bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wychowanie katolickie w sytuacji pandemii koronawirusa (2020 r.) na przykładzie szkół i uczelni wyższych w Polsce
Authors:   Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie, Domaszk Arkadiusz
Published: May 2021

The Catholic Church carries out the mission of educating, among others, by schools and uni- versities. The coronavirus outbreak in 2020 disrupted the normal functioning of many institutions. The study presents Polish law guidelines concerning school and university education, especially in the context of the transition to online teaching due to sanitary restrictions. Subsequently, the study presents selected legal decisions and indications of the Catholic Church in Poland in an epidemic situation. Through the undertaken activities, the Church has shown its adaptive capacity as regards the pandemic. Internet communication tools were used in remote school and academic teaching.
Policy Interventions, Development Trends, and Service Innovations of Internet Hospitals in China: Documentary Analysis and Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Lai Yunfeng , Chen Shengqi , Li Meng , Ung Carolina Oi Lam , Hu Hao
Published: May 2021

Background

Internet hospitals have been encouraged by the Chinese government to develop an innovative medical service model that mainly uses new internet-based technologies to increase access to health care and improve the quality and efficiency of health care delivery. However, the academic exploration of the institutional and sectoral development of internet hospitals in China is scarce in the existing literature.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the policy interventions, development trends, and service innovations of internet hospitals in China. It is expected that the findings from this study will contribute to the further innovation of internet hospitals in China and provide references for the international development of internet hospitals for personalized digital health and patient-centric services.

Methods

This study analyzed official policies related to internet hospitals that were implemented by the government in China since 2005. The data of formally approved internet hospitals were collected from official websites to analyze development trends. In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 58 key stakeholders who represented comprehensive viewpoints about the service innovations of internet hospitals between March and November 2019.

Results

In total, 25 policies that promoted the development of internet hospitals in China were identified. These policies encompassed informatization infrastructure construction, medical resource integration, development model design, service model design, and payment model design. Of the 268 internet hospitals that had received an official license from the government, 153 public internet hospitals had been built mainly by medical institutions. Public tertiary hospitals were the main actors in founding internet hospitals that were created to provide services that targeted patients with common diseases or chronic diseases or patients living in remote and rural areas. Promoting convenient access to high-quality medical resources and saving patients’ and their families’ time were the key values of internet hospitals.

Conclusions

The policy interventions strongly promoted the development of internet hospitals in China. Public tertiary hospitals led the development of internet hospitals. However, internet hospitals in China have mainly played roles that are complementary to those of physical medical institutions. The service model of internet hospitals needs more distinguished innovations to provide personalized digital health and patient-centric services.
A Compassion-Focused Ecological Momentary Intervention for Enhancing Resilience in Help-Seeking Youth: Uncontrolled Pilot Study
Authors: Rauschenberg Christian , Boecking Benjamin , Paetzold Isabell , Schruers Koen , Schick Anita , van Amelsvoort Thérèse , Reininghaus Ulrich
Published: May 2021

Background

Digital interventions offer new avenues for low-threshold prevention and treatment in young people. Ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) represent a powerful approach that allows for adaptive, real-time, and real-world delivery of intervention components in daily life by real-time processing of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data. Compassion-focused interventions (CFIs) may be particularly amenable to translation into an EMI to strengthen emotional resilience and modify putative risk mechanisms, such as stress sensitivity, in the daily lives of young help-seeking individuals.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the feasibility, safety, and initial therapeutic effects of a novel, accessible, transdiagnostic, ecological momentary CFI for improving emotional resilience to stress (EMIcompass).

Methods

In this uncontrolled pilot study, help-seeking youth with psychotic, depressive, or anxiety symptoms were offered the EMIcompass intervention in addition to treatment as usual. The EMIcompass intervention consisted of a 3-week EMI (including enhancing, consolidating, and EMA-informed interactive tasks) administered through a mobile health app and three face-to-face sessions with a trained psychologist intended to provide guidance and training on the CFI exercises presented in the app (ie, training session, follow-up booster session, and review session).

Results

In total, 10 individuals (mean age 20.3 years, SD 3.8; range 14-25) were included in the study. Most (8/10, 80%) participants were satisfied and reported a low burden of app usage. No adverse events were observed. In approximately one-third of all EMAs, individuals scored high on stress, negative affect, or threat anticipation during the intervention period, resulting in real-time, interactive delivery of the CFI intervention components in addition to weekly enhancing and daily consolidating tasks. Although the findings should be interpreted with caution because of the small sample size, reduced stress sensitivity, momentary negative affect, and psychotic experiences, along with increased positive affect, were found at postintervention and the 4-week follow-up. Furthermore, reductions in psychotic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were found (r=0.30-0.65).

Conclusions

Our findings provide evidence on the feasibility and safety of the EMIcompass intervention for help-seeking youth and lend initial support to beneficial effects on stress sensitivity and mental health outcomes. An exploratory randomized controlled trial is warranted to establish the feasibility and preliminary evidence of its efficacy.
Understanding Patterns of Healthy Aging Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for an Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Egan James E , Haberlen Sabina A , Meanley Steven , Ware Deanna , Brown Andre L , Siconolfi Daniel , Brennan-Ing Mark , Stall Ron , Plankey Michael W , Friedman M Reuel
Published: May 2021

Background

With the graying of sexual and gender minority communities and the growing number of people aged ≥50 years living with HIV, it is increasingly important to understand resilience in the context of the psychosocial aspects of aging and aging well.

