bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Índios e camponeses: antes, durante e depois da Guerrilha do Araguaia
Authors: Peixoto Rodrigo
Published: August 2016

No Bico do Papagaio, as violências cometidas contra índios e camponeses não se iniciaram com a repressão à guerrilha. Contudo, o governo deu caráter oficial a abusos tradicionais, que cresceram em escala e desceram a níveis abomináveis. Na ditadura, as práticas dos agentes da repressão não reconheciam direitos humanos e a confiança na impunidade dava margem a violações e sujeições vis. Movido pela doutrina da segurança nacional, o governo via o movimento camponês como ameaça comunista.
Sermões e pregação no Ocidente medieval (Séculos IV-VI): aspectos conceituais e metodológicos
Authors: Silva Paulo Duarte
Published: August 2016

Neste artigo discutimos algumas das inovações conceituais e metodológicas referentes ao estudo dos sermões medievais produzidas nas últimas décadas, atentando ao fato de que a maior parte das pesquisas desconsidera o período nomeado como Alta Idade Média (séculos V-X). Assim, ao elencarmos as principais questões advindas destas recentes contribuições, consideramos tais reflexões à luz dos escritos de pregadores do período comumente relegado, notadamente Cesário de Arles.
Federalização da fronteira: a criação e o primeiro governo do Amapá (1930-1956)
Authors: Lobato Sidney da Silva
Published: August 2016

Neste texto, analisamos o processo de redivisão territorial do Brasil que resultou na criação do Amapá e o projeto modernizador do primeiro governador deste Território Federal. Nas décadas de 1930 e 1940, o otimismo nacionalista e o intervencionismo estatal ensejaram a rápida efetivação de ações ligadas à segurança nacional e à reorganização das populações da Amazônia, segundo a racionalidade técnica. A criação do Amapá foi uma destas ações e era o objetivo do seu primeiro governo incutir no “caboclo” uma nova ética, a ética do trabalho.
A marcha do café no Sul de Minas, décadas de 1880-1920: Alfenas, Guaxupé, Machado e Três Pontas
Authors: Martins Marcos Lobato
Published: August 2016

Em perspectiva comparativa, este artigo analisa a marcha da cafeicultura em quatro municípios do Sul de Minas Gerais na passagem para o século XX, ocupando-se com a descrição dos padrões de crescimento dos cafezais e dos negócios cafelistas. Conclui-se que a especialização produtiva no café assumiu ritmos diferentes. A investigação utiliza fontes diversas, especialmente registros fiscais, relatórios governamentais e matérias publicadas pela imprensa da época.
Outros anões sobre os ombros de gigantes: o questionamento da ruptura entre locais destinados à formação do saber (séculos XI e XII)
Authors: Lanzieri Júnior Carlile
Published: August 2016

A meta deste artigo é propor novas análises acerca das práticas pedagógicas comuns a escolas monásticas e escolas das catedrais urbanas nos séculos XI e XII, assim como suas raízes clássicas. Marcada mais por trocas e semelhanças que por conflitos e rupturas, essas práticas fundamentaram o conhecimento produzido nos últimos séculos da Idade Média. Nossas referências serão a crítica historiográfica e a investigação das fontes primárias.
RUST, Leandro Duarte. A Reforma Papal (1050-1150): trajetórias e críticas de uma história. Cuiabá: EdUFMT, 2013.
Authors: Madureira Natalia Dias
Published: August 2016

Resenha da obra.
A correspondência de Augustin-Louis Frélaut durante a intervenção francesa no México (1862-1867)
Authors: Soares Gabriela Pellegrino
Published: August 2016

Este artigo analisará as cartas escritas pelo zouave Augustin-Louis Frélaut a seu irmão Fortuné durante a viagem e permanência no México, entre 1862 e 1867, como integrante da expedição militar enviada ao país por Napoleón III. Frélaut partiu da Argélia rumo ao porto de Veracruz em princípios de julho de 1862. Suas cartas contêm relatos vívidos sobre as experiências que tiveram lugar, nos anos seguintes, em solo americano. Pretendo discutir, em particular, as práticas, os recursos e as percepções marcadas no corpus de correspondências acerca do tempo dos deslocamentos físicos, do transporte de bens e víveres, e da circulação de informações e de ideias. Ao mesmo tempo, almejo refletir sobre como as condições acima indicadas ajudaram a conformar o olhar de Frélaut sobre o México, assim como as posições que assumiu em face dos indígenas, das forças liberais, da Igreja, do imperador austríaco “aliado” e das políticas imperiais francesas no ultramar.
"Na trilha das tropas": Os charqueadores de Pelotas e suas estratégias para atuar nos mercados do gado vacum (Rio Grande do Sul, c. 1850 - c. 1890)
Authors: Vargas Jonas Moreira
Published: August 2016

O município de Pelotas foi o maior produtor de carne-seca do Império do Brasil, exportando o seu charque para o sudeste e o nordeste do país, onde o mesmo compunha parte fundamental da dieta dos escravos e das populações pobres litorâneas. O presente artigo estuda o funcionamento do comércio de gado bovino para o seu abate nas fábricas de charque pelotenses. Tratando-se de um mercado repleto de percalços, busco identificar como os proprietários destes estabelecimentos agiam para garantir bons lucros nas safras e que tipo de estratégias os mesmos realizavam para diminuir as inseguranças presentes em todas as etapas deste circuito mercantil.
Apresentação do dossiê temático
Authors: Bovo Cláudia Regina , Pinheiro Rossana Alves Baptista
Published: August 2016

