bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Trifluoromethylation of Ketones with (Trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxides
Authors: Nagao Hitoshi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2007

Asymmetric trifluoromethylation of ketones with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane catalyzed by cinchonidine-derived quaternary ammonium phenoxides proceeded smoothly to afford the trifluoromethylated compounds in high yields with moderate to high enantioselectivities.
Modelling change in adolescent smoking behaviour: Stability of predictors across analytic models
Authors: Mazanov J. , Byrne D. G.
Published: April 2007

Objectives The current paper examined the variability of predictors of changes in adolescent smoking across linear and nonlinear analytic models.

Design Three analytic models typically used to model adolescent smoking behaviour were tested: one linear model of change (standard linear), one static linear model (pre‐post linear) and one nonlinear model of change (cusp catastrophe). Variability in model composition was assessed by examining the pattern of variables achieving statistical significance and proportion of variance explained.

Methods Model testing was conducted on data from Australian adolescents successfully tracked through a 12‐month longitudinal study of smoking (N = 779). The survey measured demographics, self‐reported smoking, smoking among friends and family, self‐esteem, neuroticism, coping, stress and risk taking.

Results The results indicated that while predictors of change were invariant across analytic models explanatory power varied markedly. Models of change in smoking that included simple, interacted or polynomial forms of initial conditions (past behaviour) explained more than four times the variance of models without.

Conclusions These results justified confidence in the predictors of change in adolescent smoking across analytic models. A secondary implication was that more research into past behaviour's role in the context of dynamical models of adolescent smoking and other health behaviour is needed.
From natural products to biological tools
Authors: Wipf Peter , Graham Thomas H. , Xiao Jingbo
Published: April 2007

The development of a total synthetic approach for the antimitotic disorazole C1 and the design of a peptide isostere linked to the reactive oxygen scavenger 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) demonstrate established as well as novel strategies for mining the therapeutic potential of natural products.
Diagnostic performance of combined specific urinary proteins and urinary flow cytometry in urinary tract pathology
Authors: Penders Joris , Fiers Tom , Everaert Karel , Barth Joeri , Dhondt Annemieke W. , Delanghe Joris R.
Published: April 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:499–504.
The c.–292C>T promoter polymorphism increases reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase-1 activity and could be atheroprotective
Authors: Wittwer Jonas , Bayer Mathias , Mosandl Armin , Muntwyler Jörg , Hersberger Martin
Published: April 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:487–92.
Thailand in 2006: Retreat to Military Rule
Authors: Ockey James
Published: April 2007

The year began with a prime minister elected with the largest margin of victory in Thai history. The year ended with the prime minister in exile, the military in power, and, according to polls, most people satisfied with the coup. The coup marked a setback for democracy and for all major political institutions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: April 2007

Purposive Interpretation in Law By Aharon Barak. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. 2005.
Bayesian Shrinkage Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci for Dynamic Traits
Authors: Yang Runqing , Xu Shizhong
Published: April 2007

Many quantitative traits are measured repeatedly during the life of an organism. Such traits are called dynamic traits. The pattern of the changes of a dynamic trait is called the growth trajectory. Studying the growth trajectory may enhance our understanding of the genetic architecture of the growth trajectory. Recently, we developed an interval-mapping procedure to map QTL for dynamic traits under the maximum-likelihood framework. We fit the growth trajectory by Legendre polynomials. The method intended to map one QTL at a time and the entire QTL analysis involved scanning the entire genome by fitting multiple single-QTL models. In this study, we propose a Bayesian shrinkage analysis for estimating and mapping multiple QTL in a single model. The method is a combination between the shrinkage mapping for individual quantitative traits and the Legendre polynomial analysis for dynamic traits. The multiple-QTL model is implemented in two ways: (1) a fixed-interval approach where a QTL is placed in each marker interval and (2) a moving-interval approach where the position of a QTL can be searched in a range that covers many marker intervals. Simulation study shows that the Bayesian shrinkage method generates much better signals for QTL than the interval-mapping approach. We propose several alternative methods to present the results of the Bayesian shrinkage analysis. In particular, we found that the Wald test-statistic profile can serve as a mechanism to test the significance of a putative QTL.
Associations Between Sperm Competition and Natural Variation in Male Reproductive Genes on the Third Chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Fiumera Anthony C , Dumont Bethany L , Clark Andrew G
Published: April 2007

