bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The US Industrial Robot Market
Authors: Driscoll L.C.
Published: February 2008

Industrial robots today are probrammable, memory‐controlled, open‐loop several degree‐of‐freedom machines with grippers or special handling attachments which can hold and operate hand tools, spray guns, welding heads and power tools, as well as perform workpiece and materials handling, manipulation and transfer functions. Multi‐purpose memory‐control manipulator products have a price range from $15,000 to $47,000. This is Generation 1.
Precise Insert Operation by Tactile Controlled Robot
Authors: Goto T. , Inoyama T. , Takeyasu K.
Published: February 2008

A Tactile Controlled Robot, ‘HI‐T‐HAND’ Expert 1 with a flexible wrist and delicate feeling that inserts pistons in cylinders with a clearance of about 20 microns faster and more deftly than human hands has been developed.
Robot Assembly System using TV Camera
Authors: Tsuboi Y. , Inoue T.
Published: February 2008

This thesis concerns with a computer‐controlled assembly system using a robot. The system performs simple assemblies, determines the three dimensional position and orientation of parts which are supplied one by one, grasps the part from its respective appropriate direction, and inserts it into the other part.
Design and construction of a microcomputer for an assembly robot
Authors: Mazza Giorgio , Sarzana Francesco , Somalvico Marco
Published: February 2008

The role of microcomputers and their applications in industrial robotics is illustrated. The special case of an intelligent robot is examined in detail. The design of a microcomputer to be used for automatic spatial ordering of objects is presented, and the experimental results are briefly exposed and critically evaluated.
Mobile robots for industrial use
Authors: Larcombe M.H.E.
Published: February 2008

The free roving robot in the form of a computer controlled industrial truck is now technically possible. The use of small on‐board computers and navigation aids frees the robot from dependence on fixed route marking. Conventional vehicles such as fork lift trucks may be modified for autonomous or semi‐autonomous control.
An evolutive language for an intelligent robot
Authors: Falek Djamel , Parent Michel
Published: February 2008

Programming languages for robots fall into three category levels — manipulation, object and task. The language described has the capability for extension to the highest level and is proposed as a research tool for developing new languages and programming methods.
Economic criterion for robot justification
Authors: Owen A.E. (Tony)
Published: February 2008

Analysis of factory costs shows that the labour content is one third that of materials and bought out components. Industrial Robots are a means whereby costs pertaining to materials can be optimized. However, it is argued that the usage of an integrated system of robotics, computers, management analysis techniques etc. rather than a dispersed or isolated installation will ensure maximum productivity from a manufacturing facility.
Three‐year payback makes installing robots all worthwhile
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

One small Japanese company decided to make its own components instead of putting them out to subcontract using a new investment which includes 11 robots. The investment saves £1 million a year giving a payback within three years.
Robots continue to join the Belgian workforce
Authors: Denis F.
Published: February 2008

After last years' boom, mainly attributed to the automotive industry, this year's survey carried out by B.I.R. A.‐Robotics reveals an increasing interest for robots by a larger number of industries outside the automotive industry.
How and where industry uses its robots
Authors: Spur G. , Furgac I. , Felsing W. , Brown J. , O'Gorman P.
Published: February 2008

The industrial robot has now become accepted in almost every sector of manufacturing industry as this review of robot applications and specifications shows.
Transforming blades the Rolls‐Royce way
Authors: Atkey Martin
Published: February 2008

The new automated blade manufacturing line at Rolls‐Royce has reduced machining costs and improved production efficiency.
Encouraging industry to invest in future technology
Authors: Rooks Brian W.
Published: February 2008

The US National Bureau of Standards recently showed its Automated Manufacturing Research Facility. Advanced techniques and communication developed are aimed to help US industry.
Choosing the right robot for the job
Authors: Rogers Mark A.
Published: February 2008

An expert system has been developed by Cranfield Institute of Technology to assist in the selection of the correct robot for an industrial process
Direct‐drive robot motors find some new uses
Authors: Hartley John
Published: February 2008

Applications for the high‐torque motors developed for direct‐drive robots have widened, despite the robots' slow take‐up.
Choosing the right weld sensor
Authors: Birrel Robbie
Published: February 2008

There is a baffling number of sensors suitable for the automatic control of welding. Research at The Welding Institute (TWI) should help industry to make the right choice of sensor for a given requirement and application.
The Application of Tawheed in the Natural and Social Order
Authors: Badawi Jamal A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Tawheed is the cornerstone of Islam, the foundation of its ethics and philosophy of life and the basis of its systems and institutions. It is the primary determinant of one's relationship to the natural and social order. As such it is helpful to begin with the explanation of the meaning of Tawheed before examining its application.
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Authors: Stock James R. , Lambert Douglas M.
Published: February 2008

