bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field study of pesticide leaching in a Himatangi sand (Manawatu) and a Kiripaka bouldery clay loam (Northland). 2. Simulation using LEACHM, HYDRUS-1D, GLEAMS, and SPASMO models
Authors: Sarmah Ajit K. , Close Murray E. , Pang Liping , Lee Robert , Green Steve R.
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We applied 5 pesticides, along with bromide as a conservative tracer, at 2 field sites (Northland and Manawatu, North Island of New Zealand), and their distributions in the soil profile were monitored through soil core and suction cup sampling for 18 months. Field-measured values were simulated using LEACHM, HYDRUS-1D, GLEAMS, and SPASMO models and compared against the measured datasets at both these sites. All 4 models predicted the measured dataset for each of the compounds with reasonable degree of accuracy; however, some discrepancies were observed. Prediction by GLEAMS was by far the best, as indicated by the goodness of fit parameters. Pesticide leaching parameters, organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc), and degradation half-life (T1/2) were optimised using the PEST optimisation package. For diazinon and terbuthylazine the parameters obtained for each of the models were generally close to the literature range. However, Koc and T1/2 values for atrazine, hexazinone, and procymidone were found to be slightly lower than the available literature range data.
Rapid internal drainage rates in Ferrosols
Authors: Bell M. J. , Bridge B. J. , Harch G. R. , Orange D. N.
Published: June 2005

Adoption of conservation tillage practices on Red Ferrosol soils in the inland Burnett area of south-east Queensland has been shown to reduce runoff and subsequent soil erosion. However, improved infiltration resulting from these measures has not improved crop performance and there are suggestions of increased loss of soil water via deep drainage. This paper reports data monitoring soil water under real and artificial rainfall events in commercial fields and long-term tillage experiments, and uses the data to explore the rate and mechanisms of deep drainage in this soil type.
Soils were characterised by large drainable porosities (≥0.10 m3/m3) in all parts of the profile to depths of 1.50 m, with drainable porosity similar to available water content (AWC) at 0.25 and 0.75 m, but >60% higher than AWC at 1.50 m. Hydraulic conductivity immediately below the tilled layer in both continuously cropped soils and those after a ley pasture phase was shown to decline with increasing soil moisture content, although the rate of decline was much greater in continuously cropped soil. At moisture contents approaching the drained upper limit (pore water pressure = –100 cm H2O), estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity after a ley pasture were 3–5 times greater than in continuously cropped soil, suggesting much greater rates of deep drainage in the former when soils are moist.
Hydraulic tensiometers and fringe capacitance sensors monitored during real and artificial rainfall events showed evidence of soils approaching saturation in the surface layers (top 0.30–0.40 m), but there was no evidence of soil moistures exceeding the drained upper limit (i.e. pore water pressures ≤ –100 cm H2O) in deeper layers. Recovery of applied soil water within the top 1.00–1.20 m of the profile during or immediately after rainfall events declined as the starting profile moisture content increased. These effects were consistent with very rapid rates of internal drainage. Sensors deeper in the profile were unable to detect this drainage due to either non-uniformity of conducting macropores (ie. bypass flow) or unsaturated conductivities in deeper layers that far exceed the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the infiltration throttle at the bottom of the cultivated layer. Large increases in unsaturated hydraulic conductivities are likely with only small increases in water content above the drained upper limit. Further studies with drainage lysimeters and large banks of hydraulic tensiometers are planned to quantify drainage risk in these soil types.
Application of two amendments (gypsum and langbeinite) to reclaim sodic soil using sodic irrigation water
Authors: Aydemir S. , Najjar N. F.
Published: June 2005

In this study, gypsum, a common amendment for sodic soil reclamation, was compared with langbeinite, a lesser used and known mineral. A column leaching experiment using sodic water was conducted on a sodic, non-saline soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Ruptic Vertic Albaqualf) dominated by smectitic clays. Soil was amended with gypsum and langbeinite at rates equivalent to exchangeable Na at soil depths of 0.15 and 0.30 m. The soil water at depths of 0.75, 0.15, and 0.225 m and the effluent from each column were collected at intervals of 12 h and analysed for soluble bases. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated from soluble salts. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was calculated. At the end of the experiment, soil samples were removed from each column in 4 depth increments. Significantly less exchangeable Na and lower SAR of the soil water was found in the lower sections of the soil columns, and Ksat was greater for the amended treatments than for the control. High solubility of the langbeinite resulted in the highest Ksat value, with possible increase in electrolyte concentration and reduction of clay swelling and dispersion in the first 12 h. However, there was no significant difference in reclamation efficiency between equivalent rates of 2 amendments throughout the experiment. This experiment indicated that factors influencing the decision about using either amendment should be availability of the product, the seasonal fluctuation in price, required reclamation time, and the crop needs for Ca or Mg and K.
Influence of soil structure on the shrinkage behaviour of a soil irrigated with saline - sodic water
Authors: Peng X. , Horn R. , Deery D. , Kirkham M. B. , Blackwell J.
Published: June 2005

