bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Russia’s quest for respect in the international conflict management in Kosovo
Authors: Heller Regina
Published: October 2014

This article examines the emotion-based status-seeking logic in Russia’s foreign policy vis-à-vis the West, presenting the example of Russia’s reactions to NATO’s military campaign against Serbia in 1999. It is argued that Russian assertiveness in combination with expressive rhetoric must be understood as a result of the ruling elite’s need to have Russia’s identity and self-defined social status as an equal great power in world politics respected by its Western interaction partners. Russia’s reactions to NATO’s intervention, which was not authorized by the UN Security Council, must be read as a strategy coping with the emotion anger about the perceived humiliation and provocation of status denial and ignorance by the West. We find various elements of such a coping strategy, among them the verbalization of the feeling of anger among Russian political circles and the media; uttering retaliation threats, but no ‘real’ aggressive, retaliatory action; minor and temporary activities aimed at restoring Russia’s image and status as an influential an equal power. On the surface, the Kosovo episode did not result in any visible break or rift in the RussianeWestern relationship. However, emotionally it has lead to a significant loss of trust in the respective partner on both sides.
Russia says no: Power, status, and emotions in foreign policy
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch , Shevchenko Alexei
Published: October 2014

Since 2003, Russian foreign behavior has become much more assertive and volatile toward the West, often rejecting U.S. diplomatic initiatives and overreacting to perceived slights. This essay explains Russia’s new assertiveness using social psychological hypotheses on the relationship between power, status, and emotions. Denial of respect to a state is humiliating. When a state loses status, the emotions experienced depend on the perceived cause of this loss. When a state perceives that others are responsible for its loss, it shows anger. The belief that others have unjustly used their power to deny the state its appropriate position arouses vengefulness. If a state believes that its loss of status is due to its own failure to live up to expectations, the elites will express shame. Since the end of the Cold War, Russia has displayed anger at the U.S. unwillingness to grant it the status to which it believes it is entitled, especially during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, and most recently Russia’s takeover of Crimea and the 2014 Ukrainian Crisis. We can also see elements of vengefulness in Russia’s reaction to recognition of Kosovo, U.S. missile defense plans, the Magnitsky act, and the Snowden affair.
Millepora alcicornis(Hydrozoa: Capitata) at Ascension Island: confirmed identity based on morphological and molecular analyses
Authors: Hoeksema Bert W. , Nunes Flavia L. D. , Lindner Alberto , De Souza Júlia Nunes
Published: October 2014

The reef-building fire coralMillepora alcicornisis reported from Ascension Island (South Atlantic). This record, based on a recent expedition to Ascension, is the first in which the identification of aMilleporacoral is supported by photographic evidence from the field and by morphological and molecular analyses of collected specimens. This finding is discussed in relation to earlierMilleporarecords from Ascension and the biogeographic range of this particular species in the Atlantic.
On the relationship between the diversity and structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and sediment enrichment with heavy metals in Gabes Gulf, Tunisia
Authors: Rabaoui Lotfi , El Zrelli Radhouane , Ben Mansour Mohammed , Balti Rafik , Mansour Lamjed , Tlig-Zouari Sabiha , Guerfel Mokhtar
Published: October 2014

The variations in the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate benthic communities in relationship with the marine sediment enrichment with heavy metals were investigated in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Standard community parameters as well as the trophic and ecological structure were analysed in 18 stations sampled in six localities. Highest values of diversity descriptors (S, N and H′) were recorded in the less-polluted localities and vice versa. Besides, the results of AMBI and BENTIX indexes were also concordant with those obtained with the classical diversity parameters and matched with the sediment heavy metals distribution in the Gulf of Gabes. Compared with the northern and southern parts of the Gulf, the central area was found to be the most polluted and to host the most-affected benthic community. In addition, biotic indexes were found to be very useful tools to monitor the ecological quality status of benthic assemblages.
Epibiont communities of loggerhead marine turtles (Caretta caretta) in the western Mediterranean: influence of geographic and ecological factors
Authors: Domènech F. , Badillo F.J. , Tomás J. , Raga J.A. , Aznar F.J.
Published: October 2014

This study reports for the first time on the whole epibiont fauna of loggerhead marine turtles,Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean, analysing the factors that account for the predictability and composition of the assemblage. A total of 104 loggerhead turtles stranded along the coasts of eastern Spain during 1995–2006 were surveyed for epibionts. A total of 39 epibiont taxa were identified, three of them being new records for loggerhead turtles:Bittiumsp.,Idotea metallicaandJassasp. The assemblage was composed of a group of 27 facultative taxa that use turtles as any inanimate buoyant substrate, and 12 taxa that have developed more specific associations to marine turtles, including six species that occur in marine turtles exclusively, two that dwell also on other hosts, and four that can also survive as free-living forms but have developed a strong association with marine turtles. Hierarchical clustering and Similarity Profile Analysis based on the occurrence of 166 epibiont taxa from nine available surveys indicated that the epibiont assemblages from loggerhead turtles in the western Mediterranean (WM) are similar to those from Central Mediterranean (CM), but significantly different from turtles surveyed in the eastern Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The subset of epibionts occurring on WM and CM turtles is defined by a combination of geographic factors (exclusive Mediterranean epibiont taxa) and ecological factors (relative absence of littoral-benthic taxa). Loggerhead turtles from WM and CM apparently exploit both pelagic and benthic habitats in similar fashion, representing a homogeneous unit for epibiont recruitment.
Resource use by the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) and the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) differs in a shade-grown agro-ecosystem
Authors: Mendoza Jorge E. , Peery M. Zachariah , Gutiérrez Gustavo A. , Herrera Geovanny , Pauli Jonathan N.
Published: October 2014

