoidance of heterospecific alarm signals, alarm pheromones, at food sources in bees. We predicted that foragers could eavesdrop upon heterospecific alarm pheromones, and would detect and avoid conspicuous individual pheromone compounds, defined by abundance and their ability to persist. We show that Apis cerana foragers avoid the distinctive alarm pheromones of A. dorsata and A. mellifera, species that share the same floral resources and predators. We next examined responses to individual alarm pheromone compounds. Apis cerana foragers avoided isopentyl acetate (IPA), which is found in all three species and is the most abundant and volatile of the tested compounds. Interestingly, A. cerana also avoided an odor component, gamma-octanoic lactone (GOL), which is >150-fold less volatile than IPA. Chemical analyses confirmed that GOL is only present in A. dorsata, not in A. cerana. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings revealed that A. cerana antennae are 10-fold more sensitive to GOL than to other tested compounds. Thus, the eavesdropping strategy is shaped by signal conspicuousness (abundance and commonality) and signal persistence (volatility).
Neglecting diurnal variations leads to uncertainties in terrestrial nitrous oxide emissions
Authors: Shurpali Narasinha J. , Rannik Üllar , Jokinen Simo , Lind Saara , Biasi Christina , Mammarella Ivan , Peltola Olli , Pihlatie Mari , Hyvönen Niina , Räty Mari , Haapanala Sami , Zahniser Mark , Virkajärvi Perttu , Vesala Timo , Martikainen Pertti J.
Published: May 2016

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas produced in soil and aquatic ecosystems. Its warming potential is 296 times higher than that of CO2. Most N2O emission measurements made so far are limited in temporal and spatial resolution causing uncertainties in the global N2O budget. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques provide an excellent tool for area-integrated, direct and continuous field measurements of N2O fluxes using the eddy covariance method. By employing this technique on an agricultural site with four laser-based analysers, we show here that N2O exchange exhibits contrasting diurnal behaviour depending upon soil nitrogen availability. When soil N was high due to fertilizer application, N2O emissions were higher during daytime than during the night. However, when soil N became limited, emissions were higher during the night than during the day. These reverse diurnal patterns supported by isotopic analyses may indicate a dominant role of plants on microbial processes associated with N2O exchange. This study highlights the potential of new technologies in improving estimates of global N2O sources.
Real-time electrochemical LAMP: a rational comparative study of different DNA intercalating and non-intercalating redox probes
Authors: Martin Alexandra , Bouffier Laurent , Grant Kathryn B. , Limoges Benoît , Marchal Damien
Published: May 2016

The main objective of this study is provide guidelines in the search for ideal redox-active reporters in real-time electrochemical LAMP.
High performance liquid chromatography-quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-qNMR) with a two-signal suppression method for purity assessment of avermectin B1a
Authors: Huang Ting , Zhang Wei , Dai Xinhua , Li Na , Huang Liang , Quan Can , Li Hongmei , Yang Yi
Published: May 2016

HPLC-qNMR is a technology with great potential, which combines the high separation capability of HPLC and the high qualitative/quantitative analysis capability of NMR.
The formation and breakdown of structured clots from whole milk during gastric digestion
Authors: Ye Aiqian , Cui Jian , Dalgleish Douglas , Singh Harjinder
Published: May 2016

The behaviour of milk fat globules in the coagula of unheated and heated (90 °C for 20 min) whole milk during gastric digestion was investigated using a human gastric simulator.
A two-dimensional conjugated polymer framework with fully sp2-bonded carbon skeleton
Authors: Zhuang Xiaodong , Zhao Wuxue , Zhang Fan , Cao Yu , Liu Feng , Bi Shuai , Feng Xinliang
Published: May 2016

2D conjugated COF based on olefin (CC) linkages has been readily synthesized using the Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
Correction: Light-driven highly efficient glycosylation reactions
Authors: Mao Run-Ze , Xiong De-Cai , Guo Fan , Li Qin , Duan Jinyou , Ye Xin-Shan
Published: May 2016

Correction for ‘Light-driven highly efficient glycosylation reactions’ by Run-Ze Mao et al., Org. Chem. Front., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00021e.
The role of sol–gel chemistry in the low-temperature formation of ZnO buffer layers for polymer solar cells with improved performance
Authors: Iannaccone Giovanni , Bernardi Andrea , Suriano Raffaella , Bianchi Claudia L. , Levi Marinella , Turri Stefano , Griffini Gianmarco
Published: May 2016

Flexible polymer solar cells with improved performance are demonstrated via judicious control of sol–gel chemistry of the ZnO electron-transporting layer.
Mg2Sn: a potential mid-temperature thermoelectric material
Authors: Jin Yu Rong , Feng Zhen Zhen , Ye Ling Yun , Yan Yu Li , Wang Yuan Xu
Published: May 2016

