bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Major Issues in Vaccine Safety
Authors: Iskander John K. , Gidudu Jane , Arboleda Nelson , Huang Wan-Ting
Published: July 2008

Recent examples of the major public health benefits of vaccination include global reductions in measles mortality and record low levels of vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Nevertheless, real or perceived vaccine safety issues may adversely impact vaccine programs. Robust post-licensure safety monitoring which combines active and passive surveillance with use of standardized case definitions for adverse events is the scientific basis for assessing safety concerns. Emerging aspects of vaccine safety science include clinical research networks and vaccine risk communication research. Current high-profile safety issues include the introduction of 2 second-generation rotavirus vaccines, for which close monitoring of intussusception is necessary. To date, data from the US do not indicate an elevated risk associated with the licensed Merck vaccine (Rotateq®). An issue of global interest is the use of thimerosal as a preservative in multi-dose vaccine vials. Comprehensive independent reviews as well as recently published research have reaffirmed the lack of association between thimerosal and neuro-developmental disorders, including autism. Expanded use of annual influenza vaccine and pandemic planning in the developed or developing world should include plans for safety monitoring. As the number of newly licensed vaccines increases, potentially preventable vaccine administration errors and post-vaccination events such as syncope are being increasingly recognized. Primary care clinicians and others involved in giving vaccines should follow proper vaccine storage, handling and administration procedures and should participate in adverse event following immunization (AEFI) reporting systems. The Brighton Collaboration provides another outlet, which interested clinicians and researchers can participate in, increasing the global vaccine safety knowledge base. Increased knowledge of and participation in vaccine safety systems at all levels of health care systems in both developed and developing country settings will allow vaccines to maintain their excellent safety track record, as safety data is used to improve immunization practice.
Induction of Shrimp Tropomyosin-Specific Hypersensitivity in Mice
Authors: Leung Patrick S.C. , Lee Yuen Shan , Tang Chi Yan , Kung Wing Yee , Chuang Ya-Hui , Chiang Bor-Luen , Fung Ming Chiu , Chu Ka Hou
Published: July 2008

Background: Shellfish hypersensitivity is amongst the most common food allergies. The major shellfish allergen was identified as tropomyosin. Here, we investigated the immediate hypersensitivity responses, IgE and cell-mediated immune response in mice sensitized with recombinant shrimp tropomyosin. Methods: Shrimp tropomyosin was cloned and expressed as a His-tagged fusion recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Three- to 4-week-old BALB/c mice were sensitized by intragastric administration of recombinant tropomyosin (0.1 mg) plus cholera toxin (10 µg) on days 0, 12, 19 and 26 and challenged on day 33. Mice fed with phosphate-buffered saline plus cholera toxin were included as controls. Animals were monitored for immediate hypersensitive responses and tropomyosin-specific IgE over time. In addition, shrimp tropomyosin-specific CD4+ T cells, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ levels were determined from in vitro splenocyte cultures. A passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay was also conducted. Results: Mice fed with shrimp tropomyosin developed swelling of the snout, increased scratching behavior and shrimp tropomyosin-specific IgE. Sera from tropomyosin-sensitized mice elicited vascular leakage in naïve mice in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. Shrimp tropomyosin-specific CD4+ T cell proliferations and elevated interleukin-4 over interferon-γ levels were evident in splenocyte cultures of tropomyosin-fed mice upon tropomyosin stimulation. In contrast, shrimp tropomyosin-specific IgE, CD4+ T cells and hypersensitive responses were absent in the control mice. Conclusion: We have generated a BALB/c model of shrimp allergy. This model provides a useful tool for evaluating the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in shellfish hypersensitivity.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Suppresses Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Release of Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin from Human Eosinophils
Authors: Ito Wataru , Takeda Masahide , Fujita Miyoshi , Kamada Yumiko , Kato Hikari , Chiba Takahito , Yamaguchi Kazutoshi , Ueki Shigeharu , Kayaba Hiroyuki , Kanehiro Arihiko , Chihara Junichi
Published: July 2008

Background:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eosinophilic granule proteins such as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) are known to damage bronchial tissue and cause airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) regulates various biological activities and is known to be a multifunctional factor. In our previous study, we found that HGF suppressed allergic airway inflammation and AHR in a murine model of asthma. However, there have been few reports regarding the detailed mechanism of the anti-allergic effect of HGF in asthma. In this study, we investigated the potential of recombinant HGF to regulate the production of ROS and the release of EDN from human eosinophils. Methods:Eosinophils were isolated from subjects with mild eosinophilia by modified CD16-negative selection. We investigated the expression of CD69, an activation marker of eosinophils, on eosinophils, using flow cytometry. Further, ROS production from eosinophils was analyzed using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, and EDN release was measured by ELISA. Results:Treatment with HGF suppressed interleukin-5-induced upregulation of CD69 expression, ROS production and EDN release from human eosinophils. Conclusion:Taken together, these data suggest that in asthma, HGF attenuates allergic airway inflammation and AHR through at least the suppression of ROS production and EDN release from eosinophils.
Prevention of Mast Cell Activation Disorder-Associated Clinical Sequelae of Excessive Prostaglandin D2 Production
Authors: Butterfield Joseph H. , Weiler Catherine R.
Published: July 2008

