bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Suggestions as to the Non-technical Preparation of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Dresden Arnold
Published: January 2021

It is at the same time a source of weakness and a source of strength for mathematics as a high school subject that its content is farther removed than most other subjects from the every day experiences of the pupils who are being initiated into its mysteries. The danger arising from this isolation is that the significance, meaning and value of the subject are likely to be seriously underestimated both by the students and by the general public, on whose support the continuance of the subject in the school curriculum ultimately depends. Mathematics is “hard” for some students, largely because it deals with unfamiliar material and because it raises questions, which seem both strange and unimportant to the mind of the boy or girl who has to think of earning a livelihood as well as of passing the course. Why he should learn to solve a quadratic equation or to sum a geometrical progression may seem as puzzling to him as it seems silly to worry about proving that all right angles are equal. Parents are likely to wonder how their children's skill in solving problems about clocks and water tanks will strengthen their character, or how the ability to learn by heart proofs of geometric theorems will stimulate their imagination. That the high school student has not established a connection between mathematics and the rest of his experiences may be natural and no cause for wonder. That the parents, who have “gone through” the schools and possibly a college, have not done so constitutes a serious criticism of our work; it is an indication of the fact that the problem we are here discussing has not found a solution adequate for the needs of the past generation.
Analytic Geometry: The Discovery of Fermat and Descartes
Authors: Boyer Carl B.
Published: January 2021

Until a century ago the discovery of analytic geometry was ascribed categorically to the father of modern philosophy— René Descartes. Proles sine matre creata, Chasles called it, but this famous characterization is now quoted only to be refuted. The offspring is now recognized not only as having arrived as twins—for Pierre de Fermat had developed substantially the same method at about the same time—but also as having descended from a long line of legitimate antecedents.
The Progressive Nature of Learning in Mathematics
Authors: Brownell William A.
Published: January 2021

There is a close relation between our teaching procedures and our conception of the learning process. As the first step in teaching we more or less carefully determine our objectives. Then, to help our pupils attain these objectives, we select our explanations, our types of practice materials, and our applications largely in the light of our theory of learning. It follows therefore that his view of learning is a critical part of every teacher's professional equipment.
Arithmetic and the Defense Worker
Authors: Woodard Mary Ann
Published: January 2021

National interest, because of the war emergency, has been focused upon the problem of finding personnel, for both industry and the armed forces, who are competently trained in mathematics. Many army and naval officers, industrialist and educators have voiced the common complaint that the training given young Americans in mathematics is inadequate. They are unanimous in their opinion that one great and widespread deficiency lies in the almost universal weakness in the fundamental skills of arithmetic.
Student Attitude As a Factor in the Mastery of Commercial Arithmetic
Authors: Billig Albert L.
Published: January 2021

In as much as teaching implies a favorable learning situation it is self-evident that when the content to be mastered exceeds the potential ability of the pupil the learning situation is definitely unfavorable. In the main, the great majority of students have this potential ability but for some reason or other do not avail themselves to the extent which would seem warranted. In an empirical manner, it was observed that the effort which the pupils were willing to exert in order to learn specified content material varied greatly. It was further noted that the effort varied, to a significant degree, according to the expressed attitude of the pupil in question. Accordingly thequestion posited was: Is student attitude a factor in the mastery of commercial arithmetic?
The Wind Star of Air Navigation
Authors: Calvert Ralph
Published: January 2021

The method for the construction of the wind star given herein differs from the usual method in that the radius of the compass rose is taken to represent the airspeed, and the drift angle is constructed by making use of the fact that an angle with its vertex on a circle is measured by one-half the arc intercepted on the circle. None of the books on the mathematics of aircraft navigation that I have had an opportunity to examine has given this construction.
Psychological Points of View on the Teaching of Arithmetic
Authors: Baravalle H. V.
Published: January 2021

The psychological point of view focuses primarily on the effect which the learning of a subject has on the mind itself. It seeks to find out the creative impulses which can be conveyed, for instance, through the lessons of arithmetic during the various grades.
Continuity in Geometry
Authors: Peak Philip
Published: January 2021

The dictionary defines continuity as “connection uninterrupted.” It certainly would be too much to expect a course in geometry to be a connection uninterrupted. However when the interruptions occur almost daily we cannot say we have even a degree of continuity. True, the daily work uses for basis of proof or substantiating reasons, those facts previously learned, but it seldom aids the pupil in seeing the development of one idea into a more general one. Or of deducing from the general idea a more specific one.
Mathematics and Christmas
Authors: Bell Kate
Published: January 2021

