bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure Inducement Factor Analysis and Optimal Design Method of Ball Bearing Cage for Aviation Motor
Authors: Cui Yongcun , Cai Linshen , Wang Jingjing , Gao Xiaoguo
Published: July 2024

In experiments of aviation motor bearings, when the deep-groove ball bearings are subjected to an overturning moment at high speed, it often happens that the rivet on the cage breaks and the debris invades the raceway, resulting in bearing failure. To address the problem of early failure of deep-groove ball bearing cages and rivets in aviation motors, the causes of early failure were analyzed from the aspect of cage design in this study. The influence of the raceway and cage structure parameters on the dynamic contact characteristics of the rolling element and cage under the action of overturning torque were analyzed, the weak link of the cage was determined, and the cage design parameters were optimized. The results show that with an increase in the cage width and pocket radius, the impact force between the ball and cage first decreases and then increases, and the tilt angle of the cage gradually decreases. A larger channel radius and smaller clearance can slow down the interaction between the cage and the rolling element and make the cage run more smoothly. Increasing the thickness of the cage can ensure that the rivet part of the cage is at a low stress level, and the risk of premature fatigue failure at the rivet part can be reduced by maintaining a small gap–fit relationship between the rivet and rivet holes. The research results indicate that the working condition adaptability of the bearing cage for aviation motors can be improved, and the design method for this type of bearing can be enhanced.
Koopman Spectral Linearization vs. Carleman Linearization: A Computational Comparison Study
Authors: Shi Dongwei , Yang Xiu
Published: July 2024

Nonlinearity presents a significant challenge in developing quantum algorithms involving differential equations, prompting the exploration of various linearization techniques, including the well-known Carleman Linearization. Instead, this paper introduces the Koopman Spectral Linearization method tailored for nonlinear autonomous ordinary differential equations. This innovative linearization approach harnesses the interpolation methods and the Koopman Operator Theory to yield a lifted linear system. It promises to serve as an alternative approach that can be employed in scenarios where Carleman Linearization is traditionally applied. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this linearization approach for several commonly used nonlinear ordinary differential equations.
Decoding of MDP Convolutional Codes over the Erasure Channel under Linear Systems Point of View
Authors: García-Planas Maria Isabel , Um Laurence E.
Published: July 2024

This paper attempts to highlight the decoding capabilities of MDP convolutional codes over the erasure channel by defining them as discrete linear dynamical systems, with which the controllability property and the observability characteristics of linear system theory can be applied, in particular those of output observability, easily described using matrix language. Those are viewed against the decoding capabilities of MDS block codes over the same channel. Not only is the time complexity better but the decoding capabilities are also increased with this approach because convolutional codes are more flexible in handling variable-length data streams than block codes, where they are fixed-length and less adaptable to varying data lengths without padding or other adjustments.
Research on Autonomous Manoeuvre Decision Making in Within-Visual-Range Aerial Two-Player Zero-Sum Games Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lu Bo , Ru Le , Hu Shiguang , Wang Wenfei , Xi Hailong , Zhao Xiaolin
Published: July 2024

In recent years, with the accelerated development of technology towards automation and intelligence, autonomous decision-making capabilities in unmanned systems are poised to play a crucial role in contemporary aerial two-player zero-sum games (TZSGs). Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods enable agents to make autonomous manoeuvring decisions. This paper focuses on current mainstream DRL algorithms based on fundamental tactical manoeuvres, selecting a typical aerial TZSG scenario—within visual range (WVR) combat. We model the key elements influencing the game using a Markov decision process (MDP) and demonstrate the mathematical foundation for implementing DRL. Leveraging high-fidelity simulation software (Warsim v1.0), we design a prototypical close-range aerial combat scenario. Utilizing this environment, we train mainstream DRL algorithms and analyse the training outcomes. The effectiveness of these algorithms in enabling agents to manoeuvre in aerial TZSG autonomously is summarised, providing a foundational basis for further research.
Preface to the Special Issue “State-of-the-Art Mathematical Applications in Europe”
Authors: Cristea Irina , Siarry Patrick , Dzemyda Gintautas , Rogovchenko Yuriy
Published: July 2024

This book collects under one cover twelve original research papers and one review paper submitted to the Special Issue “State-of-the-Art Mathematical Applications in Europe” and published in the MDPI journal Mathematics from December 2021 to January 2023 [...]
Deep Embedding Koopman Neural Operator-Based Nonlinear Flight Training Trajectory Prediction Approach
Authors: Lu Jing , Jiang Jingjun , Bai Yidan
Published: July 2024

