bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mistrust and negative self‐esteem: Two paths from attachment styles to paranoia
Authors: Martinez Anton P. , Agostini Maximilian , Al‐Suhibani Azzam , Bentall Richard P.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Paranoia is known to be associated with insecure attachment, with negative self‐esteem as a mediator, but this pathway is insufficient to explain the paranoid individual’s beliefs about malevolent others. Mistrust is a likely additional factor as it is a core feature of paranoid thinking also associated with insecure attachment styles. In this study, we tested whether mistrust – operationalized as judgements about the trustworthiness of unfamiliar faces – constitutes a second pathway from insecure attachment to paranoia.

Design

The design of the study was cross‐sectional.

Methods

A nationally representative British sample of 1,508 participants aged 18–86, 50.8% female, recruited through the survey company Qualtrics, completed measurements of attachment style, negative self‐esteem, and paranoid beliefs. Usable data were obtained from 1,121 participants. Participants were asked to make trustworthiness judgements about computer‐generated faces, and their outcomes were analysed by conducting signal detection analysis, which provided measures of bias (the tendency to assume untrustworthiness in conditions of uncertainty) and sensitivity (accuracy in distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy faces).

Results

Results using structural equation modelling revealed a good model fit (RMSEA = .071, 95% CI: 0.067–0.075, SRMR = .045, CFI = .93, TLI = .92). We observed indirect effects through bias towards mistrust both for the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance (β = .003, 95% CI: 0.001–0.005,p < .001) and attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .003, 95% CI 0.002–0.006, p < .001). We observed an indirect effect through negative self‐esteem only for the relationship between attachment anxiety and paranoia (β = .064, 95% CI: 0.053–0.077, p < .001). Trust judgements and negative self‐esteem were not associated with each other.

Conclusions

We find that a bias towards mistrust is associated with greater paranoia. We also find indirect effects through bias towards mistrust between attachment styles and paranoia. Finally, we reaffirm the strong indirect effect through negative self‐esteem between attachment anxiety and paranoia. Limitations of the study are discussed.

Practitioner points

When working with individuals suffering from paranoia, clinicians should consider not only explicit, deliberative cognitive processes of the kind addressed in cognitive behaviour therapy (e.g. cognitive restructuring) but also the way in which their patients make perceptual judgements (e.g., their immediate reactions on encountering new people) and consider interventions targeted at these judgements, for example, bias modification training.

Assessment and clinical interventions for people should consider the role of trust judgements and the way in which they combine with low self‐esteem to provoke paranoid beliefs.

Psychological interventions targeting paranoid beliefs should focus on both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.
Introducing mindfulness and compassion‐based interventions to improve verbal creativity in students of clinical and health psychology
Authors: Bellosta‐Batalla Miguel , Cebolla Ausiàs , Pérez‐Blasco Josefa , Moya‐Albiol Luis
Published: August 2021

Objectives

In the field of psychotherapy, verbal creativity has been suggested as an important aspect in psychotherapists’ training. In the present study, the effects of a mindfulness and compassion‐based intervention (MCBI) on verbal creativity are analysed in students of clinical and health psychology (N = 90).

Design

Students were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 37), in which an MCBI was applied, and a waiting list group (n = 26) with no intervention. We also assessed a non‐randomized active control group (n = 27), in which students received training in basic psychotherapy skills.

Methods

Verbal creativity (fluency, flexibility, and originality) was evaluated in a pre‐, post‐, and follow‐up assessment.

Results

Results indicated a significant increase in fluency (p = .001, d = .64), flexibility (p = .017, d = .67), and originality (p = .004, d = .72) in the experimental group, relative to the waiting list group, in the post‐assessment. Fluency (p = .010, d = .64) and flexibility (p = .033, d = .62) were also found to be higher in the follow‐up assessment. In addition, results indicated a significant increase in flexibility (p = .034, d = .74) in the experimental group, relative to the active control group, in the follow‐up assessment.

Conclusions

Introducing MCBI in the university education of psychotherapists seems to be a useful strategy to improve their verbal creativity, which could positively influence their ability to explore and appropriately respond to their patients’ needs.

Practitioner points

Mindfulness and compassion‐based interventions (MCBIs) could be a useful strategy to improve verbal creativity in the university education of psychotherapists.

After the MCBI, students of clinical and health psychology increased the number of ideas they produced when facing a specific situation, as well as their variety and originality.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of therapeutic alliance, engagement, and outcome in psychological therapies for psychosis
Authors: Bourke Emilie , Barker Chris , Fornells‐Ambrojo Miriam
Published: August 2021

Aim

The moderate association between therapeutic alliance (TA) and psychological therapy outcome is well established. Historically, the field has not focused on people with a severe mental illness. This is the first review to conduct a meta‐analysis of associations between TA and therapeutic engagement as well as outcome in psychological therapy for psychosis.

