bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulus frequency-dependent inhibition of micturition contractions of the urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of afferent Aβ, Aδ, and C fibers in cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve
Authors: Onda Akiko , Uchida Sae , Suzuki Harue , Hotta Harumi
Published: July 2016

We aimed to examine the afferent mechanisms for the reflex inhibition of the rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) of the urinary bladder induced by stimulation of the perineal skin afferents in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation (pulse duration: 0.5 ms) was applied to the cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve (CBPN) at frequencies of 0.1, 1, and 10 Hz for 1 min. Nerve fiber groups were defined by recording compound action potentials from CBPN. Activation of only Aβ fibers (0.2 V) produced an inhibition of RMCs at 7–11 min after the onset of stimulation (late inhibition), at any tested frequency. Additional activation of Aδ fibers (1 V) produced additional early inhibition (immediately after stimulation) at 1 and 10 Hz. Furthermore, additional activation of C fibers (10 V) at 10 Hz completely stopped RMCs for >10 min. This strong inhibition persisted after local application of capsaicin to the stimulating CBPN. We conclude that activities of Aβ, Aδ, and C afferent fibers, without capsaicin-sensitive channels, can contribute to the inhibition of bladder contractions.
Effect of cementitious amendment on the hydrogeological behavior of a surface paste tailings’ disposal
Authors: Ichrak Hadimi , Mostafa Benzaazoua , Abdelkabir Maqsoud , Bruno Bussière
Published: July 2016

Surface paste disposal (SPD) can be considered as an effective alternative technique for mine waste management. The technique consists of first removing upstream water (by thickening and/or filtration) from tailings, then depositing them at the surface in a paste-like state. These techniques allow for the recycling of water, limit risks related to the failure of dikes, and favor progressive mine site rehabilitation. However, there are, thus far, only a few studies on the environmental behavior of tailings deposited using the SPD technique. To evaluate the hydrogeological and geochemical behaviors of a sulphidic tailings’ deposit simulating the SPD method, a laboratory study was performed using a physical model. Paste tailings were prepared and deposited inside the physical model in nine layers. In the first stage, only the first two bottom layers were amended with cement (2 % w/w of PC10 Portland cement). The physical model was then subjected to wetting and drying cycles, and the water collected after each flush was analysed for chemistry and its volume was measured. At the end of the 27th cycle, a tenth layer of cemented tailings was deposited on the top of the tailings’ stack. Testing was performed for 34 cycles, and then, the model was dismantled and the collected samples were analysed through a multidisciplinary fine characterisation. The results of this investigation showed that the volume of collected water at the bottom of the physical model varied over the test’s duration. This could be due to seasonal variations in the temperature and moisture of the laboratory. The cemented layer deposited on the top of the physical model appears to play the role of protecting against underlying layers from evaporation. Finally, diffuse oxidation that progressed along the preferential pathway was observed.
Establishment of a national severe maternal morbidity preventability review in New Zealand
Authors: MacDonald Evelyn Jane , Geller Stacie E. , Lawton Beverley
Published: July 2016

Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) review is an accepted quality measure to evaluate maternity care standards. Assessment of the potential preventability of SMM enables identification of factors and themes to inform clinical training and policy to improve maternal outcomes. The present report outlines the introduction of a national/regional external case review system using multidisciplinary panels to assess potential preventability of SMM, to assist other health jurisdictions to establish similar processes. Implementation steps are outlined including ethics, engagement with health services, recruitment and training of panel clinicians, identifying and preparing cases, and structuring meetings. More than 100 clinicians from all District Health Boards in New Zealand were recruited to form six panels. From August 2013, each panel met quarterly to review. By August 2015, 374 anonymized cases had been reviewed for potential preventability and practice improvement themes. This process established a quality monitoring tool to quantitate potential preventability of SMM, and identify practice and policy themes that can be reported locally and nationally for quality improvement. To our knowledge, this is the first national SMM preventability review using an internationally validated tool enabling intercountry comparisons. On the basis of this research, the New Zealand Ministry of Health funded the translation of the process to ongoing SMM national preventability review.
Conducting and publishing design science research
Authors: van Aken Joan , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Halman Joop
Published: July 2016

The new Design Science department at the Journal of Operations Management invites submissions using a design science research strategy for operations management (OM) issues. The objective of this strategy is to develop knowledge that can be used in a direct and specific way to design and implement actions, processes or systems aimed at achieving desired outcomes. This knowledge is developed by engaging with real‐life OM problems or opportunities. Manuscripts submitted to this department will be evaluated on pragmatic validity and practical relevance. Because design science research (DSR) differs in some important aspects from other OM research strategies, this essay examines in some depth its challenges and possible solutions.
Proton radiography of magnetic fields generated with an open-ended coil driven by high power laser pulses
Authors: Liao Guoqian , Li Yutong , Zhu Baojun , Li Yanfei , Li Fang , Li Mengchao , Wang Xuan , Zhang Zhe , He Shukai , Wang Weiwu , Lu Feng , Zhang Faqiang , Yang Lei , Zhou Kainan , Xie Na , Hong Wei , Gu Yuqiu , Zhao Zongqing , Zhang Baohan , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2016

