bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Official Letters to the Honorable American Congress
Authors: Washington George
Published: October 2011

Appointed Major General by the Continental Congress in 1775, George Washington, the future President of the United States of America, was one of the most significant and influential witnesses to the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Published in England in 1795, twelve years after the end of the conflict, this two-volume collection of the letters he wrote to Congress during the war provides unique insights into both the military strategies employed and the evolving values that underpinned them. Taking up the narrative in January 1777, Volume 2 demonstrates a gradual shift in emphasis away from an army in battle, hampered by the weather and the terrain, towards the political negotiations and nation-forging that followed. Ever humble in his tone, Washington displays the diplomacy and vision that was to characterize his presidency.
Emily Dickinson and the Religious Imagination
Authors: Freedman Linda
Published: October 2011

Dickinson knew the Bible well. She was profoundly aware of Christian theology and she was writing at a time when comparative religion was extremely popular. This book is the first to consider Dickinson's religious imagery outside the dynamic of her personal faith and doubt. It argues that religious myths and symbols, from the sun-god to the open tomb, are essential to understanding the similetic movement of Dickinson's poetry - the reach for a comparable, though not identical, experience in the struggles and wrongs of Abraham, Jacob and Moses, and the life, death and resurrection of Christ. Linda Freedman situates the poet within the context of American typology, interprets her alongside contemporary and modern theology and makes important connections to Shakespeare and the British Romantics. Dickinson emerges as a deeply troubled thinker who needs to be understood within both religious and Romantic traditions.
Letters from Egypt, 1863–65
Authors: Duff Gordon Lucie
Published: October 2011

Lucie Duff Gordon (1821–1869) was a translator and travel writer. Forced to leave England in 1851 due to tuberculosis, she went first to South Africa and then to Egypt. Her letters home were published, with considerable success. She writes with great feeling about the ordinary life of the Egyptians: her interest in and sympathy with them is clear, and her great affection for them led to criticism of the derogatory way in which many western visitors regarded them. But she was also highly critical of the effects of western influence on them, and her comments about the Suez Canal project and new railroads being achieved by forced labour and high taxes were not well received: some of her political opinions were removed from subsequent editions. This volume, first published in 1865, was edited by her mother, also a writer, and covers the years 1862–1865, including her voyage out.
Memoirs of Baron Stockmar
Authors: Stockmar Ernst Alfred Christian
Published: October 2011

Christian Friedrich Baron Stockmar (1787–1863) was physician and advisor to Prince Leopold, son-in-law of George IV and later King of the Belgians. He was influential in promoting the marriage of Leopold's nephew Prince Albert to Queen Victoria, and became a trusted advisor to them both. His involvement in English politics was often seen as German interference in English matters, while in Germany he was regarded as a spy. These two volumes of his papers, selected by his son Ernst, were published in both German and English in 1872, and displeased Queen Victoria by its revelations about clashes between Lord Palmerston and the Prince Consort. Volume 2 focuses on the period 1838–1863, beginning with the Queen's engagement and marriage to Prince Albert, and describing the difficulties of the Prince Consort's role. It also covers English politics and foreign affairs, including the European revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War.
Witchcraft and Inquisition in Early Modern Venice
Authors: Seitz Jonathan
Published: October 2011

In early modern Europe, ideas about nature, God, demons and occult forces were inextricably connected and much ink and blood was spilled in arguments over the characteristics and boundaries of nature and the supernatural. Seitz uses records of Inquisition witchcraft trials in Venice to uncover how individuals across society, from servants to aristocrats, understood these two fundamental categories. Others have examined this issue from the points of view of religious history, the history of science and medicine, or the history of witchcraft alone, but this work brings these sub-fields together to illuminate comprehensively the complex forces shaping early modern beliefs.
The Night Side of Nature
Authors: Crowe Catherine
Published: October 2011

The novelist and children's author Catherine Crowe (c.1800–1876) published The Night Side of Nature in two volumes in 1848. This lively collection of ghostly sketches and anecdotes was a Victorian best-seller and Crowe's most popular work. Sixteen editions appeared in six years, and it was translated into several European languages. The stories are intertwined with Crowe's own interpretations and commentaries which attack the scepticism of enlightenment thought and orthodox religion. Crowe seeks instead to encourage and re-invigorate a sense of wonder and mystery in life by emphasising the supernatural. Volume 2 probes the mysterious phenomena of troubled spirits, haunted houses, spectral lights, apparitions and poltergeists. Crowe's vivid tales, written with great energy and imagination, are classic examples of nineteenth-century spiritualist writing and strongly influenced other authors, including Charles Baudelaire, as well as providing inspiration for later adherents of ghost-seeing and psychic culture.
Sketches of the Royal Society and Royal Society Club
Authors: Barrow John
Published: October 2011

