bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerically Simulated Electrification and Lightning of the 29 June 2000 STEPS Supercell Storm
Authors: Kuhlman Kristin M. , Ziegler Conrad L. , Mansell Edward R. , MacGorman Donald R. , Straka Jerry M.
Published: October 2006

A three-dimensional dynamic cloud model incorporating airflow dynamics, microphysics, and thunderstorm electrification mechanisms is used to simulate the first 3 h of the 29 June 2000 supercell from the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS). The 29 June storm produced large flash rates, predominately positive cloud-to-ground lightning, large hail, and an F1 tornado. Four different simulations of the storm are made, each one using a different noninductive (NI) charging parameterization. The charge structure, and thus lightning polarity, of the simulated storm is sensitive to the treatment of cloud water dependence in the different NI charging schemes. The results from the simulations are compared with observations from STEPS, including balloon-borne electric field meter soundings and flash locations from the Lightning Mapping Array. For two of the parameterizations, the observed “inverted” tripolar charge structure is well approximated by the model. The polarity of the ground flashes is opposite that of the lowest charge region of the inverted tripole in both the observed storm and the simulations. Total flash rate is well correlated with graupel volume, updraft volume, and updraft mass flux. However, there is little correlation between total flash rate and maximum updraft speed. Based on the correlations found in both the observed and simulated storm, the total flash rate appears to be most representative of overall storm intensity.
Mass Conservation and the Anelastic Approximation
Authors: Bannon Peter R. , Chagnon Jeffrey M. , James Richard P.
Published: October 2006

Numerical anelastic models solve a diagnostic elliptic equation for the pressure field using derivative boundary conditions. The pressure is therefore determined to within a function proportional to the base-state density field with arbitrary amplitude. This ambiguity is removed by requiring that the total mass be conserved in the model. This approach enables one to determine the correct temperature field that is required for the microphysical calculations. This correct, mass-conserving anelastic model predicts a temperature field that is an accurate approximation to that of a compressible atmosphere that has undergone a hydrostatic adjustment in response to a horizontally homogeneous heating or moistening. The procedure is demonstrated analytically and numerically for a one-dimensional, idealized heat source and moisture sink associated with moist convection. Two-dimensional anelastic simulations compare the effect of the new formulation on the evolution of the flow fields in a simulation of the ascent of a warm bubble in a conditionally unstable model atmosphere.

In the Boussinesq case, the temperature field is determined uniquely from the heat equation despite the fact that the pressure field can only be determined to within an arbitrary constant. Boussinesq air parcels conserve their volume, not their mass.
Treatment of Observation Error due to Unresolved Scales in Atmospheric Data Assimilation
Authors: Janjić Tijana , Cohn Stephen E.
Published: October 2006

Observations of the atmospheric state include scales of motion that are not resolved by numerical models into which the observed data are assimilated. The resulting observation error due to unresolved scales, part of the “representativeness error,” is state dependent and correlated in time. A mathematical formalism and algorithmic approach has been developed for treating this error in the data assimilation process, under an assumption that there is no model error. The approach is based on approximating the continuum Kalman filter in such a way as to maintain terms that account for the observation error due to unresolved scales. The two resulting approximate filters resemble the Schmidt–Kalman filter and the traditional discrete Kalman filter.

The approach is tested for the model problem of a passive tracer undergoing advection in a shear flow on the sphere. The state contains infinitely many spherical harmonics, with a nonstationary spectrum, and the problem is to estimate the projection of this state onto a finite spherical harmonic expansion, using observations of the full state. Numerical experiments demonstrate that approximate filters work well for the model problem provided that the exact covariance function of the unresolved scales is known. The traditional filter is more convenient in practice since it requires only the covariance matrix obtained by evaluating this covariance function at the observation points. A method for modeling this covariance matrix in the traditional filter is successful for the model problem.
A Real-Time, Three-Dimensional, Rapidly Updating, Heterogeneous Radar Merger Technique for Reflectivity, Velocity, and Derived Products
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Smith Travis , Hondl Kurt , Stumpf Gregory J. , Witt Arthur
Published: October 2006

With the advent of real-time streaming data from various radar networks, including most Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler and several Terminal Doppler Weather Radars, it is now possible to combine data in real time to form 3D multiple-radar grids. Herein, a technique for taking the base radar data (reflectivity and radial velocity) and derived products from multiple radars and combining them in real time into a rapidly updating 3D merged grid is described. An estimate of that radar product combined from all the different radars can be extracted from the 3D grid at any time. This is accomplished through a formulation that accounts for the varying radar beam geometry with range, vertical gaps between radar scans, the lack of time synchronization between radars, storm movement, varying beam resolutions between different types of radars, beam blockage due to terrain, differing radar calibration, and inaccurate time stamps on radar data. Techniques for merging scalar products like reflectivity, and innovative, real-time techniques for combining velocity and velocity-derived products are demonstrated. Precomputation techniques that can be utilized to perform the merger in real time and derived products that can be computed from these three-dimensional merger grids are described.
Verification of Surface Temperature Forecasts from the National Digital Forecast Database over the Western United States
Authors: Myrick David T. , Horel John D.
Published: October 2006

