bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population Synthesis of Black Hole Binaries with Normal-star Companions. I. Detached Systems
Authors: Shao Yong , Li Xiang-Dong
Published: November 2019

Optical observations of normal stars in binary systems with massive unseen objects have been proposed to search for candidate black holes (BHs) and provide a direct measurement of their dynamical masses. In this paper, we have performed binary population synthesis calculations to simulate the potential population of detached binaries containing BHs and normal-star companions in the Galaxy. We focus on the influence of the BH progenitors. In the traditional model, BHs in binaries evolve from stars more massive than ∼25M
⊙. However, it is difficult for this model to produce BH low-mass X-ray binaries. Recent investigations of massive star evolution have suggested that the BH progenitors have masses as low as ∼15M
⊙. Based on this model, we provide the expected distributions of various parameters for detached BH binaries with normal-star companions, including the component masses, the orbital parameters of the binary systems, the radial velocity semi-amplitudes, and the astrometric signatures of the optical companions. Our calculations show that there are thousands of such detached binaries in the Galaxy, and hundreds of them are potentially observable systems with luminous companions brighter than 20 mag. In addition, detached BH binaries are dominated by those with main-sequence companions and only a small percent of them are expected to have giant companions.
Measurement of the Extragalactic Background Light Spectral Energy Distribution with VERITAS
Authors: Abeysekara A. U. , Archer A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Brill A. , Brose R. , Buchovecky M. , Calderon-Madera D. , Christiansen J. L. , Cui W. , Daniel M. K. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Fernandez-Alonso M. , Finley J. P. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gent A. , Giuri C. , Gueta O. , Hanna D. , Hassan T. , Hervet O. , Holder J. , Hughes G. , Humensky T. B. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kertzman M. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Krennrich F. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , Maier G. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , Nievas-Rosillo M. , O’Brien S. , Ong R. A. , Pfrang K. , Pohl M. , Prado R. R. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Ribeiro D. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rovero A. C. , Sadeh I. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Sushch I. , Svraka T. , Weinstein A. , Wells R. M. , Wilcox P. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Williamson T. J , Zitzer B.
Published: November 2019

The extragalactic background light (EBL), a diffuse photon field in the optical and infrared range, is a record of radiative processes over the universe’s history. Spectral measurements of blazars at very high energies (>100 GeV) enable the reconstruction of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the EBL, as the blazar spectra are modified by redshift- and energy-dependent interactions of the gamma-ray photons with the EBL. The spectra of 14 VERITAS-detected blazars are included in a new measurement of the EBL SED that is independent of EBL SED models. The resulting SED covers an EBL wavelength range of 0.56–56 μm, and is in good agreement with lower limits obtained by assuming that the EBL is entirely due to radiation from cataloged galaxies.
The Long-standing Closure Crisis in Coronal Plasmas
Authors: Scudder J. D.
Published: November 2019

Coronal and solar wind physics have long used plasma fluid models to motivate physical explanations of observations; the hypothesized model is introduced into a fluid simulation to see if observations are reproduced. This procedure is called Verification of Mechanism (VoM) modeling; it is contingent on the self consistency of the closure that made the simulation possible. Inner corona VoMs typically assume weak gradient Spitzer–Braginskii closures. Four prominent coronal VoMs in place for decades are shown to contradict their closure hypotheses, demonstrably shaping coronal and solar wind research. These findings have been possible since 1953. This unchallenged evolution is worth understanding, so that similarly flawed VoMs do not continue to mislead new research. As a first step in this direction, this paper organizes four a posteriori quantitative tests for the purpose of easily screening the physical integrity of a proposed VoM. A fifth screen involving the thermal force, the tandem of the heat flux, has been shown to be mandatory when VoMs involve species-specific energy equations. VoM modeling will soon be required to advance Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter science. Such modeling cannot advance the physical understanding sought by these missions unless the closures adopted (i) are demonstrated to be self consistent for the VoM plasma Knudsen numbers, (ii) are verified a posteriori as possessing nonnegative VDFs throughout the simulated volume, and (iii) include the physical completeness of thermal force physics when the VoM requires species-specific energy equations.
Prevalence of SED Turndown among Classical Be Stars: Are All Be Stars Close Binaries?
Authors: Klement Robert , Carciofi A. C. , Rivinius T. , Ignace R. , Matthews L. D. , Torstensson K. , Gies D. , Vieira R. G. , Richardson N. D. , de Souza A. Domiciano , Bjorkman J. E. , Hallinan G. , Faes D. M. , Mota B. , Gullingsrud A. D. , de Breuck C. , Kervella P. , Curé M. , Gunawan D.
Published: November 2019

