bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient large deflection analysis of elasto‐plastic thin shells of revolution
Authors: Pajunen Sami
Published: August 2002

The paper presents an extension of a stress resultant based axisymmetric shell element by Reissner to the elasto‐plastic computations. In the elastic range, the element exhibits exact kinematics for large displacements and rotations thus enabling the use of large increments in the global equilibrium path continuation. In order to preserve this desired property also in the elasto‐plastic range, the general closest point projection algorithm is utilized for the elasto‐plastic stress increment computation. In the case of the used element, consistent linearization of the stress updating algorithm results in a very simple form so that the element offers an efficient and computationally cheap approach to the large deflection elasto‐plastic axisymmetric shell problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal time integration parameters for elastodynamic contact problems
Authors: Czekanski A. , El‐Abbasi N. , Meguid S. A.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we employ the generalized‐α time integration scheme for treating elastodynamic contact problems. The criteria invoked for the selection of the four time integration parameters are motivated by our desire to ensure that the solution is unconditionally stable, second‐order accurate, provides optimal high‐frequency dissipation and preserves the energy and momentum transfer in dynamic rigid impact problems. New closed‐form expressions for the time integration parameters are determined in terms of user‐specified high‐frequency spectral radius. The selected parameters help in avoiding the spurious high‐frequency modes, which are present in the traditional Newmark method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the generalized differential quadrature rule to eighth‐order differential equations
Authors: Wu T. Y. , Liu G. R.
Published: August 2002

This work extends the application of the generalized differential quadrature rule (GDQR) to an eighth‐order boundary‐value differential equation with four boundary conditions at boundaries. The differential quadrature expression and explicit weighting coefficients for the eighth‐order differential equation are formulated for a first time to implement the GDQR more accurately. A circular cylindrical single‐barrel roof is employed as an example. The numerical results show good accuracy and convergence with only a few sampling points. The application of the GDQR is straightforward and has clear advantages in the implementation of multiple boundary conditions over the existing δ‐point technique. The GDQR has demonstrated itself as a general numerical method to solve high‐order differential equation with multiple boundary conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element modelling of rock alteration and metamorphic process in hydrothermal systems
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B. E. , Mühlhaus H. B. , Ord A.
Published: August 2002

We use the finite element method to simulate the rock alteration and metamorphic process in hydrothermal systems. In particular, we consider the fluid–rock interaction problems in pore‐fluid saturated porous rocks. Since the fluid–rock interaction takes place at the contact interface between the pore‐fluid and solid minerals, it is governed by the chemical reaction which usually takes place very slowly at this contact interface, from the geochemical point of view. Due to the relative slowness of the rate of the chemical reaction to the velocity of the pore‐fluid flow in the hydrothermal system to be considered, there exists a retardation zone, in which the conventional static theory in geochemistry does not hold true. Since this issue is often overlooked by some purely numerical modellers, it is emphasized in this paper. The related results from a typical rock alteration and metamorphic problem in a hydrothermal system have shown not only the detailed rock alteration and metamorphic process, but also the size of the retardation zone in the hydrothermal system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quality of service driven concurrency framework for object‐based middleware
Authors: Coulson Geoff , Moonian Oveeyen
Published: August 2002

Threads play a key role in object‐based middleware platforms. Implementers of such platforms can select either kernel or user‐level threads, but neither of these options are ideal. In this paper we introduce Application Scheduler Contexts (ASCs) which flexibly combine both types of thread and thereby attempt to exploit the advantages of each. Multiple ASCs can co‐exist, each with their own concurrency semantics and scheduling policy. ASCs also support quality of service (QoS) configurability, and define their own QoS schema. We show how ASCs can be efficiently implemented and how they can usefully be exploited in middleware environments. We also provide a quantitative evaluation that demonstrates the feasibility of the ASC concept in performance terms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical fortune‐telling
Authors: Hatamian Tim S.
Published: August 2002

This is an informal introduction to the physics of dynamical systems and chaos at the level of elementary college calculus and analytic geometry. Terms like state‐vector, phase‐space, and strange attractor are defined and illustrated. Subsequently, we describe a method to produce forecasts for the behavior of complex nonlinear systems using the past behavior of the system. Finally, examples are provided to illustrate the practical utility of the method. Examples include: forecasting of presidential elections; the logistic, and predator‐prey time series; sun spot numbers; human body fat; and arbitrage trading in stocks. Other types of applications in lending, insurance, quality control, noise‐reduction, and pattern recognition are also good candidates for this method. Details on various aspects of the method are given in end notes suited for readers other than the complete beginner.
Relations between anxiety disorders and fear of childbirth during late pregnancy
Authors: Zar Margareta , Wijma Klaas , Wijma Barbro
Published: August 2002

