bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral oximetry: a developing tool for monitoring cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Huppert Elise L. , Parnia Sam
Published: November 2021

Despite improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), survival and neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest remain very poor because of the impact of severe ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury. As the likelihood of survival and favorable neurologic outcome decreases with increasing severity of ischemia during CPR, developing methods to measure the magnitude of ischemia during resuscitation, particularly cerebral ischemia, is critical for improving overall outcomes. Cerebral oximetry, which measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) by near‐infrared spectroscopy, has emerged as a potentially beneficial marker of cerebral ischemia during CPR. In numerous preclinical and clinical studies, higher rSO2during CPR has been associated with improved cardiac arrest survival and neurologic outcome. In this narrative review, we summarize the scientific rationale and validation of cerebral oximetry across populations and pathophysiologic states, discuss the evidence surrounding its use to predict return of spontaneous circulation, rearrest, and neurologic outcome, and provide suggestions for incorporation of cerebral oximetry into CPR practice.
How does purchasing power in OPEC countries respond to oil price periodic shocks? Fresh evidence from Quantile ARDL specification
Authors: Omoke Philip Chimobi , Uche Emmanuel
Published: November 2021

This study provides new insights on the dynamics of oil price shocks and purchasing power (PP) in the top six OPEC economies using the Quantile ARDL modelling technique. Notably, previous studies were largely silent about the impact of oil price periodic shocks on PP. To fill this gap, we used quarterly data of oil prices and PP from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4 drawn from relevant data hosts. Empirical evidence reveals that the effects of oil price shocks vary across the distributions of PP in all the countries. Equally, there is evidence of long‐run asymmetric pass‐through from oil prices to PP in Saudi Arabia, whereas, short‐run asymmetric effects were recorded in Nigeria, and UAE. Also, evidence indicates that PP in Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Angola experience a sharp decline in response to persistent oil price shocks. Additionally, PP in UAE and Algeria witnessed momentary boosts only at quantiles above the mean; however, it fizzles out thereafter. In Kuwait, there is evidence of short‐run boost without corresponding long‐run effects. The findings of this study have important policy implications.
New insights into segmental vitiligo: A clinical and immunological comparison with nonsegmental vitiligo
Authors: Xu Xinya , Jiang Min , Zhang Chengfeng , Qiao Zhuhui , Liu Wenjie , Le Yan , Wu Jiaqiang , Ma Wenjuan , Xiang Leihong Flora
Published: November 2021

The overlaps between segmental vitiligo (SV) and nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) suggest the underlying features of SV, which may be helpful for treating SV. In this study, 379 vitiligo patients were recruited and divided into SV (33.2%), mild‐to‐moderate NSV (M‐NSV, affected body affected area [BSA] ≤10%, 34.0%), and severe NSV (S‐NSV, affected BSA >10%, 32.7%) groups. Demographics and clinical data were collected through in‐person interviews. The disease activity, progression, and prognosis were assessed through 6 months’ follow‐up. Serum cytokines profile and tissue‐infiltrating immune cells were measured by ELISA assay and immunofluorescence, respectively. The SV exhibited lower rates of autoimmune comorbidities and recurrence than the S‐NSV, but performed similar to the M‐NSV. Moreover, the disease activity, progression, serum cytokines profile, and tissue‐infiltrating Th/c1 cells in the active SV and M‐NSV were comparable, but differed significantly from those of the active S‐NSV. The clinical and immunological similarities between SV and M‐NSV presented a deeper autoimmune understanding of SV. Additionally, a classification of active vitiligo according to disease extent may be more clinically meaningful than subtypes for guiding immunomodulatory treatment.
Oral tofacitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata in pediatric patients
Authors: Kibbie Jon , Kines Kelsey , Norris David , Dunnick Cory A.
Published: November 2021

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is characterized by the loss of hair, often in well‐demarcated areas. While the pathogenesis of AA is not entirely understood, it is known that CD8 T cell‐mediated destruction of the hair follicle occurs. There are no curative therapies for AA, although several therapies have been utilized with variable results. Oral tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, has been demonstrated to be efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of adult AA. However, few studies have examined the clinical efficacy and tolerability of oral tofacitinib in the treatment of pediatric AA.

Objective

To summarize the clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with AA treated with oral tofacitinib at the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series conducted at the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic. We included patients with a diagnosis of AA who were 18 years old or younger at the initiation of tofacitinib therapy. Demographics, treatment response, and adverse events were collected from electronic medical records.

Results

Eleven patients (seven females, four males) with AA presented to the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic who were between the ages of 8 and 18 years. Eight patients (72.7%) experienced hair regrowth with oral tofacitinib, while three patients (27.3%) experienced minimal to no hair regrowth. There were no serious adverse events recorded in the study population during the observed treatment period.

