bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charity vs. government health care
Authors: Berdine Gilbert
Published: October 2018

Part 3 of this series on sustainable health care discusses charity as a market phenomenon. Charity is explained as a result of the Law of Marginal Utility and the limitation of scare resources. Charity is contrasted with government health care or public health care. Charity and government health care are driven by different incentives. Charities compete for limited donations leading to improved relief of suffering at lower cost over time. Government health care acts like all monopolies and delivers a declining quality of output at ever increasing cost.
Midodrine use in intensive care unit patients recovering from septic shock
Authors: Dziuk Bethannie D , Iwuji Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Background: With the rising cost of ICU care and concerns about vasopressor associated complications, clinicians need oral medications that can hasten recovery from septic shock in patients requiring low dose IV vasopressors.Methods: We retrieved all the available studies published on PubMed and Embase (until September 2018) that reported the use of midodrine in septic shock.Results: Levine et al reported a decrease in the intravenous vasopressor infusion rate from -0.62 ± 1.40 mcg/min per hour before midodrine to -2.20 ± 2.45 mcg/min per hour after the first four doses of midodrine (P = 0.012). Whitson et al reported a two-day decrease in mean ICU length of stay when midodrine was used with IV vasopressors (P = 0.017).Conclusions: Midodrine may have the potential to hasten vasopressor weaning in patients recovering from septic shock, but there are limited published data available to support its use in these patients.
Effect of Heterogeneous Field Conditions on Corn Seeding Depth Accuracy and Uniformity
Authors: Poncet Aurelie M. , Fulton John P. , McDonald Timothy P. , Knappenberger Thorsten , Shaw Joey N. , Bridges Rees W.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Optimization of planter performance such as uniform seeding depth is required to maximize crop yield potential. Typically, seeding depth is manually adjusted prior to planting by selecting a row-unit depth and a row-unit downforce to ensure proper seed-soil contact. Once set, row-unit depth and downforce are usually not adjusted again for a field although soil conditions may vary. Optimization of planter performance requires automated adjustments of planter settings to varying soil conditions, but development of precision technologies with such capabilities requires a better understanding of soil-planter interactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate seeding depth response to varying soil conditions between and within fields and to discuss implications for development and implementation of active planting technologies. A 6-row John Deere MaxEmerge Plus planter equipped with heavy-duty downforce springs was used to plant corn ( L.) in central Alabama during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Three depths (4.4, 7.0, and 9.5 cm) and three downforces (corresponding to an additional row-unit weight of 0.0, 1.1, and 1.8 kN) were selected to represent common practices. Depth and downforce were not readjusted between fields and growing seasons. Seeding depth was measured after emergence. Corn seeding depth significantly varied with heterogeneous soil conditions between and within fields and the planter failed to achieve uniform seeding depth across a field. Differences in corn seeding depth between fields and growing seasons were as high as 2.1 cm for a given depth and downforce combination. Corn seeding depth significantly co-varied with field elevation but not with volumetric soil water content. Seeding depth varied with elevation at a rate ranging from -0.1 cm/m to -0.6 cm/m. Seeding depth co-variation to field elevation account for some but not all site-specific seeding depth variability identified within each field trial. These findings provide a better understanding of site-specific seeding depth variability and issues to address for the development of site-specific planting technologies to control seeding depth accuracy and improve uniformity. Keywords: Depth control, Downforce, Planter, Precision agriculture, Seeding depth, Uniformity.
Generation and Characterization of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies against Bovine Interleukin-6
Authors: Yang Yi , Li Cui , Shavibuzhati Mikeremu , Zhang* XiaoYing
Published: October 2018

Abstract.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifocal cytokine, has been widely regarded as a potential biomarker of diagnosis of disease. Thus, the antibody against IL-6 became more important in detecting IL-6. So far, the anti-human, rat, sheep and porcine IL-6 antibody has been reported. We aimed to produce chicken anti-bovine IL-6 immunoglobulin Y (IgY) polyclonal antibody. In the present study, the gene of bovine IL-6 were synthesized by company (Luoyang Laipson Information Technology Co., Ltd). Then the gene was cloned and expressed with pET-32a expression vector, and then followed by purification of recombinant bovine IL-6 (rbIL-6) protein with Ni-NTA resin. Protein mass of about 45 kDa was found with SDS-PAGE. Egg yolk IgY against rbIL-6 was extracted from egg yolk by the method of PEG precipitation after using the purified rbIL-6 to immune chicken. The egg yolk IgY polyclonal antibody was evaluated by indirect ELISA and Western blot followed by Checkerboard titration for optimal dilutions ratio of antigen and IgY/IgG titers. The results showed that the titer of anti-rbIL-6 IgY gradually raised after the first booster immunization. Booster immunizations were administered at 2-week intervals, and IgY titers were monitored to determine the immune response. The peak titer of anti-rbIL-6 IgY was 1:64 000 after the fifth booster immunization. The Western blot showed that the IgY could specific bind bovine IL-6. Conclusion: We successfully prepared anti-bovine IL-6 IgY polyclonal antibody that would contribute to bovine disease diagnostic test development for improving herd sanitary states of cattle and dairy farms. Keywords: Bovine interleukin-6, Egg yolk antibodies, Immunoglobulin Y, Indirect ELISA.
Shaking Functionality Evaluation of Four Different Types of Citrus Canopy-Shaker Tines
Authors: Liu Tian-Hu , Ehsani Reza , Toudeshki Arash , Abbas Muna , Zou Xiang-Jun
Published: October 2018

Abstract.

