bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing the cost of detection of congenital heart disease in fetuses of women with pregestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bernard L. S. , Ramos G. A. , Fines V. , Hull A. D.
Published: May 2009

Objective

To provide a cost minimization analysis to support a paradigm shift in the use of comprehensive ultrasound and echocardiography in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in fetuses of women with diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, the diabetic clinic service database of the University of California San Diego was searched from January 2001 to June 2004 for pregnant women with Type I or II DM and HbA1c >6.3%. Subjects underwent comprehensive ultrasound examination (with four‐chamber views and outflow tracts) and fetal echocardiography according to a standard protocol. Newborns were examined for cardiac defects and underwent postnatal echocardiography as indicated. The cost of screening was evaluated.

Results

Of 115 neonates and two terminations of pregnancy there were 20 (17%) cases of CHD. Six of these CHD were major and all six were detected prenatally by both ultrasound and echocardiography. Three additional clinically insignificant cases of CHD were identified by fetal echocardiography. Eleven cases of CHD were identified by postnatal echocardiography only, all of which were clinically insignificant lesions. The prenatal detection rate of major CHD was 100% (6/6) for both ultrasound and echocardiography. The sensitivites of ultrasound (30% (95% CI, 13–54%)) and echocardiography (45% (95% CI, 24–68%)) were similar (P = 0.32). A cost minimization analysis was done using the published Medicaid (California) system's relative value unit and conversion factors. Accordingly, our current protocol costs $6503.43 per case of major CHD detected. If echocardiography had been performed only as indicated and postnatal echocardiography had been performed on all neonates, the cost would have been $7056.83 per case of major CHD detected. Alternatively, combined targeted ultrasound with indicated prenatal and postnatal echocardiography would have been associated with a cost of $4996.05 per case of major CHD detected.

Conclusion

Detection of major CHD was excellent with both comprehensive prenatal ultrasound and echocardiography. Echocardiography added little to the prenatal diagnosis of CHD if the comprehensive ultrasound examination was normal. The highest cost–benefit ratio and most efficacious protocol for screening based on our data would be comprehensive ultrasound with prenatal and postnatal echocardiography only as indicated. Further prospective studies are warranted. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal nuchal translucency thickness evaluation in the overweight and obese gravida
Authors: Thornburg L. L. , Mulconry M. , Post A. , Carpenter A. , Grace D. , Pressman E. K.
Published: May 2009

Objective

To evaluate the time required and failure rate for completion of nuchal translucency thickness (NT) measurements with increased maternal body mass index (BMI).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of ultrasound examinations for NT measurement in 11–14‐week singleton pregnancies performed at a single site from 2004 to 2007. Women were stratified by prepregnancy BMI into normal weight (BMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI, 25.0–29.9 kg/m2) and obese Class I (BMI, 30.0–34.9 kg/m2), Class II (BMI, 35.0–39.9 kg/m2) and Class III (BMI ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) groups. The failure rate, the time required for measurement, and the total study time in min were evaluated by BMI class for the first attempt and for all attempts at NT measurement.

Results

A total of 2508 women underwent attempted NT screening with complete data available on 1678 women (1707 examinations). The failure rate for NT screening varied significantly according to BMI (P < 0.001). At the first attempt, the median time for NT measurement varied significantly according to BMI (normal weight group, 9.7 (interquartile range (IQR) 4.4, 19.0) min; overweight group, 8.8 (4.0, 19.8) min; obese Class I, 9.6 (4.8, 20.4) min; Class II, 14.1 (5.0, 28.2) min; Class III, 12.3 (4.6, 22.7) min; P < 0.01), as did the total study time (normal group, 16.4 (10.1, 26.6) min; overweight group, 15.7 (9.8, 25.0) min, Class I, 17.3 (10.3, 29.2) min; Class II, 23.0 (12.2, 36.1) min; Class III, 18.7 (11.0, 30.8) min; P = 0.002). For all attempts also, the median time for NT measurement varied significantly according to BMI (normal weight group, 9.7 (IQR 4.4, 19.0) min; overweight group, 8.8 (4.0, 19.9) min; obese Class I, 9.6 (4.8, 21.0) min; Class II, 14.1 (5.0, 28.7) min; Class III, 12.3 (4.6, 22.5) min; P < 0.01), as did the total study time (normal weight group, 16.4 (10.2, 26.7) min; overweight group, 15.7 (9.8, 25.1) min; Class I, 17.6 (10.4, 29.9) min; Class II, 23.2 (12.0, 37.5) min; Class III, 18.7 (11.9, 31.9) min; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

As maternal BMI increases, the time required to obtain NT measurements and the failure rate increase. Before the ultrasound examination, patients with a BMI over 30 should be counseled regarding the need for additional time and failure rates for first‐trimester screening. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility and reliability of Doppler flow recordings in the fetal aortic isthmus: a multicenter evaluation
Authors: Fouron J.‐C. , Siles A. , Montanari L. , Morin L. , Ville Y. , Mivelaz Y. , Proulx F. , Bureau N. , Bigras J.‐L. , Brassard M.
Published: May 2009

Objectives

To evaluate the performance of three different centers with respect to their ability to identify the fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) adequately and place a Doppler sample volume in the AoI correctly, and to address the reproducibility of the isthmic flow index (IFI) calculated from Doppler waveforms recorded in the three centers.

