bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opportunities And Challenges: Digital Transformation In Voluntourism
Authors: Khairune Nisa An Nuur
Published: October 2024

In the era of digital development, the voluntourism phenomenon has undergone significant changes along with technological transformation. Voluntourism has become a rapidly growing global phenomenon, combining travel with participation in volunteer activities to impact local communities positively. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomenon that has not been well-researched before. The data collection method used in this study is literature. Literature studies will be carried out by tracking documents, such as scientific journals, articles, and documents related to voluntourism and social media related to Voluntrip. The results of the literature review show that with the development of digital, Generation Z currently prefers tourism oriented towards the local environment and authentic tourism. This is because, in addition to having high social and environmental awareness, today's generation of young people wants a memorable experience. While digital technology provides opportunities for broader collaboration and participation, its massive use also brings challenges, primarily related to the risk of commodification. Commodification practices in voluntourism can result in the objectification of local communities, negatively impacting their psychological and economic well-being.
ALTERNANCE COMME FACTEUR DE STABILITE POLITIQUE EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO
Authors:   Diplômé d’Etudes approfondies en Sciences Politiques et administratives et doctorant à l’Université de Lubumbashi et Chef de Travaux à l’Université de Likasi, Haut-Katanga/RDC, BAKAJIKA Nicolas NGALAMULUME
Published: October 2024

Cet article s’emploie à démontrer que l’alternance en République Démocratique du Congo est un moteur de stabilité politique. Et cela lorsqu’elle parvient à réaliser la rupture par la mise à l’écart de l’ancienne classe dirigeante d’un côté, et de l’autre, lorsqu’elle permet l’avènement au pouvoir d’un nouveau Chef de l’Etat qui incarne le changement. Mais pour que le changement qu’apporte l’alternance ne soit pas éphémère, l’alternance doit se fonder sur une alternative dans la gestion de l’Etat. Mots-clés : Alternance, stabilité politique, crise politique, confiscation du pouvoir.
Stillbirth prevention with counseling during antenatal care visits in pregnant women: A systematic review
Authors: Paunno Magdalena , Amiruddin Ridwan , Masni Masni , Ahmad Mardiana
Published: October 2024

At important stages in women's lives, antenatal care (ANC) serves as a means of communication for women, their families and communities. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of counseling during ANC as an intervention to prevent stillbirths. Narrative studies with scientific journal database sources published in PubMed, EBSCO and Science Direct were used. This study was conducted during September–November 2023. The keywords used were stillbirth, counseling, ANC, and pregnancy, and the search included research published within five years of the study. A total of 185 articles were found, and 12 articles were selected for review. The findings indicate that an effective intervention to prevent stillbirth can be carried out through counseling during ANC visits. Antenatal counseling is the intervention of choice to change the behavior of pregnant women and health workers and improve the quality of ANC as a strategy for preventing stillbirths. ANC counseling topics that are effective in preventing stillbirth include weight control, breastfeeding, nutrition, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, HIV, drugs, and safe medication during pregnancy. By enhancing the quality of ANC and focusing on education and support, healthcare providers can play a crucial role in preventing stillbirths and promoting maternal and infant health.
Current Scenario of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
Authors: Kawale Parag R.
Published: October 2024

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, launched in July 2020, aims to reform India’s education system, making it more flexible, inclusive, and aligned with global standards. Three years into its implementation, significant progress has been made, particularly in school and higher education. The 5+3+3+4 school structure is gradually being adopted, with an emphasis on multilingual education, experiential learning, and vocational training. In higher education, the introduction of multidisciplinary institutions and the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) has provided greater flexibility. Teacher training initiatives and technology integration through online education platforms have gained momentum, but challenges persist. These include the digital divide, insufficient infrastructure, funding constraints, and variability in state-level implementation. The success of NEP 2020 hinges on overcoming these obstacles and fostering coordinated efforts between central and state governments. While the policy has set the foundation for a transformative shift, sustained investment and robust implementation are necessary to realize its full potential in creating a future-ready, equitable education system in India. Keywords: School Education, Multilingual Education, Curriculum Overhaul, Vocational Education, ABC, Online and Digital Education.
रोजगारपरक एवं कौशलयुक्त शिक्षा की दिशा एवं दशा का राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के संदर्भ में समीक्षात्मक अध्ययन
Authors: दीक्षित विवेक कुमार , डोगरा भारती
Published: October 2024