Although resource specialization occurs along a continuum, species are often defined as either specialists or generalists. In general, specialists are more prone to extinction than generalists and, thus, are often the first species to be lost when habitats are modified. The two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) and the three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) are arboreal herbivores distributed across the Neotropics. The two-toed sloth is considered a generalist while the three-toed sloth is more specialized. Both species inhabit shade-grown agro-ecosystems but, at least at one study site, only the two-toed sloth was viable. To quantify specialization in sloth species and explore how it influences population viability, we characterized the resource use for 68 adult and 12 subadult sloths across 3 y. The two-toed sloth used 14 tree species relatively uniformly across habitats, while the three-toed sloth largely depended on only two species of tree regardless of habitat type. Both species selected for patches of intact tropical forest, strongly avoided monocultures regardless of spatial scale and generally used cocoa similarly in proportion to availability. However, the sloth species differed in their use of cattle pastures, with the two-toed sloth selecting for pastures and the three-toed sloth avoiding them. Overall, the two-toed sloth exhibited greater plasticity in tree and habitat use, which is likely contributing to its enhanced resilience within this modified agro-ecosystem.
A corpus-based analysis of the Swedish passive alternation
Authors: De Cuypere Ludovic , Baten Kristof , Rawoens Gudrun
Published: October 2014

This article presents a corpus-based investigation of the motivations behind the use of thes-passive and thebli-passive in contemporary written Swedish. Following a probabilistic approach to language variation and building on observations in the literature, we examine the simultaneous effects of semantic and syntactic factors by means of a multivariate statistical analysis. Our corpus sample includes 1,197 passive sentences of three Swedish verbs, which alternate in their use of the passive (acceptera‘accept’,behandla‘treat’ andvälja‘choose’). The results suggest that the choice of passive form is significantly associated with five predictor variables: Subject Animacy, Subject Number, Modal Verb,Av-phrase (‘by’-phrase) and Aktionsart. Among these, Subject Animacy and Modal Verb appear to yield the strongest impact effect on the choice of passive form. The study adds to earlier research in that it allows for a more accurate analysis of the simultaneous effect and relative strength of each factor on the speaker's choice of one of the passive forms.
An eye for an eye? Exploring the cross-linguistic phraseology ofeye/øye
Authors: Ebeling Signe Oksefjell
Published: October 2014

Previous studies have shown the productive nature ofeyeand how it enters into patterns of a more or less non-compositional nature (e.g. Sinclair 1991a, Więcławska 2012). This paper adds a contrastive dimension and explores the cross-linguistic phraseology of the English–Norwegian cognateseyeandøyeon the basis of monolingual, bilingual and multilingual corpora. Starting with a survey of uses in the bidirectional English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus+ (ENPC+), the contrastive analysis reveals that while the two languages overlap in many of their uses ofeye/øye-expressions, differences also emerge, particularly with regard to the number of recurrent patterns recorded and their conditions of use. English has more recurrent patterns witheye, but Norwegian has by far the most frequent pattern,fåøye på‘catch sight of’ (lit.: get eye on). Following this general cross-linguistic survey, a focused contrastive case study offåøye påand its English correspondences shows how a combination of bilingual and monolingual corpora may complement each other in contrastive research. The study uncovers that English has three main correspondences –catchsight of,seeandspot– of which the first is the one favoured by bilingual dictionaries. An in-depth analysis offåøye påandcatchsight ofand their extended context, i.e. when they are part of extended units of meaning (e.g. Sinclair 1996), suggests that although the two patterns are perfectly matched, there are substantial differences when it comes to their frequency of use. This contributes to the relatively low mutual correspondences in the bidirectional translation material at hand.
Topic-marking prepositions in Swedish: A corpus-based analysis of adpositional synonymy
Authors: Granvik Anton , Taimitarha Susanna
Published: October 2014

This study analyses the relationship between four near-synonymous Swedish prepositions, namely angående, beträffande, gällande and rörande, which are used to establish what we call a topic-marking relation, as in statens avtal angående finansieringen ‘the agreement of the state regarding the financing’. By focusing on a single, loosely defined genre consisting of the written texts included in the Swedish PAROLE corpus, we address the question of what differences there are among these four prepositions, which intuitively seem highly similar and mutually interchangeable. In order to find out which contextual and grammatical factors might influence the choice of one preposition over the others, two complementary analyses were performed. First, a so-called collostructional analysis (see Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003, Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004) was performed on 791 cases of these prepositions found in the PAROLE corpus. Secondly, the corpus examples were annotated according to ten syntactic and four semantic criteria and a multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed on the annotated data set. The results show some tendencies pointing to differing usage patterns of the four prepositions. Beträffande stands out as the most frequent of them all and is also preferably used when no explicit head element is present, typically in sentence-initial position. Angående prefers words of communication while rörande is used when another topic-marking preposition is also present. On the other hand, neither of the two analyses leads to a clear distinction among the four prepositions, thus pointing to the fact that these topic-marking prepositions indeed constitute a fairly good case of adpositional synonymy, with few distinguishing factors separating one from the other.
The influence of collecting date, temperature and moisture regimes on the germination of epiphytic bromeliads
Authors: Correa Siouxsie , Zotz Gerhard
Published: October 2014

