bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Optimized Algorithm and Field Programmable Gate Array Implementation for Bio Medical Image Denoising for Health Informatics Applications
Authors: Devasena D. , Jagadeeswari M. , Srinivasan K.
Published: August 2021

Denoising images is a most difficult task in applications for image processing. The image specifics are preserved and the additional sounds found in the images are removed. It is also a challenge to remove noise from medical and satellite images. It improves the diagnostic capacity
of medical images and satellite images visual clarity. The noise in the images varies and its density varies depending on imaging techniques. The algorithms in the literature were suggested based on the noise density and the forms of noise. The aim of this paper is to eliminate the noise from
ultrasound, magnetic resonance images and satellite images using an effective denoisation algorithm Hybrid Wiener Adaptive Weighted Median filter (HWAWMF) which is the combination of Wiener and Adaptive Centre Pixel Weighted Median Filter (ACPWMEF). In terms of performance parameters with
an improved Peak to Signal Noise Ratio(PSNR), the hybrid filter shows better results than ACPWMEF. The Vienna filter takes out the additional noises in the images thus blurs the image’s optical perception. And also uses optimization approaches to enhance the image consistency. This paper
proposes HWAWMF (PSO HWAWMF) based on particle swarm optimization and HWAWMF based on dragonfly optimization algorithms (DOAF HWAWMF). Visual vision and PSNR also have been improved by using the optimising algorithm at an average of 3.18 db, 4.83 db, and 3.14 db for lower noise (0.0% to 30%),
medium noise (40% to 60%) as well as high noise density (70% to 90%). The efficacy of the algorithm using MATLAB R2013 is verified through both medical images, simulated and actual. In order to assess the computer complexity of the Altera algorithm for location, power and time using Cyclone
II EP2C35F672C6, Cyclone II and Stratix III EP3SL150F1152C2, this algorithm is also implemented in the Altera Field Programable Gate Array (FPGA).
An Effective Approach Based on Deep Residual Google Net Convolutional Neural Network Classifier for the Detection of Glaucoma
Authors: Sharmila C. , Shanthi N.
Published: August 2021

Glaucoma is a disease caused by fluid pressure build-up in the inner eye. Early detection of glaucoma is critical as it is expected that 111.8 million people worldwide shall suffer from glaucoma in 2040. In the diagnosis of glaucoma, the use of machine learning method is hoped to be
highly promising. This paper provides an important method to master learning to diagnose glaucoma. Initially, human retinal fundus images are preprocessed by means of histogram equalization in order to enhance them. The segmentation is performed by semantic segmentation method, mainly the
features are extracted using density with correlation based feature extraction approach. PCA (principal component analysis) methodology is used to choose the most optimal features. Ultimately, through the usage of the Deep residual Google Net CNN Classification method, the retinal image is
classified/predicted as regular and abnormal. The Deep residual Google Net CNN classifier is designed to distinguish view patterns with minimal pre-processing from pixel pictures. ORIGA and STARE datasets are used in this work. The findings are then analyzed and contrasted to illustrate the
efficacy of the new technique with alternate current techniques. Test accuracy of 99%, Specificity of 98.9% and 100% Sensitivity were achieved. The quantitative results are analyzed for specifications like sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive rate, false predictive rate
and assured to provide excellent outcomes when compared with traditional methods.
Effect of magnetic nanoparticles containing ropivacaine on ankle nerve block in rats
Authors: Li Ronghua , Li Yongbo , Hu Xiucai , Shan Shiqiang , Liu Lingling , Cui Wenbin
Published: August 2021

Ropivacaine (RVC), a common pain management drug used for clinical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia, inhibits peripheral nociceptive pain stimulation. However, the potential neurological damage resulting from RVC use must be considered. Developing a strategy to enhance the local anesthetic effect of RVC while reducing its potential acute toxicity to the central nervous system is urgently needed. In this study, a novel RVC nanocomposite drug, magnetic iron oxide/polyethylene glycol-carboxymethyl chitosan/ropivacaine nanoparticle (mCMCS-PEG/RVC NPs), was synthesized with magnetic iron oxide. The inherent shell–core structure of mCMCS-PEG retained core magnetic properties, improved the stability and biocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles, and avoided excessive degradation. Thus, mCMCS-PEG/RVC NPs are expected to provide a new pain management strategy for perioperative patients.
On the implementation of post-processing of runoff forecast ensembles
Authors: Skøien Jon Olav , Bogner Konrad , Salamon Peter , Wetterhall Fredrik
Published: August 2021

