bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Discharge following Total Knee Arthroplasty May Be Safe in a Teaching Institution
Authors: Novack Thomas A. , Kurowicki Jennifer , Issa Kimona , Pierce Todd P. , Festa Anthony , McInerney Vincent K. , Scillia Anthony J.
Published: November 2018

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly performed yet costly surgical procedures in orthopaedics. With national trends and reimbursements moving in favor of shorter hospital length-of-stay (LOS), it is important to understand the complications associated with discharging patients earlier. This is particularly more challenging in a teaching institution due to complexity and variety of layers of care. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the 90-day postoperative outcomes among those who were discharged on postoperative day 2 (POD-2) and compare them to a cohort whom had a LOS ≥ 3 days. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent a primary TKA from at a single-teaching institution from 2015 to 2017 was performed. During this time, an accelerated discharge protocol was designed and implanted in our institution. We identified 485 patients who were then substratified into two groups: patients who were discharged on POD-2 (n = 91) with the accelerated protocol and those who were discharged ≥ 3 days (n = 394). Outcomes evaluated included (1) demographics, (2) readmission rates, (3) emergency room (ER) visits, and (4) complication rates within 90 days of TKA. The POD-2 cohort was significantly younger than patients with ≥ 3-day LOS (64 vs. 69 years; p = 0.0001). There were no differences in gender ratios between the 2-day and 3-day cohorts (women, 67 vs. 72%; p = 0.34). Readmission rates (2 vs. 5%; p = 0.31) and ER visits were similar between cohorts (9 vs. 6%; p = 0.4). Medical and surgical complication rates did not differ between the two cohorts, with an overall complication rate of 5.5% in POD-2 versus 5.6% in >3 days LOS (p = 0.97). Patients discharged on POD-2 from TKA did not demonstrate an increased risk of complications, ER visits, or readmissions within 90 days in a teaching institution. However, older patients tended to have a longer LOS.
Still, Nothing: Mammy and Black Asexual Possibility
Authors: Owen Ianna Hawkins
Published: November 2018

Although many iterations of the mammy in the last two centuries have received analytical attention, the construction of this figure as asexual or undesiring and undesirable remains to be interrogated. This essay attends to this under-theorised dimension of her image. Resisting a reading of the mammy as fixed in silence, I assert that she might instead ‘say nothing’, and bring into focus a black asexual agency that I call a declarative silence. This strategy of ‘saying nothing’ is then explored in a reading of the withholdings of the character of Mama in Gayl Jones's neo-slave narrative, Corregidora (1975).
Temperature dependent electrical properties of AlN/Si heterojunction
Authors: Mohan Lokesh , Roul Basanta , Krupanidhi S. B.
Published: November 2018

AlN is an integral part of many Si based electronic, optoelectronic, and electromechanical devices. The transport of charge carriers and their recombination at the AlN (0002)/Si (111) interface become crucial for the performance and reliability of such devices. In this work, we have studied the temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V-T) characteristics of AlN/Si heterojunctions to gain a deeper understanding. The analysis of the I-V-T characteristics interestingly suggested a temperature dependent turn-on voltage in the forward bias of the Schottky barrier. Also, the Schottky barrier itself was found to be temperature dependent as expected. We have qualitatively explained the temperature dependence of the turn-on voltage in terms of trap states at the AlN/Si heterojunction.
Self-consistent procedure including envelope function normalization for full-zone Schrödinger-Poisson problems with transmitting boundary conditions
Authors: Verreck Devin , Verhulst Anne S. , Van de Put Maarten L. , Sorée Bart , Magnus Wim , Collaert Nadine , Mocuta Anda , Groeseneken Guido
Published: November 2018

In the quantum mechanical simulation of exploratory semiconductor devices, continuum methods based on a k⋅p/envelope function model have the potential to significantly reduce the computational burden compared to prevalent atomistic methods. However, full-zone k⋅p/envelope function simulation approaches are scarce and existing implementations are not self-consistent with the calculation of the electrostatic potential due to the lack of a stable procedure and a proper normalization of the multi-band envelope functions. Here, we therefore present a self-consistent procedure based on a full-zone spectral k⋅p/envelope function band structure model. First, we develop a proper normalization for the multi-band envelope functions in the presence of transmitting boundary conditions. This enables the calculation of the free carrier densities. Next, we construct a procedure to obtain self-consistency of the carrier densities with the electrostatic potential. This procedure is stabilized with an adaptive scheme that relies on the solution of Poisson’s equation in the Gummel form, combined with successive underrelaxation. Finally, we apply our procedure to homostructure In0.53Ga0.47As tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) and staggered heterostructure GaAs0.5Sb0.5/In0.53Ga0.47As TFETs and show the importance of self-consistency on the device predictions for scaled dimensions.
Coupling of sedimentation and liquid structure: Influence on hard sphere nucleation
Authors: Wood Nicholas , Russo John , Turci Francesco , Royall C. Patrick
Published: November 2018

