bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(526) Association of Prior COVID-19 Infection With Newly Diagnosed Erectile Dysfunction: Evaluation of 42,406 COVID-19 Recovered Men
Authors: Hebert K , Matta R , Horns J , Paudel N , Das R , Mccormick B , Myers J , Hotaling J
Published: May 2023

Introduction

The SARS-CoV-2 virus and associated COVID-19 infection is known to cause endothelial cell dysfunction. This has led some to hypothesize that COVID-19 infection may increase the risk of erectile dysfunction. Initial studies evaluating this association have been limited to small, single institution studies or have utilized electronic medical record databases that lack universal follow-up given they only capture follow-up care at a small proportion of health care facilities.

Objective

To assess if COVID-19 infection recovery is associated with increased rates of newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction (ED) using an insurance claims database.

Methods

Using IBM MarketScan, a commercial claims database, men with prior COVID-19 infection between January 2020 and January 2021 were identified using ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Using this cohort along with an age-matched cohort of men without prior COVID-19 infection, we assessed the incidence of newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction (ED). Men with ED secondary to prostatectomy or radiation were excluded. Covariates were assessed using a multivariable model to determine association of prior COIVD-19 infection with newly diagnosed ED.

Results

42,406 men experienced a COVID-19 infection between January 2020 and January 2021 of which 610 (1.44%) developed new onset ED within 6.5 months follow up. On multivariable analysis while controlling for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, smoking, obesity, hypogonadism, thromboembolism, and GU malignancy, prior COVID-19 infection was associated with increased risk of new onset ED (HR 1.27; 95% CI 1.1-1.5; P=0.001). COVID-19 infection carried a similar association with new onset ED as did diabetes and BMI 25-30, HR 1.3 and 1.29, respectively.

Conclusions

Prior to the widespread implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine, the incidence of newly diagnosed ED is higher in men with prior COVID-19 infection compared to age-matched controls. Prior COVID-19 infection was associated with a 27% increased likelihood of developing new-onset ED when compared to those without prior infection. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the risk of erectile dysfunction after following asymptomatic infection and in the setting prior vaccination.

Disclosure

Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Cooper Medical, Boston Scientific, Acerus, Coloplast, Endo, Turtle Health, Maximus, FirmTech, StreamDx, Inherent Bioscience.
(531) Effect of COVID- 19 on Sexual Function and Activities Among Women of Reproductive Age
Authors: Idowu O C , Abdus-Salam R A , Akinlusi F M , Morhason-Bello I O
Published: May 2023

Introduction

The novel SARS corona virus (SARS COV 2) causing the Corona Virus Disease (COVID--19) was first reported in Wuhan, China in 2019 and became a global pandemic in 2020 with severe health and economic consequences forcing nations to declare nationwide lockdown to limit the ragging pandemic. Different patterns of signs and symptoms as well as complications were reported to have followed COVID-19.

Objective

The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and pattern of dysfunction and to determine the effect of COVID--19 infection pandemic and lockdown on sexual function and activities among women reproductive age.

Methods

This was a cross sectional study of women in the reproductive age-group evaluating the sexual health function before, during and after the COVID--19 infection pandemic and lockdown. This was assessed using a structured questionnaire and a modified Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). A pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire was administered to 203 women participants and the information collected included socio-demographic and gynaecologic characteristics, COVID--19 experiences, sexual history and function before, during and after the COVID--19 pandemic lockdown.

Results

Most of the respondents were aged between 20 and 50 years (95%), married (77.7%) and were sexually active at the time of the study (92.6%) and 16.3% of the respondents had COVID-19 infection at least once. Only 43.6% of the sexually active respondents currently have normal overall female sexual function score with the mean FSFI score of 24.5. 71.4% had at least mild hyposexual desire, 54.2% with arousal disorder, 32.1% disorders of lubrication, 43.3% have orgasm related dysfunction, 37.8% have sexual satisfaction related dysfunction and 41.1% have disorders of sexual pain. COVID-19 lockdown may have had effect on sexual activities as 11.3% of respondents were not sexually active before the lockdown, 13.3% during the lockdown whereas only 7.4% after the lockdown suggesting abstinence as a result of the lockdown. Among the sexually active respondents during COVID-19 lockdown mean FSFI score of 23.76 and only 36.9% had normal overall FSFI score.

Conclusions

Female sexual dysfunction is still prevalent with the most common form being disorders of desire and arousal. COVID-19 lockdown resulted in abstinence from sexual intercourse in some women and sexual function also noted to be reduced among the sexually active women with higher incidence of female sexual dysfunction during the lockdown.

Disclosure

No
(534) Sexual Patterns and Practices Among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Ogunbode O , Idowu O C , Bello O O
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Young people are potentially likely to engage in risky sexual behavior and this may be worse in the absence of adequate knowledge. These risky sexual behaviors potentially bear grave consequences on their lives and future.

