bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of the Literature on Child Protection and Domestic Violence Electronic Medical Record Alerts
Authors: Flaherty Rosemaria , McDougall Stewart , Arney Fiona , Meiksans Jenna , Hawkes Martine
Published: March 2021

The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify peer‐reviewed publications on the use and/or evaluation of child protection or domestic violence alerts in electronic medical records. A systematic literature search yielded 751 results, with four articles retained for review. Two articles related to the Child Protection – Information Sharing electronic medical record alert system in England and two articles described a clinical decision‐support alert operating in the background of an electronic medical record system in the emergency department of the Pittsburgh Children's Hospital, Pennsylvania, USA. No articles were identified that described domestic violence electronic medical record alert systems. Child protection electronic medical record alert systems are operating in healthcare facilities in several countries. However, despite their promise in terms of improving healthcare and service coordination for children and their families, research testing the efficacy of these systems is limited.

‘Identif[ies] peer‐reviewed publications on the use and/or evaluation of child protection or domestic violence alerts in electronic medical records’

Key Practitioner Messages

Child protection alerts in electronic medical records are used in a number of countries.

No published examples of the use of domestic violence alerts in electronic medical records could be found.

Alerts on linked electronic medical records can convey standardised, current, clinically significant information to a multitude of clinicians across several health services at once.

Two evaluation studies of a child protection electronic medical record alert system were found; therefore, more evaluation studies are required.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome after risk stratification
Authors: Li Xiaoying , Qiu Miaohan , Na Kun , Li Yuzhuo , Ma Sicong , Qi Zizhao , Li Jing , Li Yi , Han Yaling
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness and safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in acute coronary artery syndrome (ACS) patients stratified by the Optimal Antiplatelet Therapy for Chinese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (OPT‐CAD) risk score.

Background

Although they provide a promising basis for treatment decisions, risk scores have not been utilized to optimize P2Y12 inhibitors for ACS patients.

Methods

In 2016–2019, 16,343 ACS patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention at the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command were enrolled and classified as low‐risk (n = 9,841) or intermediate‐ to high‐risk (n = 6,502) according to OPT‐CAD risk score. Clinical outcomes for patients receiving clopidogrel or ticagrelor were compared within risk levels. Primary endpoint was ischemic events at 12 months. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance groups.

Results

The risk of ischemic events (2.73% vs. 3.89%, p = .02) and all‐cause mortality (1.75% vs. 2.86%, p = .01) were lower in the intermediate‐ to high‐risk patients treated with ticagrelor than those treated with clopidogrel, without an excessive risk of major bleeding (3.71% vs. 3.95%, p = .65). Among low‐risk patients, ticagrelor was associated with significantly increased bleeding risk (4.13% vs. 2.85%, p < .01) compared to clopidogrel, with no difference in ischemic risk (1.04% vs. 1.25%, p = .36). Results were consistent in PSM cohorts.

Conclusions

Ticagrelor improves ischemic prognosis in intermediate‐ to high‐risk patients but shows worse safety in low‐risk patients compared to clopidogrel, supporting the effectiveness of risk score‐guided decision making.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance in Bilayer TiO2/α‐Fe2O3 Nanorod Arrays Photoanode with Cu : NiOx as Hole Transport Layer and Co−Pi as Cocatalyst
Authors: Li Hongxing , Yin Meisong , Li Xianglin , Mo Rong
Published: March 2021

Efficient charge transfer and excellent surface water oxidation kinetics are key factors in determining the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting performance in photoelectrodes. Herein, a bilayer TiO2/α‐Fe2O3 nanorod (NR) arrays photoanode was prepared with deposited Cu‐doped NiOx (Cu : NiOx) hole transport layer (HTL) and Co−Pi oxygen evolution reaction (OER) cocatalyst for PEC water oxidation. The hierarchical TiO2/α‐Fe2O3 composite obtained by a secondary hydrothermal process exhibited an inapparent bilayer structure by embedding the underlayer TiO2 NR arrays at the bottom part of the post‐grown α‐Fe2O3 NR arrays. The underlayer TiO2 NRs acted as an effective shuttling pathway for transferring photoelectrons generated in the upper hematite light absorber layer. A p‐type inter‐Cu : NiOx HTL was introduced to form a build‐in p–n electric field between Cu : NiOx and α‐Fe2O3 NRs, which improved the hole extraction from α‐Fe2O3 to Co−Pi OER catalyst. As expected, the as‐engineered TiO2/α‐Fe2O3/Cu : NiOx/Co−Pi photoanode displayed an excellent photocurrent density of 2.43 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE), up to 4.05 and 2.23 times greater than those of the bare α‐Fe2O3 (0.60 mA cm−2) and TiO2/α‐Fe2O3, respectively. The results demonstrate that the bottom‐up engineering of electron‐hole transport channels and cocatalyst modification is an attractive maneuver to enhance the PEC water oxidation activity in hematite and other photoanodes.
Magnetic adsorbent based on the electric arc furnace dust for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution
Authors: Shamsi Zahra , Mohamadi Zahra , Zamani Abbasali , Alizadeh Azadeh
Published: March 2021