We applied association analysis to elucidate the genetic basis for variation in phenotypes affecting postcopulatory sexual selection in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. We scored 96 third chromosome substitution lines for nine phenotypes affecting sperm competitive ability and genotyped them at 72 polymorphisms in 13 male reproductive genes. Significant heterogeneity among lines (P < 0.01) was detected for all phenotypes except male-induced refractoriness (P = 0.053). We identified 24 associations (8 single-marker associations, 12 three-marker haplotype associations, and 4 cases of epistasis revealed by single-marker interactions). Fewer than 9 of these associations are likely to be false positives. Several associations were consistent with previous findings [Acp70A with the male's influence on the female's refractoriness to remating (refractory), Esterase-6 with a male's remating probability (remating) and a measure of female offspring production (fecundity)], but many are novel associations with uncharacterized seminal fluid proteins. Four genes showed evidence for pleiotropic effects [CG6168 with a measure of sperm competition (P2′) and refractory, CG14560 with a defensive measure of sperm competition (P1′) and a measure of female fecundity, Acp62F with P2′ and a measure of female fecundity, and Esterase-6 with remating and a measure of female fecundity]. Our findings provide evidence that pleiotropy and epistasis are important factors in the genetic architecture of male reproductive success and show that haplotype analyses can identify associations missed in the single-marker approach.
Shortcut Predictions for Fitness Properties at the Mutation–Selection–Drift Balance and for Its Buildup After Size Reduction Under Different Management Strategies
Authors: García-Dorado Aurora
Published: April 2007

For populations at the mutation–selection–drift (MSD) balance, I develop approximate analytical expressions giving expectations for the number of deleterious alleles per gamete, the number of loci at which any individual is homozygous for deleterious alleles, the inbreeding depression rate, and the additive and dominant components of fitness variance. These predictions are compared to diffusion ones, showing good agreement under a wide range of situations. I also give approximated analytical predictions for the changes in mean and additive variance for fitness when a population approaches a new equilibrium after its effective size is reduced to a stable value. Results are derived for populations maintained with equal family contribution or with no management after size reduction, when selection acts through viability or fertility differences. Predictions are compared to previously published results obtained from transition matrices or stochastic simulations, a good qualitative fit being obtained. Predictions are also obtained for populations of various sizes under different sets of plausible mutational parameters. They are compared to available empirical results for Drosophila, and conservation implications are discussed.
Asymmetric Postmating Isolation: Darwin's Corollary to Haldane's Rule
Authors: Turelli Michael , Moyle Leonie C
Published: April 2007

Asymmetric postmating isolation, where reciprocal interspecific crosses produce different levels of fertilization success or hybrid sterility/inviability, is very common. Darwin emphasized its pervasiveness in plants, but it occurs in all taxa assayed. This asymmetry often results from Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities (DMIs) involving uniparentally inherited genetic factors (e.g., gametophyte–sporophyte interactions in plants or cytoplasmic–nuclear interactions). Typically, unidirectional (U) DMIs act simultaneously with bidirectional (B) DMIs between autosomal loci that affect reciprocal crosses equally. We model both classes of two-locus DMIs to make quantitative and qualitative predictions concerning patterns of isolation asymmetry in parental species crosses and in the hybrid F1 generation. First, we find conditions that produce expected differences. Second, we present a stochastic analysis of DMI accumulation to predict probable levels of asymmetry as divergence time increases. We find that systematic interspecific differences in relative rates of evolution for autosomal vs. nonautosomal loci can lead to different expected F1 fitnesses from reciprocal crosses, but asymmetries are more simply explained by stochastic differences in the accumulation of U DMIs. The magnitude of asymmetry depends primarily on the cumulative effects of U vs. B DMIs (which depend on heterozygous effects of DMIs), the average number of DMIs required to produce complete reproductive isolation (more asymmetry occurs when fewer DMIs are required), and the shape of the function describing how fitness declines as DMIs accumulate. Comparing our predictions to data from diverse taxa indicates that unidirectional DMIs, specifically involving sex chromosomes, cytoplasmic elements, and maternal effects, are likely to play an important role in postmating isolation.
Evidence forde NovoEvolution of Testis-Expressed Genes in theDrosophila yakuba/Drosophila erectaClade
Authors: Begun David J , Lindfors Heather A , Kern Andrew D , Jones Corbin D
Published: April 2007

The mutational origin and subsequent evolution of de novo genes, which are hypothesized to be genes of recent origin that are not obviously related to ancestral coding sequence, are poorly understood. However, accumulating evidence suggests that such genes may often function in male reproduction. Here we use testis-derived expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from Drosophila yakuba to identify genes that have likely arisen either in D. yakuba or in the D. yakuba/D. erecta ancestor. We found several such genes, which show testis-biased expression and are often X-linked. Comparative data indicate that three of these genes have very short open reading frames, which suggests the possibility that a significant number of testis-biased de novo genes in the D. yakuba/D. erecta clade may be noncoding RNA genes. These data, along with previously published data from D. melanogaster, support the idea that many de novo Drosophila genes function in male reproduction and that a small region of the X chromosome in the melanogaster subgroup may be a hotspot for the evolution of novel testis-biased genes.
Yct1p, a Novel, High-Affinity, Cysteine-Specific Transporter From the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Bachhawat Anand K
Published: April 2007

