bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A White doctor recalls mental hospital practice in apartheid South Africa
Authors: Behr Harold
Published: July 2021

The article offers a personal memoir of a psychiatric registrar's impressions of daily life while working in a South African mental hospital during the apartheid era in the late 1960s. From the perspective of a trainee psychiatrist, he recalls admission procedures, ward management, patient assessment, and medical and nursing care, including electroconvulsive therapy administration, at that time.
International Multicenter Validation Study of the SAGIT® Instrument in Acromegaly
Authors: Giustina Andrea , Bronstein Marcello D , Chanson Philippe , Petersenn Stephan , Casanueva Felipe F , Sert Caroline , Houchard Aude , Melmed Shlomo
Published: July 2021

Context

The SAGIT® instrument (SAGIT) has been developed to enable accurate characterization of acromegaly disease activity.

Objective

We evaluated the ability of SAGIT to discriminate acromegaly disease control status.

Methods

This multicenter, noninterventional, prospective and retrospective, longitudinal study, conducted at academic and private clinical practice sites, included patients aged ≥ 18 years with a diagnosis of controlled (n = 109) or non-controlled (n = 105) acromegaly, assessed by clinical global evaluation of disease control (CGE-DC) questionnaire, investigator therapeutic decision, and international guidelines. Control status was not determined at baseline for 13 patients. Since 9 patients were enrolled retrospectively, all presented analyses are based on the prospective population (N = 227). Patients were assessed over a 2-year follow-up period. Classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were performed to investigate how SAGIT components at baseline (signs/symptoms [S], associated comorbidities [A], growth hormone levels [G], insulin-like growth factor 1 levels [I], tumor features [T]) discriminate between controlled and non-controlled acromegaly.

Results

Baseline mean subscores S, G, I, and T were significantly lower in patients with CGE-DC controlled vs CGE-DC non-controlled acromegaly. SAGIT components I and G for CGE-DC and S, A, G, I, and T for the clinician’s therapeutic decision were retained by CART analyses. For international guidelines, only SAGIT component I was retained. The risk for undergoing ≥ 1 treatment change during the study was 3.44 times greater for CGE-DC non-controlled acromegaly relative to CGE-DC controlled acromegaly.

Conclusion

The SAGIT instrument is a valid and sensitive tool to comprehensively and accurately assess acromegaly severity.
Systems-Level Opportunities in the Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: an Informatics-Based Assessment
Authors: Dawood Nardeen B , Tseng Chi-Hong , Nguyen Dalena T , Yan Kimberly L , Livhits Masha J , Leung Angela M , Yeh Michael W
Published: July 2021

Context

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), a leading cause of hypercalcemia and secondary osteoporosis, is underdiagnosed.

Objective

This work aims to establish a foundation for an electronic medical record–based intervention that would prompt serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) assessment in patients with persistent hypercalcemia and identify care gaps in their management.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary academic health system of outpatients with persistent hypercalcemia, who were categorized as having classic or normohormonal PHPT. Main outcome measures included the frequencies of serum PTH measurement in patients with persistent hypercalcemia, and their subsequent workup with bone mineral density (BMD) assessment, and ultimately, medical therapy or parathyroidectomy.

Results

Among 3151 patients with persistent hypercalcemia, 1526 (48%) had PTH measured, of whom 1377 (90%) were confirmed to have classic (49%) or normohormonal (41%) PHPT. PTH was measured in 65% of hypercalcemic patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis (P < .001). At median 2-year follow-up, bone density was assessed in 275 (20%) patients with either variant of PHPT (P = .003). Of women aged 50 years or older with classic PHPT, 95 (19%) underwent BMD assessment. Of patients with classic or normohormonal PHPT, 919 patients (67%) met consensus criteria for surgical intervention, though only 143 (15%) underwent parathyroidectomy.

Conclusion

Within a large academic health system, more than half of patients with confirmed hypercalcemia were not assessed for PHPT, including many patients with preexisting bone disease. Care gaps in BMD assessment and medical or surgical therapy represent missed opportunities to avoid skeletal and other complications of PHPT.
Geographic, Gender, and Seasonal Variation of Diabetes: A Nationwide Study With 1.4 Million Participants
Authors: Zhang Yuanfeng , Tong Mingkun , Wang Bo , Shi Zumin , Wang Ping , Li Liming , Ning Yi , Lu Tao
Published: July 2021

Context

China has experienced a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes.

Objective

We assessed the prevalence of diabetes among Chinese adults who attended preventive physical examinations and analyzed geographical and gender difference in seasonal variation of fasting blood glucose (FBG).

Methods

The study used data from 1 390 088 participants attending preventive health examination at 430 health screening centers in 220 cities. Diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes were based on FBG and glycated hemoglobin A1c and self-reported physician’s diagnosis. We calculated age- and sex-standardized prevalence of diabetes according to the sixth Chinese population census data in 2010. Geographical distribution of diabetes and prediabetes were represented on a country map. FBG levels were analyzed to detect seasonal variation adjusted for age and gender by geographic location.

Results

The standardized prevalence of diabetes was 8.70% (95% CI, 8.22%-9.19%), 10.7% in men and 6.61% in women. Among those with diabetes, 43.7% (95% CI, 40.9%-46.5%) were aware of their conditions and 38.5% (95% CI, 36.0%-41.1%) were treated. Only 49.3% (95% CI, 47.0%-51.6%) of treated patients achieved glycemic control. The mean level of FBG was higher in winter than summer and in the northern than the southern region.

