bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patterns of nodal involvement for clinically N0 salivary gland carcinoma: Refining the role of elective neck irradiation
Authors: Lau Valerie H. , Aouad Rony , Farwell D. Gregory , Donald Paul J. , Chen Allen M.
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of occult cervical lymph node metastasis among patients with clinically N0 salivary gland carcinoma.

Methods

One hundred nineteen patients underwent primary surgery and ipsilateral neck dissection for clinically N0 carcinomas of the major and minor salivary glands. Eighty patients (67%) had parotid tumors. Distribution of T classification was: T1 (18%), T2 (28%), T3 (23%), and T4 (32%).

Results

Twenty‐five patients (21%) had pathological cervical disease. The incidence was highest among patients with adenocarcinoma (35%) and high‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma (35%). The most common site of cervical lymph node metastasis was level II (71%), followed by level III (15%), and level IB (8%). On multivariate analysis, histological subtype was independently predictive of occult pathological lymph node metastasis (p < .001).

Conclusion

The likelihood of occult cervical lymph node metastasis for patients with salivary gland carcinoma is driven predominantly by histological subtype. Implications for elective neck irradiation are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1435–1439, 2014
Free flap failure in head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Corbitt Christian , Skoracki Roman J. , Yu Peirong , Hanasono Matthew M.
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of head and neck free flap loss and to evaluate outcomes after subsequent microvascular and nonmicrovascular reconstruction.

Methods

Patients who experienced free flap loss between 2000 and 2012 were reviewed.

Results

There were 40 flap losses out of 3090 free flaps (1.3%). Twenty‐eight patients underwent subsequent free flap reconstruction of which 27 free flaps were successful (96.4%), which was not significantly different from our initial flap success rate (p = .81). Of patients who underwent subsequent free flap reconstruction for oral/pharyngeal defects, 100% had >80% speech intelligibility and 87.5% were tube feed independent. By comparison, 42.9% of patients who underwent subsequent pectoralis major flap reconstruction had intelligible speech (p = .01) and 25.0% were independent of tube feeds (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Subsequent free flaps after initial free flap losses can be successful in selected patients. Functional outcomes after subsequent free flap reconstruction are favorable compared to pedicled flap reconstruction. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1440–1445, 2014
Surgical outcomes of robotic thyroid surgery using a double incision gasless transaxillary approach: Analysis of 400 cases treated by the same surgeon
Authors: Lee Yu‐Mi , Yi Onvox , Sung Tae‐Yon , Chung Ki‐Wook , Yoon Jong Ho , Hong Suck Joon
Published: August 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of 400 cases of robotic thyroid surgery using a double incision gasless transaxillary approach.

Methods

We analyzed 400 patients who underwent a robot‐assisted thyroidectomy performed by a single surgeon.

Results

All patients underwent successful operations without conversion to open surgery. Transient hypoparathyroidism was the most common complication (51.7%) and permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in only 2 patients (1.4%). The mean number of retrieved central lymph nodes was 6.5 ± 4.4 for ipsilateral central compartment node dissection and 8.4 ± 5.1 for bilateral central compartment node dissection. The proportion of patients with stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) levels at the time of remnant ablation <10 ng/mL and sTg levels 6 to 12 months after the first ablation <1 ng/mL was 84.9% and 88.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

Robotic thyroid surgery is technically safe and may be a surgical option for patients with well‐differentiated thyroid cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1413–1419, 2014
Nitrogen Nucleophiles in Au‐Catalyzed Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Ketcham John M. , Cardoso Flavio S. P. , Biannic Berenger , Piras Henri , Aponick Aaron
Published: August 2013

Mild conditions for the gold‐catalyzed dehydrative cyclization of carbamate‐protected azaallylic alcohols to form saturated nitrogen heterocycles are reported. The cyclization reactions are high‐yielding, operationally easy to perform, and provide heterocycles with a synthetically useful vinyl group, strategically located on the ring system, which can facilitate further transformations for target oriented synthesis. It is also demonstrated through chirality transfer experiments that the mechanism can be either cationic in nature or a Au‐catalyzed addition/elimination sequence. The diverging mechanistic scenario is dependent on the nature of the substituents on the allylic alcohol and necessitates judicious substrate design.
Transduction of Proteins into Leishmania Tarentolae by Formation of Non‐Covalent Complexes With Cell‐Penetrating Peptides
Authors: Keller Andrea‐Anneliese , Breitling Reinhard , Hemmerich Peter , Kappe Katarina , Braun Maria , Wittig Berith , Schaefer Buerk , Lorkowski Stefan , Reissmann Siegmund
Published: August 2013

