bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of Psychosocial Stressors Scale for Lawyers (PSSL)
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Nadeem Arif , Khawar Rabia
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Psychosocial stressors are common among lawyers but there is no indigenous scale available to measure psychosocial stressors in Pakistani lawyers.
Methodology: In the present research, a phenomenological exploration was carried out through individual interviews with 20 lawyers to explore the indigenous psychosocial stressors faced by the lawyers making an initial item pool of 49 statements. After the exclusion of repeated items and rephrasing the ambiguous ones, 41 items were retained for expert validation. 12 experts including senior practicing lawyers and psychologists ascertained the content validity of the 41 items and 36 items were retained after this phase. A pilot testing was carried out on 15 conveniently sampled was carried out and after finding the list of these statements user-friendly, the list of 36 statements was converted into a 5-point self-report measure ready for the final and main study. Finally, this self-report measure named the Psychosocial Stressors Scale for Lawyers (PSSL) along with a Demographic Sheet was administered on a sample of 227 layers (M age= 36.35 SD= 8.70) selected using a convenient sampling technique.
Findings: The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed 5 factors of PSSL i.e., Work-related Stressors, Social Stressors, Financial Stressors, Health-related Stressors, and Familial Stressors. This scale was found to have high internal consistency (α= .78 to .92) and test-retest reliability (r= .86, p< .001) with significant inter-factor and factor-total correlations (r= .65 to .81, p< .001). The results were discussed in terms of the implications of the Psychosocial Stressors Scale in further research, assessment, and counseling services for lawyers.
Conclusion: The current study, as a ground-breaking effort in Pakistan, resulted in a reliable and valid self-report measure to assess the psychosocial stressors of lawyers. The five-factor model with acceptable factor loadings of all the items (i.e., greater than .40) provides strong evidence that PSSL is a multi-dimensional tool to measure the said stressors. The scale can be used in future research and can serve as a baseline in counseling/therapeutic plans developed to deal with these issues of the lawyers.
Sociolinguistic Factors behind Code-Switching at Micro Level in a Bilingual Society: Urdu-English-Punjabi Coexistence
Authors: Naveed Hajrah , Ghafoor Ayesha , Hussain Muhammad Sabboor
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aimed to investigate and explore the factors behind code-switching in a bilingual society at the micro level.
Methodology: The sample frame for this study was students of BS classes studying in different colleges in the city of Sialkot. The participants were 20 local bilingual students, male or female, randomly selected who were studying at the BS level in various semesters and disciplines. The data were collected from the participating students through a semi-structured interview.
Findings: The thematic analysis and the final results enabled us to identify various factors behind code-switching, viz., lack of competence in L2, to avoid misunderstanding, proficiency in the rules of L1, CS (code-switching) as a gap filler, lack of vocabulary knowledge in one language, to maintain privacy, to avoid taboo impact, to emphasize a point, to boast higher knowledge of English and due to market value of English.
Conclusion: The results are quite revealing as they prove that code-switching is an efficient strategy used by bilingual speakers to interact with each other and transmit knowledge effectively to bilingual listeners in classroom interactions. This study also hints at more areas to be researched, such as conducting social class and gender-based studies to explore other factors. It provides some implications for the English language teaching (ELT) community, including language learners, teachers, and curriculum developers.
Recycling of Textile Waste into Usable Textile Products
Authors: Sadaf Shama , Atiq Armin , Hassan Komal , Saeed Ayesha
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study is important as it reducing wastage of old clothes by recycling them properly. The aim of this study is to utilize waste fabrics in a very useful way through recycling. The new products that formed are Jacket made with old jeans as patch work, footwear made with old cotton and handbag made with old velvet through recycling.
Methodology: This study was evaluated by respondents’ point of view that was the students of LCWU of different departments through questionnaire.
Findings: It shows that it increases understanding of how waste textile materials can become more sustainable by recycling.
Conclusion: This study conclude that it boosts up creativity level while recycling textile waste into new textile material and also people spend less on new clothing by recycling textile waste.
Amalgam of Black and White: An Ambivalent Study of Shooting an Elephant
Authors: Ahmad Sidra , Qazi Ubaidullah Abid
Published: December 2024

Study Background: Shooting an Elephant is a story of an elephant who had gone wild and started destroying and engulfing the precious items of the locals in the town of Burma. Though it was not new for the Burmese as they have been stripped off and made powerless by the whites. They were worried about the situation and to test the dominating power of the whites they approached Orwell which resulted in the ambivalent nature of Orwell at multiple events.