The discrepancy in nucleation rate densities between simulated and experimental hard spheres remains staggering and unexplained. Suggestively, more strongly sedimenting colloidal suspensions of hard spheres nucleate much faster than weakly sedimenting systems. In this work, we consider first the effect of sedimentation on the structure of colloidal hard spheres by tuning the density mismatch between solvent and colloidal particles. In particular, we investigate the effect on the degree of the fivefold symmetry present. Second, we study the size of density fluctuations in these experimental systems in comparison to simulations. The density fluctuations are measured by assigning each particle a local density, which is related to the number of particles within a distance of 3.25 particle diameters. The standard deviation of these local densities gives an indication of the fluctuations present in the system. Fivefold symmetry is suppressed by a factor of two when sedimentation is induced in our system. Density fluctuations are increased by a factor of two in experiments compared to simulations. The change in fivefold symmetry makes a difference to the expected nucleation rates, but we demonstrate that it is ultimately too small to resolve the discrepancy between experiment and simulation, while the fluctuations are shown to be an artefact of 3d particle tracking.
Cocoon formation by a mildly relativistic pair jet in unmagnetized collisionless electron-proton plasma
Authors: Dieckmann M. E. , Sarri G. , Folini D. , Walder R. , Borghesi M.
Published: November 2018

By modelling the expansion of a cloud of electrons and positrons with the temperature of 400 keV which propagates at the mean speed of 0.9c (c: speed of light) through an initially unmagnetized electron-proton plasma with a particle-in-cell simulation, we find a mechanism that collimates the pair cloud into a jet. A filamentation (beam-Weibel) instability develops. Its magnetic field collimates the positrons and drives an electrostatic shock into the electron-proton plasma. The magnetic field acts as a discontinuity that separates the protons of the shocked ambient plasma, known as the outer cocoon, from the jet's interior region. The outer cocoon expands at the speed of 0.15c along the jet axis and at 0.03c perpendicularly to it. The filamentation instability converts the jet's directed flow energy into magnetic energy in the inner cocoon. The magnetic discontinuity cannot separate the ambient electrons from the jet electrons. Both species rapidly mix and become indistinguishable. The spatial distribution of the positive charge carriers is in agreement with the distributions of the ambient material and the jet material predicted by a hydrodynamic model apart from a dilute positronic outflow that is accelerated by the electromagnetic field at the jet's head.
Networks of coupled oscillators: From phase to amplitude chimeras
Authors: Banerjee Tanmoy , Biswas Debabrata , Ghosh Debarati , Schöll Eckehard , Zakharova Anna
Published: November 2018

We show that amplitude-mediated phase chimeras and amplitude chimeras can occur in the same network of nonlocally coupled identical oscillators. These are two different partial synchronization patterns, where spatially coherent domains coexist with incoherent domains and coherence/incoherence referring to both amplitude and phase or only the amplitude of the oscillators, respectively. By changing the coupling strength, the two types of chimera patterns can be induced. We find numerically that the amplitude chimeras are not short-living transients but can have a long lifetime. Also, we observe variants of the amplitude chimeras with quasiperiodic temporal oscillations. We provide a qualitative explanation of the observed phenomena in the light of symmetry breaking bifurcation scenarios. We believe that this study will shed light on the connection between two disparate chimera states having different symmetry-breaking properties.
Proton dynamics in tetramethylammonium cadmium chloride (CH3)4NCdCl3 single crystal by using 1H NMR measurements
Authors: Sim Jung Seok , Lee Moohee , Lim Ae Ran
Published: November 2018

Tetramethylammonium (TMA) cadmium chloride (TMCC), (CH3)4NCdCl3, has four phases with first-order transition temperatures at 104 and 118 K. To investigate the proton dynamics, we performed 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a single TMCC crystal and measured the spin–lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 and rotating frame relaxation rate 1/T1ρ in the range of 65−300 K at 206.4 MHz under ∼4.8 T. 1/T1 displays an abrupt increase at 111.5 K and 1/T1ρ exhibits a sudden jump between 110 and 120 K. The discontinuities of both 1/T1 and 1/T1ρ across the phase transitions are unique in TMCC and have not been observed in other TMA-based compounds. Above 118 K, the temperature dependence of both T1 and T1ρ is linear, which indicates Arrhenius behavior. Below 118 K, T1 has a single minimum, and both T1 and T1ρ are linear in the low temperature range. This behavior at 206.4 MHz is very different from the double minima observed in T1 at 14.7 MHz for powder TMCC samples and in both T1 and T1ρ for other TMA-based compounds. By fitting two different regimes to the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound curves, we extract both Ea and τ0 above and below 118 K. By carefully analyzing the T1 and T1ρ data, we ascertain that the coexistence of CH3 and TMA motions displays the double minima, unlike the T1 and T1ρ data at 206.4 MHz. Therefore, we conclude that the only active proton dynamics of TMCC originate from the CH3 rotation, and there is no reorientation of TMA ions, unlike other TMA-based compounds. Both T1 and T1ρ data confirm that the proton dynamics of the CH3 groups suddenly switch from rapid rotation above 118 K to slow rotation below 118 K, with no TMA ion dynamics in TMCC.
Multi-reference algebraic diagrammatic construction theory for excited states: General formulation and first-order implementation
Authors: Sokolov Alexander Yu.
Published: November 2018

