bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicação da técnica de emissão em tempo máximo de fonação em paciente com disfonia espasmódica adutora: relato de caso
Authors: Mota Luiz Alberto Alves , Santos Catarina Matos Brito , Vasconcelos Jamile Meira de , Mota Bruno Calife , Mota Henrique de Sá Carneiro
Published: September 2012

A Disfonia Espasmódica Adutora é uma desordem neurológica do processamento motor central, caracterizada por contrações involuntárias e inapropriadas da musculatura fonatória, produzindo uma hiperadução das pregas vocais, o que promove uma voz trêmula, entrecortada e tensa-estrangulada. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os parâmetros vocais, acústicos e laríngeos pré e pós-tratamento fonoaudiológico realizado por meio da aplicação da Técnica de Emissão em Tempo Máximo de Fonação (TETMF) em paciente com Disfonia Espasmódica de Adução. Esta técnica tem como objetivo promover o aumento da resistência glótica, melhorar a estabilidade fonatória e adequar a coaptação glótica. Participou deste estudo de caso uma paciente de 66 anos de idade, gênero feminino, com Disfonia Espasmódica Adutora. A paciente foi submetida à avaliação otorrinolaringológica e fonoaudiológica pré e pós-aplicação da TETMF. Foi verificada modificação de parâmetros vocais, acústicos e laríngeos, tais como a classificação da disfonia de G3R1B1A0S3I3 para G2R1B1A0S2I2, pitch de grave a adequado, traçado espectrográfico instável para mais estável e expressivo aumento da frequência fundamental média e da intensidade vocal média, além da melhora da eficiência glótica com o fechamento da fenda glótica anteroposterior. A terapia fonoaudiológica com a aplicação da TETMF foi considerada uma adequada opção de tratamento para o caso, tendo em vista os resultados alcançados, com destaque para a qualidade vocal e estabilidade fonatória. Ressalta-se a importância de novos estudos para comprovação da eficácia da técnica no tratamento da Disfonia Espasmódica Adutora.
Deglutição e consistências alimentares pastosas e sólidas: revisão crítica de literatura
Authors: Pansarini Amanda Checchinato , Sassi Fernanda Chiarion , Mangilli Laura Davison , Fortunato-Tavares Talita , Limongi Suelly Cecília Olivan , Andrade Claudia Regina Furquim de
Published: September 2012

OBJETIVO: Levantar artigos científicos internacionais sobre a fisiologia da deglutição de alimentos nas consistências néctar, mel, pudim, pastosa heterogênea, semissólida e sólida, nas fases oral e faríngea. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo de revisão qualitativa da literatura. Para a seleção dos artigos, foi utilizada a base de dados PubMed com emprego dos descritores "Swallowing and consistency", "Swallowing and solid" e "Swallowing and pasty", limitando-se a pesquisas publicadas no idioma inglês, entre os anos de 2005 e 2010, realizadas com seres humanos maiores de 18 anos. A metodologia empregada envolveu formulação da pergunta, localização e seleção dos estudos, e avaliação crítica dos artigos, conforme os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 211 estudos, dos quais 18 foram analisados, pois permitiam acesso ao texto completo e eram diretamente relacionados ao tema. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos apresentam metodologia pouco uniforme, não havendo padronização, principalmente quanto aos métodos de avaliação. Em geral, as pesquisas foram realizadas com sujeitos saudáveis ou remeteram a um tipo de patologia, sem utilização de casos-controle. A heterogeneidade dos estudos possibilita que diferentes grupos de patologias sejam avaliados, porém, a variabilidade metodológica dificulta a definição e generalização dos padrões encontrados. Sendo assim, não é possível evidenciar dados que embasem a prática clínica fonoaudiológica no que diz respeito à fisiologia normal ou alterada da deglutição de diferentes consistências alimentares, tanto para sujeitos normais quanto para os acometidos por alguma desordem.
Brilliant Dynasts: Power and Politics in the "Oresteia"
Authors: Griffith Mark
Published: September 2012

