bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Forest Recovery Following Wildfire and Harvest in Boreal Forests Using Satellite Imagery
Authors: Madoui Amar , Gauthier Sylvie , Leduc Alain , Bergeron Yves , Valeria Osvaldo
Published: November 2015

In the managed boreal forest, harvesting has become a disturbance as important as fire. To assess whether forest recovery following both types of disturbance is similar, we compared post-disturbance revegetation rates of forests in 22 fire events and 14 harvested agglomerations (harvested areas over 5–10 years in the same vicinity) in the western boreal forest of Quebec. Pre-disturbance conditions were first compared in terms of vegetation cover types and surficial deposit types using an ordination technique. Post-disturbance changes over 30 years in land cover types were characterized by vectors of succession in an ordination. Four post-disturbance stages were identified from the 48 land thematic classes in the Landsat images: “S0” stand initiation phase; “S1” early regeneration phase; “S2” stem exclusion phase; and “S3” the coniferous forest. Analyses suggest that fire occurs in both productive and unproductive forests, which is not the case for harvesting. Revegetation rates (i.e., rapidity with which forest cover is re-established) appeared to be more advanced in harvested agglomerations when compared with entire fire events. However, when considering only the productive forest fraction of each fire, the revegetation rates are comparable between the fire events and the harvested agglomerations. The S0 is practically absent from harvested agglomerations, which is not the case in the fire events. The difference in revegetation rates between the two disturbance types could therefore be attributed mostly to the fact that fire also occurs in unproductive forest, a factor that has to be taken into account in such comparisons.
Quantifying the Effects of Biomass Market Conditions and Policy Incentives on Economically Feasible Sites to Establish Dedicated Energy Crops
Authors: Nepal Sandhya , Contreras Marco , Stainback George , Lhotka John
Published: November 2015

This study used a spatially-explicit model to identify the amount and spatial distribution of economically feasible sites for establishing dedicated energy crops under various market and policy scenarios. A sensitivity analysis was performed for a biomass market with different discount rates and biomass prices as well as policy scenarios including propriety tax exemption, carbon offset payments, and the inclusion of farmland for biomass production. The model was applied to a four-county study area in Kentucky representing conditions commonly found in the Ohio River Valley. Results showed that both biomass price and discount rate have a can strongly influence the amount of economically efficient sites. Rising the biomass price by 5 $·t−1 and lowering discount rate by 1% from the baseline scenario (40 $·t−1 and 5%) resulted in an over fourteen fold increment. Property tax exemption resulted in a fourfold increase, a carbon payment on only 1 $·t−1 caused a twelve fold increase and extending the landbase from marginal land to farmland only slightly increase the economically efficient sites. These results provide an objective evaluation of market and policy scenarios in terms of their potential to increase land availability for establishing dedicated energy crops and to promote the bioenergy industry.
Swelling Dynamics of a DNA-Polymer Hybrid Hydrogel Prepared Using Polyethylene Glycol as a Porogen
Authors: Gao Ming , Gawel Kamila , Stokke Bjørn
Published: November 2015

DNA-polyacrylamide hybrid hydrogels designed with covalent and double-stranded (dsDNA) crosslinks respond to specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes by adapting new equilibrium swelling volume. The ssDNA probes need to be designed with a base pair sequence that is complementary to one of the strands in a dsDNA supported network junction. This work focuses on tuning the hydrogel swelling kinetics by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a pore-forming agent. Adding PEG during the preparation of hydrogels, followed by removal after polymerization, has been shown to improve the swelling dynamics of DNA hybrid hydrogels upon specific ssDNA probe recognition. The presence of porogen did not influence the kinetics of osmotic pressure-driven (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid)-co-acrylamide (AMPSA-co-AAm) hydrogels’ swelling, which is in contrast to the DNA-sensitive hydrogels. The difference in the effect of using PEG as a porogen in these two cases is discussed in view of processes leading to the swelling of the gels.
Travel Behavior Change in Older Travelers: Understanding Critical Reactions to Incidents Encountered in Public Transport
Authors: Sundling Catherine
Published: November 2015

Accessibility of travel may be better understood if psychological factors underlying change in travel behavior are known. This paper examines older (65+) travelers’ motives for changing their travel behavior. These changes are grounded in critical incidents earlier encountered in public-transport travel. A scientific framework is developed based on cognitive and behavioral theory. In 29 individual interviews, travelers’ critical reactions (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral) to 77 critical incidents were examined. By applying critical incident technique (CIT), five reaction themes were identified that had generated travel-behavior change: firm restrictions, unpredictability, unfair treatment, complicated trips, and earlier adverse experiences. To improve older travelers’ access to public transport, key findings were: (a) service must be designed so as to strengthen the feeling of being in control throughout the journey; (b) extended personal service would increase predictability in the travel chain and decrease travel complexity; consequently, (c) when designing new services and making effective accessibility interventions, policy makers should consider and utilize underlying psychological factors that could direct traveler behavior.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Inflammatory Nociceptive Behavior of Mice
Authors: King-Himmelreich Tanya , Möser Christine , Wolters Miriam , Olbrich Katrin , Geisslinger Gerd , Niederberger Ellen
Published: November 2015

