bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pooling Blood Donor Samples to Reduce the Cost of HIV‐1 Antibody Testing
Authors: McMahon E.J. , Fang C. , Layug L. , Sandler S.G.
Published: March 2009

Accurate, low cost testing of donated blood is a goal of the global effort to reduce the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1). We describe a modified enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method for detecting HIV‐1 antibody (anti‐HIV‐1) in 15‐sample pools. In this preliminary study, the modified EIA was as sensitive for detecting weakly seropositive samples, and as specific for testing HIV‐1 Western blot‐negative or Western blot‐indeterminate results, as testing individual samples by the standard EIA. A simulation of field operations was conducted using pools of blood donor samples collected in the United States and in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Implementation of the modified EIA method and testing 15‐sample pools for anti‐HIV‐1 is a reliable strategy for reducing the cost of large scale testing of donated blood for anti‐HIV‐1 in areas of low seropre valence.
Virally Inactivated Fresh Frozen Plasma
Authors: Williamson Lorna M. , Allain J.P.
Published: March 2009

Several technologies are now available to treat whole fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) to inactivate transfusion‐transmitted viruses, including pasteurisation, solvent/detergent and methylene blue/light. The first two involve creating large plasma pools prior to inactivation, while only pasteurisation clearly destroys both enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses. Some of the issues surrounding the use of these products include demonstration of both clinical efficacy and improved viral safety, and the need for product licencing. Potential benefits must be balanced against the risks of plasma pooling, while the increased costs will require comparison with other strategies such as quarantining of plasma. It is also recognised that reducing inappropriate FFP usage will play a role in improved patient safety.
Human Parvovirus B19 Infection in Blood Donors
Authors: Tsujimura M. , Matsushita K. , Shiraki H. , Sato H. , Okochi K. , Maeda Y.
Published: March 2009

Using an immunodiffusion assay, we tested all of the blood units donated at the Fukuoka Red Cross Blood Center from June 1991 to July 1994 for B19 antigen. Over this 3‐year trial period, we detected 16 viremic cases out of approximately 560,000 blood donors. Interestingly, most of the viremic donors (15 out of 16) were detected between February 1992 and January 1993, which coincided with a local erythemia infectiosum epidemic in the Fukuoka area (December 1991 to August 1992). In particular, we detected 4 cases of viremia in March 1992, which was the peak of the erythema infectiosum epidemic. The incidence of B19 viremia in this peak period was approximately 1/4,000. The viremic donors ranged in age from 17 to 45 years, and most (11/16) were between 31 and 39 years old. By ELISA, using virus particles purified from viremic donor plasma as antigen, we analyzed the prevalence of B19‐specific antibody among blood donors. The antibody‐positive rate was approximately 40% in donors 16–30 years old, gradually increased in middle age, and reached a peak of 92% in donors more than 61 years old.
Anti‐HLA Antibody Screening with Extracted Platelet HLA Antigens by the Mixed Passive Hemagglutination Method
Authors: Araki Nobuo , Shibata Yoichi , Inaba Hiroyuki , Nose Yoshisuke , Sakata Nobuhiko , Ito Kazuhiko
Published: March 2009

For the detection of anti‐HLA antibody in the serum of patients receiving frequent platelet transfusions, we developed a new method in which platelet antigens are extracted into physiological saline containing 3% sucrose and coated as a layer on a U‐type Terasaki plate. In the present study, screening of anti‐HLA antibodies was conducted with this plate by the mixed passive hemagglutination test although the plate contained both HLA and HPA. The reactivity determined by this method correlated well with antihuman immunoglobulin‐lymphocyte cytotoxicity test (AHG‐LCT) results (r = 0.963). The plate can be preserved for at least 2 years at –80 °C and is easier to handle than the frozen lymphocyte panels used in the LCT test in which lymphocytes must be kept alive. This new method is an alternative way to screen HLA antibodies. In addition, it is expected that this method will be used to screen anti‐HPA antibodies.
Identification of Two New D Variants, DHMi and DHMii Using Monoclonal Anti‐D
Authors: Jones Jeff
Published: March 2009

Fifteen examples of red cells are described which showed discrepant reactivity on routine grouping with two monoclonal anti‐D typing reagents, HAM‐A being negative and MAD‐2 strongly positive. The reaction profile of these cells with a number of monoclonal anti‐D characterised the samples into two new variant groups, DHMi and DHMii. DHMi was characterised by a negative reaction with BRAD‐8 and DHMii by a negative reaction with BRAD‐5. DHMi cells were found to have a papain‐sensitive site, identified by Mab 21 G6, which was not detectable in DHMii. The presence of allo‐anti‐D in one case of DHMi suggests a partial D in these individuals. The positive reaction of HAM‐A with sialidase‐ and endo‐F‐treated DHMii cells suggests that sialic acid and/or N‐glycans could possibly be involved in blocking the reaction with untreated cells. All samples typed as C‐E+. One was e negative while the rest had variable depression of the e and f antigens. Marginal depression of E was seen with those DHMi cells tested, but not with DHMii cells. Data from family studies suggest that the variant D in both DHMi and DHMii is inherited as a cDE gene complex and is controlled by the RH locus.
Expression of the Erythrocyte Antigen Henshaw (He; MNS6): Serological and Immunochemical Studies
Authors: Reid M. E. , Lomas‐Francis C. , Daniels G.L. , Chen V. , Shen J. , Ho Y.C. , Hare V. , Batts R. , Yacob M. , Smart E. , Green C.A.
Published: March 2009

