bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced gravitational search algorithm for multi‐objective distribution feeder reconfiguration considering reliability, loss and operational cost
Authors: Narimani Mohammad Rasoul , Azizi Vahed Ali , Azizipanah‐Abarghooee Rasoul , Javidsharifi Mahshid
Published: September 2013

Power loss reduction can be considered as one of the main purposes for distribution system operators. Reconfiguration is an operation process used for this optimisation by means of changing the status of switches in a distribution network. Recently, all system operators tried their best in order to obtain well‐balanced distribution systems to decrease the operation cost, improve reliability and reduce power loss. This study presents an efficient method for solving the multi‐objective reconfiguration of radial distribution systems with regard to distributed generators. The conventional distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) problem cannot meet the reliability requirements, because it only considers loss and voltage deviation as objective functions. The proposed approach considers reliability, operation cost and loss simultaneously. By adding the reliability objective to the DFR problem, this problem becomes more complicated than before and it needs to be solved with an accurate algorithm. Therefore this study utilises an Enhanced Gravitational Search Algorithm called EGSA which profits from a special mutation strategy in order to reduce the processing time and improve the quality of solutions, particularly to avoid being trapped in local optima. The proposed approach has been applied to two distribution test systems including IEEE 33 and 70‐node test systems.
Diameter correction coefficient of ice thickness on conductors at natural ice observation stations
Authors: Xingliang Jiang , Bingbing Dong , Yafeng Chao , Zhijin Zhang , Qin Hu , Jianlin Hu , Lichun Shu
Published: September 2013

In the construction or reconstruction of transmission lines for cold climate region, selection of ice thickness design criterion is an important factor to improve the lines anti‐icing performance. Indeed if the designed ice thickness selection is excessively thin, it is hard for the conductors to keep safe and stable operation under icing conditions; and if the designed ice thickness selection is excessively large, the investment of the construction or the reconstruction can several times increase. Hence, how to determine the reasonable ice thickness design criterion and make it meet the economy and safe demands is an important problem to the construction and reconstruction project of the lines. The influence mechanism of diameter on conductors icing is analysed in this study. Based on the results of icing accretion on conductors at several natural ice observation stations in recent years, the diameter correction coefficient (Kφ) of icing thickness on conductors is proposed. The Kφ can meet the demand of the ice thickness design of the lines for observed regions. Moreover, the influence of height on ice thickness on conductors is analysed. The results may provide invaluable reference for engineering applications designing reliable power transmission lines for cold climate region.
Analytical model for threshold‐base current of a transistor laser with multiple quantum wells in the base
Authors: Basu Rikmantra , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Prasanta K.
Published: September 2013

The authors investigate in this study the effect of incorporating multiple quantum wells (QWs) in the base of a heterojunction bipolar transistor laser on its performance. The expression for the terminal current is obtained by solving continuity equation in the base relating the bulk carrier density with the two‐dimensional (2D) carrier density via virtual states. The gain in the QW is obtained by considering strain, 2D density‐of‐states, polarisation dependent momentum matrix element, Fermi statistics and Lorentzian broadening. The authors have taken as the basis for comparison the calculated as well as the experimental threshold‐base current of 21.5 mA for a 16 nm wide InGaAs QW in GaAs base placed at 59 nm away from the emitter junction. Calculated value of 7.06 mA for three 16 nm wide QWs placed at 29, 59 and 79 nms in the base indicate substantial reduction in threshold‐base current. Calculations are also made for three QWs of different widths having variable barrier widths. Reduction of threshold‐base current by different amounts is observed in all cases.
La classe II division 2 prédispose-t-elle aux désordres
temporomandibulaires ?
Authors: Zuaiter Shireen , Robin Olivier , Gebeile-Chauty Sarah , Raberin Monique
Published: September 2013

De par ses caractéristiques anatomophysiologiques, la classe II division 2 (classe II, 2)
est l’une des malocclusions considérées comme facteur de risque potentiel des
dysfonctionnements de l’appareil manducateur (DAM). Une revue de littérature a été
réalisée à partir de la consultation des bases de données électroniques Medline et
Elsevier Masson jusqu’à l’année 2010 comprise, afin de préciser les relations qui peuvent
exister entre la classe II, 2 et les DAM. Cette recherche a permis d’identifier au total
50 articles : 7 articles concernent spécifiquement la classe II, 2; 37 articles concernent
certaines des caractéristiques de la classe II, 2 considérées individuellement (classe II,
supraclusion, palatoversion des incisives maxillaires et rétrognathie mandibulaire) et 6
articles concernent les traitements orthodontiques. Si l’on s’en tient aux conclusions de
ces études, la classe II division 2 ne semble pas représenter un facteur de risque
significatif de DAM. L’association la plus nette concernerait la rétrognathie mandibulaire
et le risque de déplacement discal. Cependant, compte tenu du faible nombre d’articles
publiés sur ce sujet, des variabilités méthodologiques et des résultats souvent
contradictoires, il est difficile de dégager des conclusions fiables et, par conséquent,
des indications thérapeutiques de la classe II, 2 dans la prise en charge des DAM.
Autohypnose, une vraie différence au quotidien. Entretien avec Marie-Hélène Simonnet Garcia
Authors: Simonnet Garcia Marie-Hélène , Rozencweig Sophie
Published: September 2013

