bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychische Probleme im Kontext von Religiosität und Spiritualität. Eine Literaturanalyse zu Typologien und Erscheinungsbildern
Authors: Hofmann Liane
Published: January 2024

Ein stetig wachsendes Angebot an religiösen und spirituellen (r/s) Weganleitungen und Praktiken wird von einer zunehmenden Zahl von Individuen in den westlichen Gesellschaften rege in Anspruch genommen. Während r/s Glaubensüberzeugungen, Gruppenzugehörigkeiten und Praktiken vielfältige salutogene Wirkungen haben können, so kann unter diversen abträglichen Kontextbedingungen auch ein breites Spektrum an problematischen und krisenhaften psychischen Reaktionen daraus erwachsen. Derartige Probleme und Krisen im Kontext der r/s Entwicklung, Orientierung und Praxis sind in den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten zunehmend in den Fokus des klinisch-psychotherapeutischen Interesses gerückt. Der Beitrag gibt einen orientierenden Überblick über wesentliche Entwicklungen auf diesem Forschungsgebiet. Es werden prominente Typologien psychischer Probleme im Kontext von Religiosität und Spiritualität (R/S) vorgestellt und deren jeweilige Schwerpunktsetzungen diskutiert. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Reflexion der Faktoren, die zu einer angemessenen und effektiven Begleitung von Menschen in problematischen psycho-religiösen oder psycho-spirituellen Prozessen beitragen.
Automated football match reports as models of textuality
Authors: Meier-Vieracker Simon
Published: January 2024

This paper deals with automated football match reports as a common genre of automated journalism. Based on a corpus of automated and human-written reports (n = 1,302) on the same set of matches and with reference to linguistic concepts of text and textuality, the textual properties of these texts are analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The analysis is based on the idea that the task of text generation can be described as the task of automatically selecting cues of textuality such as connectives or signals of thematic relatedness. The results show that automated and human-written texts differ significantly in the use of these cues, particularly in the use of linguistic means for creating evaluation and contrast, and thus allow to trace in detail, how these cues contribute to cohesion, coherence and narrative qualities. Different from computational linguistic approaches focused on optimizing text generation algorithms, this paper proposes to use automated texts, which are to some extent imperfect, as models of textuality that through their imperfection can say something about the nature of texts in general. The paper thus contributes to the field of (mostly communication studies) research on automated journalism in which the texts themselves are rarely investigated.
Effect of Biochar Type and Amendment Rates on Soil Physicochemical Properties: Potential Application in Bioengineered Structures
Authors: Hussain Rojimul , Kumar Himanshu , Bordoloi Sanandam , Jaykumar Swathylakshmi , Salim Salih , Garg Ankit , Ravi Karangat , Sarmah Ajit K. , Gogoi Nirmali , Sreedeep Sekharan
Published: January 2024

Biochar has recently gained attention as a potential soil amendment for its usage in bioengineered structures, e.g., landfill cover system, green slopes, green corridor, etc., that usually comprises compacted soil with vegetation. In literature, many studies have explored the effect of biochar sourced from plant (agri-residues, wood)- and animal-based biomass on physicochemical properties of soil suitable for agricultural application. However, systematic study rarely has been conducted for soil suitable for bioengineered structures, and contradictory results have been reported. The objective of the present study is to explore the effects of biochar produced from different feedstock types (poultry litter, water hyacinth, and sawdust) on physicochemical properties of soil for bioengineered structures application. The results revealed that the amendment of biochar increased the liquid limit (14–52 %), plastic limit (PL, 2–66 %), optimum moisture content (OMC, 4–50 %), pH (29–59 %), cation exchange capacity (20–428 %), and water absorption capacity (12–94 %), whereas it decreased the maximum dry density (7–17 %), specific gravity (3–17 %), and shrinkage area ratio (SAR, 22–57 %) of the soil. Among the different biochar types tested, water hyacinth biochar (WHB) exhibited the highest increase in PL, OMC, and pH, and decrease in specific gravity and SAR of the soil after amendment, whereas poultry litter biochar showed the lowest variation of the same. These changes in the soil physicochemical properties after biochar amendment are likely attributed to the presence of intrapores and active chemicals in biochar, which are highly dependent on feedstock types. The findings of the present study could be useful in understanding the hydro-mechanical and plant interaction of biochar-amended soil (BAS), and potential implementation of BAS in bioengineered structures.
Ammonia emission factors from cattle production systems in Ireland – a review
Authors: Owusu-Twum M. Y. , Kelleghan D. , Gleasure G. , Forrestal P. , Lanigan G. J. , Richards K. G. , Krol D. J.
Published: January 2024