Aim of the Study: The main aim of the study is to expose the ambivalent nature of Orwell when he is torn between what to do and what not to do so that he shouldn’t be laughed at. The researchers have also focused on Said model of Orientalism to determine the concept of self/other as experienced by Orwell and the Burmese population. Bhabhian theory of ambivalence along with the Said’s model of Orientalism is taken as groundwork of the study.
Methodology: Textual analysis is done to identify the concept of self/other. The text is read multiple times to decode the meaning of different words and finally it is established that Orwell does not want to kill the elephant but just to please the whites and to exhibit the dominance over the Burmese he had to kill the elephant just to manifest the idea that “if a person’s skin were light enough to “pass” as White then he or she was more than likely admitted into the society.” (Sanford, 2018, p.38).
Findings & Conclusion: It is clear by the thorough study of the text that when the elephant was destroying and demolishing the homes and surroundings, the colonized were not taking any interest which shows that the colonized were not interested in this oppression after getting used to it but when he was going to be shot, they were very glad because it represents that the butcherly British or the colonizers are declining and weakening and soon will be wiped off from Burma.
Objectifying Women: A Comparative Feminist Study of Mere Paas Tum Ho (2019) and A Doll’s House (1923)
Authors: Ahmad Waseem , Sultan Faiz , Abbasi Muhammad Ismail
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This paper explores the status of women in the patriarchal Pakistani and English societies as created by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar and Henrick Ibsen in their respective plays Mere Paas Tum Ho (MPTH) and A Doll’s House respectively.
Methodology: The research is qualitative and analytical in nature. The study analyzes discourse of the plays’ main characters, Shahwar and Helmer, by selecting such dialogues and phrases which refer to physical objects instead of human being. The selected population includes the female characters in Pakistani and British literary works. Using the Judgmental Sampling the Researchers selected two dramas. The primary source of the data collected for this study is drama itself. The researchers selected two primary sources in data. The secondary data includes, journals, articles, websites and dramas. Further, the study has used Textual Analysis as a research method for the data analysis.
Findings: Male protagonists of both the plays undermine the power of women who want to grow independently and indiscriminately. By applying theory of objectification, this qualitative study finds that the objectified and commodified women face challenges in their personal, social and marital lives. The study also shows that the works share the common literary effort to highlight women’s exploitation in multiple societies.
Conclusion: This study adds to the existing feministic interpretation of A Doll’s House by comparing it with the Pakistani screen play and categorizing the selected characters as “objectifiers” and objects. Though, the paper analyses the plays from feminist perspective, it differentiates the research by taking the plays’ interpretation beyond the understanding of the text as the mere feminist voice in favor of women’s’ rights.
Cultural Effects of Urdu Dramas of GEO and HUM TV among University Students of Narowal
Authors: Khan Muhammad Kamran , Malhi Afifa Tanveer , Ali Gohar , Manzoor Hafza
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The investigation of the cultural effects of GEO and HUM TV's Urdu dramas are from students of University of Narowal. The study was also done to examine if the results indicated that women accept diversity and alter their lifestyles as a result of watching Urdu programs.
Methodology: The researchers adopted quantitative methodology to explore the phenomenon of concern. A sample of 200 respondents is selected from Narowal using purposive and convenient sampling techniques. Convenience sampling is often used in the social sciences for data collection. Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability sampling technique used to selects units for the sample depending on how easily they can be reached by the researchers.
Results: According to 82% of respondents, Pakistani Urdu dramas foster cultural education. Pakistan's official language, Urdu, is frequently used in television dramas, which promotes language learning and helps speakers of Urdu develop their communication abilities.
Conclusion: The study concluded that Urdu dramas promoting local culture among the people especially youth. Youngsters like to watch TV dramas for entertaining and usually spend time on watching dramas daily. It is concluded that TV dramas have sufficient effects on lifestyle, entertainment, fashion, language, social values of youngsters.
Determinants of the Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Passion and Loyalty
Authors: Khan Zargham Ullah , Arshad Tania , Butt Jaffar Mehmood
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The importance of current study is to find the determinants of the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement on brand passion and brand loyalty.
Methodology: The sample size was 260. A survey instrument was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed using versions of AMOS 23 and SPSS 23. Structural equation modeling, path analysis, descriptive analysis, reliability, regression, and frequency were all used in this analysis.
Findings: The findings showed that factors such as celebrity endorsers' likeability, expertise, and attractiveness were crucial in predicting brand loyalty among consumers of clothing brands. The outcomes also showed that brand loyalty was positively impacted by brand passion. Ultimately, there was a significant positive mediation effect of brand passion on both brand loyalty and the likeability and attractiveness of celebrity endorsers.