Conclusion

The prevalence of diabetes was high while the percentages of awareness, treatment, and glycemic control were low among adults. Effective measures are needed to prevent and manage diabetes in China. Geographic and seasonal variation of diabetes should be considered for its prevention and control.
Weight Loss Prior to Pregnancy and Early Gestational Glycemia: Prepare, a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: LeBlanc Erin S , Smith Ning X , Vesco Kimberly K , Hillier Teresa A , Stevens Victor J
Published: July 2021

Context

Women with elevated body mass index are encouraged to lose weight before pregnancy, but no trials have tested the effects of prepregnancy weight loss on risk of developing gestational diabetes.

Objective

This work aims to determine whether prepregnancy weight loss improved the early metabolic environment as measured by early gestational diabetes diagnosis.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a pragmatic randomized clinical trial conducted between May 2015 and October 2019 in an integrated health system that encouraged first-trimester gestational diabetes screening for high-risk women, including those with obesity. Women aged 18 to 40 years with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 27 who were planning pregnancy were randomly assigned to a behavioral weight loss intervention or usual care. Clinical care decisions and data collection were blind to condition assignment. We compared rates of diagnosis with gestational diabetes in early pregnancy between the groups using logistic regression.

Results

Of 326 participants, 168 (89 in the intervention and 79 in usual care) had singleton pregnancies during the study period. At baseline, mean age was 31.3 ± 3.5 years and BMI was 34.8 ± 5.8. Fifty-nine (66%) intervention participants and 57 (72%) usual care participants underwent early screening. Among those, intervention participants were 73% less likely to be diagnosed with gestational diabetes than usual care participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.80). There was no difference in diagnosis of gestational diabetes in later pregnancy (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.41-2.81).

Conclusion

Participation in a prepregnancy weight loss intervention led to lower rates of gestational diabetes diagnosis in early pregnancy. This suggests positive effects of prepregnancy weight loss on the early metabolic environment, a critical factor in offspring metabolic risk.
Informal Labor and the Efficiency Cost of Social Programs: Evidence from Unemployment Insurance in Brazil
Authors: Gerard François , Gonzaga Gustavo
Published: July 2021

It is widely believed that the presence of a large informal sector increases the efficiency cost of social programs in developing countries. We evaluate such claims for the case of unemployment insurance (UI) by combining an optimal UI framework with comprehensive data from Brazil. Using quasi-experimental variation in potential UI duration, we find clear evidence for the usual moral hazard problem that UI reduces incentives to return to a formal job. Yet, the associated efficiency cost is lower than it is in the United States, and it is lower in labor markets with higher informality within Brazil. This is because formal reemployment rates are lower to begin with where informality is higher, so that a larger share of workers would draw UI benefits absent any moral hazard. In sum, efficiency concerns may actually become more relevant as an economy formalizes. (JEL J65, O15, O17, E26, D82, J46)
Deterring Illegal Entry: Migrant Sanctions and Recidivism in Border Apprehensions
Authors: Bazzi Samuel , Hanson Gordon , John Sarah , Roberts Bryan , Whitley John
Published: July 2021

During the 2008 to 2012 period, the US Border Patrol enacted new sanctions on migrants apprehended while attempting to enter the United States illegally. Using administrative records on apprehensions of Mexican nationals that include fingerprint-based IDs and other details, we detect if an apprehended migrant is subject to penalties and if he is later reapprehended. Exploiting plausibly random variation in the rollout of sanctions, we estimate econometrically that exposure to penalties reduced the 18-month reapprehension rate for males by 4.6 to 6.1 percentage points off of a baseline rate of 24.2 percent. These magnitudes imply that sanctions can account for 28 to 44 percent of the observed decline in recidivism in apprehensions. Further results suggest that the drop in recidivism was associated with a reduction in attempted illegal entry. (JEL K37, J15, J18)
The Effect of Leaded Gasoline on Elderly Mortality: Evidence from Regulatory Exemptions
Authors: Hollingsworth Alex , Rudik Ivan
Published: July 2021

Leaded gasoline is still used globally for aviation and automotive racing. Exploiting regulatory exemptions and a novel quasi-experiment, we find that leaded gasoline use in racing increases ambient lead, elevated blood lead rates, and elderly mortality. The mortality estimates indicate that each gram of lead added to gasoline exceeds $1,100 in damages. Our setting allows us to rule out potential confounders, such as correlated pollutants or socioeconomic status. We provide the first causal estimates linking adult mortality to leaded gasoline, highlight the value of banning on-road leaded gasoline, and present policy-relevant cost estimates at the lowest ambient levels to date. (JEL I12, J14, L71, Q51, Q53)
Unique anticodon loop conformation with the flipped-out wobble nucleotide in the crystal structure of unbound tRNAVal
Authors: Jeong Hyeonju , Kim Jungwook
Published: July 2021

During protein synthesis on ribosome, tRNA recognizes its cognate codon of mRNA through base-pairing with the anticodon. The 5′-end nucleotide of the anticodon is capable of wobble base-pairing, offering a molecular basis for codon degeneracy. The wobble nucleotide is often targeted for post-transcriptional modification, which affects the specificity and fidelity of the decoding process. Flipping-out of a wobble nucleotide in the anticodon loop has been proposed to be necessary for modifying enzymes to access the target nucleotide, which has been captured in selective structures of protein-bound complexes. Meanwhile, all other structures of free or ribosome-bound tRNA display anticodon bases arranged in stacked conformation. We report the X-ray crystal structure of unbound tRNAVal1 to a 2.04 Å resolution showing two different conformational states of wobble uridine in the anticodon loop, one stacked on the neighboring base and the other swiveled out toward solvent. In addition, the structure reveals a rare magnesium ion coordination to the nitrogen atom of a nucleobase, which has been sampled very rarely among known structures of nucleic acids.
Άκρα δεξιά και ψηφιακά μέσα: αισθητική, ακτιβισμός και λογοθετικά σχήματα
Authors: Afouxenidis Alex , Petridis Petros
Published: July 2021

