bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification in the Thyroid of Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in the Fibrous Variant of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Authors: Salabè G.B. , Davoli C. , Andreoli M.
Published: July 2009

Structural and functional properties of γ-globulins from a goiter with a fibrous variant of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis have been investigated in the present study. γ-Globulin concentration in the thyroid extract was found to be 8 mg/g, 10 times higher than in normal thyroid. Most were of the IgG class, whereas no IgM was detectable. Zonal electrophoresis showed that γ-globulin had a cathodic rather than anodic mobility as found in normal human γ-globulin. By isoelectrofocusing, it was shown that thyroid γ-globulin focused with a more basic pH and within a narrower range than human γ-globulin. Functional properties revealed that thyroid γ-globulins are composed mainly (50%) of antithyroglobulin antibodies of the IgG class. These antibodies precipitate in agar and in test tubes with human purified thyroglobulin giving a ‘horse-type’ profile of the precipitin curve. The molar ratio of antibodies to thyroglobulin was found to be 8. Antibodies isolated from the serum of the same patient showed similar properties. Studies on allotypes of γ-globulin showed that there are fewer genetic markers in thyroid and serum immunoglobulin than in patient’s serum γ-globulin. Part of the thyroid antibodies were bound to the 1 × 103, 3 × 104 and 1 × 105 g mins sediment. They were not eluted by acid pH but only by digesting the pellet with papain. In conclusion, in the thyroid of the fibrous variant of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, there is a class of soluble and particulate thyroid antibodies produced in situ or concentrated in thyroid from the serum. Their structural homogeneity and allotype composition indicate that they are directed toward one or only a few antigenic determinants of the thyroglobulin molecule.
Cellular Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the Rat
Authors: Blundell-Hasell Sally K.
Published: July 2009

Purified peritoneal exudate cells from rats infected once or twice with N. brasiliensis have been examined for the ability to produce the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in vitro when cultured with living third-stage larvae. It was found that, 1 week after a single infection with 2,500 larvae, MIF production was readily demonstrable. The amount of detectable MIF in the culture supernatants tended to increase during the 2nd week but declined to below significant levels 3 weeks after infection. From the 4th to 8th week of infection, MIF production was highly variable. This was also the case for animals infected twice with 2,500 larvae where the interval between infections varied between 1 and 8 weeks, with 2 weeks between the second infection and harvesting of cells for culture. Cells able to produce MIF in culture could be inhibited to some extent by pre-treatment with serum from rats infected for 3 weeks, suggesting the presence of a serum inhibitor.
Release of Histamine from Human Skin Induced by Intracutaneous Injection of Adenosine-5′-Triphosphate
Authors: Hägermark Östen , Diamant Bertil , Dahlquist Rune
Published: July 2009

A method of indirect determination of histamine release from human cutaneous mast cells is described. The histamine-releasing effect of compound 48/80, ATP, ADP, and AMP in human skin was studied. Particular interest was devoted to ATP, previously shown to cause histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro. Intracutaneously injected ATP released histamine in concentrations > 1mg/ml. In comparison, 48/80 stimulated histamine release in skin in concentrations > 1 μg/ml. As compared with ATP, ADP had markedly weaker releasing effect and AMP did not induce histamine release within the concentrations investigated. No differences were observed in the releasing effects of ATP in various dermatoses such as chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. However, in the few patients studied with acute urticaria, the ATP-induced release was very low, probably due to previous depletion of the local histamine stores.
Fc Binding of IgG to Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Authors: Aarli Johan A. , Tönder Olav
Published: July 2009

In vitro binding of human IgG to human skeletal muscle tissue was demonstrated by different serological techniques. The binding is dependent upon an intact Fc part of the molecule and the results of the experiments indicate that such binding (Fc binding) also occurs in vivo. The amounts of IgG bound to the tissue increased with increasing concentrations of IgG in sera. Corresponding binding was also demonstrated in rabbit and guinea pig. Fc binding of IgG to skeletal muscle tissue may be of importance in the pathogenesis of the IgG hypercatabolism of IgG observed in various muscular disorders.
Inhibition by Derivatives of Phloretin of Anaphylactic Histamine Release from Human Lung Tissue and of Prostaglandin F2α-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Foucard Tony , Strandberg Kjell
Published: July 2009

Derivatives of phloretin (25–1,000 μg/ml) among them polyphloretin phosphate (PPP), inhibited in a dose-dependent manner anaphylactic (birch pollen or horse dander) histamine release from human lung tissue passively sensitized with reaginic serum. Pretreatment with PPP of lung tissue sensitized both to birch pollen and horse dander counteracted to a similar extent the release of histamine induced by either allergen administered in sequence. The phloretin derivatives also antagonized the constrictor action of prostaglandin F2α on isolated human bronchi at concentrations which did not impair the responses to histamine. The low and high molecular weight derivatives of phloretin were comparably active on a weight basis in both experimental systems.
Reactions of Anti-Bee Venom Mouse Reagins and other Antibodies with Related Antigens
Authors: Charavejasarn Charn , Reisman Robert E. , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

