bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantitative study of college and university students’ satisfaction with song programs in the 2021 Henan Spring Festival Gala based on Postoccupancy Evaluation Theory
Authors: An Jing , Fyr Kyle , Liu Changfei , Zheng Shaohui
Published: November 2024

After years of insignificant social impact, the Henan Spring Festival Gala suddenly became an enormous success in China in 2021, attracting nationwide attention. This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the audience satisfaction with the song programs of the 2021 Henan Spring Festival Gala and explore the reasons why it became such a national phenomenon. Given the importance of the Spring Festival Gala in Chinese culture and the lack of quantitative research on program satisfaction, this study adopted the Postoccupancy Evaluation (POE) theory to construct an evaluation model. Through a questionnaire survey among college and university students in Henan Province, combined with the expert weight composition, SPSSAU was used for data analysis. The results showed that college and university students were generally satisfied with the innovative song programs of the 2021 Henan Spring Festival Gala. This study suggested that to improve the quality of the song programs, the latest technological means should be utilized to broaden the diversified interpretation of the programs, the singing methods should be innovated, and different musical elements should be introduced. It was hoped that this study could enrich the quantitative research methods of music programs, provide some implications for future improvement of the Henan Spring Festival Gala and be helpful for those who study audience satisfaction with similar cultural programs.
Parents' Interpersonal Communication Strategy To Minimize Media Exposure On Children
Authors: Sari Elfira Maya
Published: November 2024

The use of smartphone among children during covid 19 pandemic is increased. The overuse of smartphone could affect their mind set, emotion, and behaviour. This phenomenon issue parents to pay more attention on their children. The aim of the research is to describe parents’ interpersonal communication strategy in reducing the usage level of smartphone resulted less media exposure on children. The research method used were descriptive qualitative by conducting observation, interview, and documents. The research result shows children tend to be easily affected through attitude, character, and behaviour towards their parents. Expanding intensity of interaction with children is a great interpersonal communication strategy.
Women As Dominant Activator Of Creative Economy Based On Digital Market
Authors: Pranata Rudi
Published: November 2024

Nowadays, women have successfully shone with their existence. Their intelligence and expertise can no longer be underestimated because they have contributed to development. This study aims to describe the existence of women in the digital-based creative economy, especially in the use of the Shopee marketplace in the live feature. The results show there are 25 live Shopee accounts which dominated by woman. It can be inferred women competencies can upgrade the economic resources for the population or society as a whole.
The Concept Of Physical Education and Its Integration With Mental Health According to The Qur'An and Hadith
Authors: Eliwatis Eliwatis , Rusydi Rusydi , Charles Charles , Maimori Romi , Herawati Susi
Published: November 2024

Physical education in the view of Islam cannot be underestimated, because between the physical and the spiritual man is a unity. When physical education is carried out, it actually includes education for the human spirit, and vice versa. A popular motto is "al-'aqlu al-saliim fii al-jismi al-saliim", that has meaning a healthy soul there is a strong body. But in fact, physical education is often neglected because it focuses more on education that fills and develops spiritual potential. It will make human development completely unattainable. This paper tries to explain what and how the concept of physical education material contained in the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as its relationship to human health physically and psychologically. The research method used is descriptive qualitative through library research, therefore the source of data in this study is literature related to the discussion, with the data collection method is literature study (book survey). Data analysis using content analysis method which is descriptive analysis. The results showed that physical education is closely related to human health both physically and psychologically, including worship activities such as prayer and fasting, sports activities such as archery, horse riding and swimming and also activities related to hygiene and diet. This study concludes that the physical education material contained in the Qur'an and Hadith does not only focus on human physical health and development, but actually contains aspects of education and guidance on human mental/spiritual health.
The Role of Women Journalists in Media
Authors: Putra Adrian Nuzul , Lani Oktri Permata
Published: November 2024

Becoming a journalist is not easy, especially for female journalists, if they journalist is sent to cover conflict areas, such as reporting on demonstrations, wars, and even criminal cases. Indirectly, psychologically, when women are faced with things that are raging with more masses, it is necessary to have quite high mental and physical strength. That way, working as a journalist is very high risk because you have to have the courage to sacrifice between life and death to get to the truth. On the other hand, a journalist is also required to be professional in carrying out his duties properly and correctly and commit to improving a journalist's capabilities. The type of research used is qualitative, namely, research that produces information in the form of notes and descriptive data contained in the text under study (Mantra, 2008: 30). Journalist professionalism is a job that aims to find information that is then disseminated based on rules and norms that apply to a journalist when carrying out his duties.The problems between the domestic sphere and his profession as a journalist are endless and of course, it is a challenge in itself. In addition, there is still discrimination from companies against female journalists, such as giving inappropriate wages. With coverage, you have to take risks that need to be maintained, such as information from sources that must be accurate, especially when there is a lot of coverage that does not comply with the protocol. Working as a journalist is very hard, apart from getting news, journalists also risk their lives for news from anywhere.
An Analysis of Student Learning Motivation Gender Perspective At SMA N 2 Lintau Buo, West Sumatra
Authors: Suryani Irda , Pranata Rudi , Desmita Desmita , Erizal Zulfa
Published: November 2024

