bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass transfer effects in 2-D dual-permeability modeling of field preferential bromide leaching with drain effluent
Authors: Gerke H. H. , Dusek J. , Vogel T.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Subsurface drained experimental fields are frequently used for studying preferential flow (PF) in structured soils. Considering two-dimensional (2-D) transport towards the drain, however, the relevance of mass transfer coefficients, apparently reflecting small-scale soil structural properties, for the water and solute balances of the entire drained field is largely unknown. This paper reviews and analyzes effects of mass transfer reductions on Br− leaching for a subsurface drained experimental field using a numerical 2-D dual-permeability model (2D-DPERM). The sensitivity of the "diffusive" mass transfer component on bromide (Br−) leaching patterns is discussed. Flow and transport is simulated in a 2-D vertical cross-section using parameters, boundary conditions (BC), and data of a Br− tracer irrigation experiment on a subsurface drained field (5000 m2 area) at Bokhorst (Germany), where soils have developed from glacial till sediments. The 2D-DPERM simulation scenarios assume realistic irrigation and rainfall rates, and Br-application in the soil matrix (SM) domain. The mass transfer reduction controls preferential tracer movement and can be related to physical and chemical properties at the interface between flow path and soil matrix in structured soil. A reduced solute mass transfer rate coefficient allows a better match of the Br− mass flow observed in the tile drain discharge. The results suggest that coefficients of water and solute transfer between PF and SM domains have a clear impact on Br− effluent from the drain. Amount and composition of the drain effluent is analyzed as a highly complex interrelation between temporally and spatially variable mass transfer in the 2-D vertical flow domain that depends on varying "advective" and "diffusive" transfer components, the spatial distribution of residual tracer concentrations, and the lateral flow fields in both domains from plots of the whole subsurface drained field. The local-scale soil structural effects (e.g., such as macropore wall coatings), here conceptualized as changes in mass transfer coefficients, can have a clear effect on leaching at the plot and field-scales.
Evaluation and bias correction of satellite rainfall data for drought monitoring in Indonesia
Authors: Vernimmen R. R. E. , Hooijer A. ,   Mamenun, Aldrian E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The accuracy of satellite rainfall data from different sources, TRMM 3B42RT, CMORPH and PERSIANN, was investigated through comparison with reliable ground station rainfall data in Indonesia, with a focus on their ability to detect patterns of low rainfall that may lead to drought conditions. It was found that all sources underestimated rainfall in dry season months. The CMORPH and PERSIANN data differed most from ground station data and are also very different from the TRMM data. However, it proved possible to improve TRMM data to yield sufficiently accurate estimates, both for dry periods (R2 0.65–0.92) and annually (R2 0.84–0.96), applying a single parameterized bias correction equation that is constant in space and time. It is proposed that these bias corrected TRMM data be used in real-time drought monitoring, in Indonesia and probably in other countries where similar conditions exist. This will yield major advantages, in terms of accuracy, spatial coverage, timely availability and cost efficiency, over drought monitoring with only ground stations.
Brief communication "Snow profile associated measurements (SPAM) – a new instrument for quick snow profile measurements"
Authors: Lahtinen P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A new instrument concept (SPAM) for snow profile associated measurements is presented. The potential of the concept is demonstrated by presenting preliminary results obtained with the prototype instrument. With this concept it is possible to retrieve rapid snow profiles of e.g. light extinction, reflectance, temperature and snow layer structure with high vertical resolution. As a side-product, also snow depth is retrieved.
Strangulated Tension Viscerothorax with Gangrene of the Stomach in Missed
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture
Authors: Onakpoya Uvie , Ogunrombi Akinwumi , Adenekan Anthony , Akerele William
Published: June 2011

Acquired diaphragmatic hernias are usually posttraumatic in occurrence. In patients who have blunt trauma and associated diaphragmatic hernia, the diagnosis may be missed or delayed, often leading to poor treatment outcomes. We present a rare occurrence of tension viscerothorax due to missed traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in a 25-year-old woman whose condition was complicated by gangrene and perforation of the fundus as well as questionable viability of the anterior wall of the body of the stomach. The patient had a successful emergency transabdominal suture plication of the diaphragm and gastroplasty and has remained symptomless 3 months postoperatively.
Nevus Senescence
Authors: Ross Andrew L. , Sanchez Margaret I. , Grichnik James M.
Published: June 2011

Melanomas and nevi share many of the same growth-promoting mutations. However, melanomas grow relentlessly while benign nevi eventually undergo growth arrest and stabilize. The difference in their long-term growth potential may be attributed to activation of cellular senescence pathways. The primary mediator of senescence in nevi appears to be p16. Redundant, secondary senescence systems are also present and include the p14-p53-p21 pathway, the IGFBP7 pathway, the FBXO31 pathway, and the PI3K mediated stress induced endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. It is evident that these senescence pathways result in an irreversible arrest in most instances; however, they can clearly be overcome in melanoma. Circumvention of these pathways is most frequently associated with gene deletion or transcriptional repression. Reactivation of senescence mechanisms could serve to inhibit melanoma tumor progression.
Pericarditis Revealing Large Vessel Vasculitis
Authors: Couturier Bruno , Huyge Valerie , Soyfoo Muhammad S.
Published: June 2011

