bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MULTILATERALISM OR BILATERALISM: THE EU TRADE POLICY IN AN AGE OF THE WTO CRISIS
Authors: Wróbel Anna
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The aim of the study is to analyze the EU trade policy in the age of the World Trade Organization (WTO) crisis. In addition to the WTO membership and a number of international agreements within this organisation, the EU is a party to many bilateral trade agreements and negotiating further. It is the side effect of the protracted negotiations in the WTO under the Doha Development Round. The paper discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy and its importance for the EU. The article is divided into three parts. Part One identifies the determinants of the WTO crisis. Part Two discusses the process of proliferation of bilateral trade agreements in the world economy. Part Three analyzes the EU trade policy and the system of the EU preferential trade agreements. It also examines trade relations of the EU with the Republic of Korea, India, and the United States of America as an illustration of the new EU trade strategy.Key words: bilateralism, European Union, common commercial policy, World Trade Organisation
GREEN BUSINESS: CHALLENGES AND PRACTICES
Authors: Čekanavičius Linas , Bazytė Rugilė , Dičmonaitė Agnė
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The paper deals with the relatively new worldwide trend of adding a “green” slant to business. The purpose of the research was twofold: firstly, to clarify the definition of “green business”, secondly, to test the hypothesis that the differences in business penetration by “green” ideas in various countries are to a large extent determined by national specifics in terms of economic development and public consciousness. Authors compare and contrast the commonly found definitions of “green business”, clarify a distinction between the “green business” notion and that of “sustainable business”, define the main agents of the business “greening” trend, discuss what it means to be “green” and what business practices qualify it as “green”. A quantitative empirical research method – a survey via a questionnaire distributed to respondents by e-mail or handed in directly – was used for the second purpose of the study. The survey was conducted by the authors in Lithuania and Ireland. The collected primary data were processed with the SPSS program and analysed by methods of correlation analysis. The research has revealed considerable differences in the “green” attitudes and practices of Lithuanian and Irish companies, the former being more concerned with costs than benefits of becoming “green”, and the latter demonstrating awareness that being “green” opens new revenue-raising opportunities.Key words: green business, environmental awareness, green attitudes and practices
CORPORATE PRODUCTION AND FINANCING CHOICES IN HUNGARY
Authors: Katona Klára
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study is to investigate how Hungarian firms could finance their production in the circumstances of the Hungarian financial market, including economic policy and credit supply in the last two decades. We put the question whether the companies could effectively use the sources which owners and creditors provided for them. The growing proportion of the debt in firms’ capital may have positive – not only negative – effects on companies at the same time, which forces the owners and managers to replace the shareholders’ equity with credits. However, the availability of credits depends on the solvency of firms on the one hand and the development of the financial market on the other hand.The study analyses the capital structure of firms in Hungary by financial indicators and their productivity in a regression model. We review the effects of the Hungarian economic policy and credit supply on financing choices and the performance of the corporates.The database of Hungarian enterprises represents nearly 90% of firms in the country. We differentiate among the companies according to their ownership and size. The period includes 18 years between 1992 and 2009. The records contain all relevant information from annual reports, e.g., balance sheets, profit and loss figures.
THE MODEL OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITY AND EFFECTIVE CARTEL DETERRENCE
Authors: Klimašauskienė Danguolė
Published: January 2019

