bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Solid-state Structures and Catalytic Activity of Zinc Carboxylate Complexes in Lactide Polymerization
Authors: Scheiper Christoph , Wölper Christoph , Bläser Dieter , Roll Joachim , Schulz Stephan
Published: December 2014

Three dinuclear zinc carboxylate complexes [L1-3Zn(μ,η2-O2CPh)]2 (1, 2, 4) containing either the bidentate N,N′-chelating β-diketiminate ligand RNC(Me)C(H)C(Me)NR (R = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3, L1, complex 1), the tridentate O,N,N-chelating ligand OC(Me)C(H)C(Me)NCH2CH2NMe2 (L2, complex 2) or the bis-N,N′-chelating bis-β-diketiminate ligand RNC(Me)C(H)C(Me)NNC(Me)- C(H)C(Me)NR (R = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3, L3, complex 4) were synthesized and characterized including single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Reaction of the neutral bis-β-diketimine (L3(H)2) with two equivalents of ZnMe2 leads to the expected heteroleptic dinuclear zinc complex L3(ZnMe)2 3 in 93% yield. Further reaction with benzoic acid PhCO2H leads to complex 4. Complex 2 forms a rather strong carboxylate-bridged dimer, whereas the carboxylate groups in complexes 1 and 4 act as asymmetrical bridges between both Zn atoms, pointing to the formation of a weakly bonded dimer. The zinc atoms in 1 and 4 are tetrahedrally coordinated, whereas in 2 the coordination number is increased to five due to the coordination of the pendant donor arm. The ring opening polymerization (ROP) of rac-lactide was investigated with the zinc complexes 1-4 and diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU) as a co-catalyst. Complexes 2 and 3 are active polymerization catalysts, which in the presence of DBU converted 200 equiv. of rac-lactide into polylactide within 10 min at ambient temperature. The analysis of the crude polymer showed that the lactide polymerization with catalyst 2 occurs via a slightly modified activated-monomer mechanism.
The Unusual Coordination Sphere in the Octaammine Calcium(II) Ions of [Ca(NH3)8]Br2 and [Ca(NH3)8]I2 and the Thermal Decomposition of the Iodide to [Ca(NH3)6]I2
Authors: Woidy Patrick , Karttunen Antti J. , Müller Thomas G. , Kraus Florian
Published: December 2014

We report on the synthesis and crystal structure of the octaammine calcium(II) halides [Ca(NH3)8]Br2, and [Ca(NH3)8]I2, which were synthesized by the reaction of the respective calcium( II) halides with dry liquid ammonia. The compounds form colorless crystals which crystallize isotypically at 123 K with Z = 4 in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 12:0478(3), b = 7:4406(2), c = 15:7216(4) Å, V = 1409:33(6) Å3 for the bromide, and a = 12:1113(4), b = 7:7706(3), c = 16:7145(6) Å, V = 1573:0(1) Å3 for the iodide. Instead of the expected tetragonal antiprism for the eightfold-coordinated Ca2+ ions, we observed a coordination polyhedron best described as a twofold capped trigonal prism. After evaporation of the liquid ammonia and warming of [Ca(NH3)8]I2 to room temperature, [Cu(NH3)6]I2 was obtained as a colorless powder. The hexaammine calcium(II) iodide crystallizes isotypically to [Mn(NH3)6]I2 (CaF2 type) in the cubic space group Fm3̅m with a = 11:18580(6) Å, V = 1399:59(1) Å3, Z = 4 at 293 K
Interconnection of [V15As6O42(H2O)]6- Clusters by Cu2+-centered Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Selected Properties
Authors: Wutkowski Adam , Näther Christian , Leusen Jan van , Kögerler Paul , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

The compound {[Cu(C5H14N2)2]3[V15As6O42(H2O)]} was synthesized under solvothermal conditions. During the reaction the VV species of NH4VO3 are reduced to VIV providing the 15 reduced VIV centers in the anionic cluster. The compound crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group P212121 with four formula units in the cell, V =9464:8(4) Å3. The structure features [V15As6O42(H2O)]6- anions which are joinded by Cu2+-centered complexes to form linear chains. If a long Cu-O bond is considered as weak intermolecular interaction a three-dimensional network is generated. The compound is partially soluble in water as evidenced by UV/Vis spectroscopy and mass spectra. The magnetic susceptibility of the compound is dominated by strong intra-cluster antiferromagnetic exchange interactions.
The Reduction of Pyridine by K12Si17 to the 4,4′-Bipyridine Radical Anion [C10H8N2]-•: Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Characterization of [K([2.2.2]crypt)][C10H8N2]
Authors: Benda Christian B. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: December 2014

From an anhydrous pyridine extract of the binary Zintl phase K12Si17 in the presence of the cation sequestering agent [2.2.2]crypt (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) crystals of the compound [K([2.2.2]crypt)][C10H8N2] have been isolated which contains the 4,4′- bipyridine radical monoanion. This compound was fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, 1H, 13C NMR, EPR, IR and UV=Vis spectroscopy
Cohesive Taping and Short-Leg Casting in Acute Low-Type Ankle Sprains in Physically Active Patients
Authors: Uslu Mustafa , Inanmaz Mustafa E. , Ozsahin Mustafa , Isık Cengiz , Arıcan Mehmet , Gecer Yavuz
Published: December 2014

Background

Cohesive taping is commonly used for the prevention or treatment of ankle sprain injuries. Short-leg cast immobilization or splinting is another treatment option in such cases. To determine the clinical efficacy and antiedema effects of cohesive taping and short-leg cast immobilization in acute low-type ankle sprains of physically active patients, we performed a preliminary clinical study to assess objective evidence for edema and functional patient American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores with these alternative treatments.