Apresentação do dossiê temático "As faces do monaquismo ocidental"
Mosteiros, lugares de vida e espaço social: sobre a construção dos complexos monásticos no Ocidente Medieval
Authors: Lauwers Michel
Published: August 2016

A contribuição proposta consiste em um ensaio de síntese sobre o desenvolvimento, entre a Antiguidade Tardia e a Idade Média Central, de uma topografia monástica carac-terística de um mundo ocidental: ao recorrer aos dados monumentais, textuais e iconográ-ficos, nos interessaremos, ao mesmo tempo, pela gênese dos complexos monásticos, pelas práticas do espaço que induziram e pelas representações ou figuras que suscitaram. As pesquisas feitas depois de decênios, notadamente no domínio da arqueologia medieval, permitem, com efeito, apreender sob um novo olhar a história dos complexos monásticos. Nesta perspectiva, nos interrogaremos igualmente sobre as práticas rituais e sociais que são distribuídas no seio do espaço monástico.
Os Frades Dominicanos e o Mosteiro da Batalha: fontes para uma reconstituição histórica
Authors: Nascimento Renata Cristina de Sousa
Published: August 2016

Os primeiros conventos fundados pelos dominicanos na Península Ibérica refletem, em sua gênese, a importante influência que os Frades Pregadores iriam exercer nesta região, tendo grande prestígio não somente entre a população mais pobre, mas também entre a corte portuguesa. Durante o início da Dinastia de Avis estes receberam de D. João I, em 1388, a administração do Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória, ou da Batalha, monumental conjunto arquitetônico, projeto de promoção internacional de uma imagem política. Para o estudo da presença dominicana na Batalha serão utilizadas como fontes a História de São Domingos, de Frei Luís de Sousa e a coletânea documental reunida por Saul Antônio Gomes, intitulada “Fontes Históricas e Artísticas do Mosteiro e da Vila da Batalha - Séculos XIV- XVI”, publicada em 2002.
Notas preliminares de uma pesquisa: vaqueiros e criadores de gado no sertão norte de Goiás (1889-1895)
Authors: Melo Rita Guimarães
Published: August 2016

Este artigo é resultado parcial de uma pesquisa que estamos realizando em fontes primárias e judiciais, documentos produzidos no norte de Goiás nos séculos XIX-XX. Nosso objetivo é analisar os conflitos entre roceiros, vaqueiros e criadores de gado desejosos de expandir seus domínios para a reprodução extensiva do gado. O processo crime analisado neste artigo trata do assassinato de um vaqueiro a mando de um criador de gado e comerciante conhecido na região como Canguçu.Palavras-chave: Vaqueiros; criadores de gado; fontes judiciais.
Violência na história, da história e para a história da formação de professoras/es: sexo, censura nas imagens publicadas de Theodore De Bry e a educação pública carioca
Authors: Soares Ana Carolina Eiras Coelho
Published: August 2016

Este artigo tem como foco a análise do tratamento dispensado à formação das/os professoras/es de História em uma situação política educacional peculiar e marcante no cenário do ensino de municipal carioca de História: o recolhimento de material didático, em 2009, previamente aprovado pelo MEC, a mando da SME, após “denúncias” feitas pela mídia e por pais sobre uma imagem de conteúdo impróprio para as crianças do 4º ano do ensino fundamental. É, no mínimo, um episódio inquietante para atuação dos/as Historiadoras/es.Palavras-chave: Ensino de História; educação pública; análise de imagens.
A Didática da História em fontes documentais relacionadas à formação de professores
Authors: Urban Ana Claudia
Published: August 2016

O texto tem a intenção de problematizar elementos acerca da formação de professores de História. As análises apresentadas intencionaram refletir sobre a constituição do código disciplinar da Didática da História, por meio da análise de fontes como: ementários de cursos de formação de professores, a legislação da década de 1960 e a atual diretriz do curso de formação de professores de História.  Estas fontes são consideradas os “textos visíveis” na esteira do pensamento de Fernandez Cuesta (1998).Palavras-chave: Didática da História; tormação de professores; ensino de história.
Formação de professores na licenciatura intercultural indígena: povo Potiguara e as disciplinas de história
Authors: Apolinário Juciene Ricarte
Published: August 2016

O artigo aborda, de forma reflexiva, a criação do Projeto Pedagógico do Curso de Licenciatura em Educação Indígena, UFCG – Povo Potiguara, especialmente no tocante às experiências das práticas pedagógicas das disciplinas de História do Brasil e História Indígena. O Projeto foi produzido coletivamente entre indígenas e professores da UFCG para a elaboração de uma proposta de educação superior intercultural, em destaque a formação do professor indígena na área de História.Palavras-chave: Licenciatura intercultural indígena; povo Potiguara; disciplinas de História
Entrevista com Jean-François Sirinelli
Authors: Rodrigues Cândido , Clavel Isabelle
Published: August 2016