Αυτό το κείμενο παρουσιάζει τη σχέση της άκρας δεξιάς με τα ψηφιακά μέσα στην Ευρώπη και τις ΗΠΑ. Το άρθρο αποτελεί σύνθεση βασικών θέσεων της βιβλιογραφίας που εξετάζει αυτήν τη σχέση και ορισμένων ερευνητικών παρατηρήσεών που αφορούν στην ελληνική συνθήκη. Παρόλο που συγκεκριμένες ρητορικές της άκρας δεξιάς για ζητήματα όπως το έθνος, η φυλή, το φύλο και η σεξουαλικότητα δεν αποτελούν κάτι νέο, έγιναν αντικείμενο επικοινωνίας με νέους τρόπους και μέσα. Οι ψηφιακές τεχνολογίες δεν παρείχαν απλώς δυνατότητες συνάρθρωσης ακροδεξιών δικτύων και δημοσιοποίησης του μηνύματός τους σε μεγαλύτερα ακροατήρια αλλά συνέβαλαν στη διεθνοποίηση των θέσεων της άκρας δεξιάς και κατέστησαν περισσότερο δημοφιλές το μήνυμά της, με αποτέλεσμα να συγκροτηθεί ένα αντισυστημικό προφίλ με σημαντικό αντίκτυπο στην ακτιβιστική δράση σε δημόσιους χώρους.
Επιτέλεση και (μετα)ψηφιακές οντολογίες: ένα σχόλιο από τη σκοπιά της ανθρωπολογίας
Authors: Lalioti Vasiliki
Published: July 2021

Το 2016 ο Causey εισήγαγε την έννοια «μεταψηφιακή επιτέλεση» για να περιγράψει έργα καλλιτεχνών οι οποίοι, όπως ισχυρίζεται, σκέφτονται ψηφιακά, ενσωματώνουν δηλαδή στα έργα τους δομικά στοιχεία του ψηφιακού, προκειμένου να αντισταθούν στα συστήματα ελέγχου των δικτύων της σύγχρονης μεταψηφιακής κουλτούρας. Με αφορμή την ανάλυση του Causey, η οποία αναπαράγει από τη σκοπιά των επιτελεστικών σπουδών (κυρίαρχες δυτικές) θετικιστικές αντιλήψεις για την οντολογία του ψηφιακού (αλλά και του ανθρώπινου), σε αυτό το κείμενο διερευνώ τους τρόπους με τους οποίους η οντολογική στροφή στην ανθρωπολογία, μπορεί να ρίξει φως σε ερωτήματα που αφορούν στην οντολογία του ψηφιακού, αποφεύγοντας ποικίλους παγκοσμιοποιητικούς ισχυρισμούς.
Ticket to Brussels. One-way or Return? Profiles and typology of Greek MEPs, 1981-2019
Authors: Kakepaki Manina , Karayiannis Yiannis
Published: July 2021

Στο άρθρο αναλύονται κοινωνικό-δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά των Ελλήνων/Ελληνίδων ευρωβουλευτών που εξελέγησαν στο Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο στις εννέα εκλογικές αναμετρήσεις από το 1981 έως το 2019. Εξετάζεται εάν μετά το 2014, όταν άλλαξε η μέθοδος επιλογής των υποψηφίων με την εισαγωγή του σταυρού προτίμησης, τα δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά των εκλεγμένων και το κοινωνικό και πολιτικό τους κεφαλαίο διαφέρουν σε σχέση με αυτά των ευρωβουλευτών/τριών που είχαν εκλεγεί τα προηγούμενα χρόνια. Εξετάζεται, επίσης, η σχέση ανάμεσα στο Εθνικό και το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο και, ειδικότερα, α) σε ποιο βαθμό  το Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο λειτουργεί ως σημείο εκκίνησης για την πολιτική σταδιοδρομία των ευρωβουλευτών/τριών στην εθνική πολιτική σκηνή, β) εάν χρησιμεύει ως πεδίο για την εμφάνιση "υπερεθνικών ελίτ" με διακριτά χαρακτηριστικά από εκείνα των εγχώριων ελίτ ή γ) εάν είναι μια μορφή πολιτικής αποστρατείας για τις εθνικές ελίτ. Με βάση τα διαθέσιμα δεδομένα, προτείνεται  μια τυπολογία της καριέρας προς το/στο Ευρωκοινοβούλιο και αναλύονται τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά κάθε επιμέρους τύπου.
Για το βιβλίο: Νίκος Ποταμιάνος (επιμ.) (2021). Εκδοχές της ηθικής οικονομίας: Ιστορικές και θεωρητικές μελέτες. Ρέθυμνο: Ινστιτούτο Μεσογειακών Σπουδών/ΙΤΕ, 399 σελ.
Authors: Lallas Dimitris
Published: July 2021

Ν/Α
An Application of the Information Entropy to Nuclei
Authors: Massen S. E.
Published: July 2021

