bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Nanoparticles on the Durability of Lime-Pozzolan Binding System
Authors: Tsardaka Eirini Chrysanthi , Pavlidou Eleni , Stefanidou Maria
Published: January 2019

The present research study is an effort to evaluate the effect of different nanoparticles in lime-pozzolan system, in time. nanosilica, nanoalumina and nanocalcium oxide were used in different combinations in this traditional binding system. The paper aims to record the durability of the traditional binding system in time, up to 365 days. For that purpose, the samples were subjected to ageing tests, such as wetting-drying cycles, sea water cycles and salt cycles. Up to 90 days, nanosilica benefits the most of the physic-mechanical properties, as well as the microstructure. Though, by studying the systems in time, the behavior of the other nanoparticles seems to favor certain properties more than nanosilica, especially at later ages. The addition of nanocalcium oxide combined with nanoalumina aids the improvement of the microstructure and the system presented great compressive after 40 cycles in ageing tests.
New Advances in the Use of Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Conservation-Restoration of Artistic and Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Carvajal-Perez Amara
Published: January 2019

In recent years, the development of new procedures and solutions in the field of conservation has been very significant. The purpose of this article is to collect the main contributions of nanotechnology, in its multifunctional solutions applied in heritage, to offer a global vision of the state of the matter for both scientists and restaurateurs.Nanomaterials offer some advantages over traditional products, improved compatibility and efficiency and reducing the use of toxic organic solvents for humans and the environment. Solutions have been developed for both inorganic supports and organic supports for artistic, architectural and archaeological heritage. Especially relevant are the advances in consolidation processes, pH regulation and / or cleaning / elimination of alteration products on murals, frescoes or stone and in materials composed of cellulose and collagen.Also, nanotechnology is still a recent science and has yet to answer certain questions about its use protocols and reduce the possible risks to health.
Ciencia de la computación y filosofía: unidades de análisis del software
Authors: Duran Juan Manuel
Published: January 2019

There is a widely extended image of computer software as some sort of ‘black box,’ where it does not matter how it internally works, but rather what sort of results are obtained given certain input values. By approaching computer software this way, many philosophical issues are hidden, neglected, or simply misunderstood. This article discusses three units of analysis of computer software, namely, specifications, algorithms, and computer processes. The aim is to understand the scientific and engineering practices supporting each unit of analysis, as well as to analyze their methodology, ontology, and epistemology.
Conhecimento sem valor?
Authors: Santos Felipe Rocha L.
Published: January 2019

