bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Socialism and Literary Adaptation: Gustaf Gründgens’s Der Schritt Vom Wege and Helmut Käutner’s Kleider Machen Leute
Authors: Coates Paul
Published: March 2003

Eric Rentschler argues that ‘film production in the Third Reich offers a strikingly concrete example’ of the theoretical construct of ‘the dominant cinema’ (‘Hollywood’) devised by film theorists. But is the era of ‘Germany’s Hollywood’ ideological in the same way as Hollywood, or in a different way? Consideration of National Socialist adaptations of non‐Nazi texts may help one determine the specific meaning of the ideological in the Nazi context. The admittedly small area of National Socialist literary adaptation acquires a disproportionately revelatory potential due to the clearly perceptible disparities between the original, pre‐Nazi texts and their Nazi‐era reworkings. The adaptations considered here are Gustaf Gründgens’s Der Schritt vom Wege (1939), based on Fontane’s Effi Briest – a parti‐cularly problematic work for National Socialist ideology – and Helmut Käutner’s version of Gottfried Keller’s Kleider machen Leute (1940), whose admission of its own approximate relationship with the original narrative seems to dismiss the probably irresoluble problem of fidelity to the original, but which is also problematic.
Johannes R. Becher and the Agony of Responsibility, 1945–1949
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: March 2003

This article explores the significance of Johannes R. Becher’s influence on the cultural life of the GDR. Taking issue with views which see Becher simply as a mouthpiece for SED propaganda, it examines the development of his self‐image as a poet‐politician in the years of exile in the Soviet Union and his work in the ‘Kulturbund’ after 1945. An analysis of documentary material and of his literary output reveals that Becher saw himself as the embodiment of an aspiration to the unity of ‘Geist’ and ‘Macht’ in Germany; this aspiration, which governed his actions after his return from Moscow, helps to explain Becher’s marked ambivalence about the direction of SED cultural policy and his enduring influence on GDR cultural institutions such as the Academy of Arts and the journal Sinn und Form.
The End of the Line? Accountable Governance in the Age of Networks, Partnerships, and Joined‐Up Services
Authors: Considine Mark
Published: March 2003

In the standard works, accountability is defined as the legal obligation to respect the legitimate interests of others affected by decisions, programs, and interventions. This has usually meant that agencies obey those in the line of authority above them. However, the simplicity of this doctrine is often contradicted by the demands of contracting‐out and output‐based performance.

Using interviews and surveys (n=1164) of front‐line officials in Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, this study examines accountability as different forms of responsiveness, obligation, and willingness to communicate with others. It compares traditional vertical accountability with new forms of horizontal recognition. The research shows that there is a high degree of regime consistency across these two dimensions. Horizontal accountability is mostly a problem when it is accompanied by competition between public and private agencies in the same policy fields.
Why Do Institutions Matter? An Audience–Cost Theory of Institutional Commitment
Authors: Lohmann Susanne
Published: March 2003

Institutions constrain political choices and thus commit the future path of policy. Well–designed institutions square the circle of generating commitment that is both credible and flexible. This article develops an audience–cost theory of flexible commitment that addresses some vexing questions. Where does institutional commitment come from? Why is institutional commitment feasible when policy commitment is not? How can an institution achieve credible and flexible commitment without flexibility undermining credibility by opening the back door to defections? How does partial commitment work, or how is it possible for defections to occur in an equilibrium with credible commitment? Why do policy–makers sometimes respect institutional constraints and other times defect on institutional commitments? Why are some defections punished severely, while others are instantly forgiven and forgotten?
The Suburbanization of Producer Service Employment
Authors: HARRINGTON JAMES W. , CAMPBELL HARRISON S.
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT. Washington DC is the center of the nation's ninth largest metropolitan area (PMSA), home to 4.4 million people and 2.9 million employees in a web of 25 separate, autonomous municipalities spanning three states and the District of Columbia. As such, the region is a good place to analyze the pattern of suburbanization of producer service employment over the past 25 years. In addition to overall suburbanization, the metropolitan area has seen changes in the nature and role of its dominant economic force, the federal government. Direct federal employment has stagnated while federal contracts to private companies have soared. Producer service employment seemed to increase in importance in jurisdictions away from the region's core, simultaneous with increases in total employment, following increases in federal contracting, and independent of increases in federal employment. These trends have affected the growth of producer service employment across the metropolitan area, encouraging their suburbanization. By subjecting our initial models to sub‐sector data and analysis of temporal trends in the coefficients, we uncover the uniqueness of legal services and additional evidence of suburbanization over time.
Patterns of Participation in Higher Education in England: A Statistical Summary and Commentary
Authors: Parry Gareth
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to identify features of participation in higher education which are distinctive to the situation in England and which have exercised an important influence on the shift to mass forms of higher education in that country. Statistical comparisons are made with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which indicate considerable variations in the levels, patterns and profiles of participation in each territory. At the same time, some limitations and cautions are voiced about the use of official statistics for this purpose, especially where data collection has been the responsibility of separate departments and different agencies.
Academic Values and the University as Corporate Enterprise
Authors: Henkel Mary
Published: March 2003

