bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Tensile Stress Effects on the Expression of Bone Sialoprotein in Bovine Cementoblasts
Authors: Yu Hongyou , Ren Yijin , Sandham Andrew , Ren Aishu , Huang Lan , Bai Ding
Published: September 2008

Objective: To develop a new cementoblast culture method and to detect bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression in response to high and low mechanical tensile stress in cementoblast in vitro.

Materials and Methods: Cementoblasts were collected from the roots of newborn bovine teeth and were identified with cementum-derived attachment protein (CAP) antibody 3G9. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay, and mineralization was confirmed by von Kossa staining. Mechanical tensile stress was applied in vitro to the cementoblast with the use of a uniaxial four-point bending system with 2000 or 4000 microstrains, at a frequency of 0.5 Hz for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 36 hours. BSP mRNA level was quantified by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Results: A large amount of cementoblast was observed to be expressing CAP. Cementoblasts had a proliferation tendency similar to that of osteoblasts but different from that of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Cementoblasts had the ability to become mineralized between osteoblasts and PDL cells. The mechanical tensile stress significantly up-regulated BSP mRNA expression, which reached a peak at 24 hours in both 2000 and 4000 microstrain groups (P < .01) and was tenfold and sixfold higher than that of controls, respectively. BSP expression dropped toward baseline levels at 36 hours in both groups.

Conclusions: Mechanical tensile stress up-regulated the expression of BSP. Low mechanical tensile stress induced earlier and more intensive up-regulation of BSP mRNA; this might represent the optimal stimuli for cementoblast activity.
Growth-Related Differences in Maximum Laterotrusion and Retrusion between Children and Adults
Authors: Reicheneder Claudia A. , Proff Peter , Baumert Uwe , Gedrange Tomas
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences between children and adults in maximum laterotrusion and maximum retrusion on the right and left sides.

Materials and Methods: This population-based study included 81 randomly selected children between the ages of 6 and 10 years and 67 adults. Kinematic variables were measured with the ultrasonic JMA-System for registration.

Results: The mean maximum laterotrusion of the children's group (10.6 ± 1.5 mm on the left, 11.0 ± 1.7 mm on the right) was significantly smaller than that of the adult group (11.7 ± 2.0 mm on the left, 12.2 ± 1.7 mm on the right). The maximum laterotrusion of the children's group corresponded to about 90% on the left and right sides of that of the adult group. The mean maximum retrusion of the children's group was significantly bigger than that of the adult group. There, the adult values corresponded to 66.7% on the left and 50% on the right side of the children's values. No significant difference in maximum laterotrusion and retrusion was noted on the right and left sides, and no significant differences according to gender specificities were observed in either group.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. In development of the temporomandibular joint, maximum laterotrusion on the right and left sides increases significantly with age, and maximum retrusion decreases significantly with age.
Caries Risk Profiles in Orthodontic Patients at Follow-Up Using Cariogram
Authors: Al Mulla Anas H. , Kharsa Saad Al , Kjellberg Heidrun , Birkhed Dowen
Published: September 2008

Objective: To analyze caries-related factors shortly after orthodontic treatment and to use the Cariogram computer program to describe caries risk profiles at follow-up in these patients.

Materials and Methods: One hundred orthodontic patients age 12–29 years, with a mean age of 17.5 years, were included in the study. They were divided into two groups (50 in each) based on their prebonding decayed, filled surfaces index (DFS). High (5 ≥ DFS) and low (2 ≤ DFS) groups were created. All patients were examined after debonding in the following order: interview, plaque score, caries examination, saliva samples, bitewing radiographs, panoramic radiographs, and intra-oral digital photos. All types of carious lesions in both the enamel and dentine were diagnosed clinically and radiographically and included in the DFS index. A paraffin-stimulated whole saliva sample was collected for estimations of secretion rate, buffer capacity, and number of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli.

Results: The low caries group (2 ≤ DFS) displayed a statistically significant difference and low values for the following factors, DFS (P < .001), lactobacilli (P < .001), mutans streptococci (P < .001), and high Cariogram percent (P < .001). The plaque index displayed very close significance (P = .051).

Conclusions: Patients with high (5 ≥ DFS) numbers before orthodontic treatment ran a higher risk of developing caries. They had significantly higher numbers of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli and had less chance of avoiding new cavities according to the Cariogram.
Effects of Corticision on Paradental Remodeling in Orthodontic Tooth Movement
Authors: Kim Su-Jung , Park Young-Guk , Kang Seung-Goo
Published: September 2008

Objective: To investigate the biologic effects of Corticision on alveolar remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 16 cats were divided into 3 groups: group A, only orthodontic force (control); group B, orthodontic force plus Corticision; and group C, orthodontic force plus Corticision and periodic mobilization. Histologic and histomorphometric studies were performed on tissue specimens on days 7, 14, 21, and 28.

