bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fairness as Social Responsibility: A Moral Self‐regulation Account of Procedural Justice Enactment
Authors: Brebels Lieven , De Cremer David , Van Dijke Marius , Van Hiel Alain
Published: September 2010

Three studies examined the relationship between moral identity and procedural justice enactment and explored the moderating role of regulatory focus in this relationship. In Study 1, an experimental scenario study, leaders with a strong moral identity were more likely to enact decisions accurately in an employee performance evaluation procedure. This effect emerged in the prevention focus condition, but was absent in the promotion focus condition. In Study 2, an organizational field survey, organizational supervisors' moral identity related to self‐reported voice granting, and this effect was pronounced among those with strong (as opposed to weak) dispositional prevention focus. In Study 3, another field study, organizational supervisors' moral identity related to co‐worker ratings of voice granting and this effect was again pronounced among supervisors with strong (as opposed to weak) prevention focus. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a moral self‐regulation account of justice enactment.
IDEAS AT WORK: TOTAL COMMUNICATOR
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: September 2010

Vittorio Colao has been the chief executive of Vodafone Group for two years. He brings to the company some special experience: from 2004–2006 he was CEO of RCS MediaGroup in Milan, which publishes newspapers, magazines and books in Italy, Spain and France. Prior to RCS, he held other jobs in Vodafone, before returning in 2006. Early in his career, he served as a partner at McKinsey in Milan. Colao graduated with a business degree from Bocconi University and an MBA from Harvard Business School. Stuart Crainer talked with Colao in his office overlooking London's Paddington Station, about his views on business, the global economy and leading Vodafone.
THE FUTURE OF WORK
Authors: Gratton Lynda
Published: September 2010

Work is universal. But, how, why, where and when we work has never been so open to individual interpretation. The certainties of the past have been replaced by ambiguity, questions and the steady hum of technology. Now, in a groundbreaking research project covering 21 global companies and more than 200 executives, Lynda Gratton is making sense of the future of work. In this exclusive article she provides a preview of the real world of 21st century work.
VIVA BRAZIL
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: September 2010

Brazil's current status as a major emerging market with a boundless economic horizon is a radical shift from its place in the world in the late 1960s to the mid 1990s. Georgina Peters looks at the lessons Brazil can teach other countries and talks to Fabio de Oliveira Barbosa and Antonio Quintella, a London Business School alumnus, two business leaders who are helping to steer Brazil into the future.
ENTREPRENEURS: SEARCH PARTY
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: September 2010

Entrepreneurs tend to be fixated on coming up with a foolproof idea for a new business and then raising money to start it. Raising start‐up funds is hard, but it doesn't have to be that way. Search funds offer an innovative alternative, and the results are often impressive. Georgina Peters talks to European search fund pioneer Simon Webster.
THINKING ALOUD: JULIAN FRANKS
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: September 2010

Julian Franks is Academic Director of the Centre for Corporate Governance at London Business School and lead investigator for a £1.4 million grant for research into corporate governance. We asked him for an update on his work in progress.
‘The Old Chartist’: Radical Veterans on the Late Nineteenth‐ and Early Twentieth‐Century Political Platform
Authors: TAYLOR ANTONY
Published: September 2010

Former and veteran Chartists were a feature of the late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century political platform in Britain. This article argues that their function was about more than mere adornment. Through their presence, lineages of political longevity were established and memories of the radical past invoked. This article considers the totemic role of the ‘old Chartists’. It locates their significance for successor movements, and scrutinizes their importance in augmenting and modifying the historiography of Chartism. It argues that the personal stories of veteran Chartists were formative for later depictions of the movement, and remain integral to the creation of a radical historiography mediated through the lived experience of struggle, and the historical memory of reform. By engaging with recent ‘continuity’ debates in the historiography of nineteenth‐century popular politics, this article argues that the role of the veteran Chartist contributed to a radical inter‐generational history of reform that frequently remained independent of both liberalism and Toryism.
Hydrogen Fuel‐Cell Vehicles, Energy Policy, and the Ethics of Expertise
Authors: ELLIOTT KEVIN C.
Published: September 2010

abstract

Relatively few thinkers have attempted to develop a systematic ‘ethics of expertise’ (EOE) that can guide scientists and other technical experts in providing information to the public. This paper argues that the prima facie duty to disseminate information in a manner that does not damage the self‐determination of decision makers could fruitfully serve as one of the core principles of an EOE. Moreover, this duty can be fleshed out in promising ways by drawing on the concept of informed consent, which guides medical clinicians in preserving the self‐determination of their patients. The paper applies the resulting ethical framework to recent policy discussions about hydrogen fuel‐cell (HFC) vehicles, both because they have received a good deal of research funding and because their merits have been hotly debated. It concludes that technical experts providing information about HFC vehicles should be especially cognizant of three issues: (1) important alternatives to hydrogen technology that need to be addressed, (2) major false beliefs that should be prevented or corrected, and (3) significant framing effects that could influence the recipients of information.
Team Coordination in Escalating Situations: An Empirical Study Using Mid‐Fidelity Simulation
Authors: Bergström Johan , Dahlström Nicklas , Henriqson Eder , Dekker Sidney
Published: September 2010

