bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical and Chemical Beneficiation of the Egyptian Beach Monazite
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed I. , Abdelfattah Nasr A.
Published: September 2010

The Egyptian black sands contain several economic minerals, especially ilmenite. Monazite can reach concentrations up to 0.6 wt.%. The majority of monazite grains have light to deep canary and lemon yellow colors, whereas enigmatic monazite grains have brown, red, resinous, yellow and colorless to pinkish colors. The behavior of monazite with the electrostatic field setting of the roll‐type electrostatic separator was studied for the different variables of the separator. Most of the monazite grains are reversible negative and are attracted towards the positively charged static electrode. Using wet gravity concentration, both low and high intensity magnetic separation, and electrostatic separation techniques, a high grade concentrate assaying 97 wt. % monazite with a recovery of 76.8% can be obtained.

The Egyptian beach monazite contains high concentrations of Ce, La and Nd in addition to minor amounts of Y, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy and Eu. It is particularly rich in the lighter rare earth elements (cerium subgroup). By a new method of ion exchange technique after chemically dissolving the mineral with sulfuric acid, both of REEs, Th and U, could be individually separated. The efficiency of the separation has been tested with sulfuric acid concentration at 2M H2SO4 where the thorium and uranium could be obtained with a cation exchange synthetic resin column, while rare earth metal ions are adsorbed and then individually separated. A highly pure thorium product could be obtained by oxalate precipitation followed by uranium precipitation as diuranate using NaOH.
Repeatability of Dietary Patterns Derived Using α‐Priori and α‐Posterior Methods
Authors: Bountziouka Vassiliki , Bathrellou Eirini , Polychronopoulos Evangelos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Constantinidis Theodore C.
Published: September 2010

We aimed to examine the repeatability of dietary patterns derived using α‐priori and α‐posterior techniques. During 2008, 500 participants were enrolled and asked to fill‐in a food frequency questionnaire twice. The Mediterranean dietary pattern was α‐priori assessed by the MedDietScore, while principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used as the α‐posterior techniques. Results revealed that the overall MedDietScore was similar between the two recordings (M = 28, SD = 3.7 vs. M = 28, SD = 3.8). Although PCA revealed 13 patterns in each record (60% of explained variability), the food items characterizing each pattern were varying through the two recordings. According to CA, three clusters were revealed from both records. The α‐posterior methods should be used with caution, while the α‐priori approach leads to more robust results.
A New, Weil‐Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China
Authors: Ming BAI , KRELL Frank Thorsten , Dong REN , Xingke YANG
Published: September 2010

Glaresis orthochilus sp. nov. (Scarabaeoidea: Glaresidae), the best preserved glaresid fossil, is described and illustrated from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning province, north–east China. Glaresidae, the sister group of all extant Scarabaeoidea was established in the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous and contained larger species than those found today.
A New Species of Megarhyphus, an Interesting Discovery from the Lower Jurassic of England (Diptera, Anisopodidae)
Authors: EWA Krzemińska , ROBERT Coram A. , WIESŁAW Krzeminski
Published: September 2010

The oldest representative of the genus Megarhyphus Kovalev (Diptera: Anisopodidae) is described from the Lower Jurassic (Slnemurian) of England. A summary of our knowledge of Jurassic Anisopodidae is given.
Iverya averyi gen. nov. and sp. nov., a New Triadotypomorphan Species from the Middle Triassic at Picton, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: BÉTHOUX Olivier , BEATTIE Robert G.
Published: September 2010

A new specimen assigned to the species Iverya averyi gen. nov. and sp. nov. is described. This species is considered as a triadotypomorphan insect, a poorly known group of Triassic stem‐odonatans. Like other triadotypomorphans, this species exhibits an area between MA and MP that is comparatively broad, and a cubitoanal area involving an AA stem distinct from CuA + CuP + AA emitting several posterior branches. Diagnostic character states of the new species are listed. Although incomplete, the specimen provides new information on the wing morphology of triadotypomorphans. This discovery might contribute to better assessment of the phylogenetic position of triadotypomorphan species with respect to other stem‐odonatans.
A New Species Group in the GenusTanytarsusvan der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) Based on a Fossil Record from Baltic Amber
Authors: GIŁKA Wojciech
Published: September 2010

A new fossil chlronomid,Tanytarsus serafini, found in Baltic amber is described and illustrated based on adult males. The new species and similar extant species of the genusTanytarsusvan der Wulp are compared. Due to several distinct characters of wing, legs and hypopygium, a new species group forTanytarsus serafini isproposed, and its diagnostic features are evaluated.
Early Evolution of Apocrita (Insecta, Hymenoptera) as Indicated by New Findings in the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, Northeast China
Authors: RASNTTSYN Alexandr P. , Haichun ZHANG
Published: September 2010

