bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DODDER IN TOBACCO SEEDBEDS IN ONTARIO AND ITS CONTROL
Authors: GAYBD S. K.
Published: March 2010

Dodder, a stem parasite on flue-cured tobacco seedlings in Ontario has been identified as Cuscuta gronovii Willd. A 3-yr trial demonstrated that proper sterilization of the tobacco seedbed with steam or methyl bromide eradicated dodder. Sterilization with allyl alcohol or dazomet reduced but did not eradicate dodder. Dodder equally parasitized peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.), an ornamental (Begonia sp.) and five common weeds: Stellaria media L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Matricaria matricarioides (Less.) Porter, Medicago lupulina L. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, Cuscuta gronovii, control, organic soil, dodder
STRAINS OF TOBACCO RINGSPOT VIRUS ISOLATED FROM SOYBEAN IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: TU J. C.
Published: March 2010

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants with mosaic disease symptoms averaged 0.9–1.4% of the population in 1979–1981 in eight southwestern Ontario counties. Of the 265 samples collected, 135 and 102 were categorized as tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) and soybean mosaic virus, respectively. The rest (28 samples) had other viruses. The TRSV isolates were identified on a set of diagnostic hosts. In the 135 TRSV isolates, six different strains were identified, based on a set of indicator plants. The soybean cultivars differed not only in their susceptibility to infection, but also in their symptom expression. Differences were observed in bud blight and local lesion development. None of the soybean cultivars tested were resistant to all six strains of TRSV. All six strains reacted positively to TRSV antiserum and had similar physical properties. Electron microscopy of negatively stained leaf-dip preparations showed that they all had isometric particles of about 30 nm in diameter.Key words: Soybean, tobacco ringspot virus
SOME EFFECTS OF NITRATE ON SOYBEAN ROOT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: STONE J. A. , BUTTERY B. R.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrate on some morphological aspects of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root growth and to determine the role of drainage in the response. Two indeterminate soybean cultivars were grown on 0, 10 and 40% mixtures of perlite and Brookston clay loam, supplied with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110, and watered with nutrient solutions containing 0 or 6 mM nitrate. Plants were grown in acrylic tubes until 21 and 53 d after emergence in corresponding field and growth room experiments, respectively. Response variables measured were the rate of taproot extension, root counts at the acrylic-soil interface, and top, root, and nodule dry weight. Nitrate suppressed nodule development and increased top dry weight but had no effect on the rate of taproot extension. Nitrate increased root counts and root dry weights in the field test, but decreased root counts in the growth room test. Top:root ratio was increased in the growth room but not in the field test. Increasing the proportion of perlite generally increased rates of root extension, root counts, and top dry weights in the field and growth room experiments. However, the soil mixture had no effect on nodule dry weight at either location, or on root dry weight in the growth room.Key words: Root extension, Glycine max, indeterminate, drainage
MEDORA DURUM WHEAT
Authors: LEISLE D.
Published: March 2010

Medora durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg from the cross Ward/Macoun. It is a medium short, strong-strawed cultivar, well adapted across the Prairie Provinces. Medora is resistant to prevalent races of leaf and stem rust, and bunt; it has excellent pasta-making quality.Key words: Cultivar description, durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L.
EFFECT OF NUMBER OF LATERAL ROOTS ON EGGPLANT GROWTH AND YIELD
Authors: ROUHANI IRAJ , BLACK JR. C. C. , VINES H. MAX , KORMANIK P. P.
Published: March 2010

Root characteristics of eggplant (Solanum melongena L. ’Black Beauty’) were studied with the objectives of determining (1) the population distribution of number of lateral roots per seedling and (2) the relationship between the number of lateral roots per seedling on growth and fruit production. The number of lateral roots ranged from 1 to 34 per seedling with a mean of 12.7 for the total population (600 seedlings). The seedlings were separated into three groups based on the number of lateral roots: A, 20–34; B, 10–19; and C, 1–9. Seedlings of each root group were transplanted outdoors and growth characteristics were measured periodically. No differences were found in plant survival or dieback among groups. Plants in group A produced 54, 41 and 27% more fruit, total plant dry weight and leaf area, respectively, than plants in group C. A positive relationship was found between numbers of lateral roots per plant and various growth parameters. Eggplant vegetative growth, early fruit maturity and total fruit production were dependent upon the number of lateral roots on a seedling at transplanting, the optimal number of which was between 12 and 16.Key words: Solanum melongena L., transplanting, root production, leaf area, fruit maturity, eggplant
EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON QUALITY AND GRADE OF WINTER RYE
Authors: McLEOD J. G. , CLARKE J. M.
Published: March 2010

