bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorical Exploratory Data Analysis: From Multiclass Classification and Response Manifold Analytics Perspectives of Baseball Pitching Dynamics
Authors: Hsieh Fushing , Chou Elizabeth P.
Published: June 2021

All features of any data type are universally equipped with categorical nature revealed through histograms. A contingency table framed by two histograms affords directional and mutual associations based on rescaled conditional Shannon entropies for any feature-pair. The heatmap of the mutual association matrix of all features becomes a roadmap showing which features are highly associative with which features. We develop our data analysis paradigm called categorical exploratory data analysis (CEDA) with this heatmap as a foundation. CEDA is demonstrated to provide new resolutions for two topics: multiclass classification (MCC) with one single categorical response variable and response manifold analytics (RMA) with multiple response variables. We compute visible and explainable information contents with multiscale and heterogeneous deterministic and stochastic structures in both topics. MCC involves all feature-group specific mixing geometries of labeled high-dimensional point-clouds. Upon each identified feature-group, we devise an indirect distance measure, a robust label embedding tree (LET), and a series of tree-based binary competitions to discover and present asymmetric mixing geometries. Then, a chain of complementary feature-groups offers a collection of mixing geometric pattern-categories with multiple perspective views. RMA studies a system’s regulating principles via multiple dimensional manifolds jointly constituted by targeted multiple response features and selected major covariate features. This manifold is marked with categorical localities reflecting major effects. Diverse minor effects are checked and identified across all localities for heterogeneity. Both MCC and RMA information contents are computed for data’s information content with predictive inferences as by-products. We illustrate CEDA developments via Iris data and demonstrate its applications on data taken from the PITCHf/x database.
Comparison of Consumption and Renewable Sources of Energy in European Union Countries—Sectoral Indicators, Economic Conditions and Environmental Impacts
Authors: Komarnicka Anna , Murawska Anna
Published: June 2021

The use of energy is a precondition for global economic and civilisational development. However, the growing demand for energy is depleting traditional energy resources and, most importantly, causing environmental pollution, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. As energy is necessary for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, such as industry, services, transport as well as households, these sectors are the largest contributors to energy consumption. Renewable energy sources are an alternative to generating energy from conventional fossil fuels. The main objective of this paper was to determine and compare the level, trends and variation in energy consumption by different economic sectors in countries of the European Union in 2010–2019. An analysis of the share of renewable energy consumption in different economic sectors was also carried out, as well as an assessment of the relationship of these indicators with the level of economic development of the countries and environmental impacts in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. To explore the topics under discussion, a dozen of indicators have been considered in the article. The source of empirical data collected was the European Statistical Office. The researched period covered the years 2010–2019. The empirical data was statistically analysed. The article considers changes in the values of the studied indicators, differentiation between countries and the results of correlation and regression analysis. As shown by the data from 2010–2019, the countries of the European Union vary significantly in respect of primary and final energy consumption. The highest final energy consumption occurs in the transport sector, followed by slightly lower consumption in the industrial sector and households sector and the lowest but also significant consumption in the commercial and public services sector. Since 2010, total primary and final energy consumption has decreased in the EU (27) countries. Total energy consumption and consumption by individual sectors in modern economies of the EU (27) countries are reflected on the one hand in economic development and on the other—in exacerbation of adverse climate changes. Therefore, all EU Member States, aware of their energy consumption and their own contribution to environmental pollution, should take effective and sustainable corrective action in this area as soon as possible.
Production of Fuel-Like Fractions by Fractional Distillation of Bio-Oil from Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Seeds Pyrolysis
Authors: Rocha de Castro Douglas , da Silva Ribeiro Haroldo , Hamoy Guerreiro Lauro , Pinto Bernar Lucas , Jonatan Bremer Sami , Costa Santo Marcelo , da Silva Almeida Hélio , Duvoisin Sergio , Pizarro Borges Luiz , Teixeira Machado Nélio
Published: June 2021