Shannon's information entropies in position- and momentum-space and their sum $S$ are calculated for various $s$-$p$ and $s$-$d$ shell nuclei using a correlated one-body density matrix depending on the harmonic oscillator size $b_0$ and the short range correlation parameter $y$ which originates from a Jastrow correlation function. It is found that the information entropy sum for a nucleus depends only on the correlation parameter $y$ through the simple relation $S= s_{0A} + s_{1A} y^{-\lambda_{sA}}$, where $s_{0A}$, $s_{1A}$ and $\lambda_{sA}$ depend on the mass number $A$. Finally, we propose a method to determine the correlation parameter from the above property of $S$ as well as the linear dependence of $S$ on the logarithm of the number of nucleons.
Measurements of Energy Loss of Charded Particles Travelling in Crystalline Materials along the Channeling Directon
Authors: Kokkoris M. , Vlastou R. , Papadopoulos C. T. , Aslanoglou X. , Kossionides S. , Grötzscheld R.
Published: July 2021

A method for determining the energy loss and mean dechanneling distance of light charged particles traveling along a low index axis of a crystal in the backscattering geometry, is presented. The method is based on nuclear resonance reactions which act as a marker for the range in the backscattering spectra. Computer simulations based on the assumption of an exponential rate of dechanneling of the incoming particles in the crystalline material, are in good agreement with measured spectra. The results of applying this method to protons and alphas in crystals of Si, SiO2, SiC and MgO are discussed and possible improvements are indicated.
An implementation model for scaling up oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in Kenya: Jilinde project
Authors: Were Daniel , Musau Abednego , Mugambi Mary , Plotkin Marya , Kabue Mark , Manguro Griffins , Forsythe Steven , Glabius Robert , Mutisya Eunice , Dotson Manya , Curran Kelly , Reed Jason
Published: July 2021

Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious way to lower the risk of HIV acquisition among high-risk individuals. Despite the World Health Organization’s 2015 recommendation that all persons at substantial risk of HIV infection be provided with access to oral PrEP, the rollout has been slow in many low- and middle-income countries. Initiatives for national rollout are few, and subtle skepticism persists in several countries about the feasibility of national PrEP implementation. We describe the conceptual design of the Jilinde project, which is implementing oral PrEP as a routine service at a public health scale in Kenya. We describe the overlapping domains of supply, demand, and government and community ownership, which combine to produce a learning laboratory environment to explore the scale-up of PrEP. We describe how Jilinde approaches PrEP uptake and continuation by applying supply and demand principles and ensures that government and community ownership informs policy, coordination, and sustainability. We describe the “learning laboratory” approach that informs strategic and continuous learning, which allows for adjustments to the project. Jilinde’s conceptual model illustrates how the coalescence of these concepts can promote scale-up of PrEP in real-world conditions and offers critical lessons on an implementation model for scaling up oral PrEP in low- and middle-income countries.
Students ‘ Research Work in Russian Language and Literature: a Meta-Subject Approach
Authors: Vayrakh Yuliya , Kazorina A.
Published: July 2021

The article presents the experience of implementing the metasubject approach in the research activities of students. The authors believe that it is necessary to pay attention to the organization of research activities in the lessons of the Russian language and literature in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. The research method is aimed at developing the thinking of students, and research work in the field of philology has its own specifics. The article describes the features of different types of research activities of students in the field of philology, gives recommendations for organizing the educational process and involving students in research work.
To the Question of Intellectual Giftedness and the Peculiarities of Its Manifestation at School Age
Authors: Nikitina E. , Sharonova O.
Published: July 2021

This article presents an analysis of psychological and pedagogical research devoted to the problem of the intellectual giftedness of schoolchildren. The authors reveal the peculiarities of the manifestation of the phenomenon of giftedness in the conditions of the educational process.
Hernán Cortés y su relación epistolar con Carlos V: el fiel vasallo "al servicio de Su Majestad"
Authors: Gómez-Aguado Guadalupe
Published: July 2021

Hernán Cortés, el conquistador de México, llevó a cabo sus conquistas entre 1519 y 1525. En esos años mantuvo una intensa relación epistolar con el emperador Carlos V, a quien dirigió sus Cartas de relación y muchas otras cartas y memoriales. A su vez, el emperador premió a Cortés con vasallos, títulos y honores. Sin embargo, al pasar de los años, cuando Cortés se estableció en la Nueva España, esa relación epistolar, que al principio fue muy fructífera, al final se convirtió en una molestia por las continuas quejas y reclamos del conquistador. Así, entre 1530 y 1547, después de los años de gloria, la relación entre Cortés y el monarca se tornó lejana y complicada. En este trabajo se analizan algunas de las cartas que Hernán Cortés envió al emperador y se hace una reflexión sobre la importancia de su figura en la España del siglo XVI, así como la relevancia de una relación, la del emperador y el conquistador, que cambió la faz del mundo entonces conocido.
“A lo criollito, yo le cantaré”. España y la Nueva España en la obra de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Authors: POOT-HERRERA SARA
Published: July 2021

Mediante un análisis histórico y documental, se indaga en las posibles percepciones e influencias que en la vida de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz pudo haber tenido su exposición a los incipientes movimientos sociales y culturales de la época del virreinato en la Nueva España. A lo largo de su obra, la poeta novohispana se refiere a España y a la Nueva España. De la primera, recoge la tradición literaria y la transforma, dedica poemas a los representantes de la monarquía y reconoce su propia herencia española; de la segunda, recoge la lengua nahua, el español mexicano y el eco de otras lenguas
“Un mismo cuerpo y una misma nación”: lealtad y fidelidad a España. Nueva Granada, 1813-1816
Authors: Cardona Zuluaga Patricia
Published: July 2021