Cysteine transport in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by at least eight different permeases, none of which are specific for cysteine. We describe a novel, high-affinity, (Km = 55 μm), cysteine-specific transporter encoded by the ORF YLL055w that was initially identified by a combined strategy of data mining, bioinformatics, and genetic analysis. Null mutants of YLL055w, but not of the other genes encoding for transporters that mediate cysteine uptake such as GAP1, GNP1, MUP1, or AGP1 in a met15Δ background, resulted in a growth defect when cysteine, at low concentrations, was provided as the sole sulfur source. Transport experiments further revealed that Yll055wp was the major contributor to cysteine transport under these conditions. The contributions of the other transporters became relevant only at higher concentrations of cysteine or when YLL055w was either deleted or repressed. YLL055w expression was repressed by organic sulfur sources and was mediated by the Met4p-dependent sulfur regulatory network. The results reveal that YLL055w encodes the principal cysteine transporter in S. cerevisiae, which we have named YCT1 (yeast cysteine transporter). Interestingly, Yct1p belongs to the Dal5p family of transporters rather than the amino acid permease family to which all the known amino acid transporters belong.
A Novel NonnullZIP1Allele Triggers Meiotic Arrest With Synapsed Chromosomes inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mitra Neal , Roeder G Shirleen
Published: April 2007

During meiotic prophase, assembly of the synaptonemal complex (SC) brings homologous chromosomes into close apposition along their lengths. The Zip1 protein is a major building block of the SC in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the absence of Zip1, SC fails to form, cells arrest or delay in meiotic prophase (depending on strain background), and crossing over is reduced. We created a novel allele of ZIP1, zip1-4LA, in which four leucine residues in the central coiled-coil domain have been replaced by alanines. In the zip1-4LA mutant, apparently normal SC assembles with wild-type kinetics; however, crossing over is delayed and decreased compared to wild type. The zip1-4LA mutant undergoes strong checkpoint-induced arrest in meiotic prophase; the defect in cell cycle progression is even more severe than that of the zip1 null mutant. When the zip1-4LA mutation is combined with the pch2 checkpoint mutation, cells sporulate with wild-type efficiency and crossing over occurs at wild-type levels. This result suggests that the zip1-4LA defect in recombination is an indirect consequence of cell cycle arrest. Previous studies have suggested that the Pch2 protein acts in a checkpoint pathway that monitors chromosome synapsis. We hypothesize that the zip1-4LA mutant assembles aberrant SC that triggers the synapsis checkpoint.
Identification of Mom7, a Novel Modifier of ApcMin/+ on Mouse Chromosome 18
Authors: Kwong Lawrence N , Shedlovsky Alexandra , Biehl Bryan S , Clipson Linda , Pasch Cheri A , Dove William F
Published: April 2007

The ApcMin mouse model of colorectal cancer provides a discrete, quantitative measurement of tumor multiplicity, allowing for robust quantitative trait locus analysis. This advantage has previously been used to uncover polymorphic modifiers of the Min phenotype: Mom1, which is partly explained by Pla2g2a; Mom2, a spontaneous mutant modifier; and Mom3, which was discovered in an outbred cross. Here, we describe the localization of a novel modifier, Mom7, to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18. Mom7 was mapped in crosses involving four inbred strains: C57BL/6J (B6), BTBR/Pas (BTBR), AKR/J (AKR), and A/J. There are at least two distinct alleles of Mom7: the recessive, enhancing BTBR, AKR, and A/J alleles and the dominant, suppressive B6 allele. Homozygosity for the enhancing alleles increases tumor number by approximately threefold in the small intestine on both inbred and F1 backgrounds. Congenic line analysis has narrowed the Mom7 region to within 7.4 Mb of the centromere, 28 Mb proximal to Apc. Analysis of SNP data from various genotyping projects suggests that the region could be as small as 4.4 Mb and that there may be five or more alleles of Mom7 segregating among the many strains of inbred mice. This has implications for experiments involving ApcMin and comparisons between different or mixed genetic backgrounds.
Retrotransposons Influence the Mouse Transcriptome: Implication for the Divergence of Genetic Traits
Authors: Horie Kyoji , Saito Ei-suke , Keng Vincent W , Ikeda Ryuji , Ishihara Hiroshi , Takeda Junji
Published: April 2007

Massive accumulation of retrotransposons, comprising >40% of human and mouse genomes, is one of the major events in the evolution of the genome. However, most retrotransposons have lost retrotransposition competency, which makes studying their role in genome evolution elusive. Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) elements are long terminal repeat (LTR)-type mouse retrotransposons consisting of full-length and internally deleted types. Some are retrotransposition competent and their upregulated activity has been reported in mutant mice deficient in genome defense systems, suggesting that IAP elements provide a unique platform for studying the interaction between retrotransposons and mammalian genomes. Using the IAP element as a model case, here we show that mobilization of retrotransposons alters the mouse transcriptome. Retrotransposition assay in cultured cells demonstrated that a subset of internally deleted IAP elements, called IΔ1 type, retrotranspose efficiently when supplied with functional IAP proteins. Furthermore, the IΔ1 type IAP element exhibited substantial transcription-inducing activity in the flanking region. Genomewide transcript analysis of embryonic stem (ES) cells identified IAP-induced transcripts, including fusion transcripts between IAP sequence and endogenous genes. Unexpectedly, nearly half of these IAP elements obtained from ES cells derived from 129 mouse strain were absent in the C57BL/6 genome, suggesting that IAP-driven transcription contributes to the unique trait of the individual mouse strain. On the basis of these data, we propose that retrotransposons are one of the drivers that shape the mammalian transcriptome.
A Bayesian Multilocus Association Method: Allowing for Higher-Order Interaction in Association Studies
Authors: Albrechtsen Anders , Castella Sofie , Andersen Gitte , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf , Nielsen Rasmus
Published: April 2007

