bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Os álcoois no cinema (1904-1933)
Authors: Zanatto Rafael Morato
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo analisa a representação dos álcoois no cinema em relação ao avanço do discurso proibicionista comprometido em transformar o consumo de álcool em patologia. Veremos como, a partir do início do século XX, cineastas como o francês Ferdinand Zecca e o estadunidense D.W. Griffith adotaram em seus filmes um discurso moralizante que visava amedrontar a classe trabalhadora ao propagar os perigos do consumo abusivo de álcool. Posteriormente, o tema será tratado satiricamente por cômicos como Charles Chaplin e Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle, ao representarem o alcoolismo das classes mais abastadas dois anos antes da promulgação da Lei Seca (1919). Por último, compreenderemos como nos primeiros anos da década de 1930 os desdobramentos da Lei Seca (1933) serão tratados no cinema não apenas pelos filmes de gângsteres, mas também em comédias como What! No Beer? (1933), no qual Buster Keaton e Jimmy Durante protagonizam uma dupla de ativistas e empreendedores do ramo de bebidas, um mês antes da revogação da lei. Em conjunto, pretendemos demonstrar como o cinema pode ser considerado uma excelente fonte de pesquisa para o estudo dos discursos proibicionistas e antiproibicionistas em épocas e contextos específicos, dos quais esses filmes são ao mesmo tempo expressão social, entretenimento e propaganda.
Between Food and Drugs
Authors: Laurioux Bruno
Published: January 2020

From 1st to 17th centuries, spices have been a commodity as well as a necessity for the Western Europe. These “aromatic items of commerce with a high unit cost... imported from distant lands”, as they are defined by Paul Freedman, included many dry products that were mainly culinary ingredients, but also perfumes of high quality which could be used in cooking. Most of spices were supposed to have medical properties too: they were drugs, in the wide meaning that the Ancient Medicine gave to this term. The medical impacts of spices partly explain how, in 14th and 15th centuries, Far East spices offered the wider range of tastes and scents that European cuisine has ever known. But even when the French Cuisine has got rid of eastern spices from the middle of the 17th century, these ones remained quite important in a medicine that kept alive the principles of the Ancient Medicine. How the changing tastes affected the discourse on spices? We will answer this question through a long-term study of cook recipes, medical instructions and travel writings.
To Kitchen
Authors: Wajda Shirley Teresa
Published: January 2020

The word kitchen has done as much work in the English language as the people who have toiled in the space the word names. The Bard himself, William Shakespeare, “verbed” the term in 1623, using kitchen to mean serving the food in the space in which it was prepared: “There is a fat friend at your master’s house, That kitchin’d me for you to day at dinner.” A century later, Scots used the term as a synonym for both pleasurable eating and frugality—for seasoning food and for budgeting and provisioning food beyond harvest. By the end of the nineteenth century, kitchening was interchangeable with cooking, food service, and the related work undertaken in this domestic production space.

Existing examinations of the American kitchen emphasize the architectural design of the space, often pointing to technological and energy innovations as factors for the space’s changing design over the centuries. Historians of women and labor also stress mechanization, arguing that the technologies touted as labor saving were, in reality, not—in many cases, new technology raised standards and increased women’s work. Understanding this, scholars have focused on women’s decisions about kitchen design and cookery, seeking evidence in diaries, letters, and recipes. Rising research interest in food studies has renewed scholarly attention to the kitchen and its contents and occupants, linking in interesting ways food, material culture, labor, and consumption.

In this presentation I discuss how attention to the material and visual evidence of American women’s kitchening, from making food to (re)modeling the workspace of the kitchen itself, improves our understanding of the history of the kitchen derived from prescriptive literature such as household manuals and home economics texts. I consider the related changes in domestic kitchens and American foodways in the United States since the 1840s, when the processes of industrialization shifted the ways Americans worked and ate. Last, I devote attention to the ways in which American museums have and continue to collect and display kitchen objects. Museums depicting preindustrial kitchens often feature cooking demonstrations utilizing the era’s tools and foodways or emphasize the dining experience, while museums with industrial and postindustrial collections display the kitchen and its mass-produced material culture as aesthetically delightful products of design divorced from the foods these objects help to prepare. I hope this presentation may elicit a discussion about what museums should be collecting to represent kitchening in the 21st century.
Deculturar os índios para torná-los Índio
Authors: Dória Carlos Alberto
Published: January 2020

O mito original da culinária brasileira nos diz que seu processo de formação começa em 1500, com o consumo gradativo de uma alimentação “miscigenada”. Ele nega que haja cozinha que possa ser chamada “brasileira” antes do descobrimento. Em outras palavras, lhe é indiferente o que os índios comiam. Assim, uma moderna consciência descolonizada precisa reconstruir o passado arqueológico de centenas de povos originais como substrato básico a partir do qual se formou a culinária atual – considerando o comer indígena em suas diferenças culturais, regionais e locais anteriores à chegada dos portugueses.
Minas, comida, palavra
Authors: Meneses José Newton Coelho
Published: January 2020

