bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Providing Appropriate Technology for Emerging Markets: Case Study on China’s Solar Thermal Industry
Authors: Zhou Jianghua , Jiao Hao , Li Jizhen
Published: January 2017

Building on a case study of five Chinese solar thermal companies and one association, our study aims to understand how the innovator’s choices regarding the use of technology and organizational practices for new product development enable companies to design and diffuse appropriate technology in emerging markets. The study uncovers two critical factors that enhance the appropriateness of technology: redefining the identity of technology and building a local supply system. Our analysis shows that synergic innovation in both architecture and component leads to the appropriate functionalities desired by emerging markets. Moreover, modular design and the building of a local supply system enhance the process appropriateness of technology. Our study provides an empirical basis for advocating going beyond minor adaptations of existing products to creating appropriate technology for emerging markets, and extends our understandings of the upstream process of designing appropriate technology. Moreover, the emphasis on the local supply system reflects a holistic framework for shaping and delivering appropriate technology, expanding the existing research focus on the perspective of the technology itself. Our research also has managerial implications that may help firms tap into emerging markets.
Determination of the Geogenic Metal Background in Surface Water: Benchmarking Methodology for the Rivers of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
Authors: Schneider Petra , Nilius Ulf , Gottschalk Nicole , Süß Annegret , Schaffrath Martin , Löser Ralf , Lange Thomas
Published: January 2017

Geogenic concentrations are defined as those concentrations that represent the natural background without any anthropogenic influence. The paper describes a statistical method for determining geogenic metal concentrations in rivers based on the concept of “aggregated riverine landscapes” (ARLs), which applies to all rivers in the Federal State of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). The methodology includes the pre-selection of existing data by eliminating all sampling locations from the database which have anthropogenic influence, the GIS-based allocation of the sampling locations with respect to the respective ARL being the evaluation units, and the assessment of the geogenic background by statistical calculation of the 90th percentile. After validation of the methodology, the existing database was complemented by additional measurements for regions with data gaps. About 85,000 records of water samples, 1400 records of sediment samples, and 920 records of suspended particulate samples were used for the determination of the geogenic metal concentrations in the rivers of Saxony-Anhalt. The investigation included the parameters Al, Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Ti, U, V, and Zn. The investigation results offer the determination of regions with increased background levels for certain metals or metalloids in Saxony-Anhalt.
De Brunsbüttel à Kinshasa - Le droit de la réparation dans la jurisprudence des cours mondiales à l’aune de l’arrêt Diallo
Authors: Tournier Arnaud
Published: January 2017

The judgment delivered by the International Court of Justice on 19 June 2012 in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) (compensation owed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea) bears on questions relating to the substance of the liability of a state which has committed an internationally wrongful act. The judgment, which fits more specifically into the context of diplomatic protection, clarifies the positive law on compensation by materialising the advances of the international law of liability and the law of diplomatic protection. It studies questions relating to the identification of the injury and its valuation in monetary terms for the purposes of compensation, and the questions of the scope of the obligation to make reparation in the context of diplomatic protection, and of who is owed that obligation. In view of the circumstances of the case, the Court replies in a more or less developed way, but adjudicates on the whole on several changes in international law on the subject.
Le fragile équilibre entre prévisibilité juridique et opportunité judiciaire en matière de délimitation maritime : l’arrêt de la Cour internationale de Justice du 19 novembre 2012 dans l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie)
Authors: Delabie Lucie
Published: January 2017

Eleven years after Nicaragua brought its complaint against Colombia, the Court has managed to divide up the maritime area of the Caribbean Sea disputed by the two parties since the 1960s. Having recognised Colombia’s sovereignty over disputed maritime features and ruled out Nicaragua’s claim to an extended continental shelf, the Court concluded that the nature of the delimitation to be made consisted in dividing the area between the continental coastlines of Nicaragua and the islands belonging to Colombia. So as to draw a single maritime boundary, the judges were set on scrupulously applying their reference method : equidistance – relevant circumstances, leading them to depart quite widely from the provisionally established median line. This decision shows once again how tricky it is in territorial and maritime disputes to strike a balance between legal certainty and case-specific considerations of expediency.
L’émergence d’un « ordre public de la dette souveraine » pour et par le contrat d’emprunt souverain ? Quelques réflexions inspirées par une actualité très mouvementée
Authors: Bismuth Régis
Published: January 2017

The recent period has been rich in events highlighting the shortcomings of mechanisms for managing sovereign debt crises. Both the difficulties which Greece has been going through and the many litigious consequences of Argentina’s 2001 default have revealed the obstacles to implementing effective restructuring schemes and to neutralising proceedings brought by creditors not wishing to be part of them. Against this impression of disorder and impediments to the introduction of bankruptcy proceedings for states, the borrowing agreement appears to be the most suitable instrument for ensuring orderly management of problems of state solvency. In this context, it seems legitimate to question the emergence of a ‘ public order of sovereign debt’ the keystone of which would be this borrowing agreement between states and their creditors.
Saint-Gilles-du-Gard. L’église abbatiale et les bâtiments monastiques. Nouvelles recherches archéologiques
Authors: Hartmann-Virnich Andreas , Hansen Heike
Published: January 2017

