bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Variation in the Inference of Pain
Authors: Morse Janice M. , Morse Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This research investigates cultural variation in pain inference by quantifying the amount of pain attributed to nine conditions, by means of Thurstone's technique of paired comparisons. Subjects were selected from four cultural groups residing in Western Canada: the Canadian (Anglophone), the Ukrainian, the East Indian, and the Hutterite. Inter group differences were found in both the rank ordering and the quantitative evaluation of the painfulness of nine conditions. The authors conclude that the amount of pain inferred or attributed to these conditions is culturally learned.
Developmental Pattern of Prosocial Motivation
Authors: Boehnke Klaus , Silbereisen Rainer K. , Eisenberg Nancy , Reykowski Janusz , Palmonari Augusto
Published: March 2007

Changes in patterns of prosocial motivation between Grades 2 and 12 were examined in five samples from four countrics: West Germany, Poland, Italy,and the United States. The Prosocial Motivation Questionnaire (PSMQ), an instrument based on theoretical elaborations about evaluative standards operative in prosocial action, was used to assess within-subject preference for five prosocial motives: hedonism, self-interest, conformity, task orientation, and other-orientation. Studied were two samples from Berlin (West; average age range, 11-6 to 18-6 years) and one sample each from Warsaw (11-11 to 18-11), Bologna (11-6 to 18-11), and Phoenix, Arizona (8-4 to 13-4). The major results held for all cities studied and confirm the generalizability of earlier national findings. Specifically, the major findings were as follows: (1) extrinsic motives for prosocial acts (hedonism and self-interest) were least preferred, whereas intrinsic motives (task and other-orientation) were most highly valued, and conformity was always in between; (2) preference for hedonism decreased in the younger samples, preference for conformity decreased in the older samples, and age-related increases were found only for task orientation; and (3) gender differences emerged at age 12, thus confirming prior findings that girls prefer intrinsic motives more than boys do.
The Process of Social Identification for Visible Immigrant Women in a Multicultural Context
Authors: Lalonde Richard N. , Taylor Donald M. , Moghaddam Fathali M.
Published: March 2007

Haitian and Indian women rated their identification with (self-perceptions), and the extent to which they believed majority Canadians perceived them as being (metaperceptions), Haitian or Indian, immigrant, and Canadian. Self-perceptions and metaperceptions were compared in order to understand the quality of integration for the two sample An attempt was made to predict self-perceptions on the basis of pragmatic (years in Canada, age at arrival, citizenship status) and social psychological (motivation for culture retention, perceived discrimination) predictors in a series of multiple regression analyses. Although both samples expressed a strong identification with their ethnic groups, different results emerged for immigrant and Canadian identifications. Identity perceptions for these labels were more closely related to pragmatic predictors for the Indian, whereas social psychological variables were more predictive for the Haitian. The results are discussed in relation to the different visibility of the two groups as well as other salient factors in a multicultural context.
Cultural Differences in Impact of Governmental Legislation
Authors: Demick Jack , Inoue Wataru , Wapner Seymour , Ishii Shinji , Minani Hirofumi , Nishiyama Satoru , Yamamoto Takiji
Published: March 2007

Cultural differences in automobile safety belt use were investigated prior to and following the initiation of mandatory safety belt legislation in two independent studies, one in Massachusetts (United States) and the second in Hiroshima (Japan). Comparison of the pattern of findings in these studies indicated cultural differences over time. In both sociocultural contexts, there was an increase in drivers' use of safety belts on the highway and in the city from the test occasion prior to passage of the law to the test occasion immediately following legislation. However, whereas the usage rates began to level off and remained constant or increased further in Hiroshima, they continued to decrease steadily in Massachusetts. Further, a significant number of the Massachusetts participants voiced their concern that mandatory safety belt legislation was an invasion of privacy/infringement on human rights, which ultimately resulted in repeal of the legislation and further decrease in safety belt use. No parallel phenomenon was manifest among the Japanese.
The Impact of Cultural Background and Cross-Cultural Experience on Impressions of American and Korean Male Speakers
Authors: Peng Ying , Zebrowitz Leslie A. , Lee Hoon Koo
Published: March 2007

This study tested the hypothesis that people from different cultures would form different trait impressions based on the same vocal qualities and that cross-cultural experience would influence trait impressions through adaptive acculturation. Koreans in Korea, Koreans in the United States, and Americans served as subjects with American and Korean male speakers as targets. It was found that vocal loudness universally conveyed power. The effects of vocal rate and tenseness differed across cultures. A fast voice conveyed power and competence to Americans, but not to Koreans. Koreans in the United States converged with Americans in perceiving a positive relationship between vocal speed and the competence of American and Korean speakers. However, unlike Americans, they did not perceive a positive relationship between vocal speed and power. Koreans in the United States perceived a positive relationship between a tight voice and the power of both Korean and American speakers more so than Koreans in Korea did. These results are discussed within theories of ecological perception and linguistic accommodation.
Cross-Cultural Themes in Developmental Psychology
Authors: Best Deborah L. , Ruther Nicole M.
Published: March 2007

