bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METASTASES TO THE MALE BREAST
Authors: Berge Thorbjörn
Published: August 2010

In an autopsy series of 16, 294 subjects 7, 165 carcinomas were demonstrated. Among 2, 195 metastasizing carcinomas in men, 22 (1 per cent) were found to have metastases to the breast. The autopsy series contained 2 men with breast lesions diagnosed as primary. The primary tumour most often metastasizing to the breast was oestrogen‐treated prostatic carcinoma (20 of the 22 cases). Mammary tumours in patients with oestrogen‐treated prostatic carcinoma are probably metastases rather than independent primary tumours because: oestrogen therapy had usually been given for a short time and in relatively small doses, oestrogen therapy by induction of gynaecomastia may render the breast a preferential site of metastasis, the lesions of the breast are often multiple and bilateral, the lesions of the breast generally occur in patients with generalized spread to several lymph node stations and other organs, and careful histological examination often shows the same histological picture as the prostatic carcinoma.
STAINING OF BETA‐CELLS IN PANCREATIC ISLETS BY AN INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE METHOD ON BOUIN‐FIXED, PARAFFIN‐EMBEDDED TISSUE
Authors: Thomsen Ole Frøkjær
Published: August 2010

Using an indirect immunofluorescence technique a strong, selective cytoplasmic fluorescence in beta‐cells was observed in Bouin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded pancreatic tissue from rats and humans. This method gave positive results with anti‐insulin‐sera which were too weak to react with non‐fixed frozen tissue.
CORRELATION BETWEEN TUBULES AND CAPILLARIES AND SIZE OF INTERSTITIAL SPACE IN THE FUNCTIONING RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Faarup Poul , Sælan Henrik , Ryø Grete
Published: August 2010

In rat kidneys the early post mortem changes of the cortical tubules and of the peritubular capillaries were investigated after different forms of preparation. In the instantly frozen, freeze‐dried tissue, a systematic, correlated orientation of the tubules in the renal cortex was found. The main axis of the tubules was orientated radially out to the surface of the kidney, and the corresponding peritubular capillaries were orientated parallel to the tubules. The total interstitial volume in the kidney cortex was found quantitatively significant (21 per cent), including the capillary volume (7 per cent). This was compared to the conventional fixed tissue, in which the total interstitial volume was 9 per cent, and in which the capillaries were not readily recognized. In instantly frozen, freeze‐substituted tissue slight artificial changes were found, but the parallel orientation of the tubules and the capillaries could still be recognized. In freeze‐substituted tissue, frozen 2 minutes after the removal of the kidney and in conventionally fixed tissue, the parallel, radial orientation of the tubules and capillaries was distorted.
ENTERIC INFECTION WITH YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA
Authors: Ahlqvist Johan , Ahvonen Paavo , Räsänen Jorma A. , Wallgŕen Georg Rabbe
Published: August 2010

Enteric infection with Yersinia enterocolitica is often associated with small focal non‐specific ulcerations in the appendix and sometimes with basophilic stem cell hyperplasia or proliferation of large pyroninophilic cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. This proliferation correlates comparatively well with an early antibody response. The clinicopathological and immunological aspects of the findings are discussed.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN ADENOCARCINOMAS OF THE COLON AND RECTUM TO THE MOUSE MUTANT NUDE. A STUDY OF NINE CONSECUTIVE TRANSPLANTATIONS
Authors: Povlsen C. O. , Rygaard J.
Published: August 2010

Successful heterotransplantation of 6 out of 9 consecutively transplanted adenocarcinomas of the human colon and rectum to the mouse mutant Nude is reported. Serial growth for 2–8 transfers so far was obtained in 5 cases. The transferred tumours grow locally, and metastatic growth has not been observed with certainty. The histological and cytological appearance of the transferred tumours is in full accordance with that of the primary tumours. The mutant Nude is suggested as a host for human malignant tumours as a basis for the study of tumour growth and for therapeutic assays.
STUDIES ON THE LYMPHOCYTES IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE CHICKEN
Authors: Bäck Ove
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of lymphocytes within the ileal epithelium was studied in newly hatched, 6‐day‐old, 7‐and 9‐week‐old and 18‐month‐old chickens. The number of epithelial lymphocytes (theliolymphocytes) increased markedly with age. The specific localization of the epithelial lymphocytes differed from that in other species described, i.e. rodents and man, in the respect that a larger proportion of the lymphocytes were distributed towards the surface of the epithelium, especially in the 6‐day‐old chickens. Globule leucocytes in the epithelium were proportional to the number of epithelial lymphocytes and their number increased with age just as that of the epithelial lymphocytes. The increase in the number of epithelial lymphocytes with age was considered to be connected with the peripheralization of the second level lymphoid tissues and the maturation of the immune response.
EXPERIMENTAL CEREBRAL HEAT LESIONS PRODUCED BY TREPHINE CRANIOTOMY IN RABBITS
Authors: Edvinsson L. , West K. A.
Published: August 2010

