bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between weight cycling and risk of developing diabetes in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zou Huajie , Yin Ping , Liu Liegang , Duan Wu , Li Pu , Yang Yan , Li Wenjun , Zong Qunchuan , Yu Xuefeng
Published: August 2020

Aims/Introduction

In this meta‐analysis, we aimed to explore the association between bodyweight cycling (weight fluctuation) and the risk of developing diabetes.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed data from eligible cohort studies that assessed the association between weight cycling in adults and the risk of developing diabetes from online databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases (1966 to April 2020). We pooled data using relative risks (RRs) with a random effects model.

Results

A total of 14 studies involving 253,766 participants, including 8,904 diabetes events, were included. One study included eight independent reports, resulting in 21 reports in 14 studies. Summary analysis showed that individuals who suffered weight cycling had a higher risk of diabetes (RR 1.23. 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.41; P = 0.003). However, the association between weight cycling and the risk of developing diabetes was not observed in obese participants (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2; P = 0.08).

Conclusions

The present meta‐analysis showed that weight cycling was a strong independent predictor of new‐onset diabetes. Future studies are required to detect the causal links between weight cycling and the risk of developing diabetes.
Measurement properties of the product of investigator’s global assessment and body surface area in children and adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Silverberg J.I. , Lei D. , Yousaf M. , Janmohamed S.R. , Vakharia P.P. , Chopra R. , Chavda R. , Gabriel S. , Patel K.R. , Singam V. , Kantor R. , Hsu D.Y.
Published: August 2020

Background

Multiple clinician‐reported outcome measures exist for atopic dermatitis (AD) severity. However, there is no gold standard for use in clinical practice.

Objectives

To determine the measurement properties of the product of validated Investigator's Global Assessment for AD (vIGA) and body surface area (BSA) overall or divided into six categories (cBSA: 0%/0.1, <10%/10, <30%/30, <50%/50, <70%/70 and <90%/90–100%) and compare with other clinician‐reported and patient‐reported outcomes in adults and children with AD.

Methods

We performed a prospective dermatology practice‐based study using questionnaires and evaluation by a dermatologist (n = 653).

Results

vIGA*BSA and vIGA*cBSA had good convergent validity with BSA (Spearman's ρ = 0.97 and 0.93), eczema area and severity index (ρ = 0.94 and 0.92), and objective SCORAD (ρ = 0.88 and 0.89); and weak‐to‐good convergent validity with Numeric Rating Scale average itch (ρ = 0.22 and 0.22) and worst itch (ρ = 0.27 and 0.28), Patient‐Oriented Eczema Measure (ρ = 0.44 and 0.43), Dermatology Life Quality Index (ρ = 0.48 and 0.49), ItchyQOL (ρ = 0.45 and 0.46), PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (ρ = 0.46 and 0.37) and sleep‐related impairment (ρ = 0.31 and 0.31) in adults and/or children; very good discriminant validity for physician‐reported global AD severity; good responsiveness to change of severity of AD and itch; and good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 0.72 [0.60–0.81] and 0.74 [0.62–0.82]) with no floor or ceiling effects. Thresholds for interpretability bands and clinically important difference were established.

Conclusions

vIGA*BSA and vIGA*cBSA scores showed good convergent and discriminant validity, reliability, responsiveness and interpretability in adults and children with AD, and were feasible for use in clinical practice. vIGA*BSA and vIGA*cBSA had slightly lower convergent validity than EASI or objective SCORAD, but might be more efficient to collect and score.
IDQoL, CDLQI and the 45‐item CADIS received a sufficient content validity rating during the HOME VII meeting in Japan: a group discussion study
Authors: Gabes M. , Apfelbacher C. ,   for the quality of life working group of the Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema (HOME) initiative
Published: August 2020

Background

The Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema (HOME) initiative has agreed that quality of life should be measured in all atopic eczema clinical trials. Various candidate instruments exist for this domain but their content validity in atopic eczema is largely unclear.

Objective

To assess the content validity of quality‐of‐life candidate instruments for atopic eczema in infants, children and adults in order to aid the decision on what instrument to include in the core outcome set for the quality‐of‐life domain.

Methods

Six group discussions were conducted at the HOME VII Meeting in Tokyo. Each group was composed of 8–12 patients or parents of patients, clinicians, methodologists and pharmaceutical industry delegates and discussed one or two candidate instruments. The COSMIN criteria on relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility were used to determine the overall content validity rating per instrument.

Results

Content validity of the Infant's Dermatitis Quality of Life Index, Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index and the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS) long‐form was rated as sufficient (+). Results for the CADIS short‐form, DLQI and Skindex were inconsistent (±). DISABKIDS, Infants and Toddlers Dermatology Quality of Life and ABS‐A were classified as having insufficient content validity.

