bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between Regionalism and World Order: Five Structural Factors in China–Europe Relations to 2025
Authors: KERR DAVID
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines five structural factors within which the EU–China relationship will operate in the next generation. These are: interdependence and competition in a globalizing world economy; the contrast between European structuralism and Asian organicism; the regionalization of Eurasian security; the contentious politics of Central Eurasia; and the structural contradiction between the US ‘global state’ and the European and Asian ‘region-states’. In putting forward these factors Kerr is echoing the arguments of several other contributors: interdependence and competition; structuralism and organicism; security inter-regionalization; and questions of triangularity. Thus, though open to diverse interpretation, these factors seem to constitute the beginning of an ‘agenda’ in the international politics of EU–China relations.
Morphological Typology of Deponency*
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the morphological typology of deponency. It shows that the theoretical interest of deponent verbs in Latin is clear, and that morphological forms are not simply a blind reflection of the categories they represent. A mismatch between form and function is discussed, and the active and passive voices in Latin deponents are studied. Other sections in this chapter examine normal realization, lexically specified sets, and the lack of a normal function.
Deponency, Syncretism, and What Lies Between*
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses how deponency is to be differentiated from syncretism, which shows important similarities. It attempts to provide ‘intellectual housekeeping’, which puts order into the description of inflectional morphology. This allows for an analysis of the diversity of inflectional morphology by confronting it with an elegant order. It is revealed that there are types of lexeme whose interest and importance had not previously been fully recognized.
Spanish Pseudoplurals: Phonological Cues in the Acquisition of a Syntax-Morphology Mismatch*
Authors: Bermúdez-otero Ricardo
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses Spanish pseudoplurals. It begins by presenting evidence for distinguishing between pseudoplural nouns and non-pseudoplural nouns with athematic stems in /s/. Some misconceptions about athematic stems in /s/ are clarified in the next section. The chapter then charts the acquisition path that shows Spanish learners the contrast between pseudoplural nouns and non-deponent nouns with athematic stems in /s/. The last section of the chapter is devoted to a survey of the general implications of the findings.
How Safe Are Our Analyses?
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses one view of inflectional morphology, which Stump calls ‘inferential-realizational’. It notes that the term ‘deponent’ is still used in the description of Latin and other older Indo-European languages. It inquires as to what other languages might have deponents and what other properties these languages may have in common.
The case for comparison
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the comparison of rulers, warriors, traders, and clerics on the central Sahel and the North Sea region. It argues that there was more similarity between north-western Europe and the central Sahel in the few centuries either side of AD 1001 than has hitherto been recognised, and maintains that the nature of the sources has obscured these formative times and left them in the shadow of organised structures. It discusses the interconnectedness of central Sahel and north-west Europe through contacts and shared pre-industrial nature.
Warriors
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines military activity and violence, as manifest in aspects of the archaeological and historical records for medieval times in the central Sahel and north-west Europe. It explores the contribution of military innovations to political centralisation, the prevalence of fortifications and town walling, and the widespread occurrence of slave raiding. It highlights the individual agency and motives in attracting followers for one's army, in building up stables of horses for prestige and power, and in building walls for purposes both definitional and defensive.
Clerics
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the similarities in the means by which new monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam, came to override previous religious beliefs in the central Sahel and north-west Europe. It explains the concept of animism and describes the initial stages of the implantation of Christianity and Islam, or the time of the most sustained missionary activity rather than that of established belief. It provides an overview of the religious history of the central Sahel and north-western Europe and considers religious conversion from the point of view of the converted.
People in context: overview and conclusions
Authors: Haour Anne
Published: February 2012

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study which compared the rulers, warriors, traders, and clerics of medieval central Sahel and north-west Europe. It discusses the problems associated with the use of historical and archaeological records to comprehend the past and the problems concerning the paradox between the local/immediate and the global/long term. It suggests that despite the limited evidence available, the data from the central Sahel and from north-west Europe make most sense when considered together.
Greek Reinterpretation of Iranian Names by Folk Etymology
Authors: Schmitt RÜdiger
Published: February 2012