Heat lesions in the rabbit brain were produced by trephine craniotomy with a conventional dental drill. The temperature rise was measured at the inner surface of the skull bone at a calculated point over which the burr hole was made. A temperature rise of about 10°C was observed to produce an initial and transient injury to the blood‐brain barrier for about 10 hours, as shown by trypan blue injections. Brain edema, apparently produced by an increased vascular permeability, increased in size during the first 48 hours after the craniotomy, as shown microscopically. Thereafter the brain edema gradually subsided. The heat lesion produced by the trephine burr could be avoided if the area was irrigated with physiological saline at room temperature when the burr hole was made.
PREDETERMINED SEQUENTIAL CHROMOSOME CHANGES IN SERIAL TRANSPLANTATION OF ROUS RAT SARCOMAS
Authors: Mitelman Felix
Published: August 2010

The early chromosomal progression in vivo was studied in 5–6 parallel series of passages of 2 primary Rous rat sarcomas (RSV‐SR). Both sarcomas had a normal diploid stemline, no sideline and no deviating cells. During transplantation all series of both tumours showed a heteroploid transformation. There were indications that the initial change in the heteroploid evolution was predetermined with a specificity comprising not only the direction of the heteroploid pathway (hyperdiploidy), but also the karyotype. Thus, among all series of passages derived from the same primary sarcoma, the earliest deviating cells had exactly the same karyotype. In both tumours the early heteroploid evolution displayed the same non‐random and sequential characteristics: gains of chromosome types t, st3 and st5, respectively. In the course of the heteroploid evolution the normal diploid cells decreased by a non‐linear process with a slow initiation and a rapid fall. The chromosomal progression from a normal diploid stemline to a heteroploid stemline was related to a histological dedifferentiation.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN RABBITS
Authors: Lund B. , Hansen E. Sommer
Published: August 2010

IgG deposits in 74 renal allografts from non‐related rabbits were studied by direct immunofluorescence technique. The allografts were removed 1 to 14 days after transplantation. Vascular deposits of IgG were demonstrated from the second day and glomerular IgG deposits from the fourth day after transplantation. The frequency of IgG deposition in intrarenal blood vessels (13 cases) and in glomeruli (6 cases) was low, however, and no correlation was found between time and localization of IgG deposits and light microscopic alterations, even not in the more severe allograft reactions.
RENAL MICROTHROMBOSIS
Authors: Myhre‐Jensen Olaf , Hansen Erik Sommer , Buitrago Bernardo
Published: August 2010

In a study of 500 consecutive autopsies, 400 in a hospital department for morbid anatomy, 100 in an institute of forensic medicine, microthrombosis was found in 12 per cent of the kidneys (13 per cent of the hospital series, 7 per cent of the forensic series). In none of the positive cases were renal microthrombosis suspected from clinical evidence and macroscopial appearance. None of the kidneys had focal or symmetrical cortical necrosis. A positive association between renal microthrombosis and thrombo‐embolic disease, severe infections, malignancies, diabetes mellitus, various conditions with evidence of a haemorrhagic diathesis, treatment with an antifibrinolytic agent (epsilonaminocaproic acid) and steroid hormones and ACTH indicates its biological significance. A correlation which is statistically significant at a high level between renal microthrombosis in its more severe degrees and thromboembolic disease, most cases being venous thrombosis, probably reflects a state of hypercoagulability in large venous thrombosis. The lack of late manifestations of renal microthrombosis, i. e. focal or symmetrical cortial necrosis, indicates that intravascular coagulation was a rather terminal event most probably related to the general breakdown of homeostasis in the agonal period. The demonstration of microthrombosis, a morphological sign of intravascular coagulation, is of importance for evaluation of cases with severe disturbance of the haemostatic equilibrium. If not searched for, however, microthrombosis may easily be overlooked.
A SENSITIVE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCES A AND B
Authors: Dabelsteen E. , Rygaard J.
Published: August 2010

In order to select a sensitive method for demonstrating blood group substances A and B in sections of oral epithelium, biopsies and exfoliated cells from the oral epithelium were investigated with both a double‐layer immunofluorescence (IF) staining method and the mixed cell agglutination (MCA) reaction. Eighteen anti‐A and 16 anti‐B sera were tested. Fourteen anti‐A sera were able to react in the IF method and only 9 in the MCA reaction. All tested anti‐B sera produced positive IF staining; eleven also reacted in the MCA reaction. Blood group antisera could in most cases be used in higher titres in the IF method than in the MCA technique. In the IF method, porcine antihuman IgG/FITC and porcine antihuman IgM/FITC were used as the second layers. Blood group antisera could generally, but not invariably, be used in higher titres with antihuman IgM/FITC. The importance of careful matching of blood group antiserum and conjugate is emphasized.
MALIGNANT MELANOMAS OF THE HUMAN CHOROID AND CILIARY BODY
Authors: Egeberg J. , Jensen O. A.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of fifty malignant melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body has been studied over a period of ten years. Based upon twenty tumours embedded in epoxy resins, a comparison between their light microscopical morphology and ultrastructure revealed that the types established by Callender have characteristic ultrastructural features. The material comprised two spindle A, four spindle B, twelve mixed, one epithelioid, and one fascicular tumour. The fascicular tumour is the first tumour ultrastructurally studied belonging to this cell type. Its ultrastructure may support previous suggestions that the cells have their origin in special parts of the neural crest. In view of the prognostic practice of grouping together the fascicular and spindle B tumours, it is remarkable that cells from both these tumours contained cytoplasmic filaments not observed in spindle A or in the epithelioid tumours, and not previously found in choroidal malignant melanomas. The epithelioid tumour was found to be composed of only one type of cell, whereas the tumours of the mixed type appeared to be linked together as a group only by their differing from other types, although features of either spindle or epithelioid cells could be seen to a certain extent in some cells. This type probably expresses a certain degree of anaplasia and is not a mixture of spindle and epithelioid cells. The authors finally sum up the ultrastructural features which they consider characteristic of highly differentiated and of anaplastic malignant choroidal melanomas.
ENZYME STUDIES IN RATS WITH EXTRA‐HEPATIC BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Hägerstrand I. , Nordén J. G.
Published: August 2010