The classification and phylogeny of the basal Vespina (= Orussoidea + Apocrita) are reconsidered based primarily on rich and well preserved material from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Comparatively smooth morphological transitions are traced from a Xiphydriidae‐like ancestor toward Orussoidea via the Jurassic family Karatavitidae, and through Karatavitidae and the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous family Ephialtitidae independently to Stephanidae, to Evanioidea, and, via the extinct Jurassic Kuafuidae fam. nov. to the remaining Apocrita. New hypothesis is proposed concerning development of the characteristic wasp‐waist of Apocrita, which is supposed to appear independently and in different ways in Evanioidea and in the rest of Apocrita. As a result, six infraorders are proposed for the suborder Vespina with the following taxonomic structure: infraorder Orussomorpha including the only superfamily Orussoidea (Karatavitidae + Paroryssidae + Orussidae), infraorder Stephanomorpha with the only superfamily Stephanoidea (Ephialtitidae + Stephanidae), infraorder Evaniomorpha with the only superfamily Evanioidea of traditional composition, infraorder Ceraphronomorpha with the superfamilies Ceraphronoidea s. str. and monotypical Megalyroidea and Trigonaloidea, and the infraorders Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Vespomorpha of traditional composition. The family Kuafuidae is unplaced to infraorder because it is putatively paraphyletic with respect to Ceraphronomorpha, Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha and Vespomorpha. Described as new are Karatavites junfengi sp. nov., Praeratavites wuhuaensis sp. nov., P. perspicuus sp. nov., Postxiphydria daohugouensis gen. et sp. nov., P. ningchengensis gen. et sp. nov., Postxiphydroides strenuus gen. et sp. nov., Praeratavitoides amabilis gen. et sp. nov., Proapocritus densipediculus sp. nov., P. sculptus sp. nov., P. longantennatus sp. nov., P. formosus sp. nov., P. atropus sp. nov., P. elegans sp. nov., Stephanogaster pristinus sp. nov., Asiephialtites lini sp. nov., Praeproapocritus vulgatus gen. et sp. nov., Sinaulacogastrinus solidus gen. et sp. nov., Sinevania speciosa gen. et sp. nov., Eonevania robusta gen. et sp. nov., Kuafua polyneura gen. et sp. nov. (all from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou), as well as Kuafuidae fam. nov. including Kuafua gen. nov. as well as Arthrogaster Rasnitsyn, 1975, and Leptogastrella Rasnitsyn, 1975 from the Upper Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan.
Community Structure in the Amber Forest: Study of the Arthropod Syninclusia in the Rovno Amber (Late Eocene of Ukraine)
Authors: PERKOVSKY Evgeny E. , RASNITSYN Alexandr P. , VLASKIN Anatoly P. , RASNITSYN Sergej P.
Published: September 2010

Arthropoden syninclusions in the Late Eocene Rovno amber were examined using χ2 to reveal correlation of the component groups (some taxa of Diptera, ants, aphids, and mites) supposedly indicative of the biocoenotic relationships in the ancient amber forest. Three tightly correlated groups were identified, representing a putative aerial plankton guild (Chironomidae + Ceratopogonidae) and two tree‐trunk guilds, one of which (Dolichopodidae +Germaraphis) is possibly connected to more open or/and more hygrophilous habitats than the other (Sciara zone Diptera +“Acorus” rhombeus). The ants were not linked with any of the above components.
Review of the El Soplao Amber Outcrop, Early Cretaceous of Cantabria, Spain
Authors: NAJARRO María , PEÑALVER Enrique , PÉREZ‐DE LA FUENTE Ricardo , ORTEGA‐BLANCO Jaime , MENOR‐SALVÁN Cesar , BARRÓN Eduardo , SORIANO Carmen , ROSALES Idoia , LÓPEZ DEL VALLE Rafael , VELASCO Francisco , TORNOS Fernando , DAVIERO‐GOMEZ Véronique , GOMEZ Bernard , DELCLÒS Xavier
Published: September 2010

El Soplao outcrop, an Early Cretaceous amber deposit recently discovered in northern Spain (Cantabria), has been shown to be the largest site of amber with arthropod inclusions that has been found in Spain so far. Relevant data provided herein for biogeochemistry of the amber, palynology, taphonomy and arthropod bioinclusions complement those previously published. This set of data suggests at least two botanical sources for the amber of El Soplao deposit. The ñrst (type A amber) strongly supports a source related to Cheirolepidiaceae, and the second (type B amber) shows non‐specific conifer biomarkers. Comparison of molecular composition of type A amber withFrenelopsisleaves (Cheirolepidiaceae) strongly suggests a biochemical affinity and a common botanical origin. A preliminary palynologlcal study indicates a regional high taxonomical diversity, mainly of pteridophyte spores and gymnosperm pollen grains. According to the preliminary palynologlcal data, the region was inhabited by conifer forests adapted to a dry season under a subtropical climate. The abundant charcoalified wood associated with the amber in the same beds is evidence of paleofires that most likely promoted both the resin production and an intensive erosion of the litter, and subsequent great accumulation of amber plus plant cuticles. In addition, for the first time in the fossil record, charcoalified plant fibers as bioinclusions in amber are reported. Other relevant taphonomic data are the exceptional presence of serpulids and bryozoans on the surfaces of some amber pieces indicating both a long exposure on marine or brackish‐water and a mixed assemblage of amber. Lastly, new findings of insect bioinclusions, some of them uncommon in the fossil record or showing remarkable adaptations, are reported. In conclusion, a documented scenario for the origin of the El Soplao amber outcrop is provided.
New Taxa of Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Rovno Amber, Late Eocene
Authors: NADEIN Konstantin , PERKOVSKY Evgeny
Published: September 2010