Results: Extensive direct resorption of bundle bone with less hyalinization and more rapid removal of hyalinized tissue were observed in group B. The accumulated mean apposition area of new bone on day 28 was observed to be 3.5-fold higher in group B than in the control group A.

Conclusions: Corticision might be an efficient procedure for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement accompanied with alveolar bone remodeling.
Surface Characteristics of Orthodontic Materials and Their Effects on Adhesion of Mutans streptococci
Authors: Lee Seung-Pyo , Lee Shin-Jae , Lim Bum-Soon , Ahn Sug-Joon
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the adhesion of mutans streptococci (MS) to various orthodontic materials based on their surface characteristics.

Materials and Methods: Surface roughness (SR) and surface free energy (SFE) characteristics were investigated for nine different orthodontic materials (four orthodontic adhesives, three bracket raw materials, hydroxyapatite blocks, and bovine incisors) using confocal laser scanning microscopy and sessile drop method. Each material, except the bovine incisors, was incubated with whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline for 2 hours. Adhesion assays were performed by incubating tritium-labeled MS with each material for 3 or 6 hours.

Results: Orthodontic adhesives had higher SFE characteristics and lower SR than bracket materials. Orthodontic adhesives showed a higher MS retaining capacity than bracket materials, and MS adhesion to resin-modified glass ionomer and hydroxyapatite was highest. Extended incubation time increased MS adhesion, while saliva coating did not significantly influence MS adhesion. SFE, specifically its dispersive and polar components, was positively correlated with MS adhesion, irrespective of saliva coating.

Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. This study suggests that SFE characteristics play an important role in the initial MS adhesion to orthodontic materials.
Metal and Ceramic Bracket Effects on Human Buccal Mucosa Epithelial Cells
Authors: Pereira Betina R. , Tanaka Orlando M. , Lima Antônio A. S. , Guariza-Filho Odilon , Maruo Hiroshi , Camargo Elisa S.
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that metal and ceramic brackets have no effect on the epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa.

Materials and Methods: Two metal and two ceramic brackets were bonded in 21 individuals of both sexes. With the use of liquid-based exfoliative cytology, morphometric and morphologic changes in buccal mucosa cells adjacent to these brackets were determined and were compared at three time points: baseline (T0), 60 days after placement (T1), and 30 days after removal of the brackets (T2).

Results: A decrease in nuclear area and an increase in cytoplasmic area occurred in the buccal mucosa cells adjacent to the brackets at T1 (P < .01). At T2, this altered morphometry persisted only in cells adjacent to the metal brackets, although to a lesser degree than at T1 (P < .01). A greater decrease in nuclear area was noted in cells adjacent to the metal brackets than in those next to the ceramic brackets (P < .01). At T0, the proportions of surface and subsurface cells were similar, but at T1, a predominance of surface cells was observed (P < .05). At all time points, smears of cells appeared normal or normal with some inflammatory changes.

Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. Placement of metal and ceramic brackets in the buccal cavity induces cellular alterations. These alterations do not suggest malignancy.
Mandibular Rotation and Remodeling Changes during Early Childhood
Authors: Wang Malanie K. , Buschang Peter H. , Behrents Rolf
Published: September 2008

Objective: To describe the mandibular rotation and remodeling of younger children.

Materials and Methods: The sample included 43 males and 43 females who participated in the Bolton-Brush Growth Study at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. They were chosen on the basis of having Class I (n = 45) or Class II (n = 41) molar relationships and longitudinal lateral cephalograms at three developmental stages of the dentition: late primary (T1: 5.7 ± 0.5 y), early mixed (T2: 8.4 ± 0.6 y), and full permanent dentition (T3: 15.4 ± 0.5 y). Each subject's cephalograms were traced and four landmarks were digitized. Cranial base and mandibular superimpositions were performed with the use of natural reference structures.

Results: Yearly rates of true rotation, apparent rotation, and angular remodeling showed significant (P < .05) changes throughout. True rotation was moderately correlated with angular remodeling and apparent rotation. Although no significant sex differences in annual rates of rotation were noted, subjects with Class I molar relationships showed significantly more angular remodeling from T2-T3 than did subjects with Class II molar relationships. Rates of true forward rotation were significantly greater with T1-T2 than with T2-T3 (1.3 and 0.7 degrees/y, respectively).

Conclusion: Although significant amounts of true mandibular rotation and angular remodeling occur during childhood and adolescence, true rotation is greatest during the transition from late primary to early mixed dentition. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Craniofacial Morphology in Prematurely Born Children
Authors: Paulsson Liselotte , Bondemark Lars
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the craniofacial morphology of prematurely born children and that of matched full-term born controls.

Materials and Methods: White children 8 to 10 years of age, born at the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö and living in the same part of Sweden, were included. One group consisted of 36 very preterm children, born during gestational weeks 29 to 32; the other group included 36 extremely preterm children, who were born before the 29th gestational week. Subjects were compared with a control group of 31 full-term children, who were matched for gender, age, nationality, and living area. One lateral head radiograph was taken for each child, and the cephalometric analysis included 15 angular and 11 linear variables. Also, the height, weight, and head circumference of each child were registered.