Methods

Fifty-nine physically active patients were included: 32 in the taping group and 27 in the short-leg cast group within a year. If a sprain was moderate (grade II) or mild (grade I), we used functional taping or short-leg cast immobilization for 10 days. We evaluated the edema and the functional scores of the injured ankle using the AOFAS Clinical Rating System on days 1, 10, and 100.

Results

In each group, edema significantly decreased and AOFAS scores increased indicating that both treatment methods were effective. With the numbers available, no statistically significant difference could be detected.

Conclusions

Each treatment method was effective in decreasing the edema and increasing the functional scores of the ankle. At the beginning of treatment, not only the level of edema but also the initial functional scores of the ankle and examinations are important in making decisions regarding the optimal treatment option.
A major range extension of Blindia robusta (Seligeriaceae, Bryophyta)
Authors: Bednarek-Ochyra Halina Krystyna
Published: December 2014

The endemic species Ditrichum tenuinerve Dixon from Tristan da Cunha is taxonomically evaluated and some details of its type material are illustrated. This species shares the diagnostic characters of Blindia robusta Hampe and the two species are considered to be conspecific. As a result of this taxonomic conclusion the global range of B. robusta is extended to the South Atlantic Ocean and accordingly it has to be considered as a nearly pan-south-temperate, not an amphipacific south-temperate species. The global distribution map for B. robusta is presented.
Redes Sociais: um jornal on-line como fonte de informação especializada em turismo
Authors: Guerra Antônio Claret , Gosling Marlusa , Coelho Mariana de Freitas
Published: December 2014

Este artigo busca fornecer subsídios para uma avaliação objetiva da importância das redes sociais baseadas na internet, como fonte de informação em turismo. O foco são pesquisas qualitativas feitas pela Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ), auditorias do Instituto Verificador de Circulação (IVC), entrevistas com jornalistas e especialista em mídia digital, e consultas realizadas no portal O Tempo. O método escolhido foi uma abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, através de estudo de caso. A coleta de dados envolveu um levantamento de dados documentais e entrevistas direcionadas. Em termos de resultados, constatou-se que o uso das redes sociais foi feito por públicos estimados de 8,8 milhões a 10,7 milhões de pessoas, apenas na empresa jornalística pesquisada, no ano de 2011. Identificou-se, ainda, que a ampliação exponencial de possibilidades de contatos diretos com públicos diversos, nos ambientes das redes sociais, induz à aproximação e fidelização do leitor e o jornalista e, ao mesmo tempo, facilita o acesso à informação, o que possibilita o desenvolvimento de veículos de comunicação específicos para esses novos meios.
Mobilidade e Turismo: Hospitalidade no Transporte Coletivo em Caxias do Sul/RS
Authors: Simon Simone , Gastal Susana de Araújo , Santos Marcia Maria Cappellano dos
Published: December 2014

Na cidade, a perspectiva aberta por uma boa rede de ligações internas confere ao morador – e, consequentemente, também ao turista/visitante que nela se encontra – independência para traçar seus caminhos para o destino a que deseja dirigir-se. Entretanto, mais do que isso, há que se considerar o transporte como um dentre os serviços que, em sua inter-relação com os processos de gestão e com os traços culturais de uma comunidade, configuram-na como um Corpo Coletivo Acolhedor (Santos e Perazzolo, 2012), no seio do qual moradores e turistas/visitantes possam sentir-se contemplados em suas necessidades e expectativas humano-sociais. Sob essa perspectiva coletiva da hospitalidade e de acordo com o Ministério das Cidades e a Secretaria Nacional de Transporte e de Mobilidade Urbana, as cidades devem oferecer os meios necessários para favorecer a locomoção de pessoas, compreendidas aquelas com necessidades especiais, implementando, dentre outras, políticas municipais específicas para o sistema de transporte. O presente artigo apresenta resultados de pesquisa qualitativa realizada no município de Caxias do Sul/RS, em 2013, com o objetivo de identificar sinalizadores de hospitalidade no transporte coletivo urbano local. A análise das condições de hospitalidade apoia-se particularmente nos conceitos de acessibilidade, legibilidade e identidade propostos por Grinover (2007). Sob esse olhar, os resultados revelam, dentre outras ações de hospitalidade nos serviços prestados pela empresa, a disponibilização de elevadores de acesso ao ônibus, interior adaptado para deficientes visuais, visibilidade de informações, transporte especial de porta a porta (PCD). Da análise decorrem algumas proposições de melhoria, ressaltando-se, no entanto, que essas ações não diminuem a importância de que haja políticas públicas que possam potencializar a qualificação permanente do transporte coletivo urbano.
Trends in Corporal Punishment and Attitudes in Favour of This Practice: Toward a Change in Societal Norms
Authors: Clément Marie-Ève , Chamberland Claire
Published: December 2014

