bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Altitude Exposure and Time Interval Perception of Chinese Migrants in Tibet
Authors: Li Yuan , Wang Mei-Yi , Xu Meng , Xie Wen-Ting , Zhang Yu-Ming , Yang Xi-Yue , Wang Zhi-Xin , Song Rui , Yang Liu , Ma Jin-Ping , Zhang Jia , Han Chen-Xiao , Wang Cheng-Zhi , Liu Wan-Ying , Gan Wan-Hong , Su Rui , Ma Hai-Lin , Li Hao
Published: April 2022

High-altitude exposure can negatively impact one’s ability to accurately perceive time. This study focuses on Chinese migrants who have traveled to the Tibetan plateau and explores the effects of high-altitude exposure on their time interval judgment abilities based on three separate studies. In Study 1, it was found that exposure to high altitudes negatively impacted the time interval judgment functions of the migrants compared with a low-altitude control group; they exhibited a prolonged response time (540 ms: p = 0.006, 95% CI (−1.70 −0.32)) and reduced accuracy (1080 ms: p = 0.032, 95% CI (0.06 1.26)) in certain behavioral tasks. In Study 2, the results showed that high-altitude exposure and sleepiness had an interactive effect on time interval judgment (1080 ms) (p < 0.05, 95% CI (−0.83 −0.40)). To further verify our interaction hypothesis, in Study 3, we investigated the time interval judgment of interactions between acute high-altitude exposure and sleepiness level. The results revealed that the adaptation effect disappeared and sleepiness significantly exacerbated the negative effects of high-altitude exposure on time interval judgment (p < 0.001, 95% CI (−0.85 −0.34)). This study is the first to examine the effects of high-altitude exposure on time interval judgment processing functions and the effects of sleep-related factors on individual time interval judgment.
Role of Lewis Acid Metal Centers in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Ultrafast Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol
Authors: Panda Jagannath , Biswal Soumya Prakash , Jena Himanshu Sekhar , Mitra Arijit , Samantray Raghabendra , Sahu Rojalin
Published: April 2022

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) can be a good alternative to conventional catalysts because they are non-toxic and can be selective without compromising efficiency. Nano MOFs such as UiO-66 have proven themselves to be competitive in the catalytic family. In this study, we report the excellent catalytic behavior of UiO-66 MOF in the reduction of a model reaction: 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-Aminophenol (4-AP) over MOF-5 (Zn-BDC) and MIL-101 (Fe-BDC). Nano UiO-66 crystals were synthesized by a hydrothermal process and characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction, Diffused Reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The catalysts’ performance during the hydrogenation reduction reaction from 4-NP to 4-AP was investigated in the presence of a reducer, NaBH4. The UiO-66 nano crystals exhibited excellent catalytic behavior owing to its large surface area and Lewis acidic nature at the metal nodes. Furthermore, UiO-66 showed excellent recyclability behavior, verified during repeated consecutive use in a sequence. The catalyst yielded similar catalytic behavior during the reduction of nitrophenols at each cycle, which is a novel finding.
Establishment of Integrated Analysis Method for Probing and Reconstructing Hydrogenation Mechanism of a Model Reaction
Authors: Wumaer Mailidan , Abdulla Rahima , Kou Yuli , Liu Ziran , Akram Naeem , Aisa Haji Akber , Wang Jide
Published: April 2022

The hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) has attracted much attention, since it is typically used as a model reaction for evaluating newly developed catalysts, but its mechanism is still debated. Herein, Co(OH)2-modified CuO catalyst (Co(OH)2/CuO) was used for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in an aqueous sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution. The reaction mechanism was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC-Q-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and 1HNMR spectroscopy (1HNMR) as an integrated technology at different concentrations of NaBH4. Samples were taken at specified time intervals and monitored using UV-Vis, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and 1HNMR. With the help of comprehensive analysis, eight intermediates, including azo and azoxy compounds, were effectively captured, and the variation tendency of each intermediate was determined, revealing that the hydrogenation of 4-NP proceeds via a coexistence of the direct and condensation routes. The integrated analysis methods were powerful technical supports for the study of the catalysis mechanism.
Using Communication Tools to Explore Young Siblings’ Experiences of Having a Brother or Sister with Pediatric Palliative Care Needs
Authors: Kreicbergs Ulrika , Nilsson Stefan , Jenholt Nolbris Margaretha , Lövgren Malin
Published: April 2022