Soil structural properties of swelling/shrinking soils play an important role in assessing hydraulic properties. However, the effect of shrinkage/swelling processes on structure formation and strength especially in saline–sodic soils, such as a Typic Chromexert, has not yet been clarified. In this study, we investigate the changes in the shrinkage pattern after applying saline sewage water and use a 3-parameter sigmoidal curve model to fit its shrinkage data. Our aims were to determine the overall effect of sewage water application on soil structure and shrinkage processes after applying saline–sodic water and to evaluate soil shrinkage behaviour through parameters in relation to soil properties. Three plots within the FILTER Project, which were irrigated for summer and winter irrigated cropping with around 1000 m3/ha every 2 weeks with different saline sewage effluent concentrations for >5 years, were sampled from the top horizon to 1.00 m depth.
The exchangeable sodium percentage is greatly decreased due to the application of low salt concentration except in the deep horizon. Soil structural properties such as aggregate strength and hydraulic properties are improved, especially in topsoil horizon. The stabilised soil structure reduces the volume change of structural shrinkage. Three parameters of the shrinkage model, defined as α, m, and n, present different physical meanings in relation to soil structure. Parameters α and m have similar functions, both a significantly exponential relationship with aggregate strength and a linear relationship with structural and residual shrinkages, whereas parameter n has a significantly linear relationship with aggregate strength and with the slope of the proportional shrinkage. The relation between parameters of the model and shrinkage behaviour facilitates the prediction of changes in pore water and soil structure and will be a useful tool for modelling water flow in non-rigid soils.
Copper behaviour in a Podosol. 1. pH-dependent sorption - desorption, sorption isotherm analysis, and aqueous speciation modelling
Authors: Burton Edward D. , Phillips Ian R. , Hawker Darryl W. , Lamb Dane T.
Published: June 2005

The effects of pH and Cu loading on the solid/solution partitioning of Cu in a Podosol from south-east Queensland, Australia was examined. Sorption–desorption of Cu exhibited maximum linear distribution coefficients (KD) at approximately pH 5. Observed decrease in KD values at pH >5 was attributed to increased solubility of native dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at higher pH and subsequent formation of non-sorbing Cu–DOC complexes. Speciation modelling with the MINTEQA2 code indicated that >90% of aqueous Cu was present as Cu–DOC complexes at pH >5.5. The effect of Cu loading was examined with sorption isotherm analysis at pH 5 using solid : solution ratio approaches that were both constant (1 : 2 and 1 : 10) and variable. As the solid : solution ratio increased, the proportion of Cu sorbed decreased due to the formation of Cu-DOC complexes. However, this effect was negligible once these Cu–DOC complexes were accounted for via free Cu2+ sorption isotherms. This indicated that Cu2+ sorption at concentrations <0.08 mg/L was described by a KD value of approximately 3000 L/kg. Despite this relatively high KD value for Cu2+ sorption, the results indicate that Cu–DOC complexes significantly enhance Cu solubility in soils high in DOC.
Soil physical quality under cattle grazing of a winter-fed brassica crop
Authors: Drewry J. J. , Paton R. J.
Published: June 2005

Abstract This 2-year study investigated the effects of winter brassica forage crop grazing treatments on soil physical properties on a Fragic Pallic soil, susceptible to compaction, in South Otago, New Zealand. Soil physical measurements including bulk density, percentage of pores >300 μm, macroporosity (air-filled porosity; percentage of pores >30 μm), total porosity, air permeability, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were taken 1.5 and 4 months after completion of winter grazing in year 1, and 2.5 months after grazing in year 2. Treatment main effects in year 1 for macroporosity were ungrazed crop (P < 0.05, 15.5%), established pasture (12.2%), crop on-off grazing (12.8%), crop grazed with back fence (9.6%), and current practice (strip grazing without a back-fence, 8.6%). During both winters the soil was generally more compact at 0.05–0.10 m depth than at 0.15–0.20 m, particularly for the current practice treatment, which may increase the risk of overland flow. Micro-topography differences between hump and hoof-hollow areas for the current practice treatment were also investigated during one sampling, with very low values of Ksat at 0–0.05 m in hoof-hollow areas (P < 0.05, 5 mm/h), compared with hump areas (129 mm/h). Overall, the crop on-off grazing treatment and, with some exceptions, the grazed with back fence treatment have some merit for reducing damage to soil physical properties compared with current practice.
Total soluble nitrogen in forest soils as determined by persulfate oxidation and by high temperature catalytic oxidation
Authors: Chen C. R. , Xu Z. H. , Keay P. , Zhang S. L.
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Speedy and reliable measurements of soil soluble nitrogen (N) are critical for estimating N fluxes in forest ecosystems. The high temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) method was assessed and compared with persulfate oxidation (PO) to measure total soluble N in water, hot water, 2 m KCl, and 0.5 m K2SO4 extracts of 24 forest soils collected from south-east Queensland. All salt extracts were diluted 5-fold before measurement by the HTCO method to minimise the effects of salt precipitation on the surface of the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts that may impair oxidation efficiency. Drifts of sensitivity of signals in diluted KCl (0.4 m), K2SO4 (0.1 m), and water matrixes by the HTCO method were minor, with <2% in KCl matrix and <3% in K2SO4 and water matrices. Nitrogen recoveries from most standard N-containing compounds (5 mg/L) analysed by the HTCO method in all the matrices tested were >94%. The values of total soluble N in all extracts of soils obtained by both the PO and the HTCO methods were highly correlated. However, the HTCO method generally gave greater values than the PO method, particularly with high concentrations of N. We consider the HTCO method to be a simple, automated, rapid, quantitative, and reliable method for determining total soluble N in both water extracts and diluted salt extracts of forest soils.
The Australian species of Aponomma and Amblyomma (Ixodoidea).
Authors: Roberts FHS
Published: June 2005