The value problem is the problem that arises from the following reasoning: if both the knowledge and mere true belief are equally useful, then for what reason knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief. Despite being formulated initially in Plato’s Meno dialogue, the value problem seems to have received little attention since. In contemporary epistemology, the value problem became central, requiring that any good theory of knowledge should be able to explain the value of knowledge in order to be a good theory of knowledge. Recently, new demands to the value of problem arise, demanding that it should be explained not only the reason why knowledge is more valuable, but also the reason why knowledge has final value. In this paper, two answers to the value problem that have been made recently are analyzed, namely the reliabilist solution and the virtue epistemology solution, and I will conclude that both solutions fail to explain the final value of knowledge.
Epidemiologia da mortalidade neonatal no Ceará no período de 2005-2015
Authors: Cavalcante Ana Nery Melo , Araújo Maria Alix Leite , Lopes Shirley Virino Silveira , Almeida Tássia Ívila Freitas de , Almeida Rosa Lívia Freitas de
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Analisar os diferenciais da mortalidade infantil, sua distribuição espacial no estado do Ceará e traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos neonatais. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, tendo os municípios como unidade de análise, que utilizou técnicas de análise espacial e regressão linear para identificar aglomerados espaciais e tendências da mortalidade na série de 2005 a 2015. Os dados foram coletados no DATASUS, no Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e no Sistema de Nascidos Vivos, utilizando-se a base cartográfica do estado do Ceará, por município, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade infantil no período analisado foi de 14,7 por mil nascidos vivos, com redução significativa da linha de tendência com ajuste linear de 63% (R2 =88; p
O espaço da ética e bioética na graduação em medicina
Authors: Bastos Maria Luiza Almeida , Nunes Renata Adele de Lima , Lopes Samuel Verter Marinho Uchôa , Amorim Rosendo Freitas
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Verificar como são ofertados os conteúdos sobre ética e bioética nos currículos de formação médica das Universidades do Ceará. Métodos: Trata-¬se de pesquisa documental, realizada em julho de 2017 abrangendo quatro Universidades que ofertam o curso de Medicina, foram elas: Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR); Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC); Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE) e Universidade Christus (Unichristus). A coleta dos dados se deu por meio de revisão das matrizes curriculares dos cursos, que foram obtidas através de pesquisa nos sites das universidades ou disponibilizadas pelas coordenações dos respectivos cursos. Nesses documentos, foram investigados o caráter da oferta, a carga horária e as disciplinas específicas que abordavam os conteúdos de ética e bioética, assim como se estavam presentes nos programas pedagógicos das diversas disciplinas do curso, para averiguar a transversalidade desses temas. Resultados: Após avaliação das matrizes curriculares das quatro universidades e dos projetos pedagógicos de duas instituições de ensino analisadas, observou-¬se que as temáticas ética e bioética foram citadas por todas como parte integrante da formação médica em seus currículos, ainda que de maneira não uniforme entre elas. Conclusão: Os conteúdos de ética e bioética estão presentes nas matrizes curriculares dos quatro cursos de medicina do Ceará, quer seja no formato de disciplinas específicas, quer seja abordando o tema em disciplinas específicas que, dentre outros assuntos, abordam também a temática ética e bioética.
O empoderamento da mulher queimada por autoimolação e sua sustentação na religião e espiritualidade
Authors: Borges Rafaele Teixeira , Lira Cristiane Silva , Silva Raimunda Magalhães da , Gonçalves Jonas Loiola , Pena Paulo Félix de Almeida
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Identificar a relação da espiritualidade e da religiosidade no empoderamento da mulher queimada por autoimolação. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, realizado com cinco mulheres com sequelas de queimaduras por autoextermínio. A coleta de dados se deu nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2013 usando-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise baseou-se no método de “narrativa da doença” com suporte nos discursos das mulheres. Resultados: As mulheres com cicatriz hipertrófica apresentaram reações diversas e, com os discursos destas, emergiram as categorias: a) “Deus tirou tudo aquilo da minha cabeça”, que relatava a religião como ponto alto da salvação; b) “Estigma em relação ao corpo queimado”, na qual reconhece a estigmatização e a resposta da vítima diante da rejeição da sociedade. c) “O corpo e o autopreconceito”, representativas da não aceitação da nova imagem corporal, auto-rejeição, autopreconceito e a espiritualidade no processo de empoderamento da mulher queimada. Conclusão: A mulher vítima de queimadura demonstra múltiplas nuances em relação a autoimagem e autoestima. A fé na religião e na espiritualidade ajuda na superação dos conflitos pessoais e sociais.
A violência no ambiente universitário
Authors: Godinho Carla Christina Pereira da Silva , Trajano Soraya Da Silva , Souza Cleibiane Vituriano de , Medeiros Natasha Teixeira , Catrib Ana Maria Fontenelle , Abdon Ana Paula Vasconcellos
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Avaliar a visão do estudante sobre a situação de violência no ambiente universitário e os possíveis fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico em uma instituição de ensino superior privada do município de Fortaleza, Ceará, realizado entre abril a novembro de 2017. Participaram 512 estudantes dos cursos do Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Utilizou-se o Instrumento de Avaliação da Promoção da Saúde na Universidade (IAPSU) para coletar as variáveis sociodemográficas, acadêmicas e a situação de violência. As associações foram testadas pelo Teste do qui-quadrado, por meio do programa SPSS versão 20.0 Resultados: Os estudantes dos cursos da área da saúde apresentaram-se com idade ≤ 24 anos (n=393; 76,8%), sexo feminino (n=357; 69,7%), raça branca (n=261; 51,0%) e católicos (n=332; 64,8%). Uma proporção de 68,4% (n=350) participa em atividades promovidas pela universidade e 56,4% (n=289) em atividades extracurriculares. A situação de violência no ambiente universitário foi apontada por 30,9% (n=158), sendo do tipo psicológica (n=132; 84,1%) e praticada pelos próprios estudantes (n=115; 72,8%). Na análise multivariada foi verificada associação significativa da situação de violência na universidade com o último ano (OR=2,315; p=0,004) e com o tratamento entre os universitários (OR=0,476; p=0,048). Conclusão: A situação de violência do tipo psicológica está presente no ambiente universitário estudado, é perpetrada pelos próprios estudantes, estando associada ao último ano do curso de graduação na área da saúde e ao tratamento entre os estudantes.
Sistemas de saúde, cooperação horizontal e o programa Mais Médicos no Brasil
Authors: De Paula Juliana Braga , Westphal Marcia Faria
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a Cooperação Brasil Cuba no Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) e seus efeitos para o trabalho médico. Métodos: Como parte do suplemento que discute os Sistemas Universais de Saúde, apresentar a experiência brasileira de provimento de médicos, o desenho da cooperação internacional e as implicações para um sistema de saúde em construção. Para analisar o programa, adota-se a abordagem do Ciclo de Políticas (Howlett e Ramesh(1) e Bowe e Ball(2)) - entrevistas com atores chaves, análise documental e estudo de caso do PMM de duas cidades do Estado do Ceará. Resultados: Na dimensão macropolítica, as entrevistas mostram a prática e a educação médica voltadas para a atenção especializada, orientadas pelo mercado, com um uso exagerado de tecnologias de alta densidade, comparadas aos médicos cubanos. Os médicos cubanos trazem nova perspectiva para os profissionais de saúde na forma de construir vínculos com usuários e na maneira de lidar com a pobreza e a iniquidade. Conclusão: Na dimensão micropolítica, ambos, brasileiros e cubanos, beneficiam-se de estratégias de educação permanente e compartilhamento de estratégias no planejamento local.
Plurilingualism in teaching and Learning: Complexities across contexts
Authors: Quinn Marie
Published: January 2019