Entrevista com Jean-François Sirinelli
Território e identidade em comunidade Quilombola no Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Roberto , De Almeida e Silva Tâmara , Barbosa de Moura Geraldo Jorge , Asevedo Costa Erika Maria
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho objetivou investigar a compreensão dos habitantes da comunidade Barrinha da Conceição-Juazeiro/BA sobre questões relativas à identidade e território, dentro da perspectiva da Ecologia Humana. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas e diálogos livres, além de revisão bibliográfica e documental. Embora não tenha sido constatado problema de ordem fundiária, Barrinha da Conceição, apresenta problemas estruturais e socioeconômicos comuns às comunidades negras no país.Palavras-chave: Povos tradicionais; políticas públicas; territorialidades.
Os conflitos no seio confraternal bracarense setecentista em torno da vivência da morte e do culto pelas almas do Purgatório
Authors: Ferraz Norberto Tiago
Published: August 2016

No século XVIII as confrarias bracarenses constituíam-se como atores intermediários fundamentais na relação entre o mundo dos vivos e o dos mortos. De facto, estas instituições acompanhavam os habitantes na hora da morte e celebravam missas pelas almas tendo em vista a sua libertação do Purgatório. Todavia, este relacionamento era por várias vezes perturbado pelos conflitos particulares e dificuldades sociais e económicas, que aqui pretendemos analisar e dar a conhecer ao leitor.Palavras-chave: Braga; conflitos; morte.
Os “povoadores” da Ilha de Santa Catarina: hierarquia social, trabalho livre e conflitos
Authors: Silva Augusto da
Published: August 2016

O artigo busca analisar o problema da condição dos “povoadores” da ilha de Santa Catarina, maioria dos quais oriundos dos arquipélagos de Açores e da Madeira, a cerca de suas posições na hierarquia social e dos regimes de trabalho a que foram submetidos nesse estabelecimento na segunda metade do século XVIII. Procura compreender a resistência oferecida por eles às políticas governamentais portuguesas de confisco de suas produções agrícolas e da imposição de trabalhos braçais no contexto da lógica escravista colonial.Palavras-chave: Ilha de Santa Catarina; hierarquia social; trabalho livre.
O Colégio Jesuíta da Bahia e a formação de círculos letrados nas duas últimas décadas do século XVI. Os casos de Bento Teixeira e Bartolomeu Fragoso
Authors: Santos de Souza Juarlyson Jhones
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho tem como objetivo historicizar as formas de transmissão da cultura letrada na América portuguesa durante a segunda metade do século XVI. A difusão da cultura escrita e letrada ocorria por meio dos Colégios Jesuítas, principais instituições responsáveis pela formação de letrados na sociedade colonial. Tais Colégios se encontravam em processo de estruturação durante os Quinhentos, seu momento inicial. Com base principalmente na documentação inquisitorial e na documentação jesuítica, pretendemos analisar as práticas culturais que poderiam definir sujeitos como Bento Teixeira e Bartolomeu Fragoso, estudantes do Colégio da Bahia, como homens de letras no contexto específico da sociedade colonial.Palavras-chave: Letrados; colégios jesuítas; Bento Teixeira; Bartolomeu Fragoso.
Imigração e garimpo, emigração e remessas: dois pilares da economia da Guiana
Authors: Corbin Hisakhana P. , Aragón Luis E.
Published: August 2016

Este artigo discute os processos de imigração e emigração da Guiana, ou ex-Guiana Britânica, e seus impactos na economia do país. Conclui-se que a economia do país tornou-se dependente, em grande medida, da produção de ouro, realizada principalmente por garimpeiros brasileiros, e das remessas monetárias e não monetárias transferidas do exterior pela diáspora guianesa. A análise é feita na base de revisão bibliográfica e em levantamentos de campo realizados na Guiana em 2006 e 2011. O artigo também analisa a vulnerabilidade da economia do país face à dependência da produção mineral e das remessas e aponta medidas propostas pelo governo para mitigar a situação.Palavras-chave: Guiana; migração; remessas.
Trocas e intercâmbios culturais: uma abordagem etnográfica das festas de forró e reggae na transfronteira Brasil (Bonfim) / Guiana (Lethem)
Authors: De Meneses Antonio Vaz , Rodrigues Francilene Dos Santos , Vale Ana Lia Farias
Published: August 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo a compreensão dos processos de trocas culturais, em especial, das festas realizadas no espaço transfronteiriço do Brasil (Bonfim) e Lethem (Guiana). Essa fronteira constitui-se em um espaço de múltiplas culturas e, consequentemente, lugar de contatos, trocas, negociações e ressignificação de elementos culturais. A República Cooperativa da Guiana é um país multiétnico constituído por afro-guianenses, hindu-guianenses, chineses, europeus e indígenas. Na transfronteira esse universo de multiplicidade étnica da Guiana (Lethem), soma-se ao contato, principalmente, desde o século XX de brasileiros de todas as regiões do Brasil e uma marcada influência das etnias Wapichana e Macuxi que, ocupam os dois territórios nacionais.Palavras-chave: Cultura; festas; fronteira.
Pensando memória ambiental e paisagens transformadas no sul do Brasil: os suábios do Danúbio na Mata Atlântica
Authors: Gärtner Monique , Klanovicz Jo
Published: August 2016

