bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species diversity, composition, and heterospecific associations of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Fatem Sepus Marten , Djitmau Dony Aristone , Ungirwalu Antoni , Wanma Alfredo Ottow , Simbiak Victor Immanuel , Benu Nithanel Mikael Hendrik , Tambing Junus , Murdjoko Agustinus
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Fatem SM, Djitmau DA, Ungirwalu A, Wanma AO, Simbiak VI, Benu NMH, Tambing J, Murdjoko A. 2020. Species diversity, composition, and heterospecific associations of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3596-3605.  The region of Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia has a high level of vegetation diversity distributed from coastal to mountain areas. Yet, the information regarding this diversity is limited. We studied species diversity, composition, and heterospecific association of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula to reveal the biotic phenomenon in the region. Systematic random sampling was applied during data collection in three locations representing lower, middle, and upper altitudes of natural tropical forest. We applied diversity indices to investigate taxonomic diversity, importance value index (IVI) to reveal floristic composition and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for heterospecific associations. In total, we recorded 30 families, 44 genera, and 66 species in the three locations. There were 20 families in lower area and each 15 families in middle and upper areas while the genera per site were 29 in lower, 20 in the middle, and 18 in the upper. The number of species found in lower, middle, and upper areas was 35 species, 24 species, and 27 species respectively. The research revealed that the taxonomic diversity of trees generally decreases as the elevation increases in terms of family, genera, and species level. The dominant species was also different across elevation gradients in which the dominant tree had a different pattern in the three locations between understory and upperstory. Moreover, the gradient of elevation has shaped the type of tree communities, suggesting interactions and associations among tree species. Of all species recorded, 26 species were listed in IUCN Red List with two species were under data deficient, 20 species were least concern, three species were near threatened, and one species was vulnerable.
Local knowledge of the community in Cintaratu Village, Pangandaran, Indonesia on traditional landscapes for sustainable land management
Authors: Partasasmita Ruhyat , CAHYANI NADYA TIMURIA , ISKANDAR JOHAN
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Partasasmita R, Cahyani NT, Iskandar J. 2020. Local knowledge of the community in Cintaratu Village, Pangandaran, Indonesia on traditional landscapes for sustainable land management. Biodiversitas 21: 3606-3616.  Cintaratu, a village in Parigi Sub-district, Pangandaran District, West Java province, Indonesia has various landscapes. The recent developments of the community reflect a shift in values towards the attainment of economic prosperity. However, scaling-up the use of landscapes in this capacity can cause negative impacts. A cultural approach to landscape management can assist the village community in identifying sustainable practices. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the community's knowledge of the variety of traditional landscapes that exist in Cintaratu Village and the historical influence on variations in the landscapes. The qualitative method was applied in this study. The result of the study showed that some landscapes, i.e., leuweung karamat (sacred forest), kebon (garden), sawah (rice field), astana (grave/ tomb), pamukiman (residential area), pekarangan (homegarden), walungan (river), solokan (small river), tampian (bathing and washing place for residents), and balong (fish pond) are documented in Cintaratu Village. On the basis of ecological history, it has been revealed that village community’s behaviors have changed various landscapes in Cintaratu Village. Conservation efforts carried out by the people themselves towards the traditional landscapes are usually associated with a customary prohibition or pamali that develops in the village community. The local people of Cintaratu recognize various landscapes that can be classified as natural and cultural landscapes. Based on the information provided by informants, the village landscape changes can be traced from the 1780s to 2019. The history of these landscape changes is the result of various factors, including an increase in population density, the implementation of government policies, and market economic development in the village.
Regeneration capacity and threats to mangrove areas on the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: Implications to mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation
Authors: RAGANAS AARON FROILAN , HADSALL ANNALEE S. , PAMPOLINA NELSON M. , HOTES STEFAN , MAGCALE-MACANDOG DAMASA B.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Raganas AFM, Hadsall AS, Pampolina NM, Hotes S, Magcale-Macandog DB. 2020. Regeneration capacity and threats to mangrove areas on the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: Implications to mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation. Biodiversitas 21: 3625-3636. Regeneration capacity is important as it determines the fate of an ecosystem. This study assessed six mangrove areas in the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines to evaluate their regeneration capacity status. Four mangrove ecotypes were delineated namely seaward, middle, landward and riverine zones at each mangrove ecosystem, where dominant mangrove species were identified and selected for regeneration capacity study. Three subplots measuring 1 x 1 m2 were laid within the five 10 x 10 m2 survey plots established per zone. The juveniles were counted and categorized according to their height classes, using linear regeneration sampling method; where: RCI (≤40 cm) considered seedlings; RCII (41-150 cm) as saplings; and RCIII (151-≤300 cm) as small trees. Potential threats both anthropogenic and natural were determined through key informant interviews. Seven dominant species were identified across ecotypes in all mangrove sites, namely Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. RCI (seedlings) is the most abundant across mangrove sites irrespective of the dominant species. Fishpond operation within the mangrove stand is considered a major threat to the juveniles and most mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, protection and constant monitoring of these mangrove ecosystems are necessary to ensure regeneration success in the future.