Book review of Plurilingualism in teaching and Learning: Complexities across contexts, Edited by Julie Choi and Sue Ollerhead, Routledge, New York, 2018, 244 pages, IBSN 978-1-138-22849-8
Migration, U.S. Race Thinking, and Pan-American Anthropology
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores US debates over immigration and race that took shape within new academic disciplines and new institutions, including the National Research Council and the Social Science Research Council. U.S. studies of Mexico and Latin America emerged as part of US domestic debates regarding Americanization and immigrant assimilation. These studies of Latin America were part of a comparative project aimed at understanding the ostensibly backward peoples within the United States and the biological and cultural processes of contact and mixing through which they might be assimilated into prevailing Euro-U.S. lifeways. As Mendelianism spread, race came to be defined as biological and inherited. Cultural anthropologists in turn drew on the work of Franz Boas to deny the importance of biological difference. These cultural anthropologist circumvented hierarchical evolutionary views through paradigms of cultural relativism and historical diffusion. They supported more pluralist policies.
From Cultural Pluralism to a Global Science of Acculturation in the United States
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on Collier and the US Indian Service (IS). Collier brought applied anthology into the Indian Service so as to develop culturally appropriate policies—an innovation he claimed was inspired by what he saw in Mexico. Collier drew on examples of indirect colonial rule, including Spanish colonialism in New Spain, to further a scientific democratic governance of cultural and racial differences. Collier and others sought to promote and use democratic forms of Native leadership. During and after the Second World War, Collier, along with Laura Thompson and other academics, extended what they had learned regarding the management of ethnic difference to the Japanese-American internment camp at Poston, Arizona, which was run by the Indian Service, and, later, to U.S. “dependencies” abroad and “minorities” at home. This chapter charts the shift toward a more universalizing view of modernization and its application to diverse groups.
Introduction
Authors: Agyepong Tera Eva
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the arc of the book’s narrative and includes a brief description of each chapter. The overarching argument—that notions of race, childhood, and rehabilitation intersected with the new apparatus of Cook County Juvenile Justice System, and shaped the evolution of juvenile justice in Illinois—is introduced with a case study about a poor migrant boy. His experience foreshadowed the fate of many African American children in Chicago’s juvenile justice system.
Introduction
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

To explore the specifics of environment and labor in southern Vietnam, Rubber and the Making of Vietnam adopts a narrative arc that moves from the French colonial empire to the postcolonial Vietnamese nation. This book’s introduction gives an overview of this narrative and discusses key terms such as agency, ecological perspective, and nature. It reviews the relevant local and global histories of rubber and suggests that shifting alignments of science, commerce, and government affected both colonial and postcolonial projects during the twentieth century. With đổi mới, or renovation, of the 1990s, transnational corporations once again became important agents and the plantation form of rubber production remained a solution to the limits imposed by Vietnamese social and natural environments, regardless of the ideological predilections of state leaders.
Civilizing Latex
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Rubber trees motivated the utilization, and construction, of imperial and national networks of knowledge production that linked French Indochina to France and to other colonial territories around the world. This effect placed rubber at the heart of efforts to discipline the tropics. Chapter 1 examines the introduction of hevea brasiliensis to Indochinese environments during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a process that involved laws marking the physical and intellectual boundaries between forests and plantation agriculture. It begins with a discussion of the southeast region of Vietnam and the study of nature in Indochina during the nineteenth century. New understandings of human and nonhuman natures enabled the production of commodities such as rubber, and rubber production for global consumption in turn helped reformulate the coproduction of human and nonhuman natures in local places. The chapter lays down a baseline for evaluating later transformations in environment and health as plantation agriculture replaced biological diverse habitats with much simpler ecologies.
Turning Tropical
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Rubber plantations necessitated extensive medical studies of human biology and diseases. Researchers at the Pasteur Institute carried out numerous studies of mosquitoes and plasmodia, and to a lesser extent other pathogens, among plantation workers. Race served as an important analytic category for these researchers even as anthropologists were beginning to question the coherence of racial categories. Chapter 4 investigates the racialized society that the architects of industrial agriculture imagined they were creating. It also discusses the interactions in Indochina between the burgeoning tropical sciences and government and transnational capital, focusing on human disease environments to examine how “rubber science” was applied to the surrounding countryside. If plantations were microcosms of the global colonial society, they were also laboratories where solutions to colonial problems were worked out. Tropical agronomy, geography, and medicine, linked by an ecological view of climates and soils, helped naturalize racial distinctions for the colonizers. Yet the colonial subjects who were the targets of these projects did not act in ways that race makers expected. While these subjects could not control the discourse of race, they could appropriate it for their own ends, and they attempted to do so before the outbreak of World War II.
Decolonizing Plantations
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Planners from the United States and the Republic of Vietnam initially looked to rubber as an important source of income and a way to create Vietnamese smallholders, or individuals who owned modestly sized rubber plots. Chapter 6 considers the attempts to create this class and discusses the fate of rubber plantations in Ngô Đình Diệm’s First Republic of Vietnam, which lasted from 1954 to 1963. It demonstrates the persistence of development ideologies that valued plantations over smallholder production and formal science over informal knowledge and shows the power of modernity during the process of decolonization. This chapter also examines the continuing absence of Vietnamese in the rubber industry. Between 1955 and 1965, rubber benefited from relatively peaceful conditions and Vietnamese smallholders began to take part in more significant numbers in the industry. The costs of production, the arrival of the U.S. military, and the lack of practical support, however, meant that only well-off Vietnamese could benefit from the expanding industry. This selective movement of technology shows the limits of postcolonial development and suggests that the exclusion of most Vietnamese from the industry was a product of both colonial and postcolonial modernity.
Singing a Big Nine Blues Revolution
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 assesses the historic rise, ‘decline’, and ongoing revival of the East Ninth Street/Martin Luther King Blvd. corridor and neighbourhood. The work contends that public and institutional actors involved with the ongoing revitalization of the Martin Luther King Blvd. corridor and neighborhood stand to miss crucial opportunities for realizing the equitable redevelopment of the district. The potential damage wrought by this absence is particularly acute because of the neighborhood’s long history of creative, cooperative Black placemaking and community development.
What Is Southern?
Authors: Lear Jane
Published: January 2019

