bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Northern World in the Dark Ages 400-900
Authors: James Edward
Published: October 2023

For Romans, or at least for their rulers and the aristocratic elite who provide us with the bulk of our written sources, northern Europe was at the fringes of civilization or beyond it, and barely worth attention. Those parts of it in the Roman Empire-central and southern Britain, and northern Gaulwere much less heavily Romanized than the provinces around the western Mediterranean. It is significant that the earliest surviving Latin writings from those provinces are from the very end of the Roman Empire, and from writers who may have learnt their Latin in Christian rather than secular schools. The only time that Britain and northern Gaul impressed themselves upon the consciousness of Roman authorities was when they produced usurpers or were attacked by still less civilized peoples from beyond the frontiers: the Franks, the Alamans, the Saxons, the Picts, or the cannibal Atecotti. The northern provinces were merely buffer states to help protect the empire from the barbarians beyond.
Northern Europe Invades the Mediterranean 900-I200
Authors: Morris Rosemary
Published: October 2023

In the world of the Patriarch Nicholas I, wntmg in about 914, there were two powers which commanded honour and respect. One was the Abbasid Caliphate based on Baghdad, the ruler of the lands of the Near East; the other the Roman Empire, based since the fourth century on its new, Christian capital, Constantinople. Both powers were conscious of a long tradition of rule; the people of the eastern empire always referred to themselves as Rhomaioi (‘Romans’) and the rulers of the lands to the east of the Mediterranean were similarly conscious of a Muslim tradition which stretched back to the days of the Prophet. But how far did these grandiose concepts of imperial might correspond with reality in the period after 900? There was no place in the patriarch’s world-view for the lands and rulers of the western Mediterranean and not the slightest indication that Byzantine power closer to home might often be challenged.
Greek Historians
Authors: Murray Oswyn
Published: October 2023

Many societies possess professional remembrancers, priests or officials, whose duty it is to record those traditions thought necessary for the continuity of social values; many societies also possess priestly or official records, designed to help regulate and placate the worlds of gods and men, but capable of being converted by modern scholars into history. Yet the actual writ¬ing of history as a distinct cultural activity seems in origin independent of these natural social attitudes, and is a rare phenomenon: it has in fact developed independently only in three very different societies: Judaea, Greece, and China. The characteristics of history in each case are distinct: history is not a science, but an art form serving the needs of society and there¬ fore conditioned by its origin.
Classical Greek Philosophy
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: October 2023

When Plato began to write, philosophy in Greece already had a long and striking history-a history against which Plato himself in his early dialogues rebels. It is tempting for us to take Plato as marking a fresh start in philosophy, and we are encouraged in this by the fact that his are the first complete works that we can discuss philosophically without the preliminary labour of piecing out fragments and disentangling later reports. But Plato’s work as a whole is best seen against the background of the philosophical tradition that he found; and this is even more true of Aristotle, who indeed largely charts that tradition for us, and whose work is deeply marked by his continued engagement with, and responses to, previous thinkers.
Hellenistic Philosophy and Science
Authors: Barnes Jonathan
Published: October 2023

GREEK philosophy has a continuous history. The death of Alex¬ ander the Great heralded no intellectual revolution, and the Hellenistic thinkers placed themselves in the tradition of Thales and of Socrates. But after Aristotle the emphasis changed: Hellenistic philosophy-in its scope, its aim, its self-understanding -differed somewhat from the discipline practised in earlier centuries.
The First Roman Literature
Authors: Brown P G Mee.
Published: October 2023

Latin literature begins with a bang, with a dazzling display of virtuoso verbal fireworks in twenty comedies written by Plautus between about 205 and 184 BC. The start of Latin literature is conventionally dated to the performance of a play by Livius Andronicus at Rome in 240 BC, but these comedies by Plautus are the earliest works to have survived complete. They are modelled on Greek comedies, nearly all of them ‘New Comedies’ written by Menander and his contemporaries about 100 years before Plautus. Like the Greek comedies, they are written in verse. Greek comedies were written for performance in a permanent theatre at Athens, as central elements in a religious festival. Roman comedies were also performed at religious festivals, but they were one source of entertainment among many, and they were performed on a temporary stage erected for the occasion.
Roman Art and Architecture
Authors: Wilson R J A
Published: October 2023

When the chaos and civil war which marked the collapse of the Roman Republic erupted in the third quarter of the first century BC, there had already been sown some of the seeds of architectural and artistic innovation which were to bear such remarkably productive fruit during the early years of Empire. Yet, architecture apart, the period of the Republic in central Italy down to the middle and later years of the second century BC was not marked by any brilliant outpouring of artistic creativity, or by many works which display striking originality: little that is genuinely and independently ‘Roman’ can be identified in the art of early- and middle-Republican Rome. Rather it was the twin cultural influences of Etruria and the Greek world that were dominant, the latter being by far the more significant.
The Other Two Italies, and their Three Wars, 1943–1945
Authors: Morgan Philip
Published: October 2023

