bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN DENGAN LOYALITAS PELANGGAN PADA PT. HUTAMA TOUR DAN TRAVEL KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Irawanto Tito , Gayatri Ida Ayu Made Er Meytha
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas pelayanan dengan loyalitas pelanggan pada PT. Hutama Tour dan Travel Kota Bengkulu. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 32 orang pelanggan yang melakukan studi tour pada PT. Hutama Tour dan Travel Kota Bengkulu pada tahun 2019. Metode pengumpulan data yang di gunakan adalah kuesioner dan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah korelasi rank spearman dan pengujian hipotesis dengan uji t.

Hasil korelasi rank spearman menunjukkan hubungan kualitas pelayanan  dengan loyalitas pelanggan  pada  PT. Hutama Tour dan Travel Kota Bengkulu  memiliki korelasi yang sangat kuat dengan nilai korelasi sebesar 0,864,  ini berarti bahwa semakin baik kualitas pelayanan  pada PT. Hutama Tour dan Travel Kota Bengkulu  maka akan semakin tinggi pula loyalitas pelanggan  pada PT. Hutama Tour dan Travel Kota Bengkulu. Hal ini diperkuat dengan hasil uji hipotesis bahwa thitung lebih besar dari ttabel (9,389  >1,697).
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA DENGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF PADA BAYI USIA 0-6 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS RATU AGUNG KOTA BENGKULU TAHUN 2015
Authors: JUMITA JUMITA , YULIANTI SYAMI
Published: February 2021

Air Susu Ibu (ASI) adalah sumber nutrisi terpenting yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap bayi, ASI diberikan secara eksklusif selama 6 bulan pertama kehidupan dan dilanjutkan dengan makanan pendamping sampai usia 2 tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 128 Ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 7-12 bulan dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara systematic sampling. Menggunakan data primer dan sekunder yang diolah secara Analisa univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square. Penelitian dilaksanakan 29 April-27 Mei. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 128 Ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 7-12 bulan hampir seluruh Ibu (76.6%) tidak memberikan ASI eksklusif pada bayinya, distribusi frekuensi pengetahuan Ibu mengenai ASI eksklusif sebagian besar memiliki pengetahuan kurang (53.9%) dan hampir sebagian dukungan keluarga kurang (49.2%). Hasil analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square didapatkan nilai p = 0,000 ≤ (0,05). Berarti ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Petugas kesehatan (Bidan) harus lebih berperan dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pemberian ASI secara eksklusif dengan program yang ada di Puskesmas Ratu Agung Kota Bengkulu.
FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA/I KEPERAWATAN DENGAN GOOGLE CLASSROOM DI UNIVERSITAS SARI MUTIARA INDONESIA, MEDAN
Authors: MARTINA SISKA EVI , SIMANJUNTAK EVA HOTMARIA , SIMANJUNTAK NETTI MEILANI
Published: February 2021

Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan internet ini sangat pesat sehingga, bukan hanya mempengaruhi produk elektronik saja, melainkan juga dalam dunia pendidikan terutama dalam metode pembelajaran. Salah satu metode pembelajaran online yang saat ini sedang berkembang dan mulai digunakan adalah google classroom. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan mahasiswa, cita-cita dan asprisai, semangat belajar mahasiswa, kondisi lingkungan mahasiswa dengan motivasi belajar dengan google classroom. Menggunakan desain Analitik observasional dengan menggunakan pendekatan crossectional. Sebanyak 75 sampel pada penelitiaan ini didapat dari teknik total sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan pengetahuan mahasiswa, cita-cita dan asprisai, semangat belajar mahasiswa, kondisi lingkungan mahasiswa dengan motivasi belajar dengan google classroom di peroleh nilai p = 0,000< 0.05. p =0,000< 0,05. p = 0,000< 0,05. p = 0,001< 0,05. Maka dari itu, institusi pendidikan dapat memberikan arahan dan bimbingan tentang pembelajaran berbasis online khususnya mahasiswa yang jarak tempuh jauh dari kampus.
Binary Joint Network-Channel Coding for Reliable Multi-Hop Wireless Networks
Authors: Alabady Salah Abdulghani , Mohd Salleh Mohd Fadzli
Published: February 2021

The high and variable packet loss in wireless networks due to the unreliable nature of wireless channels, interference, link or router failure, fading, and shadowing wireless link are the main problems and challenges in implementing a reliable wireless network. Packet loss probability is the most important performance measure for real-time applications. Packet loss is due to errors, congestion in the queue because of high traffic, collision, hidden nodes, and link failures. In this paper, we focus on the links failure problem. To address this problem, improve the performance of wireless networks, and enhance and make the network survivability and availability more reliable, a new efficient binary joint network and channel coding (B-JNCC) technique is proposed. B-JNCC combines low-complexity parity-check (LCPC) channel coding and the wireless network erasure correcting with router code to detect lost packets to reduce the bit error rate and increase the packet delivery ratio over a wireless multi-access channel. B-JNCC is applied at the receiver node. Simulation results show that the proposed B-JNCC outperforms the binary symbol-wise JNCC, non-binary JNCC (NB-JNCC), and NB separate network-channel coding.
Вечно существующее время: Очерки о системе искусств в Якутии XX–XXI вв.
Authors: Pokatilova I.V.
Published: February 2021