Developmental psychology has been concerned with the role of culture since the beginnings of the discipline, and current views reflect universalistic, context-specific, and cultural practices conceptions of culture. Given the value of cross-cultural research for theories of development, an extensive content analysis of cross-cultural themes and research in selected developmental textbooks, handbooks, and reviews is reported in the present study. Cross-cultural entries have increased across the almost 40 years represented by these books and have shifted from more anthropological presentations to more comparative examinations. Although textbook discussions have lagged behind the professional literature, they have increased substantially in the early 1990s. By including more cross-cultural themes and research in texts, a more complete understanding of development is fostered.
The Influence of Culture, Gender, and Relational Status on Appearance Management
Authors: Aune R. Kelly , Aune Krystyna S.
Published: March 2007

The appearance management behavior of 253 African-American, Caucasian-American, and Asian-American subjects was assessed in a field study. Consistent with prior research, appearance management was found to vary according to gender and relational status. A main effect for culture was found, and culture was found to interact with both gender and relational status. African-American men engaged the longest in appearance management among the men, whereas African-American women engaged least among the women. Asian-Americans showed little difference in their dating and non dating appearance management relative to Caucmsian-Americans, who showed greater difference between the two conditions. Differences between dating and non dating appearance management were more complex for African-Americans: The women showed the most difference of all culture types between dating and non dating appearance management, whereas their male counterparts showed practically no difference. Appearance management variance across cultures, social situations, and relational levels is attributed to cultural differences in general impression management and perceptions of social situations.
Differences between Values of Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Students
Authors: Fogarty Gerard J. , White Colin
Published: March 2007

In this study, the Values Questionnaire developed by Schwartz and Bilsky was used to examine differences in the values held by a group of Aboriginal university students and a group of non-Aboriginal students studying at an Australian university. Results indicated that the Aboriginal group placed greater emphasis on values associated with Tradition, Conformity, and Security and significantly less emphasis on values associated with Achievement, Self-direction, Stimulation, Hedonism, and Benevolence. These data, in conjunction with a separate analysis of the ten highest ranked values for each group, support the view that the main differences between the groups lie in values serving collective (Aboriginal) as opposed to individual (non-Aboriginal) interests. These findings are consistent with previous research on the worldview of traditional Aboriginal people, and they suggest that even among younger, more Westernised representatives of this culture collective values are likely to be strong determinants of behaviour.
Decalage Effects for Heating and Cooling
Authors: Slone Michelle , Tredoux Colin , Bokhorst Frank
Published: March 2007

This study investigated a horizontal décalage phenomenon in the development of children's knowledge about heating and cooling. Décalage phenomena have posed a problem to orthodox Piagetian theory and have reinforced the objection by some domain-specific theorists to the central Piagetian notion of overarching structures. The aim of this study was to contribute to this debate by empirical observation of décalage phenomena. A total of 270 children from 3 ethnic groups were tested for their understanding of heating and cooling concepts, using a standard task and a structured interview. Results showed a strong décalage effect: Children used more sophisticated explanations, at earlier ages, for heating than for cooling phenomena. This horizontal décalage was present in a similar form in all three ethnic groups. We argue that the uniformity of the décalage is difficult to reconcile with domain-specific views.
The Effects of Therapist-Client Ethnic Match in the Assessment of Mental Health Functioning
Authors: Russell Gerald L. , Fujino Diane C. , Sue Stanley , Cheung Mang-King , Snowden Lonnie R.
Published: March 2007

The present study empirically examined the relationship between therapist-client ethnic match and the therapists' evaluations of overall client functioning based on the Global Assessment Scale. The sample consisted of thousands of African American, Asian American, Mexican American, and White American outpatient clients in the Los Angeles County mental health system. Findings indicated that ethnically matched therapists judged clients to have higher mental health functioning than did mismatched therapists. After controlling for other variables (e.g., age, gender, marital status, and referral source), this effect persisted for African American and Asian American clients. For both groups, ethnic match significantly predicted ratings of higher client functioning when combining all diagnoses. Within diagnostic category, ethnic match significantly predicted ratings of higher client functioning for African American, Asian American, and Mexican American clients to varying degrees. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Testing the Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Collectivism
Authors: Chen Chao C. , Meindl James R. , Hunt Raymond G.
Published: March 2007

