bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel Based Electrocatalysts for Water Electrolysis
Authors: Angeles-Olvera Zuraya-Elisa , Crespo-Yapur D. Alfonso , Rodríguez-Martínez Oliver , Cholula-Diaz Jorge Luis , Martínez-Calderón Luz María , Videa Marcelo
Published: January 2022

Current hydrogen production is based on the reforming process leading to the emission of pollutants; therefore, a substitute production method is imminently required. Water electrolysis is an ideal alternative for large-scale hydrogen production, as it does not produce any carbon-based pollutant byproducts. Production of green hydrogen from water electrolysis using intermittent sources (e.g., solar, eolic) would facilitate clean energy storage. However, the electrocatalysts currently required for water electrolysis are noble metals, making this potential option expensive and inaccessible for industrial applications. Therefore, there is a need to develop electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant and low-cost metals. Nickel-based electrocatalysts are a fitting alternative because they are economically accessible. Extensive research has focused on developing nickel-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Theoretical and experimental work have addressed the elucidation of these electrochemical processes and the role of heteroatoms, structure, and morphology. Even though some works tend to be contradictory, they have lit up the path for efficient nickel-based electrocatalysts. For these reasons, herein, a review of recent progress is presented.
Stabilization of Terminal Voltage and Damping the Mechanical Angle Oscillations in Single-Machine Infinite-Bus Power System Using MISO Fuzzy Controllers
Authors: M.A.S. Mahmoud Muhammad
Published: January 2022

Abstract. This article proposes new fuzzy controller to regulation the voltage, damp the oscillations and limit the overshoot behavior in single-machine infinite-bus power system. Two different independent MISO fuzzy controllers are designed. First controller, is voltage stabilizer and it composes of two adaptive fuzzy modules and proportional gain AVR. The voltage stabilizer is designed to regulate the terminal voltage, damp the voltage oscillation and limit the voltage overshoot to the industrial maximum allowable limit. The input signals of this stabilizer is are taken from the terminal voltage and the imposed voltage disturbance that can be read from any smart relay. The fuzzy output is used as feedback signal to control the AVR in order to achieve stabilized voltage equal to the reference voltage. The second fuzzy controller is designed with two input signals; “mechanical angle” and its derivative, and one output which is used as feedback signal to adapt the damping torque in order to damp the mechanical oscillation fast and with maximum overshoot not exceeding 10%, and hence damp the power angle oscillation that is important in the PSS improvement. MATLAB-SIMULINK was used for modelling and the test cases simulation. The results show very good performance for the proposed fuzzy controllers.
Future of Edge Computing for Real Time Devices in Internet of Things
Authors: Hassan Mir , Chen Jincai , Khan Tariq , Zukaib Umer , Mallah Shoaib Ali
Published: January 2022

Rapid growth of IoT applications and their interference in our daily lives led to many different IoT devices which generates enormous data. The IoT devices’ resources are very limited, so storing and processing IoT data in the devices is very inefficient. Several resources of cloud-computing are efficiently used to handle some IoT resources issues. While using resources in the cloud centers cause some other issues, like latency in the IoT applications, which are time-critical. Thus, the technology of edge cloud has evolved recently. This technology permits storage and data processing at the network edge. This paper studies edge computing in-depth for timeless sensitive devices in IoT. In-depth, cutting-edge IoT computing systems (ECAs-IoT) are evaluated and characterized in this paper according to numerous criteria, such as information placement, improvisation facilities, reliability, and data visualization. Moreover, according to distinctive properties, the paper aims at comparing each structure in detail. The paper also highlights the significant limitations of the new ECAs-IoT and recommends solutions to them. The studies also introduce and propose solutions to some of the most important restrictions of the current ECAs-IoT. Consequently, in the edge computing domain, this survey outlines the IoT implementations. Lastly, with the use of IoT implementations for ECAs-IoT, the paper suggests four distinct scenarios.
Anthocyanin-Rich Vegetables for Human Consumption – Focus on Potato, Sweetpotato and Tomato
Authors: Mattoo Autar , Dwivedi Sangam , Dutt Som , Singh Brajesh , Garg Monika , Ortiz Rodomiro
Published: January 2022

