bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crude Ecklonia cava Flake Extracts Attenuate Inflammation through the Regulation of TLR4 Signaling Pathway in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Hwang Ji-Hyun , Kim Kui-Jin , Lee Boo-Yong
Published: May 2017

We investigated the beneficial effects of the crude Ecklonia cava flake (CEF), which is a residual product after polyphenol extraction from Ecklonia cava, on inflammation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. A group of five different CEF extracts was obtained by a preparation process using water, hydrochloric acid or temperature. We observed that large-size (>19 kDa) CEF extract, which was extracted with water at 95 °C (CEF-W, 95 °C), suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting its mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. TLR4 signaling involvements were negatively regulated by CEF-W, 95 °C. CEF-W, 95 °C repressed the translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm into nucleus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. CEF-W, 95 °C attenuated the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. Taken together, we demonstrated that large-size CEF-W, 95 °C may act as a negative regulator of inflammation through the suppression of TLR4 signaling constituents in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.
Clinical Significance and Prognostic Effect of Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Critical and Severe Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Authors: Dang Hong-Xing , Liu Cheng-Jun , Li Jing , Chen Shi-Jiao , Xu Feng
Published: May 2017

Objective: To examine the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations with critical and severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and assess the clinical significance and prognostic effect of 25(OH)D concentrations in children with HFMD. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. The 138 children with HFMD were divided into common (49 cases), severe (52 cases), and critical (37 cases) HFMD groups. Another 59 healthy children undergoing outpatient medical examinations during the same period were chosen as the control group. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in all the subjects, and each group was subdivided by serum 25(OH)D concentration into 25(OH)D normal (≥30 ng/mL); insufficiency (20–29.9 ng/mL), and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) groups. The pediatric critical illness score (PCIS) was recorded for the critical and severe HFMD group upon admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Children with critical and severe HFMD were also monitored for blood lactate (LAC), serum calcium ions (Ca++), D-dimer (DD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels; the incidences of brainstem encephalitis, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and circulatory failure; and the 14-day mortality rate. Results: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were generally low in all groups. The critical HFMD group showed a significantly lower serum 25(OH)D mean concentration (20.0 ± 8.4 ng/mL) and a higher proportion of deficiency (18%) compared with the control group (28.1 ± 6.6 ng/mL, 8%), common (29.5 ± 8.1 ng/mL, 10%) and severe (31.9 ± 9.7 ng/mL, 8%) HFMD groups (p < 0.05). In the critical and severe HFMD groups, the 25(OH)D deficiency group had lower PCISs than the 25(OH)D normal and insufficiency groups (p < 0.05); and had higher values than the latter two groups for LAC, LDH, CK-MB and DD; and the incidences of brainstem encephalitis, neurogenic pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and mortality (p < 0.05). The death group showed significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations and PCISs than the survival group (p < 0.05) and had higher LAC, LDH, CK-MB and DD levels and higher incidences of brainstem encephalitis, neurogenic pulmonary edema, and circulatory failure (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the serum 25(OH)D concentration was an independent factor that influenced mortality in children with critical and severe HFMD. Conclusions: In this study, we find the serum 25(OH)D concentrations are substantially reduced in children with critical and severe HFMD and are associated with the severity of HFMD. The serum 25(OH)D concentrations may have clinical value for determining the progression of critical HFMD and predicting the risk of death. Further evidence is needed before it can be stated that 25(OH)D concentrations have clinical value in HMFD diagnosis.
Multibehavioural Interventions with a Focus on Specific Energy Balance-Related Behaviours Can Affect Diet Quality in Preschoolers from Six European Countries: The ToyBox-Study
Authors: Pinket An-Sofie , De Craemer Marieke , Huybrechts Inge , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Deforche Benedicte , Cardon Greet , Androutsos Odysseas , Koletzko Berthold , Moreno Luis , Socha Piotr , Iotova Violeta , Manios Yannis , Van Lippevelde Wendy
Published: May 2017

The present study aimed to examine whether a multibehavioural intervention with a focus on specific energy balance-related behaviours can affect total diet quality and its four subcomponents in European preschoolers and to investigate if these intervention effects differed by socioeconomic status (SES). Parents/caregivers of 3.5 to 5.5 year-olds (n = 4968) recruited through kindergartens in six European countries within the ToyBox-study completed questionnaires on socio-demographics and a food frequency questionnaire on their preschoolers’ diet. To assess intervention effects and differences by SES, multilevel repeated measures analyses were conducted. In contrast to no significant difference in total diet quality, in both the intervention and control group, the dietary quality and dietary equilibrium increased, with a larger increase in the intervention group (mean difference quality: +3.4%; mean difference equilibrium: +0.9%) compared to the control group (quality: +1.5%; equilibrium: +0.2%). SES was not a significant moderator for intervention effects on total diet quality, nor for the four subcomponents. This study indicates that multibehavioural interventions with a focus on specific energy balance-related behaviours in preschoolers not only affect those targeted behaviours, but can also have more generalized effects. The ToyBox-intervention effects were similar for both lower and high SES preschoolers.
Big Data, Ethics and Religion: New Questions from a New Science
Authors: Fuller Michael
Published: May 2017

