bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Age in Children with a Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Huyskens Rinske W. F. , Katsaros Christos , Van't Hof Martin A. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M.
Published: November 2005

Objective:

To assess dental age in children with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate and to compare this with a noncleft control group.

Design:

Two-group, mixed-longitudinal cohort study.

Setting:

Cleft group from an academic center for cleft lip and palate treatment. Noncleft control group from the same population.

Patients:

Participants included 70 Caucasian children with a full complement of teeth and a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (45 boys and 25 girls) from the Cleft Palate Craniofacial Center at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The control group (90 boys and 91 girls) was taken from the Nijmegen Growth Study.

Main outcome measure:

Dental age was assessed on orthopantomograms. In the unilateral cleft lip and palate group, linear interpolation in individual age curves was applied to obtain the dental age at 5, 9.5, and 14 years of age. For these ages, a comparison was made with the noncleft control group.

Results:

Boys and girls with a unilateral cleft lip and palate showed a significant delay in dental age, as compared with their noncleft peers at all three ages. This delay was more pronounced in boys than in girls. The gender effect was significant at chronological ages 5 and 14 years.

Conclusions:

Children with a complete unilateral cleft lip and palate have a delay in dental age, compared with noncleft children.
Image andImaginairein Molière'sSganarelle, ou le cocu imaginaire
Authors: Braider Christopher
Published: November 2005

The miniature portrait in Molière's Sganarelle, ou le cocu imaginaire is a memento the romantic heroine preserves in token of her absent love. Fainting under the strain of resisting her tyrannical father's efforts to compel her to marry another man, she loses the miniature, which falls into the hands of Sganarelle's wife. Mme Sganarelle's possession of the portrait provokes jealous suspicions in Sganarelle, and the comic fallout challenges the classical theory of images and the theory of signs to which classical culture assigns images. More specifically, in subjecting the portrait to the thingly logic of comic theater, the miniature's circulation explodes the dualist premises on which French classicism depends. Analysis of the farce's plot mechanics thus occasions critical meditations on classical semiotics (in Pascal's Pensées and Arnauld and Nicole's Logique de Port-Royal), classical aesthetics (in the writings of Piles), royal portraiture, and classical theology.
Hoccleve, the Virgin, and the Politics of Complaint
Authors: Bryan Jennifer E.
Published: November 2005

What is the relation between Marian lament and the distinctively modern, autobiographical complaints of Thomas Hoccleve? What, moreover, is the relation between Hoccleve's performances of private misery and his ability to offer advice and counsel to princes? This article argues that Hoccleve's “Complaint of the Virgin” can teach us to recognize the complex interweaving of gender, genre, ideality, and excess that informs Hocclevean complaints more generally. “The Complaint of the Virgin” explores a woman's exemplary transition from subversive investment in private connection and private suffering to self-abnegation and participation in public power. In doing so, the poem provides a model for Hoccleve's own movements between marginalized interiority and public rhetoric—and for his meditation between Lancastrian subjects and their sovereign. The Virgin offers a lesson in the 1364 Abstracts [PMLA pleasures and power of complaint, the disciplining of interiority, and the production of social relations through spectacle and sacrifice.
The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Science of Life
Authors: Gigante Denise
Published: November 2005

The aesthetic definition of monstrosity underwent a change in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, from a concept of deformity to a notion of monstrosity as too much life. Scientific discourse between 1780 and 1830 was preoccupied with the idea of a living principle that could distinguish living matter from nonliving, and the physiologist John Hunter posited an even more speculative “principle of monstrosity” as an extension of the formative capacity. Such monstrosity did not remain on the level of theory but became the motivating force for a new kind of monster in the literature of the Romantic period. Keats's Lamia emerges here as the consummate Romantic monster—a vision of life conceived beyond the material fact of organization. Viewed in this light,Lamia, no mere narrative swerve from Keats's epic ambitions, is a brilliant if tragic response to the question of what it means to “[d]ie into life.”
Decadence as Scientific Fulfillment
Authors: Ferguson Christine
Published: November 2005

This essay challenges two established critical assumptions about late Victorian literary decadence: first, that decadence represented a sterile and ultimately failed attempt to defy social and cultural norms and, second, that the movement was antithetical to the scientific culture of the nineteenth century. Decadence is instead shown to be the logical consequence of a scientific spirit that, by the end of the century, increasingly ignored the demands of utilitarianism and fixated on the pursuit of experimental knowledge for its own sake, regardless of the consequences. Thus, the “failures” of the subject that so frequently mark the end of accounts of decadence such as Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray, Collins's Heart and Science, and Machen's The Great God Pan represent the triumph of a historically specific experimental ethos that valued the transcendence of conventional epistemology over the discovery of useful knowledge.
Alien Wisdoms in English and Foreign Language Programs
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: November 2005