We present a multi-reference generalization of the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC) theory [J. Schirmer, Phys. Rev. A 26, 2395 (1982)] for excited electronic states. The resulting multi-reference ADC (MR-ADC) approach can be efficiently and reliably applied to systems, which exhibit strong electron correlation in the ground or excited electronic states. In contrast to conventional multi-reference perturbation theories, MR-ADC describes electronic transitions involving all orbitals (core, active, and external) and enables efficient computation of spectroscopic properties, such as transition amplitudes and spectral densities. Our derivation of MR-ADC is based on the effective Liouvillian formalism of Mukherjee and Kutzelnigg [Many-Body Methods in Quantum Chemistry (Springer, 1989), pp. 257–274], which we generalize to multi-determinant reference states. We discuss a general formulation of MR-ADC, perform its perturbative analysis, and present an implementation of the first-order MR-ADC approximation, termed MR-ADC(1), as a first step in defining the MR-ADC hierarchy of methods. We show results of MR-ADC(1) for the excitation energies of the Be atom, an avoided crossing in LiF, and doubly excited states in C2 and outline directions for our future developments.
Vortex breakdown in swirling pipe flow of fluids with shear-dependent viscosity
Authors: Thornhill Thomas O. , Petit Tom , Poole Robert J. , Dennis David J. C.
Published: November 2018

Laminar pipe flow with a controllable wall swirl has been studied both numerically and experimentally to explore the behavior of inelastic shear-dependent fluids. The pipe consists of two smoothly joined sections that can be rotated independently about the same axis. The circumstance of flow entering a stationary pipe from a rotating pipe (decaying swirl) has been investigated. Numerical parametric studies using both a power-law model and a simplified Carreau model are conducted to investigate the effect of shear-thinning and shear-thickening on the flow structure and the critical swirl ratio required to induce the breakdown at a range of Reynolds numbers. A new method of scaling (i.e., a new Reynolds number) is presented that accounts for the shear-dependent viscosity. Using this Reynolds number, the data for all fluids (shear-thickening, Newtonian, and shear-thinning) approximately collapses. Experimental visualisations using an aqueous solution of xantham gum confirm the conclusions drawn from the numerical results.
Critical phase behavior in multi-component fluid mixtures: Complete scaling analysis
Authors: de Castro Pablo , Sollich Peter
Published: November 2018

We analyze the critical gas-liquid phase behavior of arbitrary fluid mixtures in their coexistence region. We focus on the setting relevant for polydisperse colloids, where the overall density and composition of the system are being controlled, in addition to temperature. Our analysis uses the complete scaling formalism and thus includes pressure mixing effects in the mapping from thermodynamic fields to the effective fields of 3D Ising criticality. Because of fractionation, where mixture components are distributed unevenly across coexisting phases, the critical behavior is remarkably rich. We give scaling laws for a number of important loci in the phase diagram. These include the cloud and shadow curves, which characterise the onset of phase coexistence, a more general set of curves defined by fixing the fractional volumes of the coexisting phases to arbitrary values, and conventional coexistence curves of the densities of coexisting phases for fixed overall density. We identify suitable observables (distinct from the Yang-Yang anomalies discussed in the literature) for detecting pressure mixing effects. Our analytical predictions are checked against numerics using a set of mapping parameters fitted to simulation data for a polydisperse Lennard-Jones fluid, allowing us to highlight crossovers where pressure mixing becomes relevant close to the critical point.
Features of magnetoresistance and magnetic properties in Bi95.69Mn3.69Fe0.62
Authors: Terekhov A. V. , Rogacki K. , Solovjov A. L. , Bludov A. N. , Prokhvatilov A. I. , Meleshko V. V. , Zolochevskii I. V. , Khristenko E. V. , Cwik J. , Los A. , Shevchenko A. D. , Kovalyuk Z. D. , Ivasishin O. M.
Published: November 2018