Methods

The three collaborating centers sent several ultrasonographic recordings taken at random over a 6‐week period to the Saint‐Justine Fetal Cardiology Unit (StJ‐FCU). A performance quotient ((number of total readings − number of unsatisfactory results)/number of total readings) was calculated for each center by each of three judges, who were experienced fetal cardiologists, to assess the ability of each center to identify the isthmus and to place the Doppler sample volume (DSV) adequately. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were computed to quantify the variability of IFI measurements ((systolic + diastolic)/systolic flow velocity integrals).

Results

Fifty‐five recordings were available for this study. Concerning isthmus identification, there was 100% agreement between the three judges from StJ‐FCU and the performance quotients of Centers A, B and C were: 0.90, 0.95 and 1.00, respectively. For DSV positioning, agreement between the judges varied; for Judge 1 vs. Judge 2, kappa = 0.836 (95% CI, 0.651–1.000); for Judge 1 vs. Judge 3, kappa = 0.773 (95% CI, 0.557–1.000); for Judge 2 vs. Judge 3, kappa = 0.941 (95% CI, 0.805–1.000). The performance quotients of the three centers for DSV positioning were consistently lower than were those for identification of the isthmus, being 0.85, 0.76 and 0.92, respectively. The ICC between the first and second measurements of the IFI by Rater 1 was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93–0.98, P < 0.001) and that between Raters 1 and 2 was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95–0.99, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Adequate imaging of the fetal AoI can be achieved easily by a trained sonographer, while DSV positioning is challenging. The intra‐ and interrater variability of the IFI are low. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating dynamic stall in a two‐dimensional vertical‐axis wind turbine: verification and validation with particle image velocimetry data
Authors: Simão Ferreira C. J. , van Zuijlen A. , Bijl H. , van Bussel G. , van Kuik G.
Published: May 2009

The implementation of wind energy conversion systems in the built environment has renewed the interest and the research on Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs).

The VAWT has an inherent unsteady aerodynamic behavior due to the variation of angle of attack and perceived velocity with azimuth angle. The phenomenon of dynamic stall is then an intrinsic effect of the operation at low tip speed ratios, impacting both loads and power.

The complexity of the problem and the need for new design approaches for VAWTs for the built environment have driven the authors to focus this research on the CFD modeling of VAWTs on:

Comparing the results between commonly used turbulence models: Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes – URANS (Spalart‐Allmaras and k‐ϵ) and large eddy models (Large Eddy Simulation and Detached Eddy Simulation).

Verifying the sensitivity of the model to its grid refinement (space and time).

Evaluating the suitability of using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimental data for model validation.

The current work investigates the impact of accurately modeling the separated shed wake resulting from dynamic stall, and the importance of validation of the flow field rather than validation with only load data.

The structure and magnitude of the wake are validated with PIV results, and it demonstrated that the accuracy of the different models in simulating a correct wake structure has a large impact in loads.
Technological features of ‘gnathia’ pottery
Authors: Mangone A. , Giannossa L. C. , Eramo G. , Laviano R. , Fioriello C. S. , Redavid V. , Traini A.
Published: May 2009

‘Gnathia’ pottery samples, dating back to the mid‐fourth and third century BC, from the archaeological site of Egnazia (Fasano, Brindisi, Italy) have been characterised from the physical‐chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analyses have been carried out on the ceramic body, black gloss, white, yellow and red over‐paintings of fragments, with the aim of outlining technological features and defining the nature of coatings and decorations. Analytical results confirm from both a technological and morphological/decorative point of view the close relationship between ‘Gnathia’ pottery and red figured pottery, particularly with the Apulian red figured from which it takes its inspiration. At the same time the experimental results highlight shared characteristics and differences with both Attic and Apulian red figured productions. The biggest difference is in the utilisation of the ‘ingobbio rosso’ layer that covers the ceramic body. This does not seem to be based on aesthetic grounds, as in the case of Apulian red figured pottery, but on application of acquired production processes, since ‘Gnathia’ pottery was made in the same workshops as red figured pottery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First experimental result with fluorescent X‐ray CT based on sheet‐beam geometry
Authors: Huo Qingkai , Sato Hidenori , Yuasa Tetsuya , Akatsuka Takao , Wu, Jin , Lwin Thet‐Thet , Takeda Tohoru , Hyodo Kazuyuki
Published: May 2009