The changing demographics of higher education are bringing the teaching of English and the teaching of foreign languages closer together. For an increasing number of students, English is a foreign, a second, an international, or a global language, not the language of a unitary mother tongue and culture. Increasingly, students of French, German, or Spanish are learning a foreign language on the background of experiences of migrations, displacements, and expatriations but also on the background of multilingual and multicultural experiences. The typical language learner is, for example, a Nigerian with a Canadian passport learning German at the University of Texas, or a Czech citizen with a knowledge of English, German, and French enrolled in a Japanese class at the University of California, Berkeley. The common denominator among language learners is their interest in language in all its manifestations: literary and nonliterary, academic and nonacademic, as a mode of thought, as a mode of action, and as a symbol of identity. At UC Berkeley, the current success of courses with titles like Language, Mind, and Society; Language in Discourse; Language and Power; and Language and Identity—as they are offered by English programs, foreign language programs, linguistics departments, or schools of education—is a sign of a renewed interest in the way language expresses, creates, and manipulates “alien wisdoms” through discourse.
National Language Departments in the Era of Transnational Studies
Authors: Lionnet Françoise
Published: November 2005

Common though it may be in most of the United States today, monolingualism is an aberration in most of the world. In western Europe, for example, primary schools teach foreign languages to young children; in urban areas of Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, switching between local, vernacular languages and national tongues is a common daily occurrence among all citizens, even those who may not be literate in the traditional Western sense. In a speech for the formal inauguration of the University of California, Irvine's new International Center for Writing and Translation on 5 April 2002, the 1986 Nigerian Nobel Prize laureate for literature, Wole Soyinka, asserted that the United States is “one of the most insular, mono-linguistic communities [he has] ever encountered in [his] life.” Along with the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, author of The Monolingualism of the Other, and Bei Ling, a dissident Chinese poet, translator, and editor, Soyinka is on the executive board of Irvine's new center, an initiative funded by a large endowment from Glenn Schaeffer, a successful Las Vegas casino executive (Johnson E1, E3).
From Imperialism to Collaboration: How Do We Get There?
Authors: Stanton Domna C.
Published: November 2005

I want to begin with some anecdotal facts:

Item: a first-year seminar on multiethnicity in New York is taught at Barnard College only by the English faculty.

Item: a senior seminar on epic and romance in the Middle Ages, announced in the fall 2002 offerings of the University of Michigan's English department, will include works by Chrétien de Troyes and Marie de France, but the only texts to be read in the original language are in Middle English.

Item: a comparative literature course on modernism, magical realism, and postmodernism at the University of Michigan for fall 2002 will read texts by Proust, Kafka, Mann, Borges, García Márquez, Tekin, Calvino, and Pamuk in English only
Literacy and Departments of Language and Literature
Authors: Bartholomae David
Published: November 2005

As a member of the mla executive Council, I participated in the discussions that led to this conference and felt moved by my colleagues and their sense of urgency, particularly as expressed by Rosemarie Scullion and Sylvia Molloy. At the time of our council meetings, however, I was thinking mostly about staffing issues and the various reports and resolutions related to the use of graduate student and non-tenure-stream labor—some of them useful, some of them not very useful at all. And there I felt a real sense of urgency—and I remember thinking that there might be a way these issues converged.
Pourquoi? Explaining Ourselves to the Literature Major
Authors: Siskin H. Jay
Published: November 2005

Sir Toby. Pourquoi, my dear knight?

Sir Andrew. What is “Pourquoi”? Do or do not? I would I had bestowed that time in the tongues that I have in fencing, dancing, and bear-baiting. O, had I but followed the arts!

–William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1.3)

I was asked to address thequestions “why major in literature?” and “What do we tell our students?” I make this assignment explicit because my initial reflections left me bewildered. Is not the study of literature part of the humanistic mission of the liberal arts? Or has the major changed in some way that would prompt these questions? To be certain that I had not missed any reconceptualizations of the discipline, I decided to investigate the rationales for the study of literature over the past century.
World Borders, Political Borders
Authors: Balibar Etienne
Published: November 2005

The work of the distinguished French political theorist and philosopher Etienne Balibar has emerged as profoundly significant in shaping post-1968 debates around class, race, national sovereignty, citizenship, and international human rights. The following essay is particularly relevant to this issue of PMLA insofar as the essay signals the importance of the border as a limit case for globalization and reflects on what the philosophical bases of citizenship would be in a postnational order of Europe.

