bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Créer un parc national des Calanques : préserver, partager ou confisquer un patrimoine socio-naturel ?
Authors: Claeys Cécilia
Published: September 2014

Cet article présente une analyse du processus de création du Parc national des Calanques (PnCal). La lecture proposée est celle de la patrimonialisation de la nature et de la culture. Il s’agit de saisir les discours et argumentaires relatifs au processus de patrimonialisation, porteurs de cosmogonies multiples et sous-tendus par des enjeux sociaux peu ou prou antagonistes. La proximité spatiale et symbolique entre le territoire du PnCal et la ville de Marseille est au cœur de l’analyse, mettant à l’épreuve du terrain les dualismes classiques opposant urbain/rural, nature/culture, sauvage/domestique. L’analyse des débats observés et des discours recueillis met en exergue les processus d’exclusion et d’inclusion tentant de circonscrire le collectif d’humains et de non humains participant de ce patrimoine socio-naturel en construction, en premier lieu. Dans un second temps, l’analyse explore la pluralité potentiellement conflictuelle des savoirs mobilisés. En conclusion, des pistes de conciliation pragmatiques entre anthropocentrisme et biocentrisme sont explorées.
De la poétique de l'amour à la dialectique homme-femme
Authors: Thomasset Alain
Published: September 2014

Le Parcours de la reconnaissance se termine par l’évocation d’une « bienveillance » qui puisse être au plan originaire du lien social « la contrepartie pacifique de la lutte pour la reconnaissance ». Mais l’explicitation de cette tension entre lutte et bienveillance reste pour Ricœur un programme à accomplir. Or l’anthropologie sociale de G. Fessard se situe à la hauteur des questions posées par Ricœur. Pour Fessard, c’est l’interférence constante des deux dialectiques sociales maître-esclave et homme-femme qui rend compte de la genèse du lien social et de la réalité historique. La lutte à mort, à la base de tous les rapports sociaux et fondatrice d’un rapport de domination, est en fait toujours travaillée de l’intérieur par la dialectique de la reconnaissance réciproque d’amour dont le rapport homme-femme est la figure. Là où Ricœur fait jouer à l’amour un rôle essentiellement poétique et méta-éthique de surabondance non institutionnel, Fessard s’aventure à penser une dialectique entre justice et charité qui est structurante de la création du lien social à tous les niveaux. La dialectique homme-femme est une manière de traduire en termes d’anthropologie sociale fondamentale le fonds de bienveillance de l’homme auquel Ricœur fait appel pour faire face au défi de Hobbes. Elle donne une origine dialectique à « l’amitié politique » et autorise à penser l’amplitude de la reconnaissance à divers échelons de la vie sociale et politique.
Don cérémoniel, paradoxe de l'altérité et reconnaissance réciproque
Authors: Hénaff Marcel
Published: September 2014

L’exigence de reconnaissance réciproque éclaire la nature même du don cérémoniel en tant que ce type de don est d’abord une procédure d’alliance entre deux partenaires ou deux groupes susceptibles de s’opposer. En cela le don cérémoniel se différencie profondément des deux autres principaux types de don : le don gracieux unilatéral et le don solidaire mutuel. Le don cérémoniel est au cœur de la vie sociale des sociétés traditionnelles, car il est au cœur de l’alliance exogamique. Il vise à surmonter l’altérité radicale de deux groupes, mais doit en même temps affirmer cette altérité (le même ne saurait s’unir au même comme le postule la prohibition de l’inceste). Il faut que l’autre soit en quelque sorte radicalement autre pour que l’alliance soit possible i. e. légitime. Du point de vue logique, cette relation de réciprocité est à la fois une relation interne d’implication et une relation non prédictible de contingence ; donc à la fois analytique selon un point de vue et synthétique selon un autre. C’est ce que suppose le geste de reconnaissance à la fois exigible et libre. La réponse à construire pour assumer et surmonter ce paradoxe passera par les approches de Mauss, Lévi-Strauss, Peirce, Wittgenstein.
Le culte, la collecte, l'apostolat : des liturgies de reconnaissance chez l'apôtre Paul
Authors: Combet-Galland Corina
Published: September 2014

L’écriture évangélique est travail de reconnaissance ; elle tisse la mort du prophète Jésus sur la trame des Écritures bibliques, transfigure ainsi la fin en commencement. Dans les premiers textes où s’élabore la foi en Christ, les lettres de l’apôtre Paul, trois gestes, à dimension liturgique, portent la dynamique structurante de la reconnaissance. La vie croyante elle-même est d’abord comprise comme un culte , une offrande vivante de soi à Dieu ; mais si la foi de chacun n’est qu’une part, reçue en partage, le culte implique la complémentarité des membres, il exige une juste estime de chacun pour chacun. La collecte ensuite, entreprise par Paul dans les cités du bassin méditerranéen en faveur de la communauté de Jérusalem, œuvre au lien et se teinte d’expressions liturgiques : elle se met au service de la communion, est largesse qui se fait louange, eucharistie rendue au Dieu de toute grâce. Enfin l’ apostolat  : il n’a pour lisibilité que le don de soi, marqué de l’amour poignant du Crucifié, et pour authentification, la communauté elle-même, ainsi sollicitée, en sa vivacité.
Parcours de la reconnaissance dans l'entreprise
Authors: Renouard Cécile
Published: September 2014

