bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical properties and structural dynamics of organic–inorganic hybrid [NH3(CH2)3NH3]ZnX4 (X = Cl and Br) crystals
Authors: Lim Ae Ran , Kim Sun Ha , Joo Yong Lak
Published: April 2021

The physical properties of the organic–inorganic hybrid crystals having the formula [NH3(CH2)3NH3]ZnX4 (X = Cl, Br) were investigated. The phase transition temperatures (TC; 268K for Cl and 272K for Br) of the two crystals bearing different halogen atoms in their skeletons were determined through differential scanning calorimetry. The thermodynamic properties of the two crystals were investigated through thermogravimetric analysis. The structural dynamics, particularly the role of the [NH3(CH2)3NH3] cation, were probed through 1H and 13C magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a function of temperature. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts did not show any changes near TC. In addition, the 1H spin–lattice relaxation time (T1ρ) varied with temperature, whereas the 13C T1ρ values remained nearly constant at different temperatures. The T1ρ values of the atoms in [NH3(CH2)3NH3]ZnCl4 were higher than those in [NH3(CH2)3NH3]ZnBr4. The observed differences in the structural dynamics obtained from the chemical shifts and T1ρ values of the two compounds can be attributed to the differences in the bond lengths and halogen atoms. These findings can provide important insights or potential applications of these crystals.
Studying the pharmacogenomic effect of cranberry extract on reducing body weight using collaborative cross mice
Authors: Amer-Sarsour Fatima , Abu Saleh Rawan , Ofek Itzhak , Iraqi Fuad A.
Published: April 2021

The non-dialyzable material (NDM) of polyphenol-rich cranberry extract (CRE) powder (NDM-CRE) was studied for its effect of inducing body weight (BW) loss in 13 different mouse lines with well-defined genetically diverse backgrounds, named the collaborative cross (CC).
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) impair LPS-driven immune responses by promoting a tolerogenic-like dendritic cell phenotype with altered endosomal structures
Authors: Michelini Sara , Barbero Francesco , Prinelli Alessandra , Steiner Philip , Weiss Richard , Verwanger Thomas , Andosch Ancuela , Lütz-Meindl Ursula , Puntes Victor F. , Drobne Damjana , Duschl Albert , Horejs-Hoeck Jutta
Published: April 2021

This study shows that gold nanoparticles promote the differentiation of dendritic cells to a tolerogenic-like phenotype, affecting their ability to induce antibacterial immune responses mediated by Th1 cells and to activate central memory T cells.
Oscillating droplet reactor – towards kinetic investigations in heterogeneous catalysis on a droplet scale
Authors: Klement Torsten , Hanf Schirin , Wolff Fabian , Kockmann Norbert , Schunk Stephan A. , Röder Thorsten
Published: April 2021

In this work we present a new concept of a millistructured capillary reactor setup for contactless kinetic measurements via in-line Raman spectroscopy for three phase reactions in single slugs.
Synthesis of (3-nitro-2-oxo-benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazonato)–zinc(ii) complexes: the position of nitro group in phenyl ring alters antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae 1, S. typhimurium 2, MRSA and C. albicans
Authors: Lobana Tarlok S. , Indoria Shikha , Sood Henna , Arora Daljit S. , Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P.
Published: April 2021

The antimicrobial activity of five coordinated 3-nitro-2-oxo-benzaldehyde-thiosemicarbazonato)zinc(ii) complexes is different from that of analogous 5-nitro-complexes.
A carbon-coated spinel zinc cobaltate doped with manganese and nickel as a cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries
Authors: Xing Feifei , Shen Xixun , Chen Yongxiang , Liu Xuran , Chen TianTian , Xu Qunjie
Published: April 2021

ZnNi0.5Mn0.5CoO4@C with a spinel structure was made via a sol–gel and high-temperature sintering process exhibits excellent electrochemical performance due to reversible multivalence redox transitions (Co4+/Co3+, Ni4+/Ni3+/Ni2+, and Mn4+/Mn3+).
About the relevance of anion-π interactions in water
Authors: Pitarch-Jarque Javier , Zaragozá Ramón J. , Ballesteros Rafael , Abarca Belen , Garcia-España Enrique , Verdejo Begoña , Ballesteros-Garrido Rafael
Published: April 2021

Evidencing weakness of anion-π interaction in water.
Charting lattice thermal conductivity for inorganic crystals and discovering rare earth chalcogenides for thermoelectrics
Authors: Zhu Taishan , He Ran , Gong Sheng , Xie Tian , Gorai Prashun , Nielsch Kornelius , Grossman Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2021

Charting and understanding lattice thermal conductivity of inorganic materials and discovery of REX materials for thermoelectrics.
A single-site iron catalyst with preoccupied active centers that achieves selective ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrate
Authors: Li Panpan , Jin Zhaoyu , Fang Zhiwei , Yu Guihua
Published: April 2021

Isolated Fe sites achieve enhanced intrinsic activity for nitrate electroreduction to ammonia with ∼100% selectivity, which effectively inhibit water dissociation through a nitrate-preoccupation mechanism.
Regulating oxygen vacancies in ultrathin δ-MnO2 nanosheets with superior activity for gaseous ozone decomposition
Authors: Cao Ranran , Li Lianxin , Zhang Pengyi , Gao Lele , Rong Shaopeng
Published: April 2021

For ozone decomposition, ultrathin δ-MnO2 nanosheets were synthesized and the properties of oxygen vacancies were regulated. The as-synthesized catalyst exhibited superior activity.
Tailorable microwave absorption characteristics of bio waste-based composites through a macroscopic design
Authors: Bora Pritom J. , H. S. Meghana Jois , Kumar T. R. Suresh , Khasnabis Sutripto , Ramamurthy Praveen C.
Published: April 2021