Leaf beetles Chrysomelidae of Rovno amber, from the Late Eocene, are recorded and described. Chrysomelidae of Rovno amber are represented by three subfamilies: Galerucinae (Alticini), Chrysomelinae, and Eumolpinae. Two new genera and three new species of Alticini: Manobiomorpha Nadein, gen. nov. (type species Manobiomorpha eocenica Nadein, sp. nov.), Psyllototus Nadein, gen. nov. (type species Psyllototus progenitor Nadein, sp. nov.), and Crepidodera decolorata Nadein et Perkovsky, sp. nov. are described. A new chrysomeline genus and species Paleophaedon minutus Nadein gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described. Probable trophic association of Crepidodera decolorata sp. nov., the taxonomic positions of Manobiomorpha gen. nov. and Psyllototus gen. nov., and the composition of leaf beetle faunas of Middle and Late Eocene of Europe are discussed.
Cockroach as the Earliest Eusocial Animal
Authors: VRŠANSKÝ Peter
Published: September 2010

A completely preserved cockroach Sociala perlucida gen. et sp. nov. (Blattida: Socialidae fam. nov.) is described from the Mesozoic (Albian Early Cretaceous) amber of Archingeay in France. It is categorized within the new family Socialidae, originating from the Mesozoic cockroach family Liberiblattinidae, and representing the sister group to the most basal known eutermite families. Numerous direct and indirect morphological evidence (such as a unique narrow body and pronotum with reduced coloration, legs without carination and with numerous sensillar pitts (forelegs) as adaptations to life in nests analogical to the living termitophillous species; enlarged head, long palps for communication, a general venation modified in a direction towards termites (subcosta and radial vein [R] approximated, R branches approximated, simplified, cross‐veins reduced), and possibly also the development of the breaking forewing sutura for detaching wings after marriage flight), suggest its eusocial mode of life. Thus, the first eusociality originated within cockroaches, prior to giving birth to termites; termites and Cryptocercus are not directly related. The group of eusocial cockroaches makes termite morphotaxon polyphyletic, but also in this case, the erection of a new order for mastotermites (including Cratomastotermitidae) and/or the inclusion of eusocial, morphological cockroaches within termites appears counterproductive, thus an example of such a general exception to the taxonomical procedure is provided.
Microelectrona cladara gen. et sp. nov.: A New Protodikraneurini from the Eocene Baltic Amber (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae)
Authors: SZWEDO Jacek , GĘBICKI Cezary , KOWALEWSKA Magdalena
Published: September 2010

A new genus Microelectrona gen. nov. and species Microelectrona cladara sp. nov. of the extinct tribe Protodikraneurini of the leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from the Eocene Baltic amber is described. The piece of amber containing leafhopper inclusion is broken, unveiling some of the morphological structures, and enabling their studies using scanning electron microscopy.
A New Fossil Termite (Isoptera, Stolotermitidae, Stolotermes) from the Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand
Authors: KAULFUSS Uwe , HARRIS Anthony C. , LEE Daphne E.
Published: September 2010

The forewing of a termite from Early Miocene lake sediments in Otago, southern New Zealand is figured and described. It exhibits the generic characters of the damp‐wood termite Stolotermes Hägen, but differs from forewings of the known species in size and venation pattern and is described as Stolotermes kupe sp. nov. S. hupe represents the first confident record of fossil Stolotermitidae and extends the fossil record of the family back to the Early Miocene. It also is the first direct evidence of fossil Isoptera from New Zealand, though silicified termite faecal pellets, referable to Kalotermes brauni, have been previously described. S. kupe indicates that Stolotermitidae has been present in the Australasian region since at least the Early Miocene.
Early Jurassic Coleopterans from the Mintaja Insect Locality, Western Australia
Authors: MARTIN Sarah K.
Published: September 2010

Beetles (Coleoptera) are the most common insects recovered from the Lower Jurassic Mintaja insect locality of Western Australia, with over half of the fossils recorded from this site being isolated coleopteran elytra. A range of partial beetle bodies and other isolated beetle sclerites have also been recovered from the locality; much of this material is taxonomically unidentifiable due to its disarticulation and poor preservation. A number of the Mintaja coleopterans are assigned to the archostematan family Ommatidae, includingZygadenia westraliensis(Riek, 1968) comb. nov, previously placed in the morphogenusMesothoris, and an unnamed species ofTetraphalerus. Also recorded is a new species of elaterid,Lithomerus wundasp. nov., along with other fragments likely attributable to the same family. The remaining material is assigned into morphospecies, separated primarily on preserved body parts — specifically, there are three morphospecies based on partially articulated coleopteran bodies, two morphospecies based on isolated head capsules, three morphospecies based on isolated thoracic sclerites, three morphospecies based on isolated abdominal sclerites, and 13 morphospecies based on isolated elytra. Overall, the ecology of these fossils is difficult to interpret due to poor preservation, although some of the beetles were likely aquatic, and the Ommatidae and Elateridae were both likely xylophilous. There is a strong similarity between the Mintaja coleopterans and those from the Late Triassic Denmark Hill locality of Queensland, though many of these similarities are based on morphotaxa and may be superficial in nature. Of the species that have been assigned to named taxa, all are generally typical of the Late Mesozoic worldwide, withZygadenia, TetraphalerusandLithomerusall long‐ranging, cosmopolitan genera.
Das Ich und das Andere: Identität, Sinn und Erzählen in Die Amsel von Robert Musil1
Authors: Löser Kai
Published: September 2010

