bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and Future Medical Treatment of Adenomyosis
Authors: Tosti Claudia , Troìa Libera , Vannuccini Silvia , Lazzeri Lucia , Luisi Stefano , Petraglia Felice
Published: December 2016

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological disorder associated with abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and infertility, requiring a life-long management plan through medical or surgical treatment. The choice depends on woman's age, reproductive status and clinical symptoms. However, until now no drug labelled for adenomyosis is available; thus, the present review will focus on medical treatments currently used for adenomyosis and those in development.

Adenomyosis may be considered a sex steroid hormone-related disorder associated with an intense inflammatory process. The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH-a) for treating adenomyosis is described blocking the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, it has long been associated with frequent and intolerable hypoestrogenic side effects. An antiproliferative effect of progestins suggests their use for treating adenomyosis, reducing bleeding and pain. Continuous oral norethisterone acetate or medroxyprogesterone acetate may help to inducing regression of adenomyosis, relief pain and reduce bleeding. The use of vaginal danazol has therapeutic effect on adenomyosis combining progestogenic and anti-inflammatory activity. The intrauterine device releasing levonorgestrel (Lng-IUD) is widely assessed in menorrhagia, and has been shown to be extremely effective in resolving pain and bleeding symptoms associated with adenomyosis. Recent data show a therapeutic effect of dienogest on adenomyosis symptoms.

New drugs are under development for the treatment of adenomyosis, such as aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), that produce a hypoestrogenic environment reducing pain, but are correlated with some adverse effects and a recurrence of symptoms after discontinuation of treatment. Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) may reduce adenomyosis-associated pelvic pain, by inhibiting endometrial proliferation and suppressing adenomyotic lesion growth, as shown in animal models; however, the long-term effect with SPRMs needs further determination.
Reveiwer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 11 No. 12
Authors: Lee Stephen
Published: December 2016

Reveiwer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 11 No. 12
An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Enterprise Risk Management and Corporate Value—From the Perspective of Top Executives Incentives
Authors: Wang Qian , Guan Heshan , Deng Rongrong
Published: December 2016

Top executives incentives and risk management are important contents of corporate governance research. However, few empirical data studies of risk management take top level manager incentives economic benefit into account, and the executive incentives effectiveness is unclear in most studies, the paper collected empirical data of listed companies in financial industry in 2008-2013, and we found a inverted “U” shaped non-linear curve exists from the relationship between ERM and corporate value, when it exceeds a certain level, ERM will come into being an significantly diminishing marginal effect. Secondly, when the degree of top executives incentives become weak, on the contrary, the risk management behaviors will happen with increasing frequency and improve reflected coefficients between enterprise value and ERM, and it’s contributive to raise enterprise value. However, this influence is weak and not significant for executive equity incentive. The empirical results provide some references for the financial enterprise risk management application and the practice of executive incentive.
Relationship between Internal Branding, Employee Brand and Brand Endorsement
Authors: Natarajan Thamaraiselvan , Balasubramaniam Senthil Arasu , Srinivasan Thushara
Published: December 2016

Efficient internal branding practices give service organisations competitive advantage. While the impact of internal branding on employees behaviours has already been examined by academicians and practitioners, its role in developing a favourable employee brand remains unexplored. This article aims to analyse the influence of internal branding activities on employees’ brand knowledge, commitment and employee brand in higher education institutions in India and United States of America. Further the relationship between employee brand and brand endorsement is also examined. Using an online survey, data were collected from the teaching faculty members of higher educational institutions in India (274 samples) and the United States of America (274 samples). The partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) results showed that internal branding influence employees’ knowledge, commitment and image of the brand. The results also proved that employee brand significantly influences employees’ brand endorsement in both countries. The administrators of the institutes in both countries should strengthen the internal branding activities by enhancing brand-centric rewards and promotions to motivate employees to deliver the desired brand image to students and other stakeholders. They must get feedback from employees at regular intervals to know their perception regarding the brand and its image to maintain favorable employee brand.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 6, No. 1
Authors: Smith Wendy
Published: December 2016

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 1Afsin SahinBibi AbdelouahabEmmanuel John EkpenyongErsoy OzFarida KachapovaGabriel A. OkyereGane Samb LoHui ZhangJacek BiałekJiannan LuKassim S. MwitondiKrishna K. SahaMan Fung LOMarcelo BourguignonNahid Sanjari FarsipourNicolas MARIEPhilip WestgatePriyantha WijayatungaSerpil Kılıc DeprenSubhradev SenWei ZhangZaixing Li  Wendy SmithOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and ProbabilityCanadian Center of Science and Education
Cuerpo social y cuerpo individual: canibalismo y territorio en Al otro lado de Heriberto Yépez
Authors: Ritondale Elena
Published: December 2016

En la novela Al otro lado, de Heriberto Yépez, los cuerpos marcados, heridos y destrozados pueden ser interpretados como metáforas tanto del cuerpo social que ha ido perdiendo su unidad y sentido como de la destrucción del territorio, que a su vez lleva a la aniquilación de los ciudadanos, en una cadena infinita. Los mismos elementos narrativos, sin embargo, también pueden ser estudiados a través de la teoría de Julia Kristeva sobre lo abyecto, con un acercamiento no vinculado a la actualidad. Elementos del texto —como el canibalismo y la figura de la madre— sugieren la posibilidad de integrar las dos lecturas para lograr una comprensión más completa de la novela.
"La insoportable levedad del discurso": timos epistemológicos en la construcción mediática de la narcoviolencia
Authors: Christiansen María Lujan
Published: December 2016

