bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of Doxycycline Treatment on Mansonella perstans Infection: An Open-Label, Randomized Trial in Ghana
Authors: Batsa Debrah Linda , Phillips Richard O. , Pfarr Kenneth , Klarmann-Schulz Ute , Opoku Vera Serwaa , Nausch Norman , Owusu Wellington , Mubarik Yusif , Sander Anna-Lena , Lämmer Christine , Ritter Manuel , Layland Laura E. , Jacobsen Marc , Debrah Alexander Yaw , Hoerauf Achim
Published: June 2019

Treating Mansonella perstans is challenged by the low efficacy of registered antihelminthics. Wolbachia endobacteria provide an alternative treatment target because depletion results in amicrofilaremia in filarial infections with Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus infections. This open-label, randomized study sought to confirm that i) Wolbachia are present in M. perstans in Ghana and ii) doxycycline treatment will deplete Wolbachia and cause a slow, sustained decline in microfilariae (MF). Two hundred and two Ghanaians with M. perstans infection were randomized into early (immediate) and delayed (6 months deferred) treatment groups, given doxycycline 200 mg/day for 6 weeks, and monitored for MF and Wolbachia levels at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 months after the study onset (= time of randomization and start of treatment for the early group). Per protocol analysis revealed that the median MF/mL in the early group declined from 138 at baseline to 64 at month 4 and further to 0 at month 12. In the delayed group, MF load did not change from a baseline median of 97 to 102 at month 4 but declined to 42 at month 12, that is, 6 months after receiving treatment, trailing the early group as expected. By month 24, both treatment groups had reached a median MF level of 0. After treatment, Wolbachia were depleted from MF by ≥ 1-log drop compared with baseline levels. We conclude that M. perstans in Ghana harbor Wolbachia that are effectively depleted by doxycycline with subsequent reduction in MF loads, most likely because of interruption of fertility of adult worms.
Attribution of Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) ozone radiative flux
bias from satellites
Authors: Kuai Le , Bowman Kevin W. , Worden Helen , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Kulawik Susan , Conley Andrew , Lamarque Jean-François , Paulot Fabien , Paynter David , Oman Luke D. , Strode Sarah , Rozanov Eugene , Stenke Andrea , Revell Laura , Plummer David A. , Deushi Makoto , Jöckel Patrick , Kunze Markus
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) outgoing longwave flux over the 9.6-μm ozone band is a fundamental quantity for understanding chemistry-climate coupling. However, observed TOA fluxes are hard to estimate as they exhibit considerable variability in space and time that depend on the distributions of clouds, ozone (O3), water vapor (H2O), air temperature (Ta), and surface temperature (Ts). Benchmarking present day fluxes and quantifying the relative influence of their drivers is the first step for estimating climate feedbacks from ozone radiative forcing and predicting its evolution. To that end, we construct observational instantaneous radiative kernels (IRKs) representing the sensitivities of the TOA flux in the 9.6-μm ozone band to the vertical distribution of geophysical variables, including O3, H2O, Ta, and Ts based upon the Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) measurements. Applying these kernels to present-day simulations from the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) project as compared to a 2006 reanalysis assimilating satellite observations, we show that the models have large differences in TOA flux, attributable to different geophysical variables. In particular, model simulations continue to diverge from observations in the tropics, as reported in previous studies of the Atmospheric Chemistry Climate Model Inter-comparison Project (ACCMIP) simulations. The principal culprits are tropical mid and upper tropospheric ozone followed by tropical lower tropospheric H2O. Five models out of the eight studied here have TOA flux biases exceeding 100 mWm−2 attributable to tropospheric ozone bias. Another set of five models flux biases over 50 mWm−2 due to H2O. On the other hand, Ta radiative bias is negligible in all models (no more than 30 mWm−2). We found that AM3 and CMAM have the lowest TOA flux biases globally but are a result of cancellation of difference processes. Overall, the multi-model ensemble mean bias is −132.9 ± 98 mWm−2, indicating that they are too atmospherically opaque thereby reducing sensitivity of TOA flux to ozone and potentially an underestimate of ozone radiative forcing. We find that the inter-model TOA OLR difference is well anti-correlated with their ozone band flux bias. This suggests that there is significant radiative compensation in the calculation of model outgoing longwave radiation.
Identification of platform exhaust on the RV Investigator
Authors: Humphries Ruhi S. , McRobert Ian M. , Ponsonby Will A. , Ward Jason P. , Keywood Melita D. , Loh Zoe M. , Krummel Paul B. , Harnwell James
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Oceans cover over
70 % of the Earth's surface. Ship-based measurements are an important
component in developing an understanding of atmosphere of this vast region. A
common problem that impacts the quality of atmospheric data collected from
marine research vessels is exhaust from both diesel combustion and waste
incineration from the ship itself. Described here is an algorithm, developed
for the recently commissioned Australian blue-water research vessel (RV)
Investigator, that identifies exhaust periods in sampled air. The RV
Investigator, with two dedicated atmospheric laboratories,
represents an unprecedented opportunity for high-quality measurements of the
marine atmosphere. The algorithm avoids using ancillary data such as wind
speed and direction, and instead utilises components of the exhaust itself –
aerosol number concentration, black carbon concentration, and carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide mixing ratios. The exhaust signal is identified within
each of these parameters individually before they are combined and an
additional window filter is applied. The algorithm relies heavily on
statistical methods, rather than setting thresholds that are too rigid to
accommodate potential temporal changes. The algorithm is more effective than
traditional wind-based filters in removing exhaust data without removing
exhaust-free data, which commonly occurs with traditional filters. In
application to the current dataset, the algorithm identifies 26 % of the
wind filter's “clean” data as exhaust, and recovers 5 % of data falsely
removed by the wind filter. With suitable testing, the algorithm has the
potential to be applied to other ship-based atmospheric measurements where
suitable measurements exist.
