bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tryptophan 272: an essential determinant of crystalline cellulose degradation by Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel6A
Authors: Koivula Anu , Kinnari Tiina , Harjunpää Vesa , Ruohonen Laura , Teleman Anita , Drakenberg Torbjörn , Rouvinen Juha , Jones T.Alwyn , Teeri Tuula T.
Published: July 2002

Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase Cel6A (formerly CBHII) has a tunnel shaped active site with four internal subsites for the glucose units. We have predicted an additional ring stacking interaction for a sixth glucose moiety with a tryptophan residue (W272) found on the domain surface. Mutagenesis of this residue selectively impairs the enzyme function on crystalline cellulose but not on soluble or amorphous substrates. Our data shows that W272 forms an additional subsite at the entrance of the active site tunnel and suggests it has a specialised role in crystalline cellulose degradation, possibly in guiding a glucan chain into the tunnel.
The influence of protein folding on late stages of the secretion of α‐amylases from Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Stephenson Keith , Carter Noel M , Harwood Colin R , Petit-Glatron Marie-Françoise , Chambert Régis
Published: July 2002

A derivative of the α‐amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (AmyL) engineered to give an active enzyme with increased net positive charge is secreted by Bacillus subtilis with a yield that is significantly lower than that of the native enzyme. This reduction in yield is the result of increased proteolysis during or shortly after translocation through the cytoplasmic membrane. When we compared the overall rate of folding of the engineered derivative (AmyLQS50.5) with that of AmyL it exhibited a greater dependency on Ca2+ ions for in vitro folding. When the concentration of Ca2+ in the growth medium was increased, so too did the relative yield of AmyLQS50.5. We discuss the importance of secretory protein folding at the membrane/cell wall interface with respect to the yield of native and heterologous proteins from B. subtilis.
Design of a pH‐dependent cellulose‐binding domain
Authors: Linder Markus , Nevanen Tarja , Teeri Tuula T.
Published: July 2002

Protein‐carbohydrate interactions typically rely on aromatic stacking interactions of tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan side chains with the sugar rings whereas histidine residues are rarely involved. The small cellulose‐binding domain of the Cel7A cellobiohydrolase (formerly CBHI) from Trichoderma reesei binds to crystalline cellulose primarily using a planar strip of three tyrosine side chains. Binding of the wild‐type Cel7A CBD is practically insensitive to pH. Here we have investigated how histidine residues mediate the binding interaction and whether the protonation of a histidine side chain makes the binding sensitive to pH. Protein engineering of the Cel7A CBD was thus used to replace the tyrosine residues in two different positions with histidine residues. All of the mutants exhibited a clear pH‐dependency of the binding, in clear contrast to the wild‐type. Although the binding of the mutants at optimal pH was less than for the wild‐type, in one case, Y31H, this binding almost reached the wild‐type level.
Ultraviolet‐B induction of interstitial collagenase and stromelyin‐1 occurs in human dermal fibroblasts via an autocrine interleukin‐6‐dependent loop
Authors: Brenneisen Peter , Wlaschek Meinhard , Wenk Jutta , Blaudschun Ralf , Hinrichs Ralf , Dissemond Joachim , Krieg Thomas , Scharffetter-Kochanek Karin
Published: July 2002

Ultraviolet‐B irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts has earlier been shown to induce matrix‐degrading metalloproteinases, thus driving connective tissue degradation in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Herein, we report that Ultraviolet‐B irradiation led to a dramatic increase in specific mRNA and protein levels of interstitial collagenase, stromelysin and interleukin‐6. By contrast, the major tissue inhibitor of matrix‐degrading metalloproteinases, TIMP‐1, was unaffected. Monospecific neutralizing antibodies directed against human interleukin‐6 significantly reduced the interstitial collagenase and stromelysin‐1 protein levels. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that Ultraviolet‐B induction of interstitial collagenase and stromelysin‐1 occurs via the synthesis and release of interleukin‐6. Hence, this newly identified autocrine mechanism may contribute to dermal photodamage.
Biosynthesis of sialylated and fucosylated selectin ligands of HL‐60 cells in vitro
Authors: Natunen Jari , Parmanne Pinja , Helin Jari , Aitio Olli , Majuri Marja-Leena , Niemelä Ritva , Renkonen Risto , Renkonen Ossi
Published: July 2002

Polylactosamines Neu5Acα2‐3′Lexβ1‐3′Lexβ1‐3′Lex and Neu5Acα2‐3′LNβ1‐3′Lexβ1‐3′Lex [Lex, Galβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc; LN, Galβ1‐4GlcNAc] decorate selectin counterreceptors in human HL‐60 cells. Here, we show that HL‐60 cell lysates catalyze distal α3‐sialylation of LNβ1‐3′LNβ1‐3′LN and LNβ1‐3′Lexβ1‐3′Lex efficiently, outlining two potential sets of biosynthetic pathways leading to the selectin ligands. In one set, α3‐sialylation precedes internal fucosylation of the polylactosamine backbone, whereas in the other one, internal fucosylation is initiated before α3‐sialylation. In contrast to α3‐sialylation, LNβ1‐3′Lexβ1‐3′Lex was α6‐sialylated much less efficiently than LNβ1‐3′LNβ1‐3′LN by HL‐60 cell lysates. Hence, internal fucosylation may regulate the extent of α6‐sialylation of polylactosamines in these cells.
Substitution of a conserved amino acid residue alters the ligand binding properties of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors
Authors: Causevic Mirsada , Wolf C.Roland , Palmer Colin N.A.
Published: July 2002