Background: Patients with systemic mastocytosis have increased numbers of mast cells in the bone marrow and other organs, such as the liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and skin. Symptoms result from the local and remote effects of mediator release from mast cells and from the local effects of increased mast cell numbers in various organs. Patients with mast cell activation experience many of the same clinical symptoms as do patients with systemic mastocytosis from chronic or spontaneous release of mast cell mediators. We report 4 patients with mast cell activation symptoms from selective release of prostaglandin (PG) D2, but not histamine, and their improvement with aspirin therapy. Methods: Bone marrow biopsy specimens obtained from 4 patients with symptoms suggestive of mastocytosis were examined by tryptase immunostaining. Baseline levels of serum tryptase and urinary 11β-PGF2α and N-methylhistamine were obtained. In 2 of the 4 patients, urinary 11β-PGF2α and N-methylhistamine samples were also measured during acute symptoms. Results: Baseline increase in urinary excretion of the PGD2 metabolite 11β-PGF2α was found in 2 patients. In the remaining 2 patients, baseline levels of urinary 11β-PGF2α and N-methylhistamine were normal, but during acute symptoms, the excretion of 11β-PGF2α increased markedly. Treatment with aspirin resulted in normalization of 11β-PGF2α excretion in the 2 patients with elevated baseline levels and in prevention of symptoms in all 4 patients. Conclusions: These results suggest that mast cell activation may be manifested by a selective excessive release of PGD2. These patients respond to administration of aspirin but not to antihistamines.
Predictive Value of Rapid Decline in Mini Mental State Examination in Clinical Practice for Prognosis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Soto Maria E. , Andrieu Sandrine , Cantet Christelle , Reynish Emma , Ousset Pierre-Jean , Arbus Christophe , Gillette-Guyonnet Sophie , Nourhashémi Fati , Vellas Bruno
Published: July 2008

Background: Given the poorer prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients with rapid cognitive decline (RCD), there is a need for a clinical assessment tool to detect these patients. Objective: To investigate if there is a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) threshold of decline during 6 months of follow-up which predicts a worse disease progression at the 2-year follow-up. Then, to propose a feasible definition of RCD for routine clinical practice. Methods: Data from 565 community-dwelling AD patients recruited in a multi-centre prospective observational study were assessed. All patients had MMSE scores between 10 and 26 at inclusion and were followed up 6-monthly using a standardised clinical assessment. Patients were classified as rapid and non-rapid decliners according to 2 MMSE decline thresholds tested: ≧3 points and ≧4 points for decline over the first 6 months of the study. Worse disease outcome was defined as attainment of 1 of 4 clinical end points 18 months later: institutionalisation, death, increased physical dependence or worsening of behavioural and psychological symptoms. Results: 135 patients (23.9%) lost ≧3 points during the first 6 months of follow-up in the MMSE score and 77 patients (13.6%) lost ≧4 points. Patients with moderate disease and a loss of ≧4 points showed a significantly increased risk of mortality (HR = 5.6, 95% CI 2.0–15.9) and institutionalisation (HR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.8–8.1) at the 2-year follow-up. The same MMSE threshold was associated with a higher risk of physical decline (HR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3). Conclusion: The loss of ≧4 points in MMSE during the first 6 months of follow-up seems to be a predictor of worse clinical course, and thus it could be used to define the category of AD patients presenting a RCD.
Real-Life Evaluations of Compliance with Mandatory Drug Safety Monitoring Exemplified with Tolcapone in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Unger Marcus M. , Reese Jens P. , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Eggert Karla M.
Published: July 2008

Background/Aims: In 1998, the European Medicines Agency suspended the approval for tolcapone in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with motor complications due to the drug’s implication in fulminant liver failure and the consequent death of 3 patients. Clinical data obtained by ongoing use of tolcapone in other countries proved that adequate safety can be achieved if liver enzymes are strictly monitored. In 2005, tolcapone was relaunched in the European Union under the prerequisite of biweekly liver enzyme monitoring. The objective of this study was to evaluate the compliance with mandatory drug safety monitoring under real-life conditions. Methods: Twenty-one Parkinson’s disease patients receiving tolcapone were analyzed with regard to their compliance in performing and reporting the required laboratory tests. Results: Tolcapone was effective and well tolerated. Yet, less than 25% of the patients regularly performed and reported the required laboratory tests and the compliance declined when comparing the first and second half-years of therapy. Conclusions: Our data shed light on the incongruity between requirements of postmarketing drug surveillance and every-day reality. The depicted noncompliance is most likely a general problem in postmarketing drug surveillance with an impact for physicians, manufacturers and legal authorities. Practical, legal and ethical aspects will be discussed.
Elevation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Duration of Diabetes
Authors: Kobessho Hiroshi , Oishi Kenichi , Hamaguchi Hirotoshi , Kanda Fumio
Published: July 2008