Reaginic type antibodies, as well as γG1 and hemagglutinating antibodies were raised in mice following bee venom immunization. The optimal immunizing dose was 1 μg bee venom in 1 mg Al(OH)3 gel. All antibodies were specific for bee venom and failed to react to yellow jacket and hornet venoms or to bee, wasp, yellow jacket and hornet whole body extracts.
Chrysanthemum Pollinosis in Japan
Authors: Suzuki S. , Kuroume T. , Todokoro M. , Tomidokoro H. , Kanbe Y. , Matsumura T.
Published: July 2009

Using the scratch test with self-made chrysanthemum pollen extract of 32,700 PNU/ml, a positive response was elicited in 60 of 316 patients (18.9%) with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, and was positive in 42.5% adults with allergic rhinitis. On the other hand, a 4.7% positive response was obtained in 84 non-allergic subjects. With the intracutaneous test, a threshold value was determined in 7 cases with 0.327 PNU/ml; 12 with 3.27 PNU/ml; 8 with 32.7 PNU/ml; and 8 with 327 PNU/ml, as opposed to one positive in 84 controls with 327 PNU/ml (1.3%). P-K tests were successfully done in 15 out of 16 cases. Furthermore, the results of in vitro neutralization tests using chrysanthemum and other compositae pollen extracts indicated the absence of sharing antigenic determinants between them. Provocation tests were conducted in 4 cases of allergic rhinitis and 3 cases of bronchial asthma with positive response in all the patients. From these results it was found that chrysanthemum pollinosis indeed exists in Japan, particularly in the mountainous districts.
Spontaneous Rosette-Forming Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Tufveson Gunnar
Published: July 2009

The frequency and binding characteristics of cells spontaneously forming rosettes (RFC) with rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in different tissues of 6-week-old chickens were studied. RFC were most frequent in the bursa of Fabricius, followed in order by the spleen, peripheral blood, caecal tonsils, thymus and bone marrow. RRBC-RFC were always more frequent than SRBC-RFC. The number of erythrocytes (RBC) bound by each RFC was also determined. The mean binding capacity of the RFC for either RRBC or SRBC did not differ between the different tissues. The distribution of the RFC into classes binding different numbers of RRBC was similar for all analysed tissues. However, the corresponding distribution for the SRBC-RFC was considerably more heterogeneous. Embryonic surgical (S-Bx) or cyclophosphamide (Cy-Bx) induced bursectomy much reduced the frequencies of RFC binding SRBC in the spleen. The frequency of RRBC-RFC was not altered by these procedures. S-Bx reduced the frequency of spleen RFC binding lightly but not heavily trinitrophenyl-haptenized (TNP) SRBC, whereas Cy-Bx reduced the frequency of the latter RFC type.
Seasonal Variation of Induction of Contact Sensitivity and of Lymph Node T Lymphocytes in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Godfrey H.P.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs sensitized with dinitrophenyl thiocyanate in complete Freund’s adjuvant from November to February developed markedly lower contact sensitivity than animals sensitized during the rest of the year. The percentage of T cell rosettes (lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with normal rabbit red cells) was concomitantly reduced in the lymph nodes but not in thymus or bone marrow during the winter months.
Penicillin Hypersensitivity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: von Maur Kurt , Turk Arthur , Stevens Mary Betty , Adkinson, jr. Franklin , Lichtenstein Lawrence M.
Published: July 2009

The prevalence of positive immediate-type skin tests to penicillin antigens among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was compared with hospitalized controls without SLE and found not to differ significantly. On the other hand, we confirmed previous reports that the prevalence of histories of prior penicillin reaction was significantly higher in SLE patients than among controls. This is felt to be related to the primary disease process, and we conclude that patients with SLE do not have an increased risk of IgE-mediated allergic reactions to penicillin.
Experimental Studies on Cholera Immunization
Authors: Svennerholm Ann-Mari
Published: July 2009

The primary and secondary antibody responses in rabbits, intravenously immunized with formalin-killed Vibrio cholerae, were studied with regard to amount, immunoglobulin class distribution and binding qualities of the antibodies to the bacterial endotoxin. Further the protective capacity of antisera and purified antibodies against experimental cholera infection was analyzed and related to the in vitro characteristics of the immune preparations. For the employed 1,000-fold varied range of bacteria used for immunization, the dose dependance of the amount and binding qualities of the antibodies, formed after a single antigen injection, was negligible. In the secondary responses, however, slightly increasing antibody titres and avidities as well as moderately rising protective titres were registered with increasing immunization doses. In the primary response to an optimally immunogenic dose of 1 × 1010 bacteria the highest IgM titres were noted after 1 week and the maximal IgG titres after 6 weeks, whereas the avidity of vibriocidal antibodies and the protective titres of sera increased for at least 3 months. A booster injection 4 weeks after the primary immunization gave the highest IgG, IgM and protective titres within 1 week, whereafter all titres gradually decreased. Moreover, higher maximal antibody and protective titres were noted in the secondary than in the primary response. An immunological memory could also be induced by purified V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), since a booster injection of this antigen gave rise to higher and earlier appearing antibody titres than the first immunization. The influence of the interval between a first and a second immunization on the amount and the avidity of the secondary response antibodies was comparatively small, whereas the protective titres increased markedly with shortening interval. The relation between protection against experimental cholera, as tested in the rabbit small bowel loop system using live vibrios for challenge, and the in vitro estimates of antibody amount and binding properties was poor. However, the IgM antibody titres, determined with an immunosorbent assay, and the antibody binding qualities, as measured by quantitative inhibition in a vibriocidal assay, showed statistically significant correlations with the protective titres. Purification of anti-endotoxin antibodies was achieved by affinity chromatography using columns with V. cholerae LPS covalently coupled to Sepharose beads. The antibodies bound specifically to the gel and could later be eluted by acid buffers. Decreasing pH of the buffer released antibodies with increasing avidity. Antiserum taken early after a primary immunization had a higher proportion of antibodies, eluted at a high pH, than antisera taken late in the primary and secondary responses.
Natural Antibodies in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid to Rabbit Erythrocytes
Authors: Fossan G.O. , Tönder O.
Published: July 2009