Mutation of glutamic acid 282 of PPARα to glycine has been shown to result in an increased EC50 for a wide variety of PPAR activating compounds. This has suggested that mutant receptor has a reduced ability to bind ligand. In this study we show that this mutation reduces the affinity of mPPARα and hPPARγ for the fluorescent fatty acid, cis‐parinaric acid and that the mutant hPPARγ protein has a reduced affinity for the radiolabelled compound, SB236636. These data confirm the role of this glutamic acid in ligand binding and support recent crystal structure observations regarding a proposed novel mode of ligand entry into the PPAR ligand binding cavities.
Rotary responds to women's health needs
Authors: Devlyn F.J
Published: July 2002

In working to improve the health of women, particularly in developing countries, governments face a monumental challenge. Limited resources, insufficient training, and poor infrastructure are just some of the obstacles to advancements in the field of female medicine. It is a goal of Rotary International, a worldwide association of service‐minded business and professional people, to facilitate efforts to bring medical care to women and girls and to help them to build all‐around healthy lives. This article gives background on Rotary International and highlights some of the ways Rotarians are using their resources, their global network, and their professional expertise to advance and promote women's health.
Alterations in the activities of cerebral antioxidant enzymes of rat are related to aging
Authors: Sahoo Arjun , Chainy G.B.N.
Published: July 2002

Developmental profiles of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were investigated in rat cerebral hemisphere from birth to 600 days of age. Lipid peroxidation level decreased in the crude homogenate from birth until 15 days and, thereafter increased gradually up to 600 days. However, susceptibility of sub‐cellular fractions to lipid peroxidation displayed an increasing trend with increasing age. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased gradually with age, whereas activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase exhibited an elevation up to 90 days followed by either a stagnancy or diminution in the later life. No linearity was observed in the contents of glutathione, ascorbic acid and H2O2 in the tissue. The results suggest that free radicals could be the causative agents of the aging process in which antioxidant enzymes have a definite regulatory contribution.
Criminal responsibility assessment in Switzerland: changes and continuity
Authors: Niveau G. , Sozonets E.
Published: July 2002

Background.

The factors that experts use to assess criminal responsibility are not very well known. Changes in the importance attributed to certain diagnoses are occasionally mentioned in the literature. The aim of this study is to identify the existence and the nature of such modifications.

Method.

We compared the socio-demographic, criminological and psychiatric characteristics of two samples of psychiatric assessments carried out in Geneva, Switzerland in 1973–74 (N= 75) and 1997–98 (N= 94).

Results.

The two groups of subjects described by the experts’ reports appear to be quite different in several characteristics. However, the rate at which experts conclude their reports in favour of diminished responsibility was not found to be significantly different. The logistic regression shows that the diagnosis of personality disorder is the only variable that influenced the experts differently for the 1997–98 period compared to the 1973–74 period.

Conclusion.

In Geneva, psychiatric experts still continue to ascribe diminished responsibility to offenders suffering from psychosis or depression. However, the population that undergoes psychiatric assessments nowadays has changed considerably.
Allelic association between dinucleotide repeats at the monoamine oxidase loci and schizophrenia
Authors: Wei J , Hammings GP
Published: July 2002

Two X-linked microsatellites, (AC)n repeats at the monoamine oxidase (MAO) A locus and (TG)n repeats at the MAO-B locus, were typed by using a PCR-based procedure in 89 nuclear families consisting of mothers, fathers and female affected offspring with schizophrenia or mothers and male affected offspring. A haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) approach was applied to detect allelic association of these two microsatellites with schizophrenia. In the families of male patients, a significant difference in frequency distribution was found between transmitted and non-transmitted (TG)n repeats (χ2= 15.13, df = 6,P= 0.019), and Fisher's exact test showed that allelic frequency of the transmitted (TG)24was significantly higher than that of the non-transmitted (TG)24(Fisher'sP= 0.003). However, no significant differences in frequency distribution between mother- or father-transmitted and non-transmitted (TG)n repeats were found in the families of female patients. No significant differences in frequency distribution were found between transmitted and non-transmitted (AC)n repeats in the families of either male patients or female patients. The present study suggests that the MAO-B gene may be associated with schizophrenia, and the underlying genetic mechanism of schizophrenia may differ between male and female schizophrenic individuals.
The ERRα–VDR axis promotes calcitriol degradation and estrogen signaling in breast cancer cells, while VDR‐CYP24A1‐ERRα overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in patients with basal‐like breast cancer
Authors: Danza Katia , Porcelli Letizia , De Summa Simona , Di Fonte Roberta , Pilato Brunella , Lacalamita Rosanna , Serratì Simona , Azzariti Amalia , Tommasi Stefania
Published: May 2021