Malnutrition, unhealthy diets, and lifestyle changes have become major risk factors for non-communicable diseases while ad-versely impacting economic growth and sustainable development. Anthocyanins, a group of flavonoids that are rich in fruits and vegetables, contribute positively to human health. This review focuses on genetic variation harnessed through crossbreeding and biotechnology-led approaches for developing anthocyanins-rich fruit and vegetable crops. Significant progress has been made in identifying genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in various crops. Thus, the use of genetics has led to the development and release of anthocyanin-rich crop cultivars in Europe and USA. Such a trend is emerging in the developing world. The purple pota-to “Kufri Neelkanth” has been released for cultivation in northern India, and a few colored grain wheat lines, developed through crossbreeding, are being tested for their productivity and adaptation. Although tomato is deficient in anthocyanins, some of its wild relatives are known to accumulate anthocyanins in their sub-epidermal fruit tissue. In Europe, anthocyanin-rich tomato cul-tivar ‘Sun Black’ developed via the introgression of Aft and atv genes has been released. The development of anthocyanin-rich food crops without any significant yield penalty has been due to the use of genetic engineering involving specific transcription factors or gene editing. The anthocyanin-rich food ingredients have the potential of being more nutritious than those devoid of anthocyanins. The inclusion of anthocyanins as a target characteristic in breeding programs can ensure the development of culti-vars to meet the nutritional needs for human consumption, particularly in the developing world.
Pixel Level Classification Confidence for Remote Sensing Imagery: An Evaluation of Three Interpolation Based Methods
Authors: Jiang Shiguo
Published: January 2022

Obtaining classification confidence at the pixel level is a challenging task for accuracy assessment in remote sensing image classification. Among the various methods for estimating classification confidence at the pixel level, interpolation-based methods have drawn special attention in the literature. Even though they have been widely recognized in the literature, their usefulness has not been rigorously evaluated. This paper conducts a comprehensive evaluation of three interpolation-based methods: local error matrix method, bootstrap method, and geostatistical method. We applied each of the three methods to three representative datasets with different spatial resolutions, spectral bands, and the number of classes. We then derive the estimated classification confidence and true classification confidence and compared the results with each other using both exploratory data analysis (bi-histogram) and statistical analysis (Willmott's d and Binned classification quality). The results indicate that the three interpolation methods provide some interesting insights on various aspects of estimating per-pixel classification confidence. Unfortunately, the interpolation assumes that classification confidence is smooth across the space, which is usually not true in practice. In other words, interpolation-based methods have limited practical use.
GXP: Analyze and Plot Plant Omics Data in Web Browsers
Authors: Eiteneuer Constantin , Velasco David , Atemia Joseph , Wang Dan , Schrader Andrea , Pieruschka Roland , Fahrner Sven , Schwacke Rainer , Wahl Vanessa , Schurr Ulrich , Usadel Björn , Hallab Asis
Published: January 2022

Next generation sequencing and metabolomics have become very cost and work efficient and are integrated into an ever growing number of life science research projects. Typically, well established software pipelines provide quantitative data informing about gene expression or concentrations of metabolites from the raw data. This data needs to be visualized and further analyzed in order to support scientific hypothesis building and identification of underlying biological patterns. Some tools exist, but require installation or manual programming. We developed “Gene Expression Plotter” (GXP), an RNA-Seq and Metabolomics data visualization and analysis tool entirely running in the user’s web browsers, thus not needing any custom installation, manual programming or upload of confidential data to third party servers. GXP enables the user to generate interactive plots, visually summarize genetic or metabolic responses in scientific sketches (Mapman), carry out cluster and principal component analysis, and conduct overrepresentation analyses. GXP can be used to publish research data along with interactive plots and results of analyses carried out with it. GXP is freely available on GitHub: https://github.com/usadellab/GeneExpressionPlots
Non-equilibrium Thermodynamic Foundations of the Origin of Life
Authors: Michaelian Karo
Published: January 2022

There is little doubt that life's origin followed from the known physical and chemical laws of Nature. The most general scientific framework incorporating the laws of Nature and applicable to most known processes to good approximation, is that of thermodynamics and its extensions to treat out-of-equilibrium phenomena. The event of the origin of life should therefore also be amenable to such an analysis. In this paper, I describe the non-equilibrium thermodynamic foundations of the origin of life for the non-expert. This ``Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory for the Origin of Life'' is founded on Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics theory developed by Ilya Prigogine and coworkers.
Image Classification Using Deep and Classical Machine Learning on Small Datasets: A Complete Comparative
Authors: Miranda Gonzalo , Rubio-Manzano Clemente
Published: January 2022

One of the most important challenges in the Machine and Deep Learning areas today is to build good models using small datasets, because sometimes it is not possible to have large ones. Several techniques have been proposed in the literature to address this challenge. This paper aims at studying the different available Deep Learning techniques and performing a thorough experimentation to analyze which technique or combination thereof improves the performance and effectiveness of the models. A complete comparison with classical Machine Learning techniques was carried out, to contrast the results obtained using both techniques when working with small datasets. Thirteen algorithms were implemented and trained using three different small datasets (MNIST, Fashion MNIST, and CIFAR-10). Each experiment was evaluated using a well-established set of metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1, and the Matthews correlation coefficient). The experimentation allowed concluding that it is possible to find a technique or combination of them to mitigate a lack of data, but this depends on the nature of the dataset, the amount of data, and the metrics used to evaluate them.
Design and Analysis of Dual-Rotor Modular-Stator Hybrid-Excited Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine
Authors: Jia Lun , Lin Mingyao , Lin Keman , Le Wei , Yang Anchen
Published: January 2022