Conclusions

The content validity rating allowed for a comparison of all candidate instruments and informed the consensus‐seeking process regarding the core instrument for the quality‐of‐life domain.
Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paulʼs Archipelago, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: new records and a species database
Authors: Pinheiro Hudson T. , Macena Bruno C. L. , Francini‐Filho Ronaldo B. , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Albuquerque Fernanda V. , Bezerra Natalia P. A. , Carvalho‐Filho Alfredo , Ferreira Romulo C. P. , Luiz Osmar J. , Mello Thayna J. , Mendonça Sibele A. , Nunes Diogo M. , Pimentel Caio R. , Pires Alessandra M. A. , Soares‐Gomes Abilio , Viana Danielle L. , Hazin Fabio H. V. , Rocha Luiz A.
Published: August 2020

Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Archipelago (SPSPA), one of the smallest and most isolated island groups in the world, is situated on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, between Brazil and the African continent. SPSPA has low species richness and high endemism; nonetheless, the diversity of fishes from deep habitats (>30 m depth) had not been previously studied in detail. Several expeditions conducted between 2009 and 2018 explored the shallow and deep reefs of SPSPA using scuba, closed‐circuit rebreathers, manned submersibles, baited remote underwater stereo‐videos (stereo‐BRUV) and fishing between 0 and 1050 m depth. These expeditions yielded 41 new records of fishes for SPSPA: 9 in open waters, 9 in shallow waters (0–30 m), 8 in mesophotic ecosystems (30–150 m) and 15 in deeper reefs (>150 m). Combined with literature records of adult pelagic, shallow and deep‐reef species, as well as larvae, the database of the fish biodiversity for SPSPA currently comprises 225 species (169 recorded as adult fishes and 79 as larvae, with 23 species found in both stages). Most of them (112) are pelagic, 86 are reef‐associated species and 27 are deep‐water specialists. Species accumulation curves show that the number of fish species has not yet reached an asymptote. Whereas the number of species recorded in SPSPA is similar to that in other oceanic islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the proportion of shorefishes is relatively lower, and the endemism level is the third highest in the Atlantic. Twenty‐nine species are listed as threatened with extinction. Observations confirm the paucity of top predators on shallow rocky reefs of the island, despite the presence of several pelagic shark species around SPSPA. Because all of the endemic species are reef associated, it is argued that the new marine‐protected areas created by the Brazilian government do not ensure the protection and recovery of SPSPA's biodiversity because they allow exploitation of the most vulnerable species around the archipelago itself. This study suggests a ban on reef fish exploitation inside an area delimited by the 1000 m isobath around the islands (where all known endemics are concentrated) as the main conservation strategy to be included in the SPSPA management plan being prepared by the Brazilian government.
The relationship between oral‐origin bacteria in the fecal microbiome and albumin–bilirubin grade in patients with hepatitis C
Authors: Yamamoto Kenta , Honda Takashi , Ito Takanori , Ishizu Yoji , Kuzuya Teiji , Nakamura Masanao , Miyahara Ryoji , Kawashima Hiroki , Ishigami Masatoshi , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro
Published: August 2020

Background

Bacteria of oral origin (BO) in the gut are associated with prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. The Greengenes database (gg_13_8) is widely used in microbiome analysis, but the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD), a specialized database for BO, can add more detailed information. We used each database to evaluate the relationship between the albumin–bilirubin grade (ALBI) and the microbiome in patients with hepatitis C.

Methods

Eighty patients were classified into the low ALBI group (LA; n = 34) or high ALBI group (HA; n = 46). Isolated DNA from stool was amplified to target the V3–4 regions of 16S rRNA. The microbiomes of the two groups were compared using gg_13_8 or eHOMD. We evaluated the associations between microbiomes and prognoses using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

At the genus level, the two groups differed significantly regarding 6 (gg_13_8) and 7 (eHOMD) types of bacteria. All types except Akkermansia are classified as BO. Both databases showed an increase in Streptococcus and Veillonella. eHOMD showed a decrease in Fusobacterium and an increase in Fretibacterium; both produce various types of short‐chain fatty acids. At the species level, the two groups demonstrated significant differences in 2 (gg_13_8) and 6 (eHOMD) bacterial types. Selenomonas noxia and Streptococcus salivarius were related to poor prognosis in univariate analysis.

Conclusion

The HA group demonstrated increased BO, most of which produce lactic acid or acetic acid. The correlation between the microbiome and metabolism might be related to prognosis. eHOMD was a useful database for analyzing BO.
Current Trends in Nursing Research Across Five Locations: The United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong
Authors: Im Eun‐Ok , Sakashita Reiko , Lin Chia‐Chin , Lee Tae‐Hwa , Tsai Hsiu‐Min , Inouye Jillian
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Despite the importance of research in the discipline of nursing, current trends in nursing research have rarely been discussed across countries. The purpose of this article was to identify current trends in nursing research across five countries, including the United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong, in order to provide directions for future global nursing research.

Organizing Construct

A discussion article.

Methods

To identify the current trends, seven leaders from the five countries had discussions through a series of workshops and conference presentations. After the most recent conference, all the leaders reflected for a month on their presentations and compiled the exemplars and cases from their experience and the existing literature in individual countries into a table. The tables and supporting references were collected at the completion of the reflection period. Then, the PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) slideshows of the conference presentations by the leaders and the collected tables were analyzed using a content analysis.

