bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview on Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: S. Albalawi Faisal Awad , A. Albalawi Ahmed Saad , A. Alshehri Ali Abdulrahman , A Albalawi Abdulaziz Saed , F. AlfaqiR Abdulaziz Muteb , M Alsharef Sultan Makki , M. Halawani Omar Mansour , Alkhaldi Njoud Khaled , M. Alharbi Amer Khalaf , Alnass Anwar Jafar , Alhashem Ahmad Ibrahim , Al-Faraj Raghad Fahad , Al-Faraj Ghadah Fahad , Alqadeeb Maria Mahdi , Alosaimi Meaad Saad
Published: November 2021

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric disease marked by unstable interpersonal relationships, fear of abandonment, difficulty regulating emotions, feelings of emptiness, persistent dysphoria or sadness, impulsivity, and increased risk-taking behaviors. The prevalence of borderline personality disorder has been reported at 11 percent in the psychiatric outpatient community and as high as 20% in the psychiatric inpatient population. Patients with BPD have a high rate of morbidity, which makes medical treatment more difficult. Although the role of genetics in BPD is unclear, inheritance of BPD appears to be considerable. Life events are also found to play a role in the development of BPD. The most important risk factor for the development of BP is childhood trauma. Symptoms that have been present since adolescence or early adulthood and manifest in a variety of settings are used to make the diagnosis. There are no lab or imaging tests available to aid in the diagnosis. Patients with borderline personality disorder benefit from three evidence-based treatments. Mentalizing-based therapy (MBT). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP). In this review we will be discussing epidemiology, etiology, clinical features diagnosis and treatment of BPD.
Netra Tarpana - An Efficacious Rejuvenate Local Medication of Eye and Standardizing Samayak Tarpita lakshana of Netra with the Help of Questionnaire
Authors: M. Nayak Yamini , Keskar Manjiri , Pandey Praveen , Shukla Abhishek
Published: November 2021

Ayurved is one of the great gifts of the sages of ancient India to mankind. It is not only a system of medicine in the conventional sense of curing disease but also a way of life that teaches us how to maintain & protect health. Kriyakalp is the main therapeutic process for Netra rogas. Kriyakalp means the procedures in which various drugs are applied in & around the eye ball as a treatment modality. the importance of Ayurvedic treatment in the diseases of eyes cannot be ignored. There is a great need to find out an ocular procedure for prevention and treatment of eye diseases having no or least adverse effect. Tarpan karma is one of the local therapeutic procedures which if promptly used shows objective evidences of excellent responses. In this  Article there is a review on Netra Tarpana Karma, their indications, contraindications and possible mode of action , Standardiging Samayak Tarpita Lakshan with the help of Questionnaire.

Questionnaire is discussed with expert, we discussed action and we have finalized the Questionnaire with the Stalwarts of Shalakya Tantra.
Lower Incisor Positions in Different Malocclusions and Facial Pattern
Authors: Jabbar Abdul , Saba . , Lal Ramesh , Farooq Amber , Bashir Uzma , Hussain Nadeem
Published: November 2021

Aims: The position of lower incisor has been of significant concern when seeking orthodontic treatment plan, it has been recognized as one of diagnostic key and play an important in the development of normal occlusion and facial pattern. This study was aimed at the determination of lower incisor position and its possible association with different sagittal malocclusions and facial patterns.

Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Orthodontics Institute of Dentistry Liaquat University Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro between June 2019 to July 2020.

Methodology: Ninety-seven pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographies were taken, and they were classified sagittally into skeletal class I, II and III, and vertically into normodivergent, hyperdivergent and hypodivergent facial pattern using ANB and SNMP, respectively. Lower     incisor position was assessed by means of FMIA and IMPA. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to check any association between lower incisor position and sagittal malocclusion and facial pattern.  P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The study sample consisted of 97 patients. The mean age of the patients was 25.55 SD ±3.93. The mean SNMP value was 28.84 SD ±7.354 and mean ANB value 4.809 SD ±3.85. Mean Incisor position based on IMPA was 98.598 SD ± 9.413 and FMIA 54 SD ±9.995.  Intra and interobserver reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging between 0.825 and 0.990 respectively. The ANOVA test results showed significant relationship between the sagittal malocclusion and incisor position with P value .036. The Bonferroni analysis indicated that statistically significant association existed in term of lower incisor position between Class II and Class III malocclusion with P value .047. Test results further indicated that there is no significant difference in the position of lower incisor in relation to facial pattern with P value .355.

Conclusions: Statistically significant association was found between lower incisor position with respect to the sagittal malocclusion. However, no significant association was found between facial pattern and lower incisor position.
Interpolymer Complex of Chitosan and Eudragit L-100: Preparation, Characterization and Drug Release Behavior
Authors: Bute Shrikant , Gupta Saurabh , Wadher Kamlesh , Naidu Nikita , Umekar Milind
Published: December 2021

Aims: The aim of the present investigation was to prepare interpolymer complex between Chitosan and Eudragit L100, and to evaluate its performance as a matrix for controlled release of drugs, using Diclofenac sodium as a model.

Methodology: Interpolymer complex were prepared by combining different % chitosan solutions with different % Eudragit L100 solutions in different ratios. The formation of interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPEC) between carbopol and Chitosan was investigated, using turbidimetry and viscosity measurement. The structure of the prepared IPEC was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and DSC. A Rotary compression press was used to formulate matrix tablets of diclofenac sodium using polymers in physical mixture and IPECs.The amount of Diclofenac Sodium released in the dissolution medium was determined spectrophotometrically at 276 nm.