रोजगारपरक शिक्षा तथा कौशलयुक्त श्रम शक्ति की आधुनिक कार्य संस्कृति में तीव्रता से माँग बढ़ रही है । वर्तमान शिक्षा व्यवस्था में अत्याधुनिक तकनीकी तथा आईसीटी का समाकलन अनिवार्य रूप से लागू होता जा रहा है । राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 आधारभूत तथा बहु – विषयक ज्ञान परंपरा के विकास पर जोर दे रही है । विभिन्न संस्थाओं द्वारा जारी आँकड़ों एवं रिपोर्टों के अध्ययन से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि रोजगार अथवा स्व – रोजगार के मामले में भारत की स्थिति अभी बेहतर नहीं है । तमाम शोध अध्ययन इस बात का दावा करते हैं कि उपयुक्त रोजगार न मिलने का प्रमुख कारण कुशलता से परिपूर्ण मानव संसाधन का अभाव है । आधारभूत कौशल तथा तकनीकी की समझ विकसित करके बेरोजगारी की समस्या से निपटने में सहायता मिल सकती है, अतः ऐसे शैक्षिक तंत्र के विकास की आवश्यकता है जिसके माध्यम से शिक्षा के प्रत्येक स्तर पर आवश्यक दक्षता एवं कुशलता का विकास विद्यार्थियों में संभव हो सके । बीज शब्द – रोजगारपकता, कौशलयुक्त शिक्षा, राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020, बेरोजगारी
OS DESAFIOS DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA METODOLOGIA BIM EM ESCRITÓRIOS DE ARQUITETURA NA CIDADE DE VITÓRIA DA CONQUISTA – BA
Authors: Sousa Beatriz Pereira dos Santos , Santos Philipe do Prado
Published: October 2024

Building Information Modeling (BIM) can be defined as a methodology that uses 3D models and their detailed data on all elements involved in a civil construction project. As society is a constantly evolving organism, the Construction Industry has faced the need to adapt in order to deliver better productivity results, thereby meeting increasingly meticulous demands more effectively. Scientific research has shown that the use of BIM can reduce project completion times in infrastructure by up to half. Given this, why is the number of architecture and urban planning firms in Vitória da Conquista – BA, that use this methodology still so minimal? This article, through bibliographic research as well as opinion surveys with architects and urban planners from the city of Vitória da Conquista, aims to demonstrate the challenges of implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodology in offices in Vitória da Conquista – BA. Thus, the points discussed in this work will provide a reflection on this question, the conclusion of which will depend on the awareness and experience of each participating architect, as well as the robustness of the understandings used to support the content in the following sections.
PRINCÍPIO DO DELEGADO NATURAL E AS GARANTIAS CONSTITUCIONAIS
Authors: Oliveira Janeti Fraga de , Neves Gislene De Laparte
Published: October 2024

O delegado de polícia natural como um dos garantidores dos direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana, previsto implicitamente na Constituição Federal de 1988, mas também é trazido pela doutrina e por meio da Lei nº 12.830, de 20 de junho de 2013, que introduz o delegado como o importante garantidor da imparcialidade e do devido processo legal dos direitos fundamentais do cidadão. O papel do delegado encontra-se respaldo de atuação ao do juiz natural e do promotor natural, haja vista que o princípio da imparcialidade assegura que o delegado conduza uma investigação livre de qualquer influência estatal ou de terceiros interessados e garante também a proteção dos direitos individuais do cidadão por já estar previamente investido no cargo, coibindo qualquer juízo de exceção, e com isso, contribui para uma justiça justa e democrática em um Estado Democrático de Direito.
Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Modellerinin Altyapı Yatırımlarındaki Rolü: Küresel Analiz, Türkiye Örneği ve Başarılı Uygulama Örnekleri
Authors: Varnalı Tayfun
Published: October 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kamu-özel işbirliği modellerinin altyapı yatırımlarındaki rolünü ve uygulamalarını kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Küresel nüfus artışıyla birlikte, altyapı ihtiyaçları giderek artmakta ve geleneksel finansman yöntemlerinin yetersiz kaldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, kamu-özel işbirliği modelinin sıklıkla tercih edilmesi ve büyük altyapı projelerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde önemli bir rol oynaması bu çalışmanın temel odak noktalarındandır. Çalışmada, KÖİ modellerinin avantajları, dezavantajları, tarihsel gelişimi ve dünya genelindeki rolü detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmakta ve Türkiye'deki uygulama örnekleriyle desteklenen analizler sunulmaktadır. Çalışmanın hedefi, altyapı yatırımlarının etkin yönetimi ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerine ulaşılmasına yönelik politika önerilerini akademik bir çerçevede sunmaktır. Kamu-özel işbirliği modellerinin, altyapı yatırımlarının finansmanı ve yönetimi açısından önemli bir alternatif olduğu akademik bir dille vurgulanmaktadır.
Digital Dialog Insights 2024: Status Quo, Trends und Perspektiven im digitalen Dialog-Marketing
Authors: Eichsteller Harald , Seitz Jürgen
Published: October 2024

13. Ausgabe der Digital Dialog Insights Studie von Professor Harald Eichsteller, Professor Dr. Jürgen Seitz und der United Internet Media: 2024 wird der Fokus auf die Themen Vertrauen beim Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz in Medien und Marketing gelegt. Wieder beantworten weit über 100 Expert:innen und Entscheider:innen den Fragebogen zu Status quo, Trends und Perspektiven im digitalen Marketing - spannende Ergebnisse sind garantiert! Die jährliche Befragung von Entscheider:innen und Nutzer:innen hat sich mittlerweile zur Standard-Studie zum digitalen Dialogmarketing in Deutschland etabliert und gibt Jahr für Jahr neue Einblicke in die Entwicklung der Branche und die Akzeptanz und Wahrnehmung des digitalen Dialogmarketings.
Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) in industry 4.0, 5.0, and society 5.0: Applications, opportunities, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Rane Jayesh , Kaya Ömer , Mallick Suraj Kumar , Rane Nitin Liladhar
Published: October 2024

As Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and Society 5.0 evolve, Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) acts as a cornerstone and catalyst for innovation and efficiency. It provides the role of AutoML in advanced paradigms, the automation of complex machine learning tasks, democratization of AI, and faster decision-making in industries. In Industry 4.0, AutoML enables smart manufacturing through predictive maintenance, quality control, and supply chain management. Industry 5.0 shifts the focus to collaboration between humans and machines; in this regard, AutoML promotes human-centered solutions to enhance creativity and innovation in collaborative environments. It also identifies a number of important opportunities, such as improved scalability, reduced time-to-market, and enhanced adaptability in dynamic environments. Moreover, during the research phase, transparency and interpretability, besides continuous learning, were underlined as important for the trustworthiness and long-term viability of AutoML models. This research points, for example, to future directions such as integrating AutoML with Edge Computing, AI Ethics, and Lifelong Learning Systems, which are all critical factors for ensuring a sustained approach of innovation and responsible development in the deployment of AutoML into an ever-evolving technological landscape.
Human-centric artificial intelligence in industry 5.0: Enhancing human interaction and collaborative applications
Authors: Rane Nitin Liladhar , Kaya Ömer , Rane Jayesh
Published: October 2024

The fifth industrial revolution - or Industry 5.0 - likely see human-centric artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionize by literally putting humans in contact and integrated with AI advancements. While its predecessor, Industry 4.0, cantered on automation and productivity by integrating cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 5.0 focuses on the cooperative connection between human workers and AI systems. This study investigates the recent and well-established uses of humanistic AI and provides a deeper insight into the possibilities of improving various sectors of the industry. Use cases range from making cobots even more collaborative by making them totally safe to work alongside humans, to having AI-assisted decision-making that further enables human operators real time with smarter decision making and problem solving. The sophisticated natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision technologies create an intuitive human-machine interfaces to communicate and interact without any hindrance. They are even experimenting with AI enabled training and simulation tools, reinforcing and reskilling the current affected workforce to meet the developing and dynamically larger requirements of Industry 5.0. By moving towards ethical AI principles, we assure that AI implementations keep human values and societal benefits at the core and mitigate issues on privacy, bias, and transparency. This research has implications for human-centric AI, reaffirming the value of building an integrated and resilient industrial ecosystem that capitalizes on the collective strengths of humans and intelligent systems to deliver innovation, resilience, and growth for the economy.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) as a foundation for trustworthy artificial intelligence
Authors: Rane Nitin Liladhar , Paramesha Mallikarjuna
Published: October 2024

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into various sectors necessitates a focus on trustworthiness, characterized by principles such as fairness, transparency, accountability, robustness, privacy, and ethics. Explainable AI has become essential and central to the achievement of trustworthy AI by answering the "black box" nature of top-of-the-line AI models through its interpretability. The research further develops the core principles relating to trustworthy AI, providing a comprehensive overview of important techniques falling under the XAI rubric, among them LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations) and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations). It follows with how this would make agents more trustworthy, better at cooperating with humans, and more compliant with regulations. This will be followed by the integration of XAI with other AI paradigms deep learning, reinforcement learning, and federated learning by contextualizing them in the light of a discussion on the performance-transparency trade-off. This is followed by a review of currently developed regulatory and policy frameworks guiding ethical AI use. Such applications of XAI in domains relevant to healthcare and finance will be presented, demonstrating its impact on diagnosis, trust earned from patients, risk management, and customer engagement. Emerging trends and future directions in XAI research include sophisticated techniques for explainability, causal inference, and ethical considerations. Technical complexities, scalability, and striking a balance between accuracy and interpretability are some of the challenges.
Exploring the impact of legitimacy on the competitiveness of international firms
Authors: Plaza-Casado Ana , Blanco-González Alicia , Rivero-Gutiérrez Lourdes
Published: October 2024

Objective and interest of the work: The legitimacy of international firms is an important and complex issue that requires further academic development. International firms must enhance their legitimacy as a generator of competitive advantages to achieve their business objectives, both economic-financial and relational. However, there is a gap in the literature on the relationship between relationship marketing and legitimacy that needs to be filled.
Methodology design: Through an empirical study of Shein’s buyers, the model is validated using the PLS-SEM methodology.
Results: The implications of this research represent a breakthrough in the academic field by relating both theories applied to the internationalisation of companies. In addition, this research proposes implications for management by establishing strategies for international firms to achieve legitimacy, not only to enter international markets but also to create stable and long-lasting relationships with consumers.
Practical implications: This research advances the theory of legitimacy for international firms. International companies must legitimise themselves and build customer loyalty in their host countries if they are to survive and generate economic benefits.
Means of expressing stereotypical ideas about Chinese in the Russian language
Authors: Kong Weikan
Published: October 2024

