bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the End User
Authors: Amoroso Donald L.
Published: October 2011

The End-User Characteristics Matrix, a mapping of user characteristics onto four end-user taxonomies, provides a more detailed perspective on the end user as developer/operator of computer-based information systems. Understanding individual end users is probably the most critical element to effectively managing end-user computing. Yet many managers do not really understand the end user they are attempting to manage. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework which will allow the manager of end users to identify and describe user characteristics which differentiate, define, and help us better understand the end user.
Theoretical Models in IS Research and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Authors: Leong Leslie
Published: October 2011

In this chapter, attempts are made to describe the theories associated with information technology and to provide an overview of the theories of and research on IT, including the technology acceptance model, the theory of innovation diffusion, the theory of task-technology fit model, the theory of planned behavior, and the theory of reasoned action. Furthermore, empirical research was conducted utilizing the widely accepted technology acceptance model (TAM) developed by Davis et al. (1989) to predict system usage. In this study, attempts were made to see if the earlier results of TAM are still valid after the recent advances in systems and technology affecting systems usage. Data were collected from a company in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. From the 250 employees who received the questionnaire via e-mail, 118 returned usable responses. The results indicated that management support and system quality does not affect usage, and TAM was supported substantially well.
Future Directions in CASE Repositories
Authors: Dahanayake Ajantha
Published: October 2011

Today, components and Component Based Development (CBD) is seen as one of the important events in the evolution of information technology. Components and CBD offer the promise of a software marketplace where components may be built, bought, or sold in a manner similar to components in other industries. In the light of the ongoing developments, in the manner and art of developing software systems, it is important to consider how the Computer Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) environment that supports building these systems can be produced on a CBD approach. In spite of the fact that CASE environments have been around since the ’70s, there are still many problems with these environments. Among the problems of CASE environments are the lack of conceptual models to help understand the technology, the poor state of user requirements specification, inflexible method, support and complicated integration facilities, which contribute to the dissatisfaction in CASE users.
Audit of a CASE Environment
Authors: Piattini Mario , Garcia-Tomas Jesus
Published: October 2011

The diffusion of CASE tools, along with the ever more pressing problems surrounding the management of the systems development department, has meant that themes related to internal control and audit of a CASE environment are of increasing interest. In fact, the high cost of introducing CASE technology added to the potential improvement in productivity and quality have made it one of the most important areas for the Information Systems auditor. In this paper we will deal with some of the questions that have to be taken into account when auditing a CASE environment. Our aim is not to offer exhaustive checklists of factors of influence in this kind of environment, but rather to reflect upon some themes that have been dealt with throughout in the literature but from a different perspective to that of the information systems audit. In order to do this we will begin by briefly introducing the basic concepts of the information systems audit, giving a brief explanation of the different methodologies that are used in this area. We will also analize the risks that must be taken into account when installing a CASE tool.
Component-Based ERP Design in a Distributed Object Environment
Authors: Kim Bonn-Oh , Lee Ted
Published: October 2011

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) vendors have seen a dramatic increase in their sales this decade. Even though several vendors are producing great products and making huge profits, there are some problems to be resolved to make ERP applications a continuous success in the next decades. Current ERP applications have the low reusability and interchangeability of various modules among different vendors’ packages. One of the main reasons for these shortfalls is a tight coupling of ERP domain knowledge with the particular implementation tools. Also, efforts in establishing and using the standards in specifications of ERP applications have been inconsequential. In this article, strategic steps to wield a dominant power in the future ERP market are discussed. These steps are as follows: 1. Knowledge Modeling: Abstraction of Domain Knowledge from Tools; 2. Componentization of Domain Knowledge; 3. Implementation of Componentized Domain Knowledge; 4. Marketing Strategies for Domain Knowledge Components.
Adding Alternative Access Paths to Abstract Data Types
Authors: Franch Xavier , Marco Jordi
Published: October 2011

We present in this paper a proposal for developing efficient programs in the abstract data type (ADT) programming framework, keeping the modular structure of programs and without violating the information hiding principle. The proposal focuses in the concept of “shortcut” as an efficient way of accessing to data, alternative to the access by means of the primitive operations of the ADT. We develop our approach in a particular ADT, a store of items. We define shortcuts in a formal manner, using algebraic specifications interpreted with initial semantics, and so the result has a well-defined meaning and fits in the ADT framework. Efficiency is assured with an adequate representation of the type, which provides O(1) access to items in the store without penalising the primitive operations of the ADT.
A Process Model for Certification of Product and Process
Authors: Leung Hareton , Li Vincent
Published: October 2011