Shallow Cumuli Cover and Its Uncertainties from Ground-based Lidar-Radar Data and Sky Images
Authors: Riley Erin A. , Kleiss Jessica M. , Riihimaki Laura D. , Long Charles N. , Berg Larry K. , Kassianov Evgueni
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Cloud cover estimates of single-layer shallow cumuli obtained from narrow field-of-view (FOV) lidar-radar and wide-FOV Total Sky Imager (TSI) data are compared over an extended period (2000–2017 summers) at the established United States Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mid-continental Southern Great Plains site. We quantify the impacts of two factors on hourly and sub-hourly cloud cover estimates: 1) instrument-dependent cloud detection and data merging criteria, and 2) FOV configuration. Popular enhanced observations at this site combine the advantages of the ceilometer, micropulse lidar (MPL) and cloud radar in merged data products, and are used to calculate temporal cloud fractions (CF). Sky images provide the spatial fractional sky cover (FSC) within the visible sky dome. To assess the impact of the first factor on CF obtained from the merged data products, we consider two additional sub-periods (2000–2010 and 2011–2017 summers) that mark significant instrumentation and algorithmic advances in the cloud detection and data merging. We demonstrate that CF obtained from ceilometer data alone and FSC obtained from sky images provide the most similar and consistent cloud cover estimates: bias and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) are within 0.04 and 0.12, respectively. Whereas CF from merged MPL-ceilometer data provides the largest estimates of the mean cloud cover: about 0.12 (35 %) and 0.08 (24 %) greater than FSC for the first and second sub-periods, respectively. CF from merged ceilometer-MPL-radar data has the strongest sub-period dependence with a bias of 0.08 (24 %) compared to FSC for the first sub-period and shows no bias for the second sub-period. To quantify the FOV impact, a narrow-FOV FSC is derived from the TSI images. We demonstrate that FOV configuration does not modify the bias, but impacts the RMSD (0.1 hourly, 0.15 sub-hourly). In particular, the FOV impact is significant for sub-hourly observations, where 41 % of narrow- and wide-FOV FSC differ by more than 0.1. A new "quick-look" tool is introduced to visualize impacts of these two factors through integration of CF and FSC data with novel TSI-based images of the spatial variability in cloud cover.
Seasonality of archaeal lipid flux and GDGT-based thermometry in sinking particles of high-latitude oceans: Fram Strait (79° N) and Antarctic Polar Front (50° S)
Authors: Park Eunmi , Hefter Jens , Fischer Gerhard , Iversen Morten Hvitfeldt , Ramondenc Simon , Nöthig Eva-Maria , Mollenhauer Gesine
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The relative abundance of individual archaeal membrane
lipids, namely of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) with
different numbers of cyclopentane rings, varies with temperature, which
enables their use as a paleotemperature proxy index. The first
GDGT-based index in marine sediments called TEX86
is believed to reflect mean annual sea surface temperature (maSST). The
TEX86L is an alternative temperature
proxy for “low-temperature” regions (<15 ∘C), where the original TEX86 proxy
calibration shows a larger scatter. However,
TEX86L-derived temperatures still
display anomalous estimates in polar regions. In order to elucidate the
potential cause of the disagreement between the
TEX86L estimate and SST, we analyzed
GDGT fluxes and TEX86L-derived
temperatures in sinking particles collected with time-series sediment traps
in high-northern- and high-southern-latitude regions. At 1296 m depth in the
eastern Fram Strait (79∘ N), a combination of various transporting
mechanisms for GDGTs might result in seasonally different sinking velocities
for particles carrying these lipids, resulting in strong variability in the
TEX86L signal. The similarity of flux-weighted TEX86L temperatures from
sinking particles and surface sediments implies an export of GDGTs without
alteration in the Fram Strait. The estimated temperatures correspond to
temperatures in water depths of 30–80 m, where nitrification might occur,
indicating the favorable depth habitat of Thaumarchaeota. In the Antarctic
Polar Front of the Atlantic sector (50∘ S),
TEX86L-derived temperatures displayed
warm and cold biases compared to satellite-derived SSTs at 614 m depth, and
its flux-weighted mean signal differs from the deep signal at 3196 m.
TEX86L-derived temperatures at 3196 m
depth and the surface sediment showed up to 7 ∘C warmer
temperatures relative to satellite-derived SST. Such a warm anomaly might be
caused by GDGT contributions from Euryarchaeota, which are known to dominate
archaeal communities in the circumpolar deep water of the Antarctic Polar
Front. The other reason might be that a linear calibration is not
appropriate for this frontal region. Of the newly suggested SST proxies
based on hydroxylated GDGTs (OH-GDGTs), only those with OH-GDGT–0 and
crenarchaeol or the ring index (RI) of OH-GDGTs yield realistic temperature
estimates in our study regions, suggesting that OH-GDGTs could be applied as
a potential temperature proxy in high-latitude oceans.
