bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilots' Monitoring Strategies and Performance on Automated Flight Decks: An Empirical Study Combining Behavioral and Eye-Tracking Data
Authors: Sarter Nadine B. , Mumaw Randall J. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: May 2007

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine pilots' automation monitoring strategies and performance on highly automated commercial flight decks. Background: A considerable body of research and operational experience has documented breakdowns in pilot-automation coordination on modern flight decks. These breakdowns are often considered symptoms of monitoring failures even though, to date, only limited and mostly anecdotal data exist concerning pilots' monitoring strategies and performance. Method: Twenty experienced B-747-400 airline pilots flew a 1-hr scenario involving challenging automation-related events on a full-mission simulator. Behavioral, mental model, and eye-tracking data were collected. Results: The findings from this study confirm that pilots monitor basic flight parameters to a much greater extent than visual indications of the automation configuration. More specifically, they frequently fail to verify manual mode selections or notice automatic mode changes. In other cases, they do not process mode annunciations in sufficient depth to understand their implications for aircraft behavior. Low system observability and gaps in pilots' understanding of complex automation modes were shown to contribute to these problems. Conclusion: Our findings describe and explain shortcomings in pilot's automation monitoring strategies and performance based on converging behavioral, eye-tracking, and mental model data. They confirm that monitoring failures are one major contributor to breakdowns in pilot-automation interaction. Application: The findings from this research can inform the design of improved training programs and automation interfaces that support more effective system monitoring.
Effects of Air Traffic Geometry on Pilots' Conflict Detection With Cockpit Display of Traffic Information
Authors: Xu Xidong , Rantanen Esa M.
Published: May 2007

Objective: This experiment attempted to identify the features of air traffic geometry that would influence the difficulty and biases of pilots' conflict detection using a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). Background: There was previously no systematic study on effects of such features on conflict detection using the CDTI. Method: Twenty-four pilots viewed dynamic encounters between their own aircraft and an intruder aircraft on a simulated CDTI; difficulty was varied by the intruder aircraft's distance and time to closest point of approach (CPA), relative speed, miss distance at CPA, approach side, and conflict angle. Participants estimated the intruder's location at, and its time to, CPA. Effects on three estimation error measures were explored: intruder's miss distance at CPA, orientation at CPA, and time to CPA. Results: (a) Estimation errors increased with slower speeds, longer times to CPA, and longer distances to CPA and with longer miss distances at CPA; (b) the best performance occurred at a conflict angle of 90°; (c) there was a bias to judge conflicts to be more risky than was actually the case; and (d) there was a “distance-over-speed” bias, such that two aircraft farther apart and converging rapidly were perceived as less risky than when they were closer to each other and converging at a slower rate, despite identical time to CPA. Conclusion: Pilots' conflict detection with CDTI was subject to various errors and biases, which has important safety implications. Application: The design of procedures, displays, and decision support tools for the free flight environment needs to take these human performance limitations into account.
A Comparison of Human and Near-Optimal Task Management Behavior
Authors: Shakeri Shakib , Funk Ken
Published: May 2007

Objective: The primary contribution of this work is the development of an abstract framework to which a variety of multitasking scenarios can be mapped. The metaphor of a juggler spinning plates was introduced to represent an operator performing multiple concurrent tasks. Background: This allowed seeking a quantitative model for management of multiple continuous tasks instead of a model for completing multiple discrete tasks, which was considered in previous studies. Methods: The multitasking performance of 10 participants in five scenarios was measured in a low-fidelity simulator (named Tardast), which was developed based on the concept of the juggler metaphor. This performance was then compared with a normative model, which was a near-optimal solution to a mathematical programming problem found by tabu search heuristics. Results: Tabu outperformed the participants overall, although the best individual performance nearly equaled that of tabu. It was also observed that participants initially tended to manage numerous tasks poorly but that they gradually learned to handle fewer tasks and excel in them. Conclusion: This suggests that they initially overreacted to the penalization associated with poor performance in the software. Participants' strategic task management (e.g., what tasks to handle) was more significant in obtaining a good score than their tactical task management (e.g., how often to switch between two tasks). Application: Potential applications include better design of equipment, procedures, and training of operators of complex systems.
Recovery From Virtual Environment Exposure: Expected Time Course of Symptoms and Potential Readaptation Strategies
Authors: Champney Roberto K. , Stanney Kay M. , Hash Phillip A. K. , Malone Linda C. , Kennedy Robert S. , Compton Daniel E.
Published: May 2007

Objective: This study investigated potential means of facilitating a return to normal functioning following virtual environment (VE) exposure using a peg-in-hole exercise in recalibrating hand-eye coordination, a targeted gait movement (rail walking) in recalibrating vestibular (i.e., postural) aftereffects, and natural decay. Background: Despite technology advances and considerable efforts focused on the identification and quantification of VE aftereffects, few have addressed means for recuperation, the focus of the current study. Method: After 15 min—60 min of VE exposure and recalibatory exercises, hand-eye coordination and postural stability were assessed electronically, the former via a 3-D measure capturing pointing errors, and the latter by head and body oscillations while standing in the tandem Romberg position. Both measurements were collected immediately after VE exposure and every 15 min up to 1 hr thereafter. Results: Participants (more than 900 college students) who experienced the peg-in-hole readaptation strategy had a significant decrease ( p < 0.000 in pointing errors following the exercise; the other two methods (i.e., rail walking, natural decay) showed no significant change. For posture, all groups showed significant improvement during the 15 minutes after VE exposure, yet none returned to baseline by 1 hr postexposure. Conclusion: Although hand-eye coordination readaptation strategies showed noticeable effects immediately after they were performed, aftereffects were not completely eliminated after 1 hr; hence further research on readaptation strategies is essential to achieve more substantial recalibratory gains in hand-eye coordination and posture. Additionally, hand-eye coordination and vestibular aftereffects may require a period exceeding the VE immersion time in order to recover. Application: These findings may serve as a guide in the development of monitoring policies following VE exposure.
Epigenetic Modulation of Seizure-Induced Neurogenesis and Cognitive Decline
Authors: Jessberger Sebastian , Nakashima Kinichi , Clemenson Gregory D. , Mejia Eunice , Mathews Emily , Ure Kerstin , Ogawa Shiori , Sinton Christopher M. , Gage Fred H. , Hsieh Jenny
Published: May 2007