Rapid rotation is a fundamental characteristic of classical Be stars and a crucial property allowing for the formation of their circumstellar disks. Past evolution in a mass and angular momentum transferring binary system offers a plausible solution to how Be stars attained their fast rotation. Although the subdwarf remnants of mass donors in such systems should exist in abundance, only a few have been confirmed due to tight observational constraints. An indirect method of detecting otherwise hidden companions is offered by their effect on the outer parts of Be star disks, which are expected to be disrupted or truncated. In the context of the infrared and radio continuum excess radiation originating in the disk, the disk truncation can be revealed by a turndown in the spectral energy distribution due to reduced radio flux levels. In this work, we search for signs of spectral turndown in a sample of 57 classical Be stars with radio data, which include new data for 23 stars and the longest-wavelength detections so far (λ ≈ 10 cm) for two stars. We confidently detect the turndown for all 26 stars with sufficient data coverage (20 of which are not known to have close binary companions). For the remaining 31 stars, the data are inconclusive as to whether the turndown is present or not. The analysis suggests that many if not all Be stars have close companions influencing their outer disks. If confirmed to be subdwarf companions, the mass transfer spin-up scenario might explain the existence of the vast majority of classical Be stars.
A Three-phase Approach to Grain Surface Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: Gas, Ice Surfaces, and Ice Mantles of Dust Grains
Authors: Ruaud Maxime , Gorti Uma
Published: November 2019

We study the effects of grain surface reactions on the chemistry of protoplanetary disks where gas, ice surface layers, and icy mantles of dust grains are considered as three distinct phases. Gas-phase and grain surface chemistry is found to be mainly driven by photoreactions and dust temperature gradients. The icy disk interior has three distinct chemical regions: (i) the inner midplane with low far-UV (FUV) fluxes and warm dust (≳15 K) that lead to the formation of complex organic molecules, (ii) the outer midplane with higher FUV from the interstellar medium and cold dust where hydrogenation reactions dominate, and (iii) a molecular layer above the midplane but below the water condensation front where photodissociation of ices affects gas-phase compositions. Some common radicals, e.g., CN and C2H, exhibit a two-layered vertical structure and are abundant near the CO photodissociation front and near the water condensation front. The three-phase approximation in general leads to lower vertical column densities than two-phase models for many gas-phase molecules owing to reduced desorption, e.g., H2O, CO2, HCN, and HCOOH decrease by roughly two orders of magnitude. Finally, we find that many observed gas-phase species originate near the water condensation front; photoprocesses determine their column densities, which do not vary significantly with key disk properties such as mass and dust/gas ratio.
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. A Search for Planetary Nebulae in Virgo Cluster Globular Clusters
Authors: Sun Weijia , Peng Eric W. , Ko Youkyung , Côté Patrick , Ferrarese Laura , Lee Myung Gyoon , Liu Chengze , Longobardi Alessia , Chilingarian Igor V. , Spengler Chelsea , Zabludoff Ann I. , Zhang Hong-Xin , Cuillandre Jean-Charles , Gwyn Stephen D. J.
Published: November 2019

The occurrence of planetary nebulae (PNe) in globular clusters (GCs) provides an excellent chance to study low-mass stellar evolution in a special (low-metallicity, high stellar density) environment. We report a systematic spectroscopic survey for the [O iii] 5007 Å emission line of PNe in 1469 Virgo GCs and 121 Virgo ultra-compact dwarfs (UCDs), mainly hosted in the giant elliptical galaxies M87, M49, M86, and M84. We detected zero PNe in our UCD sample and discovered one PN (

) associated with an M87 GC. We used the [O iii] detection limit for each GC to estimate the luminosity-specific frequency of PNe, α, and measured α in the Virgo cluster GCs to be

. The value of α in the Virgo GCs is among the lowest reported in any environment, due in part to the large sample size, and it is 5–6 times lower than that for the Galactic GCs. We suggest that α decreases toward brighter and more massive clusters, sharing a similar trend as the binary fraction, and the discrepancy between the Virgo and Galactic GCs can be explained by the observational bias in extragalactic surveys toward brighter GCs. This low but nonzero efficiency in forming PNe may highlight the important role played by binary interactions in forming PNe in GCs. We argue that a future survey of less massive Virgo GCs will be able to determine whether PN production in the Virgo GCs is governed by an internal process (mass, density, binary fraction) or if it is largely regulated by the external environment.
Global Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of sub-Eddington Accretion Disks around Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Jiang 燕 Yan-Fei 飞姜 , Blaes Omer , Stone James M. , Davis Shane W.
Published: November 2019

We conduct global three-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the inner regions of accretion flows around a 5 × 108
M
⊙ black hole, with mass accretion rates reaching 7% and 20% of the Eddington value. We choose initial field topologies that result in an inner disk supported by magnetic pressure, with surface density significantly smaller than the values predicted by the standard thin-disk model as well as a much larger disk scale height. The disks do not show any sign of thermal instability over many thermal timescales. More than half of the accretion is driven by radiation viscosity in the optically thin coronal region for the case of the lower accretion rate, while accretion in the optically thick part of the disk is driven by the Maxwell and Reynolds stresses from turbulence caused by magnetorotational instability. Optically thin plasma with gas temperatures ≳108 K is generated only in the inner ≈10 gravitational radii in both simulations, and is more compact in the case of the higher accretion rate. Such plasma does not form at larger radii because the surface density increases outward with radius, causing less dissipation outside the photosphere. In contrast to standard thin-disk models, the surface density in our simulations increases with increasing mass accretion rate at each radius. This causes a relatively weaker hot plasma component for the simulation with a higher accretion rate. We suggest that these results may provide a physical mechanism for understanding some of the observed properties of coronae and spectra of active galactic nuclei.
Testing Stellar Evolution with Asteroseismic Inversions of a Main-sequence Star Harboring a Small Convective Core
Authors: Bellinger Earl P. , Basu Sarbani , Hekker Saskia , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen
Published: November 2019