Fluorescent X‐ray computed tomography (FXCT) enables us to reveal the cross‐sectional distribution of very low concentration of specific elements, e.g. I, Gd, or Au, in biomedical samples at a spatial resolution of several hundred micrometers, and it has been used to evaluate the states of cerebral perfusion and fatty acid metabolic function of small animals in vivo and ex vivo. However, since the current system employs the data‐acquisition scheme of the first‐generation type of CT, it requires a huge amount of time to obtain a whole set of projections. In order to overcome the problem, we propose a novel imaging geometry using a sheet incident beam. We performed a proof‐of‐concept experiment using a preliminary imaging system constructed at beam line BLNE‐5A, KEK. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated by the reconstructed images of a physical phantom containing various concentrations of iodine solution and a mouse brain that is extracted after intravenous injection of 127I‐IMP for observing the cerebral perfusion and then fixed with formalin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial Impact of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis on Young Adults: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mireskandari Shab , Sangster Jennifer , Meiser Bettina , Thewes Belinda , Groombridge Claire , Spigelman Allan , Andrews Lesley
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to explore in detail the psychosocial impact of either having familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or being at risk for FAP amongst young adults. In‐depth interviews were conducted with eleven individuals aged 18–35 with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of, or at risk of developing FAP. While being at risk did not seem to have a major psychosocial impact upon clinically unaffected participants, clinically affected individuals discussed a number of major stressors including issues in relation to changes in body image and physical functioning as a result of surgery, concerns about discussing FAP with new partners, difficulties in relation to childbearing decision‐making, and impact on employment. Genetic counseling was described as being highly effective in providing support, but most participants were not aware of any other support services. Providing longer‐term support through ongoing genetic counseling appears necessary to adequately address the ongoing challenges faced by young adults who are dealing with FAP.
Statistical Tests of Conditional Independence Between Responses and/or Response Times on Test Items
Authors: van der Linden Wim J. , Glas Cees A. W.
Published: May 2009

Three plausible assumptions of conditional independence in a hierarchical model for responses and response times on test items are identified. For each of the assumptions, a Lagrange multiplier test of the null hypothesis of conditional independence against a parametric alternative is derived. The tests have closed-form statistics that are easy to calculate from the standard estimates of the person parameters in the model. In addition, simple closed-form estimators of the parameters under the alternatives of conditional dependence are presented, which can be used to explore model modification. The tests were applied to a data set from a large-scale computerized exam and showed excellent power to detect even minor violations of conditional independence.
Variable Neighborhood Search Heuristics for Selecting a Subset of Variables in Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Brusco Michael J. , Singh Renu , Steinley Douglas
Published: May 2009

The selection of a subset of variables from a pool of candidates is an important problem in several areas of multivariate statistics. Within the context of principal component analysis (PCA), a number of authors have argued that subset selection is crucial for identifying those variables that are required for correct interpretation of the components. In this paper, we adapt the variable neighborhood search (VNS) paradigm to develop two heuristics for variable selection in PCA. The performances of these heuristics were compared to those obtained by a branch-and-bound algorithm, as well as forward stepwise, backward stepwise, and tabu search heuristics. In the first experiment, which considered candidate pools of 18 to 30 variables, the VNS heuristics matched the optimal subset obtained by the branch-and-bound algorithm more frequently than their competitors. In the second experiment, which considered candidate pools of 54 to 90 variables, the VNS heuristics provided better solutions than their competitors for a large percentage of the test problems. An application to a real-world data set is provided to demonstrate the importance of variable selection in the context of PCA.
Karma, reincarnation, and medicine: Hindu perspectives on biomedical research
Authors: Hutchinson Janis Faye , Sharp Richard
Published: May 2009

Prior to the completion of the Human Genome Project, bioethicists and other academics debated the impact of this new genetic information on medicine, health care, group identification, and peoples’ lives. A major issue is the potential for unintended and intended adverse consequences to groups and individuals. When conducting research in, for instance, American Indian and Alaskan native (AI/AN) populations, political, cultural, religious and historical issues must be considered. Among African Americans, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment is a reminder of racism and discrimination in this country. The goal of the current study is to understand reasons for participating, or not, in genetic research such as the HapMap project and other genetic/medical research from the perspective of the Indian American community in Houston, Texas. In this article, we report on a topic central to this discussion among Indian Americans: karma and reincarnation. Both concepts are important beliefs when considering the body and what should happen to it. Karma and reincarnation are also important considerations in participation in medical and genetic research because, according to karma, what is done to the body can affect future existences and the health of future descendants. Such views of genetic and medical research are culturally mediated. Spiritual beliefs about the body, tissue, and fluids and what happens to them when separated from the body can influence ideas about the utility and acceptability of genetic research and thereby affect the recruitment process. Within this community it is understood that genetic and environmental factors contribute to complex diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer; and acknowledgment of the significance of environmental stressors in the production of disease. A commitment to service, i.e. “betterment of humanity,” karmic beliefs, and targeting environmental stressors could be prominent avenues for public health campaigns in this population. This study suggests that minority status does not automatically indicate unwillingness to participate in genetic or medical research. Indian Americans were not skeptical about the potential benefits of biomedical research in comparison to other ethnic minority communities in the United States.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Roller Nanoimprint Process: Adhesion and Other Mechanical Characteristics
Authors: Wu Cheng-Da , Lin Jen-Fin , Fang Te-Hua
Published: May 2009

