bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aporia and Wonder in the Age of Big Data
Authors: Skees Murray ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2019

My argument in this paper is given in two parts. In Part I, I review the ancient understanding of aporia, focusing on works by Plato and Aristotle. I illustrate two ways of understanding aporia: “cathartic” and “zetetic.” Cathartic aporia refers to the experience of being purged of hubris and ignorance through the dialectic. Zetetic aporia, on the other hand, requires us to engage in, recognize, and work through certain philosophical puzzles or problems. In Part II, I discuss the idea of Big Data and then argue that in the “age of answers” neither conception of aporia appears to be necessarily cultivated by the average Internet user. Our experience of wonder suffers when we rely so heavily on the Internet as a “surrogate expert,” and when our social media use betrays the fact that we always seem to gravitate towards the like-minded.
Revision of the land snail genus Landouria Godwin-Austen, 1918 (Gastropoda, Camaenidae) from Java
Authors: Nurinsiyah Ayu Savitri , Neiber Marco T. , Hausdorf Bernhard
Published: May 2019

A revision of the land snail genus Landouria Godwin-Austin, 1918 (Camaenidae) from Java reveals that this group represents the most diverse land snail radiation on that island. Only six species of Landouria were recognized from Java in the last revision of the genus based on shell characters. Our investigation, which also considers the genitalia as well as DNA sequences, shows that the diversity in Java is much higher. Based on newly collected specimens as well as museum material, twenty-eight species of Landouria from Java are described and figured. To stabilize the nomenclature, neotypes are designated for L. winteriana (Pfeiffer, 1842) and L. rotatoria (Pfeiffer, 1842). Sixteen species are described as new to science, i.e., L. naggsi sp. nov., L. parahyangensis sp. nov., L. nusakambangensis sp. nov., L. petrukensis sp. nov., L. tholiformis sp. nov., L. madurensis sp. nov., L. abdidalem sp. nov., L. sewuensis sp. nov., L. tonywhitteni sp. nov., L. sukoliloensis sp. nov., L. nodifera sp. nov., L. pacitanensis sp. nov., L. zonifera sp. nov., L. pakidulan sp. nov., L. dharmai sp. nov. and L. menorehensis sp. nov. Landouria conoidea (Leschke, 1914) comb. nov., L. intumescens (Martens, 1867) comb. nov., L. moussoniana (Martens, 1867) comb. nov., L. schepmani (Möllendorff, 1897) comb. nov. and L. leucochila (Gude, 1905) comb. nov. are considered valid species of the genus Landouria for the first time. Plectotropis kraepelini Leschke, 1914 syn. nov. is considered a probable synonym of L. winteriana (Pfeiffer, 1842), P. trichotrochium Möllendorff, 1897 syn. nov. is a synonym of L. epiplatia (Möllendorff, 1897) and the preoccupied name Helix squamulosa Martens, 1867 syn. nov. is a synonym of L. madurensis sp. nov. We estimate that there are actually more than fifty species of Landouria in Java because many shell samples could not be classified and because no material is available from several regions of the island. A molecular phylogeny reveals that the species from Java do not form a monophyletic group, but that at least one species from Timor is nested within Javanese clades. This means that the Oriental Landouria crossed Wallace’s line, the supposed border between the Oriental and Australo-Papuan regions, at least twice and supports the conclusion that Wallace’s line does not represent a more severe barrier for terrestrial organisms than other straits through the archipelago. Within the Javanese clades, species from western and eastern Java are mixed, indicating frequent dispersals also within Java.
Digitale spil i undervisningen
Authors: Hanghøj Thorkild
Published: May 2019

Forskningen i anvendelsen af digitale spil i undervisningen har flere årtier på bagen og vidner om positive resultater med øget motivation og læringsudbytte. Samtidig er der ofte uklarhed om de didaktiske muligheder og begrænsninger, der knytter sig til forskellige måder at anvende digitale spil i undervisningen. I denne oversigtsartikel vil jeg først indkredse, hvad der kendetegner digitale spil og kort opsummere forskningen i spil og læring. Dernæst vil jeg give et overblik over den danske forskning i fire forskellige didaktiske tilgange til digitale spil i undervisningen: 1) anvendelse af læringsspil, 2) anvendelse af kommercielle computerspil, 3) brug af spilelementer i ikke-spil sammenhænge (gamification), og 4) arbejde med design af spil. Undervejs vil jeg give uddybende eksempler på dansk forskning inden for området, herunder artikler fra Læring Og Medier samt egen forskning. Ambitionen er at præsentere et overblik over den danske forskning i brug af digitale spil i undervisningen, der kan bidrage til at kvalificere didaktiske valg ved udvælgelse og anvendelse af spil.
Réflexions sur l’autochtonisation des universités, un cours à la fois
Authors: Kermoal Nathalie , Gareau Paul
Published: May 2019