The International Physical Distribution Environment Involvement in international markets requires an awareness of the variables — both controllable and uncontrollable — which impact on a firm's distribution network. Political, legal, social and economic conditions, market structure and competition and the level of distribution technology available are all uncontrollable factors which influence a firm's distribution planning. Strategy must be directed towards administering physical distribution components so as to minimise costs and provide an acceptable level of customer service. Companies should acknowledge the differences that exist between domestic and foreign activities, and within overseas markets, country variations, regarding levels of customer service and inventory and transportation facilities that can be provided and the associated costs involved. Key managerial elements include packaging and labelling and warehousing and storage facilities dependent upon distribution systems required. Channel of Distribution Strategies Besides market potential, there are a number of reasons for entering international markets — an advanced domestic product life cycle, excess capacity, less internal overseas competition, geographical diversification and, perhaps, for materials/components saving. Four principle strategies for overseas involvement are available: exporting, licencing, joint ventures and ownership. In general firms may follow more than one strategy between markets and as circumstances change in individual market areas. Management of the Export Shipment Export distributors, customs house brokers and foreign freight forwarders are amongst the major organisations involved in exporting activity. Documentation remains of paramount importance. Operating in an unfamiliar financial environment, it is essential that account is taken of exchange rates, tax considerations, levels of inflation and other financial aspects affecting physical distribution; all will impact on profit levels and, if mismanaged or overlooked, will generate losses. Managing International Physical Distribution Activities International distribution management is complex. Success requires the correct answers to a number of difficult issues in order to develop the optimal distribution system for each target market. Planning, implementation and control of all international physical distribution activities is essential to the success of any foreign marketing efforts.
EXPORT INFORMATION SOURCES — A STUDY OF THEIR USAGE AND UTILITY
Authors: Walters Peter G.P.
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the role of information in the export development process and identifies some recent findings regarding the utilisation of export information sources. Propositions regarding patterns of information acquisition and the perceived utility of the input are then examined using data from a sample of forest products exporters.
CO‐OPERATIVE MARKETING IN EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE: ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET PERFORMANCE
Authors: Foxall Gordon
Published: February 2008

The United Kingdom differs from most of its partners in the European Community in that its farmers generally prefer non co‐operative channels of distribution for their produce. The proportion of farm produce distributed through co‐operatives is considerably smaller than is generally the case in Europe. This paper is concerned with the contribution of co‐operative organisational structure and behaviour to the variations in co‐operative market shares found in European agriculture. It is argued that there is a clear relationship between organisational factors and the market position of the co‐operative sector in each country and that this has implications for the encouragement of co‐operative organisation which is an aim of UK public policy.
FRAGMENTATION BETWEEN HOME OFFICE AND OVERSEAS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Smeltz Wayne J. , Haydel Belmont F.
Published: February 2008

This research sought to test the existence of fragmentation between home office and overseas management and its potential impact on the planning and control of social responsiveness programs. Results indicate that fragmentation does exist between home office and overseas management especially in the perceived impact of environmental factors on strategic planning. The findings reveal that home office management appears to have a strategic orientation to management while overseas management takes a more operational approach.
GLOBAL STRATEGY: ACHIEVING THE GEOCENTRIC IDEAL
Authors: Simmonds Kenneth
Published: February 2008

Summary This paper presents the case for a geocentric approach to global strategy formation. It describes the geographic adjustments that are the embodiment of both attack and defence under global competition, and the geographic units that multinationals adopt as their primary organizational units to identify and carry out these adjustments. In addition to actions with local effects, global competitive performance demands actions from these primary units which will have payoffs accruing to other units. The geocentric approach to global strategy endeavours to identify and stimulate these cross‐unit opportunities through collaboration among units and the centre. The consequent needs at unit level for information on the global competitive situation are examined, as well as some common impediments to geocentric collaboration imposed by the design of planning, accounting and reporting systems.
INDUSTRIAL MARKET STRUCTURE ANALYSIS IN A MAJOR MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION
Authors: Shaikh Muzaffar A. , Hansotia Behram J.
Published: February 2008

With the advent of fierce international competition in today's industrial business environment, it has become imperative for companies to reevaluate the cost/price/value relationship of their products. In particular, highly competitive products require much closer attention to and control of the cost/price/value relationship to ensure continuing profitability. This paper examines one such product in an actual industrial setting (pseudonyms have been used to maintain data confidentiality) using a rather comprehensive conceptual framework based on Market Structure Analysis concepts. The proposed framework basically represents the industrial buying decision process which is both multiattribute and multiagent in nature. As pointed out by Sheth (1973) and Choffray and Lilien (1980), these industrial decision processes tend to become extremely complex due to heterogeneity among decision makers.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT MARKETING GUIDELINES
Authors: Bilkey Warren J.
Published: February 2008

