bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Externally Oriented Thinking of Obese Men and Women
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Kaji Norie
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of scores on alexithymia and obesity. The obese group ( n = 47) reported significantly higher total scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale than the nonobese group ( n = 190). Of the four factors of alexithymia, although significant differences were not found in the statistical analysis with a Bonferroni correction, scores on externally-oriented thinking (so-called “pensée operatoire”) were higher for the obese group than the nonobese group. The results suggest that persons with simple obesity are prone to alexithymia, in particular externally-oriented thinking.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Time Management Behavior Scale
Authors: Adams Gary A. , Jex Steve M.
Published: August 2011

This study reports the results of a confirmatory factor analysis of the 1990 Time Management Behavior scale of Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips. The results support the hypothesized factor structure of the scale.
Gender Differences in Perceived and Real Knowledge of Financial Investments
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare men and women on two concepts, self-perceived knowledge or what one thinks one knows about some topic and real or actual knowledge of that topic. A survey of 457 students showed that the men ( n = 234) claimed to know more about financial investments than the women ( n = 223) and also scored higher than the women on a test of real investment knowledge. About the same proportions of both sexes reported current ownership of savings accounts, stocks, and bonds, but men reported more plans to own stocks and bonds than women.
Mental Representations concerning the Sex of the Baby of Pregnant Nulliparous Women Who Wished a Boy or a Girl
Authors: Marleau Jacques D. , Saucier Jean-François , Borgeat François , Bernazzani Odette , David Hélène
Published: August 2011

The objective was to obtain the mental representations concerning the sex of the child of 125 nulliparous third- and fourth-mo. pregnant women who wished a boy or a girl, using Kelly's Repertory Grid. Our data indicate that the grid's average of the two groups of women is significantly different from 3 (the neutral point).
Transfer of Social Attributions in Stimulus Equivalence Classes by Preschool Children
Authors: Egli Mark , Joseph Beth , Thompson Travis
Published: August 2011

The transfer of social attributions within stimulus-equivalence classes comprised of photographs of children was examined. Five children (mean age: 4 yr., 2 mo.) were taught conditional discriminations sufficient for the emergence of two 3-member equivalence classes (A1-B1-C1 and A2-B2-C2). Social attributions were established by using two photographs to identify fictional children who could facilitate (B1) or prevent (B2) the participant's reinforcement on a computer game. Transfer of attribution was assessed by asking the participants questions regarding predicted social behaviors by children in all six photographs. One set of questions pertained explicitly to the response-options of the computer game; a second set referred to other prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Three children chose photographs in response to questions consistent with their experience with members B1 and B2 of the shared equivalence class when the questions pertained to the computer game. One subject also selected photographs in response to questions about predicted prosocial and antisocial behavior which reflected her experience with the B1 and B2 photographs.
Social Psychological Indicators Associated with the Suicide Rate: Replying to the Socioeconomic Hypothesis
Authors: Ferrada-Noli Marcello
Published: August 2011

The Swedish counties manifesting the highest suicide rate, were investigated with regard to social psychological (acknowledgement of social assistance) and socioeconomic indicators (county income, and percentage of population in the lowest and highest income categories). Among these counties, were found the highest percentages of people in the lowest income class and also the highest percentage of households admitting social help. Gotland, having the highest suicide rate among the 24 counties of Sweden, was also the poorest, and in addition exhibited the highest percentage of persons in the lowest income class and the fewest in the highest income class. The findings challenge the socioeconomic hypothesis and suggest anew an association between social psychological strain, low income, and increased suicide rate.
Publication Bias against Null Results
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Armstrong J. Scott
Published: August 2011

Studies suggest a bias against the publication of null ( p >.05) results. Instead of significance, we advocate reporting effect sizes and confidence intervals, and using replication studies. If statistical tests are used, power tests should accompany them.
Time Allocation and Research Productivity among Counseling Faculty
Authors: Liddle Becky J. , Westergren Amy J. , Duke David L.
Published: August 2011

51 counseling and counseling psychology faculty reported their allocation of time to various work activities and the number of manuscripts accepted for publication in the previous year. There was no gender difference in productivity. Time spent on teaching and service were comparable for high and low producers, but high producers reported spending 7 more hours per week working and spent that additional time on research. High producers spent twice as much time on research while producing seven times as many publications, suggesting a more effective use of research time. High producers' suggestions for efficient management of time are presented.
Distinctiveness is in the Eye of the Beholder: Cross-Racial Differences in Perceptions of Faces
Authors: van Wallendael Lori R. , Kuhn Julia C.
Published: August 2011