Книга написана в виде очерков о системе искусств в Якутии XX–ХXI вв. Морфологический анализ художественной культуры в течении одного столетия обретает ускоренный путь: от мифологического мышления и до развитого художественного мышления в конце столетия. Истоки и зарождения художественного мышления связаны с культурной средой г. Якутска, где первым на самостоятельный путь в нач. ХХ в. выходит якутская литература; в 1960 гг. лидирует якутская графика; с 1990-х годов — выделяется в морфологии искусства Саха театр со смешанными принципами художественного освоения мира. Основой и вполне устойчивым контекстом взлёта и даже взрыва национального кинематографа стала накопленная энергия разных видов искусства, прошедших индивидуальный — «якутский» — стремительный путь.
Turning Point: The Lavater Affair
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter chronicles Moses Mendelssohn's conflicts with Johann Caspar Lavater. Lavater was a contemporary and acquaintance of Mendelssohn's who issued a public challenge to him in 1769. The chapter details Lavater's invitation for a theological debate, which Mendelssohn resented. Indeed, he repeatedly stated his distaste for engaging in religious disputes. He was also indignant of the fact that Lavater attempted to convert him to Christianity. The chapter goes on to detail the background discussions which went on during the Lavater affair, and the influence this public debate had on other writers of their time. It concludes with an epilogue to the Lavater affair.
Guardian of the Enlightenment
Authors: Altmann Alexander
Published: February 2021

This chapter concludes the volume with Moses Mendelssohn's final years. It provides the culmination of his conflict with Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi and how such episodes influenced his later works. Indeed, Mendelssohn's last major work, the Morgenstunden, was brought about due to Jacobi's challenge. The Morgenstunden is the most systematic of Mendelssohn's major works. It has a single, well-defined theme—the existence of God—which it expounds step by step, starting from a discussion of the first principles of epistemology and culminating in the presentation of a novel argument in the last of the 17 lectures. None of his previous writings had been as compact and methodical as this one. The chapter ends with a discussion on Mendelssohn's retirement and his final works.
Contemplative Prayer
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the doctrine of kavvanah (‘concentration’) in prayer. Concentration is important to Hasidic ideas on mystical, contemplative prayer. For the rabbis, kavvanah in prayer means that the worshipper is conscious that he stands in the presence of God and that his mind is aware of the meaning of the words he utters. The chapter traces the history of such practices. It reveals that, in the classical sources, kavvanah means chiefly concentration on the meaning of the words of the prayers and the realisation that one is in God’s presence. In the Kabbalah, however, and especially in the Lurianic version, the whole doctrine of kavvanah receives a totally different meaning. Here, mystical contemplation becomes the order of the day.
Ecstatic Prayer
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes two forms of ecstasy in prayer, as discussed in Hasidic literature: hitlahavut (‘burning enthusiasm’) and hitpaalut (‘to be affected’). The first term, and the one most frequently used, hitlahavut, denotes chiefly enthusiasm in prayer. The second term, hitpaalut, denotes chiefly the effect of prayer on the worshipper, the rapture that is attendant upon contemplative prayer. The term hitpaalut is chiefly used by the Habad thinkers in whose school there is considerable discussion on the meaning and value of rapture in prayer. After discussing both of these terms, the chapter also delves into the general idea of prayer in a spirit of boundless joy, delight, and warmth.
The Elevation of ‘Strange Thoughts’
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter turns to the doctrine of ‘strange thoughts’ (mahashavot zarot). The elevation of this doctrine was very important during early Hasidism, but has since been abandoned. This practice was borne from the Hasidic aversion to thoughts of the self during prayer. After all, the ideal for the Hasid was to lose himself in the divine. Yet the Hasid could not help experiencing in his prayers the intrusion of selfhood as well as of thoughts opposed to the Jewish tradition. These ‘strange thoughts’ were generally of three kinds: ‘strange love’, ‘pride’, and ‘idolatry’. To remedy this, the chapter reveals how early Hasidism attempted to elevate rather than reject such thoughts. ‘Elevation’ in this context means to trace them in the mind to their source in God (since from Him come all things) and so deprive them of their baneful power.
Mystical Theology and Social Dissent
Authors: Sherwin Byron L.
Published: February 2021

