bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential catalytic properties and vascular topography of murine nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1) and NTPDase2 have implications for thromboregulation
Authors: Sévigny Jean , Sundberg Christian , Braun Norbert , Guckelberger Olaf , Csizmadia Eva , Qawi Imrana , Imai Masato , Zimmermann Herbert , Robson Simon C.
Published: October 2002

Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a recently described family of ectonucleotidases that differentially hydrolyze the γ and β phosphate residues of extracellular nucleotides. Expression of this enzymatic activity has the potential to influence nucleotide P2 receptor signaling within the vasculature. We and others have documented that NTPDase1 (CD39, 78 kd) hydrolyzes both triphosphonucleosides and diphosphonucleosides and thereby terminates platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In contrast, we now show that NTPDase2 (CD39L1, 75 kd), a preferential nucleoside triphosphatase, activates platelet aggregation by converting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ADP, the specific agonist of P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. We developed specific antibodies to murine NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 and observed that both enzymes are present in the cardiac vasculature; NTPDase1 is expressed by endothelium, endocardium, and to a lesser extent by vascular smooth muscle, while NTPDase2 is associated with the adventitia of muscularized vessels, microvascular pericytes, and other cell populations in the subendocardial space. Moreover, NTPDase2 represents a novel marker for microvascular pericytes. Differential expression of NTPDases in the vasculature suggests spatial regulation of nucleotide-mediated signaling. In this context, NTPDase1 should abrogate platelet aggregation and recruitment in intact vessels by the conversion of ADP to adenosine monophosphate, while NTPDase2 expression would promote platelet microthrombus formation at sites of extravasation following vessel injury. Our data suggest that specific NTPDases, in tandem with ecto-5′-nucleotidase, not only terminate P2 receptor activation and trigger adenosine receptors but may also allow preferential activation of specific subsets of P2 receptors sensitive to ADP (eg, P2Y1, P2Y3, P2Y12) and uridine diphosphate (P2Y6).
Agonist-induced aggregation of Chinese hamster ovary cells coexpressing the human receptors for fibrinogen (integrin αIIbβ3) and the platelet-activating factor: dissociation between adhesion and aggregation
Authors: Larrucea Susana , González-Manchón Consuelo , Butta Nora , Arias-Salgado Elena G. , Shen Linnan , Ayuso Matilde S. , Parrilla Roberto
Published: October 2002

This work reports the establishment of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably coexpressing the human αIIbβ3 integrin and the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). These cells aggregate in response to PAF in a Ca++, αIIbβ3, and soluble fibrinogen (Fg)–dependent manner that is prevented by PAF antagonists or αIIbβ3 blockade. The aggregating response is accompanied by enhanced binding of fibrinogen and the activation-dependent IgM PAC1. This model has permitted us to identify, for the first time, intracellular signals distinctly associated with either αIIbβ3-mediated adhesion or aggregation. Nonreceptor activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol ester produced cellular adhesion and spreading onto immobilized Fg, but it was not a sufficient signal to provoke cellular aggregation. Moreover, inhibition of PKC impeded the PAF stimulation of cellular adhesion, whereas the aggregation was not prevented. The PAF-induced cellular aggregation was distinctly associated with signaling events arising from the liganded Fg receptor and the agonist-induced stimulation of a calcium/calmodulin-dependent signaling pathway. Sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and an approximately 100-kd protein was associated with the PAF-induced aggregation, whereas phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was preferably associated with cellular adherence and spreading onto immobilized Fg.
Effects of exogenous interleukin-7 on human thymus function
Authors: Okamoto Yukari , Douek Daniel C. , McFarland Richard D. , Koup Richard A.
Published: October 2002

Immune reconstitution is a critical component of recovery after treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, cancer chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The ability to enhance T-cell production would benefit such treatment. We examined the effects of exogenous interleukin-7 (IL-7) on apoptosis, proliferation, and the generation of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) in human thymus. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the highest level of TRECs (14 692 copies/10 000 cells) was present in the CD1a+CD3−CD4+CD8+stage in native thymus, suggesting that TREC generation occurred following the cellular division in this subpopulation. In a thymic organ culture system, exogenous IL-7 increased the TREC frequency in fetal as well as infant thymus, indicating increased T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. Although this increase could be due to the effect of IL-7 to increase thymocyte proliferation and decrease apoptosis of immature CD3− cells, the in vivo experiments using NOD/LtSz-scid mice given transplants of human fetal thymus and liver suggested that IL-7 can also directly enhance TREC generation. Our results provide compelling evidence that IL-7 has a direct effect on increasing TCR-αβ rearrangement and indicate the potential use of IL-7 for enhancing de novo naı̈ve T-cell generation in immunocompromised patients.
Activated eosinophils in upper gastrointestinal tract of patients with graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Daneshpouy Marjan , Socie Gerard , Lemann Marc , Rivet Jacqueline , Gluckman Eliane , Janin Anne
Published: October 2002

