bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Devonian brachiopods from Satun Province, southern Thailand
Authors: Boucot A. J. , Cocks L. R. M. , Racheboeuf P. R.
Published: August 2016

Twelve brachiopod taxa are described from the Early Devonian (probable early Emsian) Pa Samed Formation of southern Thailand, including the new genus and species Quasiprosserella samedensis (Ambocoeliidae?) and the new species Plectodonta forteyi, Caplinoplia thailandensis, and Clorinda wongwanichi. They are the first undoubted Devonian brachiopods from Thailand. They represent the deeper-water Benthic Assemblages BA4-5, and, although clearly indicative of the Old World Realm, cannot be assigned to a particular biogeographical region. A new undescribed fauna from the contemporary Zebingyi Formation of Burma (Myanmar) is also noted.
Conodonts from the Prout Dolomite of north-central Ohio and Givetian (upper Middle Devonian) correlation problems
Authors: Sparling Dale R.
Published: August 2016

The Prout Dolomite of north-central Ohio lies disconformably above the lowest Givetian (upper Middle Devonian) Plum Brook Shale and below the lowest Famennian (upper Upper Devonian) Ohio Shale. A sample from its base yielded over 4,000 diverse conodont specimens. Included isPolygnathus ansatusZiegler and Klapper, 1976, the index species for the MiddlevarcusSubzone, which is not reported from strata of this age in Ontario and Indiana, a fact that long caused their miscorrelation with the LowervarcusSubzone. Also present isP. rhenanusKlapper, Philip, and Jackson, 1970, considered to be also indicative of the MiddlevarcusSubzone in North America, andP. ovatinodosusZiegler and Klapper, 1976. Lowest occurrences of the latter are in the middle part of this subzone; its presence indicates correlation with the lower Tully Limestone of New York, the basal unit of the Taghanic Series. The Prout and equivalent strata in the region therefore represent a long unrecognized continuous time-rock unit created by Johnson's (1970) Taghanic onlap. The collection includes a new species ofAncyrolepis, A. huntleyi; a new species ofPolygnathusis left in open nomenclature, as are nine specimens assigned toTortodusbut of otherwise uncertain taxonomic status.

Givetian conodont correlation between North America and the Global Stratotype Section and Point established by the Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy (SDS) in Morocco is extremely problematical because of relatively erratic distribution (probably owing to limited ecologic adaptability) ofP. ansatusandP. hemiansatusBultynck, considered herein to be an early morphotype ofP. ansatus.The base of the Givetian Stage has been defined by the SDS as coinciding with the lowest occurrence ofP. hemiansatus.The only possible evidence for the SDS'shemiansatusZone in North America involves reported occurrence of that morphotype in the uppermost Arkona Shale of Ontario, a position above the top of the Plum Brook Shale, which has been considered to be of Givetian age for decades. Also it appears that the interval between the Eifelian (lower Middle Devonian)kockelianusZone and thehemiansatusZone at the SDS's global-stratotype section in Morocco is of questionable age and probably too thin to represent continuous sedimentation. Adoption of a widely recognized faunal break at the base of strata deposited during the If T-R cycle of North America and Europe as the base of the Givetian could provide a sound alternative.
A microsaur from the Mississippian of illinois and a standard format for morphological characters
Authors: Lombard R. Eric , Bolt John R.
Published: August 2016

The oldest known microsaur is preserved in a nodule from the Kinkaid Formation (Mississippian; Elvirian) collected near Goreville, Illinois. At least eight individuals are represented: three by partial skulls plus vertebral column segments with associated limb elements, and five by postcrania only. Skulls are crushed, incomplete, and exposed mainly in palatal view. Palatal bones are denticulate and the palatine has in addition a single large tooth. The basipterygoid process is laterally directed and the basipterygoid joint is open. The atlas carries large articulating facets for proatlantes, a pair of which are identifiable in one specimen. These features have not been found previously in a microsaur. All vertebral segments are dominated by a biconcave pleurocentrum; sutures between the pleurocentrum and neural arch are visible in presacral vertebrae. Distinctive microsaurian intercentra occur between all presacral pleurocentra. Their presence reinforces the hypothesis that microsaur intercentra are homologous with those of other early tetrapods. Caudal vertebrae retain separate haemal arches and some have ribs.

Observed microsaur synapomorphies include: atlas with large median odontoid; atlas with concave lateral facets for occipital condyle; paired occipital condyles that are broad and concave; and thin, straplike intercentra. No observed features support a sister-group relationship with any other microsaur species, or placement within any higher level microsaur group. Because significant portions of the skeleton are missing or inaccessible, the Goreville microsaur is not formally named. A standardized, hierarchical format for skeletal characters is introduced that facilitates data sharing and comparison and fosters rapid archiving and retrieval.
Some new and rarely documented Late Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils from subsurface sediments in South Carolina
Authors: Self-Trail Jean M.
Published: August 2016

One new calcareous nannofossil genusSenilatus; four new calcareous nannofossil speciesCalculites favosus, Lithraphidites?charactozorroSelf-Trail and Pospichal,Rucinolithus oriens,andWatznaueria bybelliae; and one new combination,Senilatus zipperumn. gen. and comb., are described from Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian to Maastrichtian) sediments of east-central South Carolina. These new species were described from five coreholes located in marine coastal plain deposits. There is evidence that the presence of one species,Senilatus zipperum,is indicative of nearshore, restricted environments. Scanning electron and light microscope pictures are provided for two species,Cretarhabdus multicavusBukry, 1969 andRetemediaformis teneraretisVarol, 1991, that have previously been documented only with the transmission electron microscope. The ranges of these two species have been extended beyond those stated in the original descriptions.
A new crab,Rogueus orrin. gen. and sp. (Decapoda: Brachyura), from the Lookingglass Formation (Ulatisian Stage: lower middle Eocene) of southwestern Oregon
Authors: Berglund Ross E. , Feldmann Rodney M.
Published: August 2016