With an indirect agglutination technique using rabbit antisera to human immunoglobulins, IgG antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes were detected in 211 of 221 unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluids from patients with diseases of the nervous system and controls. The titres varied from 0.25 to 128. The highest titre in the control group was 4, the geometric mean 1.5. The titres were highest in the groups with elevated total protein, for instance inflammatory diseases with mean titre of 9.25. The titre divided by total protein concentration did not vary much in the different groups, but tended to be higher than controls in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory diseases and vascular brain lesions, and lower in the other groups. It did not increase parallel to IgG in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory diseases.
Binding of Human IgE Immunoglobulin to Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Renoux M.L. , de Montis G. , Roche A. , Marcelli D.
Published: July 2009

The binding of human myeloma IgE immunoglobulin on rat mast cells was studied by three independent techniques. A mixed agglutination reaction with anti-IgE-coated Sephadex granules demonstrated that only human IgE-coated rat mast cells were clearly agglutinated. This binding is strong (50% agglutination) in 3 min and progresses for 30 min (95% agglutination). Autoradiographic studies with 125I-labelled human serum proteins demonstrated the selective formation of grains on mast cells incubated with labelled IgE. Upon action of anti-IgE antiserum on IgE-coated rat mast cells, the mast cells released up to 47.5%) of their total histamine content in a fluorometric histamine assay. A relationship was established between sensitizing doses of human IgE and histamine release. These results bring evidence for a binding of human IgE on rat mast cells and imply the existence of receptors for this immunoglobulin on mast cell membrane.
Lymphokines in Sensitized Rats
Authors: Bakker W.W. , Engelhart J.J. , Mulder I. , Hoedemaeker P.J.
Published: July 2009

Cell-mediated immune responses were studied in Wistar rats by migration inhibition factor (MIF) assays in vitro of lymphoid cells derived from thymus, spleen and peripheral blood and peritoneal exudates and by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. Using PPD and purified diphtheria toxoid as soluble test antigens it appeared that significant migration inhibition was observed only when sensitized thymus and peritoneal exudate cells were used in the direct capillary migration system. Indirect MIF assays, using both capillary and agarose techniques, showed that migration inhibitory activity was found in thymus culture supernatants as well as in spleen culture supernatants of sensitized animals. The MIF activity in thymic cell culture supernatants seemed to be antigen-independent, although in this respect no definitive conclusions can be drawn from the present results. Migration inhibition in direct and indirect techniques always correlated with a positive delayed-type skin reaction. It is suggested that a population of thymus cells of sensitized animals is able to produce MIF on specific antigenic stimulation in vitro. This might support the idea that a cell population within the thymus possesses characteristics of peripheral T cells.
Lymphokines
Authors: Friedrich Wilhelm , Lazary Sandor , Geczy Carolyn , de Weck Alain L.
Published: July 2009

Incubation of guinea pig lymph node lymphocytes with insoluble concanavalin A (Con A) in serum-free medium yields sizable amounts of migration inhibition (MIF) and mitogenic factors (MF). Various controls confirmed that the activities detected in supernatants from such cultures are not due to free soluble Con A released during culture. Whereas guinea pig MIF does not act upon human and horse monocytes, guinea pig MF stimulated human but not horse lymphocytes. Upon stimulation by insoluble Con A, guinea pig MIF and MF appear to be produced essentially by T lymphocytes. The technique proposed for producing lymphokines appears convenient for further purification and biochemical characterization of culture supernatants.
Specificity of Antigens in Aqueous Phenol Extracts of Skin Examined by Means of Guinea Pig and Rabbit Immune Sera
Authors: Krogh H.K. , Mæland J.A. , Tønder O.
Published: July 2009

Human, guinea pig and rabbit skin homogenates were digested with trypsin and extracted with phenol water. Antisera were raised in guinea pigs and rabbits by immunization with extract recovered from the water phase (TPW extract). All sera showed increased titres in indirect haemagglutination tests. The results of absorption and inhibition experiments indicated antibodies against a common antigenic determinant. These antibodies also agglutinated erythrocytes sensitized with autologous antigen. In addition, serum from rabbits immunized with human or guinea pig skin extract contained antibodies against species-specific determinants. Rabbit antiserum precipitated guinea pig skin extract. The antigen involved had specificity identical with that of an antigen in the human, but not in the rabbit skin, extract. Oxidation of the human TPW extract with periodate destroyed the precipitinogen and the species-specific haemagglutinogen while the common determinant was not affected.
Regulation of Antibody Formation in Chickens Escaping from Tolerance to Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Salerno Alfredo , Byfield Patricia , Borsellino Angela , Albano Stella , Bellavia Angelo , Caruso Calogero
Published: July 2009