Digestive tract damage during graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) causes high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis is often late because biopsies are performed when clinical signs are severe and pathologic markers of early inflammatory lesions are lacking. Eosinophils are inflammatory cells, cytotoxic in vitro to digestive epithelium; they are found in biopsy specimens taken during acute flare-ups of inflammatory bowel disease. We performed systematic duodenal biopsies immediately after digestive symptoms occurred and found a digestive GVHR incidence of 73.1% (n = 93), higher than that found when digestive biopsies were performed immediately after severe clinical signs. Eosinophils were only present when there were histologic signs of GVHR; eosinophil presence correlated with GVHR severity. Electron microscopy with immunogold staining showed pathologic signs of in situ eosinophil activation, such as cytoplasmic granule alterations, and eosinophil peroxidase release in all patients. Interleukin-5 presence in activated eosinophils suggests eosinophil recruitment in digestive GVHR is an autocrine mechanism. Eosinophil density also correlated with GVHR severity, whether in acute or chronic clinical phases. Tissue eosinophils could thus be a marker of acute inflammatory flare-ups in GVHR. Systematic duodenal biopsy performed at the onset of digestive symptoms should allow early GVHR detection, and pathologic signs of GVHR, together with eosinophil density, might help modulate immunosuppressive therapy.
Signaling through ZAP-70 is required for CXCL12-mediated T-cell transendothelial migration
Authors: Ticchioni Michel , Charvet Céline , Noraz Nelly , Lamy Laurence , Steinberg Marcos , Bernard Alain , Deckert Marcel
Published: October 2002

Transendothelial migration of activated lymphocytes from the blood into the tissues is an essential step for immune functions. The housekeeping chemokine CXCL12 (or stroma cell–derived factor-1α), a highly efficient chemoattractant for T lymphocytes, drives lymphocytes to sites where they are highly likely to encounter antigens. This suggests that cross-talk between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CXCR4 (the CXCL12 receptor) might occur within these sites. Here we show that the zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70), a key element in TCR signaling, is required for CXCR4 signal transduction. The pharmacologic inhibition of ZAP-70, or the absence of ZAP-70 in Jurkat T cells and in primary CD4+ T cells obtained from a patient with ZAP deficiency, resulted in an impairment of transendothelial migration that was rescued by the transfection of ZAP-70. Moreover, the overexpression of mutated forms of ZAP-70, whose kinase domain was inactivated, also abrogated the migratory response of Jurkat T cells to CXCL12. In contrast, no involvement of ZAP-70 in T-cell arrest on inflammatory endothelium under flow conditions or in CXCL12-induced actin polymerization was observed. Furthermore, CXCL12 induced time-dependent phosphorylation of ZAP-70, Vav1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs); the latter were reduced in the absence of functional ZAP-70. However, though a dominant-negative Vav1 mutant (Vav1 L213A) blocked CXCL12-induced T-cell migration, pharmacologic inhibition of the ERK pathway did not affect migration, suggesting that ERK activation is dispensable for T-cell chemotaxis. We conclude that cross-talk between the ZAP-70 signaling pathway and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is required for T-cell migration.
Modulation of p210BCR-ABL activity in transduced primary human hematopoietic cells controls lineage programming
Authors: Chalandon Yves , Jiang Xiaoyan , Hazlewood Glen , Loutet Slade , Conneally Eibhlin , Eaves Allen , Eaves Connie
Published: October 2002

Retroviral transduction of primary hematopoietic cells with human oncogenes provides a powerful approach to investigating the molecular mechanisms controlling the normal proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Here we show that primitive human CD34+ cord blood cells, including multipotent as well as granulopoietic- and erythroid-restricted progenitors, can be efficiently transduced with a MSCV-BCR-ABL-IRES-GFP retrovirus, resulting in the sustained expression by their progeny of very high levels of tyrosine phosphorylated p210BCR-ABL. Interestingly, even in the presence of growth factors that supported the exclusive production of granulopoietic cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP)–transduced control cells, BCR-ABL–transduced progenitor subpopulations generated large numbers of erythropoietin-independent terminally differentiating erythroid cells and reduced numbers of granulopoietic cells. Analyses of individual clones generated by single transduced cells in both semisolid and liquid cultures showed this BCR-ABL–induced erythroid differentiation response to be elicited at a high frequency from all types of transduced CD34+ cells independent of their apparent prior lineage commitment status. Additional experiments showed that this erythroid differentiation response was largely prevented when the cells were transduced and maintained in the presence of the BCR-ABL–specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI-571. These findings indicate that overexpression of BCR-ABL in primary human hematopoietic cells can activate an erythroid differentiation program in apparently granulopoietic-restricted cells through a BCR-ABL kinase-dependent mechanism, thus providing a new molecular tool for elucidating mechanisms underlying lineage fate determination in human hematopoietic cells and infidelity in human leukemia.
Accumulation of c-Cbl and rapid termination of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling in interferon consensus sequence binding protein–deficient bone marrow–derived macrophages
Authors: Kallies Axel , Rosenbauer Frank , Scheller Marina , Knobeloch Klaus-Peter , Horak Ivan
Published: October 2002

