bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyropia yezoensis porphyran alleviates metabolic disorders via modulating gut microbiota in high‐sucrose‐fed Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: He Dan , Wu Qifang , Lu Chenying , Wu Jinlan , Chen Peichao , Wu Mingjiang , Choi Jong‐il , Tong Haibin
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Prebiotics, such as algal polysaccharides, can be used to manage metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota. However, the effect of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP), a red algal polysaccharide, on gut microbiota has not been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine effects of PYP on metabolic disorders caused by high sucrose (HS) and underlying mechanisms involved in such effects.

RESULTS

Biochemical analysis demonstrated that an HS diet increased triglyceride and circulating sugar contents (metabolic abnormalities) in Drosophila larvae. It also increased the relative abundance of harmful microbiota within the larvae as identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. PYP supplementation at 25 and 50 g kg−1 equivalently reduced metabolic abnormalities in the HS group. Therefore, 25 g kg−1 PYP was selected to investigate its effects on the metabolic pathway and gut microbiota of larvae in the HS group. The activity of PYP in ameliorating metabolic abnormalities by reverse transcription quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis was consistent with the expression trend of key factors involved in metabolism regulation. PYP reduced the relative abundance of bacteria causing metabolic abnormalities, such as Escherichia–Shigella and Fusobacterium, but increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus and Akkermansia. However, PYP had no effect on triglyceride and circulating sugar contents in HS‐fed larvae treated with a mixture of antibiotics designed to remove gut microbiota.

CONCLUSION

PYP exhibits anti‐metabolic disorder activity by modulating gut microbiota, thereby supporting the development of PYP as a functional prebiotic derived from red algae food. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Systemic therapy for gastric cancer: Perioperative strategies and beyond
Authors: Cann Christopher , Ciombor Kristen K.
Published: March 2022

Each year, gastric cancer claims the lives of hundreds of thousands of patients worldwide. Despite surgical resection, the risk of residual disease, micrometastatic disease, and disease recurrence remain elevated. Herein, we review systemic therapy strategies in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings, including novel uses of immunotherapy, targeted therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies, for the treatment of gastric cancer.
Management of early stage HER2 positive breast cancer and increased implementation of axillary imaging to improve identification of nodal metastasis
Authors: McCaffrey Rachel L , Thompson Jessica L , Oudsema Rebecca H , Sciallis Andrew P , Cobain Erin F , Sabel Michael S , Jeruss Jacqueline S
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives

Given the significant benefit of targeted therapies for HER2+ breast cancer patients in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings, it is critical to identify all eligible patients for these treatments. We sought to investigate cT1cN0 HER2+ patients to determine the rate of postsurgical nodal positivity, and to identify presurgical factors associated with nodal positivity. We hypothesize there is a subset of underdiagnosed HER2+ patients who would benefit from preoperative axillary imaging and inclusion in neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

Methods

We performed a 10‐year retrospective analysis of T1 HER2+ breast cancer patients. Clinicopathologic characteristics were evaluated based on surgical nodal data.

Results

We identified 38 patients with cT1cN0 HER2+ cancer. Of this cohort, 24% had positive lymph nodes on final pathology. High tumor grade (p = 0.035) on core needle biopsy and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.0036) were associated with an increased likelihood of lymph node positivity. The majority (66%) of lymph node positive patients were clinically T1c.

Conclusions

We identified a 24% nodal positivity rate in clinically node negative T1 HER2+ breast cancer patients. In particular, HER2+ patients with high‐grade T1c cancers should undergo preoperative diagnostic axillary imaging to expand potential benefit from targeted therapies.
Approaches for the detection and analysis of antidrug antibodies to biopharmaceuticals: A review
Authors: Suh Kyungah , Kyei Isaac , Hage David S.
Published: March 2022

Antibody‐based therapeutic agents and other biopharmaceuticals are now used in the treatment of many diseases. However, when these biopharmaceuticals are administrated to patients, an immune reaction may occur that can reduce the drug's efficacy and lead to adverse side‐effects. The immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals can be evaluated by detecting and measuring antibodies that have been produced against these drugs, or antidrug antibodies. Methods for antidrug antibody detection and analysis can be important during the selection of a therapeutic approach based on such drugs and is crucial when developing and testing new biopharmaceuticals. This review examines approaches that have been used for antidrug antibody detection, measurement, and characterization. Many of these approaches are based on immunoassays and antigen binding tests, including homogeneous mobility shift assays. Other techniques that have been used for the analysis of antidrug antibodies are capillary electrophoresis, reporter gene assays, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The general principles of each approach will be discussed, along with their recent applications with regards to antidrug antibody analysis.
Dropout from evidence‐based trauma treatment in a community mental health clinic serving victims of interpersonal violence
Authors: Ghafoori Bita , Matos Marlene , Gonçalves Mariana
Published: March 2022

