bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amulets in the traditional culture of the Siberian Tatars
Authors: Zinnatullina Guliuza
Published: December 2024

This article discusses the topic of amulets as an important element of protective magic in the traditional culture of the Siberian Tatars. Amulets, which have existed since ancient times, play a key role in creating a safe psychological environment for a person and his living space. Despite religious prohibitions, amulets have retained their relevance and continue to be used in modern society. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the amulets of the Siberian Tatars, including the specification of terms reflecting their meaning, the definition of the main functions and the identification of motives for the transformation of protective practices in the context of the interaction of pre-Islamic and Islamic beliefs. The research is based on the author's field materials collected in the Tyumen region. The amulets of the Siberian Tatars are presented in various forms: objects, words and ritual actions, which range from protection to healing. Among them are amulets, talismans, plants and household items, as well as magical words and rituals. To achieve these goals, the work uses a comparative method that allows comparing the talismans of the Tatars with similar practices of other peoples, an ethnographic method for studying modern practices of using talismans, as well as a syncretic approach to identify the interaction of various religious and cultural traditions. A semantic analysis of amulets has been carried out, which contributes to a deeper understanding of their symbolism. The scientific novelty of this study lies in a comprehensive analysis of amulets in the traditional culture of the Siberian Tatars, which covers their semantics, functions and transformation in the context of the interaction of Islam and pre-Islamic beliefs. The work uses comparative, ethnographic and semantic methods, allowing us to identify how amulets retain their relevance and significance in the daily life of modern society. The study shows that the amulets of the Siberian Tatars represent syncretism, which combines elements of archaic beliefs (the use of fetish objects, giving protective properties to the blue color, as well as the veneration of archaic spirits and deities) and Muslim traditions. This highlights the complexity and multilayered cultural identity of the Siberian Tatars, as well as their ability to adapt to modern conditions and needs, which makes this phenomenon dynamically developing and relevant in the context of globalization.
Virtual reality technologies in modern interactive art
Authors: Agin Andrei Mihailovich
Published: December 2024

The aim of the study is to consider the main directions of development and application of VR technology in the creation of modern interactive art. The object of the study is modern interactive art, which includes the technology of VR as a tool capable of redefining the dynamics of interaction between the viewer, space and the artificial world. The theoretical basis is the works of such Russian and international researchers as Razlogov K.E., Brylevskaya A.A., Heim M., Osipov M.P., Vatyan A.S., Slater M. and others. The empirical scenario was fragments of animated films, cultural events and the interactive project "The Under Presents". The objectives of the study are: defining virtual reality (VR) based on various approaches to its understanding; examining the main stages of development of contemporary interactive art; studying the role of VR in interactive art as a tool capable of redefining the dynamics of interaction between the viewer, space and the artificial world, analyzing the technological foundations of VR; identifying the main directions of influence of technology on contemporary interactive art. The study used general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, description, systematization and classification. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the analysis of modern technologies used in artistic creativity and their influence on the artistic component of works. The obtained results allow us to state that the study of the potential of modern technologies in the field of creating works of art is of undoubted theoretical and practical art historical interest and can serve as a source of further research. The results of this study can be used to develop new software and methodological materials for teaching students.
Microbiome Responses to RYMV Infection: Insights from Rice Cultivation in Mali
Authors: Diallo Kangaye Amadou , Cisse Cheickna , Babana Amadou Hamadoun , Shier Thomas , Gould Trevor , Dao Sognan , Kassogue Adounigna , Dembele Doulaye , Wele Mamadou
Published: December 2024

Background: The Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) is one of the most significant viral pathogens affecting rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to yield losses as high as 100% in severely affected areas. In Mali, particularly in the Office du Niger region, RYMV poses a constant threat to rice cultivation. This study aimed to explore the microbiome diversity associated with RYMV-infected and non-infected rice plants, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and metagenomics approaches. The presence of RYMV was confirmed by RT-PCR, and microbial DNA was extracted for sequencing.
Results: A total of 40 samples (leaves and roots) were collected from both infected and non-infected plants. The results revealed alterations in bacterial community composition between infected and non-infected plants. Alpha diversity indices, such as Shannon and Simpson indicated reduced microbial diversity in infected plants. Notably, certain bacterial genera, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Kaistobacter, were statistically more abundant in non-infected plants, suggesting their potential role in conferring resistance to RYMV.
Conclusions: This study provided new insights into the microbial dynamics associated with RYMV infection and highlights the potential for leveraging the rice microbiome in developing biocontrol strategies to manage viral diseases. Future research should focus on isolating and characterizing the functional roles of these beneficial microorganisms in enhancing rice resistance to RYMV. That will serve for sustainable agriculture strategies development.
Assessment of Noise Pollution Level of Selected Construction Sites with in the Residential Area in Obio/Akpo Local Government Area, Rivers States, Nigeria
Authors: Legborsi Biibaloo L. , Abel Nwii A. , Ilugo Nwanne T.
Published: December 2024