Eligibility criteria

Eligible studies conducted a quantitative investigation of the relationship between TA during a psychological therapy and outcome at a subsequent time‐point.

Method

A systematic review examined the relationship between TA and engagement as well as outcome measures within psychological therapy for psychosis. Correlational meta‐analyses using an aggregate random effects model were conducted.

Results

Twenty‐four studies were eligible for inclusion (n = 1,656) of which 13 were included in the meta‐analyses. Client‐ and therapist‐rated TA were associated with engagement in therapy (rclient (c) = 0.36, p = .003; rtherapist (t) = 0.40, p = .0053). TA was also associated with reduction in global (rc = 0.29, p = .0005; rt = 0.24, p = .0015) and psychotic symptoms (rc = 0.17, p = .0115; rt = 0.30, p = .0003). The systematic review identified no evidence or limited evidence for a relationship between TA during therapy and depression, substance use, physical health behaviours, global as well as social functioning, overall mental health recovery, and self‐esteem at follow‐up. Although number of studies was small, TA was related to a reduced risk of subsequent hospitalization in 40% of analyses (across two studies) and improved cognitive outcome in 50% of analyses (across three studies).

Conclusions

The observed TA‐therapy engagement and TA‐outcome associations were broadly consistent with those identified across non‐psychotic diagnostic groups. Well‐powered studies are needed to investigate the relationship between TA and process as well as outcome in psychological therapy for psychosis specifically.

Practitioner points

This is the first review to conduct a meta‐analytic synthesis of the association between therapeutic alliance (TA) and both engagement and change in outcome in psychological therapies for psychosis.

TA (as rated by therapist and client) was associated with the extent of therapeutic engagement as well as reduction in global mental health symptoms and psychotic symptoms.

The significant associations between TA and engagement as well as change in outcome identified in the current review are broadly consistent with those observed across non‐psychotic diagnostic groups.

We consider factors that could impact upon the dynamic and potentially interdependent relationships between TA and therapeutic techniques, including attachment security and severity of paranoid ideation.
Service user and eating disorder therapist views on anorexia nervosa recovery criteria
Authors: McDonald Sarah , Williams A. Jess , Barr Phoebe , McNamara Niamh , Marriott Mike
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN) is difficult to define, and efforts to establish recovery criteria have led to several versions being proposed. Using the perspectives of people with histories of AN and therapists working in the field, we sought to explore the face validity of Khalsa et al (2017) as one of the most recent examples of proposed systematic recovery criteria.

Design

We interviewed 11 health service users (SUs) with histories of AN who had previously received treatment alongside 8 eating disorder therapists (EDTs), exploring their views on the proposed AN recovery criteria.

Methods

Data from verbal and written interviews were analysed thematically. Separate thematic analyses of SU and EDT interviews highlighted where concerns converged and diverged across participants.

Results

Both groups saw some merits of having universally recognized recovery criteria, and the multidimensional approach was welcomed, but EDTs were uncomfortable with considering their use in therapy and SUs felt key components were missing around emotional coping and life quality. SUs disliked the prominence of body mass index (BMI) in the criteria, and all struggled with the proposed duration for recovery. Conceptually, the notion of recovery as an endpoint rather than a journey was contested.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate disparities between academically derived recovery criteria and lived experiences and indicate perceived challenges in using such criteria in therapeutic settings. Including SUs and EDTs in the development of criteria may improve the likelihood of consolidating AN recovery criteria, but conceptual challenges remain.

Practitioner points

AN recovery is complex, and the use of research‐based AN recovery criteria in therapeutic settings could have a detrimental effect on SUs’ outcomes.

EDTs should be aware of efforts to define AN recovery criteria.

EDTs should engage with debates on defining AN recovery and seek to promote participation in such debates to SUs.
Practical reasons for belief without stakes☆
Authors: Hernandez Shawn , Laskowski N. G.
Published: August 2021

Pragmatic encroachment can be thought of as the idea that knowledge is in some way sensitive to practical considerations, including practical considerations involving what is at stake in getting things right. Recently, Mark Schroeder defends pragmatic encroachment by showing how it could be true. This paper argues that the view proposed by Schroeder is vulnerable to a simple but important objection. It also argues that the objection can be avoided by claiming that there are even more kinds of practical considerations that can be epistemic reasons than those kinds involving stakes.
Attitudes towards social distancing in response to COVID‐19
Authors: Matthews Valerie S. , Stough‐Hunter Anjel , Marazita John M.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

COVID‐19 has highlighted differences in our engagement in health prevention behaviors. The Health Belief Model (HBM), personality traits (conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism), and sociodemographic variables were used to evaluate social distancing during the first month of a state‐mandated Stay At Home (SAH) order.

Design

A web‐based convenience sample of 645 Ohioans was surveyed. Hierarchical linear regression and mediation analysis were used to examine predictors of social distancing attitudes and behaviors and whether health beliefs mediated the relationship between personality and social distancing.

