bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformations Involving Interfacial Diffusion
Authors: Purdy Gary R. , Bréchet Yves J. M.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Equilibrium Properties of Solid–Solid Interfaces

Structures of Grain Boundaries

Structures of Interphase Boundaries

Segregation to an Interface

Interfacial Diffusion

Forces for Interface Migration

Capillary Forces

Chemical Forces

Mechanical Forces

Elastic Strain Energy

Plastic Response

Frictional Forces

Solute Drag

Particle Pinning

Examples

The Massive Transformation

Chemically‐Induced Grain Boundary Migration

Discontinuous Precipitation

Initiation of Discontinuous Precipitation

Theories of Steady Cooperative Growth

Experimental Observations

Interface Migration in Multilayers

Conclusions
Atomic Ordering
Authors: Inden Gerhard
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Definition of Atomic Configurations

Configurational Variables

Point Variables

Point Correlation Functions and Point Probabilities

Pair Variables, Correlation Functions, and Probabilities

Generalized Cluster Variables, Correlation Functions, and Probabilities

Short‐Range Order (sro) Configurations–Long‐Range Order (lro) Configurations

The Existence Domain and Configuration Polyhedron

F.C.C. Structure, First‐Neighbor Interactions

F.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

B.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

Ground States

Pair Interactions

Ground State Energies

F.C.C. Structure, First‐Neighbor Interactions

F.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

B.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

Energy Minimum at Constant Composition

Canonical Energy oflroStates

Relevant Literature

Effective Cluster Interactions (ECIs)

Phase Equilibria at Finite Temperatures

Cluster Variation Method

Calculation of Phase Diagrams with theCVM

Phase Diagram Calculation with the Monte Carlo Method

Examples of Prototype Diagrams

F.C.C. Structure, First Neighbor Interactions

F.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

B.C.C. Structure, First and Second Neighbor Interactions

Hexagonal Lattice, Anisotropic Nearest‐Neighbor Interactions

The Cluster Site Approximation (CSA)

Application to Real Systems

TheAuNiSystem

The Thermodynamic Factor of Ordered Phases

TheB.C.C.FeAlSystem

TheF.C.C.Ni–AlSystem

Ternary Systems

B.C.C.Fe–Ti–Al

B.C.C. FerromagneticFe–Co–Al

H.C.P.Cd–Mg

Concluding Remarks

Appendix

Acknowledgements
Diffusionless Transformations
Authors: Delaey Luc
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification and Definitions

General Aspects of the Transformation

Structural Relations

Pre‐Transformation State

Transformation Mechanisms

Microstructures

Shape Changes

Transformation Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Shuffle Transformations

Ferroic Transformations

Omega Transformations

Dilatation‐Dominant Transformations

Quasi‐Martensitic Transformations

Shear Transformations

Martensitic Transformations

Crystallography of the Martensitic Transformation

Shape Deformation and Habit Plane

Orientation Relationship

Morphology, Microstructure and Substructure

Crystallographic Phenomenological Theory

Structure of the Habit Plane

Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Martensitic Transformation

Critical Driving Force and Transformation Temperatures

Nucleation

Growth and Kinetics

Transformation Hysteresis

Materials

Metallic Materials

Ferrous Alloys

Non‐Ferrous Alloys

Non‐Metals

Special Properties and Applications

Hardening of Steel

The Shape‐Memory Effect

High Damping Capacity

TRIPEffect

Recent Progress in the Understanding of Martensitic Transformations

Acknowledgements
Phenomenological and Electrochemical Fundamentals of Corrosion
Authors: Strehblow Hans‐Henning
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Thermodynamics of Corrosion

A Short Introduction to Thermodynamics

Potential–pH(Pourbaix) Diagrams

Complexing Agents

A Short Introduction to Electrode Kinetics

Charge Transfer Overvoltage

Diffusion Overvoltage

Ohmic Drops

Methods in Corrosion Research

Electrochemical Methods

Some Details for Electrochemical Corrosion Experiments

Rotating‐Disk and Rotating‐Ring–Disk Electrodes

Transient Techniques

Surface Analytical Methods

Electron Spectroscopies

Ion Spectroscopies

The Kinetics of Corrosion Processes

The Hydrogen Electrode

The Oxygen Electrode

The Metal Electrode

High Dissolution Rates

Combination of Metal Corrosion and Cathodic Reactions

Preferential Dissolution and Dealloying

Local Elements

Corrosion Phenomena on Passivated Metal Surfaces

A Short Introduction to Passivity

Localized Corrosion

Pit Nucleation

Pit Growth

Hydrogen Permeation and Embrittlement

Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue

Acknowledgements
Passivity of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Marcus Philippe , Maurice Vincent
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemical Characteristics of Passive Systems

Current–Potential Curves

Thermodynamic Aspects of Passivity

Potential Drops at the Passivated Surface

Chemical Composition and Thickness of Passive Films on Metals

Iron

Nickel

Chromium

Copper

Anodic Films on Aluminum

Electronic Properties of Passive Films

Structure of Passive Films

Growth Mechanisms

Effects of Alloying Elements

Chromium Enrichment in Passivated Iron‐Based and Nickel‐Based Alloys

Structural Aspects of Chromium Enrichment in Passive Films on Stainless Steels in Aqueous Solution: Aging Effects

