bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced loop quantization with four Klein–Gordon scalar fields as reference matter
Authors: Giesel K , Vetter A
Published: June 2019

We perform a reduced phase space quantization of gravity using four Klein–Gordon scalar fields as reference matter as an alternative to the Brown–Kuchar dust model in Giesel and Thiemann (2010 Class. Quantum Grav. 27 175009), where dust scalar fields are used. We compare our results to an earlier model by Domagala et al (2010 Phys. Rev. D 82 104038) where only one Klein–Gordon scalar field is considered as reference matter for the Hamiltonian constraint but the spatial diffeomorphism constraints are quantized using Dirac quantization. As a result we find that the choice of four conventional Klein–Gordon scalar fields as reference matter leads to a reduced dynamical model that cannot be quantized using loop quantum gravity techniques. However, we further discuss a slight generalization of the action for the four Klein–Gordon scalar fields and show that this leads to a model which can be quantized in the framework of loop quantum gravity. By comparison of the physical Hamiltonian operators obtained from the model by Domagala et al (2010 Phys. Rev. D 82 104038) and the one introduced in this work we are able to make a first step towards comparing Dirac and reduced phase space quantization in the context of the spatial diffeomorphism constraints.
All-optical spatio-temporal control of electron emission from SiO2 nanospheres with femtosecond two-color laser fields
Authors: Liu Qingcao , Zherebtsov Sergey , Seiffert Lennart , Skruszewicz Slawomir , Zietlow Dominik , Ahn Seongjin , Rupp Philipp , Wnuk Pawel , Sun Shaohua , Kessel Alexander , Trushin Sergei , Schlander Annika , Kim Dongeon , Rühl Eckart , Ciappina Marcelo F , Tiggesbäumker Josef , Gallei Markus , Fennel Thomas , Kling Matthias F
Published: June 2019

Field localization by nanostructures illuminated with laser pulses of well-defined waveform enables spatio-temporal tailoring of the near-fields for sub-cycle control of electron dynamics at the nanoscale. Here, we apply intense linearly-polarized two-color laser pulses for all-optical control of the highest energy electron emission from SiO2 nanoparticles. For the size regime where light propagation effects become important, we demonstrate the possibility to control the preferential emission angle of a considerable fraction of the fastest electrons by varying the relative phase of the two-color field. Trajectory based semi-classical simulations show that for the investigated nanoparticle size range the directional steering can be attributed to the two-color effect on the electron trajectories, while the accompanied modification of the spatial distribution of the ionization rate on the nanoparticle surface has only a minor effect.
Accessing electromagnetic properties of matter with cylindrical vector beams
Authors: Fujita Hiroyuki , Tada Yasuhiro , Sato Masahiro
Published: June 2019

Cylindrical vector beam (CVB) is a structured lightwave characterized by its topologically nontrivial nature of the optical polarization. The unique electromagnetic field configuration of CVBs has been exploited to optical tweezers, laser accelerations, and so on. However, use of CVBs in research fields outside optics such as condensed matter physics has not progressed. In this paper, we propose potential applications of CVBs to those fields based on a general argument on their absorption by matter. We show that pulse azimuthal CVBs around terahertz or far-infrared frequencies can be a unique and powerful mean for time-resolved spectroscopy of magnetic properties of matter and claim that an azimuthal electric field of a pulse CVB would be a novel way of studying and controlling edge currents in topological materials. We also demonstrate how powerful CVBs will be as a tool for Floquet engineering of nonequilibrium states of matter.
Evaluate the efficiency of the Iraqi city to overcome the challenges of sustainable smart cities
Authors: Alkanaani H A , Bahith K H
Published: June 2019

The Iraqi city suffers from stagnation and being unable to respond to the increasing demand for services due to the high population density that has created a huge data system. Therefore, the traditional systems are unable to respond to the nature of demands and provide solutions according to standards that meet the ambition of the planning. The traditional choice of presenting plans and implementing them with the world’s knowledge progress has become a futile choice that may not work if it continues at this classic steps.

This importance of Smart City globally and its adoption as a strategy is to alleviate the problems caused by population growth and rapid urbanization, yet, we notice a very small number of researches that discuss this phenomenon in Arab countries generally, in Iraq specifically, and in order to fill this gap and in responding to the use of this concept, the frame of this research was set to identify the most important obstacles in implementing this concept on the Iraqi city in terms of Smart infrastructure elements which is a base of the concept of smart city integration.

