bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XXX.—Pollination and Seed Production in the Rye-Grasses (Lolium perenneandLolium italicum)
Authors: Gregor J. W.
Published: January 2013

Various selective agents exert their influence on the processes governing the survival of new forms within an established plant group. As the balance of these agents changes so also will the genetic composition of the plant group change. Environmental conditions undoubtedly permit and direct evolution, but apparently the action of the environment is mainly selective in nature, and, although not directly concerned in the production of new growthforms, it aids the survival of suitable forms by establishing a certain amount of genotype isolation. Amongst the various selective agents whose action is confined to the direct selection of genotypes, or phenotypes and therefore indirectly of genotypes, there is the important question of pollination and fertilisation. As the very existence of individuals depends on compatible fertilisation, the investigation of the problem of pollination and fertilisation obtaining within a plant group is essential preparatory to any study of the survival of individuals within that plant group.
II.—On the Heteromyarian Condition in the Bivalvia with Special Reference toDreissena polymorphaand Certain Mytilacea
Authors: Yonge C. M. , Campbell J. I.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The adaptive character and possible course of evolution—following permanent byssal attachment—of the heteromyarian form in the Bivalvia is considered in relation to the eulamellibranch Dreissenacea and the filibranch Mytilacea. In both it assumes the extreme condition of ventral (anterior) flattening representing a high degree of adaptation for epifaunal life. The presence of a shell shelf in the umbonal regions ofDreissenaandSeptiferis associated with the greatest degree of ventral flattening; it permits retention of the anterior adductor and its attachment to parallel surfaces. Enlargement of the posterior regions of the visceropedal mass and the posterior territory of the mantle/shell involves formation of an elongated opisthodetic ligament. That of the Dreissenacea, here initially described, is of unique complication. In primitive infaunal isomyarians an organ of locomotion through soft substrates, in these heteromyarians the foot becomes essentially concerned with byssal attachment with which much the greatest part of the small anterior and large posterior retractors becomes exclusively concerned. Although strikingly similar to the Mytilacea, the Dreissenacea which now inhabit slowly moving or still, silt-laden freshwaters would seem most probably to have evolved under very different marine conditions prior to their relatively recent migration into freshwaters.
VII.—Eurystoma trigonasp. nov., a Pteridosperm ovule borne on a frond ofAlcicornopterisKidston
Authors: Long Albert G.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Ovules ofEurystoma trigonasp. nov. are described. Over 330 unpollinated ovules were found attached to a petrified megasporophyll which appears to be a juvenile form ofAlcicornopterisKidston. Each ovule is triangular in cross section and has three wing-like extensions of the integument. None shows a female prothallus. The possibility thatAlcicornopterisrepresents the fertile foliage ofStenomyelonis discussed.
VIII.—On the Schizochroal Eyes of Three Species of Reedops (Trilobita: Phacopidae) from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia
Authors: Clarkson Euan N. K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Bohemian specimens of the phacopacean trilobites Reedops cephalotes (Hawle and Corda,) R. sternbergi (Hawle and Corda) and R. bronni (Barrande) have very well preserved schizochroal eyes. The sizes and distribution patterns of the eye lenses were studied and in R. sternbergi and R. bronni the angular bearings of all the lenses were measured, giving the visual range of the whole eye.

The internal anatomy of the eyes was also investigated, mainly from cut and polished sections. In many respects their morphology was comparable with that described previously in the Silurian and Devonian phacopaceans Phacops latifrons (Bronn) and Ananaspis communis (Barrande). The intralensar structures, however, are unlike those of P. latifrons and A. communis but bear a strong resemblance to the intralensar bowls of the Ordovician Zeliszkellinae, an early group believed to have been ancestral both to dalmanitaccan and post-Ordovician phacopacean stocks.

A brief history of the evolution of schizochroal eyes is given, some distinctive evolutionary trends are noted and the relationship of the structural pattern in Reedops is discussed with reference to that in other Phacopina.
VII.—Scottish Rotifers, collected by the Lake Survey (Supplement)
Authors: Murray James
Published: January 2013

In June 1906 there was published an account of the Rotifers collected in the Scottish lochs up to that date (7). Many Rotifers had been observed during the survey of the lakes which are not referred to in that paper, as they were not collected actually in lakes. It is with the object of recording these species, and especially of giving an account of some interesting forms previously unknown or imperfectly known, that this supplementary paper is written. These Rotifers were, almost without exception, collected from moss, and, as is always the case in these circumstances, the Bdelloida greatly preponderated over the other orders.
XXIV.—The Entomostraca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904
Authors: Scott Thomas
Published: January 2013

The Entomostraca recorded here were collected by the S.Y. Scotia on its way to and from the Antarctic, and also while carrying on investigations there during the years 1902 to 1904. The Entomostraca in these collections belong chiefly to the Copepoda, but the Cladocera and Ostracoda are also represented, the last by a considerable number of species. These three groups are described below in the order mentioned.
XXXI.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917: The Natural History of Pack-Ice as observed in the Weddell Sea
Authors: Wordie J. M.
Published: January 2013