Production of murine monoclonal antibodies to the low prevalence MNS antigen Henshaw (He; MNS6) has enabled more detailed study of this antigen. Using these directly hemagglutinating anti‐He, red blood cells (RBCs) from 1695 people of African origin were screened in the USA and England. The prevalence of He+ samples among these donors was 2.1%. In Natal, blood samples from 1218 black donors were screened with rabbit anti‐He. The prevalence of He+ donors in this population was 7.0%. Immunoblotting confirmed that the He antigen is carried on an erythrocyte membrane component with a molecular mass that is indistinguishable from glycophorin B. Hemagglutination and immunoblotting demonstrated that ten of 56 He+ samples tested more extensively had a reduced expression of the He antigen. The majority of He+ RBCs were S+; those He+ RBC samples that were S‐s+ more frequently had a weakened expression of He.
Challenges in secondary stroke prevention: prevalence of multiple metabolic risk factors, including abnormal glycaemia, in ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack
Authors: Scott D. P. , Greenfield J. R. , Bramah V. , Alford J. , Bennett C. , Markus R. , Campbell L. V.
Published: March 2009

Background: Secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke (IS) and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) mandates identification and treatment of multiple metabolic risk factors. The aim was to determine the prevalence of abnormal glycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in patients presenting to an Acute Stroke Unit of a tertiary referral teaching hospital with IS or TIA.

Methods: We reviewed the clinical characteristics of consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of acute stroke or TIA between 1 February 2006 and 30 June 2007 to determine the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), post‐stroke dysglycaemia (PSD), hypertension and dyslipidaemia.

Results: Mean age ± SD of the 224 patients (84 female) was 71 ± 15 years. Seventy per cent (n= 157) of patients presented with IS and 30% (n= 67) with TIA. Of the cohort, 15% (n= 33) had previously diagnosed diabetes, 10% (n= 22) were diagnosed with diabetes during admission and 19% (n= 42) had IFG diagnosed during admission. A further 4% (n= 9) were classified as having PSD. Sixty‐two per cent (n= 139) of patients had previously diagnosed hypertension; another 7% (n= 15) were diagnosed during admission. Eighty‐eight per cent (n= 197) of patients had dyslipidaemia. Thirty per cent had all three risk factors concurrently.

Conclusion: Abnormal glycaemia was present in almost half the patients presenting with IS/TIA, with the majority of cases undiagnosed. One‐third of patients had abnormal glycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia concurrently. Patients presenting with stroke should be routinely screened for abnormal glycaemia in concert with other vascular risk factors.
The feeling of being trapped in and ashamed of one's own body: A qualitative study of women who suffer from eating difficulties
Authors: Rørtveit Kristine , Åström Sture , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study was to explore women's bodily experiences of suffering from eating difficulties (ED). The research question was: How do women who suffer from ED experience the bodily aspects related to their condition? Women suffering from ED experience problems in both the physical and emotional areas. Few qualitative studies have specifically addressed sufferers' bodily experiences related to ED. An explorative design was used. The data were collected by means of focus group interviews on the subject of ED‐related problems, guilt and shame, and being a mother. The interpretation of the qualitative data was inspired by hermeneutic content analysis. The main theme, ‘Powerful feelings of being trapped in and ashamed of one's own body’, comprised two themes: ‘The feeling of being trapped by overwhelming physical sensations’ and ‘The feeling of being ashamed of one's own body’. Bodily experiences were reported as strong. One clinical implication for nurses is to acknowledge this fact and make it possible for these women to articulate their difficulties, especially those connected to the feelings of being trapped and ashamed. Support groups focusing on these themes could be one way of assisting women and easing some of the negative feelings associated with ED.
Sensory interaction on static balance: A comparison concerning the history of falls of community‐dwelling elderly
Authors: Ricci Natalia Aquaroni , De Faria Figueiredo Gonçalves Daniele , Coimbra Arlete Maria Valente , Coimbra Ibsen Bellini
Published: March 2009

Aim:  To determine whether elderly subjects with distinct histories of falls presented differences concerning the influence of sensory interaction on balance.

Methods:  Cross‐sectional research. Ninety‐six community‐dwelling elderly subjects were divided into three groups, according to the history of falls within the past year (group 1, no falls; group 2, one fall; and group 3, recurrent falls). The Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance was used to evaluate the influence of sensory inputs on standing balance. The test required the subject to maintain stability during 30 s, under six conditions: (i) firm surface with eyes open; (ii) firm surface with eyes closed; (iii) firm surface with visual conflict; (iv) unstable surface with eyes open; (v) unstable surface with eyes closed; and (vi) unstable surface with visual conflict. The time expended on conditions and the number of abnormal cases were compared between groups. Each group was evaluated in relation to its performance in the progression of conditions.