Recently generation of strong magnetic (B) fields has been demonstrated in capacitor coils heated by high power laser pulses [S. Fujioka et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 1170 (2013)]. This paper will present a direct measurement of B field generated with an open-ended coil target driven by a nanosecond laser pulse using ultrafast proton radiography. The radiographs are analyzed with particle-tracing simulations. The B field at the coil center is inferred to be ∼50 T at an irradiance of ∼5 × 1014 W·cm−2. The B field generation is attributed to the background cold electron flow pointing to the laser focal spot, where a target potential is induced due to the escape of energetic electrons.
Responsive regulation for water PPP: Balancing commitment and adaptability in the face of uncertainty
Authors: House Schuyler
Published: July 2016

Public–private partnerships (PPPs) can potentially overcome financial, quality, and efficiency issues common to public service provision in developing cities. The management of long-term infrastructure PPP requires complex administrative and regulatory inputs and sound institutional underpinnings to ensure partners’ commitment to the contract over long time frames. Additionally, PPP governance typically necessitates adaptation mechanisms in order to accommodate high degrees of uncertainty and deal with changing operational conditions and new information. This paper proposes that PPP performance – both relational and instrumental – is contingent on a delicate, dynamic balance of credible commitment and adaptive capacity. Comparative case analysis offers a dynamic picture of how rules, relationships, and the quality of regulation shape a PPP's capacity to adapt to external shocks and new information. The cases also demonstrate the tradeoffs of promoting fidelity to the partnership agreement and making needed adjustments to contract settings and further show that PPP resilience may be positive or negative. For example, high degrees of uncertainty in the operating environment can lock in the PPP decision and, thus, promote survival at the cost of instrumental performance.
Uncertainty, ambiguity and adaptive flood forecasting
Authors: Wasson R J
Published: July 2016

Reliable long-term flood forecasts are needed because floods, among environmental disasters worldwide, do most damage to lives and property, a problem that is likely to increase as climate changes. The objective of this paper is to critically examine scientific approaches to flood forecasting under deep uncertainty and ambiguity as input to flood policy, and to explore alternative approaches to the development of better forecasts along with the necessary organizational support. This therefore a paper on science policy Aleatory (i.e. frequentist) probability estimates have dominated the science, attached to which are irreducible uncertainties. The lower priority given to finding a physical theory of floods means that ambiguity is high, particularly in relation to choosing a probability density function for forecasting. The historical development of flood forecasting is analyzed within the Uncertainty-Ambiguity Matrix of Schrader, S. Riggs, W.M., and Smith, R.P. (1993). Choice over uncertainty and ambiguity in technical problem solving. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 10, 13–99 showing that considerable uncertainty and ambiguity exist and are likely to continue. The way forward appears to be a mix of: broadening the information input to forecasts by engaging many disciplines, Bayesian analyses of probabilities, scenario analyses of catastrophic floods based on all available evidence, and adaptive forecasting in the face of climate change.
Medir la empatía en estudiantes de medicina, las diferencias por género y nivel de educación médica: identificación de una taxonomía de los estudiantes
Authors: Ferreira Duarte Marta Isabel , Barata Raposo Mário Lino , Fonseca da Silva Farinha Rodrigues Paulo Joaquim , Castelo Branco Miguel
Published: July 2016

Introducción: La empatía es el papel mediador de la relación médico-paciente. A través de este proceso el profesional busca entender el marco de referencia del paciente y también para establecer una relación de transparencia, el respeto mutuo, la confianza y la comprensión profunda.
Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes de medicina acerca de la importancia de la empatía en la relación médico-paciente y analizar la existencia de diferencias de género y en los diferentes años de la carrera. También se pretende identificar una taxonomía de los estudiantes basada en sus percepciones de la empatía.
Método: Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo entre los estudiantes de pregrado de medicina. Un total de 208 estudiantes de medicina respondió a la Escala Jefferson de empatía médica del estudiante versión en portugués. Se utilizó análisis de componentes principales con rotación varimax para identificar el número y composición de factores surgido. Las puntuaciones de los factores retenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis de clusters para identificar diferentes grupos de estudiantes basados en la dimensión de la empatía. Un análisis Oneway-ANOVA y los test post-hoc de Tukey han soportado la agrupación identificada.
Resultados: Este estudio presenta diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los géneros, es decir, los individuos femeninos revelan puntuaciones más altas que los individuos de sexo masculino, la empatía aumenta durante el curso, pero sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Seis factores emergieron del análisis factorial y tres de ellos son dimensiones de empatía que se encuentran en otros estudios: «la adopción de perspectivas», «atención humanitaria» y «colocarse en lugar de los otros». El análisis de clusters divide a los alumnos en cinco grupos, de acuerdo con las dimensiones de la empatía identificadas.
Conclusiones: Es posible concluir que, en esta escuela de medicina en Portugal, las mujeres son más empáticas que los hombres, y, a medida que atraviesan los diferentes años en el curso en general, la empatía crece. Se recomienda llevar a cabo un estudio longitudinal, con el fin de seguir la evolución de estos estudiantes y analizar los factores que contribuyen para el aumento de las características de empatía.
Validación de los cuestionarios CVP-35 y MBI-HSS para calidad de vida profesional y burnout en residentes
Authors: Rivera-Ávila Dulce Adelaida , Rivera-Hermosillo Julio César , González-Galindo Cuitláhuac
Published: July 2016