Bounded rationality theory argues that classical and neoclassical economic theories are unrealistic in assuming that managements have perfect knowledge regarding decision‐making alternatives. Instead, that information tends to be very limited both as to a firm's alternatives and the costs and benefits of each. At best, therefore, managements can make rational decisions only within the bounds of whatever information they possess; this results in many managerial decisions being sub‐optimal with respect to the total reality. Logically, the imperfect knowledge problem applies to all aspects of business, especially to international marketing since such information tends to be very limited.
MANAGING INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMER SERVICE
Authors: Christopher Martin , Lancioni Richard , Gattorna John
Published: February 2008

Domestic distribution operations have long understood the values of a strong customer service network. Now it's time for exporters to realize its worth, too. A new survey shows dramatically how US companies are souring foreign customers on their product offerings, largely because the Americans have chosen to leave pre‐sale and follow‐up service considerations to third parties overseas.
DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS IN JAPAN
Authors: Czinkota Michael R.
Published: February 2008

This article examines the structure of the Japanese distribution channels for consumer products. It highlights the unique characteristics of the distribution process on both the wholesale and retail levels and shows how historical factors have contributed to these developments. Based on this information, recommendations are made to the importer of consumer products into Japan in order to aid in successful market penetration.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN REACTIONS TO CHILDREN'S ADVERTISING
Authors: Tiong Tan Chin , Ngui Catherine
Published: February 2008

A printed advertisement was shown to dyads of mother‐child subjects of Chinese, Malay and Caucasian origins. The analysis showed that after seeing the advertisement the groups differ on several dimensions such as awareness and understanding of the advertisement, reasons for liking the advertisement, and mother‐child interactions on product request.
COMING TO TERMS WITH GLOBAL RETAILING
Authors: Kacker Madhav
Published: February 2008

The article attempts to synthesise major developments in global retailing and presents a scenario of important global trends since the 1960s. Implications are also offered for international retailers.
SAUDI ARABIA: MAKING SENSE OF SELF‐SERVICE
Authors: Alawi Hussein M.A.
Published: February 2008

Self‐service food stores are a new emerging form of retail technology in Saudi Arabia. By focusing on relevant institutional, planning and operational dimensions, this exploratory study describes and analyses the process by which this form of food retailing was adopted. Data were collected from 96 stores located in three metropolitan areas of the Kingdom, and the results suggest that the sudden proliferation of these stores during the past decade was characterised by the lack of rational planning, short‐term decision making orientation, and limited concern for promotional activities. The analysis of the 62 study variables indicated that differences in store size exerted limited influence on store marketing activities and had a moderate effect on store planning and institutional dimensions.
HOW BETTER SYSTEMS COULD FEED THE WORLD
Authors: El‐Ansary Adel I.
Published: February 2008

Despite the noticeable gains in agricultural productivity in the last decade, people are still dying from starvation and malnutrition. While part of the problem is inadequate food supplies at the national level, nutrition problems relate to physical and economic access to food. The key to improving access to food for the rural and urban poor consumers in developing countries lies in reforming the food distribution or marketing system. The objective of this paper is to define food marketing system parameters, delineate the imperatives of marketing system reform, and recommend actionable managerial strategies for their reform.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW
Authors: Contractor Farok J.
Published: February 2008

The past three years have seen an acceleration in the rate with which companies have formed strategic partnerships with foreign firms in both the US and overseas markets. This article examines the theoretical rationale underlying joint ventures and asks what strategic considerations lie behind their formation. Fifteen case examples of joint ventures are presented and analysed to see how the theoretical concepts fit actual situations.
JAPANESE CONSUMERS: WHAT FOREIGN MARKETERS SHOULD KNOW
Authors: Johansson Johny K.
Published: February 2008

Through a synthesis of research results on Japanese consumer behaviour, this paper offers conclusions about the Japanese marketplace. Insights provided on Japanese consumers may prove useful to marketers contemplating entry into Japan.
THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT EXPORT MARKETING ASSISTANCE
Authors: Rolf Seringhaus F.H.
Published: February 2008

Until recently, little research has been directed at the measurement of the impact of governmental support on the firm. The major focus of this article is on the methodological and measurement issues that appear to have a confounding effect and may account for broad equivocality of the findings in many of the studies. An evaluation paradigm is developed and applied to the research reviewed. The article concludes with a synthesis of the issues and provides specific directions for future research.
DECIPHERING THE JAPANESE CULTURAL CODE
Authors: Rosenberg Larry J. , Thompson Gregory J.
Published: February 2008

Huge US and Western European trade deficits with Japan indicate that Western firms are doing a worse marketing job in Japan than Japanese firms are doing in Western markets. One critical difference: Japanese executives have figured out how Westerners basically think; by and large, Western executives have learned much less about the Japanese. This paper contends that neglecting Japanese cultural factors limits marketing success, and can even lead to failure. Key Japanese anthropological concepts are explained, for the purpose of revealing how they create opportunities or problems for Western firms. Implications are discussed with emphasis on how sensitivity to Japanese values can be integrated with marketing planning.
ACROSS THE NEGOTIATING TABLE FROM THE JAPANESE
Authors: Graham John L. , Sano Yoshihiro
Published: February 2008