We investigated the relationships between total cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein in diabetic patients and the clinical characteristics of diabetes mellitus. The subjects comprised 16 diabetic patients (median age = 60.5 years, range = 47–71) who were studied retrospectively. Patients with diseases known to be associated with increases in total CSF protein were excluded as far as possible. The median total CSF protein and albumin quotient in the diabetic group were 52.5 mg/dl (range = 41–84) and 6.13 × 10–3 (range = 4.0 × 10–3 to 13.1 × 10–3), respectively. These results were significantly higher than those in 28 age-matched nondiabetic patients (median = 59.0 years, range = 50–71) (p < 0.01). Duration of diabetes was associated with total CSF protein (r = 0.642, p < 0.01). If the CSF shows increased total protein in a diabetic patient who has not suffered from long-term diabetes (≧5 years), causes other than diabetes should be considered to explain increases in total CSF protein. We need to confirm the present results by studying a larger population of diabetic patients.
Adherence and Quality of Oral Anticoagulation in Cerebrovascular Disease Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Weimar C. , Benemann J. , Katsarava Z. , Weber R. , Diener H.-C.
Published: July 2008

Background/Aims: Low rates and poor quality of oral anticoagulation (OAC) have been reported in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We therefore sought to investigate the prescription patterns at discharge, adherence and quality of OAC in cerebrovascular disease patients with AF. Methods: Consecutive ischemic stroke (IS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients were prospectively documented in 11 German stroke centers. A central telephone follow-up after 1–2 years assessed the current antithrombotic medication and results of coagulation checks. Results: Of 1,463 surviving patients with AF, 30.5% were discharged on OAC and 13.9% on high-dose heparin. Of 329 AF patients discharged on OAC and with consent for follow-up, 88.7% of surviving patients were still on OAC at the follow-up. Of these, 52.7% reported coagulation values out of the therapeutic range during the preceding 3 months. A recurrent IS was seen in 9 patients (2.1%/year) and an intracranial hemorrhage in 2. Conclusion: We found an important underuse of OAC following TIA or IS mainly in older patients and with greater stroke-related disability. Although the reported coagulation checks showed an only moderate rate within therapeutic ranges, safety and efficacy of OAC in this cohort seem comparable to previous randomized and observational trials in AF patients.
Prothrombotic Gene Variation in Patients with Large and Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Pruissen D. Martijn O. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Rosendaal Frits R. , Algra Ale ,   on behalf of the SMART Study Group
Published: July 2008

The classification of ischemic stroke into different subtypes is supported in genetic association studies. While several gene variants have been identified as being associated with ischemia subtypes, most studies have not been powered to study subtypes separately. We investigated 887 patients with nondisabling cerebral ischemia of arterial origin and classified ischemia as being caused by large or small vessel disease (LVD or SVD), primarily based on neuroimaging findings. In total, 621 patients had LVD and 266 SVD. The coagulation factor XIII subunit B gene (F13B) His95Arg variant was more common in patients with LVD (mean prevalence difference 9.9%; 95% CI 4.7–15). None of 21 other prothrombotic gene variants was associated with LVD or SVD. Many gene variants may not be specific for one subtype. We could not replicate the genetic associations identified in previous smaller previous studies. Thus claims about genetic associations with specific subtypes of ischemia should be interpreted with caution. The association between F13B His95Arg and LVD requires replication.
Ulrastructure of the ameloblast-stratum intermedium border during ameloblast differentiation
Authors: Wakita Minoru , Hinrichsen Klaus
Published: July 2008

The molar tooth germs of newborn mice were isolated and the zone of ameloblast differentiation studied with the electron microscope. Special attention was paid to the changes that occur in the contacts such as desmosomes, tight junctions and close attachments associated with cell interdigitations between the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) and the stratum intermedium (SI) cells from the beginning of differentiation to the onset of enamel secretion. These changes are accompanied by variations in the width and configuration of the intercellular space separating the two cell layers. The terminal web persists from the beginning of cell elongation to the appearance of Tomes’s process. Through its attachment to the zonulae adherentes, a terminal web-lateral junction system is created which stabilizes the differentiating ameloblasts. Also the SI cell layer is interpreted as a stabilizer for the IEE layer, particularly during the differentiation phase. This interpretation does not conflict with information that the SI cells transport materials required for enamel secretion.
Localization of some steroidogenic enzymes in the ovary of the rabbit
Authors: Agrawal Prabha , Laloraya Manmohan M.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of Δ5–3β-HSD, peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase in immature, sexually mature and pregnant rabbit ovary has been studied histochemically. Corpora lutea are found only in pregnant rabbits. Δ5–3β-HSD is present in the theca interna of mature follicles, corpora lutea and interstitial gland cells but is absent in the granulosa cells of both developing and mature follicles. The granulosa cells of mature and developing follicles, hypertrophied theca interna and the luteal cells all show intense cytochrome oxidase activity. Peroxidase is present in the corpora lutea only. It is suggested that Δ5–3β-HSD in the theca interna and interstitial gland cells is the enzyme responsible for steroid synthesis in the ovaries of immature as well as sexually mature rabbits, while peroxidase and Δ5–3β-HSD present in the corpora lutea together regulate luteal steroidogenesis during pregnancy. The intense cytochrome oxidase activity together with peroxidase and Δ5–3β-HSD confirms the observations that this tissue is a site of intense oxidative activity.
Kompensationsbewegungen der Fibula, die durch die Keilform der Trochlea tali erzwungen werden
Authors: Reimann Reínhold , Anderhuber Friedrich
Published: July 2008

