bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Study of N-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-Halobenzenesulfonylhydrazides: Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and PIXEL Calculations
Authors: Gomes Ligia R. , Low John N. , Pinheiro Alessandra C. , Wardell James L.
Published: March 2024

Hydrazonylsulfones such as Bt-NHNHSO2R and their iminotautomers have been studied as optical materials and for their biological potential. In this work, a structural study has been carried out on N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-(halogenobenzenesulfonyl)-hydrazides (1: X = F, Cl, Br). For (1: X = F), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and PIXEL calculations were conducted, while in (1: X = Cl) and (1: X = Br), only single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were successfully conducted due to the disordering of the solvent. Each compound crystallises with two independent but similar amino tautomers in the asymmetric units: compound (1: X = F) crystallises in the monoclinic P21/c, and the isostructural pair (X: 1 = Cl and Br) crystallises in the tetragonal P-421c space group. In the most stable motif of the supramolecular arrangement, the molecules of the asymmetric unit are connected by classical N–H(hydrazinyl)···N(thiazoyl) hydrogen bonds and several face-to-face, offset π···π interactions. This motif has a very powerful influence on the crystal structure due to its direct links with the other weaker motifs. Other significant intermolecular interactions found in the structure include N–H(hydrazonyl)···O(sulfonate) bonds. Analogous intermolecular interactions were found in similar compounds, leading to the conclusion that those interactions are the most important instabilizing the solid state of hydrazonylsulfones.
Growth of Spontaneous Nucleation AlN Crystals by Al-Base Alloy Evaporation in Nitrogen Atmosphere
Authors: Tao Xiaochun , Xu Yongkuan , Chen Jianli , Yu Yonggui , Qi Xiaofang , Ma Wencheng , Hu Zhanggui
Published: March 2024

Aluminum nitride (AlN) crystals with areas ranging from 1 mm2 to 2 mm2 were successfully grown through spontaneous nucleation at 1700 °C using a modified vapor transport method. In this approach, Cu–Al alloy served as the source of aluminum (Al), and nitrogen (N2) was employed as the nitrogen source. The morphology and crystalline quality of the AlN crystals were characterized by a stereo microscope, Raman spectrometer, photoluminescence (PL) and secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Deposited on the graphite lid, the as-grown AlN crystals exhibited both rectangular and hexagonal shapes, identified as m-plane and c-plane AlN, respectively, based on Raman spectroscopy. The full width half maximum (FWHM) values of E2 (high) for the rectangular and hexagonal grains were measured to be 6.00 cm−1 and 6.06 cm−1, respectively, indicating high crystalline quality. However, PL and SIMS analysis indicated the presence of impurities associated with oxygen in the crystals. This paper elucidates the growth mechanism of the modified vapor transport method and highlights the role of the Cu–Al alloy in sustaining reactions at lower temperatures. The addition of copper (Cu) not only facilitates sustainable reactions, but also provides a novel perspective for the growth of AlN single crystals.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Biotite–Phlogopite (Mg# = 30~99): OH-Stretching Modes and Mg# Content Prediction Equation
Authors: Yang Zhentao , He Mingyue , Wu Shaokun , Yang Mei , Peng Bijie
Published: March 2024

Biotite–phlogopite minerals are a complete Mg–Fe isomorphism series of phyllosilicates. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) were conducted on end-member phlogopite, Mg–biotite, and annite samples. In the mid-infrared region, absorption peaks were observed at 460, 1000, 3680, and 3710 cm−1 in the biotite group. Samples with higher Mg content exhibited stronger peaks assigned to OH vibrations and a weak absorption peak at 810 cm−1. In the near-infrared region, combination peaks were observed near 4200, 4300, and 4450 cm−1, with wavenumbers showing a linear inverse relationship with the Mg# [=100 × Mg/(Mg + FeT)] value. For annite, combination peaks occurred at 4173, 4292, and 4439 cm−1, decreasing by 10–15 cm−1 compared to end-member phlogopite. Judging the fundamental peaks of the combination band contributes to identifying suitable near-infrared characteristic peaks for quantitative research. The 4300 cm−1 absorption peak in biotite–phlogopite was assigned to OH-bending and -stretching vibrations, making it suitable for mineral identification and Mg# estimations across all biotite groups. The 4450 cm−1 characteristic peak, assigned to Al–O-stretching vibrations and OH-stretching vibrations, is suitable for accurately predicting Mg# values in high AlVI samples. The first overtones of biotite–phlogopite appeared at 7250 cm−1, with an average factor of 1.955 between the fundamental and corresponding overtones. This study aims to refine the patterns of OH-stretching vibrations and characteristic peak shifts in the near-infrared spectral region of phyllosilicate minerals, providing data references for planetary spectroscopy and ore deposit studies.
Research on the Stability of Different Polar Surfaces in Aluminum Nitride Single Crystals
Authors: Liu Zhao , Li Wenliang , Qin Zuoyan , Jin Lei , Sun Zhenhua , Wu Honglei
Published: March 2024