The processing of pain undergoes several changes in aging that affect sensory nociceptive fibers and the endogenous neuronal inhibitory systems. So far, it is not completely clear whether age-induced modifications are associated with an increase or decrease in pain perception. In this study, we assessed the impact of age on inflammatory nociception in mice and the role of the hormonal inhibitory systems in this context. We investigated the nociceptive behavior of 12-month-old versus 6–8-week-old mice in two behavioral models of inflammatory nociception. Levels of TRP channels, and cortisol as well as cortisol targets, were measured by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot in the differently aged mice. We observed an age-related reduction in nociceptive behavior during inflammation as well as a higher level of cortisol in the spinal cord of aged mice compared to young mice, while TRP channels were not reduced. Among potential cortisol targets, the NF-κB inhibitor protein alpha (IκBα) was increased, which might contribute to inhibition of NF-κB and a decreased expression and activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In conclusion, our results reveal a reduced nociceptive response in aged mice, which might be at least partially mediated by an augmented inflammation-induced increase in the hormonal inhibitory system involving cortisol.
A Mechanism of O-Demethylation of Aristolochic Acid I by Cytochromes P450 and Their Contributions to This Reaction in Human and Rat Livers: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Stiborová Marie , Bárta František , Levová Kateřina , Hodek Petr , Schmeiser Heinz , Arlt Volker , Martínek Václav
Published: November 2015

Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. AAI is detoxified by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated O-demethylation to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (aristolochic acid Ia, AAIa). We previously investigated the efficiencies of human and rat CYPs in the presence of two other components of the mixed-functions-oxidase system, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5, to oxidize AAI. Human and rat CYP1A are the major enzymes oxidizing AAI. Other CYPs such as CYP2C, 3A4, 2D6, 2E1, and 1B1, also form AAIa, but with much lower efficiency than CYP1A. Based on velocities of AAIa formation by examined CYPs and their expression levels in human and rat livers, here we determined the contributions of individual CYPs to AAI oxidation in these organs. Human CYP1A2 followed by CYP2C9, 3A4 and 1A1 were the major enzymes contributing to AAI oxidation in human liver, while CYP2C and 1A were most important in rat liver. We employed flexible in silico docking methods to explain the differences in AAI oxidation in the liver by human CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C9, and 3A4, the enzymes that all O-demethylate AAI, but with different effectiveness. We found that the binding orientations of the methoxy group of AAI in binding centers of the CYP enzymes and the energies of AAI binding to the CYP active sites dictate the efficiency of AAI oxidation. Our results indicate that utilization of experimental and theoretical methods is an appropriate study design to examine the CYP-catalyzed reaction mechanisms of AAI oxidation and contributions of human hepatic CYPs to this metabolism.
Inhibition of Crystal Growth during Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition by Applying BIAS
Authors: Ratzsch Stephan , Kley Ernst-Bernhard , Tünnermann Andreas , Szeghalmi Adriana
Published: November 2015

In this study, the influence of direct current (DC) biasing on the growth of titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers and their nucleation behavior has been investigated. Titania films were prepared by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) using Ti(OiPr)4 as metal organic precursor. Oxygen plasma, provided by remote inductively coupled plasma, was used as an oxygen source. The TiO2 films were deposited with and without DC biasing. A strong dependence of the applied voltage on the formation of crystallites in the TiO2 layer is shown. These crystallites form spherical hillocks on the surface which causes high surface roughness. By applying a higher voltage than the plasma potential no hillock appears on the surface. Based on these results, it seems likely, that ions are responsible for the nucleation and hillock growth. Hence, the hillock formation can be controlled by controlling the ion energy and ion flux. The growth per cycle remains unchanged, whereas the refractive index slightly decreases in the absence of energetic oxygen ions.
The Ratio of Dietary Branched-Chain Amino Acids is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Obesity in Young Northern Chinese Adults: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Li Yan-Chuan , Li Ying , Liu Li-Yan , Chen Yang , Zi Tian-Qi , Du Shan-Shan , Jiang Yong-Shuai , Feng Ren-Nan , Sun Chang-Hao
Published: November 2015