This work investigates the effect of production scales (laboratory, bench, and pilot) by pyrolysis of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) seeds at 450 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, on the yields of reaction products and acid value of bio-oils. The experiments were carried out in batch mode using a laboratory scale reactor of 143 mL, a bench scale reactor of 1.5 L, and a pilot scale reactor of 143 L (≈1:10:1000). The bio-oil was obtained in pilot scale, fractionated by distillation to produce biofuel-like fractions. The distillation of bio-oil was carried out in a laboratory column. The physical-chemistry properties (density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, and refractive index) of bio-oils and distillation fractions were determined. The qualitative analysis was determined by FT-IR and the chemical composition by GC-MS. The pyrolysis showed bio-oil yields from 4.37 to 13.09 (wt.%), decreasing with reactor volume. The acid value of bio-oils varied from 68.31 to 70.26 mg KOH/g. The distillation of bio-oil produced gasoline, light kerosene, and kerosene-like fuel fractions, and the yields were 16.16, 19.56, and 41.89 (wt.%), respectively. The physical-chemistry properties of distillation fractions increase with temperature. The FT-IR analysis of bio-oils and distillation fractions identified the presence of functional groups characteristic of hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, aromatics, and aromatics rings) and oxygenates (carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, phenols). The GC-MS identified 48.24 (area.%) hydrocarbons and 51.76 (area.%) oxygenates in the bio-oil produced in bench scale and 21.52 (area.%) hydrocarbons and 78.48 (area.%) oxygenates in the bio-oil produced in pilot scale. The gasoline-like fraction was composed by 64.0 (area.%) hydrocarbons and 36.0 (area.%) oxygenates, light kerosene-like fraction by 66.67 (area.%) hydrocarbons and 33.33 (area.%) oxygenates, and kerosene-like fraction by 19.87 (area.%) hydrocarbons and 81.13 (area.%) oxygenates.
Application of UAV in Search and Rescue Actions in Underground Mine—A Specific Sound Detection in Noisy Acoustic Signal
Authors: Zimroz Paweł , Trybała Paweł , Wróblewski Adam , Góralczyk Mateusz , Szrek Jarosław , Wójcik Agnieszka , Zimroz Radosław
Published: June 2021

The possibility of the application of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in search and rescue activities in a deep underground mine has been investigated. In the presented case study, a UAV is searching for a lost or injured human who is able to call for help but is not able to move or use any communication device. A UAV capturing acoustic data while flying through underground corridors is used. The acoustic signal is very noisy since during the flight the UAV contributes high-energetic emission. The main goal of the paper is to present an automatic signal processing procedure for detection of a specific sound (supposed to contain voice activity) in presence of heavy, time-varying noise from UAV. The proposed acoustic signal processing technique is based on time-frequency representation and Euclidean distance measurement between reference spectrum (UAV noise only) and captured data. As both the UAV and “injured” person were equipped with synchronized microphones during the experiment, validation has been performed. Two experiments carried out in lab conditions, as well as one in an underground mine, provided very satisfactory results.
Behavioural Change in Green Transportation: Micro-Economics Perspectives and Optimization Strategies
Authors: Bordin Chiara , Tomasgard Asgeir
Published: June 2021

The increasing demand for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging is putting pressure on the power grids and capacities of charging stations. This work focuses on how to use indirect control through price signals to level out the load curve in order to avoid the power consumption from exceeding these capacities. We propose mathematical programming models for the indirect control of EV charging that aim at finding an optimal set of price signals to be sent to the drivers based on price elasticities. The objective is to satisfy the demand for a given price structure, or minimize the curtailment of loads, when there is a shortage of capacity. The key contribution is the use of elasticity matrices through which it is possible to estimate the EV drivers’ reactions to the price signals. As real-world data on relating the elasticity values to the EV driver’s behaviour are currently non-existent, we concentrate on sensitivity analysis to test how different assumptions on elasticities affect the optimal price structure. In particular, we study how market segments of drivers with different elasticities may affect the ability of the operator to both handle a capacity problem and properly satisfy the charging needs.
Efficient Ranking-Based Whale Optimizer for Parameter Extraction of Three-Diode Photovoltaic Model: Analysis and Validations
Authors: Abdel-Basset Mohamed , Mohamed Reda , El-Fergany Attia , Askar Sameh , Abouhawwash Mohamed
Published: June 2021

Efficient and accurate estimations of unidentified parameters of photovoltaic (PV) models are essential to their simulation. This study suggests two new variants of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for identifying the nine parameters of the three-diode PV model. The first variant abbreviated as RWOA is based on integrating the WOA with ranking methods under a novel updating scheme to utilize each whale within the population as much as possible during the optimization process. The second variant, namely HWOA, has been based on employing a novel cyclic exploration-exploitation operator with the RWOA to promote its local and global search for averting stagnation into local minima and accelerating the convergence speed in the right direction of the near-optimal solution. Experimentally, RWOA and HWOA are validated on a solar cell (RTC France) and two PV modules (Photowatt-PWP201 and Kyocera KC200GT). Further, these proposed variants are compared with five well-known parameter extraction models in order to demonstrate their notable advantages over the other existing competing algorithms for minimizing the root mean squared error (RMSE) between experimentally measured data and estimated one. The experimental findings show that RWOA is superior in some observed cases and superior in the other cases in terms of final accuracy and convergence speed; yet, HWOA is superior in all cases.
Optimal Coordinated Dispatching Strategy of Multi-Sources Power System with Wind, Hydro and Thermal Power Based on CVaR in Typhoon Environment
Authors: Qian Minhui , Chen Ning , Chen Yuge , Chen Changming , Qiu Weiqiang , Zhao Dawei , Lin Zhenzhi
Published: June 2021