The Effects of Molybdenum

The Effects of Nitrogen

The Effect of Tungsten

Passivity of Aluminum Alloys

Alloying Elements as Passivity Promoters and Dissolution Moderators

Detrimental Effects of Material Impurities: Sulfur‐Induced Corrosion

Passivity Breakdown and Initial Stages of Pitting

Phenomenology of Pitting

Mechanisms of Pit Initiation

Conclusions
Environment Sensitive Fracture
Authors: Magnin Thierry , Combrade P.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Phenomenology of Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC)

Examples ofEAC

Phenomenology of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

Material/Environment Systems

Crack Morphology

Mechanical Stress

Initiation Versus Propagation

Crack Propagation

Temperature

Material Composition and Structure

Phenomenology of Corrosion Fatigue

Crack Initiation

Crack Propagation

Role of Surface Films in Environmentally Assisted Cracking

The Effect of Surface Films on the Fatigue behavior in Air

The Effect of Protective Surface Films in Stress Corrosion Cracking

Dealloyed Surface Films

Crack Tip Environments

Corrosion of Crack Faces

Modeling the Crack Tip Environment

An Example of Corrosion Fatigue

Review of Localized Corrosion–Deformation Interactions

Influence of Dissolution on the Mechanical Behavior

Influence of Plasticity on Dissolution Processes

An Example of Mechanical and Electrochemical Coupling Effects

Cyclic Deformation Mechanisms in Air

Influence of 3.5%NaClSolution

Hydrogen‐Dislocation Interactions

Introduction

Stress‐Assisted Diffusion of Hydrogen

Hydrogen Interaction with One Edge Dislocation

Steady State Repartition of Hydrogen

Temperature Dependence

Stress Induced in the Slip Plane by Hydrogen

Hydrogen Interaction with Two Edge Dislocations

Hydrogen Effect on the Cross Slip Ability

Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC) Models

Film Rupture/Slip Dissolution Model

Film Rupture/Slip Dissolution Mechanism

Applying the Model to Practical Problems

Limitations of the Film Rupture–Slip Dissolution Model

Film Induced Cleavage Model

Corrosion Assisted Cleavage Model

Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Models

Decohesion Models

Hydrogen Induced Plasticity Models

Corrosion Enhanced Plasticity Model

Modeling

Numerical Simulation of the Mobile Obstacle

Conclusions
Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Kálmán Erika , Felhösi Ilona , Kármán Franciska H. , Lukovits István , Telegdi Judit , Pálinkás Gábor
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrochemical Corrosion and Inhibition

Routes to the Development of Corrosion Inhibitors

Corrosion Inhibition by 1‐Hydroxy‐Ethane‐1,1‐Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP)

Complexing Agent (HEDP—Iron)

Multifunctional Inhibitor Molecules

N‐Acyl Amino Acids

The Impact of the Acyl Moiety and the Amino Acid Side Chain on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel

Corrosion Inhibition of Stainless Steel by Acylated Amino Acids

Interaction of Unsaturated Organic Inhibitors with Mild Steel

Influence of Aryl and Aralkenyl Amino Acid Derivatives on Mild Steel Corrosion

Inhibition Efficiency of Carboxy and/or Phosphonic Acids

Inhibition of Copper by Benzo‐Hydroxamic Acids of Systematically Changed Structure

Synergism

Effect of Bivalent Cations on the Inhibition Efficiency ofHEDP

Adsorption ofHEDP‐Zn2+on a Gold Surface

Impedance Study of Synergistic Inhibition

Study of the Surface Morphology byAFM(Atomic Force Microscopy)

Surface analytical Study of Corrosion Inhibition Mechanisms

Effect of Surface Pretreatment

Effect of Inhibitor Concentration

Effect of Bivalent Cations on Inhibitor Adsorption

Quantitative Relationships between the Chemical Structure and Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Corrosion of Steels
Authors: Hagen Michael
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification and Properties of Materials

Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels

Stainless Steels

Ferritic Stainless Steels

Martensitic Stainless Steels

Austenitic Stainless Steels

Duplex Stainless Steels

Definition of Corrosive Media

Types of Corrosion

Corrosion without Mechanical Stress

Corrosion with Mechanical Stress

SCCof Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steel

SCCof Austenitic Stainless Steel

Atmospheric Corrosion

Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels

Stainless Steels

Aqueous Corrosion

Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels in Aqueous Media

Stainless Steels in Aqueous Media

Corrosion in Alkaline Media

Sodium Hydroxide

Corrosion in Acidic Media

Sulfuric Acid

Phosphoric Acid

Formic Acid

Nitric Acid

Process Fluids

Injection Water

Flue Gas Desulfurization

The Pulp and Paper Industry

Oil and Gas Production

Acknowledgements
Corrosion of Non‐Ferrous Alloys. II. Aluminum‐Based Alloys
Authors: Seri Osami
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surface Oxide Film on Aluminum

Corrosion of Aluminum

Electrochemical Corrosion of Aluminum

Metallurgical Aspects

Environmental Aspects

Forms of Corrosion of Aluminum

Pitting Attack

Galvanic Corrosion

Crevice Corrosion

Intergranular Corrosion

Stress Corrosion

Polarization Curves of Aluminum and its Alloys

Pitting Attack on Aluminum and its Alloys

Material Design for Pitting Resistance of Aluminum Alloy

Corrosion Itemized for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

1xxxGroup: Aluminum of 99.00% Minimum Purity

2xxxGroup: Aluminum Alloys with Copper

3xxxGroup: Aluminum–Manganese Alloys

4xxxGroup: Aluminum–Silicon Alloys

5xxxGroup: Aluminum–Magnesium Alloys

6xxxGroup: Aluminum–Magnesium–Silicon Alloys

7xxxGroup: Aluminum–Zinc Alloys
High‐Temperature Corrosion of Metallic Alloys and Coatings
Authors: Gleeson Brian
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Basic Constituents of High‐Temperature Alloys