Three winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars, Cougar, Puma and Musketeer, were grown in a field experiment for 2 yr to determine the effects of kernel water concentration (KWC) at harvest time and drying method on final quality and grade of the grain. Plots were harvested when KWC was in the range of 950–100 g water kg−1 kernel dry weight. Grain was dried in windrows in the field and artificially in a forced-air oven at 40–45 °C. Kernel water concentration at harvest, test mass, kernel mass, falling number and germination were determined. Test mass increased as KWC at harvest decreased, especially in the artificially dried treatments. Kernel mass was lower when harvested at high KWC, especially in the windrowed treatments. Falling numbers were affected by harvest time and drying method, but trends were not clear. Germination was reduced by artificial drying at KWC greater than 430 g kg−1. Grades were not affected by windrowing at KWC up to 957 g kg−1. Artificial drying reduced commercial grades, especially at high KWC. The main degrading factors were presence of immature kernels and low test mass.Key words: Test mass, artifical drying, windrow, germination, falling number, harvest time
FIBROSITY INDEX AS AN ESTIMATE OF FORAGE DIGESTIBILITY
Authors: WINTER KARL A. , COLLINS D. P.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-one forages, covering a wide range of forage quality, were sampled at the Grange Research Centre during the spring and summer of 1983. Fibrosity Index (FI), a measure of the electrical energy required to mill the samples, was determined for each forage. In addition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and modified acid detergent fiber (MADF) were determined on all samples. The regression of IVDMD on FI and of FI on MADF were significant with correlation coefficients of −0.91 and 0.91, respectively. FI was sensitive to small changes in both IVDMD and MADF. Because of the ease and rapidity of determining FI it should be a useful technique for screening materials from plant breeding programs or for field use.Key words: Fibrosity index, fiber, digestibility, forage quality
DURÉE D’INTERFÉRENCE DU CHIENDENT, Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. DANS LA LUZERNE, Medicago sativa L.
Authors: PAGEAU D. , LEROUX G. D.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted at St-Augustin, Quebec, in 1984 and repeated in 1985 to determine the tolerable period of interference between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) during the year of establishment. Glyphosate was used prior to seeding of alfalfa to control quackgrass. Haloxyfop-methyl, a selective grass herbicide, was sprayed at different periods after crop emergence to control quackgrass. This herbicide was applied at 3, 6 and 9 wk after alfalfa emergence. A 3-wk period of interference provided equivalent proportion of alfalfa in forage and the same level of forage quality as the quackgrass-free control. Delaying haloxyfop-methyl treatments to more than 3 wk resulted in an increased proportion of quackgrass in forage which caused a reduction of the protein content and an increase of the cell wall contents (NDF and ADF). Alfalfa density did not differ between 0 and 3 wk of interference of quackgrass, but tended to be reduced with a longer period of interference.Key words: Quackgrass, alfalfa, duration of interference, haloxyfop-methyl, glyphosate, forage quality
INHERITANCE OF GOITRIN, VOLATILE ISOTHIOCYANATES AND THIOCYANATE ION IN CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata L.)
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , CRETE R. , CHONG CALVIN , CHEVRIER G.
Published: March 2010

The inheritance of the three glucosinolate components, goitrin, volatile isothiocyanates and thiocyanate ion, was studied in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. capitata L.) plants obtained from various crosses between two moderate inbred lines, one selected for low, the other for high goitrin content. While all three glucosinolate components showed a strong heterosis towards lower concentrations, maternal effect in inheritance was observed for goitrin only. Inheritance of both goitrin and volatile isothiocyanates was controlled by four to six genes, whereas three to five genes were involved in thiocyanate ion. Estimates of broad-sense heritability were 35% for goitrin, 39% for volatile isothiocyanates and 80% for thiocyanate ion. Evidence suggests that some of the genes controlling inheritance of goitrin and volatile isothiocyanates are linked.Key words: Glucosinolate, cabbage, glucosinolate inheritance, Brassica
ADAPTATION OF WINTER RAPESEED IN ONTARIO
Authors: BEAULIEU G. C. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

In order to determine regions of adaptation of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), field trials were planted at about 30 locations in Ontario in 1981 and 1982. Four cultivars were tested each year. Winter survival was poor in northern Ontario in both years, and along the north shore of Lake Erie in the first year. Over all sites, mean winter survival was 52%. At sites which did not completely winterkill, plant survival and yield averaged 70% and 2.38 t ha−1. Best winter rapeseed performance in Ontario occurred at well-drained sites with good winter snow cower and an absence of excessive flooding or cold temperatures in the spring. Cultivars did not differ in survival or yield in 1981–1982. The cultivar Jet Neuf had higher yields than the other cultivars in 1982–1983. There were differences in oil and protein content among the cultivars. The results suggest that winter rapeseed could become a viable crop in Ontario.Key words: Rapeseed (winter), Brassica napus, seed yield, winter survival, adaptation
PERFORMANCE OF PURE AND MIXED STANDS OF FLAX CULTIVARS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted in the 1975 to 1979 seasons to determine the performance of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars grown in pure and mixed stands at Morden, Manitoba. The mixtures consisted of tall, late-maturing cultivars blended in various proportions with short, early-maturing cultivars. The blends generally stabilized production by yielding about midway between the yields of the two components grown in pure stands, and thereby resulted in no advantage over growing the components in separate fields. However, when one of the components yielded very poorly in pure stands because of poor emergence, in a blend the stronger component compensated enough to produce an acceptable yield.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., blends, seed yield
WEED POPULATION DYNAMICS IN RECENTLY ESTABLISHED TIMOTHY STANDS: GROWTH AND PHYSIOGNOMY OF THE WEED COMPONENTS
Authors: LEMIEUX C. , WATSON A. K. , DESCHÊNES J.-M.
Published: March 2010