The conceptual understanding of hippocampal function has been challenged recently by the finding that new granule cells are born throughout life in the mammalian dentate gyrus (DG). The number of newborn neurons is dynamically regulated by a variety of factors. Kainic acid-induced seizures, a rodent model of human temporal lobe epilepsy, strongly induce the proliferation of DG neurogenic progenitor cells and are also associated with long-term cognitive impairment. We show here that the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) potently blocked seizure-induced neurogenesis, an effect that appeared to be mainly mediated by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDAC) and normalizing HDAC-dependent gene expression within the epileptic dentate area. Strikingly, the inhibition of aberrant neurogenesis protected the animals from seizure-induced cognitive impairment in a hippocampus-dependent learning task. We propose that seizure-generated granule cells have the potential to interfere with hippocampal function and contribute to cognitive impairment caused by epileptic activity within the hippocampal circuitry. Furthermore, our data indicate that the effectiveness of VPA as an antiepileptic drug may be partially explained by the HDAC-dependent inhibition of aberrant neurogenesis induced by seizure activity within the adult hippocampus.
Glial–Cytokine–Neuronal Interactions Underlying the Mechanisms of Persistent Pain
Authors: Guo Wei , Wang Hu , Watanabe Mineo , Shimizu Kohei , Zou Shiping , LaGraize Stacey C. , Wei Feng , Dubner Ronald , Ren Ke
Published: May 2007

The emerging literature implicates a role for glia/cytokines in persistent pain. However, the mechanisms by which these non-neural elements contribute to CNS activity-dependent plasticity and pain are unclear. Using a trigeminal model of inflammatory hyperalgesia, here we provide evidence that demonstrates a mechanism by which glia interact with neurons, leading to activity-dependent plasticity and hyperalgesia. In response to masseter inflammation, there was an upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAPs), a marker of astroglia, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a prototype proinflammatory cytokine, in the region of the trigeminal nucleus specifically related to the processing of deep orofacial input. The activated astroglia exhibited hypertrophy and an increased level of connexin 43, an astroglial gap junction protein. The upregulated IL-1β was selectively localized to astrocytes but not to microglia and neurons. Local anesthesia of the masseter nerve prevented the increase in GFAP and IL-1β after inflammation, and substance P, a prototype neurotransmitter of primary afferents, induced similar increases in GFAP and IL-1β, which was blocked by a nitric oxide synthase inhibitorNG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Injection of IL-1 receptor antagonist and fluorocitrate, a glial inhibitor, attenuated hyperalgesia and NMDA receptor phosphorylation after inflammation.In vitroapplication of IL-1β induced NR1 phosphorylation, which was blocked by an IL-1 receptor antagonist, a PKC inhibitor (chelerythrine), an IP3receptor inhibitor (2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate), and inhibitors of phospholipase C [1-[6-((17b-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione] and phospholipase A2(arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone). These findings provide evidence of astroglial activation by tissue injury, concomitant IL-1β induction, and the coupling of NMDA receptor phosphorylation through IL-1 receptor signaling.
β-Estradiol Increases Dentate Gyrus Inhibition in Female Rats via Augmentation of Hilar Neuropeptide Y
Authors: Velíšková Jana , Velíšek Libor
Published: May 2007

The dentate gyrus filters incoming activity into the hippocampus proper. It plays a role in learning and memory and in pathological states such as epilepsy. Some of hilar interneurons of the dentate gyrus express neuropeptide Y (NPY), which modulates granule cell activity. A subpopulation of the NPY-expressing inhibitory interneurons is sensitive to seizure-induced damage. Pretreatment with β-estradiol in ovariectomized rats protects hilar interneurons against seizure-induced injury, including the NPY-containing damage-sensitive subpopulation. Here, we demonstrate that β-estradiol enhances NPY expression within the hilar interneurons.In vitropaired-pulse stimulation of the mixed perforant path revealed β-estradiol-induced augmentation of granule cell network inhibition, which at interstimulus intervals between 200 and 300 ms (corresponding to ∼3–5 Hz) was NPY sensitive and involved Y1receptors, whereas it was insensitive to GABABor metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Additionally, β-estradiol pretreatment attenuated propagation of low-frequency (3.3 or 5 Hz) burst activity through the dentate gyrus. Scavenging endogenous NPY by intracerebroventricular administration of anti-NPY antibody accelerated kainic acid-induced seizure onset and increased seizure-induced neuronal damage in the hilus compared with rats treated with β-estradiol alone. Together, we show that β-estradiol upregulates hilar NPY and that this leads to enhancement in dentate gyrus inhibition of incoming frequencies between 3 and 5 Hz. Such frequencies are similar to the discharge frequencies recorded during seizure initiation in some patients with epilepsy. Thus, β-estradiol-induced NPY-sensitive filtering of 3–5 Hz frequencies may be an important regulator of incoming seizure activity, but it could also serve a physiological purpose in modulating information flow into the hippocampus proper.
Mice Lacking Central Serotonergic Neurons Show Enhanced Inflammatory Pain and an Impaired Analgesic Response to Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Zhao Zhong-Qiu , Chiechio Santina , Sun Yan-Gang , Zhang Kai-Hua , Zhao Cheng-Shui , Scott Michael , Johnson Randy L. , Deneris Evan S. , Renner Kenneth J. , Gereau Robert W. , Chen Zhou-Feng
Published: May 2007