Este artículo explora la situación que enfrentaron los llamados realistas durante la Independencia en la Nueva Granada y su lenguaje de amor y subordinación al rey, a través del cual ratificaban su pertenencia a la comunidad política española, aun habiendo nacido en América. El rey no era un símbolo lejano, sino una presencia sentida y vivida por sus vasallos americanos. Las guerras de Independencia no enfrentaron, como lo adujo la historiografía tradicional, a criollos y peninsulares, sino a miembros de un mismo cuerpo político, quienes por mantenerse leales a la corona o haber nacido en la península, fueron convertidos en enemigos a exterminar, tal como se dispuso en el Decreto de guerra a muerte de 1813, expedido por Simón Bolívar.
Nacional-liberalismo: la legitimación del franquismo entre capitalismo tardío y guerra fría
Authors: Sales Juan Carlos
Published: July 2021

Desde al menos 1945, el régimen de Franco condicionó su existencia a la capacidad de adaptarse a las exigencias del mundo occidental de posguerra, en diversos aspectos políticos y sociales. Los cambios más visibles en el seno del franquismo fueron tanto la progresiva desaparición de elementos puramente fascistas como la asunción de un rol católico y anticomunista que hiciera más afable la cara del Régimen, lo cual se correspondió con un acercamiento al reciente aliado estadounidense. Sin embargo, estas transformaciones deben verse en un contexto más amplio, englobando una perspectiva historiográfica que les otorgue pleno sentido. La tesis que se defiende aquí es que la línea económico-política que siguió el franquismo, especialmente a partir de los años 50 (planificación, desarrollismo, modernización…), estuvo legitimada y auspiciada por un discurso concreto –y hegemónico en la parte Occidental de Europa– que tiene como base una visión de la historia asimismo única o hegemónica: la historia del liberalismo económico de guerra fría, así como la idea de modernización que se deriva de ella.
España ante la Revolución Industrial 4.0: mercado laboral y formación
Authors: Choi Alvaro
Published: July 2021

Los procesos de robotización e introducción de inteligencia artificial asociados a la Revolución Industrial 4.0 implican cambios económicos y sociales. En este artículo se analizan sus implicaciones para el mercado laboral español, discutiéndose la existencia de posibles desajustes, presentes o futuros, entre la oferta y la demanda de trabajadores. Por ello se analiza, por un lado, la evolución reciente de la estructura productiva española y, por otro, la oferta laboral. Más concretamente, se presta especial atención al nivel educativo y de competencias de los trabajadores, ya que resultan centrales en la definición de los perfiles profesionales generados como consecuencia de la digitalización y automatización de la economía. Algunas de las fortalezas y debilidades, de la estructura formativa de la población española son discutidas a continuación. La Revolución Industrial 4.0 genera nuevas oportunidades para los trabajadores con mayor nivel formativo y elevadas competencias digitales, financieras o en áreas STEM. Por el contrario, los trabajadores de edad más avanzada y los trabajadores con un menor nivel formativo aparecen entre los colectivos más vulnerables. La introducción de reformas en el sistema formativo resulta urgente no solamente para consolidar el proceso de transformación económica, sino para minimizar también los costes sociales asociados a la Revolución Industrial 4.0.
Conformación de la identidad andaluza a partir del discurso. La revista Andalucía durante su etapa de publicación en Sevilla (1916-1917).
Authors: Moreno-Pérez José Luis
Published: July 2021

La consolidación de la prensa como medio de difusión de ideas y programas políticos durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX verifica la capacidad de las fuentes hemerográficas para estudiar la construcción de identidades políticas. Así sucede con la revista Andalucía, órgano de expresión andalucista durante la etapa regionalista/nacionalista del andalucismo histórico (1915/1919-1930). Este trabajo pretende aplicar el análisis crítico del discurso (ACD) elaborado por Van Dijk a Andalucía coincidiendo con su etapa de publicación en Sevilla (1916-1917). Partiendo de la bibliografía consolidada y el paradigma historiográfico del giro lingüístico, se examina la construcción de la identidad andalucista durante el epílogo de la Restauración (1898-1930), caracterizado, entre otros aspectos, por el surgimiento de los regionalismos y nacionalismos en determinados rincones de la geografía española. Desde esta perspectiva, se asiste a una aproximación distinta acerca de lo escrito sobre el andalucismo histórico, cuyo discurso reflejado en la prensa histórica indica una ideología conformada a partir de la interacción de distintas identidades que definen a lo andaluz.
Terrazas en altura como oferta turística experiencial: el caso de Madrid.
Authors: Babinger Frank , Serrano-Cambronero María Milagros
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo se centra en el análisis de las terrazas en altura de la ciudad de Madrid como ejemplo de las nuevas demandas turísticas en entornos urbanos. De esta manera destacan como muestra de oferta destinada a satisfacer las necesidades de los turistas posmodernos que piden experiencias turísticas de calidad. La metodología se ha basado en primer lugar en una revisión bibliográfica, en segundo lugar, en la búsqueda de terrazas a través de páginas web especializadas y trabajo de campo, y su posterior georreferenciación, y por último en el análisis de la información. Se presenta la distribución espacial de las mismas, a través de cartografía actualizada, realizada tras la georreferenciación de las terrazas. Destaca que las terrazas en altura entroncan directamente con la oferta de turismo experiencial y de calidad demandada por los turistas, a la vez que su distribución geográfica muestra su clara relación con el área más turística de la ciudad de Madrid.
La forma de la expansión urbana en una ciudad media del interior de la pampa bonaerense desde una perspectiva histórica urbano-ambiental (1779-2021).
Authors:   María Eugenia Goicoechea, Giusti Mariana , Goicoechea María Eugenia
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las formas y tendencias que adoptó la expansión de la matriz edificada de una ciudad intermedia localizada en el interior de la región pampeana bonaerense (Chascomús, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). El estudio abarca el período 1779-2021 y se centra en la tríada historia, territorio y norma. Con un diseño metodológico que recupera y sistematiza una gran base empírica, se integran en el análisis: el efecto de las relaciones históricas, económicas y sociales; las características territoriales y ambientales; y la influencia de las normativas en las formas que adoptó la expansión urbana. El trabajo, además de ser ilustrativo de un contexto general de crisis del modelo de desarrollo geográfico basado en la primacía urbana y del cuestionamiento al afianzamiento de estructuras macrocefálicas, aporta al conocimiento de las dificultades que se presentan en este tipo de ciudades, recorriendo su conformación físico-espacial, sus limitaciones, amenazas y potencialidades.
EFL students’ perspectives on the employment of language learning strategies
Authors: Duong Tham My , Nguyen Hang T. T.
Published: July 2021