In two experiments conducted in the field between 1983 and 1985, timothy was established with or without barley, red clover, grassy weeds and broadleaf weeds. The plots were sampled during establishment and production years. At each sampling, the botanical composition was evaluated to characterize the weed populations. Throughout establishment, the weed populations were dominated by annual broadleaf and grassy weeds which, when growing separately, produced comparable amounts of biomass. However, when growing together, the grassy weeds were clearly dominated by the broadleaf weeds. During the subsequent production years, the weedy populations were dominated by perennial broadleaf weeds. Neither the structure of the weed populations, nor the short-term dynamics of the grassy weed populations were affected by the management system used. However, the short-term dynamics of the broadleaf weed populations were influenced by barley, red clover and the weed control treatments applied during the year of establishment. The use of barley accelerated the growth of the broadleaf weed populations while red clover delayed it. Subsequent broadleaf weed populations were noticeably larger in the plots where they were allowed to grow during the establishment year.Key words: Broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds, Phleum pratense, competition, short-term dynamics
ABSOLVENT WINTER WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , JOHNSTON H. W. , CALDWELL C. , LANGILLE J. E. , JONES R. W. , LOCKHART C. L. , BELANGER G.
Published: March 2010

Absolvent is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with bread-making quality, good winterhardiness, straw strength, kernel weight and test weight, early maturity and is suited for production in the Atlantic Region. Maintenance of breeder seed and distribution of pedigreed seed will be carried out by Minas Seed Cooperative Ltd., Canning, Nova Scotia.Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description
SEUIL DE NUISIBILITÉ DU CHIENDENT (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.) DANS LA LUZERNE (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: PAGEAU D. , LEROUX G. D.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted at St-Augustin, Québec, in 1984 and repeated in 1985 to determine the influence of quackgrass on growth, stand counts, yield and quality of alfalfa established with or without oats as a companion crop. Four densities were obtained by treating quackgrass with glyphosate on 100, 50, 25 and 0% of the plot area. The results indicate that without oats, quackgrass reduced the growth of alfalfa. About 60 d after emergence, a density of 119 shoots m−2 reduced the root dry weight of alfalfa seedlings, but there was no effect of quackgrass on the shoot dry weight and the foliar area in 1984. In 1985, an infestation of 161 shoots m−2 reduced the above three parameters. In both years after establishment, alfalfa stands were thicker in quackgrass-free plots. In pure seedings, quackgrass increased forage yield but decreased the quality of the forage during both seeding years. As compared to the quackgrass-free treatment, a density of 275 shoots m−2 increased forage yields at first cutting of 1985, but there was no effect in 1986. Using oats significantly reduced the aerial growth of quackgrass in both seeding years and at first cutting of year after 1985 seeding. Forage quality, as evaluated by NDF concentration, was reduced at infestations of ca. 300 shoots m−2. Higher infestations were necessary to reduce crude protein concentration relative to that of quackgrass-free alfalfa. The ligno-cellulose content (ADF) was not influenced by quackgrass densities. The critical density of quackgrass in alfalfa lies between 150 and 300 shoots m−2. Above this level, quackgrass significantly reduces the quality of the forage.Key words: Quackgrass, alfalfa, critical density, forage yield, forage quality, companion crop
PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH WINTER SURVIVAL OF WINTER WHEATS AND WINTER TRITICALES IN ALBERTA
Authors: McINTYRE B. L. , CHEN T. H. H. , MEDERICK M. F.
Published: March 2010

Several traits have been measured as indices for winter hardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). Published information on the response of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) to these traits is limited. In this study LT50, water content, fresh weight, dry weight and total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) were determined for cold acclimated crowns of 10 breeding lines of T. aestivum and 18 of triticale. The T. aestivum lines evaluated were hardier than the triticale and LT50 appeared to be a reliable predictor of field survival (FSI). Correlations between LT50 and FSI were significant for both species. Correlation coefficients between traits measured differed between species. In triticale, correlations between dry weight, water content and LT50 were significant. In T. aestivum water content correlated closest with LT50. The relationship between TSC and FSI appeared to differ between the two species.Key words: X Triticosecale Wittmack, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, wheat (winter), cold hardiness, primary triticale, secondary triticale
SEED DORMANCY IN DORMOATS: WINTER SURVIVAL AND SPRING EMERGENCE
Authors: FRÉGEAU JUDITH A. , BURROWS VERNON D.
Published: March 2010

Dormoats are derivatives of hybrids between Avena sativa L. and A. fatua L. designed to be sown in autumn to germinate the following spring. Information was needed on the fate of field-planted dormoats throughout the seasons, in order to gain insight into the mechanism(s) contributing to spring emergence. Seeds from three dormoats (PGR8658, PGR16727 and PGR16728) showing variability in depth of dormancy were each sown in fiberglass mesh bags, in the field in late summer. Germination behavior, in field emergence and laboratory tests, after burial of the seeds outdoors for various periods showed that different survival mechanisms were present in dormoats and that dormancy types and levels could fluctuate. Seeds entered, left and re-entered the dormant condition throughout the seasons. These germination behaviors are typical of weeds and the spring emergence levels achieved by dormoats are similar to those of wild oat. It seems that this facet of the expression of the wild oat dormancy trait has not been modified despite the numerous breeding strategies used for dormoats. New approaches have to be sought to achieve good spring emergence of this experimental crop.Key words: Dormancy, dormoats, emergence
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 87. Cynoglossum officinale L.
Authors: UPADHYAYA MAHESH K. , TILSNER HEIDY R. , PITT MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2010

