bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemically Room Temperature Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with Anomalous Microwave Absorption Characteristics
Authors: Bora Pritom J. , Anil Amith G. , Ramamurthy Praveen C. , Lee Yee Hui
Published: April 2021

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a great interest polymer due to its excellent film‐forming, emulsifying, microwave dielectrics and adhesive properties. However, PVA is a water‐soluble synthetic polymer making it susceptible to environmental factors. In this work, PVA is crosslinked at room temperature using divinyl sulfone (DVS) as a crosslinker, and the obtained crosslinked PVA (XPVA) is water‐insoluble. Crosslinking mechanism is proposed, thermal and microwave dielectric properties of X‐PVA are studied. The studies revealed that X‐PVA has better thermal stability and microwave absorption properties. The obtained minimum reflection loss (RL) of X‐PVA is ‐23 dB (filler‐free) with entire X‐band (8.2–12.4 GHz) absorption bandwidth (RL ≤ ‐10 dB), indicating excellent microwave absorption properties. Artificial neural network (ANN) predicted RL of X‐PVA also matched well with the experimental data. Electromagnetic power simulation suggests that the microwave power absorption density due to the dielectric loss is intrinsically predominant in X‐PVA compared to the pristine PVA. Further, the ratio of electromagnetic energy to heat energy conversion power (absorption) of X‐PVA is much higher than pristine PVA, indicating the suitability for self‐powered devices. X‐PVA also fulfils many commercial requirements such as bulk level facile synthesis, large area fabrications, ultralight, and inexpensive.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes of Star Polymers
Authors: Aliakseyeu Aliaksei , Dormidontova Elena E. , Sukhishvili Svetlana A.
Published: April 2021

The effect of molecular architecture, star versus linear, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on the formation of hydrogen‐bonded complexes with linear poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) is investigated experimentally and rationalized theoretically. Isothermal titration calorimetry reveals that at pH 2.5 interpolymer complexes (IPCs) of PMMA with a 6‐arm star PEO (sPEO) contains ≈50% more polyacid than IPCs formed with linear PEO (lPEO). While the enthalpy of IPC formation is positive in both cases, its magnitude is ≈50% larger for sPEO/PMAA complexes that exhibit a lower dissociation constant than lPEO/polyacid complexes. These results are rationalized based on a higher localized density of hydrogen bonds formed between sPEO and the polyacid which prevents penetration of star molecules into PMAA coils. Accordingly, Fourier transform infrared results indicate approximately twofold excess of self‐associated >COOH units over intermolecularly bonded >COOH units in sPEO‐containing complexes. The excess of PMAA chains in IPCs and the percentage of self‐associated carboxylic groups in sPEO/PMAA complexes both increase with polyacid molecular weight. Other findings, including a positive entropy, hysteresis in composition at strongly acidic pH, and progressive equilibration of IPCs at increased pH are consistent with the critical role of charge and release of water molecules in the formation of sPEO/PMAA and lPEO/PMAA complexes.
Biological Membrane Asymmetry and its Role in Bone Mineralization
Authors: Clarke Ronald J.
Published: April 2021

The membranes of animal cells consist of a bilayer of lipid molecules (phospholipids and cholesterol) and embedded protein molecules. However, in living cells the phospholipids are not distributed equally between the bilayer's cytoplasmic and extracellular leaflets. Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are concentrated in the membrane's inner leaflet, whereas phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) are concentrated in the outer leaflet. This non‐equilibrium situation is maintained by lipid pumps in the membrane, i.e., protein molecules which actively use energy in the form of ATP to transport lipids in both directions across the membrane. Pumps which transfer lipids from the external leaflet to the inner leaflet are termed flippases. Those that transfer lipids from the inner to the outer leaflet are termed floppases. The asymmetric distribution of PS is particularly important because of the negative charge of its polar head. This allows it to interact with divalent metal ions in the neighbouring solution. Although normally maintained on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane by a PS‐flippase, activation of scramblase proteins allows its distribution across the membrane to equilibrate, leading to PS exposure on the extracellular surface. In osteoblasts, the cells which produce bone, PS exposure also plays a key role in skeletal development. The negative charges of PS provides a template, attracting Ca2+ ions and promoting the deposition of hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, the major mineral component of bone.
The Influence of Microstructure in PHB Non‐Woven Materials on Mechanical Behavior Under Tension
Authors: Morokov Egor , Zykova Anna , Tyubaeva Polina
Published: April 2021