Different post-processing techniques are frequently employed to improve the outcome of ensemble forecasting models. The main reason is to compensate for biases caused by errors in model structure or initial conditions, and as a correction for under- or overdispersed ensembles. Here we use the Ensemble Model Output Statistics method to post-process the ensemble output from a continental scale hydrological model, LISFLOOD, as used in the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS). We develop a method for local calibration and interpolation of the post-processing parameters and compare it with a more traditional global calibration approach for 678 stations in Europe based on long term observations of runoff and meteorological variables. For the global calibration we also test a reduced model with only a variance inflation factor. Whereas the post-processing improved the results for the first 1-2 days lead time, the improvement was less for increasing lead times of the verification period. This was the case both for the local and global calibration methods. As the post-processing is based on assumptions about the distribution of forecast errors, we also present an analysis of the ensemble output that provides some indications of what to expect from the post-processing.
Prognostic Value of 3 Nutritional Screening Tools to Predict 30-Day Outcome in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Stenting
Authors: Çakmak Ender Ö , Öcal Lütfi , Erdoğan Emrah , Cerşit Sinan , Efe Süleyman Çağan , Karagöz Ali , Yılmaz Fatih , Fidan Serdar , Alizade Elnur , Zehir Regayip , Kırma Cevat
Published: August 2021

The effect of malnutrition on outcomes after carotid artery stenting (CAS) is not well known. This study reports the relationship between malnutrition and post-procedure 30-day major adverse events (MAEs). A total of 978 patients hospitalized for CAS were enrolled in the study. Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, the nutritional risk index (NRI), and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) were calculated. MAEs (myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attack and mortality) were compared. According to the CONUT score, NRI, and PNI, 9.4%, 41%, and 11.4% patients were moderately or severely malnourished, respectively; 74.8% were at least mildly malnourished by at least 1 score. Forty-seven patients (4.8%) had a post-procedure 30-day MAE. Continuous classifications of the indexes were independently associated with higher MAE. CONUT showed the highest predictive ability, whereas NRI had the lowest (C-index: CONUT, 0.701; NRI, 0.681; PNI, 0.688). According to categorical classification of indexes, only CONUT and PNI showed predictive ability for MAE. Malnutrition assessment could identify patients with CAS at elevated risk for MAE. CONUT, NRI, and PNI continuous scores were independent prognostic factors for the post-procedure 30-day MAE. According to our study, CONUT showed the highest predictive ability.
Putting cultural difference in its place: Barriers to access to health services for parents of children with intellectual disability in an urban African setting
Authors: Mkabile Siyabulela , Swartz Leslie
Published: August 2021

Background:

Access to appropriate specialist level services for children with intellectual disability is challenging in Africa, with very few services available. Much literature on the utilisation of services by carers of children with intellectual disability in Africa emphasises the supposed incompatibility between indigenous and western beliefs, failing to identify more obvious, embodied barriers to access to care.

Method:

As part of a study on children with intellectual disability in Cape Town, South Africa, we interviewed caregivers regarding the difficulties in accessing care, specifically the complex, expensive and time-consuming travelling routes from home to care.

Results:

Caregivers discussed the embodied difficulties accessing care. Everyday struggles with transport, and crowded, dangerous and hostile environments were identified as barriers to care.

Conclusion:

These challenges are often overlooked in the literature, in favour of an emphasis on cultural difference. This dualistic view of the world may obscure more obvious reasons why people find it difficult to use services, even when they are available.
Do transparency mechanisms reduce government corruption? A meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Can , Ganapati Sukumar
Published: August 2021

This article presents a meta-analysis of empirical studies to examine the role of transparency mechanisms for curbing corruption. The analysis reveals that transparency has an overall significant, though small, effect size in reducing corruption. Transparency is more effective for reducing subjective than objective corruption measures. While legal transparency mechanisms with freedom of information laws are important, fiscal transparency and e-transparency play a stronger role in fighting government corruption. Accountability and publicity add to transparency mechanisms for reducing corruption.

Points for practitioners

This meta-analysis study confirms a significantly negative association between transparency and corruption. Transparency advocates can champion transparency mechanisms as significant tools for reducing corruption. Different transparency mechanisms and good governance mechanisms are needed to reinforce transparency for reducing corruption.
Language Experience and Subjective Word Familiarity on the Multimodal Perception of Non-native Vowels
Authors: Inceoglu Solène
Published: August 2021

The present study investigated native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers’ perception of the French vowels /ɔ̃, ɑ̃, ɛ̃, o/. Thirty-four American-English learners of French and 33 native speakers of Parisian French were asked to identify 60 monosyllabic words produced by a native speaker in three modalities of presentation: auditory-only (A-only); audiovisual (AV); and visual-only (V-only). The L2 participants also completed a vocabulary knowledge test of the words presented in the perception experiment that aimed to explore whether subjective word familiarity affected speech perception. Results showed that overall performance was better in the AV and A-only conditions for the two groups with the pattern of confusion differing across modalities. The lack of audiovisual benefit was not due to the vowel contrasts being not visually salient enough, as shown by the native group’s performance in the V-only modality, but to the L2 group’s weaker sensitivity to visual information. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between subjective word familiarity and AV and A-only (but not V-only) perception of non-native contrasts.
Magnitude of Substance Use and Its Associated Factors Among the Medical Students in India and Implications for Medical Education: A Narrative Review
Authors: Gupta Himank , Gupta Snehil , Rozatkar Abhijit R.
Published: August 2021

Background:

Medical students are at an increased risk of developing substance use and related problems (SURP) because of the inherent stress associated with the professional medical course apart from the developmental risk factors. However, this is under-researched. Moreover, a comprehensive review on the prevalence of SURP among the medical undergraduates (UGs) and associated factors is lacking from India. To fill this gap, the current research work is aimed to review the existing literature on the magnitude of the SURP among UGs of India and its determinants.

