bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE FORMATION OF ETHANE IN THE CATALYTIC DECOMPOSITION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Morris H. E.
Published: April 2011

The presence of ethane has been confirmed among the products of the catalytic decomposition of ethyl alcohol, and comparatively large amounts of carbon dioxide have been found to occur. The ethane produced has been shown to be due only in part, if at all, to the hydrogenation of ethylene, and may be explained by a decomposition of alcohol to acetaldehyde, water and ethane. In view of the small oil and acid production, the presence of carbon dioxide is inexplicable on the basis of accepted mechanisms.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: IV. THE NITRATION OF GLYCOL-LIGNIN
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Marion Leo
Published: April 2011

Glycol-lignin at temperatures below 0 °C., dissolves completely in a mixture of four parts of acetic anhydride and one part of fuming nitric acid, giving rise to a 125% yield of a product (nitrated-lignin) which has undergone nitration and acetylation. The nitrogen in the product is present partly in the form of a nitro group, an ester of nitric acid, a nitroso compound and in another form not yet determined. A further treatment of this nitrated-lignin with a nitrating liquor of the same composition, followed by heating at 80 °C. causes a short initial oxidation, and yields a substance differing slightly from the first and having a C:H ratio almost 1:1. Repetition of the treatment does not seem to alter the percentage composition appreciably, until after the fourth treatment.Nitrated-lignin can be methylated, the methoxyl content of the product being more than double that of the original nitrated-lignin. It can also be reduced, the resulting product diazotized and coupled with β-naphthol disulphonic acid.The soluble products of the nitration reaction contain an acidic component which has not been identified.
THE EFFECT OF RADIANT ENERGY ON GROWTH AND SPORULATION IN COLLETOTRICHUM PHOMOIDES
Authors: Hutchinson A. H. , Ashton M. R.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were performed on Colletotrichum phomoides, a fungus which is a common cause of ripe-rot on tomatoes.The lines of the mercury arc spectrum may be grouped into three classes on the basis of their effect on the growth of Colletotrichum: those which cause constant retardation, those which cause constant stimulation and those which cause primary retardation followed by stimulation.On the basis of the effect on the production of spores, there are two classes of lines in the mercury arc spectrum, i.e., those which hasten spore development and those which have no apparent effect. Spore production is generally hastened by monochromatic light causing retardation or extreme stimulation of growth, and is apparently not affected by light which moderately stimulates growth; moreover, an optimum duration is shown for the illumination causing the accelerated development of spores.Evidence is given that the effect of monochromatic light is upon the protoplasm and not the culture, since cultures grown on non-irradiated media from irradiated spores show the same effects as those obtained by irradiating three-day cultures. In many cases, in Colletotrichum, the effect of irradiation is evident in the culture 10 days after the spores have been illuminated.There is a marked similarity in the effect upon the growth of Colletotrichum, Yeast and Paramoecium.
THE EFFECT OF COMBINED A.C. AND D.C. PLATE SUPPLY ON A SHORT WAVE TRIODE OSCILLATOR
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

By combining A.C. and D.C. on the plate of a triode oscillator, more stable and much stronger oscillations were obtained than with pure D.C. Increases in radio frequency current up to 2.5 times were noted. Experiments with 200-cycle and 60-cycle A.C. showed that the higher frequency gave stronger oscillations.
NOTE ON THE COMBINED USE OF PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL AND PROJECTION MICROSCOPE
Authors: Savage Alfred , Jamieson M. C.
Published: April 2011

A method is described whereby the comparative areas of irregularly shaped microscopic objects may be rapidly determined. It consists of staining them with fuchsine and projecting their magnified images into a photo-electric cell insensitive to red light. The photo-electric current is inversely proportional to the sizes of the images and, at low magnifications, may be measured with a sensitive galvanometer.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN CROP PLANTS
Authors: Newton R. , Martin W. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
OXYGEN BOMB CALORIMETER
Authors: Stansfield Edgar , Sutherland John W.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a stainless steel Scholes bomb and the modification found necessary to reduce the time for temperature equilibrium, a new calorimeter equipment and a simplified method for correcting Beckmann thermometer readings. Notes on a vacuum cup calorimeter are also included.
NOTE ON A PHENOMENON CONNECTED WITH THE AURORA
Authors: Burton A. C.
Published: April 2011

A narrow and distinct arch of light was observed to stretch across the sky overhead from East to West, remaining steady in position for some forty minutes. A photograph, on microscopic examination, showed an unexpected fine structure that was not observed visually.
CYCLOHEXANONE-BENZIL
Authors: Allen Charles F. H.
Published: April 2011

In the presence of a small amount of sodium methylate, cyclohexanone and benzil form an addition product, which is a "semicyclic" 1:4-diketone. No derivatives of a bicyclic cyclo-heptane were found. Its most conspicuous chemical property is its sensitivity to mineral acids; among the reaction products is found a diphenyltetrahydrocumarone. Although the addition product exhibits the phenomenon of halochromism, the existence of a perchlorate is doubtful, and it did not form a free radical.
DURATION OF METASTABLE STATES
Authors: Anderson J. M.
Published: April 2011

