bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What every hospitalist should know about the post‐bariatric surgery patient
Authors: Swanson Christine M. , Roust Lori R. , Miller Kay , Madura James A.
Published: November 2011

Obesity is a growing worldwide epidemic, increasingly addressed through surgical options for weight loss. Benefits of these operations, such as weight loss and improvement or reversal of obesity‐related comorbidities, are well established; however, postoperative complications do occur. This article will evaluate common causes for hospital admissions in the post‐bariatric surgery population as they relate to the hospitalist who is often responsible for their care. Here we provide an overview of the most common bariatric procedures currently performed, early postoperative complications, late medical complications (ie, abdominal complaints, weight fluctuations, nutritional deficiencies, and metabolic bone disease), and late surgical complications that often affect these patients and result in hospital admissions. Special attention will be paid to radiologic pearls that can assist in the initial evaluation and diagnosis of these patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Myostatin deficiency is associated with an increase in number of total axons and motor axons innervating mouse tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Gay Stephanie , Jublanc Elodie , Bonnieu Anne , Bacou Francis
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted protein that acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. However, a critical evaluation of neuromuscular aspects of hypertrophied muscles induced by Mstn deficiency has not been done. Methods: We compared the tibialis anterior muscle–nerve interrelationships in wild‐type and Mstn‐null mice of both genders by immunohistochemical analyses, which allowed us to count the number of total axons and motor axons and estimate the size of motor units and the innervation ratio of the tibialis anterior muscle (TAm). Results: There was an increase in the number of total axons and motor axons, and higher values in both the motor unit size and the innervation ratio of Mstn‐null TAm compared with those of wild‐type TAm. Conclusions: We found that myostatin is involved either directly in the control of neuromuscular interrelationships or indirectly through its effect on muscle size. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Ghost marks—gloss‐related defects in injection‐molded plastics
Authors: Ignell Sofie , Porsgaard Peter , Rigdahl Mikael
Published: November 2011

The production of injection‐molded parts free from surface appearance defects is of great importance in the manufacturing of high‐quality products. A particular surface defect which occurs on components manufactured from an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS) is here described. The defect has been called ghost marks and is characterized by a local change in gloss or lightness which is only visually detectable in certain viewing angles and conditions of illumination. By means of scanning electron microscopy, small‐scale deformations of the surface texture were observed in the area of the defect which in turn alters the light scattering properties of the surface. The light scattering properties were evaluated by means of a multiangle spectrophotometer. The holding pressure during the injection molding process was shown to play a significant role in the formation of the ghost marks possibly imposing forces causing the deformation of the surface texture. The deformations may also occur from nonuniform thermal surface shrinkage during cooling. The type of texture and wall thickness also influences the occurrence of ghost marks.POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of phenol functionalized carbon nanotube on mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites
Authors: P. Selvin Thomas , Girei Salihu Adamu , Al‐Juhani Abdulhadi A. , Mezghani Khaled , De S.K. , Atieh Muataz Ali
Published: November 2011

In this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were functionalized with phenol and characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/MWCNT composites of both the unfunctionalized and functionalized MWCNT were prepared by melt blending in a miniextruder at different loadings of nanotubes (i.e., 0.1, 0.25, 1.0, and 5.0 wt%). The tensile properties of the composites were found to increase with increase in nanotube loading with a maximum in Young's modulus being achieved at 1.0 wt% loading of phenol functionalized MWCNT. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies reveal the nucleating effect of MWCNT on the crystallization of iPP. Percentage crystallinity was found to increase on phenol functionalization of MWCNT. Results of X‐ray diffraction studies of the composites are in conformity with that of DSC studies. Dynamic mechanical studies reveal that the functionalized MWCNT causes many fold increase in the storage modulus, and the effect is pronounced in the case of functionalized MWCNT. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Melt fracture of two broad molecular weight distribution high‐density polyethylenes
Authors: Ansari Mahmoud , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G. , Sukhadia Ashish M. , Rohlfing David C.
Published: November 2011

The melt fracture instabilities of two broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) high‐density polyethylenes (one Ziegler–Natta and one metallocene HDPEs) are studied as functions of the temperature and geometrical details and type of die (cylindrical, slit, and annular). It is found that sharkskin and other melt fracture phenomena are distinctly different for these resins, despite their almost identical rheology. It is also found that the critical conditions for the onset of various melt fracture phenomena depend significantly on the type of die used for their study. For example, sharkskin melt fracture in slit and capillary extrusion was obtained at much small critical shear stress values compared with those found in annular extrusion. Moreover, the metallocene HDPE shows significant slip at the die wall in the sharkskin flow regime. On the other hand, the Ziegler–Natta HDPE has shown no sign of slip. These differences are discussed on the basis of differences in their MWDs that influence their melt elasticity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of the tert‐dodecyl mercaptan content in poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) on properties of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride/poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blends
Authors: Zhang Lixin , Sun Shulin , Ma Xiaolin , Meng Ting , Zhang Mingyao , Zhang Huixuan
Published: November 2011