This research begins with a review of several findings which show that students' learning motivation is in the medium or even low category. It was revealed by the results of research, Rahmi (2012) that student motivation was 15.3% in the high category, 69.2% in the medium category, 15.5% in the low category. The researcher's initial assumption showed that female students were more motivated in learning compared to male students. From the research results, some literature states that some male students have low learning motivation due to attention, lack of desire to learn. It can be seen from the low motivation of students to do homework and do exercises at school, while female students tend to be diligent and systematic in dividing time to study and carry out schoolwork.
PROCESS SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Gatchel Stanley G. , Tanik Murat M.
Published: November 2024

This paper examines the issues of integrating scientific knowledge and it attempts to reveal the potential of a more fundamental model of interdisciplinary science. Proposed is an approach which joins process science with process philosophy through a unifying hypothesis, intended to change the current mechanistic world view to one that is adaptive, flexible, integrated and process-oriented. It explores the problems of science being segmented into disciplines and the great need to "unify" scientific knowledge. The paper presents a hypothesis that promotes the concept of process as a fundamental abstract notion applicable at all organizational levels of complex systems. A new structure of process science is "defined" so that areas needing scientific attention may be pursued. If interdisciplinary knowledge and design are to become a common part of the scientific landscape of the future, science must turn its visionary kaleidoscope to see new patterns of design and to find creative solutions to the problems of human society that are harmonious with the natural world. It is hoped that process science will not only allow us to design across scientific disciplines, but also join with process philosophy to help us reach a new age of understanding.
Community Response to Broadcast Media for Cyclone Warning and	Disaster Mitigation: A Perception Study of Coastal People with Special	Reference to Meghna Estuary in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam, M. Shahidul , Ullah Mohammad Sahid , Paul Alak
Published: November 2024

Coastal belt and offshore islands of Bangladesh are vulnerable to catastrophic cyclone hazard. The broadcast media – radio and television – play a very important role to disseminate cyclone warning news bulletins to the people living in those areas, and also act to bridge the gap between the decision makers and the public. Information collected from 400 respondents at nine different areas covering the entire coastal belt suggests that peoples?ownership and access to any broadcast media has a positive relationship with their family income level. Poor people have very little access to such media news. Those living in weak/katcha (cottages and mud made) houses give great importance to media announcement. On the other hand, the frequency of experiences with previous cyclones does not show any impact on media access of those people; rather younger generation, of course with higher level of education, gives more importance to media warning signals than elderly people. It has also been attempted to study community response to cyclone shelter centres and their role to disaster mitigation. Information collected from 200 respondents at Meghna estuary suggests that the construction of cyclone shelter centres in recent years along the vulnerable coastal belt has already shown a remarkable positive result to save human lives during a catastrophic cyclone event. However, problems still remain in selecting appropriate locations for the construction of such centres, including insufficient inside space and internal mismanagement. The catastrophic cyclone of April 1991 had made a tremendous change in the human mindset and despite conservative attitudes of local people, particularly among the women, many of them are now mentally prepared to shift to cyclone shelter centres during the hazard.
Surface and Rainwater Chemistry in Sri Lanka – A Risk of	Acidification
Authors: Silva E.I.L. , Manuweera L.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Chemical constituents of surface and rain water in Sri Lanka were analysed to examine the susceptibility of aquatic environment for episodic acidification. The buffer intensity of different types of surface water ranged from 8.09 ± 4.61 × 10 $^{-4}$ to 55.05 ± 21.18 × 10 $^{-4}$ moles l $^{-1}$ pH $^{-1}$ . The pH values of the rainwater samples collected island-wide once and at Kandy on a regular basis varied from 4.82 to 7.30 and from 4.46 to 6.89 respectively. About 37% of rainwater samples collected island-wide and at Kandy had pH range of 5.40–5.80. Rainwater collected from urban centres with high population densities had moderate concentrations of nitrate, sulphate and chloride ions. Although a majority of rainwater samples were within the pH defined for non-contaminated rainwater, there is a tendency towards slight acidification. If acid rain prevails, headwater streams and rivers draining the wet zone and reservoirs located at the highest elevation are more susceptible for episodic acidification.
Concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in the Fish Tilapia Oreochromis	mossambicus Caught from a Kelana Jaya Pond
Authors: Yap C.K. , Ismail A. , Chiu P.K.
Published: November 2024