Improved experimental methods for the measurement of time durations of metastable atoms have been developed, and measurements made for a series of pressures at room temperature and at liquid-air temperature of the decay curves for the absorption of λ 7635 Å in argon.
Interim Report on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Authors: Tory H. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Note on Plant Breeding Abstracts
Authors: Hudson P. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF GASEOUS PROPIONALDEHYDE ON THE SURFACE OF PLATINUM
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Morton Richard
Published: April 2011

The thermal decomposition of gaseous propionaldehyde on the surface of platinum has been investigated in order to compare it with the homogeneous unimolecular decomposition. Unlike the decomposition of acetone and of ether, the reaction proceeds catalytically on the surface of the platinum. The course of the reaction, however, is somewhat different from that of the homogeneous decomposition. The heat of activation of the catalytic reaction is 96,500 calories, nearly double that of the homogeneous reaction. This would seem to indicate that only adsorbed molecules react, and that most of the molecules which collide with the filament are reflected from its surface without coming into thermal equilibrium with it.
CHROMOSOME HOMOLOGIES IN WHEAT, RYE AND AEGILOPS
Authors: Thompson W. P.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE PROBLEM OF THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

It is pointed out that mathematicians in their attempts to form theories of electrical conduction, do not lay emphasis on the fact that at low temperatures resistance, as a rule, does not vanish. In those cases in which it does, it vanishes suddenly. In view of this, the question arises as to whether the right model for conductivity in a metal is visualized. It is suggested that fundamentally a metallic atom is one in which the electron configuration is incomplete.Ordinary conduction consists of a process whereby an electron jumps from one atom to another and remains with the atom it jumps to until it is in a sort of equilibrium with the motions of the electrons already on that atom. In the superconducting state, the electronic orbits of different atoms become synchronized so that when an electron leaves one atom, another electron automatically comes on to the atom to take its place. A study of the resistance-temperature curves as well as other points emphasizes the importance of structure in conductivity.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI.: III. INFLUENCE OF X-RAYS UPON DISSOCIATION
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Reed Guilford B.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that X-ray treatment of cultures of a rapid-growing strain of bovine tubercle bacillus showing a tendency to change from R to S promoted the change to a considerable degree. Stable R cultures of the same species are unaffected. Larger doses produce a lethal effect.Protective colloids such as gelatine or blood serum added to the suspension reduce the effect of the irradiation.Non-acid-fast bacteria are shown to be much less sensitive to the effects of X-rays, as no change in the rate of dissociation has been observed in actively dissociating cultures with twice the dosage to which tubercle bacilli were exposed.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN NITROGEN FRACTIONS OF PLANT JUICE ON EXPOSURE TO FROST
Authors: Newton R. , Brown W. R. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Exposure of the press-juice of unhardened winter wheat plants to frost caused a decrease in coagulable protein content, an increase in amino nitrogen content and an increased sensitivity to hydrolysis by dilute sodium hydroxide. Added sugar reduced the amount of change. No change resulting from freezing could be demonstrated in the inorganic nitrogen fractions. It is suggested that protein splitting as found in hardened plants may be the result of frost rather than an adaptation against it, and that the value of sugar as a protection to winter plants may lie partly in its ability to delay this action.
PREPARATION OF GLUTENIN IN UREA SOLUTIONS
Authors: Cook W. H. , Alsberg C. L.
Published: April 2011

A new method has been developed for preparing glutenin, using concentrated urea solution as a dispersion medium. The starch is removed from the dispersion by passing it through a Sharpies supercentrifuge. The glutenin is then removed from the gliadin by precipitation: (a) by adding magnesium sulphate to about 0.17 of saturation; or (b) by adding water until the urea is diluted to about 10% concentration. Alcohol precipitation is unsatisfactory, since the glutenin loses much of its original solubility. Drying, even at room temperature, renders glutenin insoluble in 30% urea solution. Different samples of glutenin isolated by the urea method have similar amide and arginine nitrogen contents. The amount of these constituents is intermediate between the values reported for glutenin isolated from alkali, and that isolated from acid. While urea solutions denature some proteins, they affect glutenin less than dilute alkalies, as judged by the sulphydryl test, and no more than dilute acids. Neutral urea solutions permit a study of the physical properties of glutenin without previous exposure to extremes of hydrogen ion concentration. This method should be applicable to the isolation of glutenins from other seeds.
COMPARISON OF COMPOSITES AND AVERAGES WITH RESPECT TO BAKING QUALITY: I. PURE SAMPLES OF ONE VARIETY
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Brockington S. F.
Published: April 2011