Suite aux 94 appels à l’action de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation en juin 2015, plusieurs institutions postsecondaires se prononcent publiquement sur leur volonté d’instaurer un cours obligatoire sur les questions autochtones pour tous les étudiants. Dans notre article, nous explorons ce qui est entendu par contenu autochtone. En outre, nous analysons l’approche privilégiée par la Faculté des études autochtones de l’Université de l’Alberta. En effet, plutôt que d’axer la réforme universitaire vers un cours obligatoire, la faculté a privilégié l’accès à un cours en ligne gratuit espérant ainsi démocratiser un contenu qui n’est, hélas, pas toujours accessible à tous. Développé en 2014, The Indigenous Canada Massive Open Online Course (IC-MOOC) représente une alternative pédagogique très attrayante pour les étudiants et connait aujourd’hui un succès sans précédent.
Narcissisme, intégrisme et relativisme : quelles finalités pour l’éducation?
Authors: Gohier Christiane
Published: May 2019

Les finalités éducatives ne sauraient être pensées sans faire référence au contexte socio-politico-économique dans lequel elles s’enracinent. De nombreux auteurs, dont Honneth, Lipovetsky, Chomsky et Laval, dénoncent le caractère inégalitaire des sociétés contemporaines caractérisées par l’individualisme et le consumérisme dans un univers dominé par une économie de marché globalisée. Il faut ajouter à ce portrait la montée des intégrismes, du radicalisme et des violences qui lui sont associées. Les avancées technologiques, si elles ont contribué à la diffusion des informations, ont du même coup engendré une prolifération qui se traduit par la fragmentation des savoirs sans se soucier de leur exactitude. Nous verrons dans ce contexte quels peuvent être les fondements et les finalités de l’éducation, quels sont les instances ou acteurs sociaux qui peuvent en convenir et quelle personne cette éducation devrait former.
Le développement professionnel des enseignants en précarité d’emploi : le cas de l’enseignement moral au Québec
Authors: Ndoreraho Jean Paul , Jutras France
Published: May 2019

Le développement professionnel (DP) a des retombées importantes sur la qualité de l’enseignement. Si les activités individuelles peuvent y contribuer, les activités collectives se révèlent plus efficaces. Or, les enseignants en précarité d’emploi ayant moins accès à des activités collectives à l’école, nous nous sommes demandé dans quelle mesure une association professionnelle pouvait suppléer à ce problème. Plus spécifiquement, le cas de l’Association québécoise d’enseignement moral (AQEM) a attiré notre attention. Notre recherche, réalisée à l’aide d’une analyse documentaire et d’entrevues auprès d’enseignants membres de l’AQEM, met en relief la manière dont un petit groupe d’entraide informel d’enseignants en enseignement moral s’est progressivement développé en une association professionnelle favorisant le DP de ses membres à travers des activités de formation continue et le développement d’une revue professionnelle.
ROMPRE AVEC LA RUPTURE
Authors: Bélanger David
Published: May 2019

Cet article prend appui sur la distinction entre, d’un côté, « l’historiographie moderne » conçue de façon institutionnelle et érigée sur la rupture entre le présent et le passé, et de l’autre côté, le temps organique continu, manière de vivre le passé dans le présent. Dans la littérature québécoise contemporaine, notamment dans les oeuvres d’Éric Dupont (La logeuse) et de Raymond Bock (Atavismes), cette distinction s’observe. L’hypothèse poursuivie ici soutient que la littérature s’oppose à une histoire présentée dans son artificialité ; pour ce faire, la littérature se propose comme incarnation du temps et refus des institutions qui régissent les ruptures. Ce phénomène est observé en deux temps : une véritable idéologie de dénonciation de l’histoire (et plus précisément de l’histoire nationale), chez Dupont, et un regret de la perte de cette histoire, une tentative désespérée de s’y inscrire de nouveau, chez Bock et Catherine Mavrikakis.
Les enfants de parents incarcérés aux États-Unis : une analyse qualitative
Authors: Sullivan1 Megan , Dubois Florence
Published: May 2019

Aux États-Unis, l’importante hausse du taux d’incarcération, le nombre imposant d’individus condamnés pour des infractions liées aux drogues et la multiplication de sentences de longue durée signifient que plus de la moitié des prisonniers sont des parents. Des recherches se sont penchées sur les conséquences de l’incarcération d’un parent sur les enfants, mais la plupart ont abordé le moment de l’incarcération et non l’expérience de ces enfants au cours de leur vie. La présente étude, une analyse qualitative se fondant sur des données empiriques et adoptant une approche développementale, examine les expériences de 35 adultes qui révèlent en quoi l’incarcération de leurs parents les a affectés. L’étude se concentre sur trois éléments. D’abord, sur le fait que les conséquences de l’incarcération d’un parent ne sont pas les mêmes pour tous les enfants et varient en fonction de la période à laquelle le parent a été incarcéré. Ensuite, le genre (l’identité sexuelle) du parent incarcéré et les répercussions économiques de l’incarcération sont des variables importantes à considérer. Enfin, la période de réinsertion sociale est plus complexe qu’on ne le reconnaît généralement.
La densité des seringues à la traîne à Montréal : l’influence des caractéristiques de l’environnement urbain
Authors: Lesage-Mann1,2 Élaine , Apparicio Philippe
Published: May 2019

