bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Emergency Services in Some Selected Upazila Health Complexes
Authors: Khan Mohammad Kamruzzaman , Rahman Zahidur , Kaiser Fazlur Rahim , Ferdous Jannatul
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 53-57 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12545
The Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding HBV Infection of Married Women in the Reproductive Age Group living in different districts of Bangladesh
Authors: Rahmanl Md. Atiqur , Mannan Sultan Rokeya
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 61-63 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12547
Perception About Pain Relief During Normal Labour Among Health Care Providers Conducting Delivery
Authors: Tasnim Saria
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 64-67 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12548
Bilateral Breast Cancer - A Case Report
Authors: Ali Md. Yeaqub , Mostafa SK Golam , Baki Mollah Obayedullah , Kader Kazi Manzur , Shamin Ahsan , Chowdhury Qamruzzaman
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 68-69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12549
Anthropomorphic Measurements of the Arm Span and Their Correlation with the Stature of Bengali Adult Muslim Females
Authors: Laila SZH , Begum JA , Ferdousi R , Parveen S , Husain SMS , Holy SZH
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 70-71 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12550
Management of Single Tooth Anterior Crossbite
Authors: Alam Mohammad Khursheed
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 72-73 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12551
Successful Treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis More Than 70% Body Surface Area Involved with Imunosuppressive Therapy and Amniotic Membrane Craft in Cornea
Authors: Uddin Md. Rokon , Bhuiyan Motahar Hossain , Akhter Farjana , Baker Md. Abu , Akramuzzaman AKM
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 74-76 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12552
Effect of Gestational Age and Nutrition on Transplacental Transfer of Measles Antibody
Authors: Kamar S , Chowdhury POA , Murshed M , Hassan R
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 77-81 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12553
Observation of Pyramidal Lobe and Levator Glandulae Thyroideae and their Macroscopic Relation with Whole Thyroid Gland: A Postmortem Study
Authors: Banna Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul , Sultana Zakia , Khalil Mansur , Begum Jahan Ara , Begum Manowara , Islam Mohammod Towhidul
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 84-88 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12555
Abnormalities in Plain X-Ray Findings of Lumbosacral Spine in Prolapsed Lumbar Intervertebral Disc.
Authors: Ansari Ayub , Mondle Shamsuzzaman , Hossain Mohammed Afzal
Published: December 2012

Medicine Today 2009 Volume 21 Number 02 Page 89-94 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v21i2.12556
Early Complications of Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopan Creatography: A Prospective Tertiary Hospital Study
Authors: Islam MS , Alam AHMT , Ahmed SU , Zaman KS , Islam MN
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13096 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.63-66
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life and cost-Effectiveness Between Patients Treated with Helicobactor Pylori Eradication and Acid Suppression therapy in Duodenal Ulcer Disease
Authors: Chowdhury M , Bhuiyan MMR , Hossain J , Majumder TK , Raihan A , Roy RK , Hasan M
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13098 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.67-71
Tooth Brushing Practices Among Bangladesh Rural Adolescents
Authors: Miah MNA , Mia MAQ , Haque MM , Siingha RK
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13099 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.72-75
Co-Relation between FNAC Findings and Histopathological Diagnoses of Neck Masses - A Study of Sixty Cases
Authors: Uddin MS , Abdullah M , Alam ABMK
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13103 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.83-87
Antibody Titer and Sex Difference After Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccination
Authors: Ahad MA , Guho A , Alim MA
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13105 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.91-96
Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index on Perinatal Outcome
Authors: Daise TA , Yasmin N , Begum H
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13107 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.100-102
Eye Diseases - Treatment and Prevention with Antioxidants
Authors: Islam MN , Pervin S
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13110 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.103-105
Management of Hemifacial Microsomia: A Review
Authors: Rita SN , Sadat SMA , Sitan KN , Khan MR
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13111 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.106-108
Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass (EC/IC) for Symptomatic Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease Not Amenable to Carotid Endarterectomy A Case of Report
Authors: Alam S , Rahman MM , Khair A , Hossain A , Islam MR , Rashid HU
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13112 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.109-111
Dermatitis Herpetiformis: A Case Report
Authors: Husain MA , Rana MA , Sarker MA , Ali MK
Published: December 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v23i2.13114 Medicine TODAY Vol.23(2) 2011 pp.114-115
El cine gay mexicano y su impacto en la imagen nacional
Authors: Martínez Expósito Alfredo
Published: December 2012

La notoria dificultad del cine mexicano a la hora de abordar temáticas y personajes homosexuales ha sido habitualmente interpretada en clave antropológica, como una manifestación cultural del patriarcal machismo mexicano. En esta presentación se propone una lectura alternativa en la que se trata de relacionar la sexualidad (incluida la homosexualidad) con la imagen nacional – no sólo la que los propios mexicanos tienen de su país sino también la imagen que México ha exportado de sí mismo al extranjero y la que en otros países se ha creado y difundido de México. Dada la estricta equiparación existente entre patriarcado y mexicanidad podría pensarse que cualquier intento de introducir temáticas o personajes homosexuales mexicanos en el cine nacional habría de fracasar necesariamente. Por ello resultan de interés las estrategias que en diferentes momentos históricos se han utilizado para introducir elementos homosexuales. El falso homosexual de Modisto de señoras, la pareja en el armario de Doña Herlinda y su hijo, y el homosexual latente de Y tu mamá también configuran diferentes aproximaciones a un tema que siempre parece rozar los límites de la tolerancia nacional.
Mito : entre el campo literario nacional e iberoamericano de los años 50
Authors: Builes Carlos
Published: December 2012