Ligation or transsection of the common bile duct in rats was followed by a histochemically demonstrated increase of alkaline phosphatase reaction in the liver from the 1st postoperative day, and centrolobular loss of canalicular adenosine triphosphatase reaction from the 5th day. The peripheral canaliculi appeared thickened and irregular. The acid phosphatase reaction was increased in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase became positive in an increased number of bile ducts and ductules. With Nitro‐BT as substrate the formazan products of succinic dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase changed from regular, coarse sinusoidal granules into irregular masses along the sinusoids and the finely granular hepatocytic products became reduced. Serum alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase reached a maximum at 1 day and 2 weeks, respectively, after operation.
FOA‐KURLOFF CELLS IN THE HASSAL BODIES OF OESTROGENIZED GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Ebbesen P. , Christensen H. E.
Published: August 2010

Oestrogen‐treated guinea‐pigs revealed swollen Hassal bodies containing a few intact Foa‐Kurloff cells. Much amorphous intact material in the Hassal bodies gave staining reactions identical to those found with Foa‐Kurloff cells, including a strong acid phosphatase reaction.
THE SENSITIVITY OF THE SKIN OF HAIRLESS MICE TO THE TUMORIGENIC ACTION OF COAL TAR IN RELATION TO THE TETRAZOLIUM TEST
Authors: Iversen Ulla , Iversen Olav Hilmar
Published: August 2010

A 1 per cent solution of crude coal tar from the Norwegian Coke Factory was tested with the tetrazolium test for carcinogenicity. The result was, as expected, positive. The carcinogenic potency of this tar in long term paintings on hairless mouse skin confirmed the well known carcinogenicity of coal tar, but revealed also that this particular strain of hairless mice is rather sensitive to chemical carcinogens.
CEREBRAL MALFORMATIONS IN THE XYY SYNDROME
Authors: Brun Arne , Gustavson K. H.
Published: August 2010

The XYY syndrome predisposes to mental retardation, personality defects and neurological symptoms. In autosomal chromosome syndromes such features are often associated with cerebral malformations. There are, however, only a few reports on the pathology of the central nervous system in patients with sex chromosome aberrations, and, so far, the neuropathology in the XYY syndrome has been entirely unknown. The present paper concerns a prepubertal, mentally retarded boy with typical clinical and cytogenetic features of the XYY syndrome. The brain was megalencephalic with mild cortical dysplasia, diffuse neuronal heterotopias of white matter and signs of retarded cellular maturation. The observations allow no generalized conclusions concerning the role of an XYY sex chromosome constitution in the production of cerebral abnormalities but point to the importance of further studies in this field.
5‐NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN BREAST
Authors: Jensen Henning
Published: August 2010

Fresh‐frozen sections of human breast tissue (210 biopsy specimens) are examined for activity of 5‐nucleotidase in various benign and malignant pathological conditions. 5‐nucleotidase is found mainly in the fibroblasts and produce a characteristic stroma‐response. By nickel blocking of 5‐nucleotidase it is possible to distinguish the 5‐nucleotidase activity from that of the unspecific alkaline phosphatases. The technique is described. The two enzyme systems are both localized mainly in the fibroblasts, but at different sites.
HETEROTRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN EPIDERMOID CARCINOMAS TO THE MOUSE MUTANT NUDE
Authors: Povlsen C. O. , Rygaard J.
Published: August 2010

Successful heterotransplantation is reported for 3 out of 4 human epidermoid carcinomas, consecutively transplanted to the mouse mutant nude. Serial transmission was obtained in two cases, so far for 2–5 passages. Tumours grew locally in mice, and no metastases were observed. Histological and cytological appearance of the grafts were in full accord with the original human tumour. The mouse mutant nude is suggested as a host for human epidermoid carcinomas in the study of oncostatic agents.
PATHOLOGY OF THE HEART FOLLOWING CHRONIC CARDIAC LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Kluge Trond , Ullal Shiv R.
Published: August 2010

The histopathologic effects of impaired cardiac lymph drainage was studied in 22 dogs by excising the cardiac lymph node with its adjoining lymphatics. Dye injections and pathologic‐anatomic examinations were performed from 1 hour up to 9 months after the original procedure. Regeneration of major lymph channels was not detected, and only 3 animals showed lymph drainage along alternate pathways. Gross distention of subepicardial lymph vessels was present in 5 animals only and was never observed later than after 2 months. Hence the observations indirectly suggest the presence of functioning lymphovenous communications. The histopathologic changes were confined to the endocardium and atrioventricular valves, whereas no abnormalities of the myocardium were detected by light microscopy. In the initial stages the subenocardial and valvular lymphatics appeared distended, and from 2–3 weeks onwards a moderate increase in connective tissue was observed in the subendocardial areas. Changes were more pronounced in the mitral and tricuspid valves, which developed deposits of myxoid substance. After 2 months a substantial increase of mesenchymal tissue and fibers was also observed, leading to a marked thickening of the valvular leaflets. These changes persisted throughout the observation period and were believed to be of permanent character. The observations suggest that impaired cardiac lymph drainage may be of significance to rheumatic heart disease and to myxoid valve degeneration in humans.
FREEZE‐SUBSTITUTION
Authors: Ahlqvist Johan
Published: August 2010

