bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Rock Temperature Fields in Czech and Polish Part of the Upper of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin / Pole temperatury pierwotnej skał w czeskiej i polskiej części górnośląskiego okręgu węglowego
Authors: Doležal Libor , Knechtel Józef , Taufer Antonín , Trávníček Ludvík
Published: May 2013

Knowledge of the temperature of rock mass is no doubt of substantial meaning, both for the solution of economicaly demanding protection of mine workers in difficult microclimatic environment and for perspective usage of geothermal energy from the depth of the earth. International cooperation of our and Polish specialists is in this sense more than welcome, also because the exploitation of coal seams takes place in the same Upper Silesia rock coal basin.

This profesional article is concentrated on complex analysis of temperature fields of the Ostrava- Karviná district, mainly from results of thermologging measurements in geological survey boreholes both on surface and underground, and also from the actual temperature measurements in the coal mines. One chapter of this article describes the original approach to the survey of temperature field and its prognosis in the Polish part of the Upper Silesia coal basin by a researcher from GIG Katowice.

The most suitable method of analysis of primary temperature field seemed the preparation of isocurves of temperature(isothermal lines) for the existing mine working areas, even if the method of obtaining them was different. The Czech method is based on determination of the quantitative dependence of temperature on the rock mass depth from the abovementioned measurement results, calculation of geothermal gradients and the following recalculation of real temperature values for various depth levels. Then isothermal lines for these depth levels are created together with colour distingushing of their value limits. The Polish method is sufficiently described in a dedicated chapter. The conclusion of the article underlines the decisive role of the structuraly tectonic composition of the rock mass on the temperature field in the long term thermic evolution of the Earth.
A New Metaheuristic Algorithm for Long-Term Open-Pit Production Planning / Nowy meta-heurystyczny algorytm wspomagający długoterminowe planowanie produkcji w kopalni odkrywkowej
Authors: Sattarvand Javad , Niemann-Delius Christian
Published: May 2013

Paper describes a new metaheuristic algorithm which has been developed based on the Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) and its efficiency have been discussed. To apply the ACO process on mine planning problem, a series of variables are considered for each block as the pheromone trails that represent the desirability of the block for being the deepest point of the mine in that column for the given mining period. During implementation several mine schedules are constructed in each iteration. Then the pheromone values of all blocks are reduced to a certain percentage and additionally the pheromone value of those blocks that are used in defining the constructed schedules are increased according to the quality of the generated solutions. By repeated iterations, the pheromone values of those blocks that define the shape of the optimum solution are increased whereas those of the others have been significantly evaporated.
Assessing Hydrate Formation in Natural Gas Pipelines Under Transient Operation / Ocena zjawiska tworzenia się hydratów w warunkach nieustalonego przepływu gazu w gazociągach
Authors: Osiadacz Andrzej
Published: May 2013

This work presents a transient, non-isothermal compressible gas flow model that is combined with a hydrate phase equilibrium model. It enables, to determine whether hydrates could form under existing operating conditions in natural gas pipelines. In particular, to determine the time and location at which the natural gas enters the hydrate formation region. The gas flow is described by a set of partial differential equations resulting from the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Real gas effects are determined by the predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong group contribution method. By means of statistical mechanics, the hydrate model is formulated combined with classical thermodynamics of phase equilibria for systems that contain water and both hydrate forming and non-hydrate forming gases as function of pressure, temperature, and gas composition. To demonstrate the applicability a case study is conducted.
Longwall Face Crew Selection With Respect to Stochastic Character of the Production Process – Part 2 – Calculation Example / Wyznaczanie obsady przodka ścianowego z uwzględnieniem stochastycznego charakteru procesu produkcyjnego cz. 2 – przykład obliczeniowy
Authors: Snopkowski Ryszard , Sukiennik Marta
Published: May 2013

A calculation example of the longwall face crew selection, including taking under consideration stochastic character of the production process is presented in this study. On the basis of observation of duration of activities realized in the hard coal mine longwall face with use of the roof cut and fill system, the calculations with use of the proposed crew selection method have been executed. The method in question takes into consideration stochastic character of the realized production process (Snopkowski & Sukiennik, 2012). In the final part of this study, graphical interpretation of the executed calculations has been presented.
Determining the Effects of Discontinuities on Blast Heap Fragment Size Distribution Using a Numerical Modeling Method / Określanie wpływu spękań i nieciągłości na rozkład wielkości brył skalnych po pracach strzałowych w oparciu o metody modelowania numerycznego
Authors: Konak Gurcan , Ongen Tugce
Published: May 2013