Kelana Jaya Ponds are typical aquatic ecosystems of great importance with regard to biodiversity and aesthetic value in urban areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn were determined in the edible flesh (muscles), scales and gills of the fish tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus caught at one of the ponds in Kelana Jaya. The ranges of mean concentrations of metals (μg/g dry weight) in the fish were Cd: 2.42, 3.95 and 4.48; Cu: 1.98, 3.78 and 2.89 and Zn: 58.4, 71.1 and 80.5, in the muscles, scales and gills, respectively. Generally, scales and gills showed higher metal concentrations than muscles. Although the lake is thought to receive semi-untreated domestic wastes and dumping, the results of these metals (especially in the edible part of the fish) did not exceed the permissible limits for human consumption for fish product. Therefore, this should not pose health problems for consumers of the tilapia species but further intensive studies are warranted.
A Statistical Interpretation for the Source Identification of	Trace Elements in Surface Soils of Danang-Hoian Area, Vietnam
Authors: Thuy Hoang Thi Thanh , Tobschall Heinz Jürgen , Van An Pham
Published: November 2024

35 surface soil samples (0–25 cm) were collected from the Danang-Hoian area, one of the rapidly developing urban areas in Vietnam, in order to study the degree of anthropogenic pollution. The samples were analyzed for their major and trace metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe and Mn), organic carbon and soil pH. Factor analysis was applied to classify the sources of trace elements and distinguish the natural background and anthropogenic anomalies. Three-factor model accounted for 74.3% of the total data variance. The first component explains the pedogenic processes which mainly controls the elements Co, Cr, Ni, Al, Fe and Mn. The second component contains Cu and Zn which mainly relates to the agricultural activities and the industrial as well as domestic waste disposal. The third component explains the correlation among Cd, Pb, TOC and pH which are mainly associated with domestic and industrial pollutants.
Prevalence of Pollution in Surface and Ground Water Sources in the	Rural Areas of Satara Region, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Mane Varsha R. , Chandorkar A.A. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: November 2024

Water quality assessment in four different villages in the Satara region of State of Maharashtra, based on the physico-chemical and microbiological investigations are presented. Results indicate that drought prone areas and sites exposed to domestic or municipal wastes are most heavily polluted. Major water problems are due to fecal and non-fecal contamination, high TDS, conductivity and salt content.

The well waters were moderately poor in quality as compared to the hand pump water sources, which exhibited more metal and salt enrichments. Remote sites viz. springs and lakes, however, exhibited a better water quality in terms of optimum physico-chemical parameters and comparatively lesser fecal and non-fecal contamination. Use of water for drinking or agricultural purposes from such wells and hand pumps without treatment may expose population to higher health risk.
Degradation of Pyridine by Ultrasound: A Common Refractory	Pollutant in Wastewater Effluents
Authors: Sistla Srinivas
Published: November 2024

The present communication reports the results pertaining to ultrasound treatment of pyridine in aqueous phase. The pyridine degradation by ultrasonic waves (50 kHz) was investigated at 33±2°C by monitoring changes in pyridine concentration, pH, dissolved oxygen (D.O) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). After sonication for 60 mins, the pyridine concentration gradually decreased to 18.8 mg/L at an average rate of 0.27 mg/min. pH of the sonicated pyridine aqueous mixture has decreased from 8 to 7.2 during the irradiation. D.O increased from 1.83 mg/L to 2.64 mg/L after 60 mins of sonication. Pattern of D.O profiles demonstrated higher uptake of oxygen by microbia in case of sonicated sample. The biodegradation of pyridine before and after sonication shows increased degree of degradation after sonication.
A Household Based Safe Water Intervention Programme for a Slum	Area in Bangladesh
Authors: Saha S.K. , Naznin Safina , Ahmed Firoj
Published: November 2024

Water intended for human consumption should be both safe and wholesome. It also should be easily accessible, adequate in quantity, free from contamination and readily available throughout the year. In slum areas, so far too many people live without access to safe drinking water and this is a primary determinant of continuing poverty. In the present study, drinking water is an important route for transmission of diarrheal diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. A household based safe water intervention programme was conducted to determine the microbial quality of water in households and its relationship to source and storage devices. The laboratory analysis indicates that significant amount of E. coli (5–182/ml sample) is present in both of the sources and storage vessels. The type of household storage device and unhygienic behaviour were associated with coliform contamination. It was estimated that 13.32% households are less affected by diarrheal diseases because they use tube well water for their household work and remaining 86.65% are highly affected due to use of contaminated water. The lack of water supply and sanitation is the primary reason for diseases transmitted via faeces which are so common in slum area. The drinking water quality in Nirala slum area is grossly unfit for human consumption, due to contamination of various water sources, traditional storage practices and unhygienic behaviour. So it is cautioned that without ample and safe drinking water, we cannot provide health care to the slum community.
Impact of Air Pollution on Health in Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Afroz Rafia , Hassan Mohd Nasir , Awang Muhamad , Ibrahim Akma
Published: November 2024