Subaqueous speleothems (Hells Bells) formed by the interplay of pelagic redoxcline biogeochemistry and specific hydraulic conditions in the El Zapote sinkhole, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Ritter Simon Michael , Isenbeck-Schröter Margot , Scholz Christian , Keppler Frank , Gescher Johannes , Klose Lukas , Schorndorf Nils , Avilés Olguín Jerónimo , González-González Arturo , Stinnesbeck Wolfgang
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Unique bell-shaped underwater speleothems were recently reported from the
deep (∼ 55 m) meromictic El Zapote sinkhole (cenote) on the
Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. The local diving community has termed these
speleothems as Hells Bells because of their shape and appearance in a dark
environment in ∼ 28–38 m water depth above a sulfidic halocline. It
was also suggested that Hells Bells form under water, yet the mystery of
their formation remained unresolved. Therefore, we conducted detailed
hydrogeochemical and geochemical analyses of the water column and Hells Bells
speleothems including stable carbon isotopes. Based on the comprehensive
results presented in this study we deduce that both biogeochemical processes
in the pelagic redoxcline and a dynamic halocline elevation of El Zapote
cenote are essential for Hells Bells formation. Hells Bells most likely form
in the redoxcline, a narrow 1–2 m thick water layer immediately above the
halocline where a pelagic chemolithoautotrophic microbial community thrives
from the upward diffusion of reduced carbon, nitrogen and sulfur species
released from organic matter degradation in organic-rich debris. We
hypothesize that chemolithoautotrophy, in particular proton-consuming
nitrate-driven anaerobic sulfide oxidation, favors calcite precipitation in
the redoxcline and hence Hells Bells formation. A dynamic elevation of the
halocline as a hydraulic response to droughts, annual tidal variability and
recharge events is further discussed, which might explain the shape of Hells
Bells as well as their occurrence over a range of 10 m water depth. Finally,
we infer that highly stagnant conditions, i.e., a thick halocline, a
low-light environment and sufficient input of organic material into a deep
meromictic cenote are apparent prerequisites for Hells Bells formation. This
might explain their exclusivity to only a few cenotes in a restricted area of
the northeastern Yucatán Peninsula.
Soil CO2 efflux errors are log normally distributed – Implications and guidance
Authors: Wutzler Thomas , Perez-Priego Oscar , Morris Kendalynn , El-Madany Tarek , Migliavacca Mirco
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Soil CO2 efflux is the second largest carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems. Its feedback to climate determines model predictions of the land carbon sink, which is crucial to understanding the future of the earth system. For understanding and quantification, however, observations by the most widely applied chamber measurement method need to be aggregated to larger temporal and spatial scales. The aggregation is hampered by random error that is characterized by occasionally large fluxes and variance heterogeneity that is not properly accounted for under the typical assumption of normally distributed fluxes. Therefore, we explored the effect of different distributional assumptions on the aggregated fluxes. We tested the alternative assumption of log-normally distributed random error in observed fluxes by aggregating one year of data of four neighbouring automatic chambers at a Mediterranean savanna-type site. With the lognormal assumption, problems with error structure diminished and more reasonable confidence intervals were obtained. While the differences between distributional assumptions diminished when aggregating data of single chambers to an annual value, differences were important at short time scales and were especially pronounced when aggregating across chambers to plot level. Hence we recommend as a good practice that researchers report plot-level fluxes with uncertainties based on the log-normal assumption. Model-data integration studies should compare predictions and observations of soil CO2 efflux at log scale. This study provides methodology and guidance that will improve the analysis of soil CO2 efflux observations and hence improve understanding of soil carbon cycling and climate feedbacks.
Development and evaluation of pollen source methodologies for the Victorian Grass Pollen Emissions Module VGPEM1.0
Authors: Emmerson Kathryn M. , Silver Jeremy D. , Newbigin Edward , Lampugnani Edwin R. , Suphioglu Cenk , Wain Alan , Ebert Elizabeth
Published: June 2019

Abstract. We present the first representation of grass pollen in a 3-D dispersion model in Australia, tested using observations from eight counting sites in
Victoria. The region's population has high rates of allergic rhinitis and
asthma, and this has been linked to the high incidence of grass pollen
allergy. Despite this, grass pollen dispersion in the Australian atmosphere
has not been studied previously, and its source strength is untested. We
describe 10 pollen emission source methodologies examining the strengths of
different immediate and seasonal timing functions, and the spatial distribution
of the sources. The timing function assumes a smooth seasonal term, modulated
by an hourly meteorological function. A simple Gaussian representation of the
pollen season worked well (average r=0.54), but lacked the spatial and
temporal variation that the satellite-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI)
can provide. However, poor results were obtained using the EVI gradient
(average r=0.35), which provides the timing when grass turns from maximum
greenness to a drying and flowering period; this is due to noise in the
spatial and temporal variability from this combined spatial and seasonal
term. Better results were obtained using statistical methods that combine
elements of the EVI dataset, a smooth seasonal term and instantaneous
variation based on historical grass pollen observations (average r=0.69). The
seasonal magnitude is inferred from the maximum winter-time EVI, whereas the
timing of the season peak is based on the day of the year when the EVI falls
to 0.05 below its winter maximum. Measurements are vital to monitor changes
in the pollen season, and the new pollen measurement sites in the Victorian
network should be maintained.
