bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On linear theory of heat conduction in materials with memory. Existence and uniqueness theorems for the final value problem
Authors: Grabmüller H.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

An improperly posed problem is studied for a linear partial integro-differential equation of convolution type on the semi-axis. The problem originates from a generalised process of heat conduction in materials with fading memory, where the temperature of the material has to be determined for prescribed homogeneous boundary conditions and for a given final temperature distribution. By using eigenfunctions of the n-dimensional Laplacian, the problem is reduced to a family of equivalent initial-value problems for ordinary integro-differential equations; the latter are treated by the method of factorisation in a suitable function algebra. Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the original problem are obtained in terms of the solvability conditions of the reduced problems. The whole analysis is performed simultaneously in a broad variety of spaces consisting of functions with an exponential growth rate (in the time variable) at infinity. One of the main advantages in the present approach is that solutions, if they exist, can always be computed explicitly.
Marginal series in groups
Authors: Hulse J. A. , Lennox J. C.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

We consider the generalisation from central series to marginal series in groups and set up firstly various basic results. The main section of the paper is concerned with the study of which group theoretical properties may be transferred from a marginal factor in a group to the corresponding verbal subgroup and which properties may be transferred from one factor of a lower marginal series to successive factors of the series.
On a strong limit-point condition and an integral inequality associated with a symmetric matrix differential expression
Authors: Rigler D. A. R.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper is concerned with some properties of an ordinary symmetric matrix differential expression M, denned on a certain class of vector-functions, each of which is defined on the real line. For such a vector-function F we have M[F] = −F“ + QF on R, where Q is an n × n matrix whose elements are reasonably behaved on R. M is classified in an equivalent of the limit-point condition at the singular points ± ∞, and conditions on the matrix coefficient Q are given which place M, when n> 1, in the equivalent of the strong limit-point for the case n = 1. It is also shown that the same condition on Q establishes the integral inequality for a certain class of vector-functions F.
1.—Perturbation Theory for Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Stummel Friedrich
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper studies Sobolev spaces under perturbation of domains of definition. It establishes the basic concepts, methods and results for the convergence of sequences of sets in ℝn, the strong and weak convergence of sequences of Sobolev spaces, the discrete compactness of natural embeddings and the continuous convergence of continuous linear functionals, boundary integrals and trace operators for sequences of Sobolev spaces.
3.—Uniqueness of Sturm-Liouville Coefficients
Authors: Wray S. D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

An analogue of the Riemannian theory of uniqueness of Fourier coefficients is developed for Sturm Liouville series, using asymptotic formulae for the eigenfunctions and other quantities. This theory generalises earlier work by Haar in that the coefficient function in the differential equation is only assumed to be integrable.
7.—Convolution of Vector Measures
Authors: White A. J.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In this paper we consider the problem of defining a convolution, analogous to the classical convolution of scalar measures, of measures defined on the Borel sets of a locally compact semi-groupSand having values in a Banach algebra. Using the bilinearintegral introduced by Bartle we show that the formalism of the scalar case persists in situations of considerable generality so that the formula

suitably interpreted, gives a Banach algebra structure to a large class ofvalued measures defined onS.Themethods exploit the connection between vector measures and operators and involve some results of independent interest.
19.—Improved Boundedness Conditions for Lowndes' Operators
Authors: Heywood Philip
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The operator Ik(η, α) and its adjoint Kk(η, α) have obvious boundedness properties for α ≧½ because of their resemblance to fractional integrals. By expressing Ik(0, α) as the product of two Hankel transformations and a translation Heywood and Rooney [1] have shown that if 0<α<½ then Ik(η, α) and Kk(η, α) can be extended to bounded operators from a weighted Lp space to itself provided that 2/(1+α) ≦ p ≦ 2/(1−α) and the weight is suitably restricted. Heywood and Rooney conjectured that this p range could be improved, andin the present paper it is extended to

which may be best possible.
20.—Deficiency Indices of Polynomials in Symmetric Differential Expressions, II
Authors: Zettl Anton
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Given a symmetric (formally self-adjoint) ordinary linear differential expression L which is regular on the interval [0, ∞) and has C∞ coefficients, we investigate the relationship between the deficiency indices of L and those of p(L), where p(x) is any real polynomial of degree k > 1. Previously we established the following inequalities: (a) For k even, say k = 2r, N+(p(L)), N−(p(L)) ≧ r[N+(L)+N−(L)] and (b) for k odd, say k = 2r+1

where N+(M), N−(M) denote the deficiency indices of the symmetric expression M (or of the minimal operator associated with M in the Hilbert space L2(0, ∞)) corresponding to the upper and lower half-planes, respectively. Here we give a necessary and sufficient condition for equality to hold in the above inequalities.
7.—Elliptic Singular Perturbations of First-order Operators with Critical Points
Authors: de Groen P. P. N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

We study the asymptotic behaviour for ɛ→+0 of the solution Φ of the elliptic boundary value problem

is a bounded domain in ℝ2, 2 is asecond-order uniformly elliptic operator, 1 is a first-order operator, which has critical points in the interior of , i.e. points at which the coefficients of the first derivatives vanish, ɛ and μ are real parameters and h is a smooth function on . We construct firstorder approximations to Φ for all types of nondegenerate critical points of 1 and prove their validity under some restriction on the range of μ.

