bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remote Assessment of Depression Using Digital Biomarkers From Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Mandryk Regan L. , Birk Max V. , Vedress Sarah , Wiley Katelyn , Reid Elizabeth , Berger Phaedra , Frommel Julian
Published: December 2021

We describe the design and evaluation of a sub-clinical digital assessment tool that integrates digital biomarkers of depression. Based on three standard cognitive tasks (D2 Test of Attention, Delayed Matching to Sample Task, Spatial Working Memory Task) on which people with depression have been known to perform differently than a control group, we iteratively designed a digital assessment tool that could be deployed outside of laboratory contexts, in uncontrolled home environments on computer systems with widely varying system characteristics (e.g., displays resolution, input devices). We conducted two online studies, in which participants used the assessment tool in their own homes, and completed subjective questionnaires including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)—a standard self-report tool for assessing depression in clinical contexts. In a first study (n = 269), we demonstrate that each task can be used in isolation to significantly predict PHQ-9 scores. In a second study (n = 90), we replicate these results and further demonstrate that when used in combination, behavioral metrics from the three tasks significantly predicted PHQ-9 scores, even when taking into account demographic factors known to influence depression such as age and gender. A multiple regression model explained 34.4% of variance in PHQ-9 scores with behavioral metrics from each task providing unique and significant contributions to the prediction.
Actual and Perceived Knowledge About COVID-19: The Role of Information Behavior in Media
Authors: Granderath Julia S. , Sondermann Christina , Martin Andreas , Merkt Martin
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic poses a health threat that has dominated media coverage. However, not much is known about individual media use to acquire knowledge about COVID-19. To address this open research question, this study investigated how the perceived threat is linked to media use and how media use is associated with perceived and actual knowledge about COVID-19. In a German online survey conducted between April 16 and April 27, 2020, N = 952 participants provided information on their perceived threat and media use to inform themselves about COVID-19. In this process, they indicated how well they were informed about COVID-19 (perceived knowledge) and subsequently completed a COVID-19 knowledge test (actual knowledge). Results indicated that individuals who felt more threatened by COVID-19 used media more often to inform themselves (b = 0.20, p < 0.001) but focused on fewer different media channels (b = 0.01, p < 0.001). Further, frequent media use was associated with higher perceived knowledge (b = 0.47, p < 0.001), but not with higher actual knowledge about COVID-19 (b = −0.01, p = 0.938), reflecting an illusion of knowledge. Additionally, using fewer media channels was linked to higher perceived (b = 2.21, p < 0.001) and actual knowledge (b = 2.08, p = 0.008). Finally, explorative analyses on the use of different media channels revealed that an illusion of knowledge emerged for using social media, public television, and newspapers. Potential explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.
Chinese Self, Australian Other: Chinese as a Foreign Language Teacher Identity Construction in Australian Contexts
Authors: Han Yu , Ji Xiaoyan
Published: December 2021

Research in the field of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) education has been increasing in the past decades. However, the number of studies on CFL teacher identity is limited. To bridge the gap, this study employed a qualitative method to explore Chinese CFL teachers’ identity formation and reformation in Australian contexts. A Chinese-Australian language program was studied to examine the challenges, struggles and developments of Chinese CFL teachers who came to Australia to pursue professional growth. Five Master’s theses and three interview participants were included to paint a picture of how Chinese CFL teachers interact internally and externally with a new environment. Guided by Mead’s theory of self and other, we found that Chinese CFL teachers’ identity formation and reformation in Australian classrooms are deeply influenced by their self-identification and their integration with others in the community. Cultural connectedness is a key for organizational attitudes in the relationship of self and other. Chinese CFL teachers were found lacking the wholeness of self in Australian contexts, which led to obstacles in teacher identity construction. Insufficient communication between self and other resulted in their positioning crisis.
Use of Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation as an Adjuvant Therapy for the Depressive Symptoms of COVID-19: A Literature Review
Authors: Guo Zhi-Peng , Sörös Peter , Zhang Zhu-Qing , Yang Ming-Hao , Liao Dan , Liu Chun-Hong
Published: December 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) comprises more than just severe acute respiratory syndrome. It also interacts with the cardiovascular, nervous, renal, and immune systems at multiple levels, increasing morbidity in patients with underlying cardiometabolic conditions and inducing myocardial injury or dysfunction. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), which is derived from auricular acupuncture, has become a popular therapy that is increasingly accessible to the general public in modern China. Here, we begin by outlining the historical background of taVNS, and then describe important links between dysfunction in proinflammatory cytokine release and related multiorgan damage in COVID-19. Furthermore, we emphasize the important relationships between proinflammatory cytokines and depressive symptoms. Finally, we discuss how taVNS improves immune function via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and modulates brain circuits via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, making taVNS an important treatment for depressive symptoms on post-COVID-19 sequelae. Our review suggests that the link between anti-inflammatory processes and brain circuits could be a potential target for treating COVID-19-related multiorgan damage, as well as depressive symptoms using taVNS.
China's Public Health Policies in Response to COVID-19: From an “Authoritarian” Perspective
Authors: Gao Jinghua , Zhang Pengfei
Published: December 2021