Macroscopic designs of dried cow dung loaded polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) composite for broadband microwave absorption is explored in this study.
Twisted light induced magnetic anisotropy changes in an interlayer exchange coupling system
Authors: Lu Chun-I , Wang Shang-An , Simbulan Kristan Bryan , Liu Chak-Ming , Wang Xiao , Yu Guoqiang , Lin Wen-Chin , Lu Ting-Hua , Lan Yann-Wan
Published: April 2021

All-optical switching of magnetic materials, particularly done by the laser beam with orbital angular momentum, is a potential method for realizing high-efficiency and high-speed data writing in spintronics devices.
Highly efficient diglycolamide-functionalized dendrimers for the sequestration of tetravalent actinides: solvent extraction and theoretical studies
Authors: Verma Parveen K. , Gujar Rajesh B. , Mohapatra Prasanta K. , Ali Sk. Musharaf , Leoncini Andrea , Huskens Jurriaan , Verboom Willem
Published: April 2021

Two DGA-functionalized dendrimers were used for the extraction and bonding computations of tetravalent actinide ions Np4+and Pu4+from HNO3medium.
NIR-absorbing Prussian blue nanoparticles for transarterial infusion photothermal therapy of VX2 tumors implanted in rabbits
Authors: Pang Huajin , Tian Chen , He Genghan , Zhang Di , Yang Jinghong , Zhang Qianbing , Liu Ruiyuan
Published: April 2021

An innovative strategy to transarterial infusion photothermal therapy (TAIPPT) of VX2 tumor implanted in rabbit is reported.
A facile and metal-free domino reaction of TsDAM and 2-alkenylarylaldehyde: An easy access to 8-hydroxy-2,8-dihydro indeno [2,1-c]pyrazoles
Authors: Ramu Gopathi , Kodiripaka Bheeshma Geetanjali , Raga Chaitanya Kalakonda , Nagendra Babu Bathini
Published: April 2021

An efficient straightforward greener and metal free domino approach towards the synthesis of 8-hydroxy-2,8-dihydroindeno[2,1-c]pyrazoles via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of substituted alkenes and TosylDiAzoMethane (TsDAM).
Generalizable synthesis of bioresponsive near-infrared fluorescent probes: sulfonated heptamethine cyanine prototype for imaging cell hypoxia
Authors: Atkinson Kirk M. , Morsby Janeala J. , Kommidi Sai Shradha Reddy , Smith Bradley D.
Published: April 2021

A new synthetic method produces a bioresponsive near-infrared molecular probe that undergoes “turn-on” fluorescence for microscopic imaging of hypoxia.
Mechanistic studies on nickel-catalyzed enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation for γ-butenolide synthesis via C–C activation of diarylcyclopropenones
Authors: Bai Dachang , Liu Song , Chen Junyan , Yu Yanjiang , Wang Manman , Chang Junbiao , Lan Yu , Li Xingwei
Published: April 2021

Detailed mechanistic studies on Ni-catalyzed C–C activation of cyclopropenones, and enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation with α-CF3 enones or 1,2-diones toward the efficient synthesis of γ-butenolides.
Rhodium(i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates: a computational study
Authors: Shi Yu , Wu Hongli , Huang Genping
Published: April 2021

DFT calculations were performed to investigate the rhodium(i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates.
Novel carbazole-based multifunctional materials with a hybridized local and charge-transfer excited state acting as deep-blue emitters and phosphorescent hosts for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhou Haitao , Yin Mengna , Zhao Zhenhong , Miao Yanqin , Jin Xin , Huang Jinhai , Gao Zhixiang , Wang Hua , Su Jianhua , Tian He
Published: April 2021

Two novel multifunctional HLCT materials, namely OCI and OCT, were presented and they proved to be better green hosts than CBP. Acting as a deep-blue emitter, the OCI-based device achieved an EQE of 5.06% and CIEy < 0.04 with an EL peak at 424 nm.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of perirenal adipose tissue microRNAs in rabbits fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Wang Jie , Shao Jiahao , Li Yanhong , Elzo Mauricio A. , Jia Xianbo , Lai Songjia
Published: April 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous single-stranded RNA molecules that play an important role in gene regulation in animals by pairing with target gene mRNA. Extensive evidence shows that miRNAs are key players in metabolic regulation and the development of obesity. However, the systemic understanding of miRNAs in the adipogenesis of obese rabbits need further investigation. Here, seven small RNA libraries from rabbits fed either a standard normal diet (SND; n=3) or high-fat diet (HFD; n=4) were constructed and sequenced. Differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified using the edgeR data analysis package from R. Software miRanda and RNAhybrid were used to predict the target genes of miRNAs. To further explore the functions of DE miRNAs, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed. A total of 81449996 clean reads were obtained from the seven libraries, of which, 52 known DE miRNAs (24 up-regulated, 28 down-regulated) and 31 novel DE miRNAs (14 up-regulated, 17 down-regulated) were identified. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the DE miRNAs target genes were involved in intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization, intermediate filament-based process, and α-tubulin binding. DE miRNAs were involved in p53 signaling, linoleic acid metabolism, and other adipogenesis-related KEGG pathways. Our study further elucidates the possible functions of DE miRNAs in rabbit adipogenesis, contributing to the understanding of rabbit obesity.
In utero and early-life exposure to thirdhand smoke causes profound changes to the immune system
Authors: Snijders Antoine M. , Zhou Mi , Whitehead Todd P. , Fitch Briana , Pandey Priyatama , Hechmer Aaron , Huang Abel , Schick Suzaynn F. , de Smith Adam J. , Olshen Adam B. , Metayer Catherine , Mao Jian-Hua , Wiemels Joseph L. , Kogan Scott C.
Published: April 2021