In a group of late pregnant women we investigated the prevalence of extreme fear of childbirth and anxiety disorders, both assessed by means of diagnostic interviews. We also explored the relation between anxiety disorders and extreme fear of childbirth on the one hand and fear of childbirth, as measured by means of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ), on the other hand. A subgroup of women (2.4%) fulfilled the criteria for a phobia‐like fear of childbirth. Anxiety disorders were related to fear of childbirth, as measured by the W‐DEQ. The group of women with extreme fear of childbirth (with or without anxiety disorders) had obviously the highest W‐DEQ scores. But also in the group of women with anxiety disorders only the W‐DEQ scores were high. Clinical assessment of anxiety disorders among pregnant women should be considered, above all in women who report fear of the anticipated delivery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact sampled‐data analysis of quasi‐resonant converters with finite filter inductance and capacitance
Authors: Fang Chung‐Chieh
Published: August 2002

Previous models of quasi‐resonant converters generally use averaging and assume infinite filter inductance and capacitance to reduce circuit complexity, but at the expense of accuracy. In this paper, exact sampled‐data modelling is used. A general block diagram model applicable to various topologies of quasi‐resonant converters is proposed. Large‐signal analysis, steady‐state analysis and small‐signal analysis are all studied. They agree closely with the experimental results in the literature. Compared with the averaging approach, the sampled‐data approach is more systematic and accurate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precise and rapid assessment of Escherichia coli adherence to vaginal epithelial cells by flow cytometry
Authors: Stapleton Ann E. , Fennell Cynthia L. , Coder David M. , Wobbe Cheryl L. , Roberts Pacita L. , Stamm Walter E.
Published: August 2002

Background: In the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women, infecting bacteria adhere to vaginal and periurethral epithelial cells prior to ascending to the bladder and causing infection. Complex interactions among specific bacterial adhesins and various host factors appear to influence adherence of E. coli to mucosal surfaces such as the urogenital epithelium. To conduct population‐based studies assessing host epithelial cell determinants that influence bacterial attachment, a method of measuring bacterial adherence utilizing clinically derived epithelial cell samples is needed. Methods: We developed and standardized an efficient, accurate, high‐throughput method for analyzing the adherence of uropathogenic E. coli to clinical samples containing a large number of exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells (VEC). Three wild‐type E. coli strains isolated from women with UTI (IA2 expressing pap‐encoded, class II fimbriae only; F24 expressing pap‐encoded, class II and type 1 fimbriae; and F20, without pap‐encoded or type I fimbriae) were transformed with gfpmut3, encoding green fluorescent protein, incubated with VECs, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Enumeration of the binding of each E. coli strain to 10,000 VECs showed reproducible, highly significant strain‐dependent differences in adherence to VECs. Differential analysis of the relative contributions of type 1 pili and P fimbrial‐mediated binding to the adherence phenotype was performed. It demonstrated that IA2 binding was dependent entirely on P fimbriae, whereas F24 binding was dependent on both P and type 1 fimbriae. Conclusions: This method has great potential for use in high‐throughput analyses of clinically derived epithelial cell samples and will be valuable in population‐based investigations of host‐parasite interactions in UTI utilizing VECs collected from specific patient groups. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:31–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of phagosomal pH of normal and CGD‐like human neutrophils by dual fluorescence flow cytometry
Authors: Dri Pietro , Presani Gianni , Perticarari Sandra , Albèri Lavinia , Prodan Mario , Decleva Eva
Published: August 2002

Background

Phagosomal pH is thought to play an important role in the antimicrobial activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In this study, we set up a method for a rapid and accurate measurement of phagosomal pH in PMNs with the use of Candida albicans doubly labeled with a pH‐insensitive and a pH‐sensitive probe and flow cytometry.

Methods

Heat‐killed, serum‐opsonized C. albicans were doubly labeled with fluorescein, a pH‐sensitive probe, and rhodamine, a pH‐insensitive probe, and incubated with human PMNs. Flow cytometric readings of PMN‐associated Candida were then taken, and the intraphagosomal pH was calculated on the basis of the ratio of fluorescein:rhodamine fluorescence by using a calibration curve obtained after equilibration of phagosomal pH with different external pH values after addition of digitonin.

Results

A rapid rise in phagosomal pH, which reached pH 7.8, was observed 2 min after initiation of phagocytosis and progressively declined to pH 6.9 after 15 min. Such a rise was not observed in PMNs with defective microbicidal activity (deficient in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase), where phagosomal pH dropped to pH 6.6, 2 min after phagocytosis. The abnormal initial acidification in PMNs deficient in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase was prevented by using lysosomotropic weak bases or the vacuolar‐type H+ pump inhibitor concanamycin A.

