bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conceptual Dilemma of the One‐Electron Picture in Describing the Uniaxial Magnetism at Linear Coordination Sites
Authors: Koo Hyun‐Joo , Kasapbasi Esra E. , Whitten Jerry L. , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan
Published: April 2019

High‐spin Fe2+, Fe+ and Co2+ ions at linear two‐coordination sites exhibit uniaxial magnetism. In the one‐electron picture, the uniaxial magnetism of the Fe2+ ion is explained, while those of the Fe+ and Co2+ ions are not, if the d‐state split pattern is 1e < 2e < 1a. The opposite is true if the d‐state split pattern is 1a < 1e < 2e. We resolved this conceptual dilemma by evaluating the relative stabilities for the various L states of linear molecules (FeL2)0, (FeL2)–, and (CoL2)0 with L = C(SiH3)3 on the basis of first‐principles broken‐symmetry and configuration interaction calculations. In the first‐principles picture, the total energy of an electron configuration depends not only on the energy sequence of the occupied d‐states, as do the one‐electron picture, but also on the electron repulsion between occupied d‐states, which is neglected by the one‐electron picture.
Ferrocene‐Initiated Oxidative Cyclization of Benzaldehyde with Alkyne: New Strategy to Substituted Indenones
Authors: Feng Yadong , Zhang Hong , Yu Yunliang , Yang Lei , Cui Xiuling
Published: April 2019

A ferrocene‐initiated oxidative cyclization of benzaldehyde with alkyne was successfully developed as a novel strategy for direct access to substituted indenones in high yields. The commercially available and cheap ferrocene was employed as an initiator. This transformation could proceed smoothly with a low initiator loading (0.5 mol‐%) and provide the titled products up to 90 % yield with atom‐, step‐economy and good substrates tolerance. The indenones obtained would be important building blocks in organic synthesis.
Ultrafine Prussian Blue as a High‐Rate and Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Gong Wenzhe , Wan Min , Zeng Rui , Rao Zhixiang , Su Shang , Xue Lihong , Zhang Wuxing , Huang Yunhui
Published: April 2019

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) have attracted much attention as cathodes in sodium‐ion batteries due to their stable crystalline structure, high theoretical capacities, and facile synthesis. However, PBAs synthesized by the conventional precipitation method usually have the drawbacks of poor rate performance and cycling stability. Herein, the ball‐milling method is developed to prepare the ultrafine high‐quality Prussian blue. Benefited from its good crystallinity and ultrafine particle size of 40 nm, the obtained Na0.9Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.96 exhibits an outstanding cycling stability and rate capability, which can deliver a specific capacity of 106 mAh g−1 at 30 °C, maintaining 80% capacity after 500 cycles at 10 °C. The results show that a size effect can contribute to the enhancement of electrochemical kinetics of PBAs, and the scalable production of high‐performance PBAs can be anticipated based on the ball‐milling method.
An integrated model for productivity prediction of cyclic steam stimulation with horizontal well
Authors: He Congge , Xu Anzhu , Fan Zifei , Zhao Lun , Shan Fachao , Bo Bing
Published: April 2019

As the accurate productivity prediction of cyclic steam stimulation with horizontal well (CSSHW) is essential for its effective utilization in heavy oil reservoirs, a novel integrated model for predicting productivity ofCSSHWwas proposed in this paper. Firstly, governing equations to predict thermophysical parameters of injected steam in the horizontal well were established. On the basis, the heating model for radius of hot fluid zone and steam zone were derived respectively according to a more realistic temperature distribution of formation. Then, coupled with heating model, the productivity prediction model was established according to the principle of equivalent percolation resistance. Then, comparisons have been made among the new model results,CMG STARSresults, and measured data to verify its accuracy. Finally, after the new proposed model is validated, the effects of steam quality and injection rate on heating radius and oil production were analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the result of new model is in good agreement with that ofCMG STARSand measured data, verifying the correctness of the model. In addition, the radius of hot fluid zone and steam zone both decreases with horizontal well length because of the heat losses as the steam flows along the horizontal wellbore. Influential factor analysis shows that high steam quality and steam injection rate can improve heating radius and cumulative oil production.
An erosional origin for drumlins of NW Poland
Authors: Hermanowski Piotr , Piotrowski Jan A. , Szuman Izabela
Published: April 2019

Drumlins are landforms essential to understanding of ice sheet movement over soft beds, sediment transport along the ice/bed interface, and the formation of a wide range of glacial deposits. Although investigated more than any other glacial landform, the origin of drumlins remains contentious. Using high‐resolution LiDAR imagery and field data, we investigate the geomorphology and internal composition of one of the biggest drumlin fields in the North European Lowland. The Stargard drumlin field consists of over 1300 drumlins and related streamlined subglacial bedforms in a terminal part of a major Weichselian palaeo‐ice stream of the southern Scandinavian Ice Sheet. The drumlins are typically 600‐800 m long, 200‐250 m wide, 3‐6 m high and have axial elongation ratios ~2 but in some cases exceeding 15. Several subzones inferred from drumlin morphometry exist reflecting different ice flow dynamics. The most elongated drumlins occur in areas where ice moved down‐slope and where thick fine‐grained deposits of low hydraulic conductivity occur in the substratum. The largest portion of land occupied by drumlins and the greatest frequency density of drumlins occur where the ice moved up‐slope. Stargard drumlins are composed of a wide variety of glacial deposits including various types of tills and meltwater sediments, which range from undisturbed to heavily deformed. There is no correlation between the deposits in the drumlins and the drumlin forms indicating that the deposits pre‐date the drumlinizing process. It is suggested that the drumlin field was generated by a combination of direct glacial erosion and subglacial meltwater erosion by removing antecedent material from the inter‐drumlin areas and streamlining the resultant bumps. Our data support the search for a unifying theory of drumlin formation and suggest erosion as the most plausible single mechanism generating drumlin landscapes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data‐driven modeling based on kernel extreme learning machine for sugarcane juice clarification
Authors: Meng Yanmei , Yu Shuangshuang , Wang Hui , Qin Johnny , Xie Yanpeng
Published: April 2019

