bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Campus Recreation Employment on Student Learning
Authors: Hall Stacey L.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the influence of part-time employment at a campus recreational sports department on full-time college students' learning. The student employees indicated they attributed their experience working in a campus recreational sports department to their perceived gains in critical thinking, integrative learning, appreciation of diverse perspectives, collaboration skills, and communication skills. Students working at a campus recreational sports department were invited to complete an online survey, which was developed for this project. The questionnaire, containing rating scales and open-ended questions, captured the perceptions of change by the student employees regarding their learning. A concurrent triangulation mixed-method design was used to analyze the data. The quantitative data were analyzed using multiple regression for each of the learning outcomes and one-way ANOVA analyses were conducted to identify differences between the positions. The qualitative data were analyzed using open coding to identify themes. The data were triangulated with job recruitment materials. The student employees indicated they attributed their perceived gains in learning to their experience working in a campus recreational sports department. The multiple regression analysis resulted in two significant predictors, which included collaboration skills and communication skills. While the one-way ANOVA analyses was not able to be conducted between the positions held by the students, the results showed students attribute their experience working in a campus recreational sports department to their perceived learning in specific areas. These results demonstrate the need for more in-depth study of each of the learning outcomes to gain more thorough understanding of the impact of students who work in a campus recreation department.
The Effectiveness of Social Media Marketing: The Impact of Facebook Status Updates on a Campus Recreation Event
Authors: Bayne Kendra S. , Cianfrone Beth A.
Published: August 2016

Social media marketing, including the use of Facebook, is becoming a prevalent part of the promotional marketing mix by recreation and sport organizations. While use of Facebook as a marketing tool is common, empirical evidence of its use is lacking. This study examined the effectiveness of social media marketing on college students in a campus recreation setting. Specifically, the effectiveness of Facebook status messages were assessed via a 2 × 2 repeated factorial within-subjects design to determine their influence on awareness of, interest in, and intention to participate in a campus recreation special event. Participants were assigned to experimental ( n = 26) or control ( n = 29) groups. ANCOVAs revealed significant differences in awareness based on the treatment, but not in interest or intention. Findings suggest that social media marketing was effective in increasing awareness, and the study served as an empirical foundation for future research.
Effects of Intercollegiate Athletics and Intramural Participation on Self-Esteem and Physical Self-Description: A Pilot Study
Authors: Simmons Shannon , Childers Kelsey
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of intercollegiate athletics and intramural participation on self-esteem and physical self-description. Subjects were given the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to measure each variable. A total of 52 responses from three different groups of students at a small, private, Christian university: 1) athletes ( n = 14), 2) intramural participants ( n = 20), and 3) students who did not participate in either type of activity ( n = 18)—were collected through the on-campus mail system. Chi square statistics were run using SPSS software, version 21. Results showed statistically significant differences ( p < .05) in two subcategories of the PSDQ: Global Physical Self-Concept and Strength. Although no statistical significance was found in comparing total PSDQ and Rosenberg scores between the different groups, athletes scored higher than intramural participants on both tests, and both active groups scored higher than students who did not participate in either activity. From this study it can be concluded that intercollegiate athletics and intramural activities positively affect self-esteem and physical self-description, at least moderately, in those who participate in them.
The Perceived Benefits of Participating in Campus Recreation Programs and Facilities: A Comparison between Undergraduate and Graduate Students
Authors: Henchy Alexandra
Published: August 2016

Both researchers and administrators are interested in factors that influence student success. The purpose of this study was to compare undergraduate and graduate students on the perceived benefits they received from participating in campus recreation facilities and programs. Students were randomly selected to complete the campus recreation survey, which was based upon the NIRSA/Student Voice Campus Recreation Impact Study survey. Of the students who answered the demographic questions, 35% were graduate students and 65% were undergraduate students; 43% were male and 57% were female; and the majority of the sample was White (68%). The results showed that participation in campus recreation had an influence on undergraduate and graduate students' decisions to attend and continue to attend the university. Participating in campus recreation facilities and programs had a positive influence on a variety of aspects of both undergraduate and graduate students' lives; students reported academic, health, and social benefits.
Differences On The Job for Female And Male Sport Management Interns
Authors: Cuneen Jacquelyn , Sidwell M. Joy
Published: August 2016