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock production contribute to environmental pollution. To address this challenge, the European Union (EU) National Emission Reduction Commitments Directive 2016/2284 (NECD) sets NH3 reduction targets for EU member states. In order to achieve these targets, several strategies have been evaluated under Irish conditions. A compilation of emission factors (EFs) from studies which evaluated these strategies is necessary to assess their effectiveness. This paper reports NH3 EFs from cattle production under Irish conditions. The results from the review show that the mean EFs from the deposition of dung, urine and urea applied to urine patches on grasslands were 4%, 9% and 8% total nitrogen (TN), respectively. EFs from the application of urea to urine patches were reduced by 28% after the addition of the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) to urea. The mean EF of 28% TN reported for urea fertiliser was almost 7 times higher than calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN). The inclusion of urease inhibitors with urea fertilisation on grassland led to EF reduction of up to 86%. The mean EFs from cattle houses, concrete yards, slurry storage pits and slurry landspreading were approximately 13%, 35%, 60% and 59% total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), respectively. The most effective NH3 abatement strategies for concrete yards and slurry storage were immediate cleaning of concrete floors (up to 89% reduction) after excreta deposition and the application of chemical amendments (sulphuric acid, acetic acid, alum and ferric chloride) to slurry in storage pits (up to 98% reduction), respectively. Low-emission spreading strategies and slurry acidification were effective at abating EFs after slurry application to land.
Time for What? Dissociating Explicit Timing Tasks through Electrophysiological Signatures
Authors: Bueno Fernanda D. , Nobre Anna C. , Cravo André M.
Published: January 2024

Estimating durations between hundreds of milliseconds and seconds is essential for several daily tasks. Explicit timing tasks, which require participants to estimate durations to make a comparison (time for perception) or to reproduce them (time for action), are often used to investigate psychological and neural timing mechanisms. Recent studies have proposed that mechanisms may depend on specific task requirements. In this study, we conducted electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings on human participants as they estimated intervals in different task contexts to investigate the extent to which timing mechanisms depend on the nature of the task. We compared the neural processing of identical visual reference stimuli in two different tasks, in which stimulus durations were either perceptually compared or motorically reproduced in separate experimental blocks. Using multivariate pattern analyses, we could successfully decode the duration and the task of reference stimuli. We found evidence for both overlapping timing mechanisms across tasks as well as recruitment of task-dependent processes for comparing intervals for different purposes. Our findings suggest both core and specialized timing functions are recruited to support explicit timing tasks.
Konstancja Hojnacka (ok. 1880–1943). Sylwetka publicystki dwutygodnika „Moja Przyjaciółka” ze Żnina
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy (Polska), Wodniak Katarzyna
Published: January 2024

Edited by Konstancja Hojnacka (ca. 1880–1943) in the town of Orlęta, the journal Świat Kobiecy-Rekord was known in Żnin in the early 1930s, when the most-read female press title of the interwar period, Moja Przyjaciółka created in the local Alfred Krzycki’s Publishing House, was not yet planned. In 1939, its subscribers received a guide to good manners, entitled Cohabitation with People, the only book publication by the journal’s Lviv collaborator. Thanks to the high circulation, comparable to school textbooks, it found its way into many Polish homes. The article presents the relationship of the writer, press and radio editor, esotericist and social activist from the borderland metropolis with Moja Przyjaciółka in her best years 1937–1939.
Moda i praktyka. „Przyjaciółka” jako materiał do badań
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku / Instytut Studiów Kobiecych (Polska), Zajko-Czochańska Justyna
Published: January 2024

The article discusses the way of presenting the issue of fashion by the editors of the most popular magazine for women of the Polish People’s Republic – Przyjaciółka. The years 1957–1975 were analyzed. The aim of the research was to answer the following questions: to what extent did the analyzed periodical take up the subject of fashion? What was the nature of the content presenting the issue related to fashion? Did the published articles have a real impact on shaping tastes, a sense of aesthetics and the need to follow fashion trends in rural women?
Sylwetki polityków na łamach „Zwierciadła” (1990–2019)
Authors:   Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach (Polska), Dąbrowska-Cendrowska Olga
Published: January 2024