Accurate flight training trajectory prediction is a key task in automatic flight maneuver evaluation and flight operations quality assurance (FOQA), which is crucial for pilot training and aviation safety management. The task is extremely challenging due to the nonlinear chaos of trajectories, the unconstrained airspace maps, and the randomization of driving patterns. In this work, a deep learning model based on data-driven modern koopman operator theory and dynamical system identification is proposed. The model does not require the manual selection of dictionaries and can automatically generate augmentation functions to achieve nonlinear trajectory space mapping. The model combines stacked neural networks to create a scalable depth approximator for approximating the finite-dimensional Koopman operator. In addition, the model uses finite-dimensional operator evolution to achieve end-to-end adaptive prediction. In particular, the model can gain some physical interpretability through operator visualization and generative dictionary functions, which can be used for downstream pattern recognition and anomaly detection tasks. Experiments show that the model performs well, particularly on flight training trajectory datasets.
Riemannian Geodesic Discriminant Analysis–Minimum Riemannian Mean Distance: A Robust and Effective Method Leveraging a Symmetric Positive Definite Manifold and Discriminant Algorithm for Image Set Classification
Authors: Liu Zigang , El-Sousy Fayez F. M. , Larik Nauman Ali , Quan Huan , Ji Tianyao
Published: July 2024

This study introduces a novel method for classifying sets of images, called Riemannian geodesic discriminant analysis–minimum Riemannian mean distance (RGDA-MRMD). This method first converts image data into symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices, which capture important features related to the variability within the data. These SPD matrices are then mapped onto simpler, flat spaces (tangent spaces) using a mathematical tool called the logarithm operator, which helps to reduce their complexity and dimensionality. Subsequently, regularized local Fisher discriminant analysis (RLFDA) is employed to refine these simplified data points on the tangent plane, focusing on local data structures to optimize the distances between the points and prevent overfitting. The optimized points are then transformed back into a complex, curved space (SPD manifold) using the exponential operator to enhance robustness. Finally, classification is performed using the minimum Riemannian mean distance (MRMD) algorithm, which assigns each data point to the class with the closest mean in the Riemannian space. Through experiments on the ETH-80 (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich-80 object category), AFEW (acted facial expressions in the wild), and FPHA (first-person hand action) datasets, the proposed method demonstrates superior performance, with accuracy scores of 97.50%, 37.27%, and 88.47%, respectively. It outperforms all the comparison methods, effectively preserving the unique topological structure of the SPD matrices and significantly boosting image set classification accuracy.
Target Damage Calculation Method of Nash Equilibrium Solution Based on Particle Swarm between Projectile and Target Confrontation Game
Authors: Hao Yun , Li Hanshan
Published: July 2024

In order to scientifically evaluate the target damage effect of uncertain intersection between projectile and target confrontation game, this paper establishes a basic model of target damage in the intersection between projectile and target game, which is through the spatial relationship between the explosive position of the projectile and the target position and gives a calculation method of target damage evaluation. The study applies Nash equilibrium theory to analyze income-loss functions in an adversarial game model. According to the definition of the possibility degree of interval number in uncertain multi-attribute decision-making, we proposed a method of solving the Nash equilibrium value of the income matrix of both sides of the game, which is using the interval possibility degree. We used quantitative calculations to analyze game strategies and changes in target damage under different states, such as fragment numbers, velocities, and angles of hit in the confrontation game between projectile and target. Based on the Nash equilibrium value solution method of the particle swarm optimization algorithm, we quantitatively calculated the fitness change relationship between the projectile and the target under different strategy sets. Based on the actual projectile confrontation game test, we analyze the damage probability effects of two projectiles at different explosion positions and different rendezvous angle angles on the three cabins. The results show that in the same area, the intersection angle is smaller, the probability of target damage is greater, and the intersection distance is farther, the damage probability is smaller.
Command-Filtered Nussbaum Design for Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Control Direction and Input Constraints
Authors: Liu Yuxuan
Published: July 2024

This paper studies the problem of adaptive fuzzy control based on command filtering for a class of nonlinear systems characterized by an input dead zone, input saturation, and unknown control direction. First, this paper proposes a novel equivalent transformation technique that simplifies the design complexity of multiple input constraints by converting the input dead zone and saturation nonlinearities into a unified functional form. Subsequently, a fuzzy logic system is utilized to handle the unknown nonlinear functions, and the command-filtering method is employed to address the issue of complexity explosion, while the Nussbaum function is utilized to resolve the challenge of an unknown control direction. Based on Lyapunov stability, it is proven that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood around the origin, and all closed-loop signals are bounded. Finally, a numerical simulation result and an actual simulation result of a pendulum are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Phytochemistry and Biological Profile of the Chinese Endemic Herb Genus Notopterygium
Authors: Tang Zhikang , Zheng Renlin , Chen Ping , Li Liangchun
Published: July 2024

Notopterygium, a plant genus belonging to the Apiaceae family, is utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for its medicinal properties. Specifically, the roots and rhizomes of these plants are employed in phytotherapy to alleviate inflammatory conditions and headaches. This review provides a concise overview of the existing information regarding the botanical description, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and molecular mechanisms of the two Notopterygium species: Notopterygium incisum and N. franchetii. More than 500 distinct compounds have been derived from these plants, with the root being the primary source. These components include volatile oils, coumarins, enynes, sesquiterpenes, organic acids and esters, flavonoids, and various other compounds. Research suggests that Notopterygium incisum and N. franchetii exhibit a diverse array of pharmacological effects, encompassing antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties on various organs such as the brain, heart, digestive system, and respiratory system. Building activity screening models based on the pharmacological effects of Notopterygium species, as well as discovering and studying the pharmacological mechanisms of novel active ingredients, will constitute the primary development focus of Notopterygium medicinal research in the future.
Insight into the Binding Interaction between PEDCs and hERRγ Utilizing Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Bu Fanqiang , Chen Lin , Sun Ying , Zhao Bing , Wang Ruige
Published: July 2024