Objective

The study assessed sexual preferences and practices as well as the knowledge of safe sexual practices and practice of risky sexual behavior among undergraduate students.

Methods

This is a cross sectional study in which the sexual patterns and practices among undergraduate students were accessed with the aid of a structured tested interviewer administered questionnaire. 751 undergraduate students from four different tertiary educational institution. Information on their demographic characteristics, sexual preference and patterns, knowledge and practices of safe sexual practices and risky sexual behavior were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analyzed with IBM SPSS version 25Descriptive statistics such as: mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentages, graphs and charts was used to summarize the result. Level of significance set at p<0.05.

Results

The respondents were young people with ages between 14 to 39years with a mean age of 20.9years. A higher proportion (55.1%) are female and 44.1% are male. Most of the respondents (97%) are single, 2% of were married, and 1% divorced or separated. Of sexual preference, majority of them (83.8%) preferred heterosexual relationship, 14.6% homosexual relationship, and 1.1% consider themselves bisexual. At age 20years, 85.6% of respondents have attained sexual debut. About a quarter (26.6%) have ever engaged in anal sex, 22.9% practice oral sex, 16.5% reported ever having group sex, while only 3.4% always practice anal sex. As many as 88.4% of respondent claimed to have knowledge of safe sex with sources of information comprising of parents, friends, media, health workers, family planning clinics, and community pharmacy store. Media is the largest source of knowledge and family planning contributed the least. Among the sexually active respondents, 33.5% have never used condoms and only 22.9% of them always used condoms. 73.5% of all sexually active respondents were practicing casual sex and a quarter of them (25.2%) engage in alcohol, cocaine or other illicit drug use prior to sexual intercourse.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of young people have preference for homosexual relations. various forms of potentially risky sexual behaviors are also common among these young people. Their sexual preferences must be respected and they must be provided with adequate knowledge to ensure safe practices. The media in all forms provides a good platform for dissemination of information to at risk young people.

Disclosure

No
(537) Transcorporal Cuff vs Standard Cuff Placement of Artificial Urinary Sphincters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chung R , Kurtzman J T , Kerr P , Han D , Brandes S B
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Long-term data suggests 1 in 5 patients will require artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) reoperation due to erosion, infection, or mechanical malfunction prior to the end of the natural lifespan of the device. Men with stress incontinence after radiation or prostatectomy are considered to have "fragile" urethras that are higher risk for AUS erosion. Transcorporal cuff placement (TCC) of artificial urinary sphincters (AUS) is thought to have a protective effect by avoiding direct contact with the urethra and thus avoiding erosion. Stress incontinence can detract from libido and overall sexual health and should be an important consideration in cancer survivorship.

Objective

The objective of the study was to determine if TCC has a protective effect in avoiding complications compared to standard cuff placement for AUS patients.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA criteria. The primary outcome was pooled incidence of complication, defined as explant, reoperation/revision, infection, erosion, or mechanical failure. Pooled incidence was calculated using a Der-Simonian-Laird binary random effects model with a Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation. A total of 14 studies were included, of which 9 provided data for comparative analysis.

Results

Pooled data from 2240 patients revealed a complication rate of 20% (95% CI 0.14-0.28) (Figure 1). Data from 428 patients were included in the comparative analysis, which showed a 2.11 (95%CI 1.29-3.46) higher odds of explant with TCC compared to standard cuff placement (Figure 2). However, TCC was used mainly in patients with “fragile” urethras, a term used to describe patients with prior AUS erosion, radiation therapy, or other urethral surgeries.

Conclusions

The current data suggests that TCC may have a higher complication rate compared to standard cuff placement and is not protective against erosion. However, the TCC approach largely targeted patients with multiple risk factors for erosion. A prospective randomized trial comparing TCC to standard cuff placement in a matched patient population may contribute to a better understanding of whether TCC has a protective effect.

Disclosure

No
(538) Penile Enlargement for Patient with Buried Penis: Pubic Dermolipectomy, Scrotoplasty and Mons Pubis Reconstruction
Authors: Ruffo A , Esposito F , Trama F , Riccardo F , Iacono F , Stanojevic N
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Acquired buried penis is a common condition in obese patients. Abnormal excess fat accumulation under the pubic skin leads to the partially or completely disappearance of the penis. This condition is related to voiding difficulties and sexual dysfunction. The goal of surgical treatment is to expose full penile lengthy by excising the adipose pubic tissue and part of excess pubic skin.

Objective

The aim of this kind of surgery is to make possible to have a normal sexual life to obese patients with buried penis.

Methods

We performed this technique for buried penis in 25 patients aged from 18 to 72 y (mean 48). Preoperatively, the patient is marked for the procedure in the standing position. Two transversal incisions are made on the pubis and joined laterally on both sides towards anterior iliac spines with the care taken to avoid the formation of "dog ears". The suprapubic fat is removed. Following the inner surface of the Scarpas fascia, the fat is also removed from the penoscrotal angle and from the scrotum as much as possible leaving exposed funiculus and testis on both sides. Suspensory ligament of the penis was incised. Penile skin redistribution leads to a better organ exposure. Postoperative vacuum erectile device was used in order to prevent penile retraction.