The goal of stellar evolution theory is to predict the structure of stars throughout their lifetimes. Usually, these predictions can be assessed only indirectly, for example by comparing predicted and observed effective temperatures and luminosities. Thanks now to asteroseismology, which can reveal the internal structure of stars, it becomes possible to compare the predictions from stellar evolution theory to actual stellar structures. In this work, we present an inverse analysis of the oscillation data from the solar-type star KIC 6225718, which was observed by the Kepler space observatory during its nominal mission. As its mass is about 20% greater than solar, this star is predicted to transport energy by convection in its nuclear-burning core. We find significant differences between the predicted and actual structure of the star in the radiative interior near to the convective core. In particular, the predicted sound speed is higher than observed in the deep interior of the star, and too low at a fractional radius of 0.25 and beyond. The cause of these discrepancies is unknown, and is not remedied by known physics in the form of convective overshooting or elemental diffusion.
NuSTAR and Chandra Observations of New X-Ray Transients in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy
Authors: Mori Kaya , Hailey Charles J. , Mandel Shifra , Schutt Theo , Bachetti Matteo , Coerver Anna , Baganoff Frederick K. , Dykaar Hannah , Grindlay Jonathan E. , Haggard Daryl , Heuer Keri , Hong Jaesub , Hord Benjamin J. , Jin Chichuan , Nynka Melania , Ponti Gabriele , Tomsick John A.
Published: November 2019

We report NuSTAR and Chandra observations of two X-ray transients, SWIFT J174540.7−290015 (T15) and SWIFT J174540.2−290037 (T37), which were discovered by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory in 2016 within r ∼ 1 pc of Sgr A*. NuSTAR detected bright X-ray outbursts from T15 and T37, likely in the soft and hard states, with 3–79 keV luminosities of 8 × 1036 and 3 × 1037 erg s−1, respectively. No X-ray outbursts have previously been detected from the two transients and our Chandra ACIS analysis puts an upper limit of L
X ≲ 2 × 1031 erg s−1 on their quiescent 2–8 keV luminosities. No pulsations, significant quasi-periodic oscillations, or type I X-ray bursts were detected in the NuSTAR data. While T15 exhibited no significant red noise, the T37 power density spectra are well characterized by three Lorentzian components. The declining variability of T37 above ν ∼ 10 Hz is typical of black hole (BH) transients in the hard state. NuSTAR spectra of both transients exhibit a thermal disk blackbody, X-ray reflection with broadened Fe atomic features, and a continuum component well described by Comptonization models. Their X-ray reflection spectra are most consistent with high BH spin (a
* ≳ 0.9) and large disk density (n

e
 ∼ 1021 cm−3). Based on the best-fit ionization parameters and disk densities, we found that X-ray reflection occurred near the inner-disk radius, which was derived from the relativistic broadening and thermal disk component. These X-ray characteristics suggest the outbursting BH-low-mass X-ray binary scenario for both transients and yield the first BH spin measurements from X-ray transients in the central 100 pc region.
Could HCN Be Responsible for the Formamide Synthesis in Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere?
Authors: Vichietti R. M. , Spada R. F. K. , da Silva A. B. F. , Machado F. B. C. , Haiduke R. L. A.
Published: November 2019

The forward and reverse H2O + HCN ↔ HCONH2 global reactions were studied along temperatures from 200 to 4000 K. Equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies were obtained from calculations at the Coupled Cluster theory with single and double excitations (CCSD)/cc-pVDZ level; whereas enthalpies, Gibbs energies, and thermal rate constants were achieved by means of the CCSD(T)/CBS//CCSD/cc-pVDZ combined treatment. The estimates performed considering physical and chemical conditions proposed for the primitive atmosphere of Earth indicate that the formamide concentration might be 3.0–4.4 times larger than the one for HCN at 700 K, suggesting that this forward gas phase reaction could provide an efficient production route for formamide during an age just before the formation of early oceans. This route is also considerably fast once the chemical equilibrium is attained in some decades at this temperature. In short, our research reinforces that more complex organic compounds, such as formamide, could be synthetized in the Earth’s primordial atmosphere, even considering a neutral atmosphere scenario composed mainly by H2O, CO2, and some N2.
A Catalog of Galaxies in the Direction of the Perseus Cluster
Authors: Wittmann Carolin , Kotulla Ralf , Lisker Thorsten , Grebel Eva K. , Conselice Christopher J. , Janz Joachim , Penny Samantha J.
Published: November 2019

