bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of Progressive Slope Failure Induced by Sublevel Caving Mining Using the Finite Difference Method and Adaptive Local Remeshing
Authors: Tu Jingzhi , Zhang Yanlin , Mei Gang , Xu Nengxiong
Published: April 2021

Slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining is a progressive process, resulting in the large deformation and displacement of rock masses in the slope. Numerical methods are widely used to investigate the above phenomenon. However, conventional numerical methods have difficulties when simulating the process of progressive slope failure. For example, the discrete element method (DEM) for block systems is computationally expensive and possibly fails for large-scale and complex slope models, while the finite difference method (FDM) has a mesh distortion problem when simulating progressive slope failure. To address the above problems, this paper presents a finite difference modeling method using the adaptive local remeshing technique (LREM) to investigate the progressive slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining. In the proposed LREM, (1) the zone of the distorted mesh is adaptively identified, and the landslide body is removed; (2) the updated mesh is regenerated by the local remeshing, and the physical field variables of the original computational model are transferred to the regenerated computational model. The novelty of the proposed method is that (1) compared with the DEM for block systems, the proposed LREM is capable of modeling the progressive slope failure in large-scale rock slopes; (2) the proposed method is able to address the problem of mesh distortion in conventional FDM modeling; and (3) compared with the errors induced by the frequent updating of the mesh of the entire model, the adaptive local remeshing technique effectively reduces calculation errors. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed LREM, it is first used to investigate the failure of a simplified slope induced by sublevel caving mining. Moreover, the proposed LREM is applied in a real case, i.e., to investigate the progressive slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine.
RBS Channeling MATLAB Application for Automated Measurement Control and Evaluation for 6MV Tandetron Accelerator
Authors: Stremy Maximilian , Horvath Dusan , Vana Dusan , Kebisek Michal , Gaspar Gabriel , Bezak Pavol , Riedlmajer Robert
Published: April 2021

Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) in channeling regimes (RBS/C), as an ion beam analysis method performed on a Tandetron 6MV accelerator, generally gives precise information about the structure of crystalline samples by combining RBS signals in the random and aligned configurations. This paper presents details about the design and implementation of tailored RBS/C measurements (coarse and fine) and data evaluation application developed in MATLAB for in situ accelerator control system ARGUS, delivered by High Voltage Engineering Europa BV (HVEE). Additionally, we examined two different ways of stepping during the measurement to reduce the possible inaccuracies related with goniometer’s backslash affecting the evaluation of spectra. Verification experiment was carried out using a 2-MeV 4He+-beam directed on a Si (100) substrate. The channeling effect is seen as channeling dips of a lower signal in an otherwise rather homogeneous plane. Implemented application significantly facilitates the RBS/C measurement and analysis of the experiments, and also extends the ion beam analysis portfolio of Advanced Technologies Research Institute. Finally, software is ready-to-use for any Tandetron based ion beam facility with the ARGUS software for accelerator control.
Inertial Flow of Viscoelastic Second-Grade Fluid in a Ciliated Channel under a Magnetic Field and Darcy’s Resistance
Authors: Maqbool Khadija , Manzoor Naeema , Poncet Sebastien , Siddiqui Abdul Majeed
Published: April 2021

This paper proposes a mathematical analysis of the inertial flow of an MHD second-grade non-Newtonian fluid in a ciliated channel. The two-dimensional flow is modelled under the effect of inertial forces, magnetic field and Darcy’s resistance, which make the system of partial differential equations highly non-linear. To solve the complex system of partial differential equations, the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) is preferred. The HPM solutions for the velocity profile, stream function and pressure gradient are obtained using the software MATHEMATICA. The significances of the Reynolds number (due to inertial forces), Hartmann number (due to magnetic field), porosity parameter (due to Darcy’s resistance) and fluid parameters (related to the second-grade fluid) on the pressure gradient, stream function and velocity profile are discussed in detail. The pertinent parameters show that the horizontal velocity decays in the presence of a magnetic field, whereas it rises under the effect of inertial forces, Darcy’s resistance and fluid viscosity in the centre of the channel. This research indicates that, for the ciliary flow of a second-grade fluid, a favourable pressure gradient (negative pressure gradient) in the horizontal direction increases when applying a magnetic field, whereas it decreases due to the porous medium. This mathematical model can be helpful to observe ciliary activity under magnetic resonance imaging, when ciliary activity is abnormal.
The Muscle Fatigue’s Effects on the sEMG-Based Gait Phase Classification: An Experimental Study and a Novel Training Strategy
Authors: Zhu Jianfei , Yi Chunzhi , Wei Baichun , Yang Chifu , Ding Zhen , Jiang Feng
Published: April 2021