Clarification of sugarcane juice is an important operation in the production process of sugar industry. The gravity purity and the color value of juice are the two most important evaluation indexes in the cane sugar production using the sulphitation clarification method. However, in the actual operation, the measurement of these two indexes is usually obtained by offline experimental titration, which makes it impossible to timely adjust the system indicators. A data‐driven modeling based on kernel extreme learning machine is proposed to predict the gravity purity of juice and the color value of clear juice. The model parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization. Experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the modeling method. Compared with BP neural network, radial basis neural network, and support vector machine, the model has a good performance, which proves the reliability of the model.
Biogas Power Generation with SOFC to Demonstrate Energy Circulation Suitable for Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Shiratori Y. , Sakamoto M. , Nguyen T. G. H. , Yamakawa T. , Kitaoka T. , Orishima H. , Matsubara H. , Watanabe Y. , Nakatsuka S. , Doan T. C. D. , Dang C. M.
Published: April 2019

For sustainable development of Southeast Asian countries, the use of regional biomass waste for power generation must be promoted. In our Vietnam‐Japan joint project contributing to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), a shrimp farm in Ben Tre (Mekong Delta area) was selected as a demonstration site for an energy circulation system that includes a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). We found that sludge accumulated during intensive‐shrimp culture can be used as a source of methanogenic bacteria to decompose lignocellulosic and starch‐based biomass. Bagasse and coconut pomace are mixed with the shrimp pond water containing organic matter and minerals, then supplied to a digester with seed sludge (shrimp pond sludge) to produce biogas, which converted to electricity using the SOFC system. The green electricity is used for shrimp culture, main industry of this region. Based on this concept, a pilot plant with 1 kW SOFC system was constructed at the shrimp farm in Ben Tre. So far, stable biogas production necessary for the continuous operation of the 1 kW SOFC was achieved by the daily supply of 6 kg of bagasse and 8 kg of coconut pomace (dry basis), and power generation efficiency of 53.1% (LHV: lower heating value) was achieved.
The Stockholm Bypass – Design and execution of grouting works
Authors: Creütz Mikael , Osterman Fredrik
Published: April 2019

The E4 Stockholm Bypass is a new route for the European highway (E4) past the Swedish capital Stockholm. The bypass will connect the southern and northern parts of Stockholm. To reduce the impact on the surroundings, 18 km of the total of 21 km of the Stockholm Bypass are being constructed in tunnels. The Bypass will be one of the longest road tunnels in the world, with a construction cost of 3.1 billion Euro (2009 prices).

The challenges have been many, for example how to evaluate the hydraulic rock mass properties for such a vast tunnel stretch and then find the most suitable grouting design, the contractor's ability to deliver proper grout properties and suitable grouting equipment, the time and resources needed for QA/QC of the grouting works and the need for adaption of the grouting works to true geological conditions. Not to mention the complexity of monitoring water ingress during construction for the Client to show that the sealing demands are being met according to the environmental permits for water works operations. The Stockholm Bypass is by far the largest rock fissure grouting operation undertaken for road tunnels in Swedish history.
Prevalence and correlates of psychotropic drug use in Dutch nursing home patients with young‐onset dementia
Authors: Mulders Ans J.M.J. , Zuidema Sytse U. , Leeuwis Renée , Bor Hans , Verhey Frans R.J. , Koopmans Raymond T.C.M.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in dementia patients in nursing homes are common and often treated with psychotropic drugs. Thus far, studies on psychotropic drug use (PDU) mainly focused on elderly patients with dementia. It is important to know the prevalence and correlates of PDU in patients with young‐onset dementia (YOD) to optimize NPS treatment and reduce excess PDU in this group.

Design

The Behavior and Evolution in Young‐Onset Dementia (BEYOnD) study is a cross‐sectional study in 230 residents with YOD in eight nursing homes providing specialized YOD care. PDU was registered from medical charts. The influence of age, gender, severity, and type of dementia, NPS, and agitation on PDU was analyzed.

Results

Eighty‐seven percent of the residents used psychotropic drugs, and 47% used two or more psychotropic drugs. No significant associations with age, gender, dementia subtype, and dementia severity were found. Depressive symptoms showed an association with the use of antidepressants, nighttime behavior with use of hypnotics, and verbal agitation with antipsychotics. Apathy was strongly associated with lower PDU.