In December, 1934 the large Christmas tree which always stood in the front hall of our high school each year was without a sponsor. The classes in solid geometry had been making some interesting models of star polyhedrons and a pupil in one of the plane geometry classes had turned in a decorated ornament based on plane five pointed stars. These two things inspired the plan to have the decorating of the tree sponsored by the mathematics department. The solid geometry class took the lead and made themselves responsible for placing the decorations on the tree and supplying the lighting as well as for making contributions of ornaments. Everyone joined in to help. Tablet backs and any pasteboard of medium weight were used in making the forms. The pupils who understood geometric construction used that technique, the younger ones used protractors and compasses. Stars of all kinds, crescents, tetrahedrons, long slim pyramids masquerading as icycles, and geometric snowmen were drawn and cut out. Pennies were collected to buy show card paint and tinsel and then the decorating began.
Better Teaching of Mathematics
Authors: Beaman Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Although I am not a teacher of the calculus, but of high school algebra and geometry, and have had only limited experience even there, I should like to comment on an article in the December 1944 Mathematics Teacher, “The Teaching Objectives in a First Course in the Calculus,” by James E. Parker.
A Training Course for Engineering Aides
Authors: Bower Julia Wells
Published: January 2021

The dearth of engineers occasioned by the war has encouraged the use of aides for handling engineering routine. The skill which these young women have demonstrated in assisting with experiments, making slide rule calculations, plotting charts and performing other similar duties has given rise to speculation concerning the likelihood of engineering aide work becoming a recognized occupation. If this new vocation is established, it will probably remain in the hands of women. This discussion of the course given at Connecticut College to train aides for the research division of a Connecticut aircraft corporation is therefore a timely one.
The Art of Teaching: A Technique for Solving Simple “Set Up” Equations in One Unknown
Authors: Wilt May L.
Published: January 2021

No longer can teachers of mathematics be satisfied with the type of teaching that produces uncertain results. The first year of algebra is a good starting point for developing teaching techniques. Most children, who have had one year of algebra, can solve simple “set up” equations in one unknown if they are directed “what to do next.” They should be able to know “what to do next.” Very bright children find out for themselves, but the average and slower ability groups must be helped to develop a technique that will produce certainty and accuracy in results.
Another Way to Teach the Work Problem
Authors: Bernard Walter
Published: January 2021

In the April, 1945 issue of The Mathematics Teacher William R. Lueck expounds with clearness and in detail a method of teaching the so-called “work problem.” The solution taught is the same as that in most textbooks, when an example of a solution is set forth, but Lueck has shown teachers how to break down the attack into simple steps so that even slower-than-average pupils can learn how to solve work problems.
Changing Objectives in the Teaching of Algebra and Trigonometry in the Senior High School
Authors: Braverman Benjamin
Published: January 2021

That considerable changes have taken place in the point of view governing the teaching of secondary mathematics, as well as in the content of the instructional material and its pedagogic presentation is quite obvious to any one who takes the trouble to compare a text in secondary mathematics published, let us say, in 1915 with one of more recent origin. It was forcibly brought home to me at the beginning of the present semester when I offered our department lesson-by-lesson syllabus in elementary algebra to a foreign language teacher who had been assigned to teach that subject in my department. He studied the first few pages with considerable surprise. These pages of the syllabus deal with algebraic symbolism and the formula. “What,” he exclaimed, “no x's, y's, and z's.” He felt a little relieved when I assured him that a little of that would come later, but in a much more modified form than he had been exposed to.
Mathematics in the Secondary School Curriculum
Authors: Norberg Carl G.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to describe the past and present status of mathematics in the secondary curriculum, to consider commonly accepted aims and objectives of the subject, and to a certain degree to note the future trends as revealed in current educational literature.
An Attempt to Eliminate Common Errors in Elementary Algebra
Authors: Smith Albertus
Published: January 2021

One of the most discouraging problems which confronts the teacher of both elementary and intermediate algebra is the everyday recurrence of fundamental errors in handling algebraic fractions and solving equations, namely, destruction of the values of the fractions by faulty cancellation, and destruction of equality. The present paper is a summary of an effort which the author has used in an attempt to reduce the number of such errors, and which he has found to be more or less successful.
A Graphical Method Useful in Solving Certain Algebraic and Trigonometric Inequalities
Authors: Bennett Howard C.
Published: January 2021

The method herewith presented has been used for the last two years in several courses in college algebra. The results have shown it to be an effective and simple method for solving a large number of conditional inequalities. The method presupposes only a few fundamentals of algebra. It is presumed that all students are already familiar with the rules for signs both in multiplication and division. For the purpose of this method it is only necessary to recall that an odd number of signs in either the multiplication of factors or in division yields a negative result, and that all positive signs, or an even number of negative signs, yield a positive result. For algebraic problems the only additional item needed is a familiarity with the usual method of representing all real numbers on the number scale. Following the customary procedure, on a line with an arbitrarily chosen and convenient unit of measurement, an arbitrary point is taken as the zero point. Positive numbers are numbered to the right and negative numbers to the left. If a is greater than b, it is on the right of b.
Future Supply of Science and Mathematics Students
Authors: Wolfle Dael
Published: January 2021

