bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk measurement with equivalent utility principles
Authors: Denuit Michel , Dhaene Jan , Goovaerts Marc , Kaas Rob , Laeven Roger
Published: August 2006

Risk measures have been studied for several decades in the actuarial literature, where they appeared under the guise of premium calculation principles. Risk measures and properties that risk measures should satisfy have recently received considerable attention in the financial mathematics literature. Mathematically, a risk measure is a mapping from a class of random variables to the real line. Economically, a risk measure should capture the preferences of the decision-maker.

This paper complements the study initiated in Denuit, Dhaene & Van Wouwe (1999) and considers several theories for decision under uncertainty: the classical expected utility paradigm, Yaari's dual approach, maximin expected utility theory, Choquet expected utility theory and Quiggin's rank-dependent utility theory. Building on the actuarial equivalent utility pricing principle, broad classes of risk measures are generated, of which most classical risk measures appear to be particular cases. This approach shows that most risk measures studied recently in the financial mathematics literature disregard the utility concept (i.e., correspond to linear utilities), restricting their applicability. Some alternatives proposed in the literature are discussed.
Robust utility maximization in a stochastic factor model
Authors: Hernández-Hernández Daniel , Schied Alexander
Published: August 2006

We give an explicit PDE characterization for the solution of a robust utility maximization problem in an incomplete market model, whose volatility, interest rate process, and long-term trend are driven by an external stochastic factor process. The robust utility functional is defined in terms of a HARA utility function with negative risk aversion and a dynamically consistent coherent risk measure, which allows for model uncertainty in the distributions of both the asset price dynamics and the factor process. Our method combines two recent advances in the theory of optimal investments: the general duality theory for robust utility maximization and the stochastic control approach to the dual problem of determining optimal martingale measures.
Law invariant concave utility functions and optimization problems with monotonicity and comonotonicity constraints
Authors: Carlier Guillaume , Dana Rose-Anne
Published: August 2006

This paper considers a class of one dimensional calculus of variations problems with monotonicity and comonotonicity constraints arising in economic and financial models where law invariant concave criteria (or law invariant convex measures of risk) are used. Existence solutions, optimality conditions, sufficient conditions for the regularity of solutions are established. Applications to risk sharing with convex comonotone law invariant risk measures or with robust utilities are given.
On the optimal risk allocation problem
Authors: Burgert Christian , Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: August 2006

The optimal risk allocation problem or equivalently the problem of risk sharing is the problem to allocate a risk in an optimal way to n traders endowed with risk measures ϱ1, …, ϱ
n
. This problem has a long history in mathematical economics and insurance. In the first part of the paper we review some mathematical tools and discuss their applications to various problems on risk measures related to the allocation problem like to monotonicity properties of optimal allocations, to optimal investment problems or to an appropriate definition of the conditional value at risk. We then consider the risk allocation problem for convex risk measures ϱ
i
. In general the optimal risk allocation problem is well defined only under an equilibrium condition. This condition can be characterized by the existence of a common scenario measure. We formulate ameaningful modification of the optimal risk allocation problem also formarkets without assuming the equilibrium condition and characterize optimal solutions. The basic idea is to restrict the class of admissible allocations in a proper way.
Monetary utility over coherent risk ratios
Authors: Leitner Johannes
Published: August 2006

For a monetary utility functional U and a coherent risk measure ρ, both with compact scenario sets in L

q
, we optimize the ratio α(V): = U(V)/ρ(V) over an (arbitrage-free) linear sub-space V⊆Lp
, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, of attainable returns in an incomplete market model such that ρ > 0 on V \ {0}. If a solution Vˆ ∈ V with α(Vˆ) = α¯ V: = sup V∈Vα(V)∈[0,∞) exists, then the first order optimality condition allows to construct an absolutely continuous martingale measure for V as a convex combination Q¯+α¯V
Q/1+α¯V of two probability measures Q¯, Q from the respective scenario sets defining U and ρ. Conversely, if α¯V ∈ [0,∞), then α¯V equals the smallest a∈[0,∞) such that Q¯+a
Q/1+a is an absolutely continuous martingale measure for V for some probability measures Q¯, Q from the scenario sets defining U, ρ, and α¯V = ∞ holds iff such a convex combination does not exist.
Convex risk measures and the dynamics of their penalty functions
Authors: Föllmer Hans , Penner Irina
Published: August 2006

We study various properties of a dynamic convex risk measure for bounded random variables which describe the discounted terminal values of financial positions. In particular we characterize time-consistency by a joint supermartingale property of the risk measure and its penalty function. Moreover we discuss the limit behavior of the risk measure in terms of asymptotic safety and of asymptotic precision, a property which may be viewed as a non-linear analogue of martingale convergence. These results are illustrated by the entropic dynamic risk measure.
Law invariant convex risk measures for portfolio vectors
Authors: Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: August 2006