This work focuses on the study of mechanical behavior of non‐woven scaffolds under tensile. The results are obtained in poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) scaffolds prepared by two technological approaches and various PHB concentration in molding solutions. The technological solutions provide electrospun fibrous structures with various fiber morphologies, which cause significant differences in the physico‐mechanical properties of non‐woven materials. Tensile strength of produced PHB scaffolds with different porosity and geometry of fibrous layer is in the range of 0.1 to 1.3 MPa and elongation at break from 3% to 9%. To visualize the evolution of the microstructure during tensile, optic microscopy and high‐frequency acoustic microscopy are applied.
Analysis of the Thermal Behavior of Materials for Orthopedic Heels
Authors: Cotoros Diana , Druga Corneliu , Repanovici Angela , Stanciu Anca
Published: April 2021

The present paper proposes an experiment meant to determine the change of dimensions that may occur due to the increase of temperature of the orthopedic heels. The 3D model is manufactured using ethylene‐vinyl acetyl, also known as EVA, a copolymer made of ethylene and vinyl acetyl, which is very flexible and light weighted, also impermeable and UV and shock resistant. Five of the most used materials are analyzed during the experiment Orange Support, Blue Comfort, Multicolor, Green Relax, and Yellow Soft. Dimensions measurements are also taken five times a day for 5 days and recorded in tables and diagrams using Excel tools.

In order to perform a statistical analysis of the results, the F‐Anova test is used and applied upon the recorded values. The conclusion is that there is a significant change of dimensions in the orthopedic heels materials that might affect the comfort of the users in certain conditions.
Abrasive Erosion Behavior of Some Plastic Parts Obtained by 3D Printing
Authors: Hrituc Adelina , Slătineanu Laurenţiu , Boca Marius Andrei , Sover Alexandru , Nagîţ Gheorghe , Dodun Oana , Coteaţă Margareta , Mihalache Andrei
Published: April 2021

The properties of the material most often influence the use of a particular material to manufacture a part, and the quality reflected in part obtained behavior. In plastics, their diversity and specific characteristics, which are sometimes influenced by the additives used, do not ensure resistance to mechanical stress and some mechanical properties specific to metallic materials. For such reasons, the use of plastics is limited, but research and development in this area show that there is potential to improve plastics' properties. To observe the characteristics of a material and the performance in use it can have, laboratory tests and research are important, and the observations are beneficial. Experimental tests are designed and performed to evaluate the wear resistance of some samples obtained by 3D printing. By the mathematical processing of the results, it is possible to identify empirical mathematical models capable of providing information about the intensity of the influence of different factors on the abrasive wear resistance of the materials incorporated in the samples obtained by 3D printing.
Data Acquisition and Generative Design for a Smart Spinal Orthosis
Authors: Murzac Roman , Doicin Cristian‐Vasile , Ulmeanu Mihaela‐Elena
Published: April 2021

The design and development process of custom‐made medical devices is very complex and often requires the use of additive manufacturing to obtain a customer compliant product. One of the key stages, but also very time consuming in the development of bespoke medical products, is the data acquisition of the patients’ specific anatomy. The current research paper presents a detailed process of upper body data acquisition using 3D scanning protocols, with the goal of designing a custom smart spinal orthosis using generative design and additive manufacturing technologies. The initial captured cloud points are subjected successively to a series of surface manipulation and mesh optimization operations to generate the final working 3D model of the upper body. Each stage of the 3D model is obtained using a specific software application, as follows: *.DICOM images are generated using a 3D scanner software; *STL files are obtained by transforming initial files using MeshMixer software; *.STEP files are optimized using Fusion 360. Shape validation is done by 3D printing of a real scale upper body anatomical prototype using material extrusion. Authors also proposed a generative design process for the development of a personalized vertebral body from the construction of the smart spinal orthosis. The generative study is initialized with the following data: connection type, stress scenarios, material type (metals – Ti, Al, Steel; composites – ABS, PET, HIPS), and manufacturing technology (additive, subtractive, injection molding). A set of 49 converged outcomes is generated after running the study and three are selected for further research.
Design and Additive Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing: Best Practices
Authors: Laudante Elena , Giugliano Giovanna , Formati Fabrizio
Published: April 2021

In the current scenario, Additive Manufacturing has established itself as a technological tool of great interest to quickly and flexibly adapt the manufacturing system to the new production needs and market inputs. The aim of the paper is to identify possible future scenarios arising from the interaction between Industrial Design and Additive Technologies and to investigate the possibilities arising from the use of technologies in production. Through the recognition of best practices and representative case studies, the strengths and critical issues arising in the use of additive technologies will be highlighted in order to identify new configurations and design opportunities.
Biocycle between Design and Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Scognamiglio Ciro , Capece Sonia , De Luca Alessandro , Amendola Eugenio , Egido‐Villarreal Janitzio , Buono Mario
Published: April 2021