Findings

Six themes reflecting the current trends in nursing research were extracted: (a) demographic alterations; (b) increasing diversities and globalization; (c) technology innovation; (d) individualized or personal care and population health initiatives; (e) health policies and regulations; and (f) nursing workforce changes.

Conclusions

Future directions for nursing research across the countries were proposed: (a) cost‐effectiveness research; (b) implementation science; (c) data science; (d) training of the future generation of nurse researchers; (e) population health; and (f) team science.

Clinical Relevance

This topic could be applied to any clinical settings.
Botulinum toxin as a double‐edged sword in alopecia: A systematic review
Authors: Wang Yuanzhuo , Zhang Hanlin , Zheng Qingyue , Tang Keyun , Fang Rouyu , Sun Qiuning
Published: August 2020

Background

Alopecia is a common disease influencing the quality of life of the patients. Botulinum toxin has been widely employed in cosmetic dermatology and was applied in some clinical trials to treat alopecia.

Aims

Hence, We conducted a systematic review to examine the safety and efficacy of using botulinum toxin in treating alopecia.

Methods

Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were used to search for articles. A PICOS question was formed and the author, year of publication, number of participants, study design, product, dilution and dosing, outcome measurement, findings, side effects, and follow‐up were retrieved. The Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence was used as a qualitative indicator to evaluate the levels of evidence.

Results

Eleven articles published between 2005 and 2019 were included. 9 of which were about treatment effects and 2 were concerning adverse effects. The total number of the participants was 106, and the number for each article was ranged from 1 to 50. Varying type of outcome measurements was used for the publications. 8 articles were evaluated as Level 4 and 1 was evaluated as Level 5 during the 9 articles with treatment effects.

Conclusions

The results showed that botulinum toxin may function as a double‐edged sword and have a low degree of efficacy and safety in treating alopecia. The study may be useful to remind the physicians of adverse effects in clinical practice and pave the way for further research. A larger, randomized, placebo‐controlled study is warranted.
Vascular risk factor control and adherence to secondary preventive medication after ischaemic stroke
Authors: Gynnild M. N. , Aakerøy R. , Spigset O. , Askim T. , Beyer M. K. , Ihle‐Hansen H. , Munthe‐Kaas R. , Knapskog A. B. , Lydersen S. , Næss H. , Røsstad T.G. , Seljeseth Y. M. , Thingstad P. , Saltvedt I. , Ellekjær H.
Published: August 2020

Background

Studies regarding adequacy of secondary stroke prevention are limited. We report medication adherence, risk factor control and factors influencing vascular risk profile following ischaemic stroke.

Methods

A total of 664 home‐dwelling participants in the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke study, a multicenter observational study, were evaluated 3 and 18 months poststroke. We assessed medication adherence by self‐reporting (4‐item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale) and medication persistence (defined as continuation of medication(s) prescribed at discharge), achievement of guideline‐defined targets of blood pressure (BP) (<140/90 mmHg), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (<2.0 mmol L−1) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (≤53 mmol mol−1) and determinants of risk factor control.

Results

At discharge, 97% were prescribed antithrombotics, 88% lipid‐lowering drugs, 68% antihypertensives and 12% antidiabetic drugs. Persistence of users declined to 99%, 88%, 93% and 95%, respectively, at 18 months. After 3 and 18 months, 80% and 73% reported high adherence. After 3 and 18 months, 40.7% and 47.0% gained BP control, 48.4% and 44.6% achieved LDL‐C control, and 69.2% and 69.5% of diabetic patients achieved HbA1c control. Advanced age was associated with increased LDL‐C control (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06) and reduced BP control (OR 0.98, 0.96 to 0.99). Women had poorer LDL‐C control (OR 0.60, 0.37 to 0.98). Polypharmacy was associated with increased LDL‐C control (OR 1.29, 1.18 to 1.41) and reduced HbA1c control (OR 0.76, 0.60 to 0.98).

Conclusion

Risk factor control is suboptimal despite high medication persistence and adherence. Improved understanding of this complex clinical setting is needed for optimization of secondary preventive strategies.
Influence of High‐Pressure Polymerization on Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Resins
Authors: Becerra José , Mainjot Amélie , Hüe Olivier , Sadoun Michaël , Nguyen Jean‐François
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to study the influence of high‐pressure (HP) polymerization on the mechanical properties of denture base PMMA resins compared with conventional thermopolymerization and PMMA discs for digital dentures.

Materials and Methods

Three groups of blocks were prepared: Probase Hot (Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein) conventionally heat polymerized at 100°C, Probase Hot heat polymerized at 100°C under HP (200 MPa) and Ivobase CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein). Samples for mechanical/physical (n = 30) and samples for viscoelastic (n = 10) characterizations were cut from the blocks. Flexural strength (σf), elastic modulus (Ef), hardness, density (ρ), flexural deformation at maximal flexural stress, flexural load energy (Ur) and viscoelastic properties (E’, E’’, Tanδ, Tg) were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA (α = 0.05), Scheffé multiple means comparisons (α = 0.05) and Weibull statistics (for σf). SEM images of the fractured surfaces were obtained.