This study aims to examine the association between the ratio of dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and risk of obesity among young northern Chinese adults. A total of 948 randomly recruited participants were asked to finish our internet-based dietary questionnaire for the Chinese (IDQC). Associations between dietary BCAA ratio and prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity were analyzed. Furthermore, 90 subjects were randomly selected to explore the possible mechanism. Dietary BCAA ratio in obese participants was significantly lower than non-obese participants. We found negative correlations between the ratio of dietary BCAA and body mass index (BMI) (r = −0.197, p < 0.001) or waist circumference (r = −0.187, p < 0.001). Compared with those in the first quartile, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of the 3rd and 4th quartiles of dietary BCAA ratio for overweight/obesity were 0.508 (0.265–0.972) and 0.389 (0.193–0.783), respectively (all p < 0.05). After stratification by gender, the significance still existed in the 3rd and 4th quartile in males and the 4th quartile in females. For abdominal obesity, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of the 3rd and 4th quartile of dietary BCAA ratio were 0.351 (0.145–0.845) and 0.376 (0.161–0.876), respectively (all p < 0.05). This significance was stronger in males. Further studies indicated that dietary BCAA ratio was inversely associated with 2-h postprandial glucose (2 h-PG) and status of inflammation. In conclusion, a higher ratio of dietary BCAA is inversely associated with prevalence of obesity, postprandial glucose and status of inflammation in young northern Chinese adults.
Quality Assessment of the CCI ECV Soil Moisture Product Using ENVISAT ASAR Wide Swath Data over Spain, Ireland and Finland
Authors: Pratola Chiara , Barrett Brian , Gruber Alexander , Dwyer Edward
Published: November 2015

During the last decade, great progress has been made by the scientific community in generating satellite-derived global surface soil moisture products, as a valuable source of information to be used in a variety of applications, such as hydrology, meteorology and climatic modeling. Through the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI), the most complete and consistent global soil moisture (SM) data record based on active and passive microwaves sensors is being developed. However, the coarse spatial resolution characterizing such data may be not sufficient to accurately represent the moisture conditions. The objective of this work is to assess the quality of the CCI Essential Climate Variable (ECV) SM product by using finer spatial resolution Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Wide Swath and in situ soil moisture data taken over three regions in Europe. Ireland, Spain, and Finland have been selected with the aim of assessing the spatial and temporal representativeness of the ECV SM product over areas that differ in climate, topography, land cover and soil type. This approach facilitated an understanding of the extent to which geophysical factors, such as soil texture, terrain composition and altitude, affect the retrieved ECV SM product values. A good temporal and spatial agreement has been observed between the three soil moisture datasets for the Irish and Spanish sites, while poorer results have been found at the Finnish sites. Overall, the two different satellite derived products capture the soil moisture temporal variations well and are in good agreement with each other.
Evaluating the Relationship between the Population Trends, Prices, Heat Waves, and the Demands of Energy Consumption in Cities
Authors: Fu Katherine , Allen Melissa , Archibald Richard
Published: November 2015

The demands of energy consumption have been projected as a key factor that affects an economy at the city, national, and international level. Contributions to total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2012 by various urban sectors include electricity (31%), transportation (28%), industry (20%), agriculture (10%), and commercial and residential (10%). Yet the heavy demands of energy consumption in the cities by residents, commercial businesses, industries, and transportation are important for maintaining and sustaining sufficient economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between population trends, historical energy consumptions, the changes of average electricity price, average annual temperature, and extreme weather events for three selected cities: New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. These cities are exemplary of, metropolitan areas in the East, Middle, and the Western regions of the U.S. We find that the total energy consumptions of New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles are influenced to various degrees by changes in population, temperature and the average price of electricity and that only one city, Los Angeles, does price significantly affect electricity use. This finding has implications for policy making, suggesting that each city’s climate, size and general economic priorities must be considered in developing climate change mitigation strategies and incentives.
Les communistes dans le Nord/Pas-de-Calais de juin 1940 à la veille de la grève des mineurs
Authors: Dejonghe Étienne
Published: November 2015

Na een korte tijdelijke verdwijning als gevolg van de gebeurtenissen in mei, kan de par- tij zich opnieuw organiseren tegen een snelheid en met een kracht die de Franse overheid verbazen. Het herstel is al duidelijk in juli : de partijpers verschijnt weer regelmatig, boekt vooruitgang en wordt meer gevariëerd in de mate waarin de verspreiding weer norrnaal wordt. In augustus zijn et enkele werkonderbrekingen in de mijnen van Pas-de-Calais, aanvankelijk beperkt tot enkele «rode» putten. In januari 1941 voelen de kommunisten zich al sterk genoeg om talrijke optochten en verkonderbrekingen te organiseren,, die nu, in tegenstelling tot de vorige, aanstekelijk werken, langer en harder worden, en zo de grote confrontatie van de tiendaagse staking voorbereiden. Hoe kan men deze snelle renaissance verklaren ? Hoe komt het dat de politie niet in staat was ze tegen te houden ? Waarom boekt de partij zoveel vooruitgang in de arbeidersklasse terwijl sommige aspec- ten van de propaganda toch weinig aantrekkelijk waren ? In welke mate heeft de toenma- lige Duitse politiek de Franse overheid, die de beweging wou onderdrukken, niet ged- warsboomd ? Op deze vragen probeert men in dit artikel een antwoord te geven.
Improving Bridging from Informatics Practice to Theory
Authors: Lehmann C. U. , Gundlapalli A. V.
Published: November 2015

Background: In 1962, Methods of Information in Medicine (MIM) began to publish papers on the methodology and scientific fundamentals of organizing, representing, and analyzing data, information, and knowledge in biomedicine and health care. Considered a companion journal, Applied Clinical Informatics (ACI) was launched in 2009 with a mission to establish a platform that allows sharing of knowledge between clinical medicine and health IT specialists as well as to bridge gaps between visionary design and successful and pragmatic deployment of clinical information systems. Both journals are official journals of the International Medical Informatics Association.