Mice deficient for the transcription factor interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP) are immunodeficient and develop granulocytic leukemia. Further analyses indicated that ICSBP is a molecular switch factor directing the differentiation of bipotential myeloid precursors to the monocytic lineage. To reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for the deregulation of myelopoiesis, we examined the signaling of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) in bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMMs) from ICSBP−/− mice. We found that in the absence of ICSBP, CSF-1R signaling is attenuated as seen from an accelerated termination of Erk phosphorylation and reduced cell growth. This finding coincides with an increased CSF-1R ubiquitination and an enhanced accumulation of c-Cbl. c-Cbl is an ubiquitin-ligase known to down-regulate activated CSF-1R by targeting it to the endocytic pathway. Our results indicate that upon CSF-1R activation, c-Cbl itself is partly proteolytically degraded in ICSBP+/+ but not in ICSBP−/−BMMs. Congruently, the expression of a major endosomal/lysosomal protease, cathepsin B, is strongly reduced in ICSBP−/− BMMs.
Interleukin-7–treated naive T cells can be productively infected by T-cell–adapted and primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus 1
Authors: Steffens Carolyn M. , Managlia Elizabeth Z. , Landay Alan , Al-Harthi Lena
Published: October 2002

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)gag/pol DNA can be detected in naive T cells, whether naive T cells can be productively infected by HIV is still questionable. Given that interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a prospective therapeutic immunomodulator for the treatment of HIV, we evaluated the effect of IL-7 on promoting naive T-cell infection of laboratory-adapted (IIIB), M-tropic, and primary isolates of HIV. Initially, we determined that the 3 cell surface markers widely used to identify naive T cells (CD45RA+CD45RO−, CD45RA+CD62L+, and CD45RO−CD27+CD95low) are all equivalent in T-cell receptor excision circle content, a marker for the replicative history of a cell as well as for de novo T cells. We therefore used CD45RA+CD45RO− expression to define naive T cells in this study. We demonstrate that although untreated or IL-2–treated naive T cells are not productively infected by HIV, IL-7 pretreatment mediated the productive infection of laboratory-adapted, M-tropic, and primary isolates of HIV as determined by p24 core antigen production. This up-regulation was between 8- and 58-fold, depending on the HIV isolate used. IL-7 pretreatment of naive T cells also potently up-regulated surface expression of CXCR4 but not CCR5 and mediated the expansion of naive T cells without the acquisition of the primed CD45RO phenotype. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-7 augments naive T-cell susceptibility to HIV and that under the appropriate environmental milieu, naive T cells may be a source of HIV productive infection. This information needs to be considered in evaluating IL-7 as an immunomodulator for HIV-infected patients.
Critical roles of c-Kit tyrosine residues 567 and 719 in stem cell factor–induced chemotaxis: contribution of src family kinase and PI3-kinase on calcium mobilization and cell migration
Authors: Ueda Shuji , Mizuki Masao , Ikeda Hirokazu , Tsujimura Tohru , Matsumura Itaru , Nakano Kazushi , Daino Hanako , Honda Zen-ichiro , Sonoyama Junko , Shibayama Hirohiko , Sugahara Hiroyuki , Machii Takashi , Kanakura Yuzuru
Published: October 2002

Stem cell factor (SCF) has crucial roles in proliferation, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and mast cells through binding to c-Kit receptor (KIT). Chemotaxis is another unique function of SCF. However, little is known about the intracellular signaling pathway of SCF/KIT-mediated cell migration. To investigate the signaling cascade, we made a series of 22 KIT mutants, in which tyrosine (Y) residue was substituted for phenylalanine (F) in the cytoplasmic domain, and introduced into BAF3 cells or 293T cells. On stimulation with SCF, BAF3 expressing KITWT(WT) showed cell migration and Ca2+ mobilization. Among 22 YF mutants, Y567F, Y569F, and Y719F showed significantly reduced cell migration and Ca2+ mobilization compared to WT. In Y567F, Lyn activation on SCF stimulation decreased and C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) suppressed KIT-mediated Ca2+ influx and cell migration, suggesting that Y567-mediated Src family kinase (SFK) activation leads to Ca2+ influx and migration. Furthermore, we found that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and Erk1/2 were also regulated by Y567/SFK and involved in cell migration, and that p38 MAPK induced Ca2+ influx, thereby leading to Erk1/2 activation. In Y719F, the binding of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) to KIT was lost and KIT-mediated cell migration and Ca2+ mobilization were suppressed by PI3K chemical inhibitors or dominant-negative PI3K, suggesting the involvement of Y719-mediated PI3K pathway in cell migration. Combination of Csk and the PI3K inhibitor synergistically reduced cell migration, suggesting the cooperation of SFK and PI3K. Taken together, these results indicate that 2 major KIT signaling pathways lead to cell migration, one is Y567-SFK-p38 MAPK-Ca2+ influx-Erk and the other is Y719-PI3K-Ca2+ influx.
Identification of an HLA  A*0201–restricted CD8+T-cell epitope for the glycoprotein B homolog of human herpesvirus 8
Authors: Wang Qiong J. , Huang Xiao-Li , Rappocciolo Giovanna , Jenkins Frank J. , Hildebrand William H. , Fan Zheng , Thomas Elaine K. , Rinaldo Charles R.
Published: October 2002