A new genus and species of raninid crab,Rogueus orri, is described from the Tenmile Member of the Lookingglass Formation in southwestern Oregon. Based upon previous studies of foraminiferans, the rock unit has been assigned an early middle Eocene age. Distinct from other raninids with its sinuous fronto-orbital margin, bifid rostrum, and uniquely branched anterolateral teeth,Rogueus orrimay be descended fromNotopocorystes(Cretacoranina) fritschi.
Conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Middle Ordovician rocks in eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Bauer Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2016

Conodonts from the upper Burgen, Tyner, and Fite Formations (Middle Ordovician) of eastern Oklahoma include two new species,Phragmodus harrisiandPlectodina tynerensis. The conodont fauna indicates that the upper Burgen through middle Tyner is Whiterockian (pre- to earliest Chazyan) and that the upper Tyner–Fite is probably Kirkfieldian in age.

The Whiterockian Burgen–Tyner preserves a regressive succession of shoreface, lagoonal, and intertidal deposits. That change is reflected by the conodont succession, which shows replacement of a fauna dominated by species ofNeomultioistodus, Scandodus?, andParaprioniodusby one dominated by species ofPhragmodus, Plectodina, andErismodus.

Carbonate deposits of the Kirkfieldian(?) upper Tyner and Fite Formations follow a major hiatus and reflect shallow, subtidal to intertidal conditions. The conodont fauna is composed of species ofAphelognathus, Plectodina, Curtognathus, Erismodus, andOulodus, among others.
Brachiopods from volcanoclastic Middle and Upper Ordovician of Asturias (northern Spain)
Authors: Villas E. , Gisbert J. , Montesinos R.
Published: August 2016

In the El Castro Formation, cropping out on the Asturian coast of northern Spain, two fossiliferous horizons have been studied. Above the basal one, containing the Llandeilian brachiopodsTissintiacf.T. convergensandHowellites? sp., a new horizon of estimated Ashgillian age has been identified that has yielded the new brachiopod speciesMcewanella vulcanicaandHesperinia asturica. The new species ofMcewanella, close to the Irish RawtheyanMcewanella dorsisulcata, is characterized by a great delay of the insertion of costellae, which gives many adults a strikingly costate ornament for this genus.Hesperiniawas, up to now, poorly known from a small number of specimens from the Llanvirnian Tank Hill Formation in Nevada; thus, the new record, besides allowing a better understanding of the genus and its relationship with other oepikinids, extends its known time span to the Late Ordovician. These two species were dwellers on a low-energy bottom formed of loose sand and gravel supplied by nearby volcanic eruptions. The ash-flow depositional pattern of these sediments would have had lethal effects on the brachiopod communities, periodically causing their destruction. These species of the generaMcewanellaandHesperiniaare new representatives of the immigration of North American and Northern European warm-water faunas into the circumpolar Mediterranean Province during the Late Ordovician.
Bivalves (Mollusca) from the Imo Formation (Mississippian, Chesterian) of north-central Arkansas
Authors: Hoare R. D. , Heaney M. J. , Mapes R. H.
Published: August 2016

The Chesterian Imo Formation in north-central Arkansas contains an abundant and diverse bivalve fauna which is dominated in numbers by nuculoids. The pterioids, pholadomyoids, and nuculoids show the greatest, and nearly equal, species diversity. Ecologically, on a generic level, the fauna is dominated by infaunal, burrowing, suspension feeders with attached suspension feeders a close second.

Among the 40 taxa identified, the following new taxa are proposed: Economolopsis gordoni n. gen. and sp.; Spathelopsis browni n. gen. and sp.; Paleyoldia angustia n. sp.; P. bruta n. sp.; Phestia corrugata n. sp.; P. wortheni n. sp.; P. obtusa n. sp.; Imoella obscura n. gen. and sp.; Prothyris (Lophoprothyris) crista n. subgen. and sp.; Ectogrammysia crassatis n. gen. and sp.; Asketomorpha grandis n. gen. and sp.; and Sphenotus pisinnus n. sp.

On the basis of ammonoids, the upper portion of the Imo Formation falls within the Elvirian Stage, E2b–c undifferentiated. Foraminifera place the formation in Mamet zone 19. The bivalve fauna discussed herein was collected from the E2b–c portion of the Imo.
Paleoecology of a well-preserved nautiloid assemblage from a Late Ordovician shale unit, southwestern Ohio
Authors: Frey Robert C.
Published: August 2016

A diverse, well-preserved assemblage of nautiloid cephalopods was collected from theTreptoceras duserishale, a 1.5-m-thick claystone within the Waynesville Formation (Late Ordovician, early Richmondian) exposed in southwest Ohio. The strata, the enclosed fauna, and its taphonomy indicate deposition in a low-energy, mud-bottom marine environment, in water depths of 20–25 m, below wave base but within the zone of storm-current reworking.