The measurement of industrial noise pollution level of selected construction sites within residential area in Obio/Akpo Local Government Area of Rivers State has been carried out. The noise level meter with range of 30.0 - 80.0 dBA. (BK Precision 732, IEC 651 TYPE II) was use in measuring the sound level of the selected construction sites. Four (4) selected construction sites was considered for the measurement of industrial noise pollution of the construction sites. The obtained results of the selected construction sites vary from 77.40 - 81.25 dBA, 77.0 - 80.90 dBA, 75.4 - 81.15 dBA, 67.30 – 81.90 dBA with mean of 79.77 dBA, 77.41 dBA,79.53 dBA, 70.21 dBA for Plus Steel, Zortex, Darlington and Gift Construction Site respectively. Higher noise pollution level was obtained from Pius Steel Construction site with mean of 79.77 dBA and the least noise level was recorded at Gift Construction Site with mean value of 70.21 dBA. The obtained results of the selected construction sites were higher than the stipulated value of 65.0 dBA and 55.0 dBA decibels for industrial and residential area recommended by NESREA (2009).  The noise percentage of the construction sites is of the increasing order of Gift, Pius < Zortex < Darlington < Pius Steel Construction Sites and the least percentage was obtained in Gift construction site while the higher noise percentage was recorded in Pius Steel Construction site with 27% increment. The obtained noise pollution level of the selected construction sites within the study area shows that the workers and the residential area are exposed to high noise level. The obtained result may not pose any immediate health risk but an individual who may spent his/her life time within the area, may develop hearing impairment in the nearer time due to over exposure to noise pollution level within the immediate environment and construction sites should be located outside the residential area.
The Influence of Creative Thinking and Collaboration Skills on the Learning Outcomes of Students of Integrated Islamic Junior High School: Environmental Pollution Material Perspective
Authors: Sari Hera Puspita , Zurweni  , Hamidah Afreni
Published: December 2024

Creative thinking and collaboration skills are essential in supporting a person's success, especially in learning. This study aims to determine the effect of creative thinking skills and collaboration on the learning outcomes of Nurul Ilmi Integrated Islamic Middle School Jambi students. The population in this study was 286 students of Nurul Ilmi Integrated Islamic Middle School, divided into ten classrooms. The sample used was 100 people, who were taken randomly. The approach used in this study is quantitative descriptive. Data in this study were collected through test techniques. The three variables in the study were measured through tests. Data analysis was carried out using the F test. Both tests were carried out with the help of SPSS 25. Based on the data obtained and the analysis results at the end of this study, there is a significant influence between the variables of creative thinking and collaboration skills on learning outcomes, with an influence of 50.8%. In addition, the test results also show that both variables X1 and X2 affect Y. Thus, the final result of this study is that there is a significant influence between creative thinking skills and collaboration skills on student learning outcomes. The test results also show that the three variables are closely related and influence each other individually and together.
Legal and Ethical Challenges in Age Assessment of Asylum Seekers: Personal Data Protection Implications in the EU
Authors: STYLIADOU Artemis A.
Published: December 2024

Despite the strong effect of the objectives and principles of the Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC), the General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation 2016/679) has failed to achieve a uniform data protection policy throughout the European Union, the necessary legal certainty, and the protection of human beings concerning the processing of personal data, which is the objective of the Regulation. In this context, this article offers reflections on some of the ethical and methodological issues involved in the age assessment of unaccompanied minors who are asylum seekers. Focusing upon ethical approval problems and using a variety of methodological tools (such as studying articles of international references, taking interviews from experts, and making visits to NGOs) I demonstrate forward key recommendations in which the age assessment can be conducted with the respect of the best interest of the child and without any legal or moral dilemmas. The suggestions proposed in this article are sustainable for at least for the following five years and tailored to the needs and experiences of the children involved. This article aims to present an innovative database system, which will be established and controlled under the auspices of the European Union and record all the entries and exits of asylum seekers who declare to be unaccompanied minors, since their arrival at α Reception and Identification Center of a member state of European Union. Lastly, because medical age assessment is done for no therapeutic or medical purpose, many medical experts view it as extremely intrusive and unethical, particularly when done by radiography. It is crucial to do an ethical assessment of the dental age estimation carried out by these radiographic techniques using the four biomedical ethics principles (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice).
Understanding Investment And Business Laws In Myanmar
Authors: Soe Aye Nge Nge
Published: December 2024

Myanmar’s investment and business landscape has undergone significant transformations in recent years, making
it crucial for investors and entrepreneurs to grasp the intricacies of its legal framework. This abstract provides
a comprehensive overview of Myanmar’s investment and business laws, covering key aspects such as foreign
investment regulations, corporate governance, taxation, intellectual property rights, and dispute resolution
mechanisms. By examining the evolving legal landscape, tis abstract aims to equip stakeholders with the knowledge necessary to navigate Myanmar’s business environment effectively and capitalize on its emerging opportunities while mitigating potential risks
Epigenetic readers and lung cancer: the rs2427964C>T variant of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain gene BRD3 is associated with poorer survival outcome in NSCLC
Authors: Lee Jang Hyuck , Yoo Seung Soo , Hong Mi Jeong , Choi Jin Eun , Kang Hyo‐Gyoung , Do Sook Kyung , Lee Won Kee , Choi Sun Ha , Lee Yong Hoon , Seo Hyewon , Lee Jaehee , Lee Shin Yup , Cha Seung Ick , Kim Chang Ho , Lee Eung Bae , Cho Sukki , Jheon Sanghoon , Park Jae Yong
Published: October 2021

Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic readers that regulate gene expression. We investigated whether variants in BET genes are associated with survival outcomes for lung cancer. To do this, the associations between 77 variants in BET family genes and survival outcomes were analyzed in 773 non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent surgery (349 and 424 patients in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively). We found that six variants were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) in the discovery cohort, and one variant (rs2506711C>T) was replicated in the validation cohort. BRD3 rs2506711C>T is located in the repressed area and has a strong linkage disequilibrium with rs2427964C>T in the promoter region. BRD3 rs2427964C>T was significantly associated with worse OS in the discovery cohort, validation cohort, and combined analysis. In a luciferase assay, promoter activity in the BRD3 rs2427964 T allele was significantly higher than that in the BRD3 rs2427964 C allele, which selectively bound with the transcriptional repressor SIN3A. Knockdown of BRD3 with BRD3‐specific siRNA decreased the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells while also increasing the rate of apoptosis. These results suggest that BRD3 rs2427964C>T increases BRD3 expression through increased promoter activity, which is associated with poor prognosis for lung cancer.
A Cation‐Methylene‐Phenyl Sequence Encodes Programmable Poly(Ionic Liquid) Coacervation and Robust Underwater Adhesion
Authors: Zhu Xiangwei , Wei Congying , Chen Hongbo , Zhang Chongrui , Peng Huawen , Wang Dapeng , Yuan Jiayin , Waite J. Herbert , Zhao Qiang
Published: October 2021

Appropriate deciphering and translation of sequence‐dependent function in proteins is inspired by the cation–π interaction that is increasingly implicated in marine adhesives and membraneless organelles. A simplified cation‐methylene‐phenyl (C‐M‐P) sequence which enables triggerable poly(ionic liquid) coacervation is reported for the first time. Synthesis of the C‐M‐P structure motif requires only a one‐step quaternization, which is facile compared to the linear sequence of distinct repeating units in model proteins and sequence‐controlled polymers. The C‐M‐P code confers modular coacervation and advanced wet adhesion to task‐specific copolymers. It allows for exceptional underwater adhesion to various submerged substrates including glass (≈1 MPa) and porcine skins (140 KPa), paving the way for prospective adhesive applications in physiological saline and underwater marine salvage. This work introduces a powerful code that, in addition to combining the advantageous adaptive adhesive and phase properties of proteins, reduces the complexity in sequence design for programmable coacervates.
Multifunctional and Physically Transient Supercapacitors, Triboelectric Nanogenerators, and Capacitive Sensors
Authors: Durukan Mete Batuhan , Cicek Melih Ogeday , Doganay Doga , Gorur Mustafa Caner , Çınar Simge , Unalan Husnu Emrah
Published: October 2021

Electronic waste (e‐waste) grows in parallel with the increasing need for consumer electronics. This, unfortunately, is leading to pollution and massive ecological problems worldwide. A solution to this problem is the use of transient electronics. While transiency of a few components such as transistors and batteries have been proposed already, it is crucial to have all components in electronic devices to be transient. Therefore, the transiency of more electronic components should be demonstrated to alleviate the e‐waste problem. Herein, multifunctional nanocomposite electrodes are fabricated using poly(vinyl alcohol), carbon black, and activated carbon. These simple electrodes are then used to fabricate physically transient supercapacitors, triboelectric nanogenerators, and capacitive sensors. Transient supercapacitors are used numerous times with excellent supercapacitive behavior before being discarded, which show promise as an energy storage component for transient systems. The fabricated transient triboelectric nanogenerators are used to harvest mechanical energy, eliminated the need for an external power supply, paving the way to self‐powered devices, such as a touchpad as demonstrated herein. The fabricated transient capacitive sensors, on the other hand, have shown long linear sensitivities and offered waste‐free monitoring of physiological signals and body motions.
Regolith Excavation Performance of a Screw‐Propelled Vehicle
Authors: Green Marko , McBryan Teresa , Mick Darwin , Nelson David , Marvi Hamid
Published: October 2021

Excavation of regolith is the enabling process for many of the in situ resource utilization (ISRU) efforts that are being considered to aid in the human exploration of the moon and Mars. Most proposed planetary excavation systems are integrated with a wheeled vehicle, but none yet have used a screw‐propelled vehicle which can significantly enhance the excavation performance. Therefore, CASPER, a novel screw‐propelled excavation rover, is developed and analyzed to determine its effectiveness as a planetary excavator. The excavation rate, power, velocity, cost of transport, and a new parameter, excavation transport rate, are analyzed for various configurations of the vehicle through mobility and excavation tests performed in silica sand. The optimal configuration yields a 30 kg h−1excavation rate and 10.2 m min−1traverse rate with an overall system mass of 3.4 kg and power draw of less than 30 W. These results indicate that this architecture shows promise as a planetary excavation because it provides significant excavation capability with low mass and power requirements. An interactive preprint version of the article can be found here:https://doi.org/10.22541/au.162823910.04538641/v1.
Integrated Perspective of Scaffold Designing and Multiscale Mechanics in Cardiac Bioengineering
Authors: Lou Lihua , Lopez Kazue Orikasa , Nautiyal Pranjal , Agarwal Arvind
Published: October 2021