A large body of literature has implicated serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in descending modulation of nociceptive transmission. Here, we have studied the pain behavior ofLmx1bconditional knock-out mice (Lmx1bf/f/p), which lack 5-HT neurons in the CNS.Lmx1bf/f/pmutant mice showed normal thermal and visceral pain responses but were less sensitive to mechanical stimuli and exhibited enhanced inflammatory pain compared with their littermate control mice. Importantly, the analgesic effect of several antidepressant drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants, was either abolished or greatly attenuated inLmx1bf/f/pmice. Moreover, in the acute versus persistent pain settings, the analgesic actions of the SNRI duloxetine and the SSRI fluoxetine were differentially affected. Together, our results providein vivogenetic evidence demonstrating that although the predominant role of the central 5-HT system in inflammatory pain is inhibitory, its role in acute mechanical pain is facilitatory. The findings that the analgesic effects of various antidepressant drugs are differentially dependent on the central 5-HT system should help us to understand the mechanism of the analgesic action of different classes of antidepressants in the management of persistent pain.
Radiolanthanides in endoradiotherapy: an overview
Authors: Rösch Frank
Published: May 2007

Endoradiotherapy (targeted radionuclide therapy) is a systemic approach, involving a radiolabeled targeting vector with a well characterized biochemical strategy to selectively deliver a cytotoxic level of radiation to a disease site on a cellular/molecular level. The group of radiolanthanides has been considered both for imaging and therapy over many years. Some radiolanthanides have been and are increasingly applied for therapeutic purposes.

However, the clinical use of endoradiotherapeuticals containing radiolanthanides requires a complex and interdisciplinary approach. It involves, among other factors, the choice of the most suitable lanthanide radionuclide (in terms of nuclear decay parameters such as type and energy of the particles emitted, half-life, decay products etc.); the identification of the most promising production route; the determination of the relevant production parameters such as excitation functions, nuclear reaction yields, radionuclidic purities, specific activities etc.; the chemical isolation of the radiolanthanide produced from the target material (except the (n, γ) production route); the synthesis of the labelling precursor, and labelling of the precursor and the chemical purification and isolation of the labelled radiotherapeutical, ready for i.v. injection; and finally the investigation of pharmacological targeting parameters of the labelled radiotherapeutical in vitro and in vivo (animal experiments).
Nuclear data for production of 88Y, 140Nd, 153Sm and 169Yb via novel routes
Authors: Qaim Syed M. , Spahn I. , Kandil S. A. , Coenen Heinz H.
Published: May 2007

The possibilities of production of the therapy-related radionuclides 140Nd, 153Sm and 169Yb, and of 88Y, in no-carrier-added form were investigated. For 88Y production the nuclear processes natSr(p,xn)88Y and natRb(α, xn)88Y over the energy ranges E
p = 14→9 MeV and E
α = 18→12 MeV, respectively, can be utilised, although the former reaction is superior, both in terms of yield and radionuclidic purity. For 140Nd production the reactions 141Pr(p, 2n)140Nd and natCe(3He, xn)140Nd were investigated in detail. The optimum energy ranges are E
p = 30→15 MeV and E

3He = 35→ 20 MeV, respectively. Both processes yield high-purity 140Nd. The former reaction, however, leads to a product yield about 17 times higher than the latter reaction, and is therefore to be preferred. In the case of 153Sm, investigations were done on the 153Eu(n,p)153Sm reaction with 14 MeV d(Be) neutrons as well as on the 150Nd(α, n)153Sm reaction. The yield of the (n,p) reaction is very low, but the (α, n) reaction over the energy range E
α = 25→15 MeV offers a good potential for production of no-carrier-added 153Sm in quantities sufficient for therapeutic applications. Also for the radionuclide 169Yb a novel route, viz.
169Tm(p,n)169Yb reaction, was investigated. A critical comparison of this route with the commonly used (n, γ) route, however, showed that, due to the much higher cost involved, the (p,n) process should be utilised only when there is a real need of the high specific radioactivity product.
177Lu-labeled-VG76e monoclonal antibody in tumor angiogenesis: A comparative study using DOTA and DTPA chelating systems
Authors: Fani Melpomeni , Bouziotis Penelope , Harris Adrian L. , Psimadas Dimitrios , Gourni Eleni , Loudos George , Varvarigou Alexandra D. , Maecke Helmut R.
Published: May 2007

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is one of the molecules which regulate angiogenesis, a phenomenon observed in many diseases, including cancer. VG76e, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, was labeled with 177Lu via p-SCN-Bz-DOTA and CHX-A″-DTPA chelating systems, in order to investigate its possible therapeutic use. Labeling was performed by a 30 min incubation of 177LuCl3 and each immunoconjugate, at 37 °C. Radiochemical analysis showed the formation of a single radioactive species, at a yield higher than 98%, for both immunoconjugates. Kits have been formulated for both VG76e-DOTA and VG76e-DTPA. Stability studies, in the presence of a competitor excess, showed that both radiolabeled species remained sufficiently stable (95%) for at least 48 h. Biodistribution results in normal mice were similar for both radioimmunoconjugates, with no significant bone uptake. Gamma camera images of tumor-bearing mice showed satisfactory visualization of the tumor 24 h p.i., while a higher uptake was observed at 48 h p.i. Our findings indicate that both the bifunctional chelating agents p-SCN-Bz-DOTA and CHX-A″-DTPA can be used for the labeling of VG76e with 177Lu, with high labeling yield and stability. Their in vivo behaviour in normal and tumor-bearing mice looks promising and they can be successfully used for tumor imaging studies.
Preclinical evaluation of somatostatin analogs bearing two macrocyclic chelators for high specific activity labeling with radiometals
Authors: Storch Daniel , Schmitt Joerg S. , Waldherr Christian , Waser Beatrice , Reubi Jean-Claude , Maecke Helmut R.
Published: May 2007