Results

Ef, E’, E’’ and density of HP polymerized Probase hot were significantly higher than conventional heat polymerized Probase Hot, whereas Tg was significantly lower and σf, Tanδ, hardness, flexural deformation at maximal flexural stress, Ur were not significantly different. The highest values for σf, flexural deformation at maximal flexural stress, Ur and Weibull modulus were obtained with Ivobase CAD.

Conclusion

HP polymerization does not significantly increase the mechanical properties of denture base resins.
Reflecting on nostalgic, positive, and novel experiences increases state Openness
Authors: Hotchin Victoria , West Keon
Published: August 2020

Objective

Personality change is a growing field of interest, but relatively few studies have examined causes of change in Openness. We investigated whether it is possible to influence state Openness, and through what mechanisms this effect may occur.

Method

In two experiments (Study 1: N = 144, Mage = 36.4, 58% female, 88% White; Study 2: N = 269, Mage = 34.0, 60% female, 91% White), participants reflected on and wrote about a personal experience requested to be either: nostalgic; positive and novel (Study 1); positive or novel (Study 2); or ordinary. They rated the events for nostalgia, positivity, novelty, and sociality, and completed measures of state positive affect, self‐esteem, social connectedness, meaning in life, and state Openness.

Results

Participants who recalled positive and/or novel events reported greater state Openness than those who recalled ordinary events. In Study 1, this also applied to those recalling nostalgic events. Event ratings of positivity (both studies), nostalgia and novelty (Study 2) independently predicted state Openness. State positive affect and self‐esteem were independent predictors in both studies, suggesting possible indirect paths.

Conclusions

Reflecting on nostalgic, positive, and novel experiences can increase state Openness. This finding may be useful for interventions targeting trait‐level change.
Neuroticism mediates the relationship between industrial history and modern‐day regional obesity levels
Authors: Daly Michael , Obschonka Martin , Stuetzer Michael , Sutin Angelina R. , Shaw‐Taylor Leigh , Satchell Max , Robinson Eric
Published: August 2020

Objective

The historical factors and contemporary mechanisms underlying geographical inequalities in obesity levels remain uncertain. In this study, we examine whether modern regional variation in obesity is partly a result of the impact of large‐scale industry on the personality traits of those living in regions once at the center of the Industrial Revolution.

Method

Exposure to the effects of the Industrial Revolution was assessed using unique historical data from English/Welsh counties (N = 111). Specifically, we examined the relationship between the regional employment share in large‐scale coal‐based industries in 1813–1820 and contemporary regional obesity levels (2013–2015). The Big Five personality traits and regional unemployment levels were examined as potential mediators of this association.

Results

The historical regional employment share in large‐scale industries positively predicted the modern‐day regional prevalence of obesity. Mediation analysis showed that areas exposed to the decline of large‐scale industries experienced elevated Neuroticism and unemployment levels that explained almost half of the association between the historical dominance of large‐scale industry and modern‐day obesity levels.

Conclusions

Our results provide initial evidence that raised regional Neuroticism levels may play a key role in explaining why exposure to the rapid growth and subsequent decline of large‐scale industries forecasts modern‐day obesity levels.
e5NT inhibitor protects acute restraint stress-induced depression by regulating nucleoside release in mice
Authors: Liu Ping , Zhu Lei , Zhou Limei , Bai Xinyu
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To determine whether ecto-5′-nucleotidase (e5NT) contributes to the release of adenosine and uridine and whether is establishes the role of e5NT in acute restraint stress-induced depression and anxiety-like behaviours in mice.

Methods

Acute restraint stress was induced to detect the level of nucleoside in the hippocampus. Mouse hippocampal brain proteins were isolated and subjected to Western blotting (WB) experiments to examine the protein expression levels of proteins that affect nucleoside release. Adenosine 5′-(α,β-methylene)diphosphate (APCP), an e5NT inhibitor, was intraventricularly injected to investigate the regulatory effect of e5NT on nucleoside levels and behavioural changes caused by acute restraint stress in mice.

Key findings

Acute restraint stress increased the level of extracellular adenosine and uridine levels in the hippocampus of mice and significantly increased the expression of extracellular nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes were significantly increased. By administering APCP, the increase in adenosine and uridine levels caused by acute restraint stress could be suppressed. APCP inhibited behavioural changes, which were induced by acute restraint stress.

Conclusions

These data suggest that acute restraint stress may alter extracellular adenosine and uridine levels content in the hippocampus of mice via e5NT, and thus, the inhibition of e5NT may improve the anxiety behaviour in mice. Therefore, e5NT may therefore be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety in mice.
Efficiency comparison of apigenin-7-O-glucoside and trolox in antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties
Authors: Wang Wei , Yue Ru-Feng , Jin Zhen , He Li-Min , Shen Rong , Du Dan , Tang You-Zhi
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Chamomile has long been used as a medicinal plant due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside (AG) is one of the major ethanol extract components from chamomile; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, the antioxidant potential and the anti-inflammatory activities of AG were analysed and compared with those of trolox. We demonstrate the protective effects of AG on free radical-induced oxidative damage of DNA, proteins and erythrocytes. Flow cytometry assay was used to detect ROS production. Additionally, the expression of anti-oxidation-related and inflammation-related factors was detected by ELISA and Western blotting, respectively.