Depuis les années 1980, plusieurs études ont été menées sur les seringues à la traîne avec deux objectifs principaux : évaluer les différents programmes de gestion des seringues ou déterminer les conditions favorisant leur utilisation par les consommateurs de drogue par injection. De plus, la grande majorité de ces études sont qualitatives et n’abordent pas la distribution spatiale des seringues à la traîne. Pourtant, une meilleure compréhension de la géographie des seringues à la traîne est fort pertinente afin d’optimiser certains programmes, comme la localisation des boîtes de dépôt public. Cet article repose sur l’analyse de 13 560 seringues à la traîne collectées de 2009 à 2014 dans le quartier montréalais Centre-Sud. Plusieurs modèles de régression Tobit ont été réalisés avec comme variable dépendante la densité des seringues à la traîne dans un rayon de 100 mètres et comme variables indépendantes des indicateurs relatifs à l’environnement urbain, tels que la proximité des programmes collectant de seringues, des postes de police ou des stations de métro, ainsi que le type de rue ou la présence de parcs. Les résultats montrent que les variables les plus significatives sont les ruelles ainsi que la proximité des boîtes de dépôt public.
Au-delà de la séparation : perceptions de mères incarcérées sur leurs relations avec leurs enfants depuis la détention1
Authors: Couvrette2 Amélie , Plourde Chantal
Published: May 2019

Cette recherche qualitative exploratoire s’intéresse aux perceptions de mères détenues quant aux effets de leur incarcération sur leurs relations avec leurs enfants. L’étude documente également les conséquences qu’elles perçoivent à la suite de cette incarcération ainsi que les réactions de leurs enfants. Quinze mères incarcérées dans un établissement de détention ont été rencontrées. L’analyse montre qu’un ensemble de conditions, l’instabilité et la violence conjugale, la consommation de substances psychoactives et les restrictions quant à la garde des enfants étaient présentes avant l’incarcération et que celles-ci affectaient la relation entre la mère et ses enfants. Mais pour les mères rencontrées, l’incarcération s’impose comme un élément supplémentaire complexifiant une relation déjà tendue entre la mère et ses enfants. Les réactions des enfants à la nouvelle détention et les conséquences de celle-ci dans leur relation avec leur mère ont été largement décrites. Alors qu’elles blâment leurs propres mères pour leurs choix déviants et qu’elles reconnaissent avoir placé leurs enfants à risque, elles se placent comme élément de solution aux problèmes de délinquance et de consommation que leurs enfants pourraient développer. Pour elles, elles arriveront à briser ce cycle.
The status and trends of small cetacean landings at Dixcove artisanal fishing port, western Ghana
Authors: Ofori-Danson Patrick K , Debrah Joseph , Van Waerebeek Koen
Published: May 2019

One of the largest documented takes of small cetaceans in western Africa occurs in Western regional coastal waters of Ghana. This temporally coincided with steadily decreasing catches of finfish, especially small pelagics (sardinellas, anchovies, mackerel) over the past decades, attributed to both climate change and indiscriminate exploitation methods. Dixcove, a key fishing port for cetacean landings was surveyed during 96 days between 12 September -17 December 2018. Our goal was to update insights from our earlier surveys, especially on catch rates, catch per unit effort and species composition. A total of 57 delphinids of 10 species were observed landed: Stenella attenuata (28.1%), Stenella clymene (17.5%), Lagenodelphis hosei (10.5%), Steno bredanensis (10.5%), unidentified stenellids (8.8%), Grampus griseus (3.5%), Delphinus sp. (3.5%), Pseudorca crassidens (3.5%) and single specimens of Tursiops truncatus, Stenella longirostris and Stenella frontalis. The observed cetacean catch per diem (cpd =0.59) at Dixcove was low compared to earlier rates for this port (e.g. cpd =2.82, in 2013-2014). However, fishing effort, measured as the number of canoes landing per diem (range 0-25; mean= 8.82 ± 6.05; n=22) was also reduced. Poor fish catches forced many canoes to remain in port. The prevalence in landings of common bottlenose dolphins and common dolphins has significantly decreased in the period 2000-2018. The prevalence of Fraser's dolphins and false killer whales increased. Indications are that a higher proportion of cetacean carcasses may be utilised offshore as shark bait. Hooks baited with cetacean parts are deployed in auxiliary longlines set longside large-mesh drift gillnets with a shark aggregating purpose, a first report in Africa. Shore-based incidental sightings of humpback whales suggest the potential for small scale whale-watching ecotourism in Ghanaian coastal waters, as pertains in the nearby waters of the Republic of Benin.
The COMA complex interacts with Cse4 and positions Sli15/Ipl1 at the budding yeast inner kinetochore
Authors: Fischböck-Halwachs Josef , Singh Sylvia , Potocnjak Mia , Hagemann Götz , Solis-Mezarino Victor , Woike Stephan , Ghodgaonkar-Steger Medini , Weissmann Florian , Gallego Laura D , Rojas Julie , Andreani Jessica , Köhler Alwin , Herzog Franz
Published: May 2019