We present a catalog of 5437 morphologically classified sources in the direction of the Perseus galaxy cluster core, among them 496 early-type low-mass galaxy candidates. The catalog is primarily based on V-band imaging data acquired with the William Herschel Telescope, which we used to conduct automated source detection and derive photometry. We additionally reduced archival Subaru multiband imaging data in order to measure aperture colors and perform a morphological classification, benefiting from 0.″5 seeing conditions in the r-band data. Based on morphological and color properties, we extracted a sample of early-type low-mass galaxy candidates with absolute V-band magnitudes in the range of −10 to −20 mag. In the color–magnitude diagram, the galaxies are located where the red sequence for early-type cluster galaxies is expected, and they lie on the literature relation between absolute magnitude and Sérsic index. We classified the early-type dwarf candidates into nucleated and nonnucleated galaxies. For the faint candidates, we found a trend of increasing nucleation fraction toward brighter luminosity or higher surface brightness, similar to what is observed in other nearby galaxy clusters. We morphologically classified the remaining sources as likely background elliptical galaxies, late-type galaxies, edge-on disk galaxies, and likely merging systems and discussed the expected contamination fraction through non-early-type cluster galaxies in the magnitude-size surface brightness parameter space. Our catalog reaches its 50% completeness limit at an absolute V-band luminosity of −12 mag and a V-band surface brightness of 26 mag arcsec−2. This makes it the largest and deepest catalog with coherent coverage compared to previous imaging studies of the Perseus cluster.
Relativistic MR-MP Energy Levels for L-shell Ions of Iron
Authors: Santana Juan A. , Peña-Cotto Edgardo L. , Morales Butler Emmanuel J. , Beiersdorfer Peter , Brown Gregory V.
Published: November 2019

A comprehensive set of level energies is provided for the valence and K-vacancy states of the ions Fe xvii, Fe xviii, Fe xix, Fe xx, Fe xxi, Fe xxii, Fe xxiii, and Fe xxiv. Level energies were calculated with the relativistic Multi-Reference Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory method (MR-MP). The data set includes level energies coming from the configurations

,

,

,

,

, and

, where 1 ≤ q ≤ 8, n ≤ 5, and l ≤ 3. The results have been compared with data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) online database and with previous calculations. In general, the deviation from the NIST-recommended values is below 0.6 and 1.0 eV for valence and K-vacancy level energies, respectively. However, we identify numerous outliers among the NIST-recommended values. The extensive data set presented here greatly augments the amount of available reference level energies in the NIST database for L-shell ions of Fe, and we expect our data set to ease line identification and confirm level designations.
Urban trees facilitate the establishment of non-native forest insects
Authors: Branco Manuela , Nunes Pedro , Roques Alain , Fernandes Maria Rosário , Orazio Christophe , Jactel Hervé
Published: November 2019

Cities, due to the presence of ports and airports and the high diversity of trees in streets, parks, and gardens, may play an important role for the introduction of invasive forest pests. We hypothesize that areas of urban forest facilitate the establishment of non-native forest pests. Based on scientific literature and a pan-European database on non-native species feeding on woody plants, we analysed where the first detections occurred in European countries. We collected site data for 137 first detections in Europe and 508 first European country-specific records. We also estimated the percentage of tree cover and suitable habitat (green areas with trees) in buffers around detection points. The large majority of first records (89% for first record in Europe and 88% for first records in a European country) were found in cities or suburban areas. Only 7% of the cases were in forests far from cities. The probability of occurrence decreased sharply with distance from the city. The probability to be detected in urban areas was higher for sap feeders, gall makers, and seed or fruit feeders (>90%) than for bark and wood borers (81%). Detection sites in cities were highly diverse, including public parks, street trees, university campus, arboreta, zoos, and botanical gardens. The average proportion of suitable habitat was less than 10% in urban areas where the species were detected. Further, more than 72% of the cases occurred in sites with less than 20% of tree cover. Hotspots of first detection were identified along the coastal regions of the Mediterranean and Atlantic, and near industrial areas of central Europe. We conclude that urban trees are main facilitators for the establishment of non-native forest pests, and that cities should thus be intensely surveyed. Moreover, as urban areas are highly populated, the involvement of citizens is highly recommended.
A new species of the genus Acanthosaura from Yunnan, China (Squamata, Agamidae)
Authors: Liu Shuo , Rao Dingqi
Published: November 2019

A new species ofAcanthosaurafrom Yunnan, China is described based on unique morphometric and meristic external characters and a very distinctive color pattern. The fourteenth species recorded of this genus,Acanthosaura tongbiguanensissp. nov., was previously consideredA. lepidogasteralthough it more closely resemblesA. crucigera. It can be separated from all other species of the genus by having different numbers of subdigital lamellae on the fourth finger and toe, and a different shape of the black eye patch. The new species differs genetically from investigated congeners by percentage distance of 14.46% to 23.27% (cytochrome b gene).
Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Parental Experience
Authors: Gautam Kunta
Published: November 2019