This research is part of the solutions to the problems of cities through smart means, which can be divided in this aspect into two main stages: the first is the studies that concern the literature that aim to establish such cities, second is the practical aspect of these kinds of literature. Therefore, the research aimed at studying the possibility of applying the literature of the smart city to the Iraqi city in order to evaluate the reality which resulted in the fact that applying this concept requires financial and knowledge abilities which suites the gap deduced by the research through adopted globally tools in this field.
Effect of Metal Tanks Wastes as Fibers on Some Concrete Properties
Authors: Alshahwany Rana Burhan , Alzaidy Mohammed N J
Published: June 2019

Recycling of waste materials limit solid wastes and saves natural resources. The investigations of using waste materials in concrete mixtures increase day by day. Use of waste materials in concrete gave economical disposal of wastes. This paper investigates the possibility of using metal wastes strips resulting from civilian factories of domestic storage tanks as fibers and its effect on some concrete properties which include workability of fresh concrete, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. Five concrete mixtures with different ratios of metal wastes fibers, (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2) % of concrete volume have been added to produce the concrete composites. Three Cubes, cylinders and prismatic samples have been made for compressive, tensile and flexural strength tests respectively for each mixture. The mechanical properties of mixtures were analyzed in comparison to the control mixture. The results showed that the metal waste fibers could be used successfully to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete. An increase in metal wastes fibers content led to increase in strength properties of concrete, and the optimum percentage of metal wastes fibers for strength improvement are ranged between 1.0-2.0%.
Design Objective as an Effective Factor for Sustainable Environment
Authors: Tewfik Mohammed Jarallah
Published: June 2019

The interior design is an integral part of the architectural structure. It cannot be neglected in providing a sustainable internal environment for the human being within a functional unit and cohesive design. Therefore, the study of the design purpose has a clear effect in the internal design of the interior spaces on the one hand and the architectural achievement on the other. Depends on the choice of interior designer the of design idea by transforming it the technical imagination to reality, and thus the task of the interior designer is based fundamentally on the adoption of the operational aspect in the design and employment within the trends of formality and aesthetic prevailing, by investing treatment The interior designers must follow in their design speech mechanisms a specific model in order to achieve the desired goal towards the construction of the sustainable internal environment. Hence, this is not done without experience and awareness of the design process. It is necessary to study this topic, which consists of four chapters. For the first chapter, the researcher adopted the formulation of the problem of research, which is summarized as follows: What are the elements of the design goal as an effective influence of the sustainable environment? While the importance of research in the development of experts and workers in the design and engineering of internal environments sustainable, as well as the design side of the study of modern and development of the designs of internal environments sustainable, and in light of the researcher focused the research objective to identify the elements of the design goal and which contribute to the effective impact of the sustainable environment, As for the research boundaries, the researcher has defined objectively the design goal as an effective influence of the sustainable environment, while its spatial and temporal boundaries will ensure the modern interior spaces (the living rooms of the major European residential houses). The second chapter will focus on determining the subject of the research procedures, namely the methodology of research based on the analytical descriptive approach (content analysis), while the research community will focus on the adoption of the selective method. Finally, the fourth chapter will include the extraction of the research results.
Sustainable Design Treatments for Thermal Range
Authors: El-Eqapy Ahmed Hashim , Hashim Al-Majidi Basim H. , Ibrahim Moheamen basim
Published: June 2019

The research deals with the thermal range phenomenon at the in inhabited areas. The shape and size of buildings varies according to the location, weather conditions and elements of the environment, thus exploring the nature, the negative effects, the causes and the elements of the human environment that help increase this phenomenon to the aim of developing the appropriate solutions to reduce the effects of the thermal range phenomenon. Hence emerged the issue of this research (The Absence of Comprehensive and Clear Sustainable Design Solutions to Reduce the Phenomenon of Thermal Range). In order to find solutions for this problem, a comprehensive conceptual framework was developed that illustrates a set of sustainable design solutions to reduce the phenomenon of thermal range. The theoretical framework application concepts on selected local study cases adopted to determine the extent to which these cases are met for the sustainable design solutions within the theoretical framework. By analyzing the results of the application, the selective local study cases showed that they did not acquire these solutions a matter that leads to the increase of this phenomenon and its multiple negative effects. The research concluded that the adoption of the sustainable design treatments within the theoretical framework is contributing to reduce this phenomenon that most of our local cities are suffering from.
Behavior and Strength of Steel-Carbon-Plastic Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Abuzaid Esraa Khudhair Mohsin
Published: June 2019

Fibers like steel, carbon, plastic; polyester, jute, etc. are add up to concrete known as fiber reinforced concrete. To obviate the deficiencies of concrete, fibers are added to concrete to reform the behavior of concrete. The fibers serve as not only the cracking control reinforcement, but also the vehicle to allow for significant internal plastic stress redistribution to increase the strength of the specimens after the first crack forms[1]. In this study hybrid reinforced concrete is made by adding steel, carbon and plastic fibers. (Steel + carbon and plastic + carbon) are used in order to combine the advantages of all of them and to make the mixture more economical by substituting half of the addition of carbon fiber with steel fiber and plastic fiber which cheaper carbon fiber; Addendum of steel fibers can increase compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concretes along with the post-cracking ductility while plastic fibers increase the resistance of concrete to cracking. Six beams were molded and tested over an effective span length 1000 mm up to failure under two concentrated loads. One beam molded without any strengthen (as a reference beam). Three beams were strengthened with three types of fibers (carbon fiber, steel fiber and plastic fiber) and 0.2% volume fraction. While the two last beams were strengthened with hybrid fibers(carbon fiber + steel fiber and carbon fiber + plastic fiber) (0.1% + 0.1%) for each fiber. Estimation of load –deflection response to the six beams. The results show a good amelioration provided after using of fibers as matched with the reference beam (without fiber). The results also show that using of hybrid fiber lead to a good improvement in the ultimate load value [increased (Pu) by 58.5% for (S.F + C.F) and by 38.5% for (P.F + C.F), while when use only (S.F) alone ultimate load increased (Pu) by 55.4% and for (P.F) alone ultimate load increased (Pu) by 6.62%.
Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soils Induced by the Presence of Sodium Chloride
Authors: Rahil Falah H , Al-Soudany Kawther Y H , Abbas Narjis S , Hussein Luay Y
Published: June 2019