In Malaysia, as in other parts of the world, air pollution has recently been receiving priority among environmental issues. The ambient atmospheric conditions have been progressively deteriorating due to unprecedented growth in urbanization, number of motor vehicles and continuous industrial development. Monitoring data and studies on ambient air quality show that the ambient air quality of the country is clean in general but some of the air pollutants in several large cities especially in Klang Valley, the most densely populated area, are increasing with time and are not always at acceptable levels according to the national ambient air quality standards. This research employed contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate the willingness to pay of the respondents to avoid the illness episodes due to air pollution. To evaluate the impact of additional information on the willingness to pay (WTP) of the respondents, different sub-samples were presented with contingent valuation scenarios offering different levels of information. One sub-sample was given the cause of ill-health episodes and the policy to be implemented to remedy the cause of the ill-health episodes (context version). Another sub-sample was asked to value the avoidance of episodes of ill-health, but was not given any details of the cause of the episodes nor the policy that would be implemented to remedy the cause of ill-health episodes (non-context version). The study has found that the inclusion of additional information in the presentation of scenarios in contingent valuation exercises significantly influenced WTP for the avoidance of ill-health episodes. The average mean value of WTP of the respondents for the context version was higher than that of the non-context version i.e. RM154 for the context version and RM134 for the non-context version. Since, WTP to avoid the ill-health episodes cannot be shown to be independent of the context in which it is valued, the validity of transferring benefits of avoided ill-health episodes from one country to another must be called into question and the results of the study will not allow decision makers to apply the estimated values for the avoidance of ill-health episodes in the consideration of policies with very different context.
Evaluation of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Various Natural	Filter Media
Authors: James R. Arthur , Emmanuel K.V. , Scaria Rose , Thanasekaran K.
Published: November 2024

The performance of combined anaerobic and aerobic treatment system with different filter medias and their efficiencies were examined for domestic wastewater. The gravitational flow rate to the system includes Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR), Anaerobic Filter (AnF) and Aerobic Filter (AF) and was kept constantly giving hydraulic retention time of 7.6 h, 7.2 h and 11.4 h respectively. The consecutive treatment efficiencies achieved were 43%, 79% and 94% on ABR, AnF and AF during the observation period. In anaerobic filter, gravel media show higher efficiency than slag media and PO 4 removal is proven to fail in the slag media. Gravel (2–4 mm) and pebble (8–10 mm) gives better performance than sand media (0.5 mm) in aerobic filter. Gravel (2–4 mm) with reed show higher efficiency (94%) than all other medias. Combination of these three-system gives excellent alternative (89 to 94.5% efficiency) to conventional treatment system, which proves and reduces the operational cost.
Evaluation of Zinc Use Efficiency Using $^{65}$Zn	Radiotracer Technique in an Alfisol of Turmeric Crop (Curcuma longa Var.)
Authors: Selvaradjou Senthil Kumar , Geetha S. Aruna , Rajarajan A. , Savithri P. , Raj S. Anthoni
Published: November 2024

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of Zinc (Zn) enriched organics and Zn solubilizing bacteria on use efficiency of Zn by turmeric crop and its availability and distribution among various fractions of Zn in the soil using $^{65}$ Zn isotope. The profound effect of zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) on the increase of dry matter yield of turmeric was found to be 14.0, 14.3 and 18.1 per cent for ZnSO $_4$ , Zn enriched FYM and Zn enriched coirpith along with ZSB respectively than consecutive treatments without the organism. In the pot experiment involving $^{65}$ Zn isotope, the specific activity, per cent Zn derived from fertilizer Zn and uptake of Zn from applied fertilizer and zinc use efficiency were increased intensely with the zinc enrichment treatments than the direct Zn soil application. The zinc use efficiency increased with the Zn treatments, where Zn enriched coirpith performed best (3.48% in whole plant) than remaining treatments and ZnSO $_4$ alone (0.99% in whole plant). The organic and exchangeable fractions of Zn revealed the superior nature of Zn fortified with coirpith treatment which surpassed the remaining treatments with its highest specific activity followed by the treatments that received Zn or Fe or Zn + Fe fortified coirpith/FYM than the per se application of ZnSO $_4$ or FeSO $_4$ . The per cent distribution of applied Zn fertilizer into the different forms in the soil based on specific activity of Zn to total fraction was in the order of Organic bound Zn > Exchangeable Zn > Manganese oxide bound Zn > Amorphous iron oxide bound Zn > Crystalline iron oxide bound Zn. The tune of increase seen for the per se effect of Zn solubilizing bacteria was markedly higher for organic Zn fraction for the addition of Zn fortified FYM as well as coirpith followed by exchangeable Zn and DTPA Zn.
Usage of Untreated Sewage Effluent for Irrigation and its Impact	on Vegetables Quality
Authors: Farid Sajid , Baloch Musa Kaleem , Khaliq Tafzeel , Razaque Ahtsham
Published: November 2024

City effluent from Pakistan's third largest city (Faisalabad) is used as supplementary irrigation water to produce vegetables for human consumption. This paper reports a study to commence the assessment of risks and opportunities associated with this practice, with emphasis on cadmium (Cd), which is a toxic heavy metal that can enter the food chain as an impurity in vegetables. Cadmium and other properties were measured in typical effluents, four soils and a range of vegetables in the absence of fertilizer additions. It was found that the city effluent increased soil salinity, sodicity and cadmium concentrations. The Cd concentrations in the vegetables were also above those normally associated with suitability for human consumption. There were suggestions that soluble Cd concentrations in the effluent could be lessened by the addition of lime, concurrently lowering the sodium adsorption ratio of the effluent.
Tracer Transport Study in Fly Ash being Used as Landfill Material
Authors: Shanker Hari , Goyal Radha R. , Khare Mukesh
Published: November 2024