Results

Follow up was at 6 months. Early postoperative complications were hematoma (7pts), penile skin edema (5pts), seroma (5pts), wound infection (5pts), penile shaft retraction (3pts). Majority of pts (22pts) were satisfied good aesthetical and functional outcome.

Conclusions

Pubic dermolipectomy is a safe procedure with satisfactory results to treat men with buried penis. Surgical exposition of the penile shaft was accomplished in all patients.

Disclosure

No
Abasic site–peptide cross-links are blocking lesions repaired by AP endonucleases
Authors: Yudkina Anna V , Bulgakov Nikita A , Kim Daria V , Baranova Svetlana V , Ishchenko Alexander A , Saparbaev Murat K , Koval Vladimir V , Zharkov Dmitry O
Published: May 2023

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are abundant DNA lesions arising from spontaneous hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond and as base excision repair (BER) intermediates. AP sites and their derivatives readily trap DNA-bound proteins, resulting in DNA–protein cross-links. Those are subject to proteolysis but the fate of the resulting AP–peptide cross-links (APPXLs) is unclear. Here, we report two in vitro models of APPXLs synthesized by cross-linking of DNA glycosylases Fpg and OGG1 to DNA followed by trypsinolysis. The reaction with Fpg produces a 10-mer peptide cross-linked through its N-terminus, while OGG1 yields a 23-mer peptide attached through an internal lysine. Both adducts strongly blocked Klenow fragment, phage RB69 polymerase, Saccharolobus solfataricus Dpo4, and African swine fever virus PolX. In the residual lesion bypass, mostly dAMP and dGMP were incorporated by Klenow and RB69 polymerases, while Dpo4 and PolX used primer/template misalignment. Of AP endonucleases involved in BER, Escherichia coli endonuclease IV and its yeast homolog Apn1p efficiently hydrolyzed both adducts. In contrast, E. coli exonuclease III and human APE1 showed little activity on APPXL substrates. Our data suggest that APPXLs produced by proteolysis of AP site-trapped proteins may be removed by the BER pathway, at least in bacterial and yeast cells.
The AnnotSV webserver in 2023: updated visualization and ranking
Authors: Geoffroy Véronique , Lamouche Jean-Baptiste , Guignard Thomas , Nicaise Samuel , Kress Arnaud , Scheidecker Sophie , Le Béchec Antony , Muller Jean
Published: May 2023

Much of the human genetics variant repertoire is composed of single nucleotide variants (SNV) and small insertion/deletions (indel) but structural variants (SV) remain a major part of our modified DNA. SV detection has often been a complex question to answer either because of the necessity to use different technologies (array CGH, SNP array, Karyotype, Optical Genome Mapping…) to detect each category of SV or to get an appropriate resolution (Whole Genome Sequencing). Thanks to the deluge of pangenomic analysis, Human geneticists are accumulating SV and their interpretation remains time consuming and challenging. The AnnotSV webserver (https://www.lbgi.fr/AnnotSV/) aims at being an efficient tool to (i) annotate and interpret SV potential pathogenicity in the context of human diseases, (ii) recognize potential false positive variants from all the SV identified and (iii) visualize the patient variants repertoire. The most recent developments in the AnnotSV webserver are: (i) updated annotations sources and ranking, (ii) three novel output formats to allow diverse utilization (analysis, pipelines), as well as (iii) two novel user interfaces including an interactive circos view.
NORMSEQ: a tool for evaluation, selection and visualization of RNA-Seq normalization methods
Authors: Scheepbouwer Chantal , Hackenberg Michael , van Eijndhoven Monique A J , Gerber Alan , Pegtel Michiel , Gómez-Martín Cristina
Published: May 2023

RNA-sequencing has become one of the most used high-throughput approaches to gain knowledge about the expression of all different RNA subpopulations. However, technical artifacts, either introduced during library preparation and/or data analysis, can influence the detected RNA expression levels. A critical step, especially in large and low input datasets or studies, is data normalization, which aims at eliminating the variability in data that is not related to biology. Many normalization methods have been developed, each of them relying on different assumptions, making the selection of the appropriate normalization strategy key to preserve biological information. To address this, we developed NormSeq, a free web-server tool to systematically assess the performance of normalization methods in a given dataset. A key feature of NormSeq is the implementation of information gain to guide the selection of the best normalization method, which is crucial to eliminate or at least reduce non-biological variability. Altogether, NormSeq provides an easy-to-use platform to explore different aspects of gene expression data with a special focus on data normalization to help researchers, even without bioinformatics expertise, to obtain reliable biological inference from their data. NormSeq is freely available at: https://arn.ugr.es/normSeq.
Association Between Cycle Threshold Value and Vaccination Status Among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Cases in Ontario, Canada, in December 2021
Authors: Ravindran Saranyah , Gubbay Jonathan B , Cronin Kirby , Sullivan Ashleigh , Zygmunt Austin , Johnson Karen , Buchan Sarah A , Parpia Alyssa S
Published: May 2023