Objectives: As a follow-up to prior work, we set out to explore congruencies and interdependencies in publications of ACI and MIM. The objectives were to describe the major topics discussed in articles published in ACI in 2014 and to determine if there was evidence that theory in 2014 MIM publications was informed by practice described in ACI publications in any year. We also set out to describe lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and offer opinions on how ACI editorial policies could evolve to foster and improve such bridging.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study and reviewed all articles published in ACI during the calendar year 2014 (Volume 5) for their main theme, conclusions, and key words. We then reviewed the citations of all MIM papers from 2014 to determine if there were references to ACI articles from any year. Lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and opinions on ACI editorial policies were developed by consensus among the two authors.

Results: A total of 70 articles were published in ACI in 2014. Clinical decision support, clinical documentation, usability, Meaningful Use, health information exchange, patient portals, and clinical research informatics emerged as major themes. Only one MIM article from 2014 cited an ACI article. There are several lessons learned including the possibility that there may not be direct links between MIM theory and ACI practice articles. ACI editorial policies will continue to evolve to reflect the breadth and depth of the practice of clinical informatics and articles received for publication. Efforts to encourage bridging of informatics practice and theory may be considered by the ACI editors.

Conclusions: The lack of direct links from informatics theory-based papers published in MIM in 2014 to papers published in ACI continues as was described for papers published during 2012 to 2013 in the two companion journals. Thus, there is little evidence that theory in MIM has been informed by practice in ACI.
A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials
Authors: Lehr Daniela , Wagner Markus R , Flock Johanna , Reparaz Julian S , Sotomayor Torres Clivia M , Klaiber Alexander , Dekorsy Thomas , Polarz Sebastian
Published: November 2015

Numerous applications in optoelectronics require electrically conducting materials with high optical transparency over the entire visible light range. A solid solution of indium oxide and substantial amounts of tin oxide for electronic doping (ITO) is currently the most prominent example for the class of so-called TCOs (transparent conducting oxides). Due to the limited, natural occurrence of indium and its steadily increasing price, it is highly desired to identify materials alternatives containing highly abundant chemical elements. The doping of other metal oxides (e.g., zinc oxide, ZnO) is a promising approach, but two problems can be identified. Phase separation might occur at the required high concentration of the doping element, and for successful electronic modification it is mandatory that the introduced heteroelement occupies a defined position in the lattice of the host material. In the case of ZnO, most attention has been attributed so far to n-doping via substitution of Zn2+ by other metals (e.g., Al3+). Here, we present first steps towards n-doped ZnO-based TCO materials via substitution in the anion lattice (O2− versus halogenides). A special approach is presented, using novel single-source precursors containing a potential excerpt of the target lattice 'HalZn·Zn3O3' preorganized on the molecular scale (Hal = I, Br, Cl). We report about the synthesis of the precursors, their transformation into halogene-containing ZnO materials, and finally structural, optical and electronic properties are investigated using a combination of techniques including FT-Raman, low-T photoluminescence, impedance and THz spectroscopies.
“We Have to Work Within the System!”: Staff Perceptions of Organizational Barriers to Decision Making for Older Adults With Dementia in Australian Aged Care Facilities
Authors: Tarzia Laura , Fetherstonhaugh Deirdre , Bauer Michael , Beattie Elizabeth , Nay Rhonda
Published: November 2015

The current study explored the perceptions of direct care staff working in Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs) regarding the organizational barriers that they believe prevent them from facilitating decision making for individuals with dementia. Normalization process theory (NPT) was used to interpret the findings to understand these barriers in a broader context. The qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews (
N
= 41) and focus groups (
N
= 8) with 80 direct care staff members of all levels working in Australian RACFs. Data collection and analysis were conducted in parallel and followed a systematic, inductive approach in line with grounded theory. The perceptions of participants regarding the organizational barriers to facilitating decision making for individuals with dementia can be described by the core category,
Working Within the System
, and three sub-themes: (a)
finding time
, (b)
competing rights
, and (c)
not knowing
. Examining the views of direct care staff through the lens of NPT allows possible areas for improvement to be identified at an organizational level and the perceived barriers to be understood in the context of promoting normalization of decision making for individuals with dementia.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(6):286–292.]
Medication Use Among Ethnically Diverse Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Chiang-Hanisko Lenny , Williams Christine L. , Newman David , Tappen Ruth M.
Published: November 2015