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus)–specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to proteins produced during the lytic cycle of HHV-8 replication are mediated by HLA class I–restricted, CD8+ T cells. We have characterized the fine specificity of the CD8+ T-cell response to 25 peptides derived from 5 HHV-8 lytic cycle proteins based on a prediction model for HLA A*0201 binding motifs. One of the 25 HLA A*0201 peptides derived from the glycoprotein B (gB) homolog of Epstein-Barr virus (gB492-500; LMWYELSKI; single-letter amino acid codes) bound to HLA A*0201 and stimulated IFN-γ responses in CD8+ T cells from HHV-8+, HLA A*0201 persons, but not HHV-8–seronegative or non–HLA A*0201 persons. The peptide also induced IFN-γ and CTL reactivity to naturally processed gB protein. The peptide was a major immunogenic epitope of HHV-8 as indicated by induction of IFN-γ responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 5 of 5 HHV-8 seropositive, HLA A*0201 persons when gB492-500 was presented by autologous dendritic cells. T-cell reactivity to gB492-500 was not related to detectable HHV-8 DNA in the blood. These data show that CD8+ T cells recognize an HLA A*0201–restricted epitope for HHV-8 lytic cycle protein gB, particularly when presented by dendritic cells. This epitope may be important in control of HHV-8 infection by CD8+ T cells.
Transient response to imatinib mesylate (STI571) in a patient with the ETV6-ABL t(9;12) translocation
Authors: O'Brien Stephen G. , Vieira Sara A. D. , Connors Samantha , Bown Nick , Chang James , Capdeville Renaud , Melo Junia V.
Published: October 2002

We report the transient response of a patient with theETV6-ABL fusion gene to imatinib mesylate (STI571). A 38-year-old man was referred with an erroneous diagnosis of Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia in blastic transformation for treatment with the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571. Further investigation indicated that the patient in fact had acute myeloid leukemia; no evidence of the Philadelphia translocation or BCR-ABL was found using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Detailed FISH analysis identified a cryptic t(9;12) translocation, and molecular studies confirmed the presence of the ETV6-ABL fusion transcript. Because the patient was gravely ill at presentation, treatment was commenced immediately with STI571 monotherapy, resulting in considerable initial improvement. However within 10 days the patient's condition again deteriorated, and he required conventional chemotherapy. This case has implications for the design of future studies using STI571 in leukemias involving ABL-encoded fusion proteins other than BCR-ABL.
EXPLOSIVES FOR SEISMIC PROSPECTING
Authors: Johnson N. G. , Smith G. H.
Published: October 2002

A test has been devised whereby explosives can be graded visually according to their relative merit for blasting under high water pressures. Representative explosives for seismic prospecting are compared and analyzed by means of this test. One of the newest developments in explosives for deep‐hole shooting is described, and its superiority for this work is clearly demonstrated.
Flash Spotters and Sound Rangers. How they lived, worked and fought in the Great War. Compiled by John R. Innes. 308 pp. published by George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., Museum Street, London, England. $2.50.
Authors: Rosaire E. E.
Published: October 2002

“This book is the result of the collaboration of many persons, named and unnamed. A chapter of special interest is contributed by Prof. W. L. Bragg, O.B.E., M.C., F.R.S., who, with the aid of photos and diagrams, gives a simple explanation of the ‘mysteries’ of Sound Ranging. The rank and file, who are allowed to speak for themselves, make several notable contributions, and the illustrations are from sketches made by the men in their spare time at the front. Capt. Innes who was the Adjutant of the 1st Field Survey Batt. R.E., and who received a Mention in Despatches, has woven the threads skillfully to provide a pattern that is refreshingly informal,…the book is a serious contribution to the history of the war.”—Publisher’s abstract.
EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENT TIME AND DEVELOPER TEMPERATURE ON THE PRODUCTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SEISMOGRAPH RECORDS
Authors: Tompkins Frederick A.
Published: October 2002

The effect of variation of development time and developer temperature on the production of uniform records is discussed, and a method of determining the relation is shown. Graphs plotted from sensitometric data indicate the need of some means of temperature control.
THE SEISMIC ELECTRIC EFFECT
Authors: Thompson R. R.
Published: October 2002

The seismic electric effect is the name which has been given to the variation of earth resistivity with elastic deformation. An account is given of the use of this effect in recording seismic waves. The recording circuit employs a direct current sent through the ground by means of a storage battery and spaced electrodes, and the changes in current due to seismic disturbances are recorded. An analysis of the noise appearing in the recording circuit is given and methods of reducing the noise level are described. The results of measurements on the magnitude of the effect are given, and the sensitivity obtainable with the seismic electric method is compared with that given by an electromagnetic pickup.
INTERSTITIAL WATER SATURATION IN THE PORE SPACE OF OIL RESERVOIRS
Authors: Lewis James A. , Horner William L.
Published: October 2002

The presence of water in oil reservoir cores has been observed for several years by analysts using a direct method for fluid content determinations. The actual amount of water that is present in the sand is of importance in the estimation of oil reserves as well as in determining the type of fluid which a particular stratum will produce under conditions favorable for flow into the well. The core analysis profile of a well cored with oil (using Baker Core Barrel) is compared with three other wells which were cored with water. The analysis of the former core is in close agreement with respect to oil and water saturations, 30.58%, 44.40% respectively, with other cores in the area, and points to the conclusion that water was distributed throughout the sand section with no indication of gravitational separation at the time of coring. Coring with oil or the addition of indicators to the fluid used during coring and the subsequent analysis of same are methods for determining correct interstitial water saturation.
EARLY SEISMIC DISCOVERIES IN OKLAHOMA
Authors: Weatherby B. B.
Published: October 2002