Large vessels vasculitis and more specifically, Giant cell arteritis, is characterized by increased inflammatory markers, headaches and altered clinical status. Diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy of temporal arteries showing the presence of granuloma and vasculitis. We hereby report the case of a patient presenting initially as pericarditis and revealing large vessel vasculitis using FDG-PET.
Ten-Year Survival after Liver Resection for Colorectal
Metastases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Abbas Saleh , Lam Vincent , Hollands Michael
Published: June 2011

Background. Liver resection in metastatic colorectal cancer is proved to result in five-year survival of 25–40%. Several factors have been investigated to look for prognostic factors stratifications such as resection margins, node involvement in the primary disease, and interval between the primary disease and liver metastases. Methods. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies that reported ten-year survival. Metaanalysis was performed to analyse the effect of recognised prognostic factors on cure rate for colorectal metastases. The meta-analysis was performed according to Ottawa-Newcastle method of analysis for nonrandomised trials and according to the guidelines of the PRISMA. Results. Eleven studies were included in the analysis, which showed a ten-year survival rate of 12–36%. Factors that have favourable impact are clear resection margin, low level of CEA, single metastatic deposit, and node negative disease. The only factor that excluded patients from cure is the positive status of the resection margin. Conclusion. Predicted ten-year survival after liver resection for colorectal metastases varies from 12 to 36%. Only positive resection margins resulted in no 10-year survivors. No patient can be excluded from consideration for liver resection so long the result is negative margins.
Study on HIF-1α Gene Translation in Psoriatic Epidermis with the Topical Treatment of Capsaicin Ointment
Authors: Yu Chun-shui
Published: June 2011

Objective. To investigate the mechanism of capsaicin in treating active psoriasis vulgaris.Methods. HIF-1α gene translation in active psoriatic lesions before and after 21-day treatment with capsaicin ointment was detected byin situhybridization.Results. There was positive staining of HIF-1α gene in all the layers of psoriatic epidermis (100.0%) before the treatment with capsaicin ointment, but the dyeing in epidermis were reduced obviously (22.2%) after the treatment for 21 days.Conclusion. HIF-1α gene translation in psoriatic epidermis was downregulated after capsaicin treatment for 21 days.
Text - Reader - Author: Towards a Theory of Exegesis: Some
European Viewpoints
Authors: Utzschneider Helmut
Published: June 2011

The starting point of the article is a triple crisis of
the traditional historical exegesis of the OT. Proposed is a "theory of
exegesis" which offers a basis for transformations of traditional questions and
methods and which offers "interfaces" for both, the integration of recent trends
of literary sciences and the dialog with non-academic, contextual approaches.
The (biblical) text is basically understood as an "aesthetic subject" in order
to stress that the interrelation between the text and its readers proceeds from
the productive encounter between both. As "co-ordinates" of the theory function
U. Eco's three "intentions of interpretation" and their relations: the "intentio
operis" which opens the perspective on descriptive text theories, the "intentio
lectoris" which integrates "aesthetics of reception" and the "intentio auctoris"
which offers the link to the traditional historical-critical exegesis.
A Form-Critical Rereading Of Hosea
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: June 2011

This paper proposes a form-critical rereading of Hosea
based upon synchronic literary criteria. Past scholarship generally argues that
the book of Hosea articulates a message of judgment against Israel in three
basic parts, Hosea 1–3; Hosea 4–11; and Hosea 12–14. Each component begins with
material pertaining to Israel’s judgment, but concludes with material pertaining
to restoration. This view is based upon redactional-critical criteria, and
posits an original core of judgmental material against Israel that has been
supplement and “softened” by later texts concerned Israel’s restoration. A
rereading of the book in relation to its formal syntactical and semantic
features indicates a very different structure in which an anonymous narrator
presents Hosea’s prophecy are parenetic appeal to Israel to return to YHWH by
abandoning its alliances with foreign powers, specifically Assyria and Egypt.
Although Hosea’s oracles were originally delivered in the north, the present
form of the book is directed to a Judean audience, and may be read in relation
to the reigns of either Hezekiah or Josiah.
Oil, Crowns and Thrones: Prophet, Priest and King in Zechariah
1:7–6:15
Authors: Boda Mark J.
Published: June 2011

In this paper attention to literary-lexical and
traditio-historical aspects of Zech 3:1-10; 4:1-14 and 6:9-15, challenges the
common interpretation of these pericopae. It is argued that rather than
advocating priestly intrusions into prophetic or royal arenas, these passages
interpret the arrival and instatement of the Zadokite priestly house as
heralding the imminent arrival of the royal house while sustaining an enduring
role for prophecy.
Hebrew Linguistics and Biblical Criticism: A Minimalist
Programme
Authors: De Caën Vincent
Published: June 2011