During a conference in Pesaro held in 1984 on the war along the Gothic Line, an ex-partisan defensively took issue with some specifi contributions, but really with the whole tenor of the conference: ‘when people ask me how many partisans there were, I never reply with a number, because in reality we were an entire people who had taken to the woods, because everyone contributed in various ways, with the exception of a minority who served the Nazis’. Unfortunately for this protagonist of the armed struggle, and for her restatement of what was the conventional post-war view of the wartime Resistance, others had been playing the numbers game.
The Long ‘Peace’
Authors: Mulholland Marc
Published: October 2023

British policy had developed in the early 1970s as a twin track of levying war and constructing a political dispensation. War, however, delegitimized politics and left the IRA campaign undiminished. With the collapse of the political centre ground, British policy moved to that of limiting conflict to an ‘acceptable level of violence’ and criminalizing the IRA. This posed serious problems for republicans. Their determination to maintain their self image as an army led to bitter conflict in the prisons, where their POWs furiously resisted the withdrawal of special category status.
Brave New World?
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

It was in the second half of the 1980s that the structures and assumptions which had still largely prevailed in the world since 1945 were dramatically reshaped. The ‘Cold War’, which had subsisted for decades, though with fluctuating intensity, was finally over. Its tentacles, as we have noted in previous chapters, had spread beyond Europe and complicated other conflicts elsewhere which had deeper and indigenous ethnic or religious causes. There had been moments of detente in previous decades, but they had turned out to be ‘false dawns’. Indeed, some scholars speak of a ‘Second Cold War’ in the early 1980s when the optimism engendered by the Helsinki Agreements gave way to the renewed and potentially explosive rivalry discussed in the previous chapter. The later 1980s, however, cannot yet be ex-plained definitively. And, when change did come, both its scope and timing were rarely predicted—a fact that makes one cautious about academic claims to understand both the international ‘system’ and the dynamics of domestic change.
The Proscriptions
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months. The first time he had sought backing from senior statesmen and from the party of the constitution. Now he was consul, his only danger the rival army commanders. For the moment, certain brief formalities. To bring to trial and punishment the assassins of Caesar, a special court was established by a law of the consul Pedius ; along with these state criminals a convenient fiction reckoned Sex. Pompeius, the admiral of the Republic. The ambitious or the shameless made show of high loyalty and competed for the right to prosecute. Agrippa indicted Cassius, a person called L. Cornificius marked down Brutus as his prey.2 Of the jurors, though carefully selected, one man gave his vote for absolution and remained unmolested until the proscriptions were duly instituted. Octavianus could afford to wait, to take vengeance upon the lesser enemies along with the greater.
Crisis In Party And State
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

THE pretext of a special mandate from Senate and People was not merely a recognition of the past services and unique eminence of Caesar’s heir, not merely a due guarantee of his dignitas and pledge of civil concord or vested interests there was work to be done. The restored Republic needed a friendly hand to guide its counsels and set in order its imperial dominions and a firm authority to enforce a programme of social and moral regeneration.
The Government
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

THOUGH by no means as corrupt and inefficient as might hastily be imagined, the governing of all Italy and a wide empire under the ideas and system of a city state was clumsy, wasteful and calamitous. Many able men lacking birth, protection or desperate ambition stood aloof from politics. They could hardly be blamed. The consulate was the monopoly of the nobiles: after the consulate, little occupation, save a proconsulate, usually brief in tenure. The consulars became ‘senior statesmen’, decorative, quarrelsome and ambitious, seldom useful to the Roman People. Within the Senate or without it, a rich fund of ability and experience lay idle or was dissipated in politics.
Ice and Death on the Northeast Passage
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

The Past Five Centuries of Arctic History are usually presented as a chronicle of exploration. History becomes a litany of the deeds of those (usually) men who travelled beyond the bounds of their own known world, returning with tales of hardship, adventure and amazing discoveries. Arctic geography becomes a gradually expanding “known world,” the advancing frontier of Europeans’ increasing awareness of the general outlines of coasts and rivers, routes of travel through ice or storm, and the animals and primitive tribes that occupied the country. Maps from these years of exploration depict the regions beyond this frontier as either snowy blanks or territories provisionally sketched with icy coastlines, towering mountain ranges, open oceans and strange peoples.
The Rape of Spitsbergen
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