The understanding that many aspects of the spatial and temporal patterns of epiphyte communities may be explained by the comportment of early life stages has given rise to a considerable number of germination studies in recent years. Unfortunately, protocols frequently use unproven assumptions and arbitrary experimental conditions. To make future studies as ecologically meaningful as possible we address a number of potential pitfalls with a series of experiments with seeds from a total of 16 species. We show that it is safe to collect capsules for experiments before natural dehiscence – there is afterripening even in the case of very early collections. The application of fluctuating temperatures is not imperative, because there is no consistent difference in the germination response under constant versus fluctuating temperatures. The effects of different osmotic potentials and intermittent drought of varying intensity on germination are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, comparable. Due to the greater ecological realism, we encourage the use of the latter. However, care must be taken to use realistic temperatures – the impact of intermittent drought on germination is modulated by temperature. This highlights the need for data on thein situtemperature regimes during germination as an important prerequisite towards more realistic experiments in the field of germination ecology of vascular epiphytes.
Institutions, rules, and equilibria: a unified theory
Authors: HINDRIKS FRANK , GUALA FRANCESCO
Published: October 2014

We propose a new framework to unify three conceptions of institutions that play a prominent role in the philosophical and scientific literature: the equilibria account, the regulative rules account, and the constitutive rules account. We argue that equilibrium-based and rule-based accounts are individually inadequate, but that jointly they provide a satisfactory conception of institutions as rules-in-equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we show that constitutive rules can be derived from regulative rules via the introduction of theoretical terms. We argue that the constitutive rules theory is reducible to the rules-in equilibrium theory, and that it accounts for the way in which we assign names to social institutions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 is a leukocidin causing Ca2+ influx, necrosis and neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Authors: Francis R J , Butler R E , Stewart G R
Published: October 2014

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection generates pulmonary granulomas that consist of a caseous, necrotic core surrounded by an ordered arrangement of macrophages, neutrophils and T cells. This inflammatory pathology is essential for disease transmission and M. tuberculosis has evolved to stimulate inflammatory granuloma development while simultaneously avoiding destruction by the attracted phagocytes. The most abundant phagocyte in active necrotic granulomas is the neutrophil. Here we show that the ESAT-6 protein secreted by the ESX-1 type VII secretion system causes necrosis of the neutrophils. ESAT-6 induced an intracellular Ca2+ overload followed by necrosis of phosphatidylserine externalised neutrophils. This necrosis was dependent upon the Ca2+ activated protease calpain, as pharmacologic inhibition prevented this secondary necrosis. We also observed that the ESAT-6 induced increase in intracellular Ca2+, stimulated the production of neutrophil extracellular traps characterised by extruded DNA and myeloperoxidase. Thus we conclude that ESAT-6 has a leukocidin function, which may facilitate bacterial avoidance of the antimicrobial action of the neutrophil while contributing to the maintenance of inflammation and necrotic pathology necessary for granuloma formation and TB transmission.
A novel antagonist to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) potentiates cell death in EGFR-overexpressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Lee S-H , Lee J-Y , Jung C L , Bae I H , Suh K H , Ahn Y G , Jin D-H , Kim T W , Suh Y-A , Jang S J
Published: October 2014

In the effort to develop an efficient chemotherapy drug for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyzed the anti-tumorigenic effects of a novel small molecule targeting the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAPs), HM90822B, on NSCLC cells. HM90822B efficiently decreased IAP expression, especially that of XIAP and survivin, in several NSCLC cells. Interestingly, cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) due to the mutations were more sensitive to HM90822B, undergoing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis when treated. In xenograft experiments, inoculated EGFR-overexpressing NSCLC cells showed tumor regression when treated with the inhibitor, demonstrating the chemotherapeutic potential of this agent. Mechanistically, decreased levels of EGFR, Akt and phospho-MAPKs were observed in inhibitor-treated PC-9 cells on phosphorylation array and western blotting analysis, indicating that the reagent inhibited cell growth by preventing critical cell survival signaling pathways. In addition, gene-specific knockdown studies against XIAP and/or EGFR further uncovered the involvement of Akt and MAPK pathways in HM90822B-mediated downregulation of NSCLC cell growth. Together, these results support that HM90822B is a promising candidate to be developed as lung tumor chemotherapeutics by targeting oncogenic activities of IAP together with inhibiting cell survival signaling pathways.
Electrochemical behavior of luteolin on a chitosan–graphene modified glassy carbon electrode and its sensitive detection
Authors: Li Guangjiu , Liu Lihua , Cheng Yong , Gong Shixing , Wang Xiuli , Geng Xiujuan , Sun Wei
Published: October 2014