In a number of cases we get internal layers of nonuniformity (which extend to the boundary in the saddle-point case) near the critical points; this depends on the position of the characteristics of 1 and their direction. At special values of the parameter μ outside the range in which we could prove validity we observe ‘resonance’, a sudden displacement of boundary layers; these points are connected with the spectrum of the operator ɛ2 + 1 subject to boundary conditions of Dirichlet type.
9.—Development and Separation of a Laminar Boundary Layer, under the Action of a Very Sharp Constant Adverse Pressure Gradient
Authors: Curle N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper, following Stratford [9], considers a boundary layer developing with uniform pressure when x < x0, and with large and constant when x > x0. The analysis improves or extends the work of Stratford as follows.

(a) For large values of inner and outer asymptotic expansions are derived and matched—Stratford considered only the inner solution, his outer boundary condition being determined by physical arguments.

(b) The skin-friction is determined as a series in powers of , whereas Stratford's, solution was obtained by approximate methods. In the limit as λ→∞ the predicted separation position, ξ = 0.09766, is probably correct to3 significant figures, at least, and differs little from Stratford's value.

(c) This solution further shows that for finite λ, separation occurs when

ξ = 0.09766-0.00014λ−3.

Although the coefficient 0.00014 is not wholly reliable, clearly the position of separation varies little with λ unless λ−3 is very much greater than unity.

(d) The present solution also yields the displacement and momentum thicknesses. When x > x0 the displacement thickness is

where B1(ξ) is given as a slowly converging seriesin powers of ξ. It is shown how to improve convergence, using certain properties of the flow close to the separation position, and thus to sum the series.

Likewise

so that when λ is large the momentum thickness changes even less than does the displacement thickness.
13.—The Functional Differential Equation y′(x) = ay(λx) + by(x)
Authors: Carr Jack , Dyson Janet
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The paper discusses the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the functional differential equation

where a is a complex constant, 0<λ<1, and b is a constant such that Re b = 0, but b ≠ 0.
The limit-4 case of fourth-order self-adjoint differential equations
Authors: Eastham M. S. P.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A new method is developed for identifying real-valued coefficientsr(x),p(x), andq(x)for which all solutions of the fourth-order differential equation

areL2(0, ∞). The results are compared with those derived from the asymptotic theory of Devinatz, Walker, Kogan and Rofe-Beketov.
Qualitative properties of nonlinear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Onuchic Nelson , Táboas Plácido Z.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The perturbed linear ordinary differential equation

is considered. Adopting the same approach of Massera and Schäffer [6], Corduneanu states in [2] the existence of a set of solutions of (1) contained in a given Banach space. In this paper we investigate some topological aspects of the set and analyze some of the implications from a point of view ofstability theory.
8.—Constructive Methods for Solving the Exterior Neumann Problem for the Reduced Wave Equation in a Spherically Symmetric Medium
Authors: Colton David , Wendland Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

An integral operator is constructed which maps solutions of the reduced wave equation defined in exterior domains onto solutions of ∆n u+λ2(l+B(r))u = 0 (*) defined in exterior domains, where B(r) is a continuously differentiable function of compact support. This operator is then used to construct a solution to the exterior Neumann problem for (*) satisfying the Sommerfeld radiation condition at infinity. Such problems arise in connection with the scattering of acoustic waves in a non-homogeneous medium, and this paper gives a method for solving these problems which is suitable for analytic and numerical approximations.
19.—Propagation of Weak Discontinuities in a Layered Hyperelastic Half-space
Authors: Suhubi Erdogan S. , Jeffrey Alan
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

This paper investigates the one-dimensional propagation of weak discontinuities, that is acceleration waves, in a homogeneous and isotropic half-space composed of an arbitrary number of non-linearly hyperelastic layers. The transmission and reflection coefficients are evaluated in terms of the initial condition at the boundary, and the steepening of the waves to form a shock is discussed. The results are specialised to the case of periodic layering.
Finite bang-bang controllability for certain non-linear systems
Authors: Aronsson Gunnar
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper gives sufficient conditions ensuring that a non-linear control system of the form