Radiometallated analogues of the regulatory peptide somatostatin are of interest in thein vivolocalization and targeted radiotherapy of somatostatin receptor-overexpressing tumors. An important aspect of their usein vivois a fast and efficient labeling (complexation) protocol for radiometals along with a high specific activity.

We describe in this manuscript synthetic methods for the coupling of two chelators (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid=DOTA) to the bioactive peptide [Tyr3, Thr8]-octreotide (TATE) in order to increase the specific activity (radioactivity in Bq per mole peptide). The full chelator-linker-peptide conjugate was assembled on solid support using standard Fmoc chemistry. Two DOTA-chelators were linked to the peptide using lysine or N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)-glycine (Apg); in addition, pentasarcosine (Sar5) was used as a spacer between the chelators and the peptide to probe its influence on biology and pharmacology. Complexation rates with In3+and Y3+salts and the corresponding radiometals were high, the bis-DOTA-derivatives showed higher complexation rates and gave higher specific activity than DOTA-TATE.

Pharmacological and biological data of the complexed molecules did not show significant differences if compared to the parent peptide [111/natIn-DOTA]-TATE except for [(111/natIn-DOTA)2-Apg]-TATE which showed a lower binding affinity and rate of internalization into tumor cells. The biodistribution of [(111/natIn-DOTA)-Lys(111/natIn-DOTA)]-TATE in the rat tumor model (AR4-2J) showed a high and specific (as shown by a blocking experiment) tracer uptake in somatostatin receptor-positive tissue but a lower tumor uptake compared to [111/natIn-DOTA]-TATE.
A Witch Hunt in New Guinea: Anthropology on Trial
Authors: Wesch Michael
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY
Traditionally, the ethical stance on witchcraft beliefs and practices by ethnographers has been to promote tolerance for such beliefs by showing how they function within a relatively static and closed social system. However, as we reframe our analyses in terms of dynamic and open social fields with multiple cultural logics and social processes that sometimes contradict one another, this approach is no longer viable. Our paradigmatic shifts lead to new ethical dilemmas. In this article I will recount the ethical dilemmas arising from my own engagement with witchcraft beliefs in New Guinea where local government officials initiated a plan to eradicate witchcraft through a series of sometimes brutal trials. Ultimately, I trace the roots of these ethical dilemmas to the ways holism, cultural relativism, and participant‐observation have been reshaped to serve new theoretical interests but have not yet been reformulated into a consistent ethical stance for fieldwork practice.
Eating People in the South Sea: Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Salmond Anne
Published: May 2007

Gananath Obeyesekere. Cannibal Talk: The Man‐Eating Myth and Human Sacrifice in the South Seas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 320 pp.
Influence of calcining temperature on the activation of sugar-cane bagasse: kinetic parameters
Authors: Frías M. , Villar-Cociña E.
Published: May 2007

The present paper describes a study of the influence of calcining temperature (800 and 1000°C) on the activation of sugar-cane bagasse. The reaction kinetics in a bagasse ash–lime system were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction patterns and thermogravimetric curves. The kinetic parameters were calculated by applying a kinetic– diffusive model. The results obtained in this study show, on one hand, that the bagasse ash calcined at 800 and 1000°C has a similar pozzolanic activity after 28–90 days of reaction. There were, however, important differences with regard to its activation rate. On the other hand, no crystalline compounds from a pozzolanic reaction were detected. The values of the kinetic parameters confirmed the different activation of bagasse ash as a function of the calcining temperature applied.
Image display in endoscopic surgery
Authors: Muratore Christopher S. , Ryder Beth A. , Luks Francois I.
Published: May 2007

Abstract— Advances in the technology of optical displays have changed the way surgeons are able to manage different illnesses. Minimally invasive surgery encompasses a wide range of endoscopic procedures, whereby the body cavity (abdomen, thorax, gastrointestinal tract, and joint spaces) is accessed through small incisions and the use of telescopes and fine, long instruments. These techniques have rapidly gained in popularity during the last decades, as patients are experiencing less discomfort after surgery. Visualization of the operative field requires optimal image capture, processing, and display. The introduction of charge‐coupled devices has enabled surgeons to view the operative field on a video monitor, allowing ever‐more‐complex operations to be performed endoscopically. However, limitations include loss of 3‐D perception and tactile sense, poor ergonomics, often suboptimal positioning of image display and image quality that is too dependent on outside influences. These limitations, and possible solutions, are addressed, as is the “ideal” display system for endoscopic surgery.
Digital imaging, spectroscopy, and liquid crystals in a hand‐held, non‐invasive device to determine hemoglobin concentration
Authors: Suner Selim , McMurdy John , Jay Gregory , Crawford Gregory
Published: May 2007