A study of textured, polycrystalline Bi95.69Mn3.69Fe0.62 containing two phases: the bismuth matrix and inclusions of the α-BiMn phase. It is shown that the anomalous behavior of the magnetization temperature dependences can be linked to the reorientation transition of the Mn magnetic moments in the α-BiMn phase, caused by the change in the sign of the magnetic anisotropy constant. It is established that the temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity in a magnetic field are non-monotonic, and that the magnetoresistance is positive in all temperature ranges, reaching a maximum value of 3033% for a magnetic field of 140 kOe, when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the transport current. A strong anisotropy of electrical resistivity is measured in a magnetic field. It is assumed that the anomalous behavior of the electrical resistivity as a function of temperature in Bi95.69Mn3.69Fe0.62, as compared to pure bismuth, is linked to a change in the overlap between the electron and the hole Fermi surfaces under the influence of α-BiMn phase magnetism, as well as the magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field.
Explosive desorption of solid methane particles induced by an electron beam
Authors: Khizhny I. V. , Uyutnov S. A. , Bludov M. A. , Savchenko and E. V.
Published: November 2018

The integrated yield of desorption of solid methane particles under irradiation by an electron beam at a helium temperature was studied. The effect of explosive desorption from the solid methane surface was determined when a critical irradiation dose of ∼ 100 eV per methane molecule was reached. The yield of particles is accompanied by a cathodoluminescence burst of solid methane. This effect is preceded by an increase in the intensity oscillations of the desorption yield, with a period of 10 s.
An improved viscous/acoustic splitting method by analyzing source effects
Authors: Du Bingxin , Zhang Wenping , Ming Pingjian , Zhang Qi
Published: November 2018

The origin and effect of each term in the equations of the viscous/acoustic splitting (VAS) method are studied in this paper. With its rigorous mathematical derivation, the VAS method could be an improved version of Lighthill’s acoustic analogy method (referred to here as the ILAA method). The ILAA method contains a new monopole acoustic source due to the time derivative of the incompressible pressure and a modified quadrupole acoustic source due to the increment in momentum flux and viscous stress from the compressible/incompressible flow. Based on the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, the VAS method is also considered as an ILAA method in which the quadrupole acoustic source is due to the compressible momentum flux, compressible viscous stress and the incompressible pressure. A source decomposition method is proposed by which the sound waves are sorted by the source terms. We analyze the effects of each source in the VAS method and propose an improved VAS (IVAS) method by distinguishing between an unstable source and acoustic radiation sources. Using the IVAS method suppresses the pseudo-sound waves that are excited by the additional unstable source that is generated by the waves spreading in a non-uniform velocity field, and the radiating quadrupole source in the ILAA method (VAS method) is retained to the utmost extent.
High uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) during early roll-out in Belgium: results from surveillance reports
Authors: Vuylsteke Bea , Reyniers Thijs , Lucet Catherine , Nöstlinger Christiana , Deblonde Jessika , Libois Agnes , Sauvage Anne-Sophie , Deprez Edwinne , Goffard Jean-Christophe , Allard Sabine D. , Florence Eric , Demeester Rémy , Callens Steven , Laga Marie
Published: November 2018

Background
Since 1 June 2017, oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could be prescribed and reimbursed in Belgium as prophylactic medication for people who are at increased risk of HIV acquisition. The aim of this study was to determine the uptake of daily and event-driven PrEP in Belgium during the first 9 months of roll-out. Methods: Routine aggregated data on the number of reimbursement requests and the number of boxes of Truvada (Gilead Sciences, Cambridge, UK) delivered for PrEP through the Belgian pharmacies were obtained from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance. We also collected aggregated data from seven Aids Reference Centres (ARCs) currently providing most of the PrEP care in Belgium. Results: From 1 June 2017 to 28 February 2018, 1352 requests for reimbursement were approved by the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance. Almost 98% of those who bought at least one box of 30 tablets of emtricitabine 200mg/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300mg (FTC/TDF) in a Belgian pharmacy were male, and most (67%) were between 30 and 50 years of age. According to data obtained from ARCs, the proportion of those choosing event-driven PrEP initially ranged between 29% and 73%. Conclusions: The uptake of PrEP in Belgium since the start of the roll-out in June 2017 has been high, and almost entirely limited to men who have sex with men, of whom 43% initially prefer a non-daily regimen. A better understanding is needed as to why other populations, such as sub-Saharan African migrants, are not accessing PrEP, as well as the development of a more sustainable PrEP delivery model.
Emergence of
Escherichia coli
critically buckled motile helices under stress
Authors: Phan Trung V. , Morris Ryan J. , Lam Ho Tat , Hulamm Phuson , Black Matthew E. , Bos Julia , Austin Robert H.
Published: November 2018

Significance

We have discovered an emergent mechanism by which
Escherichia coli
can escape high-stress regions, such as near-lethal concentrations of antibiotics, by forming long motile helical filaments that are poized at the critical shear buckling point: 2