Background

Increased immune evasion by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and occurrence of breakthrough infections raise questions about whether coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination status affects SARS-CoV-2 viral load among those infected. This study examined the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct) value, which is inversely associated with viral load, and vaccination status at the onset of the Omicron wave onset in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

Using linked provincial databases, we compared median Ct values across vaccination status among polymerase chain reaction–confirmed Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 cases (sublineages B.1.1.529, BA.1, and BA.1.1) between 6 and 30 December 2021. Cases were presumed to be Omicron based on S-gene target failure. We estimated the relationship between vaccination status and Ct values using multiple linear regression, adjusting for age group, sex, and symptom status.

Results

Of the 27 029 presumed Omicron cases in Ontario, the majority were in individuals who had received a complete vaccine series (87.7%), followed by unvaccinated individuals (8.1%), and those who had received a booster dose (4.2%). The median Ct value for post–booster dose individuals (18.3 [interquartile range, 15.4–22.3]) was significantly higher than that for unvaccinated (17.9 [15.2–21.6]; P = .02) and post–vaccine series individuals (17.8 [15.3–21.5]; P = .005). Post–booster dose cases remained associated with a significantly higher median Ct value than cases in unvaccinated individuals (P ≤ .001), after adjustment for covariates. Compared with values in persons aged 18–29 years, Ct values were significantly lower among most age groups >50 years.

Conclusions

While slightly lower Ct values were observed among unvaccinated individuals infected with Omicron compared with post–booster dose cases, further research is required to determine whether a significant difference in secondary transmission exists between these groups.
US–Russian Cooperative Threat Reduction to Secure Nuclear Warheads
Authors: Chapman Geoffrey , Moon William M.
Published: May 2023

United States–Russian cooperation on nuclear warhead security from 1995 to 2013 is historically unique and demonstrates how such partnerships can contribute to enhancing nuclear security—even between former adversaries. This cooperation, however, required a deliberate step-by-step approach to build trust before the states were able to provide comprehensive security enhancements for Russia’s nuclear warhead stockpile. The chapter traces the incremental process by which this trust was built, both between officials in cultural exchanges and through progressively more ambitious nuclear security equipment deliveries. Each step demonstrated that the partners were operating in good faith and allowed for results to be achieved, such as US access to Russian warhead storage sites, which, at the outset of the programme, seemed highly unlikely. Although US–Russian joint warhead security work ended in 2013, this programme served as an important foundational effort in global risk reduction initiatives, particularly for nuclear security and as a model for future efforts for cooperation when addressing the most sensitive instruments of state power.
Risk-Informed Nuclear Security Regulation in the United States
Authors: Jaczko Gregory B.
Published: May 2023

The commercial nuclear industry in the United States has had regulations governing security at high-risk facilities like nuclear reactors and fuel processing plants since 1979, primarily to protect against terrorist attacks. Two factors drove the evolution of those initial regulations: changes in the external terror threats and the shift from deterministic to risk-informed regulations. The chapter looks at the evolution of the regulatory framework. Starting with the initial development of the design basis threat (DBT) in 1979, the chapter discusses the basic approach to nuclear security that dominated the industry until the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. Following the attacks, new threats emerged: aircraft impacts and radiological dispersal devices (RDDs; also known as ‘dirty bombs’). These challenges added significant new nuclear security requirements for nuclear power facilities and producers of radioactive materials. The chapter closes with a look at the emerging threats of cyber-attacks and an examination of the challenges of developing security regulations in a publicly transparent process.
The Fundamentals of Physical Protection
Authors: Grigg Martin , Sterba Johannes H.
Published: May 2023

Physical protection systems for nuclear facilities have evolved to adapt to new threats and to take advantage of new technology. They are more than just fences and barricades, but rather represent a web of integrated systems that combine people, procedures, and technology to create uncertainty for an assailant. To provide an effective system, it is necessary to consider the threat origin, facility capabilities, and multiple design viewpoints to create mitigation measures that are proportionate to the consequence of an uncontrolled radioactive release or removal of material. The guidance provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) promotes a graded approach to nuclear security based on the concept of defence-in-depth. Adopting this approach enables appropriate and proportionate resources to be applied to target areas. A physical protection system that considers specific high-risk areas can apply multiple layers of incremental protection that increase as a potential adversary gets closer to their target.
Cognigrams
Authors: Haidle Miriam Noël
Published: May 2023