Background: China is generally regarded internationally as an “authoritarian” state. Traditional definitions have assigned many negative connotations surrounding the term of authoritarian. We realize that it might not be considered value-neutral in other countries. But authoritarian in the Chinese context emphasizes more on centralized decision making, collectivism, coordinating all activities of the nation, and public support, which is considered a value-neutral term. Therefore, it is adopted in this paper. We would like to clarify this. Authoritarian governance is considered an important mechanism for developing China's economy and solving social problems. The COVID-19 crisis is no exception. Most of the current research on crisis management and government crises focuses on advanced, democratic countries. However, the consequences of crisis management by authoritarian governments have not been fully appreciated. Although prior research has addressed authoritarian initiatives to manage crises in China, authoritarian interventions have rarely been theorized in public health emergencies.

Methods: Based on a literature review and theoretical analysis, we use a descriptive and qualitative approach to assess public health policies and mechanisms from an authoritarian perspective in China. In light of the key events and intervention measures of China's government in response to COVID-19, the strategic practices of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to construct, embody, or set political goals through authoritarian intervention in public health crisis management are discussed.

Results: China's government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with a comprehensive authoritarian intervention, notably by establishing a top-down leadership mechanism, implementing a resolute lockdown, rapidly establishing square cabin hospitals, enhancing cooperation between different government departments, mobilizing a wide range of volunteer resources, enforcing the use of health codes, imposing mandatory quarantine on those returning from abroad, and implementing city-wide nucleic acid testing. These measures ensured that China was able to contain the outbreak quickly and reflect on the unique role of the Chinese authoritarian system in responding to public health crises.

Conclusions: Our paper contributes to expanding the existing understanding of the relationship between crisis management and authoritarian system. China's response to COVID-19 exemplifies the unique strengths of authoritarian institutions in public health crisis management, which is a helpful and practical tool to further enhance the CPC's political legitimacy. As a socialist model of crisis management with Chinese characteristics, it may offer desirable experiences and lessons for other countries still ravaged by the epidemic.
Towards Effective Patient Simulators
Authors: Liventsev Vadim , Härmä Aki , Petković Milan
Published: December 2021

In this paper we give an overview of the field of patient simulators and provide qualitative and quantitative comparison of different modeling and simulation approaches. Simulators can be used to train human caregivers but also to develop and optimize algorithms for clinical decision support applications and test and validate interventions. In this paper we introduce three novel patient simulators with different levels of representational accuracy: HeartPole, a simplistic transparent rule-based system, GraphSim, a graph-based model trained on intensive care data, and Auto-ALS—an adjusted version of an educational software package used for training junior healthcare professionals. We provide a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the previously existing as well as proposed simulators.
Ultrasound Imaging of Head/Neck Muscles and Their Fasciae: An Observational Study
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Fede Caterina , Fan Chenglei , Guidolin Diego , Macchi Veronica , De Caro Raffaele , Stecco Carla
Published: December 2021

Background: Masticatory muscle thickness provides objective measurements of the temporomandibular motor function, which may change in patients with oral myofascial pain. Moreover, they are considered as being part of the craniocervical unit by a crucial relationship with cervical muscles and their fasciae. In this study, we aimed to assess by ultrasound (US) imaging the fasciae of the masseter, temporal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles to understand their mean thickness and eventual variation in relationship with the muscles, sides, and sex.

Methods: We studied 16 healthy volunteers without temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Concerning each subject were evaluated the range of motion of the temporomandibular joint and of the neck, the thickness of muscles and their fasciae of both sides, and the delta of muscle thickness.

Results: All the motor evaluations of the subjects showed normal ranges. The US results showed that the fasciae have a mean thickness of 0.50 ± 0.1 mm, which did not change during muscle contraction. The evaluated muscles presented a symmetry between right and left (p > 0.05), even if the delta of muscle (US) thickness had a huge range between different subjects, for example in the masseter muscle from 0.7 to 4.2 mm.

Conclusions: Ultrasound imaging is a suitable and reliable tool to study the muscles and fasciae of the head and neck region, permitting also the evaluation of the ability of the muscles to contract. Finally, identifying functional asymmetry that could become symptomatic, US imaging could allow an early rehabilitation treatment.
The Impact of Community Generated PPE During the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic in Southeast Alabama and Gulfport Mississippi
Authors: Buttars Benjamin , Fountain Leigh , Goodwin Joseph , McLean Jessica , Olsen John , Hatton Trey , Grant William C. , Vasauskas Audrey , Hamilton Caleb , Clemmons Martin
Published: December 2021

Background: The early stages of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic left many hospital systems devoid of personal protective equipment. Community-driven groups manufactured Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as a form of temporary replacement until supply could increase to frontline healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to survey hospital systems in Alabama and Mississippi who requested and received PPE to determine recipient opinions concerning community involvement.