The technological advances of this country during the Twentieth Century have been made possible by a steadily increasing number of men and women engaged in engineering, the sciences, and mathematics. Without a substantial number of trained and competent workers in these fields we could not have brought the antibiotics, television, radar, the jet engine, and countless other products and processes to their high state of development. While the supply of scientists and engineers has made possible these products of research and development, those products have, in turn, created increasing demands for more scientists, more engineers, more mathematicians, and more technicians. We might go even further in exploring the relationships between technological progress on the one hand and the supply of and demand for scientists on the other. If we had adequate methods of measuring the variables involved, I suspect that we would find some kind of direct relationship between the rate at which we are experiencing technological change and the size of the resulting demand for scientists and technologists.
The Englishman's Mathematics as Seen in General Periodicals in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Goldsmith Norman A.
Published: January 2021

To the historian of mathematics, the eighteenth century extends from Newton through Euler to Gauss. Newton's Principia appeared in 1087. Only four years later England had its first periodical of general interest and long life, The Athenian Mercury. Thus, in their early years, the new mathematics and the new magazines grew together in a restless atmosphere as science, commerce, and political reform exhibited a vitality never known before.
Insurance Looks Ahead
Authors: Faulkner E. J.
Published: January 2021

Scarcely any adult American can be oblivious of insurance. In one way or another it touches us in every facet of our daily living. By the very fact of our being we are subject to many hazards. In order to appreciate the place that insurance occupies in our economic order, it may be well to note the personal risks and the business risks which each of us runs. Personal risks are of two kinds—the risk of loss of income and of loss of property. Loss of income to an individual or family may result from death, from permanent or temporary disability, from unemployment or superannuation. With the exception of unemployment, this category of risks is the field of life, health and accident insurance. It protects against the financial consequences of dying too soon, of living too long, or of loss of earning capacity through disability. In addition to these loss-of-income risks, to greater or lesser degree each of us runs the risk of property loss through destruction or damage by fire or lightning, water leakage, earthquake, explosion, riot and civil commotion, burglary, theft or robbery and forgery. We run the risk of property loss due to liability for injury caused to the person or property of another by our own negligence or that of our agent where the injury is to the person of an employee or of a stranger or where the injury is to the property of another. In addition to these loss-of-income and properly risks which we run as individuals, we may be subject to the business risk of loss of capital or income from several other causes such as the peril of transportation of goods on land and sea or in the air; hail, frost or other cause of crop failure; defalcation or other misconduct of employees; failure of contractors to fulfill contracts; failure of depositories or unusual credit losses on sales. All of these property risks are the field of the fire, causalty, marine and fidelity insurance companies.
What Is Wrong with School Arithmetic?
Authors: Risden Gladys
Published: January 2021

Arithmetic is the science of putting quantities together and taking them apart. Thousands of the children in our schools have never had a chance to find out that school arithmetic has anything to do with quantities. They are taught to juggle figures.
Topology for Secondary Schools
Authors: Meserve Bruce E.
Published: January 2021

I speak very humbly of topology for I am not a topologist. Indeed, I speak because of the default of the topologists. When a topologist is asked a mathematical question, he will frequently demonstrate his use of visual images. For example, about a year ago I asked a question regarding properties of surfaces and was told to visualize the Hawaiian Islands as mountains on dry land and to consider the effect of the sea level gradually rising until the islands were completely submerged. Many topologists use such visual images but they have not interpreted their subject to us in this way. I shall use a visual image approach in presenting a few very elementary but fundamental topological concepts.
Mathematics at Work in the Paper Industry
Authors: Elias Robert
Published: January 2021

If we were gathered here to discuss Latin instead of mathematics, that is, if you were teachers of Latin instead of mathematics teachers, the purpose of my talk might be to reassure you that, “yes,” Latin is a useful subject; that, “yes,” it is employed in industry; that, “yes,” you people are serving a useful purpose in teaching the subject. But since, instead, you are teachers of mathematics, and since we will all agree that mathematics is here to stay, the purpose of my talk can be only to show what kinds of mathematics are useful in one of America's major industries. Unless mathematics is to be taught strictly as a mental exercise and discipline, it is probably well to survey all the major industries with a view toward emphasizing in school the mathematics which is most important in industry and which will be used the most in actual life. Since I doubt that there are any rare forms of mathematics or highly unusual mathematical techniques peculiar to the paper industry, I can, to a degree, represent industry in general; but strictly as a papermaker, I represent a rather considerable segment of American industry. The manufacture of paper and paperboard is America's sixth largest industry. Last year we produced 24,000,000 tons of paper and paperboard in this country, a total of over 300 pounds for each man, woman, and child.
Teaching arithmetic in the junior high school
Authors: Grossnickle Foster E.
Published: January 2021

The author points out that the acceptance of a theory of learning which emphasizes meaning and changing promotion policies in the elementary school must have an effect on the curriculum in the junior high school.