Intertwined with the celebration of Athenian democratic institutions, we find in the "Oresteia" another chain of interactions, in which the elite families of Argos, Phokis, Athens, and even Mount Olympos employ the traditional aristocratic relationships of xenia and hetaireia to renegotiate their own status within-and at the pinnacle of-the civic order, and thereby guarantee the renewed prosperity of their respective communities. The capture of Troy is the result of a joint venture by the Atreidai and the Olympian "family" (primarily Zeus xenios and Athena). Although Agamemnon falls victim to his own mishandling of aristocratic privilege, his son is raised by doryxenoi in Phokis (Strophios and Pylades), a relationship which is mirrored by that with the Olympian "allies," Hermes and Apollo. Orestes' recovery of his father's position is thus shown to depend upon a network of "guest-friends" and "sworn-comrades," reinforced by the traditional language of oaths and reciprocal loyalty. In the Eumenides, the alliance between the Olympian and Argive royal families is re-invoked as the basis both for Athena's protection of Orestes, and finally for Zeus' concern for his daughter's Athenian dependents. In contrast to this successful "networking," and the resultant benefits that trickle down to the citizens of Argos and Athens, stand the seditious oaths and perverted "comradeship" of Aigisthos and Klytaimestra; likewise, the Erinyes are unable to draw on equivalent claims of pedigree or xenia to those enjoyed by Orestes and Apollo. Like all Greek tragedies, the "Oresteia" presents the action through constantly shifting viewpoints, those of aristocrats and commoners, leaders and led, while the propriety of this hierarchy itself is never questioned. And although the action moves from monarchical Argos to an incipiently democratic Athens, paradoxically we hear less and less about "ordinary," lower-class citizens as the trilogy progresses. Thus, at the same time that the trilogy reinforces the sense of collective survival and civic values (the perspectives, e.g., of the Argive Elders, Watchman, Herald, and Athenian Propompoi), it also suggests that these can be maintained only through the proper interventions of their traditional leaders. Aeschylus' plays were composed during a time when the Athenian democracy was still developing, and elite leadership and patronage were still taken for granted. Attic tragedy and the City Dionysia may be seen as a site of negotiation between rival (democratic and aristocratic) ideologies within the polis, wherein a kind of "solidarity without consensus" is achieved. Written and staged by the elite under license from the demos, the dramas play out (in the safety of the theater space) dangerous stories of royal risk-taking, crime, glory, and suffering, in such a way as to reassure the citizen audience simultaneously of their own collective invulnerability, and of the unique value of their (highly vulnerable, often flawed, but ultimately irreplaceable) leading families.
Herodotean Kings and Historical Inquiry
Authors: Christ Matthew R.
Published: September 2012

This article seeks evidence of Herodotus's conception of his historical enterprise in the recurring scenes in which he portrays barbarian kings as inquirers and investigators. Through these scenes-involving most notably Psammetichus, Etearchus, Croesus, Cyrus, Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes-the historian not only explores the character of autocrats, but also holds up a mirror to his own activity as inquirer. Once we recognize the metahistorical dimension of Herodotus's representation of inquiring kings, we can better understand the scenes in which these figures appear and the historian who sees his own enterprise reflected or distorted in their efforts. I argue first that the tale of Darius's inquiry concerning the Paeonian wonder-woman (5.12-13) is a paradigmatic Herodotean treatment of kingly inquiry in the way the historian both identifies with, and distances himself from, his kingly investigator. I then assess kingly research under three headings that reflect some of the many ways that Herodotean kings use and abuse investigation: Measurement and Self-Aggrandizement; Exploration and Conquest; Trial, Torture, and Test. Under the final rubric, kingly experiments are the focus, some involving human subjects (esp. 2.2 and 3.38), others involving the divine (1.46-49 and 7.12-18). Herodotus's extensive analysis of inquiring kings indicates that any earlier investigator-measurer, explorer, or experimenter-is a potential rival for him. If Herodotus is conscious that he is following in the footsteps of inquiring kings, however, his critique of their techniques and motives suggests that his inquiry is intellectually and ethically superior to theirs. Ultimately, then, Herodotus's exploration of regal investigation helps both to define and to lend authority to the historiê that he undertakes in the Histories.
Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted
Authors: Barringer Judith M.
Published: September 2012

Atalanta, devotee of Artemis and defiant of men and marriage, was a popular figure in ancient literature and art. Although scholars have thoroughly investigated the literary evidence concerning Atalanta, the material record has received less scrutiny. This article explores the written and visual evidence, primarily vase painting, of three Atalanta myths: the Calydonian boar hunt, her wrestling match with Peleus, and Atalanta's footrace, in the context of rites of passage in ancient Greece. The three myths can be read as male and female rites of passage: the hunt, athletics, and a combination of prenuptial footrace and initiatory hunt. Atalanta plays both male and female initiatory roles in each myth: Atalanta is not only a girl facing marriage, but she is also a female hunter and female ephebe. She is the embodiment of ambiguity and liminality. Atalanta's status as outsider and as paradoxical female is sometimes expressed visually by her appearance as Amazon or maenad or a combination of the two. Her blending of gender roles in myth offers insight into Greek ideas of social roles, gender constructs, and male perceptions of femininity. Erotic aspects of the myths of the Calydonian boar hunt and the footrace, and possibly also her wrestling match with Peleus, emphasize Atalanta as the object of male desire. Atalanta challenges men in a man's world and therefore presents a threat, but she is erotically charged and subject to male influence and dominance.
Did the Romans Hunt?
Authors: Green C. M. C.
Published: September 2012

It has long been thought that Romans did not hunt before the time of Scipio Aemilianus because hunting was not an activity for respectable citizens. This article shows that this tradition arose from a nineteenth-century bias for hunting on horseback. The tradition was supported principally by Polybius' account of Scipio's hunting and a quotation from Sallust. Although we now recognize that Greeks and Romans in general hunted on foot, this bias has predisposed the discussion against the discovery of evidence for the actual practice of hunting among the early Romans. The archaeological evidence from new excavations in Latium and previously uncited historical and legal evidence for hunting in the Republican period demonstrate that, precisely as we would expect, Romans from the earliest days hunted. Hunting as an aristocratic sport, as a communal activity associated with the military preparation of soldier-citizens, and as a practical means of survival for the poorer countrymen, were all present in Roman society. Further, Polybius' account of Scipio's hunting, contrary to what has been argued, indicates that the cause of disapproval was not the fact that Scipio hunted, but rather that he hunted instead of pleading cases in the forum. Supporting evidence from Cato the Elder, Ennius, and Plautus shows that hunting was a common and accepted activity among Romans of the mid-Republic. Finally, Sallust's criticism of hunting cannot be assumed to represent Roman views, since he condemns farming and hunting together, and we know Romans highly respected farming. No evidence supporting a negative view of hunting in Roman society is found, and the positive evidence in sum demonstrates conclusively that in all periods Romans did indeed hunt.
Schooling in Persona: Imagination and Subordination in Roman Education
Authors: Bloomer W. Martin
Published: September 2012