Methods: A 15-question Qualtrics survey was distributed to hospital systems who requested and received community-generated PPE (CGPPE) from the group known as Alabama Fighting COVID. 275 responses were gathered over a period of 6 months.

Results: Survey data showed that most respondents from healthcare and healthcare-associated professions responded that wearing community generated personal protective equipment provided them with the perception of added protection (55.31% of participants selected either “Agree” or “Strongly Agree”), and that it improved their outlook and desire to work during the pandemic (51.77% of participants selected either “Agree” or “Strongly Agree”).

Conclusions: Most respondents reported that wearing community generated personal protective equipment not only provided them with the perception of added protection, but that it improved their outlook and desire to work during the pandemic. With these responses in mind, our study raises questions concerning whether local CGPPE distribution could improve well-ness outcomes of healthcare workers (HCWs) not only in relation to decreased viral transmission, but also in favorable psychosocial health assessments. Further implications for research concerning community involvement during future medical crises are indicated, especially with the current rise of the delta variant strain.
Acute Behavior of Oxygen Consumption, Lactate Concentrations, and Energy Expenditure During Resistance Training: Comparisons Among Three Intensities
Authors: João Gustavo A. , Almeida Gustavo P. L. , Tavares Lucas D. , Kalva-Filho Carlos Augusto , Carvas Junior Nelson , Pontes Francisco L. , Baker Julien S. , Bocalini Danilo S. , Figueira Aylton J.
Published: December 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the oxygen consumption, lactate concentrations, and energy expenditure using three different intensities during the resistance training sessions.

Methods: A total of 15 men (22.9 ± 2.61 years) experienced in resistance training underwent 3 sessions composed of 8 exercises (chest press, pec deck, squat, lat pull-down, biceps curl, triceps extension, hamstring curl, and crunch machine), which were applied in the same order. The weight lifted differed among the sessions [high session: 6 sets of 5 repetitions at 90% of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM); intermediary session: 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1-RM; and low session: 2 sets of 15 repetitions at 60% of 1-RM]. The oxygen consumption (VO2)—during and after (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)) the session, blood lactate concentration, and energy expenditure (i.e., the sum of aerobic and anaerobic contributions, respectively) were assessed.

Results: The VO2 significantly decreased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 17.02; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.32). However, the aerobic contributions significantly increase in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 79.18; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The anaerobic contributions were not different among the sessions (p > 0.05; ηG2 < 0.01). Thus, the total energy expenditure during the session (kcal) significantly increased in the function of the weight lifting (F(2.28) = 86.68; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.75). The energy expenditure expressed in time unit (kcal·min−1) was higher in low session than in high session (F(2.28) = 6.20; p < 0.01; ηG2 = 0.15).

Conclusion: The weight lifted during resistance training-induced different physiological responses, which induced higher energy expenditure per unit of time during the low session.
Iota-Carrageenan Prevents the Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a Human Respiratory Epithelium Cell Line in vitro
Authors: Varese Augusto , Paletta Ana , Ceballos Ana , Palacios Carlos Adolfo , Figueroa Juan Manuel , Dugour Andrea Vanesa
Published: December 2021

Iota-carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds, which, formulated into a nasal spray, has already been proven safe and effective in viral upper respiratory infections. In Calu-3, a human respiratory epithelium cell line, we explored the activity of a formula of iota-carrageenan and sodium chloride against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, the assayed formula, already approved as a nasal spray for human use, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a more substantial reference for clinical studies or developments.
Saliva for COVID-19 Testing: Simple but Useless or an Undervalued Resource?
Authors: Pijuan-Galito Sara , Tarantini Francesco Saverio , Tomlin Hannah , Jenkins Harry , Thompson Jamie Louise , Scales Danielle , Stroud Amy , Tellechea Lopez Ana , Hassall James , McTernan Philip G. , Coultas Andy , Arendt-Tranholm Asta , Reffin Caroline , Hill Ian , Lee I-ning , Wu Siyu , Porte Joanne , Chappell Joseph , Lis-Slimak Katarzyna , Kaneko Kazuyo , Doolan Lara , Ward Mairead , Stonebridge Martin , Ilyas Mohammad , McClure Patrick , Tighe Patrick , Gwynne Penny , Hyde Ralph , Ball Jonathan , Seedhouse Claire , Benest Andrew V. , Petrie Moira , Denning Chris
Published: December 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, countries with robust population-based asymptomatic testing were generally successful in controlling virus spread, hence reducing hospitalizations and deaths. This effectiveness inspired widespread asymptomatic surveillance for COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 globally. Polarized vaccination programs, coupled with the relatively short-lived immunity vaccines provide, mean that reciprocal cross-border exchanges of each new variant are likely, as evidenced by Delta and Gamma, and asymptomatic testing will be required for the foreseeable future. Reliance on nasopharyngeal swabs contributes to “testing fatigue” arising due to difficulties in standardizing administration, unpleasantness, and inappropriateness of use in younger people or individuals with special needs. There has also been erosion in confidence of testing due to variable and/or poor accuracy of lateral flow devices to detect COVID-19. Here, we question why saliva-based PCR assays are not being used more widely, given that standardization is easy and this non-invasive test is suitable for everyone, providing high sensitivity and accuracy. We reflect on our experience with the University of Nottingham COVID-19 Asymptomatic Testing, where (as of October 2021) 96,317 samples have been processed by RT-qPCR from 23,740 repeat saliva donors, yielding 465 positive cases. We challenge myths that saliva is difficult to process, concluding that it is an undervalued resource for both asymptomatic and symptomatic detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomes to an accuracy of >99% and a sensitivity of 1–10 viral copies/μl. In July 2021, our data enabled Nottingham to become the first UK University to gain accreditation and the first UK institute to gain this accolade for saliva.
Sustainable Development Goals, Financial Inclusion, and Grain Security Efficiency
Authors: Jia Shuaishuai , Qiu Yushan , Yang Cunyi
Published: December 2021