Results:  More abnormal cases occurred in group 3 compared to group 1 for conditions (iv) and (v); and compared to group 2 for condition (iv). Group 3 remained less time than group 1 under conditions (iv), (v) and (vi). Groups 1, 2 and 3 presented relevant decrements in trial duration from conditions (iv) to (v). For group 3, a significant decay was also noted from condition (i) to (ii).

Conclusion:  Sensorial interaction in the elderly varies according to their history of falls. Thus, it is possible to correctly guide the rehabilitation process and to prevent sensorial decays according to an individual's history of falls.
Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for benign disease
Authors: Bucher P. , Pugin F. , Morel P.
Published: March 2009

Background  Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has made its initial forays into clinical minimally invasive surgery. SILS combines in part the cosmetic advantage and decrease parietal trauma of natural orifice surgery, but allow operative realization with standard and validated laparoscopic instruments. We report here the first clinical transumbilical SILS sigmoidectomy for benign disease.

Method  Preliminary experience with transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (or embryonic natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery) sigmoidectomy in a female patient (34 years, BMI 22 kg/m2) with sigmoid stenosis caused by nodular endometriosis was reported. Transumbilical SILS treatment of pelvic endometriosis was performed during the same operation through cauterization.

Results  Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was feasible with conventional laparoscopic instruments. The combined uses of straight and articulated laparoscopic instruments allow the avoidance of transparietal sling suture for exposition. Operative time for sigmoidectomy and endometriosis therapy was 125 min. No intra‐operative or postoperative complications were recorded. SILS achieved excellent cosmetic results and may be associated with accelerated recovery.

Conclusion  Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic sigmoidectomy is feasible by experienced laparoscopic surgeons using conventional laparoscopic instruments and staplers. The combined uses of strait and articulated instruments allow transumbilical SILS sigmoidectomy without the need for additional incision or transparietal sling suture. SILS sigmoidectomy may have the clinical advantage over NOTES of offering the safety of laparoscopic colectomy and the avoidance of vaginal access. It has to be determined if SILS offers benefit to the patient, except in cosmesis, compared with standard laparoscopic sigmoidectomy.
Hand‐assisted laparoscopic versus open approach in colorectal surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Aalbers A. G. J. , Doeksen A. , Van Berge Henegouwen M. I. , Bemelman W. A.
Published: March 2009

Aim  This systematic review was performed to answer the question whether hand‐assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) can preserve the advantages of laparoscopic compared with open surgery in colorectal disease.

Method  Eligible studies were identified from electronic databases (Medline, Embase Cochrane) and cross‐reference search. The database search, quality assessment and data extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. Outcome criteria were operative time, number of trocars used, conversion rate, incision length, blood loss, time to passage of flatus, use of analgesia, postoperative morbidity, in‐hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, number of lymph nodes and costs.

Results  Out of 162 publications seven publications were selected for comprehensive review. Three randomized controlled trials (RCT) and four non‐RCTs, comprising 571 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Because of heterogeneity, the data could not be pooled. The operative time was significantly longer in HALS in four of the seven studies (addition in median operative time of 13–81 min). The conversion rate varied from 0 to 10%. Two of the four reporting studies demonstrated a significantly shorter time to passage of flatus in HALS (averagely one day in advance). Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in HALS in four of the seven studies (average gain between 2 and 4 days).

Conclusions  Hand‐assisted laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of laparoscopic surgery over open surgery while reducing some of the disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery (shorter operative time, lower conversion rates). Especially for indications in which an incision to extract the resection specimen is required, HALS provides an excellent treatment option.
Is obesity becoming a public health problem in India? Examine the shift from under‐ to overnutrition problems over time
Authors: Wang Y. , Chen H.‐J. , Shaikh S. , Mathur P.
Published: March 2009

This study aimed to examine the prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and undernutrition in recent decades in India. Based on a systematic literature search on PubMed and other data sources, most published studies were regional or local surveys in urban areas, while good representative data from the India National Family Health Surveys (NFHS, 1992–1993, 1998–1999 and 2005–2006) allowed for examining the trends at the national level. Overall, the available data showed that in India, prevalence of overweight was low while that of undernutrition remained high. Overweight was more prevalent among female, urban and high‐socioeconomic‐status (SES) groups. NFHS data showed that the prevalence of overweight in women and pre‐school children did not increase much in the last decade: 10.6% and 1.6% in 1998–1999 to 12.6% and 1.5% in 2005–2006 respectively. As for underweight, NFHS 2005–2006 showed high prevalence among ever‐married women (about 35%) and pre‐school children (about 42%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity had increased slightly over the past decade in India, but in some urban and high‐SES groups it reached a relatively high level. Factors associated with undernutrition need closer examination, and prevention of obesity should be targeted at the high‐risk groups simultaneously.
What Is It About Organic Milk? An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Bernard John C. , Bernard Daria J.
Published: March 2009