Nautiloid specimens consist of complete conchs that have been replaced by calcite. Twelve species of nautiloids, belonging to eight genera, representative of four orders, have been collected from the shale in southwest Ohio. Longiconic orthocones are clearly the dominant nautiloid morphotype present, with the assemblage dominated by three species of the longiconic orthoceridTreptocerasand with fewer numbers of the endoceridCamerocerasand the slender orthoceridIsorthoceras?, the cyrtoconic oncoceridsOncocerasandManitoulinoceras, and rare specimens of the orthoceridGorbyoceras, the oncoceridZittelloceras, and the ascoceridSchuchertoceras.

Nautiloid taphonomy, the diversity of nautiloid taxa present, the lack of postmortem buoyancy in the shells of the more common taxa, the recurrent nature of this assemblage, and the restricted distribution of thisTreptoceras–Camerocerasfauna to portions of eastern North America in the Late Ordovician suggest that this nautiloid assemblage represents an in-situ accumulation of nautiloids representative of a living assemblage. These nautiloids were important elements associated with benthic communities in these epeiric sea mud-bottom environments and not simply assemblages of drifted, necroplanktonic shells.
Lockeia, not Pelecypodichnus
Authors: Maples Christopher G. , West Ronald R.
Published: August 2016

The nomenclatorial history of the ichnogenera Lockeia and Pelecypodichnus has been confused by duality during the past 20 years. Many authors presume Pelecypodichnus is correct because Lockeia is a nomen oblitum. This presumption is rejected on both objective and subjective grounds. First, Lockeia is not a nomen oblitum. Two major gaps in the citational history of Lockeia exist, the first one of 35 years duration and the second of 43 years duration. Thus, no 50-year gap exists in the valid use of the name Lockeia. Second, the Committee on Zoological Nomenclature was not petitioned to declare Lockeia a nomen oblitum during the period of time that the nomen oblitum concept was in effect. Third, the name Pelecypodichnus implies a specific trace-maker for the trace—a practice we, and others, judge should be avoided. Fourth, topotype specimens and the lectotype of Lockeia are available for study. Fifth, even many of those authors who use Pelecypodichnus instead of Lockeia commonly note the existence of Lockeia as a synonymous generic name. Thus, use of Lockeia by numerous authors in the past 20 years results in no confusion or destabilization of the generic-level taxonomy. Lockeia, the senior synonym of Pelecypodichnus, has been used by numerous authors, is well understood, and therefore should be used instead of Pelecypodichnus.
Harmostocrinus jonesi n. sp. (Crinoidea): an evolutionary intermediate between Abrotocrinus and Harmostocrinus
Authors: Maples Christopher G. , Waters Johnny A. , Walsh H. Thomas
Published: August 2016

Harmostocrinus jonesi n. sp. (Mississippian: Chesterian) is described from the upper part of the Monteagle Limestone in northern Alabama, and is distinguished from all other species of the genus by bifurcation of the A-ray arm on IBr2 instead of IBr1. Reduction in overall number of arms, A-ray arm bifurcation, and reduction of cup-size demonstrate that H. jonesi is a paedomorphic evolutionary intermediate between the stratigraphically older Mississippian genus Abrotocrinus, and other, younger species of Harmostocrinus. Both peramorphosis (cup characters) and paedomorphosis (arm characters) were important factors in the evolution of Harmostocrinus jonesi.
Earliest evidence for helical crown configuration in a Carboniferous tree of uncertain affinity
Authors: Gastaldo Robert A.
Published: August 2016

The crown of an erect plant (probable juvenile tree/shrub) has been recovered from Lower Pennsylvanian strata of the southern Appalachian basin. It is preserved in three dimensions and provides the first confirmatory evidence for the compact helical arrangement of leaves in early Late Carboniferous plants. The crown is partially cast and partially compressed and is comprised of 11 leaves disposed in a 3/5 phyllotaxis. Substantiation of tight helical leaf development restricted to the crown of an Early Pennsylvanian plant provides evidence for greater architectural diversification in growth habit than presently documented at this time in tree ferns or pteridosperms.
New Paleogene Fimbria (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from the Pacific Coast of southwestern North America
Authors: Squires Richard L.
Published: August 2016

The marine bivalve Fimbria susanensis n. sp. is reported from the uppermost Paleocene part of the “Meganos Stage” in the upper Santa Susana Formaton, Simi Hills, southern California.

Fimbria pacifica n. sp. is reported from the middle lower Eocene “Capay Stage” strata of the Pacific coast of southwestern North America. The new species is present in the lower Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and in the lower Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak area and Santa Ynez Mountains, southern California.

Fimbria susanensis n. sp. and F. pacifica n. sp. are the only fimbriids known from the Pacific coast of North America. Previously reported Pacific coast species, which gave a range of Late Cretaceous to late Eocene for this genus in this particular area, do not belong to Fimbria.
Pronothodectes gaoin. sp. from the late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, and the early evolution of the Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates)
Authors: Fox Richard C.
Published: August 2016

Fossils of a new primitive plesiadapid primate,Pronothodectes gaoin. sp., from the middle Tiffanian (late Paleocene) Paskapoo Formation of Alberta, Canada, are described.Pronothodectes gaoi, the youngest known species of the genus, has P3–4and lower molars that are intermediate between those of the early to middle Tiffanian successional speciesPlesiadapis ancepsSimpson andPlesiadapis rex(Gidley) both in size and qualitative characters.Pronothodectes gaoiretains I2and the lower canine, as do all species ofPronothodectesGidley but notPlesiadapisGervais. A possible second species ofPronothodectes, from the earliest Tiffanian Cochrane 2 locality, Alberta, more closely resembles the ancestralPlesiadapis, Plesiadapis praecursorGingerich, in size and configuration of P4, M1–3, but not in dental formula since the lower canine and perhaps I2are retained. The stratigraphic occurrences of the fossils described here show that ancestral plesiadapids having I2and the lower canine did not evolve anagenetically intoPlesiadapisat the Torrejonian–Tiffanian boundary, as had been previously believed and that knowledge of the infrequently known anterior lower dentition may be necessary for recognition of some, otherwise indistinguishable, plesiadapid species. These discoveries make both interpretation of early plesiadapid phylogeny and correlation based on the stratigraphic succession of early plesiadapid species uncertain.
Fossil communities of the upper Trenton Group (Ordovician) of New York State
Authors: Titus Robert
Published: August 2016