The 17 sustainable development goals proposed in the 2030 sustainable development agenda are the shared vision of all humanity. The core of achieving the sustainable development goals is to ensure grain security. Although financial inclusion is not separately incorporated into the United Nations sustainable development goals, it is an essential basis for supporting all sustainable development goals. Financial inclusion plays a critical role in improving grain security efficiency to ensure sustainable grain security. According to the Financial Access Survey implemented by IMF, this study calculated the financial inclusion index and grain security efficiency of 121 countries from 2015 to 2019. Based on calculating the efficiency of grain security in production and distribution, this study used an econometric model to empirically examine the role of financial inclusion in improving grain security efficiency. The study found that financial inclusion can promote grain security efficiency from the two links of production and distribution. Still, the improvement of grain security efficiency by financial inclusion is mainly reflected in the distribution. Further, the study found that the advancement of financial inclusion promotes the efficiency of grain distribution through the effects of residents’ income distribution, residents’ income growth, and consumption capacity upgrading, which achieves the goal of ensuring grain security and promoting sustainable development.
The Use of Natural Sorbents to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Faeces
Authors: Szymula Agnieszka , Wlazło Łukasz , Sasáková Naďa , Wnuk Wioletta , Nowakowicz-Dębek Bożena
Published: December 2021

Intensification of animal production leads to an increase in ammonia emissions into the environment. For this reason, various methods and strategies are sought to reduce ammonia emissions from faeces. The aim of the study was to test the possibility of using natural sorbents and sorbent mixtures to reduce ammonia emissions from cattle faeces. Faecal samples for analysis were collected from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during the winter. The amount of ammonia emissions from cow faeces was determined every seven days, after mixing the faeces with a mixture of selected sorbents. All of the sorbents used have the potential to remove ammonia. The most effective reduction in ammonia was achieved using biochar and a mixture of bentonite with zeolite. The reduction in these groups was 42.56% and 24.56%, respectively, relative to the control group. The results indicate that these sorbents can be used to reduce ammonia emissions from cattle farms.
Simulation of Staple Crop Yields for Determination of Regional Impacts of Climate Change: A Case Study in Chonnam Province, Republic of Korea
Authors: Choi Jinsil , Ko Jonghan , An Kyu-Nam , Qaisrani Saeed A. , Ban Jong-Oh , Kim Dong-Kwan
Published: December 2021

This study sought to simulate regional variation in staple crop yields in Chonnam Province, Republic of Korea (ROK), in future environments under climate change based on the calibration of crop models in the Decision Support System for Agricultural Technology Transfer 4.6 package. We reproduced multiple-year yield data for paddy rice (2013–2018), barley (2000–2018), and soybean (2004–2018) grown in experimental fields at Naju, Chonnam Province, using the CERES-Rice, CERES-Barley, and CROPGRO-Soybean models. A geospatial crop simulation modeling (GCSM) system developed using the crop models was then applied to simulate the regional impacts of climate change on the staple crops according to the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Simulated crop yields agreed with the corresponding measured crop yields, with root means square deviations of 0.31 ton ha−1 for paddy rice, 0.29 ton ha−1 for barley, and 0.27 ton ha−1 for soybean. We also demonstrated that the GCSM system could effectively simulate spatiotemporal variations in the impact of climate change on staple crop yield. The CERES and CROPGRO models seem to reproduce the effects of climate change on region-wide staple crop production in a monsoonal climate system. Added advancements of the GCSM system could facilitate interpretations of future food resource insecurity and establish a sustainable adaption strategy.
Low Temperature Effect on Different Varieties of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius at Seedling Stage
Authors: Dey Susmita , Biswas Ashok , Huang Siqi , Li Defang , Liu Liangliang , Deng Yong , Xiao Aiping , Birhanie Ziggiju Mesenbet , Zhang Jiangjiang , Li Jianjun , Gong Youcai
Published: December 2021