The shaking functionality of different types of shaking tines for citrus canopy shakers was evaluated. Shaking responses were simulated using ANSYS/LS-DYNA, and a tractor-mounted experimental shaking machine developed for conducting field trials. Straight nylon, bent nylon, straight PVC, and straight steel tines were used as shaking rods and, in experiments, accelerometers placed at branches and fruit to detect vibrational acceleration. Simulation results indicated that tine materials affected the vibrational response of trees and the acceleration peaks of branches and limbs exerted by a steel tine were ~2.0 times as high as exerted by a nylon tine. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the tine bending stiffness had a positive effect on the generated acceleration. Tree injuries caused by a straight nylon tine were much less than by other tines. The results suggested that a shaking tine should have high stiffness, but its surface should be soft. These simulation and experiment methods can be used for improving canopy shaker applications. Keywords: Citrus harvest, Canopy shaking, Shaking functionality, Trial.
An Improved Photosynthesis Prediction Model Based on Artificial Neural Networks Intended for Cucumber Growth Control
Authors: Xin Pingping , Zhang Haihui , Hu Jin , Wang Zhiyong , Zhang Zhen
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The existing photosynthetic rate prediction models consider only a single growing season. However, a photosynthetic rate prediction model intended for full growth of crops is needed. Therefore, a photosynthetic rate prediction model based on artificial neural networks (ANN), which establishes the prediction of the entire photosynthetic process, is presented in this article. The proposed model was developed using the multi-factor photosynthetic rate data obtained by experiments on cucumber seedlings and flowering stage. The ANN model was trained with the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) training algorithm. In contrast to the single-phase photosynthetic rate prediction models, in the proposed model a fusion of parameters of all growing stages was applied, whereat all growing parameters were merged into one six-dimensional input signal (temperature, CO2 concentration, light intensity, relative humidity, chlorophyll content, and growth stage). Verification of model accuracy and performance has shown that merging of growing parameters has obvious advantage. Moreover, the proposed model satisfied the requirement in terms of training error. In addition, the determination correlation between measured and estimated values was 0.9517, thus, good correlation and estimation were achieved. Besides, the test average absolute error was 1.1454, which proves a high accuracy of the proposed model. Therefore, the proposed prediction model can provide the theoretical basis for the facilities light regulation and technical support. Keywords: Artificial neural networks, Cucumber, Full growth period, Photosynthetic rate, Prediction model.
Electrical and Thermal Energy Consumption in Midwest Commercial Swine Facilities
Authors: Sharpe Kirsten T , Reese Michael H , Buchanan Eric S , Tallaksen Joel E , Janni Kevin A , Johnston Lee J
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Interest and concern is growing regarding sustainability of agricultural production systems including pork production. Information on the electrical and thermal energy consumption of pork production systems in the Midwestern United States is scarce. Understanding how swine production systems utilize electrical and thermal energy will help determine how this consumption can be reduced. This study evaluated the electrical and thermal energy (heating fuel) use of six commercial swine barns located in west central Minnesota. All barns were representative of typical Midwestern pork production systems. Energy monitoring was done on two barns from each stage of production: two breed-to-wean barns, two nursery barns, and two finishing barns. Breed-to-Wean Barn A used an average of 11.36 kWh and 1.29 L of propane per weaned pig produced. Breed-to-Wean Barn B used an average of 11.9 kWh and 1.17 L of propane per weaned pig produced. Heat lamps used at least 58% of the total electrical energy in both barns. Nursery Barn A and B used an average of 2.4 and 2.1 kWh and 1.63 and 1.55 L of propane per feeder pig produced, respectively. Ventilation fans used at least 50% of the total electricity in both barns. The tunnel-ventilated finishing barn used an average of 14.4 kWh and 1.29 L of propane per finished pig produced, and the curtain-sided finishing barn used an average of 4.1 kWh and 1.85 L of propane per finished pig produced. Ventilation accounted for 72% and 81% of the total electrical energy in the tunnel-ventilated and curtain-sided finishing barns, respectively. These data will be useful in targeting specific areas of pork production that have potential for improved energy efficiency. Keywords: Commercial pork production, Consumption, Electricity, Energy, Heat lamps, Propane, Swine, Ventilation.
Effective Use of a Variable Speed Blower Fan on a Mechanical Wild Blueberry Harvester
Authors: Esau Karen , Esau Travis , Zaman Qamar , Farooque Aitazaz , Schumann Arnold
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The management of wild blueberry fields is continuously improving and plant density/leaf foliage have increased. The result of improved management practices has led to an increased amount of debris being collected while harvesting. Many commercial harvester units contain a single blower fan to remove debris before the fruit enters the storage bins. Processing facilities are suggesting that producers reduce the excess debris that is being collected in the bins. Keywords: Anemometer, Debris, Optimization, Processing, Real-time, Terminal velocity.
Effects of the Stability of Reclaimed Soil Aggregates on Organic Carbon in Coal Mining Subsidence Areas
Authors: Qu Jun Feng , Tan Min , Hou Yu Le , Ge Meng Yu , Wang An Ni , Wang Kun , Shan Jin Xia , Chen Fu
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Reclaimed soil aggregates play a critical role in the accumulation of soil organic carbon. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of reclaimed soil aggregate development on organic carbon and explore changes in reclaimed agricultural soil over time in a coal mining subsidence area. Adjacent to the control sample plot (CKN), six sample plots of different reclamation time series: 2001 (R15), 2003 (R13), 2005 (R11), 2007 (R9), 2009 (R7), and 2011 (R5) were collected. Soil analyses included aggregate fractionation and organic carbon. Over time, the distribution characteristics of water-stable aggregates in reclaimed soil gradually improved. The concentration of organic carbon in reclaimed soil increased with aggregate size, and the organic carbon concentration of all aggregates increased with reclamation age. As the number of reclamation years increased, organic carbon also increased, first in the free light fraction (fLF) and later in mineral-bound carbon (mineral-C). Accumulation of organic carbon was related to the development of soil aggregates. The formation and carbon sequestration of reclaimed soil aggregates was consistent with the conceptual model of “aggregate turnover.” The transformation and accumulation of organic carbon was consistent with the physical protection mechanism of soil organic carbon. Keywords: Aggregate, Coal mining subsidence area, Reclaimed soil, Soil organic carbon.
Exploration of Rough Rice Head Yield Subjected to Drying and Retention Durations in a Fluidized Bed System
Authors: Luthra Kaushik , Sadaka Sammy , Atungulu Griffiths G
Published: October 2018