The immune capacity of chickens made tolerant to human serum albumin just after hatching was studied after a primary and secondary challenge at 7–14 weeks of age, of either 1 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg. The class and avidity of antibody produced by birds ‘escaping’ from tolerance was similar to normal controls. The escaping chickens made a normal peak antibody response to a high dose but not to a low dose (except that the response to a low secondary dose after priming with a high dose was normal); but the decline of the antibody titer was abrupt, indicating inability to maintain the response. It is concluded that the antibody-forming capacity of B cells is normal, but regulation of antibody formation is impaired in previously tolerant chickens.
Yoshida Ascites Sarcoma Grown in Mice
Authors: Marušić M. , Allegretti N. , Čulo F.
Published: July 2009

Xenogeneic Yoshida ascites sarcoma grows well in the abdominal cavity of thymectomized, irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow. These animals displayed a 100-percent mortality. In control sham-thymectomized, irradiated mice reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow mortality was significantly lower. The tumor growth could be neutralized by means of single intravenous injection of nonimmune spleen cells inoculated at the same time as the tumor. Tumor cells grown in mice killed normal rats and were rejected by normal mice.
Skin Reaction, Inhibition of Macrophage Migration, and Lymphocyte Transformation with Tuberculin Active Peptide (TAP) and Arabinogalactan Obtained from Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Niinaka T. , Kishimoto S. , Aoki T. , Ikegami H. , Ito F. , Yamamura Y.
Published: July 2009

Arabinogalactan purified from heat-killed tubercle bacilli failed to elicit a delayed type of skin reaction and had no ability to induce in vitro lymphocyte blast formation in sensitized guinea pigs. It was, however, inhibitory to migration of bronchoalveolar washing cells by the indirect test, but not by the direct test, and capable of eliciting an immediate type of skin reaction and anaphylaxis when injected into sensitized guinea pigs. Tuberculin active peptide (TAP) was active in all of in vitro and in vivo cell-mediated immune responses, but not in immediate responses.
Structure and Biological Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Lertora Juan J.L. , Gomez-Perez Francisco J. , Leslie Gerrie A.
Published: July 2009

Insulin antibodies were detected in the sera of diabetics who had received injections of animal insulin. The incidence of anti-insulin antibodies varied from 47 to 97% depending upon whether individual diabetic serum samples were compared with the highest ‘normal’ serum binding value or the mean binding value of all ‘normal’ nondiabetic sera. Approximately 64 of our diabetic patients had detectable IgD anti-insulin antibodies but only ∼14% of the patients had values clearly above those found in ‘normal’ nondiabetic sera.
Fibrinolytic Activity of Allergenic Preparations: An Artefact Due to Enzyme Contamination
Authors: Berrens L. , van Rijswijk-Verbeek J.
Published: July 2009

Some of the common allergenic preparations induced lysis of fibrin plates in vitro. Esterolytic and proteolytic activity was found associated with these preparations. All activities were abolished by heat treatment. It is concluded that allergens do not activate human plasminogen and that in vitro fibrinolysis is due to enzyme contamination.
A Radioisotopic Method to Measure Delayed Type Hypersensitivity in the Mouse
Authors: Vadas M.A. , Miller J.F.A.P. , Gamble Jennifer , Whitelaw Alison
Published: July 2009

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) lesions have been difficult to evaluate objectively in the mouse because they are usually assessed in terms of an increase in footpad swelling or ear thickness. We have developed a radioisotopic method which not only reduces the observer’s error but also gives an objective measurement of the cellular activity in the lesions. In brief, 10 μl of the test antigen is injected intradermally into the left pinna and either nothing or the same volume of a control solution into the right. 10 h later, a 2-μCi pulse of 5-iodo-2′deoxyuridine-125I is given intravenously, the ears cut off at the hairline 16 h later and the radioactivity counted in a gamma spectrometer. The following was obtained as evidence that the increased radioactivity of the left pinna over the right was a measure of the extent of a DTH response: (1) the ear reaction was delayed in mice without serum antibodies becoming maximum at 24 h; (2) there was a mononuclear cell infiltration in the left pinna and autoradiographs revealed radioactive label bound to these cells; (3) athymic mice could not develop a 24-hour ear reaction, and (4) antigens known not to activate T cells did not elicit the ear response. Cell transfer studies will be described in a subsequent paper. Different sensitization regimes were required with different antigens in order to obtain the highest levels of DTH as tested by the ear response, and the maximal ear reaction occurred at different days. The ear reaction showed the specificity expected of a DTH response.
Selective Macrophage Cytotoxicity of Carrageenan in vivo
Authors: Sawicki John E. , Catanzaro Phillip J.
Published: July 2009