Typhoons and other natural disasters affect the normal operation of power systems thus it is an important goal for strong and intelligent power grid construction to improve the ability of power systems to resist typhoons and other natural disasters. Especially, an effective coordinated and optimized dispatching strategy for a multi-source power system is greatly helpful to cope with the impact of typhoons and other natural disasters on power system operation. Given this background, a typhoon wind circle model considering the temporal and spatial distribution of typhoons is established to obtain the input wind speed of the wind farm at first. Second, based on the initial input wind speed of wind farms, a typical scenario set of wind power output is constructed to reflect its fluctuation and uncertainty. Next, an optimal coordinated dispatching model of a multi-source power system with wind, hydro and thermal power based on the conditional value at risk (CVaR) is established with the target of minimizing the total cost of system dispatching, in which a 72 h pre-dispatching mode is studied to optimize the system operation for 72 h on the day before, on and after the typhoon. Finally, a revised 24-node transmission network system in a coastal area with typhoon is served as a case for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed model, and the simulation result shows that the proposed model could take the advantages of the coordination and complementarity of multi-sources power system and decrease the total cost of system dispatching and improve the renewable energy consumption level.
Design of Outer-Rotor Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Bozkurt Armagan , Baba Ahmet Fevzi , Oner Yusuf
Published: June 2021

Today’s automotive industry has focused its studies on electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) rather than gasoline-powered vehicles. For this reason, more investment has been made in electric motors with high efficiency, high torque density, and high-power factor to be used in both EVs and HEVs. In this study, an outer-rotor permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM) with a new rotor topology was designed for use in an EV. The design has a transversally laminated anisotropic (TLA) rotor structure. In addition, neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets were used in rotor topology. The stator slots were designed as distributed windings, so torque ripples are minimized. At the same time, the maximum electromagnetic torque was achieved. The analysis of the designed motor was carried out using the finite element method (FEM). Optimal values of motor parameters were obtained by improving the rotor geometry of the three-phase PMaSynRM in order to obtain maximum torque and minimum torque ripple in the design. The motor is in a 48/8 slot/pole combination, a speed of 750 rpm and a power of 1 kW. The simulation results showed that the design achieved maximum torque and minimum torque ripple.
Analysis of the Potential for Reducing Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Motor Fuels
Authors: Rogowska Delfina , Wyrwa Artur
Published: June 2021

The assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of motor fuels is important due to the legal obligations and corporate social responsibility of the petroleum industry. Combining the Life-Cycle Assessment with optimization methods can provide valuable support in the decision-making process. In this paper, a mathematical model of a refinery was developed to analyze the impact of process optimization on GHG emissions at the fuel production stage. The model included ten major refinery units. Fuel production costs were minimized by taking into account the number of constraints. The analysis was performed in two steps. First, the model was run for the reference case of fuels composition. Then, more than twelve thousand model runs were performed. In each model, the fuel composition was changed. This change represented the exogenous pressures and resulted in different flows of mass, energy and GHG emission at the refinery. The most favorable results in terms of GHG emissions were then identified and analyzed. Additionally, the impact of using low-carbon fuels for process heating was evaluated. The study showed that fuel blending management could lead to the reduction of GHG emissions by 0.4 gCO2-eq/MJ while the use of low-carbon fuel for process heating results in a reduction of GHG emissions by 2 ca. gCO2-eq/MJ.
YAP/TEAD1 Complex Is a Default Repressor of Cardiac Toll-Like Receptor Genes
Authors: Gao Yunan , Sun Yan , Ercan-Sencicek Adife Gulhan , King Justin S. , Akerberg Brynn N. , Ma Qing , Kontaridis Maria I. , Pu William T. , Lin Zhiqiang
Published: June 2021

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that modulate innate immune responses and play essential roles in the pathogenesis of heart diseases. Although important, the molecular mechanisms controlling cardiac TLR genes expression have not been clearly addressed. This study examined the expression pattern of Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr3, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr6, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9 in normal and disease-stressed mouse hearts. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of cardiac Tlr3, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9 increased with age between neonatal and adult developmental stages, whereas the expression of Tlr5 decreased with age. Furthermore, pathological stress increased the expression levels of Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9. Hippo-YAP signaling is essential for heart development and homeostasis maintenance, and YAP/TEAD1 complex is the terminal effector of this pathway. Here we found that TEAD1 directly bound genomic regions adjacent to Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr3, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr6, Tlr7, and Tlr9. In vitro, luciferase reporter data suggest that YAP/TEAD1 repression of Tlr4 depends on a conserved TEAD1 binding motif near Tlr4 transcription start site. In vivo, cardiomyocyte-specific YAP depletion increased the expression of most examined TLR genes, activated the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and predisposed the heart to lipopolysaccharide stress. In conclusion, our data indicate that the expression of cardiac TLR genes is associated with age and activated by pathological stress and suggest that YAP/TEAD1 complex is a default repressor of cardiac TLR genes.
Expression Profile of New Marker Genes Involved in Differentiation of Canine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblasts
Authors: Jankowski Maurycy , Kaczmarek Mariusz , Wąsiatycz Grzegorz , Dompe Claudia , Mozdziak Paul , Jaśkowski Jędrzej M. , Piotrowska-Kempisty Hanna , Kempisty Bartosz
Published: June 2021