O artigo discute o processo de colonização de imigrantes suábios do Danúbio no sul do Brasil a partir de uma leitura de história ambiental sobre a transformação das paisagens da Mata Atlântica do estado do Paraná. No Brasil, tiveram que negociar a identidade também a partir das condições naturais regionais. Para isso utilizaram discursos técnicos para definir-se como representantes da agricultura moderna. A pesquisa fez uso de relatos técnicos, imagens e outros documentos produzidos pelos imigrantes.Palavras-chave: história das paisagens; sul do Brasil; Suábios do Danúbio; agricultura moderna; história ambiental.
Francisco de Assis: mestre dos animais, exemplo dos homens
Authors: Gonçalves Rafael Afonso
Published: August 2016

São abundantes as passagens sobre os encontros entre Francisco de Assis e os animais nos escritos daqueles que, como Tomás de Celano e Boaventura, se propuseram narrar a vida do santo. Tendo em conta a importância das hagiografias para a promoção de um programa de princípios adotado pela ordem religiosa fundada por ele, bem como para disseminação de seus exemplos, o objetivo deste artigo é examinar escritos sobre a vida de Francisco nos quais os animais são tratados para refletir sobre as virtudes, a obediência a Deus e a fraternidade.Palavras-chave: São Francisco de Assis; animais; hagiografias.
Behaviour of electron content in the ionospheric D-region during solar X-ray flares
Authors: Todorovic-Drakul M. , Cadez V.M. , Bajcetic J. , Popovic L.C. , Blagojevic D. , Nina A.
Published: August 2016

One of the most important parameters in ionospheric plasma research, also
having a wide practical application in wireless satellite
telecommunications, is the total electron content (TEC) representing the
columnal electron number density. The F-region with high electron density
provides the biggest contribution to TEC while the relatively weakly ionized
plasma of the D-region (60 km { 90 km above Earth's surface) is often
considered as a negligible cause of satellite signal disturbances. However,
sudden intensive ionization processes, like those induced by solar X-ray
flares, can cause relative increases of electron density that are
significantly larger in the D-region than in regions at higher altitudes.
Therefore, one cannot exclude a priori the D-region from investigations of
ionospheric influences on propagation of electromagnetic signals emitted by
satellites. We discuss here this problem which has not been sufficiently
treated in literature so far. The obtained results are based on data
collected from the D-region monitoring by very low frequency radio waves and
on vertical TEC calculations from the Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) signal analyses, and they show noticeable variations in the
D-region's electron content (TECD) during activity of a solar X-ray ?are (it
rises by a factor of 136 in the considered case) when TECD contribution to
TEC can reach several percent and which cannot be neglected in practical
applications like global positioning procedures by satellites.
Forecasting Taxes: New Evidence from Analysts
Authors: Bratten Brian , Gleason Cristi A. , Larocque Stephannie A. , Mills Lillian F.
Published: August 2016

We provide new evidence about how analysts incorporate and improve on management ETR forecasts. Quarterly ETR reporting under the integral method provides mandatory point-estimate forecasts by management, but firms must record certain “discrete” tax items fully in the quarter in which they occur, polluting these forecasts. We investigate management ETR accuracy, analysts' decisions to mimic management's estimate, analysts' accuracy relative to each other or to management, and dispersion. Our comprehensive analysis reveals that analysts deviate from management more and are more accurate relative to management as complexity increases, with real effects on EPS accuracy and dispersion. In contrast to prior research that analysts ignore or are confused by taxes, we provide evidence that analysts pay attention to taxes and improve on management estimates. Based on our evidence that management's quarterly ETRs have less predictive value in the presence of discrete items, we suggest standard-setters reexamine the discrete item exception to require more disclosure.
Product Market Competition and Managerial Disclosure of Earnings Forecasts: Evidence from Import Tariff Rate Reductions
Authors: Huang Ying , Jennings Ross , Yu Yong
Published: August 2016

This study examines the effect of product market competition on managerial disclosure of earnings forecasts using large reductions in U.S. import tariff rates to identify an exogenous increase in competition for domestic firms in U.S. product markets. Our difference-in-differences estimations show that tariff reductions are associated with a significant decrease in management forecasts of annual earnings by U.S. domestic firms. Further, this decrease is more pronounced when the tariff rate reduction triggers a greater increase in imports and when the forecasts are likely to incur higher proprietary costs. Our findings are consistent with competition from existing rivals reducing voluntary disclosure through increased proprietary costs.
Domestic Asset Tracing: Identifying, Locating and Freezing Stolen and Hidden Assets
Authors: Pacini Carl J. , Hopwood William S. , Sinclair Debra T.
Published: August 2016

The rate of recovery of stolen and hidden assets from fraud and other schemes is low. This paper explores two steps of the investigative sequence in pursuing domestic (onshore) asset recovery when the objective is to recover specific assets (or their equivalent value) lost to fraud or hidden for some other purpose: asset identification and location (tracing) and asset freezing. Before pursuing asset tracing and freezing, an attorney, a forensic accountant, and a client must consider various factors, including the cost and likelihood of recovery, as well as whether there are third parties (e.g., banks, lawyers, and accountants) from whom recovery may be sought. It is necessary to obtain certain basic identifying information for any suspect or target, as well as their associates, relatives, and friends. This information can be gleaned from electronic databases, surveillance, covert operations, interviews, and other sources. This article also covers the places where assets can be hidden, as well as the various asset freezing measures available in the U.S., such as attachment, replevin, garnishment, lis pendens, and injunctions. Numerous useful websites and databases are noted throughout the paper (a list is available as a downloadable Word document, see Appendix A). The article concludes with an analysis of the importance of protecting the attorney-client privilege for a non-testifying forensic accountant.
Assessment of Metformin-Induced Changes in Cardiac and Hepatic Redox State Using Hyperpolarized[1-13C]Pyruvate
Authors: Lewis Andrew J.M. , Miller Jack J.J. , McCallum Chloe , Rider Oliver J. , Neubauer Stefan , Heather Lisa C. , Tyler Damian J.
Published: August 2016