Although progress has been made, a fully functional and transplantable cardiac patch is elusive due to several challenges. These challenges emanate from a nonoptimal understanding of different fields and expertise in biomedical, material, tissue, medicine, chemistry, biology, and mechanical engineering. Therefore, herein, an integrated approach for scaffold design requirements is critically reviewed. The scaffold manufacturing methods and prospects of electrical and mechanical stimulation to promote the maturation and function of cardiac tissues are presented. The mechanical behavior of cardiac cells and tissue functions are a fundamental requirement for a functional patch. Methods, data analysis, and mathematic models for measuring and quantifying cellular and tissue mechanics are discussed. Overall, this article serves as an overview, indicating the need for an “integrated” and collaborative approach to designing and fabricating functional and implantable cardiac tissues.
Selective Catalytic Frustrated Lewis Pair Hydrogenation of CO2 in the Presence of Silylhalides
Authors: Wang Tongtong , Xu Maotong , Jupp Andrew R. , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: October 2021

The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) derived from 2,6‐lutidine and B(C6F5)3 is shown to mediate the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 using H2 as the reductant and a silylhalide as an oxophile. The nature of the products can be controlled with the judicious selection of the silylhalide and the solvent. In this fashion, this metal‐free catalysis affords avenues to the selective formation of the disilylacetal (R3SiOCH2OSiR3), methoxysilane (R3SiOCH3), methyliodide (CH3I) and methane (CH4) under mild conditions. DFT studies illuminate the complexities of the mechanism and account for the observed selectivity.
High‐Entropy‐Alloy Nanoparticles with Enhanced Interband Transitions for Efficient Photothermal Conversion
Authors: Li Yixing , Liao Yijun , Zhang Jian , Huang Enhui , Ji Lianze , Zhang Zhengyu , Zhao Rongzhi , Zhang Zhimin , Yang Bo , Zhang Yanhui , Xu Bo , Qin Gaowu , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: October 2021

Photothermal materials with broadband optical absorption and high conversion efficiency are intensively pursued to date. Here, proposing by the d‐d interband transitions, we report an unprecedented high‐entropy alloy FeCoNiTiVCrCu nanoparticles that the energy regions below and above the Fermi level (±4 eV) have been fully filled by the 3d transition metals, which realizes an average absorbance greater than 96 % in the entire solar spectrum (wavelength of 250 to 2500 nm). Furthermore, we also calculated the photothermal conversion efficiency and the evaporation rate towards the steam generation. Due to its pronounced full light capture and ultrafast local heating, our high‐entropy‐alloy nanoparticle‐based solar steam generator has over 98 % efficiency under one sun irradiation, meanwhile enabling a high evaporation rate of 2.26 kg m−2 h−1.
Geometric morphometrics and anatomical network analyses reveal ecospace partitioning among geoemydid turtles from the Uinta Formation, Utah
Authors: Adrian Brent , Smith Heather F. , Hutchison J. Howard , Townsend K.E. Beth
Published: October 2021

We present new fossil records of the geoemydid turtle Bridgeremys pusilla from the Uinta Formation of Utah. Turtles are abundant throughout the unit, and known taxa are similar to those from the older strata in the Upper Green River Basin in Wyoming from the Bridger and Washakie Formations. B. pusilla is known from Bridgerian deposits but was not previously known from after the Turtle Bluff Member of the Bridger Formation. The taxon was coveal with two species of the geoemydid Echmatemys (E. callopyge and E. wyomingensis), a common genus of extinct pond turtles known primarily from lacustrine and fluvial deposits in western North America, including the Uinta Basin. In addition to previously documented morphological differences, our geometric morphometric analyses revealed significant differences in epiplastral morphology between B. pusilla and the two coeval Echmatemys species. Bridgeremys pusilla shared several morphological characters with Testudinidae. However, our anatomical network analysis suggests that the carapace of B. pusilla distributed stress forces in a manner more similar to emydids (basal and derived) than to derived testudinoids (Testudinidae and Emydidae), including Echmatemys species. This finding changes our understanding of the ecology of the species and sheds light onto how geoemydid turtles of the Uinta Formation may have partitioned the available ecospace. These new Uintan records extend the geographic range of B. pusilla into the Uinta Basin and stratigraphically through the top of the Uinta Formation, extending the temporal range of the taxon by more than 4 million years through the Uintan North American Land Mammal Age to the base of the Duchesne River Formation.
Upper arm posture during human embryonic and fetal development
Authors: Kumano Yosuke , Tanaka Sayaka , Sakamoto Rino , Kanahashi Toru , Imai Hirohiko , Yoneyama Akio , Yamada Shigehito , Takakuwa Tetsuya
Published: October 2021