Wurtzite aluminum nitride (AlN) crystal has a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure with only a single axis of symmetry. In an AlN crystal, the electronegativity difference between the Al atom and N atom leads to a distortion of electron cloud distribution outside the nucleus and a spontaneous polarization (SP) along the c-axis direction. The N-polar surface along the directions of [000-1] has higher surface energy than the Al-polar surface along the directions of [0001]. Due to the different atomic arrangement, Al atoms on the Al-polar surface bond with O and OH− in the environment to generate Al2O3·xH2O, which prevents the reaction from occurring inside the crystal. After the Al2O3·xH2O dissolve in an alkaline environment, N atoms have three dangling bonds exposed on the surface, which can also protect OH− from destroying the internal Al-N bonds, so the Al-polar surface is more stable than the N-polar surface.
Multimodal Spectroscopy Assays for Advanced Nano-Optics Approaches by Tuning Nano-Tool Surface Chemistry and Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence
Authors: Romero Marcelo R. , Veglia Alicia V. , Amé Maria Valeria , Bracamonte Angel Guillermo
Published: March 2024

In this research work, different chemical modifications were applied to gold nanoparticles and their use in enhanced non-classical light emitters based on metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) was evaluated. In order to achieve this, gold core–shell nanoparticles with silica shells were modified via multilayered addition and the incorporation of a covalently linked laser dye to develop MEF. Their inter-nanoparticle interactions were evaluated by using additional silica shell multilayers and modified cyclodextrin macrocycles. In this manner, the sizes and chemical surface interactions on the multilayered nanoarchitectures were varied. These optical active nanoplatforms led to the development of different nanoassembly sizes and luminescence behaviors. Therefore, the interactions and nanoassembly properties were evaluated by using various spectroscopic and nanoimaging techniques. Highly dispersible gold core–shell nanoparticles with diameters of 50–60 nm showed improved colloidal dispersion that led to single ultraluminescent gold core–shell nanoparticles with MEF. Then, the addition of variable silica lengths produced increased interactions and consequent nanoaggregation. However, the silanized nanoparticles were easily dispersible after agitation or sonication. Thus, their sizes were proportional only to the diameter and the van de Waals interaction did not affect their sizes in bulk. Then, the covalent linking of different concentrations of modified cyclodextrins was applied to the chemical surfaces by incorporating additional hydroxyl groups from the glucose monomeric unities of cyclodextrins. In this manner, variable larger-sized and inter-branched grafted gold core–shell silica nanoparticles were generated. The ultraluminescent properties were conserved due to the non-optical activity of the cyclodextrins. However, they generated enhanced ultraluminescence phenomena. Laser fluorescence microscopy nanoimaging showed enhanced resolutions in comparison to non-grafted supramolecular gold core–shell nanoparticles. The differences in their interactions and the sizes of the nanoassemblies were explained by their single nanoparticle diameters and the interacting chemical groups on their nanosurfaces. While the varied luminescence emissions generated were tuned by plasmonics, enhanced plasmonic phenomena and light scattering properties were seen depending on the type of nanoassembly. Thus, optically active and non-optically active materials led to different optical properties in the bright field and enhanced the excited state within the electromagnetic near-field of the gold nanotemplates. In this manner, it was possible to achieve high sensitivity by varying the spacer lengths and optical properties. Therefore, further perspectives regarding the design of nano-tools composed of light for various applications were discussed.
Database and Digitization of Regional Historical Herbaria: A Case Study of Margittai Collection in the Uzhhorod National University Herbarium (UU)
Authors: Mihaly Andriy V. , Sabadosh Vasyl I. , Roman Vasyl I. , Shevera Myroslav V.
Published: March 2024

The digitization of herbarium collections guarantees a preservation and long-term use of scientifically valuable objects, e.g., wide and convenient access to these materials online and exchange between institutions. These are also important elements in the education and popularization of botanical knowledge. No less significant is the practical aspect of these studies due to the danger of these collections’ destruction as a result of Russian aggression—some of them have already been destroyed. The analyzed Margittai collection (1500 specimens) is kept at the Uzhhorod National University Herbarium (UU) and belongs to the historical and regional ones. This material is valuable because of its scientific, historical and cultural significance. By the initiative and thanks to the efforts of Prof. S. Fodor, the studied collection (most of which are doublet specimens) was transferred in 1965 from the Hungarian Natural History Museum (BP), where the main herbarium of the researcher is preserved (40,000 specimens), to the Uzhhorod State University. Due to the fact that the collection has not been studied, in 2021, the authors began a special investigation of this collection and assessment of its current state. The structure of the database has been developed, it is being filled, and the digitization of type materials has begun.
Diorygma tiantaiense sp. nov. and a Checklist and Key to Diorygma Species from China
Authors: Cui Can , Li Yujie , Xu Jiahui , Zhao Xin , Jia Zefeng
Published: March 2024