Short Communication: Genetic structure of Longtail Tuna Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) in Java Sea, Indonesia
Authors: AL MALIK M. DANIE , PERTIWI NI PUTU DIAN , SEMBIRING ANDRIANUS , YUSMALINDA NI LUH ASTRIA , NINGSIH ENEX YUNIARTI , ASTARINI IDA AYU
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Al Malik MD, Pertiwi NPD, Sembiring A, Yusmalinda NLA, Ningsing EY, Astarini IA. 2020. Short Communication: Genetic structure of Longtail Tuna Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) in Java Sea, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3637-3643. Thunnus tonggol (Longtail Tuna) is an economically important fish found in Indonesia waters, however, the information regarding this fish is lacking. Known to be a neritic fish and found in shallow water, Java Sea is one of the ideal habitats for T. tonggol species. Due to high fishing rates activities in Java Sea, a better management plan to ensure the conservation and fisheries sustainability around this area is needed, especially to protect T. tonggol population. In order to complete the Indonesian tuna data, we aim to study the diversity and genetic structure of T. tonggol in Java Sea at three different locations; i.e. Semarang, Banjarmasin, and Jakarta. In this study, population genetic methods with the marker of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region were used in population structure analysis. A total of 115 specimens were collected from the fish market around the area of study locations and amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced using Sanger methods. The result showed genetic diversity (Hd) value of 0.99366, and nucleotide diversity (π) value of 0.01906. Both of these values indicated high genetic diversity. Population analyses using Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) showed nonsignificant differences between the three populations of study (mixing population), with the ΦST value of 0,00375 (p-value > 0.05). Based on this result, the fisheries management for T. tonggol in Java Sea needs to be managed as one single population management.
Temporal variation in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) in lower montane forest, Northern Thailand
Authors: Ponpithuk Yuwadee , Siri Supalak , Safoowong Mongkol , Suksavate Warong , Marod Dokrak , Duengkae Prateep
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ponpituk Y, Siri S, Safoowong M, Suksavate W, Marod D, Duengkae P. 2020. Temporal variation in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) in lower montane forest, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3644-3649. Temporal variations in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) were studied over the course of four years in a 16-ha lower montane permanent plot, Northern Thailand. This study aimed to determine the relationship of the temporal variation of forest gaps with the population size of the bulbul, which plays a crucial role in seed dispersal and insect control in tropical forest ecosystems. This long-term monitoring study in a permanent plot was conducted monthly from January 2016 through October 2019. Data were collected using the mist-netting method for the capture-recapture protocol with individual bird banding. A total of 33,120 traps hour for 46 months,180 traps hour per day and 720 traps hour per month were recorded. The banding of a total of 94 individual bulbuls resulted in their classification into 5 species, consisting of Puff-throated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), Mountain Bulbul (Ixos mcclellandii), Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus flaviventris), Ashy Bulbul (Hemixos flavala) and Flavescent Bulbul (Iole virescens). The annual average density of bulbul for four years tended to decrease, but the difference was not significant. The highest average population occurred in 2016 and the lowest in 2018 with the changes being attributable to forest gap. Over time, monthly detection of bulbuls decreased gradually under closed canopy conditions, while in forest gaps, bird detection remained constant. As gap conditions so did detection probabilities. Our findings suggest that natural forest gaps can play an essential role as a temporal inhibitor to the rapid bird population decrease in the lower montane forest. This study will be useful for bird conservation and in balancing ecosystems for sustainability and providing interest in conservation initiatives requiring spatially explicit estimates of density.
Genetic diversity of exotic and local eggplants (Solanum spp.) cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire based on ISSR markers
Authors: Konan N'Guessan Olivier , AKAFFOU MARIE ANGE , KOUADIO LÉONARD , AKAFFOU DOFFOU SÉLASTIQUE , MERGEAI GUY
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Konan NO, Akaffou MA, Kouadio L, Akaffou DS, Mergeai G. 2020. Genetic diversity of exotic and local eggplants (Solanum spp.) cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire based on ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 21: 3651-3658. Eggplants are important vegetables in Côte d'Ivoire. Despite an increase in the cultivation of exotic genotypes and their progressive dominance over local cultivars, which could represent a threat of genetic erosion, there are not enough molecular data available on the genetic diversity of the eggplants currently cultivated in this country. This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the genetic diversity of the current eggplant cultivars grown in Côte d’Ivoire. It aimed to assess the genetic variation of nine exotic and local eggplants commonly cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire, using five inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. The results revealed for the exotic cultivars 42 ISSR loci of which 31 were polymorphic (73.81 %), and for local cultivars 51 loci of which 49 (96.08%) were polymorphic. The Nei’s genetic diversity and Shannon’s information index of local cultivars (He = 0.3333 and I = 0.4863) were higher than those of exotic cultivars (He = 0.2000 and I = 0.2971). The Gst value and the AMOVA analysis found more than 70% of the total genetic diversity within the groups. The Jaccard’s dissimilarity coefficients between the cultivars, ranged from 0.324 to 0.966 with an average of 0.741. The clustering of genotypes with the neighbor-joining unrooted tree and PCoA analysis differentiated three main clusters with exotic cultivars grouped in cluster I and local cultivars in cluster II and III. In view of these results, the local eggplants had higher genetic diversity and constitute an interesting germplasm which needs to be conserved for potential breeding programs.