Molecular dynamics simulations using tight-binding many body potential are carried out to study the roller imprint process of a gold single crystal. The effect of the roller tooth’s taper angle, imprint depth, imprint temperature, and imprint direction on the imprint force, adhesion, stress distribution, and strain are investigated. A two-stage roller imprint process was obtained from an imprint force curve. The two-stage imprint process included the imprint forming with a rapid increase of imprint force and the unloading stage combined with the adhesion stage. The results show that the imprint force and adhesion rapidly increase with decreasing taper angle and increasing imprint depth. The magnitude of the maximum imprint force and the time at which this maximum occurs are proportional to the imprint depth, but independent of the taper angle. In a comparison of the imprint mechanisms with a vertical imprint case, while high stress and strain regions are concentrated below the mold for vertical imprint, they also occur around the mold in the case of roller imprint. The regions were only concentrated on the substrate atoms underneath the mold in vertical imprint. Plastic flow increased with increasing imprint temperature.
Growth of Comb-like ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Applications
Authors: Umar Ahmad
Published: May 2009

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated by using well-crystallized ZnO nanocombs directly grown onto the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) via noncatalytic thermal evaporation process. The thin films of as-grown ZnO nanocombs were used as photoanode materials to fabricate the DSSCs, which exhibited an overall light to electricity conversion efficiency of 0.68% with a fill factor of 34%, short-circuit current of 3.14 mA/cm2, and open-circuit voltage of 0.671 V. To the best of our knowledge, this is first report in which thin film of ZnO nanocombs was used as photoanode materials to fabricate the DSSCs.
On KP-II type equations on cylinders
Authors: Grünrock Axel , Panthee Mahendra , Drumond Silva Jorge
Published: May 2009

In this article we study the generalized dispersion version of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili II equation, on

\mathbb{T} \times \mathbb{R}

and

\mathbb{T} \times \mathbb{R}^{2}

. We start by proving bilinear Strichartz type estimates, dependent only on the dimension of the domain but not on the dispersion. Their analogues in terms of Bourgain spaces are then used as the main tool for the proof of bilinear estimates of the nonlinear terms of the equation and consequently of local well-posedness for the Cauchy problem.
Density of hyperbolicity and tangencies in sectional dissipative regions
Authors: Sambarino Martin , Pujals Enrique R.
Published: May 2009

In this paper we extend the notion of sectionally dissipative periodic points to arbitrarily compact invariant sets. We show that given a sectionally dissipative and attracting region for a diffeomorphisms

f

, there is a neighborhood of

f

and a dense subset of it such that any diffeomorphism

g

in this dense subset either exhibits a sectional dissipative homoclinic tangency or the part of the limit set of

g

in this attracting region is a hyperbolic compact set. The proof goes extending some results on dominated splitting obtained for compact surfaces maps.

Dans cet article nous étendons la notion de points périodiques sectionnellement dissipatifs à des ensembles compacts invariants quelconques. Nous montrons qu'ayant une région sectionnellement dissipative et attrayante pour un difféomorphisme

f

, il y a un voisinage de

f

et un sous-ensemble dense de celui-ci tels que tout difféomorphisme

g

dans ce sous-ensemble a une tangence homoclinique sectionnellement dissipative oú la partie de l'ensemble limite de

g

dans la région attrayante est un ensembe compact hyperbolique. La preuve est une géneralisation des résultats obtenus pour des difféomorphismes de surfaces.
Constructing a Corporate Social Responsibility Reputation Using Corporate Image Advertising
Authors: Pomering Alan , Johnson Lester W.
Published: May 2009

In the wake of recent major business collapses, and as a result of growing stakeholder expectations that firms make a contribution to society beyond economic benefits, such as products and profits, business is increasingly engaging in non-economic activities to meet these expectations. These non-economic programs include social and environmental initiatives, and demonstrate a firm's commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Corporate image advertising is increasingly being used to create the awareness of a firm's CSR initiatives, and, in turn, preference for its products and brands. CSR-based corporate image advertising, however, is problematic. We discuss this marketing communication technique, and propose a research agenda to investigate the ability of two message variables, social topic information and social impact claim specificity, to influence the earliest stage of attitudinal development, cognitive responses. We focus, in particular, on the potentially corrosive cognitive response of scepticism, and suggest that these message variables are possibly able to inhibit the development of consumer scepticism and build a positive reputation.
Identifying tumor stem‐like cells in mouse melanoma cell lines by analyzing the characteristics of side population cells
Authors: Dou Jun , Wen Ping , Hu Weihua , Li Yating , Wu Yun , Liu Chunsheng , Zhao Fengshu , Hu Kai , Wang Jing , Jiang Chuilian , He Xiangfeng , Gu Ning
Published: May 2009