There are many factors that determine the size distribution of blast heap fragments. The most important factors are the type and amount of explosive material used and the blast design. However, the geological nature of the work area is also an important parameter. In particular, parameters such as the location and frequency of discontinuities affect the size distribution of heap fragments. The general conclusion reached through laboratory and field studies on discontinuities is that the orientation of the discontinuity and the fillings between the discontinuities determine the blast results. This study presents a numerical model that can be used to determine the relationship between the interval and orientation of discontinuities and blast efficiency. Twelve blast experiments were performed at two quarries to develop a numerical model. The data from the field studies were used as input in the numerical model, and the relationship between the discontinuities and fragment size distribution is investigated in this paper.
Evaluation of Wheel Loaders in Open Pit Marble Quarrying by Using the AHP and Topsis Approaches / Ocena pracy ładowarki na podwoziu kołowym w odkrywkowej kopalni marmuru w oparciu o metody AHP i topsis
Authors: Kun Mete , Topaloğlu Şeyda , Malli Tahir
Published: May 2013

The marble mining in Turkey has been rising since the early 80’s. In relation to that, the marble income has become noticeably bigger than those of other mining sectors. In recent years, marble and natural stone export composes half of the total mine export with a value of two billion dollars. This rapid development observed in marble operation has increased the importance of mining economics, income-expenditure balance and cost analysis. The most important cost elements observed in marble quarrying are machinery and equipment, labor costs and geological structures of the field.

The aim of this study is to is to propose a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to evaluate the wheel loader alternatives and select the best loader under multiple criteria. A two-step methodology based on two MCDM methods, which are namely the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), are used in the evaluation procedure. More precisely, AHP is applied to determine the relative weights of evaluation criteria and TOPSIS is applied to rank the wheel loader alternatives. The proposed approach also provides a relatively simple and very well suited decision making tool for this type of decision making problems.
Method for Determination of the Range of Failure Zone Around Macrocracks Surface in Rock Medium / Metoda badania zasięgu strefy zniszczenia wokół powierzchni makropęknięć w ośrodku skalnym
Authors: Wadas Mariusz
Published: May 2013

In this work a method, developed by the author, of microscopic investigations of deformation structures occurring in rock medium is presented. This method is based on adoption of multi-stage complex procedure encompassing numerous diverse examinations and measurements. As a result of following this method, information about geometrical features of microfractures and microfissures distribution (coordinates, length, occurrence frequency and directions of propagation) is obtained, which in turn allow to determine the range and intensity of destruction zones around macroscopic fissures in investigated samples. Testing was performed on selected three samples of the Tumlin Sandstone (three microscopic sections), representing the following states of stress-strain:

sample no. 1 (σ3 = 200 MPa confining pressure and ε1 = 5% longitudinal strain)

sample no. 2 (σ3 = 300 MPa confining pressure and ε1 = 10% longitudinal strain)

sample no. 3 (σ3 = 300 MPa confining pressure and ε1 = 15% longitudinal strain)

On the basis of conducted research it has been stated that increasing confining pressure σ3 = σ2 results in the increase of number and range of microfissures occurrence. At confining pressure σ3 = σ2 200 MPa and longitudinal strain ε1 = 5% a zone of intensive fracturing is noticeable, reaching about 6mm from the surface of macroscopic fracture. However, at higher confining pressure and higher longitudinal strains (σ3 = σ2 300 MPa and ε1 = 10% as well as σ3 = σ2 300 MPa and ε1 = 15%) microcracks and microfissures cover almost whole volume of the sample.
Mathematical description of rheological properties of asphalt-aggregate mixes
Authors: Zbiciak A.
Published: May 2013

The procedure of the formulation of constitutive equations for asphalt-aggregate mixes is based very often on rheological schemes composed of classical elastic, plastic and viscous elements. The parameters of these schemes can be obtained based on laboratory experiments. In order to obtain better curve fitting results one can use non-classical viscoelastic elements described by fractional derivatives. In this paper we present the characteristics of the fractional viscoelastic Huet-Sayegh model as well as the characteristics of an original simplified fractional model. The results have been obtained using algorithms of numerical calculation of inverse Laplace transforms. Then the proposal of an original rheological model including plasticity has been given. The non-linear differential constitutive relationships of such a model are presented in the paper. The results of computer simulations are also visualized. Finally, 3D viscoelasticplastic models of asphalt aggregatemixes are proposed. The models are based on a generalized macroscopic theory taking into account the effect of pressure-dependency on yielding
Monitoring of active destructive processes as a diagnostic tool for the structure technical state evaluation
Authors: Goszczyńska B. , Świt G. , Trąmpczyński W.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, a global monitoring system based on the measurement of acoustic emission (AE) due to active deterioration processes is presented. This allows us to examine the entire volume of an element and to locate and identify the type and the dynamics of the deterioration processes under service conditions. The resulting data are used to determine and locate the damage processes that are dangerous in construction made of pre-stress concrete, steel and fiber glass and to assess the general condition of the structure
Defining of the structural robustness
Authors: Woliński S.
Published: May 2013