Surface Electromyography (sEMG) enables an intuitive control of wearable robots. The muscle fatigue-induced changes of sEMG signals might limit the long-term usage of the sEMG-based control algorithms. This paper presents the performance deterioration of sEMG-based gait phase classifiers, explains the deterioration by analyzing the time-varying changes of the extracted features, and proposes a training strategy that can improve the classifiers’ robustness against muscle fatigue. In particular, we first select some features that are commonly used in fatigue-related studies and use them to classify gait phases under muscle fatigue. Then, we analyze the time-varying characteristics of extracted features, with the aim of explaining the performance of the classifiers. Finally, we propose a training strategy that effectively improves the robustness against muscle fatigue, which contributes to an easy-to-use method. Ten subjects performing prolonged walking are recruited. Our study contributes to a novel perspective of designing gait phase classifiers under muscle fatigue.
A Portable Intuitive Haptic Device on a Desk for User-Friendly Teleoperation of a Cable-Driven Parallel Robot
Authors: Park Jae-Hyun , Kim Min-Cheol , Böhl Ralf , Gommel Sebastian , Kim Eui-Sun , Choi Eunpyo , Park Jong-Oh , Kim Chang-Sei
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a compact-sized haptic device based on a cable-driven parallel robot (CDPR) mechanism for teleoperation. CDPRs characteristically have large workspaces and lightweight actuators. An intuitive and user-friendly remote control has not yet been achieved, owing to the unfamiliar multiple-cable configuration of CDPRs. To address this, we constructed a portable compact-sized CDPR with the same configuration as that of a larger fully constrained slave CDPR. The haptic device is controlled by an admittance control for stiffness adjustment and implemented in an embedded microprocessor-based controller for easy installation on an operator’s desk. To validate the performance of the device, we constructed an experimental teleoperation setup by using the prototyped portable CDPR as a master and larger-size CDPR as a slave robot. Experimental results showed that a human operator can successfully control the master device from a remote site and synchronized motion between the master and slave device was performed. Moreover, the user-friendly teleoperation could intuitively address situations at a remote site and provide an operator with realistic force during the motion of the slave CDPR.
The XTRA Option at the NEUTRA Facility—More Than 10 Years of Bi-Modal Neutron and X-ray Imaging at PSI
Authors: Lehmann Eberhard H. , Mannes David , Kaestner Anders P. , Hovind Jan , Trtik Pavel , Strobl Markus
Published: April 2021

Just after the start into the new millennium the concept for combined neutron and X-ray imaging was introduced by extending the standard configuration of the thermal neutron imaging NEUTRA instrument with a complementary 320 kV X-ray tube setup. Using essentially the same detector configuration for both neutron and X-ray imaging enables a pixel-wise (in radiography) and a voxel-wise (in tomography) correlation and combination of attenuation data. The optimal use and analyses of such complementary data sets depend on the specific investigation and research question and range from a combinatory interpretation of separately analyzed images to full data fusion approaches. Here, several examples from more than a decade of bimodal neutron and X-ray imaging at NEUTRA at PSI shall be reviewed.
Optimal Path Configuration with Coded Laser Pilots for Charging Electric Vehicles Using High Intensity Laser Power Beams
Authors: Kim Gunzung , Ashraf Imran , Eom Jeongsook , Park Yongwan
Published: April 2021

Wireless power transmission (WPT) for wireless charging has been gaining wide attention as a promising approach to miniaturizing the battery size and increasing the maximal total range of an electric vehicle (EV). With an appropriate charging infrastructure, WPT holds great potential to accelerate the acceptance of EVs through users’ higher satisfaction, reducing EV cost, and increasing the driving range and capability. A WPT system based on high-intensity laser power beaming (HILPB) provides an optimal solution for wirelessly charging electric vehicles from a distance of several meters. Despite a large number of WPT approaches, the problem of optimal path configuration for charging EV remains an unexplored area. This paper proposes a method to determine the optimal power transmission path in environments where multiple power transmitters (PTXs) and power receivers (PRXs) are operated simultaneously. To this end, we modeled the HILPB power that reaches a PRX equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) array and validated the model by simulating the WPT process in an environment with multiple PTXs and PRXs using a direct-sequence optical code division multiple access (DS-OCDMA) system. In the simulation environment, upon receiving a request from a PRX, a PTX sent its power channel information through optically encoded laser pulses using each available wireless power channel (WPC). The PRX calculated the maximum deliverable power of a PTX and WPC based on the received channel power indicator of the incident laser beam. Based on the calculation results, it selected the optimal PTX and WPC for its maximum power requirement (MPQ). The MPQ of each PRX was satisfied by applying the algorithm for selecting the PTX according to the alignment and characteristics of the PTXs and PRXs. We modeled a power reception model of the PRX based on a PV array using coded laser pilots and validated it through experimentation. We discussed some algorithms that select the most suitable PTX among several PTXs for which several EVs receive the power it needs.
Economic Analysis of Potential Secondary Use of Batteries from Electric Vehicles
Authors: Živčák Jozef , Kádárová Jaroslava , Kočišová Michaela , Lachvajderová Laura , Puškár Michal
Published: April 2021