Results: The results of the present investigation confirmed the formation of an interpolyelectrolyte complex between Chitosan and Eudragit L 100. The release of the model drug Diclofenac sodium was significantly controlled from tablets made up of the IPEC as compared with polymers alone and in combination. Release profiles were represented by a mathematical model, which indicates that the prepared system releases drug in a zero-order manner by changing the ratio of the IPEC in the tablets.

Conclusion: Controlled release drug delivery systems designed to manipulate the drug release to achieve specific clinical objectives that are unattainable with conventional dosage forms.
MUSEU DE IMAGENS E SENTIDOS:
Authors: De Siqueira Euler David , Da Costa Oliveira Siqueira Denise
Published: November 2021

Obsoletos como objetos tecnológicos, os cartões telefônicos retrataram imagens do Rio de Janeiro, cumprindo mais do que uma função prática. Atualmente peças de colecionadores, esses cartões falam do imaginário da metrópole, como dos charmosos bondes cariocas retratados, outrora símbolos de uma cidade moderna e que nos levam a formular questões em torno de sua persistência, presente em sua versão atual, o VLT. Partindo dessas pistas, o artigo tem como objetivo discutir a recorrência de imagens e sua relação com o imaginário. A investigação revela-se importante pela tarefa de compreensão da fabricação do imaginário sobre a metrópole carioca. De natureza qualitativa, a metodologia empregada privilegia uma abordagem interpretativa de imagens e categorias de pensamento. Os resultados mostram que as imagens do bonde operam como mediadores entre o passado e o futuro, sendo ao mesmo tempo, signo de uma cidade que se embelezava no começo do século XX e que busca, nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, se reinventar.
Blendas do Biodiesel: Lacunas Tecnológicas e Científicas
Authors: Jesus Carlos Alberto Cajado de , Quintella Cristina M. , Torres Ednildo A.
Published: November 2021

O principal foco deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução das competências tecnológicas, traduzidas no depósito de patentes, e a evolução das competências científicas nos artigos publicados em bancos de dados nas áreas relacionadas à cadeia do biodiesel.
Soja
Authors: Pereira Carlos Ednaldo Alves
Published: November 2021

Devido ao alto do potencial agrícola da soja (Glycine Max) aliado à aplicabilidade no uso em alimentos, fármaco, sabão, resinas, tintas, solventes, biodiesel e cosméticos, esta prospecção visa analisar patentes geradas apartir de pesquisas com o principio ativo isoflavona, para ampliar o horizonte a propensão de novas pesquisas.
Noni (Morinda citrifolia)
Authors: Silva Naylene Carvalho Sales da
Published: November 2021

Pesquisar o grau de utilização aplicado ao Noni e apontar o foco da maior aplicação de patentes.
Goma Xanthana
Authors: Cunha Flávia Silva
Published: November 2021

Dimensionar pesquisas já desenvolvidas relacionadas com a Goma Xantana e relacionar pesquisas com preparação de componentes contendo radicais sacarídeos.
MODO DE PRODUÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO: QUESTÕES DO MODO DE VIDA: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO DE LEON TROTSKY
Authors: Taffarel Celi Nelza Zulke , Santos Júnior Cláudio de Lira
Published: November 2021

O texto trata da importância da consideração da contribuição de Leon Trotsky - ao se debruçar sobre a questão do modo de vida decorrente do modo geral de produção da existência – para pensar uma proposta educacional articulada claramente à construção do projeto histórico socialista. A necessidade premente de se pensar a formação humana tendo como referencia a questão do militantismo cultural, base da luta por uma política cultural de formação.
MODO DE PRODUÇÃO E REVOLUÇÃO: LUKÁCS E MÉSZÁROS
Authors: Lessa Sergio
Published: November 2021

Argumenta-se que para Lukács e Mészáros a categoria modo de produção apenas faz sentido se articulada com a concepção marxiana do trabalho como fundante do ser social e esta, por sua vez, é a chave da proposta revolucionária que retiram de Marx.
Work e-mail after hours and off-job duration and their association with psychological detachment, actigraphic sleep, and saliva cortisol: A 1-month observational study for information technology employees
Authors: Kubo Tomohide , Izawa Shuhei , Ikeda Hiroki , Tsuchiya Masao , Miki Keiichi , Takahashi Masaya
Published: November 2021

Objective

A sufficient duration of time off after work is necessary to ensure workers’ health. Better quality of off-job time can also facilitate recovery from fatigue, but its quantitative influence is largely unknown. We aimed to examine how off-job time quality (as measured by the frequency of emailing after work), and off-job duration is associated with psychological detachment, actigraphic sleep, and saliva cortisol using a 1-month observational study.

Methods

The participants were 58 daytime employees working at an information technology company. Sleep actigraphy and saliva cortisol as well as self-reported outcomes were repeatedly measured for 1 month. Two-way (work e-mail frequency × off-job time) multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses were performed in both continuous and categorical variables.