Zwierciadło is a women’s magazine that has been publishing on the Polish press market continuously since 1957. Its first editor-in-chief was Alina Rebane. After the political transformation, its periodicity has changed. The weekly was transformed into a monthly magazine belonging to the group of luxury women’s magazines. The main goal of the research was an attempt to characterize the ways of presenting the profiles of politicians in the pages of Zwierciadło in the years 1990–2019. To achieve this goal, the most important facts from the magazine’s history were presented, focusing on the years 1990–2019. Methods of content analysis (quantitative to show dominant trends and qualitative to answer the question of how politicians were written about) were used.
„Amicus” – oswajanie lęku pacjenta Świętokrzyskiego Centrum Onkologii w Kielcach poprzez informacje. Działalność redaktorek Joanny Chądzyńskiej i Izabeli Opalińskiej
Authors:   Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach (Polska), Chwastyk-Kowalczyk Jolanta
Published: January 2024

The paper presents the free quarterly Amicus, published from 2015 until today in 3000 copies by the Świętokrzyskie Oncology Centre in Kielce, addressed to the patients of this facility. It is edited by two persons: Joanna Chądzyńska and Izabela Opalińska. The purpose of launching this form of communication is to familiarize patients with the profile of the clinic’s operation, its departments, clinical trial prophylaxis, diagnostics, treatment methods (surgery, radio and chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy), specialist doctors, multidisciplinary therapeutic teams that develop treatment plans for patients, telepathology – i.e., information systems in medicine, healthy lifestyle and nutrition, psycho-oncology, scientific conferences and symposia, nursing care, rehabilitation, patients’ rights. It performs a role of the friend-guide to people who are often startled by the diagnosis. The magazine presents interviews with famous people from the cultural and scientific world who have been cured or who are undergoing treatment, including medical doctors, encouraging readers to conduct preventive examinations and to be optimistic about their treatment. The main goal is to familiarise patients with the fear of illness that often results from ignorance. Since March 2020, topics related to the Covid -19 pandemic concern preventive measures, such as vaccination against the virus, and possible complications after the disease.
Przekazanie sądowi powszechnemu sprawowania kontroli administracji publicznej jako odstępstwo od kognicji sądów administracyjnych na przykładzie Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów
Authors:   Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach (Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland), Frey Robert , Małecka Elżbieta ,   Akademia Humanistyczno-Ekonomiczna w Łodzi (University of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, Poland)
Published: January 2024

The goal of the article is to present the historical development of the exception from the rule of the court administration review by administrative courts, which is the transference of its conducting to the Antitrust Court (currently the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection). The additional goal is to answer the question of the grounds of the transference to a popular court the jurisdiction in antitrust cases, and then in regulatory cases. Two theses were formulated by the authors. The first thesis states that the Polish antitrust court model were based on the liberalization processes. The second thesis assumes that, despite faulty solutions in the procedural area, the functioning of the jurisdiction of the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection contributed to the development of competitive economy in Poland. The authors begin their consideration with the Act from 17th March 1921. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (the so-called March Constitution) and the Act of 3rd August 1922 on the Supreme Administrative Tribunal. In addition, they analyze the liberalization processes that took place in Poland after the changes of 1989. The second part covers the genesis of the Competition and Consumer Protection Court, the evolution of the jurisdiction of the Antimonopoly Court from 1990 to 2017 and the analysis of the issue of hybrid appeal proceedings. In this part, the authors refer to draft laws, transcripts of the sittings of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and analyze the statistics of the case law of the Court of Competition and Consumer Protection from 1992 to 2020. The deliberation shall be based on legal regulations and scientific papers. The analysis shall focus on the proposed bills and on the related legislative process. The following methods were applied in the article: dogmatic-legal and analytic-synthetic.
The Right to a Trial When Applying for Public Funds for Educational Tasks in the Light of the Evolution of the Case Law of Administrative Courts
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Bialystok, Poland), Salachna Joanna M. , Ostrowska Anna ,   Akademia Łomżyńska (University of Lomza, Poland)
Published: January 2024

In the modern history of the Polish administrative court system, an important legal issue that still needs to be clearly resolved is the jurisdiction of courts over acts and actions taken by the public administration other than administrative decisions or rulings. This issue arises in the area of the process of applying for public funds for the performance of educational tasks by public and non-public units of the system of education (with regard to the so-called education subsidies provided from the budgets of local and regional government units), as well as in the area of receiving from the state budget the educational part of the general subvention by local and regional government units themselves. The dispute concerning the jurisdiction over the determination and transfer of education subsidies, which started with the dispute over the legal nature (civil or administrative law) of the relationship arising from the education subsidy, continued for more than 20 years and was only brought to an end by the 2016 amendment to the Act on the system of education. In contrast, the analogous dispute concerning jurisdiction of courts in cases involving the determination of the value and transfer of the educational part of the general subvention to local government units actually remains unresolved to this day. This paper presents an analysis of the evolution of the case law of administrative courts in the cases mentioned above. The primary purpose of this analysis was to formulate conclusions de lege ferenda, the consideration of which would lead to the real and effective exercise of their rights (including the constitutional right to a trial) by the bodies that run public or non-public units of the system of education, as well as by local government units.
The Administrative Court System in the Face of Non-Vaccination of Children. Challenges and Prospects for the (Still) Emerging Line of Jurisprudence
Authors:   Uniwersytet Łódzki (University of Lodz, Poland), Czechowicz Sebastian
Published: January 2024

