bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Anadenanthera macrocarpa EM FUNÇÃO DE SUBSTRATOS ALTERNATIVOS E DA FREQUÊNCIA DE FERTIRRIGAÇÃO
Authors: Uliana Marcelo Bortoli , Fey Rubens , Malavasi Marlene Matos , Malavasi Ubirajara Contro
Published: August 2014

Com o aumento da demanda de produtos da cana-de-açúcar, seu resíduo (bagaço), que possui baixo custo nas regiões produtoras e potencial de uso para produção de mudas, pode ser uma alternativa viável. Este ensaio objetivou quantificar o crescimento de mudas de angico-vermelho em função de substratos à base de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar decomposto e com diferentes intervalos de fertirrigação. O ensaio foi conduzido em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso e testou três frequências de fertirrigação (7, 14 e 21 dias), mais a testemunha (sem fertirrigação), e três substratos à base de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar decomposto com a adição de húmus, vermiculita, vermiculita e areia, e um substrato comercial isento de bagaço de cana (testemunha). As mensurações das mudas incluíram: altura, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca dos tecidos aéreos e radiculares aos 50, 80, 110 e 140 dias após a emergência. Os resultados indicaram maior desenvolvimento de mudas de angico-vermelho com o substrato bagaço de cana decomposto misturado com húmus na proporção 7:3 (v/v), enquanto as frequências de fertirrigação testadas pouco influenciaram o crescimento durante os períodos de avaliação.Palavras-chave: Viveiros florestais; morfometria de mudas; qualidade de mudas. AbstractSeedling production of Anadenanthera macrocarpa as a function of substrates and fertigation regimes. This essay evaluated the development of seedlings of Anadenanthera macrocarpa as a function of substrates made from decomposed sugarcane and fertigation frequency. The essay was conducted in a randomized block design with three fertigation frequencies (7, 14 or 21 days) plus a control (without fertigation) and three substrates from decomposed sugarcane mixed with humus, vermiculite, vermiculite and sand, and a commercial substrate (control). Measurements included seedling height, stem diameter, and shoot and root biomass at 50, 80, 110, and 140 days after seed emergence. The results revealed faster growth of Anadenanthera macrocarpa seedlings produced with decomposed sugarcane mixed with humus 7:3 (v/v), while fertigation frequency had little effect upon seedling growth.Keywords: Forest nurseries; seedling morphometry; seedling quality.
CRESCIMENTO DE PINHÃO-MANSO EM FUNÇÃO DA ÁREA ÚTIL E DO CONSÓRCIO COM TIFTON 85
Authors: Schulz Deisinara Giane , Fey Rubens , Malavasi Ubirajara Contro , Malavasi Marlene De Matos
Published: August 2014

ResumoEste ensaio comparou o crescimento e a produção de frutos de Jatropha curcas L. em função do espaço de crescimento e da presença de Tifton 85. O ensaio foi constituído por arranjos circulares com quatro tratamentos de área útil por planta (1,57 m2, 3,92 m2, 6,28 m2 e 8,63 m2), com oito repetições, consorciado ou não com a herbácea Tifton 85. O cultivo solteiro de pinhão-manso com área útil de 6,28 m2 resultou em menor altura de plantas e maiores teores foliares de nitrogênio e fósforo, enquanto que a área útil de 1,57 m2 resultou em maior altura de plantas. Os menores valores para altura, número de folhas, número de frutos, índice SPAD e teores de nitrogênio e fósforo resultaram do plantio consorciado. Entretanto, a área útil de 1,57 m2 promoveu maiores diâmetros do caule. O diâmetro da copa apresentou os maiores valores em plantas crescendo com área útil de 3,92 m2, enquanto que com 1,57 m2 houve limitação na ampliação da copa. A produção máxima de frutos em cultivo solteiro foi alcançada aos 18 meses após o plantio, correspondente à estação quente do ano, independentemente dos espaçamentos de plantio.Palavras-chave: Cultivo consorciado; espaçamento de plantio; planta forrageira; Jatropha curcas L. AbstractGrowth and fruit production of physic nut as a function of plant growth area and Tifton 85. This essay compared development and fruit production of Jatropha curcas L. in relation to growing space and presence of an herbaceous competitor. The essay was composed by two circular plots with four plant growing areas (1.57 m2, 3.92 m2, 6.28 m2, and 8.63 m2) with eight replications for plot intercropped or not with Tifton 85. The cultivation of physic nut in the spacing of 6.28 m2 resulted in lower plant height and higher levels of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, while the 1,57 m2 spacing resulted in increased plant height. The lowest values for plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits, SPAD index, and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in the intercropped plot. However, the 1.57 m2 spacing yelded higher stem diameter. Crown diameter presented the highest values in the 3.92 m2 spacing while the 1.57m2 limited the crown expansion. Maximum fruit production in monocrop plot was reached 18 months after planting date, which corresponded to the warmest season independently of planting space.Keywords: Intercropping; planting spacing; forage; Jatropha curcas L.
ANÁLISES ONTOGENÉTICAS EM SEMENTES DE EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Oliveira Jonathas Henrique Georg , Paoli Adelita Aparecida Sartori
Published: August 2014