Sir John Barrow (1764–1848) was a distinguished British government diplomat whose career took him to China and Africa, and who in forty years as Secretary to the Admiralty was responsible for promoting Arctic and Antarctic exploration. A close friend of Sir Joseph Banks, he served on the Council of the Royal Society and as President of the Royal Geographical Society. Sketches of the Royal Society and Royal Society Club was published posthumously in 1849, as a supplement to Barrow's autobiography (also published in this series). It consists of a brief history of the societies, followed by a series of memoirs of presidents of the Royal Society of Barrow's time, and of other leading members of the Society and the Royal Society Club, the elite dining club associated with it. The biographies provide abundant evidence of the central importance of the Royal Society to scientific life in nineteenth-century Britain.
Life, Letters, and Works of Louis Agassiz
Authors: Marcou Jules
Published: October 2011

On the basis of extensive material in the form of letters, pamphlets and the recollections of friends and contemporaries, Jules Marcou (1824–1898) tells the story of the life and work of Louis Agassiz in this two-volume work of 1896. The Swiss-born palaeontologist, glaciologist and zoologist (1807–1873) is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the modern American scientific tradition. Marcou, a fellow countryman and collaborator of Agassiz, does not attempt to conceal his high regard for the subject of his biography but does have 'in view the truth'. In a chronological narrative, Volume 1 traces the childhood and early professional success of Agassiz, including his charming of the great von Humboldt. It describes Agassiz' time as professor in Switzerland and his marriage, ending with the arrival of Agassiz in America and his first attempts at forging a university career there.
Earthquakes and Other Earth Movements
Authors: Milne John
Published: October 2011

John Milne (1850–1913) was a professor of mining and geology at the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokyo. While living in Japan, Milne became very interested in seismology, prompted by a strong seismic shock he experienced in Tokyo in 1880. Sixteen years later Milne and two colleagues completed work on the first seismograph capable of recording major earthquakes. This book, originally published in London in 1886, explains why earthquakes happen and what effects they have on land and in the oceans. As Milne points out, Japan provided him with 'the opportunity of recording an earthquake every week'. Starting with an introduction examining the relationship of seismology to the arts and sciences, the book includes chapters on seismometry, earthquake motion, the causes of earthquakes, and their relation to volcanic activity, providing a thorough account of the state of knowledge about these phenomena towards the end of the nineteenth century.
The Gay Science
Authors: Dallas Eneas Sweetland
Published: October 2011

Eneas Sweetland (E. S.) Dallas (1828–1879) was a journalist who worked for The Times among other publications and whose interest in psychology and love of poetry led to his writing the two-volume – though he originally intended four – The Gay Science, published in 1866. The work takes its title from an expression used by Provençal troubadours to describe the art of composing poetry, and the volumes are concerned with the unclear and often shifting boundaries between art and science and whether they can be reconciled. Volume 1 examines the wider issue of the practice of artistic criticism itself, and 'to show how alone it can be raised to the dignity of a science'. Dallas reaches back to classical times, examining Plato and Aristotle in this context before considering differing schools of criticism within Europe. The final chapters examine the role of imagination and the 'secrecy' of art.
That Other World
Authors: Cumberland Stuart C.
Published: October 2011

Although Stuart Cumberland (1857–1922) was renowned for his mind-reading skills, he was a staunch critic of related spiritualist practices. He claimed that many séances and other events that he had seen confirmed his suspicions that 'the chief basis of the movement was money-making'. So he decided to launch his own campaign to uncover the truth about the methods of spirit-mediums, and in this work, published in 1918, he explains many mediums' tricks, such as making tables move using special silk thread, not spiritual aid. He lectured about the subject in places ranging from Cambridge University to Lambeth Palace, and attributed his own success to his ability to read muscle movement, rather than any supernatural communication. Providing a fascinating picture of the changing spiritualist movement, this work illustrates the extent of the social and political influence of some spiritualists, but also how credibility about their practices was being challenged.
Sketches of Persia
Authors: Malcolm John
Published: October 2011

Sketches of Persia, although published anonymously in 1827, is attributed to Sir John Malcolm (1769–1833). Malcolm was a diplomat and administrator in India: arriving at the age of fourteen in 1783 to work for the East India Company, he was known during his long career as 'Boy' Malcolm. He swiftly moved into more political and diplomatic roles. He became fluent in Persian and was despatched to Persia for part of his career, though he would eventually return to India and become Governor of Bombay (1827–1830). Volume 2 begins on the edge of the desert in Cashan and ends in Sennah. Along the way, Malcolm observes Persian life and customs, and describes his many encounters, which give a vivid picture of society in Persia during this period, including a magnificent reception at court in Tehran where he meets the king, who is dripping with jewels 'of an extraordinary size'.
Constructing Communities in the Late Roman Countryside
Authors: Grey Cam
Published: October 2011