Conduites depuis 2009 dans le cadre de deux projets successifs grâce au soutien de l’Agence nationale de la recherche, de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, de la Direction régionale des affaires culturelles Languedoc-Roussillon et de la municipalité, les recherches archéologiques sur l’ancienne abbaye bénédictine de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, lieu de pèlerinage éponyme de la via Egidiana, la plus méridionale des grandes routes vers Saint-Jacques de Compostelle, renouvellent les connaissances sur ce monument majeur encore largement méconnu. La mise en oeuvre d’un vaste programme de relevé et d’analyses pierre-à-pierre, de fouilles archéologiques et de recherches archivistiques donne lieu à une révision de la chronologie complexe, depuis les traces des premières constructions d’époque précarolingienne sur l’emplacement du futur cloître roman aux restaurations du XIXe siècle. Un dense faisceau d’indices stratigraphiques, archéométriques et numismatiques inédits confirme la date tardive de l’abbatiale actuelle, commencée au dernier tiers ou quart du XIIe siècle en détruisant, avec le tiers nord de l’espace claustral roman déjà en place, l’église du début du XIIe siècle avec laquelle elle a souvent été confondue. L’étude archéologique en cours conduit à préciser le processus constructif du vaste chantier de cette seconde église romane , perturbé dès le départ par l’instabilité des fondations et interrompu une première fois dès le début du XIIIe siècle, et à restituer une partie des bâtiments monastiques romans, altérés par une déchéance pluriséculaire. D’ores et déjà, la poursuite de l’étude du bâti, des fouilles programmées et préventives, et des prospections dans l’habitat environnant augure de nouvelle découvertes dont les apports seront présentés ultérieurement. Une campagne de prospections par géoradar, répartie sur quinze zones d’une superficie totale de 1670 m2, a donné lieu à un résultat mitigé, pertinent pour le repérage de probables restes des murs-bahuts aux angles du cloître et de murs attribuables à l’ancienne aile orientale, mais non concluant pour l’identification des vestiges attendus d’édifices antérieurs sous l’abbatiale actuelle (Agathe Crespin, Gérald Vacheyroux, Michel Dabas et Andreas Hartmann-Virnich). La création d’un modèle 3D de l’abbatiale de Saint-Gilles se heurte aux irrégularités et changements au cours de la construction. La prise en compte de la forme réelle des composantes de l’édifice, qui interdit toute répétition schématique, est indispensable pour l’accompagnement de l’étude archéologique (Götz Echtenacher, Heike Hansen et Andreas Hartmann-Virnich).
La façade de l’ancienne abbatiale de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard. Recherches d’archéologie du bâti sur la construction
Authors: Hansen Heike
Published: January 2017

Die ehemalige Abtei von Saint-Gilles-du-Gard und die in den archäologischen Grabungen erfassten Baubefunde.

Die archäologische Bodenforschung zur ehemaligen Abtei von Saint-Gilles-du-Gard war unlängst auf wenige Bereiche beschränkt geblieben. Seit 2004 haben Sondierungen vor der Westfassade und im südlichen Seitenschiff der Unterkirche sowie eine Teilgrabung des ehemaligen Klosterhofs neue Erkenntnisse zur vorromanischen Bebauungsgeschichte erbracht. Die in den Fundamenten des Fassadensockels und der nördlichen Begrenzungswand des Raumes unter der Fassadentreppe erhaltenen Mauerreste sowie zwei Chorschrankenplatten in den mit dem romanischen Bauvorgang verbundenen Füllschichten belegen die Existenz von Vorgängerbauten. Das bei der Fundamentierung und Errichtung der romanischen Fassade bewahrte ältere Mauerwerk lässt erkennen, dass die heutige Abteikirche weit über die frühere Nordbegrenzung des Klosterbereichs hinaus auf den nach Süden anschließenden Kreuzgang übergriff. Im Areal des zukünftigen Kreuzganghofes befand sich ehemals ein auf einer frühmittelalterlichen Geländeanschüttung angelegter vorkarolingischer Bau, der jedoch bereits nicht mehr bestand, als im 10. Jh an derselben Stelle mehrere große Vorratsgruben ausgehoben wurden. Zwar deuten geringfügige Spuren auf eine Bebauung vor dem 12. Jahrhundert, doch stellt die Errichtung der Klausurgebäude und des Kreuzganges mit dessen gleichzeitig beginnender Nutzung als Friedhof einen tiefgreifenden Wendepunkt in der Bebauungs-und Nutzungsgeschichte dieses Bereichs dar. Reste qualitätvoller Bauplastik im Stil der Fassaden-und Chorskulptur sowie Baubefunde lassen vermuten, dass die mit der heutigen Abteikirche neu errichtete Nordgalerie des Kreuzgangs einen vergleichbaren Skulpturenschmuck besaß. Noch vor der französischen Revolution besiegelte die Zerstörung der bis zur Fundamentsohle ausgebrochenen Arkadenmauern sowie die offensichtliche Verwertung der zerkleinerten Säulen und zu rekonstruierenden Grabmonumenten als Rohmaterial für die Kalkbrennerei das Schicksal des Kreuzganges, der schon seit geraumer Zeit als Laienfriedhof genutzt wurde. Die Reste der seit der Säkularisation 1538 aufgegebenen und zweckentfremdeten Klausurgebäude wurden wenig später als Bien National verkauft.
Les fragments de sculpture architecturale issus des fouilles du cloître de l’ancienne abbaye de Saint-Gilles-du-Gard
Authors: Hartmann-Virnich Andreas , Bonetti Marie-Pierre
Published: January 2017

The fragments of architectural sculpture found during the excavation of the cloister of the former abbey of Saint-Gilles-du-Gard.