A new species Diorygma tiantaiense Z.F. Jia, sp. nov. was found, which is characterized by a corticolous thallus with norstictic acid, oval or oblong apothecia, immersed to ± raised discs with white pruina, and large muriform ascospores (120–210 × 35–60 µm). Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, and a comparison and discussion of similar species are provided. A checklist and key to the species of Diorygma known from China is presented.
Interactions between Noctiluca scintillans and Three Co-Occurring Microalgae in Response to Varying Nutrient Levels
Authors: Wang Junyue , Mao Ning , Xu Mingyang , Chen Yifan , Wang Yinghao , Cai Yuefeng , Ji Nanjing , Shen Xin
Published: March 2024

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is a globally distributed bloom-forming species. Previous studies have shown that the primary reason for the frequent occurrence of N. scintillans blooms may be the proliferation of microalgae due to eutrophication, which provides a sufficient source of food. Meanwhile, N. scintillans may release nutrients into the environment, thus affecting the population dynamics of microalgae. Thus, to investigate the interaction between N. scintillans and co-occurring microalgae, this study examined the population dynamics of N. scintillans and their interaction with three representative microalgae species in response to varying nutrient levels. The findings indicate that the growth of N. scintillans is slow when co-cultured with diatom Skeletonema costatum. Moreover, a high density and rapid growth rate of S. costatum may have an inhibitory effect on the growth of N. scintillans. Conversely, the population abundance of N. scintillans increased with the rise in the population density and nutritional level of Heterocapsa steinii (dinoflagellate) and Heterosigma akashiwo (raphidophyceae). Notably, N. scintillans can discharge specific nutrients into the aquatic environment, which can subsequently be assimilated and exploited by H. steinii. Thus, the interaction between the species and population dynamics of plankton, as well as changes in nutrient levels within the ecosystem, played a significant role in influencing the growth and population dynamics of N. scintillans. The mutualistic association between N. scintillans and microalgae may establish a transient closed loop, thereby fostering the sustained proliferation and subsequent expansion of N. scintillans.
Analysis of a Bluetooth Traffic Dataset Obtained during University Examination Sessions
Authors: Bouaru Radu , Peculea Adrian , Iancu Bogdan , Buzura Sorin , Cebuc Emil , Dadarlat Vasile
Published: March 2024

In academic environments, students take exams simultaneously in campus examination classrooms. Due to recent advancements in technology, examination rooms are flooded with Bluetooth data traffic generated by personal devices (smartphones, smartwatches, etc.). The work presented in this article proposes a method for collecting Bluetooth traffic in an academic examination setting. The desired data were collected during several examination sessions using an Ubertooth One device, and then an in-depth post-processing analysis was performed on the collected dataset. The devices generating traffic were precisely located within the examination room, and areas with heightened data traffic were highlighted. Additionally, another goal of the current research was to provide a unique type of dataset to the academic community, facilitating its utilization in further research endeavors.
DNA of Music: Identifying Relationships among Different Versions of the Composition Sadhukarn from Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia Using Multivariate Statistics
Authors: Eambangyung Sumetus , Schwörer-Kohl Gretel , Purahong Witoon
Published: March 2024

Sadhukarn, a sacred music composition performed ritually to salute and invite divine powers to open a ceremony or feast, is played in Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. Different countries have unique versions, arranged based on musicians’ skills and en vogue styles. This study presents the results of multivariate statistical analyses of 26 different versions of Sadhukarn main melodies using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and cluster analysis. The objective was to identify the optimal number of parameters for identifying the origin and relationships among Sadhukarn versions, including rhyme structures, pillar tone, rhythmic and melodic patterns, intervals, pitches, and combinations of these parameters. The data were analyzed using both full and normalized datasets (32 phrases) to avoid biases due to differences in phrases among versions. Overall, the combination of six parameters is the best approach for data analysis in both full and normalized datasets. The analysis of the ‘full version’ shows the separation of Sadhukarn versions from different countries of origin, while the analysis of the ‘normalized version’ reveals the rhyme structure, rhythmic structure, and pitch as crucial parameters for identifying Sadhukarn versions. We conclude that multivariate statistics are powerful tools for identifying relationships among different versions of Sadhukarn compositions from Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia and within the same countries of origin.
Longitudinal Patterns of Online Activity and Social Feedback Are Associated with Current and Perceived Changes in Quality of Life in Adult Facebook Users
Authors: Marengo Davide , Settanni Michele
Published: March 2024

The present study explored how sharing verbal status updates on Facebook and receiving Likes, as a form of positive social feedback, correlate with current and perceived changes in Quality of Life (QoL). Utilizing the Facebook Graph API, we collected a longitudinal dataset comprising status updates and Likes received by 1577 adult Facebook users over a 12-month period. Two monthly indicators were calculated: the percentage of verbal status updates and the average number of Likes per post. Participants were administered a survey to assess current and perceived changes in QoL. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the Auto-Regressive Latent Trajectory Model with Structured Residuals (ALT-SRs) were used to model longitudinal patterns emerging from the objective recordings of Facebook activity and explore their correlation with QoL measures. Findings indicated a positive correlation between the percentage of verbal status updated on Facebook and current QoL. Online positive social feedback, measured through received Likes, was associated with both current QoL and perceived improvements in QoL. Of note, perceived improvements in QoL correlated with an increase in received Likes over time. Results highlight the relevance of collecting and modeling longitudinal Facebook data for the investigation of the association between activity on social media and individual well-being.
Natural Language Processing Patents Landscape Analysis
Authors: Al-Khalifa Hend S. , AlOmar Taif , AlOlyyan Ghala
Published: March 2024