Cuando se observan los discursos que modelan masivamente la percepción social sobre el fenómeno de la narcoviolencia, es posible identificar el potencial que concentra el medio televisivo. En este artículo, se analiza el tipo de retórica que prevalece en los siguientes formatos de tal ámbito: 1) el espacio televisivo en el que se da a conocer el posicionamiento oficial del gobierno (conferencias de prensa, cadena nacional); 2) el espacio que simplemente “transmite” la noticia sobre episodios de alto impacto (noticiero); 3) el espacio que realiza un periodismo de investigación; 4) el espacio recreativo, que apela a la ficción basada en la historia de famosos cárteles de la droga y en la biografía de sus capos (narcotelevisión). En particular, se subraya la injerencia de ciertas maniobras narrativas cuyo peso epistémico es fundamental para validar los discursos imperantes (individualización, sustancialización y polarización explicativa).
Una cartografía de la narco-narrativa en Colombia y México (1990-2010)
Authors: Fonseca Alberto
Published: December 2016

Desde los años noventa en adelante México y Colombia han presenciado el boom de las producciones culturales del narcotráfico.  Este artículo hace una cartografía de la narco-narrativa producida tanto en Colombia como en México y los puntos de unión entre ambas.  Productos de un fenómeno global como es el tráfico de drogas, las narco-narrativas hacen manifiestas las divergencias y fracturas del neo-liberalismo, la globalización y las políticas de represión en la lucha contra las drogas. Con el estudio de escritores como Gerardo Cornejo, Elmer Mendoza, Darío Jaramillo Agudelo y Jorge Franco este artículo señala la importancia de este conjunto de textos en el contexto de la lucha contra las drogas impulsada desde los Estados Unidos.
Narconarrativas de compensaciones ficcionales (y condenas neoliberales): "Trabajos del reino", de Yury Herrera; "Perra brava", de Orfa Alarcón
Authors: López-Badano Cecilia Ma. Teresa , Ruíz Tresgallo Silvia
Published: December 2016

La irrupción del tema del narcotráfico en la narrativa contemporánea latinoamericana nos enfrenta tanto al revanchismo compensatorio social buscado a través de algunas representaciones simbólicas, como a las condenas impuestas por la economía neoliberal que se atisban allí y fundan nuestra “estructura del sentimiento” contemporánea, la misma que a su vez da sustrato a esas ficciones. Tanto la novela Trabajos del reino, de Yuri Herrera, como Perra brava, de Orfa Alarcón, muestran estas aristas que resaltan más cuando se las lee en la perspectiva contextual del capitalismo contemporáneo y desde la óptica de ser ambas “ficciones del capital” (Beckman 2013). Revelar esas conexiones entre el capital y las representaciones simbólicas, entre el revanchismo social y las condenas neoliberales, es el objetivo del presente artículo.
Reguetón, narcocultura y bandidaje social en el filme puertorriqueño "Talento de barrio"
Authors: Ponce-Cordero Rafael
Published: December 2016

Talento de barrio, el filme puertorriqueño más taquillero de la historia, tiene como protagonista a Édgar, un maleante interpretado por la superestrella del reguetón Daddy Yankee. Mediante el contraste entre Édgar y otros personajes claramente antisociales, la película parece apuntar a la posibilidad del bandido social como una figura al margen de la legalidad, pero de signo positivo. Este ensayo recurre a autores como Hobsbawm, Benjamin, Agamben y otros para explorar el resurgimiento de un cierto tipo de bandidaje social, vinculado al narcotráfico y a la violencia extrema que conlleva, en la imaginación cinematográfica latinoamericana de hoy.
Reseña: "La balada de los arcos dorados" de César Silva Márquez
Authors: García Niño Arturo
Published: December 2016

Reseña: La balada de los arcos doradosCésar Silva MárquezMéxico: Almadía, 2014225 páginas
Reseña: "Periferias de la Narcocracia. Ensayos sobre narrativas contemporáneas" de Cecilia López Badano
Authors: Barros María José
Published: December 2016

RESEÑA:Periferias de la narcocracia. Ensayos sobre narrativas contemporáneas.López Badano, Cecilia (comp.).Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Corregidor, 2015.272 páginas
“Yo digo que escribo historias de amor y me salen un montón de balazos”. Entrevista a Alejandro Páez Varela
Authors: Santos Danilo , Vásquez Mejías Ainhoa Montserrat , Urgelles Ingrid
Published: December 2016

Entrevista al escritor y periodista mexicano Alejandro Páez Varela
New locality of Hymenochaete cruenta in the Olbina nature reserve and revisiting of distribution of this fungus in Poland
Authors: Kujawska Marta Brygida , Stasińska Małgorzata , Leski Tomasz , Rudawska Maria
Published: December 2016