A study of the implications of quality assessment and quality assurance policies finds that higher education institutions are responding to current pressures with policies and structures that draw substantially on post‐bureaucratic or ‘new public management’ thinking. In contrast, many academics are struggling to hold on to values and conceptions of professional practice that are traditionally held to depend on pre‐modern forms of governance and organisation.
The Management of Quality Assurance: A Review of International Practice
Authors: Harman Grant
Published: March 2003

Current and recent international practice in the management of quality assurance for higher education systems and institutions is reviewed. Particular attention is given to administrative agencies or units with responsibility for the management of quality assurance at both national and institutional levels; whether participation in reviews and other activities is optional or compulsory; the main methodologies employed; the focus of quality assurance activities; the purposes of such activities; and reporting and/or follow‐up activities.
Families into Higher Education Project: An Awareness Raising Action Research Project with Schools and Parents
Authors: Preece Julia
Published: March 2003

Participation in higher education amongst minority ethnic groups is unevenly spread across higher education institutions and disproportionately low amongst certain ethnic groups. This article presents some preliminary findings from a small scale research project which is investigating higher education participation issues for Muslim families in the north of England. The paper argues for a widening participation discourse which speaks on the same wavelength as minority groups if strategies are to be effective. It also argues that those same discourses need to be heard within higher education if the student experience is to be positive beyond the recruitment stage.
Why Learn? Higher Education in a Learning Society
Authors: Blackstone Tessa
Published: March 2003

It is an honour to be invited to give the Birley Lecture here at City University 1 . Many previous lecturers had personal contacts with Robert Birley. Alas, I did not, like Lord Prior, keep pigs at Charterhouse during the war. Nor was I spotted by Robert Birley on the strength of brilliant scholarship answers in history, but coupled with undistinguished Latin and Greek, and worse mathematics, like William Rees‐Mogg. But I do share with Robert Birley a passion for education. Not only as an end in itself, but also as a means to increase the prosperity of society as a whole and the life‐chances of individuals. I want to concentrate this evening on university education, and to make links with the very end of Robert Birley's distinguished career, when he was professor and head of the department of social sciences here. I shall talk about the future of higher education in a world which is changing rapidly, and in which the application of knowledge will be essential to our prosperity.
Centralised or Decentralised? Strategic Implications of Resource Allocation Models
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the strategic implications of resource allocation models (RAMs). Four interrelated aspects of resource allocation are discussed: degree of centralisation, locus of strategic direction, cross‐subsidy, and locus of control. The paper begins with a theoretical overview of these concepts, locating the study in the contexts of both strategic management literature and the university. The concepts are then examined empirically, drawing upon a longitudinal study of three UK universities, Warwick, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), and Oxford Brookes. Findings suggest that RAMs are historically and culturally situated within the context of each university and this is associated with different patterns of strategic direction and forms of strategic control. As such, the RAM in use may be less a matter of best practice than one of internal fit. The paper concludes with some implications for theory and practice by discussing the potential trajectories of each type of RAM.
Overcoming Fragmentation in Professional Life: The Challenge for Academic Development
Authors: Rowland Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper portrays the fragmented nature of higher education, experienced in terms of a number of fractures. I have chosen to concentrate here on five of these fractures or fault lines: the diverse assumptions about the nature of higher education; the separation between teachers and learners; the separation between academic staff and those who manage them; the split between teaching and research; and the fragmented nature of knowledge itself. Policy initiatives have tended to aggravate these fractures. I suggest that the task for academic development is to work within these fractures, to attempt to create coherence in academic practice. To do this, we need to develop a series of critical conversations between teachers and learners, between academics and managers and between the disciplines. Such conversations might be seen as contributing to the development of a new academic professionalism. The first and foremost subject of this thinking together must concern the purposes of higher education itself.
Sir Alexander Malet and Prince Otto von Bismarck: an Almost Forgotten Anglo‐German Friendship
Authors: Padje W. A. Van't
Published: March 2003