Increasingly more evidence shows that TSCs possess the characteristics of stem‐like cells. However, a link between stem cells and TSCs remains to be shown. We have sorted SP cells and non‐SP cells from the B16F10 cell lines by FACS, and then studied their cellular biological characteristics by using a SFCM culture method, proliferative assay in vitro, clone formation assays in soft agar and normal media, tumorigenic assays in C57BL/6 mice, and resistance to chemotherapy assay in vitro, the quantitative detecting expression of ABCG2 and their CD phenotype analysis by a FCM. We detected 0.96% SP cells in the B16F10 cells and found that they had obvious differences in characteristics from non‐SP cells. They possessed a marked capacity for self‐renewal in soft agar and culture medium, strong tumorigenic potential in C57BL/6 mice, apparent resistance to vinblastin in vitro, upregulated ABCG2 expression, and a high expression of CD44+CD133+CD24+ phenotypes. We conclude that there were a few of SP cells that had the characteristics of tumor stem‐like cells which may provide a useful tool and a readily accessible source for further study when specific TSCs markers are unknown.
Using the intact hand for objective assessment of phantom hand‐perception
Authors: Sumitani Masahiko , Yozu Arito , Tomioka Toshiya , Yamada Yoshitsugu , Miyauchi Satoru
Published: May 2009

After amputation, most patients experience a phenomenon known as a phantom limb (PL). A variety of PL experiences appear to be associated with neural plasticity within the CNS. However, due to the subjective nature of PL experiences, there was no definitive way to reliably assess PL experiences other than using patients’ direct reports. Here, we were able to obtain patients’ indirect responses to PL experiences, for a more objective evaluation. First, we conducted a study with normals and 17 non‐PL patients experiencing pathological pain in one hand. We took digital photographs of their affected and unaffected hands, altered the sizes of the images digitally, and then asked each subject to choose the image that most closely matched the actual size of their own hands (from a series of images presented on a video screen). Subjective size perceptions of the hands were homologous, regardless of the pathological condition of one hand (p < 0.0001, Spearman R2= 0.82). Next, we used the same method for total 19 patients with a phantom hand. The intact hand‐size perception was linearly correlated with phantom hand‐size perception (weighted linear regression analysis: p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.75, adjusted R2 = 0.73, F‐value = 50.1, degree of freedom = 18). Thus, without requiring a subjective description about PL, the patients’ evaluation of the intact hand‐size precisely but indirectly indicated whether the PL was perceived to be telescoped (shrunken), normal or enlarged. This more objective evaluation of PL phenomena could become a key tool for disentangling the neural mechanisms involved.
B30.2/SPRY domain in tripartite motif‐containing 22 is essential for the formation of distinct nuclear bodies
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan Gayathri , Sun Yang , Rajmohan Rajamuthiah , Lin Valerie C.L.
Published: May 2009

Tripartite motif‐containing 22 (TRIM22) is an important antiviral protein that forms distinct nuclear bodies (NB) in many cell types. This study aims to identify functional domains/residues for TRIM22's nuclear localization and NB formation. Deletion of the really‐interesting‐new‐gene (RING) domain, which is essential for its antiviral property, abolished TRIM22 NB formation. However, mutation of two critical residues Cys15 and Cys18 to alanine in the RING domain, did not affect NB formation notably. Although the deletion of the putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) abolished TRIM22 localization and NB formation, the B30.2/SplA and ryanodine receptor (SPRY) domain, and residues 491–494 specifically are also essential for nuclear localization and NB formation.
Feline Panleukopenia: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
Authors: Truyen Uwe , Addie Diane , Belák Sándor , Boucraut-Baralon Corine , Egberink Herman , Frymus Tadeusz , Gruffydd-Jones Tim , Hartmann Katrin , Hosie Margaret J , Lloret Albert , Lutz Hans , Marsilio Fulvio , Pennisi Maria Grazia , Radford Alan D , Thiry Etienne , Horzinek Marian C
Published: May 2009

Overview Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infects all felids as well as raccoons, mink and foxes. This pathogen may survive in the environment for several months and is highly resistant to some disinfectants.

Infection Transmission occurs via the faecal-oral route. Indirect contact is the most common route of infection, and FPV may be carried by fomites (shoes, clothing), which means indoor cats are also at risk. Intrauterine virus transmission and infection of neonates can occur.

Disease signs Cats of all ages may be affected by FPV, but kittens are most susceptible. Mortality rates are high - over 90% in kittens. Signs of disease include diarrhoea, lymphopenia and neutropenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anaemia, immunosuppression (transient in adult cats), cerebellar ataxia (in kittens only) and abortion.

Diagnosis Feline panleukopenia virus antigen is detected in faeces using commercially available test kits. Specialised laboratories carry out PCR testing on whole blood or faeces. Serological tests are not recommended, as they do not distinguish between infection and vaccination.

Disease management Supportive therapy and good nursing significantly decrease mortality rates. In cases of enteritis, parenteral administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic is recommended. Disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite (bleach), peracetic acid, formaldehyde or sodium hydroxide are effective.
Chlamydophila Felis Infection: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
Authors: Gruffydd-Jones Tim , Addie Diane , Belák Sándor , Boucraut-Baralon Corine , Egberink Herman , Frymus Tadeusz , Hartmann Katrin , Hosie Margaret J , Lloret Albert , Lutz Hans , Marsilio Fulvio , Pennisi Maria Grazia , Radford Alan D , Thiry Etienne , Truyen Uwe , Horzinek Marian C
Published: May 2009

OverviewChlamydophila felis is a Gram-negative bacterium and its primary target is the conjunctiva. The bacterium does not survive outside the host.

