bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of life, mucositis, and xerostomia from radiotherapy for head and neck cancers: A report from the NCIC CTG HN2 randomized trial of an antimicrobial lozenge to prevent mucositis
Authors: Duncan Graeme G. , Epstein Joel B. , Tu Dongsheng , Sayed Samy El , Bezjak Andrea , Ottaway Jon , Pater Joe
Published: March 2005

Background.

The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group undertook a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind controlled trial of an oral antimicrobial versus placebo to prevent and treat mucositis. We present the quality of life (QOL) analysis for this trial.

Methods.

One hundred thirty‐eight patients were randomly assigned. QOL data were collected every 2 weeks before, during, and after radiotherapy. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ‐C30) and a Trial Specific Checklist (TSC) were used.

Results.

The antimicrobial lozenge did not impact QOL. The principal acute side effect of radiotherapy is oral pain, affecting more than 90% of patients. Role function is impacted during treatment, and patients experience fatigue. Appetite was reported to markedly increase during radiotherapy. There was a dramatic and persistent increase in dry mouth.

Conclusions.

This study highlights the benefits of combining the EORTC QLQ‐30 with an “oral” TSC in a randomized controlled trial and provides valuable baseline data for their use with an objective mucositis scoring system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 27: XXX–XXX, 2005
An interaction between apolipoprotein E and TERE1 with a possible association with bladder tumor formation
Authors: McGarvey Terence W. , Nguyen Trang B. , Malkowicz S. Bruce
Published: March 2005

TERE1, a recently discovered gene/protein appears to play a role in bladder tumor growth regulation but to date does not have clear functional correlates. The objective of this study was to gain further insight into the function of the TERE1 protein by identifying potential protein to protein interactions with TERE1 and determining whether these interactions are associated with putative growth regulatory pathways and/or bladder tumor formation. Towards this aim, we have performed a bacterial two hybrid assay and isolated interacting clones, which then were sequenced and further examined by affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation. From among several positive clones, we isolated a putative interacting plasmid containing the C‐terminal portion of preapolipoprotein E starting from amino acid number 124 from the pBT‐TERE1/pTarget‐cDNA bacterial two hybrid system. The C‐terminal portion of apoE interaction with the TERE1 was confirmed using ProBond columns by the expression of 6XHis recombinant and 35S methionine/cysteine labeled proteins. We found that there was ubiquitous expression of the apoE transcript in normal bladder and in various grades and stages of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Likewise, we detected the apoE protein in both normal and malignant bladder tissues by Western blot. There was a significant decrease in the apoE protein in 12 of 16 muscle invasive TCCs of the bladder compared to normal bladder mucosa samples. Previous studies in rat fibroblasts have found that expression of apoE can decrease the phosphorylation of the growth factor‐related p42/44 MAP kinase. A significant decrease in p44/p42 MAPK phophorylation was also apparent using a phosphorylation specific antibody in human 293 kidney cells upon transfection and expression of apoE. In conclusion, the results from this study suggest that the expression and regulation of the apoE pathway may yield clues toward understanding the function of TERE1. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unavoidable cycle lengths in graphs
Authors: Verstraete Jacques
Published: March 2005

An old conjecture of Erdős states that there exists an absolute constant c and a set S of density zero such that every graph of average degree at least c contains a cycle of length in S. In this paper, we prove this conjecture by showing that every graph of average degree at least ten contains a cycle of length in a prescribed set S satisfying $|S \cap \{ 1,2,\ldots ,n\} | = O(n^{0.99})$. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Effects of beam polarization on coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering using noisy light
Authors: Aung Pye Phyo , Cosert Krista M. , Weisel Lindsay R. , Schulz Tanner F. , Gealy M. W. , Ulness Darin J.
Published: March 2005

The effects of different linear polarization schemes on the noisy light‐based coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering [I(2)CARS] signal were investigated. It was found that certain polarization schemes can selectively shut down the contributions from terms represented by various factorized time correlation (FTC) diagrams to the I(2)CARS spectrogram. FTC diagram analysis was used in conjunction with the symmetry properties of the hyperpolarizability to provide a theoretical understanding of this phenomenon and serve as the basis for simulation of the I(2)CARS spectrogram. Striking agreement is seen between the simulations and the experimental results for benzene and several methylated benzene derivatives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic identification of alizarin in a mixture of organic red dyes by incorporation in Zr‐Ormosil
Authors: Murcia‐Mascarós S. , Domingo C. , Sanchez‐Cortes S. , Cañamares M. V. , Garcia‐Ramos J. V.
Published: March 2005