Land suitability assessment for Lansium domesticum cultivation on agroforestry land using matching method and geographic information system
Authors: RAHMAWATY RAHMAWATY , FRASTIKA SINTIKE , RAUF ABDUL , BATUBARA RIDWANTI , HARAHAP FITRAH SYAWAL
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Rahmawaty, Frastika S, Rauf A, Batubara R, Harahap FS. 2020. Land suitability assessment for Lansium domesticum cultivation on agroforestry land using matching method and geographic information system. Biodiversitas 21: 3683-3690. Lansium domesticum is one of the multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and is commonly found on agroforestry lands in Sumatra. This study aimed to evaluate the actual land suitability classes for L. domesticum and to map the potential land suitability for the species using matching method and geographic information system (GIS). The study was conducted in Sei Bingai Sub-district, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. A survey was conducted to collect soil samples based on land units. Land unit information was obtained by overlaying soil map, land-use map, and slope map. Land suitability was evaluated based on the matching method and GIS was used to map the distribution of land suitability. The results showed that both the actual and potential land suitability classes based on matching approach for L. domesticum were moderately suitable (S2) which accounted for 88.95% of total land and marginally suitable (S3) which accounted for 11.05%. Availability of water (wa), erosion hazard (eh), root-zone medium (rc), oxygen availability (oa), and nutrient retention (nr) were the dominant limiting factors in this area. The most difficult constraints to manage were root-zone medium and water availability. The results of this study suggest that the development of L. domesticum in Sei Bingai is possible although it requires some land improvements to deal with the limiting factors.
Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity of two proposed Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) in the Western North Region of Ghana: Implication for conservation
Authors: Kyerematen Rosina , TETTEY CHRISTIANA NAA DEEDEI , ANDERSON ROGER SIGISMUND
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Tettey CND, Anderson RS, Kyerematen R. 2020. Rapid assessment of butterfly diversity of two proposed Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) in the Western North Region of Ghana: Implication for conservation. Biodiversitas 21: 3699-3706. Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) are non-reserved land masses with local communities living in them that contain important components of biodiversity and are open to free access. Biodiversity in these off-reserve areas in Ghana is fast depleting due to unsustainable anthropogenic activities. The Rapid Biodiversity Assessment (RBA) method was conducted in the proposed Manzan and Yawmatwa CREMAs in Sefwi-Debiso; in the Western North Region of Ghana using butterflies as indicator taxa to estimate species richness and diversity in two proposed CREMAs to prioritize these rapidly diminishing forest areas for conservation. A total of 1,352 individual butterflies were recorded at the end of a two-week rapid assessment; with 83 species belonging to five families (Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Hesperiidae). The findings of the study revealed that 38.5% of the butterfly population belongs to species associated with severe forest disturbance; indicating that these ecosystems are gradually being threatened by ongoing anthropogenic activities. Management efforts aimed at butterfly conservation should be geared towards protecting these proposed CREMAs from excessive human disturbances.
The dynamics of the plankton community on Lake Siombak, a tropical tidal lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Rangkuti Ahmad Muhtadi , PULUNGAN AHYAR , NURMAIYAH NURMAIYAH , FADLHIN AZIZAH , MELATI PUPUT , SINAGA RENI  ZULIKA , ULIYA RAIHAN , RIZKI MIFTAH , RIZKI MIFTAH , IFANDA DAYUN , LEIDONALD RUSDI , WAHYUNINGSIH HESTI , HASANI QADAR
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Muhtadi A, Pulungan A, Nurmaiyah, Fadlhin A, Melati P, Sinaga RZ, Uliya R, Rizki M, Rohim N, Ifanda D, Leidonald R, Wahyuningsih H, Hasani Q. 2020. The dynamics of the plankton community on Lake Siombak, a tropical tidal lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3707-3719. The tidal lake is a very dynamic estuary ecosystem and very vulnerable to environmental stresses and disturbances. Plankton is an aquatic organism that is very easily affected by environmental pressures and disturbances. This study aimed to reveal the phenomenon of plankton dynamics in tropical tidal lakes in Indonesia. The study was conducted at Siombak Lake from September 2018 to August 2019. Data were collected at high and low tides every month during the full month. The data analysis included plankton abundance, diversity index, and the relationship between water quality and plankton with PCA and succession analysis. The results showed that in Siombak Lake was found 66 genera which consisted of 54 phytoplankton genera and 12 zooplankton genera. Plankton abundance is higher in parts of the lake (stations 1-8) than in the river (stations 9-11) at both high and low tide. Temporally it shows that plankton abundance is higher in the rainy season (Feb-Aug, outside May) than in the rainy season (Sep-Jan, and May). Spatially, plankton in Siombak Lake at high tide is more influenced by TSS, phosphate, and salinity, while at low tide, it is influenced by TSS, Water transparency, BOD, silicate, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Temporally, plankton in Siombak Lake at high tide is more influenced by salinity, conductivity, Debit, TSS, and salinity, while at low tide, it is influenced by salinity, conductivity, turbidity, TSS, TDS, DO, BOD, and COD. Based on the plankton Frontier succession graph, it shows that Siombak Lake is included in stage 1 and stage 2. Stage 1 occurs before the rainy season (August-September) and the peak of the dry season (March-April).