Systematic seismic reflection shooting was begun on the Seminole Plateau of Oklahoma in 1927. In the beginning the results were somewhat undependable and well checks were disappointing. The various difficulties were gradually ironed out so that with the discovery of South Earlsboro in 1929 and the North Extension of Carr City and West Seminole in 1930, new impetus was given to the use of the method. The history of these discoveries together with maps and records show the measure of success obtained at that time. Data on the Polo Field, discovered in 1931 and detailed in 1934, are compared with this early work.
THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE CARBON ISOTOPES IN PETROLEUM
Authors: West S. S.
Published: October 2002

The relative abundance of the isotopes of carbon has been measured in samples of oil and gas from 32 wells in the Silica and Ellinwood Fields of Barton and Rice Counties, Kansas, and 3 wells in Oklahoma, Texas and Wyoming, as well as in surface vegetation, hydrocarbons from well cuttings, and carbon dioxide desorbed from soil. For the samples from Silica and Ellinwood Fields, [Formula: see text]. Relative abundance appears to be independent of the source of petroleum, but is about 1.6% lower for vegetation. It is concluded that this quantity cannot be used to distinguish sources of petroleum and that its use to determine the origin of soil hydrocarbons requires an accuracy of measurement not hitherto attainable.
TORSION BALANCE STEP ANOMALIES IN NORTHERN TILLMAN COUNTY, OKLAHOMA
Authors: Klaus K.
Published: October 2002

The results of a semi‐detailed areal torsion balance survey in Southwestern Oklahoma are shown by means of a gradient‐curvature map, a gravity map, two second derivative contour maps, and gravity and second derivative profiles. Detailed quantitative calculations were made of a number of geological cross sections, two of which are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. Fig. 9 represents the subsurface situation with the highest probability rating, since it combines a high degree of geological probability with the fact that it will reproduce the gravity and second derivative curves of Figs. 6 and 7 very closely. This interpretation embodies a fault with a throw of the order of magnitude of 10,000 feet. If this interpretation is substantially correct, it implies a thick sedimentary section in the down‐thrown block, which might be of great economic interest in prospecting for oil. A comparison of the gravity and second derivative data may be of interest to the geophysicist. The geologist may find the results of this survey interesting because of their possible bearing on the orogeny of the Wichita Mountains.
DEPTH‐DISPLACEMENT SLIDE RULE
Authors: Fillippone W. R.
Published: October 2002

A slide rule is described, based on formulae for circular arc ray paths, to compute depth and displacement of seismic reflectors when time of reflection, angle of dip and velocity‐depth distribution are known. The rule may be used to compute horizontal and vertical displacement for reflectors on point‐plotted sections if dips do not exceed fifteen degrees. An alternative is a modification of a standard log‐log trig slide rule, which serves the same purpose.
INTERPRETATION OF ISOSTATIC ANOMALIES SOUTH OF JAVA, USING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS AND CRUSTAL DEFORMATION THEORIES
Authors: Horton C. W.
Published: October 2002

The gravity measurements of Vening Meinesz show the existence of a symmetric belt of negative gravity anomalies south of Java. The mass distribution on a surface 40 kms deep which will explain the observed anomalies is determined by means of an integral equation. This mass distribution is interpreted as resulting from the deformation of a crust normally 40 kms thick. By applying Vening Meinesz’s theory to the resulting deformation one concludes that the crust folded as though it had a Young’s Modulus of [Formula: see text]. Some comments are made on Gunn’s theory of mountain formation. It is shown that his theory predicts an increase in the compressive forces in the crust of [Formula: see text] in the Paleozoic Era and of [Formula: see text] in the Cenozoic Era. These values are shown to be in fair agreement with those predicted by the thermal contraction theory.
GEOPHYSICAL HISTORY OF THE LA GLORIA FIELD, JIM WELLS AND BROOKS COUNTIES, TEXAS
Authors: Woolley William C.
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a historical record of the geophysical activity in the area of the La Gloria Field. The successive stages of geophysical exploration were: Torsion balance survey 1934–1935; correlation reflection seismograph survey 1936; dip reflection seismograph survey, 1938; correlation reflection seismograph survey, 1938; gravity meter survey, 1943–1944. The discovery well, Magnolia’s Sam Maun No. 1, was drilled and completed in 1938–1939, producing initially 165 barrels per day of 65° gravity distillate and 5,646,000 cubic feet of gas through a 5/16 inch choke. Oil and gas in the La Gloria Field are being produced from sands in the Frio formation of Oligocene age. There are a number of sands producing gas‐distillate. Several flank wells produce oil. The field has been unitized and a cycling plant is engaged in processing the gas‐distillate.
GEOPHYSICAL HISTORY OF THE LOVELL LAKE OIL FIELD, JEFFERSON COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: Wendler A. P.
Published: October 2002