The subject of the study is the analysis of ethnic heterostereotypes about the Chinese ethnic group in the Russian language, with an emphasis on the linguistic means used in the Russian media. The article examines various linguistic constructions that express stereotypical ideas about the Chinese, such as the expressions "even the Chinese", "cunning Chinese" and "wise Chinese". The study covers the period from 1991 to 2024 and includes an analysis of anecdotes with the ethnonym "Chinese". The focus is on identifying and classifying language tools that reflect both positive and negative stereotypes about the Chinese, including their hard work, cunning, and China's role in the global economy. The work highlights the importance of critical perception of stereotypical information and cultural exchange to improve intercultural communication.  The research methodology is based on the analysis of publications from the Integrum database from 1991 to 2024, using the classification of linguistic means for the explication of ethnostereotypes proposed by L.P. Krysin, including accentuation, comparison, generalization and use of phraseological units. The main conclusions of the study are the identification and systematization of linguistic means reflecting ethnic heterostereotypes about Chinese in the Russian language. The study showed that expressions such as "cunning Chinese" and "wise Chinese" are widely used in the Russian media, which emphasizes the persistence of these stereotypes. The analysis of anecdotes containing the ethnonym "Chinese" also revealed how humor can contribute to the spread of stereotypical ideas. The work focuses on the dual nature of stereotypes, which can include both positive and negative characteristics. This highlights the importance of a critical approach to the perception of stereotypes and the need for cultural exchange to reduce prejudice. The results of the study are of significant importance for intercultural communication, indicating the need for openness and avoidance of excessive generalizations in the interaction between cultures.
In vitro anthelmintic activity and in silico analysis of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and semisynthetic derivatives against Eisenia foetida
Authors: Cáceres Andrea Leticia , Gayoso Elvio , Guillen Rosa , Alvarenga Nelson Luis
Published: October 2024

Helminthiases remain a worldwide public health problem, mainly in not-developed countries. Available drugs are scarce, and the risk of developing resistance by the parasites is always present. Natural products remain a valid alternative in the search for new antiparasitic drugs. Among them are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, standard components of essential oils. This work evaluated the in vitro activity of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and semi-synthetic derivatives against Eisenia foetida using albendazole as a positive control. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to determine the structure of the derivatives. In silico analysis was also performed on probable molecular targets such as β-tubulin, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABA B) receptor. The compounds with hydroxyl groups in their structure, such as linalool and (S)-cis-verbenol, showed better biological activity, superior to the reference drug. The binding affinity of these compounds was also found in silico with AChE, GABA B receptor, and β-tubulin. These results demonstrate that natural products may constitute lead compounds for developing new anthelmintic drugs.
Distinct trafficking routes of polarized and non-polarized membrane cargoes in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Sagia Georgia Maria , Georgiou Xenia , Chamilos Georgios , Diallinas George , Dimou Sofia
Published: October 2024

Membrane proteins are sorted to the plasma membrane via Golgi-dependent trafficking. However, our recent studies challenged the essentiality of Golgi in the biogenesis of specific transporters. Here, we investigate the trafficking mechanisms of membrane proteins by following the localization of the polarized R-SNARE SynA versus the non-polarized transporter UapA, synchronously co-expressed in wild-type or isogenic genetic backgrounds repressible for conventional cargo secretion. In wild-type, the two cargoes dynamically label distinct secretory compartments, highlighted by the finding that, unlike SynA, UapA does not colocalize with the late-Golgi. In line with early partitioning into distinct secretory carriers, the two cargoes collapse in distinct ER-Exit Sites (ERES) in a sec31ts background. Trafficking via distinct cargo-specific carriers is further supported by showing that repression of proteins essential for conventional cargo secretion does not affect UapA trafficking, while blocking SynA secretion. Overall, this work establishes the existence of distinct, cargo-dependent, trafficking mechanisms, initiating at ERES and being differentially dependent on Golgi and SNARE interactions.
Identifying a cis-element in PtoCP1 promoter for efficiently controlling constitutive gene expression in Populus tomentosa
Authors: Peng Yu , Guo Xueqin , Fan Yawei , Liu Han , Sun Leiqian , Liu Di , Li Hui , Wang Xin , Guo Hongli , Lu Hai
Published: October 2024

Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors binding to cis-elements in promoters. However, efficient cis-elements for genetic engineering are rarely reported. In this study, we identified an 11 bp cis-element in the PtoCP1 promoter that drives strong constitutive gene expression in Populus tomentosa. A 2,270 bp promoter region upstream of the PtoCP1 gene’s translation start site was cloned and named ProPtoCP1. This promoter controls GUS reporter gene expression in the roots, leaves, and stems of Arabidopsis seedlings. Based on the location and density of cis-elements, the PtoCP1 promoter was divided into four fragments by 5′-end deletions. GUS staining and RT-qPCR revealed a key cis-element at −466 to −441 bp essential for gene expression. Further analysis showed that the MYB-TGACG cis-element is a positive regulator, whereas neither MYB nor TGACG alone drove gene expression. This study enhances our understanding of gene expression regulation by cis-elements and provides a valuable tool for genetic engineering.
Histopathological Spectrum of Liver Allograft Biopsies and Association with Clinical and Pathological Parameters in Transplant Patients: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Bansal Megha , Mahadevan Pushpa , Yadav Abhishek
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Transplantation is vital for acute and terminal irreversible liver conditions. While imaging and functional measurements are valuable for evaluating post-transplant hepatocellular or biliary issues, liver allograft biopsies are used to determine the underlying causes of these changes. Long-term Immunosuppression (IMS), complex clinical circumstances, and de novo complications present challenges in transplant pathology, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach. Aim: To conduct a histopathological assessment of allograft liver biopsies for differential diagnosis, timing (postoperative day), and prevalence of post-transplantation complications, including identifying the causes of graft damage. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and June 2022 at Vayalil Parambath Shamsheer (VPS) Lakeshore Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India. A total of 45 post-transplant needle biopsy samples were analysed, examining histological characteristics and clinical data extracted from hospital records. Over 3.5 years, 45 post-liver transplant biopsies were performed. All clinical records and biopsy findings were examined using staining, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. The Banff Working Group’s criteria were used to grade rejection based on a semiquantitative index, the Rejection Activity Index (RAI), into indeterminate (Score 1, 2); mild (Score 3, 4); moderate (Score 5, 6); and severe (>6). The classic histologic findings are characterised by predominant portal-based lesions, including a classical triad of mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates, venous endothelial inflammation, and inflammatory infiltration of bile ducts. Results: Among 38 patients, a total of 45 needle biopsies were performed. The first specimen was collected within a few hours of transplantation, and the final specimen was collected after 770 days. Notably, T-Cell-Mediated Rejection (TCMR) was diagnosed in 9 out of 45 (20.00%) specimens. Other complications included Intrahepatic Cholestasis (IHC) in 11 out of 45 (24.44%) cases, biliary obstruction in 5 out of 45 (11.11%) patients, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) hepatitis in 3 out of 45 (6.67%) specimens, Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection (PCRR) in 2 out of 45 (4.44%), and Isolated Central Perivenulitis (ICP), Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), and veno-occlusive-like disease in 2 out of 45 (4.44% each) specimens. One patient had ethanolinduced liver injury (1 out of 45, 2.22%). Conclusion: Post-transplant liver biopsies are essential for accurate and timely diagnosis of rejection and other complications, guiding therapeutic interventions. This study offers insights into the types, prevalence, and timing of critical complications following liver transplantation (LTx).
Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Five Plants against Four Dermatophytes Responsible for Superficial Infections
Authors: Josette Agré Don , Mathieu Kra Adou Koffi , Ange Konan Gbê Kouakou N’Dri , Eric-Kevin Bolou Gbouhoury
Published: October 2024

This study is of great interest due to the rise in superficial infections caused by dermatophytes and the need to find natural alternatives to synthetic antifungals. The objective of this research was to determine the phytochemical composition and antifungal activity of total extracts from five plants: Zanthoxylum gilletii, Distemonanthus benthamianus, Gmelina arborea, Justicia secunda, and Anacardium occidentale against four dermatophytes, namely Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton soudanense.
To achieve this, aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis, followed by evaluations of antifungal activity using the slant double-tube method. Antifungal parameters (IC50 and MFC) were determined. The results revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, in most of the extracts. Z. gilletii and D. benthamianus showed strong efficacy, with IC50 values of 0.004 to 0.00609 mg/mL and 0.018 to 0.155 mg/mL, and MFC values of 0.0975 to 0.39 mg/mL and 0.39 to 12.5 mg/mL respectively, particularly against M. canis and T. soudanense. In contrast, A. occidentale showed no significant antifungal activity. This study thus highlights the potential of plant extracts in the treatment of skin infections and justifies further research to explore their clinical application.
Serological Detection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Capsicum Chlorosis Virus in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Germplasm
Authors: Katoch Naveen , Kumar Rishav , Handa Anil , Bhardwaj Chidembra , Sharma Aditi , Mehta Devinder Kumar
Published: October 2024