Popular food and travel writer Jane Lear reflects on Lewis’s essay “What is Southern?,” which she helped to publish in Gourmet magazine. Lear praises Lewis’s “unaffected, straightforward language” and remarkable self-sufficiency for the colorful ingredients that pepper her writing.
Polished
Authors: Yonan Joe
Published: January 2019

Joe Yonan—food and dining editor of The Washington Post—remembers his first encounter with Lewis in the pages of The Gift of Southern Cooking. After plentiful culinary school lessons focused on global cuisine, The Gift gave Yonan a newfound respect and understanding for southern cuisine.
Eu Tenho um Pé na Cozinha
Authors: Barton Scott Alves
Published: January 2019

Scott Alves Barton, formerly named one of the top 25 African American chefs by Ebony magazine, contextualizes Lewis as a culinary icon in his three-part essay. He emphasizes her importance to the African diaspora by giving a detailed account of how her life’s work—food—mingled so inseparably with black history.
I Had, of Course, Heard about Her
Authors: Franklin Sara B.
Published: January 2019

Sara Franklin, author and oral historian, interviews Nathalie Dupree, one of Lewis’s closet friends. Dupree gives color and depth to Lewis’s life as a celebrity chef who rarely received royalties for her famous books. She reminisces on memories as varied as Lewis’s manner of dress to her political affiliations while shining light on the vivacious, intelligent woman behind the recipes.
Building an Appetite
Authors: Ahearn Annemarie
Published: January 2019

Annemarie Aheard, founder of Salt Water Farm Cooking School, shares a passion for sustainable living and cultivating her own ingredients with Lewis. Inspired by the simple observations of the surrounding world found in Lewis’s cookbooks, Aheard pens her own brief journal of the Maine landscape.
School Bell Song
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the curriculum, ritual, teachers organizations and culture of African American schools in the segregated South with a particular focus on how the song Lift Every Voice and Sing was integrated into daily practices in the lives of children.
Introduction
Authors: Blair Sara , Entin Joseph B. , Nudelman Franny
Published: January 2019

In the Introduction, Sara Blair, Joseph Entin, and Franny Nudelman describe the volume’s interdisciplinary, historicist approach, and introduce the key concepts of “Documentary Making,” “Documentary Activism,” and “Documentary Time.” On the basis of this approach they find that many of the binaries that have traditionally organized discussions of documentary—between objectivity and subjectivity, realism and experimentalism, neutrality and participation, reformism and radicalism—prove to be fluid. They introduce an alternative model of documentary that cultivates and explores a dialectical relationship between documentarians, their subjects and the conditions they observe. From this perspective, documentary making is rarely solitary or univocal but rather “engaged” in the broadest sense as documentarians converse with their subjects, contend with events, critique their predecessors, and collaborate with other artists and activists. In this introduction, and the volume at large, struggle and participation take center stage, as documentarians reimagine their relationships to their subjects and audiences, and create innovative, experimental forms of art that can reanimate our sense of what documentary is, and what it can do in the world.
Counterdocuments
Authors: Schreiber Rebecca M.
Published: January 2019

