bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Proposed Standard and the E-Test with the NCCLS Broth Microdilution Method for Voriconazole and Caspofungin Susceptibility Testing of Yeast Species
Authors: Chryssanthou Erja , Cuenca-Estrella Manuel
Published: September 2002

The proposed standard of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST) and the E-test procedures were compared with the NCCLS reference broth microdilution method for voriconazole and caspofungin susceptibility testing of 102 clinical
Candida
species and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
isolates. The voriconazole MIC at which 50% of strains were inhibited (MIC
50
) was ≤0.125 mg/liter for all yeast species except for
Candida glabrata
and
Candida krusei
, which yielded MIC
50
values of 0.25 to 1 mg/liter depending on the method. Caspofungin exhibited in vitro activity (MIC
50
of ≤0.125 to 2 mg/liter) against all yeast species except for
Candida guilliermondii
. The agreements between MICs within ±2 dilutions obtained by the NCCLS method and the EUCAST standard were 97% for voriconazole and 96% for caspofungin. Intraclass correlation coefficients were statistically significant (
P
< 0.05). The agreements between voriconazole MICs provided by the E-test and the NCCLS and between the E-test and the AFST-EUCAST method were 100 and 90%, respectively. Because of lower caspofungin MICs provided by the E-test, the agreement was slightly poorer with the NCCLS method (89%) than with the AFST-EUCAST procedure (94%). Both the EUCAST and the E-test procedures can be reliable techniques for susceptibility testing of yeasts to voriconazole and caspofungin.
Reduction of Contamination of Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes with a Modified Antimicrobial Combination
Authors: Chang Chulhun Ludgerus , Park Tae Sung , Oh Seung Hwan , Kim Hyung Hoi , Lee Eun Yup , Son Han Chul , Kim Cheol Min
Published: September 2002

Culture in the fluorimetric Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) treated with a combination of vancomycin, amphotericin B, and nalidixic acid (VAN) showed growth of most strains of 31 mycobacterial species with a less-than-1-day delay. The results were similar to those in the MGIT with polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and azlocillin, but with respiratory specimens, the MGIT with VAN showed a lower contamination rate with no change in the detection rate or time.
Reevaluation of
Streptococcus bovis
Endocarditis Cases from 1975 to 1985 by 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis
Authors: Herrero Inmaculada A. , Rouse Mark S. , Piper Kerryl E. , Alyaseen Samer A. , Steckelberg James M. , Patel Robin
Published: September 2002

Studies that detected an association between
Streptococcus bovis
endocarditis and colon carcinoma have not taken into account the recently identified genetic diversity among organisms historically classified as
S. bovis
. With near full-length 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis, organisms cultured from the blood of endocarditis patients at the Mayo Clinic from 1975 to 1985 and previously identified as
S. bovis
or streptococcus group D nonenterococci were shown to represent
S. bovis
biotypes I (11 isolates) and II/2 (1 isolate),
S. salivarius
(1 isolate), and
S. macedonicus
(1 isolate). Two of the
S. bovis
biotype I cases were associated with colon cancer. Whether
S. bovis
biotype II or other organisms closely related to and historically identified as
S. bovis
(e.g.,
S. macedonicus
) are associated with malignant (or premalignant) colon lesions in humans remains to be definitively determined.
Use of Spoligotyping for Accurate Classification of Recurrent Tuberculosis
Authors: Warren R. M. , Streicher E. M. , Charalambous S. , Churchyard G. , van der Spuy G. D. , Grant A. D. , van Helden P. D. , Victor T. C.
Published: September 2002

The spoligotyping method has become an important tool for the tracking of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains in different epidemiological settings. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of the spoligotyping technique to accurately determine the pathogenetic mechanism of recurrent disease. This methodology has advantages over conventional restriction fragment length polymorphism methods which may be useful in large- scale intervention studies.
Longitudinal Quantitative Detection by Real-Time PCR of
Mycoplasma genitalium
in First-Pass Urine of Men with Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis
Authors: Deguchi Takashi , Yoshida Takashi , Yokoi Shigeaki , Ito Masayasu , Tamaki Masayoshi , Ishiko Hiroaki , Maeda Shin-Ichi
Published: September 2002

By using a TaqMan assay we monitored longitudinal changes in
Mycoplasma genitalium
loads in five men with recurrent
M. genitalium
-positive nongonococcal urethritis. We observed regrowth of
M. genitalium
persisting in hosts after treatment and a possible association of the increase in the
M. genitalium
load with emergence of symptoms and signs of nongonococcal urethritis in four of these patients.
Molecular Detection of Human Calicivirus among Spanish Children with Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Roman E. , Negredo A. , Dalton R. M. , Wilhelmi I. , Sánchez-Fauquier A.
Published: September 2002

A survey was conducted among Spanish children with gastroenteritis treated in an emergency room. Reverse transcription-PCR with specimens negative for other enteric pathogens was used. The minimum incidence of human calicivirus infection was 7.7%, with Lordsdale as the predominant genotype. The clinical features and severity of calicivirus and rotavirus were similar.
High Prevalence of
cagA
- and
babA2-
Positive
Helicobacter pylori
Clinical Isolates in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Chih-Ho , Kuo Chun-Hsien , Chen Ya-Chi , Chao Fang-Yu , Poon Sek-Kwong , Chang Chi-Sen , Wang Wen-Ching
Published: September 2002