This chapter explores the interpretation of Iranian names in Greek by so-called folk etymology. It explains that folk etymology is the phenomenon by which a personal name is assimilated according to sound and morphology into the host language, often acquiring a pseudo-etymology as part of the process. The findings reveal that there are many instances of Iranian names represented in Greek sources but precise understanding of the process is often elusive because a prosopographical identity is often unavailable.
The Ambiguous Name: The Limitations of Cultural Identity in Graeco-Roman Syrian Onomastics1
Authors: Sartre Maurice
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the limitations of cultural identity in Syrian onomastics during the Graeco-Roman period. It warns against jumping to a conclusion based on modern understanding of the classification of names, or the meaning of the words embodied in them. The chapter explains that people in multilingual societies rooted in two or more cultures did not necessarily think consciously whether to choose a Greek or an indigenous name and that words were not always translated from one language to another.
The Ethics of Ignorance: Petrarch’s Epicurus and Averroës and the Structures of the De Sui Ipsius et Multorum Ignorantia
Authors: Baranński Zygmunt G.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the structure of Petrarch's De Sui Ipsius et Multorum Ignorantia and his opinion on philosophers Epicurus and Averroës' views on the immortality of the soul. It discusses Petrarch's views on Epicurus and Averroës in the invective on ignorance in order to reach an overall perspective on his mature views of the intellectual life. It analyses De Ignorantia and suggests that it is appropriate to be run through with elements taken from both academic and popular Christianity given its concern with salvation and with the relationship between God and humanity.
Petrarch’s Second (and Third) Death
Authors: Usher Jonathan
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the concept of the solitary Petrarch and suggests that Petrarch's theory of secular fame and the various stages of death, fame, time, and eternity are already present in nuce in the early Latin elegy on his mother's death. It highlights the influence of Dante's Inferno in Petrarch's development of an iterative mortality/vitality related to memory early in his career and on his Metrica on the death of his mother.
Poets and Heroes in Petrarch’s Africa: Classical and Medieval Sources
Authors: Galligan Francesca
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the classical and medieval sources of Petrarch in writing his epic poem Africa. It brings to the fore the role of Dante's epic in Petrarch's poem and suggests that the prominence of poet characters such as Ennius and Homer, and the link between poet and hero parallel the role of poet characters such as Virgil and Statius in the Divina Commedia. It also provides evidence that Africa was influenced by Virgil's work.
Other Petrarchs in Early Modern England
Authors: Wyatt Michael
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the traces of Petrarchism in England during the early modern period. It discusses Roger Ascham's attack on Petrarch, Elizabeth Tudor's translation of the first ninety lines of Petrarch's Trionfo dell'Eternità, and Arundel Harrington's rewriting of the Vita Solitaria. It suggests that it was Petrarch's versatility and elusiveness that allowed so many different versions of him to circulate in the early modern period.
Thomas Watson’s Hekatompathia and European Petrarchism
Authors: Clucas Stephen
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines Thomas Watson's Hekatompathia, the first Petrarchan sonnet sequence in English. It explains the use of Hekatompathia to investigate the status of imitation in late sixteenth-century Europe. It analyses the variety of ways in which Watson articulates the relationship between his poems and the originals, from faithful, line-by-line renderings to various kinds of partial translation, to centoni and paraphrase.
Neighbours but diverse: social change in north-west Iberia during the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic (5500—4000 cal bc)
Authors: Arias Pablo
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents the available information on the late Mesolithic and the early Neolithic in north-west Iberia, and discusses its significance when attempting to understand the processes of transition from foraging to peasant societies. The north-west of the Iberian Peninsula provides, in a restricted area, a huge variety of Neolithization processes, probably interrelated, on an unequal background of Mesolithic populations, with great contrast between densely populated areas, such as the Cantabrian coast or the Upper Ebro, and others with lower densities. It is precisely in one of these densely populated areas that the first contacts appear to have happened. The evidence from Mendandia suggests that, about 5500 cal bc, not much later than the time when the first Neolithic groups were established on the Mediterranean coast, the first pottery could have reached the Upper Ebro. The earliest pots were probably no more than attractive prestige goods, which reached this area through exchange networks whose existence is proved by the presence of Mediterranean shells in the local Mesolithic.
Substitution of species, techniques and symbols at the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Western Europe
Authors: Tresset Anne , Vigne Jean-Denis
Published: February 2012

It is often assumed that the dissemination of the Neolithic way of life, which originated in the Near East, took a more complex turn when arriving in the western part of Europe. This may be partly due, on the one hand, to the late survival of regional Mesolithic societies that probably interacted in some places with incoming farmers, taking on the new way of life and possibly contributing to its dissemination; and on the other to the reunion of the two main neolithization streams – continental and Mediterranean – in the same area or at least in adjoining territories. The use of new techniques, including ancient DNA (aDNA) and stable isotopes, has shed some light on key aspects of those events at a large scale, such as the appearance of domesticates in Europe and the way it affected human diets. Recent complementary approaches at more local scales have helped to refine general observations on the transformations of man/animal relationships between the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, from biogeographic, zootechnical, and symbolic angles. This chapter gathers this very rich and polymorphic information in order to set it against what is already known of the neolithization of Western Europe.
Mesolithic myths
Authors: Warren Graeme
Published: February 2012