The presence of appreciable quantities of soluble salt indicates that engineering properties of clayey soils may change in the presence of percolating water. Hence, an attempt was made in laboratory investigation to study the geotechnical properties of clayey soils mixed with (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight) of sodium chloride. Three type of clayey soils used having plasticity indices (12, 26 and 44%) were taken from three sites in Baghdad. Test Atterberg limits, unconfined compression, specific gravity, compaction and consolidation test, were conducted to investigate the effect of salt content on soil properties. The results showed that the plasticity index, optimum moisture contents, compression index, and unconfined compressive strength decrease with increasing salt content. The max dry unit weight slightly increases with increase salt content while it increases up to 5% salt then decreases for high plasticity.
The Impacts of Building Contraventions and Informal Residential Land Subdivision on the Quality of Life in Baghdad
Authors: Hajer Al Ishaqee A.S. , Enam Albazaz A.
Published: June 2019

Building contraventions and illegal subdivision of residential land are common phenomena in developing countries. These practices have major implications for the urban quality of life and place an enormous strain on urban services. The main purpose of the paper is to identify and discuss the impacts of building contraventions and informal land subdivision on the Quality of Life (QOL) within the context of the Al ‘Utayfiyah area, located in the Al Karkh district of Baghdad, Iraq. A mixed methods approach involving a questionnaire and interview surveys and field observations was adopted to obtain the necessary data. Results indicate that building contraventions and informal land subdivision have significantly diminished the QOL in the study area. Specifically, it was found that the public utility networks are in poor conditions. Furthermore, these illegal activities have reduced open and public spaces and have put excessive pressure on urban infrastructure, resulting in an unhealthy and aesthetically unappealing urban environment. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations for improving regulation enforcement and building control in Baghdad.
Impact of the Feasibility Study on the Construction Projects
Authors: Mohammed Sawsan Rasheed , Naji Hafeth I. , Ali Rouwaida Hussein
Published: June 2019

A Feasibility studies include recognizing and analyzing the power and the flaws of the project, in conjunction, also defining the chance and intimidations external the company within the construction industry. There are a number of problems of the feasibility study as it regards overlooked part in Iraqi construction industry and the problems of feasibility studies abuses. Misinterpretation of study stages and also having incorrect idea of the goal of the feasibility studies. Other factors that affect directly and negatively in the Iraqi industry such as delay, cost, and other issues that affect quality of the construction projects

The aim of this paper Assess the awareness level of the feasibility study in construction projects and to determine the effects of feasibility study in construction industry and to identify the causes of abuses of feasibility study in construction industry.

The methodology of the paper includes survey and formulation of the questionnaire to identify the factor the cause the feasibility study to fail and then use system dynamic to analysis the impact of these factors. The results show that the feasibility study is neglected part in Iraqi construction project due to the fact that its neglected, the were abuse in use the abuse of the feasibility study lead to cost and time over runs, and system dynamic technique approved to be a significant in the analysis of the impact of the.
Iconic architecture and sustainability as a tool to attract the global attention
Authors: Aatty Hawraa M S , Al Slik Ghada M R
Published: June 2019

The development of sustainable iconic projects is becoming a global phenomenon in recent years. These projects are producing attractive and convincing environmental images which serve globalization goals. Sustainable iconic projects are oriented to become an ecologically friendly tool that supports economy investments and tourism, by using the potential of the cultural, aesthetical and moral meanings. This paper investigates the emergence of a remarkable style of architecture which starts out from purely image-obsession, it emphasizes the importance of symbolic form as well as the use of renewable energies in the world and particularly in Arab Gulf cities (and first local try). The research problem is (The question of sustainability as a strategy that has helped in certain ways to create an iconic building and if so, is this are an advantage or disadvantage for the built environment). The paper suggests that: the implementation of sustainability in these buildings have drawn a false image which is far away from the goals of sustainability in conserving the resources. Also, the paper argues that cooperation among sustainable concepts, iconic designs, and attractive images has a wide acceptance and economic profits which may stay as a trend in the 21st century and in time will more and more be frequent and tend to be ordinary.
A statistical Model to simulate the Geometry of the Tunnel Gates Lips
Authors: Mustafa Al-Taie Mustafa Tariq
Published: June 2019

The determination of the down pull force for the tunnel gates requires the estimation of the water pressure coefficient (KB), which is affected by the geometry of the gate lip and the water flow beneath the gate. The prediction of (KB) is depended upon the mean head pressure and the distribution of velocity along the bottom gate surface for each lip geometry. A statistical model is predicted to estimate the bottom water pressure coefficient (KB) of the down pull force for a tunnel gate lip.