Different methods of quantitative assessment of structural robustness has been proposed and widely discussed in recent years. This paper starts out with an outline of the requirements and discussion of the conventional and risk based methods and measures of structural robustness. The probability and consequence analysis related to the assessment of robustness usually contains the statistical, fuzzy and fuzzy-statistical information on the basic variables and parameters. The new fuzzy-probabilistic index of robustness is presented in order to consider all types of available information about different hazards and consequences which influence robustness of a structure. The proposed framework for imprecise risk assessment by means of the frequency-consequences acceptance diagram and quantification of the robustness is illustrated through a numerical example
Positive and asymptotically stable realizations for descriptor discrete-time linear systems
Authors: Kaczorek T.
Published: May 2013

Conditions for the existence of positive and asymptotically stable realizations for descriptor discrete-time linear systems are established. Procedures for computation of positive and asymptotically stable realizations for improper transfer matrices are proposed. The effectiveness of the methods is demonstrated on numerical examples
A new CUDA-based GPU implementation of the two-dimensional Athena code
Authors: Wasiljew A. , Murawski K.
Published: May 2013

We present a new version of the Athena code, which solves magnetohydrodynamic equations in two-dimensional space. This new implementation, which we have named Athena-GPU, uses CUDA architecture to allow the code execution on Graphical Processor Unit (GPU). The Athena-GPU code is an unofficial, modified version of the Athena code which was originally designed for Central Processor Unit (CPU) architecture.

We perform numerical tests based on the original Athena-CPU code and its GPU counterpart to make a performance analysis, which includes execution time, precision differences and accuracy. We narrowed our tests and analysis only to double precision floating point operations and two-dimensional test cases. Our comparison shows that results are similar for both two versions of the code, which confirms correctness of our CUDA-based implementation. Our tests reveal that the Athena-GPU code can be 2 to 15-times faster than the Athena-CPU code, depending on test cases, the size of a problem and hardware configuration.
Local controllability of nonlinear discrete-time fractional order systems
Authors: Mozyrska D. , Pawłuszewicz E.
Published: May 2013

The Riemann-Liouville, Caputo and Gr¨unwald-Letnikov fractional order difference operators are discussed and used to state and solve the controllability problem of a nonlinear fractional order discrete-time system. It is shown that independently of the type of fractional order difference, such a system is locally controllable in q steps if its linear approximation is globally controllable in q steps
The Problem of Social Protection in Albania
Authors: Shkreli Axhemi Arlinda , Dragoshi Gert
Published: May 2013

The aim of this paper is to analyze the social protection system in Albania during the last two decades. It highlights some of the problems and issues which are closely associated with elements of social security, as a phenomenon that focuses on finding solutions or solving the problems in social security systems in Albania. Of great importance are the changes in the social security legislation in recent years, which led to a new structure of the social insurance market in Albanian society. Also discussed are the types of benefits offered by our social insurance system. Our country occupies a special place in relation to the problems it has encountered with social protection and the social security law.
An Assessment of the Implementation of Performance Budgeting in Poland with Reference to the Experiences of Other Countries
Authors: Guziejewska Beata
Published: May 2013

Since the last global financial crisis, public expenditures have been experiencing increasing budget constraints. Therefore, public authorities search for solutions that would foster efficient and transparent expenditures at both the national and local government levels. One of the tools at their disposal is the performance-based budget, which is not, however, cheap or easy to implement. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the implementation of performance budgeting in Poland, and a formulation of proposals de lege ferenda. The assessment discusses selected aspects and conclusions which emerge from the experiences of other countries. The main thesis, set forth in the conclusion of this article, is that in many countries, including Poland, the implementation of a performance-based budget takes place at the national level, not at the local government level, which seems to be questionable, or even incorrect.
Employee Participation in Profit and Ownership – Impact on Work Efficiency
Authors: Kozłowski Maciej
Published: May 2013

In the vast theoretical literature, a number of arguments have been put forward in favor of employee financial participation schemes. Although traditionally the main arguments were spurred by objectives such as greater equality in the distribution of income and wealth and improving relations between workers and capitalist owners, today employee financial participation schemes are considered as part of industrial relations based on innovative managerial strategies and more flexible remuneration policies, which should ultimately result in increased enterprise efficiency. Because share ownership and profit sharing schemes are undoubtedly the most popular schemes, emphasis has been put on showing the multidimensional relationships between employee financial ownership and economic results, as well as on proving that the relationship between employee ownership and productivity involves an inherently complex interaction. The purpose of this paper is to present selected views and attitudes toward the relationship between employee participation and company results. The theoretical view and empirical research both indicate that after many years of conducting empirical research on the benefits resulting from the implementation of financial participation plans, the information provided, almost entirely by reports, is not yet sufficient to make any unequivocal conclusions concerning the influence on the results (productivity) achieved by companies. Obtaining such a consensus is additionally hindered because of the lack of clear-cut data concerning the extent to which implemented participation schemes contribute to changes in financial results. In conclusion, both the previous theory as well as the research conducted so far do not convincingly explain the relationship between financial participation schemes and the results achieved owing to their implementation, which demonstrates that there is a need to conduct further research in this field. In this case any empirical approach should concentrate on qualitative, not quantitative research, the latter of which, although broad based, does not identify the above mentioned relationships precisely enough. Another conclusion that can be drawn is the necessity to conduct further research based on larger samples of companies, taking into account the specificity of their business and working environment. It seems that some other aspects should be also taken into consideration, such as the type of the financial participation scheme introduced, because this decision may also have an influence on future results. Research should begin a long time prior to the introduction of a scheme in the company, which would allow for making future comparisons and evaluations of the influence of a given scheme on productivity.
Institutional Changes in Financial Systems of Poland and the Czech Republic
Authors: Romaniuk Joanna , Sznajderska Anna
Published: May 2013