The Arctic Ocean is the Least Productive Sea on earth. Cold, deep and sealed with ice that blocks sunlight for six to twelve months of the year, it supports only minimal biological activity. In exceptional locations, however, circumstances allow pockets of productivity to develop, and these dense concentrations of life are the more remarkable for their contrast with the surrounding emptiness. One such concentration lies far to the north of Europe, midway between the northern coast of Norway and the Pole.
The Army Of The Georges 1714–1783
Authors: Guy Alan J
Published: October 2023

The butcher’s bill of Malplaquet in 1709, the vaulting ambitions of the over-mighty subject John Churchill, and the ostentatious post-war lifestyle of his associates—especiallyhisformerquartermaster-generalWilliam, Earl Cadogan—whose attempts to bribe the electors of Reading in 1714were greeted with derisory calls of ‘No Hanover, no Cadogan’—did nothing to lessen the proverbial antipathy of Englishmen to a standing army. Nor did the relentless growth of Marlborough’s military machine during the late war and the opportunities this seemed to give one English political faction, the Whigs, to subvert traditional values and social relationships by the gift of army commissions or lucrative supply contracts. Worse, and this perhaps is what the Reading electors most resented about Cadogan, the new and alien dynasty relied on armed force—first during the Jacobite rebellion of1715, when government margins of victory on the battle-field were perilously narrow—and later in the 1720s and1730s, when genuine fears of Jacobitism were linked by Sir Robert Walpole, the deeply loathed ‘prime’ minister, with elements of fantasy and political calculation to make Whig government backed by military power seem indispensable. The paranoid belief in October 1715 that the Jacobite scholars of Oxford were about to declare for the Pretender resulted in the city being first blockaded by Major-General Pepper’s regiment of dragoons and then occupied by Brigadier Handasyde’s regiment of foot. (The principal ‘conspirator’ escaped over Magdalen wall in his nightgown.)
An Unreformed Army? 1815–1868
Authors: Burroughs Peter
Published: October 2023

In 1815 Britain emerged victorious from the French and Napoleonic Wars. The circumstances created by this triumph, as well as the memories of military success, profoundly affected the development of the British army, both positively and negatively, for much of the nineteenth century. With its supremacy as a world power unchallenged by foreign rivals, Britain enjoyed almost four decades of peace in Europe, and this in itself sapped the army’s preparedness to fight a large-scale land war. Until 1854 military intervention to uphold a balance of power on the Continent was not contemplated, even by the meddling Lord Palmerston, as an adjunct to diplomatic action. Unlike the navy, the army had no role to play as an instrument of foreign policy. Both in official strategy and in popular perceptions, its position appeared secondary to that of the Senior Service as the front line of national defence, the foundation of Britain’s power and status, and the guarantor of trading routes throughout the world so vital to a commercial nation. These circumstances weakened the army’s capacity to command public attention and scarce resources. Home defence reinforced the tendency.
The Army and The Challenge Of War 1914–1918
Authors: Travers Tim
Published: October 2023

At the start of the First World War, Britain did not have an army capable of fighting a major war on the Continent. Hence, on 4 August 1914, the regular British army, not including reservists, consisted of only 247,432 officers and men, about one-third of whom were in India. In contrast, after four and a half years of war, on 1 November1918, British troops in France, not including colonial troops, amounted to 1,497,198 officers and men, while the British army everywhere at the same date totalled 2,075,275, again not including colonial troops. To this should be added another 1,383,311 British officers and men stationed at home in November 1918, for a total of 3,458,586. Thus the British army had multiplied in size fourteen times over during the period of the war, and so the history of the British army in the First World War is a history of tremendous change and adaptation.
The Army Between The Two World Wars 1918–1939
Authors: Bond Brian
Published: October 2023

A graph of the British army’s fortunes between 1918 and 1939, as indicated by annual budgets and strategic priorities, would suggest a story of political neglect after the unprecedented national effort during the First World War. The line would plunge steeply from the Armistice, when there was over 3.5 million troops on the British establishment, to the end of 1920 when there was only 370,000. Another sharp drop was effected in 1922 when the Geddes Axe drastically reduced both numbers and expenditure, and thereafter the army’s annual budget fell steadily every year from just over £43.5 million in 1923 to just under £36 million in 1932. The renewed threats from Japan and Germany in the early 1930s scarcely affected the army for several years, and even the start of rearmament proper in 1935 brought only meagre increases in funding. Only in 1938, with a defence loan of nearly £36 million supplementing a budget of £87 million, can the army be truly said to have begun preparing for war.
The Amateur Military Tradition
Authors: Beckett Ian
Published: October 2023