The performance of teams, with different levels of domain and crisis management experience, managing unexpected and escalating situations was observed using a mid‐fidelity ship‐bridge simulation and analysed by applying the central concepts of joint activity coordination as well as Woods's theory building on data overload. The coordination strategies used by the teams were evaluated by applying coordination process indicators and the concept of control. The paper discusses how different aspects of team coordination in unexpected and escalating situations, e.g. that teams that maintain a high level of control in escalating situations, avoid or minimize the effects of data overload by using explicit and agreed‐upon goals rather than sharing as much incoming information as possible. The results presented in this paper show the benefits of applying a broad set of theoretical concepts to shed light on the actual demands that escalating situations pose on people's data processing capacities and processes. It also provides guidance on the successful performance of teams in such situations and thus support for the development of successful strategies for their management.
Salmonid T cells assemble in the thymus, spleen and in novel interbranchial lymphoid tissue
Authors: Koppang Erling O. , Fischer Uwe , Moore Lindsey , Tranulis Michael A. , Dijkstra Johannes M. , Köllner Bernd , Aune Laila , Jirillo Emilio , Hordvik Ivar
Published: September 2010

In modern bony fishes, or teleost fish, the general lack of leucocyte markers has greatly hampered investigations of the anatomy of the immune system and its reactions involved in inflammatory responses. We have previously reported the cloning and sequencing of the salmon CD3 complex, molecules that are specifically expressed in T cells. Here, we generate and validate sera recognizing a peptide sequence of the CD3ε chain. Flow cytometry analysis revealed high numbers of CD3ε+ or T cells in the thymus, gill and intestine, whereas lower numbers were detected in the head kidney, spleen and peripheral blood leucocytes. Subsequent morphological analysis showed accumulations of T cells in the thymus and spleen and in the newly discovered gill‐located interbranchial lymphoid tissue. In the latter, the T cells are embedded in a meshwork of epithelial cells and in the spleen, they cluster in the white pulp surrounding ellipsoids. The anatomical organization of the salmonid thymic cortex and medulla seems to be composed of three layers consisting of a sub‐epithelial medulla‐like zone, an intermediate cortex‐like zone and finally another cortex‐like basal zone. Our study in the salmonid thymus reports a previously non‐described tissue organization. In the intestinal tract, abundant T cells were found embedded in the epithelium. In non‐lymphoid organs, the presence of T cells was limited. The results show that the interbranchial lymphoid tissue is quantitatively a very important site of T cell aggregation, strategically located to facilitate antigen encounter. The interbranchial lymphoid tissue has no resemblance to previously described lymphoid tissues.
Surprise? Early visual novelty processing is not modulated by attention
Authors: Tarbi Elise C. , Sun Xue , Holcomb Phillip J. , Daffner Kirk R.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated the influence of direction of attention on the early detection of visual novelty, as indexed by the anterior N2. The anterior N2 was measured in young subjects (n=32) under an attend and an ignore condition. Subjects were presented standard, target/rare, and perceptually novel visual stimuli under both conditions, but under the ignore condition, attention was directed toward an auditory n‐back task. The size of the anterior N2 to novel stimuli did not differ between conditions and was significantly larger than the anterior N2 to all other stimulus types. Furthermore, under the ignore condition, the anterior N2 to visual novel stimuli was not affected by the level of difficulty of the auditory n‐back task (3‐back vs. 2‐back). Our findings suggest that the early processing of visual novelty, as measured by the size of the anterior N2, is not strongly modulated by direction of attention.
A hitchhiker’s guide to the Maritimes: anthropogenic transport facilitates long‐distance dispersal of an invasive marine crab to Newfoundland
Authors: Blakeslee A. M. H. , McKenzie C. H. , Darling J. A. , Byers J. E. , Pringle J. M. , Roman J.
Published: September 2010

Aim  To determine timing, source and vector for the recent introduction of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758), to Newfoundland using multiple lines of evidence.

Location  Founding populations in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, Canada and potential source populations in the north‐west Atlantic (NWA) and Europe.

Methods  We analysed mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic data from European and NWA populations sampled during 1999–2002 to determine probable source locations and vectors for the Placentia Bay introduction discovered in 2007. We also analysed Placentia Bay demographic data and shipping records to look for congruent patterns with genetic analyses.

Results  Demographic data and surveys suggested that C. maenas populations are established and were in Placentia Bay for several years (c. 2002) prior to discovery. Genetic data corroboratively suggested central/western Scotian Shelf populations (e.g., Halifax) as the likely source area for the anthropogenic introduction. These Scotian Shelf populations were within an admixture zone made up of genotypes from both the earlier (early 1800s) and later (late 1900s) introductions of the crab to the NWA from Europe. Placentia Bay also exhibited this mixed ancestry. Probable introduction vectors included vessel traffic and shipping, especially vessels carrying ballast water.

Main conclusions  Carcinus maenas overcame considerable natural barriers (i.e., coastal and ocean currents) via anthropogenic transport to become established and abundant in Newfoundland. Our study thus demonstrates how non‐native populations can be important secondary sources of introduction especially when aided by human transport. Inference of source populations was possible owing to the existence of an admixture zone in central/western Nova Scotia made up of southern and northern genotypes corresponding with the crab’s two historical introductions. Coastal vessel traffic was found to be a likely vector for the crab’s spread to Newfoundland. Our study demonstrates that there is considerable risk for continued introduction or reintroduction of C. maenas throughout the NWA.
The Impact of Medicare Part D on Medication Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Zhang Yuting , Donohue Julie M. , Lave Judith R. , Gellad Walid F.
Published: September 2010

Objective. To evaluate Medicare Part D's impact on use of antihypertensive medications among seniors with hypertension.