Conclusions

Phagosomal pH of PMNs can be easily and accurately measured by dual fluorescence flow cytometry. The method can be applied to assess phagosomal pH in PMNs with defective microbicidal activity and to monitor the outcome of pharmacologic interventions aimed at correcting its abnormalities. Cytometry 48:159–166, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased myeloperoxidase index and large unstained cell values can predict the neutropenia phase of cancer patients treated with standard dose chemotherapy
Authors: Bononi Antonio , Lanza Francesco , Dabusti Melissa , Gusella Milena , Gilli Giuseppe , Menon Daniela , Toso Silvia , Crepaldi Giorgio , Marenda Bruno , Abbasciano Vincenzo , Ferrazzi Eros
Published: August 2002

Objective: The objective of this study was to better understand neutropenia induced by standard dose chemotherapy and to verify if there are any hematological parameters for defining the phase and possibly the duration of neutropenia. Methods: The kinetics of large unstained cells (LUCs) and lymphocytes was evaluated in 324 blood counts of 56 chemotherapy cycles through the use of a Technicon H2 or an ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer. Blood samples collected during the neutropenia phase were also studied by flow cytometry using a large panel of monoclonal antibodies. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were employed to compare the different variables analyzed. A linear regression between each variable before and after nadir and a simple linear correlation among the same variables in the neutropenic and recovery phase were performed. Results: The percentage of LUCs reaches the higher value at nadir and the difference between the mean value of prenadir and nadir is statistically significant (P <.01).The number of LUCs increases during the pre and postnadir phase. Lymphocytes number appears stable in the prenadir phase. The MPXI index increases in the prenadir phase and falls at nadir and this difference is statistically significant(P <.01). LUCs are correlated with blasts and CD34+ cells in the pre and postnadir phase, with CD3+/CD4+ cells in the prenadir phase, and with CD2+/CD56+ in the postnadir phase. Conclusions: Our data have shown that the estimation of both percentage of LUCs and MPXI can predict the neutropenia phase and orient for its duration. The lymphocyte number may be regarded as a parameter of risk of fever after day 5 of chemotherapy and the number of blood CD34+ cells may be predicted by LUC count. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:92–97, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of ATM traffic in optical CDMA
Authors: Zhang Liren , Eyoh Chih‐Hong , Ng Chee‐Hock
Published: August 2002

An ATM transit switch is proposed based on direct sequence optical code division multiple access technique. No buffering is necessary to facilitate the switching. Code conversion is used instead to emulate the switching function. The switch not only provides asynchronous access to the users but also has a limited capability of dynamic bandwidth allocation. It is free from timing jitters and switching delay is significantly reduced. A look‐up table is employed in the switching and updated through network management functions. The switch provides a new approach to asynchronous cross‐connection in the ATM core network. The performance of the new switch is evaluated by a set of prime codes and modified prime codes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient routing for IP subnet VLAN over Ethernet
Authors: Kok Chan Wai , Salim Beg M.
Published: August 2002

Existing IP routing algorithms have been developed mainly for non‐VLAN networks. For these routing algorithms to work, an end station must be attached to its associated network. The introduction of VLAN has, however, allowed the physical location of the end station to be changed from time to time. Therefore, some extra mechanism is required to support routing in VLAN environment. Existing approaches have some drawbacks in terms of inefficiency in traffic forwarding and switch software complexity. In this paper, a simple and efficient method for routing over IP subnet VLAN in Ethernet is proposed. This method has been implemented in hardware and found to work correctly. Various measurements and analyses have been performed to verify the efficiency of this protocol. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γ/δ Peripheral T‐cell lymphoma of the breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Al Omran S. , Mourad W.A. , Ali M.A.
Published: August 2002

γ/δ T‐cell lymphoma is a rare neoplasm that is not well characterized and is associated with a poor prognosis. We report a case of γ/δ peripheral T‐cell lymphoma that appeared as a breast lump in a 35‐yr‐old woman. The patient was examined for a 2‐mo history of a right‐sided breast mass with associated hepatosplenomegaly 2 yr in duration. A fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed, and the diagnosis of lymphoma was rendered. The patient received two cycles of CHOP and is alive with persistent disease. FNAB showed evidence of polymorphous lymphoma, consisting of medium‐size to large cells with immature chromatin. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping showed expression of CD2, CD3, and CD7 with lack of expression of CD1a, CD4, CD5, CD8, and CD56. Flow cytometry also showed predominant expression of the γ/δ T‐cell receptor. Cytogenetic analysis showed 48XX+i7(q11.2),+7(3). Our case indicates that γ/δ peripheral T‐cell lymphoma can be diagnosed by FNAB. This rare entity requires further investigation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:170–173; DOI 10.1002/dc.10072 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What is the role of cytopathologists in stereotaxic needle biopsy diagnosis of nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities?
Authors: Symmans W. Fraser , Cangiarella Joan F. , Gottlieb Susan , Newstead Gillian M. , Waisman Jerry
Published: August 2002