This book is the first comprehensive treatment of the 'small politics' of rural communities in the Late Roman world. It places the diverse fates of those communities within a generalized model for exploring rural social systems. Fundamentally, social interactions in rural contexts in the period revolved around the desire of individual households to insure themselves against catastrophic subsistence failure and the need of the communities in which they lived to manage the attendant social tensions, inequalities and conflicts. A focus upon the politics of reputation in those communities provides a striking contrast to the picture painted by the legislation and the writings of Rome's literate elite: when viewed from the point of view of the peasantry, issues such as the Christianization of the countryside, the emergence of new types of patronage relations, and the effects of the new system of taxation upon rural social structures take on a different aspect.
Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Jane Welsh
Published: October 2011

Widely recognised as one of the greatest female letter writers in English, Jane Welsh Carlyle (1801–1866) possessed a famous sense of wit and irony, which, together with her keen observational skills, made her an important literary figure in her own right. This three-volume set of her letters, published in 1883 and annotated throughout by her husband Thomas Carlyle, represents a fine example of the letter-writing genre. The publication of the letters made a significant contribution to a growing acceptance and critical recognition of this often dismissed literary form. Volume 3 covers the years between 1859 and 1866: Jane died just a few days after her last letter, and the volume ends with a letter received by Thomas informing him of his wife's death. Jane's letters were praised by Virginia Woolf for their 'incomparable brilliancy', and the reader will be entertained and amused by her satirical observations of everyday life.
The Works of John Playfair
Authors: Playfair John
Published: October 2011

John Playfair (1748–1819) was a Scottish mathematician and geologist best known for his defence of James Hutton's geological theories. He attended the University of St Andrews, completing his theological studies in 1770. In 1785 he was appointed joint Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1805 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was acquainted with continental scientific developments, and was a prolific writer of scientific articles in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Review. This four-volume edition of his works was published in 1822 and is prefaced by a biography of Playfair. Volume 2 contains the incomplete Dissertation exhibiting a general view of the progress of mathematical and physical science, which was included as a supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The Works of John Playfair
Authors: Playfair John
Published: October 2011

John Playfair (1748–1819) was a Scottish mathematician and geologist best known for his defence of James Hutton's geological theories. He attended the University of St Andrews, completing his theological studies in 1770. In 1785 he was appointed joint Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1805 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was acquainted with continental scientific developments, and was a prolific writer of scientific articles in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Edinburgh Review. This four-volume edition of his works was published in 1822 and is prefaced by a biography of Playfair. Volume 4 contains his biographies of his colleagues, and review articles on mathematical and astronomical works, both in English and French.
The Commentary of Origen on S. John's Gospel
Authors: Origen
Published: October 2011

Origen (c. 186–255 CE) was one of the great thinkers and writers of the third-century Church. His Commentary on John, written between 226 and 229, represents the height of his biblical scholarship. In it, he combated rising Gnostic interpretations of the Johannine gospel that asserted doctrines such as the existence of two gods. Unfortunately, only nine books of the original work are extant. In this 1896 publication, biblical scholar Alan England Brooke (1863–1939) of Cambridge University provides the revised Greek text. Volume 1 includes an introductory discussion of extant manuscripts and text critical matters together with Books 1, 2, 6, 10 and 13. Origen's efforts in this work are an important reminder of the contested role of the Bible in Christian theological debate, and the Commentary will be useful to scholars of both patristic studies and the history of Christian biblical interpretation.
Station Life in New Zealand
Authors: Barker Mary Anne
Published: October 2011

Written by the adventurous and widely travelled Lady Mary Anne Barker (1831–1911), this 1870 publication records 'the expeditions, adventures, and emergencies diversifying the daily life of the wife of a New Zealand sheep farmer'. Born in Jamaica and educated in England and France, Barker married her second husband in 1865 and spent the next three years living on his sheep station on the South Island. This book is based on letters written to Barker's younger sister, beginning with an account of her two-month voyage to Melbourne and her onward journey via Nelson and Wellington to Christchurch. Barker vividly describes her domestic surroundings, friends, neighbours, servants, her first (and last) experience of camping, the Canterbury landscape and vegetation, and the 7,000 sheep on the farm. Her enthusiastic personal account of Victorian colonial expansion captures the 'delight and freedom of an existence so far from our own highly-wrought civilization'.
Traité de Géognosie
Authors: Aubuisson de Voisins Jean Francois
Published: October 2011

Jean François Aubuisson de Voisins (1769–1841) was a French geologist and engineer who studied under Abraham Gottlob Werner at Freiberg together with Humboldt, von Buch and Jameson. Werner had coined the term geognosy to define a science based on the recognition of the order, position and relation of the layers forming the earth. His theory of the marine origins of the Earth's crust (Neptunism) was widely accepted at the time. Aubuisson however showed that igneous rocks such as basalt were similar to surface lava flows, and were not chemical precipitates of the ocean. His two-volume Traité de Géognosie, published in 1819, was one of the earliest geology books in French. It was highly successful, and gained him wide professional recognition. Volume 2 describes different categories of rocks and minerals, and formations including basalt dykes, ore deposits, and intruded veins. It also puts forward arguments challenging some of Werner's theories.
The Greville Memoirs
Authors: Greville Charles Cavendish Fulke
Published: October 2011

Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794–1865) was one of the most important English political and social diarists. Clerk to the Privy Council for over forty years, he mixed with all the great political names of the day, including Wellington, Melbourne, Palmerston and Peel. Greville was fascinated by people, and a great collector of information, believing that 'there is always something to be learned from everybody if you touch them on the points they know'. Greville always intended his diaries to be published after his death. They appeared in eight volumes between 1874 and 1887 and as a collected edition in 1888, and form an important historical source for the first half of the nineteenth century. Volume 1 begins at the end of George III's reign, recounts the trial of Queen Caroline, and includes Wellington's premiership and the Catholic Emancipation question. It ends with Greville's travels in France and Italy.
Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa
Authors: Lander Richard
Published: October 2011

Hugh Clapperton (1788–1827) was a former naval officer who was determined to explore the course of the River Niger. In 1822 he set out on an expedition to trace the river by approaching it through North Africa, though this proved unsuccessful. Three years later, Clapperton tried again, with plans to start in West Africa, and the young explorer Richard Lander (1804–1834) joined his party. They arrived in Badagry (in present-day Nigeria) and eventually crossed the Niger at Bussa, before reaching Sokoto (in north-west Nigeria), where Clapperton died from an attack of dysentery. Lander returned to England and published this two-volume account of the journey in 1830. Volume 1 recounts the voyage out, travel inland through Africa, and arrival at the river, while describing the people encountered in a part of Africa that was barely known to Europeans during this period.
The Young Leonardo
Authors: Feinberg Larry J.
Published: October 2011

Leonardo da Vinci is often presented as the 'transcendent genius', removed from or ahead of his time. This book, however, attempts to understand him in the context of Renaissance Florence. Larry J. Feinberg explores Leonardo's origins and the beginning of his career as an artist. While celebrating his many artistic achievements, the book illuminates his debt to other artists' works and his struggles to gain and retain patronage, as well as his career and personal difficulties. Feinberg examines the range of Leonardo's interests, including aerodynamics, anatomy, astronomy, botany, geology, hydraulics, optics, and warfare technology, to clarify how the artist's broad intellectual curiosity informed his art. Situating the artist within the political, social, cultural, and artistic context of mid- and late-fifteenth-century Florence, Feinberg shows how this environment influenced Leonardo's artistic output and laid the groundwork for the achievements of his mature works.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: October 2011

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 2 contains the first part of his Lives of the Poets, his last major work. This was a commission to provide short accounts of over fifty poets of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and set a new standard for English literary biography. Although not all of the subjects have been regarded as eminent by posterity, and Johnson was criticised for brusque treatment of well-connected courtier poets now largely forgotten, the work was a great success.
Electromagnetic Theory
Authors: Heaviside Oliver
Published: October 2011

Oliver Heaviside FRS (1850–1925) was a scientific maverick and a gifted self-taught electrical engineer, physicist and mathematician. He patented the co-axial cable, pioneered the use of complex numbers for circuit analysis, and reworked Maxwell's field equations into a more concise format. In 1891 the Royal Society made him a Fellow for his mathematical descriptions of electromagnetic phenomena. Along with Arthur Kennelly, he also predicted the existence of the ionosphere. Often dismissed by his contemporaries, his work achieved wider recognition when he received the inaugural Faraday Medal in 1922. Published 1893 this is the first of three volumes that bring together Heaviside's contributions to electromagnetic theory. It introduces the subject at length, and features his first description of vector analysis and the reworking of Maxwell's field equations into the form we know today.
Words
Authors: Segal Dan
Published: October 2011

After a forty-year lull, the study of word-values in groups has sprung back into life with some spectacular new results in finite group theory. These are largely motivated by applications to profinite groups, including the solution of an old problem of Serre. This book presents a comprehensive account of the known results, both old and new. The more elementary methods are developed from scratch, leading to self-contained proofs and improvements of some classic results about infinite soluble groups. This is followed by a detailed introduction to more advanced topics in finite group theory, and a full account of the applications to profinite groups. The author presents proofs of some very recent results and discusses open questions for further research. This self-contained account is accessible to research students, but will interest all research workers in group theory.
Stone's Plastic Surgery Facts and Figures
Authors: Chiu Tor Wo
Published: October 2011

This new edition of Christopher Stone's Plastic Surgery Facts has been completely revised and updated in line with modern practice. The content reflects the changes in the FRCS Plastic Surgery Curriculum and the book is now organised according to the curriculum's major headings. Written chiefly in note form to aid revision and retention, the book provides an overview of the full spectrum of plastic surgery practice. The text has been significantly expanded and re-edited to improve clarity and readability. Clinical anatomy, points of technique and the fundamental principles relevant to each subject area are explained. Relevant published articles are reviewed and illustrations have been included to reinforce important concepts. The specific focus on the FRCS Plastic Surgery exit examination makes this invaluable reading for examination candidates. This volume offers a factual and diverse overview of the body of knowledge in the specialty and is useful for trainees at all levels.
Split-rib reconstruction of the frontal sinus: two cases and literature review
Authors: Soyka M B , Guggenheim M , Arnoux A , Holzmann D
Published: October 2011

Background:

Large defects of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus require closure using either autologous or foreign material. In cases of osteomyelitis, the reconstruction must be resistant to bacterial infection. Split-rib osteoplasty can be used in different sites.