Comment la sphère économique et en particulier l’institution entreprise peuvent-elles favoriser la reconnaissance de la valeur morale et sociale de chaque personne ? Trois dimensions centrales de la reconnaissance sont appliquées à l’analyse du fonctionnement des entreprises. La première dimension, celle du déploiement de l’identité relationnelle des personnes, peut être visée comme l’horizon et la finalité ultime de l’entreprise (et de toute institution). La deuxième dimension, celle du respect et de l’estime de soi, définit les conditions de la réalisation de ces capacités relationnelles. Il s’agit, d’une part, de définir des frontières, pour éviter que la sphère marchande n’envahisse les autres et, d’autre part, de repenser les critères de grandeur/domination à l’œuvre dans la sphère de l’entreprise et de mettre en évidence les inégalités illégitimes, en fixant des bornes. Il est aussi nécessaire de faire valoir les ressources éthiques et spirituelles à notre disposition, pour lutter contre les pathologies sociales engendrées par le modèle économique libertarien, financiarisé et court-termiste. Ces ressources spirituelles apparaissent bien dans la troisième dimension de la reconnaissance, celle de la gratitude : cette dimension fonde les autres, elle est celle sur laquelle, implicitement, tout contrat s’appuie, mais elle est également appelée à trouver un espace explicite au sein des entreprises.
Les institutions hospitalières : des institutions de la reconnaissance ?
Authors: Pierron Jean-Philippe
Published: September 2014

Comme leur nom l’indique, les institutions hospitalières tentent d’être la traduction et la transcription sociale d’une éthique de l’hospitalité. À la sollicitude eu égard à l’homme vulnérabilisé par la maladie, le handicap ou le vieillir, vécue dans la relation interpersonnelle, elles tentent d’apporter le prolongement et la réplique d’un ensemble de médiations institutionnelles tout à la fois théoriques (une épistémologie et une sémiologie de la maladie) et pratiques (une sémantique de l’action interprétant la biographie de l’homme malade). Or c’est à cet endroit que les enjeux théoriques et pratiques de la reconnaissance s’inscrivent et se déploient, car l’institution hospitalière vit d’un tiraillement constitutif. Elle place épistémologiquement la reconnaissance sous le régime conceptuel de l’identification (vérité de science). Mais elle vise éthiquement et politiquement une reconnaissance mutuelle de la maladie comme épreuve existentielle (vérité d’existence), sous peine de fabriquer de la non-reconnaissance, qu’elle soit humiliation, irrespect ou mépris. À quelles conditions l’institution hospitalière peut-elle être une institution de la reconnaissance si d’une part elle est dominée par la survalorisation du connaître sur le reconnaître ; et si d’autre part la bureaucratisation croissante du monde hospitalier dévalue les pratiques de coopérations et de reconnaissance au profit du souci gestionnaire de coordination ?
Dette, gratitude et libération
Authors: Müller Denis
Published: September 2014

L’auteur reconstruit le débat sur la reconnaissance à partir des travaux de Honneth, Ricœur et Hénaff. Après avoir souligné l’actualité sociale de cette thématique, il s’interroge sur sa genèse, puis s’efforce de saisir la dimension de transcendance sans laquelle la reconnaissance risquerait de tourner sur elle-même. Remontant, avec Fischbach, à Hegel et à Fichte, il convient de se demander aussi comment la thématique de la réciprocité ne court-circuite pas celle de la différence. La notion d’injustice est en effet trop souvent tirée du côté d’une stricte égalité, sans tenir compte des situations différenciées des personnes concernées. La discussion sur le partenariat entre personnes de même sexe (PACS), puis, plus radicalement, sur le « mariage pour tous », fournit un bon exemple de la double dimension, sociale et religieuse, de la reconnaissance. Les ambiguïtés du langage de la reconnaissance ne sauraient conduire ni à un simple égalitarisme, ni à un différentialisme qui se détournerait de la visée fondamentale d’équité sans laquelle il n’y aurait plus d’éthique sociale. La dimension proprement religieuse de la reconnaissance vient alors rappeler la nécessaire a-symétrie qui fait de la reconnaissance un événement de décentrement, par-delà toute mise à plat.
La grande pauvreté, pierre de touche pour la question de la reconnaissance
Authors: Grieu Étienne
Published: September 2014