The aim of cognitive archaeology is to infer prehistoric mental systems from behavioral systems, the products of which we see in the archaeological record. A prerequisite for this is a detailed reconstruction of the performances associated with an artifact. The archaeological remains have to be translated from a narrow object perspective to a perspective of the behavioral context, taking into account the acquisition of resources necessary for obtaining the artifact, the technical steps for producing it, the requirements of its use, and the resources it makes accessible to the user. Cognigrams offer a framework for systematically encoding reconstructions of perception-and-action sequences, providing a contextualized, detailed procedural understanding of the associated techno-behaviors. This chapter explains the elements and structural organization of cognigrams and shows the potential of the method in different perspectives on tool behavior and comparing performances. The systematic coding permits comparison of the evidence from different contexts and levels of complexity, thus facilitating a developmental perspective. The detailed reconstruction of behavioral architectures in cognigrams represents a metatool to reflect on tool behavior and provides a powerful basis for inferences about prehistoric cognition.
Thinking, For Example In and About the Past
Authors: Whitley David S.
Published: May 2023

Can archaeology, seemingly limited to preserved material evidence, reconstruct the cognitive systems and intellectual lives of past peoples? Traditional archaeology viewed this goal as beyond the realistic limits of empirical inference. Ideational cognitive archaeology, explicitly concerned with religious beliefs, symbolic systems, and social and ideological structures of “cognitively modern” humans, has, however, developed analytical techniques allowing us to achieve this level of interpretation. Partly employing the Direct Historical Approach, ideational cognitive archaeology is commonly associated with studies of later prehistoric periods. But it also uses cognitive universals and natural constants and models that sometimes provide analytical bridges to deeper prehistoric times, even back to the Upper Palaeolithic. The rock engravings of the Coso Range, California are a rich symbolic corpus that can be deployed to infer the religious and cognitive systems and social lives of hunter-gatherers who occupied this North American region. A detailed ethnographic record provides a clear understanding of the historical origins and primary meanings of these motifs, which is amplified by explication of the natural models illustrated in the corpus. A neuropsychological model based on cognitive universals further contributes to our understanding of the origin and symbolism of the engravings. These strands of independent evidence, based on both different kinds of data and analytical techniques, result in a scientifically robust interpretation of prehistory in this portion of the Great Basin, demonstrating the utility of ideational cognitive archaeology.
The Expert Neandertal Mind and Brain, Revisited
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Wynn Thomas , Overmann Karenleigh A.
Published: May 2023

In discussions of the Neandertal extinction, morphological differences in brain shape and brain regions between Homo sapiens and Neandertals are often ignored or dismissed as inconsequential, despite the fact that skull shape is diagnostic of the species to which a specimen belongs. The purpose of the present chapter is to discuss the potential cognitive consequences of three well-established brain differences and their possible eventual role in the extinction of Neandertals. These morphological brain differences include larger olfactory bulbs, expanded parietal lobes, and a larger cerebellum-to-cerebrum ratio in H. sapiens compared to Neandertals. The phenotypic consequences of these brain differences include better smell identification and sensitivity, with implications for mate selection and disease immunity; enhanced social cognitive abilities and greater theory of mind; and innovation and creativity, respectively.
Retrospective Analysis Within a Counterpoint Framework
Authors: Abramiuk Marc A.
Published: May 2023

In this chapter, two forms of analysis that are frequently undertaken in cognitive archaeology—prospective analysis and retrospective analysis—are differentiated. Prospective analysis in recent decades has tended to dominate certain themes in cognitive archaeological research and among these themes is the study of ancient Maya rituals. In this study, a retrospective analysis is conducted on a stela ritual deposit uncovered at the ancient Maya site of Quebrada de Oro located in the interior of the southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Retrospective analysis involves anchoring inferences regarding aspects of the human mind in the past—in this case, motives—to epistemologically familiar human behaviors and thought processes. The interpretation from the results of this analysis is used as a counterpoint to the conventional interpretation of similar ancient Maya ritual deposits which have been derived from prospective analysis. This proposed analytical framework of using both forms of analysis as respective counterpoints, it is asserted, can broaden or narrow our interpretations of the study of the human mind in the past depending on the case.
Methods in Neuroarchaeology
Authors: Hecht Erin , Stout Dietrich
Published: May 2023