Trauma‐focused psychotherapies are increasingly offered in community‐based mental health centers, but little is known about treatment dropout in these settings. The current study explored dropout at different stages of treatment in a treatment‐seeking sample of 1,186 adults who experienced interpersonal violence and were offered trauma‐focused and non–trauma‐focused therapies. A total of 31.6% of participants dropped out before treatment initiation, 28.0% dropped out after treatment initiation and completed a mean of 4.02 (SD = 2.41) sessions, and 40.4% completed a full course of PTSD treatment. Being unemployed, p < .001, and scoring lower on measures of environment factors, p = .045, were significant predictors of pretreatment dropout. Being female, p < .001; Latinx, p = .032; and scoring higher on a measure of social relationships, p = .024, were independent predictors of postinitiation dropout. Individuals who completed nine sessions of treatment displayed significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety symptoms. The present study provides preliminary evidence that survivors of interpersonal violence who seek therapy tend to drop out early during treatment, and most who complete treatment attain symptom reduction.
Well posedness and stability result for a microtemperature full von Kármán beam with infinite‐memory and distributed delay terms
Authors: Choucha Abdelbaki , Ouchenane Djamel
Published: March 2022

This work is concerned with a full von Kármán beam in the presence of infinite‐memory, microtemperature, and distributed delay terms. First, we establish the well posedness of the system. Second, we considered the kernel
satisfying

where ξ and H are functions satisfying some specific properties, and under this very general hypothesis on the behavior of h at infinity, we prove the stability of the system.
Red flags useful to screen for gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases in patients with shoulder pain: A scoping review
Authors: Pennella Denis , Giagio Silvia , Maselli Filippo , Giovannico Giuseppe , Roncone Antonella , Fiorentino Fabio , Brindisino Fabrizio
Published: March 2022

Introduction

In most patients, shoulder pain has a neuromusculoskeletal cause. However, it might conceal other types of disorders, hiding a non‐neuromusculoskeletal condition. The main aim of this scoping review is to map and summarise findings to identify red flags for gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases in the assessment of patients with shoulder pain.

Methods

Five databases were searched up to 31 May 2021. Additional studies have been identified through grey literature, and the reference lists of the included studies have been screened. Any study design and publication type have been considered to be eligible for inclusion. No time, geographical setting and language restrictions have been applied.

Results

A total of 157 records have been identified, with 40 studies meeting the inclusion criteria (37 case reports, 2 retrospective studies and 1 systematic review with meta‐analysis). The most prevalent red flags associated with shoulder pain were abdominal pain (14 cases) and abdominal discomfort (3 cases), reported by 47% of patients. As for comorbidities, hepato‐gastric, cardiac, visceral and systemic diseases were the most common ones.

Conclusion

Abdominal pain, right and left hypochondriac pain, and epigastric pain represent the most prevalent symptoms in patients with an abdominal disease that could mimic a shoulder problem. Clinicians should be encouraged to screen for red flags when assessing patients with shoulder pain.
Compliant materials based on nickel oxide/chlorinated natural rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Parvathi K. , Ramesan M. T.
Published: March 2022

This research article focuses on the preparation of chlorinated natural rubber (Cl‐NR)/nickel oxide (NiO) nanocomposites by a simple and greener two‐roll mill mixing technique. X‐ray diffraction study of the rubber nanocomposites showed the systematic arrangement of NiO nanoparticles in the polymer indicates the improved crystallinity of the nanocomposites. The composite prepared with a nanofiller content of 5 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) exhibited the best homogenous dispersion of filler in rubber as evident from field emission scanning electron microscopy and HRTEM images. The glass transition temperature obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was found to be increased with an increase in the concentration of nanofiller in the polymer. The flame resistance of rubber composites was significantly improved with increasing the filler content and this aids the fabrication of fire‐resistant household gadgets. The AC conductivity and dielectric behavior of composites were scrutinized with special emphasis on filler loading at various frequencies. The AC conductivity, dielectric loss and dielectric constant of the nanocomposites were higher than pure Cl‐NR. The cure time was considerably reduced with the incorporation of filler, resulting in the easy fabrication of rubber products at a cheaper rate. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus, hardness, tear resistance, heat build‐up) of the nanocomposites were increased with the addition of NiO indicating its high reinforcing ability. The maximum mechanical and electrical properties were observed for 5phr NiO loaded nanocomposite and these samples can be potential candidates for the fabrication of electromagnetic induction shielding materials, conducting adhesives and flame resistant flexible electronic devices.
High‐throughput LC–MS method for the rapid characterisation and comparative analysis of multiple ingredients of four hawthorn leaf extracts
Authors: Duan Liying , Xiong Hui , Du Yilong , Wang Ziyi , Li Yanrong , Zhao Shengnan , Chen Jinmei , Si Dandan , Pan Haifeng
Published: March 2022

Introduction

The comprehensive component characterisation of Chinese herbal medicine is the premise of effectively driving the discovery of pharmacodynamic substances or new drugs in recent years.

Objective

To use the high‐throughput liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) approach to systematically characterise phytochemical compounds from four hawthorn leaf extracts, along with evaluating their classification.

Methods

In the present study, the compounds from 50% ethanol extract, macro porous resin extract, ethyl acetate extract and standard decoction of hawthorn leaves were completely analysed by ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS).