Cet entretien fait suite à une conférence sur l’hypnose médicale présentée aux Journées de l’Orthodontie en novembre 2012 par le Dr Simonnet Garcia. Le Dr Simonnet Garcia exerce l’orthodontie en Vendée depuis 20 ans. Ayant la réputation de former une équipe accueillante et patiente, les confrères lui adressent volontiers les patients anxieux, ou en refus de soin. La perte de temps étant non négligeable avec ces patients, le Dr Simonnet Garcia a développé depuis bientôt 10 ans des outils de communication et des techniques d’accueil pour rendre plus confortable le temps du soin, tout en maintenant ou en améliorant la rentabilité de son cabinet.
Observation of water and solute movement in a saline, bare soil, groundwater seepage area, Western Australia. Part 1: Movement of water in near-surface soils in summer
Authors: Shimojima Eiichi , Tamagawa Ichiro , Horiuchi Masato , Woodbury Robert J. , Turner Jeffrey V.
Published: September 2013

In order to elucidate the relationship between evaporation, salinisation, and annual water and salt balances in semi-arid and arid regions, hydrological and meteorological observations were undertaken over 3 years in a small, salinised, bare-soil, groundwater seepage area in Western Australia. This paper focuses on water behaviour near a bare saline soil surface during the dry summer. Analysis of observed data on soil vapour density using a vapour diffusion transfer model can account for the daily upward vapour flux from the soil surface that occurs in midsummer. The dry soil undergoes cycles of drying during the day, accompanied by salt crust formation and wetting during the night. In late summer, the same zones show a wetting trend owing to a marked atmospheric vapour invasion and condensation at night regardless of evaporation during daytime. The daily average vapour flux at the ground surface in mid- and late-summer, respectively, estimated through the vapour transfer model in the dry soil layer was ~0.35 and 0.03 mm/day. Comparison of vapour fluxes at the ground surface measured with a portable surface evaporimeter with modelled estimates of vapour transport in soil showed agreement of the proposed model to field results at low wind speed, but not at the higher wind speeds. This identifies the active role of turbulent surface wind speed on vapour transfer in the dry soil layer below the ground surface.
Anadromous Sea Lampreys Recolonize a Maine Coastal River Tributary after Dam Removal
Authors: Hogg Robert , Coghlan Stephen M. , Zydlewski Joseph
Published: September 2013

Sedgeunkedunk Stream, a third‐order tributary to the Penobscot River, Maine, historically supported several anadromous fishes, including the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar, Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, and Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus. However, two small dams constructed in the 1800s reduced or eliminated spawning runs entirely. In 2009, efforts to restore marine–freshwater connectivity in the system culminated with removal of the lowermost dam, thus providing access to an additional 4.6 km of lotic habitat. Because Sea Lampreys utilized accessible habitat prior to dam removal, they were chosen as a focal species with which to quantify recolonization. During spawning runs of 2008–2011 (before and after dam removal), individuals were marked with PIT tags and their activity was tracked with daily recapture surveys. Open‐population mark–recapture models indicated a fourfold increase in the annual abundance of spawning‐phase Sea Lampreys, with estimates rising from 59±4 () before dam removal (2008) to 223±18 and 242±16 after dam removal (2010 and 2011, respectively). Accompanying the marked increase in annual abundance was a greater than fourfold increase in nesting sites: the number of nests increased from 31 in 2008 to 128 and 131 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. During the initial recolonization event (i.e., in 2010), Sea Lampreys took 6 d to move past the former dam site and 9 d to expand into the furthest upstream reaches. Conversely, during the 2011 spawning run, Sea Lampreys took only 3 d to penetrate into the upstream reaches, thus suggesting a potential positive feedback in which larval recruitment into the system may have attracted adult spawners via conspecific pheromone cues. Although more research is needed to verify the migratory pheromone hypothesis, our study clearly demonstrates that small‐stream dam removal in coastal river systems has the potential to enhance recovery of declining anadromous fish populations.
Upper Thermal Tolerances of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout under Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures
Authors: Zeigler Matthew P. , Brinkman Stephen F. , Caldwell Colleen A. , Todd Andrew S. , Recsetar Matthew S. , Bonar Scott A.
Published: September 2013

The Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis is the southernmost subspecies of Cutthroat Trout, and as with the other subspecies, stream temperature regulates growth, reproductive success, distribution, and survival. An understanding of the upper thermal tolerance of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout is important for developing water temperature standards and for assessing suitable habitat for reintroduction and management. Hatch success of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout eggs was determined under static temperatures. The thermal requirements of fry and juveniles were also assessed under static and fluctuating temperature regimes using the acclimated chronic exposure method. Egg hatch success was 46–70% from 6°C to 16°C but declined significantly at 18°C and 20°C. Maximum growth of fry that were fed to satiation occurred at 15.3°C. The 30‐d ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature (UUILT) was 22.6°C for fry and 21.7°C for juveniles. Survival during fluctuating temperature experiments was dependent upon the daily maximum temperature and the daily fluctuation. The upper thermal limits for Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout were lower than those of Rainbow Trout O. mykiss but similar to those of other Cutthroat Trout subspecies. The low UUILT of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout relative to some salmonids may increase the risk of deleterious effects brought about by a changing climate, habitat alteration, and sympatric nonnative salmonids, which are known to outcompete Cutthroat Trout at temperatures above the species’ optimal range. Daily mean water temperatures near the Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout's optimal growth temperature of 15°C would be suitable for reintroduction of this subspecies. Depending on the daily temperature fluctuation, daily maximum temperatures within reintroduction streams and current habitat should remain at or below 25°C to ensure long‐term persistence of a Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout population. This information will aid in establishing water quality standards to protect habitat where the subspecies currently occurs.
Body Size and Growth Rate Influence Emigration Timing of Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Tattam Ian A. , Ruzycki James R. , Li Hiram W. , Giannico Guillermo R.
Published: September 2013

Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss migrate extensively in freshwater during the fall. We used individual tagging to study the spatial origin, influences, and outcomes of fall migration on fish that emigrated from summer rearing tributaries during the fall (early emigrants) and those that did not (late emigrants) in the South Fork John Day River, Oregon. Fall migration amplified body size differences between early and late emigrants. There were more early emigrants from a lower‐gradient stream than from a higher‐gradient stream. Early emigration was positively related to individual summer growth rate and fall body size. Oncorhynchus mykiss dispersed downstream into higher‐order streams during the fall. Early emigrants shifted to an alternative location and experienced significantly greater winter growth than did late emigrants that remained in tributaries. Early emigrants initiated smolt migration sooner the following spring than did late emigrants. Early and late emigration from the South Fork John Day River was associated with asynchronous emigrant‐to‐adult survival rates.
The Serious Century and Hedayat's Grim Laughter
Authors: Azadibougar Omid
Published: September 2013

Perhaps inspired, more than anything else, byThe Blind Owl's famous opening lines, the reception of the novel has so far been dominated by a dark view of the narrative. However, subtle inter-textual links and formal patterns in the narrative could help to read a radically subversive laughter in it which targets the novel's predecessors and readers equally and concurrently. This article engages the aesthetic qualities of the novel and attempts to account for and emphasize the literariness of the text in interpretation. By singling out a few inter-textual links and elaborating upon them in detail, the narrative's parodic laughter, its significance and the way it can change our appreciation of the novel are discussed.
The History of Ressentiment in Iran and the Emerging Ressentiment-less Mindset
Authors: Mansouri-Zeyni Sina , Sami Sepideh
Published: September 2013

Two dichotomies, one that resents the West and another that admires it, seem to have long polarized both Iranian intellectuals and the public imagination. Darioush Ashouri discusses this issue in terms of “ressentiment,” a term he borrows from Nietzsche. This study puts Ashouri's scattered views within a Nietzschean framework to form a coherent theory, and places it against the background of a brief history of ressentiment in Iran. It then argues that signs of a ressentiment-less young generation, mostly university students, seem to be appearing, and a certain kind of social behavior on Facebook and a work by the Iranian musician Mohsen Namjoo are analyzed as evidence of this emerging mindset.
The Rose and the Wine: Dispute as a Literary Device in Classical Persian Literature
Authors: Seyed-Gohrab Asghar
Published: September 2013

As everyone knows, alcoholic drinks, including wine, are forbidden by Islam. Readers of Persian poetry often wonder how is it possible that Persian wine literature is one of the richest in the world and whether the poets and authors ever address the illicitness of the wine in their works. This article examines how one author, Zangī Bukhārī, presents a catalogue of positive and negative qualities of wine in his Gul u mul (“The Rose and the Wine”). Through the genre of debate (munāzara), he shows how a courtly audience may have tried to justify the drinking of wine. The article examines the formal generic characteristics of such debates, showing how the form of the debate is rather appropriate to let forbidden objects or ideas, in this case the wine, speak for themselves thus defending their position in an Islamic society. entertaining in is richness in metaphors and imagery used by the wine and the rose to voice their superiority to each other, but it also addresses a rather controversial topic in an uncontroversial style.
Another Baltic Postcolonialism: Young Latvians, Baltic Germans, and the emergence of Latvian National Movement
Authors: Ijabs Ivars
Published: September 2013