The class of all lawinvariant, convex risk measures for portfolio vectors is characterized. The building blocks of this class are shown to be formed by the maximal correlation risk measures. We further introduce some classes of multivariate distortion risk measures and relate them to multivariate quantile functionals and to an extension of the average value at risk measure.
Zebrafish Genomic Instability Mutants and Cancer Susceptibility
Authors: Moore Jessica L , Rush Lindsay M , Breneman Carol , Mohideen Manzoor-Ali P K , Cheng Keith C
Published: August 2006

Somatic loss of tumor suppressor gene function comprising the second hit of Knudson's two-hit hypothesis is important in human cancer. A genetic screen was performed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to find mutations that cause genomic instability (gin), as scored by Streisinger's mosaic-eye assay that models this second hit. The assay, based on a visible test for loss of wild-type gene function at a single locus, golden, is representative of genomewide events. Twelve ENU-induced genomic instability (gin) mutations were isolated. Most mutations showed weak dominance in heterozygotes and all showed a stronger phenotype in homozygotes. Trans-heterozygosity for 7 of these mutations showed greatly enhanced instability. A variety of spontaneous tumors were found in heterozygous adults from all gin lines, consistent with the expectation that genomic instability (mutator) mutations can accelerate carcinogenesis. The incidence of spontaneous cancer at 30–34 months was increased 9.6-fold in heterozygotes for the mutant with the strongest phenotype, gin-10. Tumors were seen in skin, colon, kidney, liver, pancreas, ovary, testis, and neuronal tissues, with multiple tumors in some fish. The study of these mutants will add to our understanding of the mechanisms of somatic loss of gene function and how those mechanisms contribute to cancer susceptibility.
Bayesian Clustering Using Hidden Markov Random Fields in Spatial Population Genetics
Authors: François Olivier , Ancelet Sophie , Guillot Gilles
Published: August 2006

We introduce a new Bayesian clustering algorithm for studying population structure using individually geo-referenced multilocus data sets. The algorithm is based on the concept of hidden Markov random field, which models the spatial dependencies at the cluster membership level. We argue that (i) a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure can implement the algorithm efficiently, (ii) it can detect significant geographical discontinuities in allele frequencies and regulate the number of clusters, (iii) it can check whether the clusters obtained without the use of spatial priors are robust to the hypothesis of discontinuous geographical variation in allele frequencies, and (iv) it can reduce the number of loci required to obtain accurate assignments. We illustrate and discuss the implementation issues with the Scandinavian brown bear and the human CEPH diversity panel data set.
Genetic and Environmental Effects on Complex Traits in Mice
Authors: Valdar William , Solberg Leah C , Gauguier Dominique , Cookson William O , Rawlins J Nicholas P , Mott Richard , Flint Jonathan
Published: August 2006

The interaction between genotype and environment is recognized as an important source of experimental variation when complex traits are measured in the mouse, but the magnitude of that interaction has not often been measured. From a study of 2448 genetically heterogeneous mice, we report the heritability of 88 complex traits that include models of human disease (asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and anxiety) as well as immunological, biochemical, and hematological phenotypes. We show that environmental and physiological covariates are involved in an unexpectedly large number of significant interactions with genetic background. The 15 covariates we examined have a significant effect on behavioral and physiological tests, although they rarely explain >10% of the variation. We found that interaction effects are more frequent and larger than the main effects: half of the interactions explained >20% of the variance and in nine cases exceeded 50%. Our results indicate that assays of gene function using mouse models should take into account interactions between gene and environment.
Cumulative Effects of Spontaneous Mutations for Fitness in Caenorhabditis: Role of Genotype, Environment and Stress
Authors: Baer Charles F , Phillips Naomi , Ostrow Dejerianne , Avalos Arián , Blanton Dustin , Boggs Ashley , Keller Thomas , Levy Laura , Mezerhane Edward
Published: August 2006

It is often assumed that the mutation rate is an evolutionarily optimized property of a taxon. The relevant mutation rate is for mutations that affect fitness, U, but the strength of selection on the mutation rate depends on the average effect of a mutation. Determination of U is complicated by the possibility that mutational effects depend on the particular environmental context in which the organism exists. It has been suggested that the effects of deleterious mutations are typically magnified in stressful environments, but most studies confound genotype with environment, so it is unclear to what extent environmental specificity of mutations is specific to a particular starting genotype. We report a study designed to separate effects of species, genotype, and environment on the degradation of fitness resulting from new mutations. Mutations accumulated for >200 generations at 20° in two strains of two species of nematodes that differ in thermal sensitivity. Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. elegans have similar demography at 20°, but C. elegans suffers markedly reduced fitness at 25°. We find little evidence that mutational properties differ depending on environmental conditions and mutational correlations between environments are close to those expected if effects were identical in both environments.
Bond strength of corroded reinforcement under cyclic loading
Authors: Fang C. Q.
Published: August 2006