Constituents for High‐Temperature Corrosion Resistance

Constituents for High‐Temperature Strength, Toughness, Microstructural Stability, and Creep Resistance

Metallic Coatings

Modes of High‐Temperature Corrosion Attack

Internal Oxidation

Transition from Internal to ExternalFormation

Criterion for the Sustained Exclusive Growth of a Protective Scale

TransientvsSteady‐State Scaling Behavior

Subsurface Void Formation

Effects of Thermal Cycling on High‐Temperature Corrosion

Alloying to Resist Specific Types of High‐Temperature Corrosion

Sulfidation

Carburization

Metal Dusting

Nitridation

Producers of High‐Temperature Alloys

Acknowledgements
From HeterogeneousZiegler –Natta to Homogeneous Single‐Center Group 4 Organometallic Catalysts: A Primer on the Coordination Polymerization of Olefins
Authors: Sita Lawrence R.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chapter Prospectus

Fundamentals of Coordination Polymerization

Ziegler–Natta Catalysts

First‐GenerationZNCatalysts

Second‐GenerationZNCatalysts

Third‐GenerationZNCatalysts

Fourth‐GenerationZNCatalysts

Fifth‐GenerationZNCatalysts

Cossee–Arlman Mechanism

Stereocontrol

Regiocontrol

Chain Termination

Molecular Weight Distributions and Branching

Homogeneous Single‐Center Coordination Polymerization

Molecular Catalysts

Metallocenes

Stereocontrol

Stereochemical Microstructure Analysis

Cocatalysts

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Cobalt‐Mediated Radical Polymerization
Authors: Debuigne Antoine , Jérôme Robert , Jérôme Christine , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: February 2013

Controlled radical polymerization driven by cobalt complexes has emerged over the past decades as a powerful tool for the design of precision polymers. This so‐called Cobalt‐Mediated Radical Polymerization (CMRP) relies on the temporary deactivation of the radical chains by a cobalt complex, which strongly decreases the probability of bimolecular termination reactions. CMRP imparts control to industrially important monomers and allows formation of polymers with predictable molecular weights and well‐defined architectures. This book chapter describes general mechanistic principles, key parameters and synthetic progress of CMRP as well as remaining challenges.
Anionic Polymerization: Recent Advances
Authors: Ishizone Takashi , Hirao Akira
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Background

Living Anionic Polymerization of Various Monomers

Styrene Derivatives

1,3‐Diene Monomers

2‐ and 4‐Vinylpyridines

(Meth)acrylate Derivatives

Acrylamide Derivatives

Cyclic Monomers

Other Monomers

Reaction of Living Anionic Polymers with Electrophiles: Synthesis of Chain‐Functionalized Polymers

Synthesis of Architectural Polymers via Living Anionic Polymerization

Block Copolymers

Graft Copolymers

Star‐Branched Polymers

Complex Architectural Polymers

Anionic Polymerization: Practical Aspects

Concluding Remarks
The Synthesis of Conjugated Polythiophenes by
K
umada Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Koch Felix P. V. , Heeney Martin
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Polythiophene

K
umada Cross‐Coupling

Polythiophenes by
K
umada Cross‐Coupling

Initiation and Catalyst Transfer Propagation

Summary of Mechanistic Studies

Influence of the Catalyst on Regioregularity

Thiophene‐Based Monomers

Non‐Thiophene Monomers

End Group Modification

Copolymers

Random and Alternating Copolymers

Block Copolymers

Summary and Outlook
“Absolute” Asymmetric Polymerization within Crystalline Architectures: Relevance to the Origin of Homochirality
Authors: Weissbuch Isabelle , Lahav Meir
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

“Through‐Space” Asymmetric Polymerization in Inclusion Complexes and Liquid Crystals

Isotactic Oligomers Generated within Monolayers at the Air–Water Interface

“Absolute” Asymmetric Polymerization in 3‐DCrystals

The Planning and Materialization of an “Absolute” Asymmetric Synthesis of Polymers

Attempted Amplification of Homochirality

Generation of Isotactic Oligopeptides via Polymerization in Racemic Crystals

(RS)–PheNCA

(RS)‐ValNCAand (RS)‐LeuNCA

Isotactic Oligopeptides from the Polymerization of RacemicValNCAorLeuNCAin Aqueous Solution

Racemic β‐Sheets in the Polymerization of α‐Amino‐Acids in Aqueous Solutions: Homochiral Oligopeptides and Copeptides via the “Ehler–Orgel” Reaction

Isotactic Oligopeptides from Racemic Thioesters ofDL‐LeuandDL‐Val

Conclusions
Cyclodehydrogenation in the Synthesis of Graphene‐Type Molecules
Authors: Kivala Milan , Wu Dongqing , Feng Xinliang , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation (
S
choll Reaction)

Hexa‐

peri

‐Hexabenzocoronenes (
HBCs
) and Related Systems

Expanded
PAHs
: Nanographenes and Graphene Nanoribbons

Base‐Induced Cyclodehydrogenation

Oxidative Photocyclization (
M
allory Reaction)

Surface‐Assisted Cyclodehydrogenation

Conclusions
Polymerizations in Micro‐Reactors
Authors: Schouten Arend Jan
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Micro‐Reactor