How can we study evolutionary changes in brain organization and function in the hominin lineage, given that brain tissue does not fossilize? Neuroarchaeology addresses this problem in three main ways. First, comparative research with non-human primates provides phylogenetic perspective in which to situate neuroarchaeological work by allowing us to understand general patterns across deep evolutionary history. Accumulating research suggests that more recent hominin brain adaptations are elaborations and exaptations of these more ancient adaptive trajectories. Second, we can study patterns of activation and structural organization associated with archaeologically visible behaviors like stone tool-making and relate these to variation in the aptitude and performance of modern experimental participants. Third, we can examine how brain activity and structure change during the acquisition of such skills. This establishes a framework for inferring likely selective pressures and evolutionary responses from the primary evidence preserved in the archaeological and paleontological records. We discuss specific methods, including structural MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional neuroimaging, as well as analysis techniques that can be used to test hypotheses with these types of data.
Parasocial Relationships in Children
Authors: Jennings Nancy A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how children develop parasocial relationships (PSRs) with media figures and the effects of these experiences within young and middle childhood. First, the chapter reviews research on the characteristics of children’s PSRs: When and with whom do children form PSRs? What attracts children to particular media figures? How and when do children terminate their PSRs and move to other ones? Then, the chapter discusses educational and social–emotional effects that PSRs have on children, from examining the effect of educational programs such as Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood on emotional development to experimental research on how manipulation of a PSR with a novel cartoon character can promote academic gains.
P-MIRU, a Polarized Multispectral Imaging System, Reveals Reflection Information on the Biological Surface
Authors: Balandra Alfonso , Doll Yuki , Hirose Shogo , Kajiwara Tomoaki , Kashino Zendai , Inami Masahiko , Koshimizu Shizuka , Fukaki Hidehiro , Watahiki Masaaki K
Published: May 2023

Reflection light forms the core of our visual perception of the world. We can obtain vast information by examining reflection light from biological surfaces, including pigment composition and distribution, tissue structure and surface microstructure. However, because of the limitations in our visual system, the complete information in reflection light, which we term ‘reflectome’, cannot be fully exploited. For example, we may miss reflection light information outside our visible wavelengths. In addition, unlike insects, we have virtually no sensitivity to light polarization. We can detect non-chromatic information lurking in reflection light only with appropriate devices. Although previous studies have designed and developed systems for specialized uses supporting our visual systems, we still do not have a versatile, rapid, convenient and affordable system for analyzing broad aspects of reflection from biological surfaces. To overcome this situation, we developed P-MIRU, a novel multispectral and polarization imaging system for reflecting light from biological surfaces. The hardware and software of P-MIRU are open source and customizable and thus can be applied for virtually any research on biological surfaces. Furthermore, P-MIRU is a user-friendly system for biologists with no specialized programming or engineering knowledge. P-MIRU successfully visualized multispectral reflection in visible/non-visible wavelengths and simultaneously detected various surface phenotypes of spectral polarization. The P-MIRU system extends our visual ability and unveils information on biological surfaces.
Electrical Stimulation in the Treatment of Pressure Injuries: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
Authors: Szołtys-Brzezowska Bogna , Bańkowska Alicja , Piejko Laura , Zarzeczny Ryszard , Nawrat-Szołtysik Agnieszka , Kloth Luther C. , Polak Anna
Published: May 2023

GENERAL PURPOSE

To provide information on evidence-based practice regarding the use of electrical stimulation for pressure injury management.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:

1. Apply clinical practice recommendations related to the use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of pressure injuries.

2. Identify issues related to the use of electrical stimulation to treat pressure injuries.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize evidence regarding the use of electrical stimulation for pressure injury (PI) management with a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

DATA SOURCES

The authors searched scientific databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Medline, and Elsevier) and the online resources of gray publications for studies published between January 1, 1980, and June 20, 2021, using the keywords “electrostimulation,” “electrical stimulation,” “pressure ulcer,” “pressure injury,” “bedsore,” and “decubitus ulcer.”

STUDY SELECTION

The search procedure generated 342 articles. Of these, 241 were disqualified after title screening, 52 after abstract screening, and 33 after full-text review; 16 articles were included in the review. Included articles were full-text reports of randomized clinical trials involving patients with PIs that had at least two patient groups, detailed how wounds healed, and were written in English.

DATA EXTRACTION

The authors extracted information about the purpose and design of each trial, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, research methods, statistical analysis, findings, and conclusions.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Researchers applied high-voltage monophasic pulsed current (HVMPC) in 10 trials, two trials used low-voltage monophasic pulsed current, three trials tested a low-voltage biphasic pulsed current, and one trial used low-intensity direct current.

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of HVMPC in the treatment of PIs has been most thoroughly investigated in clinical trials. The results are consistent and indicate that HVMPC (twin-peak impulse, 50–154 μs, 100 pps, 45–60 min/d) is effective in PI treatment.
The Use of Virtual Reality in the Rehabilitation of Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain
Authors: Ye Gongkai , Koh Ryan G.L , Jaiswal Kishore , Soomal Harghun , Kumbhare Dinesh
Published: May 2023

Objectives:

There has been a major interest in using virtual reality (VR) as a pain-management tool. This systematic review evaluated the literature on the use of VR in the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNNP).

Methods:

Electronic database searches were conducted in Cochrane, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus between inception and November 22, 2022. Search terms used were synonyms of “chronic neck pain” and “virtual reality.” Inclusion criteria were as follows: chronic neck pain patients or pain lasting longer than 3 months; nonspecific neck pain; adult population; VR intervention; and functional and/or psychological outcomes. Study characteristics, quality, participant demographics, and results were independently extracted by 2 reviewers.

