bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thallium Associated with Manganese Ore Tailings in a Deactivated Mine in the Western Region of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Santos Jorge Luís , Bueno Giuliana , Flores Eder , Leite Oldair , Janoni Clayton , Carvalho Luis , dos Santos Ana Maria
Published: January 2021

Thallium (Tl) is a rare metal with toxic effects notably harmful to human health and the environment. In this article, the natural occurrence of Tl was evaluated in a deactivated manganese mine located in the Western region of Bahia, Brazil. The extraction procedure with aqua regia was used to dissolve the soil, sediment, and tailings samples. The Tl content was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) and manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The Tl levels ranged from 0.64 to 473 mg kg‑1, triggering an alert since most of the samples (soil and sediment) analyzed presented Tl concentrations above 1.0 mg kg-1, recognized as the maximum limit recommended by environmental agencies in North America and Europe.
On the Thermo Economical Optimization for Solar Hot Water Heating Systems
Authors: SÖYLEMEZ Mehmet Sait , YILDIRIM Murtaza
Published: January 2021

A thermo economic optimization analysis is presented based on steady state performance at annual average condition which yields simple algebraic formula for estimating the optimum heat storage tank capacity for solar energy applications. The P1-P2 method is used in the present study, together with the most favorable heat storage tank dimensioning criteria, for thermo economic analysis of solar hot water heating systems, SHW, including costs of all system elements. The optimum storage capacity and the most feasible collector area are calculated at which maximum net life cycle savings occurs for solar hot water heating systems. The validity of the optimization formulation was checked.
PHASE ENVELOPE CONSTRUCTION FOR MIXTURES USING HIGHLY ACCURATE HELMHOLTZ ENERGY EQUATION OF STATE
Authors: Luo Taiming , Chirkov Alexei Yu.
Published: January 2021

Phase envelope construction for mixtures is very important in the oil and gas industry. The most widely used model for phase envelope construction is Peng — Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) due to its simplicity. In order to construct phase envelopes of natural gas, a highly accurate Helmholtz energy equation of state GERG-2008 was proposed. In this work, the accuracy of phase envelopes calculated by a highly accurate equation of state GERG-2008, simplified GERG-2008 and traditional cubic PR-EOS was analyzed. The pressure-based algorithm is used to calculate phase envelopes. Phase envelopes of the methane—ethane mixtures were constructed and compared with reference data.
The results show that phase envelopes can be constructed with GERG-2008 in high accuracy. PR-EOS has good accuracy in phase envelope construction under low pressure. The simplified GERG-2008 also works well under low pressure; however, as pressure increases, it performs worse than the simpler PR-EOS, especially in the vicinity of critical point. Besides, a modified density solver for the complicated GERG-EOS was proposed. Calculations show that the proposed density solver can provide reliable results.
Role of Statins in New-onset Diabetes Mellitus: The Underlying Cause, Mechanisms Involved, and Strategies to Combat
Authors: Keni Raghuvir , Sekhar Abinitha , Gourishetti Karthik , Nayak Pawan G. , Kinra Manas , Kumar Nitesh , Shenoy Rekha R. , Kishore Anoop , Nandakumar Krishnadas
Published: January 2021

Statins have transformed the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through primary and
secondary prevention of events. Despite the success of statin's management of cardiovascular conditions,
certain clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analysis point out that statins have the propensity to
induce diabetes. The risk further increases with intensive statin therapy or in patients with diabetes.
A proper mechanism for the induction of the diabetic condition has not yet been determined. The
involvement of statin with beta cells in insulin secretion and peripheral cells in insulin resistance
has been widely studied and established. The present review provides an update on the recent understanding
of statin-induced diabetes. This covers the origin of statins, their development, possible
mechanisms that explain the adverse effects in glucose homeostasis, and probable targets to
remedy the condition.
Coronavirus (COVID - 19): Chemical Entities of Biological Interest
Authors: Mahajan Aman , Gupta Princy
Published: January 2021

Virus, a sub-microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of a
host, causes viral infection. Currently, the immediate imperative is to control the combat against novel
coronavirus outbreak caused by the COVID-19 virus, which started in China and spread all over the
world. The domain of travelling has emphasized COVID-19 virus prevention as a serious issue for the
safety of human beings. The exponential rise in the number of corona patients is a matter of concern
for governing bodies of various countries in spite of countless cooperative efforts put in by citizens,
organizations and government. India is now among the top worst hit nation in terms of the spread of
COVID-19 pandemic. The present article reviews various state-of-art medicinal approaches available
that are presently used to control the spread of coronavirus pandemic.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Furan-2-Carboxamide Derivatives
Authors: Sweidan Kamal , Idrees Gada , Abu-Qatouseh Luay , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Khanfar Monther , Joshi Rajendra , Mallah Eyad , Mubarak Mohammsad S.
Published: January 2021

:

A new series of furan-2-carboxamide and 5-bromofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives have been prepared in good
yields using simple procedures. Our strategy was to synthesize compounds containing functional groups that are known to
exhibit significant bioactivity, such as amide (8–15), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (8a–15a), and thiosemicarbazone (8b–
15b). These newly synthesized compounds have been characterized with the aid of a number of spectroscopic techniques
including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry, in addition two x-ray structures were measured. Antibacterial
and antifungal activity of prepared compounds was investigated; antifungal results indicated that compound 8a is the most
active whereas compounds 15 and 9b showed moderate activity. Similarly, results of antibacterial testing revealed that most
of the prepared compounds exhibit low activity, while compounds containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone moiety (9a-14a)
are the most active towards E. Coli strain.
Comparison of the Effects of Diltiazem Gel with Lidocaine Gel on Reducing Pain and Discomfort in Patients Undergoing Rectosigmoidoscopy: A Randomized Double-blinded Clinical Trial
Authors: Hormati Ahmad , Ghadir Mohammad Reza , Alemi Faezeh , Sarkeshikian Seyed Saeid , Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl , Ahmadpour Sajjad , Eshagh-Hoseini Seyed Jalal
Published: January 2021

Background:

Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy is an easy and accessible exam to diagnose
distal colon diseases, although many patients refuse to undergo it due to pain and discomfort during
the procedure. Studies show that the application of local lidocaine, as an analgesic has no effect
on pain relief in patients undergoing rectosigmoidoscopy. The current study aims at comparing the
effects of diltiazem gel, an antispasmoic drug with local pain-reducing effects, with lidocaine gel in
patients undergoing flexible rectosigmoidoscopy.

Materials and Methods:

The current double-blinded, randomized, clinical trial was performed to
compare the effect of two topical drugs, lidocaine and diltiazem, on pain relief in patients undergoing
rectosigmoidoscopy. A total of 80 patients who were potential candidates for rectosigmoidoscopy
were enrolled in the study after obtaining the informed consent and then randomly assigned
to one of the lidocaine gel (2 mL) or diltiazem gel (2 mL) group, 10 minutes prior to rectosigmoidoscopy.
The level of pain in the patients during the procedure was measured using the visual analogue
scale (VAS) and the results were recorded. The data were analyzed using paired samples ttest
and independent t-test as well as analysis of covariance (ANOVA) with SPSS version 18. P-value
<0.05 was considered the level of significance.

Results:

Of 80 patients, 35 (43.75%) were male and 45 (56.25%) female. The mean age and body
mass index (BMI) of the patients were 51.45 ± 15.21 years and 25.95 ± 7.47 kg/m2, respectively,
and there was no significant difference between the groups. The most frequent indications for rectosigmoidoscopy
were abdominal pain (46.3%) and rectorrhagia (31.3%). The mean VAS score for
pain reported by the patients in the lidocaine and diltiazem groups was 3.97 ± 2.89 and 2.60 ± 2.36,
respectively. The VAS score for pain in the diltiazem group was significantly lower than lidocaine
group (P = 0.023).

Conclusion:

The application of local diltiazem gel around the anus, in spite of no side effects, can
effectively reduce the pain and discomfort in patients during rectosigmoidoscopy. Iranian Registry
of Clinical Trials (Reg. No 31055).
A Survey on Game Theory based Interference Mitigation in WBASN
Authors: Chaudhari Shilpa , Aradhya Sumukh N. , Thomas Sonia Benny , Pandey Sonali , Durbha Rohit Prasanna Sai
Published: January 2021

:

A wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of several sensors implanted inside the body or placed on the
body, that help in the continuous monitoring of health conditions such as heart rate. The sensor nodes transmit the data to
a central controller which serves as a gateway to transmit this information to medical servers and then finally to the
hospitals for medical attention. Due to multiple body area networks operating in the same frequency band, interinterference takes place. The WBAN’s working in a small sphere cause inter-interference resulting in packet-loss and
performance degradation. Hence, interference is a complex and challenging problem. Interference mitigations are
receiving immense attention from the research community, but are far from creating a complete solution. Usage of game
theoretic approach to address the interference issues is very promising. This survey paper presents the comparative
analysis of existing game theoretic solutions designed to mitigate interference. As per our knowledge, this is the first
survey work based on usage of game theory approach for interference mitigation in WBANs.
Penerapan Proses Employer Branding Pada Perusahaan E-Commerce (Studi Kasus pada Shopee Indonesia)
Authors: Ayu Radhinda Pitaloka
Published: January 2021

The success of a company depends on its branding managed human resources. Therefore it is important for the company to pay attention to the image or image attached to the company. This article seeks to find out how employer branding is implemented at the e-commerce company Shopee Indonesia. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and a case study research method. Data collected from interviews with key informants throughout 2018. The results stated that the application of employer branding in Shopee Indonesia is carried out through a program that refers to the company's vision and mission, personality, and core value. Employer branding program refers to the Employee Value Proposition (EVP) strategy of internal marketing and external marketing. Shopee packages the program through #LifeAtShopee which is run by several departments within Shopee. Employer branding programs at Shopee are not only to attract potential employees and keep employees as company assets, but also to influence Shopee's image in the eyes of the public externally and internally.
Seneca, Apokolokyntosis and fritilli
Authors: Mastrocinque Attilio
Published: January 2021