Results

The frequency of work e-mailing after hours was significantly associated with self-reported outcomes and actigraphic sleep quality, while a significant association was not found in cortisol awakening responses and actigraphic sleep duration. A significantly larger cortisol response after awakening was found in shorter, rather than longer, durations of off-job time. Self-reported detachment, rumination and carry-over fatigue showed significant interactions between work e-mail and off-job time, suggesting that worse outcomes were found in a higher frequency of work e-mail even when employees had longer amounts of off-job time.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that ensuring the quality and duration of off-job time is beneficial for recovery from work with sufficient sleep. Specifically, the frequency of e-mailing after work should be minimized to make recovery complete.
Toward Sustainable Crop Protection: Aqueous Dispersions of Biodegradable Particles with Tunable Release and Rainfastness
Authors: Pirzada Tahira , Sohail Mariam , Tripathi Anurodh , Farias Barbara V. , Mathew Reny , Li Chunying , Opperman Charles H. , Khan Saad A.
Published: November 2021

Fabrication of aqueous particulate dispersions of biodegradable cellulose esters (CEs) as efficient carriers of agrochemical active‐ingredients (AIs) for foliar applications, is reported. The use of different ester substituent groups on CE permits modulation of particle morphology and size, from irregular shapes (<350 nm) to spheres (≈1.1 µm diameter), while maintaining stability as supported by minimal change in zeta potential and particle size over one year. Rainfastness is tested by simulating >50 mm h−1 rainfall on coated banana and tomato leaves and silicon. Surface coverage loss as low as 9%, based on the nature of leaf and formulation, confirms the rainfastness of the formulations. Variation in the release kinetics of a model AI fluopyram from different CEs can be attributed to the particle morphology and the nature of binding between fluopyram and various CEs. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrates spontaneous binding between fluopyram and multiple sites of CEs, justifying its two‐step release from CE particles. System functionalities are corroborated via in‐vitro fungal inhibition assays demonstrating a 100% inhibition of the fungal growth. This “lab‐to‐leaf” approach of materials development involving fundamental insights and functional performance reveals CE dispersions are promising green agricultural formulations with the potential to impact a myriad of crops around the globe.
Fast Intercalation in Locally Ordered Carbon Nanocrystallites for Superior Potassium Ions Storage
Authors: Han Xu , Chen Tianming , Zhang Panpan , Qi Ying , Yang Pan , Zhao Yanhua , Shao Meng , Wu Jiansheng , Weng Jiena , Li Sheng , Huo Fengwei
Published: November 2021

Hard carbons (HCs) have great potential as anode material for high‐performance potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, due to the complexity of HCs, the relationship between their structures and potassium (K) storage behaviors is still not quite clear. Here, three types of HCs with different structures are designed for further understanding the electrochemical storage processes. Among them, the carbon spheres (CS) exhibit impressive rate performance (161.6 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1) and cycle stability (140.2 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 500 cycles). The superior performance of CS can be mainly ascribed to the intercalation into its locally‐ordered carbon nanocrystallites, and the charge/discharge processes are further characterized with significant pseudocapacitive dominating. Suitable nanocrystalline size and the ratio of defects with proper morphology are the key factors to improve K storage efficiency. This work will contribute to understanding the role of these factors in the K storage performance of carbon materials.
Microstructurally Tailored Thin β‐Ag2Se Films toward Commercial Flexible Thermoelectrics
Authors: Lei Yan , Qi Ruijuan , Chen Miaoying , Chen Hong , Xing Chengcheng , Sui Fengrui , Gu Longyan , He Weiwei , Zhang Yange , Baba Takahiro , Baba Tetsuya , Lin Hong , Mori Takao , Koumoto Kunihito , Lin Yuan , Zheng Zhi
Published: November 2021

Aiming to overcome both the structural and commercial limitations of flexible thermoelectric power generators, an efficient room‐temperature aqueous selenization reaction that can be completed in air within less than 1 min, to directly fabricate thin β‐Ag2Se films consisting of perfectly crystalline and large columnar grains with both in‐plane randomness and out‐of‐plane [201] preferred orientation, is designed. A high power factor (PF) of 2590 ± 414 µW m−1K−2and a figure‐of‐merit (zT) of 1.2 ± 0.42 are obtained from a sample with a thickness of ≈1 µm. The maximum output power density of the best 4‐leg thermoelectric generator sample reach 27.6 ± 1.95 and 124 ± 8.78 W m−2at room temperature with 30 and 60 K temperature differences, respectively, which may be useful in future flexible thermoelectric devices.
Reliable and Remote Monitoring of Absolute Temperature during Liver Inflammation via Luminescence‐Lifetime‐Based Nanothermometry
Authors: Shen Yingli , Lifante José , Zabala‐Gutierrez Irene , de la Fuente‐Fernández María , Granado Miriam , Fernández Nuria , Rubio‐Retama Jorge , Jaque Daniel , Marin Riccardo , Ximendes Erving , Benayas Antonio
Published: November 2021