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are used to transport peptides, proteins, different types of ribonucleic acids (or mimics of these molecules), and DNA into live cells, both plant and mammalian. Leishmania belongs to the class of protozoa having, in comparison to mammalian cells, a different lipid composition of the membrane, proteoglycans on the surface, and signal pathways. We investigated the uptake of two different and easily detectable proteins into the non‐pathogenic strain Leishmania tarentolae. From the large number of CPPs available, six and a histone were chosen specifically for their ability to form non‐covalent complexes. For Leishmania we used the enzyme β‐galactosidase and fluorescent labeled bovine serum albumin as cargoes. The results are compared to similar internalization studies using mammalian cells [Mussbach et al., ]. Leishmania cells can degrade CPPs by a secreted and membrane‐bound chymotrypsin‐like protease. Both cargo proteins were internalized with sufficient efficiency and achieved intramolecular concentrations similar to mammalian cells. The transport efficiencies of the CPPs differed from each other, and showed a different rank order for both cargoes. The intracellular distribution of fluorescent‐labeled bovine serum albumin showed highest concentrations in the nucleus and kinetoplast. Leishmania are susceptible to high concentrations of some CPPs, although comparably dissimilar to mammalian cells. MPG‐peptides are more cytotoxic in Leishmania than in mammalian cells, acting as antimicrobial peptides. Our results contribute to a better understanding of molecular interactions in Leishmania cells and possibly to new treatments of leishmaniasis. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 243–252, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MADD Is a Downstream Target of PTEN in Triggering Apoptosis
Authors: Jayarama Shankar , Li Liang‐Cheng , Ganesh Lakshmy , Mardi David , Kanteti Prasad , Hay Nissim , Li Peifeng , Prabhakar Bellur S.
Published: August 2013

Mitogen‐activated kinase activating death domain containing protein (MADD) is abundantly expressed in cancer cells and necessary for maintaining cancer cell survival. However, this survival function of MADD is dependent upon its phosphorylation by protein kinase B (Akt). The tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is a lipid phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐Akt signaling pathway. The downstream targets of PTEN in triggering apoptosis have not yet been completely identified. Here, we report that MADD can act as a pro‐apoptotic factor to initiate TRAIL‐induced apoptosis when its phosphorylation is attenuated by PTEN. Our data show that tumor necrosis factor α‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced a reduction in MADD phosphorylation with a concomitant up‐regulation of PTEN. Knock down of PTEN using a specific siRNA prevented TRAIL‐induced reduction in pMADD levels. Surprisingly, Akt non‐phopshorylated MADD translocated from the plasma membrane to cytoplasm where it bound to 14‐3‐3 and displaced 14‐3‐3 associated Bax, which translocated to mitochondria resulting in cytochrome c release. Taken together, our data reveal that PTEN can convey the death signal by preventing MADD phosphorylation by Akt. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 261–270, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telehealth Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Co‐Occurring Insomnia and Depression Symptoms in Older Adults
Authors: Lichstein Kenneth L. , Scogin Forrest , Thomas S. Justin , DiNapoli Elizabeth A. , Dillon Haley R. , McFadden Anna
Published: August 2013

Objective

Telehealth has proven effective with a wide range of disorders, but there is a paucity of data on the use of telehealth using cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) with late‐life insomnia and depression. This pilot study was designed to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of using telehealth to treat older adults with comorbid insomnia and depression living in rural Alabama.

Method

Five patients received 10 sessions of CBT for insomnia and depression. Patients were engaged in treatment via Skype from their primary care physician's office. Assessments were conducted at baseline, posttreatment, and 2‐month follow‐up.

Results

Patients exhibited clinically significant improvement in both insomnia (sleep diaries and Insomnia Severity Index) and depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) at posttreatment, and these gains were well maintained at 2‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

These preliminary data suggest that telehealth may be an effective means of providing treatment to older adults, including underserved populations.
Effects of polymorphisms of the SLCO2B1 transporter gene on the pharmacokinetics of montelukast in humans
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Ah , Lee Hye‐Mi , Joo Hyun‐Jin , Park In‐Bae , Park Ji‐Young
Published: August 2013

Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is a substrate of organic anion transporting OATP2B1 encoded by the SLCO2B1. We evaluated the effects of six non‐synonymous (c.1175C>T, c.1457C>T, c.43C>T, c.935G>A, c.601G>A, and c.644A>T) polymorphisms and one promoter (g.‐282G>A) polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of montelukast. A single dose of 10 mg montelukast was administered in 24 healthy subjects. Its levels were measured up to 24 hours and a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on the SLCO2B1 polymorphisms. We did not encounter subjects with c.1175C>T, c.43C>T, or c.644A>T polymorphisms. The remaining SLCO2B1 polymorphisms did not affect plasma levels of montelukast, and pharmacokinetic parameters of montelukast did not differ among genotype groups. Oral clearance results were as follows: (1) 3.3 L/h for c.935GG, 3.0 L/h for c.935GA, and 3.5 L/h for c.935AA; (2) 3.4 L/h for c.1457CC, 2.9 L/h for c.1457CT, and 3.2 L/h for c.1457TT; (3) 3.2 L/h for c.601GG, 3.4 L/h for c.601GA, and 3.4 L/h for c.601AA; (4) 3.2 L/h for g.‐282GG, 3.4 L/h for g.‐282GA, and 3.2 L/h for g.‐282AA. The findings suggest that SLCO2B1 polymorphisms do not affect the pharmacokinetics of montelukast and that SLCO2B1 polymorphisms appear to be a minor determinant of inter‐individual variability of montelukast.
Moonlight affects mRNA abundance of arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase in the retina of a lunar‐synchronized spawner, the goldlined spinefoot
Authors: Kashiwagi Tomomi , Park Yong‐Ju , Park Ji‐Gweon , Imamura Satoshi , Takeuchi Yuki , Hur Sung‐Pyo , Takemura Akihiro
Published: August 2013

Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland and retina shows a rhythmic fashion with high levels at night and is controlled by a rate‐limiting enzyme, arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT). A previous study revealed that moonlight suppresses the plasma melatonin levels of the goldlined spinefoot (Siganus guttatus), which exhibits a lunar cycle in its reproductive activity and repeats gonadal development toward and spawning around the first quarter moon. Whether the retina of this species responds to moonlight is unknown. To clarify the photoperceptive ability of this species, we aimed to clone the full‐length cDNA of Aanat1 (sgAanat1) from the retina and examine its transcriptional pattern under several daylight and moonlight regimes. The full‐length sgAanat1 cDNA (1,038 bp) contained a reading frame encoding a protein of 225 amino acids, which was highly homologous to AANAT1 of other teleosts. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that among the tissues tested, sgAanat1 fragments were expressed exclusively in the retina. Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that sgAanat1 fluctuated with high abundance at night under light–dark cycle and at subjective night under constant darkness, but not under constant light. These results suggest that sgAanat1 is regulated by both the external light signal and internal clock system. The abundance of sgAanat1 in the retina was higher at the culmination time around new moon than full moon phase. Additionally, exposing fish to brightness around the full moon period suppressed sgAanat1 mRNA abundance. Thus, moonlight is perceived by fish and has an impact on melatonin fluctuation in the retina. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 505–516, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in glucose and carnitine levels and their transporters in utero‐tubal junction in relation to sperm storage in the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi
Authors: Roy Vikas Kumar , Krishna Amitabh
Published: August 2013

Prolonged sperm storage over winter is a common feature of reproduction in some bats. In order to understand how sperm storage in the female genital tract of the vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi (Greater yellow bat), is controlled, we compared concentrations of glucose and the fatty‐acid carrier carnitine in the blood, and carnitine concentrations and levels of expression of the glucose transporters (GLUTs) and the carnitine transporter OCTN2 in the utero‐tubal junction of females during non‐storage (early winter) and sperm‐storage periods (late winter‐early spring). During the sperm‐storage period (December–January) blood glucose concentrations declined, as did the expression of GLUT3 and GLUT5 in the utero‐tubal junction. At the same time there were increases in the concentration of carnitine, and expression of OCTN2 and hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) in the utero‐tubal junction. These results suggest that prolonged sperm storage is enhanced by decreased glucose availability but increased free fatty acid availability at the site of sperm storage. Increases in expression of GLUT4 and GLUT8 in late winter suggest a role for these GLUTs in increasing sperm motility prior to fertilization. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 517–526, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triggering process of electromagnetic ion cyclotron rising tone emissions in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Shoji Masafumi , Omura Yoshiharu
Published: August 2013

Spacecraft observations and simulations show generation of coherent electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) triggered emissions with rising tone frequencies. In the inner magnetosphere, the spontaneously triggered EMIC waves are generated by the energetic protons with large temperature anisotropy. We reproduced EMIC triggered emissions in the Earth's magnetosphere by real scale hybrid simulations with cylindrical magnetic geometry. We obtained spontaneously triggered nonlinear EMIC waves with rising frequencies in the H+band of the EMIC dispersion relation. The proton holes in the phase space are formed. We have also derived the theoretical optimum wave amplitude for triggering process of the EMIC nonlinear wave growth. The optimum wave amplitude and the nonlinear transition time show a good agreement with the present simulation result. The nonlinear wave growth over a limited time forms a subpacket structure of a rising tone emission. The formation process of a subpacket is repeated because of a new triggering wave generated by the phase‐organized protons, which are released from the previous subpacket. Then, the EMIC triggered emission is formed as a train of subpackets generated at different rising frequencies.
Geodetic investigation into the deformation of the Salton Trough
Authors: Crowell Brendan W. , Bock Yehuda , Sandwell David T. , Fialko Yuri
Published: August 2013