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children. Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the residual tobacco contamination that remains after the smoke clears. We investigated the effects of THS exposure in utero and during early life in a transgenic Cdkn2a knockout mouse model that is vulnerable to the development of leukemia/lymphoma. Female mice, and their offspring, were exposed from the first day of pregnancy to weaning. Plasma cytokines, body weight and hematologic parameters were measured in the offspring. To investigate THS exposure effects on the development of leukemia/lymphoma, bone marrow (BM) was collected from control and THS-exposed mice and transplanted into BM-ablated recipient mice, which were followed for tumor development for 1 year. We found that in utero and early-life THS exposure caused significant changes in plasma cytokine concentrations and in immune cell populations; changes appeared more pronounced in male mice. Spleen (SP) and BM B-cell populations were significantly lower in THS-exposed mice. We furthermore observed that THS exposure increased the leukemia/lymphoma-free survival in BM transplantation recipient mice, potentially caused by THS-induced B-cell toxicity. A trend towards increased solid tumors in irradiated mice reconstituted with THS-exposed BM stimulates the hypothesis that the immunosuppressive effects of in utero and early-life THS exposure might contribute to carcinogenesis by lowering the host defense to other toxic exposures. Our study adds to expanding evidence that THS exposure alters the immune system and that in utero and early-life developmental periods represent vulnerable windows of susceptibility for these effects.
Developmental Functional Modules in Infant Vocalizations
Authors: Kent Ray D.
Published: April 2021

Purpose

Developmental functional modules (DFMs) are biological modules that are defined by their structural (morphological), functional, or developmental elements, and, in some cases, all three of these. This review article considers the hypothesis that vocal development in the first year of life can be understood in large part with respect to DFMs that characterize the speech production system.

Method

Literature is reviewed on relevant embryology, orofacial reflexes, craniofacial muscle properties, stages of vocal development, and related topics to identity candidates for DFMs.

Results

The following DFMs are identified and described: laryngeal, pharyngo-laryngeal, mandibular, velopharyngeal, labial complex, and lingual complex. These DFMs and their submodules, considered along with phenomena such as rhythmic movements, account for several well-documented features of vocal development in the first year of life. The proposed DFMs, rooted in embryologic, histologic, and kinematic properties, serve as low-dimensional control variables for the developing vocal tract. Each DFM is semi-autonomous but interacts with other DFMs to produce patterns of vocal behavior.

Discussion

Considered in relation to contemporary profiles and models of vocal development in the first year of life, DFMs have interpretive and explanatory value. DFMs complement other approaches in the study of infant vocalizations and are grounded in biology.
Chronobiologie und Ernährung
Authors: Alexy Ute , Jankovic Nicole , Schmitting Sarah , Buyken Anette E.
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund Die Bedeutung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Chronobiologie und Ernährung ist zunehmend Gegenstand der Forschung. Dabei geht es um die Frage, inwieweit es nicht nur relevant ist, was wir essen, sondern auch wann wir was essen und inwieweit wir gegen unsere innere Uhr essen.

Methodik In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird der aktuelle Kenntnisstand zur Relevanz verschiedener Aspekte zirkadianer Ernährungsmuster (Zeitpunkt und Häufigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme, das Auslassen des Frühstücks, die Beschränkung des Verzehrs auf bestimmte Tageszeiten) sowie der Zusammenhang mit dem individuellen Chronotyp für die Entstehung ernährungsmitbedingter Krankheiten aus ernährungsepidemiologischer Sicht dargestellt.

Ergebnisse Nach dem derzeitigen Kenntnisstand könnte es für die langfristige Gesundheit von Vorteil sein, wenn eine hohe Energiezufuhr und der Verzehr großer Mengen an Kohlenhydraten mit hohem glykämischen Index am Abend vermieden werden. Die derzeitige Evidenz aus Beobachtungs- und Interventionsstudien zum Zusammenhang zwischen Frühstück und Körpergewichtsmanagement ist widersprüchlich. Eine Aussage für eine empfohlene Anzahl von Verzehrsgelegenheiten kann zum derzeitigen Stand nicht getroffen werden. Bislang fehlen ausreichend qualitativ hochwertige Humanstudien, die eine Reduktion des Zeitfensters für die Nahrungsaufnahme als vorteilhaft für eine Gewichtsreduktion nachweisen. Grundsätzlich erscheint es erstrebenswert, die individuelle Ernährungsweise an den eigenen Chronotyp im Sinne einer personalisierten Ernährung anzupassen.

Schlussfolgerungen Weitere Forschung, basierend auf prospektiven Langzeitstudien sowie kontrollierten randomisierten Interventionsstudien sind notwendig, um die Rolle der zirkadianen Ernährungsmuster in der Prävention von ernährungsmitbedingten Krankheiten zu klären. Insbesondere sollte der individuelle Chronotyp bei der Konzeption von zukünftigen Studien in diesem Feld und der Interpretation von Ergebnissen mit berücksichtigt werden.
Association of Clustering of Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors with Perceived and Actual Weight Status of Children and Adolescents: the CASPIAN-V Study
Authors: Khoshhali Mehri , Heidari-Beni Motahar , Qorbani Mostafa , Heshmat Ramin , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeil , Ziaodini Hasan , Dashti Razieh , Taheri Majzoubeh , Mohebpour Fatemeh , Kelishadi Roya
Published: April 2021

Ziel Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um den Zusammenhang zwischen ungesundem Lebensstil und tatsächlichem und wahrgenommenem Gewichtsstatus in einer großen Stichprobe von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu bestimmen.