Cynoglossum officinale L. is a biennial or short-lived perennial weed which reproduces by seed. It has been introduced to North America from Eurasia. Although usually not a weed of cultivated fields, C. officinale may become a serious rangeland weed. High seed production, seed dormancy, dissemination by attaching seeds to animal hair, wool and fur, plus the ability to withstand environmental stress are important in the success of C. officinale as a weed. Because C. officinale foliage is toxic to both cattle and horses, it is a particular problem in areas where grazing occurs. This paper reviews the biology and control of C. officinale.Key words: Weed biology, Cynoglossum officinale L., hound’s tongue
PRIMARY SEED DORMANCY IN DIFFUSE AND SPOTTED KNAPWEED
Authors: NOLAN DARYL G. , UPADHYAYA MAHESH K.
Published: March 2010

Large numbers of viable, diffuse (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) and spotted knapweed (C. maculosa Lam.) seeds (achenes), collected in the interior of British Columbia, failed to germinate in darkness at 25 °C. This primary dormancy was released to varying degrees by gibberellic acid, exposure to red light, or excision of the distal end of the seed. The effect of red light was negated by subsequent exposure to far-red light. The demonstration of red/far-red reversibility implicates the phytochrome pigment system in the light-sensitive germination of knapweed seeds. Seeds collected from different sites, and from individual plants within sites, had different germination levels in darkness and following exposure to 2 min of red light. Three types of germination behavior were evident: nondormant seeds germinated in darkness; light-sensitive dormant seeds germinated in response to red light; and light-insensitive dormant seeds failed to germinate after 5 d of continuous red light. Seeds of all three germination types were found on individual plants.Key words: Centaurea diffusa, Centaurea maculosa, knapweed, seed dormancy, light-sensitive germination, germination polymorphism
SOYBEAN LEAF NITROGEN IN RELATION TO PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AND YIELD
Authors: BUTTERY B. R. , BUZZELL R. I.
Published: March 2010

Field experimentation with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) indicated that leaf N, photosynthetic rate (PA) and yield are correlated. The degree of association is not strong and heritability for leaf N is not markedly greater than for PA or yield. Therefore, selection for leaf N to improve PA and/or yield would not be an advantageous approach.Key words: Soybean, leaf N, photosynthesis, yield
COLONIZATION OF PEACH ROOTSTOCKS BY INDIGENOUS VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) FUNGI
Authors: TRAQUAIR J. A. , BERCH S. M.
Published: March 2010

Six-month-old seedling rootstocks of peach cultivars Siberian C, Bailey and Harrow Blood, and mature trees in a 4-yr-old orchard which was planted with rootstock cultivars Siberian C, Bailey, Harrow Blood, Chui Lum Tao, Tzim Pee Tao, Lovell, Halford, H7338013, H7338016 and H7338019 grafted with scion cultivar Redhaven, were rated for colonization by indigenous vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi after growth in a local sandy soil. Feeder roots of all the rootstocks were heavily colonized. However, no significant differences between the cultivars were observed with respect to percentage of root lengths colonized under these field conditions. Fungi identified on the basis of spore extraction from soil around colonized roots included G. aggregatum, G. mosseae, G. tortuosum, Scutellospora aurigloba, and S. calospora.Key words: Intraspecific receptivity, endomycorrhizae, Prunus persica
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN GRAIN YIELD AND PERCENTAGE GRAIN MOISTURE AT HARVEST IN ONTARIO HYBRID CORN TRIALS
Authors: MATHER D. E. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

The correlation between hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and percentage grain moisture at harvest was measured in Ontario performance trial data. Positive correlations were detected in mid- to full-season areas.Key words: Zea mays L., hybrid corn, grain yield, grain moisture, maturity, correlation
SCREENING FOR SCALD RESISTANCE IN BARLEY GROWN AT HIGH PLANT DENSITY IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: MAY K. W. , HARPER F. R.
Published: March 2010

A method of spray inoculation with the scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) incitant was highly reliable in differentiating susceptible and resistant barley plants grown at high plant density in a controlled environment. Segregating populations can be efficiently screened under precise conditions in the limited space available in controlled environment chambers.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, Rhynchosporium secalis, scald, screening, resistance, high plant density
DISCRIMINATION OF CULTIVARS OF LENTIL (Lens culinaris Medic.) BY ELECTROPHORESIS OF SEED PROTEINS
Authors: HUSSAIN A. , BUSHUK W. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Discrimination of lentil cultivars was achieved by analysis of seed protein by two types of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cultivars of lentil were discriminated by the presence or absence of diagnostic bands. Electrophoregrams of six seed lots of the cultivar Eston were identical and unaffected by growing conditions.Key words: Lens culinaris Medic, seed proteins, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cultivar identification
CUTLASS ORIENTAL MUSTARD
Authors: WOODS D. L.
Published: March 2010