Structures located in seismic zones require significant ductility. It is valuable to investigate the relationship between bond stress and slip displacement. Cyclic loading can result in severe deterioration in the bond between reinforcing steel bar and the surrounding concrete, especially when the reinforcement is corroded. Tests have been carried out under cyclic loading to investigate the bond stress–slip response of corroded reinforcement with concrete. The results showed that the rate of bond reduction had been lowered by corrosion. Bond reduction was significantly less for deformed bars than for smooth bars during the first loading cycle, but the difference was substantially decreased after ten cycles. Bond reduction was more substantial for unconfined steel bars than for confined ones. The relatively high level of corrosion caused reduction in bond primarily in the initial five cycles and the effect of corrosion was decreased with the number of loading cycles. It was also demonstrated that the shape of loading and unloading branches on the bond stress–slip curves as well as the reduced envelopes depended on loading history.
Characterizing Root Responses to Low Phosphorus in Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]
Authors: Faye I. , Diouf O. , Guissé A. , Sène M. , Diallo N.
Published: August 2006

Adaptation to low water and soil P availability has been related to root properties. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Under hydroponics conditions, plants of the Souna 3 cultivar were grown for 30 d with three levels of P (P0 = 0.0 mol L−1, P1 = 0.073 10−3mol L−1, and P2 = 1.65 10−3 mol L−1). In the pot experiment, two cultivars (Souna 3 and IBMV8402) were planted in pots filled with 19 kg of P‐deficient and sandy soil and subjected to two watering regimes: well watered and water stressed at the vegetative phase from 23 d after sowing (DAS) to 30 DAS. Phosphorus treatment consisted of two levels: application of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) at the rate of 649 mg per pot (34 mg P2O5 kg−1 soil), referred to as F1, and no phosphate application, referred to as F0. The results showed that under P deficiency, pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] presented an alteration of root parameters, particularly root volume, by the formation of root hair. Under non‐water‐limited conditions as well as in high or low P, IBMV8402 showed a better root and shoot growth. However, under drought conditions, the leaf water potential (Ψf) of IBMV8402 (Ψf = −5 MPa) decreased more than that of Souna 3 (Ψf = −3 MPa). In spite of this, P supply improved the root and shoot growth of IBMV8402. Finally, except for the condition of water stress and without P supply, P utilization efficiency exhibited by IBMV8402 was 20 to 50% higher than that of Souna 3 on the basis of shoot biomass production.
Microbial Indicators of Nutrient Enrichment
Authors: Corstanje R. , Reddy K. R.
Published: August 2006

Microbial communities are in close contact with the wetland soil microenvironment and can therefore function effectively as monitors of soil pollution. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the functional responses of microbial communities as a result of an external input of nutrients, while controlling for vegetation. A controlled experiment was performed at the mesocosm scale, consisting of two 1 m by 13 m raceways containing an organic peat soil, each planted with Cladium sp. and Typha sp. communities. One of the mesocosms was loaded with N (2 g N m−2 yr−1) and P (1 g P m−2 yr−1) for 18 mo. Nutrient loading resulted in increases in the soil and detritus labile nutrient pools, however, insufficient N and P where added to significantly alter their total levels. Over the experimental period, the extracellular enzyme acid phosphatase showed a significant decrease in activity across both plant communities (P < 0.01) in contrast to β‐glucosidase activity, which varied primarily by plant community. Other microbial response variables such as the microbial activities (CO2 and CH4 production, P = 0.0016 and 0.0213, respectively), microbial biomass (P = 0.0018) also varied primarily by vegetation type, with Typha sp. dominated areas exhibiting the highest level of activities. The nutrient dosing experiment indicated that the most immediate microbial response measures to nutrient enrichment are those directly associated to specific nutrients, such as P or N, while other measures showed a more complex response involving C source (e.g., vegetation type).
Root Influence on Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification inAvena barbataRhizosphere Soil
Authors: Herman D. J. , Johnson K. K. , Jaeger C. H. , Schwartz E. , Firestone M. K.
Published: August 2006

Micro–15N pool dilution was used to quantify rates of gross N mineralization, consumption, and nitrification in bulk soil and in soil within 2 mm of root sections ofAvena barbata(slender wild oats), an annual grass common to California oak woodland‐savannas. Rates of gross N mineralization in rhizosphere soil (9.2 mg N kg−1d−1) were about ten times higher than in bulk soil (1.0 mg N kg−1d−1). Total bacterial numbers in soil adjacent to roots were slightly higher than in bulk soil; protozoa biomass was not measurably different. Changes in bacterial numbers or standing stocks of bacterial N could not account for rates of N mineralization. Nitrification potential values were similar in bulk and rhizosphere soil, yet gross rates of nitrification were highly dependent on location along the root. Gross nitrification rates in soil near the root tip were the same as those in bulk soil, while rapid uptake of NH4by older sections of root (8–16 cm from the tip), appeared to limit nitrification rates. Only small differences in microbial community structure between bulk and rhizosphere soil were detected by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. While the small increases in bacterial numbers and changes in community composition may in‐part explain the increased rates of N mineralization, other microbial‐root interactions are likely involved in accelerating the flux of N from organic sources to the plant‐available NH4pool. The high rates of N mineralization observed in soil immediately adjacent to roots should facilitate plant access to N. Most of the stocks and fluxes determined in these studies exhibited distinct spatial patterns along the plant root that may have significantly impacted N‐availability to the plant.
Maize Root Biomass and Net Rhizodeposited Carbon
Authors: Amos B. , Walters D. T.
Published: August 2006