The opportunities for observation were afforded by the voyage and subsequent drift of the S.Y. Endurance. During December 1914 and January 1915 for a period of six weeks she successfully bored her way through pack-ice of every description—drift-ice, open-pack, and very frequently even close-pack. Continually fighting, she penetrated from 59° to 72° S. lat., and finally reached the land water off Coats Land on the latter parallel. As the crow flies, therefore, she was navigated through ice for nearly 800 geographical miles on this voyage; her actual course among the ice-fields and floes was computed to exceed 2000 miles, an achievement without parallel in the Antarctic. The principle adopted was to keep to the east, where presumably there is less pack than in the west; if the Endurance experience is a normal one, however, the meridian of 20° W. long., which was followed, is certainly not far enough east.
XIII.—A Study of the Hokien and the Tamil Skull
Authors: Harrower Gordon
Published: January 2013

Hitherto in matters craniological the student has been confronted with the primary difficulty that the series upon which he intends to work has been unearthed many years after burial. In consequence the question of age, sex, and nationality has remained a matter of doubt. In the present series of Hokien and Tamil skulls this difficulty has been entirely eliminated. As the skulls were collected immediately after death, the age, sex, and nationality of each is known. On removal from the body each skull had a metal tally attached to it, so that no error could arise in the process of preparation. In craniological and craniometrical work one frequently meets with the term “Chinese,” and the author is uncertain of the probable locality from which the skulls were obtained. China covers a vast expanse much larger than most people realise, and its inhabitants include a large variety of branches which vary widely in craniological features. Even in language and religion they differ, and it frequently happens that individuals living 100 miles from one another cannot understand each other's spoken language, although the written characters are identical. In fact the Hokiens call the Northern Chinese “foreigners.” The dissimilarity between the Cantonese Chinese and the Hylam Chinese skull is, I believe, as great as that between the Scottish and the German skull.
XVII.—Some New Ordovician and Silurian Fossils from Girvan
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: January 2013

The richness of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Girvan in organic remains has long been known, and during recent years many of the fossils have been described by various authors. But occasionally fresh material is obtained which reveals the presence of new species of particular interest, such as those here described. It is to the indefatigable labours of the late Mrs Gray that we owe most of the material from the Girvan area, and our knowledge of the faunas of its Lower Palæozoic beds is largely founded on her collections. Her daughters, who are carrying on her valuable work, recently sent me the few specimens which form the subject of this paper.
V.—Development of Cavia: Implantation
Authors: Maclaren Norman
Published: January 2013

Since Graf V. Spee's admirable work Die Implantation des Meerschweincheneies in die Uteruswand, published in 1901, little has been done to add to our knowledge of the implantation of the embryo of Cavia. His deductions seemed conclusive and passed almost unchallenged into the general literature as an essential part of our knowledge of mammalian embryology.
VIII.—On a Tetracotyle (T. phoxini) in the Brain of the Minnow
Authors: Ashworth J. H. , Bannerman Janet C. W.
Published: January 2013

During the course of experiments on the toxic effects of tetrachlorethane on minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), Mr J. Wilson Dougal, B.SC., found “cellular bodies” in a portion of the brain tissue of a dead minnow which he had spread on a microscopic slide. Sections of the head of the minnow were subsequently made by Mr Richard Muir and submitted to me for an opinion on the nature of the bodies. Examination showed that they were immature Trematodes of the family Holostomidæ. I handed the sections and a living minnow, sent at the same time (May 1923), to Miss Bannerman for further study, remarking that the only Trematode hitherto recorded as occurring in the brain of fresh-water fish in Britain was a Tetracotyle in the brain of the lamprey and the ammocœte. I subsequently directed her attention to Mataré's account (1910) of a similar worm which had been found in the brain of minnows collected in Switzerland and in Germany. Miss Bannerman studied numerous examples of the parasite during June and July 1923 and in September 1925, but she had to leave in October 1925, before the work could be completed, to take up a post in India. The comparison with previously recorded species of Tetracotyle, the discussion on the morphology of the ventral sucker, the account of the excretory canals, and a number of details in other parts have been added since she left.—J. H. A.
XXII.—The Peripheral Innervation of the Uterus
Authors: Fleming Amy M.
Published: January 2013

The present investigation was undertaken to throw some light upon the nature and mode of action of the peripheral nervous mechanism of the uterus.

Previous work has demonstrated that the organ, like other viscera, has an autonomic action. That the uterus and vagina can function independently of the central nervous system has been shown both clinically and experimentally by Sir J. Y. Simpson (1), Goltz (2), Riemann (3), Rein (4), Kabierske and Heidenhain (5), Masius (6), and Kurdinowsky (7).