Ce travail analyse les rapports de forces qui s'établirent entre les écrivains et les intellectuels de la revue colombienne Mito et les institutions, le marché et le public. Il essaye d'expliquer comment s'est opérée la consécration de ces intellectuels dans le champ national et latino-américaine de l'époque.
Género, violencia y dictadura en la narrativa de escritoras argentinas de los 70
Authors: Aletta de Sylvas Graciela
Published: December 2012

La ficción ocupa un rol decisivo en la construcción de la memoria. Las narrativas que han tenido lugar en la Argentina durante y después de la dictadura militar y en la actualidad, desmienten el supuesto carácter indecible e impensable de la violencia y el horror, tan debatido en su momento en torno a la Shoá.Muchas escritoras han abordado desde la subjetividad de género, con distintos recursos y estrategias narrativas, una mirada sobre la dictadura. Las que escribieron en la década del 70 : Noemí Ulla, Angélica Gorodischer, Luisa Valenzuela, y Griselda Gambaro debieron transitar los tiempos oscuros de la censura y la prohibición, escondieron sus textos o afrontaron condenas que las condujeron al exilio. Estas escritoras nos enfrentan a personajes femeninos cuya condición de mujeres las convierte especialmente en víctimas de la violencia sexual y ensañamiento de sus captores. La crueldad se ejerce sobre sus cuerpos sexuados sometiéndolas a torturas, violaciones y sufrimientos de un sadismo inimaginable. Estas protagonistas pueden homologarse al « homo sacer » al que se refiere Agamben, podríamos decir « femina sacer » y a veces al « musulmán » del campo de concentración de Auschwitz. Los lugares de detención son espacios « de excepción » donde las víctimas se hunden en la abyección. Obsesiones, amnesia, pérdida del lenguaje, torturas y muerte, a veces la salvación, se suceden en estos textos ficcionales sin necesidad, salvo excepciones, de recurrir al realismo que haría insoportable su lectura sino a través de representaciones simbólicas que recorren otros caminos.Las escritoras mencionadas recurren a la memoria individual y colectiva para interrogar, criticar, reinterpretar, recordar y denunciar el terrorismo de Estado como modo de asumir una postura ética que impida su repetición. Es de desear que estos abusos sexuales reciban a la brevedad el tratamiento jurídico adecuado y se consideren delitos de lesa humanidad.
El cuerpo de los retratos versus el « espíritu extendido en el cuerpo » de los autorretratos de Nahui Olin
Authors: Comisarenco Mirkin Dina
Published: December 2012

Carmen Mondragón (1893-1978), conocida popularmente como Nahui Olin, fue una extraordinaria mujer artista Mexicana, que durante las décadas de 1920 y 1930 produjo pinturas y poemas muy originales. Aunque Nahui es generalmente conocida como la musa que inspiró algunos retratos a destacados artistas del Renacimiento mexicano, las imágenes que la mujer artista creó de sí misma, una serie de muy provocativos autorretratos desnuda, todavía no han recibido la atención académica que merecen. A través de un estudio completo del contexto histórico en el que ambos grupos de obras fueron creadas, el análisis visual de las pinturas en las que Nahui es el objeto o el sujeto de las pinturas, y un estudio crítico de la producción literaria de Nahui, en este trabajo demuestro que los autorretratos creados por la artista, fueron creados, por lo menos en parte para contrarrestar y refutar su imagen como símbolo erótico, tal y como había sido contruída por la mirada masculina, misma que fue perpetuada posteriormente en la historiografía tradicional del arte en México.
Retratos sociais de personagens hugolianas em Machado de Assis
Authors: Silva Silvio Santos da
Published: December 2012

Our study juxtaposes three characters. Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (1862) and Gwynplaine in The Man who Laughs (1869), by the French author Victor Hugo appear to have served as inspiration for the dichotomy and internal battle encountered by the third character Bento de Alburquerque Santiago (Bentinho), in Dom Casmurro (1899) by Machado de Assis. The three men bring to light evidence of strong social repression and reveal that moral commitment is stronger than sexual drive. This moral value limits the pleasure of a relationship between two persons, whether of the same sex, or two people outside of marriage.The society and its morality fulfill or deform these characters. In particular our study will focus on the character of Bentinho to characterize this aspect of literature produced in the second half of the 19th century.
Rescue of Dysfunctional Autophagy Attenuates Hyperinflammatory Responses from Cystic Fibrosis Cells
Authors: Mayer Matthew L. , Blohmke Christoph J. , Falsafi Reza , Fjell Chris D. , Madera Laurence , Turvey Stuart E. , Hancock Robert E. W.
Published: December 2012