Results

Eight‐nine compounds were putatively identified by comparison with secondary MS data and available references. Of these compounds identified, 56 compounds were found for the first time in hawthorn leaves, which was somewhat inconsistent with the findings of other studies. It could be inferred that falconoid, organic acids and nitrogenous compounds were the most abundant in 50% ethanol extract and standard decoction extract, which were considered as better choices for extracting hawthorn leaves.

Conclusions

This work developed a simple, accurate and rapid method for the compound identification of hawthorn leaves, which laid the basis for further discovering pharmacodynamic material basis or new drugs from hawthorn leaves.
Measured power conversion efficiencies of bifacial luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic devices of the mosaic series
Authors: Aghaei Mohammadreza , Pelosi Rosie , Wong Wallace W. H. , Schmidt Timothy , Debije Michael G. , Reinders Angèle H. M. E.
Published: March 2022

The optical and electrical performances of varied configurations of visually attractive mosaic cubical luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC PV) devices have been measured. These new designs of LSC PV devices consist of four cubical lightguides containing commercially available fluorophores with edge‐ and bottom‐mounted silicon solar cells. The 1 cm3 cubical component LSC PVs are made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped by dyes from 10 to 150 ppm. The lightguides are covered with bifacial silicon solar cells at their edges and/or bottom and connected in series or parallel, depending on the device configuration. In total, 19 different configurations of mosaic LSC PV devices have been experimentally evaluated in this study.
Permeability of artificial barriers (fences) for wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Mediterranean mixed landscapes
Authors: Laguna Eduardo , Barasona José A , Carpio Antonio J. , Vicente Joaquín , Acevedo Pelayo
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

Fences are one of the most widespread manmade features in nature, constituting an artificial limitation to the movement of wildlife. To date, their effects on wildlife behavior have been understudied but this knowledge is required to design effective management procedures. Using 21 GPS‐monitored wild boar, we evaluated the permeability of different types of fences and described temporal patterns and spatial hotspots for crossing events. A fence's permeability was inferred by the crossing success, i.e., the number of times that animals crossed a barrier vs the number of times they did not cross. The vulnerability of fences at watercourses was explored by assessing whether the frequency of crossings was higher around watercourse intersections than expected by chance.

RESULTS

Well‐maintained big game proof fences were the most effective in reducing successful wild boar crossings; they were, on average, 30% more efficient than livestock type fences. Crossing success was higher for males than females and during the food shortage period than in the food abundance period. The frequency of crossings around watercourses was higher than expected by chance, especially in moderately and well‐maintained big game proof type fences.

CONCLUSION

While no fence type was 100% wild boar proof, well‐maintained big game proof fences substantially constrained the movement of boar. However, they are vulnerable around watercourses. Managing the conflicts in which this species is involved, such as shared infections and agricultural damage, would require fences that are even more effective than the ones analyzed here, ideally in conjunction with other preventive actions. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Alloying Effect on the Stability of Ti5Si3 from First‐Principles Study
Authors: Cao Shuo , Li Yang , Zhang Lian-Ji , Yang Yan-Ting , Liu Jian-Rong , Yang Rui , Hu Qing-Miao
Published: March 2022

Precipitation strengthening of silicides plays an important role in improving the creep resistance of high‐temperature titanium alloys. The oversize and concentrated silicides remarkably reduce the ductility of the alloys, which shorten the serving life of the key components in aerospace engines and gas turbines. To investigate the alloying effect on the stability of Ti5Si3, the enthalpy of solution for IIIB–VIB and IIIA–IVA elements in Ti5Si3, α matrix, and β phase are calculated and compared. It is proposed that Zr and Hf stabilize Ti5Si3 and promote the nucleation and refinement of silicide particles. The β stabilizers and simple metals destabilize Ti5Si3 and would suppress the precipitation of Ti5Si3.
A Theoretical Study of Local Electronic–Magnetic Properties for LiCoMnO4 in the Charge and Discharge Process
Authors: Duan Jia-Xin , Ding Chang-Chun , Sun De-Chuan
Published: March 2022

Doping transition metal ions in LiMnCoO4 batteries is proved an efficient method to improve the electrochemical properties in experiment, which is related to the local environment of the cation. According to the observed electron paramagnetic resonance spectra for different signals, three different Mn4+ centers (C1, C2, and C3) are constructed and the local electronic–magnetic properties are theoretically studied based on the perturbation calculations of Spin‐Hamilton Parameters (g factors). By comparing the results of conventional method (based on merely the crystal‐field contribution) and the improved method (based on both the crystal‐field and electron‐transfer contributions), the proper theoretical model is constructed for the investigation of the [MnO6]8− clusters in LiMnCoO4. Furthermore, the electronic structure of the [MnO6]8− cluster is consistently discussed from the covalency and partial density of states in the charge and discharge processes, which may account for irreversible capacity of LiCoMnO4 batteries.
Vibrational Spectrum and Thermal Conductivity of Rare‐Earth Semiconducting Erbium Nitride Thin Films
Authors: Upadhya Krithika , Kumar Rajendra , Li Qinshu , Sun Bo , Saha Bivas
Published: March 2022