Objective

This paper aims to describe the methods and sample for the Understanding Patterns of Healthy Aging Among Men Who Have Sex With Men study.

Methods

This observational cohort study was conducted within the Multisite AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and was designed to explore resiliencies to explain patterns of health and illness among middle-aged and older sexual minority men. To be eligible, a participant had to be an active participant in the MACS, be at least 40 years of age as of April 1, 2016, and report any sex with another man since enrollment in the MACS.

Results

Eligible participants (N=1318) completed six biannual surveys between April 2016 and April 2019. The mean age of the sample was 59.6 years (range 40-91 years). The sample was mostly White, educated, gay-identified, and included both HIV-positive (656/1318, 49.77%) and HIV-negative (662/1318, 50.23%) men.

Conclusions

Understanding resiliencies in aging is a critical springboard for the development of more holistic public health theories and interventions that support healthy aging among older sexual minority men.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

RR1-10.2196/25750
Implementation and Effects of an Information Technology–Based Intervention to Support Speech and Language Therapy Among Stroke Patients With Aphasia: Protocol for a Virtual Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim Esther S , Laird Laura , Wilson Carlee , Bieg Till , Mildner Philip , Möller Sebastian , Schatz Raimund , Schwarz Stephanie , Spang Robert , Voigt-Antons Jan-Niklas , Rochon Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Background

Mobile app–based therapies are increasingly being employed by speech-language pathologists in the rehabilitation of people with aphasia as adjuncts or substitutes for traditional in-person therapy approaches. These apps can increase the intensity of treatment and have resulted in meaningful outcomes across several domains.

Objective

VoiceAdapt is a mobile therapy app designed with user and stakeholder feedback within a user-centered design framework. VoiceAdapt uses two evidence-based lexical retrieval treatments to help people with aphasia in improving their naming abilities through interactions with the app. The purpose of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) proposed here is to examine the feasibility and clinical efficacy of training with VoiceAdapt on the language and communication outcomes of people with aphasia.

Methods

A multicenter RCT is being conducted at two locations within Canada. A total of 80 people with aphasia will be recruited to participate in a two-arm, waitlist-controlled, crossover group RCT. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomized into an intervention group or a waitlist control group. The intervention group participants will engage in 5 weeks of training with the app, followed by posttreatment and follow-up assessments after an additional 5 weeks. Those in the waitlist control group will have no training for 5 weeks; this is followed by pretreatment assessment, training for 5 weeks, and posttreatment assessment. All trial procedures are being conducted remotely given the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

Recruitment of participants started in September 2020, and the study is expected to be completed by March 2022. Publication of results is expected within 6 months of study completion.

Conclusions

The results of the RCT will provide information on evidence-based practice using technology-based solutions to treat aphasia. If positive results are obtained from this RCT, the VoiceAdapt app can be recommended as an efficacious means of improving lexical retrieval and communicative functioning in people with aphasia in an easily accessible and a cost-effective manner. Moreover, the implementation of this RCT through remote assessment and delivery can provide information to therapists on telerehabilitation practices and monitoring of app-based home therapy programs.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04108364; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04108364

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/30621
Effects of Web-Based Interventions on Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Colorectal Cancer Survivors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Su Ching-Ching , Guo Su-Er , Kuo Ya-Wen
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Approximately 80% of colorectal cancer survivors have at least one comorbidity. Physical activity (PA) can mitigate the adverse effects of disease treatment, reduce patients’ mortality rate, and improve their quality of life (QoL). However, colorectal cancer survivors generally engage in insufficient PA. The present study proposed that web-based interventions can assist patients with colorectal cancer in improving their PA behavior to induce health-promoting effects, thus positively influencing their QoL.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a systematic literature review, to employ web-based interventions to improve the PA behavior and QoL of colorectal cancer survivors, and to assess the quality of research articles.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines to compile literature on the influence of web-based interventions on the PA activity and QoL of colorectal cancer survivors. Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CEPS) were searched up until July 2020. Additionally, the researchers manually searched for journal articles referenced in the collected literature. Literature quality assessment and data extraction were performed by 3 researchers individually using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool.

RESULTS

Among the 438 searched studies, 6 published between 2009 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 4 had adopted randomized controlled trial designs and 2 had employed one-group pretest–posttest designs. The collected literature exhibited risk of bias to varying degrees. The overall outcomes revealed that after 6 months of web-based interventions, participants’ performance in PA indicators improved significantly (P = .03). Additionally, a comparison conducted using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life scale revealed no significant differences between the experiment group, which received 3 months of intervention, and the control group (P = .24). However, a comparison conducted using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal questionnaire indicated a significant difference in QoL indicators between groups (P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Web-based interventions are conducive to improving the PA behavior and QoL of colorectal cancer survivors. Because intervention outcomes may differ based on the intervention time and the assessment tools used, more randomized controlled trial–based clinical research is required to provide suggestions for clinical practice.
Evaluating a Strengths-Based mHealth Tool (MyStrengths): Explorative Feasibility Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Jessen Stian , Mirkovic Jelena , Halvorsen Brendmo Elanor , Solberg Nes Lise
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

As the number of people living with chronic illnesses increases, providing wide-reaching and easy-to-use support tools is becoming increasingly important. Supporting people in this group to recognize and use more of their personal strengths has the potential to improve their quality of life. With this in mind, we have developed the MyStrengths app prototype, a gamefully designed app aimed at aiding users in both identifying their strengths and using these strengths more actively in their daily life.