Le présupposé qui guide l’auteur est que la rencontre des personnes marquées par la grande pauvreté joue comme un révélateur pour penser la reconnaissance. À leur contact en effet, on est conduit à distinguer deux aspects dans le travail de reconnaissance : une lutte dans laquelle les protagonistes font l’épreuve de leur identité en confrontant leurs capacités, d’une part, et, d’autre part, un appel à l’existence, qui n’a pas d’autre « parce que » en dehors d’un « parce que c’est toi ». L’auteur souligne l’importance cruciale de ce deuxième aspect lorsqu’un chemin s’engage avec des personnes en grande précarité. À partir de là, on peut revisiter l’ensemble des rapports sociaux comme une combinaison de rapports de forces et d’appels grâce auxquels nous nous redisons mutuellement que « nous ne sommes pas des choses », selon la formule de Claude Lefort. Cette distinction permet d’interroger en retour les formes instituées du vivre-ensemble en posant la question de la place faite à ce deuxième versant de la reconnaissance ainsi qu’aux moyens de lui donner force et consistance.
Ouverture à propos de la reconnaissance institutionnelle dans la société contemporaine
Authors: Causse Jean-Daniel
Published: September 2014

En conclusion du dossier, Jean-Daniel Causse reprend la question de la reconnaissance du point de vue des enjeux institutionnels contemporains. Avec une critique du concept de reconnaissance, trois aspects sont développés : d’abord, il faut se demander si une réponse à la demande de reconnaissance doit toujours être adéquate, ou symétrique, ou si elle n’a pas à assumer une part de dissymétrie ou d’écart qui n’en reste pas moins une façon de répondre à la quête de reconnaissance. Ensuite, on peut s’interroger sur la question de savoir si l’acte de reconnaissance ne comporte pas toujours le risque d’enfermer l’autre dans ce dans quoi on le reconnaît. Comment penser alors des modalités sociales et politiques de la reconnaissance qui préservent la capacité pour chacun de ne pas être seulement confondu avec des formes de soi et qui soutiennent une indétermination subjective ? Enfin, on peut faire retour à cette forme de reconnaissance communautaire mise en place dans le christianisme où les différences culturelles, sociales, mais aussi les particularités de chacun, sont reconnues en fonction de ce qui n’est la propriété de personne et dont le Christ du tombeau vide est la figure. La reconnaissance mutuelle se construit grâce à ce qui n’étant à personne est offert à chacun.
Social Media in China
Authors: Masterson James Robert
Published: September 2014

Widespread use of social media in China is a double-edged sword: social media offers opportunities for the government to connect with society, gauge the opinion of citizens in the public domain, and allow citizens to voice their anger when necessary by blowing off steam online rather than in the streets (Magistad, 2012). However, social media also allows citizens to access information outside of China much more rapidly and efficiently and to link up and communicate with other citizens much more quickly. Social media allows users to share texts, photos, and files, making it much more difficult for the government to control information and to thwart organizing for political purposes. In some instances, the use of social media has forced the Chinese government to take actions that it otherwise would not have done or to reverse actions or policies already set in place. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the double-edged sword that social media poses to government officials in China, particularly high-level party officials in Beijing.
Malaysia
Authors: See Vince Eng Teong
Published: September 2014

While the right to information has in most instances focused on the relationship between the individual and the state, there may be some instances where such a right is impeded due to private restraints or anti-competitive behaviors. This chapter is intended to recapitulate a period in the history of newspaper publishing when private restraints or behaviors that may otherwise be anti-competitive were used in an attempt to kill off a new daily at its inception. The episode took place at a time when there was no competition or antitrust law in force. It occurred when the Internet had just found its way to Malaysia and when printed newspapers were the main tools to disseminate news. This chapter also looks at the essential facilities doctrine and a similar case in another jurisdiction, and how these might have been applied to the episode.
E-Government for Health Facilities in Africa
Authors: Macharia Paul , Kimanga Davies , Kamau Onesimus
Published: September 2014

Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) face healthcare worker shortages, skill mix imbalances, and maldistributions; there is concern in their quality and productivity. Africa's infrastructural developments also are way behind the rest of the world, and this gap is widening. Scalable, cost-effective, and long-term strategies in healthcare services are greatly needed. This chapter explores how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) could play an important role in improving healthcare. Components of e-health, an emerging field in medicine, clinical care, and public health are discussed. The role of m-health is explored, identifying the benefits of integrating mobile phone technologies in healthcare. To meet the health financing deficiencies, the chapter also explores how Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) could drive healthcare professionals' productivity through increased workplace flexibility.
E-Government in Namibia
Authors: Nengomasha Cathrine T. , Uutoni Wilhelm E.
Published: September 2014