Comparisons of the loaf volume of composite samples with the average loaf volume of the individuals comprising the composite were made on three groups of samples: namely, (1) samples of pure Marquis grown in one locality in one season, grouped on the basis of protein content; (2) samples of pure Marquis, Reward, and Garnet in separate series grouped on basis of protein, irrespective of locality of origin; and (3) samples of the above three varieties grouped on basis of origin, irrespective of protein content.In these studies the composite samples were all made up after the individual flours had been baked and, therefore, there was admitted an error due to the time factor in respect to age of the flours and also in respect to variability in baking technique. Despite this, however, there was found a very close agreement between the values obtained with the composite samples and the average values of the component flours. There were a large number of cases in which there was practically complete agreement between the two values and only a few in which the differences were very great. The correlation of the two values was on the average of the order of + 0.95 and the conclusion was reached that the data obtained with the composite samples could be used safely as an estimate of the average values and vice versa.
THE CONSTANCY OF REPEATED AGGLUTINATION TESTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PULLORUM DISEASE
Authors: Biely Jacob
Published: April 2011

A high degree of consistency was secured in retests of five groups of birds from various sources and tested from 2 to 22 times. The results of repeated agglutination tests were, except in a few cases, confirmed by the macroscopic appearance of the ovary and by bacteriological examination.Data show that positive reactors consistently react positive to the test, and that they seldom recover from pullorum infection. This is especially true of birds that have completed the first laying year. With these very little variation can be expected in retests at short intervals. In the case of pullets that are just starting to lay, a small percentage of reactors may throw off the infection and subsequently react negatively.Non-reactors from an infected flock when left in contact with reactors in presence or absence of males, may in later tests react positively. This is generally due to infection through contact with infected birds, contaminated droppings, feed, water or litter. These non-reactors, if kept isolated from reactors, as a rule remain negative. When such birds become reactors at subsequent tests, the possibility of recent infection taking place just before or after the first test is not excluded. Hence, non-reactors from infected flocks should be retested at short intervals.Suspicious reactors as a rule do not show marked variations in titre from month to month. It is impossible to predict whether a suspicious reactor will in course of time become a distinctly positive or negative reactor. With these birds therefore diagnosis must be done with care and the general condition of the flock taken into consideration. In an eradication program the bird has to be sacrificed unless it is very valuable, in which case several retests would need to be conducted before a final diagnosis is made.Male birds do not as a rule react in as high dilutions as females, consequently fluctuations in reaction from test to test are not uncommon. Therefore, particular care must be exercised in diagnosis in the case of male birds.
THE RELATIVE MILLING AND BAKING QUALITY OF WESTERN CANADIAN SPRING WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Malloch J. G. , Geddes W. F. , Larmour R. K.
Published: April 2011

To maintain the quality of Canada's export wheat it is essential that only high quality varieties should be grown. To supply information on which a choice of varieties may be based, a co-operative study was made of the milling and baking quality of 25 varieties of spring wheat now grown in western Canada. Samples were grown in adjacent plots by the Dominion Experimental Farms and Universities in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1928, 1929 and 1930. Only samples which were sound enough to be placed in the statutory grades by official inspectors were used. Part of each sample was milled and baked in each of the three co-operating laboratories. Four baking formulas were used. The varieties were classified on the bases of loaf volume, texture, crumb color, general appearance of loaf, absorption, and yield of straight flour. These classifications were combined to give classifications for baking quality and milling quality and finally for suitability for export and domestic milling. The last classification is given in Table XXVII and is, briefly, as follows:1. Varieties which are entirely satisfactory: Reward, Ceres, Marquis, Pioneer, Red Fife, Renfrew, Red Bobs 222, Supreme.2. Varieties which are fairly satisfactory: Early Red Fife, Ruby, Early Triumph.3 Varieties which are unsatisfactory: (a) White wheats: Quality, Axminster, Hard Federation; (b) Varieties differing from Marquis in milling characteristics: Garnet, Kota; (c) Varieties inferior to Marquis in baking characteristics: Garnet Parker's Selection, Brownhead, Huron, Kitchener, Preston, Marquillo.4. Varieties which are very unsatisfactory: Early Prolific, Dicklow, Vermilion.
ON TWO NEPHELINE-SODALITE-SYENITES FROM NEW LOCALITIES IN NORTHERN RHODESIA
Authors: Adams Frank Dawson , Osborne Freleigh Fitz
Published: April 2011

Two specimens of nepheline-sodalite-syenite from Northern Rhodesia are petrologically interesting because of the low content of binary oxides and the presence of an aluminous aegirine. The rocks are similar in chemical composition to lavas found at the north end of Lake Nyassa and probably belong to the same petrographical province.
ON THE TESTING OF FIBRE-BOARD INSULATION
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

A description is given in detail of the hot-plate apparatus which has been installed at the National Research Laboratories at Ottawa, primarily with a view to ascertaining the cause of the inconsistency in results obtained by different investigators on insulating wall board. Fibre boards composed either of bagasse or wood fibre were tested, and a migration of moisture from the hot to the cold side was found to occur. The conductivity of a board with a fairly high moisture content was found to decrease enormously during a long period of testing. The work indicates that the conductivity-density relation is essentially linear, but should be represented as a band rather than a line to allow for the effect of the structure of the board on the conductivity.
THE FREEZING OF WATER IN FISH MUSCLE AND IN GELATIN
Authors: Mennie J. H.
Published: April 2011