To address the demand for natural fibers, developing new varieties that are resistant to abiotic stress is necessary. The present study was designed to investigate the physiological and biochemical traits of three varieties of C. capularis (Y49, Y38, and Y1) and four varieties C. olitorius (T8, W57, M33, M18) under low temperature to identify the cold-tolerant varieties and elucidate the mechanisms involved in enhancing cold tolerance. Research findings revealed that the varieties Y49 and M33 exhibited the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Biochemical profiles revealed that varieties Y49 and M33 were found to be able to withstand low-temperature stress by accumulating different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), glutathione (GSH), and phenolics, which participated in reducing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused by low temperature. Osmolytes compounds, such as total soluble sugar, significantly increased in Y49 and M33; and proline content decreased in all varieties except Y49 and M33 after low-temperature exposure. The rise in these osmolytes molecules can be a defense mechanism for the jute’s osmotic readjustment to reduce the oxidative damage induced by low temperature. Furthermore, PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished the seven varieties into three separate groups. Results confirmed that group I (Y49 and M33 varieties) were low-temperature tolerant, group II (M18, W57) were intermediate, whereas III groups (Y38, T8, and Y1) were low temperature susceptible. PCA also explained 88.36% of the variance of raw data and clearly distinguished three groups that are similar to the cluster heat map. The study thus confirmed the tolerance of selected varieties that might be an efficient adaptation strategy and utilized them for establishing breeding programs for cold tolerance.
A Quantitative Review of Irrigation Development in the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta from 1991 to 2020
Authors: Lo Tsz Him , Pringle H. C. (Lyle)
Published: December 2021

The Yazoo–Mississippi Delta is one of the regions within the Lower Mississippi River Basin where substantial irrigation development and consequent groundwater depletion have occurred over the past three decades. To describe this irrigation development, a study was conducted to analyze existing geospatial datasets and to synthesize the results with those of past government surveys. The effort produced a quantitative review characterizing three aspects of irrigation development from 1991 to 2020. First, the expansion of irrigated area was tracked in terms of absolute area and in terms of fraction relative to total land or cropland area. Second, trends in irrigated land cover were traced in terms of irrigated crop mix, irrigated fractions of main crops, and comparisons with non-irrigated land. Third, changes in irrigation systems were examined in terms of water sources, energy sources, and application methods. Original findings of this study for the end of 2020 included moderate positive spatial autocorrelation in the density of irrigated areas; a higher irrigated crop preference for soybean and rice over cotton and corn in highly hydric soils; and 91% and 3% of permitted areas studied being respectively under groundwater withdrawal permits exclusively and under surface water diversion permits exclusively. By compiling such information, this paper can serve as a convenient reference on the recent history and status of irrigation development in the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta.
Bases for the Establishment of Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) as a New Crop for Colombia
Authors: Campuzano-Duque Luis F. , Herrera Juan Carlos , Ged Claire , Blair Matthew Wohlgemuth
Published: December 2021

Robusta coffee (C. canephora) covers 36% of world coffee production and has strategic relevance as a beverage that it is produced by thousands of small-scale producers around the world. Although mainly grown in Africa and Asia as opposed to Latin America, this situation is changing. Colombia is recognized as a producer of high-quality Arabica (C. arabica L.) coffee, however we argue that Robusta represents a great economic opportunity for small scale producers, for the industrialization of new products and for emerging coffee chains. Therefore, the objective of this review is to outline the agronomic value of Robusta coffee as a “new crop” in Colombia. As background we compare the better-known Arabica to the Robusta coffees from a Latin American perspective. Robusta shows differences in geographical distribution, genetics, originating species, physiology and phenology. Robusta and Arabica also differ in their chemistry, sensory attributes, industrial use, segments of market and price. Despite the marked differences between the two coffees, the popularity and consumption of Robusta has been on the increase due to the expansion of markets in emerging economies and in developed markers for home espresso preparation where it is used in high quality coffee blends. Robusta is currently replacing areas of other coffees due to hotter temperatures to which it is adapted. Although Robusta is still new to Colombia, this species has potential adaptation in lowland areas considered “non-traditional” for Colombian coffee cultivation and as a valuable component of agro-ecological production systems. Robusta is a novel crop option for certain regions that is needed for the future of coffee in Latin America and for growth of coffee production and consumption in Colombia.
Investigating the Quality and Efficiency of Biosolid Produced in Qatar as a Fertilizer in Tomato Production
Authors: Ali Majeed , Ahmed Talaat , Abu-Dieyeh Mohammed , Al-Ghouti Mohammad A.
Published: December 2021