During the late Trentonian the New York State region experienced gentle crustal subsidence which preceded the onset of the Hudson Valley phase of the Taconic Orogeny. The lower and middle Steuben Limestone represents several shallow-water facies: a protected shoal, a wave dissipation zone and a shallow shelf. Overlying strata of the upper Steuben and the Hillier limestones represent progressively deeper water facies. After a short period of uplift, which produced a minor unconformity, black shales began to bury the Trenton carbonate platform.

Three fossil communities are found in the upper Trenton Group. Each had been present on the Trenton bank since it first formed. The Liospira Community existed on the shallow protected shoal facies of the Steuben Limestone. Its assemblages are dominated by brachiopods, gastropods, bryozoans, and crinoids. The Encrinurus Community was found in the wave dissipation zone and on the shelf facies. This diverse community was dominated by brachiopods, bryozoans, and crinoids. The Trematis Community is found in the deeper shelf deposits of the Hillier Limestone. It was a very heterogeneous community with brachiopods, crinoids, gastropods, trilobites, and conodonts all represented.

These communities have now been traced through a minimum of eight million years of their history and it is now possible to evaluate their patterns of community evolution. At the species level these communities were quite changeable. Between 45% and 55% of the species which were present in the lower Trenton Group were replaced by the late Trentonian. Despite this changeover, the communities maintained a remarkably familiar look because there was great stability at higher taxonomic levels and the same proportions of brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, etc., were maintained throughout the Trentonian. Community trophic group structure also seems to have been quite stable throughout the Trentonian. If these patterns are representative, then these invertebrate communities appear to be genuinely stable entities. Evolution changes the cast of characters but the play is the same!
New camerate crinoids of the suborder Glyptocrinina from the Lower Silurian Brassfield Formation (southwestern Ohio)
Authors: Ausich William I.
Published: August 2016

Patelliocrinus planus n. sp. (Patelliocrinidae), Manticrinus exaitos n. gen., n. sp. (Marsupiocrinidae), and Clematocrinus ohioensis n. sp. (Hapalocrinidae) are described from southwestern Ohio. These new Early Silurian crinoids are from the upper lower or middle Llandoverian Brassfield Formation. Patelliocrinus planus is the oldest member of this genus. It was originally designated as Platycrinid(?) by Foerste (1919) and, subsequently, Brower (1973) placed it in the Hapalocrinidae. Manticrinus is placed in the Marsupiocrinidae, previously a monogeneric family, and is the oldest member of this family. Manticrinus is judged to have evolved from Macrostylocrinus.

Species assignments are clarified between Clematocrinus and Hapalocrinus. These genera are distinguished by character of the arms, primibrachial number, and presence of cirri. Clematocrinus ohioensis is the oldest member of this genus and perhaps of the Hapalocrinidae.
Unusual crinoids from the Ramp Creek Formation (Mississippian), Indian Creek, Montgomery County, Indiana
Authors: Lane N. Gary , Howell Robert M.
Published: August 2016

Three new species of inadunate crinoids of Early Mississippian age from the Ramp Creek Formation along Indiana Creek, southern Montgomery County, Indiana, are described. Poteriocrinites amplus n. sp. is the first correctly identified record from North America of this long-ranging Old World genus. Poteriocrinites macropleurus and P. doris from the Burlington Limestone are here reassigned to Springericrinus. Interchange of Mississippian crinoid genera between Europe and North America is rare, many genera being endemic. Springericrinus sacculus n. sp. is the youngest reported species of this North American counterpart of Poteriocrinites. This new species exhibits two advanced features: presence of only one, rather than three, anal plate, and presence of 3 or 4, rather than 1 or 2, primibrachial plates per ray. The third species, Decadocrinus stellatus n. sp., presents an interesting blend of characters usually used as generic discriminators between Decadocrinus and Histocrinus. The specimen could possibly be considered to be an intermediate between these two genera that are currently placed, incorrectly we believe, in two separate superfamilies.
Rostriamynodon grangerin. gen., n. sp. of amynodontid (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) with comments on the phylogenetic history of Eocene Amynodontidae
Authors: Wall William P. , Manning Earl
Published: August 2016

A new genus and species of amynodontid rhinoceros,Rostriamynodon grangeri,from the early Late Eocene of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, is the most primitive amynodontid recognized to date.Rostriamynodonexhibits the major diagnostic characteristics of amynodontids: quadratic M3, preorbital fossa, and loss of upper and lower P1. It differs from more advanced members of the family in its long preorbital region and lower cheek tooth morphology. Comparisons with other Eocene ceratomorphs show the crucial positionRostriamynodonhas in determining phylogenetic relationships between rhinocerotoids and tapiroids. Evidence is presented for the monophyly of the Rhinocerotoidea, including amynodontids.
Vertebrate paleontology, geology, and geochronology of the Tapera de López and Scarritt Pocket, Chubut Province, Argentina
Authors: Marshall Larry G. , Cifelli Richard L. , Drake Robert E. , Curtis Garniss H.
Published: August 2016

Fossil land mammals were collected by G. G. Simpson in 1933–1934 at and near the Tapera de López in central Chubut Province, Patagonia, southern Argentina, from rocks now mapped as the Sarmiento Formation. These fossils are assigned to land mammal faunas of Casamayoran (Early Eocene), Mustersan (Middle Eocene), and Deseadan (late Early Oligocene through Early Miocene) age.