Introducción: La calidad de vida profesional (CVP) es el equilibrio de las demandas y recursos laborales/personales: es importante relacionar la CVP con el estado patológico del profesional «quemado/burnout» producto de la falta de adecuación entre las exigencias del cargo y las capacidades personales. No se han validado los cuestionarios para calidad de vida profesional CVP-35 y el MBI-HSS para burnout en formato autoaplicable.
Objetivo: Validar los cuestionarios CVP-35 y MBI-HSS mediante autoaplicación en línea.
Método: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal, multicéntrico, y analítico. Muestra: médicos residentes del ISSSTE nacional, en curso de especialidad o subespecialidad médica durante el 2015-2016 y que aceptaron participar proporcionando su correo y consentimiento. Recibieron vía e-mail instrucciones para el llenado y envío en junio-julio del 2015.
Resultados: Un total de 360 residentes enviaron respuesta; 17 fueron excluidos por responder más de una vez, obteniéndose una muestra definitiva de n = 338, procedente de 19 sedes a nivel nacional. Validación CVP-35: 35 ítems escala Likert 5 puntos, = 0.93, KMO = 0.9, prueba de esfericidad de Barlett p < 0.001. Ocho factores con eigenvalores > 1 explicaron 62.5% de varianza total (demandas del puesto, apoyo directivo, motivación intrínseca, apoyo del equipo, realimentación institucional, calidad de vida percibida, demandas físicas y personales, y apoyo económico). Validación MBI-HSS: 22 ítems escala Likert 7 puntos, = 0.885, KMO = 0.886, prueba de esfericidad de Barlett p < 0.001. Tres factores (agotamiento emocional, realización personal, despersonalización) con eigenvalores > 1 explicaron 51.17% de varianza total. Los diferentes dominios del CVP-35 y del MBI-HSS tuvieron una distribución normal, calculándose el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Correlaciones significativas > 0.3: el dominio de agotamiento emocional del MBI-HSS correlacionó positivamente con los dominios del CVP-35 demandas del trabajo, r = 0.399 (p < 0.0001), y peor calidad de vida percibida, r = 0.409 (p < 0.0001). El dominio realización personal de MBI-HSS correlacionó con el de motivación intrínseca del CVP-35, r = 0.379 (p < 0.0001).
Conclusiones: Ambos instrumentos (CVP-35 y MBI-HSS) demostraron fiabilidad y validez para la autoaplicación en línea en médicos residentes.
Postoperative oxycodone in breast cancer surgery: What factors associate with analgesic plasma concentrations?
Authors: Cajanus Kristiina , Neuvonen Mikko , Kaunisto Mari , Koskela Outi , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Niemi Mikko , Kalso Eija
Published: July 2016

Aims

Parenteral oxycodone is increasingly used worldwide to manage perioperative pain. Oxycodone doses required for adequate analgesia vary significantly between individuals. Our study investigated whether an analgesic plasma concentration could be determined for oxycodone and which factors affect it.

Methods

1000 women undergoing breast cancer surgery were recruited to the study. Demographic data were collected and their cold and heat pain sensitivity and anxiety scores were measured preoperatively. After surgery, rest and motion pain intensities were measured. Intravenous oxycodone was administered until the patients reported satisfactory pain relief (NRS <4/10). At this point, plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its metabolites were determined. A second plasma sample for oxycodone deter-mination was taken when the patient requested a new dose of oxycodone. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples and the patients were genotyped for CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 variants.

Results

The two oxycodone concentrations showed a strong correlation (r =0.84). The pain intensity measured during motion before oxycodone dosing correlated significantly with the plasma oxycodone concentration (geometric mean 35.3 ng/ml and CV % 66.4) required to achieve satisfactory analgesia (r = 0.38, p = 1.5 x 10-33). The most important factors associating with postoperative pain intensity were type of surgery (breast conserving or mastectomy with or without axillary clearance) and the age of the patient. Older patients reported lower pain scores and required smaller oxycodone concentrations for satisfactory analgesia. CYP2D6, CYP3A5 or CYP3A4 genotypes did not significantly affect the oxycodone concentrations, but CYP2D6 genotype significantly affected the formation of the metabolites oxymorphone and noroxymorphone. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotypes did not affect the metabolite formation.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the more pain the patient experiences postoperatively the greater her minimum plasma oxycodone concentration must be to achieve satisfactory analgesia. Type of surgery and age significantly affect postoperative pain intensity.
Retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with CRPS
Authors: Kiehelä L. , Pouttu J. , Hamunen K.
Published: July 2016

Aims

The aim of the study was to describe the clinical features and clinical pathway of pediatric CRPS patients in HUH Children’s Hospital.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients admitted to the pediatric pain clinic for CRPS during six years 2008-2013. Data on time from the first symptoms to diagnosis, first appointment at the pain clinic, and symptom resolution, as well as demographic and clinical symptoms were extracted from patient records.