Understanding NLP patents provides valuable insights into innovation trends and competitive dynamics in artificial intelligence. This study uses the Lens patent database to investigate the landscape of NLP patents. The overall patent output in the NLP field on a global scale has exhibited a rapid growth over the past decade, indicating rising research and commercial interests in applying NLP techniques. By analyzing patent assignees, technology categories, and geographic distribution, we identify leading innovators as well as research hotspots in applying NLP. The patent landscape reflects intensifying competition between technology giants and research institutions. This research aims to synthesize key patterns and developments in NLP innovation revealed through patent data analysis, highlighting implications for firms and policymakers. A detailed understanding of NLP patenting activity can inform intellectual property strategy and technology investment decisions in this burgeoning AI domain.
Updates on the Applications of Spectral Computed Tomography for Musculoskeletal Imaging
Authors: Eibschutz Liesl S. , Matcuk George , Chiu Michael Kuo-Jiun , Lu Max Yang , Gholamrezanezhad Ali
Published: March 2024

Spectral CT represents a novel imaging approach that can noninvasively visualize, quantify, and characterize many musculoskeletal pathologies. This modality has revolutionized the field of radiology by capturing CT attenuation data across multiple energy levels and offering superior tissue characterization while potentially minimizing radiation exposure compared to traditional enhanced CT scans. Despite MRI being the preferred imaging method for many musculoskeletal conditions, it is not viable for some patients. Moreover, this technique is time-consuming, costly, and has limited availability in many healthcare settings. Thus, spectral CT has a considerable role in improving the diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of gout, inflammatory arthropathies, degenerative disc disease, osteoporosis, occult fractures, malignancies, ligamentous injuries, and other bone-marrow pathologies. This comprehensive review will delve into the diverse capabilities of dual-energy CT, a subset of spectral CT, in addressing these musculoskeletal conditions and explore potential future avenues for its integration into clinical practice.
Epidemiological Characterization of Respiratory Pathogens Using the Multiplex PCR FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel
Authors: Hong Young Jun , Jung Bo Kyeung , Kim Jae Kyung
Published: March 2024

Various pathogens can cause upper respiratory tract infections, presenting challenges in accurate diagnosis due to similar symptomatology. Therefore, rapid and precise diagnostic tests are crucial for effective treatment planning. Traditional culture-based methods for diagnosis are limited by their reliance on skilled personnel and lengthy processing times. In contrast, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques offer enhanced accuracy and speed in identifying respiratory pathogens. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of the FilmArray™ Respiratory Panel (RP), a multiplex PCR test capable of simultaneously screening 20 pathogens. This retrospective analysis was conducted at Dankook University Hospital, South Korea, between January 2018 and December 2022. Samples from patients with upper respiratory tract infections were analyzed. Results revealed adenovirus as the most prevalent pathogen (18.9%), followed by influenza virus A (16.5%), among others. Notably, a 22.5% co-infection rate was observed. The FilmArray™ RP method successfully identified 20 pathogens within 2 h, facilitating prompt treatment decisions and mitigating unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions. This study underscores the utility of multiplex PCR in respiratory pathogen identification, offering valuable insights for epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis.
Imaging the Micron: New Directions in Diagnosis with Ultra-High-Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Izzetti Rossana , Nisi Marco
Published: March 2024

In recent decades, advancements in medical imaging technologies have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, enhancing the precision and efficacy of healthcare interventions [...]
An Integrated Machine Learning Approach for Congestive Heart Failure Prediction
Authors: Singh M. Sheetal , Thongam Khelchandra , Choudhary Prakash , Bhagat P. K.
Published: March 2024

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the primary sources of mortality and morbidity among the global population. Over 26 million individuals globally are affected by heart disease, and its prevalence is rising by 2% yearly. With advances in healthcare technologies, if we predict CHF in the early stages, one of the leading global mortality factors can be reduced. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to use machine learning applications to enhance the diagnosis of CHF and to reduce the cost of diagnosis by employing minimum features to forecast the possibility of a CHF occurring. We employ a deep neural network (DNN) classifier for CHF classification and compare the performance of DNN with various machine learning classifiers. In this research, we use a very challenging dataset, called the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) dataset, and a unique pre-processing technique by integrating C4.5 and K-nearest neighbor (KNN). While the C4.5 technique is used to find significant features and remove the outlier data from the dataset, the KNN algorithm is employed for missing data imputation. For classification, we compare six state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) algorithms (KNN, logistic regression (LR), naive Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree (DT)) with DNN. To evaluate the performance, we use seven statistical measurements (i.e., accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, F1-score, precision, Matthew’s correlation coefficient, and false positive rate). Overall, our results reflect our proposed integrated approach, which outperformed other machine learning algorithms in terms of CHF prediction, reducing patient expenses by reducing the number of medical tests. The proposed model obtained 97.03% F1-score, 95.30% accuracy, 96.49% sensitivity, and 97.58% precision.
Radiomics Features in Predicting Human Papillomavirus Status in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review, Quality Appraisal, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ansari Golnoosh , Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari Mohammad , Mosier Kristine M. , Fakhry Carole , Yousem David M.
Published: March 2024

We sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of radiomics features in predicting HPV status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared to routine paraclinical measures used in clinical practice. Twenty-six articles were included in the systematic review, and thirteen were used for the meta-analysis. The overall sensitivity of the included studies was 0.78, the overall specificity was 0.76, and the overall area under the ROC curve was 0.84. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) equaled 12 (8, 17). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference between radiomics features extracted from CT or MR images. Overall, the studies were of low quality in regard to radiomics quality score, although most had a low risk of bias based on the QUADAS-2 tool. Radiomics features showed good overall sensitivity and specificity in determining HPV status in OPSCC, though the low quality of the included studies poses problems for generalizability.
Advanced Diagnostic Tools in Hypothermia-Related Fatalities—A Pathological Perspective
Authors: Hleșcu Andreea Alexandra , Grigoraș Adriana , Ianole Victor , Amalinei Cornelia
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives: Although classical gross features are known in hypothermia victims, they lack specific diagnosis features. The aim of our study was to reveal specific brain and lung pathological features in a group of hypothermia-related fatalities. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 107 cases from our files associated with hypothermia. Routine hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining and postmortem immunohistochemistry were performed. Results: The microscopic cerebral exam revealed diffuse perineuronal and perivascular edema, gliosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, acute brain injuries, focal neuronal ischemia, lacunar infarction, and variable hemorrhages. Variable alveolar edema, pulmonary emphysema, intra-alveolar and/or pleural hemorrhage, and bronchopneumonia, as well as other pre-existing lesions, were identified in lung tissue samples. Glial cells displayed S100β expression, while neurons showed moderate Hsp70 immunopositivity. Alveolar basal membranes exhibited diffuse ICAM-1 positive expression, while ICAM-1 and AQP-1 positivity was observed in the alveolar septum vascular endothelium. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between S100β and Hps70 immunoexpression and cerebral pathological features, between ICAM-1 immunoexpression and alveolar edema and pulmonary emphysema, and between AQP-1 immunoexpression and pulmonary emphysema. Conclusions: Our results add supplementary data to brain and lung pathological findings in hypothermia-related fatalities, with potential therapeutic value in hypothermia patients.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Nocturnal High- and Low-Glucose Prediction in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kozinetz Roman M. , Berikov Vladimir B. , Semenova Julia F. , Klimontov Vadim V.
Published: March 2024

Glucose management at night is a major challenge for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially for those managed with multiple daily injections (MDIs). In this study, we developed machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to predict nocturnal glucose within the target range (3.9–10 mmol/L), above the target range, and below the target range in subjects with T1D managed with MDIs. The models were trained and tested on continuous glucose monitoring data obtained from 380 subjects with T1D. Two DL algorithms—multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and a convolutional neural network (CNN)—as well as two classic ML algorithms, random forest (RF) and gradient boosting trees (GBTs), were applied. The resulting models based on the DL and ML algorithms demonstrated high and similar accuracy in predicting target glucose (F1 metric: 96–98%) and above-target glucose (F1: 93–97%) within a 30 min prediction horizon. Model performance was poorer when predicting low glucose (F1: 80–86%). MLP provided the highest accuracy in low-glucose prediction. The results indicate that both DL (MLP, CNN) and ML (RF, GBTs) algorithms operating CGM data can be used for the simultaneous prediction of nocturnal glucose values within the target, above-target, and below-target ranges in people with T1D managed with MDIs.
PD-L1 as a Urine Biomarker in Renal Cell Carcinoma—A Case Series and Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Reimold Philipp , Tosev Georgi , Kaczorowski Adam , Friedhoff Jana , Schwab Constantin , Schütz Viktoria , Görtz Magdalena , Panzer Niklas , Heller Martina , Aksoy Cem , Himmelsbach Ruth , Walle Thomas , Zschäbitz Stefanie , Jäger Dirk , Duensing Anette , Stenzinger Albrecht , Hohenfellner Markus , Duensing Stefan
Published: March 2024