Hopes, fears, and ethical concerns relating to technology are as old as technology itself. When considering the increase in the power of computers, and their ever-more widespread use over recent decades, concerns have been raised about the social impact of computers and about practical issues arising from their use: the manner in which data is harvested, the preservation of confidentiality where people’s personal information is concerned, the security of systems in which such data is stored, and so on. With the arrival of “big data” new ethical concerns surrounding computer-based technology arise—concerns connected not only with social issues, and with the generation of data and its security, but also with its interpretation by data scientists, and with the burgeoning trade in personal data. The first aim of this paper is to introduce some of these ethical issues, and the second is to suggest some possible ways in which they might be addressed. The latter includes some explorations of the ways in which insights from religious and theological perspectives might be valuable. It is urged that theology and data science might engage in mutually-beneficial dialogue.
Multimode Hybrid Geometric Calibration of Spaceborne SAR Considering Atmospheric Propagation Delay
Authors: Zhao Ruishan , Zhang Guo , Deng Mingjun , Yang Fan , Chen Zhenwei , Zheng Yuzhi
Published: May 2017

The atmospheric propagation delay of radar signals is a systematic error that occurs in the atmospheric environment, and is a key issue in the high-precision geometric calibration of spaceborne SAR. A multimode hybrid geometric calibration method for spaceborne SAR that considers the atmospheric propagation delay is proposed in this paper. Error sources that affect the accuracy of the geometric calibration were systematically analyzed. Based on correction of the atmospheric propagation delay, a geometric calibration model for spaceborne SAR was established. The high precision geometric calibration scheme for spaceborne SAR was explored by considering the pulse-width and bandwidth of the signal. A series of experiments were carried out based on high-resolution Yaogan 13 (YG-13) SAR satellite data and ground control data. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method is effective. The plane positioning accuracy of YG-13 in stripmap mode without control points is better than 3 m, and the accuracy of the sliding spotlight mode is better than 1.5 m.
Weeded Out? Gendered Responses to Failing Calculus
Authors: Sanabria Tanya , Penner Andrew
Published: May 2017

Although women graduate from college at higher rates than men, they remain underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This study examines whether women react to failing a STEM weed-out course by switching to a non-STEM major and graduating with a bachelor’s degree in a non-STEM field. While competitive courses designed to weed out potential STEM majors are often invoked in discussions around why students exit the STEM pipeline, relatively little is known about how women and men react to failing these courses. We use detailed individual-level data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) Postsecondary Transcript Study (PETS): 1988–2000 to show that women who failed an introductory calculus course are substantially less likely to earn a bachelor’s degree in STEM. In doing so, we provide evidence that weed-out course failure might help us to better understand why women are less likely to earn degrees.
Injuries in Collegiate Women’s Volleyball: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Sole Christopher , Kavanaugh Ashley , Stone Michael
Published: May 2017

A four-year retrospective analysis of injury data was conducted on a collegiate (NCAA Division I) women’s volleyball team. Twenty athletes (Year 1: age = 19.4 ± 0.9 y, height = 175.2 ± 5.1 cm, body mass = 70.5 ± 10.2 kg; Year 2: age = 20.1 ± 1.0 y, height = 175.7 ± 4.7 cm, body mass = 69.5 ± 10.1 kg; Year 3: age = 20.1 ± 1.4 y, height = 173.8 ± 6.3 cm, body mass = 69.9 ± 10.8 kg; Year 4: age = 19.5 ± 1.4 y, height = 174.4 ± 8.6 cm, body mass = 72.7 ± 10.8 kg) participated in this study, accounting for 1483 total training exposures. Injury was defined as any damage to a body part, incurred during volleyball or strength and conditioning-related activities, which interfered with training and/or competition. Injury rate was normalized to the number of athletes and exposure and expressed as injuries per 1000 exposures. A total of 133 injuries were recorded. The most common injury was to the knee (left = 7.5%, right = 12.0%). Injuries occurred most often in volleyball practice (75.2%), followed by competition (20.3%), and strength and conditioning-related activities (4.5%). Non-contact injuries (upper body = 26.3%, lower body = 53.4%) were more common than contact injuries (upper-body = 13.5%, lower-body = 6.8%). An examination of injury rates relative to the training year revealed patterns in injury occurrence. Specifically, spikes in injury rate were consistently observed during periods of increased training volume that were preceded by breaks in organized training, such as the early pre-season and off-season training periods.
Evaluation of Industrial By-Products as Sustainable Pozzolanic Materials in Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Alnahhal Mohammed , Alengaram Ubagaram , Jumaat Mohd , Alqedra Mamoun , Mo Kim , Sumesh Mathialagan
Published: May 2017

The utilization of traditional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has become more intense in the concrete industry due to their better long-term properties. This research evaluates the fresh and hardened properties of concrete that was developed using a high amount of recycled aggregate (RA) incorporated with sustainable SCMs. Rice husk ash (RHA), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and palm oil clinker powder (POCP) were used as SCMs at 10%, 20% and 30% cement replacement levels to investigate their positive role in the performance of RA concrete. The results showed that the 10% replacement level of cement by RHA produced the highest strength at all ages tested. Although POFA and POCP were found to negatively affect the strengths at an early age, the hardened properties showed improvement after a relatively long curing time of 90 days. In addition, the targeted compressive strength of 30 MPa was achieved by using SCMs at levels up to 30%. Overall, the sustainable SCMs can reduce the quantity of cement required for concrete production, as well as reduce the conventional cement with the industrial by-products, which are considered as waste materials; thus, the concrete produced using up to 30% of SCMs as a replacement for cement could be considered as more environmentally-friendly concrete.
Magnetic (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles Reduce Heavy Metals Uptake and Mitigate Their Toxicity in Wheat Seedling
Authors: Konate Alexandre , He Xiao , Zhang Zhiyong , Ma Yuhui , Zhang Peng , Alugongo Gibson , Rui Yukui
Published: May 2017