Robert Musils Novelle Die Amsel verhandelt die Problematik von Identität und Differenz im Selbstverhältnis. Personale Identität wird nicht substantiell als seelische Essenz oder als Einheit qualitativer Eigenschaften gedacht, sondern funktional fundiert. Sie fußt auf dem gleich bleibenden Bezug “Ich” zu unterschiedlichen Personen. Im Rahmen dieses differenzlogischen Verständnisses ist Identität niemals in einem abschließenden Sinne vollendet, sondern vollzieht sich in der Spannung von Konstruktion und Dekonstruktion. Sie bleibt stets offenes Projekt des jeweiligen Subjekts. Insbesondere anhand der zweiten Binnengeschichte der Novelle arbeitet der Artikel das Verhältnis zwischen Identitätskonstruktion und dem Akt des Erzählens heraus. Erzählen wird als Antwort auf die verstörend‐befreienden Erlebnisse des Protagonisten Azwei vorgestellt. Es vermittelt Kontinuität und Sinn, wo diese fragwürdig werden. Da Erzählen an Sprache geknüpft ist, wird die Identitäts‐ in eine Sprachproblematik überführt, die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten sprachlicher Repräsentation anzeigt. Ineinander verschränkt sind Identitäts‐ und Sprachproblematik über die Figur des irreduziblen Anderen, das jede identitätslogische Bestimmung aufhebt.
Computational Methods to Extract Meaning From Text and Advance Theories of Human Cognition
Authors: McNamara Danielle S.
Published: September 2010

Over the past two decades, researchers have made great advances in the area of computational methods for extracting meaning from text. This research has to a large extent been spurred by the development of latent semantic analysis (LSA), a method for extracting and representing the meaning of words using statistical computations applied to large corpora of text. Since the advent of LSA, researchers have developed and tested alternative statistical methods designed to detect and analyze meaning in text corpora. This research exemplifies how statistical models of semantics play an important role in our understanding of cognition and contribute to the field of cognitive science. Importantly, these models afford large‐scale representations of human knowledge and allow researchers to explore various questions regarding knowledge, discourse processing, text comprehension, and language. This topic includes the latest progress by the leading researchers in the endeavor to go beyond LSA.
Efficacy and safety of patient‐directed titration of once‐daily pre‐dinner premixed biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 injection in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with oral antidiabetic drug failure: STEP‐AKITA study
Authors: Narita Takuma , Goto Takashi , Suganuma Yumi , Hosoba Mihoko , Morii Tsukasa , Sato Takehiro , Fujita Hiroki , Miura Takeshi , Shimotomai Takashi , Yamada Yuichiro , Kakei Masafumi
Published: September 2010

Aims/Introduction:  To clarify clinical characteristics related to optimal glycemic control achieved after adding once‐daily pre‐dinner biphasic insulin aspart 70/30 (BIAsp 30) in Japanese type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients with oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) failure.

Materials and Methods:  Under this regimen, we evaluated changes in HbA1c levels and daily self‐monitoring blood glucose (BG) profiles, as well as the incidences of hypoglycemia and retinopathy progression. The patients adjusted BIAsp 30 dosages themselves every 3–4 days according to a pre‐determined algorithm to achieve fasting BG levels of 101–120 mg/dL. HbA1c levels were expressed as Japan Diabetes Society values.

Results:  Of 29 enrolled patients, 22 (HbA1c levels, 8.5 ± 1.5% [mean ± SD]) and 20 patients completed the 16‐ and 24‐week follow‐up, respectively. At 16 weeks 68.2 and 45.5%, and at 24 weeks 80.0 and 35% of patients had achieved HbA1c levels of <7.0 and <6.5%, respectively. The patients who had achieved optimal glycemic control, including daytime postprandial BG profiles after treatment, had lower post‐breakfast BG excursions at baseline, shorter diabetes durations and younger age. No severe hypoglycemic episodes were recorded. Progression of retinopathy was observed in 3 of the 29 enrolled patients.

Conclusions:  Lower post‐breakfast BG excursions, shorter diabetes duration and younger age in Japanese T2D patients with OAD failure might warrant optimal glycemic control with safety after adding once‐daily pre‐dinner BIAsp 30 initiating regimen. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00062.x, 2010)
What can we learn from the recent blood glucose lowering megatrials?
Authors: Chan Juliana CN
Published: September 2010

In the past two decades, we have acquired an enormous amount of knowledge regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes and its comorbidities. In addition to the earlier landmark blood lipid and blood pressure lowering trials, the latest blood glucose lowering megatrials represent the zenith of this global effort to prevent and control diabetes, and its devastating consequences. Although many of these latter trials have yielded negative results and have shown the narrow risk‐benefit ratio of intensive treatment in patients with advanced disease, the exceedingly low event rates in these high‐risk patients who were carefully monitored and intensively managed made possible in these clinical trial settings have not been emphasized enough. The heterogeneity of the clinical outcomes in these studies further highlight the complexity of diabetes, which is more than managing a disease, but the multiple needs of a patient with multisystem dysfunction. In the final analysis, what transpires from these megatrials is the need to translate the key components of these studies, namely, protocol, team, documentation and monitoring, into our daily clinical practice to enable the care team to stratify risk, define needs, individualize therapy, monitor progress and reinforce compliance in order to achieve positive outcomes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00063.x, 2010)
A REQUIEM TO SEXUAL DIFFERENCE:A RESPONSE TO LUCIANA PARISI'S “EVENT AND EVOLUTION”
Authors: Weinstein Jami
Published: September 2010