The suitability of fly ash for its use as landfill material is investigated by examining the fluid transport process through fly ash beds in different compositions with sand. The columns of two different diameters, 3 cms and 4 cms respectively, were designed to carry out the experiments. Glucose solution of known concentration was selected as an ideal tracer to characterize the flow mechanism of tracer through different arrangements of beds. It is suggested that the fly ash use, as a landfill material, may be preferred in appropriate composition with sand or other soil material in comparison to the existing practice of using fly ash only as a fill material. It is observed that a 3:1 mixture of fly ash and sand with 5% lime as binding material shows appreciably faster rate of dispersion of the tracer solution. This design mix, following the relationship between fly ash's pozzolanic ingredient and desired geo-technical properties, also facilitates attaining dual usage, namely, a soil-like consistency for use as a fill material and concrete-like characteristics for use as a final cover.
Hydrological and Nutrient Budget Modelling of Surface Water of the	Achankovil River, Western Ghats, India
Authors: Prasad M. Bala Krishna , Ramanathan AL.
Published: November 2024

An attempt has been made to develop a hydrologic and nutrient budget for Achankovil river watershed (area 1484 km $^2$ ) in Western Ghats of India. The work was carried out in the year 2002 during three seasons i.e. pre-monsoon (February), monsoon (June/July) and post-monsoon (October). The water budget was determined using the formulae dm/dt = Σ input − Σ outputs + Σ (sources − sinks). The inflow (precipitation, tributary and Achankovil river baseflow) and out-flow (evapo-transpiration and discharge from tributaries and Achankovil river) segments were measured following the standard procedure for three seasons. The result indicates that significant amount of water leaving (60.35 × 10 $^8$ m $^3$ ) the watershed to the adjoining Vembanad lake and ultimately into the ocean, which exceeds the water, entering (54.83 × 10 $^8$ m $^3) the basin. The outgoing water (≅9%) surplus may be due to overestimation of transpiration and the lack of estimation of the water input from the intermittent streams in the present study. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances are also calculated by LOICZ-CABARET budget model. 20,976.86 × 10^6$ m mol/yr and 19,655.1 × 10 $^6$ m mol/yr of nitrogen and phosphorus were lost or utilized within the Achankovil river basin during the study period. More detailed study on short term and variation will certainly help us in dealing with the various sources and the contribution by main stream as well as intermittent streams.
Environmental Quantification of Heavy Metals in the Subarnarekha,	Estuary and Near-shore Environment, East Coast of India
Authors: Panda Unmesh Chandra , Rath Prasanta , Sahu Kali Charan , Majumdar Sabyasachi , Sundaray Sanjay K.
Published: November 2024

Concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Mn and Fe) in the sediments was measured from the river, estuarine and coastal environment off Subarnarekha River, Bay of Bengal. The degree of contamination of the sediments was evaluated through enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI). The high ER's and Igeo values for Cu and Cr were due to the chromite and copper mines, and Cu ore processing plants situated on the upstream catchments of the river. PLI for Subarnarekha estuary and coastal environments were calculated with respect to world surface rock average, where the site indices are greater than unity. Multivariate statistical analysis like factor and cluster analysis were performed in order to assess the geochemical processes responsible for heavy metal distributions and relationship between stations respectively.
Organic Pollution and Its Impact on the Microbiology of Coastal	Marine Environments: A Philippine Perspective
Authors: Reichardt Wolfgang , McGlone Maria Lourdes San Diego , Jacinto Gil S.
Published: November 2024

Organic pollution has changed marine coastal environments in both metropolitan and rural regions of the Philippines. This is documented for metropolitan Manila Bay and rural Lingayen Gulf with mariculture zones in Bolinao Bay. After less than a decade of intensive milk fish farming, organic feed and waste inputs apparently triggered negative feed back responses. These culminated in a devastating mass kill of cultivated as well as wild fish stocks in February 2002. This event appeared to be the combined result of oxygen depletion and a red tide harmful algae bloom. Subsequent minor fish kills affected a limited number of net cages mainly in stratified waters at drastically reduced salinities (down to 5) during the SW monsoonal rainy season.

Mesophilic vibrios from the fish farming area showed higher resistance to antibiotics than off-shore isolates and comprised several species of opportunistic pathogens, including Vibrio cholerae during the outbreak of a cholera epidemic in the coastal region.