Software certification has become more and more popular, especially for software developers, as it can provide confidence to customers that the product is of acceptable quality. Software certification can be done at two levels: the development process and the software product itself. There are many different certification schemes, such as ISO 9001 and CMM for development process, and Y2K compliance for software product. This chapter first identifies two process models, one for process certification and another for product certification. We then propose a certification process for Commercial off-The-Shelf (COTS) product and its development process. Finally a generalized model of certification process (GCM) for both product certification and development process certification is developed. Example certification schemes are then mapped to this model to illustrate its validity. The evaluation shows that the popular certification schemes fit well into GCM. GCM may be used as a basis to develop a certification scheme for particular application domains or to validate a particular certification process.
Innovative Method for Creating New Deepwater Tie-in Points on Existing Pipeline System, Using Proven Pipeline Repair Equipment
Authors: Keijser Edgar , Povloski Bo , Robles Marcio , Mota Helena
Published: October 2011

1) ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, the oil and gas industry has continued expanding exploration and production activities into deep and ultra deep waters worldwide.

Production of these deepwater fields is greatly dependent on subsea pipelines and failure of a pipeline can lead to loss of production and, in the worst case, can cause pollution.

Diverless deepwater pipeline repair systems have been developed in order to be able to intervene rapidly and efficiently in case of severe pipeline damage. Some of this repair equipment has been deployed offshore following major pipeline failures.

The successful subsea repairs confirmed the suitability and reliability of the equipment and, moreover, ‘lessons learned’ allowed the development of more compact repair solutions.

Innovative engineering led to the utilization of diverless pipeline repair equipment for a construction purpose since there was no existing technology readily available. For this particular case, significant cost savings could be achieved when the export pipeline of a new deepwater field could be connected to an existing producing pipeline nearby instead of constructing a long pipeline to shore. A combination of proven diverless pipeline repair and standard subsea construction equipment is used to accomplish the goal.

This paper will describe the achievements that are made in deepwater diverless pipeline repair technology, will address specific repair cases, lessons learned and will develop the actual case where for the first time diverless pipeline repair equipment combined with standard subsea construction equipment was used for connecting, in a diverless manner, a new deepwater pipeline onto an existing producing pipeline.
Early Life Cycle Field Development Optimization of a Complex Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Field
Authors: Angert Patrick F. , Isebor Obiajulu J. , Litvak Michael Lev
Published: October 2011

Early life cycle field development planning in a complex Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Field is considered. The field contains several stacked hydrocarbon bearing intervals charged with volatile oil or rich gas condensate.

Well locations, drilling schedule and reservoir units into which wells will be initially completed and then later recompleted, have been optimized, maximizing net present value while matching field development constraints. Potential well locations and recompletion locations in geologically justified areas have been evaluated. Drilling rig pace, order and associated project and drilling economic constraints have been considered.

BP's TDRM™ Option Evaluation (OE) technology has recently been extended to cover the simultaneous optimization of well completions and recompletions in reservoirs containing multiple stacked pay. This new capability has now been very successfully applied to assisted analysis of more than twenty thousand possible field development scenarios.

Several development plans have been identified which exhibit improved NPV, recovery, sweep efficiency, extension of oil production plateau and an expanded drilling holiday, in comparison with a manually designed development plan reference case. Balanced production from different reservoir zones has been achieved. Finally, TDRM™ OE results were demonstrated to be robust across multiple structural and faulting interpretations of the subsurface, generated by independently determined seismic interpretations of the subsurface strata.

Computations were predominately performed in a black oil simulator formulation, with high potential cases being repeated using a 16 component compositional formulation in order to more accurately represent the rich condensate zones. The Nexus® reservoir simulator, run under the control of TDRM™ OE was successfully used to carry out the actual computations.

Introduction

Assisted history matching technologies have been under development and deployment within BP for over a decade now (Williams et al., 2004). Utilization of these technologies has proven extremely useful in identifying multiple geologically plausible matches of historical production and surveillance data within existing fields. Assisted field development optimization, although slightly newer, is nevertheless proving extremely useful in the identification, categorization, understanding and ranking in economic and recovery terms of the multitude of possible development scenarios that could be implemented to produce oil, gas or condensate from a particular field (Litvak, et al., 2007).

These technologies couple with existing full physics reservoir simulators such as Nexus®, VIP® and ECLIPSE®. They rely upon search and optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms, Monte-Carlo and / or other optimization / search routines. Within BP workflows using these technologies are becoming common place for establishing the development plan for an oil, gas or condensate field.
Importance of Topsides in Design and Selection of Deepwater Floating Platforms
Authors: D'Souza Richard B. , Basu Shiladitya
Published: October 2011

The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the important role that the functionality and weight of a topsides has on the design and selection of a deepwater floating production platform. The discussion will focus on topsides of Tension Leg Platform, (TLP), Spar and Semisubmersible floating platforms in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GoM), but the principles apply to other deepwater regions as well. Early field development planning decisions that impact key topsides functions are addressed. These include whether or not to include a drilling or workover rig and choosing between developing the field with subsea (wet) or surface (dry) trees. Selecting a topsides installation method is a critical design consideration and must be firmed up early in the design cycle. Topsides installation options are presented as a function of topsides weight and platform type. The strong symbiosis between topsides weight and hull design is demonstrated. The need to prioritize topsides weight management is emphasized and some topsides weight reduction strategies are offered. Finally, topsides weight and water depth domains of applicability for various platform types are presented. These will allow development planning teams to rapidly converge on practical platform options during the screening process.

