bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurements, models and drivers of incoming longwave radiation in the Himalaya
Authors: de Kok Remco J. , Steiner Jakob F. , Litt Maxime , Wagnon Patrick , Koch Inka , Azam Mohd F. , Immerzeel Walter W.
Published: July 2019

Melting snow and glacier ice in the Himalaya forms an important source of water for people downstream. Incoming longwave radiation (LWin) is an important energy source for melt, but there are only few measurements of LWin at high elevation. For the modelling of snow and glacier melt, the LWin is therefore often represented by parameterizations that were originally developed for lower elevation environments. With LWin measurements at eight stations in three catchments in the Himalaya, with elevations between 3,980 and 6,352 m.a.s.l., we test existing LWin parameterizations. We find that these parameterizations generally underestimate the LWin, especially in wet (monsoon) conditions, where clouds are abundant and locally formed. We present a new parameterization based only on near‐surface temperature and relative humidity, both of which are easy and inexpensive to measure accurately. The new parameterization performs better than the parameterizations available in literature, in some cases halving the root‐mean‐squared error. The new parameterization is especially improving existing parameterizations in cloudy conditions. We also show that the choice of longwave parameterization strongly affects melt calculations of snow and ice.
The Impact of Coronary Artery Disease and Statins on Survival After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Patel Samarth S. , Rodriguez Viviana A. , Siddiqui Mohammad B. , Faridnia Masoud , Lin Fei‐Pi , Chandrakumaran Anchalia , Laurenzano John , Clinton Joseph , Kowlgi Gurukripa N. , Kirkman Danielle , Sima Adam P. , Liptrap Erika , Bhati Chandra , Siddiqui Mohammad Shadab
Published: July 2019

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to longterm mortality after liver transplantation (LT) necessitating aggressive modification of CVD risk. However, it is unclear how coronary artery disease (CAD) and the development of dyslipidemia following LT impacts clinical outcomes and how management of these factors may impact survival. Patients undergoing LT at Virginia Commonwealth University from January 2007 to January 2017 were included (n = 495). CAD and risk factors in all potential liver transplantation recipients (LTRs) over the age of 50 years were evaluated via coronary angiography. The impact of pre‐LT CAD after transplantation was evaluated via a survival analysis. Additionally, factors associated with new‐onset dyslipidemia, statin use, and mortality were assessed using multiple logistic regression or Cox proportional hazards models. The mean age of the cohort was 55.3 ± 9.3 years at the time of LT, and median follow‐up was 4.5 years. CAD was noted in 129 (26.1%) patients during the pre‐LT evaluation. The presence or severity of pre‐LT CAD did not impact post‐LT survival. Dyslipidemia was present in 96 patients at LT, and 157 patients developed new‐onset dyslipidemia after LT. Statins were underused as only 45.7% of patients with known CAD were on therapy. In patients with new‐onset dyslipidemia, statin therapy was initiated in 111 (71.1%), and median time to initiation of statin therapy was 2.5 years. Statin use conferred survival benefit (hazard ratio, 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.12‐0.49) and was well tolerated with only 12% of patients developing an adverse event requiring the cessation of therapy. In conclusion, pre‐LT CAD did not impact survival after LT, potentially suggesting a role of accelerated atherosclerosis that may not be captured on pre‐LT testing. Although statin therapy confers survival benefit, it is underused in LTRs.
Reduction of mutual coupling between patch antennas using defected ground structure in L‐ and S‐bands
Authors: Zhao Chengwei , Li Xiaoping , Sun Chao , Huang He
Published: July 2019

Mutual coupling (MC) is a common phenomenon in array antennas, which severely reduces antenna performance. Therefore, reducing MC is an important direction in array antennas. This article presents a novel defected ground structure (DGS) suppressing the MC between L‐ and S‐band microstrip patches. The antenna operates in two frequency bands with both relative bandwidths of approximately 10%. To reduce the overall size, the antennas of the two bands are designed together, using the same ground, reflective cavity, and dielectric substrates. By introducing six DGSs in the middle of the ground, the surface currents of the two frequency bands are cutoff, thus reducing the MC. A prototype is fabricated and measured. From the measured results, the isolation of more than 26.18 dB can be achieved in the L‐band from 1.6 to 1.8 GHz, and the isolation of 12.3 dB can be achieved in the S‐band from 2.05 to 2.25 GHz with the adoption of the DGS. The impedance bandwidth with return loss greater than 15 dB is 11.76% and 9.3% in the L‐ and S‐bands, respectively, which provides valuable reference for the design of other dual‐band antennas.
The effect of the noncovalent functionalization of CNT by ionic liquid on electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of semi‐biodegradable polypropylene/poly(lactic acid) composites
Authors: Soares Bluma G. , Cordeiro Elisangela , Maia Jorge , Pereira Elaine C. L. , Silva Adriana A.
Published: July 2019