The upper extremity posture is characteristic of each Carnegie stage (CS), particularly between CS18 and CS23. Morphogenesis of the shoulder joint complex largely contributes to posture, although the exact position of the shoulder joints has not been described. In the present study, the position of the upper arm was first quantitatively measured, and the contribution of the position of the shoulder girdle, including the scapula and glenohumeral (GH) joint, was then evaluated. Twenty‐nine human fetal specimens from the Kyoto Collection were used in this study. The morphogenesis and three‐dimensional position of the shoulder girdle and humerus were analyzed using phase‐contrast X‐ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Both abduction and flexion of the upper arm displayed a local maximum at CS20. Abduction gradually decreased until the middle fetal period, which was a prominent feature. Flexion was less than 90° at the local maximum, which was discrepant between appearance and measurement value in our study. The scapular body exhibited a unique position, being oriented internally and in the upward direction, with the glenoid cavity oriented cranially and ventrally. However, this unique scapular position had little effect on the upper arm posture because the angle of the scapula on the thorax was canceled as the angle of the GH joint had changed to a mirror image of that angle. Our present study suggested that measuring the angle of the scapula on the thorax and that of the GH joint using sonography leads to improved staging of the human embryo.
Neuropeptide F from endocrine cells in Plutella xylostella midgut modulates feeding and synergizes Cry1Ac action
Authors: Zhu Qing , Wang Jingxuan , Gao Meijing , Lu Lina , Liu Xianjin
Published: October 2021

With the wide cultivation of transgenic plants throughout the world and the rising risk of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) toxins, it is essential to design an adaptive resistance management strategy for continued use. Neuropeptide F (NPF) of insects has proven to be valuable for the production of novel‐type transgenic plants via its important role in the control of feeding behavior. In this study, the gene encoding NPF was cloned from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, an important agricultural pest. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization showed a relatively high expression of P. xylostella‐npf (P. x‐npf) in endocrine cells of the midgut of fourth instar larvae, and it was found to participate in P. xylostella feeding behavior and Cry1Ac‐induced feeding inhibition. Prokaryotic expression and purification provided structure unfolded P. x‐npf from inclusion bodies for diet surface overlay bioassays and the results demonstrated a significant synergistic effect of P. x‐npf on Cry1Ac toxicity by increasing intake of noxious food which contains Cry toxins, especially quick death at an early stage of feeding. Our findings provided a potential new way to efficiently control pests by increasing intake of lower dose Cry toxins and a novel hint for the complex Cry toxin mechanism.
Harnessing Fluorescent Moenomycin A Antibiotics for Bacterial Cell Wall Imaging Studies
Authors: Hsieh Pei‐Yu , Meng Fan‐Chun , Guo Chih‐Wei , Hu Kung‐Hsiang , Shih Yu‐Ling , Cheng Wei‐Chieh
Published: October 2021

The imaging of peptidoglycan (PGN) dynamics in living bacteria facilitates the understanding of PGN biosynthesis and wall‐targeting antibiotics. The main tools for imaging bacterial PGN are fluorescent probes, such as the well‐known PGN metabolic labeling probes. However, fluorescent small‐molecule probes for labeling key PGN‐synthesizing enzymes, especially for transglycosylases (TGases), remain to be explored. In this work, the first imaging probe for labeling TGase in bacterial cell wall studies is reported. We synthesized various fluorescent MoeA‐based molecules by derivatizing the natural antibiotic moenomycin A (MoeA), and used them to label TGases in living bacteria, monitor bacterial growth and division cycles by time‐lapse imaging, and study cell wall growth in the mecA‐carrying methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains when the β‐lactam‐based probes were unsuitable.
Arteria lusoria: A rare cause of chronic dysphagia
Authors: Hasina Laingonirina Domoina Harivonjy , Rakotozafindrabe Andry Lalaina Rinà , Razafindrazoto Chantelli Iamblaudiot , Rajaonarison Lova Hasina Ny Ony Narindra , Randriamifidy Nitah Harivony , Rabenjanahary Tovo Harimanana , Razafimahefa Soloniaina Hélio , Ramanampamonjy Rado Manitrala
Published: October 2021

Arteria lusoria is a rare cause of dysphagia in which dysphagia due to esophageal compression. The upper GI endoscopy does not bring significant element that can orient the diagnosis. The injected thoracic CT scan remains the key examination for the diagnosis of dysphagia lusoria and to characterize the defective artery.
In Situ Generated Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution in a Biphasic Liquid System
Authors: Aslan Emre , Yanalak Gizem , Patir Imren Hatay
Published: October 2021

In situ deposition of catalysts are drawing attention to the liquid/liquid interfaces by using raw materials for the energy conversion reactions such as hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction. Herein, in situ generation of amorphous molybdenum sulfide on reduced graphene oxide (rGO/MoSx) is investigated in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by decamethylferrocene electron donor at the liquid/liquid interfaces by using (NH4)2MoS4 and graphene oxide precursors in the aqueous phase. rGO/MoSx catalyst shows better catalytic activity than the uncatalyzed reaction and free‐MoSx, which increase the HER rate 57‐ and 1.7‐fold, respectively. The enhanced catalytic activity of rGO/MoSx catalyst is related to the increased surface area, active sites and conductivity of rGO. The catalytic activity of rGO/MoSx are examined by four‐electrode voltammetry and also two‐phase reactions. The obtained rGO/MoSx catalyst are characterized in detail by structural and morphological techniques.
Highly Stable Apatite Supported Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde: Structure, Activity and Stability
Authors: Thrane Joachim , Falholt Elvebakken Christopher , Juelsholt Mikkel , Lindahl Christiansen Troels , Jensen Kirsten M. Ø. , Pilsgaard Hansen Lars , Fahl Lundegaard Lars , Vie Mentzel Uffe , Thorhauge Max , Degn Jensen Anker , Høj Martin
Published: October 2021