Conclusions

Nursing home patients with YOD have a high prevalence of PDU. The association with NPS raises questions of efficacy of these drugs in managing NPS. Patients with apathy had a lower chance of using psychotropics. More research on indications and effects of psychotropic drugs is needed, as well as on (nonpharmacological) alternatives for managing challenging behavior in YOD.
Anosognosia of financial ability in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Gerstenecker Adam , Martin Roy C. , Triebel Kristen L. , Marson Daniel C.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Although financial ability has been well‐studied in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) using performance‐based financial capacity assessment instruments, research is limited investigating everyday financial problems and declines in persons with AD and MCI and the insight of people with MCI to recognize that financial capacity declines are occurring. To address this gap in the research, we investigated everyday financial activities and skills in a sample of older adults representing the dementia spectrum.

Methods

Participants were 186 older adults in three diagnostic classifications: cognitively healthy, MCI likely due to AD, and mild AD dementia. Everyday financial ability was assessed using the Current Financial Activities Report (CFAR). The CFAR is a standardized report‐based measure which elicits participant and study partner ratings about a participant's everyday financial abilities.

Results

Results showed that both CFAR self‐ and study partner‐report distinguished diagnostic groups on key financial capacity variables in a pattern consistent with level of clinical pathology. Study partner‐report indicated higher levels of financial skill difficulties in study participants than did the self‐report of the same study participants. Study partner‐ratings were more highly correlated with participant scores on a performance‐based measure of financial capacity than were participant self‐ratings. Results also showed that loss of awareness of financial decline is emerging at the MCI stage of AD.

Conclusions

People with MCI represent a group of older adults at particular risk for financial missteps and—similar to people with AD—are in need of supervision of their financial skills and activities.
Induction of cell fusion/apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in orthotopic mouse model by urokinase‐specific oncolytic Sendai virus
Authors: Miyagawa Yoshihiro , Araki Koji , Yamashita Taku , Tanaka Shingo , Tanaka Yuya , Tomifuji Masayuki , Ueda Yasuji , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Shimada Hideaki , Shiotani Akihiro
Published: April 2019

Background

This study was designed to assess the therapeutic effect of urokinase‐targeted recombinant oncolytic Sendai virus, termed “BioKnife,” on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC).

Methods

Urokinase activity was investigated in human ATC cell lines, and BioKnife cytotoxicity against the cell lines was evaluated in vitro. Orthotopic mouse models of ATC were treated with three intratumoral injections of BioKnife, control virus, or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and were observed daily until >20% weight loss occurred.

Results

All three ATC cell lines showed a high level of urokinase activity. BioKnife induced urokinase‐dependent cell fusion and cytotoxicity in all cell lines. Orthotopic models treated with BioKnife showed significantly prolonged survival compared with models treated with control virus or PBS (BioKnife 41.6 ± 15.0, control virus 17.0 ± 2.9, PBS 17.7 ± 6.3 days).

Conclusions

BioKnife exerted therapeutic effects in orthotopic ATC mouse models. Thus, BioKnife represents a possible treatment option for ATC.
The impact of mentoring quality on protégés' organization‐based self‐esteem and proactive behavior: The moderating role of traditionality
Authors: Wu Xiangfan , Lyu Yijing , Kwan Ho Kwong , Zhai Haiyan
Published: April 2019

Based on self‐consistency theory, this study examined the relationship between mentoring quality as perceived by protégés and protégés' proactive behavior. It focused on the mediating role of organization‐based self‐esteem (OBSE) and the moderating role of traditionality. To examine these relationships, we administrated three‐wave surveys to 237 subordinate–supervisor dyads in a construction enterprise. The results of hierarchical linear modeling demonstrated that (a) mentoring quality and proactive behavior had a positive relationship; (b) OBSE mediated this relationship; and (c) traditionality strengthened both the relationship between mentoring quality and OBSE and the indirect effect of mentoring quality on proactive behavior via OBSE. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for research on mentoring and proactive behavior.
Effects of RNA binding protein QKI on pancreatic cancer ductal epithelial cells and surrounding activation fibroblasts
Authors: Chu Liang , Hu Yuqin , Jiang Ying‐Hao , Xu Chengming , Liu Wen‐Chao , Lu Zi‐fan
Published: April 2019

To determine the correlation between QKI and pancreatic cancer tissues, the QKI expression of pancreatic cancer cells and fibroblasts in the tumor‐surrounding microenvironment were detected. Then, QKI overexpression and interference with QKI short hairpin RNA in LX‐2 (a fibroblast cell line) were established in vitro. Meanwhile, to observe the cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and other changes, QKI, and related epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecules were detected by a polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. In addition, an in vivo tumorigenicity test in node mice was performed to confirm whether QKI expression can promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer ductal epithelial cells. Finally, the autophagy levels of fibroblasts with QKI overexpression were observed by electron microscopy to further explore the QKI pathogenic mechanism. It was found that cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT‐related markers were increased in QKI‐overexpressed fibroblasts LX‐2. Furthermore, in vivo, liver and peritoneal metastasis decreased overall survival rate and increasing autophagy levels in QKI‐overexpressing nude mice were observed. Meanwhile, knock down QKI with small interfering RNA can reverse all the above effects. QKI can promote the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of pancreatic cancer through activating fibroblasts surrounding pancreatic cancer and accelerating EMT and increasing the autophagy in pancreatic cancer. QKI may become a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Hypobaric hypoxia regulates iron metabolism in rats
Authors: Li Yaru , Zhou Yue , Zhang Dong , Wu Wen‐Yue , Kang Xiaoxuan , Wu Qiong , Wang Peina , Liu Xiaopeng , Gao Guofen , Zhou Yaru , Wang Guangyou , Chang Yan‐Zhong
Published: April 2019

Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia can produce a protective effect on both the nervous system and non‐nervous system tissues. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning has been shown to protect rats from cardiac ischemia‐reperfusion injury by decreasing cardiac iron levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby decreasing oxidative stress to achieve protection. However, the specific mechanism underlying the protective effect of hypobaric hypoxia is unclear. To shed light on this phenomenon, we subjected Sprague‐Dawley rats to hypobaric hypoxic preconditioning (8 hours/day). The treatment was continued for 4 weeks. We then measured the iron content in the heart, liver, spleen, and kidney. The iron levels in all of the assessed tissues decreased significantly after hypobaric hypoxia treatment, corroborating previous results that hypobaric hypoxia may produce its protective effect by decreasing ROS production by limiting the levels of catalytic iron in the tissue. We next assessed the expression levels of several proteins involved in iron metabolism (transferrin receptor, L‐ferritin, and ferroportin1 [FPN1]). The increased transferrin receptor and decreased L‐ferritin levels after hypobaric hypoxia were indicative of a low‐iron phenotype, while FPN1 levels remained unchanged. We also examined hepcidin, transmembrane serine proteases 6 (TMPRSS6), erythroferrone (ERFE), and erythropoietin (EPO) levels, all of which play a role in the regulation of systemic iron metabolism. The expression of hepcidin decreased significantly after hypobaric hypoxia treatment, whereas the expression of TMPRSS6 and ERFE and EPO increased sharply. Finally, we measured serum iron and total iron binding capacity in the serum, as well as red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, red blood cell distribution width SD, and red blood cell distribution width CV. As expected, all of these values increased after the hypobaric hypoxia treatment. Taken together, our results show that hypobaric hypoxia can stimulate erythropoiesis, which systemically draws iron away from nonhematopoietic tissue through decreased hepcidin levels.
Thermosensitive hybrid hyaluronan/p(HPMAm‐lac)‐PEG hydrogels enhance cartilage regeneration in a mouse model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Agas Dimitrios , Laus Fulvio , Lacava Giovanna , Marchegiani Andrea , Deng Siyuan , Magnoni Federico , Silva Guilherme Gusmão , Di Martino Piera , Sabbieti Maria Giovanna , Censi Roberta
Published: April 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA), due to cartilage degeneration, is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Currently, there are not efficacious therapies to reverse cartilage degeneration. In this study we evaluated the potential of hybrid hydrogels, composed of a biodegradable and thermosensitive triblock copolymer cross‐linked via Michael addition to thiolated hyaluronic acid, in contrasting inflammatory processes underlying OA. Hydrogels composed of different w/w % concentrations of hyaluronan were investigated for their degradation behavior and capacity to release the polysaccharide in a sustained fashion. It was found that hyaluronic acid was controllably released during network degradation with a zero‐order release kinetics, and the release rate depended on cross‐link density and degradation kinetics of the hydrogels. When locally administered in vivo in an OA mouse model, the hydrogels demonstrated the ability to restore, to some extent, bone remineralization, proteoglycan production, levels of Sox‐9 and Runx‐2. Furthermore, the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF‐α, NFkB, and RANKL and proinflammatory cytokines was observed. In summary, the investigated hydrogel technology represents an ideal candidate for the potential encapsulation and release of drugs relevant in the field of OA. In this context, the hydrogel matrix could act in synergy with the drug, in reversing phenomena of inflammation, cartilage disruption, and bone demineralization associated with OA.
The effect of fludrocortisone on the uterine receptivity partially mediated by ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway
Authors: Hesam Shariati Mohammad Bakhtiar , Seghinsara Abbas Majdi , Shokrzadeh Naser , Niknafs Behrooz
Published: April 2019

Implantation of embryos needs endometrial receptivity. Mineralocorticoids is one of the causes influencing the implantation window. This study targeted to evaluation fludrocortisone different properties on endometrial receptivity. The objective of this study was to assess whether treatment with fludrocortisone could impact the expression of diverse genes and proteins that are involved in uterine receptivity in mice. In this study, 40 female adult BALB/c mice were used. The samples were allocated to four groups of ten. Control group (C) received: vehicle; fludrocortisone group (FCA): received 1.5 mg/kg fludrocortisone; PP242 group (PP242): received 30 mg/kg PP242; fludrocortisone+PP242 group (FCA+PP242): received fludrocortisone and PP242. Mice were killed on window implantation day after mating and confirmed pregnancy. The endometrial epithelium of mouse was collected to assess mRNA expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), mucin‐1 (MUC1), heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor (HB‐EGF), (Msx.1), miRNA Let‐7a, and miRNA 223‐3p as well as protein expression of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) in the uterine using real‐time PCR and western blot, respectively. In comparison with the control group, fludrocortisone administration upregulated the expression of LIF, HB‐EGF, Msx.1, miRNA Let‐7a, ERK1/2, and mTOR in the epithelial endometrium. The PP242‐treated group demonstrated a significant rise in the expression of MUC1, miRNA 223‐3p and a remarkable decline in ERK1/2 and p‐4E‐BP1 levels in comparison with the control group. Combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) resulted in a remarkable rise in LIF, Msx‐1, HB‐EGF, ERK1/2, and mTOR levels, in comparison with the PP242 group. Furthermore, combination therapy of (FCA+PP242) downregulated the expression of MUC1 in comparison with the PP242‐treated group. According to the results, fludrocortisone affected uterine receptivity possibly by means of modulating the expression of genes involved in the uterine receptivity and activation of the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway.
Involvement of aberrant regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and epigenetic‐based therapies
Authors: Renani Pedram G. , Taheri Forogh , Rostami Daryoush , Farahani Najmeh , Abdolkarimi Hamed , Abdollahi Elahe , Taghizadeh Eskandar , Gheibi Hayat Seyed Mohammad
Published: April 2019