Based on a review of the individualism-collectivism literature, a vertical dimension of collectivism is distinguished from a horizontal dimension. The vertical dimension concerns the relationship between the individual and the collective, and often includes subordination of the individual's goals to those of the collective. The horizontal dimension concerns the relationship of the individual to other individuals, and often includes conceptions of equality. A study of attitudes toward reforms to the egalitarian reward system in Chinese business enterprises found that vertical collectivists were supportive of the reform whereas horizontal collectivists were resistant to it. The study provides preliminary evidence for the validity and the usefulness of distinguishing individualism-collectivism on the vertical and the horizontal dimensions.
Sex Differences in Visual-Spatial Performance among Ghanaian and Norwegian Adults
Authors: Amponsah Benjamin , Krekling Sturla
Published: March 2007

Sex differences in spatial ability among adults in Western cultures are widely acknowledged, but few studies have assessed visual-spatial ability in non-Western subjects with tests that show the largest sex differences, and little is known whether effect sizes for different spatial ability categories are the same across cultures. This issue was addressed by using four visual spatial ability tests (water level, surface development, PMA space, and Vandenberg-Kuse) to collect data from university students in Ghana (n = 197) and Norway (n = 220). Except for the Surface Development test, on which no sex difference appeared in either sample, males perforned significantly better than females in both samples, and the effect sizes (r) were about medium, with no significant between-nationality difference on individual tests. These results showed that patterns and magnitudes of sex differences in spatial abilities were simiilar across cultures. The test intercorrelation patterns in the two samples differed markedly, suggesting that the ability structure underlying spatial performance may be different in the two cultures.
Remembering Maslow: Reflections on a 1968 Interview
Authors: Frick Willard B.
Published: March 2007

Five selections from an interview with Abraham Maslow are presented here. These five excerpts, each introduced with commentary by the author, include such topics as Maslow’s early experiences in psychology, his problems with timidity and isolation, the inspiration for his concept of self-actualization, and his gradual withdrawal from many of life’s pleasures to devote more time to his work. Also discussed are the difficult theoretical problems he faced following his discovery that many individuals do not move automatically into the sphere of self-actualization after all other needs have been gratified. The final selection presents Maslow’s views on the development of third-force psychology and its future. Finally, a coda is presented, giving attention to the vastly different psychological and social realities that have evolved since 1968, when the interview was held. The implications of these changing realities are discussed as they relate to humanistic psychology and its future.
What is Spiritual Intelligence?
Authors: Vaughan Frances
Published: March 2007

This inquiry into spiritual intelligence suggests that it is one of several types of intelligence and that it can be developed relatively independently. Spiritual intelligence calls for multiple ways of knowing and for the integration of the inner life of mind and spirit with the outer life of work in the world. It can be cultivated through questing, inquiry, and practice. Spiritual experiences may also contribute to its development, depending on the context and means of integration. Spiritual maturity is expressed through wisdom and compassionate action in the world. Spiritual intelligence is necessary for discernment in making spiritual choices that contribute to psychological well-being and overall healthy human development.
Guided Imagery in Education
Authors: Galyean Beverly-Colleene , Krishnamurti J.
Published: March 2007

Guided imagery, a technique involving introspection, awareness of inner imagery and symbolic expression, focusing and subsequent heightened self-understanding, has recently come to the attention of educators as a valuable tool for learning on many levels. Classroom observations, articles and research reports, workshops and conferences on humanistic/holistic/ transpersonal education show that educators tend to use imagery processes for one or more of the following purposes: ( a) higher consciousness; (b) re laxation and receptivity to learning; (c) increased mastery of information.

Although much research needs to be done in the field of imagery in education and transpersonal approaches to learning, successes from various projects lead us to conclude that education models of the future will include imagery activities as a core aspect of the standard curriculum.
The Interface between War and the Social Sciences
Authors: Bakan David
Published: March 2007

Factors in the historical-developmental relations between the social sciences and the military have encouraged a positivistic science, on the one hand, and a hierarchy-obedience-force military orientation, on the other. Both are anachronistic. Yet their interdependence makes them encourage each other. The social sciences serve even the military poorly at the present time. The positivistic handicap in the social sciences keeps them from properly serving in the solution of political, social, and economic problems, thus exacerbating the world crisis and increasing the likelihood of war.
Science, Values, and Survival
Authors: Sperry Roger W.
Published: March 2007