By the method of freeze‐substitution described, specimens about or less than 2 mm thick and not unduly large in other directions may be processed; in most other methods of freeze‐substitution smaller pieces of tissue are used. Throughout the process the tissue slices are kept in commercial stainless steel tissue baskets. Quenching is performed with Freon 22 chilled with liquid nitrogen. Freeze‐substitution for 40 hours at —42 + 1 C and a subsequent step called final dehydration for 2 hours at about —6 C are performed with ethanol, clearing for 90 min with toluene at the latter temperature, all under effective shaking. Tissues are embedded in paraffin waxes. Different flotation and post‐fixation methods have been tested. The method enables one to use at least some immunofluorescent and some histochemical enzyme methods. The morphology of the tissue with a few exceptions is good.
LOCATION OF RENIN IN RABBIT UTERUS BY HELP OF MICRODISSECTION
Authors: Eskildsen Peter Claes
Published: August 2010

The location of renin was investigated on microdissected cryostat section of freeze‐dried uterine tissue from three non‐pregnant and six 28 days pregnant rabbits. A coarse separation of the uterine layers of the mesometrial part of the wall showed about the same high renin content in the endometrium and the circular myometrium, but a much lower content in the longitudinal myometrium. In the antimesometrial part of the wall the renin content was lower in the endometrium than in the two muscle layers. In the pregnant endometrium renin was mainly located to the endometrial stroma in which high values were measured in smaller vessels (40–60 μ in diameter). In the pregnant myometrium renin was located both to the arteries, arterioles and venoles, the renin concentration being especially high in the smaller vessels (30–60 μ), the values of the venoles exceeding those of the arterioles. In addition to the isolated vessels renin was found in muscle and connective tissue devoid of arterioles and venoles. This can be due either to ubiquitous occurrence of renin producing cells, or to release of renin from the vessels to the extracellular fluid.
PRIMARY SEMINOMA OF THE ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
Authors: Nickels Juha , Franssila Kaarle
Published: August 2010

A case of mediastinal seminoma is described. A male student, born in 1940, got a cough, chest pain, dyspnoea and fever attacks at the end of 1959. One year later, in mediastinoscopy, a tumour 5 cm in diameter was found in the upper anterior mediastinum. The histological diagnosis from biopsy was at that time thymic carcinoma, but after re‐examination seminoma was diagnosed. The patient was treated by radiation therapy with a tumour dose of 5400 r. Since then he has had no symptoms for 10 years.
ABSENCE OF THE SOLID PART OF THE RIGHT VENTRICULAR MUSCULATURE
Authors: Forssman O. , Björkman G.
Published: August 2010

This article deals with the presentation of a 47‐year‐old male patient with total absence of the solid wall of the right ventricle but not of the trabeculae carneae or of the papillary muscles. The previous history included attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia and, furthermore, angina of effort during the last three years. The terminal events were dominated by several types of arrhythmias. The autopic findings revealed no degenerative or inflammatory changes of the myocardium. The coronary arteries were normal except for non‐contributory minimal atheromatous deposits. Absence of the solid part of the right ventricular musculature probably represents a congenital defect.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN AND MURINE ASTROCYTES AND OF HUMAN FIBROBLASTS IN CULTURE
Authors: Macintyre Elizabeth H. , Pontén Jan , Vatter A. E.
Published: August 2010

A study was undertaken to seek fine structural differences between normal and maglinant astrocytes and normal fibroblasts in cell culture. A series of human adult normal astrocytes and malignant astrocytes (including RSV‐transformed cells) whose cultural characteristics had previously been reported formed the basis of the study. Also included were matched normal human fetal fibroblasts and astrocytes (from the same fetus) and methylcholanthrene‐induced murine malignant astrocytes. Pellets of cells scraped from their culture vessel and sectioned as well asin situpreparations were examined. The fibroblasts were the only cells whose external microfibrils were collagenase‐sensitive and considered to be tropocollagen. Both the benign and the malignant astrocytes had intracytoplasmic microfibril bands (gliofibrils) and some had external collagenase‐resistant microfibrils. Malignant astrocytes had a much more developed membrane system (used in its widest sense) than normal astrocytes, had many free ribosomes and some had morphologically abnormal mitochondria. Virus was seen only in the murine malignant astrocytes, was abundant and of the murine leukemia virus group. Areas interpreted as representing fusion in progress were seen at the surface of some RSV‐transfomed giant tumor astrocytes. The fine structure of one cell type from an IgG‐producing culture from human glioblastoma corresponded with that reported for immunocytes.
QUANTIFICATION OF HUMAN SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM
Authors: Skakkebek Niels E. , Hammen Rich. , Philip John , Rebbe Heinrich
Published: August 2010