Cartels, or secret agreements between competitors, are universally recognized as the most harmful of all types of anticompetitive conduct. Facing the challenges associated with globalization of the market economy, competition authorities in all parts of the world are increasing their efforts to design and implement modern instruments, effective enforcement procedures and adequate sanctions in order not only to detect and punish, but also to deter cartels.In this paper, we analyze the deterrent properties of the competition policy within the legal framework of the European Union. Applying the classical deterrence theory based on the model of criminal activity, we identify two key factors that affect the degree of deterrence of anticompetitive behavior: adequate sanctions and the probability of detection. We further discuss the level of fines, leniency programs and direct settlement procedures, both the latter as instruments to enhance the probability of cartel detection.By employing the methods of meta-analysis and meta-synthesis of economic and legal literature, cartel case studies, and descriptive statistical analysis, our attempt is to show that during the past decades the European competition authorities have focused on efforts to increase the effectiveness of cartel prosecution and to achieve better deterrence by numerous alterations in the European competition law, such as extensions of the fine spectrum or leniency programs or introduction of a direct settlement procedure, and that these efforts have proven to be rather successful for preventing the formation of anticompetitive agreements.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF LITHUANIAN POSTAL SERVICES: POSSIBILITIES OF PENETRATION
Authors: Skačkauskienė Ilona , Drejeris Rolandas , Neverauskienė Laima Okunevičiūtė , Zabarauskaitė Rasa
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The authors analyse the Lithuanian postal service market which has become open for competition since 2013, after the Law Amending the Postal Law coming into force. The main objective of the article is to identify characteristics of the Lithuanian postal service market and to formulate market penetration proposals for new entrants. The main methods employed in the article are a comparative analysis of statistical data and a sociological survey. The article starts with the literature review on the topic, the identification of major postal service providers in Lithuania, and the analysis of their key performance indicators. This section is followed by a sociological survey and an analysis of customer comments found in the online Public Register of Legal Entities aimed at identifying the shortages of the Lithuanian postal service market and fomulating proposals how to improve the quality of postal services in Lithuania. Findings of the survey suggest that the concentration of efforts on service provision to legal entities, flexibility of service prices and service quality higher than that of competitors constitute the key factors for market penetration and gaining competitive advantages.Key words: postal service, market, the quality of postal and courier services, key factors for market penetration
CAPITAL ADEQUACY (SOLVENCY) AND LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT: ANALYSIS, EVALUATION, AND POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Žuk-Butkuvienė Aleksandra , Vaitulevičienė Dalia , Staroselskaja Julija
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The main purpose of the present research is to analyse the supervision, capital adequacy (solvency) and liquidity prudential norms, limits and requirements of commercial banks operating in Lithuania, as well as to assess the quality of capital adequacy and liquidity risk management impact on the banking industry.The paper consists of two main parts: the analysis of literature and legislation, and the research, its results, recommendations, and conclusions. The first part reviews the theoretical analysis of the level of banking supervision and capital adequacy, liquidity prudential standards value. The authors have examined the banks’ supervising authorities and the regulation of their activities. There were are presented prudential standards of capital adequacy and liquidity for banks operating in Lithuania, their values’change after the Basel III reforms, and the scientific opinion about their development and tightening standards.The authors have carried out a study of the analysis of capital adequacy and liquidity prudential requirements, their evaluation and possibilities for improvement in banks operating in Lithuania. The analysis consists of the assessment of assets and liabilities of banks ensuring the prudential standards depending on the type of risk. The research revealed that the most important in banks’ capital adequacy and liquidity risk management is quality control and the harmonization of bank assets and liabilities. Besides, it is offered to review the calculation of requirements and procedures, to impose additional limits to ensure the basic standards and an efficient banking security.Key words: commercial banks, supervision, liquidity and capital adequacy (solvency) rates, qualitative and quantitative analysis, evaluation
THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCIES IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
Authors: Miškinis Algirdas , Byrka Mariya
Published: January 2019

Establishing an investment promotion agency (IPA) has become a very popular institutional approach in the strategic promotion of foreign direct investment (FDI) across nations and regions worldwide. In this article, we examine the role of IPAs in improving the FDI environment and promoting inward FDI. The task of the article is, with the help of qualitative methods of research, to determine the promotion techniques and tools that lead to a better FDI performance and verify them in the cases of such investment promotion agencies as Invest Lithuania and Invest in Lviv Region (Ukraine).
SPENDING AND SAVING PATTERNS OF TWO CONSUMER AGE GROUPS DURING ECONOMIC DOWNTURN AND RECOVERY OF 2009–2011 IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Pikturnienė Indrė , Urbonavičius Sigitas
Published: January 2019

Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to summarise and present differences in spending patterns between the two age groups (19–26 and 40–68) during the period of economic downturn and recovery. The method of longitudinal study allows finding how the expectations towards financial situation and spending behaviour change over three years (2009, 2010, 2011). This paper summarizes findings from the three years and expands the initial findings of the authors that have been published before (Urbonavičius, Pikturnienė, 2010).Methodology. The survey is based on a comparison of data from the three sets of respondents surveyed in spring of the 2009, 2010 and 2011, using the same questionnaire. Students, unaware of survey objectives, were asked to fill in questionnaires themselves and to distribute another part of the questionnaire to a member of their household, who is one generation elder (typically parents). In total, 455 households were interviewed, each producing two sets of answers to the survey questions.Results of the survey showed that younger respondents perceived the impact of the economic downturn in relation with expectations in a more casual way. They had higher expectations towards the income increase. Spending of both age groups, as well as their expectations towards prices were very similar throughout all the studied years. However, the older generation was more likely to save in order to survive, whereas the younger generation did not change its spending habits or decided to reduce spending for saving reasons.Practical implications. Since younger generation perceived the economic downturn situation more casually and reported a higher expected income, marketing strategies based on brand value, exclusivity, price premiums can be continued to target it even during the economic downturn. The older generation demonstrated a higher caution and frugality, as well as lower expectations towards income; therefore, value for price or lower price strategies could be more suitable for this age group.Value / originality. Longitudinal data on two age groups provide for a better understanding of the consumer behaviour during the economic downturn in general and in Lithuania in particular.
Geografinės informacijos skaitymas edukacinės komunikacijos požiūriu
Authors: Kairaitis Zigmas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnio tikslas – pasitelkus komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslų idėjas, atskleisti pagrindinių ugdymo proceso dalyvių – mokytojo, mokinio, dalyko (geografijos) – edukacinės sąveikos turinį ir išryškinti geografinės informacijos interpretavimo edukacinės komunikacijos perspektyvą. Komunikacijos ir informacijos mokslų vystimasis pasiekė tokį lygmenį, kai kažkada buvę kaip atskiri mokslai arba jų samplaika, nūdien tapo tarpdisciplininiu mokslu. Atskirų disciplinų edukacijoje informacija ir komunikacija tapo sudėtine ugdymo turinio ir proceso dalimi. Geografija kaip integruotas mokslas ir mokomasis dalykas yra palankus įvairiems komunikacijos modeliams, būdams taikyti. Geografinėje informacijoje glūdi pažintinės vertybės, kurių neįmanoma tiesiogiai išmokti – jas reikia išgauti, susiformuoti. Vienas iš tokių būdų, padedančių informacijai suteikti vertybinę esmę, yra klausimų kėlimas. Komunikuojant klausimais sukuriama daugiakryptė (sinerginė) edukacinė erdvė, kai pagrindiniai ugdymo proceso dalyviai (mokytojas, mokinys, dalykas) yra lygiaverčiai pažinimo vertybių kūrimo atžvilgiu.Reading of geographical information in terms of educational communicationZigmas Kairaitis
SummaryThe article deals with geographical information reading referring to a communicative relation with a text. With the help of ideas of communication and information sciences, the content of an educational interaction of the main participants in the training process, i.e. a teacher, student, subject (geography), is revealed as well as educational communication prospects of geographical information interpretation are highlighted. Recently, with the formation of a favourable methodological discourse, an insight to knowledge, a training process and culture phenomena in another aspect, i.e. a communicative aspect, becomes possible. These issues are related to the development of an information and knowledge society. Communication covers much more than just conveyance of information and knowledge. In education, communication manifests itself as an instrument of educational interaction and serves as an intermediate between the matters expressed through the message and matters accepted through the message. As an integrated science and subject, geography is favourable for application of different communication models and methods. Geographical information contains cognitive values that cannot be learnt directly – they shall be drawn out, developed. One of such ways that help to provide information with worthwhile essence is question raising and answering the questions raised. Communication of questions leads to the formation of multidirectional (synergetic) educational space when all participants of the training process (a teacher, student, subject) are equivalent in respect of development of cognitive values. Quintessence of the article: an included educational communication model.
Bendradarbiavimas nepaisant skirtumų – komunikacijos įrankiai taikomi virtualioje darbo aplinkoje
Authors: Bujak Ewa , Chutnik Monika
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aptariamos technologijos, kurios padeda tinkamai komunikuoti tiek organizacijos viduje, tiek už organizacijos ribų. Daugelis technologijų taikomos darbo aplinkoje (virtualioje darbo vietoje), tačiau neabejotinai technologijų įtaka jaučiama ir analizuojant virtualaus darbo srities tendencijas. Gebėjimas dirbti virtualioje erdvėje ne tik organizacijos vadovų siekiamybė, bet ir rinkos poreikių nulemiama tendencija. Siekdamos mažinti sąnaudas ir geriau atitikti vartotojų poreikius, kompanijos, kaip vienetas, turi tinkamai organizuoti susitikimus akis į akį, kurie tampa galimi taikant virtualias komunikacijos priemones. Technologijoms keičiantis, belieka sekti jų kaitą ir naudotis visomis jų teikiamomis galimybėmis, įgalinančiomis dirbti efektyviau.
Cooperation through diversity – communication tools in a virtual work environmentEwa Bujak, Monika Chutnik
SummaryThe technologies discussed in the article help us better communicate within as well as outside the company. Most of them have related to working virtually, and the trend of virtual cooperation will be undoubtedly rising. The complexity and uniqueness of our ability to work virtually is not only a desired state but a must in the market. With the technology moving forward, it only makes sense to take advantage of the technologies available to make the work more efficient.
Kintanti kinų tapatybė globalėjančiame pasaulyje
Authors: Smith (Xu Robert Paul Paul , Shu) Ke
Published: January 2019