As primary consumers of health care and prescription medication, older adults are more susceptible to potential drug-related adverse effects and medication interactions. With growing diversity among the older adult population, understanding ethnic differences in medication use becomes increasingly important. The current study describes polypharmacy and the occurrence of underprescribing among community-dwelling, low-income individuals 55 and older from four ethnic groups: (a) African American, (b) Afro-Caribbean, (c) European American, and (d) Hispanic American. Results revealed that number of illnesses, income level, and age were three major predictors associated with polypharmacy. No underprescription was identified. Overall, prevalence of polypharmacy was 47.5%. European American individuals had the highest prevalence followed by Hispanic American, African American, and Afro-Caribbean individuals. When caring for older adults from various ethnic groups, nurses should focus their efforts on those who have multiple illnesses and sufficient income to purchase medications to reduce the risk of polypharmacy.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(6):273–285.]
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Cognitive State Test in the Detection of Dementia Among Iranian Older Adults
Authors: Lotfi Mohammad-Sajjad , Tagharrobi Zahra , Sharifi Khadijeh , Abolhasani Javad
Published: November 2015

Dementia screening tests need to have acceptable sensitivity and specificity. The current study aimed to determine the cutoff point of the Persian Cognitive State Test (P-COST) and test its diagnostic accuracy. The study was conducted using the known-groups method. A purposive sample of 50 patients with dementia and 150 older adults without dementia was recruited in Kashan, Iran. The reference standard included clinical interviewing and findings of a computerized tomography scan. The P-COST was the index test. Mean P-COST scores of the two groups differed significantly (
p
< 0.001). The P-COST is a sensitive and precise test for assessing cognitive state and thus can be used for dementia screening and monitoring of older adults' health.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(6):293–299.]
Variation in the /kt/ sequence in Castilian Spanish: Synchronic study and diachronic applications
Authors: García García de León Clara Luna
Published: November 2015

Diachronic phonetics and phonology in Spanish have not kept up to date with the latest methods in historical linguistics. Though acknowledging the value of traditional bibliography, this paper advocates an interdisciplinary, more modern approach. By way of example, an analysis is proposed of the evolution of /kt/ from Latin to Spanish. An experimental study of the sequence /kt/ in speakers from the Madrid area serves to argue that empirical synchronic data are an invaluable contribution that improve traditional views into diachrony. This paper seeks to invite reflection on possible ways of methodological renovation in the field of historical phonetics.
Les Dépravés de Dieu
Authors: Simenel Romain
Published: November 2015

La transgression est-elle un trait structurant de la catégorie « jeune » au Maroc ? Comment le rapport à la religion, en l’occurrence à l’islam, intervient-il dans la distinction des catégories d’âge social ? À quel point la relation à Dieu diffère-t-elle selon que l’on soit « jeune » ou « homme d’honneur » ? Déconsidéré, voire rejeté par l’islam, le célibat, surtout s’il se prolonge, semble être l’angle de vue le plus pertinent pour explorer les limites de ce qui fait un jeune. Cet article part de l’analyse d’un rituel de traitement du célibat pratiqué dans de nombreuses régions du Sud-Ouest marocain — rituel qui permet de définir la catégorie « jeune » sous l’angle croisé des rapports de genre et de la religion —, avant de développer une réflexion plus générale sur les représentations liées à la jeunesse masculine – notamment dans le rapport qu’elle entretient avec la vie « licite » et le jugement divin. Il s’agit alors de démontrer que dans le Sud marocain, du point de vue religieux, les hommes sont des « deux fois nés ». C’est entre ces deux « naissances », la naissance biologique et le mariage, que se situerait la jeunesse. Elle serait un temps de transgression religieuse durant lequel les jeunes subissent l’influence du cheytan et de l’Occident avant de mieux redevenir musulman. Dépravés de Dieu, ces jeunes s’éloigneraient le plus radicalement possible d’un islam prescriptif pour mieux choisir d’épouser ensuite la religion par le cœur et devenir des hommes en marche vers le paradis grâce au mariage.
Structural style of the Kootenay Group, with particular reference to the Mist Mountain Formation on Grassy Mountain, Alberta
Authors: Norris D K
Published: November 2015

Grassy Mountain, eight kilometres north of Blairmore, Alberta, lies within the Livingstone Thrust plate in the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains. On the mountain, strata of the Kootenay Group are highly sheared, thrust faulted, and cylindrically folded. Of the
four coal seams contained within the Mist Mountain Formation of the Kootenay Group, the second highest, or No. 2 Seam, has been and will be the greatest resource on the mountain. Continuous exposures in the abandoned open-pit mines, as well as the many coal prospects in the No. 2 Seam, reveal two
fundamental mechanisms by which the coal has been tectonically repeated, thickened, and thinned. These mechanisms are: imbrication, resulting in layer-parallel piling up of the coal and associated roof and floor rock; and flow, resulting in mass transport of the coal on a profusion of discrete slip
surfaces from one part of a seam to another. Imbrication does not necessarily rob the coal from immediately adjacent areas; flow does. These shearing mechanisms are end members of a continuum of structural styles that resulted in the progressive destruction of the primary depositional fabric of the
seams as well as in the detachment of the seams from their roofs and floors. Imbrication and flow were concurrent responses to the same regional compressive forces of the Laramide Orogeny in the latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Imbrication made the Kootenay Group coals accessible to
exploitation in numerous places, but also introduced structural complications that degraded the coals and limited the capacity of simple geological models to predict the presence of mineable coals at depth. The resource potential for medium volatile bituminous coal on Grassy Mountain is vast, and is
largely confined to the No. 2 Seam.
Geographic location conversion tool
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: November 2015