Fortyfour infertile 46,XY men with severe deficiencies of the spermiogram were investigated by quantitative analyses of the seminiferous epithelium, employing the Sertoli cell number as a basis for reference. The following five groups of germ cells were recorded separately: 1) Spermatogonia, 2) preleptotene + leptotene spermatocytes, 3) zygotene + pachytene spermatocytes, 4) Sa + Sb spermatids and 5) Sc + Sd spermatids. The results were compared with previous results from similar studies in controls. Four of the patients had normal or only slightly impaired spermatogenesis, while the rest showed substantial abnormalities. In 21 cases an isolated reduction in the number of late or both early and late spermatids was found. In six other patients also the number of spermatogonia and/or spermatocytes was reduced. The remaining 13 cases showed heterogeneous pictures, composed of Sertoli cell‐only tubules, tubules with germ cells and partly or totally obliterated tubules. Males with different types of testicular lesions often showed the same degree of oligospermia. Although several of the patients showed abnormal features that may interfere with fertility, it was not possible to correlate failure of the testicle to descend, varicocele, abnormal hair distribution or abnormal excretion of 17‐ketosteroid fractions to any characteristic trait in the seminiferous epithelium. The urinary excretion of total gonadotrophins was within normal limits in all but two of the cases. Only six of the patients had small sized testes.
QUANTIFICATION OF HUMAN SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM
Authors: SKAKKEBEK Niels E. , HULTÉN Maj , Philip John
Published: August 2010

Quantitative histological analysis of the seminiferous epithelium was performed on testicular biopsies from 17 men with different types of chromosome anomalies, i.e. one D/D and five 14/21 translocation carriers, one man with an unbalanced 13/21 translocation, eight men with trisomy‐21 and two with an extra, small marker chromosome. All subjects, except one carrier of a 14/21 translocation, had abnormal spermatogenesis, generally a nonspecific inhibition at all stages. A total or partial Sertoli cell‐only picture as well as obliterated tubules were also seen in some cases.
ON ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF SARCOIDOSIS
Authors: Palva T. , Dammert K. , Palva A.
Published: August 2010

Hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity in mediastinal sarcoid lymph nodes of 20 patients was studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was concentrated in the fibrous periphery of the tubercles, the lymphatic pulp and capillary walls. Strong acid phosphatase and moderate non‐specific esterase activity was seen in the tubercles, particularly in the nuclei of epithelioid cells and giant cells. Moderate adenosin triphosphatase and 5‐nucleotidase activity appeared in the tubercles as well as in the lymphatic pulp. Leucinaminopeptidase activity was weak and unregular. Strong activity of both lactate and malate dehydrogenase was found in the tubercles as well as in the lymphatic pulp, whereas glutamate dehydrogenase activity was weak. A tubercular rather than a viral aetiology is favoured.
ARTEFACTUAL STAINING OF THE PERIPHERAL ZONE OF NEEDLE BIOPSIES
Authors: Lyon Hans , PRENTø Poul
Published: August 2010

A description of artefactual staining in 156 needle biopsies of the liver is given. The following representative methods were employed: Alcian blue'basic fuchsin mixture pH 3, fast green FCF pH 8, azure A'eosin Y mixture pH 5, gallocyanin'chromalum, Feulgen procedure and aluminium'haematein. Changes in stainability were seen in the 3–15 most peripheral cell layers and affected both cell nuclei and cytoplasm as well as sinusoidal lining. A dissociation of nucleoprotein and denaturation of protein in the outermost layers of the biopsy effected by the needle is suggested as being the cause of the altered stain‐ability. The consequences of these findings for the evaluation of needle biopsies is discussed.
MIGRATION OF HAEMOPOIETIC CELLS FROM THE YOLK SAC TO THE THYMUS AND THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Hemmingsson Erik J. , Alm Gunnar V.
Published: August 2010

The haemopoietic cells of the yolk sac wall of 16‐day‐old chick embryos were locally labelled with 3H‐thymidine in situ. Appropriate controls for the isotope leaking to other parts of the embryo during the local labelling procedure were performed. With autoradiographic technique heavily labelled haemopoietic cells derived from the yolk sac were demonstrated in the thymus and in the bursa of Fabricius 24 hours later. These results directly support the view that the haemopoitic areas of the yolk sac is at least one origin of the lymphoid precursor cells entering the embryonic chick thymus and bursa of Fabricius.
MULTIPLE EPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: Rasmussen P. G. , Reimann I.
Published: August 2010

Radiological and clinical comparisons of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia were made in four children and five puppies. On the basis of these, it is assumed that the disease in children and puppies is closely related. Two six‐week‐old beagle puppies with epiphyseal dysplasia were examined histologically. It was found that bone changes developed primarily in the hyaline cartilage. Two forms of pathological tissue were demonstrated in the cartilage. One was an acellular structureless mass which underwent secondary calcification. The other form was located outside the first and consisted of abnormal intercellular calcified hyaline cartilage. Bones with pronounced stippled radiographical appearance (punctate epiphyseal dysplasia) showed massive calcifications of clear‐cut demarcated acellular masses. Bone with pronounced mottled radiographical appearance (multiple epiphyseal dysplasia) showed zones of abnormal intercellular calcified hyaline cartilage. However, both forms of pathological tissue were found in bones with radiographical stippled calcification and in those with radiographical mottled calcification.
ASBESTOS BODIES AND PLEURAL PLAQUES IN HUMAN LUNGS AT NECROPSY
Authors: Hägerstrand I. , Seifert B.
Published: August 2010