Siblings of children with palliative care needs often suffer feelings of being neglected, and their needs for information and involvement are frequently unmet. This study aims to explore the experiences and feelings of siblings of children with palliative care needs, and to determine what is important to them. Nine siblings, aged 6–14 years, were interviewed using four different communication tools: See-Hear-Do pictures, including the empty body as a separate element, Bear cards, and words originating from previous sibling research. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Five categories emerged concerning aspects that the siblings described about their situation and things that they found important: being part of a special family; school—a place for leisure, friends, and learning; relentless feelings of guilt and self-blame; losses and separations; and awareness of death—not if, but when. Siblings of children with rare diseases expressed an awareness that their brother or sister would die, although still felt they were part of a special, happy family. Siblings of children with palliative care needs due to an accident described relentless feelings of self-blame and guilt. The needs of siblings may vary depending on the condition that resulted in the ill sibling’s palliative care needs.
Palladium Phthalocyanines Varying in Substituents Position for Photodynamic Inactivation of Flavobacterium hydatis as Sensitive and Resistant Species
Authors: Mantareva Vanya , Kussovski Vesselin , Orozova Petya , Angelov Ivan , Durmuş Mahmut , Najdenski Hristo
Published: April 2022

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been considered as a promising methodology to fight the multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria. The procedure involves a photoactive compound (photosensitizer), the red or near infrared spectrum for its activation, and an oxygen environment. In general, reactive oxygen species are toxic to biomolecules which feature a mechanism of photodynamic action. The present study evaluates two clinical isolates of Gram-negative Flavobacteriumhydatis (F. hydatis): a multidrug resistant (R) and a sensitive (S) strain. Both occur in farmed fish, leading to the big production losses because of the inefficacy of antibiotics. Palladium phthalocyanines (PdPcs) with methylpyridiloxy groups linked peripherally (pPdPc) or non-peripherally (nPdPc) were studied with full photodynamic inactivation for 5.0 µM nPdPc toward both F. hydatis, R and S strains (6 log), but with a half of this value (3 log) for 5.0 µM pPdPc and only for F. hydatis, S. In addition to the newly synthesized PdPcs as a “positive control” was applied a well-known highly effective zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe). ZnPcMe showed optimal photocytotoxicity for inactivation of both F. hydatis R and S. The present study is encouraging for a further development of aPDT with phthalocyanines as an alternative method to antibiotic medication to keep under control the harmful pathogens in aquacultures’ farms.
Mathematical Modeling of Phase Separation and Branching Process of the Film Structure during Binary Thin Film Deposition
Authors: Kairaitis Gediminas , Galdikas Matas , Grigaliūnas Artūras , Galdikas Arvaidas
Published: April 2022

In this study, we applied a mathematical model to explore the mechanism and factors leading to phase separation and the formation of branching structures with nanocolumns extending from larger clusters formed on the substrate of a grown film. The mathematical model simulated the growth of a thin film over time by using partial differential equations, including the processes of adsorption, phase separation, and diffusion due to the curvature of the thin film surface. The modeling results revealed the possible mechanism that could lead to the formation of the described branching structures. That mechanism can be divided into two main steps. The first step is the growth of a relatively large cluster (of a component that makes up the branching phase) on the substrate during the initial growth stages. The second step is the division process of that large cluster into smaller clusters in the later growth stages. The model parameters influencing the growth conditions that lead to the formation mechanism of the branching structures were determined, and their influences on the phase structure were analyzed.
Early-Age-Onset Colorectal Cancer in Canada: Evidence, Issues and Calls to Action
Authors: De Vera Mary A. , Gill Sharlene , Ashamalla Shady , Schiller Dan , Brenner Darren R. , Wong Clarence , Wildgoose Petra , Esplen Mary Jane , Lieu Christopher , Fitzpatrick Roslyn , O’Sullivan Dylan E. , Servidio-Italiano Filomena
Published: April 2022

The inaugural Early-Age-Onset Colorectal Cancer Symposium was convened in June 2021 to discuss the implications of rapidly rising rates of early-age-onset colorectal cancer (EAO-CRC) in Canadians under the age of 50 and the impactful outcomes associated with this disease. While the incidence of CRC is declining in people over the age of 50 in Canada and other developed countries worldwide, it is significantly rising in younger people. Canadians born after 1980 are 2 to 2.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with CRC before the age of 50 than previous generations at the same age. While the etiology of EAO-CRC is largely unknown, its characteristics differ in many key ways from CRC diagnosed in older people and warrant a specific approach to risk factor identification, early detection and treatment. Participants of the symposium offered directions for research and clinical practice, and developed actionable recommendations to address the unique needs of these individuals diagnosed with EAO-CRC. Calls for action emerging from the symposium included: increased awareness of EAO-CRC among public and primary care practitioners; promotion of early detection programs in younger populations; and the continuation of research to identify unique risk factor profiles, tumour characteristics and treatment models that can inform tailored approaches to the management of EAO-CRC.
Current Role of Immunotherapy in Gastric, Esophageal and Gastro-Esophageal Junction Cancers—A Report from the Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference
Authors: Mulder Karen , Lim Howard , Ravi Deepti , Ahmed Shahida , Brunet Bryan , Davies Janine , Doll Corinne , Dueck Dorie-Anna , Gordon Vallerie , Hebbard Pamela , Kim Christina A. , Le Duc , Lee-Ying Richard , McGhie John Paul , Park Jason , Renouf Daniel J. , Schellenberg Devin , Wong Ralph P. W. , Zaidi Adnan , Ahmed Shahid
Published: April 2022