Two virulence markers,
cagA
and
babA2
, were characterized by PCR in 101
Helicobacter pylori
isolates from a population in Taiwan.
cagA
was detected in 99% of the isolates, while
babA2
was present in all of the isolates. Base deletions and substitutions at the forward
babA2
primer annealing sites were found. Given their high prevalence,
cagA
and
babA2
cannot be useful markers for predicting the high-risk patients of
H. pylori
infection in Taiwan.
Stability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid Determined with the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test, Version 1.5 (Ultrasensitive)
Authors: Singer Elyse J. , Aronow H. Aaron , Lee Shing-Yi , Hinkin Charles H. , Lazarus Tadd
Published: September 2002

We evaluated the effects of time, temperature, freezing, and thawing on the cerebrospinal fluid viral load by using the Roche AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test, version 1.5 (ultrasensitive). While a statistically significant decrease from the baseline was observed at 24 h, but not at 6 or 12 h, and with one freeze-thaw cycle, all changes were within the range of intra-assay variability.
Rate of Virological Treatment Failure and Frequencies of Drug Resistance Genotypes among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Subjects on Antiretroviral Therapy in Spain
Authors: Gallego Oscar , Ruíz Lidia , Vallejo Alex , Clotet Bonaventura , Leal Manuel , Soriano Vincent
Published: September 2002

The knowledge of which drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genotypes are the most prevalent in a community may be helpful for designing the best salvage regimens. A total of 540 individuals on antiretroviral therapy attending 18 different outclinics in Spain were examined in a cross-sectional study conducted during June 2000. The overall rate of virologic failure (>50 HIV RNA copies/ml) was 54%. Among the subjects showing treatment failure, 79% harbored resistant HIV genotypes, 77% showed resistance to nucleoside analogues, 53% showed resistance to protease inhibitors, and 42% showed resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Overall, 78.5% of individuals harbored HIV strains which showed resistance to two or more drug classes. Moreover, nucleotide substitutions causing broad cross-resistance among compounds within each drug family were quite common. These findings suggest that drug resistance mutations are very prevalent among subjects who have experienced several treatment failures. Therefore, facilitating the arrival of compounds belonging to new drug classes should be considered a priority.
Isolation of
Buttiauxella gaviniae
from a Spinal Cord Patient with Urinary Bladder Pathology
Authors: De Baere Thierry , Wauters Georges , Kämpfer Peter , Labit Caroline , Claeys Geert , Verschraegen Gerda , Vaneechoutte Mario
Published: September 2002

A gram-negative
Buttiauxella gaviniae
-like organism (LBV449) was isolated from a urine sample of a patient suffering from urine bladder pathology and neurological problems. The isolate was positive for adonitol fermentation and
l
-arginine dihydrolase and negative for melibiose and
l
-ornithine decarboxylase. The API 20E code was 3004113. Retrospectively, another isolate (ENT107), from a leg wound, was recovered from our collections and was shown to have similar biochemical characteristics. DNA-DNA hybridization showed 77% similarity between both strains, and strain LBV449 revealed 74% DNA-DNA similarity to the type strain of
B. gaviniae
. Neither 16S rRNA gene sequencing nor fatty acid analysis were useful for identification. The characteristic tRNA-PCR patterns obtained for these two clinical isolates consisted of fragments with lengths of 102.2, 105.4, 116.6, and 136.9 bp and most resembled the tRNA-PCR pattern obtained for
B. gaviniae
, but they lacked the
B. gaviniae
fragments of 88.2 and 239.5 bp. To our knowledge, no clinical cases with
Buttiauxella
strains have been described thus far.
Dialister pneumosintes
Associated with Human Brain Abscesses
Authors: Rousée J. M. , Bermond D. , Piémont Y. , Tournoud C. , Heller R. , Kehrli P. , Harlay M. L. , Monteil H. , Jaulhac B.
Published: September 2002

In this report, we review two cases of brain infection due to
Dialister pneumosintes
in previously healthy patients. The bacterium was isolated from the first patient by blood culture and directly from a brain abscess in the second patient. In both cases, the infection was suspected to be of nasopharyngeal or dental origin. The patients had favorable outcomes following surgical debridement and antibiotic treatment. After in vitro amplification and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, two strains were classified as
D. pneumosintes
. However, traditional biochemical tests were not sufficient to identify the bacteria. In addition to causing periodontal and opportunistic infections,
D. pneumosintes,
contained in mixed flora, may behave as a clinically important pathogen, especially in the brain. In addition to phenotypic characterization, 16S rRNA partial sequencing was used to identify
D. pneumosintes
definitively.
Japanese Spotted Fever Involving the Central Nervous System: Two Case Reports and a Literature Review
Authors: Araki Manabu , Takatsuka Katsuya , Kawamura Junichiro , Kanno Yuko
Published: September 2002

