bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Sequence Variants in the RAS-Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway in Pre-Adolescent Children With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pablo Kaski Juan , Syrris Petros , Shaw Adam , Alapi Krisztina Zuborne , Cordeddu Viviana , Esteban Maria Teresa Tome , Jenkins Sharon , Ashworth Michael , Hammond Peter , Tartaglia Marco , McKenna William J. , Elliott Perry M.
Published: May 2012

Background—

Most cases of apparently idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in children are caused by mutations in cardiac sarcomere protein genes. HCM also commonly occurs as an associated feature in some patients with disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding components of the RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Although diagnosis of these disorders is based on typical phenotypic features, the dysmorphic manifestations can be subtle and therefore overlooked. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of mutations in RAS-MAPK genes in preadolescent children with idiopathic HCM.

Methods and Results—

Seventy-eight patients diagnosed with apparently nonsyndromic HCM aged ≤13 years underwent clinical and genetic evaluation. The entire protein coding sequence of 9 genes implicated in Noonan syndrome and related conditions (
PTPN11
,
SOS1
,
HRAS
,
KRAS
,
NRAS
,
BRAF
,
RAF1
,
MAP2K1,
and
MAP2K2
), together with
CBL
(exons 8 and 9) and
SHOC2
(4A>G), were screened for mutations. Five probands (6.4%) carried novel sequence variants in
SOS1
(2 individuals),
BRAF
,
MAP2K1,
and
MAP2K2
. Structural and molecular data suggest that these variants may have functional significance. Nine cardiac sarcomere protein genes were screened also; 2 individuals also had mutations in
MYBPC.

Conclusions—

This study reports novel and potentially pathogenic sequence variants in genes of the RAS-MAPK pathway, suggesting that genetic lesions promoting signaling dysregulation through RAS contribute to disease pathogenesis or progression in children with HCM.
Phenotype Variability in Patients Carrying
KCNJ2
Mutations
Authors: Kimura Hiromi , Zhou Jun , Kawamura Mihoko , Itoh Hideki , Mizusawa Yuka , Ding Wei-Guang , Wu Jie , Ohno Seiko , Makiyama Takeru , Miyamoto Akashi , Naiki Nobu , Wang Qi , Xie Yu , Suzuki Tsugutoshi , Tateno Shigeru , Nakamura Yoshihide , Zang Wei-Jin , Ito Makoto , Matsuura Hiroshi , Horie Minoru
Published: May 2012

Background—

Mutations of
KCNJ2
, the gene encoding the human inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1, cause Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS), a disease exhibiting ventricular arrhythmia, periodic paralysis, and dysmorphic features. However, some
KCNJ2
mutation carriers lack the ATS triad and sometimes share the phenotype of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). We investigated clinical and biophysical characteristics of
KCNJ2
mutation carriers with “atypical ATS.”

Methods and Results—

Mutational analyses of
KCNJ2
were performed in 57 unrelated probands showing typical (≥2 ATS features) and atypical (only 1 of the ATS features or CPVT) ATS. We identified 24 mutation carriers. Mutation-positive rates were 75% (15/20) in typical ATS, 71% (5/7) in cardiac phenotype alone, 100% (2/2) in periodic paralysis, and 7% (2/28) in CPVT. We divided all carriers (n=45, including family members) into 2 groups: typical ATS (A) (n=21, 47%) and atypical phenotype (B) (n=24, 53%). Patients in (A) had a longer QUc interval [(A): 695±52 versus (B): 643±35 ms] and higher U-wave amplitude (0.24±0.07 versus 0.18±0.08 mV). C-terminal mutations were more frequent in (A) (85% versus 38%,
P
<0.05). There were no significant differences in incidences of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Functional analyses of 4 mutations found in (B) revealed that R82Q, R82W, and G144D exerted strong dominant negative suppression (current reduction by 95%, 97%, and 96%, respectively, versus WT at −50 mV) and T305S moderate suppression (reduction by 89%).

Conclusions—

KCNJ2
gene screening in atypical ATS phenotypes is of clinical importance because more than half of mutation carriers express atypical phenotypes, despite their arrhythmia severity.
Persistent Renal Damage After Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Maioli Mauro , Toso Anna , Leoncini Mario , Gallopin Michela , Musilli Nicola , Bellandi Francesco
Published: May 2012

Background—

The temporal evolution of renal function in patients with acute kidney injury after contrast medium (CI-AKI) is not well known. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and prognostic implications of persistent renal damage (RD) in patients with preexistent moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction.