Infection Transmission requires close contact between cats; ocular secretions are probably the most important body fluid for infection. Most cases occur in cats under 1 year of age. Chlamydophila felis is the infectious organism most frequently associated with conjunctivitis.

Disease signs Unilateral ocular disease generally progresses to become bilateral. There can be intense conjunctivitis with extreme hyperaemia of the nictitating membrane, blepharospasm and ocular discomfort. Transient fever, inappetence and weight loss may occur shortly after infection, although most cats remain well and continue to eat.

Diagnosis PCR techniques are now preferred for diagnosing C felis infection. Ocular swabs are generally used. In unvaccinated cats, antibody detection can be used to indicate infection.

Disease management Tetracyclines are generally regarded as the antibiotics of choice. Doxycycline has the advantage of requiring only single daily administration and is given at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally. Vaccination should be considered if there is a history of confirmed chlamydial disease in a shelter. Single housing and routine hygiene measures should suffice to avoid cross-infection. Cats maintained together for longer terms should be vaccinated regularly. In breeding catteries where C felis infection is endemic, the first step should be to treat all cats with doxycycline for at least 4 weeks. Once clinical signs have been controlled, the cats should be vaccinated.
Vaccines and Vaccination: The Principles and the Polemics
Authors: Horzinek Marian C , Thiry Etienne
Published: May 2009

Background The European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) is a body of experts that sees its task as bringing feline health issues to the forefront of companion animal practice. By way of an introduction to this special ‘clinical practice’ issue of the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (JFMS), this article attempts a ‘helicopter view’ of practical, or applied, immunology. It should be viewed as a ‘light primer’ to vaccines and vaccination, and is very general in nature. It is not intended to replace authoritive immunology textbooks, which abound both in the veterinary and medical fields, and the level of detail in which may discourage the casual reader. By design, therefore, this article is not referenced.

Underpinning issues) immunity, and the types of vaccine developed and/or available (live, killed, chimaeric, DNA-only products).

Practical relevance With day-to-day veterinary practice in mind, practical issues discussed include kitten vaccination, the definition of ‘core’ versus ‘non-core’ products, passive immunisation, and prevention strategies in populations and crowded cat communities. Adverse reactions, and factors affecting vaccine efficacy, safety and performance are also summarised.
Preacher Politics and People Power: Congregational Conflicts in New York City, 1810–1830
Authors: Bulthuis Kyle T.
Published: May 2009

The 1812 Methodist Episcopal Church general conference in New York City proved contentious. In his journal entry of May 17, Bishop Francis Asbury recorded that the conference participants hotly debated the power of the denomination's bishops, particularly regarding their unchecked right to appoint lesser ministers to positions of authority. While spirited, the disagreements did not deeply divide the contestants. That evening Asbury ate dinner with seventeen ministers, many of whom had fought on opposite sites. Asbury commented, “We should thank God we are not at war with each other, as are the Episcopalians, with the pen and the press as their weapons of warfare.”
Caring Beyond National Borders: The YMCA and Chinese Laborers in World War I Europe
Authors: Wang Peter Chen-main
Published: May 2009

It is well known that 175,000 Chinese laborers worked for Allied troops in Europe during World War I. This phenomenon has been recorded in major WWI histories and has become the topic of monographs in Chinese and Western languages. Chinese laborers solved the Allied problem of a serious manpower shortage and made contributions to military fieldwork, construction, and factory work. Comparatively speaking, few scholars have paid attention to the Christian work among the Chinese laborers, which gave them considerable comfort and assistance and which laid the foundation for other service to Chinese laborers in France. Though some people have a general understanding that the Young Men's Christian Association (including the British YMCA and the International Committee of the YMCA in North America) was the most active and energetic group in offering assistance to the Chinese laborers, little has been written that explains the YMCA operations among the laborers, preventing a fair and thorough evaluation of the YMCA's service to the Chinese laborers. This paper, based on material from the American YMCA Archives, the Canadian Church Archives, and some Chinese writings on this topic, attempts to investigate the origin, operation, and development of this YMCA international project and to assess its significance in church history and in modern China.
Generalized oscillatory integrals and Fourier integral operators
Authors: Garetto Claudia , Hörmann Günther , Oberguggenberger Michael
Published: May 2009

In this paper, a theory is developed of generalized oscillatory integrals (OIs) whose phase functions and amplitudes may be generalized functions of Colombeau type. Based on this, generalized Fourier integral operators (FIOs) acting on Colombeau algebras are defined. This is motivated by the need for a general framework for partial differential operators with non-smooth coefficients and distribution dataffi The mapping properties of these FIOs are studied, as is microlocal Colombeau regularity for OIs and the influence of the FIO action on generalized wavefront sets.
Overpartitions and the q-Bailey identity
Authors: Corteel Sylvie , Lovejoy Jeremy
Published: May 2009

Using the framework of overpartitions, we give a combinatorial interpretation and proof of the q-Bailey identity. We then deduce from this identity a couple of facts about overpartitions. We show that the method of proof of the q-Bailey identity also applies to the (first) q-Gauss identity.
Critical extinction and blow-up exponents for fast diffusive polytropic filtration equation with sources
Authors: Jin Chunhua , Yin Jingxue , Ke Yuanyuan
Published: May 2009