The nervous mechanism of the uterus may be divided into a central and a peripheral part.
IV.—The Electric Field in Terrestrial Magnetic Storms
Authors: Goldie A. H. R.
Published: January 2013

The paper which follows is based in the main on the magnetic records of the observatories at Lerwick (Shetland) and Eskdalemuir (Dumfriesshire), though reference is made to the data of Abinger (Surrey), Sitka (Alaska), Sodankylä (Finland), Colaba (Bombay), and Mauritius, and to records made at different times at Arctic and Antarctic stations. The situation of the Lerwick observatory, just within the auroral zone, might be expected to give to its records an outstanding value in any investigation connected with magnetic storms; the expectation has not been disappointed. The distance between Abinger and Eskdalemuir is about 470 km., and between Eskdalemuir and Lerwick about 550 km.—both quantities small compared with the dimensions of the earth—yet the mean ranges of disturbance at these three places appear to run roughly in the ratio 1:2: 4½. This at once suggests that in the extreme north of the British Isles we approach a zone of exceptional interest from the point of view of magnetic disturbance; and further,-that with suitable magnetic data some attempt might be made to compute the disturbing electric fields, at least in their main features, and possibly to arrive at some idea of any seasonal and annual changes to which these fields may be subject.
VIII.—The Development of the Sorus in Some Species of Nephrolepis, together with Some Observations on Points of Anatomical Interest
Authors: Case Isobel M.
Published: January 2013

Nephrolepis has generally been placed by systematists among the Davallioid ferns. The latter, which have always presented difficulties to the systematists, are divided by Professor Bower (Filicales, vol. iii, chap, xxxvii) into three groups, Nephrolepis being placed in the first of these along with Humata and Davallia. This threefold division of the Davallioid ferns was based mainly on soral characters, and the absence of critical data with regard to such characters in the genus Nephrolepis led to the present investigation.
IX.—Notes on Lower Old Red Sandstone Plants from Callander, Perthshire
Authors: Henderson S. M. K.
Published: January 2013

Plant-remains have long been known to occur at a horizon near the top of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Perthshire, far above the volcanic horizon represented in the Ochil Hills. Evans, in the Handbook of the Geology of Great Britain (1929), speaks of these Perthshire plants as occurring “near the summit of the Strathmore Sandstones”; but it is as well to remember that Evans' definition of Strathmore Sandstones is very wide, including all “beds above the Cairnconnan Grits” of Forfar. Hickling (1908) and Campbell (1913) refer to the Strathmore Beds or Group in a much more restricted sense. For them the term is a synonym for Edzell Shales, the uppermost of four divisions united by Evans as Strathmore Sandstones. On account of this uncertainty we prefer, for the present, not to employ the term Strathmore with any stratigraphical significance.
XXXII.—Studies on the Scottish Marine Fauna: Quantitative Distribution of the Echinoderms and the Natural Faunistic Divisions of the North Sea
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: January 2013

The first part (5) of a study of the quantitative distribution of the bottom-fauna in Scottish waters, and of the natural faunistic divisions of the North Sea and adjacent areas, dealt with the distribution of the molluscs in the North Sea. In this paper the echinoderms from the same area are treated on similar lines. In addition the natural faunistic divisions, as shown by the distribution of the dominant species of molluscs and echinoderms, and the validity of Petersen's community concept as applied to the North Sea, are discussed.

Reference should be made to the earlier paper for information concerning the methods of collecting, the area covered by the Scottish surveys, similar surveys carried out by other workers in the remaining parts of the North Sea, the number of hauls in each square, and other introductory matters.
XX.—On Hæmonais laurentii, n. sp., a Representative of a little-known Genus of Naididæ.
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

In the year 1900 Bretscher (1) published a short account of a new aquatic Oligochæte belonging to the family Naididæ, which was assigned by him to a new genus, Hæmonais, under the name H. waldvogeli. Its chief peculiarity lay in the complicated blood-vascular system, to an account of which Bretscher devotes about half of his description. No further account of any representative of the genus has since appeared.

Some months ago I was surprised to find, in Lahore, specimens which were certainly referable to the same genus as the Swiss worms, though manifesting a few differences, sufficient to distinguish them as a separate species. Since my first discovery of the present form I have had the advantage, which did not fall to Bretscher's lot, of being able to observe sexual individuals; and as the worms are remarkable in other respects than that of the vascular system, and since moreover the somewhat curt description which he gives is perhaps scarcely sufficient to satisfy legitimate curiosity in regard to a new genus, I give below a fairly complete account of the Lahore specimens.
XXI.—On a Rule of Proportion observed in the Setæ of certain Naididæ.
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

The common forked setæ which constitute the ventral setal bundles in the Naididæ possess, like the simple setæ of many of the earthworms, a slight swelling on the shaft, the so-called nodulus. The setæ themselves are the principal organs of locomotion, being used as levers, which obtain a hold of the substratum by means of their hooked and forked distal ends; and besides being movable in an anteroposterior direction they are capable of some degree of protrusion and retraction. The position of the nodulus on the shaft is held to regulate the distance to which the seta can be protruded; though it can be retracted so that the nodulus is below the level of the epidermis, it cannot be protruded beyond that degree which brings the nodulus level with the surface.
XXII.—On the Sexual Phase in certain of the Naididæ. I. The Anatomy of Sexual Individuals of the Genus Dero; with Remarks on Hæmonais. II. The Genital Organs in the Genus Slavina.
Authors: Stephenson J.
Published: January 2013