Droplet Formation

Polymerization Reactions with Excess Heat Production

Step Growth Polymerization

Chain Growth Polymerization

Anionic Polymerization

Cationic Polymerization

Radical Polymerization

Solution Free Radical Polymerization

Controlled Radical Polymerization

Formation of Uniform Particles

Particle Formation by Precipitation/Dispersion Polymerization

Continuous Production of Monodisperse Polymer Particles

Scaling‐Up

Conclusions
Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Landfester Katharina , Crespy Daniel
Published: February 2013

The miniemulsion technique allows the formation of functionalized polymers via different types of polymerization, the encapsulation of liquid and solid components, and/or the modification of polymers in stable nanodroplets. In this chapter, we present the details of various polymer syntheses within miniemulsion droplets, the possibilities of encapsulating various components (as reported elsewhere) are discussed, and we outline the current trends in this field of research.
Polycatenanes
Authors: Niu Zhenbin , Gibson Harry W.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview

Classes of Polycatenanes

Main‐Chain Polycatenanes

Linear Polycatenanes

Main‐Chain Poly[2]catenanes

Amide‐Based Poly[2]catenanes

Phenanthroline‐Based Poly[2]catenanes

Tetracationic Cyclophane–Aromatic Crown Ether‐Based Poly[2]catenanes

Other Types of Poly[2]catenanes

Side‐Chain Polycatenanes

Polymeric Catenanes

Catenane Structures in Polymer Networks

Conclusions and Perspective

Acknowledgments
Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization (
ROMP
)

Well‐Defined Transition Metal‐Based Initiators for
ROMP

M
(
NR
)(
CHCR
′)(
OR
′′)
2
‐Type
S
chrock Initiators (
M
 = 
Mo
,
W
)

M
(
NR
)(
CHCR
′)(
OR
)(
X
)‐Type
S
chrock Initiators (
X
 = Pyrrolide, 2,5‐Me‐Pyrrolide)

G
rubbs‐ and
G
rubbs–
H
oveyda‐Type Initiators

Variations in the

N

‐Heterocyclic Carbene

Pseudo‐Halide Derivatives of
G
rubbs‐ and
G
rubbs–
H
oveyda Initiators

Latent Initiators for
ROMP

Thermal Activation

Photochemical Activation

“Living”
ROMP

ROMP
with
M
(
NR
)(
CHCR
′)(
OR
′′)
2
‐Type
S
chrock Initiators

ROMP
with
G
rubbs and
G
rubbs–
H
oveyda‐Type Initiators

Special Features of Selected Ru‐Based Initiators

ROMP
of High‐ and Low‐Ring‐Strain Monomers

Stereoselective and Regioselective
ROMP

Mechanistic Investigations

Alternating Copolymerizations

Changes in Polymerization Mechanism

ROMP
in Water

ROMP
in Ionic Liquids

Applications of
ROMP
in Material Science

Summary and Outlook
Suzuki Polycondensation
Authors: Sakamoto Junji , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Remarks

How to PerformSPC, and Aspects of Characterization

Monomer Purity and Stoichiometry

Polymerization and End‐Capping

Purification and Side Reactions

Molar Mass Determination: Errors, Aggregation, and Its Consequences

Recent Progress in Broadening the Scope ofSPC

Boron Monomers

Halo‐ and Related Monomers

Catalysts

Chain GrowthSPC

Microwave and Technical‐Scale Microreactor Applications

Selected Examples of Polyphenylenes and Related Polymers bySPC

Poly(p‐phenylene)s

Poly(m,p‐Phenylene)s and Other Kinked Polyarylenes

Polyphenylene‐Related Polymers with Integrated Heteroatoms

Miscellaneous

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Hernandez Hugo F. , Tauer Klaus
Published: February 2013

Emulsion polymerization is a centennial technology used for the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers at relatively fast polymerization rates, which yields low‐viscosity latexes with many useful applications in daily life. Emulsion polymerization is the result of complex interactions between many physical and chemical events taking place simultaneously although at quite different scales. In this chapter, the kinetics of emulsion polymerization is described considering the perspective of the molecules involved in the process, in an attempt to provide a clear, concise and yet comprehensive picture of emulsion polymerization. Molecular modeling techniques are used to gain a deeper insight into the polymerization mechanism.
From Star‐Like to Dendrimer‐Like Polymers
Authors: Taton Daniel
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Essential Features and Properties of Stars and Dendrimer‐Like Polymers

General Methods for the Synthesis of Star Polymers

The Arm‐First Method

Crosslinking Monomers (the “Nodulus Approach”)

The Macromonomer Approach

Multifunctional Linking Agents

Core‐First Method

Multifunctional Initiators

Crosslinking Monomers

General Methods for the Synthesis of Dendrimer‐Like Polymers

Arborization and Branching Agents

The Convergent Method

The Divergent Method

Conclusions
Polymerization in Confined Geometries
Authors: Uemura Takashi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Polymer Synthesis in Organic Hosts

Polymerizability

Control of Polymer Structures

Polymerization in Inorganic Hosts

Polymerization in Microporous Zeolites

Polymerization in Mesoporous Materials

Controlled Polymerizations

Polymer Nanocomposites

Mesoporous Silica as Templates

Polymer Synthesis in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Hosts

How to Perform Polymerizations in
PCP
Nanochannels

Polymerization in One‐Dimensional Channels of
PCPs

Polymerizability and Molecular Weight

Control of Reaction Sites

Stereocontrols

Polymer Synthesis in Higher‐Dimensional Channels of
PCPs

Layered Polymer

Porous Polymer

Summary and Conclusions
Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen Marko M. L. , Appel Wilco P. J. , Meijer E. W.
Published: February 2013