This Windows application converts geographic coordinates between any pair of eleven systems; latitude and longitude as well as different grid and map projection systems. The grid systems supported are Township and Range, British Columbia's NTS-based grid system,
the Canada Lands system, the UTM/UPS system, and the UTM/UPS-based Military system. The projections supported are Transverse Mercator, Polar Stereographic, Lambert Conformal, American Polyconic, and Albers Equal Area. Transformations can be done in either the NAD83, NAD27 or MAY76 datums. Use NAD83
for WGS84. Note that the Twp Rge grids are assumed to be the same in each datum with the NAD83 coordinates being obtained by application of NTV2 on the NAD27 coordinates. To use the tool the user (1) enters a location and defines its coordinates system on the input source screen, (2) defines the
desired output system on the output destination screen, and (3) selects the find button. The application then calculates the location in the destination system. For File I/O the user is first given a screen with a choice of Long or Short Record format, then a screen to select the comma delimited
input File. Records are of form: {source}, identifier,{destination} and required quantities not specified default to the screen value. The output file has the same name as the input file except the extension is changed to '.new'. The application is a Delphi (Trade Mark) run-time module for Windows
XP and 95/98/00.
Geosemantic interoperability backgrounder
Authors:   GeoConnections,   Hickling Arthurs Low Corporation
Published: November 2015

This guide is one in a series of Operational Policy documents developed by GeoConnections. This guide is intended to inform CGDI stakeholders about the main concepts and importance of geosemantic interoperability along with related technologies and examples of
geosemantic interoperability integration in organizations.
Indicator mineral signatures of the Mount Pleasant Sn-W-Mo-Bi-In deposit, New Brunswick
Authors: McClenaghan M B , Parkhill M A , Pronk A G , Boldon G R , Pyne R
M , Rice J M
Published: November 2015

An indicator mineral study was carried out around the Mount Pleasant Sn-W-Mo-Bi-In deposit as part of the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4 (TGI-4), a collaborative federal geoscience program with a mandate to provide industry
with the next generation of geoscience knowledge and innovative techniques that will result in more effective targeting of buried mineral deposits. This indicator mineral study is one of the first systematic case studies around a major Sn-W deposit in glaciated terrain. It is also the first
indicator mineral case study in any terrain to identify a broad range of indicator minerals for this deposit type, in addition to cassiterite and wolframite. Indicator minerals recovered from till at the Mount Pleasant deposit include the main ore minerals, cassiterite, wolframite, and molybdenite,
as well as fluorite, topaz, galena, arsenopyrite, and loellingite in the 0.25-0.5 mm, >3.2 SG fraction. Useful indicator minerals in till also include secondary Pb sulphate minerals beudantite (PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6) and anglesite (Pb(SO4)), which formed from the oxidation and weathering
of galena.
Characterization of volcanic and intrusive rocks across the British Columbia - Yukon border, GEM 2 Cordillera
Authors: Zagorevski A , Mihalynuk M G , Joyce N , Kellett D A , Milidragovic D
Published: November 2015

Foreword
The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program is laying the foundation for sustainable economic development in the North. The Program provides modern public geoscience that will set the stage for long-term decision making related to investment in responsible resource development. Geoscience
knowledge produced by GEM supports evidence-based exploration for new energy and mineral resources and enables northern communities to make informed decisions about their land, economy and society. Building upon the success of its first five-years, GEM has been renewed until 2020 to continue
producing new, publically available, regional-scale geoscience knowledge in Canada's North. During the summer 2015, GEM program has successfully carried out 14 research activities that include geological, geochemical and geophysical surveying. These activities have been undertaken in collaboration
with provincial and territorial governments, northerners and their institutions, academia and the private sector. GEM will continue to work with these key collaborators as the program advances.
Rock-Eval pyrolysis results for cuttings samples from the Natsek E-56 Well, Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, Canada
Authors: Neville L A , McNeil D H , Grasby S
E , Galloway J M , Sanei H , Dewing K
Published: November 2015