For most common diseases with heritable components, not a single or a few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explain most of the variance for these disorders. Instead, much of the variance may be caused by interactions (epistasis) among multiple SNPs or interactions with environmental conditions. We present a new powerful statistical model for analyzing and interpreting genomic data that influence multifactorial phenotypic traits with a complex and likely polygenic inheritance. The new method is based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and allows for identification of sets of SNPs and environmental factors that when combined increase disease risk or change the distribution of a quantitative trait. Using simulations, we show that the MCMC method can detect disease association when multiple, interacting SNPs are present in the data. When applying the method on real large-scale data from a Danish population-based cohort, multiple interactions are identified that severely affect serum triglyceride levels in the study individuals. The method is designed for quantitative traits but can also be applied on qualitative traits. It is computationally feasible even for a large number of possible interactions and differs fundamentally from most previous approaches by entertaining nonlinear interactions and by directly addressing the multiple-testing problem.
The Genetic Architecture of Shoot Branching in Arabidopsis thaliana: A Comparative Assessment of Candidate Gene Associations vs. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping
Authors: Ehrenreich Ian M , Stafford Phillip A , Purugganan Michael D
Published: April 2007

Association mapping focused on 36 genes involved in branch development was used to identify candidate genes for variation in shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana. The associations between four branching traits and moderate-frequency haplogroups at the studied genes were tested in a panel of 96 accessions from a restricted geographic range in Central Europe. Using a mixed-model association-mapping method, we identified three loci—MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 3 (MAX3), and SUPERSHOOT 1 (SPS1)—that were significantly associated with branching variation. On the basis of a more extensive examination of the MAX2 and MAX3 genomic regions, we find that linkage disequilibrium in these regions decays within ∼10 kb and trait associations localize to the candidate genes in these regions. When the significant associations are compared to relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) from previous Ler × Col and Cvi × Ler recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping studies, no additive QTL overlapping these candidate genes are observed, although epistatic QTL for branching, including one that spans the SPS1, are found. These results suggest that epistasis is prevalent in determining branching variation in A. thaliana and may need to be considered in linkage disequilibrium mapping studies of genetically diverse accessions.
Why Are There Still Over 1000 Uncharacterized Yeast Genes?
Authors: Peña-Castillo Lourdes , Hughes Timothy R
Published: April 2007

The yeast genetics community has embraced genomic biology, and there is a general understanding that obtaining a full encyclopedia of functions of the ∼6000 genes is a worthwhile goal. The yeast literature comprises over 40,000 research papers, and the number of yeast researchers exceeds the number of genes. There are mutated and tagged alleles for virtually every gene, and hundreds of high-throughput data sets and computational analyses have been described. Why, then, are there >1000 genes still listed as uncharacterized on the Saccharomyces Genome Database, 10 years after sequencing the genome of this powerful model organism? Examination of the currently uncharacterized gene set suggests that while some are small or newly discovered, the vast majority were evident from the initial genome sequence. Most are present in multiple genomics data sets, which may provide clues to function. In addition, roughly half contain recognizable protein domains, and many of these suggest specific metabolic activities. Notably, the uncharacterized gene set is highly enriched for genes whose only homologs are in other fungi. Achieving a full catalog of yeast gene functions may require a greater focus on the life of yeast outside the laboratory.
Complex analysis of prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Kajtár Béla , Jáksó Pál , Kereskai László , Lacza Ágnes , Méhes Gábor , Bodnár Mária , Dombi J. Péter , Gasztonyi Zoltán , Egyed Miklós , Iványi János , Kovács Gábor , Marton Éva , Palaczki Aranka , Petz Sándor , Tóth Péter , Sziládi Erzsébet , Losonczy Hajna , Pajor László
Published: April 2007