Key findings

AG and trolox showed different efficiency as antioxidant in different experimental systems. AG had similar effect as trolox to inhibit H2O2-induced ROS production in RAW264.7 cells, while exerted stronger inhibition against free radical-induced oxidative damage on erythrocytes than trolox. Interestingly, compared with trolox, AG also had stronger inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1 signalling in RAW246.7 cells.

Conclusions

These results suggest the potential of AG as a pharmaceutical drug for anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, and the combined usage of AG and trolox might promote its efficacy. Our findings will provide new insights into the development of new drugs with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory functions.
Preparation of liquid‐core hydrogel beads using antioxidant‐rich Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit pulp as a healthy snack
Authors: Kasunmala Indhigahawala Gamage Gimanie , Bandara Navarathne Senevirathne , Wickramasinghe Indira
Published: August 2020

Reverse spherification is a common technique used in molecular gastronomy to produce innovative products with an improved texture by shaping a liquid into an edible semisolid sphere that gives a burst in the mouth sensation. In this study, liquid‐core hydrogel beads (LHBs) were prepared using Syzygium caryophyllatum fruit pulp adapting reverse‐phase molecular gastronomy as a minimal processing technique to promote it as a healthy snack. Three types of hydrogel beads were formulated while considering the stability of LHBs. Long‐term hardening of fruit juice in sodium alginate solution and the addition of plasticizer was used as two methods to increase the textural stability of LHBs. Results revealed that the addition of the plasticizer imparted to improve all the physical and textural properties of beads; however, it affects the transparency of the hydrogel membrane as well. Although the plasticizer increased the textural stability of LHBs, prolong inlaying them in it (the plasticizer) contribute to occur adverse consequences on the quality. Hence, the inlaying of LHBs in glycerol for 2 min was selected as the best treatment (HBP1). Since HBP1 had a low hardness (125.00 g) and high resilience (0.21), it imparted a chewing gum‐like texture to LHBs. Hence, it (HBP1) can be used as a healthy snack. While HBP1 was capable of retained 90% antioxidant activity of fresh fruit of S. caryophyllatum, total polyphenolic content, 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl scavenging activity %, and ferric reducing antioxidant power value of this formulation were 59.50 GAE/g of dried LHBs, 68.96% and 139.69 TE/g of dried LHBs, respectively.
Sierra Gorda 009: A new member of the metal‐rich G chondrites grouplet
Authors: Ivanova Marina A. , Lorenz Cyril A. , Humayun Munir , Corrigan Catherine M. , Ludwig Thomas , Trieloff Mario , Righter Kevin , Franchi Ian A. , Verchovsky Alexander B. , Korochantseva Ekaterina V. , Kozlov Vladimir V. , Teplyakova Svetlana N. , Korochantsev Alexander V. , Grokhovsky Victor I.
Published: August 2020

We investigated the metal‐rich chondrite Sierra Gorda (SG) 009, a member of the new G chondrite grouplet (also including NWA 5492, GRO 95551). G chondrites contain 23% metal, very reduced silicates, and rare oxidized mineral phases (Mg‐chromite, FeO‐rich pyroxene). G chondrites are not related to CH‐CB chondrites, based on bulk O, C, and N isotopic compositions, mineralogy, and geochemistry. G chondrites have no fine‐grained matrix or matrix lumps enclosing hydrated material typical for CH‐CB chondrites. G chondrites’ average metal compositions are similar to H chondrites. Siderophile and lithophile geochemistry indicates sulfidization and fractionation of the SG 009 metal and silicates, unlike NWA 5492 and GRO 95551. The G chondrites have average O isotopic compositions Δ17O>0‰ ranging between bulk enstatite (E) and ordinary (O) chondrites. An Al‐rich chondrule from SG 009 has Δ17O>0‰ indicating some heterogeneity in oxygen isotopic composition of G chondrite components. SG 009’s bulk carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions correspond to E and O chondrites. Neon isotopic composition reflects a mixture of cosmogenic and solar components, and cosmic ray exposure age of SG 009 is typical for O, E, and R chondrites. G chondrites are closely related to O, E, and R chondrites and may represent a unique metal‐rich parent asteroid containing primitive and fractionated material from the inner solar system. Oxidizing and reducing conditions during SG 009 formation may be connected with a chemical microenvironment and possibly could indicate that G chondrites may have formed by a planetesimal collision resulting in the lack of matrix.
Phylogenomic approaches reveal how climate shapes patterns of genetic diversity in an African rain forest tree species
Authors: Helmstetter Andrew J. , Amoussou Biowa E. N. , Bethune Kevin , Kamdem Narcisse G. , Glèlè Kakaï Romain , Sonké Bonaventure , Couvreur Thomas L. P.
Published: August 2020