A series of poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) (ABS) grafting modifiers were synthesized by emulsion grafting poly(acrylonitrile‐styrene) (SAN) copolymer onto polybutadiene (PB) latex rubber particles. The chain transfer reagent tert‐dodecyl mercaptan (TDDM) was used to regulate the grafting degree of ABS and the molecular weight of SAN copolymers. By blending these ABS modifiers with Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) resin, a series of CPVC/ABS blends were obtained. The morphology, compatibility, and the mechanical properties of CPVC/ABS blends were investigated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies showed that the ABS domain all uniformly dispersed in CPVC matrix. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) results showed that the compatibility between CPVC and SAN became enhanced with the TDDM content. From the mechanical properties study of the CPVC/ABS blends, it was revealed that the impact strength first increases and then decreases with the TDDM content, which means that the compatibility between CPVC and the SAN was not the only requirement for maximizing toughness. The decreasing of tensile strength and the elongations might attribute to the lower entanglement between chains of CPVC and SAN. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation on the motion of different types of fibers in the vortex spinning nozzle
Authors: Pei Zeguang , Hu Biyu , Diao Chuanyun , Yu Chongwen
Published: November 2011

A numerical model is presented to simulate the fiber motion in the airflow inside the vortex spinning nozzle (VSN). The coupling between the fiber and airflow together with the fiber‐wall contact is solved. Based on the numerical model, the motional characteristics of four types of fibers—cotton, viscose rayon, lyocell, and polyester fibers—in the airflow inside the vortex spinning nozzle are simulated and analyzed. The vortex yarn structure is viewed under the scanning electron microscope and the fiber strength utilization factors of the vortex yarns spun from different types of fibers are compared to verify the wrapping effects of different types of fibers in the vortex yarns obtained by the numerical simulation. The agreement between the numerical and experimental results shows that the numerical modeling methodology proposed in this research provides a reliable way of investigating the fiber dynamics in airflow and an efficient solution to the mechanical problems in polymer/textile manufacturing processes involving fluid–solid coupling. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improvement in compression performance of the polysulfide sealant by thiol‐acrylate reaction
Authors: Zhou Baijie , Zhang Junsheng , Wang Qingjun , Chen Qingmin
Published: November 2011

Trimethylolpropanetriacrylate (TMPTA) was added to the polysulfide‐manganese dioxide (PSF‐MnO2) liquid mixtures as a crosslinker to improve their crosslinking capability. The samples were cured at room temperature for different times and the crosslinking degree was characterized by extraction and swelling tests. Mechanical properties of the cured samples including tensile, compression (stress relaxation, permanent set, and cyclic compression), and dynamic mechanical behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the TMPTA crosslinker significantly increased the crosslinking degree and the homogeneity of the formed PSF networks. As a result, the tensile and compression stress and relaxation performances of the cured PSF rubber were dramatically improved. This result was also consistent with the results from the swelling, cyclic compression, and dynamic mechanical measurements. Interestingly, the tensile strength of the TMPTA cured samples did not show apparent change when the curing time was longer than 14 days, whereas their compression stress and relaxation performance were growing remarkably from 14 to 60 days. The improved performances were attributed to the high efficiency of thiol‐acrylate Michael addition reaction for the crosslinking. It promoted the curing rate, resulting in good compression properties in a much shorter curing time.POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of rolling deformation on the structures and properties of multi‐walled carbon nanotube filled isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Mina Forhad , Haque Akramul , Gafur Abdul , Asano Tsutomu
Published: November 2011

Isotactic polypropylene filled with various contents of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated by the injection molding technique and then rolled at room temperature. The unrolled samples (URS) and rolled samples (RS) were characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical and micromechanical tests and differential thermal analyses. Although the URS exhibit the lamellar α‐crystal with a*‐axis orientation, the RS show the same crystals with both a*‐ and c‐axis orientation, which is explained by interlamellar and intralamellar slips and lamellar destruction. Scanning electron micrographs display distinct surface morphological features for both URS and RS. While the tensile strength of RS is higher than that of URS, the Young's modulus (Y) is found to be lower than that of URS. Anisotropy in microharness (H) parallel and perpendicular to the rolled direction has been detected, although H for both samples increases with increasing MWCNT contents. The average relationship H/Y ≈ 0.18 as estimated for URS is closer to the predicted value of 0.10 for polymers than the H/Y ≈ 0.22 obtained for RS. The lamellar thickness for URS increases with increase of MWCNT content and that for RS decreases, as evaluated from both differential thermal analyses and X‐ray diffraction data. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Spectrally and angle‐resolved emission of thin film fluorescence collectors
Authors: Sträter Hendrik , Knabe Sebastian , Meyer Thomas J.J. , Bauer Gottfried H.
Published: November 2011