Cutlass oriental mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), licenced in 1985, is a pure-yellow-seeded cultivar which combines a high glucosinolate level with high seed yield, reduced oil content and early maturity. It is adapted to all areas of western Canada where B. juncea is grown.Key words: Mustard (oriental), Cutlass cultivar
INFLUENCE OF CROP WATER ENVIRONMENT AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION ON GRAIN YIELD OF NO-TILL WINTER WHEAT
Authors: ENTZ M. H. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

The influence of crop water environment on the productivity of no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) was observed for 17 site-years of trials in Saskatchewan between 1984 and 1986. Growing season precipitation (P) averaged 212 mm (approximately 120% of average) and pan evaporation (E) averaged 749 mm for these trials. Precipitation was approximately evenly distributed across the growing season while E increased from a low of 6.5 mm d−1 in early May to a high of 8.3 mm d−1 immediately after anthesis. Consequently, water stress was highest after anthesis. Total evapotranspiration (ET) (soil water use to 130 cm plus growing season P) ranged from 171 to 364 mm and approximately 20% of the ET was derived from soil water reserves. The average ratio of ET before and after anthesis was 1:7:1 and in many instances water utilized after anthesis was almost exclusively derived from intermittent rainfall events. Several yield-water models were fit to the data in order to establish a relationship between the crop water environment and grain yield. Yields ranged from 1316 to 5003 kg ha−1 and were most closely associated with the water environment (soil water, E and P) during the time from stem elongation to anthesis (r2 = 0.71). Water use efficiency, expressed as kg ha−1 grain yield divided by ET, ranged from 6.3 to 18.8 kg ha−1 mm−1 and was positively correlated with spikes m−2 (r = 0.59*), kernel weight (r = 0.73**), dry matter at anthesis (r = 0.84**), and negatively correlated with E during the 30 days prior to anthesis (r = 0.75**). Both dry matter at anthesis and dry matter at maturity were linearly correlated with grain yield (r = 0.85** and 0.92**, respectively). Both observations suggested that high grain yields required high dry matter yields.Key words: Wheat (winter), precipitation, evaporation, soil water, water use efficiency, models
LOSS OF GREEN COLOR AND CHANGES IN KERNEL WEIGHT FOLLOWING WINDROWING OF IMMATURE WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE J. M.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted to determine the effects of stage of maturity at harvest on kernel weight and color of two cultivars each of hard red spring (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) wheat dried in windrows or artificially following threshing. Plots were cut at kernel water concentrations (KWC) ranging from approximately 160 to 2200 g water per kilogram kernel dry weight and left in the field to dry in simulated windrows. A subsample was threshed and the grain dried in a forced-air oven at 40 °C and under ambient laboratory conditions of 25–30 °C. Percent green kernels and kernel weights were determined on the field- and artificially-dried samples. Differences among cultivars in green kernel percentage appeared to be largely related to maturity differences. Green kernel percentage dropped below 0.75 (top commercial grade tolerance) at higher harvest KWC in the windrowed samples than in the artificially dried samples. In unevenly matured crops, green kernel percentages in excess of 0.75% remained a risk even at harvest KWC approaching combine ripeness (170 g kg−1). There was little difference in green kernel percentage of the ambient-air-dried and oven-dried grain when harvested at commercially realistic KWC less than 250 g kg−1. Kernel weight increased in windrowed wheat harvested at KWC greater than 1200 g kg−1, presumably through translocation of assimilates from the straw. No such translocation was detected in wheat windrowed within the recommended KWC range of 640–670 g kg−1.Key words: Ambient air drying, artificial drying, windrowing, wheat (hard red spring), wheat (durum)
THE POTENTIAL VALUE OF Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum AS A FORAGE LEGUME FOR THE NORTHERN CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: BASSENDOWSKI K. A. , HOWARTH R. E. , SMITH J. DREW
Published: March 2010

Hedysarum alpinum L. var. americanum Michx. (American hedysarum) is indigenous to parts of Saskatchewan. Plants grown from seeds collected at five locations in central Saskatchewan were transplanted into a nursery at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and a study of the nutritive value of individual plants was undertaken to determine the potential value of American hedysarum as a forage legume for the northern Canadian prairies. Leaves and stems (analyzed separately) showed marked differences in chemical composition. However, they did not differ in the in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD). American hedysarum plants had a much higher tannin content than alfalfa or birdsfoot trefoil plants grown at the same location. This may account for the relatively low OMD of this species. The protein and fiber fractions (of H. alpinum) compared favorably with those of alfalfa. Improvement by breeding for reduced tannin content would be necessary before American hedysarum would be acceptable as a forage crop.Key words: Hedysarum alpinum L. var. americanum Michx., American hedysarum, forage, tannin, in vitro digestibility, early growth
MEFLUIDIDE EFFECTS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SMOOTH BROMEGRASS
Authors: BARON V. S. , ESBROECK G. A. VAN , DICK A. C.
Published: March 2010