Over 10 years ago, Quebec's statistical institute, the Institut de la Statistique du Québec, conducted its first population survey on family violence in the lives of children. Taken again 5 years later (2004), the survey showed a decrease in the use of corporal punishment of children. This paper presents the results of the third survey, which was conducted by telephone in 2012 with a representative sample of 4,029 maternal figures. More specifically, this paper presents the evolution of prevalence rates for corporal punishment and attitudes in favour of this practice as observed between the 3 surveys conducted in 1999, 2004, and 2012. The paper also presents the associations found between mothers’ attitudes and their reports of corporal punishment. The results show that attitudes and practices are closely associated and that corporal punishment has been in a constant and significant decrease since 1999, regardless of the children's age. Supported by a decrease in maternal attitudes in favour of this practice, the results are discussed in terms of changes in Quebec's social norms.
The Combination Application of Space Filling and Closed Irrigation Suction in Reconstruction of Sacral Decubitus Ulcer
Authors: Weizhong Liang , Zuojun Zhao , Junling Wu , Hongmei Ai
Published: December 2014

Dead space and poor drainage are the main reasons for intractable sacral decubitus ulcers. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of treatment for sacral decubitus ulcer using space filling through muscle flap and closed irrigation. A total of 22 patients with serious sacral decubitus ulcer were treated with space filling through muscle flap and closed irrigation. After debridement of the decubitus ulcer, the infected areas over the bony prominence and osseous prominences were debrided. We elevated biceps femoris long head or semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle. Pedicled by proximal part of muscle, the muscle flap was elevated to cover the ischial tuberosity. Transfusion systems of inflow and outflow drainage were placed between the muscle flap and ischial tuberosity. Wound healing and complications were observed. One wound dehiscence healed after secondary suturing. One wound gradually healed by dressing change after 3 weeks. The other cases had good results. Space filling and closed irrigation were complementary. The use of these two methods simultaneously is useful for the management of sacral decubitus ulcers.
Simple Diversion by Duodenojejunostomy for a Retroperitoneal Perforation of the Second Portion of the Duodenal Diverticulum
Authors: Fujisaki Shigeru , Takashina Motoi , Sakurai Kenichi , Tomita Rhyouichi , Takayama Tadatoshi
Published: December 2014

We herein describe that a Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy is a simple and secure procedure for perforated diverticulum in the second portion of the duodenum. The surgical technique for perforated duodenal diverticulum can be adaptable when it is difficult to achieve closure of the perforated site easily. Patients who undergo the operation may be able to eat meals, even if duodenal fistula occurs in the postoperative course.
The Use of Collatamp G, Local Gentamicin-Collagen Sponge, in Reducing Wound Infection
Authors: Chia Clement L. K. , Shelat Vishal G. , Low Wilson , George Sheena , Rao Jaideepraj
Published: December 2014

We conducted a retrospective study to examine the role of Collatamp G in reducing postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) in patients with different wound classes. Ninety-two patients (62 men and 30 women; mean age, 58 years; range, 29–88 years) who had undergone surgery between December 2009 and November 2011 in Tan Tock Seng Hospital and who had application of Collatamp G in their wound before closure were included in the study. The primary endpoint was the development of any superficial wound infection within 1 month postoperatively. Of 92 patients studied, 9 (10%) developed a superficial wound infection. Two of 43 patients with clean-contaminated wounds (5%), 2 of 19 with contaminated wounds (11%), and 5 of 30 with dirty-infected wounds (16%) developed infection. Use of the larger size Collatamp G (10 × 10 cm) also appears to have a lower incidence of SSI compared with the smaller Collatamp G (5 × 5 cm); 4% and 12%, respectively. Our data suggest that postoperative SSI was reduced in the group of patients with dirty-infected wound class. SSI appears to be decreased with use of the larger size Collatamp G.
Thyroid Surgery in the Elderly: A Comparative Experience of 400 Patients From an Italian University Hospital
Authors: Canonico Silvestro , Pellino Gianluca , Pameggiani Domenico , Sciaudone Guido , Candilio Giuseppe , De Fatico G Serena , Landino Isabella , Marcellinaro Rosa , Rocco Federica , Selvaggi Lucio , Parmeggiani Umberto , Selvaggi Francesco
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to compare disease features and surgical complications of patients undergoing surgery under or over 65 years of age. We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing thyroidectomy or lobectomy from January 1990 through January 2012 in our Institution. Patients aged over 65 years of age were compared with younger patients on a 1:1 ratio.