The excavation of the cloister of the former abbey of Saint-Gilles yielded several fragments of sculptures and inscriptions abandoned as trench rubble filling during the late-eighteenth-century demolition. The small size of the pieces suggests that the stones were broken up intentionally, probably for use as quick lime, as a thick layer of ash found in the same stratigraphic context seems to attest. The fragments, found in the vicinity of the north gallery, come from architectural elements that probably formed the arcades of that gallery in the cloister. The style of the sculpture indicates that that gallery was rebuilt while work on the crypt was coming to an end. It is difficult, however, to reconstruct the emplacement of the fragments. The double colonnettes, cylindrical or polygonal, must have alternated either with rectangular pillars or with four clustered colonnettes, following a rhythm and disposition that remain hypothetical. Even more enigmatic is the original emplacement of the rare figural fragments, stylistically similar to the sculpture of the façade, but also to the portal and cloister of Saint-Trophime at Arles.
Chanter pour soi : la tïzïta du berger (Gojjam)
Authors: Morand Katell
Published: January 2017

How can we study a music which is not meant to be listened to ? This paper looks into the musical practice of the West Gojjam's Amhara shepherds. Alone with their cows, far from their villages, they play the flute, sing and remember other musical events which occured in their own past. This paper studies the relationships between the different musical genres, the associated representations, the features of the shepherds's memories, and the latters' positions in the village society, and tries to comprehend what it means to « have tïzïta ».
Qǝne et 'aqʷaqʷam dans la liturgie de l'Église chrétienne d'Éthiopie : réalisation musicale d'un texte improvisé
Authors: Damon-Guillot Anne
Published: January 2017

Si le terme de qǝne ("poésie") recouvre un corpus de textes improvisés destinés à être chantés dans la liturgie de l'Église d'Éthiopie, 'aqʷaqʷam ('comment se tenir debout') renvoie à une pratique musicale consistant à réaliser des textes liturgiques avec une ligne mélodico-rythmique et un accompagnement instrumental et gestuel spécifiques. Les textes relevant de qǝne sont exécutés "en 'aqʷaqʷam" lors de célébrations annuelles. L'article propose l'étude de deux chants de qǝne réalisés en 'aqʷaqʷam. Le premier, codifié par écrit, fait office de modèle. Le second a été improvisé par un chef de chantres lors d'un terrain de recherche. Il s'agit d'une part de décrire les différentes modalités d'exécution des textes liturgiques. D 'autre part, en dégageant les contraintes textuelles et musicales inhérentes à chacune des deux pièces étudiées, je tente de définir le système référentiel et cognitif mis enjeu dans la réalisation musicale d'un texte improvisé.
Recherches en cours sur les transformations contemporaines de l'agriculture éthiopienne
Authors: Cochet Hubert
Published: January 2017

Bien que les graves difficultés de l'agriculture éthiopienne soient souvent évoquées dans la littérature scientifique et régulièrement rappelées par chaque crise alimentaire, les transformations contemporaines de l'agriculture éthiopienne sont encore trop peu étudiées, notamment dans leurs dimensions à la fois diachronique et spatiale. A partir d'un certain nombre de travaux de recherche localisée, réalisés dans différentes régions rurales du pays, cet article propose une méthode d'approche renouvelée de la dynamique des systèmes agraires éthiopiens. En tentant, à titre d'exemple, une première synthèse thématique réalisée sur la base de ces travaux de terrain approfondis, il propose un éclairage repensé sur les transformations et les contradictions de l'usage quasi-généralisé de la traction attelée dans ce pays.
Pre-Aksumite Inscriptions from Mäqabǝr Ga‘ǝwa (Tigrai, Ethiopia)
Authors: Gebre Selassie Yohannes , Gajda Iwona , Hiluf Berhe
Published: January 2017

This article presents some preliminary epigraphic results from salvage excavations carried out in 2007 at the site of Maqabər Ga‘əwa situated in the eastern zone of the Regional State of Tigrai, 7 km from the town of Wuqro. The inscriptions and the objects belonged to a temple of Almaqah, the principal god of the kingdom of Saba ʾ in Southern Arabia, who was also venerated in ancient Ethiopia. The author of one of the inscriptions is the king W ʿ rn son of Rd ʾ m whose reign is otherwise unattested. On paleographical grounds, judging from comparable inscriptions in the South Arabian alphabet, the inscribed objects can be dated to approximately the 7th or the 6th centuries BC.
Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer: Results from a Recent Survey
Authors: Pankhurst Richard , Breternitz Hartwig
Published: January 2017

and early 16th century Ethiopia and describes the results of a field survey aimed at locating this important Ethiopian capital in South Shoa, close to Addis Ababa, today Ethiopia’s capital. Basing themselves on an analysis of historic sources and satellite imagery, geographic considerations and practical field surveys, the authors identified new sites which seem to reach back to pre-medieval times and demonstrate the long and as yet unknown history of this part of Ethiopia. However, it proved impossible to locate Barara and further research is necessary to improve our knowledge of medieval Christian “ cities” in Ethiopia and to unveil the yet unstudied pre-medieval history of this area which formed obviously for long a crossroads for people and cultures.
Les cheminots éthiopiens francophones en Éthiopie. Discours et identité plurielle d’une petite communauté linguistique
Authors: Miguel-Addisu Véronique
Published: January 2017

Ethiopian french-speaking railwaymen in Ethiopia ;