Judah Loew, better known as the Maharal of Prague, was a pivotal personality in late medieval European Judaism. Best known from the popular legend that credited him with the creation of a golem—an artificial human with superhuman powers—his true importance lay in his comprehensive exposition of a unique expression of Jewish mystical theology, his call for a reformation of Jewish communal life, and his influence on subsequent Jewish life and thought. This book, a lucid exposition of the life, legend, works, and ideas developed in Loew's massive writings, “reveals the concealed” by unravelling the often obscure nature of his mystical theology, his polemical jousts against past and contemporary Jewish scholars, and his innovative program for social and educational reform.
The Nature of the Torah
Authors: Sherwin Byron L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses Judah Loew's views on the nature of the Torah. For Rabbi Loew, the Torah, though essentially spiritual, also has a material dimension. By means of the commandments, which represent the fusing of the spiritual and the material, the human and the divine, the Torah can function as an intermediary between God and man, and can lead man to God. Just as the Torah is the intermediary between man and God and a synthesis of the celestial and the terrestrial, so is Moses, who brings the Torah to man in general and to Israel in particular. Unlike many of his talmudic and medieval predecessors, Judah Loew does not hesitate to ascribe spiritual, even divine qualities to Moses.
Antisemitism and Jewish Presence: The Geography of Antisemitism
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the geography of antisemitism. It assesses whether the incidence of antisemitism was in any way correlated with the presence of Jews, and whether antisemitism in areas where there were Jews was in any way different from antisemitism in areas where there were not. There were two kinds of antisemitism in France, measured by antisemitism's relationship with the Jews: one a response to the Jews as a minority, the other a “doctrine” or an ideology, independent of direct Jewish presence. The former characterized the East, but by no means exclusively so; the latter predominated in the rest of France. The former was a more traditional phenomenon and often expressed specific economic grievances; the generation and dissemination of the latter, building on the basis of the former, was a modern phenomenon, and expressed much wider and vaguer discontents. The religious element was strong in both, but its function was significantly different. In “traditional” antisemitism, it represented an attitude of orthodoxy towards a real religious minority. In “modern” antisemitism, it expressed the fears of a Catholic minority in the face of a secularization symbolized by the Jews.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: February 2021

This concluding chapter summarises the findings of this study of antisemitism in France at the end of the nineteenth century, and draws some specific and general conclusions. First, both the chronology of its fortunes as a movement as well as the content of its ideology indicate that it was a reaction to a period of crisis experienced by France as by other industrializing societies; but, although antisemitism was the vehicle for the expression of economic grievances on the part of certain groups, it should not be interpreted too exclusively in economic terms. It reflected a fundamental social and religious crisis, which can be seen in the conviction of antisemites that the end of a world, if not of the world, was upon them. Second, it was an ideology that not only asserted or recognized that the world was in crisis and under threat of dissolution, but that also provided an explanation for this state of affairs in the form of the Jewish conspiracy. Third, although the Jews as a mythical entity were central to it, antisemitism had very little to do with real Jews and their objective problems in the post-emancipation era. The process of Jewish assimilation, however, could serve as a paradigm of a much more general transformation of social relationships and of the breakdown of a traditional hierarchy.
Introductory Note
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on Knights as the first play that Aristophanes produced on his own behalf. It mentions that Knights was performed at the Lenaea of 424 B.C. and won first prize, defeating the Satyrs of Cratinus and the Porters of Aristomenes. It also talks about how Knights was produced as a violent attack on Cleon, who was credited for the victory at Pylos during the Peloponnesian War and became a national hero. The chapter criticizes the whole style of political leadership in Knights, of which Cleon was the foremost representative. It describes the deep pessimistic content of the play, in which the Athenian people are portrayed by the old man Demosthenes, who is shown as being so stupid and gullible.
De Rerum Natura IV
Authors: Godwin J.
Published: February 2021

Book IV of Lucretius' great philosophical poem deals mainly with the psychology of sensation and thought. The heart of this book is a new text, incorporating the latest scholarship on the text of Lucretius, with a clear prose facing translation. The commentary concentrates on the thought of the text (relating it to other philosophers beside Epicurus) and the poetry of the Latin, placing the text in relation to Roman literature in general, and attempting to demonstrate the poetic genius of Lucretius. The introduction deals with the didactic tradition in ancient literature and Lucretius' place in it, the structure of De Rerum Natura, the salient features of the philosophy of Epicurus and the transmission of the text.
Cicero: Tusculan Disputations II and V
Authors: Douglas A. E.
Published: February 2021

The Fifth Tusculan Disputation is the finest of the five books, its nearest rival being the First. The middle three books, represented in this edition by the Second, are, as the author clearly intended, less elevated, though still showing Cicero's flair for elegant and lively exposition, and providing much valuable information about the teaching of the main Hellenistic philosophical schools, especially the Stoics. They argue that the perfect human life, or complete human well-being, that of the 'wise man', is unaffected by physical and mental distress or extremes of emotion. Against this background, the Fifth puts the positive, mainly Stoic, case that virtue, moral goodness, is alone and of itself sufficient. The book presents Latin text with facing-page English translation, introduction and commentary.
Apollodoros Against Neaira [Demosthenes] 59 Text and Translation
Authors: Carey Christopher
Published: February 2021

Πολλά‎ με‎ τα‎ παρακαλοϋντα‎ ην‎, ίΟ‎ άνδρες‎ 'Αθηναίοι‎, γράφασθαι‎ Νέαιραν‎ την‎ γραφήν‎ ταυτηνΙ‎ κα‎] είσελθείν‎ είς‎ ύμας‎. καί‎ γαρ‎ ήδικήμεθα‎ ύπο‎ Στεφάνου...
Commentary
Authors: Bowen A. J.
Published: February 2021

a)H = Herodotus and P = Plutarch throughout;

b)all dates henceforward are B.C. unless indicated;

c)references to the Introduction are by paragraph numbers.