This paper introduces a programme in historical
linguistics with important implications for biblical criticism. Traditionally,
grammatical variation in the Bible has been interpreted in light of
nineteenth-century historical-literary criticism. In this light, such variation
appears erratic and random. To date we have developed a somewhat vague
distinction between “early” and “late Biblical Hebrew” (EBH vs LBH). The
programme outlined here proposes to let the Hebrew language speak for itself, to
let natural diachronic processes explain the distributions independent of the
literary paradigm. The results should suggest a new alignment of texts and
sources. The paper has two parts. The first, polemical part situates the
programme within recent, indeed controversial, departures in biblical studies.
The second part works through a problem that has hitherto resisted explanation
to showcase the methodology and to indicate the anticipated results. As a first
approximation a fivefold stratification is proposed, considerably refining the
traditional taxon “early Biblical Hebrew” (EBH). The most interesting conclusion
is the priority of Deuteronomy within the five books of Moses. Another result is
the sorting of composite books like Psalms by linguistic criteria. The programme
is expected to yield a three-volume study: morphology, syntax, lexicon (in that
order).
Unveiling the Versions: The Tactics of Tamar in Genesis 38:15
Authors: Huddlestun John R.
Published: June 2011

Modern interpretations of Tamar’s actions in Genesis 38:15
fall into two groups: those who maintain that the veil indicated her prostitute
status and those who counter that it only concealed her identity. I argue that
the expansion to and subsequent interpretive history of this verse, coupled with
the lack of correlation between veil and prostitution historically, suggest that
the first mentioned interpretation - Judah believed her to be a prostitute
because of the veil - should be reconsidered. Rather, the separation of shroud
from profession, both exegetically and historically, provides a compelling
historical precedent for the second view, namely, that Tamar’s veil concealed
more than it revealed.
Nehemiah 9–10: Structure and Significance
Authors: Cohn Eskenazi Tamara
Published: June 2011

As some have recognized long ago, Nehemiah 9 is the
theological centerpiece of Ezra-Nehemiah. Yet, until recently the long prayer
has not received the attention that it deserves. The excellent essays about
Nehemiah 9 by Rolf Rentdorff and Hugh Williamson stand out as exceptions to the
general neglect of the prayer. Fortunately, the neglect has been remedied with
some new and important studies that greatly enrich our ability to appreciate
Nehemiah 9. This paper has two goals: first it reviews some central
contributions to the discussion about Nehemiah 9 made by new studies of Nehemiah
9. Second, it builds upon these studies in order to shed more light on the
function and meaning of the prayer. In particular, the paper shows how the
three-part structure of Nehemiah 9 discloses a specific response to the
challenge of continuity and new beginnings in the postexilic era. The
implications of such response are also addressed.
Undisclosed Speech: Patterns of Communication in the Book of
Isaiah
Authors: Liss Hanna
Published: June 2011

This article deals with the lacking communicational
equivalence between the prophet and his contemporaries created by the ‘command
not to comprehend’ (Isaiah 6). The structure of non-comprehension is regarded as
a necessary result of the prophetic word and describes the impossibility of
comprehending what Isaiah himself could only understand after the event of his
purification (Isa 6:6-7). Prophetic message and its rejection are thus
complementary elements. This structure of a lacking communicative equivalence is
to be illustrated in Isaiah’s prophetic activity. Isaianic prophecy consists of
several different modes of language that bear relevance regarding the topic of
non-comprehension: 1. The use and function of metaphoric language: Isaiah uses
the metaphors as an instrument of defamiliarization. At the same time,
metaphorical language encloses a destructive element, since it destroys
fundamental ideas and beliefs Isaiah’s contemporaries still adhere to. 2. The
quotations: The quotations fulfill a very important task within prophetic
language. Not only is the prophet’s theo-political view of history handed down
by means of these quotations, but also the confrontation with the prophetic word
and thereby the people’s status of non-comprehension. The process of the
literary tradition of the prophetic heritage includes the confrontation and
preserves it for later generations. 3. Fictitious realms: By means of fictitious
elements, the prophet creates a “theo-political” sphere over against the
“geo-political appearance”, thereby giving his God the possibility of escaping
the previous patterns of expectation. In view of the political and military
circumstances at the end of the 8th century, the prophetic fiction represents a
kind of Judean “counterpropaganda” for later generations.
Something Old, Something Older: Reconsidering 1 Sam. 2:27–36
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: June 2011

Recently scholarly discourse has offered two different
readings of 1 Sam. 2:27-36. One perspective is that the passage is primarily a
late Deuteronomistic composition geared to account for the rise of Davidic and
Zadokite circles, while the other perspective argues for its early and
distinctively northern linguistic features, pointing to an origin at Shiloh
independent of any Jerusalemite considerations. A third understanding of the
passage, though, is possible: the text originated in an early Ephraimite setting
and was later redacted to incorporate a more historically comprehensive concern.
The crux of this understanding is based on the presence of distinctively Mosaic
language and ideas which pertain to Shilonite circles and traditions. The
original form of the passage therefore points to the replacement of the corrupt
Elide line at Shiloh with a more suitable Mosaic tradent, and likely relates to
the rise of Samuel as the central bearer of the Shiloh tradition in the ensuing
narratives.
Sampled‐data adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Wu Buzhou , Ding Zhengtao
Published: June 2011