Through a qualitative analysis of interviews in French with Ethiopian rail workers, I propose to examine the links built up between French language and railway identity in a non-francophone context. The railway track between Djibouti and Addis Ababa has been built at the beginning of the 20th century by French engineers who have imported their language as a working language. Little by little, French has been imposed as a language with a professional prestige, associated with Amharic, the largest spoken language in Ethiopia. The rail workers remember that time as a myth : the myth of a “ golden age” (the sixties), associated in their speech with a pride based on francophonia, as well as on their professional and Ethiopian identity.
Une année de Millenium : quelle Renaissance ?
Authors: Bach Jean-Nicolas
Published: January 2017

A Millennium Year ;

The Ethiopian calendar was beginning the third millennium on 11th of September 2007. This year 2000 was punctuated by celebrations as well as social and political big promises. Boosted from the head of the state, the huge marketing campaign once more announced the Renaissance of the Ethiopian state, thus echoing old Panafricanist views chronically used by the past or current leaders. The following chronology aims at replacing, without analysis, the millennium celebrations in the political, economic and social events of the year 2007-2008.
Šumgädäl : peintures rupestres et histoires de vaches dans le Sud-Gondär
Authors: Poissonnier Bertrand , Wion Anaïs
Published: January 2017

Šumgädäl : rock paintings and cow stories in South-Gondär ;

The discovery of a series of rock paintings showing schematic bucrania from a cave from the upper Blue Nile Valley, likely belonging to historical times, is studied alongside with local legends involving bovines.
L’Afrique de l’Est dans la réflexion globale sur le Middle Stone Age
Authors: Douze Katja
Published: January 2017

Eastern Africa in the general reflection on the Middle Stone Age ;

The main research topics on the Middle Stone Age are the discovery of the earliest known Homo sapiens in eastern Africa and the early occurrence of symbolic remains throughout the continent. This paper presents the theoretical controversies about the emergence of a behavioral modernity and the contribution of eastern Africa to this debate. A historical background on the construction of the Middle Stone Age as well as a summary of the archaeological data over the period in eastern Africa will come to back up these comments. More specifically, a review of the Ethiopian sites shows the state of the knowledge on the Middle Stone Age as well as the necessity of a better understanding of the regional and chronological characteristics of the period.
Territories, ecclesiastical jurisdictions and centralization process: the improvement of the Ethiopian patriarchate authority (1972-1983)
Authors: Ancel Stéphane
Published: January 2017

The Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahedo Church (EOTC) knew great upheavals during the 20th century. At first, Ethiopian bishops could be consecrated in bringing to the end the old agreement with the Coptic Church. Secondly, a central ecclesiastical making-decision body could be created. All religious and secular affairs of the EOTC could be like that supervised as a whole. Thirdly, parish councils could be established in each parishes of the country, improving like that the supervision of the properties and the income of the EOTC. These three great upheavals aimed at establishing a centralized administration and participated to the creation of a totally new ecclesiastical administration. The destiny of the old ecclesiastical jurisdictions during this process is still difficult to estimate. So, this paper aims at establishing the consequences of the centralization process of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction definition in Ethiopia. As a preliminary study led by the author, it showed that, thank to the centralization process, the territory became the only criterion to define the extent of an ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Ethiopia.
Catalogue des autels et meubles d’autel en bois (tābot et manbara tābot) de Ṭerāsfarē Esṭifānos : jalons pour une histoire des objets et des motifs (II)
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire
Published: January 2017

Situé dans la montagne surplombant la haute vallée du Takkazē, au-dessus de la petite ville de Kulmesk, l’église de Ṭerāsfarē Esṭifānos est en fait une grotte qui a probablement servi de dépôt pour sauvegarder des biens d’église et a ensuite été aménagée et consacrée. Dans le magasin de l’église sont gardés quatre manbara tābot ou autels en bois, sculptés de motifs géométriques, végétaux et figuratifs. Parmi les objets liturgiques produits et utilisés par l’Église éthiopienne, ceux-ci sont particulièrement intéressants pour ce que leur étude apporte à la connaissance de la liturgie, à l’histoire et à l’histoire de l’art. Ils témoignent d’une évolution de la liturgie qui a probablement eu lieu à partir du milieu du XIIe siècle. Ce catalogue les décrit, détaille les inscriptions et passe en revue leurs formes comme les motifs utilisés.
Le lion de Kombolcha et le léopard d’Aksum : des félins rupestres paléochrétiens ?
Authors: Tesfaye Habtamu , Letricot Aurèle , Poissonnier Bertrand , Fauvelle-Aymar François-Xavier
Published: January 2017

Deux célèbres sculptures rupestres de félins, l’une située près de Kombolcha (le « lion » de Kombolcha) et l’autre aux environs d’Aksum (la « lionne » de Gobedra), sont connues depuis longtemps. Ces deux monuments sont ici décrits de façon approfondie, permettant de préciser leurs caractères morphologiques, technologiques et taphonomiques. Le lion de Kombolcha, doté d’attributs non réalistes, s’inscrit dans la variabilité d’une figure léonine mythologique représentée dans le Proche et Moyen-Orient antiques. Le félin de Gobedra apparaît quant à lui clairement sous les traits d’un léopard. La description de ces monuments permet en outre de soutenir (au contraire de ce qui était suggéré jusqu’ici) la probable association de ces figurations avec celles d’une croix, et de proposer leur attribution chronologique à la période aksumite dans les premiers temps de l’influence chrétienne.
Note sur vingt enregistrements éthiopiens (1921-1927) perdus et retrouvés
Authors: Falceto Francis
Published: January 2017