There are different solutions to manage industrial sewage, and recently reusing the useful materials in sewage is a trending topic among environmentalists. In this study, electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), a by‐product of the steelmaking industry, and finding a way to it reuse will be the main topic of this article. EAFD with 37% iron (Fe) content as the magnetic adsorbents has a good ability to treat contaminated water. The batch method was used to evaluate the effective parameters for removing methylene blue with a magnetic adsorbent, such as the initial concentrations of dye, the pH of the solution, time dependency, and the amount of adsorbent. The results showed that 3 g of the adsorbent could remove 93 ± 1% of the methylene blue from the 100 ml of an aqueous solution with an initial concentration of 5 ppm during 20 min at pH = 6. Kinetic data and the adsorption isotherms were better fitted with the pseudo‐second‐order model (R2 = 0.99) and Freundlich models (R2 = 0.97), respectively, which confirmed the chemisorption. The real sample's recovery results with three replicate confirmed the MB removal was dramatically reduced by more than 80%.
Inhibition of the metabolism of mixed cultures of purple phototrophic bacteria by typical refinery and petrochemistry wastewater pollutants
Authors: San Martín Javier , Puyol Daniel , Melero Juan A , Segura Yolanda , Martínez Fernando
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Anaerobic treatments based on purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) can be a more efficient and less energetically demanding alternative to aerobic biological processes currently used in refinery and petrochemistry wastewater (RPWW) treatment plants. Toxic compounds in the RPWW might compromise PPB metabolism, limiting its feasibility. In this work, seven toxic compounds that are typical components of RPWW [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o‐xylene (BTEX), furfural, methyl‐di‐ethanolamine (MDEA) and butanone] were evaluated as potential inhibitors of the specific activity and growth of PPB.

RESULTS

Inhibitory Ki parameters of 50% reduction of specific activity or biomass yield were calculated. Most of the BTEX compounds showed initial inhibitory effects on the specific activity, with Ki values of 305 ± 9, 151 ± 17 and 84 ± 2 mg L−1 for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene, respectively. These compounds also caused inhibition of PPB growth (Ki of 411 ± 7 and 241 ± 3 mg L−1, 26% below the control, respectively). By contrast, o‐xylene affected neither the activity nor the growth. Furfural inhibited the initial specific activity (Ki of 448 ± 24 mg L−1), with no effect over the PPB growth. However, MDEA and butanone improved the initial specific activity of PPB (15% and 40% above the control, respectively). However, butanone negatively impacted the growth which decreased to ≤40% below the control.

CONCLUSIONS

Calculated inhibition thresholds for the seven toxic compounds were far above the actual concentrations found in the RPWW. Thus, anaerobic treatments based on PPB for the treatment of RPWW would not be limited by the presence of the toxic compounds studied here. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
TA‐65 does not increase telomere length during post‐natal development in house sparrow chicks (Passer domesticus)
Authors: Vangorder‐Braid Jennifer T. , Sirman Aubrey E. , Kucera Aurelia C. , Kittilson Jeffrey D. , Kibble Tania M. , Heidinger Britt J.
Published: March 2021

Telomeres, protective caps at the end of chromosomes, are often positively related to lifespan and are thought to be an important mechanism of organismal aging. To better understand the casual relationships between telomere length and longevity, it is essential to be able to experimentally manipulate telomere dynamics (length and loss rate). Previous studies suggest that exposure to TA‐65, an extract from the Chinese root Astragalus membranaceus, activates telomerase, lengthens telomeres, increases the growth of keratin‐based structures, and boosts the immune system in adults. However, telomere loss is expected to be greatest during early life but whether TA‐65 has similar effects during this life stage is currently unknown. Here, we experimentally exposed free‐living house sparrow (Passer domesticus) chicks to TA‐65 during post‐natal development and examined the effects on telomere length and loss, growth of keratin‐based structures, and a measure of cellular immunity. Contrary to expectation, the growth of keratin‐based structures was reduced in TA‐65 chicks and in the second year of the study, chicks exposed to TA‐65 experienced more telomere loss than controls. Thus, the effects of TA‐65 on telomeres and keratin‐based structures differ across life stages and future research will be necessary to determine the mechanisms underlying these age‐specific effects.
An obstacle clearance test for evaluating sensorimotor control after anterior cruciate ligament injury: A kinematic analysis
Authors: Grinberg Adam , Strong Andrew , Buck Sebastian , Selling Jonas , Häger Charlotte K.
Published: March 2021

