bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Study of Biological, Laser, Nanoscale, Cancer, and Molecular Docking Activity of Tetrazole Compounds Derived from 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole
Authors: Mahdi Saleh Maha , Hamid Juma Fawzi
Published: February 2025

This study involves the synthesis of pentagonal rings of tetrazole derivatives through the reaction of one mole of hydrazide base derivatives with two moles of sodium azide. The validity of the compound structures is confirmed using physical and spectroscopic methods such as UV‐Vis, FTIR, proton, and carbon NMR, as well as elemental analysis. Additionally, melting points and purity are determined, and reaction progress is monitored by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Nanocompounds are prepared by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using fig leaf extract, followed by their addition to the prepared compounds. Characterization is conducted through X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The impact of some prepared compounds on the growth of two bacterial isolates, one Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) and the other Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus), is studied. Antibiotics amoxicillin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin are used as controls, and some of the prepared compounds show good inhibitory effectiveness against the tested bacteria. Moreover, a qualitative evaluation of antioxidant activity, assessed by the scavenging of free radicals using TLC, is performed to determine the ability of compounds (M8) to reduce oxidative stress. The prepared compound (M8) is tested for its ability to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7) outside the living organism. Molecular docking studies of some prepared compounds on two targets, breast cancer and E. coli bacteria, are conducted using MOE (2009). Energy minimization of the compounds is carried out to obtain the most stable conformation with the lowest energy barrier.
Removal of Methylene Blue by Degradation Using Polysulfone–Boehmite–Graphene Oxide Microfiber Photocatalyst Under Visible and Solar Lights
Authors: Mahmood Ahmed R. , Mohammed Nabeel Shaheen , Ali Jassim Mohammed , Alheety Mustafa A.
Published: February 2025

Boehmite–graphene oxide nanocomposite is prepared by electrochemical method via the reaction of graphene oxide (GO) within the electrochemical cell that contain aluminum alloy as electrodes. The resulted nanocomposite (B–GO) is mixed with polysulfone (PS) and electrospun to prepare polysulfone–boehmite–graphene oxide microfiber that is characterized by XRD and SEM. This microfiber is used to examine it efficiency in the degradation of methylene blue (MB, 100 ppm) under visible (500‐W lamp) and solar lights. The optimal conditions (pH, dosage of B–GO, time, temperature) are studied, and the result show that the nanofibers are able to degrade more than 80% of MB under visible light and more than 99% under solar light.
Histidine triad nucleotide‐binding protein 2 attenuates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity through restoring lysosomal function and promoting autophagy in mice
Authors: Jiang Hao , Zhang Jinyan , Jia Daile , Liu Liwei , Gao Jinfeng , Zhang Beijian , Dong Zhen , Sun Xiaolei , Yang Wenlong , Ou Tiantong , Ding Suling , He Luna , Shi Yiqin , Hu Kai , Sun Aijun , Ge Junbo
Published: February 2025

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapy drug widely used against various cancers but is limited by severe cardiotoxicity. Mitochondria–lysosome interactions are crucial for cellular homeostasis. This study investigates the role of histidine triad nucleotide‐binding protein 2 (HINT2) in DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). We found that HINT2 expression was significantly upregulated in the hearts of DOX‐treated mice. Cardiac‐specific Hint2 knockout mice exhibited significantly worse cardiac dysfunction, impaired autophagic flux, and lysosomal dysfunction after DOX treatment. Mechanistically, HINT2 deficiency reduced oxidative phosphorylation complex I activity and disrupted the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+/NADH ratio, impairing lysosomal function. Further, HINT2 deficiency suppressed sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 activity, downregulating transcription factor A mitochondrial, a critical regulator of complex I. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation restored lysosomal function in vitro, while cardiac‐specific Hint2 overexpression using adeno‐associated virus 9 or adenovirus alleviated DIC both in vivo and in vitro. These findings highlight HINT2 as a key cardioprotective factor that mitigates DIC by restoring the NAD+/NADH ratio, lysosomal function, and autophagy. Therapeutic strategies enhancing HINT2 expression or supplementing NMN may reduce cardiac damage and heart failure caused by DOX.
Phase I clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of Oraxol, a novel oral paclitaxel chemotherapy agent, in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Yu Yunfang , Wang Ying , Mao Luhui , Ye Suiwen , Lai Xiuping , Chen Junyi , Zhang Yiwen , Liu Jieqiong , Wu Junyan , Qin Tao , Yao Herui
Published: February 2025