Abstract.Several researchers have reported that drying freshly harvested rough rice to safe storage moisture content of 14.9% d.b. in fluidized bed dryers resulted in a decrease in head rice yield, as compared with traditional drying methods. This phenomenon was attributed to the high thermal stress that affects rice kernels. The present study hypothesized that drying rough rice in fluidized bed dryers subjected to retention duration would maintain the rice quality as it may reduce the thermal stress. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate the effects of heating and retention durations on the dried rice head yield and energy consumption in a fluidized bed dryer. A bench-scale fluidized bed dryer was developed and tested. The effects of drying duration of 10, 20, and 30 min and the retention duration of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min on rough rice moisture content, drying rate, head rice yield, and energy consumption were investigated. During the retention period, paddy released a considerable amount of moisture. This moisture reduction, achieved during retention period, was obtained without any additional heating cost and was a supplement to the overall drying process. The retention period helped with thermal stress management within rice kernels and resulted in maintaining the head rice yield as compared to the rice dried without retention duration. Considering all the studied heating and retention durations, the head rice yield values of rice samples varied from 46.0% to 51.0%. The lowest energy consumption of 3.31MJ/kg waterremoved was achieved at the heating duration of 10 min and the zero retention duration. This value represents 1.44 folds of the theoretical energy required to remove 1 kg of moisture from organic matter. Keywords: Drying, Energy consumption, Head rice yield, Moisture content, Retention duration, Rough rice.
Occupational Injuries in Swedish Agriculture: Development and Preventive Actions
Authors: Pinzke Stefan , Alwall Svennefelt Catharina , Lundqvist Peter
Published: October 2018

Abstract. A comprehensive survey of injuries in Swedish agriculture was completed in 2013. The aim was to update the statistics on injuries and to compare them with data for 2004. The results were intended to provide a basis for evaluating the effect of Swedish initiatives to reduce occupational injuries in agriculture. In 2013, there were about 63,000 active farms in Sweden, and questionnaires with 21 questions were sent out to a sample of 6000 of these farms. The most important question was whether any injuries had occurred during 2013. Farms that reported injuries were contacted by telephone with additional questions about the injuries. A total of 3375 farms (56%) responded to the questionnaire. After population-level extrapolation, there were approximately 4400 injuries in Swedish agriculture during 2013 (66% in farming, 18% in mixed farming-forestry, and 14% in other related business activities). According to official statistics, there were only about 344 registered occupational injuries, which means that only 7% of the injuries reported in the questionnaire responses were listed in official statistics. In all, at least one injury occurred on about 7% of all enterprises with farming or combined farming-forestry. About 70% of the affected farms had animals, and 17% of all dairy farms had one or more injuries during 2013. According to this study, the overall number of injuries on farms had fallen by about 12% in 2013 compared with the corresponding study in 2004. Taking into account the reduced labor demand in agriculture and the decline in the number of farms since 2004, the rate of injury has not been reduced. To reduce occupational injuries in agriculture, in recent years the industry and government have been working intensively on work environment advice and training for farmers. Our study showed that farmers who received work environment advice and training introduced more measures to prevent injuries than those without any advisory input. It is alarming that despite all efforts to reduce injuries in agriculture, the level is still very high compared with other industries. Safety campaigns and more permanent safety initiatives in agriculture are needed to raise awareness of occupational risk factors and encourage safe behaviors. Keywords: Agriculture, Extension, Farming, Injury prevention, Injury statistics, Occupational injuries.
The Effect of Friction on Actuation Torques of Foldable Rollover Protective Structures
Authors: Khorsandi Farzaneh , Ayers Paul D.
Published: October 2018

Abstract.

