bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Bias Voltage on Effective Electron Velocity in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors
Authors: Jiang Guangyuan , Cui Peng , Fu Chen , Lv Yuanjie , Yang Ming , Cheng Qianding , Liu Yang , Zhang Guangyuan
Published: September 2024

The small-signal S parameters of the fabricated double-finger gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were measured at various direct current quiescent operating points (DCQOPs). Under active bias conditions, small-signal equivalent circuit (SSEC) parameters such as Rs and Rd, and intrinsic parameters were extracted. Utilizing fT and the SSEC parameters, the effective electron velocity (νe−eff) and intrinsic electron velocity (νe−int) corresponding to each gate bias (VGS) were obtained. Under active bias conditions, the influence mechanism of VGS on νe−eff was systematically studied, and an expression was established that correlates νe−eff, νe−int, and bias-dependent parasitic resistances. Through the analysis of the main scattering mechanisms in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, it has been discovered that the impact of VGS on νe−eff should be comprehensively analyzed from the aspects of νe−int and parasitic resistances. On the one hand, changes in VGS influence the intensity of polar optical phonon (POP) scattering and polarization Coulomb field (PCF) scattering, which lead to changes in νe−int dependent on VGS. The trend of νe−int with changes in VGS plays a dominant role in determining the trend of νe−eff with changes in VGS. On the other hand, both POP scattering and PCF scattering affect νe−eff through their impact on parasitic resistance. Since there is a difference in the additional scattering potential corresponding to the additional polarization charges (APC) between the gate-source/drain regions and the region under the gate, the mutual effects of PCF scattering on the under-gate electron system and the gate-source/drain electron system should be considered when adjusting the PCF scattering intensity through device structure optimization to improve linearity. This study contributes to a new understanding of the electron transport mechanisms in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs and provides a novel theoretical basis for improving device performance.
Differential Expression Analysis Reveals Possible New Quaternary Ammonium Compound Resistance Gene in Highly Resistant Serratia sp. HRI
Authors: McCarlie Samantha , Boucher-van Jaarsveld Charlotte , Bragg Robert
Published: September 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in disinfectant use emphasised their pivotal role in infection control. While the majority of antimicrobial resistance research focuses on antibiotics, resistance to biocides, which are present in disinfectants and sanitisers, is escalating. Serratia sp. HRI is a highly resistant isolate, and through the study of this organism, the molecular mechanisms of resistance may be uncovered. Serratia sp. HRI was treated with the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in preparation for RNA sequencing. Through mining of the RNA-Seq differential expression data, an uncharacterised Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) efflux pump gene was found to be up-regulated at least four-fold at four different time points of exposure. Real-time PCR revealed this uncharacterised MFS efflux gene was up-regulated after exposure to benzalkonium chloride and two additional disinfectants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and VirukillTM. Additionally, expression of this gene was found to be higher at 20 min versus 90 min of exposure, indicating that the up-regulation of this gene is an initial response to biocide treatment that decreases over time. This suggests that MFS efflux pumps may be an initial survival mechanism for microorganisms, allowing time for longer-term resistance mechanisms. This work puts forward a novel biocide resistance gene that could have a major impact on biocide susceptibility and resistance.
Potential for the Bio-Detoxification of the Mycotoxins Enniatin B and Deoxynivalenol by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bacillus spp.
Authors: Mischler Sandra , André Amandine , Chetschik Irene , Miescher Schwenninger Susanne
Published: September 2024

Mycotoxins, toxic compounds produced by fungi, pose significant risks to food safety and human health. This study investigates the bio-detoxification potential of 238 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus spp., previously isolated from cereals (including mycotoxin-contaminated grains), against the emerging mycotoxin, enniatin B (ENB), and the prevalent mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Out of the tested strains, 26 demonstrated notable mycotoxin reduction capabilities, including 2 Bacillus pumilus and 24 Bacillus licheniformis strains. B. licheniformis strains MA572, MA695, MA696, TR174a, TR284, TR363, and TR466a degraded ENB to levels below the detection limit, and six strains reduced DON by 30–35%; B. licheniformis TR251b and TR374 showed the highest DON reduction with 35.7%. The most promising strains for bio-detoxification were B. licheniformis TR284, which achieved a 100% reduction in ENB and a 28.6% reduction in DON and B. licheniformis TR388 with a 97.5% reduction in ENB and a 31.9% reduction in DON. None of the tested LAB strains significantly reduced either mycotoxin. These findings highlight the promising potential of B. licheniformis strains in bio-detoxifying mycotoxin-contaminated cereal products. Further research into the underlying detoxification mechanisms and safety aspects is essential to develop effective bio-detoxification strategies for enhancing food safety.
Diversity of Anaplasmataceae Transmitted by Ticks (Ixodidae) and the First Molecular Evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Candidatus Anaplasma boleense in Paraguay
Authors: Salvioni Recalde Oscar Daniel , Rolón Miriam Soledad , Velázquez Myriam Celeste , Kowalewski Martin M. , Alfonso Ruiz Diaz Jorge Javier , Rojas de Arias Antonieta , Moraes Milton Ozório , Magdinier Gomes Harrison , de Azevedo Baêta Bruna , Dias Cordeiro Matheus , Vega Gómez María Celeste
Published: September 2024

