bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In a healthy Chinese blood donor, a novel allele, HLA‐E*01:03:07 was detected
Authors: Sun Li‐Yan , Xu Yun‐Ping , Hong Wen‐Xu , Liu Hui
Published: July 2019

The novel HLA‐E*01:03:07 allele, differs from E*01:03:01 by a single synonymous change in exon 3.
A Single Paradigm for Implicit and Statistical Learning
Authors: Monaghan Padraic , Schoetensack Christine , Rebuschat Patrick
Published: July 2019

Implicit learning generally refers to the acquisition of structures that, like knowledge of natural language grammar, are not available to awareness. In contrast, statistical learning has frequently been related to learning language structures that are explicitly available, such as vocabulary. In this paper, we report an experimental paradigm that enables testing of both classic implicit and statistical learning in language. The paradigm employs an artificial language comprising sentences that accompany visual scenes that they represent, thus combining artificial grammar learning with cross‐situational statistical learning of vocabulary. We show that this methodology enables a comparison between acquisition of grammar and vocabulary, and the influences on their learning. We show that both grammar and vocabulary are promoted by explicit information about the language structure, that awareness of structure affects acquisition during learning, and awareness precedes learning, but is not distinctive at the endpoint of learning. The two traditions of learning—implicit and statistical—can be conjoined in a single paradigm to explore both the phenomenological and learning consequences of statistical structural knowledge.
Non-Probabilistic Robust Equilibrium Optimization of Complex Uncertain Structures
Authors: Cheng Jin , Liu Zhenyu , Qian Yangming , Zhou Zhendong , Tan Jianrong
Published: July 2019

Robust optimization of complex uncertain structures usually involves multiple conflicting and competing structural performance indices. Present approaches for achieving the final design of such an optimization problem always involve a decision-making process, which is a demanding task that requires the rich experience and expert skills of designers. To overcome the difficulty, an interval robust equilibrium optimization approach is proposed to find the optimal design of complex uncertain structure based on the robust equilibrium strategy for multiple conflicting and competing structural performance indices. Specifically, a new concept of closeness and crossing coefficient between interval boundaries (CCCIBs) is proposed at first, based on which the tri-dimensional violation vectors of all interval constraints can be calculated and the feasibility of a design vector can be assessed. Then, the robust equilibrium assessment of multiple objective and constraint performance indices is investigated, based on the results of which the feasible design vectors can be directly ranked according to the robust equilibrium strategy for all structural performance indices. Subsequently, the algorithm for the robust equilibrium optimization of complex uncertain structures is developed by integrating the Kriging technique and nested genetic algorithm. The validity, effectiveness, and practicability of the proposed approach are demonstrated by two illustrative examples.
Analysis of Perceived Social Impacts of Existing Products Designed for the Developing World, With Implications for New Product Development
Authors: Ottosson Hans J. , Mattson Christopher A. , Dahlin Eric C.
Published: July 2019

Engineered products often have more social impacts than are realized. A product review was conducted to bring this to light. In this paper, we show the extent to which different social impacts in 11 impact categories are co-present in 150 products and how this can help engineers and others during the product development process. Specifically, we show how social impact categories not previously considered can be identified. The product review resulted in 13,200 data points that were divided into two data sets, one with 8800 data points from which a social impact probability table was created. The remaining data points were then used to validate the table. All data points were then combined to create a final social impact probability table. This table provides insight for how various social impact categories correlate and can assist engineers in expanding their views to include additional social impact objectives and thus achieve a design with broader social impact or a design with minimized unwanted negative social impact. A simple method for predicting social impact is also created in order to assist engineers when developing products with social impacts in mind.
Selective growth of uniform single-layer graphene on Cu foil and fabrication of damage-free field effect transistor combining with direct transfer
Authors: Park Seulgi , Park Hyunjin , Choi YoungMoon , Kim Ohyun
Published: July 2019

During selective growth of graphene by using silicon dioxide (SiO2) patterns on Cu foil (SOCF), multilayer graphene was grown on SOCF under the same conditions that are used to synthesize single-layer graphene (SLG) on blank Cu foil. The authors demonstrated that oxygen (O2) species that can be released from the SiO2 film did not affect the layer increase and that the SiO2 film of SOCF reduced the area of the exposed Cu surface and thereby increased the relative concentration of hydrogen (H2) to the Cu surface and initially grown graphene; as a result, extra graphene layers grew on SOCF. By adjusting the H2 supply and SiO2 coverage, uniformly-grown SLG patterns were obtained on SOCF. A damage-free graphene field effect transistor (GFET) was fabricated using selectively-grown SLG and direct transfer using parylene-C. The field effect mobility of the GFET was 7538.81 cm2/(V s), which is quite high compared to those of chemical vapor deposition based GFETs on flexible substrates that have been reported.
Clockophagy is a novel selective autophagy process favoring ferroptosis
Authors: Yang Minghua , Chen Pan , Liu Jiao , Zhu Shan , Kroemer Guido , Klionsky Daniel J. , Lotze Michael T. , Zeh Herbert J. , Kang Rui , Tang Daolin
Published: July 2019