Methods:

PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases were searched for the original articles studying the prevalence of SURP among medical UGs of India, published from inception till date. Non-original articles, studies on behavioral addictions, and those not directly assessing the prevalence of SURP among the medical UGs were excluded.

Results:

A total of 39 studies were found eligible for the review. Alcohol (current use: 3.2%–43.8%), followed by tobacco (3.7%–28.8%) and cannabis (1.6%–15%), were the common substances used by the medical students. Among the females, an increasing trend of substance use, particularly of nonprescription sedatives (even higher than males), alcohol, and smoking, was seen. Family history, peer pressure, transition from school to college life, and progression in the medical course were important associated factors.

Conclusion:

Sensitizing medical students and college authorities, increasing the duration of training on SURP in medical curricula, and providing psychological support for the students with SURP could address this issue.
Serum levels of inhibitory costimulatory molecules and correlations with levels of innate immune cytokines in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Zhao Yunjuan , Zhang Jia , Xue Bing , Zhang Fengbo , Xu Qian , Ma Haimei , Sha Tong , Peng Lei , Li Fengsen , Ding Jianbing
Published: August 2021

Objective

To analyze serum levels of inhibitory costimulatory molecules and their correlations with innate immune cytokine levels in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

Methods

Data for 280 PTB patients and 280 healthy individuals were collected. Serum levels of immune molecules were measured using ELISA. Univariate, multivariate, subgroup, matrix correlation, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed.

Results

Host, environment, lifestyle, clinical features, and medical history all influenced PTB. Serum levels of soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1), soluble T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain–containing molecule 3 (sTim-3), soluble galectin-9 (sGal-9), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-33 were significantly higher in patients with PTB, while levels of IL-12, IL-23, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly lower. Serum levels of sTim-3 were higher in alcohol users. Levels of sTim-3 were negatively correlated with those of IL-12. Levels of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-18 were positively correlated with those of IFN-γ, while levels of IL-12 were negatively correlated with those of IL-4. The areas under the curve of sPD-L1, sTim-3, sGal-9, IL-12, IL-23, IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-33 for identifying PTB were all >0.77.

Conclusions

Inhibitory costimulatory molecules may be targets for controlling PTB. Immune molecules may be helpful for diagnosis of PTB.
Nations of bankers and Brexiteers? Nationalism and hidden money
Authors: Loftsdóttir Kristín , Mixa Már Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

This article examines the relationship between nationalistic mobilisations, hidden funds and undisclosed campaign contributions, commonly known as dark money. Contextualising Brexit alongside the Icelandic economic crash of 2008 shows how nationalist mobilisation and racism can secure economic and political interests for a small minority and thus create space for what Zygmunt Bauman has called ‘evasion’ or ‘slippage’ as a primary technique of power in the present. Both the build-up to Brexit and the Icelandic economic crash were characterised by a strong national-centred rhetoric of ‘us-the-nation’ versus ‘others’ that diverted attention from massive minority interests, which had access to hidden funds. The Panama Papers showed that many of the same people celebrated in Iceland as the embodied representation of the country were simultaneously moving money into tax havens. Exposés have also revealed the way that dark money secretly funded campaigns using anti-migrant racism to facilitate the Brexiteers’ longer-term interests.
Assessing the Predictive Value of Traffic Count Data in the Imputation of On-Street Parking Occupancy in Amsterdam
Authors: Martín Calvo Pablo , Schotten Bas , Dugundji Elenna R.
Published: August 2021

On-street parking policies have a huge impact on the social welfare of citizens. Accurate parking occupancy data across time and space is required to properly set such policies. Different imputation and forecasting models are required to obtain this data in cities that use probe vehicle measurements, such as Amsterdam. In this paper, the usage of traffic data as an explanatory variable is assessed as a potential improvement to existing parking occupancy prediction models. Traffic counts were obtained from 164 traffic cameras throughout the city. Existing models for predicting parking occupancy were reproduced in experiments with and without traffic data, and their performance was compared. Results indicated that (i) traffic data are indeed a useful predictor and improves performance of existing models; (ii) performance does not improve linearly with an increase in the number of counting points; and (iii) placement of the cameras does not have a significant impact on performance.
Development of a multi-arm polyrotaxanes modified mesoporous silica-coated gold nanoplatform for protecting endothelial progenitor cells against high glucose environment
Authors: Cao Duanwen , Zuo Huihua , Jiang Mingjin , Huang Yiteng , Li Liang , Lin Fengxia , Liu Yue
Published: August 2021