The popularity of screening mammography has led to increased detection of mammographic lesions that require pathologic diagnosis. Stereotaxic needle biopsy techniques to sample such lesions can be used to either identify those lesions that require excision from those that can be followed, or to confirm a mammographic impression of malignancy prior to excision. Stereotaxic core biopsy (SCBX) and stereotaxic fine needle aspiration (SFNA) have rarely been directly compared. For this review we undertook a uniform re‐analysis of the data that was presented in the published studies of SFNA and/or SCBX. The main endpoint was the negative predictive value (NPV) that measures the frequency that a benign diagnosis is truly benign. There was variability in NPV (likely due to sampling methods) and specific aspects of sampling techniques are discussed. The NPV was compared to indicators of selection of lesions to biopsy (frequency of invasive cancer in the study population), mammographic characteristics (masses or microcalcifications), and the reported nondiagnostic rates. The general conclusion is that SFNA and SCBX are equivalent in accuracy, with considerable variability that reflects the types of lesions that are selected for biopsy and the thoroughness of sampling. For SFNA studies, nondiagnostic rates were inversely related to NPV, and therefore have clinical implications. This was not shown for SCBX studies, and probably reflects an inability to correctly identify non‐representative tissue biopsies. The main advantage for including cytologic methods with stereotaxic breast biopsy is immediate sample assessment, and this advantage can also be applied to core needle procedures. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:260–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regression of early events of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by prophylactic treatment with nitroderivative of acetyl salicylic acid
Authors: Gad Mohamed Z. , Khattab Mahmoud M. , Moustafa Nadia A. , Burgaud Jean‐Luc
Published: August 2002

The potential of a newly developed compound, nitro‐aspirin (NO‐aspirin, NCX‐4016), on regression of early atherosclerotic events in hypercholesterolemic rabbit (HypR) was examined. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rabbits 2% cholesterol‐enriched diet for 28 days. During this induction period, HypRs were divided into two groups: one was given an oral single daily dose of 56 mg/kg/day NO‐aspirin in olive oil, whereas the other received olive oil alone and served as a control. A normal group of rabbits fed plain chow diet plus olive oil was also included. At the end of the 28 days, samples from blood, aorta, heart, and coronary arteries were separated for biochemical and histopathological examination. Tissues from HypR aorta and coronaries developed major changes that include formation of large intimal plaques, endothelial gaps with marked accumulation of foam cells. Highly significant increases in serum triglycerides and malondialdehyde and a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) in heart and aorta were also observed. Administration of NO‐aspirin markedly improved aortic and coronary architecture to almost normal appearance. NO‐aspirin also improved the antioxidant status in aorta and heart by increasing GSH levels and ameliorating malondialdehyde accumulation. These data support prophylactic use of NO‐aspirin in regression of atherosclerosis. Drug Dev. Res. 53:237–243, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Letter to the editor: Chronicle for an orphan trait: Comment on Hofer, Shair, Masmela, & Brunelli, “Developmental effects of selective breeding for an infantile trait: The rat pup ultrasonic isolation call”
Authors: Roubertoux Pierre L.
Published: August 2002

Hofer, Brunelli, Shair, and Masmela (2001) examined several behavioral and physiological measures in low, high, and unselected lines obtained from a divergent selection for ultrasound production (USP) in young rats. Although the response to selection was clear‐cut, few correlated responses appeared. This surprising result could be explained by two reasons. USP has polygenic correlates in this population, and most of the chromosomal regions that are linked with these measures only contribute to a small part of the genetic variance. Therefore, correlated responses to selection might exist, but the common genetic variance between the trait under selection and the indirectly selected trait is too small to be detected by a selective breeding strategy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 251–254, 2001..
Twenty‐four‐hour‐old lambs rely more on maternal behavior than on the learning of individual characteristics to discriminate between their own and an alien mother
Authors: Terrazas A. , Nowak R. , Serafín N. , Ferreira G. , Lévy F. , Poindron P.
Published: August 2002

Lambs can discriminate their own mother from an alien dam on the first day of life, suggesting the recognition of individual physical characteristics of the mother. Alternatively, their choice may depend on behavioral differences existing between the ewes because of their maternal selectivity. To clarify this, the ability of 24‐hr‐old lambs to discriminate between their own and an alien mother, that were either intact and accept only their own lamb at nursing (i.e., selective, n = 19) or anosmic, which nurse indiscriminately alien lambs as well as their own (i.e., nonselective, n = 24), was assessed by a 5‐min, two‐choice test. With intact dams, lambs spent significantly more time next to their own mother whereas this was not so in the presence of anosmic dams. Furthermore, in the intact group, the vocal activity by their own mother differed from that by the alien dam while this was not so in anosmic ewes. We conclude that 24‐hr‐old lambs rely more on the behavior of the ewes to select their dam than on their individual physical characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 408–418, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10041
Selective breeding for infant vocal response: A role for postnatal maternal effects?
Authors: Brunelli Susan A. , Hofer Myron A. , Weller Aron
Published: August 2002