A total of 2012 patients were operated on during the study period. Two-hundred patients aged > 65 years were compared with 200 patients < 65 years old. In this series, no significant differences were observed concerning surgical complications between groups. At multivariate analysis, masses causing compression, extended approaches and malignant lesions were significant predictors of complications, irrespective of age. Due to longer life expectancy, elderly patients are being operated on more frequently. Safety of thyroid surgery in this population is still debated. We observed no difference in surgical outcomes between elderly and younger patients; however, some features of the diseases impair survival in the former. Age did not increase likeliness of worse outcomes in patients receiving thyroid surgery.
Use of Stapling Devices for Safe Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Odabasi Mehmet , Muftuoglu M. A. Tolga , Ozkan Erkan , Eris Cengiz , Yildiz Mehmet Kamil , Gunay Emre , Abuoglu Haci Hasan , Tekesin Kemal , Akbulut Sami
Published: December 2014

Many techniques are described for the ligation of a difficult cystic duct (CD). The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of stapling of a difficult CD in acute cholecystitis using Endo-GIA. From January 2008 to June 2012, 1441 patients with cholelithiasis underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) at the Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital. Of these, 19 (0.62%) were identified as having a difficult CD and were ligated using an Endo-GIA stapler. All patients were successfully treated with a laparoscopic approach. The length of hospital stay was 3.4 days. There were umbilical wound infections in 4 patients (21%). The length of follow-up ranged from 1.0 to 50.4 months. In conclusion, Endo-GIA is a safe and easy treatment method for patients with a dilated and difficult CD. The cystic artery should be isolated and ligated if possible before firing the Endo-GIA stapler. If isolation and stapling are not possible, fibrin sealant can be applied to avoid bleeding. The vascular Endo-GIA can be applied in a large CD, but for acute cholecystitis with an edematous CD, the Endo-GIA roticulator 4.8 or 3.5 stapler is preferred.
Global warming and changes in risk of concurrent climate extremes: Insights from the 2014 California drought
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir , Cheng Linyin , Mazdiyasni Omid , Farahmand Alireza
Published: December 2014

Global warming and the associated rise in extreme temperatures substantially increase the chance of concurrent droughts and heat waves. The 2014 California drought is an archetype of an event characterized by not only low precipitation but also extreme high temperatures. From the raging wildfires, to record low storage levels and snowpack conditions, the impacts of this event can be felt throughout California. Wintertime water shortages worry decision‐makers the most because it is the season to build up water supplies for the rest of the year. Here we show that the traditional univariate risk assessment methods based on precipitation condition may substantially underestimate the risk of extreme events such as the 2014 California drought because of ignoring the effects of temperature. We argue that a multivariate viewpoint is necessary for assessing risk of extreme events, especially in a warming climate. This study discusses a methodology for assessing the risk of concurrent extremes such as droughts and extreme temperatures.
Differentiating flavors of the Indian Ocean Dipole using dominant modes in tropical Indian Ocean rainfall
Authors: Weller Evan , Cai Wenju , Du Yan , Min Seung‐Ki
Published: December 2014

Phase locked to austral winter and spring, canonical positive Indian Ocean Dipoles (pIODs) generally peak in spring. In recent decades, there has been an increase in unseasonable pIODs which, different from canonical pIODs, peak and decay by September. Distinguishing unseasonable pIODs from canonical pIODs is important, as conditions leading to more frequent unseasonable events are projected to persist in a warming climate. Here using superimposition of the first two seasonally evolving dominant modes of tropical Indian Ocean rainfall variability, we differentiate these types of pIODs. The first mode reflects characteristics of canonical pIODs, in which anomalies intensify with seasonal evolution. However, the second mode, with cool and dry anomalies extending from the eastern pole, reverses from winter to spring, signifying the demise of unseasonable pIODs. Processes embedded in the second mode reflect timing of propagation in equatorial Kelvin waves and their relative importance to the first mode, in generating different pIODs.
Thermal, mechanical properties, and low‐temperature performance of fibrous nanoclay‐reinforced epoxy asphalt composites and their concretes
Authors: Sun Yifan , Zhang Yuge , Xu Ke , Xu Wei , Yu Dier , Zhu Lei , Xie Hongfeng , Cheng Rongshi
Published: December 2014

Epoxy asphalt (EA) concretes have been widely used in the pavement of orthotropic steel bridge decks. The objective of this study was to figure out the enhanced effects of natural fibrous attapulgite (ATT) as a reinforced nanofiller in ATT/EA nanocomposites through a comparison of the properties of the composites with a series of various nanoclay loadings. The rheological properties, glass transition, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and morphology of the ATT/EA composites were characterized. Furthermore, the low‐temperature flexibility of the ATT/EA concretes was investigated. The test results show that the addition of ATT had no significant effect on the rotational viscosity of EA in the initial stage of the curing reaction. In addition, the ATT/EA composites showed better performance than the neat one in thermal stability with a higher glass‐transformation temperature. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the ATT/EA composites at a loading of 0.5 wt % ATT were 21 and 22% higher than those of the neat EA. The addition of ATTs also enhanced the low‐temperature flexibility of the EA concretes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41694.
Comparative analysis of genes regulated by Dzip1/iguana and hedgehog in zebrafish
Authors: Arnold Corey R. , Lamont Ryan E. , Walker John T. , Spice Peter J. , Chan Chi‐Kin , Ho Chi‐Yip , Childs Sarah J.
Published: December 2014