π

twist rotations independent of the length of the filament. All filaments, independent of length, have the same twist, indicating that this is a highly evolved response. The helices do not tumble as nonstressed bacteria do but rather, over a period of tens of seconds, reverse direction. The result is that the persistence length of the filaments’ translational motion is much larger than in unstressed normal-size bacteria, giving filaments an extremely large effective diffusion coefficient, allowing the bacteria to escape high existential stress.
DPYSL3 modulates mitosis, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in claudin-low breast cancer
Authors: Matsunuma Ryoichi , Chan Doug W. , Kim Beom-Jun , Singh Purba , Han Airi , Saltzman Alexander B. , Cheng Chonghui , Lei Jonathan T. , Wang Junkai , Roberto da Silva Leonardo , Sahin Ergun , Leng Mei , Fan Cheng , Perou Charles M. , Malovannaya Anna , Ellis Matthew J.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Mass spectrometry-based proteogenomics of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) identified dihydropyrimidinase-like-3 (DPYSL3) as a multilevel (RNA/protein/phosphoprotein) expression outlier specific to a claudin-low (CLOW) PDX. DPYSL3 has established functions in neural cell migration and axon outgrowth but is understudied in breast cancer. Here, we demonstrate that loss of DPYSL3 promotes cell-cycle arrest, multinucleation, and collapse of the vimentin microfilament network associated with increased phospho-vimentin. DPYSL3 is also a negative regulator of p21-activated kinase (PAK) and suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In turn, EMT regulators induce DPYSL3, suggesting that DPYSL3 provides negative feedback on EMT. DPYSL3 therefore serves as a biomarker for CLOW tumors that exhibit PAK-dependent motility and EMT and is also susceptible to therapeutic approaches that promote vimentin phosphorylation during mitosis.
Poplar phyllosphere harbors disparate isoprene-degrading bacteria
Authors: Crombie Andrew T. , Larke-Mejia Nasmille L. , Emery Helen , Dawson Robin , Pratscher Jennifer , Murphy Gordon P. , McGenity Terry J. , Murrell J. Colin
Published: November 2018

The climate-active gas isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is released to the atmosphere in huge quantities, almost equaling that of methane, yet we know little about the biological cycling of isoprene in the environment. Although bacteria capable of growth on isoprene as the sole source of carbon and energy have previously been isolated from soils and sediments, no microbiological studies have targeted the major source of isoprene and examined the phyllosphere of isoprene-emitting trees for the presence of degraders of this abundant carbon source. Here, we identified isoprene-degrading bacteria in poplar tree-derived microcosms by DNA stable isotope probing. The genomes of isoprene-degrading taxa were reconstructed, putative isoprene metabolic genes were identified, and isoprene-related gene transcription was analyzed by shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. Gram-positive bacteria of the genus
Rhodococcus
proved to be the dominant isoprene degraders, as previously found in soil. However, a wider diversity of isoprene utilizers was also revealed, notably
Variovorax
, a genus not previously associated with this trait. This finding was confirmed by expression of the isoprene monooxygenase from
Variovorax
in a heterologous host. A
Variovorax
strain that could grow on isoprene as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated. Analysis of its genome confirmed that it contained isoprene metabolic genes with an identical layout and high similarity to those identified by DNA-stable isotope probing and metagenomics. This study provides evidence of a wide diversity of isoprene-degrading bacteria in the isoprene-emitting tree phyllosphere and greatly enhances our understanding of the biodegradation of this important metabolite and climate-active gas.
An introduction to the 'demon plant' parthenium weed.
Authors: Adkins S. W. , Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir , Dhileepan K.
Published: November 2018

Research on parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is in progress in many countries, including Australia, India, South Africa, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and Nepal. This book, with contributions from expert researchers with extensive involvement in parthenium weed research from these countries, has collected and synthesized existing knowledge on parthenium weed in 16 chapters covering aspects of: (i) biology; (ii) ecology; (iii) genetics; (iv) introduction histories; (v) geographical distribution; (vi) the impact on agriculture, natural forests and the environment of protected areas; (vii) allelopathy; (viii) impacts on human and animal health; (ix) potential uses; and (x) management strategies, including chemical, cultural and biological control methods. The book also provides current distribution records/status of the weed, along with future risks of spread based on climate change. There are dedicated chapters on the current status of parthenium weed problems in Australia and the Pacific, Southern Asia, East and South-east Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, and southern Africa. All chapters have relevant photos and figures included to make the reading interesting. This is the first book on parthenium weed under the CABI invasive species series. The book will be of immense value to all countries with a parthenium problem, which will benefit by sharing knowledge and experience.
Spread.
Authors: Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir , McConnachie A. , Adkins S. W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter deals with how parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), with a humble origin in the neotropics, has ended up as a global weed with a pantropical distribution spreading across about 48 countries in the last five to six decades. The chapter specifically deals with the spread pathways adopted by the weed and the present distribution in the invaded continents. The chapter also highlights that parthenium weed is likely to expand its geographical distribution range even more, particularly into the Mediterranean and eastern European, Western Africa and South and South-east Asian regions, with anticipated future climate change. The ability of parthenium weed to benefit from future CO2 enrichment, predicted to occur under a changing climate, will encourage greater seed production, which in turn will increase the rate of spread. If not contained effectively, the weed will spread more aggressively in the future, with greater chances of new outbreaks occurring within and beyond its present introduced range.
Interference and impact of parthenium weed on agriculture.
Authors: Bajwa A. A. , Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir , Adkins S. W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides details on how parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) interferes with and negatively affects: (i) crop production, including grain, horticultural, vegetable, fibre and field crops, as well as agroforestry; (ii) farm animal production, including pastures, fodder crops and meat production; and (iii) the socio-economic aspects of agriculture. A comprehensive discussion on the different aspects of the impacts will be presented to highlight the magnitude of the problem. This chapter not only provides a thorough literature review of the problems caused by parthenium weed invasion but also gives an insight into the broader subject of weed invasion biology and management. The quantitative and qualitative descriptions of different negative impacts of this particular weed on agricultural production will help to devise sustainable and improved management strategies for the future.
Impacts on the environment.
Authors: Witt A. , Belgeri A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter deals with the impact of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) on the environment, more specifically, the negative impact of the weed on soil properties, and the above- and below-ground community biodiversity, including fauna, flora and microorganisms. Also, the chapter comprehensively examines the negative impact of parthenium weed on insect pollinators and shows how the weed can: (i) alter nutrient cycling; (ii) reduce plant species diversity and abundance; (iii) change vegetation structure; and (iv) alter the assemblage of other organisms such as invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Although some key gaps with regard to determining the impacts of parthenium weed on biodiversity have been detected, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that parthenium weed is having a dramatic impact on biodiversity and ecosystem function throughout its introduced range in Africa, Asia and Australia.
Biological control.
Authors: Dhileepan K. , McFadyen R. , Strathie L. , Naeem Khan Naeem Khan
Published: November 2018