Temperature of tissues and organs is one of the first parameters affected by physiological and pathological processes, such as metabolic activity, acute trauma, or infection‐induced inflammation. Therefore, the onset and development of these processes can be detected by monitoring deviations from basal temperature. To accomplish this, minimally invasive, reliable, and accurate measurement of the absolute temperature of internal organs is required. Luminescence nanothermometry is the ideal technology for meeting these requirements. Although this technique has lately undergone remarkable developments, its reliability is being questioned due to spectral distortions caused by biological tissues. In this work, how the use of bright Ag2S nanoparticles featuring temperature‐dependent fluorescence lifetime enables reliable and accurate measurement of the absolute temperature of the liver in mice subjected to lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation is demonstrated. Beyond the remarkable thermal sensitivity (≈ 3% °C–1 around 37 °C) and thermal resolution obtained (smaller than 0.3 °C), the results included in this work set a blueprint for the development of new diagnostic procedures based on the use of intracorporeal temperature as a physiological indicator.
Structural Insights into Multi‐Metal Spinel Oxide Nanoparticles for Boosting Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kim Jiheon , Ko Wonjae , Yoo Ji Mun , Paidi Vinod K. , Jang Ho Yeon , Shepit Michael , Lee Jongmin , Chang Hogeun , Lee Hyeon Seok , Jo Jinwoung , Kim Byung Hyo , Cho Sung‐Pyo , van Lierop Johan , Kim Dokyoon , Lee Kug‐Seung , Back Seoin , Sung Yung‐Eun , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: November 2021

Multi‐metal oxide (MMO) materials have significant potential to facilitate various demanding reactions by providing additional degrees of freedom in catalyst design. However, a fundamental understanding of the (electro)catalytic activity of MMOs is limited because of the intrinsic complexity of their multi‐element nature. Additional complexities arise when MMO catalysts have crystalline structures with two different metal site occupancies, such as the spinel structure, which makes it more challenging to investigate the origin of the (electro)catalytic activity of MMOs. Here, uniform‐sized multi‐metal spinel oxide nanoparticles composed of Mn, Co, and Fe as model MMO electrocatalysts are synthesized and the contributions of each element to the structural flexibility of the spinel oxides are systematically studied, which boosts the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. Detailed crystal and electronic structure characterizations combined with electrochemical and computational studies reveal that the incorporation of Co not only increases the preferential octahedral site occupancy, but also modifies the electronic state of the ORR‐active Mn site to enhance the intrinsic ORR activity. As a result, nanoparticles of the optimized catalyst, Co0.25Mn0.75Fe2.0‐MMO, exhibit a half‐wave potential of 0.904 V (versus RHE) and mass activity of 46.9 A goxide−1 (at 0.9 V versus RHE) with promising stability.
Mechanistically Scoping Cell‐Free and Cell‐Dependent Artificial Scaffolds in Rebuilding Skeletal and Dental Hard Tissues
Authors: Yu Peng , Yu Fanyuan , Xiang Jie , Zhou Kai , Zhou Ling , Zhang Zhengmin , Rong Xiao , Ding Zichuan , Wu Jiayi , Li Wudi , Zhou Zongke , Ye Ling , Yang Wei
Published: November 2021

Rebuilding mineralized tissues in skeletal and dental systems remains costly and challenging. Despite numerous demands and heavy clinical burden over the world, sources of autografts, allografts, and xenografts are far limited, along with massive risks including viral infections, ethic crisis, and so on. Per such dilemma, artificial scaffolds have emerged to provide efficient alternatives. To date, cell‐free biomimetic mineralization (BM) and cell‐dependent scaffolds have both demonstrated promising capabilities of regenerating mineralized tissues. However, BM and cell‐dependent scaffolds have distinctive mechanisms for mineral genesis, which makes them methodically, synthetically, and functionally disparate. Herein, these two strategies in regenerative dentistry and orthopedics are systematically summarized at the level of mechanisms. For BM, methodological and theoretical advances are focused upon; and meanwhile, for cell‐dependent scaffolds, it is demonstrated how scaffolds orchestrate osteogenic cell fate. The summary of the experimental advances and clinical progress will endow researchers with mechanistic understandings of artificial scaffolds in rebuilding hard tissues, by which better clinical choices and research directions may be approached.
Electromechanically Tunable Frequency‐agile Metamaterial Bandpass Filters for Terahertz Waves
Authors: Pitchappa Prakash , Kumar Abhishek , Singh Ranjan , Wang Nan
Published: November 2021

Tunable terahertz (THz) transmission filters are essential for various key applications including miniaturized spectrometers, hyperspectral imagers, and channel selectors in high‐speed wireless communication systems. However, tunable THz transmission filters have remained elusive, so far. Here, an electromechanically reconfigurable microcantilevers integrated complementary metamaterial to function as a frequency‐agile THz bandpass transmission filter is reported. A large tunable range of 70% at central frequency of 0.455 THz is designed, and the experimental results show active switching of THz transmission frequency range of 54% at central frequency of 0.5 THz. The proposed electromechanically reconfigurable metadevice provides a large tunable range, uses electrical control, and is fabricated using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible materials and processes, thus making it highly attractive for the realization of plethora of miniaturized high‐performance THz components and devices.
Processing, Characterization, and Impact of Nafion Thin Film on Photonic Nanowaveguides for Humidity Sensing
Authors: Li Liwei , Tian Xiaoyi , Meng Debin , Collins Michael , Wang Jianfu , Patterson Robert , Nguyen Linh , Yi Xiaoke
Published: November 2021

Herein, the impact and spin‐coating process of Nafion thin films on photonic nanowaveguide structures fabricated via a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible process for the first time is investigated. Particularly, the effect of Nafion thin films (≈23–776 nm) on microring resonators (MRRs) with compact waveguide sizes (480 nm by 220 nm and 380 nm by 220 nm) is focused on, where the microring provides enhanced interactions between the Nafion and light, which is related to Nafion thin‐film properties such as the refractive index, water uptake, and swelling. The results demonstrate small, compact, and cost‐effective MRR devices to characterize Nafion thin film and high‐resolution on‐chip humidity sensing for real‐time and continuous measurements.
Sensing Applications of Polymer Optical Fiber Fuse
Authors: Leal-Junior Arnaldo G. , Marques Carlos , Lee Heeyoung , Nakamura Kentaro , Mizuno Yosuke
Published: November 2021