The geophysical activity which led to the discovery of the Lovell Lake oil field was begun in 1929 when it was delineated as a minimum by the torsion balance. Two reflection seismograph surveys preceded the drilling of the discovery well, and a further detailed reflection seismograph survey after the discovery was made to outline the dimensions of the structure more definitively.
ELECTRIC FIELD OF AN OSCILLATING DIPOLE ON THE SURFACE OF A TWO LAYER EARTH
Authors: Bradley Lewis Wm.
Published: October 2002

Dr. Wolf’s rigorous solution of the problem of a dipole oscillator on the surface of a homogeneous earth shows [Formula: see text] independent of frequency. Field measurements show [Formula: see text] dependent on frequency in a manner agreeing with the solution of a dipole oscillator in a homogeneous medium. The disagreement of the measurements with the more rigorous theory, and the agreement with theory that neglects the air‐earth boundary is paradoxical.
FLUORESCENT TECHNIQUES IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION
Authors: De Ment Jack
Published: October 2002

New methods of petroleum location, detection and analysis, based on the fluorescence characteristic shown by all crude oils are described. A brief review is given of the available techniques and instruments used in fluorochemical analysis, and emphasis is placed on fluorographic exploration by means of subsurface soil samples, as well as the fluorologging of wells. The author has not limited himself to a review of the field, but has also pointed out, on the basis of the existing data of fluorochemistry, approaches to problems in the petroleum field which have proven successful in other branches of radiation science. The paper contains 43 references and 7 illustrations.
A BIOLOGICAL PROOF OF PETROLEUM EMANATIONS
Authors: Thyssen‐Bornemisza V.
Published: October 2002

“It cannot be denied that the chemical‐physical structure of the near surface layers of the earth’s crust reflect their physical characteristics and chemical composition in the plant life that covers them, in spite of the many retractions and changes which the science of Botany has had to make in this matter. The fact that many plants and plant components can store up metals has been recognized and utilized by miners and geologists, in that they correlate the occurrence of certain trace elements such as gold and lead in certain plants with corresponding mineral deposits. On the other hand the science of Applied Geophysics has long sought a useful method for proving and possibly determining quantitatively the presence of hydrocarbons which have migrated through the overlying formations to the earth’s surface. Hydrocarbons are found almost universally in the earth’s crust near the surface layers usually irrespective of whether or not an appreciable deposit of oil exists in the vicinity. For example, methane is formed as the result of the decomposition of organic matter. Evidence of the actual effects of mineral deposits is therefore generally either obscured or cannot be proved.
GEOPHYSICAL HISTORY, LAKE ST. JOHN FIELD, CONCORDIA AND TENSAS PARISHES, LOUISIANA
Authors: Smith N. J. , Gulmon G. W.
Published: October 2002

This paper discusses chronologically the geophysical methods used in discovering the Lake St. John Field in Concordia and Tensas Parishes, Louisiana, and compares the results of these with the structure revealed by subsequent drilling. The discovery well was drilled in 1942 and the field has produced approximately 6,310,000 barrels to date.
VEHICLE BORNE INSTRUMENT FOR CONTINUOUSLY INDICATING ROAD ELEVATIONS
Authors: Silverman D. , Eisler J. D. , Evans J. F.
Published: October 2002

An electromechanical device mounted in a moving vehicle capable of indicating differences in elevation between successive points along a traverse is described. Principle of operation, constructional details and operating techniques are treated at length. Examples of elevation survey data obtained with the instrument under actual field conditions are presented.
IDENTIFICATION OF ECHO REFLECTIONS
Authors: Sloat John
Published: October 2002

The three factors considered in this paper are record times, moveouts, and character of echo reflections. It is shown that full‐path echoes do not repeat at exact multiples of the primary time when dip is present. It is also shown that certain echoes can not exist when the primary dip is above a critical value: A consideration of echo moveouts on split spreads proves that they are almost exact multiples of the primary moveout up to the critical angle. The equation for the ratio of normal echo moveout to that of the primary is given for the case of single‐end spreads, and it is shown that vertical velocities may be computed from echo normal moveouts. The effect of plotting echo reflections by the [Formula: see text] relation is considered. The difference in travel times and moveouts caused by neglect of curved path is shown to be small. Under character, the question of phase inversion of echoes is considered, and the reflection amplitude coefficient for echoes in the Sacramento Valley is computed. An abnormal value for this coefficient is suggested as a requirement for the existence of echo reflections. The conclusion is reached that reflection coefficients large enough to give echoes are usually encountered, if at all, at depths such that the resulting echoes do not interfere with normal interpretation.
DISCUSSION ON DOUBLE REFLECTIONS
Authors: Ittner Frank
Published: October 2002

It has been known for some time that double and multiple reflections have in many areas tended to confuse and, in some cases, override entirely the information that was intended to be recorded. As Mr. Ellsworth has pointed out, the Chico region in the Sacramento Valley is one of these areas. Conditions there are quite good for the development of multiple reflections because of the near‐surface layer of basalt which acts as an excellent primary reflector, and the presence of a thin and uniform weathered layer in combination with a regular topography.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF LAND SURVEYING FOR USE IN BRUSH‐COVERED AREAS
Authors: Waters Kenneth H.
Published: October 2002