Experimental gridded forecasts of surface temperature issued by National Weather Service offices in the western United States during the 2003/04 winter season (18 November 2003–29 February 2004) are evaluated relative to surface observations and gridded analyses. The 5-km horizontal resolution gridded forecasts issued at 0000 UTC for forecast lead times at 12-h intervals from 12 to 168 h were obtained from the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Forecast accuracy and skill are determined relative to observations at over 3000 locations archived by MesoWest. Forecast quality is also determined relative to Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses at 20-km resolution that are interpolated to the 5-km NDFD grid as well as objective analyses obtained from the Advanced Regional Prediction System Data Assimilation System that rely upon the MesoWest observations and RUC analyses. For the West as a whole, the experimental temperature forecasts issued at 0000 UTC during the 2003/04 winter season exhibit skill at lead times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h on the basis of several verification approaches. Subgrid-scale temperature variations and observational and analysis errors undoubtedly contribute some uncertainty regarding these results. Even though the “true” values appropriate to evaluate the forecast values on the NDFD grid are unknown, it is estimated that the root-mean-square errors of the NDFD temperature forecasts are on the order of 3°C at lead times shorter than 48 h and greater than 4°C at lead times longer than 120 h. However, such estimates are derived from only a small fraction of the NDFD grid boxes. Incremental improvements in forecast accuracy as a result of forecaster adjustments to the 0000 UTC temperature grids from 144- to 24-h lead times are estimated to be on the order of 13%.
A Preliminary Study of Severe Wind-Producing MCSs in Environments of Limited Moisture
Authors: Corfidi Stephen F. , Corfidi Sarah J. , Imy David A. , Logan Allen L.
Published: October 2006

An examination of severe wind-producing mesoscale convective systems that occur in environments of very limited moisture is presented. Such systems, herein referred to as low-dewpoint derechos (LDDs), are difficult to forecast as they form in regions where the level of convective instability is well below that normally associated with severe convective weather. Using a dataset consisting of 12 LDDs that affected various parts of the continental United States, composite surface and upper-level analyses are constructed. These are used to identify factors that appear to be associated with LDD initiation and sustenance. It is shown that LDDs occur in mean kinematic and thermodynamic patterns notably different from those associated with most derechos. LDDs typically form along or just ahead of cold fronts, in the exit region of strong, upper-level jet streaks. Based on the juxtaposition of features in the composite analysis, it appears that linear forcing for ascent provided by the front, and/or ageostrophic circulations associated with the jet streak, induce the initial convective development where the lower levels are relatively dry, but lapse rates are steep. This convection subsequently grows upscale as storm downdrafts merge. The data further suggest that downstream cell propagation follows in the form of sequential, downwind-directed microbursts. Largely unidirectional wind profiles promote additional downwind-directed storm development and system sustenance until the LDD ultimately moves beyond the region supportive of forced convective initiation.
An Observational Examination of Long-Lived Supercells. Part I: Characteristics, Evolution, and Demise
Authors: Bunkers Matthew J. , Hjelmfelt Mark R. , Smith Paul L.
Published: October 2006

Observations of supercells and their longevity across the central and eastern United States are examined, with the primary focus on understanding the properties of long-lived supercells (defined as supercells lasting ≥4 h). A total of 224 long-lived supercells, occurring in 184 separate events, are investigated. These properties are compared with those of short-lived supercells (lifetimes ≤2 h) to determine the salient differences between the two classifications. A key finding is that long-lived supercells are considerably more isolated and discrete than short-lived supercells; as a result, the demise of a long-lived supercell (i.e., the end of the supercell phase) is often signaled by a weakening of the storm’s circulation and/or a rapid dissipation of the thunderstorm. In contrast, short-lived supercells commonly experience a demise linked to storm mergers and convective transitions (e.g., evolution to a bow echo). Also noteworthy, 36% of the long-lived supercell events were associated with strong or violent tornadoes (F2–F5), compared with only 8% for the short-lived supercell events. Evolutionary characteristics of long-lived supercells vary geographically across the United States, with the largest contrasts between the north-central United States and the Southeast. For example, 86% of the long-lived supercells across the north-central United States were isolated for most of their lifetime, whereas only 35% of those in the Southeast displayed this characteristic. Not surprisingly, the convective mode was discrete for 70% of the long-lived supercell events across the north-central United States, compared with 39% for the Southeast.
Validation of Polarimetric Hail Detection
Authors: Heinselman Pamela L. , Ryzhkov Alexander V.
Published: October 2006