Auction experiments were used to examine demand relationships and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic, rBST‐free, no antibiotics used, and conventional milk. Elasticities showed strong substitute and complement relationships between organic, rBST‐free, and no antibiotics varieties. The sum of the latter two's premiums were not significantly different than the organic premium, suggesting diminishing marginal utility for added attributes. Results from a two‐stage heteroskedastic tobit model demonstrated that WTP premiums for the varieties differ significantly by demographics and beliefs regarding the conventional version. These suggest market segments for rBST‐free and no antibiotics versions could succeed alongside organic, benefiting consumers and producers.
“The Ordinary Discharge of My Duty”: Field Marshal Sir John Monash and the Ozanne Controversy
Authors: Ewer Peter
Published: March 2009

This article looks at one episode during the conscription debates of 1916‐17, concerning the defeat of the Labor member for Corio, Alfred Ozanne, in the federal election of May, 1917. Prior to the election, Ozanne was a soldier serving in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in the United Kingdom, but was about to be medically discharged from the Army. Archival research suggests Ozanne was the victim of a smear campaign by Prime Minister Hughes, journalist Keith Murdoch and Australian Army leaders including John Monash, who colluded to falsely accuse him of desertion.
Uncounted Votes: Informal Voting in the House of Representatives as a Marker of Political Exclusion in Australia
Authors: Young Sally , Hill Lisa
Published: March 2009

This article examines the implications of high levels of informal (or invalid) voting in Australian national elections using a social exclusion framework. The rate of the informal vote is an indicator of social and political exclusion with particular groups of Australians experiencing inordinate electoral disadvantage. Poorer voters, voters from non‐English speaking backgrounds and those with low education levels are especially disadvantaged by factors peculiar to the Australian voting experience. We begin by exploring the character and pattern of informal voting and then canvass the technical and socio‐economic factors which explain it. We conclude by considering proposed options for reducing informality, some of which are: the abandonment of compulsory voting, major structural change to the voting system as well as ballot re‐design, electoral education and community information initiatives.
Enhancing Public Accountability for Developing Countries: Major Constraints and Strategies
Authors: Kim Pan Suk
Published: March 2009

Many Asian countries are attempting to promote public accountability as a part of public‐sector reform, but their situation remains unsatisfactory compared to advanced countries. Except for a few, many Asian developing countries are still struggling with political and socioeconomic weaknesses. Indeed, the nature of public sector reform in many Asian developing countries differs substantially from that of advanced countries. Furthermore, the concept of accountability is not interpreted equally throughout the world. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to review the major constraints to enhancing public accountability in Asian developing countries and to discuss major strategies to promote such accountability from the perspective of developing countries. This article first reviews the concept of accountability and its development, followed by discussion of constraints in enhancing public accountability and public sector reform, key measures to enhance public accountability, and implications and conclusions.
Frameworks Underpinning Corporate Governance: Evidence on Ugandan Perceptions
Authors: Wanyama Simeon , Burton Bruce , Helliar Christine
Published: March 2009

Manuscript Type:Empirical

Research Question/Issue:This paper sets out to investigate perceptions about corporate governance practices in the developing African nation of Uganda. The study employs interview and questionnaire analysis to examine the part played by a range of factors in supporting effective governance.

Research Findings/Results:The findings suggest that pervasive corruption and weaknesses in underlying frameworks have hampered attempts to improve practice. The results indicate that the mere emergence of detailed governance codes in developing countries does not necessarily mean that de facto practices will improve.

Theoretical Implications:The results suggest that corporate governance standards in developing countries may appear on paper to be broadly similar to those in developed countries. However, a widespread perception exists that Ugandan frameworks are not yet strong enough to support what might normally be considered to be “good” practice. Sound corporate governance is seen as being a multi‐faceted notion, with a range of political and social frameworks requiring strengthening before meaningful improvements can be made.

Practical Implications:The evidence indicates that attempts to improve governance standards in a particular nation require more than the simple publication of codes of best practice. Root and branch changes in a wide‐range of contextual factors, including at political and cultural levels, are required to provide the conditions in which meaningful improvements in corporate governance will occur.
Hybridization instead of Clustering: Transformation Processes of Welfare Policies in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Hacker Björn
Published: March 2009

Welfare state theories tend to use concepts of clustering for defining the affiliation of national social security systems to overarching worlds of welfare. A closer look at the transformation processes of welfare policies in Central and Eastern Europe shows a great variability among those countries in approximating their welfare states to Western European standards. In the design of their pension systems, their health care provision and their unemployment protection, Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) follow different reform paths. Welfare clusters in Western Europe are used as reference models, but no single example applies to all sectors of social security. Thus, a generalizing picture of welfare provision cannot be drawn for Central and Eastern Europe. Instead of constituting a new individual type of welfare arrangement, a hybridization process is observable.
Seborrhoeic keratoses in patients with internal malignancies: a case–control study with prospective accrual of patients
Authors: Fink AM , Filz D , Krajnik G , Jurecka W , Ludwig H , Steiner A
Published: March 2009

Background  The association between the eruption of numerous seborrhoeic keratoses as a result of an underlying malignancy is controversially discussed. The aim of this case–control study with prospective accrual of patients was to determine whether a direct association exists between the number seborrhoeic keratoses and internal malignancies.

Methods  The numbers and sites of seborrhoeic keratoses were counted in 150 oncological patients and 150 matched controls. Additionally, the presence or absence of pruritus, acanthosis nigricans, and the sudden appearance of seborrhoeic keratoses were assessed.