In recent years, there has been a heated public debate about mandatory vaccination of children. The COVID-19 pandemic further underscored the importance of vaccination and the desirability of vaccination for the protection of public health and the health (as well as life) of the individual. Nevertheless, the rise in activity and popularity of anti-vaccination movements has clearly contributed to the upward trend in the number of non-vaccinated children that we have seen since 2010. Statutory representatives of children who oppose their mandatory vaccination cite a variety of reasons, taking advantage of the imperfect legal system. The fines imposed to compel mandatory vaccination, as well as the conduct of administrative enforcement proceedings in this regard, are often challenged in administrative courts. It is of great importance that administrative courts are increasingly referring to the constitutionally protected values, as well as to the axiological justifications for the functioning obligation to vaccinate children. Given the nature of the obligation, this seems understandable, but nevertheless somewhat intrusive into the constitutional sphere, which is reserved for the Constitutional Tribunal. The purpose of the paper is to reconstruct the formation of the line of jurisprudence of administrative courts in cases involving the mandatory vaccination of children. The course of discussion will lead to a full analysis of the grounds of the grounds for the cited judgments and their consistency with the emerging line of jurisprudence on the issue. Particular attention was paid to the references made by the adjudicating panels to the legally protected values of an individual and universal nature. For this purpose the Author used the historical-legal method and the method of analysis of court jurisprudence.
The Right to Participate in the Consultations on the Participatory Budget in the Light of Legislation and the Case Law of Administrative Courts in Poland
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Bialystok, Poland), Lotko Ewa , Zawadzka-Pąk Urszula Kinga
Published: January 2024

In the practice of the Polish local and regional government, participatory budgeting has been used since 2011, and was the first one introduced in Sopot. It is a form of consultation with residents on the allocation of a portion of the budgetary expenses of a unit of the local or regional government, most often a city. This is a special type of procedure in which residents participate in the creation of the budget of a city (municipality), thereby jointly determining the distribution of a certain pool of public funds. In the first years of the application of participatory budgeting in Poland, a very general legal authorization was used to allow consultations with residents. It was only after several years of grassroots use of participatory budgeting that it was regulated in the Polish legal system in the Act of January 11, 2018 amending certain acts. Since then, it has become a mandatory form of public consultation in cities with district rights. The procedure for participatory budgeting in municipalities is generally regulated in Article 5a of the Act on the commune-level local government. The application of participatory budgeting in Poland has resulted in an extensive case law of administrative courts, hence the purpose of this paper is to determine the group of those entitled to participate in public consultations on participatory budgeting in light of the law and the case law of administrative courts. Using the dogmatic-legal method enabled a positive evaluation of the adopted research. hypothesis that the provisions of local law that designate the group of entities entitled to participate in participatory budgeting procedure is restrictive compared to the provisions of the applicable statute.
Axiology of the Law of the European Legal Space and the Development of the Administrative Court System in Poland
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Bialystok, Poland), Wrońska Iwona , Dubowski Tomasz ,   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Bialystok, Poland)
Published: January 2024