The Salton Trough represents a complex transition between the spreading center in Baja California and the strike‐slip San Andreas fault system and is one of the most active zones of deformation and seismicity in California. We present a high‐resolution interseismic velocity field for the Salton Trough derived from 74 continuous GPS sites and 109 benchmarks surveyed in three GPS campaigns during 2008–2009 and previous surveys between 2000 and 2005. We also investigate small‐scale deformation by removing the regional velocity field predicted by an elastic block model for Southern California from the observed velocities. We find a total extension rate of 11 mm/yr from the Mesquite Basin to the southern edge of the San Andreas Fault, coupled with 15 mm/yr of left‐lateral shear, the majority of which is concentrated in the southern Salton Sea and Obsidian Buttes and is equivalent to 17 mm/yr oriented in the direction of the San Andreas Fault. Differential shear strain is exclusively localized in the Brawley Seismic Zone, and dilatation rate indicates widespread extension throughout the zone. In addition, we infer clockwise rotation of 10°/Ma, consistent with northwestward propagation of the Brawley Seismic Zone over geologic time.
Edifice strength and magma transfer modulation at Piton de la Fournaise volcano
Authors: Got Jean‐Luc , Peltier Aline , Staudacher Thomas , Kowalski Philippe , Boissier Patrice
Published: August 2013

From 2003 to 2007, eruptive activity at Piton de la Fournaise was shown to follow cycles, comprising many summit/proximal eruptions and finishing by a distal eruption. GPS measurements evidenced striking asymmetric deformation between its western and eastern flanks. Horizontal displacements recorded during interdistal periods showed a characteristic amplitude at the top of the eastern flank. Displacements recorded at the base of the summit cone showed a bimodal distribution, with low amplitudes during interdistal periods and large ones during distal eruptions. To account for displacement asymmetry, characteristic amplitude, and large flank displacement, we modeled the volcanic edifice using a Drücker‐Prager elastoplastic rheology. Friction angles of 15° and >30° were needed to model the displacements respectively during distal eruptions and interdistal periods; this change shows that strain weakening occurred during distal events. Large plastic displacement that occurred in the eastern flank during distal eruptions relaxed the horizontal elastic stress accumulated during interdistal periods; it triggered summit deflation, horizontal magma transfer, and distal flank eruption and reset the eruptive cycle. Our elastoplastic models also show that simple source geometries may induce large eastern flank displacements that would be explained by a complex geometry in a linear elastic edifice. Magma supply is often thought to control volcano's eruptive activity, with surface deformation reflecting changes in magma supply rate, the volcano's response being linear. Our results bring some evidences that on Piton de la Fournaise time‐space discretization of magma transfer may be the result of the edifice's nonlinear response, rather than changes in magma supply.
Measurement and analysis of ground‐level electric fields and wire‐base current during the rocket‐and‐wire lightning triggering process
Authors: Ngin T. , Uman M. A. , Hill J. D. , Pilkey J. , Gamerota W. R. , Jordan D. M. , Olsen R. C.
Published: August 2013

We present ground‐level electric field intensity and trigger‐wire‐base current measurements in Florida during 33 successful rocket‐and‐wire triggered lightning attempts, those which initiated a sustained upward leader, and 20 unsuccessful attempts. The electric field changes during wire ascent were measured at eight stations between 35 m and 208 m from the launch site while the electric fields produced by precursor discharges at the ascending wire tip were measured at 120 m and 220 m. Both relatively steady trigger wire currents in the milliampere‐range and fast precursor currents in the ampere to hundred‐ampere range were measured at the wire base. A total of 2196 individual precursors were measured in 45 launches with negative charge overhead, with 0 to 225 precursors per launch and each precursor depositing 1 μC to 157 μC of charge at the wire tip. With negative charge overhead, slowly varying currents measured during the wire ascent increased to a maximum value between 3 mA and 10 mA. Positive line charge densities on the trigger wire were inferred from both the wire‐base current and the ground‐level electric field reduction during wire ascent for 38 launches, ranging from 1 μC m−1 near ground to about 100 μC m−1 at 200 m to 300 m aloft. A comparison of successful launches and unsuccessful launches with negative charge overhead shows that successful launches tend to have larger trigger wire line charge densities and larger precursor charge magnitudes, implying larger electric fields aloft. Three unsuccessful triggering attempts were made with positive charge overhead.
Unraveling impact factors for future changes in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation
Authors: Oberländer Sophie , Langematz Ulrike , Meul Stefanie
Published: August 2013

Climate models project an increase in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) with increasing future greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. This study identifies the causes of future changes in the BDC from sensitivity simulations with the EMAC chemistry‐climate model, by changing the external forcings, like GHG concentrations, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) together with sea ice concentrations, and ozone‐depleting substances (ODS), separately. The particular influence of rising tropical SSTs is assessed. Contributions of different waves to changes in the residual circulation are calculated as well as changes in mean age of stratospheric air (AoA) to account for the effect of mixing processes. We find that in boreal winter the tropical upward mass flux increases by about 1%/dec in the upper and 2%/dec in the lower stratosphere until the end of the 21st century. Mean AoA decreases by up to 60 and 30 days/dec, respectively. Changes in transient planetary and synoptic waves account for the strengthening of the BDC in the lower stratosphere, whereas upper stratospheric changes are due to improved propagation properties for gravity waves in future climate. Regarding the external forcings, the radiative impact of rising GHG concentrations is detected to affect upper stratospheric layers only, whereas lower stratospheric signals are almost entirely due to rising SSTs. Changes in tropical SSTs influence not only the shallow but also the deep branch of the BDC as confirmed from both changes in residual circulation and mixing. Declining ODS will slightly counteract the BDC increase in the Southern Hemisphere.
The spiral troughs of Mars as cyclic steps
Authors: Smith Isaac B. , Holt John W. , Spiga Aymeric , Howard Alan D. , Parker Gary
Published: August 2013