Results  Seborrhoeic keratoses did not differ significantly between patients with internal malignancies and controls. Only two patients fulfilled the criteria of the Leser‐Trélat sign, defined as the eruption of numerous seborrhoeic keratoses as a cutaneous marker of an underlying internal malignancy.

Conclusion  No association was found between seborrhoeic keratoses and cancer. Furthermore, our data did not provide support to the validity of the Leser‐Trélat sign in patients with internal malignancies.
Hepatoprotective effects of misoprostol and silymarin on carbon tetrachloride‐induced hepatic damage in rats
Authors: Salam Omar M.E. Abdel , Sleem Amany A. , Omara Enayat A. , Hassan Nabila S.
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of misoprostol, silymarin or the co‐administration of misoprostol + silymarin on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced hepatic injury in rats. Misoprostol (10, 100, 1000 μg/kg), silymarin (25 mg/kg) or misoprostol (100 μg/kg) + silymarin (25 mg/kg) was given once daily orally simultaneously with CCl4and for 15 days thereafter. The results showed that misoprostol (10, 100 or 1000 μg/kg) conferred significant protection against the hepatotoxic actions of CCl4in rats, reducing serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by 24.7%, 42.6% and 49.4%, respectively compared with controls. Misoprostol, given at 100 or 1000 μg/kg, decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) by 28 and 43.6% and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 19.3% and 53.4% respectively. Meanwhile, silymarin reduced ALT, AST and ALP levels by 62.7%, 66.1% and 65.1% respectively. The co‐administration of misoprostol (100 μg/kg) and silymarin (25 mg/kg) resulted in 61.4%, 66.1% and 57.5% reduction in ALT, AST and ALP levels respectively. Histopathological alterations and depletion of hepatocyte glycogen and DNA content by CCl4were markedly reduced after treatment with misoprostol, silymarin or misoprostol + silymarin. Image analysis of liver specimens revealed a marked reduction in liver necrosis; area of damage: 32.4%, 24% and 10.2% after misoprostol (10, 100 or 1000 μg/kg), 7.2% after silymarin and 10.9% after treatment with misoprostol 100 μg/kg + silymarin, compared with CCl4control group (46.7%). These results indicate that treatment with misoprostol protects against hepatocellular necrosis induced by CCl4. This study suggests a potential therapeutic use for misoprostol in liver injury.
Effects of detraining on muscle strength and mass after high or moderate intensity of resistance training in older adults
Authors: Tokmakidis Savvas P. , Kalapotharakos Vasilios I. , Smilios Ilias , Parlavantzas Andreas
Published: March 2009

This study examined the effects of a 12 weeks detraining period on muscle strength and mass in older adults who had previously participated in a 12 weeks resistance training programme of high [80% of one repetition maximum (1‐RM)] or moderate (60% of 1‐RM) intensity. Twenty older adults (60–74 years), separated into a high (HI; n = 10; age: 65 ± 5 years) and a moderate (MI; n = 10; age: 66 ± 4 years) intensity resistance training group, were measured in the 1‐RM knee extension and flexion strength, and the midthigh cross sectional areas (CSAs) of quadriceps, hamstrings and total thigh before and after a 12 weeks training period as well as after a 12 weeks detraining period. Maximum knee extension and flexion strength and the CSAs of all muscles decreased significantly (P<0·05) with detraining but remained higher (P<0·05) than pretraining levels for both groups. The HI group had a greater decrement (P<0·05) in maximum strength and the CSA of total thigh compared to the MI group but strength levels and the CSA following detraining were higher (P<0·05) for the HI group. The above data suggest that after a short detraining period of 12 weeks, muscle strength and hypertrophy levels of older adults decrease but remain greater than pretraining irrespective of training intensity. Greater declines in muscle strength are observed following HI training but still muscular strength and muscle mass are retained at a higher level than with MI probably due to the higher gains achieved during the training period.
Ethanol Blocks Adenosine Uptake via Inhibiting the Nucleoside Transport System in Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Allen‐Gipson Diane S. , Jarrell Justin C. , Bailey Kristina L. , Robinson James E. , Kharbanda Kusum K. , Sisson Joseph H. , Wyatt Todd A.
Published: March 2009

Background: Adenosine uptake into cells by nucleoside transporters plays a significant role in governing extracellular adenosine concentration. Extracellular adenosine is an important signaling molecule that modulates many cellular functions via 4 G‐protein‐coupled receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). Previously, we demonstrated that adenosine is critical in maintaining airway homeostasis and airway repair and that airway host defenses are impaired by alcohol. Taken together, we hypothesized that ethanol impairs adenosine uptake via the nucleoside transport system.

Methods: To examine ethanol‐induced alteration on adenosine transport, we used a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS‐2B). Cells were preincubated for 10 minutes in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). In addition, some cells were pretreated with S‐(4‐Nitrobenzyl)‐6‐thioinosine (100 μM: NBT), a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor. Uptake was then determined by addition of [3H]‐adenosine at various time intervals.

