bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematics of the subfamily Aclyvolvinae (Caenogastropoda: Ovulidae) based on molecular and morphometric analyses
Authors: Reijnen Bastian T , van der Meij Sancia E T
Published: June 2019

Molecular phylogenetic research on the octocoral-associated gastropod family Ovulidae is still in its infancy and, as a consequence, the relationships between subfamilies and genera are not well defined. Previous research on various ovulid genera has shown that their conchological characters are often too fluid when dealing with species delimitations. For this study, Ovulidae were collected in Indonesia and Malaysia, with some additional specimens obtained from Thailand and the Red Sea. Relationships between the Aclyvolvinae and other ovulid subfamilies were assessed using sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA); the dataset contained ovulid species (including type species) from the subfamilies Eocypraeinae, Ovulinae, Pediculariinae and Simniinae. The type species of the subfamilies Eocypraeinae and Sulcocypraeinae are fossils, and hence could not be included in the analyses. The phylogeny and systematics of the subfamily Aclyvolvinae were assessed based on four DNA gene regions (mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA, and nuclear 28S rRNA and histone H3) and morphometric analyses. Shell morphological characters were analysed to help clarify species delimitations within the Aclyvolvinae. The results from the molecular analyses showed that the subfamilies Aclyvolvinae, Eocypraeinae and Simniinae are polyphyletic, whereas the Ovulinae and Pediculariinae appear to be monophyletic. Within the subfamily Aclyvolvinae, the type species of Hiatavolva, H. depressa, did not form a clade with the other species of Hiatavolva. Instead, H. rugosa and H. coarctata formed a clade that is sister to the clade comprising Aclyvolva lamyi, A. lanceolata and A. nicolamassierae, and are therefore now considered as belonging to the genus Aclyvolva. Aclyvolva lamyi and A. nicolamassierae were shown to be synonyms of A. lanceolata, and A. rugosa (n. comb.) is a synonym of A. coarctata (n. comb.). The genus Kuroshiovolva could not be retrieved in a fixed phylogenetic position within the Aclyvolvinae, nor did it cluster with H. depressa or Aclyvolva spp. Our morphometric analyses are in agreement with the results of the molecular analyses, and furthermore show that juvenile shells are morphologically significantly different from their adult conspecifics. Photographs of the type material of Ovulum lanceolatum, O. coarctatum, Neosimnia lamyi, Hiata rugosa and A. nicolamassierae are provided, and new information is given on the geographical distribution and host species of Aclyvolvinae. The subfamily Aclyvolvinae is redefined and now includes only A. lanceolata and A. coarctata. The genus Hiatavolva is now monotypic, containing only H. depressa, but the subfamily to which this genus belongs remains unclear. Kuroshiovolva is not part of the Aclyvolvinae, but its subfamily level placement is unclear.
A conserved RNA structure is essential for a satellite RNA-mediated inhibition of helper virus accumulation
Authors: He Lu , Wang Qian , Gu Zhouhang , Liao Qiansheng , Palukaitis Peter , Du Zhiyou
Published: June 2019

As a class of parasitic, non-coding RNAs, satellite RNAs (satRNAs) have to compete with their helper virus for limited amounts of viral and/or host resources for efficient replication, by which they usually reduce viral accumulation and symptom expression. Here, we report a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-associated satRNA (sat-T1) that ameliorated CMV-induced symptoms, accompanied with a significant reduction in the accumulation of viral genomic RNAs 1 and 2, which encode components of the viral replicase. Intrans replication assays suggest that the reduced accumulation is the outcome of replication competition. The structural basis of sat-T1 responsible for the inhibition of viral RNA accumulation was determined to be a three-way branched secondary structure that contains two biologically important hairpins. One is indispensable for the helper virus inhibition, and the other engages in formation of a tertiary pseudoknot structure that is essential for sat-T1 survival. The secondary structure containing the pseudoknot is the first RNA element with a biological phenotype experimentally identified in CMV satRNAs, and it is structurally conserved in most CMV satRNAs. Thus, this may be a generic method for CMV satRNAs to inhibit the accumulation of the helper virus via the newly-identified RNA structure.
Introduction
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

This introduction outlines the general questions to be investigated in Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t and provides a roadmap of the arguments to come. The overarching aim of the book is to defend a theory of when and why the criminal law may legitimately impute mental states on the basis of equal culpability. This helps place the existing willful ignorance doctrine on a more secure normative foundation, while at the same time revealing the pressing need for doctrinal reforms. The overall project is not limited to willful ignorance, however. The normative idea behind the willful ignorance doctrine—that we may impute missing mental states to defendants on equal culpability grounds—is surprisingly fertile, and, if taken seriously, grounds an array of further imputation principles. The book thus seeks to develop a theory that places the idea of equal culpability imputation on solid theoretical footing, while also demarcating its proper boundaries.
The Scope of the Willful Ignorance Doctrine (I)
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