Abstract— Anemia is a significant public‐health concern both in the United States and throughout the world. This disorder of low hemoglobin concentration in the blood, which often lurks undetected for long periods, contributes significantly to mortality and morbidity and is a major cause of lost revenues from workforce shortfalls, particularly in developing countries where the incidence of anemia is higher due to malnutrition and parasitic disease. The gold standard for measuring hemoglobin is a blood test requiring phlebotomy and laboratory quantification. Current physical examination techniques and non‐invasive adjuncts for detecting anemia are not sensitive and are subject to user variability. There is an urgent need for a hand‐held device which can measure hemoglobin concentration accurately, inexpensively, and non‐invasively. The evolution of a device from its early inception, which analyzed color decomposition in a digital image of the eyelid, to its final version that is a light, inexpensive, hand‐held, non‐invasive device utilizing liquid crystals to delineate the spectroscopic characteristics of the reflected light from the palpebral conjunctiva (the inside of the lower eyelid which contains many small blood vessels) and determine hemoglobin concentration in the circulating blood will be discussed. The future refinements required for bringing such a device to the market will also be discussed.
Making Fun of the Canon in Contemporary China: Literature and Cynicism in a Post-Totalitarian Society
Authors: Dongfeng Tao
Published: May 2007

This article provides a systematic study of Canon-Mocking Literature, an important cultural phenomenon in contemporary China. From the combined perspective of stylistics and cultural studies, the article suggests that Canon-Mocking Literature is a subversion of the discursive order of traditional canons, including their underlying aesthetics, morality, and cultural codes. The productive pleasure of Canon-Mocking Literature – that is of parody, collage, and pastiche – thus derives from the undermining of authority within certain limits. The second half of the article analyzes the relationship between the rise of Canon-Mocking Literature and the spread of cynicism in the sociohistorical context of contemporary China. It concludes that Canon-Mocking Literature is a means of cultural resistance and escape in a post-totalitarian society and possesses the dual character of both critique and compromise.
The No Child Left Behind Act and English Language Learners: Assessment and Accountability Issues
Authors: Abedi Jamal
Published: May 2007

There are major issues involved with the disaggregated No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act in terms of its adequate yearly progress reporting for students with limited English proficiency (LEP). Inconsistent LEP classification, as well as the sparse population of LEP students in many states, threatens the validity of adequate yearly progress reporting. The LEP subgroup’s lack of stability also threatens accountability, since students attaining English proficiency move out of the subgroup. The linguistic complexity of assessment tools may lower LEP student performance in areas with greater language demand. Finally, schools with larger numbers of LEP students with lower baselines may require greater gains. Thus, NCLB’s mandates may unintentionally place undue pressure on schools with high numbers of LEP students. Continuing efforts to remedy these issues should bring more fair assessment and accountability
Why We Need a Structured Abstract in Education Research
Authors: Mosteller Frederick , Nave Bill , Miech Edward J.
Published: May 2007

Background: Approximately 1,100 education journals collectively publish more than 20,000 education research articles each year. Under current practice, no systematic way exists to move the research findings from these studies into the hands of the millions of education practitioners and policymakers in the United States who might use them.

Purpose:To help disseminate education research findings, we propose that education journals consider adopting a structured abstract, a structural innovation that focuses on the format of the article itself. The structured abstract would replace the paragraph-style narrative summary—typically either an APA-style abstract or “editor’s introduction”—now present at the beginning of many articles.

Intervention: A structured abstract is a formal and compact summary of an article’s main features and findings. As does a table or figure, it has a predictable structure that compresses information into a small space and can be read independent of the main body of the article. The structured abstract is longer and more detailed than the standard paragraph-style narrative summary. On the printed page, the structured abstract appears between the title and the main body of the article. It includes basic items applying to all articles (i.e., background, purpose, research design, and conclusions) and several additional items that apply to some articles but not to others (i.e., setting, population, intervention, data collection and analysis, and findings).

Research Design:Analytic essay.

Conclusions:The structured abstract is a viable and useful innovation to help practitioners and policymakers systematically access, assess, and communicate education studies and research findings. Relative to current practice, the structured abstract provides a more robust vehicle for disseminating research through traditional routes as well as through new channels made possible by emerging technologies.
Hemmnisse institutionellen Wandels im Kleinprivatwald aus der Sicht der Neuen Institutionenökonomik | Constraints on institutional change in smallscale forestry: a New Institutional Economics perspective
Authors: Schlüter Achim
Published: May 2007

This contribution looks at the problems of bringing small, private forests into the wood production chain from an institutional theoretical perspective. This would conclude that institutional changes are inevitable. In practice, however, structures in small private forests are characterised by considerable inertia. Various approaches in New Institutional Economics are investigated to determine whether they can provide an explanation for this inertia. Explanatory power can only be developed by employing a combination of different approaches. The current extension of this theory into ideological and trading resources is equally necessary to understand the institutional change in forest management.
Toll‐Like Receptors
Authors: Takeda Kiyoshi , Akira Shizuo
Published: May 2007

This has led to the identification of several important roles for Toll receptors in mammals. This unit discusses mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1‐10) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms. Also discussed are TLR‐mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.
Targeted Identification of Infection‐Related HLA Class I–Presented Epitopes by Stable Isotope Tagging of Epitopes (SITE)
Authors: Meiring H.D. , Soethout E.C. , de Jong A.P.J.M. , van Els C.A.C.M.
Published: May 2007

Identification of peptides presented in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules after viral infection is of strategic importance for immunology and vaccine development. A powerful strategy aimed at the rapid, unambiguous identification of naturally processed HLA class I–associated peptides, which are induced by viral infection, is presented here. The methodology, stable isotope tagging of epitopes (SITE), is based on metabolic labeling of endogenously synthesized proteins during infection. This is accomplished by culturing virus‐infected cells with stable isotope‐labeled amino acids that are expected to be anchor residues for the human leukocyte antigen allele of interest. Subsequently, these cells are mixed with an equal number of noninfected cells, which are cultured in normal medium. Finally, peptides are acid‐eluted from immunoprecipitated HLA molecules and subjected to two‐dimensional nanoscale liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Virus‐induced peptides are identified through computer‐assisted detection of characteristic, binomially distributed ratios of labeled and unlabeled molecules.
Optimal fault detection with nuisance parameters and a general covariance matrix
Authors: Fouladirad M. , Freitag L. , Nikiforov I.
Published: May 2007