is controllable by means of control functions u(t), such that each ui(t) only takes two values, with a finite number of switches. It is assumed that the ‘unperturbed’ system ẋ = A(t)x + B(t)u is controllable in the usual sense, i.e. by measurable and bounded controls.
Cubic primals in [4] with polar heptahedra
Authors: Edge W. L.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This note sets out from the observation that it is not, in general, possible to express a homogeneous cubic polynomial in five variables as a sum of cubes of seven linear forms. Some of the geometry, to which particular cubics which do happen to be so expressible give rise, is described. Further particularisations are mentioned, and one such cubic investigated in some detail.
Existence and stability of periodic solutions of a third-order non-linear autonomous system simulating immune response in animals
Authors: Hsü In-Ding , Kazarinoff Nicholas D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A 3 × 3 autonomous, non-linear system of ordinary differential equations modelling the immune response in animals to invasion by active self-replicating antigens has been introduced by G. I. Bell and studied by G. H. Pimbley Jr. Using Hopf's theorem on bifurcating periodic solutions and a stability criterion of Hsu and Kazarinoff, we obtain existence of a family of unstable periodic solutions bifurcating from one steady state of a reduced 2×2 form of the 3×3 system. We show that no periodic solutions bifurcate from the other steady state. We also prove existence and exhibit a stability criterion for families of periodic solutions of the full 3×3 system. We provide two numerical examples. The second shows existence of orbitally stable families of periodic solutions of the 3×3 system.
Forced oscillations of the feedback control equation
Authors: Smith Russell A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Schaefer's fixed-point theorem is used to obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of a periodic solution of the non-linear differential equation f(D)x+BMg(D)x = p. The most significant feature of these conditions is a geometrical restriction on the range of the matrix M which is the same as the elliptic ball criterion encountered in stability theory. The extension of the results to delay-differential equations with constant time lags is also discussed.
Disconjugacy and the limit-point condition for fourth-order operators
Authors: Kauffman Robert M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

LetLdenote the ordinary differential operator given byLf= (pf″)″ + (qf′)′ +rf, withp″,q′ andrcontinuous functions on [0,∞), and withp>0,q≦ 0, andr≧ 0. It is proved that if the equationLg= 0 possesses a non-oscillatory solution, then any non-trivial solutionftoLf= 0 such thatf(0) =f′(0) = 0 is eventually bounded away from zero.

This theorem is used to prove that, for a general class of functionsqandrcontaining the polynomials as a very special case, the equationLg= 0 has at most two linearly independent square integrable solutions, whenpis identically one,q≦ 0 andr≧ 0.

Finally, the main theorem is applied to show that certain sixth-order operators are limit-3.
Spectral theory for a class of pseudodifferential operators
Authors: Catchpole E. A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

We investigate the spectral theory for a class of pseudodifferential operators which includes all constant coefficient differential operators, and also operators such as The operators considered are of the form Su(x) = Au(x)+q(x)u(x), where A is an operator which corresponds in the Fourier transform plane to a multiplication operator, and q(x) is a potential term. We prove an eigenfunction expansion theorem for S and derive some results concerning the spectrum of S.
The number of integrable-square solutions of products of differential expressions
Authors: Everitt W. N. , Zettl A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Given differential expressions τ1; τ2, …, τn— not necessarily symmetric—which are regular on [0,∞), we investigate the relationship between the number of linearly independentL2(0,∞) solutions of the equations τjy= 0 and of the product equation (τ1τ2… τn)y= 0. Our results extend those recently obtained in [15, 16, 17] for the special case τJ=τforj= 1, …,nand τ is symmetric. In particular they include the classification results of Everitt and Giertz [4,5,6] for this special case when τ is a real second-order symmetric expression.
On the Dirichlet problem for weakly non-linear elliptic partial differential equations
Authors: Dancer E. N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

We study the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem for weakly nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations. We only consider cases where the nonlinearities do not depend on any partial derivatives. For these cases, we prove the existence of solutions for a wide variety of nonlinearities.
On the integrability of solutions of perturbed non-linear differential equations
Authors: Spikes Paul W.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Sufficient conditions are given to insure that all solutions of a perturbed non-linear second-order differential equation have certain integrability properties. In addition, some continuability and boundedness results are given for solutions of this equation.
On a maximum principle for a class of fourth-order semilinear elliptic equations
Authors: Schaefer Philip W.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

It is shown that Ф = | grad u |2–uΔu, where u is a solution of Δ2u+pf(u) = 0 in D, assumes its maximum value on the boundary of D. This principle leads one to a lower bound on the first eigenvalue in the non-linear Dirichlet eigenvalue problem and to the non-existence of solutions to this non-linear partial differential equation subject to certain zero boundaryconditions.
On two inequalities of Brodlie and Everitt
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

This paper gives simple proofs of two integral inequalities recently proved by Brodlie and Everitt[1].
The Anatomical Substratum of Pain Evidence Derived from Morphometric Studies on Peripheral Nerve
Authors: Thomas P.K.
Published: July 2016

Earlier theories as to the anatomical basis of pain postulated a direct ‘pain pathway’ from specific receptors in the periphery. Anatomical studies linked this with small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the peripheral nerves. Subsequently, hypotheses were advanced which postulated that pain depended upon particular spatial and temporal patterns of sensory input into the nervous system rather than upon specific sets of fibers.