This article focuses on the practical use of used batteries from electric vehicles also known as 2nd life batteries. The first part emphasizes lithium batteries, which describes the overall life cycle of the battery, its number of charging cycles and secondary use. This part of the article also focuses on implemented projects of 2nd life batteries from electric vehicles and there is an analysis of the market potential for 2nd life batteries mentioned at the end of the chapter. The second part of this study offers a practical proposition of two possible strategies for using 2nd life batteries. The main source of income in both cases is the provision of regulatory energy. Using the formulas and the function of the calculation model created in the MS Excel software, the appropriate price of the battery for car manufacturers will be calculated and from other possible scenarios of individual strategies will be expressed. The first strategy works with large central battery storage and the second strategy uses small, decentralized battery storage with a fast-charging station.
Effect of the Depth of Decarburized Layer in SKL15 Tension Clamp on Fatigue Strength
Authors: Park Yeun-Chul , An Chang-Beom , Kim Mancheol , Sim Hyoung-Bo
Published: April 2021

The surface of a quenched and tempered spring steel may have a decarburized layer from which the carbon component has been reduced. The fatigue strength of the decarburized layer is low compared to the base metal, which can easily develop fatigue cracks. Recently, fatigue failure was reported in the tension clamp (SKL 15) of the DFF-300 rail fastening system during use on one urban transit route in South Korea. As a result of measuring the depth of the decarburized layer of the SKL 15 tension clamp where the fatigue failure occurred, a decarburized layer thinner than the manufacturer’s maximum allowable decarburized layer was found in one of the eight tension clamps. To check the depth of the decarburized layer where the fatigue crack may have initiated, the decarburized layer was assumed to be the initial crack, and fatigue crack initiation was assessed based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics. The manufacturer’s maximum allowable decarburized layer depth of 0.2 mm may result in fatigue cracks.
Application of FTIR-ATR Spectrometry in Conjunction with Multivariate Regression Methods for Viscosity Prediction of Worn-Out Motor Oils
Authors: Sejkorová Marie , Kučera Marián , Hurtová Ivana , Voltr Ondřej
Published: April 2021

Viscosity is considered to be a key factor in the quality of lubrication by oil and engine manufacturers and is therefore one of the most monitored parameters of lubricants. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectrometry in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) was therefore proposed and tested as an alternative to the standardized method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (CSN EN ISO 3104) of worn-out motor oil grade SAE 15W-40. The FTIR-PLS model in the spectral region of 1750–650 cm−1 with modification of the spectra by the second derivative proved to be the most suitable. A significant dependence of R = 0.95 was achieved between the viscosity values of 190 samples of worn-out motor oils, which were determined by a standardized laboratory method, and the values predicted by the FTIR-PLS model. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) parameter reached 0.148 mm2s−1 and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) parameter reached 0.190 mm2s−1. The proposed method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C by the FTIR-PLS model is faster compared to the determination according to the CSN EN ISO 3104 standard, requires a smaller amount of oil sample for analysis and produces less waste chemicals.
Experimental Investigation of the Temperature Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Hemp Woven Fabrics Reinforced Polymer
Authors: Antony Sheedev , Cherouat Abel , Montay Guillaume
Published: April 2021

Natural fiber composites are widely used in a several industrial applications due to their outstanding biodegradability and recyclability. Thermal compression molding is a rapid and easy method to fabricate composite sheets. To better understand the manufacturing process and evaluate the mechanical properties of hemp woven fabrics reinforced thermoplastic composite at elevated temperatures, a detailed investigation is required. In this study, composite sheets were initially fabricated using hemp fiber fabrics (taffeta and serge 2×1) and polypropylene sheets by the thermal compression molding process. Mechanical tests (uniaxial, shear, and biaxial) were carried out at temperatures ranging from 20 to 160 ∘C in order to estimate the mechanical properties of composite sheets. Non-linear behavior was observed during the loading due to the unbalanced weaving pattern of hemp fabric. The biaxial behavior of the composite was estimated using a theoretical method for fabric strength prediction taking into account the interaction effect between the yarns. The experimental results demonstrate that, at high temperature, the polymer softens and the fiber reinforcements dismantle which resulting in a decrease in the mechanical properties of the composite. Two analytical models (Ha & Springer and thermal expansion coefficient) were also proposed to estimate the thermo-mechanical properties of natural fiber composites subjected to various temperatures.
Is New Always Better? Frontiers in Global Climate Datasets for Modeling Treeline Species in the Himalayas
Authors: Bobrowski Maria , Weidinger Johannes , Schickhoff Udo
Published: April 2021