The Mg2X (X = Si, Ge, and Sn) with X = Sn has the highest ZT value due to its large mass density.
Electron field emitters made of 3-D CuO nanowires on flexible silicon substrate fabricated by heating Cu rods with through silicon via process
Authors: Juan Y. M. , Chang S. J. , Hsueh H. T. , Wang S. H. , Cheng T. C. , Huang S. W. , Hsueh T. J. , Yeh Y. M. , Hsu C. L.
Published: May 2016

Cu rods with a diameter of 10 μm on a flexible silicon substrate were fabricated using the through silicon via (TSV) process and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
Using concept maps as instructional materials to foster the understanding of the atomic model and matter–energy interaction
Authors: Aguiar Joana G. , Correia Paulo R. M.
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we explore the use of concept maps (Cmaps) as instructional materials prepared by teachers, to foster the understanding of chemistry. We choose fireworks as a macroscopic event to teach basic chemical principles related to the Bohr atomic model and matter–energy interaction. During teachers' Cmap navigation, students can experience a sense of disorientation, which is detrimental to the learning process. Two graphical cues were tested as Cmap navigation guidance: (1) colour-coded concepts, to group similar content and (2) numbered propositions to offer a reading sequence. A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design combined with mental effort was utilized to measure the efficiency of Cmaps in learning. First-year undergraduate students (n= 85) were randomly assigned to study one of four possible Cmaps. The results showed that all students were able to increase their level of factual knowledge, despite the Cmap being used as an instructional material. The lack of cues impaired conceptual understanding. Signalling similar content using colours was critical to reduce the invested mental effort and foster understanding about chemical concepts.
Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in water using a layer-by-layer assembly of a Ru dye and Ni catalyst on NiO
Authors: Gross Manuela A. , Creissen Charles E. , Orchard Katherine L. , Reisner Erwin
Published: May 2016

Layer-by-layer assembly of a Ru dye and Ni catalyst on a p-type NiO photocathode enables photoelectrochemical H2 generation in water.
Robust control of heterogeneous vehicular platoon with uncertain dynamics and communication delay
Authors: Gao Feng , Li Shengbo Eben , Zheng Yang , Kum Dongsuk
Published: May 2016

Platoon formation of highway vehicles has the potential to significantly enhance road safety, improve highway utility, and increase traffic efficiency. However, various uncertainties and disturbances that are present in real‐world driving conditions make the implementation of vehicular platoon a challenging problem. This study presents an H‐infinity control method for a platoon of heterogeneous vehicles with uncertain vehicle dynamics and uniform communication delay. The requirements of string stability, robustness and tracking performance are systematically measured by the H‐infinity norm, and explicitly satisfied by casting into the linear fractional transformation format. A delay‐dependent linear matrix inequality is derived to numerically solve the distributed controllers for each vehicle. The performances of the controlled platoon are theoretically analysed by using a delay‐dependent Lyapunov function which includes a linear quadratic function of states during the delay period. Simulations with a platoon of heterogeneous vehicles are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method under random parameters and external disturbances.
Islanding detection method based on system identification
Authors: Liu Shihan , Li Yanjun , Xiang Ji , Ji Feifan
Published: May 2016

Islanding detection is a crucial technique for distributed generation (DG) system. An islanding detection method based on system identification is proposed in this study. Regarding the grid as an RLC load, a recursive least square method is used to estimate the equivalent RLC parameters. Then a logistic regression classifier is applied to determine whether DG is disconnected from the grid or not by the data sets of the estimated parameters of the system. An experiment demonstrates that the algorithm is effective and fast for detecting an islanding event.
Power oscillation analysis and control of three‐phase grid‐connected voltage source converters under unbalanced grid faults
Authors: Du Xiong , Wu Yue , Gu Shida , Tai Heng‐Ming , Sun Pengju , Ji Yongliang
Published: May 2016

Control of three‐phase grid‐connected voltage source converter under unbalanced grid faults greatly depends on the active and reactive powers processed by the converter. The instantaneous active power theory with sequence decomposition is employed to analyse the instantaneous power components, especially the second‐order oscillation power. Study shows that the second‐order oscillation power comprises two quadrature components, the cosine and sine terms, which are contributed by the average active power and the average reactive power, respectively. This finding sheds insight on the regulation of oscillation power under unbalanced grid conditions. Based on this observation, the authors propose a positive and negative sequence conductance and susceptance control scheme, which enables simple regulation of the active power or reactive power oscillation with the average active power and reactive power control. In addition, the authors investigate the relationship between the positive/negative sequence conductance and susceptance distribution factors with power oscillation and peak current. A maximum current limitation scheme is embedded into the current reference generation block for overcurrent protection. Numerical simulations and prototype measurements verify the accuracy of the analysis and the effectiveness of the control scheme.
Megawatt‐scale solar variability study: an experience from a 1.2 MWp photovoltaic system in Australia over three years
Authors: Yan Ruifeng , Saha Tapan Kumar , Meredith Paul , Ananth Akilesh , Hossain Mohammed Imran
Published: May 2016

