bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monosubstituted Cyclodextrins as Precursors for Further Use
Authors: Řezanka Michal
Published: August 2016

Cyclodextrin derivatives find use in a broad field of applications (e.g., nanomaterials, biomedical applications, catalysis, separation techniques, sensors etc.), with monosubstitution allowing cyclodextrins to be attached to various types of surfaces or for a new feature to be introduced onto a cyclodextrin skeleton (recognition, catalysis, …). Although an enormous number of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives have been synthesised, this review focuses only on the synthesis of several interesting monosubstituted derivatives (allyl, cinnamyl, propargyl, formylmethyl, carboxymethyl, azido and amino) suitable for further modifications. These derivatives allow the synthesis of an unlimited number of desired cyclodextrin derivatives. Using a cyclodextrin derivative already monosubstituted with a suitable functional group is much easier than the optimisation of monosubstitution for every new cyclodextrin derivative desired.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (–)‐Azaspirene by Utilizing Ti‐Claisen Condensation and Ti‐Direct Aldol Reaction
Authors: Sugi Mikiko , Nagase Ryohei , Misaki Tomonori , Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Tanabe Yoo
Published: August 2016

A successful asymmetric total synthesis of (–)‐azaspirene has been accomplished by utilizing (3R)‐6‐cinnamyl‐3‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐1,4‐dioxane‐2,5‐dione, a readily accessible chiral template. The present method involves two distinctive TiCl4/amine‐mediated reactions: (i) an asymmetric Ti‐crossed‐Claisen condensation of the chiral template with propanoyl chloride followed by methanolysis to afford methyl (2R)‐(4E)‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐phenyl‐2‐propanoylpent‐4‐enoate, the key chiral synthon and (ii) a robust Ti‐direct aldol addition reaction, instead of the reported lithium diisopropylamide/hexamethylphosphorictriamide (LDA/HMPA) or potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS)‐mediated reaction, by using the trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether of α‐acyl‐γ‐lactam to successfully furnish the new aldol adduct. Final oxidation, cyclization, and tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) removal produced (–)‐azaspirene from the key template in 23 steps (total yield 1.7 %).
Direct Difluoromethylenation of Carbonyl Compounds by Using TMSCF3: The Right Conditions
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Sankarganesh , Kothandaraman Jotheeswari , Saldana Jacqueline , Prakash G. K. Surya
Published: August 2016

A deoxygenative difluoromethylenation of carbonyl compounds has been developed by using readily available, inexpensive trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane, LiI, and PPh3. The presence of the Li+ ion prevents the unproductive exhaustion of trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF3) by keeping the soluble free fluoride concentration in the reaction medium under control. The strategy of combining solvents to increase the reactivity and thereby reduce the reaction temperature and time is disclosed.
Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) Using a Novel Bismuth Film/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon‐molecular Wire Modified Graphite Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Zhao Guo , Wang Hui , Liu Gang , Wang Zhiqiang
Published: August 2016

An electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous and sensitive detection of Cd(II) and Pb(II) is proposed on the basis of square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) experiments using a novel bismuth film/ordered mesoporous carbon‐molecular wire modified graphite carbon paste electrode (Bi/OMC‐MW/GCPE). Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) and molecular wire (MW) (diphenylacetylene) were used as the modifier and binder, respectively. The Bi/OMC‐MW/GCPE was prepared with the addition of graphite powder, OMC and DPA at the ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. The electrochemical properties and morphology of the electrode were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), SWASV and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting the stripping current response were investigated and optimized. The experimental results show that the prepared electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, good electrical conductivity and a high stripping voltammetric response. Under optimized conditions, a linear range was achieved over a concentration range from 1.0 to 70.0 μg/L for both Cd(II) and Pb(II) metal ions, with detection limits of 0.07 μg/L for Cd(II) and 0.08 μg/L for Pb(II) (S/N=3) with the deposition time 150 s. Moreover, the sensor exhibited improved sensitivity and reproducibility compared to traditional CPEs. The fabricated electrode was then successfully used to satisfactorily detect Cd(II) and Pb(II) in real soil samples.
Performance and microstructure characteristics of the fly ash and residual rice husk ash‐based geopolymers prepared at various solid‐to‐liquid ratios and curing temperatures
Authors: Huynh Trong‐Phuoc , Hwang Chao‐Lung , Lin Kae‐Long
Published: August 2016