Japanese spotted fever (JSF), first reported in 1984, is a rickettsial disease caused by
Rickettsia japonica
. Until now, affliction of the central nervous system has been rarely reported. Here we report two cases of JSF associated with a central nervous system disorder such as meningoencephalitis.
What advice should we give to athletes postconcussion?
Authors: McCrory P
Published: September 2002

This article has been retracted. See the retraction notice for details. The PDF is retained for transparency.
Urine nandrolone metabolites: false positive doping test?
Authors: Kohler R M N , Lambert M I
Published: September 2002

The aim of this review is to analyse the studies on nandrolone metabolism to determine if it is possible for an athlete to test positive for nandrolone without having ingested or injected nandrolone.
Update on osteoarthritis part 1: current concepts and the relation to exercise
Authors: Conaghan P G
Published: September 2002

There appears to be an increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis in participants of repetitive, high impact sports, and this is strongly associated with joint injury. There seems to be little risk associated with recreational running. Assessment of risk for osteoarthritis should take into account the nature of the sport, intensity of training, presence of previous injury, body mass index, and occupation.
Physiological characteristics of junior and senior rugby league players
Authors: Gabbett T J
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To investigate the physiological characteristics of subelite junior and senior rugby league players and establish performance standards for these athletes.

Methods:A total of 159 junior (under 16, 15, 14, and 13, n = 88) and senior (first grade, second grade, and under 19, n = 71) rugby league players (forwards, n = 80, backs, n = 79), competing at a subelite level, underwent measurements of body mass, muscular power (vertical jump), speed (10 m, 20 m, and 40 m sprint), agility (Illinois agility run), and estimated maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test). Data were also collected on match and training frequency and playing experience.

Results:There was a significant effect (p<0.05) of age and playing level on playing experience, body mass, muscular power, speed, agility, and estimated maximal aerobic power, with the physiological capacities of players increasing as the playing level increased. Forwards were heavier than backs for all junior and senior teams. Forwards and backs had similar estimated maximal aerobic power, except for under 16 players, for whom significant (p<0.05) differences were detected (mean (95% confidence intervals) 42.9 (40.1 to 45.7)v49.5 (46.4 to 52.6) ml/kg/min for forwards and backs respectively). Scores for speed, muscular power, and agility were not significantly different between forwards and backs for any of the junior or senior teams.

Conclusions:The results show that there is a progressive improvement in the physiological capacities of rugby league players as the playing level increases. These findings provide normative data and performance standards for subelite junior and senior rugby league players. Further studies on the sociological, physical, psychological, and personal predictors of talent in rugby league are warranted.
Effects of resistance training and detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal women
Authors: Elliott K J , Sale C , Cable N T
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To study the effects of eight weeks of supervised, low intensity resistance training (80% of 10 repetition maximum (10RM)) and eight weeks of detraining on muscle strength and blood lipid profiles in healthy, sedentary postmenopausal women.

Subjects:Fifteen postmenopausal women, aged 49–62 years, took part in the study. Subjects were assigned to either a control (n = 7) or training (n = 8) group. The training regimen consisted of three sets of eight repetitions of leg press, bench press, knee extension, knee flexion, and lat pull-down, three days a week at 80% of 10RM. Dynamic leg strength, 10RM, and blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol (TC), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), triglycerides, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)) were measured at baseline, after eight weeks of training, and after a further eight weeks of detraining.

Results:Eight weeks of resistance training produced significant increases in knee extension (F1,13= 12.60; p<0.01), bench press (F1,13= 13.79; p<0.01), leg press (F1,13= 15.65; p<0.01), and lat pull-down (F1,13= 16.60; p<0.005) 10RM strength tests. Although 10RM strength decreased after eight weeks of detraining, the results remained significantly elevated from baseline measures. Eight weeks of training did not result in any significant alterations in blood lipid profiles, body composition, or dynamic isokinetic leg strength. There were no significant differences in any of the variables investigated over the 16 week period in the control group.

Conclusions:These data suggest that a short, low intensity resistance training programme produces substantial improvements in muscle strength. Training of this intensity and duration was not sufficient to produce significant alterations in blood lipid concentrations.
Problems in health management of professional boxers in Japan
Authors: Ohhashi G , Tani S , Murakami S , Kamio M , Abe T , Ohtuki J
Published: September 2002

Objective:To investigate whether the incidence of boxing accidents is higher in Japan than in other countries.

Method:A nationwide survey of boxers was conducted.

Results:A total of 632 boxers responded. Most Japanese boxers were relatively mature when they started boxing (mean starting age of 19.2 years). A high percentage of boxers was found three weight divisions higher than previously reported. Many boxers stated that losing weight was not a big problem. It was found that a punch that turns the head can cause serious physical damage, and it was clarified that only a simple punch, rather than accumulated damage from multiple punches, can cause cerebral concussion. Severe shock causing retrograde amnesia is very rare after a fight and disappears relatively quickly. Many additional symptoms are related to damage to the hearing organs, such as hearing difficulties, tinnitus, and vertigo, but these symptoms also resolve quickly. Many boxers experience memory disturbance, not just after a fight but in daily life.