Comparing and evaluating global climate datasets and their effect on model performance in regions with limited data availability has received little attention in ecological modeling studies so far. In this study, we aim at comparing the interpolated climate dataset Worldclim 1.4, which is the most widely used in ecological modeling studies, and the quasi-mechanistical downscaled climate dataset Chelsa, as well as their latest versions Worldclim 2.1 and Chelsa 1.2, with regard to their suitability for modeling studies. To evaluate the effect of these global climate datasets at the meso-scale, the ecological niche of Betula utilis in Nepal is modeled under current and future climate conditions. We underline differences regarding methodology and bias correction between Chelsa and Worldclim versions and highlight potential drawbacks for ecological models in remote high mountain regions. Regarding model performance and prediction plausibility under current climatic conditions, Chelsa-based models significantly outperformed Worldclim-based models, however, the latest version of Chelsa contains partially inherent distorted precipitation amounts. This study emphasizes that unmindful usage of climate data may have severe consequences for modeling treeline species in high-altitude regions as well as for future projections, if based on flawed current model predictions. The results illustrate the inevitable need for interdisciplinary investigations and collaboration between climate scientists and ecologists to enhance climate-based ecological model quality at meso- to local-scales by accounting for local-scale physical features at high temporal and spatial resolution.
Experimental Injury Rodent Models for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Authors: Kim Ji-Youn
Published: April 2021

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a disorder that can make swallowing difficult and reduce the quality of life. Recently, the number of patients with swallowing difficulty has been increasing; however, no comprehensive treatment for such patients has been developed. Various experimental animal models that mimic oropharyngeal dysphagia have been developed to identify appropriate treatments. This review aims to summarize the experimentally induced oropharyngeal dysphagia rodent models that can be used to provide a pathological basis for dysphagia. The selected studies were classified into those reporting dysphagia rodent models showing lingual paralysis by hypoglossal nerve injury, facial muscle paralysis by facial nerve injury, laryngeal paralysis by laryngeal and vagus nerve injury, and tongue dysfunction by irradiation of the head and neck regions. The animals used in each injury model, the injury method that induced dysphagia, the screening method for dysphagia, and the results are summarized. The use of appropriate animal models of dysphagia may provide adequate answers to biological questions. This review can help in selecting a dysphagia animal system tailored for the purpose of providing a possible solution to overcome dysphagia.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Sport and the Immune System Response. A Review
Authors: Cicchella Antonio , Stefanelli Claudio , Massaro Marika
Published: April 2021

Immunity is the consequence of a complex interaction between organs and the environment. It is mediated the interaction of several genes, receptors, molecules, hormones, cytokines, antibodies, antigens, and inflammatory mediators which in turn relate and influence the psychological health. The immune system response of heavily trained athletes resembles an even more complex conditions being theorized to follow a J or S shape dynamics at times. High training loads modify the immune response elevating the biological markers of immunity and the body susceptibility to infections. Heavy training and/or training in a cold environment increase the athletes’ risk to develop Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs). Therefore, athletes, who are considered healthier than the normal population, are in fact more prone to infections of the respiratory tract, due to lowering of the immune system in the time frames subsequent heavy training sessions. In this revision we will review the behavioral intervention, including nutritional approaches, useful to minimize the “open window” effect on infection and how to cope with stressors and boost the immune system in athletes.
Drinking Molecular Hydrogen Water Is Beneficial to Cardiovascular Function in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice
Authors: Masuda Haruchika , Sato Atsuko , Miyata Kumiko , Shizuno Tomoko , Oyamada Akira , Ishiwata Kazuo , Nakagawa Yoshihiro , Asahara Takayuki
Published: April 2021

Molecular hydrogen (MH) reportedly exerts therapeutic effects against inflammatory diseases as a suppressor of free radical chain reactions. Here, the cardiovascular protective effects of the intake of molecular hydrogen water (MHW) were investigated using high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. MHW was prepared using supplier sticks and degassed water as control. MHW intake for 2 weeks did not improve blood sugar or body weight but decreased heart weight in DIO mice. Moreover, MHW intake improved cardiac hypertrophy, shortened the width of cardiomyocytes, dilated the capillaries and arterioles, activated myocardial eNOS-Ser-1177 phosphorylation, and restored left ventricular function in DIO mice. MHW intake promoted the histological conversion of hypertrophy to hyperplasia in white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) with the upregulation of thermogenic and cardiovascular protective genes in BAT (i.e., Ucp-1, Vegf-a, and eNos). Furthermore, the results of a colony formation assay of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) indicated that MHW activated the expansion, differentiation, and mobilization of EPCs to maintain vascular homeostasis. These findings indicate that the intake of MHW exerts cardiovascular protective effects in DIO mice. Hence, drinking MHW is a potential prophylactic strategy against cardiovascular disorders in metabolic syndrome.
High-Throughput LC-ESI-MS/MS Metabolomics Approach Reveals Regulation of Metabolites Related to Diverse Functions in Mature Fruit of Grafted Watermelon
Authors: Aslam Ali , Zhao Shengjie , Lu Xuqiang , He Nan , Zhu Hongju , Malik Aman Ullah , Azam Muhammad , Liu Wenge
Published: April 2021