Results: Increasing EtOH concentrations resulted in increasing inhibition of adenosine uptake when measured at 1 minute. Cells pretreated with NBT effectively blocked adenosine uptake. In addition, short‐term EtOH revealed increased extracellular adenosine concentration. Conversely, adenosine transport became desensitized in cells exposed to EtOH (100 mM) for 24 hours. To determine the mechanism of EtOH‐induced desensitization of adenosine transport, cAMP activity was assessed in response to EtOH. Short‐term EtOH exposure (10 minutes) had little or no effect on adenosine‐mediated cAMP activation, whereas long‐term EtOH exposure (24 hours) blocked adenosine‐mediated cAMP activation. Western blot analysis of lysates from unstimulated BEAS‐2B cells detected a single 55 kDa band indicating the presence of hENT1 and hENT2, respectively. Real‐time RT‐PCR of RNA from BEAS‐2B revealed transcriptional expression of ENT1 and ENT2.

Conclusions: Collectively, these data reveal that acute exposure of cells to EtOH inhibits adenosine uptake via a nucleoside transporter, and chronic exposure of cells to EtOH desensitizes the adenosine transporter to these inhibitory effects of ethanol. Furthermore, our data suggest that inhibition of adenosine uptake by EtOH leads to an increased extracellular adenosine accumulation, influencing the effect of adenosine at the epithelial cell surface, which may alter airway homeostasis.
Association Between Personality Traits and ALDH2 Polymorphism in Japanese Male Alcoholics
Authors: Kimura Mitsuru , Sawayama Toru , Matsushita Sachio , Higuchi Susumu , Kashima Haruo
Published: March 2009

Background:  Alcoholics who have developed alcoholism despite a strong negative risk factor, that is, the inactive form of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2), are considered advantageous for studying predisposing factors for alcoholism. This study aimed to compare personality profiles and clinical characteristics between alcoholics with active and inactive ALDH2.

Methods:  Subjects were 460 male Japanese alcoholics hospitalized in Kurihama Alcoholism Center. All patients underwent Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and semi‐structured interviews 4 to 8 weeks after admission to obtain data on personalities and clinical characteristics. ALDH2 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. Sixty‐six patients had the inactive form of ALDH2 (ALDH2*1/2*2) and 394 had the active form (ALDH2*1/2*1).

Results:  Alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 had significantly higher novelty‐seeking (NS) and lower harm‐avoidance (HA) scores compared with those with active ALDH2. The inactive ALDH2 group experienced delirium tremens significantly less frequently than the active ALDH2 group.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that high NS and low HA scores in alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 are associated with an increased risk for developing alcoholism, despite a low enzymatic ability to eliminate toxic acetaldehyde in these subjects. A study of alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 is useful for detecting environmental or personality factors related to alcoholism.
The Roads Ahead: Collision Risks, Trends, and Safety of Drivers
Authors: Straus Sandy Helene , Gu Xiaojun
Published: March 2009

The propensity of fatal traffic collisions transcends driver age and reinforces the need to evaluate, among other factors, the impact of roadway lighting and other features of driver vision, perception, and performance. Collisions may result from a driver's inability to notice delineation, recognize warnings, and other possible road safety controls during various lighting conditions. Hence we compare the relative accident involvement ratio (RAIR) of collisions of millions of drivers from two U.S. States over an 11‐year period, 1991–2001. We associate collision trends through RAIR with bathtub curves that are commonly identified with product failure and reliability engineering. Hence we observe the need for improved and automated driver's license testing techniques and applications, especially as these relate to the visual and cognitive abilities of drivers of all ages. Our findings may ultimately improve motorist safety, save lives, and benefit numerous other states, countries, and agencies, including, but not limited to, aviation, commercial vehicles, maritime, and rail sectors, among others.
Lack of correlation between constitutive and induced resistance to a herbivore in crucifer plants: real or flawed by experimental methods?
Authors: Zhang Peng‐Jun , Shu Jin‐Ping , Wu Zhi‐Yi , Dicke Marcel , Liu Shu‐Sheng
Published: March 2009

The correlation between constitutive and induced resistance to herbivores in plants has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists, and various approaches to determining levels of resistance have been used in this field of research. In this study, we examined the relationship between constitutive and induced resistance to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in 11 closely related species of wild crucifers. We assessed the survival, development, and reproduction of the test insects and calculated their intrinsic rate of increase as an indicator of constitutive and induced resistance for the plants. We used larvae of P. xylostella and jasmonic acid as elicitors of the induced response. We failed to find a correlation between constitutive and induced resistance in these crucifer plants when the induction of resistance was initiated by either herbivory or jasmonic acid application. Analysis of the results suggests that the failure to detect a relationship between the two types of resistance could be caused by flaws in measuring constitutive resistance, which was apparently confounded with induced resistance. We discuss the difficulties and pitfalls in measuring constitutive resistance and ways to improve the methodology in investigating the relationships between constitutive and induced resistance in plants.
Nodular fasciitis of the head and neck region: a clinicopathologic description in a series of 30 cases
Authors: Weinreb Ilan , Shaw Allison J. , Perez‐Ordoñez Bayardo , Goldblum John R. , Rubin Brian P.
Published: March 2009