Acalypha gracilis, Euphorbia cotinifolia e Jatropha gossypiifolia pertencem a Euphorbiaceae e às respectivas subfamílias Acalyphoideae, Euphorbioideae e Crotonoideae. Informações sobre morfologia e desenvolvimento seminal de Euphorbiaceae são escassas na literatura. Este estudo tem por objetivo acompanhar o desenvolvimento morfoanatômico das espécies em questão. Os óvulos dessas espécies são anátropos, sésseis, crassinucelados e bitegumentados. A micrópila, em linha reta, é delimitada pelo endóstoma e exóstoma, é obliterada pela projeção do nucelo, não muito evidente em A. gracilis, que pode alcançar o obturador. As sementes são consideradas exotégmicas, albuminosas, com endosperma na maturidade contendo grãos de aleurona. O embrião apresenta eixo hipocótilo-radicular curto e cônico, cotilédones largos e foliáceos, sendo diferenciado tardiamente – primeiro ocorre todo o desenvolvimento do envoltório seminal, para que depois ele se desenvolva por completo. Jatropha gossypiifolia é endopaquicalazal e apresenta endosperma misto: núcleo-celular. Carúncula bem evidente ocorre em J. gossypiifolia, sendo que nas outras duas espécies é inconspícua.Palavras-chave: Anatomia; endosperma; morfologia; nucelo; tegumento. AbstractOntogenetic analyzes in seeds of Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbia cotinifolia and Jatropha gossypiifolia belong to Euphorbiaceae, and to the respective subfamilies Acalyphoideae, Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. Information on morphology and seminal development of Euphorbiaceae are lean in literature. This research aims to monitor the morphoanatomic development of the involved species. The ovule of these species are anatropous, sessile, bitegmic and crassinucelate. The micropyle, straight, is bounded by endostome and exostome, and obliterated by the projection of the nucellus, not very evident in A. gracilis. The seeds are considered exotégmic, albuminous endosperm at maturity containing aleurone grains. The embryo with hypocotyl-radicle axis is short, broad and foliaceous cotyledons, being distinguished later: first, all the seminal wrap development occurs, so that it evolves completely. J. gossypiifolia is endopachichalazal and presents mixed endosperm: cell nucleous. Caruncule is evident in J. gossypiifolia, but it is inconspicuous in the other two species.Keywords: Anatomy; endosperm; morphology; nucellus; integument.
Lithologic data improve plant species distribution models based on coarse-grained ocurrence data
Authors: Gastón A. , Soriano C. , Gómez-Miguel V.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the improvement of plant species distribution models based on coarse-grained occurrence data when adding lithologic data to climatic models. The distributions of 40 woody plant species from continental Spain were modelled. A logistic regression model with climatic predictors was fitted for each species and compared to a second model with climatic and lithologic predictors. Improvements on model likelihood and prediction accuracy on validation subsamples were assessed, as well as the effect of calcicole–calcifuge habit on model improvemenClimatic models had reasonable mean prediction accuracy, but adding lithologic data improved model likelihood in most cases and increased mean prediction accuracy. Therefore, we recommend utilizing lithologic data for species distribution models based on coarse-grained occurrence data. Our data did not support the hypothesis that calcicole–calcifuge habit may explain model improvement when adding lithologic data to climatic models, but further research is needed.
Artificial neural networks in variable process control: application in particleboard manufacture
Authors: Esteban L. G. , García Fernández F. , Palacios P. de , Conde M.
Published: August 2014

Artificial neural networks are an efficient tool for modelling production control processes using data from the actual production as well as simulated or design of experiments data. In this study two artificial neural networks were combined with the control process charts and it was checked whether the data obtained by the networks were valid for variable process control in particleboard manufacture. The networks made it possible to obtain the mean and standard deviation of the internal bond strength of the particleboard within acceptable margins using known data of thickness, density, moisture content, swelling and absorption. The networks obtained met the acceptance criteria for test values from non-standard test methods, as well as the criteria for using these values in statistical process control.
In vitro Antiproliferative Effect of Helix aspersa Hemocyanin on Multiple Malignant Cell Lines
Authors: Antonova Olga , Toncheva Draga , Rammensee Hans-Georg , Floetenmeyer Matthias , Stevanovic Stefan , Dolashka Pavlina
Published: August 2014