Hymenochaete cruenta is a saprotrophic fungus, grown mainly on the bark of dead branches and trunks of Abies trees and thus the distribution of this fungus in Poland and other European countries is closely connected with natural range of silver fir. Despite its wide range, H. cruenta is considered as rare in the whole area of its occurrence. In this paper, we present a new locality of H. cruenta, discovered in May and September 2016 in the Olbina nature reserve (southern Wielkopolska Lowland, Kalisz Forest District). Ecological notes and macro- and microscopic feature of basidiocarps of this fungus are presented. Additionally, the current distribution of H. cruenta in Poland comprising 78 localities is provided. The rank of H. cruenta among threatened species categories in different European countries is discussed. It seems that the species is rare and threatened in Poland, and it should be still classified as “vulnerable” on the red list of macrofungi. The significance of H. cruenta for diversity of mycobiota and the necessity of further research on the dynamic of occurrence of H. cruenta inside and outside of the natural range of A. alba is underlined.
Initiation and development of Erysiphe necator chasmothecia and their role in the epidemiology of grapevine powdery mildew in southern Syria
Authors: Alimad Nujoud , Naffaa Walid , Azmeh Fawaz
Published: December 2016

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator is the most important fungal disease of grapevine in southern Syria. The purpose of this study was to determine the development of chasmothecia and their role as a primary inoculum in spring. Leaves and/or branches were examined by a stereo binocular from July to December 2014 and 2015. The number of chasmothecia was estimated on both surfaces of the leaves, and their viability was estimated by microscopic examination. During 2 years of survey chasmothecia were detected in 45.5% of vineyards. The initial development of chasmothecia on infected leaves was observed in the second half of July. Their numbers increased from July to October, and the sudden reduction at the beginning of November was noted. Chasmothecia were formed on 38.7% of infected leaves, with 12.5%, 18.4%, and 7.5% on the upper, under and on both surfaces of infected leaves respectively. Chasmothecia were more frequent on the leaf under side (0.6 / leaf) than on the leaf upper side (0.4 / leaf), but their occurrence on both sides together was relatively low (0.2 / leaf), and their numbers were highly variable between vineyards and years. Microscopic examination showed that chasmothecia contained 1–5 (usually three) asci with 1–4 (usually three) ascospores in each asci, and 65.6% of chasmothecia were empty. Their viability decreased between December and February, with an average viability of 1.2% and 0.2% in March and April, respectively. Chasmothecia were not detected on bark and ascospores were not trapped at the beginning of the season. These results indicate that the ascospores have no or little role in the initiation of spring infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. necator chasmothecia development and their role in the initiating infection on grapevine in Syria.
Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Chocó forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species
Authors: Dupérré Nadine , Tapia Elicio
Published: December 2016

The spider diversity of the family Anyphaenidae in premontane, low evergreen montane and cloud forest from the Chocó region of Ecuador is examined. A total of 287 adult specimens were collected and 19 morphospecies were identified based on male specimens. Thirteen new species are described and one new genus is proposed. Five new species are described in the genus Katissa Brescovit, 1997: Katissa kurusiki sp. nov., K. puyu sp. nov., K. tamya sp. nov., K. yaya sp. nov. and K. guyasamini sp. nov. The new genus Shuyushka gen. nov. is proposed and includes three species: Shuyushka achachay gen. et sp. nov., S. moscai gen. et sp. nov. and S. wachi gen. et sp. nov. Finally, five species are described in the genus Patrera Simon, 1903: P. hatunkiru sp. nov., P. philipi sp. nov., P. suni sp. nov., P. shida sp. nov. and P. witsu sp. nov. New records are provided for Patrera fulvastra Simon, 1903 and Josa nigrifrons Simon, 1897.
CDH17 Is a More Sensitive Marker for Gastric Adenocarcinoma Than CK20 and CDX2
Authors: Altree-Tacha David , Tyrrell Jillian , Haas Thomas
Published: December 2016

Context.— CDH17, which is expressed in the intestinal epithelium, is a novel oncogene involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. A panel consisting of cytokeratin (CK) 7, CD20, and CDX2 antibodies is typically used to diagnose gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. However, studies have shown that CDH17 is a highly specific marker for gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and may be important in clinical diagnosis.

Objective.—To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of CDH17, CK20, and CDX2 antibodies in neoplastic tissues, with emphasis on colon, stomach, and esophageal gastrointestinal lineage.

Design.—Immunohistochemistry was performed with CDH17, CK20, and CDX2 antibodies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue microarrays from normal (n = 26) and neoplastic (n = 884) tissues.

Results.—CDH17 immunostaining was positive in 97.3% (145 of 149) of colon adenocarcinomas, whereas CK20 and CDX2 stained positively in 88.6% (132 of 149) and 93.3% (139 of 149), respectively. In metastatic colon cancers, CDH17, CK20, and CDX2 positive staining was observed in 90.6% (29 of 32), 59.4% (19 of 32), and 81.3% (26 of 32) of cases, respectively. In stomach adenocarcinomas, CDH17 positively stained 64.0% (112 of 175) of tissues, compared to CK20 and CDX2, where staining was observed in only 24.6% (43 of 175) and 46.9% (82 of 175), respectively. In esophageal adenocarcinomas, CDH17, CK20, and CDX2 stained 38.7% (12 of 31), 25.8% (8 of 31), and 29% (9 of 31) of specimens, respectively. Low or no expression was observed in other neoplastic tissues, except pancreatic cancers, where CDH17 displayed higher expression than CK20 and CDX2.