Results

Most respondents agreed with and adhered to social distancing guidelines. HBM constructs were strong predictors of SAH attitudes, while personality accounted for little additional variance. Anxiety was indirectly related to overall social distancing attitudes and behavior through its relationship with health beliefs. However, violations of social distancing were best explained by situational factors (e.g., being an essential worker).

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the power of components of the HBM to explain attitudes and behaviors regarding the SAH order beyond any contribution from personality. By examining the role of personality and health beliefs on social distancing attitudes and behaviors, this research will benefit public health nurses and others tasked with communicating and promoting preventative health behavior.
Genome‐wide investigation and comparative analysis of MATE gene family in Rosaceae species and their regulatory role in abiotic stress responses in Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)
Authors: Manzoor Muhammad Aamir , Li Guohui , Abdullah Muhammad , Han Wang , Wenlong Han , Yang Zhang , Xinya Wang , Yu Zhao , Xiaofeng Feng , Qing Jin , Shafique Muhammad Sohaib , Cai Yongping
Published: August 2021

The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) protein belongs to a secondary transporter gene family, which plays a primary role in transporting many kinds of substrates such as organic compounds, secondary metabolites, and phytohormones. MATE protein members exist in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, evolution and comprehensive analysis of the MATE genes has not been performed in Rosaceae species. In the present study, a total of 404 MATEs genes were identified from six Rosaceae genomes (Prunus avium, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume, and Malus domestica) and classified into eight main subfamilies (I–VII) based on structural and phylogenetic analysis. Microcollinearity analysis showed that whole‐genome duplication events might play a vital role in the expansion of the MATE genes family. The Ka/Ks analysis, chromosomal localization, subcellular localization, and molecular characteristics (length, weight, and pI) were performed using various bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, different subfamilies have different introns‐exons structures, cis‐acting elements, and conserved motifs analysis, indicating functional divergence in the MATE family. Subsequently, RNA‐seq analysis and real‐time qRT‐PCR were conducted during Chinese pear fruit development. Moreover, PbMATE genes were significantly expressed under hormonal treatments of MeJA (methyl jasmonate), SA (salicylic acid), and ABA (abscisic acid). Overall, our results provide helpful insights into the functions, expansion complexity, and evolutions of the MATE genes in Chinese pear and five Rosaceae species.
Increased anxiety about falls and walking ability among community‐dwelling Japanese older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nakamura Misa , Imaoka Masakazu , Nakao Hidetoshi , Hida Mitsumasa , Imai Ryota , Tazaki Fumie , Takeda Masatoshi
Published: August 2021

Background

Understanding the physical and mental changes in community‐dwelling elderly people is very important during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic when considering preventive measures. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes of physical function and anxiety for activities of daily living in community‐dwelling older adults, focusing on locomotor function during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

The study participants were 127 older people who participated in successive surveys, in the summers of 2019 and again in 2020, after the state of emergency. The Locomo 25 questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 (GDS‐15) questionnaire, medical history, and number of people living together were self‐reported. The Locomo 25 covers six aspects of physical pain, movement‐related difficulty, usual care, daily activity, social activities, and anxiety.

Results

The paired samples t‐test revealed that Locomo 25 total scores in 2020 were significantly higher than those in 2019. The GDS‐15 score showed no significant difference. The comparison of scores for each item of the Locomo 25 revealed significantly higher scores in 2020 on Q21 (‘difficult to perform sports activity’, P = 0.0021), Q22 (‘restricted from meeting own friends’, P < 0.001), Q23 (‘restricted from joining social activities’, P < 0.001), Q24 (‘anxious about falling in own house’, P = 0.0023), and Q25 (‘anxious about being unable to walk in the future’, P = 0.0016).

Conclusions

About 2 months after declaration of the first state of emergency due to the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan, social activity was severely restricted. Older adults showed almost no changes in body pain and locomotive disabilities, but increases in their anxieties about walking ability and falling were remarkable.
Using landscape ecology principles to prioritize habitat restoration projects across the Columbia River Estuary
Authors: Hood W. Gregory , Blauvelt Katie , Bottom Daniel L. , Castro Janine M. , Johnson Gary E. , Jones Kim K. , Krueger Kirk L. , Thom Ronald M. , Wilson Andy
Published: August 2021