This study describes, illustrates, and validates hail detection by a simplified version of the National Severe Storms Laboratory’s fuzzy logic polarimetric hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA). The HCA uses four radar variables: reflectivity, differential reflectivity, cross-correlation coefficient, and “reflectivity texture” to classify echoes as rain mixed with hail, ground clutter–anomalous propagation, biological scatterers (insects, birds, and bats), big drops, light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain. Diagnostic capabilities of HCA, such as detection of hail, are illustrated for a variety of storm environments using polarimetric radar data collected mostly during the Joint Polarimetric Experiment (JPOLE; 28 April–13 June 2003). Hail classification with the HCA is validated using 47 rain and hail reports collected by storm-intercept teams during JPOLE. For comparison purposes, probability of hail output from the Next-Generation Weather Radar Hail Detection Algorithm (HDA) is validated using the same ground truth. The anticipated polarimetric upgrade of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler network drives this direct comparison of performance. For the four examined cases, contingency table statistics show that the HCA outperforms the HDA. The superior performance of the HCA results primary from the algorithm’s lack of false alarms compared to the HDA. Statistical significance testing via bootstrapping indicates that differences in the probability of detection and critical success index between the algorithms are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level, whereas differences in the false alarm rate and Heidke skill score are statistically significant at the 90% confidence level.
Managing Shame and Stigma: Case Studies of Female Carers of People With AIDS in Southern Thailand
Authors: Kittikorn Nilmanat , Street Annette F. , Blackford Jeanine
Published: October 2006

The authors of this article discuss the effects of shame and stigma on female caregivers of people living with AIDS in southern Thailand. They conducted a longitudinal ethnographic case study over 8 months and collected data using interviews, observations, field notes, and journaling. The authors performed qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis. Public judgment was created in a moral climate, framed by Buddhist precepts of correct and honorable behavior, with different levels of tolerance and stigmatization between men and women. Women caregivers engaged in concealing practices, deception, and withdrawal from social relationships to manage the effects of shame and stigma.
“I Thought There Was No Hope for Me”: A Behavioral Intervention for Urban Mothers With Problem Drinking
Authors: de Guzman Rebecca , Leonard Noelle R. , Gwadz Marya Viorst , Young Rebecca , Ritchie Amanda S. , Arredondo Gricel , Riedel Marion
Published: October 2006

In this article, the authors evaluate the effects of a behavioral intervention for mothers with problem drinking who were infected with, or at risk for, HIV. They randomly selected 25 mothers from a larger longitudinal randomized controlled intervention trial for a qualitative interview. The authors found that mothers’ participation in the program was facilitated by the development of a strong therapeutic alliance with the intervention facilitator and the use of a harm reduction approach toward alcohol and/or drug abuse. Mothers also reported that training in coping skills and the emphasis on parent-adolescent relationships were beneficial for program engagement and behavior change. The authors conclude from these results that treatment approaches that take into account the complexity of urban mothers’ lives and substance use patterns can successfully engage and treat these women at high risk for adverse outcomes.
Production of interferons by dendritic cells, plasmacytoid cells, natural killer cells, and interferon-producing killer dendritic cells
Authors: Vremec David , O'Keeffe Meredith , Hochrein Hubertus , Fuchsberger Martina , Caminschi Irina , Lahoud Mireille , Shortman Ken
Published: October 2006

The capacity of mouse spleen conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-α was assessed, and compared with that of natural killer (NK) cells and the recently identified interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs), both of which are frequent contaminants in DC preparations. Fully developed cDCs or pDCs, if free of NK cells or IKDCs, showed little capacity for IFN-γ production. However, an early developmental form of the CD4−8+ cDC subtype, and the Ly6C− Ly49Q− pDC subtype, both were able to produce moderate amounts of IFN-γ, although less than IKDCs. In response to toll-like receptor 9 stimuli, both the Ly6C+ Ly49Q+ and the Ly6C− Ly49Q− pDC subtypes were effective producers of IFN-α. However, IKDCs, which efficiently produced IFN-γ and showed immediate cytotoxicity on NK target cells, did not produce IFN-α un-der these conditions.
Differential Noxa/Mcl-1 balance in peripheral versus lymph node chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlates with survival capacity
Authors: Smit Laura A. , Hallaert Delfine Y.H. , Spijker René , de Goeij Bart , Jaspers Annelieke , Kater Arnon P. , van Oers Marinus H.J. , van Noesel Carel J.M. , Eldering Eric
Published: October 2006

The gradual accumulation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells is presumed to derive from proliferation centers in lymph nodes and bone marrow. To what extent these cells possess the purported antiapoptotic phenotype of peripheral B-CLL cells is unknown. Recently, we have described that, in B-CLL samples from peripheral blood, aberrant apoptosis gene expression was not limited to protective changes but also included increased levels of proapoptotic BH3-only member Noxa. Here, we compare apoptosis gene profiles from peripheral blood B-CLL (n = 15) with lymph node B-CLL (> 90% CD5+/CD19+/CD23+ lymphocytes with Ki67+ centers; n = 9). Apart from expected differences in Survivin and Bcl-xL, a prominent distinction with peripheral B-CLL cells was the decreased averaged level of Noxa in lymph nodes. Mcl-1 protein expression showed a reverse trend. Noxa expression could be reduced also in vitro by CD40 stimulation of peripheral blood B-CLL. Direct manipulation of Noxa protein levels was achieved by proteasome inhibition in B-CLL and via RNAi in model cell lines. In each instance, cell viability was directly linked with Noxa levels. These data indicate that suppression of Noxa in the lymph node environment contributes to the persistence of B-CLL at these sites and suggest that therapeutic targeting of Noxa might be beneficial.
Donor antibodies to HNA-3a implicated in TRALI reactions prime neutrophils and cause PMN-mediated damage to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in a two-event in vitro model
Authors: Silliman Christopher C. , Curtis Brian R. , Kopko Patricia M. , Khan Samina Y. , Kelher Marguerite R. , Schuller Randy M. , Sannoh Baindu , Ambruso Daniel R.
Published: October 2006