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to evaluate the user-reported feasibility and usefulness of the MyStrengths app. The study additionally aimed to explore whether the use of MyStrengths could be associated with selected psychosocial outcomes.

METHODS

A 31-day explorative feasibility trial with a pretest-posttest design and an optional end of study interview was conducted. Data collection included system-use log data, demographic information, pre– and post–psychosocial measures (ie, strengths use, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, depression), user experience measures (ie, usability, engagement, flow), and interview data.

RESULTS

In total, 34 people with at least 1 chronic condition were enrolled in the study, with 26 participants (mean age 48 years, range 29-62 years; 1 male) completing the trial. Among these individuals, 18 were also interviewed posttrial. Participants used the MyStrengths app an average of 6 days during the trial period, with 54% (14/26) using the app over a period of at least 19 days. In total, 8738 unique app actions were registered. Of the psychosocial outcome measures, only 1 subscale, general health in the RAND 36-Item Health Survey, yielded significant pre- and posttest changes. Posttrial interviews showed that the number of participants who considered the MyStrengths app to be useful, somewhat useful, or not useful was evenly distributed across 3 groups. However, every participant did voice support for the strengths approach. All participants were able to identify a multitude of personal strengths using the MyStrengths app. Most participants that reported it to be useful had little or no previous experience with the personal strengths approach. A multitude of users welcomed the gameful design choices, particularly the rolling die feature, suggesting strengths exercises, activities that use a specific strength, were well received.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the reported usefulness and feedback from use varied, most participants were favorable to the strengths-focused approach to care and support. Consequently, low-threshold and wide-reaching mobile health tools that use a strengths-focused approach, such as MyStrengths, hold the potential to support people living with chronic illness in performing self-management and achieving mastery of their life.
Psychoeducational Interventions for Caregivers of Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol for a Randomized Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Douglas Sara L , Plow Matthew , Packer Tanya , Lipson Amy R , Lehman Michelle J
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Of the approximately 1 million people living with multiple sclerosis in the United States, more than half receive informal, unpaid care or support from family or friends (caregivers). These caregivers report high levels of stress, anxiety, and negative emotions. Few researchers have conducted psychoeducational interventions for these caregivers.

OBJECTIVE

This paper presents a protocol for a randomized clinical trial that aims to test the efficacy of two interventions for improving stress, anxiety, depression, and negative emotions for caregivers of persons with multiple sclerosis.

METHODS

Participants included any self-identified family or friend caregiver of a person with multiple sclerosis. Data collection began in April 2021 and is expected to continue until November 2021. Participants will be randomized to receive either a website-only or a website-coaching intervention delivered for 6 weeks. Data will be collected at baseline, 6 weeks after baseline (after delivery of intervention), and 6 weeks later.

RESULTS

The protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the Case Western Reserve University on January 21, 2021 (protocol 20201484). As of May 2021, 66 participants were enrolled.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings will have implications for identifying the efficacy of two types of interventions developed for caregivers of persons with multiple sclerosis to reduce negative psychological outcomes associated with caregiving.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04662008; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04662008

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/30617
Implementation and Effects of an Information Technology–Based Intervention to Support Speech and Language Therapy Among Stroke Patients With Aphasia: Protocol for a Virtual Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Kim Esther S , Laird Laura , Wilson Carlee , Bieg Till , Mildner Philip , Möller Sebastian , Schatz Raimund , Schwarz Stephanie , Spang Robert , Voigt-Antons Jan-Niklas , Rochon Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Mobile app–based therapies are increasingly being employed by speech-language pathologists in the rehabilitation of people with aphasia as adjuncts or substitutes for traditional in-person therapy approaches. These apps can increase the intensity of treatment and have resulted in meaningful outcomes across several domains.

OBJECTIVE

VoiceAdapt is a mobile therapy app designed with user and stakeholder feedback within a user-centered design framework. VoiceAdapt uses two evidence-based lexical retrieval treatments to help people with aphasia in improving their naming abilities through interactions with the app. The purpose of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) proposed here is to examine the feasibility and clinical efficacy of training with VoiceAdapt on the language and communication outcomes of people with aphasia.