The lateral articular facet of the talus (Facies malleolaris lateralis) is slanting and irregulary shaped; therefore, the fibula shows compensative motions in transverse, sagittal, vertical and rotational directions when the ankle joint is moved. There are contradictory statements concerning the course of this compensative rotation, because the fibula shows individually different reactions. The fibula is not rotated during dorsiflexion in nearly 25% of legs; approximately one half of the remaining fibulae is rotated outward, the other half inward. This matter of fact is not surprising, when the shape of the lateral articular facet is inspected exactly: it resembles a flat saddle, the anterior part of which is screw-shaped. The fibula rotates outward during dorsiflexion, if the furrow of this screw-shaped area increases forward; it totates inward, if the furrow diminishes forward; and it does not rotate at all, if the furrow is constant.
Structural study of the involution of the seminal vesicles of the guinea pig following orchiectomy
Authors: Tse M.K.W. , Wong Y.C.
Published: July 2008

The involution of the seminal vesicles of the guinea pig after castration has been studied by electron microscopy. The epithelial cells decreased in size and the basal lamina became more tortuous after castration. The most obvious changes occurred in the amount and configuration of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER). Besides a general decrease in GER, there was also a change from predominantly parallel arrays to a spiral or concentric arrangement, followed by dilation and vesiculation of the GER. There was an increase in glycogen and lipid contents of the epithelial cells. Large aggregates of glycogen particles were found associating with dilated GER and lipid droplets and these glycogen particles increased with the progression of involution. The Golgi complex became smaller and a slight increase in the number of autophagic and lysosomal granules was observed. Secretory granules decreased in size and quantity but persisted even at 4 months after the operation. The postcastration response of the seminal vesicles of the guinea pig was slow and incomplete and was different from that of the rat and mouse, where involution was virtually completed within 3 weeks. The slow and incomplete regression is not clear, but is believed to be related to the function of the adrenal glands which may provide the extratesticular source of hormone to partially maintain the gland after castration.
Ultrastructure of the perivascular nerve plexuses of the rat pancreas
Authors: Hoyes A.D. , Barber Pauline
Published: July 2008

The fine structure of the arteriolar perivascular and capillary nerve plexuses of the pancreas was studied in the rat. In perfusion-fixed control specimens, occasional profiles which contained accumulations of large dense-cored vesicles and numerous profiles which contained mainly small vesicles were seen in sections of the nerves. Counts of degenerating axons in specimens from rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine and of profiles in which the small vesicles contained dense cores in specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in buffer indicated that the arteriolar perivascular plexus contains much larger numbers of adrenergic axons than the plexus associated with the capillaries. The presence in specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in buffer containing 5-hydroxydopamine of a considerable increase in the percentage of profiles in which the small vesicles contained dense material indicated that the plexuses contain a second type of axon capable of taking up 5-hydroxydopamine. Profiles in which all of the small vesicles remained clear after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine were regarded as sections through cholinergic axonal terminals. Such profiles were most numerous in the capillary plexus.
The chordae Willisii in the superior sagittal sinus: morphology and classification
Authors: Schmutz H.-K.
Published: July 2008

Chordae Wiiiisii, which are located in the superior sagittal sinus, have been examined in 65 bodies. Three clearly differentiated primary forms and several variations have been found. Chordae Wiiiisii guarantee, as auxiliary structures, a laminar blood flow. Their construction and location within the sinus are well adapted to their function.
Distribution of mitoses in mouse palatal epithelium
Authors: Luke D.A.
Published: July 2008

Using colchicine as a stathmokinetic agent, regional variations in the distribution of dividing cells were investigated in the palatal epithelium of mice. The mitotic rate, estimated per unit length of epithelial surface or of epithelial/connective tissue (ECT) junction, was greater in the small rugae of the molar region than in the larger rugae behind the incisors. Immediately beneath the crest of each ruga, where tactile corpuscles are present and the epithelium is thin, mitoses were relatively sparse. A more regular distribution of mitoses was obtained if the mitotic index was based on unit length of ECT junction rather than on length of epithelial surface.
Intrinsic innervation and vasculature of pre- and post-natal human thymus
Authors: Ghali W.M. , Abdel-Rahman Sawsan , Nagib M. , Mahran Z.Y.
Published: July 2008