Kinetochores are macromolecular protein complexes at centromeres that ensure accurate chromosome segregation by attaching chromosomes to spindle microtubules and integrating safeguard mechanisms. The inner kinetochore is assembled on CENP-A nucleosomes and has been implicated in establishing a kinetochore-associated pool of Aurora B kinase, a chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) subunit, which is essential for chromosome biorientation. By performing crosslink-guided in vitro reconstitution of budding yeast kinetochore complexes we showed that the Ame1/Okp1CENP-U/Q heterodimer, which forms the COMA complex with Ctf19/Mcm21CENP-P/O, selectively bound Cse4CENP-A nucleosomes through the Cse4 N-terminus. The Sli15/Ipl1INCENP/Aurora-B core-CPC interacted with COMA in vitro through the Ctf19 C-terminus whose deletion affected chromosome segregation fidelity in Sli15 wild-type cells. Tethering Sli15 to Ame1/Okp1 rescued synthetic lethality upon Ctf19 depletion in a Sli15 centromere-targeting deficient mutant. This study shows molecular characteristics of the point-centromere kinetochore architecture and suggests a role for the Ctf19 C-terminus in mediating CPC-binding and accurate chromosome segregation.
GPCR signaling inhibits mTORC1 via PKA phosphorylation of Raptor
Authors: Jewell Jenna L , Fu Vivian , Hong Audrey W , Yu Fa-Xing , Meng Delong , Melick Chase H , Wang Huanyu , Lam Wai-Ling Macrina , Yuan Hai-Xin , Taylor Susan S , Guan Kun-Liang
Published: May 2019

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth, metabolism, and autophagy. Extensive research has focused on pathways that activate mTORC1 like growth factors and amino acids; however, much less is known about signaling cues that directly inhibit mTORC1 activity. Here, we report that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) paired to Gαs proteins increase cyclic adenosine 3’5’ monophosphate (cAMP) to activate protein kinase A (PKA) and inhibit mTORC1. Mechanistically, PKA phosphorylates the mTORC1 component Raptor on Ser 791, leading to decreased mTORC1 activity. Consistently, in cells where Raptor Ser 791 is mutated to Ala, mTORC1 activity is partially rescued even after PKA activation. Gαs-coupled GPCRs stimulation leads to inhibition of mTORC1 in multiple cell lines and mouse tissues. Our results uncover a signaling pathway that directly inhibits mTORC1, and suggest that GPCRs paired to Gαs proteins may be potential therapeutic targets for human diseases with hyperactivated mTORC1.
Neurogenetic dissection of the Drosophila lateral horn reveals major outputs, diverse behavioural functions, and interactions with the mushroom body
Authors: Dolan Michael-John , Frechter Shahar , Bates Alexander Shakeel , Dan Chuntao , Huoviala Paavo , Roberts Ruairí JV , Schlegel Philipp , Dhawan Serene , Tabano Remy , Dionne Heather , Christoforou Christina , Close Kari , Sutcliffe Ben , Giuliani Bianca , Li Feng , Costa Marta , Ihrke Gudrun , Meissner Geoffrey Wilson , Bock Davi D , Aso Yoshinori , Rubin Gerald M , Jefferis Gregory SXE
Published: May 2019

Animals exhibit innate behaviours to a variety of sensory stimuli including olfactory cues. In Drosophila, one higher olfactory centre, the lateral horn (LH), is implicated in innate behaviour. However, our structural and functional understanding of the LH is scant, in large part due to a lack of sparse neurogenetic tools for this region. We generate a collection of split-GAL4 driver lines providing genetic access to 82 LH cell types. We use these to create an anatomical and neurotransmitter map of the LH and link this to EM connectomics data. We find ~30% of LH projections converge with outputs from the mushroom body, site of olfactory learning and memory. Using optogenetic activation, we identify LH cell types that drive changes in valence behavior or specific locomotor programs. In summary, we have generated a resource for manipulating and mapping LH neurons, providing new insights into the circuit basis of innate and learned olfactory behavior.
Functional and anatomical specificity in a higher olfactory centre
Authors: Frechter Shahar , Bates Alexander Shakeel , Tootoonian Sina , Dolan Michael-John , Manton James , Jamasb Arian Rokkum , Kohl Johannes , Bock Davi , Jefferis Gregory
Published: May 2019

Most sensory systems are organized into parallel neuronal pathways that process distinct aspects of incoming stimuli. In the insect olfactory system, second order projection neurons target both the mushroom body, required for learning, and the lateral horn (LH), proposed to mediate innate olfactory behavior. Mushroom body neurons form a sparse olfactory population code, which is not stereotyped across animals. In contrast, odor coding in the LH remains poorly understood. We combine genetic driver lines, anatomical and functional criteria to show that the Drosophila LH has ~1400 neurons and >165 cell types. Genetically labeled LHNs have stereotyped odor responses across animals and on average respond to three times more odors than single projection neurons. LHNs are better odor categorizers than projection neurons, likely due to stereotyped pooling of related inputs. Our results reveal some of the principles by which a higher processing area can extract innate behavioral significance from sensory stimuli.
Actuopaleoichnology of a modern Bay of Fundy macro-tidal flat: analogy with a Mississippian tidal flat deposit (Hartselle Sandstone) from Alabama
Authors: Zachos Louis G. , Platt Brian F.
Published: May 2019