Fluorescence collectors (FSCs) offer the possibility to collect and concentrate direct and ambient light and are, thereby, an option to decrease the cost of high‐efficiency solar modules. So far, scattering, absorption and reabsorption of the incoming and fluorescence light cannot be discriminated completely in experiments. Thus, the contribution to the discrepancy of experimentally achieved efficiencies from the theoretical one has not been identified. To understand the propagation of the fluorescence light by illumination at a certain distance from the edge of the FSC, we have developed a two‐dimensional analytical model based on geometrical optics that reproduces the experimental results. Under certain conditions for each distance from the edge regimes of detection angles exist for which no fluorescence light of the edge occurs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The properties of Ru films deposited by remote plasma atomic layer deposition on Ar plasma‐treated SiO2
Authors: Park Taeyong , Choi Dongjin , Choi Hagyoung , Jeon Hyeongtag
Published: November 2011

By using remote plasma atomic layer deposition (ALD), ruthenium thin films were deposited on SiO2 using bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium [Ru(EtCp)2] as a Ru precursor and an ammonia plasma as a reactant. Different plasma treatments were applied, and the best results were obtained with the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 surface. The initial transition region usually observed with Ru deposition before continuous film formation was present, and the number of ALD cycles required to obtain a continuous film was reduced to about 35 cycles on the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 substrates. The transition region of Ru cluster growth on Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most of the Ru clusters were larger and better crystallized on the Ar plasma‐treated SiO2 than on untreated SiO2. Also, Ru films deposited on the treated SiO2 exhibited a (002) preferred orientated structure with a film resistivity of about 10.26 µΩ‐cm. The growth rates of Ru after passing the transition region were similar on both the treated and untreated SiO2 at about 1.7 Å/cycles. From the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) spectrum, a very low content of oxygen was observed in the Ru films. About 9% carbon was detected by a rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS).
Neuroinvasive flavivirus infections
Authors: Sips Gregorius J. , Wilschut Jan , Smit Jolanda M.
Published: November 2011

Flaviviruses, including Dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and Tick‐borne encephalitis virus, are major emerging human pathogens, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Many clinically important flaviviruses elicit CNS diseases in infected hosts, including traditional “hemorrhagic” viruses, such as Dengue. This review focuses on the epidemiology, symptomatology, neuropathology, and, specifically, neuropathogenesis of flavivirus‐induced human CNS disease. A detailed insight into specific factors priming towards neuroinvasive disease is of clear clinical significance, as well as importance to the development of antiviral therapies and identification of key mechanisms involved in the (re)emergence of specific flaviviruses, including potentially novel or previously unrecognized ones, as neuroinvasive pathogens. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE RESPONSE TO HABITAT RESTORATION IN A CONSTRUCTED ARCTIC STREAM
Authors: Scrimgeour G. , Jones N. , Tonn W. M.
Published: November 2011

We examined the ability of engineered rock structures to enhance the productive capacity of benthic macroinvertebrates 2 years after their installation in a constructed stream in the Northwest Territories, Canada. We used a control‐impact design to compare biological attributes of the structures to those of riffles in natural reference streams and among individual structures. The biomass of epilithon and coarse particulate organic matter, cover by bryophytes and macrophytes and volume of woody debris, however, were similar at structures and unenhanced control sites in the constructed stream and lower than at riffles in reference streams. Total macroinvertebrate density and densities of Chironomidae, Nematoda and Oligochaeta did not differ among engineered structures, unenhanced sites and reference riffles. In contrast, reference streams supported higher densities of Simuliidae and Ephemeroptera compared with engineered structures and unenhanced sites within the channel. Total biomass, biomass of Chironomidae, non‐chironomid Diptera and combined biomasses of (i) Nematoda, Oligochaeta and Turbellaria and (ii) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Hemiptera from reference riffles exceeded those at engineered structures. Density and biomass of macroinvertebrates varied within and among structure types and were highest at one of two ramps, one of two vanes and at the single groin compared with other structures. In the majority of cases, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates from individual structures were less than those at reference streams. These results suggest that engineered structures had variable effects on the productive capacity of benthic macroinvertebrates of the constructed streams and may be related to the extent that structures provided habitat conditions characteristic of reference riffles. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2011. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Natural Resources.
Mobile free space optic nodes in single‐input multiple‐output setup under transmitter misalignment
Authors: Moradi Hassan , Refai Hazem H. , LoPresti Peter G. , Atiquzzaman Mohammed
Published: November 2011