The paper considers the discrete‐time implementation of a class of backstepping adaptive controllers for uncertain nonlinear systems in the parametric strict‐feedback form. The stability of the resultant sampled‐data system cannot be guaranteed when the direct discretization of the continuous‐time backstepping controller is applied to the same system via a sampling and hold device. Therefore, the paper has presented a sampled‐data control scheme which involves first modifying the existing continuous‐time controller and then discretizing it using the forward Euler method. It has been shown that the proposed control guarantees in a semi‐global sense the boundedness of all the variables of the overall sampled‐data system under some conditions. Particularly, the state of the nonlinear system to be controlled can converge to any arbitrarily small neighbourhood of the origin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tailor‐made nanoporous polyaniline derived with PVA/alkaline metal system for metal complexation
Authors: Lee Chan Woo , Choi Sang Hyop , Jeong Han Mo , Rhyu Sok‐Hawn , Chi Ki‐Whan , Yoon Koo Sik
Published: June 2011

Nanoporous polyanilines (PANIs) have attracted attention due to well‐defined molecular structures and chemical versatility, which also complicate the mechanisms of interaction between metal ions and PANI. To further understand the complexation with metal ions, tailor‐made nanoporous PANIs were synthesized with self‐stabilized dispersion polymerization (SSDP) using the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and various alkaline metals for suitable target metal complexation. The effective complexation results for the removal of Cr ions were obtained by the nanoporous PANI derived from a PVA/Li system. The synthesized tailor‐made PANI‐emeraldine base (EB) was easily oxidized by a Cr(VI) oxidant resulting in an pernigraniline form with a rigid polymer template and effective metal ion binding sites, and then the reduced form of Cr(III) can be complexed with the resulting PANI. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Determination of diethylstilbestrol based on biotin–streptavidin‐amplified time‐resolved fluoro‐immunoassay
Authors: Du Lingyun , Cheng Shuang , Wang Shuhao
Published: June 2011

A rapid and sensitive time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR–FIA) based on the biotin–streptavidin amplification system was developed for the determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES). Europium‐labelled streptavidin derivatives combined with europium and anhydride of diethylene triamine penta‐acetic acid were used to label streptavidin; biotin was coupled with goat anti‐rabbit IgG to form a biotin–goat anti‐rabbit IgG bridge between streptavidin–europium and the anti‐DES antibody in the immunoassay. The DES assay was carried out by measuring the fluorescence of Eu3+–SA at 615 nm. The presented method produced a wide linear range, 0.001–1000.0 ng/mL, and a detection limit up to 0.81 pg/mL for DES. The method was applied to determine DES in serum samples, with recoveries of 97.4–107.8% and RSD 1.32–4.04%. The assay results by the present method showed that biotin–streptavidin amplified TR–FIA for DES detection; it may offer high sensitivity and promising alternative special methods in biological samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis‐Azobenzene Crosslinkers for Photocontrol of Peptide Structure
Authors: Samanta Subhas , Woolley G. Andrew
Published: June 2011

Crosslinkers that undergo large changes in length upon photoisomerization can produce large conformational changes, and thereby functional changes, in biomolecules. We have designed and synthesized extended and rigid bis‐azobenzene crosslinkers: 4,4′‐bis(4‐(2‐chloroacetamido)phenyl)diazenylbiphenyl (BPDB) and the water‐soluble sulfonated analogue 4,4′‐bis(4‐(2‐chloroacetamido)phenyl)diazenylbiphenyl‐2,2′‐disulfonate (BPDBS). These photoswitches can produce end‐to‐end distance changes of a minimum of ≈5 Å and a maximum of ≈23 Å upon trans/cis isomerization. They have high absorption coefficients (45–60 000 M−1 cm−1) and can produce up to ≈80 % cis isomers under favorable conditions. The photoswitching behavior of BPDBS‐crosslinked peptides was found to be highly dependent on the crosslinker attachment site. Upon UV irradiation (365 nm), significant decreases in α‐helix content were observed for peptides that were crosslinked with BPDBS through Cys residues at i,i+19, and i,i+21 positions. In contrast, large increases in α‐helix content were exhibited by i,i+11 crosslinked peptides. BPDBS thus constitutes a particularly bright and effective photoswitch for biomolecule photocontrol.
4Bs or not 4Bs: Bricks, bytes, brains, and bandwidth
Authors: Treat Tod
Published: June 2011

The effective integration of planning to include bricks, bytes, brains, and bandwidth (the 4Bs) represents an opportunity for community colleges to extend their capacity as knowledge‐intensive organizations, coupling knowledge, technology, and learning. Integration is important to ensure that the interplay among organizations, agents within them, and technology result in enhanced global performance within the organization rather than localized improvement that creates new difficulties elsewhere. Enhanced roles for chief information officers should include people‐enhancing processes, such as learning, coaching, mentoring, and team development; attention to learning architectures that include the 4Bs; and a strategic emphasis on developing organizational intelligence through transformation of data into working knowledge.
Leveraging web technologies in student support self‐services
Authors: Herndon M. Craig
Published: June 2011