METHODS

A multicenter RCT is being conducted at two locations within Canada. A total of 80 people with aphasia will be recruited to participate in a two-arm, waitlist-controlled, crossover group RCT. After baseline assessment, participants will be randomized into an intervention group or a waitlist control group. The intervention group participants will engage in 5 weeks of training with the app, followed by posttreatment and follow-up assessments after an additional 5 weeks. Those in the waitlist control group will have no training for 5 weeks; this is followed by pretreatment assessment, training for 5 weeks, and posttreatment assessment. All trial procedures are being conducted remotely given the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS

Recruitment of participants started in September 2020, and the study is expected to be completed by March 2022. Publication of results is expected within 6 months of study completion.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the RCT will provide information on evidence-based practice using technology-based solutions to treat aphasia. If positive results are obtained from this RCT, the VoiceAdapt app can be recommended as an efficacious means of improving lexical retrieval and communicative functioning in people with aphasia in an easily accessible and a cost-effective manner. Moreover, the implementation of this RCT through remote assessment and delivery can provide information to therapists on telerehabilitation practices and monitoring of app-based home therapy programs.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04108364; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04108364

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/30621
Virtual Endocrinology Care Emphasizing Data-Driven Insights and Continuous Engagement and Its Impact on Glycemic Outcomes in Patients with Uncontrolled Diabetes: A Real-World Retrospective Case Series (Preprint)
Authors: Wu Calvin , Wu Karin C. , José Aimée S. , Novin Niloufar
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Steady Health’s novel virtual care model incorporates continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and a multi-disciplinary approach to timely person-centered diabetes care.

OBJECTIVE

This real-world retrospective case series explores the early glycemic outcomes of its patients with uncontrolled diabetes.

METHODS

All patients of Steady Health who had an initial time in range (TIR) below 70% from their first 4 weeks of available CGM data and who had completed onboarding by February 2021 were included in this analysis. We compared the change in TIR, time below range (TBR), and average blood glucose (BG) from their first 4 weeks with their latest 4 weeks of available CGM data. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values at baseline and at the end of the study were also compared. Patients completed a questionnaire assessing their satisfaction with Steady Health’s intervention.

RESULTS

A total of 53 patients (66% with type 1 diabetes, 83% treated with insulin) were included in this analysis. This cohort had a median (IQR) baseline TIR of 53.0 (40.9, 61.7) % and saw a median (IQR) change in TIR of +16.6 (+6.0, +27.9) % (p<0.001) over a median duration of care of 11 months, amounting to nearly 4 more hours spent between 70-180 mg/dL a day. Of the 27 patients who had both baseline and follow-up HbA1c results, their median (IQR) baseline HbA1c was 8.6 (7.5, 11.4) % (70 mmol/mol), while their median (IQR) change in HbA1c (95% CI) was -1.2 (-2.6, -0.2) % (p=0.001). Importantly, these glycemic improvements were achieved with a median decrease in TBR by -0.3 (-1.1, 0.0) % (p<0.001), regardless of whether patients were started on an automated insulin delivery system. Forty patients (75.5%) improved TIR by ≥ 5%, and 27 (50.9%) achieved TIR ≥ 70% by the end of the study. Glycemic improvements were greatest among patients with the lowest baseline TIR and those who collaborated most intensively with Steady Health’s clinicians. Twenty-five of these patients responded to a questionnaire assessing levels of satisfaction with their care and all of them agreed that Steady Health had had a positive impact on their diabetes management.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that patients with uncontrolled diabetes can achieve significant glycemic improvements by working with a virtual multi-disciplinary care team that uses CGM to provide continuous clinical feedback and support.
Towards a More Stable Banking Financial Position COVID-19 Impacts and IFRS 9 Post-Model Practices “Management Overlays”
Authors: Mohamed Dr. Karim F. F.
Published: May 2021

In the repercussions of the latest worldwide financial crisis that have occurred due to the corona virus reasons (COVID-19); unprecedented stressful economic conditions prevailed, coupled with significant recessionary waves reasoned of the worldwide imposed strict lock downs that have adversely affected most of the economic sectors across the globe. Based on such adverse conditions, and as banks were used to calculate their Expected Credit Losses (ECLs) within the provisioning systems (IFRS 9); the forward looking projections embedded at the banks models fell short to predict the COVID-19 hit, as well as objectively reflect the widely spread governmental rescue plans, such as payment holidays and moratoria schemes. Consequently, and based on such unprecedented challenges, new risk management practices—Management Overlays—have risen to help in terms of overcoming such a systemic uncertainty situation that added more hurdles with regard to banks models and forecasting powers. The researcher is discussing how banks can start using the management overlays, or post-model adjustments, according to each and every bank’s portfolio composition, trends, and stress testing outcomes, where risks and uncertainties cannot be adequately reflected in existing models, until the global regulators (e.g., central banks, and external auditing bodies), as well as the main research and rating agencies can reach and agree on the new set of the updated macroeconomic indicators that can be utilized globally, and per region, reflecting the new era post COVID-19, and supporting in building the new robust IFRS 9 models across the world effectively. Therefore, management overlays can play such a vital role in terms of fortifying the stability of the banking system through: ascertaining the adequacy of the banking provisioning systems, and guaranteeing the sufficiency of holding appropriate capital levels for confronting such an adverse and unprecedented situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as similar situations in the future.
Doubts about Political Development Theory
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik
Published: May 2021