Next-generation sequencing (RNAseq) analysis of gene expression changes during the long-term in vitro culture and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs remains to be important, as the analysis provides important clues toward employing stem cells as a therapeutic intervention. In this study, the cells were isolated from adipose tissue obtained during routine surgical procedures and subjected to 14-day in vitro culture and differentiation. The mRNA transcript levels were evaluated using the Illumina platform, resulting in the detection of 19,856 gene transcripts. The most differentially expressed genes (fold change >|2|, adjusted p value < 0.05), between day 1, day 14 and differentiated cell cultures were extracted and subjected to bioinformatical analysis based on the R programming language. The results of this study provide molecular insight into the processes that occur during long-term in vitro culture and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs, allowing the re-evaluation of the roles of some genes in MSC progression towards a range of lineages. The results improve the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with long-term in vitro culture and differentiation of ASCs, as well as providing a point of reference for potential in vivo and clinical studies regarding these cells’ application in regenerative medicine.
Ferryl Hemoglobin and Heme Induce A1-Microglobulin in Hemorrhaged Atherosclerotic Lesions with Inhibitory Function against Hemoglobin and Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Pethő Dávid , Gáll Tamás , Hendrik Zoltán , Nagy Annamária , Beke Lívia , Gergely Attila Péter , Méhes Gábor , Tóth Csaba , Gram Magnus , Åkerström Bo , Balla György , Balla József
Published: June 2021

Infiltration of red blood cells into atheromatous plaques and oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and lipoproteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a radical-scavenging and heme-binding protein. In this work, we examined the origin and role of A1M in human atherosclerotic lesions. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant A1M immunoreactivity in atheromas and hemorrhaged plaques of carotid arteries in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. The most prominent expression was detected in macrophages of organized hemorrhage. To reveal a possible inducer of A1M expression in ruptured lesions, we exposed aortic endothelial cells (ECs), SMCs and macrophages to heme, Oxy- and FerrylHb. Both heme and FerrylHb, but not OxyHb, upregulated A1M mRNA expression in all cell types. Importantly, only FerrylHb induced A1M protein secretion in aortic ECs, SMCs and macrophages. To assess the possible function of A1M in ruptured lesions, we analyzed Hb oxidation and heme-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in the presence of A1M. We showed that recombinant A1M markedly inhibited Hb oxidation and heme-driven oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins as well plaque lipids derived from atheromas. These results demonstrate the presence of A1M in atherosclerotic plaques and suggest its induction by heme and FerrylHb in the resident cells.
Germination of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Seeds after a Short Treatment with a Powerful RF Plasma
Authors: Recek Nina , Holc Matej , Vesel Alenka , Zaplotnik Rok , Gselman Peter , Mozetič Miran , Primc Gregor
Published: June 2021

Seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), of the Etna variety, were treated with low-pressure oxygen plasma sustained by an inductively coupled radiofrequency discharge in the H-mode for a few seconds. The high-intensity treatment improved seed health in regard to fungal contamination. Additionally, it increased the wettability of the bean seeds by altering surface chemistry, as established by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and increasing surface roughness, as seen with a scanning electron microscope. The water contact angle at the seed surface dropped to immeasurably low values after a second of plasma treatment. Hydrophobic recovery within a month returned those values to no more than half of the original water contact angle, even for beans treated for the shortest time (0.5 s). Increased wettability resulted in accelerated water uptake. The treatment increased the bean radicle length, which is useful for seedling establishment in the field. These findings confirm that even a brief plasma treatment is a useful technique for the disinfection and stimulation of radicle growth. The technique is scalable to large systems due to the short treatment times.
Corticosterone Administration Alters White Matter Tract Structure and Reduces Gliosis in the Sub-Acute Phase of Experimental Stroke
Authors: Zalewska Katarzyna , Hood Rebecca J. , Pietrogrande Giovanni , Sanchez-Bezanilla Sonia , Ong Lin Kooi , Johnson Sarah J. , Young Kaylene M. , Nilsson Michael , Walker Frederick R.
Published: June 2021

White matter tract (WMT) degeneration has been reported to occur following a stroke, and it is associated with post-stroke functional disturbances. White matter pathology has been suggested to be an independent predictor of post-stroke recovery. However, the factors that influence WMT remodeling are poorly understood. Cortisol is a steroid hormone released in response to prolonged stress, and elevated levels of cortisol have been reported to interfere with brain recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of corticosterone (CORT; the rodent equivalent of cortisol) on WMT structure post-stroke. Photothrombotic stroke (or sham surgery) was induced in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. At 72 h, mice were exposed to standard drinking water ± CORT (100 µg/mL). After two weeks of CORT administration, mice were euthanised and brain tissue collected for histological and biochemical analysis of WMT (particularly the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract). CORT administration was associated with increased tissue loss within the ipsilateral hemisphere, and modest and inconsistent WMT reorganization. Further, a structural and molecular analysis of the WMT components suggested that CORT exerted effects over axons and glial cells. Our findings highlight that CORT at stress-like levels can moderately influence the reorganization and microstructure of WMT post-stroke.
Loss of HCN2 in Dorsal Hippocampus of Young Adult Mice Induces Specific Apoptosis of the CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Layer
Authors: Deutsch Matthias , Stegmayr Carina , Balfanz Sabine , Baumann Arnd
Published: June 2021