More recent physiological studies have demonstrated the existence of peripheral receptors that respond exclusively to noxious stimuli and morphometric studies on peripheral neuropathies in man clearly implicate small myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the conduction of pain. Morphometric studies have also shown that spontaneous pain in neuropathies may be associated with a selective loss of small fibers. These observations therefore support the earlier concept of a specific nociceptive pathway involving small caliber fibers in the peripheral nerves. It is evident that this afferent pathway is capable of modification in the spinal cord both by peripheral inputs and by descending impulses. The notion of a ‘pain pathway’ as such is probably best avoided.
Cytoplasmic Tubular Aggregates and Nuclear Filamentous Bodies in Two Suspected Cases of Viral Encephalitis
Authors: Horoupian Dikran S. , Ross R.T. , Gurwith Mark J. , Hoogstraten Jan
Published: July 2016

Two suspected cases of viral encephalitis are presented. Viral nucleocapsids were not seen, but cytoplasmic paramyxovirus-like aggregates and nuclear filamentous bodies were frequently encountered. Both structures were seen in the same cell. Contrary to other reports, the cytoplasmic aggregates were mostly observed in hematogenous mononuclear cells, less frequently in neuronal cell elements and rarely in endothelial cells. The non-specific nature of these structures is emphasized.
Chronic Benign Congenital Myopathy: Fingerprint Body Type
Authors: Gordon A.S. , Rewcastle N.B. , Humphrey J.G. , Stewart B.M.
Published: July 2016

The term “benign congenital myopathy” describes a group of muscle disorders characterized by proximal or diffuse muscle weakness, a relatively non-progressive course, normal serum muscle enzyme assays and the presence of a distinctive morphological feature. We report here a 55 year old woman, with fingerprint body myopathy who exhibits all of the above features. She has been affected from birth, able to walk since the age of 12, and has not deteriorated in the past thirty years. Muscle biopsy reveals fatty infiltration, numerous small fibers undergoing structural change, good differentiation into type I and II fibers, and excessive intracellular lipid and lipochrome. Only on electron microscopic study is the distinctive feature of numerous subsarcolemmal round to ovoid fingerprint bodies observed. Many fibers also contain large collections of tubular aggregates, filamentous bodies, and autophagic vacuoles.

The fingerprint bodies are similar to the ones described by A. Engel in a 5 year old girl. Thus, a rare opportunity is provided to study an individual who has had this disease for over fifty years.
Rete Mirable — the marvellous network
Authors: Parkinson Dwight
Published: July 2016

The anastomotic channels found about the base of the brain in the presence of internal carotid inadequacy are not properly termed a rete mirable.
Traumatic Infarction of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Keith W.S.
Published: July 2016

Infarction of the spinal cord is an occasional complication of thoracic and aortic surgery and dissecting aneurysm. Only once has it been reported following injury. This paper recounts the histories of four children each of whom survived an automobile accident; each with permanent paraplegia due to infarction.
Relative Efficacy of Alcohol and Propranolol in Action Tremor
Authors: Rajput A.H. , Jamieson H. , Hirsh S. , Quraishi A.
Published: July 2016

Thirty-nine patients with a variety of diseases, including essential tremor, Parkinsonߣs Disease, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, ataxia telangiectasia, and cervical cord injury with action tremor, were evaluated for the effect of one ounce of absolute alcohol ingestion. Tremor significantly subsided in 61.9% of E.T.; 46.6% of P.D.; one patient with A.T.; and one patient with C6 lesion. The tremor became worse in one patient with O.P.C.D. Twenty of these patients were treated with propranolol, an average dose of 92 mgm. per day, and re-evaluated three to six months later. All those who improved on alcohol improved on propranolol and the one whose tremor accentuated with alcohol had a similar response to propranolol. It is concluded that the tremorilytic effect of alcohol is neither specific for, nor limited to, essential tremor and is of no value in differentiating various neurological disorders which manifest as action tremor. It is recommended that one ounce of absolute alcohol by mouth be used as an office procedure to predict the response of patientsߣ tremor to propranolol.
Skin Punch Biopsies and Lymphocytes in the Diagnosis of Lipidoses
Authors: Dolman C.L. , MacLeod P.M. , Chang E.
Published: July 2016

Skin punch biopsies and huffy coats of white blood cells were examined electron microscopically in patients suffering from a variety of storage diseases. No specific abnormalities could be detected in Gaucher’s disease and adrenoleucodystrophy. While characteristic deposits were found in cutaneous nerves in globoid and metachromatic leucodystrophy, this method was deemed inferior to sural nerve biopsy. In gangliosidoses, on the other hand, pathognomonic membranous cytoplasmic bodies were common in axons of cutaneous nerves, and in generalized gangliosidoses marked vacuolation of many other cells was prominent. Specific deposits were found in various cells in skin punch biopsies and in lymphocytes of children suffering from ceroid lipofuscinoses, and in lymphocytes of their parents. This constitutes the easiest diagnostic laboratory procedure in such cases.
Isolated Spinal Cord Arteritis
Authors: Feasby Thomas E. , Ferguson Gary G. , Kaufmann J.C.E.
Published: July 2016

This patient presented as a subacute progressive cervical myelopathy and the differential diagnosis included cervical spondylotic myelopathy and intramedullary mass. Microscopically, vascular lesions plus a patchy myelomalacia indicated a vasculitis. However, there was no suggestion of a generalized vasculitis at autopsy and the only supporting laboratory study was a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It would seem that a vasculitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa or other collagen disease may be confined to the spinal cord.
Alpha Methyldopahydrazine as an Adjunct to Levodopa Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Paty D.W. , Jaatoul N. , Kertesz A. , McInnis W.
Published: July 2016