Can political development be theorized in general hypotheses covering the history of mankind? F. Fukuyama tries, focusing upon tribalism. I doubt he has succeeded in launching a new theory of state, drawing upon new insights about Europe, Arabia as well as China and India.
ХОЛОДНОЕ СПЕКАНИЕ В ПРИСУТСТВИИ ВОДНОЙ СРЕДЫ: МЕХАНИЗМ И ПРИКЛАДНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ. ОБЗОР. ЧАСТЬ 2
Authors: Смирнов А. , Ивакин Ю. , Тарасовский В. , Рыбальченко В. , Васин А. , Холодкова А. , Новиков С. , Столяров В.
Published: May 2021

Представлен краткий обзор современного состояния исследований нового процесса консолидации керамических порошков в водной среде при температурах ниже 500 °С, известного под названием «процесс холодного спекания». Обсуждаются его ключевые отличия от традиционного спекания, основные преимущества и научные проблемы внедрения в промышленное производство. Описаны перспективы развития нового процесса в сфере разработки новых энергоэффективных технологий спекания керамики и создания новых типов композиционных материалов на основе керамической матрицы.
МОДУЛЬНЫЕ ИНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ НАЛАДКИ
Authors: Маслов А.
Published: May 2021

Кратко изложены принципы создания модульных инструментальных наладок для обеспечения комплексных модульных технологий в современных цифровых машиностроительных производствах.
Las invasiones de aire frío en los trópicos a sotavento de las montañas rocallosas
Authors: Klaus Dieter
Published: May 2021

El transporte meridional máximo de energía tiene lugar entre los 35° y los 55 ° de latitud en el Hemisferio Norte por medio de mecanismos complejos de intercambio. Uno de estos mecanismos lo constituyen las invasiones de aire frío (Nortes) en la región tropical de Norteamérica (México y Centroamérica) y que tienen su origen a sotavento de las Montañas Rocallosas. Se hace una descripción de los diversos tipos de frentes fríos que cruzan por nuestro país y se examina su frecuencia; además se ofrece una interpretación del intercambio de calor resultante.
Rational reference levels for Pacific coast radioactive pollution studies supplied by samples from northern Baja California
Authors: Folsom T. R.
Published: May 2021

El aumento de la población y el uso creciente de la energía nuclear producen contaminación radioactiva en las aguas próximas a las costas. En la Institución Scripps se efectúan estudios para estimar lo objetable que esto pueda llegar a ser en el sur de California y en Baja California. Entre Ensenada y Santa Barbara existe un vórtice costero permanente (contracorriente) que provoca la dispersión de contaminantes, ya que las aguas oceánicas vienen primero hacia la costa cerca de Ensenada para luego deslizarse rumbo al norte. Por lo tanto, para determinar si la contaminación ha alcanzado o no a la planta marina o a un animal, o a un sedimento recogidos cerca de San Diego, Los Angeles o Santa Barbara, se deben hacer comparaciones analíticas con muestras idénticas recogidas cerca de Ensenada, donde la costa esta bañada directamente con aguas oceánicas más limpias. Sin embargo, deben también considerarse muchos otros factores antes de demostrar científicamente la existencia de rastros anteriores de contaminación radioactiva en la costa. El océano contiene radioactividad y también cantidades medibles de desechos radioactivos de las pruebas de armamentos. Aun en el océano abierto, los niveles radioactivos están cambiando continuamente; por lo tanto, para estimar que cantidad de radioactividad existía antes de tener efecto la contaminación, se debe tomar en cuenta el registro del desecho producido por las pruebas del armamento y también considerar que factores físicos, químicos o biológicos actúan en la redistribución de este desecho en el océano. En este trabajo deben incluirse todas las ramas de la Oceanografía.
Geochemical aspects of volcanic rocks of the Valley of México
Authors: Negendank J.F.W.
Published: May 2021

La historia geológica del Valle de México está formada por tres periodos de actividad volcánica. En cada periodo se observa una secuencia de rocas ígneas de riodacitas hasta andesitas, faltando las riolitas y basaltos propiamente tales. En el Terciario (periodos del Oligo-mioceno y del Mioceno Superior-Plioceno), el volcanismo es más dacítico, y más andesítico en el Cuaternario. Estos resultados se verificaron calculando el término medio de todos los análisis químicos disponibles que tenían edades estratigráficas. La composición química media de los productos oligo-miocénicos, del Mioceno Superior-Plioceno, y del Cuaternario se calculó junto a las rocas ígneas correspondientes mediante la clasificación de Rittmann en el doble triángulo de Streckeisen, con los resultados siguientes:Cuaternario: Andesita cuarzo-latíticaMioceno Superior-Plioceno: Leucoandesita cuano-latíticaOligo-Mioceno: Leucoandesita cuarzo-latíticaLa similitud en la composición media de las rocas volcánicas terciarias parece confirmar la teoría de un magma andesítico primario uniforme, independientemente de las dos teorías posibles de petrogénesis. Las abundancias medias calculadas de elementos indiciales dan valores altos para Cr y Ni, lo que indica una posible intervención de materiales del manto si se considera que los productos terciarios provendrían de fusión parcial en la corteza inferior. Una hipótesis más elegante debida a Gunn y Mooser (1971) considera que estas rocas volcánicas serían productos de la fusión parcial de toleítas oceánicas O de SUS derivados de alta presión.
Premonitory elevation change before an earthquake based on dilatancy-diffusion model
Authors: Singh Shri Krishna
Published: May 2021