Heavy metal pollution is not only a hazard to living organisms but also an important worldwide environmental concern. Experiments were performed to investigate the physiological mechanisms of magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (nano-Fe3O4) mitigation of the toxicity of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu) in wheat seedlings. All the Petri dishes with germinating seedlings (1d) were covered, sealed with parafilm, and placed in a dark growth chamber. All parameters (seedling growth inhibition, heavy metal accumulation, enzymatic activities, and reducing effects of nano-Fe3O4 on heavy metal toxicity) were analyzed only after five days. The results showed that the tested heavy metals significantly affected the growth of wheat seedling by decreasing root length, shoot length and even death at 10 mM concentration in the case of Cd and Cu. Heavy metals exposure also showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) activities decreased significantly when the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly higher in wheat seedlings. Addition of magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (2000 mg/L) in each heavy metal solution (1 mM) significantly decreased the growth inhibition and activated protective mechanisms to reduce oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in the wheat seedlings. The reducing effects of nano-Fe3O4 against heavy metals stress could be dependent on the increase in the enzyme activity (SOD and POD). Their protective role was confirmed by the decrease in MDA content. The alleviating effect of nano-Fe3O4 is associated with their adsorption capacity of heavy metals.
An Auditing Framework for Knowledge-Enabled Supply Chain Management: Implications for Sustainability
Authors: Daghfous Abdelkader , Zoubi Taisier
Published: May 2017

Knowledge management (KM) plays a key role in the success of several enterprise systems, such as supply chain management (SCM). This paper discusses knowledge-enabled supply chain management (K-SCM) as it enhances the organizations’ expertise in SCM. We propose a framework that integrates KM processes with SCM components. We developed an audit methodology that can be performed to assess the organization’s readiness in K-SCM. The developed framework consists of KM dimensions and Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) components. The proposed audit methodology is subsequently illustrated through a case of a manufacturing company based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The paper concludes with implications for managerial practice and future research, with a special focus on sustainable SCM.
Specific Features of Parks and Their Impact on Regulation and Cultural Ecosystem Services Provision in Warsaw, Poland
Authors: Giedych Renata , Maksymiuk Gabriela
Published: May 2017

Urban parks are important elements of city green infrastructure. Many studies highlight their positive influence on the quality of life and human well-being as well as their significance for sustaining natural processes in built-up areas. For the last decade, much has been written about urban ecosystem services (ES), however in comparison with the abundance of studies on the potential for delivering ecosystem services by different land use and land cover types, research on the capacity of parks to deliver these services depending on site-specific elements, is relatively uncommon. Thus, this paper reports on research that explored levels of local regulating and cultural ecosystem services delivered by Warsaw parks, as these services are considered as the most important for urban dwellers. The authors based the study on data included in existing policy documents related to environmental and spatial planning for Warsaw, and evaluation of Warsaw green spaces. The assessment included 10 ecosystem services: micro-climate regulation, air quality regulation, noise reduction, balancing rainwater peaks, recreation, social inclusion, physical health benefits, nature experiences, aesthetic appreciation, and sense of identity. The assessment was performed for all Warsaw public parks, covering an area over 2 ha (n = 82). The results enabled us: (1) to assess all parks with respect to their actual impact in delivering 10 studied ecosystem services; (2) to designate their potential capacity to deliver regulating and cultural services; and (3) to allocate all assessed parks into categories that represent their predominant character (multifunctional, with cultural advantage, with regulating advantage or without any predominant function).
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Urban Land-Use-Change Models Based on the Measurement of Spatio-Temporal, Dynamic Urban Growth: A Cellular Automata Case Study
Authors: Liu Yilun , Hu Yueming , Long Shaoqiu , Liu Luo , Liu Xiaoping
Published: May 2017

Developing countries have been undergoing dramatic urban growth over the past three decades. It is essential to understand and simulate the urban growth process for smart urban planning and sustainable development purposes. Cellular automata (CA) modeling is an efficient approach to simulating urban land use/cover change; however, the traditional CA method has limitations in simulating the various urban growth patterns and processes. This study aims to analyze the influences of different urban growth characteristics on the effectiveness of CA modeling by conducting a case study over the area in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China. We used the growth rate, landscape expansion index, and spatial dependency to quantify the urban growth characteristics. The effectiveness of CA modeling was measured through a comparison of the simulation results with the reference data. The simulation results and validation analyses reveal that the traditional CA is not applicable for the following three situations: (1) the urban growth pattern characterized by less growth area or a higher ratio of outlying expansion; (2) the urban region that includes several subregions with disparate growth characteristics; and (3) the existence of temporal differences in growth characteristics over a long period.
Gene Expression in the Liver Remnant Is Significantly Affected by the Size of Partial Hepatectomy: An Experimental Rat Study
Authors: Meier Michelle , Knudsen Anders Riegels , Andersen Kasper Jarlhelt , Bjerregaard Niels Christian , Jensen Uffe Birk , Mortensen Frank Viborg
Published: May 2017