In the context of today's mounting global problems, the relative demand for medical, educational, and related social benefits that derive from the neurosciences is diminished. At the same time the human value spin-offs of brain research and related sciences are thrust into a strategic position of top concern because of their key role as criteria for policy priorities and decision-making guidelines. Recent conceptual developments in the mind-brain sciences rejecting reductionism and mechanistic determinism on the one side and dualisms on the other clear the way for a rational, realistic approach to the theory and prescription of values and to a natural fusion of science with ethics and religion. Science can be upheld as the best route to an increased understanding and rapport with the forces that made and move the universe and created humanity. The outlines for a global ethic emerge that include reverent respect for nature and the evolving quality of the biosphere, which, if implemented, would set in motion the kind of social change needed to lead us out of the vicious spirals of increasing population, pollution, poverty, energy demands, and so on. The strategic importance of neuroscience and the central role of prevailing concepts of the mind-brain relation to all of the foregoing remain evident throughout, as does also the direct relevance of efforts to bring added insight and substantiation of these mind-brain concepts through further advances in brain research.
The Humanistic Conscience
Authors: Quinn Ralph H.
Published: March 2007

This article criticizes humanistic theories that relate moral behavior to the drive for self-actualization, and instead proposes a multidimensional model of the humanistic conscience that stresses the integration of conative, affective, and rational processes within the person. In a study of 30 persons, this form of conscience was found to correlate positively with humanistic core values in the family-of-origin and the experience of humanistic/flexible child-rearing modes. It also correlated positively with late adolescent or adult moral life crises that resulted in a deepened sense of moral character.
Self-Assertion and Self-Negation in Buddhist Psychology
Authors: Fontana David
Published: March 2007

Many Western psychologists find the Buddhist teachings on the self difficult to understand. Even humanistic psychologists sometimes feel a conflict between humanistic concepts such as self-esteem and self-acceptance and the Buddhist view of anatta or not-self. What is the point of encouraging self-esteem and self-acceptance if in reality there is no self to be esteemed or accepted? And if there is no self, does this mean annihilation on a personal identity level? And if it does, surely this is a way of arousing the individual's fears and anxieties rather than of laying them to rest? This article attempts to show how this conflict can be reconciled and how in a practical and straightforward way Buddhist psychology helps us build a model of the self that allows a profound realization of true human nature.
Existential and Cognitive Psychology Contrasting Views of Consciousness
Authors: Slife Brent D. , Barnard Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Cognitive psychology is considered by some theorists to have subsumed "third force" views of consciousness. The purpose of the present article is to show that the cybernetic conceptions of cognitive psychology do not explain the qualities of consciousness considered fundamental to existentialists. It is our contention that feedback principles are inadequate to explain self-awareness, volition, and futurity. The core of this inadequacy lies in cognitive psychology's assumption about human reasoning. Cognitive psychologists are shown to rely exclusively upon demonstrative reasoning, whereas existential psychologists are shown to emphasize dialectical reasoning.
The Phenomenology of “Normality” in the Context of Trigant Burrow's Group Analysis
Authors: Galt Alfreda S.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the work of an experimental research community organized for the pioneer group studies of Trigant Burrow, M.D. The participants undertook to examine their own feelings and interactions as exemplifying society-at-large, a research process unprecedented at the time (1921) and, as far as I know, unduplicated since. Burrow's investigation was a predecessor of group therapy, but distinctive in focusing on a usually covert aspect of "normal" everyday life-the habitual sense of "I." It asked whether our customary sense of self-identity is a reliable guide for action, and the investigators-who remained together as a community for more than 30 years-sought the answer in their own moment-by-moment feelings and sensations, and in an immediate probing of motivations in the here-and-now. Eventually, the investigators defined a wide-spread social dislocation related to our "normal" sense of self and the implicit self-other oppositeness embodied within social institutions. Moreover, the group analytic probing led to the direct experience of the physical sensations that accompany this conditioned sense of self (an observation later tested instrumentally). Sensing the somatic tensions that accompany such divisiveness, the investigators were able to differentiate between them and the more fundamental background of the organism which embodies the concrete experience of species solidarity inherent in each of us. I suggest that the phenomenology of "normality" is marked by the absence of this direct physical appreciation of our human unity.
The Therapeutic Potential of Nonordinary States of Consciousness, as Explored in the Work of Stanislav Grof
Authors: Pressman Todd Evan
Published: March 2007

The paucity of formal scientific research into the therapeutic potential of nonordinary states of consciousness is addressed in this article. A literature review examines the historical development of this field, providing the context that shaped the thinking of its major contributors. Key terms are then defined, and a theory for how nonordinary states of consciousness can affect one's "movement toward wholeness" is proposed. The work of Stanislav Grof, as one of the prominent figures in the area today, is explored in depth. His model of consciousness, as developed from accounts of nonordinary experiences, is presented, and clinical case studies are offered as evidence for this model. His model is shown to fit closely with this article's theory of how nonordinary states of consciousness have therapeutic potential.
After the Gulf War
Authors: Harak G. Simon
Published: March 2007