Methods:

Two patients with malignant sinonasal tumours underwent repeated treatment, and subsequently developed osteomyelitis of the frontal bone. After adequate therapy, a large defect of the anterior wall persisted. Reconstruction was performed using the split-rib method. The literature on this topic was reviewed.

Results:

Both patients' treatment were successful. No complications occurred. A PubMed search on the topic of rib reconstruction of the frontal sinus and skull was performed; 18 publications matched the inclusion criteria. From these sources, we noted that 182 reconstructions yielded good results with few complications.

Conclusion:

Large defects of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus can be closed successfully using autologous split-rib grafting. Aesthetic outcome is good and donor site morbidity is minimal.
Facial nerve palsy caused by parotid gland abscess
Authors: Kristensen R N , Hahn C H
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

We present the first report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes parotid abscesses complicated by facial nerve palsy. Facial nerve palsy secondary to parotid gland abscess is rare, with only eight previously reported cases.

Method:

Case reports and literature review concerning parotid abscess and facial nerve palsy presentation and management.

Case reports:

Within two months, two female patients presented with parotid gland abscess complicated by unilateral facial paralysis. Both were treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgery. In the first case, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was cultivated, in the other, Propionibacterium acnes was found. In the first case, facial nerve function did not recover.

Conclusion:

Parotid gland abscess can lead to facial paralysis. Both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes may be involved. Ultrasonography or computed tomography is recommended to exclude a parotid abscess in patients presenting with suppurative parotitis.
Patterns of spatial distribution of five species of mojarras (Actinopterygii: Gerreidae) in a small tropical estuary in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Franco Taynara Pontes , Neves Leonardo Mitrano , Teixeira Tatiana Pires , Araújo Francisco Gerson
Published: October 2011

The spatial patterns of distribution of five species of the Gerreidae (Diapterus rhombeus, Eucinostomus argenteus, Eucinostomus gula, Eucinostomus melanopterus and Eugerres brasilianus) in Mambucaba estuary, south-eastern Brazil, were determined to assess habitat partitioning of the estuarine reaches. Sampling was conducted between October 2007 and August 2008. Diapterus rhombeus and E. gula were exclusively found in the lower estuary, whereas E. melanopterus and E. brasilianus were exclusively found from the middle estuary. Eucinostomus argenteus was common in the two estuarine zones. Total length and total weight data showed that the smallest individuals of D. rhombeus and E. gula were found near to the estuarine mouth compared with deeper areas of high salinity and lesser influence of the estuarine plume. The smallest individuals of E. argenteus, E. brasilianus and E. melanopterus were found in a protected estuarine lagoon connected to the main estuarine channel, and the largest in the other sites in the main channel of the middle estuary. Spatial partition seems to be the strategy developed by the 5 members of the Gerreidae family to coexist in the Mambucaba estuary, which may be attributed to competition in the past between the species of Gerreidae or to differentiated tolerance to environmental constraints
Isotopic variation in delphinids from the subtropical western South Atlantic
Authors: Botta Silvina , Hohn Aleta A. , Macko Stephen A. , Secchi Eduardo R.
Published: October 2011

A dual stable isotope approach (δ13C and δ15N) was used to investigate inter- and intra-specific variations in feeding ecology and habitat use of 7 delphinids from coastal/estuarine, continental shelf and offshore marine environments from southern Brazil: Tursiops sp., Orcinus orca, Stenella frontalis, Steno bredanensis, Delphinus delphis, Pseudorca crassidens and Lagenodelphis hosei. Teeth from 50 specimens acquired from stranded animals were analysed in this study. Tursiops sp. and O. orca are the most coastal species, and had the highest δ13C values followed by the continental shelf species S. frontalis, S. bredanensis and D. delphis. Lagenodelphis hosei showed the lowest δ13C value, demonstrating its typical offshore habitat. One group of P. crassidens had the lowest δ15N values, indicating their low trophic level feeding habit while two specimens of the same species showed the highest mean nitrogen isotope value. This first study on stable isotope values of delphinids from southern Brazil provides substantial new information about the trophic ecology, habitat use and feeding environments of these animals.
Population biology and diet of the puffer fish Lagocephalus laevigatus (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Denadai M.R. , Santos F.B. , Bessa E. , Bernardes L.P. , Turra A.
Published: October 2011