Reservoir Characteristics and Topsides Functions

When designing a floating platform topsides the first order of business is to establish its functional requirements (process, export, drilling, power, utilities, quarters etc.) and a design basis. These are primarily driven by the characteristics and fluid properties of the reservoir to be developed by the floating platform. Figure 1 is a schematic that shows how reservoir characteristics and its fluid properties influence decisions on topside functions.

The subsurface drilling and completions teams are responsible for specifying well count, top-hole locations, well production profiles, recovery mechanisms (natural drive, water injection, gas lift etc.) and fluid characteristics. These in turn determine the two most important topsides functional requirements: whether or not to have surface or subsea trees and whether to incorporate drilling or workover capability on the platform. These functional requirements fundamentally influence size and weight of topsides and platform selection.
HMPE Mooring Lines for Deepwater MODUs
Authors: Leite Sergio , Boesten Jorn
Published: October 2011

Polyester synthetic mooring lines are used widely in deepwater moorings for MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units). However, practical and technical limitations in the deployment of polyester tethers beyond water depths of 2,000m for short-term MODU moorings has prompted the development of alternative synthetic mooring materials. This paper describes the application of Low Creep, High Modulus Polyethylene (HMPE) mooring systems for deepwater MODUs.

HMPE has many practical offshore handling benefits compared with polyester. The ropes are lighter, easier to handle and have a smaller diameter than comparable polyester ropes for the same minimum breaking load (MBL). From a technical perspective, the neutral buoyancy of HMPE, low creep rate and stiffer rope properties are ideal for ultra deepwater mooring systems. In addition, HMPE ropes are easier and quicker to deploy than polyester, leading to operational cost savings when moving MODU rigs between locations for drilling and work over.

Mooring system storm survivability is of increasing concern to operators. Hybrid mooring lines containing individual sections of rope made with HMPE and polyester yarns have been developed and shown to comply with the latest American Petroleum Institute (API) requirements. These hybrid lines combine the attributes of polyester and HMPE enabling naval architects to more accurately engineer the mooring systems to better suit prevailing offshore and storm conditions.
Development of API X70-X80 Grades Heavy-Wall Seamless Pipes With Low Temperature Toughness
Authors: Toma Diana , Rohden Volker , Kubla Guido
Published: October 2011

Based on the market demands regarding exploration in deep water fields, e.g. high pressures, low temperature and sour reservoirs, Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes have developed new high strength steels up to grade X100 with low temperature toughness, sour service resistance and good weldability.

This work is part of a development program for high performance heavy wall seamless pipes for special applications such as J-lay collars, buckle arrestors and risers. The paper presents the latest results on industrial studies on high strength heavy-wall pipes in grades X70 and X80 with wall thickness up to 80mm, which are manufactured by seamless hot-rolling and subsequent quench and temper treated. Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes's alloying concept based on carbon content below 0.10% and micro-alloying of vanadium and niobium used for grades X60/X65/X70 was extended to heavy wall seamless pipes in grades X70/X80. Mechanical properties, advanced metallographic examinations and results of sour service resistance are reported. To demonstrate weldability, test welds were performed and examined.

Introduction

The market demands regarding exploration in deep water for oil and gas reservoirs lead to technological trends in using high strength steels (grade X65 to X80 and higher) with special requirements regarding e.g. corrosion, toughness.

Increased yield strength and therefore thinner wall thickness enables the industry to reduce the costs of all components through the limitation of the string weight. On the same time the pipeline design includes special parts like J-lay collars for the pipe laying operation and buckle arrestors at regular intervals along the line for protection against an initiation and propagation of collapse and buckling [1]. All parts have to follow the demands for strength, ductility, toughness and sour service resistance combined with adequate welding performance [2, 3, 4, 5].