Vitamin D is used to reduce cancer risk and improve the outcome of cancer patients, but the vitamin D receptor (VDR; also known as the calcitriol receptor) pathway needs to be functionally intact to ensure the biological effects of circulating calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Besides estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen‐related receptor alpha (ERRα) has also been shown to interfere with the VDR pathway, but its role in the antitumor and transactivation activity of calcitriol is completely unknown in breast cancer (BC). We observed that ERRα functionally supported the proliferation of BC cell lines and acted as a calcitriol‐induced regulator of VDR. As such, ERRα deregulated the calcitriol–VDR transcription by enhancing the expression of CYP24A1 as well as of both ERα and aromatase (CYP19A1) in calcitriol‐treated cells. ERRα knockdown limited the effect of calcitriol by reducing calcitriol‐induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and by affecting the expression of cyclin D1 and p21/Waf. The interactome analysis suggested that Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1‐α (PGC‐1α) and Proline‐, glutamic acid‐, and leucine‐rich protein 1 (PELP1) are key players in the genomic actions of the calcitriol–VDR–ERRα axis. Evaluation of patient outcomes in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset showed the translational significance of the biological effects of the VDR–ERRα axis, highlighting that VDR, CYP24A1, and ERRα overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in basal‐like BC.
CdSe/Ag Hybrid Aerogels: Integration of Plasmonic and Excitonic Properties of Metal–Semiconductor Nanostructures via Sol–Gel Assembly
Authors: Liyanage Dilhara , Spera Drew Z. , Sarkar Rajib , Troesch Brendan P. , Arachchige Indika U.
Published: May 2021

Metal–semiconductor hybrid nanomaterials (HNMs) exhibit unique properties that are distinct from individual nanostructures, leading to promising applications in optical technologies. The interfacial linkage of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles (NPs) via cogelation is an effective strategy to produce HNMs that show strong plasmon‐exciton coupling and improved physical properties. However, optical properties of these hybrids show little to no tunability. Herein, CdSe/Ag hybrid aerogels that show tunable absorption and photoluminescence (PL) are produced by cogelation of CdSe nanorods (NRs) or NPs with Ag hollow NPs. Hybrid electronic states are created by overlapping the excitonic absorption of CdSe NRs or NPs with the plasmonic absorption of Ag NPs. Physical characterization of the hybrids reveals an interconnected network of hexagonal CdSe and cubic Ag NPs, linked by Ag+ and Se2− surface species, without intervening ligands. PL spectra exhibit maxima at 640 and 720 nm for the CdSe NPs/Ag and CdSe NRs/Ag hybrids, respectively, corresponding to new radiative decay mechanisms. Time‐resolved PL data support the emergence of new radiative pathways, kinetically and energetically distinct from the excitonic and plasmonic properties of primary NPs. This new approach of metal–semiconductor hybrid formation through cogelation is intriguing for the design of high‐efficiency HNMs without detrimental PL quenching.
Imaging Off‐Resonance Nanomechanical Motion as Modal Superposition
Authors: Esmenda Joshoua Condicion , Aguila Myrron Albert Callera , Wang Jyh‐Yang , Lee Teik‐Hui , Yang Chi‐Yuan , Lin Kung‐Hsuan , Chang‐Liao Kuei‐Shu , Katz Nadav , Kafanov Sergey , Pashkin Yuri A. , Chen Chii‐Dong
Published: May 2021

Observation of resonance modes is the most straightforward way of studying mechanical oscillations because these modes have maximum response to stimuli. However, a deeper understanding of mechanical motion can be obtained by also looking at modal responses at frequencies in between resonances. Here, an imaging of the modal responses for a nanomechanical drum driven off resonance is presented. By using the frequency modal analysis, these shapes are described as a superposition of resonance modes. It is found that the spatial distribution of the oscillating component of the driving force, which is affected by both the shape of the actuating electrode and inherent device properties such as asymmetry and initial slack, greatly influences the modal weight or participation. This modal superposition analysis elucidates the dynamics of any nanomechanical system through modal weights. This aids in optimizing mode‐specific designs for force sensing and integration with other systems.
Creating leaders through scholarship: The development of a physician wellness fellowship in emergency medicine
Authors: Singh Jessica , Poffenberger Cori , Smith‐Coggins Rebecca
Published: May 2021

Need for innovation

There is a clear need for physician leaders with expertise in wellness given the high incidence of physician burnout, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A fellowship in physician wellness provides structured opportunity for the development of expertise in the science and administration of physician wellness through a tailored curriculum and academic scholarship.

Background

Currently, limited opportunities exist to pursue formal wellness training in graduate medical education. This lack of specific training may make the path to expertise and leadership in physician wellness difficult.

Objective

Our objective was to design and implement a physician wellness fellowship in a department of emergency medicine. Completion of this fellowship, with ongoing professional development, will give physicians the skills to fill various leadership roles within the house of medicine, such as chief wellness officer, department, organization, national wellness leader, or wellness consultant.

Development process

The fellowship curriculum was developed according to Kern's six‐step approach with expert consultation. The Stanford WellMD Model of Professional Fulfillment was used as a framework to define the core content. The curriculum has five principal components developed utilizing competency‐based education in medicine: dissemination of knowledge (teaching), clinical, educational foundation, implementation (administrative), and critical investigation (research).

Implementation phase

The physician wellness fellowship was implemented for the academic year 2019–2020. The fellow completed all the required fellowship activities. In addition, the fellow completed the American College of Emergency Physician's teaching fellowship program. The fellowship is budget neutral because the fellow's half‐time clinical revenue is sufficient to cover the fellow's salary and education and support for fellowship direction.