40K-40Ar age determinations of eight basalt and two tuff units associated with the Deseadan age local fauna at Scarritt Pocket establish a geochronologic framework that calibrates the biostratigraphic record at this locality. The radioisotope dates obtained at Scarritt Pocket range from 23.4 Ma to about 21.0 Ma, and equate with earliest Miocene time. The Scarritt Pocket local fauna is the youngest dated Deseadan age fauna yet known in South America.

Seven other localities have, or were reputed to have, local faunas of Deseadan age associated with dated volcanic units. Six of these localities are in Argentina (Gran Barranca, Cerro Blanco, Valle Hermoso, Pico Truncado, Cañadón Hondo, Quebrada Fiera de Malargüe) and one in Bolivia (Estratos Salla in the Salla-Luribay Basin). The stratigraphic relationships of the volcanic units with these local faunas is discussed, and the taxonomic content of each is reassessed.

The Deseadan Land Mammal Age is defined by the earliest record of the land mammal genus Pyrotherium, which is from below a basalt dated at 33.6 Ma at Pico Truncado. Other early records of Pyrotherium occur below basalts dated at about 29 Ma at the Gran Barranca and Valle Hermoso, and from a 28.5 Ma level of the Estratos Salla. Thus, the lower boundary for Deseadan time is about 34 Ma.

The youngest record of Pyrotherium is in the upper levels of the Estratos Salla dated at about 24 Ma. However, the Scarritt Pocket local fauna, which lacks Pyrotherium, permits placement of the upper boundary for Deseadan time at about 21.0 Ma. Late Deseadan time is surely, and the end of Deseadan time is apparently, marked by the last record of such groups as Proborhyaeninae (Proborhyaena), Rhynchippinae (Rhynchippus), Archaeohyracidae (Archaeohyrax), and the genera Platypittamys (Octodontidae), Scarrittia (Leontiniidae), Propachyrucos and Prohegetotherium (Hegetotheriidae), and Argyrohyrax (Interatheriidae), as these taxa are recorded in the Scarritt Pocket local fauna. Thus, Deseadan time extends from about 34.0 Ma to about 21.0 Ma, making it the Land Mammal Age with the longest known duration in South America.
Uppermost Cambrian-lower Ordovician faunas and Laurentian platform sequence stratigraphy, eastern New York and Vermont
Authors: Landing Ed , Westrop Stephen R. , Van Aller Hernick Linda
Published: August 2016

The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is a type 1 depositional sequence boundary with dramatic local erosional incision in restricted marine facies on the easternmost New York Promontory. The systemic boundary is bracketed below by Late Cambrian, upperCordylodus proavusZone (s.s). conodonts from carbonates of the upper Little Falls Formation (=Whitehall Formation, abandoned). Presumed Lower Ordovician ellesmeraceratoid cephalopods from the upper Little Falls are uppermost Cambrian and among the oldest known in North America. The overlying deepening–shoaling cycle of the Tribes Hill Formation (=Cutting and Great Meadows Formations, abandoned) is the local expression of a lowermost Ordovician (Rossodus manitouensisZone) depositional sequence recognizable across Laurentia. Complete replacement of conodonts takes place in the late Tremadocian or Tremadocian–Arenigian boundary interval with onlap of the “Fort Ann Formation” across the paleokarst cap of the Tribes Hill. The trilobitesHystricurussp. andSymphysurina myopiaWestrop new species occur in less restricted, thrombolitic facies of the middle Tribes Hill that have the highest conodont diversity.UlrichodinaFurnish, 1938, emend. is regarded as the senior synonym of the conodontColaptoconusKennedy, 1994 (=GlyptoconusKennedy, 1980).
Late Ordovician jawed polychaete faunas of the type Cincinnatian region, U.S.A.
Authors: Eriksson Mats , Bergman Claes F.
Published: August 2016

Late Ordovician jawed polychaete (Annelida) faunas from the type Cincinnatian region in the tri-state area of Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky, North America, are discussed on the basis of an extensive and unique collection of more than 50,000 well-preserved scolecodonts. Approximately 40 to 50 multi-element species belonging to a dozen families are identified. Scolecodonts of polychaetes with prionognath, and particularly labidognath, type of jaw apparatus markedly dominate, whereas those of placognath and ctenognath taxa are very rare. The most common and/or characteristic genera includeOenonitesHinde, 1879;KettneritesŽebera, 1935;Atraktoprion, Kielan-Jaworowska, 1962;RamphoprionKielan-Jaworowska, 1962;ProtarabellitesStauffer, 1933a;Kalloprion, Kielan-Jaworoska, 1962;Leptoprion, Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966;HadoprionEriksson and Bergman, 1998;MochtyellaKielan-Jaworowska, 1961; andTetraprion? Kielan-Jaworowska, 1966. Members of the family Polychaetaspidae, particularlyOenonitesspecies, generally dominate in abundance and number of species. The second most abundant family typically is either Ramphoprionidae or Paulinitidae. Overall, the taxonomic diversity seems to increase from the deeper water, shale-dominated, Edenian Kope Formation and upward in the succession to the shallower water, limestone-dominated, Richmondian Whitewater Formation. Five more or less distinct scolecodont associations were identified that are of potential biostratigraphic utility. Most families and genera identified have intercontinental distribution and can be identified also in approximately coeval strata of the Baltic paleocontinent. However, the faunal composition differs between these regions, especially at the species level.
The anatomy and relationships ofHaasiophis terrasanctus, a fossil snake by well-developed hind limbs from the Mid-Cretaceous of the Middle East
Authors: Rieppel Olivier , Zaher Hussam , Tchernov Eitan , Polcyn Michael J.
Published: August 2016