Anaplasmataceae bacteria are emerging infectious agents transmitted by ticks. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular diversity of this bacterial family in ticks and hosts, both domestic and wild, as well as blood meal sources of free-living ticks in northeastern Paraguay. The bacteria were identified using PCR-HRM, a method optimized for this purpose, while the identification of ticks and their blood meal was performed using conventional PCR. All amplified products were subsequently sequenced. The bacteria detected in the blood hosts included Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Candidatus Anaplasma boleense, and Wolbachia spp., which had not been previously reported in the country. Free-living and parasitic ticks on dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) were collected and identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma spp. The species E. canis, A. platys, A. phagocytophilum, and Ca. A. boleense were detected in domestic dog ticks, and E. canis and A. platys were found for the first time in armadillos and free-living ticks. Blood feeding sources detected in free-living ticks were rodents, humans, armadillos and dogs. Results show a high diversity of tick-borne pathogens circulating among domestic and wild animals in the northeastern region of Paraguay.
Mapping Staphylococcus aureus at Early and Late Stages of Infection in a Clinically Representative Hip Prosthetic Joint Infection Rat Model
Authors: Taha Mariam , AlDuwaisan Abdullah , Daneshmand Manijeh , Ibrahim Mazen M. , Bourget-Murray Jonathan , Grammatopoulos George , Garceau Simon , Abdelbary Hesham
Published: September 2024

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) continues to be a devastating complication following total joint replacement surgeries where Staphylococcus aureus is the main offending organism. To improve our understanding of the disease pathogenesis, a histological analysis of infected peri-implant tissue in a hip PJI rat model was utilized to assess S. aureus spread and tissue reaction at early and late stages of infection. Sprague–Dawley rats were used and received a left cemented hip hemiarthroplasty using a 3D-printed titanium femoral stem. The rats received an intra-articular injection of S. aureus Xen36. These infected rats were sacrificed either at 3 days post-infection (early-stage infection) or at 13-days post-infection (late-stage infection). The femoral and acetabular tissues of all animals were harvested at euthanasia. Histological analysis for the harvested tissue was performed using immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin, as well as Masson’s trichrome stains. Histological examination revealed significant quantitative and qualitative differences in peri-implant tissue response to infection at early and late stages. This hip PJI rat model identified clear histologic differences between early and late stages of S. aureus infection and how quickly bacterial infiltration could occur. These findings can provide insight into why certain surgical strategies like debridement and antibiotics may be associated with high failure rates.
Nature of Scapolite Color: Ab Initio Calculations, Spectroscopy, and Structural Study
Authors: Shendrik Roman , Chukanov Nikita V. , Bogdanov Alexander , Myasnikova Alexandra , Pankrushina Elizaveta , Zolotarev Anatoly A. , Babkina Anastasiia , Popova Ekaterina , Vigasina Marina F. , Aksenov Sergey M. , Ilyin Grigoriy , Pekov Igor V.
Published: September 2024

The article describes the results of a comprehensive study of the extra-framework components of scapolites using quantum–chemical calculations, electronic and vibrational spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction and crystal structure refinement. The ab initio calculations were performed using an embedded-cluster approach of extra-framework components in various cation surroundings. As a result, through comparing the experimental and ab initio calculation results, the energies of the electronic and vibrational transitions of various extra-framework components (CO3)2−, (CO3)·−, S3·−, S2·−—as well as the role of these components in the process of the lowering of the symmetry—were determined for scapolites belonging to the marialite–meionite solid–solution series. The nature of the various colors of the scapolites has also been established. Colors from purple to blue are a result of the presence of radiation-induced pairs of defects: carbonate radical anions (CO3)·− and F-centers. However, polysulfide S3·− radical anions are found in some violet scapolites.
Pressure-Promoted Triplet-Pair Separation in Singlet-Fission TIPS-Pentacene Nanofilms Revealed by Ultrafast Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhu Ruixue , Pu Ruihua , Liu Weimin , Lu Yang , Weng Tsu-Chieu
Published: September 2024

Singlet fission (SF), as an effective way to break through the Shockley–Queisser limit, can dramatically improve energy conversion efficiency in solar cell areas. The formation, separation, and relaxation of triplet-pair excitons directly affect the triplet yield, especially triplet-pair separation; thus, how to enhance the triplet-pair separation rate becomes one of the key points to improve SF efficiency; the decay mechanism where the singlet state is converted into two triplet states is significant for the study of the SF mechanism. Herein, we employ ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy to study the singlet-fission process of nano-amorphous 6, 13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-Pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) films in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). A kinetics model related to the structural geometric details, as well as an evaluation of the pressure manipulation impacts, is demonstrated based on the experimental results. The results indicate that pressure manipulation enhanced the triplet-pair separation rates of SF-based materials according to their structural micro-environmental improvement when compressed in DAC, while the triplet-exciton transportation lifetime is prolonged. This work shows that pressure may effectively optimize the structural disorder of SF materials, which were found to improve triplet-pair separation efficiency and potentially offer an effective way to further improve SF efficiency.
Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Delamination of Functional Magnetic Multilayers at the Nanoscale
Authors: Varlamov Pavel , Marx Jan , Elgueta Yoav Urbina , Ostendorf Andreas , Kim Ji-Wan , Vavassori Paolo , Temnov Vasily
Published: September 2024