Methods and Results—

From June 2003 to March 2008, 3986 patients underwent coronary angiography at our institution; 1490 of 3986 had an estimated creatinine clearance of <60 mL/min and were enrolled. CI-AKI was defined as an absolute increase ≥0.5 mg/dL over baseline serum creatinine within 3 days after the administration of contrast medium (iodixanol). In patients who developed CI-AKI, persistent RD was defined as a relative decrease of creatinine clearance ≥25% over baseline at 3 months. Patients whose creatinine clearance returned to baseline (or nearly) were classified as transient RD. The overall incidence of CI-AKI was 12.1%, and persistent RD occurred in 18.6% of CI-AKI patients. At Cox regression analysis, nephropathy risk score ≥17, left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30%, and increased value of serum creatinine ≥1.5-fold from baseline within 5 days were found to be significant risk factors for persistent RD. At 5 years, the incidence of death was significantly higher in patients with persistent RD than in both patients with transient RD (
P
=0.015) and those without CI-AKI (
P
=0.0001). A similar trend was observed for the combined end point of death, dialysis and cardiovascular events.

Conclusions—

These results suggest that CI-AKI is not always a transient, benign creatininopathy, but rather a direct cause of worsening renal function. The occurrence of CI-AKI can identify patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events.
Changing Organizational Space: Green? Or Lean and Mean?
Authors: Leonard Pauline
Published: May 2012

The recent dynamism in the design of workspace is frequently constructed by developers and managers as motivated by a desire to improve sustainability. These claims are reflected in the growing currency of ‘greenspeak’ in organizational discourses and policies at local, national and global levels, as well as a developing academic interest in organizational environmentalism. This article explores the extent to which the increase in an environmental rhetoric has been accompanied by a meaningful shift in organizational practices. Drawing on a new empirical study exploring the place of sustainability within workspace transformation, the study engages with Lefebvre and Foucault to argue that ‘green’ has frequently become bound up with ‘lean’ and ‘mean’ within organizational discourses and imaginations. This has important policy implications for organizations as well as broader theoretical implications for organizational environmental sociology.
Red, Hot, Healthy Mommas
Authors: Field-Springer Kimberly
Published: May 2012

There are 3.7 million people 65 years of age and older living in poverty in the United States, and over half are women. This article foregrounds such women’s voices about the aging process while simultaneously providing a space to critically examine issues regarding cultural/medical norms, mind/body duality, and healthcare advocacy. The author interviewed six women, ranging in age from 50 to 65, who frequently attended a healthcare program titled “Red, Hot, Healthy Mommas.” Employing narrative analysis, the author explores two types of counterstories they told in order to understand how these women re-identify and resist the aging process. The author suggests a third counterstory called “negotiated” because findings point to elements that both combat oppression while simultaneously reinforcing dominant metanarratives. Despite the edifying potentials of these strategies for women, the findings also indicate that patient autonomy and responsibility for one’s own healthcare is not necessarily the best solution in combatting discrimination that aging women face in today’s society.
On the Divine Images: Theology Behind the Icons and their Veneration in the Early Church
Authors: Narinskaya Elena
Published: May 2012

This article looks into the history of the church and its dealings with iconoclastic controversy of the 8th century. The research singles out various concepts in discussion of the most prominent apologetic to the iconoclastic movement and theologian of icon veneration – Saint John of Damascus. Looking through the theological discourses of Saint John of Damascus the article detects the early church teaching about icons and their veneration in the liturgical tradition of the early Christianity. The relevance of such a research is such that it addresses modern iconoclastic concepts and misunderstandings of the tradition of icon veneration from the scholarly and theological, as well as from the historical perspectives.
The cohesion effect of structural equivalence on global bilateral trade, 1948–2000
Authors: Zhou Min , Park Chan-ung
Published: May 2012

This article bridges two important approaches in the study of global trade – social network analysis and the gravity model – and examines how countries’ structural locations in the global trade network influence bilateral trade from 1948 through 2000. The authors identify a cohesion effect of structural equivalence (the degree to which two nodes have similar ties with other nodes in the network) in global trade: two structurally equivalent countries develop more bilateral trade even after controlling for conventional dyadic factors. This is because common trading ties with other countries promote similar sociocultural values, information flows, and converging institutions, thereby boosting bilateral trade. The authors further demonstrate that the cohesion-generating role of structural equivalence has become more salient over time in the increasingly complex global trade network. Overall, this study shows that bilateral trade is embedded within the structural context of the overall global trade network, and this structural effect is historically contingent on the evolving nature of global economic activities.
Investigation of strain measurements in (curved) wide plate specimens using digital image correlation and finite element analysis
Authors: Hertelé Stijn , de Waele Wim , Denys Rudi , Verstraete Matthias
Published: May 2012