This paper proposes a new structure of the dual-rotor hybrid-excited axial-flux permanent magnet vernier machine (DR-HEAFPMVM) with the modular stator and the consequent-pole PM (CPM) rotor for low-speed, high torque density applications such as in-wheel electric vehicles. The tooth-wound non-overlapping armature windings and direct current (DC) excitation windings are respectively arranged in stator main-teeth and split-teeth to obtain the modulated and adjustable air-gap flux densities, which result in the high torque density and outstanding flux-weakening capability. First, the design consideration, operation principle, and the air-gap flux density distributions of the proposed machine are elaborated based on the air-gap permeance function. Then, the influence of the pole ratios (PRs) and the DC excitation currents on the main electromagnetic performances of the DR-HEAFPMVM, such as the flux-weakening capability, back-electromotive force (back-EMF), on-load electromagnetic torque, loss distribution, and efficiencies, is investigated using the 3-D finite-element method (FEM). Results verify the feasibility of the flux adjustment of the DC excitation windings equipped in the split-tooth, and the design with a pole ratio of 8/1 tends to have higher torque density, higher machine efficiency, and considerable flux-weakening capability compared with the other two PRs.
Counseling Services in Health Care for Covid-19 Patients
Authors: Hidayanti Ema , Mintarsih Widayat , Ma’arif Syamsul , Nurrochmah Fiyan Tika
Published: January 2022

COVID-19 patients face physical and psychological problems. Physical complaints are usually fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath, while psychological problems are anxiety, fear, and stress during isolation. Referring to the problem, the health care for patients with COVID-19 should not only for handling physical problems but also psycho-social-religious problems. One way to deal with the psychological problem is to provide counseling services conducted in referral hospitals for COVID-19 patients in   Adiyathma general hospital and Wongosonegoro general hospital of Semarang. The health care of COVID-19 patients in the hospital pays attention to the psychological problems through counseling services conducted by psychologists. This study was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach to explore counseling services in health care for COVID-19 patients. The subjects of this study were COVID-19 patients who were Muslim and underwent isolation in hospitals. The results showed that counseling services provide based on doctors' recommendations or the patient's request due to psychological problems such as anxiety, fear, and adaptation disorders. Counseling practices were conducted using common methods such as relaxation, psychoeducation, client center, and CBT (cognitive behavior therapy), combined with religious methods (Islam) by inviting patients to get closer to Allah through prayer and dhikr. 
PENERAPAN METODE SERVQUAL DAN AHP SEBAGAI ANALISIS KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN BENGKEL AKENA MALANG
Authors: Efendi Mukhlisin , Harianto Wahyudi , Nugraha Danang Aditya
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kualitas pelayanan dimana untuk mengetahui kesenjangan dan faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen terhadap kualitas pelayanan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan harapan konsumen. Untuk itu perlu adanya analisis dengan metode Servqual dibantu dengan software SPSS 22 dan dilakukan perhitungan bobot dari setiap dimensi  dengan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dibantu dengan Microsoft Excel. Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh Servqual terbobot dimana pada dimensi tangible dan emphaty bernilai negatif sedangkan pada dimensi reability, responsiveness dan assurance bernilai positif. Dan dengan pembobotan AHP diperoleh 5 atribut kualitas pelayanan yang perlu ditingkatkan yaitu pada atribut A6 (-0,18), atribut A9 (-0,17), atribut A8 (-0,16), atribut A4 (-0,13), dan Atribut E4 (-0,06).
El letargo de la escritura: retos ante la edición filológica del proyecto inédito de novela “El Ángel se durmió”, de Sebastià Juan Arbó
Authors: Forcadell Joan Antoni
Published: January 2022

Este artículo plantea una primera aproximación archivística a la producción escrita de Sebastià Juan Arbó mediante mecanismos ecdóticos. A través del análisis bibliográfico e histórico y una posterior discusión sobre los materiales recabados de un proyecto inédito de novela, El ángel se durmió, se propone un primer acercamiento al proceso creativo y al usus scribendi del autor. Como toda previa de una edición crítica exige, se aborda en este monográfico, partiendo de los postulados teóricos de la filología de autor, una recensión de los distintos testimonios conservados, se formula una hipótesis de stemma, se propone el establecimiento y los criterios de fijación de un texto base editable y se efectúa una primera crítica de variantes que confronta las diferentes lecciones a lo largo del proceso de escritura.
"Uno piensa el bayo y otro el que lo filma". La gitanilla de Manuel Aguado (TVE, 1970)
Authors: Aranda Arribas Victoria
Published: January 2022