Internships are essential parts of quality sport management education, enabling students to link the classroom - professional environments through observation, exploration, and participation. Given the significance of the internship experience, it is important to determine if all students have the same opportunities for learning. The purpose of this study was to describe working (i.e., learning conditions) for female and male sport management interns working in college sport. Participants were collegiate athletics administrators (N = 257) who provided information on seven aspects of students’ (N = 379) internship experiences. A Chi Square model found differences (p = <.05) favoring males in intern selection, employment status, and salary, as well as job assignments in sports information, corporate sales, and compliance. In addition, female interns performed more clerical duties than males. Supervisor gender was a significant factor in some cases. It was concluded that biases favoring males exist in many facets of collegiate internships.
Examining the Body of Knowledge in Sport Management: A Preliminary Descriptive Study of Current Sport Management Textbooks
Authors: Pitts Brenda G. , Danylchuk Karen E.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the current textbooks in sport management using the quantitative content analytic research method. Sport management books selected for examination were limited to those written in English published from 1990 through to November 2006 inclusive. Of the 129 books representing 14 categories analyzed, the greatest number of books was in the categories of management (n = 36) and marketing (n = 27). These categories were followed by law (n = 13), finance (n = 9), and event management (n = 8). The majority of the books (88%) were authored. Among the authors and editors, 79% were male. The majority of books (85%) did not indicate a target audience. The average year of publication of all books was 2001, with almost three-quarters (73%) being published from the year 2000 onwards. The number of publishers was 40, of which the vast majority was in the United States.
Practitioners’ Perceptions of Student-Intern Skills Necessary to be Prepared for an Internship Experience in Major Professional Sport Organizations
Authors: Lee Soonhwan , Han Joonyoung
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the required skills and educational background of internship students from the on-site supervisors’ point of view. A questionnaire examined the role of the internship, the skills student interns should possess and several other issues related to the intern’s experiences including the minimum number of hours for student interns’ best experiences, preferred academic backgrounds of student interns, the responsibilities of faculty internship advisors, stipend or salary, important skills student interns should possess, number of student interns organizations accept, practitioners’ thoughts on requiring internships in sport management, chances for student interns to be hired afterwards, and internship evaluation. According to 36 on-site internship supervisors’ responses to the questionnaire, 50% of the major North American professional sport leagues were paying student interns equivalent to only minimum wage or a slightly higher rate compared to the national average a paid intern was receiving ($15.00-$16.00 per hour). Other findings were the number of student interns accepted and the number of hours those interns were expected to work. However, no specific courses were required of students in order to be considered for internships. Overall, grade point average (GPA) was not found to be a main factor on-site internship supervisors used to select appropriate student interns. While it is generally assumed that a cooperative relationship among the student, the onsite internship supervisor and the academic faculty supervisor is vital, on-site internship supervisors were not as cooperative as the literature suggests. It was also determined that student interns were not consistently evaluated to any great extent and therefore a universal manual should be developed for assessment purposes. The findings of this study also documented that on-site internship supervisors and academic faculty supervisors held different expectations and perceptions in terms of fulfilling the requirements for a degree.
An Examination into the Impact of an Experience-based Course on Students’ Emotional Competency Development
Authors: Sheehan Beth J. , McDonald Mark A.
Published: August 2016

Scant research has been conducted on the relationship between experience-based courses and emotional competency development (Ashkanasy & Dasborough, 2003; Brown, 2003; Clark, Callister & Wallace, 2003; Jaeger, 2002). The current study utilized a mixed method design to determine if students’ emotional competency could be developed during only one semester without any formal instruction in emotional intelligence theory. Changes in the experimental group and differences between experimental and comparison group students’ emotional competency were investigated using quantitative (ECI-U) and qualitative (Critical Incident Interview and exit interview) methods. Study results supported the contention that an experienced-based course can positively impact students’ emotional competency development.
Rethinking the Teaching of Leadership in Sport Management
Authors: Weese W. James , Beard Shawn
Published: August 2016

The best universities pride themselves on developing the next generation of leaders as do the top sport management programs. Many sport management programs offer a leadership course, some at the graduate level. However, two questions emerge when discussing the teaching of leadership, namely, what do students need to know about area, and how can the topic be most effectively taught? A recent 12-month educational leave provided a cherished opportunity for the lead author to delve into the latest advancements in leadership and leadership development. The coauthor on this paper took a leadership course in his graduate sport management program and offered the perspective of an end-user. The authors provide an overview of the leadership development literature, profile three unique leadership courses offered in other disciplines, and provide sport management professors with information they should consider in developing and delivering their courses in leadership, especially at the graduate level.
Is Building New the Only Option? A Teaching Approach to Heritage Management
Authors: Pfleegor Adam G. , Seifried Chad S.
Published: August 2016

