bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Profiles of 14C fixation through spinach leaves in relation to light absorption and photosynthetic capacity
Authors: EVANS J. R. , VOGELMANN T. C.
Published: December 2004

The profile of photosynthetic rate with depth through a leaf depends on the profiles of light absorption and photosynthetic capacity. Using a combination of several techniques, a comprehensive description of spinach leaves has been obtained. Profiles of CO2 fixation were obtained by exposing leaves to 14CO2 for 10 s under blue or green light before freeze clamping and paradermal sectioning. Profiles of light absorption were measured on adjacent parts of the leaf by quantifying chlorophyll fluorescence images of the transversely cut face obtained when blue or green light was applied to the adaxial or abaxial surface. The profile of CO2 fixation was modelled using the measured profiles of light absorption and photosynthetic capacity. There was remarkably good agreement between the observed and modelled CO2 fixation profiles for the eight combinations of colour, orientation and irradiance tested. Gas exchange of an intact leaf was also measured concurrently with conventional chlorophyll fluorescence under blue or green light. These data were consistent with the multi‐layer leaf model with the exception of blue light applied to the abaxial surface, where chlorophyll fluorescence appeared to come from layers deeper than expected. Photosynthetic capacity matched the profile of green but not white light absorption through the leaf.
CO2 enrichment reduces the relative contribution of latex and latex‐related hydrocarbons to biomass in Euphorbia lathyris
Authors: HÄRING D. A. , KÖRNER CH.
Published: December 2004

The hypothesis that plants grown under elevated CO2 allocate more carbon to the production of latex and C‐rich secondary compounds whereas nutrient addition counteracts this effect was tested. Two similar experiments were conducted in two different experimental facilities. In both facilities seedlings of Euphorbia lathyris were exposed to factorial combinations of two CO2 concentrations and two levels of nutrient availability for 2 months. The CO2 treatments and growth conditions differed substantially between these two experiments but treatment responses to elevated CO2 and fertilizer addition were remarkably similar, underlining the robustness of our findings. Elevated CO2 increased biomass to a greater extent in fertilized than in unfertilized  plants  and  reduced  the  leaf  biomass  fraction by accelerating leaf senescence. Concentrations of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) increased in elevated CO2. However, this apparent carbon surplus did not feed into the whole plant latex pool. The latex harvest per leaf (−25%) and the concentration of latex‐related hydrocarbons (−20%) even decreased under elevated CO2 (both experiments P < 0.05). Fertilization reduced NSC concentrations (−25%) but neither affected latex yield per leaf nor the concentration of latex‐related hydrocarbons. It is concluded that latex and related hydrocarbons in CO2‐enriched plants are a negligible sink for excess carbon irrespective of nutrient status and thus, vigour of growth.
Factors affecting the temporal progress of stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani ) on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: SIMONS S. A. , GILLIGAN C. A.
Published: December 2004

The effects of different densities of tuber‐borne inoculum, selected agronomic treatments (date of planting, irrigation and size of seed tubers) and their interactions on the temporal progress of stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) were investigated in a multifactorial experiment. Data comprising stem number and the incidence and severity of stem canker from planting until tuber initiation in two consecutive growing seasons were analysed using linear contrasts, quadratic contrasts and the area under the disease progress or host growth curve. Differences in the incidence and severity of stem canker were dominated by the effect of different densities of tuber‐borne inoculum. The majority of disease progress curves were nonmonotonic for the incidence and severity of stem canker with a rapid rise in disease up to stem emergence and a decline thereafter. Most treatments affected the area under the curve and to a lesser extent the average rate of increase in disease. Of the agronomic treatments, later dates of planting and pre‐emergence irrigation reduced the levels of stem canker whereas size of seed tubers did not affect the progress of disease. Little additional information was revealed by scoring for the severity rather than the incidence of stem canker.
Infection of ryegrass by three rust fungi (Puccinia coronata, P. graminis and P. loliina) and some effects of temperature on the establishment of the disease and sporulation
Authors: RODERICK H. W. , THOMAS B. J.
Published: December 2004

Experiments were conducted to examine the processes leading up to the infection of Lolium temulentum by crown rust (Puccinia coronata), stem rust (P. graminis) and brown rust (P. loliina), and the effects of temperature on these processes and sporulation. Uredia of all three rusts were produced freely if the adaxial leaf surface was inoculated, but did not form following inoculation of the abaxial surface. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed abnormal growth of germlings on the abaxial surface which had amorphous sheet‐like epicuticular waxes and very few stomata. On the adaxial leaf surface germ tubes of all the rusts orientated at right angles to the long axis of the leaf. However, the directional growth of germ tubes was often disrupted when they contacted the surface of bulliform cells at the base of leaf grooves. For P. loliina the optimum temperatures for urediospore germination and sub‐stomatal vesicle formation were 12–16°C, and 8–20°C for appressorium formation. The optimum temperatures, for the same stages of fungal development, for P. coronata and P. graminis were higher. Urediospore production of P. loliina was higher at 10°C than at 25°C, but was similar at both temperatures for P. coronata.
Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children
Authors: Muraro Antonella , Dreborg Sten , Halken Susanne , Høst Arne , Niggemann Bodo , Aalberse Rob , Arshad Syed H. , Berg Andrea von , Carlsen Kai‐ Hå kon , Duschén Karel , Eigenmann Philippe , Hill David , Jones Catherine , Mellon Michael , Oldeus Göran , Oranje Arnold , Pascual Cristina , Prescott Susan , Sampson Hugh , Svartengren Magnus , Vandenplas Yvan , Wahn Ulrich , Warner Jill A. , Warner John O. , Wickman Magnus , Zeiger Robert S.
Published: December 2004