The number of fatal tractor rollover accidents with an inoperative foldable rollover protective structure (FROPS) has increased sharply in recent years. Operators frequently leave the FROPS in the folded-down position after lowering the FROPS to pass a low overhead obstacle. One possible explanation for leaving the FROPS in the folded position is that raising and lowering the FROPS is a time-consuming and strenuous process. The actuation torques required to raise and lower a FROPS are not well known and may be influenced by friction. The actuation torques of ten FROPS from four different models were measured. One model FROPS was tested on seven different vehicles, and three models were tested separately. The dynamic and static (initiation and holding) actuation torques were measured to evaluate the effect of static and kinetic friction on actuation torque. The dynamic actuation torques were measured before and after greasing the FROPS. The proposed instruction to measure the actuation torque based on OECD Code 7 was evaluated. Results showed that friction has a significant effect on the measured actuation torque and can increase the actuation torque by up to 212%. The friction varies between FROPS of the same model, which is due to variations in the manufacturing, maintenance, and age of the FROPS. The friction force could be decreased by greasing the FROPS, and decreasing the friction increased the lowering resisting torques and decreased raising torques of FROPS. The measured actuation torque based on OECD Code 7 instruction (static holding) is not a constant value. The dynamic method is recommended for measuring FROPS actuation torques. Keywords: Actuating torque, Foldable rollover protective structure, FROPS, Safety, Standards, Tractor.
The Prevalence of Disabilities in the U.S. Farm Population
Authors: Miller Cristina D. , Aherin Robert A.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Health limitations and disabilities among farmers, farmworkers, and farm family members may have implications on their day-to-day activities and well-being as well as the farm business, but little is known about the extent of these limitations and disabilities. Using the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files from 2008 to 2016, the following questions were examined: what is the prevalence of disability in the overall farm population; what is the prevalence of health difficulties and disability among farmers, farmworkers, and farm family members; and do farmer and farmworker disability prevalence rates vary over time, by state, gender, or race/ethnicity. Finally, the effects of demographic factors were estimated on the likelihood that farmers and farmworkers might experience a disability. The findings of this study indicated that the disability rate in the farm population was 12.9%. On average, almost two out of ten farmers (19.2%) and nearly one out of ten farmworkers (9.0%) had a disability. One in 25 farm family children (4.2%, ages 6 to 17) and slightly more than two in 25 farm family adults (10.5%) had a disability. Keywords: Cognitive difficulty, Disability, Farm children, Farmer, Farm household, Farmworker, Hearing difficulty, Independent living difficulty, Physical difficulty, Self-care difficulty, Vision difficulty.
The various sources of household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: KARMINI KARMINI , KARYATI KARYATI
Published: October 2018

Karmini, Karyati. 2018. The various sources of household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 357-363. Some reports showed that agricultural and non-agricultural activities contribute to farmer household income. The objectives of this study were to identify the various sources of household income of paddy farmers, the average amount of every source of income, and the contribution of paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income to household income. This study was conducted in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The two-stage cluster sampling was applied to select the study areas. The number of respondents was 380 paddy households. Descriptive statistics were used to explore, summarize, and describe the data. The sources of household income of paddy farmers in the study areas are from paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income. Paddy farm income is income from paddy farming. Non-paddy income is income from non-paddy farming jobs such as annual crops farmer, perennial crop farmer, employee, seller, fisherman, breeder of livestock, carpenter, and laborer. The average paddy farm income, non-paddy farm income, and total household income of paddy farmers in East Kalimantan in 2013 was Rp. 13,487,069.21 year-1, Rp. 20,920,464.31 year-1, and Rp. 27,360,640.28 year-1, respectively. The contribution of paddy farm income and non-paddy farm income to household income of paddy farmers was 49.29% and 50.71%, respectively.
Hoya species of Belitung Island, Indonesia, utilization and conservation
Authors: RAHAYU SRI , FAKHRURROZI YULIAN , PUTRA HIRMAS FUADY
Published: October 2018