46 participants rated the distinctiveness of a series of 40 photographed faces of black and white targets. Average ratings of African-American male and female targets were higher for African-American raters than for white raters. Average ratings of Caucasian male and female targets were higher for Caucasian raters than for African-American raters. No significant effects of targets' sex or raters' sex were seen. Results are discussed in relation to cross-racial effects in face recognition by eyewitnesses.
Optimism, Type a Behavior, and Psychological Well-Being in Japanese Women
Authors: Sumi Katsunori , Horie Kiyoshi , Hayakawa Seiichi
Published: August 2011

The relations of self-report scores for optimism, Type A behavior, and stress with those for depression and anxiety were examined in 144 Japanese female college students. A significant interaction of scores on optimism and Type A behavior indicated that subjects who reported higher optimism and higher Type A behavior had a lower mean for anxiety than those who reported lower optimism and higher Type A behavior.
Age and Sex Differences in Health Beliefs and Behaviours
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Kirkcaldy Bruce
Published: August 2011

200 adults completed various questionnaires about their general health awareness, health locus of control, and the perceived causes of illness. Whereas there were fewer age differences than expected, a number of consistent sex differences appeared. For example, the women relied less on “provider control” of health (doctors being in charge), expressed greater “nutritional consciousness,” and believed more than men that psychological factors play an important part in the aetiology of illness.
Correlation among Three Psychological Scales Used in Research of Caregivers for Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Fritz Curtis L. , Farver Thomas B. , Kass Philip H. , Hart Lynette A.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess whether three scales commonly used in psychological research of Alzheimer's disease caregivers—Caregiver Burden Interview, Life Satisfaction Index-Z, and Geriatric Depression Scale—measure similar or different aspects of mental health. Responses from 244 nonprofessional caregivers were used to estimate factor structure, intercorrelation, and independent variables associated with the three scales. Self-rated health was the only variable significantly associated with scores on all three scales. Financial concern and number of weekly telephone calls were associated with total scores on the Satisfaction and Depression scales. Factor models of five, three, and six factors were fitted for the Burden, Satisfaction, and Depression scales, respectively. Correlations of factor scores and canonical variables among the scales did not yield strong associations between subsets of items. Although a few common aspects of caregiving influence scores of all three techniques, the facets of caregivers' psychology assessed by the three scales appear to be different.
The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for Screening Pathological Gamblers
Authors: Johnson Edward E. , Hamer Robert , Nora Rena M. , Tan Benito , Eisenstein Norman , Engelhart Charles
Published: August 2011

A 2-item questionnaire was derived from 10 DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling. Subjects were 362 men, 191 classified as pathological gamblers and 171 as nonproblem-gambling controls. The two items were significant in sensitivity and negative predictive value and significant in specificity and positive predictive value.
Effects of Fictional, Autobiographical and Self-Help Literature on Personality Measures
Authors: Scholz David F. , Forest James J.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated three types of books under different reading conditions and using two measures of personality. Data from 163 women were analyzed in a 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate design, with control groups, which varied type of book (fiction, autobiography, self-help), reading condition (supervised and unsupervised), and order of testing (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and Personal Orientation Inventory). None of the groups who received books to read had mean scores significantly different from those of the control groups. However, the group reading the self-help book had significantly higher scores on scales of self-actualization than the groups using fictional or autobiographical books.
A Follow-up Note on Freud's Mind-Body Dualism: What Ferenczi Learned from Freud
Authors: Silverstein Barry
Published: August 2011

A quotation indicates what Ferenczi thought was Freud's position on the mind-body issue.
Surgical Residents' Scores on Measures of Machiavellianism and Physicians' Uncertainty
Authors: Moore Shirley , Katz Barry
Published: August 2011

51 self-reported scores on the Mach V Scale and 56 scores on Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty Constructs from surgical residents in three different specialties (30 general, 14 orthopedics, 9 urology, and 3 other) showed no significant difference between means on the two measures.
Relationships between Academic Comfort and Career Interests among Rural High School Students
Authors: Mullis Ann K. , Mullis Ronald L. , Brailsford John C.
Published: August 2011

Relationships between Academic Comfort and General Occupational Themes of the 1985 Strong Campbell Interest Inventory were investigated for 1364 high school adolescents. Significant relationships between Academic Comfort and grade, sex, socioeconomic status, and career motivation were found. Academic Comfort scores of adolescents increased with higher grades and girls had higher Academic Comfort scores than the boys at ail grades. The results support Holland's theory of career development during the high school years in that certain career interests during this period of development are related to Academic Comfort.
A Note on Statistics for Comparing Dependent Correlations
Authors: May Kim , Hittner James B.
Published: August 2011