Assessment of net primary productivity of maize (Zea mays L)‐based agroecosystems is dependent on both above and belowground dry matter production that is ultimately returned to the soil as residue and decaying roots. Root to shoot ratio (R/S) is a parameter often used to estimate root biomass (RB) when shoot biomass is measured or estimated. The labor intensive nature of root sampling and wide variety of sampling techniques has lead to a paucity of maize RB data in the literature, and few researchers have endeavored to characterize R/S throughout an entire growing season. In this paper, the results of 45 maize root studies published in 41 journal articles are summarized and the data used to generate estimates of maize RB and R/S versus days after emergence (DAE). The data from these studies indicate that on average, RB was maximized just after anthesis at approximately 31 g plant−1 (13.6 g C plant−1) and that average R/S varied from a high of 0.68 at emergence to a low of 0.16 at physiological maturity. Net rhizodeposited C as a percentage of total net root‐derived belowground C at time of sampling (%NRC) was reported for 12 maize studies and varied between 5 and 62%. The wide variation in the %NRC was shown to be highly correlated with an index combining irradiance level, photoperiod, and ambient temperature, suggesting a strong dependence of net rhizodeposited C on rate of photosynthesis and soil respiration. The net belowground C deposition at maize physiological maturity is estimated as 29 ± 13% of shoot biomass C for maize that has not experienced stress.
Estimating Soil Mineralizable Nitrogen under Different Management Practices
Authors: Mikha Maysson M. , Rice Charles W. , Benjamin Joseph G.
Published: August 2006

Predicting in situ nitrogen (N) mineralization has been one of the greatest challenges to improving N management in agriculture. This study investigated the effect of tillage and residual N on soil N supplying capacity and evaluated the relationship between measured and estimated mineralizable N. The experiment was established in 1990 on a moderately well‐drained Kennebec silt loam (Fine‐silty, mixed, superactive mesic Cumulic Hapludoll) with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). The study was a split‐split plot design replicated four times. The main plot treatment was tillage (no‐tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), the subplot treatment was N source (manure and NH4NO3 fertilizer [F]), and the sub‐subplot treatment was the length of residual period. Residual N was studied 1 yr after cessation of a 10‐yr N application (R1) and 6 yr after cessation of a 5‐yr N application (R6). Measured in situ N mineralization (Nmin), laboratory potentially mineralizable N (No), and estimated N mineralization under field conditions (Nestimated) were evaluated. Nitrogen mineralization was studied in situ in an unplanted, sheltered area. Samples were collected from 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, and 15‐ to 30‐cm depths. No‐tillage and manure significantly increased soil total N, Nmin, and No The combination of NT and manure significantly increased No in both R1 and R6 High correlation was observed between Nmin and Nestimated for 0 to 5 cm (r = 0.79) and for 0 to 30 cm (r = 0.77). No‐tillage and manure sustained soil N 6 yr after discontinued N application. Potential mineralizable N, for site specific conditions could be used to estimate in situ N mineralization after adjustment to field conditions (soil water and temperature).
Soil‐Plant System Response to Pulsed Drip Irrigation and Salinity
Authors: Assouline S. , Möller M. , Cohen S. , Ben-Hur M. , Grava A. , Narkis K. , Silber A.
Published: August 2006

High‐frequency drip irrigation supplies water and nutrients at a rate that is close to plant uptake, thus enhancing growth and production. In light of water scarcity in arid regions, marginal water is increasingly considered as a resource for agricultural production. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effects of pulsed irrigation and water salinity on the response of the soil–plant system. As a test crop, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was cultivated in a screenhouse and drip irrigated daily (D) and at high frequency (P) with saline (S) and fresh (F) water. Simultaneous monitoring of meteorological, physiological, soil physical, plant and soil chemical, and yield data was performed during the experiment. Most physiological parameters were negatively affected by high water salinity. No consistent effect of the irrigation frequency was found on the overall season, although pulsed irrigation led to higher plant weight and leaf area at the early stages of plant growth. The distinct patterns of soil water content for the two irrigation frequencies are presented. Salinity in the root zone was higher under pulsed irrigation, an observation that is supported by measured leaf chloride content and tensiometer readings indicating that the once daily application may have more efficiently removed salts from the top soil. Yield, fruit weight, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were highest under once daily irrigation with fresh water. High‐frequency irrigation led to higher Mn concentrations in leaves and fruits and increased concentrations of Cl, N, and P in leaves, confirming earlier conclusions on improved P mobilization and uptake under pulsed irrigation.
The Influence of Manure Phytic Acid on Phosphorus Solubility in Calcareous Soils
Authors: Leytem April B. , Smith D. R. , Applegate T. J. , Thacker P. A.
Published: August 2006