Trace fossil zonation in the Hartselle Sandstone of Mississippian age (Chesterian: Visean-Serpukhovian) exposed on Fielder Ridge, Alabama is compared with modern macro-tidal flat ichnocoenoses on the Bay of Fundy at Lubec, Maine, and demonstrated to be analogous by sedimentologic and ichnotaxonomic criteria. The modern flat has minimal influence from either waves or freshwater influx, and can be divided into five distinct ichnocoenoses, characterized by surface traces (epichnia) and four sedimentologic facies defined by gross grain texture or hydrodynamic characteristics, but lacking significant surface traces. Several characteristics of tidal flat deposits in a fetch-limited, marine (i.e., non-estuarine), meso- to macro-tidal regime can be used to recognize similar environments as old as the late Paleozoic. These criteria include (1) limited influence of wind and waves on the depositional environment, (2) lack of significant freshwater influence and therefore any persistent brackish environments, (3) a distinct spatial distribution of microenvironments defined by substrate and exposure period, (4) high diversity of epichnial traces directly associated with microenvironments across the tidal flat, (5) generally low degree of reworking of traces by bioturbation but high degree of reworking by tidal currents, and (6) preservation of traces of predation and scavenging behavior on an exposed surface. These features, together with the regional depositional pattern of the Hartselle Sandstone interpreted as tide-influenced bars and shoals, support a meso- to macro-tidal interpretation of the depositional environment.
Attitudes towards wildlife conservation
Authors: Fabian Megan C. , Cook Amelia S. , Old Julie M.
Published: May 2019

People's attitudes towards the conservation of Australian wildlife is of particular importance as the types of attitudes people hold can have a significant impact on conservation solutions. We investigated attitudes held towards Australian wildlife and conservation solutions. A sample of 312 residents participated in an online questionnaire. An ‘ecoscientistic’ attitude was the most commonly held attitude, highlighting that wildlife are appreciated for the role they play within our ecosystem. There was a significant association between age and attitude towards Koala Phascolarctos cinereus and Crownof-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci conservation and a significant association between socio-economic status and attitude towards Brush-turkey Alectura lathami conservation. Most participants agreed that action should be taken towards wildlife conservation in the future. Conservation managers and other key stakeholders need to capitalise on this information to increase public support for Australian wildlife, and encourage conservation action. Significant associations between attitude and some sociodemographic characteristics were observed, however more research between attitude and sociodemographic associations is recommended, including in other regions of Australia and internationally.
Estimation of the Factors Influencing the Economic Losses Due to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Tamizhkumaran J. , Sudeepkumar N. K. , Prabu M. , Senthilkumar G.
Published: May 2019

A study was conducted to estimate the factors influencing economic loss due to FMD at the farm level. The data were collected from the sample of 120 cattle farms randomly selected from six blocks from Nagapattinam and Thiruvarur districts of Tamil Nadu respectively. A regression model was fitted using the possible predisposing factors to explain the variations in the FMD losses. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) in the model fitted was high (0.50), implying that the model was a good fit. The estimated regression coefficients of the variables, viz., vaccination status was found to be significant and the cumulative awareness and attitude scores of the farmers towards FMD was found to be significant at ten per cent significant level. The severe economic losses estimated to be arising out of FMD was mainly due to lack of awareness and attitude towards the FMD disease and vaccination against FMD. Realizing the enormous losses caused by the disease, the cattle owners should be made to focus more attention towards this disease through creation of adequate awareness among them through suitable extension programmes for prevention and control of FMD.
A Novel Dynamic Grey Action Quantity GM(1,1,b) Model and Its Application
Authors: Yu Lang
Published: May 2019

The classical GM(1,1) model treats the grey action quantity as an invariant constant, but changes have occurred within the system as time and space change. If the fixed grey action quantity is still used for modeling, the model will have errors. Aiming at this shortcoming, this paper proposes a GM(1,1,b) model in which the grey action quantity can be dynamically changed. Starting from the background value formula, the model solves the grey action quantity at different time points by the development coefficient, and fits the sequence with the DGM(1,1) model, then brings the obtained time response sequence into the classical GM (1, 1) to replaces the grey action quantity constant, so as to establish a GM(1,1,b) model with dynamic change of grey action quantity. Finally, the model is applied to the example of China's rural residents' consumption index. The numerical example shows that the GM(1,1,b) model proposed in this paper effectively improves the prediction accuracy of the model and verifies the effectiveness and practicability of the improved model.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Meningitis after Craniotomy in Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman in 2016
Authors: Ahmadinejad Mehdi , Bilesteh Yalda , Ahmadipour Maryam
Published: May 2019

Objective: Postoperative infections of the central nervous system are common complications of neurological surgeries, which can lead to bad consequences for the patient and increase the cost of treatment. Incorrect diagnosis or treatment of meningitis after craniotomy can lead to irrecoverable disabilities. Therefore, this study tends to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of bacterial meningitis after craniotomy in Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive study. The statistical population was 146 patients who underwent craniotomy in Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman during 2016. To find out the relationship between each risk factor and meningitis, multivariate logistic regression was used. Data was analysed by SPSS software version 16. For comparison of percentages between two groups, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used. In order to compare quantitative variables between the two groups, independent t-test was used; if the data was nonparametric, U-Mann-Whitney test was used.