Autophagy-dependent cell death may hold the key to understanding the molecular basis of ferroptosis.
Cryo-EM structure of TRPC5 at 2.8-Å resolution reveals unique and conserved structural elements essential for channel function
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Li Jian , Chen Gui-Lan , Ge Yan , Liu Jieyu , Xie Kechen , Peng Xiaogang , Zhou Wei , Zhong Jianing , Zhang Yixing , Xu Jie , Xue Changhu , Liang Bo , Zhu Lan , Liu Wei , Zhang Cheng , Tian Xiao-Li , Wang Jianbin , Clapham David E. , Zeng Bo , Li Zongli , Zhang Jin
Published: July 2019

Research reveals the structure of the TRPC5 ion channel, a potential drug target of kidney disease, depression and anxiety.
A microrobotic system guided by photoacoustic computed tomography for targeted navigation in intestines in vivo
Authors: Wu Zhiguang , Li Lei , Yang Yiran , Hu Peng , Li Yang , Yang So-Yoon , Wang Lihong V. , Gao Wei
Published: July 2019

An imaging-guided ingestible microrobotic system enables deep tissue navigation and enhances targeted retention in vivo.
Autoimmune pathways in mice and humans are blocked by pharmacological stabilization of the TYK2 pseudokinase domain
Authors: Burke James R. , Cheng Lihong , Gillooly Kathleen M. , Strnad Joann , Zupa-Fernandez Adriana , Catlett Ian M. , Zhang Yifan , Heimrich Elizabeth M. , McIntyre Kim W. , Cunningham Mark D. , Carman Julie A. , Zhou Xiadi , Banas Dana , Chaudhry Charu , Li Sha , D’Arienzo Celia , Chimalakonda Anjaneya , Yang XiaoXia , Xie Jenny H. , Pang Jian , Zhao Qihong , Rose Shawn M. , Huang Jinwen , Moslin Ryan M. , Wrobleski Stephen T. , Weinstein David S. , Salter-Cid Luisa M.
Published: July 2019

An allosteric TYK2 inhibitor ameliorates disease in murine autoimmune models and blocks type I interferon responses in humans.
Complete Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Strain SVIA2, Isolated from Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil in Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Elufisan Temidayo Oluyomi , Lozano Luis , Bustos Patricia , Rodríguez-Luna Isabel Cristina , Sánchez-Varela Alejandro , Oyedara Omotayo Opemipo , Villalobos-López Miguel Ángel , Guo Xianwu
Published: July 2019

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
strain SVIA2 was isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil from Tabasco, Mexico, and displayed a good potential for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), using naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthridine, or biphenyl as the unique source of carbon. The SVIA2 genome contains essential genes involved in the degradation of PAHs.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Class I Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 Isolated from Commercial Ostriches
Authors: Abolnik Celia , Strydom Christine
Published: July 2019

A hemagglutinating virus isolated during routine surveillance in ostriches was sequenced, identified as avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOaV-1), and classified as a class I genotype 1.2 virus, with recent common ancestors in Eurasian wild ducks. This is the first class I AOaV-1 isolate from Africa and the first identified in ostriches.
Genome Sequence of the Radiation-Resistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiophilus ATCC 27603
T
Authors: Maynard Claudia R. , MacLea Kyle S.
Published: July 2019

The pigmented bacterium
Deinococcus radiophilus
, which is highly resistant to radiation exposure, was first isolated from irradiated lizardfish. We report a genome assembly of
D. radiophilus
UWO 1055
T
(=ATCC 27603
T
), with a predicted genome size of 2.7 Mbp (62.66% G+C content). A number of CRISPR-associated proteins and two CRISPR arrays were identified.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation rupture in pregnancy
Authors: Sappenfield Elisabeth Christine , Jha R Tushar , Agazzi Siviero , Ros Stephanie
Published: July 2019

A 30-year-old nulliparous woman at 38 5/7 weeks of gestation developed a sudden, severe headache at work and subsequent loss of consciousness. She underwent evaluation in the emergency department. CT and CT angiogram head revealed a large intraparenchymal haematoma with intraventricular extension secondary to ruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cAVM). She was intubated and transferred to a tertiary care centre. The patient underwent caesarean section followed by partial embolisation of the cAVM with planned second embolisation and resection 1 week later. Due to drowsiness and headache, the planned repeat embolisation and cAVM resection were performed 3 days earlier. The patient had a full recovery. Emergency medicine physicians and obstetrician-gynaecologists should be familiar with differential diagnosis of sudden headache in pregnancy and signs of a ruptured cAVM to facilitate early diagnosis, multidisciplinary team approach and timely treatment. Early diagnosis and management of ruptured cAVM are important due to associated morbidity and mortality.
Antiresorptive-associated spontaneous fractures of both tibiae, followed by an atypical femur fracture during the sequential treatment with alendronate, denosumab then teriparatide
Authors: Tan Juan , Sano Hiroshige , Poole Kenneth
Published: July 2019