This article concentrates on Prince von Bismarck's relationship with England, with particular reference to his friendship with the British diplomat Sir Alexander Malet in the eighteen‐fifties, when Bismarck was Prussian representative to the German confederation at Frankfurt. Bismarck's love–hate relationship with England has been frequently described. He complained repeatedly about British Liberalism, the Reform Bill of 1832 and the parliamentary system. Thus, it is rather surprising that one of his closest and most intimate friends in this decade was Malet, a fact which is overlooked by most of Bismarck's biographers.
‘The proconsul ruling the city called Carcassonne’: memory, title and the Trencavel viscounts, 1068–1209
Authors: Graham-Leigh Elaine
Published: March 2003

In 1146, the Trencavel viscounts of Carcassonne, Béziers, Albi and the Razès began using the title ‘proconsul’ in some of their charters. Their assumption of ‘proconsul’ is considered in the context of other twelfth-century efforts to construct their history through both memory and written records, and considers Trencavel aspirations to their own comital title. The use of ‘proconsul’ sprang from twelfth-century enthusiasm for the Roman past but also connected Trencavel authority to previous rulers of Languedoc while avoiding their own, less glorious past, particularly their dubious acquisition of Carcassonne in 1068.
Arte Blanco con Motivos Negros: Fernando Ortiz’s Concept of Cuban National Culture and Identity
Authors: Arnedo Miguel
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to analyze Fernando Ortiz’s treatment of the poetic production of the 1920s and 30s movement of Afrocubanismo. The first section explains his belief in a process which would culminate with the consolidation of a mulatto Cuban national identity. It is argued that Ortiz conceived of this process as one which would eliminate what he assumed were pure African forms, which he viewed as primitive and inferior. The second section explores how these notions affected his evaluations of the poetry of the movement. The third section compares Ortiz’s methodology in determining identities to what is known in anthropology as an etic perspective. It is argued that Ortiz ascribes mulatto identities to cultural forms without considering the perspectives of their practitioners. The article reaches three main conclusions regarding Ortiz’s treatment of afrocubanista poetry. Firstly, that he used it as the confirmation of a process of formation of a mulatto Cuban national identity. Secondly, that he viewed it as a genre which could stylize and make acceptable inferior African cultural forms. Thirdly, that he used it as an instrument through which to dilute conflictive black or African identities.
Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: the Fifth Promotion of the National Civilian Police
Authors: Glebbeek Marie‐Louise
Published: March 2003

After 36 years of mostly authoritarian rule and often bitter civil conflict in Guatemala, the December 1996 Peace Accords prepared the ground for a new phase of reconstruction, democratisation and social and institutional reform. Prior to the Peace Accords, policing in Guatemala had been often violent, repressive and subordinated to the counterinsurgency logic of the military. Security sector reform intentions included the abolition of existing police forces and the creation of a new National Civil Police (PNC). The PNC was meant to give substance to a new way of policing in tune with the building of democratic governance and effective law enforcement. This paper examines the general background of the reforms, discusses the limitations of the results so far, and takes a particular and critical look at one of the key components of the police reform: the recruitment and training of PNC aspirants, using the case of the 1999 Fifth Promotion that entered the Academy of the PNC.
Ethnic Rights Under Threat: The Black Peasant Movement Against Armed Groups’ Pressure in the Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Wouters Mieke
Published: March 2003

During the past decade Colombia has been experiencing the paradox of, on the one hand, enjoying one of the most advanced constitutional frameworks for the empowerment of citizenship rights in general and ethnic rights in particular, and on the other, suffering from the drawn‐out effects of endemic violence and armed conflict. In this paper, the manifestation of this paradox in a specific context, that of the black peasants’ land rights movement in the Chocó region, is explored. Under the aegis of the 1991 Constitution, organisations of black peasants have been making headway in filing for and receiving substantial collective land titles on the basis of a discourse of black ethnic rights. At the same time, and not coincidentally, various armed actors such as the FARC guerrillas and paramilitary forces have made violent inroads into this region. The violence has led to internal displacement, social uprooting, and the disruption of the organisational efforts of the black peasantry. This has put the process of ethnic construction and mobilisation under severe strain. However, black peasants’ organisation have been trying to use the land entitlements as a tool to mount a counterstrategy against the violence inflicted by the armed groups.
Globalization, the knowledge society, and the Network State: Poulantzas at the millennium
Authors: Carnoy Martin , Castells Manuel
Published: March 2003