Del 13 al 17 de abril de 1970, Televisión Española emitió La gitanilla, serie de cinco capítulos basada en la primera de las Novelas ejemplares (1613) de Cervantes. Dirigida por Manuel Aguado, el guion corrió a cargo de Rodrigo Rubio y Rosa Romá. Se trata de una buena muestra de las adaptaciones literarias que proliferaron en la parrilla nacional desde la década de los sesenta. Este artículo rescata sus vínculos con el relato del complutense: por un lado, se sondea aquí el trasvase de los diálogos y poemas al libreto televisivo; por otro, las huellas del binomio “idealismo-realismo”, tan característico de la historia de Preciosa y Juan de Cárcamo.
Nadine Ly, profesora: recuerdos de una alumna desde las aulas de la Universidad Bordeaux Montaigne
Authors: Segas Lise
Published: January 2022

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An Improved Embedded Discrete Fracture Model with Fracture Growth for Water-Induced Fracture Simulation in Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Yang Chenxu , Cheng Linsong , Cao Renyi , Shi Junjie , Du Xulin
Published: January 2022

Water injection is often used to supply formation energy in low permeability reservoirs. A lot of field data shows that fractures nearby the wellbores may extend hundreds of meters because of the poor injectability which is called water-induced fractures. The presence of these fractures significantly changes the flow of injected water thus affecting the development effects. However, few studies of reservoir numerical simulation methods have been presented to simulate the dynamic changes of fractures in the long-term waterflooding process. This study is based on the embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) in which the fracture system has less dependence on the grid system. By improving the preprocessing algorithm, fracture growth can be considered in EDFM which is called the dynamic embedded discrete model (dEDFM). This new method provides an innovative idea for fracture propagation simulation by attaching new fracture elements to the original fractures once the failure criterion is satisfied. Meanwhile, there is no need to calculate the stress field once the in situ stress is provided, so the computational efficiency is greatly improved compared with the fluid-solid coupling method. Besides, dEDFM has a flexible way of handling fracture elements, so it is suitable for water-induced fracture simulation. Results show that fracture propagation speed is significantly influenced by matrix permeability, in situ stress, and injection intensity, and if the water-induced fractures propagate faster than the original waterfront movement velocity, changing law of the water content rate rising of production wells in different directions will be different. The contribution of this work lies in that it provides a suitable and efficient way for reservoir engineers to deal with water-induced fractures since the propagation of fractures can be considered when it comes to reservoir numerical simulation, and it is helpful for production data prediction and development adjustment in low permeability reservoirs.
Ethnicity, Agency, and Cultural Identity: Nexus and Difference in Australian Youth Films
Authors: McCallum Robyn
Published: January 2022

See article
The Critic as Former Child: A Personal Narrative
Authors: Knoepflmacher U.C.
Published: January 2022

See article
Myth-Making - Or Just Taking the Myth? The Dangers of Myth Becoming Fact in Lewis's Narnia Series
Authors: Rudd David
Published: January 2022

See article
Crossing the Boundaries: Scatology, Taboo and the Carnivalesque in the Picture Book
Authors: James Kathryn
Published: January 2022

See article
Fragile Selves: Constructing Identity in Novels by Margaret Clark, Nette Hilton and Isobel Carmody
Authors: Rossiter Richard
Published: January 2022

In lieu of abstract, here is the first paragraph of the article:
Proliferating Subjectivities and the New Media
Authors: Misson Ray
Published: January 2022

The way in which a great degree of proliferation along with convergence has taken place where the same material is becoming available in different technologies or different technologies are being utilised to mediate different aspects of a single product is explored. Young people are very comfortable in moving from one medium to another where the book has the benefit of being the original, the film has the benefit of immediacy, and the video game has the benefit of interactivity.
Exploring Issues of National Identity, Ideology and Diversity in Contemporary Canadian Picture Books
Authors: Johnston Ingrid , Bainbridge Joyce , Shariff Farha
Published: January 2022

The pre-service teachers who negotiate their own sense of national identity are challenged and their views of otherness is examined through reading and responding to a range of contemporary Canadian picture books. The year-one findings from one site of the study in the Western Canadian province of Alberta is focused to analyse the growing disparity between the backgrounds of beginning teachers and the students in their classrooms.
‘A Great Ghastly Mistake’?: Approaches to Teenage Pregnancy in K. M. Peyton’s Pennington’s Heir and Berlie Doherty’s Dear Nobody
Authors: Travis Madelyn
Published: January 2022

Nearly two decades separate the publication of K. M. Peyton’s Pennington’s Heir (1973) and Berlie Doherty’s Dear Nobody (1991), both of which focus on the theme of teenage pregnancy. Dear Nobody won the Carnegie Medal, was shortlisted for four other book awards, and was adapted into a BBC television production and an award-winning play. By contrast, Peyton’s Pennington novels are criticised for being ‘often stereotypical in the depiction of character’ (Knowles and Malmkjaer 1996, p.142). In this paper I argue that it is Dear Nobody that is at times conservative and regressive in its treatment of its central theme, while the earlier and less well received Pennington’s Heir is the more socially progressive text.
Mise En Abyme and the Ontological Uncertainty of Magical Events in At the Back of the North Wind
Authors: Yu Chen-Wei
Published: January 2022