To increase survival of diverse Columbia River salmon populations and life history types, we developed a landscape framework for habitat restoration to assess and reduce habitat fragmentation, and thereby improve habitat functions. For the last two decades, aquatic habitat has been restored in the Columbia River Estuary (U.S.A.) to aid salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus spp.) listed under the Endangered Species Act. The 234‐km long estuary exhibits tidal to fluvial gradients in hydrology, sedimentology, and ecology, punctuated by large tributary rivers, cities, and land uses; it has lost two‐thirds of its historical floodplains and wetlands to development. Since 2009, an expert panel has assessed potential benefits of proposed restoration projects based on habitat “opportunity” (accessibility to juvenile salmon) and “capacity” (attributes supporting salmon production). These criteria favored large restoration projects located near the mainstem river, but they were insufficient for assessing a project's benefits due to geographic location relative to existing habitat. Our landscape framework applies the concept of restoring and conserving habitat “stepping stones” of appropriate size and location to benefit juvenile salmon growth and survival throughout their estuary residency and migration. We also compared contemporary and historical landscape conditions to identify restoration priorities. We improved our restoration project assessments by evaluating each project's benefits to juvenile salmon according to its location in the estuary relative to other habitat. Our approach operationalizes landscape ecology‐based decisions within the Columbia River Estuary for migratory salmon and is applicable to other large estuary systems with migratory aquatic species.
Application of end‐member modelling to grain‐size data: Constraints and limitations
Authors: Dietze Michael , Schulte Philipp , Dietze Elisabeth
Published: August 2021

End‐member modelling analysis (EMMA) is a statistical approach to unmixing multimodal grain‐size distributions to identify and quantify processes of sediment generation, transport and deposition. While the different computational implementations have been extensively benchmarked and show similarly high reliability characteristics, there is a series of unknowns regarding the applicability, quality and limitations of the method from a practical point of view. This study explores these important unknowns using both empirical and synthetic samples along with Monte Carlo tests. Under ideal conditions (all available samples, randomly mixed components, 116 grain‐size classes), EMMA is able to model the grain‐size distributions of input end‐members (loadings) with R2 between 0.63 and 0.98 and their relative contributions to each sample (scores) with R2 between 0.71 and 0.81, thus setting the baseline for model quality. Inappropriate model parameter settings cause severe drops in R2. EMMA is able to detect an end‐member even if it is present in only one sample or when it contributes less than 10 vol.‐%. With 20 to 40 samples or more, stable, high quality model results are possible. With 15 or more grain‐size classes, model results also reach such stable high reproducibility levels. EMMA can depict originally multimodal end‐members (R2 between 0.78 and 0.99). End‐members with identical relative grain‐size distribution shape can overlap significantly without causing quality drops; R2 of identical distributions are invariantly high until mode positions are less than three grain‐size classes apart from each other. Gradually widening end‐member distributions do not affect the results significantly. However, shifting mode positions have a severe impact. Post‐depositional mixing causes drastic deviations of the modelled scores, whereas the loadings are virtually unaffected. In light of these tests, EMMA is a reliable, mostly unbiased tool to identify and quantify sediment generation/transport/deposition regimes from mixed sediment deposits, given that it is used in a geoscientifically meaningful context.
Studying professional and recreational female footballers: A bibliometric exercise
Authors: Kirkendall Donald T. , Krustrup Peter
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Research directed at soccer has seen dramatic growth in the last decade. While published research on soccer has shown exponential growth, the proportion of articles addressing females is lagging behind research addressing males. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the literature on soccer, female soccer, and professional female soccer has changed over time.

Methods

The Web of Science (WoS) was queried for all “articles” about soccer and association football from 1970 to 2019. This set of records was then queried to collect subsets of papers about females, professional/elite, and female professional/elite. Each of these data subsets was then queried for a number of characteristics and topics. The results were submitted to bibliometric analysis.

Results

WoS returned 16,822 “articles” about soccer from 1970 to 2019, 3242 of which addressed females. A total of 5924 “articles” about professional players was found, of which 919 had a female focus. Articles about anterior cruciate ligament injuries and concussion were the topics with the highest proportion of papers involving females. Articles directed at selective areas of training and performance were relatively infrequent. Prominent journals, authors, affiliations, and influential papers are presented.

Conclusions

A bibliometric analysis of the published research presents a high‐level overview of trends in soccer research. Overall, studies about women accounted for around 20% of all soccer research and about 15% of studies on professional players. There were a number of topics where studies on females account for less than 10%–15% of the research on all professionals, and opens opportunities for future study.
Hiding in plain sight: Dehumanization as a foundation of white racial prejudice
Authors: Jardina Ashley , Piston Spencer
Published: August 2021

In the media, during sporting events, in online forums, and in interpersonal interactions, whites often portray Black people as animals, especially as apes or monkeys. In this essay we consider what contemporary research on prejudice in American politics has to say about these dehumanizing portrayals of Black people. We argue that contemporary political science work has not done enough to understand both the historical roots and the continuing practices of whites' dehumanization of Black people, to the detriment of an accurate understanding of racial attitudes in the United States. To rectify this omission, we draw on the work of historians to map out a brief overview of race‐making and the dehumanizing attitudes that shaped this process. Then, we review political science literature on contemporary white attitudes toward Black people, emphasizing connections between prevailing conceptions of these attitudes and long‐standing processes of dehumanization. We conclude by charting directions for future scholarship; we seek to unsettle the mainstream of a subfield dominated by mild conceptions of racial attitudes.
Modeling and forecasting the COVID‐19 pandemic time‐series data
Authors: Doornik Jurgen A. , Castle Jennifer L. , Hendry David F.
Published: August 2021

Objective

We analyze the number of recorded cases and deaths of COVID‐19 in many parts of the world, with the aim to understand the complexities of the data, and produce regular forecasts.