Parkinson's disease (PD) is known as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with the reduction of dopamine‐secreting neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia routes. Aging, as well as environmental and genetic factors, are considered as disease risk factors that can make PD as a complex one. Epigenetics means studying heritable changes in gene expression or function, without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Multiple studies have shown the association of epigenetic variations with onset or progression of various types of diseases. DNA methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones and presence of microRNA (miRNA) are among epigenetic processes involved in regulating pathways related to the development of PD. Unlike genetic mutations, most epigenetic variations may be reversible or preventable. Therefore, the return of aberrant epigenetic events in different cells is a growing therapeutic approach to treatment or prevention. Currently, there are several methods for treating PD patients, the most important of which are drug therapies. However, detection of genes and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the disease can develop appropriate diagnosis and treatment of the disease before the onset of disabilities and resulting complications. The main purpose of this study was to review the most important epigenetic molecular mechanisms, epigenetic variations in PD, and epigenetic‐based therapies.
One‐pot conversion of carbohydrates into γ‐valerolactone under the coordination of heteropoly acid based ionic liquid and Ru/ZrO2 in water media
Authors: Ren Hui‐Fang , Zhu Dan , Li Ji‐Fan , Liu Chun‐Ling , Yang Rong‐Zhen , Dong Wen‐Sheng
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

The chemical catalytic conversion of carbohydrates into γ‐valerolactone (GVL) is a sustainable alternative to the petrochemical process starting from the depleting fossil resources. Direct conversion of carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, starch and cellulose) into GVL was achieved via the combined heteropoly acid based SO3H‐functionalized ionic liquid (HAIL) and supported ruthenium (Ru) catalyst system in one pot and in water media.

RESULTS

A 63% GVL yield (based on fructose) was obtained under the catalysis of 1‐methyl‐3‐(3‐sulfopropylimidazolium)silicotungstate ([MIMPS]4SiW) and Ru/ZrO2 at 180 °C, first in 0.1 MPa nitrogen (N2) for 3 h (dehydration), and then in 4 MPa hydrogen (H2) for 10 h (hydrogenation). Under the same reaction conditions, the GVL yields from glucose, starch and cellulose were 68%, 60% and 60%, respectively. The recyclability of the catalytic system consisting of [MIMPS]4SiW and Ru/ZrO2 was investigated in four runs. The activity for [MIMPS]4SiW did not change after use. Partial deactivation of Ru/ZrO2 was observed, which was ascribed to the severe carbon deposition.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present method, HAIL and Ru/ZrO2 catalysts were loaded together. No separation and/or neutralization step reported in the literature was needed and only an atmosphere change (from N2 to H2) step was involved. Therefore, we provide a promising method for efficient conversion of carbohydrates into GVL. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of a high‐efficiencytrans‐cinnamic acid bioproduction method by pH‐controlled separation technology
Authors: Zang Ying , Xia Meijuan , Zheng Zhaojuan , Ouyang Jia
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Trans‐cinnamic acid (t‐CA) and its derivatives have been shown to be antioxidant and antibacterial, and can be used in food additives and flavors. However, a traditionalt‐CA production via chemical synthesis with a condensation reaction may not be suitable for its application in the pharmaceutical and food fields as it is not a ‘green’ route. This study investigated the bioconversion ofl‐phenylalanine (l‐phe) tot‐CA using engineered whole‐cellEscherichia coliBL21(DE3) expressing phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) as a biocatalyst. To prevent product inhibition, anin situreaction and separation oft‐CA was performed using a pH‐controlled biotransformation strategy.

RESULTS

A coupling reaction and separation system based on pH adjustment was proposed for improving the bioproduction oft‐CA. Using this process, 39.61 g L−1t‐CA was bioproduced from 40 g L−1ofl‐phe in 8 h and a high purity (>98%) oft‐CA product was achieved directly without additional purification.