As an extension of our studies on the antitumour properties of various hemocyanins, we sought to compare the antiproliferative effects of hemocyanins derived from two snail species: Helix lucorum (HlH) and Helix aspersa (HaH). This is the first report on the antitumour effects of HaH. We hypothesized that HaH has antitumour effects not only against bladder cancer, as previously shown with other hemocyanins, but also on other cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative properties of the mentioned hemocyanins were investigated in vitro on the following human cell lines: bladder cancer (CAL-29 and T-24), ovarian cancer (FraWü), acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1), prostate cancer (DU-145), glioma cancer (LN-18), and Burkitt’s lymphoma (Daudi). The properties of HaH were compared to those of HlH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and two positive controls (doxorubicin and mitomycin C). An antiproliferative effect of the total molecule and one structural subunit of HaH, bc-HaH, against both bladder cancer cell lines, T-24 and CAL-29, was observed. The cytotoxic effect of HaH ranged between 15% and 60% among the other tested cell lines. The endotoxin contamination did not affect the efficacy of HaH. Therefore, HlH and HaH could be appropriate for more detailed investigations of their use as antitumour agents for the studied cancers.
(Z)-3-Dodecenoic Acid Is the Main Component of Full-Body n-Hexane Extracts from Two Acacia Gall-Inducing Thrips (Thysanoptera) and May Function as an Alarm Pheromone
Authors: Hedenström Erik , Wallin Erika A. , Anderbrant Olle , De Facci Monica
Published: August 2014

A major interest in the gall-inducing thrips of Australia began with the discovery that some species have eusocial colonies. The origin of social castes remains one of the outstanding questions in evolutionary biology. The inference of the ancestral stage from study of solitary species is important to understanding the evolutionary history of semiochemicals in social species. Here we investigated two solitary species, Kladothrips nicolsoni and K. rugosus. Whole body extracts revealed that (Z)-3-dodecenoic acid, here reported for the first time in a thrips species, is the main component. (Z)-3-Dodecenoic acid and (E)-3-dodecenoic acid were synthesized in high stereoisomeric purity (>99:8%) and exposed to K. nicolsoni 2nd-instar larvae in a contact chemoreception bioassay to test for potential bioactivity. Both isomers decreased the average time spent in the treated area per entry suggesting repellence at the tested dose. (Z)-3-Dodecenoic acid may function as alarm pheromone. (E)-3-Dodecenoic acid increased also the absolute change in direction of larvae compared to an nhexane control and could potentially function as a repellent.
China, the Central Asian Republics, Russia and Mongolia
Authors: McVadon Eric A
Published: August 2014

No abstract available The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 26-34
Northeast Asian Economic Cooperation and Economic Development of Inner Mongolia - Situation and Prospects
Authors: Enkhee Jargalyn
Published: August 2014

No abstract available The Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 64-73
Parallel plate capacitor analogy of equatorial plasma bubble and associated fringe fields with implications to equatorial valley region irregularities
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Patra A. K.
Published: August 2014

VHF radar echoes from the valley region plasma irregularities, displaying ascending pattern, are often observed during the active phase of equatorial plasma bubble in the close vicinity of the geomagnetic equator and have been attributed to bubble‐related fringe field effect. These irregularities however are not observed at a few degrees away from the equator. In this paper, we attempt to understand this contrasting observational result by comparing fringe field at the geomagnetic equator and low latitudes. We use parallel plate capacitor analogy of equatorial plasma bubble and choose a few capacitor configurations, consistent with commonly observed dimension and magnetic field‐aligned property of plasma bubble, for computing fringe field. Results show that fringe field decreases significantly with decreasing altitude as expected. Further, fringe field decreases remarkably with latitude, which clearly indicates the role of magnetic field‐aligned property of plasma bubble in reducing the magnitude of fringe field at low latitudes compared to that at the geomagnetic equator. The results are presented and discussed in the light of current understanding of plasma bubble‐associated fringe field‐induced plasma irregularities in the valley region.
Local time dependences of oxygen ENA periodicities at Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Mitchell D. G. , Brandt P. C.
Published: August 2014

The periodicities of energetic neutral atoms (90–170 keV oxygens) at Saturn are determined by applying Lomb‐Scargle periodogram analyses to energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes observed in eight local time sectors of the equatorial plane between 5 and 15 RS (1 RS = 60,268 km). The analyses come from four long intervals (>180 days each) of high‐latitude viewing from 2007 to 2013 and represent an essentially global view of Saturn's periodicities. The periodograms display rich and complex structures in local time. Sectors near midnight generally exhibit the strongest periodicities (in terms of highest signal‐to‐noise ratios) and often show the dual or single periods of the Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR). Sectors near noon display single or multiple periodicities or none. Furthermore, dayside periods may be much shorter (~10.3 h) than SKR periods. Sectors near dawn or dusk display periodicities intermediate between midnight and noon or may show no periodicities whatsoever. These patterns of local time dependence do not remain constant from interval to interval.
Constructive interference of large‐scale gravity waves excited by interplanetary shock on 29 October 2003: CHAMP observation
Authors: Guo Jianpeng , Liu Huixin , Feng Xueshang , Wan Weixing , Deng Yue , Liu Chaoxu
Published: August 2014

In this paper we report the detection of full constructive interference between two large‐scale gravity waves in the upper thermosphere from the CHAMP accelerometer measurements. The two waves are separately excited in northern and southern auroral regions by the shock‐induced auroral intensification on 29 October 2003. They propagate equatorward and encounter near the equator, where constructive interference occurs and causes nightside equatorial neutral density enhancements of ∼60%. This result demonstrates that the constructive interference can be a potential mechanism for large density increases in the equatorial region during magnetically active periods.
First comparison of OMI‐DOAS total ozone using ground‐based observations at a megacity site in East Asia: Causes of discrepancy and improvement in OMI‐DOAS total ozone during summer
Authors: Hong Hyunkee , Lee Hanlim , Kim Jhoon , Lee Yun‐Gon
Published: August 2014