N:NIH rats were selectively bred on the basis of high or low rates of ultrasonic vocalization (USV) response to isolation at 10 days of age (Brunelli et al., 1997: Dev Psychobiol 31:255–265). To examine the possibility of postnatal maternal effects in the generational transmission of divergent traits, pups were cross‐fostered shortly after birth between dams of the two lines (Low‐ and High‐USV). Controls were fostered to dams of the same line (in‐fostered). Additional (population) control data were obtained from the entire 13th generation of the selectively bred lines. USV rates of cross‐fostered pups in each line were not significantly different from rates of in‐fostered pups of the same line. High USV line pups cross‐fostered to Low USV line dams weighed significantly less than in‐fostered pups, on the day of testing. The results provide no evidence for a postnatal maternal contribution to the USV phenotype. Prenatal and/or perinatal maternal effects have not been ruled out. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 221–228, 2001
Variation in reproductive traits is associated with short anogenital distance in female rats
Authors: Zehr Julia L. , Gans Susan E. , McClintock Martha K.
Published: August 2002

Anogenital distance was used as a biomarker for natural variation in prenatal androgenization of female rats and was associated with individual differences in a suite of reproductive characteristics. Females with short anogenital distances were likely to have first vaginal estrus earlier than females with longer anogenital distances and to have first vaginal estrus on the same day as vaginal opening. In young adulthood, females with short anogenital distances had shorter ovarian cycles and less intense lordosis reflexes in response to manual palpation than those with longer anogenital distances, but only when living individually, not in groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that prenatal androgenization affects reproductive traits throughout the life span. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 229–238, 2001
Social rearing conditions before weaning influence numbers and proportions of blood immune cells in laboratory rats
Authors: Stefanski Volker
Published: August 2002

The influence of the early social rearing environment on blood cellular immunity was investigated in the male offspring of Long‐Evans rats. Sons of females housed in pair groups (P‐males) and sons of females living in a mixed sex colony (C‐males) were studied. After weaning at the age of 21 days, offspring were housed individually to ensure identical experiences until the age of 100 days when immunological assessments were conducted. C‐males had significantly higher numbers of blood CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as higher numbers of granulocytes and monocytes than P‐males. In contrast, the number of B cells and NK cells was similar in P‐ and C‐males. T‐cell responsiveness to ConA, determined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood assays, did not differ significantly between the two groups. The study indicates that the early social environment affects numbers and proportions of many blood immune cell subsets in later life. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 46–52, 2001
Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases leads to lethality in transgenic Xenopus laevis: Implications for tissue‐dependent functions of matrix metalloproteinases during late embryonic development
Authors: Damjanovski Sashko , Amano Tosikazu , Li Qing , Pei Duanqing , Shi Yun‐Bo
Published: August 2002

The extracellular matrix (ECM) functions as the structural support of cells and as a medium for cell–cell interactions. It is understood to play critical roles in development. ECM remodeling is mediated largely through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of Zn2+‐dependent proteases capable of degrading various proteinaceous components of the ECM. MMPs are expressed in many developmental and pathologic processes. However, few studies have been carried out to investigate the function of MMPs during embryogenesis and postembryonic organogenesis. By using Xenopus development as a model system, we have previously shown that several MMP genes are expressed from neurulation to the completion of embryogenesis in distinct tissues/organs, suggesting that ECM remodeling during mid‐ to late embryogenesis occurs in an organ‐specific manner. By using the recently developed transgenic technology for Xenopus laevis, we overexpressed Xenopus MMPs stromelysin‐3 (ST3) and collagenase‐4 (Col4) under the control of a ubiquitous promoter and observed that embryos with overexpressed ST3 or Col4, but not the control green fluorescent protein (GFP), died in a dose‐dependent manner during late embryogenesis. The specificity of this embryonic lethal phenotype was confirmed by the failure of a catalytically inactive mutant of ST3 to affect development. Finally, overexpression of a mammalian membrane type‐MMP also led to late embryonic lethality in Xenopus embryos, suggesting that membrane type‐MMPs have functions in vivo for ECM remodeling, in addition to being activators of other pro‐MMPs. These data together with the developmental expression of several MMPs during Xenopus development, suggest that MMPs play important roles during mid‐ to late embryogenesis and that proper regulation of MMP genes is critical for tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and localization of proteoglycans during limb myogenic activation
Authors: Olguin Hugo , Brandan Enrique
Published: August 2002