Methods

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus that causes COVID‐19 has affected societies in all corners of the globe but with vastly differing experiences across countries. Health‐care and economic systems vary significantly across countries, as do policy responses, including testing, intermittent lockdowns, quarantine, contact tracing, mask wearing, and social distancing. Despite these challenges, the reported data can be used in many ways to help inform policy. We describe how to decompose the reported time series of confirmed cases and deaths into a trend, seasonal, and irregular component using machine learning methods.

Results

This decomposition enables statistical computation of measures of the mortality ratio and reproduction number for any country, and we conduct a counterfactual exercise assuming that the United States had a summer outcome in 2020 similar to that of the European Union. The decomposition is also used to produce forecasts of cases and deaths, and we undertake a forecast comparison which highlights the importance of seasonality in the data and the difficulties of forecasting too far into the future.

Conclusion

Our adaptive data‐based methods and purely statistical forecasts provide a useful complement to the output from epidemiological models.
The logics of COVID‐19 travel restrictions between European countries
Authors: Neumayer Eric , Plümper Thomas , Shaikh Matthew
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The article analyzes the existence of bilateral travel restrictions between European countries during the second wave of the Sars‐CoV‐2 pandemic. The paper tests three sets of theoretically derived predictions, which follow epidemiological, economic, and political logics.

Method

We analyze a sample of directed bilateral travel restrictions between 27 European countries: 27.26 = 702 country dyads over a period of 6 months during the second wave of the pandemic.

Results

We find robust and relevant results for the difference in incidence rates, for income from tourism, for trust in government and public administration and for political inclusiveness.

Conclusion

Our analyses demonstrates that economic and political logics exert a strong influence on containment measures and thus stress the relevance of forming a large societal and political coalition against the pandemic.
Does social media type matter to politics? Investigating the difference in political participation depending on preferred social media sites
Authors: Kim Cheonsoo , Lee Soobum
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study investigates the relationship between social media use for information and political participation with the type of social media as a moderator to shed light on platform‐specific biases related to political participation. To this end, social media sites were classified into two types: symmetrical and asymmetrical,based on their functional characteristics that affect the way users form a relationship on the site

Methods

Using data from a U.S. national survey, we test a theoretical model where the path from social media use for information through online political participation to offline political participation is moderated differently by users’ preference for the type of social media.

Results

Online political participation mediated the relationship between social media use for information and offline political participation. Users’ preference for symmetrical social media moderated the path from social media use for information through online political participation to offline political participation, whereas users’ preference for asymmetrical social media did not.

Conclusion

All else being equal, the more often people use symmetrical social media for information, the more likely they are to participate in politics.
Optimal interpolation method to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay
Authors: Henrico Ivan
Published: August 2021

Accurate interpolation when compiling bathymetric maps is essential in any water depth study. In the case of Saldanha Bay, continuous dredging operations are constantly altering the ocean floor, which has a detrimental effect on sedimentation and coastal hydrodynamics. If the integrity of the coastline is to be secured, accurate bathymetry predictions would be invaluable in determining the effect of dredging operations on coastal erosion. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) are two well‐known and commonly used interpolation methods to produce surfaces through spatial autocorrelation for numerous applications, inter alia, to estimate bathymetry. This study aims to analyse and compare the efficiency of the IDW and OK interpolation methods to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay. Three comparative interpolation tests, which vary according to the decrease in the quantity of sounding points, are conducted. SPSS statistical software was used to assess the performance of the interpolation methods. Firstly, 2D scatterplots were used to show the correlation between predicted and measured sounding values for each interpolation method. Secondly, analysis of variance was employed to investigate whether the difference between the IDW and OK interpolation methods was statistically significant, and to determine which method was best suited for determining the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay. Findings revealed a strong linear relationship between predicted and measured sounding values for both IDW and OK when 100% of the sounding points are used. Conversely, for medium and small quantities of sounding points, a weak correlation exists. Clear similarities exist in the way that IDW and OK estimate and generate the continuous surface of bathymetry. However, IDW consistently performed better than OK across all interpolation tests. The findings of this study will assist in selecting the most suitable interpolation method for future bathymetry surveys of Saldanha Bay.
Madograms help to quantify mountain frontal zones—An approach towards comparative spatial analysis of complex landforms
Authors: Szymanowski Mariusz , Różycka Milena , Jancewicz Kacper , Migoń Piotr
Published: August 2021