Laser nanostructuring of thin films with ultrashort laser pulses is widely used for nanofabrication across various fields. A crucial parameter for optimizing and understanding the processes underlying laser processing is the absorbed laser fluence, which is essential for all damage phenomena such as melting, ablation, spallation, and delamination. While threshold fluences have been extensively studied for single compound thin films, advancements in ultrafast acoustics, magneto-acoustics, and acousto-magneto-plasmonics necessitate understanding the laser nanofabrication processes for functional multilayer films. In this work, we investigated the thickness dependence of ablation and delamination thresholds in Ni/Au bilayers by varying the thickness of the Ni layer. The results were compared with experimental data on Ni thin films. Additionally, we performed femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe measurements of transient reflectivity in Ni to determine the heat penetration depth and evaluate the melting threshold. Delamination thresholds for Ni films were found to exceed the surface melting threshold suggesting the thermal mechanism in a liquid phase. Damage thresholds for Ni/Au bilayers were found to be significantly lower than those for Ni and fingerprint the non-thermal mechanism without Ni melting, which we attribute to the much weaker mechanical adhesion at the Au/glass interface. This finding suggests the potential of femtosecond laser delamination for nondestructive, energy-efficient nanostructuring, enabling the creation of high-quality acoustic resonators and other functional nanostructures for applications in nanosciences.
Ordered versus Non-Ordered Mesoporous CeO2-Based Systems for the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from CO2
Authors: Rusta Nicoletta , Secci Fausto , Mameli Valentina , Cannas Carla
Published: September 2024

In this work, non-ordered and ordered CeO2-based catalysts are proposed for CO2 conversion to dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Particularly, non-ordered mesoporous CeO2, consisting of small nanoparticles of about 8 nm, is compared with two highly porous (635–722 m2/g) ordered CeO2@SBA-15 nanocomposites obtained by two different impregnation strategies (a two-solvent impregnation method (TS) and a self-combustion (SC) method), with a final CeO2 loading of 10 wt%. Rietveld analyses on XRD data combined with TEM imaging evidence the influence of the impregnation strategy on the dispersion of the active phase as follows: nanoparticles of 8 nm for the TS composite vs. 3 nm for the SC composite. The catalytic results show comparable activities for the mesoporous ceria and the CeO2@SBA-15_SC nanocomposite, while a lower DMC yield is found for the CeO2@SBA-15_TS nanocomposite. This finding can presumably be ascribed to a partial obstruction of the pores by the CeO2 nanoparticles in the case of the TS composite, leading to a reduced accessibility of the active phase. On the other hand, in the case of the SC composite, where the CeO2 particle size is much lower than the pore size, there is an improved accessibility of the active phase to the molecules of the reactants.
AC Electric Conductivity of High Pressure and High Temperature Formed NaFePO4 Glassy Nanocomposite
Authors: Szpakiewicz-Szatan Aleksander , Starzonek Szymon , Garbarczyk Jerzy E. , Pietrzak Tomasz K. , Boćkowski Michał , Rzoska Sylwester J.
Published: September 2024

Olivine-like NaFePO4 glasses and nanocomposites are promising materials for cathodes in sodium batteries. Our previous studies focused on the preparation of NaFePO4 glass, transforming it into a nanocomposite using high-pressure–high-temperature treatment, and comparing both materials’ structural, thermal, and DC electric conductivity. This work focuses on specific features of AC electric conductivity, containing messages on the dynamics of translational processes. Conductivity spectra measured at various temperatures are scaled by apparent DC conductivity and plotted against frequency scaled by DC conductivity and temperature in a so-called master curve representation. Both glass and nanocomposite conductivity spectra are used to test the (effective) exponent using Jonscher’s scaling law. In both materials, the values of exponent range from 0.3 to 0.9, with different relation to temperature. It corresponds to the electronic conduction mechanism change from low-temperature Mott’s variable range hopping (between Fe2+/Fe3+ centers) to phonon-assisted hopping, which was suggested by previous DC measurements. Following the pressure treatment, AC conductivity activation energies were reduced from EAC≈0.40 eV for glass to EAC≈0.18 eV for nanocomposite and are lower than their DC counterpart, following a typical empirical relation with the value of the exponent. While pressure treatment leads to a 2–3-orders-of-magnitude rise in the AC and apparent DC conductivity due to the reduced distance between the hopping centers, a nonmonotonic relation of AC power exponent and temperature is observed. It occurs due to the disturbance of polaron interactions with Na+ mobile ions.
Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis D Virus in the North-East Region of Romania
Authors: Grecu Laura Iulia , Pavel-Tanasa Mariana , Matei Lilia , Sultana Camelia , Ruta Simona Maria , Grecu Razvan Ioan , Ursu Ramona Gabriela , Cianga Petru , Iancu Luminita Smaranda
Published: September 2024