Bevezetés:
Az utóbbi években felfedezett számos új prognosztikai faktor segítséget nyújthat a várható túlélés meghatározásához krónikus lymphocytás leukémia esetében.
Célok:
Jelen tanulmány célja e prognosztikai faktorok gyakoriságának, valamint egymással való összefüggésének meghatározása volt 419 beteg mintáin.
Módszerek:
160 esetben végezték el az immunglobulin-nehézláncgén mutációs vizsgálatát.
Eredmények:
Az esetek 62%-ában nem mutált immunglobulin gént találtak, a nehézlánc géncsaládok használata különbözött a mutációs státusz függvényében. A CD38 expresszió 78%-os konkordanciát mutatott a mutációs státusszal, a ZAP-70-expresszió tekintetében korrelációt nem figyeltek meg. Citogenetikai abnormalitást 76%-ban láttak, a leggyakoribb eltérések a del(13q) (57%), a 12-es triszómia (15%), a del(11q) (12%) és a del(17p) (6%) voltak. A del(11q)-t hordozó esetek 95%-a nem mutált, az egyedül del(13q)-t hordozó esetek 74%-a mutált IgH-gént tartalmazott.
Következtetések:
A vizsgált paraméterek nem függetlenek egymástól, ezért alkalmazásuk a klinikai gyakorlatban gondos tervezést igényel.
Telford's Holyhead Road in Wales—the first super highway
Authors: Quartermaine Jamie
Published: April 2007

The London to Holyhead Road is widely recognised as one of Telford's greatest engineering achievements, particularly its landmark suspension bridges at Menai and Conwy. However, it was the dramatic improvements to the route through north Wales that proved most beneficial to the growing stagecoach traffic between newly unified England and Ireland. Even though the railways soon took over, the road set an early benchmark for future road construction projects worldwide. This paper describes the north Wales section which, two centuries on, is still very much in use, along with its many innovative bridges, toll houses, depots and street furniture.
St Katharine Docks, London—Telford's high-speed harbour
Authors: Chrimes Michael
Published: April 2007

The current paper describes Thomas Telford's work as engineer for St Katharine Docks, London, in the context of his role as a maritime engineer. Although not the largest in London, they presented one of the most challenging projects in Telford's career, not least owing to the extreme time pressure he was put under to get the docks trading in London's then busy and profitable shipping industry. With up to 1000 construction workers on site, and despite a major flood, the first ship entered the dock in 1828—just three years after contracts were let.
Outcome of and complications associated with tube cystostomy in dogs and cats: 76 cases (1995–2006)
Authors: Beck Alison L. , Grierson James M. , Ogden Daniel M. , Hamilton Michael H. , Lipscomb Victoria J.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine indications for cystostomy tube use in dogs and cats, complications associated with their use, and outcome of dogs and cats in which cystostomy tubes had been inserted.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—37 dogs and 39 cats.

Procedures—Information was obtained from medical records.Long-term follow-up information was obtained by use of a client questionnaire.

Results—Indications for cystostomy tube placement were bladder dysfunction, urinary tract rupture, obstructive urinary tract neoplasia, urinary diversion following urogenital surgery, obstructive urolithiasis, and feline lower urinary tract disease.Median time tubes were in place was 11 days, but duration of tube use was significantly longer for animals with blad-der dysfunction than for animals with urinary tract trauma, urinary diversion, or urinary tract obstruction.Thirty-seven (49%) animals had tube complications.Development of complica tions was not significantly associated with species, age, body weight, duration of tube use, or tube type, except that animals were significantly more likely to develop complications following long-rather than short-term use.In 42 animals, the underlying condition resolved and the tube was removed; 22 animals died or were euthanatized with the tube in place.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that cystostomy tubes may be used for animals with various conditions related to problems with urine outflow.Nearly half the animals in the study developed complications related to the cystostomy tube, suggesting that potential complications should be discussed with owners prior to tube placement. However, most complications were easily resolved.
Comparison of classic hypoadrenocorticism with glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 46 cases (1985–2005)
Authors: Thompson Ann L. , Scott-Moncrieff J. Catharine , Anderson Johnna D.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To compare dogs with glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism (GDH) with those with mineralocorticoid- and glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism (MGDH) and determine prevalence, historical and clinicopathologic markers, and outcome of dogs with GDH.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—46 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.

Procedures—Records in the veterinary medical database at Purdue University were searched for dogs in which hypoadrenocorticism had been diagnosed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1985 to 2005. Data pertaining to signalment, history, a minimum clinicopathologic database, treatment, and outcome were collected. Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were classified as having MGDH if hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or both were detected and as having GDH if hyponatremia and hyperkalemia were absent. Dogs were excluded if they had ever been treated with mitotane or had been treated with > 1 dose of corticosteroids within a month prior to the ACTH-stimulation test.

Results—35 dogs with MGDH and 11 dogs with GDH met the inclusion criteria. Dogs with GDH were older at the time of diagnosis and had a longer duration of clinical signs prior to diagnosis than those with MGDH. Dogs with GDH were more likely to be anemic, hypoalbuminemic, and hypocholesterolemic than dogs with MGDH.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—GDH was more common than reported in a referral hospital population of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism. Definitive diagnosis of GDH remains a clinical challenge. Absence of a stress leukogram in dogs with signs of illness (especially relating to the gastrointestinal tract) warrants further investigation. Most dogs with primary cortisol deficiency do not develop mineralocorticoid deficiency.
The Mosaic of Culture and Nature: Organization of Space in an Inhabited Cosmos
Authors: Hughes J. Donald
Published: April 2007