This chapter discusses e-government initiatives in Namibia. A literature review shows that worldwide most e-government initiatives at national and local government are associated with the creation of websites with the aim of enhancing access to information. Whilst most governments are at this stage, a few have moved on to the stage of providing personalised e-services. The chapter provides the physical context, e-government readiness status, including the legal framework, and the implementation of e-government in Namibia. It also looks at the public or citizens' awareness of e-government. Using desk research, the chapter presents indicators used in e-government readiness assessments from various studies to show the level of Namibia's e-government adoption. A number of the indicators reflect some of the factors that hinder Namibia's progress in e-government implementation. In Namibia's case, some of these include the low usage of ICTs and affordability. The study concludes that Namibia is still at level one of its four-phase e-government implementation strategy.
E-Government Considerations
Authors: Singh Shawren
Published: September 2014

Governments are faced with a number of challenges that are due to the increase in the size of the population and the increase in demands from the population for efficient and effective access to services. While the needs of the citizens have evolved, government structures still reflect industrial-age organisational thinking based on a command-and-control model (Tapscott, 2010). In order to deliver services, substantial funding is required; at the same time, there has been a feeling that government has consumed too large a portion of the national income and that in general the payments made by the citizens have got to be curtailed. In this dilemma of being able to balance the supply and demand for services, government has looked at using ICT to modernise the service-delivery process. The South African government is using ICT to modernise its process; this chapter is an overview of the South African context.
Overview of Requirements and Future Perspectives on Current Laboratory Information Management Systems
Authors: Wiwanitkit Viroj
Published: September 2014

The chapter argues that a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is the application of computational technology in laboratory medicine. This is an advanced technology that can support the general work in medical laboratories. The LIMS can also be useful in all steps of the laboratory cycle (pre-, intra-, and post-analytical phases). There are many LIMSs at present, and those LIMSs are used worldwide. The present concern is on the standardization of the existing system. In this context, international collaboration to set the standards is required. In addition, the multidisciplinary approach to add up the advantage and application of the technology is promising. With the more advanced computational and wireless information technology, the next step of LIMS will be big wireless LIMS networks that extend from medical laboratories and wards within the hospital to outside units as well as patient homes. The point-of-care LIMSs are the actual future perspectives.
An Extensible Cloud-Based Medical Instrument Calibration Mechanism
Authors: Cheng Po-Hsun
Published: September 2014

To obtain effective data from a medical instrument, instrument calibration, an important process within the laboratory activities, is required. Many mobile medical devices are widely and routinely utilized for monitoring people's physiological data by home-care users. However, it is necessary to let these test data be as effective as laboratory reports, so physicians can recognize as well as refer to them. The chapter proposes a Medical Instrument Calibration (MIC) process to let all connected instruments share and store their current calibration information in a global MIC's Database (MICDB). The MICDB is based on the ISO 15189:2012 standard and provides cloud-based functions via Web Services. It also shares collaborated information that is provided by other medical instruments and vendors. A MIC process for calibrating the instrument is not only required for the laboratory, but it can also be adapted for mobile medical devices and home-care instruments.
Interoperability in Laboratory Management Information Systems
Authors: Gürsel Güney
Published: September 2014

Medical laboratories are the key departments for healthcare. It does not matter if they are independent or part of the health center; they use an information management system. This system has to communicate and exchange data with many different organizations for many different reasons. Interoperability is the ability of two or more systems to exchange data and to use the exchanged data as their own. As always in health information technologies, this is easy to say and hard to perform. It has some challenges. To conquer interoperability, we need standard vocabularies, protocols, nomenclatures, classifications, etc. In this chapter, laboratory management information system-related interoperability issues are examined.
Quality Management and Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories
Authors: Tsimillis Kyriacos C. , Michael Sappho
Published: September 2014

This chapter deals with issues of quality management and quality assurance in medical laboratories. Basic terms and their role in quality assurance in laboratory examinations are analyzed and discussed. Clarifications on certification and accreditation are given with a comprehensive analysis of the procedures they refer to and their implementation for particular tasks. The implementation of the international standard ISO 15189 is presented with reference to some recent developments. The chapter has been prepared to help medical laboratories in an introductory understanding of quality assurance issues and encourage them to proceed with the implementation of the standard ISO 15189 and not as a detailed guide. Some practical considerations rising from the experience of a small country such as Cyprus are also discussed.
Driving into the Gap
Authors: Seglem Robyn
Published: September 2014

This chapter explores the perceptions of technology held by professionals in two distinctly different districts in the Midwest. Drawing upon Deanna Bogdan's work with the gap and continuum theories, as well as the influential work of Marshall McLuhan, the authors identify how the perceptions surrounding student behavior, technology, and schools' roles in society shape districts' approaches to technology access and use. Underlying all the decisions about technology access is the perception of the school's role in society. In an educational environment that has traditionally defined teachers as gatekeepers of information, technology can provide an interesting dilemma. Positioning technology as an issue of literacy may open a path that makes it easier for schools to travel (Cuban, 2001; Demetriadis, et al., 2003; Leu, O'Byrne, Zawilinski, McVerry, & Everett-Cacopardo, 2009). In doing so, teachers can provide students with navigational tools that will guide them toward success in the ever-changing, globally connected world.
Moving Beyond a Focus on Delivery Modes to Teaching Pedagogy
Authors: Estes Judi Simmons
Published: September 2014