Data Sources. Medicare‐Advantage plan pharmacy data from January 1, 2004 to December 12, 2007 from three groups who before enrolling in Part D had no or limited drug benefits, and a comparison group with stable employer‐based coverage.

Study Design. Pre–post intervention with a comparison group design was used to study likelihood of use, daily counts, and substitutions between angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin‐II receptor blockers (ARBs).

Principal Findings. Antihypertensive use increased most among those without prior drug coverage: likelihood of use increased (odds ratio=1.40, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] 1.25–1.56), and daily counts increased 0.29 (95 percent CI 0.24–0.33). Proportion using ARBs increased from 40 to 46 percent.

Conclusions. Part D was associated with increased antihypertensive use and use of ARBs over less expensive alternatives.
Does Higher Quality of Diabetes Management in Family Practice Reduce Unplanned Hospital Admissions?
Authors: Dusheiko Mark , Doran Tim , Gravelle Hugh , Fullwood Catherine , Roland Martin
Published: September 2010

Objective. To investigate the association between indicators of quality of diabetic management in English family practices and emergency hospital admissions for short‐term complications of diabetes.

Study Setting. A total of 8,223 English family practices from 2001/2002 to 2006/2007.

Study Design. Multiple regression analyses of associations between admissions and proportions of practice diabetic patients with good (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] ≤7.4 percent) and moderate (7.4 percent <HbA1c ≤10 percent) glycemic control. Covariates included diabetes prevalence, baseline admission rates, socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic characteristics.

Data. Practice quality measures extracted from practice records linked with practice‐level hospital admissions data and practice‐level covariates data.

Principal Findings. Practices with 1 percent more patients with moderate rather than poor glycemic control on average had 1.9 percent (95 percent CI: 1.1–2.6 percent) lower rates of emergency admissions for acute hyperglycemic complications. Having more patients with good rather than moderate control was not associated with lower admissions. There was no association of moderate or good control with hypoglycemic admissions.

Conclusion. Cross‐sectionally, family practices with better quality of diabetes care had fewer emergency admissions for short‐term complications of diabetes. Over time, after controlling for national trends in admissions, improvements in quality in a family practice were associated with a reduction in its admissions.
The clinical practice of CPCR in small animals: an internet‐based survey
Authors: Boller Manuel , Kellett‐Gregory Lindsay , Shofer Frances S. , Rishniw Mark
Published: September 2010

Objective –To characterize the provision of CPCR by small animal veterinarians in clinical practice and to assess how this practice varies among different levels of expertise.

Design –Internet‐based survey.

Setting –Academia, referral practice, and general practice.

Subjects –Six hundred and two small animal veterinarians in clinical practice. Respondents were grouped a priori according to level of expertise: board‐certified (ACVECC, ACVA, ECVAA) specialists; general practitioners in emergency clinics; general practitioners in general practice (GPG).

Interventions –Email invitations to the online questionnaire were disseminated via a veterinary internet platform and mailing list server discussion groups. Questions explored respondent characteristics, CPCR preparedness, infrastructural and personnel resources, and techniques of basic and advanced life support.

Main Results –In this group of practitioners, the majority (65%) were in general practice. GPG were more likely to perform CPCR <5 times per year and to have 3 or fewer members on their resuscitation team. Most practitioners have a crash cart and drug‐dosing chart available. GPG were less likely to obtain resuscitation codes on their patients, and less likely to use end‐tidal carbon dioxide monitoring or defibrillation. Intubation, oxygen supplementation, vascular access, and external thoracic compressions were widely used, however, GPG were more likely to use lower chest compression rates. Drugs used for CPCR differed among the groups with GPG more likely to use doxapram and glucocorticoids.

Conclusions –CPCR is heterogeneously performed in small animal veterinary medicine; differences exist, both among and within different types of veterinarians with varying levels of expertise, in respect to available infrastructure, personnel and CPCR techniques used.
The prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats in an ICU or recovering from anesthesia
Authors: Vaden Shelly L. , Turman Coral A. , Harris Tonya L. , Marks Steven L.
Published: September 2010

Objective
–
To evaluate the prevalence of albuminuria in dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event.

Design
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Prospective clinical study over a 10‐week period in 2003.

Setting
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Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals
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One hundred and five dogs and 22 cats.

Interventions
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Urine was collected from dogs and cats admitted to the ICU or recovering from an anesthetic event. When possible, a second urine sample was collected approximately 48 hours later from those animals that had albuminuria during the initial screening.

Measurements and Main Results
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All dog samples and most cat samples were screened for albumin using a commercial point‐of‐care immunoassay. Aliquots of samples that tested positive were stored at –20°C until subsequent albumin quantification via antigen capture ELISA. Albuminuria was detected in 63 of 105 (60.0%) dogs and in 14 of 22 (63.6%) cats; the prevalence was higher in animals admitted to ICU than in those recovering from anesthesia. In subsequent samples from 26 dogs, urine albumin decreased in 20 (76.9%) when compared with the first sample; urine albumin was undetectable in 5 (19.2%). In subsequent samples from 6 cats, 4 (66.7%) had decreases in urine albumin when compared with the first sample; 1 (16.7%) was negative for urine albumin. Eleven of 12 dogs (91.7%) and 3 of 4 cats (75%) that died within 3 days of admission to the ICU had abnormal urine albumin; whereas 52 of 93 (55.9%) and 11 of 18 (61.1%) dogs and cats, respectively, who survived more than 3 days had abnormal urine albumin. Dogs with albuminuria were at increased risk of death.