The debate between building new sport and recreation facilities or renovating existing venues has engrossed sport managers (Barghchi, Omar, & Aman, 2009; Galvan, 2006; Grant-Long, 2005; Rosentraub & Ijla, 2008; Seifried, 2010). Interestingly, the individuals entrusted with making investment decisions on these facilities often lack knowledge of this process. Many sport management programs include courses related to facility management; however, they rarely include curriculum items on the renovation of culturally valuable sport and recreation buildings. The main purpose of this paper is to propose heritage management as an important component to sport and recreational facility management and to showcase an example of this initiative that was incorporated into a facility management class. This teaching methodology on heritage management allows students to understand how to create valuable contributions to their field while simultaneously learning about the culture and history of sport venues.
Using a Case Study Competition as an Intense Learning Experience in Sport Management
Authors: Johnson James E. , Judge Lawrence W. , Wanless Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

Incorporating a national competition with the traditional case teaching method offers a unique and intense learning experience beyond what can be achieved in a typical classroom format. This paper discusses a graduate Sport Administration experience from preparation to presentation for students and faculty in the case study competition annually sponsored by the College Sport Research Institute (CSRI). Included is a thorough review of the case method highlighting what to expect from adopting this alternative teaching technique. The role of the faculty advisor is explained from both a theoretical and functional perspective with particular attention given to advising in a competition format. Student learning experiences were assessed using open-ended survey questions designed to encourage student reflection. Although students reported an immense time commitment, they were overwhelmingly satisfied with their competition experience that included in-depth learning, essential skill building, and real-world application.
Gambling and College Sports: Views of Coaches and Athletic Directors
Authors: Frey James H.
Published: August 2016

In light of the pervasiveness of sport betting this paper summarizes and presents data from a national study conducted by the Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling. Data were collected from 214 coaches and 127 athletic directors from a sample of NCAA schools. Responses to Questionnaire items provided information on the perceived impact of betting and publicized point spreads on sport in general and on the behavior of coaches and players in particular. The phenomenon of sport betting is discussed in light of these attitudes.
Youth Sport Participation and Deviant Behavior
Authors: Hastad Douglas N. , Segrave Jeffrey O. , Pangrazi Robert , Petersen Gene
Published: August 2016

Although several studies have investigated the relationship between interscholastic athletic participation and delinquency, little attention has been given to younger populations. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between youth sport participation and deviant behavior among elementary school children. The study ascertained deviancy among youth sport participants and nonparticipants, and compared the profiles of youth sport participants and deviants on a selected cluster of eight sociopsychological variables. Of a total sample of 381 sixth-grade students, 278 (146 boys and 132 girls) were classified as youth sport participants. Overall, the results indicated a negative association between youth sport participation and deviancy. Although the study showed some similarities in the profiles of youth sport participants and deviants, important distinctions were found regarding the variables delinquent associates, peer status, and personal values.
Enhancing Frame Analysis: Five Laminating Functions of Language in the 1987 NFL Strike
Authors: Schmitt Raymond L.
Published: August 2016

The introduction of “replacement teams” into the social world of NFL football during the 1987 strike stimulated a laminated language, a language that transformed traditional meanings by linking varying social definitions to one another. Emergent content analysis of extensive newspaper, sport magazine and newsmagazine, and live television and radio accounts was used to inductively study this language. Power, media, and social structure impacted on the various language terms that were created. Laminated language protected, rejected, accepted, satirically extended, and integrated definitions. Various ways in which the recognition of laminated language may be used to enhance the use of Goffman’s framing concepts and leads in the sociological study of everyday life are offered.
Responses to Musical Selections and Sport: An Auditory Elicitation Approach
Authors: Snyder Eldon E.
Published: August 2016

Music is associated with many sport events, yet little research is available on music and sport. The present study considers several musical selections frequently associated with sport with a focus on the meaning these musical selections have to the listeners. Other studies of music and society indicate that music may provide a means of promoting a collective consciousness, social integration, and political ideology. The present study utilizes an auditory elicitation approach. That is, respondents wrote the subjective meanings they associated with the musical selections as they were being played. The selections elicited a variety of meanings and emotions from the respondents. The responses to the music are interpreted within the functionalist, critical, and sociology of emotions/nostalgia frameworks.
Gender Ratio and Social Interaction among College Coaches
Authors: Knoppers Annelies , Meyer Barbara Bedker , Ewing Martha E. , Forrest Linda
Published: August 2016