Some pipelines face global plastic straining due to the nature of their installation process or harsh environmental conditions during operation. The ability of the girth welds to withstand these plastic strains is often evaluated on the basis of wide plate tests. Key for the validity of these tests is a representative measurement of remote strain, mostly obtained by linear variable differential transformers and/or strain gauges. The outcome of the remote strain measurement depends on the specimen geometry and the position of these sensors. In an attempt to investigate a specific geometric design of wide plate specimens and to find appropriate remote strain sensor positions, the authors have performed a series of tension tests on medium-sized wide plate specimens, supported by digital image correlation strain measurements. In addition, finite element simulations have been performed to evaluate whether the experimental observations can be extrapolated to a wider range of conditions. The results indicate that the strain distribution is mostly influenced by the weld strength mismatch, which governs the lateral restraint. For all experiments and simulations, nevertheless, the strain field was highly uniform in an identified zone, resulting in simple guidelines regarding specimen geometry and sensor positioning.
Deficits in Heel-Rise Height and Achilles Tendon Elongation Occur in Patients Recovering From an Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Silbernagel Karin Grävare , Steele Robert , Manal Kurt
Published: May 2012

Background:

Whether an Achilles tendon rupture is treated surgically or not, complications such as muscle weakness, decrease in heel-rise height, and gait abnormalities persist after injury.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate if side-to-side differences in maximal heel-rise height can be explained by differences in Achilles tendon length.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Method:

Eight patients (mean [SD] age of 46 [13] years) with acute Achilles tendon rupture and 10 healthy subjects (mean [SD] age of 28 [8] years) were included in the study. Heel-rise height, Achilles tendon length, and patient-reported outcome were measured 3, 6, and 12 months after injury. Achilles tendon length was evaluated using motion analysis and ultrasound imaging.

Results:

The Achilles tendon length test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97) was excellent. For the healthy subjects, there were no side-to-side differences in tendon length and heel-rise height. Patients with Achilles tendon ruptures had significant differences between the injured and uninjured side for both tendon length (mean [SD] difference, 2.6-3.1 [1.2-1.4] cm, P = .017-.028) and heel-rise height (mean [SD] difference, –4.1 to –6.1 [1.7-1.8] cm, P = .012-.028). There were significant negative correlations ( r = −0.943, P = .002, and r = −0.738, P = .037) between the side-to-side difference in heel-rise height and Achilles tendon length at the 6- and 12-month evaluations, respectively.

Conclusion:

The side-to-side difference found in maximal heel-rise height can be explained by a difference in Achilles tendon length in patients recovering from an Achilles tendon rupture. Minimizing tendon elongation appears to be an important treatment goal when aiming for full return of function.
Psychometric Performance of a Novel Measure of Social Support Among Spanish-Speaking Immigrant Latino Gay Men
Authors: Gilbert Paul A. , Rhodes Scott D.
Published: May 2012

Social support is protective for a variety of health outcomes, and individuals living outside their country of origin (“sojourners”) might use social support in distinctive ways. The authors performed a confirmatory factor analysis of the 18-item Index of Sojourner Social Support (ISSS) using data obtained from 190 Spanish-speaking immigrant Latino gay men and men who have sex with men (MSM) in North Carolina, a marginalized group for whom social support might be especially salient. The authors failed to replicate the original distinction between socioemotional and instrumental support; however, a reduced set of 11 ISSS items appeared to be a very good measure of a single latent factor, with high factor loadings (λ ≥ .87) and excellent internal consistency reliability (α = .97). The authors encourage further research to understand the psychometric properties of the ISSS, to further elaborate the most meaningful dimensions of social support among immigrant populations, and to establish whether associations exist between ISSS scores and health-related behaviors.
Combined ω3 and ω6 Supplementation in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Refractory to Methylphenidate Treatment
Authors: Perera Hemamali , Jeewandara Kamal Chandima , Seneviratne Sudarshi , Guruge Chandima
Published: May 2012

Children (6-12 years) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) being treated with methylphenidate and standard behavior therapy for more than 6 months, whose parents reported no improvement in behavior and academic learning, were randomly assigned to receive supplementation with a combined ω3 and ω6 preparation or a placebo. Outcome was measured at 3 and 6 months after treatment using a self-assessment checklist completed by the parents. Statistically significant improvement was found in the treatment group compared with the placebo group ( P < .01) in the following measures: restlessness, aggressiveness, completing work, and academic performance. Statistically significant improvement was not found at 3 months of treatment between groups but was evident at 6 months of treatment ( P < .05) with inattention, impulsiveness, and cooperation with parents and teachers. Distractibility failed to show improvement. Effect sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1.1 at 3 months and 0.2 to 1.4 at 6 months for individual symptom variables.
A Novel STXBP1 Mutation Causes Focal Seizures With Neonatal Onset
Authors: Vatta Matteo , Tennison Michael B. , Aylsworth Arthur S. , Turcott Christie M. , Guerra Maria P. , Eng Christine M. , Yang Yaping
Published: May 2012