Grafting has been reported as a factor regulating the metabolome of a plant. Therefore, a comprehensive metabolic profile and comparative analysis of metabolites were conducted from fully mature fruit of pumpkin-grafted watermelon (PGW) and a self-rooted watermelon (SRW). Widely targeted LC-ESI-MS/MS metabolomics approach facilitated the simultaneous identification and quantification of 339 metabolites across PGW and SRW. Regardless of grafting, delta-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride, sucrose, mannose-6-phosphate (carbohydrates), homocystine, 2-phenylglycine, s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (amino acids and derivatives), malic, azelaic, H-butanoic acid ethyl ester-hexoside isomer 1, (organic acids), MAG (18:3) isomer1, LysoPC 16:0, LysoPC 18:2 2n isomer (lipids) p-coumaric acid, piperidine, and salicylic acid-o-glycoside (secondary metabolites) were among the dominant metabolite. Dulcitol, mono-, and disaccharide sugars were higher in PGW, while polysaccharides showed complex behavior. In PGW, most aromatic and nitrogen-rich amino acids accumulated greater than 1.5- and 1-fold, respectively. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), stress-related metabolites, vitamin B5, and several flavonoids were significantly more abundant in PGW. Most lipids were also significantly higher in grafted watermelon. This is the first report providing a comprehensive picture of watermelon metabolic profile and changes induced by grafting. Hence, the untargeted high-throughput LC-ESI-MS/MS metabolomics approach could be suitable to provide significant differences in metabolite contents between grafted and ungrafted plants.
Role of MicroRNAs in Human Osteosarcoma: Future Perspectives
Authors: Llobat Lola , Gourbault Olivia
Published: April 2021

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare form of cancer with high death rate but is one of the most frequent forms of bone cancer in children and adolescents. MiRNAs are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The discovery of miRNAs could allow us to obtain an earlier diagnosis, predict prognosis and chemoresistance, and lead to the discovery of new treatments in different types of tumors, including OS. Despite the fact that there is currently only one clinical trial being carried out on a single miRNA for solid tumors, it is very probable that the number of clinical trials including miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets, will increase in the near future. This review summarizes the different miRNAs related to OS and their possible therapeutic application.
A Fluorescent Probe for the Specific Staining of Cysteine Containing Proteins and Thioredoxin Reductase in SDS-PAGE
Authors: Liu Yuning , Yu Yanan , Meng Qingshi , Jia Xueting , Zhu Jiawei , Tang Chaohua , Zhao Qingyu , Feng Xiaohui , Zhang Junmin
Published: April 2021

A naphthalimide-based fluorescent probe, Nap-I, with iodoacetamide as the alkylating group, has been synthesized, and its specific fluorescent staining of proteins containing cysteine (Cys) and selenocysteine (Sec) residues in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) has been evaluated. This molecule shows good fluorescence properties in the labeling of protein Cys/Sec residues, while reducing steric hindrance and minimizing changes in the water solubility of proteins. Reaction parameters, such as labeling time and pH, have been investigated, and the optimal labeling conditions for Cys-containing proteins have been determined. Thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD) is best stained at low pH. The probe Nap-I has been successfully used for the quantification of serum proteins and hemoglobin in Tan sheep serum, and TXNRD in Tan sheep liver and muscle has been labeled at low pH. Based on the probe Nap-I, we have also distinguished TXNRD1 and TXNRD2 by SDS-PAGE. The results showed that, compared with the normal microenvironment in which the protein resides, the lower the pH value, the greater the TXNRD activity.
The Recognition of Cross-Cultural Emotional Faces Is Affected by Intensity and Ethnicity in a Japanese Sample
Authors: Bonassi Andrea , Ghilardi Tommaso , Gabrieli Giulio , Truzzi Anna , Doi Hirokazu , Borelli Jessica L. , Lepri Bruno , Shinohara Kazuyuki , Esposito Gianluca
Published: April 2021

Human faces convey a range of emotions and psychobiological signals that support social interactions. Multiple factors potentially mediate the facial expressions of emotions across cultures. To further determine the mechanisms underlying human emotion recognition in a complex and ecological environment, we hypothesized that both behavioral and neurophysiological measures would be influenced by stimuli ethnicity (Japanese, Caucasian) in the context of ambiguous emotional expressions (mid-happy, angry). We assessed the neurophysiological and behavioral responses of neurotypical Japanese adults (N = 27, 13 males) involved in a facial expression recognition task. Results uncover an interaction between universal and culturally-driven mechanisms. No differences in behavioral responses are found between male and female participants, male and female faces, and neutral Japanese versus Caucasian faces. However, Caucasian ambiguous emotional expressions which require more energy-consuming processing, as highlighted by neurophysiological results of the Arousal Index, were judged more accurately than Japanese ones. Additionally, a differential Frontal Asymmetry Index in neuronal activation, the signature of an approach versus avoidance response, is found in male participants according to the gender and emotional valence of the stimuli.
Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: What Can We Learn from Other Cancer Types?
Authors: De Wispelaere Wout , Annibali Daniela , Tuyaerts Sandra , Lambrechts Diether , Amant Frédéric
Published: April 2021