In State, Power, Socialism, Nicos Poulantzas conceptualized a state that materializes and concentrates power and displaces the class struggle from the economic to the political arena. In the past twenty years, much has changed. We argue that economic relations have been transformed by economic globalization, work reorganization, and the compression of space, time, and knowledge transmission through an information and communications revolution. Knowledge is far more central to production, and the locus of the relation between power and knowledge has moved out of the nation state that was so fundamental to Poulantzas’ analysis.
Introduction: the debates and significance of immigrant transnationalism
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: March 2003

This introduction explores reasons for the continuing debate on the subject of transnationalism and persistent scepticism about the significance of the topic. The basis for such disagreements has to do less with the actual existence of the phenomenon than with methodological shortcomings that led to its overestimation in the early literature and the conceptual failure to distinguish between cross‐border activities conducted by major institutions and by private actors in civil society. I explore these various problems seeking to clarify the actual scope of the phenomenon of transnationalism and its novel character. Despite recent findings that point to limited numerical involvement of immigrant groups in transnational activities, the latter remain significant because of their prospective growth and their impact on both immigrant adaptation in receiving countries and the development prospects of sending nations and communities. The evidence presented in the following articles document in detail these various aspects and indicates the multiple forms adopted by this phenomenon among immigrant groups in Europe and the United States.
Salvadoran economic transnationalism: embedded strategies for household maintenance, immigrant incorporation, and entrepreneurial expansion
Authors: Landolt Patricia
Published: March 2003

This article presents a case study of the transnational economic practices linking two Salvadoran settlements in the United States and El Salvador. It considers the relationship between economic transnationalism, immigrant settlement and economic development in the country of origin. Four processes are examined including: (1) the creation of border‐spanning social networks by migrants and their home country counterparts; (2) the construction of transnational economic activities and institutions; (3) the broader transnational social formations in which these are embedded; and, (4) the cumulative and unintended consequences of economic transnationalism for migrant households, the immigrant community, and El Salvador. The article applies the concepts of social network, social capital, and embeddedness, to explain the sources and determinants of individual‐ and community‐level variation in types of transnational economic practices. The conclusions drawn are that economic transnationalism is both part of a transnational settlement strategy and holds potential for economic development in the country of origin.
Reformulating tradition and modernity: Moroccan migrant women and the transnational division of ritual space
Authors: Salih Ruba
Published: March 2003

In this article I analyse the rituals that transnational migrants who live and work in Europe (mainly Italy) perform in Morocco during their return there for summer holidays. The transnational dimension of rituals and ceremonies reveals the diverse ways in which Moroccan families gain social recognition across transnational space. I explore how migrants construct and display their identities contextually and in opposition to multiple Others. By performing the traditional rituals associated with important turning points in their lives in Morocco, migrants seek to reintegrate themselves and maintain their membership of their community of origin. At the same time, however, these performances bring to the surface a hidden agenda: the assertion and exhibition of migrants’ differences with respect to those who have stayed behind. These rituals, which provide a perspective through which to analyse the intersection of global and local interconnections, also reveal complex and shifting interpretations of ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’, and the practices in which these are embedded. I conclude by suggesting that, in this process, migrants develop a creative interplay with ‘traditional practices’ by subverting, reformulating and giving new creative shape to their meaning and content.
Commodification of Human Tissue: Implications for Feminist and Development Ethics
Authors: Dickenson Donna
Published: March 2003

One effect of late capitalism – the commodification of practically everything – is to knock down the Chinese walls between the natural and productive realms, to use a Marxist framework. Women's labour in egg extraction and ‘surrogate’ motherhood might then be seen as what it is, labour which produces something of value. But this does not necessarily mean that women will benefit from the commodification of practically everything, in either North or South. In the newly developing biotechnologies involving stem cells, the reverse is more likely, particular given the shortage in the North of the egg donors who will be increasingly necessary to therapeutic cloning.

Although most of the ethical debate has focused on the status of the embryo, this is to define ethics with no reference to global or gender justice. There has been little or no debate about possible exploitation of women, particularly of ovum donors from the South. Countries of the South without national ethics committees or guidelines may be particularly vulnerable: although there is increasing awareness of the susceptibility of poorer countries to abuses in research ethics, very little has been written about how they might be affected by the enormously profitable new technologies exploiting human tissue. Even in the UK, although the new Medical Research Council guidelines make a good deal of the ‘gift relationship’, what they are actually about is commodification. If donors believe they are demonstrating altruism, but biotechnology firms and researchers use the discourse of commodity and profit, we have not ‘incomplete commodification’ but complete commodification with a plausibly human face.
Respite Care for Children with Severe Intellectual Disability and their Families: Who Needs It? Who Receives It?
Authors: Chadwick Oliver , Beecham Jennifer , Piroth Nicola , Bernard Sarah , Taylor Eric
Published: March 2003