This article explores the relationship between Roman school texts and the socialization of the student into an elite man. I argue that composition and declamation communicated social values; in fact, the rhetorical education of the late republic and the empire was a process of socialization that produced a definite subjectivity in its elite participants. I treat two genres of Roman school texts: the expansions on a set theme known as declamation and the bilingual, Greek and Latin, writing exercises known as the colloquia amid the collections of hermeneumata. This article is more broadly concerned with the attitudes toward language use that are learned along with specific literacy skills. Habits of reading and writing and speaking are learned in scenes and contexts that contribute to concepts of the self and more widely of gender and social roles. The encounters and verbal interactions recurrently plot a deviation from violence or a return to civil and familial order through the proper verbal display of the elite speaker. The student speaker's assumption of roles, his training in fictio personae, is a strong training in memory and imagination-pretending to be someone else, pretending to talk like someone else, or pretending to talk on behalf of someone else. That someone else is most important as the schoolboy becomes the voice of or for prostitutes, the raped, slaves, freedmen, women. His was not a neutral ventriloquism in the styles of Latin but a training in the master's mode toward the ready conviction that the speaker can and must speak for others, his subordinates. Roman rhetorical education was a process of persona building, shaping the schoolboy in his future role while excluding others from the very right to become speaking subjects.
The Empty Tomb at Rhoeteum: Deiphobus and the Problem of the Past in Aeneid 6.494-547
Authors: Bleisch Pamela
Published: September 2012

Aeneas' encounter with Deiphobus forms a critical juncture in Vergil's "Aeneid". In the underworld Aeneas retraces his past to its beginning; so too Vergil's audience returns to its starting point: the fall of Troy. Deiphobus himself is a metonym of Troy, embodying her guilt and punishment. But Aeneas is frustrated in his attempt to reconcile himself to this past. Aeneas attempts the Homeric rites of remembrance-heroic tumulus and epic fama-but these prove to be empty gestures. The aition of Deiphobus' tomb is revealed to have miscarried. Rhoeteum was known as the tomb and shrine of Telamonian Ajax, not Deiphobus, and Octavian's recent restoration of the Rhoetean memorial would have strengthened the already close association between Rhoeteum and Ajax in the mind of Vergil's audience. Vergil exploits Rhoeteum's resonance with Telamonian Ajax and Odysseus, Antony and Octavian, to reflect on the process of constructing national memory, a process of which epic is an integral part. Vergil suggests that one hero's memorial frequently involves the appropriation and effacement of another. In a similar vein, the heroic fama of Deiphobus which Aeneas had heard in Troy is proven false. Deiphobus' narrative of his death is replete with Odyssean allusions which critique both Homeric heroism and Homeric kleos. Evocative allusions to Catullus' laments for his brother suggest eternal elegiac mourning as an alternate generic model for memorial and reconciliation with the past. But Aeneas is denied this option. At the center of the epic, at high noon, on a cosmic crossroads, Aeneas is poised between past and future, between mourning and hope, between Deiphobus and Deiphobe, between epic and elegiac. The Sibyl interrupts and moves Aeneas forward. Aeneas is not purged of his past, but rather denied the opportunity for true reconciliation, which is bestowed not by forgetting but by remembrance.
Resistin Knockout Mice Exhibit Impaired Adipocyte Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor (GIPR) Expression
Authors: Kim Su-Jin , Nian Cuilan , McIntosh Christopher H.S.
Published: September 2012

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that also plays a regulatory role in fat metabolism. In 3T3-L1 cells, resistin was demonstrated to be a key mediator of GIP stimulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, involving activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and reduced phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The current study was initiated to determine whether resistin has additional roles in GIP-regulated adipocyte functions. Analysis of primary adipocytes isolated from Retn−/−, Retn+/−, and Retn+/+ mice found that GIP stimulated the PKB/LKB1/AMPK/LPL pathway and fatty acid uptake only in Retn+/+ adipocytes, suggesting that GIP signaling and/or GIP responsiveness were compromised in Retn+/− and Retn−/− adipocytes. GIP receptor (GIPR) protein and mRNA were decreased in Retn+/− and Retn−/− adipocytes, but resistin treatment rescued LPL responsiveness to GIP. In addition, genes encoding tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), and the signaling proteins stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), were downregulated, and phosphorylated levels of SAPK/JNK/c-Jun were decreased in Retn−/− mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to identify a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-response element (TRE-III) responsible for c-Jun–mediated transcriptional activation of Gipr. Blunted GIP responsiveness in Retn+/− and Retn−/− adipocytes was therefore largely due to the greatly reduced GIPR expression associated with decreased c-Jun–mediated transcriptional activation of Gipr.
Muscle-Specific Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Deletion Induces Muscle Capillary Rarefaction Creating Muscle Insulin Resistance
Authors: Bonner Jeffrey S. , Lantier Louise , Hasenour Clinton M. , James Freyja D. , Bracy Deanna P. , Wasserman David H.
Published: September 2012