Conclusions

Oral tofacitinib was clinically effective in the majority our of patients and well tolerated.
Exogenous acral pigmentation secondary to beetle exposure
Authors: Arredondo Montero Javier , Román Moleón Marina , Sarmiento María del Carmen , Antona Giuseppa , Miguel‐Ferrero Miriam , Martín‐Calvo Nerea
Published: November 2021

We present a 5‐year‐old girl who accidentally crushed an insect of the coleoptera family walking barefoot and secondarily developed an exogenous acral pigmentation. The lesions resolved spontaneously within a few weeks. Proper identification of the insect and a detailed physical examination were key to avoiding unnecessary invasive diagnostic tests.
Short information: Bacterial meningitis in very low birthweight infants in Korea from 2013–2016
Authors: Jung Yu Jin
Published: November 2021

Background

Neonatal bacterial meningitis (BM) has an incidence of 0.2–0.4 per 1,000 births and a mortality rate of 20–25%. Data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) were evaluated to study the incidence, mortality, and risk factors associated with BM in very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW; <1,500 g) infants.

Methods

We analyzed KNN data from 2013–2016 collected from 70 neonatal units.

Results

The incidence of BM in VLBW infants was 40 out of 8,263 (0.5%). The 40 infants with BM had a mean gestational age of 27.1 ± 2.0 weeks and a mean birthweight of 1,036.8 ± 220.0 g. Mean age at diagnosis was 51.5 ± 38.3 days (range, 1–171). Infants with BM were divided into two groups: Group 1 (onset age ≤ 28 days) and Group 2 (onset age > 28 days). Coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CONS) was the most common pathogen underlying meningitis in 11 of 40 cases (28%). BM co‐occurred with bacteremia in 14 of 40) of cases (35%); bacteremia was significantly more common in Group 1 than Group 2 (P < 0.05). Seizure and intraventricular hemorrhage (≥grade 3) were significantly more prevalent in Group 2 than Group 1 (P < 0.05). The mortality rate of infants with BM was 4 out of 40 (10%), which was significantly lower than that of VLBW infants without BM (1,152/8,223, [14%]; P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The incidence of BM in VLBW infants was high, but the mortality rate was low. CONS was the most common pathogen of BM in VLBW infants.
Mistimed malaria parasites re‐synchronize with host feeding‐fasting rhythms by shortening the duration of intra‐erythrocytic development
Authors: O’Donnell Aidan J. , Greischar Megan A. , Reece Sarah E.
Published: November 2021

Aims

Malaria parasites exhibit daily rhythms in the intra‐erythrocytic development cycle (IDC) that underpins asexual replication in the blood. The IDC schedule is aligned with the timing of host feeding‐fasting rhythms. When the IDC schedule is perturbed to become mismatched to host rhythms, it readily reschedules but it is not known how.

Methods

We intensively follow four groups of infections that have different temporal alignments between host rhythms and the IDC schedule for 10 days, before and after the peak in asexual densities. We compare how the duration, synchrony and timing of the IDC differs between parasites in control infections and those forced to reschedule by 12 hours and ask whether the density of parasites affects the rescheduling process.

Results and conclusions

Our experiments reveal parasites shorten the IDC duration by 2–3 hours to become realigned to host feeding‐fasting rhythms with 5–6 days, in a density‐independent manner. Furthermore, parasites are able to reschedule without significant fitness costs for them or their hosts. Understanding the extent of, and limits on, plasticity in the IDC schedule may reveal targets for novel interventions, such as drugs to disrupt IDC regulation and preventing IDC dormancy conferring tolerance to existing drugs.
Effect of exercise on serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentration in racehorses
Authors: Flick Marnie , Vinther Anne M. L. , Jacobsen Stine , Berg Lise C. , Gimeno Marina , Verwilghen Denis , Howden Wade , Averay Kate , van Galen Gaby
Published: November 2021

Serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (sNGAL) is a marker of renal injury, and its concentrations are affected by inflammation. Therefore, it could serve as a useful biomarker of disease or fitness in high‐level competition. However, it has not yet been determined if sNGAL concentrations are affected by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of equine sNGAL were affected by 1000 m galloping as the form of exercise used in the study. Pre‐ and post‐gallop sNGAL, serum amyloid A, and creatinine concentrations were evaluated in 14 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses. The results showed that short, high‐intensity exercise did not significantly affect sNGAL concentrations in healthy horses (P = .42), and no significant difference was found in either creatinine or serum amyloid A before and after galloping (P > .05). Therefore, it was determined that sNGAL was not influenced by the type of exercise used in the study and could have the potential to be used as a routine laboratory screening tool in horses even after strenuous exercise. Future research should clarify its use in a larger population and a broader range of equine sport disciplines, including endurance‐related exercise.
A new species of Bryobiinae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and first report of Aplonobia eurotiae (Mitrofanov & Strunkova) from Turkey
Authors: Çobanoğlu Sultan , Ueckermann Edward Albert , Cilbircioğlu Cihan
Published: November 2021