Reflective discussion

Outcomes of this novel program will be measured over time. Although the format of this fellowship is designed for emergency medicine, the skills and content are relevant to and may be adopted in other medical specialties at other institutions.
Sensorized Foam Actuator with Intrinsic Proprioception and Tunable Stiffness Behavior for Soft Robots
Authors: Murali Babu Saravana Prashanth , Visentin Francesco , Sadeghi Ali , Mondini Alessio , Meder Fabian , Mazzolai Barbara
Published: May 2021

Soft robots require actuators with integrated sensing components that perceive unstructured, dynamic environments without compromising their performance. However, many soft robotic systems still rely on external sensors, which affect the functionality, response time, and payload. To overcome these issues, herein a sensorized foam actuator (SFA) with a foam core that acts as both an actuator and a proprioception‐sensing element is developed. The integrated modules can sense direct actuation and passive deformation due to extrinsic stresses through a specific pore shape evolution, which leads to a distinct variation in the resistivity pattern. In addition, a fiber‐reinforced skin encapsulating the SFA facilitates a fast and efficient response. The SFA is able to lift more than 500 times its own weight with a load‐withstanding capacity of 235 N, linear contraction up to 70% strain, and a recovery speed of 13.3 mm s−1. In addition, the SFA is lightweight (34 g), has low hysteresis (<4%), and can self‐sense its current deformation state. As proof of concept, various soft robotic applications are presented such as compression piston‐like motion, modular inchworm‐like crawling locomotion, and a robotic trunk‐like manipulation.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Aglacins A, B, and E
Authors: Xu Mengmeng , Hou Min , He Haibing , Gao Shuanhu
Published: May 2021

An asymmetric photoenolization/Diels–Alder (PEDA) reaction between electron‐rich 2‐methylbenzaldehydes and unsaturated γ‐lactones was developed to directly construct the basic tricyclic core of aryltetralin lactone lignans. This methodology enabled the first asymmetric total synthesis of aglacins A, B, and E and revision of the absolute configuration of these natural lignans. The strategy was also used to prepare the naturally occurring aryldihydronaphthalene‐type lignans (−)‐7,8‐dihydroisojusticidin B and (+)‐linoxepin in four and six steps, as well as 27 natural‐product‐like molecules containing a C8′ quaternary center. We believe that the synthetic aglacins and small‐molecule library provide new opportunities to carry out the SAR studies of the podophyllotoxin family of natural products.
Getting Ready for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: The Infrared Spectrum of Hydrated Aluminum Hydride–Hydroxide HAlOH+(H2O)n−1, n=9–14
Authors: Heller Jakob , Tang Wai Kit , Cunningham Ethan M. , Demissie Ephrem G. , van der Linde Christian , Lam Wing Ka , Ončák Milan , Siu Chi‐Kit , Beyer Martin K.
Published: May 2021

Hydrated singly charged aluminum ions eliminate molecular hydrogen in a size regime from 11 to 24 water molecules. Here we probe the structure of HAlOH+(H2O)n−1, n=9–14, by infrared multiple photon spectroscopy in the region of 1400–2250 cm−1. Based on quantum chemical calculations, we assign the features at 1940 cm−1 and 1850 cm−1 to the Al−H stretch in five‐ and six‐coordinate aluminum(III) complexes, respectively. Hydrogen bonding towards the hydride is observed, starting at n=12. The frequency of the Al−H stretch is very sensitive to the structure of the hydrogen bonding network, and the large number of isomers leads to significant broadening and red‐shifting of the absorption of the hydrogen‐bonded Al−H stretch. The hydride can even act as a double hydrogen bond acceptor, shifting the Al−H stretch to frequencies below those of the water bending mode. The onset of hydrogen bonding and disappearance of the free Al−H stretch coincides with the onset of hydrogen evolution.
Facile Synthesis of Cyanide and Isocyanides from CO
Authors: Xu Maotong , Kooij Bastiaan , Wang Tongtong , Lin Jack H. , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Grimme Stefan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: May 2021

The reaction of K[N(SiMe3)2] with 13CO proceeds in C6D6 or THF affording K13CN and O(SiMe3)2 under mild conditions as confirmed by crystallographic characterization of K(18‐crown‐6)CN. Similarly reaction of the alkali metal amides, M[N(SiR3)R′] (M=Li, K; R=Ph, Me; R′=alkyl, aryl) provides the corresponding 13C labeled isocyanide RN13C and MOSiR3, generally in high yields. In some instances, the use of the sterically bulky Ph3Si‐substituent is required to preclude 1,2‐silyl migration affording the silylcarbamoyl salt M[Me3SiC(O)NR′]. These reactions have been used to obtain 19 examples of 13C labelled isocyanides, and several examples of gram scale reactions are reported. The mechanism of the reactions is probed via reliable DFT calculations.
On the potential of Angiosperms353 for population genomic studies
Authors: Slimp Madeline , Williams Lindsay D. , Hale Haley , Johnson Matthew G.
Published: May 2021

PREMISE

The successful application of universal targeted sequencing markers, such as those developed for the Angiosperms353 probe set, within populations could reduce or eliminate the need for specific marker development, while retaining the benefits of full‐gene sequences in population‐level analyses. However, whether the Angiosperms353 markers provide sufficient variation within species to calculate demographic parameters is untested.