George MacDonald’s novel At the Back of the North Wind tells the story of a boy’s magical journey with a mysterious figure, the North Wind, who reveals to the boy his spiritual life. this novel has been categorised as fantasy, in spite of the fact that it ‘has a very real setting...which is London sometime during the middle of the nineteenth century’ (Reis 1972, p.82). Simply defined, fantasy is a story in which magical events actually take place in the story world, while they are unlikely to happen in reality, in contrast to realistic stories in which ‘everything... must conform to our sensory experience of the real world’ (Attebery 2004, pp.295-296).
Affective Strategies, Emotion Schemas, and Empathic Endings: Selkie Girls and A Critical Odyssey
Authors: Stephens John
Published: January 2022

We are drawn to the aesthetic again and again because its impact is registered affectively and somatically, as well as via rational cognition.(Pence 2004, p. 273)

The idea of an ‘odyssey’ derives, of course, from Homer’s famous epic narrative, but separates itself from its eponymous hero to become a script which pervades Western literature. By ‘script’ I refer to a metanarrative structure based on an expectation that in a particular context events will unfold in a coherent and predictable order, within expected parameters, and the observer will be involved either as a participant or an observer (see Stephens 2011, p. 14). Because readers recognise a script from only a few components of its constitutive causal chain, writers have considerable scope for varying the components. Thus an odyssey-script does not require a character named ‘Odysseus’, but will involve, in some form, a long journey with many delays, by-ways and wrong movements, but moves towards a particular goal. Yet, as Tennyson’s well-known poem reminds us, an arrival constitutes a site for another departure:

It little profits that an idle king,By this still hearth, among these barren crags, Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race,That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. I cannot rest from travel ...Ulysses, 1-6

As our procedures grow old and less productive, and texts seem less responsive to them, we inevitably seek livelier ways of doing things. I have spent the last 30 years or so as a discourse analyst, with a particular focus on how ideology pervades textual representations. During that time, however, I have been somewhat inattentive to the relationship of affect to ideology, perhaps because affect seems to be individually produced, whereas ideology is more a matter of social consensus or even, if we adhere to Althusser’s more extreme view, a social imposition. To put this another way, discourse analysis is less concerned with what readers do with texts than with the role of culture in the production of texts and the potential of texts to position readers. This difference need not result in an either/or choice, needless to say.
Politics of Postmodern Multiculturalism in Shaun Tan’s The Arrival: Reconfiguring the Subject as a Nomad
Authors: Khailova Ladislava
Published: January 2022

In Shaun Tan’s The Arrival (2006), an intriguing 128-page wordless sequence of sepia-toned images marketed to audiences ranging from middle school-age children to adults,1 readers become visually engaged in the main character’s struggle to navigate a nameless constructed geographic space—an imaginary New World. Fleeing his serpent-infested Old World homeland and leaving behind two females usually interpreted as his wife and daughter,2 the migrant protagonist settles in a New World multi-ethnic community that seamlessly meshes elements of the real with the fantastic. Strange creatures jump out of familiar domestic objects, invented alphabets adorn the walls of a typical cityscape, and peculiar foods are served on the dining tables of an everyday household. As Tan suggests on his website in ‘Comments on The Arrival,’ such blending of the ordinary and the imaginary, together with the book’s genre merging, ‘plants the readers...in the shoes of an immigrant character’ (Tan 2009). Something like migrants, readers are positioned to leave behind common understandings in attempts to decipher the new society. I argue that the narrative strategies of defamiliarisation and genre blurring, in juxtaposition with the text’s deployment of further postmodern techniques (such as conflicting or mutually-exclusive symbolic referents), challenge constructions of the subject as a stable, coherent entity with a clear cultural and geographic affiliation, representing the empowerment of the ex-centric. Specifically, I show that The Arrival, as an example of a postmodern text engaged in the ontological enterprise of decentralisation, promotes the nomadic subject as defined by Rosi Braidotti —a fractured, polyvalent form of self not tied to a specific nation, place or ideology (Braidotti 1994). As such, the narrative encourages its readers to celebrate a consciousness that resists discriminatory normative practices, thus opening a space for traditionally disadvantaged subjects, such as immigrants.
Rules and Rhizomes: A Mary Poppins Sampler
Authors: Mackey Margaret
Published: January 2022