Sensorimotor deficits, particularly proprioceptive, are often reported following rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). High secondary injury rates and long‐term negative consequences suggest that these deficits are not properly identified using current assessment methods. We explored a novel obstacle clearance test to evaluate sensorimotor control in individuals following ACL reconstruction (ACLR) and rehabilitation. Thirty‐seven post‐ACLR individuals, 23 nonathletic asymptomatic controls (CTRL), and 18 elite athletes stepped over a hurdle‐shaped obstacle, downward vision occluded, aiming for minimal clearance. Kinematic outcomes (3D motion capture) for the leading and trailing legs, for two unpredictably presented obstacle heights, were categorized into Accuracy: vertical foot clearance and minimal distance from the obstacle; Variability: end‐point and hip/knee trajectory; and Symmetry: trunk/hip/knee crossing angles, hip–knee–ankle movement, and velocity curves. Accuracy was worse for CTRL compared with both other groups. ACLR had less leading and trailing vertical foot clearance with their injured compared with their noninjured leg. ACLR and athletes had less crossing knee flexion in their injured/nondominant legs compared with their contralateral leg, both leading and trailing. ACLR showed greater trunk flexion when crossing with their injured leg, both leading and trailing. For the leading leg, ACLR showed greater asymmetry for the hip–knee–ankle velocity curve compared with elite athletes. Trailing leg trajectory variability was lower for ACLR compared with CTRL and athletes for higher obstacles. Clinical significance: Sensorimotor deficits in individuals post‐ACLR were reflected by greater asymmetry and less variable (more stereotypical) trajectories rather than limb positioning ability. This consideration should be addressed in clinical evaluations.
A study about silane modification and interfacial ultraviolet aging of hemp fiber reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Han Hong Chang , Gong Xiao Lu , Zhou Ming , Li Chen , Yang Heng Bin
Published: March 2021

Interfacial adhesion and the potential degradation are critical to service life and performances of plant fiber polymer composites. In this paper, the interfacial ultraviolet (UV) aging was studied by silane modification of hemp fiber on UV aging of the reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Three silane agents of 3‐(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS), N‐[3‐(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]aniline (PAPS), and (3‐Aminopropyl)‐triethoxysilane (APS) were selected to obtain different interfacial adhesion. The composite degradation was characterized by surface observations, surface degradations, and tensile tests. The results show that functional group of silane agent has considerable effects on UV aging of the polymer composites. For APS, the composites have higher interfacial adhesion and exhibit slower surface whitening, cracking, degradation, and less mechanical properties deteriorations than others. After 8 weeks aging, its fracture stress and fracture strain decreased of 5.3% and 8.0%, respectively. Because aniline of PAPS is incompatible with PP matrix, the composites have a relative weak interfacial adhesion and shows faster surface whitening, cracking, and degradation. While aniline absorbs UV radiation strongly and may retard the interfacial degradation, thus its fracture stress hardly decreased after 8 weeks. However, ester group in MPS absorbs UV radiation and may get degraded leading to the decline of interfacial chain slips. Thus, fracture strains of the composites decrease greatest of 35.2%. It is concluded that interfacial adhesion and potential degradation are critical in UV aging. A “suitable” modifier improves not only initial mechanical properties but also the weathering resistance of plant fiber polymer composites.
The intergenerational social mobility of internationally mobile students: The status attainment of returnees from abroad compared with non‐returnees
Authors: Bahna Miloslav
Published: March 2021

The well‐researched positive selectivity of international student mobility (ISM) participants with regard to parental education and social class identifies ISM as a strategy of distinction in times of a massification of tertiary education. Research has noted that returnees profit from the distinction their education gives them in the local labour market. However, studies from several countries suggest that about half of international students do not return home after graduation. How is social status transferred in these cases? The occupational statuses of ISM returnees and non‐returnees do not differ significantly. Blau and Duncan's status attainment model for returnees finds higher similarity between the occupational status of graduates and their fathers as well as a higher explained variance when compared with the model for non‐returnees. This suggests that some capitals of a graduate's family are not internationally transferable and complicates the notion of ISM as a strategy of intergenerational transfer of social status.
Swing reduction for double‐pendulum three‐dimensional overhead cranes using energy‐analysis‐based control method
Authors: Ouyang Huimin , Zhao Bingqing , Zhang Guangming
Published: March 2021

In practical applications, when the mass of the hook cannot be ignored or the shape of the payload is irregular, the crane often exhibits the dynamic characteristics of double‐pendulum. Due to the complexity of double‐pendulum effect, the design of a controller for an three‐dimensional overhead crane with double‐pendulum effect is more complicated and more challenging. In addition, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory control performance due to the uncertainty of the parameters of the crane system. Moreover, the saturation constraint of the actuator is not considered, which may cause the actuator to saturate and severely degrade the control performance. Aiming at these practical problems, we propose a nonlinear controller based on energy analysis for the three‐dimensional overhead cranes system with double‐pendulum effect, while considering the saturation constraints of the actuator. Meanwhile, the asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is not only guaranteed. The comparative simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in trolley positioning and swing angles eliminating.
Emulated order identification for models of big time series data
Authors: Wu Brian , Drignei Dorin
Published: March 2021

This interdisciplinary research includes elements of computing, optimization, and statistics for big data. Specifically, it addresses model order identification aspects of big time series data. Computing and minimizing information criteria, such as BIC, on a grid of integer orders becomes prohibitive for time series recorded at a large number of time points. We propose to compute information criteria only for a sample of integer orders and use kriging‐based methods to emulate the information criteria on the rest of the grid. Then we use an efficient global optimization (EGO) algorithm to identify the orders. The method is applied to both ARMA and ARMA‐GARCH models. We simulated times series from each type of model of prespecified orders and applied the method to identify the orders. We also used real big time series with tens of thousands of time points to illustrate the method. In particular, we used sentiment scores for news headlines on the economy for ARMA models, and the NASDAQ daily returns for ARMA‐GARCH models, from the beginning in 1971 to mid‐April 2020 in the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The proposed method identifies efficiently and accurately the orders of models for big time series data.
Agri‐Food Extracts Effectiveness in Improving Antibacterial and Antiviral Properties of Face Masks: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Passaglia Elisa , Campanella Beatrice , Coiai Serena , Cicogna Francesca , Carducci Annalaura , Verani Marco , Federigi Ileana , Casini Beatrice , Tuvo Benedetta , Bramanti Emilia
Published: March 2021