The problem of surveying for seismic parties working with the refraction technique in brush‐covered areas has been solved by: (1) Placing the required points rapidly by means of an odograph. (2) Surveying in points so placed by an adaptation of the horizontal‐stadia method, using truck‐mounted towers to elevate the instruments above the brush. Some considerations affecting the accuracy of the method are discussed and the mechanical details of the truck‐mounted towers are given.
ANALYSIS OF TOTAL MAGNETIC‐INTENSITY ANOMALIES PRODUCED BY POINT AND LINE SOURCES
Authors: Henderson Roland G. , Zietz Isidore
Published: October 2002

The component of total magnetic intensity in the direction of the earth’s total field, the quantity measured by the airborne magnetometer, is studied in relation to point‐pole and line‐of‐poles sources. Theoretical profiles are examined for maxima and minima, and it is established that the depth is a linear function of the half‐maximum abscissa. A family of curves is presented by means of which factors can be obtained for use in estimating depths. The well‐known factors used with vertical intensity profiles are included as a special case. An example is given in which the factors are used in analyzing a theoretical anomaly.
ON THE MINIMUM OSCILLATORY CHARACTER OF SPHERICAL SEISMIC PULSES
Authors: Dix C. Hewitt
Published: October 2002

Compressional seismic pulses, such as originate from an explosion in a shot hole, can be discussed generally without reference to the non‐linear effect, such as heating, fracturing and other departures from Hooke’s law, in the neighborhood of the shot. A pulse of finite length from front to back is considered in the present note. It is shown that such a pulse is not as arbitrary as the general solution of the spherical wave equation would indicate, but the dilatation must change algebraic sign at least twice within the pulse. Thus the pulse must generally be, to this minimal extent, oscillatory if the front and rear regions are to be quiet.
THE DIRECT APPROACH TO MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Authors: Peters Leo J.
Published: October 2002

This paper discusses the solution of the inverse potential problem and its practical application in the interpretation of field data which have a scalar potential distribution. The discussion will be in terms of the interpretation of magnetic data. Among the topics discussed are: the direct calculation of basement relief, the derivation of the potential and the horizontal components of the field from the vertical intensity, the continuation of the field upward, the continuation of the field downward towards its source, the calculation of derivatives of the vertical intensity with special attention to the second and fourth, and the estimation of depths to igneous basement rocks. The uses of these tools and the information of practical value which can be obtained by their use are discussed and illustrated. Methods of rapidly making calculations using magnetic field data are given.
CURVES FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF REFRACTION SEISMOGRAPH VELOCITY INTERVALS AND CRITICAL DISTANCES
Authors: Agocs W. B.
Published: October 2002

In refraction shooting it is frequently necessary to make calculations for the thickness of velocity intervals, and estimates of the critical distance for shooting to a particular velocity horizon. In the following paper a set of families of curves are built up based on slope form of the total travel time equation. The separate times of travel through any velocity interval may be determined from the curves for the sectional velocity and the refracting horizon velocity. These calculations are possible since the velocities encountered in refraction seismic work cover a finite interval from about 5,000 ft/sec to about 20,000 ft/sec. Finally, with the family of curves calculated above, it is possible to determine rapidly the critical distance of shooting for a particular marker horizon if the sectional velocities and their intervals are known approximately. The curves are used to solve the critical distance equation to a particular horizon.
REFLECTED ENERGY VARIATIONS RESULTING FROM SMALL CHANGES IN SHOT HOLE AND SPREAD LOCATIONS
Authors: Savit Carl H.
Published: October 2002

Examples of seismograms and cross sections are presented to illustrate changes of considerable importance resulting from relatively minor displacements of shot holes and spreads. Records are exhibited from continuous profiling lines which were shot from separate lines of shot holes on opposite sides of a single line of spreads, as well as from lines which were shot from a single line of holes but which were recorded simultaneously on separate parallel spreads. A comparison of the results of conventional spread arrangements and of the parallel line or “H” spread technique as used in difficult areas is made.
COMPUTATION CHARTS FOR LINEAR INCREASE OF VELOCITY WITH DEPTH
Authors: Agocs W. B.
Published: October 2002

Computation charts are presented which reduce or eliminate calculations of correlation and wave‐front depth charts. A series of depth charts are made for particular values of the velocity increment solving the time‐depth relation for all possible initial velocities of the equation [Formula: see text] From these charts, the average velocity‐depth curves are obtained, and also the velocity function to be used on a project determined from velocity shooting by comparison to the theoretical average velocity‐depth curves. For wave‐front depth charts, a series of families of curves are plotted for the full range of velocity increments and all initial velocities for the equations of the instantaneous center of the wave front, [Formula: see text] and the radius of the wave front, [Formula: see text] The relation between k and [Formula: see text] for a range of times is plotted, and therefrom the value of [Formula: see text] obtained for the particular velocity increment for the solution of the equation [Formula: see text] Finally, curves for a series of tan θ/2 against initial velocity curves are plotted for a series of step out times, and therefrom the value of [Formula: see text] or the angle of dip, θ, is obtained. This latter family of curves can be used to determine the variation of dip with variation in initial velocity in highly folded areas. The latter set of curves is useful for the construction of a time‐step‐out time‐dip‐depth‐offset chart which is used for direct plotting of offset‐depth‐dip positions of reflecting horizons, or as a trace‐analysis underlay chart.
LOGGING OF DRILL HOLES BY THE NEUTRON, GAMMA METHOD, AND GAMMA RAY SCATTERING
Authors: Faul Henry , Tittle C. W.
Published: October 2002