Determining when the equal culpability thesis holds sets the boundaries in which the willful ignorance doctrine is to be applied. Chapter 3 thus considers the best existing attempts to specify the conditions in which the equal culpability thesis holds, but proceeds to argue that none succeeds. Still, each failure is instructive. First, the chapter argues against the unrestricted equal culpability thesis. Not all willful ignorance, it turns out, is as culpable as the analogous knowing misconduct. Then the chapter argues against the three leading attempts to restrict the thesis. Section II argues against a restriction that appeals to bad motives, while Section III argues against a common counterfactual restriction (according to which willful ignorance is as culpable as knowing misconduct when one would do the actus reus even with knowledge). The latter proposal fails since criminal culpability does not depend on considerations about counterfactual conduct or one’s willingness to misbehave. Finally, Section IV discusses a third restriction, offered by Deborah Hellman, which asks whether the decision to remain in ignorance was itself justified. This version of the thesis is on the right track, but still requires refinement in important ways.
Subwillful Motivated Ignorance
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 dealt with the difficulties for equal culpability substitution at the top end of the mens rea hierarchy. The aim of Chapter 8 is to probe the limits of equal culpability substitution at the low end of the hierarchy. Specifically, the chapter investigates whether some forms of ignorance that fall outside the legal definitions of willful ignorance and recklessness, but fit within negligence, nonetheless might be sufficiently culpable to substitute for higher mental states. The chapter argues that there is at least one category of such subwillful motivated ignorance for which this is true. The same reasoning that underwrites the willful ignorance doctrine suggests that one also should not be able to escape liability by deliberately preventing oneself from forming the suspicions one should have had. However, the chapter also argues that some forms of subwillful motivated ignorance are too difficult to distinguish from lesser varieties of negligence to be capable of substituting for recklessness. Thus, this chapter aims to demarcate the lower boundary on equal culpability substitution.
Conclusion
Authors: Sarch Alexander
Published: June 2019

The conclusion of Criminally Ignorant: Why the Law Pretends We Know What We Don’t provides an overview of the main takeaways from the book. At its broadest, this is a book about a common legal fiction: the criminal law’s practice of pretending we know what we don’t. Maybe one instinctively feels scandalized by legal fictions. It’s natural to want the law to be honest and accurate. Nonetheless, this book has tried to give reasons not to be so worried and actually get on board with the kind of legal fiction at issue here. The book has argued that equal culpability imputation involves a justified fiction that promotes valuable aims. At least when properly constrained, it is justified for the law to treat you as if you had certain culpability-relevant mental states (like knowledge of inculpatory facts or awareness of risks) that you didn’t literally possess. What justifies it? The same purposes the criminal law generally serves: protecting our core interests, rights, and values.
Introduction
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

THIS BOOK IS about the auditory system—its remarkable capabilities, its quirkishness, and its surprising failures, particularly as revealed in our perception of music and speech. Over the last few years, scientists have made dramatic advances in understanding the nature of this system. These have involved research in many disciplines, including psychology, psychoacoustics, neuroscience, music theory, physics, engineering, computer science, and linguistics. I hope to convey to you some of the discoveries and conclusions that have resulted from these findings, from the involvement of different brain regions in analyzing the various characteristics of sound, to the principles by which we organize the patterns of sound we hear and represent them in memory. I will be focusing on my own research, and hope to communicate to you the excitement of carrying out explorations in this field, much of which is still uncharted territory, and where there are so many discoveries still to be made....
Phantom Words
Authors: Deutsch Diana
Published: June 2019