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is among the most lethal urologic malignancies once metastatic. Current treatment approaches for metastatic RCC (mRCC) involve immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. High PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue has been identified as a negative prognostic factor in RCC. However, the role of PD-L1 as a liquid biomarker has not yet been fully explored. Herein, we analyze urine levels of PD-L1 in mRCC patients before and after either ICI therapy or surgical intervention, as well as in a series of patients with treatment-naïve RCC. Patients and Methods: The mid-stream urine of patients with mRCC (n = 4) or treatment-naïve RCC, i.e., prior to surgery from two centers (cohort I, n = 49: cohort II, n = 29) was analyzed for PD-L1 by ELISA. The results from cohort I were compared to a control group consisting of patients treated for non-malignant urologic diseases (n = 31). In the mRCC group, urine PD-L1 levels were measured before and after tumor nephrectomy (n = 1) or before and after ICI therapy (n = 3). Exosomal PD-L1 in the urine was analyzed in selected patients by immunoblotting. Results: A strong decrease in urine PD-L1 levels was found after tumor nephrectomy or following systemic treatment with ICIs. In patients with treatment-naïve RCC (cohort I), urine PD-L1 levels were significantly elevated in the RCC group in comparison to the control group (median 59 pg/mL vs. 25.7 pg/mL, p = 0.011). PD-L1 urine levels were found to be elevated, in particular, in low-grade RCCs in cohorts I and II. Exosomal PD-L1 was detected in the urine of a subset of patients. Conclusion: In this proof-of-concept study, we show that PD-L1 can be detected in the urine of RCC patients. Urine PD-L1 levels were found to correlate with the treatment response in mRCC patients and were significantly elevated in treatment-naïve RCC patients.
Advancing Differentiation of Hepatic Metastases in Malignant Melanoma through Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Rho/Z Maps
Authors: Yel Ibrahim , Koch Vitali , Gruenewald Leon D. , Mahmoudi Scherwin , Alizadeh Leona S. , Goekduman Aynur , Eichler Katrin , Vogl Thomas J. , Dimitrova Mirela , Booz Christian
Published: March 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-based Rho/Z maps in differentiating between metastases and benign liver lesions in patients diagnosed with malignant melanoma compared to conventional CT value measurements. Methods: This retrospective study included 73 patients (mean age, 70 ± 13 years; 43 m/30 w) suffering from malignant melanoma who had undergone third-generation DECT as part of tumor staging between December 2017 and December 2021. For this study, we measured Rho (electron density) and Z (effective atomic number) values as well as Hounsfield units (HUs) in hypodense liver lesions. Values were compared, and diagnostic accuracy for differentiation was computed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Additional performed MRI or biopsies served as a standard of reference. Results: A total of 136 lesions (51 metastases, 71 cysts, and 14 hemangiomas) in contrast-enhanced DECT images were evaluated. The most notable discrepancy (p < 0.001) between measured values and the highest diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing melanoma metastases from benign cysts was observed for the Z (0.992; 95% CI, 0.956–1) parameters, followed by Rho (0.908; 95% CI, 0.842–0.953) and finally HU120kV (0.829; 95% CI, 0.751–0.891). Conversely, when discriminating between liver metastases and hemangiomas, the HU120kV parameters showed the most significant difference (p < 0.001) and yielded the highest values for diagnostic accuracy (0.859; 95% CI, 0.740–0.937), followed by the Z parameters (0.790; 95% CI, 0.681–0.876) and finally the Rho values (0.621; 95% CI, 0.501–0.730). Conclusions: Rho and Z measurements derived from DECT allow for improved differentiation of liver metastases and benign liver cysts in patients with malignant melanoma compared to conventional CT value measurements. In contrast, in differentiation between liver hemangiomas and metastases, Rho/Z maps show inferior diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, differentiation between these two lesions remains a challenge for CT imaging.
Preanalytical, Analytical and Postanalytical Analyses on Corynebacterium spp. and Actinomycetaceae in Urine Samples of Patients with Suspected Urinary Tract Infection—A Hypothesis-Forming Observational Study
Authors: Frickmann Hagen , Schwinge Kerstin , Podbielski Andreas , Warnke Philipp
Published: March 2024

A hypothesis-forming exploratory cross-sectional assessment was conducted to assess the occurrence and relevance of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria like Corynebacterium spp. and Actinomycetaceae in human urine samples. In total, 1170 urine samples from 1031 inpatients with suspected urinary tract infection were assessed for culture-based growth of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria applying API Coryne assays, matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and in-house 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, 502 different bacterial colonies from 346 urine samples taken from 324 inpatients were observed. The three quantitatively most abundant genera or genus clusters were Corynebacterium (254 isolates, 62%), Actinomyces/Winkia (79 isolates, 19%), and Actinotignum/Actinobaculum (29 isolates, 7%). Compared to sequencing, the diagnostic accuracy of all assessed competitor assays from the diagnostic routine was <80% for differentiation on the genus level and <30% for differentiation on the species level. Prolongated incubation for 4 days compared to 2 days resulted in additional detection of 15% of the totally recorded Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria. An approximately 5-fold increased detection rate in mid-stream urine compared to urine acquired applying alternative sampling strategies was observed. In conclusion, in the rare event of the suspected clinical relevance of such findings, confirmatory testing with invasively sampled urine should be considered due to the high contamination rate observed in mid-stream urine. Confirmatory testing by DNA-sequencing methods should be considered if an exact identification of genus or species is regarded as relevant for the individual choice of the therapeutic strategy.
Prognostic Molecular Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Lesions with Non-Mass Enhancement on MR
Authors: Wang Mei-Lin , Chang Yu-Pin , Wu Chen-Hao , Chen Chuan-Han , Gueng Mein-Kai , Wu Yi-Ying , Chai Jyh-Wen
Published: March 2024