Conclusions
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The prevalence of albuminuria in animals admitted to the ICU or recovering from anesthesia is higher than reported previously and transient in some patients. The presence of albuminuria may be a negative prognostic indicator in this population.
Hepatitis D virus: an update
Authors: Pascarella Stéphanie , Negro Francesco
Published: September 2010

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection involves a distinct subgroup of individuals simultaneously infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and characterized by an often severe chronic liver disease. HDV is a defective RNA agent needing the presence of HBV for its life cycle. HDV is present worldwide, but the distribution pattern is not uniform. Different strains are classified into eight genotypes represented in specific regions and associated with peculiar disease outcome. Two major specific patterns of infection can occur, i.e. co‐infection with HDV and HBV or HDV superinfection of a chronic HBV carrier. Co‐infection often leads to eradication of both agents, whereas superinfection mostly evolves to HDV chronicity. HDV‐associated chronic liver disease (chronic hepatitis D) is characterized by necro‐inflammation and relentless deposition of fibrosis, which may, over decades, result in the development of cirrhosis. HDV has a single‐stranded, circular RNA genome. The virion is composed of an envelope, provided by the helper HBV and surrounding the RNA genome and the HDV antigen (HDAg). Replication occurs in the hepatocyte nucleus using cellular polymerases and via a rolling circle process, during which the RNA genome is copied into a full‐length, complementary RNA. HDV infection can be diagnosed by the presence of antibodies directed against HDAg (anti‐HD) and HDV RNA in serum. Treatment involves the administration of pegylated interferon‐α and is effective in only about 20% of patients. Liver transplantation is indicated in case of liver failure.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF NITROGENASE TO OXYGEN IN TWO HETEROCYSTOUS CYANOBACTERIA1
Authors: Compaoré Justine , Stal Lucas J.
Published: September 2010

The effect of temperature and oxygen on nitrogenase activity in two heterocystous cyanobacteria, Anabaena variabilis Kütz. ATCC29413 and Nostoc sp. PCC7120, was investigated. The cyanobacteria were grown under a 12:12 light:dark (L:D) cycle at 27°C and were subsequently exposed to different temperatures (27, 36, 39, and 42°C) at different steady‐state O2 concentrations (20, 10, 5, 0%). Light response curves of nitrogenase activity were recorded under each of these conditions using an online acetylene reduction assay combined with a sensitive laser photoacoustic ethylene detection method. The light response curves were fitted with the rectangular hyperbola model from which the model parameters Nm, Nd, and α were derived. In both strains, nitrogenase activity (Ntot = Nm + Nd) was the highest at 39°C–42°C and at 0% O2. The ratio Ntot/Nd was 4.1 and 3.1 for Anabaena and Nostoc, respectively, indicating that respectively 25% and 33% of nitrogenase activity was supported by respiration (Nd). Ntot/Nd increased with decreasing O2 concentration and with increasing temperature. Hence, each of these factors caused a relative increase in the light‐driven nitrogenase activity (Nm). These results demonstrate that photosynthesis and respiration both contribute to nitrogenase activity in Anabaena and Nostoc and that their individual contributions depend on both O2 concentration and temperature as the latter may dynamically alter the flux of O2 into the heterocyst.
The Social Psychology of the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Lanning Kevin , Maruyama Geoffrey
Published: September 2010

This article introduces the 16 articles appearing in the 2009 and 2010 volumes of Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy that were submitted in response to a call for papers on “The Social Psychology of the 2008 United States Presidential Election.” The papers touch a wide array of election topics, comparing the backgrounds and values of voters and nonvoters, those voting for different candidates, and those who choose which candidates they support early vs. late during the campaign. These papers, together with several others on media representations of candidates, highlight the continuing presence of race in shaping political attitudes and preferences, and also emphasize the evolution of American prejudices in the election process, from overt rejection of individuals who are racially different, to qualified political support under certain circumstances. Other papers in the collection focus on the role of gender as well as race, and also on some of the many ways in which presidential elections reflect and shape the self‐concepts of American voters.
Bayesian evaluation of the human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening strategy of duplicate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in Xuzhou Blood Center, China
Authors: Liu Pei , Xiao Shan , Shi Zhi‐Xu , Bi Xing‐Xiu , Yang Hai‐Tao , Jin Hui
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Accurate estimation of the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through transfusion is essential for monitoring blood safety. The risk, however, is so low that it can only be estimated by mathematical modeling. With the Bayesian dependence model, this study evaluates the HIV antibody screening strategy of duplicate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in Xuzhou Blood Center and therefore estimates part of the total risks of transfusion‐transmitted HIV infection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from Xuzhou Blood Center between 2004 and 2008 were used. Information was obtained on donor profiles and screening and confirmatory test results. The portion of the risks of HIV infection through transfusion concerned was estimated by evaluating the screening algorithm in terms of its accuracy and predictive power with the Bayesian dependence model.