When the Disney movie of Mary Poppins was released in 1964, I was a teenager and far too cool to watch it under the aegis of my own identity. But as a long-term devotee of the books I was keen to see what Disney had made of this adaptation, so I borrowed the children of some family friends as camouflage and headed for the cinema. To my dismay, Julie Andrews was too pretty, too sweet, too twinkly, and too insipid to suit my sense of the stern nanny, and I found the story diminished as a consequence.
Impact of Complex Fracture Networks on Well Productivity: A Case Study of the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site #2
Authors: Cao Meng , Zheng Shuang , Elliott Brendan , Sharma Mukul
Published: January 2022

For simplicity, planar fractures are usually used for simulating well performance. This is clearly an oversimplification for naturally fractured formations. Core data from both HFTS 1 and 2 show that a much more complex fracture network is created. In this work, a novel three-dimensional fracturing-reservoir simulator is applied to the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site (HFTS2) data to provide a thorough assessment of the impact of the fracture network on well performance. A methodology is also presented to effectively represent realistic complex fracture networks generated by hydraulic fracturing when simulating well productivity.

Data that characterizes the natural fractures at HFTS 2 are used to create a realistic representation of the reservoir. A fracturing simulator which fully couples fluid flow, fracture mechanics and a black oil reservoir simulator is used to first create the fracture network and then simulate flowback and production. The complex fracture networks, generated by fracture propagation is compared with the core data collected at the site. The production flowback results are also compared with the field and are found to agree well with actual production data.

We demonstrate a workflow to create a realistic natural fracture network based on core data. A comparison of our simulation results with core data shows good agreement with the characteristics of the NF network based on the post-frac core analysis. The characteristics of this fracture network control the well productivity. While it is possible to use planar fractures to history match production, the results provide unrealistic fracture dimensions and reservoir drainage volumes. This directly impacts design and operational decisions related to well spacing and fracture sizing demonstrating the importance of incorporating realistic complex fracture networks into reservoir simulators for production evaluation and forecasting as well as fracture design and selecting well spacing.

In this paper the rich dataset provided by HFTS-2 is used to demonstrate a methodology to generate a realistic natural fracture network and to create hydraulic fractures that create a fracture network that can be used to simulate well productivity and reservoir drainage. The results show that it is possible to simulate the creation of complex fracture networks that provide much more realistic estimates of well productivity and reservoir drainage area. This is essential for fracture sizing and estimating the optimum well spacing.
Utilizing Data from Electrically Driven Fracturing Equipment Provides Significant Improvement to Equipment and Operational Reliability
Authors: Niemeyer Matt , Sears Eric , Bolt Travis
Published: January 2022

As operators continue to focus on the importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), in conjunction with lowering monthly costs in the hydraulic fracturing space, the requests for higher horsepower density with lower emissions and fuel consumption have risen. This analysis will explore what eFrac means for fracturing optimization, reliability, and performance compared to conventional equipment. This paper will compare the digital capabilities of conventional equipment versus electrical equipment.

This investigation is based on the historical data of a field trial spanning approximately eight months, across several basins, and varying climates. In conjunction with this case study, it will correlate the performance of eFrac to that of conventional equipment, while focusing on three areas: visibility into pump performance, control of equipment to improve reliability, and energy conversion from fuel source to hydraulic horsepower for fracturing and its impact on efficiency.
Observation Lateral Project: Direct Measurement of Far-Field Drainage
Authors: Cipolla Craig , Wolters Jennifer , McKimmy Michael , Miranda Carlos , Hari-Roy Stephanie , Kechemir Aicha , Gupta Nupur
Published: January 2022

In 2019 the operator embarked on a very ambitious data acquisition project in the Bakken, with the goal of mapping far-field drainage and characterizing completion performance. The project consisted of a six-well pad (10,000 ft laterals) with a dedicated observation lateral located in the Three Forks (TF) formation instrumented with cemented pressure gauges and fiber optics along the 10,000 ft lateral. The observation lateral was offset by Middle Bakken (MB) wells ∼450 ft on either side (∼900 ft MB-MB well spacing). One of the MB wells was instrumented with fiber optics for cluster-level completion measurements and "frac hit" detection, while the other offset MB well was used to deploy geophones for microseismic mapping. Three different fracture treatment designs were evaluated, with the goal of understanding how fluid volume & rheology, proppant volume and size, and proppant/fluid ratio affect fracture geometry and drainage. Quantitative application of oil and water tracers was used to evaluate the productivity of each treatment design.

During the completions of the first three wells, microseismic data provided important measurements to characterize fracture geometry and "offset well" fiber provided strain data to evaluate fracture morphology (i.e. – far-field fracture behavior). Stress shadowing was evaluated by combining the microseismic and strain data. These measurements were used to calibrate a hydraulic fracture model to enable more reliable predictions of fracture geometry and morphology. Cluster-level measurements of fluid distribution provided data to support increasing clusters/stage and decreasing stage count. Production has been continuously monitored for over 12 months, including interference testing to evaluate connectivity. The pressure gauges placed along the observation lateral provided one of the first-ever measurements of far-field drainage as a function of fracture treatment design (450 ft in between two producing wells, 900 ft well spacing).