The onset of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy over the last decade has transformed the therapeutic landscape in oncology. ICB has shown unprecedented clinical activity and durable responses in a variety of difficult-to-treat cancers. However, despite these promising long-term responses, a majority of patients fail to respond to single-agent therapy, demonstrating primary or acquired resistance. Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) is a rare high-risk gynecological cancer with very limited treatment options. Despite research indicating a strong potential for ICB in uLMS, a clinical trial assessing the response to immunotherapy with single-agent nivolumab in advanced-stage uLMS showed no clinical benefit. Many mechanisms of resistance to ICB have been characterized in a variety of tumor types, and many more continue to be uncovered. However, the mechanisms of resistance to ICB in uLMS remain largely unexplored. By elucidating and targeting mechanisms of resistance, treatments can be tailored to improve clinical outcomes. Therefore, in this review we will explore what is known about the immunosuppressive microenvironment of uLMS, link these data to possible resistance mechanisms extrapolated from other cancer types, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance.
Multiregional Sequencing of IDH-WT Glioblastoma Reveals High Genetic Heterogeneity and a Dynamic Evolutionary History
Authors: Franceschi Sara , Civita Prospero , Pasqualetti Francesco , Lessi Francesca , Modena Martina , Barachini Serena , Morelli Mariangela , Santonocito Orazio , Vannozzi Riccardo , Pilkington Geoffrey J. , Ortenzi Valerio , Naccarato Antonio Giuseppe , Aretini Paolo , Mazzanti Chiara Maria
Published: April 2021

Glioblastoma is one of the most common and lethal primary neoplasms of the brain. Patient survival has not improved significantly over the past three decades and the patient median survival is just over one year. Tumor heterogeneity is thought to be a major determinant of therapeutic failure and a major reason for poor overall survival. This work aims to comprehensively define intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity by mapping the genomic and mutational landscape of multiple areas of three primary IDH wild-type (IDH-WT) glioblastomas. Using whole exome sequencing, we explored how copy number variation, chromosomal and single loci amplifications/deletions, and mutational burden are spatially distributed across nine different tumor regions. The results show that all tumors exhibit a different signature despite the same diagnosis. Above all, a high inter-tumor heterogeneity emerges. The evolutionary dynamics of all identified mutations within each region underline the questionable value of a single biopsy and thus the therapeutic approach for the patient. Multiregional collection and subsequent sequencing are essential to try to address the clinical challenge of precision medicine. Especially in glioblastoma, this approach could provide powerful support to pathologists and oncologists in evaluating the diagnosis and defining the best treatment option.
Effects of Structured Solids on Regioselectivity of Dibromination of Naphthalene
Authors: Smith Keith , Al-Khalaf Alaa K. H. , Berkil Akar Kıymet , Al-Badri Doaa J. K. , Kariuki Benson M. , El-Hiti Gamal A.
Published: April 2021

The influence of structured solids (amorphous, lamellar and 3D crystalline) on the regioselectivity of the dibromination of naphthalene using bromine at room temperature has been investigated. The more acidic amorphous catalysts and an acidic clay give rapid reactions and lead to a large preponderance of 1,4-dibromonaphthalene over the 1,5-dibromo compound, while calcined KSF clay, a bentonite material, after a short reaction time gives a small predominance of the 1,5-isomer. Longer reaction times lead to the equilibration of reaction mixtures, which means that the 1,4-isomer eventually predominates in all cases. Based on these observations, it has been possible to devise synthetically useful preparative procedures, involving direct room temperature reactions of bromine with naphthalene, for either 1,4-dibromonaphthalene or 1,5-dibromonaphthalene based on the use of different solids, namely Synclyst 13 and KSF clay, respectively.
Expression of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Marker GRP78 in the Normal Retina and Retinal Degeneration Induced by Blue LED Stimuli in Mice
Authors: Park Yong Soo , Kim Hong-Lim , Lee Seung Hee , Zhang Yan , Kim In-Beom
Published: April 2021