METHODS

Using herbarium specimens from a 50‐year‐old floristic survey in Texas, we sequenced 95 samples from 24 species using the Angiosperms353 probe set. Our data workflow calls variants within species and prepares data for population genetic analysis using standard metrics. In our case study, gene recovery was affected by genomic library concentration only at low concentrations and displayed limited phylogenetic bias.

RESULTS

We identified over 1000 segregating variants with zero missing data for 92% of species and demonstrate that Angiosperms353 markers contain sufficient variation to estimate pairwise nucleotide diversity (π)—typically between 0.002 and 0.010, with most variation found in flanking non‐coding regions. In a subset of variants that were filtered to reduce linkage, we uncovered high heterozygosity in many species, suggesting that denser sampling within species should permit estimation of gene flow and population dynamics.

DISCUSSION

Angiosperms353 should benefit conservation genetic studies by providing universal repeatable markers, low missing data, and haplotype information, while permitting inclusion of decades‐old herbarium specimens.
A semiconductor/molecular catalyst hybrid photoanode with FeOOH as an electron transfer relay
Authors: Zhao Zhifeng , Liu Guoquan , Zhu Yong , Gao Hua , Li Fei
Published: May 2021

A Fe2O3/FeOOH/poly‐Ru(bda)(vpy) (bda = 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate,vpy = 4‐vinylpyridine) photoanode has been fabricated by electropolymerization of molecular Ru(bda)(vpy) catalyst on FeOOH modified Fe2O3, in which a thin layer of FeOOH replicates the role of tyrosine residue in PSII as an efficient electron transfer mediator. The ternary hybrid photoanode produced a 2.4 times higher photocurrent density than that of previously reported Fe2O3/poly‐Ru(bda)(vpy) under AM 1.5 G illumination and displayed a negative shift on the onset potential by 100 mV. In addition, the Fe2O3/FeOOH/poly‐Ru(bda)(vpy) exhibited long‐term stability for at least 10 h with a Faraday efficiency of ∼96%. The high performance shown here was attributed to the improved charge separation between excited semiconductor and the catalyst caused by FeOOH mediated electron transfer on the electrode surface.
Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Experimental Osteopenia in Rodents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang Liqiong , Xie Suhang , Zhu Siyi , Gao Chengfei , He Chengqi
Published: May 2021

Osteoporosis leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. Different strategies have been employed to reduce bone loss, including the use of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). Although many experimental studies have demonstrated the effect of PEMF on reduction of bone loss, the outcomes studied are varied and insufficient, and the quality of evidence is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this review was to assess the preclinical evidence on the effect of PEMF on bone loss. The existing challenges were also evaluated, and suggestions were provided to strengthen the quality of evidence in future studies. All original articles concerning the effect of PEMF on osteoporosis in animal models were included. Twenty‐four studies met the inclusion criteria, 23 of which suggested that PEMF was effective in reducing bone loss, while one study failed to demonstrate any benefit. Risk of bias analysis suggested that information on key measures to reduce bias was frequently not reported. Animal models for osteoporosis, PEMF intervention regimens, outcomes, and specific bone detection sites seemed to influence the efficacy of PEMF in osteoporosis. Our results indicate the potential benefits of PEMF selection in animal models of osteoporosis. However, due to the heterogeneity of the parameters and the quality of the included literature, comprehensive studies using standardized protocols are warranted to confirm the results. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Further evaluating interobserver reliability and accuracy with and without structured visual‐inspection criteria
Authors: Cox Alison D. , Zonneveld Kimberley L. M. , Tardi Laura D.
Published: May 2021

Visual inspection is the primary method of interpreting functional analysis (FA) outcomes, even though it has occasionally been criticized for producing low levels of interobserver agreement. Researchers have addressed this issue by creating structured visual‐inspection criteria to guide visual inspection of FA outcomes (e.g., Hagopian et al., 1997, https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1997.30‐313; Roane et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.13). The purpose of the current study was to systematically replicate and extend Study 1 of Roane et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.13). We did this by evaluating the reliability and accuracy of 15 novice participants’ visual inspection of 84 FA graphs with and without the modified visual‐inspection criteria developed by Roane et al. Accuracy was markedly higher when participants used the modified visual‐inspection criteria relative to when they used traditional visual‐inspection strategies, while we observed more modest increases in reliability coefficients. Results are discussed in the context of practical and clinical implications of the modified visual‐inspection criteria and suggestions for future research.
Acquisition and generalization of divergent intraverbal responses in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Thakore Aarti , Petursdottir Anna Ingeborg
Published: May 2021

This study examined the effects of intraverbal instruction with a fluency training component on the acquisition of divergent intraverbal responding and generalization to function, feature, and class (FFC) questions with two children (6 and 8 years old) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The instructional targets were chosen based on a conceptual analysis of prerequisite relations that were likely to be sufficient for intraverbal emergence to occur. It was expected that with these prerequisites in place, direct teaching of a subset of divergent intraverbal responses might generalize across FFC questions. In baseline, participants emitted three or fewer intraverbal responses to most questions. Instruction with tact prompts and transfer‐of‐control trials initially produced only small increases in intraverbal responding, whereas the addition of fluency training quickly produced criterion‐level performance. Further, both participants demonstrated generalization to untrained FFC questions. Pre‐ and post‐tests revealed concomitant increases in responses to reverse intraverbal FFC questions and FFC questions presented in an intraverbal webbing format.
Exploring the effects of gamification on students with rote learning background while learning computer programming
Authors: Tasadduq Mamoona , Khan M. Salman , Nawab Rao M. A. , Jamal M. Hassan , Chaudhry M. Tayyab
Published: May 2021