The primary objective of the study was to determine the unique characteristics of the axiology of the law of the European legal space and its impact on the development of the administrative courts system in Poland by indicating its rooting in legally expressed values, as well as in extra-legal values that are common axioms of the European legal space discussed herein. It was noted that international law – which is the background of the study – determines the basis for the operation of a democratic state, thus exerting a fundamental and significant influence on the formation of standards of democratic states in Europe, including the administrative court system in Poland. The achievement of the primary objective of the deliberations will be assisted by two intermediate objectives. The first one, seeking to lay the foundations for the introduction of the aforementioned “European legal space” category as a normative category that includes a common axiology of law, which underlies the democratic state, including the nature of human rights, through the analysis of the legal and non-legal norms that form that category. The achievement of the second intermediate objective, on the other hand, will make it possible in fine to treat that space as a normative and axiological concept to rot the unique structure of the administrative court system in Poland as one of the structural elements of the democratic system. In the literature on the subject, the issue of the axiology of the law of the European legal space from the standpoint of its impact on the administrative court system in Poland has not been analyzed in a comprehensive manner, and the available publications only partially address this topic, which prompted the study of the issue stated in the title of this paper. By setting the framework for the deliberations, they were narrowed down to the European legal space, which was considered to be the normative space of influence of European international organizations, namely the Council of Europe, the European Union, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. The purpose of the specific scope of the conducted analyses have resulted in the use of specific research methods. The dogmatic-legal method was the leading method, and it is present virtually all parts of the deliberations. The position of the doctrine was analyzed Polish and foreign monographs and papers, as well as acts of universally applicable international law and those of a regional nature. The case law of international courts was also analyzed. The author made an extensive use of the legal-comparative method. It proved useful in the search for a way to define the concept of the European legal space, as well as other concepts, due to the need to confront the legal achievements of the international organizations that make up that space.
„Karzące ramię sprawiedliwości” – prokuratorzy tzw. sądów doraźnych białostockiego okręgu sądowego
Authors:   Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Oddział w Białymstoku (Institute of National Remembrance Branch in Bialystok, Poland), Maksimiuk Diana
Published: January 2024

From February to the end of June 1946, the so-called summary courts operated in the Bialystok voivodeship. They ruled under the auspices of the Summary Cases Division of the District Court in Bialystok. During the period in question, they tried 191 people in 104 cases and handed down 100 death sentences. Five military officers formally seconded to common courts acted as public prosecutors in these cases. These were: Major Czesław Łapiński, Captain Alfons Lisewski, Major Antoni Mamroth, 2nd Uieutenant Jerzy Kopyciński and Captain Jan Gutkowski. Although most of them (four) had pre-war legal training, none had the prosecutorial experience. However, before becoming prosecutors in the Bialystok summary department, they had already served in the military prosecutor’s office as assistant prosecutors after the war. After the end of the assignment, all of them, except Lisewski, remained in the structures of the military justice system. Kopyciński, who was the only one who did not have any legal education and did not complete it, he was only an investigating officer until the end of his work in the military prosecutor’s office (until 1952).
Funkcjonowanie izb morskich w pierwszych latach Polski Ludowej
Authors:   Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II (John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland), Dworas-Kulik Judyta
Published: January 2024

Tasks of maritime courts included taking evidence from a sea accident and its proper appraisal, taking account of all the facts and causes of the event. The communist authorities, the Ministry of Navigation and maritime offices in particular, used the information obtained from the proceedings or the trial as the basis for new ordinances or legislative acts designed to prevent further accidents at sea. It could beinferred from the decisions of maritime courts whether in order to increase securityin sea navigation, more emphasis was to be placed on increasing the qualificationsof the crew and maritime pilots, increasing the number of seamen filling specificposts on merchant vessels, removing the defectiveness of ancillary equipment in maritime navigation, or improving the design of merchant vessels. The application of a disciplinary sanction – i.e. depriving the ship's captain or his assistant of the right to practice their profession on the grounds that they did not have the necessary qualifications or by gross negligence – no doubt favoured positive outcomes in terms of reducing the detrimental effect of incidents leading to sea accidents. The growing use of machinery on ships and the increasing capacity of power generators, along with the steady development of maritime navigation and transport in the perilous post-war reality, contributed to reactivation of maritime courts in 1947 based on the interwar regulations. Procedural problems inherent in the operation of those bodies in the first years of Polish People's Republic are illustrated by the fact that the issued rulings were of varying quality, which clearly showed a dearth of experienced staff and experts in Polish and international maritime law. Contemporary scholars are mainly discussing the statutory instruments enacted by the socialist legislator in 1961, which makes it worthwhile to explore the earlier period using the historicallegal and the comparative method.
Geneza ustawy o postępowaniu w sprawach nieletnich z 26 października 1982 r.
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Bialystok, Poland), Szkiłądź Filip Jerzy
Published: January 2024