Semi‐biodegradable polypropylene/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (70:30 wt.%) blend with co‐continuous structure was used for the development of conducting composites. Multi‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) and the noncovalently functionalized CNT with alkylphosphonium‐based ionic liquid (IL‐CNT) were used as conducting fillers. Relative high AC electrical conductivity was achieved by using 1 wt.% of CNT (around 10−3 S/m). This property increased four orders of magnitude when IL‐CNT was employed. The effect of the functionalization with IL on the rheological, morphological and thermal properties was investigated. The DSC analysis also suggested that the filler (CNT or IL‐CNT) exerted strong influence on the cold crystallization of the PLA phase and also on the melt crystallization of the PP phase. The effect of the IL on the dispersion of CNT was also confirmed by rheological measurements and transmission electron microscopy. An increase of the attenuation of the electromagnetic radiation, that is, an improvement of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in the X‐band microwave region (8‐12 GHz) was achieved by using IL‐CNT, with an important influence of the absorption mechanism to this property.
LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS and HPLC‐DAD phytochemical investigation and in vitro antioxidant assessment of Rosa sp. stem pruning products from different northern areas in Tunisia
Authors: Ouerghemmi Saloua , Sebei Houcine , Siracusa Laura , Ruberto Giuseppe , Saija Antonina , Khebour Allouche Faiza , Dhaouadi Karima , Cimino Francesco , Cristani Mariateresa
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Rosa species are known by their richness in bioactive compounds useful in cosmetic, perfumery, food and phytotherapy. These metabolites are influenced by several factors accordingly affecting the plant properties in different environments.

Objective

Exploration of polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of stem extracts from Rosa moschata Herrm., R. canina L. and R. sempervirens L. growing in different northern areas in Tunisia.

Methods

Phytochemical composition was carried out by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography diode‐array detector (HPLC‐DAD) and HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS (electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry). Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) test, the TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and the ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) assays.

Results

Rosa stem profiles were dominated by flavonols but qualitative variation was recorded between sections (Caninae and Synstylae). Aromadendrin‐O‐hexoside‐deoxyhexoside, quercitrin and quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside were identified as the major compounds of R. sempervirens, R. moschata and R. canina, respectively. Quantitative differences were found between species, provenances and extracts either for the individual compounds or for the total phenolic contents. This variability was also highlighted in Rosa scavenger ability results. The highest mean values were recorded by methanolic extracts of R. moschata from Bizerte (TEAC and FRAP) and R. canina for DPPH. However, for ORAC assay, the most active extract was obtained by ethyl acetate from stems of R. canina.

Conclusion

Results allow concluding that stems of R. sempervirens, R. moschata and R. canina could present a new natural residual source of bioactive phytochemicals, to be employed as additives in pharmaceutical products or in cosmetic and food preparations.
Universal output feedback adaptive control with uncertain nonlinearity and unknown high‐frequency gain sign: A new design
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhang Hao , Wang Zhuping
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we propose a new universal output feedback adaptive controller to globally (or semiglobally) stabilize nonlinear output feedback systems, whose nonlinearities are bounded either by known functions with unknown parameters or by completely unknown functions. In addition, no a priori knowledge of the sign of high‐frequency gain is required. The new design focuses on properly arranging the control gains step by step in the filter backstepping design. Instead of Lyapunov‐based argument, an inductive contradiction argument is employed in the proof of stability, which is not common in literature.
Sized dependence and microstructural defects on highly photocatalytic activity based on multisized CdTe quantum dots sensitized TiO2
Authors: Li Yuesheng , Han Yan , Song Xiaofang , Li Tingting , Liu Guo , Chen Zhiyuan , Dong Zhibing , Liu Yi
Published: July 2019

A series of sensitized TiO2 NPs with enhanced photocatalytic activity were prepared by different sized CdTe QDs with bifunctional ligand interlinking. The microstructures and morphologies of four different sizes of CdTe QDs and CdTe QDs sensitized TiO2 NPs were characterized systematically by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, FT‐IR, XRD, XPS, FE‐SEM, HRTEM, BET, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The photocatalytic performance of CdTe QDs sensitized TiO2 NPs was investigated by degrading MO and MB in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The process of degradation complied with the first‐order reaction kinetics. Four different sized CdTe QDs sensitized TiO2 exhibited higher photocatalytic activities than TiO2. Particularly, yellow emitting CdTe QDs (3.28 nm) sensitized TiO2 (CT_1.5) showed the best photocatalytic performance, which may be attributed to the optimal NP size, and has a moderate light absorption and electron injection. The effect of microstructural defects on CdTe QDs sensitized TiO2 has been confirmed effectively by positron lifetime measurements.
Synthesis of Diamond‐Shaped Mesoporous Titania Nanobricks as pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery Vehicles for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Yanbing , Wang Qi , Zhang Chunmei
Published: July 2019

Application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics has attracted much attention in recent years. Here, we prepared diamond‐shaped mesoporous TiO2 nanobricks (MTNs for short) via a facile and reproducible synthetic strategy. The obtained MTNs possess excellent biocompatibility, drug loading capability and pH‐responsive property through covalent conjugation to succinmidyl glutarate (PEG). These features enable the drug‐loaded PEG‐MTNs to be applied for cancer therapy. The confocal laser scanning microscopy studies show that the MTNs could be efficiently internalized by cancer cells and the loaded doxorubicin (DOX) in the MTNs could be successfully released in acidic intracellular environment. Meanwhile, the mice treated with drug‐loaded PEG‐MTNs exhibits the better tumor inhibition than those with free DOX. These data indicate the effectivity and significance of the MTNs in the cancer therapy.
Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) Properties of Heteroleptic IrIII Complexes With Non‐chromophoric Ligand Effect: Synthesis, Characterization and Photophysical Investigations
Authors: Prajapati Meha J. , Surati Kiran R.
Published: July 2019