This chapter highlights important new trends in Mesolithic archaeology by presenting some myths. Put crudely, myths help us to tell stories, or guide other actions. Whilst myths may have their origins in a real event or process, such stories also grow in the telling, and take on a life of their own. And myths, of course, reveal much about the community within which they exist. The chapter explores three myths of the Mesolithic, the first of which explores ‘Mesolithic monuments’. The second relates to analytical scale. Finally, the myth in early Mesolithic Britain is explored.
Neolithic farming in Britain and central Europe: contrast or continuity?
Authors: Bogaard Amy , Jones Glynis
Published: February 2012

Farming in Britain has been characterized by some authors as the transient and sporadic cultivation of food that had a limited economic importance, and more specifically as the production of special or symbolic foods consumed in ritual contexts. Farming in central Europe, by contrast, has been characterized as subsistence cultivation of staple crops. Much of the literature on Neolithic farming in Britain and central Europe, therefore, suggests a sharp contrast in the nature and purpose of cultivation. This chapter compares archaeobotanical data from Britain and central Europe to see how they differ and where (or whether) they appear to converge. In terms of the scale of cereal production and the permanence of cultivation plots, farming practices in Neolithic Britain and central Europe appear rather similar. What has sometimes been interpreted as ritual practice in one area and subsistence in the other probably represents the same activity. Interpretations of Neolithic farming appear to owe more to preconceived ideas of individual authors (whether oriented towards subsistence or ritual) than to the primary archaeobotanical evidence.
The Thames Valley in the late fifth and early fourth millennium cal bc: the appearance of domestication and the evidence for change
Authors: Barclay Alistair , Hey Gill
Published: February 2012

This chapter reviews the evidence for the late fifth and early fourth millennia cal bc in the Thames Valley. Throughout the period under study, there are strong strands of continuity. The utilization of tree-throw holes, the small-scale digging of pits, the creation and abandonment of occupation spreads, and the accumulation of occupation material into middens are common to both periods. However, in the fourth millennium cal bc, communities began to alter their landscape through increasingly substantial building projects: first houses and then monuments. There was more visible treatment of the dead and deposition of human remains. Clearings became more extensive, perhaps largely for pasture, and small cultivation plots were created. Cereals, domesticated animals, new flint tools, and Carinated Bowls are found on all sites from the beginning of the fourth millennium cal bc. It is tempting to try to rationalize this evidence into explanations of either indigenous populations adopting a new way of life, using the evidence of continuity (which is strong); or incomers, pioneer farmers bringing their own material culture and different social practices, as witnessed by the new elements in the archaeological record. But perhaps we should not be thinking in terms of either/or, but rather both.
From midden to megalith? The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in western Britain
Authors: Cummings Vicki
Published: February 2012

The transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic in Britain and Ireland remains one of the most debated and contested transitions of prehistory. Much more complex than a simple transition from hunting and gathering to farming, the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in Britain has been discussed not only as an economic and technological transformation, but also as an ideological one. In western Britain in particular, with its wealth of Neolithic monuments, considerable emphasis has been placed on the role of monumentality in the transition process. Over the past decade the author‧s research has concentrated on the early Neolithic monumental traditions of western Britain, a deliberate focus on areas outside the more ‘luminous’ centres of Wessex, the Cotswold–Severn region, and Orkney. This chapter discusses the transition in western Britain, with an emphasis on the monuments of this region. In particular, it discusses the areas around the Irish Sea – west Wales, the Isle of Man, south-west and western Scotland – as well as referring to the sequence on the other side of the Irish Sea, specifically eastern Ireland.
A Claim on the Reader1
Authors: CURRIE GREGORY
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the impact of narratives on the imaginative faculties of the readers. Imaginative engagement with a narrative has two aspects: what is to be imagined from the narratives and how it is imagined. The second aspect requires the notion of a point of view wherein readers imagine the events of the story from a certain vantage point, which involves eliciting certain kinds of responses to the events and to the characters who act them out. Narratives have the capacity to prescribe a certain point of view just as they are able to enforce what is to be imagined. This capacity to prescribe specific point of view is done not through explicit direction but rather through the expressive nature of the narratives. In this chapter, the focus is on the many relevant factors that motivate the readers to imitate or adopt the point of view offered by the authors or the narratives. It examines the tendency of readers to respond imitatively to their own imaginative construction of the author’s mind.
The Way We Imagine1
Authors: TURNER MARK
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on the engine of human imagination —the conceptual integration in which conceptual arrays are blended to form compressed, memorable conceptual packets, agreeable to human thought. The highest form of conceptual integration is the ‘double-scope’ integration. Double scope integration is the hallmark that distinguishes modern human imagination from its ancestors. The double-scope integration network consists of input conceptual arrays with different organizing frames and creates a blend with organizing frame that receives projections from each of those organizing frames. In this network, the organizing frames give contributions to the blend, and their sharp divergences offer the possibility for rich clashes. These clashes offer conceptual challenges and the resulting blends can turn out to be imaginative.
Spinoza, Platonism and Naturalism
Authors: AYERS MICHAEL
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the strands of Platonism and naturalism in philosopher Baruch Spinoza’s metaphysics. It argues that Spinoza’s hierarchical system of substance, attribute, immediate and mediate infinite modes, and finite modes matches in some surprising respects Neoplatonist accounts of the emanation of the universe from God. It suggests that Spinoza’s perception of universal and necessary principles are more related to that of Thomas Hobbes than to Plato or Rene Descartes.
Comments on Ayers ‘Spinoza, Platonism and Naturalism’
Authors: HUTTON SARAH
Published: February 2012