The role of primary prevention of allergic diseases has been a matter of debate for the last 40 years. In order to shed some light into this issue, a group of experts of the Section of Pediatrics EAACI critically reviewed the existing literature on the subject. In this paper, the immunology of the fetus and newborn is reviewed as well as the post‐natal development of the immune system. The influence of post‐natal environment and breastfeeding on tolerance induction and sensitization are examined. Allergic diseases result from a strong relationship between genetic and environmental factors. Sensitization to food allergens occurs in the first year of life and cow's milk allergy is the first food allergy to appear in the susceptible infants. Hypoallergenicity of food formulas to be used is a critical issue both for treatment of cow's milk‐allergic children and for prevention. Methods to document hypoallergenicity are discussed and evaluated in the preclinical and clinical steps.
Successful renal transplantation in children with spina bifida: Long term single center experience
Authors: Hamdi M. , Mohan P. , Little D. M. , Hickey D. P.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  We report long‐term follow up data on cadaveric renal transplantation for end stage renal failure (ESRF) in spina bifida children. Between February 1989 and July 2001, 12 cadaveric renal transplants were performed in 10 children, eight females and two males. Mean age at transplantation was 13.4 yr (range 9–16). Of the patients, eight were wheelchair bound and two were independently mobile. Before transplantation surgical management of the urological tract included, enterocystoplasty and clean intermittent‐self catheterization in five patients and ileal conduit urinary diversion in one. A total of eight patients were on renal replacement therapy before receiving the graft while two underwent pre‐emptive transplantation. The 1‐ and 5‐yr graft survival rates were 81 and 81%, respectively. Four grafts failed – two patients have successfully undergone subsequent transplantation. Causes of graft failure were chronic rejection in two, acute rejection and vascular thrombosis in one and vascular thrombosis in one patient, respectively. Two patients died after graft nephrectomy. At a median follow‐up of 4.08 yr (range 1 day to 10.65 yr), eight of the 12 grafts are functioning with median serum creatinine of 123 mmol/L (range 65–169). These data demonstrate the feasibility of cadaveric renal transplantation in patients with spina bifida and ESRF. We currently recommend that patients with spina bifida should not be deprived of the benefits of renal transplantation.
Genetic gain from early generation selection for cold chipping genotypes in potato
Authors: Hayes R. J. , Thill C. A.
Published: December 2004

Early generation selection for chip colour may accelerate potato chipping cultivar development. The research objective was to measure the response from early generation selection for light potato chip colour. Progeny from 175 4×× 4× families were propagated to the field using greenhouse grown tubers or seedling transplants. Tubers from progeny were made into potato chips after 3 and 6 months’ storage at 4° C. Chip colour was rated as 1 = light to 10 = dark. Genotypes were categorized as retained (≥ 4) or discarded (> 4) based on the 6‐month chip colour, then field grown a second year at two locations and re‐evaluated for chip colour. Positive selection responses resulted, but were lower in the seedling transplants. Interaction between genotype and environment, and genotype and storage duration reduced responses. Selected genotypes should be evaluated over multiple environments and storage conditions to insure reliable performance. Expanding variation by introgressing favourable alleles from wild species may further enhance breeding success.
Comparison of nuclear DNA content of citrus rootstock populations by flow cytometry analysis
Authors: Seker M. , Tuzcu O. , Ollitrault P.
Published: December 2004

Citrus species are widely grown in the world. Plant characteristics of the rootstock populations used for orange, lemon, mandarin and grapefruit cultivars should be known as well as those of the cultivars that help true‐to‐type nursery plant production.

In this study, cell nuclei were isolated from leaf tissues of seedlings of trifoliate orange, sour orange, rough lemon,‘Volkamer’ lemon,‘Cleopatra’ mandarin,‘Hyokan’, ‘Sanbokan’, ‘Kinkoje’, ‘Carrizo’ citrange and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, and then fluorescence intensities were measured on propidium iodide‐stained nuclei by flow cytometry. Nuclei isolated from the triploid ‘Tahiti’ lime with a known nuclear genome size were used as the internal standard to estimate the nuclear DNA content of Citrus seedling populations in absolute units. Results obtained from cytograms and histograms indicated that all seedlings analyzed were diploid. In addition, differences between the species for nuclear DNA content were also found to be significant. ‘Hyokan’ seedlings had the biggest genome size, 0.984 pg/2C, whereas trifoliate orange seedlings had the smallest genome size, 0.678 pg/2C. Flow cytometry analysis could be used for obtaining accurate and rapid results for cytological observations of seedling populations of Citrus.
Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and endothelin‐1 immunoreactivity is associated with cerebral white matter damage in dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
Authors: Shiozawa Masaki , Fukutani Yuken , Arai Nobutaka , Cairns Nigel J , Mizutani Toshio , Isaki Kiminori , Lantos Peter L , Wada Yuji
Published: December 2004