Nodular fasciitis (NF) is a reactive lesion composed of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and most commonly found in extremities and trunk. NF has been described in the head and neck region (HNR) in 13–20% of cases. It is our impression based on consultation experience that many pathologists do not consider NF in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses arising in the HNR. Moreover, it is common for these lesions to be incompletely excised, leading to additional challenges in diagnosis. We describe 30 cases of NF of the HNR in order to focus attention on this frequently overlooked diagnosis. While they had the typical histologic features of NF, the lesions had a tendency for smaller size, increased skeletal muscle involvement (30%) compared to fasciitis elsewhere in the body and diffuse and strong actin expression. Follow up demonstrated one recurrence (7.1%) higher than reported elsewhere in the body. These latter features may add to the challenge in diagnosing NF in these locations.
Mapping of melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 B cell epitopes predicts two major binding sites for vitiligo patient autoantibodies
Authors: Gavalas Nikos G. , Gottumukkala Raju V. S. R. K. , Gawkrodger David J. , Watson Philip F. , Weetman Anthony P. , Helen Kemp E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  The melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) has been identified as a B cell autoantigen in vitiligo with antibodies to the receptor detectable in binding and function‐blocking assays. Two epitope domains (amino acids 1–138 and 139–298) have been previously identified. In this study, we aimed to further define the epitope specificity of MCHR1 antibodies using phage‐display technology and to identify the epitopes recognised by receptor antibodies detected in MCHR1 function‐blocking assays. Antibody reactivity to MCHR1 peptides 51–80, 85–98, 154–158 and 254–260 was identified by phage‐display and subsequently confirmed in phage ELISA in 2/12, 5/12, 3/12 and 6/12 of vitiligo patients, respectively. The results suggest that major autoantibody epitopes are localised in the 85–98 and 254–260 amino acid regions of MCHR1 with minor epitopes in amino acid sequences 51–80 and 154–158. Antibodies with MCHR1 function‐blocking activity were determined to recognise epitope 254–260, this being the first epitope to be reported as a target site for antibodies that block the function of the receptor.
New method of temporary rehabilitation after traumatic tooth loss in a juvenile patient: a case report
Authors: Göllner Peter , Jung Britta A. , Wehrbein Heinrich , Liechti Thomas
Published: March 2009

Abstract –  We report a 12‐year‐old female patient who had experienced traumatic loss of one of her permanent central incisors. In the course of interdisciplinary treatment, the gap in the front teeth was filled with a prosthetic plastic tooth fastened to an orthodontic palatal implant by means of a wire extension (stainless steel 1.2 mm; laser‐welded). A palatal implant is a temporary orthodontic anchorage device which, in contrast to a conventional single tooth implant, is not inserted in the toothless alveolar bone but in the palatal region to permit unhindered maxillary growth. The advantages of this treatment compared with traditional treatment options are that it permits secure fixation, adjustment to vertical growth and good hygiene. Besides, it is an economical treatment modality, can be used as anchorage in conjunction with orthodontic treatment and provides good comfort, esthetics and phonetics.
Maternal cardiovascular disease risk in relation to the number of offspring born small for gestational age: national, multi‐generational study of 2.7 million births
Authors: Nilsson Peter M , Li Xinjun , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: March 2009

Aim: To investigate the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) births in relation to maternal history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) across two generations and additionally to analyse maternal CVD risk based on number of SGA offspring.

Methods: We used register data from 1.4 million women and 2.7 million offspring. The outcome measures were risk of being SGA in relation to maternal total CVD (n = 10 436) across two generations, as well as risk of CVD in mothers in relation to the number of their SGA offspring, stratified by educational level.

Results: Compared to no family history of CVD (reference) the hazard ratio (HR) for being SGA in female offspring was 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.13) for a positive maternal history of CVD. The highest risk was shown in daughters when both the mother and the grandmother had a history of CVD (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.24–1.39). There was a stepwise increased risk of CVD events in mothers in relation to the number of their SGA offspring (HR 1.41–1.86) when ‘no SGA offspring’ was used as reference. The risk of CVD in relation to SGA status was increased in the least educated group (HR 2.7–5.0) compared to the group with the highest level of education with no SGA offspring.

Conclusion: The risk of SGA offspring and the risk of maternal CVD are mutually interdependent and both conditions increased in women with a low level of education.
Fixed sporotrichosis as a cause of a chronic ulcer on the knee
Authors: Roldán‐Marín Rodrigo , Contreras‐Ruiz José , Arenas Roberto , Vazquez‐del‐Mercado Elsa , Toussaint‐Caire Sonia , Vega‐Memije María Elisa
Published: March 2009

Chronic wounds are a major health care problem worldwide. Wound healing is a holistic endeavour that requires an accurate identification of the specific entities interfering with wound healing in a particular patient. We present a case of fixed sporotrichosis as the cause of a chronic ulcer in the knee. Although a culture of Sporothrix schenckii could not be obtained, a positive response to the sporotrichin skin test, a skin biopsy showed a suppurative granuloma and an adequate response to oral administration of potassium iodide confirmed the diagnosis. The identification and correction of the underlying aetiology of any chronic wound is the first and most important step to restore wound healing.
Haemodynamic effects of −75 mmHg negative pressure therapy in a porcine sternotomy wound model
Authors: Mokhtari Arash , Gustafsson Ronny , Sjögren Johan , Nilsson Johan , Lindstedt Sandra , Malmsjö Malin , Ingemansson Richard
Published: March 2009