Raman and UV–visible spectroscopy were applied to the study of a mixture of alizarin and carminic acid, two highly fluorescent anthraquinone dyes. The selective incorporation of alizarin into a Zr‐Ormosil polymer induced intense Raman spectra that allow an easy, quick and unequivocal identification of this dye. Therefore, this method can be applied to the separation and identification of dyes, which is an important issue in the field of archaeometry. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify alizarin in Zr‐Ormosil at different pH values, solvents and dye concentrations. The best conditions for composite formation were determined. Moreover, the Raman spectra allow us to propose an interaction model for the alizarin–Zr complexes where the monoanionic alizarin forms a chelate with Zr cations in the doped Ormosil similar to the alizarin–Al chelate formed in lacs and alizarin–Ag chelate formed in SERS experiments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared and Raman spectra of ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, CF3SO2OCH2CH3. An experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Tuttolomondo M. E. , Navarro A. , Varetti E. L. , Ben Altabef A.
Published: March 2005

The infrared spectra of CF3SO2OCH2CH3 in the gaseous and liquid states and the Raman spectrum of the liquid were obtained. Quantum chemistry calculations using density functional theory were used to predict the most stable geometry and conformation of the studied molecule. Subsequently, the harmonic vibrational wavenumbers and force field were calculated. An assignment of the observed spectral features made after comparison with related molecules and with the predicted wavenumbers was used as the basis of a scaling of the original force field in order to reproduce as well as possible the experimental wavenumbers. With this purpose, a set of scale factors was calculated by a least‐squares procedure, leading to a final root mean square deviation of 12.0 cm−1. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive supranuclear palsy‐like phenotype associated with bilateral hypoxic–ischemic striopallidal lesions
Authors: Kim Hee Tae , Shields Simon , Bhatia Kailash P. , Quinn Niall
Published: March 2005

A progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)‐like syndrome due to vascular or anoxic brain insult is rare. We describe a 65‐year‐old man with a progressive PSP‐like phenotype associated with hypoxic–ischemic bilateral striopallidal lesions, secondary to rupture of and subsequent surgery for a thoracic aortic aneurysm. After early extrapyramidal features, 10 months later he started to fall, and developed levator inhibition. A supranuclear gaze palsy for downgaze was documented 5.5 years after the insult. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in patients with multiple system atrophy
Authors: Benrud‐Larson Lisa M. , Sandroni Paola , Schrag Anette , Low Phillip A.
Published: March 2005

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extrapyramidal signs, prominent autonomic failure, and a poor prognosis. In the absence of restorative treatment, management is aimed at improving quality of life. Little is known about modifiable factors, such as depression, that may affect quality of life in MSA. The present study investigated the rate of depressive symptoms and their relationship to life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Ninety‐nine patients with MSA (54% women; mean age, 67.8 ± 8.8) completed measures of depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, physical function, and disease and demographic factors. Objective autonomic indices were abstracted from the medical chart. Participants reported a high rate of depressive symptoms, with 39% endorsing moderate to severe depressive symptoms on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI ≥ 7). Reported life satisfaction was low, with a mean of 38.8 on a 100‐point visual analogue scale (0 = Extremely Dissatisfied, 100 = Extremely Satisfied). The SF‐36 Physical Component Scale was approximately 1.5 standard deviations below the mean of a normative sample of healthy adults the same age. Regression analysis revealed that autonomic disease parameters accounted for 22% of the variance in life satisfaction. Physical function did not account for any additional variance; however, depressive symptoms accounted for an additional 15%. Depressive symptoms are common, often severe, and an important determinant of life satisfaction in patients with MSA. Adequate treatment of comorbid depression may improve quality of life in this population, despite the presence of other debilitating deficits. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Hemiparkinsonism and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias after focal nigral lesion
Authors: Růžička Evžen , Urgošík Dušan , Jech Robert , Roth Jan , Vymazal Josef , Mečíř Petr , Vladyka Vilibald
Published: March 2005

We present a patient with tremor‐dominant hemiparkinsonism after a focal lesion to the substantia nigra. An excellent response to levodopa was complicated by rapid development of motor fluctuations and disabling dyskinesias. Stereotactic thalamotomy resulted in a persistent extinction of parkinsonism and of dyskinesias along with stopping dopaminergic treatment. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
TRADING KNOWLEDGE: THE EAST INDIA COMPANY'S ELEPHANTS IN INDIA AND BRITAIN
Authors: SIVASUNDARAM SUJIT
Published: March 2005

During the East India Company's rule of India, Britons observed the pervasiveness of elephants in local modes of warfare, hunting, trade, and religious symbolism. The colonizers appropriated this knowledge about elephants: for instance, in the taking-over of Mughal trade routes or Tipu Sultan's stables. What Indians knew about the elephant also fed into a metropolitan culture of anthropomorphism, exemplified in the celebrated shooting of the elephant Chuny in 1826. Anthropomorphic approaches to the elephant held by Britons worked alongside Sanskrit texts and Mughal paintings. These hybrid understandings gave way by the mid-century to an allegedly objective and Christian science of animals, which could not be tainted by what was called pagan superstition. By using the elephant as a point of focus, this article urges the importance of popular traditions of colonial exchange in the emergence of science, and cautions against the reification of indigenous knowledge. The argument aims to show the strengths of a history of knowledge-making that is not focused on elites, the metropolis, or the periphery. A study of the uses of the elephant in colonialism also suggests the multiple and easily interchangeable meanings that animals could carry.
EDMUND BURKE'S CHANGING JUSTIFICATION FOR INTERVENTION
Authors: HAMPSHER-MONK IAIN
Published: March 2005