Neurons inevitably rely on a proper repertoire and distribution of membrane-bound ion-conducting channels. Among these proteins, the family of hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels possesses unique properties giving rise to the corresponding Ih-current that contributes to various aspects of neural signaling. In mammals, four genes (hcn1-4) encode subunits of HCN channels. These subunits can assemble as hetero- or homotetrameric ion-conducting channels. In order to elaborate on the specific role of the HCN2 subunit in shaping electrical properties of neurons, we applied an Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated, RNAi-based knock-down strategy of hcn2 gene expression both in vitro and in vivo. Electrophysiological measurements showed that HCN2 subunit knock-down resulted in specific yet anticipated changes in Ih-current properties in primary hippocampal neurons and, in addition, corroborated that the HCN2 subunit participates in postsynaptic signal integration. To further address the role of the HCN2 subunit in vivo, we injected recombinant (r)AAVs into the dorsal hippocampus of young adult male mice. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted to assess the contribution of HCN2-containing channels in shaping hippocampal network properties. Surprisingly, knock-down of hcn2 expression resulted in a severe degeneration of the CA1 pyramidal cell layer, which did not occur in mice injected with control rAAV constructs. This finding might pinpoint to a vital and yet unknown contribution of HCN2 channels in establishing or maintaining the proper function of CA1 pyramidal neurons of the dorsal hippocampus.
The Asymptotic Expansion of a Function Introduced by L.L. Karasheva
Authors: Paris Richard
Published: June 2021

The asymptotic expansion for x→±∞ of the entire function Fn,σ(x;μ)=∑k=0∞sin(nγk)sinγkxkk!Γ(μ−σk),γk=(k+1)π2n for μ>0, 0<σ<1 and n=1,2,… is considered. In the special case σ=α/(2n), with 0<α<1, this function was recently introduced by L.L. Karasheva (J. Math. Sciences, 250 (2020) 753–759) as a solution of a fractional-order partial differential equation. By expressing Fn,σ(x;μ) as a finite sum of Wright functions, we employ the standard asymptotics of integral functions of hypergeometric type to determine its asymptotic expansion. This was found to depend critically on the parameter σ (and to a lesser extent on the integer n). Numerical results are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the different expansions obtained.
CMPC: An Innovative Lidar-Based Method to Estimate Tree Canopy Meshing-Profile Volumes for Orchard Target-Oriented Spray
Authors: Gu Chenchen , Zhai Changyuan , Wang Xiu , Wang Songlin
Published: June 2021

Canopy characterization detection is essential for target-oriented spray, which minimizes pesticide residues in fruits, pesticide wastage, and pollution. In this study, a novel canopy meshing-profile characterization (CMPC) method based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR)point-cloud data was designed for high-precision canopy volume calculations. First, the accuracy and viability of this method were tested using a simulated canopy. The results show that the CMPC method can accurately characterize the 3D profiles of the simulated canopy. These simulated canopy profiles were similar to those obtained from manual measurements, and the measured canopy volume achieved an accuracy of 93.3%. Second, the feasibility of the method was verified by a field experiment where the canopy 3D stereogram and cross-sectional profiles were obtained via CMPC. The results show that the 3D stereogram exhibited a high degree of similarity with the tree canopy, although there were some differences at the edges, where the canopy was sparse. The CMPC-derived cross-sectional profiles matched the manually measured results well. The CMPC method achieved an accuracy of 96.3% when the tree canopy was detected by LiDAR at a moving speed of 1.2 m/s. The accuracy of the LiDAR system was virtually unchanged when the moving speeds was reduced to 1 m/s. No detection lag was observed when comparing the start and end positions of the cross-section. Different CMPC grid sizes were also evaluated. Small grid sizes (0.01 m × 0.01 m and 0.025 m × 0.025 m) were suitable for characterizing the finer details of a canopy, whereas grid sizes of 0.1 m × 0.1 m or larger can be used for characterizing its overall profile and volume. The results of this study can be used as a technical reference for the development of a LiDAR-based target-oriented spray system.
The description of the activity of the state healthcare institution “Center for Medical Prevention and Formation of Healthy Lifestyle” and the medical prevention service of the Ulyanovsk Region
Authors: Schukina Elena
Published: June 2021

The article considers the characteristics of the organization of preventive care on the example of the State Healthcare Institution Center for Medical Prevention and Formation of Healthy Lifestyle and the medical prevention service of the Ulyanovsk Region.
Mu’tezile Ekolünü Belâgata Sevk Eden Muhtemel Faktörler
Authors: SEVİNÇ Eyüp , EKHTİAR Ousama
Published: June 2021