Metformin improves cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, but its exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. We used hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine the effects of metformin treatment on heart and liver pyruvate metabolism in rats in vivo. Both oral treatment for 4 weeks and a single intravenous metformin infusion significantly increased the cardiac [1-13C]lactate:[1-13C]pyruvate ratio but had no effect on the [1-13C]bicarbonate + 13CO2:[1-13C]pyruvate ratio, an index of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux. These changes were paralleled by a significant increase in the heart and liver cytosolic redox state, estimated from the [lactate]:[pyruvate] ratio but not the whole-cell [NAD+]/[NADH] ratio. Hyperpolarized MRI localized the increase in cardiac lactate to the left ventricular myocardium, implying a direct myocardial effect, though metformin had no effect on systolic or diastolic cardiac function. These findings demonstrate the ability of hyperpolarized pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy to detect metformin-induced changes in cytosolic redox biology, suggest that metformin has a previously unrecognized effect on cardiac redox state, and help to refine the design of impending hyperpolarized magnetic resonance studies in humans.
Dapagliflozin Enhances Fat Oxidation and Ketone Production in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Daniele Giuseppe , Xiong Juan , Solis-Herrera Carolina , Merovci Aurora , Eldor Roy , Tripathy Devjit , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Norton Luke , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

Insulin resistance is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased ATP synthesis. Treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improves insulin sensitivity. However, recent reports have demonstrated development of ketoacidosis in subjects with T2DM treated with SGLT2i. The current study examined the effect of improved insulin sensitivity with dapagliflozin on 1) mitochondrial ATP synthesis and 2) substrate oxidation rates and ketone production.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The study randomized 18 individuals with T2DM to dapagliflozin (n = 9) or placebo (n = 9). Before and after 2 weeks, subjects received an insulin clamp with tritiated glucose, indirect calorimetry, and muscle biopsies.

RESULTS

Dapagliflozin reduced fasting plasma glucose (167 ± 13 to 128 ± 6 mg/dL) and increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal by 36% (P < 0.01). Glucose oxidation decreased (1.06 to 0.80 mg/kg ⋅ min, P < 0.05), whereas nonoxidative glucose disposal (glycogen synthesis) increased (2.74 to 4.74 mg/kg ⋅ min, P = 0.03). Dapagliflozin decreased basal glucose oxidation and increased lipid oxidation and plasma ketone concentration (0.05 to 0.19 mmol/L, P < 0.01) in association with an increase in fasting plasma glucagon (77 ± 8 to 94 ± 13, P < 0.01). Dapagliflozin reduced the ATP synthesis rate, which correlated with an increase in plasma ketone concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

Dapagliflozin improved insulin sensitivity and caused a shift from glucose to lipid oxidation, which, together with an increase in glucagon-to-insulin ratio, provide the metabolic basis for increased ketone production.
Toward Precision Medicine: TBC1D4 Disruption Is Common Among the Inuit and Leads to Underdiagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Manousaki Despoina , Kent Jack W. , Haack Karin , Zhou Sirui , Xie Pingxing , Greenwood Celia M. , Brassard Paul , Newman Deborah E. , Cole Shelley , Umans Jason G. , Rouleau Guy , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Richards J. Brent
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

A common nonsense mutation in TBC1D4 was recently found to substantially increase the odds of type 2 diabetes in Greenlandic Inuit, leading to exclusively increased postprandial glucose. We investigated the frequency and effect of the TBC1D4 mutation on glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes diagnosis among Canadian and Alaskan Inuit.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Exome sequencing of the TBC1D4 variant was performed in 114 Inuit from Nunavik, Canada, and Sanger sequencing was undertaken in 1,027 Alaskan Inuit from the Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaskan Natives (GOCADAN) Study. Association testing evaluated the effect of the TBC1D4 variant on diabetes-related metabolic traits and diagnosis.

RESULTS

The TBC1D4 mutation was present in 27% of Canadian and Alaskan Inuit. It was strongly associated with higher glucose (effect size +3.3 mmol/L; P = 2.5 x 10−6) and insulin (effect size +175 pmol/L; P = 0.04) 2 h after an oral glucose load in homozygote carriers. TBC1D4 carriers with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes had an increased risk of remaining undiagnosed unless postprandial glucose values were tested (odds ratio 5.4 [95% CI 2.5–12]) compared with noncarriers. Of carriers with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, 32% would remain undiagnosed without an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

CONCLUSIONS

Disruption of TBC1D4 is common among North American Inuit, resulting in exclusively elevated postprandial glucose. This leads to underdiagnosis of type 2 diabetes, unless an OGTT is performed. Accounting for genetic factors in the care of Inuit with diabetes provides an opportunity to implement precision medicine in this population.
Medical Care Costs Associated With Long-term Weight Maintenance Versus Weight Gain Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nichols Gregory A. , Bell Kelly , Kimes Teresa M. , O’Keeffe-Rosetti Maureen
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE

Weight loss is recommended for overweight patients with diabetes but avoidance of weight gain may be a more realistic goal. We calculated the 4-year economic impact of maintaining body weight versus gaining weight.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Among 8,154 patients with type 2 diabetes, we calculated weight change as the difference between the first body weight measure in 2010 and the last measure in 2013 and calculated mean glycated hemoglobin (A1C) from all measurements from 2010 to 2013. We created four analysis groups: weight change <5% and A1C <7%; weight gain ≥5% and A1C <7%; weight change <5% and A1C ≥7%; and weight gain ≥5% and A1C ≥7%. We compared change in medical costs between 2010 and 2013, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics.

RESULTS

Patients who maintained weight within 5% of baseline experienced a reduction in costs of about $400 regardless of A1C. In contrast, patients who gained ≥5% of baseline weight and had mean A1C ≥7% had an increase in costs of $1,473 (P < 0.001). Those who gained >5% of their baseline weight with mean A1C <7% had a modest increase in costs ($387, NS).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who gained at least 5% of their baseline body weight and did not maintain A1C <7% over 4 years experienced a 14% increase in medical costs, whereas those who maintained good glycemic control had a mean cost increase of 3.3%. However, patients who maintained weight within 5% of baseline had costs that were ∼5% lower than baseline. Avoidance of weight gain may reduce costs in the long-term.
Estimation of physical and mechanical properties of cohesive soil stabilized by hydratized lime addition
Authors: Sas Wojciech , Głuchowski Andrzej , Margielski Jarosław
Published: August 2016

Estimation of physical and mechanical properties of cohesive soil stabilized by hydratized lime addition. Process of chemical stabilization of cohesive soils influences its mechanical properties, also in the case of soil cohesion. Road constructions consist of few layers which have various mechanical properties and this creates the need for better understanding the impact of chemical stabilization on soil as a layer of road. For the purposes of this article, tests were carried out in order to establish physical and mechanical properties, especially the penetrating resistance CBR test. The main aim of this paper was to estimate the cohesion of the soil, which was sandy-silty clay stabilized with hydrated lime
Influence of the rotation of principal stress directions on undrained shear strength
Authors: Wrzesiński Grzegorz , Lechowicz Zbigniew
Published: August 2016

Influence of the rotation of principal stress directions on undrained shear strength. The paper presents the results of research on natural cohesive soil carried out in the Hollow Cylinder Apparatus (HCA). The main goal of this study was to determine the values of undrained shear strength at different angle of the rotation of principal stress directions. The research were carried out with anisotropic consolidation and shearing in undrained conditions (CAU) on cohesive soil with overconsolidation ratio (OCR) equals 4 and plasticity index (Ip) about 77%. The results of laboratory tests allow to assess the influence of the rotation of principal stress directions on undrained shear strength
Laboratory assessment of permeability of sand and biopolymer mixtures
Authors: Wiszniewski Mateusz , Skutnik Zdzislaw , Cabalar Ali Firat
Published: August 2016

Laboratory assessment of permeability of sand and biopolymer mixtures. This research presents a method of creating seepage barriers in a sandy soil using biopolymer additives (biosubstance), which consist of polysaccharides and water. Polysaccharides strongly interact with water to produce a viscous suspension. The paper aims to investigate the influence of a biosubstance employed in a highly permeable sandy soil. Amount of the biopolymer used in a sample were 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, by dry weight. The test results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity significantly decrease with the amount of biosubstance added but only slightly increase when curing time gets longer. It is thought that such application, which is a relatively new soil improvement technique, could be used as a seepage barrier installation required to protect some geotechnical works including foundation, underground structures and waste disposals
Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city
Authors: Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta , Rogula-Kupiec Patrycja , Mathews Barbara , Klejnowski Krzysztof
Published: August 2016

Effects of road traffic on the ambient concentrations of three PM fractions and their main components in a large Upper Silesian city. The study concerns the assessment of the traffic influence on the concentrations of three particulate matter (PM) fractions and their basic components. The PM samples were collected simultaneously at two receptors in Katowice. The measurement sites represented the so-called urban background and traffic points. The contents of the organic and elementary carbon as well as water- -soluble ions were determined in the samples. It has been observed that the traffic (car engines) pollution emissions enrich the submicron and fine PM particles with the elementary carbon at a typical urban background in southern Poland. On the other hand, the influence of the re-suspension of the road and soil dust, caused by traffic, on the concentrations and chemical composition is observed for the coarse PM fraction.
The epidemiology and transmissibility of Zika virus in Girardot and San Andres island, Colombia, September 2015 to January 2016
Authors: Rojas Diana Patricia , Dean Natalie E , Yang Yang , Kenah Eben , Quintero Juliana , Tomasi Simon , Ramirez Erika Lorena , Kelly Yendi , Castro Carolina , Carrasquilla Gabriel , Halloran M Elizabeth , Longini Ira M
Published: August 2016

Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) was first detected in Colombia in September 2015. As of April 2016, Colombia had reported over 65,000 cases of Zika virus disease (ZVD). We analysed daily surveillance data of ZVD cases reported to the health authorities of San Andres and Girardot, Colombia, between September 2015 and January 2016. ZVD was laboratory-confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the serum of acute cases within five days of symptom onset. We use daily incidence data to estimate the basic reproductive number (R0) in each population. We identified 928 and 1,936 reported ZVD cases from San Andres and Girardot, respectively. The overall attack rate for reported ZVD was 12.13 cases per 1,000 residents of San Andres and 18.43 cases per 1,000 residents of Girardot. Attack rates were significantly higher in females in both municipalities (p < 0.001). Cases occurred in all age groups with highest rates in 20 to 49 year-olds. The estimated R0 for the Zika outbreak was 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–1.74) in San Andres and 4.61 (95% CI: 4.11–5.16) in Girardot. Transmission of ZIKV is ongoing in the Americas. The estimated R0 from Colombia supports the observed rapid spread.
Enhanced surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection occurring outside hospital, England, 2011 to 2013
Authors: Fawley Warren N , Davies Kerrie A , Morris Trefor , Parnell Peter , Howe Robin , Wilcox Mark H ,   on behalf of the Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) Working Group
Published: August 2016

There are limited national epidemiological data for community-associated (CA)-Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). Between March 2011 and March 2013, laboratories in England submitted to the Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) up to 10 diarrhoeal faecal samples from successive patients with CA-CDI, defined here as C. difficile toxin-positive diarrhoea commencing outside hospital (or less than 48 hours after hospital admission), including those cases associated with community-based residential care, with no discharge from hospital within the previous 12 weeks. Patient demographics and C. difficile PCR ribotypes were compared for CA-CDIs in our study and presumed healthcare-associated (HA) CDIs via CDRN. Ribotype diversity indices, ranking and relative prevalences were very similar in CA- vs HA-CDIs, although ribotypes 002 (p ≤ 0.0001),020 (p = 0.009) and 056 (p < 0.0001) predominated in CA-CDIs; ribotype 027 (p = 0.01) predominated in HA-CDIs. Epidemic ribotypes 027 and 078 predominated in institutional residents with CDI (including care/nursing homes) compared with people with CDI living at home. Ribotype diversity decreased with increasing age in HA-CDIs, but not in CA-CDIs. Ribotype 078 CA-CDIs were significantly more common in elderly people (3.4% (6/174) vs 8.7% (45/519) in those aged < 65 and ≥ 65 years, respectively; p = 0.019). No antibiotics were prescribed in the previous four weeks in about twofold more CA-CDI vs HAs (38.6% (129/334) vs 20.3% (1,226/6,028); p < 0.0001). We found very similar ribotype distributions in CA- and HA-CDIs, although a few ribotypes significantly predominated in one setting. These national data emphasise the close interplay between, and likely common reservoirs for, CDIs, particularly when epidemic strains are not dominant.
High prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies among blood donors in central Italy, February to March 2014
Authors: Lucarelli Claudia , Spada Enea , Taliani Gloria , Chionne Paola , Madonna Elisabetta , Marcantonio Cinzia , Pezzotti Patrizio , Bruni Roberto , La Rosa Giuseppina , Pisani Giulio , Dell'Orso Luigi , Ragone Katia , Tomei Carla , Ciccaglione Anna Rita
Published: August 2016

Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies is highly variable in developed countries, which seems partly due to differences in assay sensitivity. Using validated sensitive assays, we tested 313 blood donors attending a hospital transfusion unit in central Italy in January and February 2014 for anti-HEV IgG and IgM and HEV RNA. Data on HEV exposure were collected from all donors. Overall anti-HEV IgG prevalence was 49% (153/313). Eating raw dried pig-liver sausage was the only independent predictor of HEV infection (adjusted prevalence rate ratio = 2.14; 95% confidence interval: 1.23–3.74). Three donors were positive for either anti-HEV IgM (n = 2; 0.6%) or HEV RNA (n = 2; 0.6%); they were completely asymptomatic, without alanine aminotransferase (ALT) abnormalities. Of the two HEV RNA-positive donors (both harbouring genotype 3), one was anti-HEV IgG- and IgM-positive, the other was anti-HEV IgG- and IgM-negative. The third donor was positive for anti-HEV IgG and IgM but HEV RNA-negative. HEV infection is therefore hyperendemic among blood donors (80% men 18–64 years-old) from central Italy and associated with local dietary habits. Nearly 1% of donors have acute or recent infection, implying potential transmission to blood recipients. Neither ALT nor anti-HEV IgM testing seems useful to prevent transfusion-transmitted HEV infection.
Influenza epidemiology, vaccine coverage and vaccine effectiveness in children admitted to sentinel Australian hospitals in 2014: the Influenza Complications Alert Network (FluCAN)
Authors: Blyth Christopher C , Macartney Kristine K , Hewagama Saliya , Senenayake Sanjaya , Friedman N. Deborah , Simpson Graham , Upham John , Kotsimbos Tom , Kelly Paul , Cheng Allen C
Published: August 2016