Data from 947 Division I college coaches in the United States were used to examine three hypotheses concerning the impact of gender ratio on the frequency of social interaction between women and men coaches. These hypotheses were based on (a) the structural perspective characterized by the politics of optimism, (b) the institutional approach associated with the politics of pessimism, and (c) the common consciousness or subculture perspective represented by the politics of transcendence. Most support was shown for the politics of pessimism, which contends that an increase of women in a male-dominated occupation is associated with rising gender boundaries and sex segregation. Results are explored in the context of gendered homosociality.
Sport, Identity Politics, and Globalization: Diminishing Contrasts and Increasing Varieties
Authors: Maguire Joseph
Published: August 2016

Attention is given to a series of conceptual issues associated with understanding global sport development. Several weaknesses are identified. The figurational approach to the study of sportization and globalization is then outlined. Associations between sport, habitus, identity politics, “willful nostalgia,” and globalization are examined, and a case study of nostalgia and male sporting and political disaster discourse in the British media over the past 2 years is used to highlight some of the issues involved in global sport development.
The Footrace Metaphor in American Presidential Rhetoric
Authors: Walk Stephan R.
Published: August 2016

A constitutive view of metaphor is used to examine speeches of Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan. This analysis shows Johnson’s establishment of the metaphor of the footrace to describe life in the United States and Reagan’s attempt to contest this metaphor. Johnson’s rhetoric appealed to the notion of the “starting line” and the need for government to establish equal competitive conditions. Reagan appealed to the “runners” and argued that individual competitors need to rely on athletic “character” rather than government to succeed. It is argued that attention to the sport metaphor in public discourse as well as to the theoretical points raised in its analysis is needed in the sociology of sport.
The Anthropological Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu: Genesis, Concepts, Relevance
Authors: Defrance Jacques
Published: August 2016

The works of Pierre Bourdieu contribute to the establishment of a true sociology of culture and open prospects for the sociology of sport. A review of the genesis of this sociology shows that it has been constructed through breaks with French sociology’s way of approaching culture in the 1960s. The presentation of some of Bourdieu’s concepts is intended to show how they illuminate the social coherence of cultural behaviors and how the latter fit together. Finally, the paper emphasizes the relevance of such cultural analyses for those who study the social uses of the body, sport culture, or physical education.
Contributions of the Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu to the Sociology of Sport
Authors: Clément Jean-Paul
Published: August 2016

This article deals with works in sport sociology based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and field. The work of Defrance introduced this theory in social history. Subsequently, Pociello and his team demonstrated the relations existing between the space of sports and that of social positions as well as the role of symbolic struggles involving various groups of sports participants in the dynamics of the sports system. The power of symbolism associated with sporting practices is closely bound to the social relevance of the physical dimension in sports. Also discussed is the equivalency between struggles for the definition of the legitimate body and social political struggles. The theoretical and methodological coherence of the works discussed here is sufficient to label them a “school” within sociology of sport.
Sports Journalists and Their Source of Information: A Conflict of Interests and Its Resolution
Authors: Bourgeois Normand
Published: August 2016

The sociocultural context of sports journalists, comprising journalism on the one hand and the sports spectacle on the other, induces a conflict of interests. Journalists must endeavor to gain and maintain a minimum of professional credibility and sustain a close relationship with the source of information. This article presents two resolutive practices used by sports journalists as a means of dealing with this conflict. The first is the sports journalises ambivalent behavior toward the source of information. The second is the sports journalises use of a sociodramatic narrative feeding a loss-of-control scenario. These practices, respectively interactive and discursive, are discussed as well as their relationship to the sports journalise’s conflict of interests.
Tender Machos: Masculine Contrasts in the Mexican Baseball League
Authors: Klein Alan M.
Published: August 2016

This study examines the social and cross-cultural aspects of masculinity through an ethnographic assessment of a Mexican League baseball team. The institution and meaning of “machismo” are examined along three indices of emotion: expression of vulnerability and hurt, reactions to children, and expression of physicality. The view widely held by North Americans that Latino and Latin American men are one-dimensional machos is critiqued. It is argued that, rather than comprising a single category, machismo exists along a continuum of masculinity from more to less macho. Cross-cultural comparisons of masculinity between Mexican and Anglo baseball players were also observed, with Mexican players shown as more capable of exhibiting “tender” emotions than their North American teammates. Finally, the study of emotions is shown to also have social consequences for nationalism.
The Fact(s) of Michael Jordan’s Blackness: Excavating a Floating Racial Signifier
Authors: Andrews David L.
Published: August 2016