Mu‘tezile ekolü, İslâmî fetih hareketi ile birlikte karşılaşılan farklı din ve kültürlere mensup insanların, itikâdî ve fikrî alanlarda İslam ve Müslümanlara yönelttikleri eleştirilere cevap verebilmek amacıyla büyük bir gayretin içerisine girmiştir. Bu bağlamda mu‘tezilî âlimler, naklî ve aklî deliller ışığında söz konusu insanların ortaya attıkları argümanları çürütmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu alanda birçok ilmi disiplinden yardım almaları yanında belâgattan da istifade etmişlerdir. Özellikle de ayetlerin yorumlanması hususunda Arap dilinden istifade ettikleri gibi belâgattan da yararlanmışlardır. Ayrıca söz konusu insanlarla yaptıkları cedel ve münâzalarda delillerin güçlü olmasına ehemmiyet verdikleri gibi hitabetin de kuvvetli olmasına önem vermişlerdir. Aynı zamanda beyân’ı etkili kullanarak muhataplarını etkilemeyi hedeflemişlerdir. Buna ilaveten Mu‘tezile ekolüne mensup bazı kelamcıların edip olmaları, bir hitabın nasıl olması gerektiği üzerine bir düşüncenin içerisine girmeleri onların ayrıyeten belâgat ile ilgilenmelerine vesile olmuştur. Mu‘tezile ekolünü, belâgat ile ilgilenmeye iten diğer bazı faktörler de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Mu’tezile ekolünün belâgat ile ilgilenmesine vesile olabilecek muhtemel faktörlerin neler olabileceği konusu ele alınmaya çalışılacaktır.
Síndrome de intestino corto.
Authors: Solano Pochet Mónica
Published: June 2021

El SIC es una reducción congénita o adquirida por resección quirúrgica en la longitud del ID ocasionando malabsorción. Las causas más comunes son atresia intestinal, enfermedad de Hirschsprung, gastrosquisis, enterocolitis necrotizante, vólvulo, trombosis vascular, tumor, traumatismo y síndrome de intestino inflamatorio. Su fisiopatología, presentación clínica, manejo y pronóstico son influenciados por determinantes específicos. Requiere de un proceso de adaptación intestinal para recuperar funcionalidad. Presenta múltiples complicaciones y el manejo se basa en programas de rehabilitación intestinal, NP, NE, suplementación de déficits nutricionales, terapia farmacológica y procedimientos quirúrgicos, con lo cual su pronóstico y prevalencia han aumentado en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, persiste con una alta morbimortalidad.
Métodos de medición de la presión arterial.
Authors: Solano Vega Luis Diego , Yagua Velasquez Stephanie Veronica
Published: June 2021

La hipertensión arterial es una de las enfermedades más prevalentes a nivel mundial, por lo cual es una de los padecimientos con más estudios realizados para su conocimiento en la epidemiología, fisiopatología y sus riesgos asociados. Es fundamental que todo personal que trabaje en el ámbito de la salud tenga conocimiento básico de esta patología. En la actualidad hay cuatro maneras de medir la presión arterial (PA), dos de ellas es durante la consulta médica y las otras dos no se asocian en el momento de la visita médica. Cada una ellas tienen sus beneficios y sus desventajas, incluso se pueden complementar, lo más importante es saber cuándo utilizar un método u otro dependiendo de la situación y el paciente que estemos valorando.
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGY OF OBTAINING FUELS FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Тарамов Ю.Х. , Эльмурзаев А.А. , Абубакаров М.А. , Ахъядов Р.И. , Цамаев А.М.
Published: June 2021

Во всех развитых странах существуют и являются весьма значимыми проблемы, связанные с ростом количества твердых бытовых отходов. Различные виды пластиковых отходов, автомобильных шин и других материалов на полимерной основе, относящихся к категории вторичного сырья, отравляют воздух, почву и водоемы городов. В качестве основного способа переработки таких отходов традиционно принято использовать утилизацию в виде сжигания либо захоронения. Авторами в статье рассматриваются альтернативные варианты переработки отходов жизнедеятельности человека, использования вторичного сырья, в частности переработка твердых бытовых отходов, с получением товарных продуктов.

In all developed countries, there are and are very significant problems associated with an increase in the amount of municipal solid waste. Various types of plastic waste, car tires and other polymer-based materials belonging to the category of secondary raw materials poison the air, soil and water bodies of cities. As the main method of processing such waste, it is customary to use recycling in the form of burning or disposal. The authors of the article consider alternative options for the processing of human waste, the use of secondary raw materials, in particular the processing of municipal solid waste, with the receipt of marketable product materials.
EFFECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS BASEDON INTELLIGENT NETWORKS
Authors: Дебиев М. В. , Магомадов Р. А-М. , Амхаев Т. Ш. , Зиниев Ш. З.
Published: June 2021

В статье рассматриваются задачи по классификации технологических, экологических, экономических и других факторов внедрением интеллектуальных сетей на основе автоматизированных электроэнергетических систем. Проводимый в данной работе анализ по улучшению эффективности функционирования энергетической отрасли способствует переходу к наиболее устойчивому развитию бизнес-модели управления в энергетике, изменению моделей действий энергетических компаний, практикующих энергоснабжающих и сервисных компаний, а также потребителей электроэнергии всех категорий. Проводится анализ в использовании возобновляемых и нетрадиционных источников энергии с применением технологий интеллектуальных сетей. Исследуются пути развития электрических сетей на основе концепции Smart Grid (Умный учет), где выбраны инновационные технологии, направленные на обеспечение их надежности и энергоэффективности. Приводятся основные положительные эффекты от внедрения автоматизированных интеллектуальных электрических систем формированием современных элементов.