Methoden Diese nationale Studie wurde in städtischen und ländlichen Gebieten in 30 Provinzen im Iran durchgeführt. Die Teilnehmer waren 14 880 Schüler im Alter von 7–18 Jahren. Die latente Klassenanalyse wurde auf der Grundlage von 11 ungesunden Verhaltensweisen in Bezug auf Ernährungs- und Bewegungsgewohnheiten durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Verglichen mit geringen ungesunden Verhaltensweisen war die Wahrscheinlichkeit mäßig ungesunder Verhaltensmuster bei Mädchen, die sich als übergewichtig/adipös empfanden, geringer als bei denen, die sich als normalgewichtig empfanden (OR, 95 %-KI: 0,76 [0,59; 0,97]). Das Risiko mäßig ungesunder Verhaltensweisen war bei Jungen, die sich von ihren Eltern als untergewichtig wahrgenommen wurden, größer als bei denen, die sich von ihren Eltern als normalgewichtig wahrgenommen wurden (OR, 95 %-KI: 1,65 [1,21; 2,24]).

Schlussfolgerung Das wahrgenommene Körpergewicht korrelierte eher mit ungesunden Lebensgewohnheiten als mit dem tatsächlichen Gewichtsstatus. Die Korrelation des ungesunden Lebensstilverhaltens mit dem wahrgenommenen Gewicht war stärker als die mit dem tatsächlichen Gewichtsstatus. Eine Häufung ungesunder Lebensgewohnheiten kann zur Entwicklung von Initiativen zur Prävention von Adipositas auf individueller und öffentlicher Gesundheitsebene genutzt werden.
Mikrochirurgisches Training – ein innovatives, modulares Ausbildungskonzept: eine Feedbackanalyse
Authors: Froschauer Stefan M. , Holzbauer Matthias , Jachs Patrick , Schnelzer Richard F. , Schmidt Manfred , Pollhammer Michael S. , Kwasny Oskar , Pretterkleber Michael L. , Pretterklieber Bettina , Duscher Dominik , Schöffl Harald , Huemer Georg M.
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund Die Mikrochirurgie stellt eine breite und sehr anspruchsvolle chirurgische Teildisziplin dar, deren Ausbildung sich in Richtung Simulationstraining verschoben hat. Derzeit werden eine Reihe von Schulungsprogrammen für angehende Mikrochirurgen angeboten, die unterschiedliche Philosophien verfolgen. In dieser Studie stellen wir ein modulares Kurskonzept vor und evaluieren das Teilnehmerfeedback.

Methoden Durch unseren modularen Lehrplan mit 4 Schritten können die Teilnehmer das Programm auf ihre individuellen Bedürfnisse zuschneiden und bestimmte Aspekte ihrer Ausbildung vertiefen. Das Hauptkonzept des Programms ist, dass Übungen angefangen von grundlegenden Techniken an biologischen avitalen Modellen bis hin zu spezifischen chirurgischen Techniken an menschlichen anatomischen Präparaten angeboten werden. In dem Teilnehmerfragebogen wurden die Parameter „Kursdesign“, „Erwartungen“ und „globale Zufriedenheit“ anhand einer Likert-Skala mit 5 Items (100 % – 75 % – 50 % – 25 % – 0 %) erhoben.

Ergebnisse Von 2015 bis 2017 haben 274 Teilnehmer einzelne Kurse absolviert und bewertet. Die durchschnittlichen Werte lagen bei allen 3 beurteilten Parametern bei über 90 %.

Diskussion Zusammenfassend haben wir ein innovatives Trainingsprogramm mit konstant hoher Zufriedenheitsrate und steigender Teilnehmerzahl entwickelt, das zur Verbreitung mikrochirurgischer Fähigkeiten in Mitteleuropa beiträgt.
Narbensparende Brustvergrößerung: Erfahrungen mit über 500 Implantaten
Authors: Zeplin Philip H.
Published: April 2021

Einleitung Minimalinvasive und narbensparende Operationsmethoden gehen in der plastischen Brustchirurgie in Bezug auf die mit der Narbenbildung und Narbensichtbarkeit einhergehende Ästhetik meist mit deutlichen Vorteilen einher. Zudem werden auch Vorteile hinsichtlich Heilung und Erholungszeit beobachtet, weswegen narbensparende Techniken bei der Brustverkleinerung und Mastopexie bereits lange etabliert und gefragt sind. Moderne Weiterentwicklungen von Silikonimplantaten und neue, angepasste chirurgische Techniken können es nun ermöglichen, minimalinvasive und narbensparende Techniken auch bei der Brustvergrößerung mit ähnlichen Vorteilen anzuwenden.

Methode In eine retrospektive Studie wurden 252 Patientinnen eingeschlossen, bei welchen in einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren eine narbensparende Brustvergrößerung über einen inframammären Zugang durchgeführt wurde. Erfasst wurden die Implanttalage, die Größe, die Form und etwaige postoperative Komplikationen. Darüber hinaus wurden alle Patienten anhand des Breast-Q-Fragebogens (Augmentationsmodul) zu ihren Erfahrungen vor und ein Jahr nach der Operation befragt. Der Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf dem Selbstwertgefühl (prä- und postoperativ) und der Zufriedenheit mit dem Ergebnis einer Brustvergrößerung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Narbe.