Recent study reported that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have potential to treat diabetic macroangiopathy. High glucose environment of diabetes can affect the adhesion of EPCs by decreasing the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and affect the proliferation of EPCs by decreasing the expression of miR-126. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of GNR@MSNs@PEI to EPCs was significantly lower than PEI; the temperature of GNR@MSNs@PEI solution can be controlled between 38–40°C under 808 nm laser irradiation. 25.67 µg of pcDNA3.1-GFP-CXCR4 and 5.36 µg of FITC-miR-126 could be loaded in 1 mg of GNR@MSNs@PEI; GNR@MSNs@PEI has gene transfection almost the same as Lipofectamine 3000. Subsequent in vitro studies showed that pcDNA3.1-GFP-CXCR4 and miR-126 loaded GNR@MSNs@PEI can significantly increase the adhesion and proliferation and decrease the apoptosis of EPCs treated with high glucose under 808 nm laser irradiation. In conclusion, nano-carriers (GNR@MSNs@PEI) with high pcDNA3.1-CXCR4 and miR-126 loading capacity, high biocompatibility, well cell internalization, and controllable release ability were constructed to transfer CXCR4 expression plasmid (pcDNA3.1-CXCR4) and miR-126 into EPCs efficiently. Further in vitro studies indicated that pcDNA3.1-CXCR4 and miR-126-loaded GNR@MSNs@PEI could protect EPCs against high glucose-induced injury.
Acute Psychosocial Stress Increases Cognitive-Effort Avoidance
Authors: Bogdanov Mario , Nitschke Jonas P. , LoParco Sophia , Bartz Jennifer A. , Otto A. Ross
Published: August 2021

Adverse effects following acute stress are traditionally thought to reflect functional impairments of central executive-dependent cognitive-control processes. However, recent evidence demonstrates that cognitive-control application is perceived as effortful and aversive, indicating that stress-related decrements in cognitive performance could denote decreased motivation to expend effort instead. To investigate this hypothesis, we tested 40 young, healthy individuals (20 female, 20 male) under both stress and control conditions in a 2-day study that had a within-subjects design. Cognitive-effort avoidance was assessed using the demand-selection task, in which participants chose between performing low-demand and high-demand variants of a task-switching paradigm. We found that acute stress indeed increased participants’ preference for less demanding behavior, whereas task-switching performance remained intact. Additional Bayesian and multiverse analyses confirmed the robustness of this effect. Our findings provide novel insights into how stressful experiences shape behavior by modulating our motivation to employ cognitive control.
Influence of retarded injection timing on thermal performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with an optimized pyrolytic blend
Authors: Soundararajan Gopinath , Ponnusamy Kumarasami Devan , Chidambaranathan Bibin , Kasi Viswanathan Pitchandi
Published: August 2021

The enormous rise in plastic waste leads to severe environmental issues and complete removal is a quiet challenge. The entire world focuses on finding new alternate for traditional conventional fuel. The waste low-density polyethylene is chosen as feedstock for the preparation of fuel from thermo-catalytic pyrolysis, considering the silica–alumina catalyst at a reaction temperature of 500 °C. From our previous study, the lower blends of waste low-density polyethylene exhibit a similar performance to diesel. However, brake thermal efficiency and oxides of nitrogen are not encouraging. Further improving combustion behaviour, the present research is carried out at different injection timings. The investigation is carried on standard injection timing of 23°bTDC and three retarded injection timings, namely, 21°bTDC, 19°bTDC and 17°bTDC. Retarded injection timing exhibits higher performance and lower unburned hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide emissions. However, smoke emission is increased due to the reduced heat release at all the considered test parameters. The result divulges that reduced performance and increased smoke at 17°bTDC due to the lack of burning rate. The combustion behaviour of 20% waste low-density polyethylene by volume at 19°bTDC is similar to that of diesel at 23°bTDC. Hence, the injection timing of 19°bTDC is preferred as an optimized condition for the test fuel 20% waste low-density polyethylene by volume.
Book review: Maria Rashid. 2020. Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army
Authors: Khan Sanaullah
Published: August 2021

Maria Rashid. 2020. Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 267 pp., Price $28.00, ISBN: 9781503610415 (Hardback).
Book review: Narayan, S., & Datta, S. (Eds.), Bangladesh at 50: Development and Challenges
Authors: Ashraf ASM Ali
Published: August 2021

Narayan, S., & Datta, S. (Eds.), Bangladesh at 50: Development and Challenges (Orient Blackswan, 2020). Pp. 263, ₹995 (paperback). ISBN: 978-93-90122-60-8.
The Changing Impact and Challenges of Familial Estrangement
Authors: Melvin Karl , Hickey John
Published: August 2021