This chapter comments on Michael Ayers’ chapter on the strands of Platonism and naturalism in philosopher Baruch Spinoza’s metaphysics. It explains the sources of Spinoza’s Platonism and his departure from Platonism and suggests that Spinoza’s epistemology is deeply subversive of Platonism. It argues that a case can be made for Spinoza’s having a stronger debt to Platonism, even in the area which in which Ayers identified as the least Platonic aspect of his philosophy.
Stuart Newton Hampshire 1914–2004
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: February 2012

Stuart Hampshire was one of the most interesting philosophers of the last half-century. He wrote extensively on ethics and politics during the second half of his career, but everything he wrote reflected the concerns that drew him to Aristotle, Spinoza, and Freud at the beginning of his career; and although he was never a Marxist, he never lost his respect for Marx's analysis of the conflicts and tensions inherent in any economically complex society. The last book Hampshire published in his lifetime was called, characteristically, Justice is Conflict, having begun with the title Justice is Strife. To the very end of his life, he wrote with an extraordinary freshness and lightness of touch, and preserved an open-minded curiosity about the human condition in all its aspects that would have been remarkable in someone fifty years younger.
Robert Duguid Forrest Pring-Mill 1924–2005
Authors: Higgins James
Published: February 2012

Robert Pring-Mill was one of a generation of young men whose education was interrupted by the Second World War and who went to university as mature students after demobilisation. In Hispanic Studies, as in other subject areas, it was academics of that generation who laid the foundations of the modern discipline, and Pring-Mill, an all-rounder who firmly believed that his various research activities were mutually enriching, had the distinction of making a significant contribution to several of its branches. In the course of his career, but primarily in the early stages, he produced a body of studies that earned him recognition as one of the world's foremost authorities on the work of medieval poet, mystic, philosopher, and theologian Ramon Lhull. Pring-Mill's most substantial and most important work in the area of Golden Age literature was his writings on Spain's greatest dramatist, Pedro Calderón de la Barca.
John Edgar Stevens 1921–2002
Authors: Page Christopher
Published: February 2012

John Stevens had a benign and constructive presence among British musical and literary scholars for several generations, beginning in the late 1940s when he was made a Bye-Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and extending virtually to the day of his demise on 14 February 2002. His eminence as a musicologist and the exalted reputation he left behind amongst his musicological colleagues seem all the more remarkable when one considers that he passed his life as a university teacher of English literature. From 1954 until 1974 Stevens was University Lecturer in English in the University of Cambridge, then Reader in English and Musical History from 1974–8. In 1978 he was appointed Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English in the University. Despite Stevens' profound and sympathetic musicianship, it was the critical traditions of English literary studies that shaped his intellectual temper.
Bonjour Paresse: Literary Waste and Recycling in Book 4 of Gower’s Confessio Amantis
Authors: Simpson James
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the durable hostility to idleness, particularly idle reading. It presents a claim that late medieval, pre-Reformation textual practice is not driven by a need to define and expel cultural waste; rather, idle reading is an important part of a cultural economy. The lecture concludes that a literary education can easily feed the psyche's capacity for delusive satisfaction.
Migration, trade, and religious change at the onset of colonialism, 1890–1905
Authors: Becker Felicitas
Published: February 2012