Chapter 7 discusses the fact that when listening to speech, the words and phrases we hear are strongly influenced by our knowledge, beliefs, and expectations. We therefore often mishear words and phrases, and are subject to compelling illusions. One illusion that was created by the author is called phantom words, and examples of this illusion are presented. A sequence is played consisting of two words, or a single word composed of two syllables, and these are repeated many times. The same sequence is presented via two stereo loudspeakers, but offset in time so that when the first sound is coming from the speaker on the left, the second sound is coming from the speaker on the right, and vice versa. Because the signals from the two speakers are mixed in the air, we can create in our minds many different combinations of sounds. Many people initially hear a jumble of meaningless sounds, but distinct words and phrases later emerge, followed by new words and phrases. Nonsense words and musical sounds sometimes appear mixed in with meaningful words. The words and phrases often appear to be spoken in strange or “foreign” accents—presumably listeners are perceptually organizing the sounds into words and phrases that are meaningful to them, even though they appear distorted in consequence. These phantom words are similar to those reported by people who believe they come from the spirit world. Also discussed is the technique of recording spoken phrases backward and playing them forward, leading to the claim that satanic messages can be heard from these recordings.
The Importance of Work in an Age of Uncertainty
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This book provides a deeply psychological view of working in America with the intention of transforming existing assumptions and policies about work. At its best, working can provide a powerful sense of aliveness and meaning in our lives; yet, working can also be the source of psychic pain, distress, and despair. The book uses psychological and social science research in conjunction with qualitative analyses of 58 in-depth interviews with adults from across the country who were working or struggling to find work. This book explores the various ways in which working serves to sustain a sense of aliveness, including being able to survive and thrive, connect with others, contribute to something greater than ourselves, be the best we can be, being able to care for others, and being able to work without oppression and harassment. A major conclusion of this book is that the workplace in America is eroding across many dimensions, leaving people feeling untethered and insecure about their futures, with many people feeling anxious and very distressed. Recommendations for individual and community-based adaptations are described along with suggestions for public policy reforms, including efforts to infuse human rights into the workplace, create more sustainable working conditions, and develop supportive structures in society and the economy that allow all people to engage in decent and dignified work.
Being Able to Survive and Thrive
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the ways in which the needs for survival and power intersect with working. Beginning with an overview of Maslow’s need hierarchy (which indicates the need for survival is fundamental to our existence) and the psychology-of-working framework, vignettes from the participants from the Boston College Working Project provide an in-depth perspective about the complex ways that striving for survival intersects with relationships, financial security, and thriving. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of time perspective and work volition in relation to the need to survive. The chapter makes clear that the drive for survival is an essential aspect of being alive in the world. Creating opportunities for people to meet this integral aspect of human experience, naturally, is a challenge that requires the best of our inner spirits and a commitment to nurturing the needs of the entire spectrum of people in our communities.
Being Without Work
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on the experiences of unemployment, underemployment, and precarious work, which are essential in understanding the importance of work in people’s lives. This chapter begins with an overview of how unemployment has been understood in psychology, focusing on an identification of the latent attributes that work provides for people and communities. The participants from the Boston College Working Project identified the emotional toll of unemployment, the struggles of the job search, and ideas about how public policy should address unemployment. The chapter then provides an integrative perspective of the psychological consequences of unemployment and a discussion of the tendency for unemployed individuals to blame themselves for their struggles. The chapter concludes with policy advice about how society can support the natural striving to work and to contribute to one’s survival and well-being via work.
Introduction
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

The introduction provides the historical background and sets the stage for the music-theatrical developments that the following chapters will address in detail. It explains in general terms the reasons for a number of administrative choices made early in the colonization, which had a profound impact in fomenting the sociocultural environment in which music and theatrical arts flourished. It advances the main arguments of the book, stressing that the circulation of repertory and artists between metropolis and colony was a two-way road, and local artists exercised relative agency in adapting old models and forging new paradigms. It concludes by providing an overview of the book.
Musical Sources and Archives
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the nature and uses of music in early Luso-Brazilian theater from the eighteenth to the early nineteenth century. The first part considers the processes and choices that determined the formation of a theatrical music repertory during the late colonial period. The second part describes the extant musical sources of theatrical music once performed in Portuguese America and now at libraries and archives in Portugal (Paço Ducal de Vila Viçosa, Biblioteca do Palácio da Ajuda) and Brazil (Acervo Curt Lange, Biblioteca da UFRJ, Museu da Música de Mariana), as well as those that have disappeared but can be identified through nonmusical sources. The chapter closes with a discussion ofthe first examples of sung-through Italian operas composed in Brazil.
Venues
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This chapter considers the emergence of theatrical spaces in the main captaincies of Portuguese America. The first part examines the typology of such constructions (tablados, pátios de comédias, and casas da ópera) and explores the role played by the accelerated urbanization of the colony and the inconsistent application of enlightened policies in the second half of the eighteenth century. The second part examines the most important constructions, considering the individuals, processes, and ideologies that determined their creation, with an emphasis on the alleged function of the theater as a school of customs. It also argues that a number of theaters in Belém, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Ouro Preto were conceived, and for a period of time even managed, as extensions of the state politico-ideological apparatus. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the early-nineteenth-century concept of theater as monument, a place of overlap between the civic and political spheres.
Uses
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This chapter investigates the uses and functions of musical theater within the sociopolitical fabric of Portuguese America. It examines its role in the narratives produced in the context of civic festivals and literary academies and how these texts and practices engaged individuals from all layers of colonial society as subjects of the Portuguese empire. It also considers the civilian and political uses of theater as an ideological tool, a means of acquiring and maintaining symbolic capital, and in some cases even a distraction from the wrongdoings of colonial administrators. The last section of the chapter deals with the presence of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro at the dawn of independence, when theater became the locus of political and aesthetic controversies that placed newly arrived Portuguese and local Brazilians on opposite sides. The controversy surrounding the drama O juramento dos numes is at the core of this discussion.
Epilogue
Authors: Budasz Rogério
Published: June 2019