Electrochemical responses of luteolin are greatly enhanced on a graphene modified glassy carbon electrode, which can be used for the sensitive detection of luteolin.
Enhanced proteotoxic stress: one of the contributors for hyperthermic potentiation of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib using magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Alvarez-Berrios Merlis P. , Castillo Amalchi , Merida Fernando , Mendez Janet , Rinaldi Carlos , Torres-Lugo Madeline
Published: October 2014

Heat released by magnetic nanoparticles enhances bortezomib cytotoxicity due in part to enhanced proteotoxic stress.
Dissolution and degradation of Fmoc-diphenylalanine self-assembled gels results in necrosis at high concentrations in vitro
Authors: Truong Warren Ty , Su Yingying , Gloria Danmar , Braet Filip , Thordarson Pall
Published: October 2014

The archetypical molecular gelatorFmoc-FFdisplays cytotoxic effectsin vitroat high concentrations, suggesting that results from classicalin vitroassays on self-assembled gels need to be interpreted with care.
Engineering personalized neural tissue by combining induced pluripotent stem cells with fibrin scaffolds
Authors: Montgomery Amy , Wong Alix , Gabers Nicole , Willerth Stephanie M.
Published: October 2014

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from adult somatic cells by inducing key transcription factors. This study investigates the generation of neurons from iPSCs within 3D fibrin scaffolds.
“Perfecting” pure shift HSQC: full homodecoupling for accurate and precise determination of heteronuclear couplings
Authors: Kaltschnee L. , Kolmer A. , Timári I. , Schmidts V. , Adams R. W. , Nilsson M. , Kövér K. E. , Morris G. A. , Thiele C. M.
Published: October 2014

Full suppression of proton–proton couplings in pure shift HSQC spectra simplifies their analysis, as demonstrated for high precision RDC measurements.
Fructose-coated nanoparticles: a promising drug nanocarrier for triple-negative breast cancer therapy
Authors: Zhao Jiacheng , Babiuch Krzysztof , Lu Hongxu , Dag Aydan , Gottschaldt Michael , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: October 2014

Overexpression of GLUT5 in breast cancer cell lines leads to extensive uptake of fructose bearing nanoparticles.
Probing structural changes of self assembled i-motif DNA
Authors: Lee Il Joon , P. Patil Sachin , Fhayli Karim , Alsaiari Shahad , Khashab Niveen M.
Published: October 2014

We report an i-motif structural probing system using fluorescent Thioflavin T (ThT). This probe can discriminate the structural changes of RET and Rb i-motif sequences depending on pH change.
Gold nanoprobes for detecting DNA adducts
Authors: Trantakis Ioannis A. , Sturla Shana J.
Published: October 2014

Incorporating a modified nucleobase in oligomers coupled to gold nanoparticles enables sequence specific detection of a DNA adduct.
Self-assembly of metal–organic coordination networks using on-surface synthesized ligands
Authors: Lin Tao , Kuang Guowen , Shang Xue Song , Liu Pei Nian , Lin Nian
Published: October 2014

A two-step strategy consisting of on-surface synthesis and supramolecular assembly is developed for constructing low-dimensional molecular nanostructures on surfaces.
A palladium-catalyzed addition reaction of aroyl/heteroaroyl acid anhydrides to norbornenes
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Tanii Saori , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: October 2014

A palladium complex derived from Pd2(dba)3 and dppp catalyzes the addition reaction of aroyl/heteroaroyl acid anhydrides to norbornenes, giving 2-aroyl/heteroaroyl-3-aroyloxy/heteroaroyloxy-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptanes.
Self-assemble SnO2@TiO2 porous nanowire–nanosheet heterostructures for enhanced photocatalytic property
Authors: Zhou Banghong , Yang Shuanglei , Wu Wei , Sun Lingling , Lei Mei , Pan Jun , Xiong Xiang
Published: October 2014

In this study, semi-conducting one-dimensional SnO2@TiO2 heterostructures with unique properties are realized, suited to application in the photocatalysis field.
Electrochemistry and structure of the cobalt-free Li1+xMO2(M = Li, Ni, Mn, Fe) composite cathode
Authors: Pang Wei Kong , Kalluri Sujith , Peterson Vanessa K. , Dou Shi Xue , Guo Zaiping
Published: October 2014

Understanding the electrochemical mechanism of the cobalt-free (Li0.80(4)Ni0.20(4))(Li0.20(4)Ni0.13(4)Mn0.33Fe0.33)O2cathode usingoperandoneutron powder-diffraction.
The stabilities and electronic structures of single-layer bismuth oxyhalides for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Zhang Xue , Li Baihai , Wang Jianlin , Yuan Yu , Zhang Qiujie , Gao Zhanzhong , Liu Li-Min , Chen Liang
Published: October 2014

Single-layer BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) materials are energetically and dynamically stable structures. Single-layer BiOI is a promising photocatalyst for water splitting because of its suitable band gap and appropriate band edge positions.
Sol–gel deposited Cu2O and CuO thin films for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Lim Yee-Fun , Chua Chin Sheng , Lee Coryl Jing Jun , Chi Dongzhi
Published: October 2014