During the interwar years and after the Second World War, law-making in Poland was very casuistic, which was due to the difficult socio-economic situation of the ruined country. The provisions of the Polish Criminal Code applicable at the time also regulated individual provisions on juvenile perpetrators. The objective of this paper is to present the multiannual and complicated process of creation of separate regulations on procedure in juvenile cases. At the same time, the legislative process of the said act as well as the innovative legal solutions thereof will be presented. It should be emphasised that the problem of a lack of both family courts and separate legal norms applicable in juvenile cases was present not only in Poland, as many other more developed countries were facing it too. The first draft act was proposed at the very beginning of the 20th century, whereas the following years brought about more projects on juvenile cases procedure. Although it has to be recognised that the issue of said regulations was raised quite often, ultimately no project was adopted. A critical look needs to be taken on the fact that juvenile perpetrators committing prohibited acts or acts of a demoralising character were punished pursuant to the provisions of and based on the principles laid out in criminal statutes and other individual statutes, provisions of which were occasionally applied in the said cases. Until 1982, the applied provisions were those of the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure from the 1920s and 1930s. Jurists of that time incessantly emphasised that the legal norms regarding the juvenile should be of a preventive and educational nature and that the separate provisions laid out in the repealed Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure did not comply with these requirements. It is worth noting that juvenile cases should be subjected to special protection and appropriately analysed in case of application of outdated provisions. In Poland, the need for the said legislation lasted for too long, as it was not until 1982 that the first separate statute on juvenile cases procedure was adopted.
Założenia i ewolucja polityki gospodarczej PRL
Authors:   Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (University of Białystok, Poland), Zapolska Karolina
Published: January 2024

There is no doubt that the state's approach to the economy is important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the various stages of the economic system of the People's Republic of Poland. The author presents normative solutions in the field of economics in the Polish People’s Republic. The following article takes into account legal aspects and jurisprudence, it is an attempt to explain the legal requirements related to the functioning of economy in the analyzed period. Therefore, the article gives details of the essential attributes of Polish economy in 1945–1989 and its evolution. The article also includes and describes the approach to economic freedom in the legal doctrine. In this paper the author aims to analyse the selected problems related to economy and economic activity. The article is based on: the literature on the subject, documents of state authorities, archives and legal acts. It is divided into eight parts consisting of: the introduction, six parts corresponding to specific periods and the summary. The article finishes with synthetic conclusions. The study of the outlined problems was mainly based on the comparative, dogmatic and legal methods. Taking into account the range of issues discussed in the article, as well as the need to limit the work, it should be noted that the text will not be comprehensive and it will only highlight some selected problems.
Czy dłużnikom żyje się dzisiaj lepiej niż żyło im się za PRL? Uwagi na tle zmian przepisów Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego dotyczących przedmiotowych ograniczeń egzekucji
Authors:   Izba Adwokacka w Warszawie/Uniwersytet Warszawski (Warsaw Bar Association/University of Warsaw, Poland), Żukowski Antoni
Published: January 2024

The paper aims to show what changes have taken place in the Polish civil procedure with regard to the so-called subjective limitations on judicial enforcement, and how these changes have affected the way enforcement proceedings are conducted and how they affected the passive party to the enforcement proceedings – the debtor. The paper presents the origin of the introduction of subjective limitations on judicial enforcement to the Polish civil procedure, which occurred in 1932 within the scope of the Ordinance of the President of the Republic of Poland of 27 October 1932 – the Law on Judicial Enforcement Proceedings, and then discusses the evolution of these regulations that took place during the existence of the People's Republic of Poland. In the final part of the paper the historical legal status is compared with the currently binding provisions, which made it possible to formulate conclusions allowing for an answer to the question raised in the title of the paper. The analysis takes into account the arguments of a structural nature, which made it possible to formulate a thesis that the scope of the enforcement limitations in question has significantly increased since 1932, and a certain “inflation” of the provisions in question results from the progressing development of the level of social life. Sources which made it possible to answer the question posed in the title of this article include the materials of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic, commentaries to the Code of Civil Procedure of 1930, commentaries to the Code of Civil Procedure of 1964, jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and other materials such as scientific monographs or scientific articles on enforcement proceedings and the subject limitations of judicial enforcement.
La protezione del minore e il diritto di visita nell’ ordinamento giuridico italiano: una lettura di pedagogia critica sul servizio di Spazio Neutro
Authors:   Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy), D’ Antone Alessandro
Published: January 2024

This paper addresses the issue of child protection in the Italian legal system from a pedagogical perspective. This viewpoint recognizes the significance of law as an integral part of the pedagogical discourse. On the one hand, legal provisions directly impact the design of educational services, defining boundaries and opportunities for educational actions and for the related pedagogical documentation. On the other hand, the legal discourse itself offers a specific standpoint on the main challenges faced by educators, teachers, and pedagogists in their work. This includes issues related to families, child protection and custody, FAPA orders, foster care and adoption, family emergencies, and the role of court consultants. In this context, the paper discusses the most relevant legal aspects concerning child protection in the Italian legal system. It provides a pedagogical commentary on both legal rules and one of the services that exemplifies the critical and fruitful relationship between law and pedagogy: Neutral Space (on supervised visitation). This service is planned and overseen by educators on behalf of the Social Services. By examining this topic, the paper explores how the legal regulations not only establish boundaries and possibilities for educational action but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the pedagogical nature of the service. By adopting this approach, the paper aims to shed light on how the juridical framework not only influences educational practices but also facilitates a more comprehensive integration of pedagogy within the service.
Broń obosieczna – kilka refleksji na temat zakresu oddziaływania sankcji nałożonych za zbrodnie ludobójstwa na Ukrainie
Authors:   Catholic University of America (Washington D.C., USA), Ludwikowski Rett R.
Published: January 2024