Gastric, esophageal and gastro-esophageal junction cancers are associated with inferior outcomes. For early-stage disease, perioperative chemotherapy or chemoradiation followed by surgery is the standard treatment. For most patients with advanced upper gastrointestinal tract cancers, platinum-based chemotherapy remains a standard treatment. Recently, several randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of immunotherapy involving checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination with chemotherapy in patients with gastro-esophageal cancer and have changed the treatment landscape. The Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference (WCGCCC), involving experts from four Western Canadian provinces, convened virtually on 16 June 2021 and developed the recommendations on the role of immunotherapy in patients with gastro-esophageal cancer.
Interaction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Allostatic Load among Adults in Various Occupations
Authors: Bashir Tahir , Obeng-Gyasi Emmanuel
Published: April 2022

Objective: This study sought to assess the associations between occupation, serum concentrations of selected of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), and chronic physiological stress, as operationalized by Allostatic Load (AL), among adults aged ≥20 years. Methods: To explore the interactions of occupation with PFAS levels and AL, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014 were used. We performed Poisson regression modeling to evaluate AL’s relationships with PFAS concentrations and occupations on weighted data. Results: The results demonstrated that increased AL was positively associated with different occupation groups such as a) Public Administration and b) Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation (p-values 0.018 and 0.002, respectively), and with certain PFAS concentrations (Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA, p-value = 0.002). Finally, AL had a strong association with the interaction of some PFAS such as Perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) and occupation (AL: PFBS: occupation, p-value < 0.0001), with different association measures existing across varying occupations. Conclusions: Occupation and PFOA seem to be associated with AL. This suggests the need of implementing further strategies to limit the exposure to stressors and PFAS in the work environment to promote longevity among the workforce in the U.S. Finally, policymakers must do more to clearly define standards and regulations in the work environment related to PFAS exposure.
Investigation of Gas-Water-Sand Fluid Resistivity Property as Potential Application for Marine Gas Hydrate Production
Authors: Zhang Zhiwen , Li Xiaosen , Chen Zhaoyang , Zhang Yu , Peng Hao
Published: April 2022

The phase fraction measurement of gas-water-sand fluid in downhole is an important premise for safe and stable exploitation of natural gas hydrates, but the existing phase fraction measurement device for oil and natural gas exploitation can’t be directly applied to hydrate exploitation. In this work, the electrical resistivity properties of different gas-water-sand fluid were experimentally investigated using the multiphase flow loop and static solution experiments. The effect of gas phase fraction and gas bubbles distribution, sand fraction and sand particle size on the relative resistivity of the multiphase fluid were systematically studied. The measurement devices and operating parameters were also optimized. A novel combined resistivity method was developed, which demonstrated a good effect for the measurement of phase fractions of gas-water-sand fluid, and will have a good application potential in marine natural gas hydrates exploitation.
Interactions between Seismic Safety and Energy Efficiency for Masonry Infill Walls: A Shift of the Paradigm
Authors: Furtado André , Rodrigues Hugo , Arêde António , Rodrigues Fernanda , Varum Humberto
Published: April 2022

Currently, the upgrade of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings focuses only on energy retrofitting measures due to the current policies promoted in the scope of the European Green Deal. However, the structural deficiencies are not eliminated, leaving the building seriously unsafe despite the investment, particularly in seismic-prone regions. Moreover, the envelopes of existing RC buildings are responsible for their energy efficiency and seismic performance, but these two performance indicators are not usually correlated. They are frequently analyzed independently from each other. Based on this motivation, this research aimed to perform a holistic performance assessment of five different types of masonry infill walls (i.e., two non-strengthened walls, two walls with seismic strengthening, and one wall with energy strengthening). This performance assessment was performed in a three-step procedure: (i) energy performance assessment by analyzing the heat transfer coefficient of each wall type; (ii) seismic performance assessment by analyzing the out-of-plane seismic vulnerability; (iii) cost–benefit performance assessment. Therefore, a global analysis was performed, in which the different performance indicators (structural and energy) were evaluated. In addition, a state-of-the-art review regarding strengthening techniques (independent structural strengthening, independent energy strengthening, and combined structural plus energy strengthening) is provided. From this study, it was observed that the use of the external thermal insulation composite system reduced the heat transfer coefficient by about 77%. However, it reduced the wall strength capacity by about 9%. On the other hand, the use of textile-reinforced mortar improved the strength and deformation capacity by about 50% and 236%, but it did not sufficiently reduce the heat transfer coefficient. There is a need to combine both techniques to simultaneously improve the energy and structural energy performance parameters.
Machine Learning for Prediction of Heat Pipe Effectiveness
Authors: Nair Anish , P. Ramkumar , Mahadevan Sivasubramanian , Prakash Chander , Dixit Saurav , Murali Gunasekaran , Vatin Nikolai Ivanovich , Epifantsev Kirill , Kumar Kaushal
Published: April 2022