DRPLA is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG triplet elongation on chromosome 12p. In addition to neurodegeneration of both the dentatorubral and pallidoluysian systems, there is cerebral white matter damage, especially in older cases. Intracellular accumulation of DRPLA protein is widespread in the central nervous system, and DRPLA protein has been shown to immobilize glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which regulates glycolysis and controls mRNA of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) in tissue restoration. However, little is known about the pathogenesis regarding the formation of cerebral white matter damage in DRPLA. Therefore, the pathology of this damage was investigated by examining markers of glycolysis and related processes. Nine clinically and pathologically confirmed DRPLA cases were used in the present study. CAG triplet elongation on chromosome 12p was confirmed in all cases where tissue was available for genotyping (seven cases). PAS and immunohistochemistry with antibodies to GFAP, GAPDH and endothelin‐1 were used to demonstrate astrocytosis. The polysaccharides storage state with PAS‐positive astrocytes was detected in seven cases. GAPDH‐ and endothelin‐1‐positive endothelium and astrocytes were observed in two cases with GFAP‐positivity. Based on the biochemical process together with the present results, GAPDH and endothelin‐1 immunoreactivity is associated with this damage and the mismetabolism of polysaccharides caused by CAG triplet elongation on chromosome 12p may contribute to the formation of the cerebral white matter damage in DRPLA.
Suitable dose and duration of fluvoxamine administration to treat depression
Authors: Morishita Shigeru , Arita Seizaburo
Published: December 2004

Abstract The purpose of the present paper was to determine the suitable dose and appropriate trial duration of fluvoxamine to treat for depression. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed among depression patients who were treated in the Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan, in 2000. A total of 72 patients received fluvoxamine to treat depression. The dose–response was compared and the initial significant clinical action was examined. The percentage showing improvement after receiving a high daily dose (100–150 mg) of fluvoxamine was 73.7%, but that showing improvement on a low daily dose (50–75 mg) was 47.1%. A significant difference between the two groups was seen on Kaplan–Meier analysis and log–rank test (χ2 = 4.814; d.f. = 1; P = 0.0282). The cumulative percentage of responder patients was more than 80% at the end of a 6‐week period. Fluvoxamine is recommended at a daily dose of 100 mg or 150 mg as the initial dose. If a patient does not show improvement by the end of 6 weeks the treatment regimen of fluvoxamine should be altered.
Clustering effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease specific quality of life in hospitalized patients
Authors: LOWE Adrian , CAMPBELL Donald , WALKER Pieter , FARISH Stephen , JACKSON Bruce , DHARMAGE Shyamali
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  The primary aim of treatments for COPD is to improve health‐related quality of life. However, little is known of the clustering effects related to health‐related quality of life as an outcome measure. If clustering effects are observed, these have important implications for sample size estimates when cluster randomization is used in interventional studies. This study aimed to determine the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of the quality of life, between hospitals for COPD patients.

Methodology:  The Dyspnoea Impact and Symptoms Questionnaire was administered to 100 COPD inpatients from four public hospitals (25 from each) around metropolitan Melbourne, selected on the basis that they had not had any major programs implemented within the last 2 years that aimed to improve the management of COPD. Data were collected concerning demographic and socioeconomic variables and comorbidities.

Results:  The highest ICC value for a health‐related quality of life subscale was 0.02 (psychological score), while the highest for a symptom‐based subscale was 0.04.

Conclusions:  There is minimal clustering effect of quality of life in COPD patients between the hospitals studied. Despite this, when using a cluster randomised design the sample size needed to detect the same effect as a study using simple randomisation could be inflated by up to 183%. If cluster randomization is required, the average cluster size should be kept as small as possible to negate this effect.
Management of idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in pregnancy: Report of two cases
Authors: HELMAN Donald L. , SULLIVAN Anthony , KARIYA Steven T. , DEERING Shad H. , HUEPPCHEN Nancy A. , SHORR Andrew F.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare cause of alveolar haemorrhage. Its management in pregnancy is complicated and little clinical data exist on outcomes or treatment. Two patients with IPH, one with a known diagnosis prior to pregnancy (patient A) and one presenting de novo during pregnancy (patient B) are reported. Both subjects became maximally symptomatic in the third trimester and were treated with corticosteroids. Despite steroid treatment patient A had continued symptoms and was treated with azathioprine. Both patients delivered healthy female infants at 32 weeks and 38 weeks gestation, respectively. Patient B's course was complicated by the development of fatal invasive pulmonary aspergillosis 4 weeks postpartum. With improved care, more patients with IPH survive to childbearing age. Patients become most symptomatic late in pregnancy, underscoring the need for careful third trimester monitoring. These cases demonstrate that steroids are safe and that azathioprine can be used as additional therapy. When considering treatment options it is important to weigh the benefits of these medications against the potential for maternal and foetal harm.
Assessment of right ventricular diastolic filling parameters by Doppler echocardiography
Authors: Uyan Ayten Pamukcu , Uyan Cihangir , Ozyurek Hamit
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: Right ventricular diastolic function has been evaluated in various diseases by the pulsed Doppler technique. Right ventricular diastolic filling parameters show changes with age, heart rate and respiration. Evidences of diastolic left and right ventricular dysfunctions have been reported by echocardiographic studies in asthmatic patients. In the present study, before and after treatment of asthma the right ventricular diastolic filling parameters were compared in children with moderate asthma by Doppler echocardiography (a non‐invasive technique).