The European dependencies for raw materials supply from foreign countries have been unquestionably shown by COVID‐19 outbreak and have become particular evident from the slow response to the need for high quality personal protective equipment (PPEs). Among all medical devices, surgical face masks have earned themselves a primary role for the containment of the epidemic. In this context, our work aims at improving the barrier effect of surgical mask by depositing on their external surface a mixture of bioactive compounds, mainly polyphenols, extracted from agronomical sources. The main objective is the integration of the biorefining of agri‐food solid wastes with the potential virucidal properties of the polyphenolic extracts for the treatment of PPEs.
Solution‐Processed Copper‐Doped Chromium Oxide with Tunable Oxygen Vacancy for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Hole‐Selective Contacts
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Peng Shanglong , Lin Hao , Tian Shuhao , Wang Zilei , He Jian , Cai Lun , Hou Juan , Gao Pingqi
Published: March 2021

Compared with vacuum evaporation, metal oxides deposited by solution process exhibit advantages, for example, dopants can be easily incorporated in a wide range and the contents are easy to be regulated by changing the composition of precursors. Herein, solution‐processed p‐type copper‐doped chromium oxide (Cu:CrOx) films with tunable oxygen vacancy are demonstrated via a postannealing process. The synthetic and postannealing temperature have a significant impact on the chromium cation oxidation state in the Cu:CrOx films, leading to the variation of work function for the oxide films. By adjusting the work function of Cu:CrOx films, a low contact resistivity of 95 mΩ cm2 can be realized for the Ag/Cu:CrOx/p‐Si contact. Finally, the optimized Cu:CrOx films are used as the hole transporting layer in c‐Si solar cells, showing an increased power conversion efficiency from 15.2% (without Cu:CrOx) to 16.9% (with Cu:CrOx). The results show an effective stage to use p‐type metal oxides as a hole‐selective layer in c‐Si solar cells.
Updating intensity–duration–frequency curves for urban infrastructure design under a changing environment
Authors: Yan Lei , Xiong Lihua , Jiang Cong , Zhang Mengjie , Wang Dong , Xu Chong‐Yu
Published: March 2021

The intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation have increased in many regions in the past century due to climate change. Many studies have revealed that short‐duration extreme precipitations are likely to become more and more severe in many areas, thus raising a question on whether our urban infrastructures have been designed adequately to cope with these changes. Currently, Intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, which summarize the relationships between the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation for different durations, are recommended as a criterion for urban infrastructure design and stormwater management. However, climate change is thought to have invalidated the stationary assumption in deriving IDF curves, that is, current IDF curves could misevaluate future extreme precipitation in many cases. Therefore, it is necessary to update the current IDF curves by considering possible changes of extreme precipitation. In this review, we first summarize observed changes in urban short‐duration extreme precipitation and explore the physical mechanisms associated with changes. Then, we introduce two major approaches for updating IDF curves, namely the covariate‐based nonstationary IDF curves and climate‐model‐based IDF curves. Advances in these two updating approaches for IDF curves are the focus of this review. These include the investigation of physically‐based covariates with nonstationary modeling of extreme precipitation; nonstationary precipitation design strategies; and the statistical downscaling and dynamic downscaling methods for projecting future short‐duration precipitation. Finally, we summarize some future research challenges and opportunities on providing reliable projections of future short‐duration extreme precipitation and better characterize the probabilistic behavior of short‐duration extreme precipitation for IDF design.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Engineering Water
Real-Time Triggering of Android Memory Dumps for Stealthy Attack Investigation
Authors: Bellizzi Jennifer , Vella Mark , Colombo Christian , Hernandez-Castro Julio
Published: March 2021

Attackers regularly target Android phones and come up with new ways to bypass detection mechanisms to achieve long-term stealth on a victim’s phone. One way attackers do this is by leveraging critical benign app functionality to carry out specific attacks.

In this paper, we present a novel generalised framework, JIT-MF (Just-in-time Memory Forensics), which aims to address the problem of timely collection of short-lived evidence in volatile memory to solve the stealthiest of Android attacks. The main components of this framework are i) Identification of critical data objects in memory linked with critical benign application steps that may be misused by an attacker; and ii) Careful selection of trigger points, which identify when memory dumps should be taken during benign app execution.