A regional atmosphere-ocean climate system model (CCLMv5.0clm7-NEMOv3.3-NEMOv3.6) over Europe including three marginal seas: on its stability and performance
Authors: Primo Cristina , Kelemen Fanni D. , Feldmann Hendrik , Ahrens Bodo
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The frequency of extreme events has changed, having a direct impact on human lives. Regional climate models help us to predict these regional climate changes. This work presents an atmosphere-ocean coupled regional climate system model (RCSM, with the atmospheric component COSMO-CLM and the ocean component NEMO) over the European domain, including three marginal seas: the Mediterranean, the North and the Baltic Seas. To test the model, we evaluate a simulation of more than one hundred years (1900–2009) with a spatial grid resolution of about 25 km. The simulation was nested into a coupled global simulation with the model MPI-ESM, whose ocean temperature and salinity was nudged to an MPI-ESM ocean-ice component forced with the 20th Century Reanalysis (20CR). The evaluation shows the robustness of the RCSM and discusses the added value by the coupled marginal seas over an atmosphere-only simulation. The coupled system runs stable for the complete 20th century and provides a better representation of extreme temperatures compared to the atmosphere-only model. The produced long-term dataset will allow an improved study of extreme events, helping us to better understand the processes leading to meteorological and climate extremes and their prediction.
Recession analysis 42 years later – work yet to be done
Authors: Jachens Elizabeth R. , Rupp David E. , Roques Clément , Selker John S.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Recession analysis is a classical method employed in hydrology to assess watersheds’ hydrological properties by means of the receding limb of a hydrograph, frequently expressed as the rate of change in discharge (dQ/dt) against discharge (Q). This relationship is often assumed to take the form of a power law −dQ/dt = aQb where a and b are recession parameters. Recent studies have highlighted major differences in the estimation of the recession parameters depending on the method, casting doubt on our ability to properly evaluate and compare hydrological properties across watersheds based on recession analysis. This study shows that estimation based on collective recessions as an average watershed response is strongly affected by the distributions event inter-arrival time, magnitudes, and antecedent conditions, implying that the resulting recession parameters do not represent watershed properties as much as they represent the climate. The clear conclusion is that proper evaluation of watershed properties using recession analysis requires considering individual recession events.
Identification of Hotspots of Rainfall Variation Sensitive to Indian Ocean Dipole Mode through Intentional Statistical Simulations
Authors: Kim Jong-Suk , Xaiyaseng Phetlamphanh , Xiong Lihua , Yoon Sun-Kwon , Lee Taesam
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This study analyzed the sensitivity of rainfall patterns over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) to sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean based on statistical simulations of observational data. Quantitative changes in rainfall patterns over the ICP were examined for both wet and dry seasons to identify hotspots sensitive to ocean warming in the Indo-Pacific sector. Rainfall variability across the ICP was confirmed amplified by combined and/or independent effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the years of El Niño and a positive phase of the IOD, rainfall is less than usual in Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos, and Vietnam. Conversely, during the years of La Niña and a negative phase of the IOD, rainfall throughout the ICP is above normal, except in parts of central Laos and northern Vietnam. This study also simulated the change of ICP rainfall in the wet and dry seasons according to intentional IOD changes, and IOD-sensitive hotspots were verified through quantitative analysis. The results of this study provide clear understanding both of the sensitivity of regional precipitation to the IOD and of the potential future impact of statistical changes regarding the IOD in terms of understanding regional impacts associated with precipitation in a changing climate.
A microtopographic signature of life: Ecohydrologic feedbacks
structure wetland microtopography
Authors: Diamond Jacob S. , McLaughlin Daniel L. , Slesak Robert A. , Stovall Atticus
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Microtopography in wetlands can be a visually striking landscape feature, and also critically influences biogeochemical processes at both the scale of its observation (10−2–102m2) and at aggregate scales (102–104m2). However, relatively little is known about how microtopography develops in wetlands or the factors that influence its structure and pattern. For example, wetland vegetation appears to have a strong affinity to elevated microsites, but the degree to which wetland vegetation simply preferentially occupies elevated microsites (“hummocks”) versus the degree to which wetland vegetation reinforces and maintains these elevated microsites is not clear. Growing research across different ecosystems suggests that such reinforcing processes may be common between plants and their environment, resulting in self-organized patch features, like hummocks. Here, we made use of landscape ecology techniques and diagnostics to evaluate the plausibility of plant-environment feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of wetland microtopography. Using a novel terrestrial laser scanning dataset, we were able to quantify the sizing and spatial distribution of hummocks in 10 black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) wetlands in northern Minnesota, U.S.A. We observed clear elevation bimodality in our wettest sites, indicating microsite divergence into two states: elevated hummocks and base elevation hollows. We coupled the TLS dataset to a three-year water table record and soil-depth measurements, and showed that hummock height is largely predicted by mean water table depth, with little influence of subsurface microtopography on surface microtopography. We further show that hummocks in wetter sites exhibit regular spatial patterning in contrast to hummocks in drier sites, which exhibit more random spatial arrangements. We show that hummock size distributions (perimeters, areas, and volumes) are lognormal, and that hummocks exhibit a characteristic patch area of approximately 1 m2 across sites. Finally, we show that hummocks may be responsible for increased reactive surface area in black ash wetlands by up to 32 %, and may also influence surface water dynamics through modulation of specific yield by up to 30 %. We suggest that vegetation develops and maintains hummocks in response to anaerobic stresses from saturated soils, leading to a microtopographic signature of life.
The Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano (Ionian Sea, Italy) and its potential for tracking the seismic cycle of active faults
Authors: Cuffaro Marco , Billi Andrea , Bigi Sabina , Bosman Alessandro , Caruso Cinzia G. , Conti Alessia , Corbo Andrea , Costanza Antonio , D'Anna Giuseppe , Doglioni Carlo , Esestime Paolo , Fertitta Gioacchino , Gasperini Luca , Italiano Francesco , Lazzaro Gianluca , Ligi Marco , Longo Manfredi , Martorelli Eleonora , Petracchini Lorenzo , Petricca Patrizio , Polonia Alina , Sgroi Tiziana
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The Ionian Sea in southern Italy is at the center of active interaction and convergence between the Eurasian and African–Adriatic plates
in the Mediterranean.
This area is seismically active with instrumentally and/or historically recorded Mw>7.0
earthquakes,
and it is affected by recently discovered long strike-slip faults across the active Calabrian accretionary wedge.
Many mud volcanoes occur on top of the wedge.
A recently discovered one (called the Bortoluzzi Mud Volcano or BMV) was surveyed during the Seismofaults 2017 cruise (May 2017).
High-resolution bathymetric backscatter surveys, seismic reflection profiles, geochemical and earthquake data, and a gravity core
are used here to geologically, geochemically, and geophysically characterize this structure.
The BMV is a circular feature ≃22 m high and ≃1100 m in diameter with steep slopes (up to a dip of 22∘).
It sits atop the Calabrian accretionary wedge and a system of flower-like oblique-slip faults that are probably seismically active
as demonstrated by earthquake hypocentral and focal data.
Geochemistry of water samples from the seawater column on top of the BMV shows a significant contamination of the bottom waters
from saline (evaporite-type) CH4-dominated crustal-derived fluids similar to the fluids collected from a mud volcano
located on the Calabria mainland over the same accretionary wedge.
These results attest to the occurrence of open crustal pathways for fluids through the BMV down to at least the Messinian evaporites
at about −3000 m. This evidence is also substantiated by helium isotope ratios and by comparison and contrast with different geochemical data
from three seawater columns located over other active faults in the Ionian Sea area.
One conclusion is that the BMV may be useful for tracking the seismic cycle of active faults through geochemical monitoring.
Due to the widespread diffusion of mud volcanoes in seismically active settings,
this study contributes to indicating a future path for the use of mud volcanoes in the monitoring and mitigation of natural hazards.
Estimation of turbulent heat flux over leads using satellite thermal images
Authors: Qu Meng , Pang Xiaoping , Zhao Xi , Zhang Jinlun , Ji Qing , Fan Pei
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Sea ice leads are an important feature in pack ice in the
Arctic. Even covered by thin ice, leads can still serve as prime windows for
heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean, especially in the
winter. Lead geometry and distribution in the Arctic have been studied using
optical and microwave remote sensing data, but turbulent heat flux over
leads has only been measured on-site during a few special expeditions. In
this study, we derive turbulent heat flux through leads at different scales
using a combination of surface temperature and lead distribution from remote
sensing images and meteorological parameters from a reanalysis dataset.
First, ice surface temperature (IST) was calculated from Landsat-8 Thermal
Infrared Sensor (TIRS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) thermal images using a split-window algorithm; then, lead pixels
were segmented from colder ice. Heat flux over leads was estimated using two
empirical models: bulk aerodynamic formulae and a fetch-limited model with
lead width from Landsat-8. Results show that even though the lead area from
MODIS is a little larger, the length of leads is underestimated by 72.9 %
in MODIS data compared to TIRS data due to the inability to resolve small
leads. Heat flux estimated from Landsat-8 TIRS data using bulk formulae is
56.70 % larger than that from MODIS data. When the fetch-limited model was
applied, turbulent heat flux calculated from TIRS data is 32.34 % higher
than that from bulk formulae. In both cases, small leads accounted for more
than a quarter of total heat flux over leads, mainly due to the large area,
though the heat flux estimated using the fetch-limited model is 41.39 %
larger. A greater contribution from small leads can be expected with larger
air–ocean temperature differences and stronger winds.