The title of the Apokolokynthosis includes clues suggesting an identification of Claudius with a fritillus, a box for throwing dice. The fritillus was also deemed the king of Saturnalia while Claudius was also described as a Saturnalicius rex. On the other hand, archaeological evidence allows us to identify the fritilli with terracotta small objects whose form is similar to that of pumpkin flowers. Therefore it seems to be reasonable to recognize a transformation of the emperor into the flower rather than the fruit of pumpkin.
Sobre el concepto de ficción bizantina
Authors: Fernández Tomás
Published: January 2021

Este artículo propone una nueva perspectiva sobre la ficción bizantina en el período bizantino temprano y parte del medio (hasta el s. X-XI), poniendo el acento en la narratividad antes que en la ficcionalidad de los textos. Metodológicamente, combina la narratología según el modelo de Monika Fludernik, más apto para textos bizantinos que el de Gérard Genette, con la poética histórica y tipológico-comparativa de Eleazar Meletinskij. Su disparador inmediato es un artículo del profesor Anthony Kaldellis, en el que se acepta irrestrictamente la válidez de la antítesis ficcion / no ficción para Bizancio.
Влияние побочных дифракционных порядков на качество изображения, формируемого рефракционно-дифракционной оптической системой среднего ИК диапазона
Authors: Грейсух Г.И. , Ежов Е.Г. , Захаров О.А. , Казин С.В.
Published: January 2021

The image formed by a refractive-diffractive optical system for the mid-IR range (3–5 µm) is investigated. The effect of the side diffraction orders of the diffractive corrector on the quality of this image near the optical axis is estimated both by computer simulation and experimentally. It is shown that the side diffraction orders of a single-layer sawtooth relief-phase microstructure will not noticeably affect the image quality under the following condition: the diffraction efficiency of the microstructure at the central wavelength of the operating spectral range is close to unity, and within the entire indicated spectral range it does not drop below 0.67.
Голографические оптические компоненты на основе фоторефрактивных кристаллов и стекол: сранительный анализ и перспективы развития
Authors: Никоноров Н.В. , Петров В.М.
Published: January 2021

Представлен обзор оригинальных результатов исследования оптических и голографических свойств двух видов фоточувствительных материалов, используемых в современной оптической голографии: легированных кристаллов ниобата лития и фото-терморефрактивных стекол. Приведен сравнительный анализ основных голографических характеристик этих материалов. Показаны преимущества и недостатки фото-терморефрактивных стекол и кристаллов ниобата лития, а также наиболее значимые примеры их практических применений в фотонике. Ключевые слова: ниобат лития, фото-терморефрактивное стекло, объемные брэгговские решетки, голографические оптические элементы.
Нанопористые силикатные матрицы для голографии и биомедицины
Authors: Андреева О.В. , Быков Е.П. , Исмагилов А.О. , Pandya A.H. , .Щелканова И.Ю , Андреева Н.В.
Published: January 2021

Представлены характеристики нанопористых силикатных матриц (НПСМ) и этапы их получения из двухфазного сырого стекла ДВ-1. Рассмотрено применение НПСМ в голографии для создания объемных регистрирующих сред с высокими физико-механическими свойствами толщиной порядка миллиметра. Обсуждаются эксперименты по использованию НПСМ с золотым напылением в качестве подложки для детектирования малых количеств биомедицинских препаратов методом гигантского комбинационного рассеяния усиленного поверхностью (SERS). Ключевые слова: нанопористые силикатные матрицы, регистрирующие среды, объемные голограммы, вынужденное комбинационное рассеяние.
Спектральные зависимости оптического поглощения и показателя преломления композиции из родамина Б, в молекулярной форме иммобилизированного в полимерной пленке, от концентрации ионов свинца в воде
Authors: Денисюк И.Ю. , Рыбиков А.А. , Игнатьева Ю.А.
Published: January 2021

The dependence of the adsorption and refractometric parameters of a polymer composition containing rhodamine B in the molecular state on the concentration of lead ions is studied. The studied dependences are the basis of the rapid method for determining the concentration of lead ions in water, and its high sensitivity is shown to be 0.001 mg / l, which is lower than the maximum permissible concentration. The use of a water-insoluble dye as a material sensitive to the presence of lead ions shows the possibility of creating a stable sensor based on the studied effect. The application of the method of disturbed total internal reflection to determine the concentration of lead according to the above optical parameters is considered.
Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening Promotion Using E-Media Decision-Aids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Ramli Nur Suhada , Abdul Manaf Mohd Rizal , Hassan Mohd Rohaizat , Ismail Muhamad Izwan , Mohammed Nawi Azmawati
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces mortality yet remains underutilized. Low health literacy may contribute to this underutilization by interfering with patients' ability to understand and receive preventive health services. E-media decision-aids approach have been shown to improve saliency and foster informed decision making.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic literature review aims to determine the effectiveness of CRC screening promotion using e-media decision-aids in primary health care (PHC) settings.

METHODS

Three databases (Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) were used to search for eligible studies, published from January 2010 until December 2020. Reviewers independently selected studies that quantitatively evaluated e-media decision-aids compared to usual care or other conditions. Cochrane’s tools were applied for quality assessment. Effectiveness of CRC screening e-media decision-aids was primarily measured by CRC screening completion rate. Secondary outcomes were spoiled kit return rate, CRC screening awareness and belief, ability to state screening test preference, readiness to receive and ordered CRC screening test. Meta‐analysis were conducted to calculate pooled estimates of CRC screening completion rate by using RevMan 5.4.1 software.