This article presents a review of the fuse effect in polymer optical fibers (POFs) and its sensing applications. First, the propagation mechanisms and the characteristics of the POF fuse are discussed, showing that its optical threshold power and propagation velocity are much lower than those of silica fiber fuse. In addition, it is shown that the main unique advantages of the POF fuse are its capability of transmitting optical signal as well as the electrical conductivity of the carbonized oscillatory path created in the fiber core. The physical properties of the fused POF are also described, such as its higher elasticity and stability to external effects. Subsequently, some applications of fused POFs are reviewed, such as temperature, strain, force, and angle sensors with higher sensitivity and stabler operation than those of nonfused POF‐based sensors. Finally, future perspectives on fused POF‐based sensing are discussed, where the magnetic field sensitivity plays an important role in implementing the optical devices. Thus, the unique features of fused POFs can provide a new paradigm for the fuse effect in optical fibers, in which the effect can be intentionally ignited for fabrication of novel in‐fiber devices and sensors with extended capabilities.
All‐Carbon Tetrasubstituted Olefins Synthesis from Diazo Compounds and Iodonium Ylides under Blue LED Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Yan‐Rui , Li Lei , Xu Guo‐Yong , Xuan Jun
Published: November 2021

A route for the construction of all‐carbon tetra‐substituted olefins through visible‐light promoted coupling of diazo compounds with iodonium ylides was developed. A wide range of all‐carbon tetra‐substituted olefins was obtained in moderate to good yields. The synthetic values of the current method were further approved by the synthesis of natural isolates modified alkenes and the successful transformation of final olefins into important heterocycles.

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Efficient Calculation of the Lattice Thermal Conductivity by Atomistic Simulations with Ab Initio Accuracy
Authors: Brorsson Joakim , Hashemi Arsalan , Fan Zheyong , Fransson Erik , Eriksson Fredrik , Ala‐Nissila Tapio , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Komsa Hannu‐Pekka , Erhart Paul
Published: November 2021

High‐order force constant expansions can provide accurate representations of the potential energy surface relevant to vibrational motion. They can be efficiently parametrized using quantum mechanical calculations and subsequently sampled at a fraction of the cost of the underlying reference calculations. Here, force constant expansions are combined via the hiphive package with GPU‐accelerated molecular dynamics simulations via the GPUMD package to obtain an accurate, transferable, and efficient approach for sampling the dynamical properties of materials. The performance of this methodology is demonstrated by applying it both to materials with very low thermal conductivity (Ba8Ga16Ge30, SnSe) and a material with a relatively high lattice thermal conductivity (monolayer‐MoS2). These cases cover both situations with weak (monolayer‐MoS2, SnSe) and strong (Ba8Ga16Ge30) pho renormalization. The simulations also enable to access complementary information such as the spectral thermal conductivity, which allows to discriminate the contribution by different phonon modes while accounting for scattering to all orders. The software packages described here are made available to the scientific community as free and open‐source software in order to encourage the more widespread use of these techniques as well as their evolution through continuous and collaborative development.
A Microclip Peripheral Nerve Interface (μcPNI) for Bioelectronic Interfacing with Small Nerves
Authors: Rowan Cami C. , Graudejus Oliver , Otchy Timothy M.
Published: November 2021

Peripheral nerves carry sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) signals between the central nervous system and other parts of the body. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is therefore rich in targets for therapeutic neuromodulation, bioelectronic medicine, and neuroprosthetics. Peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) generally suffer from a tradeoff between selectivity and invasiveness. This work describes the fabrication, evaluation, and chronic implantation in zebra finches of a novel PNI that breaks this tradeoff by interfacing with small nerves. This PNI integrates a soft, stretchable microelectrode array with a 2‐photon 3D printed microclip (μcPNI). The advantages of this μcPNI compared to other designs are: a) increased spatial resolution due to bi‐layer wiring of the electrode leads, b) reduced mismatch in biomechanical properties with the nerve, c) reduced disturbance to the host tissue due to the small size, d) elimination of sutures or adhesives, e) high circumferential contact with small nerves, f) functionality under considerable strain, and g) graded neuromodulation in a low‐threshold stimulation regime. Results demonstrate that the μcPNIs are electromechanically robust, and are capable of reliably recording and stimulating neural activity in vivo in small nerves. The μcPNI may also inform the development of new optical, thermal, ultrasonic, or chemical PNIs as well.
Nanopore Whole Transcriptome Analysis and Pathogen Surveillance by a Novel Solid‐Phase Catalysis Approach
Authors: Fang Yi , Changavi Amogh , Yang Manyun , Sun Luo , Zhang Aihua , Sun Daniel , Sun Zhiyi , Zhang Boce , Xu Ming‐Qun
Published: November 2021