Borders, Balibar suggests, are products of the state's attributing to itself a right to property, which becomes, in turn, a limit case of institutions (their means of self-stabilization) that allows them to control subjects rather than be subject to their control. The police power of border control is the state's most undemocratic condition, its discretionary exemption from democracy. To democratize the border, he maintains, one must democratize this nondemocratic aspect of democratic sovereignty, a task that would be juridically difficult but that would be an act of political realism none the less, since borders inevitably shift whether nations want them to or not, redefined by socially trans bordered, culturally transnational, and economically global spaces.
The Complexities of Seriation
Authors: Hayles N. Katherine
Published: November 2005

Globalization is such a large concept that it forces us all into the position of the blind men examining an elephant—able to articulate the part we touch but not able to grasp the whole. So it is with the provocative papers in this issue by Mark Poster, Bruce Robbins, and Thomas Keenan, along with Emily Apter's introduction. Each makes excellent points but also mounts a different argument. As a group they present a more comprehensive view of globalization than they do when read separately, and I want to explore the shape that emerges from their interactions. I see my task less as weaving them into a seamless tapestry than as highlighting the ways in which they challenge and complement one another. By pointing out the incompleteness as well as the accomplishment of each, I want to show that together they suggest new interactions between the local and the global and, through these interactions, new possibilities for political awareness and action.
The Poverty of Context: Historicism and Nonmimetic Fiction
Authors: Lane Christopher
Published: November 2005

When scholars heed the “historicist turn” in literary criticism, invariably they try to situate a work in its relevant context. Doing so seems to confirm the work's social significance and its relation to proximate historical events. But what happens when a work dissolves these implied connections, rendering them provisional or meaningless? Is it evading context or pointing intelligently to that phenomenon's limited powers of determinism? This essay reconsiders whether contexts help or hinder understanding of especially antirealist fiction. What escapes context, I argue, alternately transfigures and defamiliarizes experience, thereby complicating our relation to the past.
“I Miles Philips”: An Elizabethan Seaman Conscripted by History
Authors: Helgerson Richard
Published: November 2005

Let me begin with a confession. I accepted Tilottama Rajan and Linda Woodbridge's invitation to take part in this panel less from an eagerness to talk about history and its imagining, though I will certainly get to them, than from an eagerness to talk about a particular text. That text, as described in its lengthy original title, is “A Discourse Written by One Miles Philips Englishman, One of the Company Put on Shoare Northward of Panuco, in the West Indies by M. John Hawkins 1568. Conteining Many Special Things of That Countrey and of the Spanish Government, but Specially of Their Cruelties Used to Our Englishmen, and amongst the Rest to Him Selfe for the Space of 15. or 16. Yeres Together, until by Good and Happy Meanes He Was Delivered from Their Bloody Hands, and Returned to His Owne Countrey. An. 1582” (Philips 398).
However Imperceptibly: From the Historical to the Sublime
Authors: Kellner Hans
Published: November 2005

About thirty-five years ago, my professor in a course on seventeenth-century english social history began with the following. “You may have heard,” he said, “that the reading list for this course has not changed since I took it here in 1924.” Here he paused. “But I can assure you that it has changed”—he paused again, and added, sotto voce—“however imperceptibly.” These words have long seemed emblematic for me of the pride felt by much of the historical profession in the continuity of its essential practices. I do not mean, of course, that historians have not embraced new groups of people, adopted a much wider array of ideological stances, and above all invented a researchable historicity for many things that had never before seemed to have a history. All this innovation is splendid, and the finest products of academic history constitute a rich and admirable body of work. But in the essential practices, especially the practice of reading—the basic relation of reader with language and imagination—change is, shall we say, hardly perceptible. It seems that the charge that historians are professionally taughtnotto read is almost as true now as it was two decades ago when Dominick LaCapra made it (339). But if we are to learn about the historical imagination, histories need to be read and academic historians need to be reminded from time to time that what they do is as subject to the formative pressures of discourse as any other precinct of the world of words.
Toward a Declaration of Interdependence; or, Interrogating the Boundaries in Twentieth-Century Histories of North American Literature
Authors: Messmer Marietta
Published: November 2005

The instrumentalization of nineteenth-century literary historiography in the project of literary and cultural nation building has become a critical commonplace, as Claudio Guillén (6) and David Perkins (4), among many others, have outlined. Beginning with John Neal'sAmerican Writers(1824–25), nineteenth-century histories of North American literature emphatically embraced this nationalist paradigm, striving to identify and defend the “American” qualities in America's newly emergent national literature. But when called on, at the beginning of the twentieth century, to justify the establishment of American literature departments in universities across the country, literary histories were, especially during the 1920s and 1930s, under even greater pressure to prove the extent to which American literature is indeed American (Vanderbilt 186–91). Although the rise of New Criticism and the influence of Russian formalism after World War II saw a temporary setback to American historiographical nationalism (Spengemann,Mirror154), the subsequent institutionalization of American studies took place in the context of the cold war, and the 1960s, in particular, brought a renewed emphasis on the (for the most part nationally oriented) sociopolitical and historical contextualization of American literature. And even the shift to intra-American cultural pluralism in the wake of trans- and subnational challenges to traditional notions of the nation-state throughout the past few decades has all too frequently been accompanied by renewed attempts to establish a revised version of historiographical nationalism.
American Studies without Exceptions
Authors: Bérubé Michael
Published: November 2005