A study has been made of the Australian species of Aponomma and
Amblyomma (Ixodoidea).
Nine species of Aponomma were determined, namely A. trachysauri,
A. hydrosauri, A. auruginans, A. decorosum, A. simplex, A. trimuculatum, A.
tachyglossi, A, tropicum, and A. pulchrum, the last three species being new.
Two previously described species, namely A. quadratum and A. ecinctum, were
recognized among the material available for study. A detailed description
given of each species together with essential figures. Keys to the males,
females, and nymphs are included.
Twelve species of Amblyomma were seen. Species previously described
included A. moreliae, A. limbatum, A. albolimbatum, A. triguttatum, A. australiense,
and A. papuanu. A. postoculatum and A. helvolum were not recognized
among the material available for study. A. papuana is recorded from Australia for
the first time. Four new species, namely A. sternne, A. echidnae, A. macropi,
and A. moyi, are described. Keys to the males and females are given.
Some aspects of the biology of the mound ant Iridomyrmex Detectus (Smith)
Authors: Duncan-Weatherley AH
Published: June 2005

Counts of foragers of Iridomyrmex detectus (Smith) leaving the nest during the day revealed, over a 4-month period, bimodal diurnal activity patterns under natural conditions. It is likely that the patterns are basically endogenous, modified by environmental factors. The number of ants active in a foraging trail at any time decreases with distance from nest and the trails are often impermanent, though some lasted almost unchanged for 4 months.
Nests were made from excavated earth and capped with a variety of materials. The behaviour on the nest surface mostly consisted of apparently random wandering which sometimes resulted in the ant leaving the nest, and sometimes its return to its hole of emergence or to another hole.
The uncoordinated behaviour of the ants when the nest is molested and the inefficient way in which they handle objects and carry food and building materials, are suggestive of an unspecialized type of behaviour life. Attempts to reverse the orientation of the ants have shown how difficult this is and the possibility that smell and sight govern orientation has been discussed.
Territoriality among nests is described together with a phenomenon of "common trails," thought to represent still-existing links between parent and "branch" nests.
The differentiation of the infective larvae of some common nematode parasites of cattle
Authors: Keith RK
Published: June 2005

Studies are reported on the differential diagnosis of the infective larvae of Strongyloides papillosus, Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata, C. pectinata, Bunostornum phlebotomum, Nematodirus sp., and Oesophagostomum (Bosicola) radiatum, all of which occur in cattle in Queensland.
These larvae can be readily identified by the length and shape of the tail, assisted by body length, body width, certain head and tail structures, and by the presence or absence of a sheath.
A key for the identification of the larvae is given. Photographs of the larvae are also provided to assist identification.
The statistical analysis of the Canadian Lynx cycle.
Authors: Moran PAP
Published: June 2005

It is shown that trapping figures for the lynx are definitely related to
weather conditions. The significance of this for the various theories of the
origin and synchronization of the cycle is discussed.
Compensatory reactions of populations to stresses, and their evolutionary significance.
Authors: Nicholson AJ
Published: June 2005

Cultures of Lucilia cuprina which were subjected to different kinds and
intensities of stress automatically accommodated themselves to these stresses
and maintained themselves in a state of balance under all the varied environmental
conditions provided.
Compensatory reaction always counteracted in some degree the adverse
effects of the stresses to which the insects were subjected. Thus the persistent
destruction of a particular age-group always caused more individuals to reach
this age, so reducing the effects produced by destruction upon population
density.
It is shown that density governed compensatory reaction is a necessary
counterpart of selection in evolutionary progress.
An outline of the dynamics of animal populations.
Authors: Nicholson AJ
Published: June 2005