Traditionally, Britain has relied upon command of the sea as the main line of defence against invasion, itself a constant theme in English and British history. In consequence, the existence of a large standing regular army was distrusted on the grounds that it was both unnecessary and might promote military despotism, a lingering fear which actually pre-dated the creation of such a standing army. Thus, there was a distinct preference for amateur and temporary soldiers—the auxiliary forces—brought into existence as needs dictated for defence against invasion, as a means of maintaining domestic order in the event of any concomitant civil disturbances, and as a means of wider social control and assimilation through participation and example. The military obligations imposed upon the English people from earliest times and the more systematic organization of local auxiliary forces from the mid-sixteenth century onwards therefore continuously reflected and transmitted traditional attitudes towards military participation in Britain. Indeed, in the absence of a standing army prior to (technically, prior to 1689) and in the absence of regular troops permanently visible to society as a whole thereafter, it was the ever-present auxiliaries who more often provided the essential point of contact between society and army in Britain. Auxiliaries frequently bore the brunt of popular antimilitarism and equally played an important part in projecting military values to an ‘un-military’ people. They were not only the subject of major national political controversy but their administration also constantly exercised local communities.
Colonialist Concerns
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

Having looked at broad trends and patterns in colonial writing in Chapter I, we now turn to colonialist literature specifically: that is, the literature-narrative is the preferred form-more directly concerned with colonial experience. Such writing revolves constantly, even obsessively, around certain key themes: the introversion of the colonial mission, or coloninl drama; the masculine aspect of that drama; the representation of other peoples; and the resistant incomprehensibility or unreadability of the colonized beyond.
The Interview
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

To interview successfully requires skill. But there are many different styles of interviewing, ranging from the friendly, informal, conversational approach to the more formal, controlled style of questioning, and good interviewers eventually develop a variation of the method which, for them, brings the best results, and suits their personality. There are some essential qualities which the successful interviewer must possess: an interest and respect for people as individuals, and flexibility in response to them; an ability to show understanding and sympathy for their point of view; and, above all, a willingness to sit quietly and listen.
African Rural Life and Migrant Labour
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Any author writing a general book on South Africa must decide whether to start with whites or with blacks. For reasons both of accuracy and of ideology, most historians writing recently have abandoned 1652, foundation date of the Dutch station at the Cape, and begun instead with pre-colonial African societies. It is more difficult to begin with African people in a book that starts in the late nineteenth century. Markets, empire, industry, capital, railways, and political union in 1910 were the new motors of change. None of these forces had to do simply with white or black, but in dealing with them the agency of the settler and metropolitan worlds must be emphasized.
War, Reconstruction, and the State from the 1890s to the 1920s
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

John X. Merriman, long-serving and acerbic Cape politician, regarded Johannesburg, ‘its Stock Exchange, and its prostitutes and prize fighters’, with a combination of fascination, horror and disdain. His failure to succeed either in diamonds or gold perhaps led him to appreciate and assert the more legalistic and genteel traditions of the Cape. The brash new city seemed to lack natural beauty. Mine dumps were its mountains; the contours of race were harshly drawn. His wife, Agnes, wrote of the Exchange on a boom day: a ‘scene of mad excitement-men taking their coats off and shrieking like maniacs-fortunes were made and lost in hours; St John Carr, an ex-clerk .... made £20,000 in a day’ (Lewsen 1960-9: xli. 277). Nor was it only those from the Cape who found that the ‘struggle for wealth’ was ‘at no time an edifying spectacle’ (van Onselen 1982: i. 1). But money spoke; Carr became the first mayor of Johannesburg’s new city council in 1901. Mine-owners who made even more money did not hesitate to use their influence.
A New Politics: From Rainbow Nation to African Authority
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

A new politics began in South Africa in 1994. Negotiations, elections, and reconstruction released exciting energies as old institutions and practices were reconsidered and fresh models invented. The roots of new approaches lay partly in the opposition political, trade-union, civic, and NGO movements that had flourished in the insurrectionary years. They lay partly in the internal workings of the ANC in exile and at home. But South Africa experienced a negotiated settlement, a transition, not a revolution, in 1994. Important legacies resided in the fragmented institutions left by the Afrikaner National Party’s later apartheid strategies, in urban township authorities, in the balkanized homelands, which had done their best to emulate neo-patrimonial African states, in the self-protective impulses of segregated communities. They also lay in a relatively strong private-sector and social institutions, from churches to universities, and in ways of thinking about property and rights that survived the transition. All of these heritages were refracted through the prism of the constitutional settlements of 1994-6, and the new political and social system that they attempted to entrench.
Introduction
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