Three bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (1‐3) [Ir(ppz)2(L1)](1), [Ir(ppz)2(L2)](2) and [Ir(ppz)2(L3)](3), containing 1‐phenypyrazole (ppz) as the cyclometalated ligands and pyrazolone based derivatives as ancillary ligands (L1‐L3) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. All the complexes show strong photoluminescence in the range of 517‐521 nm in solid state at room temperature. However, it does not show luminescence in solution state due to ‘Aggregation Induced Emission’ (AIE). Photophysical and electrochemical properties were performed to understand and evaluate the AIE behavior of designed complexes on the basis of structural properties relationship with other reported iridium complexes. The designed complexes show good ΦPL in the range of 0.18‐0.21 in solid state due to non‐chromophoric schiff base ligands lower the energy of the triplet state to such a value that the non‐radiative (NR) state is no longer thermally accessible at room temperature. The ancillary ligands also tune the HOMO and LUMO level, where the decreases LUMO mainly influence by substitution effect of phenyl ring of Schiff base ligands and subsequently it makes the excited state far from the non‐radiative states, leading to enhance the efficiency even at room temperature with the bandgap (Eg) in the range of 2.63‐2.65 eV. All the designed complexes are thermally stable upto 300 °C.
Screening of monoterpene indole alkaloids in six Rauwolfia species by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography orbitrap velos pro mass spectrometer
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Singh Awantika , Kumar Brijesh
Published: July 2019

Monoterpene indole alkaloids have gained significant interest due to their important medicinal properties and unique skeletal characteristics. There is an urgent need to develop simple, fast and suitable method for identification and characterization of monoterpene indole alkaloids in plant extracts. Therefore, ajmaline, ajmalicine and serpentine were analyzed by direct infusion into electrospray ionization source under high‐resolution mass spectrometric conditions using orbitrap velos pro mass spectrometer in collision‐induced dissociation mode. The diagnostic fragment ions were identified and established fragmentation pathways on the basis of multistage mass spectrometry. Multistage mass spectrometric analysis showed C‐ring cleavage in ajmaline and ajmalicine whereas in serpentine E‐ring cleavage took place by retro Diels Alder. Optimized multistage mass spectrometric conditions for ajmaline, ajmalicine and serpentine were applied along with developed ultra high performance liquid chromatography with orbitrap velos pro multistage mass spectrometry method for ammoniacal chloroform root extracts of six Rauwolfia species. In total, 17 alkaloids were identified and characterized on the basis of their chromatographic, mass spectrometric and multistage mass spectrometric analysis in the ammoniacal chloroform root extracts of six Rauwolfia species. This method could be used to speed up dereplication of these bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids in extracts.
Whistleblowing
Authors: Kirby Roger
Published: July 2019

In this editorial, Roger Kirby, Editor‐in‐Chief on Trends in Urology and Men's Health, discusses the inadequate protection and safeguards that currently exist to protect NHS whistleblowers.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and management
Authors: Williamson Victoria , Greenberg Neil
Published: July 2019

A minority of people who experience traumatic events also develop symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here the authors describe the diagnosis and management of PTSD, along with the valuable role healthcare professionals can play in talking to individuals about trauma they may have experienced.
Vicryl Tack for graft fixation during bulbar urethroplasty
Authors: Joshi Pankaj M , Raveenthiran Sheliyan , Desai Devang J , Kulkarni Jyotsna , Kulkarni Sanjay B
Published: July 2019

Urethral stricture disease continues to be a prevalent condition with significant morbidity. Oral mucosal graft augmentation urethroplasty for long segment bulbar urethral strictures is an established management option. Here the authors outline the results of their pilot study designed to evaluate the efficacy of using two innovative steps for graft augmentation.
Opioid receptor‐mediated changes in the NMDA receptor in developing rat and chicken
Authors: Fjelldal Marthe Fredheim , Hadera Mussie Ghezu , Kongstorp Mette , Austdal Lars Peter Engeset , Šulović Ana , Andersen Jannike Mørch , Paulsen Ragnhild Elisabeth
Published: July 2019