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Supramolecular Chemistry

Supramolecular Polymerization Mechanisms

Examples of Supramolecular Polymers

Supramolecular Polymers Based on the Hydrogen‐Bonding Bis‐Urea Motif

Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Supramolecular Polymeric Materials

Supramolecular Block Copolymers

Self‐Healing Materials

Future Perspectives
Self‐Healing and Antifouling Multifunctional Coatings Based on pH and Sulfide Ion Sensitive Nanocontainers
Authors: Zheng Zhaoliang , Huang Xing , Schenderlein Matthias , Borisova Dimitriya , Cao Rong , Möhwald Helmuth , Shchukin Dmitry
Published: February 2013

Application of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as delivery tools for self‐healing coatings is limited by spontaneous leakage and specifically responsive release of small molecular inhibitors. In this work, a pH/sulfide ion responsive release system based on MSNs using a Cu‐BTA complex forms at the openings of the mesopores into which BTA (corrosion inhibitor) and benzalkonium chloride (biocide) are loaded. The spontaneous leakage of active species is completely avoided and premature release of the loaded composition was lowered to 0.02. The responsive release begins when the pH is lower than 5 or [S2−] is higher than 0.02 mM (about 0.6 ppm). The hybrid coating containing the responsive release system exhibits feedback self‐healing property sensitive to lowering of pH and sulfide ion concentration and, at the same time, provides a high barrier level for a long time. Due to incorporation of biocide in the release system, the coating is also provided with antifouling properties.
Development and evaluation of an interactive electronic laboratory manual for cooperative learning of medical histology
Authors: Khalil Mohammed K. , Kirkley Debbie L. , Kibble Jonathan D.
Published: February 2013

This article describes the development of an interactive computer‐based laboratory manual, created to facilitate the teaching and learning of medical histology. The overarching goal of developing the manual is to facilitate self‐directed group interactivities that actively engage students during laboratory sessions. The design of the manual includes guided instruction for students to navigate virtual slides, exercises for students to monitor learning, and cases to provide clinical relevance. At the end of the laboratory activities, student groups can generate a laboratory report that may be used to provide formative feedback. The instructional value of the manual was evaluated by a questionnaire containing both closed‐ended and open‐ended items. Closed‐ended items using a five‐point Likert‐scale assessed the format and navigation, instructional contents, group process, and learning process. Open‐ended items assessed student's perception on the effectiveness of the manual in facilitating their learning. After implementation for two consecutive years, student evaluation of the manual was highly positive and indicated that it facilitated their learning by reinforcing and clarifying classroom sessions, improved their understanding, facilitated active and cooperative learning, and supported self‐monitoring of their learning. Anat Sci Educ 6: 342–350. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Maternal obesity, folate intake, and neural tube defects in offspring
Authors: McMahon Daria M. , Liu Jihong , Zhang Hongmei , Torres Myriam E. , Best Robert G.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

We investigated the association between maternal obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30) and the risk of a neural tube defect affected pregnancy (NTD). We also studied relationships between perinatal folate intake from food and the NTD risk by maternal BMI.

METHODS

Data came from a state‐wide case‐control study conducted between 1992 and 1997 in South Carolina including 179 women with NTD‐affected pregnancies and 288 women without NTD‐affected births. A majority of case mothers (77%) and controls (86%) were interviewed within 6 months after delivery or pregnancy termination. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between maternal obesity and the NTD risk after adjusting for maternal race, age, education, smoking, alcohol/drug use, chronic conditions, and multivitamin use within six periconceptional months. Stratified analysis by maternal BMI (≥25 vs. <25) was conducted for the association between food folate and the NTD risk.

RESULTS

After adjustment for confounders, obese women (BMI ≥ 30) had twice higher odds of having an NTD‐affected pregnancy (odds ratios [OR] = 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12, 3.81) than normal weight women (BMI: 18.0–24.9). Compared to the lowest quartile of average daily folate intake from food, the upper three quartiles had lower odds of NTDs in offspring. The NTD‐protective association was stronger in overweight/obese women (BMI ≥ 25) than in normal/underweight women (BMI < 25).

CONCLUSIONS

These results support previous studies suggesting maternal obesity as a risk factor for NTDs. Higher intakes of dietary folate were associated with decreased NTD risk that was stronger in overweight and obese women. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid melody pulmonary valve replacement in an adult with severe pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary artery aneurysm
Authors: Derk Gwendolyn , Laks Hillel , Aboulhosn Jamil
Published: February 2013

A 48‐year‐old female with D‐TGA, ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension (PAH), and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection underwent hybrid intervention for a pulmonary artery (PA) aneurysm and replacement of a dysfunctional pulmonary valve (PV). She underwent a hemi‐Mustard procedure at 9 years of age but remained cyanotic. She developed atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and functional decline at 43 years of age. A chest CT demonstrated a 6 cm PA aneurysm that upon re‐imaging at 48 years had increased to 11 cm. A catheterization procedure revealed severe PS, PR, residual VSD, severe PAH with a pulmonary vascular resistance of 30 Wood units. She was evaluated and turned down for heart‐lung transplantation at another institution. She was subsequently referred to our institution for heart‐lung transplantation but was felt to be at unacceptably high risk given the complexity of her anatomy, imaging suggesting liver cirrhosis and liver biopsy with extensive fibrosis. After extensive discussion of risk and benefits, the patient agreed to proceed with a hybrid intervention, consisting of surgical aneurysm resection/PA repair, tricuspid valve repair; PV replacement with a Melody valve, and VSD closure. There were no complications and she was discharged home within 2 weeks. Six months post procedure, she is not on oxygen, her resting room air saturation is 94%, and echocardiography shows stable Melody valve function. This case highlights the utility of a hybrid approach in the treatment of an adult with complex congenital heart disease, heart failure and severe PAH, considered at the highest risk for adverse surgical outcomes. The short‐term efficacy of the Melody valve in severe PAH is reassuring. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical applications of a new enhanced stent imaging technology
Authors: Nazif Tamim M. , Weisz Giora , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2013