Burke's justification for intervention in French internal affairs in the name of the international community has formed a powerful strand of thought in both diplomacy and international relations theory. However, the strength and openness of Burke's advocacy, traced here, changed according to his target audience, the domestic, and the international political context. Crucially, when he came to justify the case openly, the arguments changed completely. Beginning with a Grotian argument drawn from Vattel and premised on states as isolated rights-holders in a pre-social ‘state of nature’, Burke always struggled to draw a justification for intervention in the case, allowed by Vattel, of irrevocable political disunion. This conflicted both with Burke's general conception of states as corporate wholes and his linked policy aspiration to restore the totality of French ancient institutions. Ultimately abandoning this, his final argument, fully set out only in the Letters on a regicide peace, is completely new. It is premised not on modern international law but on remedies to be found in Roman domestic law, invocation of which he justifies by claiming Europe to be a single juridical enclave, drawing on an eighteenth-century discourse of shared manners, law, and culture as constitutive of political identity and community.
THE POLITICS OF PROTESTANT STREET PREACHING IN 1890s IRELAND
Authors: KELLY MATTHEW
Published: March 2005

During the 1890s evangelical Protestants took to preaching on the streets in southern Irish towns and cities. They provoked an angry response, with large Catholic crowds gathering to protest at their activities. This created a difficult situation for the authorities. Obliged, on the one hand, to protect the rights and liberties of the preachers, they also looked to nurture behaviour appropriate to the sectarian realities in Ireland. At stake was the extent to which Ireland could be treated as an undifferentiated part of the United Kingdom, with W. E. H. Lecky increasingly recognizing the need for a different legal basis in Ireland. These events formed part of the wider evolution of ‘constructive unionism’. More broadly, respectable Irish Protestant and Catholic disapproval of preachers and the ‘mob’ revealed the way in which class attitudes cut across sectarian identities, suggesting that the political dividends paid the wider unionist movement by this exposure of the apparent realities of ‘Rome rule’ were little valued in the locale. Similarly, interventions by home rule politicians reinforced the sense that conciliating British public opinion was a central concern. Here was an example of how locally orientated sectarianism helped shape national political agendas.
THE GLOBAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: SEXTON JAY
Published: March 2005

In the past decade, ‘internationalizing’ or ‘globalizing’ American history has become the mantra of the historical profession. This essay reviews this new body of literature that situates American history within a global framework, searches for connections between the United States and the rest of the world, and explores how American practices and culture have been exported. The ‘globalizing’ project, it shall be argued, has helped historians move beyond the limiting concept of American exceptionalism, whilst providing new explanations for the distinct and, at times, unique, history of the United States. It has also shed new light on the history of American foreign relations. Though historians need to balance the international with the national and better apply transnational methods to the study of the nineteenth century, the global perspective has already added a new texture to our understanding of American history.
LAW'S EMPIRE: ENGLISH LEGAL CULTURES AT HOME AND ABROAD
Authors: FINN MARGOT C.
Published: March 2005

The common law tradition: lawyers, books and the law. By J. H. Baker. London: Hambledon, 2000. Pp. xxxiv+404. ISBN 1-85285-181-3. £40.00.

Lawyers, litigation and English society since 1450. By Christopher W. Brooks. London: Hambledon, 1998. Pp. x+274. ISBN 1-85285-156-2. £40.00.

Professors of the law: barristers and English legal culture in the eighteenth century. By David Lemmings. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. xiv+399. ISBN 0-19-820721-2. £50.00.

Industrializing English law: entrepreneurship and business organization, 1720–1844. By Ron Harris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xvi+331. ISBN 0-521-66275-3. £37.50.

Between law and custom: ‘high’ and ‘low’ legal cultures in the lands of the British Diaspora – the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, 1600–1900. By Peter Karsten. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi+560. ISBN 0-521-79283-5. £70.00.

The past few decades have witnessed a welcome expansion in historians' understanding of English legal cultures, a development that has extended the reach of legal history far beyond the boundaries circumscribed by the Inns of Court, the central tribunals of Westminster, and the periodic provincial circuits of their judges, barristers, and attorneys. The publication of J. G. A. Pocock's classic study, The ancient constitution and the feudal law, in 1957 laid essential foundations for this expansion by underlining the centrality of legal culture to wider political and intellectual developments in the early modern period. Recent years have seen social historians elaborate further upon the purchase exercised by legal norms outside the courtroom. Criminal law was initially at the vanguard of this historiographical trend, and developments in this field continue to revise and enrich our understanding of the law's pervasive reach in British culture. But civil litigation – most notably disputes over contracts and debts – now occupies an increasingly prominent position within the social history of the law. Law's empire, denoting the area of dominion marked out by the myriad legal cultures that emanated both from parliamentary statutes and English courts, is now a far more capacious field of study than an earlier generation of legal scholars could imagine. Without superseding the need for continued attention to established lines of legal history, the mapping of this imperial terrain has underscored the imperative for new approaches to legal culture that emphasize plurality and dislocation rather than the presumed coherence of the common law.
THE STUDY OF POLITICS AS A VOCATION
Authors: TOYE RICHARD
Published: March 2005

The myth of Mr Butskell: the politics of British economic policy, 1950–1955. By Scott Kelly. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002. Pp. viii+248. ISBN 0-7546-0604-X. £42.50.