This article looks at the emergence of Latvian nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century from the intercultural perspective of postcolonial theory. The writings of early Young Latvians, and the reaction to them from the dominant Baltic German elite, show that the emergence of a modern Latvian nationalism is to a large extent due to postcolonial mimicry, as described by Homi Bhabha. Attempts to imitate German cultural models and to develop a Latvian high culture lead to hostile reactions from the German side, which, in their turn, lead to increasing consolidation of Latvian nationalism. Since the Baltic German elite increasingly legitimized its rule in terms of cultural superiority, the Young Latvians’ alliance with the Russian Slavophiles led it to treat the Latvian nationalists as culturally inferior and partly Asiatic, like the Russians.
Longitudinal changes in cardiac autonomic function and aerobic fitness indices in endurance runners: A case study with a high‐level team
Authors: Da Silva Danilo Fernandes , Verri Samara Manzano , Nakamura Fábio Yuzo , Machado Fabiana Andrade
Published: September 2013

To determine the effects of preparatory phase training on aerobic parameters, resting heart rate variability (HRV) and 5‐km performance of high‐level endurance runners and the relationship between the percentage change (% change) of resting HRV with the % change of aerobic parameters and 5‐km performance. Six runners were assessed before and after seven weeks of training. The aerobic parameters were determined in an incremental test. The HRV was assessed by a heart rate monitor. Athletes performed a 5‐km running test in a track. The analysis revealed ‘likely’ and ‘very likely’ improvements for velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) (20.0±1.0 km·h−1 to 21.2±0.6 km·h−1) and 5‐km performance (18.0±0.4 km·h−1 to 18.9±0.7 km·h−1), respectively, as well as ‘likely’ decrease in high frequency (41.4±18.5 nu to 30.4±14.3 nu), and increase in low frequency (58.5±18.5 nu to 69.6±14.3 nu) band densities. The variation in the velocity associated with O2max showed the highest correlation with 5‐km performance (r=0.95). The % change in the square root of the mean sum of the squared differences between R–R intervals and standard deviation 1 were highly correlated with variation in 5‐km performance (r=0.69 and 0.66). Changes in the velocity associated with O2max and vagally mediated HRV were highly associated with 5‐km running performance within the investigated team. These results have important implications because these parameters can be assessed longitudinally to monitor adaptation to training.
Associations Compete Directly in Memory
Authors: Caplan Jeremy B. , Rehani Mayank , Andrews Jennifer C.
Published: September 2013

Associations are confusable when they share an item. For example, double-function pairs (with the form AB, BC) are harder to remember than control pairs. Although ambiguous pairs are more difficult on average, it is not clear whether memories for associations compete directly with one another (associative competition hypothesis), as assumed by models that incorporate associative symmetry (bidirectional associations). Alternatively, associative interference results might be explained away by: (a) item suppression hypothesis: competition only between memory for the two target items (A and C are both targets of B); (b) candidate competition hypothesis: The cue (B) retrieves two potential targets, A and C, which compete to be output. These alternative hypotheses could explain previous results in the related, AB/AC learning procedure. Our procedure included a large amount of interference that had to be resolved within a single study set. Participants studied sets of control (single-function) and double-function pairs and were asked to produce one or two associates, respectively, to cue items. Recall of AB and BC were negatively correlated and could not be explained away by item suppression or competition between simultaneously retrieved candidate items. Thus, competition can occur at the level of representation of associations, regardless of which item is the cue, consistent with associative symmetry.
Dissociating Number Line Estimations from Underlying Numerical Representations
Authors: Huber Stefan , Moeller Korbinian , Nuerk Hans-Christoph
Published: September 2013

Estimation patterns in the number line task are usually interpreted to indicate the (logarithmic or linear) nature of the underlying mental number line. However, indicators of the to-be-achieved linear representation may also be confounded with task requirements or strategies to achieve optimal task performance. In this study, we dissociated correct task performance from indices of a linear representation. Therefore, we designed an experiment in which adults and first graders had to learn number-to-space mappings of nonlinear functions. For adults, we found better fits of the corresponding functions than a linear function after just a few minutes of training. For most first graders, estimation patterns were not fitted better by a logarithmic function when they had to learn a logarithmic layout. Thus, estimation patterns produced in the number line estimation task do not necessarily allow for valid inferences on the underlying representation of number magnitude.
Adaptation to the spindle checkpoint is regulated by the interplay between Cdc28/Clbs and PP2ACdc55
Authors: Vernieri Claudio , Chiroli Elena , Francia Valentina , Gross Fridolin , Ciliberto Andrea
Published: September 2013