This chapter sets out the hierarchical, exploitative conditions of the late pre-colonial period that villagers would react against. The elusiveness of ritual authority that characterized indigenous religious practice helps elaborate the relatively low profile of Islam in relationships of dependency beyond the coast. The chapter first discusses the coast in terms of a reference point in regional politics. The factors mitigating Muslim influence up-country are shown. It is tempting to suggest that big men turned to Islam to overcome the limitations of their role in local religious practice. Muslim practice was diverse on the coast and became discernible up-country in discrete elements, and big men had no reason to assume that they would be able to retain control over it. Additionally, the oral evidence on long-distance trade, viewed from the villages, and the effects of colonization, are presented. The role of coastal Muslims in the interior was nothing if not ambiguous. Inasmuch as Muslim practice was recognized as ritual practice, it faced both towards society and towards spirit forces.
Under Way
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the developments in terms of research grants and research funding of the newly established AHRB. By 2002 to 2003, during its fifth year, the AHRB's total budget had increased from £17.9 million to £64.8 million. During this period, non-programmed costs were capped at five per cent. Putting aside its administrative costs, the AHRB in its fifth year had programmatic expenditures of £61.7 million, a 20 per cent increase from the initially predicted expenditure. Of the £61.7 million, £9 million was allocated to the operation of museums and galleries of English institutions and the rest was equally divided between postgraduate awards and research awards throughout the UK. As funding rose, intellectual ambitions also increased. Several ambitious projects were initiated such as the editing of Francis Bacon's works, the creation of public policy concerning the film and television of Britain and Europe, the pursuing of the long-delayed multinational Romanian project, and several other projects. During this period, the AHRB garnered a distinct sense of direction and momentum. Over three years, the applications of research funding increased to 58 per cent. The applications for the postgraduate awards increased to 20 per cent in a year and the four year doctoral submission rate for arts and humanities students increased to 78 per cent.
Resistance
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the antagonism and resistance directed against the ARHB. When the Dearing Report first appeared, the University of Oxford stood against the establishment of a separate Research Council for humanities. It expressed doubts about the new public funding of such a new organization and on the transfer of control of expenditure away from the universities to a council envisaged as the instrument of a national policy for research in arts and humanities. Cambridge University also expressed, albeit not as adamantly as Oxford, their disapproval of a Humanities Research Council. Adding to these disapprovals were the conflicts it had caused in the contemporary UK political life, particularly with devolution. In the devolution process of the UK government, one of the devolved powers was education, which created adverse effects on the formulation of Humanities Research Council. The AHRB also met with criticism from other councils including the journals and newspapers of the UK.
Deliberations and Predispositions
Authors: Herbert James
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses deliberations and predispositions that were made before the final approval of the establishment of the Arts and Humanities Research Council/Board. After the second reading of the Higher Education Bill, the AHRB and the Bill was subjected to a more detailed review. Between February and March, fifteen sittings of the Standing Committee H were conducted to examine the proposal and the legislation clause by clause. Whilst the head of the committee, Alan Johnson declared a seemingly unanimous support for the Bill as no demonstrations against the arts and humanities aspect of the Bill occurred. Many of the members of the committee averted that they needed time to consider and scrutinize every aspect of the bill. In the House of Lords the Bill was warmly welcomed. However, as with the House of Commons and the Standing Committee, some of the aspects of the Bill were met by antagonism. The most serious opposition against the Bill was against Part 1 of the Higher Education Bill which expressed that devolved administrations can perform arts and humanities research on their own. After much deliberation and considerations, on the evening of July 1, 2004, the Higher Education Bill received Royal Assent and was considered as the Higher Education Act.
The Legacy of Kant: Giuseppe Mazzini’s Cosmopolitanism of Nations
Authors: Urbinati Nadia
Published: February 2012

This chapter argues that Giuseppe Mazzini's thought belongs to the tradition of cosmopolitanism insofar as he deems the self-determination of autonomous and democratic nations the precondition for a peaceful international order. Countering the nationalistic interpretation of his thought, and Giovanni Gentile's reading in particular, it maintains that Mazzini, whose political education occurred in the aftermath of the collapse of Napoleon's empire, believed that the individual (as a primary good and the recipient of equal rights) and the nation (as the collective sovereign that has the power of giving individual rights a legal status) were the two modern agents of political and moral resistance against imperial projects. Beginning with the Abbé de Saint–Pierre, Kant, and the Saint–Simonians, the pact of union and the association of autonomous nations became, in a kind of federative covenant of mutual help and cooperation, the language of European democrats and republicans. In the 20th century it was adopted by those jurists who deemed the consolidation of the rule of law and constitutional democracy intermediary and necessary steps towards a global legal order. Mazzini must be interpreted as belonging to this tradition, though in a peculiar way since he was a cosmopolitan not despite, but because of, his advocacy of the principle of nationality.
Sacrality and the Aesthetics of Politics: Mazzini’s Concept of the Nation
Authors: Banti Alberto Mario
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the conception of the nation proposed by Mazzini in his theoretical and political writings. It shows that Mazzini presents the nation as a kinship community based on history, genealogy, blood, and land – an image tinged with a profound and moving religious aura. Furthermore, the chapter incorporates a gender connotation that contains the crucial reference to the honour of Italian women, which has to be defended by Italian male heroes. This conception is compared with the one that emerges from two paintings by Francesco Hayez, an artist Mazzini knew well and appreciated for his patriotic commitment. The comparison helps us to understand the communicative effectiveness of the idea of the nation proposed by Mazzini and shared by Hayez and many others.
Carlo Cattaneo and the Swiss Idea of Liberty
Authors: Steinberg Jonathan
Published: February 2012