Clustered ring enhancement (CRE) is a new lexicon for non-mass enhancement (NME) of breast MR in the 5th BIRADS, indicating a high suspicion of malignancy. We wonder if the presence of CRE correlates with expression of prognostic molecular biomarkers of breast cancer. A total of 58 breast lesions, which MRI reported with NME, were collected between July 2013 and December 2018. The patterns of enhancement including CRE were reviewed and the pathological results with expression of molecular biomarkers were collected. The association between MRI NME, pathological, and IHC stain findings were investigated under univariate analysis. A total of 58 breast lesions were pathologically proven to have breast cancer, comprising 31 lesions with CRE and 27 lesions without CRE on breast MRI. The expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) (p = 0.017) and the progesterone receptor (PR) (p = 0.017) was significantly lower in lesions with CRE as compared with those without CRE. The expression of Ki-67 (≥25%) was significantly higher in lesions with CRE (p = 0.046). The lesions with CRE had a lower expression ratio of ER (50.71 ± 45.39% vs. 74.26 ± 33.59%, p = 0.028). Our study indicated that lesions with CRE may possess different features from those without CRE in molecular expression, bearing a more aggressive behavior.
Age Estimation in Brazilian Adults Using the Pulp/Tooth Ratio of the Maxillary Canine and Mandibular Second Premolar
Authors: Nery-Neto Ismar , Guedes Orlando Aguirre , Estrela Lucas Rodrigues de Araújo , Cintra Luciano Tavares Angelo , Estrela Cyntia Rodrigues de Araújo , Estrela Carlos
Published: March 2024

(1) Background/Objectives: Accurate determination of chronological age is crucial in legal dental identification. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different formulas in estimating the age of a Brazilian subpopulation by analyzing the pulp/tooth ratio of the maxillary canine and mandibular second premolar in panoramic and periapical radiographs. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of panoramic and periapical radiographs of 247 individuals. The file of each radiograph was opened in the Adobe Photoshop CS4® program to outline and obtain values in pixels for calculating the pulp/tooth ratio. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS program, with a significance level set at 5%. (3) Results: The interclass correlation coefficient demonstrated excellent intra-observer agreement (0.990–0.999). The determination coefficients (R2) suggested that only 30–35% of the actual age results could be explained by the pulp/tooth ratio. The smallest differences were observed with Cameriere’s formula for the mandibular second premolar on panoramic radiographs (+4.1 years). The greatest differences were found with the formulas for the mandibular second premolar in panoramic radiographs of the Korean (+12.5 years) and Portuguese (−12.1 years) populations. (4) Conclusions: The equations employed showed little agreement between the actual age and the estimated age.
The Role of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Scarlata Giuseppe , Colaci Carmen , Scarcella Marialaura , Dallio Marcello , Federico Alessandro , Boccuto Luigi , Abenavoli Ludovico
Published: March 2024

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease. This term covers a broad spectrum of liver lesions, from simple steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of ALD is multifactorial and not fully elucidated due to complex mechanisms related to direct ethanol toxicity with subsequent hepatic and systemic inflammation. The accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the development and progression of ALD. To date, there are no targeted therapies to counter the progression of chronic alcohol-related liver disease and prevent acute liver failure. Corticosteroids reduce mortality by acting on the hepatic-systemic inflammation. On the other hand, several studies analyzed the effect of inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokines as potential therapeutic targets in ALD. This narrative review aims to clarify the role of the main cytokines involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of ALD.
Aggressiveness in Italian Children with ADHD: MAOA Gene Polymorphism Involvement
Authors: Neri Ludovico , Marziani Beatrice , Sebastiani Pierluigi , Del Beato Tiziana , Colanardi Alessia , Legge Maria Pia , Aureli Anna
Published: March 2024

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that children and adults can develop. A complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors may underlie interindividual variability in ADHD and potentially related aggressive behavior. Using high-resolution molecular biology techniques, we investigated the impact of some MAOA and SLC6A4 variations on ADHD and aggressive behavior in a group of 80 Italian children with ADHD and in 80 healthy controls. We found that homozygous genotypes of MAOA rs6323 and rs1137070 were associated with an increased risk of ADHD (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas the heterozygous genotypes (GT of rs6323 and CT of rs1137030) (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0006) were strongly linked to a lower risk of developing this disorder. In patients with aggressive behavior, we highlighted only a weak negative association of both MAOA polymorphisms (heterozygous genotypes) with aggressiveness, suggesting that these genotypes may be protective towards specific changes in behavior (p = 0.05). Interestingly, an increase in the GG genotype of rs6323 (p = 0.01) and a decrease in GT genotype (p = 0.0005) was also found in patients without aggressive behavior compared to controls. Regarding 5HTT gene genotyping, no allele and genotype differences have been detected among patients and controls. Our work shows that defining a genetic profile of ADHD may help in the early detection of patients who are more vulnerable to ADHD and/or antisocial and aggressive behavior and to design precision-targeted therapies.
Dental Health Benefits of Swimming in Chlorinated Water
Authors: Gaugeler Barbara Sophie , van der Stouwe Jan Gerrit , Templin Christian , Schmied Christian M. , Lanzer Martin , Niederseer David
Published: March 2024