Conclusions.—CDH17 is a specific and more sensitive marker in the gastrointestinal tract than CK20 and CDX2. CDH17 may be especially valuable when gastrointestinal tumors are suspected in cancers of unknown primary.
SUMOylation of NaV1.2 channels mediates the early response to acute hypoxia in central neurons
Authors: Plant Leigh D , Marks Jeremy D , Goldstein Steve AN
Published: December 2016

The mechanism for the earliest response of central neurons to hypoxia—an increase in voltage-gated sodium current (INa)—has been unknown. Here, we show that hypoxia activates the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) pathway in rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) and that SUMOylation of NaV1.2 channels increases INa. The time-course for SUMOylation of single NaV1.2 channels at the cell surface and changes in INa coincide, and both are prevented by mutation of NaV1.2-Lys38 or application of a deSUMOylating enzyme. Within 40 s, hypoxia-induced linkage of SUMO1 to the channels is complete, shifting the voltage-dependence of channel activation so that depolarizing steps evoke larger sodium currents. Given the recognized role of INa in hypoxic brain damage, the SUMO pathway and NaV1.2 are identified as potential targets for neuroprotective interventions.
Visual projection neurons in the Drosophila lobula link feature detection to distinct behavioral programs
Authors: Wu Ming , Nern Aljoscha , Williamson W Ryan , Morimoto Mai M , Reiser Michael B , Card Gwyneth M , Rubin Gerald M
Published: December 2016

Visual projection neurons (VPNs) provide an anatomical connection between early visual processing and higher brain regions. Here we characterize lobula columnar (LC) cells, a class of Drosophila VPNs that project to distinct central brain structures called optic glomeruli. We anatomically describe 22 different LC types and show that, for several types, optogenetic activation in freely moving flies evokes specific behaviors. The activation phenotypes of two LC types closely resemble natural avoidance behaviors triggered by a visual loom. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging reveals that these LC types respond to looming stimuli, while another type does not, but instead responds to the motion of a small object. Activation of LC neurons on only one side of the brain can result in attractive or aversive turning behaviors depending on the cell type. Our results indicate that LC neurons convey information on the presence and location of visual features relevant for specific behaviors.
High output voltage of magnetic tunnel junctions with a Cu(In0.8Ga0.2)Se2 semiconducting barrier with a low resistance–area product
Authors: Mukaiyama Koki , Kasai Shinya , Takahashi Yukiko K. , Kondou Kouta , Otani Yoshichika , Mitani Seiji , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: December 2016

Magnetoresistance (MR) and its bias-voltage dependence were investigated in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a 2-nm-thick Cu(In0.8Ga0.2)Se2 semiconducting barrier. A relatively high MR ratio of 47% was observed with a low resistance–area product RA of 0.14 Ω·µm2 at 300 K. By increasing the bias voltage, a high output voltage (as high as 24 mV) was achieved; this value is significantly higher than those ever reported for MR devices with RA values less than 0.5 Ω·µm2. These MR performance characteristics of the MTJs with Cu(In0.8Ga0.2)Se2 are suitable for high-sensitivity read head sensors for hard disk drives with a recording density higher than 2 Tbit/in.2.
Diamond field-effect transistors for RF power electronics: Novel NO2 hole doping and low-temperature deposited Al2O3 passivation
Authors: Kasu Makoto
Published: December 2016

Diamond possesses a combination of exceptional physical properties and is expected to be used as a semiconductor material in high-efficiency and high-power electronic devices. In this study, hole doping was observed when using NO2 molecules on a H-diamond surface. The activation energy of hole concentration in NO2/H-diamond was measured as 0.006 eV, and holes were fully activated at room temperature. A thermal stabilization of the hole channel was realized by passivation with an atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 layer. The passivation method enabled the realization of a thermally stable high-performance diamond field-effect transistor (FET), which exhibited high-performance DC and RF characteristics. NO2 hole-doping and Al2O3-passivation technologies enabled reproducible measurements of MOS structure electric properties. Such technologies also facilitated observations of two-dimensional holes at the MOS interface and type-II band alignment of Al2O3/NO2/H-diamond. Additionally, the band diagram under various gate bias conditions was proposed on the basis of capacitance–voltage measurements and analysis using Poisson’s equations.
Bioavailable dissolved organic matter and biological hot spots during austral winter in Antarctic waters
Authors: Shen Yuan , Benner Ronald , Murray Alison E. , Gimpel Carla , Greg Mitchell B. , Weiss Elliot L. , Reiss Christian
Published: December 2016