The fossil snake speciesHaasiophis terrasanctusTchernov, Rieppel, Zaher, Polcyn, and Jacobs, 2000, from the early Upper Cretaceous of the Middle East, is described and illustrated, following a review of the current debate on snake relationships and origins. The description and discussion presented here adds important detail to the knowledge of this taxon and its phylogenetic significance beyond the limited account presented in the original description ofHaasiophis. The species is remarkable in that it shows the skull of a relatively advanced (i.e., macrostomatan) snake, yet preserves well-developed hind limbs. The hind limb includes a femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, distal tarsal four, and remains of four metatarsals and two phalanges.Haasiophiscannot be considered a juvenile specimen ofPachyrhachis. The implications of the presence of well-developed hind limbs inHaasiophis, Pachyrhachis, andPodophisfor the cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic interrelationships of these fossil snakes is discussed. The presence of well-developed hind limbs inPachyrhachisandHaasiophisalso creates methodological problems for the cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of these fossil snakes. Scenarios of snake origins are reviewed and found to be deficient in the absence of a well-corroborated hypothesis of snake relationships within Squamata.
Late Middle Frasnian to Early Famennian (Late Devonian) strophomenid, orthotetid, and athyridid brachiopods from southern Belgium
Authors: Mottequin Bernard
Published: August 2016

Brachiopods of the orders Strophomenida, Orthotetida, and Athyridida from the late middle Frasnian–early Famennian interval (hassi to triangularis conodont zones) in the Namur-Dinant Basin (southeastern margin of Laurussia; southern Belgium) are described. Nine genera and subgenera represented by 12 species are recognized here. One new genus, Retrorstrophia, and one new species, Douvillina area, are erected. Crinisarina stainbrooki is proposed to solve the homonymy between C. reticulata (Gosselet, 1877) and Cleiothyridina reticulata Stainbrook, 1947, the type species of Crinisarina Cooper and Dutro, 1982. A lectotype is selected and illustrated for C. reticulata. A new name is also proposed for Athyris reticulata Chen and Xu, 2000, which is assigned here to Crinisarina: C. shashishanensis nom. nov. In southern Belgium, the last representatives of the families Douvillinidae and Leptostrophiidae (Strophomenida) are from the Upper rhenana Zone (late Frasnian). Athyridid brachiopods, especially the representatives of the subfamily Cleiothyridininae constituted a significant part of the early Famennian recovery faunas with spiriferids and rhynchonellids, just after the late Frasnian mass extinction.
Art. VIII.—Notice of a remarkable Hospital for Animals at Surat
Authors: Burnes Alex
Published: August 2016

On the 1st of June 1823, I visited the “Pinjra Pol,” at Surat; a place which is appropriated for the reception of old, worn-out, lame, or disabled animals. At that time, they chiefly consisted of buffaloes and cows; but there were also goats and sheep, and even cocks and hens; some of which latter had lost their feathers, and here, shorn of their plumes, walked about the courts without molestation.
Art. IV.—A Memoir of the Primitive Church of Malayála, or of the Syrian Christians of the Apostle Thomas, from its first rise to the present time
Authors: Swanston Charles
Published: August 2016

After the suppression of the Jesuits, the followers of Alexander, who had assumed the designation of Syro-Roman Catholics, or old Christians, did not continue many years a united church. Alexander died a.d. 1676, and was succeeded by a Portuguese priest, Don Diego De Annunciacio, who was nominated by the King of Portugal, Don Pedro the Second, archbishop of Kranganór.
Art. I.—Narrative of a Voyage from Singapore to the West Coast of Borneo, in the Schooner Stamford, in the Year 1834, with an Account of a Journey to Montradok, the Capital of a Chinese Colony in possession of the principal Gold Mines
Authors: Earl George
Published: August 2016

The voyage from which I have just returned was undertaken with the view of opening a trade with the Chinese colonies on the island of Borneo; and, that my narrative may be the better understood, I shall first give a short sketch of the situation of those colonies.
Art. II.—History of Tennasserim
Authors: Low James
Published: August 2016

The people of this coast are of three distinct classes,—the Burman, the Món, and the Karean, and they are distinguished also by speaking different languages. The Burmans of Mergui speak a dialect of the language of Ava, as do those of Tavoy.
Art. VIII.—Remarks on “Paläographische Studien über phönizische und punische Schrift, herausgegeben von Wilhelm Gesenius,” Leipzig, 1835
Authors: Yates James
Published: August 2016