This study describes the spatio-temporal distribution, population biology, and diet of the puffer fish Lagocephalus laevigatus in Caraguatatuba Bay, south-eastern Brazil. Monthly samples were taken between August 2003 and October 2004 by trawls in two areas, south and north, at depths of 1 to 4 m. The fish were measured and their sex and reproductive stage determined. The abundance of this species was compared between areas and among months, and the items in the diet were identified and quantified. Lagocephalus laevigatus was rare in Caraguatatuba Bay, where only 199 small individuals (4.8 to 15.4 cm) were obtained in the entire study period, suggesting that this species uses the estuary as a nursery. None of the specimens of L. laevigatus captured in Caraguatatuba Bay were sexually mature. Higher densities of L. laevigatus in the bay were recorded in the south area and between October and December 2003, i.e. in the spring, suggesting that spawning may occur from late winter to spring (August through to November). The diet items consumed by L. laevigatus in Caraguatatuba Bay were, as expected from the current literature, crustaceans, mainly amphipods, and fish. However, the most-consumed item was the sea whip Leptogorgia setacea (Cnidaria). This feeding habit may be related to the presence of toxins (tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin) that are frequently found in the skin and viscera of L. laevigatus, which may be sequestered from the sea whip, which possibility still needs to be specifically evaluated.
RevisitingWidowhood in Later Life: Changes in Patterns and Profiles, Advances in Research and Understanding
Authors: Martin-Matthews Anne
Published: October 2011

Cette analyse examine les façons dont l’expérience du veuvage dans la vieillesse ainsi que la nature de la recherche sur le veuvage ont changé depuis la publication du livreLe Veuvage en fin de vieen 1991. Les modèles de la baisse du veuvage sont examinés, à la fois dans sa durée et de son incidence retardée dans la vie. La recherche sur le veuvage a connu des avancées conceptuelles au-delà de la compréhension de la perte de rôle. La perspective du cours de la vie, ainsi que les concepts de narratifs multiples et de résilience ont aussi contribué à ce domaine. De nouvelles méthodes, y compris des méthodologies prospectives et longitudinales portant sur de larges ensembles de données, ainsi que des études qualitatives détaillées, ont fait avancer notre compréhension de la complexité et des variances du veuvage. Celles-ci incluent des variantes telles que le genre, la diversité ethnoculturelle et la combinaison de facteurs tels que l’aisance matérielle, la santé et la classe sociale. L’article examine aussi l’influence de l’affiliation au marché du travail, de la politique sociale et de la nature changeante du mariage sur le façonnement du veuvage plus tard au cours de la vie.
Roscovitine in combination with calcium ionophore induces oocyte activation through reduction of M-phase promoting factor activity in mice
Authors: Iba Tomomi , Yano Yuya , Umeno Mayumi , Hinokio Kenji , Kuwahara Akira , Irahara Minoru , Yamano Shuji , Yasui Toshiyuki
Published: October 2011

The aim of the present study was to determine oocyte activation and change in M-phase promoting factor (MPF) activity induced by treatment with calcium ionophore and roscovitine in comparison with those induced by treatment with roscovitine alone and treatment with calcium ionophore and puromycin in mice. Freshly ovulated oocytes obtained from 6–8-week-old mice were divided into five groups (no activation treatment; 5 μM calcium ionophore A23187; 50 μM roscovitine; 5 μM calcium ionophore and 10 μg/ml puromycin; and 5 μM calcium ionophore and 50 μM roscovitine) and were incubated for 6 h. Oocyte activation, assessed by morphological changes, and changes in MPF activity in the five groups at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h of incubation were examined. Activated oocytes were defined as oocytes with at least one pronucleus. Oocytes treated with roscovitine alone were not activated during the 6-h incubation period. All of the oocytes in the calcium ionophore with puromycin group and in the calcium ionophore with roscovitine group were activated. The percentage activity of MPF in oocytes treated with roscovitine alone was decreased after 2 h and increased after 4 h of incubation. The percentage activity of MPF in oocytes treated with calcium ionophore and roscovitine was significantly decreased with suppression of MPF activity being maintained for 6 h, and this change was similar to that in oocytes treated with calcium ionophore and puromycin. Roscovitine with calcium ionophore is effective for induction of oocyte activation through suppression of MPF activity in mice.
Food sources and correlates of sodium and potassium intakes in Flemish pre-school children
Authors: Huybrechts Inge , De Keyzer Willem , Lin Yi , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Vereecken Carine , Van Oyen Herman , Tilleman Katrien , Bellemans Mia , De Maeyer Mieke , De Backer Guy , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: October 2011

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate dietary sources of Na and K intakes among Flemish pre-school children using multiple linear regression analyses.

Design

Three-day estimated diet records were used to assess dietary intakes. The contribution to Na and K intakes of fifty-seven food groups was computed by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals divided by the total intake for all individuals.

Setting

A random cluster sampling design at the level of schools, stratified by province and age, was used.

Subjects

A representative sample of 696 Flemish pre-school children aged 2·5–6·5 years was recruited.

