bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 4,5‐Dihydronaphth[2,1‐c]isoxazoles from Dilithiated 2‐Tetralone Oxime and Select Esters.
Authors: Choi Emily , Knight John D. , Malatanos Maria D. , Rhett J. Matthew , Walters Matthews J. , Dunn S. Patrick , Beam Charles F.
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations of 1,2,3‐Triazoles with Aryl Chlorides Using Conventional Heating.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Vicente Ruben , Born Robert
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Facile Synthesis of Tetralone‐spiro‐glutarimides and Spiro‐bisglutarimides from Baylis—Hillman Acetates.
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Reddy Raju Jannapu
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 3‐Amino‐9‐methoxymethyl‐7‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydropyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno [3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Kostenko E. S. , Lipunov M. M. , Kaigorodova E. A. , Konyushkin L. D.
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Spectral Study of Two Types of Novel Fluorescent BF2 Complexes with Heterocyclic 1,3‐Enaminoketone Ligands.
Authors: Xia Min , Wu Bin , Xiang Guofeng
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzodioxazasiladecines.
Authors: Singh M. S. , Singh Pratibha
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Chiral 4‐(tert‐Butylsulfinylamino)‐2‐oxophosphonates and Their Conversion into 5,5‐Disubstituted 2‐Benzylidene‐3‐oxopyrrolidines.
Authors: Chen Qianyi , Yuan Chengye
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phanginin A—K, Diterpenoids from the Seeds of Caesalpinia sappan Linn.
Authors: Yodsaoue Orapun , Cheenpracha Sarot , Karalai Chatchanok , Ponglimanont Chanita , Chatrapromma Suchada , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Kanjana‐Opas Akkharawit
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Withangulatin I, a New Cytotoxic Withanolide from Physalis angulata.
Authors: Lee Shwu‐Woan , Pan Min‐Hsiung , Chen Chiu‐Ming , Chen Zong‐Tsi
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: G‐Quadruplexes: Targets in Anticancer Drug Design
Authors: Ou Tian‐miao , Lu Yu‐jing , Tan Jia‐heng , Huang Zhi‐shu , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Gu Lian‐quan
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds Containing a Disubstituted Piperidine Framework.
Authors: Kaellstroem Sara , Leino Reko
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Silicon‐Based Tethers for the Pauson—Khand Reaction
Authors: Dobbs Adrian P. , Miller Ian J. , Martinovic Sasa
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Elaboration of trans 2,3‐Diaryloxiranes
Authors: Bonini Carlo , Lupattelli Paolo
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidoylation Reactions at Carbon
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Khashab Niveen M. , Todadze Ekaterina
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances and Trends in Reactive Polyurethane Adhesives
Authors: Krebs Michael
Published: July 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Method to Determine the Transfer of Mycotoxins from Materials to Air
Authors: Moularat Stephane , Robine Enric
Published: July 2008

The aim of this work was to propose a new methodological approach to enable the measurement of three airborne mycotoxins and thus determine directly the rate of production and physical characteristics of these aerosols. A method enabling the measurement of three major mycotoxins in indoor air (sterigmatocystin (ST), deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxin A (OA)) was thus optimized. This assay method was able to identify and quantify these mycotoxins at respective concentrations of 30 μg/L (n = 30, σ/m = 3.9%), 20 μg/L (n = 10, σ/m = 5.5%), and 20 μg/L (n = 10, σ/m = 7.6%). Using this analytical technique and a rotary cup collection system validated elsewhere, measurement of the concentrations of three airborne mycotoxins was made possible with a theoretical limit of quantification (LOQ) of 60 pg/m3 of air. Study of the transfer of mycotoxins from a substrate to the air made it possible to demonstrate, firstly, that the quantity of aerosolized mycotoxins was not proportional to that present on the moldy materials, and secondly that mycotoxins can be transported by aerosols in the alveolar fraction. We determined, under these conditions, a rate of production of ST aerosols.
Retention of Inactivated Bioaerosols and Ethene in a Rotating Bioreactor Constructed for Bioaerosol Activity Studies
Authors: Krumins Valdis , Son Eun‐Kyeu , Mainelis Gediminas , Fennell Donna E.
Published: July 2008