The use of Web technologies to connect with and disperse information to prospective and current students can be effective for students as well as efficient for colleges. Early results of the use of such technologies in a statewide system point to high rates of satisfaction among students when information is delivered, provide clues on how various aspects of social media may be tapped to connect with existing and potential students, and offer a road map for effectively serving more students with fewer resources. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future applications for Web‐based technologies in multiplying the efforts of good academic counseling techniques to better serve and retain students.
IT funding's race with obsolescence, innovation, diffusion, and planning
Authors: Bartkovich Jeff
Published: June 2011

In times of difficult funding, information technology managers must build new foundations, rationale statements, methods of operating, and measures of accountability to maintain a strong funding base to sustain information technology.
Modeling and Simulation of a Falling‐Film Microabsorber
Authors: Lautenschleger Anna , Chasanis Paris , Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: June 2011

In den letzten Jahren haben mikroverfahrenstechnische Prozesse zunehmend das Interesse der Industrie und der Forschungsgemeinschaft geweckt. Diese Prozesse finden in Apparaten mit charakteristischen Abmessungen im Mikro‐ und Submillimeterbereich statt. Eine wichtige Form der Mikroapparate stellen die Mikrofallfilmapparate dar, die eine Phasengrenzfläche bis zu 10 000 m2m–3 aufweisen. Um die Transportvorgänge in so einem Mikroapparat theoretisch untersuchen zu können, wurde ein rigoroses mathematisches Modell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe das Prozessverhalten ausführlich beschrieben werden kann. Das Modell liefert deutlich verlässlichere Vorhersagen gegenüber gängigen vereinfachten Modellierungsansätzen.
Advanced Tomographic Techniques for Flow Imaging in Columns with Flow Distribution Packings
Authors: Schubert Markus , Bieberle André , Barthel Frank , Boden Stephan , Hampel Uwe
Published: June 2011

Design and optimization of separation units, e.g., distillation and absorption columns with flow distribution packings, require detailed knowledge about the internal flow conditions and their impact on the process behavior. This in turn calls for suitable measuring techniques, which can give a detailed insight into such devices, especially for studies on a laboratory and pilot scale. Traditional instrumentation, such as compartment‐type liquid collectors installed below packings, or distributed temperature, pressure and conductivity probes, often falls too short if detailed knowledge on flow conditions is required. This concerns especially local liquid holdup, liquid maldistribution, liquid films thickness, wetting of the packing surface, or bubble size and droplet distribution at trays. Advanced imaging techniques, such as tomography, have found only marginal attention in investigations of separation columns with structured and modern dumped flow distribution packings, mostly due to limited spatial and temporal resolution but also due to prevailing technological problems encountered in such applications. In this study, the potentials and limits of some of the most recently emerged tomographic imaging modalities for multiphase flows have been investigated and reviewed, i.e., ultra‐fast X‐ray tomography, high‐resolution gamma‐ray tomography, wire‐mesh sensor techniques, and X‐ray microtomography with respect to a possible application in separation columns with flow distribution packings.
High Pressure Processes in Biorefineries
Authors: Zetzl Carsten , Gairola Krishan , Kirsch Christian , Perez‐Cantu Lilia , Smirnova Irina
Published: June 2011

An overview of high pressure processes for producing chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass is presented. Special attention is given to the combination of different process steps and scale‐up possibilities for the apparatus involved. Based on literature and own experiments it is shown that, under the condition of an adapted choice of process parameters, high pressure biorefinery allows the connection and combination of different high efficient and selective unit operations to a single one‐stop process that can be realized in different scales. Such reactor design can be used for numerous lab scale experiments providing a basis for comparable data for different types of solid biomass. The advantage of such a screening unit is the possibility of cascading processes in the same extraction vessel. Thus, the knowledge on a convergent behavior of reaction and extraction rates can be gained, allowing to progress in modeling of solid biomass conversion under high pressure.
Continuous microbial fuel cell using a photoautotrophic cathode and a fermentative anode
Authors: Mitra Pranabendu , Hill Gordon A.
Published: June 2011

A complete microbial fuel cell (MFC) operating under continuous flow conditions and using Chlorella vulgaris at the cathode and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the anode was investigated for the production of electricity. The MFC was loaded with different resistances to characterise its power capabilities and voltage dynamics. A cell recycle system was also introduced to the cathode to observe the effect of microalgae cell density on steady‐state power production and dynamic voltage profiles. At the maximum microalgae cell density of 2140 mg/L, a maximum power level of 0.6 mW/m2 of electrode surface area was achieved. The voltage difference between the cathode and anode decreased as the resistance decreased within the closed circuit, with a maximum open circuit voltage (infinite resistance) of 220 mV. The highest current flow of 1.0 mA/m2 of electrode surface area was achieved at an applied resistance of 250 Ω.
Camptothecin and Thiocamptothecin: the Role of Sulfur in Shifting the Hydrolysis Equilibrium towards the Closed Lactone Form
Authors: Pistolozzi Marco , Varchi Greta , Degli Esposti Alessandra , Guerrini Andrea , Sotgiu Giovanna , Ballestri Marco , Ferroni Claudia , Venturini Alessandro , Bertucci Carlo
Published: June 2011