Phenolic environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PEDCs) are persistent EDCs that are widely found in food packaging materials and environmental media and seriously threaten human health and ecological security. Human estrogen-related receptor γ (hERRγ) has been proposed as a mediator for the low-dose effects of many environmental PEDCs; however, the atomic-level descriptions of dynamical structural features and interactions of hERRγ and PEDCs are still unclarified. Herein, how three PEDCs, 4-(1-methylpropyl)phenol (4-sec-butylphenol), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol (tetrahydro-2-napthol), and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propane (BP(2,2)(Me)), interact with hERRγ to produce its estrogenic disruption effects was studied. Molecular docking and multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were first conducted to distinguish the detailed interaction pattern of hERRγ with PEDCs. These binding structures revealed that residues around Leu271, Leu309, Leu345, and Phe435 are important when binding with PEDCs. Furthermore, the binding energies of PEDCs with hERRγ were also characterized using the molecular mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and solvated interaction energy (SIE) methods, and the results showed that the interactions of CH-π, π-π, and hydrogen bonds are the major contributors for hERRγ binding to these three PEDCs. What is striking is that the methoxide groups of BP(2,2)(Me), as hydrophobic groups, can help to reduce the binding energy of PEDCs binding with hERRγ. These results provide important guidance for further understanding the influence of PEDCs on human health problems.
Application of Strain Engineering in Solar Cells
Authors: Fei Houzhi , Shang Caiyi , Sang Dandan , Li Changxing , Ge Shunhao , Zou Liangrui , Wang Qinglin
Published: July 2024

Solar cells represent a promising innovation in energy storage, offering not only exceptional cleanliness and low cost but also a high degree of flexibility, rendering them widely applicable. In recent years, scientists have dedicated substantial efforts to enhancing the performance of solar cells, aiming to drive sustainable development and promote clean energy applications. One approach that has garnered significant attention is strain engineering, which involves the adjustment of material microstructure and organization through mechanical tensile or compressive strain, ultimately serving to enhance the mechanical properties and performance stability of materials. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in the application of strain engineering in solar cells, focused on the current hot research area—perovskite solar cells. Specifically, it delves into the origins and characterization of strain in solar cells, the impact of strain on solar cell performance, and the methods for regulating stable strain. Furthermore, it outlines strategies for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of solar cells through strain engineering. Finally, the paper conducts an analysis of the challenges encountered in the development process and presents a forward-looking perspective on further enhancing the performance of solar cells through strain engineering.
Dynamic Covalent Bond-Based Polymer Chains Operating Reversibly with Temperature Changes
Authors: Roh Sojeong , Nam Yeonjeong , Nguyen My Thi Ngoc , Han Jae-Hee , Lee Jun Seop
Published: July 2024

Dynamic bonds can facilitate reversible formation and dissociation of connections in response to external stimuli, endowing materials with shape memory and self-healing capabilities. Temperature is an external stimulus that can be easily controlled through heat. Dynamic covalent bonds in response to temperature can reversibly connect, exchange, and convert chains in the polymer. In this review, we introduce dynamic covalent bonds that operate without catalysts in various temperature ranges. The basic bonding mechanism and the kinetics are examined to understand dynamic covalent chemistry reversibly performed by equilibrium control. Furthermore, a recent synthesis method that implements dynamic covalent coupling based on various polymers is introduced. Dynamic covalent bonds that operate depending on temperature can be applied and expand the use of polymers, providing predictions for the development of future smart materials.
Study on the Effect of Magnesium Chloride-Modified Straw Waste Biochar on Acidic Soil Properties
Authors: Liu Zhigao , Dai Yuhang , Wen Tianyi , Wei Penglian , Fu Yunlin , Qiao Mengji
Published: July 2024

Soil biochar is a kind of organic matter rich in carbon, which is of great significance in soil fertility improvement, fertilizer type innovation and greenhouse gas emission reduction. In this paper, Mg-modified biochar was prepared by thermal cracking using rice straw and corn straw as raw materials. The Mg-modified biochar and unmodified biochar were fully mixed with prepared soil samples at the addition amounts of 0.5% (w/w), 1% (w/w) and 2% (w/w), respectively, and then simulated indoor soil cultivation experiments were carried out. The effects of magnesium ion-modified biochar and non-modified biochar on soil chemical properties and the effects of different amounts of biochar on soil properties were studied. The results showed that the yield of Mg-modified biochar from rice straw and corn straw, prepared by pyrolysis, was 65%, and the ash content was large. The pH of MG-modified corn stalk biochar (MCBC) is weakly basic (8.55), while the pH of MG-modified rice stalk biochar (MRBC) is basic (10.1), and their internal structures are slightly different. After the application of biochar prepared from rice straw and maize stover, soil indicators were determined. Compared to the control, the chemical properties of the treated soil samples were significantly improved, with an increase in soil pH, an increase in the content of effective nutrients, such as fast-acting potassium, fast-acting phosphorus and alkaline dissolved nitrogen, and an increase in the content of the total phosphorus and total nitrogen, as well as an increase in the content of organic matter. The Mg-modified biochar was generally superior to the unmodified biochar in improving soil fertility, at the same addition level. It was also found that the rice-straw biochar performed better than the corn-stover biochar and had a more obvious effect on soil improvement in terms of fast-acting potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen contents.
GaAs Cone-Shell Quantum Dots in a Lateral Electric Field: Exciton Stark-Shift, Lifetime, and Fine-Structure Splitting
Authors: Alshaikh Ahmed , Blick Robert H. , Heyn Christian
Published: July 2024