Muscle insulin resistance is associated with a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) action and muscle capillary density. We tested the hypothesis that muscle capillary rarefaction critically contributes to the etiology of muscle insulin resistance in chow-fed mice with skeletal and cardiac muscle VEGF deletion (mVEGF−/−) and wild-type littermates (mVEGF+/+) on a C57BL/6 background. The mVEGF−/− mice had an ∼60% and ∼50% decrease in capillaries in skeletal and cardiac muscle, respectively. The mVEGF−/− mice had augmented fasting glucose turnover. Insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disappearance was blunted in mVEGF−/− mice. The reduced peripheral glucose utilization during insulin stimulation was due to diminished in vivo cardiac and skeletal muscle insulin action and signaling. The decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was independent of defects in insulin action at the myocyte, suggesting that the impairment in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was due to poor muscle perfusion. The deletion of VEGF in cardiac muscle did not affect cardiac output. These studies emphasize the importance for novel therapeutic approaches that target the vasculature in the treatment of insulin-resistant muscle.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Detects Early Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Neuropathy After Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Tavakoli Mitra , Mitu-Pretorian Maria , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Fadavi Hassan , Asghar Omar , Alam Uazman , Ponirakis Georgios , Jeziorska Maria , Marshall Andy , Efron Nathan , Boulton Andrew J. , Augustine Titus , Malik Rayaz A.
Published: September 2012

Diabetic neuropathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. To date, limited data in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes demonstrate nerve fiber repair after intervention. This may reflect a lack of efficacy of the interventions but may also reflect difficulty of the tests currently deployed to adequately assess nerve fiber repair, particularly in short-term studies. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) represents a novel noninvasive means to quantify nerve fiber damage and repair. Fifteen type 1 diabetic patients undergoing simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation (SPK) underwent detailed assessment of neurologic deficits, quantitative sensory testing (QST), electrophysiology, skin biopsy, corneal sensitivity, and CCM at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after successful SPK. At baseline, diabetic patients had a significant neuropathy compared with control subjects. After successful SPK there was no significant change in neurologic impairment, neurophysiology, QST, corneal sensitivity, and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). However, CCM demonstrated significant improvements in corneal nerve fiber density, branch density, and length at 12 months. Normalization of glycemia after SPK shows no significant improvement in neuropathy assessed by the neurologic deficits, QST, electrophysiology, and IENFD. However, CCM shows a significant improvement in nerve morphology, providing a novel noninvasive means to establish early nerve repair that is missed by currently advocated assessment techniques.
Depression as a Predictor of Weight Regain Among Successful Weight Losers in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Price David W. , Ma Yong , Rubin Richard R. , Perreault Leigh , Bray George A. , Marrero David , Knowler William C. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , LaCoursiere D. Yvette ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether depression symptoms or antidepressant medication use predicts weight regain in overweight individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who are successful with initial weight loss.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,442 participants who successfully lost at least 3% of their baseline body weight after 12 months of participation in the randomized controlled Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) continued in their assigned treatment group (metformin, intensive lifestyle, or placebo) and were followed into the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcome Study (DPPOS). Weight regain was defined as a return to baseline DPP body weight. Participant weight and antidepressant medication use were assessed every 6 months. Depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] score ≥11) were assessed every 12 months.

RESULTS

Only 2.7% of the overall cohort had moderate to severe depression symptoms at baseline; most of the participants with BDI score ≥11 had only mild symptoms during the period of observation. In unadjusted analyses, both depression symptoms (hazard ratio 1.31 [95% CI 1.03–1.67], P = 0.03) and antidepressant medication use at either the previous visit (1.72 [1.37–2.15], P < 0.0001) or cumulatively as percent of visits (1.005 [1.002–1.008], P = 0.0003) were predictors of subsequent weight regain. After adjustment for multiple covariates, antidepressant use remained a significant predictor of weight regain (P < 0.0001 for the previous study visit; P = 0.0005 for the cumulative measure), while depression symptoms did not.

CONCLUSIONS

In individuals with IGT who do not have severe depression and who initially lose weight, antidepressant use may increase the risk of weight regain.
Arterial Stiffness Is Inversely Related to Plasma Adiponectin Levels in Young Normotensive Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tsiakou Afroditi , Liatis Stavros , Alexiadou Kleopatra , Diakoumopoulou Evanthia , Makrilakis Konstantinos , Tentolouris Nicholas , Kyriaki Despoina , Katsilambros Nicholas
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the association between arterial stiffness and plasma adiponectin in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants were normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes who were up to age 40 years. Subjects on statins with macrovascular disease or overt nephropathy were excluded. Large artery stiffness was assessed by measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), whereas plasma adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS

Data from 80 patients (age 27.1 ± 6.1 years, BMI 24.2 ± 3.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.5 ± 1.6%, 39 men, adiponectin 13.9 ± 6.7 μg/mL, and PWV 5.6 ± 0.9 m/s) were analyzed. Log adiponectin inversely correlated with age-adjusted PWV (r = −0.291, P = 0.009) and waist circumference (r = −0.427, P < 0.001). In a fully adjusted model, age, expiration/inspiration index, and log adiponectin were independently associated with PWV, explaining 39.6% of its variance.