Optimal fault detection is addressed within a statistical framework. A linear model with nuisance parameters and a general covariance matrix (not necessarily diagonal) is considered. It is supposed that the nuisance parameters are unknown but non‐random; practically, this means that the nuisance can be intentionally chosen to maximize its negative impact on the monitored system (for instance, to mask a fault). Two different invariant tests can be designed in such a case. It is shown that these methods are equivalent. An example of the ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) integrity monitoring in the case of an arbitrary diagonal covariance matrix of the pseudorange errors illustrates the relevance of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über die Bandensysteme der Alkalidämpfe
Authors: Weizel W. , Kulp M.
Published: May 2007

Eine Reihe von Bandkanten der Moleküle Na2, K2, NaK, NaCs, LiK, LiRb, LiCs und NaRb werden in Kantenschemen eingeordnet. Die Schwingungsquanten der Grundterme und oberen Terme können genähert ermittelt werden. Für die Deutung der Elektronenterme ergeben sich Gesichtspunkte. Die Terme des Na2 werden als Terme eines Leuchtelektrons gedeutet.
Prüfung der Röntgenfluoreszenz‐K‐Strahlung anisotroper Einkristalle auf Polarisation
Authors: Groos Max
Published: May 2007

Auf Grund der Annahme, daß die Anisotropie gewisser Kristalle darauf zurückzuführen sei, daß die Elektronenhüllen der den Kristall aufbauenden Atome nicht kugelsymmetrisch sind, wurden verschiedene anisotrope Einkristalle auf die Polarisation ihrer K‐Fluoreszenzstrahlung untersucht.

Die auf photographischem Wege durchgeführte Untersuchung ergibt, daß bei TiO2‐ und Zn‐Einkristallen der gesuchte Effekt nicht vorhanden ist.

Das einwandfreie Arbeiten der Apparatur wird durch Kontrolluntersuchungen festgestellt.
Die Reibung, Wärmeleitung und Diffusion in Gasmischungen. XXVII. Die innere Reibung von Chlor und von Jodwasserstoff Eine Nachprüfung der η‐Messungsmethode für aggressive Gase
Authors: Trautz Max , Ruf Fritz
Published: May 2007

I. Messungsverfahren. ‐ II. Ergebnisse. ‐ III. Zusammenfassung.
Zur Frage der Eigenfrequenzen piezoelektrischer Quarzplatten bei Erregung in der Dickenschwingung
Authors: Bergmann Ludwig
Published: May 2007

Es werden die elastischen Oberschwingungen piezoelektrisch in der Dickenschwingung erregter Quarzplatten untersucht. Der Nachweis der Oberschwingungen geschieht auf optischem Wege. Aus den Messungen folgt, daß die Oberschwingungen dem Harmoniegesetz gehorchen. Es ergeben sich aber Abweichungen zwischen der aus den Oberschwingungen berechneten und der gemessenen Grundfrequenz der betreffenden Platten.
Über einige Folgerungen aus dem Born‐Schrödingerschen Elektronenradius
Authors: Meixner J.
Published: May 2007

Das Bornsche Potential des Elektrons bewirkt bei Annahme eines Elektronenradius nach Born und Schrödinger von etwa 13,6 e2//mc2 Veränderungen in der Feinstruktur des Wasserstoffatoms und des Heliumions, die in meßbare Größenordnung fallen. Der Vergleich mit dem Experiment gibt keinen Einwand gegen einen so großen Elektronenradius.
Die Röntgeninterferenzen an Diamant als wellenmechanisches Problem. Teil II: Untersuchung linearer Atomketten
Authors: Ewald P. P. , Hönl H.
Published: May 2007

Als Studie für die Anwendung auf das Diamantgitter wird die Ladungsverteilung untersucht, die sich für einen „linearen Kristall”︁ ergibt, der aus möglichst einfachen Grundfunktionen aufgebaut wird. Dabei wird insbesondere angenommen, daß nur Nachbaratome bzw. nur Nachbarbindungen homöopolaren Charakters zu Überdeckungen und somit zu einer „Zwischenladung”︁ Anlaß geben. Die Ladungsverteilung kann für Ketten beliebiger Gliederzahl streng durch die Grundfunktionen und ihre Überdeckungskonstanten ausgedrückt werden. Der Grenzübergang zur unendlichen Kette bietet keine Schwierigkeiten. Der Vergleich mit dem in Teil I angewandten Rechenverfahren ergibt, daß die dortigen Streichungen nur geringe Fehler verursacht haben.
Bemerkungen zur Messung der Permeabilität mit Hilfe des Hauteffektes
Authors: Becker R.
Published: May 2007

Durch Messungen an einem von einem hochfrequenten Wechselstrom durchflossenen Eisendraht erhält man nach Michels und Kreielsheimer verschiedene Werte für die Permeabilität μ, je nachdem, ob man diese aus dem Ohmschen Widerstand oder aus der Induktivität ermittelt. Dieses Verhalten wird von Hinze durch die mit der Magnetisierung verknüpften Hystereseverluste gedeutet. In der vorliegenden Notiz wird ein Fehler in der Hinzeschen Rechnung richtig gestellt. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß durch Berücksichtigung der magnetischen Nachwirkung der Anschluß an die Erfahrung noch wesentlich verbessert wird.
Das theoretische Auflösungsvermögen des Elektronenmikroskops
Authors: Rebsch R.
Published: May 2007