Oraxol, a novel oral paclitaxel chemotherapy agent, has emerged as a potential alternative for treating metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, its safety and efficacy remain uncertain due to insufficient evidence supporting it. This open‐label, single‐arm, phase I trial was designed to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary antitumor activity of Oraxol in previously treated MBC. The primary objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of Oraxol, while secondary endpoints included assessing safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity. Twenty‐four patients (median age, 53 years) were enrolled, and pharmacokinetic analysis showed consistent and reproducible absorption of Oraxol. Note that 96% patients experienced treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) and no deaths attributed to TRAEs. The overall response rate was 34.8%, including 34.8% achieving partial response and 56.5% having stable disease. The median follow‐up was 45.7 months, with median progression‐free survival (PFS) of 3.41 months and median overall survival of 17.80 months. Notably, among patients with triple‐negative breast cancer, the disease control rate was 100%, and the median PFS was 8.90 months, which notably exceeded the outcomes observed in other subtypes. Oraxol significantly alters metabolism and correlates with response and survival. In conclusion, Oraxol exhibited promising antitumor efficacy and manageable safety profiles in MBC patients.
Low versus high peripheral oxygen saturation directed oxygen therapy in critically ill patients: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yang Xiaobo , Gao Xuehui , Zheng Xiang , Zhao Xu , Liu Yanli , Zhang Lu , Sun Junli , Wang Peng , Xu Zhengqin , Hu Ronghua , Li Hongbin , Qi Hong , Yuan Yin , Chen Wei , Liu Jie , Huang Guangqing , Yu Li , Cao Fengsheng , Xin Keke , Yu Min , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhang Li , Chang Siyuan , Zou Xiaojing , Liu Hong , Fu Zhaohui , Shu Huaqing , Yu Yuan , Xu Jiqian , Yuan Shiying , Shang You
Published: February 2025

Whether low peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) directed oxygen therapy is associated with lower mortality in critically ill patients needs further exploration. Adult critically ill patients from 11 intensive care units in China were screened. Participants were randomly assigned to the low SpO2 (90%–95%) group or the high SpO2 (≥96%) ‐group. The primary outcome was 28‐day all‐cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were hours free from ventilators and from renal replacement therapy (RRT) within 14 days. Note that 857 patients in the low SpO2 group and 849 in the high SpO2 group were included. In the low SpO2 group versus the high SpO2 group, the time‐weighted average of the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was significantly lower (33.5 ± 9.7% vs. 39.6 ± 9.3%, p < 0.001), and so was the time‐weighted average of SpO2 (95.9 ± 1.8% vs. 98.0 ± 1.9%, p < 0.001). Within 28 days after randomization, 172 (20.1%) in the low SpO2 group and 193 (22.7%) in the high SpO2 group died (p = 0.180). Ventilator‐free time and RRT‐free time were not significantly different within 14 days. In critically ill patients, low SpO2directed oxygen therapy did not decrease 28‐day mortality, 14‐day ventilator‐free time, or 14‐day RRT‐free time.
Controlled release of MIF siRNA and GDNF protein from a photocurable scaffold efficiently repairs spinal cord injury
Authors: Gao Yan , Wang Kaiyu , Wu Yi , Wu Shan , Ma Pingchuan , Zhang Jin , Li Jingmei , Shen Guobo , Men Ke
Published: February 2025

Compared with traditional treatment strategies, siRNA‐based gene therapy combines with protein therapy to offer a new strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI). The siRNA and protein therapy are limited by the large and deep lesion site and local co‐delivery vectors. However, the photocurable scaffold has the properties of injectable, flexible, and biodegradable, which provide a potential formulation for siRNA and protein combined therapy. Here, a photocurable lipid nanoparticle gel (PLNG) scaffold is designed for efficiently sustained and controlled release of the macrophage migration‐inhibitory factor (MIF) targeted siRNA and co‐delivery of GDNF protein for SCI. The GDNF is chemically modified in the scaffold and the prepared GDNF‐PLNG/siRNA scaffold is injectable with easily photocured. This formulation can inhibit inflammation by promoting macrophage M2 polarization and effectively promote primary neuron axon growth. After locally administered with GDNF‐PLNG/siMIF scaffold to SCI mice, the scaffold promoted neuron regeneration by upregulation of neuron cytokine production and inhibited inflammation through the downregulation immune pathway. With the interaction mechanism of GDNF and MIF siRNA, GDNF‐PLNG/siMIF scaffold increases the collagen and integrin expression to promote spinal cord repairing and significantly improve motor function, so that scaffold is a potential candidate gene formulation applied to clinical SCI treatment.
The Functions and Implications of MicroRNAs in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Authors: Gao Hui , Cao Xi‐Xia , Hua Hua , Zhu Hui
Published: February 2025

Background

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition in women characterized by the premature decline of ovarian function before age 40, evident through menstrual irregularities such as amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, elevated FSH levels exceeding 25 U/L, and a progressive decrease in estrogen levels. Despite considerable research, the exact pathogenic mechanisms underlying POI remain unclear. This study focuses on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the development of POI. As critical regulators of gene expression, miRNAs may play significant roles in diagnosis and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for POI.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed for this review. We included studies published in English up to September 2024. Our search utilized a combination of the following keywords: microRNA, premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), and premature ovarian failure (POF). Articles were filtered by title and subsequently through full‐text review, selecting only those pertinent to our topics of interest and their related areas.