Over the last years Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes have developed new high strength steels up to grade X100 [6]. Not only material development but also new technologies in the field of heat treatment capabilities allow the manufacturing of heavy wall seamless pipes with high strength and excellent corrosion properties. In this paper results of studies on X70 and X80 pipes with heavy wall (wall thickness between 40mm and 80mm) produced by the pilger mill are discussed. The pipes are quenched and tempered to create the suitable microstructure which provides good toughness and sour service properties. This work is a part of R&D program for high performance Q&T seamless pipes for deep water applications.
Simulation of SCR Behaviour at Touchdown Zone- Part I: Numerical Analysis of Global SCR Model Versus Sectional SCR Model
Authors: Bhattacharyya Anirban , Tognarelli Michael , Li George , Ghosh Rupak , Clukey Edward Charles , Sun Qunli
Published: October 2011

SCRs have been widely used in new field developments and tiebacks in deep water and ultra-deep water. However, riser fatigue at touchdown and SCR pipe - soil interaction is not fully understood. A number of experimental programs such as the STRIDE and CARISIMA JIPs have been carried out in recent years to get a better understanding of SCR touchdown behaviour in the context of riser fatigue at the touchdown and SCR pipe - soil interaction. Experimental studies were conducted using SCR sectional models of the touchdown region and by applying uni-directional displacements at the cut-off point to simulate SCR movement at the touchdown. However, application of uni-directional motions introduces significant errors compared to the true touchdown behaviour of a global SCR for a given sea state. This paper addresses how, by simultaneously applying surge and heave motions at the cut off point while removing the rotational constraint, a sectional SCR model can satisfactorily replicate the touchdown behaviour of a global SCR for any sea state in terms of riser displacements at the touchdown area, sag bend strain and SCR touchdown fatigue due to SCR pipe - soil interaction. As a result, more realistic SCR touchdown behaviours can be simulated in centrifuge model tests performed using sectional SCR models to investigate pipe - soil interaction at riser touchdown.

Introduction

To better understand the influence on the response of steel catenary risers (SCRs) on soil-structure interaction at the touchdown zone, a centrifuge testing program was initiated. The physical SCR model utilized in the centrifuge tests was truncated at a point equivalent in full scale to about 5m (16 ft.) above the sea floor. The results from this test program are discussed in a companion paper (Clukey et. al., 2011). The purpose of the centrifuge program was to examine the fatigue response for a model which realistically simulates the conditions throughout the touchdown region. However, before the centrifuge program could be initiated, extensive finite-element numerical studies were performed to determine:the validity of a simplified local " sectional?? riser model to represent the complete global model;the types of motions required at a mean position about 5m (16 ft) above the seafloor as simulated by the centrifuge tests; and,the applied motions in the centrifuge to capture the random motions encountered in the field.

Figure 1 presents a schematic of the global and local sectional SCR models respectively. The cut-off location is 5m (16 ft) above the seabed as represented in the figure; and forms the " free end?? of the local sectional model.
A General Analytical Solution for the Multidimensional Transient Linear Hydraulic Diffusivity Equation in Heterogeneous and Anisotropic Porous Media
Authors: Couto Paulo , Moreira Richard , Marsili Marcelo Danemberg
Published: October 2011

A general analytical solution for the multidimensional transient linear hydraulic diffusivity equation is presented and its application is discussed in this work. The analytical solution is valid for heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media in any orthogonal coordinate system within a regular boundary domain. A source term, dependent on position and time, was included in the partial differential equation to represent production and/or injection wells. A general boundary condition is considered to account for a constant pressure boundary, a no-flow boundary (symmetry or impermeable boundary) or any prescribed flow boundary. The Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) was used to obtain the analytical solution of the proposed problem. This technique transforms a complex partial differential equation into a system of simpler ordinary differential equations that can be solved by analytical, numerical or hybrid methods. Here, we consider a fully analytical solution to the problem. The general solution is then applied to a one-phase tank model in a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium for validation and analysis. A wide variety of applications can be envisioned and discussed for the proposed general solution: well testing in regular and irregular domains, analysis of local reservoir heterogeneities, analysis of reservoir anisotropy degree, analysis of stream lines in naturally fractured and hydraulic fractured reservoirs, formation damage quantification, reservoir shape factor calculations, oil recovery in different waterflood patterns, amongst many others. These applications are discussed and analyzed in the light of the presented general analytical solution.

Introduction

Pressure and flow rate are two important quantities to be determined in reservoir engineering problems. While the pressure at any point in the reservoir is completely defined by its numerical value (it is a scalar quantity), the flow rate is defined by its value and direction. Experience has shown1 that there is flow rate when the pressure distribution in not uniform within the reservoir. The magnitude and direction of the flow rate depend on the pressure distribution and the flow is always in the direction of decreasing pressure.
The Aging of Offshore Polyamides under Services Conditions in Subsea Applications
Authors: Berger Jan , Franosch Juergen , Schuett Carsten , Dowe Andreas
Published: October 2011