Background: The zebrafish genetic mutant iguana (igu) has defects in the ciliary basal body protein Dzip1, causing improper cilia formation. Dzip1 also interacts with the downstream transcriptional activators of Hedgehog (Hh), the Gli proteins, and Hh signaling is disrupted in igu mutants. Hh governs a wide range of developmental processes, including stabilizing developing blood vessels to prevent hemorrhage. Using igu mutant embryos and embryos treated with the Hh pathway antagonist cyclopamine, we conducted a microarray to determine genes involved in Hh signaling mediating vascular stability. Results: We identified 40 genes with significantly altered expression in both igu mutants and cyclopamine‐treated embryos. For a subset of these, we used in situ hybridization to determine localization during embryonic development and confirm the expression changes seen on the array. Conclusions: Through comparing gene expression changes in a genetic model of vascular instability with a chemical inhibition of Hh signaling, we identified a set of 40 differentially expressed genes with potential roles in vascular stabilization. Developmental Dynamics 244:211–223, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increase in body size is correlated to warmer winters in a passerine bird as inferred from time series data
Authors: Björklund Mats , Borras Antoni , Cabrera Josep , Senar Juan Carlos
Published: December 2014

Climate change is expected to affect natural populations in many ways. One way of getting an understanding of the effects of a changing climate is to analyze time series of natural populations. Therefore, we analyzed time series of 25 and 20 years, respectively, in two populations of the citril finch (Carduelis citrinella) to understand the background of a dramatic increase in wing length in this species over this period, ranging between 1.3 and 2.9 phenotypic standard deviations. We found that the increase in wing length is closely correlated to warmer winters and in one case to rain in relation to temperature in the summer. In order to understand the process of change, we implemented seven simulation models, ranging from two nonadaptive models (drift and sampling), and five adaptive models with selection and/or phenotypic plasticity involved and tested these models against the time series of males and females from the two population separately. The nonadaptive models were rejected in each case, but the results were mixed when it comes to the adaptive models. The difference in fit of the models was sometimes not significant indicating that the models were not different enough. In conclusion, the dramatic change in mean wing length can best be explained as an adaptive response to a changing climate.
The relative influence of habitat amount and configuration on genetic structure across multiple spatial scales
Authors: Millette Katie L. , Keyghobadi Nusha
Published: December 2014

Despite strong interest in understanding how habitat spatial structure shapes the genetics of populations, the relative importance of habitat amount and configuration for patterns of genetic differentiation remains largely unexplored in empirical systems. In this study, we evaluate the relative influence of, and interactions among, the amount of habitat and aspects of its spatial configuration on genetic differentiation in the pitcher plant midge, Metriocnemus knabi. Larvae of this species are found exclusively within the water‐filled leaves of pitcher plants (Sarracenia purpurea) in a system that is naturally patchy at multiple spatial scales (i.e., leaf, plant, cluster, peatland). Using generalized linear mixed models and multimodel inference, we estimated effects of the amount of habitat, patch size, interpatch distance, and patch isolation, measured at different spatial scales, on genetic differentiation (FST) among larval samples from leaves within plants, plants within clusters, and clusters within peatlands. Among leaves and plants, genetic differentiation appears to be driven by female oviposition behaviors and is influenced by habitat isolation at a broad (peatland) scale. Among clusters, gene flow is spatially restricted and aspects of both the amount of habitat and configuration at the focal scale are important, as is their interaction. Our results suggest that both habitat amount and configuration can be important determinants of genetic structure and that their relative influence is scale dependent.
Recent insertion/deletion (reINDEL) mutations: increasing awareness to boost molecular‐based research in ecology and evolution
Authors: Schlick‐Steiner Birgit C. , Arthofer Wolfgang , Moder Karl , Steiner Florian M.
Published: December 2014

Today, the comparative analysis of DNA molecules mainly uses information inferred from nucleotide substitutions. Insertion/deletion (INDEL) mutations, in contrast, are largely considered uninformative and discarded, due to our lacking knowledge on their evolution. However, including rather than discarding INDELs would be relevant to any research area in ecology and evolution that uses molecular data. As a practical approach to better understanding INDEL evolution in general, we propose the study of recent INDEL (reINDEL) mutations – mutations where both ancestral and derived state are seen in the sample. The precondition for reINDEL identification is knowledge about the pedigree of the individuals sampled. Sound reINDEL knowledge will allow the improved modeling needed for including INDELs in the downstream analysis of molecular data. Both microsatellites, currently still the predominant marker system in the analysis of populations, and sequences generated by next‐generation sequencing, a promising and rapidly developing range of technologies, offer the opportunity for reINDEL identification. However, a 2013 sample of animal microsatellite studies contained unexpectedly few reINDELs identified. As most likely explanation, we hypothesize that reINDELs are underreported rather than absent and that this underreporting stems from common reINDEL unawareness. If our hypothesis applies, increased reINDEL awareness should allow gathering data rapidly. We recommend the routine reporting of either the absence or presence of reINDELs together with standardized key information on the nature of mutations when they are detected and the use of the keyword “reINDEL” to increase visibility in both instances of successful and unsuccessful search.
Patterns of shrub expansion in Alaskan arctic river corridors suggest phase transition
Authors: Naito Adam T. , Cairns David M.
Published: December 2014