The effectiveness and cost of trigger point selection, a cornerstone of this framework, are evaluated in a preliminary qualitative study using Telegram and Pushbullet as the victim apps targeted by stealthy malware. Our study identifies that JIT-MF is successful in dumping critical data objects on time, providing evidence that eludes all other forensic sources. Experimentation offers insight into identifying categories of trigger points that can strike a balance between the effort required for selection and the resulting effectiveness and storage costs. Several optimisation measures for the JIT-MF tools are presented, considering the typical resource constraints of Android devices.
Deep inelastic scattering on the quark-gluon plasma
Authors: Cè Marco , Harris Tim , Meyer Harvey B. , Toniato Arianna
Published: March 2021

Abstract

We provide an interpretation of the structure functions of a thermal medium such as the quark-gluon plasma in terms of the scattering of an incoming electron on the medium via the exchange of a spacelike photon. We then focus on the deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) regime, and formulate the corresponding moment sum rules obeyed by the structure functions. Accordingly, these moments are given by the thermal expectation value of twist-two operators, which is computable from first principles in lattice QCD for the first few moments. We also show how lattice QCD calculations can be used to probe how large the photon virtuality needs to be in order for the Bjorken scaling of structure functions to set in. Finally, we provide the parton-model interpretation of the structure functions in the Bjorken limit and test its consistency. As in DIS on the proton, the kinematic variable x is proportional to the longitudinal momentum carried by the partons, however x ranges from zero to infinity. Choosing the parton momentum parametrization to be xT u where u is the fluid four-velocity and T its temperature in the rest frame, the parton distribution function for a plasma of non-interacting quarks is proportional to x log(1 + e−x/2).
Seelische Gesundheit und psychische Belastungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie – Ergebnisse der COPSY-Studie
Authors: Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Kaman Anne , Otto Christiane , Adedeji Adekunle , Napp Ann-Kathrin , Becker Marcia , Blanck-Stellmacher Ulrike , Löffler Constanze , Schlack Robert , Hölling Heike , Devine Janine , Erhart Michael , Hurrelmann Klaus
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund

Die mit der COVID-19-Pandemie einhergehenden Veränderungen und Kontaktbeschränkungen können das psychische Wohlbefinden von Kindern und Jugendlichen beeinflussen.

Ziel der Arbeit

COPSY ist die erste deutschlandweite repräsentative Studie, welche die psychische Gesundheit und Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen während der Pandemie untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit denen der repräsentativen longitudinalen BELLA-Studie aus der Zeit vor der Pandemie verglichen.

Material und Methoden

Vom 26.05. bis zum 10.06.2020 wurden n = 1586 Eltern mit 7‑ bis 17-jährigen Kindern und Jugendlichen, von denen n = 1040 11- bis 17-Jährige auch Selbstangaben machten, befragt. Dabei wurden international etablierte Instrumente zur Erfassung von gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität, psychischen Auffälligkeiten, Ängstlichkeit und depressiven Symptomen eingesetzt. Die Daten wurden mittels deskriptiver Statistiken und bivariater Tests ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

71 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen und 75 % der Eltern fühlten sich durch die erste Welle der Pandemie belastet. Im Vergleich zu der Zeit vor der Pandemie gaben die Kinder und Jugendlichen eine geminderte Lebensqualität an, der Anteil von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Auffälligkeiten hat sich in etwa verdoppelt und ihr Gesundheitsverhalten hat sich verschlechtert. Sozial benachteiligte Kinder erlebten die Belastungen durch die Pandemie besonders stark. Zwei Drittel der Eltern wünschten sich Unterstützung im Umgang mit ihrem Kind.

Diskussion

Die COVID-19-Pandemie führt zu einer psychischen Gesundheitsgefährdung der Kinder und Jugendlichen, auf die präventiv mit niedrigschwelligen und zielgruppenspezifischen Angeboten in der Schule, in der ärztlichen Praxis und in der Gesellschaft im Sinne des Kinderschutzes reagiert werden sollte.
Fasting glucose, bone area and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Mitchell Adam , Larsson Susanna C. , Fall Tove , Melhus Håkan , Michaëlsson Karl , Byberg Liisa
Published: March 2021

Aims/hypothesis

Observational studies indicate that type 2 diabetes mellitus and fasting glucose levels are associated with a greater risk for hip fracture, smaller bone area and higher bone mineral density (BMD). However, these findings may be biased by residual confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomisation (MR) utilises genetic variants as instruments for exposures in an attempt to address these biases. Thus, we implemented MR to determine whether fasting glucose levels in individuals without diabetes are causally associated with bone area and BMD at the total hip.

Methods

We selected 35 SNPs strongly associated with fasting glucose (p < 5 × 10−8) in a non-diabetic European-descent population from the Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium (MAGIC) (n = 133,010). MR was used to assess the associations of genetically predicted fasting glucose concentrations with total hip bone area and BMD in 4966 men and women without diabetes from the Swedish Mammography Cohort, Prospective Investigation of Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors and Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men.

Results

In a meta-analysis of the three cohorts, a genetically predicted 1 mmol/l increment of fasting glucose was associated with a 2% smaller total hip bone area (−0.67 cm2 [95% CI −1.30, −0.03; p = 0.039]), yet was also associated, albeit without reaching statistical significance, with a 4% higher total hip BMD (0.040 g/cm2 [95% CI −0.00, 0.07; p = 0.060]).

Conclusions/interpretation

Fasting glucose may be a causal risk factor for smaller bone area at the hip, yet possibly for greater BMD. Further MR studies with larger sample sizes are required to corroborate these findings.