This genealogical examination of Michael Jordan’s popular signification reveals a complex narrative that incorporates many of the historically grounded racial codes that continue to structure the racial formation of the United States. Borrowing judiciously from cultural studies, poststructuralist, and postmodern theorizing, this paper critically analyzes the imaged persona of Michael Jordan as an important site of mediated popular culture, at which specific racial ideologies are publicized and authorized in support of the reactionary agenda of the post-Reaganite American imaginary. As such, this paper attempts to develop a critical media literacy that encourages readers to interrogate their engagement with the racially oppressive discursive tracts circulated by the popular media.
What’s Left When the Circus Leaves Town? an Evaluation of World Cup Usa 1994
Authors: Sugden John , Tomlinson Alan
Published: August 2016

This article reviews the impact of the 1994 World Cup (Soccer) Finals upon contemporary US sports culture. The authors draw upon historical and sociological scholarship on North American sports culture, participant observation data generated by them during the World Cup itself, and empirical sources on the context and impact of the World Cup’s development and implementation. These sources are used within an analytical framework derived from critical and investigative sociological traditions. The article situates the case study within debates concerning the USA’s sports space and the nature of globalizing processes within contemporary sport. It is concluded that though the World Cup was notably successful as spectacle and event (as predicted by a number of commentators), and as the accomplishment of interlocking networks of sports administrative elites, its impact upon established US sports culture and space has been minimal.
Jordanscapes: A Preliminary Analysis of the Global Popular
Authors: Andrews David L. , Carrington Ben , Jackson Steven J. , Mazur Zbigniew
Published: August 2016

Over the last decade, a voluminous debate has evolved around the concept of globalization, prompting Featherstone and Lash (1995) to identify this multifaceted phenomenon as replacing modernity and postmodernity as the central thematic within current cultural theorizing (for example, see Appadurai, 1990; McGrew, 1992; Robertson, 1995; Wallerstein, 1990). In light of this claim, the goal of this paper is to examine the interconnections and disjunctures that distinguish the complex relationship between global media and local meaning within the context of contemporary transnational sport culture. Specifically, the paper uses Michael Jordan—a vivid example of the “export to the entire world” (Kellner, 1995, p. 5) of much of America’s commodity-sign culture—as a vehicle for critically exploring the relationship between globally mediated cultural products, and the cultural contingencies of three markedly distinct localized contexts. Such a task will be realized by reconstructing Jordan’s location and significance within particular domains of contemporary New Zealand, Polish, and British cultures. In this way, we hope to provide a preliminary analysis of the global-local nexus as it pertains to the transnationally imaged and commodified expressions of American sporting culture.
Arrest and Conviction Rates for Athletes Accused of Sexual Assault
Authors: Benedict Jeffrey , Klein Alan
Published: August 2016

Arrest and conviction rates, for male collegiate and professional athletes accused of felony sexual assault against women are compared with national crime data to determine whether elite athletes receive preferential treatment by the criminal justice system. The research is based on 217 criminal complaints against athletes filed with police between 1986 and 1995. The findings indicate that allegations of sexual assault involving collegiate or professional athletes are far more likely to result in an arrest and in an indictment. Nonetheless, athletes are significantly less likely to be convicted.
Sports Page: A Case Study in the Manufacture of Sports News for the Daily Press
Authors: Lowes Mark Douglas
Published: August 2016

This case study seeks to develop an understanding of why the sports pages of metropolitan daily newspapers are so regularly saturated with news of the major commercial spectator sports world, while noncommercial sports receive only a modicum of coverage at best. Using data gathered from fieldwork in the sports department of a large Canadian daily, this inquiry reveals that sportswriters depend on routine sources for the bulk of their raw news material. Almost invariably, these sources are athletes, spokespersons, and organizations with roots deep in the commercial sports world. This is a practical necessity, enabling sportswriters to cope with the pressures and constraints of their work. Consequently, work routines employed in the daily manufacture of sports news tend to privilege the major commercial spectator sports, thus “reading” noncommercial sports out of the news by omission.
Civil Society, Physical Activity, and the Involvement of Sport Sociologists in the Preparation of Physical Activity Professionals
Authors: Harris Janet C.
Published: August 2016

Civil society refers broadly to processes of collective decision-making and action that entail (a) active, uncoerced involvement; (b) trust of one’s fellow citizens; (c) responsibility and care for the well-being of others; and (d) social networks featuring many horizontal relationships. There is much evidence that a robust civil society is related to a better quality of life. Unfortunately, there is also evidence that civil society is declining, squeezed by both the market and the state. Because sports and exercise are often focal points for civic engagement, these activities have the potential to become important sites its revitalization. Therefore, a crucial task is the preparation of future physical activity professionals to become change agents who recognize the need for enhancing civil society and are familiar with strategies to help bring this about. Sport sociologists should take the lead in shaping this component of professional preparation.
Stories We Tell Ourselves about Ourselves
Authors: Duncan Margaret Carlisle
Published: August 2016