This article examines the Persian Gulf War from the perspective of the peace movement. It reflects on the powerlessness of the peace movement to deter the war. It submits that this failure occurred because the nature of violence has changed in the United States and that the peace movement has not understood the change. The article proposes that the best way to understand the changed nature of the practice of violence in the United States is to consider violence as an addiction and the American culture as a system addicted to violence. The major features of such a system are delineated, with special attention paid to the role of the scapegoat in the addictive system. In regard to the latter, the article holds that the traditional depersonalization of Arabs and Muslims in U.S. society prepared Americans to regard the Iraqis and Saddam Hussein as scapegoats who were to blame for the war and whose destruction liberated the United States from the curse of Vietnam. The addiction model assumes that the system will consistently return to its obsessive practice of violence. Thus the article closes by considering how the addictive paradigm might help the peace movement in its attitudes and strategies in its future struggles against a system committed to violence.
Delusions, Self-Deception, and Intentionality
Authors: Shean Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates how delusions can be understood as purposive attempts to create meaning, as constructions intended to preserve a sense of identity and social connectedness under extreme circumstances. The concepts of self-deception, purpose, and intentionality are discussed in the context of existential and moderate philosophical models in an attempt to resolve the paradoxes apparent in the application of concepts such as self-deception, intention, and purpose to phenomena widely understood as causally and pathologically determined. Excerpts from interviews with delusional psychiatric patients and the published statements of public figures are presented to illustrate how both can be understood in the context of Sartre's categories of self-deception. The implications of a model of self-deception that recognizes that the goals of delusional beliefs are on a continuum with those of everyday illusions are discussed. It is suggested that the different patterns and degrees of human irrationality and self-deception fall into a single spectrum rather than belonging to two radically different worlds.
Time Dimensions and the Subjective Experience of Time
Authors: Hale Carl S.
Published: March 2007

Time is the currency of life, the medium through which we find life both meaningful and enjoyable. However, time is not objective reality but rather subjective experience. Objective clock time is merely a reification or quantification of inner subjective time. Nine time dimensions are outlined and compared as they relate to temporal authenticity and the subjective experience of time. Adefinition of temporal authenticity is developed and the importance of balancing one's time spectrum is also discussed.
The Contributions of Dialogal Psychology to Phenomenological Research
Authors: Halling Steen , Kunz Georg , Rowe Jan O.
Published: March 2007

The authors describe the emergence, application, and advantages of a dialogal approach to phenomenological research and show how it is rooted in a particular community of psychological theory and practice. This approach assumes that dialogue itself, interpersonal conversation, is critical not only in teaching and in therapy but also in research. Further, this approach overcomes the dichotomy between the personal and professional without sacrificing "objectivity," finds commonalities between psychotherapy and research, and draws on the insights of the humanities. Most striking, it relies on cooperative group dialogue rather than specific procedures in moving toward understanding and interpretation of "data." Examples are drawn from dialogal research on forgiveness, humility, and social activism.
A Personal History of Cancer Survival
Authors: Richins Philip N.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an account of the author's cancer survival in light of the psychospiritual dimensions of extraordinary survival advanced by Paul Charles Roud. Roud emined characteristics common among survivors of "terminal cancer." Those characteristics are seen in this account as well. The process of self renewal and initiation into a "new life" is described. This process is likened to a shamanic initiation that launches the survivor on the path as a healer and a "boon bearer."
Authentic Presence and Compassionate Wisdom: the Art of Jim Bugental
Authors: Mahoney Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a personal documentation of the contributions of James F. T. Bugental to the author's personal and professional development. Bugental's authenticity and presence, in both his writings and clinical work, are discussed in terms of their reflection of a compassionate wisdom regarding a process-focused approach to experiencing and to psychological services. Drawing on the Bugentalian metaphor of life and psychotherapy as journeying, the article concludes with a poem that speaks to the dynamics and depths of all personal pilgrimages.

I am not the person who began to practice counseling or psychotherapy more than 30 years ago in an army hospital. And the changes in me are not solely those worked by time, education, and the life circumstances shared by most of my generation. A powerful force affecting me has been my participation in so many lives. A psychotherapist had best recognize that the profession will continually press on her or him to change and evolve.