Visuotiniame pasaulyje kinta kultūrinis žemėlapis. Greita ekonomikos plėtra skatina kinų kultūros pokyčius. Jaunimui būdingas individualumas, silpni giminystės ryšiai, meilės, sekso ir vedybų politikos pokyčiai. Dėl gimimų skaičiaus ribojimo Kinijoje vaikai ir jaunimas labiau linkę būti individualistai nei kolektyviški, tai skatinama ir per filmus ar televizijos serialus. Dažniau jie galvoja apie save nei apie Jus ar Juos. Giminystės ryšiai Kinijoje taip pat silpni, todėl šiame darbe daroma prielaida, kad būtent dėl tokių priežasčių 2006 m. labai padaugėjo santuokų su užsieniečiais. Taip pat tai atsiliepia ir vertinant požiūrį į partnerį. Kaip teigia pranešimo autorius, tai turi įtakos ir santuokai, seksualiniams santykiams.Chinese changing identities in globalised worldRobert Paul Smith (Xu, Ke Shu)
SummaryThe cultural map is changing in the globalised world. The quickly developing economy changes the identities of Chinese quietly. Typically, the young generation is more individualistic, the traditional kinship weakens, and the ideology on love, sex and marriage changes. Because of Chinese birth control policy, the children and young people who grow up as the only child in her or his family respect individualism more than collectivism influenced by movies of Hollywood and Western TV soap plays. What they think most is in terms of “I”, not “you” or “they”. Kinship in China is now much weaker in Mainland China than it was in the past. In fact, there are many empty-nest families, in which children have left home to seek success in metropolis in China and cities in Foreign Countries, and their old, sick parents are suffering in loneliness. In the Chinese countryside, a lot of young couples refuse to support their old parents. Some old parents are even driven out and suffer from hunger. Now in China, DINK marriages and sexless marriages are common in the cities. More than 400,000 Chinese people have married foreigners till 2006. In 2005, more than 70,000 Japanese men and 41,000 Korean men have married Chinese women. Rich men change girlfriends or sex partners frequently. Some even keep special, private houses where their girlfriends live apart from their wives. Thousands of workers, drawn from farms to jobs in the cities, are sexually hungry and visit illegal striptease shows frequently. The new generation of Chinese people does not even value virginity very highly. There are too many quick marriages in China now. This was especially true in the lucky wedding year of 2006. Some married quickly and divorced very soon.Key words: change, identities, individualization, kinship, loven>
Kultūrinio supratimo, tautinio tapatumo ir tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos įgūdžių ugdymo priemonės
Authors: Korshuk Alena
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje diskutuojama, kokia yra kultūrinio studentų savęs supratimo patirtis, kaip ji atsiskleidžia studentų darbuose: esė, iš analizių, interviu, iš eksperimentų, klausimynų ir kt. Ypač dėmesys straipsnyje telkiamas į interaktyvios tarpkultūrinės priemonės, tokios kaip „Kultūrinis detektyvas“, taikymą. Įvairių kultūrų (švedų ir baltarusių) studentų reakcijos – analizės objektas. Autorė siūlo keletą galimų „Kultūrinio detektyvo“ ir kitų priemonių, kaip taikytinų, dėstant Tarpkultūrinės komunikacijos dalyką.Means of developing cultural awareness, national identity and intercultural communication skillsAlena Korshuk
SummaryThe present paper will introduce the experience of raising the cultural self-awareness of Belarusian students through interactive cross-cultural games like Cultural Detective and other tools.Key words: culture, national identity, comparison, cultural values, critical incidents
Skaitmeninės mokymo(si) išteklių ir paslaugų bibliotekos sudedamųjų dalių daugkartinio naudojimo(si) gairės (anglų k.)
Authors: Kurilovas Eugenijus , Kubilinskienė Svetlana
Published: January 2019

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos pagrindinės mokslinės ir technologinės problemos yra susijusios su bendru moksliniu požiūriu į bendrojo lavinimo sistemos el. mokymosi turinio ir paslaugų sistemos (čia – skaitmeninės švietimo išteklių ir paslaugų bibliotekos, toliau – biblioteka) kūrimą. Nagrinėjimo objektas yra lankstus bibliotekos sudedamųjų dalių architektūros modelis, suteikiantis savo naudotojams individualizuoto mokymosi galimybių. Straipsnyje yra nagrinėjamas pagrindinių bibliotekos sudedamųjų dalių (t. y. mokymosi objektų) maksimalaus pakartotinio pla tesnio panaudojimo principas. Straipsnyje yra pristatomas bibliotekos modelis, grindžiamas diegiamomis modulinės architektūros mažesnių atvirojo kodo el. turinio ir paslaugų sudedamosiomis dalimis. Sudedamųjų dalių sąveikumas ir standartai yra pagrindiniai bibliotekos funkcionavimo veiksniai, todėl pagrindinis dėmesys straipsnyje buvo skiriamas bibliotekos sąveikumo gairių kūrimui. Pagrindiniai klausimai yra: kurie standartai turi būti naudojami, kodėl, t. y. aiškios gairės. Detaliau nagrinėjamas Lietuvos bibliotekos bendrojo lavinimo sistemos kūrimo atvejis.Interoperability framework for components of digital library of educational resources and services (english)Eugenijus Kurilovas, Svetlana Kubilinskienė
SummaryThe main scientific and technologic problems investigated in this work deal with the overall approach to creation of a flexible cost-effective e-learning content and services system (referred to as the Digital library of education resources and services, DLE) for primary and secondary education. The main topic here is a flexible architecture model of DLE components, providing learning customisation possibilities for its users. The principle of ultimate increase of the main DLE components’ (i.e. learning objects) reusability is considered. A DLE model based on modular architecture, as small as possible open source reusable e-content and e-services components is presented. Standards and interoperability are the key factors in the successful introduction of such kind of DLEs, and therefore attention in the work was focussed on investigating the possible interoperability framework for creating the architecture model of DLE components. The major issues here are the standards, the reasons for their use and a clear framework. The Lithuanian DLE for primary and secondary education, based of this approach, is presented in more detail.
Organizacijų žinių vadybos sistemos: technologinis aspektas
Authors: Mačiuitis Juozas , Mikalauskienė Audronė Ona Ona , Zalieckaitė Laima
Published: January 2019