Enhanced Stent Imaging (ESI) refers to a rapidly evolving class of imaging tools that seek to provide enhanced visualization of coronary stent architecture with minimal disruption to the catheterization laboratory workflow. Various ESI stent platforms are available, all of which utilize a brief cine acquisition of a deflated balloon within a stent to generate a motion‐corrected, enhanced image of the stent. The enhanced image permits detailed assessment of stent architecture, integrity, and positioning relative to other stents. We present two illustrative cases of percutaneous coronary intervention utilizing a new ESI platform. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Chemistry of a Complex Indium Phosphate Framework Material, (Ethylenediammonium)In3P3O12 (OH)2.
Authors: Broach Robert W. , Bedard Robert L. , King Lisa M. , Pluth Joseph J. , Smith Joseph V. , Kirchner Richard M.
Published: February 2013

The title compound is obtained from a gel of InCl3, H3PO4, SiO2, en, and H2O (200—225 °C, 4—10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Vanadium Nitride as a High Performance Catalyst Support for Formic Acid Electrooxidation.
Authors: Yang Minghui , Cui Zhiming , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: February 2013

Mesoporous VN with high surface area and good electrical conductivity is prepared from Zn3V2O8 in a flow of ammonia gas (600 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: ortho‐Amidoalkylation of Phenols via Tandem One‐Pot Approach Involving Oxazine Intermediate.
Authors: Mudududdla Ramesh , Jain Shreyans K. , Bharate Jaideep B. , Gupta Ajai P. , Singh Baldev , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Bharate Sandip B.
Published: February 2013

Treatment of phenols with HCHO and lactams in the presence of HClO4‐SiO2 allows a new and efficient method to prepare ortho‐amidoalkylated phenols.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Conjugated Fluoro Enynes.
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Zajc Barbara
Published: February 2013

LHMDS‐mediated treatment of sulfones (II) with aldehydes and ketones is found to allow new access to conjugated fluoro enynes with good to high (E)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Nitroaldol (Henry) Reactions with Copper(II)/Cyclopropane‐Based Bisoxazoline Complexes.
Authors: Mao Jianyou , Nie Xin , Wang Min , Wang Qian , Zheng Bing , Bian Qinghua , Zhong Jiangchun
Published: February 2013

The used ligand is prepared in a two‐step synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enantiomerically Enriched 3‐Amino‐2‐oxindoles Through a Palladium‐Mediated Asymmetric Intramolecular Arylation of α‐Ketimino Amides.
Authors: Tolstoy Paeivi , Lee Samantha X. Y. , Sparr Christof , Ley Steven V.
Published: February 2013

The use of an iodide instead of the triflate leaving group provides only a trace of a racemic product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Tandem Heck—aza‐Michael Addition Protocol for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Isoindolines from Unprotected Amines.
Authors: Chen Ke , Pullarkat Sumod A.
Published: February 2013

Besides t‐butyl, n‐butyl, methyl and ethyl, acrylates can be used as starting material as well as acrylamide.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization of N‐Allylbenzamides: A New Route to 2,5‐Substituted Oxazoles.
Authors: Zhou Wei , Xie Chen , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: February 2013

The C—Br bond of the oxazoles provides an easy access to useful building blocks.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxyamination of Olefins.
Authors: Williamson Kevin S. , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: February 2013

N‐Sulfonyl oxaziridines react with terminal alkenes in the presence of a novel iron(II)/chiral bis(oxazoline) catalyst to give oxazolidines with excellent regio‐ and diastereoselectivity (cis:trans <10:1), and with up to 95% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Annulation of α‐Cyano‐1,4‐diketones with Ynals.
Authors: Romanov‐Michailidis Fedor , Besnard Celine , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: February 2013

The method allows the preparation of various furo‐pyran systems with 3 stereogenic centers.
ChemInform Abstract: New N‐Substituted (E)‐4‐Arylidene Isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione Derivatives: NMR Spectroscopic Investigation and Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Jegham Nafaa , Tka Najeh , Kacem Vakdhane , Hassine Bechir Ben
Published: February 2013

Condensation products (III) are obtained exclusively as (E)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: CuCl‐Catalyzed Green and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Aminoindolizine Frameworks via Three‐Component Reactions of Aldehydes, Secondary Amines, and Terminal Alkynes in PEG.
Authors: Mishra Sarita , Naskar Bikramaditya , Ghosh Rina
Published: February 2013

A series of biologically potent frameworks (15 examples) is readily available by the process.
ChemInform Abstract: AlCl3/PCC‐SiO2‐Promoted Oxidation of Azaindoles and Indoles.
Authors: Sriram Rekulapally , Kumar Chebolu Naga Sesha Sai Pavan , Raghunandan Nerella , Ramesh Vadla , Sarangapani Manda , Rao Vaidya Jayathirtha
Published: February 2013