RESULTS: A total of 234,602 donations from voluntary blood donors in Xuzhou Blood Center were screened for HIV antibody. For the study screening algorithm, its sensitivity, specificity, false‐positive predictive value (FPPV), and false‐negative predictive value (FNPV) were 0.9951 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 0.9763‐0.9997), 0.9991 (95% BCI, 0.9990‐0.9992), 0.9647 (95% BCI, 0.9018‐0.9923), and 1.52 × 10−7 (95% BCI, 7.31 × 10−9‐1.15 × 10−6), respectively. For the positive detection rate (9.60 × 10−4) and FPPV (0.9647), the differences between their own Bayesian median estimates and real values were 2.70 × 10−5 and −0.0033, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: The HIV antibody screening algorithm of duplicate ELISA is well evaluated in its accuracy and predictive power with the Bayesian dependence model. The FNPV measures the part of the risks of transfusion‐associated HIV transmission concerned.
Identification of the CD34 enumeration on the day before stem cell harvest that best predicts poor mobilization
Authors: Szwajcer David , Jennings‐Coutts Alana , Giftakis Angeline , Wall Donna A.
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: We questioned whether CD34 enumeration in peripheral blood on the day before planned collection would identify a patient population that could benefit from an augmented collection strategy during that mobilization attempt.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all adult patients who underwent a first mobilization attempt between January and December 2008 for autologous use was undertaken. Peripheral blood CD34 quantitation on the day before planned collection (Day −1) and day of planned collection (Day 0) was correlated with likelihood of a successful collection.

RESULTS: Of 41 patients (15 with multiple myeloma, 20 with lymphoma, and six with other malignancies) who underwent mobilization 24 patients (58%) were harvested in 1 day (good mobilizers) with the remaining 17 patients (42%) either requiring more than 1 day to collect or were not collected (poor mobilizers [PMs]). A peripheral blood CD34+ count below 10 × 106/L on Day −1 was optimal in identifying PMs (adjusted odds ratio of 7 [1.4‐35]). Increasing the CD34 cutoff from 10 × 106 to 15 × 106/L decreased the prediction of poor mobilization (positive likelihood ratio dropped from 3.3 to 2.2).

CONCLUSION: Peripheral blood CD34 content of less than or equal to 10 × 106 CD34+ cells/L on the day before collection is predictive of poor mobilization whereas higher peripheral blood CD34 counts on Day −1 have a high likelihood of successful 1‐day collection.
TaqMan‐based real‐time polymerase chain reaction for detection of FUT2 copy number variations: identification of novel Alu‐mediated deletion
Authors: Soejima Mikiko , Koda Yoshiro
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: The human FUT2 locus, which encodes a secretor‐type α(1,2)fucosyltransferase, is known to be highly polymorphic. In addition to many single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, three recombination alleles with a deletion of complete or partial FUT2 coding region have been reported.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To detect copy number variations (CNVs) of the FUT2 gene including three recombinant alleles by a high‐throughput system, we developed a triplex TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The relative number of copies of two regions of the FUT2 gene, the 5′ flanking (FUT2‐5′) and FUT2‐promoter (Prom) regions, were determined by comparing the number of threshold cycles (Ct) to those of the albumin gene (ALB) as the internal control (ΔCt).

RESULTS: The mean 2−ΔΔCt values (FUT2‐5′/ALB or Prom/ALB) obtained from 237 samples with known FUT2 copy numbers clearly differentiated two nonoverlapping intervals that corresponded to the one‐copy‐number samples ranging from 0.42 to 0.59 and two‐copy‐number samples ranging from 0.81 to 1.19; no FUT2‐5′ signal for recombination alleles was detected in homozygotes. Using this assay, we detected an individual in a Chinese population with a loss of one copy of the FUT2‐5′ region resulting from a novel Alu‐mediated FUT2 deletion (approx. 4 kb).

CONCLUSIONS: The TaqMan real‐time PCR method was able to detect the number of copies of FUT2 and distinguish different kinds of known CNVs. This system is robust, fast, and suitable for high‐throughput analysis.
Agent‐Based Simulation for Human‐Induced Hazard Analysis
Authors: Bulleit William M. , Drewek Matthew W.
Published: September 2010

Terrorism could be treated as a hazard for design purposes. For instance, the terrorist hazard could be analyzed in a manner similar to the way that seismic hazard is handled. No matter how terrorism is dealt with in the design of systems, the need for predictions of the frequency and magnitude of the hazard will be required. And, if the human‐induced hazard is to be designed for in a manner analogous to natural hazards, then the predictions should be probabilistic in nature. The model described in this article is a prototype model that used agent‐based modeling (ABM) to analyze terrorist attacks. The basic approach in this article of using ABM to model human‐induced hazards has been preliminarily validated in the sense that the attack magnitudes seem to be power‐law distributed and attacks occur mostly in regions where high levels of wealth pass through, such as transit routes and markets. The model developed in this study indicates that ABM is a viable approach to modeling socioeconomic‐based infrastructure systems for engineering design to deal with human‐induced hazards.
Cell Phones and Health Concerns: Impact of Knowledge and Voluntary Precautionary Recommendations
Authors: Cousin Marie‐Eve , Siegrist Michael
Published: September 2010