The spindle checkpoint arrests cells in metaphase until all chromosomes are properly attached to the chromosome segregation machinery. Thereafter, the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) is activated and chromosome segregation can take place. Cells remain arrested in mitosis for hours in response to checkpoint activation, but not indefinitely. Eventually, they adapt to the checkpoint and proceed along the cell cycle. In yeast, adaptation requires the phosphorylation of APC/C. Here, we show that the protein phosphatase PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates APC/C, thereby counteracting the activity of the mitotic kinase Cdc28. We also observe that the key regulator of Cdc28, the mitotic cyclin Clb2, increases before cells adapt and is then abruptly degraded at adaptation. Adaptation is highly asynchronous and takes place over a range of several hours. Our data suggest the presence of a double negative loop between PP2ACdc55 and APC/CCdc20 (i.e., a positive feedback loop) that controls APC/CCdc20 activity. The circuit could guarantee sustained APC/CCdc20 activity after Clb2 starts to be degraded.
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
Authors: Cooper Jonathan A.
Published: September 2013

Many neurons resemble other cells in developing embryos in migrating long distances before they differentiate. However, despite shared basic machinery, neurons differ from other migrating cells. Most dramatically, migrating neurons have a long and dynamic leading process, and may extend an axon from the rear while they migrate. Neurons must coordinate the extension and branching of their leading processes, cell movement with axon specification and extension, switching between actin and microtubule motors, and attachment and recycling of diverse adhesion proteins. New research is needed to fully understand how migration of such morphologically complicated cells is coordinated over space and time.
Habitat‐former effects on prey behaviour increase predation and non‐predation mortality
Authors: Gribben Paul E. , Wright Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2013

Habitat‐forming species can influence mortality on associated species via altering structural and non‐structural abiotic conditions. Importantly, these effects can occur simultaneously and in opposite directions, although how they contribute to the net outcomes for predator–prey interactions remain unexplored.

Seagrasses often have positive effects on associated fauna because their structure directly reduces predator encounter rates. However, we identified a ‘risky’ behaviour (shallower burial) in an infaunal bivalve at a high seagrass cover – likely induced by non‐structural abiotic change – suggesting positive effects may be outweighed by risky behaviours. We determined whether the physical structure of the seagrass interacted with burial behaviour of clams to determine the predation and non‐predation mortality and whether these interactions were mediated by the cover of the seagrass.

Surveys on an intertidal sand flat in Tasmania, Australia showed that the highest densities of a dominant bivalve, Katelysia scalarina, occurred at low (33%) seagrass cover, but the lowest densities and the highest proportion of unburied clams occurred at high (100%) cover. A field experiment manipulating burial depth, seagrass cover and predator access demonstrated that unburied clams suffered very high predation and non‐predation mortality compared to buried clams (~4x higher), which outweighed any positive effects of the seagrass structure in reducing predator access. Being unburied also had non‐lethal consequences with surviving unburied clams having a reduced tissue biomass compared to buried clams.

In this system, predation was driven by the availability of prey when they undertake a risky behaviour (shallow burial). However, significant changes in behaviour may only occur once a threshold of habitat‐former density is reached. In this instance, changes in behaviour were likely due to seagrass effects on sediment redox potential, which decreased significantly above 33% seagrass cover.

Our findings demonstrate that the negative effects of a habitat‐former on the behaviour of associated species, via alteration of non‐structural abiotic conditions, can outweigh any positive effects provided by increasing habitat structure as is commonly reported for habitat‐formers.
Demographic responses of a site‐faithful and territorial predator to its fluctuating prey: long‐tailed skuas and arctic lemmings
Authors: Barraquand Frédéric , Høye Toke T. , Henden John‐André , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Gilg Olivier , Schmidt Niels M. , Sittler Benoît , Ims Rolf A.
Published: September 2013

Environmental variability, through interannual variation in food availability or climatic variables, is usually detrimental to population growth. It can even select for constancy in key life‐history traits, though some exceptions are known. Changes in the level of environmental variability are therefore important to predict population growth or life‐history evolution. Recently, several cyclic vole and lemming populations have shown large dynamical changes that might affect the demography or life‐histories of rodent predators.

Skuas constitute an important case study among rodent predators, because of their strongly saturating breeding productivity (they lay only two eggs) and high degree of site fidelity, in which they differ from nomadic predators raising large broods in good rodent years. This suggests that they cannot capitalize on lemming peaks to the same extent as nomadic predators and might be more vulnerable to collapses of rodent cycles.

We develop a model for the population dynamics of long‐tailed skuas feeding on lemmings to assess the demographic consequences of such variable and non‐stationary prey dynamics, based on data collected in NE Greenland. The model shows that populations of long‐tailed skua sustain well changes in lemming dynamics, including temporary collapses (e.g. 10 years). A high floater‐to‐breeder ratio emerges from rigid territorial behaviour and a long‐life expectancy, which buffers the impact of adult abundance's decrease on the population reproductive output.

The size of the floater compartment is affected by changes in both mean and coefficient of variation of lemming densities (but not cycle amplitude and periodicity per se). In Greenland, the average lemming density is below the threshold density required for successful breeding (including during normally cyclic periods). Due to Jensen's inequality, skuas therefore benefit from lemming variability; a positive effect of environmental variation.