A 35-year-old man with juvenile idiopathic arthritis since childhood presented with bilateral atypical tibial fractures, followed by a later, single atypical fracture of the femur. The fractures were associated with 6 years of oral alendronate treatment immediately followed by subcutaneous denosumab therapy and later teriparatide therapy for osteoporosis. Atypical fractures are known to occur in the femur following bisphosphonate therapy; however, there are only a few documented cases of atypical fractures in the tibia. Our case highlights a rare but serious complication of a commonly prescribed antiresorptive agent. It also shows that teriparatide, while helpful in increasing bone mass, does not fully prevent the development of atypical fractures. Careful investigation should be considered in patients on long-term antiresorptive therapy presenting with bony tenderness to exclude an atypical fracture.
Development and validation of a prediction model for fat mass in children and adolescents: meta-analysis using individual participant data
Authors: Hudda Mohammed T , Fewtrell Mary S , Haroun Dalia , Lum Sooky , Williams Jane E , Wells Jonathan C K , Riley Richard D , Owen Christopher G , Cook Derek G , Rudnicka Alicja R , Whincup Peter H , Nightingale Claire M
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To develop and validate a prediction model for fat mass in children aged 4-15 years using routinely available risk factors of height, weight, and demographic information without the need for more complex forms of assessment.

Design

Individual participant data meta-analysis.

Setting

Four population based cross sectional studies and a fifth study for external validation, United Kingdom.

Participants

A pooled derivation dataset (four studies) of 2375 children and an external validation dataset of 176 children with complete data on anthropometric measurements and deuterium dilution assessments of fat mass.

Main outcome measure

Multivariable linear regression analysis, using backwards selection for inclusion of predictor variables and allowing non-linear relations, was used to develop a prediction model for fat-free mass (and subsequently fat mass by subtracting resulting estimates from weight) based on the four studies. Internal validation and then internal-external cross validation were used to examine overfitting and generalisability of the model’s predictive performance within the four development studies; external validation followed using the fifth dataset.

Results

Model derivation was based on a multi-ethnic population of 2375 children (47.8% boys, n=1136) aged 4-15 years. The final model containing predictor variables of height, weight, age, sex, and ethnicity had extremely high predictive ability (optimism adjusted R
2
: 94.8%, 95% confidence interval 94.4% to 95.2%) with excellent calibration of observed and predicted values. The internal validation showed minimal overfitting and good model generalisability, with excellent calibration and predictive performance. External validation in 176 children aged 11-12 years showed promising generalisability of the model (R
2
: 90.0%, 95% confidence interval 87.2% to 92.8%) with good calibration of observed and predicted fat mass (slope: 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.07). The mean difference between observed and predicted fat mass was −1.29 kg (95% confidence interval −1.62 to −0.96 kg).

Conclusion

The developed model accurately predicted levels of fat mass in children aged 4-15 years. The prediction model is based on simple anthropometric measures without the need for more complex forms of assessment and could improve the accuracy of assessments for body fatness in children (compared with those provided by body mass index) for effective surveillance, prevention, and management of clinical and public health obesity.
Using in situ simulation to improve care of the acutely ill patient by enhancing interprofessional working: a qualitative proof of concept study in primary care in England
Authors: Halls Amy , Kanagasundaram Mohan , Lau-Walker Margaret , Diack Hilary , Bettles Simon
Published: July 2019

Objective

Acutely unwell patients in the primary care setting are uncommon, but their successful management requires involvement from staff (clinical and non-clinical) working as a cohesive team. Despite the advantages of interprofessional education being well documented, there is little research evidence of this within primary care. Enhancing interprofessional working could ultimately improve care of the acutely ill patient. This proof of concept study aimed to develop an in situ simulation of a medical emergency to use within primary care, and assess its acceptability and utility through participants’ reported experiences.

Setting

Three research-active General Practices in south east England. Nine staff members per practice consented to participate, representing clinical and non-clinical professions.

Methods

The intervention of an in situ simulation scenario of a cardiac arrest was developed by the research team. For the evaluation, staff participated in individual qualitative semistructured interviews following the in situ simulation: these focused on their experiences of participating, with particular attention on interdisciplinary training and potential future developments of the in situ simulation.

Results

The in situ simulation was appropriate for use within the participating General Practices. Qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews identified four themes: (1) apprehension and (un)willing participation, (2) reflection on the simulation design, (3) experiences of the scenario and (4) training.