In this paper I explain the scholarly role of stories and argue for their power and efficacy in creating a particular kind of truth. Drawing on philosopher Richard Rorty’s insights about the “narrative turn,” I describe the importance of stories in particular and the imagination in general as tools for increasing our sensitivity to the pain of others. Stories convey the suffering of those whom we might be tempted to dismiss as having nothing in common with us. Stories allow us to re-envision ourselves as the marginalized Other, and thereby offer us the possibility of moral behavior. The measure of truth in stories is not a standard of objectivity, but rather their power to evoke the vividness of experience. Throughout this discussion, I weave my own stories about stigmatized bodies to illustrate how one might use the narrative turn in sport sociology.
Let Me Tell You a Story: A Narrative Exploration of Identity in High-Performance Sport
Authors: Tsang Tosha
Published: August 2016

Following the research into narrative of scholars such as Laurel Richardson, Carolyn Ellis, and John Van Maanen, I explore the narrative as a way of writing about experiences of sport, specifically of my experiences of identity within high-performance sport. Using the narrative form, I create a space for a variety of my voices to emerge—including both my academic and my athletic voices. Narrative also allows me to show how different stories—stories of gender and racialization—are told, while exploring my identity and how the multiplicity of stories mirrors the hybridity or ambiguity of identity. These stories serve as an illustration of Debra Shogan’s argument that this hybridity of identity disrupts the normalizing project of modern high-performance sport (1999).
Disability Management among Women with Physical Impairments: The Contribution of Physical Activity
Authors: Guthrie Sharon R. , Castelnuovo Shirley
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the ways women with physical disabilities shape their identities and manage (i.e., cope or come to terms with) their disabilities while living in an able-bodyist culture. Particular emphasis was placed on how these women, all of whom were participating in sport or exercise, used physical activity in the management process. In-depth interviews were conducted with 34 women who had physical mobility disabilities. Findings indicated three different approaches to managing disability via physical activity: (a) management by minimizing the significance of the body, (b) management by normalization of the body, and (c) management by optimizing mind-body functioning. They also indicated that having a disability does not preclude positive physical and global self-perceptions. The implications of these findings for sport and society are discussed.
Together We’re One? The “Place” of the Nation in Media Representations of the 1998 Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games
Authors: Silk Michael
Published: August 2016

Through an ethnographically oriented case study at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, the analysis accounts for the complexities and nuances that realignments in political, economic, and social life create for televised sport professionals. The analysis addresses the mediations of, and the interactions between, the host broadcaster (Radio Television Malaysia) and one “client” broadcaster (Television New Zealand). Specifically, the paper focuses on the conditions of production, the production practices, and the meanings embodied within the product that flowed to New Zealand.
The Sprewell/Carlesimo Episode: Unacceptable Violence or Unacceptable Victim?
Authors: Walton Theresa
Published: August 2016

NBA player Latrell Sprewell’s attack on his coach, P.J. Carlesimo, in 1997, received extraordinary attention in the media. The coverage of the incident and subsequent trial revealed the media’s attitude toward violence within cultural representations of sport. This paper focuses on the way that violence associated with sport can be understood in relationship to the normalization of violence against women in American culture. Specifically, I focus on how the violent acts of athletes and coaches elicit different social responses depending on the social status of the victim. I argue that media representations, framed within narratives that construct their importance around gendered ideas of private and public spheres, work to support current race, class, and gender hierarchies. I also offer alternative ways of understanding the incident given the peculiar work setting of professional sport.
Effects of Gender and Sport Type on Intercollegiate Athletes’ Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Aggressive Behaviors in Sport
Authors: Tucker Lori W. , Parks Janet B.
Published: August 2016

This study examined 162 Division I-A intercollegiate athletes’ perceptions of the legitimacy of aggression in sport. Athletes in collision, contact, and noncontact sports completed the Sport Behavior Inventory (Conroy, Silva, Newcomer, Walker, & Johnson, in press). Overall, the athletes did not consider aggression legitimate. A 3 (sport type) x 2 (gender) ANOVA (alpha = .05) with post hoc comparisons showed that athletes in contact and noncontact sports scored lower than those in collision sports. Females scored lower than males. A significant interaction revealed a greater gender difference in noncontact sports than in collision or contact. In noncontact sports, gender role expectations could be the dominant influence for males, while role expectations and in-sport behavioral norms influence females. In collision and contact sports, in-sport norms could reinforce role expectations for males but encourage females to demonstrate behaviors inconsistent with traditional expectations.
Mapping the Field of “AR”: Adventure Racing and Bourdieu’s Concept of Field
Authors: Kay Joanne , Laberge Suzanne
Published: August 2016

Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of field, this paper explores the particular stakes and struggles that animate both the relationships among adventure racing (AR) participants and the competition among race organizers in order to highlight the social dynamic and power structure of this new “lifestyle” sport. Our investigation relies on a diversity of qualitative data, namely semi-structured interviews with 37 AR participants. Adventure Racing Association Listserve discussion, and participant observation of Eco-Challenge Argentina 1999. Our analysis demonstrates that what is at stake in the AR field is both the definition of the sport practice’s legitimate form as well as its orientation with respect to two dominant delineating forces: “authenticity” and “spectacularization” of the adventure. These two forces currently constitute the specific forms of capital (sources of prestige) that define the AR field.
Just Don’t Do It: High School Sports Participation and Young Female Adult Sexual Behavior
Authors: Eitle Tamela McNulty , Eitle David J.
Published: August 2016

Recent research has explored the relationship between sports participation in high school and the sexual and reproductive behavior of females. Evidence has accumulated that playing sports is associated with a lowered risk of pregnancy among adolescents and positively associated with the use of contraceptives, but little evidence has been uncovered as to whether such associations endure into young adulthood. Using data from a representative community sample, we examined whether differences in high school sports participation has an association with the sexual and reproductive activities of young adult women after high school (n = 679). Results of multivariate analyses suggest that high school sports involvement is a predictor of the likelihood of childbirth outside of marriage and lifetime number of sex partners but is not a predictor of condom use during sex.
Unemployment, Personality, and Involvement in Sport
Authors: Heinemann Klaus
Published: August 2016

This paper involves an investigation of the extent to which the leisure-time activities of individuals are tied to work and occupation. Primary attention is focused on how unemployment affects involvement in sport. An analysis of data collected in a 6-month study of 2,500 West German women leads to the conclusion that sports involvement is embedded in a social evaluation of work and leisure time. Sport involvement presupposes a specific personal and social identity, and is linked with a feeling of self-confidence to a specific body concept and time consciousness. What our ideas clarify is that the variability of personality disposition is shaped by situational factors; occupation and work, among other factors, are stabilizing influences. This stability can deteriorate among the unemployed if it is not secured by alternative roles. When stability deteriorates, sport involvement tends to decline.
An Investigation into the Relationship between Ice Hockey Participation and Delinquency
Authors: Segrave Jeffrey , Moreau Claude , Hastad Douglas N.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between participation in minor league Canadian ice hockey and delinquency. Specifically, the study sought to compare the extent of delinquency among ice hockey players and nonathletes, and to examine the relationship between ice hockey participation and delinquency on the basis of a group of sociopsychological variables. The sample of ice hockey players was taken from the Montreal midget minor ice hockey league (15 to 16 years of age) and was further subdivided into local, inter-city, and provincial players. Delinquency was classified by type of offense, namely drugs, theft, physical violence, and vandalism. Data were obtained from anonymous, self-report questionnaires. The results indicated no significant difference in total delinquency between ice hockey players and nonathletes. However, when delinquency was categorized by type, ice hockey players reported more delinquency of a physically violent nature than nonathletes. The results also showed a differential association between a variety of sociopsychological variables and delinquency among ice hockey players and nonathletes
Factors Affecting Attendance of Major League Baseball: II. A Within-Season Analysis
Authors: Marcum John P. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: August 2016

This study examines game-by-game attendance data for one National League team (St. Louis Cardinals) and one American League team (Texas Rangers) for the 1982 season to explore factors related to attendance at professional sporting events. Multiple regression analyses indicate that the major factors affecting attendance are day of the week, opponent, and type of promotion. Recent and season-long performance measures for both the home and visiting teams have relatively little effect on daily attendance.
The Contact Theory of Racial Integration: The Case of Sport
Authors: Chu Donald , Griffey David
Published: August 2016