The Labour party and taxation: party identity and political purpose in twentieth-century Britain. By Richard Whiting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+294. ISBN 0-521-57160-X. £45.00.

British social policy since 1945. Second edition. By Howard Glennerster. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, 2000. Pp. xii+260. ISBN 0-631-22022-4. £15.99.

Governance, industry and labour markets in Britain and France: the modernising state in the mid-twentieth century. Edited by Noel Whiteside and Robert Salais. London and New York: Routledge, 1998. Pp. xi+295. ISBN 0-415-15733-1. £45.00.

The final result of political action often, no, even regularly, stands in completely inadequate and often even paradoxical relation to its original meaning. Max Weber, Politics as a Vocation (1918–19)

Hugh Gaitskell (Labour chancellor of the exchequer, 1950–1) remarked in 1957 that ‘professional politicians, when they have been in the job for any length of time, are not well fitted for really deep thinking, partly because they have no time for it and partly because the very practice of their art involves them in continual simplification’. This candid observation has important implications for the study of how past politicians formulated policy. The books under review all deal with differing aspects of British (and also, in one case, French) economic and social policy in the twentieth century. They all show, to varying degrees, that parties, governments, and other political actors have proffered apparently simplistic and muddled solutions to important problems. But was this because of intellectual deficiency on their part, or was it an inevitable consequence of the exercise of what Rab Butler, Gaitskell's Conservative successor, famously called ‘the art of the possible’?
Satellite observations of electric fields in the South Atlantic anomaly region during the July 2000 magnetic storm
Authors: Lin C. S. , Yeh H. C.
Published: March 2005

During the great magnetic storm of 15 July 2000 the ROCSAT‐1 low Earth‐orbiting satellite detected an unusually large region of density depletion at low latitudes (<35°) in the ionosphere in corotation with the South Atlantic anomaly (SAA). Adjacent to the region of density dropout was a region of density enhancement with irregularities. We report characteristics of convective electric fields deduced from analyzing measurements of ROCSAT‐1 drift meters and a retarding potential analyzer in the region of ion density structures during the event. Specifically, the ROCSAT‐1 satellite observed penetration of large convective electric fields at apex height below 5000 km (L = 1.78) in the low‐latitude nightside ionosphere. The zonal electric field component was eastward, corresponding to outward convection, and the radial electric field component on the magnetic meridian plane was outward, corresponding to westward convection. In general, both components of the observed convective electric fields were reduced and characterized with wave structures or fluctuations with a wavelength of the order of 100 km in the density enhancement region. In the density depletion region, electric fields increased steadily as density decreased. Distinctly, the observed electric field had a peak near the apex height of the magnetic field line connected to the boundary between ion density dropout and enhancement. The magnitude of the peak electric field was largest in the beginning of the storm main phase and decayed with time. We have conducted a modeling calculation to demonstrate that energetic electron precipitation in the SAA region could increase Hall conductivities in the E region. We have theoretically examined electric field patterns for a circular region of enhanced conductivity in the ionosphere in the presence of a background electric field. Theoretically, electric fields are reduced inside the high‐conductance region but are enhanced immediately outside the conductive region with radial decay from the conductive boundary. It is interpreted that the localized electric field signatures observed by ROCSAT‐1 are produced when ionospheric conductivities are enhanced in the density enhancement region and reduced in the density depletion region. On the basis of modeling results we speculate that energetic particle precipitation might occur in the density enhancement region near the SAA during magnetic superstorms. The obtained results suggest that ionospheric density variation in the SAA region during intense magnetic disturbances might play an important role in the low‐latitude ionosphere electrodynamics.
An amplitude scintillation test pattern standard for evaluating GPS receiver performance
Authors: Kintner P. M. , Ledvina B. M. , de Paula E. R.
Published: March 2005

A GPS L1 amplitude scintillation test pattern based on measured GPS signal amplitudes is proposed as a first step toward developing a standard. The 300 s test pattern is created from a GPS signal experiencing moderate amplitude scintillations (0.3 < S4 < 0.6) as measured at Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil, during January 2001. By scaling the signal amplitudes to larger S4 values, the effect of severe scintillations on GPS receiver operation is investigated and is shown to produce serious loss of signal tracking and, in some cases, failure to navigate. The test pattern is publicly available for use in evaluating GPS receivers by acknowledging the source. Future work will focus on including phase scintillations to make a complete standard.
Initial soil moisture retrievals from AMSR‐E: Multiscale comparison using in situ data and rainfall patterns over Iowa
Authors: McCabe M. F. , Wood E. F. , Gao H.
Published: March 2005