The world's second largest expanse of tropical rainforest is in Central Africa, and it harbours enormous species diversity. Population genetic studies have consistently revealed significant structure across Central African rainforest plants. In particular, previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated a north–south genetic discontinuity around the equatorial line, in a continuous expanse of rainforest where a climatic inversion is documented. Here, we took a phylogeographic approach by sequencing 351 nuclear markers in 112 individuals across the distribution of the African rainforest tree species Annickia affinis (Annonaceae). We showed for the first time that the north–south divide is the result of a single, major colonization event across the climatic inversion from an ancestral population located in Gabon. We suggested that differences in ecological niche of populations located on either side of this inversion may have contributed to this phylogenetic discontinuity. We found evidence for inland dispersal, predominantly in northern areas, and variable demographic histories among genetic clusters, indicating that populations responded differently to past climate change. We show how newly developed genomic tools can provide invaluable insights into our understanding of tropical rainforest evolutionary dynamics.
Divergence, gene flow, and speciation in eight lineages of trans‐Beringian birds
Authors: McLaughlin Jessica F. , Faircloth Brant C. , Glenn Travis C. , Winker Kevin
Published: August 2020

Determining how genetic diversity is structured between populations that span the divergence continuum from populations to biological species is key to understanding the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. We investigated genetic divergence and gene flow in eight lineages of birds with a trans‐Beringian distribution, where Asian and North American populations have likely been split and reunited through multiple Pleistocene glacial cycles. Our study transects the speciation process, including eight pairwise comparisons in three orders (ducks, shorebirds and passerines) at population, subspecies and species levels. Using ultraconserved elements (UCEs), we found that these lineages represent conditions from slightly differentiated populations to full biological species. Although allopatric speciation is considered the predominant mode of divergence in birds, all of our best divergence models included gene flow, supporting speciation with gene flow as the predominant mode in Beringia. In our eight lineages, three were best described by a split‐migration model (divergence with gene flow), three best fit a secondary contact scenario (isolation followed by gene flow), and two showed support for both models. The lineages were not evenly distributed across a divergence space defined by gene flow (M) and differentiation (FST), instead forming two discontinuous groups: one with relatively shallow divergence, no fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and high rates of gene flow between populations; and the second with relatively deeply divergent lineages, multiple fixed SNPs, and low gene flow. Our results highlight the important role that gene flow plays in avian divergence in Beringia.
Transcriptomics reveal immune downregulation of newts overwhelmed by chytrid co‐infection
Authors: Shepack Alexander , Catenazzi Alessandro
Published: August 2020

What happens when two emergent diseases infect the same host? In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, McDonald et al. (2020) compare transcriptomic responses to co‐infection by the two chytrid fungi in the skin, liver and spleen of Eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Novel molecular tools, such as high‐throughput DNA sequencing for genome discovery and transcriptomics, have revolutionized our understanding of host–pathogen interactions and disease ecology (Güimil et al. 2005; Rosenblum et al. 2012). For example, epidemiologists are using genomic data to track the spread of the emergent SARS‐CoV‐2 in real time, both locally and globally. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) is routinely employed to study response to disease in humans, improving disease diagnostics, profiling and development of intervention strategies. Transcriptomic profiles may be particularly informative for emergent diseases, whose pathologies and effect on host phenotype are poorly known. Fungal pathogens increasingly threaten a variety of wild and domesticated organisms (Fisher et al. 2012), and two chytrid fungi attacking amphibians are causing one of the worst losses of vertebrate biodiversity ever recorded (Scheele et al. 2019).
Many loci make light work: High individual diversity despite low population diversity and random mating at class I MHC in a Critically Endangered island songbird
Authors: MacDougall‐Shackleton Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2020

Multi‐cellular organisms are under constant attack from parasites, making immune defence a critical aspect of fitness. In vertebrate animals, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determine the breadth of pathogens to which individuals can respond. Having many MHC alleles can confer better protection against infectious disease, and balancing selection at MHC is widespread. Indeed, MHC loci are famously variable, with some populations harbouring thousands of alleles (Biedrzycka et al., 2018; Robinson, Soormally, Hayhurst, & Marsh, 2016). MHC has also long fascinated behavioural ecologists because mate choice—for example, preferring MHC‐dissimilar partners—may amplify the effects of natural selection (Penn & Potts, 1999). But despite keen interest in the evolutionary ecology of MHC, extensive duplication (Minias, Pikus, Whittingham, & Dunn, 2019) has made these genes challenging to study. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Stervander, Dierickx, Thorley, Brooke, and Westerdahl (2020) characterizes class I MHC in a Critically Endangered songbird, relating genotype to mate choice and survivorship. By inferring copy number and patterns of allelic co‐segregation, the authors pave the way to elucidating the genomic architecture of MHC in this bottlenecked population. These insights help reconcile apparently counterintuitive findings: no effect of MHC genotype on mate choice or survival, and high MHC diversity within individuals despite low diversity at the population level. The latter finding is cause for optimism regarding conservation prospects. Moreover, these results suggest that ancient duplication events can have longstanding effects on the adaptive landscapes of natural and sexual selection.
Recommendations for estimating mark rate of cetaceans in photo‐ID research: A critique of field sampling protocols and variance estimation
Authors: Wickman Lindsay , Rayment William , Slooten Elisabeth , Dawson Stephen M.
Published: August 2020