Available literature raises the possibility that airborne microorganisms are not just passively transported through the air, but may be metabolically active while “in transit”. To investigate the metabolic activity of bacteria suspended in air enriched with volatile growth substrates, a rotating bioreactor system was developed and tested which allows prolonged suspension of bacteria in air. The bioreactors were 0.32 m3 stainless steel drums rotated at 1.3 revolutions per minute and equipped with on‐board pressure, temperature and humidity transducers with real‐time data collection. Bioreactors were tested for retention of a volatile organic compound, ethene, and for suspension of an inactivated laboratory‐generated Pseudomonas fluorescens bioaerosol. At an initial ethene concentration of 560 ppmv the first order abiotic loss of ethene was 0.051 ± 0.010 d–1 (average ± standard deviation) or a half life of 13.6 days. Inactivated airborne bacteria (size mode 0.5 to 0.7 μm) remained suspended with a half life of 8.5 days. Thus, the bioreactors maintained bacteria suspended in the presence of a volatile growth substrate for a time period theoretically sufficient to observe metabolic activity. Bioreactors will be used to test natural bioaerosols and active laboratory‐generated bioaerosols during enrichment with volatile organic compounds to assess growth and substrate biodegradation.
A design of permanent magnet array for unilateral NMR device
Authors: Kato Hirokazu , Kishi Kanji , Takahashi Norio , Asaumi Jun‐Ichi , Honda Yasutoshi , Yanagi Yoshinobu , Aoki Masaaki
Published: July 2008

We have designed a three‐dimensional magnetic circuit consisting of various pieces of magnetic blocks for a unilateral MRI device, which generates a homogeneous magnetic flux density at a remote region. The direction of the remanent flux density of the main outer magnetic blocks is parallel to the surface of the device; hence the direction of the magnetic flux density in the remote region is also parallel to the surface of the device. The magnitudes of the remanent flux density of the magnetic blocks are adjusted so as to minimize the variation of the magnetic flux density in the remote region. This magnetic circuit, with an outer dimension of 400 mm × 400 mm × 200 mm, produces a magnetic flux density in a 20 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm region of interest at a distance of 55 mm from the surface of the device with a magnitude of 64.5 mT (2.75 MHz in resonant frequency) and a uniformity of 275 ppm (755 Hz in band width). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 201–208, 2008
A versatile high speed 250‐MHz pulse imager for biomedical applications
Authors: Epel Boris , Sundramoorthy Subramanian V. , Mailer Colin , Halpern Howard J.
Published: July 2008

A versatile 250‐MHz pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) instrument for imaging of small animals is presented. Flexible design of the imager hardware and software makes it possible to use virtually any pulse EPR imaging modality. A fast pulse generation and data acquisition system based on general purpose PCI boards performs measurements with minimal additional delays. Careful design of receiver protection circuitry allowed us to achieve very high sensitivity of the instrument. In this article, we demonstrate the ability of the instrument to obtain three‐dimensional (3D) images using the electron spin echo (ESE) and single‐point imaging (SPI) methods. In a phantom that contains a 1 mM solution of narrow line (16 μT, peak‐to‐peak) paramagnetic spin probe, we achieved an acquisition time of 32 s per image with a fast 3D ESE imaging protocol. Using an 18‐min 3D phase relaxation (T2e) ESE imaging protocol in a homogeneous sample, a spatial resolution of 1.4 mm and a standard deviation of T2e of 8.5% were achieved. When applied to in vivo imaging this precision of T2e determination would be equivalent to 2 Torr resolution of oxygen partial pressure in animal tissues. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 33B: 163–176, 2008
Imatinib mesylate in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of patients with advanced, platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Matei Daniela , Emerson Robert E. , Schilder Jeanne , Menning Nancy , Baldridge Lee Ann , Johnson Cynthia S. , Breen Tim , McClean John , Stephens Doyle , Whalen Charles , Sutton Gregory
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Ovarian tumors frequently express c‐Kit and/or platelet‐derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Imatinib mesylate blocks the growth of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and may enhance the activity of chemotherapy. This study was conducted to determine the activity of imatinib in combination with docetaxel in patients with recurrent, platinum‐resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

METHODS.

Eligible patients had recurrent, platinum‐resistant, or refractory EOC that expressed PDGFRα or c‐kit, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Imatinib mesylate at a dose of 600 mg orally once daily was administered continuously with docetaxel at a dose of 30 mg/m2 given intravenously once weekly in Weeks 1 through 4 of every 6‐week cycle. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) as assessed by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).

RESULTS.

Thirty‐four patients were screened for PDGFRα and c‐kit expression to enroll 23 patients between December 2003 and October 2005. Four patients had c‐kit‐positive/PDGFR‐negative tumors, 11 patients had PDGFR‐positive/c‐kit‐negative tumors, and 8 patients had c‐kit‐positive/PDGFR‐positive tumors. The median patient age was 56 years (range, 33‐76 years). Patients had received a median of 3 prior treatments. The ORR was 21.7% and included 1 complete and 4 partial responses. An additional 3 patients had stable disease for more than 4months. Expression of PDGFR, c‐kit, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) did not predict response to therapy. The most common adverse events encountered were fatigue (83%), nausea (74%), diarrhea (61%), anorexia (52%), and edema (65%), and the majority of those events were graded as grade 1 or 2.