Žmogiškieji ištekliai yra daugelio organizacijų pagrindinis turtas. Darbuotojų žinios turi būti išsaugotos ir pereiti iš individualaus į organizacijos lygmenį, tuo užtikrinant organizacijos mokymosi procesą ir jos gerovės augimą. Žinių vadyba susideda iš įvairių komponentų ir aspektų, tokių kaip socialinis-kultūrinis, organizacinis ir technologinis. Šiame straipsnyje daugiau dėmesio skiriama technologiniam aspektui, apžvelgta programinė įranga, naudojama įvairiems žinių vadybos procesams palaikyti. Pateikti programinės įrangos pavyzdžiai pagal atliekamas pagrindines funkcijas, taip pat apžvelgtos kai kurios integruotos žinių vadybos sistemos.Knowledge management systems in organizations: technological aspectJuozas Mačiuitis, Audronė Ona Mikalauskienė, Laima Zalieckaitė
SummaryKnowledge management is a hot topic in many business organizations. If properly applied, knowledge management may become a useful tool for business transformation and even the key to competitive advantage. Knowledge management is a very complex problem and can be tackled from several viewpoints: socio-organizational, financial and economical, technical, human, and legal. Knowledge management is essentially about facilitating the processes by which knowledge is created, shared and used in organisations. In this paper we address the technological aspect and survey available software systems that support different knowledge management activities. We categorize these tools into groups, based on their capabilities and functionality: document and content management tools, groupware and collaborative tools, taxonomy software, data mining and knowledge discovery tools, knowledge portals and networks, e-learning systems, intelectual property management tools, competence management tools, etc. We discussed samples of tools that represent what the market offers. We do not claim to cover the entire market, which is large, dynamic and expanding. Our research shows, that the most available tools are specialized, but some integrated suites exist too. To implement an efficient knowledge management system, organizations must identify their main problems, assign priorities, define strategy, and then select appropriate tools. Even though this paper focuses on tools, it is important to state that technology alone will never be the right solution to knowledge management. There are other components of knowledge management systems, and they are discussed in this paper. One popular and widely-used approach is to think of knowledge management in terms of three components: people, processes and technology. Another approach review the roles of knowledge management in learning organization from four perspectives: personal knowledge management, learning organization, organization culture, and organization corporate. Additionally, we present different ways of classifying knowledge management systems, and what requirements they must to meet.
Žinių valdymas verslo organizacijoje
Authors: Atkočiūnienė Zenona Ona Ona
Published: January 2019

Verslo organizacijai svarbią įtaką rinkoje daro žinių vadyba. Ji suteikia lankstumo, kad galėtų prisitaikyti prie aplinkos pokyčių, naujų galimybių ir jomis pasinaudotų. Šiandieninis verslas tampa informaciniu verslu, fokusuotu į organizacijos informacijos, žmonių ir technologijų išteklių organizavimą ir koordinavimą įgyvendinant organizacijos tikslus. Straipsnyje analizuojama, į ką turėtų organizacija atsižvelgti, kad žinių valdymo kryptį pasirinktų naudingai. Akcentuojama, kad verslo ir žinių vadybos veikla turėtų būti susijusi taip, kad būtų gauta maksimalios naudos suteikiant organizacijai pirmenybę ne tik į rinką, bet ir į visuomenę orientuotą verslo viziją.Knowledge control in business organizationZenona Ona Atkočiūnienė
SummaryKnowledge management is one of the most important inputs in the business organization control that exerts influence upon successfulness at the market, application thereof affords flexibility to organization in accommodation to environmental changes, noting some new possibilities and use them. The article stresses that business and knowledge management activities should be related in the way enabling to derive maximum profit with usage of minimal costs rendering advantage not only to the market but also to society-oriented business vision in order to direct usage and creation of knowledge in the direction that is useful for organization The article considers organization as knowledge resource and ability source, knowledge management is considered to be the ability to collect and use knowledge of staff members in order to create surplus value, increase strategy.Objective of the article is to analyze knowledge management as a summation of activities, processes, structures and means securing competitive advantage of business organization. The topic of the article is revealed pursuant to knowledge management theories and analysis of their application in the practical activity with submission of: General business organization activity and control processes in the context of creation of organizational knowledge basis;Importance of procedural knowledge control in creation of uninterrupted knowledge accumulation, organization and division environments and systems;Knowledge management estimation and usage aspects.
Programinės įrangos konkurencijos modelis
Authors: Okulič-Kazarinas Mykolas
Published: January 2019

Darbe modeliuojama programinės įrangos rinka. Analizuojamos šio modelio nulemtos nuosavybinės programinės įrangos rinkos tendencijos, globali įtaka ekonomikai bei rinkos vystymosi scenarijai. Įrodoma, kad rinkos koncentracija yra neišvengiamas tokio modelio scenarijų rezultatas. Aptariamas aprašytų scenarijų keliamų problemų sprendimas. Palyginami du sprendimų tipai: kiekybinis sprendimas – teisinis ekonominis reguliavimas, ir kokybinis sprendimas – perėjimas prie laisvosiosprograminės įrangos. Analizuojami abiejų tipų sprendimų poveikiai sistemai. Pagrindžiama išvada, kad sistema pajėgi sugerti pirmojo tipo sprendimus, o antrojo tipo sprendimai gali iš esmės pakeisti situaciją.Software competition system dynamics modelMykolas Okulič-Kazarinas
Summary In article the system dynamics model of competition in the proprietary software market is presented, trends of this market and the influence of these trends to the global economy are analysed, scenario’s of behaviour of system according to presented model are described, problem of concentration of capital because of functioning of proprietary software system is identified. Model shows how the software market goes to economically not reasonable distribution of capital. Current known possible solutions of problems are looked round. Two types of solution are presented and analysed: (1) quantitative solution, on egg. special law obligating using of standards and (2) qualitative solution, egg. promotion of using of free software.The main conclusion is that quantitative solution could not solve the global problem. Efficiency of solution of using of free software was proved.
Hinton & Nowlan’s computational Baldwin effect revisit: Are we happy with it? Akira Imada
Authors: Imada Akira
Published: January 2019