Retinal degeneration is a leading cause of blindness. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response that affects cell survival and death and GRP78 forms a representative protective response. We aimed to determine the exact localization of GRP78 in an animal model of light-induced retinal degeneration. Dark-adapted mice were exposed to blue light-emitting diodes and retinas were obtained at 24 h and 72 h after exposure. In the normal retina, we found that GRP78 was rarely detected in the photoreceptor cells while it was expressed in the perinuclear space of the cell bodies in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. After injury, the expression of GRP78 in the outer nuclear and inner plexiform layers increased in a time-dependent manner. However, an increased GRP78 expression was not observed in damaged photoreceptor cells in the outer nuclear layer. GRP78 was located in the perinuclear space and ER lumen of glial cells and the ER developed in glial cells during retinal degeneration. These findings suggest that GRP78 and the ER response are important for glial cell activation in the retina during photoreceptor degeneration.
Thiol-Amine Functionalized Decorated Carbon Nanotubes for Biomarker Gases Detection
Authors: Thamri Atef , Baccar Hamdi , Casanova-Chafer Juan , Mejri Moataz Billeh , Llobet Eduard , Abdelghani Adnane
Published: April 2021

Thousands of gas molecules are expelled in exhaled breath, and some of them can reveal diseases and metabolomic disorders. For that reason, the development of fast, inexpensive, and reliable sensing devices has been attracting growing interest. Here, we present the development of different chemoresistors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with platinum (MWCNT/Pt) and palladium (MWCNT/Pt) nanoparticles and also functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-amino-1-undecanethiol (Thiol-amine). The nanocomposites developed are a proof-of-concept to detect some biomarker molecules. Specifically, the capability to identify and measure different concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), either aromatic (toluene and benzene) and non-aromatic (ethanol and methanol) was assessed. As a result, this paper reports the significant differences in sensing performance achieved according to the metal nanoparticle used, and the high sensitivity obtained when SAMs are grown on the sensitive film, acting as a receptor for biomarker vapours.
High Transmittance Superhydrophobic Coatings with Durable Self-Cleaning Properties
Authors: Ferrari Michele , Piccardo Paolo , Vernet Justine , Cirisano Francesca
Published: April 2021

One of the most important factors determining a significant reduction in optical devices’ efficiency is the accumulation of soiling substances such as dust, which, especially in solar power plants, implies higher costs and materials ageing. The use of superhydrophobic (SH) coatings, water contact angle (CA) greater than 150°, represents a suitable solution to improve the self-cleaning action while at the same time providing high transmittance for energy conversion. A mixed organic–inorganic SH coating with surface roughness below 100 nm was prepared by an easily scalable spray method and employed, allowing us to modulate the covered area and transparency. The coating has been also investigated while simulating pollution agents like acid rain, harsh environments, and the impact of continuous water droplets and dust particles with different physicochemical properties. The spray coating method allows us to obtain a modulated SH and self-cleaning surface showing CA > 170°, high transmittance in UV-Vis range and the ability to completely restore its initial properties in terms of wettability and transmittance after durability and soiling tests.
Analytical Assessment of (Al2O3–Ag/H2O) Hybrid Nanofluid Influenced by Induced Magnetic Field for Second Law Analysis with Mixed Convection, Viscous Dissipation and Heat Generation
Authors: Khan Wasim Ullah , Awais Muhammad , Parveen Nabeela , Ali Aamir , Awan Saeed Ehsan , Malik Muhammad Yousaf , He Yigang
Published: April 2021

The current study is an attempt to analytically characterize the second law analysis and mixed convective rheology of the (Al2O3–Ag/H2O) hybrid nanofluid flow influenced by magnetic induction effects towards a stretching sheet. Viscous dissipation and internal heat generation effects are encountered in the analysis as well. The mathematical model of partial differential equations is fabricated by employing boundary-layer approximation. The transformed system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved using the homotopy analysis method. The entropy generation number is formulated in terms of fluid friction, heat transfer and Joule heating. The effects of dimensionless parameters on flow variables and entropy generation number are examined using graphs and tables. Further, the convergence of HAM solutions is examined in terms of defined physical quantities up to 20th iterations, and confirmed. It is observed that large λ1 upgrades velocity, entropy generation and heat transfer rate, and drops the temperature. High values of δ enlarge velocity and temperature while reducing heat transport and entropy generation number. Viscous dissipation strongly influences an increase in flow and heat transfer rate caused by a no-slip condition on the sheet.
DrainCAN—A MATLAB Function for Generation of a HEC-RAS-Compatible Drainage Canal Network Model
Authors: Gilja Gordon , Harasti Antonija , Fliszar Robert
Published: April 2021

The dimensioning of canal geometry in a surface drainage network influences the size and functionality of canal structures, reduces flood hazard, and consequently imposes restrictions on land use. Reliable free-surface flow calculation for optimization of the canal network can be challenging because numerous hydraulic structures and canal interactions influence the flow regime. The HEC-RAS software of the US Army Corps of Engineers’ Hydrologic Engineering Center is often used for this purpose as it allows the user to simulate the effect of numerous hydraulic structures on flow regime. This paper presents a MATLAB function, DrainCAN, for generating a HEC-RAS model from standard runoff input data, i.e., topographic data and canal design geometry (profile and slope). The DrainCAN function allows for fast optimization of the network geometry—it generates normal flow depth estimation and observed water levels in critical locations that need to be optimized. Advantages of the DrainCAN function are fast generation of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model files from simple input files, introduction of optimization variables in the model, and automatic adjustment of model geometry for computational junctions. This allows fast iteration of the canal design parameters, namely cross-sectional geometry, invert elevation, and longitudinal slope, and the evaluation of introduced changes on the flow regime.
Influence of Gas Density and Plug Diameter on Plume Characteristics by Ladle Stirring
Authors: Riabov Dmitrii , Gain Muhammad Murtaza , Kargul Tomasz , Volkova Olena
Published: April 2021