In 2018, one in every 59 children was diagnosed in the United States with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD is a developmental disability, which is a biologically based neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a child's social interaction and communication skills. ASD includes repetitive patterns and restrictive behaviors, which could last a lifetime. Limited awareness of disease condition, less effective coping strategies, and inadequate guidance lead to increased stress levels among parents of children with ASD. Parents experience peaks and troughs of social, emotional, and financial challenges as they go through a pre-diagnosis phase, diagnosis phase, and post-diagnosis phase. The shortage of health care providers and fragmentation of care in the health care delivery system delays early diagnosis and management of ASD. Primary care providers along with the U.S. physician workforce for patients with ASD are strongly encouraged to review their practices on early screening and diagnosis and have clearly planned out care for every child with a family-centered approach. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58
(2), 14–19.]
A New Reconstruction Algorithm for Improvement of Corneal Topographical Analysis
Authors: Wang Jianyi , Rice David A , Klyce Stephen D
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT:Accurate methods for the analysis of corneal topography are essential for the evaluation and management of corneal refractive errors. Photokeratoscopy has been used clinically to evaluate corneal shape anomalies, and methods have been developed to reconstruct the shape of the corneal surface from keratoscope photographs. However, the 2-dimenslonal information on the keratoscope image is insufficient for uniquely reconstructing a 3-dimensional corneal surface. Algorithms currently used make assumptions necessary for calculation, but lead to considerable error, especially at the periphery of radially aspheric corneas. This article proposes an improved algorithm that avoids some of the earlier assumptions for improved accuracy. The new algorithm was tested on both spherical and aspherical calibration surfaces. The result of this algorithm is identical to earlier methods for spherical surfaces, but the new method substantially increases accuracy in reproducing the aspherical surfaces at the cost of increased computation time. [Refractive and Corneal Surgery 1989; 6:379-387].
Comparison of FDA-Reported Visual and Refractive Outcomes of the Toric ICL Lens, SMILE, and Topography-Guided LASIK for the Correction of Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Moshirfar Majid , Somani Anisha N. , Motlagh Mahsaw N. , Vaidyanathan Uma , Sumsion Jorgen S. , Barnes James R. , Ronquillo Yasmyne C.
Published: November 2019

PURPOSE:

To compare U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–reported visual and refractive outcomes following surgical correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism using the Visian Toric Implantable Collamer Lens (STAAR Surgical, Monrovia, CA) (Toric ICL), small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), and topography-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (TG-LASIK).

METHODS:

FDA summary of safety and effectiveness data (SSED) were analyzed for each of the three platforms. Primary outcomes measured were efficacy, safety, stability, and accuracy of refractive correction. Stratified mean refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) data were assessed.

RESULTS:

One hundred twenty-four Toric ICL patients (210 eyes), 357 SMILE patients (357 eyes), and 212 TG-LASIK patients (249 eyes) were included. SMILE eyes had a significant improvement in postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity with respect to preoperative corrected distance visual acuity from 3 to 12 months (
P
< .001), whereas TG-LASIK had no further improvement from 3 to 12 months (
P
= .79). For preoperative MRSE greater than 10.00 diopters (D), there was a significant difference in the percentage of eyes achieving postoperative MSRE within ±0.50 D between Toric ICL (66%) and SMILE (100%) (
P
< .001). SMILE was consistently more accurate than Toric ICL for cylinder within ±0.25 D (
P
< .001), ±0.50 D (
P
< .001), and ±1.00 D (
P
= .0014).

CONCLUSIONS:

All three platforms analyzed in this study had excellent efficacy, safety, stability, and accuracy. Stratified analysis revealed that SMILE may be comparable to Toric ICL for patients with high myopia or myopic astigmatism, and SMILE may have a longer visual recovery compared to TG-LASIK than previously indicated.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2019;35(11):699–706.]
Refeeding Syndrome
Authors: Runde Joseph , Sentongo Timothy
Published: November 2019

Refeeding syndrome describes the metabolic disturbances and clinical sequelae that occur in response to nutritional rehabilitation of patients who are moderate to severely malnourished. When risk factors are not identified and nutrition therapy is not managed appropriately, devastating consequences such as electrolyte depletion and imbalances, fluid overload, arrhythmia, seizure, encephalopathy, and death may occur. As this entity is often unrecognized, especially in pediatrics, becoming familiar with the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies will help clinicians caring for children avoid unnecessary morbidity and mortality.[Pediatr Ann. 2019;48(11):e448–e454.]
Frontières de sable, frontières de papier
Authors: Lefebvre Camille
Published: November 2019

Les frontières africaines sont souvent décrites comme des cicatrices de la violence des impérialismes étrangers en Afrique. Ce lieu commun fait encore aujourd'hui partie des catégories qui fondent nos regards sur le continent. Mais ce discours, en cherchant à dénoncer l'arbitraire colonial, réduit les configurations territoriales africaines à de simples conséquences de la domination européenne et fait des populations africaines les spectateurs passifs de leur propre histoire. Aux antipodes de ce cliché, cet ouvrage propose une histoire longue de la constitution des frontières d'un État — le Niger — englobant dans un même regard un siècle d'histoire régionale et soixante ans de domination coloniale. Cette approche permet de mettre au jour la place des enjeux locaux et régionaux dans cette histoire de frontières et de territoires, et de révéler qu'au sein de ceux-ci la colonisation n'est qu'un moment parmi d'autres.

Cet ouvrage raconte une histoire paradoxale, celle d'une poignée de militaires coloniaux qui, au début du xxe siècle, instituent dans les plus grandes difficultés un gouvernement précaire qui s'appuie très largement sur les organisations politiques et territoriales locales, contribuant ainsi à les vider de leur sens et à amoindrir leur importance. Cette appropriation coloniale des frontières a été si forte qu'elle a fini par faire oublier aux colonisateurs, tout comme aux sociétés concernées elles-mêmes, que leur origine était le plus souvent locale et avait été négociée avec les populations et les autorités politiques. Ces frontières furent marquées par les dynamiques historiques internes du Soudan central au xixe siècle, et notamment les répercussions du jihad d'Ousman dan Fodio. Pourtant, l'histoire de leur tracé a contribué à construire le grand récit d'Européens maîtres du jeu imposant sans considération le partage du monde.
La théorie du rachat
Authors: Rebour Thierry
Published: November 2019

Renvoyant dos à dos marxistes et néo-classiques, La théorie du rachat détruit le mythe de l’équilibre économique et spatial qui fonde encore trop de travaux en sciences humaines. Les échanges de biens, les migrations et la mobilité du capital tendent en effet à homogénéiser les structures spatiales en situation d’équilibre ; mais la ville n’a pas sa place dans cette élégante construction qui prétend pourtant expliquer les morphologies de l’œkoumène.