Over the past 23 years the financial sectors in both Poland and the Czech Republic have changed beyond recognition. The process of transformation was a tough and challenging task in both countries. There were significant differences in the initial conditions, as well as approaches to the transformation process, in Poland and the Czech Republic. It seems that according to the classification of Knell and Srholec (2005), the two countries represent different types of capitalism. In this article we try to demonstrate that the organization and development level of the financial systems in these seemingly similar countries are different as well. The primary objective of the study is to compare the path of development and today’s performance of the financial systems in Poland and in the Czech Republic.
Generalizations and error analysis of the iterative operator splitting method
Authors: Ladics Tamás , Faragó István
Published: May 2013

The properties of iterative splitting with two bounded linear operators have been analyzed by Faragó et al. For more than two operators, iterative splitting can be defined in many different ways. A large class of the possible extensions to this case is presented in this paper and the order of accuracy of these methods are examined. A separate section is devoted to the discussion of two of these methods to illustrate how this class of possible methods can be classified with respect to the order of accuracy.
Oxidative Stress Parameters in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Risk Group Patients
Authors: Voicehovskis Vladimirs , Ancāne Gunta , Voicehovska Jūlija , Orļikovs Grigorijs , Karpovs Jurijs , Ivanovs Igors , Šķesters Andrejs , Ancāns Andrejs , Silova Alise , Ivaščenko Tarass , Micāns Jānis , Vaivads Normunds , Umnova Larisa
Published: May 2013

Increased excitotoxity in response to stressors leads to oxidative stress (OS) due to accumulation of excess reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Neuronal membrane phospholipids are especially susceptible to oxidative damage, which alters signal transduction mechanisms. The Contingent of International Operations (CIO) has been subjected to various extreme stressors that could cause Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Former studies suggest that heterogeneity due to gender, race, age, nutritional condition and variable deployment factors and stressors produce challenges in studying these processes. The research aim was to assess OS levels in the PTSD risk group in CIO. In a prospective study, 143 participants who were Latvian CIO, regular personnel, males, Europeans, average age of 27.4, with the same tasks during the mission, were examined two months before and immediately after a six-month Peace Support Mission (PSM) in Afghanistan. PCL-M questionnaire, valid Latvian language “Military” version was used for PTSD evaluation. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation intensity and malondialdehyde (MDA) as OS indicators in blood were determined. Data were processed using SPSS 20.0. The MDA baseline was 2.5582 μM, which after PSM increased by 24.36% (3.1815 μM). The GPx baseline was 8061.98 U/L, which after PSM decreased by 9.35% (7308.31 U/L). The SOD baseline was 1449.20 U/gHB, which after PSM increased by 2.89% (1491.03 U/gHB). The PTSD symptom severity (total PCL-M score) baseline was 22.90 points, which after PSM increased by 14.45% (26.21 points). The PTSD Prevalence rate (PR) baseline was 0.0357, which after PSM increased by 147.06% (0.0882). We conclude that there is positive correlation between increase of OS, PTSD symptoms severity level, and PTSD PR in a group of patients with risk of PTSD - CIO. PTSD PR depends on MDA intensity and OS severity. OS and increased free radical level beyond excitotoxity, is a possible causal factor for clinical manifestation of PTSD
Using Sandblasting and Sol Gel Techniques for the Preparation of a Metal Surface and Their Effects on the Durability of Epoxy-Bonded Joints
Authors: Sałaciński Michał , Zabłocka Magdalena , Synaszko Piotr
Published: May 2013

The epoxy-bonded joints are widely employed in aerospace in the Composite Patch Bonded Repair (CPBR) method used for repair metallic and composite structures. The properties of epoxy usually meet the mechanical and environmental requirements, but the durability of bonded joints depends also on the surface preparation.

The most common techniques used for the surface preparation are Forest Product Laboratory’s (FPL) technique and Phosphoric Acid Anodizing (PAA). Both methods ensure very good adhesion but they have some disadvantages. They require the application of toxic and aggressive acids, dangerous for the operator. Also, the use of acids for cleaning the surfaces can cause corrosion.

The sandblasting treatment of metal surfaces ensures quite good adhesion. This technique requires neither specialist equipment nor the use of toxic substances. Recommended by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) the technique is also used by the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Sol Gel is a new product developed for the treatment of metal surfaces before bonding. It is not hazardous for the operator and it does not cause corrosion due to its specific chemical composition.