Grâce à Marcel Cohen (1884-1974) qui en était à l’origine, nous savions que des enregistrements de vingt-six chants, hymnes et contes éthiopiens avaient été effectués sur onze disques sous l’égide de l’Institut de Phonétique de la Sorbonne et des Archives de la Parole au début des années 1920. En 1956, il les considérait comme perdus et, près de quarante ans après sa mort, voilà qu’ils viennent de réapparaître sur Gallica où ils ont été mis en ligne en avril-mai 2011. Cet article présente un bref historique de ces enregistrements.
« Indiens, Éthiopiens et Nubiens » dans les récits de pèlerinage occidentaux : entre altérité constatée et altérité construite (XIIe-XIVe siècles)
Authors: Rouxpetel Camille
Published: January 2017

Indians, Ethiopians and Nubians in western pilgrimage narratives : mere observation or construction of otherness ? ;

The rise of pilgrimages, which followed the first crusade and the foundation of the Crusader States and resumed after a short interruption after the fall of Acre (1291), led to contacts between Western Christians and Eastern Christians, among whom were those that the pilgrims called Ethiopians, Nubians and Indians, considered as one group. Discovering these people in flesh and blood in their own environment enabled western scholars to know them better, for until then their knowledge was mainly based on written sources, namely Latin and Greek authors and medieval encyclopaedias. Concrete, realistic elements that commanded pilgrims’ attention were added to elements taken from ancient or contemporary traditions, like the evangelization of India by Saint Thomas or the legend of Prester John, a mythical sovereign whose kingdom was sometimes thought to be in India, sometimes in Ethiopia. These different sources of knowledge led pilgrims to mix up Ethiopians, Nubians and Indians – such confusion reflected both the specific preoccupations of each author and the complexity of medieval knowledge, which relied on the appeal of mirabilia and a questioning and critical approach of what was new and different. The fact that these Eastern Christians were increasingly present in pilgrimage narratives is evidence of their growing integration into western culture in the course of the 14th century.
L’Éthiopie selon Grifon de Flandres, Martino de Segono et Pietro Ranzano
Authors: Gautier Dalché Patrick
Published: January 2017

Dans le dernier quart du XVe siècle, à cause des espoirs d’alliance en vue de prendre les Turcs à revers, l’Éthiopie est au coeur des préoccupations des souverainetés d’Occident. À partir d’une connaissance variable des réalités éthiopiennes, quelques textes inédits ou peu connus relevant de la géographie humaniste renseignent sur les discussions entre savants sur la géographie du pays et sur les tensions entre religieux et séculiers à propos de l’ambassade éthiopienne de 1481 : le Supplementum Asiaticum du franciscain Grifon de Flandres († 1475), connaisseur des géographes et cartographes arabes ; les lettres adressées à Sixte IV (De Aethiopum situ, lingua, religione, De expeditione legationis ad Aethiopiam et de aliis viis) par le Serbe Martino de Segono, évêque de Dulcigno († après 1481) ; les Annales omnium temporum du dominicain Pietro Ranzano († 1492).
Trajectoires d’émergence : « classes moyennes » d’Addis Abeba entre prospérité et précarité
Authors: Nallet Clélie
Published: January 2017

Ce travail est le fruit de ma première mission de recherche à Addis Abeba (terrain de trois mois), à la recherche de ce qui pourrait constituer une classe moyenne dans cette ville. Il s’agit de passages de mon carnet de terrain, des observations sur les trajectoires des personnes enquêtées vivant dans «l’entre-deux » , réorganisées par thématiques constituant ainsi un embryon d’analyse. Ces notes proposent une mise en lumière des trajectoires d’ascension sociale des «ni riches, ni pauvres » , des conditions économiques et sociales de leur émergence ainsi que des stratégies – des plus rigoureuses aux plus bricoleuses – qu’ils mettent en place afin d’accéder à de nouvelles sphères économiques et sociales.
A New Structure of Power: The Message revealed by the Coronation of Zawditu (1917)
Authors: Rubinkowska Hanna
Published: January 2017

Generally speaking, the coronation ritual as such reveals a message concerning the construction of power and the goals of a new ruler, as well as legitimizing his or her power. Empress Zawditu was crowned in February 1917. This ceremony initiated the long period of Tafari Makwannen’s rule, who initially took the position of heir to the throne, continuing his reign after 1930 as Emperor Hāyla Sellāsē I. From this point of view, the coronation of 1917 began a new era in Ethiopian history. At the same time, in some aspects it marked a continuation of previously existing elements of the Ethiopian political scene. These would include the emphasis on the role of Christianity as a state religion, the move towards strengthening centralized power initiated during Tēwodros II’s reign (1855-1868), and the attempt to maintain the dominant position of landlords from Šawā province, as was the case during the reign of Menelik II. The article searches for the message revealed during the coronation ceremony of Zawditu in 1917, including an attempt to describe Tafari’s role in the spectacle.
Les juifs du littoral de la Corne de l’Afrique au croisement des sources (VIe-XIIe siècles)
Authors: Faü Jean-François
Published: January 2017