This study explored the experience of family estrangement, focusing on the estrangement’s nature (voluntary or involuntary) and approach (direct or indirect), to understand the experiences of individuals who no longer actively speak to family members, as described from the participants’ subjective perspectives. Current family estrangement research focuses on participants based in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia and this study provides a unique opportunity to view the experiences of estrangement in the Republic of Ireland. A qualitative approach was adopted, with data collected from five adults who are currently estranged from one or more family members for a period no less than 12 months. Specifically, thematic analysis was used to investigate patterns that accurately reflect the experiences of those estranged. The findings indicated that the experience can change over extended periods, with emotions such as anger and sadness and feelings of upset and stress that were present at the time of estrangement becoming less prevalent after a period ranging from 18 months to 10 years. Later experiences of estrangement were characterized by less stress, though sadness was still present for some and anger was present in situations where limited contact with estranged parties continued.
Two Components of Variant Profiles in Primary Vaginal Carcinosarcoma via Next-Generation Sequencing and a Literature Review
Authors: Kotoku Rakan , Yanazume Shintaro , Kuroda Takafumi , Kobayashi Yusuke , Kitazono Ikumi , Akahane Toshiaki , Tanimoto Akihide , Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: August 2021

Primary vaginal carcinosarcoma (VCS) is an extremely rare and aggressive tumor consisting of admixed malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. We report a case of VCS that was subjected to analysis by immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing (NGS). A 53-year-old woman with post-menopausal vaginal bleeding underwent surgical excision followed by concurrent chemoradiation. A well demarcated tumor was growing in a discontinuous fashion at a location some distance from both the cervix and vulva. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of adenocarcinoma components and sarcoma components consisting of a sheet-like growth of spindle-shaped cells, and we diagnosed this tumor as primary vaginal carcinosarcoma. NGS analysis of each component identified the following variants, TP53, PIK3CA, KRAS and FBXW7. A comparison of microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutation burden (TMB) showed that within both tissues the sarcomatous components had a higher MSI and TMB than the carcinomatous components. This case supports “a monoclonal theory” with the genome profile being similar to other malignant mixed Müllerian tumors.
Auxetic interval determination and experimental validation for a three-dimensional periodic framework
Authors: Borcea Ciprian S. , Broeren Freek G. J. , Herder Just L. , Streinu Ileana , van der Wijk Volkert
Published: August 2021

Auxetic behavior refers to lateral widening upon stretching or, in reverse, lateral shrinking upon compression. When an initially auxetic structure is actuated by compression or extension, it will not necessarily remain auxetic for larger deformations. In this paper, we investigate the auxetic range in the deformation of a periodic framework with one degree of freedom. We use geometric criteria to identify the interval where the deformation is auxetic and validate these theoretical findings with compression experiments on sample structures with [Formula: see text] unit cells.
Reflections on early studies of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Dowson Duncan , Higginson Gordon Robert
Published: August 2021

It is almost 50 years since theoretical work on elastohydrodynamic lubrication commenced in the Department of Mechanical Engineering of The University of Leeds. Details of the development of numerical solutions to the line contact problem during the 6-year period (1956–1962) that the authors worked together on the problem will be outlined. The computing aids available during the 18-month period involved in generating the first solution consisted of two hand-operated mechanical calculating machines, with the first digital computer at Leeds being installed in 1959. The general research environment during the period will be recalled and a number of significant events recorded. It is appropriate to record at this Symposium aspect of these initial developments in a subject that has dominated research in tribology throughout the latter part of the 20th century and into the early years of the 21st century. The excitement of being involved in taking some of the first steps in a field described by the late Professor F.T. Barwell (1970) as ‘The major event in the development of lubrication science since Reynolds's own paper’, will be recalled.
Enhancing cellular structure, mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardation of EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams by silicon dioxide-based flame retardant
Authors: Walong Alif , Thongnuanchan Bencha , Uthaipan Nattapon , Sakai Tadamoto , Lopattananon Natinee
Published: August 2021

Flame retardant rubber foams of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/natural rubber (NR)/layered silicate blends filled with silicon dioxide (SiO2) were prepared by using azodicarbonamide (ADC) as a blowing agent. Specifically, SiO2 was added in EVA/NR blend nanocomposites to produce good flame retardant foams. The properties of EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams with different SiO2 loading (0, 20, 30, 40 parts per hundred rubber, phr) were investigated through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheological property test, mechanical property measurement, flammability tests, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Pyrolysis-GC-MS). Compared with the simple EVA/NR blend nanocomposite, the added SiO2 increased the blend compatibility between EVA and NR phases and melt strength/viscosity of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposites, thus promoting cellular structure of the EVA/NR nanocomposite foams. Increasing SiO2 loading resulted in higher cell density, smaller cell size, and lower volume of void. These improvements caused higher strength and elastomeric recovery. The LOI test results showed that flame retardancy of the EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foams increased at higher SiO2 loading as a result of formation of insulation silicon dioxide-based char. TGA and pyrolysis-GC-MS analyses also validated the finding that the silicon dioxide-based char in the foamed samples containing higher SiO2 loading was more effective on improving thermal stability, which was responsible for lower material combustibility and better flame retardancy. Based on our finding, it was concluded that a good flame retardant EVA/NR blend nanocomposite foam with the best improvement in strength and elastomeric recovery was achieved when combined with 40 phr SiO2.
A Quasiexperimental Analysis of First-Year Seminar Outcomes at a Large University
Authors: Das Rajeeb , Schmitt Erika , Stephenson Michael T.
Published: August 2021