The article describes the behavior of bonded joints between two metal surfaces prepared using sandblasting and Sol Gel. The investigations were carried out in various environment conditions according to the ASTM Standards.
The Right to Sight
Authors: Nepal BP
Published: May 2013

Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012  | Page 1-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8008
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension Among People Aged 50 years and more in Banepa Municipality, Nepal
Authors: Manandhar Kedar , Koju R , Sinha NP , Humagain S
Published: May 2013

Background Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder rapidly emerging as a major public health problem in developing countries and is the most widely recognized modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Objective  The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence and associated risk factors with hypertension among people aged 50 years and more in Banepa Municipality, Kavre, Nepal. Methods It is a cross- sectional, population based study which was carried out in Banepa Municipality from May 15 to June 15, 2009. Among total 11 wards of Banepa municipally, wards number 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 were selected by using Simple Random Sampling Technique and 405 subjects of people aged 50 years and more were selected for study from the selected wards by using Cluster Sampling. The structured interview method was used for collection of data. Mercury sphygmomanometers with standard cuff were used to measure the indirect auscultatory arterial blood pressure. Two consecutive blood pressure readings were taken and average of them was calculated to determine single value of blood pressure. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 44.9 percent (47.75% in male and 42.73% in females). Among them, only 32.9 percent (60/182) were previously diagnosed as hypertension. The higher proportion of hypertensive cases were in age > 65 years (55.49%) than in the age group < 65 years (36.32%). The prevalence of hypertension was seen positively associated with non vegetarian eating habits, alcohol consumption, and > 25 Body max index. Taking green leafy vegetable at least once a week was negatively associated with the prevalence of the hypertension. Conclusion  These findings provide important information on the prevalence, associated factors of hypertension in Banepa Municipality. Effective public health measures and strategies are needed to improve prevention, diagnosis and access to treatment of these 50 years and above population. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 35-38 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8015
Occupational Radiation Exposure in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Bhatt Chhavi Raj , Widmark A , Shrestha SL , Khanal T , Ween B
Published: May 2013

Background  Radiation, which is used extensively to diagnose and treat human diseases, poses an occupational health risk for the concerned health workers. Personal dosimetry is an important tool to monitor occupational radiation exposures. Objective  This study was conducted to reveal and to describe the situation of occupational radiation exposure monitoring among staffs in different health care facilities in Nepal. Methods  A cross-sectional study was performed among the 35 Health Care Facilities. Information about types and number of X-ray procedures performed, types and number of personnel involved, workload and the availability of personal dosimetry service were collected. Results  Six Health Care Facilities had personal dosimetry service available for a total of 149 personnel. Of a total of nearly one million X-ray procedures performed in the 35 Health Care Facilities in 2007, 76 % was performed by non-monitored personnel. The majority of the facilities performing high dose procedures, like catheterisation, angiography and intestinal barium procedures did not offer personal dosimetry for the involved personnel. Conclusion  There are a limited number of personnel being monitored with personal dosimetry. There are no regulatory dose limits for occupationally exposed staff. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a national radiation protection authority to regulate the use of radiation in Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 48-51 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8019
Combined Orthodontic And Surgical Correction Of An Adolescent Patient With Thin Palatal Cortex And Vertical Maxillary Excess
Authors: Hedge Manjunath , Hedge C , Parajuli U , Kamath P
Published: May 2013

This paper describes the treatment of a male patient aged 14 years who presented with a skeletal class I, vertical maxillary excess, marked increase in overjet, thin palatal cortex and a gummy smile. Considering the severity of his malocclusion and its impact severity on his psychosocial well being, he was managed with a combined approach of Fixed Orthodontic therapy and Orthognathic surgery, even though his growth was not complete. Records of Pre treatment, Post treatment and three years in retention were analyzed and the functional and esthetic results were found to be fairly stable. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 88-92 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8029
Synthesis of Diterpenoid Rosmic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Marrero Joaquín G. , Andrés Lucía San , Luis Javier G.
Published: May 2013

The partial synthesis of derivatives of the antimicrobial diterpenoid rosmic acid from the abundant diterpenoid car-nosol is described. The key step involved the cleavage of ring C of rosmanol with lead tetraacetate or 7- O-methylrosmanol with mCPBA. Three analogues of rosmic acid, 11,12-seco-8,13-abietadien-12,7:20,6β-dilacton-11-oic acid methyl ester, 7α- O-methyl-11,12-seco-11,12-epoxy-11,12-dioxo-8,13-abietadien-20,6β-olide, its dimethyl ester, and the known methylgaldosol and rosmaquinone were obtained.
Synthesis and Structure Analysis of 1-propionyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine
Authors: Rao Guo-Wu , Ni Jia-Bin , Fu Yu-Bo , Chen Hao
Published: May 2013