This study compares, for the first time, the total ozone columns derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument‐Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (OMI‐DOAS algorithm) (TOCs‐OMI) with those obtained from ground‐based Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers (TOCs‐Ground) in Seoul, a megacity in northeast Asia, over the 3 years between 2008 and 2010. We found a seasonal mean underestimation of 2.68% (maximum 18.33% on a single day) in TOCs‐OMI when compared with TOCs‐Ground from Seoul, particularly during the summer seasons (June, July, and August) of our study period: 20 of the 30 days when this underestimation of TOCs‐OMI was greatest occurred during the summer. The causes of such large underestimations in summer TOCs‐OMI were investigated, and we found that the ghost column densities (GCDs) used in the current OMI‐DOAS algorithm did not fully account for the tropospheric ozone amounts below the cloud top in Seoul, particularly during the summer season when surface ozone is enhanced due to active photochemical reactions. We propose the use of New TOCs‐OMI based on New GCDs that were calculated using ozonesonde data for the limited number of days when such data were available. The mean bias errors (MBE) against the TOCs‐Ground of the New TOCs‐OMI and original TOCs‐OMI were −0.60% and −2.16%, respectively, which demonstrates the greater accuracy of the New TOCs‐OMI. To increase the amount of New TOCs‐OMI data available for comparison with the TOCs‐Ground data, the regression equation for the relationship between the ozonesonde data and OMI‐DOAS cloud pressure data was used to increase the availability of New GCD data for each measurement date that TOCs‐OMI data were available for. This procedure reduced the MBE of the original TOCs‐OMI by 1.29%, 1.67%, and 1.29% in June, July, and August, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the underestimation of GCDs is one of the major causes of the underestimation of TOCs‐OMI during the summer season and suggests that improvements could be achieved using the proposed correction for these GCDs.
The diel cycle of water vapor in west Greenland
Authors: Kopec B. G. , Lauder A. M. , Posmentier E. S. , Feng X.
Published: August 2014

We present a study of the dynamics of small‐scale (~100 km) atmospheric circulation in west Greenland which is dominated by interactions of marine and continental air masses. Water vapor concentration and isotopic ratios measured continuously over a 25 day period in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland were used to monitor the convergence of easterly katabatic winds and westerly sea breezes that form a front between the dry, isotopically depleted, glacial air mass and the moist, isotopically enriched, marine air mass. During the latter 16 days of the measurement period, an interval with no large‐scale synoptic interference, the inland penetration of the sea breeze controlled the largest day‐to‐day humidity and vapor isotopic variations. Kangerlussuaq experienced sea breezes in the afternoon on 9 days, consistent with the long‐term average of such occurrences on 56% of days in July and August. The inland position of the sea breeze front is controlled by the katabatic wind strength, which is stronger during times of reduced cloud coverage and/or higher‐pressure gradient between the coast and the Greenland ice sheet. The position and movement of the front will likely respond to changes in the general atmospheric circulation and regional radiation balance resulting from global warming, which will, in turn, impact the local hydrological cycle and ecosystem processes.
Statistical properties of aerosols and meteorological factors in Southwest China
Authors: Kang Ping , Feng Nan , Wang Zuwu , Guo Yangjie , Wang Zhen , Chen Yarong , Zhan Jingwen , Zhan F. Benjamin , Hong Song
Published: August 2014

The spatial and temporal variations of aerosols and their relationships with meteorological conditions in Southwest China were studied to understand the aerosol‐meteorology interactions. The spatial distribution of aerosols shows a strong “basin” effect with the highest values of Aerosol Optical Thickness at 0.55 µm (AOT, also denoted τ0.55) (>0.70), fine‐mode AOT (τ0.55‐fine) (0.40 ~ 0.67), and coarse‐mode AOT (τ0.55‐coarse) (0.40 ~ 0.54), all observed in the Sichuan Basin. The temporal variation of seasonal mean τ0.55 shows dissimilar cyclic variations, which is due to the contrary annual cycle trends of seasonal mean τ0.55‐coarse (first decrease and then increase) and τ0.55‐fine (first increase and then decrease). Both the results obtained from self‐organizing map (SOM) model and principal component analysis (PCA) could imply the reasons for different features of the spatial and temporal variations of τ0.55, τ0.55‐fine, and τ0.55‐coarse, and also confirm that their distributions are influenced by complex interactions among different meteorological factors. The seasonal mean τ0.55 during the selected period is positively correlated with air pressure (PRS) and relative humidity (RHU) but negatively correlated with sunshine duration (SSD). The seasonal mean τ0.55‐fine is positively correlated with PRS, RHU, average temperature (TEM), and precipitation (PRE). However, the seasonal mean τ0.55‐coarse is only negatively correlated with PRE and evaporation (EVP). In particular, the τ0.55‐fine increases (decreases) and τ0.55‐coarse decreases (increases) with increasing (decreasing) TEM and PRE. This discrepant trend of τ0.55‐fine and τ0.55‐coarse might account for the weak relationships between τ0.55 and these two meteorological factors.
A meta‐analysis of sex differences in cyber‐bullying behavior: The moderating role of age
Authors: Barlett Christopher , Coyne Sarah M.
Published: August 2014