Primary production and heterotrophic bacterial activity in the Antarctic Ocean are generally low during the austral winter. Organic carbon is considered to be a major factor limiting bacterial metabolism, but few studies have investigated the bioavailability of organic matter during winter. Herein, the chemical composition and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were investigated in surface (5–100 m) and mesopelagic (200–750 m) waters off the northwestern Antarctic Peninsula during August 2012. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were low (42 ± 4 µmol L−1) and showed no apparent spatial patterns. By contrast, the composition of DOM exhibited significant spatial trends that reflected varying ecosystem productivity and water masses. Surface distributions of chlorophyll‐a and particulate organic carbon depicted a southward decline in primary productivity from open waters (60.0°S–61.5°S) to ice‐covered regions (61.5°S–62.5°S). This trend was evident from concentrations and DOC‐normalized yields of dissolved amino acids in the surface waters, indicating decreasing DOM bioavailability with increasing latitude. A different pattern of DOM bioavailability was observed in the mesopelagic water masses, where amino acids indicated highly altered DOM in the Circumpolar Deep Water and bioavailable DOM in the Transitional Weddell Water. Depth distributions of amino acid yields and compositions revealed hot spots of elevated bioavailable DOM at ∼75 m relative to surrounding waters at most ice‐free stations. Relatively low mole percentages of bacterially derived d‐amino acids in hot spots were consistent with an algal source of bioavailable DOM. Overall, these results reveal the occurrence and spatial heterogeneity of bioavailable substrates in Antarctic waters during winter.
Reexamination and further development of two‐stream canopy radiative transfer models for global land modeling
Authors: Yuan Hua , Dai Yongjiu , Dickinson Robert E. , Pinty Bernard , Shangguan Wei , Zhang Shupeng , Wang Lili , Zhu Siguang
Published: December 2016

Four representative two‐stream canopy radiative transfer models were examined and intercompared using the same configuration. Based on the comparison results, two modifications were introduced to the widely used Dickinson‐Sellers model and then incorporated into the Community Land Model (CLM4.5). The modified model was tested against Monte‐Carlo simulations and produced significant improvements in the simulated canopy transmittance and albedo values. In direct comparison with MODIS albedo data, the modified model shows good performance over most snow/ice‐free vegetated areas, especially for regions that are covered by dense canopy. The modified model shows seasonally dependent behavior mainly in the near‐infrared band. Thus, the improvements are not present in all seasons. Large biases are still noticeable in sparsely vegetated areas, in particular for the snow/ice covered regions, that is possibly related to the model, the land surface input data, or even the observations themselves. Further studies focusing on the impact of the seasonal changes in leaf optical properties, the parameterizations for snow/ice covered regions and the case of sparsely vegetated areas, are recommended.
Quantifying nitrate and oxygen reduction rates in the hyporheic zone using 222Rn to upscale biogeochemical turnover in rivers
Authors: Pittroff M. , Frei S. , Gilfedder B. S.
Published: December 2016

Quantifying and upscaling chemical turnover in the hyporheic zone (HZ) is difficult due to limited reaction rate data, unknown carbon quality, and few methods for upscaling local measurements to river networks. Here we develop a method for quantifying reaction kinetics in situ in the HZ and upscaling biogeochemical turnover to catchment scales. Radon‐222 was used to quantify water residence times in the HZ of the Roter Main River (RM), Germany. Residence times were then combined with O2,
, CO2, DOC, and carbon quality (EEMs, SUVA) data to estimate Monod and first‐order reaction rates. Monod parameters µmax and ksat for
reduction were 11 µmol l−1 h−1 and 52 µmol l−1, respectively, while the first‐order rate was 0.04 h−1. Carbon quality was highly bioavailable in the HZ and is unlikely to be limiting. Reaction kinetics was incorporated into the FINIFLUX model to upscale
mass loss over a 32 km reach of the RM. The aims were to (1) to estimate hyporheic efficiency using Damköhler numbers (Da), and (2) calculate
mass loss in the HZ over the reach. The Da analysis suggests that the hyporheic zone is inefficient for
processing, however, this is somewhat misleading as the largest
mass loss occurs at the shortest residence times where Da ≪ 1. This is due to the largest water flux occurring in the uppermost part of the sediment profile. Nitrate processing in the HZ accounted for 24 kg
h−1 over the reach, which was 20% of the
flux from the catchment.
Assessing convection permitting resolutions of WRF for the purpose of water resource impact assessment and vulnerability work: A southeast Australian case study
Authors: Ekström Marie , Gilleland Eric
Published: December 2016

Convective permitting simulations are increasingly pursued for providing physically more credible climate projections of rainfall. Their value is likely to be greater for regions where increased resolution not only resolves physical processes better, but also the topographic features of the target domain. Here, we assess the skill of convective permitting simulations to simulate rainfall for water resource assessment work in a climate change context for southeast Australia. Output on 2 and 10 km grid‐length resolution from a 5‐year regional climate model simulation is assessed for skill in simulating mean seasonal climatologies for days with low or high observed rainfall intensities. Comparison is conducted on spatial grids and for 25 catchments across the study region. No significant difference in skill was found in the loss differential when using absolute error for spatial fields of mean climatologies. Measures focusing on spatial similarity and accuracy in position of high rainfall areas indicate somewhat better skill in the 2 km simulation with regard to positioning (in autumn and winter), and with regard to spatial variability (in autumn and spring). Significant difference in skill was shown when comparing the simulated data sets on a catchment basis; seasonally 5–7 catchments in favor of the 10 km output and somewhat less for the 2 km output (3–6 catchments). When using correlation skill as the test measure, results are overwhelmingly in favor of the 2 km output. We cautiously suggest that results may be overly pessimistic for the 2 km simulation because of inadequate representation of rainfall in high altitude areas in observations.
Performance of the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29‐Item Profile in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Fibromyalgia, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Katz Patricia , Pedro Sofia , Michaud Kaleb
Published: December 2016

Objective

The Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was developed to improve measurement of patient‐reported outcomes. We examined performance of the 29‐item PROMIS Profile (PROMIS‐29) in persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), fibromyalgia (FM), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Participants in the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases completed the PROMIS‐29, which includes 4‐item forms for 7 PROMIS domains. Scales were scored and converted to T scores. Distributions of scale scores were examined, convergent and known‐groups validity was tested, and differences in scores from online versus paper questionnaires were examined.