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures are characterized by poor seasonal yield distribution and low animal productivity during the late season. The plant growth regulator mefluidide (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide) was applied to smooth bromegrass prior to jointing at 0 (Control), 0.15 (Low) and 0.30 (High) kg ha−1 to effect yield redistribution and improve forage quality in a three-cut system (preboot, cut 2 and cut 3) and in initial stages of growth at preboot, anthesis and hard dough stages. Almost all differences, due to mefluidide treatment, were confined to stages of accumulated growth and to cut 2 of the three-cut regime. Yield distribution was improved over years for both High and Low treatments compared to the Control as a result of decreased preboot and increased cut 2 yields. Total yield for the three cuts was 88% and 83% of the Control for Low and High treatments, respectively. Yield was reduced to 32, 66 and 85% of the Control by the High treatment at preboot, anthesis and hard dough stages of initial growth. Forage quality was generally improved uniformly over stages of initial growth, where leaf to stem ratio increased. Crude protein and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) increased, while neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and cellulose decreased over initial growth stages. IVOMD, NDF, ADF and cellulose increased at cut 2; lignin decreased at cut 3. Mefluidide effectively modified yield distribution in smooth bromegrass, but whether the improvements in forage quality shown through chemical analyses follow through to animal performance must be studied further.Key words: Bromegrass (smooth), mefluidide, yield distribution, forage quality
INFLUENCE OF FALL AND SPRING HERBICIDE APPLICATION ON WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. ’NORSTAR’)
Authors: DERKSEN D. A. , KIRKLAND K. J. , McLENNAN B. R. , HUNTER J. H. , LOEPPKY H. A. , BOWREN K. E.
Published: March 2010

Recommendations regarding the timing of herbicide application in winter wheat vary among production areas. The current increase in area of winter wheat production in Saskatchewan warrants an examination of herbicide recommendations for this non-traditional production area. Field research was conducted for 2 yr at several locations in Saskatchewan using 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid, applied in the late fall or early spring, to determine the effects of time and rate of application on winter wheat grain yield. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) was tolerant to fall application of all herbicides at rates recommended for spring application. Grain yield was reduced in some cases when double the recommended spring rate of 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, and clopyralid was applied in the fall. Spring application of clopyralid resulted in significantly lower grain yield than fall application. All herbicides tested show potential for use in winter wheat production, although caution is warranted for spring application of clopyralid.Key words: Wheat (winter), 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron
POPULATION DENSITIES OF FOUR SPECIES OF ROOT-LESION NEMATODES (Pratylenchus) IN THE OAT CULTIVARS, SAIA AND OAC WOODSTOCK
Authors: TOWNSHEND J. L.
Published: March 2010

The population densities of four species of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus) were examined in two cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in greenhouse pots. The cultivar Saia harbored fewer P. neglectus and P. penetrans than the cultivar OAC Woodstock, while both cultivars were similar hosts for P. sensillatus. Pratylenchus crenatus did not develop in either cultivar.Key words: Oat, population density, Pratylenchus crenatus, Pratylenchus neglectus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus sensillatus
VEGETATIVE MATURITY OF Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. COMPARED TO RED-OSIER DOGWOOD AND RESCUE CRABAPPLE
Authors: FRIESEN L. J. , STUSHNOFF C.
Published: March 2010

Onset of vegetative maturity and its relationship to cold acclimation was studied in the saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.). Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) and Rescue crabapple (Malus domestica × baccata) were also included in the study for comparison. The onset of vegetative maturity was on 29 May 1985. This was 2 mo earlier than the onset of vegetative maturity in dogwood or Rescue crabapple. Shoots of saskatoon berry subjected to cool temperatures (4 °C) for a 2-wk interval after the onset of vegetative maturity induced cold acclimation from −10 °C to −25 °C, whereas shoots collected prior to the date of vegetative maturity were unable to acclimate. Daylength had no effect on cold acclimation.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, dogwood, crabapple, cold acclimation, frost hardiness, saskatoon berry
RELATIONSHIP OF EXCISED-LEAF WATER LOSS RATE AND YIELD OF DURUM WHEAT IN DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , ROMAGOSA I. , JANA S. , SRIVASTAVA J. P. , McCAIG T. N.
Published: March 2010