In “Counterdocuments: Undocumented Youth Activists, Documentary Media, and the Politics of Visibility,” Rebecca M. Schreiber analyzes the role that digital videos play in building an oppositional community of undocumented youth in the contemporary moment. Specifically, Schreiber explores the circulation of digital videos—“counterdocuments”—by activists who recorded their personal stories and political actions through social media and other online platforms. In this way, young migrants challenged Obama administration policies that aimed to conceal or minimize publicity around the detention and deportation of undocumented immigrants and created an open, public space in which activists could share information and forge lines of mutual support and collective resistance.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

The introduction outlines the basic narrative of the book: how the Puritanical logocentrism of some of North America’s first English settlers yielded to the democratic ocularcentrism of today. More than any other city, Boston reveals how this process took place. A culture of spectatorship emerged just as the urban visual environment itself became a spiritually charged illustrated text, drawing the competing gazes of art-admiring intellectuals, literate middle-class Protestants, and increasingly socially independent laborers. While The Hub was far from the only nineteenth-century city to “give not the human senses room enough” (as Ralph Waldo Emerson put it), it was there that a liberated faculty of sight first promised escape from the competition, congestions, and social divisions of urban life.
Transcending the Gallery
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

Even more effectively than outdoor vistas, indoor galleries offered reformers the ability to manipulate what urbanites saw. Embracing the arts as a form of moral instruction, late-Federal Bostonians established public exhibition spaces to divert the city’s growing middle-class from more fashionable and sensualist attractions. Yet the 1820’s public exhibition culture that emerged at the Athenaeum and elsewhere was ridden with anxiety, as moralists warned that connoisseurship concealed a shallow and fashionable sensualism. To avert this danger, art gallery patrons absorbed themselves in visions that transcended the material art object and the social imposture of their fellow viewers. These supersensory flights from the urban gallery proved a key template for Transcendentalist encounters with nature, epitomized by Emerson’s famous “transparent eyeball” metaphor.
Drawing Forth Spirits
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

A decade after establishing the Athenaeum gallery, reformers’ concerns about the sensualism of public art exhibition culture led them to promote yet another source of moral instruction: amateur drawing. Still hoping to create a generation of pious and rational observers, Boston school reformers such as Elizabeth Peabody introduced drawing in the 1830s as a non-sectarian substitute for moral instruction. Simultaneously, industrial reformers promoted drawing at Boston’s popular artisan fair as a lingua franca for affluent connoisseurs and technically-minded mechanics. As drawing shifted from a polite art to a moral pursuit, critics feared the practice encouraged hollow mechanical imitation. Draughtsmen responded by embracing a more ethereal, Romantic visual idiom, transforming amateur drawing into a medium of Spiritualism and occultism.
A Shared Identity
Authors: Smith Craig Bruce
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at the dissemination of these ethics by America’s colleges through honor codes, disciplinary measures, books, and classroom lessons. American schools became instrumental in establishing a commonality of thought and a sense of camaraderie based upon honor culture that helped to translate into unity during the Revolution. The lessons taught in classes and the rules that governed the colleges became a continuing guide and foundation for the progression of honor as an ethical concept throughout early America. This is the first study of its kind and shows how early college rules would directly impact the patriots’ behavior during the Revolution.
Maintaining Moral Superiority
Authors: Smith Craig Bruce
Published: January 2019

This section analyzes the early years of the Revolution, including the ethics of the war and Americans’ attention to maintaining moral superiority. It shows that the patriots wanted to win, but win well. They wanted the new country to succeed, but not at the cost of honor or virtue. Thus, this chapter shows attempts to discourage the old European notions of honor that still existed in favor of the democratized version. It shows how ethical ideals played a role in all aspects of military establishment from battlefield tactics, to the treatment of prisoners, to the recruitment of soldiers. It also presents an expansion of honor and a broadening of ethics as part of a wider social revolution that included those of different genders, races, and classes as equal participants and claimants to honor. It looks at martial and civil policies that enforced conduct and recognized women’s and African Americans’ contributions. All people could claim their share of honor and virtue through proper conduct, duty to the nation, and, above all, ethical behavior.
From Tension to Victory
Authors: Smith Craig Bruce
Published: January 2019