Need for, and receipt of, respite care services were examined in a representative sample of 103 5–11‐year‐old children with severe intellectual disability and their families. Children for whom respite care was wanted had significantly more severe disabilities and behaviour problems than those whose parents felt they did not need it; their parents also reported significantly higher levels of stress. However, among those who wanted respite care, none of these factors appeared relevant to whether or not they had received it. The results suggest the need for greater account to be taken of the severity of the child's behaviour problems and intellectual disabilities in the allocation of respite care services, and also for measures to improve the supply of respite care placements capable of managing children with more challenging behaviour.
ADHD: A Survey of Psychiatric and Paediatric Practice
Authors: Salmon Gill , Kemp Alison
Published: March 2003

Most child and adolescent psychiatrists and community paediatricians have a heavy commitment to the assessment and management of children with ADHD. The paediatric approach is heavily biased toward clinical investigation and psychostimulant treatment. Child and adolescent psychiatrists prioritise mental health assessment and have access to a wider range of treatment options. This survey clearly suggests the need for joint working between the two disciplines to provide a holistic approach to the condition to exclude and manage coexisting mental health, physical and developmental problems.
Consent Issues in Medico‐Legal Procedures: How Competent Are Children to Make Their Own Decisions?
Authors: Fundudis Trian
Published: March 2003

Background: The rights and competence of children in relation to medico‐legal matters (for example, medical and/or psychological treatment, custody dispute) have become matters with which professionals have been expected to become more familiar.

Method: These issues are reviewed in terms of addressing the criteria of age and psychological maturity and their significance for determining a child's competence for making decisions when consent is involved.

Conclusions: Evidence indicates that assessment of a child's competence to make informed decisions requires systematic examination of a number of important considerations and factors over and above the child's age and wishes.
School Based Early Identification and Intervention Service for Adolescents: A Psychology and School Nurse Partnership Model
Authors: Clarke Marie , Coombs Cathy , Walton Lisa
Published: March 2003

Background: Adolescents are increasingly experiencing multiple stresses and emotional problems. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services have a role in working creatively to provide easily accessible and non‐stigmatising services.

Method: A training and consultation model was developed to respond to the needs of Tier 1 staff encountering vulnerable adolescents in a deprived inner city area. This paper describes the development of a partnership between the clinical psychology service and the school health system and the application of the practice model.

Conclusion: The evaluation, clinical implications and future developments are discussed.
Estimation of the Production Parameters of Very Large Medieval Bricks from St. Urban, Switzerland
Authors: Wolf S.
Published: March 2003

The aim of the present study is to determine the production technology of a particular type of large medieval brick. The firing temperature and their soak times are estimated using a combination of colour and fabric, as well as mineralogical, microstructural and open porosity analysis. A replication experiment was carried out in order to validate the estimated predictions, and to give a realistic idea of the time needed to dry and fire each large brick. The experiment also suggests the temperature distribution and firing atmosphere in the kiln, as well as providing an estimate of fuel consumption. Analytical results and replication both provide information to assess the production technology, the time parameters and the firing temperatures involved in the production of the medieval bricks of St. Urban.
Laboratory taphonomy—material loss and skeletal part profiles: the example of Saint–Germain–la–Rivière (Gironde, France)
Authors: Costamagno S.
Published: March 2003

Taphonomic studies can allow us to reconstruct the history of faunal assemblages. However, few studies concern themselves with measuring the effect of sampling problems and specific analytical procedures. Zooarchaeological study of the site of Saint–Germain–la–Rivière is instructive in this regard. Taphonomic studies suggest a loss of material during curation and storage. The study showed when unplotted specimens are not taken into account, the skeletal part profiles are modified in a significant way. In level 1, only square M21 can be used for analysis. By contrast, the quantity of specimens from level 3 in squares L21 and L22 rich in shaft fragments is so large compared to the other squares that this level can be studied in its totality.
Land use changes in the environs of Moscow
Authors: Ioffe Grigory , Nefedova Tatyana
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on several aspects of land use change in Russia during the 1990s with a particular focus on the environs of Moscow. These aspects include modes of farming, recreation, ownership of land, and concentric zones of outwardly declining land use intensity that resemble Von Thunen’s economic landscape. These zones are given special attention. In contrast to other land use aspects, the analysis of which indeed reveals a fair amount of change bringing the environs of Russian cities one step closer to their Western counterparts, concentric agricultural land use patterns with outwardly declining productivity suggest continuity rather than change.
Urban stream channel hazards
Authors: Gregory Ken J , Chin Anne
Published: March 2003