This article presents the results of a study on the effects of solid‐to‐liquid (S/L) ratio and of curing temperature on strength development, phase composition, and microstructure in geopolymers that prepared using a mixture of class‐F fly ash (FA) and residual rice husk ash (RHA) and a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). The samples were prepared at various S/L ratios (2.4–2.8) and then cured at various curing temperatures [room temperature (RT): 90°C] to investigate these effects. A compressive strength test was conducted on the samples after the curing process to determine the development of strength over time. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to examine the microstructural properties of the samples. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the surface morphologies of the samples. This study found that the S/L ratio and the curing temperature had significant effects on the properties of the geopolymer samples. The compressive strength of all the geopolymer samples increased with curing age. The highest strength was obtained from the samples that were prepared at an S/L ratio of 2.6 and a curing temperature of 60°C. XRD and FTIR analyses showed that the major crystalline phases presented in the resultant samples were quartz, mullite, and cristobalite with the additional presence of minor zeolite phases. The results of this study support the use of FA and RHA as solid waste materials in the preparation of geopolymers. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 83–92, 2017
Heterogeneous coexistence between cognitive radio networks over TV white space: a nonlinear control perspective
Authors: Yin Yuxiong , Zheng Meng , Zhang Qingling
Published: August 2016

An  increasing number of different unlicensed wireless technologies have been deployed in the TV white space (TVWS). Because MAC/PHY designs of coexisting networks are incompatible, heterogeneous cognitive radio networks operating in the same TVWS spectrum may cause severe mutual interference, which further leads to performance degradation or even the inability to continue operation. Motivated by the competition relationship between different species in a stable ecosystem, this paper formulates the heterogeneous coexistence problem over TVWS as a nonlinear feedback control system (NFCS) based on the Lotka–Volterra competition model. With the differential mean value theorem, we can obtain a feedback controller to the NFCS via solving a sufficient condition in the form of linear matrix inequalities, based on which a spectrum sharing allocation algorithm (SSAA) is proposed to enable the NFCS to converge to any feasible spectrum share. It is shown that the SSAA is compatible with the IEEE 802.19.1 system. Finally, extensive simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed SSAA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U–Pb zircon age, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the Miaoya syenite and carbonatite complex, central China
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Wang Lianxun , Peng Sanguo , Peng Lianhong , Wu Changxiong , Qiu Xiaofei
Published: August 2016

The Miaoya syenite and carbonatite complex is located in the southern margin of the South Qinling belt, central China. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating reveals that the syenite and carbonatite have crystallization ages of 445.2 ± 2.6 Ma (MSWD = 0.66) and 434.3 ± 3.2 Ma (MSWD = 1.08), respectively. Both syenite and carbonatite display low ISr values (0.7004 to 0.7053) and depleted εNd(t) values of +1.1 to +5.5, with one‐stage Nd model ages of 0.65 to 0.94 Ga. Their zircon εHf(t) values are also similarly positive (+3.1 to +8.9), and one‐stage Hf model ages range from 0.71 to 0.92 Ga. Whole‐rock geochemistry suggests that the syenite belongs to the shoshonitic series and both syenite and carbonatite show identical REE and trace element patterns. The coeval intrusive ages, similar geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions suggest that the Miaoya carbonatite and associated syenite are genetically related to each other. We consider that the carbonatite could be a final product by protracted fractionation of a CO2‐rich alkaline melt. The depleted εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) isotopes also indicate that the associated syenite and carbonatite could be originated from a mantle‐derived magma. The sources are likely composed of dominated HIMU mantle and minor EMI mantle. We propose that the Silurian Miaoya Complex was formed in the extensional rifting setting, associated with the mantle upwelling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐annual variations and factors controlling evapotranspiration in a temperate Japanese cypress forest
Authors: Tsuruta Kenji , Kosugi Yoshiko , Takanashi Satoru , Tani Makoto
Published: August 2016

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of climatic variability on inter‐annual variations in each component of evapotranspiration (ET) and the total ET in a temperate coniferous forest in Japan. We conducted eddy covariance flux and meteorological measurements for 7 years and parameterized a one‐dimensional multi‐layer biosphere‐atmosphere model (Kosugi et al., ) that partitions ET to transpiration (Tr), wet‐canopy evaporation (Ewet), and soil evaporation (Esoil). The model was validated with the observed flux data. Using the model, the components of ET were estimated for the 7 years. Annual precipitation, ET, Tr, Ewet, and Esoil over the 7 years were 1536 ± 334 mm, 752 ± 29 mm, 425 ± 37 mm, 219 ± 34 mm, and 108 ± 10 mm, respectively. The maximum inter‐annual fluctuation of observed ET was 64 mm with a coefficient of variance (CV) of 2.7%, in contrast to relatively large year‐to‐year variations in annual rainfall (CV = 20.1%). Tr was related to the vapour pressure deficit, incoming radiation, and air temperature with relatively small inter‐annual variations (CV = 8.2%). Esoil (CV = 8.6%) was related mainly to the vapour pressure deficit. Ewet was related to precipitation with large inter‐annual variations (CV = 14.3%) because of the variability in precipitation. The variations in Ewet were counterbalanced by the variations in Tr and Esoil, producing the small inter‐annual variations in total ET. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishing in acid waters: A vulnerability assessment of the Norwegian fishing industry in the face of increasing ocean acidification
Authors: Heinrich Luise , Krause Torsten
Published: August 2016