This part studies the persistence of the old order of honor, dishonor, and the loss of virtue during the middle–late years of the war. It presents the varying conceptions of honor and virtue that existed, and the internal and societal battles between the old and new concepts. This chapter also notes contestation between within the martial and civilian society over who best exemplified America’s lofty principles—a conflict that remained until Benedict Arnold’s treason at West Point refocused the country. It advances a new claim that Arnold’s treason was vital to America’s winning the war by helping to formalize a unified image of dishonor and thereby revive the country’s focus on egalitarian ethics.
You Know about What It’s Like to Need a Good House
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Recognizing the limitations of Wednesdays in Mississippi's personal approach to creating racial change, the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) helped WIMS re-envision itself as "Workshops in Mississippi." Workshops in Mississippi connected grassroots, local, and impoverished women with government officials and private foundations to help the women implement self help programs. Also, following NCNW's securing of tax-exempt status in May 1966 (retroactively to December 1965), it won a $300,000 Ford Foundation grant for Project Womanpower, a program to bring together black women across to the country to strengthen their community activism. Finally, NCNW created the Commission on Community Cooperation, which hosted a series of workshops in the aftermath of the 1967 Newark and Patterson rebellions. Through these workshops in the late 1960s, NCNW leadership embraced a new model of community expert as a local and/or impoverished woman who understood poverty first-hand.
But If You Have a Pig in Your Backyard … Nobody Can Push You Around
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Following its local workshops in the late 1960s, the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) began to create self-help community programs. This chapter focuses on NCNW's programs in Mississippi--a pig bank for Fannie Lou Hamer's Sunflower County Freedom Farm; low-income home ownership (also known as Turnkey III); and childcare centers in Okolona, Ruleville, and Jackson. To fund these programs, the NCNW utilized financial support from public sources--such as the federal government--and private sources--such as foundations, businesses, and voluntary organizations. Drawing upon its new concept of grassroots expertise as well as the War on Poverty concept of "maximum feasible participation" of the poor, the NCNW recruited local civil rights women such as Fannie Lou Hamer and Unita Blackwell to lead these programs that provided black communities with much-needed food, housing, and childcare. The NCNW's efforts boosted Mississippi women's interest in the larger national organization.
Sex, Death, and the Sea
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the late medieval cultural and legal contexts that shaped ideas about pearls and laws governing their harvesting and use in Iberia and Europe more generally. It focuses on two sources in particular. The first is Pliny the Elder’s Natural History and its emphasis on pearls’ sensual, maritime origin as the product of living organisms (oysters) associated with female sexuality as well as the allure and danger of the sea. The second work at the chapter’s heart is the thirteenth-century Spanish law code known as the Siete Partidas, which would form the basis of the capitulaciones (or sailing orders) that Columbus agreed upon with Spain’s monarchs Ferdinand and Isabel before sailing in 1492. The chapter also considers the words for pearls that were in circulation in Spain in 1492 and contained within Antonio de Nebrija’s Castilian Grammar, published that year. As Nebrija acknowledged explicitly, the Grammar stood as a testament to the growing importance of vernacular language and the centrality of language itself to the extension of power. Vernacular language (including the words for pearls) and practice would be transformed by the encounter with the Americas.
“Regardless of Gender, Class, Color, and Condition”
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter turns to pearl consumption practices in the seventeenth century and considers what they reveal about the overlap between personal and imperial approaches to the custodianship of value. Drawing on personal correspondence of high-ranking diplomats, smugglers, widows, and children in Spain, as well as Inquisition records from Lima and Cartagena, the inventories of London goldsmiths, and Amsterdam-based Sephardic jewelers’ ledgers, it shows that the use and exchange of pearls among families, friends, and business associates reflected highly contextual assessments of value and worth. The personal political economies that pearls illuminated were often, if not always, at odds with official assessments of the jewel, which tried to remove them from their context and assign them arbitrary financial valuations. In art, pearls could be used to explore the supposed nature of different types of subjects, but in reality they figured in the socially embedded wealth husbandry practices of people of diverse backgrounds and means. The sixteen thousand smuggled pearls discovered in a small lead box that sank in 1622 with the Spanish galleon Santa Margarita illustrate the tremendous variety of the jewel, their subjective appeal, and their accessibility.
“A Few More or Less Make No Difference”
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers how pearls’ subjective beauty, their complex and mysterious origins, and their powerful association with mastery of the seas allowed them to remain a powerful heuristic device for the expression of ideas about mutability, worth, and the nature of different places and peoples around the world. As empires moved to objectify profit and regulate the role of subjects in new ways, pearls continued to serve as a useful index (elenco in Spanish, a word Pliny the Elder employed to denote an elongated pearl but that, by the early seventeenth century, had come to stand for the very impulse to order and compartmentalize that the jewel provoked) of peoples’ highly independent and contingent calculations of worth. Through a consideration of crown-sponsored pearl-fishing interventions in the Scottish Highlands and along Swedish rivers close to the city of Gothenburg, this chapter traces how pearls continued to facilitate the expression of distinct approaches to resource husbandry at scales personal and imperial. The chapter further explores the late-seventeenth-century market for pearls in London and the jewel’s unstable political and economic value as expressed in private correspondence as well as in portraits of women and enslaved bodies whose value was considered impermanent and for purchase..
Orchestrating Change, 1847–1848
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A.
Published: January 2019