Malice: there is no one English word which quite translates the Greekκακοήθεια‎. 'Prejudice' catches a large part of it but lacks the connotation of spite....
Euripides: Iphigenia in Tauris
Authors: Cropp M. J.
Published: February 2021

Iphigenia in Tauris tells the story of the princess Iphigenia who was sacrificed by her father Agamemnon to expedite his campaign against Troy but was rescued by the goddess Artemis and transported to the land of the Taurians. There she herself must perform human sacrifices as a priestess of Artemis in the local cult. Troy has now been sacked, and Agamemnon murdered by his wife and avenged by his son Orestes. With his mother's blood on his hands, Orestes is guided by Apollo to seek purification through bringing the image of the Tauric Artemis to Greece, and so is reunited with his sister. The drama centers on Orestes' near-sacrifice at Iphigenia's hands, their recognition in the nick of time, and their ingenious and thrilling escape to bring the cult of Artemis to Halae and Brauron near Athens.
Pindar: Selected Odes
Authors: Instone Stephen
Published: February 2021

Pindar's Odes, blending beauty of poetic form and profundity of thought, are one of the wonders of Ancient Greece. Composed in the first instance to commemorate athletics victories, they fan out like a peacock's tail to illuminate with brilliant subtlety and imagination the human condition in general, and how our moments of heroic achievement are inevitably tempered by our mortal frailties. This edition aims to make for the first time a selection of these wonderful, but complex, poems accessible and enjoyable not only to scholars and advanced students but especially to sixth-form students and non-Classicists (including anyone interested in Pindar's influence on English poetry). While particular attention is paid to elucidating Pindar's cryptic chains of thoughts and to explaining the significance of the myths in the odes, much greater help than usual in this series is given with translating the Greek. The selection, which contains Pindar's most famous poem (Olympian 1) and two particularly charming mythical stories (in Pythian 9 and Nemean 3), illustrates Pindar's range and variety by including odes commemorating victors at each of the four major games. The book presents Greek text with translation, commentary and notes.
Appian: Wars of the Romans in Iberia
Authors: Richardson John
Published: February 2021

Appian wrote his Roman history in the second century AD as a series of books arranged geographically to chronicle the rise of the Roman Empire. His Iberike, of which this is the first translation with historical commentary in English, deals with the Romans' wars in the Iberian peninsula from the third to the first centuries BC. It is the only continuous source for much of the history of this crucial period in one of the earliest regions of Rome's imperial expansion, and so fills in the gap made by the loss of Livy's later books. He describes the major campaigns of the conquest from the defeat of the Carthaginians by Scipio Africanus, the wars against the Celtiberians, the war against the Lusitanians under Viriathus and the siege of Numantia. The value of the text is not merely as a chronicle of otherwise obscure events, Appian was an historian who deserves to be studied in his own right. This scholarly edition presents the Greek text with facing-page English translation, accompanied by an introduction, historical commentary and copious notes.
Augustine: De Civitate Dei The City of God Book V
Authors: Walsh P. G.
Published: February 2021

This edition of St. Augustine's The City of God (De Civitate Dei) is the only one in English to provide a text and translation as well as a detailed commentary of this most influential document in the history of western Christianity. In Book V, Augustine searches out and presents an answer to the question which lies behind the earlier books. In spite of the moral bankruptcy of the Roman state, and in spite of the disasters and injustices which have marked her history since the foundation, Rome has extended her imperial sway throughout Europe and the Near East. If the pagan gods have not guided her to this terrestrial eminence, how has this success been achieved? Augustine divides his response into four main sections: addressing the pagan notion of fate; arguing that God aided the Romans to imperial glory because a minority of them were virtuous even though they did not worship him; stating explicitly that the Roman Empire was set in place by God and is governed by his providence; and devoting the final section to the advent of Christian Emperors. The edition presents Latin text with facing-page English translation, introduction and commentary.
Augustine: De Civitate Dei The City of God Books XI and XII
Authors: Walsh P. G.
Published: February 2021