Conclusions

This study suggests in situ simulation can be an acceptable approach for interdisciplinary team training within primary care, being well-received by practices and staff. This contributes to a fuller understanding of how in situ simulation can benefit both workforce and patients. Future research is needed to further refine the in situ simulation training session.
Delaying and withholding interventions: ethics and the stepped wedge trial
Authors: Binik Ariella
Published: July 2019

Ethics has been identified as a central reason for choosing the stepped wedge trial over other kinds of trial designs. The potential advantage of the stepped wedge design is that it provides all arms of the trial with the active intervention over the course of the study. Some groups receive it later than others, but the study intervention is not withheld from any group. This feature of the stepped wedge design seems particularly ethically advantageous in two instances: (1) when the study intervention appears especially likely to be effective and (2) when the consequences of not receiving the intervention may be dire. But despite an increase in the use of the stepped wedge design and appeals to its ethical superiority as the motivation for its selection, there has been limited attention to the stepped wedge trial in the ethics literature. In the following, I examine whether there are persuasive ethical reasons to prefer or to require a stepped wedge trial. I argue that while the stepped wedge design is ethically permissible, it is not morally superior to other kinds of trials. To this end, I examine the ethical justification for providing, withholding, and delaying interventions in research.
‘He’s my mate you see’: a critical discourse analysis of the therapeutic role of companion animals in the social networks of people with a diagnosis of severe mental illness
Authors: Brooks Helen , Rushton Kelly , Lovell Karina , McNaughton Rebecca , Rogers Anne
Published: July 2019

There is increasing recognition of the role pets play in the management of mental health conditions. Evidence suggests that pets promote social interaction and provide secure and intimate relationships which support the management of symptoms. This paper aimed to extend this evidence by exploring the phenomenological understanding of relationships and relationality with companion animals as therapeutic agents in the context of people’s wider social networks.

A qualitative study was undertaken incorporating 35 interviews with 12 participants with a diagnosis of severe mental illness who identified a pet as being important in the management of mental health. Participants took part in three in-depth interviews centred on ego network mapping over a 12-month period (baseline, 6 and 12 months). A critical discourse analysis examined therapeutic relationships with pets in relation to mental health and compared these to other types of support over time. Summative discourse analyses were combined with a cross-case thematic analysis to look for commonalities and differences across individuals.

Compared with interactions with other therapeutic agents, relationships with pets were free from the obligations and complexities associated with other types of network members and provided an extension and reinforcement to an individual’s sense of self which militated against the negative experiences associated with mental illness. Relationships with human network members were more variable in terms of consistency and capacity to manage demands (eg, network members requiring support themselves) and the emotions of others associated with fluctuations in mental health.

This study adds weight to research supporting the inclusion of companion animals in the lexicon of mental health self-management through the therapeutic value attributed to them by participants within a wide personal network of support. The findings point to how consideration might usefully be given to how relationships with companion animals can be incorporated into healthcare planning and delivery.
Changes in cigar sales following implementation of a local policy restricting sales of flavoured non-cigarette tobacco products
Authors: Rogers Todd , Feld Ashley , Gammon Doris G , Coats Ellen M , Brown Elizabeth M , Olson Lindsay T , Nonnemaker James M , Engstrom Martha , McCrae Tarsha , Holder-Hayes Enver , Ross Ashley , Boles Welsh Erin , Guardino Geri , Pearlman Deborah N
Published: July 2019

Introduction

On 3 January, 2013, the city of Providence, Rhode Island, began enforcing a restriction on the retail sale of all non-cigarette tobacco products with a characterising flavour other than tobacco, menthol, mint or wintergreen. We assessed the policy impact on cigar sales—which comprise 95% of flavoured non-cigarette tobacco products sold through conventional tobacco retail outlets (eg, convenience stores, supermarkets) in Providence—over time and in comparison to the rest of the state (ROS).

Methods

Weekly retail scanner sales data were obtained for January 2012 to December 2016. Cigar sales were categorised into products labelled with explicit-flavour (eg, Cherry) or concept-flavour (eg, Jazz) names. Regression models assessed changes in prepolicy and postpolicy sales in Providence and ROS.

Results

Average weekly unit sales of flavoured cigars decreased prepolicy to postpolicy by 51% in Providence, while sales increased by 10% in ROS (both p<0.01). The Providence results are due to a 93% reduction in sales of cigars labelled with explicit-flavour names (p<0.01), which did not change significantly in ROS. Sales of cigars labelled with concept-flavour names increased by 74% in Providence and 119% in ROS (both p<0.01). Sales of all cigars—flavoured and otherwise—decreased by 31% in Providence (p<0.01). We detected some evidence of product substitution and cross-border purchasing.