Recent increases in deciduous shrub cover are a primary focus of terrestrial Arctic research. This study examined the historic spatial patterns of shrub expansion on the North Slope of Alaska to determine the potential for a phase transition from tundra to shrubland. We examined the historic variability of landscape‐scale tall shrub expansion patterns on nine sites within river valleys in the Brooks Range and North Slope uplands (BRNS) between the 1950s and circa 2010 by calculating percent cover (PCTCOV), patch density (PADENS), patch size variability (CVSIZE), mean nearest neighbor distance (MEDIST) and the multi‐scale information fractal dimension (dI) to assess spatial homogeneity for shrub cover. We also devised conceptual models for trends in these metrics before, during, and after a phase transition, and compared these to our results. By developing a regression equation between PCTCOV and dI and using universal critical dI values, we derived the PCTCOV required for a phase transition to occur. All nine sites exhibited increases in PCTCOV. Five of the nine sites exhibited an increase in PADENS, seven exhibited an increase in CVSIZE, and five exhibited a decrease in MEDIST. The dI values for each site exceeded the requirements necessary for a phase transition. Although fine‐scale heterogeneity is still present, landscape‐scale patterns suggest our study areas are either currently in a state of phase transition from tundra to shrubland or are progressing towards spatial homogeneity for shrubland. Our results indicate that the shrub tundra in the river valleys of the north slope of Alaska has reached a tipping point. If climate trends observed in recent decades continue, the shrub tundra will continue towards homogeneity with regard to the cover of tall shrubs.
Differential item functioning due to cognitive status does not impact depressive symptom measures in four heterogeneous samples of older adults
Authors: Fieo Robert , Mukherjee Shubhabrata , Dmitrieva Natalia O. , Fyffe Denise C. , Gross Alden L. , Sanders Elizabeth R. , Romero Heather R. , Potter Guy G. , Manly Jennifer J. , Mungas Dan M. , Gibbons Laura E.
Published: December 2014

Objective

The objective of this study is to determine whether differential item functioning (DIF) due to cognitive status impacted three depressive symptoms measures commonly used with older adults.

Methods

Differential item functioning in depressive symptoms was assessed among participants (N = 3558) taking part in four longitudinal studies of cognitive aging, using the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Participants were grouped by cognitive status using a general cognitive performance score derived from each study's neuropsychological battery and linked to a national average using a population‐based survey representative of the US population. The Clinical Dementia Rating score was used as an alternate grouping variable in three of the studies.

Results

Although statistically significant DIF based on cognitive status was found for some depressive symptom items (e.g., items related to memory complaints, appetite loss, lack of energy, and mood), the effect of item bias on the total score for each scale was negligible.

Conclusions

The depressive symptoms scales in these four studies measured depression in the same way, regardless of cognitive status. This may reduce concerns about using these depression measures in cognitive aging research, as relationships between depression and cognitive decline are unlikely to have been due to item bias, at least in the ways that were measured in the datasets we considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significant reduction in end‐stage liver diseases burden through the national viral hepatitis therapy program in Taiwan
Authors: Chiang Chun‐Ju , Yang Ya‐Wen , Chen Jin‐De , You San‐Lin , Yang Hwai‐I , Lee Mei‐Hsuan , Lai Mei‐Shu , Chen Chien‐Jen
Published: December 2014

A national viral hepatitis therapy program was launched in Taiwan in October 2003. This study aimed to assess the impact of the program on reduction of end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) burden. Profiles of national registries of households, cancers, and death certificates were used to derive incidence and mortality of ESLDs from 2000 to 2011. Age‐gender–adjusted incidence and mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver diseases (CLDs) and cirrhosis of adults ages 30‐69 years were compared before and after launching the program using Poisson's regression models. A total of 157,570 and 61,823 patients (15%‐25% of those eligible for reimbursed treatment) received therapy for chronic hepatitis B and C, respectively, by 2011. There were 42,526 CLDs and cirrhosis deaths, 47,392 HCC deaths, and 74,832 incident HCC cases occurred in 140,814,448 person‐years from 2000 to 2011. Male gender and elder age were associated with a significantly increased risk of CLDs and cirrhosis and HCC. Mortality and incidence rates of ESLDs decreased continuously from 2000 to 2003 (before therapy program) through 2004‐2007 to 2008‐2011 in all age and gender groups. The age‐gender–adjusted rate ratio (95% confidence interval; P value) in 2008‐2011 was 0.78 (0.76‐0.80; P < 0.001) for CLDs and cirrhosis mortality, 0.76 (0.75‐0.78; P < 0.005) for HCC mortality, and 0.86 (0.85‐0.88; P < 0.005) for HCC incidence using 2000‐2003 as the reference period (rate ratio = 1.0). Conclusions: The national viral hepatitis therapy program has significantly reduced the mortality of CLDs and cirrhosis and incidence and mortality of HCC. (Hepatology 2015;61:1154–1162)
Posterior compensatory network in cognitively intact elders with hippocampal atrophy
Authors: Valenzuela Michael J. , Turner Andrew J.F. , Kochan Nicole A. , Wen Wei , Suo Chao , Hallock Harry , McIntosh Randy A. , Sachdev Perminder , Breakspear Michael
Published: December 2014