We combine observations of stratigraphy, morphology, and atmospheric processes to relate the spiral troughs on Mars' polar layered deposits to a class of features known as cyclic steps. Cyclic steps are quasi‐stable, repeating, and upstream‐migrating bed forms that have been studied in terrestrial and submarine environments. The repeating pattern is bounded by hydraulic jumps, which act to stabilize the form. We use radar stratigraphy from the Shallow Radar instrument on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to examine trough evolution and constrain lateral transport. We examine visible images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System and observe low‐altitude clouds that we interpret to be the result of katabatic jumps, i.e., the Aeolian counterpart of hydraulic jumps in open channel flow. We then devise a theoretical framework for understanding the origin of the spiral troughs that agree with 10 criteria that should be explained for any scenario to satisfactorily model the spiral troughs. Finally, we use Froude and geometrical analysis to estimate the rate of upstream migration caused by katabatic winds for the spiral troughs.
Relative rates of optical maturation of regolith on Mercury and the Moon
Authors: Braden Sarah E. , Robinson Mark S.
Published: August 2013

Quantifying relative differences in regolith optical maturation rates is critical to interpreting multispectral reflectance measurements of airless bodies. In this study, normalized reflectance measurements of crater ejecta blankets and rays are used as indicators of the relative state of regolith maturation on Mercury and the Moon, as well as for a comparison of surface reflectance. Characterization of craters with high‐reflectance ejecta from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera and Mercury Dual Imaging System orbital mosaics indicates that the optical maturation rate is up to 4 times faster on Mercury than on the Moon. Observations also show that there are fewer immature craters (per unit area) on Mercury than on the Moon and suggest a younger average age for mercurian rayed craters than for lunar rayed craters. A comparison of crustal reflectance of immature material yields a ratio of 1.9 ± 0.4 for the average photometrically normalized reflectance of lunar material to that of mercurian material. The difference in reflectance is attributed primarily to differences in composition between the lunar highlands and average surface material on Mercury. The new observations of immature craters per unit area and surface reflectance of immature materials are consistent with previous proposals that regolith maturation rates are faster on Mercury than the Moon, and but here we quantify the relative rate from empirical observations for the first time.
Meander formation in supraglacial streams
Authors: Karlstrom Leif , Gajjar Parmesh , Manga Michael
Published: August 2013

Meandering streams on the surface of glaciers are similar in planform geometry to meanders in alluvial and bedrock rivers, despite fundamental differences in the mechanisms and timescales of incision. We develop depth‐averaged conservation equations for flow in such supraglacial channels with erodible boundaries and solve the linear stability problem for harmonic perturbations to an initially straight channel. Meander formation in supraglacial streams is driven by channel curvature, which enhances heat production and heat transfer to the surrounding ice at bend apexes. This leads to enhanced melting and lateral channel migration, with near constant channel width maintained by the competition of lateral erosion and broadscale ablation of the glacier surface. We find that meandering occurs for a wide but finite range of hydraulic and thermal parameters in both subcritical and supercritical flows and that meanders usually propagate downstream. Predicted meander wavelengths are in general agreement with an empirical scaling between supraglacial channel width and meander wavelength derived from glacial environments worldwide.
On the 3‐Local Profiles of Graphs
Authors: Huang Hao , Linial Nati , Naves Humberto , Peled Yuval , Sudakov Benny
Published: August 2013

For a graph G, let be the probability that three distinct random vertices span exactly i edges. We call the 3‐local profile
of G. We investigate the set of all vectors that are arbitrarily close to the 3‐local profiles of arbitrarily large graphs. We give a full description of the projection of to the plane. The upper envelope of this planar domain is obtained from cliques on a fraction of the vertex set and complements of such graphs. The lower envelope is Goodman's inequality . We also give a full description of the triangle‐free case, i.e. the intersection of with the hyperplane . This planar domain is characterized by an SDP constraint that is derived from Razborov's flag algebra theory.
What Coaches Believe are Best Practices for Coaching: A Qualitative Study of Interviews from Coaches Residing in Asia and Europe
Authors: Gentry William A. , Manning Lisa , Wolf Ali Kyle , Hernez‐Broome Gina , Allen Leigh Whittier
Published: August 2013