Molybdenum oxide (5 to 20 wt.%) supported on calcium or strontium hydroxyapatite were investigated as catalysts for selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. These catalysts were both active and selective, with a maximum yield achieved at 95 % conversion and 96 % selectivity. The main byproducts were CO (3.2 %) and dimethyl ether (DME, 0.7 %). The catalytic performance of the catalysts was measured for up to 600 h at 350 °C. Compared to an industrial iron molybdate catalyst, the hydroxyapatite based catalysts deactivated slower. The active species were found to be a surface layer of MoOxon the hydroxyapatite support, while excess molybdenum formed crystalline (Ca/Sr)MoO4, acting as a reservoir replenishing surface MoOxlost by volatilization with methanol. The excess molybdenum in the form of (Ca/Sr)MoO4was found to volatilize significantly slower than the excess MoO3in iron molybdate catalysts. The combination of high activity and selectivity with low rate of Mo volatilization makes this class of catalysts interesting for industrial production of formaldehyde.
Iodine(I) and Silver(I) Complexes of Benzoimidazole and Pyridylcarbazole Derivatives
Authors: Taipale Essi , Siepmann Marcel , Truong Khai‐Nghi , Rissanen Kari
Published: October 2021

The synthesis of iodine(I) complexes with either benzoimidazole or carbazole‐derived sp2 N‐containing Lewis bases is described, as well as their corresponding silver(I) complexes. The addition of elemental iodine to the linear two‐coordinate Ag(I) complexes produces iodine(I) complexes with a three‐center four‐electron (3c–4e) [N−I−N]+ bond. The 1H and 1H‐15N HMBC NMR studies unambiguously confirm the formation of the complexes in all cases via the [N−Ag−N]+→[N−I−N]+ cation exchange, with the 15N NMR chemical shift change between 94 to 111 ppm when compared to the free ligand. The single crystal X‐ray crystallographic studies on eight I+ complexes revealed highly symmetrical [N−I−N]+ bonds with I−N bond distances of 2.21–2.26 Å and N−I−N angles of 177–180°, whilst some of the corresponding Ag+ complexes showed a clear deviation from linearity with N−Ag−N angles of ca. 150° and Ag−N bond distances of 2.09–2.18 Å.
Recyclable Carbon Nitride Nanosheet‐Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines in Green Solvent
Authors: Shi Tao , Liu Yu‐Ting , Wang Shan‐Shan , Lv Qi‐Yan , Yu Bing
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive Summary

An efficient and eco‐friendly carbon nitride nanosheet (NM‐g‐C3N4)‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction of imidazo‐fused heterocycles (i.e., imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines, benzo[d]imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole) with N‐phenylglycines in dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been developed. The toxic solvents, external oxidants, and restricted reaction conditions could be effectively avoided in this powerful and sustainable protocol. Remarkably, NM‐g‐C3N4 could be straightforwardly recovered by simple centrifugation and recycled and reused at least 7 times without an obvious decrease in catalytic activity.
A Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized AIE Conjugated Macrocyclic Tetramaleimide for Mitochondrial‐targeting Bioimaging
Authors: Zeng Wei , Lin Mao‐Hua , Zhu Ling‐Yun , Lin Mei‐Jin
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Development of subcellular organelle‐targeted bioimaging probes is of great importance in the field of early detection of diseases and exploring the behaviors of subcellular organelles. Herein, we present a triphenylphosphonium functionalized conjugated macrocyclic tetramaleimide (TPP‐CMT) as a mitochondrial‐targeting bioimaging probe. The core of TPP‐CMT is obtained by connecting two pyrenes and two benzenes through four maleimides. This unique structure endows TPP‐CMT with exceptional far red/near‐infrared aggregation‐induced emission (FR/NIR‐AIE) characteristics. TPP‐CMT is an excellent fluorescent emitter in most solvents and even in solid states. The quantum yield of TPP‐CMT was higher than 27% when dissolved in common middle‐polarity organic solvent and this value remained at 28.2% in its solid state. The introduction of four triphenylphosphonium on maleimide positions endows TPP‐CMT with mitochondrial‐targeting ability. Thanks to the FR/NIR‐AIE characteristics and the mitochondrial‐targeting ability, this well‐designed fluorescent probe was successfully employed for mitochondrial targeting bioimaging of HeLa and HepG2 cells.
Small Molecule: Polymer Blends for N‐type Organic Thin Film Transistors via Bar‐coating in Air
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Shi Yibo , Zhou Qian , Liu Jie , Jiang Lang , Han Yang
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Fabricating n‐type organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on small molecules via solution processing under atmospheric conditions remains challenging. Blending small molecules with polymer is an effective strategy to improve the solution processibility and air stability of the resulted devices. In this study, polystyrene was chosen to blend with n‐type small molecule DPP1012‐4F to enhance the continuity of the semiconductor layer and maintain a favorable edge‐on stacking of semiconductors. The introduction of high‐boiling point 1‐chloronaphthalene as a solvent additive in the blending system can reduce the grain boundary defects in the microscopic morphology. These changes in aggregation behavior are confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and polarized optical microscopy analyses. Via bar‐coating of the semiconductor layers in air, the electron mobility of the resulted OTFTs under the optimal condition is 0.73 cm2·V–1·s–1, which is amongst the highest n‐type small molecule‐based OTFTs with active layers prepared in air up to now. These results show a great potential of the blending strategy in industrial roll‐to‐roll manufacture of high‐mobility n‐type OTFTs.
Clinical and Molecular Perspectives on Inflammation‐Mediated Regulation of Drug Metabolism and Transport
Authors: Dunvald Ann‐Cathrine Dalgård , Järvinen Erkka , Mortensen Christina , Stage Tore B.
Published: October 2021