Coupled with information from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), standard soil datasets and vegetation and land surface parameters, a land surface microwave emission model (LSMEM) is employed using AMSR‐E brightness temperatures at X‐band (10.7 GHz) to determine soil moisture over Iowa for June and July 2002. Comparisons of calculated soil moisture with in situ validation data collected from a densely monitored watershed as part of the SMEX02 campaign, indicate that accuracies in the order of 3% vol./vol. are achievable, even where agricultural surfaces such as corn and soybean dominate. Additionally, to qualitatively evaluate the derived product and identify the level of coherence between related hydrometeorological data, a comparison of soil moisture retrievals with precipitation patterns is undertaken. Consistent spatial correlation is observed between these two fields, illustrating not only that remotely sensed soil moisture has potential to provide improved characterisation of large scale precipitation patterns, but that such patterns may also offer a pathway towards enhanced assessment of soil moisture retrievals.
Dust storms generated by mesoscale cold fronts in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Aoki Isao , Kurosaki Yasunori , Osada Ryoichi , Sato Tomonori , Kimura Fujio
Published: March 2005

By the numerical experiments, we clarify the regional wind systems that generate dust storms in the Tarim basin, Northwest China. In the basin, dust storms are generated by a mesoscale cold wind system induced by a synoptic‐scale cold air mass behind a cold front. The intruding course of the mesoscale cold wind into the basin can be classified into three patterns. The first pattern is characterized by the easterly mesoscale cold wind, which is separated from the synoptic‐scale cold westerly and turns westward after going around the eastern side of the TianShan Mountains. The mesoscale cold wind categorized in the second pattern directly crosses over the TianShan Mountains, which often gives a very strong wind in the basin with the largest dust storms in the three patterns. The third pattern indicates that the cold wind crosses over Pamir plateau, although the magnitude of the dust storm is usually small.
Structure of the lunar wake: Two‐dimensional global hybrid simulations
Authors: Trávníček Pavel , Hellinger Petr , Schriver David , Bale Stuart D.
Published: March 2005

We study the structure and properties of the lunar wake with these solar wind parameters: the angle θsw between directions of the solar wind velocity vsw and the ambient interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B θsw = 45° and 90° and vsw = 6vA (where vA denotes solar wind Alfvén velocity). We examine the structure of the wake‐tail formed behind the obstacle. In agreement with in situ observations the lunar wake is formed by two counterstreaming beams which fill the wake with a relatively cold, inhomogeneous and highly anisotropic plasma. The results of this study suggest that for given solar wind conditions the downstream region of the lunar wake is dominated by electromagnetic turbulence with the frequencies near the local proton gyrofrequency. The properties and possible generating mechanisms of the low‐frequency electromagnetic turbulence are discussed.
Effects of the temperature dependence in PTFE diffusers on observed UV irradiances
Authors: McKenzie Richard , Badosa Jordi , Kotkamp Michael , Johnston Paul
Published: March 2005

The effect of temperature‐dependences on the transmission of PTFE diffusers used in NIWA UV spectrometers is quantified through laboratory and field measurements. It is shown that data taken at temperatures less than 15°C typically require an upward correction of ∼2%.
Solar zenith angle and merging electric field control of field‐aligned currents: A statistical study of the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Wang H. , Lühr H. , Ma S. Y.
Published: March 2005

High‐resolution and precise vector magnetic field measurements of the CHAMP satellite are used to investigate the field‐aligned currents (FACs) in the southern polar ionosphere. The period considered comprises 2 years, providing a double coverage of the seasons and about a six‐fold coverage of all local times. From more than 11,000 polar passes the average spatial pattern of FACs in the polar ionosphere is derived. The response of features like intensity and positions of large‐scale field‐aligned currents to normal (when merging electric field is less than 2 mV/m) and disturbed (when merging electric field is greater than 2 mV/m) conditions in the Southern Hemisphere are investigated. The influence of the solar illumination‐induced conductivity on the morphology features of field‐aligned currents during normal conditions are also studied. It follows from this analysis that the intensity of field‐aligned currents changes with the merging electric field at all MLT sectors but with the solar radiation‐induced conductivity only at the dayside. Furthermore, a linear relation between the conductivity and the peak FAC density exists, which implies that the dayside FAC densities are directly controlled by the amount of solar radiation. Solar elevation does not affect the nightside FAC density. On the dayside a systematic difference of the footprint latitude between sunlit and dark conditions emerges. Under dark conditions the auroral region retreats about 2° equatorward. On the basis of the above results, we may suggest that the sources of Birkeland currents on the zdayside behave like a voltage source, while on the nightside the response is possibly like a current source.
Magnetotail response to prolonged southward IMF Bz intervals: Loading, unloading, and continuous magnetospheric dissipation
Authors: Tanskanen E. I. , Slavin J. A. , Fairfield D. H. , Sibeck D. G. , Gjerloev J. , Mukai T. , Ieda A. , Nagai T.
Published: March 2005