In their seminal paper published in 1987, Hinton & Nowlan showed us an elegant experiment which might be called an evolution with the Baldwin effect in computers which searches for only one object located in a huge search space. The object was called a-needle-in-a-haystack. Hinton & Nowlan evolved a population of candidates of the solution in the same way as a standard evolutionary search. What made it unique was an exploitation of individual’s lifetime-learning. Since then we have had afair amount of proposals of how we reach the needle more efficiently. The issue, however, is still open to debate. We try to repeat their experiment and take a consideration on it.Naujai peržiūrimas Hintono ir Nowlano skaičiuojamasis Baldwino efektas: ar tai mus tenkina?Akira Imada 
SantraukaSavo užuomazginiame straipsnyje, publikuotame 1987 m., Hintonas ir Nowlanas pademonstravo elegantišką eksperimentą, kurį galima vadinti evoliucija su Baldwino efektu kompiuteriuose, kuri ieško vieno objekto milžiniškoje paieškos erdvėje. Šis objektas buvo pavadintas adata šieno kupetoje. Hintonas ir Nowlanas išvystė visą populiaciją sprendimo kandidatų analogiškų standartinei evoliucinei paieškai. Unikalu buvo tai, kad panaudotas individo mokymasis visą gyvenimą. Nuo to laiko pateikta pakankamai daug siūlymų, kaip efektyviau pasiekti ieškomąją adatą. Tačiau šis klausimas išlieka atviras diskusijoms. Šiame straipsnyje pakartojamas ir apsvarstomas Hintono ir Nowlano eksperimentas.
Ontology-based approach to reuse of business process knowledge
Authors: Čiukšys Donatas , Čaplinskas Albertas
Published: January 2019

The paper proposes an approach to reuse of business process knowledge based on domain engineering, knowledge engineering and ontology-based systems engineering. The main idea of the proposed approach is to separate business process ontology and application domain ontology, and reuse the process ontology in different application domains. A notion of generic business process is introduced and is defined as a family of similar business processes. The two life cycles activity oflocation of generic business process in application domain is discussed.Ontologijomis grindžiamas verslo procesų žinių pakartotinio naudojimo metodasDonatas Čiukšys, Albertas Čaplinskas
SantraukaStraipsnyje pristatomas verslo procesų žinių pakartotinio naudojimo metodas, grindžiamas dalykinių sričių inžinerija, žinių inžinerija ir ontologijomis grindžiama sistemų inžinerija. Pagrindinė siūlomo metodo idėja yra atskirti verslo proceso ontologiją nuo dalykinės srities ontologijos ir pakartotinai panaudoti proceso ontologiją skirtingose dalykinėse srityse. Pasiūloma apibendrinto verslo proceso sąvoka, apibrėžiama kaip panašių verslo procesų šeima. Straipsnyje aptariama apibendrinto verslo proceso lokacija dalykinėje srityje, susidedanti iš dviejų gyvavimo ciklų. Pirmame cikle yra atliekama apibendrinto proceso inžinerija, antrame – konkretaus proceso inžinerija. Pastaroji susideda iš trijų žingsnių: proceso konfigūravimo, dalykinės sritiesesybių priskyrimo proceso vaidmenims ir valdymo srautų tarp proceso veiklų apibrėžimo.
Verslo ir informacinių sistemų integravimas: architektūrinis aspektas
Authors: Bagušytė Lina , Lupeikienė Audronė
Published: January 2019

Informacinių sistemų ir jų programinės įrangos kūrimo metodai turi leisti integruoti verslo, informacijos apdorojimo ir programinės įrangos komponentus ir taip eliminuoti programų sistemų teikiamų paslaugų atotrūkį nuo realių kompiuterizuojamos įmonės poreikių. Kai verslo sistema atmeta arba priešinasi naujai informacinei sistemai, vadinasi, yra netinkama ne kokia nors sudėtinė šios sistemos dalis, o visos sistemos logika, t. y. jos architektūra. Todėl pasirenkant perkamą sistemą ar kūrimometu priimant projektinius sprendimus turi būti atsižvelgiama, kad šios sistemos architektūra atitiktų verslo sistemos architektūrą. Straipsnyje aptariama verslo ir informacinių sistemų integravimo problema, sistemų architektūros stiliai ir architektūriniai freimai, susiejantys tam tikros klasės sistemą su tinkamu architektūros stiliumi. Šio straipsnio tikslas – parodyti, kad sprendžiant verslo ir informacinės sistemos integravimo problemą reikia užtikrinti šių sistemų architektūrų atitikimą, taip pat nustatytiprielaidas tinkamam kuriamos informacinės sistemos architektūros stiliui pasirinkti.*Business and information system alignment: architectural aspectLina Bagušytė, Audronė Lupeikienė
SummaryMethods for information systems and software development should enable to integrate business, information processing and software components in order to eliminate the gap between the services provided by software and the real needs of computerized enterprise. When business system rejects or resists to newly developed information system, it implies that not some constituent parts, but the whole logic of the system, i. e. its architecture, is not suitable. It is necessary to consider the alignment of business system architecture to information system architecture when purchasing the system or making design decisions in development stage. This paper analyses business and information systems integration problem, surveysthe architectural styles and architectural frames, which relate particular problem frames to relevant architectural style. The main purpose of this paper is to show that business and information systems integration problem includes the alignment of their architectures. The suggestions how to choose relevant architectural style for the particular information system are given, as well.
Verslo ir informacinių technologijų darna
Authors: Paškevičiūtė Lina , Čaplinskas Albertas
Published: January 2019