Strain-free GaAs cone-shell quantum dots have a unique shape, which allows a wide tunability of the charge-carrier probability densities by external electric and magnetic fields. Here, the influence of a lateral electric field on the optical emission is studied experimentally using simulations. The simulations predict that the electron and hole form a lateral dipole when subjected to a lateral electric field. To evaluate this prediction experimentally, we integrate the dots in a lateral gate geometry and measure the Stark-shift of the exciton energy, the exciton intensity, the radiative lifetime, and the fine-structure splitting (FSS) using single-dot photoluminescence spectroscopy. The respective gate voltage dependencies show nontrivial trends with three pronounced regimes. We assume that the respective dominant processes are charge-carrier deformation at a low gate voltage U, a vertical charge-carrier shift at medium U, and a lateral charge-carrier polarization at high U. The lateral polarization forms a dipole, which can either enhance or compensate the intrinsic FSS induced by the QD shape anisotropy, dependent on the in-plane orientation of the electric field. Furthermore, the data show that the biexciton peak can be suppressed by a lateral gate voltage, and we assume the presence of an additional vertical electric field induced by surface charges.
Enhancing Power Conversion Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells with Magnetoplasmonic Fe3O4@Au@m-ABS Nanoparticles
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Huang Shih-Han , Hsu Chia-Yi , Chung Ssu-Yung , Cha Hou-Chin , Chuang Chih-Min , Chen Kuen-Lin , Huang Yu-Ching
Published: July 2024

Organic–inorganic nanocomposites have the potential to be used in photovoltaic materials due to their eco-friendliness, suitable band gaps, and high stability. In this work, we integrated gold and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with poly-m-amino benzene sulfonic (m-ABS) to synthesize Fe3O4@Au@poly-(m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) (Fe3O4@Au@m-ABS) magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles (MPNPs) to enhance the performance of the organic photovoltaic (OPV). These MPNPs exhibit broad UV-Vis absorption and a low band gap of 2.878 eV, enhancing their suitability for photovoltaic applications. The MPNPs were introduced into the ZnO electron transporting layer (ETL) and active layer to investigate the influence of MPNPs on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the OPVs. When 0.1 vol% MPNPs were incorporated in the ETL, the OPVs achieved a PCE of 14.24% and a fill factor (FF) of 69.10%. On the other hand, when 0.1 vol% MPNPs were incorporated in the active layer, the OPVs showed a PCE of 14.11% and an FF of 68.83%. However, the OPVs without MPNPs only possessed a PCE of 13.15% and an FF of 63.69%. The incorporation of MPNPs increased the PCE by 8.3% in the OPV device. These findings suggest that Fe3O4@Au@m-ABS MPNPs are promising nanocomposite materials for enhancing the performance of OPVs.
Bimodal MRI/Fluorescence Nanoparticle Imaging Contrast Agent Targeting Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xu Hang , Yu Ping , Bandari Rajendra P. , Smith Charles J. , Aro Michael R. , Singh Amolak , Ma Lixin
Published: July 2024

We developed a novel site-specific bimodal MRI/fluorescence nanoparticle contrast agent targeting gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPrs), which are overexpressed in aggressive prostate cancers. Biocompatible ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles were synthesized using glucose and casein coatings, followed by conjugation with a Cy7.5-K-8AOC-BBN [7-14] peptide conjugate. The resulting USPIO(Cy7.5)-BBN nanoparticles were purified by 100 kDa membrane dialysis and fully characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxivity, as well as evaluated for in vitro and in vivo binding specificity and imaging efficacy in PC-3 prostate cancer cells and xenografted tumor-bearing mice. The USPIO(Cy7.5)-BBN nanoparticles had a core diameter of 4.93 ± 0.31 nm and a hydrodynamic diameter of 35.56 ± 0.58 nm. The r2 relaxivity was measured to be 70.2 ± 2.5 s−1 mM−1 at 7T MRI. The Cy7.5-K-8AOC-BBN [7-14] peptide-to-nanoparticle ratio was determined to be 21:1. The in vitro GRPr inhibitory binding (IC50) value was 2.5 ± 0.7 nM, indicating a very high binding affinity of USPIO(Cy7.5)-BBN to the GRPr on PC-3 cells. In vivo MRI showed significant tumor-to-muscle contrast enhancement in the uptake group at 4 h (31.1 ± 3.4%) and 24 h (25.7 ± 2.1%) post-injection compared to the blocking group (4 h: 15.3 ± 2.0% and 24 h: −2.8 ± 6.8%; p < 0.005). In vivo and ex vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging revealed significantly increased fluorescence in tumors in the uptake group compared to the blocking group. These findings demonstrate the high specificity of bimodal USPIO(Cy7.5)-BBN nanoparticles towards GRPr-expressing PC-3 cells, suggesting their potential for targeted imaging in aggressive prostate cancer.
Pain and Coping Strategies as Determinants of Malnutrition Risk in Lung Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Polański Jacek , Tański Wojciech , Dudek Krzysztof , Jankowska-Polańska Beata
Published: July 2024