-Jim Bugental

Psychotherapy and Process: The Fundamentals of an Existential-Humanistic Approach
Prison as a Growth Community
Authors: Tehrani S. Muhammad M. J.
Published: March 2007

Security and corrections are twin goals of prison systems. Corrections take place when the prison environment is therapeutic. This article reports on a project using integration therapy delivered through intensive psychological services to create such an environment. Integration therapy is based on the theory that the healthy human being is a harmonious integration of various subsystems. This draws on both humanistic psychological theory and the Islamic theory of the Unity of God and, subsequently, of all creation. Efforts were made to provide growth opportunities in the physical, economic, social, cognitive, psychological, and spiritual aspects of the inmates. Humanistically oriented milieu therapy, individual, group, and family therapy were some of the service delivery modes. Higher levels of meaning in life and lower depression levels were among the measurable changes. Immeasurable changes include greater feelings of community, empathy, understanding, and patience in both inmates and staff.
Reflections Inspired by People with AIDS
Authors: Branscomb Louisa Porter
Published: March 2007

Working with those who ride the edge of living into dying often stirs powerful and difficult feelings for the therapist witness. This process also allows the opportunity for psychic openness to existential issues of our own mortality, as well as the chance for recommitment to those things we value about living. This article is a description of the author's experience as it evolved, in a creative way, in relation to a client with AIDS.
Are Psychedelics Useful in the Practice of Buddhism?
Authors: Stolaroff Myron J.
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1996 issue of the Buddhist magazine Tricycle, various teachers of Buddhist meditation practice commented on the value of psychedelic experiences, with opinions of them ranging from helpful to harmful. Here, the author hopes to explain these conflicting viewpoints by describing important aspects of employing psychedelics that must be taken into account for effective results. These embrace proper methodology, which includes set and setting, dose levels, appropriate substances, appropriate intervals, and proper integration of each experience. The author has found the informed use of psychedelics to be a valuable tool in accelerating proficiency and deepening meditative practice and offers recommendations for successful use. The adverse comments of several recognized teachers are evaluated to shed further light on fruitful application of psychedelic substances.
Occupational Health and Safety as an Industrial Relations Issue: The Rank-General Electric Dispute 1981
Authors: Creighton W.B. , Micallef E.J.
Published: March 2007

There has been a major awakening of interest in occupational health and safety in Australia in recent years. This has manifested itself in a number of ways. This article primarily consists of an examination of one of the most important—an increased willingness on the part of unions and their members to treat occupational health and safety as an industrial relations issue. It does this through the medium of a detailed study of a strike in the winter of 1981 at a Melbourne electronics factory over the proposed dismissal of seven women who had contracted an increasingly common industrial disease, tenosynovitis. As background to this study, the article briefly examines the reasons for the current upsurge in interest in health and safety issues and outlines some of the other manifestations of that interest.
International Crisis Decisionmaking as a Two-Level Process
Authors: Trumbore Peter F. , Boyer Mark A.
Published: March 2007

The primary focus of this article is to break the ties to examining democracies to the exclusion of other regime types. Inspired by work in the two-level games approach to the larger question of foreign policy behavior, we broaden the two-level approach by examining the impact of domestic factors on decisionmaking across regime types and how they relate to the use and extent of violence in international crisis. Our analysis is bounded substantively and conceptually, however, by our exclusive focus in this article on decisionmaking in international crises. We use the 895 foreign policy crisis cases of the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) dataset for our analysis, which entails an examination of process and decisionmaking structural variables using cross-tabulations and a series of logistic regression models. We find that democracies exhibit many behaviors similar to non-democracies in crisis. The prevalent effects of action-reaction processes that result from the initial impact of the crisis-trigger suppress cross-regime type differences, at least in the initial stages of a crisis. Differences across regime types manifest themselves when looking at the entire crisis time period.
Moral Disengagement: Measurement and Modification
Authors: McAlister Alfred L.
Published: March 2007

To study how attitudes and social psychological processes influence decisions about war and peace, a 15-question scale was developed to measure moral disengagement in support for military action. In a survey of 128 secondary school students in the USA and Finland, the scale demonstrated acceptable reliability (0.85-0.90) in different gender and national groups. US students were less morally engaged than Finnish students and males were less morally engaged than females. Scale scores were strongly related to the students' support for US and NATO military actions in Iraq and Yugoslavia. In a second study, 73 US university students participated in a brief, randomized experiment comparing the effects of contrasting communications on moral disengagement in support for military action. After completing a pretest survey, the students were randomly assigned to persuasive communications favoring either moral disengagement or resistance to moral disengagement. Immediately after they received these communications, the students were given the opportunity to give new answers to the survey questions about moral disengagement and approval of specific military actions. Analyses of pretest data confirmed the reliability of the scale and its ability to predict opinions about the US and NATO bombing campaigns in Iraq and Yugoslavia. Analyses of change scores showed increasing moral disengagement in one group and decreasing moral disengagement in the other group, in accordance with the type of communication that was provided between surveys. The groups also differed significantly in their changes of opinions about the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and in their subsequent willingness to sign letters of praise or protest for their US Representative's congressional vote against the bombing.
Mixing Carrots with Sticks: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Positive Incentives
Authors: DORUSSEN HAN
Published: March 2007