The suggestion that carrageenan suppressed the cutaneous manifestation of established delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by macrophage cytotoxicity could not be supported histopathologically. In a dose more than sufficient to suppress DH, carrageenan was undetectable by histochemical means in the macrophages of spleen, lymph nodes, or bone marrow. It required concentrations of carrageenan threefold higher than the immunosuppressive dose to be detected in the above locations. Under no circumstances was macrophage cytotoxicity observed in these sites.
Relationship between the Response to Complete Freund Adjuvant, Phytohemagglutinin, and Subsequent Tumor Growth in Mice
Authors: Wells James H. , Cain William A.
Published: July 2009

Groups of inbred C3H mice selected on the basis of strong or weak PPD reactions after sensitization with complete Freund adjuvant had significantly different reactions to PHA. The growth rate of a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor, previously shown to elicit a cell-mediated immune response, was significantly different in these two groups of mice. The basis for the marked variation observed between members of an inbred mouse strain in response to CFA is not understood but may bear an important potential relationship to tumor growth.
Immune Complexes in the Spleen
Authors: van Rooijen N.
Published: July 2009

The fate of intravenously injected 125I-BGG-anti-BGG in the spleen of mice was studied using autoradiography. Part of the labelled immune complexes was trapped in the follicles of the spleen as could be expected. In a first experiment it was found that injections with unlabelled immune complexes were followed by a partial release of the labelled immune complexes from the follicles. In a second experiment unlabelled immune complexes retained in spleen follicles appeared to inhibit the trapping of intravenously injected labelled immune complexes to some degree and for some time. The conclusion was drawn from these experiments that immune complexes, which normally remain in part of the lymphoid follicles for a long period, may be replaced by new immune complexes from the circulation. This seems important since trapping in lymphoid follicles of antigen complexed by antibody is the only known mechanism by which small amounts of antigen may be preserved in the body for a long time after the initiation of antibody production. The bulk of antigen and antigen-antibody complexes is removed by phagocytosis followed by destruction. It appeared also that, although all spleen follicles are able to trap immune complexes shortly after their injection, only part of the follicles in the mouse spleen is able to retain the complexes for a longer time. Possible explanations for these individual differences between the follicles of one spleen are discussed.
In vitro Antagonism of the Mediators of Allergy by a Benzopyrano-Benzopyran Carboxylic Acid PR-D-92-EA
Authors: Possanza G.J. , Bauen A. , Stewart P.B.
Published: July 2009

PR-D-92-EA was tested on isolated guinea pig ileum and rat stomach strips for activity against mediators probably released after allergen antibody union. It antagonized the response produced by histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2αand slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The concentrations which blocked 50% of the response were 150, 145, 92, 70, 47, and 32 μg/ml, respectively. This compound may be useful in the treatment of allergic conditions.
Effects of Allergy, Intestinal Helminthic Infestation and Sex on Serum IgE Concentrations and Immediate Skin Hypersensitivity in Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Orren Ann , Dowdle Eugene B.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE concentrations were measured in 232 blood donors resident in the Western Cape, South Africa. Subjects were interviewed for histories of allergy and skin tested with a variety of common allergens. Faecal specimens were collected for microscopic examination. Results confirmed that Cape Coloureds and Africans tend to have elevated serum IgE concentrations and showed that African males have a high prevalence of immediate skin hypersensitivity. Cape Coloureds and Africans had high prevalences of helminthic infestation and relatively low prevalence of allergic symptoms. Only in Whites were elevated serum IgE concentrations associated with positive allergic histories; in this group, results suggested that the sex difference in serum IgE concentrations observed previously is owing to differences in the IgE responses of allergic males and females.
HL-A Antigens in Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Authors: Farid Nadir R. , Barnard John , Kutas Cecilia , Noel Elke P. , Marshall William H.
Published: July 2009

An increased frequency of HL-A 1 and HL-A 8 was found in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, when compared to a control group from the same geographic area, and drawn from a pool of subjects attending one diagnostic centre. Furthermore, an increased incidence of W15 and W17 was found in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; however, these were not detected in any patient with Graves’ disease.
The Inactivator of the First Component of Human Complement (C1INA): The Complex Formation with Plasmin
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Hashimoto Chieko , Inai Shinya
Published: July 2009

The reaction of CIINA with plasmin was followed by the stoichiometric inactivation of both activities. On acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the reaction mixture revealed 3 new substances. One formed a precipitin band against anti-CIINA and its molecular weight was 103,000 daltons, 14,000 less than that of CIINA, indicating that a portion of CIINA was partially cleaved by the proteolytic activity of plasmin. Each of the other two substances formed precipitin bands against anti-CIINA as well as against anti-plasminogen. Molecular weights of these two substances were 200,000 and 179,000 daltons, whereas the molecular weights of CIINA and plasmin are 117,000 and 82,000 daltons, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that a portion of CIINA in the reaction mixture was partially cleaved by plasmin, and the partially cleaved C1INA as well as the native CIINA form 1:1 molecular complexes with plasmin, leading to inactivation of these activities.
Differential Histamine Release by Dextran and the Ionophore A23187: The Actions of Inhibitors
Authors: Garland L.G. , Mongar J.L.
Published: July 2009