From the calorimetric measurements of Chipman and Langstroth (4) an estimate is made of the percentage of water frozen at temperatures down to − 20 °C. in samples of muscle from different species of fish. It is pointed out that if such measurements are to be used for the estimation of "bound" water, it must be known what portion of the water is kept from freezing by any inorganic salts that are present. Heat-capacity measurements on a 1.7% sodium chloride solution are given, and are shown to agree well with values calculated from available thermal data with the aid of the freezing-point curve. Heat-capacity curves for dry gelatin and 20, 40 and 66% gels are given. The unfrozen water in these gels at temperatures down to − 20 °C. is estimated and compared with results obtained by other methods.
HEAT CAPACITY MEASUREMENTS ON GELATIN GELS. I.
Authors: Hampton W. F. , Mennie J. H.
Published: April 2011

Heat capacity measurements using an adiabatic calorimeter have been made on a 24% gel, on dry gelatin and on gelatin containing 12.5% water. The calculation of bound water from calorimetric measurements is discussed, and the limitations of the method used by previous workers indicated. A new equation is derived and an estimate of bound water in the 24% gel given. Further work is in progress.
THE YELLOW COLORING MATTER OF KHAPLI WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCUM: II. THE CONSTITUTION OF TRICETIN
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Khapli wheat leaves contain a very small quantity of a trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, tricin. Marquis yields a trace of the same compound. These two varieties also contain water-soluble coloring matters which are apparently glucosides of tricin or of a closely related compound. Dyeing tests carried out with six other wheat varieties indicate that all contain essentially the same coloring matters.Methylation of tricin and hydrolysis of the resulting O-trimethyltricin yielded 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyacetophenone. It was therefore assumed that tricetin, the pentahydroxyflavone derived from tricin, was 5,7,3′,4′,5′-pentahydroxyflavone. This was synthesized from 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid and phloracetophenone by the Allan-Robinson method. Mixed melting-point determinations showed that its O-pentamethyl and O-penta-acetyl derivatives are identical with the corresponding derivatives of tricetin. The dyeing properties and color reactions of synthetic and natural tricetin are identical and are in fair agreement with those described by Badhwar, Kang and Ventkataraman (3, p. 1111) who recently reported the synthesis of the same compound.
CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN SOME QUEBEC SOILS
Authors: McKibbin R. R. , Gray P. H. H.
Published: April 2011

The major soil groups in a large area of agricultural Quebec have been defined and the primary factors effecting differentiation studied. Organic-matter relations as well as the variations in mineral colloidal matter have determined the groupings adopted. Eight major soil groups are named; viz., heavy clay, sandy clay, lowland podsol, upland podsol, brown earth, orchard soil, lowland muck swamp and upland muck swamp. Chemical and microbiological studies of representative virgin soils within each of the first-named six groups are reported, and field data presented.
THE EFFECT OF DIASTATIC MALT UPON THE LOAF VOLUMES OF COMMERCIAL FLOURS
Authors: Harris R. H.
Published: April 2011

A series of ten commercial flours of different protein contents and baking strengths was baked by a variety of methods to determine the effect of adding to the dough progressively increasing quantities of diastatic malt. The two lower malt concentrations, 2 and 4% respectively, increased the resulting loaf volumes in every case, but the highest percentage of malt, 6%, increased the loaf volume over the values obtained with 2 and 4% of malt only when the highest protein flours were used. Flours which yielded unsatisfactory loaves when baked with the simple formula gave much better results when malt was added.The inclusion of 0.002% of potassium bromate increased the loaf volumes except in the cases of two flours evidently of low diastatic power, where little improvement was shown on the results with the simple formula. The further addition of 2% of malt reacted very favorably with the higher protein members of the series, but had no effect upon these two flours.The addition of 2 and 4% of sucrose to the simple formula did not prove as beneficial as the addition of like quantities of diastatic malt.No significant relation was found between protein content and loaf volume in the absence of malt and bromate.
TYPES OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Price R. M.
Published: April 2011

Four hundred and thirty-six cases of clinical tuberculosis were investigated with a view to ascertaining the types of the infecting organism. In this series of cases, 268 were children under 14 years of age, and 168 adults, 15 years and over. Both medical and surgical cases were studied. In the juvenile group, 230 patients proved to be infected with the human type, and 38, or 14.1%, with the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus. In the adult group 6, or 3.5%, proved to be infected with the bovine type, the remaining 162 cases with the human type of the tubercle bacillus. Bovine tuberculosis in man is milk-borne and preventable.
THE WIND TUNNEL DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPOSED EXTERNAL FORM FOR STEAM LOCOMOTIVES
Authors: Green J. J.
Published: April 2011