Long‐tailed skua populations are strongly adapted to fluctuating lemming populations, an instance of demographic lability in the reproduction rate. They are also little affected by poor lemming periods, if there are enough floaters, or juveniles disperse to neighbouring populations. The status of Greenland skua populations therefore strongly depends upon floater numbers and juvenile movements, which are not known. This reveals a need to intensify colour‐ringing efforts on the long‐tailed skua at a circumpolar scale.
Selection, use, choice and occupancy: clarifying concepts in resource selection studies
Authors: Lele Subhash R. , Merrill Evelyn H. , Keim Jonah , Boyce Mark S.
Published: September 2013

During the last decade, there has been a proliferation of statistical methods for studying resource selection by animals. While statistical techniques are advancing at a fast pace, there is confusion in the conceptual understanding of the meaning of various quantities that these statistical techniques provide.

Terms such as selection, choice, use, occupancy and preference often are employed as if they are synonymous. Many practitioners are unclear about the distinctions between different concepts such as ‘probability of selection,’ ‘probability of use,’ ‘choice probabilities’ and ‘probability of occupancy’.

Similarly, practitioners are not always clear about the differences between and relevance of ‘relative probability of selection’ vs. ‘probability of selection’ to effective management.

Practitioners also are unaware that they are using only a single statistical model for modelling resource selection, namely the exponential probability of selection, when other models might be more appropriate. Currently, such multimodel inference is lacking in the resource selection literature.

In this paper, we attempt to clarify the concepts and terminology used in animal resource studies by illustrating the relationships among these various concepts and providing their statistical underpinnings.
Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention in occupational therapists working in mental health
Authors: Scanlan Justin Newton , Still Megan
Published: September 2013

Background/aim

Employee wellbeing is an important issue for mental health services. Poor employee wellbeing (i.e., high levels of burnout or low job satisfaction) is associated with poorer consumer outcomes and higher staff turnover. This study set out to examine factors related to job satisfaction, turnover intention and burnout in a group of occupational therapists in mental health.

Method

Thirty‐four occupational therapists (response rate approximately 60%) in a metropolitan public mental health service participated in a whole‐of‐service workforce survey. The survey included measures of job satisfaction, turnover intention, burnout, job hindrances, job challenges and job resources and questions about positive and negative aspects of positions and factors that attracted employees to their current position.

Results

Burnout was associated with lower job satisfaction and higher turnover intention. Higher job satisfaction was associated with rewards (remuneration and recognition) as well as cognitively challenging work. The variables most significantly associated with poorer wellbeing (higher turnover intention and burnout) were recipient contact demands (perception that contact with service users or families was demanding), and feelings of stress or fatigue.

Conclusion

This study provides a detailed analysis of factors associated with job satisfaction, turnover intention and burnout in a group of occupational therapists working in mental health. To promote workforce wellbeing and enhanced retention, interventions to minimise burnout should be implemented and evaluated. These strategies should focus on enhancing job resources such as supervisor support, feedback and participation in decision making as well as building the personal resilience of occupational therapists working in mental health.
Cognitive assessment across the continuum of care: The importance of occupational performance‐based assessment for individuals post‐stroke and traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sansonetti Danielle , Hoffmann Tammy
Published: September 2013

Background/aim

When working with individuals following stroke or traumatic brain injury, an important role of the occupational therapist is to assess the impact of cognitive impairment on their ability to engage in occupations and resume important life roles. The aim of this study was to survey therapists' reasons for selection of and challenges with using various cognitive assessment approaches, across the continuum of care, when working with individuals following stroke and traumatic brain injury.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey, completed via post or online, with responses from 209 Australian occupational therapists was conducted. Participants included clinicians working in acute, inpatient rehabilitation and community settings.

Results

Occupational performance‐based assessments were ranked as the most important assessment method, with 69% of participants reporting using these assessments for more than 75% of their clients with cognitive impairment. Participants identified the lack of quantitative data provided by these assessments as a frequent challenge. The identification of cognitive deficits was the highest ranked reason for using cognitive screens and batteries. Challenges identified with using cognitive screens and batteries included difficulty linking assessment results to occupational performance, and difficulty using results to generate intervention strategies. The majority of participants reported using a combined approach to assessment, and used screens and batteries to support findings of occupational performance‐based assessments.