Human thyrothymic venous connections were more numerous in pre-natal life. The thymus was vascular since the 10th week. At 11 weeks, nerves invaded the capsule and a few trabeculae. At 16 weeks, nerve bundles accompanied arteries and veins. Their branches ran close to intralobular arterioles and venules. Parenchymal nerves appeared in the cortex and medulla. Radial cortical capillaries drained into capsular venules at 20 weeks. From 28 weeks pre-natally to 3 years post-natally, nerves in the medulla ended in knobs or fine tapers. Some encircled or relayed on HassalΓs corpuscles. Others were traceable to blood vessel walls. The pattern of innervation and vascularization was not altered up to 9 years. The vasculature began to be irregular at 11–13 years. Parenchymal and perivascular nerves existed up to 15 years. At 25 years, nerves were detected in the capsule and proximal parts of the trabeculae.
Iron-containing cytoplasmic inclusions in mouse bone marrow macrophages
Authors: Hertzberg Clinton , Orlic Donald
Published: July 2008

Elongated, tapered inclusions, present in the cytoplasm of macrophages in mouse bone marrow, were studied by electron microscopy. The bone marrow of adult mice that were injected with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine, displayed a statistically significant increase in the number of inclusions compared with bone marrow from control animals. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that ferritin, a known product of red cell destruction, was present in these mclusions. It is suggested that the inclusions are derived from the degradation of phagocytosed red cells.
Quantitative studies on the ultrastructural differentiation and growth of mammalian cardiac muscle cells
Authors: Hirakow Reiji , Gotoh Tadashi , Watanabe Teiichi
Published: July 2008

The postnatal development of myocardial cells in the bilateral atria and ventricles of rats at days 1, 10, 20, 30 and 60 was studied by means of an ultrastructural quantitative method. No clear differences between the right and left myocardium were found throughout the developmental period or in the adult stage. The myocardial cells increased in thickness more rapidly up to day 20 than during the subsequent period. Myofibrils occupied about 50–60% of the cytoplasm of almost all kinds of cardiac muscle cells except those of the newborn atrium. The fraction of mitochondria increased after day 10, whereas that of glycogen conversely decreased. Although the presence of specific granules characterized the atrial myocardial cells even in newborns (day 1), no differences in other cellular components or fiber thickness between the atrium and the ventricle were seen at this stage. The distinction between atrial and ventricular muscle cells, in terms of fiber thickness, mitochondrial and glycogen content, began to appear at day 10 and became increasingly prominent with age until virtually all muscle fibers reached an almost mature state at day 20.
The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the domesticated giant rat (Cricetomys gainbianus Waterhouse)
Authors: Aire Tom A.
Published: July 2008

Spermiogenesis and the stages of the seminiferous epithelium in the testis of the giant rat were studied in domesticated animals. 19 steps of spermiogenesis on the basis of the development of the acrosomic system and flagellum were observed, and the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium can be divided into 14 stages. Although the developing spermatids and spermatozoa of the giant rat differed structurally from those of the albino rat, the general trend of development and the cellular content of the seminiferous epithelium were similar in both species of animals.
Distribution of acetylcholinesterase in the limbic system of the brain of the rabbit
Authors: Shih-chang Wang , Girgis M.
Published: July 2008

The aim of this study is to present a detailed and thorough desciption of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) content of the limbic structures of the rabbit, now commonly used in our laboratory for investigating the electrographic-behavioral correlations of the cholinergic limbic system. We use ‘chemitrodes’ for intracerebral microinjections of cholinomimetic drugs; a detailed histochemical study (using Koelle’s method) of the distribution of AChE enzyme in the limbic system of the rabbit was deemed necessary. Such areas as the septum and the amygdala are particularly poorly described in the rabbit and an attempt was made to clarify the confusion that still exists in the literature on the comparative anatomy and exact localization of these structures. On the whole, it could be inferred from this study that AChE-bearing neurons are generally better developed in phylogenetically older parts of the brain. Practically all the relays in Papez’s ‘cortical circuits of emotion’ have a fairly high AChE activity. As noted by us in other phylogenetically lower macrosmatic mammals, the reaction of AChE in the rabbit brain is more intense than in primates.
Ultrastructural studies on the pancreatic polypeptide cell of the rat with special reference to pancreatic regional differences and changes induced by alloxan diabetes
Authors: Nakamura Mitsuo , Shimada Tatsuo , Fujimori Osamu
Published: July 2008

Rat pancreatic tissues were fixed with our modification of Dalton’s fixative and the islets from various pancreatic regions were examined by electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of the alloxan-diabetic state on the pancreatic polypeptide cell was examined at the ultrastructural level. The results are as follows. (1) The islets of the rat contain four types of glandular cells: A, B, D and PP cells. (2) The PP cell is characterized by approximately 170-mµ-sized secretory granules with a rather ill-defined core. The ultrastructure of this type cell is described in some detail. (3) In the pancreatic portion which hooks around posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels, PP cells are abundant and some of them are markedly degranulated. Their cell organelles, such as the nucleolus, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are well developed. (4) In alloxan-diabetic rats, B and PP cells show disappearance and numerical increase, respectively. In the PP cells, hypertrophy of the Golgi apparatus and appearance of extremely electron-translucent secretory granules are noted.
Teratogenic and lethal properties of the various fractions of venom of the viper, Vipera aspis
Authors: Gabriel-Robez O. , Clavert J.
Published: July 2008