Results

miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators in POI, mediating a range of biological processes that contribute to the disease's progression. Their involvement offers promising insights for early diagnosis, prognostic assessments, and therapeutic interventions, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Conclusion

Elucidating miRNAs' roles in POI opens new avenues for managing the disease. By understanding how miRNAs influence the molecular mechanisms of POI, innovative strategies can be developed for diagnosis and treatment, potentially improving patient outcomes.
Tumor Metastasis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Tang Lin , Peng Shao‐Cong , Zhuang Xiao‐Wan , He Yan , Song Yu‐Xiang , Nie Hao , Zheng Can‐Can , Pan Zhen‐Yu , Lam Alfred King‐Yin , He Ming‐Liang , Shi Xing‐Yuan , Li Bin , Xu Wen Wen
Published: February 2025

Metastasis remains a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths, defined by a complex, multi‐step process in which tumor cells spread and form secondary growths in distant tissues. Despite substantial progress in understanding metastasis, the molecular mechanisms driving this process and the development of effective therapies remain incompletely understood. Elucidating the molecular pathways governing metastasis is essential for the discovery of innovative therapeutic targets. The rapid advancements in sequencing technologies and the expansion of biological databases have significantly deepened our understanding of the molecular drivers of metastasis and associated drug resistance. This review focuses on the molecular drivers of metastasis, particularly the roles of genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and post‐translational modifications in metastasis progression. We also examine how the tumor microenvironment influences metastatic behavior and explore emerging therapeutic strategies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss future research directions, stressing the importance of novel treatment approaches and personalized strategies to overcome metastasis and improve patient outcomes. By integrating contemporary insights into the molecular basis of metastasis and therapeutic innovation, this review provides a comprehensive framework to guide future research and clinical advancements in metastatic cancer.
An Exact‐Arithmetic Algorithm for Spanning Tree Modulus
Authors: Albin Nathan , Kottegoda Kapila , Poggi‐Corradini Pietro
Published: February 2025

Spanning tree modulus is a generalization of effective resistance that is closely related to graph strength and fractional arboricity. The optimal edge density associated with the spanning tree modulus is known to produce two hierarchical decompositions of arbitrary graphs, one based on strength and the other on arboricity. Here we introduce an exact‐arithmetic algorithm for spanning tree modulus and the strength‐based decomposition using Cunningham's algorithm for graph vulnerability. The algorithm exploits an interesting connection between the spanning tree modulus and critical edge sets from the vulnerability problem. This paper introduces the new algorithm, describes a practical means for implementing it using integer arithmetic, and presents some examples and computational time scaling tests.
Speeding Up the Solution of the Site and Power Assignment Problem in Wireless Networks
Authors: Avella Pasquale , Calamita Alice , Palagi Laura
Published: February 2025

This paper addresses the optimal design of wireless networks through the site and power assignment problem. Given a set of candidate transmitters, this problem involves choosing optimal transmitter locations and powers to provide service coverage over a target area. In the modern context of increasing traffic, establishing suitable locations and power emissions for the transmitters in wireless networks is a relevant and challenging task due to heavy radio spectrum congestion. Traditional network design formulations are very ill‐conditioned and suffer from numerical inaccuracies and limited applicability to large‐scale practical scenarios. Our contribution consists of speeding up the solution of the problem under consideration by addressing its drawbacks from a modeling point of view. We propose valid cutting planes and various presolve operations to reduce the problem size and strengthen existing formulations, along with a reduction scheme based on reduced cost fixing to reduce the sources of numerical inaccuracies. Our proposals prove effective, allowing us to achieve optimality on large‐scale instances obtained from a real 4G LTE network in solution times aligning well with planning windows.
Mechanical characteristics of 3D‐printed honeycomb sandwich structures: Effect of skin material and core orientation
Authors: Mirzaei Jaber , Niyaraki Meysam Nouri , Nikouei Sayed Mohamad
Published: February 2025

Sandwich structures are crucial in automotive, and construction industries due to their lightweight, high‐strength properties, insulation, and energy absorption capabilities. In addition, 3D‐printed sandwich structures are important due to their customizable geometry and controlled material distribution, which enhance strength and stiffness. This study examines the mechanical properties of composite sandwich structures with a 3D‐printed honeycomb core. The composite skin, fabricated using the wet hand lay‐up method, consists of glass, carbon, and epoxy resin, while a fused deposition modeling machine produces the polylactic acid (PLA+) honeycomb core. A full factorial design and analysis of variance were employed to evaluate the effects of skin material and core orientation on mechanical properties through compression and three‐point bending tests. The mechanical performance of sandwich structures improved through core‐skin synergy, enhancing load distribution and resistance. Carbon/epoxy skins offered stiffness and strength, delaying failure modes, while glass/epoxy provides flexibility and cost‐efficiency. Hybrid skins combined these benefits, enhancing stability. In addition, vertical core orientation further maximized load capacity and minimized buckling compared to horizontal alignment. Optical analysis revealed buckling and crack propagation as primary failure mechanisms. Last but not least, finite element analysis using ABAQUS confirmed qualitative similarity in load–displacement curves and deformation behavior with experimental results.

Highlights

Mechanical properties of 3D‐printed sandwich structures were analyzed via the design of experiment.

Vertical core orientation improves compressive and flexural properties over horizontal cores.

Carbon/epoxy skins deliver superior flexural and compressive strength in sandwich panels.