Progressive cachexia and malnutrition severely impact the physical and mental condition of cancer patients. Pain is a prognostic factor for shorter survival in cancer patients, and coping strategies are crucial for adapting to treatment and dietary regimens. This study assessed pain levels, pain-related beliefs, and coping strategies as factors increasing malnutrition risk in 257 lung cancer patients. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from medical records. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire (BPCQ), and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) were used. Overall, 42.8% of patients were at risk of malnutrition, and 17.5% were malnourished. Nutritional status negatively correlated with CSQ domains: reinterpretation of pain (RP: rho = −0.194; p = 0.002), catastrophizing (CP: rho = −0.414; p = 0.001), ignoring pain (IP: rho = −0.198; p = 0.001), praying/hoping (PH: rho = −0.253; p < 0.001), and coping self-statements (CS: rho = −0.172; p = 0.006); and BPCQ domains: the power of doctors (PD: rho = −0.196; p = 0.002) and VAS (rho = −0.451; p < 0.001). Nutritional status positively correlated with CSQ domains: pain control (PC: rho = 0.499; p < 0.001) and the ability to reduce pain (AR: rho = 0.512; p < 0.001). In multivariate regression analysis, a better nutritional status was associated with a younger age (β = −0.094; p < 0.001), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (β = 1.218; p = 0.037), a greater ability to reduce pain (CSQ-AR) (β = 0.901; p < 0.001), lower catastrophizing (CSQ-CP) (β = −0.165; p = 0.001), and lower pain perceived (VAS) (β = 0.639; p < 0.001). Statistical analyses included Spearman’s correlation and multivariate regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Patients with a normal nutritional status had reduced doctor involvement in pain control, less frequent negative coping strategies, and more common positive coping strategies. A normal nutritional status correlates with lower perceived pain. A better nutritional status is linked to a younger age, NSCLC, lower pain levels, greater pain reduction ability, and lower scores in pain catastrophizing.
Immunoneuroendocrine, Stress, Metabolic, and Behavioural Responses in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Navarro María del Carmen , Gálvez Isabel , Hinchado María Dolores , Otero Eduardo , Torres-Piles Silvia , Francisco-Morcillo Javier , de La Fuente Mónica , Martín-Cordero Leticia , Ortega Eduardo
Published: July 2024

Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions, and even though its effects are well-documented, studying the interactions among all influencing factors is crucial for a better understanding of its physiopathology. In a high-fat-diet-induced obesity animal model using C57BL/6J mice, behavioural responses were assessed through a battery of tests, while stress biomarkers and systemic inflammatory cytokines were measured using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and a Bio-Plex Multiplex System. The peritoneal macrophage microbicide capacity was analysed via flow cytometry, and crown-like structures (CLSs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) were evaluated through staining techniques. Results indicated that obese mice exhibited increased body weight, hyperglycaemia, and hyperlipidaemia after 18 weeks on a high-fat diet, as well as worse physical conditions, poorer coordination and balance, and anxiety-like behaviour. Differences in corticosterone and noradrenaline concentrations were also found in obese animals, revealing a stress response and noradrenergic dysregulation, along with a weakened innate immune response characterized by a lower microbicide capacity, and the presence of an underlying inflammation evidenced by more CLSs in WAT. Altogether, these findings indicate that obesity deteriorates the entire stress, inflammatory, metabolic, sensorimotor and anxiety-like behavioural axis. This demonstrates that jointly evaluating all these aspects allows for a deeper and better exploration of this disease and its associated comorbidities, emphasizing the need for individualized and context-specific strategies for its management.
Evaluation of Primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 to Identify A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger from Polymorphic Patterns Obtained by RAPD-PCR
Authors: Castro-Fuentes Carlos Alberto , Frías-De-León María Guadalupe , González-Villaseñor María del Carmen , Duarte-Escalante Esperanza , Valencia-Ledezma Omar Esteban , Martínez-Gamboa Areli , Meraz-Ríos Beatriz , Reyes-Montes María del Rocío
Published: July 2024