It was, a novelist wrote only a few years after the German inflation had ended, “an extraordinary time. Disorder seemed to be trump, even in the heavens. The constellations were certainly in a wild state and demanded that things be so—for it was a time when one had to believe in all that again, in planets and the stars under which one was born.”1 Of course, if one knew how to penetrate the meaning of the stars, the disorder was only apparent. An astrologer, writing in the midst of the hyperinflation of 1923 and carefully correlating the movements of the currency exchange rates published in the economic section of the Frankfurter Zeitung with those of the planets provided by the undoubtedly less widely consulted Astronomical Ephemeris of Raphael, confidently provided his readers with an astrological explanation of the development of the exchange rate between 1914 and 1922 along with a prognosis for 1923–1926.
The Trials and Tribulations of Relative Stabilization
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The control of inflation is a political question, but this is not to argue that the successful control of inflation is always a demonstration of political virtue. It is, in truth, nothing more or less than a manifestation of political power by a government that feels secure enough to pursue a stabilization policy despite what seems to be its unavoidable economic and social consequences; namely, an economic crisis with its attendant high unemployment and weakening of labor’s ability to secure improved wages and working conditions. This power may be the product of the repressive force at a government’s disposal, the support of a substantial body of public opinion, or some combination of the two. The price may be necessary and even desirable when compared to that paid for galloping inflation or hyperinflation, but this presupposes that the political price is tolerable as well.
The Politics of Currency Reform, August–October 1923
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The Germans, at least until the very recent past, have not been notable for their political achievements, and the mismanagement of the nation’s affairs that produced the situation faced by the Stresemann Great Coalition government when it assumed office on August 14, 1923, is yet another troubled chapter in an unhappy history. Credit, however, should also be given where it is due, and the emergence of the Weimar Republic and of Germany intact from the crisis of the summer and fall of 1923 was a remarkable political acccomplishment.
The Persistence of inequality
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

The burgeoning employment of women may have been essential to victory in the war, but it also raised challenging questions about the future direction of male-female relationships and the perpetuation of the existing social order. It was one thing to encourage women to work as a temporary device to meet a war-induced labor shortage; it was quite another to view women as permanent jobholders. The achievement of economic equality required more than simply hiring women as replacements for men gone to war. It also entailed the establishment of a uniform standard of pay, equal access to the higher ranks of business and government, and, most difficult of all, the development of community services to ease the conflicts between the multiple roles of homemaker, parent, and worker. American women and men had to decide, for example, whether it was more important for a mother to care for her children all day long or be able to join men as an equal contributor to the work force. Not surprisingly, such issues involved substantial controversy and were not resolved easily. But they also highlighted the profound nature of the questions raised by changing gender roles. Thus, while women’s economic activity may have altered significantly during the war years, the larger problem that remained was whether steps would be taken to root out the basic causes of persistent inequality between the sexes.
Struggle and Survival on Wall Street
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Struggle and Survival on Wall Street provides a comprehensive economic analysis of competition between broker-dealers or securities firms. It uses the industrial organization approach which focuses on the interaction of the industry's structure, conduct, and performance to argue that the driving force of competition is through the development of new financial products. The development of new products forces firms to integrate these new services into their existing organization. Matthews argues that the firms which successfully integrate and adapt to an expanded product line grow in size and importance relative to those which do not. He also suggests that the Securities and Exchange Commission needs to adapt to the growing services offered by securities firms by providing a framework in which organizational change can take place.
Five Communities in the United States: Results of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey
Authors: Helzer John e. , bucholz, kathleen , Robins leen.
Published: October 2023

We begin this chapter with a brief review of the history of alcohol use in the United States. This will help place the findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey, presented below, into context. Historical Overview Some families excel in the method of brewing beer with strange variety of ingredients. Here we commonly make it with pine chips, pine buds, hemlock for leaves, roasted corn, dried apple skins, sassafras roots and bran. With these, to which we add some hops and a little malt, we compose a sort of beverage which is very pleasant (Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, p. 298). The resourcefulness of early colonists in producing alcohol attested to the integral role it played in their lives. In addition to using alcohol for nourishment and medicinal purposes, the colonists served alcohol at social gatherings: weddings, funerals, and even the ordination of ministers (Levine, 1978; Ames, 1985; Caddy, 1983). Alcohol in the form of rum had an important economic role as well. Distilled from inexpensive imported molasses, rum became a major trading item for New England merchants. Historians estimate that the region exported as much as 600,000 gallons of rum per year, making huge profits for distillers (Lender & Martin, 1982).
The Prevalence of Alcohol Abuse and!or Dependence in Two Hispanic Communities
Authors: Canino Glorisa j. , burnam, audrey , caetano raul
Published: October 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is to compare the prevalence rates and correlates of alcohol abuse and/or dependence between Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. We will briefly review results from prior research with Hispanics in the U.S. and Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico. This will provide a context against which the new data presented here can be considered.
Alcoholism, Culture, and Psychopathology: Comparative Study of French, French Canadian, and American Alcoholics
Authors: Babor Thomas f. , wolfson amy , 80ivin denyse , raooucothomas, Simone , Clark William
Published: October 2023