With more photovoltaic (PV) systems being integrated into distribution networks, power utilities are facing many challenges in both planning and operation. Network operators are concerned with PV variability and associated necessity of voltage regulation, control coordination, reserve adequacy and dispatch constraints. While to address the obligatory connection agreement, it is vital for PV farm owners to accurately estimate PV variability and then provide the most cost‐effective compensation method. In the literature, PV variability of different scales has been investigated over the last 20 years. However, little has focused on output fluctuations of PV systems with long‐term and high‐resolution recorded data at a low‐voltage distribution feeder level where voltage regulation has become a serious issue. This is particularly true in Australia, where PV penetration is growing in many states and is expected to grow further in the near future. This study utilises the data of a distributed 1.2 MWp PV system in the University of Queensland recorded over the last three years with 1‐min resolution to analyse the statistical characteristics of PV power variability. The results from this study will provide very useful information for both power utilities and solar farm owners regarding network operation and future PV system development.
Analysis of battery energy consumption in relay wireless sensor networks
Authors: Tian Ruifang , Hou Rui
Published: May 2016

In this study, the authors develop a realistic packet‐based battery energy consumption model that combines the transmitting signal and circuit power consumption in relay wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In their model, two types of packet assembly approaches have been considered: namely, the time‐based and length‐based packet assembly approaches. A performance analysis is used to determine whether relay transmission is preferable to direct transmission. The results show that the path selection and the amount of battery energy consumption in a relay WSNs depend on the location of the relay node, the number of pulses, and the distance between the source node and the destination node.
Vasopressin in Pediatric Critical Care
Authors: Choong Karen
Published: May 2016

Vasopressin is a unique hormone with complex receptor physiology and numerous physiologic functions beyond its well-known vascular actions and osmoregulation. While vasopressin has in the past been primarily used in the management of diabetes insipidus and acute gastrointestinal bleeding, an increased understanding of the physiology of refractory shock, and the role of vasopressin in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis prompted a renewed interest in the therapeutic roles for this hormone in the critical care setting. Identifying vasopressin-deficient individuals for the purposes of assessing responsiveness to exogenous hormone and prognosticating outcome has expanded research into the evaluation of vasopressin and its precursor, copeptin as useful biomarkers. This review summarizes the current evidence for vasopressin in critically ill children, with a specific focus on its use in the management of shock. We outline important considerations and current guidelines, when considering the use of vasopressin or its analogues in the pediatric critical care setting.
Enhancement of the droplet nucleation in a dense supersaturated Lennard-Jones vapor
Authors: Zhukhovitskii D. I.
Published: May 2016

The vapor–liquid nucleation in a dense Lennard-Jones system is studied analytically and numerically. A solution of the nucleation kinetic equations, which includes the elementary processes of condensation/evaporation involving the lightest clusters, is obtained, and the nucleation rate is calculated. Based on the equation of state for the cluster vapor, the pre-exponential factor is obtained. The latter diverges as a spinodal is reached, which results in the nucleation enhancement. The work of critical cluster formation is calculated using the previously developed two-parameter model (TPM) of small clusters. A simple expression for the nucleation rate is deduced and it is shown that the work of cluster formation is reduced for a dense vapor. This results in the nucleation enhancement as well. To verify the TPM, a simulation is performed that mimics a steady-state nucleation experiments in the thermal diffusion cloud chamber. The nucleating vapor with and without a carrier gas is simulated using two different thermostats for the monomers and clusters. The TPM proves to match the simulation results of this work and of other studies.
High-pressure behavior of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) hybrid perovskite
Authors: Capitani Francesco , Marini Carlo , Caramazza Simone , Postorino Paolo , Garbarino Gaston , Hanfland Michael , Pisanu Ambra , Quadrelli Paolo , Malavasi Lorenzo
Published: May 2016

In this paper we provide an accurate high-pressure structural and optical study of the MAPbI3 hybrid perovskite. Structural data show the presence of a phase transition toward an orthorhombic structure around 0.3 GPa followed by full amorphization of the system above 3 GPa. After releasing the pressure, the system keeps the high-pressure orthorhombic phase. The occurrence of these structural transitions is further confirmed by pressure induced variations of the photoluminescence signal at high pressure. These variations clearly indicate that the bandgap value and the electronic structure of MAPI change across the phase transition.
Effect of potassium doping on electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of topological crystalline insulator
Authors: Roychowdhury Subhajit , Sandhya Shenoy U. , Waghmare Umesh V. , Biswas Kanishka
Published: May 2016