El modelo de difusión-dilatación, recientemente propuesto para explicar cambios premonitorios en los campos geofísicos y geoquímicos antes de varios temblores superficiales, implica la ascención de la región epicéntrica. Basado en una esfera dilatante en un semi-espacio elástico, se presentan formulas simples y una gráfica que pueden usarse para predecir la magnitud y profundidad de! foco de un futuro temblor si la magnitud de la dilatación se conoce. Alternativamente, se puede hacer una estimación de la magnitud de la dilatación con la ayuda de la gráfica compilando información del máximo desplazamiento vertical, de la profundidad del centro y del radio de la esfera dilatante para temblores que son precedidos de dilatación.
The variation trend of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Li, K, Ba, Sr, Al, Mg and Cr in a box-core from the Gulf of California
Authors: Pal Surendra
Published: May 2021

Se usó la absorción atómica y la emisión de llama para analizar un número de muestras de sedimentos de una caja del Golfo de California (localización de la caja: 26° 12. 'N, 111 ° I 4.6' W). Los resultados presentados en gráficas, demuestran que los contenidos de algunos elementos (Li, Cr, K y Mg) son prácticamente constantes. Por otra parte, los elementos como Zn, Sr, Fe y Al demuestran con la profundidad variaciones significativas en sus abundancias.
Do recent climatic fluctuations portend an imminent ice age?
Authors: Willett Hurd C.
Published: May 2021

Las fluctuaciones climáticas recientes se examinan en relación a su amplitud y configuración, como un prerrequisito necesario para poder explicarlas y predecirlas mediante extrapolación. Dos hipótesis marcadamente distintas, la de contaminación atmosférica y la de interacción cíclica Solar Climática, se consideran como posibles causas de las fluctuaciones recientes y, por lo tanto, como predictores de los cambios de clima futuros, especialmente en relación con la inminencia de una época glacial. La hipótesis solar-climática es preferentemente apoyada por el autor.
Sidereal cosmic ray variation and its relation with the interplanetary magnetic field polarity
Authors: Otaola Javier A.
Published: May 2021

Datos de la componente mesónica de la intensidad de la radiación cósmica, registrada a diferentes profundidades, han sido comparados con las predicciones del modelo propuesto por Swinson. Las observaciones en la superficie y a profundidades moderadas muestran un efecto dependiente de la polaridad del campo del tipo propuesto por Swinson. Las observaciones a profundidades mayores de 40 metros de agua equivalente no muestran dicho efecto. Se da una explicación en términos de la función de respuesta del detector. La pequeña variación sideral observada a 60 metros de agua equivalente se explica en base al movimiento del sistema solar relativo a estrellas cercanas.
Bubble pulses and power spectra of some marine seismograms
Authors: Kunar L.N.S.
Published: May 2021

Sismogramas marinos de un reconocimiento marino de refracción hecho en el Lago Superior con explosivos "geogel" se estudian en función de su contenido espectral en relación a varios tamaños de detonación (1.25-200 libras). El efecto de oscilaciones pulsátiles de burbuja juega un papel dominante en el análisis. Un enfoque heurístico se usa y se concluye que el uso de pequeñas detonaciones es aconsejable, cuando sea posible, en reconocimientos de refracción marina debido al espectro relativamente amplio, en comparación con los de detonaciones mayores. También, si un proceso de deconvolución es usado para remover los efectos pulsátiles de burbuja, de un sismograma con un espectro angosto, nada verdaderamente significativo permanecería para interpretación. De las observaciones de períodos pulsátiles de burbuja, tamaños de detonaciones y profundidades de detonación, la constante Rayleigh Willis se determina para el ambiente del Lago Superior. Los valores calculados de 5.0 dan periodos de burbuja comparables a los que se observan. Sin embargo, este valor difiere de otros valores tales como 4.19 obtenido por Worzel y Ewing (1948) y 4.36 obtenido por un grupo del Instituto Oceanográfico Woods Hole (Shor, 1963) usando explosivos de TNT en el mar. La constante parece que es dependiente, tanto del tipo de explosivo, como del ambiente donde se produce la detonación.
Medidor electrónico digital para la determinación de velocidades hidráulicas
Authors: Lozano Octavio , Diep Saiden
Published: May 2021

La medición de uno de los fenómenos de mas relevancia en el campo de la hidraulica; la velocidad de corrientes en canales de experimentación o en modelos reducidos hidraulicos genera la necesidad de desarrollar un equipo de precision con tiempos de respuesta mínimos, conservando caracteristicas de portabilidad para observaciones de campo. El propósito del aparato que se presenta es el de mejorar las cualidades anteriores en precision, empleando una tecnica eficiente y modera por integración de la medida a una observación digital.
On the importance of the sea-surface temperature on hurricane development. Numerical experiments
Authors: Serra C. Sergio
Published: May 2021