Results

Forty patients were clinically diagnosed with CRPS during the time period without using the Budapest Criteria. 75% of the patients were female, median age was 12, and in 90% of the cases the CRPS was localized in the lower extremity. The median time from first symptoms to the CRPS diagnosis was 8.5 weeks (range 0-47), to first appointment with the pain physician 10 weeks (range 2-47), and to symptom resolution 35 weeks (range 10-131). Eleven out of forty patients (27.5%) were not symptom-free at the end of the treatment period. Most common clinical finding was allodynia or hyperalgesia of the afflicted area (70%).

Conclusions

Compared to an earlier study performed in our hospital (retrospective study of seven years, n = 18), the number of patients has more than doubled, maybe due to better awareness of the syndrome. Our findings about demographics and localization of CRPS are in agreement with previous literature. Time to reaching diagnosis, the small number of consultations and radiographs show that CRPS is well known among pediatric orthopedic surgeons. Many Budapest criteria that are now considered important diagnostic findings were not highly prevalent in our patients (e.g. prior trauma, color changes of skin), although patient records were not always clear about the findings leading to diagnosis. The Budapest criteria should be used to standardize the diagnosis also in our pediatric patients.
Trait-anxiety and pain intensity predict symptoms related to dysfunctional breathing (DB) in patients with chronic pain
Authors: Nævestad L.S. , Halvorsen S. , Kvarstein G.
Published: July 2016

Aims

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to inves-tigate the occurrence of symptoms related to dysfunctional breathing (DB) in chronic pain patients and to examine factors associated with these symptoms.

Methods

A questionnaire was sent to 527 adults referred to out-patient pain clinics at Oslo university hospital. The questionnaire provided demographic data, Brief Pain Inventory, Spielberger state- trait anxiety inventory, and Nijmegen questionnaire (NQ). Multiple regression analyses were performed using SPSS.

Results

A total of 108 patients (20%) responded to the questionnaire and was included. Mean age was 49 years and two third of the participants were female. More than four out of ten had a NQ score ≥ 23 (a conservative cutoff value for DB). The median NQ score in the sample was 19. Trait-anxiety (Beta = .412, p < 0.001) and maximal pain intensity during the past week (Beta = .264, p = 0.004) predicted symptoms related to DB even when controlling for age and gender.

Conclusions

The study shows that a large portion of patients with chronic pain experiences symptoms that have been associated with hyperventilation and DB and at a higher level than previously reported. Although trait-anxiety is a strong predictor for symptoms related to DB, we find it interesting that maximal pain intensity during the last week also was associated with these symptoms. The cross-sectional design, low response rate, and lack of diagnoses limit our ability to draw conclusions about causal relationship and extrapolate to a larger populations of patients with chronic pain.
HEMS in Alpine Rescue for Pediatric Emergencies
Authors: Taubenböck Stefan , Lederer Wolfgang , Kaufmann Marc , Kroesen Gunnar
Published: July 2016

Objective

The objective of this study was to describe the pediatric emergencies encountered by the Christophorus-1 helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) during a period of 2 years.

Methods

Emergency treatment of pediatric casualties by HEMS was evaluated at a helicopter base. Children up to 14 years who were treated by HEMS emergency physicians from Christophorus-1 during primary missions in the alpine region were retrospectively enrolled.

Results

Of the 1314 HEMS operations conducted during a 2-year investigation period, pediatric emergencies accounted for 114 (8.7%). Trauma was the most common emergency indication (91.3%) in alpine areas, and 77.5% of the indications were related to skiing and snowboarding; 11.3% of the prehospital pediatric emergencies were classified as life-threatening. Interventions on site were rendered in 46.3% of cases. Mean and SD intervals for approach were 11.0 ± 3.0 minutes; for treatment, 14.0 ± 6.0 minutes; and for transport, 8.0 ± 4.0 minutes. Intervals on site were significantly longer whenever it was necessary to search for an interim landing place ( P < .001) or perform rope extrication ( P < .001). Aggravating environmental conditions such as low temperature (78.8%), rocky terrain (18.8%), or precipitation (12.5%) were common.