Results

Sample sizes were 4,346 for RA, 727 for OA, 241 for FM, and 240 for SLE. Participants were predominantly female, with a mean disease duration ≥20 years, and were ages ∼60 years. Large ceiling effects occurred for some PROMIS‐29 scales. Correlations of PROMIS‐29 scores with scales measuring similar constructs ranged from high to moderate for RA, OA, and SLE; correlations for FM were markedly lower for some scales. Consistent patterns of worsening PROMIS‐29 scores with increasing disease severity or declining health status were observed. Differences in scores obtained by online versus paper questionnaires ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 points.

Conclusion

Results provide guarded support for using the PROMIS‐29 in these conditions. The PROMIS‐29 4‐item static forms appear to identify differences among levels of health and to measure constructs similar to those measured by legacy questionnaires. However, large ceiling effects suggest that measurement may be more precise at the “bad” ends of the scales, which may limit responsiveness, and differences by mode of administration appear to exist.
Wearable Force Touch Sensor Array Using a Flexible and Transparent Electrode
Authors: Song Jun‐Kyul , Son Donghee , Kim Jaemin , Yoo Young Jin , Lee Gil Ju , Wang Liu , Choi Moon Kee , Yang Jiwoong , Lee Mincheol , Do Kyungsik , Koo Ja Hoon , Lu Nanshu , Kim Ji Hoon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Song Young Min , Kim Dae‐Hyeong
Published: December 2016

Transparent electrodes have been widely used for various electronics and optoelectronics, including flexible ones. Many nanomaterial‐based electrodes, in particular 1D and 2D nanomaterials, have been proposed as next‐generation transparent and flexible electrodes. However, their transparency, conductivity, large‐area uniformity, and sometimes cost are not yet sufficient to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Furthermore, the conventional ITO is quite rigid and susceptible to mechanical fractures under deformations (e.g., bending, folding). In this study, the authors report new advances in the design, fabrication, and integration of wearable and transparent force touch (touch and pressure) sensors by exploiting the previous efforts in stretchable electronics as well as novel ideas in the transparent and flexible electrode. The optical and mechanical experiment, along with simulation results, exhibit the excellent transparency, conductivity, uniformity, and flexibility of the proposed epoxy‐copper‐ITO (ECI) multilayer electrode. By using this multi‐layered ECI electrode, the authors present a wearable and transparent force touch sensor array, which is multiplexed by Si nanomembrane p‐i‐n junction‐type (PIN) diodes and integrated on the skin‐mounted quantum dot light‐emitting diodes. This novel integrated system is successfully applied as a wearable human–machine interface (HMI) to control a drone wirelessly. These advances in novel material structures and system‐level integration strategies create new opportunities in wearable smart displays.
Tunable Broadband Wavefronts Shaping via Chaotic Speckle Image Holography Carrier Fringes
Authors: Zhou Lei , Zhu Yu‐Fu , Zhou Yun , Gao Ben‐Ling , Ou Qing‐Dong
Published: December 2016

The advent of holography metasurfaces unlocks a plethora of exciting opportunities for rapid progress at the frontiers of various branches of science and engineering. However, the holography metasurfaces are constrained by sophisticated design and fabrication procedures and are less compatible with dynamic functionalities as well as unequal across the electromagnetic spectrum. Here, a new approach is proposed to fabricate speckle image holography metasurfaces with chaotic carrier fringes for broadband photon management. Using this holography metasurfaces structure allows to sculpt wavefronts of light almost at will. As a proof‐of‐concept, the incorporation of these structures into white organic light‐emitting diodes realizes tunable regional concentrated radiation patterns without spectral distortion. Moreover, the fabricated optical diffusers with the proposed structures also exhibit controllable broadband light softening, resulting in drastically enhanced extra optical gain than that of conventional diffusers. It is hoped that the effort can provide an alternative pathway for precisely broadband beam sculpting and can enable the integration of various optoelectronic systems for practical application.
Copper‐Catalyzed Remote C−H Amination of Quinolines with N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonimide
Authors: Yin Yao , Xie Jian , Huang Feng‐Qing , Qi Lian‐Wen , Zhang Bo
Published: December 2016

A copper‐catalyzed remote C−H amination of 8‐aminoquinoline scaffolds on the C5 position is described. The protocol employs commercially available N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the amination reagent and shows broad substrate scope, providing various 5‐aminated quinolines in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. These reactions feature complete regioselectivity, operational simplicity, and high efficiency.