This paper details the selection of machine learning models for predicting the effectiveness of a heat pipe system in a concentric tube exchanger. Heat exchanger experiments with methanol as the working fluid were conducted. The value of the angle varied from 0° to 90°, values of temperature varied from 50 °C to 70 °C, and the flow rate varied from 40 to 120 litres per min. Multiple experiments were conducted at different combinations of the input parameters and the effectiveness was measured for each trial. Multiple machine learning algorithms were taken into consideration for prediction. Experimental data were divided into subsets and the performance of the machine learning model was analysed for each of the subsets. For the overall analysis, which included all the three parameters, the random forest algorithm returned the best results with a mean average error of 1.176 and root-mean-square-error of 1.542.
Differential Genetic Mechanisms of Deep High-Quality Reservoirs in the Paleogene Wenchang Formation in the Zhu-1 Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin
Authors: Wang Cheng , Chen Dongxia , Li Hongbo , Chang Siyuan , Liu Ziyi , Wang Fuwei , Wang Qiaochu
Published: April 2022

The Lufeng Sag and Huizhou Sag, both located in the Zhu-1 Depression, have similar geographical locations, but their reservoir characteristics in the Paleogene Wenchang Formation show obvious differences. Primary intergranular pores are mainly developed in the Lufeng Sag. However, secondary pores are the main reservoir space in the Huizhou depression. Overall, the reservoir properties of the Lufeng Sag are better than those of the Huizhou Sag. To analyse the differences between the Paleogene reservoirs in these two areas, this study mainly uses assay data, such as rock thin sections, scanning electron microscope images, drilling, and logging, to analyse the differential development mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs, and two types of reservoir development models were concluded. The results show that the anti-compaction primary porosity preservation mode is mainly developed in the Lufeng Sag. High compositional maturity quartz sandstone is the congenital condition of primary porosity development. The top and bottom calcareous cementation formed of the large set of thick sand bodies increases the rock’s anti-compaction ability. The early shallow burial slows down the compaction action of overlying strata. Under the low geothermal temperature, it can delay the time for deep reservoirs to enter the middle diagenetic stage. The reservoirs in the Huizhou Sag are developed with the secondary dissolution pore development model. The Wenchang Formation reservoir in the Huizhou Sag has a large area of contact with source rocks, and organic acids can migrate to sandstone reservoirs for dissolution. Additionally, the secondary dissolution pores are more developed because the Wenchang Formation reservoirs in the Huizhou Sag contain more easily dissolved substances.
Analysis of Grid Disturbances Caused by Massive Integration of Utility Level Solar Power Systems
Authors: Soto Esteban , Bosman Lisa , Wollega Ebisa , Leon-Salas Walter
Published: April 2022

Solar generation has increased rapidly worldwide in recent years and it is projected to continue to grow exponentially. A problem exists in that the increase in solar energy generation will increase the probability of grid disturbances. This study focuses on analyzing the grid disturbances caused by the massive integration to the transmission line of utility-scale solar energy loaded to the balancing authority high-voltage transmission lines in four regions of the United States electrical system: (1) California, (2) Southwest, (3) New England, and (4) New York. Statistical analysis of equality of means was carried out to detect changes in the energy balance and peak power. Results show that when comparing the difference between hourly net generation and demand, energy imbalance occurs in the regions with the highest solar generation: California and Southwest. No significant difference was found in any of the four regions in relation to the energy peaks. The results imply that regions with greater utility-level solar energy adoption must conduct greater energy exchanges with other regions to reduce potential disturbances to the grid. It is essential to bear in mind that as the installed solar generation capacity increases, the potential energy imbalances created in the grid increase.
Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War against COVID-19?
Authors: Redwan Elrashdy M. , Elrashdy Fatma , Aljabali Alaa A. A. , Baetas-da-Cruz Wagner , Barh Debmalya , Brufsky Adam M. , Hassan Sk. Sarif , Lundstrom Kenneth , Serrano-Aroca Ángel , Takayama Kazuo , Tambuwala Murtaza M. , Uhal Bruce D. , Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: April 2022

The scientific, private, and industrial sectors use a wide variety of technological platforms available to achieve protection against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), including vaccines. However, the virus evolves continually into new highly virulent variants, which might overcome the protection provided by vaccines and may re-expose the population to infections. Mass vaccinations should be continued in combination with more or less mandatory non-pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, the key questions to be answered are: (i) How to identify the primary and secondary infections of SARS-CoV-2? (ii) Why are neutralizing antibodies not long-lasting in both cases of natural infections and post-vaccinations? (iii) Which are the factors responsible for this decay in neutralizing antibodies? (iv) What strategy could be adapted to develop long-term herd immunity? (v) Is the Spike protein the only vaccine target or is a vaccine cocktail better?
Mapping Fine-Scale Crown Scorch in 3D with Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
Authors: Moran Christopher J. , Hoff Valentijn , Parsons Russell A. , Queen Lloyd P. , Seielstad Carl A.
Published: April 2022

Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) are providing fresh perspectives for the remote sensing of fire. One opportunity is mapping tree crown scorch following fires, which can support science and management. This proof-of-concept shows that crown scorch is distinguishable from uninjured canopy in point clouds derived from low-cost RGB and calibrated RGB-NIR cameras at fine resolutions (centimeter level). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) provided the most discriminatory spectral data, but a low-cost RGB camera provided useful data as well. Scorch heights from the point cloud closely matched field measurements with a mean absolute error of 0.52 m (n = 29). Voxelization of the point cloud, using a simple threshold NDVI classification as an example, provides a suitable dataset worthy of application and further research. Field-measured scorch heights also showed a relationship to RPAS-thermal-camera-derived fire radiative energy density (FRED) estimates with a Spearman rank correlation of 0.43, but there are many issues still to resolve before robust inference is possible. Mapping fine-scale scorch in 3D with RPAS and SfM photogrammetry is a viable, low-cost option that can support related science and management.
On the Turbulent Behavior of a Magnetically Confined Plasma near the X-Point
Authors: Montani Giovanni , Carlevaro Nakia , Tirozzi Brunello
Published: April 2022

We construct a model for the turbulence near the X-point of a Tokamak device and, under suitable assumptions, we arrive to a closed equation for the electric field potential fluctuations. The analytical and numerical analysis is focused on a reduced two-dimensional formulation of the dynamics, which allows a direct mapping to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation. The main merit of this study is to outline how the turbulence near the X-point, in correspondence to typical operation conditions of medium and large size Tokamaks, is dominated by the enstrophy cascade from large to smaller spatial scales.
Changes in Volatile Composition of Cape Hake Fillets under Modified Atmosphere Packaging Systems during Cold Storage
Authors: Opara Umezuruike Linus , Fadiji Tobi , Caleb Oluwafemi James , Oluwole Adebanji Olasupo
Published: April 2022

Fresh ready-to-cook fish fillets are susceptible to loss of freshness and accumulation of off-odour due to accelerated microbial spoilage. Suboptimal storage temperature and packaging conditions accelerate this process, limiting the economic potential. This study investigated the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and storage temperature (0 °C and 4 °C) on the volatile compounds (VOCs) of Cape hake (Merluccius capensis) fish fillets as a predictor of shelf life and quality. Fresh Cape hake fillets were packaged under active modified atmosphere (40% CO2 + 30% O2 + 30% N2) and passive modified atmosphere (0.039% CO2 + 20.95% O2 + 78% N2) with or without an absorbent pad and stored at 0 °C and 4 °C for 12 d. The results obtained demonstrated that changes in VOCs and concentration were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by MAP conditions, storage temperature and duration. A total of 16 volatiles were identified in the packaged Cape hake fillets: 4 primary VOCs and 12 secondary VOCs. The spoilage VOCs identified include tri-methylamine (TMA) (ammonia-like), esters (sickeningly sweet) and sulphur group (putrid). The concentration of secondary VOCs increased continuously during storage. Active-MA-packaged fillets performed better and had lower TMA values of 0.31% at 0 °C on day 12 in comparison to 7.22% at 0 °C under passive on day 6. Ethyl acetate was detected in passive-MA-packaged fillets stored at 0 °C on day 3, and the levels increased to 3.26% on day 6, while active-MA-packaged fillets maintained freshness. This study showed that in conjunction with TMA, VOCs such as esters and sulphur-related compounds could be used as spoilage markers for Cape hake fish fillets.
Effect of Different Extraction Methods on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of C-Phycocyanin from Dry Biomass of Arthrospira platensis
Authors: Chen Qian , Li Shuhui , Xiong Hua , Zhao Qiang
Published: April 2022

The effect of four different extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and functionalities of chloro-phycocyanin (CP) was investigated. Swelling (S-CP), freezing and thawing (4FT-CP), ultrasonication with freezing and thawing (4FT+U-CP), and the high-pressure cell disruption (HPCD-CP) process affected CP differently, thus resulting in different levels of solubility, DPPH scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, and reducing power. Among the four CPs, HPCD-CP had the highest CP content (15.3%), purity (1.66 ± 0.16), and ∆E value but the lowest ∆b value. The ζ potential of HPCD-CP (−38.8 mV) was the highest, but the average particle size of 4FT+U-CP (719.1 nm) was the highest. UV-Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra illustrated that high-pressure cell disruption-assisted extraction had more profound impacts on the microenvironment of tetrapyrrole chromophores, the environment of aromatic amino acids, and the phycocyanobilin of CP. Furthermore, HPCD-CP and 4FT-CP showed higher solubility and antioxidant activities than S-CP, especially 4FT+U-CP. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that HPCD technology could obtain a food-grade C-phycocyanin product with higher CP concentration, purity, solubility, and antioxidant activity.
Structural Characteristics of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Okara with Different Particle Sizes and Their Prebiotic Effects in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet
Authors: Fan Hongliang , Zhang Ying , Swallah Mohammed Sharif , Wang Sainan , Zhang Jiarui , Fang Jiaqi , Lu Jiahong , Yu Hansong
Published: April 2022