Or les villes existent bel et bien et elles exercent même un rôle économique majeur. La théorie du rachat explicite le lien fondamental entre l’appropriation des terres, l’essor de la production, la formation du profit capitaliste, le partage inégal des richesses et le développement urbain. À terme, c’est une lecture nouvelle de l’espace et du monde à laquelle nous convie l’auteur.

« La qualité et l’ampleur de la réflexion, la diversité des investigations et des champs scientifiques explorés, l’originalité de la thèse proposée en font un travail exceptionnel, renforcé par la prudence de l’auteur, la rigueur de l’interprétation et un remarquable effort de présentation pédagogique ». André Fischer
The Ambiguous Authority of a “Surrogate State”: UNHCR’s Negotiation of Asylum in the Complexities of Migration in Southeast Asia
Authors: Nah Alice M.
Published: November 2019

In complex migration contexts, protection actors have had to invest tremendous effort into signifying “refugees” as a legitimate type of non-citizen deserving of international protection. This article examines how the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reinforces the distinction between “refugees” and “migrants” through resource-intensive practices of identification, intervention, and advocacy in Malaysia, which have resulted in the partial, impermanent protection of some refugees. In such situations, UNHCR takes on properties of a “surrogate state” but does so without sovereignty, negotiating the protection of refugees in urban and rural areas with ambiguous authority. In recent years, Rohingyas have become the archetypal refugee in Southeast Asia. Troublingly, UNHCR has argued that other refugees from Myanmar in protracted situations are no longer in need of international protection. Contemporary constructions of “refugees” fail to address the complexities of migration but have become a necessary protection measure. Alternative ways are needed to address the precarity of diverse mobile subjects in Southeast Asia.
Contracting Margins? Liquid International Migration in the Pacific
Authors: Connell John
Published: November 2019

In the smaller Pacific islands especially, migration has a long history. In this century international migration has become more significant in Melanesia, more diverse in terms of destinations and occupation, more valuable to national economies through remittances and more likely to be permanent. Governments of the smaller Pacific island states have become increasingly involved in negotiating migration strategies, as remittances have become more significant for national and household economies. Responding to scarce international opportunities has been particularly difficult in smaller, more remote states. In the coral island states outer islands are losing population. An economic rationale dominates migration but environmental changes are putting further pressure on the coral island states especially, and the margins of settlement in the Pacific are gradually contracting. Reversing these trends is unlikely to be imminent.
L’association Pulaar Speaking à la croisée des chemins. Dynamiques migratoires et débats autour du sens à donner à l’action communautaire au sein du collectif migrant haalpulaaren (Mauritanie, Sénégal) aux États-Unis
Authors: Leservoisier Olivier
Published: November 2019

Alors que les recherches sur les migrations des Haalpulaaren aux États-Unis demeurent rares, cet article s’attache à rendre compte des expériences migratoires des ressortissants de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal, à partir de l’étude de la Pulaar Speaking Association (PSA). L’histoire de cette association, devenue aujourd’hui la plus grande association communautaire haalpulaar dans le monde, permet de s’intéresser au processus de construction d’un Nous communautaire, aux changements auxquels sont confrontés les migrants, ainsi qu’aux débats qui les animent, en particulier autour de l’enjeu d’un développement aux États-Unis.
Financiarisation du social et formes d’appartenance. Les émigrants portugais en France et la crise de 2008
Authors: Vidal Dominique
Published: November 2019

Cet article examine plusieurs effets de la crise de 2008 sur les émigrants portugais en France. Il montre d’abord la complexification des flux entre les deux pays et le changement du sens donné au projet migratoire par les émigrants d’hier et d’aujourd’hui. Il s’intéresse ensuite aux conséquences de la crise sur différentes formes d’appartenance. Il souligne comment la crise modifie les liens sur un mode spécifique qui est l’aboutissement des nombreux changements qu’a connus le Portugal, notamment la financiarisation du social.
Communautés patrimoniales, pratiques musicales et enjeux de reconnaissance : le cas de la rumba catalane
Authors: Chandivert Arnauld , Parent Hervé
Published: November 2019

Cet article est consacré à la place de la notion de communauté dans les politiques de l’Unesco en matière de PCI, au regard d’un projet dont les auteurs sont parties prenantes : l’inscription d’une pratique musicale gitane, la rumba catalane, au titre de la Convention de 2003. Une première partie vise à caractériser le « modèle communautaire » présent dans ces politiques, avant qu’il ne s’agisse d’envisager les modalités de son application en France et au cas de la rumba. Après avoir signalé l’équivoque de cette application et les enjeux qu’elle comporte en termes de représentation des populations gitanes, l’analyse s’axe sur la rumba elle-même. Il s’agit notamment d’examiner le fait que le caractère évolutif de ce genre musical n’empêche pas que des définitions plus fixistes en soient données par certains acteurs et dans certains contextes, dont celui du projet d’inscription lui-même. Ce dernier apparaît ainsi comme un espace d’identification et de médiation des affiliations collectives et des pratiques musicales, processus qui nécessitent finalement d’être intégrés au regard patrimonial porté sur la rumba.
Le jeu du bâton, des pharaons à l’Unesco : patrimoine, identification et construction mémorielle dans le Ṣaʿīd égyptien
Authors: Gabry-Thienpont Séverine
Published: November 2019