The article consists of three basic components in which the author uses legal-historical and legal-comparative methodology. In many parts of the text concerning commonly known information which does not require a detailed presentation, the author emphasizes the selectivity of his comments. In the first part, which is a terminological analysis, the author explains the content of terms such as “genocide”, which require commentary on the definitional components of these crimes that distinguish them from other murders, rapes and war crimes. In view of the decision of the International Criminal Court ordering the arrest of President Putin for war crimes, clarification was required that the Court uses the term war crimes in a broad sense, and, in fact, the Court’s jurisdiction over war crimes also includes crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity. The article also explains the process of the development of the legal meaning of the term “sanctions”. The author emphasizes in this section that his main purpose is not to enumerate in detail the changing and supplemented sanctions, but to consider to what extent the sanctions already imposed have affected the crisis of the Russian economy and to what extent they have contributed to the recession of the “global economy”. In this section, the article explains the differences between the currents of globalization and the globalization which is often identified with global economics. The second part presents the problems that the countries of the market economy tried to solve before the start of the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Many issues, such as the “climate crisis”, “pandemic” or the phenomenon of “inflation”, seem to be widely understood. However, for a broader explanation of these phenomena, the author used the comparative methodology which was the most appropriate. The third part focuses on the analysis of the effectiveness of the sanctions imposed on Russia, and, above all, on their contribution to the economic isolation of Russia. This part is also aimed at assessing to what extent the sanctions imposed on Russia exacerbate the existing economic problems of Western countries so to what extent they can constitute the “double-edged weapon”.
Wola dziecka ponad ustawą? Glosa krytyczna do Wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z 22 czerwca 2022 r., sygn. akt SK 3/20
Authors:   Izba Adwokacka w Białymstoku/Uniwersytet w Białymstoku (Bialystok Bar Association/University of Bialystok, Poland), Żochowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2024

The Constitutional Court in its judgment of 22 June 2022, ref. No. SK 3/20 declared the limited unconstitutionality of the provisions providing ordering for payment of a specified sum of money to the person under whose custody was a child nonperforming or incorrectly performing contact. In the opinion of the Constitutional Court, it is inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland to order payment in a situation where non-performance or improper performance of contact is related to the child's behavior, not caused by the person who was in custody of the child. This decision, although it would seem in reverse, is a step towards the empowerment of the child and care for its well-being, upon deeper reflection, appears as a threat to the child's well-being in the long run. The judgment denies the accepted – though criticized – concept of contact as a right and duty of both the parent and the child. It should be emphasized that the challenged construction was adopted as a result of a number of ECtHR judgments in cases of fathers deprived of contact with their children – cases which the Republic of Poland was losing. Nor can one downplay the breach of procedure that was necessary for the judgment to be made.
Vietnam Airlines: The Untold Story
Authors:   Thu Dau Mot University, Truong An Nguyen Khoa , Huyen Thanh Truong Hai ,   Thu Dau Mot University
Published: January 2024

This case study delves into the operations of Vietnam Airlines (VNA) in the domestic market, and its efforts to achieve global airline status. The external factors and challenges that affect its business operations are identified, while the development strategy to improve its position in the aviation industry market is highlighted. The customer-first strategy is considered the key to improving VNA’s position in the market. This strategy emphasizes on the realization of customer satisfaction, as the route towards business success. VNA also exploited the benefits of cooperation programme, to expand its business market. To go global, VNA needs to work hand in hand with other airlines in the world. A joint venture is the most favourable means for VNA to step into the international market. However, while a joint venture facilitates the expansion of business internationally, and ensures sustainable growth, the risks and challenges that come with this strategy cannot be sidestepped. The risks, challenges and opportunities associated to the conducting business internationally, are discussed during this study.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive nutrient-phytoplankton model with delayed nutrient recycling
Authors: Yang Yun , Du Yanfei
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive nutrient-phytoplankton model with delayed nutrient recycling. We first study the stability of positive equilibrium and Turing instability induced by diffusion. We then investigate the effect of delay, and it turns out that the value of the rate of recycling k plays an important role in the Hopf bifurcation induced by delay. The delay will and will not induce Hopf bifurcation with low and high level of k, respectively. To reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics, Turing–Hopf bifurcation is carried out, and normal form is derived. Many spatiotemporal dynamics are found, including the coexistence of two stable spatially inhomogeneous periodic solutions or two stable spatially inhomogeneous steadystate solutions.
Structural analysis of main fixation elements of the apparatus for external osteosynthesis
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Institution, Tsiskarashvili Archil , Dudchenko Aleksandr ,   Private limited company “Pik-Proyekt”
Published: January 2024