A comunicação propõe refletir sobre a denominada “imaterialidade” de construções culturais identitárias, especificamente, observando a tradição artesanal dos modos de fazer queijo arte- sanal em Minas Gerais. Contrapõe essa ideia do “imaterial” a um repertório de valores fundamentados em cotidiano material, dele parte inseparável, interpretando uma vivência, onde artefatos instrumentais, saberes, práticas rotineiras e experiências complexas denotam os limites da ideia de “patrimônio imaterial”. Reflete, ainda, sobre a memória e a dinâmica experiencial de homens e de mulheres envolvidos no processo. Elas apontam para saberes e práticas manuais que, ao serem pensadas teoricamente, apresentam um repertório complexo de atos e de valores associados ao modo de fazer artesanal do queijo de Minas. Evidencia que tal complexidade fragiliza a síntese convencional do termo “imaterial” na reflexão sobre as culturas.
Entre a cozinha e a mesa
Authors: Algranti Leila Mezan
Published: January 2020

Até meados do século XVI, o açúcar era um produto raro e caro no mercado europeu, sendo pouco incorporado à cozinha. Destinava-se especialmente aos enfermos, encontrando-se presente nas receitas de infusões e de outros medicamentos. Não fazia parte, portanto, dos registros de consumo de alimentos diários das populações. Mas constava nos compêndios do fim da Idade Média e início da Moderna, como tempero e especiaria, associado a alimentos doces e salgados. Foi, porém, o sucesso dos portugueses na exploração do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar nas suas colônias atlânticas e a consequente expansão da indústria açucareira no império português que transformou o produto exótico em necessidade nas mesas de indivíduos de todas as classes sociais, no século XVII. Seu amplo consumo estimulou a arte da confeitaria na Europa e nas zonas produtoras de açúcar, a qual representa um campo importante de reflexão para o historiador da cultura, já que os doces, devido ao seu intenso caráter simbólico e festivo, encontravam-se presentes nas mais diversas ocasiões de sociabilidade. Com base em livros de receitas antigos, inventários de bens dos séculos XVII e XVIII referentes à região Sudeste do Brasil (post mortem e Autos da Devassa da Inconfidência) e em relatos de viajantes estrangeiros, pretende-se refletir sobre o lugar do doce na América portuguesa e comentar o repertório dos equipamentos de mesa e cozinha utilizados pelos colonos em seus rituais ligados à produção e ao consumo de doces. O estudo visa ainda propor caminhos para uma análise do universo material da cultura, deslocando os artefatos dos espaços originais e das trajetórias de vida de seus proprietários, a fim de estabelecer novos contextos e conexões entre os objetos.
Duas colônias cafeeiras
Authors: Marquese Rafael De Bivar
Published: January 2020

Na segunda metade do século XVIII, as potências metropolitanas europeias conseguiram superar o domínio que o Iêmen até então exercera sobre a oferta mundial de café. Duas colônias do Novo Mundo se destacaram nessa transformação, ambas recorrendo ao emprego em larga escala do trabalho escravo africano: Suriname, pertencente aos holandeses, e Saint-Domingue, a principal colônia francesa do Caribe. No entanto, o crescimento do Suriname teve vida curta, logo superado pelo salto produtivo de Saint-Domingue. A comunicação explora as trajetórias divergentes dessas duas colônias, com as lentes focadas nas condições ambientais de operação de suas fazendas de café.
Representações da fome e suas metamorfoses nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 no Brasil
Authors: Leme Adriana Salay
Published: January 2020

A fome é elemento inescapável na história. Se não estava presente em algum momento em determinado lugar, ela era um paradigma do qual se buscava distanciar. E se a fome assim o é, perpassando as diferentes sociedades, não é, entretanto, homogênea nem no seu entendimento nem enquanto fenômeno. As definições dos dicionários não são suficientes para lidar com a complexidade do assunto. Na maioria das vezes, eles se limitam ao problema biológico individual e não a um grupo complexo de problemas sociais. Aqui pretende-se se debruçar sobre a fome enquanto questão e não enquanto fenômeno e desmembrar suas diferentes interpretações. O propósito aqui não é dizer que não existe uma realidade enquanto tal ou que a fome é apenas cultural, e sim assumir a direção da análise: o foco é como um determinado grupo social olhava para o fenômeno da fome. Ela não é exclusiva do período proposto, mas as novas ferramentas científicas disponibilizaram um novo entendimento sobre a fome. Desta forma, suas ocorrências serão usadas para entender como elas ajudaram o fenômeno a se tornar um tema debatido publicamente como questão política, mudando sua percepção, sua conceitualização e, consequentemente, as políticas públicas do período. Como, por exemplo, os relatos de fome intensa durante as secas nordestinas desde o fim do século XIX e os da Segunda Guerra Mundial que ampliaram as discussões sobre o tema, possibilitando uma nova compreensão. Somado a essa exposição, nesse momento houve também a racionalização da alimentação – novas ferramentas que possibilitaram medir a ingestão cotidiana assim como suas ausências, ampliando o debate em torno do que seria uma alimentação ideal. As descobertas científicas que estavam acontecendo desde meados do século XIX na Europa e nos Estados Unidos reverberaram no Brasil principalmente depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial e promoveram diferentes pesquisas sobre a temática. Josué de Castro foi um dos personagens importantes para esse novo olhar para fome no país. A sua publicação Geografia da Fome, em 1946, evidenciou o tema e colocou na mesma esfera debates que ocorriam em paralelo: fome endêmica e fome epidêmica. Enfim, a proposta é jogar luz sobre os debates da época que possibilitaram uma nova compreensão do fenômeno como a levada a cabo por Castro.
Investigation of Causal Effect of Atrial Fibrillation on Alzheimer Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Pan Yuesong , Wang Yilong , Wang Yongjun
Published: January 2020