A hallmark feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) is progressive pulmonary obstruction arising from exaggerated host proinflammatory responses to chronic bacterial airway colonization. The mechanisms for these heightened inflammatory responses have been only partially characterized, hampering development of effective anti-inflammatory therapies. The aim of this study was to identify and validate novel dysfunctional processes or pathways driving the hyperinflammatory phenotype of CF cells using systems biology and network analysis to examine transcriptional changes induced by innate defense regulator (IDR)-1018, an anti-inflammatory peptide. IDR-1018 selectively attenuated hyperinflammatory cytokine production from CF airway cells and PBMCs stimulated with multiple bacterial ligands, including flagellin (FliC). Network analysis of CF cell transcriptional responses to FliC and IDR-1018 identified dysfunctional autophagy as the target of the peptide via modulation of upstream adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK)–Akt signaling. After treatment with FliC, CF cells were found to have elevated levels of the autophagosome marker LC3-II, and GFP-LC3–transfected CF airway cells showed abnormal perinuclear accumulation of GFP+ structures. In both instances, treatment of CF cells with IDR-1018 abolished the accumulation of LC3 induced by FliC. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagosome–lysosome fusion with bafilomycinA1 attenuated the anti-inflammatory and autophagosome-clearing effects of IDR-1018, as did a chemical inhibitor of Akt and an activator of AMPK. These findings were consistent with hypotheses generated in silico, demonstrating the utility of systems biology and network analysis approaches for providing pathway-level insights into CF-associated inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that dysfunctional autophagosome clearance contributes to heightened inflammatory responses from CF transmembrane receptor mutant cells and highlight autophagy and AMPK–Akt signaling as novel anti-inflammatory targets in CF.
Inflammasome-Independent NLRP3 Augments TGF-β Signaling in Kidney Epithelium
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Wang Xiangyu , Chun Justin , Vilaysane Akosua , Clark Sharon , French Gabrielle , Bracey Nathan A. , Trpkov Kiril , Bonni Shirin , Duff Henry J. , Beck Paul L. , Muruve Daniel A.
Published: December 2012

Tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis are strongly associated with the outcome of chronic kidney disease. We recently demonstrated that the NOD-like receptor, pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) contributes to renal inflammation, injury, and fibrosis following unilateral ureteric obstruction in mice. NLRP3 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) was found to be an important component of experimental disease pathogenesis, although the biology of NLRP3 in epithelial cells is unknown. In human and mouse primary renal TECs, NLRP3 expression was increased in response to TGF-β1 stimulation and associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9. TGF-β1–induced EMT and the induction of MMP-9 and αSMA were significantly decreased in mouse Nlrp3−/− renal TECs, suggesting a role for Nlrp3 in TGF-β–dependent signaling. Although apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain−/− TECs demonstrated a phenotype similar to that of Nlrp3−/− cells in response to TGF-β1, the effect of Nlrp3 on MMP-9 and αSMA expression was inflammasome independent, as IL-1β, IL-18, MyD88, and caspase-1 were dispensable. Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation in response to TGF-β1 was attenuated in Nlrp3−/− and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD domain−/− cells, accounting for the dampened EMT and TGF-β1 responsiveness in these cells. Consistent with these findings, overexpression of NLRP3 in 293T cells resulted in increased Smad3 phosphorylation and activity. Taken together, these data support a novel and direct role for NLRP3 in promoting TGF-β signaling and R-Smad activation in epithelial cells independent of the inflammasome.
Functional Characterization of T Cell Populations in a Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Eppert Bryan L. , Wortham Brian W. , Flury Jennifer L. , Borchers Michael T.
Published: December 2012

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is the primary risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is characterized by chronic peribronchial, perivascular, and alveolar inflammation. The inflammatory cells consist primarily of macrophage, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Although myeloid cells are well studied, the role of lymphocyte populations in pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear. Using a mouse model of CS-induced emphysema, our laboratory has previously demonstrated that CS exposure causes changes in the TCR repertoire suggestive of an Ag-specific response and triggers a pathogenic T cell response sufficient to cause alveolar destruction and inflammation. We extend these findings to demonstrate that T cells from CS-exposed mice of the BALB/cJ or C57B6 strain are sufficient to transfer pulmonary pathology to CS-naive, immunosufficient mice. CS exposure causes a proinflammatory phenotype among pulmonary T cells consistent with those from COPD patients. We provide evidence that donor T cells from CS-exposed mice depend on Ag recognition to transfer alveolar destruction using MHC class I–deficient recipient mice. Neither CD4+ nor CD8+ T cells from donor mice exposed to CS alone are sufficient to cause inflammation or pathology in recipient mice. We found no evidence of impaired suppression of T cell proliferation among regulatory T cells from CS-exposed mice. These results suggest that CS exposure initiates an Ag-specific response that leads to pulmonary destruction and inflammation that involves both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These results are direct evidence for an autoimmune response initiated by CS exposure.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Regulates the Localization and Retention of Pro-B Cells in Bone Marrow Microenvironments
Authors: Park Shin-Young , Wolfram Peter , Canty Kimberly , Harley Brendan , Nombela-Arrieta César , Pivarnik Gregory , Manis John , Beggs Hilary E. , Silberstein Leslie E.
Published: December 2012