The Naididæ are a family of small fresh-water Oligochæta, in which the usual mode of reproduction is the asexual, by fission; sexual forms are, in general, rare, and in the majority of species, and in some whole genera (e.g. Slavina), they have not so far been observed at all. Records of the genital organs are therefore of interest; and if they were available throughout the group it can hardly be doubted that we should be able to judge better of the affinities of genera and species, and consequently to improve our classification; since the diagnoses of species and genera, and the scheme of classification, depend at present to an unduly large extent on one single set of characters, the form and distribution of the setæ.

The study of sexual individuals of the genus Dero has resulted also in the discovery of the curious phenomenon of the atrophy of the alimentary canal at sexual maturity; this occurs also in Hæmonais (v. ant.); it has not hitherto been found elsewhere in the Oligochæta, though it is known to occur (apparently in a less extreme form) in a number of Polychætes.
XXVI.—The Anatomy and Affinity of Deparia Moorei, Hook.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

Summary and Conclusions

I have no information regarding the gametophyte, nor have I examined the structure of axis and leaf in young plants. It must therefore remain to be seen what light such data may throw upon the problem of the phyletic place of Deparia Moorei. The nature of the stele, the leaf-trace, and the venation, in very young plants, would also present points of value. But it will be at least evident that the vascular system of the axis is, in mature plants, of an advanced type, and it may reasonably be affirmed that the marked variability in the degree of dictyostely is an index of an inherent plasticity. It seems reasonable to suggest that the reductions in size, and simplification of structure in the direction of solenostely shown in fig. 40, is related to the cultural conditions. The plant from which the material was derived had lost ground both in size and healthiness of its leaves.
XVIII.—The Chætognatha of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1902–1904
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: January 2013

A considerable number of Chætognatha were collected on the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of 1902-1904. Some two or three hundred tow-nettings were examined, and about ninety yielded some of these forms. Beside the tow-netting samples there were twelve tubes of these animals taken in the vertical net or the trawl.
VIII.—Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: A Description of the Systematic Anatomy of a Fœtal Sea-Leopard (Stenorhynchus leptonyx), with Remarks upon the Microscopical Anatomy of some of the Organs.
Authors: Haig Harold Axel
Published: January 2013

During the Scottish Antarctic Expedition of 1892–93 Dr W. S. Bruce secured fœtuses of Stenorhynchus leptonyx and Lobodon Carcinophaga, and on his return passed them over, with other material, to Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson for the Zoological Museum of University College, Dundee. While some of the material has unfortunately been lost sight of during these twenty-one years, one specimen, viz. that of a fœtus of Stenorhynchus leptonyx, was still in existence, and was returned by Professor D'Arcy Thompson to Dr Bruce, who in turn asked me to examine and report upon it. Furthermore, during the voyage of the Scotia embryos of Leptonychotes weddelli were obtained by the Scotia naturalists, and these were passed on for description to Professor Waterston, at that time in the University of Edinburgh. It is on this material that the present monograph is based.
XXV.—Differential Fertility in Scotland. Part II
Authors: Charles Enid
Published: January 2013

In a previous communication (Charles, 1938) gross reproduction rates were given for the counties, cities and burghs, and for the urban and landward areas of Scotland. The present communication is an attempt to correlate differences among these rates with measurable social circumstances, more especially with occupation and with frequency of marriage. Attention will be directed mainly to such differences in 1931.
XXVIII.—The Arrangement of Fibre Follicles in some Mammals, with special reference tothe Ovidæ
Authors: Duerden J. E.
Published: January 2013

At the time of his death Dr Duerden was contemplating the preparation of a paper of this nature, and it is felt by Mrs Duerden that had he been able to express his wishes in this connection he would appreciate a record of the conclusions made by him. No one realised more than Dr Duerden himself the gaps which are still present in our knowledge and interpretation of the grouping of follicles and fibres in the mammalia, and this work is certainly not meant to be taken as representing Dr Duerden's final view or those of his colleagues at the Wool Industries Research Association. In view of the unique value of much of the material the present notes are intended, therefore, to form a basis and reference, firstly, for workers engaged in the general development of any mammalian coat from a morphogenic and phylogenetic point of view, and secondly, for those interested particularly in factors concerned in the formation of different types of fleeces in sheep. The conception of the follicle bundle as a discrete and basic genetic unit largely determining the initial form of the wool staple is of the highest importance in studies on the inheritance and developmentof fleece characters.
XXX.—Actiniaria and Zoantharia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904
Authors: Carlgren Oskar
Published: January 2013

The collection of Actiniaria and Zoantharia made by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition contains nineteen species, one of which, Porponia antarctica Carlgren, I described as a new species in 1914. In all there were six species from the Antarctic, three from the Falkland Islands, six from the west coast of Cape Province, three from the Cape Verde Islands, and one, not specifically determined, from Gough Island. The new species here described are Epiactis vincentina, Epiactis brucei, Sicyonis antarctica, and Palythoa vincentina. I have not thought it necessary to compile a complete list of the literature and synonyms of the species, since in the papers cited full information is given.
VI.—On the Fossil Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields
Authors: Kidston Robert
Published: January 2013

On the Fossil Plants collected during the Sinking of the Shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, near Birmingham.