The results show that MB wells can drain the TF at distances of 450 ft and fracture treatment design can significantly impact drainage and productivity. Although the evaluation, modeling, and trials are ongoing, these results may add significant value by enabling Bakken development with fewer, more productive, wells in some portions of the basin.
Geomechanical Applications in Deepwater Fracpacks and Associated Productivity Impact
Authors: Mahadev Karthik , Zhang Jianguo
Published: January 2022

Deepwater fracpacks continue to evolve in the Miocene and Paleogene trends in Gulf of Mexico and deliver best in class skins and reliability in these high-rate high margin reservoirs. As operators move towards maximizing production in existing fields that have been produced over the past several decades, depletion has concurrently evolved as the most frequent issue that challenges drilling, cementing, perforating, and fracturing operations. The overall impact of higher overbalance operations in these depleted intervals has placed Geomechanical impacts on completions and well productivity at the forefront. The paper will examine recent advances in Geomechanical applications in high permeability formations, specifically in a fracturing context.

This paper will expand upon a simple and innovative method for the determination of maximum horizontal stresses with calibrated minifrac data that will have an impact on fracturing and proppant placement. Use of pore pressure ranges to correlate fracture initiation and breakdown pressures will also be demonstrated as a valuable aid to design surface equipment pressure limits to enable fracturing.

Applying depletion related Geomechanical concepts to fracpacks has resulted in understanding of high treating pressures, bring successful investigations on trouble fracturing treatments to closure, and capture lessons to avoid problems on future wells. A robust workflow process has also been developed to anticipate these potential challenges and appropriate mitigations such as higher ratings for surface equipment, differential packer ratings and completion fluid weight to gain higher margins and were incorporated to enable fracture placement as designed. This will be discussed in the context of a few actual case histories from the Gulf of Mexico. The effect of depletion and well bore trajectory on fracture placement will also be discussed.
Modeling Proppant Transport in Casing and Perforations Based on Proppant Transport Surface Tests
Authors: Kolle Jack , Mueller Alan , Baumgartner Steve , Cuthill David
Published: January 2022

The results of a series of proppant transport surface tests (PTSTs) were used in conjunction with Eulerian multiphase-computational fluid dynamics (EMP-CFD) modeling to develop an engineering model of proppant distribution. The PTSTs were carried out to evaluate proppant placement through perforated casing. In these tests, sand slurry was pumped at realistically high flow rates through perforated casing and the distribution of sand and slurry from each perforation cluster was observed. The tests show that gravitational settling in horizontal casing, proppant slip past perforations and the visco-elastic properties of slickwater fluids strongly affect the distribution of proppant from the heel to the toe of the completion.

The EMP-CFD modeling was used to estimate the gravitational settling of sand in fully-developed turbulent slurry flow in horizontal casing as a function of casing velocity. A survey of 36 calculations was carried out to generate tables of sand concentration in a cross section through the casing as a function of flow rate and particle size. A single-phase CFD analysis showed how sand exiting each perforation is taken from a limited ingestion area which is proportional to the ratio of flow through the perforation to total flow in the casing. A detailed EMP-CFD analysis of flow through single perforations showed how sand slips past the perforation. The results of 28 EMP-CFD calculations provided slip factors as a function of particle size, casing flow velocity, and perforation flow velocity in straight and angled perforations. The EMP-CFD settling tables and a parameterization of the slip factors were integrated into an engineering model. The model predicts the distribution of slurry and sand through each perforation based on the proppant size, perforation phase angle, and pump rate.

The engineering model was used to predict the sand distributions observed in the PTSTs. The PTSTs were conducted with a range of sand sizes and with low-viscosity friction reducing polymer (FR) additives, while the EMP-CFD analysis assumed water. A weight factor is introduced in the settling model to account for the increased dispersion of sand in water with low viscosity FR and to match the observed sand distributions in the PTSTs. The observed slip of 100 Mesh and 40/70 Mesh sand is consistent with the EMP-CFD calculations in water.

The model reflects the PTST observations that fine sand is distributed relatively uniformly throughout the length of a perforated completion while coarser sand tends to slip past the heel perforations and concentrate on the bottom towards the toe of the completion.
Changes in social communication and mental health status among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 in Japan
Authors: Nagai-Tanima Momoko , Odake Yu , Shimoura Kanako , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: January 2022

Background

The pandemic due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought the change of social communication. For university students, friendships considered to be important to reduce stress and mental difficulties, and a decrease in social interaction with friends may have an impact on their mental health. This study aimed to investigate the association between changes in social communication during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health status among university students in Japan.
Methods