The contact theory of racial integration is examined in this survey of the behaviors and attitudes of secondary school students and student-athletes. Self-report questionnaires were completed by 1,082 subjects in the urban upstate New York area. Subjects were evaluated on two behavioral (race of students talked to, race of students phoned) and three attitudinal (like more friends of other races, choose interracial school, or races smarter than others) dependent variables. Dependent measures were evaluated relative to their correlations with a number of independent variables (athlete/nonathlete, individual or cooperative sport played, sport experience, won-lost record, exposure to minorities, sex, social status). Results of the study argue for consideration of the contact theory’s applicability to the sport situation.
The Home Advantage in Collegiate Basketball
Authors: Snyder Eldon E. , Purdy Dean A.
Published: August 2016

This study substantiates the notion of a home advantage for the sport of basketball. The findings indicate that home teams win 66% of their games and this advantage is as important for game outcomes as team quality. However, the advantage varies according to the quality of home and visiting teams. The paper provides a review of the Durkheimian perspective, which views the home team as a representative of the home collectivity that draws support from its fans. Additionally, the home advantage may be seen as an expression of Goffman, whereby the players are highly motivated to respond in a manner that will maintain their proper demeanor and self-esteem.
Sporting Gender: Women’s Footballing Bodies as Sites/Sights for the (Re) Articulation of Sex, Gender, and Desire
Authors: Caudwell Jayne
Published: August 2016

Past and present participation in the game of football (soccer) by women and girls in the UK is mostly through organizational structures and legal and discursive practices that differentiate players by sex and incidentally gender. In this article, the author argues that the emphasis on sex and gender differentiation in football underpins a sporting system that is unable to move beyond sex as pregiven and the sex/gender distinction. The author engages with feminist–queer theory to illustrate how sex, gender, and desire are regulated in order to uphold social relations of power. The focus on women’s footballing bodies demonstrates how the sexed body is socially constructed to inform gender and sexuality. In addition, the author highlights resistance to the compulsory order woman-feminine-heterosexual and presents examples of rearticulations of sex-gender-desire.
Kevlar®, Crisco®, and Menstruation: “Tradition” and Dene Games
Authors: Giles Audrey R.
Published: August 2016

Using data collected from 4 months of ethnographic research that was conducted during the summer of 2002, this article examines the complexity inherent in anthropological investigations of “tradition,” and also the multiplicity of ways that traditions are looked at by residents of Sambaa K’e and Dene Games organizers in the Northwest Territories. By exploring different interpretations of traditional Dene Games, the role of women in such games, and the ideological positions that have contributed to these interpretations, the ways in whichß certain understandings of tradition are privileged over others are elucidated.
Racial Differences in Occupational Turnover Intent among NCAA Division IA Assistant Football Coaches
Authors: Cunningham George B. , Sagas Michael
Published: August 2016

Whereas previous research has demonstrated racial differences in occupational turnover intent, why such differences exist remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this Research Note was to examine perceived opportunity, career satisfaction, and occupational turnover intent of racial-minority and White NCAA Division I-A assistant football coaches (N = 382). Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that racial minorities perceived less career-related opportunity, were less satisfied with their careers, and had greater occupational turnover intentions than their White counterparts. Structural equation modeling indicated that career satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between perceived opportunity and occupational turnover intent. Results highlight the need for a change in the organizational culture of intercollegiate athletic departments such that diversity is valued and embraced.
Therapeutic Landscapes and the Regulated Body in the Toronto Front Runners
Authors: van Ingen Cathy
Published: August 2016

The study of therapeutic landscapes (locations where place works as a vector of well-being) has generated substantial international interest. Drawing from Henri Lefebvre’s prolific writings on space, this article extends the concept of “landscapes of social relations” as an often-overlooked form of therapeutic landscapes. Consequent to this undertaking, this article examines the health experiences of members of the Toronto Front Runners, a running club for sexual minorities. Specifically, I underline the need for an interpretive analysis that examines notions of pluralism, multiple voices, and difference within therapeutic landscapes in order to highlight the ways in which social inequalities affect health.
Spectacle and Fandom: Media Discourse in Two Soccer Events in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Francis L. F.
Published: August 2016

This article examines the role of the news media in the production of media sports spectacle through representation of soccer fandom and articulation of the meanings of sports events. The article analyzes the visits of two European soccer teams (Liverpool FC and Real Madrid) to Hong Kong in the summer of 2003. Newspaper discourses are found to generate a picture of generalized fandom and normalized fanaticism towards these events. At the same time, the media articulated the meanings of the events within the context of both global and local processes. The overall result is that public discourse embraced the commercialization of sports, and the media helped to transform the preseason “friendlies” into hugely successful spectacles. These results are understood within the theoretical framework of the society of the spectacle proffered by Debord (1995), though the analysis also points to the limitations of Debord’s framework.