The use of online methodologies to deliver coursework has become institutionalized in higher education. There is an urgent need to move beyond the question of which delivery model is most effective: face-to-face, fully online, or blended, and switch the focus to teaching pedagogy and strategies that effectively engage students in the learning process. This chapter posits that student-learning outcomes are less dependent on delivery mode and instead dependent on a teacher's pedagogical practices; it is the skill of the teacher as facilitator that drives the effective development of the learning community and influences student-learning outcomes. Further, it is suggested that constructivism, as a pedagogy of teaching, be considered, regardless of delivery mode; students construct their own knowledge as the teacher facilitates the process through providing opportunities for active engagement and critical inquiry within a community of learners. Teaching opportunities are adapted in response to the needs of students with technology as a tool to deliver learning outcomes.
Turning Competitions into Global Collaboration through Educational Robotics
Authors: Eguchi Amy
Published: September 2014

The chapter introduces a case of an educational robotics competition promoting global collaboration among participating students. Educational robotics is a learning tool that promotes the skills for collaboration and teamwork among students (Eguchi, 2007a, 2007b; Miller, Nourbakhsh, & Sigwart, 2008) through hands-on learning. When RoboCupJunior, an educational robotics competition, noticed some students becoming aggressively competitive at its annual World Championship, the organizers of the event decided to take measures to restructure its competition scheme in order to promote global collaboration among participating students. The chapter provides detailed information about the competition and its efforts to promote global collaboration among participating teams. In addition, although it is still in the early stages, the chapter shares anecdotal accounts of both participating students and organizers that confirm the positive impact the new approaches to competition has already had on encouraging collaboration among participating students.
Promoting Cognitive Skill among Engineering Undergraduates with Technological Software
Authors: Khuzairi Nur Maisarah Binti Shahril , Sidhu Manjit Singh
Published: September 2014

This chapter reviews the infusion of technology tools such as the integration of computers into programs like simulation to promote higher cognitive skills among engineering undergraduates. With the constant change of technology and education, it is necessary to refine the current teaching and learning process to not only promote understanding but also to create room for engineering undergraduates to process the information with higher-order cognitive skills. The authors examine the evolution of engineering education against the backdrop of the problems faced in the learning environments and the technological trends in engineering curriculum. To this end, the authors propose strategies to promote higher-order cognitive skills among engineering undergraduates based on the evolution of technology in engineering as well as the challenges faced in the implementation of such tools in teaching and learning.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisDecreases Human Macrophage IFN-γ Responsiveness through miR-132 and miR-26a
Authors: Ni Bin , Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Lafuse William P. , Landes Michelle B. , Schlesinger Larry S.
Published: September 2014

IFN-γ–activated macrophages play an essential role in controlling intracellular pathogens; however, macrophages also serve as the cellular home for the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on previous evidence that M. tuberculosis can modulate host microRNA (miRNA) expression, we examined the miRNA expression profile of M. tuberculosis–infected primary human macrophages. We identified 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in primary human macrophages during M. tuberculosis infection by NanoString and confirmed our findings by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. In addition, we determined a role for two miRNAs upregulated upon M. tuberculosis infection, miR-132 and miR-26a, as negative regulators of transcriptional coactivator p300, a component of the IFN-γ signaling cascade. Knockdown expression of miR-132 and miR-26a increased p300 protein levels and improved transcriptional, translational, and functional responses to IFN-γ in human macrophages. Collectively, these data validate p300 as a target of miR-132 and miR-26a, and demonstrate a mechanism by which M. tuberculosis can limit macrophage responses to IFN-γ by altering host miRNA expression.
Effective Innate and Adaptive Antimelanoma Immunity through Localized TLR7/8 Activation
Authors: Singh Manisha , Khong Hiep , Dai Zhimin , Huang Xue-Fei , Wargo Jennifer A. , Cooper Zachary A. , Vasilakos John P. , Hwu Patrick , Overwijk Willem W.
Published: September 2014

Intratumoral immune activation can induce local and systemic antitumor immunity. Imiquimod is a cream-formulated, TLR7 agonist that is Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers, but it has limited activity against melanoma. We studied the antitumor activity and mechanism of action of a novel, injectable, tissue-retained TLR7/8 agonist, 3M-052, which avoids systemic distribution. Intratumoral administration of 3M-052 generated systemic antitumor immunity and suppressed both injected and distant, uninjected wild-type B16.F10 melanomas. Treated tumors showed that an increased level of CCL2 chemokines and infiltration of M1 phenotype–shifted macrophages, which could kill tumor cells directly through production of NO and CCL2, were essential for the antitumor activity of 3M-052. CD8+ T cells, B cells, type I IFN, IFN-γ, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were contributed to efficient tumor suppression, whereas perforin, NK cells, and CD4 T cells were not required. Finally, 3M-052 therapy potentiated checkpoint blockade therapy with anti–CTLA-4 and anti–programmed death ligand 1 Abs, even when checkpoint blockade alone was ineffective. Our findings suggest that intratumoral treatment with 3M-052 is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer and establish a rational strategy and mechanistic understanding for combination therapy with intratumoral, tissue-retained TLR7/8 agonist and checkpoint blockade in metastatic cancer.
Long-term damage from the Great Recession in OECD countries
Authors: Ball Laurence
Published: September 2014