Cet article propose une étude des communautés juives du littoral de la Corne de l’Afrique du VIe au XIIe siècle au prisme de différentes grilles de lecture. Certes, les mécanismes de la christianisation du siècle différèrent des schémas d’adhésions au nouveau modèle social inspiré, dès le VIIe siècle, par l''Islam ; il est cependant possible d’identifier un certain nombre d’articulations. Les conséquences de ces changements politiques et religieux sur les communautés juives, entre le repli et l’abandon de l’espace public, et les influences possibles du caraïsme, cet autre judaïsme périphérique, peuvent aider à mieux percevoir le profil de ces groupes fixés sur les côtes de la Corne de l’Afrique.
Archéologie préhistorique de la partie centrale du Main Ethiopian Rift : contribution à l’établissement de la séquence Late Stone Age d’Afrique orientale
Authors: Bon François , Dessie Asamerew , Bruxelles Laurent , Daussy Axel , Douze Katja , Fauvelle-Aymar François-Xavier , Khalidi Lamya , Lesur Joséphine , Ménard Clément , Marder O. , Mensan Romain , Saint-sever Guillaume
Published: January 2017

Prehistory of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift (Ziway-Shala basin) : Establishing the Late Stone Age sequence in Eastern Africa

Supported by the CFEE, ARCCH, MAEE, INRAP and the laboratory TRACES, this project, " Late Stone Age sequence in Ethiopia", is devoted to the collection of new data on the late prehistory of the Horn of Africa. To answer to this objective, several fieldwork seasons have been carried out since 2007 in the area of lakes Ziway, Langano and Abijata, located in the central part of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. Over the course of this project, we have intensively explored different geological contexts, and in particular the fluvio-lacustrine plain of the Bulbula river and the impact of volcanic eruption on the landscape and on human acquisition strategies. This area provides an ideal terrain for the study of prehistoric human/ environment relationships in the context of a shifting natural environment (lake fluctuations / volcanic activity). This collaborative program, developed in a region with a uniquely rich and well preserved sedimentary and archaeological record, has supplemented new data establishing the geomorphological and geological setting, with a stratigraphic sequence in which several new archaeological sites have been discovered and studied. Most notable are several sites dating to around 30,000 BP, a period previously poorly documented in Ethiopian Prehistory, and several sites dating to the transition between the Pleistocene and Holocene periods (between 12,000 and 9,000 cal BC). The archaeological sequence we have identified in the Bulbula plain is discontinuous because it is linked to lakelevel fluctuations but also to arid and volcanic events. Nevertheless, the different windows of preservation identified shed new light on a variety of issues regarding the late Prehistory of this area. It concerns particularly a final stage of the MSA (contemporary OIS3) and diverse expressions of the LSA. The signature of this diversity is both technical and economical, around the role of hunting and fishing practices. This interdisciplinary project combines geomorphological and archaeological perspectives with detailed work on raw material sampling and analysis.
Investigating qәñәt in Amhara secular music: an acoustic and historical study
Authors: Weisser Stéphanie , Falceto Francis
Published: January 2017

Since the 1960's, a kind of musicological gospel claims that Amhara secular music is based, supposedly from time immemorial, on a so-called closed system of four pentatonic modes or qәñət called ambasäl (አምባሰል), anči hoye (አንቺ ሆዬ), bati (ባቲ) and tәzәta (ትዝታ), usually presented as a set of tempered or quasi-tempered intervals such as major and minor seconds and thirds. It is presented as an established, accepted and reliable norm, in scholarly as well as in general publications. Today urbanized azmaris (the wandering minstrels of the Amhara and Christian highlands) present it as the basic of traditional music – whereas azmaris of the deep countryside have simply no knowledge about it. This study aimed to re-explore in detail the Amhara secular scales, and to tackle in depth qəәñəәt historicity and its musicological relevance. To this end, a corpus of recordings dating back to 1939 have been analyzed and confronted with written sources. A control methodology was developed, in order to verify incoherent results due to age and quality of some of the recordings. A comparison with the intervals measured in songs recorded in 1976 (by Cynthia Tse Kimberlin) and 2005 (by Stéphanie Weisser) was completed, covering therefore a period of about 70 years.
Un isolat surmique au Soudan du Sud : les Tennet
Authors: Bader Christian
Published: January 2017

Les traditions orales recueillies chez les Tennet et présentées dans cet article permettent de retracer l’histoire récente de cette petite communauté de langue surmique, aujourd’hui isolée, depuis les origines communes avec les Murle, les Didinga et les Larim, jusqu’à son établissement sur la pointe septentrionale des monts Lopit, en passant par son départ de Kapoeta et son séjour dans les monts Boya.
Le royaume du Damot : enquête sur une puissance politique et économique de la Corne de l’Afrique (XIIIe siècle)
Authors: Bouanga Ayda
Published: January 2017

The Kingdom of Damot : An Inquiry into Political and Economic Power in the Horn of Africa (13th century)

Since the 13th c. until the beginning of the 14th century, the Kingdom of Damot was a powerful and rich political entity, located south of Abbay, west of the central highlands of Ethiopia and of Awaš river. Its influence reached the Muslim states of eastern Ethiopia (Šäwa and Ifat sultanates). The motälämi, kings of Damot, reigned over the vassal states of Ǝndägäbṭän, Wäräb and Ǝnnarya. Damot and these neighbouring provinces were the origin of much of the luxury international trade of the period, providing gold, slaves, cattle and food products, which were exported from there through the highlands and the Muslim sultanates of eastern Ethiopia toward the ports on the Red Sea Coast (Massawa and Zeyla) and from there to the long-distance international trade.
Total synthesis of a Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F CPS repeating unit hexasaccharide
Authors: Seeberger Peter H , Pereira Claney L , Govindan Subramanian
Published: January 2017

The Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae causes severe disease globally. Vaccines that prevent S. pneumoniae infections induce antibodies against epitopes within the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS). A better immunological understanding of the epitopes that protect from bacterial infection requires defined oligosaccharides obtained by total synthesis. The key to the synthesis of the S. pneumoniae serotype 12F CPS hexasaccharide repeating unit that is not contained in currently used glycoconjugate vaccines is the assembly of the trisaccharide β-D-GalpNAc-(1→4)-[α-D-Glcp-(1→3)]-β-D-ManpNAcA, in which the branching points are equipped with orthogonal protecting groups. A linear approach relying on the sequential assembly of monosaccharide building blocks proved superior to a convergent [3 + 3] strategy that was not successful due to steric constraints. The synthetic hexasaccharide is the starting point for further immunological investigations.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ELASTICITY TO THE PRECESSION OF A TWO-LAYER EARTH MODEL
Authors: Baenas T. , Ferrándiz J. M. , Escapa A. , Getino J. , Navarro J. F.
Published: January 2017

We focus on the updating of a specific contribution to the precession of the equator in longitude, usually named as “second order.” It stems from the crossing of certain terms of the lunisolar gravitational potential. The IAU2006 precession theory assigns it the value of −46.8 mas/cy that was derived for a rigid Earth model. Instead of that model, we consider a two-layer Earth composed of an elastic mantle and a liquid core, working out the problem within the Hamiltonian framework developed by Getino and Ferrándiz. The targeted effect is obtained without further simplifying assumptions through Hori’s canonical perturbation method applied up to the second order of perturbation. On account of using a more realistic Earth model, the revised value of the second-order contribution is significantly changed and reaches −55.29 mas/cy. That variation of the second-order contribution is larger than other contributions included in IAU2006. It must be compensated with an increase of −8.51 mas/cy in the value of the lunisolar first-order component

of the precession of the equator rate, which is derived from the total rate by subtracting the remaining contributions accounted for in IAU2006 precession. The updating of the second-order contribution implies that the

parameter has to be changed, from 5040684.593 to 5040693.104 mas/cy in absence of potential revisions of other contributions. It entails a proportional variation of Earth’s dynamical ellipticity H

d
, for which the estimation associated with IAU2006, 0.00327379448, should be updated to 0.00327380001, about 1.7 ppm larger.
NON-GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION OF THE ACTIVE ASTEROIDS
Authors: Hui (許文韜) Man-To , Jewitt David
Published: January 2017

Comets can exhibit non-gravitational accelerations caused by recoil forces due to anisotropic mass loss. So might active asteroids. We present an astrometric investigation of 18 active asteroids in search of non-gravitational acceleration. Statistically significant (signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)

) detections are obtained from three objects: 313P/Gibbs, 324P/La Sagra, and (3200) Phaethon. The strongest and most convincing detection (>7σ in each of three orthogonal components of the acceleration), is for the ∼1 km diameter nucleus of 324P/La Sagra. A 4.5σ detection of the transverse component of the acceleration of 313P/Gibbs (also ∼1 km in diameter) is likely genuine too, as evidenced by the stability of the solution to the rejection or inclusion of specific astrometric data sets. We also find a 3.4σ radial-component detection for ∼5 km diameter (3200) Phaethon, but this detection is more sensitive to the inclusion of specific data sets, suggesting that it is likely spurious in origin. The other 15 active asteroids in our sample all show non-gravitational accelerations consistent with zero. We explore different physical mechanisms, which may give rise to the observed non-gravitational effects, and estimate mass-loss rates from the non-gravitational accelerations. We present a revised momentum-transfer law based on a physically realistic sublimation model for future work on non-gravitational forces, but note that it has little effect on the derived orbital elements.
ULTRA-SHORT-PERIOD PLANETS IN K2 WITH COMPANIONS: A DOUBLE TRANSITING SYSTEM FOR EPIC 220674823
Authors: Adams Elisabeth R. , Jackson Brian , Endl Michael , Cochran William D. , MacQueen Phillip J. , Duev Dmitry A. , Jensen-Clem Rebecca , Maïssa Salama  , Ziegler Carl , Baranec Christoph , Kulkarni Shrinivas , Law Nicholas M. , Riddle Reed
Published: January 2017

Two transiting planets have been identified orbiting K2 target EPIC 220674823. One object is an ultra-short-period planet (USP) with a period of just 0.57 days (13.7 hr), while the other has a period of 13.3 days. Both planets are small, with the former having a radius of

and the latter

. Follow-up observations, including radial velocity (with uncertainties of 110 m s−1) and high-resolution adaptive optics imagery, show no signs of stellar companions. EPIC 220674823 is the 12th confirmed or validated planetary system in which a USP (i.e., having an orbital period less than 1 day) is accompanied by at least one additional planet, suggesting that such systems may be common and must be accounted for in models for the formation and evolution of such extreme systems.
LOW-RESOLUTION NEAR-INFRARED STELLAR SPECTRA OBSERVED BY THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND EXPERIMENT (CIBER)
Authors: Kim Min Gyu , Lee Hyung Mok , Arai Toshiaki , Bock James , Cooray Asantha , Jeong Woong-Seob , Kim Seong Jin , Korngut Phillip , Lanz Alicia , Lee Dae Hee , Lee Myung Gyoon , Matsumoto Toshio , Matsuura Shuji , Nam Uk Won , Onishi Yosuke , Shirahata Mai , Smidt Joseph , Tsumura Kohji , Yamamura Issei , Zemcov Michael
Published: January 2017