Ocean acidification (OA) describes a change in the ocean's carbonate chemistry. Whereas its chemical processes are largely understood, the biological and socioeconomic consequences particularly in relation to fisheries are less known. Norway is a major fishing nation worldwide and is potentially affected by OA. To improve the understanding of the socioeconomic consequences of OA, we conducted a risk assessment among the Norwegian counties using a modified version of a risk assessment framework introduced in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's “Special Report: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation,” which considers risk to be the sum of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Our results show that about 13 of 19 counties are likely to experience moderate to high risk from OA. We highlight that the success of integrated risk assessments highly depends on the availability of detailed environmental, economic, and societal data. In the case of Norway, modeling data regarding the progress of OA, improved information on potential biological impacts on a larger number of species, and statistical data on social variables are required. We conclude that although still in its infancy, integrated risk assessments are important prerequisites for any form of interdisciplinary research on OA and the development of successful response strategies. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:778–789. ©2016 SETAC

Key Points

We present an application of the IPCC's integrated risk assessment framework (from SREX) to Norwegian counties’ fisheries to assess ocean acidification impacts. We provide a ranking of the counties’ performance regarding the 4 risk components: hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, as well as a final risk index for 2 scenarios. We show that at least 13 of 19 Norwegian counties are likely to face moderate to high risk from ocean acidification particularly in the far north of the country and along the Oslofjord. In addition to showing the applicability of integrated risk assessment frameworks to this case, we highlight the need for detailed data regarding the individual categories to provide an accurate and precise final risk assessment.
Particle-bound metal transport after removal of a small dam in the Pawtuxet River, Rhode Island, USA
Authors: Katz David R , Cantwell Mark G , Sullivan Julia C , Perron Monique M , Burgess Robert M , Ho Kay T
Published: August 2016

The Pawtuxet River in Rhode Island, USA, has a long history of industrial activity and pollutant discharges. Metal contamination of the river sediments is well documented and historically exceeded toxicity thresholds for a variety of organisms. The Pawtuxet River dam, a low-head dam at the mouth of the river, was removed in August 2011. The removal of the dam was part of an effort to restore the riverine ecosystem after centuries of anthropogenic impact. Sediment traps were deployed below the dam to assess changes in metal concentrations and fluxes (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from the river system into Pawtuxet Cove. Sediment traps were deployed for an average duration of 24 days each, and deployments continued for 15 months after the dam was removed. Metal concentrations in the trapped suspended particulate matter dropped after dam removal (e.g., 460 to 276 mg/kg for Zn) and remained below preremoval levels for most of the study. However, particle-bound metal fluxes increased immediately after dam removal (e.g., 1206 to 4248 g/day for Zn). Changes in flux rates during the study period indicated that river volumetric flow rates acted as the primary mechanism controlling the flux of metals into Pawtuxet Cove and ultimately upper Narragansett Bay. Even though suspended particulate matter metal concentrations initially dropped after removal of the dam, no discernable effect on the concentration or flux of the study metals exiting the river could be associated with removal of the Pawtuxet River dam. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:675–685. Published 2016. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Key Points

During this study, periodic fluctuations in metal fluxes were most closely attributable to riverine flow volume, although both increased suspended particulate matter (SPM) loading of the water column and dilution of metal-contaminated SPM by uncontaminated sediments were a factor. A sediment core taken upriver found that upper core metal concentrations were closely related to observed metal SPM concentrations in sediment traps downriver. Although dam removal did not show significant direct effects on metal fluxes out of the Pawtuxet River, archived bedded sediments continue to be a source of downstream contamination as indicated by the record of contamination within the sediment core.
Multi‐echo GRE imaging of knee cartilage
Authors: Yuen Joanna , Hung Jachin , Wiggermann Vanessa , Robinson Simon D. , McCormack Robert , d'Entremont Agnes G. , Rauscher Alexander
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To visualize healthy and abnormal articular cartilage, we investigated the potential of using the 3D multi‐echo gradient echo (GRE) signal's magnitude and frequency and maps of
relaxation.

Materials and Methods

After optimizing imaging parameters in five healthy volunteers, 3D multi‐echo GRE magnetic resonance (MR) images were acquired at 3T in four patients with chondral damage prior to their arthroscopic surgery. Average magnitude and frequency information was extracted from the GRE images, and
maps were generated. Cartilage abnormalities were confirmed after arthroscopy and were graded using the Outerbridge classification scheme. Regions of interest were identified on average magnitude GRE images and compared to arthroscopy.

Results

All four patients presented with regions of Outerbridge Grade I and II cartilage damage on arthroscopy. One patient had Grade III changes. Grade I, II, and III changes were detectable on average magnitude and
maps, while Grade II and higher changes were also observable on MR frequency maps. For average magnitude images of healthy volunteers, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the magnitude image averaged over three echoes was 4.26 ± 0.32, 12.26 ± 1.09, 14.31 ± 1.93, and 13.36 ± 1.13 in bone, femoral, tibial, and patellar cartilage, respectively.