The four statistics examined are available for use in comparing two dependent correlation coefficients (correlations between two predictors and a common criterion from a single sample wherein the predictors themselves may be correlated). There has been much past discussion in the literature of the properties and appropriate situations for these statistics. Two somewhat counterintuitive results are given here; both are examined using variables of interest to applied clinical researchers. It is shown by example that there are situations for which the observed value of these statistics increases (and thus power increases) as the predictor intercorrelation increases. Further, it is shown that there are situations for which the observed statistics increase as the magnitude (but not the difference) of the two correlations being compared increases, holding the predictor intercorrelation constant.
Predictors of Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents
Authors: Williams Janice G. , Covington C. Jenine
Published: August 2011

Cigarette smoking among adolescents was predicted by age, race, involvement in activities with peers and family, peer smoking, family's smoking, and peers' acceptance of smoking. A random sample of 1,826 South Carolina public school students served as subjects. Multiple regression analysis indicated that 43% of the variance in reported cigarette smoking could be explained by these variables. Older, white subjects and subjects with friends and family members who smoked were more likely to smoke themselves. Adolescents who reported low family involvement and high peer involvement were more likely to smoke. High peer involvement and peers' approval of smoking were also associated with greater reported smoking.
Intervention in Transmission of Insecure Attachment: A Case Study
Authors: Juffer Femmie , van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J.
Published: August 2011

Several attachment-based intervention studies have been performed, with varying success. An important question is whether short-term interventions can be successful in promoting parental sensitivity and security of infant-parent attachment as well as in changing parental representations of attachment. We investigated this issue in an exploratory way in a case study. A short-term home-based intervention with written material and video feedback, which was effective regarding parental sensitivity and infant security in a former study, was provided a parent who revealed an insecure attachment representation in the Adult Attachment Interview. The intervention sessions were expanded with discussions about past and present experiences of attachment. After four intervention sessions the mother's behavior towards her child was rated as more sensitive than before the intervention. Also, the infant-mother attachment, as observed in the Strange Situation, appeared to be more secure. Nevertheless, in a second Adult Attachment Interview administered after the intervention, the mother showed again an insecure representation of attachment. Possible implications of these results are discussed.
Occupational Aspirations of Black South African Adolescents
Authors: Watson Mark B. , Foxcroft Cheryl D. , Horn Martina A. , Stead Graham B.
Published: August 2011

The present study provides a description of the occupational aspirations of 216 black high school students in a special program by the amount of training required (status) and Holland's 1973 typology as well as by gender, age, socioeconomic status, knowledge of self, and occupational knowledge. Analysis indicates that most adolescents aspire to Social and Investigative occupations, and occupations with a high status. Most of this select sample displayed low self- and occupational knowledge. Aspirations appear unrealistic in terms of trends within the labor market, but might be more realistic with effective and relevant guidance programs in schools
Association of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Income with Wife Abuse
Authors: Hastings Brad M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the association of right-wing authoritarianism and amount of income with wife abuse. 93 men currently involved in relationships completed Altemeyer's Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, the Conflict Tactics Scale, and reported their age, yearly income, and spouse's yearly income. Analyses indicates that among lower income males, high right-wing authoritarianism scores were associated with higher scores on the Conflict Tactics Scale.
On the Relationship between Scientific Knowledge and Scientific Reasoning Skills among Elementary School Students
Authors: Thull Sandra , Bart William M.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between scores on scientific knowledge and scientific reasoning among 67 elementary school students in Grades 6 to 8 was investigated. Scientific knowledge was assessed by an objective test of life science knowledge consisting of 40 multiple-choice items. Scientific reasoning was assessed by a test of life science reasoning skills consisting of 10 essay items. Both scientific knowledge and scientific reasoning increased across grades and were significantly correlated. However, when controlling for scientific knowledge, grade differences in scientific reasoning were nonsignificant, but differences in scientific reasoning between boys and girls were significant, with girls scoring higher than boys.
Chronic Drinking, Binge Drinking and Drunk Driving
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

Data from the Brief Risk Factor Surveillance System on 47 states were examined in an ecological analysis of the relationship between rates of binge drinking, chronic drinking, and driving while intoxicated (DWI). DWI rates were significantly associated with rates of binge drinking but not with chronic heavy drinking. This finding has implications for the nature and targets of efforts toward prevention.
Relationships between Schill's Self-Defeating Personality Scale and Coolidge's Personality Disorders Inventory
Authors: Schill Thomas , Sparenberg Jayson
Published: August 2011