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is susceptible to herbivory, but there are no herbivores or pathogens in the introduced ranges that are known to exert any critical impact on parthenium weed. Classical biological control, using host-specific (highly selective) natural enemies introduced from the native range of the plant, to cause vegetative or reproductive suppression, is the most cost-effective, long-term management option for parthenium weed. This chapter focuses on biological control of parthenium weed. It covers key biological control agents available for the management of the weed, which are mainly based on Australian initiatives. This chapter also encompasses introduction history and status of parthenium weed biological control agents in other parts of the world, for example Eastern and South Africa, South Asia and the Pacific Islands. For effective management of parthenium weed, integrating various biological control options that include classical biological control, mycoherbicides and suppressive plants with management tools such as chemical, physical, grazing management and cultural management is desirable.
Management: physical, cultural, chemical.
Authors: Campbell S. D. , Vogler W. D. , Tamado Tana Tamado Tana
Published: November 2018

The ecology of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), particularly its persistent soil seed bank, the multiple dispersal mechanisms and the ability to reach reproductive maturity quickly, allows it to persist in areas following initial control activities. To attain the desired level of management, several follow-up treatments are required and to do this most effectively, consideration should be given to all available options and how they can be integrated. This chapter considers the importance of other management strategies and discusses them in the context of integrated weed management. A detailed account is presented of cultural (legislative measures, hygiene practices, crop rotation, cover crops, competition and suppression), physical (manual and mechanical removal, fire and heat) and chemical (synthetic and natural products) approaches used to manage parthenium weed in different parts of the world.
History and management - Australia and Pacific.
Authors: McFadyen R. , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan , Day M.
Published: November 2018

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) is now recognized as a major invasive weed worldwide. Yet in the 1950s, when it was first discovered in Australia, it was an almost unknown plant. International research on parthenium weed did not start until the 1970s, after reports of increasing health problems caused by the dense infestations in central India. Australian policy makers in 1973-75 were therefore working in an information vacuum when trying to manage this new weed, which was rapidly spreading south from the northern cattle zone. Their response was to establish one of the largest long-term and well-funded weed management programmes ever seen against a single weed, and the outcome has been startlingly successful. This chapter outlines the history and background of parthenium in Australia and the management tools used to produce this success. It shows that the management programme in place from 1975 to the present day, along with the simultaneous development of on-ground methods to reduce spread and a well-funded biological control programme to reduce the impact of existing infestations, has proved highly effective. Parthenium weed is no longer a major threat to farmers and landholders in Australia, and no longer rates as one of the top weeds, even in the worst-affected areas.
History and management in East and South-east Asia.
Authors: Shi BoYang Shi BoYang , Tang SaiChun Tang SaiChun , Nguyen Thi Lan Thi Nguyen Thi Lan Thi , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan
Published: November 2018