Progenitor B cells reside in complex bone marrow (BM) microenvironments where they receive signals for growth and maturation. We reported previously that the CXCL12-focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-VLA4 pathway plays an important role in progenitor B cell adhesion and migration. In this study, we have conditionally targeted in B cells FAK, and found that the numbers of progenitor pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells are reduced by 30–40% in B cell-specific FAK knockout mice. When cultured in methylcellulose with IL-7 ± CXCL12, Fak-deleted pro-B cells yield significantly fewer cells and colonies. Using in situ quantitative imaging cytometry, we establish that in longitudinal femoral BM sections, pro-B cells are preferentially localized in close proximity to the endosteum of the metaphyses and the diaphysis. Fak deletion disrupts the nonrandom distribution of pro-B cells and induces the mobilization of pro-B cells to the periphery in vivo. These effects of Fak deletion on pro-B cell mobilization and localization in BM are amplified under inflammatory stress, that is, after immunization with nitrophenol-conjugated chicken γ-globulin in alum. Collectively, these studies suggest the importance of FAK in regulating pro-B cell homeostasis and maintenance of their spatial distribution in BM niches.
A high‐speed tomographic PIV system for measuring zooplanktonic flow
Authors: Murphy D.W. , Webster D.R. , Yen J.
Published: December 2012

Quantification of the hydrodynamic disturbance of free‐swimming zooplankton provides insight into propulsion as well as organism sensory interactions. Current flow measurement techniques, such as planar particle image velocimetry (PIV), are limited by their two‐dimensional nature. These techniques also are challenged by the small spatial scale of zooplankton, by the high speeds achieved by many zooplankton species, and by zooplankton photosensitivity to a broad range of wavelengths. We present a high‐speed tomographic PIV system using near‐infrared laser illumination that is capable of measuring three‐dimensional velocity vectors in a volume surrounding a plankter. This technique is assessed by recording and analyzing the time‐resolved flow field created by a high‐speed escape of a copepod (Calanus finmarchicus). Persistent body and wake vortices are created by the impulsive momentum transfer to the fluid surrounding the animal. It is shown that some aspects of this flow can be analytically modeled as an impulsive stresslet. Azimuthal asymmetry of the strength and position of the wake vortex is analyzed and attributed to the strong ventral flows created by the metachronally beating swimming legs. In addition, the energy required by a copepod escape jump is estimated by calculating the viscous energy dissipation rate using the spatial gradients of the measured three‐dimensional velocity field. Finally, the challenges and benefits of the tomographic PIV technique are discussed.
Who Reads Shashi? The Case of the Hiroshima Regional Newspaper
Authors: Sherif Ann
Published: December 2012

The company history of a newspaper company raises new questions about the genre of company histories. Who reads them? What features should readers and researchers be aware of when using them as a source? This article examines the shashi of the Chûgoku Shinbun, the Hiroshima regional newspaper. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 were significant because of their perceived role in bringing World War II to an end and in signaling the start of the nuclear age. Most research to date has emphasized the role of national newspapers and the international media in informing the public about the extent of the damage and generating a framework within which to understand. I compare the representation of three key events in the Chûgoku Shinbun company history (shashi) to those in two national newspapers (Asahi and Yomiuri), as well as the ways that the Hiroshima company’s 100th and 120th year self-presentations reveal important concerns of the region and the nation, and motivations in going public with its shashi. These comparisons will reveal some of the merits and limits of using shashi in research. This article is part of a larger study on the work of the influence of regional press and publishers on literature in twentieth-century Japan.
Incidence and Time Trends of Herpes Zoster in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Veetil Bharath Manu Akkara , Myasoedova Elena , Matteson Eric L. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Green Abigail B. , Crowson Cynthia S.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To determine the incidence, time trends, risk factors, and severity of herpes zoster in a population‐based cohort of patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to a group of individuals without RA from the same population.

Methods

All residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota fulfilling for the first time the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2007 and a cohort of similar residents without RA were assembled and followed by retrospective chart review until death, migration, or December 31, 2008.

Results

There was no difference in the presence of herpes zoster prior to the RA incidence/index date between the cohorts (P = 0.85). During followup, 84 patients with RA (rate 12.1 cases per 1,000 person‐years) and 44 subjects without RA (rate 5.4 cases per 1,000 person‐years) developed herpes zoster. Patients with RA were more likely to develop herpes zoster than those without RA (hazard ratio [HR] 2.4 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.7–3.5]). Herpes zoster occurred more frequently in patients diagnosed with RA more recently (HR 1.06 per year [95% CI 1.02–1.10]). Erosive disease, previous joint surgery, and use of hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids were significantly associated with the development of herpes zoster in RA. There was no apparent association of herpes zoster with the use of methotrexate or biologic agents. Complications of herpes zoster occurred at a similar rate in both cohorts.