Previous research has shown −125 mmHg to be the optimal negative pressure for creating an environment that promotes wound healing, and this has therefore been adopted as a standard pressure for patients with deep sternal wound infection. However, it has not yet been clearly shown that −125 mmHg is the optimal pressure from a haemodynamic point of view. Furthermore, there have been reports of cardiac rupture during −125 mmHg negative pressure therapy. We therefore studied the effects of a lower pressure: −75 mmHg. Twelve pigs were used. After median sternotomy, sealed negative pressure therapy of −75 mmHg was applied. Baseline measurements were made and continuous recording of the cardiac output, end‐tidal CO2 production, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary pressure (pulmonary artery pressure), systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary vascular resistance, left atrial pressure and central venous pressure was started. Six pigs served as controls. No statistically significant difference was observed in any of the haemodynamic parameters studied, compared with the controls. The present study shows that, with a suitable foam application technique, −75 mmHg can be applied without compromising the central haemodynamics.
Assessment of Vascular Effects of Tamoxifen and Its Metabolites on the Rat Perfused Hindquarter Vascular Bed
Authors: Montenegro Marcelo F. , Pessa Lisandra R. , Gomes Valéria A. , Desta Zeruesenay , Flockhart David A. , Tanus‐Santos Jose E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Tamoxifen has been suggested to produce beneficial cardiovascular effects, although the mechanisms for these effects are not fully known. Moreover, although tamoxifen metabolites may exhibit 30–100 times higher potency than the parent drug, no previous study has compared the effects produced by tamoxifen and its metabolites on vascular function. Here, we assessed the vascular responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside on perfused hindquarter vascular bed of rats treated with tamoxifen or its main metabolites (N‐desmethyl‐tamoxifen, 4‐hydroxy‐tamoxifen, and endoxifen) for 2 weeks. Plasma and whole‐blood thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations were determined using a fluorometric method. Plasma nitrite and NOx (nitrite + nitrate) concentrations were determined using an ozone‐based chemiluminescence assay and Griess reaction, respectively. Treatment with tamoxifen reduced the responses to acetylcholine (pD2 = 2.2 ± 0.06 and 1.9 ± 0.05 after vehicle and tamoxifen, respectively; P < 0.05), while its metabolites improved these responses (pD2 = 2.5 ± 0.04 afterN‐desmethyl‐tamoxifen, 2.5 ± 0.03 after 4‐hydroxy‐tamoxifen, and 2.6 ± 0.08 after endoxifen; P < 0.01). Tamoxifen and its metabolites showed no effect on endothelial‐independent responses to sodium nitroprusside (P > 0.05). While tamoxifen treatment resulted in significantly higher plasma and whole blood lipid peroxide levels (37% and 62%, respectively; both P < 0.05), its metabolites significantly decreased lipid peroxide levels (by approximately 50%; P < 0.05). While treatment with tamoxifen decreased the concentrations of markers of nitric oxide formation by approximately 50% (P < 0.05), tamoxifen metabolites had no effect on these parameters (P > 0.05). These results suggest that while tamoxifen produces detrimental effects, its metabolites produce counteracting beneficial effects on the vascular system and on nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species formation.
A Case Report of a Bone Histomorphometrical Analysis After a Total Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Yajima Ibuki , Tanizawa Tatsuhiko , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Fukuda Toyoshi , Higashi Tokio , Tabata Sakuyoshi , Yao Ryoji , Yamato Hideyuki , Murayama Hisashi
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  A patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2° HPT) underwent a total parathyroidectomy (PTx) without autotransplantation and showed interesting changes in the morphology of his iliac bone before and after the surgery. A 70‐year‐old man had been on hemodialysis for chronic glomerulonephritis since 1987. He had been administered calcium carbonate 6.0 g daily to prevent reabsorption of phosphorus and alfacalcidol 1.0 µg three times weekly at the end of hemodialysis. In September 2000, his intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH; 1–84 PTH) was 610 pg/mL; therefore, from 2.5 µg to 10 µg 22‐oxacalcitriol (maxacalcitol, a derivative of active vitamin D) was administered intravenously three times weekly at the end of hemodialysis. This compound is used in Japan for 2° HPT. However, the iPTH progressed, and hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were observed. Ultrasonography of the neck illustrated three enlarged parathyroid glands that were each over 1.0 cm in diameter. On 14 July 2004, a PTx without autotransplantation (PTx alone) and an iliac crest bone biopsy were performed. Bone specimens showed mild lesions of hyperparathyroidism, but did not meet the criteria for osteitis fibrosa. One year after the procedure, a second biopsy was obtained to investigate the bone turnover in response to a lack of parathyroid hormone. The bone specimen showed tetracycline labeling at the time of PTx alone, and new bone apposition on the surface without tetracycline labeling. This adynamic bone disease (ABD) suggested that new bone apposition in the absence of tetracycline labeling had occurred after the PTx alone, and it had likely occurred over the course of one year.