The industry of executive and leadership coaching has grown over the past decade, becoming an integral part of many leadership and executive training and development initiatives globally. As a result, research focusing on coaches in Asia and Europe may uncover useful best practices that could inform the field. Such knowledge would enable coaches to better understand how to work better with their client–leaders and can also inform and develop coaching practice and research. The purpose of our qualitative study was to understand, through the interviews of 12 practicing coaches residing in Asia and 19 practicing coaches residing in Europe, what their best practices are in one‐to‐one coaching engagements. Ten best practices from the coaches in Asia and six best practices from the coaches in Europe emerged. Each best practice is discussed as well as limitations, future research, and implications from the findings of our study.
The effects of hypothyroidism on the proximal femoral physis in miniature swine
Authors: Tank Jason C. , Weiner Dennis S. , Jacquet Robin , Childs Dylan , Ritzman Todd F. , Horne Walter I. , Steiner Richard , Morscher Melanie A. , Landis William J.
Published: August 2013

As a potential means of comparing hypothyroidism in humans, this work intended to establish a defined hypothyroid state in immature miniature swine and evaluate specific molecular, cellular, and extracellular responses of their growth plates. Two male, 11‐week‐old Sinclair miniature swine were given 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU) in their water and two other like animals (controls) were provided water without PTU. Blood levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxin (T4) were monitored weekly. At 25 weeks of age, the hind limb proximal femoral physes were harvested and divided into portions for histology and reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) analysis. Compared to controls, swine administered PTU exhibited increased TSH and decreased T3 and T4 serum levels during the study period, features consistent with a hypothyroid state. Compared to controls, hypothyroid swine exhibited structurally altered physes and demonstrated significantly decreased gene expression of aggrecan (p < 0.05) and type X collagen (p ≤ 0.1). This is the first hypothyroid model established in miniature swine and represents a potentially important advance for understanding the condition in humans, in which, like this swine model, there are changes critical to growth plate molecular biology, biochemistry and structure. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1986–1991, 2013
The effects of a semi‐rigid ankle brace on a simulated isolated subtalar joint instability
Authors: Choisne Julie , Hoch Matthew C. , Bawab Sebastian , Alexander Ian , Ringleb Stacie I.
Published: August 2013

Subtalar joint instability is hypothesized to occur after injuries to the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) in isolation or in combination with the cervical and the talocalcaneal interosseous ligaments. A common treatment for hindfoot instability is the application of an ankle brace. However, the ability of an ankle brace to promote subtalar joint stability is not well established. We assessed the kinematics of the subtalar joint, ankle, and hindfoot in the presence of isolated subtalar instability, investigated the effect of bracing in a CFL deficient foot and with a total rupture of the intrinsic ligaments, and evaluated how maximum inversion range of motion is affected by the position of the ankle in the sagittal plane. Kinematics from nine cadaveric feet were collected with the foot placed in neutral, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion. Motion was applied with and without a brace on an intact foot and after sequentially sectioning the CFL and the intrinsic ligaments. Isolated CFL sectioning increased ankle joint inversion, while sectioning the CFL and intrinsic ligaments affected subtalar joint stability. The brace limited inversion at the subtalar and ankle joints. Additionally, examining the foot in dorsiflexion reduced ankle and subtalar joint motion. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1869–1875, 2013
Sub‐micron imaging of sub‐surface nanocrystalline structure in silicon
Authors: Xu Shen , Tang Xiaoduan , Yue Yanan , Wang Xinwei
Published: August 2013

This work reports on a surprising and abnormal increase of the Raman intensity when the probing area is moved to the edge of a mechanically cleaved Si wafer. Our detailed surface structure study based on atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope rules out any effect from surface morphology. Systematic study of the Raman system focusing effect with a range of µm finds no focusing effect involved in our observed phenomenon. The linewidth, wavenumber, and intensity of the 521 cm−1 peak are obtained and evaluated quantitatively when the testing region is moved from the center to the cleaved edge. When the grain size of crystalline silicon varies from 20 to 10 nm, the Raman intensity of the 521 cm−1 peak is increasing abnormally, by about 100%. Meanwhile, both the linewidth and wavenumber change by about 2 cm−1 and 4 cm−1, respectively. If instrument and surface factors are well controlled/defined, the change of Raman intensity could provide a sensitive and complementary method for grain size characterization in addition to the Raman wavenumber and linewidth methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of carbon monoxide on quality, nutrients and antioxidant activity of post‐harvest jujube
Authors: Zhang Shaoying , Li Na
Published: August 2013

Background

To effectively extend the shelf life of fresh jujube, carbon monoxide (CO), as a small molecular gas, was applied to fumigate fresh jujube. The quality and antioxidant activity of jujubes fumigated with carbon monoxide at concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 40 µmol L−1 for 1 h under ambient temperature were investigated.

Results

The jujube fumigated with 10 µmol L−1 CO showed the best preserving effect amongst all samples. At 30 days, the decay incidence of jujube fumigated with 10 µmol L−1 CO is only two‐thirds of that of control sample; its red index and weight loss rate were 22.8% and 19.4% lower, and its firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and acidity were 18.7%, 5.4% and 12.2% higher than that of control samples, respectively. Its vitamin C and total flavonoid contents were also the highest. However, no significant difference in total polyphenol content was found. The jujubes treated with 10 µmol L−1 CO exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in terms of reducing power and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl radical scavenging activity. However, the jujubes fumigated with 40 µmol L−1 CO showed inferior characteristics compared with the control sample.