A double-blind, double-observer study was carried out in twenty-five patients with Parkinson’s disease. Alpha methyldopahydrazine in combination with L-dopa was compared to placebo with L-dopa. Combination therapy resulted in a reduction in L-dopa dosage to 1/3 of the amount required during the baseline. There were no side effects attributed directly to the alpha methyldopahydrazine. The overall incidence of side effects in the two groups was similar but the combination therapy significantly reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting. The limiting factor in the combination therapy was the presence of L-dopa induced dyskinesias.
Analysis of 128 Patients with Angiogram in Acute Head Trauma
Authors: Cinesi M.P. , Miller J.D.R. , Grace M. , Ayers T.N.
Published: July 2016

A computerized analysis of 128 patients admitted with acute head injury and who underwent angiography is shown. Patients were divided into groups according to: age, sex, type of accident, state of consciousness and presence of localizing signs on admission, types of cerebral lesions on angiography, and discharge condition.

There is a preponderance of young males in this series of patients, related mainly to MVA. A total of 71% of the patients had abnormal angiograms, but the incidence of normal and abnormal results did not correlate significantly with any of the chosen parameters.

The same parameters were also analysed to assess their value as a prognostic index for the patient. The conclusion was drawn that the angiogram per se has no significant value as a prognostic tool, and that state of consciousness on admission is the best single index for prognosis.
Memory and Growth in the Superior Temporal Gyri
Authors: Akesson E.J. , Dahlgren W.J. , Hyde J.B.
Published: July 2016

The superior temporal gyri were measured in 33 infants and in 33 adults. In the adults, most right superior temporal gyri were larger. This asymmetry was not found in infants, a difference which suggests greater growth of the right superior temporal gyri in the population from which our sample was taken. The asymmetry may be related to the functional asymmetry found by Penfield: some of his patients reported re-experiencing of past sensory experiences with electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe. This response was more frequently evoked from the right hemisphere.
Cucumber Shaped and 35 nm Particles in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Horoupian Dikran S. , Ross R.T.
Published: July 2016

A 63 year old female with the ataxic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is presented. In addition to amyloid plaques which were not associated with Alzheimer’s neurofibrillary tangles, rare profiles similar to those reported in Scrapie were also seen. To our knowledge, these profiles have never been observed in CJD and their presence in this condition adds a further morphologic similarity between the human and animal forms of subacute spongiform “viral” encephalopathies.
Roles of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia in Initiation and Control of Movements
Authors: Brooks V.B.
Published: July 2016

Theories of function of the cerebellum and basal ganglia are examined in the light of recent experimental findings obtained with the local cooling method, and both are matched against clinical observations. Evidence is summarized for a programming and initiating role in monkeys’ elbow movements of the lateral, and to a lesser degree, intermediate, cerebellum. Cooling either nuclei affected movements, but neither seemed to be important for precentral cortical unit discharge accompanying compensation for suddenly applied load pulses. The globus pallidus seemed to be importantly involved in movement guidance in the absence of vision.
Recent Progress: The Brain, the Heart and Taurine
Authors: Barbeau André
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews some recent developments concerning the “non-essential” amino acid Taurine. It is shown that taurine is important in metabolic regulations within the heart, muscle and brain. Particular attention is paid to the neuropharmacology of taurine, such as its possible role in epilepsy.
Biochemical Markers for Huntington's Chorea
Authors: McLean D.R. , Nihei T.
Published: July 2016

The uptake of dopamine (DA) by platelet rich plasma was assayed in 11 patients with Huntington's chorea (H. C). The results confirmed the previous observation that platelets from H.C. patients take up, at equilibrium, more dopamine than do platelets from normal control subjects. The mean difference was 50% higher at DA substrate concentrations of 0.11 mM.

However, attempts to confirm the higher Na+- K+ATPase activity of erythrocyte ghosts from Huntington's chorea patients were unsuccessful.
Study of a Family with Progressive Ataxia, Tremor and Severe Distal Amyotrophy
Authors: Bouchard J. , Bedard P. , Bouchard R.
Published: July 2016

We have studied a large family of which seven members suffer from a progressive disease with onset in the first decade. The first symptoms were gait ataxia and clumsiness in all cases, followed by progressive development of severe distal amyotrophy reminiscent of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In four patients a postural tremor which was relieved by pharmacological agents was also evident in the limbs or head.

Cerebellar atrophy was confirmed on CT scan. Motor nerve conduction velocities were in the low normal range, while sensory nerve conduction was markedly decreased. All patients had impaired proprioception and vibration sense. The laboratory investigation revealed a normal CSF protein level and elevated serum bilirubin.