The hepatitis D virus (HDV) superinfection of individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes severe liver damage and the poorest long-term prognosis among viral hepatitis. This is attributed to the unique pathogenic mechanisms of HDV characterized by a direct cytopathic effect on hepatocytes and a significant impairment of the host immune response. The HDV genotype largely influences the extent of the pathogenic mechanisms with consequences on disease progression towards cirrhosis, liver decompensation, or hepatocellular carcinoma. In this context, identifying the circulating HDV genotypes in European regions with high prevalence, such as Romania, is crucial for effectively managing the long-term liver health. Here, we report the first comprehensive HDV study in Romania that clinically characterizes 82 patients and performs HDV genotyping by combining the nested-PCR reaction with sequencing analysis in 49 samples with an HDV-RNA load higher than 5000 IU/mL. While all isolates in our study belong to the HDV-1 genotype, the phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data from GenBank reveals the presence of the following potential three groups: (i) Italy and France; (ii) Spain; and (iii) Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Germany. This broad clustering highlights the recent surge in migration to and from Western Europe and the Middle East. Equally important, no differences in viral markers, clinical and paraclinical parameters, or treatment options were observed between these identified clusters. Nevertheless, this study considerably advances the understanding of hepatitis D epidemiology and clinical aspects in Romania.
Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Uropathogenic E. coli: Virulence Factors, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mobile Genetic Elements
Authors: Sung Kidon , Nawaz Mohamed , Park Miseon , Chon Jungwhan , Khan Saeed A. , Alotaibi Khulud , Khan Ashraf A.
Published: September 2024

Our whole-genome sequencing analysis of sixteen uropathogenic E. coli isolates revealed a concerning picture of multidrug resistance and potentially virulent bacteria. All isolates belonged to four distinct clonal groups, with the highly prevalent ST131 lineage being associated with extensive antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Notably, all isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with some resistant to as many as 12 antibiotics. Fluoroquinolone resistance stemmed primarily from efflux pumps and mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase genes. Additionally, we identified genes encoding resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and various heavy metals. The presence of diverse plasmids and phages suggests the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the dissemination of virulence factors. All isolates harbored genomic islands containing virulence factors associated with adhesion, biofilm formation, and invasion. Genes essential for iron acquisition, flagella biosynthesis, secretion systems, and toxin production were also prevalent. Adding further complexity to understanding the isolates’ genetic makeup, we identified CRISPR-Cas systems. This study underscores the need for continued genomic surveillance in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and resistance profiles of uropathogenic E. coli to aid in developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
Preferred Treatment Patterns of Retinopathy of Prematurity: An International Survey
Authors: Wang Amy T. , Dai Shuan
Published: September 2024

This paper assesses the preferred treatment patterns for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and examine trends in anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) use for ROP. Methods: A retrospective survey consisting of 14 questions was distributed to paediatric ophthalmology interest groups internationally. Main outcome measures included treatment patterns, proportion of anti-VEGF use in different stages of ROP; and comparison of first-line treatments as well as repeat anti-VEGF treatments. Results: Fifty-four ophthalmologists from 11 different countries responded to the survey. The number of respondents per question, except one, ranged between 50–54. Per annum, there was an average number of 394 infants screened by each respondent. Anti-VEGF was the preferred treatment method for aggressive (A)-ROP (64.1%), Type 1 ROP in zone 1 (71.7%), and Type 1 ROP in posterior zone 2 (56.6%). The majority used laser as the first-line treatment of Type 1 ROP in anterior zone 2 (73.6%) and Type 1 ROP in zone 3 (79.2%). Laser was the preferred treatment modality utilised in infants requiring repeat treatment following anti-VEGF injection. The preferred anti-VEGF agent was bevacizumab administered at a dose of 0.625 mg. Conclusions: Anti-VEGF as first-line therapy has been increasing. Anti-VEGF appears to be the first-line treatment of choice for A-ROP, Type 1 ROP in zone 1 and posterior zone 2 and laser for Type 1 ROP in anterior zone 2 and zone 3.
Evolution and Functional Dynamics of TCP Transcription Factor Gene Family in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis)
Authors: Shad Munsif Ali , Wu Songguo , Rao Muhammad Junaid , Luo Xiaoying , Huang Xiaojin , Wu Yuxin , Zhou Yuhong , Wang Lingqiang , Ma Chongjian , Hu Lihua
Published: September 2024