The area comprised in the county of Stafford embraces five coal fields—

I. The Goldsitch Moss Coal Field, in the extreme north-east of the county.

II. The Cheadle and Churnet Valley Coal Field.

III. The Wetley and Shafferlong Coal Field.

IV. The Coal Field of the Potteries.

V. The South Staffordshire Coal Field.

The three first mentioned are of small extent, and as I know little of their fossil flora they are omitted from this series of papers on the Carboniferous Flora of the Staffordshire Coal Fields.

I, however, devote a separate communication to the fossil plants met with while sinking the shaft of the Hamstead Colliery, Great Barr, as a considerable part of the rocks passed through during this operation is clearly Upper Coal Measures, not Permian, as has been generally stated. The palæontological evidence, therefore, becomes of special importance in determining the age of the red shales occurring in the upper part of this sinking, which have been usually mapped as Permian.
VIII.—Histological Observations on the Muscular Fibre and Connective Tissue of the Uterus during Pregnancy and the Puerperium
Authors: Helme T. Arthur
Published: January 2013

The study of a normal process in an organ so especially prone to disease as is the human uterus, is beset with many difficulties; so many foreign conditions are apt to be present, giving a false impression as to what this process really is. That this is the case to no small degree, when the character of the changes which occur in the normal involution of the uterus after child-birth is the subject of observation, is shown by the variety of opinions held and stated by doubtlessly competent observers; for while one holds that the muscle undergoes a fatty degeneration, another holds that no such fatty change occurs; while one asserts that only a certain number of the fibres degenerate and disappear, another states that so complete is the destruction, that not one single fibre present in the uterus before birth survives the process; while another goes to the extent of saying, that the puerperal uterus can in no way be distinguished from a uterus that has undergone an inflammatory process.
IX.—On Some Relations between Magnetism and Twist in Iron and Nickel. Part I
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: January 2013

In a former paper I described certain experiments on the relations of magnetism and twist in iron and nickel, the chief results of which it may be well to give briefly here. When an iron or nickel wire is under the influence of longitudinal and circular magnetisations, it twists in a direction which is definitely related to the direction of the magnetising forces. This effect in iron was discovered by Wiedemann, and for convenience I shall call it the Wiedemann Effect. It was pointed out by Clerk Maxwell that the Wiedemann effect might be explained as a consequence of the earlier discovery made by Joule, that iron lengthens in the direction of magnetisation, and contracts at right angles thereto. Led by a consideration of Barrett's discovery of the shortening of nickel wire in the direction of magnetisation, I determined to test nickel in the same way in which Wiedemann had tested iron. It was quite obvious that, if Maxwell's explanation of the Wiedemann effect were the true one, nickel wire should, ceteris paribus, twist in a sense opposite to that in which iron twists. The experiment when made completely fulfilled the expectation. Thus, when an iron wire, with one end fixed, is traversed by an electric current in the direction in which it is at the same time longitudinally magnetised, the wire is twisted so that the free end rotates right-handedly with reference to the traversing current, or the longitudinal magnetisation. In nickel, on the contrary, the corresponding rotation is left-handed. This was the chief conclusion arrived at in my earlier paper; and a little consideration will show how very readily the Wiedemann effect, whether in iron or in nickel, is explained in terms of the simpler strains studied by Joule and Barrett.
XII.—On the Behaviour of the Hydrates and Carbonates of the Alkali-Metals, and of Barium, at High Temperatures, and on the Properties of Lithia and the Atomic Weight of Lithium
Authors: Dittmar W.
Published: January 2013

The fragmentary nature of our knowledge of the behaviour of the more strongly basilous hydrates and carbonates at high temperatures is owing chiefly to the absence of a suitable material for the necessary crucibles. Unfortunately there is no metal which combines the infusibility of platinum with the chemical inertness of gold, in opposition to fiery-fluid caustic alkalies. But the corrosive action of these on platinum, as I showed some years ago, is a function only of the peroxides formed from them by the action of atmospheric oxygen, and, consequently, can easily be prevented by operating in an atmosphere of hydrogen or nitrogen.
X.—The Arborescent Senecios of Kilimanjaro: A Study in Ecological Anatomy
Authors: Hare C. Leighton
Published: January 2013