The existing shape and arrangement of steam locomotives are such that smoke from the stack tends to sweep back along the boiler top and descend in front of the cab windows, seriously impairing forward vision. For the maximum degree of safety it is essential that the view from the cab, especially in a forward direction, should be unobstructed at all times. It is therefore desirable that some means be found for improving the manner in which the smoke is carried away from the stack. In addition to preventing the descent of smoke at the cab it is desirable that the external shape of the locomotive should be so modified as to result in a decreased air resistance, in view of the growing demand for economical running at increasingly higher speeds.The paper describes work done in the wind tunnel of the National Research Laboratories and discusses the steps whereby an improved external shape has been evolved for locomotives such that the smoke is lifted over the cab thus making possible an unimpaired vision ahead.The new design is the result of the application of elementary aerodynamics to the problem and aims at providing smoother air flow about the locomotive. Further, a layer of clean air is introduced between the smoke and the body of the locomotive and is responsible for maintaining the smoke above the cab. By removing the violent eddying flow about the locomotive the air resistance of the engine and tender has been reduced to the extent of some 35%.
THE PLANT SYNTHESIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

not available
ON THE SPECIFIC HEATS OF TUNGSTEN, MOLYBDENUM, AND COPPER
Authors: Bronson H. L. , Chisholm H. M. , Dockerty S. M.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains the results of a long series of determinations of the specific heats of tungsten, molybdenum, and copper from − 20° to 500 °C.A new type of all-copper adiabatic calorimeter has been designed and used. The complete elimination of water from the calorimeter removed several sources of error and resulted in increased reliability and accuracy.Two entirely different methods were used in determining the specific heats. The usual "method of mixtures" was used to determine the mean specific heat for a large temperature change and was applied to all three metals over the entire range of temperature. The specific heat of copper was also determined for 5- or 10-degree intervals from − 5° to 110 °C. by heating the calorimeter electrically.It has been quite definitely shown that the specific heats of these metals over a temperature range as large as 0° to 500 °C. cannot be expressed as a linear function of the temperature. An equation of the form Cp = A + BT − C/T2 was arrived at from theoretical considerations and the constants determined empirically with the following results:—[Formula: see text]where the unit of heat is the 20-degree calorie and T is absolute temperature. The average deviation of the individual determinations from the values calculated by these equations was only about 0.1%.As a matter of convenience and for purposes of comparison, linear equations applicable over smaller ranges of temperature have also been given.
FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM) IN CHICKS UNDER THREE MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Biely Jacob , Palmer V. Elvira , Lerner I. Michael
Published: April 2011

Fowl paralysis is generally considered to be a disease of birds over three months of age. In the present paper data are presented on 45 out of 244 chicks (18.4%), which developed clinical symptoms of fowl paralysis before 90 days of age. Of these, 20 were inoculated and 25 were not inoculated. Forty-two of the 45 chicks (93.3%) showed lesions in the nervous system. Nine chicks (20%) showed lymphomatous tumors.Seventeen of the 45 cases (37.7%) occurred in chicks less than 60 days of age; the same number of cases occurred between 60 and 74 days of age; and 11 cases (24.4%) occurred between 75 and 89 days of age. The mean age of all chicks that developed paralysis was 64.4 days.The fact that typical fowl paralysis occurred in one chick at 37 days, and in several from 40 to 44 days of age, would indicate that the disease may develop at a very rapid rate.
A ROOT ROT OF SWEET CLOVER AND RELATED CROPS CAUSED BY PLENODOMUS MELILOTI DEARNESS AND SANFORD
Authors: Sanford G. B.
Published: April 2011

The occurrence, hosts and symptoms of a hitherto undescribed root rot of Melilotus, Medicago and Trifolium, and the relation of temperature and the reaction of substrate to growth of the pathogen Plenodomus meliloti are discussed, and its pathogenicity demonstrated. It is suggested that the disease be called "brown root rot".Evidence is that the hosts mentioned are susceptible only during the winter and early spring dormancy stage. Normal roots of sweet clover, when frozen at −4 °C. for four days and subsequently kept at 2–3°, 9° and 16 °C., did not become susceptible. The brown root-rot disease is distinct from true winter injury resulting from insufficient hardiness to cold.The temperature range for vegetative growth and pycnidia of P. meliloti is from 0° to 27 °C., with optimum between 15° and 17 °C. Increasingly good growth occurs from 2 °C. to optimum temperature. Severe lesions are produced at 2–3°, 9° and 16 °C. The optimum pH value for growth in potato dextrose decoction is about 6.2, the other limits being approximately pH 3.2 and 8.2. Soils with an alkaline reaction apparently are unfavorable.The disease is characterized by brown lesions, on or within which are an abundance of black to dark brown pycnidia. These bodies, 0.5 to 2 mm. in longest diameter, may have one or more spore bearing chambers. Each chamber may have one to several ostioles, through which the one-celled spores, averaging 5.2 × 2.84 μ, exude. The hyphae do not bear spores.Dissemination of the pathogen by seed would not seem to be of practical importance. Control by crop sanitation is recommended, at least until varieties more resistant are available.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIKETONE OBTAINED FROM ANHYDRACETONEBENZIL
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Spanagel E. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE PREPARATION OF β-CHLOROPROPIOPHENONE
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Cressman H. W. J. , Bell A. C.
Published: April 2011