Conclusion:The approach to boxing has become more oriented towards the method of practice and scientific training, rather than psychological factors, which used to be emphasised.
Injury risk associated with playing actions during competitive soccer
Authors: Rahnama N , Reilly T , Lees A
Published: September 2002

Objective:To assess the exposure of players to injury risk during English Premier League soccer matches in relation to selected factors.

Methods:Injury risk was assessed by rating the injury potential of playing actions during competition with respect to (a) type of playing action, (b) period of the game, (c) zone of the pitch, and (d) playing either at home or away. In all, 10 games from the English Premier League 1999–2000 were chosen for analysis. A notation system was used whereby 16 soccer specific playing actions were classified into three categories: those inducing actual injury, those with a potential for injury (graded as mild, moderate, or high), and those deemed to have no potential for injury. The pitch was divided into 18 zones, and the position of each event was recorded along with time elapsed in the game, enabling six 15 minute periods to be defined.

Results:Close to 18 000 actions were notated. On average (mean (SD)), 1788 (73) events (one every three seconds), 767 (99) events with injury potential (one every six seconds), and 2 (1) injuries (one every 45 minutes) per game were recorded. An overall injury incidence of 53 per 1000 playing hours was calculated. Receiving a tackle, receiving a “charge”, and making a tackle were categorised as having a substantial injury risk, and goal catch, goal punch, kicking the ball, shot on goal, set kick, and heading the ball were all categorised as having a significant injury risk. All other actions were deemed low in risk. The first 15 minutes of each half contained the highest number of actions with mild injury potential, the last 15 minutes having the highest number of actions with moderate injury potential (p<0.01). The first and last 15 minutes of the game had the highest number of actions with high injury potential, although not significant. More actions with mild injury potential occurred in the goal area, and more actions with moderate and high injury potential occurred in the zone adjacent to the goal area (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between home and away with regard to injury potential.

Conclusions:Playing actions with high injury risk were linked to contesting possession. Injury risk was highest in the first and last 15 minutes of the game, reflecting the intense engagements in the opening period and the possible effect of fatigue in the closing period. Injury risk was concentrated in the areas of the pitch where possession of the ball is most vigorously contested, which were specific attacking and defending zones close to the goal. Injury potential was no greater in away matches than at home.
Associations of health related behaviour, social relationships, and health status with persistent physical activity and inactivity: a study of Finnish adolescent twins
Authors: Aarnio M , Winter T , Kujala U , Kaprio J
Published: September 2002

Objective:To examine the association between leisure time physical activity over a three year period and health related behaviour, social relationships, and health status in late adolescence as part of a nationwide longitudinal study.

Methods:Five birth cohorts of adolescent twins aged 16 at baseline (n = 5028; 2311 boys and 2717 girls) participated in the study. Questionnaires on leisure time physical activity, other health related behaviour, social relationships, and health status were sent to the twins on their 16th and 17th birthdays and six months after their 18th birthday. The combined response rate to the three questionnaires was 75.8% for boys and 81.7% for girls. Those who answered in all three questionnaires that their frequency of physical activity was 4–5 times a week or more were defined as persistent exercisers, and those who exercised at most twice a month in all three were defined as persistently inactive. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify baseline variables associated with outcome measures.

Results:Overall, 20.4% of boys and 13.0% of girls were persistent exercisers and 6.5% of boys and 5.3% of girls were persistently inactive. In both sexes, smoking, irregular breakfast eating, attending vocational school, and poor self perceived current health were significantly associated with persistent inactivity.

Conclusions:Persistent physical inactivity in adolescents is associated with a less healthy lifestyle, worse educational progression, and poor self perceived health. Tailoring methods to promote physical activity may prove useful for influencing other health habits. Such programmes are indicated for vocational schools in particular.
Injury prophylaxis in paragliding
Authors: Schulze W , Richter J , Schulze B , Esenwein S A , Büttner-Janz K
Published: September 2002

Objectives:To show trends in paragliding injuries and derive recommendations for safety precautions for paraglider pilots on the basis of accident statistics, interviews, questionnaires, medical reports, and current stage of development of paragliding equipment.

Methods:All paragliding accidents in Germany have to be reported. Information on 409 accidents was collected and analysed for the period 1997–1999.

Results:There was a substantial decrease in reported accidents (166 in 1997; 127 in 1998; 116 in 1999). The number of accidents resulting in spinal injuries was 62 in 1997, 42 in 1998, and 38 in 1999. The most common cause of accident was deflation of the glider (32.5%), followed by oversteering (13.9%), collision with obstacles (12.0%), take off errors (10.3%), landing errors (13.7%), misjudgment of weather conditions (4.9%), unsatisfactory preflight checks (4.9%), mid-air collisions with other flyers (2.2%), accidents during winching (2.2%), and defective equipment (0.5%). Accidents predominantly occurred in mountain areas. Fewer than 100 flights had been logged for 40% of injured pilots. In a total of 39 accidents in which emergency parachutes were used, 10 pilots were seriously injured (26%) and an additional three were killed (8%).