Methods
: The study group consisted of 20 children (eight girls, 12 boys) with asthma. During the present study these patients were treated with inhaled steroid and beta‐2 agonist daily. Before treatment all patients were evaluated by Doppler echocardiography. At 4−6 weeks after treatment 15 patients that had shown improvement in their symptoms according to the symptom score were also evaluated by Doppler echocardiography.

Results
: The mean age was 8.6 ± 2.69 years and mean period of symptoms were 56.4 ± 35.8 months. When compared with results of echocardiography before and after treatment, the right ventricular diastolic filling parameters (acceleration time: P < 0.01, deceleration time: P < 0.01 and isovolumetric relaxation time: P < 0.05) were found to be significantly different.

Conclusions
: We observed significant improvement of right ventricular diastolic filling parameters by Doppler echocardiography after treatment in children with asthma.
High‐dose immunoglobulin therapy for Guillain−Barré syndrome in Japanese children
Authors:   Study Group for Pediatric Guillain−Barré Syndrome
Published: December 2004

Background
: Guillain−Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy, presumed to be immune‐mediated. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used to treat GBS and was found to be effective. However, a well‐controlled study of pediatric GBS has not been conducted in Japan. Therefore, to evaluate the efficacy of IVIg in the treatment of GBS, an open‐labeled study was performed in pediatric patients.

Methods
: Participants in the study were required to be younger than 15 years old, and diagnosed as having moderate or severe GBS. IVIg (400 mg/kg per day) was administered to patients for five consecutive days. Predefined outcome measures were defined on a seven‐point scale of motor function (Hughes’ functional grade [FG]).

Results
: Eleven patients were treated with IVIg. The median time taken to improve by one grade on the FG scale was 10.0 days after initial treatment. Two weeks after initial treatment, 72.7% of patients treated with IVIg improved by one or more grades, and 36.4% improved by two or more grades, measured on the FG scale. After 4 weeks an improvement by one or more grades was observed in 81.8% of patients, and two or more grades in 63.6% of patients. These im/provement rates were markedly greater than would occur with the natural course of GBS1. Adverse events (subjective symptoms or abnormal laboratory findings) were observed in four patients, although all were temporary and mild.

Conclusions
: The authors conclude that IVIg is a safe and effective treatment for childhood GBS, which shortens the time to recovery.
Two cases of dizygotic triplet pregnancy following conventional in vitro fertilization
Authors: Furugori Kazunori , Ando Hisao , Ito Tomomi , Mizutani Shigehiko
Published: December 2004

The mechanism of monozygotic multifetal pregnancy and its association with assisted reproductive technology are uncertain. This report presents two cases of dizygotic triplet pregnancy after the transfer of three embryos in utero. The incidence of monozygotic twinning following assisted conception procedures is higher than in the general population. Zonal manipulation may be a major factor in the increased incidence of monozygotic twinning. As both cases followed the conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF), the reason for these monozygotic twinnings might be because of the changes in the zona pellucida in in vitro conditions. In one case, fetuses developed into severe twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), resulting in one intrauterine fetal death at 26 weeks gestation. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 41–44)
Observation of pronuclei may not be an absolute indicator for fertilization in rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection oocytes
Authors: Chian Ri‐Cheng , Lapensée Louise , Phillips Simon , Tan Seang‐Lin
Published: December 2004

This case report describes a successful full‐term pregnancy and birth after the transfer of rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryos derived from 1‐day‐old oocytes. A total of eight oocytes were retrieved and inseminated 3 h after collection. No oocytes were fertilized 16–18 h after insemination. A rescue ICSI was performed on the four metaphase II stage oocytes. At the regular time (16 h after ICSI) of examination for fertilization, there were no distinct two pronuclei (2PN) in the cytoplasm of any oocytes, but the culture of these oocytes led to the development of four two‐cell stage embryos 26 h after ICSI. Further culture of these four embryos showed development to a four‐cell stage the following day. The transfer of three embryos resulted in a full‐term pregnancy with the delivery of a pair of healthy twins. This result suggests that the observation of 2PN at the normal time of fertilization assessment may not appear to be an absolute indicator of fertilization in the case of rescue ICSI. (Reprod Med Biol 2003; 2: 83–85)
Impact and Prevention of Far‐Field Sensing in Fallback Mode Switches
Authors: BORDACHER PIERRE , CAZEAU SERGE , GRAINDORG LAURENCE , RITTER PHILIPPE
Published: December 2004