Sediment traps revealed that 1 kg of (net) dry weight m $^{-2}$ d $^{-1}$ (or 50% of the average daily feed input to a fish cage) contributed to the sinking flux of particulate organic matter. Sediment cores mirror enormous near-source increases of organic matter input and deposition during the last decade. As a result of roughly eight years of intensive fish farming the sea floor of Bolinao Bay is covered with a 15–30 cm thick layer of watery sulfidic sediment (Eh=−250 to −150 mV). Due to the continued production of organic matter mineralization via microbe-mediated sulfaterespiration pathways, neritic sediments of the fish farming area are void of burrowing macrofauna. Comparisons with intertidal sediments of similar texture and redox potential reveal two orders of magnitude higher activities of key enzymes involved in organic matter recycling such as scleroproteases. This is at least partially attributable to abundant macrofaunal bioturbation in sulfidic intertidal sediments of the Bay. The extraordinary recycling potential of bioturbated and vegetated intertidal sediments remains a challenge to biogeochemical management options to circumvent the predominance of H $_2$ S-producing sulfate-respiration in organic matter remineralization.
Forest Area Dynamics in Asia
Authors: Generosa Amapola D.C.
Published: November 2024

This paper uses panel data methods to determine the impact of the level of human development, export of forest products, rural population density, and political and civil liberties on plantation, natural and total forest area in 20 Asian countries. Results on forest transition pattern are mixed. Level of human development and export of forest products tend to have significant effect on forests in pooled models. Evidence for positive export effect on forest plantations suggests key role of market incentives in channeling private and public investments in expanding forest plantations, forest carbon sinks and for sustainable forest management. Observed simultaneity of influence suggests further research on latent influences on forest area.
Groundwater Flow Modelling in Gundar River Basin, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Thiyagarajan G. , Ranghaswami M.V. , Umadevi R.
Published: November 2024

Ground water is an important source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. To maintain a sustainable agricultural production and to arrest the depletion of water table, there is a need for micro level study of groundwater potential. In this work, an attempt has been made to estimate the amount of ground water for the Gundar river basin, which can be used to plan a suitable usage of ground water. Visual MODFLOW was used for groundwater flow simulation in the study. The model when applied to the study area showed the permissible error of ± 10–20% in 87.3% of computed values from the actual values of well heads. The results showed that the flow direction more or less coincided with the general slope and there was an inflow and outflow across the western and eastern boundaries. The coastal alluvial formations showed the intrusion of seawater into inland freshwater aquifers.
Water Quality Modelling by Numerical Solution of ADE Using An	Integrated Model
Authors: Kashefipour S.M. , Tavakoli A.A. , Falconer R.A.
Published: November 2024

Sediment and solute transport processes are the most important existing problems in the coastal, estuarine and riverine waters. Prediction of these processes may be carried out using the numerical solution of the partial differential and dynamic Advective–Diffusion Equation (ADE). The type of the numerical solution is considerably effective on the stability and accuracy of the solution. In this paper an integrated new and effective scheme has been presented, combining two different numerical methods including ULTIMATE QUICKEST (UQ) and finite difference central scheme for solving ADE. This integrated model was verified using a standard example, and was then successfully applied to predict the suspended sediment concentrations in the Humber river (UK).
Leaching Characteristics of Fluoride from Coal Ash
Authors: Prasad Bably , Kr. Mondal Kajal
Published: November 2024

More than 100 million tonnes of coal fly ash is produced annually in India from combustion of coal in power plants. It is expected that up to 2020 AD about 150 million tonnes of coal ash will be produced due to burning of coal in power plants. This will require about 30,000 hectare of land for ash disposal. One of the main problems in disposing of big quantities of coal ash is the possible leaching of different pollutants, including fluoride. A thorough investigation regarding leaching of fluoride from fly ashes is much essential to know the impact of fluoride due to its leaching from fly ash to ground water as well as surface water. In the present paper, short term and long term leaching studies have been carried out on fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash and weathered ash of Chandrapura thermal power station (CTPS), Jharkhand and Ramagundam thermal power station (RTPS), Andhra Pradesh. The amount of fluoride released in different experiments has been evaluated. A field investigation at Damoda abandoned open cast mine of Bharat Coking Coal Limited, filled with pond ash of CTPS has been done. Concentration of fluoride in ground water beneath the ash filled mine has been evaluated on monthly basis. Environmental impact of fluoride and remedial measures for ash disposal has been discussed.
Enhancement of Productivity in Reverse Osmosis Desalination	Processes
Authors: Abbas Abderrahim
Published: November 2024

The steady-state and periodic performances of a seawater desalination unit based on a small-scale commercial spiral-wound membrane were studied. For the steady-state case, operating pressures ranging from 30 bar to 50 bar and temperatures ranging from 22°C to 28°C were investigated. As expected, increasing the pressure resulted in improvements in the water recovery, salt rejection and energy consumed by the feed pump per m $^3$ of permeate produced. The improvements were larger for operation at low to moderate pressures than at high pressures. Both the permeation rate and salt rejection changed linearly with temperature; the permeate flux increased by 2.8%/°C whereas the salt rejection decreased by 0.007%/°C. For the case of unsteady-state operation, the operating pressure was varied according to a symmetric square wave function around an average pressure of 50 bar. The production rate increased as the period of the wave decreased. Such an improvement was obtained at the expense of a marginal increase in the total energy consumed. For a wave period of two minutes, the production rate increased by 8% over that obtained from steady-state operation while the energy consumed increased by a mere 0.15%. A simple theoretical analysis showed that a 12.3% improvement in the permeation rate would be obtained in the absence of concentration polarization. The salt rejection was not affected by this mode of operation.
Nutrient-Abundant Natural Waters of Arctic Mountain Tundra,	North-Eastern Siberia
Authors: Kot F.S. , Bakanov K.G.
Published: November 2024