Manure characteristics can influence the potential for P transfer in runoff following land application of manures. This research assessed the influence of manure characteristics on P solubility in calcareous soils using manures from poultry (Gallus Domisticus) fed a variety of grain‐based diets with the manures containing a range of total P (5.6–16.4 g P kg−1), water‐extractable P (WEP, 0.9–4.7 g P kg−1), phytic acid P (0.1–7.6), total N/P ratios (2.6–5.1), and total C/P ratios (19.5–75.7). In addition, mono‐ammonium phosphate fertilizer and reagent grade inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid [PA]), were included, as well as a control treatment with no P additions. Treatments were incorporated into two soils (Portneuf [Coarse‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids] and Millville [Coarse‐silty, carbonatic, mesic Typic Haploxerolls]) at three rates (10, 20, and 40 mg P kg−1) and incubated for a total of 18 wk with subsamples taken at 2, 5, 9, and 18 wk. Soil samples were analyzed for inorganic and organic NaHCO3 (Olsen) extractable P and select soils were analyzed at 0 and 12 wk by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) for soil P characterization. The percentage of WEP and PA (of total P) in the manures were linearly related (r2 = 0.94). Increases in Olsen P over time were positively related to the percentage of monoester P in the treatments. At 2 wk, there was a strong negative correlation between the amount of PA added in the treatments and increases in Olsen P. However, by 18 wk, Olsen P was more closely related to the amount of C or N added with the treatments. Changes in PA content of manures due to dietary modification may influence P sorption on calcareous soils in the short‐term while other characteristics such as C/P ratio may exert a stronger influence over changes in soil test P over longer time periods.
Bison Heights: A Late Holocene Bison Kill Site on Idaho's Snake River Plain
Authors: Henrikson L. Suzann
Published: August 2006

Recent excavations at a narrow draw in close proximity to Tomcat Cave, one of Idaho's cold storage caves, exposed a concentration of charred mammal bones and a rock lined hearth in association with an elaborate series of rock alignments. Much of the long bone falls within the bovid size range (bison) and appears to be the byproduct of stone boiling or bone soup making. Radiocarbon dates from the hearth, and the presence of Intermountain ware ceramics, Rose Spring and Desert Side-notched points indicate use of the site during the very late Holocene. Analogous artifacts recovered from the mouth of Tomcat Cave indicate that hunting activities at Bison Heights and use of the cave likely coincided. The rock features at the site and those documented elsewhere within the region indicate that narrow topographic features were used as procurement locales for big game. However, limited amount of bone recovered near these features indicates that only a small number of animals were acquired during single hunting events.
Social Change and Oklahoma Public Archaeology
Authors: Moore Lawrence E.
Published: August 2006

While many archaeological societies are struggling to stay viable, there is a light at the end of the tunnel. Better days are to come. American archaeology will soon launch into a new cycle of growth that is focused on Public Archaeology. This social change is due to Baby Boomers desiring meaningful recreation in their retirement years and to a new role for archaeology as an element of popular culture. The new Public Archaeology will focus on providing educational entertainment on many topics that interest Americans. This article is specifically aimed at discussing ways to enhance Oklahoma Public Archaeology but the general issues are pertinent to all areas of North America.
Reconstructing Perishable Architecture: Prospects and Limitations of a Fort Ancient Example
Authors: Cook Robert A.
Published: August 2006

Perishable architectural evidence recovered from prehistoric sites can be used to address significant archaeological questions regarding natural formation processes, occupation duration, and the physical appearance of houses. Specifically, postholes, wall daub, and mud dauber nests hold a variety of clues. Posthole frequency can be used to refine site chronology. Posthole size can be used to examine the structural capacities of house walls, and they often contain wood charcoal that can inform of the species type used for construction. Daub can help with the interpretation of wall thickness, construction materials, and building techniques. Mud dauber nests can provide key roof construction details such as rafter size and roofing material. Houses reconstructed based on archaeological evidence can in turn provide important experimental evidence useful for furthering our knowledge of natural formation processes.
Some Thoughts on Conducting
Authors: King Chauncey Byron
Published: August 2006

“THIS ARTICLE,” says the author, “is primarily intended for choral conductors. It hopes to say in brief that conducting of vocal groups fundamentally should be along musical lines, and only incidentally along vocal lines.” Mr. King, in addressing choral conductors, realizes that “experienced conductors, his seniors in the field” will feel that the article is elementary in approach; nevertheless he covets participation of all who conduct choral groups in a frank and honest discussion of the various factors, elementary and otherwise, which contribute to musical conducting. “It is my thesis,” says Mr. King, “that one's conducting should be understandable by any choral group, and by instrumentalists as well. We have too many conductors whose sign language can be understood only by their own singers—and then only after a considerable familiarity with the signs has been established.”
Attrited or Attuned Ears?
Authors: Thompson Nellie Zetta
Published: August 2006