The process of negotiation in Japan differs from that typical in America. Americans must adapt their approach to establishing a rapport, information exchange, persuasion, and concession making if they are to be successful in dealing with Japanese clients and partners. Specific recommendations in this vein are offered.
CHANGING MARKETING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN EUROPE: WHAT WESTERN MARKETERS SHOULD KNOW
Authors: Coskun Samli A.
Published: February 2008

East European marketing progress has followed a series of economic reforms in different countries of the region. Changing marketing systems in these countries can be depicted as a move away from an authoritative to an integrative macro system. Most of the countries are at different points on this particular spectrum. Marketing reforms are more specifically related to both economic and managerial decentralisation. Most marketing decisions are beginning to be made at the enterprise level rather than at the central governmental level. U.S. and other Western practitioners must understand these changes so that they can expand their business with this potentially large market.
INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY: THE BRAZILIAN AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY
Authors: Moxon Richard W.
Published: February 2008

This paper reviews the growth of the Brazilian aircraft industry, and evaluates the strategic choices and government policies that have influenced its development. Brazil's goals of military independence, technological development and improvement of its balance of payments have influenced the development path chosen and the requirements for success. Brazil's attempts to overcome the barriers to achieving technological competence, cost competitiveness, market acceptance and financial sustainability are described. It is argued that the government has played a crucial role in providing financial resources and a protected domestic market, but that it has allowed the key enterprise, Embraer, to maintain an emphasis on commercial viability and international competitiveness. Embraer's emphasis on product niches where it has potential competitive advantages has been a key to its success. It is argued that a clear competitive strategy, based on a thorough analysis to the key success factors in the industry, is a vital link between government goals and support and international competitive success.
THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Authors: Terpstra Vern
Published: February 2008

Reviewing the pre‐ and post‐1970 global environment, the author discusses the implications of changes for international marketers. The discussion is organised around the topical categories of international financial system, international trade patterns, commercial policy, technological changes, and global competition. The author also elaborates on the likely future developments in international marketing.
IS STANDARDISATION OF MARKETING FEASIBLE IN CULTURE‐BOUND INDUSTRIES? A EUROPEAN CASE STUDY
Authors: Martenson Rita
Published: February 2008

Global marketing is based on cross‐cultural similarities instead of cross‐cultural differences. For a company encountering markets with similar cultural values it is easy to standardise the marketing program. Typically, however, most markets have different cultural values. The global marketer therefore has to decide how to coordinate its marketing program in the best way possible. This case study shows how a global retailer has coordinated its marketing program in an industry which has resisted the forces of globalisation more than most other industries.
BRIDGING NATIONAL AND GLOBAL MARKETING STRATEGIES THROUGH REGIONAL OPERATIONS
Authors: Daniels John D.
Published: February 2008

Cross‐national strategy as opposed to country‐by‐country strategy may take place on a regional or on a global basis. This paper examines the European regional office experience of 16 large U.S. firms in terms of (1) the types of responsibilities they handle and why, (2) the problems of removing control and/or duties from country subsidiaries, and (3) the relationship between a regional and global strategy and implementation. The companies' experiences have been quite diverse, thus highlighting multiple opportunities but the need to approach the development of regional operations cautiously. In spite of some problems, the future for European regional management seems bright.
UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMER SERVICE FOR INCREASED COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Marr Norman E.
Published: February 2008

Many companies in the UK have been forced to export to survive. A large number of such companies have failed due to their lack of understanding about the customer service requirements of overseas customers. Understanding the relative influence of each of the components of customer service, a manufacturer will be better able to develop a service package which will maximise customer satisfaction, thus giving as near as possible optimum use of limited resources. The procedures detailed here will enable marketers to benefit from understanding the needs of individual market segments.
CONSUMERISM IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Tansu Barker A.
Published: February 2008

The attitudes and perceptions of New Zealanders toward current consumerism issues are outlined and compared with four other countries. Many of the opinions expressed are critical of the existing practices of business and appear to be common in the other four countries. The theory of consumer product life cycle suggesting the development of national consumer movements was not supported by the data obtained in New Zealand.
EFES PILSEN IN THE TURKISH BEER MARKET: MARKETING CONSUMER GOODS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Miller Fred , Hamdi Demirel A.
Published: February 2008

The article examines the Turkish beer market and the experience of Turkey's most successful brewer, Efes Pilsen, within that market. Using the product life cycle, it describes the development of the market and Efes' competitive strategies. It assesses the impact of the government's 1984 decision to reclassify beer as an alcoholic beverage. Finally, it identifies several lessons for marketing non‐necessary consumer goods such as beer in developing countries.
DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERMARKET TECHNOLOGY: THE INCOMPLETE TRANSFER PHENOMENON
Authors: Ho Suk‐ching , Lau Ho‐fuk
Published: February 2008