Conclusions

Rapid procedures are preferred to sustained on-scene treatment, particularly when surrounding conditions are hostile. HEMS emergency physicians attempt to keep on-site intervals short and treatment and monitoring to the essential to minimize delay in rescue.
Current state and future of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mimikos Christina , Shafirstein Gal , Arshad Hassan
Published: July 2016

Photodynamic therapy has shown promise in the treatment of early head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light sensitive drug (photosensitizer) and visible light cause cancer cell death by the creation of singlet oxygen and free radicals, inciting an immune response, and vascular collapse. In this paper, we review several studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of PDT in the treatment of early stage SCC of the head and neck, with some showing a similar response rate to surgery. Two cases are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of PDT. Then, new advances are discussed including the discovery of STAT3 crosslinking as a potential biomarker for PDT response and interstitial PDT for locally advanced cancers.
The Approximate Elastic Critical Loads of Continuous Struts
Authors: Waters H.
Published: July 2016

The determination of the critical axial load of a strut having one or more intermediate supports and varying stiffness is made difficult by the highly transcendental nature of the simultaneous equations involved. It is therefore usual to make a test of the stability of the strut at some arbitrarily chosen load, as for example when applying the convergence technique. The behaviour of the strut then indicates whether the chosen load is too high or too low, and another load is selected and another test made. Although the true critical load is eventually reached, it is clear that if its value can be fairly closely approximated at the outset, then the labour of calculation will be greatly reduced.
NADIR SHAH'S PECULIAR CENTRAL ASIAN LEGACY: EMPIRE, CONVERSION NARRATIVES, AND THE RISE OF NEW SCHOLARLY DYNASTIES
Authors: Pickett James
Published: July 2016

Over the course of the 18th–early 20th centuries, a curious narrative emerged in Central Asia wherein the Turko-Persian monarch Nadir Shah Afshar was converted from Shiʿism to Sunnism by a group of Islamic scholars outside of Bukhara. While this legend was rooted in Nadir Shah's theological ambitions to bring Shiʿism back into the Sunni fold as a fifth school of canonical law, thememoryof that event in the subsequent two centuries was intimately tied to the establishment of several scholarly dynasties, which managed to perpetuate themselves all the way to the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. This article engages the memory of this mythological conversion to explore sharpening conceptions of sectarian divisions and the role of genealogy in projecting spiritual authority. Most broadly, it argues that—far from a passing depredation—the Afsharid Empire profoundly shaped the geopolitical and social landscape of Persianate Asia.
Gendered Expressions of Labor in the Middle East
Authors: Abisaab Malek
Published: July 2016

A dearth of information is available on workingwomen in the Middle East during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. This gap is compounded by the male biases of the official reporters, journalists, unionists, labor activists, and scholars who produced the information that does exist. Nevertheless, it is possible to write a gendered history of labor on the basis of less-than-ideal sources, which can be enriched by the use of oral history, popular literature, autobiographies, and even fieldwork focused on women's and men's family relations and work patterns.
Going Transnational: On Mainstreaming Middle East Gender Studies
Authors: Kozma Liat
Published: July 2016

Middle East gender studies is a lively and fascinating field. With two very different journals (HawwaandJournal of Middle East Women Studies) and dozens of panels at the Middle East Studies Association Annual Conference and the World Congress for Middle Eastern Studies, we have come a long way over the last two decades. Women's, queer, and masculinity studies are now part of how we understand gender studies in the region. Middle East gender studies does, however, remain marginal in two fields—Middle East studiesandgender studies. It is normally assigned to the end of a Middle East studies conference (“and gender”), or, conversely, to the end of a gender studies conference or edited volume (“and elsewhere”). But can a discussion of technology or World War I in the modern Middle East weave in insights gained from gender or queer studies? And can a discussion of women's movements or women's labor incorporate what we know about the Middle East? I believe that more can be done to mainstream gender in Middle East studies, and to mainstream the Middle East in gender studies. Transnational history is a particularly promising direction for this endeavor.
Arab Internationalism and Gender: Perspectives from the Third Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, 1949
Authors: Robinson Nova
Published: July 2016

Historians of the Middle East have used gender to explore a range of topics, from how crises around gendered practices have contributed to the construction of national identities to women's roles in nationalist movements. Whereas early gender histories focused on single nation-states, recent scholarship has turned to regional and transnational connections. Yet the international sphere, the domain of nation-states and nongovernmental organizations in relation to each other, has yet to be examined through the lens of gender. In this essay, I argue that doing so yields new insights into the relationship between the national and the international in the Middle East, and into the process of rights claiming in postcolonial nation-states. I make this argument through a discussion of the third session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW).
A.T.C. and the Civil Airline Operator
Authors: Slocombe A. E.
Published: July 2016

This paper deals primarily with Air Traffic Control in the European region and does not refer to problems specific to other areas. Nevertheless, most of these problems are common to all regions and differ only in degree. Their solution depends upon the existence of a properly organised and equipped Air Traffic Control Service and there is now world-wide recognition by users and providers alike that such a service is an essential element in the ordered development of aviation.
Air Traffic Control and Military Operations
Authors: Russell J. B.
Published: July 2016

The basic objective of air traffic control in military flying is, of course, the same as in any other flying; to enable all aircraft to fly safely throughout each flight with the maximum freedom to attain their purpose efficiently. In practice, this necessarily involves the imposition of conditions and restrictions, and it is one of the main aims in the development of air traffic services to increase both the safety and flexibility of aircraft operation with the minimum restrictions. In progressing this we fully recognise the needs of civil aviation and, contrary to some public misconceptions of civil/military conflict in air traffic control, a joint approach is made at all levels to resolve A.T.C. requirements.
The Application of Automatic Techniques to the Problem of A.T.C.
Authors: Pike E. W.
Published: July 2016