This concluding section discusses how emerging nationalist discourses during the mid nineteenth century were based on misconstrued narratives of cultural decline. It examines an anonymous 1859 chronicle that claimed for the development of a “national” opera while lamenting the perceived harmful results of the arriving of Italian singers and opera companies after the independence. The ensuing discussion considers how early forms of vernacular opera were met with resistance of the elites throughout the nineteenth century. For centuries promoting an effacing of boundaries between high and low culture, privileging borrowing and adaptation, allowing flexibility and improvisation, vernacular opera was now regarded as obsolete and deemed incompatible with civilization, while Italian opera was legitimized as a cultural propriety of an aristocratic elite.
The Constant Rigor of the Anthropocene
Authors: Toly Noah J.
Published: June 2019

This chapter concludes the book by examining the Anthropocene in light of the tragic and the cruciform imaginary. In response to Anthropocene realities that relate individual lives and choices to epochal planetary changes, some have argued that humans are like gods, should embrace their now-recognizable world-changing power, and should pursue “the good Anthropocene.” This chapter argues, instead, that the tragic is a key feature of the Anthropocene, in which some creative possibilities must be foregone, given up, or undermined in order to embrace others. This constancy of the tragic demands a response that embraces the “constant rigor” of responsible action and the pursuit of a “humane Anthropocene.”
Opening Israel's Scriptures
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

In thirty-six essays, Davis moves book by book through the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, from Genesis to Chronicles, offering practical exegesis for a broad audience. This is a selective yet comprehensive guide—rather than a commentary or textbook—to the core concepts, literary patterns, storylines and theological perspectives that are central to Israel’s Scriptures. Integrating the insights of contemporary scholars with those of classical theological resources in Jewish and Christian traditions, and also with the experiences and concerns of contemporary readers across the globe, she shows that the critical interpretation of Scripture is provisional, open-ended work, a collaboration across generations and cultures.
Genesis
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Several literary and theological patterns that appear first in Genesis prove to be central to the Bible as a whole. The creation stories focus not on the origins of species but on the creation of relationships between God and the world, and among creatures within the world. These relationships are initially marked by intimacy and pleasure. However, the Primeval History traces multiple human-induced ruptures into the created order that are followed by suffering, divine judgment, and finally a new relational reality introduced by God. The pattern of ruptures and new divine initiatives is marked by a corresponding series of blessings and curses. Starting with Abraham, certain women and men are transformed by the responsibility of bearing and perpetuating God’s blessing for the world.
Leviticus
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Leviticus articulates an embodied and enacted spirituality that cannot be abstracted from physical, social, and economic practices. The book raises several issues debated in contemporary faith communities, and its symbolism is central in both Judaism and Christianity. Beginning with a focus on sacrifice, Leviticus shows that we eat and live by the grace of God. The ritual of atonement and the prohibition on eating blood (16‒17) highlight how blood may symbolize the covenant that binds human life to God. The book’s final section (17‒27) points to the importance of land as a mirror of human existence, an extended sanctuary, a partner in covenant, and an agent of covenant justice.
Numbers
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The book of Numbers is a meandering story of Israel in the wilderness, of geographical and generational transition, told by means of narratives that alternate with ritual and legal prescriptions. A central theme of the first long section of the book (1‒24) is the corporate sin of Israel, and four detailed narratives trace the steady spiritual deterioration—through ingratitude, doubt, and religious presumption—of the older generation that came out of Egypt. The extravagant blessings pronounced through Balaam provide a concluding frame, indicating that divine blessing ultimately trumps human failure. Two difficult texts (chaps. 5 and 25) explore themes of sex, violence, and jealousy; both are best read as symbolic narratives representing the relationship between YHWH and Israel, and the intensity of divine jealousy.
Judges
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The book of Judges begins the unsparing critique of Israel’s national leadership that is central to both Former and Latter Prophets. A major theme of the book is how the divine will may be known and executed by those in positions of responsibility. Instead of following Deuteronomy’s injunction to do what is good in the eyes of YHWH, the people repeatedly do what is good in their own eyes. The stories of the judges trace a gradual decline in faithfulness. The book features numerous memorable women, even when the focus may be on a male figure, such as the ambiguous and troubling portrayal of Samson. Here and elsewhere, violence against women is a primary marker of Israel’s moral decline.
Minor Prophets
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