A survey was conducted on the basis of symptomatology for the screening of germplasm under insect proof glasshouse conditions in the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan to identify the sources of resistance in pepper crop. The most prominent symptoms were mosaic, mottling, leaf narrowing, stunted growth, mosaic with chlorotic lesions, formation of rings with necrotic lesions and mosaic with mottling. Forty-eight varieties or breeding lines were screened for the presence or absence of virus through DAS-ELISA. The study revealed that nineteen varieties or breeding lines tested positive and twenty-nine tested negative for virus infection. Sweet Banana variety recorded the least O.D. value followed by SB and UHF-Cap-30 whereas, UHF-Cap-22 was most susceptible variety with maximum O.D. value. Mixed infection of CMV and capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus (CaCV) was recorded with six varieties or breeding lines during germplasm screening. This study signifies the presence of mixed infection with chlorotic lesions like symptoms and importance of DAS-ELISA in screening of pepper germplasm against CMV and CaCV.
Effect of Neem Cake, Neem Oil and Plant Extracts on Purple Blotch of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif.
Authors: Singh Arunesh , Lal Abhilasha A.
Published: October 2024

The present study was conducted to evaluate the Effect of neem cake, plant extracts and neem oil on purple blotch of onion (Allium cepa L.) caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. Six different treatments were tested in a randomized block design with 3 replications at the Central Research Field, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi season of 2023. The results should that the minimum per cent disease intensity was recorded in T1Neem cake + Neem oil (31.72), T5 Neem cake + Eucalyptus leaf extract (37.40). bulb weight of onion (71.13g), bulb diameter (7.13cm), bulb yield per plot (2.106kg), yield (105.317 q/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1: 4.42) were found in T1Neem cake + Neem oil (31.72) when compared to untreated check and other treatments.
The Effects of Hydrogen Band EMIC Waves on Ring Current H+ Ions
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Zhai Hao , Gao Zhuxiu
Published: November 2017

Hydrogen band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves have received much attention recently because they are found to frequently span larger spatial areas than the other band EMIC waves. Using test particle simulations, we study the nonlinear effects of hydrogen band EMIC waves on ring current H+ ions. A dimensionless parameter R is used to characterize the competition between wave‐induced and adiabatic motions. The results indicate that there are three regimes of wave‐particle interactions for typical 35 keV H+ ions at L = 5: diffusive (quasi‐linear) behavior when αeq ≤ 35° (R ≥ 2.45), the nonlinear phase trapping when 35° < αeq < 50° (0.75 < R < 2.45), and both the nonlinear phase bunching and phase trapping when αeq ≥ 50° (R ≤ 0.75). The phase trapping can transport H+ ions toward large pitch angle, while the phase bunching has the opposite effect. The phase‐trapped H+ ions can be significantly accelerated (from 35 keV to over 500 keV) in about 4 min and thus contribute to the formation of high energy components of ring current ions. The results suggest that the effect of hydrogen band EMIC waves is not ignorable in the nonlinear acceleration and resonance scattering of ring current H+ ions.
Global Sensitivity of Simulated Water Balance Indicators Under Future Climate Change in the Colorado Basin
Authors: Bennett Katrina E. , Urrego Blanco Jorge R. , Jonko Alexandra , Bohn Theodore J. , Atchley Adam L. , Urban Nathan M. , Middleton Richard S.
Published: November 2017

The Colorado River Basin is a fundamentally important river for society, ecology, and energy in the United States. Streamflow estimates are often provided using modeling tools which rely on uncertain parameters; sensitivity analysis can help determine which parameters impact model results. Despite the fact that simulated flows respond to changing climate and vegetation in the basin, parameter sensitivity of the simulations under climate change has rarely been considered. In this study, we conduct a global sensitivity analysis to relate changes in runoff, evapotranspiration, snow water equivalent, and soil moisture to model parameters in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. We combine global sensitivity analysis with a space‐filling Latin Hypercube Sampling of the model parameter space and statistical emulation of the VIC model to examine sensitivities to uncertainties in 46 model parameters following a variance‐based approach. We find that snow‐dominated regions are much more sensitive to uncertainties in VIC parameters. Although baseflow and runoff changes respond to parameters used in previous sensitivity studies, we discover new key parameter sensitivities. For instance, changes in runoff and evapotranspiration are sensitive to albedo, while changes in snow water equivalent are sensitive to canopy fraction and Leaf Area Index (LAI) in the VIC model. It is critical for improved modeling to narrow uncertainty in these parameters through improved observations and field studies. This is important because LAI and albedo are anticipated to change under future climate and narrowing uncertainty is paramount to advance our application of models such as VIC for water resource management.
A Vulnerability‐Based, Bottom‐up Assessment of Future Riverine Flood Risk Using a Modified Peaks‐Over‐Threshold Approach and a Physically Based Hydrologic Model
Authors: Knighton James , Steinschneider Scott , Walter M. Todd
Published: November 2017