Der unvermeidbare Öffnungsfehler der Elektronenlinsen bewirkt, daß das theoretisch erreichbare Auflösungsvermögen des Elektronenmikroskops außer von der Wellenlänge auch von der Brennweite der Objektivlinse abhängt. Da dieser Brennweite aus Herstellungsgründen eine untere Grenze gesetzt ist, liegt die mit raumladungs‐ und netzfreien Linsen erreichbare Auflösungsgrenze bei 10 bis 100 Wellenlängen.
Über die Struktur der Triplettbanden (d3II→a3II) des Kohlenoxyds
Authors: Gerö L.
Published: May 2007

Nachdem die ursprünglich von Merton und Johnson nur bei kleiner Dispersion beobachtete „Triplettbanden”︁ des CO lichtstark angeregt und bei großer Dispersion aufgenommen werden konnten, wurde auch die Rotationsanalyse des Systems durchgeführt. Es handelt sich um einen d3IIinv.→a3IInorm. ‐ Übergang zwischen zwei 3II‐Termen in dem allgemeinen intermediären Fall von Hund. Dementsprechend können 27 Zweige – die wegen der Δ‐Aufspaltung selbst noch doppelt sind ‐ beobachtet werden. Die Δ‐Aufspaltung des oberen d3IIinv.‐Zustandes bleibt überall unmeßbar klein. Die Meßergebnisse der Banden (0,0), (1,0), (3,0), (4,0) und (6,1) werden angegeben. Die erhaltenen Konstanten des d3IIinv.‐Termes sind: Be = 1,2615 cm−1, α = 0,0170 cm−1, ωe = 1105,82 cm−1, ωexe = 8,272 cm−1, ωeye = 0,1125 cm−1. Der Abstand d3II1(v = 0, J = 0)–X1∑(v = 0, J = 0) ist 64013,3 cm−1. Der Kopplungsparameter Y wächst mit steigender Schwingungsquantenzahl. In der Bande (3,0) liegt eine Störung vor, die als eine Überkreuzung des d3II(v = 3) mit dem a3II(v = 12)‐Zustande zu erklären ist.
Der Einfluß der positiven Ionen auf die Elektronenbeweglichkeit I. Elektronenbeweglichkeit im Hochdruckplasma
Authors: Schulz P.
Published: May 2007

Durch die Wechselwirkung der Elektronen mit den positiven Ionen wird die Elektronenbeweglichkeit herabgesetzt. Für die freie Weglänge ergibt sich:
magnified image,
wo NQ der Gesamtstoßquerschnitt der neutralen Atome mit den Elektronen, N+Q+ derjenige der Ionen ist. Theoretisch ist nach Gvosdover: N+Q+ = μ/2 ln
magnified image.
Zur experimentellen Prüfung dieser Beziehung sowie zum Nachweis des Effektes überhaupt werden im folgenden Messungen an Hochdruckentladungen in Quecksilber sowie Krypton und Xenon herangezogen. Für die Quecksilber ‐ Hochdruckentladung kann die Elektronendichte aus der Elektronenstoßbreite von Spektrallinien sehr genau bestimmt werden, wodurch ein exakter Vergleich möglich wird. In den üblichen Druck‐ und Stromstärkebereichen hoch belasteter Quecksilberbögen macht der Stoßquerschnitt der Ionen etwa 5‐10% desjenigenden neutralen Atome aus. Für die Edelgase wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Elektronendichten angegeben. Wegen der sehr kleinen Wirkungsquerschnitte der Edelgasatome gegenüber den Elektronen bei den im Bogen vorkommenden Temperaturen von rund 6000° bis 8000°, entsprechend Geschwindigkeiten von 0,8‐1 eV, ist hier der Anteil der Wechselwirkung der Elektronen mit den positiven Ionen von sehr viel größerer Bedeutung. In dem untersuchten Stromstärkebereich von 10‐30 A ist bei niederen Drucken (< 20 Atm.) der Gesamtstoßquerschnitt der Ionen gegenüber den Elektronen beträchtlich größer als derjenige der neutralen Atome, während er bei den höchsten verwandten Drucken von ca. 36 Atm. noch immer für beide Effekte von etwa derselben Größe ist.
Stabilitätsbedingungen und Schwingungsanregung bei Lichtbögen
Authors: Rompe R. , Weizel W.
Published: May 2007

Seitdem H. Barkhausen festgestellt hat, daß für die Schwingungsanregung die bei den Lichtbögen gültigen Stabilitätsbedingungen sich bei der Elektronenröhre gerade umkehren, ist dieser Punkt Gegenstand zahlreicher Untersuchungen geworden. Ohne auf Einzelheiten der Diskussion einzugehen, wollen wir im folgenden einen Beitrag zur Klärung des Problems liefern, wozu wir uns angesichts der in den letzten Jahren sehr erweiterten Kenntnisse des Lichtbogens berechtigt glauben. Es wird sich dabei zeigen, daß es durchaus möglich ist, selbst eine quantitative Formulierung des Problems zu geben und zu verstehen, warum z. B. die Anregung periodischer Schwingungen in Parallel‐Schwingungskreise durch den Lichtbogen im allgemeinen nicht stattfindet. Es findet zwar eine Entdämpfung statt, jedoch ist die Periodizitätsbedingung nicht gewahrt, so daß der ganze Vorgang zu einer Kippschwingung ausartet. Hierdurch wird das abweichende Verhalten von Lichtbogen und Elektronenröhre verständlich.
Die Rotationstruktur des Bandenspektrums des Schwefelmoleküls S2
Authors: Naudé S. Meiring
Published: May 2007