This paper estimates the long-term effects of the global recession of 2008–2009 on output in 23 countries. I measure these effects by comparing current estimates of potential output from the OECD and IMF to the path that potential was following in 2007, according to estimates at the time. The losses in potential output range from almost nothing in Australia and Switzerland to more than 30 percent in Greece, Hungary, and Ireland; the average loss, weighted by economy size, is 8.4 percent. Most countries have experienced strong hysteresis effects: shortfalls of actual output from pre-recession trends have reduced potential output almost one-for-one. In the hardest-hit economies, the current growth rate of potential is depressed, implying that the extent of lost potential is growing over time.
Ecological macroeconomics: reflections on labour markets*
Authors: Stagl Sigrid
Published: September 2014

The paper outlines elements of ecological macroeconomics and implications for labour markets. It discusses reasons for growth restrictions and options for measuring the biophysical basis of economic production. The paper then goes on to explore implications for labour markets and implications for environmental and social policies.
Trends of ozone total columns and vertical distribution from FTIR observations at 8 NDACC stations around the globe
Authors: Vigouroux C. , Blumenstock T. , Coffey M. , Errera Q. , García O. , Jones N. B. , Hannigan J. W. , Hase F. , Liley B. , Mahieu E. , Mellqvist J. , Notholt J. , Palm M. , Persson G. , Schneider M. , Servais C. , Smale D. , Thölix L. , De Mazière M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements of solar absorption spectra can provide ozone total columns with a precision of 2%, but also independent partial column amounts in about four vertical layers, one in the troposphere and three in the stratosphere up to about 45 km, with a precision of 5–6%. We use eight of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Compososition Change (NDACC) stations having a long-term time series of FTIR ozone measurements to study the total and vertical ozone trends and variability, namely: Ny-Alesund (79° N), Thule (77° N), Kiruna (68° N), Harestua (60° N), Jungfraujoch (47° N), Izaña (28° N), Wollongong (34° S) and Lauder (45° S). The length of the FTIR time-series varies by station, but is typically from about 1995 to present. We applied to the monthly means of the ozone total and four partial columns a stepwise multiple regression model including the following proxies: solar cycle, Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Arctic and Antarctic Oscillation (AO/AAO), tropopause pressure (TP), equivalent latitude (EL), Eliassen-Palm flux (EPF), and volume of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSC). At the Arctic stations, the trends are found mostly negative in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, very mixed in the middle stratosphere, positive in the upper stratosphere due to a large increase in the 1995–2003 period, and non-significant when considering the total columns. The trends for mid-latitude and subtropical stations are all non-significant, except at Lauder in the troposphere and upper stratosphere, and at Wollongong for the total columns and the lower and middle stratospheric columns; at Jungfraujoch, the upper stratospheric trend is close to significance (+0.9 ± 1.0 % decade−1). Therefore, some signs of the onset of ozone mid-latitude recovery are observed only in the Southern Hemisphere, while a few more years seems to be needed to observe it at the northern mid-latitude station.
Reconstruction of global solar radiation time series from 1933 to 2013 at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory
Authors: García R. D. , Cuevas E. , García O. E. , Cachorro V. E. , Pallé P. , Bustos J. J. , Romero-Campos P. M. , de Frutos A. M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This paper presents the reconstruction of the 80-year time series of daily global solar radiation (GSR) at the subtropical high-mountain Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (IZO) located in Tenerife (The Canary Islands, Spain). For this purpose, we combine GSR estimates from sunshine duration (SD) data using the Ångström–Prescott method over the 1933/1991 period, and GSR observations directly performed by pyranometers between 1992 and 2013. Since GSR measurements have been used as a reference, a strict quality control has been applied based on principles of physical limits and comparison with LibRadtran model. By comparing with high quality GSR measurements, the precision and consistency over time of GSR estimations from SD data have been successfully documented. We obtain an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 9.2% and an agreement between the variances of GSR estimations and GSR measurements within 92%. Nonetheless, this agreement significantly increases when the GSR estimation is done considering different daily fractions of clear sky (FCS). In that case, RMSE is reduced by half, to about 4.5%, when considering percentages of FCS > 40% (~ 90% of days in the testing period). Furthermore, we prove that the GSR estimations can monitor the GSR anomalies in consistency with GSR measurements and, then, can be suitable for reconstructing solar radiation time series. The reconstructed IZO GSR time series between 1933 and 2013 confirms change points and periods of increases/decreases of solar radiation at Earth's surface observed at a global scale, such as the early brightening, dimming and brightening. This fact supports the consistency of the IZO GSR time series presented in this work, which may be a reference for solar radiation studies in the subtropical North Atlantic region.
Tracing the boundaries of Cenozoic volcanic edifices from Sardinia (Italy): a geomorphometric contribution