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality. Antibodies to HNA-3a are commonly implicated in TRALI. We hypothesized that HNA-3a antibodies prime neutrophils (PMNs) and cause PMN-mediated cytotoxicity through a two-event pathogenesis. Isolated HNA-3a+ or HNA-3a− PMNs were incubated with plasma containing HNA-3a antibodies implicated in TRALI, and their ability to prime the oxidase was measured. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were activated with endotoxin or buffer, HNA-3a+ or HNA-3a− PMNs were added, and the coculture was incubated with plasma ± antibodies to HNA-3a. PMN-mediated damage was measured by counting viable HMVECs/mm2. Plasma containing HNA-3a antibodies primed the fMLP-activated respiratory burst of HNA-3a+, but not HNA-3a−, PMNs and elicited PMN-mediated damage of LPS-activated HMVECs when HNA-3a+, but not HNA-3a−, PMNs were used. Thus, antibodies to HNA-3a primed PMNs and caused PMN-mediated HMVEC cytotoxicity in a two-event model identical to biologic response modifiers implicated in TRALI.
Toll-like receptors and their ligands control mesenchymal stem cell functions
Authors: Pevsner-Fischer Meirav , Morad Vered , Cohen-Sfady Michal , Rousso-Noori Liat , Zanin-Zhorov Alexandra , Cohen Shmuel , Cohen Irun R. , Zipori Dov
Published: October 2006

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widespread in adult organisms and may be involved in tissue maintenance and repair as well as in the regulation of hematopoiesis and immunologic responses. Thus, it is important to discover the factors controlling MSC renewal and differentiation. Here we report that adult MSCs express functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs), confirmed by the responses of MSCs to TLR ligands. Pam3Cys, a prototypic TLR-2 ligand, augmented interleukin-6 secretion by MSC, induced nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) translocation, reduced MSC basal motility, and increased MSC proliferation. The hallmark of MSC function is the capacity to differentiate into several mesodermal lineages. We show herein that Pam3Cys inhibited MSC differentiation into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cells while sparing their immunosuppressive effect. Our study therefore shows that a TLR ligand can antagonize MSC differentiation triggered by exogenous mediators and consequently maintains the cells in an undifferentiated and proliferating state in vitro. Moreover, MSCs derived from myeloid factor 88 (MyD88)–deficient mice lacked the capacity to differentiate effectively into osteogenic and chondrogenic cells. It appears that TLRs and their ligands can serve as regulators of MSC proliferation and differentiation and might affect the maintenance of MSC multipotency.
Mad2 is required for optimal hematopoiesis: Mad2 associates with c-Kit in MO7e cells
Authors: Ito Shigeki , Mantel Charlie R. , Han Myung-Kwan , Basu Sunanda , Fukuda Seiji , Cooper Scott , Broxmeyer Hal E.
Published: October 2006

Mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (Mad2) is a component of mitotic spindle checkpoint proteins and is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. We investigated a role for Mad2 in hematopoiesis using Mad2-haploinsufficient (Mad2+/−) mice. Mad2+/− bone marrow (BM) and spleen manifested decreased absolute numbers and cycling status of immature, but not mature, hematopoietic progenitor cells. Mad2+/− BM granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GMs) did not manifest synergistic proliferation in response to stem cell factor (SCF) plus GM-CSF. The percentage of annexin V+ cells was higher in Mad2+/− than Mad2+/+c-Kit+lin− BM after culture with SCF and GM-CSF. However, no significant difference in phosphorylation of extracellular signal–related kinase (Erk1/2) at Thr202/Tyr204 and Akt at Ser473 between Mad2+/− and Mad2+/+BM c-Kit+lin− cells was observed. Immunoprecipitation assays performed in human MO7e cells demonstrated physical association of c-Kit with Mad2. Moreover, stimulation with SCF plus GM-CSF led to dissociation of Mad2 from c-Kit. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Mad2 colocalized with c-Kit in the cytoplasm of MO7e cells. These results suggest that Mad2 is involved in synergistic growth of immature hematopoietic progenitor cells in response to SCF plus GM-CSF, effects that may be mediated via physical association of Mad2 with c-Kit.
The oncoprotein LMO2 is expressed in normal germinal-center B cells and in human B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Natkunam Yasodha , Zhao Shuchun , Mason David Y. , Chen Jun , Taidi Behnaz , Jones Margaret , Hammer Anne S. , Hamilton Dutoit Stephen , Lossos Izidore S. , Levy Ronald
Published: October 2006