BORDACHAR, P., et al.: Impact and Prevention of Far‐Field Sensing in Fallback Mode Switches.
Far‐field oversensing (FFOS) promoted by high atrial sensitivity and short atrial refractory periods induces false positive mode switches. We evaluated the incidence of ventricular FFOS in a population of DDD paced patients. Methods: One hundred thirty‐seven patients (

71 ± 10

years, 76 men) implanted with a Talent DR pacemaker were studied. Before discharge, an analysis of internal data stored in the memories of the PM was performed by the specific software incorporated in the programmer in parallel with a 24‐hour Holter recording. Data were validated by a panel of experts. One and 4 months follow‐up was based only on the data stored in the PM memories. Results: Pacing indications were atrioventricular block

(n = 75)

, sinus node dysfunction

(n = 57)

, and other

(n = 5)

. Sustained far‐field oversensing was observed in 12/137 patients (9%). Out of a total of 3,511 triggered mode switch episodes, FFOS accounted for 20% and 7% of a 311 days cumulative time in mode switch. Inappropriate mode switch episodes induced by far‐field were more numerous but shorter than episodes prompted by atrial arrhythmias. Atrial sensitivity was increased in eight patients, successfully in four. Reprogramming of the atrial refractory period

(156 ± 11 ms)

was successful in five of six patients. Conclusions: A 9% rate of ventricular FFOS was observed in an unselected population, easily and automatically diagnosed using the internal memory function and the automatic analysis provided by the programmer. Prolongation of the atrial refractory period was more effective than resetting of the atrial sensitivity in eliminating FFOS. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:206–209)
Value of Heart Rate Variability to Predict Ventricular Arrhythmias in Recipients of Prophylactic Defibrillators with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: GRIMM WOLFRAM , HERZUM ILEANA , MÜLLER HANS‐HELGE , CHRIST MICHAEL
Published: December 2004

GRIMM, W., et al.: Value of Heart Rate Variability to Predict Ventricular Arrhythmias in Recipients of Prophylactic Defibrillators with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
This study investigated the relation between heart rate variability (HRV) measured as standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals (SDNN) on baseline 24‐hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) and subsequent appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) interventions in 70 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) in whom ICDs were implanted prophylactically in the presence of a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). During

43 ± 26

months of follow‐up, 26 of 70 (37%) study patients with IDC received one or more appropriate ICD interventions for sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) documented by electrograms stored in the ICD. Mean SDNN at ICD implant was

94 ± 33 ms

. No difference was found between patients with

(90 ± 25 ms)

versus without

(96 ± 37 ms)

appropriate ICD interventions for VT or VF during follow‐up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of baseline clinical characteristics including age, gender, LVEF, NYHA functional class, nonsustained VT on Holter, history of syncope, left bundle branch block, baseline medication and HRV revealed LVEF as the only significant predictor of arrhythmia. These findings do not support the use of HRV measured as SDNN on 24‐hour ambulatory ECG to select patients with IDC for prophylactic ICD therapy. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. II]:411–415)
Impairment of Coronary Microvascular Function in Patients with Neurally Mediated Syncope
Authors: CHEN JAW‐WEN , YIN WEI‐HSIAN , CHAN WAN‐LEONG , YOUNG MASON SHING , KONG CHI‐WOON , CHANG MAU‐SONG
Published: December 2004

CHEN, J.‐W., et al.: Impairment of Coronary Microvascular Function in Patients with Neurally Mediated Syncope.
Recent evidence suggests that myocardial ischemia may occur in patients with neurally mediated syncope and normal coronary angiograms. This study was conducted to evaluate if coronary microvascular function is impaired in such patients. Coronary hemodynamic studies and head‐up tilt table tests (HUTs) were performed on 30 consecutive patients with normal coronary angiograms and recurrent syncope. Another ten subjects with atypical chest pain and no evidence of myocardial ischemia or syncope served as a control. Great cardiac vein flow (GCVF) and coronary sinus flow (CSF) were measured by the thermodilution method at baseline and after dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg IV for 4 minutes). Coronary flow reserve (CFR), derived from CSF and GCVF, was significantly lower in the 15 patients with positive HUT than in the other 15 patients with negative HUT (1.75 ± 0.48vs2.64 ± 0.8, P < 0.01and2.29 ± 0.45vs3.07 ± 0.63, P < 0.01, respectively). Ischemic‐like ECG was noted during treadmill exercise test in 40% of the former and in 7% of the latter group(P = 0.01). There was no significant difference in CFR between patients with negative HUT and control subjects. Coronary microvascular function was impaired in syncopal patients with positive HUT and relatively preserved in those with negative HUT, suggesting the possible linkage between coronary microvascular dysfunction and the development of neurally mediated syncope. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:605–612)
Electromagnetic Interference by Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Bipolar Sensing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators:
Authors: CREVENNA RICHARD , STIX GÜNTER , PLEINER JOHANNES , PEZAWAS THOMAS , SCHMIDINGER HERWIG , QUITTAN MICHAEL , WOLZT MICHAEL
Published: December 2004