Background

Atrial fibrillation (
AF
) has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of dementia as well as Alzheimer disease in observational studies. Whether this association reflects causal association is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal association of
AF
with Alzheimer disease.

Methods and Results

We used a 2‐sample Mendelian randomization approach to evaluate the causal effect of
AF
on Alzheimer disease. Summary data on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms with
AF
were obtained from a recently published genome‐wide association study with up to 1 030 836 individuals and data on single nucleotide polymorphism‐Alzheimer disease association from another genome‐wide association study with up to 455 258 individuals.
AF
was mainly diagnosed according to
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision
(

ICD
‐9

or

ICD
‐10

) and Alzheimer disease was mainly diagnosed according to clinical criteria (eg, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association [
NINCDS
‐
ADRDA
] criteria). Effect estimates were calculated using the inverse‐variance weighted method. The Mendelian randomization analysis showed nonsignificant association of genetically predicted
AF
with risk of Alzheimer disease (odds ratio=1.002, 95% CI: 0.996–1.009,
P
=0.47) using 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms as the instruments. Mendelian randomization‐Egger indicated no evidence of genetic pleiotropy (intercept=0.0002, 95%
CI
: −0.001 to 0.001,
P
=0.70).

Conclusions

This Mendelian randomization analysis found no evidence to support causal association between AF and Alzheimer disease.
Brain Cleanup as a Potential Target for Poststroke Recovery
Authors: Ting Shun-Ming , Zhao Xiurong , Sun Guanghua , Obertas Lidiya , Ricote Mercedes , Aronowski Jaroslaw
Published: January 2020

Background and Purpose—

Phagocytic cells, such as microglia and blood-derived macrophages, are a key biological modality responsible for phagocytosis-mediated clearance of damaged, dead, or displaced cells that are compromised during senescence or pathological processes, including after stroke. This process of clearance is essential to eliminate the source of inflammation and to allow for optimal brain repair and functional recovery. Transcription factor, RXR (retinoic-X-receptor) is strongly implicated in phagocytic functions regulation, and as such could represent a novel target for brain recovery after stroke.

Methods—

Primary cultured microglia and bone marrow macrophages were used for phagocytic study. Mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α
−/−
) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion to mimic ischemic stroke and then treated with RXR agonist bexarotene. RNA-sequencing and long-term recovery were evaluated.

Results—

Using cultured microglia, we demonstrated that the RXR-α promotes the phagocytic functions of microglia toward apoptotic neurons. Using mice with deleted RXR-α in myeloid phagocytes (Mac-RXR-α
−/−
), we have shown that despite behaving similarly to the control at early time points (up to 3 days, damage established histologically and behaviorally), these Mac-RXR-α
−/−
mice demonstrated worsened late functional recovery and developed brain atrophy that was larger in size than that seen in control mice. The RXR-α deficiency was associated with reduced expression of genes known to be under control of the prominent transcriptional RXR partner, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor)-γ, as well as genes encoding for scavenger receptors and genes that signify microglia/macrophages polarization to a reparative phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that the RXR agonist, bexarotene, administered as late as 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion, improved neurological recovery, and reduced the atrophy volume as assessed 28 days after stroke. Bexarotene did not improve outcome in Mac-RXR-α
−/−
mice.

Conclusions—

Altogether, these data suggest that phagocytic cells control poststroke recovery and that RXR in these cells represents an attractive target with exceptionally long therapeutic window.
Developing a real-time PCR assay for direct detection and quantification of Pratylenchus scribneri in field soil
Authors: Arora Deepika , Yan Guiping , Baidoo Richard
Published: January 2020

The endomigratory root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus scribneri, is one of the major plant-parasitic nematodes infecting potato. Accurate identification and quantification of this nematode are essential to develop management strategies but microscopic observations are particularly challenging and time consuming. In this study, a SYBR Green I-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed to detect and quantify P. scribneri from field soil DNA extracts. A primer set was designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the P. scribneri rDNA gene. Primer specificity to the target nematode was evaluated by both in silico analysis and qPCR and no detection or non-specific amplification was observed for other non-target nematode species/communities tested in this study. Standard curves were generated using DNA extracts from autoclaved soil infested with varying nematode numbers for calibration. The curves were supported by a high correlation between the P. scribneri numbers artificially added to soil or estimated from naturally infested field soils by traditional methods, and the numbers quantified using the qPCR assay. The assay was able to detect 1 out of 128 (0.0078) equivalents of the DNA of a single nematode in 0.5 g of soil. The qPCR assay developed in this study provides a specific and sensitive detection and quantification of P. scribneri from field soils and a rapid alternative to time-consuming traditional nematode identification and enumeration.
Studies on the genus Chrysodema (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae) part I.
Authors: FRANK DAVID , SEKERKA LUKÁŠ
Published: January 2020