Results: Of 77 patients, who underwent elective surgery, 5 cases (6.5%) developed bacterial meningitis; of patents that underwent emergency surgery, 8 cases (11.6%) developed bacterial meningitis. Two of 43 female patients (4.7%) and 11 of 103 male patients (10.7%) developed bacterial meningitis of patients with underlying disease, 4 (5.6%) patients developed bacterial meningitis and 9 (12%) of other patients developed bacterial meningitis. There were 4 cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Of 146 patients, 13 cases (8.9%) developed bacterial meningitis, of which 5 had positive bacterial CSF culture; one case of Acinetobacter baumannii, one case of Staphylococcus Epidermidis ,one case of Streptococcus pyogenes, one case of Staphylococcus aureus and one case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa  were reported.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that prevalence of bacterial meningitis increases with the increase in the number of received blood units, the presence of associated infection, the increase in duration of stay in hospital and ICU, the increase in duration of mechanical ventilation and repeated craniotomy and lower GCS.
Growth and Characterization of PbTe Thin-film through Solvo Thermal Method
Authors: Ahuome B. A. , Adamu I. , Adamu M. A. , Baba-Kutigi A. N.
Published: May 2019

The research considered the Solvo-Thermal method of growing PbTe on non-conducting glass substrate. Cadmium Sulphide thin-film was deposited and used as the n-type absorber layer. On the internal parameters studied, the PbTe nano-film has thickness of  as measured through gravimetric analysis; the optical absorbance studied through the use of UV-750 Series spectrophotometer showed a stable absorbance within the visible wavelength (390 nm – 700 nm) and optical band gap energy of was obtained as extrapolated from the graph of  against . The I-V pattern were measured and plotted. The PbTe grown through this method therefore show a good Fill factor of
Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the Weissella oryzae botulinum‐like toxin
Authors: Košenina Sara , Masuyer Geoffrey , Zhang Sicai , Dong Min , Stenmark Pål
Published: May 2019

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins known. So far, eight serotypes have been identified that all act as zinc‐dependent endopeptidases targeting SNARE proteins and inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters. Recently, the first botulinum toxin‐like protein was identified outside the Clostridial genus, designated BoNT/Wo in the genome of Weissella oryzae. Here, we report the 1.6 Å X‐ray crystal structure of the light chain of BoNT/Wo (LC/Wo). LC/Wo presents the core fold common to BoNTs but has an unusually wide, open and negatively charged catalytic pocket, with an additional Ca2+ ion besides the zinc ion and a unique ß‐hairpin motif. The structural information will help establish the substrate profile of BoNT/Wo and help our understanding of how BoNT evolved.
Psychopathic traits, gender, and motivations for sex: Putative paths to sexual coercion
Authors: Hoffmann Amy M. , Verona Edelyn
Published: May 2019

Evidence suggests that both men and women perpetrate sexual coercion. Psychological factors, including psychopathic traits and power motivations, have been proposed to characterize male‐perpetrated sexual coercion; however, it is unclear whether these factors play a similar role in female‐perpetrated coercion or whether other motivations (e.g., intimacy, affect regulation) should be considered. To improve our understanding in this area, the current study first examined relationships between psychopathic traits and sexual coercion in a sample of 1199 undergraduate students (756 women), with gender as a potential moderator of these relationships. Second, the role of motivations for sex (e.g., power, affect regulation) in accounting for the psychopathy‐coercion relationship was examined in men and women. Data were collected using an online survey and analyzed using multigroup path analysis. Results implicated impulsive‐antisocial traits as particularly important to male‐perpetrated verbal (e.g., manipulative) and nonverbal (e.g., physical) coercion, and that this relationship was partially explained by motives for sex involving power. In contrast, psychopathic traits did not appear to play a major role in female perpetrated coercion; instead, emotional value (i.e., intimacy‐related) motivations for sex were associated with verbal (e.g., manipulation) coercion in women. In sum, our results support a conceptual model of male perpetration where men who are high in impulsive‐antisocial traits may engage in sexual coercion in an attempt to feel powerful. Further, the findings in the female sample suggest that factors other than psychopathy, such as gender role beliefs in regard to sexual encounters, may be particularly important to female perpetrated sexually coercive behavior.
Highly Aligned, Anisotropic Carbon Nanofiber Films for Multidirectional Strain Sensors with Exceptional Selectivity
Authors: Lee Jeng‐Hun , Kim Jungmo , Liu Dan , Guo Fengmei , Shen Xi , Zheng Qingbin , Jeon Seokwoo , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: May 2019