Authors: Melis M. T. , Mundula F. , DessÌ F. , Cioni R. , Funedda A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Unequivocal delimitation of landforms is an important issue for different purposes, from science-driven morphometric analysis to legal issues related to land conservation. This study is aimed at giving a new contribution to the morphometric approach for the delineation of the boundaries of volcanic edifices, applied to 13 monogenetic volcanoes (scoria cones) related to the Pliocene–Pleistocene volcanic cycle in Sardinia (Italy). External boundary delimitation of the edifices is discussed based on an integrated methodology using automatic elaboration of digital elevation models together with geomorphological and geological observations. Different elaborations of surface slope and profile curvature have been proposed and discussed; among them, two algorithms based on simple mathematical functions combining slope and profile curvature well fit the requirements of this study. One of theses algorithms is a modification of a function introduced by Grosse et al. (2011), which better performs for recognizing and tracing the boundary between the volcanic scoria cone and its basement. Although the geological constraints still drive the final decision, the proposed method improves the existing tools for a semi-automatic tracing of the boundaries.
The coupled atmosphere–chemistry–ocean model SOCOL-MPIOM
Authors: Muthers S. , Anet J. G. , Stenke A. , Raible C. C. , Rozanov E. , Brönnimann S. , Peter T. , Arfeuille F. X. , Shapiro A. I. , Beer J. , Steinhilber F. , Brugnara Y. , Schmutz W.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The newly developed atmosphere–ocean–chemistry–climate model SOCOL-MPIOM is presented by demonstrating the influence of chemistry–climate interactions on the climate state and the variability. Therefore, we compare pre-industrial control simulations with (CHEM) and without (NOCHEM) interactive chemistry. In general, the influence of the chemistry on the mean state and the variability is small and mainly restricted to the stratosphere and mesosphere. The atmospheric dynamics mainly differ in polar regions, with slightly stronger polar vortices in the austral and boreal winter, respectively. The strengthening of the vortex is related to larger stratospheric temperature gradients, which are attributed to a parameterisation of the absorption of ozone and oxygen in different wavelength intervals, which is considered in the version with interactive chemistry only. A second reason for the temperature differences between CHEM and NOCHEM is related to diurnal variations in the ozone concentrations in the higher atmosphere, which are missing in NOCHEM. Furthermore, stratospheric water vapour concentrations substantially differ between the two experiments, but their effect on temperature is small. In both setups, the simulated intensity and variability of the northern polar vortex is inside the range of present-day observations. Additionally, the performance of SOCOL-MPIOM under changing external forcings is assessed for the period 1600–2000 using an ensemble of simulations. In the industrial period from 1850 onward SOCOL-MPIOM overestimates the global mean surface air temperature increase in comparison to observational data sets. Sensitivity simulations show that this overestimation can be attributed to a combination of factors: the solar forcing reconstruction, the simulated ozone changes, and incomplete aerosol effects and land use changes.
A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO2 storage systems
Authors: De Lucia M. , Kempka T. , Kühn M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Fully-coupled, multi-phase reactive transport simulations of CO2 storage systems can be approximated by a simplified one-way coupling of hydrodynamics and reactive chemistry. The main characteristics of such systems, and hypotheses underlying the proposed alternative coupling, are (i) that the presence of CO2 is the only driving force for chemical reactions and (ii) that its migration in the reservoir is only marginally affected by immobilization due to chemical reactions. In the simplified coupling, the exposure time to CO2 of each element of the hydrodynamic grid is estimated by non-reactive simulations and the reaction path of one single batch geochemical model is applied to each grid element during its exposure time. In heterogeneous settings, analytical scaling relationships provide the dependency of velocity and amount of reactions to porosity and gas saturation. The analysis of TOUGHREACT fully coupled reactive transport simulations of CO2 injection in saline aquifer, inspired to the Ketzin pilot site (Germany), both in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings, confirms that the reaction paths predicted by fully coupled simulations in every element of the grid show a high degree of self-similarity. A threshold value for the minimum concentration of dissolved CO2 considered chemically active is showed to mitigate the effects of the discrepancy between dissolved CO2 migration in non-reactive and fully coupled simulations. In real life, the optimal threshold value is unknown and has to be estimated, e.g., by means of 1-D or 2-D simulations, resulting in an uncertainty ultimately due to the process de-coupling. However, such uncertainty is more than acceptable given that the alternative coupling enables using grids in the order of million elements, profiting from much better description of heterogeneous reservoirs at a fraction of the calculation time of fully coupled models.
Mechanistic site-based emulation of a global ocean biogeochemical model for parametric analysis and calibration