Ninety‐seven, largely consecutive, subjects (59 men and 38 women) in Malmo, a coast town of 250.000 inhabitants in south Sweden, were examined post mortem for pleural plaques and asbestos bodies of the lungs. Two sections and one smear from each lung were examined. Asbestos bodies were found in 47 (32 men and 15 women) and pleural plaques in 29 (26 men and 3 women). Sixteen out of the 32 men with asbestos bodies had also pleural plaques. In 7 subjects, all men, more than 20 asbestos bodies were found; four of these had pleural plaques.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURFACE ARCHITECTURE OF HISTAMINE‐INDUCED GASTRIC ULCERATIONS IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Poulsen Steen Seier
Published: August 2010

Gastric ulcerations were induced in adult male guinea pigs by daily injection of a slowly absorbed histamine preparation for up to 18 days. So that the various stages of the ulceration process could be studied as thoroughly as possible, the ulcerogenic action was rendered as constant and gentle as possible. Therefore, the animals were not fasted before or during the experiment, and they were protected from the acute musculc‐vascular effect of histamine by a low dose of promethazine prior to each injection of histamine. In the course of the first five experimental days numerous superficial erosions appeared, but true ulcers which had penetrated the lamina muscularis mucosae had not formed until the 5th‐10th day. At the end of 10 days a number of the superficial erosions had regenerated. After 18 days the tendency to new‐formation of erosions had decreased, and many of the superficial erosions had regenerated. The specimens were studied in the stereomicroscope after periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining of whole mounts and thereafter by conventional histological technique. The surface morphology and histological appearance of the various stages of the ulceration process and of the regenerated ulcerations are described.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE UPTAKE AND STORAGE OF THORIUM DIOXIDE MOLECULES IN DIFFERENT CELL TYPES OF FRACTURE CALLUS
Authors: Göthlin Gustav , Ericsson Jan L. E.
Published: August 2010

The pattern of uptake and storage of exogenous, electron dense macromolecules—thorium dioxide particles—was studied in an attempt to classify and elucidate the functional significance of the different cell types observed during formation and remodeling of fracture callus in the rat. Two major groups of cells were distinguished on the basis of ability for endo‐cytosis and storage: (a) Those mainly specialized for phagocytosis (monocytes, histiocytes, macrophages and osteoclasts) and, in addition, immature fibroblasts; and (b) fibroblasts, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes (known to participate in the elaboration of extracellular collagenous material). The latter group of cells may—in addition to their bone forming capability—also have limited degradative functions since they are able to perform heterophagy. Occurrence—in monocytes, histiocytes, macrophages, and immature fibroblasts—of collagen‐like fibers in thorium dioxide‐containing lysosome‐like bodies suggests a role of these cells in the remodeling of the callus and the resorption of the matrix. In all the different cell types of the callus, marker molecules were stored for long periods of time indicating lacking or low ability for exocytosis of lysosomal content, and stability and longevity of the lysosomes. The findings suggested that uncoated Golgi‐associated vesicles in the different osteogenic and phagocytic cells of the callus were derived from the plasma membrane (and represented endocytotic vesicles) while coated “Golgi vesicles” might represent primary lysosomes.
GYNECOMASTIA: Enzyme‐Histochemical and Histological Investigations with a Correlation of Enzyme Activities in Gynecomastia and Fibro‐adenomatosis
Authors: Jensen Henning
Published: August 2010

In 20 cases of human gynecomastia the following histochemical reactions were investigated: NADH‐Tr, NADPH‐Tr, LDH, SDH, G‐6‐DH, α‐GPDH and non‐specific alkaline and acid phosphatases. The enzyme activity was compared with that found in fibroadenomatosis of women. Identical results were obtained in the dehydrogenase reactions apart from G‐6‐DH, which revealed localized enzyme activity in the proliferating epithelium of the ducts in fibroadenomatosis, which contrasted with the negative findings in gynecomastia. The activity of the non‐specific alkaline phosphatases was found to be increased in the myoepithelial cells in gynecomastia. This is presumably due to hormonal influence. The pathological changes and the etiological background are discussed.
RENIN IN DIFFERENT TISSUES, AMNIOTIC FLUID AND PLASMA OF PREGNANT AND NON‐PREGNANT RABBITS
Authors: Eskildsen Peter Claes
Published: August 2010

In rabbits pregnancy causes a marked increase in the renin concentration of plasma and several organs: uterus, vagina, mesometrium, liver, ureter, heart, arteries and veins, muscle and fat tissue, while the renin content of the kidney, oviduct, ovary and adrenal gland is the same in pregnant and non‐pregnant rabbits. There is evidence for a local renin formation in kidney, uterus, oviduct and in the chorion and amnion. The occurrence of renin in the other tissues may either be a result of local formation or due to uptake of circulating renin. The rabbit brain is not found to contain measurable amounts of renin.
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMEDIARY REDUCTION PRODUCTS IN THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Jensen Henning
Published: August 2010