CONCLUSIONS.

The combination imatinib and docetaxel was tolerated in patients with heavily pretreated EOC that expressed c‐kit or PDGFRα. Few patients had sustained responses or stable disease. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Novel 2‐step synthetic indole compound 1,1,3‐tri(3‐indolyl)cyclohexane inhibits cancer cell growth in lung cancer cells and xenograft models
Authors: Lee Ching‐Hsiao , Yao Ching‐Fa , Huang Sin‐Ming , Ko Shengkai , Tan Yi‐Hung , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Wang Yi‐Ching
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

The clinical responses to chemotherapy in lung cancer patients are unsatisfactory. Thus, the development of more effective anticancer drugs for lung cancer is urgently needed.

METHODS.

A 2‐step novel synthetic compound, referred to as 1,1,3‐tri(3‐indolyl)cyclohexane (3‐indole), was generated in high purity and yield. 3‐Indole was tested for its biologic activity in A549, H1299, H1435, CL1‐1, and H1437 lung cancer cells. Animal studies were also performed.

RESULTS.

The data indicate that 3‐indole induced apoptosis in various lung cancer cells. Increased cytochrome‐c release from mitochondria to cytosol, decreased expression of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2, and increased expression of proapoptotic Bax were observed. In addition, 3‐indole stimulated caspases‐3, ‐9, and to a lesser extent caspase‐8 activities in cancer cells, suggesting that the intrinsic mitochondria pathway was the potential mechanism involved in 3‐indole‐induced apoptosis. 3‐Indole‐induced a concentration‐dependent mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and triggering of DNA damage were also apparent. Note that 3‐indole‐induced JNK activation and DNA damage can be partially suppressed by an ROS inhibitor. Apoptosis induced by 3‐indole could be abrogated by ROS or JNK inhibitors, suggesting the importance of ROS and JNK stress‐related pathways in 3‐indole‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, 3‐indole showed in vivo antitumor activities against human xenografts in murine models.

CONCLUSIONS.

On the basis of its potent anticancer activity in cell and animal models, the data suggest that this 2‐step synthetic 3‐indole compound of high purity and yield is a potential candidate to be tested as a lead pharmaceutical compound for cancer treatment. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Aggressiveness of care in a prospective cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC
Authors: Temel Jennifer S. , McCannon Jessica , Greer Joseph A. , Jackson Vicki A. , Ostler Patricia , Pirl William F. , Lynch Thomas J. , Billings J. Andrew
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Optimal end of life care of patients with terminal cancer is poorly understood. In this study, the aggressiveness of care is described in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed advanced nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS.

Patients within 8 weeks of diagnosis of stage IIIb (with effusions) or IV NSCLC were enrolled in a study to examine the feasibility of involving palliative care services early in the provision of cancer care. Participants received standard oncology treatment and integrated palliative care. All patients were followed prospectively to assess anticancer therapy usage, hospital admissions, hospice utilization, and location of death.

RESULTS.

At the time of analysis, 40/46 (87%) of enrolled patients had died, with a median length of follow‐up of 29.3 months. Aggressive care measures in the final month of life included rates of anticancer therapy (40%), emergency department visits (48%), and hospital admissions (50%). Sixty‐five percent of patients received hospice care before death, with a median length of stay of 16 days. Patients with heightened baseline anxiety and mood symptoms were more likely to receive anticancer therapy at the end of life compared with those without such symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS.

This study demonstrates the frequent use of aggressive measures at the end of life among patients with advanced NSCLC in a tertiary care center, as shown by the number of patients receiving anticancer therapy within 30 days of death and brief utilization of hospice services. Further research is needed to identify predictors of aggressive care and to develop interventions enhancing decision‐making at the end of life. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Racial/ethnic differences in adequacy of information and support for women with breast cancer
Authors: Janz Nancy K. , Mujahid Mahasin S. , Hawley Sarah T. , Griggs Jennifer J. , Hamilton Ann S. , Katz Steven J.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Providing breast cancer patients with needed information and support is an essential component of quality care. This study investigated racial/ethnic variations in the information received and in the availability of peer support.

METHODS.

In total, 1766 women who were diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer and reported to the Los Angeles County Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry from June 2005 to May 2006 were mailed a survey after initial treatment. Among accrued cases, 96.2% met eligibility criteria (n = 1698), and 72% completed the survey. Race/ethnicity categories were white, African American, and Latinas (2 categories indicating low or high acculturation, which was determined by using the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics). Outcomes included receipt and need for treatment‐related and survivorship‐related information, difficulty understanding information, and support from women with breast cancer.