This chapter departs considerably from others in this book in that it approaches the subject of alcohol and culture from the viewpoint of clinical samples of diagnosed alcoholics. Although emphasis is given to the prevalence and patterning of alcohol problems in France and other French-speaking countries, this will be approached from a comparative perspective in an effort to highlight some important but highly speculative notions about the patterning of alcoholism and how it is affected by cultural and psychological variables. These notions will first be summarized to set the stage for subsequent comparisons of French, American, and French Canadian alcoholics. These groups are particularly appropriate for such a comparative analysis because they represent different points on a continuum of cultural permissiveness toward alcohol that has often been cited in sociocultural theories of alcoholism.
Alcoholism in Taiwan Chinese Communities
Authors: Yeh Eng Kung , Hwu Ha1 Gwo
Published: October 2023

Alcoholism among the Chinese has been reported to be rare and there have been few prevalence studies in community populations. An epidemiological study conducted from 1946 to 1948 has so far been the only available survey of the Taiwan Chinese population in the literature. Only two cases of alcoholism (0.01%) were identified in that study (Lin, 1953). This finding has been supported by the infrequency of alcoholic cases seen in psychiatric clinical settings. The rarity of alcoholism among the Chinese has been explained from a biological point of view: that the Chinese are highly sensitive to alcohol and have low tolerance (Ewing, 1974; Wolff, 1972); and from a sociocultural point of view: that the Chinese generally drink only with meals and on ceremonial occasions, that alcohol-induced behavior is rejected by the Chinese, and that the absence of popular drinking places (such as taverns or bars) discourages the regular and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages (Hsu, 1955; Singer, 1972). Similar suggestions were made in a survey of Chinatown in San Francisco (Chu, 1972). More recently in a report of the mainland Chinese, also a low-risk population for alcoholism, Lin and Lin have proposed a “substitution hypothesis:” that gambling and narcotic addiction might play important roles as substitutes for other psychosocial pathology among the Chinese (Lin & Lin, 1982).
Psychophysical Theories of Contemplation
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

Contemplative thinking has beneficial effects of major clinical significance. Contemplation enlarges consciousness and improves character through the no dualistic reconciliation of worries, struggles, and conflicts. In contrast, dualistic thinking blocked the full development of awareness in Emerson and his disciples. Later, Freud denied the reality of his oceanic feelings when visiting the Acropolis, which is a symbol of wisdom and universal order, because of his inability to trust in the goodness of the deepest aspect of himself, that is, his psyche (Freud 1936).
The Epigenetic Revolution
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the field of physics was shocked by the recognition of quantum phenomena. Many familiar notions of classic physics had to be abandoned after the discovery of discrete units of energy and the related quantum phenomena of no locality and no causality (Gamow 1966). Now at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the broad field of biology is being shocked by the recognition of the importance of epigenetic phenomena. Epigenetics has been brought to the forefront of attention in biology in the twenty-first century as a result of sequencing the genomes of human beings and more than thirty other organisms (Koonin, Aravind et al. 2000). As a result, "epigenetics" and the "genomic revolution" have become frequent buzzwords (Koonin, Aravind et al. 2000; Lederberg 200 I), but their awesome significance is less often appreciated.
How the Cold War Might End: An Exercise in Faulty Prediction
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

Most historians, most of the time, wisely avoid making predictions. But in those rare instances when they do succumb to that temptation, they ought to keep track-their colleagues in economics and political science too often do not-of how well those predictions turned out. Certainly anyone who was foolish enough to try to predict how the Cold War might end owes his readers such an accounting. I wrote the following essay in the summer of I987, and it appeared in The Atlantic in November of that year, exactly two years before the Berlin Wall came down.’ I have included it here in its original form, with only slight changes in wording and the addition of a few footnotes. But I have inserted a retrospective critical commentary along the way-a literary post-mortem, if you will-that seeks to explain why this exercise in prediction, like so many similar efforts, turned out to be so wrong. In his splendid book, Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape, Barry Lopez describes the most striking of Arctic mirages the fata morgana, in which sharply delineated mountain ranges appear suddenly from a featureless sea, creating the illusion of land where none exists and tempting unwary explorers to set off in search of constantly receding and, in the end, unattainable objectives. Bleak horizons combined with cold climates, he suggests, can alter consciousness and redirect ambitions in wholly unpredictable ways.
Introduction: The Pendulum of Social Movements
Authors: Fond John Q La , Durham Mary L
Published: October 2023