Failure mechanisms include core buckling, cell wall debonding, and skin wrinkling/cracking.

Finite element analysis results closely aligned with experimental tests, validating structural behavior predictions.
Assessment of geometric parameters on the tensile behavior of hybrid (rivet‐adhesive) aluminum‐composite joints
Authors: Nourmohammadi Alireza , Behjat Bashir , Mobayyen Mir Amir
Published: February 2025

The hybrid adhesive‐rivet joints offer very good behavior in bonding. This bond is then reinforced by a rivet, adding significant mechanical strength and preventing separation under stress. In this research, composite‐aluminum, hybrid (adhesive‐rivet) joints were investigated. Two types of composites were used in this research: unidirectional and woven fiber types. Hybrid (adhesive‐rivet) joints made in two distinct types: single and double rivet joints. Various types of simple and hybrid (rivet adhesive) joint with one or two rivets are investigated and effect of them on strength of various composite substrate are investigated. The study advances knowledge by demonstrating how combining adhesive and rivet reinforcements optimizes joint strength and energy absorption in composite‐aluminum structures. It was observed that adhesive joint specimens of Al–glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) with a 45‐degree unidirectional fiber angle (Al–CU—45) have the lowest strength than 0° and 90° UD fiber angles (Al–CU—0 and 90) and the tensile strength of hybrid adhesive joints for woven GFRP composites (Al–CW) is better than joints with 45‐degree woven GFRP composites. Two‐rivet joints with 0°/90° fibers exhibited 30% higher load capacity than ±45° fibers, while also absorbing 20% more energy compared to single‐rivet joints. The maximum fracture force in the single‐rivet specimen with 0° fiber orientation has improved by 42.8% compared to the single‐rivet specimen with 90° fiber orientation. Finally, fractography of specimens were done and macroscopic and microscopic investigation of fracture surface of samples are done. The scanning electron microscopy images shows detailed view of the fracture surfaces and effect of rivets on the surface of fracture.

Highlights

Adhesive joints: 0°/90° GFRP outperformed 45° fibers in tensile strength.

Fracture force: Al–CU‐0° fibers showed the highest force in hybrid joints.

Displacement: Al–CU‐45° fibers had the highest failure displacement.

Energy absorption: Al–CU‐45° fibers excelled in both adhesive and hybrid joints.

SEM: 0/90° fibers showed fewer cracks, while 45° fibers had weaker matrices.
Intravenous Salbutamol for Children With Severe Acute Asthma on a Dutch Pediatric Ward: An Effective and Child‐Friendly Alternative
Authors: Schellekens I. M. , Akhnikh S. , Kruizinga M. D. , Balemans W. A. F. , van Veen M.
Published: February 2025

Background

Administration of intravenous (IV) salbutamol is a widely used intervention for managing severe acute asthma (SAA) in children, although evidence is limited. Traditionally, IV salbutamol is an indication for admission to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), however, recent Dutch guidelines allow this treatment to be initiated on a medium care pediatric ward. This study evaluated the efficacy of IV salbutamol treatment for children with SAA on two pediatric wards in the Netherlands.

Methods

In this retrospective multicenter cohort study, we included children with SAA who have been treated with IV salbutamol between June 2021 and December 2023. The primary outcome was the number of children successfully treated with IV salbutamol without being transferred to a PICU. Secondary outcomes included severity of side effects and complications.

Results

A total of 103 patients with 112 severe asthma exacerbations were included. Among these children, 46% were successfully treated on the pediatric ward. The remainder were transferred to a PICU, primarily due to exceeding the maximum allowed dose by protocol (1.0–1.5 mcg/kg/min) without an adequate response. Adverse events (e.g. hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, lactic acidosis, and hypotension) were observed in 61% of the children. Three serious adverse events were observed, no children were intubated nor were there any deaths.

Conclusion

Children with SAA can be treated effectively with IV salbutamol on a Dutch pediatric ward with medium care facilities, since 46% of the children did not require a transfer to the PICU.
Non‐Invasive Ventilatory Support as a Tool to Improve Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis
Authors: da Silva Jessiane Bianca Pinheiro , Santana Maria Carolina Rosário , Martinez Bruno Prata , Duarte Helder Brito
Published: February 2025

Background and Purpose

Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome that impacts persons’ daily activities and adherence to exercise programs. Non‐Invasive ventilation (NIV) reduces respiratory load and improves cardiac function, potentially serving as an important adjunct in its treatment. These effects can be enhanced with a cardiac rehabilitation program, improving dyspnea and functionality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NIV during exercise on functional performance outcomes, dyspnea, QL, hemodynamics, and respiratory function.

Methods

A systematic review followed by meta‐analysis was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, and CINAHL. Eligibility criteria: Randomized clinical trials of patients over 18 years of age with HF, compared to a control group, were included with the objective of improving exercise tolerance. The studies were categorized as short‐term effects of NIV and those implementing an exercise program.

Results

Seven studies were included in the qualitative review and five in the meta‐analysis. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. The analyzed outcomes were the 6‐min walk test (6MWT), dyspnea, SpO2, heart rate (HR), systolic, and diastolic arterial pressure (SAP and DAP, respectively), maximal inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP, respectively), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and quality of life (QL).