The current research used meta‐analysis to determine whether (a) sex differences emerged in cyber‐bullying frequency, (b) if age moderated any sex effect, and (c) if any additional moderators (e.g., publication year and status, country and continent of data collection) influenced the sex effect. Theoretically, if cyber‐bullying is considered a form of traditional bullying and aggression, males are likely to cyber‐bully more than females. Conversely, if cyber‐bullying is considered relational/indirect aggression, females will be slightly more likely to cyber‐bully than males. Results from 122 effect size estimates showed that males were slightly more likely to cyber‐bully than females; however, age moderated the overall effect. Specifically, females were more likely to report cyber‐bullying during early to mid‐adolescence than males, while males showed higher levels of cyber‐bullying during later adolescence than females. Publication status and year and continent and country of data collection also moderated the overall effect. Aggr. Behav. 40:474–488, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions Between Patients, Providers, and Health Systems and Technical Quality of Care
Authors: Yelin Edward , Yazdany Jinoos , Tonner Chris , Trupin Laura , Criswell Lindsey A. , Katz Patricia , Schmajuk Gabriela
Published: August 2014

Objective

Prior studies have established disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in the kind, quantity, and technical quality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) care and outcomes. In this study we evaluate whether disparities exist in assessments of interactions with health care providers and health plans and whether such interactions affect the technical quality of SLE care.

Methods

Data derive from the Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS). Principal data collection is an annual structured phone interview including items from the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans and Interpersonal Processes of Care Scale measuring dimensions of health care interactions. We use general estimating equations to assess whether disparities exist by race/ethnicity and SES in being in the lowest quartile of ratings of such interactions and whether ratings in the lowest quartile of interactions are associated with technical quality of care after adjustment for sociodemographic and disease characteristics.

Results

In the 2012 LOS interview, there were 793 respondents, of whom 640 had ≥1 visit to their principal SLE provider. Nonwhite race/ethnicity and education were not associated with low ratings on any dimension of provider or system interaction; poverty was associated only with low ratings of health plan interactions. After adjustment for demographics, SLE status, and health care variables, ratings in the lowest quartile on all dimensions were associated with significantly lower technical quality of care.

Conclusion

Ratings in the lowest quartile on all dimensions of interactions with providers and the health care system were associated with lower technical quality of care, potentially resulting in poorer SLE outcomes.
The Effects of Thermomechanical Cycles on the Properties of PLA/TPS Blends
Authors: Sirin Humeyra , Tuna Basak , Ozkoc Guralp
Published: August 2014

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the physical properties of poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch (PLA/TPS) blends as a function of number of recycling (NOR) for different blend compositions. The flexural and impact properties, dynamic mechanical behavior, thermal transitions, thermal stability, phase, and fracture morphology are presented. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the thermal stability of blends diminished by the increasing amount of TPS. It is revealed from differential scanning calorimetry results that the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) are negatively affected by the NOR. Flexural and impact tests show that the mechanical properties are deteriorated by NOR. The TPS phase size becomes coarser with NOR as observed from scanning electron microscopy. It is concluded that the properties of PLA/TPS blends are very sensitive to NOR and the PLA/TPS concentration as well.
Enteric Theophylline Delivery by a New Type of Polymer‐Grafted Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Ahmad Panahi Homayon , Reza Soltani Elham , Moniri Elham
Published: August 2014

Magnetite nanoparticles was synthesized and then grafted with polymer containing iminodiacetic acid for an interaction of theophylline. The resulted grafted magnetic nanosorbent was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of sorption parameters such as sample pH, temperature, and contact time on sorption of theophylline were considered. The sorption capacity of functionalized sorbent was 27 mg g−1. The profile of the theophylline uptake by the magnetic nanosorbent reflects good accessibility of the active sites in the grafted polymer. The equilibrium adsorption data of theophylline on grafted magnetic nanosorbent was analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson. Nearly 75% of theophylline was released in simulated gastric fluid pH 1.2 in 110 min and 88% in simulated intestinal fluid pH 7.4 in 30 h. These results have shown the utility of the theophylline loaded‐grafted magnetite nanoparticles for enteric drug delivery.
Device Architectures for Enhanced Photon Recycling in Thin‐Film Multijunction Solar Cells
Authors: Sheng Xing , Yun Myoung Hee , Zhang Chen , Al‐Okaily Ala'a M. , Masouraki Maria , Shen Ling , Wang Shuodao , Wilson William L. , Kim Jin Young , Ferreira Placid , Li Xiuling , Yablonovitch Eli , Rogers John A.
Published: August 2014