Henry David Thoreau remarked that he had traveled widely—in Concord, Massachusetts. An intentionally contradictory statement, it is nonetheless true if the landscape is composed of many interpenetrating biomes and cultural uses. Fields and forests, groves and gardens, towns and temples form the tesserae of a landscape mosaic embodying the interpenetration of culture and nature, and while such elements provide diversity, they can also, paradoxically, mold integrity. The integrity of nature, in the sense of the completeness of the ecosystem that is present in a place, invests that place with power and lays a claim on sentient beings. Mosaic landscapes have a higher degree of biological diversity than monocultures because they manifest ecotonality, and they are spiritual stimuli for the psyches of those who live within and travel through them. Maintaining the variety of elements within the mosaic, and preventing effacement by huge, land-altering projects where "culture" disregards nature, is a moral imperative. The arrangement of tesserae in a particular landscape mosaic must not be haphazard, but should make both cultural and natural sense, following the underlying geology, the paths of celestial events, and the places where myth and history have resonated, binding cultural meaning to the fabric of the land. Such a pattern leaves areas of varying habitats where biodiversity may flourish. In a future when humans will inhabit the Earth sustainably, the concept of the landscape mosaic may serve as an organizing principle.
Studies of the Deracemization of (±)‐2‐Hydroxy‐1‐tetralone by Trichosporon cutaneum
Authors: Lunardi Inês , Cazetta Tarcila , Conceição Gelson J. A. , Moran Paulo J. S. , Rodrigues J. Augusto R.
Published: April 2007

The diastereo‐ and enantioselective bioreduction of (±)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐tetralone (6) to the corresponding enantiopure (1S,2R)‐cis‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene (1) (83 % isolated yield, >99 % ee), mediated by resting cells of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum CCT 1903 through dynamic kinetic resolution is reported. Deracemization of (±)‐6 was observed in kinetic studies on the biotransformation of the enantiomers (R)‐6 and (S)‐6.
Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of 4‐Methoxybenzyl Alcohol to Aldehyde in Aqueous Suspension of Home‐Prepared Titanium Dioxide Catalyst
Authors: Palmisano Giovanni , Yurdakal Sedat , Augugliaro Vincenzo , Loddo Vittorio , Palmisano Leonardo
Published: April 2007

The photocatalytic oxidation of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol to p‐anisaldehyde (PAA) was performed in water with organic‐free suspensions of home‐prepared and commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalysts. The nanostructured TiO2 samples were synthesised by boiling aqueous solutions of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), under mild conditions, for different times. The crystallinity increased with the boiling time. The 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidation rate followed the same pattern but the highest yield (41.5 % mol) to PAA was found for the least crystalline sample, that showed a quantum efficiency of 0.116 %. A comparison with two commercial TiO2 samples showed that all the home‐prepared catalysts exhibited a PAA yield higher than that of commercial ones. The only by‐products present were traces of 4‐methoxybenzoic acid and aliphatic products, carbon dioxide being the other main oxidation product.
The Role of Secondary Interactions in the Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalysed Hydrosilylation of Olefins with Monophosphane Ligands
Authors: Gibson Susan E. , Rudd Matthew
Published: April 2007

A structure‐activity survey of monophosphane ligands used in the asymmetric palladium‐catalysed hydrosilylation reaction of olefins is presented and used to assess the role of secondary interactions on catalyst activity and selectivity.
General Enantioselective Synthesis of Butyrolactone Natural Products via Ruthenium‐SYNPHOS®‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Blanc Delphine , Madec Jonathan , Popowyck Florence , Ayad Tahar , Phansavath Phannarath , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie , Genêt Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2007

Enantioselective syntheses of several paraconic acids have been achieved using catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of β‐keto esters with SYNPHOS® as a ligand. This strategy allowed the short synthesis of biologically active (−)‐methylenolactocin 1, (−)‐protolichesterinic acid 2, (−)‐phaseolinic acid 3 and (+)‐roccellaric acid 4.
Iron‐Catalyzed Benzylic Oxidation with Aqueous tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: Nakanishi Masafumi , Bolm Carsten
Published: April 2007

A small amount of iron(III) chloride (2 mol %) catalyzes benzylic oxidations with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant in pyridine. The corresponding carbonyl compounds are obtained in high yields.
Fatal injuries in the construction industry in washington state
Authors: Buskin Susan E. , Paulozzi Leonard J.
Published: April 2007

Two hundred thirty‐one deaths occurred in the construction industry in Washington State between 1973 and 1983, an average annual mortality rate of 27.5 per 100,000 workers. Falls, cave‐ins, and electrocutions resulting from heavy equipment (boom type) contacting overhead power lines together accounted for 45.4% of the fatalities. Heavy construction had a death rate twice that of the other two construction subgroups (building and special trades construction). There was a significant trend towards increasing mortality with decreasing company size (p=0.03). Drilling machine operators, welders, flamecutters, reinforcing‐iron workers, and heavy‐equipment operators had the highest proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs). PMRs for workers generally increased with age. Many of these fatal construction injuries would not have occurred had existing safety regulations been observed.
A case‐control study of skin cancer in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry
Authors: Bourguet Claire C. , Checkoway Harvey , Hulka Barbara S.
Published: April 2007