This article is itself a summarized statement concerning the various influences
which affect population densities and the population systems these lead
to. Known facts concerning animal populations have been analysed. systematized.
and critically examined. using the experimental and mathematical
approaches in the simpler situations. The more outstanding conclusions are
listed below.
Populations are self-governing systems. They regulate their densities in
relation to their own properties and those of their environments. This they do
by depleting and impairing essential things to the threshold of favourability, or
by maintaining reactive inimical factors, such as the attack of natural enemies,
at the limit of tolerance.
The mechanism of density governance is almost always intraspecific competition,
either amongst the animals for a critically important requisite, or
amongst natural enemies for which the animals concerned are requisites.
Governing reaction induced by density change holds populations in a state
of balance in their environments. The characteristic of balance is sustained
and effective compensatory reaction which maintains populations in being in
spite of even violent changes in the environment, and which adjusts their densities
in general conformity with prevailing conditions.
Far from being a stationary state, balance is commonly a state of oscillation
about the level of the equilibrium density which is for ever changing with
environmental conditions.
Destructive factors do not add to mortality when they continue to operate
over long periods, but merely cause a redistribution of mortality, for the intensity
of competition automatically relaxes sufficiently to make room for the destruction
they cause. Such compensatory reaction causes the effect of destructive factors
upon density to be much less when balance is reattained than that which they
produce when they first operate.
Experiments on the relative abundance of two sibling species of grain weevils.
Authors: Birch LC
Published: June 2005

The small "strain" and the large "strain" of Calandra oryzae L. are sibling species. The small "strain" is common in stored wheat and rare in stored maize. The reverse is true for the large "strain." A series of four experiments showed how wheat favoured the small "strain" and how maize favoured the large "strain." Given a choice of wheat and maize the small "strain" and the large "strain" laid most of their eggs in wheat but the proportion was larger for the small "strain" as compared with the large "strain." When the insects were reared for several generations in wheat they laid more of their eggs in wheat. Likewise when reared in maize they laid more of their eggs in maize. But this "host conditioning" was not sufficient to prevent them from laying many eggs in the "wrong" grain. The innate capacity for increase of the small "strain" was greater than that of the large "strain" in wheat but in maize the large "strain" had a greater innate capacity for increase than the small "strain." In crowded cultures wheat again favoured the small "strain" by permitting greater maximum populations as compared with the large "strain." Maize favoured the large "strain" in this respect. When the two "strains" occurred together in crowded cultures one always drove the other out. The small "strain" was the successful one in wheat and the large "strain" was the successful one in maize. Although these four series of experiments illustrate ways in which wheat favours the small "strain" and maize favours the large "strain" they do not, in themselves alone, account for the segregation of the two "strains" in stored grain.
The Australian Megaloptera of Alder-flies.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The paper deals with the systematics of all known Australian Megaloptera.
One new species, Archichauliodes anagaurus, and two new subspecies,
A. guttiferus guttiferus and A. g. polypastus, are described.
A field study on the biology of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), in South Australia.
Authors: Madge PE
Published: June 2005

This paper describes field studies on the biology and behaviour of Oncopera
fasciculata (Walker), an important insect pest of improved pastures in the
lower south-east of South Australia and the central and western districts of
Victoria.
Moths fly at dusk during September-October and mate mainly on upright
grasses during these flights. The onset of flights seems to be related to a light
stimulus but no correlation could be found from the data collected. Eggs
are laid on the ground under pasture, where the female shelters at night and
during the day; most eggs are laid within 24 hr after mating.
Larvae appear in from 3 to 5 wk and live for a short while in communities
at the surface of the ground under silken webbing before building individual
vertical tunnels in the soil. Larvae emerge from their tunnels along silken runways
to feed on surface growth. Annual grasses and clovers are more susceptible
to attack than perennials. Feeding continues from October to July and visible
damage appears about May, depending upon seasonal conditions. Prepupae
appear in July and pucae during July-September.
The soil-inhabiting nematodes for Macquarie Island.
Authors: Bunt JS
Published: June 2005

The numbers of free-living nematodes in more than 40 Macquarie I. soils
were recorded at three different times during the year. The principal conditions
affecting the populations have been discussed and it is concluded that
the numbers and types of algae and bacteria in the soil are of major importance
since most of the nematode species identified are believed to feed on these
groups of microorganisms. An attempt has been made to assess the relative importance
of nematodes in processes of decomposition in Macquarie I. soils.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 1. The elements of analysis.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The method of analytical investigations of functions connected with the
taking of food is described. The distribution of stresses within the cranium
and their simple relations; the circumscribed and dispersed stresses, together
with the origin of transmitted and shearing stresses; the role of moment of
force in masticatory movements; and the factors influencing the arising of forces,
are also discussed.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 3. The Breviarcuate skull and its analysis.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The functional analysis of the breviarcuate skull is based on the cranium
of the dog. The tri-triangular structure of the breviarcuate skull is exposed on
the level of the palatine bone to the stresses initiated by the masseter. The
morphofunctional relations of the palatine bone to the zygomatic arch are discussed
and analysed in detail. The most important functional crossroads of
the stresses in the breviarcuate skull are the temporal, maxillary, premaxillary,
supraorbital, and interparieto-occipital nodes. The vectors which originate
directly or indirectly from the masticatory musculature flow through the bony
tracts whose pattern bears no relation to that of the individual bones which
make up the skull.
The following tracts are described: maxillo-premaxillary (the alveolar
process), premaxillo-supraorbital, supraorbito-squamosal, interparieto-occipitosquamosal
and occipito-interparieto-supraorbital. The morphofunctional connections
of this skull and its functional and structural importance are described
and discussed.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 6. Strains and the direction of certain vectors in the Breviarcuate skull.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The strains in the anterior and posterior positions in the breviarcuate skull
are illustrated by means of fractures. The vectors in the anterior triangle of the
hyena skull are demonstrated by means of the dental attrition and compared
with those of the leopard.
Australian leaf-mining sawflies of the genus Phylacteophaga (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