The use of opioids during pregnancy has been associated with neurodevelopmental toxicity in exposed children, leading to cognitive and behavioural deficits later in life. The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit GluN2B plays critical roles in cerebellar development, and methadone has been shown to possess NMDAR antagonist effect. Consequently, we wanted to explore if prenatal opioid exposure affected GluN2B subunit expression and NMDAR function in rat and chicken cerebellum. Pregnant rats were exposed to methadone (10 mg/kg/day) or buprenorphine (1 mg/kg/day) for the whole period of gestation, using an osmotic minipump. To further examine potential effects of prenatal opioid exposure in a limited time window, chicken embryos were exposed to a 20 mg/kg dose of methadone or morphine on embryonic days 13 and 14. Western blot analysis of cerebella isolated from 14 days old rat pups exposed to buprenorphine showed significantly lower level of the GluN2B subunit, while the opioid exposed chicken embryo cerebellar GluN2B expression remained unaffected at embryonic day 17. However, we observed increased NMDA/glycine‐induced calcium influx in cerebellar granule neurone cultures from opioid exposed chicken embryos. We conclude that prenatal opioid exposure leads to opioid receptor‐dependent reduction in the postnatal expression of GluN2B in rat cerebella, and increase in NMDA‐induced calcium influx in chicken embryo cerebella.
The August 24, 2016, Central Italy Earthquake: Validation of the “Modified Utstein Template for Hospital Disaster Response Reporting” As a New Tool for Reporting Hospitals’ Response to Disasters
Authors: Paganini Matteo , Ragazzoni Luca , Rossitto Fabio , Vecchiato Aurora , Bonfini Rita , Mucciante Maria Vittoria , Nisii Alessandra , Della Corte Francesco , Ingrassia Pier Luigi
Published: July 2019

Background:

After-action reports analyze events and improve knowledge about how to prevent and react to unexpected situations. Anyway, there is no consensus among the templates developed for disaster events reporting, and there is not a specific model for reporting hospital disaster response.

Objective:

The study was aimed to pilot the use of a new assessment tool for hospital response to natural disasters.

Methods:

A data collection tool, focused on hospital disaster response to natural disasters, was created modifying the “Utstein-Style Template for Uniform Data Reporting of Acute Medical Response in Disasters” and tested the reaction of the nearest hospitals to the epicenter after the August 24, 2016, Central Italy earthquake.

Results:

Four hospitals were included. The completion rate of the tool was 97.10%. A total of 613 patients accessed the 4 emergency departments, most of them in Rieti Hospital (178; 29.04%). Three hundred thirty-six (54.81%) patients were classified as earthquake-related, most with trauma injuries (260; 77.38%).

Conclusions:

This template seemed to be a valid instrument for hospital disaster management reporting and could be used for better comprehension of hospital disaster reaction, debriefing activities, and hospital disaster plan revisions.
Modulation-resonance mechanism for surface waves in a two-layer fluid system
Authors: Jiang Shixiao W. , Kovačič Gregor , Zhou Douglas , Cai David
Published: July 2019

We propose a Boussinesq-type model to study the surface/interfacial wave manifestation of an underlying, slowly varying, long-wavelength baroclinic flow in a two-layer, density-stratified system. The results of our model show numerically that, under strong nonlinearity, surface waves, with their typical wavenumber being the resonant $k_{res}$, can be generated locally at the leading edge of the underlying, slowly varying, long-wavelength baroclinic flow. Here, the resonant $k_{res}$ satisfies the class 3 triad resonance condition among two short-mode waves and one long-mode wave in which all waves propagate in the same direction. Moreover, when the slope of the baroclinic flow is sufficiently small, only one spatially localized large-amplitude surface wave packet can be generated at the leading edge. This localized surface wave packet becomes high in amplitude and large in group velocity after the interaction with its surrounding waves. These results are qualitatively consistent with various experimental observations including resonant surface waves at the leading edge of an internal wave. Subsequently, we propose a mechanism, referred to as the modulation-resonance mechanism, underlying these surface phenomena, based on our numerical simulations. The proposed modulation-resonance mechanism combines the linear modulation, ray-based, theory for the spatiotemporal asymmetric behaviour of surface waves and the nonlinear class 3 triad resonance theory for the energy focusing of surface waves around the resonant wavenumber $k_{res}$ in Fourier space.
Different physiological mechanisms underlie an adverse cardiovascular disease risk profile in men and women
Authors: Fappi Alan , Mittendorfer Bettina
Published: July 2019

CVD affect about one-third of the population and are the leading cause of mortality. The prevalence of CVD is closely linked to the prevalence of obesity because obesity is commonly associated with metabolic abnormalities that are important risk factors for CVD, including insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type-2 diabetes, atherosclerotic dyslipidaemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Women have a more beneficial traditional CVD risk profile (lower fasting plasma glucose, less atherogenic lipid profile) and a lower absolute risk for CVD than men. However, the relative risk for CVD associated with hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia is several-fold higher in women than in men. The reasons for the sex differences in CVD risk associated with metabolic abnormalities are unclear but could be related to differences in the mechanisms that cause hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia in men and women, which could influence the pathogenic processes involved in CVD. In the present paper, we review the influence of a person's sex on key aspects of metabolism involved in the cardiometabolic disease process, including insulin action on endogenous glucose production, tissue glucose disposal, and adipose tissue lipolysis, insulin secretion and insulin plasma clearance, postprandial glucose, fatty acid, and triglyceride kinetics, hepatic lipid metabolism and myocardial substrate use. We conclude that there are marked differences in many aspects of metabolism in men and women that are not all attributable to differences in the sex hormone milieu. The mechanisms responsible for these differences and the clinical implications of these observations are unclear and require further investigation.
Weak* and entropy approximation of nonhyperbolic measures: a geometrical approach
Authors: DÍAZ LORENZO J. , GELFERT KATRIN , SANTIAGO BRUNO
Published: July 2019