Conclusions

The Providence policy had a city-specific impact on retail sales of flavoured cigars, which was attenuated by an increase in sales of concept flavour-named cigars. Products with concept-flavour names may avoid enforcement agency detection, and their continued sale undermines the intent of the policy.
Field and laboratory behaviour of fine-grained soil stabilized with lime
Authors: Consoli Nilo Cesar , Bittar Marin Eduardo José , Quiñónez Samaniego Rubén Alejandro , Scheuermann Filho Hugo Carlos , Cristelo Nuno Miguel Cordeiro
Published: July 2019

Fine-grained soils, due to their high plasticity, possess great shrinkage potential and high compressibility and are responsible for very substantial maintenance costs during the service life of the associated infrastructures. Stabilization of such soils with lime is one of the most effective procedures to mitigate these undesirable characteristics and, at the same time, to enhance their mechanical properties. Current research seeks, through field and laboratory tests, to quantify the influence of calcitic hydrated lime on the strength and deflection characteristics clayey soil from the Paraguayan region of Chaco. The influence of different dry unit weights, lime amounts, and curing periods on the strength and deflection of a Paraguayan clay stabilized with lime was assessed. The present work shows, for the first time ever, that the porosity/lime index is the proper parameter to be used in the field when dealing with the strength of clay–lime bases of pavements. Hence, the results presented herein are a contribution to understanding the conditions in which these soils can be stabilized to be used in infrastructural applications.
Investigation of intestinal elimination and biliary excretion of ibuprofen in hyperglycemic rats
Authors: Kovács Noémi-Piroska , Almási Attila , Garai Kitti , Kuzma Mónika , Vancea Szende , Fischer Emil , Perjési Pál
Published: July 2019

An in vivo intestinal perfusion model was used to investigate how experimental hyperglycemia affects intestinal elimination and biliary excretion in the rat. Experimental diabetes was induced by administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.v.). The intestinal perfusion medium contained 250 μM (±)-ibuprofen. An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV–visible detection was developed to quantitate ibuprofen in the intestinal perfusate, while a gradient method was applied to quantitate ibuprofen and ibuprofen-β-d-glucuronide in the bile. The limit of quantitation of ibuprofen was found to be 0.51 μM in the perfusate of the small intestine. In the bile, the limit of quantitation of ibuprofen and ibuprofen-β-d-glucuronide was 4.42 and 10.3 μM, respectively. Unconjugated ibuprofen and ibuprofen-β-d-glucuronide were detected in the bile; however, no β-d-glucuronide of ibuprofen could be detected in the intestinal perfusate. The results indicate that experimental diabetes can cause a decrease in the disappearance of ibuprofen from the small intestine. Excretion of both ibuprofen and ibuprofen-β-d-glucuronide decreased to the bile in experimental diabetes. The results can be explained by the results of molecular biological studies indicating streptozotocin-initiated alterations in the intestinal and hepatic transport processes.
Improving biomass yield of giant Miscanthus by application of beneficial soil microbes and a plant biostimulant
Authors: Fei Houman , Crouse Matthew , Papadopoulos Yousef A. , Vessey J. Kevin
Published: July 2019

Sustainable production of biomass crops is important in the development of feedstocks for the production of biofuels and other bioproducts. This study investigates the use of nine beneficial soil microbes and a plant biostimulant (i.e., Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract) to increase the growth of two giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) cultivars, ‘Amuri’ and ‘Nagara’, under greenhouse conditions and in the field on poor-quality, marginal land. Greenhouse trials indicated increases in shoot dry weight (DW) in ‘Amuri’ in treatments with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5T LsdB++, Gluconacetobacter johannae UAP-Cf-76, and Variovorax paradoxus JM67 by 15%–24% compared with untreated controls. In ‘Nagara’, shoot DW was increased in the treatments with Penicillium bilaiae by 11% and the seaweed extract by 10%. The nutrient content of shoot tissues increased in the same treatments in which biomass was increased. Despite a lack of treatment effects on shoot DW in ‘Amuri’ in the field, several treatments increased Fe and Zn content in shoots by up to 1.9×. In ‘Nagara’ in the field, treatment with G. johannae UAP-Cf-76 and the seaweed extract resulted in increases in shoot DW by 16% and 23%, respectively, and several treatments resulted in increases in shoot Fe and Zn concentrations. The productivity enhancements in giant Miscanthus by beneficial soil microbes and the seaweed extract may be associated with increasing access to limited soil nutrients. These findings suggest that the use of beneficial soil microbes and plant biostimulants may aid in the sustainable production of giant Miscanthus on marginal lands.
A NOVEL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN HYBRID MICRO-CHANNEL HEAT SINK STRUCTURE: OPPOSITION-BASED ANTLION OPTIMIZATION
Authors: DEENA R. , SAI SUNDARA KRISHNAN G.
Published: July 2019