Authors: Hemmings J. C. P. , Challenor P. G. , Yool A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Biogeochemical ocean circulation models used to investigate the role of plankton ecosystems in global change rely on adjustable parameters to compensate for missing biological complexity. In principle, optimal parameter values can be estimated by fitting models to observational data, including satellite ocean colour products such as chlorophyll that achieve good spatial and temporal coverage of the surface ocean. However, comprehensive parametric analyses require large ensemble experiments that are computationally infeasible with global 3-D simulations. Site-based simulations provide an efficient alternative but can only be used to make reliable inferences about global model performance if robust quantitative descriptions of their relationships with the corresponding 3-D simulations can be established. The feasibility of establishing such a relationship is investigated for an intermediate complexity biogeochemistry model (MEDUSA) coupled with a widely-used global ocean model (NEMO). A site-based mechanistic emulator is constructed for surface chlorophyll output from this target model as a function of model parameters. The emulator comprises an array of 1-D simulators and a statistical quantification of the uncertainty in their predictions. The unknown parameter-dependent biogeochemical environment, in terms of initial tracer concentrations and lateral flux information required by the simulators, is a significant source of uncertainty. It is approximated by a mean environment derived from a small ensemble of 3-D simulations representing variability of the target model behaviour over the parameter space of interest. The performance of two alternative uncertainty quantification schemes is examined: a direct method based on comparisons between simulator output and a sample of known target model "truths" and an indirect method that is only partially reliant on knowledge of target model output. In general, chlorophyll records at a representative array of oceanic sites are well reproduced. The use of lateral flux information reduces the 1-D simulator error considerably, consistent with a major influence of advection at some sites. Emulator robustness is assessed by comparing actual error distributions with those predicted. With the direct uncertainty quantification scheme, the emulator is reasonably robust over all sites. The indirect uncertainty quantification scheme is less reliable at some sites but scope for improving its performance is identified. The results demonstrate the strong potential of the emulation approach to improve the effectiveness of site-based methods. This represents important progress towards establishing a robust site-based capability that will allow comprehensive parametric analyses to be achieved for improving global models and quantifying uncertainty in their predictions.
Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor self-test using Fourier-based impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Schüler M. , Sauerwald T. , Schütze A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. For the self-test of semiconductor gas sensors, we combine two multi-signal processes: temperature-cycled operation (TCO) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This combination allows one to discriminate between irreversible changes of the sensor, i.e., changes caused by poisoning, as well as changes in the gas atmosphere. To integrate EIS and TCO, impedance spectra should be acquired in a very short time period, in which the sensor can be considered time invariant, i.e., milliseconds or less. For this purpose we developed a Fourier-based high-speed, low-cost impedance spectroscope. It provides a binary excitation signal through an FPGA (field programable gate array), which also acquires the data. To determine impedance spectra, it uses the ETFE (empirical transfer function estimate) method, which calculates the impedance by evaluating the Fourier transformations of current and voltage. With this approach an impedance spectrum over the range from 61 kHz to 100 MHz is acquired in ca. 16 μs. We carried out TCO–EIS measurements with this spectroscope and a commercial impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A), with a temperature cycle consisting of six equidistant temperature steps between 200 and 450 °C, with lengths of 30 s (200 °C) and 18 s (all others). Discrimination of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) is possible by LDA (linear discriminant analysis) using either TCO or EIS data, thus enabling a validation of results by comparison of both methods.
Aerosol-deposited BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3-δ for nitrogen monoxide and temperature-independent oxygen sensing
Authors: Bektas M. , Hanft D. , Schönauer-Kamin D. , Stöcker T. , Hagen G. , Moos R.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The gas sensing properties of resistive gas sensors of BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3-δ (BFT30) prepared by the so-called aerosol deposition method, a method to manufacture dense ceramic films at room temperature, were investigated. The electrical response of the films was investigated first under various oxygen concentrations and in a wide temperature range between 350 and 900 °C. Between 700 and 900 °C, the conductivity of BaFe0.7Ta0.3O3-δ (BFT30) depends on the oxygen concentration with a slope of almost 1/4 in the double-logarithmic plot vs. oxygen partial pressure. In addition, the sensor response is temperature independent. BFT30 responds fast and reproducibly to changing oxygen partial pressures even at 350 °C. The cross-sensitivity has been investigated in environments with various gases (C3H8, NO, NO2, H2, CO, CO2, and H2O) in synthetic air between 350 and 800 °C. BFT30 exhibits good sensing properties to NO between 350 and 400 °C in the range from 1.5 to 2000 ppm with a high selectivity to the other investigated gas species. Thus this semiconducting ceramic material is a good candidate for a temperature-independent oxygen sensor at high temperatures with the application in exhausts and for a selective nitrogen monoxide (NO) sensor at low temperatures for air quality monitoring.