Dietary fiber, which is utilized to make functional meals, is an important component for promoting human health and managing calorie consumption. In this study, three different particle sizes of OIDF (Okara insoluble dietary fiber) were characterized. Their lipid-lowering effects and the impacts on gut microbiota were determined by OIDF intervention in high-fat diet rats. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the three particle sizes of OIDF have different morphologies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that the three sources of IDF samples have similar active groups, but the thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that three different particle sizes of OIDF have different retention and crystallinity. Among the three OIDFs, OIDF-10 exhibited the stronger WSC, OHC, CAC, and SCAC. The results after the feeding showed that the OIDF of three particle sizes could improve the elevation of blood lipids and the disturbance of gut microbiota caused by the high-fat diet. Therefore, this study demonstrated the functional significance of the three particle sizes of OIDF and provided a reference for its application in functional food processing, aiming at maintaining healthy blood lipid and intestinal flora levels.
Elimination of Pendimethalin in Integrated Rice and Procambarus clarkii Breeding Models and Dietary Risk Assessments
Authors: Yang Qiuhong , Ai Xiaohui , Dong Jing , Yang Yibin , Zhou Shun , Liu Yongtao , Xu Ning
Published: April 2022

This study investigated elimination of the herbicide pendimethalin using an integrated rice and Procambarus clarkii breeding model of indoor and outdoor (pond culture) exposure tests. The pendimethalin levels in 484 samples from the primary rice and P. clarkii integrated breeding areas in Hubei province were monitored, and dietary risk assessments of pendimethalin were calculated. Pendimethalin was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and detection levels were linear in the range of 1.0 to 10.0 μg/L, and peak areas were positively correlated with concentration, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. Recoveries ranged from 86.9 to 103.5%, and the limit of quantitation was 2.5 × 10−4 μg/L in water, and 1 × 10−2 μg/kg in tissues, sediments, and waterweeds. The dissipation rate of pendimethalin in tissues and water followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 0.51–5.64 d. In 484 samples taken from aquaculture farms, pendimethalin was detected in 8.67% of the samples at levels in the range of 1.95 to 8.26 μg/kg in Hubei province from 2018 to 2020. The maximum residue limit of pendimethalin in P. clarkii has not been established in China, but our dietary risk assessments indicated that consumption of P. clarkii from integrated rice farms was acceptable.
Hydrogel Check-Valves for the Treatment of Hydrocephalic Fluid Retention with Wireless Fully-Passive Sensor for the Intracranial Pressure Measurement
Authors: Lee Seunghyun , Liu Shiyi , Bristol Ruth E. , Preul Mark C. , Blain Christen Jennifer
Published: April 2022

Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a neurological disease resulting from the disruption of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage mechanism in the brain. Reliable draining of CSF is necessary to treat hydrocephalus. The current standard of care is an implantable shunt system. However, shunts have a high failure rate caused by mechanical malfunctions, obstructions, infection, blockage, breakage, and over or under drainage. Such shunt failures can be difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific systems and the lack of long-term implantable pressure sensors. Herein, we present the evaluation of a fully realized and passive implantable valve made of hydrogel to restore CSF draining operations within the cranium. The valves are designed to achieve a non-zero cracking pressure and no reverse flow leakage by using hydrogel swelling. The valves were evaluated in a realistic fluidic environment with ex vivo CSF and brain tissue. They display a successful operation across a range of conditions, with negligible reverse flow leakage. Additionally, a novel wireless pressure sensor was incorporated alongside the valve for in situ intracranial pressure measurement. The wireless pressure sensor successfully replicated standard measurements. Those evaluations show the reproducibility of the valve and sensor functions and support the system’s potential as a chronic implant to replace standard shunt systems.
Improving the Self-Healing of Cementitious Materials with a Hydrogel System
Authors: Wang Hao , Habibi Mohammad , Marzouki Riadh , Majdi Ali , Shariati Morteza , Denic Nebojsa , Zakić Aleksandar , Khorami Majid , Khadimallah Mohamed Amine , Ebid Ahmed Abdel Khalek
Published: April 2022

Despite cement’s superior performance and inexpensive cost compared to other industrial materials, crack development remains a persistent problem in concrete. Given the comparatively low tensile strength, when cracks emerge, a pathway is created for gas and water to enter the cementitious matrix, resulting in steel reinforcement corrosion which compromises the durability of concrete. Superabsorbent hydrogels have been developed as a novel material for enhancing the characteristics of cementitious materials in which they have been demonstrated to decrease autogenous shrinkage and encourage self-healing. This study will detail the design and application of polyelectrolyte hydrogel particles as internal curing agents in concrete and provide new findings on relevant hydrogel–ion interactions. When hydrogel particles are mixed into concrete, they generate their stored water to fuel the curing reaction that results in less cracking and shrinkage, thereby prolonging the service life of the concrete. The interaction of hydrogels with cementitious materials is addressed in this study; the effect of hydrogels on the characteristics and self-healing of cementitious materials was also studied. Incorporating hydrogel particles into cement decreased mixture shrinkage while increasing the production of particular inorganic phases within the vacuum region formerly supplied by the swollen particle. In addition, considering the control paste, cement pastes containing hydrogels exhibited less autogenous shrinkage. The influence of hydrogels on autogenous shrinkage was found to be chemically dependent; the hydrogel with a delayed desorption rate displayed significantly low shrinkage in cement paste.
Homestay, Sleepover, and Commensality: Three Intimate Methods in the Study of “Mixed” Families
Authors: Fresnoza-Flot Asuncion
Published: April 2022