The work, bearing the title here prefixed, is dated “Halle, August 30, 1835,” and at its close the very learned author expresses his intention of visiting Holland, England, and Paris, in order to examine with his own eyes the Phœnician and Punic inscriptions and coins there preserved. He accordingly passed some time in London, in the Autumn of the same year; and by a personal inspection of some very valuable marbles, of which he and other continental scholars had before published explanations from written copies or plaster casts, he has been enabled to settle several points, which were before uncertain. He thus spares no pains to bestow the highest finish upon a work, which he has been many years engaged in preparing; and which he proposes to publish under the following title; “Marmora Phœnicia et Punica, quotquot supersunt, edidit, et prœtnissâ commentatione de litteris et linguâ Phœnicum et Pœnorum explicuit G. Gesenius.” He proposes that it should be accompanied by a folio volume of copper-plates, and succeeded by a second part, containing the Phoenician and Punic coins. The present work is intended as a preliminary treatise, explanatory of his views upon the subject, and of some of the principal facts, which he will have occasion to develop.
Art. XI.—Sketch of the Island of Borneo
Authors: Windsor Earl G.
Published: August 2016

“Although Borneo is so large an island, and although some parts of the coast have been known for many years, very little information has been yet received respecting the interior of the country, and the different people who inhabit it. The Chairman of the Committee of Correspondence, conceiving that a knowledge of this island has become more than ever an object of importance to the British public, in consequence of the trade with China, and with the islands in the Eastern Sea, having been laid open to all British subjects, has taken measures for procuring translations into English of the different works upon the subject written in Dutch; and for collecting all the information relative to Borneo, which can be obtained from those persons who have visited the coasts of that island. Mr, Earl, who has acquired much knowledge relative to different parts of it, sent a paper to the Society, which was published in the third volume of this Journal; and we have now the pleasure to publish the following paper sent to Sir Alexander Johnston by the same gentleman, who, we hope, will soon have an opportunity of obtaining still further information upon the subject, by joining the expedition which is about to sail for the purpose of making a survey of the Eastern Seas; and which will afford him the means of completing those inquiries which he has already carried on, as appear by the papers we have published, with so much zeal and intelligence.”
Art. XVI.—An Inquiry into the Fate of the Ten Tribes of Israel after the Fall of Samaria; with a View of the History of the Assyrian Empire at that period, as derived from a comparison of what is recorded on the subject in the Histories of the Jews, the Greeks, and the Persians
Authors: Dickenson T.M.
Published: August 2016

The points discussed in the following pages, are the subject of an inquiry into which I was led, some time ago, by finding in the writings of an Arabian geographer, mention made of several places, which attracted my attention from their agreement in name with those to which we read that the Israelites were carried, when Samaria was destroyed by the armies of Assyria. Knowing that it was still a matter of doubt where the captives of Israel were placed, and finding in all that had been written on the subject, nothing which appeared satisfactory or conclusive, I was curious to ascertain, whether, in a case so authentic and so interesting, something like certainty could not be elicited by reflection and research; which led to an inquiry, somewhat longer than I anticipated, which forms the subject of the following pages.
Art. XX.—Inscriptions from the Boodh Caves, near Joonur. Communicated in a Letter to Sir John Malcolm, G.C.B., President of the Literary Society, Bombay
Authors: Sykes W. H.
Published: August 2016

Destitute of the prospect of leisure to complete a general description and comparison, long since undertaken, of the cave-temples and excavations, Boodh, Jain, and Brahminical, on the western side of India, involving also the placing in juxtaposition the various inscriptions in unknown characters, to be found in these excavations, I am happy to anticipate a distant period, and at once to lay before the Society some inscriptions obtained lately from the Boodh excavations in the neighbourhood of the town of Joonur in the Poona collectorate. The multiplication of Boodh inscriptions in the hands of the learned, and the early introduction of any new inscriptions to the notice of the profound Orientalists in Europe, may facilitate the attempts now making to understand the lithographic records of a mighty people, who, equally with their language, have disappeared from India, leaving, however, such multitudinous and stupendous monuments of their industry, taste, power, wealth, and numbers, as to excite the most unlimited astonishment in the contemplative mind, that a great nation should have gone down the stream of time without leaving a tradition even of its existence in its native country, the present inhabitants of Western India being more ignorant of the origin of these mighty works of art, than the European stranger who visits them from curiosity.
Art. XIII.—A remarkable Appearance in the Indian Seas; in a Letter from Lieutenant Dawson
Authors: H. D.
Published: August 2016

I beg leave to lay before the meeting an extract from the private journal of Lieutenant Henry Dawson, a very intelligent officer of the Royal Navy, at present employed on civil duties with the Indian Navy at Bombay, containing an account of a very extraordinary phenomenon, which was observed on the passage from Bombay to the Persian Gulf (the southern passage), on board the Honourable Company's sloop of war Clive, in 1832. On my first going to India, I was in the habit of intimacy with the late Captain David Seton, who was many years Resident at Muscat, and I well remember hearing him relate the circumstance of falling in with the while sea, described by Mr. Dawson, on his occasional voyages to Muscat, during the period of the south-west monsoon. So many years, however, have since elapsed, I am unable to give any more detail of the circumstance related by that officer, and merely here allude to it in proof of the phenomenon having been before observed.
Notes sur les textes sogdiens bouddhiques du British Museum
Authors: Benveniste E.
Published: August 2016

LE service que M. Reichelt a rendu aux études sogdiennes par sa publication des textes du British Museum ne peut être pleinement apprécié que de ceux qui, pour avoir assumé une t'ache analogue, en connaissent les difficultés. Mais ceux-là savent aussi que tous les obstacles ne cèdent pas à un premier déchiffrement, même sagace. La nouveauté des documents, le nombre considérable de mots inédits, surtout de termes abstraits, et, quand il s'agit de traductions, l'absence des originaux, laissent souvent le chercheur démuni.
The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle
Authors: Tritton A. S. , Gibb H. A. R.
Published: August 2016