In 1847-1848, the Posts participated in numerous efforts to advance social justice and religious liberty. When Douglass launched the North Star in Rochester, the Posts were drawn further into interracial circles. Douglass’s co-editor, William Nell lived with the Posts; and he and Amy became fast friends. Douglass’ coverage of European revolutions and critiques of he Mexican-American War tied local radicals to international struggles. The Posts’ daughter Mary and her husband William Hallowell and Amy’s sister Sarah joined in activist ventures. They also helped with housework and childcare as Amy participated in dozens of WNYASS antislavery fairs and annual Emancipation Day celebrations; joined Douglass, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Woman’s Rights Convention; embraced spiritualism and the newly-established Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends; assisted fugitive slaves; and led efforts to organize the Rochester Woman’s Rights Convention and a local Working Women’s Protective Union. The Posts lived their politics at home, boycotting slave-produced goods and inviting their household workers to join in their activities. Although Douglass and Nell joined Post in advocating woman’s rights, Amy was unable to induce local African American women to participate in these activities.
Our Church Is Cleaning Up after Katrina
Authors: Hudnut-Beumler James
Published: January 2019

Hurricane Katrina inundated southern Louisiana and Gulf Coast Mississippi with devastating storm surges and flooding, resulting in death, displacement, and untold destruction. Survivors felt let down by the federal government’s ineptitude at emergency management and by their insurance companies. The only counterpoint to the pervasive experience of abandonment was the unending efforts made by people of faith and other voluntary groups. As helpful as outside volunteers proved, the disaster also led to new imaginative efforts at community building and overcoming poverty, distrust, corruption, and racial injustice in which religious leaders from inside the community took leading roles.
A Recognized and Respected Part of the Body Politic
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter documents the aftermath of Butler’s defeat for reelection in 1883. Butler’s supporters and a growing group of black independents backed Grover Cleveland for president of the United States. They hoped that Cleveland’s election would inaugurate a national black commitment to political independence and push the national Democratic Party towards a pro-civil rights agenda. Black Bostonians worked with like-minded activists in other states to leverage black political power towards recognition from the Cleveland administration. Despite some success, the limited gains in black rights during the Cleveland administration illuminated the limits of siding with the Democratic Party.
For Ireland’s Cause
Authors: Bergeson-Lockwood Millington W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the successful formation of black and Irish politics coalitions in the city. It argues that interethnic coalition building was important for attaining political power and that black and Irish residents came together over ideas of a shared history of oppression, mutual support for Democratic politics, and their remembrance of sacrifice during the American Revolution. This chapter belies the assumption that Irish political power was antagonistic to the goals of African Americans or that Boston’s Irish founded political strength by wholly embracing white racism.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

The introduction established the main argument of the book, which is that the U.S. Navy’s charts and its chart-making throughout the nineteenth century were integral to the expansion of American oceanic empire even as such effort exposed the limits of science practice, seafaring, and war-making in a dynamic, dangerous marine environment. The Navy and the broader American maritime world’s encounter with the ocean, mediated through science, was integral to the way mariners, navigators, and naval officers thought of an emerging maritime empire first in commercial terms and, by the late nineteenth century, in new geo-strategic terms. The introduction also places the larger work within the historiographies of military, maritime, and naval history as well as environmental history and the history of science and cartography, seeking to establish historiographical and methodological bridges among these sub-fields.
Empire of Commerce and Science
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the voyage of the United States Exploration Expedition, 1838-1842, focusing specifically on its hydrographic survey of the Fiji Islands in the summer of 1840. The coral reef-infested waters of the Fijis were among the most notorious in the Euro-American maritime world. They had long been ill-charted, and the Fijians themselves were widely rumored to be cannibals. This chapter argues that the American expedition sought to impose order on this dangerous marine environment through its hydrographic surveying, a fidelity to the precision of their methods, and, if necessary, by using the military power of this scientific expedition. Throughout the survey, the Americans’ faith in the precision of their work and the charts that derived from them was continually undermined by the agency of the marine environment and by the Fijian people themselves. Even as the American sought to open this ocean wilderness to expanding American trade in the islands by bringing order not just to the surrounding waters but to the cultural practice of Fijian cannibalism in a wide-ranging survey, they nevertheless had to resort to both science and violence when two American officers were attacked and killed.
’Twixt the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the full emergence of hydrographic surveying, charts, and knowledge of the marine environment as a strategic imperative that underpinned American empire broadly and naval operations specifically during the Spanish-American-Philippine War, 1898-1902. The emergence of a modern steam-powered, steel-hulled fleet complemented new ideas about the United States’ role in the world and the size of its navy in the writings of the naval theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan. During the War with Spain, a close look at the operations of the U.S. Navy’s blockade of Cuba highlights the significance of the marine environment amid a poorly-charted, circuitous and dangerous coastal waters and the necessity of accurate knowledge of these waters for tactical, operational, and strategic reasons. The Navy found itself similarly ill-prepared in the Philippines. This chapter argues that the practice of naval operations and warfare during this war showed the marine environment to be a dangerous natural enemy, every bit as if not more fearsome than the largely inept Spanish enemy. The Americans won the war rather easily and with great consequence for America’s imperial ascendancy, but the conflict had also made clear that American sea power did not rest far from knowledge of the sea itself.
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Jason W.
Published: January 2019