Conclusion

This proof‐of‐principle study demonstrates the feasibility of using different imaging contrasts from the 3D multi‐echo GRE scan to visualize abnormalities of the articular cartilage. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

Level of Evidence: 1

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1502–1513
Glaciotectonic deformations in the Jammerbugt and glaciodynamic development in the eastern North Sea
Authors: Schack Pedersen Stig A. , Boldreel Lars Ole
Published: August 2016

The Quaternary geology in the eastern part of the North Sea is characterized by large‐scale glaciotectonic complexes. The northernmost complex is the Jammerbugt Glaciotectonic Complex here addressed, which occupies an area of more than 300 km2. It was recently recognized during an investigation of conventional seismic profiles located about 10 km offshore the west coast of northern Denmark. The deformed bedrock includes the main part of the Cretaceous Chalk Group in the North Sea. In the northern part of the complex the detachment surface is situated in Lower Cretaceous greensand about 400 m below sea level. In the central part of the complex, the thrusting ramps the strong reflectors at the base of the Chalk Group and the detachment surface continues in the lower part of the Upper Cretaceous chalk. In the tectonic depression north of the complex, marine and glaciomarine deposits represent the Eemian–Early Weichselian Skærumhede Group, indicating a Saalian age of the glaciotectonic deformation. The balancing of the thrust fault structures shows that the thrust sheets in the tailing end of the complex had their source in the Skagerrak sea. The hole caused by displacement contributed to formation of the Skagerrak depression, i.e. early stage of the Norwegian Trench.
Interaction Between Plant Roots and Soil Water Flow in Response to Preferential Flow Paths in Northern China
Authors: Zhang Yinghu , Niu Jianzhi , Zhang Mingxiang , Xiao Zixing , Zhu Weili
Published: August 2016

Preferential flow is expected to provide preferential channels for plant root growth and variations in soil water flow, but few studies were conducted to imply the impacts of these changes, particularly for preferential flow in stony soils. This study aimed to characterize soil water flow and plant root distribution in response to preferential flow paths and quantitatively describe the relation between plant root distribution and soil water flow. Field dye‐tracing experiments centered on experimental plants were conducted to determine the root length density and soil water flow process. Laboratory analyses were performed to characterize changes in the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent and the degree of interaction between plant roots and soil water flow. The amount of fine plant roots with preferential flow paths decreased with increasing soil depth for all experimental plots. The largest plant roots were recorded in the upper soil layers to a depth of 20 cm. The relative concentration of the accumulated effluent increased with time and decreased with soil depth under saturated soil conditions, whereas a distinct early turning point for the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent was observed in the 0–20‐cm soil columns, and the relative concentration of the accumulated effluent initially decreased and then increased with time under unsaturated soil conditions. This study provides quantitative information with which to characterize the interaction between plant roots and soil water flow in response to preferential flow paths in soil–plant–water systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Soil Biological Parameters in a Revegetated Coal Mine Spoil
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sangeeta , George Joshy , Masto Reginald E.
Published: August 2016

Coal mining leads to severe land degradation and creates huge amounts of mine spoil. Coal mine spoil contains toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from coal, which can be alleviated through revegetation with suitable tree species. The present study was aimed at evaluating the impact of different tree species (Albizia lebbeck,Cassia siamea,Delonix regia, andDalbergia sissoo) on the quality of coal mine spoil and changes in PAH concentration. Soil samples were collected from the revegetated coalmine overburden dumps of Jharia coalfield, Dhanbad, India and analysed by GC‐MS for 16 priority PAHs and soil quality parameters were analyzed by standard analytical protocols. Reclamation improved the biological properties of the mine spoil: microbial biomass (+59–176%), dehydrogenase activity (+46–198%), fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity (+104–127%), phenol oxidase activity (+150–250%), and peroxidase activity (+93–181%). PAH concentration in revegetated mine spoil ranged from 0 · 51 to 1 · 35 mg kg−1, with a significance reduction in total as well as individual PAHs. For individual tree species, total PAH reduction decreased in the order:C. siamea(81 · 6%) > A. lebbeck(55 · 6%) > D. regia(51 · 9%) > D. sissoo(51 · 5%). Correlation analysis showed significant association between the degradation of PAHs and soil biological properties of revegetated site. Microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes were negatively correlated with PAH content in the mine spoil. But microbial stress indicators like respiration/microbial carbon ratio were not correlated, which revealed no adverse effect of PAH on soil microbes. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the biological parameters were closely associated with the degradation of low molecular weight PAHs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical, Chemical, and Engineering Properties of Landfill Stabilized Waste
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐liang , Feng Jing‐jing , Zhao Ting‐ning , Rong Li‐ming
Published: August 2016