Recent offshore deepwater and ultra deepwater projects have to meet new technically challenging demands of ever increasing drilling depths. Up to 2000 m water and some additional 5000 m solid is the aim. Harsher and chemically more aggressive environments are encountered. That means high pressure and heat and for example CO2 in supercritical state. These conditions have an increased impact upon the aging of the materials incorporated. Also contact with various production fluids used during oilfield recovery have to be considered. To investigate how Polyamides in use with flexible pipes perform under these conditions a comprehensive screening test program was started. With respect to conditions and fluids in contact with the material in service state, existing accelerated aging and testing standards appear to be in need of an extension covering the aging of Polyamides under these conditions. Therefore the need arises to design aging methods according to these new demands. This paper deals with new accelerated aging methods for Polyamides with focus on hydrolytic degradation under service conditions. Included is:–aging under high pressure (up to 500 bar) in deionized water-supercritical CO2 phase equilibrium–aging in substitute ocean water (ASTM D1141-98) under sour and neutral conditions–aging of polyamides previously saturated with crude oil hydrocarbons under sour and neutral conditions in deionized water

Also aging due to Methanolysis and Ethanolysis is further analyzed. All samples are tested in various states of aging for elongation at break derived from tensile tests and corrected inherent viscosity (CIV).

Observations:

All data is achieved in laboratory work and analyzed with respect to the aging conditions. Significant differences compared to standardized Polyamide aging methods are observed. The assumptions concerning hydrolytic degradation are confirmed. Dependencies of elongation at break and CIV on degradation are evaluated.

Significance of subject matter:

The results indicate that supercritical CO2 and ocean water do influence the predicted lifetime of Polyamide components In order to minimize costs caused by untimely pipe exchanges and to maintain safety, these results should be taken into account

for pipe design.

Applications:

Flowlines, Risers, Umbilicals

Introduction

In deep sea application, unbonded flexible pipelines offer safe, reliable and efficient production. Up to a temperature of about 90°C, Polyamides are the choice for the barrier layer. The manufacturing of those layers with Polyamides is reliable and reproducable.

The most limiting factor for Polyamides is the aging due to hydrolysis, an effect of water at raised temperatures. API17TR2 describes the testing procedure to determine possible operating temperatures. The results of API 17TR2 tests can be transferred in Arrhenius lifetime curves from which the temperature dependent lifetime of the tested PA12 can be derived.
Successful Hole Enlargement While Drilling in Deepwater Offshore Brazil
Authors: Vila Priscila , Dhaher Karam Sulaiman , Miller Gregory Charles , Machado Marcia , Strachan Phil , Nelson Gail , Compton Molly , Davis Patrick , Wu Xianping
Published: October 2011

Deepwater drilling often requires simultaneous hole-enlargement-while-drilling (HEWD) to improve project economics and deliver the required wellbore geometry. World-wide applications have shown that certain formations have caused damage to under-reamer cutting structures through premature cutter wear, particularly in abrasive sections with high formation strength. To mitigate cutting structure damage the operator and service provider need to collaborate to ensure the under-reamer cutting structure is designed for superior stability, PDC cutters are engineered for thermal stability and abrasion resistance, BHA configuration is optimized and drilling parameters are carefully selected and managed. Advanced BHA modeling and real-time vibration measurement are the enabling technologies for breakthrough HEWD performance.

Working off the coast of Brazil, an operator was preparing to HEWD two hole sections (17½??×20?? and 14¾??×16½??) through hard and abrasive formation, which would be encountered at shallower depths than usually expected. An offset well had significant difficulty attempting to HEWD a 17½??×20?? section, wearing out two reamer cutting structures. HEWD was not attempted on the offset's 14¾?? section because of the difficulty with HEWD on the 17½??×20?? section. Offset lithology data suggested the formations were composed of soft shale and hard sand formations, with a few limestone stringers.

To solve the challenges on the new well, the operator and service provider implemented a comprehensive process to identify hazards and evaluate the solutions, which included a unique approach to BHA design and strict parameter management through the problem formations. This paper will discuss the following contributing factors to the successful HEWD operation:Extensive pre-well planning and communicationAdvanced under-reamer cutting structure design and cutter technologyDynamic BHA modeling and optimization of unique BHA designDrilling parameter testing and selectionUtilization of an operational road map to aid well-site personnel in properly managing drilling parameters

The holistic optimization process, along with the operator's best practice, resulted in successful HEWD operations for both hole sections drilling to the targeted depth without premature failures. The cutters on the under-reamers were only mildly worn and the measured stick-slip and vibrations were significantly lower than on offset wells.