In managing urban stream channels there are pressures to use soft engineering techniques to restore channels wherever possible, to undertake management within a drainage basin context, to produce sustainable solutions and to consider community views. However, specific methods for characterizing the channel network in terms of possible management options have not been developed explicitly for urban areas. A method of characterizing the entire drainage network of urban areas, based upon segmentation of the stream channel network according to the incidence of road crossings and stormwater outfalls, is proposed together with consideration of ways in which the segments can be characterized, including stream channel hazards as a means of providing one basis for urban channel management.
On the convergence of myth and reality: examples from the Pacific Islands
Authors: Nunn Patrick D.
Published: March 2003

Various (groups of) myths from the Pacific Islands are discussed. Generic groups considered are diluvian myths, myths involving abrupt subsidence, abrupt uplift, and simultaneous abrupt subsidence and uplift. Specific myths, recently validated, illustrate the superiority of the mythic explanation for recent volcanism over available geological information, and the possibility of myth recalling a migration which took place nearly 3000 years ago. The implications of the correct interpretation of the geographical basis of myths for an understanding of environmental change in the Pacific are explored. Particularly in a region where written history is relatively recent, myths have the potential for extending available chronologies of particular phenomena and allow consideration of issues such as the role of infrequent catastrophic events in landscape evolution and the role of (rapid) environmental change in cultural transformation to be considered more fully.
The environmental impact of small‐scale gold mining in Ghana: identifying problems and possible solutions
Authors: Hilson Gavin
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the environmental impacts of small‐scale gold mining in Ghana, and prescribes a series of recommendations for improving environmental performance in the industry. Since the enactment of the Small Scale Gold Mining Law in 1989, which effectively legalized small‐scale gold mining in the country, industrial operations, collectively, have made important contributions to national gold output, foreign exchange earnings and employment. Accompanying this pattern of socio‐economic growth, however, have been increased environmental complications – namely, mercury pollution and land degradation. The Ghanaian Minerals Commission has been burdened with most of the jurisdictional responsibilities related to small‐scale mining, but with a staff of only 35–40 people working with a pool of highly obsolete research resources, it is clearly incapable of facilitating sufficient environmental improvement on its own. It is concluded that marked environmental improvements can only be achieved if: (1) assistance is provided to the Minerals Commission from local governmental bodies and academic units; (2) industry‐specific environmental management tools and strategies are designed and implemented; (3) concerted effort is made to prospect for deposits suitable for small‐scale gold mining, a key to preventing unnecessary exploration; and (4) a nation‐wide industrial mercury study is commissioned, and a mercury retorting programme is implemented.
Mining and hydrological transformations in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century
Authors: Czaja Stanisaw
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the influence of mining on hydrological conditions in Upper Silesia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The perturbation of local hydrological conditions began in the fifteenth century as a result of wide‐scale mining of iron, silver and lead ores. Further changes took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, following the application of gravitational mine drainage. As a result, a compact cone of depression, covering an area of about three square kilometres was created. In the eighteenth century, the activities of mills, sawmills and smelters caused considerable changes in the surface river network and created the so‐called anthropogenic Upper Silesian Lakeland. At the end of the eighteenth century, underground mining activity was renewed and as a result the area of the compact cone of depression increased to ten square kilometres and its depth reached 50 metres.
Extreme right‐wing voting in Western Europe
Authors: Lubbers Marcel , Gijsberts Mérove , Scheepers Peer
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In this study we explain extreme right‐wing voting behaviour in the countries of the European Union and Norway from a micro and macro perspective. Using a multidisciplinary multilevel approach, we take into account individual‐level social background characteristics and public opinion alongside country characteristics and characteristics of extreme right‐wing parties themselves. By making use of large‐scale survey data (N = 49,801) together with country‐level statistics and expert survey data, we are able to explain extreme right‐wing voting behaviour from this multilevel perspective. Our results show that cross‐national differences in support of extreme right‐wing parties are particularly due to differences in public opinion on immigration and democracy, the number of non‐Western residents in a country and, above all, to party characteristics of the extreme right‐wing parties themselves.
Comparing political orientations: Grid‐group theory versus the left‐right dimension in the five Nordic countries
Authors: GRENDSTAD GUNNAR
Published: March 2003