In order to utilize landfill stabilized waste (LSW) as growing substrate for plants during restoration projects, LSW were sampled from five landfills; the properties of unconsolidated samples and those after 3 years of settlement were determined in comparison with farm soil. Results showed that (i) unconsolidated LSW was a soil‐like material with high porosity and infiltration rate, which also had low bulk density and shear strength. After 3 years of settlement, its physical properties were similar to those of farm soil. (ii) The contents of available K, available N, available P, and organic matter of LSW were 5·0–21·6 times higher than the values of surrounding farm soil. (iii) The waste samples from 3/5 landfills were suitable for cultivation based on their heavy metal contents, but two samples contained over‐limit Hg and/or Zn. (iv) LSW had higher water content, and generally, less surface runoff was generated on LSW slope under natural precipitation compared with the farm soil slope. (v) Water extract of LSW had no significant effect on seed germination, and the effect of LSW on seedling growth depended on plant species. On the basis of the results, LSW can be used in ecological restoration as plant‐growing substrate, but measures should be taken to prevent heavy metal contamination and soil erosion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baseline to Evaluate Off‐Site Suspended Sediment‐Related Mining Effects in the Alto Tajo Natural Park, Spain
Authors: Zapico Ignacio , Laronne Jonathan B. , Martín‐Moreno Cristina , Martín‐Duque José F. , Ortega Ana , Sánchez‐Castillo Lázaro
Published: August 2016

Mining is a human activity with considerable environmental impact. To evaluate such impacts, international laws require undertaking local studies based on direct sampling to establish baseline conditions of parameters modified by human activities. Mining takes place near the Alto Tajo Natural Park, where a suspended sediment concentration (SSC) baseline is required to determine whether mining affects water quality. To this end, we have monitored the Tajo River and its tributary the Tajuelo following Before–After Control‐Impact (BACI) techniques, recommended by Australian and New Zealand laws, requiring a specific method based on continuous monitoring and sampling to enable evaluation of SSCs. An SSC baseline has been defined at stations situated upstream of the mining area and compared with those downstream. The highest detected SSC upstream of the Tajuelo mines was 24 g l−1 whereas the highest simultaneous downstream value was 391 g l−1, more than one order of magnitude higher than the supposed baseline (24 g l−1). Additionally, this value is 1000 times more than the average concentration of 25 mg l−1, used by the European Union until 2015, to guarantee the quality of salmonid waters. Following a BACI approach, a statistically significant SSC impact has been identified. The mined areas are the only source that can explain this increase. This is the first instance that such an increase and baseline have been found using this method. BACI is a simple and reliable method recommended for studying degraded areas rather than an irrelevant, fixed standard as included in most international laws. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal resource limitation of heterotrophic biofilms in boreal streams
Authors: Burrows Ryan M. , Laudon Hjalmar , McKie Brendan G. , Sponseller Ryan A.
Published: August 2016

Unraveling the potentially shifting controls over microbial activity among habitats and across seasonal transitions is critical for understanding how freshwater ecosystems influence broader elemental cycles, and how these systems may respond to global changes. We used nutrient‐diffusing substrates to investigate seasonal patterns and constraints on microbial activity of biofilms in streams draining distinct landscape features of the boreal biome (forests, mires, and lakes). Microbial respiration (MR) largely mirrored spatial and temporal variation in water temperature. However, limitation by labile carbon (C) was a constraint to microbial activity during ice‐covered periods, when MR of control nutrient‐diffusing substrates fell below rates predicted from stream temperature alone. Variation in C limitation among the study streams was reflective of putative organic C availability, with C limitation of biofilms weakest in the dissolved organic C (DOC)‐rich, mire‐outlet stream and greatest in the relatively DOC‐poor, forest stream. Incidences of nutrient limitation were only observed during warmer months. Our study illustrates how variation in processes mediated by heterotrophic biofilms and seasonal shifts in resource limitation can emerge in a stream network draining a heterogeneous landscape. In addition, our results show that, for a large portion of the year, heterotrophic processes in boreal streams can be strongly limited by the availability of labile C, despite high DOC concentrations. Metabolic constraints to dissolved organic matter processing at near‐freezing temperatures, coupled with hydrological controls over the delivery of more labile organic resources to streams (e.g., soil freezing and flooding), have potentially strong influences on the productivity of boreal streams.
Mass mortality of a dominant invasive species in response to an extreme climate event: Implications for ecosystem function
Authors: McDowell W.G. , McDowell W.H. , Byers J.E.
Published: August 2016