QTL Mapping linked to downy mildew resistance genes in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Ashan Muh Dzulkifly , MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN , REFLINUR REFLINUR , PABENDON MARCIA B. , SANTOSO SIGIT BUDI , SALIM AGUS
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ashan MD, Miftahudin, Reflinur, Pabendon MB, Santoso SB, Salim A. 2020. QTL Mapping linked to downy mildew resistance genes in maize (Zea mays). Biodiversitas 21: 3735-3743. Downy Mildew (DM) caused by Peronosclerospora spp. is one of the most destructive diseases and problems in yield losses of maize production worldwide. Identification of molecular marker-linked to the DM resistance genes is considered as an important step in the improvement of the DM resistance nature in maize breeding program. The objective of the study was to identify molecular markers linked to the DM resistance genes in maize. A total of 198 F3 maize lines generated from a cross between R10-4430 and Kandora was used in microsatellite genetic map construction and the corresponding F3: 4 families were used in phenotypic evaluation to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for DM resistance-related trait. The entire genetic linkage map constructed with 28 SSR markers resulted in 460.3 cM with an average distance between markers of 26.85 cM. Seven main-effect QTLs controlling the DM resistance genes were identified in the entire genome map of F3 population with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) values ranged from 43.35 to 53.71%. Among detected QTLs, three QTLs, qDM-Pp1a, qDM-Pp1b1, and qDM-Pp1b2 were detected on chromosome 1, one QTL, qDM-Pp5 was on chromosome 5, two QTLs, qDM-Pp6b1 and qDM-Pp6b2 were on chromosome 6 and one QTL, qDM-Pp10 was on chromosome 10. The effect of detected QTLs responsible for DM resistance trait ranged from 43.35 to 53.71% and those will be potential to be further used as molecular aided selection in maize breeding for DM resistance.
Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin
Authors: Herlinda Siti , Prabawati Ghanni , Pujiastuti Yulia , Susilawati Susilawati , Karenina Tili , Hasbi Hasbi , Irsan Chandra
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Herlinda S, Prabawati G, Pujiastuti Y, Susilawati, Karenia T, Hasbi, Irsan C. 2020. Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin. Biodiversitas 21: 3755-3768. Herbivore insect population and predatory arthropods in rice field may be effected by the application entomopathogenic fungi or synthetic insecticide. The objective of this research was to analyze individual quantity of herbivore insects and predatory arthropod inhabiting freshwater swamp rice fields treated with bioinsecticides and abamectin (commercial insecticide). This research was conducted in the freshwater swamp rice field located in Village Pelabuhan Dalam, Sub District Pemulutan, District Ogan Ilir, and South Sumatra. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design consisted of four plots of treatment. The research used the bioinsecticides made from entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cordyceps military), and abamectin. Sampling to collect arthropods inhabiting rice canopy was also conducted using an entomological net in the study locations. This research found 12 families of herbivore insects with 22 species dominated by Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta and 32 species of spider belonged to eight families dominated by Tetragnatha virescens and Oxyopes matiensis. The species diversity of spider was higher in the plots of the bioinsecticide compared to that of the abamectin. Predatory insects found belonged to 14 species belonged to eight families dominated by species of Ophionea nigrofasciata, Verania discolor, and Paedorus fuscipe. The abundance of predatory insects in plots sprayed with the bioinsecticides was higher compared to that of the abamectin plot. The abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropod sprayed with bioinsecticide of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and C. militaris did not decrease, while the population of herbivore insect tended to decrease.
Floristic study of an ultramafic formation in Sitio Magarwak, Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Island, Philippines
Authors: Ellenita Maria , Carandang VI Jose Santos , Agoo Esperanza Maribel
Published: August 2020

Abstract. De Castro ME, Carandang VI JS, Agoo EM. 2020. Floristic study of an ultramafic formation in Sitio Magarwak, Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Island, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 3769-3779. A study was done to assess the floristic composition of an ultramafic formation in Sitio Magarwak, Barangay Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa City Palawan. A total of 52 trees and shrubs representing 30 families and 48 genera was recorded in the overstorey while the ground cover was dominated by 10 species mostly from families Poaceae and Zingiberaceae. The most dominant tree species include Dillenia monantha Merr., Xanthostemon speciosus Merr. and Schima wallichii ssp. oblata (Roxb.) Kurz. with Important Value Indices (IVIs) of 15.96%, 15.71%, and 14.20%, respectively. Level of endemicity was considerably high with 21 species classified as indigenous, 11 of which have their population restricted only on the island of Palawan. However, most of these endemics are now under threat based on the Updated List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories (DAO No 2017-11) and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (2020-1). Two species are classified as ˈcritically endangeredˈ (Olea palawanensis Kiew and Guioa palawanica Welzen) while the two are ‘endangered’ (Kibatalia stenopetala Merr. and Nepenthes philippinensis Macfarl.). Findings from this study suggest that appropriate conservation measures must be put in place to ensure protection of the native flora’s remaining population from further destruction.