81 men and 82 women were administered Schill's (1990) Self-defeating Personality Scale and Coolidge's (1992) Axis Two Inventory. As expected, Schill's and Coolidge's measures of self-defeating personality disorder were highly correlated (.70 for men and .74 for women). Scores on Schill's scale also had correlations > .50 with scores on six of the other personality disorder scales for men and five for women. This argues against self-defeating personality disorder as measured by Schill's scale being a distinct construct. The pattern of the correlations suggests that besides assessing a person's maladaptive self-defeating traits, Schill's measure also may assess the person's anxiety and concerns about interpersonal relationships.
Further Validation of the Vengeance Scale
Authors: Hutt Michelle J. , Iverson Heidi L. , Bass Heather , Gayton William F.
Published: August 2011

Further validation of the Vengeance Scale was explored. Scores on the scale were significantly and positively correlated with measures of hypermasculinity and inversely correlated with personal values of kindness and self-control for 25 men; however, college women's scores did not correlate significantly with either kindness or self-control. Further research is needed to assess whether the scale is valid for men as well as women.
Characteristics and Motives of Adolescent Volunteers in Wildlife Education
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: August 2011

The characteristics and motives of 63 suburban adolescents (20 boys, 43 girls) who are concerned with learning how to care for and make significant contributions to wildlife and the environment were assessed by telephone interviews. The data confirm studies of adults in that significantly more girls than boys became volunteers, significantly more volunteers' families than average families experienced caring interactions with animal life through pet ownership, and significantly more volunteers reported that concern for wildlife arose during early childhood rather than later. The data also indicate that early childhood experiences with pets, with adults acting as role models and providing social approval, and having instruction in wildlife care with peers all contributed to their positive attitudes toward wildlife and the pursuit of their volunteer work. Over-all, the results suggest that adolescents, wildlife, and the environment might benefit if wildlife care programs could be established for other youth such as inner city teenagers.
Personality and Happiness
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Cheng Helen
Published: August 2011

Scores for 83 participants ( M age = 23.2 yr.) on the Oxford Happiness Inventory and the NEO Five Factor Inventory were correlated (.26 to −.44), suggesting that if stability is an insulator against unhappiness then extraversion is a positive factor.
Urban vs Rural Residence and IQ
Authors: Alexopoulos Demetrios S.
Published: August 2011

In a stratified random sample ( N = 2926) used for the standardisation of AH4 by Heim for the age range from 13 to 18 years in Greece, the difference in IQ between urban and rural children was examined The differences between urban and rural residence and IQ were significant at all ages except the 15-yr. group; but the latter account for a small percentage (1%) of variability. IQs of both rural and urban boys are higher than those of girls, on the average.
A Note on Measuring Apprehension about Writing
Authors: Rechtien John G. , Dizinno Gerard
Published: August 2011

Having revised Daly and Miller's 1975 unidimensional Writing Apprehension Test, Riffe and Stacks in 1992 proposed eight multidimensional factors derived from responses to 56 items in their Mass Communication Writing Apprehension Measure, administered to communication students to identify the various dimensions of apprehension about writing shared with business writers and specific to their major. The current authors administered the questionnaire at the beginning of an academic year to 419 freshmen from all undergraduate schools and majors at a private liberal arts university. It was hypothesized that the factors found among the homogeneous population of communication majors would not be replicated among the more heterogeneous student population. The hypothesis was partially upheld. Seven factors were identified. Two duplicated most items found by Riffe and Stacks (1992), four added items, and one was new. The results of this study suggest that, although the general population of students differs from students in mass communication, as Riffe and Stacks remarked, the groups also share similar content in their writing apprehension, that writing apprehension is multidimensional, that caution must be exercised when administering any instrument for the diagnostic and counseling purposes suggested by Riffe and Stacks, and that writing apprehension should also be investigated from the perspective of locus of control.
Comparison of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale and WAIS-R IQ Scores for a Sample of Public Sector Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Emmons Judith , Wagner Alisha , Stallings Gabland
Published: August 2011

This study examined the use of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale as a screening device in an intellectually low functioning psychiatric population of 40 inpatients. Shipley IQ scores were significantly correlated .72 with Full Scale WAIS-R IQ scores. There was no significant difference between the mean IQ scores generated from the two measures. These findings suggest that the Shipley scale may be used in this population despite a caution by the test's publisher that the test should not be used in assessing intellectual functioning in individuals with borderline or lower intelligence.
Parents' and Young Adults' Individualism-Collectivism: Ethnic Group Differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

This study examined to what extent ethnic group differences in young adults' individualistic-collectivistic orientations could be attributed to their parents' socialization orientations. Data were collected from 320 21-yr.-olds and their parents from Anglo-, Greek-, and Italian-Australian families as part of a longitudinal investigation. The findings indicated that the relations between parents' and young adults' individualistic-collectivistic orientations differed for women and men and varied among ethnic groups.
The Association of Self-Monitoring with Self-Disclosure
Authors: Bryan Jennifer , Dodson Deanna , Cullari Salvatore
Published: August 2011