Carlo Cattaneo (1801–69), who belonged to Mazzini's generation, took an active part in the Risorgimento, wrote important works in many fields, and became a leader of the national rising in his native Milan in 1848. Like Mazzini he had to flee, and settled in Lugano in Italian Switzerland. Unlike Mazzini, Cattaneo preferred to see a federal, not a unitary Italy. A principled republican, no less pure in his belief in democracy than Mazzini, he thought a federal and decentralized structure more appropriate for Italy, and opposed Mazzini's vision of a centralized democracy of individual citizens. Though Cattaneo lived the rest of his life in Switzerland and in 1858 was granted honorary Swiss nationality, this chapter argues that he never accepted the Swiss concept of liberty, Gemeindefreiheit (communal liberty). This communal democracy frustrated his reform schemes and exasperated him personally.
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Europe
Authors: Sarti Roland
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on Young Europe, which has attracted far less attention than Young Italy, Mazzini's other and better-known association from the early days of his political exile. With the founding of Young Europe in 1834, Mazzini defined the distinctive political and social creed associated with his name. Based on his personal view of the role of religion in private and public life, he called on individuals to regard the fulfilment of civic duties as a social obligation, commit themselves to a world of free and equal nationalities, and work for the attainment of social justice across national and class lines. Young Europe was meant to promote this project through education, propaganda, and revolution.
Liberalism at Large: Mazzini and Nineteenth-century Indian Thought
Authors: Bayly C. A.
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers the appropriation and deployment of the writings and image of Giuseppe Mazzini by the first generation of Indian liberal nationalists, notably the Bengali political leader Surendranath Banerjea. Mazzini's emphasis on the sympathetic union of the Italian people, manifested in popular festivals, proved attractive to Indian leaders struggling with issues of cultural and religious difference. His modernist appeal to the ‘religion of mankind’ resonated with writers and publicists committed to lauding the great Indian civilization of the past, yet arguing, publicly at least, for a break with ritual and caste hierarchy. Mazzini's emphasis on education, particularly women's education, and his suspicion of monarchy also spoke to Indian social and political reformers of this era. The chapter concludes by contrasting the affective, democratic nationalism espoused by Mazzini and Banerjea with ‘statistical liberalism’. The latter comprised the emerging critique of colonial rule, by writers such as Dadabhai Naoroji who reformulated contemporary political economy, to argue for protectionism and industrial development in India.
Literary aspects of Ipuwer
Authors: Enmarch Roland
Published: February 2012

The sole surviving manuscript of The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All is the Ramessid P. Leiden I 344 recto. The papyrus is damaged, and it is unclear how much has been lost at both the beginning and end. As currently preserved, the papyrus is divided into seventeen columns, and would originally have contained at least 236 lines of text. Following Gerhard Fecht's metrical analytical principles, this amounts to some 660+ verses. The content of the text may be divided into two literary formats: strophes and more discursive sections of dialogue. The majority of the text consists of strophes (poetic stanzas) of varying lengths, where each strophe is introduced by a repeated refrain (termed an ‘anaphor’). These anaphora are repeatedly written in red ink in the first nine columns of the text, whereas in the later columns rubrics are only used for the first occurrence of each new refrain. The poem has been the subject of considerable debate, including its unity of the text, its compositional date, and the identity of the speakers mentioned in it.
David Roy Shackleton Bailey 1917–2005
Authors: Thomas Richard F.
Published: February 2012

David Roy Shackleton Bailey (1917–2005), a Fellow of the British Academy, was a prodigious scholar, a towering figure in textual criticism and the editing and translating of Latin literature, and a brilliant student of Roman Republican history, prosopography, and society. His work amounts to some fifty volumes and more than 200 articles and reviews. Shackleton's own prose style, whether in translations of Cicero, justifying an emendation, or just in correspondence is a delight to read, and frequently quotable. Born in Lancaster on December 10, 1917 to Rosamund Maude Giles and John Henry, he had always been attracted to the poet Horace. However, Shackleton's name is most closely associated with that of Cicero, whose letters in their entirety and speeches selectively he edited, with translation and commentary.
Alan Louis Charles Bullock 1914–2004
Authors: Dickson Peter , Harris Jose
Published: February 2012