The prophets of the eighth and seventh centuries were social critics and also poets of great power who responded to internal social pressures and external military threats. Amos, Micah, and Hosea convict Israel and Judah of sin through carefully structured oracles and metaphors that fit the contours of particular social situations—and may be misunderstood by readers who do not know the prophet’s social context. Amos pioneers the language of exile. Micah exposes the corruption of Jerusalem’s elite, who stripped peasant farmers of their land, although he also finds hope for the city in YHWH’s vision of faithfulness in Zion. Hosea is the first to use the language of extreme intimacy—sexuality and marriage—to characterize the covenant between God and Israel. The books of Nahum and Jonah take opposing perspectives on the threatened destruction of Nineveh (Assyria); together they attest to the prophetic task of discovering a public voice for reckoning honestly with the hatred of national enemies.
Isaiah
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Isaiah is the most literarily complex of the prophetic books, and the one with the richest afterlife in both Jewish and Christian traditions. First Isaiah asserts the radical implications of YHWH’s sovereignty—a core political concept for Judah and “many peoples.” The canonical “vision of Isaiah” expands vastly in Second and Third Isaiah, which differ drastically in their tones. Second Isaiah represents a new mode of prophecy, designed specifically to counter the despair of the Judean exiles. Third Isaiah, addressed to the disillusioned and divided community that is reestablishing itself in Judah and Jerusalem under Persian oversight, is prophecy for the in-between times, and that may be its value for contemporary preachers.
Jeremiah and Lamentations
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Jeremiah and the Jeremiah-like voice in Lamentations provide immediate, insider views of Jerusalem’s decline and fall. Jeremiah’s laments give prophetic authority to anguished outcry as a mode of prayer. The highly structured poems of Lamentations belong to the ancient Near Eastern genre of lament for a city—a transcultural tradition that continues in Mahmoud Darwish’s twentieth-century poem “Silence for Gaza.” The acrostic poems of Lamentations, which constitute the most prolonged, intense expression of grief and shock in the Bible, force readers to reckon with the question of theodicy, God’s justice. Several literary features of this Hebrew poetry may also contribute to the work of reclaiming hope.
Ezekiel
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Ezekiel’s prophecy was a major factor in the centuries-long transformation of Israel’s national religion into two vibrant global faiths. Ezekiel is the most theocentric of biblical writers; his biography and personal voice are eclipsed by divine oracles and vision reports, with only the sparest narrative frame. With shocking displays of “antilanguage,” including the grotesque metaphor of Israel as a faithless wife and imagery that evokes the shaming of war victims, Ezekiel seeks to strip Israel of self-destructive pride and refocus attention on YHWH, not Babylonia. The final chapters rise to a modulated hopefulness, through visions of the people’s resurrection and the reordering of sacred space. Later Ezekiel’s restoration vision would inspire the prophet Haggai’s successful campaign to rebuild the temple, providing the groundwork for a new consolidation of Jewish religious practice around the temple and the high priest.
The Psalms
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: June 2019

Through prayer and poetry, the psalmists seek to situate themselves simultaneously in the world and in relation to God. The language of praise is grounded in recognition of divine generosity; God is both the subject and source of praise. The first-person psalms openly express vulnerability, awareness of a social world that is complex and often dangerous. Although the book bears the title Tehilim, “Praisings,” the first half is dominated by lament psalms. Genuine lament is a learned skill involving exacting theological work. The psalms offer emergency language to deal with fear and loss, anger toward enemies and the tension between faith and despair.
An Economy of Innovative Dynamism
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

Economies have grown where innovative dynamism has flourished, especially in the United States from roughly 1830 to 1930. Innovations are not inevitable, but occur when inventors can invent and entrepreneurs can innovate. Individual inventors matter and are scarce. Thomas Edison was not the only one to invent a light bulb but was the first to invent a bulb that would stay lit at a price that ordinary people could afford. Leapfrog competition occurs when an innovation improves on, and at least partly replaces, an older technology. The best size for a firm varies with technology, industry, and business model. With John D. Rockefeller’s process innovations, Standard Oil succeeded as a big firm. But horizontal mergers failed in many other industries during the same period. Big incumbent firms can implement innovations, but are disadvantaged at starting breakthrough innovations. Baldwin Locomotive and Netscape illustrate that firms can contribute and then exit with honor.
The Innovative Entrepreneur
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