While there are many studies of self-monitoring and self-disclosure independently, few studies have looked at their relationship. Such inquiry may help refine the definitions of these two complex constructs as well as clarify how interpersonal relationships are formed. For 100 undergraduate students at a small liberal arts college a small but significant negative correlation ( r = −.20) was found between scores on the Self-monitoring Scale and Self-disclosure Index. The men had significantly higher self-monitoring scores than the women, but not on self-disclosure.
Validity and Reliability of an Arabic Modified Version of the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test
Authors: Elkorashy Abdelfattah I.
Published: August 2011

An Arabic modified version of the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test was administered to 400 boys and girls in secondary school. Their ages ranged from 15 to 23 years ( M = 16.2 yr., SD = 1.4). The validity and reliability of the test were estimated according to the classical model and the Rasch model and adequate evidence of validity and reliability were obtained, supporting the efficiency and the suitability of the test as a measure of mental ability in the Arab culture.
Teachers' Perceptions of Effective Preparation to Teach
Authors: Houtz John C. , Weinerman Ilene K.
Published: August 2011

The Delphi Technique of survey and consensus-building was used to obtain ratings from experienced teachers to four questions related to their professional preparation. 13 teachers with varying amounts of experience completed four rounds of questioning over a 14-wk. period. The highest-rated responses indicated teachers' perceived importance of classroom organization and management skills, lesson design and delivery skills, and a “humanistic” orientation toward pupils. These perceptions were considered in relation to conclusions from research on effective teaching.
Poststroke Anxiety and its Relationship to Coping and Stage of Recovery
Authors: Gillespie David C.
Published: August 2011

Anxiety disorders are reported to be common but poorly understood poststroke phenomena. The relationships between symptoms of anxiety, coping activity, and stage of recovery were investigated in 44 subjects who had suffered strokes (mean age 68.6 years). Consistent with general models of anxiety disorders, anxiety was associated with more frequent use of avoidant coping strategies. No significant relationship was found between time poststroke and self-reported distress.
Social Psychological Indicators Associated with the Suicide Rate: A Comment
Authors: Lester David , Savlid Ann-Christine
Published: August 2011

The suicide rates of Swedish counties in 1980 were predicted by population density and the proportion of babies born to single mothers, indicating that social variables may be more important than economic variables in predicting Swedish suicide rates, in contrast to Ferrada-Noli's conclusion.
Relations of Perceived Causes and the Experience of Loneliness
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: August 2011

Previous research yielded five factors which comprise the experience of loneliness, namely, Emotional distress, Social inadequacy and alienation, Growth and discovery, Interpersonal isolation, and Self-alienation. The perceived causes of loneliness were grouped into factors of Personal inadequacies, Developmental deficits, Unfulfilling intimate relationships, Relocation and significant separations, and Social marginality. Using principal components factor analysis, the relations of perceived causes and the various aspects of loneliness were examined for 295 men and 338 women. All five of the perceived causes appeared to contribute to experienced loneliness. While scores on Emotional distress were strongly related to all five factors of perceived causes, the other four factors were differentially related.
Assessing Stress among Public School Principals in British Columbia
Authors: Allison Donald G.
Published: August 2011