RESULTS.

More women reported receiving treatment‐related information than survivorship‐related information. After adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment factors, a higher percentage of low acculturated Latina women desired more information on treatment‐related and survivorship‐related issues (P < .001). Significantly more Latina low acculturated women than white women reported difficulty understanding written materials, with 74.5% requiring help from others. A higher percentage of all minority groups compared with whites reported no contact with other women with breast cancer (P < .05) and reported less contact through family/friends (P < .05). Women rated the benefit of talking to other women high, particularly with emotional issues.

CONCLUSIONS.

Continued efforts to provide culturally appropriate information and support needs to women with breast cancer are necessary to achieve quality care. Latinas with low acculturation reported more unmet information and care support needs than women in other racial/ethnic groups. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Genetic stratification of Wilms tumor
Authors: Geller James I.
Published: July 2008

Subsequent to the initial indentification of the Wilms tumor‐supressor gene (WT1) two decades ago, novel insights pertaining to the molecular and genetic heterogenous nature of Wilms tumor have reshaped our understanding of this cancer. Additional genotype‐phenotype correlations are beginning to emerge, raising new questions about how to best evaluate and treat affected children.
Growth rates of metastatic brain tumors in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Yoo Heon , Nam Byung‐Ho , Yang Hee‐Seok , Shin Sang Hoon , Lee Jin Soo , Lee Seung Hoon
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the growth kinetics of metastatic brain tumors during chemotherapy and to analyze growth rates and volumetric doubling time of metastatic brain tumors in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with tumor regrowth.

METHODS.

NSCLC patients with minimally symptomatic brain metastases who were not treated previously were enrolled. Serial magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 30 metastatic brain tumors in 19 patients were reviewed. Tumor growth rates and volumetric tumor doubling time of tumor regrowth were estimated. All patients were treated with front‐line chemotherapy until disease progression.

RESULTS.

The median tumor growth rate was 12.10 mm3/day (interquartile range [IQR], 3.09‐36.75). The volume percentage increase/day was 1.67 (IQR, 0.69‐4.59). The median volumetric tumor doubling time was 58.48 days (IQR, 32.33‐98.48).

CONCLUSIONS.

These findings may help optimize patient management during follow‐up. Study results indicated that brain MRI should be obtained at a minimum of 2‐month intervals to screen for metastatic brain tumors. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Hypoxia‐regulated protein expression, patient characteristics, and preoperative imaging as predictors of survival in adults with glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Flynn Jeannette R. , Wang Libo , Gillespie David L. , Stoddard Gregory J. , Reid Jason K. , Owens Jason , Ellsworth Grant B. , Salzman Karen L. , Kinney Anita Y. , Jensen Randy L.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Regions of hypoxia within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are common and may influence a tumor's aggressiveness, response to treatment, and the patient's overall survival. In this study, the authors examined 4 markers of hypoxia (hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 [HIF‐1α], glucose transporter 1 [GLUT‐1], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], and carbonic anhydrase 9 [CA IX]), cellular proliferation and microvascular density (MVD) indices, extent of surgical resection, and preoperative imaging characteristics and compared them with the overall survival rates of adults with GBM.

METHODS.

In this retrospective cohort study, patients who had lower grade astrocytomas were compared with patients who had GBM to verify that the methods used could establish differences between tumor grades. By using preoperative imaging, the amount of necrosis was established versus the overall tumor area. The authors also compared preoperative images with postoperative images to define the amount of tumor resected; and they compared molecular markers, proliferation, MVD, and imaging studies with survival among patients who had GBM.

RESULTS.

The hypoxia‐regulated molecules (HRMs) and indices for MVD and cellular proliferation were associated significantly with tumor grade. Survival was improved when ≥95% of the tumor was resected. Although the total tumor area was associated with overall survival, no differences were observed when the amount of necrosis or a tumor necrosis index (area of necrosis/area of tumor) was compared with survival. The findings indicated that GLUT‐1 and VEGF were correlated with survival after controlling for age.

CONCLUSIONS.

Tumor grade was differentiated with HRMs, MVD, and proliferation, but only GLUT‐1 predicted survival in this group of patients with GBM. The results suggested that GLUT‐1 may be an important independent prognostic indicator. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Never‐smoking nonsmall cell lung cancer as a separate entity
Authors: Yano Tokujiro , Miura Naoko , Takenaka Tomoyoshi , Haro Akira , Okazaki Hiroshi , Ohba Taro , Kouso Hidenori , Kometani Takuro , Shoji Fumihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

To propose ‘never‐smoking nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC)’ as a separate entity, the clinicopathologic differences of operable NSCLC between never‐smoking patients and patients with a history of smoking were investigated.