Ergebnisse Die Bewertung des Operationsergebnisses und der Narbe war durchweg positiv. Es gab keine Komplikationen hinsichtlich des chirurgischen Zugangs, der Narbe oder des Implantats. Alle Patientinnen wiesen auf der Breast-Q-Skala von 0–100 eine signifikante Steigerung der Lebensqualität (Psychischen Wohlbefindens: 44 auf 77) auf und waren mit dem Ergebnis der Brustvergrößerung (Zufriedenheit mit den Brüsten: 28 auf 80; Zufriedenheit mit dem Ergebnis: 89 von 100) unter Berücksichtigung der Narbe zufrieden.

Schlussfolgerung Die narbensparende (Minimal-Scar) Brustvergrößerung erfordert zwar einen größeren technischen Aufwand und operative Erfahrung, die Ergebnisse sind jedoch sowohl klinisch als auch psychologisch durchweg positiv und vielversprechend.
Spontaneous Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage in a Hemophilia A Patient Masquerading as Intra-abdominal Pseudotumor
Authors: Jayant Divij , Sakaray Yashwant , Thakur Uttam , Kaman Lileshwar , Jain Arihant
Published: April 2021

Spontaneous intra-abdominal hemorrhage is very rare in hemophilia A patients. High index of suspicion is necessary for successful management. Surgical intervention may be required in cases of diagnostic uncertainty and for adequate hemostasis. Here we report a case of spontaneous hemorrhage in the peritoneal cavity in hemophilia A patient, who was managed with surgery and factor VIII supplementation. Patient did well in the postoperative periods.
Non-Directed β- or γ-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Ohno Shohei , Miyoshi Makoto , Murai Kenichi
Published: April 2021

Reactions that take place via C–H functionalization are valuable tools in organic synthesis because they can be used for the synthesis of target compounds and for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive compounds. Among these, non-directed C(sp3)–H functionalization reactions of saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles have been developed in recent years. However, most of these lead to functionalization at the α-position relative to the heteroatom, and reactions at the β- or γ-positions are limited since these bonds are stronger and less electron-rich. Hence, in this review, we will discuss non-directed β- or γ-C(sp3)–H functionalization reactions of saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles, which are of recent interest to medicinal chemists. These methods are attractive in order to avoid the pre-functionalization of substrates, and to reduce the number of synthetic steps and the formation of byproducts. Such non-directed β- and γ-C(sp3)–H functionalization reactions can be divided into enamine-intermediate-mediated processes and other reaction types described in this review.

1 Introduction

2 Non-Directed β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Nitrogen­-Containing Heterocycles via an Enamine Intermediate

2.1 Non-Directed β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Nitrogen­-Containing Heterocycles under Acidic, Basic or Thermal Conditions

2.2 Non-Directed β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Nitrogen­-Containing Heterocycles under Oxidative Conditions

2.3 Non-Directed β-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Nitrogen­-Containing Heterocycles under Redox-Neutral Conditions

3 Strategies for Non-Directed β- or γ-C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Saturated Heterocycles Excluding Examples Proceeding via an Enamine Intermediate

4 Summary
Synthesis of Optically Active N-(4-Hydroxynon-2-enyl)pyrrolidines: Key Building Blocks in the Total Synthesis of Streptomyces coelicolor Butanolide 5 (SCB-5) and Virginiae Butanolide A (VB-A)
Authors: Nubbemeyer Udo , Donges Jonas , Hofmann Sandra , Walter Johannes C. , Reichertz Julia , Brüggemann Moritz , Frank Andrea
Published: April 2021

Starting from 5-methylhexanal and (S)-configured N-propargylprolinol ethers, coupling delivered N-(4-hydroxynon-2-ynyl)prolinol derivatives as mixtures of C4 diastereomers. Resolution of the epimers succeeded after introduction of an (R)-mandelic ester derivative and subsequent HPLC separation. Alternatively, suitable oxidation gave the corresponding alkynyl ketone. Midland reagent controlled diastereoselective reduction afforded a defined configured propargyl alcohol with high selectivity. LiAlH4 reduction and Mosher analyses of the allyl alcohols enabled structure elucidation. The suitably protected products are used as key intermediates in enantioselective Streptomyces γ-butyrolactone signaling molecule total syntheses.
Perfil nociceptivo e uso de analgésicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de reparo do manguito rotador: Coorte prospectiva
Authors: Souza Vanessa Silva de , Ribeiro Hugo Daniel Welter , Machado Jéssica Catarina , Medeiros Liciane Fernandes , Castro Mariane Schäffer , Souza Andressa de
Published: April 2021

Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil nociceptivo e o uso de analgésicos em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de reparo do manguito rotador. Além disso, os limiares nociceptivos e a integridade do sistema inibidor descendente, o catastrofismo da dor e a prevalência de dor nociceptiva ou neuropática também foram analisados.

Métodos Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade La Salle (1.325.433/2015). Quarenta pacientes (maiores de 18 anos) submetidos à cirurgia de reparo do manguito rotador (divididos entre aqueles com lesões pequenas e grandes) participaram do estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Questionário Sociodemográfico, a Escala Funcional de Dor, a Escala Visual Análoga (EVA), o Teste Sensorial Quantitativo (QST) e a Tarefa de Modulação Condicionada da Dor (CPM).

Resultados Os pacientes apresentaram diferenças significativas nos limiares de dor e QST de calor (teste t de amostras independentes) e qualidade do sono, humor e ansiedade (teste t pareado) nos grupos pré-operatórios. Houve uma correlação significativa entre CPM pré-operatória e EVA pós-operatória (correlação de Pearson). Observou-se que, no período pré-operatório, 38 pacientes utilizavam analgésico de forma contínua. Além disso, no período pós-operatório, o uso de opioides foi maior nos pacientes com lesões pequenas (13 pacientes) em comparação àqueles com lesões grandes (nove pacientes).