The paper describes the experience of research and experimentation conducted for the configuration of a new “Biocycle” bike conceived through eco‐friendly and bio‐inspired design methods and with the support of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies aimed to achieve a customized and flexible production. According to this logic, it is necessary to consider the AM as a valid support to both innovation and growth of many sectors in which creativity and design capacity play a strategic role for original solutions. The multidisciplinary approach and the collaboration between research institutes, companies, laboratories and universities, characterize the design and experimentation of the Biocycle. This has enabled the development of a new bicycle according to eco‐design and bio‐design criteria, by using recycled materials such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), by introducing the principles of the environmental design into the definition of the entire product life cycle and by merging traditional production methods with AM to optimize the performance and reduce the overall weight, costs, and production time of the frame. To support the design phase, also a finite element (FE) model was developed. The aim is to obtain lightweight performing components with compact and ergonomic dimensions for the eco‐bike. This leads to the synthesis of new unconventional shapes and a better distribution of the material from the topological‐functional optimization analysis as well as AM.
Analyzing the Role of Magnetic Features in Additive Manufactured Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: De Santis Roberto , Papallo Ida , Onofrio Ilaria , Peluso Valentina , Gallicchio Vito , Rega Andrea , D'Antò Vincenzo , Improta Giovanni , Catauro Michelina , Gloria Antonio , Russo Teresa
Published: April 2021

The concept of magnetic guidance has opened a wide range of perspectives in the field of tissue regeneration. Accordingly, the aim of the current research is to design magnetic responsive scaffolds for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Specifically, magnetic nanocomposite scaffolds are additively manufactured using 3D fibre deposition technique. The mechanical and magnetic properties of the fabricated scaffolds are first assessed. The role of magnetic features on the biological performances is properly analyzed.
New Strategies for the Development of Multifunctional Suture Threads
Authors: Tranquillo Elisabetta , Bollino Flavia
Published: April 2021

Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most frequently reported types of hospital‐acquired infections, associated with severe morbidity and sometimes mortality. It leads to an increase in the clinical and economic burden of surgery, due to the direct costs incurred by prolonged hospitalization, diagnostic tests, outpatient visits, systemic antibiotic treatments, and often reoperations. The SSI is frequently caused by the suture threads material which can become an infection vector. The present mini‐review shows how the research is bringing new skills and knowledge in the design of new suture threads for SSI prevention and the wound healing process improvement.
Lean 4.0 Dynamic Tools for Polymeric Products Manufacturing in Industry 4.0
Authors: Dănuţ‐Sorin Ionel R. , Opran Constantin Gheorghe , Lamanna Giuseppe
Published: April 2021

In the polymer products industry, new technologies and Industry 4.0 concepts represent real solutions to increase efficiency and profitability through creating the intelligent and adaptable manufacturing system. At the same time, the existing manufacturing systems have made sustained efforts to implement Lean principles, techniques and tools to achieve process efficiency by eliminating waste and continuously improving performance. The production system architecture consists of active production resources, which participate directly in the production process flow, and passive elements, which have a supporting role. In Industry 4.0, these elements form a dynamic cyber‐physical production subsystem, through which different manufacturing solutions can be managed. Updating Lean production systems to Industry 4.0 level is obtained by implementing Lean tools and principles to the cyber‐physical system. This work presents the results of research on transforming a Lean instrument a into a Lean 4.0 solution, applicable to manufacturing cells processes, in an Industry 4.0 manufacturing system.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Shear Fracture Behavior of Bonded Joints
Authors: Perrella Michele , Berardi Valentino Paolo , Armentani Enrico
Published: April 2021

The demand of adhesive bonding as technique for the strengthening of existing structures is currently increasing in many engineering fields. Therefore, the prediction of bonded joints fracture behavior is an open issue for the structural safety of repairs. With this aim, a cohesive zone approach is adopted to determine the shear fracture behavior of epoxy resin interface layer of end notched flexure (ENF) specimen. Experimental tangential slip displacements of adherends are evaluated by digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. The identified traction‐separation law can be implemented in a finite element (FE) code to predict the decohesion of adhesively bonded joints.
Finite Element Modeling of a Semi‐Cylinder Polymeric Composite Product Under Impact and Thermal Conditions
Authors: Ion Sorin , Niṭoi Dan , Chivu Oana , Opran Constantin Gheorghe
Published: April 2021

Composite products have now reached very important production volumes in many avant‐garde industries or always innovative industries such as automotive or aerospace. Composite products allow engineers to adjust the formulation to meet specific strength or temperature requirements of any application. In short by combining specific materials and adjusting them, polymeric composite products can be tailored to any vehicle. Polymer composite products for car bodies have component areas in the form of semi‐cylindrical surfaces. The good behavior of these types of surfaces on impact or high temperatures is a requirement of traffic safety conditions for participants. Paper presents the results of research on modeling and impact simulation of these types of products besides a transient temperature analyze using the finite element method.