The sharply contrasting attitudes reflected in these quotations illustrate the mercurial movement of mental health policy in the United States. Why has policy shifted so precipitously in less than three decades? The (admittedly) simple answer to such a complex question is that American society has changed dramatically during this same period. Mental health policy is shaped not only by scientific and popular beliefs about mental illness, but also by overarching values and social forces at work throughout society. Current wisdom about the causes, consequences, and cures of mental illness certainly guide our response to the mentally ill. But state legislators, hospital administrators, government officials, and judges are also influenced in their daily decisions by the political views of their constituencies. And the politics of America has not stood still.
The Land System
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

By Mayofl848 the last of the tenants of the Crown Estate of Ballykilcline were packing up whatever they would be able to carry on their backs for the long journey by foot and ferry to Liverpool. Their sacks contained mostly pots and clothing of such a ragged simplicity that even for Europe’s barest peasant fashion belonged to a bygone age. What other domestic possessions remained in the cabins when the date of departure had been proclaimed the previous August would have been sold since in the neighborhood, in what later came to be called an “emigrant auction,” or traded for food or given or thrown away as having absolutely no negotiable value. By the spring, as the local Crown Agent put it, the troublesome lands were to be “perfectly untenanted.”
Ballykilcline: Deputies and Defendants
Authors: Scally Robert James
Published: October 2023

The name of the townland of Ballykilcline appeared on the Ordnance Survey Map of Ireland of 1841 and again in 1886. In between, although it continued intact in the memory and usage of the few people who still lived there, its official existence was uncertain, present in some surveys but overlooked in others. That was because the names of townlands identified not places as much as their occupants and were liable to lose their meaning when their occupants departed. Their physical presence, the uncut stone or turf and thatch dwellings, the “semi-underground” dwellings described by Tocqueville, and the foot-worn paths connecting them, quickly disappeared into the landscape when unoccupied. Seen in that light, the “clearance” and “leveling” of townlands, whether by emigration or eviction, was intended by land managers like Guinness and Mahon to remove all evidence of their existence, creating a tabula rasa on which a more orderly plan could be drawn.
The Rough Road to Virgin Land
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

When I was asked to contribute to a book of essays in honor of Henry Nash Smith, my friend for more than forty years, I asked if I could contribute, instead of a scholarly article, a brief study of Henry Smith’s early life. The editor cordially agreed to this request. My reasons for wanting to do this were several. First was gratitude; ever since graduate school Henry Smith had been the second reader (after my wife) of almost everything I wrote. I had profited immensely from his special combination of understanding support and cool criticism, all the more be¬ cause many of his ideas were quite different from my own. Second, I had been convinced in the course of many conversations that Smith’s early experiences were both interesting in themselves and important for the full understanding of his work. I decided my stopping point would be the publication of Virgin Land, the book that even its severest critics agree gave a pattern to the new field of American Studies, for since that book’s publication Smith’s career is well known.
The Prophet and the Establishment
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

To the post-World War II intellectual generation, Rein¬ hold Niebuhr was a towering figure. A few condemned him for pessimism and obscurantism. Many more, inside and outside the churches, found his message of contrition and limitation sustaining and helpful. In the fifties he was the favorite theologian of a large number of political intellectuals, some of them in positions of power. Some of these tried, never with complete success, to separate his social and political teachings from their Biblical and theological foundations. In the next period, associated by revisionist historians with the cold war,
Jonathan Edwards and America
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

In 1984, I was surprised to be invited to present a keynote speech for a conference on Jonathan Edwards to be held at Wheaton College, an institution with an explicit evangelical commitment. This turned out to be one of the most successful conferences I have ever attended. The reason was simple: that everyone there, speakers and invited guests, was in some way fascinated by the great theologian. Some participants had a deep personal devotion to Edwardsian theology. One young man I met had gone so far as to name his daughter Jerusha, after Edwards’s daughter. On the other hand, many were scholars with entirely secular viewpoints, and were part of the extraordinary recent flowering of Edwards scholarship. Some of these were fresh from the great deposit of Edwards papers at Yale, much of it still unpublished. What was needed for an opening talk was something like an invocation. I tried to write one that would be appropriate for the various kinds of participants, and for the place. The proceedings of the conference, including this essay, were published in 1988 by Oxford University Press as Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience, ed. Nathan 0. Hatch and Harry S. Stout.
A Fractious Movement, 1925-1932
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

If evening clothes and important speakers are any measure of political success, the CGAF had arrived by 1924. In that January, as it prepared to fight its first national election campaign, the Confederation indulged itself in an amiable French custom: the political banquet. The grand occasion brought out some of the capital ‘s leading political figures. Poincare, the premier, had been scheduled to preside but was forced to cancel his appearance.
Conclusion
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