We previously developed a multivariate model based on the RNA expression of 6 genes (LMO2, BCL6, FN1, CCND2, SCYA3, and BCL2) that predicts survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. Since LMO2 emerged as the strongest predictor of superior outcome, we generated a monoclonal anti-LMO2 antibody in order to study its tissue expression pattern. Immunohistologic analysis of over 1200 normal and neoplastic tissue and cell lines showed that LMO2 protein is expressed as a nuclear marker in normal germinal-center (GC) B cells and GC-derived B-cell lines and in a subset of GC-derived B-cell lymphomas. LMO2 was also expressed in erythroid and myeloid precursors and in megakaryocytes and also in lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemias. It was rarely expressed in mature T, natural killer (NK), and plasma cell neoplasms and was absent from nonhematolymphoid tissues except for endothelial cells. Hierarchical cluster analysis of immunohistologic data in DLBCL demonstrated that the expression profile of the LMO2 protein was similar to that of other GC-associated proteins (HGAL, BCL6, and CD10) but different from that of non-GC proteins (MUM1/IRF4 and BCL2). Our results warrant inclusion of LMO2 in multivariate analyses to construct a clinically applicable immunohistologic algorithm for predicting survival in patients with DLBCL.
Hereditary hemochromatosis results in decreased iron acquisition and growth byMycobacterium tuberculosiswithin human macrophages
Authors: Olakanmi Oyebode , Schlesinger Larry S , Britigan Bradley E
Published: October 2006

Iron (Fe) acquisition is essential for the growth of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). How thisoccurs is poorly understood. Hereditary hemochromatosis is an inherited disease in which most cells become overloaded with Fe. However, hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages have lower than normal levels of intracellular Fe. This suggests M.tb growth should be slower in those cells if macrophage intracellular Fe is used by M.tb. Therefore, we compared trafficking and acquisition of transferrin (Tf)- and lactoferrin (Lf)-chelated Fe by M.tb within the phagosome of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from healthy controls and subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis. M.tb in both sets of macrophages acquired more Fe from Lf than Tf. Fe acquisition by M.tb within hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages was decreased by 84% from Tf and 92% from Lf relative to that in healthy control macrophages. There was no difference in Fe acquired from Tf and Lf by the two macrophage phenotypes. Both acquired 3 times more Fe from Lf than Tf. M.tb infection and incubation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) reduced macrophage Fe acquisition by 20% and 50%, respectively. Both Tf and Lf colocalized with M.tb phagosomes to a similar extent, independent of macrophage phenotype. M.tb growth was 50% less in hereditary hemochromatosis macrophages. M.tb growing within macrophages from subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis acquire less Fe compared with healthy controls. This is associated with reduced growth of M.tb. These data support a role for macrophage intracellular Fe as a source for M.tb growth.
The Suitability of the Osmotic Technique for the Long-term Testing of Partly Saturated Soils
Authors: Monroy R , Ridley A , Dineen K , Zdravkovic L
Published: October 2006

The understanding of partly saturated soil behavior can be enhanced with the help of additional specialist testing in the laboratory. From the various techniques available to do so at present, the osmotic technique is probably the simplest one. However, there are concerns with the response of this system over time, and in particular its ability to sustain suctions for long periods of time. In this study, the response of a synthetic semi-permeable membrane in conjunction with a solution of high molecular weight has been investigated. The behavior of the osmotic system has been studied both in isolation and in full scale tests, by incorporating it into a purposely built oedometer. Not only was it possible to establish a calibration curve of osmotic potential versus concentration of solution but, additionally, it was possible to perform tests which extended for up to five months. The results suggest that with the correct choice of semi-permeable membrane and solution, it should be possible to use the osmotic technique in a satisfactory manner to perform any desired test on partly saturated soils, regardless of its duration.
Prediction of Texture in Cold Flat Rolling of Aluminum Using an Explicit Dynamic Finite Element Model
Authors: Young MJ , Choi SK , Thomson PF
Published: October 2006

A continuum dynamic relaxation finite element (FE) model of rolling was used to obtain the boundary conditions for a FE texture model. Grain-to-grain interaction was included successfully, although grains were represented by only one element. Texture in the rolled sheet was predicted well, to moderate deformations, even without including material-specific features of deformation. The transition from a shear texture to a plane strain compression texture in AA3004 as roll diameter increased was predicted successfully. The volume fractions of the major components of texture in the surface and the center of the strip agreed with those previously reported for aluminum alloy 3004.
The Colonial Life of Pharmaceuticals: Accessibility to Healthcare, Consumption of Medicines, and Medical Pluralism in French Vietnam, 1905––1945
Authors: Monnais Laurence , Tousignant Noéémi
Published: October 2006