First-year seminars (FYS) comprise one of 11 researched interventions in postsecondary education known as High-Impact Practices, but few rigorous studies report significantly high impacts. This study examined a FYS employing propensity score matching to link cases and controls in a quasi-experimental design. One semester later cumulative grade point average (GPA), cumulative hours attempted, and 1-year later indicators (hours earned, hours attempted, and term GPA) were statistically different between the two groups. Three freshman survey items were also statistically significant and differences were observed within the same semester of the program. Quantitative differences did not appear immediately but appeared one term and 1 year later. Mean differences did not appear to diminish between groups over time. This analysis helps to fill a void in the paucity of studies clarifying the relationship between FYS participation and outcomes using comparison groups.
Preparation and characterization of phase-change energy storage nonwoven fabric
Authors: Zhao Zhou , Tong Ningning , Song Hong , Guo Yan , Wang Jinmei
Published: August 2021

In this work, a phase-change energy storage nonwoven fabric was made of polyurethane phase-change material (PUPCM) by a non-woven melt-blown machine. Polyethylene glycol 2000 was used as the phase transition unit and diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate as the hard segment to prepare PUPCM. Thermal stability of the PUPCM was evaluated through thermal stability analysis. The performance of pristine PUPCM was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to analyze the spinning technology of spinning temperature and the stretching process. Phase-change energy storage nonwoven fabric (413.22 g/m2) was prepared, and the morphology, solid–solid exothermic phase transition, mechanical properties, and the structures were characterized. The enthalpy of solid–solid exothermic phase transition reached 60.17 mJ/mg (peaked at 23.14°C). The enthalpy of solid–solid endothermic phase transition reached 67.09 mJ/mg (peaked at 34.34°C). The strength and elongation of phase-change energy storage nonwoven fabric were found suitable for garments and tent fabrics.
Space environment effects on equipment and structures—current and future technologies
Authors: Tompros Dionysios , Mouzakis Dionysios E
Published: August 2021

The space environment is extremely hostile to the spacecraft but also to the equipment it carries. The materials which are used to the external side of the spacecraft, the solar panels, the sensors, and the electronics circuits, suffer greatly from their exposure to it. Extreme temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation from solar proton events and cosmic rays, atomic oxygen in LEO, as well as collisions with micrometeoroids and space debris are factors that degrade the stuff, multiply the mission cost, and increase the risk. Therefore, the state-of-art of material technology is needed. In this study, a set of materials and technologies are presented, which reduce the above-mentioned risks. Extreme temperatures, ultra-vacuum, atomic oxygen, and high-energy radiation including particles as well as energy sources (X- and gamma rays) are potential extreme exposure conditions. Testing and qualification of materials exposed to these extreme conditions is a difficult task, to enable the design and manufacturing of high-endurance reliable components to be used in the world’s most sophisticated satellite and spacecraft components, as well as in future endeavors into the vicinity of the Solar System.
Transition to Independent Surgical Practice and Burnout Among Early Career General Surgeons
Authors: Firdouse Mohammed , Chrystoja Caitlin , de Montbrun Sandra , Escallon Jaime , Cil Tulin
Published: August 2021

Background: The transition from surgical residency to independent practice is a challenging period that has not been well studied. Methods: An email invitation to complete a 55-item survey and the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was sent to early career general surgeons across Canada. The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare demographic and survey characteristics with burnout. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results: Of the 586 surgeons contacted, 88 responded (15%); 51/88 surgeons (58.0%) were classified as burnt out according to the MBI-HSS. Most surgeons (68.2%) were not confident in their abilities to handle the business aspect of practice. The majority (60.2%) believed that a transition to independent practice program would be beneficial to recent surgical graduates. Conclusions: Our data showed high prevalence of burnout among recently graduated general surgeons across Canada. Further, respondents were not confident in their managerial and administrative skills required to run a successful independent practice.
Robot trajectory optimization control of braiding for three-dimensional complex preforms
Authors: Chi Xinfu , Li Qiyang , Yan Hongxia , Yize Sun
Published: August 2021

The quality of composite preform has great influence on its mechanical properties. Aiming at the problems of difficulty in robot teaching and unstable braiding angle in the process of braiding three-dimensional complex component, a control method of robot is proposed. Firstly, the mandrel is discretized to ensure that the axis of each discrete mandrel is perpendicular to the braiding point plane, and the orientation and direction of the tool center are calculated. Then, the take-up speed of the robot is calculated, so that the self-adjustment of the braiding angle can be realized in the braiding process. The experimental results show that the control method can effectively reduce the braiding angle error of variable cross-section mandrel within 2°, and can improve the quality of composite products in actual production.
Post-Market Surveillance Assessment of the Clinical Accuracy of a Blood Glucose Monitoring System with an Improved Algorithm for Enhanced Product Performance
Authors: Setford Steven , Liu Zuifang , McColl David , Phillips Stuart , Cameron Hilary , Grady Mike
Published: August 2021

Background:

On-going manufacturer-led post-market surveillance (PMS), assessing the clinical accuracy of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) systems, is critical to substantiate the performance of such products for people with diabetes.