Mark rate, or the proportion of the population with unique, identifiable marks, must be determined in order to estimate population size from photographic identification data. In this study we address field sampling protocols and estimation methods for robust estimation of mark rate and its uncertainty in cetacean populations. We present two alternatives for estimating the variance of mark rate: (1) a variance estimator for clusters of unequal sizes (SRCS) and (2) a hierarchical Bayesian model (SRCS‐Bayes), and compare them to the simple random sampling (SRS) variance estimator. We tested these variance estimators using a simulation to see how they perform at varying mark rates, number of groups sampled, photos per group, and mean group sizes. The hierarchical Bayesian model outperformed the frequentist variance estimators, with the true mark rate of the population held in its 95% HDI 91.9% of the time (compared with coverage of 79% for the SRS method and 76.3% for the SRCS‐Cochran method). The simulation results suggest that, ideally, mark rate and its precision should be quantified using hierarchical Bayesian modeling, and researchers should attempt to sample as many unique groups as possible to improve accuracy and precision.
Eating behaviour in contrasting adiposity phenotypes: Monogenic obesity and congenital generalized lipodystrophy
Authors: Santos José L. , Cortés Víctor A.
Published: August 2020

Most known types of nonsyndromic monogenic obesity are caused by rare mutations in genes of the leptin‐melanocortin pathway controlling appetite and adiposity. In contrast, congenital generalized lipodystrophy represents the most extreme form of leanness in humans caused by recessive mutations in four genes involved in phospholipid/triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet/caveolae structure. In this disease, the inability to store triglyceride in adipocytes results in hypoleptinemia and ectopic hepatic and muscle fat accumulation leading to fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia and severe insulin resistance. As a result of hypoleptinemia, patients with lipodystrophy show alterations in eating behaviour characterized by constant increased energy intake. As it occurs in obesity caused by genetic leptin deficiency, exogenous leptin rapidly reduces hunger scores in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy, with additional beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and metabolic profile normalization. The melanocortin‐4 receptor agonist setmelanotide has been used in the treatment of monogenic obesities. There is only one report on the effect of setmelanotide in a patient with partial lipodystrophy resulting in mild reductions in hunger scores, with no improvements in metabolic status. The assessment of contrasting phenotypes of obesity/leanness represents an adequate strategy to understand the pathophysiology and altered eating behaviour associated with adipose tissue excessive accumulation/paucity.
Coexistence of sinus bradycardia and junctional tachycardia in a patient with fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chen Songwen , Zhou Genqing , Wei Yong , Lu Xiaofeng , Liu Shaowen
Published: August 2020

A 65‐year‐old woman was referred for catheter ablation in the treatment of persistent tachycardia after surgery for atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation. Bipolar voltage mapping of both atria revealed that severe and extensive atrial fibrosis isolated the sinoatrial node from the atrioventricular junction and led to the coexistence of sinus bradycardia and persistent junctional tachycardia.
Genetic dissection of bread wheat diversity and identification of adaptive loci in response to elevated tropospheric ozone
Authors: Begum Hasina , Alam Muhammad Shahedul , Feng Yanru , Koua Patrice , Ashrafuzzaman Md , Shrestha Asis , Kamruzzaman Mohammad , Dadshani Said , Ballvora Agim , Naz Ali Ahmad , Frei Michael
Published: August 2020

Rising tropospheric ozone affects the performance of important cereal crops thus threatening global food security. In this study, genetic variation of wheat regarding its physiological and yield responses to ozone was explored by exposing a diversity panel of 150 wheat genotypes to elevated ozone and control conditions throughout the growing season. Differential responses to ozone were observed for foliar symptom formation quantified as leaf bronzing score (LBS), vegetation indices and yield components. Vegetation indices representing the carotenoid to chlorophyll pigment ratio (such as Lic2) were particularly ozone‐responsive and were thus considered suitable for the non‐invasive diagnosing of ozone stress. Genetic variation in ozone‐responsive traits was dissected by a genome‐wide association study (GWAS). Significant marker‐trait associations were identified for LBS on chromosome 5A and for vegetation indices (NDVI and Lic2) on chromosomes 6B and 6D. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in these chromosomal regions revealed distinct LD blocks containing genes with a putative function in plant redox biology such as cytochrome P450 proteins and peroxidases. This study gives novel insight into the natural genetic variation in wheat ozone response, and lays the foundation for the molecular breeding of tolerant wheat varieties.
Specific temperament in patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Uchikawa Hideki , Fujii Katsunori , Shiohama Tadashi , Nakazato Michiko , Shimizu Eiji , Miyashita Toshiyuki , Shimojo Naoki
Published: August 2020

Background

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is a neurocutaneous disease, characterized by tumorigenesis and developmental anomalies due to aberrant sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Patients with NBCCS typically appear calm and carefree, suggesting that a specific personality in these patients may be associated with an enhanced hedgehog pathway. Our study aimed to determine the personality type in these patients.