Gamification has gained much popularity in recent years in the field of education. The use of gaming elements, such as points, badges, and leaderboards, is suggested to increase motivation, which, in turn, leads to performance improvement. However, studies suggest that it is not a “one‐size‐fits‐all” approach and needs to be tailored based on the environment and learner's psychology to achieve effective results. This study evaluates the use of gamification in a cultural context where most students come from rote learning backgrounds. First‐year university students, in their programming module, were evaluated by analyzing their class effort, satisfaction, social comparison, performance, and intrinsic motivation. The students were divided into two balanced groups: gamified group and nongamified group. Students in the gamified group were required to submit their programming assignments through an online gamified tool, while the nongamified group submitted their assignments using the traditional way. Results showed no significant difference in class effort, satisfaction, social comparison, and motivation between both groups over time. However, the gamified group performed significantly better in assignments as compared to the nongamified group. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between the scores of two exams conducted at two different time points for the gamified group.
A testbed and a simulation laboratory for training engineering students in optical access network technologies
Authors: Merayo Noemi , Aguado Juan C. , de Miguel Ignacio , Durán Ramón J. , Fernández Patricia , Lorenzo Rubén M. , Abril Evaristo J.
Published: May 2021

Engineering profiles focused on next‐generation optical networks are gaining immense importance due to new emerging services and the amount of data expected in future network scenarios. In fact, not only are optical access networks leading to a major revolution in the network industry, but passive optical networks are the most widely deployed access networks worldwide today. This should be a strong incentive for universities to train their students in these innovative and recent technologies. In this vein, we propose the deployment of an optical communication laboratory with on‐site experimental sessions in which students work with commercial equipment and realistic working environments. These working environments are necessary to train professionals in the area of optical networks. However, due to the high cost of the optical communications equipment, it is not possible to have a working place for each group and we combine these experimental sessions with some simulation sessions to complete the training. We present the design of this lab and a qualitative and quantitative study aimed at analyzing students’ experiences, the skills they have acquired, and the potential impact on their future careers. This study shows that students have a very positive perception of the lab, emphasizing that working with real equipment helps them improve technical skills and assimilate theoretical knowledge. They also point out they would like a higher number of subjects in their degrees to employ this type of lab. Finally, students perceive these sessions as very useful for their professional future.
S100A6 represses Calu‐6 lung cancer cells growth via inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and enhancing apoptosis
Authors: Wang Ting , Han Suoli , Du Ge
Published: May 2021

S100 calcium binding protein A6 (S100A6) has been reported to involve in many kinds of cancers through regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis. Previous studies found that S100A6 increased in lung cancer patients' plasma and pleural effusion. This study focused on its function in Calu‐6 lung cancer cells. S100A6 gene was transferred into Calu‐6 lung cancer cell line by lentivirus vector, the empty vector transfected cells and the blank cells were set as control groups. MTT was evaluating cell proliferation. The transwell assay was reflecting cell migration and cell invasion. The flow cytometric analysis was detecting cell apoptosis and cell cycle of three groups (Calu‐6, Calu‐6/neo, Calu‐6/S100A6). Nude mouse tumorigenicity was then applied to evaluate S100A6's effect on cellular tumorigenicity. Compared with control groups, Calu‐6/S100A6 cells showed a weakening trend in the cell behaviours of proliferation, migration and invasiveness, while had an enhancement of cell apoptosis, with all P < .05. The cell cycle of Calu‐6/S100A6 cells had a reduction of S phase and an increase of G1 phase (P < .05). In animal study, after 5 weeks of cell injection, the tumour bulk of Calu‐6/S100A6 group was smaller than controls, with P < .05. Our results demonstrate S100A6 inhibits the growth of Calu‐6 lung cancer cells, as well as impairs Calu‐6's ability in tumorigenesis. At cellular level, S100A6 is supposed to act as a tumour suppressor gene in lung cancer.
LncRNA DANCR improves the dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and alleviates epithelial injury by targeting the miR‐1306‐5p/PLK1 axis in sepsis
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhong Changshun , Cao Yingya , Yin Hongzhen , Shen Guanggui , Lu Weihua , Ding Wei
Published: May 2021

Intestinal barrier dysfunction often occurs in various acute or chronic pathological conditions and has been identified as an important clinical problem. Herein, we explored the biological role and molecular mechanism of Polo‐like kinase 1 (PLK1) and differentiation antagonizing non‐protein coding RNA (DANCR) in intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by sepsis. RT‐qPCR analysis was used to examine PLK1, miR‐1306‐5p, and DANCR expression in NCM460 cells after LPS treatment. TUNEL assay and Western blot analysis were performed to explore PLK1 function in cell apoptosis and intestinal barrier in vitro. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, Western blot analysis, and TUNEL assay were used to investigate DANCR function in the intestinal barrier and cell apoptosis in vivo. The interaction between miR‐1306‐5p and PLK1 (or DANCR) was validated by luciferase reporter assay. As a result, PLK1 overexpression decreased cell apoptosis and promoted intestinal barrier function. Moreover, DANCR was validated as a sponge of miR‐1306‐5p to target PLK1. In addition, we found that DANCR overexpression decreased intestinal mucosal permeability and colon mucosa epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo. Conclusively, DANCR improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and alleviated epithelial injury by targeting the miR‐1306‐5p/PLK1 axis in sepsis.
Case report—An unusual diagnosis of a gastric phytobezoar in a middle‐aged woman
Authors: Chineka Rumbidzai , Mukosera Tongesai , Dzvanga Narcisious , Gwanda Brian
Published: May 2021