Rahayu S, Fakhrurrozi Y, Putra HF. 2018. Hoya species of Belitung Island, Indonesia, utilization and conservation. Biodiversitas 19: 369-376. Epiphyte greatly contributing to the forest biomass in the tropic. Heath forest as occurred in Belitung Island, Indonesia is a specific habitat for many endemic species, which are poor in nutrients and very fragile in response to any disturbance. We observed Hoya species-one of the epiphytic genus in the tropic in the heath forest and on other habitats of Belitung Island, Indonesia. Hoya species are plants with promising uses as functional ornamental plants (able to absorb pollutants from their growing environments), and as sources of certain medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds. A survey of Hoya was carried out on Belitung Island, off the southeast coast of Sumatra, in 2015, 2016 and 2017. There are two interesting Hoya species that grow well in the "padang community" of the heath forest, on the island: i.e. H. coronaria Blume and H imperialis Lindl. These two have attractive flower size and color. Another species, H. verticillata (Vahl) G.Don, with less attractive flower color, is distributed in the mixed forest of the beach areas, while H. multiflora Blume and H. scortechinii King & Gamble, also with less attractive flower color, are distributed in mixed forest of upper elevations. The distribution and habitat preference of different Hoya species indicate different requirements for moisture and temperature, which we hypothesize also result in differences in the pollinator species visiting the plants. The "padang community" of the heath forest on Belitung experiences maximum temperatures up to 370C in the afternoon. It is located in an Af climate type, with average rainfall, air temperature and humidity of ± 205 mm/month, 270C and 77.5%, respectively. Hoya coronaria is the most contributing biomass in the heath forest compared to the other Hoya species in the community.
Diversity and biomass of tree species in Tambrauw, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: ROBIANSYAH IYAN
Published: October 2018

Robiansyah I. 2018. Diversity and biomass of tree species in Tambrauw, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 377-386. In spite of its high diversity and endemism, New Guinea is still one of the least explored regions on the globe. Flora information for the island as a whole is low compared to other areas in Malesia, and for Indonesian Province of Papua and West Papua it is much lower than for Papua New Guinea. To add more information and data on the flora of the West Papua Province, a vegetation analysis was conducted in Fef (442-509 m) and Bamusbama (757-914 m) Subdistricts, Tambrauw District, West Papua, Indonesia. Six and four plots of 30x30 m were placed in Fef and Bamusbama, respectively, to assess and compare the diversity and biomass of trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm. A total of 457 stems and ca. 86 tree species were identified. Fef accommodated higher species number (70) than Bamusbama (42). Meliaceae and Myrtaceae were the most important families in Fef and Bamusbama, respectively, while Castanopsis acuminatissima was the most important species in both subdistricts.The species diversity, richness, and evenness in Fef was higher than in Bamusbama. For tree biomass, the estimated value in Bamusbama (383.8 ton/ha) was much higher than in Fef (224.7 ton/ha). The results of the present study may serve as a baseline information for sustainable forest management and conservation of the region.
Coffee bean physical quality: The effect of climate change adaptation behavior of shifting up cultivation area to a higher elevation
Authors: BAKRI SAMSUL , SETIAWAN AGUS , NURHAIDA IDA
Published: October 2018

Bakri S, Setiawan A, Nurhaida I. 2018. Coffee bean physical quality: The effect of climate change adaptation behavior of shifting up cultivation area to a higher elevation. Biodiversitas 19: 413-420. The coffee cultivation shifting into a higher elevation can be considered as a farmer’s behavioral adaptation to the climate change to find an optimum temperature and more fertile soil for the coffee growth. The behavior is rampant for Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) planters in Lampung Province, the main contributor area that places Indonesia as the second largest coffee bean exporting country for more than two decades. The behavior certainly causes environmental deterioration, while the positive impact has not been well-measured, even for physical bean performance that determine its export competitiveness. This study aimed to determine the effect of the behavior on two coffee bean physical indices, the 1000-dried fruit weight or the index of [W_1000], and the percentage of floated fruit upon water soaking or the index of [FLOAT]. Ordinary Least Square Model was applied at a significance level of 10% with the two indices as the response variables. The predictor variable is the elevation area, accompanied by slope steepness and area position in relation to its exposure against solar radiation. The field survey lasted from June to August 2017. Riped coffee fruit samples were collected from 32 sites, ranging from 300 to 1,170 m asl. The results suggested that the behavior would improve the [W_1000] index but worsening the other.
The prospect of the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products from Setulang Village forest based on local knowledge of the Uma Longh community in Malinau, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: HUTAURUK THOMAS R. , LAHJIE ABUBAKAR M. , SIMARANGKIR B.D.A.S. , AIPASSA MARLON I. , RUSLIM YOSEP
Published: October 2018

Hutauruk TR, Lahjie AM, Simarangkir B.D.A.S., Aipassa MI, Ruslim Y. 2018. The prospect of the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products from Setulang Village forest based on local knowledge of the Uma Longh community in Malinau, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 421-430. The establishment of Village Forest status gives local people assurance to manage the forest independently, but also limits its utilization. Communities are given freedom in the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and environmental services, but they are prohibited to utilize timber forest products that can disturb and destroy the life of flora and fauna in it. The Uma Longh community utilize NTFPs to meet the needs for food, medicines, and craft material. The objective of this study was to know the prospect of the utilization of NTFPs from Setulang Village Forest. Data were gathered by interview, FGD, documentation, observation and field sampling in transects. The analysis method used in this research was CLAPS (Arquiza 2008; Bakkegaard et al. 2016). This research concluded that the NTFPs in Uma Longh community had good prospect so that the commodities included in the NTFPs category could be managed by the local community independently and sustainably, including Calamus sp. and Gigantochloa sp. In order for NTFPs to be available sustainably, the existence of village forest should be maintained, and this requires (i) the existence of government regulatory support that ensures its sustainability, (ii) the community support to comply with agreements and rules made, (iii) the availability of responsible management institutions, and (iv) the availability of adequate funding sources.
Short Communication: Biology and distribution of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) a rare species in Mordovia Republic, Russia
Authors: RUCHIN ALEXANDER B. , GRISHUTKIN GENNADIJ F.
Published: October 2018