This model is developed from relevant experimental data obtained from hydraulic model tests conducted in laboratory for nine gate lip geometries with nine gate openings for each gate lip geometry to ensure the correctness of the model results by comparing them these data. The statistical model is verified with (SPSS) software for a good correlation coefficient equal to (0.95). The statistical model is applied to reveal the distribution of the (KB) values on the gate bottom surface along the gate lips with different openings ratios between (0.1-0.9) and is indicated the extensions with round edge of the inclined gates lips. From the distribution of the (KB) values indicate that these values are high and vary smoothly along the gate lip for openings ratio between (0.1-0.5), with complete attachment from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the gate bottom surface. For other gate openings (0.6-0.9), the flow is attached at the leading edge of gate bottom and then decreased toward the trailing edge of gate with smooth variation. While the inclined gate lips with extensions reveal that the values of (KB) are approximately constant and uniform which representing stability of gate along the bottom gate surface for openings ratio between (0.1-0.5), and for other gate openings ratio these values vary smoothly from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the bottom surface of gate. Also, the influence of rounded edge of gate lip with (r/d = 1) on the distribution of pressure head along the bottom surface of gate is investigated, where the values of the (KB) values are dropped and decreased toward the trailing edge of gate.
Exergy Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Heaters Having Obstacles and Filled with Wire Mesh Layers
Authors: Mahmood Afaq Jasim
Published: June 2019

Two new experimental studies are presented in this research for improving the convection heat transfer and efficiency of flat plate solar air heater (SAH). An exergetic analysis is applied for evaluating the efficiency of a flat plate (SAH) with and without porous media. It was specially designed, low height bed filled with aluminium wire mesh layers and four aluminium longitudinal obstacles that increase the air path flow through the bed and the area of the absorber plate. Six wire mesh layers as an alternative of absorber plate, the layers had an internal diameter of 0.31 cm and a cross-sectional area of 0.22 cm × 0.22 cm. The wire mesh layers and the obstacles, improve the heat transfer from the absorber mesh layers in the moving air inside the heater. The plotted exergetic efficiency curves are a function of solar intensity, ambient temperature, bed temperature and temperature rise parameter (To-Ti / I). These efficiency curves are in bed with and without porous media through different airflow rate. The results illustrate that the heater with porous media SAH is more efficient, from exergy point of view, then the heater without porous media. The maximum exegetic enhanced efficiency with and without porous media SAH in this study has been found to be 3.42 % and 5.16 %, respectively. These results correspond to the low airflow rate of 0.015 kg/s and 2.5 cm channel depth. A significant improvement in the exergetic efficiency discovered when comparing the proposed system with other conventional SAHs.
Reducing the cooling load of an residence building by humidifying ventilation air (experimental and numerical study)
Authors: Hasan Atif Ali , Hilal Kifah H. , Jehhaf Kadhum Audaa
Published: June 2019

The study investigates the benefit of utilizing the waste water which washed the walkway of residential buildings to humidity the ventilation air that supplied to the building. The water will collect in a concrete channel section (100 * 100 mm) in contact with the wall of the building towards the drainage network. The side adjacent to the wall contains (5mm) diameter holes ending with an air gap located behind the external wall metallic finishing. The ventilation (environmental) air (naturally or forcibly) passes through the holes to the air gap through the holes. This causes the temperature to decrease and the moisture content of the air is increased. The moving air passes through the gap towards the environment through the openings at the top of the wall. The study is carried out Baghdad city (latitude 33.2 ° North) using two types of external finishing material (Aluminum sheets) reflector and plates coated with thermal dyes. Also, employed an air gap or an air gap with thermal insulation thickness (50 mm) placed behind the plate. As well as the case of the air gap is open to the environment during day and night or closed day and “open at night” with an exhaust fan that worked by solar energy. The results showed that in the case of the air gap behind the external finishing material with thermal insulation, the fan operates during the day hours of the day and the area (1 m2 ), the cooling load required during the summer is (306 kW-hr / m2-cooling season). While the cooling load of the common wall is (609 kW-hr / m2-cooling season. Thus, the savings rate is (49.8%) when used this technique.
Effect of Nd-YAG laser treatment on corrosion behavior of AISI316L stainless steel in artificial saliva solution
Authors: Abbass Muna Khethier
Published: June 2019