Scholars in American studies are generally skeptical of the notion of working within or for the nation-state, for three primary reasons: the alleged eclipse of the nation-state by multinational capitalism, the undesirability of limiting American studies parochially to the study of the United States, and the history of collusion between United States intellectuals and the Central Intelligence Agency during the cold war. This essay argues that although contemporary American studies has done well to reject the American exceptionalism that once defined the field and is rightly averse to engaging in covert international propaganda operations, scholars in American studies need to ask whether the field's rejection of the nation-state might not coincide with rather than resist the movements of global capital and thus to reconsider the importance of the state (in the United States and elsewhere) as a site of intellectual engagement and activism.
The Commitment to Form; or, Still Crazy after All These Years
Authors: Mitchell W. J. T.
Published: November 2005

Having counted the adjectives, and weighed the lines, and measured the rhythms, a Formalist either stops silent with the expression of a man who does not know what to do with himself, or throws out an unexpected generalization which contains five per cent of Formalism and ninety-five per cent of the most uncritical intuition.

—Trotsky, Literature and Revolution (ch. 5)

Bring out number weight & measure in a year of dearth.

—Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (35)

Everyone knows that the concept of form has outlived its usefulness in discussions of literature, the arts, and media. The word does not appear in the recent handbooks of critical terms in art history and literary studies issued by the University of Chicago Press (Nelson and Shiff; Lentricchia and McLaughlin), and it appears in Raymond Williams's classic glossary, Keywords, only in its derivative (and mainly pejorative) form as an “-ism,” as in the phrase “mere formalism.” Formalists, as we know, are harmless drudges who spend their days counting syllables, measuring line lengths, and weighing emphases (Trotsky), or they are decadent aesthetes who waste their time celebrating beauty and other ineffable, indefinable qualities of works of art. If form has any afterlife in the study of literature, its role has been completely overtaken by the concept of structure, which rightly emphasizes the artificial, constructed character of cultural forms and defuses the idealist and organicist overtones that surround the concept of form.
Comparative Literature?
Authors: Saussy Haun
Published: November 2005

What is comparative literature? Not a theory or a methodology, certainly (which raises the question of why this article should appear in a series so entitled), though theories and methodologies aplenty occur as part of its typical business. Is there, or can there be, an object of knowledge identifiable as “comparative literature”?

When I began hearing about comparative literature in the middle 1970s, there was a fairly straightforward means of distinguishing comparative literature on the university campuses where it was done. The English department pursued knowledge of language and literature in one language; the foreign language departments pursued similar studies in two languages (typically English, assumed to be most students' native language, plus the foreign tongue); and comparative literature committees, programs, or departments carried out literary analysis in at least three languages at once.
The Slipstream of Mixed Reality: Unstable Ontologies and Semiotic Markers in The Thirteenth Floor, Dark City, and Mulholland Drive
Authors: Hayles N. Katherine , Gessler Nicholas
Published: November 2005

Whereas first-generation theorists of virtual reality tended to regard simulated worlds as separate from real life, current trends in miniaturization, implants, wearable computers, and embedded sensors have shifted the emphasis to “mixed realities” mingling computationally intensive simulations with input from the real world. Contemporary films and novels have mirrored this trend, creating a blend of simulations mixed with everyday reality that Bruce Sterling has called “slipstream fiction.” To explore this phenomenon, we analyze three films that mix simulation with reality: The Thirteenth Floor, Dark City, and Mulholland Drive. These films present themselves initially as murder mysteries, but this pose quickly gives way to even more serious concerns, about the ontological status of the represented worlds. The narrative configurations suggest that when death is no longer the plots' logical end point, storytelling techniques undergo significant transformation, subverting usual assumptions about chronology, subjectivity, and topology and requiring new interpretive techniques.
Art, Forward Slash, Science
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: November 2005

Synesthesia … one day in 1997 (soon after the national gallery acquired the picture), i walked up the familiar marble stairs, crossed the rotunda, and was confronted, for the first time, by George Stubbs's Whistlejacket, the stunning, naked portrait—no groom or rider, no landscape—of a chestnut Arabian stallion. I smelled the stable, horse manure, and leather, and I had the thrill of knowing what was happening inside my skull. How the attention response had sent a cloud of fire leaping through my brain, tugging on associated traces, map on map of firing and partially firing neurons springing back into existence (never the same twice, yet continuous with my earliest childhood and the millions of years before that). Surprise and the power of the artist were making me read internal stimulus as external: recall had become once again perception (McCrone 194-217). This is an iconic memory for me. It holds, packed down and ready to unfold, both the direction my work has taken through my career and the context of that work: my own life and times; the history that made me; the Next Big Thing in science; and my privileged, difficult position as a science fiction writer, an arts graduate, and a woman.
Christopher Marlowe's Wound Knowledge
Authors: Greenfield Matthew
Published: November 2005