Subgeneric classification of Chrysodema Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 is revised and following synonymy is established: Chrysodema=Cyalithoides Fisher, 1922 syn. nov.; Pseudochrysodema Saunders, 1874=Leganya Hołyński, 1994 syn. nov.,=Marcsikiella Hołyński, 2014 syn. nov. Four subgenera are recognized as valid: Chrysodema s. str., Gelaeus Waterhouse, 1905, Pseudochrysodema Saunders, 1874, and Thymedes Waterhouse, 1905, and a key to the subgenera is given. Four species-groups are established in the subgenus Chrysodema s. str.: C. aeneoviolacea-group, C. aurostriata-group, C. eximia-group, and C. sonnerati-group. All known species, except the currently accepted synonyms of Chrysodema (Chrysodema) eximia Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835, included in these groups are revised based on comparative study of extensive material including types of all described taxa. Three new species and one subspecies are described: Chrysodema (Chrysodema) dany sp. nov. from Haruku Island, Indonesia; C. (C.) gottwaldi sp. nov. from Palawan Island, Philippines; C. (C.) lewisii nakatai subsp. nov. from Yaeyama Islands, Japan; and C. (C.) vrabeci sp. nov. from Thailand and Laos. Chrysodema (C.) aeneoviolacea Deyrolle, 1864 stat. rev., C. (C.) dohrnii Saunders, 1874 stat. rev., and C. (C.) fuscitarsis Kerremans, 1895 stat. rev. are removed from synonymy with C. (C.) mniszechii Deyrolle, 1864; C. (C.) tonkinea Kerremans, 1909 stat. rev. is removed from synonymy with C. (C.) aurostriata Saunders, 1866. Three new synonymies are established: C. (C.) aeneoviolacea=C. (C.) elongata Kerremans, 1900 syn. nov.=C. (C.) keyensis Théry, 1923 syn. nov. (the latter was formerly synonym of C. (C.) elongata); C. (C.) dohrnii=C. (C.) fairmairei Kerremans, 1895 syn. nov. (formerly synonym of C. (C.) mniszechii). Neotype is designated for C. (C.) sonnerati Laporte de Castelnau & Gory, 1835 and lectotypes are designated for following taxa to ensure their correct application and recognition in future: C. (C.) aurostriata, C. (C.) fairmairei, C. (C.) fuscitarsis, C. (C.) sumatrensis Kerremans, 1895, C. (C.) tonkinea, C. (C.) yerburyi Waterhouse, 1905, C. (P.) coelestina Obenberger, 1922, and C. (P.) inslabilis Deyrolle, 1864. Additionally, dark species of the subgenus Pseudochrysodema are revised and as a result C. (P.) coelestina stat. rev. and C. (P.) instabilis stat. rev. are removed from synonymy with C. (P.) radians (Guérin-Méneville, 1830) and a new species C. (Pseudochrysodema) jakli sp. nov. is described from Timor Island, Indonesia. All herein included taxa are illustrated with colour photographs of habitus and the male aedeagus when available. All new taxa are diagnosed and a key to species of the C. aeneoviolacea-group is given.
Eurasian Cooling Linked with Arctic Warming: Insights from PV Dynamics
Authors: Xie Yongkun , Wu Guoxiong , Liu Yimin , Huang Jianping
Published: January 2020

The three-dimensional connections between Eurasian cooling and Arctic warming since 1979 were investigated using potential vorticity (PV) dynamics. We found that Eurasian cooling can be regulated by Arctic warming through PV adaptation and PV advection. Here, PV adaptation refers to the adaptation of PV to forcing and coherent dynamic–thermodynamic adaptation to PV change. In a PV perspective, first, the anticyclonic circulation change over the Arctic is produced by a negative PV change through PV adaptation, in which the change means the linear trend from 1979 to 2017. The negative PV change is directly regulated by Arctic warming because the vertical structure of Arctic warming is stronger at lower levels, which generates a negative PV change through the diabatic heating effect. Second, the circulation change produces a change in horizontal PV advection due to the existence of climatological PV gradients. Thus, as a balanced result, both the circulation change and PV change extend to the midlatitudes through horizontal PV advection and PV adaptation. Eventually, Eurasian cooling at the surface and in the lower troposphere is dominated by PV changes at the surface through PV adaptation. Meanwhile, enhanced Eurasian cooling in the middle troposphere is dominated by top-down influences of upper-level PV change through PV adaptation. Nevertheless, the upper-level PV changes are still contributed to by horizontal PV advection associated with Arctic warming. Overall, the general dynamics connecting Eurasian cooling with Arctic warming are demonstrated in a PV view.
Teleconnection Processes Linking the Intensity of the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability to the Climate Impacts over Europe in Boreal Winter
Authors: Qasmi Saïd , Cassou Christophe , Boé Julien
Published: January 2020