Short Communication: Updated tabular key and improved browser-based interactive key to species of Pratylenchus Filipjev (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)
Authors: Gafur Abdul
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Gafur A. 2020. Short Communication: Updated tabular key and improved browser-based interactive key to species of Pratylenchus Filipjev (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae). Biodiversitas 21: 3780-3785.  Pratylenchus is the genus of plant-parasitic nematodes that attack many crop plants and cause significant economic losses worldwide. Attempts have been made to control the parasitic nematodes. However, incorrect identification of species has hindered biological studies on the nematodes and has led to improper and inefficient control measures. To facilitate identification of Pratylenchus species, a prototype of a cross-platform, browser-based computer-assisted identification key for species of Pratylenchus has been developed, based on the pre-existing tabular key. This paper described updates and improvements that have been made to enhance the performance of the prototype key. Updates on the tabular key, which the browser-based key was based on, were made primarily to incorporate all-new species that have been subsequently published and new data from further reports of existing species. Illustrations of characters and character states were added to the key to help users decide which character states best correspond to their specimens. Drawings of each species were also given to provide general ideas on how the species look like.  The user interface has been revised in which species name(s) relevant to selected character state(s) was listed, instead of highlighted from a lengthy full list.
Ecological sustainability of rice farms in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia
Authors: YUSUF RACHMIWATI , M. Tang Usman , Karnila Rahman , Fuadi Indra , Pato Usman
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Yusuf R, Tang UM, Karnila R, Fuadi I, Pato U. 2020. Ecological sustainability of rice farms in Siak District, Riau, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3797-3804. The research was conducted in Siak District, Riau Province, Indonesia from January to July 2018 in the four subdistricts of rice production centers. The purpose of this study was to identify the ecological conditions of rice farming, analyze the index and ecological sustainability status of lowland rice farming, and analyze the role of each ecological attribute that will have sensitivity to the management of wetland rice in the development of rice farming in the Siak District in the near future. There were 203 sample farmers selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interview and field observation. The sustainability was analyzed using the Rap-Rice method with Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The results of the Rap-Rice analysis of eight ecological attributes were analyzed; five attributes provided high sensitivity for Sungai Mandau, and three attributes provided high sensitivity for the subdistricts of Bunga Raya, Sabak Auh, and Sungai Apit. Attributes that provided high sensitivity for all subdistricts were attributes of land suitability with land use plans and land conversion rates. The average attributes of ownership of the farm area provided high sensitivity for only three subdistricts (Sabak Auh, Sungai Apit, Sungai Mandau). Based on ecological conditions, analysis of wetland rice farming in Siak District showed a sustainable category for Bunga Raya (56.10%), Sabak Auh (52.80%), and Sungai Mandau (54.90%) and less sustainability for Sungai Apit (48.80%).
The effects of low-temperature storage on the viability of Lactobacillus casei and the stability of antibacterial activity in green grass jelly synbiotic drinks
Authors: RIZAL SAMSUL , Suharyono Suharyono , Nuariny Fibra , Amelia Julfi Restu
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Rizal S, Suharyono, Nurainy F, Amela JR. 2020. The effects of low-temperature storage on the viability of Lactobacillus casei and the stability of antibacterial activity in green grass jelly synbiotic drinks. Biodiversitas 21: 3826-3831. Synbiotic drinks from green grass jelly have shown antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. These are usually stored at low temperatures to maintain their characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of storage at low temperature of 10°C on the viability of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei) and the stability of the antibacterial activity in synbiotic drinks made of green grass jelly. Antibacterial activity of green grass jelly synbiotic drink was conducted against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli). The products were stored for 28 days at 10°C temperature. Observations on the antibacterial activity, pH value, total acid, and total lactic acid bacteria were carried out every 7 days. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The results showed that storage at low temperature (10 ± 2°C) for 28 days decreased the antibacterial activity and pH value but sharply increased total lactic acid bacteria (at 0 to 7 days of storage) in green grass jelly synbiotic drinks. Salmonella sp. showed the highest inhibition caused by the antibacterial agents in green grass jelly synbiotic drinks while the lowest inhibition was found on Staphylococcus aureus. During storage at low temperature, green grass jelly synbiotic drinks had a total of lactic acid bacteria that ranged from 9.51 to 10.10 (Log CFU/mL) or equal to 3.24x109-1.26x1010 CFU/mL; a total of lactic acid that ranged from 0.48% to 0.87%; and pH values that ranged from 3.78 to 4.08.