Abstract

After arriving at the limb bud, migrating myogenic precursor cells express transcription factors responsible for the induction of terminal skeletal muscle differentiation. One such factor is myogenin, a member of the basic helix‐loop‐helix family, known to activate the expression of muscle‐specific genes. The extracellular signals involved in activating the myogenic program in the muscle precursor cells that reach the limb in vivo are not known. However, in vitro, it has been shown that proteoglycans, macromolecules composed of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan chains, modulate the triggering of myogenin activity. To understand the role of proteoglycans during limb muscle development, we assessed the synthesis of proteoglycans in limb bud explants at 10.5 days post coitum, when migrating cells arrive, evaluated the expression and nature of these macromolecules during in vivo early limb bud formation, and determined the colocalization of myoblasts expressing myogenin with specific proteoglycans. We found that the expression of myogenin was temporally and spatially coincident with the expression of syndecan‐3 and decorin, two essential proteoglycans in the modulation of skeletal muscle differentiation. This article is the first report of myogenic activation and proteoglycan expression during limb muscle formation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pictographic method for teaching spelling to Greek dyslexic children
Authors: Mavrommati Th.D. , Miles T.R.
Published: August 2002

In the Greek orthography every letter consistently represents the same sound, but the same sound can be represented by different letters or pairs of letters. This makes spelling more difficult than reading. Two methods of teaching spelling to Greek dyslexic children are compared. The first involved pictograms (specially drawn pictures) for use when alternative spellings are possible. This is referred to as the ‘PICTO’ method. The second was in effect a combination of two traditional methods: the first involved the teaching of letter‐sound correspondences in a multisensory way; the second involved the use of concepts derived from linguistics, the children being taught the derivations of words and shown how the same root morphemes, derivative morphemes, etc., were cosistently represented by the same spelling pattern. This combination of methods is referred to as ‘TRAD’, signifying ‘traditional’. There were 72 subjects in the study, aged between 9 and 11 years. Four different teachers, each using both PICTO and TRAD, took part in the teaching sessions. The PICTO method proved considerably more effective; and possible reasons are suggested as to why this might be so. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term impact of treatment in women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Mitchell James E. , Davis Traci L. , Crow Scott J.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Both cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. However, data concerning the long‐term impact of such treatments have been limited. This study sought to determine if treatment with CBT and antidepressant medication was associated with better long‐term outcome among women diagnosed with bulimia nervosa.

Method

Women (N = 101) who completed a controlled treatment study of bulimia nervosa participated in follow‐up assessments approximately 10 years later.

Results

Women who received treatment with CBT or antidepressant medication or both reported improved social adjustment at long‐term follow‐up compared with women randomized to the placebo condition.

Discussion

Treatments with demonstrated efficacy for short‐term outcome appear to improve psychosocial function at long‐term follow‐up among women initially diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 151–158, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10017
Research on energy expenditure in individuals with eating disorders: A review
Authors: Zwaan Martina de , Aslam Zaheer , Mitchell James E.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study reviews the published research on energy expenditure in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Individual studies are reviewed and their results summarized.

Results

The most consistent finding is evidence of reduction in resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with AN, which increases with increased energy intake and body weight. Data regarding BN are inconsistent. Three available studies in subjects with BED have not found evidence of changes in energy expenditure corrected for lean body mass compared with obese non‐binge eaters.

Discussion

The ability to reliably and cost‐effectively measure REE may aid in the refeeding of patients with AN where REE is reduced. Changes in BN and BED subjects have yet to be identified consistently. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 361–369, 2002.
An interactive internet‐based intervention for women at risk of eating disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Zabinski Marion F. , Wilfley Denise E. , Pung Meredith A. , Winzelberg Andrew J. , Eldredge Kathleen , Taylor C. Barr
Published: August 2002

Objective

The Internet serves as a potentially effective method of treatment delivery through widespread education and interaction via synchronous Internet relay chat (IRC). The current study explores the feasibility of IRC in the delivery of an eating disorders prevention intervention.

Method

This small pilot study describes the delivery of an efficacious eating disorder treatment using a novel medium. The on‐line sessions are based on cognitive‐behavioral treatment and are facilitated by a moderator. In addition to feasibility, preliminary evidence of acceptability and efficacy for an on‐line intervention with college‐aged women is reported.

Results

Results indicate that IRC is an acceptable and feasible format for treatment delivery. In addition, descriptive and qualitative data suggest that this method of treatment delivery is potentially effective.

Discussion

This pilot study provides increased knowledge of the viability of treatment delivery over the Internet, specifically, a psychoeducational IRC for eating disorder prevention. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 129–137, 2001.
The role of family of origin food‐related experiences in bulimic symptomatology
Authors: MacBrayer Elizabeth K. , Smith Gregory T. , McCarthy Denis M. , Demos Stacy , Simmons Jean
Published: August 2002

Objective

With the goal of developing a model relating family of origin experiences to maladaptive cognitions to bulimic symptom formation, the authors developed a measure of family of origin food‐related experiences called the Family History Inventory.