This article explores the value of madograms to characterize the geomorphology of frontal belts of mountain ranges. Madograms are a geostatistical, variogram‐related concept, allowing for the analysis of altitude variability as a function of distance. After simple idealized digital elevation models were tested to reveal characteristic madogram shapes for various landform configurations, madograms were calculated for three frontal zones of different origin and morphology, located in the Sudetes range (Central Europe). Isopleth madograms and Ward's clustering method were applied to investigate similarities and differences within and between frontal zones. The results proved consistent with the accumulated, largely qualitative knowledge about geomorphology of the frontal zones and confirm the usefulness of the method, which allows for more insightful quantification of the morphology of mountain frontal zones, recognition of their internal spatial structure, and discrimination between fronts of various morphology and origin. Various recommendations for future users are also offered.
Dehydrin MsDHN1 improves aluminum tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) by affecting oxalate exudation from root tips
Authors: Lv Aimin , Wen Wuwu , Fan Nana , Su Liantai , Zhou Peng , An Yuan
Published: August 2021

A SK3‐type dehydrinMsDHN1was cloned from alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.). Its function and gene regulatory pathways were studied via overexpression and suppression ofMsDHN1in alfalfa seedlings or hairy roots. The results showed that MsDHN1 is a typical intrinsically disordered protein that exists in the form of monomers and homodimers in alfalfa. The plant growth rates increased as a result ofMsDHN1overexpression (MsDHN1‐OE) and decreased uponMsDHN1suppression (MsDHN1‐RNAi) in seedlings or hairy roots of alfalfa compared with the wild‐type or the vector line under Al stress. MsDHN1 interacting with aquaporin (AQP) MsPIP2;1 and MsTIP1;1 positively affected oxalate secretion from root tips and Al accumulation in root tips. MsABF2 was proven to be an upstream transcription factor ofMsDHN1and activatedMsDHN1expression by binding to theABREelement of theMsDHN1promoter. The transcriptional regulation of MsABF2 onMsDHN1was dependent on the abscisic acid signaling pathway. These results indicate that MsDHN1 can increase alfalfa tolerance to Al stress via increasing oxalate secretion from root tips, which may involve in the interaction of MsDHN1 with two AQP.
Thick branes with inner structure in mimetic f(R) gravity
Authors: Chen Jing , Guo Wen-Di , Liu Yu-Xiao
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we study the structure and gravitational resonances of thick branes generated by a mimetic scalar field in f(R) gravity. We obtain several typical thick brane solutions for $$f(R)=R+\alpha R^2$$

f

(
R
)

=
R
+
α

R
2

. To study their stability, we analyze the tensor perturbation of the metric. It is shown that any thick brane model with $$df/dR>0$$

d
f
/
d
R
>
0

is stable and the graviton zero mode can be localized on the brane for each solution, which indicates that the four-dimensional Newtonian gravity can be restored. The effect of the parameter $$\alpha $$
α
on the gravitational resonances is studied. As a brane splits into multi sub-branes, the effective potential of the tensor perturbation will have an abundant inner structure with multi-wells, and this will lead to new phenomena of the gravitational resonances.
Probing charmonium-like XYZ states in hadron–hadron ultraperipheral collisions and electron–proton scattering
Authors: Xie Ya-Ping , Wang Xiao-Yun , Chen Xurong
Published: August 2021

Exclusive production of charmonium-like XYZ states in hadron–hadron ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) and electron–proton scattering are studied employing the effective Lagrangian method. Total cross sections and rapidity distributions of charmonium-like XYZ states are obtained in hadron–hadron UPCs and the electron–proton scattering process. These predictions can be applied to estimate the observed event number of exclusive charmonium-like XYZ states in hadron–hadron UPCs and electron–proton scattering. The results indicate that it is significant to search X(3872) and $$Z^+_c(3900)$$

Z
c
+

(
3900
)

in pA UPCs, and the Electron–Ion Collider in China will be an advantageous platform to observe XYZ states in the future.
O(25, 25) symmetry of bosonic string theory at order $$\alpha '^2$$
Authors: Garousi Mohammad R.
Published: August 2021

It has been recently observed that the imposition of the O(1, 1) symmetry on the circle reduction of the classical effective action of string theory, can fix the effective action of the bosonic string theory at order $$\alpha '^2$$

α

′
2

, up to an overall factor. In this paper, we use the cosmological reduction on the action and show that, up to one-dimensional field redefinitions and total derivative terms, it can be written in the O(25, 25)-invariant form proposed by Hohm and Zwiebach.
Group Classification and Conservation Laws of a Class of Hyperbolic Equations
Authors: Ndogmo J. C.
Published: August 2021