The author discusses the resulting changes which, he feels, should be made in the junior high school.
The Ganita-Sāra-Sangraha of Mahāvīrācārya
Authors: Aiyar S. Balakrishna
Published: January 2021

An account of the imaginative approach to mathematics employed by early Hindu mathematicians as found in a well-known book by Mahāvira
Mathematical deficiencies of college freshmen
Authors: Geiselmann Harrison
Published: January 2021

Information concerning the arithmetical ability of high school graduates is always of interest. Should some of the x's and y's in algebra be replaced by 7's and 8's?
What is Going on in Your School?: Techniques for drill in arithmetic fundamentals
Authors: Jackson Humphrey
Published: January 2021

When a child has difficulty in “catching on” to the arithmetic process which is being presented, the teacher is obviously faced with a challenging problem, namely, what to do to reach this child. Some schools provide special activity courses for the child who seems retarded in arithmetic. The Grosse Pointe junior high schools provide such a course, which is designated as General Mathematics and offered to seventh- or eighth-grade pupils who test below the average in ability to do arithmetic.
Historically Speaking,— Irrationals or incommensurables I: their discovery, and a “logical scandal”
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

The story of the earliest beginnings of the idea of incommensurable quantities is so uncertain as to be still the basis of lengthy scholarly discussions airing somewhat inconsistent scholarly opinions. No one knows exactly who first discovered two incommensurable quantities, when this was done, how the discovery was made, or what was the motive or interest which led to the discovery.
Are students throwing away money on “bargain” slide rules?
Authors: Jones Robert
Published: January 2021

A manufacturer points out that penny-wise buying of elementary slide rules is often wasteful.
Mathematics and the changing curriculum of post-war Japan
Authors: Snader Daniel W.
Published: January 2021

The problems involved in reconstructing the schools of Japan were difficult ones. Here is a first-hand account of how some of the problems were solved and how others were left unsolved.
More on the cutting of squares
Authors: _ _
Published: January 2021

This article continues a discussion that began in the May 1956 issue of The Mathematics Teacher, and also provides material that supplements an article with the same title in the October 1956 issue of The Mathematics student Journal.
Are your standards in marking changing?
Authors: Graesser R. F.
Published: January 2021

Have you ever studied the “drift” in your grading? If interested, the design for a study of your grades can be found in this article.
Some remarks on enrichment
Authors: Wirszup Izaak
Published: January 2021

Mathematic's Staff of the College, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Enrichment of our school mathematics curriculum can have many forms and many purposes. This paper suggests a more central role for enrichment, and reports the first conclusions of a study of the uses of enrichment in Russian schools.
Report of the Membership Committee
Authors: Rogers Mary C.
Published: January 2021

The Membership Committee of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is pleased to report to you the results of the 1954-1956 Membership Campaign, and to thank you for your fine support and direct helpfulness in bringing about the generous increase in membership which was accomplished. It was this assistance on the part of each of you as individuals which has largely made this accomplishment possible. We are indeed grateful to you for your enthusiastic cooperation.
What Should Comprise the Subject Matter of the Arithmetic in the Elementary Schools and in What Grades Should Formal Arithmetic be Taught?
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Babb Maurice J. , Wightman H. J.
Published: January 2021

Complete Roman notation.
Applied Arithmetic
Authors: Park Louis L.
Published: January 2021

A prominent professor of engineering in one of our eastern universities when asked “what becomes of the men who graduate with high honors?” replied “We seldom hear from them after graduation. They are too theoretical; no one wants them.”
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the Curriculum of the Secondary Schools? From the Point of View of the Industrial Establishments
Authors: Thomas F. W.
Published: January 2021

The most important of all branches of learning is the ability to read. The translation of symbols, figures, letters, words, understandingly and meaningly to the brain by the eye, stands first in importance of “the three R’s.” The ability to express thoughts in characters or symbols for the edification of others, the art of inscribing such thought or words on paper or parchment — the ability to write, stands second of “the three R’s.” And then we have arithmetic, the third of “the three R’s.” Arithmetic, the lowest branch, the primer of mathematics, is the most useful and most applicable of all our branches of mathematics.
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the Curriculum of the Secondary Schools? From the Point of View of the College
Authors: Crawley E. S.
Published: January 2021

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Had I followed the orthodox method in making preparation to speak on the topic here assigned me, I should no doubt have devised an elaborate questionnaire and sent it broadcast to my colleagues in this district.
Le vocabulaire de l’architecture dans le Dictionnaire de l’Académie française (1762) : après les traces de Nicot
Authors: Bartolomé-Díaz Zaida , Trujillo-González Verónica C.
Published: January 2021

Studies on the lexicographical treatment of technical architectural terms in general language dictionaries are scarce. Our article shows how architectural technical terms were treated by the French Academy in the fourth edition of its dictionary (1762) through the study of a series of specific terms related to architecture and building. Jean Nicot's Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne (1606) is considered to be one of the first dictionaries to have identified a large number of architectural terms. In this work, we trace the presence or absence of these terms in the Dictionary of the French Academy (1762) and study whether they have become part of the common language or whether they continue to be regarded as specialized terms.