The highly specialised features of the Compositæ leave little room for doubt that the family is an advanced one, and it is not without significance that the vast majority of its species should be herbaceous plants; shrubby species are infrequent, while trees are of the rarest occurrence. The markedly herbaceous habit is further emphasised if attention is confined to the large and widespread genus Senecio, comprising over 2000 species, for, although they include plants of very diverse habit, few attain to tree dimensions, or possess a well-developed, perennial, woody trunk. Herbs or shrubs account for 99 per cent, of the species, the former greatly predominating. The remainder comprises a small group of about 20 species, which have assumed the arborescent habit.
XV.—The Life-history and Ecology of the Salmon Gill-Maggot Salmincola salmonea (L.) (Copepod Crustacean)
Authors: Friend G. F.
Published: January 2013

This study was begun in 1936 primarily as an attempt to work out the life-history of the Salmon gill-maggot Salmincola salmonea (L.), a common and widespread copepod parasite of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). At that time the adult female stage only was known, although this had been reported in Scotland as early as 1766 on a kelt salmon and had been included by Linnæus among his Vermes. It was not, however, until 1939, after three years of field work, that a complete series of the stages in the life-history of the parasite had been collected and the story began to take shape. During this time not only were parasites collected, but a quantity of statistical and observational data was accumulated bearing both on the parasite.and its host. Much of this referred to conditions in the estuary, a part of the common background of the two animals which was soon recognised to be a critical region for both. Consequently special attention was given to parasitised fish from this region, and this led to a widening of the scope of the investigation to include a consideration of the habitats and interrelations of gill-maggot and fish, indicated by the term “ecology” in the title.
I.—The Genus Primula: Section Farinosae
Authors: Smith W. Wright , Fletcher H. R.
Published: January 2013

The section Farinosae was first denned by Pax (1) in 1889 with citation of P. farinosa and P. sibirica as representative species. He published at the same time his section Auriculatae. The only distinction given of apparent moment between the two sections is the shape and size of the capsule. In Auriculatae it is globose and included in the calyx, while in Farinosae it is cylindric and more or less exserted. This diagnostic character was found to be unsatisfactory, with the result that in 1905 Pax (2) in his Monograph combined the two sections under Farinosae. There was still an undercurrent of opinion that a division was justified, and at the Third Primula Conference in 1913 Bayley Balfour (3) reverted to the previous arrangement without, however, any stated reasons. At the Fourth Primula Conference held in 1928 the sections of the genus were reviewed by Smith and Forrest (4), who again subordinated Auriculatae to Farinosae. In 1932 appeared Bruun's Cytological Studies in Primula (5), with a detailed analysis of the species then available in cultivation. Here valid evidence was given that certain species assessed in the past as within Auriculatae did differ cytologically from the general run of species included without question in the Farinosae. But the cytological evidence taken alone tends to associate these Auriculatae with other species quite dissimilar from the broad morphological point of view. The problem is referred to again by Wright Smith (6) in his Hooker Lecture, where it is admitted that the cytological data do support the view that there is a degree of fundamental difference between the two sections. But the difficulty still remains of finding satisfactory macroscopic distinctions. The present authors have come to the conclusion that it is better to keep both under the general heading Farinosae rather than to separate them by slender and often misleading characters supported as these may be by the cytology. In any case much remains to be done on the cytological side, as the majority of the species are yet to be analysed, and for general purposes the incorporation of the cytological data in an analytical key would not be satisfactory.
IV.—Inheritance of Resistance to Two Strains of Blight (Phytophthora infestansde Bary) in Potatoes
Authors: Black William
Published: January 2013

The existence in Mexico of blight-resistant species of potato has been known for many years, but they occur in the wild and are quite unsuitable for agricultural purposes. In order to utilise their resistance to disease it is necessary to combine disease resistance with the cropping qualities of cultivated forms while eliminating the undesirable characters which are prominent in the wild forms. Breeding work with this object in view has been in progress at the Scottish Plant Breeding Station for several years, and results obtained in the course of testing progenies for reaction to blight infection are discussed in the following pages.
XV. On the Effects of Compression and Dilatation in altering the Polarising Structure of Doubly Refracting Crystals
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In a paper which I had the honour of submitting to the Society, at the end of last session, I gave a detailed account of the effects of mechanical compression and dilatation, in communicating to glass and other uncrystallised bodies, all the properties of doubly refracting crystals. I had at that time attempted, without success, to alter the polarising structure of doubly refracting crystals, although I applied the force of powerful screws to Topaz, Rock-crystal, and Calcareous spar. All the specimens which I employed were crushed to pieces by the pressure, but exhibited no traces of the coloured rings when exposed to polarised light.
XIX. Remarks, illustrative of the Scope and Influence of the Philosophical Writings of Lord Bacon
Authors: Napier Macvey
Published: January 2013