The article discusses the tasks of classifying technological, environmental, economic and other factors by the introduction of smart grids based on automated electric power systems. The analysis carried out in this paper to improve the efficiency of the energy industry contributes to the transition to the most sustainable development of the business model of management in the energy sector, changing the models of action of energy companies, practicing energy supply and service companies, as well as electricity consumers of all categories. An analysis is carried out in the use of renewable and non- traditional energy sources using smart grid technologies. The ways of development of electric grids based on the concept of Smart Grid (Smart metering) are investigated, where innovative technologies are selected, aimed at ensuring their reliability and energy efficiency. The main positive effects from the introduction of automated intelligent electrical systems by the formation of modern elements are given.
UNEMPLOYMENT AS A SIGN OF INSTABILITY IN SOCIETY
Authors: Азиева Р. Х. , Таймасханов Х. Э.
Published: June 2021

В современном мировом пространстве политика государств сопряжена с решением такой глобальной проблемы, как безработица. За последние три десятилетия безработица стала одной из наиболее значимых проблем не только в развивающихся, но и в развитых странах, так как безработица приводит к массовой нищете и угрожает социальной и политической стабильности. В статье представлены масштабы изменений в сфере занятости в условиях неопределенности и дана оценка влияния происходящих процессов на изменения структуры занятости. А также авторами представлены рекомендации по стабилизации рынка труда для недопущения высокого уровня безработицы и падения уровня жизни населения.

In the modern world space, the policy of states is associated with the solution of such a global problem as unemployment. Over the past three decades, unemployment has become one of the most significant problems, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as unemployment leads to mass poverty and threatens social and political stability. The article presents the scale of changes in the field of employment in conditions of uncertainty and assesses the impact of the processes on changes in the structure of employment. The authors also present recommendations for stabilizing the labor market to prevent high unemployment and falling living standards of the population.
PHYSICO-MECHANICAL AND DEFORMATIVE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CLASSES OF CONCRETEON SAND-GRAVEL MIXTURES
Authors: Сайдумов М. С. , Муртазаева Т. С-А. , Мажиев Х. Н. , Мажиев Аслан Х. , Мажиев Адам Х.
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме использования песчано-гравийных смесей (ПГС) для получения бетонов низких и средних классов. В рамках проведенных исследований разработаны составы бетонных смесей для приготовления бетонов классов В7,5-В30 на речных ПГС. С использованием коэффициента расхода цемента проведен сравнительный анализ эффективности рассматриваемых бетонов на песчано-гравийных смесях и обычных бетонов на стандартных заполнителях из песка и щебня. Изучены физико-механические и деформативные свойства различных классов бетонов на ПГС, на основании полученных результатов сделан вывод о целесообразности расширения области применения бетонов с использованием песчано-гравийных смесей.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of using sand and gravel mixtures (SGM) to obtain concretes of low and medium classes. As part of the research, the compositions of concrete mixtures were developed for the preparation of concretes of classes B7.5-B30 on river ASGs. Using the cement consumption coefficient, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the considered concretes on sand and gravel mixtures and ordinary concretes on standard aggregates from sand and crushed stone was carried out.Physicomechanical and deformative properties of various classes of concretes on SGM have been studied, on the basis of the results obtained, a conclusion was made about the advisability of expanding the field of application of concretes using sand and gravel mixtures.
OPTIMIZATION OF TREE STRUCTURES WITH RHOMBIC GRIDS
Authors: Марутян А.С.
Published: June 2021

Представлено конструктивно-компоновочное решение стержней Y-образных и Ψ-образных очертаний в фермах с ромбической решеткой или фермах с ромбической решеткой и полустойками (полуподвесками), техническая новизна которого подтверждена результатами патентной экспертизы. Универсальность этого решения для ферменных конструкций обеспечивает ту эффективность, с какой оно применимо к грузовым верхним поясам, грузовым нижним поясам или грузовым верхним и нижним поясам одной и той же решетки. Повышена степень унификации фермы из прямоугольных гнутосварных профилей (профильных труб) за счет использования в верхнем поясе форм и наружных габаритов поперечных сечений, принятых для нижнего пояса. При этом ресурсы несущей способности разнятся между ними в пределах однопроцентного порога, что обеспечивает необходимую и достаточную равнопрочность обоих поясов для их более рациональной унификации. Узловые соединения стержней разных очертаний с верхними поясами позволяют оптимизировать опорные условия настилов и прогонов с уменьшением размеров их грузовых площадей. Возрастание общего количества прогонов приводит к снижению их суммарной массы и массы кровельного ограждения, что весьма актуально для вариантного и оптимального проектирования строительных конструкций с учетом риска лавинообразного обрушения. Выявлена перспективность применения нового технического решения в составе несущих и связевых систем различных зданий и сооружений.