When poisoned or fatally wounded, characters in Marlowe's plays often develop an uncanny knowledge of what is happening inside their bodies, including the precise anatomy of their injuries and the physiology of the onset of death. In effect, they conduct their own autopsies. These moments of peculiarly physical self-knowledge pose a useful challenge to our conventions for the representation of pain, embodiment, and interiority. Marlowe's wounded speakers deploy these anatomical selfdescriptions in a metatheatrical competition: in a struggle for the attention of the audience, describing one's wounds can be a powerful strategy.
The Pedagogical Potential of Interessere
Authors: Antelo Raúl
Published: November 2005

Any multicultural evaluation of difference— for example, my experience as a professor of Latin American studies in front of American students—should be preceded by a questioning of not only the places but also (and principally) the times of that experience. For me, this questioning refers to the transformations that I underwent on the road from student to professional. I offer some biographical particulars to ensure an accurate interpretation of my reading.
Literary History on the Road: Transatlantic Crossings and Transpacific Crossovers
Authors: Tatsumi Takayuki
Published: November 2005

Literary history has always mirrored discursive revolutions in world history. In the United States, the Jazz Age would not have seen the Herman Melville revival and the completion of Carl Van Doren's The Cambridge History of American Literature (1917–21) without the rise of post–World War I nativism. If it had not been for Pearl Harbor, F. O. Matthiessen's American Renaissance (1941) could not have fully aroused the democratic spirit embedded in the heritage of New Criticism. Likewise, the postcolonial and New Americanist climate around 1990, that critical transition at the end of the cold war, brought about the publication of Emory Elliott's The Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988) and Sacvan Bercovitch's The Cambridge History of American Literature (1994–). I would like to question, however, the discourse that narrates American literary history in the globalist age of the twenty-first century.
When Prostate Brachytherapy Fails: A Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Kadoch Cigall , D'Amico Anthony V. , Matthews Richard H.
Published: November 2005

For appropriately selected brachytherapy patients, prostate-specific antigen failure is uncommon. Our patient experienced biochemical failure after 125I brachytherapy treatment for low-risk prostate adenocarcinoma. We suggest neoadjuvant/adjuvant hormonal therapy combined with pelvic external-beam radiation therapy as a reasonable salvage treatment. At the 2-year follow-up, he is apparently doing well. With limited data available, salvage management for this situation is presently investigational.
Air-vegetation partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls near a point source
Authors: Poon Clement , Gregory-Eaves Irene , Connell Lee Anne , Guillore Gaelle , Mayer Paul M. , Ridal Jeff , Blais Jules M.
Published: November 2005

We investigated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emissions to the environment from a waste treatment and transfer facility over the course of three years. We show that the facility, which undertakes PCB waste consolidation and maintains a lowyield incinerator for products such as light ballasts, acted as a point source for the spatial distribution of PCBs in vegetation. Concurrent air and vegetation sampling was performed to study the relationship between air-vegetation partitioning and the octanolair partition coefficient (KOA). We show evidence of equilibrium partitioning for lower-chlorinated congeners (log KOA between 7 and 8.5), kinetically limited deposition on plants for intermediate congeners (log KOA between 8.5 and 11), and particle-bound deposition for congeners with high log KOA values (>11), consistent with the McLachlan partitioning model. From spring to autumn, heavier congeners become much more concentrated in samples farther away from the facility, possibly because of higher temperatures, which enhance dispersal of these congeners. Multivariate principal components analysis showed that PCB composition in vegetation near the emission source most closely resembled the Aroclor mixtures processed by the treatment facility.
Degradation of chloropicrin in the presence of zero-valent iron
Authors: Pearson Carrie R. , Hozalski Raymond M. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2005

Hlonitromethanes (HNM) are a class of halogenated disinfection byproducts formed upon the addition of chlorine to water containing organic matter. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the reaction pathways and kinetics of three HNMs (chloropicrin or trichloronitromethane [TCNM], dichloronitromethane [DCNM], and chloronitromethane [CNM]) with zero-valent iron (Fe0). All three compounds reacted rapidly in the presence of Fe0 (1.8–4.4 g/L) with methylamine (MA) as the final product. The geometric surface area—normalized rate constants decreased with decreasing halogenation: TCNM (301 L/[h-m2]) > DCNM (153 L/(h-m2)) > CNM (45.9 L/[h-m2]). Nitromethane, an intermediate species, rapidly reacted to form MA (302 L/[h-m2]). These reactions all experienced some degree of mass transfer limitation (9–73%). The average carbon and chlorine mass balances for TCNM were >85%, indicating that the major reaction products were recovered. The degradation of TCNM and DCNM proceeded via the parallel reaction pathways of hydrogenolysis and α-elimination. For TCNM, 60.7 ± 8.7% of reaction proceeded via hydrogenolysis and 39.3 ± 6.4% via α-elimination. Knowledge of HNM reaction pathways and kinetics in the presence of Fe0 may be useful for predicting the fate of these compounds in drinking water distribution systems containing cast or ductile iron pipe and for developing treatment systems for HNM removal from water.
Experimental and modeling investigation of metal release from metal-spiked sediments
Authors: Carbonaro Richard F. , Mahony John D. , Walter Alison D. , Halper Eve B. , Toro Dominic M. Di
Published: November 2005