Results: A significantly shorter anterior cranial base and a less convex skeletal profile were found among extremely preterm children, and significantly shorter maxillary length was noted in both extremely preterm and very preterm groups as compared with full-term children. The lower incisors were significantly more retroclined and retruded in the extremely preterm group compared with the very preterm group and the full-term control group. Extremely preterm children were significantly shorter, and both extremely preterm and very preterm children had significantly lower weight and smaller head circumference compared with full-term children.

Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected because several craniofacial parameters differed significantly between preterm and full-term born control children.
Lip Posture Following Debonding of Labial Appliances Based on Conventional Profile Photographs
Authors: Abed Yossi , Har-Zion Gilad , Redlich Meir
Published: September 2008

Objective: To assess changes in lip posture following debonding of labial appliances on the basis of a new soft tissue analysis performed by computerized tools with the use of conventional nonstandardized profile photographic pictures.

Materials and Methods: Profile photographs of 33 patients were taken just before and just after debonding of labial brackets. Pictures were examined twice through custom-made analysis in which Viewbox software was used. The validity of this new analysis was assessed in a preliminary study. A reference line was constructed between the center of the tragus and the outer canthus. The point where this elongated line intersected with the profile was coined nasion-modified and served as the vertex point for angles used to evaluate the prominence of the lips. The final position of the lines was determined when they were tangent to the appropriate landmarks. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests for paired differences were used.

Results: The reproducibility of this photoanalysis was confirmed in the preliminary study, in that no significant differences were found between measurements (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were noted in lip posture between pre-debonding and post-debonding pictures (P < .05).

Conclusions: In keeping with the design of this study, soft tissue profile photoanalysis showed that the presence of bonded labial appliances had no effect on lip posture. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Surgical Accuracy of Maxillary Repositioning According to Type of Surgical Movement in Two-Jaw Surgery
Authors: Choi Jin-Young , Choi Jae-Pyong , Baek Seung-Hak
Published: September 2008

Objective: To compare the surgical accuracy of the maxillary repositioning according to the maxillary surgical movement type (SMT) in two-jaw orthognathic surgery (TJOS).

Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 52 Korean young adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated with TJOS by one surgeon. Lateral cephalograms were taken 1 month before (T0) and 1 day after surgery (T1). The samples were allocated into maxillary advancement (MA), total setback (MS), impaction (MI), and elongation (ME) according to SMT. The distance from the upper incisor tip and the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the upper first molar to the horizontal and vertical reference lines at T0 and T1 were measured. Any discrepancy between the surgical treatment objective (STO) and the surgical result less than 1 mm was regarded as accurate. The accuracy rate (AR [number of the accurate sample/number of the sample] ×1000) and the surgical achievement ratio (SAR [amount of movement in surgical result/amount of movement in STO] ×100) were calculated. Analysis variance (ANOVA) and crosstab analyses were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Although the MS (69.2%) and MI (69.0%) showed a lower AR than the MA (87.5%) and ME (83.3%), there was no significant difference in the distribution of accurate and inaccurate samples among the groups. The mean discrepancy between the STO and the surgical result was less than 1 mm in all groups. Although the ME (93.54%) showed a tendency of undercorrection and the MS (107.10%) and MI (105.42%) a tendency of overcorrection, there was no significant difference in SAR among the groups.

Conclusions: If the surgical plan and procedure is done with caution, the MS and MI can be regarded as just as accurate a procedure as the MA and ME.
Posterior Crossbite and Functional Changes
Authors: Andrade Anniceleda Silva , Gameiro Gustavo Hauber , DeRossi Moara , Gavião Maria Beatriz Duarte
Published: September 2008

Objective: To assess, by systematically reviewing the literature, the functional changes of the masticatory muscles associated with posterior crossbite in the primary and mixed dentition.

Materials and Methods: A literature survey from the Medline database covering the period from January 1965 to February 2008 was performed. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and clinical trials that evaluated bite force, surface electromyography, and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were included. Two reviewers extracted the data independently and assessed the quality of the studies.

Results: The search strategy resulted in 494 articles, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria. Children with posterior crossbite can have reduced bite force and asymmetrical muscle function during chewing or clenching, in which the anterior temporalis is more active and the masseter less active on the crossbite side than the noncrossbite side. Moreover, there is a significant association between posterior crossbite and TMD symptomatology.

Conclusion: The consequences of the functional changes for the growth and development of the stomatognathic system deserves further investigation.
Osteoprotegerin and Ligand of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor
Authors: Tan Lijun , Ren Yijin , Wang Jun , Jiang Lingyong , Cheng Hui , Sandham Andrew , Zhao Zhihe
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that increased tooth displacement in ovariectomized rats is not related to differential expressions of OPG and RANKL in the periodontium.