In order to determine the degree of osteosynthesis stability, four basic fixation systems can be identified depending upon the correlation of the fixator and bone fragments. The first level corresponds to fixator–bone connection and determines the element which is directly connected to a bone. The second level – intermediate element which specifies the space between the bone and the supporting part of the fixator. Level 3 includes connections and joints between different parts of the apparatus. The fourth level unifies all the apparatus parts defining bone-to-bone fixation through the fixator. This work reviews the main methods and approaches based on structural mechanics’ principles that can be used to construct the first-fixation-level (fixator–bone level). These methods can be applied to select the components of the external fixation device to provide the required stiffness and strength of the apparatus. The paper provides calculation schemes and constitutive equations to calculate stress-strain state of the apparatus elements to provide its effective attachment to the bone. This paper includes graphs and tables for selecting external fixator elements elaborated as the result of calculations. In addition, it determines deformations of the components if they are under loading condition.
Technique for determining the orthotropic properties of the bone organ according to computer tomography
Authors:   N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Kharin Nikita , Gerasimov Oleg ,   N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Bolshakov Pavel ,   N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Khabibullin Azat ,   N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Fedyanin Artur ,   Kazan Federal University, Baltin Maxim ,   Kazan Federal University, Baltina Tatyana ,   Kazan Federal University, Sachenkov Oskar ,   N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics,   Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev
Published: January 2024

The actual task of modern biomechanics of bone tissue is to determine the elastic properties. Nowadays computed tomography coupled with computer technology allows the use of numerical experiments to determine the mechanical properties of biological objects. This paper presents such a technique. The technique is based on the hypothesis that the anisotropy of bone tissue is determined by the uneven distribution of pore volume. In the proposed approach, the organ under study is proposed to be divided into a set of representative volumes. A set of numerical experiments is carried out for each volume, which makes it possible to determine the components of the elastic tensor. Then, the axes of orthotropy and elastic constants are determined. The described technique is applied for diaphysis of the femoral bone rat. It is shown that the resulting elastic constants remain constant in the organ, and the body is transversally isotropic.
The problem of creating a folded configuration inflation balloon of the coronary stent delivery system
Authors:   Joint-Stock Company “Severstal Management”, Nushtaev Dmitriy , Volkov-Bogorodsky Dmitriy ,   Institute of Applied Mechanics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ardatov Konstantin ,   Moscow Aviation Institute
Published: January 2024

A new numerical-analytical method was developed for constructing a folded configuration of an inflation balloon using Archimedes spirals as functions that approximate the cross-sectional profile. The proposed method is implemented in a console application for Windows, which allows in the shortest possible time to create models of cylinders of various sizes and types of installation. The efficiency of the created algorithm is shown by the example of solving two test problems. A good correlation of the simulation results with experimental data was obtained. The construction of the folded inflation balloon configurations was carried out on the basis of the created program module.
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on higher education institutions in South Africa: Resilience of academics
Authors: Mestry Raj
Published: January 2024

Academic staff of higher education institutions (HEI) experienced serious challenges during the lethal coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. To overcome the spread of this deadly pandemic, the South African government instituted stringent lockdown measures such as intermittent closure of universities. Apart from distance or online teaching and learning institutions, other HEIs were keen to maintain their core activities and conduct business as usual. To resume academic programmes, they advocated a transitioning from traditional face-to-face teaching to online teaching. For effective teaching and learning to be accomplished, academics were compelled to make paradigm shifts. They had to be digitally literate and technologically savvy. Academics were also confronted with challenges of poor students who experienced difficulty in procuring devices (iphones, ipads, laptops) and data, as well as securing access to Wi-Fi. Using Resilience Theory to frame the study, I explored the influence of COVID-19 on academics and their resilience to survive this deadly pandemic. Generic qualitative research within an interpretivist paradigm was employed to determine the perceptions and experiences of 13 academics from different universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings reveal that the academics experienced serious emotional and psychological stress which were detrimental to their well-being. Although academics found difficulty in transitioning to online teaching, their resilience helped them cope with the extraordinary circumstances that evolved from COVID-19.