Inflammation is a possible cause of variability in drug response and toxicity due to altered regulation in drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in humans. Here, we evaluate the clinical and in vitro evidence on inflammation‐mediated modulation of DMETs, and the impact on drug metabolism in humans. Furthermore, we identify and discuss the gaps in our current knowledge. A systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, and grey literature was performed in the period of February to September 2020. A total of 203 papers was included. In vitro studies in primary human hepatocytes revealed strong evidence that CYP3A4 is strongly downregulated by inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐1β. CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 were downregulated to a lesser extent. In clinical studies, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases were observed to cause downregulation of CYP enzymes in a similar pattern. However, there is no clear correlation between in vitro studies and clinical studies, mainly because most in vitro studies use supraphysiological cytokine doses. Moreover, clinical studies demonstrate considerable variability in terms of methodology and inconsistencies in evaluation of the inflammatory state. In conclusion, we find inflammation and pro‐inflammatory cytokines to be important factors in regulation of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The observed downregulation is clinically relevant, and we emphasize caution when treating patients in an inflammatory state with narrow therapeutic index drugs. Further research is needed to identify the full extent of inflammation‐mediated changes in DMETs and to further support personalized medicine.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Tripegfilgrastim, a Pegylated G‐CSF, in Pediatric Patients with Solid Tumors
Authors: Lee Soyoung , Hong Kyung Taek , Moon Seol Ju , Choi Jung Yoon , Hong Che Ry , Shin Hee Young , Cho Joo‐Youn , Jang In‐Jin , Yu Kyung‐Sang , Oh Jaeseong , Kang Hyoung Jin
Published: October 2021

A long‐acting granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, tripegfilgrastim, was approved in Korea for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia in adult patients. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of tripegfilgrastim in pediatric patients. A phase I, open‐label, single ascending‐dose study was performed in pediatric patients with solid tumors or lymphoma (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02963389). The patients were stratified according to age groups (aged 6 to 12 or 12 to 19 years) and received a single subcutaneous dose of tripegfilgrastim 60 μg/kg or 100 μg/kg. Tripegfilgrastim was administered 24 hours after the end of the chemotherapy, and serial blood sampling and safety monitoring were conducted. Twenty‐seven patients with solid tumors were enrolled in this study. Tripegfilgrastim was detectable in plasma for an extended period (terminal half‐life > 40 hours), and plasma concentrations increased slightly less than dose proportionally. The mean duration of grade 4 neutropenia was reduced as the average tripegfilgrastim concentration during the initial neutrophil recovery process increased. No substantial differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses were observed between the two age groups. When stratified by body weight, weighing more than 45 kg has a higher risk of a prolonged neutropenia period when receiving the lower dose (60 μg/kg) of tripegfilgrastim. Tripegfilgrastim was generally safe and well‐tolerated in the pediatric patients. These results justify further clinical investigations of tripegfilgrastim at 100 μg/kg dose in pediatric patients.
Days alive and out of hospital following transoral robotic surgery: Cohort study of 262 patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Larsen Mikkel H. H. , Scott Susanne I. , Channir Hani I. , Madsen Anne K. Ø. , Charabi Birgitte W. , Rubek Niclas , Tvedskov Jesper F. , Kehlet Henrik , von Buchwald Christian
Published: October 2021

Background

Days alive and out of hospital (DAOH) is a validated outcome in clinical trials, since it reflects procedure‐associated morbidity and mortality. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has become a widely adopted procedure with increasing demand for knowledge and data on morbidity.

Methods

Retrospective single‐center assessment of a prospective TORS database comprising patients treated for malignancy between 2013 and 2018 using DAOH to describe procedure‐ and disease‐related morbidity the first 12‐postoperative months.

Results

For 262 patients, median DAOH365 was 357 days (IQR 351–360). Indications for TORS were (i) primary curative resection (61%), (ii) salvage resection (15%), and (iii) diagnostic work‐up of cancer of unknown primary in the head and neck (24%). Median DAOH365 was 359 days (IQR 351–361 days), 348 days (IQR 233–355), and 357 days (351–361), respectively. Pneumonia had the highest impact in DAOH365 reduction.