In books I–V of De Civitate Dei, St. Augustine rejects the claim that worship of the pagan gods had brought success in this life, and in books VI–X, the prospect of a happy afterlife. In books XI–XII, Augustine turns from attack to defence, for at this point he initiates his apology for the Christian faith. Books XI and XII document the initial phase of the rise of the two cities, the city of God and the city of this world, beginning with the Creation of the world and the human race. In Book XI, Augustine rejects the theories of Aristotle, Plato and the Epicureans on the creation of the universe and addresses the creation of angels, Satan, the role of the holy Trinity and the importance of numerology in the Genesis account. In Book XII, Augustine is chiefly concerned with refuting standard objections to the Christian tradition, returning to discussion of the Creation, including his calculation, based on the scriptures, that the world was created less than 6,000 years ago. This book is the only edition in English to provide not only a text but also a detailed commentary on one of the most influential documents in the history of western Christianity. It presents Latin text, with facing-page English translation, introduction, notes and commentary.
The Genre Code of Realism: the recent development of the alien invasion movie
Authors: Sohn-Rethel Martin
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses the genre code of realism, which brings with it a fundamentally different order of realism. Not one concerned so much with the real social-historical world but one which revolves instead around our expectations of a particular genre. Here the starting point lies within the realm of a fiction genre itself rather than in lived experience of the real world as rendered in the language of scripted fiction. The chapter shows that when words like 'real' and 'realism' are cited for, say, a science-fiction film, what is meant is more directly aligned to expectations of the science-fiction genre than to notions of the real world. It then looks at examples of science fiction, all of which belong to its alien invasion subgenre: District 9 (Neill Blomkamp, 2009), Monsters (Gareth Edwards, 2010), and Attack the Block (Joe Cornish, 2011).
Post-Script: The ‘Counter-Realism’ Code of Institutional Constraint
Authors: Sohn-Rethel Martin
Published: February 2021

This chapter reflects on the 'counter-realism' code of institutional constraint. In terms of audience understandings, the 'counter-realist' code of institutional constraint is engaged, for example, when spectators assure themselves that a lead character cannot die before the last reel — precisely because they are played by a highly paid star. For producers, the code implies that the profit principle militates in favour of rounded stories with feel-good endings and against films where film makers forsake the safe and familiar and take audiences into new territory. The 'true story' genre seems to provide a firm basis for debating the effects of 'institutional constraint' on realism and truth. The chapter then considers a pair of 'true story' films: In The Name Of The Father (Jim Sheridan, 1993) and Erin Brokovich (Steven Soderbergh, 2000).
‘A nightmare of horror’
Authors: Conolly Jez , Bates David Owain
Published: February 2021

This chapter illustrates the antecedents of Dead of Night and charts its line of influence. In many respects, Dead of Night was more a cinematic pinnacle of a storytelling tradition than a forebear of a new form. Fundamentally, the frame narrative is a device that dates back to some of the earliest known examples of recorded storytelling, which were frequently collections of even earlier tales originating in oral storytelling cultures. Beyond these early ancestral highpoints of the frame story form, there are more direct forerunners to Dead of Night to be found in nineteenth-century literature, particularly Victorian Gothic literature. The chapter then looks at the anthology format. During the decade after Dead of Night, British cinema may have been dark at times — there were numerous British noir films made in that period, several of which were produced by Ealing Studios — but it rarely delivered full-blown scares. It would take Hammer Films' move into the horror genre for this to recommence.
‘I’m not frightened…I’m not frightened…’
Authors: Conolly Jez , Bates David Owain
Published: February 2021

This chapter evaluates ‘Christmas Party’, the first of two stories directed by Alberto Cavalcanti. The story is told from the perspective of teenager Sally O'Hara (Sally Ann Howes) who relates a spooky encounter that she had at a festive gathering. During a game of ‘Sardines’, after spurning the amorous adolescent advances of fellow partygoer Jimmy Watson (Michael Allan), she finds herself in the high attic reaches of the party's large country house setting where she happens upon a weeping child dressed in Victorian clothes. Sally comforts the child, who identifies himself as Francis Kent, and sings him to sleep before returning to the party downstairs, only then realising that she has just seen a ghost. The chapter assesses ‘Christmas Party’ in relation to the very English tradition of the festive ghost story and charts how the rendering of Sally's tale negotiates the territory of adolescent liminality.
Rediscovering Traces of Memory
Authors: Webber Jonathan , Schwarz Chris , Francisco Jason
Published: February 2021

The present-day traces of the Jewish past in Poland are complex. Jewish life lay in ruins after the Holocaust. Much evidence of ruin remains, but there are also widespread traces that bear witness to the elaborate Jewish culture that once flourished there, even in villages and small towns. One also sees places where Jews were murdered by the Germans in the war: not only in death camps and ghettos, but also in fields, forests, rivers, and cemeteries. After the war, forty years of communism suppressed even the memory of the destroyed Jewish heritage. Today, by contrast, the historic Jewish culture of Poland is increasingly being memorialized, by local Poles as well as by foreign Jews. Synagogues and cemeteries are being renovated, monuments and museums are being set up. There are festivals of Jewish culture, hasidic pilgrims, and Jewish tourists; and local people who rescued Jews during the war are being honoured. In rediscovering the traces of memory one also finds clear signs of a local Jewish revival. This extensively revised second edition includes forty-five new photographs and updated explanatory texts. Together they suggest how to make sense of the past and discover its relevance for the present. This book will appeal to everyone concerned with questions of history, memory, and identity.
Tradition and Diversity
Authors: Sacks Jonathan
Published: February 2021