When the tetrazolium salt N‐BT is used as indicator in the histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenase activity two differently coloured reduction products may be formed. Complete reduction yields blue granules (diformazans), while incomplete reduction leads to the production of rose‐violet formazan compounds called half‐formazans. The incidence of half‐formazans in a material comprising 200 biopsy specimens of human breast tissue has been investigated. The half‐formazans were seen in 75 per cent of the biopsy specimens from cases of carcinoma. In fibroadenomatosis 16 per cent of the biopsies showed half‐formazans. The incidence was seen to increase appreciably with increasing degree of tumour anaylasia: (Grade I: 60 per cent, grade II: 72 per cent, and grade III: 89 per cent). The author considers that the half‐formazan production is a direct consequence of alterations of the tumour‐cell enzyme activity.
THE PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS IN INSULAR AMYLOIDOSIS IN HUMAN DIABETIC AND NON‐DIABETIC ADULTS
Authors: Westermark Per , Grimelius Lars
Published: August 2010

The relative pancreatic islet cell frequencies were studied in an autopsy material of diabetic and non‐diabetic 60‐year‐old and older persons with and without islet amyloidosis. The diabetics showed a slightly higher α1 cell frequency, a higher α2 cell frequency and a lower β cell frequency than the non‐diabetics. There was a positive correlation between the α2 cell frequency and the percentage number of islets with amyloid deposits, and a negative correlation between the β cell frequency and this percentage number; the same applied when the effect of diabetes was eliminated by partial correlation analysis. The ratio between the nuclear sizes of the β and α2 cells was fairly constant, even in cases with heavy islet amyloidosis where these sizes were decreased. Changes in size of the nuclei were therefore of no importance to the differential counts.
ANTIGEN‐STIMULATED DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS OF THE CHICKEN
Authors: BÄCK RUNE
Published: August 2010

The influence of antigenic stimulation on cell proliferation in different lymphoid organs of the chicken was investigated, as studied by 3H‐thymidine incorporation into DNA. Six‐week‐old chickens were either immunized with human serum albumin (HSA) or given sterile physiological saline 24 or 72 hours before sacrifice. Thirty minutes before sacrifice, the chickens were intravenously labelled with 3H‐thymidine. At 24 hours after the immunization the incorporation of label (cpm/μg DNA) into the bursa of Fabricius was significantly higher in the immunized chickens than in the saline injected controls. At 72 hours after the immunization, the mean incorporation of label into the bursa was of the same magnitude in the immunized and the control chickens. These findings suggest that the bursa of Fabricius, although a central lymphoid organ, may react by an increased cell proliferation early after antigenic stimulation. The incorporation of label into the thymus was not at any time influenced by the immunization.
THE EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM CHALLENGE WITH ENDOTOXIN ON THE GROWTH OF SAPPHIRE MINK WITH HIGH INCIDENCE OF INFECTIOUS PLASMACYTOSIS
Authors: Nordstoga Knut , NÆss BJÖrn
Published: August 2010

Young, growing female Sapphire mink presenting a high incidence of infectious plasma‐cytosis were injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin for a period of approximately 4 months. The injections consisted of 1 mg each and the animals received a total of 29 inoculations. After 3 months of experimentation, there was no significant difference between the weights of the test animals and the control animals. A slight positive effect of endotoxin treatment was observed towards the end of the experiment when the mink were exposed to poorer nutritional conditions and received frozen feed and drinking water. Approximately 60 per cent of the experimental animals developed amyloidosis. These observations suggest that the endotoxin injected was not “toxic” in any respect other than its amyloidogenic action.
ORAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMAS:An Enzyme Histochemical and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Andersen L. , Arwill T. , Fejerskov O. , Heyden G. , Philipsen H. P.
Published: August 2010

Oral giant cell granulomas (8 peripheral and 4 central) have been studied histochemically for NADH2‐diaphorase, NADPH2‐diaphorase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and acid phosphatase activity. No differences in cellular enzyme activity are found between the peripheral and the central variety. The giant cells are positive for all the enzymes studied, except adenosine triphosphatase, whereas the pericytes of the vascular granulation tissue are positive for all the enzymes tested. 8 peripheral and 2 central oral giant cell granulomas have been studied electron microscopically. The ultrastructure of the two varieties is similar, both showing two different types of giant cells. Clusters of stromal cells, probably pericytes, are often found, lying in intimate relation with a distance of 150–140 Å between their cell membranes. Though no membrane fusions have been clearly demonstrated the histochemical activities of the giant cells and the pericytes lend support to the assumption, that the pericytes are precursors to the giant cells.
A STEREOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS
Authors: Jørgensen M.
Published: August 2010

Basic principles of stereology are discussed and their application to the study of intrahepatic bile ducts is investigated on a material of normal livers. This study has demonstrated that throughout life the bile ducts in the portal tracts have a shape approximating to circular cylinders. There is probably no great variation in shape. If there is any variation, however, it is unsystematic and not correlated to age or diameter of the ducts. The course of the ducts is straight over quite long segments. Partial parallelism is not a marked feature. Mean diameter increases slightly between the newborn period and adult age. The method is applicable to the distinction between relatively unrelated duct forms from their appearance in histological slides. In this respect it is the only objective and quantitative method at our disposal. Stereology is less suitable for the determination of ductal shape.
A STEREOLOGICAL STUDY OF INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS: 3. Infantile Polycystic Disease
Authors: Jøroensen M.
Published: August 2010