CONCLUSION

The bioprocess developed in this study is a highly efficient method for the bioproduction oft‐CA and, therefore, offers a promising alternative route fort‐CA production. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Sickle cell carriers' unmet information needs: Beyond knowing trait status
Authors: Mayo‐Gamble Tilicia L. , Schlundt David , Cunningham‐Erves Jennifer , Murry Velma McBride , Bonnet Kemberlee , Quasie‐Woode Delores , Mouton Charles P.
Published: April 2019

Benefits of identifying sickle cell disease (SCD) carriers include detection of at‐risk couples who may be informed on reproductive choices. Studies consistently report insufficient knowledge about the genetic inheritance pattern of SCD among people with sickle cell trait (SCT). This study explored perspectives of adults with SCT on the information needed to make an informed reproductive decision and the recommendations for communicating SCT information. Five focus groups (N = 25) were conducted with African Americans with SCT ages 18–65 years old. Participants were asked about their knowledge of SCT, methods for finding information on SCT, impact of SCT on daily living, and interactions with healthcare providers. An inductive‐deductive qualitative analysis was used to analyze the data for emerging themes. Four themes emerged, highlighting the unmet information needs of African American sickle cell carriers: (a) SCT and SCD Education; (b) information sources; (c) improved communication about SCT and SCD; and (d) increased screening strategies. Future studies are needed to determine effective strategies for communicating SCT information and to identify opportunities for education within community and medical settings. Identifying strategies to facilitate access to SCT resources and education could serve as a model for meeting unmet information needs for carriers of other genetic conditions.
Intestinal myiasis in a very elderly patient with inappropriate home care
Authors: Mizumoto Junki , Yamamoto Minako
Published: April 2019

An 83‐year‐old Japanese woman with dementia presented with multiple pressure ulcers and cellulitis. At presentation, numerous white maggots were wriggling in the stool on the diaper. Interview to the family revealed that the patient received inappropriate home care due to her dementia and her primary caregiver's developmental disability. No further maggots were omitted after admission, and she was diagnosed with intestinal myiasis. Intestinal myiasis has become rare in developed countries especially in adults. However, elderly bedridden patients living in poor hygiene conditions are at a greater risk of developing intestinal myiasis.
3D quantitative synthetic MRI‐derived cortical thickness and subcortical brain volumes: Scan–rescan repeatability and comparison with conventional T1‐weighted images
Authors: Fujita Shohei , Hagiwara Akifumi , Hori Masaaki , Warntjes Marcel , Kamagata Koji , Fukunaga Issei , Goto Masami , Takuya Haruyama , Takasu Kohei , Andica Christina , Maekawa Tomoko , Takemura Mariko Yoshida , Irie Ryusuke , Wada Akihiko , Suzuki Michimasa , Aoki Shigeki
Published: April 2019

Background

Previous quantitative synthetic MRI of the brain has been solely performed in 2D.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of the recently developed sequence 3D‐QALAS for brain cortical thickness and volumetric analysis.

Study Type

Reproducibility/repeatability study.

Subjects

Twenty‐one healthy volunteers (35.6 ± 13.8 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

3D T1‐weighted fast spoiled gradient recalled echo (FSPGR) sequence was performed once, and 3D‐QALAS sequence was performed twice with a 3T scanner.

Assessment

FreeSurfer and FIRST were used to measure cortical thickness and volume of subcortical structures, respectively. Agreement with FSPGR and scan–rescan repeatability were evaluated for 3D‐QALAS.

Statistical Tests

Percent relative difference and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to assess reproducibility and scan–rescan repeatability of the 3D‐QALAS sequence‐derived measurements.

Results

Percent relative difference compared with FSPGR in cortical thickness of the whole cortex was 3.1%, and 89% of the regional areas showed less than 10% relative difference in cortical thickness. The mean ICC across all regions was 0.65, and 74% of the structures showed substantial to almost perfect agreement. For volumes of subcortical structures, the median percent relative differences were lower than 10% across all subcortical structures, except for the accumbens area, and all structures showed ICCs of substantial to almost perfect agreement. For the scan–rescan test, percent relative difference in cortical thickness of the whole cortex was 2.3%, and 97% of the regional areas showed less than 10% relative difference in cortical thickness. The mean ICC across all regions was 0.73, and 80% showed substantial to almost perfect agreement. For volumes of subcortical structures, relative differences were less than 10% across all subcortical structures except for the accumbens area, and all structures showed ICCs of substantial to almost perfect agreement.

Data Conclusion

3D‐QALAS could be reliably used for measuring cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in most brain regions.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1834–1842.
Repeatability of regional pulmonary functional metrics of Hyperpolarized 129Xe dissolved‐phase MRI
Authors: Hahn Andrew D. , Kammerman Jeff , Evans Michael , Zha Wei , Cadman Robert V. , Meyer Keith , Sandbo Nathan , Fain Sean B.
Published: April 2019

Background

MRI of hyperpolarized 129Xenon (HP 129Xe) is increasingly utilized for investigating pulmonary function. The solubility of HP 129Xe in lung tissue, blood plasma (Barrier), and red blood cells (RBC), with unique chemical shifts, enables spectroscopic imaging of potential imaging biomarkers of gas exchange and microstructural pulmonary physiology.

Purpose

To quantify global average and regional repeatability of Barrier:gas, RBC:gas, and RBC:Barrier ratios derived from dissolved‐phase 129Xe imaging and their dependence on intervisit changes in lung inflation volume.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Fourteen healthy volunteers. One subject was unable to complete the study resulting in 13 subjects for analysis (eight female, five male, ages 24–69, 53.8 ± 13.9).