In sediments that contain iron monosulfide, cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, and silver(I) form insoluble metal sulfides that lower the metal ion activity in the sediment—pore water system, thereby reducing toxicity. However, metal sulfides are susceptible to oxidation by molecular oxygen resulting in metal solubilization. To better understand the sources and sinks of metal sulfides in sediments, iron monsulfide—rich freshwater sediments were spiked with cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, or silver(I) and placed into cylindrical cores with an overlying layer of oxygen-saturated water. Measurements of the dissolved metal concentration in the overlying water were made as a function of time and the vertical profiles of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) were measured after 150 d. A one-dimensional reactive and transport model has been employed to help elucidate processes controlling the fate of metals in sediments. The model incorporates metal-sulfide formation, metal-sulfide oxidation, and metal partitioning onto sediment organic carbon and iron oxyhydroxide to simulate the vertical transport of metals throughout the sediment core.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and toxaphene in preferred prey fish of coastal southeastern U.S. bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Pulster Erin L. , Smalling Kelly L. , Maruya Keith A.
Published: November 2005

Legacy organochlorine (OC) contaminants continue to pose a potential risk to ecological and human health in coastal aquatic ecosystems of the southeastern United States. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxaphene (TOX) were analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection and negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry in 77 composites of four inshore fish species commonly preyed upon by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from estuaries near Savannah, Georgia (SAV), Brunswick, Georgia (BRN), and Jacksonville, Florida (JAX), USA. Whereas seasonal and species-specific differences were minimal, differences among mean total PCB concentrations (∑PCBs) by estuary (42.0 ± 48.3, 1.59 ± 1.24, and 0.281 ± 0.075 μg/g lipid for BRN, JAX, and SAV, respectively) were highly significant. This estuary-specific trend also held true for mean total toxaphene concentrations (∑TOX): 49 ± 100 (BRN), 1.2 ± 0.52 (JAX), and 0.40 ± 0.19 μg/g lipid (SAV). Congener profiles of PCBs also were found to be significantly different among estuaries, with BRN and (to a lesser extent) JAX samples enriched with highly chlorinated homologs associated with Aroclor 1268, a legacy OC linked to a historical point source in Brunswick. The observed spatial heterogeneity in OC concentrations and PCB congener profiles suggests that contaminated fish from Brunswick pose the greatest risk to ecological and human health via biomagnification and seafood consumption; highly chlorinated PCBs (and possibly toxaphene) are transported in a southerly, alongshore direction; and the uniqueness of Aroclor 1268 underscores its utility as a signature proxy in future regional ecotoxicological studies.
PP/EVA blends: Mechanical properties and morphology. Effect of compatibilizers on the impact behavior
Authors: Maciel Alfredo , Salas Verónica , Manero Octavio
Published: November 2005

The mechanical properties of blends of isotactic polypropylene (PP) and poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)] (EVA) are studied under tension at several temperatures (from −30°C to room temperature). The morphology and thermal properties are given attention at every stage of the stretching process. To improve the impact resistance of the blends, poly[propylene‐graft‐(maleic anhydride)] (PPMA) and hydroxylated EVA (EVAOH) are used as compatibilizers. The domain size of the dispersed phase decreases with compatibilizer content, improving the impact resistance of the blends. This is accompanied with changes in the morphology of such systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 241–252, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20050
Nanosecond pulsed electric field generators for the study of subcellular effects
Authors: Kolb Juergen F. , Kono Susumu , Schoenbach Karl H.
Published: November 2005