Informacinių technologijų vaidmuo šiandienėje įmonėje yra itin svarbus. Neužtikrinus tinkamo sąryšio tarp informacinių technologijų ir veiklos, šios technologijos gali būti naudojamos neveiksmingai ar netgi nuostolingai. Straipsnyje analizuojamos verslo ir informacinių technologijų atotrūkio priežastys ir padariniai, lyginamos skirtingos verslo ir informacinių technologijų darnos sampratos*.Business and information technology alignmentLina Paškevičiūtė, Albertas Čaplinskas
SummaryInformation technology (IT) plays a very important role in nowadays business. The usage of IT may not increase the efficiency of business activities and may even result in huge financial losses if the IT and business are not properly aligned. In this paper, the results of analysis of possible influences of gaps between business and IT are presented. A comparison of a number of different definitions and interpretations of IT-business alignment concept is also presented.
Judančių objektų stebėjimas realiuoju laiku naudojant „Google Earth“
Authors: Paliulionis Viktoras
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama galimybė realiuoju laiku vizualizuoti judančius objektus naudojant „Google Earth“ programą ir jos KML kalbą. Straipsnyje aprašytas judančių objektų stebėjimo sistemos „Akis-GE“ prototipas ir jo architektūra. Šioje sistemoje judančio objekto buvimo vieta nustatoma naudojant GPS imtuvą ir perduodama į „Akis-GE“ serverį mobiliuoju internetu. Programa „Google Earth“ periodiškai kreipiasi į serverį, kuris dinamiškai sugeneruoja KML failą, aprašantį stebimo objektopadėties pokytį. „Google Earth“ pasikeitusią objekto padėtį iš karto pavaizduoja žemėlapyje. Be to, prototipas turi galimybę animuoti tam tikro laikotarpio kelionės duomenis. Tokiai sistemai realizuoti nereikalinga brangiai kainuojanti GIS programinė įranga.Real-time visualisation of moving objects using „Google Earth“Viktoras Paliulionis
SummaryThis paper discusses issues of the real-time visualisation of moving objects by means of Google Earth software and Keyhole Markup Language (KML). Moving object tracking system “Akis-GE” is described, and the architecture of its prototype presented. In the proposed system, the location of a moving object is determined using a GPS receiver, and then the location is transferred to an “Akis-GE” server via mobile Internet. Google Earth client periodically requests updated positions from the server and displays them on the map. The system can be implemented without the use of expensive GIS software and digital maps, as Google Earth desktop application with maps is free and worldwide accessible.
Biojutiklių, modeliuojamų dvimatėje erdvėje, kompiuterinių modelių automatizuotas sudarymas
Authors: Petrauskas Karolis , Baronas Romas
Published: January 2019

Biojutikliai yra plačiai naudojami tirti medžiagų koncentracijai tirpaluose. Viena pagrindinių biojutiklio sudedamųjų dalių yra fermentas. Fermentai yra gana brangios medžiagos, dėl to ir vykdyti eksperimentus yra brangu. Kuriant naujus biojutiklius tenka atlikti daug eksperimentų. Kad būtų sumažintas reikiamų eksperimentų skaičius, taikomas kompiuterinis biojutiklių veiksmo modeliavimas. Dažniausiai konkrečios geometrijos biojutikliui kuriamas konkretus jo kompiuterinis modelis. Šiame straipsnyje pristatoma sistema, kuri gali prisitaikyti prie konkrečios geometrijos biojutiklio. Sistema gali būti taikoma biojutikliams, kurių veiksmas aprašomas matematiniais modeliais, formuluojamais dvimatėje stačiakampėje srityje. Konkretaus biojutiklio matematinio modelio sprendinys komponuojamas parenkant konkrečius algoritmus.Computer aided model composition for biosensors modelled in two-dimensional spaceKarolis Petrauskas, Romas Baronas
SummaryBiosensors are analytical devices that use biological components, usually enzymes, which catalyse the interaction with a target analyte. Biosensors are widely used in clinical, environment and industrial applications for the determination of species concentrations. In some applications of biosensors, enzymes are very expensive and only available in very limited quantity. In design of novel highly sensitive biosensors a lot of experiments are required. Computer simulation of the biosensor action is an effective way to decrease a number of physical experiments. This paper presents a system adaptive to a concrete geometry of the biosensor. The system may be applied for biosensors, the action of which can be described by a mathematical model formulated in a two dimensional space. A simulator for a concrete biosensor is generated from the detailed description of the biosensor action.eight: 18px;">
Digital library of educational resources and services: evaluation of components
Authors: Kurilovas Eugenijus
Published: January 2019