Passion fruit is a valued tropical fruit crop that faces environment-related growth strains. TCP genes are important for both growth modulation and stress prevention in plants. Herein, we systematically analyzed the TCP gene family in passion fruit, recognizing 30 members. Genes exhibiting closer phylogenetic relationships exhibited similar protein and gene structures. Gene members of the TCP family showed developmental-stage- or tissue-specific expression profiles during the passion fruit life cycle. Transcriptome data also demonstrated that many PeTCPs showed induced expression in response to hormonal treatments and cold, heat, and salt stress. Based on transcriptomics data, eight candidate genes were chosen for preferential gene expression confirmation under cold stress conditions. The qRT-PCR assays suggested PeTCP15/16/17/19/23 upregulation, while PeTCP1/11/25 downregulation after cold stress. Additionally, TCP19/20/29/30 exhibited in silico binding with cold-stress-related miRNA319s. GFP subcellular localization assays exhibited PeTCP19/1 were localized at the nucleus. This study will aid in the establishment of novel germplasm, as well as the further investigation of the roles of PeTCPs and their cold stress resistance characteristics.
Comparative Metabolomic Responses of Three Rhododendron Cultivars to the Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyrioides)
Authors: He Bei , Zhou Yuan , Peng Yu , Xu Dongyun , Tong Jun , Dong Yanfang , Fang Linchuan , Mao Jing
Published: September 2024

Rhododendron, with its high ornamental value and ecological benefits, is severely impacted by the azalea lace bug (Stephanitis pyrioides), one of its primary pests. This study utilized three Rhododendron cultivars, ‘Zihe’, ‘Yanzhimi’, and ‘Taile’, to conduct a non-targeted metabolomic analysis of leaf samples before and after azalea lace bug stress using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCMS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS). A total of 81 volatile metabolites across 11 categories and 448 nonvolatile metabolites across 55 categories were detected. Significant differences in metabolic profiles were observed among the different cultivars after pest stress. A total of 47 volatile compounds and 49 nonvolatile metabolites were upregulated in the most susceptible cultivar ‘Zihe’, including terpenes, alcohols, nucleotides, amino acids, and carbohydrates, which are involved in energy production and secondary metabolism. Conversely, ‘Yanzhimi’ showed a downtrend in both the differential volatiles and metabolites related to purine metabolism and zeatin biosynthesis under pest stress. The resistant cultivar ‘Taile’ exhibited moderate changes, with 17 volatile compounds and 17 nonvolatile compounds being upregulated and enriched in the biosynthesis of amino acids, pentose, glucuronate interconversions, carbon metabolism, etc. The phenylalanine metabolic pathway played an important role in the pest resistance of different susceptible cultivars, and relevant metabolites such as phenylethyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, and apigenin may be involved in the plant’s resistance response. The results of this study provide a new perspective on the metabolomics of Rhododendron–insect interactions and offer references for the development of pest control strategies.
Dereplication of New Saponins from Agave bracteosa
Authors: Guzzo Francesca , Durán Alexandra G. , Rostoll Laura L. , Macías Francisco A. , Simonet Ana M.
Published: September 2024

The genus Agave comprises over 400 species that are known for their diverse applications, which include being sources of fiber, food, and beverages. There has recently been increased interest in exploring the metabolic content of this genus, and in this respect, saponins are the main compounds of interest. Saponins for Agave bracteosa have not been described to date, and the current work addresses the dereplication of a saponin-rich fraction to identify the structures of six compounds. The dereplication methods involve the use of UPLC-MSE analysis, NMR spectroscopy and published data for Agave saponins. A green extraction and isolation provided ten pure saponins. Remarkably, nine of these saponins have not been reported previously, namely (25S)-cantalasaponin-1 and bractofuranosides A–H. These compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity. Bractofuranosides B (5) and G (10) displayed 57% and 53% cell viability on HeLa cells at 100 µM, respectively.
Morphological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Involvement of Key Metabolic Pathways in Male Sterility in Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Genotypes
Authors: Liu Bin , Wu Huafeng , Cao Yinzhu , Zheng Xiaowen , Zhu Haoxiang , Sui Shunzhao
Published: September 2024

Chimonanthus praecox (Calycanthaceae family) is a unique ornamental and economic flowering tree in China, and after thousands of years of cultivation, it has produced several varieties and varietal types. Notably, male sterility is common in flowering plants and is an important tool for the genetic improvement in plants and optimization using hybrid plant technology; however, there have been no reports on male-sterile material or related studies on C. praecox. To our knowledge, this is the first time that C. praecox male sterility is dissected unveiling the involvement of key metabolic pathways. Notably, male sterility in C. praecox was observed during the budding period and likely occurred during the premature stage of pollen cell maturation. Additionally, differentially expressed genes in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway and the plant hormone signal transduction pathway showed regular expression trends. This study reports on significant genetic differences that contribute to male sterility in C. praecox and provides a basis for further research and breeding strategies.
The Transcriptional Landscape of Berry Skin in Red and White PIWI (“Pilzwiderstandsfähig”) Grapevines Possessing QTLs for Partial Resistance to Downy and Powdery Mildews
Authors: Scariolo Francesco , Gabelli Giovanni , Magon Gabriele , Palumbo Fabio , Pirrello Carlotta , Farinati Silvia , Curioni Andrea , Devillars Aurélien , Lucchin Margherita , Barcaccia Gianni , Vannozzi Alessandro
Published: September 2024