Abstracts. A method for the group classification of differential equations is proposed. It is based on the determination of all possible cases of linear dependence of certain indeterminates appearing in the determining equations of symmetries of the equation. The method is simple and systematic and applied to a family of hyperbolic equations. Moreover, as the given family contains several known equations with important physical applications, low-order conservation laws of some relevant equations from the family are computed, and the results obtained are discussed with regard to the symmetry integrability of a particular class from the underlying family of hyperbolic equations.
[Retracted] Target Adaptive Tracking Based on GOTURN Algorithm with Convolutional Neural Network and Data Fusion
Authors: Li Zhengze , Xu Jiancheng
Published: August 2021

With the advent of the artificial intelligence era, target adaptive tracking technology has been rapidly developed in the fields of human‐computer interaction, intelligent monitoring, and autonomous driving. Aiming at the problem of low tracking accuracy and poor robustness of the current Generic Object Tracking Using Regression Network (GOTURN) tracking algorithm, this paper takes the most popular convolutional neural network in the current target‐tracking field as the basic network structure and proposes an improved GOTURN target‐tracking algorithm based on residual attention mechanism and fusion of spatiotemporal context information for data fusion. The algorithm transmits the target template, prediction area, and search area to the network at the same time to extract the general feature map and predicts the location of the tracking target in the current frame through the fully connected layer. At the same time, the residual attention mechanism network is added to the target template network structure to enhance the feature expression ability of the network and improve the overall performance of the algorithm. A large number of experiments conducted on the current mainstream target‐tracking test data set show that the tracking algorithm we proposed has significantly improved the overall performance of the original tracking algorithm.
Voluntary Forelimbs Exercise Reduces Immobilization-Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in the Rat Hind Paw
Authors: Ishikawa Kumiko , Oga Satoshi , Goto Kyo , Sakamoto Junya , Sasaki Ryo , Honda Yuichiro , Kataoka Hideki , Okita Minoru
Published: August 2021

Voluntary exercise is sufficient to protect against neuropathic pain. However, it is unclear whether voluntary exercise reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia. We examined the effect of voluntary forelimb exercise on immobilized-induced hyperalgesia in hind paws of rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into the (1) both hind limbs immobilized group (IM group), (2) immobilization and exercise with nonimmobilized fore limbs group (EX group), and (3) control group. In the IM and EX groups, the bilateral ankle joints of each rat were immobilized in full plantar flexion with a plaster cast for eight weeks. In the EX group, voluntary exercise using nonimmobilized forelimbs in the running wheel was administered during the immobilization period, while hind limbs were kept immobilized (60 min/day, 5 days/week). Mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw was measured using a digital von Frey device every week. To investigate the abnormality of primary sensory neurons and central sensitization, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal dorsal horn were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Immobilization-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited in the EX group compared to the IM group at three weeks after immobilization. In the EX group, the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide were significantly decreased compared to those in the IM group. Our results therefore suggest that voluntary forelimb exercise during hind limb immobilization partially reduces immobilization-induced hyperalgesia by suppressing that the plastic changes of the primary sensory nerves that excessively transmit pain and increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.
Estimating the Compressive Strength of Cement‐Based Materials with Mining Waste Using Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, and Random Forest Models
Authors: Ma Hongxia , Liu Jiandong , Zhang Jia , Huang Jiandong
Published: August 2021

To estimate the compressive strength of cement‐based materials with mining waste, the dataset based on a series of experimental studies was constructed. The support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) models were developed and compared. The beetle antennae search (BAS) algorithm was employed to tune the hyperparameters of the developed machine learning models. The predictive performances of the three models were compared by the evaluation of the values of correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that the BAS algorithm can effectively tune these artificial intelligence models. The SVM model can obtain the minimum RMSE, while the BAS algorithm is inefficient in DT and RF models. The SVM, DT, and RF models can be used to predict the compressive strength of cement‐based materials using solid mining waste as aggregate effectively and accurately, with high R values and lower RMSE values. The RF algorithm can obtain the highest value of R and the lowest value of RMSE, demonstrating the highest accuracy. The solid mining waste to cement ratio is the most important variable to affect the compressive strength. Curing time was also an important parameter in the compressive strength of cemented materials, followed by the water‐solid ratio of mining waste and fine sand ratio.
KRAS Inhibitor Resistance in MET-Amplified KRASG12C Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induced By RAS- and Non–RAS-Mediated Cell Signaling Mechanisms
Authors: Suzuki Shinichiro , Yonesaka Kimio , Teramura Takeshi , Takehara Toshiyuki , Kato Ryoji , Sakai Hitomi , Haratani Koji , Tanizaki Junko , Kawakami Hisato , Hayashi Hidetoshi , Sakai Kazuko , Nishio Kazuto , Nakagawa Kazuhiko
Published: August 2021

Purpose:

Treatment with KRASG12C inhibitors such as sotorasib can produce substantial regression of tumors in some patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These patients require alternative treatment after acquiring resistance to the inhibitor. The mechanisms underlying this acquired resistance are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms underlying acquired sotorasib resistance, and to explore potential treatments for rescuing patients with sotorasib-resistant KRASG12C NSCLC cells.