Field Strength

1.5T.

Assessment

Subjects were imaged using a 3D radial 1‐point Dixon method to separate Barrier and RBC component signals, at two different timepoints, with ~1 month between visits. RBC:Gas, Barrier:Gas, and RBC:Barrier measures were compared across time and with pulmonary function tests (PFTs).

Statistical Tests

Repeatablilty was quantified using Bland–Altman plots, coefficient of repeatability, coefficient of variation (CV), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Dependence of imaging measures on PFTs and lung volume was evaluated using Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, respectively. Statistical significance was determined by F‐test for intraclass correlations, and t‐test for Spearman correlations and regression.

Results

Mean RBC:Gas, Barrier:Gas, and RBC:Barrier had CVs of 19.2%, 20.0%, and 11.5%, respectively, and had significant ICCs, equal to 0.78, 0.79, and 0.92, respectively. Intervisit differences in RBC:Barrier were significantly correlated with intervisit differences in DLCO (r = 0.93, P = 0.007). Significant correlations with intervisit lung volume differences and intervisit differences in mean RBC:Gas (r = –0.73, P = 0.005) and Barrier:Gas (r = –0.69, P = 0.009) were found.

Data Conclusion

Three commonly used 129Xe MRI‐based measures of gas‐exchange show good repeatability, particularly the Barrier:RBC ratio, which did not depend on lung inflation volume and was strongly associated with intervisit changes in DLCO.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1182–1190.
Evaluation of homogenization methods for seasonal snow depth data in the Austrian Alps, 1930–2010
Authors: Marcolini Giorgia , Koch Roland , Chimani Barbara , Schöner Wolfgang , Bellin Alberto , Disse Markus , Chiogna Gabriele
Published: April 2019

Despite the importance of snow in alpine regions, little attention has been given to the homogenization of snow depth time series. Snow depth time series are generally characterized by high spatial heterogeneity and low correlation among the time series, and the homogenization thereof is therefore challenging. In this work, we present a comparison between two homogenization methods for mean seasonal snow depth time series available for Austria: the standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT) and HOMOP. The results of the two methods are generally in good agreement for high elevation sites. For low elevation sites, HOMOP often identifies suspicious breakpoints (that cannot be confirmed by metadata and only occur in relation to seasons with particularly low mean snow depth), while the SNHT classifies the time series as homogeneous. We therefore suggest applying both methods to verify the reliability of the detected breakpoints. The number of computed anomalies is more sensitive to inhomogeneities than trend analysis performed with the Mann–Kendall test. Nevertheless, the homogenized dataset shows an increased number of stations with negative snow depth trends and characterized by consecutive negative anomalies starting from the late 1980s and early 1990s, which was in agreement with the observations available for several stations in the Alps. In summary, homogenization of snow depth data is possible, relevant and should be carried out prior to performing climatological analysis.
Measuring guanxi in Sino‐Franco buyer and supplier relationships
Authors: Zhang Chi , Hong Seock‐Jin , Ohana Marc
Published: April 2019

An understanding of guanxi—a network of relationships based on reputation, personal connections, and mutual support—is crucial in doing business with Chinese companies. Although the rapid growth of Chinese investment in France has created a need for a suitable Sino‐Franco guanxi measurement scale, the complexity of guanxi has hampered the development of a comprehensive and relevant instrument. Focusing on the Chinese perspective of the two most widely accepted dimensions of guanxi, emotional ties and reciprocity, this study develops and validates such a scale, and offers practical guidance for Western suppliers on how to handle social and workplace interactions, avoid conflict, and enhance the likelihood of success with their Chinese business partners.
A PESTLE analysis of international retailing in the East African Community
Authors: Nandonde Felix Adamu
Published: April 2019

Although many retail firms from around the world have established a presence in the East African Community (EAC), not all internalization attempts have been successful. Application of the PESTLE model—which examines various political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental issues—to investigate the barriers and opportunities in the sector highlights several obstacles to effective and efficient commerce. These include poor infrastructure, inadequate skills and training, and lack of legitimacy. In some cases, these deficiencies also hamper the efforts of locally based retailers to expand in the region. Ultimately, business success may depend on the ability of local governments to design policies and practices that enhance rather than hinder trade and development.
Metabolites study on 5‐O‐methylvisammioside in vivo and in vitro by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Fan Xueyan , Liu Xiaochen , Meng Caifeng , Liu Ruina , Zhang Zijian , Wang Chunying
Published: April 2019

5‐O‐Methylvisammioside is one of major chromones of Radix Saposhnikoviae possessing definite pharmacological activities, but there are few reports with respect to the metabolism of 5‐O‐methylvisammioside. In this work, metabolites in vivo were explored in male Sprague‐Dawley rats and in vitro investigated on rat intestinal bacteria incubation model and were identified by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. An online data acquisition method based on a multiple mass defect filter and dynamic background subtraction was developed to trace all probable metabolites. As a result, 26 metabolites in vivo (including 18, 15, 10, and 10 in rat urine, faece, bile, and blood) and 7 metabolites in vitro were characterized, respectively. Additionally, the main metabolic pathways in vivo and in vitro, including deglycosylation, deglycosylation + demethylation, deglycosylation + oxidation, N‐acetylation, and sulfate conjugation, were summarized by calculating the relative content of each metabolite. The obtained results significantly enriched our knowledge about 5‐O‐methylvisammioside metabolism and will lead to a better understanding of its safety and efficacy.
Identity and destination branding among residents: How does brand self‐congruity influence brand attitude and ambassadorial behavior?
Authors: Wassler Philipp , Wang Liang , Hung Kam
Published: April 2019