abstract

Aside from constructing a compelling case for how rereading evolution from a neomaterialist and radical empiricist perspective undermines an enduring binary of sexual difference, Luciana Parisi underscores a tension in the work of Elizabeth Grosz, known both for her novel, feminist, neomaterialist study of Darwinian evolution and her staunch support of sexual difference. Parisi contends, and I suspect Grosz herself is keenly aware, that there is a paradox in holding these views simultaneously. Thus, this paper will not only expand upon Parisi's argument for preaccelerated, unbounded, creative, inhuman, neomaterialist, and radical empirical accounts of matter and sex but also propose a reading of Grosz's work that could potentially wrest her from the perceived paradox. I call this the “theory sex” reading, which can be characterized as a metatheoretical difference materially embodied in the unbridgeable gap between Grosz's two theoretical stances. Theory sex is not an ontology but a concept in line with a Deleuzo–Guattarian understanding of the philosopher's mode of living with chaos. Theory sex produces vibrations and dissonance, which reproduce or chart lines of flight toward theories like Parisi's. These vibrations compose the requiem both honoring and retaining the virtual legacy of sexual difference into the future.
THE EXPERIENCE OF HOME AND THE SPACE OF CITIZENSHIP
Authors: Jacobson Kirsten
Published: September 2010

abstract

I argue that, although we are inherently intersubjective beings, we are not first or most originally “public” beings. Rather, to become a public being, that is, a citizen—in other words, to act as an independent and self‐controlled agent in a community of similarly independent and self‐controlled agents and, specifically, to do so in a shared space in the public arena—is something that we can successfully do only by emerging from our familiar, personal territories—our homes. Finding support in texts from philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences, I construe the claim that citizenship is a developed stance as a spatial issue. I conclude that a state (or, for that matter, a philosophy) that takes the human being to begin as an isolated individual agent fails to recognize the essential spatial relationships on which we depend—namely, those arising through our way of being‐at‐home in the world; and, as a result, such a stance not only misconstrues the parameters on which citizenship is itself possible but also risks developing a social situation that encourages behaviors we see in the agoraphobic—namely, the behaviors of alienated and fundamentally homeless human beings.
Effects of Third Invariant of Deviatoric Stress Tensor on Transient Creep of Thick-Walled Tubes
Authors: Murakami S. , Yamada Y.
Published: September 2010

Creep theories with the effect of the third invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor and their accuracy as applied to practical problems are discussed. Constitutive equations for transient creep are first formulated by assuming creep potentials of the Prager-Drucker and the Bailey-Davis type together with the associated equivalent stress functions. Strain-hardening and time-hardening hypotheses are assumed. Experimental results hitherto reported for thin-walled tubes are discussed according to these equations. Then, the creep of a thick-walled tube of mild steel is analyzed and compared with experiments.
Plane-Strain Plastic Flow of Strain-Rate Sensitive Materials
Authors: Fenton R. G. , Durai Swamy B.
Published: September 2010

A numerical method based on the modified Hencky and Geiringer equations is described for solving plane-strain metal flow problems of strain-rate sensitive materials. The slip-line field and flow-stress distributions are determined simultaneously using an iterative calculation.
Radiation From Cavities With Nonisothermal Heat Conducting Walls
Authors: Sparrow E. M. , Kruger P. D. , Heinisch R. P.
Published: September 2010

The radiant efflux from a cylindrical cavity having nonisothermal bounding surfaces is determined by solving a problem of combined radiation and conduction. The cavity may be visualized as a circular hole machined into the exposed face of a solid, with the solid being heated uniformly from behind. A two-dimensional temperature distribution is set up in the solid owing to radiative heat losses from the cavity and from the exposed face of the solid. A solution method is employed whereby the radiation and conduction problems are dealt with successively. Results are obtained for parametric values of the cavity emittance and depth-radius ratio and of a group which fixes the axial temperature variation. The results indicate that the radiant efflux from the cavity increases with increasing values of the aforementioned parameters. The effect of the presence of the cavity is confined to a region of the solid whose depth and radius are, respectively, twice and four times the depth and radius of the cavity.
Total Band Absorption Models for Absorbing-Emitting Liquids: CCl4
Authors: Novotny J. L. , Negrelli D. E. , Van den Driessche T.
Published: September 2010

Predictions of the total band absorption are useful for describing the absorption process in calculations dealing with radiation interaction in absorbing-emitting liquids. Two two-parameter models, similar to the Elsasser and the statistical narrow band models used in gas radiation work, are developed for predicting the total band absorption in regions of the liquid CCl4 spectrum. The parameters, which are considered to be adjustable, can be determined from experimental total band absorption data or, if available, basic spectroscopic information. Results from the models are compared to experimental total band absorption measurements for CCl4 as well as a prediction based on spectral integration.
On the Solution of Linear Diffusion Problems With Variable Boundary Condition Parameters
Authors: O¨zis¸ik M. Necati , Murray R. L.
Published: September 2010

A method of solution is presented for the treatment of a class of boundary value problems of linear diffusion theory for finite homogeneous media which have applications in transient heat conduction (or mass diffusion) in a finite medium subjected to convective type boundary condition with time and space dependent coefficient, in the processes of neutron slowing in a finite medium with absorbing boundaries that exhibit energy-dependent cross sections, and in many related areas.
Peak Pool Boiling Heat Flux in Viscous Liquids
Authors: Dhir V. K. , Lienhard J. H.
Published: September 2010