The Bryobiinae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Turkey are reviewed and presented here. The distribution and habitats of these species are provided. A new Bryobia species, Bryobia cagani sp. nov., is described based on four females which were collected on grass and lettuce in a garlic field located at Kastamonu. Aplonobia eurotiae (Mitrofanov & Strunkova) (Acari, Tetranychidae) is reported for the first time in Turkey, based on specimens collected on a Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) from the Nemrut Mountains close to Adıyaman. Aplonobia eurotiae is re-described and an identification key to the Turkish species of Bryobiinae and world species of Aplonobia is presented.
Comparative study of thermal desorption and pumping performance for TiZrV-, Pd-, or Pd/TiZrV-coated copper tubes
Authors: Jin Xiuguang , Uchiyama Takashi , Tanimoto Yasunori , Honda Tohru
Published: November 2021

TiZrV, Pd, and Pd/TiZrV (Pd-overcoated TiZrV) films are prepared and evaluated to clarify the effect of overcoated Pd layers on the film thermal desorption and pumping performance. In thermal desorption experiments after CO dosing, the Pd/TiZrV films release the sorbed CO, but the TiZrV films do not. This difference in behavior indicates that the Pd layers limit the accumulation of carbon on or near the surface. The Pd/TiZrV films show H2 sticking probabilities more than three times greater than those for the TiZrV films because of the superior H2 dissociation and diffusion properties of Pd. However, Pd exhibits a higher H2 equilibrium pressure than TiZrV; thus, the Pd/TiZrV films exhibit a lower pumping rate than the TiZrV films at H2 pressures close to the H2 equilibrium pressure. In addition, the Pd layers are confirmed to effectively protect the underlying TiZrV films during atmospheric exposure, resulting in a long operating life.
Vitamin D levels in hospice in-patients
Authors: Lovell Pippa , Bullen Kathryn
Published: November 2021

Objective

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was obtained alongside routine blood tests in all suitable patients admitted to the St Cuthbert’s Hospice Inpatient Unit for a period of 12 months. Supplementation was offered to exclude vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency as a contributor to the complex pain and symptom profile of our patients.

Methods

During admission, and alongside routine blood tests, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D test was requested for suitable patients. Supplementation was offered to patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 50 nmol/L.

Results

This audit identified that 79.73% of patients assessed had a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level less than 50 nmol/L and were therefore insufficient or deficient in vitamin D. The results of the audit were discussed within the clinical team at the hospice and guidance changed to obtain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in all suitable patients. A reaudit highlighted that some patients were missed from testing and therefore reminders were sent to the clinical team.

Conclusions

Most patients admitted to St Cuthbert’s Hospice had either insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. It seems reasonable for all suitable palliative care patients to have their vitamin D level checked and to be started on a suitable dose of vitamin D replacement therapy.
Does forest tree species composition impact modelled soil recovery from acidic deposition?
Authors: Ott Neil F.J. , Watmough Shaun A.
Published: November 2021

Acidic deposition depleted soil base cation pools throughout central Ontario, particularly during the second half of the 20th century. While sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition have declined in recent decades, forest harvesting may continue to remove base cations from soils, highlighting the need for reliable soil chemistry forecasts. This study investigated whether differences in soil chemistry among forest plots dominated by different tree species affected predictions using a dynamic biogeochemical model, the Very Simple Dynamic model. Soil base saturation was modelled from 1850 to 2100 in plots dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), or yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.). Three scenarios that manipulated future atmospheric S and N deposition and forest harvesting (2020–2100) were applied. When future atmospheric S and N deposition remained at 2020 levels and harvesting continued, base saturation increased marginally (2.0%–4.5%) in all plots. Further increases in base saturation were minor (∼1%) by 2100 when deposition reductions were implemented. When future forest harvesting was excluded, soil base saturation increased 3.4%–8.5% from 2020 to 2100. These results suggest that tree species composition has minimal influence on modelled soil chemistry forecasts in response to changes in acidic deposition, and such models can be broadly applied for regional predictions.
Scalarized Einstein–Maxwell-scalar black holes in a cavity
Authors: Yao Feiyu
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study the spontaneous scalarization of Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes enclosed by a cavity in an Einstein–Maxwell-scalar (EMS) model with non-minimal couplings between the scalar and Maxwell fields. In this model, scalar-free RN black holes in a cavity may induce scalarized black holes due to the presence of a tachyonic instability of the scalar field near the event horizon. We calculate numerically the black hole solutions, and investigate the domain of existence, perturbative stability against spherical perturbations and phase structure. The scalarized solutions are always thermodynamically preferred over RN black holes in a cavity. In addition, a reentrant phase transition, composed of a zeroth-order phase transition and a second-order one, occurs for large enough electric charge Q.
NONLOCALITY DYNAMICS INDUCED BY A LAMB–DICKE NONLINEARITY IN TWO DIPOLE-COUPLED TRAPPED IONS UNDER INTRINSIC DECOHERENCE
Authors: ABDEL-ATY ABDEL-HALEEM , MOHAMED A.-B. A. , ELEUCH H.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we explore the nonlinear dynamics of two dipole-coupled-trapped ions in the Lamb–Dicke regime. The dynamics of the generated two-trapped-ions correlations under intrinsic decoherence is quantified by Bell function, the uncertainty-induced nonlocality, and the concurrence. We investigate the effects of the Lamb–Dicke nonlinearity, the intrinsic decoherence, and the two-trapped-ions coupling. It is found that the two-trapped-ions state has different nonlocal correlations. These correlations can be controlled. In the absence of decoherence, the nonlocal correlations can be enhanced by the Lamb–Dicke nonlinearity and the two-trapped-ions coupling. The stable value and the sudden death-birth phenomenon of the entanglement can be apperceived due to the increase of the Lamb–Dicke nonlinearity. The intrinsic decoherence reduces and stabilizes the nonlocal correlations. They are more pronounced with large Lamb–Dicke values. The decoherence effects are reduced by the strong Lamb–Dicke nonlinearity.
Programming-level and redundancy-free method for enhancing software reliability against transient errors in hardware
Authors: Arasteh Bahman , Solhi Reza
Published: November 2021