Discussion

There was a significant difference in favor of the NIV group compared to the control group in both modalities in relation to the 6MWT, with a mean difference (MD) 41.72 (CI 95% 2.15, 81.29) meters in the exercise program and MD 68.61 (CI 95% 5.69, 131.54) meters in short‐term effect studies. There were also favorable results in the outcomes of dyspnea and FEV1 in the NIV group (p < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the outcomes peripheral oxygen saturation (p = 0.11), systolic (p = 0.76) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.93), heart rate (p = 0.19), MIP (p = 0.49), MEP (p = 0.22) and QL (p = 0.13).

Trail Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022367746
Enhanced Sensitivity to Tramadol in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Compared to Nerve Compression Neuropathies: A Population PK/PD Model Analysis
Authors: Chun Dain , Mehta Parsshava , Guzy Serge , Cicali Brian , Lauretti Gabriela R. , Lanchote Vera L. , Vozmediano Valvanera , De Moraes Natalia
Published: February 2025

Neuropathic pain, often associated with diabetic neuropathy or nerve compression injuries, arises from damage or dysfunction in the somatosensory nervous system. Tramadol, frequently prescribed for this pain, has its fraction unbound and that of its active metabolite (M1) significantly altered by diabetes. Yet, dosing adjustments for diabetic neuropathic pain remain underexplored. This study developed a comprehensive population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model for tramadol and its major metabolites, focusing on diabetes's impact on PK and PK‐PD relationship to identify optimal dosing regimens. Data from patients with chronic neuropathic pain on oral tramadol were used to develop enantiomer‐specific population models, considering both total and unbound concentrations. Tramadol's PK was best described by a two‐compartment model with Weibull absorption and linear elimination and a one‐compartment model with enterohepatic circulation and first‐pass metabolism for the active M1. Simulations showed higher unbound fractions of the active M1 in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite a 67% and 14% reduction in the AUC of total (1R,2R)‐M1 in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively, the AUC of unbound (1R,2R)‐M1 remained consistent. The unbound concentration of the active M1 required to achieve 50% of the maximum pain reduction (IC50) was lower in patients with diabetes, indicating increased sensitivity to the drug. This model‐based approach provides valuable dosing guidance, suggesting once‐daily dosing treatments in patients with diabetes and twice‐daily dosing for patients with neuropathic pain secondary to nerve compression mechanisms.
High‐Efficiency Power Generation for Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Economic Viability and Simulation Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaobo , Yousuf Hasnain , Chu Mengmeng , Polgampola Chamani Madara , Mohammed Shurouq Abdulqadir , Khokhar Muhammad Quddamah , Park Sangheon , Yi Junsin
Published: February 2025

As global demand for renewable energy continues to rise and available land resources become increasingly scarce, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems have emerged as a cost‐effective solution to meet energy needs while minimizing environmental impacts. In 2023, the global installed capacity of FPV reached 5.9 GW and is projected to grow to 10 GW by 2030. This review systematically examines the current status and historical development of floating solar technology, focusing on key challenges and solutions in structural design and material selection. It also explores methods to enhance FPV efficiency, including optimal tilt angles, cooling systems, bifacial modules, and tracking systems, while addressing the economic feasibility of FPV. Furthermore, a simulated 2 MW FPV system based on meteorological data from Suwon, South Korea, is analyzed. The system demonstrates a high‐performance ratio of 90.5% and a maximum system production output of 1835 MWh when the tilt angle is optimized between 32° and 34° and the azimuth angle is set to 0°.
8 W at 10 GHz in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors on Silicon Without Any Carbon or Iron Doping
Authors: Shuvro Shonkho , Gowrisankar Aniruddhan , Jayaramaiah Roopa , Venugopalrao Anirudh , Chandrasekar Hareesh , Sen Prosenjit , Muralidharan Rangarajan , Raghavan Srinivasan , Nath Digbijoy Neelim
Published: February 2025

X‐band power performance in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on silicon without intentional carbon (C) or iron (Fe) doping anywhere in the stack is reported. A reverse polarization‐graded AlGaN buffer depletes background charge and provides a superior breakdown, while an optimized AlN nucleation layer reduces substrate radio frequency (RF) losses. HEMTs with 0.22 μm gate length and 4 μm source‐drain spacing demonstrate >80 V 3‐terminal breakdown voltage for 12 × 125 μm gate width. Pulsed load‐pull at 10 GHz shows 8 W saturated power at 2 dB compression under deep class‐AB bias at 35 V with 46% drain efficiency. Further improvements are expected with substrate thinning and improved thermal management.
Generation and Manipulation of One‐Way Steering in Optomagnomechanical System
Authors: Cao Jinke , Wei Mei‐Rong , Guo Qi , Tan Huatang , Li Gang , Zhang Tiancai
Published: February 2025