This article presents the results of an investigation into the formation of patterns of recourse to pharmaceuticals in Vietnam during the first half of the twentieth century. By examining Vietnamese responses to the introduction of pharmaceuticals, this article contributes to a historicization of the "pharmaceutical invasion" of the South. It analyzes recourse to pharmaceuticals by situating therapeutic choices within the broader sociocultural, economic, and political dynamics underlying the accessibility of healthcare. As a result, this article exposes the limits of colonial medicalization while also revealing the agency of the Vietnamese people in critically assessing and selectively pursuing available therapeutic options.
"Swiddens, Resettlements, Sedentarizations, and Villages": State Formation among the Central Highlanders of Vietnam under the First Republic, 1955––1961
Authors: Tan Stan B-H
Published: October 2006

State formation among the Central Highlanders of Vietnam under the First Republic, as current analyses inform us, was an assimilation process. The government of the First Republic envisioned a process of modernization for the highlanders, to be realized primarily through agrarian change. For all the assimilation tendencies one may identify in the First Republic's highlander policies, this paper argues that the "Highlander Resettlement Plan" was in fact a multiapproach "grand scheme" to gradually remold the agrarian world of the highlanders. These policies gradually took into account the practices of the highlanders and ended up with more hybrid forms.
"Confucianism" in Vietnam: A State of the Field Essay
Authors: Kelley Liam C.
Published: October 2006

This article reviews the scholarship on Confucianism in premodern Vietnam by the leading figures in the field in North America and Australia. By testing the findings of this scholarship against primary sources and similar work done on China, the author concludes that scholars have not acknowledged the full role that Confucianism played in Vietnam's past, and that key research remains to be done. The article concludes with suggestions for such research.
Structure, Practice, and History: Contemporary Anthropological Research on Vietnam
Authors: Luong Hy V.
Published: October 2006

Anthropological research on Vietnam has undergone an unparalleled growth in the past two decades, thanks to the relatively easier access to Vietnam for fieldwork and the fascination of many researchers with Vietnam's profound economic and sociocultural changes in the past half a century. Fieldwork in Vietnam, however, remains heavily circumscribed. Our understanding of the interplay of global forces and of the state and local dynamics in shaping social and ideological structure, practice, and historical events will be further enhanced by more collaboration among anthropologists working on Vietnam, as well as by more systematic comparative research in different Vietnamese regions and localities.
The War Politburo: North Vietnam's Diplomatic and Political Road to the Têêt Offensive
Authors: Nguyen Liêên-Hang T.
Published: October 2006

This article explores the strategy deliberation leading up to Hàà N 4i's decision to go to war in 1959, to embark on a "bigger" war in 1963, and to launch the Tet Offensive in 1968. The militants who controlled the party apparatus advanced their agenda for armed conflict in the South at the expense of socialist transformation in the North. While battling their internal opponents, these hardliners also had to navigate the Sino-Soviet split to advance their war agenda. This article reveals that the launching of the Têêt Offensive signified the militants' neutralization of domestic opposition and foreign obstruction through the implementation of a mass purge known as the "Revisionist Anti-Party Affair."
Toward a Critical Refugee Study: The Vietnamese Refugee Subject in US Scholarship
Authors: Espiritu Yêên Lêê
Published: October 2006

This review of the field of Vietnamese refugee studies in the United States first assesses the social science literature that dominated Vietnamese studies during the 1970s and 1980s, showing how this scholarship produces Vietnamese Americans as the desperate-turned-successful. Then it reviews the current range of Vietnamese American scholarship, foregrounding the promising studies that situate the diversity and vibrancy of Vietnamese lives within a critical global context. The paper concludes by suggesting that we imbue the term "refugee" with social and political critiques that call into question the relationship between war, race, and violence, then and now.
Microarray Analyses Support a Role for Nurr1 in Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Differentiation in Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Sousa Kyle M. , Mira Helena , Hall Anita C. , Jansson-Sjöstrand Lottie , Kusakabe Moriaki , Arenas Ernest
Published: October 2006

Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear receptor required for the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To better understand the molecular consequences of Nurr1 expression, we compared the transcriptomes of two independent control and Nurr1-expressing NSC lines using Affymetrix cDNA microarrays. These data reveal the regulation of genes involved in promoting cell survival (trophic/growth factors and stress response genes) and in preventing cell death (decreased caspase-3 and caspase-11 expression). We found that conditioned medium from Nurr1-expressing NSC lines enhanced the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures and that Nurr1-expressing NSC lines themselves were more resistant to oxidative stress. These findings are accompanied by a dynamic pattern of gene regulation that is consistent with a role for Nurr1 in promoting both the acquisition of brain-region-specific identity (Engrailed-1) and neuronal differentiation (tubulin β III). Interestingly, our gene expression profiles suggested that tenascin-C was regulated by Nurr1 in developing dopaminergic neurons. This was further confirmed in vitro and in Nurr1 knockout mice where low levels of tenascin-C mRNA were observed. Analysis of tenascin-C-null mice revealed an increase in the number of Nurr1+ cells that become tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) dopaminergic neurons at embryonic day 11.5, suggesting that tenascin-C normally delays the acquisition of TH by Nurr1+ precursors. Thus, our results confirm the presence of both secreted and cell-intrinsic survival signals modulated by Nurr1 and suggest that Nurr1 is a key regulator of both survival and dopaminergic differentiation.
Supervision and monitoring
Authors: Brumfield Lloyd L. , Nesbit Doris P.
Published: October 2006