Experimental Design:

Clones of sotorasib-sensitive KRASG12C NSCLC H23 cells exposed to different concentrations of sotorasib were examined using whole-genomic transcriptome analysis, multiple receptor kinase phosphorylation analysis, and gene copy-number evaluation. The underlying mechanisms of resistance were investigated using immunologic examination, and a treatment aimed at overcoming resistance was tested in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

Unbiased screening detected subclonal evolution of MET amplification in KRASG12C NSCLC cells that had developed resistance to sotorasib in vitro. MET knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) restored susceptibility to sotorasib in these resistant cells. MET activation by its amplification reinforced RAS cycling from its inactive form to its active form. In addition to RAS-mediated MEK–ERK induction, MET induced AKT activation independently of RAS. Crizotinib, a MET inhibitor, restored sensitivity to sotorasib by eliminating RAS–MEK–ERK as well as AKT signaling. MET/KRASG12C dual inhibition led to tumor shrinkage in sotorasib-resistant xenograft mice.

Conclusions:

MET amplification leads to the development of resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors in NSCLC. Dual blockade of MET and KRASG12C could be a treatment option for MET-amplified, KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC.
Levenberg–Marquart logistic deep neural learning based energy efficient and load balanced routing in MANET
Authors: Sangeetha A. , Rajendran T.
Published: August 2021

As the advent of new technologies grows, the deployment of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) becomes increasingly popular in many application areas. In addition, all the nodes in MANET are battery operated and the node mobility affects the path stability and creates excessive traffic leads to higher utilization of energy, data loss which degrades the performance of routing. So, in this paper we propose Levenberg–Marquardt logistic deep neural learning based energy efficient and load balanced routing (LLDNL-EELBR) which is a machine learning method to deeply analyze the mobile nodes to calculate residual load and energy and it also uses logistic activation function to select the mobile node having higher residual energy and residual load to route the data packet. Experimental evaluations of three methods (LLDNL-EELBR, multipath battery and mobility-aware routing scheme (MBMA-OLSR) and opportunistic routing with gradient forwarding for MANETs (ORGMA)) were done and the result reveals that LLDNL-EELBR method is able to increase the through put and minimizes the delay and energy consumption in MANET when compared to works under consideration.

 
Data security using random dynamic salting and AES based on master-slave keys for Iraqi dam management system
Authors: Ali Hussam J. , Jawad Talib M. , Zuhair Hiba
Published: August 2021

In the present time, dam management is considered one of the important challenges for e-government in Iraq, becuase it needs information technology infrastructure, data integrity and protection of user privacy against Internet threats that render such vital infrastructure ineffective. This struggle between the proposed dam management system (DMS) and a multi-tier secure model specifically for the Fallujah dam (and generally for all dams) which is addressed in this paper as a case study. To do this, a relational database design will discuss the development of a multi-tier secure model for integration of the dam management framework with its functions. This paper will discusse encryption and decryption of the dam data using the advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm with derived keys via PBKDF2 and RNG sequences generator and Slave key for salting protection. The experimental results and analysis on the speed of encryption/decryption process, entropy value, plain text sensitivity, key sensitivity, keyspaceanalysis and histogram analysis will prove the the proposed scheme can impede the known attacks like brute force attacks, statistical and differential.Thus, the encryption scheme can be implemented on the proposed DMS and any other information system, as the implementation which will be presented in the results.
Two-fold complex network approach to discover the impact of word-order in Urdu language
Authors: Khan Nuzhat , Kamaruddin Mohamad Anuar , Sheikh Usman Ullah , Bakht Muhammad Paend
Published: August 2021

This work examines standard Urdu text to confirm impact of word order in the language structure. The complex network approach is used to obtain universal properties of two different word co-occurrence networks. Macro and micro scale two-fold examinations of networks are performed for structure discovery. While preserving the vocabulary size, two networks are generated from same text with and without standard word order. In addition, text networks are benchmarked with a random network to extract global features. Achieved outcomes indicate certain word order in Urdu structure for most of the sentences. The normal and shuffled text networks demonstrated similar large-scale characteristics. The results show that average path length and network diameter is reduced after shuffling. On the other hand, clustering coefficient is increased in shuffled text as compared to normal text. Our results validated that few short sentences in range of three words are fully free order. The observations revealed that long sentences are ambiguous without standard order. Both networks are topologically similar but shuffling caused massive discrepancy in network composition and sentence structure. Inside graph view, grammatical association-based words connectivity exists in normal text network. With this universal approach, impact of word order in Urdu language is confirmed. Meanwhile, this breakthrough directs to uncover language composition by extracting small sentences as motifs.