Several recent studies argue that positive incentives have become important policy instruments allowing states to meet their post-Cold War security challenges. The leading research question is the effectiveness and efficiency of incentives relative to (economic) sanctions. Whereas earlier work often treated incentives merely as weak sanctions, these studies present a theoretical perspective in which incentives become powerful instruments to turn conflict into cooperation. The essay is constructed around four major issues: (1) the comparison of the effectiveness of incentives and sanctions, (2) the identification of conditions under which incentives are effective, (3) the use of the comparative case studies method to test these conditions, and (4) the identification of policy implications. A principal argument in this essay is that incentives need to be distinguished very carefully from sanctions. Moreover, none of the studies derives the conditions under which we expect incentives to matter more than sanctions. The books are good examples of both the strengths and weaknesses of the comparative case studies method. Expert knowledge provides valuable insight into the various cases, but lack of logical and inferential constraint remains a problem. Nevertheless, the studies offer important policy lessons for the successful implementation of incentives. This essay suggests various ways in which research on sanctions and incentives could progress. In particular, older work by Knorr (1975) already proposes how sanctions and incentives can be distinguished. Finally, it is indicated how selection bias could have been avoided.
Ethnic Politics, Mediation, and Conflict Resolution: The Guyana Experience
Authors: Mars Perry
Published: March 2007

Coercive and elitist approaches to political control in post-colonial states like Guyana have often proved counterproductive with respect to resolving ethno-political conflicts in these parts. In Guyana, this contradiction is usually manifested in terms of the escalation of legitimate political competition into overtly violent ethno-political violence and polarization, and reinforced by the consequent devaluation of the more democratic or pacific alternatives to conflict resolution such as mass or grass-roots participation, intergroup negotiations, and third-party mediation. Recurring debates between Cultural Pluralists and Marxists on this issue have so far failed to shed light on the prospects for the more pacific approaches to conflict resolution. Closer analytic scrutiny of actual ethno-political conflict events in Guyana between 1948 and 1999 leads to the understanding that such conflicts derive largely from what is termed a continual crisis of political legitimacy reflected in the inequities of political representation and economic resource distribution across groups. The more democratic or pacific approaches are here suggested as most appropriate for the resolution of the political legitimation crisis and the ultimate realization of a sustainable peace among the diverse groups in the Guyana political system.
Ideology in Context: Explaining Sendero Luminoso's Tactical Escalation
Authors: Ron James
Published: March 2007

This article explains tactical escalation by a Peruvian left-wing group during the 1980s and 1990s as an interaction effect between organizational ideology and the broader political and organizational environment. In 1980, Peru's Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) organization ended a decade of political organizing and launched armed struggle against a new civilian government. Peru had been governed since 1968 by military officers, but popular pressure, including strong left-wing protests, had forced the military to cede control. In responding to democratization with revolution rather than electoral participation, Sendero broke with the rest of Peru's Marxist left. In 1983, Sendero again escalated its tactics, initiating a campaign of violent intimidation against Peru's legal left. By 1996, according to data assembled for this study, the group had selectively assassinated some 300 prominent Peruvian leftists. For theorists of revolutions and social movements, Sendero's tactical trajectory poses two important puzzles. First, many revolutionary theorists believe that transitions from authoritarianism to elections decrease armed insurgency. Why, then, did Peru's democratization provoke Sendero's escalation? Second, Sendero might well have been expected to cooperate with other left-wing groups, rather than to attack them so brutally. Why did Sendero choose an alternative path? The group's anti-left measures are all the more puzzling given the opposition they provoked among potential allies at home and abroad. This article explains Sendero's choices by drawing on political opportunity theory, theories of organizational competition, and the concept of declining protest cycles. Democratization can promote greater levels of strife if small but violence-prone groups fear marginalization in electoral politics. A dense left-wing social movement sector, moreover, can stimulate internecine competitive fighting if only some of the movement's members accept the legitimacy of national elections.
Response to Spencer Weart
Authors: Robinson Eric
Published: March 2007