Thus, the state of stress and deformations resulting from a structural analysis are highlighted, as well as the variation of temperatures from the transient thermal analysis. This results in suggestive researches images from which conclusions can be drawn regarding the possibility of using such polymeric composite structures in the automotive industry. As a result of the research carried out, in solutions for optimizing the body profile, the constructive typology of the polymer composite product and the manufacturing technology, respectively, leading to the increase of the safety of the traffic participants in optimal vehicle manufacturing conditions.
Influence of the Surface Microstructure of Conductive Polymer Composite Bipolar Plate on the Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Serban Daniiel , Opran Constantin Gheorghe
Published: April 2021

All components contribute to the total electrical resistance in the fuel cell including the bipolar plates (BP). Contact interface between BP and gas diffusion layers (GDL) can influence the voltage losses. It is usually assumed the real contact area of two metal surfaces is determined by the plastic deformation of their highest asperities. The contact deformation of the polymer composite BP and GDL made of graphite paper or graphite cloth, is depending on the complex topography of the surfaces which touch elastically and plastically and on the clamping force the stack. This paper presents the analysis of the influence of microstructures of the BP surfaces on the voltage losses and directly affecting the performance of the fuel cells. For same model of the BP made by injection molding in a conductive poly(propylene) matrix composite, the mold cavities surface microstructure of the gas flow fields have been manufactured by micro‐milling at two different roughness Ra of 0.77 µm (first type) and then, laser ablation at respectively Ra of 9.9 µm (second type). Voltage loss through the BP and membrane electrodes assembly have been investigated at different clamping forces the stack.
Metrological Determination of Torque for Monitoring During Composite Drilling Process
Authors: Bisu Claudiu , Dinu George , Zapciu Miron
Published: April 2021

Drilling of composite materials is difficult to carry out due to the non‐homogeneous and anisotropic proprieties. Many composite materials are subjected to the drilling process and at the same time a series of problems are generated which lead to the difficulty of processing. Among these problems are those related to the errors of the machined hole as well as the premature wear of the drill tool. In this context, a method of monitoring the torque during processing can provide important information on the quality of the process. A metrology method allows determining the torque and its correlation with the tool position during the drilling process. A measurement procedure based on dynamometric technology is designed to highlight the various parameters required for processing.
Flexible and Conductive Materials for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Mocioiu Ana‐Maria , Mocioiu Oana C.
Published: April 2021

The polyaniline co‐doped with hydrochloric acid and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate is prepared by in situ polymerization in one step directly on the polyester and cotton substrates. Polyaniline is a conjugate polymer containing aromatic rings and amino groups. The chemical bonds present in polyaniline as C═C double bonds, C─C bonds, and N─C bonds participate in conduction by delocalization of the electrons. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements on coated textiles are performed in order to determine electrical properties appropriate for applications in flexible solar cells. The structures of coated textiles are determined by infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance device and their morphologies are investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Experiments show uniform coating and good electrical properties for textiles.
Intelligent Textile with Doped Polyaniline
Authors: Mocioiu Ana‐Maria , Mocioiu Oana Cătălina
Published: April 2021

Intelligent textiles are obtained by “in situ” polymerization of aniline on viscose and polyamide as flexible substrates. Intelligent textiles are materials with electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that improve the quality of life. The wide range of electrical or optical properties, and good environmental stability of emeraldine base and salt form make polyaniline (PANI) attractive for a variety of applications. The PANI is doped with p‐toluene sulfonic acid by direct route. The structure of the coated textiles is characterized by infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance device. The morphologies of the obtained textiles are investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Viscose and polyamide textiles are coated uniform and show good electrical properties. After coating with doped PANI, electrical properties of textile materials increase by 108 times. The best results are obtained for viscose.
On the Prediction of Guided Wave Dispersion Curves in Plates for Health Monitoring Applications
Authors: Perfetto Donato , De Luca Alessandro , Lamanna Giuseppe , Caputo Francesco
Published: April 2021

In the last years, a significant interest has been pointed out in the capability of ultrasonic guided waves as candidate tool for structural health monitoring (SHM), due to their high damage detection sensitivity and low power consumption. The monitoring of the structural health through the propagation of guided waves is complex: some wave phenomena, namely dispersion and slowness, together with boundary scattered waves, may mask the presence of damages. So, studying the dispersion phenomenon through the dispersion curves may be helpful in understanding the propagation mechanisms. As Lamb waves dispersion equations do not generally have analytical solutions, the development of a predictive finite element (FE) model can be a valuable tool for the improvement of SHM systems, avoiding the high cost of experimental campaigns. Thus, once calibrated with respect to an experimental test case, the developed FE model can be used to simulate and predict guided‐wave propagation mechanisms in a given structure. This leads to the possibility of employing such approach to identify and localize potential structural damages, that is the final aim of an SHM system. In this work, the FE method, together with an in‐house code, has been used to investigate guided wave dispersion phenomenon in plates for possible SHM applications.
Flexural Effects Evaluation on Hybrid Joints Under Uniaxial Tensile Load
Authors: Lamanna Giuseppe , Ion Sorin M. , Opran Constantin G.
Published: April 2021