Conclusion

Total median DAOH365 after TORS was 357 days. The main cause leading to DAOH365 reduction was pneumonia.
BMS‐986263 in patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis: 36‐week results from a randomized, placebo‐controlled phase 2 trial
Authors: Lawitz Eric J. , Shevell Diane E. , Tirucherai Giridhar S. , Du Shuyan , Chen Warner , Kavita Uma , Coste Angie , Poordad Fred , Karsdal Morten , Nielsen Mette , Goodman Zachary , Charles Edgar D.
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Hepatic fibrosis secondary to HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic decompensation. Sustained virologic response (SVR) is possible with direct‐acting antiviral drug regimens; however, patients with advanced fibrosis have an increased risk for HCC. Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a key collagen chaperone, has been implicated in fibrosis development. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of BMS‐986263, a lipid nanoparticle delivering small interfering RNA designed to degrade HSP47 mRNA, for the treatment of advanced fibrosis.

Approach and Results

NCT03420768 was a Phase 2, randomized (1:1:2), placebo‐controlled trial conducted at a hepatology clinic in the United States. Patients with HCV‐SVR (for ≥ 1 year) and advanced fibrosis received once‐weekly i.v. infusions of placebo or BMS‐986263 (45 or 90 mg) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was ≥ 1 METAVIR stage improvement at Week 12; key secondary endpoints included Ishak score improvement, pharmacokinetics, fibrosis biomarkers, and safety. All 61 patients completed treatment, and 2/15 (13%, placebo), 3/18 (17%, 45 mg), and 6/28 (21%, 90 mg) had METAVIR improvements of ≥ 1 stage at Week 12. Five patients in the 90‐mg arm had Ishak improvements by ≥ 2 stages. BMS‐986263 plasma concentrations increased in a generally dose‐proportional fashion between BMS‐986263 doses, with no notable accumulation with weekly dosing. All adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate in intensity; most treatment‐related AEs were infusion‐related reactions in the BMS‐986263 arms. At baseline, collagen levels were low, indicating low levels of fibrogenesis in these patients.

Conclusions

In patients with HCV‐SVR, BMS‐986263 administration was generally well tolerated through Week 36 and resulted in METAVIR and Ishak score improvements. Further evaluation of BMS‐986263 in patients with active fibrogenesis is warranted.
Primary care physician payment mechanisms toward universal health coverage: A study of Iran and selected countries
Authors: Rafiei Narges , Vatankhah Soudabeh , Kabir Mohammad Javad
Published: October 2021

Background and aim

Primary care physician (PCP) payment mechanisms can be important tools for addressing issues of access, quality, and equity in health care. The purpose of the present study is to compare the PCP payment mechanisms of Iran, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, England, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Thailand.

Methods

This is a descriptive‐comparative study comparing the PCP payment mechanisms of Iran and selected countries in 2020. Data for each country are collected from reliable databases and are tabulated to compare their payment models. Framework analysis is used for data analysis.

Results

The results are provided in terms of PCP payment mechanisms, adjusting factor for capitation, reasons for fee‐for‐service payment, the role of pay‐for‐performance (PFP) programme, domain and indicators, and reasons for developing PFP in each country.

Conclusion

The majority of the countries with high UHC service coverage index have applied a mix of PCP payment mechanisms, most of which include capitation and PFP. Moreover, adjusting capitation by factors such as age, sex, and health status will lead to provision of better services to high‐risk populations. In recent years, PFP has been paid to Iranian PCPs in addition to salary. Given the various existing models for primary health care in Iran and the increasing burden of chronic diseases, a more appropriate combination of payment mechanisms that create more incentives to provide active and high‐quality care should be developed. Also, when developing payment mechanisms, the required infrastructure such as electronic health record should be considered.
Is cytology/HPV co‐testing for cervical cancer screening useful in Japan?
Authors: Oishi Tetsuro , Kigawa Junzo , Iwanari Osamu , Kasai Tokuzo , Kurokawa Tetsuji , Hamada Masao , Fujita Hiromasa , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Masatoshi , Sakuragi Noriaki , Harada Tasuku , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: October 2021

Objective

In Japan, no region has introduced primary HPV testing for cervical cancer screening. We assessed the diagnostic value and possible harm of HPV testing in Japan.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study with historical controls used cytology‐based screening and co‐testing data in Japan. As surrogate indicators of possible harm, colposcopy referral rate and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) 1 detection rates were calculated. As surrogate indicators with diagnostic values, the detection rates of CIN2 or greater (CIN2+) and CIN3+ were calculated.

Results

The data of 297 970 women (182 697 for cytology‐based, 115 273 for co‐testing) were examined. The detection rates of CIN1, CIN2+, and CIN3+ were significantly higher in the co‐testing group than in the cytology‐based group (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.01, respectively). Between ages 25–49, CIN2+ detection rates were significantly higher in the co‐testing group than in the cytology‐based group (P < 0.05 for each 5‐year age group). Between ages 30–49, CIN3+ detection rates were significantly higher in the co‐testing group than in the cytology‐based group (P < 0.05 for each 5‐year age group).

Conclusion

Limiting the target age group may minimize the possible harm of screening. Cytology/HPV co‐testing may be useful in Japanese populations if balance is maintained between benefit and harm.