The requirement of a large input amount (500 ng) for Nanopore direct RNA‐seq presents a major challenge for low input transcriptomic analysis and early pathogen surveillance. The high RNA input requirement is attributed to significant sample loss associated with library preparation using solid‐phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) beads. A novel solid‐phase catalysis strategy for RNA library preparation to circumvent the need for SPRI bead purification to remove enzymes is reported here. This new approach leverages concurrent processing of non‐polyadenylated transcripts with immobilized poly(A) polymerase and T4 DNA ligase, followed by directly loading the prepared library onto a flow cell. Whole transcriptome sequencing, using a human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model, demonstrates this new method displays little sample loss, takes much less time, and generates higher sequencing throughput correlated with reduced nanopore fouling compared to the current library preparation for 500 ng input. Consequently, this approach enables Nanopore low‐input direct RNA‐seq, improving pathogen detection and transcript identification in a microbial community standard with spike‐in transcript controls. Besides, as evident in the bioinformatic analysis, the new method provides accurate RNA consensus with high fidelity and identifies higher numbers of expressed genes for both high and low input RNA amounts.
Artificial Adaptive and Maladaptive Sensory Receptors Based on a Surface‐Dominated Diffusive Memristor
Authors: Song Young Geun , Suh Jun Min , Park Jae Yeol , Kim Ji Eun , Chun Suk Yeop , Kwon Jae Uk , Lee Ho , Jang Ho Won , Kim Sangtae , Kang Chong‐Yun , Yoon Jung Ho
Published: November 2021

A biological receptor serves as sensory transduction from an external stimulus to an electrical signal. It allows humans to better match the environment by filtering out repetitive innocuous information and recognize potentially damaging stimuli through key features, including adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Herein, for the first time, the authors develop substantial artificial receptors involving both adaptive and maladaptive behaviors using diffusive memristor. Metal‐oxide nanorods (NR) as a switching matrix enable the electromigration of an active metal along the surface of the NRs under electrical stimulation, resulting in unique surface‐dominated switching dynamics with the advantage of fast Ag migration and fine controllability of the conductive filament. To experimentally demonstrate its potential application, a thermoreceptor system is constructed using memristive artificial receptors. The proposed surface‐dominated diffusive memristor allows the direct emulation of the biological receptors, which represents an advance in the bioinspired technology adopted in creating artificial intelligence systems.
Handheld Device for Selective Benzene Sensing over Toluene and Xylene
Authors: Weber Ines C. , Rüedi Pascal , Šot Petr , Güntner Andreas T. , Pratsinis Sotiris E.
Published: November 2021

More than 1 million workers are exposed routinely to carcinogenic benzene, contained in various consumer products (e.g., gasoline, rubbers, and dyes) and released from combustion of organics (e.g., tobacco). Despite strict limits (e.g., 50 parts per billion (ppb) in the European Union), routine monitoring of benzene is rarely done since low‐cost sensors lack accuracy. This work presents a compact, battery‐driven device that detects benzene in gas mixtures with unprecedented selectivity (>200) over inorganics, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and even challenging toluene and xylene. This can be attributed to strong Lewis acid sites on a packed bed of catalytic WO3 nanoparticles that prescreen a chemoresistive Pd/SnO2 sensor. That way, benzene is detected down to 13 ppb with superior robustness to relative humidity (RH, 10–80%), fulfilling the strictest legal limits. As proof of concept, benzene is quantified in indoor air in good agreement (R2 ≥ 0.94) with mass spectrometry. This device is readily applicable for personal exposure assessment and can assist the implementation of low‐emission zones for sustainable environments.
Polymerized Small‐Molecule Acceptor as an Interface Modulator to Increase the Performance of All‐Small‐Molecule Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Deng Dan , Li Yi , Ding Jianwei , Wu Qiong , Zhang Lili , Zhang Guangjie , Iqbal Muhammad Junaid , Wang Rui , Zhang Jianqi , Qiu Xiaohui , Wei Zhixiang
Published: November 2021

Modulating the morphology of all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (ASM‐OSCs) has proved to be a considerable challenge in the context of efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport. Regulating the morphology of ASM‐OSCs is a great challenge due to the low viscosity of the small molecules, which tend to form large domain sizes and loose molecular packing, especially in the interfacial region. Here, a polymerized small‐molecule acceptor (PJ1) is introduced as an interface modulator to strengthen the interfacial molecular interactions in a high‐efficiency system, consisting of a novel small molecule donor (ZR‐TT) and a widely used acceptor (Y6). Optimized ASM‐OSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.33% without any additives. A small amount of PJ1 effectively condenses the morphology, enhances the crystallinity of the blend, and decreases the domain sizes. Upon 3% PJ1 addition in the blends, the accelerated hole transfer and the enhanced charge transport ultimately lead to an increased PCE of 15.54% with improved short circuit current and fill factor. Notably, the generality of this interfacial modulator strategy is proved by using PJ1 in three other ASM‐OSCs and using another polymerized host acceptor, PYT‐F‐o.
Sustainable Recycling of Cathode Scrap towards High‐Performance Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Jiao , Fan Ersha , Zhang Xiaodong , Chen Renjie , Wu Feng , Li Li
Published: November 2021