Impacts of invasive species on ecosystems are often context dependent, making empirical assessments difficult when climatic baselines are shifting and extreme events are becoming more common. We documented a mass mortality event of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, an abundant invasive clam, which has replaced native mussels as the dominant filter‐feeding bivalve in the southeastern United States. During an extremely hot and dry period in the summer of 2012, over 99% of Corbicula died in our 10‐km study reach of the Broad River, Georgia. Because Corbicula were the only filter‐feeding organism in the ecosystem with substantial biomass, their death led to the nearly complete cessation of ecosystem services provided by filter‐feeding bivalves. We estimate that following the mass mortality event, turnover time within the sampling reach (reach volume/total filtration) rose from approximately 5 h to over 1200 h. In addition to the loss of filtering capacity, concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were also higher in areas where die‐off was occurring than in an upstream area without mortality. Mass balance calculations and a manipulative mesocosm experiment predicted TDP and SRP concentrations much higher than our observed values, suggesting that rapid biotic or abiotic uptake of phosphorus may have occurred. Our study demonstrates that climate change can increase the temporal variability of populations of aquatic organisms that provide key ecosystem functions, and highlights that even pulsed, short‐lived events can markedly affect systems of reduced diversity.
Blockage and guiding of flexural waves in a semi‐infinite double grating
Authors: Jones Ian S. , Movchan Natalia V. , Movchan Alexander B.
Published: August 2016

The paper presents a novel view on the scattering of a flexural wave in a Kirchhoff plate by a semi‐infinite discrete system. Blocking and channelling of flexural waves are of special interest. A quasi‐periodic two‐source Green's function is used in the analysis of the waveguide modes. An additional ‘effective waveguide’ approximation has been constructed. Comparisons are presented for these two methods in addition to an analytical solution for a finite truncated system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,25(OH)2D3 improves cardiac dysfunction, hypertrophy, and fibrosis through PARP1/SIRT1/mTOR‐related mechanisms in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Qu Hua , Lin Ke , Wang Hang , Wei Huili , Ji Baolan , Yang Zengsong , Peng Chuan , Xiao Xiaoqiu , Deng Huacong
Published: August 2016

Scope

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the most important cardiac complications associated with diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy remain unclear. The PARP1, SIRT1, and mTOR pathways have been implicated in cardiac diseases, and they are also associated with diabetes. 1,25(OH)2D3 was recently recognized as a potential PARP1inhibitor in a macrophage cell line. The aim of our study was to investigate whether 1,25(OH)2D3 can improve diabetic cardiomyopathy through a vitamin D receptor (VDR)‐dependent mechanism associated with the PARP1/SIRT1/mTOR pathway.

Methods and results

1,25(OH)2D3‐treated diabetic rats displayed improved left ventricular wall thickness and end‐diastolic/systolic diameter, end‐diastolic/systolic volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide gene expression, and interstitial fibrosis compared with untreated diabetic rats, while silencing the VDR gene in DM rats blocked the above results. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment also decreased PARP1 and increased SIRT1 expression levels and repressed the phosphorylation of mTOR. Treating neonatal cardiomyocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 and a PARP1 inhibitor decreased PARP1 and increased SIRT1 protein expression.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment has the potential to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats and suggests that VD‐VDR signaling induces this protective effect against diabetic cardiomyopathy might partly through the PARP1/SIRT1/mTOR pathway.
A standard for terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes: A report from the chronic pelvic pain working group of the international continence society
Authors: Doggweiler Regula , Whitmore Kristene E. , Meijlink Jane M. , Drake Marcus J. , Frawley Helena , Nordling Jørgen , Hanno Philip , Fraser Matthew O. , Homma Yukio , Garrido Gustavo , Gomes Mario J. , Elneil Sohier , van de Merwe Joop P. , Lin Alex T.L. , Tomoe Hikaru
Published: August 2016

Aims

Terms used in the field of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) are poorly defined and often confusing. An International Continence Society (ICS) Standard for Terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes (CPPS) has been developed with the aim of improving diagnosis and treatment of patients affected by chronic pelvic pain syndromes. The standard aims to facilitate research, enhance therapy development and support healthcare delivery, for healthcare providers, and patients. This document looks at the whole person and all the domains (organ systems) in a systematic way.

Methods

A dedicated working group (WG) was instituted by the ICS Standardisation Steering Committee according to published procedures. The WG extracted information from existing relevant guidelines, consensus documents, and scientific publications. Medline and other databases were searched in relation to each chronic pelvic pain domain from 1980 to 2014. Existing ICS Standards for terminology were utilized where appropriate to ensure transparency, accessibility, flexibility, and evolution. Consensus was based on majority agreement.

Results

The multidisciplinary CPPS Standard reports updated consensus terminology in nine domains; lower urinary tract, female genital, male genital, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological aspects, psychological aspects, sexual aspects, and comorbidities. Each is described in terms of symptoms, signs and further evaluation.

Conclusion

The document presents preferred terms and definitions for symptoms, signs, and evaluation (diagnostic work‐up) of female and male patients with chronic pelvic pain syndromes, serving as a platform for ongoing development in this field. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:984–1008, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are patients willing to trade cure rate against less pain? Patients’ preferences for single incision midurethral sling or transobturator standard midurethral sling
Authors: Schellart René P. , Casteleijn Fenne M. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Tutolo Manuela , Roovers Jan‐Paul W. R.
Published: August 2016

AIMS

To quantify to what extent patients are willing to trade their chance of cure of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) against less postoperative groin pain. Randomized, controlled trials show less postoperative pain following single‐incision mini‐sling (SIMS), but slightly higher cure rates following a transobturator standard midurethral sling (SMUS).