The response of the Earth's magnetotail to prolonged southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has been determined for the three Geotail magnetotail seasons from November to April, 1999–2002. We examine the total magnetotail pressure PT,tail = B2/2μ0 + NikTi because variations should be similar in this parameter in the lobes and in the plasma sheet. We found 13 events when IMF Bz remained southward for 8 hours or longer and Geotail was located within the magnetotail farther than 10 RE downstream. All 13 events were subdivided into separate intervals characterized as (1) loading, if the tail total pressure increased more than 100%; (2) unloading, if the total pressure decreased by more than 50%; and (3) what we term here continuous magnetospheric dissipation (CMD), if the tail total pressure increased by less than 100% and/or decreased less than 50% during the entire mode interval. In total, 37 loading, 37 unloading, and 28 CMD events were found. The plasma sheet magnetic flux transfer rate, ϕEarth ≈ vx · Bz, and plasma bulk velocity has been analyzed to determine the steadiness of the plasma sheet convection. Plasma sheet convection was found to be highly disturbed and intense plasma flows (BBFs and FBs) were observed during all convection states. However, the occurence rate and amplitude of plasma flows distinguish loading‐unloading and continuous dissipation periods from each other. BBFs seem to be more numerous (135) but weaker (about 500 km/s) during continuous dissipation intervals compared with BBFs existing during unloading mode (61 and 660 km/s). Finally, it was found that CMD‐type convection is more likely when the mean southward IMF Bz > −5 nT, while loading‐unloading is more likely when IMF Bz < −5 nT.
Kinetic theory of collisionless tearing at the magnetopause
Authors: Daughton William , Karimabadi H.
Published: March 2005

This paper is the first in a series of three with the aim of addressing one of the controversial issues at the magnetopause, namely the location where reconnection first occurs during periods of a large interplanetary magnetic field By. In this first paper, the linear properties of the collisionless tearing mode are reexamined as a function of the guide field By using a formally exact approach for computing the nonlocal Vlasov stability of a current layer. Three distinct parameter regimes are identified depending on the degree to which electron orbits are modified by the guide field in the central region of the current layer. In the limit of both weak and strong guide field, the fastest‐growing tearing mode has a wave vector kx perpendicular to the direction of the current, in agreement with previous theoretical treatments. However, for intermediate values of the guide field where the electrons begin to transition to magnetized orbits, the fastest‐growing modes have a finite wave vector ky in the direction of the current. In this newly discovered regime, the so‐called drift tearing modes have finite real frequency and propagate in the direction of the electron diamagnetic drift with growth rates 10–50% larger than the conventional tearing instability. Maximum growth occurs for a propagation angle in the range θ = tan−1(ky/kx) ≈ 6–10°. These new predictions are confirmed using fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell simulations. The structure of the out‐of‐plane magnetic field perturbation predicted by nonlocal Vlasov theory is examined as a function of guide field. In the limit of a neutral sheet, the quadrupole structure has a characteristic scale near the electron meandering width and shows significant differences with the predictions of linear Hall MHD. The addition of a guide field strongly distorts the quadrupole structure and compresses the spatial extent. In the strong guide field limit, the width of the out‐of‐plane magnetic field perturbation is reduced to the electron gyroscale in the guide field. During the onset phase, these structures represent a distinct signature of the collisionless tearing mode that is significantly different than the typical ion‐scale quadrupole pattern from fast reconnection. Finally, we note that the tearing mode maintains a significant growth rate over a large range of guide field so that component merging cannot be ruled out based on linear theory.
Lyman alpha imaging of solar activity on the interplanetary hydrogen screen for space weather forecasting
Authors: Okazaki Y. , Fukunishi H. , Takahashi Y. , Taguchi M. , Watanabe S.
Published: March 2005

Interplanetary hydrogen atoms that penetrate into the heliosphere are illuminated by enhanced hydrogen Lyman alpha emission from solar active regions. Using the data obtained by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), Bertaux et al. (2000) proposed a new method for earlier detection and monitoring of solar active regions on the far‐side hemisphere. However, a quantitative relationship between the sky map of interplanetary Lyman alpha intensity and the enhanced emission from a solar active region was not discussed. Here, we analyze the interplanetary Lyman alpha intensity data obtained by the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (UVS) on board the Nozomi spacecraft. We develop a method to map the distribution of interplanetary Lyman alpha intensity into the Carrington coordinate system by assuming an interplanetary hydrogen screen at the location of maximum volume emission rate. Analysis period is from January 2000 to March 2000 near solar maximum. The solar activity during this analysis period is much higher as compared with the case study by Bertaux et al. (2000). The sky map of the Lyman alpha emission obtained by the UVS is shown to exhibit a high correlation with the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) intensity map obtained by the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) on board the SOHO satellite. The highest value of two‐dimensional correlation coefficient is 0.80. An observed change in the periodicity of interplanetary Lyman alpha intensity is in good agreement with the growth of an active region on the Sun. It has been also confirmed that the far‐side observations of UVS detected the growth of an active region in advance. This case study demonstrates that the location and intensity variation of activity on the far side of the Sun can be detected by far‐side measurements of interplanetary Lyman alpha emission intensity. It is thus concluded that the developed method contributes to space weather forecasting on a scale of 2 weeks.
Evaluation of quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients for whistler mode waves in a plasma with arbitrary density ratio
Authors: Albert J. M.
Published: March 2005