Conclusion & Suggestions: This will be advantageous for companies that don't use company management or celebrities to promote their brands. All of the questions in this entirely quantitative study had predetermined answers and were closed-ended. Respondents are thus prevented from expressing opinions unrelated to the available options. Surveys could have been carried out across Pakistan if there had been more resources available. A worldwide survey, a mixed method approach and other variable like promotion, willingness to pay premium prices etc. may be used in future studies.
Discovering a Whole New World of Meaning: A Systemic Functional Study on Urdu Language
Authors: Arshad Aqsa , Tehseem Tazanfal , Arshad Nimra
Published: December 2024

Aim of the study: The current study aims at building the very first metafunctional profile of the Urdu language, and providing its implementation on Urdu discourse to unfold the significant meaning potential.
Methodology: To achieve the aim of study, Hallidayian (2014) metafunctions (interpersonal, experiential and textual level) have been implemented as a framework of study. The data comprises of twenty clauses taken from a short story “Lohay ka Kamarband” extracted from Urdu short stories collection “Urdu Adab k Mashoor Afsany” (2006).
Findings: The findings indicated that Urdu grammar projects four major patterns of occurrence of Mood (interpersonal meaning) due to placement of Subject. Similarly, Residue occurs on two major patterns which are majorly comprising of complement and sometimes adjunct. While, experiential analysis reflects that Urdu grammar has more material verbs which is 60% and after that mental process is dominant with 15% ratio. Finally, textual analysis reveal that topical theme is major and frequent in occurrence.
Conclusion: Summing up, the study unfolds how meanings are being embedded in Urdu grammar and how Urdu grammar reflects different metafunctional behaviors holding significant meaning potential layer by layer (interpersonal, experiential and textual), evident upon the metafunctional profile of Urdu grammar explored by the author taking Halliday’s model as milestone. Finally, Urdu grammar share very common features on metafunctional profile with that of other languages such as Urdu language projects Mood majorly in initial part of the clause also on experiential grounds majorly Urdu clauses reflect material clauses over any other process type. And there is a flow of coherence and logical sequencing which knits Urdu Themes majorly in the start of the clauses.
Parental Burnout and Marital Satisfaction of Married Individuals during COVID-19: Role of Gender and Family System
Authors: Naeem Nimra , Sadia Rayna , Khan Saira , Fatima Zaryab
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: With the pervasive spread of COVID-19, parental burnout has alarmingly increased owing to the conflicting parental responsibilities accompanied by deteriorating intimate relationship of married individuals. Thus, considering an increased possibility of negative evaluation of marital union among married individuals, the present study aimed to investigate the association between parental burnout and marital satisfaction. The study further examined the role of gender and family system across the proposed association.
Methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study, married individuals (N = 350) with age ranging between 25-65 (M = 35.42, SD = 9.29) were approached through convenient sampling method in this cross-sectional study.
Results: Results yielded negative association between parental burnout and marital satisfaction. Further, females reported higher parental burnout and marital satisfaction as compared to males. Additionally, parental burnout was higher among married individuals living in nuclear family systems and who were laid off from their jobs during the pandemic.
Conclusion: Taken together, the findings provide a thorough insight into deteriorating marital satisfaction which ultimately severs mental health of married individuals. This association is pertinent to understand as wellbeing and function of a family unit is at stake. Findings provide an insight to family therapists and policy makers. Results further indicated that family structure needs to be studied with coping strategies so that a comprehensive plan can be devised.
Exploring Gender Depiction in Outdoor Advertising Across Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Habib Tariq , Hussain Sajid
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aims to fill this gap by investigating how gender is portrayed in international, national, and local ads in both the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces.
Methodology: The research conducted using semiotic analysis as the method of inquiry. A sample of (n=360) billboards was selected using purposive sampling, and the study was grounded in Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of social semiotics and Charles Sanders Peirce's philosophy of signs.
Findings: The findings revealed significant differences in the portrayal of gender across different product categories in outdoor advertising, as well as differences between the two provinces. Women were often objectified, and gender stereotypes such as the idea that women should be responsible for household duties, nurturing roles, and male dominance were commonly depicted in both provinces.
Conclusion: The study highlights the need for policymakers and industry professionals to establish codes of ethics for gender representation in outdoor billboard advertising in Punjab and KPK.
Emotional Intelligence and Education: Positive Predictors of Marital Adjustment among Married Women Living in Joint Family System
Authors: Siddiqui Fozia Aamir , Jokhio Farhat , Siddiqui Shahana Mashooque
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The stability of a nation and society largely depends upon the marital stability of the peoples belongs to that society or nation. Unfortunately, there seems to be a decrease in the societal support to the marriage system. There are several reasons behind this issue, including youngsters less interest in getting marriage, fear from marital instability, divorce, and fear from taking the responsibility of a family. The study was aimed to investigate the role of emotional intelligence, and level of education in marital adjustment among married women living in joint family system.