Una de las más claras interacciones océano-atmósfera se observa en la relación entre la temperatura del mar y la intensidad de los vientos máximos de los huracanes. En este trabajo, se hace una breve descripción de la forma en que un aumento de la temperatura de la superficie del mar, induce un aumento de la presión de! vapor de agua en el aire cercano a la superficie, lo cual a la vez produce un aumento de calor latente disponible. Esto último genera nubes y un calentamiento que produce una disminución de la presión barométrica. Se mencionan casos en que este fenómeno se ha observado, con referencia al Golfo de México y el Pacífico Nororiental. Se hace referencia también a un modelo numérico, simétrico y balanceado de un huracán, mediante el cual se ha probado la hipótesis mencionada. Los resultados que se han obtenido verifican, en esencia, la validez de la teoría y al mismo tiempo dan confianza al modelo. Estos resultados señalan valores críticos de la temperatura de la superficie del mar y del ángulo de entrada de los vientos de niveles bajos como condiciones necesarias para la formación del huracán.
Formulation of the theory of perturbations for complicated models. Part1: the estimation of the climate change
Authors: Marchuk G. I.
Published: May 2021

En este artículo se presenta la construcción de la teoría de las perturbaciones y la formulación de problemas inversos con la finalidad de identificar sus parámetros importantes. El aspecto novedoso es la extensión de una clase de modelos matemáticos a problemas cuasilincales y no lineales. Las ecuaciones básicas en los modelos se hacen corresponder con las ecuaciones conjugadas que se usan para construir la teoría de perturbaciones. Ejemplos de la teoría de la circulación general de la atmósfera y del clima se presentan.
On the presence of a volcanic stratospheric dust stratum over a polluted atmosphere: Mexico City
Authors: Galindo Ignacio , Bravo J. L.
Published: May 2021

A partir de mediciones actinométricas efectuadas en la Ciudad de México desde octubre 1974, hasta marzo 1975, se han detectado valores altos de extinción producidos por aerosoles. Substrayendo los valores básicos debidos a la capa "normal" contaminada de la bruma de la ciudad, se obtienen valores de turbidez que indican una reducción media local de la transparencia atmosférica de 2.6%. Observaciones visuales apoyadas con fotografías de crepúsculos brillantes y coloreados percibidos unos 35-40' después del ocaso son consistentes con los reportes previos de Meinel y Meinel y Volz, entre otros, de la gran difusión de la capa de polvo volcánico originada por erupciones ocurridas entre el 13 y 23 de octubre de 1974 en el Volcán de Fuego de Guatemala.
Effects of clouds on the radiative heat exchange in the atmosphere
Authors: Feigelson E. M. , Ginzburg A.S. , Krasnokutskaya L. D. , Petoukhov V. K.
Published: May 2021

Las nubes son los principales reguladores del flujo radiativo. A su vez las nubes mismas están sujetas a efectos directos e indirectos de la radiación. Los efectos directos se producen mediante absorción y emisión de radiación por las nubes. Los efectos indirectos se producen mediante el calentamiento de la superficie terrestre por la radiación solar, lo cual define el transporte de humedad hacia la atmósfera y la formación de las nubes. En este trabajo se presentan algunos resultados de investigaciones realizados sobre los flujos radiativos bajo condiciones de nubosidad. Se muestran algunos métodos simples aproximados de cálculos y las regularidades del comportamiento del campo de nubes dependiente de los parámetros básicos, así como los efectos de retroalimentación. Este trabajo se pretende utilizar en los problemas de dinámica de la atmósfera de gran escala y en el programa del GARP.
The role that trace substances play in the radiant energy balance of the atmosphere
Authors: Bullrich Kurt
Published: May 2021

Los gases y las partículas y/o líquidos suspendidos en la atmósfera existen en cantidades muy pequeñas, sin embargo, absorben, tanto radiación solar como terrestre. En consecuencia, generan divergencias del flujo radiante que influyen en el perfil vertical de la temperatura. En este trabajo se presenta una comparación de la eficiencia de los diferentes absorbedores H₂O vapor de agua (H₂ O)₂, CO₂,O₃ y aerosoles.
Magnetic comparison of explosion craters and volcanic cones
Authors: Alvárez Román , Maupome Lucrecia , Ariel Ariel
Published: May 2021

Las respuestas magnéticas de varias estructuras volcánicas muestran que los conos cineríticos presentan sistemáticamente las respuestas más intensas, mientras que los cráteres de explosión con bordes de ceniza volcánica parecen tener una débil magnetización. Las estructuras de colapso, que pueden o no estar asociadas a un origen explosivo, no muestran un comportamiento magnético sistemático. Los resultados presentes sugieren que aparecerá un cráter de explosión con bordes de ceniza cuando la explosión inicial sea superficial, mientras que las explosiones profundas tenderán a producir estructuras superficiales de tipo colapso. Se hace la inferencia de que el intrusivo riolítico conocido como Las Derrumbadas en la Cuenca Oriental-Serdán puede ser una fuente geotérmica.
On large-scale quasi-stationary waves
Authors: La Valle Lodovico
Published: May 2021