Three points are discussed in response to Spencer Weart's remarks. First, Thucydides 6.32-41, which Weart considers damaging to the case for democracy in Syracuse, instead strongly supports it. Second, Weart's contention that Athenians did not perceive the Syracusans as democratic lacks any supporting ancient testimony; indeed, the fact that Thucydides was an Athenian and was fully aware of the Syracusan democracy implies the reverse. Finally, Weart's claim that ancient oligarchic republics also maintained peaceful relations with each other requires far more demonstration than has been offered, and in any case would seem to be contradicted by a number of historical examples.
Race, Gender, and War
Authors: NINCIC MIROSLAV , NINCIC DONNA J.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to improve our grasp of the societal foundations of US foreign policy by examining how race and gender - two fundamental dimensions of social stratification of US society - affect support for military force in the pursuit of external objectives. It is generally appreciated that, in the United States, women are less inclined to support armed intervention than are men, and feminist theory provides some foundation for explaining the gap. It is less widely recognized that a similar gap separates the attitudes of African-Americans and white Americans, but there is little in the social science literature to suggest why this should be so. The authors examine a number of possible explanations for the parallel, focusing both on attributes that are specific to women and blacks, and on one common to both groups (a high level of political alienation) but not shared by white men. They conclude that, while alienation partially accounts for the parallel attitudes toward force, properties specific to the two demographic groups nevertheless carry part of the burden for explaining their shared relative aversion to military intervention.
International Surveillance Satellites - Open Skies for All?
Authors: Swahn Johan
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1960s the US and the USSR have had a monopoly on highly detailed surveillance information gathered from satellites in orbits around the Earth. The information available from these satellites has created a situation of open skies between the superpowers. Insight into the other side's military activities has facilitated limited arms control results and stabilized crises While there are confidence-building advantages in this situation there are drawbacks to the monopoly Outside parties cannot verify one superpower's accusations of military supenonty over the other side. Such accusations fuel the arms race and have often been found to be incorrect. This has led to calls for international satellite surveillance to allow increased insight into the military affairs of the superpowers. Initiatives in this direction have been thwarted by US and USSR opposition and by economic, legal, and political difficulties. Civil remote-sensing satellites are now being launched and operated by several countries and organizations. There is an increasing interest in the news media for the use of remote-sensing satellite pictures to illustrate coverage of military-related news stones. Academic researchers have started to use remote-sensing satellite pictures for analysis of the arms race. These developments, although resisted by military circles, can help the realizations of proposals for international surveillance satellites which in the future can bring open skies for all
Coping with a Greedy Neighbour
Authors: Wiberg Håkan
Published: March 2007

Mouritzen's dissertation is a theoretical and methodological step forward in the analysis of adaptive politics, avoiding some of the pitfalls of its predecessors. His main interest lies in (non-normative) theory construction, in order to explain how and why governments with powerful and threatening neighbours make - and withdraw - concessions to them. His `rational actor' model constructions are confronted with historical data about Denmark's and Sweden's coping with Hitler's Germany, the conclusion being that a `balance-of-power' model is superior to a `tension' model, but needs supplementation with a theory of inertia, which is then worked out. Several additional cases of adaptive politics are briefly discussed.
Relationships Between Political Violence and Psychological Responses Among Palestinian Women
Authors: Punamäki Raija-Leena
Published: March 2007

The article discusses the impact of political violence and personal factors on psychological stress responses. The sample consists of three groups of Palestinian women: (1) a West Bank/Gaza group of 174 women from the Israeli-occupied areas; (2) a Beirut group of 30 women from the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila; and (3) a comparison group of 35 Palestinian women living in Israel proper who were not exposed to direct political violence. As the determinants of psychological stress responses, worries, appraisal of availability of resources to cope (helplessness-controllability), coping modes and mental health problems were assessed. The hypothesized determinants of the stress process are place of residence, personal exposure to political hardships, economic stand and the age of the woman. The results showed significant differences between the three groups in their stress responses. The women of the Beirut group were the most traumatized, but psychologically this was reflected only in their showing more helplessness and lack of control in their personal lives than the women of the other Palestinian groups. The Beirut group expressed the lowest and the comparison group the highest level of political and personal worries. Furthermore, the Beirut group suffered less from mental health problems than the West Bank/Gaza group. These results accord with observations that in war and conflict situations, mental health problems tend to be more common in threatened areas, where fighting is expected to occur, than in the actual fighting areas. They also refer to people's general tendency to delay or modify their psychological symptoms in an extremely painful situation. In the West Bank/Gaza group, exposure to political hardships was related to a low level of passive and to a high level of socially-politically active coping modes. Yet, exposure to political hardships also increased mental health problems, which is a reminder of the price which people are forced to pay in order to cope with political violence.