1-Propionyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine was prepared from propionic anhydride and 3,6-diphenyl-1,4(or 1,2)-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. This reaction yields the title compound rather than 1-propionyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. The central tetrazine ring of the title compound exhibits a boat conformation and is not, therefore, homoaromatic.
Synthesis of New Pyrazolone Dyes
Authors: Gunkara Omer Tahir , Bagdatli Emine , Ocal Nuket
Published: May 2013

New azo- and bisazo-5-pyrazolone dyes have been synthesised by azo coupling of various arylamines and aryl diamines with 5-pyrazolones: 1-methyl-3-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-5(4 H)-one, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-isopropyl-1 H-pyrazol-5(4 H)-one and 3-isopropyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 H-pyrazol-5(4 H)-one, respectively. All new synthesised dyes have been characterised by FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and UV-Vis spectral studies with GC/MS and LC/MS analyses. FTIR and 1H NMR studies confirmed the existence of azo- and hydrazo-tautomeric forms of the dyes in the solid and liquid states, respectively.
1-Benzyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate as an Efficient and Green Reaction Medium for the Synthesis of Pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles
Authors: Li Yu-Ling , Cai Gan , Liu Xiao-Jun , Wang Kai , Du Bai-Xiang
Published: May 2013

A series of pyrimido[1,2- a]benzimidazole derivatives has been synthesised in high yields in the ionic liquid [bmim]+ BF4-. The structures of the products were characterised by IR, 1H NMR, and HRMS spectroscopy. The reaction work-up is simple and the ionic liquid is easily separated from the products for reuse.
Deliberating Intergenerational Environmental Equity: A Pragmatic, Future Studies Approach
Authors: Cotton Matthew
Published: May 2013

Across the applied ethics literatures are a growing number of ethical tools: decision-support methodologies that encourage multi-stakeholder deliberative engagement with the social and moral issues arising from technology assessment and environmental management processes. This article presents a novel ethical tool for deliberation on the issue of environmental justice between current and future generations over long time frames. This ethical tool combines two approaches, linking John Dewey's concept of dramatic rehearsal – an em-pathetic and imaginative ethical deliberation process; with the methodologies of backcasting – a type of scenario planning technique drawn from the future studies literature. The proposed hybrid ‘Deweyan Backcasting’ approach combines a creative process of devising multi-stakeholder visions of potentially desirable futures, with practical evaluation of the technical, social and political networks necessary to make such futures happen. It is suggested that such a model can provide a fruitful means for evaluating intergenerational environmental equity issues in long-range policy and planning.
Modern Water Ethics: Implications for Shared Governance
Authors: Schmidt Jeremy J. , Shrubsole Dan
Published: May 2013

It has been suggested that water and social values were divorced in modernity. This paper argues otherwise. First, it demonstrates the historical link between ethics and politics using the case of American water governance. It engages theories regarding state-centric water planning under ‘high modernism’ and the claim that water was seen as a neutral resource that could be objectively governed. By developing an alternate view from the writings of early American water leaders, J.W. Powell and W.J. McGee, the paper offers a way to understand the project of state-centred governance without the claim that water falls to the latter half of a society/nature dualism. Second, the paper reviews how the emerging ‘water ethics’ discourse helps organise both the ethical and legal norms at play within contemporary political shifts towards decentralised governance. The review identifies how McGee's early influence may warrant more attention, both in terms of water governance and environmental ethics. The paper concludes by arguing that, given the arguments presented, success in decentralising water governance turns not only on political considerations, but also on fairly ordering normative claims as part of fostering and extending the reach of coordinated water governance.
Does Nature Have Value in the Pāli Canon?
Authors: Sciberras Colette
Published: May 2013

I examine whether certain aspects of early Buddhist doctrine are compatible with ascribing value to nature by focusing in particular on the doctrine of the Three Marks of Existence. This portrays the world as characterised by suffering, impermanence, and by ‘not-self. From the perspective of environmental philosophy each of these is problematic, either because nature is viewed negatively, or else because only nibbāna is valued positively, and this is understood to entail a repudiation of the world. I argue against such interpretations and show that the doctrine of not-self militates against any attribution of value, whether positive or negative. This disposes of the prevalent charge that the doctrines imply a negative view of nature.
Celebrating the Mundane: Nature and the Built Environment
Authors: Newman Lenore , Dale Ann
Published: May 2013

The dualism of nature/culture widely present within Western society at large is out of step with an increasingly urbanising world. Building on previous discussions of nature/culture duality, an integrative framework is presented that argues for the embracing of the ‘mundane nature’ found within human landscapes. As over half of the human population interacts with nature primarily within urban landscapes, increasing our awareness of such spaces is critical to understanding our ecological consciousness. The examples of a recent rooftop greening bylaw in the city of Toronto and the social impacts of urban gardening are examined in this context.
Divergent Arctic-Boreal Vegetation Changes between North America and Eurasia over the Past 30 Years
Authors: Bi Jian , Xu Liang , Samanta Arindam , Zhu Zaichun , Myneni Ranga
Published: May 2013