Multijunction (MJ) solar cells have the potential to operate across the entire solar spectrum, for ultrahigh efficiencies in light to electricity conversion. Here an MJ cell architecture is presented that offers enhanced capabilities in photon recycling and photon extraction, compared to those of conventional devices. Ideally, each layer of a MJ cell should recycle and re‐emit its own luminescence to achieve the maximum possible voltage. This design involves materials with low refractive indices as interfaces between sub‐cells in the MJ structure. Experiments demonstrate that thin‐film GaAs devices printed on low‐index substrates exhibit improved photon recycling, leading to increased open‐circuit voltages (V
oc), consistent with theoretical predictions. Additional systematic studies reveal important considerations in the thermal behavior of these structures under highly concentrated illumination. Particularly when combined with other optical elements such as anti‐reflective coatings, these architectures represent important aspects of design for solar cells that approach thermodynamic efficiency limits for full spectrum operation.
Analysis of plug flow reactors with variable mass density
Authors: Vrentas James S. , Vrentas Christine M.
Published: August 2014

The design of plug flow reactors with variable mass density is examined. Equations which include a two‐term constitutive equation for the reaction rate are derived for the flow of liquids and for the flow of ideal gases in steady plug flow reactors. It is shown that the addition of the second term in the constitutive equation can have a significant effect on the calculation of the reactor volume needed to carry out a specific conversion of the reactant. Published experimental plug flow reactor data support the observation that a reaction rate constitutive equation with two terms can provide a good representation of the experimental data for variable mass density reactors. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4185–4189, 2014
Update on ectodermal dysplasias clinical classification
Authors: Pagnan Nina Amália Brancia , Visinoni Átila Fernando
Published: August 2014

Monogenic genetic disorders constitute a very large group of rare conditions, each of which is defined by a characteristic combination of phenotypic features. Their enormous clinical variability and their etiological heterogeneity may result in difficulties for the establishment of a syndromic diagnosis. In this context, classifications were proposed for different nosological groups, including ectodermal dysplasias. Freire‐Maia proposed a clinical based classification, but nowadays the need of connecting clinical and molecular data on EDs demands a re‐evaluation of the knowledge and the formulation of a new classification approach. The aim of this article is to provide an update of an article published in 2009 in this Journal. In order to check for new articles and information on ectodermal dysplasias, we have consulted the OMIM, PUBMED, and Science Direct online databases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in perspective on prognosis and treatment of children with trisomy 18
Authors: Hurley Edward H. , Krishnan Sankaran , Parton Lance A. , Dozor Allen J.
Published: August 2014

Differences in perspective between physicians caring for children with trisomy 18 may be confusing and stressful for parents. The hypothesis of this study was that neonatologists and pediatric pulmonologists differ in their opinions regarding long‐term prognosis and recommended interventions. Neonatologists and pediatric pulmonologists in New York State were surveyed. Respondents were asked to report their personal experience caring for affected children, opinions on prognosis, major influences on their opinions, and their likelihood of recommending specific medical or surgical interventions for two clinical vignettes. A total of 393 surveys were mailed, 327 to neonatologists and 66 to pediatric pulmonologists. Sixty‐six (20%) neonatologists and 21 (32%) pediatric pulmonologists completed the survey. Neonatologists had cared for more patients with trisomy 18. Twenty‐nine percent of pediatric pulmonologists had never cared for a patient with trisomy 18 compared to 2% of neonatologists, P < 0.001. Pediatric pulmonologists were more likely to recommend almost all interventions including antibiotics for pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, cardiac and orthopedic surgery, and “full code resuscitation.” Neonatologists were more likely to recommend comfort care only or palliative care. Fifty‐four percent of neonatologists and 5% of pediatric pulmonologists thought patients with trisomy 18 without significant congenital heart disease would die before age one despite aggressive medical care, P < 0.001. The major influences impacting these recommendations also varied. Pediatric pulmonologists are more optimistic about the prognosis for children than neonatologists and more likely to recommend medical and surgical interventions. Experience with the condition and perception of survivability may contribute to these differences in approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laterality defects in the national birth defects prevention study (1998–2007): Birth prevalence and descriptive epidemiology
Authors: Lin Angela E. , Krikov Sergey , Riehle‐Colarusso Tiffany , Frías Jaime L. , Belmont John , Anderka Marlene , Geva Tal , Getz Kelly D. , Botto Lorenzo D. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: August 2014