Conclusion

The incidence of herpes zoster is increased in RA and has risen in recent years. There also has been an increasing incidence of herpes zoster in more recent years in the general population. RA disease severity is associated with the development of herpes zoster.
Competency‐Based Goals, Objectives, and Linked Evaluations for Rheumatology Training Programs: A Standardized Template of Learning Activities From the Carolinas Fellows Collaborative
Authors: Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa G. , Bolster Marcy B. , Jonas Beth L. , O'rourke Kenneth S.
Published: December 2012

Objective

American Council on Graduate Medical Education program requirements mandate that rheumatology training programs have written goals, objectives, and performance evaluations for each learning activity. Since learning activities are similar across rheumatology programs, we aimed to create competency‐based goals and objectives (CBGO) and evaluations that would be generalizable nationally.

Methods

Through an established collaboration of the 4 training programs' directors in North Carolina and South Carolina, we collaboratively composed CBGO and evaluations for each learning activity for rheumatology training programs. CBGO and linked evaluations were written using appropriate verbs based on Bloom's taxonomy. Draft documents were peer reviewed by faculty at the 4 institutions and by members of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Clinician Scholar Educator Group.

Results

We completed templates of CBGO for core and elective rotations and conferences. Templates detail progressive fellow performance improvement appropriate to educational level. Specific CBGO are mirrored in learning activity evaluations. Templates are easily modified to fit individual program attributes, have been successfully implemented by our 4 programs, and have proven their value in 4 residency review committee reviews.

Conclusion

We propose adoption of these template CBGO by the ACR, with access available to all rheumatology training programs. Evaluation forms that exactly reflect stated objectives ensure that trainees are assessed using standardized measures and that trainees are aware of the learning expectations. The objectives mirrored in the evaluations closely align with the proposed milestones for internal medicine training, and will therefore be a useful starting point for creating these milestones in rheumatology.
Cigarette smoke inhibits nasal airway epithelial cell growth and survival
Authors: Lee Hyun Sil , Kim Jean
Published: December 2012

Background

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure has been shown to be associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We hypothesized that that CS exposure results in impairment nasal epithelial cell growth and survival necessary for normal cell function. Furthermore, we hypothesized that normal nasal epithelial cell growth is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that CS inhibits normal nasal epithelial cell growth and survival through VEGF‐dependent mechanisms.

Methods

To examine whether nasal epithelial cell growth is dependent upon VEGF, we exposed in vitro cultures of human primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) from normal subjects to blocking antibodies against the VEGF co‐receptor, neuropilin‐1 (NP1), and measured cell growth using a proliferation assay. To study whether CS inhibits cell growth, we exposed PNECs to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). We also examined the ability of CSE exposure of PNECs to induce apoptosis.

Results

Exposure of PNECs from normal subjects to VEGF receptor anti‐NP1 antibody resulted in inhibition of constitutive cell growth. CSE exposure resulted in dose‐dependent inhibition of constitutive cell growth. Addition of anti‐NP1 antibody to CSE‐exposed cells resulted in no further inhibition of cell growth. CSE exposure also resulted in induction of apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner, comparable to that seen with VEGF blockade using anti‐NP1 antibody.

Conclusion

PNECs from normal healthy control subjects display VEGF‐dependent constitutive cell growth. CSE impairs cell growth and promotes apoptosis of normal healthy nasal epithelial cells. The effect of CSE may occur in part through VEGF‐dependent mechanisms.
Expression of dual oxidases and secreted cytokines in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Nayak Jayakar V. , Bravo Dawn T. , Le Wei , Nguyen Alan , Edward Justin A. , Hwang Peter H. , Illek Beate , Fischer Horst
Published: December 2012

Background

The airway epithelium generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a first line of defense. Dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2) are the H2O2‐producing isoforms of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family in the airway epithelium. The purpose of this study was to explore the molecular expression, function, and regulation of DUOXs in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Human nasal tissue samples and nasal secretions were collected from 3 groups of patients undergoing sinus surgery (normal, n = 7; CRS with polyposis [CRSwP], n = 6; CRS without polyposis [CRSsP], n = 6). Nasal secretions were studied for cytokine and H2O2 content. Tissue samples were used to determine DUOX mRNA and protein expression.

Results

DUOX1 mRNA level (80.7 ± 60.5) was significantly increased in CRSwP compared to normal (2.7 ± 1.2) and CRSsP (2.3 ± 0.5, p = 0.042). DUOX2 mRNA levels were increased in both CRSwP (18.6 ± 9.9) and CRSsP (4.0 ± 1.3) compared to normal (1.1 ± 0.3; p = 0.008). DUOX protein was found in the apical portion of the nasal epithelium and protein expression was increased in CRSwP and CRSsP. H2O2 production was significantly higher in CRSwP (160.9 ± 59.4 nM) and CRSsP (81.7 ± 5.6 nM) compared to normal (53.5 ± 11.5 nM, p = 0.032). H2O2 content of nasal secretions correlated tightly with DUOX expression (p < 0.001). Cytokines (eotaxin, monokine‐induced by interferon γ [MIG], tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, interleukin [IL]‐8) showed significantly higher levels in nasal secretions from CRSwP compared to normal (p < 0.05). Levels of eotaxin, MIG, and TNF‐α correlated closely with DUOX expression.