Arctic-Boreal region—mainly consisting of tundra, shrub lands, and boreal forests—has been experiencing an amplified warming over the past 30 years. As the main driving force of vegetation growth in the north, temperature exhibits tight coupling with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)—a proxy to photosynthetic activity. However, the comparison between North America (NA) and northern Eurasia (EA) shows a weakened spatial dependency of vegetation growth on temperature changes in NA during the past decade. If this relationship holds over time, it suggests a 2/3 decrease in vegetation growth under the same rate of warming in NA, while the vegetation response in EA stays the same. This divergence accompanies a circumpolar widespread greening trend, but 20 times more browning in the Boreal NA compared to EA, and comparative greening and browning trends in the Arctic. These observed spatial patterns of NDVI are consistent with the temperature record, except in the Arctic NA, where vegetation exhibits a similar long-term trend of greening to EA under less warming. This unusual growth pattern in Arctic NA could be due to a lack of precipitation velocity compared to the temperature velocity, when taking velocity as a measure of northward migration of climatic conditions.
Sustainable Complex Triangular Cells for the Evaluation of CO2 Emissions by Individuals instead of Nations in a Scenario for 2030
Authors: Sthel Marcelo , Tostes José , Tavares Juliana
Published: May 2013

The concept of sustainable complex triangular cells may be applied to an individual of any human society. This concept was introduced in two recent articles. A case study was proposed to show the applicability of this new concept to Indian populations without contact with civilization and with a low environmental impact. Here we propose to apply this concept to a recent study, which claims that the concept of “common but differentiated responsibilities” refers to the emissions of individuals instead of nations. The income distribution of a country was used to estimate how its fossil fuel CO2 emissions are distributed among its citizens and, from that a global CO2 distribution was constructed. We propose the extension of the concept of complex triangular cells where its area would be equivalent to the CO2 emission per individual. In addition, a new three-dimensional geometric model for the regular hexagonal structure is offered in which the sharing of natural resources (human cooperation) is employed to reduce CO2 emissions in two scenarios by 2030.
Terre d'accueil. Offrir aux jeunes des lieux porteurs d'espoir
Authors: Cornillat Martine
Published: May 2013

"Terre d' Accueil" : den jungen Leuten Orte voller hoffnung anbieten.

Das ländliche Milieu führt auch zu Ausschliessungen, die weniger sichtbar sind als im städtischen Milieu, aber genau so dramatisch. Die Frauen und die jungen leute sind besonders betroffen. Eine vielseitige Aktivität bietet für einige diehoffnung, auf dem Land bleiben zu können. Das Projekt « Terre dAccueil» stützt sich auf diesen Willen zur Neuorientierung der bäuerlichen Aktivität und schlägt vor, ihn in alternative Entwicklungsprojekte ein- zubeziehen, die für die Gesamtheit der betroffenen Gebiete vorgesehen sind.

Sie fordern eine neue Vision der Produktion, des wirtschaftlichen Austausches und des Konsums. Obwohl sie nicht speziell die jungen Leute betreffen, erlauben sie auf lokaler Ebene denen, die bleiden wollen, von neuem lebensprojekte zu entwerfen.
Parcours d'une réforme : les I.U.T. A propos d'une circulaire : quel débat?
Authors: Bernard Michel
Published: May 2013

Grèves et manifestations ont à nouveau marqué les IUT lors du premier trimestre 1995. La cristallisation des revendications a porïé plus précisément sur une circulaire limitant la poursuite des études.

Dans cet article, l'auteur propose d'aller bien au-delà de la circulaire. Il rappelle les principales caractéristiques de la création et de l'évolution des IUT. S'interrogeant sur : quel débat privilégier ? il opte pour une analyse socio-économico-historique des cinquante dernières années, condition pour un projet d'ensemble. Dans cette perspective se situe la réforme des IUT engagée il y a 30 ans. Mais ce débat sur l'ensemble de l'enseignement supérieur n'a sens que s'il intègre le rapport formation initiale - formation continue ainsi que la nouvelle transition vers l'âge adulte, transition de plus en plus longue, incertaine et douloureuse, que connaît un nombre croissant de jeunes.
Popular language works and the autonomous language learner in 19th century Scandinavia
Authors: Munch Sørensen Louise
Published: May 2013

The ‘ teach-yourself’ method in language learning has received little attention from language teaching professionals despite the fact that it is the only manner of instruction available to a considerable number of adult learners. It is argued that a survey of the method’s teaching manuals will show the historical continuity of this autonomous approach to language teaching and learning. In this article, trade, travel and migration are identified as circumstances which have for a long time created a need for ordinary people to study foreign languages on their own.
The relationship between an applied discipline and its ‘parent disciplines’ in English teaching in Norway
Authors: Marit Simensen Aud
Published: May 2013