Pollution from spent batteries is causing an environmental crisis, driving the development of innovative recycling and upcycling methods. Conventional recycling technologies are plagued by the technical barriers of high pollution, low efficiency, and poor product utilization. Herein, an innovative and sustainable method is reported of in situ selective and precise recycling of cathode scrap into high value‐added transition metal oxides, as well as in‐depth verification of their suitability as lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) anodes. The recycled ZnMn2O4 material exhibits extremely high discharge specific capacity and performs well at high rates. This unique selective conversion technology, attributed to the co‐octahedral retention conversion, can be applied to obtain a variety of anode materials from aged cells. A successful demonstration of the reconversion of waste LiMn2O4 and LiCoO2 to obtain transition metal oxide materials provides the possibility of further efficient green recycling approaches for large‐scale applications.
Analysis of mechanisms of soil potassium‐holding capacity using different soils of China
Authors: Zhao Xinlin , Gao Shuaishuai , Lu Dianjun , Chen Xiaoqin , Feng Wenqiang , Wang Yong , Zhao Shimin , Wang Huoyan
Published: November 2021

Soil is the most important source of K for plants; many studies have focused on soil K status and phytoavailability. However, there is still a lack of quantitative explanation for how soils hold plant‐available K. Based on the previous study, the ability to hold plant‐available K for soil was defined as soil potassium‐holding capacity (SKHC). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying SKHC. Fourteen soils from different sites in China were collected and the contribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and clay minerals to SKHC were analyzed based on waterlogging simulation experiments, chemical determination, and data‐fitting analysis. Results showed that SKHC mainly depended on the absorption and holding effects of exchangeable sites deriving from both SOM and clay minerals (presented as cation exchange capacity [CEC]) and nonexchangeable sites deriving from clay minerals, which contributed 14.7 and 82.5%, respectively, to SKHC, at similar soil water‐soluble K levels. After removing the SOM from the soil, the average SOM and CEC decreased from 26.0 to 7.73 g kg–1 and from 13.7 to 11.8 cmol kg–1, respectively. The SOM contributed an average of 24.5% to CEC, with the remaining 75.5% provided by clay minerals. Further analysis showed when SOM increased by 1%, CEC increased by 1.14 cmol kg–1, a relative proportion of 8.32% of the initial soil. Therefore, SKHC is mainly determined by the nonexchangeable sites of soil clay minerals, and increasing CEC by improving SOM content to enhance SKHC should be an effective but slow approach.
Perennial rye as a grain crop in Alberta, Canada: Prospects and challenges
Authors: Daly Erin Jane , Hernandez‐Ramirez Guillermo , Puurveen Dick , Ducholke Chloe , Kim Keunbae , Oatway Lori
Published: November 2021

Perennial crops may present an opportunity to produce grain in a more environmentally and economically friendly manner. We examined principal agronomic traits of perennial cereal rye (Secale cerealeL. ×S. montanumGuss ‘ACE‐1’) at two field sites in Alberta, Canada, over two consecutive growing seasons. Treatments included perennial rye, fall rye (S. cerealeL. ‘Hazlett’), spring rye (S. cerealeL.‘Gazelle’), and perennial forage (meadow brome [Bromus commutatusSchrad.] and alfalfa [Medicago sativaL.]) with and without N fertilizer addition. Grain yield of the perennial rye in Year 1 averaged 64 and 51% of the fall and spring rye yields at the Breton and Edmonton sites, respectively. Grain yield of the perennial rye in Year 2 at the Edmonton site averaged 42% of the fall and spring rye. Perennial rye at the Breton site in Year 2 was subject to competition with weeds, resulting in minimal grain productivity. Perennial rye at the Edmonton site yielded significantly more aboveground biomass (without grain) than the other rye crops over both years. Likewise, perennial rye at the Breton site produced 1.5 times more aboveground biomass than the perennial forage in Year 1. The experiment was terminated after virtually nonexistent regrowth at both sites in the spring after two growing seasons. Overall, perennial rye may be an option as a dual‐purpose forage‐grain crop, however, perennial rye cropping beyond 2 yr faces issues of winter survival and weed competition; hence, multi‐year perennial rye cropping is not yet a feasible option for cold temperate conditions.
Explainable activity recognition in videos: Lessons learned
Authors: Roy Chiradeep , Nourani Mahsan , Honeycutt Donald R. , Block Jeremy E. , Rahman Tahrima , Ragan Eric D. , Ruozzi Nicholas , Gogate Vibhav
Published: November 2021

We consider the following activity recognition task: given a video, infer the set of activities being performed in the video and assign each frame to an activity. This task can be solved using modern deep learning architectures based on neural networks or conventional classifiers such as linear models and decision trees. While neural networks exhibit superior predictive performance as compared with decision trees and linear models, they are also uninterpretable and less explainable. We address thisaccuracy‐explanability gapusing a novel framework that feeds the output of a deep neural network to an interpretable, tractable probabilistic model called dynamic cutset networks, and performs joint reasoning over the two to answer questions. The neural network helps achieve high accuracy while dynamic cutset networks because of their polytime probabilistic reasoning capabilities make the system more explainable. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by using it to build three prototype systems that solve human‐machine tasks having varying levels of difficulty using cooking videos as an accessible domain. We describe high‐level technical details and key lessons learned in our human subjects evaluations of these systems.
Body proportions and environmental adaptation in gorillas
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Junno Juho‐Antti , Burgess M. Loring , Canington Stephanie L. , Harper Christine , Mudakikwa Antoine , McFarlin Shannon C.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Limb length and trunk proportions are determined in a large, taxonomically and environmentally diverse sample of gorillas and related to variation in locomotion, climate, altitude, and diet.