Inhibitors of mast cell membrane activation reduced histamine release from rat mast cells induced by dextran and phosphatidyl serine but not that induced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Such inhibitors included cromoglycate, an orally-active anti-allergic agent 3-(5-tetrazolyl)thioxanthone 10,10-dioxide, dibutyryl cyclic 3′:5′-AMP, theophylline and dicumarol. Inhibitors of mast cell metabolism reduced both types of release and these included oligomycin, papavevime, and the two uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation-α2,4-dinitrophenol and CCCP. Inhibition of histamine release from rat isolated peritoneal mast cells by either a mixture of dextran and phosphatidyl serine or the ionophore A23187 thus allows inhibitors of mast cell membrane activation to be distinguished from those affecting cell metabolism or the later stages of the secretory process.
Ontogenetic Aspects of Sexual Dimorphism and the Primary Immune Response to Sheep Erythrocytes in Hamsters from Prepuberty through Senescence
Authors: Blazkovec A.A. , Orsini Margaret Ward
Published: July 2009

Ontogeny of the primary response to sheep erythrocytes of age-matched groups of male and female hamsters was studied at various chronological ages ranging from prepuberty to senescence. Selected organs were likewise weighed upon sacrifice to obtain developmental patterns. Adrenal weights were higher in the male, and pituitary weights were higher in the female; for both organs typical dimorphism was demonstrable by 36 days. Spleen weight and index favored the female by 46 days. Immunological sex dimorphism first appeared in groups injected at 53 days and autopsied at 58 days and persisted through senescence. Sexual dimorphism of antibody-mediated immunity, previously shown to favor the female in both the primary and secondary immune responses, thus follows the dimorphism of total amount of splenic lymphoid tissue and occurs shortly after realization of sexual maturity in the male. These findings support our previous suggestion of the suppressive effect of androgens on the antibody-mediated immune responsiveness of the male hamster.
Evidence that CĪs Participates in the Alternative Complement Pathway
Authors: Volanakis John E. , Schultz Duane R. , Stroud Robert M.
Published: July 2009

Purified CĪs, subcomponent of CĪ, induced electrophoretic conversion of factor B and consumption of hemolytic C3 and C5 in sera genetically deficient in C2 or C4. Blocking of the hemolytic activity of CĪs in C2-deficient serum by F(ab′)2 anti-CĪs resulted in inhibition of the alternative pathway, as indicated by the failure of zymosan or cobra venom factor to induce consumption of C3 and C6. Zymosan also failed to activate the alternative pathway when CĪs was absorbed from C1r-deficient serum using a solid immunoabsorbent. These data, showing that CĪs participates in the alternative pathway under certain experimental conditions, suggest the interesting possibility that CĪs is important in the activation sequence of both the classical and the alternative pathway more generally.
Carrier Effect by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection on Rat Antihapten IgE Antibody Response
Authors: Kojima S. , Ovary Z.
Published: July 2009

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection was found to be highly effective in inducing a carrier-specific enhancing effect on primary and secondary antihapten IgE antibody response in the rat, when animals were immunized i.p. with 10 μgof dinitrophenylated N. brasiliensis protein (DNP-Nb) plus 10 mg Al(OH)3 2 weeks after the infection. The carrier effect by the infection was much greater than that obtained by any other supplementary immunization with the carrier (Nb) plus adjuvant, so far examined, in terms of the IgE antibody response. The results, together with our previous observations in the mouse, provide an explanation for the reason why antiworm IgE antibodies are so easily detectable in helminth infections.
Bacteriophage MS-2 in the Immune Response
Authors: Snippe H. , de Reuver M.J. , Belder Margriet , Willers J.M.
Published: July 2009

Several aspects of the immune response to bacteriophage MS-2 were studied. In thymectomized, irradiated and bone marrow-reconstituted (TXBM) mice, the response was normal when a high dose of antigen was used. With a 50-fold lower dose of MS-2, the response was impaired, indicating a T-cell involvement in antibody formation. More evidence for the (partial) T-cell dependence of MS-2 was obtained from experiments with anti-thymocyte serum or cyclophosphamide-treated mice. (3H)-thymidine incorporation experiments demonstrated that both B and T cells were active upon in vitro stimulation with MS-2. The dose of MS-2 which was able to induce a normal response in TXBM mice, proved to be optimal for both sensitization and elicitation of a DH. It is concluded that MS-2 is a thymus-dependent antigen which is only thymus independent in high doses.
Antiserum Specific for Reticulin of the Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Boyd R.L. , Ward H.A. , Muller H.K.
Published: July 2009

Antiserum produced by immunizing rabbits with embryonic chicken spleen cells showed, after appropriate absorption with cell suspensions, specificity for fetal spleen cells in membrane immunofluoresoence tests. However, when the original antiserum was absorbed with tissue homogenates and tested on cryostat tissue sections, it reacted specifically with the reticular framework which separates the cortical and medullary lymphocytes in the follicles of the adult bursa of Fabricius. It is suggested that the reticulin may influence bursal lymphoid differentiation.
Duodenum-, Ileum- and Colon-Specific Antigens
Authors: Rabin Bruce S.
Published: July 2009

Antigens specific for discrete segments of the intestinal tract of germ-free rats have been identified. There is at least one duodenum-, one ileum- and one colon-specific antigen. In addition there is an intestine-specific antigen present at all levels of the bowel. The intestine-specific antigens are found in the goblet cell mucus. The intestinal epithelial cell cytoplasm contains antigen which is shared by other tissue.
Antibodies against Escherichia coli O Antigen
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Jodal U.
Published: July 2009