Adverse effects have limited the clinical potential of 20‐(S)‐camptothecin (CPT) and led to a growing interest in the development of CPT analogues that exhibit less severe drawbacks, while maintaining their therapeutic activity. Recently, a thiopyridone isostere of CPT, 20‐(S)‐thiocamptothecin (TCPT), was developed that resulted more potent than the parent compound in H460, HT29 and IGROV‐1 cell lines. The improved activity of TCPT over CPT might be due to the greater stability of the lactone ring. Here, reversible hydrolysis to the ring‐open carboxylate forms of CPT and TCPT was studied by HPLC, both in the presence and absence of human serum albumin (HSA). The amount of TCPT that exists in the lactone form at equilibrium in buffer solution (24 h) was found to be significantly higher than CPT, and the same trend was observed in the presence of HSA. Specifically, HSA caused a shift in the hydrolysis equilibrium of TCPT towards the carboxylate form, but the proportion of lactone form remained higher than that observed for CPT under the same conditions, and also in the presence of a higher excess of the protein. The role of the sulfur atom in the stability of the open and closed lactone derivatives was investigated by theoretical calculations using stabilization energies and comparison between experimental and calculated absorption spectra. Our results suggest that, in aqueous solution, more ionic species (anionic and enolic forms) are present for TCPT. This study provides further insights into the effects of oxygen/sulfur replacement in the CPT pyridone ring.
Design and implementation of an efficient integer count sort in CUDA GPUs
Authors: Kolonias Vasileios , Voyiatzis Artemios G. , Goulas George , Housos Efthymios
Published: June 2011

We describe experience on design and implementation of an efficient count sort algorithm on Compute Unified Device Architecture graphics processing units. The novelty of this work is twofold. At first, we propose a count sort algorithm for integers that needs no synchronization at its last step and thus, offers superior performance. At second, this work contributes ad hoc techniques for optimizing the performance of the algorithm on Compute Unified Device Architecture‐enabled graphics processing units. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accountability in the Value Chain: From Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) to CSR Product Declaration
Authors: Skaar Christofer , Fet Annik Magerholm
Published: June 2011

Reporting on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance to external stakeholders is a key element of corporate and value chain accountability. This paper identifies gaps in existing value chain reporting practices and examines options for how a CSR product declaration can be developed to address these gaps. The characteristics of six state‐of‐the‐art accountability management, reporting, and certification approaches are identified and the pairwise correlations are assessed statistically. Findings show that the overall correlation is low; there is no low‐hanging fruit for combining existing elements. Missing allocation and aggregation methods are a particular challenge, especially concerning social aspects in the value chain. Three options for a CSR product declaration based on the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) are presented. Building on the strength of the EPD (transparency, quantification, and verification), a scientific consensus building approach is recommended. Indicator development becomes a balancing act between satisfying internal management requirements and keeping connected with the scientific development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The role of cytopathology in diagnosing HPV induced oropharyngeal lesions
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi , Sharma Nishant , Umudum Haldun , Ceyhan Koray , Rezanko Türkan
Published: June 2011

HPV detection in fine needle aspirates from suspected head and neck metastasis may be useful in clinching the diagnosis of HPV related oral squamous cell carcinoma. Ascertaining the HPV status of a particular tumor on cytological specimens could be useful for prognostication as HPV‐related tumors appear to have a better prognosis and clinical outcome. The various techniques of detection are reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as breast masses: A series of 10 cases diagnosed on FNAC
Authors: Arora Sandeep Kumar , Gupta Nalini , Srinivasan Radhika , Das Ashim , Nijhawan Raje , Rajwanshi Arvind , Singh Gurpreet
Published: June 2011

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is a rare disease, which comprises 0.04–0.53% of all primary malignant tumors of the breast. The most frequent histological subtype is diffuse large B‐cell type (DLBCL) (40–70%). Differentiation of PBLs from other breast tumors such as poorly differentiated carcinomas and lobular carcinoma may at times be difficult on cytomorphology alone. An audit of breast lymphomas diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) over a period of 9 years (2001–2009) was performed. Ten cases were retrieved and the cytomorphology was reviewed along with immunochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry as well as histopathology, wherever available. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 83 years. Eight cases were diagnosed as non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, high‐grade on FNAC. Histopathology was available in four of these cases and cell block was available in one case. Lymphoid cells were positive for leukocyte‐common antigen (LCA) and CD20 and negative for CD3 in these cases. The same was confirmed by flow cytometry on aspirated material in one case. A diagnosis of DLBCL was offered in these five cases. One case was a low‐grade NHL and another case was a young male, a known case of acute leukemia and had leukemic infiltration in the breast lump. We wish to emphasize the potential importance of FNAC in breast lymphoma and the same can be helpful to avoid unnecessary surgery in these cases. The differential diagnostic entities have been discussed. IHC and flow cytometry can be performed on the aspirated material and provide valuable information. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Should waist circumference be replaced by index of central obesity (ICO) in definition of metabolic syndrome?
Authors: Parikh R. , Mohan V. , Joshi S.
Published: June 2011