Mutations of the syntaxin binding protein 1 ( STXBP1) have been associated with severe infantile epileptic encephalopathies (Ohtahara syndrome and West syndrome), but also with moderate to severe cognitive impairment and nonsyndromic epilepsy. We have studied a white infant who presented with focal seizures at age 2 weeks. Brain imaging was unremarkable. The electroencephalograph (EEG) demonstrated normal background frequency content but with multifocal sharp waves and no evidence of the typical patterns associated with Ohtahara or West syndrome. Therapy with levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine effectively managed the seizure episodes. Investigation of genes associated with infantile forms of epilepsy such as SCN1A, SCN1B, and ARX were negative, but we identified a novel single-nucleotide duplication mutation, c.931dupT (p.S311FfsX3), in exon 11 of the STXBP1 gene. This previously unreported STXBP1 mutation in a subject with neonatal-onset focal seizures broadens the spectrum of clinically relevant human disorders caused by STXBP1 mutations.
Pathways to High Performance
Authors: Winand Mathieu , Rihoux Benoît , Robinson Leigh , Zintz Thierry
Published: May 2012

Nonprofit organizations are facing increasing pressure to become more performance oriented. Most research in this area has focused on the effects of a variety of independent variables on performance with little research focusing on combinations of factors that impact on performance. This article focuses on sport governing bodies from Belgium and measures and assesses their strategic goals and potential determinants of performance. Due to the small N-sample and the causal complexity inherent in this research, a crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) was carried out which highlighted three pathways associated with high performance. High performance could be delivered by sport governing bodies that develop innovative activities for their members and are proactive in elite sport services; or that develop innovative activities and involve paid staff in decision-making processes; or that involve committed volunteers in decision-making processes and delegate activities they are not able to deliver themselves.
Effect of microstructure on slurry erosion behaviour of weld hardfacing alloys
Authors: Sapate S G , Haque N
Published: May 2012

In the present work, the slurry erosion behaviour of weld hardfacing alloys was investigated by systematic variation of identified test parameters and the response data were generated from a suitably designed experimental plan. The identified groups of parameters were operational parameters; velocity, slurry concentration, and particle size of the erodent; and relative hardness of erodent particle and the microstructural parameter, carbide volume fraction (CVF). The slurry erosion experiments of hardfacing alloys with different Cr and C content were conducted using a pot-type slurry erosion tester with silica sand slurry of different concentration over a range of velocities. The slurry erosion volume loss of hardfacing alloys exhibited different trends under different test conditions with identified parameters. The slurry erosion volume loss decreased with increasing CVF and He/ Ht, (ratio of hardness of erodent to hardness of target) except under severe erosion test conditions where the reverse trend was observed. An empirical correlation was proposed, in which the slurry erosion rate was expressed as a product of operational parameters, microstructural parameter, and relative hardness of erodent particles. Scanning electron microscopy observations were focused on gaining additional information associated with the mechanism of material removal under different experimental conditions.
Stochastic finite-element modelling and optimization for net-shape forging of three-dimensional aero-engine blades
Authors: Lu B , Ou H
Published: May 2012

The stochastic nature of the forging process is a key influencing factor for achievable dimensional and shape accuracy of forged aerofoil blades for aero-engine applications. In this article, a finite-element-based stochastic modelling and optimization method is presented for net-shape forging of three-dimensional (3D) aerofoil blades. A combined Monte Carlo simulation and response surface method as well as the first-order second-moment reliability method are developed to quantify the stochastic characteristics of forging errors due to uncertainties of process parameters and forging conditions. A two-step optimization approach is presented to minimize systematic errors using a direct compensation method and to reduce random variations through a variance control procedure. A 3D blade forging case study is presented to evaluate the stochastic characteristics of the dimensional errors of forged aerofoil blades in comparison with measurement data and to demonstrate much improved forging accuracy using the proposed stochastic optimization method. The results from the case study also suggest that the stochastic-based optimization method may be easily applied to other metal-forming processes.
An evaluation of weld metal nitrogen retention and properties in 316LN austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Galloway A M , McPherson N A , Baker T N
Published: May 2012

A series of tests were conducted using varying levels of nitrogen and helium in a conventional argon shielding gas when welding 316LN austenitic stainless steel. The outcome was that a 15 per cent nitrogen addition to the argon shielding gas had the most significant effect on increasing the weld metal nitrogen. Subsequent additions of helium to the argon 15 per cent nitrogen shielding gas had very little overall benefit. Increasing the nitrogen content of the weld metal had the consequential effects of decreasing the ferrite content and the hardness. As a result of solid solution strengthening, the yield strength increased with increase in nitrogen content. There was an increase in impact toughness as the nitrogen content increased. This was related to the decreased ferrite content associated with the strong austenetizing potential of nitrogen. It was also shown that an almost fully austenitic weld metal could still have very good toughness. In combination with these effects there was no loss in corrosion resistance. The addition of nitrogen to a conventional argon shielding gas presents attractive cost and quality benefits over the established requirement to over alloy the weld filler material with expensive alloys such as nickel.
The Path to Glory Is Paved With Hierarchy
Authors: Ronay Richard , Greenaway Katharine , Anicich Eric M. , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: May 2012