Les études sur le traitement lexicographique des termes techniques d'architecture dans les dictionnaires de langue générale sont rares. Notre article montre comment les termes techniques concernant l’architecture ont été traités par l'Académie française dans la quatrième édition de son dictionnaire (1762) à travers l'étude d'une série de termes spécifiques liés à l'architecture et au bâtiment. Le Thresor de la langue françoyse, tant ancienne que moderne de Jean Nicot (1606) est considéré comme l'un des premiers dictionnaires à avoir identifié un grand nombre de termes architecturaux. Dans cet ouvrage, nous retraçons la présence ou l'absence de ces termes dans le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (1762) et étudions s'ils sont devenus partie intégrante de la langue commune ou s'ils continuent à être considérés comme des termes spécialisés.
Un paseo por los paisajes poéticos de Antonio Gala: El poema de Tobías desangelado en clave de lírica de viajes
Authors: Plaza González Pedro J.
Published: January 2021

Frente a su producción teatral o a sus novelas, la poesía de Antonio Gala ha sido mucho menos estudiada por la academia. En este artículo se realiza un acercamiento a la poesía de Gala, en concreto a su libro El poema de Tobías desangelado (2005), proponiendo una lectura, entre otras posibles, del poemario, que es una peregrinatio vitae y una peregrinatio amoris, en clave de lírica de viajes en particular y en clave de literatura de viajes en general. Para ello, tomando como referencia principal el trabajo de Idoia Arbillaga, se analiza y ejemplifica la concreción de las cuestiones retóricas propias del género presentes en el texto —inventio, dispositio, elocutio, etcétera— y se recopilan y organizan todos los elementos relativos al viaje, al paseo y al paisaje que Gala reúne en sus poemas —los vehículos utilizados, el contacto con otras culturas, sus religiones, sus monumentos, el compañero de peripecias, etcétera—.

Compared to his theatrical production or his novels, Antonio Gala’s poetry has been much less studied by the academy. In this article, an approach to Gala’s poetry is made, specifically to his book El poema de Tobías desangelado (2005), proposing a reading, among other possible ones, of the book of poems, which is a peregrinatio vitae and a peregrinatio amoris too, in terms of travel lyric poetry in particular and in terms of travel literature in general. To do this, taking the work of Idoia Arbillaga as the main reference, the specific rhetorical issues of the genre present in the text are analyzed and exemplified —inventio, dispositio, elocutio, etc.— and all the elements related to the trip, also to the path and to the landscape, that Gala gathers in his poems, are collected and organized —the vehicles used, the contact with other cultures, their religions, their monuments, the companion, and so on—.
Los clubes deportivos de natación de Cataluña en el actual contexto competitivo del sector de las instalaciones deportivas
Authors: Santacruz Lozano JA. , Clemente Remón AL. , Jiménez-Beatty Navarro JE. , Jiménez Díaz-Benito V.
Published: January 2021

Los clubes de natación son entidades sin ánimo de lucro con fines deportivos y sociales. El objetivo general del estudio fue conocer la gestión de los clubes de natación en Cataluña cumpliendo su función social y deportiva en el actual entorno competitivo de instalaciones deportivas. Los objetivos específicos fueron conocer sus valores en indicadores de gestión, así como saber si existen diferencias significativas entre los clubes según sus espacios y oferta deportiva. La muestra del estudio ha sido formada por 19 clubes deportivos de natación de Cataluña. El instrumento de recogida de datos fue un cuestionario adaptado a los objetivos del estudio, administrado por correo electrónico a los gerentes de cada club. Los clubes obtienen los ingresos necesarios para lograr sus fines deportivos y sociales gracias a las cuotas de sus socios. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ellos según los espacios y oferta deportiva en diferentes indicadores de gestión analizados.