A visit? Why me? Is something wrong with my teaching?.
Learning as a criterion of success
Authors: Mocker Donald W.
Published: October 2006

Evaluation is like the weather; everybody talks about it, but few do anything about it.
New directions for attracting able teachers of adults
Authors: Parsons Jerry
Published: October 2006

Continuing education administrators should be committed to examining their staffing practices and to making fundamental changes that contribute to effective learning experiences for adults.
Telecommunications and adult learning: What nine projects reveal
Authors: Richardson Penelope L.
Published: October 2006

Educators and broadcasters are encouraged by the information sharing and institutional cooperation revealed in nine major projects on the use of telecommunications to provide adult learning opportunities.
UMA: Progress of an experiment
Authors: McNeil Donald R.
Published: October 2006

The University of Mid‐America's purpose is to wed technical quality with academic excellence to reach the underserved learner.
Use of media in business, government, and medicine
Authors: Thomas Willard
Published: October 2006

Media use in business, government, medicine, and other organizations is accelerating as economic analysis proves it can save time and money without decreasing communication and training effectiveness.
The exciting future technology will bring
Authors: Wylie Donald G. , Takushi Georgette
Published: October 2006

Videodiscs, satellites, cable television, teletext, and other digital video and audio developments will offer exciting opportunities for all in continuing education, if we can determine how to use them effectively to meet future adult needs.
Continuing education for meeting the bottom line
Authors: Margolis Jan , Kesterson Michael
Published: October 2006

Westwood Pharmaceuticals, a division of Bristol‐Myers, redesigned its teaching of sales representatives to achieve greater coordination of educational activities and greater self‐direction by learners.
Correspondence instruction and the adult student
Authors: Loewenthal Norman H. , Blackwelder June , Broomall James K.
Published: October 2006

Though never a method enjoying high esteem, correspondence instruction is emerging as an approach that lends itself well to the needs of the adult learner.
Needs assessment: Concepts, models, and characteristics
Authors: Pennington Floyd C.
Published: October 2006

Sound approaches to needs assessment can assist practitioners in using resources effectively to improve program decision making. An overview of definitions, purposes, benefits, and models provides a framework for the sourcebook and a foundation for understanding needs assessment.
Comprehensive statewide needs assessment of community college library personnel
Authors: Means Robert P.
Published: October 2006

A comprehensive needs assessment should provide information about educational and organizational needs, settings, and methods.
Needs assessment for the educationally underprivileged
Authors: Cassara Beverly B.
Published: October 2006

Programs for educationally underprivileged persons will succeed to the extent that participants learn to assess their own needs on a continuing basis.
A systems approach
Authors: Fidler Judith , Loughran David R.
Published: October 2006

At least 50 percent of requests to develop new training might be eliminated or redirected if a systematic approach to needs assessment were employed.
Assessing the needs of adults for continuing education: A model
Authors: Moore Donald E.
Published: October 2006

A rational, need‐reduction, decision‐making approach to needs assessment can improve continuing education programs.
The continuing education agency and its parent organization
Authors: Knox Alan B.
Published: October 2006

An understanding of relationships between a continuing education agency and its parent organization can help an administrator develop effective strategies to increase organizational support.
Strengthening collegiate adult student services
Authors: Riggs Judith A.
Published: October 2006

Continuing education administrators and student services personnel should provide stronger leadership and planned change strategies to strengthen support services for adult students.
Regionalized continuing medical education: Building multi‐institutional support
Authors: Green Joseph S.
Published: October 2006

Obtaining institutional support from multiple hospitals requires new approaches to identifying needs, developing educational activities, and designing political strategies for implementation.
Community counseling for adults
Authors: Ironside Diana J.
Published: October 2006

Community‐based models for counseling adults about new careers, education, and life goals present exciting new opportunities for adult learning and dcuelopmmt.
Easing academic reentry
Authors: Mangano Joseph A. , Corrado Thomas J.
Published: October 2006

The Reentry Adult Student Project oflers a model for examining the needs and satisfactions of adult students in two‐year colleges.
Providing services for the adult learner in the university
Authors: Nowak Jane , Shriberg Arthur
Published: October 2006

How can a university provide counseling services to meet the needs of adult learners?
Who does career counseling in a large hospital?
Authors: Cotzin Alan G. , Radcliffe Betty R.
Published: October 2006

A large hospital can tap many sources to help hospital staff with educational, career, and job‐related concerns.
Current and future delivery systems for adult career guidance
Authors: Arbeiter Solomon
Published: October 2006

Successful career guidance services for adults currently exist, but exciting technological innovations will be able to assist future guidance efforts.
Computer‐assisted career guidance for adults
Authors: Rayman Jack R.
Published: October 2006

The computer is a viable tool for the delivery of career information and services to adult learners.
Emerging issues in counseling adult learners
Authors: Knox Alan B.
Published: October 2006