Graphical abstract
Digitale Lehre 2020: Studenten schätzen die Aufmerksamkeit während einer Onlinevorlesung gleichwertig zu einer Präsenzvorlesung ein
Authors: Mohi Armin , Gniesmer Stefanie , Ranjbar Mahdy , Kakkassery Vinodh , Grisanti Swaantje , Neppert Birte , Kurz Maximilian , Lüke Julia , Lüke Matthias , Müller Maya , Lommatzsch Claudia , Grisanti Salvatore
Published: March 2021

Hintergrund

Die Corona-Pandemie hat zu einer kurzfristigen Anpassung der Lehrveranstaltungen im Studiengang Humanmedizin geführt. Präsenzlehre war in vielen Bereichen nicht mehr möglich, sodass ein digitales Lehrkonzept etabliert werden musste, um weiterhin eine adäquate medizinische Ausbildung zu gewährleisten.

Methodik

Basierend auf den Lehrinhalten unserer Präsenzveranstaltung, haben wir ein digitales Curriculum erarbeitet. Primäre Werkzeuge zur Umsetzung dieses Vorhabens waren Cisco WebEx und Moodle, welche bereits an der Universität zu Lübeck etablierte Softwarelösungen waren. Anschließend wurde anhand einer Umfrage unter den Studierenden dieses Konzept evaluiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Auswertung der Evaluation hat gezeigt, dass Inhalt und Didaktik der Lehrveranstaltung als „gut bis sehr gut“ bewertet wurden. Die Kommunikation mit den Studenten und unter den Studenten selbst wurde als „gut“ eingestuft. Es hat sich insbesondere gezeigt, dass die Aufmerksamkeit der Studenten während der Vorlesung als „gleichwertig“ zu der Aufmerksamkeit einer Präsenzvorlesung bewertet wurde. Die Vermittlung von praktischen Fähigkeiten wurde erwartungsgemäß als „schlecht“ beurteilt. Abschließend konnte sich ein Großteil der Studierenden eine Kombination aus digitaler und Präsenzlehre auch in Zukunft vorstellen.

Diskussion

Die kurzfristige Umstellung auf einen digitalen Lehrbetrieb hat Lehrende und Studierende vor eine Herausforderung gestellt. Durch geeignete Softwarelösungen können theoretische Inhalte adäquat vermittelt werden. Die Studenten werteten die digitale Lehrveranstaltung im Vergleich zur Präsenzlehre als gleichwertig und auch für die Zukunft als eine attraktive Option. Ein weiterhin zu lösendes Problem bleibt aber das Erlernen von praktischen Fähigkeiten.
The voice, text, and the visual as semiotic companions: an analysis of the materiality and meaning potential of multimodal screen feedback
Authors: Tyrer Clare
Published: March 2021

The gap between how learners interpret and act upon feedback has been widely documented in the research literature. What is less certain is the extent to which the modality and materiality of the feedback influence students’ and teachers’ perceptions. This article explores the semiotic potential of multimodal screen feedback to enhance written feedback. Guided by an “Inquiry Graphics” approach, situated within a semiotic theory of learning edusemiotic conceptual framework, constructions of meaning in relation to screencasting feedback were analysed to determine how and whether it could be incorporated into existing feedback practices. Semi-structured video elicitation interviews with student teachers were used to incorporate both micro and macro levels of analysis. The findings suggested that the relationship between the auditory, visual and textual elements in multimodal screen feedback enriched the feedback process, highlighting the importance of form in addition to content to aid understanding of written feedback. The constitutive role of design and material artefacts in feedback practices in initial teacher training pertinent to these findings is also discussed.
Investigating Friendship Difficulties in the Pathway from ADHD to Depressive Symptoms. Can Parent–Child Relationships Compensate?
Authors: Powell Victoria , Riglin Lucy , Ng-Knight Terry , Frederickson Norah , Woolf Katherine , McManus Chris , Collishaw Stephan , Shelton Katherine , Thapar Anita , Rice Frances
Published: March 2021

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with friendship difficulties. This may partly account for the increasingly recognised association between ADHD and subsequent depression. Little is known about the types of friendship difficulties that could contribute to the association between ADHD and depressive symptoms and whether other relationships, such as parent–child relationships, can mitigate against potential adverse effects of friendship difficulties. In a representative UK school sample (n = 1712), three main features of friendship (presence of friends, friendship quality and characteristics of the individual’s classroom friendship group) were assessed in a longitudinal study with two assessment waves (W1, W2) during the first year of secondary school (children aged 11-12 years). These friendship features (W1) were investigated as potential mediators of the prospective association between teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (W1) and self-rated depressive symptoms (W2) seven months later. Parent–child relationship quality (W1) was tested as a moderator of any indirect effects of ADHD on depression via friendship. ADHD symptoms were inversely associated with friendship presence, friendship quality and positive characteristics of classroom friendship groups. Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with presence and quality of friendships. Friendship quality had indirect effects in the association between ADHD and subsequent depressive symptoms. There was some evidence of moderated mediation, whereby indirect effects via friendship quality attenuated slightly as children reported warmer parent–child relationships. This highlights the importance of considering the quality of friendships and parent–child relationships in children with ADHD symptoms. Fostering good quality relationships may help disrupt the link between ADHD symptomology and subsequent depression risk.
Freedom, Firearms, and Civil Resistance
Authors: Crummett Dustin
Published: March 2021