Materials and Methods: Eighty-four 12-week female rats were used; half were ovariectomized and half were not. Three months later, the maxillary first molar was moved mesially. Groups of rats were sacrificed at days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 after activation. Tooth movement was measured at each time point. OPG and RANKL expressions were examined through immunohistochemistry.

Results: Ovariectomized and nonovariectomized rats showed three-phase tooth movement. In both groups, OPG expression increased at the tension area and RANKL increased at the pressure area. The OPG/RANKL ratio coincided with tooth movement, especially in the linear phase from 7 to 14 days.

Conclusions: The null hypothesis is rejected. The increased rate of tooth movement in ovariectomized rats was related to differential expressions of OPG and RANKL.
Effects of Different Chlorhexidine Formulations on Shear Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Brackets
Authors: Çatalbas Bülent , Ercan Ertuğrul , Erdemir Ali , Gelgor Ibrahim Erhan , Zorba Yahya Orçun
Published: September 2008

Objective: To test the hypothesis that the application of different chlorhexidine formulations to the etched enamel will not affect shear bond strength (SBS).

Materials and Methods: Forty-four freshly extracted human premolars were collected and stored in distilled water. The teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric and were rinsed and dried. The teeth then were divided into four equal groups. While Group 1 served as a control, Groups 2 to 4 were treated before bonding with a chlorhexidine formulation that included solution (2%), gel (1%), and mouthwash (0.2%). Orthodontic brackets were bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). Bond strength results were evaluated with the use of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P < .05) and post hoc tests. Modes of failures were verified by means of scanning electron microscopy.

Results: Although no statistically significant difference was observed between Groups 1 and 4 (P > .05), both were statistically superior to Groups 2 and 3 (P < .05). In this in vitro study, the observed measures for Groups 2 and 3 (14.5–10.6 MPa) were lower than those for Groups 1 and 4 (27.3–24.9 MPa), but these values were much higher than those required for clinical use (6–8 MPa).

Conclusion: The hypothesis is rejected. The application of chlorhexidine mouth rinse before bonding had no significant effect on the SBS value, and the application of chlorhexidine solution and gel significantly decreased SBS.
Holographic Analysis of the Initial Canine Displacement Produced by Four Different Retraction Springs
Authors: Kumar Y. Mahesh , Ravindran N. S. , Balasubramaniam M. R.
Published: September 2008

Objectives: To estimate and compare the magnitude and direction of initial displacement of the canine produced by four different canine retraction springs.

Materials and Methods: A freshly macerated mandible was used as an experimental model. First premolars were extracted, and strap-up was done with a 0.018 inch Roth Preadjusted Edgewise System (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). The canine was subjected to loads of 4 oz, 5 oz, and 6 oz, each applied by four different canine retraction springs, that is, closed coil spring, open coil spring, PG spring, and T-loop retraction spring. The magnitude and direction of the initial displacement of the canine were studied by means of double-exposure interferometry.

Results: The PG spring produced the highest initial displacement for a given force among the force systems used, followed by open coil, closed coil, and T-loop. Maximum tipping was observed with the open coil spring, followed by the PG spring, the closed coil spring, and the T-spring.

Conclusion: The T-loop may be preferred whenever minimal tipping is performed. The PG spring may be preferred over other springs whenever a higher magnitude of displacement is desired. Closed coil springs may be preferred whenever a reasonable magnitude of displacement is required and reasonable tipping is allowed.
Class II Correction with the Cantilever Bite Jumper
Authors: Moro Alexandre , Janson Guilherme , de Freitas Marcos Roberto , Henriques JoséFernando Castanha , Petrelli Nicolau Eros , Lauris José Pereira
Published: September 2008

Objective: To identify the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes that occur during Class II correction with the Cantilever Bite Jumper (CBJ).

Materials and Methods: This prospective cephalometric study was conducted on 26 subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the CBJ appliance. A comparison was made with 26 untreated subjects with Class II malocclusion. Lateral head films from before and after CBJ therapy were analyzed through conventional cephalometric and Johnston analyses.

Results: Class II correction was accomplished by means of 2.9 mm apical base change, 1.5 mm distal movement of the maxillary molars, and 1.1 mm mesial movement of the mandibular molars. The CBJ exhibited good control of the vertical dimension. The main side effect of the CBJ is that the vertical force vectors of the telescope act as lever arms and can produce mesial tipping of the mandibular molars.

Conclusions: The Cantilever Bite Jumper corrects Class II malocclusions with similar percentages of skeletal and dentoalveolar effects. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Stability of Mini-Screws Invading the Dental Roots and Their Impact on the Paradental Tissues in Beagles
Authors: Kang Yoon-Goo , Kim Ji-Young , Lee Young-Jun , Chung Kyu-Rhim , Park Young-Guk
Published: September 2008

Objective: To examine the stability of mini-screws that invade a dental root by measuring the retention period/failure rate, and to illustrate their effects on paradental tissues.