We evaluated the specificity of the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 to identify A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger, respectively, with the RAPD-PCR method. Eighty-two isolates belonging to the sections Fumigati, Flavi, and Nigri were used. The isolates were identified by phenotypic (macro- and micromorphology) and genotypic (partial sequences of the BenA gene) methods. The RAPD-PCR method was used to obtain polymorphic patterns with the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253. The specificity of the polymorphic patterns of the isolates of each species was evaluated through the UPGMA clustering method and logistic regression model. All isolates of the genus Aspergillus were identified at the section level by macro- and micromorphology showing the typical morphology of the sections Fumigati, Flavi, and Nigri, and the species were identified by the construction of the phylogeny of the partial sequence of the BenA gene. The patterns’ polymorphic strains obtained with the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 for the isolates of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A niger, respectively, showed the same polymorphic pattern as the reference strains for each species. To verify the specificity of the primers, they were tested with other species from the sections Fumigati, Flavi and Nigri. The results support that the primers OPF-01, P54, and 1253 generate polymorphic patterns by RAPD-PCR species specific to A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger, respectively.
Molecular Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Seo Ji-Ye , Park Jin-Seo , Lee Hee-Il , Ju Jung-Won
Published: July 2024

The Rickettsia species transmitted by ticks are mostly classified within the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR), which causes tick-borne rickettsiosis. Although efforts have been made to investigate their prevalence in the Republic of Korea (ROK), research has been limited to certain areas. Furthermore, the pooling method for ticks does not fully reflect the exact infection rate. Therefore, we aimed to perform molecular identification of SFGR in ticks to elucidate the current prevalence of tick-borne rickettsiosis in the ROK. The SFGR of ticks was identified using polymerase chain reaction targeting the 17 kDa antigen, ompA, and gltA, followed by sequencing for species identification and phylogenetic analysis. In total, 302 ticks belonging to four species (Haemaphysalis flava, H. longicornis, Ixodes nipponensis, and Amblyomma testudinarium) were collected between April and November 2022. The overall SFGR infection rate was 26.8% (81/302 patients). Both adult and nymphal ticks and the SFGR infection rate increased during April–May, reaching their peaks in June, followed by a marked decline in August and July, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three species (R. monacensis, R. heilongjiangensis, and Candidatus R. jingxinensis) of SFGR. Thus, our results emphasize the importance of tick surveys for the prevention and management of tick-borne rickettsiosis.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Property of Thai Herbal Extract Kerra™
Authors: Saehlee Siriwan , Seetaha Supaphorn , Klankaew Wiwat , Srathong Pussadee , Choowongkomon Kiattawee , Choengpanya Khuanjarat
Published: July 2024

Kerra™, a Thai traditional herbal medicine derived from the “Tak-Ka-Si-La Scripture” and composed of nine medicinal plants, has demonstrated potential antiviral properties against HIV. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of Kerra™ on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and its ability to prevent pseudo-HIV viral infection in HEK293 cells. The results showed that Kerra™ extract achieved a 95.73 ± 4.24% relative inhibition of HIV-1 RT, with an IC50 value of 42.66 ± 8.74 µg/mL. Docking studies revealed that key phytochemicals in Kerra™, such as oleamide, formononetin, and biochanin A, interact with several residues in the RT non-nucleoside binding pocket, contributing to their inhibitory effects. Furthermore, Kerra™ was able to reduce pseudo-HIV infection in HEK293 cells at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, suggesting its potential as a supplementary treatment for HIV.
High-Speed 2x1 Multiplexer with Carrier-Reservoir Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Authors: Kotb Amer , Zoiros Kyriakos E. , Chen Wei
Published: July 2024

Leveraging the rapid carrier recovery times and minimal polarization sensitivity of carrier-reservoir semiconductor optical amplifiers (CR-SOAs), this study embeds them in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) setup to emulate a 2x1 multiplexer (MUX) operating at 120 Gb/s. The focus is on incorporating AND logic gate functionalities into the CR-SOAs-based MZI structure to facilitate high-quality multiplexing. The proposed methodology utilizes the intrinsic gain and phase modulation capabilities of CR-SOAs-based MZI to effectively manipulate data streams. This innovative approach capitalizes on the unique properties of CR-SOAs, such as fast response times and low polarization sensitivity, to achieve optimal signal transmission quality and efficient multiplexing. To assess MUX performance, a quality factor metric is introduced as a comprehensive measure of signal integrity. Through exhaustive simulations and meticulous analysis, the study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving the desired data rate while maintaining superior signal transmission quality. The results underscore the efficacy of CR-SOAs-based MZI as versatile modules for high-speed multiplexing applications, offering unparalleled performance and efficiency. This research represents a significant advancement in understanding optical communication systems and provides valuable insights for optimizing signal quality and mitigating interference in practical real-world scenarios.
Treatments with Diquat Reveal the Relationship between Protein Phosphatases (PP2A) and Oxidative Stress during Mitosis in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Meristems
Authors: Kelemen Adrienn , Garda Tamás , Kónya Zoltán , Erdődi Ferenc , Ujlaky-Nagy László , Juhász Gabriella Petra , Freytag Csongor , M-Hamvas Márta , Máthé Csaba
Published: July 2024

Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates various cellular mechanisms in eukaryotes by altering the conformation, activity, localization, and stability of substrate proteins. In Arabidopsis thaliana root meristems, histone post-translational modifications are crucial for proper cell division, and they are also involved in oxidative stress signaling. To investigate the link between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitosis, we treated various Arabidopsis genotypes, including wild-types and mutants showing dysfunctional PP2A, with the ROS-inducing herbicide diquat (DQ). Studying the c3c4 double catalytic subunit mutant and fass regulatory subunit mutants of PP2A provided insights into phosphorylation-dependent mitotic processes. DQ treatment reduced mitotic activity in all genotypes and caused early mitotic arrest in PP2A mutants, likely due to oxidative stress-induced damage to essential mitotic processes. DQ had a minimal effect on reversible histone H3 phosphorylation in wild-type plants but significantly decreased phospho-histone H3 levels in PP2A mutants. Following drug treatment, the phosphatase activity decreased only in the stronger phenotype mutant plants (fass-5 and c3c4). Our findings demonstrate that (i) the studied PP2A loss-of-function mutants are more sensitive to increased intracellular ROS and (ii) DQ has indirect altering effects of mitotic activities and histone H3 phosphorylation. All these findings underscore the importance of PP2A in stress responses.
Trends and Directions in Oats Research under Drought and Salt Stresses: A Bibliometric Analysis (1993–2023)
Authors: Huang Haiyan , Wang Xiangtao , Li Junqin , Gao Yang , Yang Yuting , Wang Rui , Zhou Zijun , Wang Puchang , Zhang Yujun
Published: July 2024

With global climate change leading to increasing intensity and frequency of droughts, as well as the growing problem of soil salinization, these factors significantly affect crop growth, yield, and resilience to adversity. Oats are a cereal widely grown in temperate regions and are rich in nutritive value; however, the scientific literature on the response of oat to drought and salt stress has not yet been analyzed in detail. This study comprehensively analyzed the response of oat to drought stress and salt stress using data from the Web of Science core database and bibliometric methods with R (version4.3.1), VOSviewer (version 1.6.19), and Citespace (version6.3.1.0) software. The number of publications shows an increasing trend in drought stress and salt stress in oat over the past 30 years. In the field of drought-stress research, China, the United States, and Canada lead in terms of literature publication, with the most academic achievements being from China Agricultural University and Canadian Agricultural Food University. The journal with the highest number of published papers is Field Crops Research. Oat research primarily focuses on growth, yield, physiological and biochemical responses, and strategies for improving drought resistance. Screening of drought-tolerant genotypes and transformation of drought-tolerant genes may be key directions for future oat drought research. In the field of salt-stress research, contributions from China, the United States, and India stand out, with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Inner Mongolia Agricultural University producing the most significant research results. The largest number of published articles has been found in the Physiologia Plantarum journal. Current oat salt-stress research primarily covers growth, physiological and biochemical responses, and salt-tolerance mechanisms. It is expected that future oat salt research will focus more on physiological and biochemical responses, as well as gene-editing techniques. Despite achievements under single-stress conditions, combined drought and salt-stress effects on oat remain understudied, necessitating future research on their interaction at various biological levels. The purpose of this study is to provide potential theoretical directions for oat research on drought and salt stress.
Drip Fertigation Increases Maize Grain Yield by Affecting Phenology, Grain Filling Process, Biomass Accumulation and Translocation: A 4-Year Field Trial
Authors: Du Ruiqi , Li Zhijun , Xiang Youzhen , Sun Tao , Liu Xiaochi , Shi Hongzhao , Li Wangyang , Huang Xiangyang , Tang Zijun , Lu Junsheng , Chen Junying , Zhang Fucang
Published: July 2024

Drip fertigation (DF) is a widely used technology to increase grain yield with water and fertilizer conservation. However, the mechanism of high grain yield (GY) under DF is still unclear. Here, a four-year field experiment assessed the impacts of four treatments (i.e., conventional irrigation and nitrogen application, CK; drip irrigation with conventional nitrogen fertilization, DI; split-nitrogen fertigation with conventional irrigation, SF; and drip fertigation, DF) on maize phenology, leaf photosynthetic rates, grain filling processes, plant biomass, and GY. The results showed that DF significantly increased maize GY by affecting phenology, grain filling traits, aboveground biomass (BIO) accumulation, and translocation. Specifically, DF significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content, which enhanced leaf photosynthetic rates, and together with an increase of leaf area index, promoted BIO accumulation. As a result, the BIO at the silking stage of DF increased by 29.5%, transported biomass increased by 109.2% (1.2 t ha−1), and the accumulation of BIO after silking increased by 23.1% (1.7 t ha−1) compared with CK. Meanwhile, DF prolonged grain filling days, significantly increased the grain weight of 100 kernels, and promoted GY increase. Compared with CK, the four-year averaged GY and BIO increased by 34.3% and 26.8% under DF; a 29.7%, 46.1%, and 24.2% GY increase and a 30.7%, 39.5%, and 29.9% BIO increase were contributed by irrigation, nitrogen, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen, respectively. These results reveal the high yield mechanism of drip-fertigated maize, and are of important significance for promoting the application of drip fertigation.
High-Efficiency In Vitro Root Induction in Pear Microshoots (Pyrus spp.)
Authors: Song Jae-Young , Bae Jinjoo , Lee Young-Yi , Han Ji-Won , Lee Ye-ji , Nam Sung Hee , Lee Ho-sun , Kim Seok Cheol , Kim Se Hee , Yun Byeong Hyeon
Published: July 2024