An applied linguistic discipline, such as English education, has a number of academic bases to draw on to obtain the knowledge and understanding required and to find the tools and working methods needed to implement a branch of learning in a school system. A number of theories, ideas, tools etc. from a selection of such bases are surveyed and their influence on English education in Norway is explored in the article.
La linguistique appliquée à l’enseignement des langues secondes aux États-Unis, en France et en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Berthet Michel
Published: May 2013

Dès les années 1950, la France joue un rôle important dans le renouvellement des méthodologies de l’enseignement des langues et participe à l’émergence de la discipline destinée à prendre pour objet ce type d’enseignement : la linguistique appliquée. A partir de la fin des années 1970, la majorité des spécialistes français de l’enseignement des langues cherche ailleurs que dans la linguistique les bases d’une discipline nouvelle, bientôt appelée la didactique des langue. Cet article analyse les raisons de cette évolution en comparant la situation en France, en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis. Trois axes essentiels à la comparaison sont explorés : les politiques linguistiques, les structures de la recherche linguistique et les traditions épistémologiques.
Angewandte Linguistik in Deutschland – eine Disziplin?
Authors: Knapp Karlfried
Published: May 2013

En partant de développements récents en philosophie des sciences, cet article décrit d’abord les sciences d’aujourd’hui comme des stratégies pilotées par la demande sociale pour résoudre les problèmes du monde réel, avec des approches disciplinaires variées et la mise en oeuvre de solutions pratiques concrètes. La linguistique appliquée est, ensuite, définie comme n’étant pas seulement une description des problèmes du monde réel au moyen du langage et de la communication, mais comme proposant des solutions effectives à de tels problèmes, en coopération avec professionnels et praticiens. Un examen rapide du développement de la linguistique appliquée en Allemagne, dans son ancrage institutionnel, ses champs et ses approches, montre finalement que la linguistique appliquée allemande s’est imposée, en tant qu’activité descriptive, comme sous-discipline de la linguistique.
Un décret inédit de la ligue thébaine et la flotte d'Épaminondas
Authors: Roesch Paul
Published: May 2013

Un décret fédéral béotien, récemment découvert près de Leuctres, et daté de 365 av. J.-C, honore un Macédonien. On rapproche ce texte des deux décrets fédéraux IG, VII, 2407 et 2408 votés à la même époque, honorant un Carthaginois, expert en construction navale, et un Byzantin. L'étude du contexte historique permet de mettre ces trois décrets en rapport avec le vaste programme de construction navale qu'Épaminondas lance en 365. Le proxène, Athénaios fils de Démonikos, dont le fils Démonikos de Pella fut nommé en 326 triérarque par Alexandre, fut très probablement un des fournisseurs de bois macédonien pour la construction des cent trières que les Béotiens mirent en chantier dans la rade de Skroponeri, sur la côte béotienne du golfe d'Eubée.
Pavements «Alexandrins » ou les pièges de l'homonymie
Authors: Bruneau Philippe
Published: May 2013

Étude de deux textes qui ne peuvent, en dépit de l'homonymie, intervenir à propos des mosaïques d'Alexandrie d'Egypte :

1. Dans l'inventaire d'un hérôon d'Apateira, on lit : ]α Άλεξανδρεινα

ψηφωτα δεκαννέα, Άλεξα[νδρειν - - : Keil et Premerstein, qui l'ont publié [Berichl ùber eine 3. Reise in Lydien, n° 117) proposent sous réserve de restituer en tète [έμβλήματ]α et rapportent Άλεξανδρεινά à Alexandrie d'Egypte.

On montre ici qu'il vaut mieux écrire ]α 'Αλεξανδρεινά, ψηφωτα δεκαεννέα

Άλεξα[νδρεινά en comprenant des mosaïques unies plutôt que des panneaux polychromes, et qu'on a toutes les raisons de penser à une Alexandrie proche d'Apateira plutôt qu'à la lointaine capitale égyptienne.

2. L'alexandrinum opus mentionné par Lampride, Sev. Alex., 25, n'a rien à voir non plus, quoi qu'on en ait dit, avec Alexandrie d'Egypte. L'usage de nommer des produits fabriqués par le nom des empereurs est si répandu à l'époque qu'on n'a aucune raison de douter du témoignage de Lampride et qu'il convient bien d'expliquer le nom de l'opus alexandrinum par celui de Sévère Alexandre.
Une Panégyrie en Crète mycénienne? (Tablette KN Fp 14)
Authors: Taillardat Jean
Published: May 2013

On propose une interprétation nouvelle pour amakolo, joterepalo, ekesesi, qerasija. La tablette paraît porter témoignage de l'existence, à Cnossos, d'une panégyrie (d'où le nom de mois Hamāgortos et la mention d'une deputation, exesis). Cette assemblée avait lieu à la saison où l'on commençait à fouler les olives. Quant à qerasija, elle n'est ni « la Chasseresse » ni « la Dame des fauves », mais « la Protectrice des chasseurs ».