Hybrid joints are a wide diffused design solution in the manufacturing industry for mechanical parts connection. The simultaneous use of two different connection mechanisms, such as bonding and bolting, allows to exploit the advantages of both techniques. There are many industrial applications where such methodology is extensively used, such as the automotive and aerospace ones. In addition to the many advantages offered by the use of hybrid joints, there are some troubles that limit their use and require the scientific research support for the development of such connections. With reference to a single lap joint, the flexural effects induced by the joint geometry are not negligible. The inhomogeneity of the joint along the load application direction inevitably determines significant bending effects, the more evident the thinner the adherends that constitute the joint. The bending effects can also lead to excessive section rotation, inducing effects of binding between washer and adherend. Such effect is even more evident in the case of polymeric composite adherends, rapidly leading the joint to a catastrophic end. In the present work some interesting experimental tests are shown, varying geometrical parameters of the joint.
Opposing viewpoints in Maryland bill to lower consent age for MH treatment
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2021

While Maryland lawmakers have recently signed off on legislation that lowers the age of consent from 16 to 12 for mental health treatment, field observers who provided testimony remain divided over whether a preteen should be able to decide on treatment without a parent or a guardian's involvement. Proponents and opponents agree that at the heart of this issue is service access.
An accelerated projection‐based parallel hybrid algorithm for fixed point and split null point problems in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Arfat Yasir , Kumam Poom , Khan Muhammad Aqeel Ahmad , Sa Ngiamsunthorn Parinya
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the present paper is to construct a common solution of the split null point problem associated with the maximal monotone operators and the fixed point problem associated with a finite family of ‐demicontractive operators in Hilbert spaces. We compute the optimal common solution via inertial parallel hybrid algorithm under a suitable set of control conditions. The viability of parallel implementation of the algorithm is demonstrated for various theoretical as well as numerical results. The results presented in this paper improve various existing results in the current literature.
Palmitoleic Acid Protects against Hypertension by Inhibiting NF‐κB‐Mediated Inflammation
Authors: Tang Jun , Yang Bo , Yan Yinkun , Tong Wenfeng , Zhou Renke , Zhang Junhui , Mi Jie , Li Duo
Published: April 2021

Scope

The role of palmitoleic acid (POA) in hypertension or blood pressure remains uncertain. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological association between circulating POA and primary hypertension in humans, and subsequently evaluate the effects of exogenous POA on blood pressure and aortic remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).

Methods and results

A case‐control study of 349 hypertensive and 1396 normotensive children and adolescents is conducted, and found hypertensive cases show significant lower erythrocyte phospholipid POA than normotensive controls (p < 0.001). In conditional logistic regression model, participants in the top quartile of POA have a lower prevalence of primary hypertension than those in the bottom (multivariate‐adjusted OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25–0.89). In animal study, 24 SHRs are randomly assigned to n‐3 PUFAs (500 mg kg‐1), POA (500 mg kg‐1), or vehicle (olive oil) for 8 weeks. At the end of intervention, as compared to SHRs treated with vehicle, SHRs treated with POA shows significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), improved aortic remodeling, and also decreased aortic expressions of NF‐κB and its downstream proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusions

Circulating POA is inversely associated with risk of primary hypertension, and exogenous POA supplementation can decrease SBP and improve aortic remodeling by inhibiting NF‐κB‐mediated inflammation.
Lactobacillus caseiAlleviated the Abnormal Increase of Cholestasis‐Related Liver Indices During Tuberculosis Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Xiong Ke , Cai Jing , Liu Peiying , Wang Jinyu , Zhao Shanliang , Xu Lei , Yang Yang , Liu Jiahong , Ma Aiguo
Published: April 2021

Scope

Probiotics are promising in mitigating drug‐induced liver injury in animal experiments. However, the clinical evidence is absent. The objective is to investigate the effect of adjunctiveLactobacillus caseion tuberculosis‐drug‐induced liver injury.

Methods and results

A post hoc analysis is conducted for a previous randomized controlled trial. The trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR‐IOR‐17013210). Four hundred twenty nine patients are allocated to receive standard tuberculosis therapy alone (control group), or together with 1 × 1010colony‐forming units (CFU) per day (low‐dose group), or 2 × 1010CFU per day ofL. casei(high‐dose group) during tuberculosis treatment. TheL. caseisupplementation significantly reduced the incidence of the abnormal increase of cholestasis‐related liver indices including alkaline phosphatase (p= 0.024) and bilirubin (p= 0.013). Plasma lipopolysaccharide (p= 0.02), intestinal permeability biomarkers including zonula occludens‐1 (p= 0.001) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (p= 0.002) are significantly reduced. The gut microbiota composition is dramatically altered with a reduction of Bacteroidetes (p< 0.001) and a corresponding increase of Actinobacteria (p< 0.001) and Firmicutes (p= 0.003).