Using the supermarket technology in Hong Kong as an example, the article shows that the transference of the retail technology from one market to another is highly dependent on the socio‐cultural environment. In effecting an international transfer a retailer may have to be satisfied with an incomplete transfer, proceed in a gradual, evolutionary process and maintain an adaptive interaction with the environment.
MARKETING PLANNING FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Verhage Bronislaw J. , Waarts Eric
Published: February 2008

This article reports the findings of an investigation into marketing management in the Netherlands. It specifically analyses the level of marketing orientation and practice in Dutch industry and also examines the relationship between the implementation of the marketing concept and effectiveness. The results are then compared with previous studies, primarily conducted in the United States and Britain. In line with the research findings in those countries, the present study confirmed findings of previous research on the relationship that exists between the level of strategic marketing planning and company performance, thus giving more credence to the empirical findings in these studies.
AMERICAN BUSINESSPEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS OF MARKETING AND NEGOTIATING IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: Lee Kam‐Hon , Wing‐Chun Lo Thamis
Published: February 2008

Brunner and Taoka did the first survey of American businesspeople's perceptions of marketing and negotiating in the People's Republic of China in 1975. Because of China's open door policy and her determination to modernise, there have been many changes in US‐China business. Therefore, it is important to conduct an updated survey to furnish another reference point for American businesspeople who want to engage in China business. It was found that the most important observations made in the previous study were still true after ten years. However, there are several obvious changes. For example, PRC trade officials are no longer reluctant to reveal their positions or titles and there are problems of technical incompetence, language barriers, and foreign exchange shortage. There are clear management implications of these findings in mapping out appropriate contemporary marketing and negotiating strategies.
EXPORT PERFORMANCE: DO MANAGERIAL PERCEPTIONS MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Axinn Catherine N.
Published: February 2008

Managers' perceptions of exporting are shown to have a critical influence on firm export performance in this study of machine tool manufacturers in the US and Canada. Of special importance are managers' perceptions of the advantages of exporting over domestic sales, especially perceptions of export‐related growth opportunities. Perceptions of the complexities associated with exporting and managers' work experience overseas are also shown to be related to the percentage of sales a firm obtains by exporting. Possible explanations of these findings are suggested and several implications are discussed.
SEGMENTING THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR INDUSTRIAL GOODS: ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Day Ellen , Fox Richard J. , Huszagh Sandra M.
Published: February 2008

Although the viability of global marketing is disputed, the best opportunities for pursuing basically the same strategy across national borders are in industrial marketing. However, because of the disparities across world markets, segmentation is essential to assessing opportunities for a standardised marketing approach. Segmentation based on economic indicators represents the first step in identifying potential markets. In this study, 96 countries were grouped into six segments. Implications for industrial marketers are presented, along with issues relating to using stages of economic development as a basis for segmentation and using a factor analytic and clustering approach to the segmentation of the global market.
A METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURING CONSUMER PREFERENCES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: February 2008

This article presents an approach for measuring consumer preferences in developing countries. The role of marketing research in developing countries and the salient factors which have an impact on how marketing research should be conducted in these countries are briefly discussed. The popular preference measurement procedures developed in the advanced nations are briefly reviewed and found to be unsuitable for use in developing countries. Hence, an alternative approach is proposed which reduces the data collection demands imposed on the respondents. It makes use of pictorial or visual stimuli and requires input from the respondents using a simple binary scale. An empirical investigation illustrating the proposed approach is reported. The convergent validity of the proposed procedure is assessed and found to be highly satisfactory.
IDENTIFYING THE GLOBAL PRO‐TRADE CONSUMER
Authors: Crawford John C. , Garland Barbara C. , Ganesh G.
Published: February 2008

This article examines the extent to which there is a global pro‐trade consumer segment that cuts across levels of economic development. This study, involving two different methodological techniques, identifies and profiles the pro‐trade consumer segments in four countries representing two developed/developing nation pairs, using demographic variables, intrapersonal variables and global marketplace variables. The results demonstrate that there is an intermarket pro‐trade segment among consumers, which can be described by a common set of indicators with a fair degree of accuracy.
CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKETING RESEARCH
Authors: Wheeler David R.
Published: February 2008

Effective international marketing requires collection of large amounts of data from diverse sources and sensitive use of such information in marketing strategy. While marketing information systems help managers incorporate some kinds of data into their planning, content analysis offers a different set of insights into cultural concepts, themes and trends not usually captured by traditional data systems. Content analysis has evolved as a research technique since the 1920s, largely in social science applications. Today, aided by new analytical techniques and optical scanners, which can read huge volumes of material inexpensively; and state‐of‐the‐art computer software, which can handle languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic, content analysis has great promise for international marketing applications.
AN EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE FOR TWO‐DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF VELOCITY OVERSHOOT EFFECTS IN Si AND GaAs DEVICES
Authors: COOK R.K. , FREY Jeffrey
Published: February 2008