Modeling and experimental studies have shown that pulsed electric fields of nanosecond duration and megavolt per meter amplitude affect subcellular structures but do not lead to the formation of large pores in the outer membrane. This “intracellular electromanipulation” requires the use of pulse generators which provide extremely high power but low energy pulses. In this study, we describe the concept of the required pulsed power sources, their design, operation, and the necessary diagnostics. Two types of pulse generators based on the Blumlein line principle have been developed and are described here. One system is designed to treat a large number of cells in cuvettes holding volumes from 0.1 to 0.8 ml. Pulses of up to 40 kV amplitude, with a duration of 10 ns and a rise time close to 1 ns can be applied to the cuvette. For an electrode gap of 1 mm this voltage corresponds to an average electric field of 40 MV/m. The second system allows for real time observation of individual cells under a microscope. It generates pulses of 10–300 ns duration with a rise time of 3.5 ns and voltage amplitudes up to 1 kV. Connected to a microreactor with an electrode gap of 100 µm, electric fields up to 10 MV/m are applied. Bioelectromagnetics 27:172–187, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does acute exposure to mobile phones affect human attention?
Authors: Russo Riccardo , Fox Elaine , Cinel Caterina , Boldini Angela , Defeyter Margaret A. , Mirshekar‐Syahkal Dariush , Mehta Amit
Published: November 2005

Recent studies have indicated that acute exposure to low level radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones affects human cognition. However, the relatively small samples used, in addition to methodological problems, make the outcomes of these studies difficult to interpret. In our study we tested a large sample of volunteers (168) using a series of cognitive tasks apparently sensitive to RF exposure (a simple reaction task, a vigilance task, and a subtraction task). Participants performed those tasks twice, in two different sessions. In one session they were exposed to RFs, with half of subjects exposed to GSM signals and the other half exposed to CW signals, while in the other session they were exposed to sham signals. No significant effects of RF exposure on performance for either GSM or CW were found, independent of whether the phone was positioned on the left or on the right side. Bioelectromagnetics 27:215–220, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent developments in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of peptides
Authors: Kašička Václav
Published: November 2005

The article gives a comprehensive review on the recent developments in the applications of high‐performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. The article presents new approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides, covers the methodological aspects of capillary electroseparations of peptides, such as rational selection of separation conditions, sample preparation, suppression of peptide adsorption, new developments in individual separation modes, and new designs of detection systems. Several types of applications of capillary electromigration methods to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of capillary electromigration techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
JIL‐1 kinase, a member of the male‐specific lethal (MSL) complex, is necessary for proper dosage compensation of eye pigmentation inDrosophila
Authors: Lerach Stephanie , Zhang Weiguo , Deng Huai , Bao Xiaomin , Girton Jack , Johansen Jørgen , Johansen Kristen M.
Published: November 2005

The upregulation of the JIL‐1 kinase on the male X chromosome and its association with the male‐specific lethal (MSL) complex suggest that JIL‐1 may play a role in regulating dosage compensation. To directly test this hypothesis we measured eye pigment levels of mutants in the X‐linkedwhitegene in an allelic series ofJIL‐1hypomorphic mutants. We show that dosage compensation ofwaalleles that normally do exhibit dosage compensation was severely impaired in theJIL‐1mutant backgrounds. As a control we also examined a hypomorphicwhiteallelewethat fails to dosage compensate in males due to apogoelement insertion. In this case the relative pigment level measured in males as compared to females remained approximately the same even in the most severeJIL‐1hypomorphic background. These results indicate that proper dosage compensation of eye pigment levels in males controlled by X‐linkedwhitealleles requires normal JIL‐1 function. genesis 43:213–215, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of Polyanions with Basic Proteins, 2
Authors: Shalova Irina N. , Asryants Regina A. , Sholukh Mikhail V. , Saso Luciano , Kurganov Boris I. , Muronetz Vladimir I. , Izumrudov Vladimir A.
Published: November 2005

Summary: The ability of synthetic polyanions to suppress thermoaggregation of the oligomeric enzymes (glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase) has been established. The ability of the polyanions to reduce the thermoaggregation increased in the order poly(methacrylic acid) < poly(acrylic acid) < sodium poly(styrene sulphonate), which agreed well with the increase, in the same order, of the charge density of the chains. The lengthening of the chains, as well as the rise in their relative content, resulted in an increase of the ability to reduce thermoaggregation, mentioned above. Complete prevention of the enzyme aggregation was achieved when highly charged polyanions of a relatively high degree of polymerization were used in a concentration sufficient to solubilize the protein. Complexing with the polyanions prevented thermoaggregation of the enzymes, but not their thermodenaturation. The adverse effect of the complexing polyanions on the catalytic activity was reduced by the addition of a synthetic polycation, which resulted in a significant reactivation (up to 40%) of the enzyme. The possibility of preventing the thermoaggregation of enzyme molecules and then partly restoring the enzyme activity, appears to be of particular interest when studying the aggregation mechanism of proteins that are prone to form the amyloid structures responsible for the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Huntington disease. This finding can also be considered as an important step in the creation of artificial chaperones.

magnified image
Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Substituted Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Al‐Doaiss Aniss Abdo , Günther Wolfgang , Klemm Elisabeth , Stadermann Dietmar
Published: November 2005