The rate of water loss (RWL) from excised leaves has been proposed as a screening technique to identify wheat genotypes adapted to dry growing conditions. The relationship of RWL and grain yield was studied in 100 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes grown at two locations in Canada and three locations in Syria. Fifty of the genotypes were chosen on the basis of low RWL and 50 on the basis of high RWL. Growing season precipitation ranged from 73 to 356 mm. Genotypes with low RWL yielded more than those with high RWL in four of the five driest environments in nine site-years of study. Yield of the low RWL genotypes ranged from 40 to 150% greater than that of the high RWL genotypes at the four sites. The high RWL group did not yield more than the low RWL group (P < 0.05) in any of the site-years. Glaucousness confounded interpretation of the results, since the low RWL group tended to be more glaucous than the high RWL group. Separation of the genotypes into high and low glaucousness groups showed that the high group yielded more than the low group in the three driest Canadian sites and in the wettest site in Syria. Low RWL and high glaucousness were associated with delayed leaf senescence in dry environments. It was concluded that low RWL contributes to high yield under dry growing conditions, and does not exhibit a metabolic carbon cost under more favorable precipitation regimes.Key words: Cuticular transpiration, Triticum turgidum L. var. durum, glaucousness, leaf senescence
THE EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES AND QUALITY OF IMMATURE BARLEY
Authors: SUMNER A. K. , CROWLE W. L. , SPURR D. T. , SOKHANSANJ S. , KERNAN J. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of drying temperature was determined on the properties and quality of straight (direct) combined/artificially dried immature barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Harrington’) and compared with traditionally swathed/natural air-dried/threshed barley. Four stages of maturity were investigated ranging in kernel moisture content (KMC) from 56 to 19%. Straight combined samples were dried at temperatures of 20, 35, 60 and 90 °C. The artificial drying temperatures produced similar yields and 1000-kernel weights but the lower temperatures produced larger test weights for grain straight combined at 56% KMC. Small reductions in crude protein, crude fat and ash content occurred for the most immature barley when the higher drying temperatures were used. Plumpness, germination and other malting qualities decreased with increasing KMC and artificial drying temperature. Except for a little higher yield for the straight combined barley, both harvesting methods usually produced barley with similar physical properties and composition when the KMC was about 40% or less and the artificial drying temperatures did not exceed 35 °C. Swathing provided barley with the best germination and malting quality when the KMC exceeded 20%.Key words: Barley, drying, harvesting method, quality, immaturity, kernel moisture content
PS 61 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

PS 61 is a Maturity Group 0 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 5 d later and higher yielding than the cultivar Pioneer 0877. Its main advantage is its yield performance, excellent lodging rating and good phytophthora rot tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, PS 61 cultivar, soybean
THE EFFECT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IRRIGATION AND RATE OF N FERTILIZATION ON PETIOLE COMPOSITION, YIELD AND QUALITY OF OKANAGAN RIESLING GRAPES
Authors: NEILSEN G. H. , STEVENSON D. S. , FITZPATRICK J. J.
Published: March 2010

Okanagan Riesling (Vitis sp.) vines, planted on a sandy soil in 1983, were trickle irrigated with municipal wastewater or well water and with each source of water there were 3 rates of N fertilization (0, 17 and 34 g N as NH4NO3 vine−1 y−1), 1984–1987. The zero-N treatment was increased to 8.5 g N vine−1 in 1986–1987. Wastewater-irrigated vines had increased petiole P, K and Ca but decreased Mg and in 2 of 3 yr decreased N in August. Increased rate of N fertilization increased petiole N at bloomtime but not in August, had minor effects on petiole P, K, Ca and Mg, and increased petiole Mn at highest N rates, especially (2 of 4 yr) in association with wastewater irrigation. Yield increased both for vines irrigated with wastewater and linearly with rate of applied N in 2 of the 3 fruiting years. Increased yield was not associated with increased petiole N concentration in August. Minor increases in soluble solids and juice pH of grapes at harvest were measured for wastewater-irrigated grapes in 2 yr. No horticultural limitations to the use of this wastewater to irrigate Okanagan Riesling grapes were observed over the 4-yr period.
ANNETTE WHEAT
Authors: TEICH A. H.
Published: March 2010

Annette is a soft, white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar highly to very resistant to 11 tester isolates of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici with seven virulence genes. In its area of adaptation, southwestern Ontario with more than 2700 CHU, it has yield similar to that of the highest yielding recommended cultivars.Key words: Cultivar description, powdery mildew, wheat (winter), Triticum aestivum L.
KG 41 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

KG 41 is a Maturity Group 00 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 2 d earlier and higher yielding than the cultivar Bicentennial. Its main advantages are its yield performance, lodging resistance and phytophthora rot tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, KG 41 cultivar, soybean
EFFECT OF SEED SOURCE ON GROWTH OF GIANT WILDRYE (Elymus cinereus) AT TWO ELEVATIONS IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: HALL J. W. , STOUT D. G. , BROOKE B.
Published: March 2010

Giant wildrye (Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr.) plants grown from seed obtained at two altitudes (346, 930 m) were transplanted to two sites (346, 900 m) and observed for 3 yr. Plants from the low altitude source produced more dry matter at both sites. More plants from the low altitude source produced seed heads at the low altitude site but seed head production of plants from the two sources was similar at the high altitude site. Provided studies of germination, seedling establishment and initial growth at different elevations were favorable, seed from low altitude sources could be used indiscriminately for establishing stands of giant wildrye. This would greatly simplify the use of giant wildrye as a forage crop in areas where varying altitude was of concern.Key words: Elymus cinereus, altitude adaptation, growth forms, reciprocal transplants, ecotypes
ECONOMICS OF N-FERTILIZATION OF DRYLAND GRASSES FOR HAY PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: McCAUGHEY W. P. , SMITH E. G. , GROSS A. T. H.
Published: March 2010