PIWI, from the German word Pilzwiderstandsfähig, meaning “fungus-resistant”, refers to grapevine cultivars bred for resistance to fungal pathogens such as Erysiphe necator (the causal agent of powdery mildew) and Plasmopara viticola (the causal agent of downy mildew), two major diseases in viticulture. These varieties are typically developed through traditional breeding, often crossbreeding European Vitis vinifera with American or Asian species that carry natural disease resistance. This study investigates the transcriptional profiles of exocarp tissues in mature berries from four PIWI grapevine varieties compared to their elite parental counterparts using RNA-seq analysis. We performed RNA-seq on four PIWI varieties (two red and two white) and their noble parents to identify differential gene expression patterns. Comprehensive analyses, including Differential Gene Expression (DEGs), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and tau analysis, revealed distinct gene clusters and individual genes characterizing the transcriptional landscape of PIWI varieties. Differentially expressed genes indicated significant changes in pathways related to organic acid metabolism and membrane transport, potentially contributing to enhanced resilience. WGCNA and k-means clustering highlighted co-expression modules linked to PIWI genotypes and their unique tolerance profiles. Tau analysis identified genes uniquely expressed in specific genotypes, with several already known for their defense roles. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine resistance and suggest promising avenues for breeding strategies to enhance disease resistance and overall grape quality in viticulture.
Phase Dependence of Surface Charge Measurement on Epoxy Insulator in C4F7N/CO2 under AC Voltage
Authors: Li Shuangying , Gao Yu , Lu Di , Huang Pinhao , Du Boxue
Published: September 2024

The application of binary gas mixtures consisting of heptafluorobutyronitrile (C4F7N) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in AC GIS is currently attracting much attention. Therefore, the evaluation of the gas–solid interface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin is indispensable. Additionally, the phase-dependency of the charging behavior remains not fully understood. We simulated coaxial electrode structure in GIS and investigated the surface charge distribution on a down-scaled epoxy insulator. The influence of the truncated phase angle and duration of AC voltage on charge behavior were analyzed, and the charge transport mechanism under AC voltage was theoretically analyzed. The results showed that there was a noticeable negative charge speckle with the presence of the metal particle and the accumulated negative charge on the insulator surface far exceeded that of the positive charge. The maximum surface charge density and the amount of surface charge accumulated first increased and then decreased over time. It was found that the phase angle has a negligible influence on the surface charge distribution at the cut-off moment.
Design and Manufacturing of Dielectric Resonators via 3D Printing of Composite Polymer/Ceramic Filaments
Authors: Sofokleous Paris , Paz Eva , Herraiz-Martínez Francisco Javier
Published: September 2024

Rapid technological advancements in recent years have opened the door to innovative solutions in the field of telecommunications and wireless systems; thus, new materials and manufacturing methods have been explored to satisfy this demand. This paper aims to explore the application of low-cost, commercially available 3D-printed ceramic/polymer composite filaments to design dielectric resonators (DRs) and check their suitability for use in high-frequency applications. Three-dimensional printing was used to fabricate the three-dimensional dielectric resonant prototypes. The filaments were characterized in terms of their thermal and mechanical properties and quality of printability. Additionally, the filaments’ dielectric properties were analyzed, and the prototypes were designed and simulated for a target frequency of ~2.45 GHz. Afterward, the DRs were successfully manufactured using the 3D printing technique, and no post-processing techniques were used in this study. A simple and efficient feeding method was used to finalize the devices, while the printed DRs’ reflection coefficient (S11) was measured. Results on prototype size, manufacture ease, printability, cost per volume, and bandwidth (BW) were used to evaluate the materials’ suitability for high-frequency applications. This research presents an easy and low-cost manufacturing process for DRs, opening a wide range of new applications and revolutionizing the manufacturing of 3D-printed high-frequency devices.
Experimental Investigation on the Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane by Thermo-Oxidative Aging and Freeze–Thaw Cycle
Authors: Wang Juanjuan , Li Xian , Sun Guojun , Ma Xingpeng , Du Hongwei
Published: September 2024