We studyC1-robustly transitive and nonhyperbolic diffeomorphisms having a partially hyperbolic splitting with one-dimensional central bundle whose strong un-/stable foliations are both minimal. In dimension 3, an important class of examples of such systems is given by those with a simple closed periodic curve tangent to the central bundle. We prove that there is aC1-open and dense subset of such diffeomorphisms such that every nonhyperbolic ergodic measure (i.e. with zero central exponent) can be approximated in the weak* topology and in entropy by measures supported in basic sets with positive (negative) central Lyapunov exponent. Our method also allows to show how entropy changes across measures with central Lyapunov exponent close to zero. We also prove that any nonhyperbolic ergodic measure is in the intersection of the convex hulls of the measures with positive central exponent and with negative central exponent.
“If you don’t improve, what’s the point?” Investigating the impact of a “flipped” online exchange in teacher education
Authors: Dooly Melinda , Sadler Randall
Published: July 2019

This article presents a pedagogical design for teacher education that combines flipped materials, in-class instruction, and telecollaboration (also known as virtual exchange) for foreign language teacher education. The context of this study is a course on technology and language learning for future teachers in which the flipped classroom concept was applied to technology-infused collaborative teacher training between future ESL/EFL instructors located at two partner universities (one in the USA, one in Europe). The three main teaching approaches (flipped materials, in class, and telecollaborative, or “FIT”) were symbiotic in that each structure reinforced the other through reception, discussion, and reflection as a means to help the student teachers bridge the gap between theory and practice. We apply classroom ethnographic discourse analysis to data sources (face-to-face and online discussion groups, student e-portfolios) to look at uptake of ideas, conceptual understanding, and successful transfer of new knowledge, and thereby identify whether the design provides significant learning opportunities for the future teachers. Although most studies of telecollaboration in language teacher education look principally at output, this approach allows an in-depth look at the learning process as knowledge is developed collaboratively between the participants.
THE ECONOMIST AND THE ECONOMIST’S AUDIENCE
Authors: Medema Steven G.
Published: July 2019

The history of economics, properly read, is very much a history of economics in the public sphere. Sir William Petty developed his most important insights in the process of providing advice on taxation to the monarch. Adam Smith wrote with a view to influencing the habits of thought of both the educated layman and policy makers. Jane Marcet and Harriet Martineau brought early classical political economy to the masses. David Ricardo formulated foundational elements of the nineteenth-century classical system writing policy pamphlets and then entered Parliament with a view to putting policy making on a solid economic footing. Karl Marx’s intended audience was anything but the practitioners of the emerging science of political economy. Alfred Marshall buried his technical analysis in appendices to maximize the exposure of his work. John Maynard Keynes’s influence can be ascribed, without too much injustice, as much to his effectiveness outside the walls of Cambridge as within them and to the use by others of his ideas in that same public realm. Yet, despite this lengthy history of economists’ engagements with various publics, including those pulling the levers of policy, those writing on the history of economics have focused far more intently on the history of theory and the implications for the construction of a body of thought known as “economic analysis” than on the interplay among economists, economic ideas, and the public realm. It is as if the economic conversation went on solely within the space of academic departments of economics, even though those spaces are very recent creations.
Input-Based Activities
Authors: Piantaggini Lance
Published: July 2019

As for the benefits of moving away from grammar-translation to more comprehension-based and communicative language teaching (CCLT), few can argue they are insignificant and dismissible. In fact, the more one hears about thriving Latin programs, reduced teacher stress, increased student engagement, and inclusivity of all learners, the harder it becomes to justify pedagogical practices of the last 300 years or so (Musumeci, 1997). Still, hearing about current changes to teaching practices often leaves teachers perplexed. Where to start? Not only can navigating 40 years of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research be daunting, but teachers are often left with a lack of support and practical resources to affect any change. In many cases, even the change itself is feared.
Structuring CI-based practices for success
Authors: Piazza John P.
Published: July 2019

While many Latin teachers are successfully implementing Comprehensible Input-based practices1 in their classrooms, plenty of teachers are hesitant to do so - and for good reason. One need only follow the discussions on the various blogs and Facebook groups dedicated to CI-based practices to see a predictable arc that goes from enthusiastic implementation to giving up and falling back on previous practices. Teachers who are attracted to CI-based practices are often those who also are frustrated with the traditional textbooks and curricula, and so a change in methods is often accompanied by a loosening of a traditional unit structure, or even the daily and weekly structure of a traditional language classroom. To do this, however, is to confuse the content of classroom instruction with the practices that contain them, the latter being an important element of classroom management.
Using translation-based CI to read Latin literature
Authors: Carter David
Published: July 2019

Krashen's Comprehensible Input theory proposes that we acquire language when the brain understands messages. The practical question then arises: how do we make the foreign words in the message comprehensible to the brain?
Keep Calm, I Take Latin as a Subject
Authors: Hanif Huzefah
Published: July 2019