This chapter explains that the paradox of Jewish modernity is that Jewish religious life is organized into structures into which tradition does not fit. This is an outcome willed by no one, which emerged from the varied responses to social, political, and cultural challenges that seemed to threaten Jewish continuity at its foundations. That past cannot be unwritten, nor is it profitable to engage in counter-factual speculation as to whether it might have happened otherwise. The only meaningful question concerns the future. Does the tradition itself contain the resources to handle diversity without disunity? The chapter argues that it does. The argument rests on three phenomena: aggadic pluralism, halakhic universalism, and Jewish inclusivity. The chapter then considers sectarianism.
On the Brink of Disaster: Hillel Zeitlin’s Struggle for Jewish Survival in Poland
Authors: Bar Sella Shraga
Published: February 2021

This chapter evaluates how Hillel Zeitlin's views on the Zionist state changed as his ideological and religious views evolved. Despite the changes, his outlook was always dominated by insistence on a territorial solution. Zeitlin was strongly influenced by Spinoza's philosophy and Comte's positivism. With the appearance of political Zionism, he became one of its enthusiastic supporters. His searching and speculation led him to the theories of Schopenhauer, Hartmann, and Nietzsche, which affected his Zionist outlook and fashioned his mode of action. He also participated in the Fifth Zionist Congress as a Zionist representative from the town of Homel. His deep admiration for Herzl led him to unquestioning support for attempts to establish a charter for Jewish settlement in Palestine and for Herzl and Nordau's catastrophic solution to the Jewish problem of survival, which involved any feasible territorial settlement, not necessarily in Palestine.
The Progressive Synagogue in Lwów
Authors: Bussgang Julian J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses the Progressive synagogue in Lwów. At the time of the founding of the Progressive synagogue, Lwów had the largest Jewish population of all the cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including Vienna. After the death of the Orthodox rabbi Jacob Ornstein, leadership of the Jewish community was taken over by Progressive Jews, primarily professionals, academics, businessmen, bankers, and industrialists. From then on, the non-Zionists and non-Orthodox held a majority in the kahal, the Jewish communal council. While they served the entire Jewish community, which included a large Orthodox and Yiddish-speaking population, many of these leaders spoke primarily Polish and German. Although culturally Jewish, they were seldom talmudic scholars or noted for their strong religious belief. The Orthodox, however, continued to be represented on the various committees.
Andrzej Żbikowski Żydzi krakowscy i ich gmina w latach 1869–1919
Authors: Kozińska-Witt Hanna
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on Andrzej Żbikowski's Żydzi krakowscy i ich gmina w latach 1869–1919 (The Jews of Kraków and their Community 1869–1919). In this, a revised form of his 1990 doctoral dissertation, Żbikowski has undertaken an exhaustive description of the Kraków gmina (Jewish community) over fifty years. It is divided thematically rather than chronologically. The opening chapters discuss the demographic, professional, and ideological divisions within the gmina. The latter chapters acquaint the reader in more detail with the basis for the gmina's functions and with the political convictions of its members. Żbikowski then goes on to examine the finances and institutions of the gmina, its charitable and educational activities, and the relations between the Christians and the Jews of Kraków. He concludes with a description of the gmina's response to the convulsions of the First World War.
Barbara and Leszek Amatys and Wieslaw Stradomski
Authors: Gross Natan
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks at the second volume of The History of Polish Film, written by Barbara and Leszek Amatys, together with Wiesław Stradomski. Stradomski compiled the first part, about the legal, economic, and cultural conditions surrounding the development of Polish cinematography, and wrote a short chapter, ‘Jewish Film’, as well as the conclusion. In the chapter on the final four years of sound film in Yiddish, Stradomski used all the items he had managed to gather from the press in Polish, and related these press cuttings to films such as The Dybbuk and Idl mitn fidl. Unfortunately, this short chapter, which treats about seven sound films, was weakened when a discussion of two important films was moved to the chapters compiled by Leszek and Barbara Amatys. The volume also contains minor errors. The chapter then argues that the second volume could be more comprehensive. It suggests that, to serve as a contribution to the memory of perished Polish Jewry, it would be worth writing an essay about the participation of Jews in the development of Polish pre-war film, in its production, direction, photography, acting, and distribution.
The Third Competition of Scholarly Works on Polish Jewish and Israeli Themes
Authors: Cała Alina
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the third competition of scholarly works on Polish Jewish and Israeli themes. Like the previous two, the third master's and doctoral thesis competition in the field of Polish Jewish and Israeli studies, held in 1995, was organized by the Polish–Israeli Friendship Society and the Jewish Historical Institute. This time, forty-six master's and ten doctoral theses were entered in the competition. The wide thematic range and level, as well as the number of theses, testify to the fact that Jewish historical subjects have now become part of the normal research scene, to the great satisfaction of the organizers of this competition. More and more research centres include Jewish studies in their list of research topics, and more and more often this research is carried out in depth, making use of the special tools indispensable for this work, particularly a good knowledge of Hebrew or Yiddish.
Messianic Mysticism
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