Studying the Reality of Institutional Excellence in Jordanian Government Sector: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Al Rashidi Eng.Huda Saad , Rashidi Saoud R Al
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study is to assess the state of institutional excellence and the major opportunities and challenges facing it. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive approach and designed a questionnaire as a tool to study and distribute it to a sample of 30 decision makers from the directors and the heads of departments in three institutions of the Jordanian government sector. The main findings of the study   are the following:There were no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α0.05) in the impact of institutional excellence and its six dimensions (leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, focus on human resources and focus on internal processes) on improving institutional performance through the satisfaction of the recipients of services from citizens from the point of view of managers in Jordanian government institutions.The main recommendations of the study were: the necessity of commitment and focus on excellence in strategic planning, which contributes to the development of solutions and alternatives that weaken the institutional performance and reduce the level of satisfaction of service recipients from citizens, and seek to maximize the basis of benefit gained on the principle of increased fees and evaluation through the development of flexible financial plans.
Impacts of Human Resource Practices on Employee’s Perceived Performance: A Study of Private Schools Faculty of Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Awais , Munir Sadia , Pervaiz Khadija , Fatima Sehar , Ahmad Moaz
Published: June 2019

The current research study determined the result of four human resources practices –compensation, promotion, performance evaluation, and grooming and maturation along the employee perceived performance of private schools of Pakistan. 101 research studies supported our Hypothesis that HR practices have a confident relationship with employee’s perceived performance. The outcomes of this research also demonstrated a significant positive relationship of HR practices with employee’s perceived performance.
A Moravian Conversation with Karl Barth
Authors: Thompson Livingstone
Published: June 2019

On October 12, 1960, a group of German and Swiss Moravians met with Karl Barth to discuss Zinzendorf's theology. The meeting took place in the building of the Moravian society in Basel, Switzerland. Participants also included several of Barth's doctoral students. Having abandoned his earlier critical reading of Zinzendorf, Barth had become more appreciative of Zinzendorf's Christocentrism in his later years. The report of the conversation was published in German and in English in journals of the Moravian Church in 1961. In order to make the text better accessible in preparation for the sixtieth anniversary of the conversation, the English translation is published here.
Greater Resurrections and a Greater Ascension
Authors: Harris Steven Edward
Published: June 2019

Elijah is among the greatest figures of the Old Testament; Jesus, of course, is the greatest of the New. A good body of recent scholarship has emphasized the way in which the Gospels portray Jesus as an Elijanic figure. This article exposits the figural relationship between Elijah and Jesus in relation to narratives of resurrection and ascension in their ministries and at the climax of their earthly lives. To do so, it draws extensively on premodern or precritical interpretations that are little known in present biblical or theological scholarship. By retrieving this classical exegetical tradition, light is cast on the biblical narrative portrayal of Jesus’s superiority over against Elijah. The latter appears as a prophet ever dependent upon the word and work of YHWH; the former is illuminated as the Lord himself in human flesh.
The Ending of Mark and the Faithfulness of God
Authors: Ferda Tucker S.
Published: June 2019

While many interpreters of Mark would agree that 16:8 is the intended end of the Gospel, there is little agreement on what that sudden stop means literarily, and theologically. The two most popular interpretations at present disagree significantly on how to evaluate the actions of the women in v. 8 (e.g., either positively or negatively), but they do agree that the end of Mark makes a point about discipleship. That is, Mark calls the reader to a certain kind of behavior, whether that be imitating the faithful women in discipleship or undoing their disobedience through obedience. While I do not wish to dispute the plausibility and theological importance of both readings, I will here argue that there is another thread in Mark 16:1–8 that meets, and extends beyond, the one about discipleship. This other thread concerns the plan and activity of the God of Israel. The ending of Mark, on this reading, presents the spectacular failure of discipleship, which forces one to place all trust in the faithfulness of God. Readers of Mark, who knew that the disciples were rehabilitated, are invited to see that the Church continued despite human failure only because of the agency and intervention of God.
“Christ Has Come to Gather Together All the Creatures”
Authors: Tyra Steven William
Published: June 2019

This study analyzes a debate in the mid-sixteenth century between the Tridentine theologian, Domingo de Soto, and the Strasbourg Reformer, Martin Bucer. The subject of their controversy was the meaning of Rom 8:19–22 and its “groaning creation.” De Soto, working within a medieval tradition of interpretation that included Thomas Aquinas, argued that the verses could not have reference to creatures beyond human beings and the astral bodies. Bucer by contrast endorsed a fully cosmic reading of the text. Their debate not only highlights the diverging paths of scholastic and humanistic exegesis in the early modern period, but also holds lessons for theological interpretation today. In particular, this study dialogues with recent attempts to retrieve “Christian Platonism” by Matthew Levering, Hans Boersma, and others. It is argued that de Soto and Bucer’s debate presents serious challenges for historical narratives that bind “sound” biblical exegesis to a particular school of metaphysics.