It is showed how to generate and control the one‐way optomechanical steering in an optomagnomechanical system. In the scheme, the magnetostriction‐induced deformation displacement of a ferrimagnet couples to an optical cavity by radiation‐pressure interaction. The optical cavity resonates with the Stokes sideband of the laser drive field, leading to the optomechanical parametric down‐conversion interaction. The magnon mode resonates with the anti‐Stokes sideband of the microwave drive field, thereby cooling the mechanical motion. By adjusting the detuning between the magnon mode and the microwave drive field, we show the relative steady‐state population numbers of photons and phonons will be changed, therefore, the direction of the optomechanical steering can be controlled. The control of the quantum steering in this scheme does not require the introduction of additional dissipation and damping of the entangled parties, which means the one‐way steering can be generated with low mechanical damping, and has strong robustness against thermal noise. This finding may provide a novel platform to generate and control quantum steering in hybrid quantum system.
Topological Phases and Anomalous Phase Transitions in Topolectrical Circuit
Authors: Hu Kai‐Xin , Zhang Zhi‐Xu , Yan Yu , Liu Shutian , Cui Wen‐Xue , Cao Ji , Zhang Shou , Wang Hong‐Fu
Published: February 2025

Distinct topological phases and anomalous phase transitions are investigated in a 2D topolectrical circuit system. The topological phases of the system are characterized by the Chern number and fractional wave polarization, and the phase‐transition lines (PTLs) obtained from the phase diagrams are consistent with those derived from the zero‐energy condition. It is shown that different PTLs emerge gapless points at different high‐symmetry points of the first Brillouin zone. Moreover, gapless points appear simultaneously at two different high‐symmetry points when two PTLs intersect. In topological phases with a nonzero Chern number, the chiral edge states are present when periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are applied along any one direction. In topological phases with a nonzero fractional wave polarization, there are in‐gap edge states when PBCs are applied along one direction and near‐bulk edge states along another direction. The edge states are present at the anomalous PTLs between two nontrivial phases and are absent at the normal PTLs between the trivial and nontrivial phases. Furthermore, an efficient method is proposed to identify desirable topological edge states based on the impedance of the topolectrical circuit system. The work reveals that the presence of anomalous phase transitions is crucial for understanding the essentials of topological phase transitions.
Underground mining impact on groundwater in Kuye River Basin, China: A coupling model study
Authors: Li Shu , Jing Yi , Zhang Xiangyu , Zhang Fengran , Qi Qingsong , Li Ningbo , Bai Le
Published: February 2025

The Kuye River Basin has experienced a rapid depletion of groundwater due to the increased coal production. In this study, by introducing the empirical equations derived from the three zone theory in the coal mining industry in China as a boundary condition, a calculation model was developed by coupling the soil and water assessment tool and visual modular three‐dimensional finite‐difference ground‐water flow model (SWAT‐VISUAL MODFLOW). The model was applied to several coal mines in the basin to quantify the groundwater impact of underground mining. For illustration purposes, two underground water observation stations and one water level station were selected for groundwater change simulation in 2009, producing the results that agreed well with the observed data. We found that groundwater level was closely related to the height of the fractured water‐conducting zone caused by underground mining, and a higher height led to a lower groundwater level. This finding was further supported by the calculation that underground mining was responsible for 23.20 mm aquifer breakages in 2009. Thus, preventing surface subsidence due to underground mining can help protecting the basin's groundwater.
Design, Synthesis, and Simulation of Functionalized 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines to Treat Acute Leukemia Cells
Authors: Ananta  , Shah Chandan , Pal Divya , Althagafi Ismail , Pratap Ramendra , Yadav Dharmendra Kumar , Kumar Sanjay
Published: February 2025

Tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQ) are prevalent heterocyclic molecules that are the backbone of several synthetic anticancer compounds and alkaloids showing antitumor activity in melanoma, breast, brain, ovarian, and prostate cancer. We designed and synthesized functionalized THIQ derivatives 7a and 7b and evaluated their anticancer activity using acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line, HL‐60 cells. We synthesized these compounds in two steps from functionalized 2H‐pyran‐2‐ones. N‐Boc‐protected tetrahydroisoquinolines were synthesized by ring transformation of 6‐aryl‐4‐sec.amino‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐carbonitriles using N‐Boc‐4‐piperidone in the presence of sodamide in DMSO, then deprotection of the N‐Boc‐protecting group under acidic conditions was carried out to isolate the designed compounds. Compounds 7a and 7b have exhibited the IC50 values of 10 and 40 µM in vitro studies in the HL‐60, respectively. We found that 7a and 7b induced anti‐leukemic/anticancer activity in HL‐60 cells through interaction with CDK2, cytotoxicity, ROS production, and apoptosis, which may be essential for the new anticancer drug design and further evaluation in AML patients. In silico molecular docking study suggests that compound 7a is preferentially more active than other identified compounds with strong binding affinity to major anticancer receptors. The results of the present study may help design lead compounds with improved activity.
Revisiting the Reduction of Vinpocetine
Authors: Borsoi Simone , Pozzi Luca , Fasano Valerio , Citarella Andrea , Macetti Giovanni , Presti Leonardo Lo , Paladino Giuseppe , Ciriello Umberto , Passarella Daniele
Published: February 2025