Method

A number (N = 662) of sixth to eighth‐grade adolescents completed the inventory, eating and dieting expectancy measures, and the Bulimia Test‐Revised (BULIT‐R).

Results

Fourteen scales were identified in the inventory. They emphasized family teasing about weight, negative maternal modeling regarding food, and family rules concerning eating. Eleven of the 14 scales correlated with the BULIT‐R. Two superordinate factors called Family Teasing and Negative Maternal Modeling summarized 8 of the 14 subscales. Statistical tests were consistent with the hypothesis that eating and dieting expectancies mediate the influence of Family Teasing and Negative Maternal Modeling on bulimic symptomatology.

Discussion

There was good evidence for the validity of the Family History Inventory. The theoretical implications of the mediation tests are discussed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 149–160, 2001
“Anorexia saved my life”: Coincidental anorexia nervosa and cerebral meningioma
Authors: O'Brien Aileen , Hugo Pippa , Stapleton Simon , Lask Bryan
Published: August 2002

Objective

We report on a 13‐year‐old girl with coincidental occult intracranial tumor and early‐onset anorexia nervosa.

Method

The cerebral meningioma was discovered fortuitously as the result of a research project using SPECT imaging to locate a neurobiological substrate in patients with anorexia nervosa. Without SPECT, the meningioma would have remained undiagnosed until it had become symptomatic. The two conditions appear to have been completely unrelated.

Results and Discussion

The case highlights two important points. First, intracranial pathology should also be considered however certain is the diagnosis of early‐onset anorexia nervosa. Second, neuroimaging plays an important part in diagnosing early‐onset anorexia nervosa, both from a clinical and a research prospective. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 346–349, 2001.
Proposal and evaluation of communication schemes for mobile systems employing stratospheric aircraft
Authors: Mikoshiba Takanori , Shimamoto Shigeru
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we employed a stratospheric aircraft system in mobile communications and conducted field tests on the visibility and shadowing states based on measurements to construct a simulation of a varying communications environment. Based on these measurement data, we present the basic transmission characteristics in a mobile communication environment using stratospheric aircraft, and propose and evaluate the performances of the Time Division data transmission Among Aircraft (TDAA) scheme, which has the objective of lessening data losses due to shadowing as a specific communication scheme, and the Directional Access using Shadowing (DAS) scheme that is used in a shadowing environment in the uplink line. We also evaluate the performances of the Aircraft Position Control (APC) scheme and the Pilot Signal Control (PSC) scheme, which are flow control schemes having the objective of load distribution in high‐load regions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 22–34, 2002
Scattering of plane wave by a 3D smooth convex impedance surface using physical theory of diffraction with transition currents
Authors: Kobayashi Hirokazu , Hongo Kohei , Moriyama Toshifumi
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses a method of calculation that uses physical optics with transition currents for the scattering field produced when a plane wave illuminates a 3D smooth convex impedance surface. The high‐frequency technique is necessary for evaluating RCS of large objects with respect to wavelength, such as automobiles, and physical optics is a powerful approximation method. However, the evaluation of electromagnetic current is based on geometric optics and there has been a need to improve accuracy in diffraction areas in directions other than mirror reflection. The method proposed in this paper estimates electromagnetic current in a transition region from canonical problems. It is seen that calculation accuracy is greatly improved by considering the transition currents in a small area. This paper evaluates the transition current by using the Fock‐type current as the canonical problem for a smooth convex impedance surface and recognizes the effectiveness of this method of calculation through numerical calculation of these 2D or 3D convex objects. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(2): 30–40, 2002
Induced Voltage on a Communication Cable Caused by Incoming Radio Waves
Authors: Nobesawa Masaru , Tamaki Kosei , Hasebe Nozomu , Yokoyama Itsuro
Published: August 2002

With a view to estimating the induced voltage generated in a communication cable by incoming radio waves, this paper carries out an analysis specifically for the common mode and compares the results with the measured values. In the theoretical analysis, communication cables installed in an urban area are considered. An analysis model is introduced in which both ends of the cable are sloped down to the ground surface. In the analysis, the communication cable is treated as the sum of infinitesimal dipoles. From a comparison of the theoretical and measured results, the usefulness of the proposed analysis method is discussed. First, an experiment on a conducting ground plane with a scale model is carried out. Satisfactory agreement with the theoretical values is demonstrated. Next, a field experiment is carried out by using a practical 10‐pair communication cable and terminating sets. As a result, it is found that an evaluation of the induced voltage generated in the cable is possible by paying attention to the settings of various parameters used in the analysis, although quantitative agreement is not reached. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(4): 10–22, 2002
Safety inquiry system based on mobile agent communication
Authors: Isogai Mitsuo , Kumai Mitsuyuki , Kobayashi Youichi , Kuroiwa Katsutoshi , Arakawa Yoshiki , Suzuki Ryutaro
Published: August 2002