Moses Hayim Luzzatto (1707–1746) gathered around him an inner circle of devout Jews who shared his belief in the imminent arrival of the messianic age and who privately identified members of their circle as divinely ordained to usher in the Redemption. To the rabbis of Venice and Frankfurt, however, Luzzatto was a heretic, whose claims to have written works at the dictation of a messenger from heaven could not be genuine. Under pressure from them he was obliged to withdraw a number of such works, and the manuscripts were either lost or destroyed. Yet his known works came to earn him admiration: as a literary figure among the adherents of the Enlightenment, as a great kabbalist and profound mystic by hasidim and even by some of their leading opponents, and as a great ethical teacher by all religious streams. The author of this book spent many years in the study of Luzzatto and his group, and succeeded in tracing a number of the lost manuscripts. In the essays translated in this volume, the author described and annotated the manuscripts which he found, giving the full text of some of the prose works and of all the poems. He was able to correct and add detail to the incomplete picture of Luzzatto and his mystical world. One of the most illuminating documents reproduced here is Luzzatto's version of his ketubah or marriage contract. A second key document is the personal, mystical diary which Luzzatto's second-in-command, Rabbi Moses David Valle, wrote in the margins of his own commentary on the Bible.
Luzzatto’s Attitude to Shabateanism
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

This chapter discloses the controversy over Rabbi Moses Hayim Luzzatto that agitated European Jewry from 1730 to 1736 and was dominated by the charge of Shabatean heresy brought against him. It mentions scholars who agreed that the allegation of a link between Luzzatto's activities and the Shabatean movement was malicious or mistaken. It also explores the personality of Luzzatto and the history of the Shabatean movement and its offshoots. The chapter looks at the first letter dated 9 Heshvan 5490 in which R. Moses Hagiz brought his accusations against Luzzatto. It cites R. Isaiah Bassano's letter to the rabbis of Venice, which shows that the suspicion of Shabateanism was raised from the start to motivate the witchhunt.
Rabbi Moses David Valle’s Mystical-Messianic Diary: A Record of Spiritual Experiences and Visions
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

This chapter probes Rabbi Moses David Valle's kabbalistic-messianic works, which makes a unique contribution to the literature of Jewish mysticism by its dated personal notes. It alludes the nature and general significance of the 'diary entries' as a sort of mystical and messianic journal that concerns spiritual experiences and visions on scriptural. It also looks at the content of Valle's entries that are interpreted as revelations of hidden truths. The chapter reviews two entries written in the middle of 5491 and early in 5492 that express praise of Rabbi Moses Hayim Luzzatto's status as the embodiment of the biblical Moses. It talks about the scriptural quotation that is attached to the 'manifestation of the light of Moses', which means the sefirah Tiferet or domain of Moses in the celestial system.
‘Kudsha Berikh Hu Orayta Veyisra’el Kola ḥad’: The Origin of the Expression in Luzzatto’s Commentary on Idra raba
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the well-known saying 'Holy One, blessed be He, the Torah, and Israel are one', which is much quoted in late homiletic and ethical literature. It reviews the statement of the Zohar on the links between the Holy One, the Torah, and Israel and the source of the dictum to their unity. It also corrects the misconceptions that the saying was frequently used in the writings of all the disciples of the Besht nor was it formulated by Besht. The chapter concentrates on the writings of two leaders of hasidism after the Besht, R. Jacob Joseph of Polonnoye and R. Dov Baer, the Maggid of Mezhirech. It demonstrates the ways in which the formula of the unity of the Holy One, the Torah, and Israel was used in the literature of Hasidism, such as in Degel mahaneh efrayim.
Traces of Luzzatto’s Influence in Hasidic Doctrine
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