When whole viper (Vipera aspis) venom is injected into pregnant mice at various times during gestation, several anomalies occur in the fetuses and offspring. The teratogenic targets of the venom include the brain, heart, limbs and face, depending on the day of the injection. In the present study, the various constituents of whole venom were separated by gradient chromatography and the lethal and teratogenic properties of each fraction were determined and compared to the activity of whole and reconstituted venom. Our results imply that a synergy or potentiation exists between the fractions, the overall properties of whole venom being more teratogenic than the sum of its parts.
A horseradish peroxidase study on the mammillothalamic tract in the rat
Authors: Watanabe Kazuo , Kawana Etsuro
Published: July 2008

The mammillary projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei were investigated in the rat, using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. Pars centralis of the medial mammillary nucleus projects to the medial portion of the anteromedial nucleus (AM). Pars medialis (Mm) of the medial mammillary nucleus sends fibers to the ipsilateral AM and sparsely to the medial portion of the contralateral side. The ventral and dorsal portions of Mm project to the anterior and posterior portions of AM, respectively. The pars lateralis (Ml) and pars posterior (Mp) of the medial mammillary nucleus send fibers predominantly to the ipsilateral anteroventral nucleus and sparsely to the contralateral side. A slight difference between Ml and Mp projections was observed. The lateral mammillary nucleus projects bilaterally to the anterodorsal nucleus.
Statin Potentiates Human Platelet eNOS Activity without Enhancing eNOS mRNA and Protein Levels
Authors: Yemisci Muge , Ay Hakan , Kocaefe Çetin , Qui Jianhua , Topalkara Kamil , Özgüç Meral , Kirazli Şerafettin , Özcebe Osman , Moskowitz Michael A. , Dalkara Turgay
Published: July 2008

Background/Aims: Experimental studies suggest an enhanced endothelial and platelet nitric oxide (NO) generation after statin treatment, possibly due to increased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity and protein levels. In parallel with experimental research, statins were shown to increase the forearm blood flow independently of serum cholesterol in humans. However, it was not possible to correlate blood flow changes with eNOS levels in these studies due to limitations in obtaining arterial samples. Hence, we investigated changes in eNOS activity, mRNA and protein levels after statin treatment in human platelets, which are readily accessible unlike arteries. Methods: In vitro bleeding times were measured in 22 patients by stimulating platelets with collagen-epinephrine or collagen-ADP. To assess platelet eNOS activity, the bleeding times were also determined after incubating platelets with L-arginine. The measurements were repeated following 14 days of pravastatin (40 mg/day) treatment. Platelet-rich plasma was collected before and after statin treatment to evaluate eNOS mRNA (semiquantitative RT-PCR) and protein levels (Western blotting). Results: The basal bleeding time was prolonged by 24 ± 3% (mean ± SE) when the samples were incubated with 500 µM of L-arginine. The NOS inhibitor L-N5-(I-iminoethyl)ornithine reversed this effect, suggesting that it was mediated by NO. After statin treatment, the NO-mediated prolongation of the bleeding time with 500 µM of L-arginine was significantly potentiated (to 44 ± 10%). Despite enhanced eNOS activity, there was no significant change in platelet eNOS mRNA and protein levels after statin treatment. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that platelet eNOS activity is potentiated after statin treatment in humans in parallel with experimental studies.
Comparative histological study of the effects of high calcium diet and vitamin D supplements on epiphyseal plates of vitamin-D-deficient chicks
Authors: Jande Sohan S. , Dickson Ian R.
Published: July 2008

A comparative histological and microradiographic study of the tibial epiphyseal plates of chickens raised on: (1) a vitamin-D-deficient diet; (2) a vitamin-D-deficient diet supplemented with cholecalciferol, and (3) a vitamin-D-deficient diet to which extra calcium had been added, has revealed that a high-calcium diet did not normalize the epiphyseal plates completely. However, it restored the normal length and chondrocyte arrangement to the proliferative zone. The degenerative zone became elongated and this seems to be related to the hypophosphataemic condition which has developed as a result of the special diet.
Histological studies on the testicular seminal pathway and changes in the epididymis of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Singh U.B. , Bharadwaj M.B.
Published: July 2008

The testicular seminal pathway in the camel is divided into two portions: an intratesticular and an extratesticular portion. The intratesticular seminal pathway consists of three portions: a ‘tapering terminal segment’ of the seminiferous tubules opening into the receptacle, the tubuli recti with three parts and the rete testis. The extratesticular portion consists of the rete testis, as an extension of the intratesticular portion and an elongated sac from which 6–7 ductuli efferentes originated. The tapering terminal segments are lined by modified Sertoli cells. Both, the tubuli recti and rete testis, are lined by simple cuboidal to columnar cells. The epithelium of the ductuli efferentes which, at its origin from the sac is simply cuboidal, gradually changes to an epithelium that consists of alternating groups of high-columnar ciliated and low-columnar non-ciliated cells. The strongly PAS-positive basement membrane of the ductuli efferentes is surrounded by a thin circular layer of smooth muscle fibres. The pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium of the epididymis is supported by an intensely PAS-reactive basement membrane. Morphological changes in the epithelium of the head and body regions of the epididymis due to seasonal variations are well marked in the camels of all age groups.
New contribution on the oesophageal mucous innervation in certain monkeys (Cercopithecidae)
Authors: Rodrigo José , Robles Chillida Elías M. , Espinosa Francisco , De Felipe Javier , Hernandez Carlos J. , Arnedo Antonio , Mayo Isabel
Published: July 2008