The article explores how voluntary precautionary recommendations for cell phone usage influence people's health concerns and behavior. An experimental study using a sample of Swiss citizens (N= 408) was conducted. Three different versions of a newly developed booklet, which focused on common misconceptions in regard to mobile communication, and an existing booklet were tested. The experimental design addressed questions of the potential effects of knowledge, precautionary recommendations, and sender identity on health concerns and transfer of the proposed recommendations. Participants’ perceptions were measured three times: immediately before and after reading the booklet, and two weeks later. The reading of the booklets increased participants’ knowledge considerably and led to perceptual changes. In regard to cell phones, health concerns increased after the reading and stayed at a higher level even after two weeks. The negative perception of base stations, in contrast, tended to decrease. Neither the identity of the sender nor the omission of precautionary recommendations had significant effects on health concerns. Provision of specific recommendations enhanced readers’ behavioral changes. Confrontation with information per se, and not precautionary recommendations, influenced the public's health concerns. These changes should not prevent the provision of precautionary recommendations because, in the face of scientific uncertainty, these are the only means through which to enable users to make informed decisions.
Cryptic Diversity of Free‐Living Parabasalids, Pseudotrichomonas keilini and Lacusteria cypriaca n. g., n. sp., as Inferred from Small Subunit rDNA Sequences
Authors: YUBUKI NAOJI , CÉZA VÍT , CEPICKA IVAN , YABUKI AKINORI , INAGAKI YUJI , NAKAYAMA TAKESHI , INOUYE ISAO , LEANDER BRIAN S.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT. Ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic evidence indicate that the Parabasalia consists of seven main subgroups: the Trichomonadida, Honigbergiellida, Hypotrichomonadida, Tritrichomonadida, Cristamonadida, Spirotrichonymphida, and Trichonymphida. Only five species of free‐living parabasalids are known: Monotrichomonas carabina, Ditrichomonas honigbergii, Honigbergiella sp., Tetratrichomonas undula, and Pseudotrichomonas keilini. Phylogenetic analyses show that free‐living species do not form a clade and instead branch in several different positions within the context of their parasitic relatives. Because the diversity of free‐living parabasalids is poorly understood, the systematics of these lineages is in a significant state of disarray. In order to better understand the phylogenetic distribution of free‐living parabasalids, we sequenced the small subunit rDNA from three different strains reminiscent of P. keilini; the strains were isolated from different geographical locations: (1) mangrove sediments in Japan and (2) sediments in Cyprus. These data demonstrated that the free‐living parabasalids P. keilini and Lacusteria cypriaca n. g., n. sp., form a paraphyletic assemblage near the origin of a clade consisting mostly of parasitic trichomonadids (e.g. Trichomonas vaginalis). This paraphyletic distribution of similar morphotypes indicates that free‐living trichomonadids represent a compelling example of morphostasis that provides insight into the suite of features present in the most recent free‐living ancestor of their parasitic relatives.
A Novel Method to Make Tough Ti2AlC/Al2O3‐ and Ti3AlC2/Al2O3‐Laminated Composites
Authors: Li Aijun , Zhou Yanchun
Published: September 2010

A novel method to fabricate titanium aluminum carbides/alumina‐laminated composites with weak interfaces was developed through heat treatment titanium aluminum carbides at 1300°C and low oxygen partial pressure. The laminated composites consist of 0.5‐mm‐thick layers of titanium aluminum carbides joined together by the in situ formed Al2O3 interlayers. The interfaces are free of cracks or delaminations. These laminated materials exhibit better damage tolerance compared with the monolithic counterparts. Crack deflection along the Al2O3 interlayers was the main mechanism for the noncatastrophic failure. The fracture toughness was increased from 4.9 MPa·m1/2 for Ti2AlC to 7.3 MPa·m1/2 for Ti2AlC/Al2O3 composite and from 6.5 MPa·m1/2 for Ti3AlC2 to 10.4 MPa·m1/2 for Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite, and the work of fracture required to break samples was increased from 153 J/m2 for Ti2AlC to 676 J/m2 for Ti2AlC/Al2O3 composite and from 300 J/m2 for Ti3AlC2 to 1317 J/m2 for Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Barium Cerate Using Hexamethylenetetramine
Authors: Bhowmick Sanjit , Basu Joysurya , Xue Yuan , Carter C. Barry
Published: September 2010

Barium cerate is a candidate material for use in solid‐oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and other solid‐state ionic devices, due to its high proton conductivity in reduced‐temperature operating conditions. The present paper investigates the crystal structure, surface and grain morphologies, particle size and distribution, and microstructural defects of both as‐synthesized and heat‐treated nanoparticles of barium cerate. Crystalline barium cerate was successfully synthesized in nanoparticle form using a relatively low‐temperature wet chemistry route using hexamethylenetetramine. X‐ray diffraction was carried out to understand the formation of various phases at different stages of processing. The evolution of the morphology and both the size and the shape of nanoparticles, were studied by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy after different heat‐treatment temperatures. Nanoparticles are found to exhibit a cubic morphology after synthesis at 80°C, and change to a mixed multi‐faceted and equiaxed morphology as annealing temperature is increased to 800°C. Crystallographically oriented surface steps can be observed at the surrounding edges of nanoparticles. Microstructural features, including edge dislocation and low‐angle grain boundaries, are observed in some nanoparticles. Possible mechanisms for nanoparticle formation and the effect of annealing temperature on morphological changes are discussed.
Average and Local Structure of (1−x)BaTiO3−xLaYO3(0≤x≤0.50) Ceramics
Authors: Feteira Antonio , Sinclair Derek C. , Kreisel Jens
Published: September 2010