METHODS

A multi‐center, interview‐based trade‐off experiment for treatment preference among 100 women with predominant SUI and undergoing SIMS. A hypothetical cure rate of SIMS was systematically varied from 10% to 70%, while keeping the cure rate of SMUS constant at 70%. The trade‐off was assessed for two hypothetical durations of substantial postoperative pain after SMUS—2 days or 2 weeks—while simultaneously assuming the absence of substantial postoperative pain after SIMS.

RESULTS

To prevent 2 days of substantial postoperative pain with SMUS, patients were willing to accept a 4.3% mean decrease in cure rate of SIMS, while a 7.1% mean decrease was acceptable to forego 2 weeks of substantial pain. Younger women (P = 0.04) and single women (P = 0.04) were associated with the trade‐off limit for 2 days, respectively, 2 weeks of substantial postoperative pain. Single women were willing to accept lower cure rates. No correlations with trade‐off limits were found for patients’ actual severity, duration, and frequency of SUI.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients are willing to accept a slightly lower probability of cure to prevent substantial post‐operative pain by undergoing a less invasive procedure. These results are relevant for counselling of patients indicated for SUI surgery.
The Rainbow Cycle Cover Problem
Authors: Silvestri Selene , Laporte Gilbert , Cerulli Raffaele
Published: August 2016

We model and solve the Rainbow Cycle Cover Problem (RCCP). Given a connected and undirected graph
and a coloring function
that assigns a color to each edge of
from the finite color set
, a cycle whose edges have all different colors is called a rainbow cycle. The RCCP consists of finding the minimum number of disjoint rainbow cycles covering
. The RCCP on general graphs is known to be NP‐complete. We model the RCCP as an integer linear program, we derive valid inequalities and we solve it by branch‐and‐cut. Computational results are reported on randomly generated instances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 68(4), 260–270 2016
Accelerating oil reservoir simulations using POD on the fly
Authors: Le Clainche Soledad , Varas Fernando , Vega José M.
Published: August 2016

A reduced order model (ROM) is presented for the long‐term calculation of subsurface oil/water flows. As in several previous ROMs in the field, the Newton iterations in the full model (FM) equations, which are implicit in time, are projected onto a set of modes obtained by applying proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to a set of snapshots computed by the FM itself. The novelty of the present ROM is that the POD modes are (i) first calculated from snapshots computed by the FM in a short initial stage, and then (ii) updated on the fly along the simulation itself, using new sets of snapshots computed by the FM in even shorter additional runs. Thus, the POD modes adapt themselves to the local dynamics along the simulation, instead of being completely calculated at the outset, which requires a computationally expensive preprocess. This strategy is robust and computationally efficient, which is tested in 10‐ and 30‐year simulations for a realistic reservoir model taken from the SAIGUP project. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Neurological Predictor Scale: A predictive tool for long‐term core cognitive outcomes in survivors of childhood brain tumors
Authors: Taiwo Zinat , Na Sabrina , King Tricia Z.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Prior research has demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS) in relation to intelligence and adaptive functioning in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. To extend these findings, this study examined the relationship between the NPS and core neurocognitive skills hypothesized to underlie broad outcome measures of IQ and adaptive functioning.

Method

Sixty‐one adulthood survivors of childhood brain cancers (Mage = 24 years, SD = 6) on average 16 years after diagnosis completed neuropsychological assessments examining attention (Wechsler Memory Scale Digit Span Forward), processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), and working memory (Auditory Consonant Trigrams). The medical information necessary to compute the NPS was extracted from a thorough medical record review.

Results

The NPS score significantly predicted processing speed (R2 = 0.28, P < 0.05) and working memory (R2 = 0.15, P < .05) outcomes over and above each individual risk factor. NPS was significantly associated with attention outcomes after covarying for age (R2 = 0.13, P < 0.05) over and above each risk factor except presence of hormone deficiency, hydrocephalus, and chemotherapy. These three variables were not significantly associated with attention outcomes in this sample.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that survivors with more treatments and neurological sequelae experience greater deficits in working memory, processing speed, and attention. Further, the NPS affords the ability to predict how cumulative neurological factors impact core cognitive outcomes many years after initial diagnosis.
A novel translational model for fetoscopic intratracheal delivery of nanoparticles in piglets
Authors: Carlon Marianne S. , Engels Alexander C. , Bosch Barbara , Joyeux Luc , Mori da Cunha Marina G. M. C. , Vidović Dragana , Debyser Zeger , De Boeck Kris , Neyrinck Arne , Deprest Jan A.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of fetal tracheal injection in the late‐gestational pig to target the airways.