Little is known epidemiologically about laterality defects. Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a large multi‐site case‐control study of birth defects, we analyzed prevalence and selected characteristics in children born with laterality defects born from 1998 to 2007. We identified 517 nonsyndromic cases (378 heterotaxy, 73.1%; 139 situs inversus totalis [SIT], 26.9%) resulting in an estimated birth prevalence of 1.1 per 10,000 live births (95% confidence interval 1.0–1.2). Prevalence did not differ significantly across sites, over time, or by inclusion of pregnancy termination. Laterality defects were more common among preterm cases compared to term cases, and in children born to mothers who were non‐white or younger than 20 years compared to white mothers or those age 25–29 years. The distribution of associated cardiac and extra‐cardiac defects, excluding the expected heterotaxy anomalies, varied by type of laterality defect. Cases with heterotaxy were significantly more likely than those with SIT to have double outlet right ventricle, atrioventricular canal defects, pulmonary stenosis, non‐tetralogy of Fallot pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, totally and partially anomalous pulmonary venous return; also more likely to have orofacial clefts, esophageal atresia, bowel atresias, and omphalocele, though not reaching statistical significance. Relatively more common among cases with SIT were Dandy‐Walker malformation, anotia/microtia, and limb deficiency. The similarity in the demographic characteristics of heterotaxy and SIT supports the hypothesis that they are part of a continuum of abnormal left‐right axis patterning. These findings on laterality defects may help guide clinical care, future research, and prevention strategies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epigenetic plasticity following early stress predicts long‐term health outcomes in rhesus macaques
Authors: Kinnally E. L.
Published: August 2014

Early life stress has been linked with poorer lifelong health outcomes across species, including modern and ancient humans. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation patterning of stress pathway genes in stress‐responsive tissue, may play an important role in the long‐term health effects of early stress across species. The relationships among early maternal care quality, DNA methylation patterns in a candidate stress pathway gene (serotonin transporter, 5‐HTT) linked region in blood DNA, and adult health outcomes were examined in male and female rhesus macaques, excellent models of human health. Male (n = 12) and female (n = 32) infants were observed with their mothers for the first 12 weeks of life and 5‐HTT linked DNA methylation was measured in blood at 12 weeks of age. Approximately 8 years later, health‐related measures were collected for the 25 animals (6 male and 19 female) that were available for study. Health composite scores were generated using factor analysis of body condition, body weight, and diagnosis of diarrhea during the lifespan. Better quality maternal care predicted lower 5‐HTT linked methylation at 12 weeks of age. Lower 5‐HTT methylation, in turn, predicted better health composite scores in adulthood, including better body condition, greater body weight and absence of lifetime diarrhea. These data suggest that the epigenetic regulation of 5‐HTT may be one biomarker of the link between early stress and lifetime health trajectories. Future studies will examine whether epigenetic signatures in modern and ancient human DNA lends insight into stress and health and natural selection in human evolutionary history. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:192–199, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of a derived dental trait in the papionini relative to other old world monkeys
Authors: Monson Tesla A. , Hlusko Leslea J.
Published: August 2014

Variation in the shape of teeth provides an immense amount of information about the evolutionary history and adaptive strategy of a mammalian lineage. Here, we explore variation in the expression of a purported molar lingual remnant (the interconulus) across the Old World Monkeys (Primates: Cercopithecidae) with the aim of elucidating a component of the adaptive radiation of this family. This radiation is characterized by a wide geographic range (Asia and Africa) as well as diverse dietary niches. While all of the cercopithecids are distinguished by their derived bilophodont molars, the colobines have evolved taller and more pointed cusps compared with the cercopithecines. We investigate whether the interconulus also correlates with phylogenetic affinity and/or dietary adaptation. We assess the frequency and range of interconulus expression in 522 specimens representing seven species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis, n = 78; Macaca fascicularis, n = 85; Macaca mulatta, n = 70; Papio hamadryas, n = 55; Colobus guereza, n = 76; Presbytis melalophos, n = 82; Presbytis rubicunda, n = 76). Results show that the interconulus has a significantly higher frequency and degree of expression in Tribe Papionini and exhibits ordered metameric variation with greatest expression in the third molars. Given the rarity of the interconulus in other closely related taxa, and its morphological distinction from the purportedly homologous features in other primates, we interpret the high degree of expression of the interconulus to be a trait derived in papionins that originated in the Miocene baboon/macaque ancestor. Am J Phys Anthropol, 155:422–429, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paradoxical Cellular Effects and Biological Role of the Multifaceted Compound Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid
Authors: Hernández‐Damián Jacqueline , Andérica‐Romero Ana Cristina , Pedraza‐Chaverri José
Published: August 2014

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a phenolic compound obtained from the leaves of the evergreen desert shrub Larrea tridentata (Creosote bush), which has been used anciently in folk medicine for the treatment of multiple diseases. At the molecular level, NDGA is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species. Lipoxygenase inhibition by NDGA has been broadly studied over several cell models; however, NDGA exerts other antioxidant properties and cytoprotective effects in non‐tumor cells, which are related with its role as modulator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) antioxidant pathway. In contrast, in tumor cells NDGA exerts pro‐apoptotic activity and anti‐tumor effects. Different effects of NDGA have been observed in mitochondria, where NDGA prevents mitochondrial damage in non‐tumor cells and induces loss of mitochondrial function in tumor cells. Moreover, NDGA exerts beneficial effects in diverse diseases like cancer, renal damage, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative pathologies. This work represents a critical review about relevant NDGA mechanisms, cellular effects, and signal pathways involved with possible useful effects.
Development of an Autoimmune Syndrome Affecting the Skin and Internal Organs in P‐Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 Leukocyte Receptor–Deficient Mice
Authors: Pérez‐Frías A. , González‐Tajuelo R. , Núñez‐Andrade N. , Tejedor R. , García‐Blanco M. J. , Vicente‐Rabaneda E. , Castañeda S. , Gamallo C. , Silván J. , Esteban‐Villafruela A. , Cubero‐Rueda L. , García‐García C. , Muñoz‐Calleja C. , García‐Diez A. , Urzainqui A.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To define and characterize the progression of the spontaneous autoimmune disease that develops in mice in the absence of the leukocyte adhesion receptor P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL‐1).