Methodology: The aforesaid issue was investigated using non-probability purposive sampling technique on 50 married women having master’s degree, living in a joint family system after marriage belongs to Hyderabad city. Survey method was used for data collection through questionnaire technique. There were two hypotheses of the study. 1. Emotional intelligence would be the positive predictor of marital adjustment among married women. 2. Level of education would be the positive predictor of marital adjustment among married women. Variables of the study were measured with the help two valid and reliable instruments.1. Self –report measure of emotional intelligence scale. (Khan & Kamal., 2010). 2. Marital adjustment Questionnaire (Vaishnavi& Shalini, 2020) and personal information questionnaire was used for getting the demographic variables information about the participants. Mean, SD, and regression analysis was computed with SPSS Version (26).
Findings: Results of the study confirmed both of the hypotheses of the study. Findings of the study can be beneficial for the betterment of community.
Conclusion: The study concluded that emotional intelligence and education positive predictor of marital adjustment among married women.
A Comparative Economic Analysis of Maize Production Using Traditional and Hybrid Varieties of Seed: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Khan Mommen , Zakriya Muhammad , Ali Majid , Khan Assad Ullah
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Agriculture is the pillar of Pakistan’s economy. It encourages the development of other sectors and serves as a significant source of foreign exchange. The aim of this study is to explore a comparative economic analysis of maize production in District Swabi utilizing both traditional and hybrid seed varieties.
Method: A questionnaire was designed and used to collect primary data from 100 respondents who were traditional and hybrid maize growers in the three villages of Dagi, Maneri, and Lahor. For estimation using Cobb-Douglas production function.
Key Results: The findings show that traditional seeds cost Rs. 27905 per acre, whereas hybrid varieties cost Rs. 33705 per acre. The total revenues for both types of seeds are Rs. 29100 and Rs. 42600, respectively.
Conclusion: The R2 is 0.93, which means that Area, Seed application, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Plough, and Herbicides account for 93% of the variation in Maize production. When compared to maize production using certified and uncertified seeds, certified seed farming generates a net profit per acre that is 154.20 percent higher. The yield of certified seeds used in maize farming is 44 percent greater for the straw and 45.45 percent higher for the grain compared to non-certified seed production. It demonstrates that hybrid maize cultivation is much more profitable than traditional maize production.
Implication: Growing maize using certified seeds is more beneficial to the producer's welfare than growing maize with conventional seeds.
Exploring Forecasting Factors for Fashion Change in Young Adults of Pakistan
Authors: Sadaf Shama , Malik Sunia , Saeed Ayesha , Hassan Komal
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aims to investigate the aspects that Pakistani young adults consider when predicting changes in fashion. The study's goal is to identify the elements which are responsible to fashion change such as fashion knowledge, media, women's empowerment, parental education, and income that contribute to changes in fashion.
Methodology: A structured questionnaire was utilised to look into the variables affecting the changes in fashion. The study used a self-administered questionnaire approach to collect its data. The focus of the study is on young women between the ages of 18 - 25. There were 230 responses for the sample. The data was collected from universities students. The pilot study was also conducted to ensure validity. In this research study, the hypothesis is tested using regression analysis.
Findings & Conclusion: The survey's findings indicated that media coverage of fashion, women's empowerment, and fashion expertise all positively affect changes in fashion. The education of the respondent's mother and their family's money are also important factors in the evolution of fashion. Both Pakistani textile manufacturers and fashion designers will benefit from this study. Additionally, this will aid small and medium-sized businesses in planning and marketing their products.
Factors Influencing the Frequency of Female Sports Participation in Pakistan
Authors: Bibi Jannat , Lei Yao , Khan Alamgir
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study was primarily conducted to identify the factors influencing the frequency of female sports participation in Pakistan.
Methodology: The population of the study was comprised of female student-athletes from four (04) universities i.e., Government College (GC) University Lahore, Government College (GC) University Lahore, Faisalabad, Peshawar University, and University of Karachi. Data were collected through a self-made questionnaire with a type Likert scale.  Each university distributed 150 questionnaires. Out of 600 questionnaires, 400 were valid (66.67%). The collected data were processed through a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 26).
Findings: Based on the analysis, the researcher found that the lack of sporting facilities (18.8%), laziness (12.6%), social-cultural limitations (11.5%), religious limitations (42%) and parental constraints all are the basic factors affecting female sports participation. 
Conclusion: The study concluded that social-cultural limitations, parental influence, lack of facilities, lack of financial facilities and lack of interest are the main factors affecting female sports participation in Pakistan.