This study evaluated biosolid quality over time and the efficiency of using amounts (5 and 7 kg/m2) of municipal class A biosolids in Qatar to fertilize tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Random samples were subjected to physical and chemical analysis, which revealed excellent particle uniformity and stability with minor odor defects. The analysis confirmed the product was nutrient-rich while pollutant levels were below the international standards. The nominated rates were used to fertilize tomato plants in pots grown in a greenhouse for four months with a control treatment of manure and Peat-Moss, before measuring the plant biological characteristics. Plants were examined via chemical analysis of nutrients and pollutants both for the whole plant and for stems, fruits, and leaves. Results indicated that both experimental treatments enhanced plant growth and development as compared to the control treatment. However, the chemical analyses also revealed levels of zinc, copper, and manganese in the plant fruits that were well in excess of the maximum acceptable levels, as defined by international health organizations. This study found that while the application of class A biosolids as organic fertilizer for tomato plants greatly enhanced the overall plant growth, the plant fruits contained toxic levels of trace heavy metals.
Genetic Diversity and Population Dynamics of Leptobrachium leishanense (Anura: Megophryidae) as Determined by Tetranucleotide Microsatellite Markers Developed from Its Genome
Authors: Fu Chao , Ai Qingbo , Cai Ling , Qiu Fuyuan , Yao Lei , Wu Hua
Published: December 2021

Persisting declination of amphibians around the world has resulted in the public attaching importance to the conservation of their biodiversity. Genetic data can be greatly helpful in conservation planning and management, especially in species that are small in size and hard to observe. It is essential to perform genetic assessments for the conservation of Leptobrachium leishanense, an endangered toad and receiving secondary protection on the list of state-protected wildlife in China. However, current molecular markers with low reliability and efficiency hinder studies. Here, we sampled 120 adult toes from the population in the Leishan Mountain, 23 of which were used to develop tetranucleotide microsatellite markers based on one reference L. leishanense genome. After primer optimization, stability detection, and polymorphism detection, we obtained 12 satisfactory microsatellite loci. Then, we used these loci to evaluate the genetic diversity and population dynamics of the 120 individuals. Our results show that there is a low degree of inbreeding in the population, and it has a high genetic diversity. Recently, the population has not experienced population bottlenecks, and the estimated effective population size was 424.3. Accordingly, stabilizing genetic diversity will be key to population sustainability. Recovering its habitat and avoiding intentional human use will be useful for conservation of this species.
Protein Source and Intake Effects on Diet Digestibility and N Excretion in Horses—A Risk of Environmental N Load of Horses
Authors: Saastamoinen Markku , Särkijärvi Susanna , Suomala Heli
Published: December 2021

Six Finnhorse mares were used in a digestibility trial, in which six typical horse diets were compared. The diets were: (A) haylage 100%; (B) hay 100%; (C) hay 70% and oats 30%; (D) hay 70% and soybean meal + oats 30%; (E) hay 70%, rapeseed meal + oats 30% and (F) hay 70 %, linseed meal + oats 30%. The trial was conducted according to an unbalanced 6 × 4 Latin square design with four 3-week experimental periods. The experimental period consisted of 17-day preliminary feeding which was followed by a 4-day total faecal and urine collection periods to evaluate N excretion. The digestibilities of DM (p < 0.001) and OM (p < 0.001) in the haylage-only diet were lower compared to the other diets. The supplemental protein feeds improved the diet digestibility of CP (p = 0.002) compared to a hay + oats diet. Furthermore, the DM (p = 0.019), OM (p = 0.006), and CP (p = 0.016) digestibilities of the soya-supplemented diet were better than those of the rapeseed- and linseed-supplemented diets. Faecal excretion was greater for haylage (19.3 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) and hay (18.7 kg fresh faeces and 3.6 kg DM/day) diets (p < 0.001) compared with the other diets. Urine excretion was also greater for forage-only diets compared with diets including protein supplements. Horses excreted 14.0 L urine/day on haylage-only diet (p = 0.026) and 14.3 L/day on a hay-only diet (p = 0.003). Horses excreted more nitrogen in their urine than in dung. N excretion differed between the diets. Horses on a haylage-only diet excreted 51.6 g N in faeces/day and on hay-only diet 51.4 g N/day. On the other hand, when protein content in forages increased, N excretion via urine increased (haylage vs. dried hay). Horses excreted less N in urine with hay-only diet than with haylage-only or protein-supplemented diets (p < 0.001). When N excreted in faeces and urine was counted together, horses excreted less N with a hay-only diet (p < 0.001) than with a supplemented one (oats and/or protein feeds). The results showed that feed choices affected the amount of nitrogen excreted. Feeding recommendations should consider not only the horse category and work level, but also the protein source. When good quality protein is fed, smaller N intakes can be applied to reduce the N excretion via urine and dung. At the farm level, improved understanding of feed quality, as well as feeding planning and practices, is a way to decrease the risk of N leaching and evaporation.
Diosmin Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Injury via Modulation of Oxidative Stress-Mediated Hepatic Inflammation and Apoptosis via NfkB and MAPK Pathway: A Preclinical Study
Authors: AlAsmari Abdullah F. , Alharbi Metab , Alqahtani Faleh , Alasmari Fawaz , AlSwayyed Mohammed , Alzarea Sami I. , Al-Alallah Ibrahim A. , Alghamdi Adel , Hakami Hassan M. , Alyousef Meshal K. , Sari Youssef , Ali Nemat
Published: December 2021