Results:

VR interventions demonstrated significant improvement in patients experiencing CNNP. Scores in the visual analogue scale, the Neck Disability Index, and range of motion were significantly improved compared with baseline but not better than gold standard kinematic treatments.

Discussion:

Our results suggest that VR is a promising tool for chronic pain management; however, there is a lack of VR intervention design consistency, objective outcome measures, follow-up reporting, and large sample sizes. Future research should focus on designing VR interventions to serve specific, individualized movement goals as well as combining quantifiable outcomes with existing self-report measures.
Combination Psychotropic Use for Schizophrenia With Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics and Oral Antipsychotics
Authors: Onitsuka Toshiaki , Okada Tsuyoshi , Hasegawa Naomi , Tsuboi Takashi , Iga Jun-ichi , Yasui-Furukori Norio , Yamada Naoki , Hori Hikaru , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Ohi Kazutaka , Ogasawara Kazuyoshi , Ochi Shinichiro , Takeshima Masahiro , Ichihashi Kayo , Fukumoto Kentaro , Iida Hitoshi , Yamada Hisashi , Furihata Ryuji , Makinodan Manabu , Takaesu Yoshikazu , Numata Shusuke , Komatsu Hiroshi , Hishimoto Akitoyo , Kido Mikio , Atake Kiyokazu , Yamagata Hirotaka , Kikuchi Saya , Hashimoto Naoki , Usami Masahide , Katsumoto Eiichi , Asami Takeshi , Kubota Chika , Matsumoto Junya , Miura Kenichiro , Hirano Yoji , Watanabe Koichiro , Inada Ken , Hashimoto Ryota
Published: May 2023

Background

Although several guidelines recommend monotherapy with antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia, patients who receive long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are frequently treated with oral antipsychotics (OAPs). In the present study, we investigated the detailed use of psychotropic medications among patients throughout Japan with schizophrenia who received LAIs or OAPs.

Methods

The present study used data from the project for the Effectiveness of Guidelines for Dissemination and Education in psychiatric treatment from 94 facilities in Japan. The LAI group included patients who received any LAI, and the non-LAI group included patients who took only OAP medications at discharge. The participants of this study were 2518 schizophrenia patients (263 in the LAI group and 2255 in the non-LAI group) who received inpatient treatment and had prescription information at discharge between 2016 and 2020.

Results

This study revealed significantly higher rates of polypharmacy antipsychotics, number of antipsychotics, and chlorpromazine equivalents in the LAI group than in the non-LAI group. In contrast, the LAI group showed lower rate of concomitant use of hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication than the non-LAI group.

Conclusions

Presenting these real-world clinical results, we want to encourage clinicians to keep monotherapy in mind for the treatment of schizophrenia, especially by reducing concomitant use of antipsychotics in the LAI group and reducing hypnotic and/or antianxiety medication in the non-LAI group.
Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine Transfer Into Human Milk
Authors: Majdinasab Elleana , Datta Palika , Krutsch Kaytlin , Baker Teresa , Hale Thomas W.
Published: May 2023

Purpose/Background

Ketamine is anN-methyl-d-aspartate–antagonistic dissociative anesthetic infused intermittently for off-label management of treatment-resistant depression, acute suicidality, and postpartum depression. Despite the prevalence of postpartum depression nearing upward of 15% of deliveries, almost no research has been done to evaluate its safety during lactation.

Methods

In this study, human milk samples were released from the InfantRisk Center's Human Milk Biorepository of 4 participants treated with intermittent ketamine infusions (49–378 mg) to determine the levels of the drug and its active norketamine metabolite using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

The absolute infant dose of ketamine from human milk was 0.003 to 0.017 mg/kg per day, and norketamine was 0.005 to 0.018 mg/kg per day. The relative infant dose (RID) for ketamine ranged from 0.34% to 0.57%. The RID for norketamine ranged from 0.29% to 0.95%. There were no reported infant adverse effects.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that the transfer of ketamine, as well as its active metabolite, norketamine, into human milk is minimal, as estimated by RIDs less than 1% in all participants. These relative doses are well below standardly accepted safety thresholds.
Evolutionary patterns and research frontiers in neoadjuvant immunotherapy: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Jiang Shitao , Liu Yaoge , Zheng Han , Zhang Lei , Zhao Haitao , Sang Xinting , Xu Yiyao , Lu Xin
Published: May 2023