CONCLUSIONS

Arterial stiffness is inversely related to adiponectin concentration in young patients with type 1 diabetes without major complications.
Impaired Fasting Glucose and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Men and Women
Authors: Kim Hong-Kyu , Kim Chul-Hee , Kim Eun Hee , Bae Sung Jin , Choe Jaewon , Park Joong-Yeol , Park Seong-Wook , Yun Young Duk , Baek Soo-Jin , Mok Yejin , Jee Sun Ha
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE

The relationship between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or ischemic heart disease (IHD) varies widely according to sex and ethnicity. We evaluated the relationship between IFG and CVD or IHD among Korean men and women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 408,022 individuals who underwent voluntary private health examinations in 17 centers in South Korea were followed for 10 years. Data regarding CVD or IHD events were obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance database. IFG was categorized as grade 1 (fasting glucose 100–109 mg/dL) or grade 2 (110–125 mg/dL).

RESULTS

Incidence rates of CVD (per 100,000 person-years) were 2,203 for diabetes. Age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD were 1.17 (95% CI 1.13–1.20) for grade 1 IFG, 1.30 (1.24–1.35) for grade 2 IFG, and 1.81 (1.75–1.86) for diabetes. The increased risk for women was similar to that of men. Age-adjusted HRs for IHD and ischemic stroke were also significantly increased for men and women with IFG and diabetes. After multivariate adjustment of conventional risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, and family history of CVD), the overall risk of CVD was greatly attenuated in all categories. However, the HRs for IHD and ischemic stroke remained significantly increased in men for grade 2 IFG but not in women.

CONCLUSIONS

In Korea, grade 2 IFG is associated with increased risk of IHD and ischemic stroke, independent of other conventional risk factors, in men but not in women.
The Effects of Free-Living Interval-Walking Training on Glycemic Control, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Karstoft Kristian , Winding Kamilla , Knudsen Sine H. , Nielsen Jens S. , Thomsen Carsten , Pedersen Bente K. , Solomon Thomas P.J.
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the feasibility of free-living walking training in type 2 diabetic patients and to investigate the effects of interval-walking training versus continuous-walking training upon physical fitness, body composition, and glycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomized to a control (n = 8), continuous-walking (n = 12), or interval-walking group (n = 12). Training groups were prescribed five sessions per week (60 min/session) and were controlled with an accelerometer and a heart-rate monitor. Continuous walkers performed all training at moderate intensity, whereas interval walkers alternated 3-min repetitions at low and high intensity. Before and after the 4-month intervention, the following variables were measured: VO2max, body composition, and glycemic control (fasting glucose, HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test, and continuous glucose monitoring [CGM]).

RESULTS

Training adherence was high (89 ± 4%), and training energy expenditure and mean intensity were comparable. VO2max increased 16.1 ± 3.7% in the interval-walking group (P < 0.05), whereas no changes were observed in the continuous-walking or control group. Body mass and adiposity (fat mass and visceral fat) decreased in the interval-walking group only (P < 0.05). Glycemic control (elevated mean CGM glucose levels and increased fasting insulin) worsened in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas mean (P = 0.05) and maximum (P < 0.05) CGM glucose levels decreased in the interval-walking group. The continuous walkers showed no changes in glycemic control.

CONCLUSIONS

Free-living walking training is feasible in type 2 diabetic patients. Continuous walking offsets the deterioration in glycemia seen in the control group, and interval walking is superior to energy expenditure–matched continuous walking for improving physical fitness, body composition, and glycemic control.
Diabetes Is an Independent Predictor for Severe Osteoarthritis
Authors: Schett Georg , Kleyer Arndt , Perricone Carlo , Sahinbegovic Enijad , Iagnocco Annamaria , Zwerina Jochen , Lorenzini Rolando , Aschenbrenner Franz , Berenbaum Francis , D’Agostino Maria-Antonietta , Willeit Johann , Kiechl Stefan
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate if type 2 diabetes is an independent risk predictor for severe osteoarthritis (OA).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Population-based cohort study with an age- and sex-stratified random sample of 927 men and women aged 40–80 years and followed over 20 years (1990–2010).