The stability of a gas jet in a surrounding viscous liquid is studied. An expression is developed for the critical velocity at which the jet becomes unstable in a returning viscous liquid. The stability analysis is made to correspond with the geometrical configuration of gas jets and liquid columns similar to those observed near the peak pool boiling heat flux. The critical velocity of the gas jet is then used to obtain the functional form of the peak heat flux on flat plates and cylindrical heaters. The expressions are compared with original observations of the peak heat flux in very viscous liquids on flat plate, and cylindrical, heaters at both earth-normal, and elevated, gravities.
Prediction of Transpired Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Pletcher R. H.
Published: September 2010

A model for the mixing length distribution near the wall in turbulent boundary layer flow with transpiration is presented. The model is based on a new formulation of the exponential damping function originally suggested by Van Driest. The analysis used to evaluate the damping function employs the same set of assumptions successfully used by several investigators in the past to develop the law of the wall with blowing. This mixing length model is then used with the calculation method previously developed by the author to solve the governing conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy in partial differential form. Predicted velocity profiles, skin friction coefficients, and Stanton numbers are compared with experimental results taken over a wide range of transpiration for both incompressible and compressible flows.
The Heat Transfer and Drag Behavior of a Heated Circular Cylinder With Integral Heat-Conducting Downstream Splitter Plate in Crossflow
Authors: Geiger G. E. , Collucio S. J.
Published: September 2010

The heat transfer and drag behavior of a heated circular cylinder with integral heat conducting downstream splitter plate in transverse airflow has been experimentally investigated. The wind tunnel model was a thick-walled aluminum cylinder internally heated with electric resistance heaters and having a splitter plate whose length was varied for each test. Test results indicate the addition of the plate improved heat transfer characteristics with increased plate length, the most dramatic increase in Nusselt number being at the transition from a plate length of 1/3 the cylinder diameter to 2/3 the diameter at the higher speeds. Drag reduction was, in general, also evident with increased plate length.
Small But Powerful
Authors: Morozov Alexei
Published: September 2010

Lymphoma in mice is “addicted” to the microRNA miR-21, vanishing when the oncomir is removed.
Nuclear Phospho-Akt Increase Predicts Synergy of PI3K Inhibition and Doxorubicin in Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Wallin Jeffrey J. , Guan Jane , Prior Wei Wei , Edgar Kyle A. , Kassees Robert , Sampath Deepak , Belvin Marcia , Friedman Lori S.
Published: September 2010

Akt phosphorylation in response to DNA damage predicts the sensitivity of cancer cells to combinations of a PI3K inhibitor and the replication inhibitor doxorubicin.
Act-ing Against Muscle Loss in Cachexia
Authors: Buettner Christoph
Published: September 2010

Inhibition of a TGF-β family receptor prevents muscle loss and improves survival in cancer cachexia.
Power Failure Leads to Paralysis
Authors: Minzenberg Michael J.
Published: September 2010

The mutant enzyme SOD1 alters energy regulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by direct interaction with a mitochondrial ion channel.
Mutational Analysis of Flucytosine Resistance in
Candida glabrata
Authors: Edlind Thomas D. , Katiyar Santosh K.
Published: September 2010

The antifungal flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine [5FC]) is a prodrug metabolized to its toxic form, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), only by organisms expressing cytosine deaminase. One such organism is
Candida glabrata
, which has emerged as the second most common agent of bloodstream and mucosal candidiasis. This emergence has been attributed to the high rate at which
C. glabrata
develops resistance to azole antifungals. As an oral agent, 5FC represents an attractive alternative or complement to azoles; however, the frequency of 5FC resistance mutations and the mechanisms by which these mutations confer resistance have been explored only minimally. On RPMI 1640 medium containing 1 μg/ml 5FC (32-fold above the MIC, but less than 1/10 of typical serum levels), resistant mutants occurred at a relatively low frequency (2 × 10
−7
). Three of six mutants characterized were 5FU cross-resistant, suggesting a mutation downstream of the Fcy1 gene (cytosine deaminase), which was confirmed by sequence analysis of the Fur1 gene (uracil phosphoribosyl transferase). The remaining three mutants had Fcy1 mutations. To ascertain the effects of 5FC resistance mutations on enzyme function, mutants were isolated in
ura3
strains. Three of seven mutants harbored Fcy1 mutations and failed to grow in uridine-free, cytosine-supplemented medium, consistent with inactive Fcy1. The remainder grew in this medium and had wild-type Fcy1; further analysis revealed these to be mutated in the Fcy2L homolog of
S. cerevisiae
Fcy2 (purine-cytosine transporter). Based on this analysis, we characterized three 5FC-resistant clinical isolates, and mutations were identified in Fur1 and Fcy1. These data provide a framework for understanding 5FC resistance in
C. glabrata
and potentially in other fungal pathogens.
Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Inhibitor in the Cotton Rat Model
Authors: Rouan Marie-Claude , Gevers Tom , Roymans Dirk , de Zwart Loeckie , Nauwelaers David , De Meulder Marc , van Remoortere Pieter , Vanstockem Marc , Koul Anil , Simmen Kenny , Andries Koen
Published: September 2010