10 cases of “infantile polycystic disease” have been studied by stereology in order to investigate the general validity of the conception of the intrahepatic biliary system obtained from two reconstructions. The results confirm those of the reconstructions. The ductal structures can be divided into two separate groups of very different morphology. One consists of very flat elliptical cylinders called “ductal plates” and the other of irregular tubular structures approximating to the shape of circular cylinders. The two components show no preferential widths. The structures are dilated compared to normal ducts, but in a very variable manner, and cysts are very rare. It is concluded that the mixture of different ductal shapes constitutes a characteristic entity. If it is considered desirable to use a morphological designation of this liver lesion then this should refer to this entity or to its most characteristic element, the “ductal plate”.
ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE LIVER IN EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Hägerstrand I.
Published: August 2010

Morphological and enzyme histochemical changes during extrahepatic biliary obstruction in the liver tissue of man, dog and rat were compared. The differences in morphological changes were mainly quantitative. Ductular proliferation was less marked and occurred later in livers of man and dog than in rat liver and there were more cellular changes centrolobularly in the livers of the former two species. The qualitative differences consisted of lack of cholestasis in the rat liver and of focal necroses in the dog liver. Staining for succinic dehydrogenase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase showed decreased activity while lactic dehydro‐genase and mono‐amine oxidase remained unchanged. The lysosomal enzyme activities (acid phosphatase and beta‐glucuronidase) were increased in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, but the increase was most evident in connection with biliary pigment in livers of dog and man. The membrane‐associated hydrolases (adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase) varied in the three species with alternating increase and decrease at the sinusoids and canaliculi. The findings are discussed with reference to ultrastructural and biochemical changes during extrahepatic biliary obstruction. The serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase during biliary obstruction in the three species are reported.
EXPERIMENTAL AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Hardt F. , Claésson M. H.
Published: August 2010

The development and transfer of casein‐induced amyloidosis was studied in parabiotic C3H mice. Induction of heavy amyloidosis in one of the members prior to the parabiotic connection did not result in transfer of amyloidosis to the healthy member even after treatment of the amyloidotic partner with nitrogen mustard–an agent known to accelerate the development of amyloidosis. The development of casein‐induced amyloidosis following 20 injections of casein could be effectively inhibited by the performance of parabiosis with a healthy mouse in the middle of the casein treatment i.e. the pyroninophilic phase (Teilum 1964). The results are discussed in the light of recent hypotheses concerning the immuno‐logical nature of amyloidosis.
EXPERIMENTAL CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Unge Gunnar
Published: August 2010

Various forms of experimental cardiac hypertrophy were investigated by light and electron microscope autoradiography and measurements of myocardial tissue radioactivity after in vivo injections of 3H‐5‐uridine in rats. In the autoradiograms, the degree of labelling of striated muscle cells and capillary wall cells was estimated. A significant increase in 3H‐5‐uridine incorporation was recorded in the striated muscle cells of the left ventricle wall of rats with aortic stenosis, hypertension of short duration and of swimming exercised rats. In the latter case, an increased labelling was recorded also in the myocardial capillary endothelium. In the hypertrophying heart, the uridine was found in the striated muscle cell mitochondria in higher percentage than in the controls.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MICROSCOPICAL METHODS AND CULTIVATION FOR DEMONSTRATION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOUS INFECTION
Authors: Winblad B. , Duchek M.
Published: August 2010

As part of an experimental study of the routes of spread of urogenital tuberculosis, in which guinea pigs were inoculated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv), the efficacy of a standard staining method (haematoxylin‐eosin), specific staining for tubercle bacilli (Ziehl‐Neelsen and fluorescent staining) and culture for the demonstration of tuberculous infection were compared. By fluorescence microscopy of sections stained with auramine‐rhoda‐mine, tubercle bacilli were more clearly seen if epiillumination was used instead of transillumination at higher magnifications. Fluorescence microscopy gave a clearly larger proportion of positive findings than did the routine Ziehl‐Neelsen technique, and the time required for examination was considerably reduced. Detection by fluorescence microscopy was generally equivalent to detection by culture.
MCG101‐AA, A NEW ASCITES TUMOUR IN C57MICE
Authors: Hagmar Björn
Published: August 2010

The metastasizing capacity of the solid ascites (AS) form of a new ascites tumour, MCG101‐AA, was tested and compared with that of the solid sarcoma, MCG101‐SS, from which the ascites tumour was produced. The tumours, in roughly corresponding transfer generation, were transplanted subcutaneously into a hind leg of syngeneic animals. Radical resection was performed by amputation of the leg at different intervals of time after transplantation. The tumours started to metastasize after a similar time interval and produced metastases in almost 100 per cent of animals carrying the tumours for 3 weeks. Yet, the AS metastases killed the hosts sooner than the SS metastases. The pattern of spread of the two tumours was also characteristically dissimilar. SS metastases arose preferentially in the lungs, the AS metastases at other sites such as lymph nodes, heart or muscle.
INHIBITION OF LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION IN VITRO BY A SPLENIC FACTOR
Authors: Ernström U. , Nordlin K.
Published: August 2010

A splenic factor was prepared from a saline extract of calf spleen by čentrifugation at high speed, heat precipitation and aceton precipitation. The factor had an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis of lymph node cells and thymus cells in vitro. The possibility that the factor is a T cell chalone is discussed.