Extended hepatectomies may result in posthepatectomy liver failure, a condition with a high mortality. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate and compare the gene expression profiles in rats subjected to increasing size of partial hepatectomy (PH). Thirty Wistar rats were subjected to 30%, 70%, or 90% PH, sham operation, or no operation. Twenty-four hours following resection, liver tissue was harvested and genome-wide expression analysis was performed. Cluster analysis revealed two main groupings, one containing the PH(90%) and one containing the remaining groups [baseline, sham, PH(30%), and PH(70%)]. Categorization of specific affected molecular pathways in the PH(90%) group revealed a downregulation of cellular homeostatic function degradation and biosynthesis, whereas proliferation, cell growth, and cellular stress and injury were upregulated in the PH(90%) group. After PH(90%), the main upregulated pathways were mTOR and ILK. The main activated upstream regulators were hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor. With decreasing size of the future liver remnant, the liver tended to prioritize expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation at the expense of genes involved in metabolism and body homeostasis. This prioritizing may be an essential molecular explanation for posthepatectomy liver failure.
Morphological Properties of the Crab Nebula: A Detailed Multiwavelength Study Based on New VLA, HST, Chandra, and XMM-Newton Images
Authors: Dubner G. , Castelletti G. , Kargaltsev O. , Pavlov G. G. , Bietenholz M. , Talavera A.
Published: May 2017

We present a detailed analysis of the morphological properties of the Crab Nebula across the electromagnetic spectrum based on new and previous high-quality data from radio to X-rays. In the radio range we obtained an image of the entire nebula at 3 GHz with subarcsecond angular resolution using the VLA (NRAO) and an image at 100 GHz of the central region using the ALMA array. Simultaneously with the VLA observations we performed HST WFPC3 near-infrared (

μm) and Chandra X-ray (0.5–8 keV band) observations of the central region of the nebula. In addition we produced a new UV image of the Crab Nebula at 291 nm by co-adding 75 individual exposures of the Optical-UV Monitor on board XMM-Newton. The high-angular resolution and high-dynamic range radio image at 3 GHz allowed us to improve the detection and characterization of peculiar morphological features including arches with foot brightening and intercrossed loop-like structures, likely originating in plasma confined to magnetic field lines. Based on the new radio image, we carried out a detailed multiwavelength correlation. In the central area, the comparison of the almost simultaneous images confirms that the wisps in the three spectral ranges do not generally coincide in location, the radio emission being the most discordant, which is suggestive of the existence of two different synchrotron components. The X-ray pulsar jet does not have a radio counterpart. Instead, another jet-like feature is seen in radio, though with different curvature and starting point.
Using Quality Improvement in Resident Education to Improve Transition Care
Authors: Volertas Sofija D. , Rossi-Foulkes Rita
Published: May 2017

The importance of a specific transition process is recognized by many health organizations. Got Transition, a cooperative endeavor aimed at improving the transition from pediatric to adult health care, developed Six Core Elements defining the basic components of health care transition support. In this article, we review the Six Core Elements by presenting a model that combines resident quality improvement and transition care training. In this Internal Medicine-Pediatrics residency program, ambulatory training for residents takes place in a combined adult and pediatric clinic. Aligned with the Six Core Elements, the program has crafted and disseminated a transition policy for the practice, designed a portable health summary template for the electronic medical record (EMR), created EMR tools for assessing transition readiness and setting transition goals, formed a registry of patients, and audited charts.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(5):e203–e206.]
Evaluación del efecto protector de los depósitos formados por corrosión nafténica y sulfidación sobre acero al carbono y acero 5Cr-0,5Mo expuestos en fracciones de destilación atmosférica
Authors: Duarte Gloria , Morantes Edwin , Bohórquez Edwin , Peña Dario , Mateus Miguel
Published: May 2017

El interés en el refino de los llamados “crudos de oportunidad” con alto contenido de ácidos nafténicos y compuestos de azufre, ha venido en aumento debido a la limitada disponibilidad de crudos ligeros. Sin embargo, su procesamiento tiene efectos corrosivos considerables a alta temperatura sobre tuberías y torres de destilación principalmente por el ataque de los ácidos nafténicos y compuestos de azufre. Los compuestos de azufre pueden ser corrosivos o pueden retardar el ataque de los ácidos nafténicos debido a la formación de capas de sulfuros sobre la superficie del metal. En este trabajo se evaluó el comportamiento frente al fenómeno de corrosión de los depósitos formados sobre la superficie de acero al carbono AISI SAE 1020 y acero 5%Cr-0,5%Mo expuestos en fracciones de crudo obtenidas de una torre de destilación atmosférica. Para esto, se realizaron pruebas de gravimetría dinámica en autoclave, utilizando muestras metálicas pre-tratadas en una fracción obtenida de la torre de destilación atmosférica de una unidad de destilación de crudo industrial (CDU) #1 con el objetivo de formar capas de sulfuros sobre la superficie de los dos materiales, para posteriormente, exponer las muestras pre-tratadas y otras no pre-tratadas en dos diferentes fracciones obtenidas de la torre de destilación atmosférica de una unidad de destilación de crudo industrial (CDU) #2. La evaluación evidenció que las muestras pre-tratadas disminuyeron la tendencia a la corrosión por ácidos nafténicos y sulfidación en comparación con las muestras no tratadas.
Feeding variations and shape changes of a temperate reef clingfish during its early ontogeny
Authors: Bernal-Durán Valentina , Landaeta Mauricio F.
Published: May 2017