Rare‐earth semiconducting mononitrides (RENs) are an emerging class of materials due to their unique electronic and magnetic properties originating from strongly localized 4f orbitals. Erbium nitride (ErN) is one of the most promising REN and attracts significant interest for spintronics, thermoelectric, and Gifford–McMahon cryo‐cooler applications. However, despite such progress, growth and characterization of the physical properties of ErN are rather challenging due to its propensity for oxidation, and no report on its thermal transport properties exists to date. Recently, high‐quality ErN thin films are deposited and are stabilized in ambient with thin capping layers. Herein this letter, first‐principles density functional perturbation theory to model the vibrational spectrum of ErN is utilized and the calculations with the phonon frequency measurements with inelastic Raman spectroscopy are verified. Consistent with its polar dielectric nature, ErN exhibits a longitudinal‐optical transverse‐optical phonon mode splitting at the Γ‐point with a separation of 333 cm−1. Time‐domain thermoreflectance is used to measure the low‐temperature (80 –300 K) thermal conductivity of ErN films. At room temperature, ErN films exhibit a low thermal conductivity of 1.16 ± 0.15 and 2 ± 0.2 W mK−1 on (001) MgO and (0001) Al2O3 substrates, respectively, making them attractive for thermoelectrics and thermal barrier coating applications.
Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS‐CoV‐2 and influenza virus
Authors: Eggers Maren , Jungke Peggy , Wolkinger Volker , Bauer Rudolf , Kessler Uwe , Frank Bruno
Published: March 2022

Respiratory viruses pose a significant threat to global health. They initially infect the naso‐ and oropharyngeal regions, where they amplify, cause symptoms, and may also be transmitted to new hosts. Preventing initial infection or reducing viral loads upon infection might soothe symptoms, prevent dissemination into the lower airways, or transmission to the next individual. Several natural products have well‐described direct antiviral activity or may ameliorate symptoms of respiratory infections. We thus analyzed the potential of plant‐derived products to inactivate respiratory viral pathogens and determined the antiviral activity of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpae [Michx.] Elliott), elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice, as well as green tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] Kuntze) on the infectivity of the surrogate‐modified vaccinia virus Ankara, and the respiratory viruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), influenza A virus (IAV), and adenovirus Type 5. Black chokeberry and pomegranate juice, and green tea reduced SARS‐CoV‐2 and IAV titers by ≥80% or ≥99%. This suggests that oral rinsing with these products may reduce viral loads in the oral cavity which might prevent viral transmission.
Unravelling the Molecular Interaction of Pentoxifylline with Calf Thymus DNA: A Multitechnique Approach
Authors: Mallappa M. , Savanur Mohammed Azharuddin , Gowda Babu G. , Reddy M. B. Madhusudana , Mulla Sikandar I
Published: March 2022

The drug‐DNA interaction studies provide vital insights for designing and developing effective chemotherapeutic agents used in treatment of different cancers. Thus, the interaction of potential anticancer agent pentoxifylline and calf thymus DNA was analysed by various spectroscopic and electrochemical methods under physiological condition. The absorption spectra of pentoxifylline with calf thymus DNA revealed the formation of complex by hyperchromic effect with a binding constant of 1.461 ×104 M−1. Fluorescence studies, further showed that pentoxifylline binds to calf thymus DNA and form a stable complex with a static quenching mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis further confirms that the interaction process is spontaneous with Vander Waals force or hydrogen bonding playing a major role. The electrochemical studies and circular dichroism spectra signify that pentoxifylline interacts by groove binding mode. Based on electrochemical and spectroscopic results, the mode of pentoxifylline binding to calf thymus DNA is mainly established through groove binding.
Glutaraldehyde and Glyoxal Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Copper Ion Adsorption from Water
Authors: Swamy Azekah Yashna , Prasad Shelvin , Pan Xun , Andersson Mats R. , Gedefaw Desta
Published: March 2022

The water body can potentially be contaminated with heavy metals such as Cu2+ ions which beyond a certain concentration could impact human and animal health. In the past, different techniques have been developed to remove Cu2+ ions from water. In this study, polyethlenimine (PEI) was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and glyoxal to yield three polymers (P1‐P3). P3 consists of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a template to decrease the size of the crosslinked polymer particles. The polymer powders were used to adsorb Cu2+ from CuSO4 water solutions. The addition of 50, 100 and 150 mg of P3 removed 25, 32 and 38 mg of Cu2+, respectively, from 0.075 M (10 mL) of CuSO4 solution, after stirring at room temperature for 24 h. In comparison, P1 and P2 removed a lower amount. The better performance of P3 arises from the larger surface area of the polymer powder compared to P1 and P2 as revealed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Kinetic studies indicated that the polymers remove a larger amount of Cu2+ during the first 3 h with a slower rate of adsorption continuing until 12 h. The adsorption kinetics were fitted with Elovich and Pseudo second order models to understand the adsorption mechanism. The higher R2 (∼0.99) value of the linear plots signifies the adsorption is likely to follow a Pseudo second order kinetics, with P3 showing a rate constant of 8.43x10−5 g mg−1 min−1. The Cu2+ loaded polymers (100 mg) were soaked in 10 mL of 2 % HNO3 for 24 h for the desorption of Cu2+, where 12, 10 and 16 mg of Cu2+ desorbed from P1, P2 and P3, respectively. This indicates the polymers could potentially be reused to adsorb another batch of Cu2+ from water to maximize an economic benefit.
Photodegradation and in‐Situ SERS Monitoring Properties of Ag@AgCl Anchored on Sea Urchin‐shaped Fe3O4@C/1D PANI Nanoparticles**
Authors: Chen Qingtao , Liang Weiwei , Shi Xiangdong , Yang Maosen , Qin Xiaoyun , Jiang Liying , Jia Chunxiao , Chen Fenghua , Luo Dan
Published: March 2022