Micro-channel heat sinks have been demonstrated to disperse heat at an extremely higher rate than the traditional devices because of huge heat transfer surface-to-volume ratio. This paper proposed to study the hydrothermal performance of hybrid combination of micro-channel heat sink (HMCHS) with secondary oblique channels in alternating directions and rectangular ribs. To enhance the heat transfer characteristics of the proposed hybrid model, we optimize three geometrical parameters such as secondary channel width, relative rib width and angle between the secondary channels. Primarily, numerical modeling is used to find the ranges of parameters by way of using the continuity, momentum and energy equations. Then the proposed model utilizes opposition-based antlion optimization (OALO) algorithm for selecting the optimal ranges of geometrical parameters to improve the system model. The optimal range will enhance the heat transfer characteristics of micro-channel and reduce the pressure drop when compared to the ones in the existing literature. Further, as a result of higher pressure drop, the micro-channel heat sink with secondary channels and ribs continuously loses its favorable position as an effective heat transfer enhancement technique at higher Reynolds number.
TCAD SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DUAL GATE OTFTs
Authors: DWIVEDI A. D. D. , KUMARI POOJA
Published: July 2019

This paper presents finite element-based numerical simulation and performance analysis of dual and single gate pentacene-based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) using technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tools. Electrical characteristics of the devices have been simulated using 2D numerical device simulation software ATLAS™ from Silvaco International. Also, device parameters like threshold voltage, mobility, transconductance, subthreshold swing and current on/off ratio of the single and dual gate OTFTs have been extracted and compared.
Accelerate stochastic subgradient method by leveraging local growth condition
Authors: Xu Yi , Lin Qihang , Yang Tianbao
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a new theory is developed for first-order stochastic convex optimization, showing that the global convergence rate is sufficiently quantified by a local growth rate of the objective function in a neighborhood of the optimal solutions. In particular, if the objective function [Formula: see text] in the [Formula: see text]-sublevel set grows as fast as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] represents the closest optimal solution to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] quantifies the local growth rate, the iteration complexity of first-order stochastic optimization for achieving an [Formula: see text]-optimal solution can be [Formula: see text], which is optimal at most up to a logarithmic factor. To achieve the faster global convergence, we develop two different accelerated stochastic subgradient methods by iteratively solving the original problem approximately in a local region around a historical solution with the size of the local region gradually decreasing as the solution approaches the optimal set. Besides the theoretical improvements, this work also includes new contributions toward making the proposed algorithms practical: (i) we present practical variants of accelerated stochastic subgradient methods that can run without the knowledge of multiplicative growth constant and even the growth rate [Formula: see text]; (ii) we consider a broad family of problems in machine learning to demonstrate that the proposed algorithms enjoy faster convergence than traditional stochastic subgradient method. We also characterize the complexity of the proposed algorithms for ensuring the gradient is small without the smoothness assumption.
Photodynamic inactivation of selected bovine viruses by isomeric cationic tetra-platinated porphyrins
Authors: Basso Giovana , Cargnelutti Juliana F. , Oliveira Amanda L. , Acunha Thiago V. , Weiblen Rudi , Flores Eduardo F. , Iglesias Bernardo A.
Published: July 2019

Porphyrin-based photodynamic processes have been used for the inactivation of microorganisms and treatment of tumors. The virucidal activity of porphyrins 3-PtTPyP and 4-PtTPyP was investigated against bovine viruses representative of the main structural groups (enveloped/non-enveloped, DNA/RNA: BVDV, BoHV-1, BAV and BEV), and against two epitheliotropic viruses (VSV and VACV). Viral suspensions were incubated at 0.91 [Formula: see text]mol [Formula: see text] L[Formula: see text] and exposed to a white-light LED array source (25 mW [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text]; 90 J [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min followed by determination of the remaining virus titers. Porphyrin 3-PtTPyP reduced almost 6 log of VSV and 3.5 log of BVDV titers after 15 min and complete virus photoinactivation was achieved after 30 min. 4-PtTPyP at 0.91 [Formula: see text]mol [Formula: see text] L[Formula: see text] produced reduction of titers of all enveloped virus depending on the time of light irradiation. No virucidal activity of any of the porphyrins was observed for non-enveloped viruses and these results showed the potential of porphyrins to inactivate viruses in premises.
Reducibility Criteria and a Construction Method for the Analysis of Open Quantum Systems
Authors: Kamizawa Takeo
Published: July 2019