It is widely acknowledged that language learning strategies (LLSs) are beneficial to learners’ academic achievements, learner autonomy and motivation; however, it is indicated that Vietnamese students, particularly high school students have found it hard to employ LLSs. This paper aims at exploring language learning strategies used by high school students and underlying reasons at a high school located in Ho Chi Minh City. The study involved 238 EFL high school students in responding to a closed-ended questionnaire and twenty of them in answering the semi-structured interview questions. The quantitative data collected from the questionnaire were processed by SPSS version 25.0 in terms of descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data were analyzed by the content-based approach. The results of the study indicated the EFL high school students’ moderate use of LLSs. Remarkably, metacognitive strategies were the most commonly used category, compared to memory strategies – the least employed category. The findings may serve as a guideline for EFL teachers on facilitating high school students’ English language learning. It is also hoped that the results of this study may contribute to the literature about English language learning strategies in EFL contexts.
Virtual or face to face classes: Ecuadorian university students’ perceptions during the pandemic
Authors: Sevy-Biloon Julia
Published: July 2021

Due to the pandemic, classes have moved online for 2020-2021, and a return to face-to-face classes in the National University of Education (UNAE) in Ecuador is unknown. Students studying in the undergraduate program to be English language teachers are slowly adapting to this new form of E-learning, and some have found that they prefer online classes, while many are waiting for the day they return to classes. The objective of this study is to look at the pros and cons given by 69 students discussing why taking classes virtually or face to face is a better option for EFL and being an ELT professional in these turbulent times.  Some prefer online learning for various reasons such as safety, comfort, economic reasons, and having more time in general. While some find E-learning difficult and want to return to synchronous classes because they feel there is little interaction between classmates and teachers, cannot practice English authentically, cannot get clarification from the teacher, have a hard time concentrating online, and there are constant internet connection issues. In conclusion, this information has great importance for teachers today who are struggling to teach in this new medium and teach to the needs of their students to aid in their planning and will contribute to future teachers who will teach online.
Obesity in cats and dogs: simple things you can do
Authors: Calcraft Lindsay
Published: July 2021

Obesity in cats and dogs, is a complex and incurable (but treatable) disease which negatively affects quality and longevity of life. The rising trend is concerning for both pet owners and the veterinary profession. This disease can feel an overwhelming one to tackle at times but there are some simple steps that can be implemented to make a difference. Talking openly about pet obesity, without judgement can improve trust with pet owners, making conversations about cats and dogs with obesity easier. Weighing and body condition scoring pets regularly, from early on in life and recording these values allows trends to be spotted more easily. This means any reactive nutritional recommendations and/or feeding behaviour changes can be made and implemented earlier. Recommending a diet appropriate to the pet's caloric needs, while ensuring meal satisfaction and limiting food seeking behaviour, can go some way towards achieving or maintaining a healthy weight and owner compliance. Combining these nutritional recommendations with daily weighing of the recommended diet on digital scales can also be beneficial. If we all implement some small changes in the way we approach cats and dogs with obesity or indeed those at risk of having obesity, we can make a difference.
Reducing dog bites and promoting safety: Merseyside Dog Safety Partnership
Authors: Schofield Rebecca , Oxley James A. , Westgarth Carri
Published: July 2021

The UK is well known for being a nation of dog lovers and recent evidence has shown the positive impact owning a dog can have on human health and wellbeing. However, for people who have experienced a dog bite injury, this can be quite a different story.
Validación de contenidos de Educación para el desarrollo para el análisis de manuales escolares
Authors: Ortega-Gaite Sonia , Perales Montolio María Jesús , Sancho-Álvarez Carlos , Quintano Nieto Judith
Published: July 2021