Methods

We enrolled 14 mentally normal patients with genetically confirmed NBCCS (seven males and seven females; mean age = 25.2 years) and 20 controls (10 males and 10 females; mean age = 27.9 years). The patients were assessed with the Japanese version of the Temperament and Character Inventory, based on the seven‐dimensional model of temperament and character, and their clinical symptoms were evaluated. The amygdala volumes of six patients with NBCCS were measured using magnetic resonance imaging with image‐processing software.

Results

Patients with NBCCS scored significantly lower on harm avoidance (0.89) than controls (1.00; P = 0.0084). Moreover, patients with NBCCS and developmental malformations such as rib anomalies, who may have experienced Shh signaling enhancement from the prenatal period, scored significantly lower on harm avoidance (0.80 [P = 0.0031]). The left amygdala volume was also significantly reduced in patients with NBCCS (P = 0.0426).

Conclusions

Patients with NBCCS who experienced increased Shh signaling from the prenatal period showed significantly lower harm avoidance related to serotonin. The left amygdala volume was significantly reduced in these patients. Our results indicate that Shh signaling may influence the human personality.
Excimer laser/light treatment of alopecia areata: A systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Lee Ji Hae , Eun Sung Hye , Kim Soo Hyung , Ju Hyun Jeong , Kim Gyong Moon , Bae Jung Min
Published: August 2020

Background

The excimer laser/light (EL) has been reported to be effective for alopecia areata (AA), but its treatment response has not been systematically reviewed.

Objective

To determine the treatment response and safety of EL treatment of AA.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and Web of Science (from inception to December 31, 2018) was conducted to identify prospective clinical studies assessing the treatment response of EL for AA. The primary outcome was cosmetically acceptable hair regrowth (hair regrowth ≥75%); random‐effects meta‐analyses using generic inverse variance weighting were performed to estimate treatment responses. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019121092).

Results

Of 52 records initially identified, 13 full‐text articles were finally assessed in terms of eligibility. A total of 9 prospective clinical studies (129 AA patients) including 5 controlled clinical trials were identified. Cosmetically acceptable hair regrowth was achieved in 50.2% (95% confidence interval 31.5%‐68.9%; 8 studies). EL treatment significantly improved hair regrowth compared with untreated controls (relative risk 7.83; 95% confidence interval 2.11‐29.11; 5 controlled clinical trials). No serious adverse effect was noted.

Conclusions

EL treatment appeared to produce a favorable therapeutic response in AA patients. The use of EL should be encouraged for AA patients with the advantages of the non‐invasiveness and no systemic effect.
Transcriptomic analysis of the porcine anterior pituitary gland during the peri‐implantation period
Authors: Zmijewska Agata , Czelejewska Wioleta , Waszkiewicz Ewa M. , Gajewska Alina , Okrasa Stanislaw , Franczak Anita
Published: August 2020

The peri‐implantation period is controlled by signals originating from hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, uterus and developing embryos. The transcriptomic activity of the anterior pituitary gland may be important for the control of the peri‐implantation period. The aim of this study was to determine the alternations in the transcriptomic profile of porcine anterior pituitary gland during the peri‐implantation period (days 15–16 of pregnancy) in comparison with established for the respective days of the oestrous cycle. Analysis using a microarray approach indicated that the 651 genes (fold‐change ˂1.2;p ≤ .05) were differentially expressed (DEGs) in the anterior pituitary of pigs during the peri‐implantation period when compared to cyclic females. Of these DEGs, 404 were upregulated and 247 downregulated. Analysis of occurred relationships among DEGs revealed that some of them are involved in steroid‐response and oestrogen synthesis, FSH secretion, immune response, PPAR signalling pathway and the potential for DNA methylation. In conclusion, the altered transcriptomic profile of the porcine pituitary gland in pigs during the peri‐implantation period indicates the role of embryos presence in the creation of transcriptomic activity of the pituitary gland in pigs.
Aggregate and heterogeneous sectoral growth effects of foreign direct investment in Egypt
Authors: Ingham Hilary , Read Robert , Elkomy Shimaa
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates the sectoral impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in Egypt between 1990 and 2007 based on a unique data set. It highlights the aggregation bias inherent in many empirical studies that focus solely on the economy‐wide effects of foreign investment. Aggregate inflows of FDI are shown to be detrimental to the country’s economic growth performance, possibly as a result of the “crowding‐out” of more productive domestic investment. Some positive sector‐specific effects, however, are found for investment in manufacturing and petroleum, which also has beneficial spillovers into other sectors. FDI in the finance and retail and telecommunications and information technology sectors are found to generate significantly negative growth effects, while those in services and tourism are negative but generally insignificant. These findings suggest that “market‐seeking” FDI in certain sectors has conspicuous “crowding‐out” effects, possibly owing to insufficient domestic absorptive capacity. The results of this study further demonstrate the importance of potential sectoral heterogeneity of own sector and inter‐sectoral economic growth effects of FDI. It therefore highlights the critical need for policymakers to take a more disaggregated sectoral‐level evaluation of the benefits of foreign investment, particularly in developing economies such as Egypt.