Summary: The photoinitiated cationic polymerization of 1‐cyclopropyl‐l‐phenyl‐ethylene, 1‐cyclopropyl‐l‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)ethylene and 1‐cyclopropyl‐l‐(p‐fluorophenyl)ethylene at ambient temperatures in bulk and in solution was investigated using (η5‐2,4‐cyclopentadiene‐l‐yl)[l,2,3,4,5,6‐η] (l‐(methylethyl) benzene)iron(I) hexafluorophosphate (Irgacure 261, I‐1) and ditolyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (I‐2). In contrast to our results in the polymerization of 2‐cyclopropyl‐4‐methylene‐l,3‐dioxolanes, partial ring‐opening of the cyclopropane ring could be detected. A volume shrinkage of about 11% was found.

magnified image
Motor evoked potentials in a mouse model of chronic multiple sclerosis
Authors: Amadio Stefano , Pluchino Stefano , Brini Elena , Morana Paolo , Guerriero Roberta , Boneschi Filippo Martinelli , Comi Giancarlo , Zaratin Paola , Muzio Valeria , Del Carro Ubaldo
Published: November 2005

We tested cortical motor evoked potentials (cMEPs) as a quantitative marker for in vivo monitoring of corticospinal tract damage in a murine multiple sclerosis model (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE). The cMEPs, previously standardized in naive C57BL/6 developing and adult mice, were studied longitudinally in adult EAE mice. Central conduction times (CCTs) increased significantly shortly before the earliest clinical signs developed (10 days postimmunization, dpi), with peak delay in acute EAE (20–40 dpi). In clinically stable disease (80 dpi), CCTs did not increase further, but cMEP amplitude declined progressively, with complete loss in >80% of mice at 120 dpi. Increase in CCT correlated with presence of inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination in acute EAE, whereas small or absent cMEPs were associated with continuing axonal damage in clinically‐stabilized disease and beyond (>80 dpi). These results demonstrate that cMEPs are a useful method for monitoring corticospinal tract function in chronic‐progressive EAE, and provide insight into the pathological substrate of the condition. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Does agency competition improve the quality of policy analysis? Evidence from OMB and CBO fiscal projections
Authors: Krause George A. , Douglas James W.
Published: November 2005

Public management scholars often claim that agency competition provides an effective institutional check on monopoly authority, and hence, leads to improvement of administrative performance in public sector agencies. This logic was central for creating the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in 1975 to challenge the policy information provided by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). We challenge this conventional wisdom by demonstrating that CBO has failed to enhance the quality of U.S. fiscal policy analysis on its own terms; nor has it spurred improvements in OMB's performance. Our empirical results indicate that the quality of OMB's fiscal projections has often deteriorated since the establishment of CBO as a rival bureau. We also show that both public and private information is being shared by these agencies to produce a similar caliber of task outputs. The broader implications of our study indicate that although politicians face incentives to employ agency competition in governmental settings, this type of bureaucratic strategy does not necessarily enhance the quality of administrative performance. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
The effectiveness of regulatory disclosure policies
Authors: Weil David , Fung Archon , Graham Mary , Fagotto Elena
Published: November 2005

Regulatory transparency—mandatory disclosure of information by private or public institutions with a regulatory intent—has become an important frontier of government innovation. This paper assesses the effectiveness of such transparency systems by examining the design and impact of financial disclosure, nutritional labeling, workplace hazard communication, and five other diverse systems in the United States. We argue that transparency policies are effective only when the information they produce becomes “embedded” in the everyday decision‐making routines of information users and information disclosers. This double‐sided embeddedness is the most important condition for transparency systems' effectiveness. Based on detailed case analyses, we evaluate the user and discloser embeddedness of the eight major transparency policies. We then draw on a comprehensive inventory of prior studies of regulatory effectiveness to assess whether predictions about effectiveness based on characteristics of embeddedness are consistent with those evaluations. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Chemical Genetics: Drug Screens in Zebrafish
Authors: den Hertog Jeroen
Published: November 2005

High throughput chemical genetic screens for compounds with specific biological activity in a whole organism are feasible using zebrafish embryos. At least two medium to large scale drug screens have been carried out to date, leading to the identification of compounds that disturb zebrafish development. Chemical genetics using zebrafish embryos may become an important step in the discovery of drugs and their targets.
Uncover Genetic Interactions inCaenorhabditis elegansby RNA Interference
Authors: Fortunato Angelo , Fraser Andrew G.
Published: November 2005

RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) has emerged recently as one of the most powerful functional genomics tools. RNAi has been particularly effective in the nematode worm C. elegans where RNAi has been used to analyse the loss-of-function phenotypes of almost all predicted genes. In this review, we illustrate how RNAi has been used to analyse gene function in C. elegans as well as pointing to some future directions for using RNAi to examine genetic interactions in a systematic manner.