A new species and a new subspecies of Phylacteophaga are described and
the range of the previously known species extended.
Australian Wasps on the family Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea).
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

A key to the six genera of Proctotrupidae occurring in Australia is given.
Two new species of Proctotrupes, P. doddi and P. splendidus, and a new species
of Cryptoserphus, C. sulcatus, are described, making a total of 12 species for
Australia.
Australian cleptid (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) egg parasites of Cresmododea (Phasmodea)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

Thirteen Australian species of this family are recorded. The nine new
species described are placed in three new genera. Of the four species described
by Kieffer two are retained in Promesitius and the other two, along with three
of the new species, are placed in a separate new genus.
Studies on Marsupial Reproduction. 4. Delayed birth in protemnodon eugenii desmarest.
Authors: Sharman GB
Published: June 2005

Previous reports of hypertrophied anterior vaginal canals, which serve as
ducts for the reception of spermatozoa, in macropod marsupials, are briefly
discussed. These have been considered by earlier workers as spermathecae in
which spermatozoa are stored for long periods.
In the macropod marsupial Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard it has
been shown that spermatozoa are not stored by the female. Delayed birth
in this species is due to the storage (in the uterus of lactating females with
young in the pouch) of a quiescent unimplanted blastocyst. A brief redescription
of earlier work on Setonix is included.
A study has been made of the macropod marsupial Protemnodon eugenii
Desmarest, in which the anterior vaginal canals become greatly hypertrophied
at oestrus and which, following copulation, become filled with seminal fluid.
In spite of the large numbers of spermatozoa present only one egg - that of
the current ovulation - is fertilized. There is no evidence of storage of
spermatozoa. The occurrence of quiescent unimplanted blastocysts in the uteri
of females suckling young in the pouch shows that delayed birth in P. eugenii
is strictly comparable with the case of S. brachyurus, and is not due to storage
of viable spermatozoa by the female.
Australian genera of the family psyllidae (Hemiptera: Homoptera)
Authors: Tuthill LD , Taylor KL
Published: June 2005

An examination has been made of Froggatt's type specimens of Psyllidae, and an attempt made to bring his classification of the family into line with world fauna. All other genera known to occur in Australia are included in this revision. Species assigned to Rhinocola and Aphalara by Froggatt are now placed in Creiis Scott, Eucalyptolyma Froggatt, Cardiaspina Crawford, Ctenurytaina Ferris & Klyver, Spondyliaspis Signoret, and two new genera. Species placed in the genus Psylla Geoffroy by Froggatt are left undisturbed for the present, except that a new genus is erected for one species. Two new genera have been erected to receive the bulk of the species placed in Trioza Forster by Froggatt.
Note on the mathematical theory of population dynamics and a recent fallacy.
Authors: Philip JR
Published: June 2005

Principles are outlined for the construction of a consistent theoretical
treatment of the various problems of population dynamics.
Three types of interspecific competition are distinguished, "imperfect",
"perfect", and "hyperperfect", depending on whether the product a� in the
Lotka-Volterra equations is less than, equal to, or greater than unity. It is
shown that perfect competition, which is of especial relevance to the problems
of natural selection and evolution, leads to a much simpler set of inequalities
and limits than those commonly quoted as resulting from the Lotka-Volterra
equations. It is shown that in perfect competition the surviving species is not
necessarily superior in "reproductive efficiency". "Metabolic efficiency" is
equally important.
This restatement of the problems of population dynamics is used to demonstrate
the falsity of the recent claim of Andrewartha and Birch (1953) that a
fundamental contradiction exists in the Lotka-Volterra equations for interspecific
competition.
Cytological studies on the specific distinctness of the ovine and bovine 'Strains' of the Nematode Haemonchus Contortus (Rudolphi) cobb (NematodaL Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: June 2005