Ruchin AB, Grishutkin GF. 2018. Short Communication: Biology and distribution of Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) a rare species in Mordovia Republic, Russia. Biodiversitas 19: 431-436. There are three isolated populations of Parnassius apollo in Mordovia. The population, found in Mordovia Nature Reserve, is in a sad state and requires urgent protection measures. The second largest population lives in Bolshie Berezniki district. Butterflies from this population are locally found on glades, cuttings, floodplain meadows. It has fragmentized (mosaic) structure of records and a low number of adults. The largest population inhabits Smolny National Park. Irruption typically occurs in this population every few years. The most significant negative impact on the population of Apollo in Mordovia is caused by overgrowing of habitats by small-leaved forests, fragmentation of landscapes, isolation of populations. Data on the number of butterflies and the species composition of fodder plants for the imago of Apollo are given.
Diversity of Ganoderma pathogen in Pontianak, West Kalimantan: Characteristics, virulence and ability to infect Acacia mangium seedlings
Authors: SURYANTINI ROSA , WULANDARI REINE SUCI
Published: October 2018

Suryantini R, Wulandari RS. 2018. Diversity of Ganoderma pathogen in Pontianak, West Kalimantan: Characteristics, virulence and ability to infect Acacia mangium seedlings. Biodiversitas 19: 465-471. The study aimed to determine morphological characteristics and virulence of Ganoderma isolates. The method that was used: isolation and characterization isolate from Acacia mangium, palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis); inoculation of isolate in A. mangium; its influence to seedling dry weight. Results showed that isolated from A. mangium is G. lucidum, from palm oil is G. boninense and isolated from rubber plant is G. applanatum. Symptoms were observed within 3 months after inoculation. Symptoms began with chlorosis, necrosis and then seedling death. The G. lucidum is of highest virulent (2.08) compare to  G. boninense (1.42). Whereas the one which isolated from rubber plant is moderately virulent (0.92). Ganoderma infection was indicated by decreasing the dry weight of infected seedlings. Difference type of isolates did not significantly effect to the decreasing of seedling dry weight 3.82 g (inoculated by G. lucidum), 4.01 g (inoculated by G. boninense), 5.02 g (inoculated by G. applanatum). These results showed that these isolates (especially G. lucidum-like) are species to watch out as for Ganoderma root rot pathogen. The presence of perennials such as palm oil and infected rubber, can be a potential source of inoculum for A. mangium.
The comparison of aboveground C-stock between cacao-based agroforestry system and cacao monoculture practice in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: SANTHYAMI SANTHYAMI , BASUKRIADI ADI , PATRIA MUFTI PETALA , ABDULHADI ROCHADI
Published: October 2018

Santhyami,  Basukriadi A, Patria MP, Abdulhadi R. 2018. The comparison of aboveground C-stock between cacao-based agroforestry system and cacao monoculture practice in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 472-479. One of the main cause of climate change is deforestation for agricultural purposes. Therefore, Agroforestry System-AFS is regarded as a benign approach to reduce pressure on natural forest while still meeting the needs of local communities. In West Sumatra, Indonesia, small-scale AFS with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is the most commonly developed agroforestry system. At present, there is a tendency to intensify cacao-based AFS by reducing the shade trees leading to monoculture practice.  Although many studies had demonstrated the benefits of agroforestry over monoculture, not many studies have been looking at the comparison of carbon stock (C-Stock) of cacao-based AFS with different types of shade trees, particularly in West Sumatra. This study aimed to compare the aboveground C-Stock of three types of cacao-based AFS developed in West Sumatra; (i) Cacao-Rubber (CR), (ii) Cacao Multi-strata (CM), (iii) Cacao-Coconut (CC) with monoculture practice. Using replicated nested plot design, data were collected in April-June 2017 in Pasaman District for CR and CM and Padang Pariaman District for CC and monoculture. Biomass of cacao and shade trees and saplings were determined using allometric equations. The highest total aboveground biomass and C-Stock was found in CC AFS system (an average of 206.84 Mg ha-1 containing 103.42 MgC ha-1, respectively). The lowest total aboveground biomass and C-Stock was found in monoculture system (an average of 20 Mg ha-1 containing 10 MgC ha-1, respectively). Cacao-based AFS in West Sumatra has the potential to contribute to carbon storage by increasing the stocking density of shade tress through carbon-friendly intensification. An additional incentives should be considered such as including the farmers in environmental service reward schemes for maintaining high C stocks in their farms.
Short Communication: Biometric of freshwater crayfish (Cherax spp.) from Papua and West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: ABINAWANTO ABINAWANTO , HAMIDAH HANI , BOWOLAKSONO ANOM , EPRILURAHMAN RURY
Published: October 2018