Results

Mean Na intake was above and mean K intake was largely below the recommendation for children. Bread (22 %) and soup (13 %) were main contributors to Na intake followed by cold meat cuts and other meat products (12 % and 11 %, respectively). Sugared milk drinks, fried potatoes, milk and fruit juices were the main K sources (13 %, 12 %, 11 % and 11 %, respectively). Although Na and K intakes were positively correlated, several food categories showed Na:K intake ratio well above one (water, cheeses, soup, butter/margarine, fast foods and light beverages) whereas others presented a ratio well below one (oil & fat, fruits & juices, potatoes, vegetables and hot beverages).

Conclusions

Flemish pre-school children had too high Na and too low K intakes. The finding that main dietary sources of Na and K are clearly different indicates the feasibility of simultaneously decreasing Na and increasing K intake among children.
Perspectives on the Teaching of Pedagogy to Doctoral Students
Authors: Folkins John William
Published: October 2011

Doctoral courses devoted to teaching about pedagogy in communication sciences and disorders should take a broad view of their charge. Important student needs would be filled if classes included perspectives about (a) the role of the professor in higher education and how that role affects the professor’s approach to teaching; (b) the need for future professors to begin developing a teaching style that fits their own personal characteristics; (c) the need to plan a career and learn about applying for academic positions; and (d) the need to educate doctoral students about academic values such as curriculum design, academic freedom, discipline-based advocacy, shared governance, engagement with the public, and the role of scholarship in society. This article reviews the personal experiences and styles of professors teaching doctoral students and provides resources for others who may wish to adopt a similar approach.
Possibility of local pair existence in optimally doped SmFeAsO1−x in pseudogap regime
Authors: Solovjov A. L. , Svetlov V. N. , Stepanov V. B. , Sidorov S. L. , Tarenkov V. Yu. , D’yachenko A. I. , Agafonov A. B.
Published: October 2011

We report the analysis of pseudogap Δ* derived from resistivity experiments in FeAs-based superconductor SmFeAsO0.85, having a critical temperature Tc = 55 K. Rather specific dependence Δ*(T) with two representative temperatures followed by a minimum at about 120 K was observed. Below Ts ≈ 147 K, corresponding to the structural transition in SmFeAsO, Δ*(T) decreases linearly down to the temperature TAFM ≈ 133 K. This last peculiarity can likely be attributed to the antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of Fe spins. It is believed that the found behavior can be explained in terms of Machida, Nokura, and Matsubara theory developed for the AFM superconductors.
Analysis of lattice site occupancy in kesterite structure of Cu2ZnSnS4 films using synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction
Authors: Washio Tsukasa , Nozaki Hiroshi , Fukano Tatsuo , Motohiro Tomoyoshi , Jimbo Kazuo , Katagiri Hironori
Published: October 2011

The relationship between the composition and the kesterite crystal structure of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films was investigated. CZTS thin films with three different compositions were produced by sulfurizing the precursors in 5 vol. % H2S balanced with N2. We measured the x-ray diffraction patterns of the CZTS powders scraped away from the CZTS thin films using the synchrotron radiation. The site occupancy of the CZTS thin films that had respectively different compositions were determined by the Rietveld analysis using x-ray powder diffraction patterns. Zn substitutes for Cu at the 2a site with decreasing the value of composition ratio Cu/(Zn+Sn). Meanwhile, Cu substitutes for Sn at the 2b site with increasing the value of Cu/(Zn+Sn). The CZTS thin film with Cu/(Zn+Sn) = 0.8 especially shows a marked tendency that Cu substitutes for Zn at the 2d site and/or Zn substitutes for Cu at the 2c site compared to the CZTS thin films with Cu/(Zn+Sn) = 1.0 and 1.2. We suppose that it is very important to realize the high performance of the photovoltaic generation that CZTS thin films have kesterite crystal structure substituted for Zn at the 2d by Cu and/or substituted for Cu at the 2c site by Zn.
Hydrogen sorption and radial thermal expansion of bundles of single-walled nanotubes irradiated by γ-rays in hydrogen atmosphere
Authors: Dolbin A. V. , Essel’son V. B. , Gavrilko V. G. , Manzhelii V. G. , Vinnikov N. A. , Popov S. N. , Danilchenko B. A. , Tripachko N. A.
Published: October 2011

The influence of radiation exposure in hydrogen atmosphere on the radial thermal expansion of single-walled carbon nanotubes and on their sorption of hydrogen is studied. The irradiation was carried out with cobalt-60 γ-rays (with an energy of 1.2 MeV and an irradiation dose of 1.5·107 rad) in the normal hydrogen atmosphere under pressure 1 atm and at temperature of 300 K. The sorption and desorption of hydrogen by samples of nanotubes were investigated over the temperature range 15–1170 K before and after irradiation. It was found that the irradiation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in hydrogen atmosphere leads to considerable increasing an amount of hydrogen sorbed by the sample. The irradiation in hydrogen atmosphere resulted in increasing absolute values of radial thermal expansion of CNTs bundles over the temperature range investigated (2–120 K). The effects of hydrogen physically and chemically sorbed in bundles of CNTs on the radial thermal expansion of the irradiated samples were distinguished.
Electronic structures of low-lying Bu excited states in trans-oligoenes: Pariser-Parr-Pople and ab initio calculations
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Liu Chungen
Published: October 2011