Techniques are presented for efficiently evaluating quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients for whistler mode waves propagating according to the full cold plasma index of refraction. In particular, the density ratio ωpe/Ωe can be small, which favors energy diffusion. This generalizes an approach, previously used for high‐density hiss and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, of identifying (and omitting) ranges of wavenormal angle θ that are incompatible with cyclotron resonant frequencies ω occurring between sharp cutoffs of the modeled wave frequency spectrum. This requires a detailed analysis of the maximum and minimum values of the refractive index as a function of ω and θ, as has previously been performed in the high‐density approximation. Sample calculations show the effect of low‐density ratio on the pitch angle and energy diffusion coefficients modeling the effect of chorus waves on radiation belt electrons. The high‐density approximation turns out to be quite robust, especially when the upper frequency cutoff is small compared with Ωe. The techniques greatly reduce the amount of computation needed for a sample calculation, while taking into account all resonant harmonic numbers n up to ±∞.
On the response of the O(1S) dayglow emission rate to the Sun's energy input: An empirical model deduced from WINDII/UARS global measurements
Authors: Zhang Shengpan P. , Shepherd Gordon G.
Published: March 2005

More than 520,000 emission rate profiles of the O(1S) dayglow (557.7 nm, the atomic oxygen green line) were measured by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) during 1991–1997, providing an unprecedented and unique resource for studying the O(1S) emission layer, its related physics and chemistry, and the response of the mesosphere and thermosphere to the solar input. The daytime O(1S) emission is one of the most remarkable and persistent phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere between 80 and 280 km. The emission has two components, peaking at 140–180 km and 94–104 km. WINDII measurements show that both components are sensitively correlated with the Sun in the sense that (1) for a given day, the peak emission rates in both the F‐region and the E‐region increase with increasing cosine of the solar zenith angle, the height of the peak emission rate in the F‐region decreases with increasing peak emission rate but that in the E‐region does not have a clear relationship with the peak emission rate; (2) both the peak emission rate and its height in the F‐region as well in the E‐region increase with increasing solar irradiance, i.e., they follow the solar cycle. For the first time an empirical model of the green line emission rate and height of the peak emission are derived from WINDII global measurements over six years as functions of the solar zenith angle and the solar irradiance using the daily solar F10.7 cm flux as a proxy. This model provides a baseline for the unperturbed daytime green line emission for any time and any location. Owing to the direct effect of the solar zenith angle, the emission rate is symmetrical with respect to local noon; and globally, it is symmetrical with respect to the equator at equinox, and is much larger in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere at solstice. As a result, for a constant solar irradiance, the emission rate has an annual oscillation at mid and high latitudes, and a semiannual oscillation at the equator. In the solar cycle 22, for an overhead Sun, the max/min ratio of the F10.7 cm flux is about four, and the max/min ratio of the integrated O(1S) emission rate is about three. Some unsolved problems regarding the mechanism of the green line emission are reported.
Representation of dry tropical layers and their origins in ERA‐40 data
Authors: Cau Piero , Methven John , Hoskins Brian
Published: March 2005

The focus of this paper is the occurrence of dry intrusions in the tropical atmosphere and their origin. Dry layers are observed to have a wide range of thicknesses, so as guidance on the scales of interest the radiative impact of dry intrusions is investigated. Typically such intrusions would contribute an increase in OLR of 3 Wm−2 per 100 hPa thickness in a clear‐sky scenario and less if clouds are present. The velocity fields from ERA‐40 are used to calculate the back trajectories of air masses from radiosonde profiles. The humidity observed by the sondes is compared with humidity profiles reconstructed by taking ERA‐40 specific humidity from the origin of the trajectories, reducing the value only if saturation occurs along the trajectory. The agreement found provides a validation of the trajectory technique used, which is then used to infer the origin of dry air masses during November and December 1992 at Kapingamarangi, in the tropical West Pacific. A variety of behaviors is found, with many dry events clearly associated with air masses descending from the extratropics. Four particular dry events are discussed.
On the relationship between Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) ozone and hurricanes
Authors: Zou X. , Wu Yonghui
Published: March 2005

The Earth Probe (EP)/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) total ozone (O3) data are employed in an investigation of the relationship between total column ozone and hurricanes. It is shown that variations of total ozone amounts are closely related to the formation, intensification, and movement of a hurricane. A high correlation between TOMS O3 and upper level geopotential height is found within hurricanes. A regime‐dependent high correlation between TOMS O3 and vertically integrated potential vorticity fields is also found in a hurricane environment. Several regression models are developed for applying TOMS O3 to hurricane initialization and data assimilation.
In situ ship cruise measurements of mass concentration and size distribution of aerosols over Bay of Bengal and their radiative impacts
Authors: Ganguly Dilip , Jayaraman A. , Gadhavi H.
Published: March 2005