Conclusão Os pacientes com lesão do manguito rotador não apresentaram alterações no sistema inibidor descendente, mas sim alterações nos limiares de dor, o que pode interferir no período pós-operatório e estar relacionado ao consumo de analgésicos.
Aprimoramento do planejamento pré-operatório na cirurgia de trauma ortopédico usando um software de apresentação
Authors: Ordas-Bayon Alejandro , Cabrera Ortiz David , Logan Karl , Pesantez Rodrigo
Published: April 2021

O planejamento pré-operatório (PP) é fundamental para garantir um resultado bem-sucedido na cirurgia de trauma ortopédico. Desde que foi descrita pela primeira vez há trinta anos, não foram feitas modificações na técnica de planejamento pré-operatório original (PPO), que foi escrita à mão usando caneta e papel. Acreditamos que o uso de um software de apresentação (como o Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, EUA) pode facilitar, melhorar e atualizar o PPO e complementar o PP tridimensional. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar nosso método de PP por meio de software de apresentação (SA).
Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barcelos Ionara Diniz Evangelista Santos , Penna Ivan Andrade de Araújo , Soligo Adriana de Góes , Costa Zelma Bernardes , Martins Wellington Paula
Published: April 2021

Objective The evaluation of the available evidence on vertical transmission by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV)-2.

Data Sources An electronic search was performed on June 13, 2020 on the Embase, PubMed and Scopus databases using the following search terms: (Coronavirus OR COVID-19 OR COVID19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV2 OR SARSCoV2) AND (vertical OR pregnancy OR fetal).

Selection of Studies The electronic search resulted in a total of 2,073 records. Titles and abstracts were reviewed by two authors (WPM, IDESB), who checked for duplicates using the pre-established criteria for screening (studies published in English without limitation regarding the date or the status of the publication).

Data Collection Data extraction was performed in a standardized way, and the final eligibility was assessed by reading the full text of the articles. We retrieved data regarding the delivery of the potential cases of vertical transmission, as well as the main findings and conclusions of systematic reviews.

Data Synthesis The 2,073 records were reviewed; 1,000 duplicates and 896 clearly not eligible records were excluded. We evaluated the full text of 177 records, and identified only 9 suspected cases of possible vertical transmission. The only case with sufficient evidence of vertical transmission was reported in France.

Conclusion The risk of vertical transmission by SARS-CoV-2 is probably very low. Despite several thousands of affected pregnant women, we have identified only one case that has fulfilled sufficient criteria to be confirmed as a case of vertical transmission. Well-designed observational studies evaluating large samples are still necessary to determine the risk of vertical transmission depending on the gestational age at infection.
Kinematics of a Novel Canine Cervical Fusion System
Authors: Zindl Claudia , Fitzpatrick Noel , Litsky Alan S. , Allen Matthew J.
Published: April 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the biomechanical behaviour of a novel distraction–fusion system, consisting of an intervertebral distraction screw, pedicle locking screws and connecting rods, in the canine caudal cervical spine.

Study Design Biomechanical study in cadaveric canine cervicothoracic (C3–T3) spines (n = 6). Cadaveric spines were harvested, stripped of musculature, mounted on a four-point bending jig, and tested using non-destructive four-point bending loads in extension (0–100 N), flexion (0–60 N) and lateral bending (0–40 N). Angular displacement was recorded from reflective optical trackers rigidly secured to C5, C6 and C7. Data for primary and coupled motions were collected from intact spines and following surgical stabilization (after ventral annulotomy and nucleotomy) with the new implant system.

Results As compared with the intact spine, instrumentation significantly reduced motion at the operated level (C5-C6) with a concomitant non-significant increase at the adjacent level (C6-C7).

Conclusion The combination of a locking pedicle screw-rod system and intervertebral spacer provides an alternative solution for surgical distraction–stabilization in the canine caudal cervical spine and supports the feasibility of using this new implant system in the management of disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs. The increase in motion at C6-C7 may suggest the potential for adjacent level effects and clinical trials should be designed to address this.
Interpreting Results from Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Deal Jennifer A. , Betz Joshua , Lin Frank R. , Reed Nicholas S.
Published: April 2021

Epidemiology is the science of public health. The focus of this discussion is to present a brief overview of how epidemiology approaches questions of disease causation, including why it sometimes gets things wrong, and so to provide a framework for how we consume and use this type of research, particularly when it comes to patient care.
Hearing Loss and Healthcare Access among Adults
Authors: Mahmoudi Elham , Zazove Philip , Pleasant Terrence , Meeks Lisa , McKee Michael M.
Published: April 2021

Hearing loss (HL) is common among individuals aged 50 and older and is associated with increased healthcare costs. Whether HL is associated with less access to healthcare is unclear. In this study, we examined the association between HL and access to medical care and prescription drugs among individuals 50+ with and without HL. We used nationally representative 2013–2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, consisting of 1,977 adults with HL and 17,399 without. We applied an inverse propensity score weighting and regression modeling to adjust for any potential differences in health and socioeconomic conditions between the two groups. Adults with HL were more likely to be white, less educated, poorer, and with public insurance (p < 0.001). They were also likely to have hypertension, heart disease, stroke, emphysema, high cholesterol, diabetes, joint pain, and arthritis (p < 0.001). The odds of reporting unmet medical needs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29–2.66), delay in getting medical needs met (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.00–1.87), and having unfilled prescriptions (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.27–2.59) were higher among individuals with HL compared with their counterparts without HL. Individuals with HL have less access to care and prescription drugs. To ensure equitability in access, public health policies should address specific needs of people with HL.
Association of Hearing Loss with Physical, Social, and Mental Activity Engagement
Authors: Gao Tess , Goman Adele M. , Betz Joshua , Reed Nicholas S. , Deal Jennifer A. , Lin Frank R. ,   for the ACHIEVE-P Study Group
Published: April 2021