Short Communication: The higher laccase enzyme producer, Cerrena sp. BMd.TA.1, isolated from Gunung Rinjani National Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: FAULINA SARAH ASIH , HIDAYAT ASEP , FALAH SYAMSUL , Iswanto Apri Heri
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Faulina SA, Irfani M, Falah S, Hidayat A, Iswanto AH. 2020. Short Communication: The higher laccase enzyme producer, Cerrena sp. BMd. TA.1, isolated from Gunung Rinjani National Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3837-3842. Lies in the Wallace line, Gunung Rinjani National Park (GRNP) offers unique biodiversity, fungi included. Fungal enzymes have been unceasingly searched and studied for various applications, particularly for biodegradation. Fungal laccase enzyme showed prospective environmental-friendly approach in treating industrial effluent, remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR) which is used as a synthetic dye. This study aimed to explore the laccase-producing fungi from the GNRP, as well as investigate their ability in decolorizing RBBR. The study discovered that the most prospective fungi isolate, molecularly identified as Cerrena sp. BMd.TA.1, produced a high level of laccase (> 2300 U mL-1) and manganese peroxidase (MnP, 300 U mL-1). In the application of this isolate, the laccase showed as predominant enzyme in RBBR decolorization process and the RBBR could be decolorized more than 80% at 24 h reaction. It suggested that Cerrena sp BMd.TA.1 isolate is highly potential as laccase enzyme producer and may be considered for further investigations in its applications for biodegradation, especially of dyes effluent.
Ethnomedicinal appraisal and conservation status of medicinal plants among the Manobo tribe of Bayugan City, Philippines
Authors: DAPAR MARK LLOYD G. , MEVE ULRICH , LIEDE-SCHUMANN SIGRID , ALEJANDRO GRECEBIO JONATHAN D.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Dapar MLG, Meve U, Liede-Schumann S, Alejandro GJD. 2020. Ethnomedicinal appraisal and conservation status of medicinal plants among the Manobo tribe of Bayugan City, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 3843-3855. Manobo tribe is one of the most populated indigenous communities in the Philippines clustered in various parts of Mindanao archipelago with distinct cultural traditions and medicinal practices. This study aims to document the Agusan Manobo tribe medicinal plant uses and knowledge and to assess the conservation status of their medicinal plants found in upland ancestral lands where ethnomedicinal practices still prevail. Ethnomedicinal data were gathered from 95 key informants through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and guided field walks in five selected upland barangays of Bayugan City. Family importance value (FIV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) were quantified. The conservation status of their medicinal plants was assessed based on the international and national listing of threatened species. A total of 90 species belonging to 82 genera and 41 families were identified as ethnomedicinally important. Highest FIV (98.9) was reported for Piperaceae in treatment for skin diseases and infections. The most cited medicinal plant species was Piper decumanum L. (RFC=0.95), which is primarily used in treatment for insect and snake bites. Conservation assessment revealed that the five upland areas of the Agusan Manobo tribe are habitats of endemic, endangered, vulnerable and threatened species. The results of this study present the rich ethnomedicinal knowledge of Agusan Manobo cultural community, which could serve as a useful source of information to improve community healthcare and environmental conservation and management. Local people and the government should actively participate in shared management responsibilities for viable conservation strategies and sustainable use of the cultural community resources.
The population and mortality characteristics of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, Indonesia
Authors: INDARJO AGUS , Salim Gazali , ZEIN MUFRIDA , SEPTIAN DODDY , BIJA STEPHANIE
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Indarjo A, Salim G, Zein M, Septian D, Bija S. 2020. The population and mortality characteristics of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3856-3866. The mangrove crab is an iconic species of Tarakan City and is often is used as a souvenir. However, the high demand for this species can cause its population to decline. This study aimed to characterize the mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) population in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study was designed using a quantitative descriptive method with a case study model. The samples of mangrove crabs were obtained from 6 different stations using a purposive sampling method. The mangrove crab specimens were caught using 35-50 units of crab traps known as the ambau brackets. The primary data included carapace length, carapace width, carapace thickness, sex, and the total weight of each mangrove crab specimen. The results showed that male mangrove crabs have positive allometric growth when the condition index was fat. However, female crabs exhibited negative allometric growth when the condition index was thin. The Von Bertalanffy growth model analysis showed that the maximum carapace length of male mangrove crab in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City was approximately 11.1118 cm for 189 days, while the female length was 9.6474 cm for 80 days. The total mortality value of male and female crabs was 120.01% and 154.94%, the mortality due to fishing was 84.69% and 135.75%, and natural mortality was 35.32% and 19.2%, respectively. The estimated rate of exploitation of both male and female crabs was 70.57% and 87.61%, respectively. The exploitation of S. serrata in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City was evident, hence, conservation efforts are urgently required.