Introduction

In January 2009, the operator began an extensive offshore exploration program in Brazil as operator of the Transocean Deepwater Discovery. The dynamically positioned ship is capable of drilling in water depths of up to 10,000 feet. BP holds interests in 10 blocks offshore Brazil including seven as operator. The company has joined Petrobras on six of these blocks to explore the country's promising offshore areas.
Application of the 17 Practices of the Management System for Operational Safety on Marine Installations for Drilling and Production of Oil and Natural Gas in Brazil
Authors: Morais Caroline Pinheiro
Published: October 2011

According to Brazil's Petroleum Law (Law No. 9.478/97), the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) must establish the technical and design requirements on Operational Safety to be accomplished by operators of concessions and inspect their marine facilities with respect to drilling and production of oil and natural gas. Considering this, was prepared the Technical Regulation of the Management System for Operational Safety on Marine Installations for Drilling and Production of Oil and Natural Gas, approved by Resolution ANP n°. 43/2007. Historical Accidents have taught that prescriptive regulations could discourage the creation, or delay the implementation, of new technologies in the field of safety engineering, since the natural tendency of the market, governed by the time and cost optimization, is to obey what was proposed and not overcome it. Therefore, the Technical Regulation of the Management System for Operational Safety applied by the ANP is composed of 17 Safety Management Practices that allow the operator of the concession to correlate them to their own guidelines for the management and safety technologies and methods that best meet each facility. This paper aims to explain how compliance with each practice of this regulation could have prevented the most likely causes of historical oil industry accidents.

1 - Introduction

The first reading of the Technical Regulation of Operational Safety, approved by Resolution ANP n°. 43/2007, usually seems subjective or hard to understand. During ANP audits, the crew on board usually understand the meaning of each management practice of this regulation trough the auditors explanation on remarks made. Since not everyone has the opportunity to follow an audit or read their reports, this article attempts to clarify the understanding of the rules by the correlation of each management practice to an accident.

Ouvir

Ler foneticamente

Dicionário1.advérbio1.nevertheless2.even so

Historical accidents were chosen to figure this paper since they are known and disseminated globally. All the accidents here described are a sum of several errors.

The objective of this paper is not to correlate each error to a lack of a management practice, but to pick at least one error that, if didn't occur, could avoid the accident or at least minimize its severity.
Giant Sub-Salt Hydrocarbon Province of the Greater Campos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Mello Marcio Rocha , Bender Andre A. , Filho Nilo Chagas Azambuja , De Mio Eduardo
Published: October 2011

References in the last page

This study comprises a realistic view of the Petroleum Systems modeling in the Pre-Salt area of Santos Basin in the ultra-deep water region, comprising the recent giant oil and gas discoveries, which includes the Tupi (now named Lula and Cernambi Oil Fields), Iara, Jupiter and Guará. (Fig. 1). This area encompasses other several successfully tested prospects such as Bem-te-Vi, Carioca and Parati. Volumes are surprisingly large; may reach 18 Bbbls of reserves. The area encompasses also the recently certified reserves in ANP areas that can reach up to 15.5 BBOE (2C results from Gaffney, Cline & Associates). Such discoveries emphasize that in most areas of the ultra deep waters of the Brazilian Greater Campos Basin, localized in the Southern Margin of Brazil, exploration has just begun.

Petroleum System in the Ultra-Deep area of Santos Basin is characterized as a unique due to the existence of a widespread and thick (up to 2,000m) salt sequence forming excellent seal, excellent source rocks, reservoirs carrier beds (for migration), traps, temperature conditions and timing. The salt sequence is one of the most important players acting not only as a perfect seal but also in the preservation of the liquid phase of the hydrocarbons and the permoporosity of the pre-salt carbonate reservoirs. The understanding of the salt movement through the time and the role of sealing and heat transfer properties through 2000 m of salt layer is a key point in the modeling processes.
A Mimic of Viral Double-Stranded RNA Triggers Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes-like Syndrome in Regulatory T Cell-Deficient Autoimmune Diabetic Mouse
Authors: Tada Ai , Shimada Akira , Yamada Taketo , Oikawa Yoichi , Yamada Yoshifumi , Okubo Yoshiaki , Irie Junichiro , Bluestone Jeffrey A. , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

Human fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D) is an extremely aggressive disease. The delay of proper diagnosis results in high mortality. However, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. We took advantage of CD28-deficient NOD (CD28−/− NOD) mice, which have limited numbers of regulatory T cells and develop aggressive autoimmune diabetes, to create a FT1D model that mimicked the disease in humans. Young CD28−/− NOD mice were injected with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid to activate innate immunity in an effort to induce diabetes onset. In this model, innate immune cell activation precedes the onset of diabetes similar to ∼70% of FT1D patients. Eighty-three percent of CD28−/− NOD mice developed diabetes within 1–6 d after injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Moreover, T cells infiltrated the pancreatic exocrine tissue and destroyed α cells, an observation characteristic of human FT1D. We conclude that an FT1D-like phenotype can be induced in the background of autoimmune diabetes by a mimic of viral dsRNA, and this model is useful for understanding human FT1D.
Application of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces to a Minimization Problem with Prescribed Nodes
Authors: Gunawan Hendra , Sawano Yoshihiro
Published: October 2011

The theory of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces is applied to a minimization problem with prescribed nodes. We re-prove and generalize some results previously obtained by Gunawan et al. [2,3], and also discuss the Hölder continuity of the solution to the problem.
Features of the Nyström Method for the Sherman-Lauricella Equation on Piecewise Smooth Contours
Authors: Didenko Victor D. , Heising Johan
Published: October 2011