CREVENNA, R., et al.: Electromagnetic Interference by Transcutaneous Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Bipolar Sensing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: A Pilot Safety Study.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a frequently applied therapy for the treatment of pain and a therapeutic option to increase thigh muscle strength and endurance capacity in patients with heart failure. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) by the signals with sensing of ICDs is possible. Eight patients with subpectoral ICD systems and different transvenous bipolar sensing leads were subjected to electrical stimulation of the neck and shoulder and of the thighs using different stimulation algorithms. EMI with ventricular sensing was detectable in three of eight subjects. EMI occurred during stimulation of the neck (n = 2) and thigh (n = 2). EMI by NMES with atrial sensing was seen in two of four subjects with dual chamber ICDs. The safety of peripheral NMES has to be individually tested as EMI can also occur in ICD patients with bipolar sensing. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:626–629)
Sudden Death Due to Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:
Authors: FAVALE STEFANO , PAPPONE CARLO , NACCI FRIDA , FINO FRANCESCO , RESTA FRANCESCO , DICANDIA COSIMO D.
Published: December 2004

FAVALE, S., et al.: Sudden Death Due to Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Predictable Event in a Young Patient.
This case refers to a 39‐year‐old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and family history of sudden death (SD). In 1985, high rate atrial stimulation induced VF. In 1996 an ICD was implanted and she remained without arrhythmic events until November 2000 when the device reported one episode of atrial fibrillation degenerating into VF and terminated by the ICD. The VF induction mechanism recorded by the ICD was similar to that observed in 1985. The high incidence of atrial tachyarrhythmias in HCM renders cases like this at higher risk of SD. The predictive role of incremental atrial stimulation merits highlighting in future studies. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:637–639)
Electrocardiographic and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation Organized Into Atrial Flutter by Oral Administration of Class I Antiarrhythmic Agents
Authors: OHMURA KAZUKO , KOBAYASHI YOSHINORI , MIYAUCHI YASUSHI , ENDOH YASUMI , ATARASHI HIROTSUGU , KATOH TAKAO , TAKANO TERUO
Published: December 2004

OHMURA, K., et al. Electrocardiographic and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Atrial Fibrillation Organized Into Atrial Flutter by Oral Administration of Class I Antiarrhythmic Agents.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrocardiographic (ECG) and electrophysiological characteristics of atrial fibrillation (AF) that organized into atrial flutter during oral administration of class I antiarrhythmic agents. The former clinical study included 72 consecutive patients (58 paroxysmal AF, 14 persistent AF) in whom class I antiarrhythmic agents were orally administered in the outpatient clinic for termination or prophylaxis of AF. The clinical background and ECG variables were compared between the patients with and without atrial flutter during class I antiarrhythmic agents therapy. An electrophysiological study was performed in ten patients with paroxysmal AF (five with [group A] and five without atrial flutter [group B] during oral class I antiarrhythmic agents therapy. Local electrograms from five different atrial sites (high and low right free wall, high and low septum, and distal coronary sinus) were analyzed during induced AF. The activation pattern of the right free wall during AF was also analyzed using a Halo catheter. Atrial flutter was documented during class I antiarrhythmic agents therapy in 14 (24%) patients with paroxysmal AF, whereas in none with persistent AF. The mean cycle length (f‐f interval) and amplitude of the fibrillation waves in leads II and V1 from the surface ECG were significantly greater in the patients with than in those without atrial flutter. In the electrophysiological study, the mean cycle lengths for the low and high right free wall were significantly longer in group A than in group B, whereas those for the low septums and distal coronary sinus did not differ between the two groups. During the induced AF, the ratio of time exhibiting a consistent activation pattern (cranio‐caudal, caudo‐cranial, or undetermined) along the right free wall was significantly greater in group A than in group B. Atrial flutter newly developed during class I antiarrhythmic agents therapy in patients with coarse AF on the surface ECG and a relatively organized activation in the right atrial free wall. The observation of these findings may facilitate the identification of candidates for hybrid pharmacologic and ablative therapies. (PACE 2003; 26:692–702)
Microdislodgment of Ventricular Pacing Lead Undetectable During Rapid Pacing One Year After Implantation
Authors: CHINUSHI YUKO , CHINUSHI MASAOMI , FURUSHIMA HIROSHI , TANABE YASUTAKA , WASHIZUKA TAKASHI , AIZAWA YOSHIFUSA
Published: December 2004

CHINUSHI, Y., et al.: Microdislodgment of Ventricular Pacing Lead Undetectable During Rapid Pacing One Year After Implantation.
A 71‐year‐old woman had undergone valvular heart surgery in 1981, and implantation of a permanent ventricular pacemaker for ventricular pauses during atrial fibrillation in 2001. One year after pacemaker implantation, she complained of faintness. When pacing at 100 beats/min the pacemaker functioned properly. However, pacing and sensing failure was detected at a pacing rate of 60 beats/min. At rapid pacing rates, the lead tip was in closer contact with the endocardium, and its microdislodgment was undetectable. The symptoms have resolved since the lead was repositioned. (PACE 2003; 26:787–788)
Target concentration of propofol required to insert the laryngeal mask airway in children
Authors: Viviand X. , Berdugo L. , De La Noé C. Aubry , Lando A. , Martin C.
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the target concentration (CPRED) curves for laryngeal mask airway (LMA™) insertion in children.