The paper presents new results concerning the influence of the gas density and porous plug diameter on the nature of liquid steel stirring with an inert gas in the ladle. The tests were carried out on a cold model of a 30t ladle using particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a high-speed camera to analyse the plume zone formed during the supply of argon and helium as a stirring gas. The similarity criteria for the investigation of stirring processes in cold model in the past were discussed and compared. The modified Morton number was used in this paper to relate the gas flow rate in the model with real objects. The presented results constitute complete documentation of the influence of the plug diameter and gas density on the size of formed gas bubbles and the velocity of gas bubbles rising in different zones of the plume, plume, and spout geometry, including the expansion angle, spout height, open eye area, and gas hold-up.
Artificial Intelligence in Colorectal Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment. A New Era
Authors: Mitsala Athanasia , Tsalikidis Christos , Pitiakoudis Michail , Simopoulos Constantinos , Tsaroucha Alexandra K.
Published: April 2021

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms has permeated the medical field with great success. The widespread use of AI technology in diagnosing and treating several types of cancer, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), is now attracting substantial attention. CRC, which represents the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy in both men and women, is considered a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Our review herein aims to provide in-depth knowledge and analysis of the AI applications in CRC screening, diagnosis, and treatment based on current literature. We also explore the role of recent advances in AI systems regarding medical diagnosis and therapy, with several promising results. CRC is a highly preventable disease, and AI-assisted techniques in routine screening represent a pivotal step in declining incidence rates of this malignancy. So far, computer-aided detection and characterization systems have been developed to increase the detection rate of adenomas. Furthermore, CRC treatment enters a new era with robotic surgery and novel computer-assisted drug delivery techniques. At the same time, healthcare is rapidly moving toward precision or personalized medicine. Machine learning models have the potential to contribute to individual-based cancer care and transform the future of medicine.
A Comparison of DNA Metabarcoding and Microscopy Methodologies for the Study of Aquatic Microbial Eukaryotes
Authors: Santi Ioulia , Kasapidis Panagiotis , Karakassis Ioannis , Pitta Paraskevi
Published: April 2021

The procedures and methodologies employed to study microbial eukaryotic plankton have been thoroughly discussed. Two main schools exist—one insisting on classic microscopy methodologies and the other supporting modern high-throughput sequencing (DNA metabarcoding). However, few studies have attempted to combine both these approaches; most studies implement one method while ignoring the other. This work aims to contribute to this discussion and examine the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology by comparing marine plankton community results from microscopy and DNA metabarcoding. The results obtained by the two methodologies do not vary significantly for Bacillariophyta, although they do for Dinoflagellata and Ciliophora. The lower the taxonomic level, the higher the inconsistency between the two methodologies for all the studied groups. Considering the different characteristics of microscopy-based identification and DNA metabarcoding, this work underlines that each method should be chosen depending on the aims of the study. DNA metabarcoding provides a better estimate of the taxonomic richness of an ecosystem while microscopy provides more accurate quantitative results regarding abundance and biomass. In any case, the combined use of the two methods, if properly standardized, can provide much more reliable and accurate results for the study of marine microbial eukaryotes.
Radiomics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Rectal Cancer: From Engineering to Clinical Practice
Authors: Coppola Francesca , Giannini Valentina , Gabelloni Michela , Panic Jovana , Defeudis Arianna , Lo Monaco Silvia , Cattabriga Arrigo , Cocozza Maria Adriana , Pastore Luigi Vincenzo , Polici Michela , Caruso Damiano , Laghi Andrea , Regge Daniele , Neri Emanuele , Golfieri Rita , Faggioni Lorenzo
Published: April 2021

While cross-sectional imaging has seen continuous progress and plays an undiscussed pivotal role in the diagnostic management and treatment planning of patients with rectal cancer, a largely unmet need remains for improved staging accuracy, assessment of treatment response and prediction of individual patient outcome. Moreover, the increasing availability of target therapies has called for developing reliable diagnostic tools for identifying potential responders and optimizing overall treatment strategy on a personalized basis. Radiomics has emerged as a promising, still fully evolving research topic, which could harness the power of modern computer technology to generate quantitative information from imaging datasets based on advanced data-driven biomathematical models, potentially providing an added value to conventional imaging for improved patient management. The present study aimed to illustrate the contribution that current radiomics methods applied to magnetic resonance imaging can offer to managing patients with rectal cancer.