Conclusion

DUOX1 and DUOX2 were identified as factors upregulated in CRS. Close correlations between DUOX expression and H2O2 release, and correlation between key inflammatory cytokines and DUOX expression, indicate DUOX in the inflammatory response in CRS.
Phase control of resonant tunneling in nanostructures
Authors: Kamiński Jerzy Z. , Saczuk Ewa , Vèlez Felipe Cajiao
Published: December 2012

Resonant tunneling of electrons through a multiple potential barrier in a semiconductor heterostructure in the presence of both an oscillating in time and constant external electric fields is considered. In order to solve the problem numerically the concept of the scattering matrix is developed and a stable numerical algorithm is presented. Using this algorithm computations for different amplitudes and different spatial configurations of the fields are performed.
Probing the thermal response of a silicon field emitter by ultra‐fast Laser Assisted Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Vella Angela , Silaeva Elena P. , Houard Jonathan , Itina Tatiana E. , Deconihout Bernard
Published: December 2012

The interaction between an ultrashort laser pulse and a sub‐wavelength silicon tip under a high static electric field is investigated numerically and experimentally. Using an original autocorrelation setup of the laser‐assisted atom probe tomography, the temporal evolution of the lattice temperature at the tip apex is experimentally monitored. An ultrafast cooling process, related to a confinement of the heating at the surface, is reported. This confinement is well predicted by a new model taking into account the free charges generation by photon absorption, their drift‐diffusion motion under the electric field and their energy relaxation to the lattice.
Synthesis and in vitro release of guest drugs‐loaded copolymer nanospheres MMA/HEMA via differential microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Moustafa A. B. , Sobh R. A. , Rabie A. M. , Nasr H. E. , Ayoub M. M. H.
Published: December 2012

The synthesis and characterization of different series of methyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate (MMA/HEMA) copolymeric nanoparticles with different monomer feed compositions and utilization of them in entrapment and controlling the release of hydrophilic drug (sodium warfarin) and hydrophobic drugs (ibuprofen and praziquantel) were investigated. The polymeric nanoparticles and their entrapment with drugs were prepared using oil‐in‐water (O/W) differential microemulsion polymerization technique in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol as biocompatible emulsifiers as well as ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The effect of HEMA content in the monomer feed composition on the colloidal properties was studied, and it is found that the particle size Dv, turbidity, and the negative charge increase with increasing of HEMA content but the surface tension decrease. Moreover, the entrapment efficiency (EE) is affected by the content of HEMA in the monomer feed composition, the drug hydrophobicity, and the monomer to drug ratio. It is concluded that, EE into MMA/HEMA in monomer feed composition as 90/10, 70/30, and 50/50 is found to be (95.3–98)%, (84–96.9)%, and (69.5–94.6)% for sodium warfarin (with high hydrophilicity) as well as, ibuprofen and praziquantel (with high hydrophobicity), respectively. The entrapment of drugs in polymeric nanoparticles is confirmed by IR‐spectroscopy and transmission electronic microscopy. In vitro drug release experiments show that controlled release of drugs from copolymeric nanoparticles depend on HEMA content, the monomer to drug ratio, and the physiological pH. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fluorene‐based conjugated polymer with tethered thymines: click postpolymerization synthesis and optical response to mercury(II)
Authors: Lei Yanli , Ma Fudong , Tian Yong , Niu Qiaoli , Mi Hongyu , Nurulla Ismayil , Shi Wei
Published: December 2012

A kind of fluorene‐based conjugated polymer with tethered thymine (T) groups {poly[(9,9‐dioctyl)‐2,7‐fluorene‐{9,9‐dioctyl‐4–1,2,3‐triazol‐[5‐(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl]‐5‐methylpyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione}‐2,7‐fluorene]‐co‐[(9,9‐dioctyl)‐2,7‐fluorene‐4,7‐bis(5‐thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole] (P‐3)} was successfully synthesized by a Cu(I)‐catalyzed click reaction between the acetylene‐substituted polymer precursor {poly[(9,9‐dioctyl)‐2,7‐fluorene‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐4‐phenylacetylene fluorene)]‐co‐[(9,9‐dioctyl)‐2,7‐fluorene‐4,7‐bis(5‐thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole]} and 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine. The chemical structures of the intermediates and target polymer were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H‐NMR analyses. The specific binding with Hg2+ of P‐3 was corroborated by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence analyses against other metal ions. The results show that P‐3 possessed selectivity and sensitivity toward Hg2+. Around 77% of photoluminescence intensity of P‐3 was quenched when the concentration of Hg2+ reached 7.7 × 10−4
M and with a detection limit in the range of about 4.8 μM. A comparison experiment suggested that a synergic effect of the tethered T and S atoms interrelated with Hg2+ existed in P‐3. Most of the fluorescence intensity of P‐3 was recovered upon the addition of iodide anions to the P‐3/Hg2+ complex; this suggested that P‐3 could be used as a potential reversible optical Hg2+ probe. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Pattern formation and morphology in the course of drying a droplet of a ternary polymer solution
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Li Huihui , Yan Shouke , Lieberwirth Ingo
Published: December 2012