METHODS.

The medical records of 1405 patients with primary NSCLC who underwent a complete resection at the study institution from 1974 through 2004 were reviewed for clinicopathologic variables and postoperative survival.

RESULTS.

The proportion of never‐smoking patients with NSCLC has been significantly increasing over 30 years, from 15.9% in the 1970s to 32.8% in the 2000s. A significantly greater proportion of female patients or adenocarcinoma patients was found in the ‘never‐smoking NSCLC’ group in comparison to the ‘smoking NSCLC’ group (85.8% vs 11.2% and 87.8% vs 49.1%, respectively). The proportion of pathologic stage IA disease for the ‘never‐smoking NSCLC’ group was significantly higher than that for the ‘smoking NSCLC’ group (40.1% vs 25.4%; P < .0001). With regard to both overall and cancer‐specific survival, the ‘never‐smoking NSCLC’ patient group was significantly superior to the ‘smoking NSCLC’ group. In addition to smoking status, the factors found to be significantly associated with the postoperative survival rate were sex, histologic type, T classification, and N classification by univariate analyses. A multivariate analysis revealed never‐smoking status to be an independent prognostic factor in addition to pathologic T and N classification.

CONCLUSIONS.

The differences in the clinicopathologic factors and survivals between the ‘never‐smoking NSCLC’ patient group and the ‘smoking NSCLC’ group suggest that NSCLC in never‐smokers should be considered a separate disease entity. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Heparanase is overexpressed in lung cancer and correlates inversely with patient survival
Authors: Cohen Esti , Doweck Ilana , Naroditsky Inna , Ben‐Izhak Ofer , Kremer Ran , Best Lael A. , Vlodavsky Israel , Ilan Neta
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Heparanase is an endo‐β‐D‐glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate (HS) side chains at a limited number of sites, yielding HS fragments of still appreciable size (approximately 5‐7 kDa). Heparanase activity has been detected frequently in several cell types and tissues. Heparanase activity correlates with the metastatic potential of tumor‐derived cells, a correlation that has been attributed to enhanced cell dissemination as a consequence of HS cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix barrier.

METHODS.

In this study, the authors examined heparanase expression in 114 patients with lung cancer by means of immunohistochemistry and correlated clinical‐pathologic data with heparanase immunostaining and cellular localization.

RESULTS.

Heparanase was overexpressed in 75% of the study patients. Heparanase expression was correlated with lung cancer lymph node status and metastasis classification (P = .04 and P = .01, respectively) and was correlated inversely with patient survival (P = .007). It is noteworthy that this adverse effect depended largely on the cellular localization of heparanase. Thus, whereas cytoplasmic staining of heparanase is associated with a poor prognosis, nuclear heparanase predicts a favorable outcome for patients with lung cancer.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current findings suggest that heparanase expression and cellular localization are decisive for lung cancer patients' prognosis, most likely because of heparanase‐mediated tumor cell dissemination by blood and lymph vessels. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Randomized trial of a decision aid for individuals considering genetic testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Wakefield Claire E. , Meiser Bettina , Homewood Judi , Ward Robyn , O'Donnell Sheridan , Kirk Judy ,   and the Australian GENetic testing Decision Aid Collaborative Group
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Despite the potential benefits of genetic testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) risk, individuals can find the genetic testing decision‐making process complicated and challenging. The goal of the current study was to measure the effectiveness of a tailored decision aid designed specifically to assist individuals to make informed decisions regarding genetic testing for HNPCC risk.

METHODS.

In all, 153 individuals were randomized to receive the decision aid or a control pamphlet at the end of their first genetic counseling consultation. Of these, 109 (71.2%) completed the first questionnaire 1 week after consultation, whereas 95 (62.1%) completed the 6‐month follow‐up questionnaire.

RESULTS.

Although the decision aid had no significant effect on postdecisional regret or actual genetic testing decision, the trial results demonstrated that participants who received the decision aid had significantly lower levels of decisional conflict (ie, uncertainty) regarding genetic testing (chi‐square(1) = 8.97; P = .003) and were more likely to be classified as having made an informed choice concerning genetic testing (chi‐square(1) = 4.37; P = .037) than participants who received a control pamphlet. Also, men who received the decision aid had significantly higher knowledge levels regarding genetic testing compared with men who received the control pamphlet, whereas no such differences were found for women (chi‐square(2) = 6.76; P = .034).