A gastric phytobezoar is an uncommon finding. The most frequent symptoms are dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting (Gastroenterology Report, 7, 2019, 74). It is an important differential to remember in patients with risk factors for developing phytobezoars because phytobezoars can be managed conservatively in most cases.
Boosting Hydrogen Evolution on MoS2/CNT Modified by Poly(sodium‐p–styrene sulfonate) via Proton Concentration in Acid Solution
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Dai Yuxue , Wang Xueying , Ren Xiang , Luo Chuannan
Published: May 2021

Engineering the surface and the electronic structure of electrocatalysts is a typical and effective strategy to enhance their catalytic performance. Herein, MoS2 grown on carbon nanotubes (MoS2/CNT) were synthesized through a hydrothermal process, then certain polyelectrolytes were absorbed onto the surface, including poly(sodium‐p‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS), polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The negatively charged groups of PSS could enrich the surrounding H+ in the acid electrolyte via electrostatic interaction, which greatly improved the catalytic performance of PSS‐MoS2/CNT. Moreover, the introduction of carbon nanotubes not only improved the conductivity of the electrocatalyst, but also prevented the agglomeration of MoS2 nanosheets. Therefore, PSS‐MoS2/CNT displayed the best hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. It only required 114 mV to obtain the current density of 10 mA ⋅ cm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 46.05 mV ⋅ dec−1. Different polyelectrolytes were also used to modify MoS2/CNT to verify the factors to affect the HER performance of MoS2/CNT. This strategy provides a practicable direction of the synthesis of efficient, low‐cost and environmentally‐friendly electrocatalysts for HER.
Irrigation requirements for establishing seeded tall fescue and bermudagrass cultivars in the transition zone
Authors: Sandor Daniel , Carr Tyler , Karcher Douglas , Richardson Michael
Published: May 2021

There is limited information regarding specific irrigation volumes required for establishing turfgrasses from seed, potentially leading many to overwater during establishment. The objectives of the following studies were to evaluate the impacts of irrigation volume and genetic drought resistance on the establishment of seeded tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) cultivars in the transition zone. Two separate studies were conducted at the Milo J. Shult Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Fayetteville, AR. Tall fescue cultivars Penn RK4, a drought‐resistant cultivar, and Rebel Exeda were seeded and irrigated daily at 50, 75, 100, or 125% reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for 28 days in replicate trials. A second study evaluated seeded bermudagrass cultivars Princess 77, a drought‐resistant cultivar, and Sahara II, using the same irrigation regime for 28 days, in replicate trials. Daily irrigation replacing 50% ETo exhibited slower establishment compared to 100% ETo by an average of 11 and 2 days for tall fescue and bermudagrass, respectively. Irrigating at 75 and 100% ETo exhibited similar establishment for tall fescue and in 1 of 2 years for bermudagrass. In both studies, establishment rates did not differ when irrigating ≥100% ETo. Cultivars with known genetic drought resistance at maturity did not exhibit enhanced establishment rates under reduced irrigation regimes. These findings suggest daily irrigation replacing 100% ETo is favorable for establishing seeded cultivars of tall fescue and bermudagrass in the transition zone, and is a practical strategy for water‐conservation efforts.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of Alkyl Aldehydes: Synthesis of Ketones, Esters, Amides, and α‐Ketoamides
Authors: Li Tingting , Hammond Gerald B. , Xu Bo
Published: May 2021

A widely applicable approach was developed to synthesize ketones, esters, amides via the oxidative C−C bond cleavage of readily available alkyl aldehydes. Green and abundant molecular oxygen (O2) was used as the oxidant, and base metals (cobalt and copper) were used as the catalysts. This strategy can be extended to the one‐pot synthesis of ketones from primary alcohols and α‐ketoamides from aldehydes.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ternary Indium/Tin/Aluminum Oxide Thin Films, Their Characterization and Transistor Performance under Illumination.
Authors: Büschges M. Isabelle , Hoffmann Rudolf C. , Regoutz Anna , Schlueter Christoph , Schneider Jörg J.
Published: May 2021