Two experiments examined the psychological and biological antecedents of hierarchical differentiation and the resulting consequences for productivity and conflict within small groups. In Experiment 1, which used a priming manipulation, hierarchically differentiated groups (i.e., groups comprising 1 high-power-primed, 1 low-power-primed, and 1 baseline individual) performed better on a procedurally interdependent task than did groups comprising exclusively either all high-power-primed or all low-power-primed individuals. There were no effects of hierarchical differentiation on performance on a procedurally independent task. Experiment 2 used a biological marker of dominance motivation (prenatal testosterone exposure as measured by a digit-length ratio) to manipulate hierarchical differentiation. The pattern of results from Experiment 1 was replicated; mixed-testosterone groups achieved greater productivity than did groups comprising all high-testosterone or all low-testosterone individuals. Furthermore, intragroup conflict mediated the productivity decrements for the high-testosterone but not the low-testosterone groups. This research suggests possible directions for future research and the need to further delineate the conditions and types of hierarchy under which hierarchical differentiation enhances rather than undermines group effectiveness.
Use of low grade heat sources in combined ejector–double effect absorption refrigeration systems
Authors: Farshi Leili Garousi , Mahmoudi SM Seyed , Rosen Marc A , Yari Morteza
Published: May 2012

At a particular temperature range, heat sources are not hot enough to drive lithium bromide double-effect absorption refrigeration systems efficiently and are too hot to be used for the single effect systems because of the risk of crystallization. To make effective use of heat sources at this temperature range for refrigeration purposes, a combined ejector–double effect absorption cycles are proposed. A computational model is developed to study and compare the effect of operating parameters on the performance of combined and conventional single- and double-effect cycles from the viewpoints of first and second laws of thermodynamics. In addition, because of the importance of crystallization risk in these systems, the effect of varying working conditions on the possibility of crystallization is investigated too. The results show the advantageous performance of the combined cycle compared to that of the single- and double-effect systems at particular ranges of heat source temperature. These temperature ranges are extended at lower evaporator and higher condenser or absorber temperatures.
Disease Surveillance System
Authors: Baig Mirza Amir , Shaikh Babar Tasneem
Published: May 2012

In Pakistan, absence of a nationwide surveillance mechanism and strategy is the main reason for the failure in effectively controlling communicable diseases. The seasonal outbreaks of various infectious diseases every year call for an integrated surveillance system on a national level for planning effective preventive strategies. Opportunity to adopt a tested and tried model exists at this time in terms of the “Disease Early Warning System” set up by World Health Organization in conflict-affected districts. Replicating this system in other districts is both practical and feasible as technical support is readily available through the World Health Organization. Such a system once put in place has potential to not only decrease morbidity and mortality through early detection and prompt control of outbreaks but also to facilitate effective financial, human resource, and materials management at the district level. This would be a step toward a more responsive health system at the local level.
Oral Hygiene Risk Indicators Among 6- to 9-Year-Old Taiwanese Aboriginal Children
Authors: Hsieh Hui-Ju , Huang Shun-Te , Tsai Chi-Cheng , Chiou Meng-Jao , Liao Cheng-Ta
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the dental health status, dietary habits, oral hygiene levels, and caretaker risk indicators among Taiwanese children. This cross-sectional purposive sampling study included 256 aboriginal children, 6 to 9 years old, living in remote regions in southern Taiwan. Participants received dental examinations, and questionnaires were completed by caretakers. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test, t test, and multiple logistic regressions. The deft (sum of decayed, extracted, and filled primary teeth) and defs (sum of the decayed, extracted, and filled primary dentition surfaces) indices were affected by the frequencies of drinking sweetened beverages ( P = .0006) and daily toothbrushing ( P = .0032). Caretakers’ toothbrushing frequency was a significant predictor of children’s oral hygiene status ( P < .0001). The odds ratio for children of caretakers with betel quid chewing habits having poor oral hygiene was 2.04 ( P = .0184). Oral hygiene among aboriginal children in this study was inadequate. Caretakers’ toothbrushing frequency and betel quid habit were significant predictors of poor children’s oral hygiene.
Risk Factors Associated With Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Zhao Ai , Dai Meng , Chen Yu Juan , Chang Hong En , Liu Ai Ping , Wang Pei Yu
Published: May 2012

Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease. The authors conducted a case-control study in China to explore its associated risk factors. A total of 725 nephrolithiasis patients and 553 controls were asked to complete a questionnaire that asked for information about psychological, behavioral, and dietary factors along with a physical and blood biochemical examination. For men, higher education was negatively associated with nephrolithiasis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4-1.0), whereas hypso-waist-to-hip ratio (hypso-WHR), defined as WHRs >0.9 for men and >0.8 for women (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4-3.4); overexercise (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3-3.5); and having experienced negative life events (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2-4.1) were positively associated with nephrolithiasis. For women, higher fluid intake was negatively associated with nephrolithiasis (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.3-0.9), and abnormal status of blood pressure (BP) and blood lipids was positively associated with nephrolithiasis. Varied factors were related to differences in nephrolithiasis occurrence between genders. Besides taking enough fluids, maintaining a normal metabolic status, avoiding overexercise, and reducing BP might be beneficial in preventing nephrolithiasis.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Patient With Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma
Authors: Vella Josefa E.O. , El-Daly Hesham
Published: May 2012

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by a proliferation of phagocytic histiocytes in hematopoietic organs. It is accompanied by systemic manifestations and frequently has an abrupt onset with a fulminant clinical course and high mortality. Awareness of this condition is important since early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is critical for a successful outcome. The authors report a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, describe the clinical and histological features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and review the literature on this condition.
Borderline Personality Disorder Features and History of Childhood Maltreatment in Mothers Involved With Child Protective Services
Authors: Perepletchikova Francheska , Ansell Emily , Axelrod Seth
Published: May 2012

This study examines the history of childhood maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms in mothers whose children were removed from the home by Child Protective Services (CPS) to identify potential targets for future intervention efforts. Forty-one mothers of children removed from the home due to abuse and/or neglect and 58 community-control mothers without CPS involvement were assessed for history of childhood maltreatment, alcohol and drug use, and BPD features. CPS-involved mothers scored significantly higher on measures of childhood maltreatment history and BPD features than did control mothers. The highest BPD scores were associated with the most severe histories of mothers’ childhood maltreatment. In total, 50% of CPS-involved mothers reported elevated BPD features, compared with 15% of control mothers. Further, 19% of CPS-involved mothers had self-reported scores consistent with a BPD diagnosis, compared with 4% of control mothers. BPD features rather than maltreatment history per se predicted maternal involvement with CPS, controlling for alcohol and drug use predictors. The present data suggest that evidence-based treatments to address BPD symptoms may be indicated for some CPS-involved parents.
Perturbation of phase velocity of Rayleigh waves in pre-stressed anisotropic media with orthorhombic principal part
Authors: Tanuma Kazumi , Man Chi-Sing , Du Wenwen
Published: May 2012

Herein we derive an explicit first-order perturbation formula for the phase velocity of Rayleigh waves that propagate along the free surface of a homogeneous pre-stressed half-space, the incremental elasticity tensor L of which has a principal part C that is orthorhombic (with two of the axes of two-fold rotational symmetry being normal to the free surface and being the propagation direction, respectively) or transversely isotropic (with the ∞-axis being normal to the free surface). The remaining (perturbative) part A of the incremental elasticity tensor can be arbitrarily anisotropic. As an application of the perturbation formula, we consider the case where C is transversely isotropic and A is given by a contraction of the sixth-order acoustoelastic tensor with the pre-stress, and we examine the possibility of and the problems and issues about determination of the pre-stress by boundary measurement of phase velocities of Rayleigh waves.
Reflexivity: unmarried Japanese male interviewing married Japanese women about international marriage
Authors: Takeda Atsushi
Published: May 2012

This article addresses the reflexive nature of research I conducted investigating the experiences of Japanese women who are married to Australian men and currently reside in Australia.It highlights how my positionality: my male gender and Japanese cultural identity, unmarried status and the perspective about the discourse on international marriage influenced the nature of the interview conversations and had an unexpected impact on my fieldwork generally. Considering positionality is not static or fixed, both insider and outsider status between researchers and the researched are not always clearly detached. Presumed advantage and disadvantaged attached to these statuses, therefore, needs to be scrutinized carefully. This article maintains that the insiderness and outsiderness of researchers and researched relationships were not always antithetical, but could work simultaneously making research both highly nuanced and ambiguous at times.
A walk in the park: political emotions and ethnographic vacillation in activist research
Authors: Petray Theresa L
Published: May 2012

Critically engaged activist research blends a theoretical approach towards power and resistance with a practical methodology for ethnographies of social movements. However, when undertaking this sort of research it can be easy to lose sight of critical analysis because of the political emotions that researchers share with activist participants. I was reminded of the need for critical reflection by a particularly jarring ethnographic moment: during a quiet, early morning walk through Brisbane’s Musgrave Park I became a witness in a murder investigation. This moment, and the aftermath of it, led me to critically analyse my own political emotions and those of my research participants. This article examines the role of activist researchers through the lens of my moment in the park. I argue that, while it is important to share political emotions with research participants, activist researchers must remain reflexive and critical of those emotions.
Herpes Simplex Virus Vector–Mediated Expression of Interleukin-10 Reduces Below-Level Central Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Lau Darryl , Harte Steven E. , Morrow Thomas J. , Wang Shiyong , Mata Marina , Fink David J.
Published: May 2012