CONCLUSIONS.

A decision aid for individuals considering genetic testing for HNPCC is an effective intervention to reduce uncertainty and assist individuals to make an informed choice regarding genetic testing for HNPCC after genetic counseling. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Patterns of care for women with cervical cancer in the United States
Authors: Trimble Edward L. , Harlan Linda C. , Gius David , Stevens Jennifer , Schwartz Stephen M.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Recommendations for pretreatment evaluation and treatment of cervical cancer have significantly evolved over the last decade because of the results of multiple randomized studies comparing the addition of platin‐based chemoradiation as well as the widespread dissemination and use of imaging modalities. This analysis was initiated to determine any systemic changes in management of cervical cancers.

METHODS.

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program data were used to sample newly diagnosed women in 1997, 2000, and 2001 with cancer of the cervix. A total of 3116 women with no previous diagnosis of cancer were selected. Data were reabstracted, additional information not routinely collected was obtained, therapy was verified with the treating physician, and multiple endpoints were analyzed.

RESULTS.

A marked rise was observed in the percentage receiving chemotherapy (34% to 85%) as well as concurrent chemoradiation (20% to 72%) from 1997 to 2001.

CONCLUSIONS.

The significant change in the management and treatment of cervical cancer appears to correspond temporally with the publication of 5 clinical trials, all of which showed a significant improvement in overall survival associated with chemoradiation. This change also corresponded with the NCI Clinical Announcement that was disseminated in 1999 to those oncologists most likely to treat women with cervical cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Differential cytotoxicity of novel somatostatin and dopamine chimeric compounds on bronchopulmonary and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor cell lines
Authors: Kidd Mark , Drozdov Ignat , Joseph Richard , Pfragner Roswitha , Culler Michael , Modlin Irv
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Survival rates for gastrointestinal (GI) and bronchopulmonary (BP) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have not significantly altered (overall 67%, 5‐year survival) in 30 years (1973‐2004), whereas the incidence has increased (∼ 1000%) in the same time frame. No effective or specific antineoplastic agent is available for treatment, although somatostatin analogs inhibit tumor secretion. Given the coexistence of somatostatin and dopamine regulatory receptors on NET cells, the antiproliferative efficacy as well as the signaling and transcriptional targets of their ligands were evaluated.

METHODS.

The cytotoxic effects of 12 somatostatin/dopamine compounds were evaluated in 3 NET cell lines, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay studies were performed to delineate antiproliferative signaling pathways.

RESULTS.

The atypical BP‐NET, NCI‐H720, was most sensitive to the sst5 analog BIM23206 (half‐maximal concentration, 2.4 pM) and demonstrated similar sensitivity to lanreotide and the sst2 analog BIM23120. The typical BP‐NET, NCI‐H727, was most sensitive to BIM23120 (0.7 nM) and to the pan‐somatostatin receptor analog (BIM23A779). The GI‐NET, KRJ‐I, was most sensitive to sst2,5 analogs lanreotide (1 nM) and BIM23244 (7.4 nM). Lanreotide activated extracellular signal regulated kinase‐1/2 phosphorylation and p21WAF1/CIP1 transcription, but inhibited Ki‐67 transcription. NCI‐H720 was most sensitive to the sst2,5‐ and D2‐selective compound BIM23A761 (4.2 nM), as was NCI‐H727 (5.5 nM). KRJ‐I did not respond to any chimeric analog. BIM23A761 activated c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase signaling and caused inhibition of Ki‐67 transcription. P21WAF1/CIP1 transcription was activated only in NCI‐H727 cells.

CONCLUSIONS.

The different responses of each individual cell line suggested that NETs from different locations arising from different neuroendocrine cells may require cell‐specific antiproliferative agents based on the unique receptor profile of individual lesions. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Sunitinib‐induced macrocytosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Rini Brian I. , Choueiri Toni K. , Elson Paul , Khasawneh Mohamad K. , Cotta Claudiu , Unnithan Jaya , Wood Laura , Mekhail Tarek , Garcia Jorge , Dreicer Robert , Bukowski Ronald M.
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND.

Sunitinib and sorafenib are small molecules that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor and related receptors with substantial clinical activity reported in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Cytopenia and macrocytosis have been described in patients treated with these agents.

METHODS.

A retrospective review of all patients with metastatic RCC who were treated with sunitinib or sorafenib for at least 3 months at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute was undertaken. Complete blood count (CBC) data including red blood cell indices were recorded at baseline, after 3 months of therapy, and at the end of treatment.

RESULTS.