This work aims to study the effect of Nd-YAG laser treatment on surface modification and corrosion behavior of AISI 316L stainless steel which is the most widely used as implant bio material in the artificial saliva solution at 37 ±1°C. The samples were irradiated with Nd:YAG laser with various pulse repetition rates (or frequencies) of 1,3 and 6 Hz and with two wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm at fixed energy of 1000 mj. Microstructure examinations by optical and SEM were performed before and after laser treatment. Corrosion tests were carried out by using potentiostat instrument and the corrosion rate was measured by Tafel extrapolation method, also cyclic polarization was done to study the active- passive behavior of stainless steel 316L in saliva solution. It has been found that the treated samples at different laser conditions have hardness higher than that of untreated sample. The results showed that the hardness increased slightly with decreasing the pulse repetition rate or frequency from 6 to 1 Hz at 1064nm, also a surface modification and grain refinement were noticed. Corrosion results indicated that the treated samples with 1Hz with 532 nm and 1064 nm showed higher corrosion resistance than untreated base alloy and other treated samples.
Enhancement the Thermal Effects Produce by EDM Using Hybrid Machining
Authors: Shather Saad K , Aghdeab Shukry H. , Khudhier Waqass S.
Published: June 2019

The present work is aimed to improve the thermal effects of electrical discharge machining (EDM) by EDM/ECM hybrid process. A hybrid method of EDM-ECM combined processing involve EDM shaping as well as electrochemical machining (ECM) finishing, also, they are conducted in sequence one same machine tool, same electrode, yet on the different dielectric. Concerning the process of EDM, the material will be removed via the vaporization and melting throughout all electric discharges. Thus, thermally damaged layers make the machined surface. In this study, the used workpiece material is the A2-Tool Steel material, while the electrode material is copper. The influence of controllable parameters could be identified via RSM, which is an abbreviation for Response surface methodology, these controllable effects include: pulse current, pulse on time, pulse off time, gap, voltage, and electrolyte concentration on white layer thickness (WLT) and Surface Roughness (SR). It has been noticed that model adequacy is acceptable because the coefficient of determination is closest to one for WLT and SR, in addition to that, the generated surface doesn’t have thermally affected layers as the SR and recast layers which have been generated via EDM are removed entirely through ECM finishing.
The Fresnel Coefficient of Thin Film Multilayer Using Transfer Matrix Method TMM
Authors: Mohammed Zahraa Hummam
Published: June 2019

When the light incident on a multilayer planar mound, it is reflected, transmitted, and absorbed in the method that derived the Fresnel equations. The metal used in this work is the thin film of gold put on the glass. The properties of the preparation of waveform for dielectric charged surface Plasmon polariton structure of the bearing surface of the carrier plasma were studied using a simple transport matrix method(TMM), The Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) used to calculate the reflection, transmission & absorption for both TE (transverse wave) and TM (magnetic browser for the oblique incident plane wave. The relation between the incident angle with the Fresnel coefficient plotted at the different wavelength regimes (300nm,700nm,1200nm) was plotted using the program of the TMM written in Matlab (R2013). The best result for this Fresnel coefficient in the visible incident plane wave with wavelength = 700nm.
An Investigation on Chemical Machining of NiTi SMA Prepared by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Al-Ethari Haydar , Haleem Ali Hubi , Gased Noora Mohammed
Published: June 2019

Chemical machining is very important in solving problems constantly arising due to the requirement of high surface finish along with high productivity through machining of metals and alloys. Such requirement appears in machining of NiTi shape memory alloy (55wt%Ni and 45wt% Ti) which has widespread engineering applications. The present work aimed at utilizing of Taguchi design of experiments with the method of desirability function to optimize the chemical machining parameters (machining temperature and machining time) of NiTi alloy prepared by powder metallurgy technique. Taguchi experimental design concept, L25 (2×5) orthogonal array was used to determine the S/N ratio. Based on the analyses of multiple regression method, mathematical predictive models for the studied parameters had designed and validated. To achieve the objectives of the present work Datafit ver9, and Mini Tab14 softwares had employed. The powders with the required percentages were mixed for 5hours, compacted at pressure of 900MPa, and sintered in two stages, at 500°C for 2 hours and then at 950°C for 6hours under vacuum conditions (10-4 torr ). The X-ray diffraction test showed that the prepared sample are consisting of three phases (NiTi monoclinic phase, NiTi cubic phase, and Ni3Ti hexagonal phase). Machining temperature appears as the most significant factor, which controls both surface roughness and metal removal rate. Two mathematical models were developed to predict the metal removal rate and the surface roughness for any collection of machining temperature, and machining time. A minimum surface roughness of 0.666μm with a maximum metal removal rate of 0.0041g/min can be associated with machining temperature of 650C and machining time of 2min in solution consisting of 6%HCl, 19%HNO3, and 75%H2O.
Surface treatments of forged steel AISI6F3 by using high power CO2 laser
Authors: Thamer Amin D. , Kadhim Mohammid Jasim , Ahmed Ibrahim Abdu al kareem
Published: June 2019