The Influenza Complications Alert Network (FluCAN) is a sentinel hospital-based surveillance programme operating in all states and territories in Australia. We summarise the epidemiology of children hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2014 and reports on the effectiveness of inactivated trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in children. In this observational study, cases were defined as children admitted with acute respiratory illness (ARI) with influenza confirmed by PCR. Controls were hospitalised children with ARI testing negative for influenza. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as 1 minus the odds ratio of vaccination in influenza positive cases compared with test-negative controls using conditional logistic regression models. From April until October 2014, 402 children were admitted with PCR-confirmed influenza. Of these, 28% were aged < 1 year, 16% were Indigenous, and 39% had underlying conditions predisposing to severe influenza. Influenza A was detected in 90% of cases of influenza; influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the most frequent subtype (109/141 of subtyped cases) followed by A(H3N2) (32/141). Only 15% of children with influenza received antiviral therapy. The adjusted VE of one or more doses of TIV for preventing hospitalised influenza was estimated at 55.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 11.6–77.6%). Effectiveness against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was high (91.6% , 95% CI: 36.0–98.9%) yet appeared poor against H3N2. In summary, the 2014 southern hemisphere TIV was moderately effective against severe influenza in children. Significant VE was observed against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
Hunting migratory geese: is there an optimal practice?
Authors: Jensen Gitte H⊘j , Madsen Jesper , Tombre Ingunn M.
Published: August 2016

Since the mid‐20th century, many European and North American goose populations have increased dramatically in numbers, causing conflict with agricultural interests in their staging and wintering areas. In some cases, to mitigate such impacts of rapid population increases, population control has been attempted by increasing harvest rate. In this study, we investigated how autumn‐staging pink‐footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus responded to hunting, with a view to determine hunting practice that would lead to an increase in the hunting bag. There was a significant increase in the distance between the hunting site and the goose flocks, on comparing goose distribution on the day before the hunt up to one day after the hunt. The effect was significant when at least 10 shots were fired per site but not when 1–10 shots were fired. The timing of shooting in relation to migratory phenology did not affect the time taken by the geese to return to the hunting site, but after a hunt in the early part of the staging season, the number of geese in the study area increased more rapidly than towards the end of the season. The maximum number of geese shot per hunting event was obtained when hunting events were separated by three days. Our results indicate that hunters can increase local harvest by temporal and spatial optimisation of practices. These results may be used as a tool in wider‐scale regional and international processes to regulate the population size of pink‐footed geese by shooting, depending on the willingness of landowners, hunters and managers to coordinate hunting practices.
Examining the use of fecal pellet morphometry to differentiate age classes in Sonoran pronghorn
Authors: Woodruff Susannah P. , Johnson Timothy R. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: August 2016

Wildlife managers require knowledge of population demographics, yet for low‐density, wide‐ranging species procuring demographic information is challenging. While accurate abundance estimates can be costly and difficult to obtain, recruitment and survival trends can be used as an alternative indicator of a population's trajectory. Physical capture has been the traditional practice for obtaining these demographic parameters, yet capture‐related stress can lead to reduced levels of fitness, impaired locomotion, or even mortality for some species. Thus, noninvasive sampling methods may provide an alternative to physical capture. Population monitoring of endangered Sonoran pronghorn Antilocapra americana sonoriensis is critical for assessing the success of recovery efforts, and monitoring annual survival and recruitment by age class would provide information on the trajectory of population growth. We measured noninvasively collected Sonoran pronghorn fecal pellets collected post‐fawning in Arizona, USA and matched to known age animals using fecal DNA genotyping to determine the feasibility of distinguishing age class by pellet dimensions. Based on cross‐validation with logistic regression predictive models, we estimated a 98% probability of correct classification of fawn versus yearling and fawn versus adult using pellet width as a single explanatory variable. We could not, however, distinguish between yearling and adult. We additionally evaluated our ability to classify age class of fecal pellets by visual assessment only, and this approach was unreliable. Thus, we recommend measuring pellets for more accurate age classification. This measurement method is simple, relatively inexpensive, and shows potential for use in wild populations of pronghorn to discriminate fawns from other age classes. When combined with individual identification using fecal DNA, this approach could provide better knowledge of recruitment and age‐specific survival for this and other species.
Using trail cameras to estimate free‐ranging domestic cat abundance in urban areas
Authors: Elizondo Elisa C. , Loss Scott R.
Published: August 2016

The domestic cat Felis catus is one of the most ecologically harmful invasive species on earth. Predation by free‐ranging cats poses a serious global threat to small vertebrates and is a leading source of anthropogenic mortality for birds and small mammals in North America. However, little is known about the size of cat populations, especially in urban areas where both cats and wildlife are abundant. Methods to quantify free‐ranging cat populations are needed to understand the magnitude of threats facing wildlife populations and to inform decisions about prioritizing conservation and cat population management. We assessed the utility of trail cameras and sight—resight analysis for estimating free‐ranging cat abundance in a small urban area (Stillwater, OK, USA). We also evaluated whether relationships exist between cat abundance and both urban development intensity and human population density. Even with relatively large cat populations, we identified the vast majority (∼96.5%) of individual cats in both day‐time and night‐time photos. We found no relationship between cat abundance and either urban development intensity or human population density. This finding combined with the large numbers of cats observed suggests that cats may be abundant in our study area regardless of urban context. Sampling freeranging cat populations across a broad range of urbanization intensities that capture a variety of human behaviors and/or cat management policies is needed to shed light on the drivers of cat population abundance. Trail cameras show promise as a highly useful tool for achieving this objective in the context of wildlife conservation management.