A very simple and efficient protocol for the title reaction is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyridazines at Positions 5 and 8.
Authors: Bihel Frederic , et al. et al.
Published: February 2013

A series of Pd‐catalyzed reactions starting from chloro‐substituted substrates (I) or (IV) are applied to synthesize the corresponding 5‐ and 8‐substituted derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Fe3O4/SiO2 Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Magnetically Recoverable Nanocatalyst for the One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Diazepines.
Authors: Maleki Ali
Published: February 2013

The present new one‐pot multicomponent reaction of a diamine, a linear or cyclic ketone, and an isocyanide proceeds in the presence of a silica‐supported iron oxide catalyst affording diazepine derivatives in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Electrophilic Vinyl Boranes: Reactions of Alkynyl‐Borates and Diazonium Salts.
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxi , Liang Liyuan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: February 2013

The title reaction is thought to proceed via the interaction of the electron‐deficient cation derived from the diazonium salt (II) and the alkyne fragment of the alkynylborate (I) generating a transient carbocation adjacent the borate center.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Regioselective Reaction of Styrene with Magnesium Organoselenolates to Afford Unsymmetrical Selenides Catalyzed by CuI and L‐Proline.
Authors: Gao Fei , Tang Yu , Li Zhi‐hao , Pan Feng , Yang Jun , Zhang Yuan‐ming
Published: February 2013

Aryl‐ and alkyl bromides can be used as substrates to yield the unsymmetrical selenides in a regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanostructures for Advanced Technologies: Fabrication, Metrology and Challenges
Authors: Lau June W. , Shaw Justin M.
Published: February 2013

Review: 354 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry — Basic Terms and Concepts
Authors: Jozwiak Krzysztof
Published: February 2013

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifrequency EPR on Photosynthetic Systems
Authors: Misra Sushil K. , Mobius Klaus , Savitsky Anton
Published: February 2013

Review: 190 refs.
A phase 1 study of everolimus plus docetaxel plus cisplatin as induction chemotherapy for patients with locally and/or regionally advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Fury Matthew G. , Sherman Eric , Ho Alan L. , Xiao Han , Tsai Frank , Nwankwo Oby , Sima Camelia , Heguy Adrian , Katabi Nora , Haque Sofia , Pfister David G.
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND:

Activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is common in head and neck cancers, and it has been demonstrated that inhibition of mTOR complex 1 sensitizes cell lines to platinum and taxane chemotherapy. The authors conducted a phase 1 study to evaluate the addition of oral everolimus to cisplatin and docetaxel as induction chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.

METHODS:

In this single‐institution phase 1 study, 3 doses of daily everolimus were explored: 5 mg daily, 7.5 mg daily (administered as 5 mg daily alternating with 10 mg daily), and 10 mg daily of each 21‐day cycle. Cisplatin and docetaxel doses were fixed (both were 75 mg/m2 on day 1 of 21‐day cycle) at each dose level with pegfilgrastim support. A standard 3 + 3 dose‐escalation plan was used. After induction, patients were removed from protocol.

RESULTS:

Eighteen patients were enrolled (15 men, 3 women), and their median Karnofsky performance status was 90. The most common toxicities were hyperglycemia, low hemoglobin, fatigue, and thrombocytopenia. Dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) were neutropenic fever (1 event at dose level 2, 2 events at dose level 3), and all patients recovered fully from these DLTs. The maximum tolerated dose was exceeded at dose level 3. The progression‐free survival rate at 1 year was 87.5% (95% confidence interval, 56.8%‐96.7%); and, at 2 years, it was 76.6% (95% confidence interval, 41.2%‐92.3%). Activating PI3K catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) gene mutations were identified in 2 human papillomavirus‐associated oropharyngeal cancers.

CONCLUSIONS:

The phase 2 recommended dose was 7.5 mg daily for everolimus plus cisplatin and docetaxel (both at 75 mg/m2 on day 1 of a 21‐day cycle) given with pegfilgrastim support. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Processes in phase boundary region during liquid phase growth
Authors: Peev N. S.
Published: February 2013

The behavior of components within the phase boundary region during liquid phase growth is the subject of the present article. Based on the supposition that the phase boundary is a structured region, repeating the periodicity of the substrate, the distribution of different components within the phase boundary is considered. Assuming that the value of the supersaturation at the upper end of the phase boundary defines the growth rate of the compound, a relation has been derived, concerning the extension of the phase boundary. The case of liquid phase epitaxial growth of GaAs is considered and an effort for evaluation of the phase boundary extension is undertaken. The linear dependence of the stationary growth rate on the cooling rate, predicted previously, is proved experimentally.
Dilobenol A–G, Diprenylated Dihydroflavonols from the Leaves of Dilobeia thouarsii
Authors: Razafintsalama Vahinalahaja , Girardot Marion , Randrianarivo Ranjana , Rakoto Danielle , Sarter Samira , Petit Thomas , Ralambonirina Sylvia , Deville Alexandre , Grellier Philippe , Jeannoda Victor , Mambu Lengo
Published: February 2013

The study of the EtOAc extract of the leaves of Dilobeia thouarsii led to the isolation and identification of seven new diprenylated dihydroxyflavonols named dilobenol A–G (1–7). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR and MS as well as by chemical hydrolysis. The isolated compounds were assessed for their antibacterial, antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities. They exhibited moderate growth inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio spp., Bacillus spp, and Plasmodium falciparum without significant toxicity against mammalian cell line L‐6.
Orthogonal optical force separation simulation of particle and molecular species mixtures under direct current electroosmotic driven flow for applications in biological sample preparation
Authors: Staton Sarah J. R. , Terray Alex , Collins Greg E. , Hart Sean J.
Published: February 2013