Hepatotoxicity caused by chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., doxorubicin) is of critical concern in cancer therapy. This study focused on investigating the modulatory effects of diosmin against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I was served as control, Group II was treated with doxorubicin (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.), Group III was treated with a combination of doxorubicin and low-dose diosmin (100 mg/kg orally), and Group IV was treated with a combination of doxorubicin and high-dose diosmin (200 mg/kg orally) supplementation. A single dose of doxorubicin (i.p.) caused hepatic impairment, as shown by increases in the concentrations of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Doxorubicin produced histological abnormalities in the liver. In addition, a single injection of doxorubicin increased lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Importantly, pre-treatment with diosmin restored hepatic antioxidant factors and serum enzymatic activities and reduced the inflammatory and apoptotic-mediated proteins and genes. These findings demonstrate that diosmin has a protective effect against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity.
Radiological Investigation on Sediments: A Case Study of Wadi Rod Elsayalla the Southeastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: Abdel Gawad Ahmed E. , Ali Khaled , Eliwa Hassan , Sayyed M. I. , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Bradley David A. , Osman Hamid , Elesawy Basem H. , Hanfi Mohamed Y.
Published: December 2021

The presence of heavy radioactive minerals in the studied granitoids from which the Wadi sediments leads to the study of the exposure to emitted gamma rays from the terrestrial radionuclides, such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K. The geological study revealed that the Wadi sediments derived from the surrounding granitoids, such as syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite, and quartz syenite. The mineral analysis confirmed that the granitoids were enriched with radioactive minerals, such as uranothorite as well as monazite, zircon, yttrocolumbite, and allanite. The mean activity of the 238U, 232Th, and 40K concentrations are 62.2 ± 20.8, 84.2 ± 23.3, and 949.4 ± 172.5 Bq kg−1, respectively, for the investigated Wadi sediments, exceeding the reported limit of 33, 45 and 412 Bq kg−1, respectively. Public exposure to emitted gamma radiation is detected by estimating many radiological hazard indices, such as the radium equivalent content (Raeq), external and internal hazard indices (Hex and Hin), annual effective dose (AED), annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE), and excess lifetime cancer (ELCR). The obtained results of the radiological hazards parameters showed that public exposure to emitted gamma radiation can induce various dangerous health effects. Thus, the application of the investigated sediments in different building materials and infrastructures fields is not safe. A multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) was applied to detect radionuclide correlations with the radiological hazard parameters estimated in the granite samples.
Effect of Selected Cations and B Vitamins on the Biosynthesis of Carotenoids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Yeast in the Media with Agro-Industrial Wastes
Authors: Kot Anna Maria , Błażejak Stanisław , Brzezińska Rita , Sęk Wioletta , Kieliszek Marek
Published: December 2021

In recent years, there has been an increase in the search for novel raw materials for the production of natural carotenoids. Among yeasts, Rhodotorula species have the ability to synthesize carotenoids, mainly β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin, depending on the culture conditions. This study aimed to determine the effect of selected cations (barium, zinc, aluminum, manganese) and B vitamins (biotin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid) on the biosynthesis of carotenoids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa MK1 and estimate the percentages of β-carotene, torulene, and torularhodin synthesized by the yeast. The cultivation was carried out in a medium containing glycerol (waste resulting from biodiesel production) as a carbon source and potato wastewater (waste resulting from potato starch production) as a nitrogen source. Carotenoid biosynthesis was stimulated by the addition of aluminum (300 mg/L) or aluminum (300 mg/L) and niacin (100 µg/L) to the medium. The number of carotenoids produced by R. mucilaginosa MK1 in the medium containing only aluminum and in the medium with aluminum and niacin was 146.7 and 180.5 µg/gd.m., respectively. This content was 101% and 147% higher compared to the content of carotenoids produced by yeast grown in the control medium (73.0 µg/gd.m.). The addition of aluminum and barium seemed to have a positive effect on the biosynthesis of torulene, and the percentage of this compound increased from 31.86% to 75.20% and 68.24%, respectively. Niacin supplementation to the medium increased the percentage of torularhodin produced by the yeast from 23.31% to 31.59–33.79%. The conducted study showed that there is a possibility of intensifying carotenoid biosynthesis by red yeast and changing the percentages of individual carotenoids fractions by adding cations or B vitamins to the medium. Further research is needed to explain the mechanism of action of niacin on the stimulation of torularhodin biosynthesis.
Railway Track Stress–Strain Analysis Using High-Precision Accelerometers
Authors: Avsievich Alexandr , Avsievich Vladimir , Avsievich Nikita , Ovchinnikov Dmitry , Ivaschenko Anton
Published: December 2021