The majority of rocky reef fishes have complex life cycles, involving transition from a pelagic to a benthic environment. This means that as they grow, their morphology, behaviour and feeding habits must change. Therefore, shape changes occurring during early development of these fishes will be related to diet changes. The clingfish Sicyases sanguineus was selected for this study, because it displays a noticeable variation in shape from pelagic larvae to juvenile stage, and it is expected that diet composition will change as well. The pattern of shape changes was studied using geometric morphometrics. A set of 9 landmarks were digitized in 159 larval and juvenile fish and the same specimens were used for gut content analysis. Allometric growth was most prominent early in the ontogeny, from 4 to 12 mm. Morphology changed from a thin and hydrodynamic shape to a more robust and deeper body prior to settlement. The diet of the clingfish during larval stages showed preferences for a variety of copepod stages. As individual grows the ingested prey volume increases, but not the number and width of prey. A partial least square analysis showed low covariance between shape changes and diet composition changes in prey number and volume, suggesting that the two processes were temporally decoupled. The biggest shape changes, a lengthening of the visceral cavity and a flattening of the head, occurred up to 12 mm standard length, while the largest feeding differentiation, shifting from copepods to microalgae, occurred after 16 mm. Results suggest that shape changes precede trophic changes in this clingfish species during the transition from a pelagic to a benthic habitat.
L’anthropologue entre les tyrannies des terrains et le choix d’une éthique
Authors: Moussa Hadiza
Published: May 2017

Les situations de l’enquête de terrain sont le lieu d’interactions, de négociations et de conflits souvent liés à l’« implication forte » inhérente à la démarche de l’anthropologue. Cette implication est déclinée par Olivier de Sardan (2000) sous forme d'idéal-types représentatifs qui peuvent aller selon divers auteurs de « l'engagement ambigu » au « dédoublement statutaire » en passant par « la conversion ». Ces pratiques de terrain ne sont pas toujours exprimées dans les textes. Aussi, restituer des pratiques souvent tues, voire étouffées, à travers des enquêtes empiriques, reflète la « sensibilité » de certains terrains qui révèlent de multiples charges affectives. La dimension « pleinement sensible du terrain » amène alors à considérer le risque comme une donnée centrale de la pratique ethnographique. L’article aborde concrètement ici cette question du traitement du risque à partir d’études sur l’excision, sur les femmes et sur les pratiques illicites des personnels soignants. Le risque n’est pas, comme on le pense couramment, l’exclusivité des terrains où s’exerce une violence brute, directement visible. Les trois contextes que je décris ici dévoilent avant tout « des enjeux moraux exacerbés » qui peuvent, faute de doigté et de vigilance du chercheur, déboucher sur de graves déconvenues pouvant conduire à la violence physique.
Inaccessible Fields: Doing Anthropology in the Malian Political Turmoil
Authors: Hagberg Sten , Körling Gabriella
Published: May 2017

Cet article s’appuie sur une recherche comparative en cours sur les oppositions socio-politiques dans les communes du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger. Ici, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à ce qui arrive au chercheur quand le terrain devient inaccessible pour pratiquer l’ethnographie. Au Mali, notre recherche sur les politiques municipales dans deux communes avait commencé en octobre 2011 et aurait dû se poursuivre les années suivantes. Mais, avec le coup d’Etat du 22 mars 2012 qui plongea le Mali dans la violence en produisant une partition de facto du pays, notre enquête de terrain dans les deux municipalités dut être suspendue. Et pourtant, les développements politiques de la crise malienne ouvrirent un nouvel espace de discussion et de débat. En effet, en tant que chercheurs, nous fûmes vite interpellés pour analyser et commenter la crise malienne, tant dans les medias que dans les revues scientifiques. En tant qu’anthropologues, nous étions mal à l’aise pour proposer une analyse d’un terrain aussi inaccessible, ce qui n’était pas du tout le cas de nombreux autres chercheurs, tels les politistes et les économistes. Nous pensons que notre rapport aux terrains inaccessibles révèle quelque chose d’important sur la compréhension anthropologique du terrain et des relations d’enquête. C’est ainsi que notre papier interroge la manière dont, malgré tout, nous avons fait de l’anthropologie sur des terrains devenus inaccessibles à cause du bouleversement politique malien. Nous développons des exemples sur la manière dont nous avons analysé les débats médiatiques, dirigé des études de cas à distance et dialogué avec les Maliens impliqués dans les réseaux sociaux afin de poursuivre la recherche tout en étant empêchés d’aller sur les terrains en question. Aussi surprenant que cela puisse paraître, nous pensons que ces terrains inaccessibles nous ont obligés, concrètement et pratiquement, à trouver d’autres sortes d’éclairages empiriques. Dans le texte, nous discutons tout particulièrement la manière dont l’analyse anthropologique des termes du débat public malien éclaire de manière pertinente les représentations et les stéréotypes qui traversent les discours politiques locaux dans le pays.
Un barrage contre le Pacifique
Authors: Le Meur Pierre-Yves
Published: May 2017