Swimming clubs are non-profit entities for sports and social purposes. The general objective of the study was to know the management of swimming clubs in Catalonia, fulfilling their social and sports role in the current competitive environment of sports facilities. As specific objectives were to know their values on management indicators, as well as to know if significant differences between swimming clubs are found, taking in consideration their areas and sports offer. The study sample consists of 19 swimming clubs of Catalonia. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire adapted to the objectives of the study, administered by email to the managers of each club. The clubs obtain the necessary income to achieve their sporting and social goals thanks to the fees of their members. It was found significant differences between them according to the spaces and sports offer in different management indicators analyzed.
Revisión sistemática sobre los beneficios psicosociales obtenidos con intervenciones para promover el desplazamietno activo al colegio
Authors: Cerro Herrero D. , Tapia Serrano MA. , Vaquero Solis M. , Prieto Prieto J. , Sánchez Miguel PA.
Published: January 2021

El desplazamiento activo al centro educativo ha disminuido en los últimos años. Los objetivos principales de esta revisión fueron determinar qué intervenciones se están llevando a cabo para promover el desplazamiento activo, conocer la calidad de las investigaciones y analizar qué parámetros psicosociales se han estudiado. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos de Medline, Sport Discus, Scopus, Web of Science y Google Scholar. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 23 investigaciones que desarrollaban intervenciones para fomentar el desplazamiento activo. La intervención más frecuente es implementar programas para promover el desplazamiento activo (91.30%). Existen pocos estudios con intervenciones, y aproximadamente la mitad de los estudios no logran mejorar los datos de niveles de desplazamiento activo (47.83%). La salud psicosocial no ha sido apenas estudiada, tan solo en 1 estudio se midieron las variables de salud psicosocial. Es importante aumentar el número de estudios, aleatorizarlos, controlar contaminantes externos, aumentar la duración y desarrollar estudios de salud psicosocial.

Active commuting to schools has decreased in the last few years. The main objectives of this review were to determine which interventions are being carried out to promote active commuting, to know the quality of the research, and to analyze which psycosocial parameters can be improved. The bibliographic search was carried out in the databases of Medline, Sport Discus, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar... Finally, there were selecting a total of 23 investigations. The most frequent action is to implement programs to promote active commuting (91.30%). There are few data as yet on interventions, and approximately half of the studies fail to improve active commuting data (47.83%). Psychosocial health is not just studied only 1 study tested variables of psychosocial health. It is important to increase the number of studies, to randomize them, control external contaminants, increase the duration, and increase the psychosocial health studies.
Calculating the Percentage of Body Measurement Changes In Dynamic Postures In Order To Provide Fit In Skiwear
Authors: TAMA Derya , ÖNDOĞAN Ziynet
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the local body measurement changes in movements during Alpine skiing and to calculate these changes in "percentages" in order to use in garment pattern preparing process to achieve the best clothing comfort characteristics in alpine skiing suits. For that purpose, an anthropometric measurement study was conducted, which involved measuring 31 male volunteer’s body sizes in static and dynamic postures. Within this context, the sizes to be measured were identified as static and dynamic by specifying the anthropometric landmarks on the body using ISAK (The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry) practices as the base. It was found that percentage changes in the anterior knee length, anterior leg length, hip length, elbow length and posterior arm length were 43%, 2%, 35%, 40% and 9%, respectively, from the measurements collected from 31 male recreational Alpine skiers. Afterwards, regarding to the obtained data, the three body dimensions such as inseam, back waist rise and sleeve length were re-calculated to use in the preparing of pattern for tight-fitting garments. Ultimately, a base layer thermal bottom’s garment patterns were developed and evaluated using a 3D virtual try-on system. Consequently, it was found that the inseam length and sleeve length should be reduced while the back waist rise needs extra ease allowance. With respect to the virtual fitting, the developed pattern was more fit than the original pattern and had more ability to adapt dynamic postures.
How did the multi-fiber agreement affect the level of specialization in the textile sector of the countries?
Authors: ERKAN Birol , BOZDUMAN Elif Tuğçe
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to reveal the effects of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA), which determines the course of the textile trade and the global competition on countries' levels of specialization. In this perspective, we analyze the levels of specialization (competition) of the 10 countries whose exports were the highest in the sector before and after the complete abolition of quotas in a comparatively. In the analyses, we use the Index of Contribution to Trade Balance (ICBT), the Export-Import Ratio Index (EIRI) and the Michaely Index (MI) to measure the progress of countries' level of specialization in the sector by years. All of these indices indicate that the highest levels of specialization in the sector were Pakistan, India and Turkey before the end of the MFA. After 2005, when quotas were completely eliminated, China and Hong Kong increased their level of expertise in the sector and separated positively from other countries. In this context, China achieved a global competitive advantage in the sector, especially with high level of specialization.
Framing emotions in early childhood teaching within Deleuze’s concept of sense: Intensity and significance
Authors: Warren Alison
Published: January 2021

This article explores how concepts from Deleuze’s writing can be used to reconceptualise emotions using a concept-as-method mapping approach. Posthumanist perspectives and Deleuze’s concept of sense frame emotions as complex, nuanced, pre-individual, and impersonal. Emotions are conceptualised as processes of sensing intensity and significance. Following Deleuze, sense is understood to be sensed as changes in intensities among verb infinitives that express ‘what is going on’ in a localised situation. Data from a research study into emotions in early childhood teaching is analysed using Deleuzian concepts of sense, nonsense, paradox, and problem. Teachers and researchers are challenged to consider themselves as dynamic, always-emerging, individuating processes and relationships rather than pre-existing knowing individuals containing emotions as distinct entities.
30 years of ICT in education: reflecting on educational technology projects
Authors: Shanks Rachel
Published: January 2021