Perfil de la consulta de urgencia infantil en el Hospital Regional Rancagua 2002-2003
Authors: Leiva Heidy
Published: June 2019

El propósito del estudio es contribuir a la mejor gestión de la red asistencial del Servicio de Salud de la Sexta Región, mediante el conocimiento de las características y pertinencia de la atención de urgencia infantil en el Hospital Regional de Rancagua, a través de los siguientes objetivos: a) Determinar el volumen de consultas al Servicio de Urgencia de menores de 15 años; b) Conocer las características de la población consultante en las variables edad, sexo, comuna de residencia; e) Medir la distribución mensual de las consultas y determinar si existe estacionalidad; d) Conocer los motivos de consulta declarados por los padres y relacionarlos con la pertinencia, usando como una aproximación a la pertinencia o gravedad, la decisión de hospitalización; e) Conocer el destino de los pacientes derivados desde otros establecimientos de la red asistencial de la región al hospital base, mediante una interconsulta. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de las consultas de urgencia de menores de 15 años durante los años 2002 y 2003 en el Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital Regional Rancagua. El motivo de consulta principal es la fiebre en el 29,72% de la consulta pediátrica y en la consulta quirúrgica infantil el motivo de consulta más frecuente es contusión de extremidad superior (21 ,6% ). Se hospitaliza el 9, 9% del total de consultas pediátricas y el 6,1% de los pacientes que consultan por causas quirúrgicas. Existe un gran número de consultas derivadas desde la atención primaria y que IZO fueron causa de hospitalización por lo que se estima que en su mayoría debieron ser resueltas en ese nivel de atención, ya que no podemos desconocer las importancia que tienen ciertas consultas que siendo urgentes no son graves, como la epistaxis y que en este estudio no se han desglosado.
Factores de riesgo asociados al bajo peso al nacer
Authors: Salinas PuHugo , Erazo Marcia , Pastene Carolina , Reyes Alavaro , Catalán Jorge , Carmona Sergio
Published: June 2019

En Chile, existe un porcentaje de niños con bajo peso al nacer, cifra muy similar a las tasas de países desarrollados. Estos presentan mayor riesgo de déficit de desarrollo neurológico, metabólico y capacidad cognitiva, requiriendo además de costosos cuidados especiales a lo largo de su desarrollo. El presente trabajo busca estimar los factores de riesgo para bajo peso al nacer, con el fin de detectarlos a tiempo y evitar así su ocurrencia. Nuestro estudio consideró a los niños nacidos vivos con pesos menores a 2.500 gramos (n = 334 ), en la Maternidad del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile entre los años 2001 y 2002. La información se obtuvo durante la atención prenatal y el parto, se compararon los niños con muy bajo peso ( < 2.000 gramos) con aquéllos que pesaron 2.000 gramos y más. El análisis estadístico consideró la evaluación de la calidad y consistencia de los datos obtenidos, para esto se empleó el programa Stata 8.0. Se observó que el factor de riesgo mayormente asociado a muy bajo peso al nacer es la prematurez (89%), seguido por la edad materna extrema (50, 7%) y, en tercer lugar, la preeclampsia (44,5%). Este trabajo concluye que los factores de riesgo de muy bajo peso al nacer han variado en la última década. Esto explicado por el cambio en el perfil epidemiológico que la población chilena experimentó en estos últimos años, transformando los problemas de malnutrición por déficit por los de exceso y los programas ministeriales que centraron sus esfuerzos en las poblaciones de riesgo nutricional, reduciendo así la mal nutrición por déficit. El bajo peso de un niño prematuro es explicable por la ganancia de peso de entre 200 y 300 gramos en promedio por cada semana de permanencia dentro del útero, especialmente hacia el final de la gestación. Con respecto a la edad materna extrema, se puede afirmar que las mujeres  adolescentes presentan un mayor riesgo de parto prematuro o de recién nacido de término con bajo peso debido a un estado nutricional pre concepcional deficitario (escasa ganancia de peso durante el embarazo y malos controles). En pacientes mayores de 35 años, se plantea que la existencia de patología crónica (diabetes, hipertensión, etc) motivaría adelantar el parto. La preeclampsia es un factor de riesgo conocido de bajo peso de nacimiento, que ocasiona alteraciones de la placentación. Lo anterior orienta a considerar que es posible prevenir la aparición de estos factores y así disminuir el porcentaje de niños con pesos muy bajos de nacimiento
Diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial en un consultorio urbano de Los Andes
Authors: Lucero Yalda , González Carolina , Yentzen Gladys , De la Fuente María
Published: June 2019

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un problema relevante como causa de morbimortalidad. Se relacionan con varios factores de riesgo, destacando la hipertensión (HTA) y diabetes (DM2). Estudios extranjeros y nacionales describen una asociación frecuente entre ambos factores. En nuestro país falta información sobre las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes portadores de ambas condiciones. Su objetivo es describir el perfil demográfico, clínico y factores de riesgo asociados con HTA y DM2 en un grupo de pacientes atendidos en un consultorio de Los Andes. Se revisaron las fichas de 202 pacientes con HTA y DM2, registrándose: género, edad, año de diagnóstico de HTA, DM2, obesidad y dislipidemia, peso al ingreso y actual, talla, último valor de glicemia, hemoglobina glicosilada A l c, presión arterial y perfil lipídico, tabaquismo, cumplimiento de terapia no farmacológica y fármacos indicados. El 75,7% fueron mujeres y la edad promedio al último control fue 66,6 atlas, siendo el60% mayores de 65 años. Hubo una proporción importante de pacientes con sobrepeso-obesidad (82%) y dislipidemia (88,1%), no así con tabaquismo (12,4%). La proporción de descompensación fue 76,2% para DM2, 80% para HTA y 60,7% tenía ambas patologías no controladas. El93,1% recibía al menos 1 fármaco para tratar su HTA y DM2 y sólo en 50% se registró cumplimiento de las medidas no farmacológicas. La obesidad se relacionó en forma estadísticamente significativa con descompensación tanto de HTA como DM2, mientras que edad < 65 años se asoció a DM2 descompensada. En este grupo, la DM2 e HTA se asociaron frecuentemente a otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular. En los pacientes obesos la tasa de compensación fue menor, lo que sugiere un comportamiento diferente de este grupo. El factor común de estas patologías sería la resistencia a insulina, que requeriría un manejo intensivo e integral desde el punto de vista del síndrome metabólico.