Topological crystalline insulator (TCI), Pb0.6Sn0.4Te, exhibits metallic surface states protected by crystal mirror symmetry with negligibly small band gap. Enhancement of its thermoelectric performances needs tuning of its electronic structure particularly through engineering of its band gap. While physical perturbations tune the electronic structure of TCI by breaking of the crystal mirror symmetry, chemical means such as doping have been more attractive recently as they result in better thermoelectric performance in TCIs. Here, we demonstrate that K doping in TCI, Pb0.6Sn0.4Te, breaks the crystal mirror symmetry locally and widens electronic band gap, which is confirmed by direct electronic absorption spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. K doping in Pb0.6Sn0.4Te increases p-type carrier concentration and suppresses the bipolar conduction via widening a band gap, which collectively boosts the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) to 1 at 708 K.
Optically controlled local nanosoldering of metal nanowires
Authors: Li Qiang , Liu Guoping , Yang Hangbo , Wang Wei , Luo Si , Dai Shuowei , Qiu Min
Published: May 2016

Nanojoining (including nanowelding, nanosoldering, etc.) of metal nanomaterials offers the opportunity of constructing complex structures and advanced functional devices at the nanoscale. In comparison with nanowelding, nanosoldering does not involve the melting of base metal and shows considerable mechanical strength and good thermal and electrical conductivity. Here, an optically controlled local nanosoldering technique, which ensures the nanostructures to be bonded while their original structural integrity is retained, is proposed and demonstrated. Typical elemental devices (V-shaped, T-shaped, and X-shaped nanostructures) are formed with this nanosoldering technique. The conductivity of one V-shaped junction is enhanced by 500 times after nanosoldering. This facile nanosoldering technique provides an avenue to locally manipulate light, charge, heat, and mass transport at the nanoscale and is thereby expected to benefit the development of nanophotonics and nanoelectronics.
Sex and ontogenetic dietary shift in Pogona barbata, the Australian eastern bearded dragon
Authors: Wotherspoon Danny , Burgin Shelley
Published: May 2016

Differences may occur in the carnivore–omnivore–herbivore spectrum over the lifespan of a reptilian species, but it seldom occurs between adult males and females. Information regarding the dietary habits of Australian eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata) is also limited. We dissected museum specimens and road kills of the Australian eastern bearded dragon to compare ontogenetic shift in diet. Juveniles were insectivorous. They typically consumed larger, more active, arthropod prey than mature individuals – they are active predators. Adults were omnivorous and typically consumed small arthropod prey, and tended to be sit-and-wait predators. Mature males, particularly larger males, were primarily herbivorous. Such divergence in adult reptilian diet has rarely been reported. We suggest that the dietary switches observed are consistent with the Optimum Foraging Model. Juveniles require a high protein diet to maximise growth from juvenile to maturity. Beyond maturity females continue to require higher levels of protein for reproduction than males. At least in part, this is because males rely on sham aggression to defend territory during the reproductive season rather than resorting to aggressive behaviour. This results in a lesser requirement for protein for adult males than is required for juveniles and adult females. Males have the advantage of not being as dependent on protein, and thus are able to rely more heavily on vegetation.
Clausal coordination in Finnish Sign Language
Authors: Jantunen Tommi
Published: May 2016

This paper deals with the coordination of clauses in Finnish Sign Language (FinSL). Building on conversational data, the paper first shows that linking in conjunctive coordination in FinSL is primarily asyndetic, whereas in adversative and disjunctive coordination FinSL prefers syndetic linking. Secondly, the paper investigates the nonmanual prosody of coordination: nonmanual activity is shown both to mark the juncture of the coordinand clauses and to draw their contours. Finally, the paper addresses certain forms of clausal coordination in FinSL that are sign language-specific. It is suggested that the sign language-specific properties of coordination are caused both by the fact that signers can use two manual articulators in the production of sentences and by the pervasive iconicity of sign language structure.
Abstract and embodied colors in Pliny the Elder’s Natural History
Authors: Wharton David
Published: May 2016

Some prominent, recent research on Latin color language asserts that the ancient Romans mostly lacked abstract color concepts, instead conceiving of “color” as intimately connected with the material substances that Latin color terms typically referred to. This chapter, through a detailed study of Pliny the Elder’s color language, shows not only that the Romans were fully capable of forming and expressing abstract color concepts, but also that they expressed relationships among these concepts using structured metaphors of location and motion in an abstract color space. The evidence from Pliny also suggests that these expressions derived from the everyday language of artisans, merchants, and farmers, and thus appear more frequently in technical, rather than literary, Latin.