Conclusions

L. caseisupplementation is beneficial for suppressing abnormally elevated cholestasis‐related liver indices during tuberculosis treatment, which may be related to its modification on blood lipopolysaccharide, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota.
Study of the premicellar state in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate by nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion
Authors: Arkhipov Victor P. , Arkhipov Ruslan V. , Kuzina Natalia A. , Filippov Andrei
Published: April 2021

Self‐diffusion coefficients of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were measured in aqueous solutions in the premicellar range of the SDS concentrations 7–34.7 mM and temperatures 30–90°C. Average effective hydrodynamic radii and aggregation numbers of SDS in the premicellar region were determined. At C < CMC at all temperatures, the SDS solution is the solution of monomers. At C > CMC, the increase of temperature leads to decrease in the effective hydrodynamic radii and the average aggregation numbers. At C > > CMC, it is impossible to reach the monomeric state by increasing the temperature.
A rare case of multilevel spondylolysis—A nineteenth century Chinese immigrant to Peru from Castillo de Huarmey archaeological site
Authors: Więckowski Wiesław
Published: April 2021

An unusual burial was discovered at the site of Castillo de Huarmey, Peru. The individual buried in the area of pre‐Columbian huaca was likely of Chinese origin and came to Peru as a part of a large immigration wave between 1849 and 1874. Over 100 000 Chinese workers were brought to Peru during that timeframe, to replace freed slaves in many branches of the Peruvian economy. The individual's skeleton showed multiple‐level bilateral spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae. This kind of bony defect is very rare and often related to intensive and strenuous physical activity. The analysis allows for an insight into historical lifestyles and immigrant experiences as registered in skeletal remains.
BMI Trajectories from Childhood to Midlife are Associated with Subclinical Kidney Damage in Midlife
Authors: Liu Conghui , Tian Jing , Jose Matthew D. , Dwyer Terence , Venn Alison J.
Published: April 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of BMI trajectories from childhood with subclinical kidney damage (SKD) in midlife, a surrogate measure for chronic kidney disease.

Methods

The study followed up 1,442 participants from the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey who were between 7 and 15 years old at the time the survey was conducted and who had BMI measurements in childhood and at least two follow‐ups in adulthood. Measures of kidney function for participants 36 to 50 years old were also included. Latent class growth mixture modeling was used to identify the BMI trajectories. Log‐binomial regression determined the associations of BMI trajectories with SKD defined as either 1) an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30 to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or 2) an eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with a urine albumin‐creatinine ratio ≥ 2.5 mg/mmol (males) or 3.5 mg/mmol (females), adjusting for childhood age, sex, and duration of follow‐up.

Results

Relative to the persistently low trajectory (n = 534, 37.0%), being in higher BMI trajectories was associated with greater risk of SKD in midlife (relative risk [RR] = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.10‐3.25 for progressing to moderate [n = 633, 43.9%]; RR = 1.91, 95% CI = 0.95‐3.81 for progressing to moderate/high [n = 194, 13.5%]; RR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.03‐7.99 for progressing to high/very high [n = 39, 2.7%]; and RR = 2.47, 95% CI = 0.77‐7.94 for adult‐onset high [n = 35, 2.4%]).

Conclusions

Participants with increasing BMI trajectories from childhood had an increased risk of SKD in midlife.
Efficacy and Safety of Phentermine/Topiramate in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lei Xiang‐Guo , Ruan Jia‐Qi , Lai Chen , Sun Ziyi , Yang Xi
Published: April 2021

Objective

The study objective was to examine the association between phentermine/topiramate therapy and weight loss and adverse events in adults with overweight or obesity by meta‐analysis and systematic review.

Methods

Medical Subject Headings and free‐text terms were selected to search for eligible trials in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase up to April 18, 2020. The quality of randomized controlled trials was evaluated by the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool. Meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effect models.