Residents of a particular destination are potentially the largest and most powerful stakeholders of destination brands. However, the basis of residents' attitudes toward destination branding is not widely understood. In this study, it is proposed that self‐congruity (the degree of match between the perceived self and perceived brand identity) is a possible antecedent of these attitudes. We empirically demonstrate that brand self‐congruity is a likely indicator of destination brand attitude and that subsequent ambassadorial behavior among residents is probable. Implications for practitioners and future research opportunities are finally suggested.
Variable response of inorganic carbon and consistent increase of organic carbon as a consequence of afforestation in areas with semiarid soils
Authors: Jia Xiaoxu , Wang Xiang , Hou Lingcao , Wei Xiaorong , Zhang Yan , Shao Ming'an , Zhao Xiaoning
Published: April 2019

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is the most common form of carbon in arid and semiarid regions, where afforestation is used to combat soil degradation. However, response of SIC to afforestation has been studied rarely, which hinders any prediction about soil carbon dynamics. To determine the response of SIC and soil organic carbon (SOC) to afforestation in semiarid soils and whether such responses vary with soil aggregates, soil texture, and climatic conditions, we measured SIC and SOC in bulk soils and aggregate fractions under paired afforested lands and farmlands at five sites across the Loess Plateau. The relationship of these responses to soils and climatic variables was analyzed. Afforestation increased SOC at all sites, with accumulation rates of 0.21, 0.23, 0.34, and 0.09 g kg−1 yr−1 in bulk soils, macroaggregates (>0.25 mm), microaggregates (0.25–0.053 mm), and silt + clay fraction, respectively, when averaged across sites and soil depths. However, the response of SIC to afforestation varied with site, with increased SIC in drier sites and decreased SIC in wetter sites. Change in SIC was negatively correlated with change in SOC either across or within bulk soils and aggregate fractions. The SIC decreased and SOC increased with increasing soil clay content, precipitation, temperature, and site aridity index. These results indicated consistent increase in SOC but variable response of SIC to afforestation among sites in the Loess Plateau. Such variable response of SIC should be incorporated into carbon cycle models to reduce uncertainties when predicting sequestration dynamics of soil carbon.
KCl‐induced corrosion of Ni‐based alloys containing 35–45 wt% Cr
Authors: Malede Yohanes C. , Simon Julien P. , Jonsson Torbjörn , Montgomery Melanie , Dahl Kristian V. , Hald John
Published: April 2019

Ni–(35–45)Cr–4Nb alloys containing different fractions of α‐Cr were exposed to potassium chloride (KCl)‐induced corrosion. The corrosion exposures were carried out for 168 hr at 600°C in a 15% (vol/vol) H2O (g) + 5% (vol/vol) O2 (g) + N2 (g; balance) atmosphere using KCl‐free (reference) and predeposited KCl samples. To mimic the KCl deposition in real boilers, 24 hr exposures where KCl vapor condensed continuously onto samples were also performed. The corrosion attack of the studied materials increased significantly when KCl was present compared to the KCl‐free samples. For the KCl exposures, the corrosion attack drastically increased when a significant α‐Cr fraction was present. α‐Cr was either selectively attacked or dissolved through solid‐state diffusion and a layered build‐up of the outer external scale of K2CrO4 and chromia could be observed. For the in situ condensed KCl exposure, severe corrosion was observed already within the 24 hr exposure, indicating a higher corrosion rate compared with when KCl was predeposited.
Influence of deformation on corrosion of mooring chain steel in seawater
Authors: Zhang Xiaolong , Hoogeland Martijn
Published: April 2019

After chain making, proof load testing is used to evaluate if the chains are mechanically qualified. However, proof load testing may bring elongation in the chain links that may affect the corrosion performance of mooring chains in seawater. The influence of deformation and microorganisms on the corrosion properties of chain steel in seawater were investigated together with industry. As part of the Localized Mooring Chain Corrosion (LMCC) JIP project, chain links were prepared according to industrial standards. Some steel samples were elongated to a maximum of 6%. The steel samples were tested by immersion in artificial seawater with and without the addition of microorganisms. Their corrosion behavior was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion morphology was investigated using three dimentional microscopy. The results indicate that elongation has an adverse effect on the corrosion resistance of the steel in seawater. With the addition of microorganisms localized corrosion is enhanced.
Indivisible sets and well‐founded orientations of the Rado graph
Authors: Ackerman Nathanael L. , Brian Will
Published: April 2019

Every set can been thought of as a directed graph whose edge relation is ∈ . We show that many natural examples of directed graphs of this kind are indivisible: for every infinite κ, for every indecomposable λ, and every countable model of set theory. All of the countable digraphs we consider are orientations of the countable random graph. In this way we find indivisible well‐founded orientations of the random graph that are distinct up to isomorphism, and ℵ1 that are distinct up to siblinghood.