RESULTS

Rates of arthroplasty (95% CI) were 17.7 (9.4–30.2) per 1,000 person-years in patients with type 2 diabetes and 5.3 (4.1–6.6) per 1,000 person-years in those without (P < 0.001). Type 2 diabetes emerged as an independent risk predictor for arthroplasty: hazard ratios (95% CI), 3.8 (2.1–6.8) (P < 0.001) in an unadjusted analysis and 2.1 (1.1–3.8) (P = 0.023) after adjustment for age, BMI, and other risk factors for OA. The probability of arthroplasty increased with disease duration of type 2 diabetes and applied to men and women, as well as subgroups according to age and BMI. Our findings were corroborated in cross-sectional evaluation by more severe clinical symptoms of OA and structural joint changes in subjects with type 2 diabetes compared with those without type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes predicts the development of severe OA independent of age and BMI. Our findings strengthen the concept of a strong metabolic component in the pathogenesis of OA.
Using Complementary Acoustic and Optical Techniques for Quantitative Monitoring of Biomolecular Adsorption at Interfaces
Authors: Konradi Rupert , Textor Marcus , Reimhult Erik
Published: September 2012

The great wealth of different surface sensitive techniques used in biosensing, most of which claim to measure adsorbed mass, can at first glance look unnecessary. However, with each technique relying on a different transducer principle there is something to be gained from a comparison. In this tutorial review, different optical and acoustic evanescent techniques are used to illustrate how an understanding of the transducer principle of each technique can be exploited for further interpretation of hydrated and extended polymer and biological films. Some of the most commonly used surface sensitive biosensor techniques (quartz crystal microbalance, optical waveguide spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance) are briefly described and five case studies are presented to illustrate how different biosensing techniques can and often should be combined. The case studies deal with representative examples of adsorption of protein films, polymer brushes and lipid membranes, and describe e.g., how to deal with strongly vs. weakly hydrated films, large conformational changes and ordered layers of biomolecules. The presented systems and methods are compared to other representative examples from the increasing literature on the subject.
Prenatal Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Infant Birth Weight in China
Authors: Lee Nora L. , Samet Jonathan M. , Yang Gonghuan , Zhou Maigeng , Yang Jie , Correa Adolfo , Lees Peter S. J.
Published: September 2012

Epidemiologic evidence provides some support for a causal association between maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy and reduction in infant birth weight. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the magnitude of this association in China, where both prevalence and dose of SHS exposure are thought to be higher than in U.S. populations. Women who gave birth in Beijing and Changchun September 2000–November 2001 were interviewed to quantify self-reported prenatal SHS exposure. Their medical records were reviewed for data on pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. Non-smoking women who delivered term babies (≥37 weeks gestation) were included in the study (N = 2,770). Nearly a quarter of the women (24%) reported daily SHS exposure, 47% reported no prenatal exposure, and 75% denied any SHS exposure from the husband smoking at home. Overall, no deficit in mean birth weight was observed with exposure from all sources of SHS combined (+11 grams, 95% CI: +2, +21). Infants had higher mean birth weights among the exposed than the unexposed for all measures of SHS exposure. Future studies on SHS exposure and infant birth weight in China should emphasize more objective measures of exposure to quantify and account for any exposure misclassification.
Recent Updates in Redox Regulation and Free Radical Scavenging Effects by Herbal Products in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Koppula Sushruta , Kumar Hemant , More Sandeep Vasant , Lim Hyung-Woo , Hong Soon-Min , Choi Dong-Kug
Published: September 2012

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial disease marked by extensive neuropathology in the brain with selective yet prominent and progressive loss of mid-brain dopaminergic neurons. The etiological factors involved in the development of PD are still elusive, but oxidative stress arising when reactive oxygen species (ROS) exceed amounts required for normal redox signaling is considered one of the major factors. ROS cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and are one of the most prominent factors related to neurodegeneration. Pre-clinical and clinical studies clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, regulation of redox signaling and inhibiting excess ROS would contribute greatly not only to extend longevity but also to ameliorate the progression of dopaminergic cell death seen in patients with PD. Several herbal products are beneficial for maintaining nerve cell function and for treating various neurodegenerative disorders by reducing oxidative stress. Here, we summarize the recent knowledge concerning promising herbs that have shown significant beneficial effects based on regulation of redox status and ROS inhibition in toxin-induced PD models.
Movilización, política y nación. Una aproximación historiográfica a los cultos marianos en época contemporánea
Authors: Solans Francisco Javier Ramón
Published: September 2012

Le but principal de cet article est de rendre compte des contributions les plus intéressantes à l'étude du culte marial à l'époque contemporaine. Parmi les principales caractéristiques de ces travaux, signalons le fait qu’ils reviennent tous sur le rôle politique important qu'ont joué ces cultes, raison pour laquelle l’article insiste sur leur formidable capacité de mobilisation et sur leur contribution à la construction des identités nationales. Enfin, il dresse un bilan historiographique des différentes études réalisées sur le culte marial dans l'Espagne contemporaine.
Pro Deo et Patria Prier pour l’Etat en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Petit Vincent
Published: September 2012

Si la France a, par la loi du 9 décembre 1905, adopté « le régime de séparation le plus radical du monde » comme l’écrit l’historien Jean-Marie Mayeur, elle a aussi par la même occasion rompu avec un usage très ancien, celui des prières que l’Eglise (ici, catholique) adresse à l’Etat. Les différents régimes politiques qui se sont succédés après la Révolution ont ainsi exigé du clergé et des fidèles qu’ils chantent Domine salvam fac Rempublicam ou salvum fac regem. Seulement les bouleversements politiques, l’affirmation de la souveraineté populaire et la toujours plus croissante dissociation de l’Etat et de l’Eglise ont fait de ce rite un objet de débat, au sein de la communauté nationale comme de la communauté ecclésiale.
Les feux de Pentecôte au royaume du Siècle. L’économie des charismes dans le pentecôtisme suédois
Authors: Mahieddin Emir
Published: September 2012