Conclusion

Fumigating jujubes with proper concentration of CO probably is a potential novel method for post‐harvest jujube preservation in the future. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Maximizing the benefit of minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Mohiuddin Kamran , Swanson Scott J.
Published: August 2013

Minimal invasive surgery is an excellent approach for the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of thoracic disorders that previously required sternotomy or open thoracotomy. The notable benefits of minimal invasive surgery to patients include less postoperative pain, fewer operative and post‐operative major complications, shortened hospital stay, faster recovery times, less scarring, less stress on the immune system, smaller incision, and for some procedures reduced operating time and reduced costs. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013 108:315–319. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and Characterization of a PHB‐HV‐based 3D Scaffold for a Tissue Engineering and Cell‐therapy Combinatorial Approach for Spinal Cord Injury Regeneration
Authors: Ribeiro‐Samy Silvina , Silva Nuno A. , Correlo Vitor M. , Fraga Joana S. , Pinto Luísa , Teixeira‐Castro Andreia , Leite‐Almeida Hugo , Almeida Armando , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Sousa Nuno , Salgado António J. , Reis Rui L.
Published: August 2013

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating neurological deficits. Several tissue engineering (TE)‐based approaches have been investigated for repairing this condition. Poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHB‐HV) is found to be particularly attractive for TE applications due to its properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, thermoplasticity and piezoelectricity. Hence, this report addresses the development and characterization of PHB‐HV‐based 3D scaffolds, produced by freeze‐drying, aimed to SCI treatment. The obtained scaffolds reveal an anisotropic morphology with a fully interconnected network of pores. In vitro studies demonstrate a lack of cytotoxic effect of PHB‐HV scaffolds. Direct contact assays also reveal their ability to support the culture of CNS‐derived cells and mesenchymal‐like stem cells from different sources. Finally, histocompatibility studies show that PHB‐HV scaffolds are well tolerated by the host tissue, and do not negatively impact the left hindlimb locomotor function recovery. Therefore results herein presented suggest that PHB‐HV scaffolds may be suitable for SCI treatment.
Urea Organogelators – Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Bajaj Natish , Hart Lewis R. , Greenland Barnaby W. , Hayes Wayne
Published: August 2013

A series of aromatic ureas have been synthesised and found to exhibit strong gelation or even supergelation characteristics in organic solvents to afford colourless or translucent gel materials. The synthesis of these materials, assessment of their gelation characteristics and rheological properties are reported in this paper.
A “Systematic Approach” to TD‐GPC Data Processing with Band Broadening Correction
Authors: Yau Wallace , Brown Ray , Tyler Phillip , Huang Tianzi , Cong Rongjuan , Klinker Chanda , Hazlitt Lonnie
Published: August 2013

The application of the systematic approach during detector offset determination in triple detector GPC polymer analysis has been shown to result in improvements in terms of the variations observed among the methods for molecular weight distribution determination. More importantly, the remaining, reduced variations are theoretically consistent with axial dispersion corrections proposed in the past. The use of the systematic approach for offset determination coupled with a robust axial dispersion correction offers the potential for completely reconciling the molecular weight results obtained from the three available methods of molecular weight determination in triple detector GPC.
Characterization of Chemical Composition along the Molar Mass Distribution in Polyolefin Copolymers by GPC Using a Modern Filter‐Based IR Detector
Authors: Ortín A. , Montesinos J. , López E. , del Hierro P. , Monrabal B. , Torres‐Lapasió J.R. , García‐Álvarez‐Coque M.C.
Published: August 2013

Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), is the technique routinely used at high temperature to analyze the molar mass distribution in polyolefins. The distribution of comonomer along the molar mass distribution in a copolymer is a key microstructural feature that determines the macroscopic properties of the material, and thus, its range of possible applications and performance. The direct coupling of a modern filter‐based infrared (IR) detector to a high temperature GPC instrument, by means of a heated flow‐through cell, is here described. The analyses are carried out by recording the continuous IR absorbance chromatograms at selected bands, which show different sensitivities to the different monomer units. A slice‐by‐slice ratio of the IR bands is further calculated to determine the average chemical composition of each molar mass fraction, after GPC separation. The high sensitivity of this IR detection method allows the injection of low concentrations of sample and the use of standard GPC analysis conditions, so that chromatographic quality is not compromised even in cases where very high molar mass fractions are present. The analysis of comonomer variations along the molar mass distribution in polyolefin copolymers is discussed. Selected applications of the method to polyethylene and poly(propylene) copolymers are presented.
Effects of balance strategy training in myasthenia gravis: A case study series
Authors: Wong Shi Hui , Nitz Jennifer C. , Williams Katrina , Brauer Sandra G.
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Studies of exercise in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) are sparse. Balance strategy training (BST) multimodal exercise has proven efficacy in adults for enhancing balance and functional mobility. This prospective study aims to determine if BST improves functional ability and balance in people with MG. Methods: Seven individuals with MG participated in a 16‐session workstation intervention. Repeated measures (pre/post‐intervention and 4‐week follow‐up) consisting of quantitative myasthenia gravis score (QMG), 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), timed up and go (TUG) with dual task (TUGmanual and TUGcognitive), and standing stability on foam with eyes closed (foamEC) were assessed. Results: Most measurements showed sustained improvement at follow‐up. QMG, TUGcognitive, and foam EC achieved clinically significant improvements (>15%). No adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: BST was effective in improving balance and QMG scores in subjects with MG. A multimodal BST approach is thus suggested to target different aspects of balance and functional mobility. Muscle Nerve 49: 654–660, 2014
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis is associated with anxiety disorder
Authors: Chung Kuo‐Hsuan , Liu Shih‐Ping , Lin Herng‐Ching , Chung Shiu‐Dong
Published: August 2013