Cu2O and CuO thin films deposited by a sol–gel spin-coating process show promise for photocatalytic water splitting.
Complex borides based on AlLiB14 as high-temperature thermoelectric compounds
Authors: Wan L. F. , Beckman S. P.
Published: October 2014

AlLiB14 is examined as a potential high-temperature thermoelectric material.
Enhancing the available specific surface area of carbon supports to boost the electroactivity of nanostructured Pt catalysts
Authors: Holade Yaovi , Morais Claudia , Servat Karine , Napporn Teko W. , Kokoh K. Boniface
Published: October 2014

We report a convenient and straightforward thermal pre-treatment to improve the physicochemical properties of carbon-based substrates to boost the catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles.
Coherent phonon decay and the boron isotope effect for MgB2
Authors: Alarco Jose A. , Talbot Peter C. , Mackinnon Ian D. R.
Published: October 2014

DFT calculated phonon frequencies for a 2× super-lattice of MgB2 isotopic forms with P63mc symmetry suggests coherent acoustic phonon decay may be an important contributor to superconductivity.
Biomimetic cavity-based metal complexes
Authors: Rebilly Jean-Noël , Colasson Benoit , Bistri Olivia , Over Diana , Reinaud Olivia
Published: October 2014

The biomimetic association of a metal ion with a cavity allows selective recognition, unusual redox properties and new reactivity patterns.
Metal–organic molecular cages: applications of biochemical implications
Authors: Ahmad Nazir , Younus Hussein A. , Chughtai Adeel H. , Verpoort Francis
Published: October 2014

New well-designed materials are highly demanded with the prospect of versatile properties, offering successful applications as alternates to conventional materials.
Evidence for a SN2-type pathway in the exchange of phosphines at a [PhSe]+centre
Authors: Forfar Laura C. , Green Michael , Haddow Mairi F. , Hussein Sharifa , Lynam Jason M. , Slattery John M. , Russell Christopher A.
Published: October 2014

The phosphine unit of cationic thio- and seleno-phosphonium complexes exchangeviaa SN2-type exchange process.
Phosphine complexes of lone pair bearing Lewis acceptors
Authors: Chitnis Saurabh S. , Burford Neil
Published: October 2014

The unique structural outcomes and reactivity modes for phosphine complexes featuring lone-pair bearing acceptors are considered.
Microscale anechoic architecture: acoustic diffusers for ultra low power microparticle separation via traveling surface acoustic waves
Authors: Behrens Jan , Langelier Sean , Rezk Amgad R. , Lindner Gerhard , Yeo Leslie Y. , Friend James R.
Published: October 2014

A versatile, low-power traveling wave SAW microfluidic sorting device using a Schröder diffuser, adopted from its typical use in concert halls to the microscale.
Cell proliferation and migration inside single cell arrays
Authors: Chanasakulniyom Mayuree , Glidle Andrew , Cooper Jonathan M.
Published: October 2014

Cell proliferation and migration are fundamental processes in determining cell and tissue behaviour.
The stability of nitrogen-centered radicals
Authors: Hioe Johnny , Šakić Davor , Vrček Valerije , Zipse Hendrik
Published: October 2014

Radical stabilization energies (RSEs) for a large variety of aminyl and protonated amine radical cations have been calculated using high-level composite procedures.
Efficient merging of copper and photoredox catalysis for the asymmetric cross-dehydrogenative-coupling of alkynes and tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Perepichka Inna , Kundu Soumen , Hearne Zoë , Li Chao-Jun
Published: October 2014

A highly efficient catalytic asymmetric alkynylation of prochiral CH2 groups in tetrahydroisoquinoline was developed using copper catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative-coupling of sp3 and sp C–H bonds with the assistance of a photocatalyst and visible light.
Chemical encoding of amphiphilic copolymers for a dual controlled release from their assemblies
Authors: Lv Li-Ping , Zhao Yi , Landfester Katharina , Crespy Daniel
Published: October 2014

Amphiphilic random copolymers are designed to bear a corrosion inhibitor as cleavable side group, which can be released upon activation by chemical reduction.
Exploring photophysical properties of metal-free coumarin sensitizers: an efficient strategy to improve the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wang Jinghui , Li Ming , Qi Dan , Shen Wei , He Rongxing , Lin Sheng Hsien
Published: October 2014

The five important parameters (φLHE,φinject,φreg,φcc,Voc) for DSSCs are improved by modifying the dyes with electron-deficient units.
Carbothermal reduction of low-grade pyrolusite by microwave heating
Authors: Ye Qianxu , Zhu Hongbo , Zhang Libo , Liu Peng , Chen Guo , Peng Jinhui
Published: October 2014

Pyrolusite was carbothermally reduced using coal by microwave heating, and the crystal structures and microstructures of the samples were characterized after microwave heating using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
A process of converting cellulosic fibers to a superhydrophobic fiber product by internal and surface applications of calcium carbonate in combination with bio-wax post-treatment
Authors: Bian Peiwen , Dai Yangyang , Qian Xueren , Chen Wenshuai , Yu Haipeng , Li Jinsong , Shen Jing
Published: October 2014