Natural waters of the spacious Arctic regions of Russia are studied insufficiently and they are still opened to the most important questions. This paper presents the results of in situ hydrochemical study of a small catchment in Arctic mountain tundra of the Koryak Highland, north-eastern Siberia, situated far from industrial centres and populated territories. The results showed a surprisingly high content of inorganic nutrients in natural waters – stream, swampy and rainy. For the basin main water collector – the Levtyrinyvayam River – it was as following (μM): NO $_3^-$ -N (134 ± 66), NO $_2^-$ -N (1.1±0.4), NH $_4^+$ -N (11.1±5.6), PO $_4^{3-}$ -P (2.42±1.79) and K $^+$ (31±36), indicating the intensive organic matter decomposition and the nutrient saturation in the local terrains. Specific conditions of the mountain ecosystem, i.e. contrast soils, and influence from shallow-lying permafrost resulted in the rate of the nutrients' saturation of the waters. The results prove the great importance of organic matter and its derivatives in investigation of natural waters.
Measurement of Residues of Chlorobenzilate (Organochlorine	Pesticides) in Fishes from Caspian Sea (Iran)
Authors: Ebadi A.G. , Shokrzadeh M. , Valipour P. , Taravati A. , Ali A. , Suttajit Maitree , Liu T.Y. , Zare Karim , Tabar Ali Faraj , Wahlqvist M.L.
Published: November 2024

Pesticides are compounds used by human beings especially farmers for controlling biotical factors for a long time and can bring a lot of environmental problems. Among these compounds organochlorine insecticide sprays have high half-life, the property of maintaining for a long time and high lipophilicity characteristic due to having chronic consequences that result from consuming of this compound. It is necessary to evaluate and analyse in environment especially in foods as well in fishes which have high fat and can carry this kind of insecticide. So we have investigated the remains of chlorideorgano insecticide sprays such as chlorobenzilate in the four most-consumed kinds of fish in the Caspian sea. In this investigation we have chosen four different kinds of fish, which arc highly used and available in the Caspian sea (sefid, koli, kilca and kafal). We selected 100 samples of fish from four different hunting regions (Noushahr port and three cities: Babolsar, Mahmoud Abad and Ramsar) in 2006. After cleaning, we prepared Hun muscle of the samples and after the process of extraction, we distilled them in vacuum by means of organic solvent. At last we evaluated the remains and reported based on PPM by Gas Chromatography (GC) with ECD detector. The results of insecticides analyzed in four kinds of fish showed that kafal in the hunting region of Mahmoud Abad had highest amount of 0.032 PPM. Kilca from Noushahr port had the highest amount of chlorobenzilate, 0.028 PPM (P<0.05). In the case of sefid and koli fishes in regions, significant difference was not seen. It is necessary to mention that no research has so far been done to be a criterion for comparison in this area, but, fortunately the amount of the insecticide sprays has not reached to standard level in fishes, and it raises an alarm bell.
Chemical Quality of Ground Water in Relation to Incidence of	Cancer in Parts of SW Punjab, India
Authors: Kochhar Naresh , Gill G.S. , Tuli Naresh , Dadwal Veena , Balaram V.
Published: November 2024

Chemical quality and radon activity of ground water along with F, NO $_3$ , SO $_4$ , U, Pb, Cr and Ni was monitored in certain parts of SW Punjab to assess the role of these elements in causing cancer in Jajjal and Gyana villages of Bhatinda district, Punjab. The work shows that contents of U, Pb, Cr, Ni, F and SO $_4$ are above the permissible limits. The interaction of groundwater with soils formed by the weathering of high heat producing granites of Tosham area and with evaporites including foetid limestone/dolomite is responsible for high contents of radon and other elements. Indiscriminate use of pesticides and the air and water pollution caused by the effluents of thermal plant are also responsible for the degradation of quality of water in the area.
Investigations on the Batch Performance of Fluoride Adsorption by	Coconut Shell Carbon
Authors: Arora Meenakshi , Maheshwari R.C.
Published: November 2024

Removal of fluoride using coconut shell carbon (CSC) was investigated in batch system. The fluoride removal performance of the coconut shell carbon (CSC) was evaluated as a function of the feed fluoride concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. The adsorbent was characterized as having high selectivity for fluoride and larger adsorption capacity. Adsorption was faster at the beginning followed by slower removal. pH was found to be a decisive parameter for fluoride removal. The experimental data followed the Freundlich isotherm model. Application of CSC for the effective removal of fluoride from water has been demonstrated.
Preliminary Study for the Arsenate Removal in a Synthetic	Wastewater by Acclimated Cultures
Authors: Shih Ming-Cheng , Weigand William A.
Published: November 2024