Un viaje de ida y vuelta: circulación de saberes botánicos medicinales entre mapuche y españoles en el reino de Chile, SS. XVII-XVIII
Authors: Jiménez Juan Francisco , Alioto Sebstián
Published: June 2019

La apropiación por parte de la ciencia imperial hispánica del conocimiento botánico de los nativos americanos, especialmente en lo relativo al uso y consumo de plantas medicinales, es un fenómeno ampliamente conocido y estudiado: en él, la Compañía de Jesús desempeñó un papel preponderante, puesto que los jesuitas difundieron estos conocimientos por las distintas provincias de la Orden dentro del Imperio, y también hacia el mundo europeo. Se sabe menos de la manera en que estos conocimientos se difundieron entre otras poblaciones indígenas y sectores subalternos de la América española, como ocurrió por ejemplo con la influencia del Florilegio Medicinal de Juan de Esteyneffer entre los sectores populares de Nueva España. Dentro de esta misma tradición podemos situar la oferta de ayuda médica realizada en 1791 por parte de las autoridades coloniales chilenas a los mapuche durante un brote epidémico de viruelas que afectó sucesivamente a las poblaciones de ambos lados de la frontera. En esa ocasión, los españoles aconsejaron a los nativos el uso de yerbas medicinales de cuyo uso se habían apropiado durante el siglo XVII, cuando los misioneros jesuitas aprendieron su utilización de los mismos indígenas. El ofrecimiento muestra entonces la vuelta a casa, después de cien años de una vasta circulación que implicó también su incorporación por parte de los sectores populares hispano-criollos, de prácticas y saberes que tenían su origen en las poblaciones y el territorio de la Araucanía. El caso, reconstruido a partir de diversas fuentes documentales y bibliográficas, ilustra la circulación de los conocimientos médicos a través de las fronteras étnicas y sociales, movida por la búsqueda común de la eficacia curativa y del aprovechamiento de los recursos botánicos locales.
Percepción de la gravedad del cuadro clínico como determinante de automedicación entre estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Hartman Isabel , Dos Santos Lorena , Rocha María Teresa , Horna María Eugenia , Morales Sergio Daniel
Published: June 2019

Introducción: La automedicación ha sido una estrategia frecuentemente utilizada como respuesta a una situación de malestar o enfermedad, ha jugado y juega un rol importante como primer eslabón en la atención de la salud, aunque no se la reconoce como tal. Se trazó como objetivo analizar la automedicación desde la perspectiva de los propios actores sociales. Material y método: Investigación de metodología cualitativa entre estudiantes universitarios de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste de Corrientes, Argentina, durante el ciclo lectivo 2013. Se utilizó el Método Comparativo Constante de Glaser y Strauss. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, en profundidad. Se procedió a un análisis en espiral, arribándose a la generación de categorías respaldadas por fragmentos textuales de las entrevistas. Resultados: Los estudiantes universitarios se sienten seguros y capaces de a automedicarse ante cuadros clínicos que les resultan de baja complejidad y los previamente vivenciados por ellos o por familiares y conocidos. Discusión: El sentirse enfermo es una vivencia inseparable de la personalidad y de la biografía de cada sujeto. La respuesta a esa enfermedad es un saber heredado de la historia epigénica o formativa que ha sido olvidada tras su caída en la inmediatez.
Ecos de Marx y Malthus : el camino rocoso desde el control de la población hacia los derechos reproductivos
Authors: Pieper-Money Jadwiga
Published: June 2019

En este estudio enlazo debates sobre la regulación de la fertilidad humana y el control de la población con las consideraciones sobre los derechos reproductivos de la mujer. Primero, una breve discusión de antiguas rivalidades entre Thomas Robert Malthus y Karl Marx introduce el carácter profundamente político de las consideraciones sobre reproducción humana. A continuación me traslado al siglo XX y muestro que ahora reencontramos a Marx y a Malthus vestidos en ropa nueva por rivales políticos que aplicaron antiguas rivalidades a nuevos conflictos políticos. Me concentro en el período posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuando los nuevos debates sobre población y derechos reproductivos estaban acompañados por los nuevos paradigmas globales de los derechos humanos –y argumento que la práctica de los derechos estaba comprometida por los enfrentamientos entre políticos de derecha e izquierda– presentados durante la Guerra Fría. Apoyándome en historias de médicos y planificadores poblacionales activos en Europa y las Américas, me concentro en el estudio del caso de la planificación familiar y los derechos reproductivos en Chile para mostrar los efectos dañinos que los enfrentamientos de la Guerra Fría –las dicotomías políticas de derecha e izquierda– tuvieron en las políticas de salud y de derechos reproductivos.