Materials and Methods:

Batches of Verio test-strip product were randomly and routinely selected over the period from launch of an improved-algorithm product to reporting date and sent to 3 clinic sites for clinician-led accuracy assessment. Accuracy is reported as per recently adopted FDA guidance for BGM systems, EN ISO 15197:2015 and MARD/MAD (Mean absolute relative difference/Mean absolute difference).

Results:

Thirty-three individual test-strip batches were evaluated corresponding to 506 unique donors. Accuracy performance - FDA: 98.9% of values within ±15% of comparator; ISO: 99.0% within ±15 mg/dL or ±15% at <100 mg/dL (<5.55 mmol/L) or ≥100 mg/dL (≥5.55 mmol/L) glucose, respectively. Overall MARD was 4.19% with a MARD range of 3.54%-5.73% across all test strip batches.

Conclusions:

This post-market surveillance program demonstrates the new BGM system consistently meets measures of clinical accuracy specified by regulators. This program supports a growing demand by regulators for real-world evidence demonstrating consistent in-market product efficacy as opposed to the current largely passive approach that relies on assessment of reports filed by device users.
Generational Gaps in Media Trust and its Antecedents in Europe
Authors: Brosius Anna , Ohme Jakob , de Vreese Claes H.
Published: August 2021

We test generational differences in media trust and its antecedents, including political trust, interest, and orientation, as well as perceptions of media inaccuracy and media bias. We rely on original survey data from ten European countries, collected in 2019. We find no differences in the levels of media trust between generations, but we find that key correlates of media trust relate differently to it in different generations. For example, political interest is more strongly correlated with media trust for Millennials than for other generations. Perceptions of bias and inaccuracy have a strong negative correlation with media trust overall, but it is stronger for older generations. These results suggest, that in the long term, societal developments, and in particular debates about media bias and misinformation may impact media trust of young generations differently as they grow older—however, our data give no indication of that creating generational gaps in media trust.
Insights into bioinformatic approaches for repurposing compounds as anti-viral drugs
Authors: Zheng Wenxiao , D’Aiuto Leonardo , Demers Matthew J , Muralidaran Vaishali , Wood Joel A , Wesesky Maribeth , Chattopadhyay Ansuman , Nimgaonkar Vishwajit L
Published: August 2021

Background

Drug repurposing is a cost-effective strategy to identify drugs with novel effects. We searched for drugs exhibiting inhibitory activity to Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Our strategy utilized gene expression data generated from HSV-1-infected cell cultures which was paired with drug effects on gene expression. Gene expression data from HSV-1 infected and uninfected neurons were analyzed using BaseSpace Correlation Engine (Illumina®). Based on the general Signature Reversing Principle (SRP), we hypothesized that the effects of candidate antiviral drugs on gene expression would be diametrically opposite (negatively correlated) to those effects induced by HSV-1 infection.

Results

We initially identified compounds capable of inducing changes in gene expression opposite to those which were consequent to HSV-1 infection. The most promising negatively correlated drugs (Valproic acid, Vorinostat) did not significantly inhibit HSV-1 infection further in African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells). Next, we tested Sulforaphane and Menadione which showed effects similar to those caused by viral infections (positively correlated). Intriguingly, Sulforaphane caused a modest but significant inhibition of HSV-1 infection in Vero cells (IC50 = 180.4 µM, p = 0.008), but exhibited toxicity when further explored in human neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells.

Conclusions

These results reveal the limits of the commonly used SRP strategy when applied to the identification of novel antiviral drugs and highlight the necessity to refine the SRP strategy to increase its utility.
Bilateral Symmetry Has No Effect on Stereoscopic Shape Judgments
Authors: Yu Ying , Petrov Alexander A. , Todd James T.
Published: August 2021

A single experiment is reported that measured the apparent stereoscopic shapes of symmetric and asymmetric objects at different viewing distances. The symmetric stimuli were specifically designed to satisfy the minimal conditions for computing veridical shape from symmetry. That is to say, they depicted complex, bilaterally symmetric, plane-faced polyhedra whose symmetry planes were oriented at an angle of 45° relative to the line of sight. The asymmetric stimuli were distorted versions of the symmetric ones in which the 3D position of each vertex was randomly displaced. Prior theoretical analyses have shown that it is mathematically possible to compute the 3D shapes of symmetric stimuli under these conditions, but those algorithms are useless for asymmetric objects. The results revealed that the apparent shapes of both types of objects were expanded or compressed in depth as a function of viewing distance, in exactly the same way as has been reported in many other studies, and that the presence or absence of symmetry had no detectable effect on performance.
Are Wealthy Countries Always Healthy? Health Outcomes and Public Health Spending Nexus in Nigeria
Authors: Orji Anthony , Ogbuabor Jonathan E. , Mba Peter N. , Anthony-Orji Onyinye I.
Published: August 2021