The War on Terror and its Implications on the Social Life of the People of South Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Pakistan
Authors: Khan Gulawar , Faiz Jalal , Khan Adnan , Ahmad Mansoor
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to examine the repercussions of the War on Terror, Tehreek-e-Taliban, and the armed operation on the social life of the people of South Waziristan with a focus on few of the basic elements of the Pakhtun code of conduct, called Pakhtunwali, such as Jirga (Council of elders), Badal (Revenge), Melmastya (Hospitality), and Nanawatay (Asylum/Begging Pardon) which have been affected to an extent that would not be restored soon. In this mini-war game the Mehsud tribe suffered the most and therefore, the focus will be the Mehsud tribe, living in the three sub-divisions i.e., Ladha, Sarwaikai, and Makeen.
Methodology: Besides secondary sources, this qualitative paper is mostly based on primary sources wherein n=30 unstructured but rigorous interviews were conducted by selecting those families who are internally displaced after the operation of Rah-e-Nijat 2009 (path to salvation). An open-ended questionnaire was prepared, containing 10 thematic questions, for interviewing the interviewees.
Findings: The paper found out that some of the elements of Pakhtunwali such as Jirga, Hospitality are affected negatively while Badal and Nanawatay reformed positively.  
Conclusion: It is concluded that the War on Terror, Tehreek-e-Taliban, and the armed operation left, both negative and positive, impacts on the social life of the people of South Waziristan. It would take to time to restore some of the practices of Pakhtunwali.
Exploitation of Teenage Beggars in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Sultan Hina , Khawaja Amina Obaid , Ishaq Ghulam
Published: December 2024

Objective. The current study qualitatively explored the phenomenon of exploitation of teenage beggars. It sought to understand the nature and impact of exploitation and the coping strategies adopted. Gender differences were also investigated.
Method. Semi structured interview technique was used to collect data. Eight participants (four boys and four girls) were selected through convenience sampling. Teenagers who were being forced by their parents to beg and lived with them in homes were taken. The collected data was analyzed through thematic analysis.
Results. After conducting rigorous interviews, first superordinate theme, “deprivation and disempowerment” accompanied by subthemes i.e., lack of fulfillment of basic needs, no control over earnings, and absence of love, was developed. Second superordinate theme was emotional and physical abuse including subthemes sexual exploitation, physical abuse, social and psychological maltreatment. Inferior social status appeared as third most important matter of concern for beggars. Further, participants reported passive coping styles like fatalism, venting emotions, sacrificing etc. to cope out this trauma. The findings revealed that both boys and girls were deprived of their basic needs, stigmatized, and abused by their parents and society. To some extent, boys were in better condition than girls.
Conclusion. Begging status has adverse consequences on teenage beggars as their parents have med it a profession and they are using their children for this nasty purpose. Moreover, it is not a matter restricted to any gender; it is the matter of exploitation of human beings. Government needs to take proper steps to save the adolescents from any kind of exploitation; otherwise, the future of teenage beggars will be darker than present.
Sociological Inquiry of Quality of Life and Happiness: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Mahmood Nehdia , Mahmood Babak , Chaudhary Ayesha , Malik Nazia
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective meaning of happiness and Quality of Life (QOL) from sociological perspective. Interpretive perspective was followed to understand the subjective meaning of quality of life and happiness. The study was conducted in Lahore city. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted by using interview guide that holds open statements. 12 participants were approached through purposive sampling technique. Thematic analysis was used to analyze subjective experiences about quality of life and happiness. It was found that subjective well-being and external living environment promote a good quality of life and happiness. Subjective well-being holds better socio-economic conditions for happy and unhappy life, while external living environment of social network and social relationship support a better quality of life. It was recommended that state must promote good living conditions for every walk of life and also enhance socio-economic status as well.
Rosemarie Tong’s Ecofeminist Perspective of Woman and Nature: The Roar Inside Her
Authors: Batool Nida
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The history of exploitation of women and nature is as old as the history of the universe itself and it is as relevant to the contemporary world as any other matter of critical importance. Ecofeminists have been highlighting and criticizing environmental injustice and gender inequality since 1970s, as these are afflicting our planet as a whole. This article aims to explores Susan Griffin’s Woman and Nature: The Roar Inside Her from Rosemarie Tong’s Ecofeminist Perspective. The article identifies women with the nature as both are nourishment for humanity and victims of male fury. Western Patriarchal philosophy and religion have exploited language and science to gain their dominance over both women and nature.
Methodology: The present study is qualitative and exploratory in nature. To conduct the study the researcher has made use of textual analysis method proposed by Catherine Belsey. To analyze Susan Griffin’s Woman and Nature: The Roar Inside Her Rosemarie Tong’ Ecofeminist lens is used.