Background. Neuroimmune activation in the spinal dorsal horn plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine the role of neuroimmune activation in below-level neuropathic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods. Right hemilateral SCI was created in male Sprague–Dawley rats by controlled blunt impact through a T12 laminectomy. Pain-related behaviors were assessed using both evoked reflex responses and an operant conflict-avoidance test. Neuroimmune activation was blocked by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) delivered by a nonreplicating herpes simplex virus (HSV)–based gene transfer vector (vIL10). Markers of neuroimmune activation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results. One week after SCI, injured animals demonstrated mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind limbs below the level of injury. Animals inoculated with vIL10 had a statistically significant reduction in all of these measures compared to injured rats or injured rats inoculated with control vector. Conflict-avoidance behavior of injured rats inoculated with vIL10 was consistent with significantly reduced pain compared with injured rats injected with control vector. These behavioral results correlated with a significant decrease in spinal tumor necrosis factor α (mTNFα) expression assessed by Western blot and astrocyte activation assessed by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Conclusion. Below-level pain after SCI is characterized by neuroimmune activation (increase mTNFα and astrocyte activation). Blunting of the neuroimmune response by HSV-mediated delivery of IL-10 reduced pain-related behaviors, and may represent a potential novel therapeutic agent.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Static Posturography in Predicting Accidental Falls in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Prosperini Luca , Fortuna Deborah , Giannì Costanza , Leonardi Laura , Pozzilli Carlo
Published: May 2012

Background. Quantitative posturography has been reported as a reliable tool to measure balance in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, data on its diagnostic accuracy in predicting the occurrence of falls are lacking. Objective. To determine sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy of posturography in detecting falls in MS subjects over a 3-month follow-up period. Methods. One hundred consecutive patients with MS were tested by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and by static posturography on a monoaxial platform. Participants recorded the occurrence of accidental falls for the next 3 months. Abnormal cutoff values for static standing balance measures were set at 2 standard deviations above the mean values obtained from 50 healthy controls (HC). The diagnostic accuracy of the BBS and static posturography was analyzed with respect to the prospectively collected data on the occurrence of falls. Results. Posturometric measures in participants with MS were significantly worse than in HC (all P values <.0001); however, only the center of pressure (COP) path with open eyes condition had substantial test–retest reliability. Static posturography was more sensitive (88% vs 37%) and accurate (75% vs 63%), but slightly less specific (67% vs 81%), than the BBS in predicting accidental falls. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the worse the COP path, the greater the risk for accidental falls (odds ratio = 1.08; P < .0001), even after adjusting for sex, age, disease duration, body mass index, MS subtype, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and BBS score. Conclusion. The COP path measurement in static position is a sensitive and accurate tool to identify people with MS who are at risk of accidental falls.
The Intersectional Alternative
Authors: Bernard April
Published: May 2012

Using an intersectional approach, this analysis seeks to provide an explanation of female criminality that is grounded in an intimate understanding of the multiplicative, overlapping, and cumulative effects of the simultaneous intersections of systems of oppression emanating from power structures that uniquely shape their life experiences. The concept of doing identity is introduced to describe the unique attempts of individuals, particularly marginalized women, to navigate through power structures and multiple systems of oppression that shape their life experiences. A case study exploring factors contributing to one woman’s decision to engage in criminal activity as a means of doing identity is also presented.
Costs and Benefits of Eyewitness Identification Reform
Authors: Clark Steven E.
Published: May 2012

Psychological science has come to play an increasingly important role in the legal system by informing the court through expert testimony and by shaping public policy. In recent years, psychological research has driven a movement to reform the procedures that police use to obtain eyewitness identification evidence. This reform movement has been based in part on an argument suggesting that recommended procedures reduce the risk of false identifications with little or no reduction in the rate of correct identifications. A review of the empirical literature, however, challenges this no-cost view. With only one exception, changes in eyewitness identification procedures that reduce the risk of false identification of the innocent also reduce the likelihood of correct identification of the guilty. The implication that criminals may escape prosecution as a result of procedures implemented to protect the innocent makes policy decisions far more complicated than they would otherwise be under the no-cost view. These costs (correct identifications lost) and benefits (false identifications avoided) are discussed in terms of probative value and expected utility.
What Makes Nations Intelligent?
Authors: Hunt Earl
Published: May 2012