This paper is mainly concerned with the critical extinction and blow-up exponents for the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary-value problem of the fast diffusive polytropic filtration equation with reaction sources.
Dependence of the Weyl coefficient on singular interface conditions
Authors: Langer Matthias , Woracek Harald
Published: May 2009

We investigate the influence of interface conditions at a singularity of an indefinite canonical system on its Weyl coefficient. An explicit formula which parametrizes all possible Weyl coefficients of indefinite canonical systems with fixed Hamiltonian function is derived. This result is illustrated with two examples: the Bessel equation, which has a singular end point, and a Sturm–Liouville equation whose potential has an inner singularity, which arises from a continuation problem for a positive definite function.
Semiclassical limits of quantum affine spaces
Authors: Goodearl K. R. , Letzter E. S.
Published: May 2009

Semiclassical limits of generic multi-parameter quantized coordinate rings A=$\mathcal{O}$q(kn) of affine spaces are constructed and related to A, for k an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and q a multiplicatively antisymmetric matrix whose entries generate a torsion-free subgroup of k×. A semiclassical limit of A is a Poisson algebra structure on the corresponding classical coordinate ring R=$\mathcal{O}$(kn), and results of Oh, Park, Shin and the authors are used to construct homeomorphisms from the Poisson-prime and Poisson-primitive spectra of R onto the prime and primitive spectra of~A. The Poisson-primitive spectrum of R is then identified with the space of symplectic cores in kn in the sense of Brown and Gordon, and an example is presented (over ℂ) for which the Poisson-primitive spectrum of R is not homeomorphic to the space of symplectic leaves in kn. Finally, these results are extended from quantum affine spaces to quantum affine toric varieties.
Tears of Repentance or Tears of Gratitude? P.Oxy. 4009, the Gospel of Peter and the Western Text of Luke 7.45–49
Authors: Myllykoski Matti
Published: May 2009

In an article published earlier this year (NTS 55.1: 104–15), a full reconstruction of the less intelligible side of P.Oxy. 4009 (lines 1–13) was presented, and it was argued that this text belongs to the Gospel of Peter. These 13 lines parallel the Lukan pericope of the sinful woman (Luke 7.45–49) and demonstrate that the Gospel of Peter used manuscripts that represent the Western text of the earlier Gospels. The most notable Western feature, the omission in P.Oxy. 4009 of Luke 7.47b–48, is no coincidence. There are weighty arguments for the omission of these verses in the Lukan original as well.
It is No Longer I Who Live: Justification by Faith and Participation in Christ in Martin Luther's Exegesis of Galatians
Authors: Chester Stephen
Published: May 2009

Traditional Protestant accounts of Paul's theology are often criticized for their inability to relate justification by faith and the participatory categories of Paul's thought. The two are driven apart by sharp distinctions between declaring and making righteous, between justification as a once for all external act and regeneration as an internal lifelong process. The way is left open for justification to be treated as a legal fiction. Contrary to popular misconceptions, these difficulties do not stem from Martin Luther. In his exegesis of Paul, Luther intimately connects justification by faith and participation in Christ, integrating the two effectively. This article explores the manner in which Luther does so, evaluating his exegetical conclusions and assessing their relevance for contemporary attempts to interpret Paul's theology.
Roman Crete and the Letter to Titus
Authors: Wieland George M.
Published: May 2009

Crete is rarely taken seriously as a plausible actual destination for the NT letter to Titus. Investigation of Roman Crete, however, yields intriguing points of contact with puzzling features of the letter. Patterns of social organisation on the island correlate closely to the structure of behavioural instruction in Titus 2.1–10, suggesting that it might have been shaped specifically to that environment. Unusual elements of the major theological statements in Titus correspond to aspects of Cretan religion in ways that could represent intentional engagement. There are implications for identifying the letter's provenance and interpreting it as a missionary document.
The Text Form of the OT Citations in Hebrews Chapter 1 and the Implications for the Study of the Septuagint
Authors: Docherty Susan
Published: May 2009

This paper offers a detailed investigation of the LXX texts underlying the seven OT citations in Hebrews chapter 1, taking account of significant twentieth-century manuscript discoveries and recent developments in the field of Septuagintal Studies. The findings are then related to the study of the use of the OT in the NT more generally, and to some important current issues in the study of the LXX, such as the value of Lucianic readings. This investigation supports the growing consensus that the author of Hebrews reproduced his scriptural citations faithfully, so that the burden of proof should now rest with those who arguefora deliberate alteration of his source.
Jaffa's New Birth: Harry Jaffa at Ninety
Authors: Zuckert Michael P.
Published: May 2009

With the publication of Harry Jaffa's New Birth of Freedom, it is possible to see the overall trajectory of his thinking and to come to some assessment of it. New Birth redeems a forty-year-old promise for a sequel to Crisis of the House Divided. One problem, however, is that the sequel contradicts many of the claims in Crisis. These differences provide an ingress for reconsidering Jaffa's overall project and, in particular, his relation with his teacher, Leo Strauss.
A Reply to Michael Zuckert's “Jaffa's New Birth: Harry Jaffa at Ninety”
Authors: Jaffa Harry V.
Published: May 2009