Findings: The findings of the study reveal that Women are naturalized and nature is feminized in patriarchal civilizations. What men do to nature; they also do to women. The exploitation of nature and the enslavement of women are inextricably linked, and the freedom of one requires the liberation of the other.
Conclusion: The article concludes that both women and nature are victims of male fury as well as of modernization process. Although, the environment and women issues are debated internationally yet there is a dire need to execute the plans as seriously as they are highlighted in theory.
Analyzing the Impact of Monitoring on Performance and Mental Health of the Primary School Teachers in District Shaheed Benazirabad
Authors: Muhammad Arooba Rao Niaz , Dehraj Mehboob Ali
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The study was aimed to identify the impact of Monitoring on Primary Teachers' Performance as well effect of monitoring behavior on teachers’ mental health in Schools of District, Shaheed Benazirabad.
Methodology: The study employed quantitative approach and Creswell’s (2007) research design to investigate the phenomenon of concern. In addition, sampling contained the Primary schools teachers of Taluka Nawabshah, the random sampling technique used to collect data from (N=150) primary male and female teachers.
Findings: Results demonstrate that monitoring has mixed i.e., positive as well as negative impacts on performance and mental health of the primary school teachers.
Conclusion: Study concluded that Teachers’ performance decreases when monitoring assistants take their digital attendance. Teachers do not face any sort of embarrassment when monitoring assistants ask about professional skills. In addition to it, teachers' critical thinking does not decrease due to the visit of monitoring assistants. Regarding mental health, the teachers’ anxiety increased when monitoring assistants take their digital attendance.
Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Employee Productivity in Mega Projects
Authors: Butt Hassan Daud , Laeeq Kulsoom , Aijaz Urooj
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Projects are fundamentally cross-cultural in nature due to its team diversification and the outcome of different perception and understanding results conflicts. This dilemma of the teams are more evident when we talk about globalization because in the contemporary global business environment expansion into new markets, outsourcing, cross-border mergers, joint ventures, and mega projects are very common but challenging. This study highlighted the impact of cross cultural diversity on employee’s performance accompanied with the identification of gaps in competencies necessary to manage these mega projects. It also point out the need and importance of cultural knowledge for running any successful Mega project. It attempts to examine the impact of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) and mediating role of innovative work behavior on Employee Job Performance.
Methodology: For the said purpose, the data was gathered from 209 employees working in the telecom sector and analyzed by using a structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique.
Findings & Conclusion: The study highlighted the fact that, CQ has a positive impact on employee job performance via innovative work behavior. The study also provides practical and managerial implications in support of multicultural organizations working in international activities where people from different cultural background work together for the successful execution of any project.
Job Stress and Workplace Deviance with Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support; Study of Front Service Employees in Health Sector
Authors: Aqdas Tanzeel , Malik Fozia , Iqbal Sana , Pervaiz Sana
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between job stress (JS) and workplace deviance behavior (WDB) that is organizational deviance (OD) and interpersonal deviance (ID). The study also investigated the moderating role of perceived social support between job stress and workplace deviance.
Methodology: In this current study, the cross-sectional design was performed to collect data from (n=380) front service employees working in private and public hospitals in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data were collected through a questionnaire or online Google form survey.
Findings: The findings indicated that research data supported the proposed model of the study. Job stress and perceived social support significantly influenced workplace deviance forms i.e. interpersonal deviance but not supported organizational deviance. It specifies that job stress has a negative and significant relationship with interpersonal deviance. Results also indicate that perceived social support moderates the relationship between job stress and interpersonal deviance but don’t moderate between job stress and organizational deviance.
Conclusion: The practical implication of this study is that it is helpful for service employees (front service employee). Management should provide training to employees to reduce job stress through stress coping techniques. Perceived social support from supervisors and coworkers would help the employees to stop them from going towards deviant behavior. So, it can be helpful for future researchers.
Facebook as a Tool of Catfishing: An Analytical Study of University Students
Authors: Maheen Sidra , Ghani Abdul , Syed Anam
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aims to highlight the catfishing hoax by using the medium of Facebook where a catfisher simulates someone else by using other’s enchanting pictures to make someone impress so that he can easily plunder a target person due to digital vulnerability.
Methodology: In this study quantitative method has used with survey construction. In this study sample size (N=387) participants participated in survey to answer the questions using questionnaire.
Findings: Findings showed female responded more than male like 213 were female and 174 were male  they responded that catfishing phenomenon is occurring on different social networking sites but Facebook is an ideal medium for catfisher where there is no difficulty to impersonate the target person.