Conclusions

Targeted efforts to further incorporate standardised occupational performance‐based methods into clinical practice, research, and ongoing professional development is required to enhance occupational therapy services when working with individuals with cognitive impairment.
Designing ETPIMs around ECHR Review or Normalisation of ‘Preventive’ Non‐Trial‐Based Executive Measures?
Authors: Fenwick Helen
Published: September 2013

This article considers the transition in 2012 from control orders to more ECHR‐compliant ‘terrorism prevention and investigation measures’ under the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011. It argues that the interaction between security and liberty over the post 9/11 years has the appearance of a dialogue between courts and the executive that has resulted in a diminution in the repressive character of non‐trial based preventive measures. But such an impression, it will be contended, is obscuring the recalibration of ECHR rights that has occurred, easing the path to the introduction of the enhanced version of TPIMs, under the Enhanced Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Bill. The proposed ETPIMs exhibit many of the objectionable features of control orders and are currently ready to introduce if the threat level rises.
Redfearn v UK: Political Association and Dismissal
Authors: Collins Hugh , Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: September 2013

In Redfearn v UK the European Court of Human Rights examined the question whether dismissal for membership of a political party is compatible with freedom of association under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court endorsed a strong commitment to multi‐party democracy and protection of employees against the domination of the employers. This note discusses the judgment and its implications for UK law, looking at three key issues: first, whether the law of unfair dismissal provides effective protection against action that poses a threat to the enjoyment of Convention rights; second, the grounds under which an employer may justify the lawfulness of a dismissal that interferes with a Convention right; third, the available remedies against the employer when there is a breach of a Convention right.
Richall Holdings v Fitzwilliam: Malory v Cheshire Homes and the LRA 2002
Authors: Lees Emma
Published: September 2013

Richall Holdings v Fitzwilliam, holds that Malory v Cheshire Homes is binding in relation to the Land Registration Act 2002. Newey J saw himself as bound by that decision because he could find no relevant distinction between the provisions of the Land Registration Act 1925, and the Land Registration Act 2002. There are however significant differences in the general system of registration that is established. In particular the different roles of section 20 LRA 1925, and section 29 LRA 2002 mean that Malory was not binding and indeed ought not to have been followed. In addition, the treatment of the priorities rules in Richall misinterprets section 29 LRA 2002. Finally, the decision by‐passes the rectification and indemnity provisions of schedules 4 and 8. The decision ought to be overruled.
Integration and Control: The Governing of Urban Marginality in Western Europe
Authors: Uitermark Justus
Published: September 2013

Drawing on the figurational sociology of Norbert Elias and the Foucauldian governmentality approach, this article outlines the political rationalities and governmental technologies pertaining to the territorial governance of urban marginality in Western Europe. Whereas many authors have suggested that segregation is key to the governing of urban marginality in the USA and perhaps the post‐industrial city generally, I suggest that, at least in Western Europe, marginality is governed through integration. The argument is illustrated with examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Belgium.
Risk, interest groups and the definition of crisis: the case of volcanic ash
Authors: Hutter Bridget M. , Lloyd‐Bostock Sally
Published: September 2013

This paper considers a key aspect of the ‘risk society’ thesis: the belief that we should be able to manage risks and control the world around us. In particular it focuses on the interface between risk and risk events as socially constructed and the insights that ‘critical situations’ give us into ‘the routine and mundane’, the otherwise taken for granted assumptions underlying risk regulation. It does this with reference to the events precipitated by theApril 2010 volcanic eruption in theEyjafjallajökull area ofIceland. The resulting cloud of volcanic ash spread acrossEurope and much ofEurope's airspace was closed to civil aviation for six days, with far reaching consequences including huge financial losses for airlines. The social processes of defining and reacting to risk and crisis both reveal and generate dilemmas and challenges in regulation. This paper examines the role of different interest groups in defining risk expectations and thereby redefining the ash crisis as a regulatory crisis.
Mutualism, resource competition and opposing movements amongTurkish organizations inAmsterdam andBerlin, 1965–2000
Authors: Vermeulen Floris
Published: September 2013

This article seeks to understand environmental effects on associational interdependencies, be they competitive or collaborative, in a polarized organizational population. To do so, it builds on the density‐dependent model and the ecology of ideologies. Especially interested in the effect of context on density‐dependent processes,Icompare differentTurkish ideological movements inAmsterdam andBerlin.Amsterdam represents an open and supportive environment for such movements, whereasBerlin constitutes a more closed and hostile one. By analysing the founding and disbanding rates ofTurkish immigrant organizations inAmsterdam andBerlin during the period 1965–2000, the article demonstrates how the increasing density ofTurkish ideologies has affected interdependencies in two main ways: by heightening competition, particularly between ideologically similar organizations, and by increasing counter activities between opposing movements. It also shows that the influence of context is limited. An open environment does not significantly influence the vitality rates of ideologies or further collaboration among or between them. On the contrary, it seemingly increases competition and fragmentation because more resources and opportunities are available. More signs of collaboration and mutualism are found inBerlin's closed environment.
Effective Punishment Needs Legitimacy
Authors: Zheng Xiaoting , Nie Puyan
Published: September 2013