Spindle-shaped, barrel-like, or bush-like corpuscular neural structures situated in the mucous epithelium of the upper third of the oesophagus are described. These structures are not homogeneously distributed in this area. Some are very close to the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter, spanning the thickness of the epithelium and communicating with the basal membrane by means of a thin pedicle and with the lumen by a small hilus or pore, their morphology being that of a taste bud. The others are situated deeper in the mucous epithelium of the upper third, communicating with the basal membrane only by means of either a thin pedicle or a thicker one, and separated from the lumen by a thick layer of epithelial cells. The bush-like apparatuses lie closely adjacent to the basal membrane of the epithelium.
Morphogenesis of Aortic Arch Malformations in Rat Embryos after Maternal Treatment with Glycerol Formal during Pregnancy
Authors: Giavini Erminio , Prati Mariangela , Vismara Claudio
Published: July 2008

The morphogenesis of the aortic arch system was studied in rat embryos whose mothers had been treated with glycerol formal (GF) during pregnancy. The fetuses were removed from the uterus on days 13–17 of gestation and India ink was injected into their vascular system while they were still alive. The teratogenic effect of GF manifests itself by developmental retardation of the aortic arch system, vessel dilatation and persistence or anomalous regression of embryonic vessels. These conditions result in several aortic arch malformations: right aortic arch, double aortic arch and persistence of the 3rd aortic arch.
The Relationship of Macrophages and Erythrocyte Receptors to Vascular Patterns in Vole Spleen
Authors: Steven William M.
Published: July 2008

The spleens of two species of voles were studied to determine the relationship between arterial terminals, macrophages, and antibody-mediated erythrocyte receptors. The vascular distribution was studied by vascular injections and by use of PAS-stained serial sections. Macrophages were identified by their positive metalophil and hydrolytic enzyme reactions and their ability to phagocytose carbon. Antibody-mediated erythrocyte receptors were localized and studied by using combined erythrocyte binding, and an acid phosphatase technique. White pulp capillaries and enicillate arteries branch from the central arteries. Some white pulp capillaries terminate in the reticular meshes of the marginal zones and some in funnel-shaped dilatations continuous with the marginal sinuses. These apertures and extensions of the perifollicular rings extend to the germinal centers. Penicillate arteries can be traced to the red pulp cords. Macrophages were found in the following locations: (1) between the coronal regions and marginal zones (marginal metalophils); (2) in germinal centers, (3) in marginal zones, and (4) in red pulp cords. Sheep erythrocytes bind over the macrophages of the germinal centers, over the marginal metalophils and over macrophages of the marginal zones. These bound erythrocytes lyse when incubated with complement. These results illustrate that there are marginal metalophils in species other than rats, and that erythrocytes binding over sections of spleen are associated with the white pulp macrophages. The germinal centers of vole spleen have several characteristics that are associated with white pulp compartments that are involved in generation of primary antibody responses.
Organisation des motoneurones des muscles pectoraux chez le rat
Authors: Baulac Michel , Meininger Vincent
Published: July 2008

In spite of their role in the forelimb activity, the organization of the mammalian pectoral muscles remains unclear. In order to get more information, we have studied, qualitatively and quantitatively, the motor pools of the various pectoral muscles in the rat (musculus pectoralis major, musculus pectoralis minor and musculus panniculus carnosus). The method applied was the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase by the peripheral nerves supplying the various muscles. The results provided the precise localization within the ventral horn of the motor neurons from the pectoral muscles which were all in the most ventral part of the gray matter. Three distinct motor pools were observed, which confirms the functional identity of each muscle. The motor neurons of m. panniculus carnosus exhibited some particularities. They were 4 times more numerous than those from m. pectoralis major, they occupied the whole ventral edge of the ventral horn, from its medial part to its lateral tip. The cell size was different from that of the other muscles. These results were discussed, according to the role of this muscle, which links the forelimb to the whole trunk. In mammals, m.panniculus carnosus constitutes, with musculus latissimus dorsi, the axillary arch (Achselbogen). A small area of overlapping between the motor pools of these two muscles was observed. It was suggested that the muscular fibers from the axillary arch were innervated by the same, well-defined spinal area, independent of the muscle from which they originate.
Fine Structural and Functional Study of the Prostatic Complex of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Wong Y.C. , Tse M.K.W.
Published: July 2008