Dense ceramics of (1−x)BaTiO3−xLaYO3(LBTY) (0≤x≤0.50) have been fabricated by the conventional solid‐state route. Phase purity and crystal structure of LBTY ceramics were investigated using a combination of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction (ED), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD analysis shows the tetragonal distortion of undoped (x=0) BaTiO3(space groupP4mm) decreases with increasingx, reaching an average cubic symmetry (space groupimage) atx=0.05. Forx>0.05, the lattice parameteraincreases almost linearly up tox=0.40, above which a secondary phase isostructural with LaYO3precipitates. ED patterns along [110]pfor 0.30≤x≤0.40 exhibit superlattice reflections at 1/2 (hkl) positions, indicating a doubling of the unit cell, which may arise from either octahedral tilting and/or chemical 1:1 B‐site ordering within nanoclusters. Existence of nanodomains was revealed by dark‐field transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Raman spectroscopy reveals nanoclustering to occur readily at low substitution levels and to increase progressively toward a nanoscale phase separation‐like phenomenon, which precedes the precipitation of individual crystals of an LaYO3‐based solid solution. Three distinctive subgrain microstructures are revealed by conventional TEM imaging.x=0 exhibits ferroelectric microdomains which completely transverse the grains, whereas forx=0.025 and 0.05, ferroelectric microdomains coexist with nanodomains. Other structural features such as core‐shell‐type substructures, {111} twins and dislocations are also observed in some grains. Forx>0.10, only nanodomains are observed.
Sintering Behavior and Dielectric Properties of Yttria/Silica‐Coated BaTiO3 Material with Mn–Si–O Glass
Authors: Lin Jerry C. C. , Wei W. C. J. , Huang C. Y.
Published: September 2010

Sintering behavior and dielectric performance of yttria/silica‐coated BaTiO3 powders (YSBT) with the addition of Mn–Si–O glass (0–0.5 wt%) were investigated. The sample made with YSBT powder of 0.35 μm average particle size was fully sintered at 1300°C in 1 h, and further lowered to 1200°C with 0.2 wt% glass addition. The average grain size and secondary phases of sintered BaTiO3 were characterized with XRD and TEM analyses. The resulted dielectric properties, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and temperature‐capacitance characteristic, have been examined in air or reduced atmosphere, and discussed corresponding to microstructural features.
Photoluminescence Properties and Energy Transfer of Dy3+–Eu3+Codoped Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Xu Weina , Peng Qingwu , Dong Junhui , Gao Yu , Liang Xiaoluan , Wang Shufen , Chen Guorong
Published: September 2010

In the present work, barium phosphate glasses codoped with Dy3+–Eu3+ions are prepared and their photoluminescence properties are studied by the excitation and emission spectra. The dependence of emission spectra on the concentrations of Eu3+and Dy3+is discussed with respect to the energy transfer (ET) process from Dy3+to Eu3+ions and relevant ET mechanism was proposed.
Development of Translucent Oxyapatite Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Shen Yiqiang , Xu Jinling , Tok Alfred , Tang Dingyuan , Khor Khiam Aik , Dong Zhili
Published: September 2010

The pure Sr2Y8(SiO4)6O2 oxyapatite powder materials have been ball milled and spark‐plasma sintered. The microstructures and transmittances in the completely and incompletely densified ceramics were investigated. The ceramic sintered at 1500°C is translucent with 0.7% porosity and its total forward light transmittance can reach about 52% in the infrared region. The transmittance was interpreted based on the microstructures of the ceramic samples and the Mie scattering theory.
Near Infrared Emission and Energy Transfer of Bismuth–Thulium Co‐doped Chalcohalide Glasses
Authors: Yan Qiqi , Shen Ce , Wang Wei , Wang Shufen , Chen Guorong , Xing Zhongwen
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the Bi, Tm3+‐doped and Bi/Tm3+ co‐doped 70GeS2–10Ga2S3–20KBr chalcohalide glasses are prepared. The near infrared luminescence properties of glass samples are investigated by the absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The enhanced emissions at 1230 and 1470 nm have been observed from Bi/Tm3+ co‐doped samples when pumped by an 808 laser diode. The possible energy transfer mechanisms from Bi to Tm3+ ions are proposed.
Enhancement of Ferroelectricity in Neodymium‐ and Vanadium‐Codoped Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 Thin Films
Authors: Do Dalhyun , Kim Jin Won , Kim Sang Su
Published: September 2010

Ferroelectric Na0.5Bi3.99Nd0.5Ti3.97V0.03O15 (NaBNdTiV) thin films were prepared by a chemical solution deposition method and annealed at 750°C under oxygen atmosphere for crystallization. Compared with Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 thin films, the NaBNdTiV thin films exhibit better ferroelectric properties. The values of remnant polarization (2Pr) and coercive field (2Ec) of the NaBNdTiV thin‐film capacitor were 54 μC/cm2 and 248 kV/cm at an applied electric field of 652 kV/cm, respectively. The NaBNdTiV thin film showed good fatigue endurance. An 8% decrease in switchable polarization was observed after 1.44 × 1010 cycles. Leakage current density of the NaBNdTiV thin‐film capacitor was 8.07 × 10−7 A/cm at 100 kV/cm.
Bipolar and Unipolar Fatigue of Ferroelectric BNT‐Based Lead‐Free Piezoceramics
Authors: Luo Zhenhua , Glaum Julia , Granzow Torsten , Jo Wook , Dittmer Robert , Hoffman Mark , Rödel Jürgen
Published: September 2010