INTRODUCCIÓN. En un mundo globalizado marcado por las grandes desigualdades económicas y la falta de acceso universal a la educación y la sanidad de calidad, es necesario trabajar desde la educación escolar contenidos que visibilicen, sensibilicen y den a conocer al alumnado la realidad mundial en la que cohabitan. La Educación para el Desarrollo es una perspectiva de gran valor para abordar esta temática en el espacio escolar en la formación de valores ciudadanos. MÉTODO. A partir de la revisión de documentos de referencia a nivel internacional y nacional, se presenta un listado inicial de contenidos de Educación para el Desarrollo que son validados a través de un proceso de juicio desde los criterios de pertinencia, ubicación y formulación realizado por 82 personas expertas del contexto social y/o académico vinculadas estrechamente al ámbito de la Educación para el Desarrollo. RESULTADOS. Los resultados muestran un acuerdo significativo entre los jueces en sus valoraciones de la pertinencia en el listado de contenidos. Los jueces confirman la organización en cuatro bloques, proponen mejoras de elementos de formulación y permiten revisar la estructura de contenidos, pasando de 22 a 18. DISCUSIÓN. Se concluye con un listado de contenidos que proporciona una base para el análisis de manuales escolares y/o para el diseño curricular desde la perspectiva de Educación para el Desarrollo de forma directa y/o transversal. De forma complementaria, se facilita una escala para analizar cómo son tratados los contenidos señalados en los manuales escolares respecto a: qué enseñar, actitudes que promueven y procedimientos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en clave de Educación para el Desarrollo.
Modulation of fatty acid elongation in cockroaches sustains sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons and female attractiveness
Authors: Pei Xiao-Jin , Fan Yong-Liang , Bai Yu , Bai Tian-Tian , Schal Coby , Zhang Zhan-Feng , Chen Nan , Li Sheng , Liu Tong-Xian
Published: July 2021

Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) serve as important intersexual signaling chemicals and generally show variation between the sexes, but little is known about the generation of sexually dimorphic hydrocarbons (SDHCs) in insects. In this study, we report the molecular mechanism and biological significance that underlie the generation of SDHC in the German cockroach Blattella germanica. Sexually mature females possess more C29 CHCs, especially the contact sex pheromone precursor 3,11-DimeC29. RNA interference (RNAi) screen against the fatty acid elongase family members combined with heterologous expression of the genes in yeast revealed that both BgElo12 and BgElo24 were involved in hydrocarbon (HC) production, but BgElo24 is of wide catalytic activities and is able to provide substrates for BgElo12, and only the female-enriched BgElo12 is responsible for sustaining female-specific HC profile. Repressing BgElo12 masculinized the female CHC profile, decreased contact sex pheromone level, and consequently reduced the sexual attractiveness of female cockroaches. Moreover, the asymmetric expression of BgElo12 between the sexes is modulated by sex differentiation cascade. Specifically, male-specific BgDsx represses the transcription of BgElo12 in males, while BgTra is able to remove this effect in females. Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism responsible for the formation of SDHCs and also provide evidences on shaping of the SDHCs by sexual selection, as females use them to generate high levels of contact sex pheromone.
Modeling NaV1.1/SCN1A sodium channel mutations in a microcircuit with realistic ion concentration dynamics suggests differential GABAergic mechanisms leading to hyperexcitability in epilepsy and hemiplegic migraine
Authors: Lemaire Louisiane , Desroches Mathieu , Krupa Martin , Pizzamiglio Lara , Scalmani Paolo , Mantegazza Massimo
Published: July 2021

Loss of function mutations of SCN1A, the gene coding for the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1, cause different types of epilepsy, whereas gain of function mutations cause sporadic and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3 (FHM-3). However, it is not clear yet how these opposite effects can induce paroxysmal pathological activities involving neuronal networks’ hyperexcitability that are specific of epilepsy (seizures) or migraine (cortical spreading depolarization, CSD). To better understand differential mechanisms leading to the initiation of these pathological activities, we used a two-neuron conductance-based model of interconnected GABAergic and pyramidal glutamatergic neurons, in which we incorporated ionic concentration dynamics in both neurons. We modeled FHM-3 mutations by increasing the persistent sodium current in the interneuron and epileptogenic mutations by decreasing the sodium conductance in the interneuron. Therefore, we studied both FHM-3 and epileptogenic mutations within the same framework, modifying only two parameters. In our model, the key effect of gain of function FHM-3 mutations is ion fluxes modification at each action potential (in particular the larger activation of voltage-gated potassium channels induced by the NaV1.1 gain of function), and the resulting CSD-triggering extracellular potassium accumulation, which is not caused only by modifications of firing frequency. Loss of function epileptogenic mutations, on the other hand, increase GABAergic neurons’ susceptibility to depolarization block, without major modifications of firing frequency before it. Our modeling results connect qualitatively to experimental data: potassium accumulation in the case of FHM-3 mutations and facilitated depolarization block of the GABAergic neuron in the case of epileptogenic mutations. Both these effects can lead to pyramidal neuron hyperexcitability, inducing in the migraine condition depolarization block of both the GABAergic and the pyramidal neuron. Overall, our findings suggest different mechanisms of network hyperexcitability for migraine and epileptogenic NaV1.1 mutations, implying that the modifications of firing frequency may not be the only relevant pathological mechanism.
Computational Eurotransplant kidney allocation simulations demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of T-cell epitope matching
Authors: Niemann Matthias , Lachmann Nils , Geneugelijk Kirsten , Spierings Eric
Published: July 2021