Here, sea urchin‐shaped nanoparticles were first fabricated by growing one dimensional polyaniline (1D PANI) nanowire array on carbon layer encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and then Ag@AgCl photocatalyst were tightly anchored on the surface of PANI nanowire to form Fe3O4@C/1D PANI/Ag@AgCl bifunctional material as recyclable adsorption‐photocatalysts and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate to monitor photocatalytic degradation of dye molecules. Compared with Fe3O4@C/1D PANI, Ag@AgCl and Fe3O4@C/PANI/Ag@AgCl catalysts, the fast electron transfer characteristics of conductive 1D PANI nanowire array and the synergistic effect between the surface plasmon resonance of Ag and the photosensitive characteristic of AgCl, enabled the prepared Fe3O4@C/1D PANI/Ag@AgCl excellent adsorption‐photocatalytic efficiency for the degradation of RhB under visible‐light irradiation. PL spectra and a series of photoelectrochemical measurements were carried out to investigate the reasons for such enhanced photocatalytic activity and the possible improved photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. Meanwhile, the detection of the presence of RhB and its degradation process were achieved with real‐time SERS technology employing the prepared Fe3O4@C/1D PANI/Ag@AgCl photocatalyst itself as the substrate. All the results made it great promise for simultaneously monitoring and removal of organic contaminants in water.
Introducing the Solvent Co‐Intercalation Mechanism for Hard Carbon with Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Jiang Nan , Chen Long , Jiang Hao , Hu Yanjie , Li Chunzhong
Published: March 2022

As the most successful anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, hard carbon has attracted extensive attention from researchers. However, its storage mechanism is still controversial. In this paper, a solvent co‐intercalation mechanism into hard carbon is proposed and is proved by in situ XRD and ex situ TEM XPS results successfully. Thanks to the co‐intercalation of solvent, the platform capacity of hard carbon maintains well at very high current densities. It can even exhibit 245 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1, which is the best rate performance obtained for hard carbon anode as far as it is known. The full battery assembled with Na3V2(PO4)3 has a high energy density of 157 Wh kg−1 at 3800 W kg−1 (relative to the electrode). This finding brings new insights with regard to the design of hard carbon materials and sodium storage mechanisms.
FAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells: From Film Morphology Regulation to Device Optimization
Authors: Tang Yan , Gu Zhenkun , Fu Chunpeng , Xiao Qian , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: March 2022

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attentions due to their rapid increase of power conversion efficiency (PCE). Although the highest PCE of PSCs (25.7%) has been achieved via using formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) with a suitable bandgap, there is still a lack of systematic analysis on FAPbI3‐based PSCs toward high stability and high efficiency. Herein, the progress in FAPbI3 films and achievements in their high‐efficiency and long‐term stability PSCs are comprehensively reviewed. First, the progress from the aspects of morphology, defect, dimension, and strain for FAPbI3 film optimization is summarized and then the development of FAPbI3 PSCs in both efficiency and stability is discussed. Then, the methods to improve the FAPbI3 film quality by morphology control, defect passivation, dimensional regulation, and strain engineering, as well as strategies to optimize the device structure and interface layers, which are critical to promote device stability and efficiency, are evaluated. Finally, the outlook and strategies for realizing commercialized FAPbI3 PSCs with high efficiency and long lifetime are discussed.
What Teachers Need to Know and Do to Teach Letter–Sounds, Phonemic Awareness, Word Reading, and Phonics
Authors: Ehri Linnea C.
Published: March 2022

A hallmark of skilled reading is recognizing written words automatically from memory by sight. How beginning readers attain this skill is explained. They must acquire foundational knowledge, including phonemic segmentation, grapheme–phoneme knowledge, decoding, and spelling skills. When these skills are applied, spellings of words become bonded to pronunciations and meanings and stored in memory. Suggestions for teaching these skills are offered. These include picture mnemonics to teach letters, articulation to teach phonemic segmentation, and sound streaming to teach decoding. It is important to teach decoding with grapheme–phoneme subunits rather than syllabic units. It is important to read words in text to bond meanings to spellings in memory. It is important for beginners to read words in text aloud rather than silently. Showing students spellings of new vocabulary words when they are taught improves their memory for the words. Students progress through four alphabetic phases in acquiring these skills. Systematic phonics instruction facilitates movement through the phases.
Incidence of carpal fractures and risk factors for recurrent fractures after arthroscopic removal of carpal chip fracture fragments in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Mita Hiroshi , Tamura Norihisa , Fukuda Kentaro , Kuroda Taisuke , Kuwano Atsutoshi , Sato Fumio
Published: March 2022

Background

We aimed to investigate the recent incidence of carpal fractures and the risk factors for recurrent ipsilateral fractures after arthroscopic removal of clinically active unilateral carpal chip fracture fragments in Thoroughbred racehorses.