Le texte analyse un projet de réhabilitation d’aménagements hydrauliques concernant une zone de 11 000 hectares de polders situés au sud du Cambodge. Le projet comprend aussi un important volet de transfert de gestion des polders à une « communauté d’usagers des polders », un travail de régularisation des droits fonciers, ainsi qu’un appui à la production agricole et au crédit rural, dans une logique de développement intégré. Le transfert de gestion et le volet foncier vont donner au projet son identité et son caractère « expérimental » puis « pilote », alors même qu’ils n’étaient pas clairement affichés au démarrage de l’action. L’analyse montre comment certains mots – communauté, projet pilote, transfert de gestion, participation – et leurs supports – écrits, discours, actions – contribuent à forger une mémoire institutionnelle et une gouvernementalité spécifiques via une intervention dont les raisons se construisent dans le cours de l’action et non pas en amont de celle-ci. L’approche combinant sociologie de la traduction et anthropologie du développement permet d’explorer les relations mutuellement constitutives entre intervention de développement et politique publique pour se poser in fine la question du « monde commun » qui est ainsi produit.
Ambiguities and Potentialities of Social Sciences in the Peruvian Mining Context
Authors: Piccoli Emmanuelle , Yepez del Castillo Isabel
Published: May 2017

L’article montre les tensions, ambiguïtés et potentialités d’un travail en sciences sociales dans une situation de conflit autour d’industries extractives au Pérou. La première partie du texte donne des informations relatives aux politiques extractives au Pérou, aux tensions sociales grandissantes et à l’augmentation de la criminalisation de la protestation sociale; nous présentons à ce titre le cas du conflit minier Conga. La deuxième partie analyse la place des sciences sociales dans le contexte extractif péruvien. Nous soulignons que le rôle des chercheurs en sciences sociales en tant que spécialistes des conflits sociaux est en augmentation ces dernières années ; nous montrons pourquoi la neutralité n’est pas plausible dans les conflits impliquant des méga-entreprises minières et de quelle manière la production du savoir peut être extrêmement ambiguë. Finalement, la troisième partie du texte présente certaines potentialités des recherches engagées. Nous discutons l’idée d’un positionnement « amphibie » entre l’Académie et les mouvements sociaux (Svampa, 2008). Nous montrons également l’importance de confronter les « politiques de résignation » (Benson et Kirsch, 2010). Nous soulignons finalement l’importance d’attirer l’attention vers l’émergence et les alternatives. Cette discussion s’appuie sur le cadre théorique de la « sociologie des émergences » (De Sousa Santos, 2011).
Au cœur de la révolution burkinabè
Authors: Hagberg Sten , Kibora Ludovic , Ouattara Fatoumata , Konkobo Adjara
Published: May 2017

Ce texte est le résultat d’un projet ethnographique conjoint pour narrer la révolution burkinabè de octobre-novembre 2014 sur la base des expériences vécues au-dedans et en dehors du soulèvement populaire. Il analyse les événements précédant la chute de Blaise Compaoré, les journées désormais historiques de la révolution, ainsi que les premiers mois de la transition politique. Le texte est basé sur la combinaison de l’enquête de terrain ethnographique (ici surtout l’observation participante), le suivi de mass médias et des réseaux sociaux, et l’analyse de l’histoire politique moderne burkinabè. En particulier, nous discutons comment la légalité et la légitimité s’articulent avec les processus fondamentaux du changement et de la continuité au Burkina Faso en pleine transition politique. Pour conclure, nous proposons le fait qu’il existe de vraies potentialités pour bâtir une démocratie à la fois légitime et légale.
Expérience de dialogue entre l’anthropologie et une situation de développement au Vietnam
Authors: Pannier Emmanuel , Culas Christian
Published: May 2017

Cet article présente l’expérience et les changements de postures de deux anthropologues qui ont exploré l’idée que, pour être efficaces, les projets de développement devraient être construits à partir d’enquêtes qualitatives rigoureuses, sans préjuger ni des manques locaux, ni du secteur, ni des modalités d’intervention. Afin de vérifier l’intérêt et l’efficacité de cette démarche, les auteurs l’ont concrètement mise en œuvre dans une commune Tay du nord du Vietnam. Pendant trois ans, une étude anthropologique d’approche classique a ainsi été menée dans cette localité. Elle a permis de dresser un diagnostic de la situation locale et d’évaluer les possibilités d’initier une action de développement. Elle a en particulier révélé qu’il n’était pas pertinent de lancer un projet supplémentaire dans cette commune. La seule action possible était celle de médiateur ou d’intermédiaire entre l’Etat − à l’origine des actions de développement − et les populations locales, afin de favoriser une meilleure adéquation de l’intervention avec les réalités du terrain. A la demande des autorités locales, les auteurs se sont alors engagés dans le montage d’un projet de développement touristique en train de voir le jour dans la commune. Ainsi, d’une position d’observateurs des projets ils sont passés à celle de médiateurs entre les paysans, les autorités locales et les agences de tourisme.
La contribution du Brésil à la COP21 : l’agrobusiness du futur
Authors: Aubertin Catherine , Kalil Livia
Published: May 2017