To convert cellulosic fibers to a superhydrophobic fiber product (i.e., cellulosic paper), the simple concept involving wet-end and surface applications of calcium carbonate in combination with bio-wax post-treatment was proposed and demonstrated.
Alternating electric field capacitively coupled micro-electroporation
Authors: Meir Arie , Rubinsky Boris
Published: October 2014

Electroporation of biological solutions is typically performed using galvanically coupled electrodes and the administration of high-voltage, direct current (DC) pulses.
A magnetic electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of phosphorylated p53 based on enzyme functionalized carbon nanospheres with signal amplification
Authors: Luo Yanan , Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Zhang Xiao , Yang Guohai , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: October 2014

A nanomaterial-based disposable immunosensor was developed for detection of phosphorylated protein using enzyme functionalization of carbon nanospheres as amplification labels.
Oxidative rearrangement of malondialdehyde: substrate scope and mechanistic insights
Authors: Yu Xin , Liu Zheng , Xia Zilei , Shen Zhigao , Pan Xixian , Zhang Hui , Xie Weiqing
Published: October 2014

Interception of Criegee intermediate via tandem acetalization and fragmentation reaction provides a novel oxidative decarbonylation of malondialdehyde.
Enhanced activity, durability and anti-poisoning property of Pt/W18O49 for methanol oxidation with a sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxide W18O49 support
Authors: Li Fan , Gong Hongyu , Wang Yan , Zhang Hui , Wang Yizhi , Liu Shengnan , Wang Shuo , Sun Chunwen
Published: October 2014

In this work, sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxide W18O49 was first studied as a support for a Pt catalyst.
Mechano-chemical synthesis of nanostructured FePO4/MWCNTs composites as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Dou Hui , Nie Ping , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: October 2014

Nanostructured FePO4/MWCNTs composites as promising cathode candidates for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized by a mechano-chemical process using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate (bmimFeCl4) as a precursor in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (bmimCl).
Non-aqueous electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Ponrouch A. , Monti D. , Boschin A. , Steen B. , Johansson P. , Palacín M. R.
Published: October 2014

The first review of the various electrolytes currently used and developed for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), both in terms of materials and concepts, is presented.
The effects of Au species and surfactant on the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol by Au@SiO2
Authors: Wang Zhihua , Fu Huifen , Han Dongmei , Gu Fubo
Published: October 2014

The cationic Au species and the surfactant had a combined effect on the catalytic reduction of 4-NP by Au@pSiO2.
Metals & polymers in the mix: fine-tuning the mechanical properties & color of self-healing mussel-inspired hydrogels
Authors: Krogsgaard Marie , Hansen Michael Ryan , Birkedal Henrik
Published: October 2014

Ways to orchestrate the mechanical properties and colors of mussel-inspired metal cross-linked hydrogels based on DOPA functionalized cationic polymers are demonstrated. This is achieved by systematically varying the hardness of the coordinating metal and/or the cationic polymer.
Electron-transporting phenazinothiadiazoles with engineered microstructure
Authors: Lindner Benjamin D. , Paulus Fabian , Appleton Anthony L. , Schaffroth Manuel , Engelhart Jens U. , Schelkle Korwin M. , Tverskoy Olena , Rominger Frank , Hamburger Manuel , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: October 2014

Novel phenazinothiadiazoles were prepared by condensation of ortho-quinones and an alkynylated 5,6-diamino-2,1,3-4 benzothiadiazole and evaluated as transport materials in thin film transistors.
Preschoolers Benefit From Visually Salient Speech Cues
Authors: Lalonde Kaylah , Holt Rachael Frush
Published: October 2014

Purpose

This study explored visual speech influence in preschoolers using 3 developmentally appropriate tasks that vary in perceptual difficulty and task demands. They also examined developmental differences in the ability to use visually salient speech cues and visual phonological knowledge.

Method

Twelve adults and 27 typically developing 3- and 4-year-old children completed 3 audiovisual (AV) speech integration tasks: matching, discrimination, and recognition. The authors compared AV benefit for visually salient and less visually salient speech discrimination contrasts and assessed the visual saliency of consonant confusions in auditory-only and AV word recognition.

Results

Four-year-olds and adults demonstrated visual influence on all measures. Three-year-olds demonstrated visual influence on speech discrimination and recognition measures. All groups demonstrated greater AV benefit for the visually salient discrimination contrasts. AV recognition benefit in 4-year-olds and adults depended on the visual saliency of speech sounds.

Conclusions

Preschoolers can demonstrate AV speech integration. Their AV benefit results from efficient use of visually salient speech cues. Four-year-olds, but not 3-year-olds, used visual phonological knowledge to take advantage of visually salient speech cues, suggesting possible developmental differences in the mechanisms of AV benefit.
Benefits of Music Training in Mandarin-Speaking Pediatric Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Fu Qian-Jie , Galvin John J. , Wang Xiaosong , Wu Jiunn-Liang
Published: October 2014

Purpose

The aims of this study were to assess young (5- to 10-year-old) Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant (CI) users' musical pitch perception and to assess the benefits of computer-based home training on performance.