Abinawanto, Hamidah H, Bowolaksono A, Eprilurahman R. 2018. Short Communication: Biometric of freshwater crayfish (Cherax spp.) from Papua and West Papua,, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 489-495. Freshwater crayfish, Cherax spp. is a native crayfish species in Papua, Indonesia. Biometric information of this crayfish species in Indonesia is limited. Hence, this study aimed to provide these data. Specimens were collected from West Papua Province, i.e., from Uter Lake (Atinjo Subdistrict, Maybrat) and Seremuk River (Haha Village, Seremuk Subdistrict, South Sorong), respectively. Besides, the specimens were also collected from Papua Province in Baliem River at Pike Village, Hubukiak Subdistrict, and Wesaput Village, Wesaput Subdistrict, Jayawijaya. Data were analyzed using canonical discriminant function (CDF). The results showed that the longest carapace of Cherax spp. was 97.83 mm found in Baliem River at Pike Village. CDF analysis showed that there were three population groups of Cherax spp. from four locations. The first group originated from Uter Lake (Atinjo Subdistrict) and Seremuk River (Haha village). The second group was from Baliem River (Pike Village; Hubukiak Subdistrict, Jayawijaya and the third group from Baliem River (Wesaput Village; Wesaput Subdistrict)
Tree species composition and structure of dry forest in Mutis Timau Protected Forest Management Unit of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: ALMULQU AAH AHMAD , ARPORNPONG NOULKAMOL , BOONYANUPHAP JARUNTORN
Published: October 2018

Almulqu AA, Arpornpong N, Boonyanuphap J. 2018. Tree species composition and structure of dry forest in Mutis Timau Protected Forest Management Unit of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 496-503. Plots 10,000 m2 were established in four sites of Mutis Timau Protected Forest Management Unit (Mutis Timau PFMU), in order (Koonkhunthod 2007)to determine tree species density, basal area, importance value index, species richness and to identify the relationship betwen species richness and abundance of trees. A total of 94 species belonging to 72 genera and 45 families were recorded. Species richness and forest structure were different between sites. Moraceae was the dominant tree family at most sites, particulary for Eucalyptus urophylla. The results suggest controlling the number of species, level on species distribution pattern, silvicultural interventions to pioneer species through thinning liberation, seeding and planting (pioneer species) could accelerate the tree regeneration of Mutis Timau PFMU in Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia.
Growth of typha grass (Typha angustifolia) on gold-mine tailings with application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi
Authors: SETYANINGSIH LULUK , WULANDARI ARUM SEKAR , HAMIM HAMIM
Published: October 2018

Setyaningsih L, Wulandari AS, Hamim H. 2018. Growth of typha grass (Typha angustifolia) on gold-mine tailings with application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 504-509. Gold mine tailings contain extreme physical and chemical properties, which inhibit plant growth due to lower nutrition and higher heavy metal contaminants. Typha (Typha angustifolia) is type of grass growing well on waterlogged area including tailing dam. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with compost and soil on the typha growth in gold mine tailings. The study was conducted in greenhouse by inoculating two AMF isolates (Glomus etunicatum and G. manihotis) to typha seedlings grown in pure tailing media, mixed tailing-compost media, and mixed tailing-compost-soil media. The compatibility and growth of typha grass were analysed after 1 month. Results showed that G. etunicatum and G. manihotis application significantly increased AMF colonization of typha roots up to 16.6% and 21.8% respectively. The length, number of leaves and biomass of typha also increased up to 90%, 50% and 97% respectively compared to those without AMF inoculation. G. etunicatum contributed the best growth of typha grown in mixed compost-soil-tailings, resulting in double increase of its length and biomass. The application of G. manihotis did not significantly increase the growth of typha in mixed media; however, under pure tailing, this mycorrhiza had the best induction for typha biomass and leaf number. In general, AMF application increased growth of typha grass in tailings media.
Mangrove plants species from Delta Mahakam, Indonesia with antimicrobial potency
Authors: SAPTIANI GINA , ASIKIN ANDI NOOR , HARDI ESTI HANDAYANI , ARDHANI FIKRI
Published: October 2018

Saptiani G, Asikin AN, Ardhani F, Hardi EH. 2018. Mangrove plants species from Delta Mahakam, Indonesia with antimicrobial potency. Biodiversitas 19: 516-521. This research was aimed to study biodiversity of mangrove that have potential as an antimicrobial material. The leaves of 4 types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, and Acanthus ilicifolius were chopped, dried and extracted with 3 types of solvents 80% ethanol, water and seawater. The Antimicrobial used Agar Disc Diffusion (ADD) method, and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Microbes that used for the test were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila and Saprolegnia sp. The ADD test showed ethanol extract of A. marina and A. ilicifolius can inhibit S. aureus with inhibition zone 13.33±0.58 mm. All the extract can inhibit A. hydrophila 13.00±1.00 mm and E. coli 12.67±0.58 mm. Ethanol extract of S. alba can inhibit V. harveyi 12.67±0.58 mm and A. ilicifolius 12.33±0.58 mm against Saprolegnia sp. The best of MIC is ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius, following A. marina, S. alba and R. stylosa.
Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration
Authors: ASTIANI DWI , BURHANUDDIN BURHANUDDIN , GUSMAYANTI EVI , WIDIASTUTI TRI , TAHERZADEH MUHAMMAD J.
Published: October 2018