643 public school principals in British Columbia, Canada responded to a survey on administrative stress. The findings show that stress is a serious concern for these administrators. In contrast to other studies of administrative stress, “administering the negotiated contract” was a source of stress uniquely important to school principals in British Columbia. A multivariate analysis indicated that principals who had greater total scores on the measure of administrative stress perceived that administrative isolation was a problem for them, reported greater stress due to the job, had seriously considered leaving school administration, felt that principals were under greater stress than other members of their community and reported that they had to cope with scarce or limited resources at their schools.
The Sex of One's Friends
Authors: Brown Anna M. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The number of close friends was associated with higher perceiving (versus judging) scores and the proportion of close friends who were male was associated with high intuiting (versus sensing) scores in a sample of 67 female college students.
Attribution of Responsibility for Alcohol-Related Offenses
Authors: Kelly Katherine T. , Campbell James L.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined how individuals attribute responsibility for alcohol-related offenses. Subjects were classified into 4 groups based on the type of consequences they received for their alcohol use and were asked to complete 2 measures of causal attributions following each of 2 scenarios which depicted different severities of outcome of alcohol-related offenses. Using a 2-way multiple analysis of variance the 2 × 4 repeated-measures design indicated no significant difference between groups based on consequences. A significant difference was found for severity of outcome suggesting individuals attribute differing responsibility based on the outcome of alcohol-related events.
Adjustment of Children and Interaction of Parent and Child among Single Mothers in a Disadvantaged South African Community
Authors: Skuy Mervyn , Koeberg Melita , Fridjhon Peter
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationships among family status (intact vs single parent), socioeconomic status, parent-child interaction, and children's adjustment in a disadvantaged “Coloured” community in South Africa. Data were collected from 48 mothers, including 12 married mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 single mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 married mothers of low socioeconomic status, and 12 single mothers of low socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status, single mothers rated their children as significantly less adjusted than mothers in the other three groups. These and other findings suggest the importance of taking both family status and socioeconomic status into account. While the findings of this study are not conclusive, they could have implications for the “Coloured” community of South Africa and similar groups.
Life Satisfaction and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Detwiler Fred R. J. , Byravan Anupama
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that happy and unhappy people have different personality profiles based on five personality factors (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) was tested using 245 undergraduates (111 men and 134 women) who completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the NEO Personality Inventory. Analysis indicated that High and Low Satisfaction groups had significantly different personality profiles, supporting the hypothesis.
Major Depression: A Breakdown in Sense of Coherence?
Authors: Carstens Johannes A. , Spangenberg Judora J.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between major depression and the salutogenic construct of sense of coherence was investigated. The Sense of Coherence scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 50 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and to 50 control subjects. Significant negative correlations were found between scores on Depression and total scores on the Sense of Coherence scale as well as all three of its subscales (Comprehensibility, Manageability, and Meaningfulness). A significant positive correlation was found between scores on the Sense of Coherence scale and age. Of the three subscales, a low score on Meaningfulness was the best predictor of scores on Depression.
Self-Reported Locus of Control is Based on Feelings of Depression as Well as on Asymmetry in Activation of Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: De Brabander B. , Gerits P. , Hellemans J.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 50 patients with primary breast cancer we obtained interviews, answers to questionnaires, blood samples, and reaction times on two stimulus discrimination tests on the day of admission to the hospital for a biopsy. Locus of control scores on Rotter's I-E Locus of Control Scale seemed to be directly associated with an indicator of depressed mood and one of relative activation of the right cerebral hemisphere. Other variables of which one might have expected a mediating role did not show significant partial relationships with the dependent variable.
Reasons Given for the 1941–1945 War with Japan: Contrasting Interpretations
Authors: Krus David J. , Nelsen Edward A. , Webb James M.
Published: August 2011

Alternative interpretations of events leading to war with Japan in 1941 were evaluated. The standard version of the events was preferred by 31 of the 90 subjects who were enlisted to participate in the study by 20 students. The version of the events describing this story within the framework of the influence of Western colonization on the cultures of the countries of the Far East was endorsed by 50 subjects. Of the 90 subjects 9 were undecided. The major underlying issues were described based on content analysis of these subjects' responses.
Sex Differences in Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David , Linn Margaret
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 40 German suicide notes, men and women did not differ in the presence of motives of disrupted interpersonal relationships or of work/career/financial crises.
Male Negotiators: Chivalry or Machismo or Both?
Authors: Cantrell R. Stephen , Butler John K.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the behavior of male negotiators as a function of the sex of their opponents and observers having no stake in the outcomes. Participants were 409 graduate and undergraduate students who engaged in role played negotiation. Analyses were conducted for only the all-male dyads. These males were rated as more dominating and offered to pay more when observed by women ( n = 29) than by men ( n = 64). Previously, dominating behavior had been interpreted as “chivalry” when male negotiators had stake-holding constituents. Since our observers were disinterested, our results (stated above) suggest that “machismo” might be a better interpretation than “chivalry” for such behavior. Although we found no evidence of obliging behavior by men with female opponents (which could be defined as chivalry), we did find dominating behavior by men with female constituents (which could also be defined as chivalry), but only when these men had female opponents.
A Multivariate Reanalysis of Data from ‘Parenting Behaviors: A Content Analysis of Situational Comedies Based on TV Fictional Families’
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Webb Farrell J. , Lawrence-Wynn Elaine
Published: August 2011

Data presented by Bundy, Zvonkovic, and Thompson (1997) are reanalyzed, using multivariate logit analysis. While results similar to those found in their bivariate analyses were obtained in multivariate analysis, greater confidence can be placed in the findings because of the additional controls used. Rates of reinforcement modeled on regular television programs do appear to be related strongly to appropriate types of parenting behavior, especially for noncontroversial programs.
Perceptual Differences in Racial Descriptions of Euro-American and Hispanic Persons
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joseph , Adeyemi-Bello Tope
Published: August 2011