Results

Phentermine/topiramate therapy resulted in an average weight loss of 7.73 kg (95% CI: 6.60‐8.85) in general compared with placebo. The weight loss was related to the dose of phentermine/topiramate. Compared with placebo, the average weight loss was 3.55 kg (95% CI: 2.22‐4.88) for 3.75/23 mg, 7.27 kg (95% CI: 6.40‐8.13) for 7.5/46 mg, and 8.25 kg (95% CI: 6.92‐9.79) for 15/92 mg. For phentermine/topiramate participants in different weight‐loss subgroups, the weight loss of participants with ≥5%, ≥10%, and ≥15% baseline weight loss was 3.18 (95% CI: 2.75‐3.67), 5.32 (95% CI: 4.53‐6.25), and 5.65 (95% CI: 3.55‐9.01), respectively. Compared with placebo, the adverse events associated with the treatment mainly included dysgeusia (odds ratio [OR] = 8.86, 95% CI: 5.65‐13.89), paresthesia (OR = 8.51, 95% CI: 6.20‐11.67), dry mouth (OR = 6.71, 95% CI: 5.03‐8.94), disturbance in attention (OR = 4.48, 95% CI: 2.39‐8.41), irritability (OR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.29‐7.33), hypoesthesia (OR = 3.81, 95% CI: 1.32‐11.00), constipation (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 2.02‐2.93), and dizziness (OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.72‐2.98). Phentermine/topiramate also reduced waist circumference, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and lipid levels.

Conclusions

Phentermine/topiramate has considerable benefit in reducing body weight, and the efficacy was closely related to the dosage. However, it increased the risk of nervous system‐related adverse events.
Performance evaluation of Indian banks using feature selection data envelopment analysis: A machine learning perspective
Authors: Kumar Anup , Shrivastav Santosh Kumar , Mukherjee Kampan
Published: April 2021

The early signal of the potential risk of bank failure is imperative for various stakeholders such as management personnel, lenders, and shareholders. This study has developed a new feature selection‐based data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to calculate the efficiencies and predict the stress of Indian banks. The feature selection‐based data envelopment analysis (DEA) model combines feature selection methodology (a machine learning technique), with the traditional data envelopment analysis. The proposed model is able to map the DEA ranks, and the status of both failure and success of banks, and other similar decision‐making units (DMUs). It also helps in solving the problems associated with the selection of appropriate input and output features as well as the time‐dependent data points which usually have a lagged effect. The proposed model is applicable only when appropriate samples of past data of DMUs performance are available, whereby it maps both the input and output features with performance. Importantly, while dealing with the past data for selecting the appropriate inputs and outputs, it is imperative to select all the indicators that affect the performance of DMUs and thereby reduce the number of features using the machine learning approach. The proposed model is one of its kind, integrating a machine learning technique to a nonparametric frontier decision model.
The relationship between foreign aid and income inequality and the role of corruption
Authors: Maqbool Sundas , Ali Muhammad
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we reassess the relationship between foreign aid and income inequality. The existing literature provides mixed evidence at best on the direction, magnitude, and significance of the relationship between foreign aid and income inequality. We contribute to the literature on this topic by differentiating between types of foreign aid namely: economic, social, production, multi‐sector, and humanitarian aid to determine which types of foreign aid reduce income inequality in recipient countries after accounting for endogeneity bias using generalized method of moments estimation method. We also study the role of control of corruption in the aid‐inequality relationship. The study uses panel data comprising of 78 recipient countries for the last 14 years. We found that an increase in total aid increases income inequality, however, when we differentiate among types of aid, we found that the economic sector, production sector, and humanitarian aid decrease income inequality, multi‐sector increases income inequality while social aid does not have any impact on income inequality. Moreover, we found that foreign aid has a negative relationship with income inequality when its interaction with corruption is included in the model. This result holds for all types of foreign aid. Negative interactions between foreign aid and corruption show that foreign aid reduces income inequality in countries where control for corruption is high.
The politicization of civil service recruitment and promotion in Vietnam
Authors: Duong Hang
Published: April 2021

Literature about the politicization of civil service recruitment and promotion generally treats loyalty and competence as being mutually exclusive and considers politicization to have negative consequences. While these studies focus mainly on multi‐party democratic regimes, studies in other political settings like Vietnam show that the conventional wisdom is controversial. Under the sole control of the communist party, Vietnam's civil service recruitment and promotion are highly politicized, and yet it has become more merit‐based. By analyzing this distinctive trajectory, this research shows that the conventional understandings of politicization need to be reconceptualized to include the combination of political and merit‐based criteria and the intervention of the political party. Additionally, while problems with politicization are inevitable, potentially positive aspects of politicization in authoritarian regimes, including stronger political leadership, better responsive competency, and improving efficient governance, should not be overlooked. This research also contributes to studies about the effects of politicization on development in developmental states.
Plant gums as the functional compounds for edible films and coatings in the food industry: A review
Authors: Khezerlou Arezou , Zolfaghari Hajar , Banihashemi Seyed Alireza , Forghani Samira , Ehsani Ali
Published: April 2021