RESULTS

Ten studies comprising of 9393 patients were included in this review. Follow-ups were from three to twenty-four months. Most studies focused to improve screening in vulnerable populations that tend to be under-screened. Two types of decision-aid interventions used were video and interactive multimedia program, with duration between six to fifteen minutes. Data from nine feasible studies with low or some risk of bias were synthesized for meta-analysis. Random‐effects model revealed CRC screening promotions using e-media decision aids were almost twice likely to have screening completion than their comparisons (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.03‐2.62, p<0.05). All secondary outcomes showed positive effects of CRC screening interventions, despite some were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

CRC screening promotion through e-media have great potential to increase screening participation in PHC settings. Development of culturally tailored decision aids aiming for CRC screening completion should be prioritized, and made integrated into existing CRC screening programs.

CLINICALTRIAL

Prospero (registration ID CRD42020220301)
Tingkat Kepatuhan Dokter dalam Menuliskan Resep Berdasarkan Formularium Tahun 2019
Authors: Nurfikri Ari , Sadinanti Siva Putri
Published: January 2021

Latar Belakang: Tingkat kepatuhan dokter dalam menuliskan resep berdasarkan formularium merupakan salah satu indikator mutu pelayanan kefarmasian di rumah sakit. Jika resep tidak berdasarkan formularium maka akan mempengaruhi mutu layanan kefarmasian di rumah sakit.Tujuan: Mengetahui tingkat kepatuhan dokter dalam menuliskan resep berdasarkan formularium dan mengetahui periode tingkat kepatuhan dokter dalam menuliskan resep berdasarkan formularium pada depo rawat inap, depo rawat jalan, dan depo IGD periode Januari-Desember 2019.Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan deksriptif kuantitatif, dengan menghitung persentase tingkat kepatuhan dokter menuliskan resep berdasarkan formularium dari resep yang telah ditulis dokter di depo rawat jalan, depo rawat inap, dan depo IGD.Hasil: Kepatuhan dokter dalam penulisan resep berdasarkan formularium di depo rawat jalan sebesar 91,73%, tertinggi di bulan Maret dan terendah di bulan Desember. Pada depo rawat inap rata-rata kepatuhannya 94,34% tertnggi di bulan Januari dan terendah di bulan Desember. Pada depo IGD rata-rata kepatuhannya 94,36% tertinggi di bulan Maret dan terendah di bulan Juni. Kesimpulan: Kepatuhan penulisan resep berdasarkan formularium di depo rawat jalan, rawat inap dan depo IGD belum ada yang memenuhi standar pelayanan minimal yang berlaku. Periode tingkat kepatuhan tertinggi pada Januari dan terendah pada Desember.
Hubungan Karakteristik Individu dengan Kinerja Petugas Rekam Medis pada Rumah Sakit Swasta di Kota Mataram
Authors: Sadakah Syamsuriansyah , Chairunnisah Reni , Andriani Helmina , Permana Yan Reiza , Hasanah Uswatun , Qudsi Jihadil , Alamsyah Noor , Supinganto Agus , Nik Arifin Nik Azliza Binti , Saleh Mohd Nazil Bin , Firmansyah Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Latar Belakang: Sebuah rumah sakit harus menyelenggarakan rekam medis sebagai bukti proses pelayanan medis yang telah diberikan kepada pasien. Hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa petugas rekam medis yang pendidikan terakhirnya bukan lulusan rekam medis bahkan ada yang lulusan SMA. Selain itu terdapat petugas dengan masa kerja yang baru sehingga belum terbiasa dalam hal membaca diagnosis dokter sehingga kesulitan dalam melakukan proses koding berkas rekam medis. Maka, dilakukan analisis pengaruh karakteristik individu (tingkat pendidikan, masa kerja, umur, jenis kelamin dan status perkawinan) terhadap kinerja responden di RSI “Siti Hajar” dan RSIA “Permata Hati” Mataram.Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis hubungan karakteristik individu dengan kinerja petugas rekam medis di RSI “Siti Hajar” dan RSIA “Permata Hati” Kota Mataram.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif ini menggunakan teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji korelasi rank spearman.Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji rank spearman didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara karakteristik individu (tingkat pendidikan, masa kerja, umur, jenis kelamin dan status perkawinan) dengan kinerja petugas rekam medis di RSI "Siti Hajar" dan RSIA "Permata Hati" Kota Mataram.Kesimpulan: Karakteristik individu dari petugas rekam medis tidak berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kinerja petugas rekam medis itu sendiri.
How Benchmark Is Used in Third Grade Reading Instruction
Authors: Bartlett Dana , Vinella Michael , Panesar-Aguilar Sunddip
Published: January 2021