Materials and methods

The sample includes 299 gorilla skeletons, 115 of which are infants and juveniles, distributed between western lowland (G. gorilla gorilla), low and high elevation grauer (G. beringei graueri), and Virunga mountain gorillas (G. b. beringei). Limb bone and vertebral column lengths scaled to body mass are compared between subgroups by age group.

Results

All G. beringei have relatively short 3rd metapodials and manual proximal phalanges compared to G. gorilla, and this difference is apparent in infancy. All G. beringei also have shortened total limb lengths relative to either body mass or vertebral column length, although patterns of variation in individual skeletal elements are more complex, and infants do not display the same patterns as adults. Mountain gorillas have relatively long clavicles, present in infancy, and a relatively long thoracic (but not lumbosacral) vertebral column.

Discussion

A variety of environmental factors likely contributed to observed patterns of morphological variation among extant gorillas. We interpret the short hand and foot bones of all G. beringei as genetic adaptations to greater terrestriality in the last common ancestor of G. beringei; variation in other limb lengths to climatic adaptation, both genetic and developmental; and the larger thorax of G. b. beringei to adaptation to reduced oxygen pressure at high altitudes, again as a product of both genetic differences and environmental influences during development.
Rigid and conductive lightweight regenerated cellulose/carbon nanotubes/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene nanocomposites constructed via a Pickering emulsion process
Authors: Lugoloobi Ishaq , Wang Yating , Zhao Lunyu , Li Xiang , Wang Bijia , Mao Zhiping , Sui Xiaofeng , Feng Xueling
Published: November 2021

Lightweight polymer‐based conductive nanocomposites are attractive future electronic materials. However, the agglomeration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the polymers is still a serious concern. Herein, CNTs were homogeneously dispersed in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) matrix with the aid of regenerated cellulose (RC), via an easy and cost‐effective Pickering emulsion approach to form conductive nanocomposites. The prepared nanocomposites were investigated for their morphological, thermal, electrical, mechanical, and rheological properties. CNTs were observed to be uniformly entrapped within the RC suspension. RC proved to be both an efficient dispersant and stabilizer for CNTs and ABS, respectively, in that a noticeable enhancement in the electrical conductivity of the polymer of up to 21 Sm−1 was caused with the incorporation of 6.7 wt.% CNTs. RC alone caused 29.6% increase in the tensile strength of neat ABS, while the Young's modulus of the nanocomposites was increased by 21.1%. This improvement was attributed to the uniform dispersion of the stiff CNT/RC hybrid suspension and the formation of strong bond interactions in the ABS matrix. Furthermore, higher crystallinity and melt viscosity in the blends were achieved. This upturn in ABS properties will enable its wider application in the engineering industry as conductors, sensors, antistatic, and electromagnetic interference materials.
Optimization of interface microstructure of high‐strength‐high‐modulus polyimide fibers composites utilizing waterborne polyamide and hybrid sizing agent
Authors: Zhu Li , Li Yinong , Zhang Mengying , Wu Dezhen , Niu Hongqing
Published: November 2021

The weak interface adhesion between high‐strength‐high‐modulus polyimide (PI) fibers and epoxy (EP) resin matrix has seriously hampered the application of PI/EP composites. Herein, a waterborne polyamide (WPA) sizing agent was used to modify PI fibers to enhance the interface adhesion strength between the PI fibers and EP resin matrix. The surface characteristics of PI fibers were investigated to determine chemical composition, morphology, roughness, wettability, interfacial shear strength (IFSS) and interlinear shear strength. The results indicated that the WPA sizing agent significantly enhanced the interface adhesion properties between the PI fibers and EP resin matrix with a 132% and 22.35% increment obtained for IFSS and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) compared with unsized PI/EP composites. Then, the hybrid sizing agent generated by WPA and waterborne EP sizing agent exhibited the highest interface adhesion with 168.65% and 28.62% increment obtained for IFSS and ILSS compared with unsized PI/EP composites. Based on these results, a sizing mechanism with chemical interaction and mechanical interlocking was proposed, which provides an effective and feasible method to enhance the interface adhesion between the PI fibers and EP resin matrix.
Toughening, highly thermostable, and flame retardant polylactic acid enabled by polyphosphazene microsphere
Authors: Dong Jiaxing , Mao Zhiping , Chen Zhize
Published: November 2021

To obtain superior flame retardant poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a highly cross‐linked poly (cyclotriphosphazeneco4,4′diaminodiphenyl sulfone) (CP‐DDS) microsphere was synthesized by the precipitation polymerization between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). Thanks to the cooperative effect of flame retardant elements including P, N and S, this as‐synthesized CP‐DDS microsphere presented excellent fire resistance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the PLA containing 7 wt% CP‐DDS microsphere (PLA/FR7.0) was dramatically increased to 26.8% from 19.7%. Moreover, the dripping of PLA/FR7.0 sharply decrease and it passed V‐1 UL‐94 rating in the vertical combustion test. Cone calorimetry results presented that PLA/FR7.0 composites resulted in 20.85% and 23.02% reductions in the total heat release (THR) and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) respectively. Besides, the average effective heat combustion (av‐EHC) of PLA/FR7.0 composites is 14.24% lower than that of PLA. Surprisingly, the elongation at break of PLA/FR7.0 composites was enhanced by 40%, hardly without loss of the mechanical strength. Possible flame retardant mechanism from gas phase and condensed phase was proposed. The fire‐retardant materials prepared by this toughening microsphere are sufficient to cope with the challenges brought by complex environments, which are expected to be applied in more fields.