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, young children, elderly persons, and severely immunocompromised patients. Effective postinfection treatments are not widely available, and currently there is no approved vaccine. TMC353121 is a potent RSV fusion inhibitorinvitro, and its ability to reduce viral loadsinvivowas demonstrated in cotton rats following prophylactic intravenous administration. Here, the pharmacokinetics of TMC353121 in the cotton rat, which is semipermissive for RSV replication, were further explored to build a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model and to estimate the plasma drug levels needed for significant antiviral efficacy. TMC353121 reduced the viral titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a dose-dependent manner after a single subcutaneous administration and intranasal RSV inoculation 24 h after compound administration. The viral titer reduction and plasma TMC353121 concentration at the time of RSV inoculation were well described using a simpleEmaxmodel with a maximal viral titer reduction (Emax) of 1.5 log10. The plasma drug level required to achieve 50% of theEmax(200 ng/ml) was much higher than the 50% inhibitory concentration observedinvitroin HeLaM cells (0.07 ng/ml). In conclusion, this simple PK-PD approach may be useful in predicting efficacious exposure levels for future RSV inhibitors.
OI-57, a Genomic Island of
Escherichia coli
O157, Is Present in Other Seropathotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing
E. coli
Associated with Severe Human Disease
Authors: Imamovic Lejla , Tozzoli Rosangela , Michelacci Valeria , Minelli Fabio , Marziano Maria Luisa , Caprioli Alfredo , Morabito Stefano
Published: September 2010

Strains of Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) are a heterogeneous
E. coli
group that may cause severe disease in humans. STEC have been categorized into seropathotypes (SPTs) based on their phenotypic and molecular characteristics and the clinical features of the associated diseases. SPTs range from A to E, according to a decreasing rank of pathogenicity. To define the virulence gene asset (“virulome”) characterizing the highly pathogenic SPTs, we used microarray hybridization to compare the whole genomes of STEC belonging to SPTs B, C, and D with that of STEC O157 (SPT A). The presence of the open reading frames (ORFs) associated with SPTs A and B was subsequently investigated by PCR in a larger panel of STEC and in other
E. coli
strains. A genomic island termed OI-57 was present in SPTs A and B but not in the other SPTs. OI-57 harbors the putative virulence gene
adfO
, encoding a factor enhancing the adhesivity of STEC O157, and
ckf
, encoding a putative killing factor for the bacterial cell. PCR analyses showed that OI-57 was present in its entirety in the majority of the STEC genomes examined, indicating that it represents a stable acquisition of the positive clonal lineages. OI-57 was also present in a high proportion of the human enteropathogenic
E. coli
genomes assayed, suggesting that it could be involved in the attaching-and-effacing colonization of the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, OI-57 appears to be part of the virulome of pathogenic STEC and further studies are needed to elucidate its role in the pathogenesis of STEC infections.
Fusobacterium nucleatumOuter Membrane Proteins Fap2 and RadD Induce Cell Death in Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Kaplan Christopher W. , Ma Xiaoyuan , Paranjpe Avina , Jewett Anahid , Lux Renate , Kinder-Haake Susan , Shi Wenyuan
Published: September 2010

Bacterially induced cell death in human lymphocytes is an important virulence factor for pathogenic bacteria. Previously discovered mechanisms of bacterially induced cell death are predominantly based on the transfer of bacterial proteins to the target host cell, such as the toxins secreted through type I, II, and VI secretion systems or effector proteins injected through type III, IV, and Vb secretion systems. Here, we report a mechanism employed by the Gram-negative oral pathogenFusobacterium nucleatumfor cell death induction of human lymphocytes via two outer membrane proteins (OMPs), Fap2 and RadD, which share regions homologous to autotransporter secretion systems (type Va secretion systems). Genetic and physiological studies established that inactivation of the two OMPs led to significantly reduced ability to trigger cell death in Jurkat cells, while the corresponding double mutant was almost completely attenuated. Additional biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrated that cell-freeF. nucleatummembranes are sufficient to induce cell death in Jurkat cells, suggesting that no active process or effector protein transfer was necessary to induce eukaryotic cell death.
Hierarchical, Domain Type-Specific Acquisition of Antibodies to
Plasmodium falciparum
Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 in Tanzanian Children
Authors: Cham Gerald K. K. , Turner Louise , Kurtis Jonathan D. , Mutabingwa Theonest , Fried Michal , Jensen Anja T. R. , Lavstsen Thomas , Hviid Lars , Duffy Patrick E. , Theander Thor G.
Published: September 2010

Plasmodium falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a variant antigen expressed on the surface of malaria-infected erythrocytes. PfEMP1 attaches to the vascular lining and allows infected erythrocytes to avoid filtration through the spleen. Each parasite genome encodes about 60 different PfEMP1 variants, each PfEMP1 comprises several domains in its extracellular region, and the PfEMP1 repertoire in different parasites contains domain types that are serologically cross-reactive. In this longitudinal study, we followed 672 children living in an area of high malaria transmission during the first years of life and compared the acquisitions of antibodies to 32 Duffy-binding ligand-like (DBL) domains representing different types. For each child, we determined whether an antibody response to each domain was acquired before, after, or at the same time as responses to each of the other domains. We next used this information to calculate population-level odds ratios to measure the odds that antibodies to a given domain were acquired before antibodies to other domains. Odds ratios for 269 of the 496 possible domain combinations were statistically significant. Thus, the sequence in which individuals acquire antibodies to different PfEMP1 domains is ordered, and children in areas of endemicity first acquire antibodies to particular PfEMP1 domains encoded by the so-called group A and B/A
var
genes. The results imply that anti-PfEMP1 antibodies effectively structure PfEMP1 expression and play a major role in limiting parasite multiplication in the blood.
Critical Role for the Host GTPase-Activating Protein ARAP2 in InlB-Mediated Entry of
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Gavicherla Balramakrishna , Ritchey Lisa , Gianfelice Antonella , Kolokoltsov Andrey A. , Davey Robert A. , Ireton Keith
Published: September 2010