Materials and Methods: Three adult male beagle dogs received 48 orthodontic mini-screws. Half of the mini-screws were implanted to invade the roots, and the rest were placed in the middle of the alveolar bone. Half of the mini-screws were loaded immediately. The retention period of the mini-screws was documented. The dogs were euthanized after 8 weeks, and tissue samples were examined histologically.

Results: The failure rate of the mini-screws that invaded the roots was 79.2%, and that of the mini-screws in the middle of the alveolar bone was 8.3%. The application of force had little effect on the failed mini-screws. Moderately injured roots were repaired with osteoid and/or cementoid tissues with normal periodontal ligaments, followed by recovery of the original configuration.

Conclusion: Orthodontic mini-screws had a higher failure rate when placed to invade the dental roots. However, minimally damaged dental roots do not adversely affect the healing process. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )
Extensive squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lid
Authors: Jančar Boris
Published: September 2008

Extensive squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lid
“The Puritans of Today”: The Anti-Whig Argument of The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Ryan Michael
Published: September 2008

Abstract:

This essay explores the polemical context in which Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter. It pays particular attention to the Whig movement for moral reform in antebellum America, which sought to merge church and state. Democrats like Hawthorne took exception to this attempt to establish “moral government” in America. His novel argues for an ideal of personal freedom in moral matters and criticizes the Whig attempt to impose restrictive moral norms on human, especially sexual, proclivities that Democrats such as Hawthorne felt were embodiments of spirituality in nature. The novel refers obliquely to contemporary religious debates that have been ignored by scholars, such as that concerning Horace Bushnell's God in Christ, a book whose presence in Hawthorne's novel is palpable. Bushnell was put on trial for heresy in 1849, as Hawthorne was composing his novel. In the novel, Hawthorne enters those debates and takes the side of natural religion against the Whig ideal of moral government.
Enter the Schlemiel: The Emergence of Inadequate or Incompetent Masculinities in Recent Film and Television
Authors: Buchbinder David
Published: September 2008

Abstract:

Though a good deal has been written on the schlemiel, in literature as well as in film and television, its focus has been chiefly on the construction and/or critique of male Jewishness or, indeed, of Jewish masculinity. The figure of the schlemiel, however, may also be seen rather as representing the more general incompetent or inadequate masculinity that has become increasingly central to much film and television comedy — for example, much of the oeuvre of Ben Stiller, Napoleon Dynamite and American Pie, among the films, and, in television comedy, Everybody Loves Raymond and Kath and Kim. Linking Judith Butler's theory of gender as performative to the idea of “passing” to explore how traditionally masculine behaviours/performances may in fact be understood as ways for men to pass in a particular gender order, especially at a time when there is widespread cultural anxiety around a “crisis in masculinity,” this paper explores the ways incompetent or inadequate performances of masculinity are recuperated into the hegemonic (patriarchal) gender order and simultaneously subvert and weaken that order.
Support Vector Machine Quantile Regression for Detecting Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarray Analysis
Authors: Kim S. , Hwang C. , Lee J. W. , Shim J. , Sohn I.
Published: September 2008

Objectives:
One of the main objectives of microarray analysis is to identify genes differentially expressed under two distinct experimental conditions. This task is complicated by the noisiness of data and the large number of genes that are examined. Fold change (FC) based gene selection often misleads because error variability for each gene is heterogeneous in different intensity ranges. Several statistical methods have been suggested, but some of them result in high false positive rates because they make very strong parametric assumptions.

Methods:
We present support vector quantile regression (SVMQR) using iterative reweighted least squares (IRWLS) procedure based on the Newton method instead of usual quadratic programming algorithms. This procedure makes it possible to derive the generalized approximate cross validation (GACV) method for choosing the parameters which affect the performance of SVMAR. We propose SVMQR based on a novel method for identifying differentially expressed genes with a small number of replicated microarrays.

Results:
We applied SVMQR to both three biological dataset and simulated dataset and showed that it performed more reliably and consistently than FC-based gene selection, Newton’s method based on the posterior odds of change, or the nonparametric t-test variant implemented in significance analysis of microarrays (SAM).

Conclusions:
The SVMQR method was an exploratory method for cDNA microarray experiments to identify genes with different expression levels between two types of samples (e.g., tumor versus normal tissue). The SVMQR method performed well in the situation where error variability for each gene was heterogeneous in intensity ranges.
Formally Defining Medical Processes
Authors: Chen B. , Avrunin G. S. , Clarke L. A. , Osterweil L. J. , Brown D. , Cassells L. , Mertens W. , Christov S.
Published: September 2008

Objectives:
To demonstrate a technology-based approach to continuously improving the safety of medical processes.

Methods:
The paper describes the Little-JIL process definition language, originally developed to support software engineering, and shows how it can be used to model medical processes. The paper describes a Little- JIL model of a chemotherapy process and demonstrates how this model, and some process analysis technologies that are also briefly described, can be used to identify process defects that pose safety risks.