There is a chronic disconnection among purely probabilistic flood frequency analysis of flood hazards, flood risks, and hydrological flood mechanisms, which hamper our ability to assess future flood impacts. We present a vulnerability‐based approach to estimating riverine flood risk that accommodates a more direct linkage between decision‐relevant metrics of risk and the dominant mechanisms that cause riverine flooding. We adapt the conventional peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) framework to be used with extreme precipitation from different climate processes and rainfall‐runoff‐based model output. We quantify the probability that at least one adverse hydrologic threshold, potentially defined by stakeholders, will be exceeded within the next N years. This approach allows us to consider flood risk as the summation of risk from separate atmospheric mechanisms, and supports a more direct mapping between hazards and societal outcomes. We perform this analysis within a bottom‐up framework to consider the relevance and consequences of information, with varying levels of credibility, on changes to atmospheric patterns driving extreme precipitation events. We demonstrate our proposed approach using a case study for Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY, USA, where we estimate the risk of stakeholder‐defined flood metrics from three dominant mechanisms: summer convection, tropical cyclones, and spring rain and snowmelt. Using downscaled climate projections, we determine how flood risk associated with a subset of mechanisms may change in the future, and the resultant shift to annual flood risk. The flood risk approach we propose can provide powerful new insights into future flood threats.
Interpretation of Ground Temperature Anomalies in Hydrothermal Discharge Areas
Authors: Price Adam N. , Lindsey Cary R. , Fairley Jerry P.
Published: November 2017

Researchers have long noted the potential for shallow hydrothermal fluids to perturb near‐surface temperatures. Several investigators have made qualitative or semiquantitative use of elevated surface temperatures; for example, in snowfall calorimetry, or for tracing subsurface flow paths. However, a quantitative framework connecting surface temperature observations with conditions in the subsurface is currently lacking. Here, we model an area of shallow subsurface flow at Burgdorf Hot Springs, a rustic commercial resort in the Payette National Forest, north of McCall, ID, USA. We calibrate the model using shallow (0.2 m depth) ground temperature measurements and overburden thickness estimates from seismic refraction studies. The calibrated model predicts negligible loss of heat energy from the laterally migrating fluids at the Burgdorf site, in spite of the fact that thermal anomalies are observed in the unconsolidated near‐surface alluvium. Although elevated near‐surface ground temperatures are commonly assumed to result from locally high heat flux, this conflicts with the small apparent heat loss during lateral flow inferred at the Burgdorf site. We hypothesize an alternative explanation for near‐surface temperature anomalies that is only weakly dependent on heat flux, and more strongly controlled by the Biot number, a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate at which convection carries heat away from the land surface to the rate at which it is supplied by conduction to the interface.
Juvenile Assessment Centers
Authors: Robinson Rhissa Briones
Published: November 2017

Juvenile assessment centers (JACs), centralized intake and screening facilities, allow multiple agencies to work together to coordinate services for at‐risk and delinquent youth better. The JAC concept originated in Hillsborough County (Tampa), Florida, and has served as a model for other programs nationwide. Arrested youth brought to JACs receive risk and needs assessment services and are linked to appropriate treatment/intervention.
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ittle
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illage
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ang
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iolence
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eduction
Authors: Przemieniecki Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

Gangs and gang violence have plagued American cities for decades. The challenge has been to decide what to do with this growing problem and how to combat gang violence. One approach was to create a comprehensive gang model that focused on a collaborative effort by the community, former gang members, social services agencies, outreach (street) workers, and law enforcement officials to address the gang violence in the neighborhood. The program was called the Little Village Gang Violence Reduction Project, which focused on a small Mexican American community on Chicago's west side where two rival gangs were in constant conflict with one another. The project produced some mixed but favorable results, and since then many other cities have implemented the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Comprehensive Gang Model to help reduce gang violence in their communities.
Child Care Facilities
Authors: Khan Aliya J. , Leve Leslie D.
Published: November 2017

With more than 50,000 adolescents detained in juvenile facilities, there is an increasing need for child care access and parenting programs within the juvenile justice system. In the past decade, there has been an increase in parenting options within adult correctional facilities, including prison nurseries, family‐oriented visitation areas, overnight visitation, and alternative residential placements. These options, however, are rarely implemented within juvenile justice correctional facilities. Existing juvenile justice programs, such as the Baby Elmo Program, have been designed to increase communication and parent–child attachment between juvenile offenders and their children. It is critical that administrators be aware of the benefits of parenting programs and child care. Additionally, there is a great need for research focused on understanding the needs of juvenile parents and the efficacy of parenting programs within juvenile justice correctional facilities.
Infancy Defense
Authors: Green Sally Terry
Published: November 2017

The law recognizes the differences between adults and children when ascribing civil and criminal responsibility. Generally, the child's age is the basis for determining whether a child is legally bound under a contract or morally culpable for their criminal activity. The infancy defense serves as a doctrine asserted to absolve the minor child. Critics of the defense, however, believe that it is no longer needed to protect the savvy children of today's technologically advanced era. Others rely on studies that have revealed the immaturity and poor judgment of children.
Juvenile Due Process Rights
Authors: Hoge Robert D.
Published: November 2017

Key aspects of due process guarantees for juveniles are reviewed. These relate to right to counsel, right to avoid self‐incrimination, competence to stand trial, and transfer to criminal court. The legal bases for the due process guarantees are reviewed and relevant forensic assessment instruments and procedures are discussed.
Cycle of Violence
Authors: Tunstall Ashley M. , Gover Angela R.
Published: November 2017