Software play remarkable roles in different critical applications. On the other hand, due to the shrinking of transistor size and reduction in supply voltage, radiation-induced transient errors (soft errors) have become an important source of computer systems failure. As the rate of transient hardware faults increases, researchers have investigated software techniques to control these faults. Performance overhead is the main drawback of software-implemented methods like recovery blocks that use technical redundancy. Enhancing the software reliability against soft errors by utilizing inherently error masking (invulnerable) programming structures is the main goal of this study. During the programming phase and at the source code level, programmers can select different storage classes such as automatic, global, static and register for the data into their program without paying attention to their inherent reliability. In this study, the inherent effects of these storage classes on the program reliability are investigated. Extensive series of profiling and fault-injection experiments were performed on the set of benchmark programs implemented with different storage classes. Regarding the results of experiments, we find that the programs implemented with automatic storage classes have inherently higher reliability than the programs with static and register storage classes without performance overhead. This finding enables the programmers to develop highly reliable programs without technical redundancy and performance overhead.
On the weak invariance principle for non-adapted stationary random fields under projective criteria
Authors: Lin Han-Mai
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study the central limit theorem (CLT) and its weak invariance principle (WIP) for sums of stationary random fields non-necessarily adapted, under different normalizations. To do so, we first state sufficient conditions for the validity of a suitable ortho-martingale approximation. Then, with the help of this approximation, we derive projective criteria under which the CLT as well as the WIP hold. These projective criteria are in the spirit of Hannan’s condition and are well adapted to linear random fields with ortho-martingale innovations and which exhibit long memory.
The wave packet transform in the framework of linear canonical transform
Authors: Prasad Akhilesh , Ansari Z. A.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we introduce the concept of linear canonical wave packet transform (LCWPT) based on the idea of linear canonical transform (LCT) and wave packet transform (WPT). Parseval’s identity and some properties of LCWPT are discussed. The inversion formula of LCWPT is formulated. Moreover, the composition of LCWPTs is defined and some properties are studied related to it. The LCWPTs of Mexican hat wavelet function are obtained.
Study of stellar structures in f(ℛ,𝒯μν𝒯μν) theory
Authors: Sharif M. , Gul M. Zeeshan
Published: November 2021

This paper deals with the dynamics of cylindrical collapse with anisotropic fluid distribution in the framework of [Formula: see text] gravity. For this purpose, we consider non-static and static cylindrical spacetimes in the inner and outer regions of a star, respectively. To match both geometries at the hypersurface, we consider the Darmois junction conditions. We use the Misner–Sharp technique to examine the impacts of correction terms and effective fluid parameters on the dynamics of a cylindrical star. A correlation between the Weyl tensor and physical quantities is also developed. The conformally flat condition is not obtained due to the influence of anisotropic pressure and higher-order nonlinear terms. Further, we assume isotropic fluid and specific model of this theory which yields the conformally flat spacetime and inhomogeneous energy density. We conclude that the collapse rate reduces as compared to general relativity due to the inclusion of effective pressure and additional terms of this theory.
Effect of delay on pattern formation of a Rosenzweig–MacArthur type reaction–diffusion model with spatiotemporal delay
Authors: Yang Gao-Xiang , Li Xiao-Yu
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a predator–prey reaction–diffusion model with Rosenzweig–MacArthur type functional response and spatiotemporal delay is investigated through using the tool of Turing bifurcation theories. First, by taking the average time delay as a bifurcation parameter, conditions of occurrence of Turing bifurcation are obtained through employing the Routh–Hurwitz criteria. Second, as the average time delay varies the amplitude equations of Turing bifurcation patterns including spots pattern and stripes pattern are also obtained through the multiple scale perturbation method. Finally, the two kinds of spatiotemporal evolution distributions of species such as spots pattern and stripes pattern are shown to illustrate theoretical results.
Signed domination number of hypercubes
Authors: ShekinahHenry B. , Irine Sheela Y. S.
Published: November 2021