An economic analysis was conducted on N fertilizer response data of four dryland grass species on two soil types. Clay-loam soils were more productive than sandy-loam soils. The N supply required to obtain optimum economic yield was determined and results showed that producers must increase N fertilizer application rates over current rates of application in order to maximize profit.Key words: Bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, Russian wild ryegrass, nitrogen fertilizer, economics
EFFECT OF SEEDING DATE ON STAND ESTABLISHMENT, SEED AND FORAGE YIELD OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , RATZLAFF C. D. , JEFFERSON P. G.
Published: March 2010

Altai wild ryegrass (Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger ’Prairieland’) was seeded in two experiments on irrigated land to determine the influence of seeding date on stand establishment, seed and forage yield. Experiment I was seeded at intervals during fall 1975 to summer 1976. Experiment II was seeded at 2-wk intervals from April to November 1984. Best stand establishment, seed and forage yield occurred from early spring (April/May) seeding dates. A threshold response in the effect of seeding date on seed and forage yield was observed in both experiments. This observation supports a hypothesis that Altai wild ryegrass seedlings exhibit a juvenile stage, similar to Russian wild ryegrass. It was concluded that stand establishment, seed and forage yield of Altai wild ryegrass can be maximized in southwestern Saskatchewan by seeding in early spring.Key words: Ryegrass (wild), Leymus angustus, Elymus angustus, thermal time, irrigation
EFFECTS OF DURATION OF HEMP-NETTLE (Galeopsis tetrahit) INTERFERENCE IN OATS (Avena sativa) AND ALFALFA (Medicago sativa)
Authors: LÉGÈRE ANNE , DESCHÊNES JEAN-MARC
Published: March 2010

Effects of duration of common hemp-nettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) interference on oat (Avena sativa L.) yields, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yields during the year of establishment were measured in field experiments conducted in the Québec City area. Hemp-nettle growth was reduced in oats compared to that in alfalfa. Effects of duration of hemp-nettle interference on oat yields were significant in one out of two years. A 35% yield reduction was measured in oats after 12 wk of interference following an early spring planting (late April). First-cut alfalfa yields decreased as duration of hemp-nettle interference increased. Residual effects of hemp-nettle interference were also measured on second-cut alfalfa yields even though hemp-nettle had been absent from alfalfa stands throughout the regrowth period. Although early spring planting is generally recommended for alfalfa in the eastern Québec region, this practice appeared unsuitable for sites heavily infested with hemp-nettle, considering the early germination of the weed and its negative effects on crop yield.Key words: Hemp-nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit, weed competition, weed interference
EFFECTS OF DIPHENYLAMINE, GIBBERELLIC ACID, DAMINOZIDE, CALCIUM, HIGH CO2 AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ON QUALITY OF STORED BARTLETT PEARS
Authors: MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

Bartlett pears (Pyrus communis L.) were subjected to preharvest sprays of butanedioic acid mono(2, 2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide) and gibberellic acid (GA3) and to prestorage treatments with CaCl2, diphenylamine (DPA), high CO2 and elevated temperatures. Treated and control fruit were evaluated for skin color, firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity at harvest and after a storage period of 60 d at 0 °C. Incidence of core breakdown was assessed on fruit ripened for 7 d at 20 °C immediately after cold storage. Pears dipped in CaCl2, CaCl2 + guar gum and calcium chelate (THIS®) + guar gum solutions had less breakdown than untreated fruit. Appreciable skin injury in the form of small black lesions was evident in the pears dipped in calcium solutions. Washing the fruit 7 d after treatment reduced but did not eliminate the incidence of injury. Prestorage treatments with CO2 (10 d at 15% CO2), heat (two or more days at 30–40 °C) and DPA (2000 mg L−1) also reduced the incidence of core breakdown. Preharvest sprays of daminozide resulted in a higher incidence of core breakdown in 2 of the 6 yr, while GA3 foliar sprays caused a higher incidence of breakdown in one year only. Fruit firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity levels were not affected by treatments in a consistent manner.Key words: Core breakdown, skin color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, skin injury, Pyrus communis
YELLOWHEAD FIELD PEA
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T. , ZIMMER R. C.
Published: March 2010

Yellowhead is a yellow seeded cultivar of field pea with high yield and high edible fiber content. In national Cooperative Tests, Yellowhead yielded 19–20% higher than the commonly grown cultivars Century and Trapper. Its fiber content, as measured by percent seed hull, was 17% higher than the average fiber content of Century or Trapper.Key words: Field pea, dry pea, cultivar description, edible fiber
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF BATCH AND ANNUAL PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS IN WHEAT PRODUCTION IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: JOSE H.D.
Published: March 2010

A single batch application of phosphorus once in several years might be a more economical practice for wheat production in Western Canada than the traditional annual application at seeding time. Annual phosphorus applications and batch applications once every 8 yr were compared. Response functions were estimated for annual applications for two locations in Saskatchewan and two in Manitoba. The response functions were used to determine the optimum application rates at each location. These optimums were compared with the profitability of the batch application to determine the economic optimum phosphorus application strategy. Three wheat/fertilizer price ratios were used in the analysis to examine the effect of changes in relative prices. The 100-kg batch application was economically preferred to annual applications for all three price ratios at three of the four locations. Only at Swift Current, Saskatchewan was the batch application not economically justified. The 100-kg batch application was economically superior to the 200-kg application at all locations studied.