A transport model has been developed which is reasonably accurate, and has proven quite efficient for the two‐dimensional numerical simulation of submicron‐scale Si and GaAs devices. In this model an approximate form of the energy‐transport equation is developed; this equation is easily included in otherwise‐conventional device simulation codes, which then require only slightly more solution time than standard models using field‐dependent transport coefficients. Calculations for 0.25 micron gate length Si and GaAs MESFET's show that velocity overshoot effects can be very important, particularly in the latter material; predicted saturation currents in the GaAs devices are almost three times larger than those that would have been predicted using conventional transport models. The model described, and its application in simulation programs, should find use in the design of submicron‐scale devices to properly take advantage of overshoot phenomena.
AN EXAMPLE OF NONUNIQUENESS OF STATIONARY SOLUTIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELS
Authors: MOCK M.S.
Published: February 2008

A numerical example is given of a semiconductor device model in one dimension, with constant carrier mobilities and dielectric constant, and no generation‐recombination term, which nonetheless exhibits multiple stationary solutions. The device model considered has three p‐n junctions, and has (at least) three solutions, two stable, one unstable, for values of applied voltage above a rather moderate threshold value. In this model, bifurcation of solutions does not occur; the I—V plot for this model contains two distinct curves, at least for values of applied voltage below breakdown.
HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE IN SKIN‐EFFECT COMPUTATIONS
Authors: MIDGLEY D. , WALLIS R.L.
Published: February 2008

The skin effect in a rectangular bus‐bar is first computed by a direct method of three‐dimensional discretisation. A superior method based upon Huygens’ principle is then presented; discretisation only of the surface is performed; the eddy currents are regarded as propagation from surface elements through a medium, whose attentuation is determined by the conductivity. Results are compared and the application of Huygens' principle is justified by savings in time and storage space.
ANALYSIS OF A DISCRETIZATION ALGORITHM FOR STATIONARY EQUATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELS, III
Authors: MOCK M.S.
Published: February 2008

Given approximations to the electrostatic potential and the current densities in a semicon‐ductor device model, a method is described and analyzed for computing moments of the carrier densities, as will be used in a consistent finite‐element discretization of the full system of equations commonly adopted for such models. It is also shown how the current density distribution obtained from a Scharfetter‐Gummel method is compatible with this procedure, and leads to a global accuracy of at least first order in the mesh size. The convergence analysis depends only on the electrostatic potential and the current densities being reasonably smooth functions, and not on bounded derivatives of the carrier densities or on a limit in the change in electrostatic potential between neighbouring mesh points.
THE INFINITE BOUNDARY ELEMENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE UNBOUNDED HELMHOLTZ PROBLEM
Authors: KAGAWA Y. , YAMABUCHI T. , ARAKI Y.
Published: February 2008

The combination method, combined finite element‐boundary element approach, is suitable for unbounded field problems. Although this technique attains a high degree of accuracy, the matrix of the discretized system equation is not banded but sometimes densely or sparsely populated. We reported the development of an infinite boundary element for 2‐D Laplace problems, with which the bandwidth of the discretized system matrix does not increase beyond that of the finite element region. In this paper, we extend this approach and propose another infinite boundary element for 2‐D Helmholtz problems. To illustrate the validity of the proposed technique, some numerical examples are given and their results are compared with those of other methods.
PROPAGATION OF SURGES ABOVE THE CORONA THRESHOLD ON A LINE WITH A LOSSY EARTH RETURN
Authors: CHRISTOPOULOS C.
Published: February 2008

A technique for studying the propagation of surges on lines in the presence of corona and a lossy earth is presented. Each line section is modelled by lumped circuit components representing corona and earth effects. The component values are readily obtained from theoretical and experimental investigations. The circuit is solved in the time domain using transmission line modelling (TLM). The results show good agreement with other experimental and theoretical investigations.
TWO DUAL FORMULATIONS OF THE 3‐D EDDY‐CURRENTS PROBLEM
Authors: BOSSAVIT A.
Published: February 2008

Two variational formulations of the three‐dimensional eddy‐current problem are discussed and compared. One is based on the use of h (the magnetic field) and the associated magnetic potential as unknowns the other one is based on the use of a primitive of the electric field. They are found to be quite similar, suggesting some “duality” and, perhaps more importantly, that “mixed” finite elements, which were found efficient for the first case, could also be used for the second. This could alleviate some problems with the so‐called “modified vector potential approach” to the 3‐D eddy‐current problem.
A NEW FINITE ELEMENT‐BOUNDARY INTEGRAL PROCEDURE FOR THE SOLUTION OF THE MAGNETOSTATIC FIELD PROBLEM
Authors: FRIEDMAN Mark J.
Published: February 2008