The epilogue tracks the evolution of naval science and its relationship to the broader scientific world into the Twentieth and Twenty-First centuries with attention to the growing strategic role of cartography, oceanography, and marine science within the Cold War national security state, the emergence of submarine warfare, and the militarization of science in weaponizing nature itself. The epilogue argues that while science became even more central to strategic discourse and naval warfare more generally, it continued to have a fraught place within the Navy’s ranks and its significance was not continuously appreciated among naval leaders even as the U.S. Marine Corps in the interwar period placed strategic knowledge of the natural world at the foundation of its emerging amphibious assault doctrine. Finally, the epilogue makes some general claims about the significance of the marine environment to naval affairs in the present day by linking the Navy’s strategic visions to a marine environment made more violent and dynamic by the influence of climate change as well as the renewed importance of hydrographers historic methods and data as baselines from which to understand the degree of change in the world’s oceans.
The Afterlife of Princess Ka‘iulani
Authors: Teves Stephanie Nohelani
Published: January 2019

“The Afterlife of Princess Kaʻiulani” examines the performance of the memory of one of Hawaiʻi’s most beloved figures, providing a close-reading of a play, a film, and a ghost tour. These sites offer us different understandings of not only the ongoing “aloha” that people experience through the performance of Princess Kaʻiulani’s memory, but ultimately the kaumaha (sadness) that Hawaiians experience because of the potentiality that was not fully realized as a result of Kaʻiulani’s untimely death. The constant performance of Kaʻiulani’s story functions as a form of aloha that reminds Kānaka Maoli of our ongoing connection to our aliʻi (royalty) that is buttressed by a modern thriving cultural nationalist movement.
Capturing Indian Women
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: January 2019

Harmar’s Defeat enraged President Washington and shaped a new U.S. military policy driven by humiliation and infused with vengeance. Reversing his previous, half-hearted attempts to control the Kentucky militia, the president now empowered them. Washington used the Kentucky militia to invade Indian lands along the Wabash, targeting the agrarian and trading villages that stretched from Ouiatenon to Kethtippecanuck. The federal government fully equipped the Kentucky militia and ordered them to attack and destroy villages and crops—and to kidnap Indian women and children. Following two brutal raids, almost 100 Indian women and children were captured and held in a hastily erected prison at Fort Washington, now present-day Cincinnati. The women and children were imprisoned there for more than a year, in primitive, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions. Indians retaliated for the abduction and for the repeated invasion of their homelands by handing the U.S. Army one of the worst defeats in its entire history under Arthur St. Clair. It was the suffering of Indian women that rallied Indian warriors under Little Turtle, Blue Jacket, and Buckongahelas to victory.
Introduction
Authors: Wong Hertha D. Sweet
Published: January 2019

Arising from a period of intense social upheaval and technological innovation, late 20th-century writers and artists challenge inherited notions of subjectivity and experiment with new hybrid forms of autobiographies composed of both image and text. The introduction provides an overview of how disciplinary boundaries have become more porous, leading to a variety of transdisciplinary visual-verbal self-narrations. The chapter reviews key concerns from Autobiography Studies and Visual Studies and how they redefine image-text relations as a matrix or a network with many surfaces and axes of interaction. The introduction also explains the organization of the book: the work of eight writers-artists–Peter Najarian, Leslie Marmon Silko, Art Spiegelman, Julie Chen, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, Carrie Mae Weems, Faith Ringgold, and Edgar Heap of Birds, moving from the most literature-based to the most art-based. In dialogue with historical trauma and its consequences, each author asks crucial questions about American identity.
The Flames of Anticommunist Revolution
Authors: Burke Kyle
Published: January 2019

The anticommunist international emerged in the early years of the Cold War. As many right-leaning movements around the world grew dissatisfied with the US government and its response to the apparently rising tide of communism, they sought common cause with each other. In the United States, activist Marvin Liebman, an erstwhile socialist turned fierce anticommunist, labored tirelessly to link the burgeoning US conservative movement to new allies abroad. Journeying through Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere, Liebman bonded with an array of right-wing groups, especially the Asian People’s Anti-Communist League and the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. Through these connections, leading US conservatives grew convinced that homegrown forces—especially paramilitaries they called “freedom fighters”—were in the vanguard of an unfolding international revolution.