In East and South-east Asia, parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) has invaded many countries, including Vietnam in 1922, Southern China in 1926, Japan in 1972, Taiwan in 1988, Korea in 1993, a new second introduction has been identified in Northern China (Shandong Province) in 2004, and it has been found in peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak in 2013 and Thailand in 2016. This chapter discusses the history of invasion, background, spread and management (using chemical, cultural, physical and biological control methods) of pathenium weed in East and South-east Asian countries. Only a limited amount of information is available on the incidence of parthenium weed in these countries. More survey work is suggested to determine the full extent of the parthenium weed invasion. Although some countries have reported the presence of the weed and have some knowledge of its spread, legislative frameworks to help prevent further invasion and spread of parthenium weed are still needed. Also, educational tools need to be developed to raise public awareness. Methods to prevent further spread need to be implemented, including restrictions on the movement of seed lots and food products from infested to non-infested weed-free regions, and the potential for future biological control investigated.
History and management - Southern Africa and western Indian Ocean islands.
Authors: Strathie L. W. , McConnachie A. J.
Published: November 2018

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) has been recorded in the Southern African countries of South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and most recently Botswana, and the western Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar, Mauritius including Rodrigues, as well as Réunion, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte and Salomon islands. This chapter outline the history of invasions, background, spread and management (using mechanical, chemical and biological control methods as well as containment strategies and growing competitive plant species) of parthenium weed in southern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean islands. Management of parthenium weed within Southern Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands remains a challenge, as it does for most developing countries, for a number of reasons. These include one or more of the following: (i) lack of inventory of invasive species and knowledge of their extent and impacts; (ii) lack of broad awareness of the impacts or potential impacts of invasive alien species such as parthenium weed; (iii) lack of value placed on conservation of biodiversity; (iv) lack of legislation on the management of invasive alien species; (v) lack of national long-term commitment and coordinated efforts to manage invasive species; (vi) limited resources for large-scale management programmes; and (vii) lack of expertise and/or facilities.
Conclusions.
Authors: Adkins S. W. , Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir , Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan
Published: November 2018

This chapter draws conclusions and makes future recommendations on the management of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), based on extensive information reviewed in different chapters of the book. There are some research gaps, particularly in quantification of economic losses and health effects of parthenium weed. The chapter also examines integrated management options and the way forward in the management of the weed under changing environmental conditions. Finally, this chapter looks at the gaps in our knowledge and how we might close these with collaborative programmes of research around the globe.
Essentials of extracellular vesicles: posters on basic and clinical aspects of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Nieuwland Rienk , Falcon‐Perez Juan Manuel , Soekmadji Carolina , Boilard Eric , Carter Dave , Buzas Edit I.
Published: November 2018

The past decade has witnessed an exponential development in the field of extracellular vesicles. Sporadic observations have reached a critical level and the scientific community increasingly recognizes the potential biomedical significance of these subcellular structures present in all body fluids as significant components of the cellular secretome. The Educational Committee of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles prepared two posters (“Basic aspects of extracellular vesicles” and “Clinical aspects of extracellular vesicles”) to provide essential pieces of information on extracellular vesicles at glance for anyone not familiar with the field.
Electron cryotomography analysis of Dam1C/DASH at the kinetochore–spindle interface in situ
Authors: Ng Cai Tong , Deng Li , Chen Chen , Lim Hong Hwa , Shi Jian , Surana Uttam , Gan Lu
Published: November 2018

In dividing cells, depolymerizing spindle microtubules move chromosomes by pulling at their kinetochores. While kinetochore subcomplexes have been studied extensively in vitro, little is known about their in vivo structure and interactions with microtubules or their response to spindle damage. Here we combine electron cryotomography of serial cryosections with genetic and pharmacological perturbation to study the yeast chromosome segregation machinery in vivo. Each kinetochore microtubule has one (rarely, two) Dam1C/DASH outer kinetochore assemblies. Dam1C/DASH contacts the microtubule walls and does so with its flexible “bridges”; there are no contacts with the protofilaments’ curved tips. In metaphase, ∼40% of the Dam1C/DASH assemblies are complete rings; the rest are partial rings. Ring completeness and binding position along the microtubule are sensitive to kinetochore attachment and tension, respectively. Our study and those of others support a model in which each kinetochore must undergo cycles of conformational change to couple microtubule depolymerization to chromosome movement.
Funds of Knowledge and Cultural Capital: Working toward Diversity and Equity of Knowledges
Authors: Cho Seonhee , Yi Youngjoo
Published: November 2018

In this Forum article, we discuss issues emerging from utilizing two significant theoretical constructs, Funds of Knowledge and Cultural Capital, in the field of second/multilingual language studies. Some similar underlying characteristics yet opposite perspectives surrounding the concepts and theoretical applications have confused researchers and practitioners. Hence, we address three major issues related to social class-based knowledge distinction, little consideration of diversity and agency, and lack of empirical evidence on the convertibility and transferability of knowledges. Through the discussions, we pose important questions to seek diversity and equity of knowledges and urge applied linguists to raise their critical awareness of recognition and use/exchange value of second/multilingual learners’ resources and knowledges.
Inflammatory and Infectious Syndromes Associated With Cancer Immunotherapies
Authors: Fishman Jay A , Hogan John I , Maus Marcela V
Published: November 2018