Results:
Rigorously modeling medical processes with Little-JIL and applying automated analysis techniques to those models helped identify process defects and vulnerabilities and led to improved processes that were reanalyzed to show that the original defects were no longer present.

Conclusions:
Creating detailed and precisely defined models of medical processes that are then used as the basis for rigorous analyses can lead to improvements in the safety of these processes.
Exploring Social Carrying Capacity Based on Perceived Levels of Crowding: A Case Study of Hanauma Bay, Hawaii
Authors: Lankford Samuel V. , Inui Yuka , Whittle Amber
Published: September 2008

This study explored the concept of social carrying capacity to identify an acceptable use level for a marine park reserve. Many studies have examined a social capacity of the outdoor recreation sites, whereas few studies have been conducted in the ocean recreation settings. The study
attempts to identify a social carrying capacity of a marine park based on the users' evaluation of crowding. Based on the perceived level of crowding, the results suggest that the use level of Hanauma Bay (the Bay) is exceeding capacity. This article provides suggested use levels to implement
a social carrying capacity management system.
The wildcard: A simple technique for improving children's target‐absent lineup performance
Authors: Zajac Rachel , Karageorge Aspasia
Published: September 2008

We attempted to increase children's willingness to reject target‐absent lineups by making identification and rejection response procedures highly comparable. Eight‐ to eleven‐year‐old children (N = 159) were briefly exposed to a confederate in the context of a staged event, and 24–48 hours later completed either a target‐present or target‐absent photographic lineup task. Within each lineup condition, children were either told to tell the experimenter if the target was not present (control condition), or provided with an additional photograph of a silhouetted figure with a large question mark superimposed (wildcard condition), and asked to point to this photograph if the target was not present. The wildcard increased children's accuracy on the target‐absent lineup without affecting their target‐present performance. In fact, performance was increased to a point at which target‐absent and target‐present accuracy did not differ significantly. These findings offer a promising, easily‐implemented intervention for reducing children's eyewitness identification errors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking the R‐to‐K shift: Changes in memory awareness across repeated tests
Authors: Dewhurst Stephen A. , Conway Martin A. , Brandt Karen R.
Published: September 2008

Participants studied lists of rare words and their definitions (e.g. the fleshy area at the base of the thumb = thenar). They were then given recognition tests in which they were shown the definitions and asked to identify the target from a choice of four. Participants categorised each decision as a remember, know, familiar or guess response and rated their confidence on a seven‐point scale. Recognition tests were administered 5 minutes, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after study. Remember responses dominated recognition on the first test but decreased on subsequent tests, whereas know response increased across successive tests. Familiar and guess responses peaked on the second test and then declined. Remember and know responses were associated with higher levels of accuracy and confidence than familiar and guess responses. The findings are consistent with the remember‐to‐know (R‐to‐K) shift and show the trajectory of changes in memory awareness across repeated tests. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligand‐Controlled Cross‐Dimerization and ‐Trimerization of Alkynes under Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Matsuyama Naoto , Tsurugi Hayato , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: September 2008

The cross‐dimerization of diphenylacetylene with trimethylsilylacetylene via CH bond cleavage in the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel [Ni(cod)2] together with a pyridine‐based ligand efficiently proceeds to give the corresponding enyne compound with good yield. In contrast, their 1:2 cross‐trimerization leading to a dienyne derivative takes place selectively using a triarylphosphine ligand. The regioselective cross‐dimerization of some unsymmetrical internal arylalkynes with terminal silylacetylenes is also accomplished using the pyridine ligand.
Branchiootorenal syndrome and oculoauriculovertebral spectrum features associated with duplication ofSIX1,SIX6, andOTX2resulting from a complex chromosomal rearrangement
Authors: Ou Zhishuo , Martin Donna M. , Bedoyan Jirair K. , Cooper M. Lance , Chinault A. Craig , Stankiewicz Pawel , Cheung Sau W.
Published: September 2008

We report on a 26‐month‐old boy with developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies, including many features suggestive of either branchiootorenal syndrome (BOR) or oculoauriculovertebral spectrum (OAVS). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) initially revealed a copy‐number gain with a single BAC clone (RP11‐79M1) mapping to 14q23.1. FISH analysis showed that the third copy of this genomic region was inserted into the long arm of one chromosome 13. The same pattern was also seen in the chromosomes of the father, who has mental retardation, short stature, hypernasal speech, and minor craniofacial anomalies, including tall forehead, and crowded dentition. Subsequent whole genome oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed an ∼11.79 Mb duplication of chromosome 14q22.3–q23.3 and a loss of an ∼4.38 Mb sequence in 13q21.31–q21.32 in both the propositus and his father and FISH supported the apparent association of the two events. Chromosome 14q22.3–q23.3 contains 51 genes, includingSIX1,SIX6, andOTX2. A locus for branchiootic syndrome (BOS) has been mapped to 14q21.3–q24.3, and designated as branchiootic syndrome 3 (BOS3). Interestingly, mutations inSIX1have been reported in patients with BOR/BOS3. We propose that the increased dosage ofSIX1,SIX6, orOTX2may be responsible for the BOR and OAVS‐like features in this family. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel synthesis of macrocyclic disulfides from poly(phenylene sulfide) by depolymerization reaction
Authors: Wang S. J. , Bian S. G. , Yan H. , Xiao M. , Meng Y. Z.
Published: September 2008