The patients reported in this study apparently suffer from an original recessive form of spinal and olivocerebellar degeneration associated with a neuronal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
A Preliminary Study of Dynamic Muscle Function in Hereditary Ataxia
Authors: Richards C. , Bouchard J.P. , Bouchard R. , Barbeau H.
Published: July 2016

Dynamic muscle function was evaluated in nine patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and eight with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). The measurement of torque throughout maximum voluntary isokinetic knee movements was used to quantitatively describe muscle weakness in the ataxic patients. Both FA and ARSACS patients were shown to have decreased dynamic strength in comparison to normal values during knee extension and flexion movements at 30% /s. In the FA patients a lower torqueproducing capacity was seen in the older patients.

The electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded in lower extremity muscles during the movements. In the vastus lateralis (VL), deviations from the normal EMG activation pattern were described in both groups of patients. A reduced amplitude in the EMG activity in the medial hamstrings (MH) was seen in the majority of the patients. An index of coactivation was defined by comparing the EMG activity when a muscle lengthened (antagonistic) to the EMG activity when the same muscle shortened (agonistic) during the isokinetic contractions. In comparison to normal values increased coactivation indexes were present in the VL and MH in patients of both groups. The characteristics of dynamic muscle strength and the activation of agonistic and antagonistic muscles described in the present study will provide the basis of evaluation for the effects of therapy in these patients.
Pathomechanics and Management of Scoliosis in Friedreich Ataxia Patients: Preliminary Report
Authors: Allard P. , Duhaime M. , Raso J.V. , Thiry P.S. , Drouin G. , Geoffroy G.
Published: July 2016

The preliminary results based on a one year study on the evolution and management of scoliosis are presented. Twenty-one patients were followed in the Neuro- Muscular Disease Clinic at Ste- Justine Hospital where standardized spinal radiographs were taken periodically with the Scoliosis Chariot and the Throne. The short period of observation as well as the relatively small number of Friedreich ataxia patients followed requires that these results and the following remarks be interpreted with caution.

Pathomechanics — Between the age groups I (5- 10 years) and 11(10-15 years), a substantial increase in the Cobb values occurs. Associated with it, an increase was observed in the thoracic and thoraco lumbar projected surface area indices. The relative rotation between the thoracic and lumbar segments was presumed to be the cause of the sudden increase in the Cobb measurements.

For the non-ambulatory patients, a decrease in the lumbar lordosis towards a thoraco-lumbar kyphosis as well as a sudden increase in the sacral angle and a drop in the lumbosacral angle were associated with the seated posture assumed by the patient.

Management — Prevention of the progression of established curves was our main objective. Careful examination of the spine, depending on the age of the child, in our preliminary study, stimulated early orthopaedic treatment in any curve of 20° or more. There was always concern for curves of 30° or more. In the growing child, bracing was recommended.

In the older child, the curve was usually stable after sixteen years of age. Surgery was usually attempted in curves over 40° in the growing child. The same curve was usually stable after the growth period.

For the non-ambulatory patients, the present study suggested the prescription of a molded seat with the following characteristics: i) a posterior lumbar support, ii) low thoracic lateral supports and iii) a slight inclination of the seating system. This was presumed to be beneficial in maintaining stability of the spine. Presently, an evaluation of such a device is under investigation.
The Cardiomyopathy of Friedreich's Ataxia Morphological Observations in 3 Cases
Authors: Lamarche J.B. , Côté M. , Lemieux B.
Published: July 2016

In the light of the recent finding of deposits of calcium salts and iron in myocardial cells in one case of Friedreich's ataxia, we have made a detailed morphological study of 3 new cases of this cardiomyopathy. Calcium deposits were not found in the muscle fibers but lipofuscin granules and deposits of iron were observed in our 3 cases. In addition to the usual findings of interstitial fibrosis, hypertrophy and degeneration of myocardial fibers, foci of segmental active muscle necrosis were constantly present. There is a possibility that Friedreich's ataxia could be a neurocardiac degenerative disease with a membrane defect which could be related to defective metabolism of vitamin E or other micronutrienls.
Friedreich's Ataxia and Oral Glucose Tolerance: II. The effect of ingested glucose on serum growth hormone in homozygotes, obligate heterozygotes and potential carriers of the Friedreich's Ataxia gene
Authors: Tolis G. , Mehta A. , Harvey C. , Andermann E. , Andermann F. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

Homozygotes, obligatory heterozygotes and potential carriers of the Friedreich's Ataxia gene were tested with an oral glucose tolerance in order to assess a. the prevalence of abnormalities in glucose handling, b. the secretory pattern of two “diabetogenic” hormones, growth hormones and prolactin and c. to evaluate the possibility for detection of an abnormal trend in these hormones to be used as a genetic marker. Despite the high prevalence of glucose abnormalities horizontally and vertically in these families, the basal output and responses of these metabolic hormones to a glucose challenge were appropriate and thus not characteristic of
any of the above groups.
Leucocyte Glutamate Dehydrogenase in Various Hereditary Ataxias
Authors: Barbeau A. , Charbonneau M. , Cloutier T.
Published: July 2016

Leucocyte Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) activity was measured in 44 patients with various forms of ataxia and 44 age and sex-matched normal controls. The only significant change found was a moderate decrease in activity in Freidreich's ataxia and a few patients with OPCA. This decreased activity is not primary to the disease but probably reflects a regulatory defect affecting mitochondrial membranes in these patients.
The Benzodiazepine Receptor: The Pharmacology of Emotion
Authors: Robertson H.A.
Published: July 2016