This article aims to evaluate a hearing loss intervention versus an aging education intervention on activity engagement in the Aging and Cognitive Health Evaluation in Elders pilot (ACHIEVE-P). Forty adults (70–84 years) with hearing loss recruited from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and de novo participated. Participants were randomized 1:1 to a best practices hearing intervention or a successful aging intervention. Hearing was measured with pure-tone audiometry. The Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire measured self-reported time engaging in activities at baseline and 6-month follow-up. At baseline, greater hearing loss was associated with reduced time per week on mental activities (−3.0 hours per 10 dB of hearing loss, 95% confidence interval: −5.8, −0.2). Mental activity engagement increased (mean: +1.3 hours, SD = 6.6) for the hearing intervention group but decreased (mean: −1.1 hours, SD = 4.8) for the aging education group (Cohen's d: 0.41). Hearing loss may be associated with reduced engagement in mental activities. Whether hearing loss treatment impacts activity will be studied in the full-scale ACHIEVE trial.
Metastases of Urothelium Carcinoma: Differential Diagnosis, Resection, and Survival
Authors: Oguzhan Selma , Sponholz Stefan , Schirren Moritz , Mese Mesut , Schirren Joachim
Published: April 2021

Background Due to its very aggressive nature and low survival chances, the metastasized urothelium carcinoma poses a challenge in regard to therapy. The gold-standard chemotherapy is platinum based. The therapy options are considered controversial, including new systemic therapies. In this respect, surgical therapies, as already established for pulmonary metastases of other tumor entities play an increasingly important role. The consumption of nicotine is a risk factor not only for urothelium carcinoma but also for a pulmonary carcinoma. Thus, we examined the frequency of a second carcinoma in this cohort.

Methods We retrospectively examined patients who had a differential diagnosis of pulmonary metastases, as well as those patients who underwent a surgery due to pulmonary metastases of a urothelium carcinoma between 1999 and 2015.

Results A total of 139 patients came to our clinic with the differential diagnosis of pulmonary metastases of a urothelium carcinoma. The most common diagnosis was pulmonary carcinoma (53%). Thirty-one patients underwent surgeries due to pulmonary metastases of a urothelium carcinoma. The median survival was 53 months and the 5-year survival was 51%. With the univariate analysis, only the relapse-free interval of more than 10 months was statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusion There is a high coincidence of urothelial carcinoma and lung carcinoma. A histological confirmation should be endeavored. Selected patients undergoing a pulmonary metastasis resection have a survival advantage during the multimodal treatment of pulmonary metastasized urothelial carcinomas. For a definitive recommendation, randomized trials including a uniform multimodal therapy regimen and higher numbers of patients are necessary.
Endoscopic Management of Weight Regain in the Bariatric Patient
Authors: Dolan Russell D. , Schulman Allison R.
Published: April 2021

Despite initial weight loss following bariatric surgery, weight recidivism is common. While weight regain is multifactorial and includes behavioral, psychosocial, and medical causes, changes in anatomy also play a role. Dilation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and enlargement of the gastric sleeve following sleeve gastrectomy are both important considerations. Historically, surgical revision has been performed to address weight regain; however, morbidity and mortality are not insignificant. Over the past decade, a variety of endoscopic approaches have been described for weight recidivism, several of which have proven to be safe, effective, and durable. This article will review each of these techniques in detail.
An overview of bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Tang Aubrey , Crisci Louis , Bonville Leonard , Jankovic Jasna
Published: April 2021

Bipolar plates are a crucial component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. They are responsible for transporting reactant gases, carrying the current from the membrane electrode assembly to the end plates, providing heat and water management, and separating the individual cells. However, these plates also contribute to 80% of the fuel cell's weight, 50% of its volume, and 40% of its cost, posing a barrier to the commercialization of fuel cells. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the materials and manufacturing processes used in the fabrication of bipolar plates as well as recent research conducted on the improvement of bipolar plate weight, volume, and cost through material selection and manufacturing methods. Additive manufacturing is highlighted in this work as an innovative manufacturing method to produce bipolar plates. Novel contributions in this paper include a detailed explanation of traditional manufacturing processes for metallic and graphitic-polymer bipolar plates as well as a cost comparison between additive and traditional manufacturing processes.
Dynamics and influence of environmental components on greenhouse gas emissions in sub-Saharan African rangelands: a review
Authors: Mapfumo L. , Muchenje V. , Mupangwa J. F. , Scholtz M. M. , Washaya S.
Published: April 2021

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries consist of ~200 million livestock owners who utilise marginal rangelands as a feed resource base for their animals. These rangelands offer various resources to the communities and are in-turn vulnerable to climate change related challenges. Currently, information on greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from SSA rangelands is heavily dependent on the generic values generated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier I trajectories on various aspects of the environment. There is, therefore, a need to identify research gaps between the dynamics and influences of environmental components, highlight their magnitude and potential aggregate contribution towards GHG emission in an SSA context. Rangeland sustainability, weather patterns, soils, plant biodiversity, and current methods used to measure GHG emission from rangelands are influenced by institutional, community, and national policy frameworks. Various intertwined environmental components exist within the SSA rangeland ecosystems and research has not extensively covered such interactions. It is crucial to generate a database that includes information of in-situ trajectories on GHG emission from soil properties, vegetation image maps using remote sensing and geographic information system, plant biodiversity indices, climatology, and animal husbandry aspects.
A new net primary productivity model and new management strategy of grassland classification based on CSCS in China
Authors: Lin Huilong , Ma Haili , Nyandwi Charles , Feng Qisheng , Liang Tiangang
Published: April 2021