Research has shown that neoadjuvant immunotherapy may provide more significant clinical benefits to cancer patients undergoing surgery than adjuvant therapy. This study examines the development of neoadjuvant immunotherapy research using bibliometric analysis. As of February 12, 2023, articles on neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) were collected. Co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence analyses and visualizations were performed using VOSviewer, while CiteSpace was used to identify bursting keywords and references. The study analyzed a total of 1,222 neoadjuvant immunotherapy publications. The top contributors to this field were the United States (US), China, and Italy, and the journal with the most publications was Frontiers in Oncology. Francesco Montorsi had the highest H-index. The most common keywords were “immunotherapy” and “neoadjuvant therapy.” The study conducted a bibliometric analysis of over 20 years of neoadjuvant immunotherapy research, identifying the countries, institutions, authors, journals, and publications involved in this field. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of neoadjuvant immunotherapy research.
Safer Type 1 Diabetes Care at Home: SEIPS-based Process Mapping with Parents and Clinicians
Authors: Kirkendall Eric S. , Brady Patrick W. , Corathers Sarah D. , Ruddy Richard M. , Fox Catherine , Nelson Hailee , Wetterneck Tosha B. , Rodgers Isabelle , Walsh Kathleen E.
Published: May 2023

Introduction:

The limited data indicate that pediatric medical errors in the outpatient setting, including at home, are common. This study is the first step of our Ambulatory Pediatric Patient Safety Learning Lab to address medication errors and treatment delays among children with T1D in the outpatient setting. We aimed to identify failures and potential solutions associated with medication errors and treatment delays among outpatient children with T1D.

Methods:

A transdisciplinary team of parents, safety researchers, and clinicians used Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) based process mapping of data we collected through in-home medication review, observation of administration, chart reviews, parent surveys, and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA).

Results:

Eight (57%) of the 14 children who had home visits experienced 18 errors (31 per 100 medications). Four errors in two children resulted in harm, and 13 had the potential for harm. Two injuries occurred when parents failed to treat severe hypoglycemia and lethargy, and two were due to repeated failures to administer insulin at home properly. In SEIPS-based process maps, high-risk errors occurred during communication between the clinic and home or in management at home. Two FMEAs identified interventions to better communicate with families and support home care, especially during evolving illness.

Conclusion:

Using SEIPS-based process maps informed by multimodal methods to identify medication errors and treatment delays, we found errors were common. Better support for managing acute illness at home and improved communication between the clinic and home are potentially high-yield interventions.
Deep Learning–Accelerated Liver Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Authors: Kim Dong Hwan , Kim Bohyun , Lee Hyun-Soo , Benkert Thomas , Kim Hokun , Choi Joon-Il , Oh Soon Nam , Rha Sung Eun
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Deep learning–reconstructed diffusion-weighted imaging (DL-DWI) is an emerging promising time-efficient method for liver evaluation, but analyses regarding different motion compensation strategies are lacking. This study evaluated the qualitative and quantitative features, sensitivity for focal lesion detection, and scan time of free-breathing (FB) DL-DWI and respiratory-triggered (RT) DL-DWI compared with RT conventional DWI (C-DWI) in the liver and a phantom.

Materials and Methods

Eighty-six patients indicated for liver MRI underwent RT C-DWI, FB DL-DWI, and RT DL-DWI with matching imaging parameters other than the parallel imaging factor and number of averages. Two abdominal radiologists independently assessed qualitative features (structural sharpness, image noise, artifacts, and overall image quality) using a 5-point scale. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) along with the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and its standard deviation (SD) were measured in the liver parenchyma and a dedicated diffusion phantom. For focal lesions, per-lesion sensitivity, conspicuity score, SNR, and ADC value were evaluated. Wilcoxon signed rank test and repeated-measures analysis of variance with post hoc test revealed the difference in DWI sequences.

Results

Compared with RT C-DWI, the scan times for FB DL-DWI and RT DL-DWI were reduced by 61.5% and 23.9%, respectively, with statistically significant differences between all 3 pairs (all P's < 0.001). Respiratory-triggered DL-DWI showed a significantly sharper liver margin, less image noise, and more minor cardiac motion artifact compared with RT C-DWI (all P's < 0.001), whereas FB DL-DWI showed more blurred liver margins and poorer intrahepatic vessels demarcation than RT C-DWI. Both FB- and RT DL-DWI showed significantly higher SNRs than RT C-DWI in all liver segments (all P's < 0.001). There was no significant difference in overall ADC values across DWI sequences in the patient or phantom, with the highest value recorded in the left liver dome by RT C-DWI. The overall SD was significantly lower with FB DL-DWI and RT DL-DWI than RT C-DWI (all P's ≤ 0.003). Respiratory-triggered DL-DWI showed a similar per-lesion sensitivity (0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.90–0.99) and conspicuity score to those of RT C-DWI and significantly higher SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio values (P ≤ 0.006). The per-lesion sensitivity of FB DL-DWI (0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.95) was significantly lower than that of RT C-DWI (P = 0.001), with a significantly lower conspicuity score.

Conclusions

Compared with RT C-DWI, RT DL-DWI demonstrated superior SNR, comparable sensitivity for focal hepatic lesions, and reduced acquisition time, making it a suitable alternative to RT C-DWI. Despite FB DL-DWI's weakness in motion-related challenges, further refinement could potentiate FB DL-DWI in the context of abbreviated screening protocols, where time efficiency is a high priority.