The words “automatic techniques” used in the title of this paper are interpreted as applying to all aspects of the Air Traffic Control complex, in which the latest electronic and electromechanical developments and techniques might prove beneficial. Navigational capability, communications efficiency, data processing, planning and dynamic displays, and conflict detection can all be improved, for example, by equipment incorporating various degrees of automation. While it is easy to list such improvements, it is much more difficult to relate their value specifically to a particular Air Traffic Control problem at a particular centre, and to recommend in which respects money or effort expended by the Government responsible would bring them the greatest or most immediate benefit. In fact, experience shows that each case differs and requires special study and consideration so that any difficulties currently existing or foreseen can be expressed in terms that facilitate rational engineering solutions.
Why Air Traffic Control?
Authors: Hansford R. F.
Published: July 2016

To avoid any misunderstandings, it should be made clear that in the author's opinion the techniques of Air Traffic Control are not likely to be significantly affected by the future advent of an air-to-air collision avoidance system. This is admittedly a contentious view and this paper is a brief survey of some of the factors which lead the author to hold this opinion. After clarifying what is meant by an air-to-air collision avoidance system, the paper deals first with some of the operational problems, then with some of the technical problems and concludes with general comments.
Flight Characteristics of the B58 Mach 2 Bomber
Authors: Erickson B. A.
Published: July 2016

The B58 was developed and produced for the United States Air Force by the General Dynamics Corporation, Fort Worth Division, Texas. Until recently the organisation was known as CONVAIR, Fort Worth Division.

The B58 provided an abrupt advance in the technology of military aviation. In one step the speed performance of the strategic bomber was more than doubled over that of its predecessors.

The development and manufacture of the B58 was accomplished under the Weapons System Management Concept. Development of the aircraft began in 1951 with the origination of design studies. Detail design and manufacturing efforts were started in 1954. Initial flight of the prototype occurred in November of 1956. An exhaustive flight test evaluation programme then ensued in parallel with production of the aircraft. The flight test programme utilised a substantial fleet of B58's, and the combined efforts of the manufacturer and the U.S.A.F.
Space Flight Projects Based on Blue Streak
Authors: Pardoe G. K. C.
Published: July 2016

Many things have been said in the past year or two about the value of using Blue Streak to launch satellites and probes into space. Practical sense has at last triumphed and we have recently learned, with a great feeling of relief, that the European Space Launcher Organisation (ESLO) is now to be convened and there is now little doubt that a multi-stage satellite launcher rocket will be developed based on Blue Streak.

Unfortunately, there has been much misconception and loose thinking surrounding the Blue Streak concept and much unreal speculation on its life expectancy, performance limitations and general capability—mostly under-estimates. I would like therefore to try to summarise the present situation regarding the rocket, its ground facilities and its space applications.
The Problem of Kinetic Heating Associated with Unmanned Re-entry Vehicles
Authors: Craig A. J.
Published: July 2016

The art and science of re-entering a vehicle into a planetary atmosphere poses many problems, which are today on the edge of man’s mental and industrial capabilities. Re-entering a vehicle into the earth’s atmosphere incurs the following major problems: —

(a) Kinetic heating as it passes through the denser regions of the atmosphere. Materials have to be found which can deal with the enormous amounts of heating experienced by the vehicle.

(b) Design of a vehicle to withstand large thermal and mechanical shock.

(c) Dynamic stability at hypersonic velocities.

(d) Accuracy of direction of entry into the atmosphere.

(e) Recovery of the capsule after impact, wherever it landed.

This paper deals with the kinetic heating aspect of re-entry and shows how present day materials are utilised in restricting the inside temperature of re-entry vehicles to within reasonable limits. Unmanned re-entry is specified because to re-enter a manned capsule puts large restrictions on deceleration and inside temperature limits and hence produces some unique problems which are not covered in this paper.
The Fixed-Wing Aircraft
Authors: McMahon J. M.
Published: July 2016

Before assessing future developments of agricultural aircraft, it is interesting to study the trends of the industry over the past five years.

In England, after a promising start, which it is now apparent was occasioned by a heavier-than-normal attack of pest and disease, it soon became evident that large scale operations could not be undertaken profitably due to low fleet utilisation and numerous operational problems which arose from the use of existing fixed-wing aircraft. The major operational problems which hampered large scale operations were shortage of acceptable landing strips, small fields and a high incidence of obstacles.
An Evaluation of a light Autogyro for the Aerial Treatment of Crops
Authors: Greenly K. H.
Published: July 2016

In spite of the efforts by the Aircraft Industry in Europe and North America to meet the demands of agricultural aviation, there is still a need for an efficient, simple and safe range of aircraft for the treatment of crops.

When the ideal aircraft is produced to meet the needs of the small-field farmers, what form will it take–fixed-wing, helicopter, autogyro or unmanned robot?
A Simple Means of Measuring Vortex Strength, and the Performance of Triangular Ramp-Type Vortex Generators in a Uniform Velocity Field
Authors: McEwan A. D. , Joubert P. N.
Published: July 2016

The performance of triangular ramp vortex generators of a type used for boundary layer separation control, has been compared with that of equivalent wing or vane type of lifting generators, in a uniform velocity field, and was shown to be substantially inferior. Performance was established using a novel vortex strength measuring device of unusual simplicity, for which calibrations are given and applications are discussed.