The EuroTransplant Kidney Allocation System (ETKAS) aims at allocating organs to patients on the waiting list fairly whilst optimizing HLA match grades. ETKAS currently considers the number of HLA-A, -B, -DR mismatches. Evidently, epitope matching is biologically and clinically more relevant. We here executed ETKAS-based computer simulations to evaluate the impact of epitope matching on allocation and compared the strategies. A virtual population of 400,000 individuals was generated using the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) haplotype frequency dataset of 2011. Using this population, a waiting list of 10,400 patients was constructed and maintained during simulation, matching the 2015 Eurotransplant Annual Report characteristics. Unacceptable antigens were assigned randomly relative to their frequency using HLAMatchmaker. Over 22,600 kidneys were allocated in 10 years in triplicate using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations on 32-CPU-core cloud-computing instances. T-cell epitopes were calculated using thewww.pirche.comportal. Waiting list effects were evaluated against ETKAS for five epitope matching scenarios. Baseline simulations of ETKAS slightly overestimated reported average HLA match grades. The best balanced scenario maintained prioritisation of HLA A-B-DR fully matched donors while replacing the HLA match grade by PIRCHE-II score and exchanging the HLA mismatch probability (MMP) by epitope MMP. This setup showed no considerable impact on kidney exchange rates and waiting time. PIRCHE-II scores improved, whereas the average HLA match grade diminishes slightly, yet leading to an improved estimated graft survival. We conclude that epitope-based matching in deceased donor kidney allocation is feasible while maintaining equal balances on the waiting list.
Emergence of directional bias in tau deposition from axonal transport dynamics
Authors: Torok Justin , Maia Pedro D. , Verma Parul , Mezias Christopher , Raj Ashish
Published: July 2021

Defects in axonal transport may partly underpin the differences between the observed pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and that of other non-amyloidogenic tauopathies. Particularly, pathological tau variants may have molecular properties that dysregulate motor proteins responsible for the anterograde-directed transport of tau in a disease-specific fashion. Here we develop the first computational model of tau-modified axonal transport that produces directional biases in the spread of tau pathology. We simulated the spatiotemporal profiles of soluble and insoluble tau species in a multicompartment, two-neuron system using biologically plausible parameters and time scales. Changes in the balance of tau transport feedback parameters can elicit anterograde and retrograde biases in the distributions of soluble and insoluble tau between compartments in the system. Aggregation and fragmentation parameters can also perturb this balance, suggesting a complex interplay between these distinct molecular processes. Critically, we show that the model faithfully recreates the characteristic network spread biases in both AD-like and non-AD-like mouse tauopathy models. Tau transport feedback may therefore help link microscopic differences in tau conformational states and the resulting variety in clinical presentations.
Transdisciplinary research and clinical priorities for better health
Authors: Fontana Luigi , Fasano Alessio , Chong Yap Seng , Vineis Paolo , Willett Walter C.
Published: July 2021

Modern medicine makes it possible for many people to live with multiple chronic diseases for decades, but this has enormous social, financial, and environmental consequences. Preclinical, epidemiological, and clinical trial data have shown that many of the most common chronic diseases are largely preventable with nutritional and lifestyle interventions that are targeting well-characterized signaling pathways and the symbiotic relationship with our microbiome. Most of the research priorities and spending for health are focused on finding new molecular targets for the development of biotech and pharmaceutical products. Very little is invested in mechanism-based preventive science, medicine, and education. We believe that overly enthusiastic expectations regarding the benefits of pharmacological research for disease treatment have the potential to impact and distort not only medical research and practice but also environmental health and sustainable economic growth. Transitioning from a primarily disease-centered medical system to a balanced preventive and personalized treatment healthcare system is key to reduce social disparities in health and achieve financially sustainable, universal health coverage for all. In this Perspective article, we discuss a range of science-based strategies, policies, and structural reforms to design an entire new disease prevention–centered science, educational, and healthcare system that maximizes both human and environmental health.
Strongyloides stercoralis and HTLV-1 coinfection in CD34+ cord blood stem cell humanized mice: Alteration of cytokine responses and enhancement of larval growth
Authors: Springer Lauren E. , Patton John B. , Zhan Tingting , Rabson Arnold B. , Lin Hsin-Ching , Manser Tim , Lok James B. , Hess Jessica A. , Abraham David
Published: July 2021

Viral and parasitic coinfections are known to lead to both enhanced disease progression and altered disease states. HTLV-1 andStrongyloides stercoralisare co-endemic throughout much of their worldwide ranges resulting in a significant incidence of coinfection. Independently, HTLV-1 induces a Th1 response andS.stercoralisinfection induces a Th2 response. However, coinfection with the two pathogens has been associated with the development ofS.stercoralishyperinfection and an alteration of the Th1/Th2 balance. In this study, a model of HTLV-1 andS.stercoraliscoinfection in CD34+umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell engrafted humanized mice was established. An increased level of mortality was observed in the HTLV-1 and coinfected animals when compared to theS.stercoralisinfected group. The mortality was not correlated with proviral loads or total viral RNA. Analysis of cytokine profiles showed a distinct shift towards Th1 responses in HTLV-1 infected animals, a shift towards Th2 cytokines inS.stercoralisinfected animals and elevated TNF-α responses in coinfected animals. HTLV-1 infected and coinfection groups showed a significant, yet non-clonal expansion of the CD4+CD25+T-cell population. Numbers of worms in the coinfection group did not differ from those of theS.stercoralisinfected group and no autoinfective larvae were found. However, infective larvae recovered from the coinfection group showed an enhancement in growth, as was seen in mice withS.stercoralishyperinfection caused by treatment with steroids. Humanized mice coinfected withS.stercoralisand HTLV-1 demonstrate features associated with human infection with these pathogens and provide a unique opportunity to study the interaction between these two infectionsin vivoin the context of human immune cells.