The [Formula: see text]-cube graph or hypercube [Formula: see text] is the graph whose vertex set is the set of all [Formula: see text]-dimensional Boolean vectors, two vertices being joined if and only if they differ in exactly one co-ordinate. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the signed domination number of this hypercube graphs. In this paper, signed domination number [Formula: see text]-cube graph for odd [Formula: see text] is found and the lower and upper bounds of hypercube for even [Formula: see text] are found.
Examining Narrative Sonification: Using First-Person Retrospection Methods to Translate Radio Production to Interaction Design
Authors: Wirfs-Brock Jordan , Fam Alli , Devendorf Laura , Keegan Brian
Published: November 2021

We present a first-person, retrospective exploration of two radio sonification pieces that employ narrative scaffolding to teach audiences how to listen to data. To decelerate and articulate design processes that occurred at the rapid pace of radio production, the sound designer and producer wrote retrospective design accounts. We then revisited the radio pieces through principles drawn from guidance design, data storytelling, visualization literacy, and sound studies. Finally, we speculated how these principles might be applied through interactive, voice-based technologies. First-person methods enabled us to access the implicit knowledge embedded in radio production and translate it to technologies of interest to the human–computer-interaction community, such as voice user interfaces that rely on auditory display. Traditionally, sonification practitioners have focused more on generating sounds than on teaching people how to listen; our process, however, treated sound and narrative as a holistic, sonic-narrative experience. Our first-person retrospection illuminated the role of narrative in designing to support people as they learn to listen to data.
Graph Community Infomax
Authors: Sun Heli , Li Yang , Lv Bing , Yan Wujie , He Liang , Qiao Shaojie , Huang Jianbin
Published: November 2021

Graph representation learning aims at learning low-dimension representations for nodes in graphs, and has been proven very useful in several downstream tasks. In this article, we propose a new model, Graph Community Infomax (GCI), that can adversarial learn representations for nodes in attributed networks. Different from other adversarial network embedding models, which would assume that the data follow some prior distributions and generate fake examples, GCI utilizes the community information of networks, using nodes as positive(or real) examples and negative(or fake) examples at the same time. An autoencoder is applied to learn the embedding vectors for nodes and reconstruct the adjacency matrix, and a discriminator is used to maximize the mutual information between nodes and communities. Experiments on several real-world and synthetic networks have shown that GCI outperforms various network embedding methods on community detection tasks.
Scalable Mining of High-Utility Sequential Patterns With Three-Tier MapReduce Model
Authors: Lin Jerry Chun-Wei , Djenouri Youcef , Srivastava Gautam , Li Yuanfa , Yu Philip S.
Published: November 2021

High-utility sequential pattern mining (HUSPM) is a hot research topic in recent decades since it combines both sequential and utility properties to reveal more information and knowledge rather than the traditional frequent itemset mining or sequential pattern mining. Several works of HUSPM have been presented but most of them are based on main memory to speed up mining performance. However, this assumption is not realistic and not suitable in large-scale environments since in real industry, the size of the collected data is very huge and it is impossible to fit the data into the main memory of a single machine. In this article, we first develop a parallel and distributed three-stage MapReduce model for mining high-utility sequential patterns based on large-scale databases. Two properties are then developed to hold the correctness and completeness of the discovered patterns in the developed framework. In addition, two data structures called sidset and utility-linked list are utilized in the developed framework to accelerate the computation for mining the required patterns. From the results, we can observe that the designed model has good performance in large-scale datasets in terms of runtime, memory, efficiency of the number of distributed nodes, and scalability compared to the serial HUSP-Span approach.
Balancing Expressiveness and Inexpressiveness in View Design
Authors: Benedikt Michael , Bourhis Pierre , Jachiet Louis , Tsamoura Efthymia
Published: November 2021

We study the design of data publishing mechanisms that allow a collection of autonomous distributed data sources to collaborate to support queries. A common mechanism for data publishing is via
views
: functions that expose derived data to users, usually specified as declarative queries. Our autonomy assumption is that the views must be on individual sources, but with the intention of supporting integrated queries. In deciding what data to expose to users, two considerations must be balanced. The views must be sufficiently expressive to support queries that users want to ask—the
utility
of the publishing mechanism. But there may also be some expressiveness restrictions. Here, we consider two restrictions, a
minimal information
requirement, saying that the views should reveal as little as possible while supporting the utility query, and a
non-disclosure
requirement, formalizing the need to prevent external users from computing information that data owners do not want revealed. We investigate the problem of designing views that satisfy both expressiveness and inexpressiveness requirements, for views in a restricted information systems - query languages (conjunctive queries), and for arbitrary views.
Reverse Engineering Language Acquisition with Child-Centered Long-Form Recordings
Authors: Lavechin Marvin , de Seyssel Maureen , Gautheron Lucas , Dupoux Emmanuel , Cristia Alejandrina
Published: November 2021