En étudiant la contribution nationale (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions – INDC) du Brésil à la convention des Nations unies sur le changement climatique pour la COP21, cet article montre comment le pays affirme à la fois sa souveraineté et sa double posture de bon élève et de leader sur la scène internationale. La baisse de la déforestation de l’Amazonie lui a en effet permis de réduire ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre, tout en masquant leur augmentation dans tous les autres secteurs. À défaut d’organiser une transition énergétique, la contribution brésilienne fait reposer tous les efforts sur un « agrobusiness du futur », sans rupture par rapport au modèle politique reposant sur l’exportation de matières premières agricoles. Dans ce texte, la contribution brésilienne indique un modèle de politique nationale décliné à l’aune de la nouvelle problématique que représente le réchauffement climatique.
L’esclavage contemporain et ses transformations en Amazonie brésilienne : les témoignages des victimes
Authors: Figueira Ricardo Rezende , Prado Adonia Antunes , Palmeira Rafael Franca
Published: May 2017

Cette étude traite des actions de l’État brésilien et de la société civile relatives à l’esclavage contemporain entre 1995 et 2010, une période durant laquelle se sont succédé deux présidents de la République. Après avoir explicité le contexte politique et juridique de ces actions, les auteurs présentent thématiquement les plus significatifs des problème identifiés dans les témoignages des travailleurs s’étant enfuis ou ayant été libérés des fazendas ou des unités de production de charbon de bois de la région amazonienne (sud-est de l’État brésilien du Pará), attirant notamment l’attention sur les interlocuteurs rencontrés et la manière dont les victimes se sont adressé à eux. Ces récits montrent la violence perçue ou vécue et donnent un certain nombre d’informations sur les lieux de naissance, de résidence et de travail des personnes concernées.
L’hexis corporelle des femmes des baterias : entre idéal de féminité et modèle de virilité
Authors: Kuijlaars Antoinette
Published: May 2017

Dans les baterias (sections des percussions) des écoles de samba s’expriment virilité, force physique, résistance – autant d’attributs censés représenter la masculinité. Pourtant, les femmes les fréquentent de plus en plus, et parviennent peu à peu à s’imposer à des postes auparavant réservés aux hommes. Elles impriment dans leur corps leur appartenance à un espace viril. Elles oscillent entre un idéal de féminité auquel elles sont censées adhérer du fait de leur sexe, et le modèle de la virilité auquel elles sont confrontées au sein de la bateria, se positionnant dans cet espace, (re)composant leur stratégie corporelle, (re)construisant leurs savoir-faire et savoir-être.
Temperature Coagulant Tub Variation Effect on the Characteristic of Hollow Fiber Dialyser from Cellulose Acetate Composite D-Glucose Monohydrate
Authors: Wahyuliswari Rizki Firsta , Siswanto  , Widiyanti Prihartini
Published: May 2017

Polysulfone is synthetic polymer widely used as basic material for dialyzer membrane and hydrophobic so it tends to cause fouling. Cellulose acetate is non-synthetic, hydrophilic polymer which has low tendency of fouling and has good thermal stability and permeability so it is considered as alternative material for hollow fiber dialyzer. A proper hollow fiber can be achieved by setting a proper temperature of coagulation bath along the spinning process. This research aims to understand the effect of coagulation bath temperature variations on the physical characteristic such as pore size, tensile strength, swelling rate and creatinine clearance of cellulose acetate – D-glucose monohydrate hollow fibers. Hollow fibers were fabricated using spinneret at temperature variations 5°C, 10°C, 15°C dan 20°C. Physical characteristics were estimated by doing morphology test using SEM, tensile test, swelling test towards Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) and filtration test towards creatinine. Result revealed that the hollow fibers from 5°C coagulation bath temperature gives the best characteristic and performance with tensile strength 27,421 N mm-2, pore size 0,0295–0,0858 nm, swelling rate 4,18%, elongation rate 4,4 %, flux rate 1,6032–1,7956 mL cm-2 min-1 and creatinine clearance rate 40,14–48,30% so it is potential to be applied as dialyzer membrane.
Silver and Titanium Nanoparticles Used as Coating on Polyurethane Catheters
Authors: Heilman S. , Silva L.G.A.
Published: May 2017

Silver nanoparticles have been used in the medical area due to their remarkable antimicrobial properties. In this sense titanium dioxide nanoparticles obtained by the sol-gel method were used as coating of catheters for subsequent impregnation of silver nanoparticles with gamma irradiation and electron beam at 25 and 50 kGy. This work aimed to study the use of the silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide as coating of polyurethane Central Venous Catheter (CVC) for antimicrobial activity. Furthermore the amounts of titanium and silver present in the coated catheters had been evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). Therefore the Raman spectrometry was used to identify the polymorph of titanium oxide, rutile.
Improvement of Mechanical Properties and Structure Modifications of Low Carbon Steel by Inoculations with Nano-Size Silicon Nitride
Authors: Shash Ahmed Y. , El-Fawkhry Mohamed K. , Abd El Rahman Sherif Ali , Elmahallawi Iman S. , Mattar Taha
Published: May 2017