This study followed a cross-sectional observational design using an online questionnaire survey. The participants were undergraduate and graduate students in Japan. The questionnaire was distributed only once between October 12 and 31, 2020. Of the 194 respondents who agreed to participate in the study, 149 who completed their online survey were included in the analysis.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Japanese version of the Three-item Loneliness Scale were used to assess depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Regarding social communication, participants asked the frequency of contact with friends and family by methods (in-person, phone call, and text) and the number of people who have been communicated with. Responses were also obtained for communication during the same period in the previous year to determine changes between the two periods. A multiple regression analysis was conducted for depression, anxiety, and loneliness scores as dependent variables.
Results

The ratios of positive for depression and anxiety were 38.3% and 34.2%, respectively. For communication with friends, changes in frequency were negatively associated with loneliness, and changes in number were negatively associated with depression and loneliness. Regarding text communication, a change in number was negatively associated with loneliness. For communication with families, a change in the number of people regarding text communication was positively associated with anxiety.
Conclusion

The impact of students’ communication with friends and families on their mental health may need to be considered before conducting university initiatives to prevent COVID-19.
Effects of Antenatal Exercises on Clinical Outcomes in Pregnant Females with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Anum Anum Sattar , Fahad Fahad Tanveer , Ahmad Ashfaq Ahmad Ashfaq , Amir Syed Amir Gillani Syed , Asif Asif Hanif , Rabia Rabia Khalil
Published: January 2022

BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus is the most common complication that affects the health of the child and mother during pregnancy. The study was aimed to determine the effects of Antenatal exercises on glucose levels, mode of delivery and APGAR Score in females with gestational diabetes mellitus.MethodsThis Randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 72 pregnant females at department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mian Munshi DHQ Hospital, Lahore. The females in 20-35 years of age, at 20-24 weeks of gestation with diagnosed GDM were included to make sure that all the data could find out easily and genuinely. Group-A received Routine Physical Therapy with Insulin therapy and Group –B- received Antenatal exercises along with Insulin therapy. Total 3 sessions per week were given to the patients for 60 mins, from 20- 24 weeks of gestation, in which 1st six session given to the patient under supervision of therapist, remaining sessions was performed by the patients at home till the time of delivery. The outcome tools were APGAR scale for neonatal outcome and HbAc1 test % was measured for Glucose level. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Nonparametric Mann Whitney u test was used to determine mean difference of glucose level and APGAR Scores between groups due to abnormal distribution of data. Chi square test was applied for mode of delivery among both groups. P-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsMajority (69.4%) of the participants in experimental group had normal delivery, while 30.6% underwent C-section (P=0.00).The APGAR Score at 5 min was 8.86 ± 1.24(P=0.035) in Group A and9.38 ±1.07 in Group B(P=0.030). The HbAc1 was 6.25 ±0.98 in group A and in Group-B was 5.43 ±1.14(P=0.000).ConclusionAntenatal care is one of the essential components for pregnancy related outcomes. The antenatal exercise can decrease the chances of cesarean section, glucose level and APGAR score can be improved with use of antenatal exercise.Initial date of registration: 21/04/2021, Final Date of registration: 26/04/2021 ,Registration no: NCT04859348 ‘ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS).’
Challenges and Benefits of Adopting Snus in Low-Middle Income Countries: Factors that May Affect the Availability and Accessibility of Snus in Malawi
Authors: Sikwese Kate , Jekete Wilfred
Published: January 2022

Background: The study was conducted to project challenges and benefits that may affect the availability and accessibility of snus in Malawi, focusing on the three districts of Mchinji, Rumphi and Balaka.Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design which consisted of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The rationale for using the qualitative approach was to meet people’s smoking and quitting experience, attitude and perceptions. The quantitative approach was used to quantify the information related factors that can affect the availability, accessibility and consumption of snus in the country. The Study population comprised of ex-smokers and current smokers within the age range of 15-54 targeting a randomly selected sample size of 100. The data were collected through direct interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed to generate simple descriptive statistics in a form of frequencies, means and percentages.Results: The results of the study have indicated that there is high unsuccessful quitting attempts rate. Out of the 68.0% of respondents who attempted to quitting smoking, only 6.0% managed to quit smoking with the remaining 62.0% getting back to smoking citing stress, nicotine craving and lack of alternative to nicotine consumption apart from combustible cigarette as some leading factors to unsuccessful quitting attempts. The results of the study have revealed lack of political willingness and commitment, taxation and lack of policies and regulations as some of the factors that may negatively affect the availability and accessibility of snus in the country.Conclusion: The use snus as a harm reduction product can be of greater importance in helping to reduce cases of non-communicable infections as a safer means of switching and quitting smoking as evidenced in Pakistan , with regards to the socio-economic status of most rural based combustible cigarette consumers, snus tends to provide a better option for switching to safer nicotine as it is cheaper hence quite affordable by the majority which may directly contribute to a significant decline in combustible cigarette use hence improving the health wellbeing of individuals who have opted to switch thereby attaining the Sustainable Development Goal 3.