The cycle of violence hypothesis contends that experiencing violence as a child or adolescent leads to involvement in violence in the future. Research demonstrates that childhood maltreatment indeed results in an increased risk of delinquency, adult criminality, and violent behavior. At the same time, most children who experience abuse and neglect do not grow up to become violent criminals. Prevention efforts with a focus on self‐regulation, prosocial skills, and education attainment help to mitigate the risk of future victimization and offending behavior. Further research is needed to understand the pathways to offending when an individual has experienced childhood or adolescent maltreatment.
Comprehensive Gang Models
Authors: Van Eck Kathryn , Bohnenkamp Jill Haak , Arora Prerna , Brandt Nicole Evangelista
Published: November 2017

A youth gang is defined as a group of three or more juveniles or young adults who share a sense of identity, engage in criminal activity, identify themselves as gang members, and are perceived by others as gang members. This entry focuses on comprehensive models of juvenile or youth gangs. A brief review of individual and environmental risk factors for gangs is presented, followed by an overview of prevention and intervention strategies for working with youth in gangs. The entry concludes with a discussion of future areas of research that are warranted to aid youth in finding support and belonging to prosocial groups.
Thompsonv.Oklahoma
Authors: Edwards‐Luce Aubrey
Published: November 2017

Thompson v. Oklahomawas decided in a plurality opinion by the US Supreme Court in 1988. The Court set aside the death penalty of the defendant, who had taken part in a murder at the age of 15 years. The Supreme Court found that executing a person for a crime that was committed while that person was under the age of 16 years violated the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment because the sentence offended contemporary standards of decency. This entry provides a review of the Court's “evolving standards of decency” doctrine and explores this case's contribution to this jurisprudence.
Assessment
Authors: Onifade Eyitayo
Published: November 2017

Assessment refers to the evaluation of a youth, program, community, or system for the purpose of determining the nature, quality, or likelihood of a particular outcome relevant to criminal justice, juvenile justice, and/or delinquency. They vary in nature depending on the unit of analysis – that is, assessments can target communities and systems in the cases of community assessments or system maturation tools or in the case of individuals with clinical or actuarial assessments. Assessments can be conducted at various stages of the evaluation process. They can be used as diagnostic instruments or for behavioral prediction, formative tools that provide ongoing feedback to assessors, or summative appraisals subsequent of intervention. Practitioners are sensitive to the statistical reliability and validity instruments that anchor decision making in practice settings. Systems and practitioners that use assessment expect to improve outcomes of youth, programs, systems, and communities through informed decision making inherent in the assessment approach.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Ruth‐Heffelbower Duane
Published: November 2017

Restorative justice (RJ) is an approach to offensive or harmful conduct that focuses on needs and responsibilities rather than guilt and punishment. RJ believes that peace and safety in a community are best achieved through cooperative processes, reserving coercion for situations where cooperation is refused and the community is at risk of harm. Typical justice systems focus on retribution, asking if a law has been broken, who did it, and what punishment they deserve. RJ approaches the same event by asking what needs have been created and who is responsible for meeting those needs. Both ask how to avoid the conduct going forward.
Routine Activity Theory
Authors: Bacot Joseph , Posick Chad
Published: November 2017

Crime after World War II spiked in the United States, leaving many scholars of crime puzzled as to its causes. Using official crime statistics and data from newly developed self‐report surveys, analysts began to unravel the relationship between an individual's lifestyle and daily activities and their risk of victimization. The data revealed that as people moved outside their homes for work and became more social out in their communities, their victimization risk increased. Data from official and self‐report surveys supported a theory of crime that suggested that as people come into contact with motivated offenders, their risk of being victimized increases. Theorists aptly named this approach “routine activity theory.” Over the next several decades, routine activity theory has become one of the most popular theories of crime, due, in part, to the evidence in support of its claims. Moreover, the theory has straightforward implications for law enforcement and crime prevention. This entry reviews the history behind routine activity theory, early research on the theory, the current empirical status of the theory, the policy implications of the theory, and its future.
School‐to‐Prison Pipeline
Authors: Welch Kelly
Published: November 2017

The “school‐to‐prison pipeline” refers to the process by which children in kindergarten through 12th grade are pushed out of school classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems. Ultimately, the school‐to‐prison pipeline represents an educational failure of underfunded public institutions, wherein overcrowded classrooms, ineffective teachers and administrators, and a lack of resources, such as those relevant to special education, counseling services, and learning materials, result in disengaged and alienated students who either drop out altogether or are pushed out with the use of exclusionary discipline, such as suspension and expulsion. Then, when students are no longer in their schools, the likelihood of involvement in the justice system increases, a consequence that is most common among Black and poor children and also those with special learning and emotional needs. There is additional evidence that schools are actually encouraging this process of ridding themselves of certain students in order to bolster test scores for their institutional benefit. The pipeline reflects the expansion of student criminalization to the detriment of educational objectives, with the most harshly disciplined students experiencing repeating grades, dropping out, committing crimes, and eventually being incarcerated.