The structural and layout solution of rods of Y-shaped and Ψ-shaped outlines in trusses with a rhombic lattice or trusses with a rhombic lattice and half-posts (half-suspensions) is presented, the technical novelty of which is confirmed by the results of patent examination. The versatility of this truss solution is as effective as it is for load tops, load bottoms, or load tops and bottoms of the same grid. The degree of unification of the truss of rectangular bent-welded profiles (shaped pipes) has been increased due to the use in the upper chord of the forms and outer dimensions of the cross-sections adopted for the lower chord. At the same time, the resources of the bearing capacity differ between them within a one- percent threshold, which ensures the necessary and sufficient equal strength of both belts for their more rational unification. Nodal connections of rods of different shapes with the upper chords allow to optimize the support conditions of decks and purlins with a decrease in the size of their cargo areas. An increase in the total number of runs leads to a decrease in their total mass and the mass of the roofing, which is very important for the variant and optimal design of building structures, taking into account the risk of an avalanche collapse. The prospect of using a new technical solution in the composition of bearing and communication systems of various buildings and structures has been revealed.
Southern Africa in the world
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: June 2021

Major changes in the global governance architecture have markedly impacted upon and considerably changed the situation in Southern Africa since this journal was established 35 years ago. These shifts have also modified the approach documented in the periodical. With this issue, the Strategic Review enters another stage in its development. In pursuance of being a relevant source of information, profound analysis and engagement with topical policy matters, it is representing academically sound Southern African perspectives, as well as perspectives on Southern Africa. At the same time, it adds voices from civil society and other agencies, contributing in their way to necessary debates. The new blend offers further reflections and dimensions to provoke fruitful discourses not only confined to a purely academic analysis.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND REGIONAL COOPERATION IN AFRICA: SADC AND THE CRISIS IN ZIMBABWE
Authors: Pallotti Arrigo
Published: June 2021

Since the early 1990s African regional and continental organisations have been playing an active role in maintaining military security and promoting democracy, good governance and respect for human rights in Africa. However, their efforts have often proved ineffective. This article contributes to the analysis of the causes of the difficulties African multilateral organisations have been facing in promoting democracy and human rights on the continent through a case-study of SADC's policy towards the crisis in Zimbabwe. The article shows that SADC efforts aimed at restoring democracy and putting an end to human rights abuses in Zimbabwe were critically hampered by the history of political antagonism among the Southern African governments, and by SADC's inability to draw a clear distinction between respect for human rights and the promotion of a neoliberal strategy of regional development. In the end, SADC diplomatic efforts were caught between the demagogic rhetoric of the ZANU-PF regime as represented by President Mugabe, and the international consensus on development. SADC ultimately proved unable to both help redress the deep economic and social inequalities in Zimbabwe and uphold human rights in the country
SOUTH AFRICA'S APPROACH TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN BURUNDI AND THE DRC: PROMOTING HUMAN SECURITY?
Authors: Hendricks Cheryl
Published: June 2021

This article is a critical reflection of South Africa's approach to conflictmanagement in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo.These are countries in which South Africa has been extensively involved and which now serve as models for conflict management across the continent. The article highlights that though these interventions are often viewed as success stories South Africa's approach falls short of its intended objective of promoting human security. The article contends that South Africa's narrow focus on the state and war elites leaves key conflict generating issues unresolved and reinforces militarised authoritarian state structures. It has therefore paid lip service to creating more inclusive conflict management processes. South Africa has largely failed.to pioneer new ways of managing conflict that could lead to safer, resilient and prosperous societies.
HUMAN SECURITY IN EAST AFRICA: THE EAC'S ILLUSIVE QUEST FOR INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
Authors: Walsh Barney
Published: June 2021

The East African Community (EAC) exemplifies the contradiction of independent Africa's efforts to champion regional integration and the idea of pan-Africanism, whilst maintaining the nation-state model left from colonialism. EAC I, 1967-1977, ultimately  collapsed due to its inability to create a regional institutional framework that could supplant the nationalist tendencies of its member states' leaders; and failing to adopt a people-centred inclusive approach to its structure and actions. The resultant human security issues suffered throughout post-colonial East Africa at their essence have been caused by the victorious nationstate's continued failure to offer this inclusive citizenship to its peoples. Despite the EAC II's, 2001-present, espoused people-centred reincarnation, it too has so far failed to create the inclusive citizen, or peoplecentred approach to its development and so risks the continued insecurity of its people.