An in silico approach for evaluation of rbcL and matK loci for DNA barcoding of Cucurbitaceae family
Authors: Ho Viet The , NGUYEN MINH PHUONG
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ho VT, Nguyen MP. 2020. An in silico approach for evaluation of rbcL and matK loci for DNA barcoding of Cucurbitaceae family. Biodiversitas 21: 3879-3885. DNA barcodes have been used intensively to discriminate different species in Cucurbitaceae family. The main of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of rbcL and matK loci for 16 species of Cucurbitaceae family by using in silico approach. For analysis, sequences were firstly retrieved from NCBI and then calculated for sequence parameters. Sequences were then aligned and constructed phylogenetic try and examined for species resolution ability. The obtained data show the variability of resolving capacity among species. rbcL region is suitable for distinguishing five species namely S. edule, M. cochinchinensis, L. aegyptiaca, C. melo, and C. pepo, whereas matK locus is more proper for different five species consisting of M. balsamina, M. cochinchinensis, M. charantia, S. edule, and C. sativus. The resolving power is improved sharply by analyzing the rbcL + matK combination with up to nine species consisting of C. lanatus, B. hispida, C. melo, C. sativus, C. pepo, C. agryrosperma, L. aegyptiaca, S. edule, and M. cochinchinensis. Therefore, the integration of rbcL and matK loci may improve the competence of assessing genetic relatedness at species level of members in Cucurbitaceae family. The obtained information could be important for choosing proper DNA barcode loci for phylogenetic study of this crop family.
Short Communication: Potential tests of plant growth bacteria for the control of Peronosclerospora philipinensis in corn
Authors: Djaenuddin Nurasiah , SYAFRUDDIN SYAFRUDDIN , PATANDJENGI BAHARUDDIN , KUSWINANTI TUTIK
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Djaenuddin N, Syafruddin, Patandjengi B, Kuswinanti T. 2020. Short Communication: Potential tests of plant growth bacteria for the control of Peronosclerospora philipinensis in corn. Biodiversitas 21: 3886-3892. The study was conducted at the Laboratory and Screen House of the Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI). The stages of the study were (i) potential test of bacterial isolates that have the ability to control downy mildew disease in vivo in corn and (ii) molecular identification of the selected bacterial isolates. Experiments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatment of 24 bacteria which suspected to be growth-promoting bacteria. The parameters observed were disease intensity, percent disease suppression, plant height, chlorophyll content, and crop wet weight. The result showed that only five bacterial isolates namely, Bacillus albus strain MCCC 1A02146, Bacillus cereus strain IAM 12605, Bacillus paramycoides strain MCCC 1A04098, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain CCUG 11256, Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis strain KRED, have the ability to induce resistance to downy mildew disease caused by Peronosclerospora philipinensis.
Short Communication: Identification of the exon 1 myostatin gene polymorphism and its association with slaughtered weight in Indonesian Kampung and Broiler Chicken
Authors: Suhartati Linda , KHAERUNNISA ISYANA , GUNAWAN ASEP , RUKMIASIH RUKMIASIH , DARWATI SRI , SUMANTRI CECE , RIZQAN RIZQAN
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Suhartati L, Khaerunnisa L, Gunawan A, Rukmiasih, Darwati S, Sumantri C, Rizqan. 2020. Short Communication: Identification of the exon 1 myostatin gene polymorphism and its association with slaughtered weight in Indonesian Kampung and Broiler Chicken. Biodiversitas 21: 3893-3897.  Myostatin is widely known as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development by controlling hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Silent mutation in exon 1 (c.234G>A) was then thought to be associated with chicken growth performances. This study was designed to analyze polymorphisms of c.234G>A mutation of the myostatin gene and its effect on slaughtered weight in Indonesian Kampung and meat-type chicken. The SatI restriction enzyme was used for genotype determination through the PCR-RFLP technique. The effect of genotype on the slaughtered weight was analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. Genotyping was performed on 138 chicken from Kampung (n=67) and meat type (cobb Broiler) (n=71) chicken. The amplification product contained 226 bp nucleotides. This myostatin gene was polymorphic in both chicken population, produced 2 alleles (G and A), and 3 genotypes (GG, GA, and AA). The A allele had a higher frequency than the G allele in all populations. In this study, genotype of AA and GA had higher live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, thigh weight, drumsticks weight, wings weight, breast muscle weight, thighs muscle weight, drumsticks muscle weight than GG genotype of 12 weeks-old Kampung chicken. The results suggested that the c.234G>A mutation in exon 1 could be potentially recommended as a genetic marker for chicken slaughtered weight traits.
The diversity, population, ecology and conservation status of waterbirds in the wetland of Bangpu Nature Education Center, Thailand
Authors: Wanna Chanate , WASAN DONLA , PISARUT YOKCHOM , RUNGTIP SOI-AMPORNKUL
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Chanate W, Wasan D, Pisarut Y, Rungtip S. 2020. The diversity, population, ecology, and conservation status of waterbirds in the wetland of Bangpu Nature Education Center, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3910-3918. Wetlands are a crucial habitat for waterbirds as they provide feeding and breeding sites and increase survival rates during the non-breeding season. This study aimed to update the status of waterbirds in Bangpu Nature Education Center, Samut Prakarn Province, Thailand by evaluating the species diversity and abundance. The ground count survey was conducted at 3 habitats: mangrove forest, mudflat, and bungalow accommodation from March to October 2017. A total of 34 waterbird species classified under 5 orders, 8 families, and 22 genera were observed. The majority of waterbird species (23 species) were found in the mudflat area with the least number (12 species) observed in the bungalow accommodation location. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) showed that the mudflat area had significantly greater diversity compared with the other sites. The mudflat area also had the greatest species richness (D) (2.89) and species evenness index (E) (0.38), respectively. The Sorensen similarity index (CS) indicated that the greatest similarity in species (66.67%) was found between the mangrove and bungalow areas. A total of 6 residents, 20 migratory species, and 8 species with both resident and migratory populations were found with 4 species classified as abundant, 3 as common, 15 as moderately common, and 12 as uncommon species identified. In addition, the conservation status of waterbirds is becoming increasingly important with 5 near-threatened species (NT) already identified according to IUCN, 2016 and Red Data of Thailand, 2007, consisting of Heteroscelus brevipes, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata, Mycteria leucocephala and Vanellus cinereus. It is recommended that monitoring the conservation status of the Bangpu wetlands should be continued to maintain waterbird diversity.