Perverse punishment may hinder cooperation. Perverse punishment includes retaliation punishment and non‐retaliation punishment, hereafter other perverse punishment. We design two treatments of contributing to a public good: anonymous punishment (AP) and public punisherIDto the punishee (PPID) treatments. Retaliation is possible inPPID, but not inAP.PPIDdoes generate more retaliation punishments. We also find that contributions inPPIDare relatively stable across different group sizes, while voluntary contributions mechanism (VCM) andAPare more sensitive to changes in group size. We explain the effectiveness of the punishment scheme by the legitimacy of a punishment. InPPID, the possibility of retaliation makes a subject deliberate more on the legitimacy of a punishment when he/she is contemplating imposing one, which leads to less perverse punishment and a higher level of cooperation in our experiment. This effect is more prominent in larger groups when targeting the punisher becomes harder without knowing the punisher'sIDinAP. In particular, while the effect of whether a subject is punished on the increment of contribution is not statistically significant, the number of punishers does increase the amount of contribution significantly.
Initial large diameter of common bile duct is associated with long‐term dilatation of bile duct after endoscopic extraction of stones
Authors: Kim Chang Whan , Chang Jae Hyuck , Lim Yeon Soo , Kim Tae Ho , Lee In Seok , Han Sok Won
Published: September 2013

Objective

To investigate the time and extent of recovery of dilated common bile duct (CBD) after the extraction of CBD stones and to identify the factors related to the long‐term dilatation of the CBD after stone removal.

Methods

Data of 329 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic extraction of CBD stones from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Finally, 44 patients were enrolled in the study.

Results

The CBD diameter significantly decreased after stone extraction (P < 0.001). However, the CBD diameter in patients who were followed up for 1 week and longer and <1 week did not differ significantly. The diameter decreased more in patients with an initial CBD diameter ≥ 15 mm than in those with an initial CBD diameter <15 mm before stone extraction (P = 0.007), but the normalization of dilated CBD was less frequent in patients with a large initial CBD diameter. The factors related to the long‐term dilatation of CBD (>10 mm for >6 months) were initial CBD diameter, the largest diameter of CBD stone and endoscopic papillary large balloon dilatation. Initial CBD diameter was an independent factor with multivariate analysis (OR 1.754, P = 0.017).

Conclusions

The CBD diameter recovers rapidly after the extraction of CBD stones. An initial large CBD diameter before stone extraction is associated with the long‐term dilatation of CBD.
Inferring food web structure from predator–prey body size relationships
Authors: Gravel Dominique , Poisot Timothée , Albouy Camille , Velez Laure , Mouillot David
Published: September 2013

Current global changes make it important to be able to predict which interactions will occur in the emerging ecosystems. Most of the current methods to infer the existence of interactions between two species require a good knowledge of their behaviour or a direct observation of interactions. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by developing a method, inspired from the niche model of food web structure, using the statistical relationship between predator and prey body size to infer the matrix of potential interactions among a pool of species.

The novelty of our approach is to infer, for any species of a given species pool, the three species‐specific parameters of the niche model. The method applies to both local and metaweb scales. It allows one to evaluate the feeding interactions of a new species entering the community.

We find that this method gives robust predictions of the structure of food webs and that its efficiency is increased when the strength of the body–size relationship between predators and preys increases.

We finally illustrate the potential of the method to infer the metaweb structure of pelagic fishes of the Mediterranean sea under different global change scenarios.
A China–New Zealand comparison of forgiveness
Authors: Hook Joshua N. , Worthington Everett L. , Davis Don E. , Watkins David , Hui Eadaoin , Luo Wenshu , Fu Hong , Shulruf Boaz , Morris Paul , Reyna Samuel H.
Published: September 2013

The present study examined the practice of forgiveness among participants from China (N = 172) and New Zealand (N = 91). We tested a theoretical model describing the relationships between collectivism, individualism, and forgiveness. Participants from China were more collectivistic and less individualistic than were participants from New Zealand. Overall, participants from New Zealand were more forgiving than were participants from China. Collectivism was positively related to decisional forgiveness in Chinese participants. Decisional forgiveness independently predicted conciliatory behaviour among participants from China, but this was not the case for participants from New Zealand. Thus, the hypothesized model received qualified support.
Reproductive Rights and Informed Consent: Toward a More Inclusive Discourse
Authors: Mollen Debra
Published: September 2013

In the past 2 years, a record number of abortion restrictions have been proposed and enacted in the United States. Such restrictions include parental notification and consent laws, mandatory waiting periods, preabortion counseling, sonogram requirements, and restrictions on late‐term abortions. These restrictions are often positioned in the language of informed consent with legislators and policymakers asserting that women regret abortions, are physically and psychologically harmed by them, and are advantaged by continuing their pregnancies to term. In this paper, I position these restrictions, as well as ideas about parenting, within a framework of pronatalism, an ideology that venerates parenting as normative and desirable, and generally disparages other choices surrounding reproductive choices, particularly for women. Research about the incidence and impact of abortion on women's lives, as well as the physiological, psychological, financial, and other effects of pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting on adults’ well‐being, is presented. Myths pertaining to abortion and parenting are explored. Recommendations for psychologists conclude the article.