Wireless optical nodes with mobility capabilities (mobile free space optics [FSO]) have emerged as a way to overcome limitations inherent in FSO links, for example, transmitter–receiver restrictive alignment requirement. This paper proposes the use of an angular diversity model for characterizing the performance of mobile FSO over atmospheric turbulence, and transmitter–receiver misalignment switch‐and‐examine combining technique is suggested for a diversity combining under unbalanced multireceiving configuration. A laser beam is modeled as spatial Gaussian profile, and channel fading is modeled as a lognormal distribution with spatially uncorrelated samples. Analytical and statistical discussion on the resultant output is presented, and bit error performance and processing load are numerically evaluated and compared with those obtained using selection combining diversity schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reasoning about orchestrations of web services using partial correctness
Authors: Stewart Alan , Gabarro Joaquim , Keenan Anthony
Published: November 2011

A service is a remote computational facility which is made available for general use by means of a wide-area network. Several types of service arise in practice: stateless services, shared state services and services with states which are customised for individual users. A service-based orchestration is a multi-threaded computation which invokes remote services in order to deliver results back to a user (publication). In this paper a means of specifying services and reasoning about the correctness of orchestrations over
stateless
services is presented. As web services are potentially unreliable the termination of even finite orchestrations cannot be guaranteed. For this reason a partial-correctness powerdomain approach is proposed to capture the semantics of recursive orchestrations.
Bile acid‐CoA ligase deficiency—a new inborn error of bile acid metabolism
Authors: Chong Catherine P. K. , Mills Philippa B. , McClean Patricia , Gissen Paul , Bruce Christopher , Stahlschmidt Jens , Knisely A. S. , Clayton Peter T.
Published: November 2011

Born at 27 weeks gestation, a child of consanguineous parents of Pakistani origin required prolonged parenteral nutrition. She developed jaundice, with extensive fibrosis and architectural distortion at liver biopsy; jaundice resolved with supportive care. Serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase values were within normal ranges. The bile acids in her plasma and urine were >85% unconjugated (non‐amidated). Two genes encoding bile‐acid amidation enzymes were sequenced. No mutations were found in BAAT, encoding bile acid‐CoA : aminoacid N‐acyl transferase. The patient was homozygous for the missense mutation c.1012C > T in SLC27A5, predicted to alter a highly conserved amino‐acid residue (p.H338Y) in bile acid‐CoA ligase (BACL). She also was homozygous for the missense mutation c.1772A > G in ABCB11, predicted to alter a highly conserved amino‐acid residue (p.N591S) in bile salt export pump (BSEP). BACL is essential for reconjugation of bile acids deconjugated by gut bacteria, and BSEP is essential for hepatocyte‐canaliculus export of conjugated bile acids. A female sibling born at term had the same bile‐acid phenotype and SLC27A5 genotype, without clinical liver disease. She was heterozygous for the c.1772A > G ABCB11 mutation. This is the first report of a mutation in SLC27A5. The amidation defect may have contributed to cholestatic liver disease in the setting of prematurity, parenteral nutrition, and homozygosity for an ABCB11 mutation.
Bare Branches and Social Stability: A Historical Perspective from China
Authors: Jiang Quanbao , Sánchez-Barricarte Jesús J.
Published: November 2011

“Bare branches,” the name given to unmarried men in China, have historically posed a great threat to social stability in that country. Based on historical records and literature, the findings in this study reveal that female infanticide, coupled with the practice of polygyny, meant that during the Ming and Qing dynasties and the Republican Era, up to twenty percent of males remained single. As a result, underclass bare branches turned to less socially accepted marriage practices. And if they were still unable to find a suitable marriage partner, they would turn to prostitutes, adultery with married women, or might even resort to sexual assault. Humiliated by their social status, bare branches tended to drift away from their hometowns and form brotherhoods, secret societies, bandit gangs and even military groups, posing a real threat to social stability. In extreme cases, they engaged in armed conflict, taking over government offices, clashing with government forces, destroying social infrastructure, and helping to topple dynastic regimes. Such extreme violence and disorder led to the reduction of local populations by the thousands or even millions, creating a subsequent negative effect on social development.
Writing City History at the Grassroots Level: Jiedaozhi and Their Research Value
Authors: Xue Zhaohui , Zhang Haihui
Published: November 2011

Chinese local gazetteers (difangzhi) have been long recognized as an important primary source for the study of local history. Since the 1990s, in addition to projects to publish provincial, city, and county gazetteers, local gazetteers for villages, city districts, and city neighborhoods and streets (jiedao) have also been compiled. This paper focuses on one particular genre of these newly emerged local gazetteers, the city sub-district gazetteer or street gazetteers (jiedaozhi). We track their development, and discuss their characteristics and their research value for Chinese studies. We show that jiedaozhi open windows into grassroots society in urban areas, which may stimulate new research directions in Chinese studies.
On Ssu-k’ung T’u’s Shih-p’in
Authors: Fang Achilles
Published: November 2011