‘Why would you choose Latin?’ I have been asked an overwhelming amount of times, to which, over time, my simplified answer became ‘because I didn't want to do drama’. I realised that my initial wearisome and somewhat preprepared speech wasn't able to effectively communicate my admiration for the intricate and sophisticated subject. Not only for how it enriches the mind in school but also how studying the history that comes with it leads to the understanding of the impact the classical times has had on our society, from the way it works to the way it doesn't. For these reasons, I firmly believe that all school pupils should have the opportunity to study Classics.
A Parametric Analysis of Fault Reactivation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone: The Role of Pore Fluid Overpressure
Authors: Leclère Henri , Calais Éric
Published: July 2019

Earthquakes in Stable Continental Regions (SCR), where localized present‐day tectonic loading is negligible, remain difficult to explain. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) is a type‐locale for such events, with four M>7 events in 1811–1812 and a regional seismicity that continues to this day. Here, we seek to determine the most favorable conditions for fault reactivation in such a context using 33 earthquakes in the 2.1–4.7 magnitude range with well‐determined focal mechanisms while accounting for the vertical gradient of differential stress with depth. To do so, we developed a Mohr‐Coulomb‐based parametric analysis of fault reactivation that allows us to vary the orientation of the principal stresses, the shape ratio of the stress tensor, the fault friction coefficient, the pore fluid overpressure, and the gradient of differential stress with depth. Doing so, we are able to determine the lowest stress perturbation conditions required for fault reactivation. Our results show that the reactivation of the faults studied here requires pore fluid overpressure, unless their friction coefficient is 0.4 or less. We argue that such weak faults are unlikely and favor a triggering mechanism via deep fluids, possibly upwelling from the upper mantle where a low‐velocity seismic anomaly could indicate their presence. This mechanism, documented in other intraplate areas, does not require local tectonic stress or strain accumulation to explain seismicity in active intraplate regions, where elastic strain is drawn from a prestressed crust.
The Unexpected Benefits of Science Communication Training
Authors: Bartel Beth , Agopian Ma�t� , Bohon Wendy
Published: July 2019

When scientists learn better communication skills, they not only convey their research to a broader audience but also become better connected to their own scientific communities.
The Little Ice Age Wasn’t Global, but Current Climate Change Is
Authors: Barbuzano Javier
Published: July 2019

None of the cold and warm epochs from the past 2,000 years were global events, but the current period of climate change is more intense and is happening simultaneously across the entire planet.
Parkinson’s progression prediction using machine learning and serum cytokines
Authors: Ahmadi Rastegar Diba , Ho Nicholas , Halliday Glenda M. , Dzamko Nicolas
Published: July 2019

The heterogeneous nature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms and variability in their progression complicates patient treatment and interpretation of clinical trials. Consequently, there is much interest in developing models that can predict PD progression. In this study we have used serum samples from a clinically well characterized longitudinally followed Michael J Fox Foundation cohort of PD patients with and without the common leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation. We have measured 27 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum at baseline and after 1 year to investigate cytokine stability. We then used the baseline measurements in conjunction with machine learning models to predict longitudinal clinical outcomes after 2 years follow up. Using the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) as a measure of performance, the best prediction models were for the motor symptom severity scales, with NRMSE of 0.1123 for the Hoehn and Yahr scale and 0.1193 for the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale part three (UPDRS III). For each model, the top variables contributing to prediction were identified, with the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein one alpha (MIP1α), and monocyte chemoattractant protein one (MCP1) making the biggest peripheral contribution to prediction of Hoehn and Yahr and UPDRS III, respectively. These results provide information on the longitudinal assessment of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in PD and give evidence that peripheral cytokines may have utility for aiding prediction of PD progression using machine learning models.
Home environment: respiratory and allergic phenotypes from birth to age six in the PELAGIE cohort
Authors: Apel Katharina , Costet Nathalie , Chapron Anthony , Cordier Sylvaine , Monfort Christine , Chevrier Cécile , Pelé Fabienne
Published: July 2019

Childhood asthma and allergies are particularly prevalent diseases. Our objective is to identify respiratory and allergic phenotypes from birth to 6 years of age, and to explore their environmental determinants, especially those related to the home environment. Data on respiratory and allergic health outcomes and domestic environmental exposure were collected for 935 mother–infant pairs from a longitudinal mother–child cohort based on mothers, included before 19 weeks of gestation in Brittany between 2002 and 2006. Information was obtained by self-administered questionnaires completed by parents at inclusion, delivery, and when the child was 2 and 6 years old. Kml3D clustering was used to describe profiles of children who shared similar trajectories of symptoms as phenotypes. Association with environmental determinants was estimated by polytomous logistic regression. Five phenotypes were identified: a reference group characterized by low symptom levels (31.1%), a transient cough phenotype (36.5%), an eczema/cough phenotype (12.3%), a wheeze/cough phenotype (11.8%), and finally a mixed phenotype (8.0%). The wheeze/cough profile was associated with postnatal exposure to glues used in renovation activities (aOR 2.3 [1.2–4.7]), and the mixed phenotype with postnatal exposure to paint (aOR 2.1 [1–4.5]). The phenotypes observed showed some consistencies with those seen in previous studies. Some exposures associated with respiratory/allergic phenotypes observed in this study are avoidable. If confirmed by further research including interventional trials, home-based environmental counseling could be a possible prevention target for primary care professionals.
The thermal expansion properties of halogen bond containing 1,4 dioxane halogen complexes
Authors: Marshall W. G. , Jones R. H. , Knight K. S.
Published: July 2019