The studies reported here follow the conclusions of Roberts, Turner, and McKevett (1954) that the ovine and bovine "strains" of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi 1803) Cobb 1898 are distinct species. The cytology of the two forms has been investigated and it was found that the chromosome number for each form was 2n = 11 (B), 12 (@). The autosomes of each form measure 3� in length and, whereas the X-chromosomes of the worms from sheep are similar in size to the autosomes, the X-chromsomes of the worms from cattle attain a size of 8�.
Fertile hybrid females were obtained in a cross-breeding experiment and were also seen in a natural, mixed infestation. These, however, appeared in only small numbers and, furthermore, as they were never seen in animals with pure infestations as judged by the type of larva, it seemed evident that some fertility barrier is present.
Some discussion is given to the host specificity of the two forms and further evidence is brought forward to support previous conclusions that some degree of host specificity is present. It is concluded that the restricted degree of interbreeding encountered, together with considerations of host specificity, support the claims of Roberts, Turner, and McKevett (1954) that the two forms are separate species.
A new sense organ in the head of the mosquito and other nematocerous flies.
Authors: Day MF
Published: June 2005

A previously undescribed paired sense organ has been found in the heads of adult mosquitoes and other Nematocera. The unusual structure of this sense organ prompts the suggestion that it might be concerned with the detection of changes in pressure.
The relationship between larval and adult size of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia Cuprina (Wied.)
Authors: Webber LG
Published: June 2005

Quantitative formulations are derived for the relationships between the adequacy of larval food, the weight of puparia, the length of thorax of adult flies, the number of ovarioles in adults, and the size and weight of eggs produced by adults of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.). Smaller adults grown from starved larvae lay fewer eggs, but mature eggs from flies of widely differing sizes vary little in size and weight. The number of eggs laid per batch provides a good indication of the number of ovarioles present. There is no evidence of resorption of eggs retained in the ovaries, but the eggs are no longer viable after 17 days, and histological examination shows that breakdown of the eggs has taken place.
The acarina fauna of mutton birds' nests on a Bass Strait Island
Authors: Womersley H
Published: June 2005

A collection of Acarina inhabiting the nests of the mutton bird, Puffinus tenuirostris Temminek, on Fisher I., Bass Strait, is described. Fourteen species, belonging mainly to the Mesostigmata are described or recorded of which two genera Laelapsella and Austruropoda, and six species Hypoaspis acme, Laelapsella humi, Gymnolaelaps annectans, Austruropoda tasmanica, Variatipes longisetosa, and Acotyledon (Cosmoglyphus) mykytowyczi are new, Haemolaelaps marsupialis Berlese 1910 is now redescribed in the female sex after a comparison of the type in the Berlese collection in Florence. The male is described for the first time.
Of the species found Hypoaspis acme, Laelapsella humi, Gymnolaelaps annectans, Haemolaelaps glasgowi, and Mesolaelaps australiensis can be considered to be ectoparasites and the remainder, except Zachvatkinia puffini which is a true feather mite, are detritus and excreta feeders.
Studies in functional and analytical craniology. 9. The comparative and evolutional outlook.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

In this paper an attempt is made to reach some general conclusions based
on the descriptive, analytical, and comparative material gathered in Parts
I-VIII of this series (Tucker 1954a-f, 1955a, b). The type of mastication is an
important morphogenetical factor for all skulls with fixed (circumscribed)
stresses. In the skull with dispersed stresses the morphogenetic influence of
the splanchnocranium on the neurocranium is much smaller than in the skulls
with fixed stresses. Consequently, the skulls with fixed stresses demonstrate
typological, structural, and functional uniformity, while the development of
neuro- and splanchnocrania in the skulls with dispersed stresses may follow
various morphoevolutional directions.
The importance of this fact in the evolution of man is briefly discussed.
The development of the human neurocranium is made possible by the technique
of mastication, among other factors. The type of mastication practised is
much less varied than the diet. Accordingly, it has much greater morphogenetical
consequence.
It is suggested that the relations between environment and structure may
occur only by means of function. Function influences the internal structure
as well as affecting the environment. The morphofunctional influences of the
type of mastication are discussed, using as an example the skulls of
Lemuroidea. The functional analysis of the masticatory movements in
Smilodon was used as an illustration of the transformative possibilities and
their limitations connected with steno- and euryfunction. The stenofunctional
animal can achieve morphological metamorphoses only through primary
intraorganismic changes.
The formation and evolution of nodes from the primitive planoarcuate
skull to the morphology of the breviarcuate, longoarcuate, and planoarcuate
skulls are also demonstrated (cf. Table 1). The comparative morphology and
topography of the supraorbital node, the fronto-premaxillary connections, the
maxillary, and squamosal nodes as well as the interparieto-occipital node are
given.
Relations to the craniological investigations of other workers are discussed.
The genus drosophila (Diptera) in Eastern Queensland. 1. Taxonomy.
Authors: Mather WB
Published: June 2005