Language use in everyday life can be studied using lightweight, wearable recorders that collect long-form recordings—that is, audio (including speech) over whole days. The hardware and software underlying this technique are increasingly accessible and inexpensive, and these data are revolutionizing the language acquisition field. We first place this technique into the broader context of the current ways of studying both the input being received by children and children's own language production, laying out the main advantages and drawbacks of long-form recordings. We then go on to argue that a unique advantage of long-form recordings is that they can fuel realistic models of early language acquisition that use speech to represent children's input and/or to establish production benchmarks. To enable the field to make the most of this unique empirical and conceptual contribution, we outline what this reverse engineering approach from long-form recordings entails, why it is useful, and how to evaluate success.
Cardiac Transverse Tubules in Physiology and Heart Failure
Authors: Dibb Katharine M. , Louch William E. , Trafford Andrew W.
Published: November 2021

In mammalian cardiac myocytes, the plasma membrane includes the surface sarcolemma but also a network of membrane invaginations called transverse (t-) tubules. These structures carry the action potential deep into the cell interior, allowing efficient triggering of Ca2+release and initiation of contraction. Once thought to serve as rather static enablers of excitation-contraction coupling, recent work has provided a newfound appreciation of the plasticity of the t-tubule network's structure and function. Indeed, t-tubules are now understood to support dynamic regulation of the heartbeat across a range of timescales, during all stages of life, in both health and disease. This review article aims to summarize these concepts, with consideration given to emerging t-tubule regulators and their targeting in future therapies.
Electrostatic Self-Assembled Composite Abrasives for Chemical Mechanical Polishing of A-Plane Sapphire
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Tang Xiaoxue , Kong Xue , Li Xing’ai , Li Yanpei , Xi Mengfei , Chang Tongtong , Meng Danni , Yang Senlin , Guo Wanying , Zhang Yanfeng , Zhang Zefang , Rao Pinhua
Published: November 2021

Sapphire substrates with different orientations have wide applications due to their excellent physical, chemical and optical properties. However, the chemical mechanical polishing of sapphire is challenging due to its chemical inertness, extreme hardness and brittleness. Herein, chemical mechanical polishing of A- and C-plane sapphire was systematically studied using α-Al2O3 and silica abrasives and polishing mechanism was analyzed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and nanoindentation meter. The high MRR selectivity for C-plane sapphire in α-Al2O3 slurry is the synergy of selective hydration of C-plane and stronger crystal structure of A-plane. The low MRR selectivity for C-plane sapphire in silica slurry can be attributed to the formation of Al2SiO5 on both planes which reduced the impact of strong mechanical effect of α-Al2O3 abrasives. To improve the MRR of A-plane sapphire, a new nanocomposite particle with alumina as the core and silica as the soft shell was prepared by an electrostatic self-assembly method. The new composite abrasives combined the mechanical effect of α-Al2O3 abrasives and chemical effect of silica abrasives and demonstrated substantially higher MRR for A-plane sapphire than pure alumina abrasives, pure silica abrasives and physical mixture of alumina+silica abrasives.
The Role of lncRNAs in Regulating the Intestinal Mucosal Mechanical Barrier
Authors: Chen Shanshan , Zhang Chi , He Beihui , He Ruonan , Xu Li , Zhang Shuo
Published: November 2021

lncRNA is a transcript that is more than 200 bp in length. Currently, evidence has shown that lncRNA is of great significance in cell activity, involved in epigenetics, gene transcription, chromatin regulation, etc. The existence of an intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier hinders the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and toxins, maintaining the stability of the intestinal environment. Serious destruction or dysfunction of the mechanical barrier often leads to intestinal diseases. This review first summarizes the ability of lncRNAs to regulate the intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier. We then discussed how lncRNAs participate in various intestinal diseases by regulating the intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier. Finally, we envision its potential as a new marker for diagnosing and treating intestinal inflammatory diseases.
Experimental Research on the Measurement of High-Pressure Microflow Based on Momentum Principle
Authors: Xia Hua , Luo Fuqiang , Wang Zhong
Published: November 2021

The fuel injector is an important component of the diesel engine. It has a great influence on the atomization of diesel fuel injection, the formation of mixed gas, and combustion emissions. Due to the current nozzle structure, processing level, and the internal hydraulic conditions of each nozzle, there are certain differences between the injection rules of each hole, and there are few methods to quantify the quality of the injector using mathematical methods in engineering. Based on the principle of spray momentum, this paper measures the injection characteristics of each hole of four five-hole pressureless chamber injectors of the same model and analyzes the circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient of each injector and each hole under different working conditions. It is proposed to evaluate the quality of the injector with the average circulating fuel injection volume, average flow coefficient, and nonuniformity as indicators. The test results are as follows: there are differences in the circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient between each hole of the same fuel injector. With the increase of the fuel injection pump speed, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each hole differs by 2.8%–47.5%, and the average flow coefficient differs by 3.7%–30%; as the fuel injection volume increases, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs 1.8%–36%, and the average flow coefficient difference is 2.5%–28.7%. The circulating fuel injection volume and flow coefficient of different fuel injectors of the same model are different. With the increase of the fuel injection pump speed, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs by 3.5%–9.6%, and the average flow coefficient differs by 1.4%–5.7%; as the fuel injection volume increases, the average circulating fuel injection volume of each injector differs 0.3%–5.5%, and the average flow coefficient difference is 2.8–4.2%. The relative flow coefficient of each hole differs from 0 to 0.02, and the nonuniformity differs from 1.8% to 16.9%. The relative circulating fuel injection amount of each hole differs from 0.02 to 0.1, and the nonuniformity differs from 1.1% to 6.9%. The relative flow coefficient of each hole and its nonuniformity is smaller than the relative circulating fuel injection volume of each hole and its nonuniformity.
Correlation between Apelin and Some Angiogenic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: Apelin-13 as Novel Drug for Treating Preeclampsia and Its Physiological Effects on Placenta
Authors: Hamza Reham Z. , Diab Abdel Aziz A. , Zahra Mansour H. , Asalah Ali K. , Moursi Suzan M. M. , Al-Baqami Najah M. , Al-Salmi Fawziah A. , Attia Mai S.
Published: November 2021