I am grateful to Michael Zuckert for his kindness in remembering my birthday—something that I am trying hard to forget—but I am still more grateful for the seriousness and competence with which he has subjected my work to analysis and scrutiny.
The Muslim Jesus: Dead or alive?
Authors: Reynolds Gabriel Said
Published: May 2009

According to most classical Muslim commentators the Quran teaches that Jesus did not die. On the day of the crucifixion another person – whether his disciple or his betrayer – was miraculously transformed and assumed the appearance of Jesus. He was taken away, crucified, and killed, while Jesus was assumed body and soul into heaven. Most critical scholars accept that this is indeed the Quran's teaching, even if the Quran states explicitly only that the Jews did not kill Jesus. In the present paper I contend that the Quran rather accepts that Jesus died, and indeed alludes to his role as a witness against his murderers in the apocalypse. The paper begins with an analysis of the Quran's references to the death of Jesus, continues with a description of classical Muslim exegesis of those references, and concludes with a presentation of the Quran's conversation with Jewish and Christian tradition on the matter of Jesus' death.
Homer'sIliadand theMeghanādbadha Kābyaof Michael Madhusūdan Datta
Authors: Riddiford Alexander
Published: May 2009

The debt owed to Homer'sIliadby theMeghanādbadha Kābya(1861), Michael Madhusūdan Datta's Bengali epic and masterpiece, has long been recognized but has never been examined with any close or academically sensitive reference to the Greek poem. This study sets out to examine the use of the Homeric epic as a model for the Bengali poem, with particular regard to character correspondences, the figure of the simile and narrative structure. In addition to this close analysis, Datta's response to theIliadwill be set in the context of contemporary (and earlier) British receptions of the Homeric poem: the Bengali poet's reading of the Greek epic, far from being idiosyncratic (“colonial”), in fact bears the marks of a close engagement with contemporary British appreciation of the poem.
Zhuangziand the search for coherence inIse monogatari
Authors: Takeuchi Lone
Published: May 2009

This study proposes a reorientation ofIse monogatari's intertextuality beyond an exclusively Japanese perspective. TheIse monogataritext we have today is analysed as a single poetic-prose narrative entity, taking account of narrative patterns, paronomasia and other linguistic or rhetorical features. It is argued thatZhuangzi荘子 (J.Sōshi) at a general level appears to have been used as an ideological pretext to construct a valorized episteme that grounded knowledge, perception and action in the ultimate immediacy beyond subjective or conventional distinctions. Further, a detailed analysis of six core sections proposes that specific passages inZhuangzimay plausibly have inspired motifs and material details. The contention is that this approach, which breaks with the tradition that has long given primacy to historicizing methods, captures the philosophical coherence of the text without excluding incremental views of its production.
Participation in socially-productive activities, reciprocity and wellbeing in later life: baseline results in England
Authors: McMUNN ANNE , NAZROO JAMES , WAHRENDORF MORTEN , BREEZE ELIZABETH , ZANINOTTO PAOLA
Published: May 2009

This paper examines whether participation in social activities is associated with higher levels of wellbeing among post-retirement age people in England, and, if so, whether these relationships are explained by the reciprocal nature of these activities. Cross-sectional analysis of relationships between social activities (including paid work, caring and volunteering) and wellbeing (quality of life, life satisfaction and depression) was conducted among participants of one wave of theEnglish Longitudinal Study of Ageing(ELSA) who were of state pension age or older. Participants in paid or voluntary work generally had more favourable wellbeing than those who did not participate in these activities. Caring was not associated with wellbeing, although female carers were less likely to be depressed than non-carers. Carers, volunteers and those in paid work who felt adequately rewarded for their activities had better wellbeing than those who were not participating in those activities, while those who did not feel rewarded did not differ from non-participants. These results point to the need to increase the rewards that older people receive from their productive activities, particularly in relation to caring work.
Family and family-like interactions in households with round-the-clock paid foreign carers in Israel
Authors: AYALON LIAT
Published: May 2009

This paper reports a study of family and family-like interactions and transfers, or exchanges of goods and resources, between paid, round-the-clock, Filipino home carers and those they care for in a sample of households in Israel. Qualitative interviews about their experiences and attitudes concerning the care role were conducted with 22 family members and 29 Filipino home-care workers. A thematic analysis of the interview data identified three major themes: the structure and internal dynamics of the adapted family or family-like system of care; the role of family members; and the role of Filipino home-care workers in the new system of care. Sons and daughters tended to appropriate the care-management positions and to reduce their social and emotional support for the care recipient. In contrast, spouse care-givers continued to provide some of the personal and emotional care even when a Filipino home-care worker was employed. Filipino home-care workers were made responsible for daily care and domestic routines and provided emotional and social care. It was found that family members do not relinquish their role as care-givers when round-the-clock foreign carers are on hand, but the nature of their role changes. The results suggest that foreign home-care workers' job description needs to be redefined to acknowledge the substantial social and emotional care that they provide.