Ten species of which six are new, of the genus Drosophila are described
and figured: D. cancellata, sp. nov., D. enigma Mall., D. lativittata Mall.,
D. opaca, sp. nov., D. maculosa, sp. nov., D. levis, sp. nov., D. serrata Mall.,
D. takahashii Sturt., D. dispar, sp. nov., and D. versicolor, sp. nov. Laboratory
cultures of these have been set up from single females fertilized in the wild,
allowing descriptions of eggs, larvae, pupae, and certain internal structures
and external anatomy of the adults. These species have been assigned to
subgenera and species group and their geographical distribution is recorded,
together with the known Queensland distribution of D. busckii Coq., D. melanogaster
Meig., D. simulans Sturt., D. ananassae Dol., D. hydei Sturt., D. repleta
Woll., D. immigrans Sturt., and D. spinofemora Patt. & Wheel. These 18
species are keyed. The taxonomy of the subgenus Pholadoris is discussed, and
three new species groups established, namely, coracina, maculosa, and levis.
A new species group within the subgenus Sophophora, namely, dispar, is
established.
Fossil insects from the Triassic beds at Mt. Crosby, Queensland.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The fossil Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Orthoptera, and orders of insects
related to these are described from the Triassic beds at Mt. Crosby, Queensland.
The record of Hymenoptera extends considerably the time range of the order.
Mecoptera, Neuroptera, and Trichoptera are abundant but Diptera and
Lepidoptera are absent. There are many Orthoptera (Saltatoria) but only
fragmentary remains of Protorthoptera, Perlaria, and Odonata. The assemblage
of insects shows none of the problematical types of the Permian. Many
of the forms recorded are described in new species and genera.
The copper content of the liver and blood of some vertebrates.
Authors: Beck AB
Published: June 2005

Determinations have been made of the concentration of copper in the
blood and liver from a wide range of vertebrate species.
The blood copper levels show trends which do not follow the phylogenetic
relationships implied in current systems of classification. The highest levels
are found in the pig (1.4 mg copper/L whole blood), and the lowest in the
domestic fowl and turkey (0.23 mg/L). Marsupials show low values (0.3-0.4
mg/L), whereas in most other species the values lie between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L.
It is suggested that the usual range in an individual species represents the
optimum for the physiological requirements of this species.
The concentration of copper in the liver of most species lies below 50 p.p.m.
copper on a dry weight basis. High values are found in the ruminant, the
duck, the frog, and in certain fish. From a consideration of the data presented,
it seems probable that the high liver copper level characteristic of some species
is due, not to a higher intake of copper or to a greater absorption, but to a
lesser ability to restrict the storage of copper in the liver.
Although there is no suggestion of sex difference in liver copper levels of
most species, a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) has been noted in the
Australian salmon (Arripis trutta Bloch & Schneider).
Studies in Functional and analytical craniology. 13. Experiments with the decalcified skull of the Calf.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

Stresses in the calf's skull were investigated experimentally, using a decalcified skull. In the margin of the orbit most of the stresses originating from the masticatory muscle oppose each other.
The hybridization relationships of four species of the pholadoris subgenus.
Authors: Mather WB
Published: June 2005

Hybridization tests have shown that four Australian morphospecies of the subgenus Pholadoris, genus Drosophila (D. novopaca Mather, D. cancellata Mather, D. lativittata Mall., and D. enigma Mall.), are biospecies, but that the following combinations yield adult offspring: D. novopaca X D. lativittata both ways, D. novopaca X D. cancellata both ways, B D. novopaca X @ D. enigma, and B D. cancellatu X @ D. lativittata, and that "gene exchange" is possible between D. cancellata and D. novopaca under laboratory conditions.
Sexual isolation, hybrid inviability, and hybrid sterility all play a part in keeping the species distinct from one another.
The results of the hybridization tests support the hypothesis that the species should be placed in one species group (coracina) as was previously done on morphological criteria.
Of the three main morphological characters used for separating these species, viz. thoracic, abdominal, and wing markings, those of D. novopaca are dominant to those of D. cancellata. These character differences between at least D. novopaca and D. cancellata seem to be controlled by one sex-linked gene.
The distribution and biology of the genus Ahamitermes (Isoptera).
Authors: Calaby JH
Published: June 2005

The little-known Australian genus, Ahamitermes, contains four described
species: A. nidicola Mjoberg (Queensland), A. hillii Nicholls (south-western
Australia), A. inclusus Gay (restricted to a small sub-coastal area in mid-
Western Australia), and A. pumilus (Hill) (New South Wales and Western
Australia). Many new distribution records of A. hillii and some of A. inclusus
are given.
New observations on the biology of Ahamitermes show that the various
species have a species-specific parasitic nesting relationship with either one
of two species of the genus Coptotermes. They live in specific parts of the
inner sections of Coptotermes nests, utilizing as food the carton composing
these sections, and are thus dependent on the host for food and shelter. They
are not found in any other situation. The nests of host and parasite are
separated and the two species are mutually hostile. A. pumilus differs from
its congeners in that it is also dependent on the host for the release of its
alates which are tolerated inquilines in the host's nest.
Termite associations in general and that of Ahamitermes and Coptotermes
in particular are discussed.
The parasitic life-cycle of Haemonchus Placei (Place) Ransom (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: June 2005