The analysis of an open quantum system can be by far difficult if the dimension of the system Hilbert space is large or infinite. However, in some cases the dynamics on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space can be decomposed into a block-diagonal form, which simplifies the system structure. In this presentation, we will study several criteria for the complete reducibility and, in addition, a computational method for a basis of each simplified component to apply for the analysis of open quantum systems. An important point of these tools is that they are “effective” methods (one can complete the task in a finite number of steps).
Archaeology and Social Memory
Authors: Van Dyke Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This review provides a road map through current trends and issues in archaeological studies of memory. Many scholars continue to draw on Halbwachs for collective memory studies, emphasizing how the past can legitimate political authority. Others are inspired by Bergson, focusing on the persistent material intrusion of the past into the present. “Past in the past” studies are particularly widespread in the Near East/Classical world, Europe, the Maya region, and Native North America. Archaeologists have viewed materialized memory in various ways: as passively continuous, discursively referenced, intentionally invented, obliterated. Key domains of inquiry include monuments, places, and lieux de mémoire; treatment and disposal of the dead; habitual practices and senses; the recent and contemporary past; and forgetting and erasure. Important contemporary work deploys archaeology as a tool of counter-memory in the aftermath of recent violence and trauma.
Soylent Is People, and WEIRD Is White: Biological Anthropology, Whiteness, and the Limits of the WEIRD
Authors: Clancy Kathryn B.H. , Davis Jenny L.
Published: July 2019

WEIRD populations, or those categorized as Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic, are sampled in the majority of quantitative human subjects research. Although this oversampling is criticized in some corners of social science research, it is not always clear what we are critiquing. In this article, we make three interventions into the WEIRD concept and its common usage. First, we seek to better operationalize the terms within WEIRD to avoid erasing people with varying identities who also live within WEIRD contexts. Second, we name whiteness as the factor that most strongly unites WEIRD research and researchers yet typically goes unacknowledged. We show how reflexivity is a tool that can help social scientists better understand the effects of whiteness within the scientific enterprise. Third, we look at the positionality of biological anthropology, as not cultural anthropology and not psychology, and how that offers both promise and pitfalls to the study of human variation. We offer other perspectives on what constitutes worthy and rigorous biological anthropology research that does not always prioritize replicability and statistical power, but rather emphasizes the full spectrum of the human experience. From here, we offer several ways forward to produce more inclusive human subjects research, particularly around existing methodologies such as grounded theory, Indigenous methodologies, and participatory action research, and call on biological anthropology to contribute to our understanding of whiteness.
Population Demography, Ancestry, and the Biological Concept of Race
Authors: Van Arsdale Adam P.
Published: July 2019

For more than 50 years, biological anthropology has argued against the use of the biological race concept. Despite such efforts, aspects of the concept remain in circulation within society and within the discipline itself. As commonly articulated, anthropology's rejection of the biological race concept lacks an evolutionarily based explanatory grounding. Biological patterns of variation in living humans do not map onto commonly utilized categorizations of race, but this knowledge does not explain why human evolution has not produced such structures. This article attempts to offer one such explanation by constructing a biocultural framing of race around ancestry. By examining ancestry through two related lenses, genealogical and genetic, it is shown that the coherence of race as a biological concept has been disrupted by demographic changes in our recent evolutionary past. The biological construction of race is invalid not because it is impossible but because evolutionary forces have actively worked against such patterns in our evolutionary past.
Physician Anthropologists
Authors: Wendland Claire L.
Published: July 2019

Physician anthropologists have contributed extensively to the anthropology of biomedicine, as well as to other aspects of medical anthropology. Their use of detailed clinical case narratives allows elucidation of what is at stake for individuals and communities in the course of any given illness. Biomedically informed observations of bodies illustrate the connections between microscopic harm and macrosocial arrangements, while observations of clinical spaces and medical knowledge production contribute to current debates over evidence, metrics, migration, and humanitarianism. In moving away from culturalist explanations for illness, physician anthropologists have drawn attention to the manifold workings of structural violence—and have often sacrificed the possibility of deep epistemological challenges to biomedicine. While raising a note of caution about the moral authority of physician anthropologists, I recognize that much of this scholarship has laid the intellectual groundwork for a movement toward equity that refuses to justify poor-quality health care for poor people.
Molecular Interactions Between Smut Fungi and Their Host Plants
Authors: Zuo Weiliang , Ökmen Bilal , Depotter Jasper R.L. , Ebert Malaika K. , Redkar Amey , Misas Villamil Johana , Doehlemann Gunther
Published: July 2019

Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot species, including economically relevant cereal crops. For years, Ustilago maydis has stood out as the model system to study the genetics and cell biology of smut fungi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens. The identification and functional characterization of secreted effectors and their role in virulence have particularly been driven forward using the U. maydis–maize pathosystem. Today, advancing tools for additional smut fungi such as Ustilago hordei and Sporisorium reilianum, as well as an increasing number of available genome sequences, provide excellent opportunities to investigate in parallel the effector function and evolution associated with different lifestyles and host specificities. In addition, genome analyses revealed similarities in the genomic signature between pathogenic smuts and epiphytic Pseudozyma species. This review elaborates on how knowledge about fungal lifestyles, genome biology, and functional effector biology has helped in understanding the biology of this important group of fungal pathogens. We highlight the contribution of the U. maydis model system but also discuss the differences from other smut fungi, which raises the importance of comparative genomic and genetic analyses in future research.
Acidosis decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of thin filaments by preventing the first actomyosin interaction
Authors: Unger Matthew , Debold Edward P.
Published: July 2019