The notions of digital library of educational resources and services (DLE) and its main components are presented in the article. DLE is considered here to be the aggregate of knowledge repositories and services organized as complex information system. The requirements and the framework for such system’s architecture design aimed to implement the approach based on the main DLE’s components’ reusability and learning customisation possibilities for its users are briefly presented in thearticle. The main components of such DLEs are learning objects (LOs, i.e. learning assets (LAs) and units of learning (UoLs)), their repositories, and appropriate services such as virtual learning environments (VLEs). The article aims to describe the original LOs evaluation instrument based on presented approach for DLE design as well as the original method for complex evaluation of VLEs compounding pedagogical, organizational and technical evaluation criteria. Homogeneous, simpleand clear criteria rating system is suggested for all main DLE components evaluation.Skaitmeninė mokymo(si) išteklių ir paslaugų biblioteka: sudedamųjų dalių vertinimasEugenijus Kurilovas
SantraukaStraipsnyje pateikiamos skaitmeninės mokymo(si) išteklių ir paslaugų bibliotekos (toliau – biblioteka) ir jos pagrindinių sudedamųjų dalių sąvokos. Biblioteka čia suprantama kaip žinių saugyklų ir atitinkamų paslaugų visuma, suprojektuota kaip kompleksinė informacinė sistema. Straipsnyje trumpai aptariami reikalavimai ir tokių sistemų architektūros projektavimo karkasas, kurių tikslas yra: įgyvendinti mokslinį požiūrį į biblioteką, grindžiamą jos sudedamųjų dalių daugkartinio naudojimo bei naudotojų mokymo(si) individualizavimo galimybėmis. Pagrindinės tokios bibliotekos sudedamosios dalys yra mokymosi objektai (MO, t. y. mokymosi komponentai ir mokymosi vienetai), jų saugyklos ir atitinkamos paslaugos, tokios kaip virtualios mokymosi aplinkos. Straipsnyje aprašomas originalus MO vertinimo įrankis, grindžiamas pasiūlytu moksliniu požiūriu į bibliotekos architektūros projektą, taip pat originalus virtualių mokymosi aplinkų (VMA) kompleksinio vertinimo metodas, jungiantis pedagoginius, organizacinius ir techninius vertinimo kriterijus. Visoms pagrindinėms bibliotekos sudedamosioms dalims vertinti siūloma vienoda, paprasta ir aiški kriterijų rangavimo sistema.
Vadybos specialybių studentų IKT kompetencijos ugdymo tikslai ir priemonės
Authors: Mickus Artūras , Vidžiūnas Antanas
Published: January 2019

Aptariami profesinės IKT kompetencijos universitetuose ugdymo principai, atsižvelgiant į e. visuomenės dauguma studentų jau ateina į universitetus turėdami gana geras kompiuterinio raštingumo žinias, todėl universitetams aktuali tolesnio jų profesinės IKT kompetencijos ugdymo problema. Jos sprendimą komplikuoja tai, kad įvairių specialybių reikalavimai profesinei kompetencijai skiriasi. Straipsnyje aptariami vadybos specialybės studentų profesinės IKT kompetencijos kūrimo principai, šiam tikslui skirto dalyko struktūra, praktinių įgūdžių ugdymo priemonės ir aplinka.Tools and tasks for development of ICT competence in management studiesArtūras Mickus, Antanas Vidžiūnas
SummaryPrinciples of ICT professional competence development according needs of e-society establishment programs and virtual teaching environment in universities are discussed. Currently students enter universities with sufficient level of computer literacy knowledge, therefore the problem of further development of students ICT competence in professional level is actual. Solution of this problem is complicated because requirements for professional competence in different specialties are different. Authors point problems of ICT professional competence development in management studies and demonstrate how these problems can be solved on Management Information Systems course basis. The structure of such course, methods of teaching and environment for development of practical skills are introduced.
Informatikos mokytojų virtualios mokomosios aplinkos kūrimas ir tyrimas
Authors: Lipeikienė Joana , Petkus Tomas
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje aprašoma Vilniaus pedagoginiame universitete sukurta visus pagrindinius informatikos studijų modulius teikianti virtuali mokymosi aplinka, jos struktūra, kūrimas ir tyrimas. Mokymosi aplinka sukurta pagal ESF įgyvendintą projektą ir jau antri metai naudojama Pedagoginio universiteto visų pakopų informatikos studijoms. Autoriai apžvelgia mokomosios aplinkos naudojimo patirtį, pateikia dėstytojų ir studentų nuomonės tyrimo rezultatus.Creation and investigation of the virtual informatics teachers’ learning environmentJoana Lipeikienė, Tomas Petkus
SummaryOpen Virtual Informatics Teachers’ Learning Environment was created at the Vilnius Pedagogical University according to the project of European Structural Funds. The structure of the Environment and its’ use for teaching students – future teachers is described in the paper. The Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) consists of the main 34 courses of informatics studies at the Vilnius Pedagogical University. Teachers of the Mathematics and Informatics Department of the Vilnius Pedagogical University have used the Environment during two years. In the paper the authors present their experience and results of the investigation of students’ and teachers’ opinion about positive and negative aspects of the Environment.