The bipolar and unipolar fatigue behavior of the lead‐free piezo‐ and ferroelectric 0.94Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–0.06BaTiO3(94BNT–6BT) was investigated. To obtain a complete profile of the fatigue behavior, both large‐signal (polarization, strain) and small‐signal (d33, ɛ33) properties were measured at room temperature. The results indicate that the material suffers a significant degradation in both large‐ and small‐signal properties after cycling, with most of the fatigue occurring in the first 104cycles of the fatigue test.
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Characteristics of Ba5NdFe1.5Nb8.5O30 Tungsten Bronze Ceramics
Authors: Bai Yang , Zhu Xiao Li , Chen Xiang Ming , Liu Xiao Qiang
Published: September 2010

Ba5NdFe1.5Nb8.5O30 tungsten bronze ceramics were prepared, and the dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics were evaluated together with the structure. The filled tungsten bronze structure in space group P4bm was confirmed. Two obvious dielectric relaxations were observed in the temperature range from 163 to 623 K, and there was a dielectric constant plateau with weak temperature dependence between them. A Debye‐type dielectric relaxation in temperature range from 163 to 410 K is identified to originate from combination effect of the reorientation of the off‐center Fe/Nb ions coupling with charge carrier hopping. The high‐temperature (550–623 K) relaxation can be attributed to the Maxwell–Wagner effects. Moreover, another weak dielectric relaxation was determined below 200 K. The present ceramics exhibited room‐temperature ferroelectric property with Pr=1.0 μC/cm2.
Synthesis and Photoluminescence Characterization of Ellipsoidal Lanthanide Orthophosphate Nanoparticles
Authors: Lu Zhouguang , Gao Rui , Li Wei , Huang Boyun
Published: September 2010

This paper describes a general hydrothermal route for the synthesis of a series of rare‐earth orthophosphates, LnPO4·xH2O (Ln=La, Y, Ce, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, and Yb), with a mean diameter of ∼100 nm. The procedure involves the formation of homogeneous, transparent, metal–citrate–ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel precursors using both citric acid and EDTA as the complexing agents, followed by hydrothermal mineralization to yield the final LnPO4·xH2O nanocrystallites. Techniques of X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope have been used to characterize the as‐synthesized LnPO4·xH2O nanocrystals. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) characterization of the Eu3+‐doped LnPO4·xH2O nanocrystals was carried out. The results indicate that the PL property changes considerably with the ionic radii of the rare‐earth elements.
Effect of Cooling Time on the Morphology and Levitation Force of Single‐Domain Gd–Ba–Cu–O Bulk Superconductors by the Infiltration and Growth Technique
Authors: Li Guo‐Zheng , Yang Wan‐Min
Published: September 2010

The infiltration and growth (IG) process is an effective way for the preparation of bulk REBa2Cu3O7−x (RE‐123) with finely dispersed RE2BaCuO5 (RE‐211) particles compared with the conventional melt growth method. In this paper, single‐domain Gd–Ba–Cu–O (GdBCO) bulk superconductors of 20 mm in diameter, with the same initial composition and cooling temperature window, but with different cooling times, have been fabricated in air by the IG technique. The morphology and levitation force of GdBCO samples are closely related with the cooling time in the same cooling temperature window of 1035°–1015°C. The results indicate that the growth region of single‐domain GdBCO crystal increases with the increasing cooling time, and grows gradually up to the full sample size when the cooling time is >70 h. It is also found that the random nucleation of GdBCO grains can be effectively reduced with prolonging the cooling time. Furthermore, the levitation force of the samples is increasing with the increase of cooling time and nearly saturated when the cooling time reaches above 70 h. The results are very important and helpful for us to reduce the time and energy cost during the fabrication of GdBCO bulk superconductors.
The Effects of Organic Binders on Palladium Impregnated in TiO2Membrane Synthesis: X‐Ray Diffraction Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Abdul Latif , Jaya Muhammad Azan Tamar , Juinn Chieh Derek Chan
Published: September 2010

This paper reports the effects of organic binders on the crystal microstructure of unsupported, Pd2+‐impregnated TiO2membranes. The organic binders used in this study were polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxypropyl cellulose. The use of the binders is important in the production of crack‐free membranes. However, the use of the binders influenced the microstructure of the unsupported TiO2membranes. X‐ray diffraction analysis utilized showed that the addition of binders has caused aggregation of palladium oxide (PdO) during its formation in the TiO2network. This phenomenon directly affects the effectiveness of PdO presence in the suppression of anatase–rutile phase transition. N2adsorb/desorption analysis was conducted to investigate the Pd2+–TiO2membrane morphology at different Pd2+loading. Based on the observation, the presence of 2 wt% Pd2+in the TiO2microstructure has significant impacts on the increment of surface area, pore volume, and average pore width from the original TiO2. However, the surface area shows decrement after the Pd2+loading was further increased from 2 to 6 and 10 wt%.