We present near-infrared (0.8–1.8 μm) spectra of 105 bright (

< 10) stars observed with the low-resolution spectrometer on the rocket-borne Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment. As our observations are performed above the Earth's atmosphere, our spectra are free from telluric contamination, which makes them a unique resource for near-infrared spectral calibration. Two-Micron All-Sky Survey photometry information is used to identify cross-matched stars after reduction and extraction of the spectra. We identify the spectral types of the observed stars by comparing them with spectral templates from the Infrared Telescope Facility library. All the observed spectra are consistent with late F to M stellar spectral types, and we identify various infrared absorption lines.
FORWARD AND INVERSE MODELING OF THE EMISSION AND TRANSMISSION SPECTRUM OF GJ 436B: INVESTIGATING METAL ENRICHMENT, TIDAL HEATING, AND CLOUDS
Authors: Morley Caroline V. , Knutson Heather , Line Michael , Fortney Jonathan J. , Thorngren Daniel , Marley Mark S. , Teal Dillon , Lupu Roxana
Published: January 2017

The Neptune-mass GJ 436b is one of the most studied transiting exoplanets with repeated measurements of its thermal emission and transmission spectra. We build on previous studies to answer outstanding questions about this planet, including its potentially high metallicity and tidal heating of its interior. We present new observations of GJ 436b’s thermal emission at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, which reduce uncertainties in estimates of GJ 436b’s flux at those wavelengths and demonstrate consistency between Spitzer observations spanning more than 7 yr. We analyze the Spitzer thermal emission photometry and Hubble WFC3 transmission spectrum. We use a dual-pronged modeling approach of both self-consistent and retrieval models. We vary the metallicity, intrinsic luminosity from tidal heating, disequilibrium chemistry, and heat redistribution. We also study clouds and photochemical hazes, but do not find strong evidence for either. The self-consistent and retrieval models combine to suggest that GJ 436b has a high atmospheric metallicity, with best fits at or above several hundred times solar metallicity, tidal heating warming its interior with best-fit intrinsic effective temperatures around 300–350 K, and disequilibrium chemistry. High metal enrichments (>600× solar) occur from the accretion of rocky, rather than icy, material. Assuming the interior temperature T
int ∼ 300–350 K, we find a dissipation factor Q′ ∼ 2 × 105–106, larger than Neptune’s Q′, implying a long tidal circularization timescale for the orbit. We suggest that Neptune-mass planets may be more diverse than imagined, with metal enhancements spanning several orders of magnitude, to perhaps over 1000× solar metallicity. High-fidelity observations with instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope will be critical for characterizing this diversity.
Association of Plages with Sunspots: A Multi-Wavelength Study Using Kodaikanal Ca ii K and Greenwich Sunspot Area Data
Authors: Mandal Sudip , Chatterjee Subhamoy , Banerjee Dipankar
Published: January 2017

Plages are the magnetically active chromospheric structures prominently visible in the Ca ii K line (3933.67 Å). A plage may or may not be associated with a sunspot, which is a magnetic structure visible in the solar photosphere. In this study we explore this aspect of association of plages with sunspots using the newly digitized Kodaikanal Ca ii K plage data and the Greenwich sunspot area data. Instead of using the plage index or fractional plage area and its comparison with the sunspot number, we use, to our knowledge for the first time, the individual plage areas and compare them with the sunspot area time series. Our analysis shows that these two structures, formed in two different layers, are highly correlated with each other on a timescale comparable to the solar cycle. The area and the latitudinal distributions of plages are also similar to those of sunspots. Different area thresholdings on the “butterfly diagram” reveal that plages of area ≥4 arcmin2 are mostly associated with a sunspot in the photosphere. Apart from this, we found that the cyclic properties change when plages of different sizes are considered separately. These results may help us to better understand the generation and evolution of the magnetic structures in different layers of the solar atmosphere.
On the Dearth of Ultra-faint Extremely Metal-poor Galaxies
Authors: Sánchez Almeida J. , Filho M. E. , Vecchia C. Dalla , Skillman E. D.
Published: January 2017

Local extremely metal-poor galaxies (XMPs) are of particular astrophysical interest since they allow us to look into physical processes characteristic of the early universe, from the assembly of galaxy disks to the formation of stars in conditions of low metallicity. Given the luminosity–metallicity relationship, all galaxies fainter than M

r
 ≃ −13 are expected to be XMPs. Therefore, XMPs should be common in galaxy surveys. However, they are not common, because several observational biases hamper their detection. This work compares the number of faint XMPs in the SDSS-DR7 spectroscopic survey with the expected number, given the known biases and the observed galaxy luminosity function (LF). The faint end of the LF is poorly constrained observationally, but it determines the expected number of XMPs. Surprisingly, the number of observed faint XMPs (∼10) is overpredicted by our calculation, unless the upturn in the faint end of the LF is not present in the model. The lack of an upturn can be naturally understood if most XMPs are central galaxies in their low-mass dark matter halos, which are highly depleted in baryons due to interaction with the cosmic ultraviolet background and to other physical processes. Our result also suggests that the upturn toward low luminosity of the observed galaxy LF is due to satellite galaxies.