Third grade reading teachers at the local setting are not consistently using formative benchmark data to improve student reading performance, creating a gap in practice. This gap in practice may be due to teachers’ lack of capacity to use the data to make changes to their instructional practices. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how third grade reading teachers are using data from reading benchmark assessments to improve student reading performance. This research study was guided by two Research Questions (RQs). RQ 1 addressed how third grade teachers are using reading benchmark assessment data to improve student reading performance. RQ 2 addressed specific instructional strategies that third grade teachers are using from reading benchmark assessment data to effectively improve student reading performance. Data-driven decision making (DDDM) was the conceptual framework that was the foundation for this study. This basic qualitative design for this research study included 13 participants. Data were collected through open-ended semistructured interviews, and qualitative analyses were conducted through open coding and thematic analysis. According to the findings of this study, immediately analyzing data, collaboration, and data driven instruction were the themes that emerged guided by RQ 1. Emerging themes for RQ 2 included test taking strategies, modeling, and guided reading. Leadership in this district may use these findings to make decisions about the effectiveness of teachers’ use of these benchmark assessments or the data gathered from the assessments to impact student reading proficiencies. This research may provide specific instructional strategies used through the DDDM process that increases student reading proficiency. The findings could possibly yield results that have positive social change implications for reading achievement.
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF PASSIFLORA VITIFOLIA FRUIT BYPRODUCTS COLLECTED IN THE COLOMBIAN CENTRAL ANDES
Authors: AVILA JENNY , JIMÉNEZ ANGEL , MÉNDEZ JONH , MURILLO ELIZABETH
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to establish potential uses of the fruit peel and seeds from Passiflora vitifolia collected in the Colombian Central Andes.

Methods: The physical characteristics and chemical profile of the byproducts were determined. The ethanolic extracts of these materials were used to assess the content and phytophenols composition, to establish the antioxidant potential and the antidiabetic activity, in vitro inhibition of α-amylase enzyme and glucose diffusion. The performance and physicochemical composition of the seed oil was also evaluated.

Results: The seeds contain almost 4 times more phenolic compounds (10 671 mg GAE/100 g sample) than the peel (2817 mg GAE/100 g sample). Likewise, crude protein and fat contents from the seeds are higher (15.5% and 25.6%) than the peel (6.60% and 5.70%, respectively). Nine phytoconstituents were positive for both extracts. Significant variation (p<0.05) of antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic potential was observed among the peel and seeds in all methods applied.

Conclusion: Results showed that the byproducts of P. vitifolia fruit could be used to enhance the nutritional quality of functional products. These findings were also confirmed by the ethanolic extract from seeds, which revealed high levels of phenolics, high antioxidant potential, and anti-hyperglycemic activity that make it a promising phytotherapeutic product, all of which gives added value to the fruit of this wild Passiflora.
PREPARATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF METOPROLOL-LOADED BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN NANOPARTICLES
Authors: YELLANKI SHIVA KUMAR , MANOJ A SAI , T MANGILAL
Published: January 2021

Objective: The aim of the present research was to prepare metoprolol-loaded nanospheres. Metoprolol-loaded bovine albumin nanospheres were prepared by nanoprecipitation method. Metoprolol is beta-1-adrenergic receptor inhibitor specific to cardiac cells, thus producing negative chronotropic and ionotropic effect.

Methods: Metoprolol nanospheres were prepared by nanoprecipitation method, using bovine serum albumin as polymer. The prepared nanospheres are evaluated for particle size evaluation, drug entrapment efficiency, and zeta potential. Drug-excipient compatibility was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro release and solubility of the drug from nanoparticles were determined.

Results: The particle size of prepared metoprolol nanospheres was found to be always less than 200 nm. Maximum particle size was found to be 196±2.03 nm of batch 4 nanoparticles. Entrapment efficiency of prepared nanospheres was above 80% and maximum percentage entrapment efficiency was found to be 80.4±0.51%. It was found that the percentage entrapment efficiency and drug release were extended with increase in polymer concentration. Zeta potential of the optimized formulation was found to be −20.4 mV. In vitro drug release studies have shown the prolonged release of 94.5±0.54 up to 10 h. Drug release rate is extended with an increase in polymer concentration.

Conclusion: Results have concluded that the albumin nanospheres loaded with metoprolol have reduced the blood pressure within 24 h and the prepared nanospheres are effective compared to other formulations and drug delivery.
SMOKING CARCINOGENS AND LUNG CANCER – A REVIEW
Authors: S VINAY , DHARMASHEKARA CHANDAN , PRASAD ASHWINI , PRASAD KOLLUR SHIVA , SRINIVASA CHANDRASHEKAR , GC KAVITHA , SETTY POOJITHA B. SRIDHARA , SHIVAMALLU CHANDAN
Published: January 2021

Smoking ambiguity contributes to a certain revelation regarding the process by which cancer is induced. In the laboratory, carcinogens induce clear lung tumor to lung cancer induction. For instance, carcinogenic chemicals, namely, 4(methyl nitrosomine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, and nitrosonornicotine (NNN) cause tumor malignancy. It is evident from the mechanistic studies that the carcinogens have a stronger tendency to mutate the genes like suppresser gene, a gene that encodes the receptor of the cell surface to the nucleus, thus, giving way to the proliferation of mutation leading to neoplastic cells. In this analysis article, we have discussed molecular mechanics that can cause cancer by nitrosamines such as nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone and NNN regarding a variety of significant cigarette combustion carcinogens and the effort to introduce a different dimensional approach to the prevention of cancer, by understanding the perspective of various treatments.
SINGLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, CONTROL TRIAL OF A UNANI COMPOUND FORMULATION IN ILTEHAB TAJAWEEFE ANAF MUZMIN
Authors: ZAIDI ZEHRA , KHAN ASIM ALI , JABEEN AZHAR
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the efficacy and tolerability of oral Unani formulations with inhalation of Kalonji and to provide safe, effective, and economical treatment for Iltehab Tajaweefe Anaf Muzmin (chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS]).