Method

Melodic contour identification (MCI) was used to assess musical pitch perception in 14 Mandarin-speaking pediatric CI users; the instrument timbre and the contour length were varied as experimental parameters. Six subjects received subsequent MCI training on their home computer in which auditory and visual feedback were provided.

Results

MCI performance was generally poor (grand mean = 33.3% correct) and highly variable, with scores ranging from 9.3% to 98.1% correct; there was no significant effect of instrument timbre or contour length on performance (
p
> .05). After 4 weeks of training, performance sharply improved. Follow-up measures that were conducted 8 weeks after training was stopped showed no significant decline in MCI performance. For the 6 trained subjects, there was a significant effect of contour length for the training and follow-up measures.

Conclusion

These preliminary data suggest that although baseline MCI performance initially may be poor, training may greatly improve Mandarin-speaking pediatric CI users' melodic pitch perception.
Children's Acquisition of English Onset and Coda /l/: Articulatory Evidence
Authors: Lin Susan , Demuth Katherine
Published: October 2014

Purpose

The goal of this study was to better understand how and when onset /l/ (
leap
) and coda /l/ (
peel
) are acquired by children by examining both the articulations involved and adults' perceptions of the produced segments.

Method

Twenty-five typically developing Australian English–speaking children aged 3;0 (years;months) to 7;11 participated in an elicited imitation task, during which audio, video, and lingual ultrasound images were collected. Transcribers perceptually rated audio, whereas video and ultrasound images were visually examined for the presence of adult-like articulations.

Results

Data from this study establish that for Australian English–learning children, coda /l/s are acquired later than onset /l/s, and older children produce greater proportions of adultlike /l/s in both onset and coda positions, roughly following established norms for American English–speaking children. However, although perceptibility of coda /l/s was correlated with their articulations, onset /l/s were nearly uniformly perceived as adultlike despite substantial variation in the articulations used to produce them.

Conclusions

The disparity in the production and perception of children's singleton onset /l/s is linked to both physiological and phonological development. Suggestions are made for future research to tease these factors apart.
Back to School: Updates for Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A.
Published: October 2014

Purpose

In this column, the editor gives an overview of each article in the current issue of
Language
,
Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools
(Vol. 45, No. 4).
What Limits Access to Speech-Language Pathology Services in the Asian Elderly Community?
Authors: Sung JiSu
Published: October 2014

It is well known that the culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) immigrant population in the United States is increasing. One of the subgroups, the Asian foreign-born elderly, comprises 15 percent of Asian immigrants and is rapidly growing (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). The increasing number of Asian and other immigrants results in greater demand for research sensitive to cross-cultural issues. Issues related to serving CLD children and poor access to general medical services among minority individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) have been broadly discussed. However, the understanding of CLD elderly clients with communication disorders and the disparity in access to specialized services, including speech-language pathology, have not been systematically studied. This fast growth in numbers of older Asian immigrants means speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are increasingly likely to encounter elderly clients of Asian heritage. Thus, all SLPs should be aware of potential challenges faced by this ethnic group, including cultural and linguistic barriers. In addition, there are other factors that may limit this population's access to speech-language pathology services: negative attitudes toward speech disorders and treatment, poor acknowledgment of the significance of speech-language pathology services, extremely limited numbers of SLPs with proficiency in Asian languages, and culturally and linguistically inappropriate interpreter services. The purpose of this article is to discuss how these components may impede timely access to speech-language pathology services in the Asian older immigrant population. This article will also show how SLPs can collaborate with Asian communities in order to facilitate culturally and linguistically sensitive services. In addition, as a clinician of Korean heritage, I provide anecdotal evidence based on my experience working with Asian elderly patients.
Dynamic distribution technique for session management in CWMP server clusters
Authors: Lee Kuen‐Min , Teng Wei‐Guang , Wu Jin‐Neng , Chen Ping‐Yu , Huang Mu‐Kai , Hou Ting‐Wei
Published: October 2014

An appropriate session management technique is crucial in CPE WAN (customer premises equipment code area method) management protocol (CWMP) to efficiently handle numerous sessions. In addition, with the rapid growth of mobile devices, more clients with wireless links result in an environment with possibly higher connection failure rates (CFRs). To improve the resource utilisation in a server cluster, the feature of predictable numbers of connections in all CWMP sessions is used to design a dynamic distribution (DD) technique. By adaptively choosing an appropriate session management strategy, the proposed DD technique helps to minimise memory and time consumption in different network situations. When the network situation is good or there are only a small number of connections, DD distributes each session to a single cluster node. However, as the CFR increases with a large number of connections, DD replicates a session to a number of cluster nodes, but not to all cluster nodes. Furthermore, as the network situation improves, the replicated sessions are adaptively removed so as to reduce memory usage. Experimental results show that the DD approach generally outperforms previous techniques in terms of both memory and time consumption, especially when the CFR is higher than 2.8%.
Precoding design for STBC‐MIMO system with imperfect feedback in spatially correlated Rayleigh channel
Authors: Xu Weiye , Bao Yongqiang , Yu Xiangbin
Published: October 2014