THE author contributes this article as a “challenge to music educators to extend the scope of their teaching to include a program of gradual musical uplift in the community that will bring gratifying results both today and tomorrow.”
Promoting a Better Elementary Music Program
Authors: Gildersleeve Glenn
Published: August 2006

ON May 20-22 there was held at the U. S. Office of Education a conference on the subject of “Leadership in Elementary Education.” This Conference was attended by representatives of some fifty national organizations which have active programs in elementary education, some subject-matter groups, and others general education and lay groups. Each subject-matter representative was asked to prepare a report for the group he represented in which he would attempt to apply certain points made to his particular field. Mr. Gildersleeve represented the MENC. The following is his report of the conference as it can apply to music education in the elementary school.
So You Want to Be a Music Teacher?
Authors: Thorn Harold A.
Published: August 2006

OR DO YOU? So asks the author, who, after one year of music teaching, seems pretty sure he, personally, still wants to be a music teacher, and knows the reasons why. Recommended reading for prospective music teachers, young music teachers, veteran music teachers, and any other persons who read the Journal.
So You Want a Music Degree?
Authors: Kennedy John C.
Published: August 2006

Helpful Suggestions for Student and Guidance Counselors and Good Reading for Any Teacher
The Choral Conductor and the Mike
Authors: Clark Ronald
Published: August 2006

MUSIC educators are meeting new conditions and new challenges in the public relations requirements of their present-day responsibilities. Mr. Clark's sound and informative article will interest all readers, especially those responsible for choral work in the school music program.
Changes in Elementary School Song Books
Authors: Kluth Marjorie F.
Published: August 2006

This Article should be equally interesting to the elementary school curriculum maker, the administrator, and the music teacher. And for younger members it may supply historical background with which they are not entirely familiar. Mrs. Kluth is supervisor of music, University of California, Los Angeles.
The “Teen-Ager's” Taste in Out-of-School Music
Authors: Duffield Paul E.
Published: August 2006

THIS article is based on the results of a survey of radio, television, and junior high school “music likes and dislikes” of incoming pupils in a three-year high school for boys, in which the majority of students major in industrial courses. The survey was conducted by Mr. Duffield, chairman of the textbook committee of the Philadelphia Public Schools, and also chairman of the committee studying the problems of the general music class in the senior and vocational high schools of Philadelphia. In asking for comments from his associate superintendent, the director of music, and the assistant director of music, in regard to submitting the material to the Journal, their comments were: “This is strong medicine but I like it.” “It indicates a need for revamping of our entire junior high school music program.” “By all means submit it. I am certain that the results would be substantially the same in most high schools throughout the country.”
Camp Mele Lani
Authors: Milnes Marjorie
Published: August 2006

Formerly a music educator in California, Mrs. Milnes for the past several years has been residing in Honolulu, Hawaii. This article was prepared after an overnight visit at Camp Mele Lani, a music camp sponsored by the Hawaii Music Educators Association.
Flutes or Clarinets?
Authors: Willett William C.
Published: August 2006

Will flutes supplant clarinets in the symphonic band? The author attempts to find the answer to this question in the evaluation of answers to a questionnaire filled out by music directors who listened to the performance of an experimental band at Fredonia State Teachers College. Flutes were used instead of clarinets, and the music was chosen to represent numerous styles scored to treat the new ensemble as a totally different music medium.
The Challenge to Music Education
Authors: Mursell James L.
Published: August 2006

AT general and special sessions of the St. Louis Biennial Convention, the following topics were developed by principal speakers: Education and Life, Education and Peace, Human Relations in Education, Audio-Visual Aids, Is the Music Industry in Step with Education, Music Education as a Profession, Music for Everybody. The final general session was planned to provide a summarization and focus for the entire convention program through the evaluation by a panel of distinguished administrators, music educators, and representatives from allied fields of the topics covered in the light of the final session topic-“The Challenge to Music Education.” The accompanying article is taken from the manuscript of the address by Dr. Mursell which introduced the panel discussion.
Cooperative Music Supervision in the Elementary School
Authors: Nye Robert E.
Published: August 2006

AN interesting discussion of a timely topic is presented in this condensation of Robert Nye's doctoral thesis completed in August 1949 for the, University of Wisconsin. Formerly music consultant at Highland Park, Illinois, and a member of the staff of the Summer Music Clinic at the University of Wisconsin for the past three summers, Dr. Nye is now professor of music at the State Teachers College in Florence, Alabama.
Piano Classes: For Elementary Teachers as Well as Children
Authors: Becker Evelyn Waltman
Published: August 2006

MUCH has appeared in the Journal about piano classes. This article by the supervisor of music of the York (Pennsylvania) Public Schools is important from the angle of promoting piano classes for teachers.
Popular Music in High School
Authors: Groff Frank H.
Published: August 2006

THE director of music for the West Hartford (Connecticut) Public Schools gives an interesting slant on how popular music can be used in the high school general music class, chorus, band, and orchestra-and particularly in extra-curricular groups-to enhance the total school program.
Music Education in Japan
Authors: Hirooka Yoshio
Published: August 2006