Scholars most often adopt qualitative data-gathering methods, notably interviews, to access the lifeworld of “mixed” families. Nonetheless, when research questions require vivid details about their lives, other data-collection techniques may be needed. “Intimate” research methods, characterised by proximate contacts and interactions with “mixed” couples and their families, appear particularly useful in this regard. Drawing from ethnographic studies of mixed families of Filipino and Thai migrant women in Belgium and The Netherlands, the present paper unveils the heuristic value of three intimate methods—homestays, sleepovers, and commensality—in perceiving the realities of these women’s couple and family lives. Homestays and sleepovers allow an in-depth understanding of ways of life within homes, interpersonal interactions, and their intricacies. Commensality (i.e., eating together) offers “snapshots” of the lives of mixed families, providing insights complementary to other methods such as interviews. Hence, the three intimate methods explored in this paper are social sites in which one can view details, otherwise invisible or unspoken, of the lives of mixed families, ranging from power dynamics to intergenerational relations, from the family’s social class status and cross-border social ties to emotional situations.
Geovisualization of Hydrological Flow in Hexagonal Grid Systems
Authors: Li Mingke , McGrath Heather , Stefanakis Emmanuel
Published: April 2022

Recent research has extended conventional hydrological algorithms into a hexagonal grid and noted that hydrological modeling on a hexagonal mesh grid outperformed that on a rectangular grid. Among the hydrological products, flow routing grids are the base of many other hydrological simulations, such as flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and stream networks. However, most of the previous research adopted the D6 algorithm, which is analogous to the D8 algorithm over a rectangular grid, to produce flow routing. This paper explored another four methods regarding generating flow directions in a hexagonal grid, based on four algorithms of slope aspect computation. We also developed and visualized hexagonal-grid-based hydrological operations, including flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and hydrological indices computation. Experiments were carried out across multiple grid resolutions with various terrain roughness. The results showed that flow direction can vary among different approaches, and the impact of such variation can propagate to flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and hydrological indices production, which was reflected by the cell-wise comparison and visualization. This research is practical for hydrological analysis in hexagonal, hierarchical grids, such as Discrete Global Grid Systems, and the developed operations can be used in flood modeling in the real world.
Effect of Water Content on Apparent Cohesion of Soils from Landslide Sites
Authors: Ravindran Sinnappoo , Gratchev Ivan
Published: April 2022

There are many empirical equations published for unsaturated fine-grained soils. However, there is only one empirical equation established for silty sand using the shear-box test and filter-paper-based suction test, but with the suction range of 0 to 200 kPa. It is reported that there is a significant discrepancy between the predicted values and test results of apparent cohesion within the range of 0 to 100 kPa for unsaturated coarse-grained soils. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of water content on apparent cohesion and predict apparent cohesion for coarse-grained soils within the range of 0 to 100 kPa using shear-box test and suction test results without much inconsistency. In this research, soil samples from the rainfall-induced landslide sites were obtained; laboratory tests such as soil-classification tests, shear-box tests and consolidated undrained triaxial tests were carried out. Test results were analyzed, and the findings are presented. When the water content is increased from 0% to 30%, there is a reduction of 89% in apparent cohesion on average. A newly developed prediction model for apparent cohesion based on the low range of matric suction from 0 to 100 kPa for unsaturated coarse-grained soils is introduced in this paper and compared with published models.
Effect of Elevated Temperature and Excess Light on Photosynthetic Efficiency, Pigments, and Proteins in the Field-Grown Sunflower during Afternoon
Authors: Markulj Kulundžić Antonela , Viljevac Vuletić Marija , Matoša Kočar Maja , Antunović Dunić Jasenka , Varga Ivana , Zdunić Zvonimir , Sudarić Aleksandra , Cesar Vera , Lepeduš Hrvoje
Published: April 2022