Conclusion: The study concludes that catfishing can be controlled by the help of law enforcement agency (FIA) and individual effort such as setting up strong passwords and stopping unfamiliar friend request.
Factors Affecting the Success of Social Movements in Pakistan: A Case of Women’s Rights Movement
Authors: Azad Muhammad , Ali Kashif , Waris Moazzam Ali
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The objective of this research study is to identify different factors that contribute to the success of social movements in Pakistan. It determines how the general public may influence government policies, as they are not included in legitimate channels of policymaking.
Methodology: A case study design is employed in this study. Primary data is collected from key informants of different social activists fighting for women's rights in Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty key informants. Thematic analysis is used to analyze the collected data and then themes are generated.
Findings: Different factors are identified including leadership, the effectiveness of targeted issues, legal cover, pillars of power, support of other social groups, funds to organize social movements, media coverage, modes of action, opposing elements, social influencers, and the size of movements that affect the success of a social movement.
Conclusion: This research has identified several important factors that contribute in the success of social movements. The policymakers need to address these identified factors in order to diffuse social movements. Identified factors that contribute to the successful social change enable activists, advocates, and organizations to create more effective tactics. Stakeholders may maximize their effect and raise their chance of attaining desired results by identifying and analyzing these elements.
Moderating Role of Self-esteem between Traumatic Events and Internalized Shame among Retired Army Officers
Authors: Shehzad Gulyana , Ahsan Sadaf
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The present study aims to investigate the moderating role of self-esteem on the association between traumatic events and internalized shame among male retired army officers aged 45-75 (M=54.9, SD=5.56) in the cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The study focuses on individuals with a BA/BSc degree or higher. The main objective is to understand the relationship between traumatic events, internalized shame, and self-esteem in this group.
Methodology: The study employed a purposive sampling technique to gather a sample of 198 retired army officers from the target age group and region. Data collection involved the administration of self-reported questionnaires, including the Trauma History Questionnaire (Green, 2011) and Internalized Shame Scale (Cook, 1991). These instruments were used to assess the participants' experiences with traumatic events and their internalized shame and self-esteem levels.
Findings: Results revealed a positive association between traumatic events, internalized shame, and self-esteem. Findings also yielded traumatic events as a significant positive predictor of internalized shame. Self-esteem was a significant moderator of traumatic events and internalized shame among retired army officers. The current study helped us identify information about diverse kinds of traumatic events experienced by retired army officers, and this exposure leads to a higher prevalence of internalized shame.
Conclusion: The research findings provide insight into the importance of self-esteem and the need to develop interventions to elevate the self-esteem of retired army officers to minimize a traumatic event's adverse outcomes further. In turn, it would help maintain the good mental health of serving and retired army officers.
Monsters in Disappearing Rain: A Digital Insight (Analysis)
Authors: Waheed Khadijah , Ahmad Sidra , Zaidi Mehwish
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: With its theoretical underpinnings in Jeffrey J. Cohen’s seminal works in monster studies the study is an attempt to extend the notion of monster in the digi-modern world and present the study that the digital world is also a monster.
Methodology: The study uses Catherine Belsey’s model of textual analysis to analyze the monstrosity in Larsen’s Disappearing Rain (2000).
Findings: The key findings of the study are that the digital world is a monster in that it is a cultural construct, evades capture and is policing the border besides carrying a fascination for the abomination.
Conclusion: The study’s contribution is more than this new interpretation of the colour, imagery, plot and the overall effect of a digital text as the monster, it also asserts that the digital text is monstrous in the sense that it enables monsters, turns ordinary persons into monsters capable of the most gruesome acts of violence through immersive experience and scary visuals.
The Influence of Leadership Styles on Employee Retention in the Electronic Media Industry: A Mediation Model Examining the Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Waseem Muhammad , Iftikhar Usama , Naseer Hassan
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The basic objective of this empirical study was to observe the impact of leadership style on the job retention of media workers of Pakistani news channels.
Methodology: A questionnaire was administered to 435 media employees, from 12 different news and current affairs channels, required to respond about their leaders’ style of leadership and about their job attitudes satisfaction, and retention. Data from 349 complete and appropriate responses were selected for the study.
Findings: Study results proposed that transformational and transactional leadership both styles have a positive and significant relationship with job satisfaction and retention. The relationship of Laissez-faire with job satisfaction was not significant but retention is weak and positive.
Conclusion: This analysis elaborates impact of transformational leadership is overall high on job retention through the job satisfaction of media employees. Finally, the study suggests to media leaders adopt the more appropriate style for the enhancement of satisfaction and retention of subordinates.