The hardness of forging dies is highly affected by the hot forming processes; especially by the long exposure to a wide thermal range, which leads to a decline in the level of hardness due to the tempering of the microstructure, thus failure occurs and the die breaks. The microstructure and hardness have been studied to demonstrate the relationship between them and their direct effect on the regions generated by the laser treatment of high capacity. The selected samples were chosen within a combination of laser variables to reach the appropriate structure that achieves the best hardness and indeed the highest hardness value (965 Hv) with laser processing parameters included the power 3000 W, beam diameter 1mm and scanning speed 25 mm/s with its characteristic microstructure as well as its high cooling rate.
CFD Modelling for flow and heat transfer in a closed Thermosyphon charged with water–A new observation for the two phase interaction
Authors: Temimy Alaa A B , Abdulrasool Adnan A
Published: June 2019

A three dimensional transient numerical model is done for a Thermosyphon heat pipe to visualize the steam and condensate flow patterns and interaction. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was arranged using Volume of Fluid solution model (VOF)in Fluent. A copper vertical pipe with 14.2mm inside diameter, 400 mm length, and 0.9mm thickness is selected. The heat input varies from (20-120) Watt. The cooling is made with water jacket heat exchanger around the condenser with outer diameter of 55 mm. Filling ratios of (40,50,60,70 and 100) % are tested. All cases show that the classical known flow pattern where the steam flow upward in the core and the condensate flow downward attached to the inner surface of the pipe do not occurs. The simulation results clear out a behavior that both the rising hot steam and the downward condensate flows near the inner pipe wall. So that, both phases face each other near the wall. The high momentum phase continue it flow in its way and shift the other phase from the wall. This flow behavior leads the steam and condensate to flow in a spatial unstable flow upward and downward respectively. The flow continues even when steady state was achieved and create a secondary mass and heat transfer between the phases.
Study the Effect of Casting Method on the Mechanical Properties of ZA-27 Alloy Formed by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion
Authors: Ahmed Reham Raad , Saleh Ali Hassan , Jadee Khudhaye J.
Published: June 2019

In this study the effect of casting technique or method of ZA-27 alloy and die angle of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process on the mechanical properties of alloy after forming was studied. Two casting methods, New Rheocast (NRC) and Gravity Die Cast (GDC) were employed to produce the alloy. Four dies of ECAE with different angles (90°, 105°, 120° and 135°) were used in this process at (100° C). Test specimen was manufactured with circular cross section (12mm in diameter and 85mm in length). The results show that the (NRC) method and 90° angle of die in (ECAE) gave the best of compression strength and hardness due to refinement of microstructure more than other angles.The load in (ECAE) process strongly depends on angle of die and specimen product by (NRC) required higher load.
Using PC and Microcontroller to Implement Lab kits for Educational Purpose
Authors: AL-Yoonus Marwan Abdulkhaleq
Published: June 2019

Undergraduate education usually characterized by a large number of students compared with graduate education. In laboratories, we mostly suffer from a limited number of lab boards compared to the students’ number. Also, we need to help the students to improve their skills in electrical engineering; therefore it is important to implement lab boards using a personal computer (PC) and a microcontroller to help encourage the students, making them interested enough in building their own private practical projects. In this work implementation of a lab board using a microcontroller and reusable electronic equipment have been done, also a pulse generation and random data sequence for digital circuit and control application are done by using PC serial port (RS232) with Matlab software (m-file). Two kinds of stepper motors (polar and bipolar) driver circuits have been presented in this work using discrete components. The pulses to the stepper motors are applied by Arduino board (Atmega 2560). The software which is used is Atmel studio-7 and the program has been written in assembly language. Trying to produce an efficient lab board using assembly method of electronics parts is necessary nowadays to reduce the importation for similar tools that are used for educational purposes in Iraqi universities.
Improvement of Image Steganography Scheme Based on LSB Value with Two Control Random Parameters and Multi-level Encryption
Authors: Mahdi Mohammed Hashim , Abdulrazzaq Ali Abdulwahhab , Mohd Rahim Mohd Shafry , Taha Mustafa Sabah , Khalid Hiyam Nadhim , Lafta Sameer Abdulsattar
Published: June 2019

Recently, steganography has played an important part in the field of communication, especially in image steganography. The major points of image steganography are the image quality (imperceptibility) of the stego image and the security of the system towards stopping the recoverability of the secret data. A new steganography scheme based on two control random parameters and multi-level encryption can address the security challenge while the P_Even/P_Odd classification can ensure the imperceptibility of the stego image. The objectives of study to increase the security and PSNR of the image by using the Huffman coding technique to compress the secret data prior to embedding; this will also ensure an increase in the payload capacity. The proposed scheme takes effect after encrypting and compressing the secret data. It is deployed when matching the secret bits with the LSB during embedding to determine 0 (P_Even) and 1 (P_Odd) while classifying the secret message to track and map each bit in the stego image. The results showed the embedding of the secret message based on P_Even/P_Odd with two control random parameters and multi-level encryption to improve the steganography.
PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEM USING ADAPTIVE HYBRID TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ghaffoori Ali Jasim
Published: June 2019

The Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in high peak is still a standout amongst the most critical difficulties in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) framework. In this paper, we propose a new plan in light of Selected Mapping (SLM) method for PAPR decrease in OFDM system. The proposed plan is a versatile half and half plan, which depends on the SLM procedure and different change systems. In the proposed plan, rather than utilizing just Discrete Fourier Change (DFT) in OFDM structure, we propose to utilize Discrete Sine Transform (DST), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete wavelet Transform (DWT) too to get the least PAPR. What’s more, the duplicated stage in the SLM is adjusted to lessen the PAPR to an adequate low PAPR level. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed plan procedure can decrease the PAPR to around 7.5 dB in the event of 256 sub-transporters and if there should be an occurrence of 512 subcarriers around 8 dB at clipping probability of 10−3.
Design and Implementation WSN Based on Raspberry Pi for Medical Application
Authors: Mohsin Alabassby Bahaa Faiz Noory , Mahdi Jinan Fadhil , Kadhim Mohammed Aboud
Published: June 2019

In the last decade the healthcare monitoring schemes have drawn significant considerations of the researchers. With over a decennary concerning muscular lookup or improvement, wireless sensor network science has been rising as much an achievable solution in imitation of numerous revolutionary applications. In that paper, we outline a Wi-Fi sensor network blueprint as we bear advanced the usage of open-source hardware platforms, Arduino yet Raspberry Pi. The scheme is affordable yet very scalable each of phrases of the kind over sensors or the range concerning sensor nodes, who makes it pleasant applicable because of a large choice about functions associated to environmental monitoring. Whole plan construction then the diagram concerning hardware or software elements are offered into specifics in this paper. Some sample outgiving or excuse results are also to show the usefulness over the dictation toughness Moreover working with the intelligent backend scheme construction this scheme can too offer instant physician information in situation if emergency situation occurs without doctors near the side. The outcome of the study offers a present medical care through whole hospital, and the recently invented tag may bring an important change to typical health care process chiefly in patient care.
Improvement Ivestigation of the TCP Algorithms With Avoiding Network Congestion Based on OPNET
Authors: Noman Haeeder M. , Abdulrazzaq Ali A. , Kareem Marwah M. , Ali Adnan Hussein
Published: June 2019

The aim of this paper is to determine the performance enhancement of the network for eliminating congestion through the use of the benefits of algorithms. These algorithms can be used in hindering the congestion which may occur within the network that relies on a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) protocol. This paper specifically focuses on demonstrating the function of TCP, and most especially the four (slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithms) that are applied in the control of congestion. In the study, the varying effects of connection link from PPP DS1 to PPP DS3 on the network’s performance are investigated.
A Comparative Study of Chemical Material Additives On Polyacrylamide to Treatment of Waste Water in Refineries
Authors: Hassan Ali A. , Naeem Haider T. , Hadi Raid T.
Published: June 2019

During extractions industries, particularly oil companies in Iraq such Ahdab oil field that consuming a huge amount of water which led to producing oil-contaminated water thus it made dangerous on natural life (agricultural lands and rivers) and infrastructural through cause complex corrosion for pipelines and equipment’s. Coagulation and flocculation processes are efficient to separate oil content and the suspended solids portion from the waste water. During the study have been used additives of the ferrous sulphate, aluminum sulphate and calcium sulphate in the range (10-40) ppm, for the processes of coagulant, and polyelectrolyte-(polyacrylamide) additional to the flocculent has used. Additives materials within the coagulant and flocculant treatments have been led to obtaining of the optimal eliminations amount total suspended solids, oil contents and others. It has been noted that the percentage of oil removing about 86.67%, 85.5% and 79.6 via using 30 ppm coagulant dose of ferric sulphate, aluminum sulphate and calcium sulphate with 2.5 mg/L of polyacrylamide at pH = 6.86 and room temperature (25 °C). Generally, ferrous sulphate has highly ability to adsorbing the oil particulates and suspended solids of the refinery wastewater, as well the reducing economic cost of water treatments.
Influence of Nano Fluid on Interfacial Tension oil/water and Wettability Alteration of limestone
Authors: Jalil Rana R , Hussein Husseinq
Published: June 2019