This chapter reviews the studies of the origins of hasidism that have assigned a peripheral position to Rabbi Moses Hayim Luzzatto. It mentions Eliezer Tsevi Zweifel, who drew attention to a few parallels between the words of the teachers of hasidism and the words of Luzzatto that were absorbed into hasidic doctrine. It also refers to Gershom Scholem, who completely rejected any suggestion that Luzzatto's influence had helped in shaping the features of hasidism. The chapter looks at the arguments for and against Luzzatto's Mesilat yesharim, particularly the merit of the 'holy man' that was introduced at the end of the book. It talks about H. N. Bialik's his essay 'Habahur mipadova', which asserts that hasidism is rooted to a large extent in Luzzatto's philosophy.
Love of Life and Intimations of Mortality
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Jewish cemeteries, wills, and funerals. One of the first religious requirements of each Jewish community in Umbria, whatever its size, was its own cemetery; the cemetery boundary expanded and contracted in line with the community's growth or decline. While Christians chose their last resting-place in the churches or in their adjacent cemeteries, Jews were allotted peripheral burial-places, well out of town. This physical separation of the dead in some sense highlighted the difference in status between ‘established’ Christian citizens and Jews, who were merely tolerated and granted temporary citizenship. Meanwhile, for Italian Jews, a will was not only a private legal deed settling the inheritance of property; it was also a religious act through which the believer expressed their desire to be buried in the Jewish cemetery, acknowledged their sins, and redeemed them through appropriate bequests. The chapter then studies Jewish funerals. Jewish funeral processions sometimes aroused people's most aggressive instincts, and on such occasions, the Jews became the target not only of insults, obscenities, and boorish comments, but of vicious and even fatal stonings.
Banks and Bankers
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses the Jewish banks and bankers in late medieval Italy, particularly in Umbria. From the end of the thirteenth century, the communes of central and northern Italy held a powerful attraction for Jewish financiers from Rome and beyond the Alps, and the origins of many Italian Jewish communities are linked to the migrations of these first Jewish merchants and bankers. Umbria received one of the earliest, and largest, waves of migrating Jewish bankers from Rome: here, introduced and supported by the circles of the Roman Curia, whose political and economic interests they often represented, these bankers were invited by the communes to invest their capital in the local economy. The priors gave them official status in the money-market, binding them to the strict observance of charters laying down permitted charges and other regulations protecting prospective borrowers, but also granting them the rights of citizenship and numerous privileges of a legal and religious kind. The chapter then studies the structure and functioning of the great Jewish banking and trading companies. It also looks at the major banking families in Umbria, as well as the bankers' servants.
The Conditions in Jewish Society in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Middle Decades of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Hundert Gershon David
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates the conditions in Jewish society in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. The place of hasidism in the religious history of the eighteenth century ought to be reconsidered not only in light of the questions about the schismatic groups in the Orthodox Church raised by Ysander, but also in light of the general revivalist currents in western Europe. The social historian cannot explain hasidism, which belongs to the context of the development of the east European religious mentality in the eighteenth century. Social history does, however, point to some significant questions that ought to be explored further. One of these is the role of youth and generational conflict in the beginnings of the movement, and not only in its beginnings. A realistic recovery of the situation of the Polish-Lithuanian Jewry in the eighteenth century shows that neither the economic nor the security conditions were such as to warrant their use as causal or explanatory factors in the rise and reception of hasidism.
The Zaddik: The Interrelationship between Religious Doctrine and Social Organization
Authors: Etkes Immanuel
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the zaddik. The bulk of the scholarship concerned with the position of the leader in hasidism has been focused on the ideology, usually referred to as the doctrine, of zaddikism rather than on the social institution of the zaddik. There are two principal reasons for this preference. First, for the past few decades, the academic study of hasidism has been dominated by the late Gershom Scholem and his students, all of whom have approached the subject primarily from the point of view of the history of ideas. Second, while the religious teaching of hasidism has been preserved in an abundance of primary literary sources, the documentary sources for the study of hasidism as a social movement have been scarce. It is therefore not surprising that much of the discussion on the doctrine of the zaddik has been conducted without reference to the socio-historical phenomenon of zaddikism. As a result, the relationship between doctrine and social institution has not been addressed in a systematic way. Scholars have tended to view the theory as a blueprint for social action—a programme by which the institution of the zaddik was ultimately shaped in reality. The chapter then examines the relationship between the theory and practice of zaddikism.
Hasidism and the Dogma of the Decline of the Generations
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores hasidism and the dogma of the decline of the generations. From the very beginnings of hasidism, enormous claims were made by the hasidim on behalf of the great masters, the zaddikim, who were seen as spiritual supermen endowed with the holy spirit, possessing a degree of sanctity unparalleled in many an age and with the power to work extraordinary miracles. The Baal Shem Tov came to be seen as a unique personality who came into the world to teach a new ‘way’ that amounted to a new revelation of God's truth. Even the torot of the later zaddikim were seen as fresh revelations hitherto undisclosed. These claims, as opponents of the movement were not slow to point out, were in flat contradiction to what had become virtually a dogma long before the rise of hasidism: that each successive generation after the revelation at Sinai exhibits further decline. This idea, implied in a number of rabbinic texts, was known to the hasidim, as it was to most learned Jews, but the problem became especially acute once the talmudic rabbis came to be viewed as infallible teachers who constituted the final court of appeal for all matters concerning the Jewish religion.
The Influence of Reshit ḥokhmah on the Teachings of the Maggid of Mezhirech
Authors: Sack Bracha
Published: February 2021

This chapter demonstrates that in both the hasidic concepts of man and of divine service, the ideas of R. Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezhirech, are clearly related to those expressed by the sixteenth-century Safed kabbalist Elijah de Vidas in his book Reshit ḥokhmah. The relationship between hasidism and the ethical literature of the Safed kabbalists has attracted significant scholarly attention; I. Tishby, J. Dan, M. Pechter, and G. Nigal have all noted the popularity of Reshit ḥokhmah and its impact on hasidic thought. It seems clear that although kabbalistic ideas reached hasidism from a wide variety of literary sources, Reshit ḥokhmah was among the most important. Undoubtedly, both the anthropocentric tendency of hasidic teaching and its special concern with the individual soul can be traced back to Reshit ḥokhmah. Most strikingly, there is a particularly close affinity between Reshit ḥokhmah and the teachings of the Maggid of Mezhirech. The chapter then assesses the influence of the book on the Maggid's principal teachings, specifically with regard to the inner purification of man and his service of God.