Presented here are the results from numerical simulations applying optical forces orthogonally to electroosmotically induced flow containing both molecular species and particles. Simulations were conducted using COMSOL v4.2a Multiphysics® software including the particle tracking module. The study addresses the application of optical forces to selectively remove particulates from a mixed sample stream that also includes molecular species in a pinched flow microfluidic device. This study explores the optimization of microfluidic cell geometry, magnitude of the applied direct current electric field, EOF rate, diffusion, and magnitude of the applied optical forces. The optimized equilibrium of these various contributing factors aids in the development of experimental conditions and geometry for future experimentation as well as directing experimental expectations, such as diffusional losses, separation resolution, and percent yield. The result of this work generated an optimized geometry with flow conditions leading to negligible diffusional losses of the molecular species while also being able to produce particle removal at near 100% levels. An analytical device, such as the one described herein with the capability to separate particulate and molecular species in a continuous, high‐throughput fashion would be valuable by minimizing sample preparation and integrating gross sample collection seamlessly into traditional analytical detection methods.
Allium ursinum L. in Germany – surprisingly low genetic variability
Authors: Herden Tobias , Neuffer Barbara , Friesen Nikolai
Published: February 2013

Allium ursinum s.l. is a widely spread species of the herb layer in beech forests throughout Europe. Little is known about its phylogenetic origin and its biogeographic history. Molecular genetic analyses of eleven populations from Germany were used to clarify the relationship between populations of A. ursinum s.l. and its relationship to several other species of the genus Allium. The study focused mainly on the Teutoburg Forest in Lower Saxony and the Franconian mountain area in Bavaria. Sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer ITS, and the external transcribed spacer ETS, as well as the plastidic trn L‐rpl 32 and the trn L‐trn F spacer regions were compared. No variation was detected within the species. Even sequences of populations from Belfast, Ireland did not differ from populations of Germany. The closest relative to Allium ursinum s.l. turned out to be Allium moly or Allium scorzonerifolium from the section Molium. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was performed and revealed 29% polymorphic bands. Genetic distances of the populations within the Teutoburg Forest coincided with geographical distances. Three populations (Osnabrück Westerberg, Osnabrück Honeburg and Leer, East Frisia) out of eleven analysed populations were identified as garden escapes. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The anatomy of recent large sea level fluctuations in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Landerer Felix W. , Volkov Denis L.
Published: February 2013

During the boreal winter months of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011, Mediterranean mean sea level rose 10 cm above the average monthly climatological values. The non‐seasonal anomalies were observed in sea surface height (from altimetry), as well as ocean mass (from gravimetry), indicating they were mostly of barotropic nature. These relatively rapid basin‐wide fluctuations occurred over time scales of 1–5 months. Here we use observations and re‐analysis data to attribute the non‐seasonal sea level and ocean mass fluctuations in the Mediterranean Sea to concurrent wind stress anomalies over the adjacent subtropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean, just west of the Strait of Gibraltar, and extending into the strait itself. The observed Mediterranean sea level fluctuations are strongly anti‐correlated with the monthly North‐Atlantic‐Oscillation (NAO) index.
Dipoles of the South East Madagascar Current
Authors: Ridderinkhof W. , Le Bars D. , von der Heydt A. S. , de Ruijter W. P. M.
Published: February 2013

Satellite altimetry data covering 18 years together with hydrographic observations around south Madagascar show that after separation from the coast, the South East Madagascar Current (SEMC) propagates southwestward and breaks up into a regular series of symmetric counter‐rotating vortex pairs. Most of them split and propagate into the Agulhas retroflection system. Interannual variability of the dipole formation is related to the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation. In the observation period two “early” Agulhas retroflection events appeared both related to strong Madagascar dipoles. The symmetry of the dipoles may originate from the boundary current where negative vorticity on the inshore side is adjacent to positive vorticity further offshore.
Uncertainty in visual and auditory series is coded by modality‐general and modality‐specific neural systems
Authors: Nastase Samuel , Iacovella Vittorio , Hasson Uri
Published: February 2013

Coding for the degree of disorder in a temporally unfolding sensory input allows for optimized encoding of these inputs via information compression and predictive processing. Prior neuroimaging work has examined sensitivity to statistical regularities within single sensory modalities and has associated this function with the hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and lateral temporal cortex. Here we investigated to what extent sensitivity to input disorder, quantified by Markov entropy, is subserved by modality‐general or modality‐specific neural systems when participants are not required to monitor the input. Participants were presented with rapid (3.3 Hz) auditory and visual series varying over four levels of entropy, while monitoring an infrequently changing fixation cross. For visual series, sensitivity to the magnitude of disorder was found in early visual cortex, the anterior cingulate, and the intraparietal sulcus. For auditory series, sensitivity was found in inferior frontal, lateral temporal, and supplementary motor regions implicated in speech perception and sequencing. Ventral premotor and central cingulate cortices were identified as possible candidates for modality‐general uncertainty processing, exhibiting marginal sensitivity to disorder in both modalities. The right temporal pole differentiated the highest and lowest levels of disorder in both modalities, but did not show general sensitivity to the parametric manipulation of disorder. Our results indicate that neural sensitivity to input disorder relies largely on modality‐specific systems embedded in extended sensory cortices, though uncertainty‐related processing in frontal regions may be driven by both input modalities. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1111–1128, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.