The application of petroleum polymers and plastics in food packaging is exhibiting an increasing trend, due to low price and desirable characteristics. Nevertheless, these polymers are nonbiodegradable, nonrenewable, and require landfills. Edible polymers are suitable alternative for synthetic polymers, which can be consumed by animals or human beings without health risk. Edible packaging can protect the foodstuff from microbial and chemical deterioration during storage and distribution, which can lead to extend the quality and safety of packaged food. The plant gums as natural polymers are able to form films and coatings with good barrier properties against the transfer of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and moisture. This review summarized the production and characteristics of novel edible films and coatings based on plant gums such as tree exudate, seed, and tubers.
Fabrication of acid‐labile poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) nanoparticles using aldazine‐based crosslinker as pH‐sensitive drug nanocarriers
Authors: Arjmand Fereshteh , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein
Published: April 2021

Herein, 1,2‐bis[(E)‐4‐(allyloxy)benzylidene]hydrazine is prepared via allyloxylation reaction of 4,4′{[(1E,1′E)‐Hydrazine‐1,2‐diylidene]bis(methanylylidene)}diphenol, which is obtained from the reaction of 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydrazine hydrate. The final product is used as a pH‐labile crosslinker in the synthesis of drug carriers based on poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) via distillation precipitation polymerization (DPP). These drug carriers are pH‐responsive by complete cleavage of carriers that allow for active delivery of anticancer drug in cancerous tissues. The synthesized new compounds are characterized using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer, and fluorescence microscopy. To investigate the shape and size of the resultant nanoparticles, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used. The in vitro drug release behavior of DOX‐loaded carriers is observed in various pH values and the results indicate that pH‐labile nanoparticles show excellent cumulative drug release during 48 h at pH = 1 as found to be 97.5 ± 1.4% and 98.8 ± 1.5% for drug carriers with 10 and 15 mol. % pH‐labile crosslinker, respectively.
Premedication prior to PEG‐asparaginase is cost‐effective in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: McCormick Meghan , Lapinski Jillian , Friehling Erika , Smith Kenneth
Published: April 2021

Background

PEG‐asparaginase is critical in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy but is highly immunogenic. Severe allergic reactions lead to substitution of further PEG‐asparaginase with Erwinia. Erwinia is associated with more frequent dosing, increased expense, and limited availability. Premedication may reduce rates of allergic reactions.

Procedures

This Markov model evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of three strategies: premedication plus therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), TDM alone, and no premedication or TDM. We modeled two scenarios: a standard‐risk (SR) B‐ALL patient receiving two asparaginase doses and a high‐risk (HR) patient receiving seven asparaginase doses. The model incorporated costs of asparaginase, premedication, TDM and clinic visits, and lost parental wages associated with each additional Erwinia dose. We incorporated a five‐year time horizon with a societal perspective. Outcomes were Erwinia substitutions avoided and differences in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Probabilistic and one‐way sensitivity analyses evaluated model uncertainty.

Results

In both scenarios, premedication was the least costly strategy. In SR and HR scenarios, premedication with monitoring resulted in 8% and 7% fewer changes to Erwinia compared with monitoring alone and 3% and 2% fewer changes compared with no premedication/monitoring, respectively. Premedication resulted in the most QALYs gained in the SR patients. Individual variation of model inputs did not change premedication/monitoring favorability for either scenario. In probabilistic sensitivity analyses, premedication/monitoring was favored in >87% of iterations in both scenarios.

Conclusion

Compared with other strategies, premedication use and asparaginase level monitoring in children with B‐ALL is potentially cost‐saving.
“Don't be afraid to speak up”: Communication advice from parents and clinicians of children with cancer
Authors: Sisk Bryan A. , Keenan Megan A. , Blazin Lindsay J. , Kaye Erica , Baker Justin N. , Mack Jennifer W. , DuBois James M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Parents and clinicians of children with cancer can provide advice to improve communication that reflects lessons learned through experience. We aimed to identify categories of communication advice offered to parents of children with cancer from clinicians and other parents.

Procedure

(1) Semi‐structured interviews with 80 parents of children with cancer at three sites; (2) single‐item, open‐ended survey administered following 10 focus groups with 58 pediatric oncology clinicians at two sites. We asked participants for communication advice to parents, and analyzed responses using semantic content analysis.

Results

Parents provided five categories of communication advice to other parents. Advocacy involved asking questions, communicating concerns, and speaking up for the child. Support involved pursuing self‐care, seeking and accepting help, and identifying supportive communities. Managing information involved taking and organizing notes, remaining open to difficult truths, and avoiding inaccurate information. Partnership involved establishing open lines of communication with clinicians, making the family's values and priorities known, and trusting the clinical team. Engaging and supporting the child involved, understanding and incorporating the child's preferences and values, and creating a loving environment. Clinicians’ advice addressed similar categories, although only one clinician described engaging and supporting the child. Furthermore, parental advice expanded beyond interactions with the clinical team, whereas clinician advice focused more on the role of clinicians.

Conclusions

Parents and clinicians of children with cancer provided five categories of communication advice. With these data, clinicians, health care organizations, support groups, and patient advocates could offer experience‐informed advice to parents who are seeking information and support.