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Amide Acetal in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation with Allylic Alcohols under Neutral Conditions
Authors: Kwon Yongseok , Jung Jaehyun , Kim Jae Hyun , Kim Woo‐Jung , Kim Sanghee
Published: December 2016

A mild and efficient palladium‐catalyzed allylation reaction with allylic alcohols is described. The in situ activation of the allylic alcohol is achieved by using N,N‐dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal and a simple palladium catalyst (i.e., Pd(PPh3)4). The reaction system does not require acid or base additives or specially designed ligands. In addition to carbon nucleophiles, nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles can also be used with the allylic alcohol in this transformation.
Translating Thermal Response of Triblock Copolymer Assemblies in Dilute Solution to Macroscopic Gelation and Phase Separation
Authors: Sun Zhe , Tian Ye , Hom Wendy L. , Gang Oleg , Bhatia Surita R. , Grubbs Robert B.
Published: December 2016

The thermal response of semi‐dilute solutions (5 w/w%) of two amphiphilic thermoresponsive poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(N,N‐dibutylacrylamide) (PEO45‐PDEAmx‐PDBAm12) triblock copolymers, which differ only in the size of the central responsive block, in water was examined. Aqueous PEO45‐PDEAm41‐PDBAm12 solutions, which undergo a thermally induced sphere‐to‐worm transition in dilute solution, were found to reversibly form soft (G′≈10 Pa) free‐standing physical gels after 10 min at 55 °C. PEO45‐PDEAm89‐PDBAm12 copolymer solutions, which undergo a thermally induced transition from spheres to large compound micelles (LCM) in dilute solution, underwent phase separation after heating at 55 °C for 10 min owing to sedimentation of LCMs. The reversibility of LCM formation was investigated as a non‐specific method for removal of a water‐soluble dye from aqueous solution. The composition and size of the central responsive block in these polymers dictate the microscopic and macroscopic response of the polymer solutions as well as the rates of transition between assemblies.
Mechanism‐Based Fluorogenic trans‐Cyclooctene–Tetrazine Cycloaddition
Authors: Vázquez Arcadio , Dzijak Rastislav , Dračínský Martin , Rampmaier Robert , Siegl Sebastian J. , Vrabel Milan
Published: December 2016

The development of fluorogenic reactions which lead to the formation of fluorescent products from two nonfluorescent starting materials is highly desirable, but challenging. Reported herein is a new concept of fluorescent product formation upon the inverse electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction of 1,2,4,5‐tetrazines with particular trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) isomers. In sharp contrast to known fluorogenic reagents the presented chemistry leads to the rapid formation of unprecedented fluorescent 1,4‐dihydropyridazines so that the fluorophore is built directly upon the chemical reaction. Attachment of an extra fluorophore moiety is therefore not needed. The photochemical properties of the resulting dyes can be easily tuned by changing the substitution pattern of the starting 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine. We support the claim with NMR measurements and rationalize the data by computational study. Cell‐labeling experiments were performed to demonstrate the potential of the fluorogenic reaction for bioimaging.
Water Dynamics from THz Spectroscopy Reveal the Locus of a Liquid–Liquid Binodal Limit in Aqueous CaCO3 Solutions
Authors: Sebastiani Federico , Wolf Stefan L. P. , Born Benjamin , Luong Trung Quan , Cölfen Helmut , Gebauer Denis , Havenith Martina
Published: December 2016

Many phenomena depend on CaCO3 nucleation where the role of water remains enigmatic. Changes in THz absorption during the early stages of CaCO3 nucleation evidence altered coupled motions of hydrated calcium and carbonate ions. The direct link between these changes and the continuous development of the ion activity product reveals the locus of a liquid–liquid binodal limit. The data strongly suggest that proto‐structured amorphous CaCO3 forms through solidification of initially liquid precursors. Furthermore, polycarboxylates, which stabilize liquid precursors of CaCO3, significantly enhance the kinetic stability of the metastable liquid–liquid state, but they do not affect the locus of the binodal limit. The importance of water network dynamics in phase separation mechanisms can be understood based on the notions of the pre‐nucleation cluster pathway, and is likely to be more general for aqueous systems.
Umpolung Addition of Aldehydes to Aryl Imines
Authors: Chen Ning , Dai Xi‐Jie , Wang Haining , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: December 2016

One of the classical ways to synthesize amines involves the coupling of carbonyl compounds and imines, either through enolate chemistry or acyl‐based carbanion equivalents. We herein report an alternative strategy that is based on the use of aldehydes as alkyl carbanion equivalents in a reductive coupling with aryl imines. A wide array of secondary amines can be synthesized in moderate to high yields. This reaction is mediated by hydrazine and catalyzed by ruthenium(II) complexes, and it tolerates various functional groups, such as esters, amides, and nitriles.
Temporal Trends of Venous Thromboembolism Risk Before and After Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis
Authors: Unizony Sebastian , Lu Na , Tomasson Gunnar , Zhang Yuqing , Merkel Peter A. , Stone John H. , Antonio Aviña‐Zubieta J. , Choi Hyon K.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and the use of glucocorticoids have both been associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, the possibility of confounding by indication has not been investigated. We undertook this study to examine the temporal risk of VTE in GCA patients before and after GCA diagnosis, accounting for confounders including glucocorticoid treatment.