Poor oral health is an important concern for athletes, as it can affect both general health and athletic performance. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of activity in chlorinated water on oral health in elite swimmers compared to non-swimming athletes. This cross-sectional study included 101 swimmers and 100 other athletes aged 13–26 years with a minimum training intensity of five hours per week (for at least the preceding two years). Oral health was assessed using the approximal plaque index (API) and the decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index. A DIAGNOcam was used to detect caries. Results show that swimmers were younger (15 years vs. 18 years), were more likely to be female (54% vs. 17%), and had a lower body mass index (20.1 kg/m2 vs. 21.9 kg/m2) and a lower juice consumption (9% vs. 24%). Non-swimmers had significantly more decayed, missing, or filled teeth due to caries and plaque. In conclusion, by comparing elite swimmers and athletes competing in different sports, we have shown that competitive swimmers have a lower incidence of dental caries and plaque. Further research is needed to test our findings and to understand this relationship in greater detail.
Performance Analysis of a Wildlife Tracking CubeSat Mission Extension to Drones and Stratospheric Vehicles
Authors: Marzioli Paolo , Garofalo Riccardo , Frezza Lorenzo , Nyawade Andrew , Santilli Giancarlo , JahJah Munzer , Santoni Fabio , Piergentili Fabrizio
Published: March 2024

This study presents a performance analysis for an Internet-of-Things wildlife radio-tracking mission using drones, satellites and stratospheric platforms for data relay with Spread Spectrum Modulation devices. The performance analysis is presented with link and data budgets, calculations of the area coverage, an estimation of the time resolution and allowable data amount of each collar, a power and energy budget and consequent battery pack and collar weight estimations, cost budgets, and considerations on synergetic approaches to incorporate more mission segments together. The paper results are detailed with example species to target with each collar weight range, and with design drivers and guidelines to implement improved mission segments.
A Novel Attitude Control Strategy for a Quadrotor Drone with Actuator Dynamics Based on a High-Order Sliding Mode Disturbance Observer
Authors: Xu Linxi , Qin Kaiyu , Tang Fan , Shi Mengji , Lin Boxian
Published: March 2024

In the attitude control of quadrotor drones, it is necessary to cope with matched and unmatched disturbances caused by nonlinear couplings, model uncertainties, and external disturbances, as well as to consider the effects caused by actuator dynamics. Aiming to accurately track desired trajectories under the above factors, a novel control strategy is proposed by combining a state feedback control with a high-order sliding mode disturbance observer (HOSMDO). The HOSMDO is motivated by the higher-order sliding mode (HOSM) differentiator and extended state observer (ESO) technique, allowing for the exact robust estimation of disturbances and their arbitrary order derivatives in finite time. Unlike the control schemes based on back-stepping methods, the proposed controller is designed with a holistic mindset. Specifically, a baseline feedback framework is constructed firstly, and the disturbances and relevant derivatives required for the baseline framework are then generated by the HOSMDOs to obtain the overall control scheme. The stability conditions of the controllers designed with and without considering the actuator dynamics are analyzed separately. In the latter case, the actuator dynamics imposed additional constraints on the control parameters. Numerical simulations validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Shared Protentions in Multi-Agent Active Inference
Authors: Albarracin Mahault , Pitliya Riddhi J. , St. Clere Smithe Toby , Friedman Daniel Ari , Friston Karl , Ramstead Maxwell J. D.
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we unite concepts from Husserlian phenomenology, the active inference framework in theoretical biology, and category theory in mathematics to develop a comprehensive framework for understanding social action premised on shared goals. We begin with an overview of Husserlian phenomenology, focusing on aspects of inner time-consciousness, namely, retention, primal impression, and protention. We then review active inference as a formal approach to modeling agent behavior based on variational (approximate Bayesian) inference. Expanding upon Husserl’s model of time consciousness, we consider collective goal-directed behavior, emphasizing shared protentions among agents and their connection to the shared generative models of active inference. This integrated framework aims to formalize shared goals in terms of shared protentions, and thereby shed light on the emergence of group intentionality. Building on this foundation, we incorporate mathematical tools from category theory, in particular, sheaf and topos theory, to furnish a mathematical image of individual and group interactions within a stochastic environment. Specifically, we employ morphisms between polynomial representations of individual agent models, allowing predictions not only of their own behaviors but also those of other agents and environmental responses. Sheaf and topos theory facilitates the construction of coherent agent worldviews and provides a way of representing consensus or shared understanding. We explore the emergence of shared protentions, bridging the phenomenology of temporal structure, multi-agent active inference systems, and category theory. Shared protentions are highlighted as pivotal for coordination and achieving common objectives. We conclude by acknowledging the intricacies stemming from stochastic systems and uncertainties in realizing shared goals.