A suitable, inexpensive apparatus and procedure for the preparation of β-chloropropiophenone from ethylene and benzoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride are outlined. Several homologues are also described.
STUDIES IN ISOUREAS AND ISOUREIDES: III. THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF SOME ISOUREAS
Authors: Basterfield Steward , Tomecko J. W.
Published: April 2011

The ionization constants of seven isoureas have been measured. The values for simple alkyl isoureas increase definitely from methyl to n-propyl, the n-butyl-isourea showing no further increase. Isobutyl-isourea has a decidedly greater constant than the n-butyl compound. Introduction of the phenyl group into ethyl-isourea lowers the value of the constant as would be expected. The presence of a double bond in the radical also produces a similar effect as shown by a comparison of the values for n-propyl- and allyl-isoureas. Cyclohexyl-isourea has a constant slightly higher than those of n-propyl and n-butyl-isoureas. Some comparison with a series of primary amines is made.
DIFFUSION OF HELIUM THROUGH QUARTZ: RELATION TO TEMPERATURE
Authors: Burton E. F. , Braaten E. O. , Wilhelm J. O.
Published: April 2011

A qualitative study of the diffusion of certain gases through quartz has been made for ordinary temperatures and pressures.A nearly linear relation was found to exist between diffusion and pressure for constant temperature and a form of the equation satisfying the experimental results suggested. Temperature-diffusion curves were obtained and a comparison made to previous work. Permeability to helium of single quartz crystalline plates is independent of the direction in which the plate has been cut, but is only about one-half the value of that of fused quartz bulbs or plates.
A REVIEW OF CANADIAN HELMINTHOLOGY: II. ADDITIONS TO PART I, AS DETERMINED FROM A STUDY OF PARASITIC HELMINTHS COLLECTED IN CANADA
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

The author adds to Part I further records of Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda of Canadian horses, cattle, swine, sheep, poultry, game birds and miscellaneous hosts. These appear as check lists, the specimens having been identified by the author and deposited in helminthological collections. Parts I and II summarize the extent of knowledge concerning the distribution and prevalence of these parasites in Canada, and a bibliography covering these papers is herewith included.
AN ELECTROSTATIC VOLTMETER FOR HIGH VOLTAGES
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

An electrostatic voltmeter which is of fairly simple construction is described. It has a scale which is more nearly linear than is usually found with such instruments, and which can be applied to several different voltage ranges.
A POWER LAUNDRY COMPARISON OF THE DETERGENT EFFICIENCIES OF ALKALINE SOAP BUILDERS
Authors: Morgan O. M.
Published: April 2011

Five commonly used alkaline soap builders, namely, caustic soda, soda ash, modified soda, sodium metasilicate, and trisodium phosphate have been tested for detergent efficiency in full-scale power laundry tests. The above sequence represents their decreasing order of efficiency.Optimum detergent conditions do not occur at the same pH value for each builder nor is the same quantity of soap required to produce effective washing.All builders studied are free rinsing and produce no loading of the fabrics. Optimum quantities of builder to produce the maximum detergent effect are tabulated.
STERILIZATION OF NARCISSUS BULBS BY IMMERSION IN SILVER NITRATE — POTASSIUM CYANIDE SOLUTION IN VACUO
Authors: Newton W. , Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E.
Published: April 2011

Through the use of a dye solution, evidence was obtained that a liquid disinfectant may be forced into the narcissus bulb parts invaded by nematodes and fly larvae by immersion in vacuo.An investigation of the lethal properties of solutions against nematodes and their influence upon bulb growth led to the selection of a silver nitrate solution as a promising disinfectant, but owing to instability of silver nitrate in the presence of chlorides and other substances in tap water and in dirt clinging to bulbs, its use had no commercial possibilities. However when silver salt was combined with potassium cyanide in the ratio of 1 to 3 by weight, an effective solution of satisfactory stability was obtained.A solution of silver nitrate 0.05% and potassium cyanide 0.15% by weight, forced into narcissus bulbs by an evacuation process, effectively destroyed bulb nematodes and bulb fly larvae without significant injury to bulb growth under greenhouse conditions.Field tests with bulbs treated in silver nitrate-potassium cyanide solutions resulted in the reduction of infection from 26.8 to 1%, a 96% control, and no evidence of injury in the foliage or bloom was detected.
SECULAR CHANGES OF THE MAGNETIC ELEMENTS, OTTAWA, 1500–1930
Authors: Herbert W. H.
Published: April 2011

In this paper is presented a table of the various elements of terrestrial magnetism at Ottawa from 1500 to 1930 and explains how the values were derived from old magnetic observations made in America, and not from theory. Among other points, it shows that though the total magnetic force has been declining at Ottawa for some time, yet the total magnetic force and the magnetic elements evidently go through cycles and none have apparently suffered permanent change during the time considered.
STUDIES ON BACILLUS CALMETTE-GUÉRIN (B.C.G.) AND VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Watson E. A.
Published: April 2011