We constructed an information retrieval system using mobile agent technology and evaluated it for safety inquiry at disasters. The reason we used mobile agents is robustness against disasters and decrease of communication load. Failure, shutdown, and recovery of communication lines may occur in a large scale and high frequency at disasters, but the agent software autonomously detours or waits and brings back retrieval results. Retrieval is done from outside to inside of the stricken area. We conducted experiments using the agent method, Client/Server (C/S) method, and a combination of the two, and evaluated the results based on traffic amount and response time. We verified that information retrieval by mobile agents has robustness against disasters, and becomes more effective in order to decrease traffic on terminal lines compared with C/S method, as the number of retrievals and the number of migrated servers get larger. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(6): 53–63, 2002
Time‐Domain Analysis of One‐Dimensional Quantum‐Mechanical Waves Using Bergeron Equivalent Circuits
Authors: Sanada Hirofumi , Suzuki Masakiyo , Nagai Nobuo
Published: August 2002

Electron wave devices making use of the wave nature of the electron have been studied extensively. It is important to systematically understand and use the wave phenomena in a potential structure as the operating principle of these devices. In this paper, a method based on Bergeron equivalent circuits is proposed as a technique for time domain analysis of the electron wave propagation expressed by the one‐dimensional quantum‐mechanical wave equation. It is shown that by this technique the time domain analysis of the wave behavior described by the Schrödinger equation under the effective mass approximation and the two‐ and three‐band model equations can be systematically treated by nodal analysis, including boundary conditions. Also, as a boundary condition of an open system that is important in time domain analysis, an absorbing boundary condition due to a potential structure with loss is proposed. By means of the proposed technique, the time domain analysis of the incident wave packet on a GaAs/AlAs structure considering Γ − X mixing, and on a resonant interband tunneling structure is carried out and its behavior is described. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(1): 1–12, 2002.
On a reduced branch‐line coupler with two‐step stubs considering a spurious notch
Authors: Zhang Shaozhou , Tokuno Akihiro , Sakagami Iwata , Nagai Nobuo
Published: August 2002

In a reduced branch‐line coupler that is designed with two‐step stubs such that the area occupancy on the substrate is 25% of the standard branch‐line coupler, a sudden variation (spurious notch) occurs at a certain frequency in the frequency range higher than the center frequency. In this paper, the mechanism of generation of the spurious notch is investigated by using the eigenmode impedance obtained by mode decomposition. A circuit design that does not generate a spurious notch while maintaining the area ratio of 25% is developed. Next, by means of an experimental circuit, the effectiveness of the method is verified. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(2): 27–35, 2002
Yagi‐type hardware neuron model with CMOS IC
Authors: Sekine Yoshifumi , Torita Kiyoko , Matsuoka Jun
Published: August 2002

With a view to engineering applications of the information processing mechanisms used by neural networks in biological bodies, various studies have been conducted on pulse‐type neurons and neural networks. When research on a large‐scale pulse‐type neural network is carried out, there are limitations on computer simulation, so that hardware realization is desirable. When a neural network is realized by hardware, it is advantageous to model a single neuron by a CMOS IC suitable for large‐scale LSI. In this paper, in reference to the Yagi neuron model, a pulse‐type hardware neuron model, it is shown that a new pulse‐type hardware neuron model can be constructed with a simple circuit configuration that can be realized with CMOS ICs. First, the equivalent inductor constructed with a low capacitance and an enhancement‐mode MOSFET is discussed. Its configuration and characteristics are elucidated. Next, the negative resistance circuit is discussed. A circuit is proposed that can be applied to the CMOS process. From their characteristics, it is shown that two new neuron models based on the Yagi neuron model can be constructed. They are the conventional pulse‐type neuron model fired by an external input and the pacemaker neuron model that can fire itself. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(3): 23–29, 2002
Measurement and modeling of MOSFET's 1/f noise with BSIM3 version 3.2 for an analog circuit design
Authors: Shimasue Masanori , Aoki Hitoshi
Published: August 2002

It has traditionally been known that one of the major noise factors which become an issue in analog circuits in audio frequency band and oscillator circuits in various frequency bands is the 1/f noise from semiconductor devices constituting the circuits. While the measurement and modeling of 1/f noise from semiconductor devices is very important for the design of these analog circuits, the difficulty in its measurement and characterization has been a problem. Also, with the recent progress of noise reduction techniques in MOS transistors, circuit configuration with MOS transistors has become possible in the analog circuits mentioned above. Therefore, in this paper the stable and accurate measurement of 1/f noise in MOS transistors and its modeling technique using BSIM3 Version 3.2, which is the most recent SPICE model for MOS transistors, are described. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(4): 30–36, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1102