IN the year 1405 (a.d. 1098, a.h. 472), fifty-one years after the Turks had conquered these lands, when Alexius was emperor in Constantinople, the Turk Yághí-Siyán (Aksin) had been made governor of Antioch by Abu 'l Fatḥ, the Egyptian Afḍal was in Jerusalem, which he had taken from the Turks Suqmán and his brothers, the sons of Ortuk, two years before, and all the sea-coast was subject to the Egyptians, Theodore Kurbalát the son of Hátim was in Edessa, which he had saved from the Turks, expecting to hand it over to the emperor. At this time many kings and chiefs of the Franks with a big army and workmen of all sorts, thousands and tens of thousands without end, got ready. There were four kings, leaders of armies, Bohemund, Godfrey (Gufra, Gundafra), Saint Gilles, and Tancred (Tangri) with many bishops and monks. They set their faces to go by land through Greek territory, and to cross by the Hellespont, where is Constantinople, and the two seas are joined by a narrow strait. They sent ambassadors to Alexius to prepare and go out with them, to get ready what was needful, and to arrange throughout his land stores of food and fodder for the use of the army. Alexius promised to help them in all they needed.
An Overlooked Pali Sutta
Authors: Davids C. A. F. Rhys
Published: August 2016

It will one day be considered curious—the prejudiced and partial way in which the Pali Suttas, up to the present time, have been exploited. Buddhists, for instance, both Hīnayānists in their way and Mahāyānists in their way, had let it be known, that for them both the reality of the “man”, as an entity over and above body and mind, was illusory. He was but a name for a complex of fleeting dhammā. European writers on Buddhism, taking this assertion at its face-value, and not at its historical value, selected passages from the Suttas endorsing it. They made no search for passages which seemed to throw doubt, at least at some period, on the dogma. These passages remained overlooked by adherents and by external commentators alike. When are we going to develop a better historic flair ?
Notes on Sumerian Etymology and Syntax
Authors: Langdon S.
Published: August 2016

Von Soden, Die Akkadischen Synonymenlisten, 1, iii, 7, has lùgal-nu-giš-šar = šá-an-da-na-ku, after lùnu-giššar = nu-ka-ri-bu “gardener”. VAT. 9558 Rev. i, 23 has (ša-an-dan) = šá-an-da-na-ku, after nu-giš-šar = nukaribu. Meissner, Beiträge, i, 85, n. 77 is to be corrected. This is not šandabakku “librarian”. šá-an-da-na-ak kirî ṣi-ḫa-ti “The gardener of the garden of desires”, Ebeling, KAR. 158, p. 274, 35. So correct JRAS. 1921, 188, 35; Ebeling, Berliner Beiträge, i, 3, p. 24, 35. The early form is GAL-NI (sa-an-ta-na) = sandanaku, RA. 21, 178, ii, 15; earliest occurrence Dél-Per. 14, 121, No. 88, ii, 1, where Legrain fixed the meaning. GAL-NI, CT. 10, 49, 12247, 5–6; RA. 21, 24, No. 26, 5; YOS. i, 12, iii, 4 (early text); ZA. 29, 79; VS. 16, 85, 8–12; 118, 6; Reissner, TU. 12, iv, 6; other references, p. 10. See Dossin, RA. 21, 182. Strass, Warka, 48, 10. GAL-KAK only in late texts, YOS. vi, 10, 11; i, 45, ii, 27; JRAS. 1917, 724, 20; Strass, Nbk. 22, 12; 72, 14; Sidney Smith, Senecherib, 1. 54. KAK is, therefore, an error for NI. [See also Landsberger, ZA. 41, 189.]
Art. XIII.—A Memoir of the Primitive Church of Malayála, or of the Syrian Christians of the Apostle Thomas, from its first rise to the present time
Authors: Swanston Charles
Published: August 2016

From the year 1661 to the present day, the Syrian Christians of Malabar have remained a divided people. The churches which have maintained their independence of the Roman pontiff are in number fifty-seven; their number of officiating priests, commonly called catanárs, is one hundred and forty-four; and the families belonging to their churches, at the lowest computation, are reckoned at thirteen thousand five hundred, or about seventy thousand souls. They consider themselves as the true descendants of the flock established by Saint Thomas, and acknowledge the ecclesiastical authority of the patriarch of Antioch, or Mosul, from whence they continued, after their separation from the Roman Catholics, till the year 1751, to receive their metropolitan. But that ancient patriarchal authority having become nearly extinct, and incompetent to the appointment of learned men, their metropolitans have, since that period, been elected and consecrated from amongst themselves.
Two South Arabian Antiquities
Authors: Kensdale W. E. N.
Published: August 2016

The two objects recorded here belong to Mr. E. Ball, of Marple, Cheshire, and are on loan to the Manchester Museum. They were presented to Mr. Ball in Nuqūb (Beihān).
The Syntax of the Gezer Calendar
Authors: Honeyman A. M.
Published: August 2016

The list of eight seasons named in the Gezer Calendar is consecutive and complete, and there is no reason for supposing that the wordin that inscription has any other than its normal meaning of “lunation, month”, or that the annual cycle at Gezer in the second half of the tenth century before the common era differed from the twelve-month year found in other parts of the North-West Semitic world as well as in Mesopotamia. It follows that some of the periods named in the Gezer list must extend over more than one month, i.e.—since there is no indication in the text of any fraction of a month—over two months at least. H. L. Ginsberg was the first to see that the solution is to be sought in the differing formsand, each of which occurs four times. Ginsberg proposed to treat the latter form as construct singular and the former as a construct dual withwawas amater lectionisto represent -ō < -ā in the nominative dual construct.