The parasitic life-cycle of Haemonchus placei (Place 1893) Ransom 1911 is described and compared with that of H. contortus (Rudolphi 1803) Cobb 1898.
The third ecdysis of H. placei larvae occurred 36-76 hr after infestation, and the fourth and final moult occurred 11-14 days after infestation in the majority of larvae. Many third- and fourth-stage larvae penetrated deeply into the gastric glands of the mucosa. A small proportion of larvae did not develop beyond the early fourth stage, even after the majority had become adult.
The pre-patent period of H. placei was estimated to be about 11 days longer than that of H. contortus.
An ecological study of the pasture scarab Aphodius Howitti hope.
Authors: Carne PB
Published: June 2005

The larval stage of Aphodius howitti Hope is a pest of improved and
sown pastures in south-eastern Australia. The great increase in pasture
improvement and of stocking rates over the past 25-30 years have favoured
the development of high numbers of this insect, largely because of its
preference for leguminous pasture species, especially subterranean clover
(Trifolium subterraneum L.).
This paper describes a general study of the life-cycle, behaviour, food,
and oviposition site preferences of the species and includes a discussion of
the mortality factors likely to be of significance in regulating its numbers.
The species has an annual life-cycle. Studies on its biology revealed that
adult females lay two distinct batches of eggs. The larger batch (c. 35
eggs) is laid before the female feeds in dung, sometimes even before flight;
the smaller (c . 15 eggs), after feeding. The presence of dung is therefore
not necessary for the survival of the species which is often found at high
densities in ungrazed turf.
The factors initiating and influencing flight activity were studied in
detail. Initiation is triggered by light of a particular intensity; the time
of appearance of beetles in flight can be forecast accurately in relation to
the time of sunset. Flights are favoured by high temperature, high soil
moisture, and by low wind velocity. Unfed beetles fly upwind towards dung
pads. Gravid females execute a circling, exploratory flight; they appear
to seek out comparatively bare situations for oviposition and usually enter
the soil through small cracks such as are made by germinating clover
plants.
The distribution of the eggs of Mammalian Lice on their hosts. 2. Analysis of the Oviposition behaviour of Damalinia ovis (L)
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The behaviour pattern of Damalinia ovis (L.) is adapted to the physical features
of the environment in which the louse lives.
In stage 1, the louse was attracted to temperatures between 35 and 40�C and
this temperature zone was necessary for oviposition to proceed satisfactorily.
Optimum temperature conditions were between 37 and 39�C. In stage 2, the louse
orientated itself so that its head was directed towards the warm end of a temperature
gradient or towards the saturated end of a humidity gradient, but when these
gradients were antagonistic the orientation to temperature dominated. At the
commencement of stage 3, the louse reversed its orientation to both temperature and
humidity gradients but again the attraction to temperature was dominant. Before
egg laying commenced, a fibre of suitable diameter had to be caught by a gonopod
and held next to the abdomen. The resulting tactile stimulus was critical and its
absence inhibited oviposition. Other factors which influenced oviposition were the
depressant effect of high humidities, the orientation to light, and the attraction to
other ovipositing lice and eggs.
The effect of light on the mating behaviour of the Queensland Fruit fly Strumeta tryoni (Frogg.)
Authors: Barton-Browne L
Published: June 2005

The effects of light during both the dusk and day periods on the mating
behaviour of Strumeta tryoni (Frogg.) have been studied.
In nature the flies mate only at dusk. The effects of several components of dusk
illumination were examined. The area of the source of artificial dusk and the distance
between it and the flies are not important so long as the angle subtended by the
source exceeds 25�, below which sexual activity is reduced. The illuminance in
the cages and not the luminance per unit area (brightness) of the source determines
the amount of sexual activity. The higher the illuminance during the day period
the higher is the optimal illuminance at dusk. The rate of change from day to dusk
appears to be unimportant.
Light during the day periods influenced the age at which both females and
males became sexually active. For females only the effect of daily period was studied.
At 240 lm/sq. ft those receiving light for 2 hr/day became sexually active later in
life than those receiving light for 7.5 hr/day. The age at which females become active is
probably controlled by the state of the ovaries, whose rate of development is influenced
by light. Males become active later in life when kept under 120 lm/sq. ft for 7.5
hr/day than when kept under either 60 or 240 lm/sq. ft for the same daily period.
Those receiving 240 lm/sq. ft for 2 hr/day become active later in life than those receiving
this illuminance for either 4 or 7.5 hr/day. Since light does not influence the
development of the testes, it is probable that light directly affects the mating
behaviour of the males. Light also influences the time at which the males begin
and end sexual activity each day and the period for which they remain active.
Those under 120 lm/sq. ft begin and end activity later than those under either
60 or 240 lm/sq. ft and remain active for a shorter period. The greater the daily
period of illumination the earlier do they begin and end activity. At 240 lm/sq. ft
those illuminated for 7.5 hr/day remain active longer than those illuminated for
4 or 2 hr/day.