The usefulness of vortex generators in avoiding boundary layer separation due to an adverse pressure gradient has been established. Little, however, is known of the nature of vortex modified boundary layers. As part of an investigation into convective heat transfer through such layers it was desired to compare the circulation-drag performance of two representative generator configuration types, these being the popularly used stub wing or vane type, and the edge separation, plough or wedge type.
Psychosoziale Belastungen und Lernschwierigkeiten
Authors: Huck Lorenz , Schröder Astrid
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Erwiesenermaßen gehen erhebliche Lernschwierigkeiten häufig mit psychosozialen Belastungen einher. Die vorliegende Untersuchung einer Stichprobe von Kindern, deren Familien in einer lerntherapeutischen Einrichtung Hilfe suchten, zeigt, dass 69,7 % der untersuchten Probanden mindestens unter einer Form psychosozialer Belastung litten und 15,8 % sogar unter mindestens drei solcher Probleme. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche (LRS) bzw. Rechenschwäche und somatoformen Störungen wurde bisher mit unklaren Ergebnissen untersucht. In der hier zugrundeliegenden Stichprobe treten Symptome aus dem somatoformen Formenkreis deutlich häufiger auf (bei 20,9 % der untersuchten Kinder und Jugendlichen) als in unselegierten Stichproben, die für die gesamte Bevölkerung repräsentativ sind. Des Weiteren zeigt sich, dass Kinder mit einer Rechenschwäche signifikant häufiger von somatoformen Symptomen und Symptomen einer internalisierenden Störung betroffen sind als Kinder mit einer LRS. Ältere Kinder und Jugendliche sind insgesamt deutlich stärker belastet, als jüngere Kinder. Die unterschiedliche Verteilung von Belastungen bei Mädchen und Jungen entspricht im Wesentlichen den Erwartungen. Eher überraschend ist die Tatsache, dass Kinder aus Familien, die Unterstützung durch die Jugendhilfe in Anspruch nehmen, und Kinder, deren Familien dies nicht tun, sich hinsichtlich psychosozialer Belastungen kaum unterscheiden.
Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards
Authors: Bronte Vincenzo , Brandau Sven , Chen Shu-Hsia , Colombo Mario P. , Frey Alan B. , Greten Tim F. , Mandruzzato Susanna , Murray Peter J. , Ochoa Augusto , Ostrand-Rosenberg Suzanne , Rodriguez Paulo C. , Sica Antonio , Umansky Viktor , Vonderheide Robert H. , Gabrilovich Dmitry I.
Published: July 2016

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as major regulators of immune responses in cancer and other pathological conditions. In recent years, ample evidence supports key contributions of MDSC to tumour progression through both immune-mediated mechanisms and those not directly associated with immune suppression. MDSC are the subject of intensive research with >500 papers published in 2015 alone. However, the phenotypic, morphological and functional heterogeneity of these cells generates confusion in investigation and analysis of their roles in inflammatory responses. The purpose of this communication is to suggest characterization standards in the burgeoning field of MDSC research.
Enhancement of Low-field Magnetoresistance in Self-Assembled Epitaxial La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 Composite Films via Polymer-Assisted Deposition
Authors: Zhou Meng , Li Yuling , Jeon Il , Yi Qinghua , Zhu Xuebin , Tang Xianwu , Wang Haiyan , Fei Ling , Sun Yuping , Deng Shuguang , Matsuo Yutaka , Luo Hongmei , Zou Guifu
Published: July 2016

Polymer-assisted deposition method has been used to fabricate self-assembled epitaxial La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 films on LaAlO3 substrates. Compared to pulsed-laser deposition method, polymer-assisted deposition provides a simpler and lower-cost approach to self-assembled composite films with enhanced low-field magnetoresistance effect. After the addition of NiO or Co3O4, triangular NiO and tetrahedral Co3O4 nanoparticles remain on the surface of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films. This results in a dramatic increase in resistivity of the films from 0.0061 Ω•cm to 0.59 Ω•cm and 1.07 Ω•cm, and a decrease in metal-insulator transition temperature from 270 K to 180 K and 172 K by the addition of 10%-NiO and 10%-Co3O4, respectively. Accordingly, the maximum absolute magnetoresistance value is improved from −44.6% to −59.1% and −52.7% by the addition of 10%-NiO and 10%-Co3O4, respectively. The enhanced low-field magnetoresistance property is ascribed to the introduced insulating phase at the grain boundaries. The magnetism is found to be more suppressed for the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 composite films than the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO films, which can be attributed to the antiferromagnetic properties of the Co3O4 phase. The solution-processed composite films show enhanced low-field magnetoresistance effect which are crucial in practical applications. We expect our polymer-assisted deposited films paving the pathway in the field of hole-doped perovskites with their intrinsic colossal magnetoresistance.
Relative roles of land- and ocean-atmosphere interactions in Asian-Pacific thermal contrast variability at the precessional band
Authors: Wang Yue , Jian ZhiMin , Zhao Ping , Xiao Dong , Chen JunMing
Published: July 2016