Le pentecôtisme participe des mouvements de renouveau religieux qui ont amené, du fait de leur succès, à parler d’un « retour du refoulé » – selon les mots de Gilles Kepel –, une expression venue aujourd’hui remplacer le paradigme de la sécularisation, dominant en sociologie des religions depuis le début du XXe siècle. Cet article repose sur une étude ethnographique menée dans la ville de Jönköping, bastion du protestantisme born again dans un pays, la Suède, pourtant réputé le plus sécularisé du monde. L’auteur entend interroger les adaptations éventuelles que le pentecôtisme a pu mettre en place pour faire accepter sa présence au sein d’un environnement archi-sécularisé. Il apparaît ainsi que le « retour du religieux » ne s’appuie pas que sur une rhétorique du conflit ou de l’offensive avec l’idéologie de la sécularité mais tente une coexistence négociée avec son environnement d’accueil, aussi neutralisé d’influence religieuse soit-il.
Etat et croyance(s) dans la Bolivie « plurinationale » d’Evo Morales
Authors: Delfour Christine
Published: September 2012

« L’Eglise en Bolivie est le principal ennemi des réformes », certains « secteurs de l’Eglise catholique, la hiérarchie catholique sont les ennemis des transformations politiques », « une autre foi, une autre religion (hors Eglise catholique) et également une autre Eglise, tout ceci est positif, mes frères et sœurs ». Voici quelques citations d’Evo Morales, premier président indien de la Bolivie, qui illustrent les tensions existantes entre le gouvernement et l’Eglise catholique ainsi que la nouvelle réalité institutionnelle du pays en matière de religion : la liberté de culte et de pratiques spirituelles des peuples indigènes et de toute autre confession religieuse. La Nouvelle Constitution Politique de l’Etat Plurinational (février 2009) reconnaît l’indépendance de l’Etat en matière religieuse, un Etat qui « respecte et garantit la liberté de religion et de croyances spirituelles en accord avec les cosmovisions ». Il s’agit d’un changement radical par rapport à la Constitution de 1967 qui, dans son article 3, énonce que « l’Etat reconnaît et soutient la religion catholique, apostolique et romaine ». Dès lors, nous nous interrogerons, d’une part, sur les relations entre l’Eglise et l’Etat républicain et, d’autre part, sur la place des croyances (des rites et des symboles) dans le contexte politique de la « refondation » de la nation bolivienne et de l’Etat.
Eglises, identités non confessionnelles et islam en Allemagne
Authors: Toscer-Angot Sylvie
Published: September 2012

Depuis les années 1980, la nature des relations entre politique et religion en RFA a fait l’objet de profondes mutations. L’Allemagne est en effet confrontée aujourd’hui à deux phénomènes en apparence contradictoires : elle doit faire face, d’une part, aux affirmations des identités non confessionnelles dans la sphère publique, et, d’autre part, aux revendications croissantes de communautés de croyances désireuses d’obtenir de nouveaux droits ainsi qu’une reconnaissance institutionnelle et une visibilité plus grande dans l’espace public. Plusieurs facteurs sont à l’origine de ce mouvement d’ampleur : l’importance grandissante du nombre des « sans religion »1 qui s’est accélérée sous l’effet de la réunification, l’individualisation et la diversification des convictions et des pratiques religieuses ou encore la présence de plus en plus affirmée de l’islam. En réponse aux demandes suscitées par la diversité des confessions, des convictions ou des appartenances, les autorités publiques tentent de trouver des solutions politiques et juridiques, susceptibles de concilier les exigences de protection des libertés fondamentales (liberté de conscience et de religion), le principe de neutralité de l’Etat, l’égalité de traitement de toutes les communautés religieuses, et ce, dans le respect des traditions et des héritages. Dans un pays marqué par une structure fédérale, où les questions religieuses relèvent des compétences des Länder2, les réponses apportées aux différends politico-religieux varient très largement d’un Land à l’autre. Elles relativisent ainsi le dispositif historiquement constitué des relations Eglises-Etat en Allemagne et révèlent différentes façons de traiter le pluralisme religieux. A partir de la question de l’enseignement religieux à l’école, cette contribution se propose de mettre en évidence le processus de déconfessionnalisation en Allemagne ainsi que l’influence des Eglises sur la manière dont l’Etat conçoit ses rapports avec l’islam.
Inducible Renitence Limits Listeria monocytogenes Escape from Vacuoles in Macrophages
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Gregorka Brian , Gestwicki Jason E. , Swanson Joel A.
Published: September 2012

Membranes of endolysosomal compartments in macrophages are often damaged by physical or chemical effects of particles ingested through phagocytosis or by toxins secreted by intracellular pathogens. This study identified a novel inducible activity in macrophages that increases resistance of phagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes to membrane damage. Pretreatment of murine macrophages with LPS, peptidoglycan, TNF-α, or IFN-γ conferred protection against subsequent damage to intracellular membranes caused by photooxidative chemistries or by phagocytosis of ground silica or silica microspheres. Phagolysosome damage was partially dependent on reactive oxygen species but was independent of the phagocyte oxidase. IFN-γ–stimulated macrophages from mice lacking the phagocyte oxidase inhibited escape from vacuoles by the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, which suggested a role for this inducible renitence (resistance to pressure) in macrophage resistance to infection by pathogens that damage intracellular membranes. Renitence and inhibition of L. monocytogenes escape were partially attributable to heat shock protein-70. Thus, renitence is a novel, inducible activity of macrophages that maintains or restores the integrity of endolysosomal membranes.
A20 and CYLD Do Not Share Significant Overlapping Functions during B Cell Development and Activation
Authors: Chu Yuanyuan , Soberon Valeria , Glockner Laura , Beyaert Rudi , Massoumi Ramin , van Loo Geert , Krappmann Daniel , Schmidt-Supprian Marc
Published: September 2012