Abstract.  The left‐right dimension and grid‐group theory differ in their empirical track records and the complexity of their conceptual structures. As regards the former, the left‐right dimension is the clear winner. With respect to the latter, grid‐group theory comes out ahead. The parsimony of the unidimensional left‐right dimension may result in a conflation of, or failure to account for, important political distinctions which grid‐group theory accounts for through its four political biases or orientations: hierarchy, egalitarianism, individualism and fatalism. The degree to which grid‐group theory holds ‘excess empirical content’ compared to the left‐right dimension is tested by way of nine hypotheses. The analysis draws on a 1999 survey in the five Nordic countries (N=4,832) and demonstrates excess empirical content. Except in Norway, the left‐right dimension is found to be a surrogate for the conflict between egalitarianism's equality of outcome and individualism's equality of opportunity. Sweden and Denmark are prototypical cases. Conservatism conflates individualism and hierarchy, whereas radicalism conflates egalitarianism and fatalism. Confirmed excess empirical content is a necessary step. Theoretical complexity must also demonstrate enhanced causal power.
A National Study of Efficiency for Dialysis Centers: An Examination of Market Competition and Facility Characteristics for Production of Multiple Dialysis Outputs
Authors: Ozgen Hacer , A. Ozcan Yasar
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine market competition and facility characteristics that can be related to technical efficiency in the production of multiple dialysis outputs from the perspective of the industrial organization model.

Study Setting. Freestanding dialysis facilities that operated in 1997 submitted cost report forms to the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), and offered all three outputs—outpatient dialysis, dialysis training, and home program dialysis.

Data Sources. The Independent Renal Facility Cost Report Data file (IRFCRD) from HCFA was utilized to obtain information on output and input variables and market and facility features for 791 multiple‐output facilities. Information regarding population characteristics was obtained from the Area Resources File.

Study Design. Cross‐sectional data for the year 1997 were utilized to obtain facility‐specific technical efficiency scores estimated through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). A binary variable of efficiency status was then regressed against its market and facility characteristics and control factors in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Principal Findings. The majority of the facilities in the sample are functioning technically inefficiently. Neither the intensity of market competition nor a policy of dialyzer reuse has a significant effect on the facilities' efficiency. Technical efficiency is significantly associated, however, with type of ownership, with the interaction between the market concentration of for‐profits and ownership type, and with affiliations with chains of different sizes. Nonprofit and government‐owned facilities are more likely than their for‐profit counterparts to become inefficient producers of renal dialysis outputs. On the other hand, that relationship between ownership form and efficiency is reversed as the market concentration of for‐profits in a given market increases. Facilities that are members of large chains are more likely to be technically inefficient.

Conclusions. Facilities do not appear to benefit from joint production of a variety of dialysis outputs, which may explain the ongoing tendency toward single‐output production. Ownership form does make a positive difference in production efficiency, but only in local markets where competition exists between nonprofit and for‐profit facilities. The increasing inefficiency associated with membership in large chains suggests that the growing consolidation in the dialysis industry may not, in fact, be the strategy for attaining more technical efficiency in the production of multiple dialysis outputs.
The End of an Era: What Became of the “Managed Care Revolution” in 2001?
Authors: Lesser Cara S. , Ginsburg Paul B. , Devers Kelly J.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe how the organization and dynamics of health systems changed between 1999 and 2001, in the context of expectations from the mid‐1990s when managed care was in ascendance, and assess the implications for consumers and policymakers.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Data are from the Community Tracking Study site visits to 12 communities that were randomly selected to be nationally representative of metropolitan areas with 200,000 people or more. The Community Tracking Study is an ongoing effort that began in 1996 and is fielded every two years.

Study Design. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 50–90 stakeholders and observers of the local health care market in each of the 12 communities every two years. Respondents include leaders of local hospitals, health plans, and physician organizations and representatives of major employers, state and local governments, and consumer groups. First round interviews were conducted in 1996–1997 and subsequent rounds of interviews were conducted in 1998–1999 and 2000–2001. A total of 1,690 interviews were conducted between 1996 and 2001.

Data Analysis Methods. Interview information was stored and coded in qualitative data analysis software. Data were analyzed to identify patterns and themes within and across study sites and conclusions were verified by triangulating responses from different respondent types, examining outliers, searching for disconfirming evidence, and testing rival explanations.

Principal Findings. Since the mid‐1990s, managed care has developed differently than expected in local health care markets nationally. Three key developments shaped health care markets between 1999 and 2001: (1) unprecedented, sustained economic growth that resulted in extremely tight labor markets and made employers highly responsive to employee demands for even fewer restrictions on access to care; (2) health plans increasingly moved away from core strategies in the “managed care toolbox”; and (3) providers gained leverage relative to managed care plans and reverted to more traditional strategies of competing for patients based on services and amenities.