Femtosecond laser hybrid fabrication of a 3D microfluidic chip for PCR application
Authors: Shan Chao , Zhang Chengjun , Liang Jie , Yang Qing , Bian Hao , Yong Jiale , Hou Xun , Chen Feng
Published: August 2020

Microfluidic chips have gradually become a focus of scientific research. However, the fabrication of key functional components in microfluidic chips is always limited by the existing processing methods. The microfluidic chip is difficult to be three-dimensional (3D) and integrated. In response to the key problems of 3D integrated microfluidic chip fabrication, this paper presents a hybrid method for fabricating a microfluidic chip integrated 3D microchannels and metal microstructures by femtosecond laser wet etch technology and liquid metal injection. The integrated microfluidic chip fabricated by this method is expected to be applied to the core reaction unit of integrated PCR devices.
Sensitivity analysis of optically preamplified Stokes-vector receivers using analytically derived formulae for bit-error rate
Authors: Kikuchi Kazuro
Published: August 2020

This study analyzes the bit-error-rate characteristics of Stokes-vector modulation–demodulation systems employing optically preamplified receivers. We derive unified analytical formulae for the bit-error rate of binary, quad, and octal modulation formats, in which Stokes vectors are modulated in a binary manner per dimension. The receiver sensitivities estimated from the derived bit-error-rate formulae are examined by analyzing the probability-density function of noise in the Stokes-vector direct-detection receiver. In addition, the bit-error-rate formulae enable a comprehensive comparison of the sensitivity among various optical receivers, such as coherent, direct-detection, optically differential direct-detection, and Stokes-vector direct-detection receivers.
Systematic study of laser ablation with GHz bursts of femtosecond pulses
Authors: Bonamis Guillaume , Audouard Eric , Hönninger Clemens , Lopez John , Mishchik Konstantin , Mottay Eric , Manek-Hönninger Inka
Published: August 2020

We report on crater formation, line scribing and cavity milling experiments on Silicon, Copper, Aluminum and stainless steel with GHz bursts of femtosecond pulses. The intra-burst repetition rate has been varied between 0.88 and 3.52 GHz, the number of pulses per burst between 50 and 3200, the burst fluence between 8 and 80 J/cm2. For these experiments, a 100-W femtosecond GHz-burst laser has been developed on an industrial laser basis, delivering a total burst energy up to 1 mJ at 100 kHz, with an adjustable number of pulses per burst. The results highlight the conditions to obtain high-ablation efficiency, show how to optimize the machining quality and point out the burst duration as the relevant parameter for femtosecond GHz machining.
3D co-registration algorithm for catheter-based optical coherence tomography
Authors: Post Anouk L. , Cernohorsky Paul , Pedrigi Ryan M. , Streekstra Geert J. , d’Hooghe Julia N. S. , Annema Jouke T. , Strackee Simon D. , Krams Rob , van Leeuwen Ton G. , de Bruin Daniël M. , Faber Dirk J.
Published: August 2020

Applications of catheter-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) - originally developed for cardiovascular imaging - have expanded to other organ systems. However, currently available algorithms to co-register 3D OCT data to a second imaging modality were developed for cardiovascular applications and with it, are tailored to small tubular tissue structures. The available algorithms can often not be applied outside the cardiovascular system, e.g. when an OCT probe is introduced into the kidney, lungs, or wrist. Here, we develop a generic co-registration algorithm with potentially numerous applications. This algorithm only requires that the OCT probe is visible on the second imaging modality and that a single OCT image can be matched to the second imaging modality based on shared image features. We investigate the accuracy and thereby the limitations of our co-registration algorithm as an important step towards implementing the algorithm in clinical practice.
On the Steps of Emil Post: from Normal Systems to the Correspondence Decision Problem
Authors: Halava Vesa , Harju Tero
Published: August 2020

In 1946, Emil Leon Post (Bulletin of Amer. Math. Soc. 52 (1946), 264-268) introduced his famouscorrespondence decision problem, nowadays known as the Post Correspondence Problem (PCP).Post proved the undecidability of the PCP by areduction from his normal systems. In the presentarticle we follow the steps of Post, and give another, somewhat simpler and more straightforwardproof of the undecidability of the problem by using the same source of reductions as Post did.We investigate these, very different, techniques, and point out out some peculiarities in theapproach used by Post.