The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) and the deubiquitinase CYLD are central negative regulators of NF-κB signaling. Both can act by removing nonproteolytic K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from an overlapping set of signaling molecules. In B cells, A20 deficiency results in hyperactivity, loss of immune homeostasis, inflammation, and autoimmunity. The reported consequences of CYLD deficiency are controversial, ranging from an absence of effects to dramatic B cell hyperplasia. These differences could be due to varying compensation for the loss of CYLD function by A20. Therefore, to explore potential overlapping physiological functions between A20 and CYLD, we generated and characterized A20/CYLD double-deficient B cells. Interestingly, the lack of both A20 and CYLD did not exacerbate the developmental defects and hyperresponsive activity of A20-deficient B cells. In addition, the extent of B cell activation after in vitro stimulation with anti-CD40, LPS, and CpG was comparable in B cells lacking A20/CYLD and A20 alone. However, in response to BCR cross-linking, we observed small but reproducible additive effects of the lack of A20 and CYLD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that A20 and CYLD do not share significant functions during B cell development and activation.
The TLR7/8 Agonist CL097 Primes N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine–Stimulated NADPH Oxidase Activation in Human Neutrophils: Critical Role of p47phox Phosphorylation and the Proline Isomerase Pin1
Authors: Makni-Maalej Karama , Boussetta Tarek , Hurtado-Nedelec Margarita , Belambri Sahra Amel , Gougerot-Pocidalo Marie-Anne , El-Benna Jamel
Published: September 2012

Superoxide anion production by the neutrophil NADPH oxidase plays a key role in host defense; however, excessive superoxide production is believed to participate to inflammatory reactions. Neutrophils express several TLR that recognize a variety of microbial motifs or agonists. The interaction between TLR and their agonists is believed to help neutrophils to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. However, the effects of some TLR agonists on the NADPH oxidase activation and the mechanisms controlling these effects have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that the TLR7/8 agonist CL097 by itself did not induce NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils, but induced a dramatic increase of fMLF-stimulated activation. Interestingly, CL097 induced cytochrome b558 translocation to the plasma membrane and the phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase cytosolic component p47phox on Ser345, Ser328, and Ser315. Phosphorylation of Ser328 and Ser315 was significantly increased in CL097-primed and fMLF-stimulated neutrophils. Phosphorylation of Ser345, Ser328, and Ser315 was decreased by inhibitors of p38 MAPK and the ERK1/2 pathway. Phosphorylation of Ser328 was decreased by a protein kinase C inhibitor. Genistein, a broad-range protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited the phosphorylation of these serines. Our results also show that CL097 induced proline isomerase 1 (Pin1) activation and that juglone, a Pin1 inhibitor, inhibited CL097-mediated priming of fMLF-induced p47phox phosphorylation and superoxide production. These results show that the TLR7/8 agonist CL097 induces hyperactivation of the NADPH oxidase by stimulating the phosphorylation of p47phox on selective sites in human neutrophils and suggest that p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, protein kinase C, and Pin1 control this process.
A SerpinB1 Regulatory Mechanism Is Essential for Restricting Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Generation
Authors: Farley Kalamo , Stolley J. Michael , Zhao Picheng , Cooley Jessica , Remold-O’Donnell Eileen
Published: September 2012

NETosis (neutrophil extracellular trap [NET] generation), a programmed death pathway initiated in mature neutrophils by pathogens and inflammatory mediators, can be a protective process that sequesters microbes and prevents spread of infection, but it can also be a pathological process that causes inflammation and serious tissue injury. Little is known about the regulatory mechanism. Previously, we demonstrated that serpinb1-deficient mice are highly susceptible to pulmonary bacterial and viral infections due to inflammation and tissue injury associated with increased neutrophilic death. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo approaches to investigate whether SerpinB1 regulates NETosis. We found that serpinb1-deficient bone marrow and lung neutrophils are hypersusceptible to NETosis induced by multiple mediators in both an NADPH-dependent and -independent manner, indicating a deeply rooted regulatory role in NETosis. This role is further supported by increased nuclear expansion (representing chromatin decondensation) of PMA-treated serpinb1-deficient neutrophils compared with wild-type, by migration of SerpinB1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of human neutrophils that is coincident with or preceding early conversion of lobulated (segmented) nuclei to delobulated (spherical) morphology, as well as by the finding that exogenous human recombinant SerpinB1 abrogates NET production. NETosis of serpinb1-deficient neutrophils is also increased in vivo during Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. The findings identify a previously unrecognized regulatory mechanism involving SerpinB1 that restricts the production of NETs.