A total of 61 patients were treated with sunitinib and 37 patients were treated with sorafenib with available CBC data. In patients treated with sunitinib, the median corpuscular volume (MCV) increased significantly at 3 months compared with baseline (median increase of 5.1 femtoliters [fL]; P < .001) and continued to increase throughout treatment. Patients who developed hypothyroidism had a larger MCV increase at 3 months than patients who remained euthyroid (P = .06), although macrocytosis was observed in patients without hypothyroidism. Ten patients discontinued sunitinib therapy, and the MCV decreased in all patients within 2 to 4 months, without further intervention. Bone marrow analysis of 4 patients revealed a hypocellular bone marrow with trilineage hematopoiesis and no evidence of metastasis. There was no evidence of folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. In contrast to sunitinib, there was no change in the MCV for patients treated with sorafenib.

CONCLUSIONS.

Macrocytosis was a common occurrence after treatment with sunitinib but not sorafenib in patients with metastatic RCC. Sunitinib‐induced macrocytosis is reversible with drug discontinuation. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
An algebraic multigrid method for isotropic linear elasticity problems on anisotropic meshes
Authors: Xiao Yingxiong , Shu Shi , Zhang Ping , Tan Min
Published: July 2008

Anisotropic meshes are frequently used in many practical problems in order to provide a good resolution of the solutions on the structured mesh and thus to assure the accuracy of the discretization. However, the attributes of anisotropic meshes may have a serious effect on the convergence of linear algebraic solvers. In this paper, we focus mainly on studying the effect of the anisotropic quadrilateral meshes in two dimensions and the anisotropic hexahedral meshes in three dimensions on algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers. We find that the commonly used AMG methods are less efficient for some locally strong anisotropic meshes. A modified algorithm of coarse grid selection to obtain a more efficient AMG method is then proposed based on the geometric grid information as nodal coordinates. The results of various numerical experiments in linear elasticity are presented. It is shown from the numerical results that the constructed AMG method is robust and efficient not only for meshes containing thin and stretched elements but also for other meshes with locally strong anisotropy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational iteration method for modified Camassa–Holm and Degasperis–Procesi equations
Authors: Yıldırım Ahmet
Published: July 2008

In this paper, He's variational iteration method (VIM) is employed successfully for solving modified Camassa–Holm and Degasperis–Procesi equations. In this method, the solution is calculated in the form of a convergent series with an easily computable component. This approach does not need linearization, weak nonlinearity assumptions or the perturbation theory. The results show applicability, accuracy and efficiency of VIM in solving nonlinear differential equations with fully nonlinear dispersion term. It is predicted that VIM can be widely applied in science and engineering problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale resolution of shortwave‐longwave interaction
Authors: Stucchio Chris , Soffer Avy
Published: July 2008

In the study of time‐dependent waves, it is computationally expensive to solve a problem in which high frequencies (shortwaves, with wavenumber k = kmax) and low frequencies (longwaves, near k = kmin) mix. Consider a problem in which low frequencies scatter off a sharp impurity. The impurity generates high frequencies that propagate and spread throughout the computational domain, while the domain must be large enough to contain several longwaves. Conventional spectral methods have a computational cost that is proportional to O(kmax/kmin log(kmax/kmin)).

We present here a multiscale algorithm (implemented for the Schrödinger equation but generally applicable) that solves the problem with cost (in space and time) O(kmaxL log(kmax/kmin) log(kmaxL)). Here, L is the width of the region in which the algorithm resolves all frequencies and is independent of kmin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of clinical electrophysiology in 3D human atria: a high‐performance computing and high‐performance visualization application
Authors: Kharche Sanjay , Seemann Gunnar , Margetts Lee , Leng Joanna , Holden Arun V. , Zhang Henggui
Published: July 2008

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac disease of genuine clinical concern with high rates of morbidity, leading to major personal and National Health Service costs. Computer modelling of AF using biophysically detailed cellular models with realistic 3D anatomical geometry allows investigation of the underlying ionic mechanisms in far more detail than with experimental physiology. We have developed a 3D virtual human atrium that combines detailed cellular electrophysiology including ion channel kinetics and homeostasis of ionic concentrations with anatomical details. The segmented anatomical structure and the multivariable nature of the system make the 3D simulations of AF computationally large and intensive. Computational demands are such that a full problem‐solving environment requires access to resources of high‐performance computing (HPC), high‐performance visualization (HPV), remote data repositories and backend infrastructure. This is a classic example of eScience and Grid‐enabled computing. This study was carried out using multiple processor shared memory systems and massively parallel distributed memory systems. With the envisaged increase in anatomical and molecular detail in our cardiac models the requirement for HPC resources is predicted to increase many fold (∼ 1–10 teraflops). Distributed computing is essential, both through massively parallel systems (a single supercomputer) and multiple parallel systems made accessible through the Grid. Analysis and interpretation of results are enhanced by HPV, which in itself is a large data computing aspect of cardiac modelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Biological towards Artificial Molecular Motors
Authors: Mickler Moritz , Schleiff Enrico , Hugel Thorsten
Published: July 2008