A new effective method is presented for the easier preparation of macrocyclics from poly(phenyl sulfide)by two steps: (1) depolymerization reaction of poly(phenyl sulfide) with Na2S in the presence of weak base, and (2) oxidation reaction of depolymerization products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of epoxy/phenol formaldehyde novolac/hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine hybrid resins from in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhang Xinghong , Zhou Boxuan , Sun Xueke , Qi Guorong
Published: September 2008

Based on the self‐condensation of hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), the condensation between HMMM and phenol formaldehyde novolac resin (n‐PF), and the addition reaction of diglycidyl ether of biphenyl A (DGEBA) and n‐PF, a homogeneous, transparent hybrid thermoset was prepared via in situ polymerization of DGEBA, n‐PF, and HMMM. No phase separations were observed even for the DGEBA/n‐PF/HMMM hybrid thermoset containing 40 wt % HMMM. These hybrid thermosets had high glass‐transition temperatures (98–127°C from differential scanning calorimetry and 111–138°C from dynamic mechanical analysis), excellent thermal stability with high 5 wt % decomposition temperatures (>322°C), high char yields (>24 wt %), and improved flame retardancy with high limited oxygen indices (>28.5). The excellent overall properties of these hybrid resins may lead to their applications in high‐performance “green” electronic products. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
‘Damsel in distress’‐ The tale of Miss Kerala, Puntius denisonii (Day), an endemic and endangered cyprinid of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot (South India)
Authors: Raghavan Rajeev , Prasad G. , Pereira Benno , Anvar Ali P.H. , Sujarittanonta L.
Published: September 2008

Denison's Barb, Puntius denisonii (Day) is an endemic and endangered cyprinid fish of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in peninsular India, which is the focus of an organized yet undocumented fishery targeting juveniles for the international aquarium trade.

Research on P. denisonii has been very limited and there has been no systematic effort to assess and monitor their abundance, distribution and populations.

Anecdotal and circumstantial evidence indicates a highly restricted distribution, low abundance, declining populations, low catch per unit effort and increasing market prices, providing evidence of an impending conservation crisis and the need for urgent management of wild stocks.

This paper reviews current knowledge, provides results from the authors' field study and suggests priorities for conservation and management actions for P. denisonii in the streams of Kerala.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships between macro‐epibenthic communities and fish on the shelf grounds of the western Mediterranean
Authors: Ordines Francesc , Massutí Enric
Published: September 2008

The present study characterizes the macro‐epibenthic assemblages, and the relationships between demersal species and benthic habitats on the shelf trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean).

The data used were collected during experimental bottom trawl surveys from 2002 to 2005. A total of 157 samples from 38–255 m depth were analysed.

Three macro‐epibenthic assemblages were identified in both the shallow (at 38–91 m) and deep shelf (90–255 m). Macroalgae bathymetric distribution was identified as the main factor explaining the segregation between shallow and deep shelf assemblages.

Two especially sensitive habitats were identified: maërl and crinoid beds; a third habitat was identified as Peyssonnelia beds, which represented the highest biomass on the whole shelf, with a similar species richness to the maërl beds. On the deep shelf, crinoid beds represented the highest biomass.

Habitat type had a significant effect on the distribution of demersal commercial species, most of them being more abundant in the two sensitive habitats mentioned and in the Peyssonnelia beds. Some species showed size‐specific habitat preferences.

Fisheries management in the area should take into account the resilience of these benthic habitats, and their importance from both ecological and sustainable fisheries management perspectives.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Studies on Antidepressant and Anticonvulsant Activities of Some 3‐(2‐Thienyl)pyrazoline Derivatives
Authors: Ozdemir Zuhal , Kandilci H. Burak , Gumusel Bulent , Calis Unsal , Bilgin A. Altan
Published: September 2008

In this study, the synthesis of twelve 3‐(2‐thienyl)pyrazoline derivatives are described. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by UV, IR, 1H‐NMR, mass spectral data, and microanalyses. In the pharmacological studies, antidepressant and anticonvulsant activities of these compounds have been screened. The antidepressant activities of the compounds were investigated by Porsolt's behavioral despair test (forced swimming) on albino mice and compared with tranylcypromine. Among the compounds examined, the compounds 9 and 12 showed significant antidepressant activity. Anticonvulsant activities of the compounds were determined by maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (metrazol) (scMet.) tests, neurotoxicities were determined by rotarod toxicity test on albino mice. Compound 8 was found to be protective against MES in the range of 30–300 mg/kg dose levels at four hours. None of the synthesized compounds showed neurotoxicity at 30–300 mg/kg dose levels.
Convenient Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New 3‐Substituted 5‐(Benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F. , Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A. , Ahmed Essam M.
Published: September 2008