This paper was drafted by Achilles Fang (1910–1995) who was a senior lecturer of the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations of Harvard University. The paper is kept in Harvard University Archives. According to Achilles Fang’s description in the first edition, “The first draft of this iconoclastic paper was drafted in the early 1960’s and, after lying in dust for more than a decade was edited by the late John Lyman Bishop for Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. I have, however, held it back all this while not out of timidity. But I have found it futile to complete the demolition of the rest of the 24 poems as thoroughly I made with half of them. But those who are unabashed in their schwarmerei for this patently forged document (forged was it in spite of endorsement meted out in the Ssu-k’u Catalogue (195) and silence of Yu Chia-hsi in his Ssu-k’u t’i-yao pien-cheng, and Chang Hsin-ch’eng in Wei-shu t’ung-k’ao, will understand why I broke down my long-lasting reticence about their sacred cow: I am paying a fitting tribute to the memory of the man whom I miss as Chuang Chou missed Hui Shih. Fitting it should be, for my demolition finds its justification in the cope-stone unearthed by Bishop about 1945 somewhere in China: I am grateful to him for presenting me with his copy of a rubbing of three (Nos. 1, 6, 7) of the Shih-p’in poems attributed to Ssu-k’ung T’u (837–908) supposedly in the holograph of Yen Chen-ch’ing (709–785).” In a word, Achilles Fang found that Erh-shih-ssu Shih-p’in was a forgery and Ssu-k’ung T’u was not the original author of it.
Cultural Values and Higher Education Choices: Chinese Families
Authors: Lee Christina Kwai Choi , Morrish Sussie C.
Published: November 2011

Research on the marketing of higher education institutions has mainly been concerned about the selection criteria used in the decision making process, this research fills a gap in the literature by exploring how in-grained cultural values influence a Chinese student's decision to study abroad. Twenty interviews were conducted among participants who were in the process of deciding on higher education abroad. Nine of the participants were Chinese parents, and eleven were students. The themes which emerged from the interviews are discussed by linking it to the literature to provide insights. The decision making process is strongly influenced by traditional values rooted in Confucianism, and child-centredness due to China's one-child policy and modern Western values. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications for the marketing of international higher education institutions.
Using the Juster Scale to Estimate the Demand-Price Relationship
Authors: Brennan Mike , Esslemont Don , Clarence U.
Published: November 2011

The Juster scale was used to estimate the price-demand relationship for two branded products, Coca-Cola in cans, and Campbell's Red and White Label soup. For each product predictions were obtained of the number of items that would be purchased, during the following four weeks, at each of two hypothetical prices, one above and one below the current retail price. Predictions were obtained using two variations on the Juster procedure: the multiple question method and the constant sum method. Actual numbers purchased were obtained in follow-up interviews. Actual purchases of Coca-Cola were almost exactly at the predicted level, but purchases of the soup brand were less than a third of those predicted. This is the first reported use of the Juster Scale to predict purchases of brands as opposed to products, or to estimate price-demand relationships.
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Perimeter and Outdoor Advertising
Authors: Walliser Björn
Published: November 2011

Based on a review of empirical studies, this paper compares the effectiveness of perimeter and outdoor advertising in terms of recall. In a first step, variables influencing the memorisation of perimeter and outdoor advertisers are summarised and categorised. Four groups of variables related to exposure conditions, product, message, and respondent characteristics can be distinguished and are integrated into an information-processing framework in order to explain how perimeter and outdoor advertising work. Conclusions for improving the effectiveness of perimeter advertising are drawn.
Instability wave models for the near-field fluctuations of turbulent jets
Authors: Gudmundsson K. , Colonius Tim
Published: November 2011

Previous work has shown that aspects of the evolution of large-scale structures, particularly in forced and transitional mixing layers and jets, can be described by linear and nonlinear stability theories. However, questions persist as to the choice of the basic (steady) flow field to perturb, and the extent to which disturbances in natural (unforced), initially turbulent jets may be modelled with the theory. For unforced jets, identification is made difficult by the lack of a phase reference that would permit a portion of the signal associated with the instability wave to be isolated from other, uncorrelated fluctuations. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which pressure and velocity fluctuations in subsonic, turbulent round jets can be described aslinearperturbations to the mean flow field. The disturbances are expanded about the experimentally measured jet mean flow field, and evolved using linear parabolized stability equations (PSE) that account, in an approximate way, for the weakly non-parallel jet mean flow field. We utilize data from an extensive microphone array that measures pressure fluctuations just outside the jet shear layer to show that, up to an unknown initial disturbance spectrum, the phase, wavelength, and amplitude envelope of convecting wavepackets agree well with PSE solutions at frequencies and azimuthal wavenumbers that can be accurately measured with the array. We next apply the proper orthogonal decomposition to near-field velocity fluctuations measured with particle image velocimetry, and show that the structure of the most energetic modes is also similar to eigenfunctions from the linear theory. Importantly, the amplitudes of the modes inferred from the velocity fluctuations are in reasonable agreement with those identified from the microphone array. The results therefore suggest that, to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the evolution of the largest-scale structures that comprise the most energetic portion of the turbulent spectrum of natural jets, nonlinear effects need only be indirectly accounted for by considering perturbations to the mean turbulent flow field, while neglecting any non-zero frequency disturbance interactions.
Sexual maturation and aging of adult male mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Mendel Z. , Protasov A. , Jasrotia P. , Silva E.B. , Zada A. , Franco J.C.
Published: November 2011