Methods

We conducted a matched cohort study using an electronic medical record database representative of the UK population (1990–2013). We calculated age‐, sex‐, and entry time–matched and multivariate relative risks (RRs) of VTE, comparing 6,441 patients with new‐onset GCA (defined by corresponding diagnosis codes and prescribed glucocorticoid treatment) to 63,985 controls before and after GCA diagnosis. Analysis before GCA diagnosis was stratified by oral glucocorticoid use to account for confounding.

Results

There were 27 incident VTE events during the 12 months preceding GCA diagnosis and 195 afterward. Compared to controls, during the 12, 9, 6, and 3 months preceding GCA diagnosis, the age‐, sex‐, and entry time–matched RRs for VTE among patients with imminent GCA not treated with glucocorticoids were 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, and 3.6, respectively. In the first 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 months after GCA diagnosis, the corresponding RRs were 9.9, 7.7, 5.9, 4.4, 3.3, and 2.4. Multivariate analyses including several common VTE risk factors showed similar trends.

Conclusion

The risk of VTE increases shortly before GCA diagnosis, peaks at the time of diagnosis, and then progressively declines thereafter. This risk is apparent in patients with imminent GCA unexposed to oral glucocorticoids, suggesting a role for inflammation‐associated thrombosis that is independent of glucocorticoid use.
Effect of Continuous B Cell Depletion With Rituximab on Pathogenic Autoantibodies and Total IgG Levels in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Cortazar Frank B. , Pendergraft William F. , Wenger Julia , Owens Charles T. , Laliberte Karen , Niles John L.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effect of rituximab on pathogenic autoantibodies and total Ig levels, and to identify serious adverse events in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV) treated with continuous B cell depletion.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of 239 patients with AAV treated with rituximab‐induced continuous B cell depletion. Two treatment cohorts were analyzed: an induction group (n = 52) and a maintenance group (n = 237). Changes in ANCA titers and total Ig levels over time were evaluated using mixed‐effects models. Risk factors for serious infections during maintenance treatment were evaluated using Poisson regression.

Results

During induction, IgG levels fell at a mean rate of 6% per month (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4, 8%), while ANCA levels declined at a mean rate of 47% per month (95% CI 42, 52%) and 48% per month (95% CI 42, 54%) for patients with antimyeloperoxidase (anti‐MPO) antibodies and those with anti–proteinase 3 (anti‐PR3) antibodies, respectively. During maintenance treatment, with a median duration of 2.4 years (interquartile range 1.5, 4.0 years), IgG levels declined a mean of 0.6% per year (95% CI −0.2, 1.4%). New significant hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG level of <400 mg/dl) during maintenance treatment occurred in 4.6% of the patients, all of whom were in the lowest baseline IgG quartile. Serious infections during maintenance therapy occurred at a rate of 0.85 per 10 patient‐years (95% CI 0.66, 1.1) and were independently associated with an IgG level of <400 mg/dl.

Conclusion

B cell–targeted therapy causes a preferential decline in ANCA titers relative to total IgG levels. Despite prolonged maintenance therapy with rituximab, IgG levels remain essentially constant. Serious infections were rare.
Brief Report: Functional Interaction of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 2 and HLA–B27 Activates the Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Zhang Zhenbo , Ciccia Francesco , Zeng Fanxing , Guggino Giuliana , Yee Kirby , Abdullah Hasan , Silverberg Mark S. , Alessandro Riccardo , Triolo Giovanni , Haroon Nigil
Published: December 2016

Objective

The basic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) remain unresolved. We previously reported an association of the single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2549782 in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 gene (ERAP2) with AS. It is known that patients homozygous for the G allele (GG) of another ERAP2 SNP, rs2248374, lack expression of ERAP2 (ERAP2 null). The present study utilized this information to study the impact of ERAP2 deficiency on HLA–B27 expression in patients with AS, specifically focusing on the functional interaction of ERAP2 and HLA–B27 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AS and assessing the effects in vitro in specific cell lines.

Methods

Expression of intact peptide HLA–B27 (pB27) or the major histocompatibility complex class I free heavy chains (FHCs) was assessed in PBMCs isolated from HLA–B27–positive patients with AS. ERAP2‐suppressed, stable B27–expressing C1R cells (C1R‐B27) were tested for the expression levels of pB27 and FHCs, as well as for markers of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Distribution of the ERAP2 SNPs rs2549782 and rs2248374 in patients with AS and in patients with Crohn's disease was assessed.

Results

PBMCs from AS patients lacking ERAP2 expressed higher levels of FHCs than did PBMCs from patients positive for ERAP2. This finding was replicated in C1R‐B27 cells after suppression of ERAP2. In addition, ERAP2 suppression led to increased levels of the UPR markers BiP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein 10, and X‐box binding protein 1 [spliced] as compared to that in short hairpin RNA–treated control cells. There was strong linkage disequilibrium in the ERAP2 locus. All patients with the rs2549782 T allele (which reportedly increases the function of the ERAP‐2 protein) were homozygous for the G allele of rs2248374, leading to absence of ERAP2.

Conclusion

ERAP2 deficiency causes increased FHC expression and up‐regulation of the UPR pathway.