The claim that guns can safeguard freedom is common in US political discourse. In light of a broadly republican understanding of freedom, I evaluate this claim and its implications. The idea is usually that firearms would enable citizens to engage in revolutionary violence against a tyrannical government. I argue that some of the most common objections to this argument fail, but that the argument is fairly weak in light of other objections. I then defend a different argument for the claim that guns can safeguard freedom. I claim that firearm ownership among members of oppressed groups can hinder the use of systematic violence aimed at preventing them from exercising their basic liberties. I show how a commitment to armed self-defense is compatible with non-violent civil resistance as a tool of political change, and show how the former facilitated the latter during the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, I consider the policy implications of my argument. I don’t think it vindicates lax gun control policies. However, it may vindicate some individuals acquiring guns and learning how to use them, and some organizations aiding them in doing so.
A finite element implementation of the stress gradient theory
Authors: Kaiser Tobias , Forest Samuel , Menzel Andreas
Published: March 2021

In this contribution, a finite element implementation of the stress gradient theory is proposed. The implementation relies on a reformulation of the governing set of partial differential equations in terms of one primary tensor-valued field variable of third order, the so-called generalised displacement field. Whereas the volumetric part of the generalised displacement field is closely related to the classic displacement field, the deviatoric part can be interpreted in terms of micro-displacements. The associated weak formulation moreover stipulates boundary conditions in terms of the normal projection of the generalised displacement field or of the (complete) stress tensor. A detailed study of representative boundary value problems of stress gradient elasticity shows the applicability of the proposed formulation. In particular, the finite element implementation is validated based on the analytical solutions for a cylindrical bar under tension and torsion derived by means of Bessel functions. In both tension and torsion cases, a smaller is softer size effect is evidenced in striking contrast to the corresponding strain gradient elasticity solutions.
Landslide susceptibility mapping of Gdynia using geographic information system-based statistical models
Authors: Małka Anna
Published: March 2021

This work aims to prepare a reliable landslide susceptibility model and to analyse the factors contributing to landslides in a dynamic environment by considering the city of Gdynia, Poland as a case study. Geological, geomorphological, hydrological, hydrogeological, and anthropogenic predisposing factors are considered using geographic information systems. Ground types at different depths (1 m and 4 m b.g.l.) are used in the statistical susceptibility assessment for the first time. Landslide susceptibility maps are developed using two techniques in presenting landslides, 13 conditioning factors, and three statistical methods: landslide index, weight of evidence, and logistic regression. The considered factors have an influence on mass movement formation, but their roles are different. Many of these passive factors are interrelated and some of them are also related to active factors, i.e. triggers. Consideration of many thematic layers in the statistical approach allows for the selection of the most appropriate geo-environmental variables. The most significant conditioning factors that affect the likelihood of landsliding include land use and land cover as well as topography. The susceptibility maps generated by the index model and many interrelated passive factors appear to be over-predicted. The logistic regression model and only independent controlling factors (slope angle, slope aspect, and lithology) are sufficient to compile a reliable susceptibility map of Gdynia. Prediction rate curve plots show that the susceptibility map produced using logistic regression exhibits the highest prediction accuracy. The results emphasize the need to check independence in the selection of instability factors and the use of an independent subset of landslides for validation.
Quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate–Palestine: a part of the Palestinian diabetes complications and control study (PDCCS)
Authors: Tietjen Anna Katharina , Ghandour Rula , Mikki Nahed , Jerdén Lars , Eriksson Jan W. , Norberg Margareta , Husseini Abdullatif
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a considerable impact on physical health as well as on emotional and social wellbeing. This study aimed to investigate the quality of life and its associated factors among Palestinians with T2DM.

Methods

A cross-sectional study including 517 patients (68% female) was conducted in eleven primary health care clinics located in Ramallah and al-Bireh governorate of the West Bank. To assess socio-demographic data, risk factors and diabetes control, interviews, physical examinations, anthropometric measurements, and blood and urine tests were performed. The validated Arabic version of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL) questionnaire was carried out on all patients to measure Quality of Life (QoL). A multivariable regression analysis was performed.

Results

The average weighted impact (AWI) score was −3.38 (95% CI: −3.55 to −3.21, range: −9.00 to 0.12). This indicates that diabetes was perceived as having a considerable negative impact on the quality of life. The life domains ‘freedom to eat’, ‘physical activities’, and ‘work-life’ were the most negatively impacted. Males and individuals living with diabetes for a prolonged time were associated with a more significant negative impact on quality of life.