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eight most populous nation in the world. She is currently the largest economy in Africa. Nigeria is considered to be relatively wealthy in terms of oil reserves; however, the level of poverty is still very high because of corruption and mismanagement. This study investigates the impact of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria, 1985–2019. Empirical results from the Classical Regression Analysis reveal that health expenditure by the government reduces under-5 mortality rate significantly and improves life expectancy. Furthermore, immunization against measles was found to reduce under-5 mortality rate, while prevalence of HIV reduces life expectancy. The study therefore recommends that there is need for government expenditure on health to be targeted at areas that will improve health outcomes significantly. With adequate funding and proper monitoring, a resource-abundant nation like Nigeria, can become healthier. However, if this is not done, the wealthy may not be healthy after all.
Using Check-In/Check-Out in Vocational Training for Young Adults With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Hester Olivia R. , Swoszowski Nicole C.
Published: August 2021

Few transition studies have involved training supervisors on interacting and relaying feedback to individuals with intellectual disability during vocational training. We used a multiple baseline across participants design to examine the efficacy of an adaptive check-in/check-out (CICO) intervention for increasing the rate of performance feedback statements given by a supervisor to an intern with an intellectual disability during vocational training. The CICO intervention was effective at increasing the rate of performance feedback statements given by each supervisor. We recommend research and practice focused on training supervisors to use the CICO intervention to assist in helping foster natural job supports.
Well-Being and Cognition Are Coupled During Development: A Preregistered Longitudinal Study of 1,136 Children and Adolescents
Authors: Fuhrmann Delia , van Harmelen Anne-Laura , Kievit Rogier A.
Published: August 2021

Well-being and cognition are linked in adulthood, but how the two domains interact during development is currently unclear. Using a complex systems approach, we preregistered and modeled the relationship between well-being and cognition in a prospective cohort of 1,136 children between the ages of 6 to 7 years and 15 years. We found bidirectional interactions between well-being and cognition that unfold dynamically over time. Higher externalizing symptoms in childhood predicted fewer gains in planning over time (standardized estimate [β] = −0.14, p = .019), whereas higher childhood vocabulary predicted smaller increases in loneliness over time (β = −0.34, p ≤ .001). These interactions were characterized by modifiable risk and resilience factors: Relationships to parents, friendship quality, socioeconomic status, and puberty onset were all linked to both cognitive and well-being outcomes. Thus, cognition and well-being are inextricably intertwined during development and may be malleable to social and biological factors.
Enhancement of performance for graphite felt modified with carbon nanotubes activated by KOH as Cathode in electro-fenton systems
Authors: Wang Yita , Lin Boyou
Published: August 2021

The electro-Fenton (EF) process is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Graphite felt is widely used as an cathode material for the EF process, and its performance can be improved by surface modification. Active carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) have more oxygen-containing functional groups and better electrochemical properties compared to Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In this study, graphite felt was used as the substrate, and composite cathodes were prepared by surface treatment using MWCNT, graphene, and ACNTs. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye decolorization tests were then conducted to investigate the degradation performance of the EF system with different cathodes. The results showed that based on the micromorphology of ACNT, the tubular form of MWCNT was activated into a GR-like flake structure, it was also found that the strength of the oxygen-containing functional groups of ACNT improved significantly. The activated MWCNT/C cathode exhibited a 60-min decolorization rate of 77.28% compared to the unactivated MWCNT/C cathode, whereas the decolorization rate of the ACNT/C cathode increased to 85.01% after activation, which was close to that of the GR/C cathode at 88.55%. In summary, the ACNT/C cathode exhibited degradation efficiency comparable to that of the GR/C cathode.
Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?
Authors: Añón Higón Dolores , Díez-Minguela Alfonso
Published: August 2021

This article explores the extent to which the regional higher education system (HES) influences the location of foreign research and development (R&D). To do so, we use a dataset with information on the location choices of new foreign R&D establishments within Spain from 2005 to 2013. Similarly, we use a multiple measure of the three university missions, distinguishing between research capacity training, scientific research, and technology transfer. We find that the probability of a foreign R&D establishment being located in a region is positively affected by the strength of the region’s HES missions, and more specifically by the quality of its scientific research, while its research training capacity and knowledge transfer activities do not seem to play a significant role. Moreover, the strength of the research mission has a positive influence on the location choice of foreign units conducting research activities but is weak to explain the location of those performing development activities.

JEL CLASSIFICATION F21; F23; O32