With global warming in recent years, extreme weather conditions have increased in frequency and intensity, exacerbating the challenges for waterproofing materials. The current stages of SBS asphalt waterproofing membrane aging research mainly focus on the raw materials and modifiers in a single factor; multifactor-coupled aging research is less studied. This study focused on the coupled aging characteristics of SBS-modified asphalt waterproofing membranes, aiming to reveal the mechanism of its influence on the material’s performance under the environmental effects of high temperature and freeze–thaw. Through the accelerated aging test, we simulated the environmental conditions of high temperature in summer and freeze–thaw in winter to observe the mechanical properties of waterproofing membranes, low-temperature flexibility, and apparent phenomena. Then, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evaluated the performance and chemical structure of SBS-modified asphalt waterproofing membranes after aging by the coupled aging of the thermo-oxidative freeze–thaw cycle. The results showed that the low-temperature flexibility of the waterproofing membranes was significantly reduced after the coupled aging effect, and, at the same time, their tensile strength was also reduced. However, despite the tensile properties being impaired, the membrane maintained good ductility, and its elongation at break did not fall below 47%.
Evaluation of Various Drying Methods for Mexican Yahualica chili: Drying Characteristics and Quality Assessment
Authors: García-Moreira Diana Paola , Pacheco Neith , Hernández-Guzmán Harumi , Bahammou Younes , Tagnamas Zakaria , Moreno Ivan , López-Vidaña Erick César
Published: September 2024

As one of the main chili varieties in Mexico, Yahualica chili requires year-round availability. This study examines the feasibility of five drying methods (open-air, solar, microwave, freeze-drying and shade drying) used to preserve this culturally and economically valuable product. The results show the drying duration and rate for solar drying with varying air temperatures (40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) and airflows (150, 200, 250, and 300 m3/h) and microwave drying with varying power levels (90, 160, 360, and 600 W). Convection drying efficiency increased with temperature and airflow, according to the findings. Microwave drying significantly reduced drying time, and higher powers further accelerated moisture removal. Open sun and shade drying was the slowest, and open sun drying was also susceptible to factors compromising quality. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Capsaicinoids Content (TCC), and antioxidant activity had a positive effect, since the drying methodologies favored the release of these compounds.
An Enhanced Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Reinforcement Learning for Energy-Efficient Scheduling in the Flexible Job Shop
Authors: Shi Jinfa , Liu Wei , Yang Jie
Published: September 2024

The study of the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) is of great importance in the context of green manufacturing. In this paper, with the optimization objectives of minimizing the maximum completion time and the total machine energy consumption, an improved multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with decomposition (MOEA/D) based on reinforcement learning is proposed. Firstly, three initialization strategies are used to generate the initial population in a certain ratio, and four variable neighborhood search strategies are combined to increase the local search capability of the algorithm. Second, a parameter adaptation strategy based on Q-learning is proposed to guide the population to select the optimal parameters to increase diversity. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and evaluated by comparing Q-MOEA/D with IMOEA/D and NSGA-II through different sizes of Kacem and BRdata benchmark cases and production examples of automotive engine cooling system manufacturing. The results show that the Q-MOEA/D algorithm outperforms the other two algorithms in solving the energy-efficient scheduling problem for flexible job shops.
The Role of Different Roasting Temperatures on the Physico-Chemical Properties, Phenolic Compounds, Fatty Acid and Mineral Contents of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit Powder
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Isam A. , AlJuhaimi Fahad Y. , Özcan Mehmet Musa , Uslu Nurhan , Karrar Emad
Published: September 2024

In this study, the role of different roasting temperatures on oil amount, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid quantities, antioxidant capacity, polyphenol, fatty acid and mineral profiles of roasted-carob fruit powders was revealed. The oil and protein amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 0.40 (90 °C) and 0.85% (control) to 8.40 (120 °C) and 10.27% (control), respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid quantities of the raw (control—unroasted) and roasted carob powders were defined to be between 781.16 (control) and 903.07 mg GAE/100 g (150 °C) to 663.81 (control) and 1141.90 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities of the carob powders were measured to be between 9.27 (150 °C) and 10.30 mmoL/kg (control). Gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of the carob powders were specified to be between 45.16 (control) and 120.66 (150 °C) to 7.06 (control) and 20.46 mg/100 g (150 °C), respectively. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the key fatty acids of carob oils. It is thought that the fatty acid compositions of carob powder oil, which is generally subjected to heat treatment, are negatively affected by high temperatures. Especially, the linoleic and linolenic acid amounts of the oil samples decreased significantly after 90 °C. The highest element was potassium, followed by Ca, P, Mg, S, Fe, Na, Pb, Cu, Zn B and Mn, in descending order.
Synergistically Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse Mediated by a Recombinant Endo-Xylanase from Streptomyces ipomoeae
Authors: Li Zhong , Dong Youqing , Liu Junli , Xian Liang , Tang Aixing , Li Qingyun , Li Qunliang , Liu Youyan
Published: September 2024