This study examined negative stereotypes held about Hispanic persons by 116 Euro-American graduating MBA students. Schein's 92-item Descriptive Questionnaire (1973) was rated by subjects as either positive (e.g., intelligent, persistent, ambitious, etc.) or negative (e.g., uncertain, passive, nervous, etc.). 53 items were characterized as positive while 18 were considered negative. When applied to Euro-American and Hispanic persons, zero and 8 negative items, respectively, could be used to describe these two groups in general. Conversely, while 26 positive items were used exclusively to describe Euro-American persons, only one could be applied exclusively to Hispanic persons. The potential effects of such perceptions on Hispanic persons job opportunities are discussed.
Development of the Eating Attitude Inventory for Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Akimoto Michiko
Published: August 2011

The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Eating Attitude Inventory for Diabetes Mellitus in a sample of 178 patients with diabetes mellitus. Reliability was supported by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, and relatively high test-retest correlations. Validity was indicated by correlation with the Eating Attitudes Test designed for eating disorders. This inventory may be useful for assessing eating attitudes of patients with diabetes mellitus.
The Kogan Attitudes toward Old People Scale: Is it Time for a Revision?
Authors: Hilt Michael L.
Published: August 2011

The Kogan Attitudes Toward Old People scale has been used in gerontological research for more than 35 years. Criticisms of the scale, including dated wording and response bias, have increased in the 1990s. Researchers must examine the scale and decide whether a revision is now necessary.
Toward a System Theory of the Mind
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The concepts of structural family therapy are used to provide a way of analyzing a subself or systems theory of the mind.
Assessing Study Approaches in Sweden
Authors: Watkins David , Dahlin Bo
Published: August 2011

Research into how Swedish students learn has mainly been based on qualitative methods In this paper we report evidence of the appropriateness of a Sweden version of the Biggs Study Process Questionnaire for 149 Swedish students in education. The questionnaire's scales were moderately internally consistent and showed the expected underlying factor structure. Scores on the scales correlated as predicted with a measure of self-esteem. Possible uses of this questionnaire with Swedish students are discussed.
Categorizing Coping Responses for Envy: A Multidimensional Analysis of Workplace Perceptions
Authors: Vecchio Robert P.
Published: August 2011

A multidimensional scaling analysis of the perceptions of 160 undergraduate business majors suggested two underlying dimensions for coping responses to an envy-arousing situation, Constructive-Destructive and Engaging Others-Disengaging from Others.
Infant Mortality among American Indians
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Over the 12 regions of the Indian Health Service in 1987, the number of households predicted neonatal mortality, while median income predicted postnatal infant mortality rates.
Romantic Acts in Portugal
Authors: Neto Félix
Published: August 2011

Two studies are presented in this paper. In the first, 103 university women between ages 19 and 27 yr. completed an open-ended questionnaire on romantic acts. They were asked to cite specific acts of romance. Among the top three most frequently specified acts were sending or receiving flowers, sharing outdoor leisure activities, and walking. Responses were compared to those of recent studies in which similar information was sought. In Study 2, 133 university women of an average age of 21.2 yr. ranked acts of romance by their importance. Most highly ranked items were related to acts involving physical behavior in contrast with the 1992 study of Tucker.
Do Health Questionnaires Which Do Not Consider Sex Differences Miss Important Information?
Authors: Gibson Linda M. , Cook M. J.
Published: August 2011

The influence of gender on subsets of scores of Sense of Coherence, Hardiness, and personality traits was assessed in relation to psychological well-being using the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire, the Dispositional Resilience Scale, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. In a sample of Open University students (67 men aged 21 to 71 years and 239 women aged 19 to 66 years) sex differences were found in subsets of scores of Sense of Coherence, Hardiness, personality, and psychological well-being.
Hierarchical Structure of Personality in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bonaguidi Franco , Michelassi Claudio , Trivella M. Giovanna , Carpeggiani Clara , L'Abbate Antonio
Published: August 2011

The personalities in coronary heart disease have often been investigated using the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) of Cattell. The aims of this study were to verify the third-order factor structure of 16 PF and to assess the third-order factors in a group of patients with acute myocardial infarction as compared with a group of normal subjects. The primary 16 factor scores of the over-all population of infarcted patients and normal subjects were factored and the results rotated obliquely (dquart solution) to produce nine second-order factors. In a second step the nine second-order factors extracted were processed again by factor analysis and the third-order structure was achieved. The five third-order factors obtained were named Inhibition (α), Internal Feeling (β), Maladaptation (γ), Self-concern and Control (δ), plus an Unidentified Factor (ε). The patients with acute myocardial infarction were significantly different from normal subjects in scores on α, β, γ, and δ. The profile analysis of these four third-order psychological variables differentiated the two groups. In conclusion, the patients with acute myocardial infarction are characterized by difficulties in communication, emotional expression, and adaptation to stress and by a tendency to strong self-control and poor attention to their internal feelings.
Perceptions of Control of Students with and without Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L. , Palmer Susan B.
Published: August 2011