Methods

The findings for horses managed under the Japan Racing Association that developed carpal bone fractures between 2014 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The proportion of cases that developed a recurrent carpal fracture in the originally affected joint was calculated, and the risk factors for recurrent fractures were analysed.

Results

In total, 2858 carpal fractures were recorded in the study period (incidence, 0.8%). Of the 554 horses that resumed racing after the treatment of the unilateral major carpal chip fracture, 144 had a recurrent fracture (26.0%). Chip fractures of the third carpal bone (odds ratio [OR]: 3.7) or a combination of the distal end of the radius and intermediate carpal bone (OR: 3.0) were associated with a significantly higher risk of recurrent fractures than the distal aspect of the radial carpal bone.

Conclusions

The incidence of carpal fractures remained similar to that reported in Japan in the 1990s. The rate of recurrent ipsilateral fractures differed among lesion sites.
Digital opportunities to connect and complain – the use of Facebook in small animal practice
Authors: Springer Svenja , Lund Thomas Bøker , Sandøe Peter , Corr Sandra A. , Kristensen Annemarie T. , Grimm Herwig
Published: March 2022

Background

Social media is increasingly used in small animal practice, enabling veterinarians to connect with clients and promote their business online. It can also be used by clients to quickly distribute complaints via online communities.

Material/methods

Using a questionnaire study we investigated Austrian, Danish and UK veterinarians’ attitudes towards Facebook, the contents of clients’ online complaints and how they were handled by veterinarians (N = 648).

Results

In Denmark and the UK, around 90% of practices had a Facebook page, in contrast to 40% of Austrian practices. Most Danish and UK veterinarians agreed that the use of Facebook was relevant and expected by clients. Agreement was lower among Austrian veterinarians, probably reflecting the lower uptake of social media there. In particular, younger veterinarians and those who actively used Facebook for the practice, could see benefits. In all three countries, we found that clients most frequently complained about treatment costs. Most veterinarians preferred to actively deal with clients’ complaints, either replying online or discussing them directly.

Conclusions

We recommend future research focusing on veterinarians’ personal use of social media and on clients’ use of and attitudes towards social media in the veterinary context.
Einleitung
Authors: Neumair Phillip Alexander
Published: March 2022

In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Ausdrücke Flüchtling, Geflüchtete_r und Migrant_in diskurssemantisch untersucht. Wie im Verlauf dieser Arbeit gezeigt wird, werden diese Bezeichnungen seit Mitte der 2010er Jahre in der öffentlich-politischen Sprache zunehmend alternierend gebraucht. Zweck der Arbeit ist, Wissen, das sich im Gebrauch der Ausdrücke zeigt, herauszuarbeiten, um so empirisch valide Aussagen hinsichtlich der semantischen Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten der Ausdrücke zu generieren. Die semantische Analyse des Sprachgebrauchs geht dabei entschieden über die Wort- und Satzgrenzen hinaus und untersucht die Ausdrücke in ihrer kontextuellen (situativen) und kotextuellen (sprachlichen) Einbettung.
Numerical simulation of the mold filling process and its experimental validation
Authors: Baum Markus , Jasser Fabian , Stricker Michael , Anders Denis , Lake Simone
Published: March 2022

The present study deals with the simulation of the filling process in injection molding using Ansys CFX and its experimental validation. For this purpose, the filling process of an exemplary mold is investigated numerically as well as experimentally at different time steps. For the numerical investigation, a suitable model is elaborated in Ansys CFX, which enables such a comparison. In particular, the representation of a suitable viscosity model for polymers is not common in Ansys CFX. Therefore, the Carreau-WLF viscosity model is adapted for the considered polymer Schulamind 66 SK 1000 and integrated into Ansys CFX. The contribution focuses on the comparison of the numerically calculated flow front contour and the respective filling levels of the melt from experiments. Furthermore, a detailed numerical analysis of temperature and viscosity profiles is included in order to illustrate the effect of shear-induced temperature changes and the interplay between the temperature field and the viscosity of the injected polymer. In conclusion, the numerical model nicely fits the experimental results despite some slight deviations in the early filling stages.
An algebraic approach to revealed preference
Authors: Freer Mikhail , Martinelli César
Published: March 2022

We propose and develop an algebraic approach to revealed preference. Our approach dispenses with non-algebraic structure, such as topological assumptions. We provide algebraic axioms of revealed preference that subsume previous classical revealed preference axioms and show that a data set is rationalizable if and only if it is consistent with an algebraic axiom.
Starting a spine surgery service in a low-resource setting: a look back over twenty five years of spine surgery in Malawi
Authors: Lavy Chris , Mkandawire Nyengo
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This is a short historical narrative of the development of spine surgery in Malawi.