Aim

Recent research demonstrated that bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is associated with many coexisting physical and psychiatric conditions. In this study, we explored the potential association between anxiety disorder (AD) and BPS/IC using a case–controlled population‐based approach in Taiwan.

Methods

Data on the sampled subjects analyzed in this study were retrieved from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Our study included 396 female cases with BPS/IC and 1,980 randomly selected female controls. We excluded subjects who had a history of major psychosis (except AD) or a substance‐related disorder. A conditional logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for the association between a previous diagnosis of AD and IC/BPS.

Results

Of the 2,376 sampled subjects, 136 (5.72%) had received an AD diagnosis. AD was found in 64 (16.16%) cases and in 72 (3.64%) controls (P < 0.001). The conditional logistic regression analysis (conditioned on age group and the index year) suggested that compared to controls, the OR for prior AD among cases was 4.59 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.32–9.08, P < 0.001). After adjusting for chronic pelvic pain, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, migraines, sicca syndrome, allergies, asthma, and an overactive bladder, the OR for prior AD among cases was 4.37 (95% CI = 2.16–8.85, P < 0.001) compared to the controls.

Conclusions

There was an association between AD and BPS/IC, even after taking demographic characteristics, medical co‐morbidities, and substance‐related disorders into consideration. Results of this study should alert clinicians to evaluate and monitor the presence of BPS/IC in patients with AD. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:101–105, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Orientationally invariant metrics of apparent compartment eccentricity from double pulsed field gradient diffusion experiments
Authors: Jespersen Sune Nørhøj , Lundell Henrik , Sønderby Casper Kaae , Dyrby Tim B.
Published: August 2013

Pulsed field gradient diffusion sequences (PFG) with multiple diffusion encoding blocks have been indicated to offer new microstructural tissue information, such as the ability to detect nonspherical compartment shapes in macroscopically isotropic samples, i.e. samples with negligible directional signal dependence on diffusion gradients in standard diffusion experiments. However, current acquisition schemes are not rotationally invariant in the sense that the derived metrics depend on the orientation of the sample, and are affected by the interplay of sampling directions and compartment orientation dispersion when applied to macroscopically anisotropic systems. Here we propose a new framework, the d‐PFG 5‐design, to enable rotationally invariant estimation of double wave vector diffusion metrics (d‐PFG). The method is based on the idea that an appropriate orientational average of the signal emulates the signal from a powder preparation of the same sample, where macroscopic anisotropy is absent by construction. Our approach exploits the theory of exact numerical integration (quadrature) of polynomials on the rotation group, and we exemplify the general procedure with a set consisting of 60 pairs of diffusion wave vectors (the d‐PFG 5‐design) facilitating a theoretically exact determination of the fourth order Taylor or cumulant expansion of the orientationally averaged signal. The d‐PFG 5‐design is evaluated with numerical simulations and ex vivo high field diffusion MRI experiments in a nonhuman primate brain. Specifically, we demonstrate rotational invariance when estimating compartment eccentricity, which we show offers new microstructural information, complementary to that of fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The imaging observations are supported by a new theoretical result, directly relating compartment eccentricity to FA of individual pores. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical and mental fatigue as predictors of sickness absence among Norwegian nurses
Authors: Roelen Corné A.M. , Bültmann Ute , Groothoff Johan , van Rhenen Willem , Magerøy Nils , Moen Bente E. , Pallesen Ståle , Bjorvatn Bjørn
Published: August 2013

We investigated whether fatigue can be used to screen nursing populations for risk of sickness absence. Data were available from a prospective cohort study of 2,059 Norwegian nurses working in hospital care, psychiatric care, and nursing home/home care settings. Physical and mental fatigue were measured at baseline with Chalder's Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ). Self‐rated sickness absence at 1‐year follow‐up was considered high if nurses reported >30 sick days in the past year. Physical fatigue accurately predicted high sickness absence and adequately discriminated between high‐ and low‐risk nurses in nursing home/home care settings. Mental fatigue was not predictive in any setting. The FQ is suitable for screening specific nursing populations for the risk of high sickness absence. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36: 453–465, 2013