Simultaneous measurements of surface level aerosol mass concentrations, their size distribution, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) were made during a ship cruise study conducted over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) between 19 and 28 February 2003, when the prevailing surface level wind flow is predominantly from the continent toward the ocean, using a ten‐stage QCM cascade impactor and Microtops Sun photometer. On all cruise days, air parcels at different altitude levels were coming either from west or from northwest directions, crossing a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent before finally reaching over BoB. Average value of surface level aerosol mass concentration is found to be around 50, 37, and 13 μg/m3 for coarse mode (>1 μm), accumulation mode (between 1 μm and 0.1 μm), and nucleation mode (<0.1 μm) particles, respectively. Size distribution of aerosols measured during the cruise showed the presence of four distinct modes, all of which could be fitted using lognormal distribution. Mode radii for the distributions lie in the range of 0.025–0.036 μm for mode 1, between 0.15 and 0.165 for mode 2, between 0.39 and 0.55 for mode 3, and between 2.2 and 3.5 for mode 4. Over the study region, daily mean AOD values at 380 nm were in the range of 0.34 to 0.75 while those at 1020 nm varied from 0.09 to 0.25. The mean value of Angstrom wavelength exponent α is found to be 1.19 ± 0.12. Regression analysis for the scatterplots between AOD values and surface mass concentrations showed good correlation between them over the entire cruise region. Aerosol optical depths, as well as extinction coefficients calculated from surface level aerosol number concentrations, show higher values over northern and coastal areas of BoB. An estimate of aerosol scale height has been made from the ratio of columnar AOD values and surface extinction coefficients. Columnar aerosol size distributions were derived using King's inversion technique, and the results are found to be less sensitive to the choice of aerosol refractive index values used. Independently, aerosol scale height is also estimated by taking the ratio of derived columnar number distribution and measured surface level aerosol number concentrations. AOD values observed over BoB are used in estimating the aerosol radiative forcing over this region. The Average value of the net direct radiative forcing for the region is found to be in the range of −30.6 to −26.6 W/m2 at the surface and −8.4 to −10.6 W/m2 at the TOA. Magnitude of LW forcing is found to be about 10% of its SW counterpart, at both surface and TOA. Results of a sensitivity test showed that the magnitude of LW aerosol forcing at the surface level decreases with the increase in column water vapor.
GW274150 and GW273629 are potent and highly selective inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Alderton Wendy K , Angell Anthony D R , Craig Caroline , Dawson John , Garvey Edward , Moncada Salvador , Monkhouse Jayne , Rees Daryl , Russell Linda J , Russell Rachel J , Schwartz Sheila , Waslidge Neil , Knowles Richard G
Published: March 2005

GW274150 ([2‐[(1‐iminoethyl) amino]ethyl]‐L‐homocysteine) and GW273629 (3‐[[2‐[(1‐iminoethyl)amino]ethyl]sulphonyl]‐L‐alanine) are potent, time‐dependent, highly selective inhibitors of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) vs endothelial NOS (eNOS) (>100‐fold) or neuronal NOS (nNOS) (>80‐fold). GW274150 and GW273629 are arginine competitive, NADPH‐dependent inhibitors of human iNOS with steady state Kd values of <40 and <90 nM, respectively.

GW274150 and GW273629 inhibited intracellular iNOS in J774 cells in a time‐dependent manner, reaching IC50 values of 0.2±0.04 and 1.3±0.16 μM, respectively. They were also acutely selective in intact rat tissues: GW274150 was >260‐fold and 219‐fold selective for iNOS against eNOS and nNOS, respectively, while GW273629 was >150‐fold and 365‐fold selective for iNOS against eNOS and nNOS, respectively.

The pharmacokinetic profile of GW274150 was biphasic in healthy rats and mice with a terminal half‐life of ∼6 h. That of GW273629 was also biphasic in rats, producing a terminal half‐life of ∼3 h. In mice however, elimination of GW273629 appeared monophasic and more rapid (∼10 min). Both compounds show a high oral bioavailability (>90%) in rats and mice.

GW274150 was effective in inhibiting LPS‐induced plasma NOx levels in mice with an ED50 of 3.2±0.7 mg kg−1 after 14 h intraperitoneally (i.p.) and 3.8±1.5 mg kg−1 after 14 h when administered orally. GW273629 showed shorter‐lived effects on plasma NOx and an ED50 of 9±2 mg kg−1 after 2 h when administered i.p.

The effects of GW274150 and GW273629 in vivo were consistent with high selectivity for iNOS, as these inhibitors were of low potency against nNOS in the rat cerebellum and did not cause significant effects on blood pressure in instrumented mice.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 301–312. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706168