The ammonium sulfate precipitation (ASP) technique, modified Fair assay, has been utilized to study antibodies to Escherichia coli O2, O4, O6 and O75 antigens the induction of which could not be ascribed to the effect of a defined antigen. It was noted that the antibody titers against the O6 antigen in children, 0.1–2.5 years of age, were of lower magnitude than the others, significantly for the O2 and O4 antigens. Comparison between boys and girls under and over 1.0 year of age revealed higher titers in sera from girls and in the older children. However, significant differences were obtained only in a few instances. The antibody avidities were in most cases low and no correlation was found between antibody quantity and avidity. In consecutive samples from adults a varying pattern of antibodies to the O6 and O75 antigens was observed.
Inactivator of the First Component of Human Complement (CĪINA)
Authors: Nagaki Kazuyoshi , Inai Shinya
Published: July 2009

Acidic mucopolysaccharides enhanced CĪINA activity against CĪs. The presence of heparin in the reaction mixture of CĪINA and CĪs markedly enhanced the inactivation of CĪs by potentiating CĪINA activity. Treatment of serum with CĪs resulted in the inactivation of C4 hemolytic activity, but this inactivation of C4 by CĪs was prevented by the presence of heparin presumably due to the enhancement of CĪINA activity normally present in serum. The other acidic mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulfates A, B and C, were also effective on potentiating CĪINA activity against CĪs, but they were less active than heparin. The enhancement of CĪINA activity by heparin was not observed in the reaction between CĪINA and plasmin.
Antigenic Properties of Polymers Formed by β-Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Munro A.C. , Dewdney Janet M. , Smith H. , Wheeler A.W.
Published: July 2009

Purified polymers have been isolated from 6-aminopenicillanic acid and from semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins. All the polymers were shown to react with rabbit antibody of penicilloyl specificity, as demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, and the reactions were shown to be penicilloyl-specific by hapten inhibition experiments. The cephalosporin-derived polymers in addition reacted with rabbit antibodies raised to the corresponding cephalosporin conjugates of bovine γ-globulin. Using direct skin tests, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and an in vitro assay, no evidence was obtained that the polymers induced the formation of specific antibodies in baboons, guinea pigs and rabbits, but in baboons the induction of cell-mediated immunity, demonstrable by delayed skin test reactions, was shown.
The Fixation of Heterocytophylic Antibodies to Macrophages
Authors: Csaba B. , Kávai Mária , Jusupova Saodat , Kesztyüs L.
Published: July 2009

Using autoradiographic methods, heterocytophylic antibodies were found to be fixed to the peritoneal macrophages of the guinea pig. The heavy chain of the IgG molecule was responsible for the cell fixation which was inhibited by the autologous Fc fragment. The fixation of heterocytophylic immune complex (rabbit antibody IgG + homologous OA antigen) was also inhibited by the Fc fragment. Only some of the macrophages (35–50%) were able, however, to fix immune complex.
Enhanced Mononuclear Phagocytic Activity during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice
Authors: Ortiz-Ortiz Librado , Ortega Teresa , Capín Ruth , Martínez Teresa
Published: July 2009

It has been shown that Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice develop a nonspecific resistance to challenge with an unrelated microorganism, namely, Listeria monocytogenes. This increased resistance to Listeria was observed on the 4th day of trypanosoma infection and persisted for at least 25 days. It was associated with an increased mononuclear phagocytic activity, as revealed by carbon clearance experiments. The possibility that macrophages of the infected host become activated by a process which appears to depend upon some form of specific interaction between the immune lymphoid cells and the infecting organisms, as has been demonstrated with other infectious agents, is discussed.
Effects of Contact Sensitization and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions on Immune Responses to Non-Related Antigens
Authors: Scheper Rik J. , von Blomberg Mary , van Velzen Dik , Veldhuizen Roel W.
Published: July 2009

Guinea pigs were immunized intracutaneously into the ears with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Application of a sensitizing dose of the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) onto the same ears was shown to suppress or enhance the humoral response to SRBC depending on the time of application. When guinea pigs were sensitized to a contact allergen, application of a sensitizing dose of a non-related allergen on the same ears either had no effect or caused a clear enhancement of the development of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Strongest enhancement was found when both sensitizations were performed on the same day. Further experiments on the effects of a concomitant DTH reaction elicited at the site of application of a contact allergen showed a strong potentiation of DTH when B-cell suppression was minimized by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). It was considered that CY-DTH-immunopotentiation might be a useful tool for achieving a higher level of sensitivity after epicutaneous sensitization.
The Alkaline Phosphatases of Human Liver: An Immunochemical Study
Authors: Korngold L.
Published: July 2009

Four out of 18 human liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) preparations reacted with anti-liver and anti-intestinal AP. The liver AP that reacted with anti-intestinal AP, designated as intestine-like AP, was precipitated at 50% ammonium sulfate whereas the major liver AP precipitated at 66% saturation. Gel filtration showed that liver AP, intestine-like AP and intestinal AP contained AP with apparent molecular weights of 130,000 daltons; the intestine-like AP contained a second but smaller component of 70,000–80,000 daltons. AP extracted from intestine also contained this smaller component; its electrophoretic mobility was that of an α2-globulin, whereas that of the intestine-like AP had a mobility of β-globulin. The similarity of the intestine-like AP to the AP variant found in hepatomas is stressed.
Central Regulation of Blood Eosinophilia by the β-Adrenergic System in Rats
Authors: Szczeklik A. , Podolec Z.
Published: July 2009