Cognitively diverse project entrepreneurs are the ones most likely to succeed at making a ding in the universe. Project entrepreneurs are more effective because they are more likely to persevere at achieving their project and at undertaking new breakthrough innovations. Cyrus Field, Marconi, Walt Disney, Sam Walton, and Steve Jobs were project entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs are likely to either know less theory, or to take theory less seriously, which allows them to try what theory says is impossible. For instance, the physics of Marconi’s day said that his radio waves should go straight into space rather than curve with the earth to cross the Atlantic. Conversely, innovative entrepreneurs often have more tacit knowledge. Innovative entrepreneurs pursue serendipitous observations or slow hunches, often through trial-and-error experiments, and may benefit from cognitive diversity, such as dyslexia and Asperger’s syndrome. What inventors and entrepreneurs know is the subject matter of the epistemology of innovation.
The Great Fact and the Good Life
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

Deirdre McCloskey’s Great Fact of economic history is the enrichment in the West that started during the Industrial Revolution, following millennia of life being, as Hobbes says, “poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Hunter-gatherers lived violent, uncertain, often repetitive lives, far from the Golden Age that some imagine. Goods can be good if they provide John Rawls’s primary goods that are needed for achieving almost any life plan. They can be even better if they help us to achieve the higher goods related to the creativity, challenge, and fulfillment that Abraham Maslow discussed in his hierarchy of needs. Many who seem to oppose new goods are accidental Luddites, only opposing the particular new goods that they fear will harm them. After digesting its brain and backbone, a sea squirt spends the rest of its life vegetating. A human retains her brain and backbone, and so must act to thrive.
The Benefits: Process Innovations
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

Process innovations mainly benefit consumers by reducing prices of services and of new and old goods, which benefits aspiring ordinary citizens more than the privileged rich. The interchangeable parts of the American system of manufacturing (famously demonstrated at Britain’s Crystal Palace in Victorian England) reduced the costs of many goods, bringing them within the reach of the working class. Process innovations are often financed by rich venturesome consumers who buy expensive early versions of new goods. Besides lowering costs, process innovations also increase the variety, convenience, and quality of goods. Important process innovations include Fritz Haber’s inventing a way to create fertilizer from air; Henry Ford’s adaptation of the assembly line to reduce the costs of manufacturing cars; Sam Walton’s logistical, information technology and managerial innovations to reduce the costs of retailing; and Jeff Bezos’s Internet process innovations to increase the variety, convenience, and speed of delivery of retail goods.
The Benefits: Morality, Equality, Mobility, Culture, and the Environment
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

The wealth received by some innovative entrepreneurs is fair because of the large benefits of their innovations. Widespread flourishing under innovative dynamism encourages tolerance of diversity, respect for the rights of others, more effective sympathy, and cultural diversity. The equality that matters most is that everyone has roughly an equal chance to improve their lives. The quantity of resources expands, because inventors and entrepreneurs create new uses for old materials. For example, process innovations in agriculture, such as the Haber-Bosch process for creating fertilizer from nitrogen in the air, mean that an abundance of food can be grown with less land, encouraging the greening of the planet. Innovations can allow us to adapt to modest and slow global warming. If global warming becomes greater and faster, other innovations can produce energy with less carbon, can increase the sequestration of carbon, and can counter the increase in temperature through geoengineering.
Innovation Bound or Unbound by Culture and Institutions
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

The right culture, institutions, and policies all can encourage innovative dynamism. Heroes inspire cultural values of courage, perseverance, hard work, and tolerance. Religion enables innovative dynamism when it reduces violence and encourages respect for property. Religion constrains innovative dynamism when it limits questioning, as often occurs in hierarchical religions that emphasize faith. The Founding Fathers owed more to the tolerance of the Dutch of New Amsterdam, and to the trial-and-error experimentation of Galilean science, than they did to the religious fervor of the Pilgrims. Innovative dynamism often flourishes where institutions such as the rule of law, property rights, and the city enable diversity, collaboration, and a robustly redundant labor market. North and South Korea shared a culture, but through different institutions and policies, have diverged in innovation. Because policies matter, and we know best how to change them, policy reforms should be the focus of efforts to enhance innovative dynamism.
Unbinding Regulations
Authors: Diamond Arthur M.
Published: June 2019