The obligations of Experimental Physics to the labours of Lord Bacon, have been largely acknowledged by the generality of those who have treated of the History of Modern Science; insomuch, that the title of Father of experimental Philosophy has been oftener conferred upon him than upon any other of its benefactors. There are some, however, who seem to think, that there is no good ground for honouring him with this title, either on account of the merits or the effects of his writings. They do not indeed deny, that his views as to the proper objects and method of philosophizing were extensive and just; but they contend, that he had no peculiar merit in having stated these views; that all that he taught was virtually and more effectually taught by the discoveries of some of his contemporaries; and that, in fact, there are no traces of his agency to be found in the discoveries that followed.
XX. Sketch of the Geology of the Environs of Nice
Authors: Allan Thomas
Published: January 2013

Nice is situated on the shore of the Mediterranean, in lat. 43° 41′ 16″ N. and long, east of Greenwich 7° 16′ 37″. The county of which Nice is the capital, was comprehended in the Roman province of the Maritime Alps: it was included, while under the influence of France, in a department to which the same name was given; and now, it is restored to the sovereignty of Piémont, it may be considered as bounded on the west by the Var, which separates it from France, on the north and east by the mountains of Dauphiné and Piémont, and on the south, it is washed by the Mediterranean.
XXIV. Memoir of the Life and Writings of the Honourable Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee
Authors: Alison Archibald
Published: January 2013

Alexander Tytler was born at Edinburgh, 15th October 1747. He was the eldest son of our late venerable associate William Tytler, Esq. of Woodhouselee, in the county of Mid-Lothian, and of Anne Craig, daughter of James Craig, Esq. of Costerton, in the same county.

If the most important education is that which is received beneath the paternal roof,—if it is there that the principles and tastes of future life are chiefly formed, the education of Mr Tytler began under fortunate auspices. His father was a man of high honour, of generous affections, of cultivated taste, and of distinguished eminence in his profession.
II.—Investigation of an Expression for the Mean Temperature of a Stratum of Soil, in Terms of the Time of Year.
Authors: Everett Joseph D.
Published: January 2013

1. It is a well-known property of simple harmonic functions, that the sum of any two or more of them having the same period, is itself a simple harmonic function having the same period as its components. The same thing must be true of their mean, since this is equal to the sum divided by a constant; and it will still be true when the number of components is indefinitely great, and the mean becomes an integral.
VIII.—On the Structure of Lerneopoda Dalmanni, with Observations on its Larval Form.
Authors: Turner William , Wilson H.S.
Published: January 2013

The first example of this, apparently little known, species of Parasitic Crustacean appears to have been noted by Professor Otto. The celebrated Swedish naturalist Retzius was, however, the first to give, in 1829, an anatomical description of it. He named it Lernœa Dalmanni. His description was accompanied by several figures, which, though in many respects imperfect, enable one to recognise the chief external characters of the animal. He found three specimens at Christian Sound, in the nasal cavity of Raia Batis. Von Nordmann obtained from Rudolphi the specimen discovered by Otto, but it was so injured, that he adopted, in his account of the anatomy of the animal, the description of Retzius. Some years afterwards, in 1836, Kröyer added it to the Danish fauna. He states that he obtained two specimens from the nasal chamber of a skate brought to him by a fisherman from Aal-back, and that specimens from Iceland had been for several years in the possession of the Natural History Society. As naturalists had now begun to subdivide the old Linnean genus Lernæa into various genera, Kröyer added this animal to the genus Lerneopoda of De Blainville, and, continuing its specific name, termed it Lerneopoda Dalmanni.
IX.—On the Deflection of the Plummet due to Solar and Lunar Attraction.
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: January 2013

As the means for making observations on the heavenly bodies become more and more exact, astronomers are compelled to introduce new refinements into their calculations; new inequalities are discovered, and the computation of those whose sources are already known has to be carried to a greater number of approximative steps.

Discussions on the amount of solar parallax, of aberration and of nutation, are now carried on to the third and fourth decimal fraction of a second; with such a refinement of computation, it seems almost impossible to proceed too far in the refinement of theoretical deductions, and on that account, it may not be inopportune to discuss the influence which the sun's and moon's attraction exert upon the direction of the plumb-line.
XIV.—On the Density of Steam.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn
Published: January 2013

1. The object of the present paper is to draw a comparison between the results of the mechanical theory of heat, and those of the recent experiments of Messrs Fairbairn and Tate on the density of steam, published in the “Philosophical Transactions” for 1860.
XX.—On the Influence of the Doubly Refracting Force of Calcareous Spar on the Polarisation, the Intensity, and the Colour of the Light which it Reflects
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

It was the opinion of Malus, and adopted by Arago, Biot, and other philosophers, that the surfaces of regularly crystallised bodies acted upon light in the very same manner as the surfaces of ordinary bodies, whether solid or fluid; or, in other words, that the reflecting forces extended beyond the limits of the forces that produced double refraction and polarisation. Having been led to question this opinion, I undertook an extensive series of experiments on crystalline reflexion, as exhibited in calcareous spar, a crystal peculiarly fitted for this purpose, from its perfect transparency and great double refraction; and I published the results of these experiments in the Philosophical Transactions for 1819.
XXIII.—On some Laws of the Sterility of Women
Authors: Duncan J. Matthews
Published: January 2013

Before commencing the discussion of the subject, it is necessary to make some definitions, with a view to avoiding the confusion which extensively prevails, from the neglect of the all-important definition of terms. I might be even more exact than I shall be, and excuse myself from adopting such a seeming improvement, on the ground that further refinement of definition would itself cause confusion in the present stage of advancement of our knowledge.