The effect of isoprenaline and three different β-adrenergic blocking agents on blood eosinophilia was evaluated in the rat. Eosinopenic effect of isoprenaline was antagonized by intraperitoneal pretreatment with propranolol and by high but not low doses of practolol. Sotalol, a β-blocker which in contrast to propranolol does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, did not affect the eosinophil count when injected intraperitoneally, but produced a marked increase in number of circulating eosinophils following intracerebroventricular injection. Intraperitoneal administration of isoprenaline and propranolol as well as intracerebroventricular injection of sotalol did not affect eosinophil count in adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized rats. These results suggest that β-adrenergic agents regulate the number of circulating eosinophils through a central mechanism and that presence of both hypophysis and adrenal glands is required for this action.
Serological Investigations in 15 Cases of Bird Fanciers Disease
Authors: Müller U. , de Haller R. , Grob P.J.
Published: July 2009

Serological studies in 15 patients with bird fanciers disease are reported. Quantitative analysis of serum proteins showed elevation of IgG in almost every case. High IgE was observed in three patients with isolated asthmatic reactions. In four patients α1-antitrypsin was transiently diminished. Two of these had heterozygous deficiency of this protein (genotype MS and MZ). Precipitins against avian sera and avian droppings were found in all patients, but also in some exposed and nonexposed controls. Cross-reactions to avian antigens from different species were observed quite regularly in patients but not in controls. One case is presented suggesting that these cross-reactions may be of clinical importance. Precipitins against other inhaled antigens such as Aspergillus fumigatus, cereals or Micropolyspora faeni were observed significantly more frequently in patients than in controls. These precipitins showed no cross-reactions with those against avian antigens.
Experimental Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Authors: Wilkie B.N.
Published: July 2009

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was produced in calves, following repeated exposure to aerosols of Micropolyspora faeni both with and without prior systemic sensitization. The condition was associated with rising serum, nasal and broncho-alveolar antibody titers and with transient ability of peripheral lymphocytes to synthesize macrophage migration inhibition factor. Clinical response to aerosols of M. faeni suggest participation of reaction types I, III and IV of Gell and Coombs.
Quantitation of B and T Lymphocytes in Guinea Pigs with Evidence for a Release of both Cell Types from the Spleen into the Blood
Authors: Sandberg G. , Söder O. , Ernström U.
Published: July 2009

B and T lymphocytes were quantitated in lymphoid organs and in blood of young normal guinea pigs by the use of EAC rosettes and rabbit erythrocyte (RE) rosettes as markers. Special attention was focused on the release of B and T cells from the spleen, estimated from the difference between the content of B and T cells in splenic efferent and afferent blood. The following frequencies of rosette-forming cells (RFC) were found. Thymus: 0.3% EAC- and 88% RE-RFC; spleen: 44% EAC- and 46% RE-RFC; lymph nodes: 13% EAC- and 39% RE-RFC; arterial blood: 13% EAC- and 42% RE-RFC, and bone marrow: 2% EAC- and 7% RE-RFC. A fairly large number of cells in the lymph nodes and blood could not be identified by any of the two markers. Some possible explanations for this are discussed. The content of both EAC- and RE-RFC in splenic efferent blood significantly exceeded that in the afferent blood, indicating a release of both B and T cells from the spleen into the blood. The possibility of a release of a third type of mononuclear cell cannot be excluded from the present results.
Discrepancy between Skin Reactivity and Blastogenic Activity of Fractionated PHA-P
Authors: Kuroume T. , Suzuki S. , Tomizawa S. , Shibasaki M. , Nemoto H. , Matsumura T.
Published: July 2009

Firstly, it was reported that phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P) can induce the immediate skin reaction besides the delayed one. 70 out of 80 cases (87.5%) gave positive immediate reactions with 1 μg of PHA-P. There was a close correlation between the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) counts against PHA-P and the total IgE value or erythematous diameter of the immediate skin reactions. Absorption with anti-IgE or PHA-P reduced the RAST counts against PHA-P to 79 and 56% of their initial values, respectively, but did not effect the RAST counts against streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). These results suggest that the immediate skin reaction might be induced by specific IgE antibody against PHA-P. Secondly, using three fractions of PHA-P obtained by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, skin test and RAST in humans, ACA in rats, and 3H-thymidine incorporation into human leukocytes, were carried out and data obtained that showed some discrepancy between them. That is, on skin testing, it was shown that all of the three fractions (fr.) had the ability to elicit the immediate and delayed skin reaction in humans and rats with the order of fr. 1, 2 and 3, and it was confirmed by RAST. On the other hand, the leukocyte-stimulating activity resided in fr. 1 and 2, while fr. 3, which seemed to be a group of subunits with a molecular weight of around 35,000, had almost no activity. These findings have been discussed in view of the earlier studies on the structure of PHA-P.