Nano materials have a great potential for enhanced oil recovery applications. The present research investigated the effect of nanoparticles on interfacial tension and wettability alteration. The silica oxide nanoparticles with different size 52, 65 and 5nm were used. The wettability alteration was evaluated by dipping the limestone rock in different concentrations of Nano silica (0.01-1wt. %) for a certain silica size suspended in salinity water. Measurements performed in three phase system (oil/water/solid) using pandel droplet and sessile drop method respectively by opitical-tensiometer. Results showed that Nano fluid can significantly reduce contact angle and alterated rock wettability with increasing Nano-silica concentration due to their high surface area in which make it more reactive, yielding the best results when using 0.01 wt.% Nano silica that decreased contact angle to (29°, 59°, 69°, 26°) for 10, 52, 65nm Nano silica size and modified Nano silica respectively for gas / liquid / solid system. in addition, for liquid / liquid/solid system, 0.01 wt.% Nano silica was decreased contact angle to (32°, 36°, 41°, 30°), interfacial tension to (2.26, 2.8, 3, 3.6Nm) for 10, 52, 65nm Nano silica size and modified Nano silica respectively, Interfacial tension decreased with increasing Nano silica concentration, but NPs size have slightly effect on interfacial tension.
Removal of mixture of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution by tire char adsorption
Authors: Abdul Ameer Abeer M.
Published: June 2019

The article presents the results of the pyrolysis products from waste tires. Pyrolysis was meted out at (400-800°C) for 2 hr in absence of oxygen. The yield of char range from (0.479 - 0.3104). By chemical treatment of char with NaOH solution the modified char was produced. The physical and chemical properties were studied (optimum temperature, proximate analysis and Boehm titration for surface functional groups) for original and modified chars. Isotherm for pure and multicomponent system for three components (phenol, 4-aminophenol and 4-chlorophenol) were studied. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the sorption of phenolic compounds for single-solute isotherms and the modified extended Langmuir and extended Freundlich gave information results for competitive system. Langmuir model was the best fit for experimental results. The capability of the studied char to adsorb phenols were in the order: 4-chlorophenol > 4-aminophenol > phenol.
Synthesis of Graphene Oxide Using Simplified Hummer’s Method for Antibacterial Application
Authors: Mohammad M. R. , Abdul Hussien Adi M. , Ghanim Russel R.
Published: June 2019

In order to promote the biological applications of graphene based materials, great exploration for nano-scale preparation of graphene oxide (GO) has been made with a novel facile processing method and low cost. For these reasons this method has been carried out in the following study. The GO nanosheets have been prepared depending on Hummer’s method, which represents an easy and efficient technique since 1958. Alternations have been done to simplify this method in order to prepare the GO with a novel way without a need to add NaNO3. Also this preparation has been achieved at room temperature without a need to water bath at temperatures of 35 °C and 98 °C. Structural and morphological properties and contents of the synthesis nanosheets were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques, respectively. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of GO nansheets against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), respectively. Bacteriological test were achieved by colony forming units (CFUs) assay. CFUs assay has ensured potential of GO as an anti-infective agent for controlling the growth of two spices of bacteria. The results have showed that Gram-positive were more effective by nanosheets than Gram-negative.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Organic Frameworks for Gas Storage
Authors: Kareem Huda Merza , Abd Alrubaye Rana Th.
Published: June 2019

This research demonstrates the preparation of a metal-organic framework (MOF-199) using the solvothermal method. The solvothermal conditions for synthesis and activation were investigated by changing the synthesis time (24 - 48 h), the solvothermal temperatures (85 and 100 °C), and the effect of the ethanol: water solvent ratio (within the solvents range from 1:1 to 1:2 ratios). All synthesized samples were characterized using of x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). The prepared MOF-199 at the optimal conditions (100 °C for 48 h, 1:1 of the ethanol: water) has up to 5518 m2/g m2/g surface area (BET), 0.693 cm3 g−1 specific volume, a 11.8 Å porous size, and 103 crystallinity. All MOF-199 samples were activated for 21 h at 60 °C.
Modification and characterization of polyvinyl chloride by graft copolymerization with acrylamide
Authors: Al-Bahate Maha J M , Shabeeb Kadhum M , Khalil Bassam I
Published: June 2019

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was dehydrochlorinated in alkali solution (Sodium Hydroxide NaOH) and then grafted with acrylamide (Am) by free-radical polymerization and using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator under inert atmosphere. The investigations involved examining the degree of dehydrochlorination on PVC by using different concentration from NaOH in the solution (1, 3 and 5 molarity) and determine the optimum dehydrochlorination and grafting efficiency of acrylamide on pure PVC and different molarity dehydrochlorinated PVC. The dehydrochlorinated polyvinyl chloride (DHPVC) and grafted copolymer (PVC-graft-Acrylamide) was characterized by FTIR, Raman spectrometer, EDX analysis. The results shown that, the highest loss of chlorine by using the 3 M ratio of NaOH and the best grafting was in the use of DHPVC 3M.
Possible scenarios of autonomous vehicles’ testing in Russia
Authors: Ivanov A M , Shadrin S S , Kristalniy S R , Popov N V
Published: June 2019

This article represents out point of view on what is happening in Russia in the field of autonomous driving technologies development, testing and implementation. A method for addressing the issue of autonomous vehicles (AVs) testing and critical testing scenarios detection is proposed. Road tests of ADAS Autonomous Emergency Braking System (AEBS) were performed in winter conditions at a proving ground and in virtual environment with simulation techniques, practical results are presented.