Classé depuis novembre 2016 au PCI, le taḥṭīb est une pratique égyptienne qui se joue particulièrement pendant les fêtes de mariage et les pèlerinages (mawlid). Il s’agit d’un jeu aux règles strictes, exclusivement masculin : deux hommes munis d’un bâton s’affrontent, en un enchaînement chorégraphique aux figures définies. La musique y occupe une place centrale : mizmār et ṭabla baladi accompagnent les joueurs, les encouragent, les retiennent. Comme nombre de pratiques rurales, le taḥṭīb est considéré tant par ses acteurs que par les spectateurs comme une tradition ancestrale, dont l’origine remonterait à l’Égypte pharaonique. Après une présentation de la pratique du taḥṭīb dans l’Égypte du XXIe siècle, je propose d’analyser les discours à teneur pharaoniste, les processus de patrimonialisation qui en découlent, ainsi que les récents développements qui ont mené à la création d’un Modern Tahtib par Adel Boulad. Cette réflexion permettra de questionner les constructions mémorielles actuellement à l’œuvre en Égypte, leur réception à l’étranger – en l’occurrence, en France –, et la manière dont elles ont permis l’inscription du taḥṭīb et de sa musique au PCI.
« Le patrimoine c’est nous ! » Voix plurielles autour du cante alentejano
Authors: Pestana Maria do Rosário , Barriga Maria José
Published: November 2019

Le cante alentejano, inscrit sur la Liste du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel de l’UNESCO en 2014, est un chant polyphonique originaire de la région de l’Alentejo, au sud du Portugal, et qui se caractérise par la prédominance de trois rôles (ponto soliste, alto soliste et baixos ou chorale). Cette inscription a engendré l’émergence de nouveaux ensembles musicaux, stimulé l’activité des musiciens et dynamisé des politiques culturelles locales de sauvegarde des traditions musicales rurales, ainsi que l’économie liée au tourisme. Nous analysons ce contexte « post-inscription sur la liste de l’UNESCO » selon les tensions créées autour de polarités : apprentissage scolaire vs pratique au sein des ensembles locaux ; chanteurs plus âgés vs jeune génération ; ensembles traditionnels vs projets artistiques contemporains ; politiques culturelles locales vs attentes et besoins des ensembles. Si l’on considère que le Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel se tisse et se transmet à travers des interactions et des échanges entre des personnes qui partagent une même connaissance, dans quelle mesure la reconnaissance de l’UNESCO affecte-t-elle les pratiques musicales locales ? Comment les protagonistes du cante alentejano conçoivent-ils cette inscription ? De quelle façon des ensembles vocaux constitués depuis des décennies à la faveur de processus d’« objectification culturelle » font-ils face à ces nouvelles transformations ? Notre recherche est fondée sur un travail de terrain mené auprès de différents ensembles et musiciens, notamment à l’occasion de rencontres publiques organisées avec les acteurs de la musique et de sa revitalisation. L’étude révèle qu’au cours des dix dernières années (timidement pendant la période de préparation de la candidature, puis plus fortement après la reconnaissance de l’UNESCO), les discours et préoccupations qui ont émergé de la pratique du cante alentejano ont été principalement centrés sur l’espoir de disposer de nouvelles opportunités de participation à la vie sociale contemporaine, à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur de l’aire géographique de l’Alentejo.
HeritaMus: A Tool for Collaborative Curation of Tangible and Intangible Heritage
Authors: Félix Pedro
Published: November 2019

HeritaMus is a digital tool for gathering, retrieving and visualizing complex data on heritage (tangible and intangible), thereby promoting participatory curatorship by mobilizing communities of practice. Developed over a three-year period by a European consortium, the project was based on a cooperative ethnography study on the uses and re-uses of historical sound recordings of two cultural manifestations inscribed on the UNESCO ICH list: fado and flamenco. Taking historical sound recordings as a fundamental actor that informs current musical practice, the project focused on overcoming the artificial divide between tangible heritage (historical phonograms) and intangible heritage (musical practice and community of practice knowledge). HeritaMus was designed to display the networks established by all kinds of actors (human and non-human), deepening the understanding of their intricate relationships.This paper introduces the theoretical background of the HeritaMus project and the conceptual challenges that the consortium faced while developing the tool, describes the tool’s main characteristics and processes, and projects future developments. Some research results are also presented concerning politics of representation, the uneven representation of communities of practice and communities of research, the impact of “heritage excess” and the erasure of controversy among heritage practices—topics that are known to practitioners but often overlooked by academia.
La notion de patrimoine immatériel comme outil de contournement de l’État : enjeux et ambiguïtés de la fabrique patrimoniale du gwoka en Guadeloupe
Authors: Spielmann Florabelle , Cyrille Dominique
Published: November 2019