Vaccination trials and biological studies of B.C.G. have been carried on for a period of over eight years and are still continuing. Under conditions of continuous exposure to natural infection through cohabitation with tuberculous animals, trials varying in duration from two months to four and one-half years have been completed on 44 vaccinated cattle and 28 unvaccinated controls. In trials of short duration the percentage of cattle free from tuberculosis is slightly in favor of the vaccinated. In all cattle over two years of age tuberculosis was present to a greater or lesser degree. Judged by slight, moderate and extensive tuberculous involvement, there is some evidence of a greater resistance in the vaccinated cattle up to two and a half years of age, 26% of which showed extensive generalized tuberculosis, as compared with 53% of the unvaccinated. But in the age group ranging from two and a half to four and a half years no greater resistance is found in the vaccinated than in the unvaccinated cattle. It has not been possible to demonstrate a true lasting immunity by this method of vaccination, and such increased relative resistance as B.C.G. may confer during the early months of life declines and soon disappears, and fails to protect cattle exposed for two years to natural sources of infection from developing typical tuberculosis.The attenuated virulence and potential pathogenicity of B.C.G. have been studied for a period of over eight years in three original strains received in the years 1924, 1925 and 1927, and in the cultural descendants of each strain up to the year 1932. Each strain proved to possess an unfixed, potential virulence capable of exaltation on the one hand, and of complete attenuation or reduction on the other. This virulence, manifested but rarely and only in the earlier descendants, 1924–1928, declined under serial cultivation and periodic return to the special bile-potato media and apparently died out in the 1928–1929 generations, for none of the subsequent descendants tested proved capable of causing progressive reinoculable tuberculosis in laboratory animals.
ON THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS INSULATORS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

The values for thermal conductivity of various common materials chiefly used in the walls of houses are given. By plotting the results obtained, as well as those obtained by other experimenters, on a density-conductivity diagram there is a general indication that at higher densities thermal conductivity increases with increase of density much more rapidly than it does at low densities.
SOME MEASUREMENTS OF THE ELECTROSTATIC PROPERTIES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with experiments performed to determine the electrostatic properties of celluloid camera films. The information derived was used in attempts to eliminate marks due to static electricity on film used in aerial photography.Camera films were rubbed with wool or brass and the resulting electrostatic effects studied. The required atmospheric conditions were reproduced by carrying out the experiments in a tank in which pressure, temperature and humidity could be controlled independently. It was found that the charging effect was more pronounced in a moist than a dry atmosphere.Methods of eliminating the trouble caused by static electricity in aerial photography are discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DENSITY OF A VAPOR IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH A LIQUID NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Tapp J. S. , Steacie E. W. R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An account is given of the outstanding work done and theories developed in connection with the critical phenomena during the last century. It was because of certain observations made in this laboratory a short time ago upon reaction rates at the critical temperature that the present investigation was begun with a view to providing more definite data concerning the density of both the liquid and gas in the region of the critical point.Experimental conditions have been kept under the most rigid supervision and previous errors eliminated or evaluated. A distinctly new technique has been developed, utilizing quartz spirals, for determining the density of both the liquid and gaseous phase almost simultaneously, up to, and past, the point where the meniscus vanishes. The results have been compiled from a great many observations taken over a period of two years upon eight separate units. In general, good agreement has been obtained in all but one case, and a probable solution has been advanced for the exception. Primarily, the paper is an experimental one designed to fill an important gap in previously recorded data.Extensive theoretical deductions have been purposely omitted because of the radical nature of the findings; and it would be necessary to proceed further with the work before anything really definite might be concluded. Briefly, it might be stated that the results cast considerable doubt upon Van der Waals' classical theory of the continuity of state.
THE MARINE ALGAE OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES OF CANADA: II. A Study of their Ecology
Authors: Bell Hugh P. , MacFarlane Constance
Published: April 2011

The coastal area of the maritime provinces of Canada is divided into three regions, the Bay of Fundy, the Prince Edward Island, and the Atlantic. Each of these is distinctly different in regard to both marine flora and marine flora environment. The main features of the marine flora of each region are as follows: Bay of Fundy, generally dense and luxuriant; Prince Edward Island, a barren littoral zone and a rich sublittoral flora; Atlantic, intermediate in density and luxuriance with the predominance of large linear forms in the surf. With the exception of Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum which are dominant in the littoral zones of both the Bay of Fundy and Atlantic regions, there are species dominant for each region and peculiar to it. The physical factors varying throughout the area, and associated with the floral differences are: water temperature, tides, wave action, clarity of the water as regards mud, structure and composition of the rocks along the shore, materials forming the ocean floor near the shore, slope of the intertidal zone, slope of the ocean floor near the shore, salinity, and ice action. Each of these physical factors is associated with certain characteristic features in the marine flora.
VARIATION IN CLOSTRIDIUM WELCHII
Authors: Orr J. H. , Josephson J. E. , Baker Mary C. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