Methods: The CPRED of propofol required for insertion of the LMA was determined in 72 unpremedicated children, aged 3–10 years, ASA physical status I. CPRED was reached in 2 min according to a sequential allocation. LMA insertion was then performed by an experienced anaesthetist who was unaware of the concentration. Insertion conditions were noted as satisfactory (jaw relaxed, no coughing, gagging, swallowing or laryngeal spasm, minimal limb movement), excellent (no movement at all) or unacceptable if otherwise.

Results: The CPRED50 and CPRED90 were 7.86 µg·ml–l[95% confidence interval (CI) 6.46–9.26] and 10.71 µg·ml–l (95% CI 9.31–12.12), respectively, in the satisfactory group and 10.86 µg·ml–l (95% CI 10.14–11.57) and 13.71 µg·ml–l (95% CI 12.99–14.42) in the excellent group when calculations were based on Kataria's pharmacokinetics. These figures were increased 1.5‐fold when calculations were based on Marsh's pharmacokinetics. With Schüttler's pharmacokinetics, CPRED50 were 4.62 µg·ml–l and 13.66 µg·ml–l for satisfactory and excellent groups, respectively.

Conclusions: The target‐controlled infusion technique for anaesthesia induction and insertion of the LMA was a safe and effective technique in our study.
Bradycardia with sevoflurane induction in patients with trisomy 21
Authors: Roodman Steve , Bothwell Marcella , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: December 2004

Summary The authors present a series of three paediatric patients with trisomy 21 who developed significant bradycardia during inhalation induction with sevoflurane. All three were undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The possible association of such problems with trisomy 21 and treatment options are reviewed. Although the occurrence of bradycardia in these three patients may have been a random occurrence, given its occurrence in three of five consecutive patients with trisomy 21, a causal relationship may be involved and future observation of these patients appears warranted.
Managing sedation withdrawal in children who undergo prolonged PICU admission after discharge to the ward
Authors: Cunliffe M. , McArthur L. , Dooley F.
Published: December 2004

Children who undergo a prolonged stay within the intensive care unit require adequate sedation and analgesia. During the recovery phase there will need to be a period of sedation withdrawal to prevent occurrence of an abstinence syndrome. We present a strategy developed within our hospital for managing this process which uses the resource of the Pain Service, along with guidelines to help prevent the development of withdrawal, and a plan for managing any signs of abstinence which occur.
Determinant of QT Dispersion in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: KAWASAKI TATSUYA , AZUMA AKIHIRO , KURIBAYASHI TOSHIRO , SHIRAISHI HIROKAZU , SAWADA TAKAHISA , SUGIHARA HIROKI , NAKAGAWA MASAO
Published: December 2004

KAWASAKI, T., et al.: Determinant of QT Dispersion in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
QT dispersion is thought to reflect a regional difference in repolarization process although QT interval is composed of depolarization and repolarization. This study was designed to investigate the effect of depolarization and repolarization on QT dispersion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Standard 12‐lead ECG was recorded in 70 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with anteroseptal wall hypertrophy (HC‐As), 8 patients with lateral wall hypertrophy (HC‐L), 8 patients with diffuse hypertrophy (HC‐D), and 46 normal controls. QRS, JTc, maximum and minimum QTc, and QTc dispersion were compared. The maximum QTc was greater in HC‐As and HC‐L than in the control; the minimum QTc was similar in all 3 groups; consequently, QTc dispersion was greater in HC‐As and HC‐L. In HC‐D, the maximum QTc and the minimum QTc were greater than the control, which produced QTc dispersion similar to that in the control. JTc did not differ among 4 groups. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, both QTc and QRS duration were increased in the leads coinciding with the left ventricular portion of localized hypertrophy. We conclude that QTc dispersion depended on the heterogeneity of QRS duration or depolarization rather than repolarization, which in fact may be ascribed to the regionally different hypertrophy of the left ventricle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:819–826)
Determination of Repetitive Slow Pathway Conduction for Evaluation of the Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation in AVNRT
Authors: LUKAC PETER , BUCKINGHAM THOMAS A. , HATALA ROBERT , URBAN LUBOS , MALACKY TIBOR , MARGITFALVI PETER , RIECANSKY IGOR
Published: December 2004

LUKAC, P., et al.: Determination of Repetitive Slow Pathway Conduction for Evaluation of the Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation in AVNRT.
Aims: To determine whether the loss of repetitive slow pathway conduction identifies a successful radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). Methods and results: Thirty nine consecutive patients undergoing ablation of AVNRT using the slow pathway approach were included. At baseline and after each radiofrequency application with an episode of junctional rhythm, repetitive slow pathway conduction was assessed as follows: Effective refractory period of the fast pathway was determined. The coupling interval of the first atrial extrastimulus (A2) was set at 30 ms below the effective refractory period of the fast pathway to ensure its conduction via the slow pathway. The second atrial extrastimulus (A3) was introduced at progressively longer coupling intervals starting from 200 ms until: (1) it propagated to the His bundle or (2) an anterogradely blocked AV nodal echo of A2 appeared before a conducted A3 depolarized the atrium in the His bundle electrogram. The response was termed repetitive slow pathway conduction if A3 was conducted with an