Strong halogen bonds formed between 1,4 dioxane and dihalogens lead to minimum expansion in the direction of these bonds.
Tracking the distribution of microfiber pollution in a southern Lake Michigan watershed through the analysis of water, sediment and air
Authors: Peller Julie R. , Eberhardt Laurie , Clark Robert , Nelson Cassie , Kostelnik Edward , Iceman Christopher
Published: July 2019

Microplastic waste is a worldwide problem, heavily afflicting marine and freshwater environments; the loading of this pollution in water, sediment and living organisms continues to escalate.
Cytidine and ribothymidine nucleolipids synthesis, organogelation, and selective anion and metal ion responsiveness
Authors: Nuthanakanti Ashok
Published: July 2019

Nucleolipids of 2′,3′-O-diacylatedribothymidine supports the organogelation by utilizing inherent self-base pairing and solvent mediated bifurcated H-bonding and hydrophobic effect. These organogels exhibits unusual Hg2+ mediated base pairing.
Compensation method of multiple‐channel amplitude and phase errors for MIMO imaging radar
Authors: Huo Ruiguo , Tian Weiming , Mei Hongyan , Wang Jingyang
Published: July 2019

Multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar plays a more and more important role in radar imaging, target detection, and other fields owing to its unique array structure. Transmitting orthogonal signals by different transmitters, a MIMO radar can significantly enhance the azimuth resolution. It forms multiple observation channels from different transmit and receive array elements, achieving an equivalent large aperture in azimuth direction. However, the amplitude and phase errors in each channel are introduced, which will lead to inferior imaging performance of the system, especially in azimuth direction. To solve this problem, a method to estimate the amplitude and phase errors of each channel based on a strong scatterer is proposed here. Peak amplitude of one‐dimensional range between channel is estimated using constrained least square (CLS) based on ideal point target characteristics. It proved to be valid by a simulation and an imaging experiment.
SAR 3D sparse imaging based on CLA
Authors: Tian Bokun , Wei Shunjun , Dang Liwei , Yan Min , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: July 2019

A novel method for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) three‐dimensional (3D) sparse imaging based on a coprime linear array (CLA) is proposed. To reduce the geometric resolution loss caused by under‐sampled sparse SAR, a jointed sparse imaging approach is used. In this scheme, the coprime sampled data of CLA is separately processed via the iterative reweight least‐squares approach, and their recovered results are combined to cancel the false targets and grating‐lobes to improve the imaging quality. Both simulated and experimented results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. It shows that the exploiting of CLA and sparse recovery can significantly reduce the linear array antenna amount and the geometric resolution loss compared with the conventional uniform linear array SAR.
Integrated time–frequency synchronisation method for cooperative bistatic radar
Authors: Chen Youwang , Tian Weiming , Yin Lilei , Wang Jingyang
Published: July 2019

Bistatic radar system has some advantages over conventional monostatic radar system. However, time and frequency synchronisation is a crucial issue for bistatic radar. This study proposes an integrated time–frequency synchronisation method for cooperative bistatic radar based on GPS disciplined frequency standard. The method uses a high‐precision GPS‐disciplined frequency source as the frequency reference of the transmitter and receiver, and the frequency synchronisation is realised by full‐coherent frequency synthesis. Using GPS time information and PPS signal to generate the PRT trigger signal, and using the local oscillator frequency source to maintain the PRT trigger signal and triggering again within a fixed time, time synchronisation is realised. Through the experiments, the effectiveness of the time‐frequency synchronisation method is verified, and it can well meet the imaging requirements of bistatic radar.
Air‐borne linear frequency modulation range interrupted continuous‐wave SAR for high‐resolution imaging
Authors: Xu Wei , Huang Pingping , Tan Weixian , Zhang Zhenhua , Dong Yifan , Gao Zhiqi
Published: July 2019

To avoid two apertures adopted in air‐borne continuous‐wave (CW) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, the novel air‐borne linear frequency modulation range interrupted continuous wave (LFMRICW) SAR imaging mode is presented here. Different from the conventional air‐borne CW imaging mode, it only requires one antenna to transmit radar pulses and receive its echoes. The system design of this mode is given in detail, and its imaging processor based on a linear prediction model (LPM) is proposed according to echo characteristics. Simulation results on distributed targets validate the presented new air‐borne imaging scheme and its corresponding imaging processor.
Influence of the frequency deviation on the simultaneous polarisation scattering matrix measurement
Authors: Liu Qiaoling , Li Chao , Pang Chen , Li Yongzhen , Wang Xuesong
Published: July 2019