Novel single‐molecule techniques allow the observation of single‐molecular motors in real time under physiological conditions. This enables one to gain previously inaccessible information about the mechanics of molecular motors, especially their mechano‐chemical coupling. As an example, we discuss the DNA import motor of the bacteriophage ϕ29 and protein import into chloroplasts. In contrast to these highly developed biological molecular motors, artificial molecular motors are still at an early stage of development. Nevertheless, they already give a wealth of information. Our review focuses on how the investigation of artificial and biological molecular motors can mutually enrich each other.
Computational Study on the Antifreeze Glycoproteins as Inhibitors of Clathrate‐Hydrate Formation
Authors: Cruz‐Torres Armando , Romero‐Martínez Ascención , Galano Annia
Published: July 2008

The ability of antifreeze glycoproteins to inhibit clathrate‐hydrate formation is studied using DFT. A 512 cavity, dodecahedral (H2O)20, and the AATA peptide are used to model the inhibitor–clathrate interaction. The presence of AATA in the vicinity of the water cavities not only leads to the formation of complexes, with different peptide/cavity ratios, but also to the deformation of the cavity and to the elongation of several of the hydrogen bonds responsible for keeping the dodecahedral (H2O)20 together. The complexes are formed through hydrogen bonding between the peptides and the water cavities. The glycoproteins are expected to anchor onto the clathrate surface, blocking the access of new water molecules and preventing the incipient crystals from growing. They are also expected to weaken the clathrate structure. Amide IR bands are associated with the complexes’ formation. They are significantly red‐shifted in the hydrogen‐bonded systems compared to isolated AATA. The amide A band is the most sensitive to hydrogen bonding. In addition a distinctive band around 3100 cm−1 is proposed for the identification of clathrate–peptide hydrogen‐bonded complexes.
Influence of a polyacrylate antiscalant on gypsum nucleation and growth
Authors: Ben Ahmed S. , Tlili M. M. , Ben Amor M.
Published: July 2008

Calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum) crystallization was studied under conditions, of supersaturation and temperature, simulating a brackish water desalination unit using solar energy. The effect of an commercial sodium salt of poly(acrylic acid), based compound known as RPI, on homogeneous nucleation and growth of gypsum was also examined. Gypsum was precipitated by mixing aqueous CaCl2 and Na2SO4 solutions. It was found that, with increasing temperature or supersaturation, the induction time decreases and the growth rate increases. By using classical nucleation theory, the interfacial tension and the nucleation rate values were estimated. It was shown that the interfacial tension is temperature dependent. The addition of increasing quantities of RPI, in the same conditions of temperature and supersaturation, prolongs the induction time, decreases the nucleation rate and increases the interfacial tension. The addition mode of RPI (in calcium or in sulphate solution) was found as an important parameter in controlling the inhibition process of gypsum crystallization. XRD and SEM analysis showed that RPI antiscalant strongly affected the texture and the morphology of the deposit gypsum. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of multiphased mixed crystals from miscible NaBr, KBr and KCl
Authors: Priya M. , Mahadevan C. K.
Published: July 2008

Multiphased ternary and quaternary mixed crystals were grown by the melt method, for the first time, using the miscible alkali halides, viz. NaBr, KBr and KCl. X‐ray powder diffraction measurements indicate the existence of multiple phases. Density and refractive index were measured and the composition was determined. The metal atom contents determined through flame photometric measurements confirm the estimated composition of the crystals grown. The present study indicates the possibility of preparing multiphased ternary and quaternary mixed alkali halide crystals using the miscible NaBr, KBr and KCl as the starting materials. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, characterization of an unusual crystalline material with tartrate
Authors: Gu Yongbing , Yang Minghua
Published: July 2008

An exploration of the cobalt‐tartrate system under hydrothermal conditions, has led to the isolation of crystalline framework {Co2(H2tar)2]·2H2O}n (1) (H2tar = tartrate dianion). Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses reveal that it crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P21212. a = 11.0924(11) Å, b = 7.8517(8) Å, c = 9.0171(9) Å, β = 90°. A dinuclear CoII unit is formed via two different coordinated tartrate molecules. Further these units are united together through two bridging carboxylate groups of hexa‐coordinated H2tar ligands to form a 2D grid layer, which exhibits a typical (6,3) topological network. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)