Extensive research has been conducted on the in vitro mass propagation of pear (Pyrus spp.) trees through vegetative propagation, demonstrating high efficiency in shoot multiplication across various pear species. However, the low in vitro rooting rates remain a significant barrier to the practical application and commercialization of mass propagation. This study aims to determine the favorable conditions for inducing root formation in the in vitro microshoots of Pyrus genotypes. The base of the microshoots was exposed to a high concentration (2 mg L−1) of auxins (a combination of IBA and NAA) for initial root induction at the moment when callus formation begins. The microshoots were then transferred to an R1 medium (1/2 MS with 30 g L−1 sucrose without PGRs) to promote root development. This method successfully induced rooting in three European pear varieties, one Asian pear variety, and a European–Asian hybrid, resulting in rooting rates of 66.7%, 87.2%, and 100% for the European pear (P. communis), 60% for the Asian pear (P. pyrifolia), and 83.3% for the hybrid pear (P. pyrifolia × P. communis) with an average of 25 days. In contrast, the control group (MS medium) exhibited rooting rates of 0–13.3% after 60 days of culture. These findings will enhance in vitro root induction for various pear varieties and support the mass propagation and acclimatization of pear. The in vitro root induction method developed in this study has the potential for global commercial application in pear cultivation.
Computational Reconstruction of the Transcription Factor Regulatory Network Induced by Auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana L.
Authors: Omelyanchuk Nadya A. , Lavrekha Viktoriya V. , Bogomolov Anton G. , Dolgikh Vladislav A. , Sidorenko Aleksandra D. , Zemlyanskaya Elena V.
Published: July 2024

In plant hormone signaling, transcription factor regulatory networks (TFRNs), which link the master transcription factors to the biological processes under their control, remain insufficiently characterized despite their crucial function. Here, we identify a TFRN involved in the response to the key plant hormone auxin and define its impact on auxin-driven biological processes. To reconstruct the TFRN, we developed a three-step procedure, which is based on the integrated analysis of differentially expressed gene lists and a representative collection of transcription factor binding profiles. Its implementation is available as a part of the CisCross web server. With the new method, we distinguished two transcription factor subnetworks. The first operates before auxin treatment and is switched off upon hormone application, the second is switched on by the hormone. Moreover, we characterized the functioning of the auxin-regulated TFRN in control of chlorophyll and lignin biosynthesis, abscisic acid signaling, and ribosome biogenesis.
Photosynthesis, Anatomy, and Metabolism as a Tool for Assessing Physiological Modulation in Five Native Species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Rodríguez-Páez Luis Alfonso , Seleiman Mahmoud F. , Alhammad Bushra A. , Pineda-Rodríguez Yirlis Yadeth , Pompelli Marcelo F. , Martins Auxiliadora Oliveira , Dias-Pereira Jaqueline , Araújo Wagner L.
Published: July 2024

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest, renowned for its exceptional species richness and high endemism, acts as a vital reservoir of terrestrial biodiversity, often referred to as a biodiversity hotspot. Consequently, there is an urgent need to restore this forest to safeguard certain species and to unravel the ecophysiological adaptations of others. This study aims to integrate some physiological parameters, including gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence, with anatomical and metabolic techniques to elucidate how five different native species (Paubrasilia echinata, Chorisia glaziovii, Clusia nemorosa, Licania tomentosa, and Schinus terebinthifolius), each occupying distinct ecological niches, respond to seasonal variations in rainfall and their consequences. Our investigation has revealed that C. nemorosa and P. echinata exhibit robust mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of drought. In contrast, others demonstrate greater adaptability (e.g., S. terebinthifolia and C. glaziovii). In this context, exploring metabolic pathways has proven invaluable in comprehending the physiological strategies and their significance in species acclimatization. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of water restrictions and their consequential effects on various species, defining the strategies each species uses to mitigate water privation during the dry season.
Investigation of the Compressive Strength and Void Analysis of Cement Pastes with Superabsorbent Polymer
Authors: Adsul Nilam , Kang Su-Tae
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to experimentally investigate the compressive strength and air voids of cement pastes with varying dosages of Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) and water-to-cement (w/c) ratios. Cement pastes were prepared using three different w/c ratios of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, along with different dosages of SAP ranging from 0.2% to 0.5% by weight of cement. Additionally, SAP was introduced in two forms: dry and wet. After casting the cubes, two distinct curing conditions were employed: curing at a temperature of 20 °C with a Relative Humidity (RH) of 60% (Curing 1), and water curing (Curing 2). The results revealed that the addition of SAP increased early strength when subjected to Curing 1, followed by a decrease in later strength. On the other hand, samples with SAP and water curing exhibited higher strength compared to those without SAP, especially with w/c ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. However, at a w/c ratio of 0.6, nearly all samples showed a reduction in strength compared to those without SAP. Furthermore, air void analysis was performed on all samples cured for 28 days using an image analysis technique. The samples containing wet SAP resulted in a higher total air content compared to the samples with dry SAP. Additionally, the incorporation of wet SAP in cement paste led to lower specific surface areas and a higher spacing factor than the samples with dry SAP. These findings suggest that the clumping of wet SAP particles during presoaking resulted in coarser air voids compared to the samples containing dry SAP.