Based on a pair of linear frequency modulation waveforms with opposite slopes, the mathematical model of the influence of intermediate frequency deviation (IFD) and sampling frequency deviation (SFD) on simultaneous polarisation measurement is derived. An IFD and SFD joint estimation and calibration method is proposed in this article. Simulation and real data results show that the radar frequency stability can change the position and phase of the polarisation scattering matrix (PSM) measurement. The approach proposed in this article can regulate the peak deviation effectively, compensate the phase error and accurately acquire the four elements of PSM.
Pharmakokinetik bei Kindern: Worauf kommt es bei der korrekten Medikamentendosierung an?
Authors: Fideler Frank
Published: July 2019

Kinder sind in der Anästhesie eine seltene Patientengruppe. Um Medikamentenfehldosierungen zu vermeiden, sind genaue Kenntnisse über Aufnahme, Verteilung, Verstoffwechselung und Ausscheidung der verwendeten Wirkstoffe wesentlich. Auch bedarf es ausreichender Erfahrung mit pharmakokinetischen Variationen oder Komedikationen innerhalb der verschiedenen Altersklassen, um patientenadaptiert eine korrekte Dosisapplikation zu ermöglichen.
Effect of Exercise on Outcome after Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Müssigbrodt Andreas , Czimbalmos Csilla , Stauber Annina , Bertagnolli Livio , Bode Kerstin , Dagres Nikolaos , Döring Michael , Richter Sergio , Sommer Philipp , Husser Daniela , Bollmann Andreas , Hindricks Gerhard , Arya Arash
Published: July 2019

Competitive sports and intensive exercise are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). This study aimed to assess the role of exercise on long-term results of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) therapy of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ARVD/C. Exercise participation was evaluated by telephone or in-person interviews in patients from our ARVD/C registry with previous VT ablation (38 patients, 26 males, age 52.6±14.1years). Of 38 patients, 30 were involved in sports activities before RFCA. Only the minority of our patient population (21.1%) had a sedentary lifestyle before RFCA; 42.1 and 36.8% reported recreational or competitive sports, respectively. During the follow-up period of 52.5±31.4 months, 23 of the total 38 patients with previous RFCA (60.5%) remained free from VT recurrence. In univariate and binary logistic regression analysis, only advanced age was significantly associated with VT recurrence, with a hazard ratio of 1.15, and 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.26 (p=0.004). The results of our observational study indicate that recreational sports do not impair long-term results after RFCA treatment compared with a sedentary lifestyle. Furthermore, the dynamic component of recreational exercise did not affect the outcome of VT ablation in our patient population. Recreational exercise at low to moderate intensity is not associated with an increased risk for VT recurrence after catheter ablation in patients with ARVD/C.
An Interesting Case of Penetrating Brain Injury by a Self-Hammered Nail
Authors: Besra Saurav K. , Harsh Viraat , Mishra Parijat , Sahay Chandra B.
Published: July 2019

Penetrating brain injuries by nails are rare. These usually have been reported as work-related accidents such as from falls or nail gun misfires and in cases of assault. The authors present a case of a 38-year-old psychiatric patient who attempted suicide by self-impalement of nail in the vertex near the midline of the head. Surprisingly, he was asymptomatic after a brief loss of consciousness, and with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 15. There was no history of vomiting or seizures. Intraoperative and postoperative periods were uneventful. Many unusual intracranial foreign bodies have been reported in medical literature, but one of a self-inflicted intracranial injury by hammering a nail is rare. In this article, the authors describe their case report and discuss the challenges encountered in the management of a patient with intracranial injuries by nail, along with a brief review of literature.
Analysis of Surgical Outcome in Patients with Firearm Injury to Spine
Authors: Mahakul Dibya Jyoti , Doddamani Ramesh , Meena Rajesh , Agrawal Deepak
Published: July 2019

Aim of Study To see whether surgical intervention in gunshot injuries to the spine leads to recovery in neurologic status.

Methods It is a retrospective study conducted at the Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre (JPNATC), All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, where case records of 20 patients with gunshot injury to the spine, admitted between January 2013 to March 2018, were analyzed.

Result Out of 20 patients, 17 underwent surgical intervention. Entry wound was most common on the back, with the thoracic vertebrae being the most common segment involved. Nine patients had complete spinal cord injury (SCI) at the time of presentation and seven of them underwent surgery. However, only one of these patients showed neurologic improvement at follow-up. Seven patients with canal compromise underwent surgery, and only two of them showed improvement in neurologic status at follow-up. Early surgery was done in 8 out of 16 patients. All 16 patients underwent decompressive procedure, and 3 underwent additional stabilization procedure. Bullet was removed in nine cases. Intraoperative blood loss was minimal in 9 cases, and dural breach was noticed in 14 cases. At follow-up, 56.25% patients showed improvement in neurologic status.

Conclusion Surgical intervention, timing of surgery, amount of intraoperative blood loss, and dural breach had no significant impact on the overall surgical outcome. Neurologic status at the time of presentation is the single most important factor that determines the ultimate outcome. Indication and type of surgical intervention is still an ambiguous topic. Owing to lack of conclusive evidence, we believe that there is role for surgery when it is done with an intention to restore the neurologic function.