The response of the European climate to the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) remains difficult to isolate in observations because of the presence of strong internal variability and anthropogenically forced signals. Using model sensitivity experiments proposed within the CMIP6/Decadal Climate Prediction Project Component C (DCPP-C) framework, the wintertime AMV–Europe teleconnection is here investigated in large ensembles of pacemaker-type simulations conducted with the CNRM-CM5 global circulation model. To evaluate the sensitivity of the model response to the AMV amplitude, twin experiments with the AMV forcing pattern multiplied by 2 and 3 (2xAMV and 3xAMV, respectively) are performed in complement to the reference ensemble (1xAMV). Based on a flow analog method, we show that the AMV-forced atmospheric circulation tends to cool down the European continent, whereas the residual signal, mostly including thermodynamical processes, contributes to warming. In 1xAMV, both terms cancel each other, explaining the overall weak AMV-forced atmospheric signal. In 2xAMV and 3xAMV, the thermodynamical contribution overcomes the dynamical cooling and is responsible for milder and wetter conditions found at large scale over Europe. The thermodynamical term includes the advection of warmer and more humid oceanic air penetrating inland and the modification of surface radiative fluxes linked to both altered cloudiness and snow-cover reduction acting as a positive feedback with the AMV amplitude. The dynamical anomalous circulation combines 1) a remote response to enhanced diabatic heating acting as a Rossby wave source in the western tropical Atlantic and 2) a local response associated with warmer SST over the subpolar gyre favoring an anomalous high. The extratropical influence is reinforced by polar amplification due to sea ice melting in all the subarctic seas. The weight between the tropical–extratropical processes and associated feedbacks is speculated to partly explain the nonlinear sensibility of the response to the AMV forcing amplitude, challenging thus the use of the so-called pattern-scaling technique to evaluate teleconnectivity and related impacts associated with decadal variability.
Revisiting Azimuthally Asymmetric Moist Instability in the Outer Core of Sheared Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Li Qingqing , Dai Yufan
Published: January 2020

This study revisits the characteristics and physical processes of the azimuthally asymmetric distribution of moist instability in the outer core of vertically sheared tropical cyclones (TCs) using a numerical model. The results indicate that a downshear–upshear contrast in outer-core conditional instability occurs in the weakly sheared TCs, while an enhanced downshear-left–downshear-right difference is found in strongly sheared storms. Specifically, lower (higher) conditional instability arises downshear left (right) in the strongly sheared TCs. Downward transports of low-entropy air by convective and mesoscale downdrafts in principal rainbands reduce the equivalent potential temperature (θe) in the downshear-left boundary layer, contributing to lower convective available potential energy. Positive horizontal advection of both potential temperature and water vapor by the asymmetric outflow leads to a midlevel maximum of θe in the same quadrant. Hence, a positive θe vertical gradient (thus potential stability) is present in the downshear-left outer core. In the downshear-right quadrant, a lack of convective downdrafts, together with surface fluxes, leads to higher θe in the boundary layer. A dry intrusion is found at the middle to upper levels in the downshear-right outer core, and significant negative horizontal advection of water vapor produces low θe near the midtroposphere. A negative vertical gradient of θe (thus potential instability) in the outer core arises below the downshear-right midtroposphere. The presence of azimuthally asymmetric moist instability is expected to play an important role in fostering and maintaining azimuthally asymmetric convective activity in the outer core of TCs.
Wintertime Easterly and Southeasterly Airflow in the ‘Alenuihāhā Channel, Hawaii
Authors: Hitzl David Eugene , Chen Yi-Leng , Hsiao Feng
Published: January 2020

During the wintertime, easterly (E) to southeasterly (SE) flow in the Hawaiian coastal waters is frequent. These wind regimes alter the location and magnitude of channel and tip jet accelerations and the orientation and horizontal extent of the wake zones from east-northeast (ENE) trade wind conditions. The differences are the result of changes in orographic blocking by the Big Island and Maui, with respect to the prevailing wind. During an E wind event, the fastest winds over the ‘Alenuihāhā Channel (>9 m s−1) occur in the channel exit with sinking of the inversion, which rises again downstream. Although the upstream wind speed is similar to typical summer ENE trade winds (7–8 m s−1), the maximum channel wind speed is 3–4 m s−1 slower in the exit. The SE flow is characterized by maximum (~6 m s−1) northeasterly (NE) channel winds along Maui’s south shore and at the channel exit. These winds are the result of orographic blocking on the eastern end of Maui as the northwestern tail of a tip jet off the northeastern coast of the Big Island impinges on Mount Haleakalā. Channel wind speeds are modulated by the speed and direction of this tip jet, which itself varies diurnally and throughout the approach of a midlatitude cold front. Removal of the Big Island shows how the tip jet speed and orientation modulate the pressure gradients and winds in the ‘Alenuihāhā Channel. Removal of the Maui County terrain reveals the impact of orographic blocking on the occurrence of channel winds off Maui’s south shore.
Improved Predictability of the Indian Ocean Dipole Using a Stochastic Dynamical Model Compared to the North American Multimodel Ensemble Forecast
Authors: Zhao Sen , Stuecker Malte F. , Jin Fei-Fei , Feng Juan , Ren Hong-Li , Zhang Wenjun , Li Jianping
Published: January 2020