The fine structure of the prostate gland of the guinea pig was studied by electron microscopy. The lateral lobe was characterized by tall columnar epithelium which formed various degrees of foldings. The epithelial cells had well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER). The cisternae were closely packed and often arranged in concentric configuration in the basal cytoplasm. The apical cytoplasm was characterized by a large Golgi and prominent secretory granules. The luminal border typically contained microvilli. Fusion of the secretory granules with the luminal membrane were observed. The secretion in this lobe is believed to be triggered by a merocrine mechanism. The glandular cells of the dorsal prostate were characterized by well-developed and dilated GER. Most cells had no secretory granules and the luminal surface was endowed with microvilli. It is believed that in these cells the secretion is stored in the cisternae and may be discharged directly into the lumen. A small number of cells in the dorsal prostate showed large dense secretory granules in the apical region. Secretion in this group of cells, as in the cells of the lateral prostate, is believed to be produced by a merocrine mechanism. The coagulating gland on the other hand, had sparser GER and less dilated cisternae. The cells contained no secretory granules and usually had a small Golgi. Apical blebs were commonly found in these cells. Apical blebs have been observed to pinch off from the apical cytoplasm and to release the small sacs of secretory material into the lumen. This is an apocrine mechanism of secretion.
Redevelopment of the Calvaria after Partial Craniectomy in Growing Rabbits: the Effect of Altering Dural Continuity
Authors: Mossaz Claude F. , Kokich Vincent G.
Published: July 2008

A circular calvariectomy procedure was performed on 24 New Zealand white rabbits at 6 weeks of age. In 12 animals, the continuity of the dura mater was interrupted. The remaining animals served as controls. The animals were sacrificed at intervals to document the regenerative potential of the altered dural tissues. The results of this experiment show that bone deposition leading to calvarial redevelopment is directly dependent upon the presence of the dura mater. In addition, the rate of deposition is apparently affected by dural continuity, animal age, and localized differences in the thickness of the dural layers. The redevelopment and patency of the cranial sutures are strongly influenced by alterations in the continuity of the dura mater.
Assessment of the Size of the Human Omentum
Authors: Das Suman K.
Published: July 2008

The omentum has raised a great deal of interest in recent years as it is a unique structure being highly vascular and accepting split skin graft readily. It is being used for various purposes not only within the abdomen but also outside it. However, so far, no work has been done regarding its size, although it is important to know before laparotomy whether there is ample omentum to serve the purpose. This study, in a series of 300 cases, not only determines the range of length and width of the omentum, but also correlates them with the height and wight of the patient so that one is able to predict the size, within limits, before laparotomy.
On the Structural Changes of Granulosa Cells Cultured in vitro
Authors: Balboni G.C. , Zecchi S.
Published: July 2008

Granulosa cells from porcine ovarian follicles were cultured in vitro in standard medium and in medium supplemented with HCG. After culture the cellular 3β HSD enzymatic activity was evaluated and the cells were studied by TEM and SEM. A stereological evaluation of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum was carried out. The results indicate that the cultured cells undergo a luteinization process which is more evident in the presence of HCG. In fact, in comparison with the controls, in these cells the enzymatic activity is higher, the rough endoplasmic reticulum decreases and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum increases, the cytoplasm shows lipid droplets and vesicular mitochondria. The cell surface develops a number of microvillus-like evaginations.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Erythropoiesis in Fetal and Neonatal Rabbits
Authors: Hertzberg C. , Orlic D.
Published: July 2008

This investigation records the chronology of events relating to erythropoiesis in the late fetal and early neonatal rabbit. The formation of the marrow cavity in the rabbit femur and the changing cell population in the extravascular spaces are described for the period from day 24 of gestation to 8 weeks postpartum. In the fetal liver, erythropoiesis is shown to occur in typical red cell islands. As hepatic red cell production declines, lipid accumulates in the liver, much as fatty infiltration of marrow follows reduction of erythropoiesis in the marrow. The spleen appears to have erythropoietic potential although it does not normally contribute to red cell production in this animal. The spleen also appears to serve as a storage site for large numbers of platelets in the developing rabbit.
Variations in the Axon Reaction after Different Types of Nerve Lesion
Authors: Søreide Arvid J.
Published: July 2008

The retrograde nerve cell reaction was studied after evulsion, transection and crush lesion of the facial nerve in rats. Crush lesion caused barely discernible light and electron microscopic changes. The Nissl bodies became slightly smaller than normal and the arrangement of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (rER) somewhat more irregular. The crush lesions were followed by complete functional and morphologic recovery. After nerve evulsion, the cells showed severe chromatolysis, nuclear caps, nuclear eccentricity, and folding of the nuclear membrane. Ultrastructurally there was a dispersion of the rER and formation of laminated dense bodies. Lager, the rER was partly degranulated and some of the polyribosomes dissociated. These neurons ultimately disappeared. Transection of the nerve caused an intermediate axon reaction and a moderate loss of neurons. It is concluded that certain neurons may regenerate after axotomy in spite of minimal light and electron microscopic changes in the nerve cell bodies, and that the same neursons may show the typical axon reaction after more severe nerve injuries. Mechanisms which may be involved in the regulation of the retrograde nerve cell reaction after axotomy are briefly discussed.