The stability of the Nyström method for the Sherman-Lauricella equation on contours with corner points cj, j = 0, 1, …, m relies on the invertibility of certain operators belonging to an algebra of Toeplitz operators. The operators do not depend on the shape of the contour, but on the opening angle θj of the corresponding corner cj and on parameters of the approximation method mentioned. They have a complicated structure and there is no analytic tool to verify their invertibility. To study this problem, the original Nyström method is applied to the Sherman-Lauricella equation on a special model contour that has only one corner point with varying opening angle In the interval (0.1π, 1.9π), it is found that there are 8 values of θj where the invertibility of the operator may fail, so the corresponding original Nyström method on any contour with corner points of such magnitude cannot be stable and requires modification.
Lake trophic status can be determined by the depth distribution of sediment phosphorus
Authors: Carey Cayelan C. , Rydin Emil
Published: October 2011

In this meta‐analysis, we examine how sediment phosphorus (P) burial pattern may be related to trophic state. We present sediment P profiles from 94 lakes that demonstrate fundamental differences in P burial between oligotrophic and eutrophic systems. In sediments of eutrophic (≥ 30 µg water column total P (TP) L‐1) lakes, P concentrations are elevated in the surficial sediments in comparison with deeper layers, representing a large P pool that can be recycled. This pattern directly contrasts with sediment P profiles in oligotrophic lakes (< 10 µg water column TP L‐1), which exhibit increasing concentrations of permanently buried P with depth. Sediment processes regulating P burial may be important regulators of internal P recycling and consequently lake trophic status. Thus, mesotrophic lakes (10 to 30 µg water column TP L‐1), which exhibit consistent P concentrations with depth, are more vulnerable to external P inputs than oligotrophic lakes because they are at their maximal sediment P burial flux. Our data suggest that thresholds in sediment P pattern may correlate with thresholds in sediment P burial processes and consequently may indicate whether deposited P will be released to the water column.
Ground-based and airborne in-situ measurements of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosol plume in Switzerland in spring 2010
Authors: Bukowiecki N. , Zieger P. , Weingartner E. , Jurányi Z. , Gysel M. , Neininger B. , Schneider B. , Hueglin C. , Ulrich A. , Wichser A. , Henne S. , Brunner D. , Kaegi R. , Schwikowski M. , Tobler L. , Wienhold F. G. , Engel I. , Buchmann B. , Peter T. , Baltensperger U.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The volcanic aerosol plume resulting from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland in April and May 2010 was detected in clear layers above Switzerland during two periods (17–19 April 2010 and 16–19 May 2010). In-situ measurements of the airborne volcanic plume were performed both within ground-based monitoring networks and with a research aircraft up to an altitude of 6000 m a.s.l. The wide range of aerosol and gas phase parameters studied at the high altitude research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.) allowed for an in-depth characterization of the detected volcanic aerosol. Both the data from the Jungfraujoch and the aircraft vertical profiles showed a consistent volcanic ash mode in the aerosol volume size distribution with a mean optical diameter around 3 ± 0.3 μm. These particles were found to have an average chemical composition very similar to the trachyandesite-like composition of rock samples collected near the volcano. Furthermore, chemical processing of volcanic sulfur dioxide into sulfate clearly contributed to the accumulation mode of the aerosol at the Jungfraujoch. The combination of these in-situ data and plume dispersion modeling results showed that a significant portion of the first volcanic aerosol plume reaching Switzerland on 17 April 2010 did not reach the Jungfraujoch directly, but was first dispersed and diluted in the planetary boundary layer. The maximum PM10 mass concentrations at the Jungfraujoch reached 30 μgm−3 and 70 μgm−3 (for 10-min mean values) duri ng the April and May episode, respectively. Even low-altitude monitoring stations registered up to 45 μgm−3 of volcanic ash related PM10 (Basel, Northwestern Switzerland, 18/19 April 2010). The flights with the research aircraft on 17 April 2010 showed one order of magnitude higher number concentrations over the northern Swiss plateau compared to the Jungfraujoch, and a mass concentration of 320 (200–520) μgm−3 on 18 May 2010 over the northwestern Swiss plateau. The presented data significantly contributed to the time-critical assessment of the local ash layer properties during the initial eruption phase. Furthermore, dispersion models benefited from the detailed information on the volcanic aerosol size distribution and its chemical composition.
Greenhouse gas profiling by infrared-laser and microwave occultation: retrieval algorithm and demonstration results from end-to-end simulations