The physiological age of adult males of seven mealybug species was measured in relation to the elongation of the male pair of the waxy caudal filaments. These filaments begin to emerge after eclosion and reached their maximum length from 29.4–46.6 h. The studied males were divided into three age groups, expressed as percentages of the total waxy caudal filaments length. Attraction to a sex pheromone source was significantly higher in the oldest male group (maximum filaments growth) compared with youngest one. Only the oldest male group copulated successfully; few of the younger males tested displayed 'courtship' behavior towards conspecific virgin females. The calculated duration of the sexually active phase of the adult male life cycle varied among species ranging from 34.4 to 46.6 h. There were marked variations in the strength of attraction to a pheromone source according to time of day. There was a continuous decrease in sexual activity from morning to evening. Our findings reveal clear maturation periods for adult males of the seven studied species. The long immature phase of the adult male mealybug is probably also related to several physiological processes that are needed to complete male maturation. The most noticeable change is the elongation of the waxy caudal filaments. However, mating may be performed at any time ambient conditions are suitable. Whereas male mealybug flight towards a pheromone source is restricted to a few hours, the male may continue mating activity throughout its sexually active period.
Bush's “Useful Idiots”: 9/11, the Liberal Hawks and the Cooption of the “War on Terror”
Authors: RYAN MARIA
Published: November 2011

This article examines the development of two distinct theories of American internationalism in the 1990s – the political humanitarianism of the liberal hawks and the unipolarism of the neoconservatives – and the fundamentally different and opposing grounds on which these two groups supported the 2003 Iraq War. The liberal hawks, however, failed almost completely to examine the motivations of the neoconservative architects of the “war on terror.” Instead, they imposed their own normative schema on the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and campaigned for them as wars of liberation. Their almost total failure to engage with the intellectual origins of the war led them to accept uncritically the idealistic rhetoric of the President and to assume that the Bush administration and the neoconservatives were motivated by the same idealism and world view as they were themselves. This led them to dismiss critics of the war as opponents of liberal values. As the situation in Iraq worsened, they continued to view the war as a moral endeavour – just one that had gone wrong, as opposed to a war fought for strategic reasons in which nation building was never a priority.
Deterritorializing the “Homeland” in American Studies and American Fiction after 9/11
Authors: CROWNSHAW RICHARD
Published: November 2011

Literary criticism has debated the usefulness of the trauma paradigm found in much post-9/11 fiction. Where critiqued, trauma is sometimes understood as a domesticating concept by which the events of 9/11 are incorporated into sentimental, familial dramas and romances with no purchase on the international significance of the terrorist attacks and the US's response to them; or, the concept of trauma is understood critically as the means by which the boundaries of a nation or “homeland” self-perceived as violated and victimized may be shored up, rendered impermeable – if that were possible. A counterversion of trauma argues its potential as an affective means of bridging the divide between a wounded US and global suffering. Understood in this way, the concept of trauma becomes the means by which the significance of 9/11 could be deterritorialized. While these versions of trauma, found in academic theory and literary practice, invoke the spatial – the domestic sphere, the homeland, the global – they tend to focus on the time of trauma rather than on the imbrication of the temporal and the spatial. If, instead, 9/11 trauma could be more productively defined as the puncturing of national fantasies of an inviolable and innocent homeland, fantasies which themselves rest on the (failed) repression of foundational violence in the colonial and settler creation of that homeland, and on subsequent notions of American exceptionalism at home and, in the exercise of foreign policy, abroad, then the traumatic can be spatialized. In other words, understood in relation to fantasy, trauma illuminates the terroritalization and deterritorialization of American history. After working through various examples of post-9/11 fiction to demonstrate parochial renditions of trauma and trauma's unrealized global resonances, this article turns to Cormac McCarthy's 9/11 allegory The Road for the way in which its spaces, places and territories are marked by inextricable traumas of the past and present – and therefore for the way in which it models trauma's relation to national fantasy.
Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)
Authors: Kirby James P.
Published: November 2011

Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is spoken natively by over seventy-five million people in Vietnam and greater Southeast Asia as well as by some two million overseas, predominantly in France, Australia, and the United States. The genetic affiliation of Vietnamese has been at times the subject of considerable debate (Diffloth 1992). Scholars such as Tabard (1838) maintained a relation to Chinese, while Maspero (1912), despite noting similarities to Mon-Khmer, argued for an affiliation with Tai. However, at least since the work of Haudricourt (1953), most scholars now agree that Vietnamese and related Vietic languages belong to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family.
Electron tomography of cells
Authors: Gan Lu , Jensen Grant J.
Published: November 2011

The electron microscope has contributed deep insights into biological structure since its invention nearly 80 years ago. Advances in instrumentation and methodology in recent decades have now enabled electron tomography to become the highest resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique available for unique objects such as cells. Cells can be imaged either plastic-embedded or frozen-hydrated. Then the series of projection images are aligned and back-projected to generate a 3D reconstruction or ‘tomogram’. Here, we review how electron tomography has begun to reveal the molecular organization of cells and how the existing and upcoming technologies promise even greater insights into structural cell biology.
VIII.—The Trousseaux of Princess Philippa, wife of Eric, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Baildon W. Paley
Published: November 2011

When I last had the honour to bring a Wardrobe Account to your notice, I prefaced my remarks with a short explanation of how the office of the Wardrobe, originally a store-house, gradually became one of the chief purchasing departments of the Royal Household. The principal document to which I shall draw your attention to-night shows the Wardrobe more in its original aspect; the materials and articles referred to were all handed out from store for a specific purpose, and no purchases are recorded. A search through the general accounts immediately before this special one would no doubt result in finding much of the material here dealt with and the price paid for it, but I thought it best to leave those accounts to be dealt with at some future time in their entirety.
X.—On a Bronze Age Cemetery and other antiquities at Largs, Ayrshire
Authors: Munro Robert
Published: November 2011

A portion of the town of Largs is built on a raised beach which here attains a breadth of nearly a mile, though in general it is a mere strip of flat land along the coast. This low ground is fertile, and beyond it rises a picturesque background of grassy hills which shelter the town and bay on the east, a combination of natural advantages which must have rendered the locality an attractive place of abode for man from the earliest times. A plot of cultivated land, near the termination of Nelson Street which intersects the raised beach, was acquired by a townsman as the site of a small villa. The area selected was slightly more elevated than the vacant ground on the east side, but its relative height with respect to its western boundary was uncertain, owing to the land there having been already built upon. It would, however, be no exaggeration to describe it as a low gravelly mound. While digging the foundations of the proposed villa nothing of an archaeological character attracted attention, but later on, in course of some outside operations close to the south wall of the newly erected building, the workmen came upon a small cinerary urn containing calcined bones. The vessel was shaped like a modern flower-pot, without any ornamentation, and stood mouth upwards, having, apparently, been simply deposited in a hole in the gravel. It appears to have been extracted in fragments, and dispersed among private collectors.
XX.—Pleistocene Man in Jersey
Authors: Marett R. R.
Published: November 2011

The object of the following paper is threefold: first, to give some account of certain relics of pleistocene times, from a cave situated on the south coast of the island of Jersey; secondly, to notice the contents of another cave existing near the north-west corner of the same island, the horizon here being more uncertain, though not improbably pleistocene; and, thirdly, to discuss briefly the general relation of the pleistocene to the post-pleistocene traces of prehistoric man in Jersey in the light of the available evidence, whether archaeological or geological.
I.—The Complete Building Accounts of the City Churches (Parochial) designed by Sir Christopher Wren
Authors: Weaver Lawrence
Published: November 2011

Bound up with other additional matter in the heirloom copy of Wren's Parentalia, on which I read a short paper on the 17th June, 1909;, is an engraving by Hulsbergh. It is an emblematical design of a pyramid dotted with medallions, on each of which is written the name of a Wren building and a reference number. At the sides are two tables giving the costs of each building, set out to the uttermost farthing. No doubt many students of Wren have wondered, as I did, where Hulsbergh got these detailed figures, and by good fortune I have found their source in Bodley's Library, Oxford.
VII.—Recent Roman Discoveries in London
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: November 2011

The material dealt with in the first section of this paper can only be called ‘recent’ in a secondary sense. It is not so much a discovery as a rediscovery of old evidence long overlooked.
V.—The Sarum Consuetudinary and its relation to the Cathedral Church of Old Sarum
Authors: Hope William St. John
Published: November 2011

The suspension owing to the continuance of the Great War of all work upon the hill of Old Sarum, and the consequent lack of material for the usual report thereon, afford a useful opportunity for the discussion of certain points connected with the cathedral church of Sarum.
VI.—The Llynfawr and other Hoards of the Bronze Age
Authors: Crawford O. G. S. , Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: November 2011

Mr. John Ward, F.S.A., lately Keeper of the Department of Archaeology in the National Museum of Wales, has been prevented by illness from publishing this hoard, which was until recently under his care. The following summary embodies information kindly supplied by him regarding the circumstances of the find.
II.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1901
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John , Reid Clement
Published: November 2011

I have the honour of submitting to the Society, on behalf of the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund, a full report of the discoveries made during the year 1901. This is also the record of the continued exploration of the site for the twelfth year in succession.