Functional compensation in late life is poorly understood but may be vital to understanding long‐term cognitive trajectories. To study this we first established an empirically derived threshold to distinguish hippocampal atrophy in those with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI n = 34) from those with proficient cognition (PRO n = 22), using data from a population‐based cohort. Next, to identify compensatory networks we compared cortical activity patterns during a graded spatial working memory (SWM) task in only cognitively proficient individuals, either with (PROATR) or without hippocampal atrophy (PRONIL). Multivariate Partial Least Squares analyses revealed that these groups engaged spatially distinct SWM‐related networks. In those with hippocampal atrophy and under conditions of basic‐SWM demand, expression of a posterior compensatory network (PCN) comprised calcarine and posterior parietal cortex strongly correlated with superior SWM performance (r = −0.96). In these individuals, basic level SWM response times were faster and no less accurate than in those with no hippocampal atrophy. Cognitively proficient older individuals with hippocampal atrophy may, therefore, uniquely engage posterior brain areas when performing simple spatial working memory tasks. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectroscopy of lipids: a review
Authors: Czamara K. , Majzner K. , Pacia M. Z. , Kochan K. , Kaczor A. , Baranska M.
Published: December 2014

Raman spectra of 35 lipids are presented and analyzed in this work. Selected compounds, i.e. saturated/unsaturated fatty acids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, were chosen to review key lipids involved in cardiovascular disease development. Differences in Raman signatures both between diverse groups of lipids as well as various members of the same family are investigated in detail in order to elucidate marker features enabling detection and discrimination of lipids in complex samples, particularly of biological origin. This work complements our previous review on important biomolecules, i.e. proteins, and presents a comprehensive database of Raman spectra of naturally occurring lipids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in linear and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy. Part VIII
Authors: Nafie Laurence A.
Published: December 2014

The goal of this annual review is to provide an overview of advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy as reflected in articles published each year in the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy as well as in trends across related journals that have published papers in the broad field of Raman spectroscopy. The content is obtained from statistical data on article counts obtained from Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge by year and by subfield of Raman spectroscopy. Additional information is gleaned from presentations at the XXIV International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy in Germany in August 2014 and those featuring Raman scattering at SCIX 2014 organized by the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies in Reno, Nevada, USA in October 2014. Coverage is also provided for topics from the conference GeoRaman 2014 held in June in St. Louis, Missouri and ECONOS 2014 held in May in Dole, France. Finally, papers published in JRS in 2013 are highlighted and arranged by topics at the frontier of Raman spectroscopy. From these various perspectives, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy is a rapidly expanding field that provides sensitive photonic information of matter at the molecular level in an ever‐widening sphere of novel applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon isotope ratios of selected volatiles in Citrus sinensis and in orange‐flavoured food
Authors: Schipilliti Luisa , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Cotroneo Antonella , Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Twenty genuine samples of industrially cold‐pressed sweet orange essential oils, were analysed by gas chromatography–combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the values of the carbon isotope ratios (δ13CVPDB) of selected volatiles and assess the corresponding range of authenticity. Successively, four commercial orange‐flavoured products were analysed under identical conditions to evaluate the authenticity of the orange flavour. The samples were extracted by solid‐phase microextraction under optimised conditions. The evaluation was performed by using an internal standard procedure to neglect the contribution due to the original environment to the isotopic abundance of 13C. The composition of the volatile fraction of the essential oils and of the flavoured products was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with linear retention indices, and by gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector.

RESULTS

The δ13CVPDB values of seven secondary metabolites determined here were successfully used to characterise genuine orange essential oil. These values were used to evaluate the quality of orange‐flavoured products, revealing the presence of compounds of different origin, not compatible with the values of genuine orange secondary metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides the range of authenticity of δ13CVPDB of seven different secondary metabolites in sweet orange genuine essential oil, useful for evaluating the genuineness of orange flavour. In accord with a previous study on different essential oils, the values determined here can be successfully applied for the evaluation of a large number of flavoured food stuffs and correlated with their origins. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: A review and updated recommendations
Authors: Schrock Lauren E. , Mink Jonathan W. , Woods Douglas W. , Porta Mauro , Servello Dominico , Visser‐Vandewalle Veerle , Silburn Peter A. , Foltynie Thomas , Walker Harrison C. , Shahed‐Jimenez Joohi , Savica Rodolfo , Klassen Bryan T. , Machado Andre G. , Foote Kelly D. , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Hu Wei , Ackermans Linda , Temel Yasin , Mari Zoltan , Changizi Barbara K. , Lozano Andres , Auyeung M. , Kaido Takanobu , Agid Yves , Welter Marie L. , Khandhar Suketu M. , Mogilner Alon Y. , Pourfar Michael H. , Walter Benjamin L. , Juncos Jorge L. , Gross Robert E. , Kuhn Jens , Leckman James F. , Neimat Joseph A , Okun Michael S. ,   Tourette Syndrome Association International Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Database and Registry Study Group
Published: December 2014