Multilayered heterostructures comprising of In2O3, SnO2, and Al2O3 were studied for their application in thin‐film transistors (TFT). The compositional influence of tin oxide on the properties of the thin‐film, as well as on the TFT characteristics is investigated. The heterostructures are fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 200 °C, employing trimethylindium (TMI), tetrakis(dimethylamino)tin (TDMASn), trimethylaluminum (TMA), and water as precursors. After post‐deposition annealing at 400 °C the thin‐films are found to be amorphous, however, they show a discrete layer structure of the individual oxides of uniform film thickness and high optical transparency in the visible region. Incorporation of only two monolayers of Al2O3 in the active semiconducting layer the formation of oxygen vacancies can be effectively suppressed, resulting in an improved semiconducting and switching behavior. The heterostacks comprising of In2O3/SnO2/Al2O3 are incorporated into TFT devices, exhibiting a saturation field‐effect mobility (μsat) of 2.0 cm2 ⋅ V−1 s−1, a threshold‐voltage (Vth) of 8.6 V, a high current on/off ratio (IOn/IOff) of 1.0×107, and a subthreshold swing (SS) of 485 mV ⋅ dec−1. The stability of the TFT under illumination is also altered to a significant extent. A change in the transfer characteristic towards conductive behavior is evident when illuminated with light of an energy of 3.1 eV (400 nm).
Merging Molecular Recognition and Gold(I) Catalysis with Triphoscalix[6]arene Ligands
Authors: Cera Gianpiero , Giovanardi Gabriele , Secchi Andrea , Arduini Arturo
Published: May 2021

We report the synthesis and characterization of novel triphosphine calix[6]arene ligands. These supramolecular wheels, with recognition features governed by the hydrogen‐bonding domain, were employed to synthesize multitasking trinuclear gold(I) complexes as a new platform for the synthesis of interwoven (pseudo)rotaxane species. In parallel, the multivalent, metal‐bonded upper rim displayed catalytic features promoting highly selective gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions of 1,6‐enynes.
Enantioselective Protonation of Cyclic Carbonyl Ylides by Chiral Lewis Acid Assisted Alcohols
Authors: Toda Yasunori , Yoshida Takayuki , Arisue Kaoru , Fukushima Kazuaki , Esaki Hiroyoshi , Kikuchi Ayaka , Suga Hiroyuki
Published: May 2021

Chiral Lewis acid‐catalyzed asymmetric alcohol addition reactions to cyclic carbonyl ylides generated from N‐(α‐diazocarbonyl)‐2‐oxazolidinones featuring a dual catalytic system are reported. Construction of a chiral quaternary heteroatom‐substituted carbon center was accomplished in which the unique heterobicycles were obtained in good yields with high stereoselection. The alcohol adducts were successfully converted to optically active oxazolidine‐2,4‐diones by hydrolysis. Mechanistic studies by DFT calculations revealed that alcohols could be activated by Lewis acids, enabling enantioselective protonation of the carbonyl ylides.
Analyse der Partikelbildung aus der Elektrospray‐Flammensprühpyrolyse mittels Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer
Authors: Bierwirth Malte , Olszok Vinzent , Ganesan Varun Aiyar , Poostforooshan Jalal , Weber Alfred P.
Published: May 2021

Die elektrohydrodynamische Zerstäubung von flüssigen Präkursoren gekoppelt mit der Flammensprühpyrolyse erlaubt die Synthese von verschiedenartigen, metalloxidischen Nanopartikel. Ein Aufbau bestehend aus einem definiert verfahrbaren Brenner und einer Probennahme in der Flamme eröffnet dabei die Möglichkeit der Erfassung von Partikelgrößenverteilungen entlang der Flammenhöhe. Die Bildung von Eisenoxid‐ und Siliziumdioxid‐Partikel in einer Flamme konnte so mithilfe eines 1nm‐SMPS‐Aufbaus (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) auch in den Frühstadien der Partikelbildung erfasst werden. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass auch für einfache Präkursorlösungen bei hinreichend kleinen Tropfen hochwertige, homogene Nanopulver erzeugt werden können.
Intelligent Characterization of Lentil Genetic Resources: Evolutionary History, Genetic Diversity of Germplasm, and the Need for Well‐Represented Collections
Authors: Guerra‐García Azalea , Gioia Tania , von Wettberg Eric , Logozzo Giuseppina , Papa Roberto , Bitocchi Elena , Bett Kirstin E
Published: May 2021

The genetic and phenotypic characterization of crops allows us to elucidate their evolutionary and domestication history, the genetic basis of important traits, and the use of variation present in landraces and wild relatives to enhance resilience. In this context, we aim to provide an overview of the main genetic resources developed for lentil and their main outcomes, and to suggest protocols for continued work on this important crop. Lens culinaris is the third‐most‐important cool‐season grain and its use is increasing as a quick‐cooking, nutritious, plant‐based source of protein. L. culinaris was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent, and six additional wild taxa (L. orientalis, L. tomentosus, L. odemensis, L. lamottei, L. ervoides, and L. nigricans) are recognized. Numerous genetic diversity studies have shown that wild relatives present high levels of genetic variation and provide a reservoir of alleles that can be used for breeding programs. Furthermore, the integration of genetics/genomics and breeding techniques has resulted in identification of quantitative trait loci and genes related to attributes of interest. Genetic maps, massive genotyping, marker‐assisted selection, and genomic selection are some of the genetic resources generated and applied in lentil. In addition, despite its size (∼4 Gbp) and complexity, the L. culinaris genome has been assembled, allowing a deeper understanding of its architecture. Still, major knowledge gaps exist in lentil, and a deeper understanding and characterization of germplasm resources, including wild relatives, is critical to lentil breeding and improvement. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Recording of lentil seed descriptors

Basic Protocol 2: Lentil seed imaging

Basic Protocol 3: Lentil seed increase

Basic Protocol 4: Recording of primary lentil seed INCREASE descriptors