This study assesses the predictive skill of eight North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) models in predicting the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). We find that the forecasted ensemble-mean IOD–El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship deteriorates away from the observed relationship with increasing lead time, which might be one reason that limits the IOD predictive skill in coupled models. We are able to improve the IOD predictive skill using a recently developed stochastic dynamical model (SDM) forced by forecasted ENSO conditions. The results are consistent with the previous result that operational IOD predictability beyond persistence at lead times beyond one season is mostly controlled by ENSO predictability and the signal-to-noise ratio of the Indo-Pacific climate system. The multimodel ensemble (MME) investigated here is found to be of superior skill compared to each individual model at most lead times. Importantly, the skill of the SDM IOD predictions forced with forecasted ENSO conditions were either similar or better than those of the MME IOD forecasts. Moreover, the SDM forced with observed ENSO conditions exhibits significantly higher IOD prediction skill than the MME at longer lead times, suggesting the large potential skill increase that could be achieved by improving operational ENSO forecasts. We find that both cold and warm biases of the predicted Niño-3.4 index may cause false alarms of negative and positive IOD events, respectively, in NMME models. Many false alarms for IOD forecasts at lead times longer than one season in the original forecasts disappear or are significantly reduced in the SDM forced by forecasted ENSO conditions.
Children’s contact with police as a victim, person of interest and witness in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Whitten Tyson , Green Melissa J , Tzoumakis Stacy , Laurens Kristin R , Harris Felicity , Carr Vaughan J , Dean Kimberlie
Published: January 2020

Contact with the police, as the first contact with the criminal justice system for young people and children, may signify individuals who are vulnerable to later adverse social and health outcomes. However, little is known about how often children have contact with police or for what reason. In this paper, we provide a demographic profile of the prevalence and reasons for police contact among a representative, longitudinal, population-based sample of 91,631 young people in New South Wales, Australia. By 13 years of age, almost one in six (15.6%) children had contact with police as a victim, person of interest and/or witness on at least one occasion. The most common reason for contact with police was in relation to an assault. There was considerable overlap among children who had been in contact with police on more than one occasion for different reasons, with those having police contact as a person of interest or witness being seven times more likely to have also been in contact with police as a victim in a separate incident, than children not known to police. We show that contact with the police is surprisingly common among children and suggest that early interventions for children in contact with police might prevent a range of adverse outcomes not limited to criminal offending.
A Natural Resource Dependence Perspective of the Firm: How and Why Firms Manage Natural Resource Scarcity
Authors: Tashman Peter
Published: January 2020

Although natural resource scarcity is a pressing issue for many organizations, it has received little attention in management research. Drawing on resource dependence theory, this article theorizes how organizations manage uncertainty from their dependence on scarce natural resources. For this end, it explains how socio-ecological processes involving anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem services cause this form of uncertainty. It then proposes that organizations develop wide-ranging responses to such uncertainty, depending on their predominant institutional logics, from protecting and restoring ecosystems that provision critical natural resources to further developing those ecosystems for optimal resource yields at the risk of degrading them. The article adds to the limited existing research on the unique challenges of managing natural resource scarcity and extends resource dependence theory by accounting for socio-ecological dynamics that create uncertainty regarding natural resources.
The Impact of Markov Chain Convergence on Estimation of Mixture IRT Model Parameters
Authors: Jang Yoonsun , Cohen Allan S.
Published: January 2020

A nonconverged Markov chain can potentially lead to invalid inferences about model parameters. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a nonconverged Markov chain on the estimation of parameters for mixture item response theory models using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. A simulation study was conducted to investigate the accuracy of model parameters estimated with different degree of convergence. Results indicated the accuracy of the estimated model parameters for the mixture item response theory models decreased as the number of iterations of the Markov chain decreased. In particular, increasing the number of burn-in iterations resulted in more accurate estimation of mixture IRT model parameters. In addition, the different methods for monitoring convergence of a Markov chain resulted in different degrees of convergence despite almost identical accuracy of estimation.
Does electoral violence affect vote choice and willingness to vote? Conjoint analysis of a vignette experiment
Authors: Gutiérrez-Romero Roxana , LeBas Adrienne
Published: January 2020