Methods: A randomized single-blind, comparative study of 40 patients of CRS. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups each consisting of 20 patients. In Group A, oral Unani formulation of Katan (Linum usitatissimum), Filfil Siyah (Piper nigrum), and honey was given 6 g BD with steam inhalation of Kalonji (Nigella sativa) and Tab Alaspan 1 BD with Karvol Plus inhalation was given in Group B.

Results: Statistical analysis of the data was done using paired t test by comparing the visual analog scale score of all major and minor symptoms before and after treatment. The result is statistically highly significant in Group A (p<0.0001) and it is significant in Group B. (p<0.01).

Conclusion: It may be concluded that the oral Unani formulation with inhalation of Kalonji has statistically highly significant effect on major and minor symptoms of CRS. A multicentric trial of the test drug on larger sample size for a longer duration is required to establish the efficacy of the formulation on CRS.
QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF DOCTOR OF PHARMACY INTERNS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES REGARDING THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE
Authors: VENKATASUBBAIAH MEDA , REDDY P DWARAKANADHA , V SATYANARAYANA SUGGALA
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The present study was contemplated and done to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward adverse drug reactions (ADR) reporting and Pharmacovigilance (PV) of the Doctor of Pharmacy Pharm.D interns for the first time in South India, to get an insight into their awareness and reporting culture.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive KAP questionnaire-based study was conducted for 6 months on Pharm.D interns.

Results: A total of 603 Pharm.D interns were participated, among them 578 (95.85%) were considered for the analysis. On an average of 78.25% of the participants had a good knowledge, around 82% were aware that patients’ will be benefited from the ADR reporting. The majority of the participants had a positive attitude. Moreover, 59% had reported the ADRs through different ADR reporting procedures 52% were advised the awareness programs for improving the reporting culture, and 34% had the difficulty in deciding or diagnosing the ADR.

Conclusion: The KAP of the Pharm.D interns toward the ADR reporting and PV is appreciable and may reduce the burden on the other healthcare workers and improve patient care.
The Learning of Arabic Alphabets for Special Needs Students in Elementary School
Authors: Rachmayanti Irma , Alatas Mochamad Arifin
Published: January 2021

This research was motivated by the learning of Arabic letters in students with special needs as a basic stage of learning Arabic and the Qur’an. This study aimed to describe the learning of Arabic letters in students with special needs in elementary school Campurdarat Tulungagung East Java Indonesia.This type of research was descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques by interview, observation, and documentation. Sources of data in this study were principals, teachers, students with special needs, and documents. The results of this study were descriptions of the learning of Arabic letters for students with special needs in elementary schools. (1) Learning planning included promissory notes, syllabus, and lesson plans like schools in general. (2) The implementation of learning included teaching materials with Islamic handbooks while learning methods included alphabetical methods, demonstrations, recitation, and lectures dominated by sign language, while the learning media included cards and Juz ‘Amma. (3) Evaluation of learning included evaluation of processes and results that show students with special abilities can identify Arabic letters, but difficulties in pronunciation.
Teacher’s Perception toward the Readiness to Face Multiculturalism in Arabic Teaching and Learning
Authors: Aflisia Noza , Erihadiana Mohamad , Balqis Nur
Published: January 2021

Multicultural presence required an appropriate response from Arabic teachers, so that Arabic is easily accepted and loved by various groups. This research aimed to analyze the efforts of Arabic teachers in dealing with multiculturalism and analyze the obstacles encountered in applying multicultural education in Arabic language learning. This qualitative descriptive research was conducted with interview and documentation. While the data analysis and processing techniques used in this study were processing and preparing the data for analysis, reading the entire data, starting coding all the data, coding to explain the settings, people, categories, themes analyzed, and describing the themes that will be presented again in the narrative/qualitative report. The results revealed that the efforts of Arabic teachers to confront multicultural were by reaffirming the unifying Arabic for Muslims, confirming Arabic as one of the International language, learning the essence of multicultural, improving didactic and methodical competencies, attending training, and modeling. The constraints of the application of multicultural education in Arabic language learning were lack of understanding of the essence of multicultural, lack of knowledge of learning methods and strategies, lack of literature, lack of syllabus and teaching materials contained multicultural education, lack of support from institutions, and lack of training and guidance.
CEFR-Based Arabic Language Learning Competency
Authors: Nurdianto Talqis , Hidayat Yayat , Wulandari Vicky Adetia
Published: January 2021