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) may improve disabling tics in severely affected medication and behaviorally resistant Tourette syndrome (TS). Here we review all reported cases of TS DBS and provide updated recommendations for selection, assessment, and management of potential TS DBS cases based on the literature and implantation experience. Candidates should have a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM V) diagnosis of TS with severe motor and vocal tics, which despite exhaustive medical and behavioral treatment trials result in significant impairment. Deep brain stimulation should be offered to patients only by experienced DBS centers after evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Rigorous preoperative and postoperative outcome measures of tics and associated comorbidities should be used. Tics and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions should be optimally treated per current expert standards, and tics should be the major cause of disability. Psychogenic tics, embellishment, and malingering should be recognized and addressed. We have removed the previously suggested 25‐year‐old age limit, with the specification that a multidisciplinary team approach for screening is employed. A local ethics committee or institutional review board should be consulted for consideration of cases involving persons younger than 18 years of age, as well as in cases with urgent indications. Tourette syndrome patients represent a unique and complex population, and studies reveal a higher risk for post‐DBS complications. Successes and failures have been reported for multiple brain targets; however, the optimal surgical approach remains unknown. Tourette syndrome DBS, though still evolving, is a promising approach for a subset of medication refractory and severely affected patients. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Are Established Methods of Physiotherapeutic Management for Long‐term Neurological Conditions Applicable to ‘Orphan’ Conditions such as Syringomyelia?
Authors: Smith Rebecca , Jones Gareth , Curtis Alexandra , Murphy Hollie , Flint Graham
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose

Syringomyelia is a rare or ‘orphan’ condition with the potential to cause significant disability and detrimental effects to quality of life. Syringomyelia shares similar symptoms to those common in other long‐term neurological conditions, including spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. In these more prevalent conditions, physiotherapy is utilized widely and is effective in optimizing physical, psychological and social parameters. Therefore, we theorized that physiotherapy might be transferable to, and beneficial to syringomyelia patients. As a paucity of literature exists in this area, we aimed to evaluate the existing uptake and perceived efficacy of physiotherapy.

Methods

An exploratory, mixed methodology was selected to derive sufficient qualitative data for analysis. Specifically designed questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews yielded data on uptake and perceived physiotherapy efficacy. One hundred patients from a National Health Service tertiary syringomyelia service were invited to participate.

Results

The questionnaire and interviews were completed by 49 and 20 patients, respectively. Of the small number of patients receiving physiotherapy, the majority reported beneficial effects on pain modulation and quality of life. Stretching and hydrotherapy were deemed effective for relief of pain and stiffness. Additionally, physiotherapy was reported to provide similar benefits to surgical intervention.

Discussion

Syringomyelia patients report physiotherapy to provide benefits for symptom management and quality of life. Such findings suggest that established rehabilitation techniques in more common conditions may be transferable to those less prevalent. Uptake of physiotherapy was limited, seemingly because of inadequate information, knowledge and resources. To address these deficiencies, further studies should be planned investigating the effectiveness of physiotherapy modalities, such as hydrotherapy, in parallel or in conjunction with surgery and/or pharmacology. Additionally, syringomyelia could be represented alongside similar pathologies in research trials to initiate further research questions and drivers for funding. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trunk Muscle Activation During Different Quadruped Stabilization Exercises in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Yoon Tae‐Lim , Cynn Heon‐Seock , Choi Sil‐Ah , Choi Woo‐Jeong , Jeong Hyo‐Jung , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Choi Bong‐Sam
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare the trunk muscle activities and the local/global activity ratios of the abdominal, back and trunk muscles during stabilization exercises such as one arm raise (AR), one leg raise (LR), and opposing arm/leg raise (ALR) in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).

Method

Ten individuals with chronic LBP (five men and five women) participated in this study. The external oblique abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, multifidus, thoracic part of the lumbar iliocostalis and the local/global activity ratio were assessed, while quadruped stabilization exercises were performed (AR, LR, and ALR); each exercise was carried out three times.

Result

One‐way repeated ANOVA was used to measure the differences in the trunk muscle activity and the local/global activity ratio. Post hoc analyses were performed (α = 0.05/3 = 0.017). In the right internal oblique, muscle activity during LR was significantly greater than that during AR. In the bilateral multifidus and lumbar iliocostalis, each ALR muscle activity was significantly greater than those of AR and LR. In addition, the local/global activity ratios of the back and trunk muscle in LR and ALR were significantly greater compared with AR.

Conclusions

LR should be recommended over AR for individuals with chronic LBP. Moreover, the application of ALR should be approached carefully on the basis of progress and ability to stabilize the spine in this patient population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.