In this paper it is shown that by plating cultures of Cl. welchii, on a suitable hormone-blood agar, two distinct colony types, regarded as S and R, and frequently intermediate types, may be isolated. Once isolated and stabilized by continued cultivation and selection at least the two more extreme types show true breeding properties. Serial cultivation in various fluid media, particularly Robertson's chopped meat, has resulted in both S to R and R to S variation. This has been observed in strains purified by colony selection and by single cell isolation.The S type has proved to be highly virulent for pigeons, the R type much less virulent but there is some evidence that the apparent killing action of R types may result from in vivo dissociation of the R to S. Both S and R types are shown to yield hemotoxin which is neutralized by antitoxin but under similar conditions S types produce 10 to 20 times more toxin than R types.
THE BAROMETRIC FORMULA FOR REAL GASES AND ITS APPLICATION NEAR THE CRITICAL POINT
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

According to the theory of the continuity of liquid and gaseous states, as expressed for instance in van der Waals' equation, pronounced density differences may exist in a short column of fluid maintained, throughout its length, at the critical temperature. The point in the tube at which the density of the contents has decreased a given percentage from the critical value is the higher the larger the ratio of the critical temperature to molecular weight. For substances like neon the variations are so large that a measurable separation of isotopes may be expected at or near the critical point; for other substances the computed results are at least of the magnitude found by experiment. Also, according to the theory, in order to obtain, at or near the critical point, a column of gas of uniform density a temperature gradient must be allowed to exist along the column.
AN INVESTIGATION OF SEMI-MICRO KJELDAHL METHODS
Authors: Scarrow J. A. , Allen C. F. H.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that the estimation of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method on a semi-micro scale is more sensitive to variations in procedure than the corresponding macro method.Several methods of preliminary reduction, recommended for certain types of compounds, have been found difficult to adapt to semi-micro work. A method of reduction, involving use of hydriodic acid and phosphorus, has been developed for many such compounds.
THE PRECIPITIN RING TEST APPLIED TO SOME USTILAGINACEAE
Authors: Beck E. C.
Published: April 2011

The standard precipitin ring test was applied in an effort to differentiate the following smut fungi: (1) monosporidial cultures of Sorosporium reilianum (Kühn) McAlp., Ustilago hordei (Pers.) K. & S., Ustilago levis (K. & S.) Magn., Ustilago zeae (Beck.) Ung., and (2) mass cultures of Ustilago hypodites (Schlecht.) Fr., Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rost., Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Jens., Ustilago levis (K. & S.) Magn., and Ustilago zeae (Beck.) Ung. The results obtained indicate that monosporidial strains could be satisfactorily differentiated. Although they were frequently mutually reactive in undiluted serum-antigen mixtures, their specificity was apparent in the persistence of the precipitin ring at greater dilutions with homologous than with heterologous mixtures. Mass cultures were not so satisfactorily differentiated and showed many cross reactions. The results indicate that closely related species and physiological forms of fungi are not easily differentiated since characters common to two or more of them apparently tend to mask their ultimate differences. The method, however, offers possibilities as regards the more intimate affinities among groups of doubtful species or genera.
A DETERMINATION OF THE DISTORTION IN A NUMBER OF AIR CAMERA LENSES
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

For map plotting purposes it is essential to know the principal distance (focal length) of air cameras, preferably for rays making various angles with the lens axis. A compact apparatus has been developed for making the necessary measurements and has been used for investigating the lens distortion in a number of air cameras. This method of finding distortion has the advantage that it takes into account the effect of the glass plate fitted in film cameras to maintain the film flat during exposure.The distortion is given as the linear displacement in the plane of the photograph. It is felt that in this form the results are of more interest to those using air photographs. By simple calculations the figures can be changed to give the distortion in the forms more usual in the treatment of lens design.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE POLLEN CONSTANCY OF BEES
Authors: Brittain W. H. , Newton Dorothy E.
Published: April 2011

Further studies of the pollen constancy of hive bees and the wild bee visitors to apple blossoms, in continuation of those previously published (1, 2) are reported. Only hive bees and various Andrena spp. appeared in significant numbers in this study. The latter show a much lower degree of constancy than the former, confirming previous work. The wide difference between the complex of insect pollinators at Macdonald College and that of Kings County, Nova Scotia, is discussed. The highly polytrophic character of the common insect pollinators of the apple is emphasized.
THE THEORY OF OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN ALKALI METAL CRYSTALS
Authors: Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

The experimental results of R. W. Wood are compared with theory using the model of free electrons perturbed by the periodic lattice potential. All relevant data are collected in a table in which it is seen that in sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium the wave-length of the upper limit of the absorption band in the visible and near ultra-violet is proportional to the square of the lattice constant, while lithium occupies an anomalous position. The facts at present available do not permit a completely definite test of the absolute values of these wave-lengths given by the theory.