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the commonest causes for maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Imbalances of angiogenic factors, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response have a role in the pathogenesis of PE. Data regarding the circulating apelin level and its role in PE remains controversial. This study was formulated to assess the serum apelin level in PE, investigate its correlation with some inflammatory, oxidative stress, and angiogenic proteins in a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; the N (gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced rat model of PE and determine whether apelin administration could protect against development of PE. 40 healthy adult female albino rats and 10 adult male albino rats were used in this study. The pregnant female rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (normal pregnant group), group 2 (PE-induced group), injected subcutaneously with 75 mg L-NAME/kg bodyweight/day starting from day 9 to 20 of gestation, and group 3 (PE-induced group supplemented with apelin (PE + apelin)); PE induced as before and simultaneously subcutaneously injected with apelin-13 (6 × 10−8 mol/kg bodyweight/twice daily) beginning from day 6 to 20 of gestation. In all groups, blood pressure and urine protein were determined at gestation days (GD) 0, 10, and 18. Moreover, serum apelin, placental growth factor (PLGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels and serum superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of all groups were estimated at the end of experiment. Placental histopathological examination was also performed. PE-induced rats showed significantly decreased serum apelin levels. Moreover, they showed significantly increased blood pressures, urine proteins, sFlt-1, sEng, and IFN-γ (mean arterial blood pressure, urine proteins, sFlt-1, sEng, and IFN-γ showed significant negative correlations with serum apelin level), but it showed significantly decreased VEGF, PLGF, IL-10, SOD, and CAT (VEGF, PLGF, IL-10, and SOD showed significant positive correlations with serum apelin level). In contrast, exogenous apelin administration significantly ameliorated these parameters together with improvement in the placental histoarchitecture in the apelin-supplemented PE group. This study demonstrated the protective effects of apelin administration on the pathogenesis of PE.
Multiple Risk Factors for Heart Disease: A Challenge to the Ethnopharmacological Use of Croton urucurana Baill.
Authors: Zago Priscila Megda João Job , Silva Gustavo Ratti da , Amaral Eduarda Carolina , Barboza Lorena Neris , Braga Fernanda de Abreu , Lorençone Bethânia Rosa , Marques Aline Aparecida Macedo , Moreno Karyne Garcia Tafarelo , Leite Patrícia Regina Terço , Veiga Alan de Almeida , Souza Lauro Mera de , Souza Roosevelt Isaias Carvalho , Santos Ariany Carvalho dos , Ribeiro-Paes João Tadeu , Gasparotto Junior Arquimedes , Lívero Francislaine Aparecida dos Reis
Published: November 2021

Croton urucurana Baill. is a native Brazilian tree, popularly known as “sangra-d’água” or “sangue-de-dragão,” based on the red resinous sap of the trunk. Its use has been transmitted through generations based on popular tradition that attributes analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties to the tree. However, its cardioprotective effects have not yet been scientifically investigated. Thus, the present study investigated the pharmacological response to an ethanol-soluble fraction from the leaves of C. urucurana in Wistar rats exposed to smoking and dyslipidemia, two important cardiovascular risk factors. The extract was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Wistar rats received a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet and were exposed to cigarette smoke (9 cigarettes/day for 10 weeks). During the last 5 weeks, the animals were orally treated with vehicle (negative control group), C. urucurana extract (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), or simvastatin (2.5 mg/kg) + enalapril (15 mg/kg). One group of rats that was not exposed to these risk factors was also evaluated (basal group). Electrocardiograms and systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were measured. Blood was collected to measure total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine. The heart and kidneys were collected and processed for oxidative status and histopathological evaluation. The phytochemical analysis revealed different classes of flavonoids and condensed tannins. The model induced dyslipidemia and cardiac and renal oxidative stress and increased levels of urea and creatinine in the negative control group. Treatment with the C. urucurana extract (300 mg/kg) and simvastatin + enalapril decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In contrast to simvastatin + enalapril treatment, the C. urucurana extract exerted cardiac and renal antioxidant effects. No alterations of electrocardiograms, blood pressure, or histopathology were observed between groups. These findings indicate that C. urucurana exerts lipid-lowering, renal, and cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress in a preclinical model of multiple risk factors for heart disease.
Development and Validation of Near-Infrared Methods for the Quantitation of Caffeine, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and Moisture in Green Tea Production
Authors: Zhang Shengsheng , Zuo Yamin , Wu Qing , Wang Jiao , Ban Lin , Yang Huili , Bai Zhiwen
Published: November 2021