Waist circumference has been widely used as the parameter of central obesity in defining metabolic syndrome. Global consensus definition of metabolic syndrome has suggested various race‐ and gender‐specific cutoffs of waist circumference for quantifying central obesity. We have earlier proposed that using index of central obesity (ICO), the need for race‐ and gender‐specific cutoffs may be obviated. We propose that waist circumference be supplanted with index of central obesity in all definitions of metabolic syndrome. Using index of central obesity a common cutoff of 0.5 applicable across races and genders might be obtained. Moreover, it will enhance the sensitivity of definition by diagnosing subjects who are shorter than general population. Among 258 male and 242 female diabetic patients, subjects with metabolic syndrome (defined as per gender‐specific waist circumference cutoffs), were found to have a common lower range of index of central obesity suggesting that a common cutoff of waist circumference may be obtained. In another study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, replacing index of central obesity with waist circumference was found to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of definition of metabolic syndrome. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foods for the prevention of diabetes: how do they work?
Authors: Thomas Theodoros , Pfeiffer Andreas F. H.
Published: June 2011

With the diabetes epidemic reaching menacing proportions worldwide, there is an urgent need for the development of cost‐efficient prevention strategies to be effective at the population level. Great potential in this direction lies in properly designed, large‐scale dietary interventions. The macronutrient composition and the caloric content of our diet are major determinants of glucose homeostasis and there is a continuously growing list of foods, nutrients or individual compounds that have been associated with an increased or reduced incidence of diabetes mellitus. These include fat, carbohydrates, fibre, alcohol, polyphenols and other micronutrients or individual dietary compounds, which have been shown to either promote or prevent a progression towards a (pre‐)diabetic state. This review aims to briefly summarize relevant epidemiological data linking foods to diabetes and to provide insights into the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. These include improvement of insulin sensitivity or promotion of insulin resistance, regulation of inflammatory pathways, regulation of glucose transport and tissue glucose uptake, aggravation or attenuation of postprandial glycaemia/insulinaemia, interactions with hormonal responses and β‐cell‐dependent mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activating NK cell receptor expression/function (NKp30, NKp46, DNAM‐1) during chronic viraemic HCV infection is associated with the outcome of combined treatment
Authors: Bozzano Federica , Picciotto Antonino , Costa Paola , Marras Francesco , Fazio Valentina , Hirsch Ivan , Olive Daniel , Moretta Lorenzo , De Maria Andrea
Published: June 2011

Specific NK cell killer inhibitory receptor (KIR):HLA haplotype combinations have been associated with successful clearance of acute and chronic HCV infection. Whether an imbalance of activating NK cell receptors also contributes to the outcome of treatment of chronic HCV infection, however, is not known. We studied peripheral NK cell phenotype and function in 28 chronically viraemic HCV genotype I treatment‐naïve patients who underwent treatment with pegylated IFN‐α and ribavirin. At baseline, chronically infected patients with sustained virological response (SVR) had reduced CD56brightCD16+/− cell populations, increased CD56dullCD16+ NK cell proportions, and lower expression of NKp30, DNAM‐1, and CD85j. Similarly, reduced NK cell IFN‐γ production but increased degranulation was observed among nonresponding (NR) patients. After treatment, CD56brightCD16+/− NK cell numbers increased in both SVR and NR patients, with a parallel significant increase in activating NKp30 molecule densities in SVR patients only. In vitro experiments using purified NK cells in the presence of rIL‐2 and IFN‐α confirmed upregulation of NKp30 and also of NKp46 and DNAM‐1 in patients with subsequent SVR. Thus, differences in patient NK cell receptor expression and modulation during chronic HCV‐1 infection are associated with subsequent outcome of standard treatment. Individual activating receptor expression/function integrates with KIR:HLA genotype carriage to determine the clearance of HCV infection upon treatment.
Mg1–yScyZn2: Limited Sc/Mg Alloying between Laves Phase MgZn2 and ScZn2 – What Drives ScZn2 into a High‐Pressure Phase?
Authors: Wang Wenliang , Chen Guihuan , Wang Yixiu , Lin Qisheng
Published: June 2011

A series of solid solutions between the MgZn2 and ScZn2 isostructural Laves phases at 400 °C was synthesized by fusion of stoichiometric metals by conventional solid‐state high‐temperature means. X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that the alloys remain in space group P63/mmc, with a = 5.228–5.249 Å and c = 8.532–8.487 Å. The lattice parameters of the solid solution exhibit anisotropic variations: a increases and c decreases with increased starting Sc content (x) inMg1–xScxZn2. The anisotropic changes correspond to the variations of bond lengths in the ab plane and the interlayer bonds in c. Under the applied reaction conditions, the maximum Sc content was estimated to be ymax ≈ 0.47–0.50 in the formula of Mg1–yScyZn2. Theoretical calculations on a hypothetical ScZn2 model extrapolated for normal pressure revealed that it had higher density‐of‐states (DOS) and evident Zn–Zn antibonding states at the Fermi energy, meaning that high pressure is necessary to counteract the internal stress resulting from antibonding states.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of the Heteroleptic Dinuclear Nickel Selenite Complex [{Ni(TMEDA)SeO3}2]
Authors: Delferro Massimiliano , Graiff Claudia , Marchiò Luciano , Elviri Lisa , Mazzani Marcello , Riccò Mauro , Predieri Giovanni
Published: June 2011

The reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with Na2SeO3 in the presence of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) in a water/ethanol mixture yielded the heteroleptic complex [{Ni(TMEDA)SeO3}2] (1). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that complex 1 consists of a dinuclear species in which the two nickel atoms are held together by two bridging selenito anions. The crystal packing of 1 is determined by networks of hydrogen bonds, involving cocrystalized water molecules and the oxygen atoms of the bridging SeO32– groups. The two nickel ions in 1 exhibit antiferromagnetic coupling with J = –25.7 ± 0.1 cm–1, in good agreement with DFT calculations. In addition, when a less sterically hindered ancillary ligand, such as ethylenediamine (en), was used, the homoleptic complex [Ni(en)3](SeO3) (2) was obtained.
Synthesis of Oxacycles Employing the Oxa‐Pictet–Spengler Reaction: Recent Developments and New Prospects
Authors: Larghi Enrique L. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: June 2011

The oxa‐Pictet–Spengler cyclization is the oxygen variation of the Pictet–Spengler reaction, in which an aromatic alcohol component (generally a β‐arylethyl alcohol) reacts with acarbonyl component (aldehyde, ketone or their masked derivatives), to yield a 1‐substituted (or 1,1′‐disubstituted)pyran fused to the aromatic ring system found in the starting alcohol. The transformation is usually promoted by Brønsted and Lewis acids. Intramolecular versions of the reaction are also known, where both components are mutually masked as an acetal. Discussed here are aspects concerning the most recent developments and new applications of this useful reaction, including the scope and limitations of new promoters, and new mechanistic pictures of this transformation. The use of novel stereochemical control strategies and the application of the reaction to the synthesis of natural products and their analogs, as well as to accessing fully synthetic bioactive compounds and new ring systems are presented, and chiral versions of the oxa‐Pictet–Spengler are also analyzed.
PEEK polymer flammability and the inadequacy of the UL‐94 classification
Authors: Patel Parina , Hull Terence Richard , Moffatt Colin
Published: June 2011

Fire safety is dependent on reliable information on material properties, particularly relating to burning behaviour. The Underwriters Laboratory UL‐94 test is a widely used simple Bunsen burner test for vertically upward flame spread. Aryl polyetheretherketones (PEEK) are polymers of exceptional thermal stability, typically decomposing at around 600°C and forming 50% carbonaceous char residue. Tests on seven PEEK polymers, and two related materials, in independent laboratories have revealed large inconsistencies in both the final broad classification and the scatter within each set of test results. In many cases, this variance is so large that if samples from the same batch of many of the materials were repeatedly submitted to test laboratories, this would ultimately result in one set remaining below the maximum burn time criteria, and so meeting the least flammable V‐0 rating. Initial data are presented indicating that a larger ignition source actually results in shorter burning times and more consistent burning behaviour. The reported behaviour of PEEK indicates that the inconsistencies reported here are not a function of inconsistencies in the material itself but rather a consequence of the low applied heat flux of the test method being very close to the critical heat flux for ignition of the PEEK polymer, which is rather high. With higher applied heat fluxes, this generates sufficient heat for a protective char to form, creating an effective barrier to further flame spread. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the procedure to burn textile fabrics by cone calorimeter: part II. Results on nanoparticle‐finished polyester
Authors: Tata Jennifer , Alongi Jenny , Frache Alberto
Published: June 2011

Commercial polyester textiles have been finished with hydrotalcite, nanometric titania and silica aqueous suspensions and further characterised in order to investigate their combustion behaviour. Two different features of the finishing procedure have been studied: the role of immersion time and the pH suspension. The corresponding distribution and dispersion of nanoparticles on polyester fibres have been evaluated by scanning electron microscopy coupled to elemental analysis. Furthermore, an eventual surface pre‐treatment of fabrics has been evaluated using cold oxygen plasma. Combustion data have shown that the cone calorimeter is a useful instrumentation to characterise the treated fabrics (when they are washed, as well) in terms of their ability to modify ignition and burning behaviour. Only hydrotalcite‐containing treatments have consistent increases in times to ignite, and hence, flame retardancy levels have been achieved. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimizing implicit difference scheme based on proper orthogonal decomposition for the two‐dimensional unsaturated soil water flow equation
Authors: Di Zhenhua , Luo Zhendong , Xie Zhenghui , Wang Aiwen , Navon I.M.
Published: June 2011

An optimizing reduced implicit difference scheme (IDS) based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for the two‐dimensional unsaturated soil water flow equation is presented. An ensemble of snapshots is compiled from the transient solutions derived from the usual IDS for a two‐dimensional unsaturated flow equation. Then, optimal orthogonal bases are reconstructed by implementing SVD and POD techniques for the ensemble of snapshots. Combining POD with a Galerkin projection approach, a new lower dimensional and highly accurate IDS for the two‐dimensional unsaturated flow equation is obtained. Error estimates between the true solution, the usual IDS solution, and the reduced IDS solution based on POD basis are derived. Finally, it is shown by means of a numerical example using the technology of local refined grids that the computational load is greatly diminished by using the reduced IDS. Also, the error between the POD approximate solution and the usual IDS solution is proved to be consistent with the derived theoretical results. Thus, both feasibility and efficiency of the POD method are validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.