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Over the last thirty years educational technology has not impacted the delivery of education that might have been predicted for it. Part of the lack of impact may relate to the introduction of new technologies through one-off educational technology projects which lack permanence and effective evaluation. In this paper I present a reflective and reflexive account in relation to seven educational technology projects carried out, over the last ten years, in Scotland. While reflecting on one project I developed a framework to understand why some of these educational technology projects were successful and why others were not. The framework includes four factors: Purpose; planning; passion; and pedagogy. I have attempted to learn from my involvement in past projects in order to influence and shape future experiences. It is hoped that this work can help to link practice back to research as well as indicating a way for lessons to be learnt in future educational technology projects.
Research on the measurement of intracranial hemorrhage in rabbits by a parallel-plate capacitor
Authors: Bai Zelin , Li Haocheng , Chen Jingbo , Zhuang Wei , Li Gen , Chen Mingsheng , Xu Jia , Zhao Shuanglin , Liu Yuening , Sun Jian , Wang Feng , Xu Lin , Qin Mingxin , Jin Gui
Published: January 2021

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) carrying extremely high morbidity and mortality can only be detected by CT, MRI and other large equipment, which do not meet the requirements for bedside continuous monitoring and pre-hospital first aid. Since the biological tissues have different dielectric properties except the pure resistances, and the permittivity of blood is far larger than that of other brain tissues, here a new method was used to detect events of change at the blood/tissue volume ratio by measuring of the head permittivity. In this paper, we use a self-made parallel plate capacitor to detect the intracranial hemorrhage in rabbits by contactless capacitance measurement. The sensitivity of the parallel-plate capacitor was also evaluated by the physical solution measurement. The results of physical experiments show that the capacitor can distinguish between three solutions with different permittivity, and the capacitance increased with the increase of one solution between two plates. At the next step in the animal experiment, the capacitance changes caused by 2 ml blood injection into the rabbit brain were measured. The results of animal experiments show that the capacitance was almost unchanged before and after the blood injection, but increased with the increase of the blood injection volume. The increase of capacitance caused by blood injection was much larger than that before and after blood injection (P < 0.01). The experiments show that this method is feasible for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in a non-invasive and contactless manner.
The effects of depth and diet on red abalone growth and survival in cage mariculture at San Jeronimo Island, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Bauer Jeremie , Lorda Julio , Beas-Luna Rodrigo , Malpica-Cruz Luis , Lafarga-De la Cruz Fabiola , Micheli Fiorenza , Searcy-Bernal Ricardo , Rogers-Bennett Laura , Bracamontes-Peralta Miguel
Published: January 2021

In recent decades, global abalone aquaculture has significantly increased, while wild abalone fishery landings have decreased drastically, shifting production from fishing to farming. In California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico), overfishing and climate changelinked diseases are thought to be responsible for mass mortalities and significant declines in abalone fisheries landings. Conservation aquaculture is an option for enhancing abalone populations through captive propagation and cage mariculture with subsequent restockings into the wild. To test, inform, and promote innovative sustainable seafood production strategies in the Northeastern Pacific, we designed an experimental mariculture system at San Jeronimo Island, Baja California. We explored the feasibility of rearing juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, in a near-shore mariculture cage-based production system to supply individuals for local restoration programs. We tested the effects of 2 different depths, surface and bottom (5 m), and 3 macroalgal diets (Macrocystis pyrifera, Eisenia arborea, and a mixed diet of Pelagophycus porra with M. pyrifera) on the survival and growth of juvenile red abalone (32 ± 3.33 mm in shell length) inside cages attached to a long-line system. Over the 90-d experiment, survival was 99% for the surface treatment and 95% for the bottom treatment. Mean daily increment in shell length was 93 ± 12 µm·d–1 in surface cages and 82 ± 13 µm·d–1 in bottom cages. Depth did not affect growth or survival. Growth was highest using the E. arborea diet (99 ± 7 µm·d–1) but not significantly different from the M. pyrifera and mixed diets (88 ± 10 and 74 ± 13 µm·d–1, respectively). High survivorship and growth indicate that San Jeronimo Island can support cage-based mariculture of red abalone and that this strategy may be a useful tool in developing climate-resilient abalone restoration solutions aimed at bolstering seafood production.
Amelioration of Hybrid Power System Using IOT
Authors: Mauryan K.S. Chandragupta , Sakthi R. Purrnimaa Shiva
Published: January 2021