Conclusions:Injuries in paragliding caused by unpredictable situations can be minimised by (a) using safer gliders in the beginner or intermediate category, (b) improving protection systems, such as padded back protection, and (c) improving pilot skills through performance and safety training.
Fatigue is not a necessary stimulus for strength gains during resistance training
Authors: Folland J P , Irish C S , Roberts J C , Tarr J E , Jones D A
Published: September 2002

Background:High resistance training enhances muscular strength, and recent work has suggested an important role for metabolite accumulation in this process.

Objective:To investigate the role of fatigue and metabolite accumulation in strength gains by comparing highly fatiguing and non-fatiguing isotonic training protocols.

Methods:Twenty three healthy adults (18–29 years of age; eight women) were assigned to either a high fatigue protocol (HF: four sets of 10 repetitions with 30 seconds rest between sets) to maximise metabolic stress or a low fatigue protocol (LF: 40 repetitions with 30 seconds between each repetition) to minimise changes. Subjects lifted on average 73% of their 1 repetition maximum through the full range of knee extension with both legs, three times a week. Quadriceps isometric strength of each leg was measured at a knee joint angle of 1.57 rad (90°), and a Cybex 340 isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the angle-torque and torque-velocity relations of the non-dominant leg.

Results:At the mid-point of the training, the HF group had 50% greater gains in isometric strength, although this was not significant (4.5 weeks: HF, 13.3 (4.4)%; LF, 8.9 (3.6)%). This rate of increase was not sustained by the HF group, and after nine weeks of training all the strength measurements showed similar improvements for both groups (isometric strength: HF, 18.2 (3.9)%; LF, 14.5 (4.0)%). The strength gains were limited to the longer muscle lengths despite training over the full range of movement.

Conclusions:Fatigue and metabolite accumulation do not appear to be critical stimuli for strength gain, and resistance training can be effective without the severe discomfort and acute physical effort associated with fatiguing contractions.
Muscle dysmorphia: a new syndrome in weightlifters
Authors: Choi P Y L , Pope H G , Olivardia R
Published: September 2002

Recently more men have reported a desire for larger, more muscular bodies. Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is a new syndrome in which individuals (usually men), although highly muscular, have a pathological belief that they are of very small musculature. As more men are motivated to take up training with weights in order to develop greater musculature, more cases of MD are likely to be encountered. A greater understanding and awareness of the syndrome are therefore needed. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate perceptions of physical self in male weightlifters, one group with MD (n = 24) and one without (n = 30). Between group comparisons were made using the multidimensional body-self relations questionnaire. The findings confirm the nature of the disorder in that those with MD syndrome have poorer body image and are less happy with their bodies. Moreover, in addition to a desire for greater muscularity, they are very concerned not to gain fat. The results also suggest that future research into perceptions of specific body parts and health is warranted.
Laparoscopic treatment of an isolated gallbladder rupture following blunt abdominal trauma in a schoolboy rugby player
Authors: Kohler R , Millin R , Bonner B , Louw A
Published: September 2002

Laparoscopic treatment of an isolated gallbladder rupture in a schoolboy rugby player resulting from blunt abdominal trauma has not previously been reported. A case report of this rare occurrence is presented together with a brief review of the literature.
Dorsal hamatometacarpal fracture-dislocation in a gymnast
Authors: Syed A A , Agarwal M , Giannoudis P V , Matthews S J E
Published: September 2002

A rare case of unstable hamatometacarpal joint fracture-dislocation in a gymnast is presented. It was treated conservatively with successful outcome.
Les erratiques de dolomie à Rivière-Blanche, côte sud de l'estuaire maritime du Saint-Laurent : un indicateur de transport glaciaire et glaciel
Authors: Dionne Jean-Claude
Published: September 2002

At Rivière-Blanche, a locality on the south shore of the lower St. Lawrence estuary, the clayey and rocky shore zone is largely covered by stones of various sizes and lithologies, from local and far-distant sources. A survey exceeding 31 000 boulders indicates that 31% are Precambrian clasts (granite, gneiss, anorthosite, etc.) from the Canadian Shield located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, 40 km from Rivière-Blanche, and 69% are Appalachian lithologies, mainly (45%) sandstone and graywacke. There are also 1.5% of dolostone erratics, a lithology not widespread in the Canadian Shield nor in the Appalachians. Of the 1242 clasts of the various varieties of dolostone erratics observed, the grey coral (Cladopora) dolostone erratics are restricted to the Rivière-Blanche area, whereas many other varieties are common to both shores of the St. Lawrence estuary. The most likely far-distance source is the Proterozoic Mistassini sedimentary basin, while a few varieties such as the coral dolostone erratics are from the Appalachian Siluro-Devonian formations, of which the nearest outcrops are located in the northwestern area of Lake Matapedia, 2530 km south of Rivière-Blanche. Whatever their source, the dolostone erratics were first transported by a late Wisconsinian regional ice stream before being released by icebergs in the Goldthwait Sea. The coral dolostone (Clapodora) erratics provide additional evidence for a northward ice flow between Lake Matapedia and Rivière-Blanche during an early phase of deglaciation of the St. Lawrence Valley after the formation of an Appalachian ice divide located approximately at the latitude of Lac-au-Saumon.
Flank collapse at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, recorded by volcanic mass-flow deposits in the Copper River lowland
Authors: Waythomas Christopher F , Wallace Kristi L
Published: September 2002