What issues are likely to confront counselors and administrators who want to strengthen counseling services for adult learners?
Continuing education for community problem solving: A historical perspective
Authors: Stubblefield Harold W.
Published: October 2006

Educational programs to help adult citizens identify and solve community problems are not a recent innovation.
Citizen education for effective involvement
Authors: Dale Duane
Published: October 2006

Continuing educators should establish roles and relationships to help groups integrate education into their on‐going activities. The experience of a Massachusetts‐based agency sheds light on these critical activities.
Developing community leaders: A united way of america project
Authors: Plambeck Donald L.
Published: October 2006

In this educational program, community leaders gain long‐term commitment to the community by initiating and completing a project.
Serving Southern blacks in rural areas: An approach to human resource development
Authors: Miles Leroy , Pinnock Theodore J.
Published: October 2006

Developing educational programs for adults requires a unique and innovative approach. Involving the rural poor in matters affecting their lives is fundamental to success.
Involving women in community change efforts
Authors: Spath Barbara Kessler
Published: October 2006

Programs are developed by the American Association of University Women to help women increase their competencies as agents of change.
A process approach to proposal development
Authors: Maybee Richard G.
Published: October 2006

The process of proposal development need not be as overwhelming as it may appear at first glance. By breaking the process into workable parts, increased understanding as well as greater effectiveness can occur in managing proposal development from beginning to end.
Organizing for efficient proposal writing
Authors: Adams Frank G.
Published: October 2006

As budgets tighten, the choice of whether or not to seek external resources may no longer be there. For many continuing education programs, external resources may mean the difference between a strong program or mere survival. Administrators who organize for efficient proposal development will be the ones with strong continuing education programs.
Writing the proposal
Authors: Maybee Richard G.
Published: October 2006

Effective proposal writing involves developing a persuasive message, understanding the key functions of the proposal, and knowing the value of good proposal organization. Armed with a creative idea, a well‐written proposal, and solid organizational and community support, the proposal writer should be able to maximize the opportunities for funding.
What government agencies look for in proposals
Authors: Deppe Donald A.
Published: October 2006

Give them something to crow about, but do it their way.
The multiplier effect
Authors: Flowers William L. , Harris John B.
Published: October 2006

Input through education anticipates a multiplied output which is reflected in social and economic benefit to the society. Investment in education assumes a multiplier effect on the input such that the output is greater than the initial expenditure, but outcomes are the real measure used by society.
Glossary of terms relating to external funding
Authors: Buskey John H.
Published: October 2006

Suit the action to the word, the word to the action—Shakespeare.
Geropsychological research on learning and memory: Implications for programming
Authors: Hulicka Irene M. , Gounard Beverley Roberts
Published: October 2006

Prospects for improving learning and memory efficiency in older adults are much better than formerly believed, and new instructional techniques can facilitate realization of this potential.
Scope of educational programs for older adults
Authors: Waskel Shirley
Published: October 2006

Many private and public institutions and agencies provide learning opportunities for the older population. However, there seems to be a lack of coordination, evaluation, and sharing. Programming could be enhanced if gerontologists, continuing educators, and older people would collaborate.
The aging education continuum: A community college's response
Authors: Demko David J.
Published: October 2006

Aging education is more than content; it is a broad repertoire of strategies and a continuum of processes. These processes are used to empower institutions, resources, and individuals to respond effectively to the needs of the older population. Educational gerontologists are urged to adopt a catalyst role.
Providing education for older adults: A county commission on aging's perspective
Authors: Levenson Lev E.
Published: October 2006

If the educational provider makes appropriate use of the Commission on Aging's Services, it can help significantly in efforts to develop educational programs for older adults.
Mandatory continuing professional education: Help or hindrance to quality education?
Authors: Campbell M. Donald
Published: October 2006

Mandatory continuing education may have improved the quality of educational activities in some ways, but it has inhibited the quality in other ways.
Involving adult learners in program planning
Authors: Ewert D. Merrill
Published: October 2006

No principle is more central to continuing education than the importance of involving learners in planning their own programs. The application of this principle, however, raises some difficult issues.
Teacher evaluation and staff development in adult basic education (ABE)
Authors: Jones Edward V. , Lowe Jean H.
Published: October 2006

Instructor evaluation in adult basic education is viewed as an extension of staff development. Primary emphasis is upon improvement rather than rating of teacher performance.
Sources in philosophy and continuing education
Authors: Apps Jerold W.
Published: October 2006

References are provided in four areas: characteristics of phijosophy, philosophy and education, individual philosophies, and education.
Overview of continuing education financing and budgeting
Authors: Shipp Travis
Published: October 2006

Effective administrators understand and use such basic financial concepts as resource allocation in a systems context, development stages of an agency, and guidelines for using financial and accounting information for decisions regarding venture capital, fee income, and cost recovery.
The budget as a planning instrument
Authors: Holmberg‐Wright Kristin
Published: October 2006

A budget is a plan for acquisition and allocation of financial resources. To be most useful, it should be closely associated with overall agency planning.