Conclusions. Changes in local health care markets have contributed to rising costs and created new access problems for consumers. Moreover, the trajectory of change promises to make the goals of cost‐control and quality improvement more difficult to achieve in the future.
Benefit‐Cost Analysis of Addiction Treatment: Methodological Guidelines and Empirical Application Using the DATCAP and ASI
Authors: French Michael T. , Salomé Helena J. , Sindelar Jody L. , Thomas McLellan A.
Published: March 2003

Objective.To provide detailed methodological guidelines for using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program (DATCAP) and Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in a benefit‐cost analysis of addiction treatment.

Data Sources/Study Setting.A representative benefit‐cost analysis of three outpatient programs was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and value of the methodological guidelines.

Study Design.Procedures are outlined for using resource use and cost data collected with the DATCAP. Techniques are described for converting outcome measures from the ASI to economic (dollar) benefits of treatment. Finally, principles are advanced for conducting a benefit‐cost analysis and a sensitivity analysis of the estimates.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods.The DATCAP was administered at three outpatient drug‐free programs in Philadelphia, PA, for 2 consecutive fiscal years (1996 and 1997). The ASI was administered to a sample of 178 treatment clients at treatment entry and at 7‐months postadmission.

Principal Findings.The DATCAP and ASI appear to have significant potential for contributing to an economic evaluation of addiction treatment. The benefit‐cost analysis and subsequent sensitivity analysis all showed that total economic benefit was greater than total economic cost at the three outpatient programs, but this representative application is meant to stimulate future economic research rather than justifying treatment per se.

Conclusions.This study used previously validated, research‐proven instruments and methods to perform a practical benefit‐cost analysis of real‐world treatment programs. The study demonstrates one way to combine economic and clinical data and offers a methodological foundation for future economic evaluations of addiction treatment.
The Cost of Doing Business: Cost Structure of Electronic Immunization Registries
Authors: Fontanesi John M , Flesher Don S , De Guire Michelle , Lieberthal Allan , Holcomb Kathy
Published: March 2003

Objective. To predict the true cost of developing and maintaining an electronic immunization registry, and to set the framework for developing future cost‐effective and cost‐benefit analysis.

Data Sources/Study Setting. Primary data collected at three immunization registries located in California, accounting for 90 percent of all immunization records in registries in the state during the study period.

Study Design. A parametric cost analysis compared registry development and maintenance expenditures to registry performance requirements.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data were collected at each registry through interviews, reviews of expenditure records, technical accomplishments development schedules, and immunization coverage rates.

Principal Findings. The cost of building immunization registries is predictable and independent of the hardware/software combination employed. The effort requires four man‐years of technical effort or approximately $250,000 in 1998 dollars. Costs for maintaining a registry were approximately $5,100 per end user per three‐year period.

Conclusions. There is a predictable cost structure for both developing and maintaining immunization registries. The cost structure can be used as a framework for examining the cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefits of registries. The greatest factor effecting improvement in coverage rates was ongoing, user‐based administrative investment.
The Worldwide Movement in Private Universities: Revolutionary Growth in Post‐Secondary Higher Education
Authors: Quddus Munir , Rashid Salim
Published: March 2003

The end of the Cold War, which resulted from the collapse of communism and the spread of free market ideas in the former Soviet Union, China, and nations in Eastern Europe, has brought about many dramatic and momentous changes on the world scene. One remarkable development not widely recognized outside specialized academic circles is the emergence of new institutions of higher learning in the private sector of previously command economies and also in many developing countries that had been wedded to a culture of socialism for decades. The “privatization” of higher education is by all accounts a global phenomenon. Very few systematic studies of these new trends in private post‐secondary education exist to date, although the impact of this development could be far‐reaching not only for higher education but also for the social and economic development of many societies in the world. In this paper we attempt to analyze the phenomenon of new private universities in non‐Western nations, focusing on the developing world in general, and Asia in particular. What missions have these institutions chosen? Which models are these institutions following? What challenges do they face? How are they coping with their relationship to existing public universities? How are they dealing with tuition and budgetary issues? What sources of funding are they tapping into? How are they dealing with issues of equity, excellence, and access? In the composition of their faculty, student body, and curriculum, are these institutions sufficiently international? How are the funding institutions and universities in the West helping these fledgling universities? Are these trends expected to accelerate in the future? We attempt to answer these questions within the context of a few case studies that reflect the breadth and diversity of this revolutionary growth in post‐secondary higher education.