Learning Arabic language at CEFR does not only focus on the principles of Nahwu as science or practice, but also there are other competencies that must be included in its learning. This research aimed to formulate an easy and modern Arabic learning method for non-Arabic speakers. This research was descriptive qualitative in nature with the primarily data was the study of the Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR). Data analysis was carried out by document analysis on the CEFR-based Arabic learning competency and the results were presented in descriptive form. This research resulted two main competency standards in teaching Arabic based on CEFR, they were: language competence in general and communicative language competence. In this general competency there were four derivative competencies, namely: 1) declarative knowledge; 2) expertise and skills; 3) existential competence; and (4) the ability to learn. Meanwhile, the CEFR only defined communicative language competence in its three derivative competencies, namely: 1) linguistic competence; 2) sociolinguistic competence; and 3) pragmatic competence.
Developing Arabic Language Instructional Content in Canvas LMS for the Era and Post Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Fauzi Moh. Fery , Murdiono Murdiono , Anindiati Irma , Nada Auqi Lu'lu In , Khakim Rifqi Rohmanul , Mauludiyah Lailatul , Thoifah I'anatut
Published: January 2021

Online and offline learning practices must not ignore pedagogy, psychology, technology, instructional content, and other aspects of teaching and learning process. Instructional content needs more attention during and after Covid-19 pandemic because it must match the characteristics of students. Therefore, this problem has led to the development of mE-Book for Arabic learning in Canvas Learning Management System (LMS). This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mE-Book as instructional content for Arabic language learning in Canvas LMS and the extent of mE-Book acceptance by students in the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 3. This research used a nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest design by comparing two groups with and without mE-Book and the interview to know the students’ point of view about mE-Book. The results showed that mE-Book was effective as instructional content for Arabic language learning in Canvas LMS with large effect based on effect size criteria. Students’ perspectives showed that the use of mE-Book as instructional content for Arabic language learning in Canvas LMS is interesting for online and offline learning. In conclusion, students could accept mE-Book in learning activity in Canvas LMS because it eased students in Arabic language learning.
Jigsaw as a community learning strategy: Improving students' social attitudes in digestive system material
Authors: Septiani Vina , Paidi P. , Syamsurizal S. , Darussyamsu Rahmawati
Published: January 2021

Social attitudes are needed by students in improving communication and collaboration skills in the 4.0 industrial revolution era. This study aimed to identify the effect of the jigsaw learning model as a community learning strategy on students' social attitudes in digestive system material. This quasi-experimental research was using a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population used was eighth-graders in Padang. The samples involved were two groups selected through a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used was observation sheets to measure four aspects of social attitudes, including social discipline, tolerance, self-confidence, and collaboration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANCOVA. The result showed that the jigsaw as a community learning strategy has a significant effect on students' social attitudes (p-value < 0.05). As a recommendation, the jigsaw learning model can be applied to promote students' social attitudes.
MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM DAPAT MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS XII AKL 2
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri
Published: January 2021

TIDAK ADA ABSTRAK
Natural Super-Disintegrant Agents Used in Various Oral Solid Dosage Forms
Authors: Iswariya V.T. , Sailaja Nambaaru , Krishna CH. Vamsi , Annammadevi G.S.
Published: January 2021

Super-disintegrating agents are one of the ingredients used in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. These substances play a vital role in formulation design.  Natural super-disintegrants have gained more popularity due to their oral bioavailability. It disintegrates the tablets into smaller particles to enhance the dissolution rate. Fast dissolving, chewable tablets, and other orally administered dosage forms consist of super-disintegrating agents which shows rapid and quick action. Natural super disintegrating agents in pharmaceutical dosage forms are very effective due to their ecofriendly nature as well as these are biocompatible and biodegradable. These are abundantly and cheaply available from nature.Today the researchers are focusing on naturally available excipients.

Keywords: Natural Superdisintegrants, Disintegration, Bioavailability, Biocompatible, Biodegradable.
Sampul Depan 36 2 2018
Authors: Puspitasari Santi
Published: January 2021

Sampul Depan 36 2 2018
The Great Battle of the Books between the Cultural Evolutionists and the Cultural Relativists: From the Beginning of Infinity to the End of History
Authors:   Department of History, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Fernlund Kevin
Published: January 2021

The idea that societies or cultures can evolve and, therefore, can be compared and graded has been central to modern history, in general, and to big history, in particular, which seeks to unite natural and human history; biology and culture. However, while extremely useful, this notion is not without significant moral and ethical challenges, which has been noted by scholars. This article is a short intellectual history of the idea of cultural evolution and its critics, the cultural relativists, from the Age of the Enlightenment, what David Deutsch called the “beginning of infinity,” to the neo-Hegelianism of Francis Fukuyama. The emphasis here is on Europe and the Americas and the argument is that the universal evolutionism of the Enlightenment ultimately prevailed over historical partic-ularism, as global disparities in social development, which were once profound, narrowed or even disappeared altogether.
Ethics and Fragmented Knowledge in McEwan's Solar: Implications for Big History
Authors:   Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, de Freitas Massuno Tatiana , Barreiros Daniel
Published: January 2021