The steady growth in imposed regulations, often defended on the basis of the precautionary principle (which forbids innovations until there is proof that they will cause no harm), increases the risks and costs of innovation for the entrepreneur. Many important innovations of the last century would not have occurred if the precautionary principle had been in operation. Organic regulation of the marketplace (including tort actions and private ratings firms) can counter injuries due to irresponsible firm behavior, without stifling innovation. OSHA regulations did not reduce workplace deaths; financial regulations did not stop the Crisis of 2008, and may have made it worse. Occupational licensing regulations protect incumbents, and reduce opportunity for the least well-off. By slowing new life-saving drugs, FDA regulations cause more deaths than they prevent. The Vodnoy paradox suggests that we favor regulations in areas where we are ignorant and oppose them in areas where we are knowledgeable.
Public Governance and the Classical-Liberal Perspective
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad
Published: June 2019

Classical liberalism entails not only a view about the proper scope of government and its relationship with the market but also a distinct theory about how government should operate within its proper area. This book presents the basic governance theory and political economy principles underpinning this vision. Building upon the works of diverse authors such as Friedrich Hayek, James Buchanan, and Vincent and Elinor Ostrom, the book offers a profound challenge to how public governance is commonly understood, by shifting the focus along several dimensions. First, it challenges the technocratic-epistocratic perspective in which social goals are set and experts simply provide the means to attain them. Instead, the focus is on the diversity of opinions in any society regarding “what should be done,” and on the design of democratic and polycentric institutions capable of limiting social conflicts and satisfying the preferences of as many people as possible. Second, the book explains the knowledge and incentive problems associated with technocratic-epistocratic governance. This has deep implications for how public governance itself should be construed. The book’s three parts reconstruct the theoretical foundations of the position, then explore its nature and development at the interface between public choice and public administration, and finally illustrate via a set of concrete governance issues how it operates at the applied level. The book thus fills a large gap in the academic literature, as well as the public discourse, about the ways decision makers understand the nature and administration of the public sector.
Eurydice’s Public Image after Her Death
Authors: Carney Elizabeth Donnelly
Published: June 2019

This is a chapter about the public memory (long and short term) of Eurydice in Macedonia and elsewhere in Greece, after her death. It concludes that she died no later than 343/2. It describes the tomb at Vergina Andronikos attributed to Eurydice, paying particular attention to the back wall of the main chamber and to the throne in the main chamber whose back has a painting depicting Persephone and Hades in a chariot. It considers whether the tomb contained a burial of a woman, whether or not she was a royal woman, whether it was indeed the burial of Eurydice herself, and how the tomb fits into the general development of Macedonian tombs. It discusses the Philippeum, a monument Philip II had constructed at Olympia and whether or not Eurydice was one of the five members of the Argead dynasty whose image stood within it. The chapter concludes with analysis of the reasons Eurydice’s great-granddaughter, initially named Adea, took Eurydice’s name at the time she married her half-uncle, Philip III Arrhidaeus. The chapter ends with an overview of the career of Eurydice, arguing that she was a Penelopean figure.
From Fresh Air to Summer Camp
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“From Fresh Air to Summer Camp: Social Work Enters the Picture” traces developments occurring from about 1900 to 1926. During this period the new profession of social work coalesced, incorporated the reform spirit of the Progressive Era, began to develop rationales for programs that could best benefit residents of congested urban environments, and established numerous social agency-sponsored summer camps. The purposes of these camps varied and included improved health and weight gain, play, Americanization, progressive informal education, skill-building, and group life as a milieu for growth and change. The chapter includes descriptions of four early social agency summer camp programs: Surprise Lake Camp, Lillian Home, Camp Wise, and the camps at Harriman State Park, Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIPC).
Expansive Growth, Changing Times: 1950s–1970s
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Expansive Growth, Changing Times: 1950s–1970s” examines social work involvement in summer camps during the prosperous postwar years. With social group work achieving acceptance as a method within the profession, camps provided a venue for leading social workers to advance theories of group development, provide principles for staff training and supervision, advocate management standards, and offer insights into youth development. During this vibrant, exciting period, social workers including Olive Crocker, Jack R. Goldberg, Gisela Konopka, William Schwartz, and others contributed to the literature. Camps communicated progressive values supporting social justice, political activism, and racial integration. Their approach was sophisticated and intellectual. Vignettes based on interviews and other sources convey portraits of two renowned camps with social work leadership: Camp Minisink and Camp Wel-Met.
Roles for Social Workers
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Roles for Social Workers” explores varied opportunities available for social workers in the camp setting. Although the title, “social worker” is rarely used in camps, social workers are found in a myriad of positions. The roles of direct service intervention, system linkage, system maintenance, and system development are discussed. Direct service intervention roles include the general counselor, specialty counselor, and clinician. The system linkage role describes the agency worker as referral source. The camp agency administrator, camp director, assistant director, supervisor, trainer/educator, and consultant are system maintenance roles often played by social workers. System development roles for social workers include researcher, board member, volunteer, camp creator, and camp owner. Experiential narratives by social workers in the positions of clinician, consultant, and board member are provided as vignettes.
Social Work Researchers Go to Camp
Authors: Dillard Dana R. , Kolomer Stacey R. , Hanavan Katharine
Published: June 2019