Methods

Skin‐resident immune cells from PSGL‐1–deficient mice and C57BL/6 control mice of different ages were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Biochemical parameters were analyzed in mouse serum and urine, and the presence of serum autoantibodies was investigated. Skin and internal organs were extracted, and their structure was analyzed histologically.

Results

Skin‐resident innate and adaptive immune cells from PSGL‐1−/− mice had a proinflammatory phenotype with an imbalanced T effector cell:Treg cell ratio. Sera from PSGL‐1−/− mice had circulating autoantibodies commonly detected in connective tissue–related human autoimmune diseases. Biochemical and histologic analysis of skin and internal organs revealed skin fibrosis and structural and functional abnormalities in the lungs and kidneys. Furthermore, PSGL‐1−/− mice exhibited vascular alterations, showing loss of dermal vessels, small vessel medial layer remodeling in the lungs and kidneys, and ischemic processes in the kidney that promote renal infarcts.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that immune system overactivation due to PSGL‐1 deficiency triggers an autoimmune syndrome with characteristics similar to systemic sclerosis, including skin fibrosis, vascular alterations, and systemic organ involvement. These results suggest that PSGL‐1 expression contributes to the maintenance of the homeostasis of the immune system and could act as a barrier for autoimmunity in mice.
Statistical learning methods for information security: fundamentals and case studies
Authors: Pao H.‐K. , Lee Y.‐J. , Huang C.‐Y.
Published: August 2014

One of the most traditional methods for information security can be as easy as sequence matching, such as the signature‐based methods for virus detection. However, it is now well accepted that the signature‐based methods are no longer satisfactory solutions for many security problems. The signature is usually too rigid, resulting in detection that is hard to adjust and easy to bypass. Statistical learning approaches can complete the puzzle to form an integrated defense system. Numerous statistical learning methods have been proposed in the last couple of decades for various applications. To solve information security problems statistically, we need to carefully choose appropriate statistical learning methods and evaluation procedures so that what seems to be a meaningful and effective method in terms of the statistical analysis can also be beneficial when the method is deployed to the real world. This paper aims to give an introductory and as self‐contained as possible overview for how to correctly and effectively apply statistical methods to information security problems. We also demonstrate a couple of applications of the statistical learning methods on the problems of botnet detection and account security. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction of antibiotic zwittermicin A from Bacillus thuringiensis by macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography
Authors: Hao Zaibin , Yan Li , Liu Jianguo , Song Fuping , Zhang Jie , Li Xia
Published: August 2014

To establish a production process capable of providing refined zwittermicin A (ZwA) on a large scale, the macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography were used to separate and purify the antibiotic ZwA from the fermentation broth of Bacillus thuringiensis HD‐1. The result of high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry after purification suggests that the samples of ZwA were of high purity, 89%, and the average yield was 20 mg L−1. Erwinia herbicola LS005, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis were used to assess the toxicity of ZwA. The antibiotic had strong antibacterial activity against E. herbicola LS005 and a color reaction with ninhydrin.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulate osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Ongaro Alessia , Pellati Agnese , Bagheri Leila , Fortini Cinzia , Setti Stefania , De Mattei Monica
Published: August 2014

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) play a regulatory role on osteoblast activity and are clinically beneficial during fracture healing. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from different sources have been extensively used in bone tissue engineering. Compared with MSCs isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs), those derived from adipose tissue (ASCs) are easier to obtain and available in larger amounts, although they show a less osteogenic differentiation potential than BMSCs. The hypothesis tested in this study was to evaluate whether PEMFs favor osteogenic differentiation both in BMSCs and in ASCs and to compare the role of PEMFs alone and in combination with the biochemical osteogenic stimulus bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2. Early and later osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin levels, and matrix mineralization, were analyzed at different times during osteogenic differentiation. Results showed that PEMFs induced osteogenic differentiation by increasing ALP activity, osteocalcin, and matrix mineralization in both BMSCs and ASCs, suggesting that PEMF activity is maintained during the whole differentiation period. The addition of BMP‐2 in PEMF exposed cultures further increased all the osteogenic markers in BMSCs, while in ASCs, the stimulatory role of PEMFs was independent of BMP‐2. Our results indicate that PEMFs may stimulate an early osteogenic induction in both BMSCs and ASCs and they suggest PEMFs as a bioactive factor to enhance the osteogenesis of ASCs, which are an attractive cell source for clinical applications. In conclusion, PEMFs may be considered a possible tool to improve autologous cell‐based regeneration of bone defects in orthopedics. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:426–436, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.