“In this article, I am intending to describe a part of the new music educational system in the cultural State of Japan, together with a brief musical view during the last seventy years.”— Yoshio Hirooka.
Vignettes of Music Education History
Authors: Gary Charles L.
Published: August 2006

Milton Z. Tinker was born in Ashtabula County, Ohio, June 25, 1834. He studied for a short time at the Normal Musical Institute of Bradbury and Cody in Chicago in the late ‘50's. He had conducted singing classes and conventions in Illinois and Iowa before ac- cepting the position at Terre Haute in 1863. He went to Evansville in 1867 and taught there until February 1914. He died in November of that year. The information used in this "vignette" was gleaned from the Evansville Daily Journal, September 4, 1883, and from the annual reports of the Board of Education of the Evans-ville Public Schools for the years 1881-82. This is the fourth in the series of vignettes of music education history prepared by Mr. Gary, who is head of the Music Department at Austin Peay State College, Clarksville, Tennessee.
Edison's First Great Gift to Education
Authors: Mathews Paul W.
Published: August 2006

THE importance of phonograph records in education, and specifically music education, has long been recognized. Yet, despite pre-eminence among available aids, it appears that music teachers have been less alert to the educative values inherent in this medium than have their colleagues in other subject fields. There are other reasons why optimum utilization of records has not been approached, some of them due to emergencies of the recent war, the others not insurmountable obstacles. The Journal is glad to present Mr. Mathews' review of the situation as a preliminary to further discussion in these columns.
The Scientific Approach to Music Teaching
Authors: Weigand J. J.
Published: August 2006

A Report on Some of the Results and Applications of Research in Music Education
The State Supervisor of Music
Authors: Brown Clifford W.
Published: August 2006

An Important Factor in the Development of a State-wide Music Education Program
Music for Everyday Living
Authors: Hoffmann Arnold E.
Published: August 2006

“THIS article has grown out of my work in training prospective music teachers in the use of the general music class at Florida State Uni- versity, Tallahassee, and (formerly) at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.”
The Psychology of Memorizing
Authors: Rubin-Rabson Grace
Published: August 2006

THE problem of memorizing is taken up by Dr. Rubin-Rabson, who is conducting a consulting practice, lecturing in psychology at Indiana University, and specializing in experimental work with relation to piano memorizing.
The New Music Teacher
Authors: Brown Clifford W.
Published: August 2006

Oneof the events associated with the dedication of the NEA building was the sealing of atime capsule to beopened January 1, 1999. State governors contributed prophecies about education forty years hence. This activity prompted the extraction of the following about the music educator of the future from the manuscript of a speech made at a meeting of the North Carolina Music Educators Association by Clifford W. Brown, a former president of the West Virginia Music Educators Association, head of the music education department of the School of Music, West Virginia University, Morgan town.
An Approach to Costuming
Authors: Zirner Laura
Published: August 2006

THE WRITER of this article, a native of Vienna, Austria, is the author of “Costuming for the Modern Stage,” June 1957, published by the University of Illinois Press. A freelance commercial designer, Mrs. Zirner's formal education and professional training took place in Vienna. In this country, she has had extensive experience as a visual aids designer for the Department of the Army, has been on the faculties of the University of Illinois, Institute of Design, Chicago, and the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood. She started work on the design of “unit costumes” for the University of Illinois Opera Workshop in 1948 and has designed costumes for all operatic productions since then.
Early Band Music in the United States (Part II)
Authors: Mayer Francis N.
Published: August 2006

This is the second in a series of two articles on nineteenth century American band music. The first, “Nineteenth Century American Band Music — The Scala Library,” appeared in the January 1959 Music Educators Journal. The author is associate professor, Department of Music, College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Does 1×4=4?
Authors: Chenette Louis
Published: August 2006

“It is my opinion that this article points out one of the real weaknesses in the teaching of music in public high schools, that is, we must repeat material because we do not have a step-wise music curriculum.” This statement is from a member of the Editorial Board of Music Educators Journal. How wide spread is this problem? Your comments are invited.
The Young Composers Project in Elkhart
Authors: Washburn Robert
Published: August 2006

[The author of this article, Robert Washburn, was one of the twelve composers-in-residence under the Ford Foundation project which attracted much attention during the 1959-1960 school year. This article, and the comments by William Gowdy which follow, have been extracted from June 1960 Indiana Musicator, official periodical of the Indiana Music Educators Association.]
Problems of the Small College Band
Authors: Whear Paul W.
Published: August 2006

THIS is the first of two articles on the small college band which have been written for the Music Educators Journal at the request of the Committee on Public Relations of the College Band Directors National Association, an Associated Organization of the Music Educators National Conference. Mr. Whear is director of instrumental music at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio. The second article will deal with the band in the small tax-supported college and will appear in an early issue.