AISI 1020 steel is considered to be one of the most applicable structural steels, in particular in the cold drawn form. Heating of this grade of steel prior to AC1 must have been applied to spheroidize the lamellar cementite, and consequently enhances the cold formability character of the steel. Si3N4 nanoinoculation of this grade of steel has been used in this study, where it is added to the molten steel, in order to avoid the high cost long term heat treatment process prior to cold deformation process. Optical microscopy and SEM have been used to evaluate the morphology of cementite after nanoinoculation process with Si3N4. Tensile properties of nanoinoculated steels have been investigated. Finally, wear adhesive resistance of investigated samples has been evaluated. The obtained results showed a great enhancement in the mechanical properties, strength, ductility and adhesive wear resistance, as a result of the nucleation of cementite into a new spheroidal phase and grain refinement by Si3N4 inoculation and allow usage of AISI 1020 steels inoculated by nanoinoculant Si3N4 in further technological applications.
Comparative Assessment of Biocidal Activity of Different RGO/Ceramic Oxide-Ag Nanocomposites
Authors: Jastrzębska Agnieszka Maria , Derecka Adrianna , Karwowska Ewa , Pląsek Aneta , Wojciechowski Tomasz , Ziemkowska Wanda , Olszyna Andrzej
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to compare the bioactivity of RGO/ceramic oxide-Ag nanocomposites. Different ceramic oxides (MexOy) i.e.: Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and ZnO2 were in situ co-deposited with Ag nanoparticles on the surface of RGO resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite structure of stacked flakes. The results of our investigations indicate that it is possible to obtain the targeted biocidal properties of the RGO/Ag system by choosing the appropriate ceramic oxide as a modificator of Ag nanoparticles. The strongest antimicrobial properties against E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus sp. strains were achieved for RGO/SiO2-Ag nanocomposite whereas for Sarcina sp. bacteria the most effective biocide was RGO/TiO2-Ag nanocomposite.
Acknowledgement to reviewers
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: May 2017

No abstract avaliable.
Investigating ICTs for information dissemination to alumni of the newly merged University of Johannesburg
Authors: Barnard Z. , Rensleigh C.
Published: May 2017

No Abstract Available
El posdrama teleserial norteamericano: poética y composición (Cómo entender el guion de las mejores series escritas para la televisión en los Estados Unidos)
Authors: Orosa Roldan Miguel Ángel , López Golán Mónica , Márquez-Domínguez Carmelo , Ramos Gil Yalitza Therly
Published: May 2017

Contemplar los cambios “dramáticos” (posdramáticos) en el firmamento de las manifestaciones audiovisuales de ficción que desde hace algún tiempo vienen teniendo lugar en los teleseriales de los Estados Unidos, y la magnitud de los mismos, nos hace pensar que solo cada muchos cientos de años asistimos a tales mudanzas en las constelaciones organizativas del drama y, además, de tamañas proporciones; lo que dibuja de forma evidente un panorama investigativo de capital importancia. El propósito de esta comunicación es poner de manifiesto las características del cambio dentro de la naturaleza organizativo “dramática” de los teleseriales citados. El paso desde un modelo esencialmente “dramático” a una composición/parataxis de naturaleza posdramática en las teleseries más conocidas y prestigiosas de estos últimos años en los Estados Unidos nos obliga a analizar en qué situación nos encontramos dentro del entorno del posdrama televisivo de ficción de nuestro tiempo. El análisis se centrará en el perímetro de la organización y desarrollo de carácter (pos)dramático de las teleseries USA y sus principales manifestaciones dispositivas u organizacionales. Los cambios fundamentales de esta nueva constelación son significativos en el segmento de la organización del (pos)drama; el “sentido” de la composición, que se mantiene en un formato de mínimos, cede su preponderancia a la yuxtaposición; y ambos (composición y parataxis) prefiguran y tratan de aventurar el orden del caos. La tensión “dramática” ocupa un papel fundamental y preponderante en la nueva comunicación posdramática. Como prefiguración y antecedente del posdrama televisivo de ficción en los Estados Unidos hacemos un análisis comparativo entre el posdrama norteamericano actual y la cultura “dramática” del barroco español a través de Fuente Ovejuna, de Lope de Vega.
House sparrows, Passer domesticus (L.), as hosts of arboviruses in Hale County, Texas: I. Field studies, 1965-1969
Authors: Holden Preston , Hayes Richard O. , Mitchell Carl J. , Francy D. Bruce , Lazuick John S. , Hughes Thomas B.
Published: May 2017

A study was made of the role of house sparrows in the epidemiology of arboviruses in Hale County, Texas, during a 5-year period (1965-1969). Virus isolation attempts on bloods of 3,964 wild sparrows yielded 234 western equine encephalitis (WEE), 15 St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 15 Turlock (TUR), and 2 Flanders-Hart Park (FLA-HP) viruses. Virus recovery rates from viremic nestling house sparrows varied directly with human attack rates of WEE and SLE, and provided the most reliable of several indices used to measure human risk of contracting clinical WEE infection. Rates of WEE virus recoveries were greatest in nestlings found dead in the nest or live nestlings 8 to 12 days old. Arboviruses were not detected in bloods of artificially hatched nestlings, or in fecal specimens of wild nestlings (with or without viremia). WEE virus was recovered from oral swabs of some naturally infected nestlings, but probably originated from blood contamination. These and other results are discussed in terms of WEE virus overwintering and amplification during epizootic seasons in Hale County, Texas.