Across many new democracies, voters routinely elect candidates associated with violence. Though electoral violence is common, there is little understanding of how it affects voting behaviour. This article examines how electoral violence affects turnout and vote choice. To this end, a vignette experiment is set in a nationally representative survey in Kenya, where electoral violence has been present since the 1990s. In the experiment, voters choose between two rival politicians. The experiment randomizes candidates’ attributes, their rumoured use of electoral violence and their record of reducing poverty. Conjoint analysis is used to isolate the effects of the candidates’ randomized attributes on turnout and vote choice. In contrast to the assumptions made in the literature on electoral violence, voters are less likely to vote for candidates rumoured to have used electoral violence, even when the candidate is a coethnic or a copartisan. This sanctioning effect, however, is not consistent across all voters. Victims of electoral violence and the poorest respondents are less likely to sanction candidates rumoured to have used violence, especially when these candidates have a good record of reducing poverty. The results show that voting turnout decreases when participants are asked to choose between candidates who are rumoured to have used electoral violence. These results are robust to including respondent and interviewer characteristics that might have affected participation in the experiment and how respondents voted. These findings explain why candidates using violence can win elections and why electoral violence has been difficult to eradicate in settings characterized by clientelism and instances of political discourse justifying the use of violence.
Values of College Students in Iran and the United States Who Admire Celebrities
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Green Thomas D. , Besharat Mohammad Ali , Edman Jeanne L. , Wenger Jay L. , Shabahang Reza
Published: January 2020

This study had two goals. The first goal was to compare scores on the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) and values of college students in Iran and the United States on how they differ in their admiration for their favorite celebrities. The second goal was to examine additional psychometric data on the Twenty Item Values Inventory (TWIVI). We administered the TWIVI, the CAS, and demographic items to 200 students at a university in Iran, and 199 students at one university and two colleges in the United States. The results revealed that Iranian students scored about the same as American students on the CAS, and both samples scored higher per item on Celebrity Attitude Scale Entertainment-Social, the entertainment or social subscale as compared with the two more problematic subscales of the CAS. Stepwise multiple regressions showed that Hedonism and Power predicted total CAS scores for Americans and Tradition and Stimulation predicted total CAS scores for Iranians. We found that the TWIVI performed reasonably well given its brevity. That is, predictions stemming from Schwartz’s values theory were generally confirmed in both samples by data obtained from the TWIVI.
Temporally Distributed Aspirations: New Chinese Migrants to New Zealand and the Figuring of Migration Futures
Authors: Wang Bingyu , Collins Francis
Published: January 2020

This article contributes to the literature on migration aspirations by examining their temporal dimensions and capacity to shape and be reshaped through migration. Drawing on qualitative research with Chinese migrants in New Zealand, we unpack the shifting character of aspirations to migrate in relation to three dimensions: everyday times; individual lifetimes; and institutional times. Utilising this temporally sensitive theoretical approach, the article shows that migration aspirations do not occur at one time – before migration – or across one duration – but rather articulate with multiple temporalities ranging from the intensity or slowness of everyday life, through appropriate progression through life courses, to the broader vistas of institutional and geo-historical time. Migration aspirations are hence necessarily temporally distributed rather than located in a singular chronological instance, or only in relation to a linear arrangement of past–present–future, and as a result, we argue for greater attention on the generation and reconfiguration of aspirations across time.
Parity-based robust data-driven fault detection for nonlinear systems using just-in-time learning approach
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Asim , Khan Abdul Qayyum , Abid Muhammad , Mustafa Ghulam , Mehmood Atif , Luo Hao , Yin Shen
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses a framework for fault detection in nonlinear processes. A novel subspace aided parity-based data-driven technique is proposed using the so-called just-in-time learning (JITL) approach. The idea of the proposed technique is to choose a set of the most similar data samples from the database for each test data sample using the JITL approach to address the nonlinearity problem. The parity vector is constructed for each test sample using the selected data samples to generate the residual signal. The salient features of the proposed technique include easy and simple implementation together with effectiveness in fault detection in the presence of disturbances and measurement noise. The fault detection scheme is so designed that it exhibits robustness against sensor noise and disturbances and sensitivity to faults. A case study for the fault detection of a nuclear research reactor (NRR) is presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the technique. The NRR is a highly nonlinear and complex process. Two faults of NRR, namely external reactivity insertion and control rod withdrawal, are successfully detected using the proposed approach.
The emergence and development of complex predicates in early child Hebrew
Authors: Lustigman Lyle
Published: January 2020

The present study examines the development of the earliest type of complex predicates to emerge in child Hebrew – extended predicate constructions. These constructions take the form of a modal/aspectual operator followed by an infinitival verb form (e.g., roce lesaxek ‘want to.play’), and since they serve various discursive functions (e.g., intent, desire, request), their use marks a significant development in toddlers’ cognitive, linguistic, and conversational abilities. Focus here is on the three most common modal operators used in extended predicates in early child Hebrew: roce ‘want’, yaxol ‘can’, and carix ‘need/have.to’. Analyses cover all uses of these three predicates by both children and adults, in longitudinal weekly-recorded speech samples from three Hebrew-acquiring children, starting with the earliest verb forms produced by each child and lasting for a period of over a year (age range: 1;3–2;5). Findings show the following developmental trends: (a) roce ‘want’ emerges the earliest and continues to be the most frequent of the three predicates throughout the year; (b) children favor using roce, yaxol, and carix as main predicates before they start integrating them in extended-predicate contexts; (c) early adult uses of extended predicates in child-directed speech are almost exclusively in the form of Yes/No verification questions (e.g., ata roce laševet? ‘you want to.sit?’); and (d) as children gradually use more extended predicates, adults gradually use fewer Yes/No verification questions, and more prompts that elicit information from the children (e.g., ma ata roce la’asot? ‘what (do) you want to.do?’) while also expanding more on the children’s productions. These concurrent trends show that such complex predicates develop in a piecemeal fashion, promoted by both the gradually evolving relations between children’s linguistic productions and their discursive functions, and the supportive contexts provided by their adult interlocutors.
International perspectives on social justice: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Grapin Sally L. , Shriberg David
Published: January 2020