Hydrogenation of the semisynthetic vinca alkaloid vinpocetine produces two epimers that have previously been investigated as chiral additives. However, the absence of a full characterization generated some ambiguities in their stereochemical identification. In this study, computational methods, NMR analysis, and X‐ray crystallography were employed to clarify and revise the previously reported assignment. Additionally, various methods for the reduction of the 16,17‐double bond of vinpocetine are explored. A comparative analysis of epimer formation ratios with the corresponding alcohols is presented, supported by a detailed NMR characterization of these previously unexplored alkaloids.
Recent Advances in Twisted and Coiled Artificial Muscles and Their Applications
Authors: Sun Jin , Zhang Shijing , Deng Jie , Li Jing , Wang Dehong , Liu Junkao , Liu Yingxiang
Published: February 2025

Twisted and coiled artificial muscles (TAMs) have been extensively studied in the field of soft robots due to their exceptional properties, including high energy density, large load‐to‐weight ratio, large deformation, low driving voltage, and low hysteresis. The advancements of TAMs hold the potential for enhancing the performance and broadening their functional capabilities of soft robots, thus demonstrating substantial practical value. This review outlines the recent progress in TAMs and their diverse applications in soft robots. First, the commonly used materials to fabricate TAMs, including inorganic fibers, composite fibers, organic fibers, and natural fibers, are discussed along with their characteristics. Then, the actuation strategies are summarized across four aspects: thermal method, solvent method, electrochemical method and other non‐contact methods. Moreover, the configurations of TAMs are classified into single, parallel and braided structures. In addition, various soft robots driven by TAMs are introduced according to their functions, including manipulation, locomotion, smart textile, and sensor. Finally, the research hotspots and development trends of TAMs are evaluated. It is expected that this review article can serve as a valuable reference and source of inspiration for researchers in the field of soft actuators and robots.
Same Class Different Worlds: A Narrative Inquiry of Two Students in an English Medium Instruction Classroom
Authors: Liu Shuwen , Yuan Rui
Published: February 2025

This narrative inquiry explores the experiences of two students in an English Medium Instruction (EMI) course at a Macau University. Through the lens of self‐discrepancy theory and possible selves theory and drawing on data from field observation, interviews, and informal chats, the findings unearthed significantly different experiences of the students who constructed different possible selves with powerful impacts on their course participation and learning. The findings point to an increasing gap between EMI students, which starts from English language proficiency and then permeates other areas in individuals' learning and development. Such differences, as reflected in their linguistic practices, self‐interpretations, and future orientations, function as a source of educational inequity, which seems to increasingly self‐perpetuate the divide in EMI classrooms. The divergent experiences call for urgent attention from EMI researchers and practitioners about the issue of educational equity and inclusiveness in higher education. In particular, language proficiency should be viewed as a dynamic, composite, and sociopolitical concept constantly in negotiation with students' motivation, investment, and vision in EMI contexts.
Farmer perceptions of clinical mastitis incidence, risk factors and epidemiology in meat‐producing sheep flocks in the UK and the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Luque Castro Alberto , Macrae Alastair , Shaw Darren J. , Kelly Rob , Crilly James Patrick , Murdoch Fraser , Sargison Neil
Published: February 2025

Background

Mastitis has a negative effect on sheep health and welfare and causes significant economic losses to farmers. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of clinical mastitis in meat‐producing sheep flocks in the UK and the Republic of Ireland and describe its variation between farming systems, countries and management practices.

Methods

An online questionnaire was distributed to sheep farmers recruited through veterinary practices and industry organisations. The survey was available between September 2022 and April 2023.

Results

A total of 103 responses were collected. Of these, 53.4% were from lowland farmers, 49.5% were from farmers practising indoor lambing and 68% were from farmers with commercial flocks. The mean perceived incidence of clinical mastitis was 3.7 cases per 100 ewes per year (95% confidence interval: 3.0–4.4). Flock size was negatively correlated with the perceived incidence of clinical mastitis; however, country, farming system, flock type and lambing type did not significantly influence the perceived incidence of clinical mastitis. Acute clinical mastitis was more frequently identified in early and late lactation, while chronic clinical mastitis was more frequent at lambing, weaning and postweaning. More medical treatments were used for acute clinical mastitis cases than for chronic clinical mastitis cases.

Limitations

The main limitations of the study were the relatively low number of responses received and the potential selection bias.

Conclusion

The perceived incidence of clinical mastitis in meat‐producing sheep flocks in the UK and the Republic of Ireland is 3.7 cases per 100 ewes per year, regardless of farming system, flock type, lambing type and country.
Expansions on CRISPR-Cas9 Technology: Innovations for the Future
Authors: Challa Anil Kumar
Published: February 2025

What You Will Learn in This Chapter

Bacterial immune systems—RM system, CRISPR system.

Site specific nucleases—need for gene manipulation.

Nanobiobots as tools in molecular genetics.