The bacterial pathogen
Listeria monocytogenes
causes food-borne illnesses culminating in gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion.
Listeria
induces its internalization into some mammalian cells through binding of the bacterial surface protein InlB to the host receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Interaction of InlB with the Met receptor elicits host downstream signaling pathways that promote F-actin cytoskeletal changes responsible for pathogen engulfment. Here we show that the mammalian signaling protein ARAP2 plays a critical role in cytoskeletal remodeling and internalization of
Listeria
. Depletion of ARAP2 through RNA interference (RNAi) caused a marked inhibition of InlB-mediated F-actin rearrangements and bacterial entry. ARAP2 contains multiple functional domains, including a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain that antagonizes the GTPase Arf6 and a domain capable of binding the GTPase RhoA. Genetic data indicated roles for both the Arf GAP and RhoA binding domains in
Listeria
entry. Experiments involving Arf6 RNAi or a constitutively activated allele of Arf6 demonstrated that one of the ways in which ARAP2 promotes bacterial uptake is by restraining the activity of Arf6. Conversely, Rho activity was dispensable for
Listeria
internalization, suggesting that the RhoA binding domain in ARAP2 acts by engaging a host ligand other than Rho proteins. Collectively, our findings indicate that ARAP2 promotes InlB-mediated entry of
Listeria
, in part, by antagonizing the host GTPase Arf6.
Human Conjunctival Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Prominence of Innate Defense inChlamydia trachomatisInfection
Authors: Natividad Angels , Freeman Tom C. , Jeffries David , Burton Matthew J. , Mabey David C. W. , Bailey Robin L. , Holland Martin J.
Published: September 2010

Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness and is endemic in 52 countries. There is a critical need to further our understanding of the host response during disease and infection, as millions of individuals are still at risk of developing blinding sequelae. Infection of the conjunctival epithelial cells by the causative bacterium,Chlamydia trachomatis, stimulates an acute host response. The main clinical feature is a follicular conjunctivitis that is incompletely defined at the tissue-specific gene expression and molecular levels. To explore the features of disease and the response to infection, we measured host gene expression in conjunctival samples from Gambian children with active trachoma and healthy controls. Genome-wide expression and transcription network analysis identified signatures characteristic of the expected infiltrating immune cell populations, such as neutrophils and T/B lymphocytes. The expression signatures were also significantly enriched for genes in pathways which regulate NK cell activation and cytotoxicity, antigen processing and presentation, chemokines, cytokines, and cytokine receptors. The data suggest that in addition to polymorph and adaptive cellular responses, NK cells may contribute to a significant component of the conjunctival inflammatory response to chlamydial infection.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of LcrF, a
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Transcription Factor, Attenuate Virulence and Limit Infection in a Murine Pneumonia Model
Authors: Garrity-Ryan Lynne K. , Kim Oak K. , Balada-Llasat Joan-Miquel , Bartlett Victoria J. , Verma Atul K. , Fisher Michael L. , Castillo Cynthia , Songsungthong Warangkhana , Tanaka S. Ken , Levy Stuart B. , Mecsas Joan , Alekshun Michael N.
Published: September 2010

LcrF (VirF), a transcription factor in the multiple adaptational response (MAR) family, regulates expression of the
Yersinia
type III secretion system (T3SS).
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lcrF
-null mutants showed attenuated virulence in tissue culture and animal models of infection. Targeting of LcrF offers a novel, antivirulence strategy for preventing
Yersinia
infection. A small molecule library was screened for inhibition of LcrF-DNA binding in an
in vitro
assay. All of the compounds lacked intrinsic antibacterial activity and did not demonstrate toxicity against mammalian cells. A subset of these compounds inhibited T3SS-dependent cytotoxicity of
Y. pseudotuberculosis
toward macrophages
in vitro
. In a murine model of
Y. pseudotuberculosis
pneumonia, two compounds significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs and afforded a dramatic survival advantage. The MAR family of transcription factors is well conserved, with members playing central roles in pathogenesis across bacterial genera; thus, the inhibitors could have broad applicability.
Analogous Telesensing Pathways Regulate Mating and Virulence in Two Opportunistic Human Pathogens
Authors: Bennett Richard J. , Dunny Gary M.
Published: September 2010

Telesensing, or probing of the environment by the release of chemical messengers, plays a central role in the sexual programs of microbial organisms. Sex pheromones secreted by mating cells are sensed by potential partner cells and mediate cell-to-cell contact and the subsequent exchange of genetic material. Although the mechanisms used by bacterial and fungal species to promote genetic exchange are distinct, recent studies have uncovered surprising parallels between pheromone signaling in these species. In addition, it is now apparent that pheromone signaling not only controls sexual reproduction and genetic exchange but can also activate expression of potential virulence factors in diverse opportunistic pathogens.