Chairman of the CBDNA committee on public relations is Arthur L. Williams, The Conservatory of Music, Oberlin College, Ohio.
The Place of Music in Basic Education
Authors: Kerman Joseph
Published: August 2006

Mr. Kerman is associate professor of music, University of California, Berkeley. iis article on music is one of the chapters by eighteen authors in the book, “The Case for Basic Education,” edited by James D. Koerner, and sponsored by the Council for Basic Education. Published by Atlantic Monthly Press-Little, Brown and Company. (Copyright 1959, Council for Basic Education.)
A Biography of a Creative Pioneer
Authors: Van Boaegraven Paul
Published: August 2006

MUSIC FOR EVERY CHILD: THE STORY OF KARL WILSON GEHRKENS. A dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, University of Michigan, 1962. By Frank Torbet Lendrim (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms, Inc.)
Three Trends in the Teaching of Theory
Authors: Walton Charles W.
Published: August 2006

OVER a period of years many leaders in music education have docried the acarlemic stuffiness of some of the approaches to theory instruction. Author Walton is one of the sensitive musicians whose observations and practices must be welcomed by students to whom knowledge about the structure and components of music involves something more than geometrical and mathematical analysis of its anatomy.

One editorial reader of this article stated that: “Even the introdiction of a paper which has the word ‘theory’ in its title forebodes dry and dismal literary landscape! Why not change the Walton title to something of more concord with the author's thought when he says:

“The current trend is for the theory course to be broader in its scope, and to assume a more vital role in the music curriculum. In this broader concept, the term ‘theory’ seems most inadequate and narrow, and the term ‘musicianship’ is much more appropriate, since the development of musicianship is becoming the chief concern and core of theoretic study.”
The Sociology of Music: A Perspective
Authors: Cady Henry L.
Published: August 2006

The author contends that it is necessary, though difficult, to discuss art in the language and concepts of science. The alternative is to rationalize art in mythological and metaphysical terms, as did the Greeks as well as the romanticists of the nineteenth century. Believing that this is not satisfactory today in our present scientific temper, the author presents here a "perspective" of the function of the social sciences in carrying out this function.
The Teaching of Music
Authors: Hartshorn William C.
Published: August 2006

Three General Sessions at the MENC Northwest Division meeting held in Casper, Wyoming, in April 1963 were developed around the Conference theme "The Meaning and Teaching of Music." The first session on "The Meaning of Music," featured Angelo Giaudrone as principal speaker; the speech from the second session on "The Teaching of Music" is presented here. The third session speaker was Ole Sand, whose talk "Current Trends in Curriculum Planning: Their Implications for Music and the Other Arts" was published in the September-October issue of the Music Educators Journal.
Music as a Source of Knowledge
Authors: Taylor Harold
Published: August 2006

“The human being as he is put together, can, for the purposes of talking about him, be divided into two major parts: his intellect, and his sensibility. We are accustomed to thinking of persons as divided into segments, and I propose to speak abouthe person in his intellectual capacity and in his capacity for sensibility.”

With these words, one of America's distinguished scholars, Harold Taylor, began his address at a general session of the MENC Philadelphia convention in March. In his speech, which begins as an article on the next page, he first commented about the point of view from which he spoke; second, he commented on current education; and third, he presented particular examples of what he means by …
Music Festivals for College Students
Authors: Wenner Gene C.
Published: August 2006

Because music festivals have proved highly beneficial to young people of secondary school age, the author recommends more festivals designed especially for college students. Citing the successful festivals sponsored by the collegiate choral, orchestra, and band associations in Pennsylvania, he points the way to better performance and muisical understanding.
Music Reading: When and How
Authors: Joseph Warren
Published: August 2006

A program that can continually help the child's love for music to grow should prove to be one in which his capabilities for producing music can continually grow."
Potential Uses of Television and Films in Music Education
Authors: Carpenter C. R.
Published: August 2006

A year ago a National Conference on the Uses of Educational Media in the Teaching of Music was held in Washington, D.C. under the co-sponsorship of the U.S. Office of Education and the Music Educators National Conference. The conference explored the progress and the potential of technological advances for application to music education. Every state was represented at the conference and all the state supervisors were in attendance to hear experts representing every category of educational media: films and television, audio devices, teaching machines and programed instruction, electronic devices and instructional systems, and printed materials. So far-reaching were the results of this conference and so pertinent to the improvement of music education that requests for copies of the conference position papers and task force reports have prompted the publication of these papers in the Journal. The first position paper, “Music Education and the Rationale Underlying Programed Instruction,” by Israel Goldiamond and Stanley Pliskoff appeared in the February-March,1965, issue. A second is published here. Succeeding Journals will continue the series, providing valuable information which could revolutionize music education.
Government, Thearts, and the Public Happiness
Authors: John Brademas Honorable
Published: August 2006

The impact of the government upon the arts holds potential which is the concern of every musician. On Saturday morning, March 19, 1966 at the Music Educators National Conference in Kansas City, John Brademas, co-sponsor of the bill to establish a National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities, spoke of some of the problems, present achievements, and promises which lie ahead for the arts in America. His speech is presented on the following pages.