A new finite element‐boundary integral procedure for the solution of the magnetostatic field problem has been introduced previously by the author and J.S. Colonias. The approach there involved a reformulation of an integral equation in the iron domain as a weak formulation combining a differential operator in the iron domain and an integral operator on the iron boundary. The reformulated problem is discretized by finite element techniques in solenoidal piecewise polynomial subspaces. In this paper we modify the above formulation to obtain one with a differential operator inside a sphere containing the iron domain and an integral operator on the boundary of the sphere. We then consider a numerical realization of our method in the two dimensional case. This new formulation considerably simplifies the computation of the discrete operator on the boundary.
ON ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE NEAR ISOTROPIC APPROXIMATION TO THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION FOR HOT ELECTRONS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR BASE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
Authors: COX W.
Published: February 2008

The near isotropic approximation to the Boltzmann equation in the presence of a constant electric field is considered, with collision integral appropriate to hot electron transport in a parabolic band homogenous semiconductor. A parabolic equation for the symmetric part of the distribution function is obtained and its analytical solutions are investigated. By a choice of energy variables as canonical coordinates, the equation is reduced to a separable form which may be solved in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions. These solutions are not compatible with the type of boundary conditions required for the semiconductor problem when expressed in terms of the energy variables. However, when the original space and velocity variables are used, boundary conditions appropriate to a semi‐infinite semiconductor may be accommodated.
A REINTERPRETATION OF THE FLOQUET SOLUTION OF THE ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SYSTEM WITH PERIODIC COEFFICIENTS AS A PROBLEM OF AN INFINITE MATRIX
Authors: SOBCZYK TADEUSZ
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an approach which transforms the problem of finding the general solutions of linear ordinary differential equation systems with periodic coefficients in eigenvalue and eigenvector problems of an infinite matrix. The problem of determining particular integrals for almost periodic input functions is also presented. This is equivalent to a problem of solving infinite linear algebraic equations. The paper includes an example application of the approach to the analysis of a simple electromechanical system. Results of numerical tests are also given.
MORE ON A SIMPLE INFINITE ELEMENT
Authors: GRATKOWSKI S.
Published: February 2008

Infinite elements are becoming increasingly popular as an efficient and economical means of extending the finite element method to deal with unbounded domains. In this paper an infinite element is considered which has three nodes and is compatible with conventional quadratic triangles and quadratic quadrilaterals. The closed‐form expressions for the element matrix are obtained.
RESULTS FOR BENCHMARK PROBLEM 5, THE BATH‐CUBE EXPERIMENT: AN ALUMINIUM BLOCK IN AN ALTERNATING FIELD
Authors: BOSSAVIT Alain
Published: February 2008

Problem 5 of the International Workshops for Eddy Current Code Comparison consists of four aluminium blocks symmetrically located in an alternating magnetic field (the Bath Cube). Five solutions employing five computer codes are described and compared with experimental results. In this, the most three‐dimensional of the six problems, with no 2‐D approximation to give insight, the results diverge about precisely those features of the field that computer simulations are expected to reveal.
ON THE ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF SYSTEMS WITH IMPULSES BY THE DIRECT METHOD OF LYAPUNOV
Authors: KULEV G.K. , BAINOV D.D.
Published: February 2008

In this paper the asymptotic and globally asymptotic stability of the zero solution of systems with impulses is investigated. For this purpose piecewise continuous auxiliary functions are used which are an analogue to Lyapunov's functions. The theorem of Marachkov on the asymptotic stability of systems without impulses is generalized. The results obtained are formulated in four theorems.
DOTIG1, A TIME‐DOMAIN NUMERICAL CODE FOR THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES WITH THIN‐WIRE STRUCTURES
Authors: BRETONES Amelia R. , Gomez MARTIN Rafael , SALINAS Alfonso
Published: February 2008

A computer program named DOTIG1 was developed for the study, in the time domain, of the interaction of transient electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with structures modelled by thin wires. The numerical procedure used is described and the results obtained with DOTIG1 are compared with those obtained, in the frequency domain, by other authors, using the Fourier transform. The comparison is specifically applied to the scattering cases from a simple stick model of an aircraft, from a wire cross in front of an infinite perfect conductor and from a junction of two wires with different radii.
MATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SPREADING RESISTANCE OF SEMICONDUCTOR BURIED RIDGE STRIPE LASERS
Authors: SOUISSI K. , PARASKEVOPOULOS A. , DEVOLDÈRE P. , CAQUOT E.
Published: February 2008