Research in the educational and psychological literature has linked adaptive perceptions of control to positive adult outcomes like better employment, higher quality of life, and increased independence. In recent years these findings have been extended to people with mental retardation. Research with this population has suggested that they tend to be more externally oriented than peers without disabilities or peers with other types of disabilities. This research, however, has not provided direct comparisons between people with mental retardation and other populations. The present study compared the perceptions of control of 431 students (227 boys, 204 girls) ages 10–20 years ( M=14.3) with mental retardation ( n = 94), learning disabilities ( n = 159), or no disabilities ( n = 178). Analysis confirmed that students with mental retardation scored significantly more externally on measures of locus of control and artributions of academic success and failure than their peers with learning disabilities or without disabilities. The discussion focuses on implications for these students.
Sex Differences in Humor
Authors: Myers Scott A. , Ropog Barbara Lorene , Rodgers R. Pierre
Published: August 2011

This study examined how 48 men and 88 women at a small southern university differed in their orientation toward and their uses of humor. They completed two self-report scales with reference to their general use of humor. Analysis indicated that the men reported a greater frequency of attempts at humor than women; men perceived these attempts as more effective than did the women; and the men reported using humor for negative affect more often than women.
Early Memories and Maladjustment
Authors: Spirrison Charles L. , Schneider Isabelle M. , Hartwell Jennifer A. , Carmack Rebecca W. , D'Reaux Robyn A.
Published: August 2011

Earliest memories were elicited from 60 undergraduates, who also completed the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Warder Physical Symptoms Inventory, and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Early memories were scored for the three factors identified by Caruso and Spirrison (Emotional Poise, Activity, and Dependability). These scores were not significantly associated with indices of maladjustment or the social desirability measure. Age at reported earliest memory was significantly related to maladjustment, with persons reporting first memories prior to 4 years of age having significantly higher scores on maladjustment, as measured by the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, than individuals with first memories occurring later. Individuals whose first memories occurred after the age of 5 years reported significantly more somatic concerns than persons with early memories of average onset, i.e., 4 to 5 years of age.
Note on Concurrent Validation of the Personality Assessment Inventory in Law Enforcement
Authors: Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

This study compared the Personality Assessment Inventory and MMPI-168 profiles of 9 law enforcement applicants with published MMPI profiles to provide concurrent validation for the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory to assess personality pathology of peace officer applicants. The sample showed subclinical elevations of the Positive Impression and Treatment Rejection scales on the Personality Assessment Inventory and subclinical elevations on the MMPI validity scales of Lie and Correction and the clinical scales of Psychopathic Deviate and Hypomania. The applicants' mean MMPI profile provided concurrent validation for the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory in this decision on fitness to serve.
A Survey of Fears Associated with Iraqi Aggression among Kuwaiti Children and Adolescents: A Factorial Study 5.7 Years after the Gulf War
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

A survey of the fear-eliciting stimuli associated with Iraqi aggression among Kuwaiti children and adolescents (1020 boys and 1063 girls, 13 to 17 years old) was carried out with a fear schedule of 30 items administered 5.7 years after the Iraqi aggression. The scale has high reliability and concurrent validity. Three significant factors were disclosed and named Iraqi Aggressor, War Machinery, and War Correlates and Effects. Girls attained significantly higher mean scores than boys on all 30 items and total score. It was concluded that the Iraqi aggression's adverse effects has persisted in spite of the passing of 5.7 years since this traumatic experience. The present scale might be used to assess fears of war in research on posttraumatic stress syndrome.
Test-Retest Reliability of Information about Employment Provided in Surveys by People with Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Murphy Gregory C. , McDonald Linda , McDonald Stewart
Published: August 2011

Agreement was examined between the answers to an employment survey administered to discharged patients with spinal cord injury on two occasions 6 mo. apart. Analysis suggested reasonable test-retest reliability, with kappas ranging from .65 to .87 for the categorical data, e.g., current employment information and amount of time before respondents achieved any return to work.
Promoting the Full Inclusion of Emotionally Disturbed Students through “No Fault” Interactions between Parents and Professionals
Authors: Kelly Edward J.
Published: August 2011

The essential focus and topics covered in “no fault” parental training which promotes the full inclusion of emotionally disturbed children in regular school settings are presented.