Intracellular acidosis is a putative agent of skeletal muscle fatigue, in part, because it depresses the calcium (Ca2+) sensitivity of the myofilaments. However, the molecular mechanism behind this depression in Ca2+ sensitivity is unknown, providing a significant challenge to a complete understanding of the fatigue process. To elucidate this mechanism, we directly determined the effect of acidosis on the ability of a single myosin molecule to bind to a regulated actin filament in a laser trap assay. Decreasing pH from 7.4 to 6.5 significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced the frequency of single actomyosin-binding events at submaximal (pCa 8–pCa 6) but not at maximal Ca2+ concentration (pCa 5–pCa 4). To delineate whether this was due to a direct effect on myosin versus an indirect effect on the regulatory proteins troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm), binding frequency was also quantified in the absence of Tn and Tm. This revealed that acidosis did not significantly alter the frequency of actomyosin binding events in the absence of regulatory proteins (1.4 ± 0.15 vs. 1.4 ± 0.15 events/s for pH 7.4 and 6.5, respectively). Acidosis also did not significantly affect the size of myosin’s powerstroke or the duration of binding events in the presence of regulatory proteins, at every [Ca2+]. These data suggest acidosis impedes activation of the thin filament by competitively inhibiting Ca2+ binding to TnC. This slows the rate at which myosin initially attaches to actin; therefore, less cross bridges will be bound and generating force at any given submaximal [Ca2+]. These data provide a molecular explanation for the acidosis-induced decrease in force observed at the submaximal Ca2+ concentrations that might contribute to the loss of force during muscle fatigue.
KCC2 antagonism increases neuronal network excitability but disrupts ictogenesis in vitro
Authors: Chen Li-Yuan , Lévesque Maxime , Avoli Massimo
Published: July 2019

The potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) plays a role in epileptiform synchronization, but it remains unclear how it influences such a process. Here, we used tetrode recordings in the in vitro rat entorhinal cortex (EC) to analyze the effects of the KCC2 antagonist VU0463271 on 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced ictal and interictal activity. During 4AP application, ictal events were associated with significant increases in interneurons and principal cells activities. VU0463271 application transformed ictal discharges to shorter ictal-like events that were not accompanied by significant increases in interneuron or principal cell firing. Interictal events persisted during VU0463271 application at an accelerated frequency of occurrence with significant increases in interneuron and principal cell activity. Further analysis revealed that interneuron and principal cell firing rate during 4AP-induced interictal events were increased after VU0463271 application without changes in synchronicity. Overall, our results demonstrate that in the EC, KCC2 antagonism enhances both interneuron and principal cell excitability, while paradoxically decreasing the ability of neuronal networks to generate structured ictal events.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We are the first to use tetrode recordings in the entorhinal cortex to demonstrate that antagonizing potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) function abolishes ictal discharges and the associated, dynamic changes in single-unit firing in the in vitro 4-aminopyrine model of epileptiform synchronization. Interictal discharges were, however, shorter and more frequent during KCC2 antagonism, while the associated single-unit activity increased, suggesting augmented neuronal excitability. Our findings highlight the complex role of KCC2 in disease pathology.
Between-hand coupling during response inhibition
Authors: Wadsley Corey G. , Cirillo John , Byblow Winston D.
Published: July 2019

Response inhibition reflects the process of terminating inappropriate preplanned or ongoing movements. When one hand is cued to stop after preparing a bimanual response (Partial trial), there is a substantial delay on the responding side. This delay is termed the interference effect and identifies a constraint that limits selective response inhibition. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated networks within primary motor cortex (M1) may have distinct roles during response inhibition. In this study we examined whether the interference effect is the consequence of between-hand “coupling” into a unitary response and whether this is reflected in GABAergic intracortical inhibition within M1. Eighteen healthy right-handed participants performed a bimanual synchronous and asynchronous anticipatory response inhibition task. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the first dorsal interosseous muscle bilaterally. Motor evoked potentials were elicited by single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over right M1. As expected, Go trial performance was better with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous version of the task. Paradoxically, response delays during Partial trials were longer with the synchronous compared with the asynchronous task. Although task difficulty did not modulate GABAergic intracortical inhibition, there was a trend for between-hand coupling on asynchronous trials to be associated with greater GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition and lesser recruitment of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. The novel findings indicate that the interference effect is in part a consequence of between-hand coupling into a unitary response during movement preparation. The ability to respond independently with the two hands may rely on modulation of distinct inhibitory processes.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY The temporal dynamics of an anticipated response task were manipulated to effect the difficulty of behavioral stopping and the underlying effects on motor neurophysiology. There were large response delays during trials where a subcomponent of an upcoming bimanual response was cued to stop in conditions where the anticipated action of the hands were synchronous, but not when asynchronous. Response delays reflected the integration of actions of both hands into a unitary response.