This essay is a reflection on the consequences and outreach of the “two cultures” (as conceived by C. P. Snow) that resorts to a reading of McEwan’s acclaimed novel Solar. Michael Beard, the main character, is a Nobel Laureate who, at a very young age, gained recognition, and who then spent most of his adult years wasting his ingeniousness on futile and personal pursuits. He is unable to understand the ethical and humanitarian implications of his gained knowledge. Even though he ends his career by trying to address the problem of climate change, he does so in a detached manner, as though human and nonhuman lives were not implicated in this Earth phenomenon. At the root of it all lies an assumption that nature and culture belong to distinct ontological spheres. Hence, we aim at investigating how Beard’s worldview can be read as a symptom of epistemological assumptions that no longer serve us. This article explores the ethical implications of a rigid disciplinary perspective in a moment of global urgency – the Anthropocene –, and how Big History can help to narrow the gap between different forms of human knowledge. It also makes brief remarks on how Big History should avoid the ethical perils represented by the idea of a “grand unifying theory of the past” by assuming a permanent and coherent critical stance on its methods and concepts.
Camus y el existencialismo
Authors: Gutiérrez Sánchez Francisco
Published: January 2021

El propósito de este artículo es analizar el pensamiento filosófico de Albert Camus en relación con el movimiento existencialista de la época, y examinar desde el panorama existencial la vinculación del filósofo del absurdo a esta corriente filosófica. Se analizarán aspectos fundamentales de la filosofía existencial en general para determinar si Camus es o no existencialista. Para ello haremos un recorrido de los temas principales de la filosofía camusiana como por ejemplo el absurdo, la nostalgia humana, la existencia, la rebelión, etc.
Refundar la Universidad y la Educación para reconstruir la democracia, el desarrollo sostenible y los Derechos Humanos.
Authors: Gorostiaga Xabier
Published: January 2021

Este ensayo busca analizar los cuatro grandes problemas que han caracterizado el siglo XX y sus consecuencias: La explosión demográfica, la expansión de la educación, la revolución tecnológica y espacial, y la concentración de la riqueza, del conocimiento y del poder real. Se parte del hecho de que vivimos un cambio de época y que la universidad y la educación juegan un papel crucial para reconstruir la democracia, los Derechos Humanos y el desarrollo sostenible. El método que se utiliza es el análisis perspectivo y participativo, incorporando la perspectiva local, nacional y global y privilegiando la perspectiva desde abajo y desde adentro de la globalización.
Independent living of an elderly person with non-family, community support, and consequent prevention of lonely death: A case of Soma Idobata-Nagaya after the 2011 Fukushima disaster
Authors: Ito Naomi , Kinoshita Yuri , Morita Tomohiro , Fujioka Sho , Tsubokura Masaharu
Published: January 2021

The construction of apartment buildings after the disaster and the way
of living there fostered the social capital of the original area.
Community formation made it possible for elderly people living alone to
respond to emergencies and prevent lonely death. It can be proposed to
the future super-aging society.
Should patients with epistaxis and nasal packing be admitted during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A retrospective study of 885 adult cases with epistaxis.
Authors: Lachanas Vasileios , Kalogritsas Nick , Kontorinis Georgios , MPOURONIKOU ANNA , Hajiioannou Jiannis , Saini Fani , Maiou Hara , Skoulakis Charalampos
Published: January 2021

Key point: • Being one of the commonest presenting emergencies,
epistaxis can increase the pressure on the health service; in times
similar to COVID-19 pandemic such pressure can be crucial and
challenging to deal with. • Non-absorbable nasal packing and home
discharge for selected patients can be a safe and efficient alternative
treatment method with low readmission rates (5.3 %); such management
can be of tremendous help when the hospital capacity is overwhelmed. •
Although such protocols can be challenging to generalize, the presented
protocol seems safe, easily adoptable without any significant
complications.
Mirtazapine use may increase the risk of hypothyroxinemia in patients affected by major depressive disorder
Authors: Zhao Ying , Wang Na , Wen Shi Wu , Li Mingcan , Yuan Yuan , Retnakaran Ravi , Zhang Ruiling , Zhai Desheng
Published: January 2021

Background Hypothyroxinemia, i.e. Low free T4 with normal TSH level,
which overlaps, to a great extent, with the laboratory criteria of
central hypothyroidism, could be easily neglected, if attention is paid
only to patients with elevated TSH. We aimed to assess the association
between mirtazapine use and hypothyroxinemia in patients affected by
major depressive disorder. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort
study in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University
between January 2016 and December 2018. Patients affected by major
depression disorder and admitted to the hospital for treatment during
the study period and had thyroid tests at admission and after treatment
were included. Patients with abnormal thyroid function at baseline or
received mood stabilizers or quetiapine during hospitalization were
excluded. Mirtazapine use was the exposure measure, and hypothyroxinemia
was as the primary outcome of this study. Log-binomial model was used to
estimate the association between mirtazapine use and hypothyroxinemia,
after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results A total of
220 eligible patients were included in the final analysis. Of them, 88
used mirtazapine. The incidence of hypothyroxinemia in patients who used
mirtazapine was higher (37.5%) than those patients who did not use
(19.7%). The relative risk of developing hypothyroxinemia was 1.64
(95% confidence interval: 1.31-1.78) for mirtazapine use, after
adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion Mirtazapine use was
associated with the risk of developing hypothyroxinemia. Clinicians
should be aware that hypothyroxinemia may be neglected in patients
treated by mirtazapine due to attention paid only to those with elevated
TSH.