The concept of social justice has become increasingly prominent in school psychology practice, research, and training. While the literature in this area has burgeoned over the last decade, relatively less scholarship has synthesized global perspectives on social justice. This article provides a brief introduction to the special issue, International Perspectives on Social Justice. In particular, we describe contributions of each of the issue’s four articles to the social justice literature in school and educational psychology as well as identify prominent themes. Finally, we describe potential directions for advancing an international social justice agenda in school psychology.
Farming for Life: Pilot assessment of the impact of medical prescriptions for vegetables on health and food security among Latino adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: York Benjamin , Kujan Mary , Conneely Casey , Glantz Namino , Kerr David
Published: January 2020

Background:

In the United States, Latino families have a disproportionate burden of diabetes and associated complications.

Aim:

This pilot study assessed the feasibility of using medical prescriptions of organic vegetables to improve health outcomes among Latinos with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods:

Latino participants ( n = 21, 91% female, age 56 ± 11.1 years) with T2D received 12 weeks of medically prescribed organic vegetables. Weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and HbA1c were measured pre and post-intervention. Food security was also assessed.

Results:

Over 12 weeks, there was a significant fall in systolic ( p = 0.03) and diastolic ( p = 0.01) blood pressure. A total of 14 participants lost weight (median weight loss among responders was 1.9 pounds), and waist circumference decreased in 9 of 19 responders by a median of 1.5 inches. HbA1c was unchanged (6.7 ± 1.1% at baseline versus 7.0 ± 1.1% post-intervention).

Conclusions:

Medical prescriptions of organic vegetables may have measurable health benefits for adult Latinos with T2D.
Decreased nuclear distribution nudE-like 1 enzyme activity in an animal model with dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling featuring aberrant neurodevelopment and amphetamine-supersensitivity
Authors: Nani João V , Fonseca Matheus C , Engi Sheila A , Perillo Mayara G , Dias Carlos SB , Gazarini Marcos L , Korth Carsten , Cruz Fábio C , Hayashi Mirian AF
Published: January 2020

Background:

Interaction of nuclear-distribution element-like 1 with disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 protein is crucial for neurite outgrowth/neuronal migration, and this interaction competitively inhibits nuclear-distribution element-like 1 peptidase activity. Nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity is reduced in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis and in medicated chronic schizophrenia, with even lower activity in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to investigate in a rat model overexpressing human non-mutant disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1, with consequent dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling, the relation of nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity with neurodevelopment and dopamine-related phenotypes.

Methods:

We measured cell distribution in striatum and cortex by histology and microtomography, and quantified the basal and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity (in blood and brain) of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat vs wild-type littermate controls.

Results:

3D assessment of neuronal cell body number and spatial organization of mercury-impregnated neurons showed defective neuronal positioning, characteristic of impaired cell migration, in striatum/nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 compared to wild-type brains. Basal nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity was lower in the blood and also in several brain regions of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 compared to wild-type. Locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity were both significantly increased by amphetamine in transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1, but not in wild-type.

Conclusions:

Our findings in the transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat allow us to state that decreased nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity reflects both a trait (neurodevelopmental phenotype) and a state (amphetamine-induced dopamine release). We thus define here a role for decreased nuclear-distribution element-like 1 peptidase activity both for the developing brain (the neurodevelopmental phenotype) and for the adult (interaction with dopaminergic responses), and present nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity in a novel way, as unifying neurodevelopmental with dysfunctional dopamine response phenotypes.
Ritual and pluralism: Incommensurable values and techniques of commensurability in contemporary urban Chinese funerals
Authors: Liu Huwy-Min Lucia
Published: January 2020

The default funeral in Shanghai today consists of religious variations of a secular socialist civil ritual. Within this ritual, however, is a clear paradox: how can one create religious “variations” of a secular and socialist funeral that explicitly denies any recognition of spirits or the afterlife? How do socialist, religious, Confucian, and even Christian ideas of personhood and death become commensurable in one single ritual? This paper explores the relationships between incommensurable values through commemorations of the dead in Shanghai. This article not only shows how a single ritual can realize multiple seemingly incommensurable values but also details two different techniques for making such incommensurable values commensurable. My findings show that what makes value pluralism possible depends on how people conceptualize rituals. When people see rituals as following social conventions, there is more space for pluralism, but when people treat rituals as making personal testimonies, the possibility for pluralism decreases.