Das Emissionsspektrum des S2‐Moleküls wurde mit einem Geissler‐Entladungsrohr in der dritten und vierten Ordnung eines Gitters von 6,4 m in Paschen‐Montierung aufgenommen. In der vierten Ordnung betrug die Dispersion 0,57 Å pro mm. Die Analyse der folgenden Banden werden hier angegeben: (1,14) bei 4433,6 Å, (2,17) bei 4747,6 Å, (3,17) bei 4651,3 Å, (3,19) bei 4937,2 Å, (4,19) bei 4842,2 Å, (4,22) bei 5309,9 Å, (5,22) bei 5193,7 Å, (5,23) bei 5359,7 Å, (6,23) bei 5249,8 Å, (6,25) bei 5596,1 Å, (7,25) bei 5472,5 Å, (7,27) bei 5840,2 Å und (8,27) bei 5709,6 Å. Bei den stärkeren Banden sind drei R‐ und drei P‐Zweige aufgefunden worden. Die Struktur der Banden ist der der Schumann‐Runge‐O2‐Banden Vollkommen analog. Die S2‐Banden sind einem 3Σ→3Σ‐Übergang zuzuschreiben. Die Werte der Konstanten B und d B sind 0,2219 bzw. 0,2956 bzw. 0,2956 cm−1. Der Kernabstand des höheren Zustandes ist re = 2,180 · 10−8 cm und des unteren Zustands r = 1,893 · 10−8 cm. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Rotation‐Niveaus mit ungeraden K‐Werten im oberen Zustand, die mit geraden Quantenzahlen im unteren Zustand fehlen. Aus dieser Tatsache kann man schließen, daß das S22‐Atom keinen Kernspin besitzt.
Bestimmung sehr hoher Temperaturen aus den Breiten von Spektrallinien
Authors: Schulz P.
Published: May 2007

Es wird über Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung von Elektronendichte und Temperatur aus der „Elektronenstoßbreite”︁ von Spektrallinien berichtet. Hohe Terme, insbesondere solche großer Azimutalquantenzahl, werden empfindlich durch den quadratischen Starkeffekt beeinflußt. In Hochdruckentladungen sind, wenn von extrem hohen Termen abgesehen wird, die durch die Elektronen bzw. Ionen hervorgerufenen elektrischen Felder so schwach, daß im Mittel die Störungen durch Starkeffekt vernachlässigbar klein sind. Bei der thermischen Bewegung der Plasmapartner kommen jedoch in großer Anzahl nahe Passagen zwischen angeregten Atomen und Elektronen bzw. Ionen vor, die zwar sehr kurze aber intensive Störungen verursachen. Dadurch tritt eine Verbreiterung der entsprechenden Terme ein, die proportional der Stoßzahl, d. h. praktisch proportional der Anzahl der Elektronen im cm3, ist. Im Hg‐Hochdruckplasma werden die 3 D‐Terme überwiegend durch Elektronenstoß verbreitert. Aus ihrer Breite kann die Elektronendichte bestimmt und hieraus mittels der Saha‐Gleichung die Temperatur berechnet werden. Dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, daß die in diese Gleichung eingehende „effektive”︁ Ionisierungsspannung um einen geringen Betrag gegenüber der Ionisierungsspannung freier Atome herabgesetzt ist.
Der magnetische Schwellenwert in der Theorie der Supraleitung
Authors: Möglich F. , Rompe R.
Published: May 2007

Die von London aufgestellte Relation zwischen Stromdichte und Vektorpotential ist nur insoweit eine Lösung der Bewegungsgleichungen des Plasmas, als die kinetische Energie der Driftgeschwindigkeit der Elektronen vernachlässigbar klein ist. Aus dieser Tatsache läßt sich eine Abschätzung des magnetischen Schwellenwertes bei der Supraleitung geben.
Über eine besondere Form der Zustandsgleichung. (Mit 2 Abbildungen)
Authors: Kämmerer C.
Published: May 2007

Es wird eine Zustandsgleichung angegeben, die den kritischen Koeffizienten enthält und daher für verschiedene Stoffe auch in dimensionsloser Form verschieden lautet. Dementsprechend ergeben sich aus ihr (auch bei dimensionsloser Auftragung) Dampfspannungskurven mit verschiedener Anfangsneigung, die der wirklichen nahekommt.
Die Kantenbedingung in der Theorie der Beugung elektromagnetischer Wellen an vollkommen leitenden ebenen Schirmen
Authors: Meixner J.
Published: May 2007

Das Verhalten elektromagnetischer Felder in der Umgebung der Kanten von vollkommen leitenden Flächen wird untersucht. Dort werden die elektromagnetischen Feldstärken im allgemeinen unendlich groß. Um elektromagnetische Randwertprobleme, insbesondere Beugungsprobleme eindeutig bestimmt zu machen, muß die Ordnung dieses Unendlichwerdens in geeigneter Weise eingeschränkt werden. Dies geschieht durch die Kantenbedingung. Sie beruht auf der physikalisch plausiblen Forderung, daß die elektromagnetische Energiedichte in der Umgebung der Kante integrierbar, d. h. daß die Feldenergie in jedem endlichen Volumen endlich ist. In den Debyeschen Potentialen des elektromagnetischen Feldes findet die Kantenbedingung einen besonders einfachen mathematischen Ausdruck. Die Notwendigkeit der Kantenbedingung folgt daraus, daß es Lösungen der Maxwellschen Gleichungen gibt, welche die Kantenbedingung nicht erfüllen und welche ein den physikalischen Verhältnissen widersprechendes Verhalten zeigen; dafür wird ein einfaches Beispiel gegeben.