An areally extensive volcanic mass-flow deposit of Pleistocene age, known as the Chetaslina volcanic mass-flow deposit, is a prominent and visually striking deposit in the southeastern Copper River lowland of south-central Alaska. The mass-flow deposit consists of a diverse mixture of colorful, variably altered volcanic rocks, lahar deposits, glaciolacustrine diamicton, and till that record a major flank collapse on the southwest flank of Mount Wrangell. The deposit is well exposed near its presumed source, and thick, continuous, stratigraphic exposures have permitted us to study its sedimentary characteristics as a means of better understanding the origin, significance, and evolution of the deposit. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow in the Chetaslina River drainage are primary debris-avalanche deposits and consist of two principal facies types, a near-source block facies and a distal mixed facies. The block facies is composed entirely of block-supported, shattered and fractured blocks with individual blocks up to 40 m in diameter. The mixed facies consists of block-sized particles in a matrix of poorly sorted rock rubble, sand, and silt generated by the comminution of larger blocks. Deposits of the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow exposed along the Copper, Tonsina, and Chitina rivers are debris-flow deposits that evolved from the debris-avalanche component of the flow and from erosion and entrainment of local glacial and glaciolacustrine diamicton in the Copper River lowland. The debris-flow deposits were probably generated through mixing of the distal debris avalanche with the ancestral Copper River, or through breaching of a debris-avalanche dam across the ancestral river. The distribution of facies types and major-element chemistry of clasts in the deposit indicate that its source was an ancestral volcanic edifice, informally known as the Chetaslina vent, on the southwest side of Mount Wrangell. A major sector collapse of the Chetaslina vent initiated the Chetaslina volcanic mass flow forming a debris avalanche of about 4 km3 that subsequently transformed to a debris flow of unknown volume.
Tundra lakes and permafrost, Richards Island, western Arctic coast, Canada
Authors: Burn C R
Published: September 2002

Lakes, of average size 33 ha, occupy a quarter of the surface area of Richards Island, Northwest Territories. Most of the lakes have a central pool deeper than the thickness of winter ice, and many have prominent, shallow, littoral terraces. The relatively warm lake bottoms cause considerable disturbance to the surrounding continuous permafrost. Water and lake-bottom temperatures, the configuration of permafrost, and active-layer thickness were measured at a tundra lake between 1992 and 1997. The lake is oval, 1.6 km long, 800 m wide, and as deep as 13 m. Sandy terraces, covered by less than 1 m of water, extend over 100 m from the shore. The terraces are underlain by permafrost, which terminates almost vertically at their edge. The annual mean temperature measured at lake bottom in the central pool ranged between 1.5°C and 4.8°C, depending on depth, and between 0.2°C and 5°C on the terraces, due to differences in snow cover and proximity to the central pool. In consequence, the temperature of permafrost at 7 m depth in the terraces also varied, from 2°C near shore to 5°C in mid-terrace. The active layer in the terraces was uniformly 1.4 m deep. Geothermal modelling of talik configuration indicates that there is no permafrost beneath the central pool of the lake. The modelling indicates that, under equilibrium conditions, about one quarter of the lakes on Richards Island have taliks that penetrate permafrost, and at least 1015% of the island is underlain by talik. Short-term climatic changes predicted for the region imply a small increase in summer lake-water temperature and an extension of the open-water season, accompanied by thicker snow cover in winter. Following such changes, with longer freeze-up and warmer terrace temperatures in winter, permafrost may not be sustainable in the lake terraces.
Stratigraphy, structure, and geochronology of the Anyox Pendant, northwest British Columbia, and implications for mineral exploration
Authors: Evenchick Carol A , McNicoll Vicki J
Published: September 2002

Anyox Pendant contains complexly deformed greenschist-facies volcanic strata overlain by a thick succession of turbidite sedimentary rocks. At the contact between the two are well-studied copper-rich volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits; however the age and correlation of the volcanic strata, including the ore horizon, are poorly known. New stratigraphic, structural, and geochronology studies elucidate the regional stratigraphic, tectonic, and metallogenic settings and significance of these strata. The thick turbidite succession is correlated with Bowser Lake Group and conformably overlies the volcanic succession. Volcanogenic units include pillowed basalt, volcaniclastic rocks, chlorite phyllite, tuffaceous siltstone, and abundant gabbroic sills and dykes. Strained leucocratic intrusions yielded UPb zircon crystallization ages of 176.9 ± 0.2 Ma and 185.6 ± 0.3 Ma. Volcaniclastic rocks yielded detrital zircons that constrain the maximum ages of the volcanic succession. The youngest zircon grains from four samples in different structural segments limit strata to younger than ca. 186 Ma, ca. 178 Ma, ca. 183 Ma, and ca. 186 Ma. The results, combined with the regional oldest age limit of Bowser Lake Group, constrain the volcanic succession to late Early Jurassic(?) and early Middle Jurassic age, and support correlation with Hazelton Group of Stikinia. Furthermore, they enable comparisons with the coeval Au-Ag-rich stratiform Eskay Creek deposit, expanding southward the zone of extension in western Stikinia, which tapped primitive mafic magmas and accompanied the last vestiges of Stikinian volcanism in the early Middle Jurassic.
Chronology of Devonian to early Carboniferous rifting and igneous activity in southern Magdalen Basin based on U-Pb (zircon) dating
Authors: Dunning Greg R , Barr Sandra M , Giles Peter S , McGregor D Colin , Pe-Piper Georgia , Piper David JW
Published: September 2002