A micro‐structured polymer film was prepared by drying a droplet of a ternary polymer solution of polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), and chloroform. Within a certain weight ratio of PS to PVP an ordered pattern of cylindrical PVP domains was formed on the film surface. The diameter of the individual PVP domains was in the order of 2–3 μm. The effect of polymer weight ratios on the surface morphology was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy of cross‐sections of the polymer composite film yielded supplementary information on the bulk morphology and revealed an unexpected complex structure underneath the surface pattern. The reasons for this formation mechanism possibly included aspects of phase separation, convective transport in a drying droplet, and the continuous increase of viscosity during solvent evaporation. At a certain solvent concentration in the evaporation path, it will lead to a vitrification of any structure. The “evolution time”, the time between the onset of phase separation and this “point of vitrification”, will determine the resulting film morphology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Interaction with activated monocytes enhances cytokine expression and suppressive activity of human CD4+CD45ro+CD25+CD127low regulatory T cells
Authors: Walter Gina J. , Evans Hayley G. , Menon Bina , Gullick Nicola J. , Kirkham Bruce W. , Cope Andrew P. , Geissmann Frédéric , Taams Leonie S.
Published: December 2012

Objective

Despite the high frequency of CD4+ T cells with a regulatory phenotype (CD25+CD127low FoxP3+) in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammation persists. One possible explanation is that human Treg cells are converted into proinflammatory interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)–producing cells by inflammatory mediators and thereby lose their suppressive function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether activated monocytes, which are potent producers of inflammatory cytokines and are abundantly present in the rheumatic joint, induce proinflammatory cytokine expression in human Treg cells and impair their regulatory function.

Methods

The presence and phenotype of CD4+CD45RO+CD25+CD127low T cells (memory Treg cells) and CD14+ monocytes in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with RA were investigated by flow cytometry. Memory Treg cells obtained from healthy control subjects underwent fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and then were cocultured with autologous activated monocytes and stimulated with anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies. Intracellular cytokine expression, phenotype, and function of cells were determined by flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and proliferation assays.

Results

In patients with RA, the frequencies of CD4+CD45RO+CD25+CD127low Treg cells and activated CD14+ monocytes were higher in SF compared with PB. In vitro–activated monocytes induced an increase in the percentage of IL‐17–positive, interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–positive, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–positive Treg cells as well as IL‐10–positive Treg cells. The observed increase in IL‐17–positive and IFNγ‐positive Treg cells was driven by monocyte‐derived IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNFα and was mediated by both CD14+CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocyte subsets. Despite enhanced cytokine expression, cells maintained their CD25+FoxP3+CD39+ Treg cell phenotype and showed an enhanced capacity to suppress T cell proliferation and IL‐17 production.

Conclusion

Treg cells exposed to a proinflammatory environment show increased cytokine expression as well as enhanced suppressive activity.
Casitas B Lineage Lymphoma b Is a Key Regulator of Peripheral Tolerance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Gómez‐Martín Diana , Ibarra‐Sánchez María , Romo‐Tena Jorge , Cruz‐Ruíz José , Esparza‐López José , Galindo‐Campos Miguel , Díaz‐Zamudio Mariana , Alcocer‐Varela Jorge
Published: December 2012

Objective

To analyze whether the expression and modulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is dependent on Casitas B lineage lymphoma b (Cbl‐b) in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) upon stimulation with a tolerogenic substance.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 20 patients with SLE (active disease or in remission) and 20 healthy controls. Levels of Cbl‐b expression were measured using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in peripheral CD4+ T cells from SLE patients and healthy controls upon anergy induction. Cell proliferation was measured using the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester dilution method. Cytokine production was analyzed by luminometry, and surface expression of activation markers was assessed by flow cytometry. Transfection assays were performed to induce overexpression of Cbl‐b, and phosphorylation of TCR‐associated kinases was evaluated.

Results

CD4+ T cells from SLE patients displayed resistance to anergy (as evidenced by increased cell proliferation, interleukin‐2 production, and expression of activation and costimulatory markers), and this was associated with altered Cbl‐b expression. Upon ionomycin treatment, primary T cells showed enhanced MAPK activity and decreased Akt phosphorylation, which was representative of the anergic state. In T cells from lupus patients, Cbl‐b overexpression led to increased expression of phosphorylated MAPK, thus indicating the reversibility of anergy resistance.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that abnormal peripheral tolerance in SLE is caused by a deficiency in Cbl‐b, and that this ubiquitin ligase plays a key role in regulating TCR signaling during the induction of peripheral tolerance.
A label for peer‐reviewed books
Authors: Verleysen Frederik T. , Engels Tim C.E.
Published: December 2012