The discovery of grassland field, form and biomass in China was central to the sustainable development of grassland. In this study, the realistic spatial distribution patterns of grasslands were clarified through the combination of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) and the Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (CSCS). An optimal net primary productivity (NPP) model suitable for Chinese grasslands was introduced by integrating the classification indices-based model (CIM) with the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and comparing it with the standard classical model (Miami, Schuur, CIM, CASA model). Using the optimal model as the algorithm basis, the net primary production spatial pattern of grassland in China was determined. The results showed that: (1) the total area of grassland was ~374.3 × 104 km2 in 2018, mainly distributed in north-western China. Among the grassland super-class groups, Tundra and alpine steppe were largest, and Warm desert smallest; (2) the optimal modified CIM had the highest prediction efficiency, and the overall accuracy was higher than the standard classical model (Miami, Schuur, CIM, CASA model). It achieved the accurate calculation of grassland NPP in China; (3) different grassland super-class groups had different carbon fixation efficiency per unit area, resulting in huge differences in total NPP. Among the various grassland super-class groups, the temperate humid grassland, steppe, tundra and alpine steppe had high conversion efficiency per unit area of NPP, whereas that for warm desert and the savanna was low. The total NPP was 388.04 × 1012 g C/year in the study area in 2018. The results provide a basis for the rational arrangement of grassland ecological and productive functions, and are significant for developing a new strategy of grassland classification management in China.
An alternative resource allocation strategy in the chemolithoautotrophic archaeonMethanococcus maripaludis
Authors: Müller Albert L. , Gu Wenyu , Patsalo Vadim , Deutzmann Jörg S. , Williamson James R. , Spormann Alfred M.
Published: April 2021

Significance

Most of our knowledge about microbial physiology originates from studying fast-growing, heterotrophic bacteria. Yet, microorganisms are energy-limited in many natural environments and grow slowly or persist in a nongrowing state. Microorganisms adapted to oligotrophic lifestyles are phylogenetically diverse and often possess biochemically unique and highly niche-specialized metabolisms. In a systems-level study, we discovered a strategy for acclimation to slow growth in a chemolithoautotrophic archaeon. In contrast to relying on gene regulation like metabolically versatile, heterotrophic model bacteria such asEscherichia coli,Methanococcus maripaludisresponds to energy limitation by redistributing energy for cellular maintenance and changing catabolic and ribosomal activities. The alternative resource allocation strategy presented here does not follow the canonical growth rate–dependent physiological regulations.
Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia
Authors: Rupert Joseph E. , Narasimhan Ashok , Jengelley Daenique H.A. , Jiang Yanlin , Liu Jianguo , Au Ernie , Silverman Libbie M. , Sandusky George , Bonetto Andrea , Cao Sha , Lu Xiaoyu , O’Connell Thomas M. , Liu Yunlong , Koniaris Leonidas G. , Zimmers Teresa A.
Published: April 2021

Most patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer cachexia; some do not. To model heterogeneity, we used patient-derived orthotopic xenografts. These phenocopied donor weight loss. Furthermore, muscle wasting correlated with mortality and murine IL-6, and human IL-6 associated with the greatest murine cachexia. In cell culture and mice, PDAC cells elicited adipocyte IL-6 expression and IL-6 plus IL-6 receptor (IL6R) in myocytes and blood. PDAC induced adipocyte lipolysis and muscle steatosis, dysmetabolism, and wasting. Depletion of IL-6 from malignant cells halved adipose wasting and abolished myosteatosis, dysmetabolism, and atrophy. In culture, adipocyte lipolysis required soluble (s)IL6R, while IL-6, sIL6R, or palmitate induced myotube atrophy. PDAC cells activated adipocytes to induce myotube wasting and activated myotubes to induce adipocyte lipolysis. Thus, PDAC cachexia results from tissue crosstalk via a feed-forward, IL-6 trans-signaling loop. Malignant cells signal via IL-6 to muscle and fat, muscle to fat via sIL6R, and fat to muscle via lipids and IL-6, all targetable mechanisms for treatment of cachexia.
An arginine residue in the outer segment of hASIC1a TM1 affects both proton affinity and channel desensitization
Authors: Chen Zhuyuan , Kuenze Georg , Meiler Jens , Canessa Cecilia M.
Published: April 2021

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) respond to changes in pH in the central and peripheral nervous systems and participate in synaptic plasticity and pain perception. Understanding the proton-mediated gating mechanism remains elusive despite the of their structures in various conformational states. We report here that R64, an arginine located in the outer segment of the first transmembrane domain of all three isoforms of mammalian ASICs, markedly impacts the apparent proton affinity of activation and the degree of desensitization from the open and preopen states. Rosetta calculations of free energy changes predict that substitutions of R64 in hASIC1a by aromatic residues destabilize the closed conformation while stabilizing the open conformation. Accordingly, F64 enhances the efficacy of proton-mediated gating of hASIC1a, which increases the apparent pH50 and facilitates channel opening when only one or two subunits are activated. F64 also lengthens the duration of opening events, thus keeping channels open for extended periods of time and diminishing low pH-induced desensitization. Our results indicate that activation of a proton sensor(s) with pH50 equal to or greater than pH 7.2–7.1 opens F64hASIC1a, whereas it induces steady-state desensitization in wildtype channels due to the high energy of activation imposed by R64, which prevents opening of the pore. Together, these findings suggest that activation of a high-affinity proton-sensor(s) and a common gating mechanism may mediate the processes of activation and steady-state desensitization of hASIC1a.