By minimising the pairwise error probability (PEP) bound subject to the fixed power constraint, a suboptimal precoding scheme for space–time block‐coded multiple‐input–multiple‐output (STBC‐MIMO) systems with mean and covariance feedback in spatially correlated Rayleigh fading channels is developed, which can include the mean‐feedback only and covariance‐feedback only as its special cases. This scheme can achieve performances close to the existing optimal scheme while being more computationally efficient. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can provide better performances than the conventional equal power scheme, and achieve almost the same performances as the existing optimal scheme.
Fast sensing matrix construction method oriented towards frequency‐sparse signal
Authors: Fu Ning , Song Pingfan , Qiao Liyan
Published: October 2014

The sensing matrix is a crucial parameter in the recovery of frequency‐sparse signals according to compressive sensing theory. Generally, it is calculated via multiplication of the measurement matrix and the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) matrix, which involves a large amount of computational work. To reduce the computational load, a fast sensing matrix construction (FSMC) method is developed. The matrices transpose rule, the symmetry property of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, the conjugation relation between the DFT matrix and the IDFT matrix are exploited for the first time to develop this FSMC method in which the fast Fourier transform algorithm can be applied. Experiments demonstrate that the FSMC method can boost computational efficiency and contribute to a reduction in computational load without any loss of accuracy.
High‐performance electro‐optic polarisation conversion type modulator for short‐wavelength light using periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3
Authors: Inoue T. , Suhara T.
Published: October 2014

An electro‐optic (EO) polarisation conversion type modulator for short‐wavelength light using periodically poled MgO:LiNbO3 is fabricated and the characteristics are evaluated using a tunable GaN laser. High‐quality domain‐inverted gratings with 3.6 μm were obtained over a 1.0 × 1.0 mm2 area. The maximum conversion efficiency, as high as 91%, was obtained. The wavelength bandwidth was 0.7 nm, which was in good agreement with the calculated value, and high wavelength selectivity was obtained.
Why (n + 1)th‐hop neighbours are more important than nth‐hop ones for localisation in multi‐hop WSNs
Authors: Chen Liangyin , Xiong Xunde , Chen Yanru , Liu Kai , Zhang Jingyu , Jiang Yushi , Yin Feng , Luo Qian
Published: October 2014

For range‐free localisation in a wireless sensor network (WSN), the importance of indirect anchor neighbours of an unknown node has been underestimated in the past. In this reported work, for the unknown node, we show that its (n + 1)th‐hop anchor neighbours are more useful than its nth‐hop ones. By employing a theoretical model to analyse the possible localisation area (PLA) of the unknown node, it is found that the PLA and the hop count are negatively correlated, which indicates that (n + 1)th‐hop anchor neighbours can provide more information to more accurately localise the unknown node. Meanwhile, the property of convergence of the theoretical model means that localisation accuracy cannot be unlimitedly improved with increasing hop counts. In the simulations, the presented theory is verified.
All‐optical flip‐flop contrast enhancement based on bistable polarisation rotation within Fabry–Perót SOA
Authors: Ippolito C.E. , Paranjpe T. , Permeneva D. , Maywar D.N.
Published: October 2014

Switching‐contrast enhancement of over 28 dB for all‐optical flip‐flop (AOFF) operation of a Fabry–Perót semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is experimentally demonstrated. Although the two stable flip‐flop states of such a device are typically distinguished by their optical power, it is demonstrated that each stable state can also exhibit a unique state of polarisation (SOP). This bistable polarisation rotation (BPR) is leveraged to achieve extreme contrast enhancement by aligning the AOFF reset‐state SOP to the blocking axis of a linear polariser, producing a contrast of 36.6 dB. This contrast‐enhancement technique is applicable to other AOFFs based on resonant‐type SOAs (RT‐SOAs) and Kerr‐nonlinear media, substantially improving their applicability to advanced photonic‐switching applications.
Comparison of power losses, current and voltage stresses of semiconductors in voltage source transformerless multilevel inverters
Authors: Perantzakis George S. , Christodoulou Christos A. , Anagnostou Kostas E. , Manias Stefanos N.
Published: October 2014

The power losses, current and voltage stresses in semiconductor devices in voltage source transformerless multilevel inverters (VSTMLIs) topologies are unequal, depending on the switching states, the duty ratio, the levels of output voltage, the load power factor and the depth of modulation index. Non‐uniform power loss profiles mean both unequal junction temperature and power rating in semiconductors. In this study, a comparison of power losses, current and voltage stresses in semiconductors of VSTMLIs is performed. Initially, the structural characteristics and operating principles of dominant VSTMLIs with sinusoidal pulse width modulation are analysed. Then, modifications of existing VSTMLIs and simplified multilevel topologies are proposed, which achieve a further reduction in switch count and power losses in semiconductors. The proposed modified circuitries are suitable for converting existing four‐level VSTMLI topologies into five‐level ones. This conversion is desirable, when a zero output voltage level under no‐load conditions or low modulation indices should be obtained. Power losses in semiconductors are calculated analytically and then confirmed by simulation. A comparative presentation of profiles of power losses, current and voltage stresses in semiconductors of the examined VSTMLIs is analytically carried out. The obtained results are valuable for sizing and selecting the semiconductors in VSTMLIs.