Methods

The authors communicated and both drew on memories and anecdotes over the last 25 years.

Results

This is not a scientific paper, so there are no results.

Conclusion

The short paper outlines the development of spine surgery in Malawi over the last 25 years. This develops in association with the overall increase in the number of surgeons in the country.
Morbidity and mortality in adults with congenital heart defects in the third and fourth life decade
Authors: Müller Matthias J. , Norozi Kambiz , Caroline Jonas , Sedlak Nicole , Bock Jonas , Paul Thomas , Geyer Siegfried , Dellas Claudia
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The population of adults with congenital heart defects (ACHD) is continuously growing. Data on morbidity and mortality of ACHD are limited. This longitudinal observational study examined a group of ACHD with surgically corrected or palliated congenital heart defects (CHD) during a 15-year period.

Methods

ACHD that had participated in the initial study were invited for a follow-up examination. Mortality and hospitalization data were compared with a healthy control group.

Results

From 05/2017 to 04/2019 a total of 249/364 (68%) ACHD participated in the follow-up study: 21% had mild, 60% moderate and 19% severe CHD. During the observational period, 290 health incidents occurred (cardiac catheterization 37%, cardiovascular surgery 27%, electrophysiological study/ablation 20%, catheter interventional treatment 14%, non-cardiac surgery 3%). Events were more frequent in ACHD with moderate (53%) and severe (87%) compared to those with mild CHD (p < 0.001). 24 individuals died at a median age of 43 years during the observation period. 29% of them had moderate and 71% severe CHD corresponding to a mortality rate of 0%, 0.29% and 1.68% per patient-year in ACHD with mild, moderate and severe CHD. Long-term survival was significantly reduced in patients with severe CHD in comparison to individuals with mild and moderate CHD (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

After correction or palliation of CHD, there was remarkable ongoing morbidity and mortality in ACHD patients over the 15-year observation period, particularly in individuals with moderate and severe CHD when compared with the general population. Thus, life-long special care is required for all surgically corrected or palliated ACHD patients.

Graphical abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid and venous biomarkers of shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Thavarajasingam Santhosh G. , El-Khatib Mahmoud , Vemulapalli Kalyan V. , Iradukunda Hector A. Sinzinkayo , Laleye Joshua , Russo Salvatore , Eichhorn Christian , Eide Per K.
Published: March 2022

Background

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a neurodegenerative disease and dementia subtype involving disturbed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Patients with iNPH may improve clinically following CSF diversion through shunt surgery, but it remains a challenge to predict which patients respond to shunting. It has been proposed that CSF and blood biomarkers may be used to predict shunt response in iNPH.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify which CSF and venous biomarkers predict shunt-responsive iNPH most accurately.

Methods

Original studies that investigate the use of CSF and venous biomarkers to predict shunt response were searched using the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and JSTOR. Included studies were assessed using the ROBINS-I tool, and eligible studies were evaluated utilising univariate meta-analyses.

Results

The study included 13 studies; seven addressed lumbar CSF levels of amyloid-β 1–42, nine studies CSF levels of Total-Tau, six studies CSF levels of Phosphorylated-Tau, and seven studies miscellaneous biomarkers, proteomics, and genotyping. A meta-analysis of six eligible studies conducted for amyloid-β 1–42, Total-Tau, and Phosphorylated-Tau demonstrated significantly increased lumbar CSF Phosphorylated-Tau (− 0.55 SMD, p = 0.04) and Total-Tau (− 0.50 SMD, p = 0.02) in shunt-non-responsive iNPH, though no differences were seen between shunt responders and non-responders for amyloid-β 1–42 (− 0.26 SMD, p = 0.55) or the other included biomarkers.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis found that lumbar CSF levels of Phosphorylated-Tau and Total-Tau are significantly increased in shunt non-responsive iNPH compared to shunt-responsive iNPH. The other biomarkers, including amyloid-β 1–42, did not significantly differentiate shunt-responsive from shunt-non-responsive iNPH. More studies on the Tau proteins examining sensitivity and specificity at different cut-off levels are needed for a robust analysis of the diagnostic efficiency of the Tau proteins.
Liquefied sites of the 2012 Emilia earthquake: a comprehensive database of the geological and geotechnical features (Quaternary alluvial Po plain, Italy)
Authors: Minarelli L. , Amoroso S. , Civico R. , De Martini P. M. , Lugli S. , Martelli L. , Molisso F. , Rollins K. M. , Salocchi A. , Stefani M. , Cultrera G. , Milana G. , Fontana D.
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a comprehensive geological and geotechnical study of the whole area affected by liquefaction following the 2012 Emilia earthquakes, including all the available information from the field reconnaissance surveys, in situ tests, and laboratory analyses. The compilation was performed at 120 liquefied sites to verify and validate the reliability of liquefaction charts in alluvial sediments, and to assess liquefaction induced by the 2012 seismic sequence in the Emilia plain. The results reveal a wide range of grain sizes (from clean sands to sandy silts) and compositional characteristics (quartz-rich to litharenitic) in the 2012 ejecta, and show a strong relationship between the liquefaction and stratigraphic architecture of the subsurface. The availability of in situ tests at the liquefied sites makes it possible to verify and validate the reliability of the liquefaction charts in alluvial sediments with respect to the real observations. For the analyzed Emilia case studies, the use of non-liquefiable crust provides better estimations of the liquefaction manifestations when coupled with the thickness of the liquefiable layer rather than with the liquefaction potential index. Altogether, this work makes available to the international scientific community a consistent liquefaction database for in-depth earthquake studies.
A facile scalable conductive graphene-coated Calotropis gigantea yarn
Authors: Zhang Junze , Liu Jing , Zhao Zeyu , Huang Di , Chen Chao , Zheng Zhaozhu , Fu Chenxi , Wang Xiaoqin , Ma Yanxue , Li Yuling , Liu Zekun , Li Yi , Li Gang
Published: March 2022