AH > 200 ms

. Application was considered successful if no AVNRT could be induced. Repetitive slow pathway conduction was present after 1 of 39 successful and after 34 of 40 ineffective applications

(P < 0.0001)

. Repetitive slow pathway conduction identified a successful application with 97% sensitivity, 86% specificity, 86% positive predictive value, and 97% negative predictive value. Conclusion: The presence of repetitive slow pathway conduction identifies an unsuccessful application with a clinically meaningful negative predictive value. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:827–835)
Unusual Intraatrial Reentry Following the Mustard Procedure Defined by Multisite Magnetic Electroanatomic Mapping
Authors: SARDANA RAJNISH , CHAUHAN VIJAY S. , DOWNAR EUGENE
Published: December 2004

SARDANA, R., et al.: Unusual Intraatrial Reentry Following the Mustard Procedure Defined by Multisite Magnetic Electroanatomic Mapping.
This report describes a patient with d‐TGA post Mustard repair who presents with atrial arrhythmias. Two distinct intraatrial reentrant tachycardias were discovered and successful catheter ablation was performed in a unique atrial location not previously described. This case also explores the use of magnetic electroanatomic mapping in guiding catheter ablation. (PACE 2003; 26[Pt. I]:902–905)
Site‐independently integrated transgenes in the elite restorer rice line Minghui 63 allow removal of a selectable marker from the gene of interest by self‐segregation
Authors: Tu Jumin , Datta Karabi , Oliva Norman , Zhang Guoan , Xu Caiguo , Khush Gurdev Singh , Zhang Qifa , Datta Swapan Kumar
Published: December 2004

In this study, we have demonstrated that two independent loci are involved in the integration of the insecticidal protein gene cryIAb/cryIAc and selectable marker gene hph in the recipient genome of the elite Chinese CMS restorer line Minghui 63. We have also documented the structural organization of these transgenes in each locus by restriction enzyme digestion and Southern blot analysis. The independent locus integration of different transgenes allowed us to remove the selectable marker gene hph from the gene of interest simply by self‐segregation. Not having the selectable marker gene will enhance the commercial value of our transgenic line TT51‐1, which showed a consistently high level of resistance against repeated infestations of yellow stem borers and natural outbreaks of leaf‐folders, without a reduction in yield potential.
Pathogenicity of Swedish isolates of Phytophthora quercina to Quercus robur in two different soils
Authors: Jönsson Ulrika , Jung Thomas , Rosengren Ulrika , Nihlgård Bengt , Sonesson Kerstin
Published: December 2004

Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of soil‐borne Phytophthora species, especially Phytophthora quercina, in European oak decline. However, knowledge about the pathogenicity of P. quercina in natural forest soils is limited.

The short‐term effects of two south‐Swedish isolates of P. quercina on root vitality of Quercus robur seedlings grown in two different soils, one high pH, nutrient‐rich peat–sand mixture and one acid, nitrogen‐rich but otherwise nutrient‐poor forest soil are described. Pathogenicity of P. quercina was tested using a soil infestation method under a restricted mesic water regime without prolonged flooding of the seedlings.

There was a significant difference in dead fine‐root length between control seedlings and seedlings grown in soil infested with P. quercina. Trends were similar for both soil types and isolates, but there was a higher percentage of fine‐root die‐back and more severe damage on coarse roots in the acid forest soil. No effects on above‐ground growth or leaf nutrient concentration between control seedlings and infected seedlings were found.

The results confirm the pathogenicity of south‐Swedish isolates of P. quercina in acid forest soils under restricted water availability. Stress‐induced susceptibility of the seedlings and/or increased aggressiveness of the pathogen in the forest soil are discussed as key factors to explain the difference in root die‐back between soil types.
Chromosomal evolution and speciation: a recombination‐based approach
Authors: Livingstone Kevin , Rieseberg Loren
Published: December 2004

Although karyotypic differences between species have long been recognized, the question of whether these mutations play a causal role in speciation remains unanswered. This is because most models of chromosomal speciation focus on underdominance, which presents a theoretical paradox in that the strength of an underdominant barrier is inversely proportional to its fixation probability. To counter this problem, a new model has been proposed that focuses on the modification of effective recombination rates, whereby rearrangements facilitate the build up of linkage disequilibrium in the presence of gene flow. This model is discussed, along with new supporting data from the Solanaceae.
Verne Grant and evolutionary studies of Aquilegia
Authors: Hodges Scott A. , Fulton Michelle , Yang Ji Y. , Whittall Justen B.
Published: December 2004

One of Verne Grant's lasting contributions to plant evolutionary biology has been the recognition that differences between plants in floral characters can have a dramatic impact on both pollinator visitation and pollen transfer and thus affect reproductive isolation between nascent plant species (collectively, floral isolation). Here we review some of the concepts and findings from Grant's work on floral isolation, particularly with respect to the genus Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae). It has now been over 50 yr since Grant first published on the role of floral isolation on reproductive isolation and speciation in Aquilegia and we compare and contrast his findings with our own work on this genus. We find that the data largely support Grant's findings and that Aquilegia will continue to offer great opportunities to learn about the processes of adaptation and speciation.