A case‐control study was conducted in the tire and rubber manufacturing industry to examine the association of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with rubber manufacturing materials presumed to be contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sixty‐five cases were compared to 254 matched controls for exposure to carbon black, extender oils, lubricating oils, rubber solvents, and rubber stock. Both magnitude and duration of exposure were compared using data from company personnel records. Rubber stock and lubricating oils were associated with skin cancer. The relative risk (RR) associated with the highest levels of rubber stock exposure was 2.2, and with the highest level of lubricating oil exposure it was 6.5. In analysis of subgroups of study members, the associations were strongest among workers who were born after 1900 (rubber stock, RR = 11.6; lubricating oil, RR = 4.5) and among workers whose skin cancer was diagnosed before the age of seventy (rubber stock, RR = 23.2; lubricating oil, RR = 28.3).
Respiratory effects of cotton dust exposure in the cotton garnetting industry
Authors: Kawamoto Melody M. , Garabrant David H. , Held Janetta , Balmes John R. , Patzman Janet , Dimick Daniel V. , Simonowitz Joyce A. , Bernstein Leslie
Published: April 2007

We measured exposures to total dust, vertically elutriated dust, and endotoxin and studied acute pulmonary responses among 128 workers in the cotton garnetting and mattress assembly industries. Previous studies in this segment of industry have not characterized endotoxin exposures or related them to pulmonary responses. The median 8‐hour time‐weighted average total dust was 0.72 mg/m3, the median vertically elutriated dust was 0.22 mg/m3, and the median endotoxin concentration was 5.2 ng/m3. Ten percent of the subjects reported chest tightness or dyspnea on Mondays. Thirteen percent of the subjects reported symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Although there was no relationship between changes in pulmonary function across the workshift and either total dust, vertically elutriated dust, or endotoxin exposure, 13% of the subjects had greater than 5% decrements in FEV1 over the workshift.
Health problems reported by residents of a neighborhood contaminated by a hazardous waste facility
Authors: Ozonoff David , Colten Mary Ellen , Cupples Adrienne , Heeren Timothy , Schatzkin Arthur , Mangione Thomas , Dresner Miriam , Colton Theodore
Published: April 2007

A symptom prevalence survey was conducted of a neighborhood exposed to airborne hazardous wastes. Residents' responses were compared to those of a nearby control population. The results revealed that the exposed group had more self‐reported complaints referable to the respiratory system (wheezing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, persistent colds, coughs), constitutional complaints (always fatigued, bowel dysfunction), and irregular heart beat. When the effect of a documented irritant source in a small portion of the control population was removed, the exposed group also complained more often of irritation of the eyes and nose. There was a biological gradient for several of these effects. Efforts to eliminate the influence of confounding and recall bias are discussed. The results suggest either that the general population reacts to chemicals at levels much lower than the available occupational literature would indicate or that the effects are more long lasting than previously thought.
Pulmonary function and intradermal tests in workers exposed to soft‐paper dust
Authors: Heederik Dick , Burdorf Lex , Boleij Jan , Willems Han , Van Bilsen Jeroen
Published: April 2007

A survey was carried out in the processing department of a paper mill, consisting of environmental and personal monitoring, a short questionnaire concerning chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD), spirometry, and intradermal tests. Spirometry was performed on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Exposures to paper dust regularly exceeded the Dutch Maximal Allowable Concentrations (MACs) for total and respirable dust. There were indications of a qualitatively different exposure to molds inside the mill in comparison with the outdoor air.

A comparison between a group of workers exposed to paper dust and a control group showed significantly more persons with positive late and delayed intradermal test reactions in the exposed population. The analysis of the spirometric measurements after correction for differences between the groups in age, height, and smoking habits gave evidence of the existence of lower FEV11, MMEF, MEF50, and MEF25 among exposed workers with a positive immediate intradermal reaction on Friday. The same workers showed a decline in pulmonary function over the week compared with the controls. These changes suggest an obstructive airway reaction with an immunologic mechanism to dust exposure in a paper mill.
Effects of dibromochloropropane and ethylene dibromide on biochemical events and ultramorphology of ejaculated ram spermatozoa in vitro
Authors: Bartoov B. , Ventura V. , Ailenberg M. , Potashnik G. , Mayevsky A.
Published: April 2007