In a 250-kyr transient simulation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), we identified a precessional forced seesaw of the summer middle-upper tropospheric eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific as the paleo-APO (Asian-Pacific oscillation). The paleo-APO variability is out of phase with the precession parameter. Corresponding to a positive paleo-APO phase, both the subtropical anticyclonic circulation over the North Pacific and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) strengthen. Summer anomalous sea surface temperature shows a western cold-eastern warm pattern over the extratropical North Pacific and a zonal positive-negative-positive pattern over the tropical Pacific. The variations in the simulated paleo-APO and East Asian southerly wind at the precessional band agree well with the geological proxies at the Dongge, Sanbao, Linzhu and Hulu caves in China, which also implies that these proxies may well reflect the variability in the southerly wind over East Asia. Sensitivity experiments further reveal that the reduced precession parameter may enhance the positive paleo-APO phase and the associated EASM because of the response of the land-atmosphere interactions to the precessional insolation changes. The effect of the ocean-atmosphere interactions on the paleo-APO is secondary.
Cyclic di-GMP contributes to adaption and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis through a riboswitch-regulated collagen adhesion protein
Authors: Tang Qing , Yin Kang , Qian Hongliang , Zhao Youwen , Wang Wen , Chou Shan-Ho , Fu Yang , He Jin
Published: July 2016

Cyclic di-GMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates diverse cellular processes in bacteria by binding to various protein or riboswitch effectors. In Bacillus thuringiensis BMB171, a c-di-GMP riboswitch termed Bc2 RNA resides in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of an mRNA that encodes a collagen adhesion protein (Cap). The expression of cap was strongly repressed in parent strain BMB171 because of the presence of Bc2 RNA but was significantly promoted in the Bc2 RNA markerless deletion mutant. Bc2 RNA acts as a genetic “on” switch, which forms an anti-terminator structure to promote cap read-through transcription upon c-di-GMP binding. As a result, cap transcription was de-repressed under high c-di-GMP levels. Therefore, Bc2 RNA regulates cap expression using a repression/de-repression model. Bc2 RNA-regulated Cap was also found to be tightly associated with motility, aggregation, exopolysaccharide secretion, biofilm formation, and virulence of B. thuringiensis BMB171 against its host insect Helicoverpa armigera.
Curcumin ameliorates neuropathic pain by down-regulating spinal IL-1β via suppressing astroglial NALP1 inflammasome and JAK2-STAT3 signalling
Authors: Liu Shenbin , Li Qian , Zhang Meng-Ting , Mao-Ying Qi-Liang , Hu Lang-Yue , Wu Gen-Cheng , Mi Wen-Li , Wang Yan-Qing
Published: July 2016

Curcumin has been shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory activity in many diseases. It has been demonstrated that the janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cascade and the NAcht leucine-rich-repeat protein 1 (NALP1) inflammasome are important for the synthesis of Pro-Interleukin (IL)-1β and the processing of the inactive protein to its mature form, which plays an active role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. The present study showed that repeated intraperitoneal injection of curcumin ameliorated SNI-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the elevation of spinal mature IL-1β protein levels. Additionally, repeated curcumin treatment significantly inhibited the aggregation of the NALP1 inflammasome and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 cascade in spinal astrocytes. Furthermore, the genetic down-regulation of NALP1 inflammasome activation by NALP1 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3 cascade by AG490 markedly inhibited IL-1β maturation and Pro-IL-1β synthesis, respectively and reduced SNI-induced pain hypersensitivity. Our results suggest that curcumin attenuated neuropathic pain and down-regulated the production of spinal mature IL-1β by inhibiting the aggregation of NALP1 inflammasome and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 cascade in astrocytes.
Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe
Authors: Rougier Hélène , Crevecoeur Isabelle , Beauval Cédric , Posth Cosimo , Flas Damien , Wißing Christoph , Furtwängler Anja , Germonpré Mietje , Gómez-Olivencia Asier , Semal Patrick , van der Plicht Johannes , Bocherens Hervé , Krause Johannes
Published: July 2016

Almost 150 years after the first identification of Neandertal skeletal material, the cognitive and symbolic abilities of these populations remain a subject of intense debate. We present 99 new Neandertal remains from the Troisième caverne of Goyet (Belgium) dated to 40,500–45,500 calBP. The remains were identified through a multidisciplinary study that combines morphometrics, taphonomy, stable isotopes, radiocarbon dating and genetic analyses. The Goyet Neandertal bones show distinctive anthropogenic modifications, which provides clear evidence for butchery activities as well as four bones having been used for retouching stone tools. In addition to being the first site to have yielded multiple Neandertal bones used as retouchers, Goyet not only provides the first unambiguous evidence of Neandertal cannibalism in Northern Europe, but also highlights considerable diversity in mortuary behaviour among the region’s late Neandertal population in the period immediately preceding their disappearance.