Elections of 1970, its Campaign and Results: A Case Study of West Pakistan
Authors: Noreen Kanwal , Naseer Riffat , Nasim Farhat
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research seeks to provide a detailed and analytical view of the elections of 1970s in terms of electoral campaign. It also aims to critically evaluate the party manifestos and results of smaller and larger political parties.
Methodology: This research is descriptive and analytical in nature. The data has been collected, analysed and narrated in a chronological order to conclude about the Elections of 1970 and more particularly about the electoral campaign of several left and right wing political parties. Both, primary and secondary sources including Legal Framework Order, Parties’ manifestos, their electoral activities, their election strategies and campaigns, election results and parties’ positions, Election Commission’s Reports, clippings of the contemporary newspapers etc. have been utilized in this research.
Findings: The study led to some interesting findings. The PPP which led a rigorous election campaign in two major provinces (Punjab, Sindh) won more than 80 seats from these provinces. The CML did not succeeded in getting as many seats as expected because it was lacking strong leadership and an attractive political program. ConML also tribally lost in polls because of its negative image as Kings party during Ayub’s Era. NAP as a leading left wing political party of West Pakistan based in NWFP relatively performed well in the provincial election held in NWFP. However, there was not a single political party who won majority seats from West Pakistan which ultimately led to the breakup of Pakistan.
Conclusion: The study concluded that that the PPP focused only on West Pakistan with its slogans of Socialism Other parties like JI, NAP, ConML, CML, JUP ran their campaign in both of the wings. Results showed that no Political party succeeded in securing two third majority with in the polls. A politically polarized Pakistan with a difficult task of transfer of power was waiting for the then political leaders. The postelection scenario also did not show any positive sign and Pakistan was disintegrated on 16 December, 1971.
Navigating the New Normal: The Impact of Covid-19 on Human Resource Practices in Pakistan
Authors: Zehra Shafaq , Faisal Tehmina , Iqbal Sobia
Published: December 2024

Aim of Study - Role of Human Resource Managers has always been in the process of evolution from being an administrative entity to becoming a welfare organism within progressive organization to being strategic and business partners, human resource departments have shown remarkable organizational resilience; in this evolution COVID-19 promulgated extensive challenges for organizations as it impacted lives, livelihoods, and economies worldwide and altered the way business and communities process. This research intends to explore the impact of COVID-19 on HR Practices across organizations in Pakistan.
Methodology - Data for the research was collected through online calls and telephonic interviews with Human Resource professionals employed in fifteen (15) organizations across Pakistan functioning in various industries through random stratified sampling. The structured interview designed with open ended questions to identify the major areas where Covid 19 impacted HR policies and practices.
Findings - It was found that various functions including Training and Development, Compensation Management, and Recruitment have been greatly affected by the catastrophe. The organizations were not ready to confront such a crisis, but once faced, the leadership promptly ensured all possible measures. However, with more focus on Digitalization, the role of HR has been re-defined amid COVID-19 making it more agile than ever.
Conclusion – With organizations adopting work from home and virtual means to connect, the role of Human Resource Departments has become significant in this Human-centric health debacle for navigating the organization towards ‘the new normal’.
Ethical Learning and Knowledge Generation through Poetic Language: A Quintillion Engagement with Charlie Hebdo in Charlie Hebdo and other Poems by Ejaz Rahim
Authors: Bokhari Sonia
Published: December 2024

Study Background: Poet today is supposed to be well-informed and crafty enough to gaze at contemporary issues to enlighten dogma dulled minds. Taking the case of poetry for effective knowledge generation, this study explores the poem “Charlie Hebdo” from Charlie Hebdo and Other Poems, (2022) by Ejaz Rahim, as a specimen of poetic art that can speak through history and social context to create the environment of a shared humanity.
Aim of the Study: The research aims to establish the relevance of classical theory of oratory with the contemporary human sciences both in terms of exceptional gifts of speech and excellences of character possessed by the orator.
Methodology: The nature of this study is qualitative and will be based on close textual analysis of the poem. It is a narrative research and textual references are given to substantiate the argument of this research.
Findings: The poem shall be read with reference to Quintillion Theory of Rhetoric, that defines what it means when “Good man speaks well” for the sake of effective communication. Roman Philosopher, Marcos Fabius Quintilianus, author of Institutio Oratoria expostulated this theory to define the prerequisites a speaker must have before he involves himself in the act of writing.
Conclusion: The study thereby helps to conclude in favor of a comprehensive institutionalized activity that can fully exploit the capacity of English poetry to meet the challenges of the rapidly advancing world and to catalyze the generation of new knowledge, based on aesthetic and ethical potential that Quintillion expects from his orator in his treatise.