This study examined the photosynthetic responses of two sunflower hybrids to elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage by measuring the chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) under morning and afternoon field conditions to determine the photosynthetic pigment contents and the relative accumulation of photosynthetic proteins. The morning environmental conditions were considered optimal, while the afternoon was characterised by elevated temperatures and excess light intensity. The minimum fluorescence intensity (F0), the electron-flux-reducing end electron acceptors at the photosystem I acceptor side per reaction centre (RE0/RC), and the D1 protein had significant, high, and positive correlations with the environmental conditions, which indicates that they were the most useful in the sunflower-stress-response research. In hybrid 7, the elevated temperatures and the excess light intensity resulted in the inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex, which was indicated by the positive L, K, and J steps, the increase in the maximum quantum yield of PSII (TR0/ABS), the decrease in the electron transport further than the primary acceptor QA (ET0/(TR0-ET0)), the reduction in the performance index (PIABS), and the higher relative accumulation of the light-harvesting complex of the photosystem (LHCII). Hybrid 4 had smaller changes in the fluorescence curves in phases O–J and J–I, and especially in steps L, K, J, and I, and a higher PIABS, which indicates a more efficient excitation energy under the unfavourable conditions. As the tested parameters were sensitive enough to determine the significant differences between the sunflower hybrids in their photosynthetic responses to the elevated temperatures and excess light intensity in the flowering stage, they can be considered useful selection criteria. The development of more adaptable sunflower hybrids encourages sustainable sunflower production under stressful growing conditions.
Application of Inertial Sensors to Identify Performance-Relevant Parameters in Olympic Hammer Throw
Authors: Tiedemann Stefan , Menrad Thorben , Witte Kerstin
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study is to find essential performance-determining biomechanical parameters in hammer throw. There is no consensus in science on this, for many reasons. Among other things, there is the high complexity of the movement in conjunction with the differences in the physical conditions of the individual athletes. The purpose was to make complete body analyses of six experienced throwers (2 × male, 4 × female). Methods: The kinematics were collected with the full body sensor suit (Moven suit from Xsens with 17 inertial measurement units (IMU)). We considered 37 literature-based parameters. By means of correlation analyses, with regard to throwing distance, and a principal component analysis (PCA), performance-relevant parameters could be found. Results: The most promising results occurred in stance times and left hand speed. These findings suggest, in accordance with other studies, that these parameters have a relevant influence on the throwing distance. Comparing acceleration and angular velocity with the throwing distance also look relevant for performance. Conclusions: Further research with a focus on technique and bigger differences in the throwing distance are necessary to obtain clearer performance relevant parameters.
Assessing Older Adults’ Intentions to Use a Smartphone: Using the Meta–Unified Theory of the Acceptance and Use of Technology
Authors: Yang Cheng-Chia , Li Cheng-Lun , Yeh Te-Feng , Chang Yu-Chia
Published: April 2022

Barriers to smartphone use often exist among older adults, and increasing smartphone use is beneficial to increasing older adults’ quality of life. Studies of older adults’ smartphone use intentions have mostly adopted the technology acceptance model or unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). However, these models have their limitations. A meta-UTAUT has been developed, but it has not been extensively verified with older adults. This study used the meta-UTAUT model to explore the influences on older adults’ smartphone use intentions and behaviors. A total of 311 adults aged 60 to 75 years who had minimal experience with smartphones were recruited. They participated in a 16 h smartphone training and then completed a questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the meta-UTAUT model can predict older adults’ smartphone use intentions and behaviors. Performance expectancy (PE) and social influence significantly influenced behavioral intention (BI) and attitude toward using smartphones (AT). PE was the strongest factor influencing BI. AT also affected BI. Although facilitating conditions did not significantly affect BI, they had a high influence on AT. To increase smartphone use among older adults, training can be implemented to teach smartphone skills and emphasize the benefits of using smartphones.
Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Fresh Poultry Excreta Used for Vegetable Farming in Freetown, Sierra Leone
Authors: Mansaray Alie H. D. , Yankson Dennis P. Y. , Johnson Raymonda A. B. , Moses Francis L. , Kanu Joseph Sam , Kamara Ibrahim Franklyn , Zachariah Rony , Kumar Ajay M. V. , Selvaraj Kalaiselvi
Published: April 2022

The transfer of antibiotic resistance from animals to humans is of concern in recent times. One potential source of such transfer is the untreated poultry excreta used as manure in farming. We aim to identify bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli in poultry excreta in Sierra Leone. This was a cross-sectional study of fresh poultry excreta samples collected from four commercial poultry sites in Freetown, Sierra Leone, from June–September 2021. Bacterial isolates were tested against eight antibiotics using established standards. Of 100 samples, 93 showed Escherichia coli (93%): of those, eight isolates also had Salmonella (8%). E. coli was 100% resistant to all three ‘Watch’ drugs (erythromycin, cefoxitin and streptomycin) and tetracycline. E. coli was least resistant to ampicillin (12%), followed by chloramphenicol (35%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance was 95.6%. Multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged from 0.5–0.7 (optimal < 0.2), indicating high prior exposure to antibiotics in these poultries. Such high levels of resistance in E. coli isolated from poultry excreta could pose a serious threat to humans. We recommend (i) routine surveillance to monitor antibiotic resistance in poultry excreta, (ii) using poultry excreta as manure only after treatment and (iii) restricting the use of antibiotics as prophylactics and growth promoters in poultry feeds.