Wildtype and engineered nucleases (PAM engineering, specificity).
CRISPR in Plants
Authors: Ruppel Nicholas J. , Carter Dawn
Published: February 2025

What You Will Learn in This Chapter

In this chapter, we describe several strategies for implementing CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in Arabidopsis thaliana
, a model plant. Most experimental approaches described here will take several weeks of laboratory time (assuming classes meet once per week). For a molecular biology classroom, we describe a simple method for cloning a gene knock-out guide sequence into a plant binary vector plasmid. For genetics or plant biology courses, we describe an approach starting with a plasmid vector containing a guide sequence and Cas9 and have the students engineer transgenic A. thaliana plants. A third strategy would be to have students analyze transgenic seed lines and determine the sequence of the edited region. All these approaches introduce students to TAIR (The Arabidopsis Information Resource), an invaluable resource allowing students to examine gene sequences and expression profiles for suitable genes for knock-out experiments. We also address the challenges and benefits of in planta studies.
CRISPR in Yeast
Authors: Ulbricht Randi
Published: February 2025

What You Will Learn in This Chapter

This chapter will provide an overview of CRISPR in yeast for instructors considering using CRISPR in this simple model system. Considerations, suggestions, and resources for student-led experimental design are provided, including target selection, Cas9 expression, genotyping and phenotyping.
Convergences and Divergences in Health: Differences in Premature Mortality Between the Spanish-Born and the Immigrant Population
Authors: Grande Rafael , García-González Juan Manuel
Published: February 2025

Premature mortality, defined as deaths occurring before the age of 65, is a widely used indicator of quality of life and of the effectiveness of health policies and programmes and for uncovering social inequalities in health. This chapter examines whether immigrants experience a premature mortality advantage relative to Spanish-born, in line with the healthy immigrant paradox. The analyses use information extracted from the cause of death register (2012–2015) linked to census data from 2011. The sample is a randomly selected 10% of the population residing in Spain according to the 2011 census. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models for men and women, we calculated the risks (hazard ratios) of premature mortality of the Spanish native and immigrant populations, the immigrant population’s risk by region of origin, and the effects of education level and occupation on mortality risk. In addition to all-cause premature mortality, the differences between natives and immigrants were investigated for the main causes: cancers, diseases of the circulatory system and injuries and external causes. The main results show lower all-cause premature mortality among immigrants than Spanish-born and an even greater advantage in cancer mortality.
Effects of the introduction of biosimilars on the costs and prescription frequency of selected biologics in statutory and private health insurance in Germany: differences and similarities
Authors: Oppel Susanne , Renner Bertold , Elsner Sarah , Lippert Annemarie
Published: February 2025

Aim

Biologicals are jointly responsible for growing healthcare expenditures due to their innovation, patent protection, and the increasing number of indications they are used for. The aim of the study was to investigate how costs and prescription volumes of several biologicals developed in a collective of insured persons in statutory health insurance (SHI) and private health insurance (PHI) in Germany over a period from 2016 to 2020.

Subject and methods

Primary outpatient prescription data of pharmaceuticals from an SHI and a PHI collective was used focusing on the monoclonal antibodies adalimumab, infliximab, rituximab, and trastuzumab, as well as the differences between their reference drugs and biosimilars.

Results

Total prescription volumes of the anti-rheumatic drugs increased while those of the oncologicals decreased. Prescriptions for reference drugs fell in all cases, particularly after the market launch of the first biosimilars. However, while the decline in prescriptions of adalimumab and infliximab in PHI occurred later and more slowly than in SHI, the trend for rituximab and trastuzumab was almost parallel in both systems. In most cases, costs developed in line with prescriptions. Market competition and statutory control mechanisms had a positive impact on overall costs.

Conclusion

Statutory control mechanisms such as prescription target quotas and reference price groups in SHI are effective for the drugs investigated. Nevertheless, biosimilar rates in SHI and PHI are not as far apart as the generics rate. For more expensive active substances, a switch to the cheaper biosimilars is more likely than for comparatively cheaper drugs.
Enhancing unmanned aerial vehicles logistics for dynamic delivery: a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II with Bayesian belief networks
Authors: Mahmoodi Armin , Sajadi Seyed Mojtaba , Sadeq Abdellatif M. , Narenji Masoud , Eshaghi Mehdi , Jasemi Milad
Published: February 2025

To address the complexities of managing networks of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Just-in-Time problem solving, this study introduces a cutting-edge multi-objective location-routing optimization model. This model integrates time window constraints, concurrent pick-up and delivery demands, and rechargeable battery functionality, significantly enhancing the efficiency of UAV operations. It reduces battery consumption and transportation costs while optimizing delivery times and reducing operational risks. The model improves the refinement of delivery schedules by accounting for uncertain traffic scenarios, thereby increasing its accuracy and reliability in dynamic environments. Additionally, a Bayesian belief networks approach for risk assessment introduces a new layer to operational risk management. The model’s performance and its trade-offs are demonstrated through advanced data visualizations such as 3D Pareto fronts, pair plots, and network graphs, with validation via the NSGA-II approach confirming its reliability and practical applicability. This research represents a major leap forward in drone routing strategies, focusing on efficiency, adaptability, and risk management in UAV logistics and provides a comprehensive framework that bridges the gap between theoretical exploration and practical application.