“Social Work Researchers Go to Camp” offers an overview of camp-related studies published by social workers over the past two decades. Summaries of research are organized by the following categories of camps: bereavement; serious illness, injury, disability, and other challenges; learning disabilities and psychosocial difficulties; and foster care. A section focuses on research with social workers as camp volunteers and staff. The authors argue for the benefits of increasing the quantity of camp research by social workers and research about camp social work practice. Suggestions include engaging in evaluation studies and long-term impact research, as well as pursuing potential topics such as post-traumatic growth research.
Group Work Orientation in the Contemporary Summer Camp
Authors: Nadel Meryl
Published: June 2019

“Group Work Orientation in the Contemporary Summer Camp” addresses current literature and implications for practice. In recent years, camp social workers have published articles and presented at professional conferences. Among the areas of interest are the following: mission and purpose as applied to camps, intentional use of activities (including nondeliberative practice) as a means to an end, the mutual aid process as an inherent part of camp life, stages of group development as important knowledge for camp personnel, social workers’ leadership role in training and supervising camp staff, and social justice as a core value conveyed by social work-oriented camps. This chapter also describes the unique Group Work Camp, the creation of social group workers intended to educate social work students and new professionals as well as refreshing experienced practitioners. The camp utilizes experiential education to enhance group work skills. The chapter includes one vignette.
Haslanger’s Reply to Glasgow, Jeffers, and Spencer
Authors: Glasgow Joshua , Haslanger Sally , Jeffers Chike , Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

The concept of race has a troublesome history. It has been used to divide societies and subordinate groups in unjust ways. It has also been a source of pride and strength for the subordinate (as well as, unfortunately, for the dominant). Historically it has also carried assumptions of naturalness: races are natural kinds that exist independent of human thought and activity. In recent years, however, the naturalness of race has been challenged and replaced with the idea that race is socially constructed. This raises many important philosophical questions: How should one inquire into the concept of race when there is such broad controversy over what race is? What are the relevant phenomena to be considered? How should this inquiry take into account the social stakes, e.g. the potential impact of maintaining or rejecting the concept of race? Is it possible for concepts to evolve, or is conceptual replacement the only option? In Chapter 1, the author took up these methodological questions and positioned herself as a critical theorist considering what role the concept of race has in the social-political domain. Here she argues that there is a meaningful political conception of race that is important in order to address the history of racial injustice. This is compatible with there being different conceptions of race that are valuable in other contexts and for different purposes, e.g. for medical research, cultural empowerment. She argues that, although on this conception race is socially constructed, the resulting notion has a claim to being “our” concept of race.
Openings: The Urban Question as a Scale Question?
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

For over a century, the urban question has generated intense debate on matters of conceptualization, method, and interpretation. Since the 1990s, in the context of debates on post-Fordism, globalization, and urban restructuring, the urban question has been redefined as a question of scale. Why has this scalar redefinition of the urban occurred, and what does this mean for urban theory and research? What are its analytical possibilities and dangers? In what ways does such an approach reframe the long-standing emphasis on the “city” as the core focal point for urban studies? This opening chapter elaborates these questions in intellectual and geopolitical context, thus setting the stage for the explorations of urbanization, state spatial restructuring, and rescaling processes that follow in the rest of the book. This chapter also situates the book’s argument in relation to contemporary debates on abstraction, generalization, comparison, and contextual particularity in critical urban theory.
Between Fixity and Motion: Scaling the Urban Fabric
Authors: Brenner Neil
Published: June 2019

In what sense are scales socially produced and politically contested? Beginning in the 1970s, radical geographers offered a series of innovative approaches to this question, connecting it systematically to theories of capital accumulation, uneven spatial development, state space, and contentious politics. Against that background, this chapter excavates the distinctive scalar analytics that are embedded within several key ideas of David Harvey and Henri Lefebvre, with particular reference to the fixity/motion contradiction under capitalism, the concept of the urban fabric, the scalar intermeshing of urban space and state space, and the process of rescaling. This analysis generates a scale-attuned theorization of the capitalist urban fabric, a critique of city-centric conceptions of the urban question, and a state-theoretical understanding of the process Lefebvre famously described as the “planetarization of the urban.” This theorization grounds the explorations of urban restructuring and rescaling that are elaborated in subsequent chapters.