Alan Louis Charles Bullock, a Fellow of the British Academy, was born at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, on December 13, 1914. He was the only child of Edith Brand and Frank Allen Bullock. The future biographer of Adolf Hitler arrived in Oxford in 1933, the year when the latter was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Europe made an impact on Bullock and on his peers. But his choice of research subject, when he began work on a doctorate in November 1938, after the award of a Bryce Studentship, and a Harmsworth Senior Scholarship at Merton College in the same year, was ‘Anglo-French diplomatic relations 1588–1603’. From the official opening of St Catherine's College, Bullock played an active role as Master until his retirement in 1980. In an interview in 1985, he said that he loved the University of Oxford but had always felt an outsider in it. Bullock wrote a book each on Hitler and two other important political figures in history: Josef Stalin and Ernest Bevin.
Robert Andrew Glendinning Carson 1918–2006
Authors: Burnett Andrew , Bland Roger
Published: February 2012

Robert Andrew Glendinning Carson (1918–2006), a Fellow of the British Academy, spent his career at the British Museum, where he rose to be Keeper of the Department of Coins & Medals. He was the leading British expert in Roman numismatics of his generation. Carson was a prolific scholar and his bibliography runs to more than 350 items. He had been set high standards by his mentor, Harold Mattingly, who served as Curator of Roman coins at the British Museum from 1910 to 1947. But perhaps Carson's most influential contribution to the study of Roman coins lay in the work he carried out in collaboration with John Kent. As Curator of Roman coins at the British Museum, it was perhaps inevitable that Carson should take an interest in the coins of the British usurpers Carausius and Allectus, and he published a series of papers on their coinages. Carson had an international reputation: he was actively involved in the organisation of international numismatic congresses from the 1950s.
Visions of European Unity since 1945
Authors: O’SULLIVAN NOëL
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about visions of European unity since 1945 delivered by the author at the 2007 Elie Kedourie Memorial Lecture held at the British Academy. It discusses Jean Monnet's Memoirs, wherein he expressed the hope for a United States of Europe, and comments on the French and Dutch rejection of the draft Constitutional Treaty of the European Constitution in 2005.
Seventeenth-Century Draining of the Fens and the Impact on Navigation
Authors: CHISHOLM MICHAEL
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about seventeenth-century draining of the fens and its impact on navigation delivered by the author at the 2008 British Academy Special Lecture. It traces the history of the body known as the Conservators of the River Cam as a navigation authority in 1702. The lecture discusses the papers published by the Cam Conservancy that portrayed the drainage works as having been seriously prejudicial to navigation.
Reconstructing the National Body: Masculinity, Disability and Race in the American Civil War1
Authors: GRANT SUSAN-MARY
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about masculinity, disability, and race in the American Civil War delivered by the author at the 2007 Sarah Tryphena Phillips Lecture in American History held at the British Academy. It discusses the centrality of the Civil War to America's national history, and also highlights the role of the dead in the construction both of Northern/Union nationalism and the Southern civic religion.
‘We keep the bread and wine for show’1—Consistent Irony and Reluctant Faith in the Poetry of Dannie Abse
Authors: CURTIS TONY
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about the consistent irony and reluctant faith in the poetry of Dannie Abse delivered by the author at the 2007 Warton Lecture on English Poetry held at the British Academy. It discusses the traditional strategies of the inversion of syntax and the end-focusing of the main clause in Abse's poetry. The lecture also examines the ways in which Abse's identity as Londoner and a Cardiff Welshman underpins his work.
Theopoesis: the Contest of Priest and Poet
Authors: HARTMAN GEOFFREY
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about theopoesis and the contest of priest and poet delivered by the author at the 2007 British Academy Special Lecture held at the British Academy. It discusses William Blake's thoughts about the identity of prophet and poet and explains his apodictic pronouncements contained in his All Religions are One. The lecture charts the complexity of the relation between poetry and both natural and revealed religion in the works of Joseph Addison, Blake, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
‘But I, that knew what harbred in that hed’: Sir Thomas Wyatt and his Posthumous ‘Interpreters’
Authors: SHRANK CATHY
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents the text of the speech about the work of English poet Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder as a translator and imitator of Petrarch delivered by the author at the 2007 Chatteron Lecture on Poetry held at the British Academy. It explores why Wyatt's critics have recurrently excavated his poetic remains to search for answers about the man who wrote them, and argues that Wyatt's works actually resist and evade confessional nature, especially when compared to the Petrarchan tradition on which he was drawing.
Introduction: Qualifying Cosmopolitanism?
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter discusses the question of qualifying cosmopolitanism. It discusses concepts such as cosmopolitanism, ethical cosmopolitanism, and contemporary international politics. It also presents a new term, ‘embedded cosmopolitanism’, which is examined throughout the book. An overview of the following chapters is provided as well.
Impartialist Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses a detailed outline of the first point of opposition for an embedded cosmopolitan position, called ‘impartialist cosmopolitanism’. There are many works that have approached the questions of global justice and duties to ‘distant strangers’ from impartialist cosmopolitan perspectives; this chapter focuses on only a few of them. The chapter addresses those liberal cosmopolitan positions that draw on the work of John Rawls and seeks to survey the points of disagreement found at the centre of an influential debate. Emphasis is drawn on the inclusive and critical capacities claimed by impartialist cosmopolitan positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Erskine Toni
Published: February 2012