Anxiety seems to be an inherent and perhaps necessary component of civilization. However, the biological basis of anxiety has always been as obscure as the definition of anxiety itself. The importance of anxiety to our mental wellbeing was noted by Freud (1933) who considered it a “nodalpoint”. As in the case of schizophrenia, there have been as many hypotheses to explain anxiety as there have been investigators with different techniques for studying it. The benzodiazepines, introduced clinically in I960, are now the most widely-used anxiolytic drugs. From the time of their introduction, it was felt that an explanation of the mode of action of benzodiazepines might shed considerable light on the basis of anxiety. The discovery, in 1977, of a specific benzodiazepine receptor, uniquely localized in the CNS, was the major turning point in this search (Squires and Braestrup, 1977; Mohler and Okada, 1977).
Interactions Between the Benzodiazepines, Methylxanthines and Adenosine
Authors: Phillis J.W. , Wu P.H.
Published: July 2016

Experimental evidence is cited in support of the proposal that benzodiazepines exert their anxiolytic
effects by inhibiting the uptake of adenosine by central neurons and glia.
Use of a Synaptosomal Model to Monitor Drug-Induced in vivo Changes in the γ-Aminobutyric Acid Content of Nerve Endings and its Relevance to Research on Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Wood J.D.
Published: July 2016

The validity of a synaptosomal model to monitor drug-induced changes in the y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of nerve endings is reviewed. Examples of data obtained using the model are presented and the possibility of using the model for research on antipsychotic drugs is discussed.
Trace Amines and Mental Disorders
Authors: Boulton Alan A.
Published: July 2016

In this brief review it will be possible to mention only superficially the bioclinical, behavioral, neurochemical, neuropharmacological and neurophysiological evidence to support the view that some of the trace amines [meta- and paratyramine (m-TA, p-TA), β-phenylethylamine (PE) and tryptamine (T)] may play a significant role in the propagation of nervous impulses and perhaps be involved in the etiology of certain mental disorders. More detailed comments will be found in some recent papers and reviews (Axelrodet al, 1976; Boulton, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1979; Boulton and Baker, 1975; Boulton and Juorio, 1979; Faurbye, 1968; Mosnaim and Wolfe, 1978; Sandler and Reynolds, 1976; Wyatl et al, 1977).
Dietary Folic Acid and The Activity of Brain Cholinergic and γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Enzymes
Authors: Botez M.I. , Bachevalier Jocelyne , Tunnicliff G.
Published: July 2016

Charles River CD male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of five each and placed on folate deficient, folate excess, and control diets respectively. Glutamate decarboxylase GA D y-aminohutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-T), choline acetyltransferase (ChAc), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were assayed in the rat brains after 6 weeks of dietary treatment. Neither folate deficiency nor folate supplementation influenced the enzymes associated with GABA and acetylcholine metabolism.
Balint's Syndrome
Authors: Hausser Chantal O. , Robert Françoise , Giard Normand
Published: July 2016

Balint's syndrome is usually attributed to bilateral parieto-occipital lesions. In several reported cases involvement of the frontal lobes was also documented and could be responsible for the “spasmodic fixation” often recorded in these patients. We report a case of Balint's syndrome in a patient with bilateral frontal and parieto-occipital metastases demonstrated by CTscan and confirmed by postmortem examination.
Decrease in the Rate of Protein Synthesis by Polysomes from Cultured Fibroblasts of Patients and Carriers with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Boulé M. , Vanasse M. , Brakier-Gingras L.
Published: July 2016

Polysomes extracted from cultured fibroblast cells isolated from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), carriers of the disease, and normal controls were used for in vitro measurement of protein synthesis in a wheat germ extract system. It was observed that polysomes from patients and carriers (seven of each aged 17 years or older) exhibited a 3-fold and a 1.5-fold decrease in the rate of protein synthesis, respectively, as compared with controls. These results are discussed with a view to developing a sensitive and easily available assay for the detection of DMD carriers.
Ouabain Induced Stereotyped Behavior in Rats
Authors: Davidson D.L.W. , Butterworth R.F. , Bélanger F. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

Stereotyped behavior was inclined in rats with ouabain administered intraventricularly in doses of 2, 3 and 4 μg in 50 μl saline. Haloperiodol reduced the stereotyped behaviour. Monoamine turnover studies showed a reduction in concentration of norepinephrine in hippocampus and midbrain, an increase in norepinephrine turnover in the medulla oblongata and a reduction in dopamine turnover in the striatum. The interpretation of these finds is discussed. It is suggested that this model could be significant clinically as it demonstrates that impairment of Na+-K+-ATP'ase may result in behavioral abnormalities characterised by stereotypy.
Ouabain Induced Seizures: Site of Production and Response to Anticonvulsants
Authors: Davidson Duncan L.W. , Tsukada Yasuo , Barbeau André
Published: July 2016

Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+-K+-ATP'ase, has been administered intraventricularly to rats to study the effect of impairment of membrane transport mechanisms on the genesis of seizures. Running and leaping seizures occur rapidly after injection oj ouabain in a low volume (10μl) when the maximal uptake of ouabain (39.8%) is in the hippocampus. Generalized clonic-lonic seizures are induced by higher volume injections (50μl) associated with wider distribution of ouabain, including the cerebellum and brainstem.