We propose a new approach for railway path diagnostics on the basis of track line stress–strain analysis using the data provided by high-precision accelerometers. This type of sensor provides sufficient accuracy with lower costs, and enables the development of a railway digital twin, according to the concept of the Internet of Things. The installation of sensors on a railway track along its entire length allows real-time monitoring of the states of the technical parameters of the railway track, and using mathematical methods to evaluate its wear on the basis of constantly received data. This paper presents an original 3D model of a railway track line and the results of its analysis using a finite element method. To test the model, we performed an analysis of the normal stresses and deformations in the elements of a railway track by simulating the impact of rolling stock on a section of a railway track with intermediate rail fastenings, ZhBR-65SH. The research results were probated and tested at the testing ground of the Kuibyshev branch of Russian Railways, the Samara track. The proposed approach makes it possible to determine the load of the track, and knowing the movement of the rail, to calculate the structural stress in the elements of the railway track, to constantly monitor the parameters of the slope and rail subsidence.
Applications of Machine Learning in Process Monitoring and Controls of L-PBF Additive Manufacturing: A Review
Authors: Mahmoud Dalia , Magolon Marcin , Boer Jan , Elbestawi M. A. , Mohammadi Mohammad Ghayoomi
Published: December 2021

One of the main issues hindering the adoption of parts produced using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) in safety-critical applications is the inconsistencies in quality levels. Furthermore, the complicated nature of the L-PBF process makes optimizing process parameters to reduce these defects experimentally challenging and computationally expensive. To address this issue, sensor-based monitoring of the L-PBF process has gained increasing attention in recent years. Moreover, integrating machine learning (ML) techniques to analyze the collected sensor data has significantly improved the defect detection process aiming to apply online control. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest applications of ML for in situ monitoring and control of the L-PBF process. First, the main L-PBF process signatures are described, and the suitable sensor and specifications that can monitor each signature are reviewed. Next, the most common ML learning approaches and algorithms employed in L-PBFs are summarized. Then, an extensive comparison of the different ML algorithms used for defect detection in the L-PBF process is presented. The article then describes the ultimate goal of applying ML algorithms for in situ sensors, which is closing the loop and taking online corrective actions. Finally, some current challenges and ideas for future work are also described to provide a perspective on the future directions for research dealing with using ML applications for defect detection and control for the L-PBF processes.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Aircraft Hydraulic Pipe with Complex Constraints Based on Discrete Time Transfer Matrix Method
Authors: Gao Haihai , Guo Changhong , Quan Lingxiao
Published: December 2021

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is prevalent in aircraft hydraulic pipes due to high-pressure fluid pulsation, complex pipe path routing and boundary constraints, which pose a serious threat to the safety and reliability of the aircraft hydraulic system. This paper focuses on the FSI response of aircraft hydraulic pipes with complex constraints. A comprehensive fourteen-equation model for describing the FSI of pipe conveying fluid with wide pressure and Reynolds number range is proposed. The excitation models and complex boundary constraints of liquid-filled pipes are established. Moreover, based on the transfer matrix method (TMM), combined with the time discreteness and analytical integral method, a discrete time transfer matrix method (DTTMM) for solving the FSI fourteen-equation model in time domain is presented. Then, the numerical solution and experiment of an ARJ21-700 aircraft hydraulic pipe with complex constraints is carried out with four working conditions. The obtained results verify the correctness of the proposed model and solution method, and reveal the universal laws of the FSI response about aircraft hydraulic pipes, which can also provide theoretical and experimental references for modeling, solutions and verification in the FSI analysis of pipe conveying fluid.
Electrospinning of Chitosan for Antibacterial Applications—Current Trends
Authors: Antaby Eliconda , Klinkhammer Kristina , Sabantina Lilia
Published: December 2021

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be suitable for a wide range of applications due to its biocompatibility, rigid structure, and biodegradability. Moreover, it has been proven to have an antibacterial effect against several bacteria strains by incorporating the advantages of the electrospinning technique, with which tailored nanofibrous scaffolds can be produced. A literature search is conducted in this review regarding the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan-based nanofibers in the filtration, biomedicine, and food protection industries. The results are promising in terms of research into sustainable materials. This review focuses on the electrospinning of chitosan for antibacterial applications and shows current trends in this field. In addition, various aspects such as the parameters affecting the antibacterial properties of chitosan are presented, and the application areas of electrospun chitosan nanofibers in the fields of air and water filtration, food storage, wound treatment, and tissue engineering are discussed in more detail.