This concluding chapter discusses the implications on the inclusive potential of a particularist route to ethical cosmopolitanism. It explores variations on the morally constitutive community and studies the concepts of complex selves, dislocated communities, and connected critics. The last section in this chapter is devoted to the inclusion from an embedded cosmopolitan perspective and its promise, limits, and insights. Important lessons are taken from the previous chapters as well.
‘Neither Masters nor Slaves’: Small States and Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: February 2012

In the nineteenth and twentieth century, the British Empire was viewed as a moral phenomenon. It was often described as supportive of self-government, benevolent, and respectful of the customs and laws of the dependent states of the empire. In the twentieth century, Britain became involved in world wars to defend the independence of its small states. This involvement was partially spurred by commercial interests but it was mainly because of the desire to maintain Britain’s reputation as a defender of liberty and because of its self-perception as an archetypal free state. This chapter determines the origins of the perception of Britain as defender of small states and of Europe’s small republics. It begins with an evaluation of the prevailing perspectives on the empire during the eighteenth century and the survival strategies employed by Europe’s small republics. The chapter also examines the bankruptcy of the traditional policies for maintaining national independence by the latter part of the eighteenth century. It concludes with the perception of Britain as a defender of small states by the time of the Vienna Settlement.
Harold Laski on the Habits of Imperialism
Authors: Morefield Jeanne
Published: February 2012

Since his death in the 1950s, most of the narratives of Harold Laski’s anti-imperialism have been mostly biographical rather than scholarly. Chroniclers and historians alike often found his genius and contribution amongst his protégés such as Krishna Menon, H.O. Davies, and other post-colonial leaders. In addition, explorations of his political theories paid little attention to his contributions to critiques on imperialism; in fact, his critics often interpreted Laski’s stand on imperialism as unoriginal. This chapter analyses two of Laski’s works on imperialism: a 1932 chapter entitled ‘Nationalism and the Future of Civilisation’ and a 1933 chapter called ‘The Economic Foundations of Peace’. The first section of the chapter analyses his theory of sovereignty and his critique of the ideological ‘habits’ that condition liberal society. The second section contends that Laski’s theory of sovereignty resulted in his framing of imperialism within Leninist terms as a dialectical relationship between the habits of sovereignty and the habits of imperialism. The chapter suggests that Laski’s thinking on imperialism resembles less a truncated Leninism than it does a critical analysis of the way ideology can obscure domination and disciple subjects. It also reveals Laski’s contradictions due to his political activism and commitment to democracy.
Introduction: rural credit
Authors: Briggs Chris
Published: February 2012

This book focuses on the credit dealings of medieval Europe. In medieval Europe, manor courts served as private jurisdictions by the landlords which were attended by the peasants to hear and settle their private lawsuits, many of which were concerned about debts. The long lists of manorial court rolls which were predominantly concerned with debt disputes prove the existence of large numbers of credit relationships within the medieval villages of Europe. Yet, despite the abundance of materials and the recent growth in research on this material, no extensive studies have been conducted on medieval credit relationships. This book is the first extensive and detailed investigation of credit in the countryside of medieval Europe. Rural credit is a subject matter that demands closer attention as it gives a glimpse of the function of credit in an agrarian economy. It also sheds light on the socio-economic conditions of the medieval villages which were predominantly battered by poverty. It also has contemporary relevance as it provides insight on the provision of microcredit as a tool for eradicating, if not alleviating, poverty, and for giving gains to those in less developed countries. Addressed in this book are: who were the people, creditors, and debtors involved in the credit relationships of Europe; and why the debts came about. The book also evaluates the changing availability of village credit in various forms, analyses the role of credit in relations between families and individuals, and tackles the terms and conditions attached to credit transactions.