A total of 195 cuttings samples were collected from between 229 - 2226 m from the Natsek E-56 well of Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin for Rock-Eval Pyrolysis. The Natsek E-56 well is being investigated as part of a multi-disciplinary study of petroleum systems in the
Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin, carried out by the Geological Survey of Canada (Calgary) under the Geo-Mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Program, Western Arctic Project. Organic matter characterization in conjunction with other on-going analyses of rock preserved in Natsek E-56 cuttings will be used
to interpret the paleoenvironment, paleotemperature and paleosalinity during the Early to Middle Eocene to inform hydrocarbon source rock characterization, with broader implications extended to understanding Arctic Ocean paleoceanography and paleoclimate.
Rock-Eval pyrolysis parameters suggest that the samples from the Taglu and Aklak sequences, preserved in Natsek E-56, contain a mixture of poor to fair petroleum source rocks with immature to early mature Type III/IV kerogen. The Tmax values however, indicate that the cuttings from Natsek E-56
remain outside the window for petroleum generation.
Below about 2030 m there is a dramatic increase in the TOC content of several samples, suggesting that the Aklak sequence, a sandstone dominated succession, contains carbonaceous mudstone or coaly mudstone beds.
Modular dynamical systems on networks
Authors: DeVille Lee , Lerman Eugene
Published: November 2015

We propose a new framework for the study of continuous time dynamical systems on networks. We view such dynamical systems as collections of interacting control systems. We show that a class of maps between graphs called
graph fibrations
give rise to maps between dynamical systems on networks. This allows us to produce conjugacy between dynamical systems out of combinatorial data. In particular we show that surjective graph fibrations lead to synchrony subspaces in networks. The injective graph fibrations, on the other hand, give rise to surjective maps from large dynamical systems to smaller ones. One can view these surjections as a kind of “fast/slow” variable decompositions or as “abstractions” in the computer science sense of the word.
Tempered reductive homogeneous spaces
Authors: Benoist Yves , Kobayashi Toshiyuki
Published: November 2015

Let

G

be a semisimple algebraic Lie group and

H

a reductive subgroup. We find geometrically the best even integer

p

for which the representation of

G

in

L^2(G/H)

is almost

L^p

. As an application, we give a criterion which detects whether this representation is tempered.
La reconstrucción virtual del palacio andalusí de Onda (Castellón): Arquitectura y Territorio
Authors: Garrido Carretero Fidel
Published: November 2015

This paper presents the virtual reconstruction of the Islamic palace of Onda (Castellón), a site where recent excavations have brought to light an important set of structures dating from the 11th century. Its poor state of preservation allowed a fairly complete reading of the palace plan but there was no hard evidence regarding its elevations. In the context of an ongoing study of the site, a virtual reconstruction of the palace was undertaken in order to facilitate the process of trial and error involved in figuring out its original configuration. A method devised to test reconstructive hypotheses on an active archaeological site is presented, followed by a discussion of results that encompasses the architecture and the urban and regional context of the site.
Ciudades perdidas, ciudades recuperadas. La tecnología al servicio del pasado
Authors: Fernández Ruiz José Antonio , Gómez Robles Lucía
Published: November 2015

Cities are living entities that change almost daily but its people are aware of it. They forget the state before the great changes and people become accustomed to the new urban image. In a hundred years a city can completely change its appearance and even its essence. This is the case of Granada, where its historic center was heavily modified during the nineteenth century. These changes have been studied by a project analyzing and virtually rebuilding the historic city. The work ranges from the Rey Chico, below the Alhambra palace, to Puerta Real, restoring the image of the city around 1831, based on the engravings and descriptions of romantic travelers, on the previous alignments and transformations in old pictures.
A Virtual Reconstruction Methodology for Archaeological Heritage in East Asia – Practical Experience from the Re-relic Program in China
Authors: He Yan , Gao Ming , Shang Jin
Published: November 2015

There is as much abundance of archaeological heritage in East Asia as there is diversity in the methodology for its reconstruction and representation. The Re-relic program in China recognizes the uniqueness of archaeological heritage in East Asia and has developed a tailored virtual reconstruction methodology that is both scientifically robust and popular for public interpretation. The theoretical consideration and field experience over the years shall contribute to the global understanding of the value and technique in virtual reconstruction, while testifying to the very principles of Seville Charter.
Hacia una reconstrucción tridimensional de la terra sigillatahispánica decorada y los moldes del alfar Los Villares de Andújar (Jaén)
Authors: Serrano Arnáez Begoña , Fernández García Mª Isabel , Esquivel Guerrero José Antonio
Published: November 2015

The aim of this paper is the recreation and the measurement of the fragments of terra sigillata and molds which have the same decoration documented in the landfill court 30 of the 1999 campaign of Los Villares de Andújar. To carry it out, we have used the 3D laser technology for the reconstruction of the materials, using an ARTEC Scanner, which it carried out a metrological study recording the dimensions of the variables that appear in several decorative minimal units. In conclusión, we intented to associate the vessels to the tools, that is, the molds that were used for the elaboration of the vessels, in order to go into depht the production process of the terra Sigillata, mainly in the modeling phase.
Vitoria-Gasteiz Medieval Interacción entre realidad virtual y aumentada en el siglo XVI
Authors: Pérez-Valle Ainhoa , Sillaurren Sara , Aguirrezabal Pablo , Gómez de Segura José Daniel , Sagasti Diego
Published: November 2015