Modern society is driven by the use of cognitive artifacts: physical instruments or styles of reasoning that amplify our ability to think. The artifacts range from writing systems to computers. In everyday life, a person demonstrates intelligence by showing skill in using these artifacts. Intelligence tests and their surrogates force examinees to exhibit some of these skills but not others. This is why test scores correlate substantially but not perfectly with a variety of measures of socioeconomic success. The same thing is true at the international level. Nations can be evaluated by the extent to which their citizens score well on cognitive tests, including both avowed intelligence tests and a variety of tests of academic achievement. The resulting scores are substantially correlated with various indices of national wealth, health, environmental quality, and schooling and with a vaguer variable, social commitment to innovation. These environmental variables are suggested as causes of the differences in general cognitive skills between national populations. It is conceivable that differences in gene pools also contribute to international and, within nations, group differences in cognitive skills, but at present it is impossible to evaluate the extent of genetic influences.
Creative arts as a public health resource: moving from practice-based research to evidence-based practice
Authors: Clift Stephen
Published: May 2012

There is growing international acceptance of the notion that participation in the creative arts can be beneficial for well-being and health. For over 30 years practical arts for health projects have been developed to support health care and promote health and well-being in communities. An increasing body of evaluation and research evidence lends weight to the value of such initiatives. However, the field of arts and health is complex and multi-faceted and there are challenges in moving beyond ‘practice-based’ research, towards building a progressive body of knowledge that can provide a basis for future ‘evidence-based’ practice in health care and public health. This paper reviews some of the population-level evidence from epidemiological studies on cultural participation and health, before considering research on active initiatives that draw on the creative arts in health care settings and communities to support health and well-being. The notion of a hierarchy of evidence is discussed in relation to arts for health initiatives and a plea is made for recognising the value of concrete case studies, qualitative research and the testimonies of participants and professionals alike in assessing both the value of creative arts activities and for understanding their impacts. Nevertheless, the need for robust controlled studies with precise measurable health outcomes is clear if we are to move towards the scaling up of arts interventions to achieve public health-level impacts from creative arts participation. A brief account of the current programme of research on singing and health that is underway at the Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health is presented as a possible model for future research on arts and health.
Professional training to reduce children’s exposure to second-hand smoke in the home: evidence-based considerations on targeting and content
Authors: Gordon Jacki , Friel Brenda , McGranachan Margaret
Published: May 2012

Aims: Proponents of theory-based evaluations argue that the type of evidence needed by public health decision-makers is not simply whether interventions work or not. A more fruitful approach is to understand the contexts and circumstances associated with effectiveness.

This article aims: to firstly understand factors influencing professionals’ practice following their participation in training that aimed to reduce children’s exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in the home via increased usage of brief interventions; and secondly to consider the implications of these factors for improving the skills of a diverse workforce.

Methods: Questionnaires were issued to the 231 participants pre- and post-training and at three-month follow-up. Four focus groups and four interviews were run with 16 people who had attended the training in the previous four to eight months and who performed a wide range of professional roles, reflecting the diversity of those trained.

Results: The three-month follow-up data indicated that some, but not all, participants had engaged in components of the brief intervention and changed their practice. This difference was largely explained by professional role. Those working in a health-visiting role or team were considered better placed to support families through a process of restricting SHS exposure in the home. Triangulated data also indicated that these professionals more often practised elements of the brief intervention. There was also some evidence that the training did not equip participants with the full range of information they wanted, or with the skills that they felt that they needed.

Conclusions: Decisions on who to target for training need to be informed by an understanding of the contexts in which professionals work and the opportunities and constraints within these. Those working in a health-visiting team are credible message carriers, have opportunities to develop a relationship with families, and can be well placed to provide families with sustained support. To do so, they need clear messages on precisely how to reduce exposure. In addition, they need the skills to support families through a process of change.
Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Yarema Tania C. , Marshall Carrie T. , Cucina Amy Salgado , Dodge Heather , Imhoff Barbara , Judy Jonathan , Peterson Jennifer
Published: May 2012

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition; the mortality rate for ALF remains high because of the rapid progression of the syndrome. A large number of etiologies such as drugs (acetaminophen being most common), viruses (hepatitis A and B), and autoimmune and metabolic causes can lead to ALF, but in a significant percentage of cases no exact etiology is determined. As the disease progresses to the life- threatening stage, management of these critically ill patients requires meticulous attention to their hemodynamic and neurologic condition and to other complications that can arise. This review describes the typical presentation of ALF and discusses its diagnosis and etiologies. The laboratory and radiologic hallmarks of the diagnosis are also described. The authors also evaluate the evidence for a variety of therapeutic maneuvers that have been put forward to ameliorate the course of ALF. Ultimately, given its often inexorable course, orthotopic liver transplant may become necessary. At this time, treatment with orthotopic liver transplant provides the only reliable life-saving treatment for progressive ALF.