I have tried here to retrieve one of the forgotten elements of twentieth-century French society: independent master artisans. As I tracked these petty trades-men through the history books and the public records, I was struck by the condescension with which they have been treated-when they have been treated at all. Sometimes despised, often romanticized, usually ignored, artisans have seldom been taken seriously. I hope to have done them that justice. The history of the artisanat in twentieth-century France raises several broad questions.
Art: Willa Cather, the Woman Writer as Artist, and Humishuma
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

The lover is as well done as he could be when a woman writes in the man’s character,-it must always, I believe, be something of a masquerade ... and you could almost have done it as yourself-a woman could love her in the same protecting way-a woman could even care enough to wish to take her away from such a life, by some means or other.
The First Freedoms
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

In June of 1958, George Gray Zabriskie, a Wall Street acquaintance of John Harlan’s, wrote Tom Dewey a letter lamenting what Zabriskie termed recent “pro-communist” decisions of the Supreme Court. “John Harlan,” Zabriskie asserted, “must be nearly ready to throw up his hands in disgust at his futility in his present position. As far as I have followed his voting record, it has been pretty clean and he has been pretty consistent in siding with the anti-communist minority.” But Zabriskie had a proposition for Dewey.
Creating an Image
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

In late nineteenth-century Germany the techniques of propaganda were being revolutionized by a constellation of political and social changes, especially the emergence of the literate and mass electorate. Campaign literature and memorabilia were produced far more effectively and effortlessly than before. The patriotic societies, in particular, took advantage of these improvements by churning out millions of patriotic pamphlets for mass consumption. The Imperial League against Social Democracy, to take but one example, published nearly 50 million copies of 170 antisocialist pamphlets, or roughly one pamphlet for each German citizen. 2 An upsurge in newspaper circulation combined with an extended news coverage of politics offered both patriotic societies and the political parties a ready-made forum from which to dispense propaganda.
The World of Ordinary Litigation
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I describe the ordinary, everyday cases that are the focus of the analyses in Chapters 5 through 9 and that make up the bulk of the work of courts of general jurisdiction. In the following discussion, I focus on three descriptive dimensions. The kinds of issues presented for resolution. I leave to Chapters 7, 8, and 9 discussions of what actually occurred as the cases proceeded through the justice system and the outcomes of the cases. A wide variety of issues can be raised in a lawsuit, and categorizing those issues involves a great deal of ambiguity. In many jurisdictions, lawyers filing a lawsuit are required to indicate on a standard form the legal category into which the case falls.
Seduction and the Scene of Reading
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

It may be with some regret that we feel the passion depart as the first generation of lovers dies out of Wuthering Heights or when a much subdued Rochester reappears in Jane Eyre without his hand, eye, and lunatic wife, but there is no question that these figures of desire have become obsolete. The circumstances in which we find them at the end of these novels tells us that such manifestations of sensuality may be regarded with nostalgia but not wished back into being.
Epilogue
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

I am convinced that the household Richardson envisioned for Pamela has grown more powerful during the time that has passed between his day and ours. This is true not only because the self-enclosed family often conceals a host of abuses, but also because, with the emergence of the professional couple as an economic reality, gender roles have changed in significant ways.
July The Containment of Japan
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

The outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet Union faced Japan with a most severe dilemma. The lie of Japanese policy had been increasingly toward the south, for resource acquisition and imperial self-sufficiency, for sealing off China, for Axis collaboration against Britain. The Imperial Army and Navy may not have had the same reasons for supporting the southward trend, but they had reasons running in the same direction, and these jibed with Matsuoka diplomacy, as evidenced by his pact with the Soviet Union. Now in June 1941 the global balance had shifted as rudely as earlier it had, in the opposite direction, with the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
August-September Crossing the Threshold
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

At New London on Monday, August 4, President Roosevelt boarded the yacht Potomac ostensibly for a cruise along the New England coast, but after a day of well-publicized boating and fishing in Buzzards Bay he slipped into nearby Vineyard Sound to rendezvous with Admiral King’s flagship Augusta. Early the next morning he boarded the heavy cruiser, which, with another heavy cruiser and five destroyers, immediately departed for Newfoundland.
October-November Race Against Time
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

In early August, just as President Roosevelt was deciding that the Soviets might survive the German onslaught, the Japanese government was reaching the same conclusion. Ironically the United States then took steps to prevent a Japanese attack northward at precisely the moment Japan decided to postpone it. On August 9, the day before the start of the Argentia conference, the Japanese government formally decided against operations in Siberia that year.