Realization of sensing multidirectional strains is essential to understanding the nature of complex motions. Traditional uniaxial strain sensors lack the capability to detect motions working in different directions, limiting their applications in unconventional sensing technology areas, like sophisticated human–machine interface and real‐time monitoring of dynamic body movements. Herein, a stretchable multidirectional strain sensor is developed using highly aligned, anisotropic carbon nanofiber (ACNF) films via a facile, low‐cost, and scalable electrospinning approach. The fabricated strain sensor exhibits semitransparency, good stretchability of over 30%, outstanding durability for over 2500 cycles, and remarkable anisotropic strain sensing performance with maximum gauge factors of 180 and 0.3 for loads applied parallel and perpendicular to fiber alignment, respectively. Cross‐plied ACNF strain sensors are fabricated by orthogonally stacking two single‐layer ACNFs, which present a unique capability to distinguish the directions and magnitudes of strains with a remarkable selectivity of 3.84, highest among all stretchable multidirectional strain sensors reported so far. Their unconventional applications are demonstrated by detecting multi‐degrees‐of‐freedom synovial joint movements of the human body and monitoring wrist movements for systematic improvement of golf performance. The potential applications of novel multidirectional sensors reported here may shed new light into future development of next‐generation soft, flexible electronics.
Critical Aspects and Recent Advances in Structural Engineering of Photocatalysts for Sunlight‐Driven Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 into Fuels
Authors: Vu Nhu‐Nang , Kaliaguine Serge , Do Trong‐On
Published: May 2019

The catalytic conversion of CO2 into valuable fuels is a compelling solution for tackling the global warming and fuel crisis. Light absorption and charge separation, as well as adsorption/activation of CO2 on the photocatalyst surface, are essential steps for this process. This article reviews the CO2 photoreduction mechanisms and critical aspects that greatly affect the photoreduction efficiency. Additionally, different materials for CO2 photoreduction are provided, including d0 and d10 metal oxides/mixed oxides, sulfides, polymeric materials, and metal phosphides with visible response, metal‐organic frameworks, and layer double hydroxides. Furthermore, various structural engineering strategies and corresponding state‐of‐the‐art photocatalytic systems are reviewed and discussed, such as bandgap engineering, geometrical nanostructure engineering, and heterostructure engineering. Each strategy has advantages and disadvantages, requiring further adjustment to further improve the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst. Based on this review, it is greatly expected that efficiently artificial systems and the breakthrough technologies for CO2 reduction will be successfully developed in the future to solve the energy shortage as well as the environmental problem.
Additively Manufactured Multiphasic Bone–Ligament–Bone Scaffold for Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Lui Hayman , Bindra Randy , Baldwin Jeremy , Ivanovski Saso , Vaquette Cedryck
Published: May 2019

The scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) is a frequently torn wrist ligament, and current surgical options for SLIL tears are suboptimal. This research aims to develop a novel multiphasic bone–ligament–bone scaffold (BLB) with a porous interface using 3D‐printing and cell sheet technology for the reconstruction of the dorsal scapholunate interosseous ligament. The BLB comprises two bone compartments bridged by aligned polycaprolactone fibers mimicking the architecture of the native tissue. Mechanical testing of the BLBs shows their ability to withstand physiological forces. Combination of the BLB with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet demonstrates that the harvesting did not compromise cell viability, while allowing homogeneous distribution in the ligament compartment. The BLBs are loaded with cell sheets and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 in the ligament and bone compartment respectively prior to ectopic implantation into athymic rats. The histology demonstrates rapid tissue infiltration, high vascularization, and more importantly the maintenance of the compartmentalization as bone formation remains localized to the bone compartment despite the porous interface. The cells in the ligament compartment become preferentially aligned, and this proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that the BLB can provide sufficient compartmentalization and fiber guiding properties necessary for the regeneration of the dorsal SLIL.
Discourse on culture in research on immigrant and migrant workers’ health
Authors: Premji Stephanie
Published: May 2019

Background

Health and safety researchers and practitioners have proposed that cultural differences help explain inequalities between foreign and native‐born workers. While cultural explanations for inequalities have long been debated in other fields, there exists little critique of cultural discourses in occupational health.

Methods

This article examines and discusses the discourse on culture in 107 articles on immigrant or migrant workers’ health published between 2011 and 2015. For each article, passages on culture were identified and analysed for both the context and the manner in which culture was discussed.

Results

The discourse on culture was found to be generally simplistic, individualistic, and uncritical, intentionally or unintentionally supporting the worldview that workers’ “otherness” is both cause of inequalities and target for interventions.

Conclusion

The article argues that empirical, theoretical and interdisciplinary work is needed to document the mechanisms and pathways that underlie health and safety inequalities by foreign‐born status.
Familial aggregation of “apple peel” intestinal atresia and cardiac left‐sided obstructive lesions: A possible causal relationship with NOTCH1 gene mutations
Authors: Digilio M. Cristina , Magliozzi Monia , Di Pede Alessandra , Valfrè Laura , Dentici Maria Lisa , Auriti Cinzia , Marino Bruno , Novelli Antonio , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: May 2019