Fifteen UPb (zircon) radiometric age determinations have been made on igneous rocks of Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous age from the southern margin of the Magdalen basin in Cape Breton Island and northern mainland Nova Scotia. Volcanic rocks interbed with early rift-basin sedimentary rocks with some palynological biostratigraphy; dated intrusive rocks cut these sedimentary units. Our biostratigraphically constrained ages are in close agreement with the current Devonian time scale. Combined with previously published data, the age determinations show that igneous activity occurred in four pulses: Middle Devonian (390385 Ma), early Late Devonian (375370 Ma), latest Devonian to early Tournaisian (365354 Ma), and late Tournaisian to early Visean (ca. 339 Ma). Middle Devonian (385389 Ma) volcanic rocks are confined to the Guysborough Group. The Fisset Brook Formation (basalt and minor rhyolite) in the type area and elsewhere in Cape Breton Island and northern mainland Nova Scotia is Late Devonian (ca. 373 Ma), whereas the biostratigraphically distinct succession at Lowland Cove is younger (365 Ma). These Late Devonian rocks are synchronous with plutonism in the Cape Breton Highlands and the Meguma terrane. In the Cobequid Highlands, rhyolite of the Fountain Lake Group was synchronous with Horton Group deposition and with widespread granite plutons (362358 Ma) emplaced during shear on the Cobequid fault zone. The overlying Diamond Brook Formation basalts are slightly younger (355 Ma). Late Tournaisian  early Visean mafic intrusions and minor basalt occur along the Cobequid  Chedabucto fault zone and in a belt from southern New Brunswick through Prince Edward Island to southwestern Cape Breton Island.
Stratigraphy and structure of Pleistocene collapse in the Regina Low, Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Christiansen E A , Sauer E Karl
Published: September 2002

The Regina Low is a collapse structure, formed as a result of dissolution of salt from the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In this study, collapse has affected the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale and the Ardkenneth and Snakebite members of the Bearpaw Formation of the Montana Group; the Mennon, Dundurn, and Warman formations of the Sutherland Group; and the Floral and Battleford formations of the Saskatoon Group. A structural closure of 125175 m approximates the thickness of the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In the Early Pleistocene, about 54 m of collapse took place in eastern Regina accounting for the preservation of Snakebite Member. Major collapses of about 58 and 86 m took place in northern Regina during deposition of Middle Pleistocene, pre-Illinoian Dundurn Formation. The final major collapse of about 127 m took place in northeastern Regina between deposition of the lower and upper tills of the Floral Formation. Eighty-seven metres of this collapse took place during deposition of the Late Pleistocene, interglacial, Sangamon Pasqua Member of the Floral Formation. The Pleistocene fill in the Regina Low collapse structure suggests that collapse took place when dissolution of salt from the Prairie Evaporite Formation was accelerated by high hydraulic gradients created by the surcharge pressures of the glaciers.
Captorhinus magnus, a new captorhinid (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma, with new evidence on the homology of the astragalus
Authors: Kissel Richard A , Dilkes David W , Reisz Robert R
Published: September 2002

The new species of single tooth-rowed captorhinid reptile Captorhinus magnus n. sp. from the Lower Permian fissure fillings at Richards Spur, Oklahoma differs from Captorhinus aguti in body size and dental and femoral morphology. Linear measurements of fully mature C. magnus elements range in size from 1.5 to 2.3 times as great as those of C. aguti, and the proximal articular surface of the femur, which is convex in C. aguti, is concave throughout ontogeny. C. magnus possesses ogival cheek teeth aligned in a single row, indicating that ogival dentition can no longer be considered unique to C. aguti. A phylogenetic analysis of captorhinid interrelationships indicates that C. aguti and C. magnus form a clade that possesses a sister-group relationship with Captorhinus laticeps. Incompletely ossified astragali referred to C. magnus provide unequivocal evidence that the astragalus of Captorhinus formed through the fusion of three, originally separate ossifications, the tibiale, intermedium, and proximal centrale, rather than from a single ossification center. At the Richards Spur locality, C. magnus is the most abundant Captorhinus species produced from the deeper, stratigraphically lower sediments of the quarry. It is rare, however, in the uppermost, presumably younger deposits, where C. aguti represents the most numerous Richards Spur captorhinid.
Post-Taconian shortening, inversion and strike slip in the Stephenville area, western Newfoundland Appalachians
Authors: Palmer Sarah E , Waldron John W.F , Skilliter D M
Published: September 2002