Many exhaustive studies of health risks associated with low-level arsenic have been recently published. Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh provides an unfortunate reminder of the scale this problem can attain. The increasing awareness of toxicity and pollution of arsenic led to a quest for environment-friendly remediation processes in water treatment system at discharge of arsenic to acceptable level. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the possibility to remove arsenate from water by using phototropic organisms inoculated from the sludge collected from local wastewater treatment plant. The best arsenate removal efficiency was 25.7% in the time period of 14 days. Although the removal efficiency was not high enough to become an independent process, these promising results obtained in laboratory scale experiments still proved that it is feasible to remove arsenate from wastewater by acclimated cultures. This study also offers the results of effects of environmental parameters on arsenate removal. These preliminary results could offer the data for the wastewater treatment plant to evaluate the possibility to combine this bioremediation technology into their existing treatment processes to increase the total arsenic removal efficiency or decrease the load of expensive processes applied to the arsenic removal.
Landfill Impact on Ground Water
Authors: Unnisa Syeda Azeem , Srivani B.
Published: November 2024

Hyderabad is a major Indian city with a population of more than six million and the extent of solid waste generated from the city is estimated to be 2000 to 2500 tonnes per day. The solid wastes generated in Hyderabad metropolitan areas are majorly disposed off as landfill in low-lying areas. There has been a serious concern about the contamination of ground water when the wastes are, thus, disposed. For the present study two landfill sites – Autonagar and Golkonda – were selected. The impact of municipal solid waste disposal on groundwater characteristics was investigated by obtaining groundwater samples from both sites. The groundwater samples at both the landfill sites were polluted and are unfit for human consumption and domestic use but could be used for irrigation purpose. Overall analyses indicate increasing risk for sustainability of groundwater resources.
Sanitation Condition of Low-Income Areas in Sylhet City and Ways	to Its Improvement
Authors: Ahmed Mushtaq , Alam Jahir Bin , Rahman Md. Tauhid Ur , Hoque Muhammad Azizul , Sarkar Md. Shahjahan Kaisar Alam
Published: November 2024

The sanitation condition of low-income areas of Sylhet, the northeastern divisional city of Bangladesh, is remarkably poor. The major objectives of the study were to assess the sanitation conditions of the low-income areas of the city as well as to find out the ways to improve the situation. Five different slums were selected from different wards depending upon the severity of existing sanitation conditions. Necessary information was collected by questionnaire survey and visual inspection from the selected slums. Several motivational programmes were conducted for building up their awareness about health and sanitation. Depending upon the availability of land, willingness of landowners, number of users and land topography various types of low-cost sanitary units were installed with the active participation of the inhabitants. Regular monitoring was performed to observe the behavioural and other changes of the communities. The appropriateness of provided types of latrines was also evaluated. Before undertaking the research work, only 14.5% of the targeted dwellers were observed using sanitary latrines. Now this figure has been sharply increased to almost 78%. Besides, active participation of the beneficiaries at different stages of the programme made them responsible for using and maintaining the toilets.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Safe Drinking Water: A Case	Study in Bangladesh
Authors: Akter Sonia
Published: November 2024

The aims of the current study are to estimate the economic value of arsenic safe drinking water in rural Bangladesh and to identify the determinants of household willingness to pay (WTP) for safe drinking water. In this study, households living in different highly arsenic concentrated areas in Bangladesh were asked for their WTP for the collection of arsenic safe drinking water using an open ended WTP question. The study estimates an average WTP of US$9 per year for safe drinking water which is less than one percent of the average annual household income. Stated WTP amounts have been found varying significantly with respondents' levels of mass media exposure, standards of living (measured through the types of latrine used by households), respondents' age, number of children in each household, the levels of education of the adult family members and distance of arsenic-free drinking water source.
Post-Tsunami Changes in Water Quality of Kalpakkam Coastal Waters,	East Coast of India with Special Reference to Nutrients
Authors: Satpathy K.K. , Mohanty A.K. , Prasad M.V.R. , Natesan Usha , Sarkar S.K.
Published: November 2024

Studies were carried out to evaluate the changes in water quality of Kalpakkam coast during post-Tsunami with special emphasis on nutrient contents. Samples were collected fortnightly from five locations, both surface and bottom at each location, during the period January-May 2006. Results revealed marginal decrease in DO (from 5.76 to 5.21 mg l $^{-1}$ ), increase in nitrate (from 1.14 to 3.43 μmol l $^{-1}$ ), silicate (from 5.55 to 7.20 μmol l $^{-1}$ ), phosphate (from 0.19 to 0.25 μmol l $^{-1}$ ) and decrease in chlorophyll-a content (from 6.15 to 4.34 mg m $^{-3}$ ) during the post-Tsunami period. Increase in nutrient contents did not commensurate with increase in chlorophyll possibly due to increase in turbidity in the coastal waters during the post-Tsunami period. A baseline data on TP and TN has been established for this coastal waters for future impact studies.