Immunotherapy using antibodies to immune checkpoint molecules or targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) represent dramatic advances in cancer treatment. These therapies mediate immune-related adverse events that may mimic or amplify infectious presentations. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be associated with diverse irAEs including mild skin, endocrine, and autoimmune manifestations or severe inflammatory processes including colitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and shock. CAR-T-cell therapies may induce toxicities including cytokine-release syndrome with fevers and multiorgan dysfunction, CAR-T-cell–related encephalopathy syndrome with altered mental status and neurologic dysfunction, or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-macrophage-activation syndrome. Infectious risks may relate to prior cancer therapies or to treatments of inflammatory dysregulation, including corticosteroids and inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Immune activation may unmask subclinical infections. Clinical approaches must attempt to identify infections in the face of immunotherapy-associated inflammatory processes. Empirical antimicrobial therapies should not be delayed based on the presumption of noninfectious syndromes.
Carriage and Acquisition of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase–producing Enterobacterales Among Neonates Admitted to Hospital in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Kagia Ngure , Kosgei Patrick , Ooko Michael , Wafula Leonard , Mturi Neema , Anampiu Kirimi , Mwarumba Salim , Njuguna Patricia , Seale Anna C , Berkley James A , Bottomley Christian , Scott J Anthony G , Morpeth Susan C
Published: November 2018

Background

Infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) among hospitalized neonates in sub-Saharan Africa pose significant clinical challenges. Data on prevalence and acquisition of ESBL-E carriage among hospitalized neonates in the region are few, and risk factors for transmission are not clearly defined.

Methods

In a cohort study of consecutive neonatal admissions to Kilifi County Hospital from July 2013 through August 2014, we estimated ESBL-E carriage prevalence on admission using rectal swab cultures and identified risk factors using logistic regression. Using twice-weekly follow-up swabs, we estimated the incidence and identified risk factors for ESBL-E acquisition in hospital using Poisson regression.

Results

The prevalence of ESBL-E carriage at admission was 10% (59/569). Cesarean delivery, older neonatal age, and smaller household size were significant risk factors. Of the 510 infants admitted without ESBL-E carriage, 238 (55%) acquired carriage during their hospital stay. The incidence of acquisition was 21.4% (95% confidence interval, 19.0%–24.0%) per day. The rate was positively associated with the number of known neonatal ESBL-E carriers and with the total number of neonates on the same ward.

Conclusions

Carriage of ESBL-E was common among neonates on admission, and in-hospital acquisition was rapid. The dissemination and selection of ESBL-E appears to be driven by hospital exposures, operative delivery, and neonatal ward patient density. Further attention to infection control, patient crowding, and carriage surveillance is warranted.
From risk to care: the hepatitis C screening and diagnostic cascade in a primary health care clinic in Karachi, Pakistan—a cohort study
Authors: Khalid Gul Ghuttai , Kyaw Khine Wut Yee , Bousquet Christine , Auat Rosa , Donchuk Dmytro , Trickey Adam , Hamid Saeed , Qureshi Huma , Mazzeo Valentina , Aslam Khawar , Khowaja Salima , Van den Bergh Rafael
Published: November 2018

Background

In the high-prevalence setting of Pakistan, screening, diagnosis and treatment services for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients are commonly offered in specialized facilities. We aimed to describe the cascade of care in a Médecins Sans Frontières primary health care clinic offering CHC care in an informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort analysis using routinely collected data. Three different screening algorithms were assessed among patients with one or more CHC risk factors.

Results

Among the 87 348 patients attending the outpatient clinic, 5003 (6%) presented with one or more risk factors. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) positivity was 38% overall. Approximately 60% of the CHC patients across all risk categories were in the early stage of the disease, with an aspartate aminotransferase:platelet ratio index score <1. The sequential delays in the cascade differed between the three groups, with the interval between screening and treatment initiation being the shortest in the cohort tested with GeneXpert onsite.

Conclusions

Delays between screening and treatment can be reduced by putting in place more patient-centric testing algorithms. New strategies, to better identify and treat the hidden at-risk populations, should be developed and implemented.
Semantic domains in Picasso’s poetry
Authors: Meneses Luis , Mallen Enrique
Published: November 2018

The question of why Pablo Picasso dedicated a considerable amount of his time to writing around 1935 is open to speculation. Many have cited, among possible causes: the Spanish artist’s emotional crisis, the political turmoil in Europe in the period between the two wars, and the menace of a confrontation in Spain. All of these views are predicated on an assumed irreducible conflict between visual composition and verbal expression. However, we cannot forget that Picasso’s interest in alternative methods of expression might have started with his fascination for linguistic structure as a whole during his cubist period. In this article, we explore the possibility that the transition into poetry that we observe in Picasso is simply one more manifestation of his pursuit of alternative approaches to language as a means of representation. In this sense, one thing that remained to be determined was how concrete concepts in both languages cluster into representative semantic categories and how these categories interact with each other in semantic networks.