Astiani D, Burhanuddin, Gusmayanti E, Widiastuti T, Taherzadeh MJ. 2018. Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration. Biodiversitas 19: 522-527. The major drivers of deforestation in West Kalimantan have been the development for large or small-scale expansion of agricultural activities; the establishment of oil palm and other plantations; fire; and degradation of forests particularly from industrial logging. Our previous research findings have shown that such activities in affected peatland areas have lowered the water table levels (down to 0.5-1.0 m depths), and have significantly increased CO2 emissions from the peat soils. It has been demonstrated that unmanaged, lowered water tables in peatlands act as one of the main factors inflating soil carbon emissions - an issue that has assumed global significance in recent decades. Regulating peatland water tables has the potential to mitigate degraded peatland carbon emissions as well as improve the hydrological functions for communities who farm the peatlands. However, we are still uncertain exactly how much impact controlled raising of the peatlands water tables will have on reducing soil CO2 emissions. The research described here aimed to mitigate CO2 emissions by raising and regulating water levels on drained peatland to restore and enhance its hydrological functions. The results confirmed that raising the water table significantly decreases CO2 emissions and improves water availability and management for crop production in the coastal peatland of Kubu Raya district, West Kalimantan. Water levels previously at 60cm below the soil surface were regulated to raise the watertable up to just 30 cm below the surface and this reduced peatland carbon emissions by about 49%. However, longer-term monitoring is required to ensure that the hydrological benefits and CO2 mitigation can be sustained.
Population and vegetation structure of ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) in secondary forests of Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: MUIN ABDURRANI , ASTIANI DWI
Published: October 2018

Muin A, Astiani D. 2018. Population and vegetation structure of ramin (Gonystylus bancanus) in secondary forests of Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 528-534. In the tropical peatland, ramin (Gonystylus bancanus Miq. Kurz) was one of many prominent species that present in peatland forest. The species distribution is mostly in Southeast Asia peatland. The beautiful wood color, pale yellow sometimes grayish with no differentiated sapwood and heartwood with straight interlocked grain, made it become the most wanted tree species from tropical peatland.The exploitation of Ramin wood since the 1970s caused the decrease of its population in the peatland forest, led to this species being listed as an endangered species. This study aimed to search information on the Ramin population and vegetation structure left in its habitat in secondary peatland forest of Pematang Gadung and Sungai Sirih villages area of Ketapang District. The study employed a survey method, and data collection was carried out using line plots system. Data assessed were natural regeneration condition-seedling, sapling and pole growth levels-, and tree growth levels. A 20 m x 20 m size plots were continually established to form a line with the length of 550-680 m. Results showed that relatively a few Ramin was found in the forests in Sungai Sirih with a mean seedling density of only 9.9 tree ha-1, height ranges of 131 cm to 150 cm, and counted sapling level of 183 trees ha-1 with diameter ranges from 0.38 to 6.37 cm. At Pematang Gadung village, more Ramin was found, especially with a bigger diameter. Tree level (diameter >20cm) was recorded at 74.1 tree ha-1 with a contradictory far less seedling (2.8 tree ha-1), sapling level (only 1 tree ha-1) and pole level (7.4 tree ha-1) established. Based on the tree population condition and the variation of their growth level, the vegetation structure of Ramin did not describe a normal curve form in the natural forest both in the villages of Pematang Gadung and Sungai Sirih.
Forest and land fires in Pelalawan District, Riau, Indonesia: Drivers, pressures, impacts and responses
Authors: TATA HESTI LESTARI , NARENDRA BUDI HADI , MAWAZIN MAWAZIN
Published: October 2018

Tata HL, Narendra BH, Mawazin. 2018. Forest and land fires in Pelalawan District, Riau, Indonesia: Drivers, pressures, impacts and responses. Biodiversitas 19: 544-551. Pelalawan District of Riau Province, Indonesia was one of the districts most damaged by fire in 2015. Analysis of factors driving the fires, of pressures arising from the fires and of responses to the fires in Pelalawan District was conducted using two approaches: semi-structured interviews regarding social and policy aspects, and analysis of biophysical factors such as soil properties and spatial data. Results showed that forest functions (i.e. the functions served by different forest types) was positively related to hotspot density (R2=0.9868), while distance to nearest road less affected hotspot distribution (R2=0.1612). Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between hotspots density and four variables resulted in the following model: Y = 0.005384 + 0.000021 Soil Type + 0.000019 Distance to Road + 0.000038 Forest Functions + 0.000017 Land Use type. The pressures were expansion for agriculture, plantation and forest encroachment. Despite many negative impacts of fire, the burning practice on peatland could improve the pH and peat soil fertility (particularly ash and P contents). As a response to fire, a standard operational procedure for forest- and land-fire prevention was launched by the Governor of Riau Province in late 2015. A comprehensive and integrated policy package for forest and land fire prevention and control should include a social dimension in order to effectively reduce fire risk in the district.