Conclusion

The study showed that diabetes generally had a negative impact on QoL and identified the demand for diabetes management programs tailored to patient needs and different patient groups, as well as health policies that put patients in the center of diabetes care.
Accuracy of PubMed-based author lists of publications and use of author identifiers to address author name ambiguity: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sebo Paul , de Lucia Sylvain , Vernaz Nathalie
Published: March 2021

Objective: To assess the accuracy of PubMed-based author lists of publications and use of author identifiers to address author name ambiguity. Methods: In this Swiss study conducted in 2019, 300 hospital-based senior physicians were asked to generate a list of their publications in PubMed and complete a questionnaire (type of query used, number of errors in their list of publications, knowledge and use of ORCID and ResearcherID). Results: 156 physicians (52%) agreed to participate, 145 of whom published at least one article (mean number of publications: 60 (SD 73)). Only 17% used the advanced search option. On average, there were 5 articles in the lists that were not co-authored by participants (advanced search: 1.0 (SD 2.6) vs. 5.9 (SD 13.9), p value 0.02) and 3 articles co-authored by participants that did not appear in the lists (advanced search: 1.5 (SD 2.0) vs. 3.6 (SD 8.4), p-value 0.05). Although 82% were aware of ORCID, only 16% added all their articles (39% and 6% respectively for ResearcherID). Conclusions: When used by senior physicians, the advanced search in PubMed is accurate for retrieving authors’ publications. Author identifiers are only used by a minority of physicians and are therefore not recommended in this context, as they would lead to inaccurate results.
Evaluating the Jordanian Experience in the Transition to a Knowledge Economy
Authors: Barakat Saleh S. , AlSmadi Hisham M. , Abu-Ashour Khalifeh M.
Published: March 2021

In 2002, Jordan sought to shift towards a knowledge economy through the adoption of several policies supporting the transition towards a knowledge economy. The current study aims to evaluate the transition process as Jordan moves towards knowledge economy. Majority of the indicators presented in this study showed regression, despite some important steps taken by Jordan. The results showed a noticeable decline in the knowledge economy indicators in Jordan and also that Jordan is going through difficult economic conditions on account of minimal global support. The pace of the transition towards the knowledge economy has been greatly affected by deteriorated economic situations of Jordan. However, Jordan has been able to obtain some positive indicators with respect to human capital and creativity, and these endorse the significance of investing in human capital, reviewing the law and legal system, and education policies in Jordan. These results provide a guideline to Jordanian authorities so that they can take necessary measures to meaningfully invest in knowledge economy.
“They Made us into a Race. We Made Ourselves into a People”: A Corpus Study of Contemporary Black American Group Identity in the Non-Fictional Writings of Ta-Nehisi Coates
Authors: Hathaway Yulia
Published: March 2021

This article examines representations of contemporary Black American identity in the non-fictional writings of Ta-Nehisi Coates. The dataset is a self-compiled specialized corpus of Coates’s non-fictional writings from 1996 until 2018 (350 texts; 468,899 words). The study utilizes an interdisciplinary approach combining corpus linguistics and corpus pragmatics. Frequencies of five identity-related terms in the corpus (African(–)Americans, blacks, black people, black America/Americansandblack community/communities) are compared diachronically; then the pragmatic prosody of the terms is analyzed via the notion of control. The findings suggest that Coates’s representation of Black American group identity has shifted over time. Specifically, the termsAfrican Americansandblack Americaare replaced by the termsblacksandblack people.The study’s empirical findings, considered through the theoretical framework on Black solidarity, suggest a shift in representation of group identity in Coates’s writings from an identity based on cultural and ethnic commonalities to an identity based on the shared experiences of anti-Black racism.
Preliminary Analysis of Liquid Biopsy after Hepatectomy for Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Mason Meredith C. , Tzeng Ching-Wei D. , Tran Cao Hop S. , Aloia Thomas A. , Newhook Timothy E. , Overman Michael J. , Kopetz Scott E. , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas , Chun Yun Shin
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND:

Liquid biopsies are increasingly tested in patients with colorectal cancer to assess tumor burden, response to therapy, and prognosis. The significance of liquid biopsy results after resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLMs) is not well-defined.

STUDY DESIGN:

Sixty-three patients undergoing CLM resection between 2016 and 2018 had plasma drawn postoperatively for liquid biopsy evaluation. Next-generation sequencing analysis was performed to detect somatic mutations in 70 genes.

RESULTS:

Liquid biopsy after CLM resection was positive in 42 of 63 patients (67%). Eleven patients (18%) had 1 gene mutation, 14 patients (22%) had 2 to 3 mutations, and 17 patients (27%) had 4 or more mutations. The most common mutation was APC, detected in 32 patients (76%), followed by TP53 (74%) and KRAS (38%). Two-year overall survival rate from date of liver resection was significantly worse among patients with a positive liquid biopsy (70% vs 100%; p = 0.005), particularly for those with 4 or more gene mutations detected, whose 2-year overall survival rate was 41%. Sixteen of the 63 patients underwent serial liquid biopsies, resulting in 100 liquid biopsies with matched serum CEA and CT scan results. Metastases were identified in 74 CT scans, which correlated with positive liquid biopsy in 77% of samples (p < 0.001) and CEA > 3 ng/mL in 45% of samples (p < 0.22).

CONCLUSIONS:

Liquid biopsy results provide information about disease burden and prognosis that is complementary to serum CEA and CT imaging. A positive liquid biopsy after CLM resection is associated with worse overall survival, particularly when multiple gene mutations are detected.