The quality of tea leaves (e.g., their color, appearance, and taste) can be directly influenced by the tea production process, which is closely connected with the content of a number of chemical components formed during the production of the tea leaves. However, the production process is now controlled by people's experience, making its quality significantly different. NIRS is a time-saving, cost-saving, and nondestructive method. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce NIRS technology into the quality control of the tea production process. In this study, a quantitative analysis model of caffeine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and moisture content was established by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) which was united simultaneously with partial least squares (PLSR) for online process monitoring of tea production. The model parameters show that the established model has fine robustness and outstanding measuring accuracy. Then, the feasibility of the established method is verified by the traditional method. Through the verification of the precision of the instrument and the stability of the sample, it is clarified that the model can be further utilized to monitor tea product quality online in a productive process.
Blood Pressure Levels and Risks of Dementia: a Nationwide Study of 4.5 Million People
Authors: Lee Chan Joo , Lee Ji-Yeon , Han Kyungdo , Kim Da Hye , Cho Hanna , Kim Kwang Joon , Kang Eun Seok , Cha Bong-Soo , Lee Yong-ho , Park Sungha
Published: November 2021

There are inconsistent results on the impacts of controlling blood pressure (BP) on the risk of dementia. We investigated the association between BP and risk of dementia subtypes by antihypertensive treatment and comorbidities. Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Database from 2009 to 2012, a total of 4 522 447 adults aged 60+ years without a history of dementia were analyzed and followed up for a mean of 5.4 years. Individuals were classified according to their baseline systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP; SBP 130 to <140 mm Hg and diastolic BP 80 to <90 mm Hg were used as reference groups. The risk of overall dementia and probable Alzheimer disease was significantly higher in the SBP≥160 and lower SBP groups. These U-shaped associations were consistent regardless of antihypertensive use or comorbidities. The risk of probable vascular dementia (VaD) was not higher among lower SBP groups and increased gradually as SBP increased. Although there was a linear association between SBP and the risk of probable VaD in individuals not taking antihypertensives or without comorbidities, there was a U-shaped association in individuals taking antihypertensives or with comorbidities. Patterns of association between diastolic BP and risk of probable Alzheimer disease or probable VaD were similar to those with SBP, except for the risk of probable VaD in individuals taking antihypertensives. In conclusion, risks of probable Alzheimer disease and probable VaD were different among lower BP groups. Although the risk of dementia appears higher in people with lower BP receiving antihypertensives, this finding may be affected by comorbidities.
Atrioventricular and Ventricular Functional Interdependence in Individuals Without Overt Cardiac Disease
Authors: Yoshida Yuriko , Nakanishi Koki , Daimon Masao , Ishiwata Jumpei , Sawada Naoko , Hirokawa Megumi , Kaneko Hidehiro , Nakao Tomoko , Mizuno Yoshiko , Morita Hiroyuki , Di Tullio Marco R. , Homma Shunichi , Komuro Issei
Published: November 2021

Background

Left atrial (LA) and right ventricular (RV) performance play an integral role in the pathophysiology and prognosis of heart failure. We hypothesized that subclinical left ventricular dysfunction adversely affects LA/RV geometry and function even in a preclinical setting. This study aimed to investigate the atrioventricular and ventricular functional interdependence in a community‐based cohort without overt cardiovascular disease.

Methods and Results

Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), RV free‐wall longitudinal strain and LA phasic strain were assessed by speckle‐tracking echocardiography in 1080 participants (600 men; 62±12 years) between 2014 and 2018. One hundred and forty‐three participants (13.2%) had an abnormal LVGLS (>−18.6%). LA reservoir strain, conduit strain, and RV free‐wall longitudinal strain were significantly decreased in abnormal LVGLS group compared with normal LVGLS group (all
P
<0.001). LA and RV dysfunction (LA reservoir strain<31.4% and RVLS>−19.2%) were present in 18.9% and 19.6% of participants with abnormal LVGLS. Decreased LVGLS was associated with worse LA reservoir strain, conduit strain and RV free‐wall longitudinal strain (standardized β=−0.20, −0.19 and 0.11 respectively, all
P
<0.01) independent of cardiovascular risk factors. LA and/or RV dysfunction concomitant with abnormal LVGLS carried significantly increased risk of elevated B‐type natriuretic peptide levels (>28.6 pg/mL for men and >44.4 pg/mL for women) compared with normal LVGLS (odds ratio, 2.01;
P
=0.030).

Conclusions

LA/RV dysfunction was present in 20% individuals with abnormal LVGLS and multi‐chamber impairment was associated with elevated B‐type natriuretic peptide level, which may provide valuable insights for a better understanding of atrioventricular and ventricular interdependence and possibly heart failure preventive strategies.