Xylanase is commonly thought to effectively cooperate with cellulase to promote the bioconversion of lignocellulose. In this study, a novel xylanase, SipoEnXyn10A (Xyn10A), previously identified from Streptomyces ipomoeae, was employed to investigate its synergetic effects on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) transformation. It was shown that the relative increase in reducing sugars reached up to 65%, with enhanced yields of glucose and xylose by 78% and 50%, respectively, in the case of the replacement of cellulase with an equivalent amount of Xyn10A at an enzyme loading of 12.5%. The highest degrees of synergy (DS) for glucose and xylose could reach 2.57 and 1.84. Moreover, the hydrolysis rate increased evidently, and the reaction time to reach the same yield of glucose and xylose was shortened by 72 h and 96 h, respectively. This study on synergistic mechanisms demonstrated that the addition of Xyn10A could cause the destruction of substrates’ morphology and the dissolution of lignin components but could not change the accessibility and crystallinity of substrate cellulose. The joint effect of cellulase and xylanase during the hydrolysis process was thought to result in a synergistic mechanism.
Perspectives on Plastic Waste Management: Challenges and Possible Solutions to Ensure Its Sustainable Use
Authors: Macheca Afonso D. , Mutuma Bridget , Adalima José L. , Midheme Emmanuel , Lúcas Luís H. M. , Ochanda Valentine K. , Mhlanga Sabelo Dalton
Published: September 2024

The pollution of the environment by plastics is a global problem that is real and needs to be resolved urgently. The authors argue that banning the use of plastic is not a reasonable and rational solution for the problem because plastics have many useful applications. Solutions to the problem must involve developing scientific approaches as well as global efforts and strategies. The world’s approach needs to be guided by an economic model that eliminates or minimizes the amount of plastics in the waste stream. As long as most plastic materials are not made from a single polymer, then the idea of “recycling 100% of plastics” is so far an unrealistic solution. The development of biodegradable plastics is still far from being an effective solution because besides being expensive and having limitations in engineering applications when compared to petroleum-based ones, biodegradable plastics still require specific conditions for their biodegradation. Comprehensive studies on microplastic particles are needed, focusing mainly on the source of the particles, their distribution, transport, fate in different environments, and toxicological effects and mechanisms. Since plastic pollution is a global problem, its minimization will require an increased international cooperation platform and partnerships at a global level. While current technologies and strategies are not solving the environmental problem caused by waste plastic, the most effective solution would be to adopt the first two levels of the waste management hierarchy, which are “reduce” and “reuse”.
Effect of Alkaline and Hydrothermal Pretreatments in Sugars and Ethanol Production from Rice Husk Waste
Authors: Ayala-Armijos José , Lapo Byron , Beltrán Carolina , Sigüenza Joaquín , Madrid Braulio , Chérrez Estefanía , Bravo Verónica , Sanmartín Diana
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of hydrothermal and alkaline pretreatment methods in enhancing the concentration of fermentable sugars derived from rice husk waste. After the pretreatments, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes were executed to evaluate the ethanol production from each pretreatment. Rice husk powder measuring ≤250 µm was used. For the alkaline pretreatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used at concentrations ranging from 0.5, 1 to 1.5% w/v. The efficacy of the hydrothermal pretreatment method was evaluated after 15, 30 and 45 min at 120 °C. The enzymatic hydrolysis process was performed over 144 h at 50 °C, pH 4.8 with an enzyme loading of 30 FPU (filter paper units). Fermentation was carried out at 37 °C using a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen 1883 (NCYC 366). Results indicated that the optimal conditions for alkaline pretreatment were observed at a 1.5% NaOH, while the best hydrothermal procedure was achieved at 120 °C and 45 min. The impact of these pretreatments was assessed based on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. The alkaline pretreatment resulted in 81.70% conversion of cellulose to glucose and 96.30% conversion of hemicellulose to xylose. In contrast, the hydrothermal pretreatment achieved 93% cellulose-to-glucose conversion and 83.35% hemicellulose-to-xylose conversion. The ethanol production registered ranged from 13 to 13.23 g·L−1, corresponding to a conversion factor of 0.43 for ethanol from fermentable sugars.
Dynamics of Foreign Exchange Futures Trading Volumes in Thailand
Authors: Jongadsayakul Woradee
Published: September 2024

Following the introduction of EUR/USD futures and USD/JPY futures on 31 October 2022, Thailand Futures Exchange first entered the top 11 list of derivatives exchanges based on foreign exchange derivative volumes in 2022. This paper investigates the dynamics of foreign exchange futures trading volumes in Thailand through the VAR(2) model. Trading volumes of EUR/USD futures, USD/JPY futures, and USD/THB futures are considered over the sample period from 31 October 2022 to 12 January 2024. The empirical results provide no evidence that the trading volume of EUR/USD futures is dependent on the past trading volumes of USD/JPY futures and USD/THB futures. The Granger causality test results show the existence of bidirectional causality between the trading volumes of USD/JPY futures and USD/THB futures. The results of the impulse response function are consistent with the sign results of the VAR(2) model, showing that the USD/JPY futures trading volume has a negative impact on the USD/THB futures trading volume, and vice versa. The analysis of variance decomposition shows that the variability of the USD/JPY futures trading volume and USD/THB futures trading volume, apart from its own shock, is explained by other FX futures trading volume shocks. Therefore, traders should pay more attention to new FX futures trading activity due to its negative impact on the USD/THB futures trading volume and its contribution to the variance in the USD/THB futures trading volume. Understanding the futures trading volume relationship also helps Thailand Futures Exchange develop new products and services that can foster market liquidity and stability.