Today the whole world is facing one of the important crises that inadequate of natural resources like fossil fuels for energy production. In order to overcome this the use of renewable energy resources is encouraged. This paper describes about the electrical energy power generation with the interface of solar photovoltaic and wind energy. Solar Energy and wind energy are non conventional energy resources. This will provide an uninterrupted power supply without damaging the natural balance. Now a day’s maintenance of power production station becomes a little difficult process. In order to overcome this drawback IoT (Internet of Things) used. IoT manages the power production data’s in each PV module and wind turbines. Hence it is further used to identify the defective panels and turbines for the site management purposes.
Development of Energy-Dissipating Device for Rockfall and Debris-Flow Barriers
Authors: Seo Sanghoon , Choi MinHyong
Published: January 2021

In this study on the development of energy-dissipating devices, a significant component of the ring-net system was investigated for the localization of a high-performance rockfall fence and debris flow barriers. The energy-dissipating device was developed as a structure that dissipated the resistance and frictional forces generated by the pipe passing through two steel bars, and the tensile force was transmitted by utilizing the pipe deformation. The performance of the developed energy-dissipating device was verified through simulation analysis and tensile tests. It was confirmed that the most effective dissipating device was made of a D60.5-3.2t pipe subjected to a rolling interval of 40 mm, and the device exhibited an energy-dissipating performance of 52.8-60.2 kJ/m.
Analysis on Cost-Benefit of Rainwater Storage Facility through Water Balance Analysis
Authors: Kim Dong Jun , Ham Dae Heon , Choi Jong Soo , Lee Jung Min , Lee Jung Ho
Published: January 2021

The installation of rainwater storage facilities is mandatory for public buildings over a certain size. However, the standards for determining the capacity of rainwater storage facilities vary by ministries and agencies. Even within the same institution, various unifying standards are often applied. In addition, rainwater storage facilities generally have a low B/C (Benefit-Cost ratio), which is negatively evaluated in terms of economy. Therefore, this study sought to improve the existing non-standard capacity reference problem for rainwater storage facilities and to suggest more efficient capacity determination measures. To this end, the study proposed a plan for calculating the benefits and determining the capacity of the reservoir through the analysis of the water balance in order to take into account the utility of the rainwater reservoir in terms of actual use. The empirical analysis was conducted on rainwater storage facilities in the Korea Land and Housing Institute, and the water balance analysis was conducted based on the actual rainfall data of 2019 by Daejeon Metropolitan City. Among the factors to evaluate the benefit and cost of rainwater storage facilities were the reduction of rainwater runoff, reduction of heat waves, reduction of fine dust, and use of landscaping water. In addition, the benefit analysis was conducted by the reservoir capacity and collection area, and the guide for determining the optimum capacity of the rainwater reservoir was presented accordingly.
Quantification of Heat Wave and Projection of Future Heat Wave Using H-Index
Authors: Seo Jiyu , Won Jeongeun , Choi Jeonghyeon , Lee Okjeong , Kim Sangdan
Published: January 2021

As global surface air temperature (SAT) rises, the highest daily SAT is also rising. The rise in the highest daily SAT leads to an increase in heat waves, which is turn increases the physical and ecological damage being caused by the heat waves. In Korea, the highest daily SAT is used to determine whether a heat wave has occurred or not. In this study, H-index using the highest daily SAT was calculated to quantify the heat waves at 60 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) sites operated by the Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA). The changes in H-index were also investigated using projected future SAT data gathered from KMA's national standard climate change scenarios. As a result, it was possible to investigate the temporal and spatial changes in heat wave behavior by quantifying the heat wave using the H-index. The H-index is expected to increase faster in future than its current upward trend.
Comparative Analysis of Support Stiffness Based on On-Site Laying of Rectangular Parallelepiped Fiber Reinforcement Sack
Authors: Park Yoon-Sik , Kim Ja-Yeon , Eum Ki-Young , Cho KookHwan
Published: January 2021

The roadbed reinforcement method, in which a rectangular parallelepiped fiber reinforcement sack is used, is ecofriendly and overcomes the disadvantages of the conventional roadbed reinforcement method. Through large-scale tests, the effects of improving the bearing capacity, stability, and constructability according to the train speed were confirmed. Physical property investigations of the field test were conducted to analyze the conditions of the roadbed. The settlement degree of the site, where the reinforced section and unreinforced section were placed, was measured and analyzed. A rectangular parallelepiped fiber reinforcement sack was laid. Based on the physical properties determined during the field tests, this section was found to be soft ground composed of silt sand with a low bearing capacity. In addition, through comparison and analysis of the degree of settlement caused by the laying of rectangular parallelepiped fiber reinforcement sack, the dynamic vertical displacement of rails and sleepers decreased by at least 84%. It was shown that the track stability improved when the rectangular-parallelepiped fiber reinforcement sack was laid, which reduced the dynamic behavior along and improved the track support.