Authors: Proschek V. , Kirchengast G. , Schweitzer S.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) profiles with global coverage and high accuracy and vertical resolution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is key for improved monitoring of GHG concentrations in the free atmosphere. In this respect a new satellite mission concept adding an infrared-laser part to the already well studied microwave occultation technique exploits the joint propagation of infrared-laser and microwave signals between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. This synergetic combination, referred to as LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method, enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and accurate altitude levels from the microwave signals and GHG profiles from the simultaneously measured infrared-laser signals. However, due to the novelty of the LMIO method, a retrieval algorithm for GHG profiling is not yet available. Here we introduce such an algorithm for retrieving GHGs from LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) data, applied as a second step after retrieving thermodynamic profiles from LEO-LEO microwave occultation (LMO) data. We thoroughly describe the LIO retrieval algorithm and unveil the synergy with the LMO-retrieved pressure, temperature, and altitude information. We furthermore demonstrate the effective independence of the GHG retrieval results from background (a priori) information in discussing demonstration results from LMIO end-to-end simulations for a representative set of GHG profiles, including carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3). The GHGs except for ozone are well retrieved throughout the UTLS, while ozone is well retrieved from about 10 km to 15 km upwards, since the ozone layer resides in the lower stratosphere. The GHG retrieval errors are generally smaller than 1% to 3% r.m.s., at a vertical resolution of about 1 km. The retrieved profiles also appear unbiased, which points to the climate benchmarking capability of the LMIO method. This performance, found here for clear-air atmospheric conditions, is unprecedented for vertical profiling of GHGs in the free atmosphere and encouraging for future LMIO implementation. Subsequent work will examine GHG retrievals in cloudy air, addressing retrieval performance when scanning through intermittent upper tropospheric cloudiness.
Catalytic oxidation of H2 on platinum: a robust method for generating low mixing ratio H2O standards
Authors: Rollins A. W. , Thornberry T. D. , Gao R.-S. , Hall B. D. , Fahey D. W.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Standard reference samples of water vapor suitable for in situ calibration of atmospheric hygrometers are not currently widespread, leading to difficulties in unifying the calibrations of these hygrometers and potentially contributing to observed measurement discrepancies. We describe and evaluate a system for reliably and quantitatively converting mixtures of H2 in air to H2O on a heated platinum surface, providing a compact, portable, adjustable source of water vapor. The technique is shown to be accurate and can be used to easily and reliably produce a wide range of water vapor concentrations (≈1 ppm −2%) on demand. The result is a H2O standard that is expected to be suitable for in situ calibration of aircraft hygrometers, with an accuracy nearly that of the available H2 standards (≈±2%).
Processing and validation of refractivity from GRAS radio occultation data
Authors: Lauritsen K. B. , Syndergaard S. , Gleisner H. , Gorbunov M. E. , Rubek F. , Sørensen M. B. , Wilhelmsen H.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. We discuss the processing of GRAS radio occultation (RO) data done at the GRAS Satellite Application Facility. The input data consists of operational near-real time bending angles from December 2010 from the Metop-A satellite operated by EUMETSAT. The data are processed by an Abel inversion algorithm in combination with statistical optimization based on a two-parameter fit to an MSIS climatology. We compare retrieved refractivity to analyses from ECMWF. It is found that for global averages, the mean differences to ECMWF analyses are smaller than 0.2% below 30 km (except near the surface), with standard deviations around 0.5% for altitudes between 8 and 25 km. The current processing is limited by several factors, which are discussed. In particular, the penetration depth for rising occultations is generally poor, which is related to the tracking of the L2 signal. Extrapolation of the difference between the L1 and L2 signals below the altitude where L2 is lost is possible and would generally allow deeper penetration of retrieved refractivity profiles into the lower troposphere.
Energy and flux variations across thin auroral arcs
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Gustavsson B. , Lanchester B. S. , Ivchenko N. , Brändström U. , Whiter D. K. , Sergienko T. , Sandahl I. , Marklund G.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Two discrete auroral arc filaments, with widths of less than 1 km, have been analysed using multi-station, multi-monochromatic optical observations from small and medium field-of-view imagers and the EISCAT radar. The energy and flux of the precipitating electrons, volume emission rates and local electric fields in the ionosphere have been determined at high temporal (up to 30 Hz) and spatial (down to tens of metres) resolution. A new time-dependent inversion model is used to derive energy spectra from EISCAT electron density profiles. The energy and flux are also derived independently from optical emissions combined with ion-chemistry modelling, and a good agreement is found. A robust method to obtain detailed 2-D maps of the average energy and number flux of small scale aurora is presented. The arcs are stretched in the north-south direction, and the lowest energies are found on the western, leading edges of the arcs. The large ionospheric electric fields (250 mV m−1) found from tristatic radar measurements are evidence of strong currents associated with the region close to the optical arcs. The different data sets indicate that the arcs appear on the boundaries between regions with different average energy of diffuse precipitation, caused by pitch-angle scattering. The two thin arcs on these boundaries are found to be related to an increase in number flux (and thus increased energy flux) without an increase in energy.