Methods

Following laparotomy and hysterotomy, fetoscopy was performed in pregnant sows to access the fetal trachea. Two volumes of fluospheres were injected (1 and 3 mL). Fluosphere distribution to the different lung lobes was investigated by microscopy. Possible fetal airway injury, caused by the surgical procedure or intratracheal injection, was investigated. Lung morphology and fetal lung volumes were calculated by micro computed tomography (μCT).

Results

Intratracheal administration was successfully performed in 20/21 fetuses. Analysis by confocal microscopy demonstrated that 3 mL, and not 1 mL, most efficiently targeted all lung lobes. On high‐resolution μCT, total airway volume was estimated at 2.9 mL; strengthening that 3 mL is appropriate to target all lung lobes. No procedural damage was evidenced in the lungs or trachea.

Conclusions

Intratracheal injection of nanoparticles is feasible in the pregnant pig and does not cause procedural lung damage. Using an injection volume of 3 mL, all lung lobes were efficiently targeted. This nanoparticle delivery model to fetal airways opens perspectives for therapeutic interventions. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Structure and Sources of Right–wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation
Authors: Kandler Christian , Bell Edward , Riemann Rainer
Published: August 2016

Right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are widely used constructs in research on social and political attitudes. This study examined their hierarchical and correlative structure (across sexes, generations and rater perspectives), as well as how genetic and environmental factors may contribute to individual differences in them (using different rater perspectives and nuclear twin family data). We found a substantive common aspect (beyond shared artificial variance arising from socially desirable responding) underlying both RWA and SDO: aggression against subordinate groups. We discussed how this aspect could help to explain the commonly reported correlation between the two concepts in Western countries. Estimates of genetic and environmental components in RWA and SDO based on self–reports were quite comparable with those based on peer reports. When controlling for error variance and taking assortative mating into account, individual differences in RWA were primarily due to genetic contributions including genotype–environment correlation, whereas variance in SDO was largely attributable to environmental sources shared and not shared by twins. The findings are discussed in terms of the utility of RWA and SDO as basic constructs to describe individual differences in social attitudes and with respect to the different patterns of genetic and environmental influences that underlie them. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Circulating Prostate‐Specific Antigen and Telomere Length in a Nationally Representative Sample of Men Without History of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wulaningsih Wahyu , Astuti Yuliana , Matsuguchi Tetsuya , Anggrandariyanny Putri , Watkins Johnathan ,   for the PILAR Research Network
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

We investigated the association of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) with leukocyte telomere length, which may be altered in preclinical prostate malignancies.

METHODS

This study was based on the 2001–2002 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A subsample of 1,127 men aged 40–85 years without prior history of prostate cancer who provided informed consent and blood samples were selected. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) relative to standard DNA reference (T/S ratio) was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Survey‐weighted multivariable linear regression was performed to examine T/S ratio across quintiles of total and free PSA and free‐to‐total PSA ratio (%fPSA). A sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding men dying from prostate cancer during follow‐up through to December 31, 2006. Stratification analyses were carried out to assess any effect modification by age group, race, body mass index (BMI), and levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation.

RESULTS

Higher total PSA levels were associated to longer LTL, with approximately 8% increase in log‐transformed T/S ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2–13%) among men in the highest quintile of total PSA compared to the lowest in the fully adjusted model (Ptrend = 0.01). No significant association was found for free PSA or %fPSA, although nonlinearity between all PSA measures and T/S ratio was indicated. Similar results were found after excluding men who died from prostate cancer during follow‐up. We also found the associations between total PSA and T/S ratio to be strongest among non‐Hispanic blacks, non‐obese men (BMI <30 kg/m2), and those with low CRP. However, a significant interaction was only found between total PSA and race/ethnicity (Pinteraction = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Total PSA levels were strongly associated to LTL, particularly among non‐Hispanic blacks. Our findings support a potential link between PSA and specific mechanisms contributing to prostate cancer development. Prostate 77:22–32, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New generalized poisson mixture model for bimodal count data with drug effect: An application to rodent brief‐access taste aversion experiments
Authors: Sheng Y , Soto J , Orlu Gul M , Cortina‐Borja M , Tuleu C , Standing JF
Published: August 2016

Pharmacodynamic (PD) count data can exhibit bimodality and nonequidispersion complicating the inclusion of drug effect. The purpose of this study was to explore four different mixture distribution models for bimodal count data by including both drug effect and distribution truncation. An example dataset, which exhibited bimodal pattern, was from rodent brief‐access taste aversion (BATA) experiments to assess the bitterness of ascending concentrations of an aversive tasting drug. The two generalized Poisson mixture models performed the best and was flexible to explain both under and overdispersion. A sigmoid maximum effect (Emax) model with logistic transformation was introduced to link the drug effect to the data partition within each distribution. Predicted density‐histogram plot is suggested as a model evaluation tool due to its capability to directly compare the model predicted density with the histogram from raw data. The modeling approach presented here could form a useful strategy for modeling similar count data types.