Ouabain was injected into cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, fastigeal nucleus, ventrolateral mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar injections produced both running and leaping and generalized clonic-lonic seizures. It is suggested that this results from decreased inhibitory effect of vermal and paravermal Purkinje cells on intra-cerebellar nuclei, which alters cerebellar influence on the reticular formation and the limbic system.

Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbitone, phenacemide, carbamezepine and clonazepam but not ethosuximide are effective against generalized clonic-lonic seizures, suggesting that this is a model for “grand mat” but not “petit mal” seizure mechanisms. It is furthermore suggested that running and leaping are subcortical, probably limbic, seizures that are most relevant as a model for temporal lobe seizures.
Computerized Assessment of Memory Performance in Dementia
Authors: Perez Francisco I. , Hruska Nancy A. , Stell Rebecca L. , Rivera Victor M.
Published: July 2016

Memory deficits in demented patients were studied by applying a computerized system to titrate individual memory performance. Two delayed matching to sample tasks were used. ABA1 involved random visual shapes used as a measure of visual memory. ABA 2 involved nonsense syllable trigrams used as a measure of verbal memory. A Human Test System panel with a display screen was utilized. This screen was a rear view projection window divided into four independent 3 x 2 sections arranged in a 2 x 2 matrix. The sample stimulus appeared on the upper left window for one second. The delay interval between stimulus sample and choices varied by 7 seconds dependent upon patient performance per trial. A Iso utilized was a color distractor task. Task parameters, data acquisition, retrieval, and graphic print-outs were all computerized. Individual titration levels reflected the severity of neurological impairment. Computerized assessment enabled subtle changes in memory performance to be readily identified. Implications for use of the system as a screening device in the assessment of mental changes in the elderly are apparent.
Trigeminal Neuralgia in Aqueduct Stenosis
Authors: Tucker William S. , Fleming Ross , Taylor Ferelith A. , Schutz Hart
Published: July 2016

Trigeminal neuralgia was the presenting symptom in two patients with aqueduct stenosis, hydrocephalus, and raised intracranial pressure. Treatment of the hydrocephalus resulted in the remission of pain in both patients.
Lipotropin, Melanotropin and Endorphin: In Vivo Catabolism and Entry into Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Pezalla P.D. , Lis M. , Seidah N.G. , Chrétien M.
Published: July 2016

Anesthetized rabbits were given intravenous injections of either beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH), betamelanotropin (beta-MSH) or betaendorphin. The postinjection concentrations of these peptides in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The plasma disappearance half-times were 13.7 min for beta-LPH, 5.1 min for beta-MSH, and 4.8 min for beta-endorphin. Circulating beta-LPH is cleaved to peptides tentatively identified as gamma-LPH and beta-endorphin. Each of these peptides
appeared in the CSF within 2 min postinjection. The maximum CSF to plasma ratios were 0.08 for beta-LPH, 1.48 for beta-MSH, and 0.23 for beta-endorphin.
The Uptake of 3H(G)L Leucine into Single Muscle Fibers in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Authors: Monckton George , Marusyk Halyna
Published: July 2016

In previous studies, the incorporation of 3H(G)L-leucine into muscles of patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease was shown to he increased in comparison with that observed in motor neuron disease (MND). To determine the cause of the increased uptake in CMT, studies of single fiber leucine incorporation have been undertaken. The results of this study indicate that the increased incorporation is into those muscle fibers which are undergoing regeneration following reinnervation. These results do not support the thesis that there is an associated myopathic process in CMT.
Fundamental Nature of Human Infant's Brain Asymmetry
Authors: Wada Juhn A. , Davis Alan E.
Published: July 2016

Morphological speech zone asymmetry in man cannot be due to environmental or developmental factors after birth. The functional implication of such a finding is not yet clear. Morphological asymmetry of the human brain is paralleled by electrophysiological evidence of cerebral hemispheric asymmetries. The results of our analysis of 50 infants suggest that clear occipital-temporal coherency asymmetry similar, but not identical to the adult pattern, also exists at or near birth. These asymmetries are generated by stimuli with no verbal content and in infants who presumably have no or an undeveloped capability for language. It is suggested that language is only a part of much more fundamental asymmetries which include the processing of auditory and visual information. Our results, and those of others, are consistent with the assumption that the left hemisphere is more able to relate stimuli to past experience, either short or long-term, while the right hemisphere is more able to process stimuli which are not easily identifiable or referable. These capabilities would not be based on language, and hence would be expected to develop independently and possibly before speech. The demonstration that reversing electrophysiological asymmetries can be generated with non-speech stimuli in the visual and auditory modalities, and in neonates, supports such an assumption.