Deformed terrigenous and carbonate sedimentary rocks representing the early Paleozoic Laurentian continental margin form a series of elongate, fault-bounded blocks that plunge north beneath the Humber Arm Allochthon in the Stephenville area, west Newfoundland Appalachians. The continental shelf succession was folded and thrust-faulted after emplacement of the Humber Arm Allochthon. In the west of the area, Table Mountain is cut by a "pop-up" structure bounded by downward-converging reverse faults. Structures at the east margin of Table Mountain indicate both dextral and reverse slip. The Phillips Brook Structure, farther east, contains multiple, fault-bounded carbonate slices; one slice, carried by the West Blanche Brook fault, is thrust over the Humber Arm Allochthon. The western edge of the Indian Head massif, consisting of Grenville basement, is also a thrust contact. These reverse faults and thrusts, which cut the carbonate succession and postdate emplacement of the Humber Arm Allochthon, are in turn overprinted by structures formed during dextral strike-slip motion. Unconformable Early Carboniferous cover postdates most of the deformation. Cross-sections indicate shortening of a few kilometres, and basement was clearly involved in the deformation. The Port au Port Peninsula, immediately to the west, records a history of Acadian inversion of Taconian basins. The prevalence of pop-up structures and mappable variations within the stratigraphic units forming the top of the carbonate succession indicate that a complex geometry of Taconian horsts and grabens was inverted during post-Taconian (?Acadian) shortening and dextral strike-slip motion. These relationships suggest a variety of attractive targets in petroleum exploration.
Baltica-Laurentia link during the Mesoproterozoic: 1.27 Ga development of continental basins in the Sveconorwegian Orogen, southern Norway
Authors: Bingen Bernard , Mansfeld Joakim , Sigmond Ellen MO , Stein Holly
Published: September 2002

Recent models suggest that Laurentia and Baltica were contiguous during the Mesoproterozoic and shared a long-lived active continental margin, subsequently reworked during the Grenvillian orogeny. Around 1.25 Ga, the geological record is dominated by dyke-swarm intrusion, continental rift basin formation, A-type felsic magmatism, and arc  back-arc basin development. It points to a dominantly extensional tectonic regime over most of the craton and the Grenvillian margin, suggesting a retreating subduction boundary at that time. In the westernmost allochthonous domain of the Sveconorwegian Orogen, southern Norway, the SæsvatnValldal supracrustal sequences are interpreted as rift or pull-apart basins. They formed at and after 1.27 Ga, in a continental setting, at the margin of Baltica. This interpretation is based on geological, geochemical, and new secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon UPb data. A subvolcanic quartz porphyry at the base of the Sæsvatn sequence yields a 1275 ± 8 Ma intrusion age. Metarhyolite samples in the lower part of the sequences yield equivalent extrusion ages of 1264 ± 4 Ma (Sæsvatn sequence) and 1260 ± 8 Ma (Valldal sequence). The metarhyolite units are overlain by sequences of metabasalt and metasandstone. An angular unconformity between the metarhyolites and overlying rocks is locally observed and possibly reflects rift tectonics during formation of the basin. A sample of arkosic metasandstone at the top of the exposed Sæsvatn sequence yields a few Archaean detrital zircon grains and a large spectrum of 2.21.2 Ga Proterozoic grains. These data point to a varied continental provenance and constrain sedimentation to later than 1211 ± 18 Ma.
Determination of nearshore geologic structure off western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, using high-resolution marine magnetics
Authors: Dehler Sonya A , Potter D Patrick
Published: September 2002

New high-resolution magnetic data have been acquired along the coast of western Cape Breton Island near Cheticamp, Nova Scotia, in a transition zone between exposed, elevated basement of the Cape Breton highlands and the adjacent Carboniferous sediment-filled Magdalen Basin. These data were collected to provide continuity between the mapped onshore geology and the geophysical-based interpretations of offshore structure. Separation of the geologic component of the data from the effects of diurnal and other variations in the Earth's magnetic field was made difficult by recording problems at the nearby base recording station. Careful correlation of the fragmented station signal with records from a nearby permanent magnetic observatory enabled a reasonable diurnal signal to be synthesized and applied successfully to the data. Additional processing and filtering helped to enhance small anomalies in the data. Several low-amplitude, fairly linear magnetic anomalies are visible in the reduced anomaly data, generally trending north to northwest away from the coastline. Small-amplitude lineations in the offshore at Cheticamp are associated with folded, tilted, or faulted strata imaged on coincident seismic reflection data and are interpreted as representing juxtaposed units of Carboniferous strata. Other small anomalies appear to represent shallow contacts between intrusive or metasedimentary rocks visible in outcrops near the coast. A stronger, coast-parallel anomaly that extends across the study area from a regional magnetic high in the north is coincident with an offset in basement rocks or deeper strata beneath Carboniferous basin fill. This anomaly may mark part of the faulted transition zone between the elevated highlands of northwestern Cape Breton Island and the Magdalen Basin depocentre.