Absolute sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, under ordinary favourable cirumstances for breeding, produces no living or dead child, nor any kind of abortion.

Sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, under ordinary favourable circumstances for breeding, adds not even one to the population, or produces no living and viable child.

Relative sterility, I shall hold to mean the condition of a woman who, while she may or may not be absolutely sterile, while she may or may not be sterile, is, under ordinary favourable circumstances for breeding, sterile in relation to the circumstance of time; or, in other words, in relation to her age, and the duration of her married life.
XXIV.—On a New Property of the Retina
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In a paper on Hemiopsy, published in the present volume of the Transactions (p. 15), I have mentioned the remarkable fact, that the parts of the retina which are insensible to visual, are sensible to luminous impressions, the light being occasioned by irradiation from the adjacent parts of the retina. The parts thus affected in hemiopsy extend irregularly from the foramen centrale to the margin of the retina; but the space which they occupy is so small, their distribution so irregular, and the time of their continuance so short, that it is difficult to make such observations upon them as would establish a general property of the retina.
XXIX.—A Notice of Recent Measures at the Great Pyramid, and some Deductions flowing therefrom
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi
Published: January 2013

Mr President and Gentlemen,—I beg to thank you for the favourable opportunity which you have kindly afforded, and the facilities you have granted, for enabling me now to try to lay before you some short and simple account of my chief employments last winter at the Great Pyramid of Jeezeh.

My object in going there, was not to excavate, nor to collect antiquities, but merely to inquire instrumentally, and by my own individual labour, into the very discrepant, and sometimes mutually contradictory, accounts which have been published of the form and detail of that ancient monument by writers of almost all nations; and as one chief source of their unfortunate variations seems to have been the usually short and hurried character of their visits, my first care was to apply for leave, from His Highness the Viceroy of Egypt, to occupy the ground at the Pyramid with a permanent establishment, and to stay there as long as might be necessary for the work in hand. His Highness, as I am extremely happy to confess, and with the best of my thanks to acknowledge, was most liberal in his condescensions; conveyed our party, at his own expense to the Pyramids; lent us tents for the period of our stay; and sent a force of twenty men for a month to clean out the interior of the Great Pyramid, or otherwise prepare its more than classic walls for the examination to be made, and which lasted from that time uninterruptedly for a period of four months.
III.—Les Mousses de l'Expédition nationale antarctique écossaise
Authors: Cardot Jules
Published: January 2013

Les Mousses rapportées par l'Expédition nationale antarctique écossaise ne sont pas très nombreuses, mais elles présentent cependant de l'intérêt, parce que la plupart proviennent de localités qui étaient restées jusque là totalement inexplorées. Le plus grand nombre des espèces a été récolté à lîle Gough ou Diego Alvarez, dont la florule bryologique était tout à fait inconnue; les récoltes de M. le Dr R. N. Rudmose Brown nous ont fourni 21 espèces pour cette petite île. Dix espèces ont été recueillies à l'île Laurie, l'une des Orcades méridionales, dans la région antarctique proprement dite; enfin, 6 espèces proviennent de l'Ascension.
VI.—The Significance of Maximum Specific Electrical Conductivity in Chemistry
Authors: Gibson John
Published: January 2013

The first step made in this investigation was the recognition of increased specific electrical conductivity as a general characteristic of photochemical action. It was argued that if there be any common characteristic in photochemical changes it must be found in the simplest as well as in the more familiar and more complex reactions which are characteristic of the metabolism of plants.

No chemically simpler case suggested itself than the increase in electric conductivity of crystalline selenium under the influence of light. This change might indeed be held almost to lie outside the range of chemistry proper, and to belong to the class of change often spoken of as merely physical change. But no sharp line can be drawn between physical and chemical changes, and the clue proved most useful.
X.—The Influence of the Ratio of Width to Thickness upon the Apparent Strength and Ductility of Flat Test-bars of Mild Steel
Authors: Gordon W. , Gulliver G. H.
Published: January 2013

In a large class of engineering structures it is essential that the materials employed should be both strong and ductile, so that not only shall the structure be able to resist heavy loads, but that if by any chance it is overloaded it shall not collapse suddenly. In order to ascertain whether a metal is suitable for a particular structure, its strength and ductility are determined experimentally. The test most commonly in use consists in applying a gradually increasing pull to a bar of the metal until fracture takes place. The maximum load supported per unit of the original cross-sectional area of the bar is called the tensile strength or tenacity of the metal, and the elongation of an initial measured length, expressed as a proportion of that length, is called the extension, and is used as an index of the ductility of the metal.