The intensity distribution of secondary gamma radiation resulting from neutron capture has been measured in simulated drill holes, of various types such as cased and uncased, empty and water‐filled. The intensity of neutron‐capture gamma rays depends on the hydrogen content of the rock. In a six‐inch well, it increases with hydrogen content at points within about 16 inches of the neutron source and decreases at more distant points. The absolute gamma intensity is greatly reduced when non‐hydrogenous gamma‐ray or neutron absorbers, e.g., lead or boron are introduced between logging probe and formation. The slope of logarithmic gamma ray intensity vs. distance remains virtually constant. It changes with the hydrogen content of the formation and offers a means of quantitatively estimating porosity behind casing despite extraneous absorption. The slope can be measured automatically in the well by two gamma detectors placed in a probe at fixed distances from a neutron source. Hydrogenous material between probe and rock increases the slope. Two or three inches of drilling mud seriously impair the sensitivity. Gamma radiation scattered by the walls of drill holes necessitates proper shielding for detectors used in (n, γ) logging with a radium‐beryllium source. A shielded detector is predominantly sensitive to the hard neutron‐capture gamma rays and tends to discriminate against the softer scattered radiation. The scattered intensity decreases with increasing bulk density of the formation. Under favorable conditions, continuous logs of formation density as a function of depth can be obtained.
A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF BACKGROUND NOISE ON REFLECTION PICKING
Authors: Dyk Karl , Eisler J. D.
Published: October 2002

To evaluate the ability of interpretational personnel to pick reflected energy in presence of variable amount of noise, recordings were made using random ground unrest and superimposing thereupon a controllable amount of synthetic reflection energy. The description of apparatus used and the results of picking of such records are given.
A CONDUCTING SPHERE IN A TIME VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Wait James R.
Published: October 2002

The secondary magnetic fields are evaluated for the case of a conducting sphere in a relatively poorly conducting medium under the influence of a time varying magnetic field. The sinusoidal and step function responses are both considered. The responses so calculated are thought to be useful in a geophysical prospecting method which utilizes the transient behavior of induced eddy currents in a highly conducting ore zone.
ELASTIC WAVES THROUGH A PACKING OF SPHERES
Authors: Gassmann Fritz
Published: October 2002

Based on a theory of porous solids previously developed by the author, the elasticity of a hexagonal close packing of equal spheres is treated. The packing is anisotropic and because of the weight of the spheres, also inhomogeneous. The velocities of propagation of elastic waves have been calculated for evacuated interspaces and for interspaces filled with a liquid or gas. In the case of evacuated or air‐filled interspaces, the wave rays and travel times have been computed. The packing which has been treated may be of use as a model for a dry or wet loose material such as gravel or sand. Though the model is very simplified, the results obtained show some typical effects such as anisotropy, in homogeneity, and a 90° angle of emergence.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEISMIC AMPLITUDE AND CHARGE OF EXPLOSIVE FIRED IN ROUTINE BLASTING OPERATIONS
Authors: Habberjam G. M. , Whetton John T.
Published: October 2002

An account is given of an investigation into the relationship between charge of explosive fired and seismic amplitude in routine quarry blasting. By keeping the instrument fixed over the investigation and by choosing a suitable recording position the effects of site factor can be considered to have been reduced to a practical minimum. The observations, which were made at distances of approximately 400 feet, give a relation between first peak amplitude and charge of the type, [Formula: see text] where the factor Q varied between 1 and 3 approximately and would apparently be assignable to varying blasting conditions. The results have also been reviewed in the light of an amplitude square relation modified on the supposition that the energy loss involved in practical blasting is a function of the charge.
SOME USES AND ABUSES OF THE SEISMIC METHOD
Authors: Weatherby B. B.
Published: October 2002

The mid‐year meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists is assuming more importance as time goes on, since it is composed to a greater and greater extent of those who are actually on the firing line,—the supervisors, party chiefs, observers, and computers who are directly involved in the operation of more than 500 seismic crews. These are the men on whose shoulders lies the major responsibility for seeing that the work is efficiently conducted. Considerably more than one‐half of all the crews are operated by the contracting geophysical companies, so these remarks will be addressed to the men in these organizations as well as to those who are responsible for the operation of company crews.
A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR SEISMIC EXPLORATION AT VERY SHORT RANGES
Authors: Gough D. I.
Published: October 2002

An instrument is described for use in seismic investigation of subsurface structure to a maximum depth of about 100 feet. A hammer is used as source of seismic energy. A cathode‐ray tube replaces the usual galvanometers as display device, and seismic arrivals are timed electronically by a modified radar technique. Only one seismometer is used, and travel times for different ranges are obtained by moving the hammer along the traverse line. Applications will lie mainly in the field of civil engineering. Field tests made at a dam site are compared with direct borehole tests of the subsurface structure.