Two lowest-lying excited singlets with Bu symmetry of all-trans-oligoenes, the well-known ionic 11${\rm B}_u^+$Bu+ state as well as the “hidden” ionic-covalent-mixed 11${\rm B}_u^-$Bu− state, are calculated within both the Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) model at full configuration interaction (FCI) level and ab initiomethods. The vertical excitation energies as well as wavefunctions from PPP-FCI calculations are found to be in good agreement with those from high-level multi-reference methods, such as multi-reference complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) with second order perturbative corrections (CASPT2), multi-reference Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MRMP), and complete active space valence bond theory (CASVB). The oscillator strengths from PPP calculation are in good agreement with spectroscopy experiments. The relatively small oscillator strength of 11${\rm B}_u^-$Bu− is due to the approximate electron-hole symmetry of this state. In addition, the bond lengths in both states are found to show remarkable relativity with the bond orders calculated with ground state geometries, which suggests a possible strategy for initial guess in geometry optimization of excited states.
Pyramidal inversion domain boundaries revisited
Authors: Remmele T. , Albrecht M. , Irmscher K. , Fornari R. , Straßburg M.
Published: October 2011

The structure of pyramidal inversion domain boundaries in GaN:Mg was investigated by aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy. The analysis shows the upper (0001) boundary to consist of a single Mg layer inserted between polarity inverted GaN layers in an abcab stacking. The Mg bound in these defects is at least one order of magnitude lower than the chemical Mg concentration. Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements show that up to 27% of the Mg acceptors is electrically compensated.
Equations of state for ZnO and MgZnO by high pressure x-ray diffraction
Authors: Hanna G. J. , Teklemichael S. T. , McCluskey M. D. , Bergman L. , Huso J.
Published: October 2011

MgZnO alloys are potentially important semiconductors for UV optoelectronics and other applications. Since device heterostructures are under significant strain, it is important to determine the elastic properties of these materials, in the bulk and nanoscale. In this work, the equations of state were obtained for ZnO and MgxZn1-xO alloys under hydrostatic pressure, using x-ray diffraction. The equations of state were found to be insensitive to Mg content up to x = 0.2. The pressure dependence of the c/a ratio also did not depend on Mg content, within experimental uncertainty. Combining these results with previous ultrasonic measurements, the following elastic constants were determined to be valid for wurtzite MgxZn1-xO (x≤ 0.2): C11 = 207 GPa, C12 = 118 GPa, C33 = 210 GPa, and C13 = 106 GPa. These elastic constants yield a bulk modulus of 143 GPa and c/a slope of -3×10-4GPa-1. Nanocrystals showed the same bulk moduli as their bulk counterparts. However, nanocrystals showed consistently steeper c/a slopes, suggesting subtle differences in their elastic constants.
High-pressure phase transformations in MgO-Y2O3 nanocomposites
Authors: Akdoğan E. K. , Şavklıyıldız İ. , Berke B. , Zhong Z. , Wang L. , Vaughan M. , Tsakalakos T.
Published: October 2011

Temperature and pressure dependence of phase evolution in 0.5 MgO-0.5 Y2O3 is studied using the diamond anvil method. At 300 K and 5.5 GPa, transformations in Y2O3 are observed, resulting in co-existence of cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic phases. Heating to 1293 K results in increased crystallinity and increase in hexagonal and monoclinic phase content. Isothermal and isobaric hold at 1273 K and 5.5 GPa for 120 min results in yttrium dissolution in cubic MgO, causing 0.83% volumetric strain. Cooling to 300 K and 0 GPa yields a four phase co-existence among cubic MgO and cubic, hexagonal, and monoclinic Y2O3. The residual MgO unit cell volume expansion is 0.67% at 300 K, indicating solid solution formation. Aging of the nanocomposites for 240 h does not change the observed 4 phase co-existence.
Communication: Convergence of anharmonic infrared intensities of hydrogen fluoride in traditional and explicitly correlated coupled cluster calculations
Authors: Kahn Kalju , Kirtman Bernard , Hagen Alexander , Noga Jozef
Published: October 2011

It is shown that the convergence of anharmonic infrared spectral intensities with respect to the basis set size is much enhanced in explicitly correlated calculations as compared to traditional configuration interaction type wave function expansion. Explicitly correlated coupled cluster (CC) calculations using Slater-type geminal correlation factor (CC-F12) yield well-converged dipole derivatives and vibrational intensities for hydrogen fluoride with basis set involving f functions on the heavy atom. Combination of CC-F12 with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples (CCSD(T)-F12) with small corrections due to quadruple excitations, core-electron correlation, and relativistic effects yields vibrational line positions, dipole moments, and transition dipole matrix elements in good agreement with the best experimental values.