The reaction of ethyl 4‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐2,4‐dioxobutanoate 2 with two moles of hydrazine hydrate afforded 5‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carbohydrazide 4a, while its reaction with equimolar amount of phenylhydrazine gave ester 3b which then converted to 5‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carbohydrazide 4b. Various new compounds such as imides 5 and 6, acyl hydrazones 7 and 8, bi‐pyrazoles 9‐12, and 1,3‐thiazole derivatives 14 and 15 were prepared from carbohydrazide derivatives 4a, b. The new compounds are tested for their antimicrobial activity. Compounds 2, 5, 7, and 8 showed antifungal activities against C. albicans. Also, compounds 2, 6, 8, and 15 showed antibacterial activities.
Application of a lanthanide composite nanoparticle‐sensitized luminescence method for the determination of salicylic acid in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma
Authors: Karim Mohammad Mainul , Alam Seikh Mafiz , Lee Sang Hak
Published: September 2008

Terbium‐acetylacetone (Tb–acac) composite nanoparticles were synthesized using the ultrasonic method. The nanoparticles are water‐soluble, stable and have extremely narrow emission bands and high internal quantum efficiencies. They were used as fluorimetric probes in the determination of salicylic acid (SA), based on the fluorescence enhancement of nanoparticles through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The influence of buffer solution was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained over the SA concentration range 5 × 10–7–1 × 10–4 mol/L. The limit of detection was found to be 2.5 × 10–8 mol/L. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for six repeated measurements of 1 × 10–4 mol/LSA was 1.75%. The method was applied to the determination of SA in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. We believe that the proposed approach has great potential for clinical purposes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and prediction of binding affinities between the human amphiphysin SH3 domain and its peptide ligands using genetic algorithm‐Gaussian processes
Authors: Zhou Peng , Tian Feifei , Chen Xiang , Shang Zhicai
Published: September 2008

In this article, we discuss the application of the Gaussian process (GP) and other statistical methods (PLS, ANN, and SVM) for the modeling and prediction of binding affinities between the human amphiphysin SH3 domain and its peptide ligands. Divided physicochemical property scores of amino acids, involving significant hydrogen bond, electronic, hydrophobic, and steric properties, was used to characterize the peptide structures, and quantitative structure‐affinity relationship models were then constructed by PLS, ANN, SVM, and GP coupled with genetic algorithm‐variable selection. The results show that: (i) since the significant flexibility and high complexity possessed in polypeptide structures, linear PLS method was incapable of fulfilling a satisfying behavior on SH3 domain binding peptide dataset; (ii) the overfitting involved in training process has decreased the predictive power of ANN model to some extent; (iii) both SVM and GP have a good performance for SH3 domain binding peptide dataset. Moreover, by combining linear and nonlinear terms in the covariance function, the GP is capable of handling linear and nonlinear‐hybrid relationship, and which thus obtained a more stable and predictable model than SVM. Analyses of GP models showed that diversified properties contribute remarkable effect to the interactions between the SH3 domain and the peptides. Particularly, steric property and hydrophobicity of P2, electronic property of P0, and electronic property and hydrogen bond property of P−3in decapeptide (P4P3P2P1P0P−1P−2P−3P−4P−5) significantly contribute to the binding affinities of SH3 domain‐peptide interactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90:792‐802, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Molecular interactions of isoxazolcurcumin with human serum albumin: Spectroscopic and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Sahoo Bijaya Ketan , Ghosh Kalyan Sundar , Dasgupta Swagata
Published: September 2008

Curcumin is a nontoxic natural product with diverse pharmacological potencies. We report the interaction of a potent synthetic derivative of curcumin, isoxazolcurcumin (IOC) with human serum albumin (HSA) using various biophysical methods. The observed fluorescence quenching of HSA by IOC is due to a complex formation by a static quenching process with a quenching constant of the order of 105M−1. The binding affinity and the number of binding sites were obtained from a Scatchard analysis. Thermodynamics reveals that the interaction is entropy driven with predominantly hydrophobic forces. From the observed Förster‐type fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), the donor (Trp 214 in HSA) to acceptor (IOC) distance is calculated to be 3.2 nm. The conformational changes of HSA due to the interaction were investigated qualitatively from synchronous fluorescence spectra along with a quantitative estimation of the secondary structure from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies. Molecular docking studies were performed to obtain information on the possible residues involved in the interaction process, and changes in accessible surface area of the interacting residues were calculated. The preferred binding site of IOC was analyzed by ligand displacement experiments with 1‐anilino‐8‐naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and warfarin‐bound HSA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 108–119, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com