A 2D numerical simulation using a finite element technique is presented for computing spreading resistance of a semiconductor buried ridge stripe laser. The simplified physical model is analyzed from the functional analysis point of view and a proof of existence and uniqueness of the nonlinear partial differential equations obtained from this simplified model is given. The discrete associated nonlinear problem is solved on triangular finite elements using conjugate gradient algorithms. Some results are presented for a specific semiconductor laser
DECOUPLED SECURE ECONOMIC DISPATCH ALGORITHM FOR POWER SYSTEM OPERATION: SYSTEM TESTS
Authors: EKWUE A.O.
Published: February 2008

In a companion paper, a theoretical framework of an algorithm was described which determines the optimal power flows of a network via the Dommel‐Tinney approach with or without the incorporation of security constraints. This can be handled via sensitivity analysis and least‐squares minimization techniques. The aim of this paper is to report on the computational experiments of the method using the 5‐bus, 14‐ and 30‐bus networks.
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE MODELING USING FLUX UPWIND FINITE ELEMENTS
Authors: CAREY G.F. , SHARMA M.
Published: February 2008

A flux‐upwind finite element method is developed for the carrier transport equations in semiconductor device modeling. Our approach is motivated by the streamline upwind methods that have proven effective in fluid mechanics. The procedure reduces precisely to the Scharfetter‐Gummel approach in one dimension. In higher‐dimensions, however, it differs from this classical technique and is shown here to generate more accurate solutions with less numerical dissipation. Numerical results are presented for representative MOSFET and p‐n junction devices to illustrate this point. Both upwind techniques have been implemented in conjunction with an adaptive finite element refinement procedure for better layer resolution and yield a more stable algorithm.
ERROR ESTIMATION FOR FINITE ELEMENT SOLUTIONS OF THE EDDY CURRENTS PROBLEM
Authors: TSUKERMAN I.A.
Published: February 2008

Two variational formulations of the eddy‐current problem in a bounded domain are considered. The first is based on the scalar magnetic potential and the vector potential of eddy currents; the second on the scalar and vector magnetic potentials. For both formulations existence and uniqueness of exact and approximate (finite element‐Galerkin's) solutions are proved. The correlation between the error of approximation and the error of the finite element solution is established.
A VOLTAGE‐BASED AUTOMATIC CONTINGENCY SELECTION ALGORITHM VIA A LINEARIZATION METHOD
Authors: EKWUE A.O.
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a fast method for determining voltage changes due to line outages. Its extension to the identification of system islands as well as a formulation of a voltage‐based contingency selection algorithm is explained. The performance of the method is evaluated using the 6‐bus Saskatchenan Power Corporation, IEEE 14‐bus and 23‐bus Nigerian Power Systems networks neglecting the effect of voltage controls.
RESULTS FOR BENCHMARK PROBLEM 7 (ASYMMETRICAL CONDUCTOR WITH A HOLE)
Authors: FUJIWARA Koji , NAKATA Takayoshi
Published: February 2008

Benchmark problem 7 of the TEAM workshop consists of an asymmetrical conductor with a hole. 17 computer codes are applied, and 25 solutions are compared with each other and with experimental results for eddy current densities and flux densities. Most of the codes were found to give satisfactory solutions.
VELOCITY EFFECTS AND LOW‐LEVEL FIELDS IN AXISYMMETRIC GEOMETRIES (SUMMARY OF RESULTS, PROBLEM 9)
Authors: IDA Nathan
Published: February 2008

A summary of results for Problem 9 of the TEAM workshop is presented in the form of a documentation of the available results. Due to unforseen complications in the problem no comparisons have been made and the problem, with modification, will be retained for future workshops.
EXISTENCE AND REGULARITY FOR VAN ROOSBROECK SYSTEMS WITH GENERAL MIXED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: HAYECK Nayla , NACHAOUI Abdeljalil , NASSIF Nabil R.
Published: February 2008

Using the topological degree of Leray‐Shauder, and Grisvard's results for elliptic equations with mixed boundary conditions, we extend Mock's results for the steady‐state Van Roosbroeck system, with the change from Neuman to Dirichlet boundary conditions occuring at a flat angle. Similar results are obtained for continuity equations that include a general recombination rate.
NEW MIXED FINITE ELEMENT SCHEMES FOR CURRENT CONTINUITY EQUATIONS
Authors: Donatella MARINI Luisa , PIETRA Paola
Published: February 2008

Two new mixed finite element schemes for discretizing current continuity equations are presented. Together with the good features of the already‐known mixed scheme (current preservation and good approximation of sharp shapes), they provide M‐matrices, even when a zero order term is present in the equations.
AN EXTENDED SCHARFETTER‐GUMMEL SCHEME FOR HIGH ORDER MOMENT EQUATIONS
Authors: GEURTS Bernard J.
Published: February 2008

A one‐dimensional finite difference scheme adapted to high order moment equation models arising in the approximate description of semiconducting submicron structures is presented. The new scheme is a natural extension of the Scharfetter‐Gummel scheme used in drift‐diffusion models. Through local analytic solutions an accurate representation of exponentially varying solution components is realised.