Graphene-functionalized fibers have attracted substantial attention due to their potential applications in flexible wearable electronics. However, these conventional conductive materials face difficulties in mass production, which limits their large-scale fabrication. In this paper, we report a graphene-coated Calotropis gigantea yarn by pad dyeing with graphene oxide and a reduction process, which endows it with high conductivity, outstanding conducting stability, and scale production capacity. By optimizing the dyeing parameters, the modified yarns display a high electrical conductivity of 6.9 S/m. Range analysis results indicate that the electrical conductivity of the graphene-coated yarns exhibits a strong dependence on the concentration of graphene oxide and pad dyeing cycles. The hydrogen bonding between the fiber and graphene during the dyeing process renders the functionalized yarns stable conductivity to washing and bending. Based on the simple fabrication process and fascinating performance, the graphene-coated yarn show great potential in facile scale production of conductive yarns.
Desiccation risk favours prevalence and diversity of tardigrade communities and influences their trophic structure in alpine ephemeral rock pools
Authors: Vecchi Matteo , Ferrari Claudio , Stec Daniel , Calhim Sara
Published: March 2022

Rock pools are ephemeral freshwater habitats characterized by their small size, well-defined boundaries, and periodic desiccation, making them ideal model systems to answer numerous ecological questions. Although there are numerous studies on rock pool fauna around the world, tardigrades have only rarely been recorded. We conducted the first tardigrade-focused study on rock pools by quantitatively extracting and classifying them from rock pools in the Italian Apennines. Rock pools were divided into three types, based on maximum duration of their inundation period. Following the patterns usually observed with rock pool invertebrates, we tested the hypothesis that desiccation has a negative effect on prevalence, abundance, and diversity of tardigrades, and thus could alter the trophic structure of their communities. In contrast to what is commonly found for other animal groups in the same type of habitat, we found that tardigrades were more diverse and prevalent in shallower, more desiccation prone, rock pools. Moreover, the trophic structure of tardigrade communities was different among the different pool types. Lastly, we also provide DNA barcodes of the most commonly found taxa. Ultimately, our study demonstrates that tardigrade communities in rock pools provide a valuable model system for the study of abiotic factors influencing meiofauna communities.
Characterization of iron oxide waste scales obtained by rolling mill steel industry
Authors: Kargin J. , Valladares L. De Los Santos , Borja-Castro L. E. , Xize Jiang , Mukhambetov D. G. , Konyukhov Y. V. , Moreno N. O. , Dominguez A. G. Bustamante , Barnes C. H. W.
Published: March 2022

Every year, the steelmaking industry produces millions of tons of slags resulting in pollution to the environment. Among the waste, secondary metals and scales rich in iron oxides are also thrown away. There is a need to treat the steel waste in a reasonably way to protect the environment and proposing new cheap technologies for producing advanced materials. In this study we report the morphological and structural characterization of waste scales generated during roll milling steel process at JSC “Arcelor Mittal Temirtau”. The raw slag and annealed at 1000 °C were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy adapted with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM- EDX), magnetometry and Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MS). Fe and O were detected by EDX as main chemical elements and Si, S, Ca, Mg, C and Al as minimal elemental composition. XDR for the raw sample revealed α-Fe2O3 (hematite) and Fe3O4 (magnetite) as principal and secondary phase, respectively; whereas monophasic α-Fe2O3 is detected for the scales annealed at 1000 °C. Magnetometry measurements show the Verwey transition for the raw sample and the Morin transition for the annealed at 1000 °C; those are fingerprints for the presence of magnetite and hematite, respectively. MS measurements for the raw sample consist of 6 small peaks of absorption and a broad two-lines absorption peak in the central part. The doublets are associated to the hyperfine parameters belonging to wustite. Magnetite is related to the hyperfine parameters for two sextets in octahedral Fe2.5+ and tetrahedral Fe3+sites and a small sextet that resembles the Mössbauer parameters of α-Fe2O3. Only a well crystallized and weakly ferromagnetic sextet confirm the presence of α-Fe2O3 phase for the sample annealed at 1000 °C due to thermal oxidation.