“Apple peel” intestinal atresia is a rare form of small bowel atresia, in which the duodenum or proximal jejunum ends in a blind pouch and the distal small bowel wraps around its vascular supply, in a spiral resembling an apple peel. The etiology of “apple peel” intestinal atresia is presently unknown, although a congenital or acquired intestinal vascular accident can have a role in the pathogenesis. We report a family in which the proband affected by “apple peel” intestinal atresia, had a sibling (an interrupted pregnancy), and a paternal cousin with cardiac left‐sided obstructive lesions. Molecular testing for NOTCH1 gene was carried out in the proband, because pathogenic mutations in this gene have been associated with familial and sporadic cardiac left‐sided obstructive lesions and vascular anomalies, both isolated or within the spectrum of the Adams‐Oliver syndrome (AOS). The heterozygous c.2734C>T (p.Arg912Trp) NOTCH1 variant was found in the proband with “apple peel” intestinal atresia and in his father. This result argues for a possible causal relationship between NOTCH1 gene mutations and some forms of intestinal defects, through a vascular mechanism. The spectrum of NOTCH1‐associated malformations is widened. Genetic counseling should take into account intrafamilial variable clinical expression and incomplete penetrance.
Medical genetics and genomic medicine in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Hisato , Watanabe Tomoko , Uehara Tomoko , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: May 2019

Since 1961, all Japanese citizens have belonged to one of the available medical care insurance systems. This “universal care” system has contributed to the maintenance of health: the life expectancy at birth was 84 years in 2016, and the infant mortality rate (the number of infants dying before reaching 1 year of age) was 2.0 per 1,000 live births, which is one of the lowest rates in the world. The Japanese government initiated the National Program on Rare and Intractable Diseases in 1972. This program has promoted research and expanded support for patients with rare and intractable diseases. Registered patients are eligible for a subsidy scheme that helps to cover medical care costs. Among the 331 diseases that are currently included in this program, more than half of the diseases are Mendelian disorders. The National Program on Rare and Intractable Diseases has fostered research in medical genetics in Japan and many causative genes for Mendelian diseases have been identified by Japanese geneticists. Recently, the Japanese government has determined to support several genomic medicine initiatives including the undiagnosed disease program (Initiative on Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases) and pathogenic variant databases.
Lignin and lignin derivatives as components in biobased hot melt adhesives
Authors: Laine Christiane , Willberg‐Keyriläinen Pia , Ropponen Jarmo , Liitiä Tiina
Published: May 2019

Hot melt adhesives (HMAs) are formulated for the first time with different lignins as major components, and the developed HMA formulations were tested for gluing paperboard. The best formulations showed equal or even better bond strength compared to a commercial HMA reference. A maximum bond strength of 16.1 N was achieved with a formulation of oxidized cellulose acetate, organosolv lignin, and triethyl citrate, whereas the bond strength of the commercial HMA reference was 10.5 N. The performance was adjusted via the selection of lignin, the formulation, and chemical modification. Lignin modification was not necessary but provided further possibilities for adjusting the properties for different products (reversible vs irreversible adhesive seams) and also for producing plasticizer‐free formulations. Modification with tall oil fatty acids enabled the formulation of fully biobased HMAs without any external plasticizer and provided a bond strength as high as high as 8.9 N. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47983.
Investigation on the environmental‐friendly poly(lactic acid) composites based on precipitated barium sulfate: Mechanical, thermal properties, and kinetic study of thermal degradation
Authors: Xu Yu‐xuan , Yang Ji‐nian , Nie Shi‐bin , Li Zhen‐yu , Liu Yue , Zhu Jin‐bo
Published: May 2019

A novel environmental‐friendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites based on precipitated barium sulfate (BaSO4) were prepared via melt‐compounding. The mechanical properties and thermal stability of PLA/BaSO4 composites were investigated. To dig the decomposition mechanism, kinetic analysis of thermal degradation was emphasized systematically based on nonisothermal thermograms. Results showed that the mechanical responses were improved remarkably both under the quasi‐static condition and subjected to high‐speed shock due to the well‐bonded interfaces between PLA and BaSO4. Meanwhile, the added BaSO4 suppressed the mass conversion rate of PLA phase and improved the thermal stability at high temperature. Due to the inhibition of BaSO4, the calculated activation energy was enhanced obviously according to model‐free isoconversional approaches. Finally, the apparent kinetic mechanism and reaction order for the over‐all thermal degradation were determined by the combination of model‐fitting approaches and Carrasco method. From this study, we hope to provide a facile method to prepare environmental‐friendly PLA composites with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47995.
Simultaneous determination of metolazone and losartan in their combined tablets using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Fathy Mona E. , El‐Awady Mohamed I. , Belal Fathalla
Published: May 2019

Synchronous spectrofluorimetry is utilized to carry out a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for determination of the binary mixture of metolazone (MTL) and losartan potassium (LSP). Under optimized experimental conditions, the synchronized fluorescence spectra of the two drugs were measured at Δλ = 80 nm in acidic methanolic solution and intensities were recorded at 260 nm for MTL and 335 nm for LSP. Linear correlation between fluorescence intensity and concentration were obtained through the ranges 0.02–0.2 μg/mL and 0.2–2.0 μg/mL for MTL and LSP, respectively. Limits of detection were 3.02 and 0.12 ng/mL, whereas limits of quantification were 9.16 and 0.35 ng/mL for MTL and LSP, respectively. The designated procedure was easily and successfully adopted to determine the two compounds in their single, as well as in co‐formulated, tablets and the results showed high precision and accuracy without any significant interference from common tablet excipients. A comparison of the obtained results with a published reference method was carried out and both showed good agreement with respect to accuracy and precision.