Paris, le 26 novembre 2014 : le gwoka de Guadeloupe est inscrit sur la Liste Représentative (LR) du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel (PCI) de l'humanité de l’UNESCO. Musique de tambour et de chant responsorial, le gwoka traditionnel se décline aujourd’hui en sept rythmes caractéristiques exprimés simultanément par des tambours appelés ka et des danseurs solistes. Il se joue la nuit, lors de soirées festives appelées léwoz. Cet article souhaite contribuer à la réflexion sur les logiques d'appropriation du concept de patrimoine culturel. Fondé sur des données ethnographiques recueillies entre 2006 et 2015 dans le cadre d’une observation participante, il examine l'impact du processus d'inscription du gwoka sur la LR du PCI de l'UNESCO et met en lumière les enjeux politiques de cette appropriation pour les acteurs du gwoka. Cet article commence par une présentation du Rapport culturel publié par l'Association Générale des Étudiants Guadeloupéens (AGEG) en 1970. Ce Rapport culturel est un texte fondateur qui développe « une revendication spécifique privilégiant le gwoka comme élément central de la personnalité culturelle populaire guadeloupéenne ». Ce document est à l’origine des premiers efforts de mise en patrimoine du gwoka par les Guadeloupéens eux-mêmes dans les années 1970 et 1980. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à la mise en circulation de la notion de PCI en Guadeloupe, où la réflexion autour de la patrimonialisation est déjà bien avancée et où des actions de mise en patrimoine sont déjà en cours. Contrairement à ce qui a pu être observé ailleurs, cette mise en circulation a pour particularité d’avoir été initiée par les porteurs de tradition et non par l’État. Enfin nous nous arrêterons sur les débats passionnés que le projet d’inscription a suscités, transformant le gwoka en « arène patrimoniale ».
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Reduces Existing CD8 T Cell Memory and Is Associated with Lesions in Protection against Secondary Influenza A Virus Infections
Authors: Zacharias Zeb R. , Legge Kevin L.
Published: November 2019

Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased incidence of disease severity during pulmonary infections. Our previous work in a mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption has detailed that the primary influenza A virus (IAV)–specific CD8 T cell response in mice that consumed ethanol (EtOH) had a reduced proliferative capacity as well as the ability to kill IAV target cells. Interestingly, recent studies have highlighted that human alcoholics have an increased susceptibility to IAV infections, even though they likely possess pre-existing immunity to IAV. However, the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on pre-existing immune responses (i.e., memory) to IAV have not been explored. Our results presented in this study show that IAV-immune mice that then chronically consumed alcohol (X31→EtOH) exhibited increased morbidity and mortality following IAV re-exposure compared with IAV-immune mice that had consumed water (X31→H2O). This increased susceptibility in X31→EtOH mice was associated with reduced IAV-specific killing of target cells and a reduction in the number of IAV-specific CD8 T cells within the lungs. Furthermore, upon IAV challenge, recruitment of the remaining memory IAV-specific CD8 T cells into the lungs is reduced in X31→EtOH mice. This altered recruitment is associated with a reduced pulmonary expression of CXCL10 and CXCL11, which are chemokines that are important for T cell recruitment to the lungs. Overall, these results demonstrate that chronic alcohol consumption negatively affects the resting memory CD8 T cell response and reduces the ability of memory T cells to be recruited to the site of infection upon subsequent exposures, therein contributing to an enhanced susceptibility to IAV infections.
Rapidly Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Atypical Lymphoid Proliferations of the Basal Ganglia Subsequent to Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Kar Ayesha , Guilliams Evin L. , Cuoco Joshua A. , Marvin Eric A.
Published: November 2019

Rapidly fatal encephalitis associated with atypical lymphoid proliferations after intracranial aneurysm rupture has not been reported. Here, we describe a 52-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with a severe headache. Imaging demonstrated aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured left posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm, which was treated with endovascular embolization and subsequent external ventricular drain. She recovered without neurologic sequelae by day seven; however, five weeks later she represented with a severe headache associated with nausea and fever. Initial repeat imaging was unremarkable. She deteriorated quickly and was empirically treated for meningitis despite negative cerebrospinal fluid studies. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse cerebral edema within the basal ganglia and thalamus. Biopsy of the caudate nuclei revealed atypical lymphoid proliferations. She was treated accordingly with no significant improvement. This case highlights the necessity for a better understanding of the etiology, chronology, and natural history of atypical lymphoid proliferations.
An introduction to a special issue on the role of assistive technology in social inclusion of persons with disabilities in Africa: Outcome of the fifth African Network for Evidence-to-Action in Disability conference
Authors: Mji Gubela , Edusei Anthony
Published: November 2019

-
Differentiation of T-wave Inversion Changes with Borderline Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in an Asymptomatic Young Athlete – Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Małek Łukasz A.
Published: November 2019

This is a case of initially 15 years of age, white, male from junior football team. He was completely asymptomatic, with no previous medical history or family history of sudden cardiac death and cardiac diseases. He has been playing football for 8 years. On periodic preparticipation screening, he presented T-wave inversions (TWIs) in leads V4–V6 and II, III, and aVF, which were not observed before on yearly screenings. Subsequently, he underwent echocardiography, which showed mildly increased myocardial thickness (13 mm) without other abnormalities. He was then referred to for further testing, which is discussed in the context of the current literature. Finally, management is presented.