The effects of dibromochloropropane (DBCP) and ethylene dibromide (EDB) on the function and ultrastructure of freshly ejaculated washed ram spermatozoa were assessed. These two compounds inhibited the collective motility of the sperm in a dose‐dependent fashion when the sperm cells generated their energy either by mitochondrial respiration (2‐deoxyglucose‐treated sperm cells) or by the intact energy production system. DBCP and EDB inhibited the oxygen uptake by the sperm in a dose‐dependent manner. No change in lactic acid accumulation and glucose utilization by the sperm cells was noted following DBCP and EDB addition. No change in the collective motility of the sperm was noted when DBCP or EDB were added to spermatozoa treated with the electron transfer inhibitor, antimycin A. Electron microscopy studies of sperm cells treated with DBCP revealed lesions in the plasma membrane adjacent to the acrosome and in the acrosomal membrane forming vesiculations. The inner membrane and the matrix space of the mitochondria were condensed following DBCP treatment, leaving a large mitochondrial peripheral space, compared with the control. EDB, at the concentration studied, caused no change in the ultramorphological structure of the sperm. DBCP was more potent, at least 4‐fold, compared with EDB. An in vitro direct effect of DBCP and EDB on ram spermatozoa was established. It is suggested that quantitative measurements of sperm collective motility derived by different metabolic pathways can be used as an in vitro toxicological model for evaluation of toxicological and environmental factors affecting biological systems.
Selection bias in occupational case‐control studies that use death registries to select subjects: A discussion and demonstration
Authors: Finkelstein Murray M. , Liss Gary M.
Published: April 2007

Some epidemiologic studies have selected subjects from death registries. This method is, however, subject to substantial systematic bias that arises from the fact that different segments of society have different risks of death in any year. Different occupational groups will thus have unequal probabilities of entering the pool of potential controls, and biased estimates of the odds ratios that relate occupation to disease will result. Failure to recognize the bias may lead to invalid conclusions. This selection bias is discussed, with particular reference to studies of malignancies among farmers. The bias is demonstrated by using data from studies of Parkinson's disease and sinonasal cancer.
Regulation and the use of “negative” results from human reproductive studies: The case of ethylene dibromide
Authors: Dobbins James G.
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the regulatory usefulness of five studies of the reproductive effects of occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide. None of the studies found a statistically significant adverse effect.

Results from an epidemiologic study can find no adverse effect either because there is in fact no association between the outcome and the exposure being studied or because the study was not powerful enough to detect an association between the two. This distinction is especially important when “negative” studies are offered as evidence that a chemical is not harmful to workers. General reasons for low power in reproductive studies are discussed, and each of the studies is examined to see if the results were in fact negative and what factors were operating to affect the power of each study.

Four of the studies showed potential reproductive impairments that were not large enough to be judged statistically significant by the authors. The power of all of these studies was then examined and found to be low for a number of reasons. These studies therefore do not represent evidence that ethylene dibromide is harmless; on the contrary, they may indicate the opposite.

In general, when regulating potentially harmful chemicals in a low‐power situation, power should be raised by raising the alpha level of the study, especially when animal data show a strong positive effect.
Pathological findings in mine workers: II. Quality of the PATHAUT data
Authors: Hessel P. A. , Hnizdo E. , Goldstein B. , Sluis‐Cremer G. K.
Published: April 2007

To assess the feasibility of using the pathology automation system (PATHAUT) for research, the quality of the data was explored by examining who comes to autopsy, the quality of the autopsy material, interobserver variability, and repeatability of diagnoses. The data indicated that autopsy rates in the gold mining industry, especially for whites, are high and that even among blacks, gold miners are represented in proportions exceeding the relative size of the working population. Because of the perception of the autopsy service as a means of obtaining compensation, miners with occupational diseases fully compensated in life are probably underrepresented.

The autopsy material submitted for full autopsy is generally better preserved than cardiorespiratory organs that are sent for examination. The gold mining industry has a high proportion of full autopsies as does the Iron and Steel Corporation of South Africa. Full autopsies are more commonly performed on older deceased miners. This was true for both blacks and whites.

The allocation of material to pathologists for full autopsies and examinations of the cardiorespiratory organs were clearly not random, and this may affect comparisons among pathologists. Active tuberculosis, silicosis, and emphysema prevalences appeared fairly comparable across pathologists; however, there was wide variability in the prevalence of bronchiolitis as determined by the pathologists.

Agreement between the diagnoses on PATHAUT and reclassifications by single pathologists was very good for the severity of emphysema and the histological type of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Some investigations into the nature and cause of Massive Fibrosis (MF) in the lungs of South African gold, coal, and asbestos mine workers
Authors: Leibowitz M. C. , Goldstein B.
Published: April 2007

Samples from fibrotic lung lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter macroscopically (by definition, massive fibrosis; MF) were taken from the lungs of 9 randomly selected postmortem cases of mine workers all showing a background of a pneumoconiosis. These samples were studied histologically, biochemically, and by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. As controls for the biochemical and X‐ray diffraction investigations, non‐fibrosed lung tissue was taken from the same specimens. The findings suggest that the higher quartz content may be the primary cause responsible for the MF formation in this series of cases, while other factors such as tuberculosis may play a part according to some relevant literature on MF. Although an area of MF appears macroscopically to be a solid lesion, on microscopy this is not the case and the lesion is composed of dense and sparse collagen bundles and cellular elements.