Medieval Vitoria-Gasteiz’s game provides information about the history and lifestyle of this town in the 16th century, which has been rebuilt through procedural software. This interactive application allows you to enjoy an experience that merges the virtual party with an ‘in situ’ visit to the city’s streets nowadays, enabling travel through time. The game becomes a competition in which users have to overcome challenges and could enjoy Augmented Reality’s benefits. The main goal of the project is the cultural heritage transmission. And this is done through one of the best ways to do this, in a funny way. Learn “playing”. Being education and tourism the main application fields.
Simulated retrievals for the remote sensing of CO2, CH4, CO, and H2O from geostationary orbit
Authors: Xi X. , Natraj V. , Shia R. L. , Luo M. , Zhang Q. , Newman S. , Sander S. P. , Yung Y. L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The Geostationary Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GeoFTS) is designed to measure high-resolution spectra of reflected sunlight in three near-infrared bands centered around 0.76, 1.6, and 2.3 μm and to deliver simultaneous retrievals of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2, CH4, CO, and H2O (denoted XCO2, XCH4, XCO, and XH2O, respectively) at different times of day over North America. In this study, we perform radiative transfer simulations over both clear-sky and all-sky scenes expected to be observed by GeoFTS and estimate the prospective performance of retrievals based on results from Bayesian error analysis and characterization. We find that, for simulated clear-sky retrievals, the average retrieval biases and single-measurement precisions are < 0.2 % for XCO2, XCH4, and XH2O, and < 2 % for XCO, when the a priori values have a bias of 3 % and an uncertainty of 3 %. In addition, an increase in the amount of aerosols and ice clouds leads to a notable increase in the retrieval biases and slight worsening of the retrieval precisions. Furthermore, retrieval precision is a strong function of signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. This simulation study can help guide decisions on the design of the GeoFTS observing system, which can result in cost-effective measurement strategies while achieving satisfactory levels of retrieval precisions and biases. The simultaneous retrievals at different times of day will be important for more accurate estimation of carbon sources and sinks on fine spatiotemporal scales and for studies related to the atmospheric component of the water cycle.
Sea surface temperature variability in the central-western Mediterranean Sea during the last 2700 years: a multi-proxy and multi-record approach
Authors: Cisneros M. , Cacho I. , Frigola J. , Canals M. , Masqué P. , Martrat B. , Lirer F. , Margaritelli G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This study analyses the evolution of sea surface conditions during the last 2700 years in the central-western Mediterranean Sea based on six records as measured on five short sediment cores from two sites north of Minorca (cores MINMC06 and HER-MC-MR3). Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) were obtained from alkenones and Globigerina bulloides-Mg/Ca ratios combined with δ18O measurements to reconstruct changes in the regional Evaporation–Precipitation (E–P) balance. We reviewed the G. bulloides Mg/Ca-SST calibration and re-adjusted it based on a set of core top measurements from the western Mediterranean Sea. According to the regional oceanographic data, the estimated Mg/Ca-SSTs are interpreted to reflect spring seasonal conditions mainly related to the April–May primary productivity bloom. In contrast, the Alkenone-SSTs signal likely integrates the averaged annual signal. A combination of chronological tools allowed synchronizing the records in a common age model. Subsequently a single anomaly stack record was constructed for each proxy, thus easing to identify the most significant and robust patterns. The warmest SSTs occurred during the Roman Period (RP), which was followed by a general cooling trend interrupted by several centennial-scale oscillations. This general cooling trend could be controlled by changes in the annual mean insolation. Whereas some particularly warm SST intervals took place during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) the Little Ice Age (LIA) was markedly unstable with some very cold SST events mostly during its second half. The records of the last centuries suggest that relatively low E–P ratios and cold SSTs dominated during negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phases, although SST records seem to present a close positive connection with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index (AMO).
Evaluation of the initial stage of the reactivated Cotopaxi volcano – analysis of the first ejected fine-grained material
Authors: Toulkeridis T. , Arroyo C. R. , Cruz D'Howitt M. , Debut A. , Vaca A. V. , Cumbal L. , Mato F. , Aguilera E.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Fine-grained volcanic samples were collected at different locations near the Cotopaxi volcano on the same day of its reactivation and some days afterwards in August 2015. The wind-directions charged with such materials have been determined and compared with the existing data-base allowing preventive measures about local warning. The obtained data yielded the less expected wind-directions and therefore ash precipitation in usually less affected areas towards the northern and eastern side of Cotopaxi volcano. The collected samples were studied basically for their morphology, content in minerals and rock fragments as well as the chemical composition. The results obtained from this study allowed to identify and classify the origin of the expelled material being hydroclasts of andesites and dacites with rare appearances of rhyodacites and associated regular as well as accessory minerals all being present in the conduct and crater forming part of previous eruptive activities of the volcano. A further evaluation has been performed to determine the activity stage of the volcanic behavior. The resulting interpretation appears to point to a volcanic behavior a more frequent sporadic event with a relatively low probability of lahar generation rather than any other known destructive phase, which includes a less-frequent but tremendously more catastrophic scenario.