Work for the season was begun on 10th May by Mr. Mill Stephenson, who directed operations throughout until their conclusion on 13th November, with the exception of five weeks in July and August, when Mr. Herbert Jones was in charge. A deep debt of gratitude is due to these gentlemen for the time and trouble they have so freely bestowed upon the work.
XII.—The Castles of the Conquest
Authors: Round J. H.
Published: November 2011

By way of introduction to the subject I have the honour of bringing before you I will trace as briefly as possible the controversy as to the origin of those remarkable strongholds, found throughout the three kingdoms, of which the essential feature is a moated flat-topped mound. This was the “motte” of medieval French, the “mota” of mediaeval Latin.
XVIII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1902
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

I have the honour of laying before the Society, on behalf of my colleagues, a report of the operations carried out by the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund during the year 1902, being the thirteenth successive season of the systematic exploration of the site.
XXIII.—The Mediæval Library of the Benedictine Priory of St. Mary, in Worcester Cathedral Church
Authors: Floyer J. K.
Published: November 2011

A writer on the subject of the ancient Library of the cathedral priory of St. Mary, Worcester, is confronted by unusual difficulties, in the dearth of documents which throw light on it. No catalogue of the books is preserved of a date anterior to about 1650, and this is an incomplete and very roughly made one. The library has been moved more than once, and the architecture of some of the buildings which contain it has been altered or renewed at subsequent periods. If reliance therefore is placed on external evidence alone, the history of the library would be most meagre and uncertain. Fortunately a good portion of the library itself remains, and tells something of its own history. Moreover, from a close examination of the existing buildings, of the chisel marks and varieties of stone, the architectural history can be to some extent collected.
X.—Recent Discoveries in connexion with Roman London
Authors: Norman Philip , Reader Francis W.
Published: November 2011

Early in January, 1905, the street called London Wall was opened by the Post Office authorities for the purpose of laying telephone mains. Operations were begun at Moorgate Street and were carried in an easterly direction, a deep trench being dug in the middle of the roadway. The excavations had extended past Salisbury House as far as Circus Place, when it was noticed that among the débris thrown at the side of the road were quantities of ragstone and Roman tile, showing clearly that the city wall was being cut into.
I.—On the Stone Circles of East Cornwall
Authors: Gray H. St. George
Published: November 2011

In describing the “Stripple Stones” circle and the excavations which have taken place there, it is my intention to confine my remarks very largely to them, and to bear in mind that the work of excavation was conducted with a view of endeavouring to ascertain the approximate date of construction of this ancient monument. Descriptions, however, will be given of stone circles in the immediate vicinity, two of which the writer took the opportunity of surveying in 1905 and two in 1906, the five forming a group on Bodmin Moors.
IV.—Three Inventories: (1) The Earl of Huntingdon, 1377; (2) Brother John Randolf, 1419; (3) Sir John de Boys, 1426
Authors: Baildon W. Paley
Published: November 2011

Sir Guichard d'Angle, Earl of Huntingdon, was a Frenchman, who, having seen much service under the French king, transferred his allegiance to Edward III. He was appointed Marshal of Aquitaine in 1363, and served on the English side in most of the subsequent campaigns. He accompanied the Duke of Lancaster to England in 1372, when he was appointed a Knight of the Garter as successor to the eighth stall on the Sovereign's side, then vacant by the death of Sir Walter Mauny. He was taken prisoner at Rochelle in June, 1372, and was liberated by exchange in 1374. Early in 1377 he was sent to France to negotiate the marriage of Richard, then Prince of Wales, to a daughter of Charles V. of France, and it was probably on his return from this embassy that he was robbed. After the death of Edward III., on 21st June, 1377, he was appointed one of the governors of the young king, and was created Earl of Huntingdon, for life only, at the subsequent coronation. He died early in 1380 (will proved 4th April), and was buried in the church of the Austin Friars in Bread Street. Beltz gives a long account of him, from which this note is mostly taken.
V.—The Bound Church of the Knights Templars at Temple Bruer, Lincolnshire
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

One is sorely tempted in writing upon matters connected with the Knights Templars to say something about the monstrous persecution and terrible sufferings which the unhappy brethren of the Order endured, during the opening years of the fourteenth century, at the hands of an infamous King of France, a more wicked Pope, and even of a King of England, as an excuse for bringing about their suppression.
VII.—The Monastery of St. Milburge at Much Wenlock, Shropshire
Authors: Cranage D. H. S.
Published: November 2011

Most religious houses in England were founded for a particular Order, and remained in connexion there with till the Dissolution. Several early foundations, however, went through various changes and ended as Benedictine abbeys.