Se ha demostrado que las ondas casi estacionarias de gran escala dependen esencialmente de la producción de vorticidad en los niveles intermedios de la atmósfera (La Vallee Celentano, 1975). El presente estudio de la producción de vorticidad en Ps/2 durante cuatro meses del año Geofísico Internacional en el hemisferio norte, indica que la orografía explica cerca del veinte por ciento de la producción de vorticidad sobre el terreno en declive, mientras que la advección de temperatura y el calentamiento diabático en la mitad inferior de la atmósfera son responsables del cincuenta por ciento de la producción de vorticidad sobre el mar o la tierra plana.
Heat budget of the central American seas
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan
Published: May 2021

Se calculó el balance calórico de las áreas del Golfo de México, Corriente de Florida, Mar Caribe y Océano Pacifico Oriental, a base de observaciones de barcos durante 1911-70. La distribución de la radiación neta está dictada sobre todo por la nubosidad y la latitud geográfica. Los flujos de calor sensible y latente alcanzan sus máximos valores en el área de la Corriente de Florida y en invierno, cuando los contrastes de temperatura entre mar y aire son más pronunciados; por otra parte, los valores más bajos se encuentran en la zona de aguas frías a lo largo de la costa Norte del Continente Suramericano. Para el año entero, el océano exporta energía de 13 Watts m--2 del Pacifico Oriental, pero importa calor de 24, 43 y 3 Watts m-2 en el Golfo de México, la Corriente de Florida, y el Mar Caribe, respectivamente.
Sea-surface temperature anomalies and hurricane prediction
Authors: Serra C. Sergio , Buendía C. Enrique
Published: May 2021

Es sabido que la temperatura de la superficie del mar (Ts) es un parámetro importante que afecta la formación y el movimiento de los huracanes. El efecto de la temperatura de la superficie del mar puede ser expresado en términos de anomalías. Este estudio intenta determinar el potencial de las anomalías pronosticadas de Ts en la predicción a largo plazo de ciclones tropicales. Las anomalías pronosticadas se obtuvieron usando un modelo desarrollado por el Dr. Adem. Los resultados preliminares de este estudio indican cierta eficiencia en los pronósticos.
Causas, efectos y posibilidades de predicción de las fluctuaciones y los cambios climáticos
Authors: Adem Julián
Published: May 2021

Se presenta un análisis comparativo y una evaluación de las cambios y fluctuaciones climáticos debido a las siguientes causas: Variación de los parámetros orbitales de la Tierra, variabilidad solar, variaciones del contenido de polvo, bióxido de carbono y ozono, variaciones en las condiciones de la superficie (continentes y océanos); y mecanismos de retroalimentación que existen entre la atmósfera, la superficie de la Tierra (océanos y continentes) y la cubierta de hielo y nieve.
Potential and perspectives of remote sensing of the ocean - Atmosphere interaction parameters
Authors: Kondratyev K. Ya , Rabinovich Yu. I. , Shulgina F. M.
Published: May 2021

En la formación del clima intervienen una serie de procesos muy complejos que interaccionan en el sistema "atmósfera-océano-continentes-criósfera ". El problema del clima y sus cambios originados naturalmente y por factores antropogénicos exige el seguimiento de un amplio conjunto de parámetros que caractericen no solo al clima sino los rasgos propios de la atmosfera, océano, superficie terrestre y cubierta de hielo. La determinación del conjunto de parámetros requeridos debe obtenerse a partir del modelado numérico dirigido a la planeación del sistema global para monitoreo del clima. Las restricciones sobre los datos observacionales son muy variables y fuertemente dependientes del modelo del clima utilizado. En base a estas consideraciones, se presenta una estimación de los parámetros requeridos que integran el conjunto, se incluye precisión y resolución espacio-temporal. Se analizan las posibilidades de medición por los sistemas actuales, los ya diseñados y los que se desarrollaran en los años ochenta. Finalmente, se evalúan los errores que se cometen utilizando microondas en la determinación de la temperatura de la cubierta de hielo y de la superficie del mar.
Preliminary evaluation of the volcanic Hazard in the southern Valley of Mexico
Authors: Scandone R.
Published: May 2021

La ciudad de México está ubicada en el centro de un campo volcánico activo en la cuenca del Valle de México. Dejando de lado la actividad histórica del gran estratovolcán Popocatépetl, la última actividad de este campo volcánico fue la del volcán monogénico Xitle. Esta erupción ocurrió el año 2500 A.C. En este trabajo se calculo la tasa de erupción para el campo volcánico del sur del Valle de México por varios métodos diferentes. La tasa de erupción media se comprobó que es de 10-3 erupciones/año. La máxima probabilidad de erupción en el sur del Valle de México está situada en una banda E-0 que pasa a través de la Sierra de Chichinautzin. Por razones de seguridad, la expansión del área metropolitana de la ciudad de México deberá alejarse de la Sierra de Chichinautzin.
A note on the propagation of S-H waves in a heterogeneous isotropic Half-Space
Authors: Chatterjee Baidyanath
Published: May 2021

En este artículo se determinan las velocidades, de fase y grupo de ondas S-H en un semiespacio heterogéneo, isotrópico en el cual la velocidad de ondas de cizallamiento es constante.