The Publishers Association of Flanders, Belgium, has created a label for peer‐reviewed books: the Guaranteed Peer Reviewed Content (GPRC) label (www.gprc.be/en). We introduce the label and the logic behind it. A label for peer‐reviewed books encourages transparency in academic book publishing. It is especially relevant for the social sciences and humanities and in the context of performance‐based funding of university research.
Copper(II) Complexes of 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazolates: In Situ Formation of Pyrazole Rings from Different Carbon Centers
Authors: Das Oindrila , Malakar Tanmay , Mandal Arghya , Paul Ankan , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: December 2012

The synthesis and characterization of two pyrazolate‐bridged dicopper(II) complexes, [Cu2(L1)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (1, HL1=3,5‐dipyridyl‐4‐(2‐keto‐pyridyl)pyrazole) and [Cu2(L2)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (2, HL2=3,5‐dipyridyl‐4‐benzoylpyrazole), are discussed. These copper(II) complexes are formed from the reactions between pyridine‐2‐aldehyde, 2‐acetylpyridine (for compound 1) or acetophenone (for compound 2), and hydrazine hydrate with copper(II) perchlorate hydrate under ambient conditions. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure of compound 1⋅2 H2O establishes the formation of a pyrazole ring from three different carbon centers through CC bond‐forming reactions, mediated by copper(II) ions. The free pyrazoles (HL1 and HL2) are isolated from their corresponding copper(II) complexes and are characterized by using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques. A mechanism for the pyrazole‐ring synthesis that proceeds through CC bond‐forming reactions is proposed and supported by theoretical calculations.
Pick‐up locations and bus allocation for transit‐based evacuation planning with demand uncertainty
Authors: Kulshrestha Ashish , Lou Yingyan , Yin Yafeng
Published: December 2012

This paper develops a decision‐support model for transit‐based evacuation planning under demand uncertainty. Demand uncertainty refers to the uncertainty associated with the number of transit‐dependent evacuees. A robust optimization model is proposed to determine the optimal pick‐up points for evacuees to assemble, and allocate available buses to transport the assembled evacuees between the pick‐up locations and different public shelters. The model is formulated as a mixed‐integer linear program and is solved via a cutting plane scheme. The numerical example based on the Sioux Falls network demonstrates that the robust plan yields lower total evacuation time and is reliable in serving the realized evacuee demand. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐random mutation: The evolution of targeted hypermutation and hypomutation
Authors: Martincorena Iñigo , Luscombe Nicholas M.
Published: December 2012

A widely accepted tenet of evolutionary biology is that spontaneous mutations occur randomly with regard to their fitness effect. However, since the mutation rate varies along a genome and this variation can be subject to selection, organisms might evolve lower mutation rates at loci where mutations are most deleterious or increased rates where mutations are most needed. In fact, mechanisms of targeted hypermutation are known in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Here we review the main forces driving the evolution of local mutation rates and identify the main limiting factors. Both targeted hyper‐ and hypomutation can evolve, although the former is restricted to loci under very frequent positive selection and the latter is severely limited by genetic drift. Nevertheless, we show how an association of repair with transcription or chromatin‐associated proteins could overcome the drift limit and lead to non‐random hypomutation along the genome in most organisms.

Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Stress‐induced mutation via DNA breaks in Escherichia coli: A molecular mechanism with implications for evolution and medicine Abstract
Aging modifies the enzymatic activities involved in 2‐arachidonoylglycerol metabolism
Authors: Pascual Ana C. , Gaveglio, Virginia L. , Giusto Norma M. , Pasquaré Susana J.
Published: December 2012

One of the principal monoacylglycerol (MAG) species in animal tissues is 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), and the diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) pathway is the most important 2‐AG biosynthetic pathway proposed to date. Lysophosphatidate phosphatase (LPAase) activity is part of another 2‐AG‐forming pathway in which monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the major degrading enzyme. The purpose of this study was to analyze the manner in which DAGL, LPAase, and MAGL enzymes are modified in the central nervous system (CNS) during aging. To this end, diacylglycerols (DAGs) and MAGs of different composition were used as substrates of DAGL and MAGL, respectively. All enzymatic activities were evaluated in membrane and soluble fractions as well as in synaptic terminals from the cerebral cortex (CC) of adult and aged rats. Results related to 2‐AG metabolism show that aging: (a) decreases DAGL‐α expression in the membrane fraction whereas in synaptosomes it increases DAGL‐β and decreases MAGL expression; (b) decreases LPAase activity in both membrane and soluble fractions; (c) decreases DAGL and stimulates LPAase activities in CC synaptic terminals; (d) stimulates membrane‐associated MAGL‐coupled DAGL activity; and (e) stimulates MAGL activity in CC synaptosomes. Our results also reveal that during aging the net balance between the enzymatic activities involved in 2‐AG synthesis and breakdown is low availability of 2‐AG in CC membrane fractions and synaptic terminals. Taken together, our results lead us to conclude that these enzymes play crucial roles in the regulation of 2‐AG tissue levels during aging. © 2012 BioFactors, 2013