bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and inactivation of proteolytic enzymes by Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoda)
Authors: Izvekova G.I. , Frolova T.V. , Izvekov E.I.
Published: February 2017

The proteolytic activity in washings off the Triaenophorus nodulosus cestode tegument and the ability of the worms to inactivate proteolytic enzymes were studied. It was found that the major proteolytic activity in the washing samples is represented by the easily desorbed fraction most probably characterizing the activity of the host’s enzymes. Serine proteinases are an essential part of these enzymes. It was shown that the worms’ incubation medium and their homogenates can inhibit host proteinases and commercial trypsin samples. Suppressive activity of the incubation medium suggests that the inhibitors are rather spontaneously produced by the worms than induced by the presence of proteinases in the surrounding medium. The inhibitor produced by the cestode is hypothesized to be trypsin-specific.
Parasite communities in two sparid fishes from the western Mediterranean: a comparative analysis based on samples from three localities off the Algerian coast
Authors: Benhamou F. , Marzoug D. , Boutiba Z. , Kostadinova A. , Pérez-Del-Olmo A.
Published: February 2017

We provide the first known comparative assessment of metazoan parasite communities in two taxonomically and ecologically related sparids, Boops boops and Spicara maena, that are common in the coastal infralittoral habitats in the Mediterranean. Using abundant data for infracommunities in three localities off the Algerian coasts of the Mediterranean, we tested the general prediction that the phylogenetic proximity of the two hosts, their overlapping geographical distribution and habitat occupation, as well as the similar feeding habits and diet would contribute to a homogenization of their parasite community composition and structure. The regional fauna of parasites of B. boops and S. maena along the Algerian coasts of the western Mediterranean was species-rich (36 species) and dominated by heteroxenous species (27 spp; of these 20 digenean spp.). The phylogenetic relatedness between the two hosts resulted in a large number of shared parasites (56 %, 20 spp.). However, the significant overlap in the parasite faunas of the two sparid hosts and their similar feeding habits and diet did not translate into homogeneous parasite community pattern; a significant differentiation in terms of both, composition and structure, was observed.
Windstorms as mediator of soil nematode community changes: Evidence from European spruce forest
Authors: Renčo M. , Čerevková A.
Published: February 2017

Nematode communities in a Norway spruce forest in High Tatra National Park, Slovakia were monitored for the period of several years (2006 and 2013). Unfortunately, in May 2014 natural windstorm damaged the forest. This disastrous event, together with preliminary obtained results allowed us to compare the direct impact of windstorm damage of forest habitat on soil nematode assemblages. The forest destruction by windstorm had a significant effect on the total nematode abundance, the abundance of omnivores and herbivores, as well as the nematode species diversity. The most dominant species, representing 55 % of the total nematode fauna, in the plot studied were Acrobeloides nanus followed by Malenchus exiguus, Filenchus vulgaris, Plectus communis, Plectus parvus and Tylencholaimus mirabilis. The abundance of bacterivorous signifi cantly increased after the windstorm, meanwhile the abundance of omnivores, fungivores, and herbivores ectoparasites and epidermal/root hair feeders showed an opposite trend. Of the evaluative indicators, Shannon species diversity (H’spp), maturity index (MI), maturity index 2-5 (MI2-5), sigma maturity index (ΣMI), enrichment index (EI) and structure index (SI) decreased significantly after windstorm. The EI and SI indexes characterized soil ecosystems before windstorm (2006 - 2013) as maturing with low or moderate disturbance, but soil ecosystems shortly after the windstorm (2014) were degraded and nutrient depleted. This also corresponded with graphical display of metabolic footprints characteristics of soil food web. Overall, the nematode communities differed significantly before and after forest damage. These results suggest the role of nematode communities as indicators of environment condition quality or its disruption.
Soil nematodes in alpine meadows of the Tatra National Park (Slovak Republic)
Authors: Háněl L.
Published: February 2017

The assemblages of soil nematodes were studied at five alpine meadow sites, 1763-2200 m. a. s. I., in the Tatra National Park in the Slovak Republic. A total of 110 species were distinguished, 19 species were recorded in the Slovak Republic for the first time. The interesting new records are the occurrence of Sphaeronema alni at the elevation of 2003 m a . s. I. and the populations of Coomansus menzeli at four sites. The total numbers of species at individual sites varied from 45 to 72. The most abundant nematode genera were Aglenchus, Plectus. Acrobeloides, Paratylenchus, Eudorylaimus, Helicotylechus, and Aphelenchoides. The total mean abundance ranged from 704 to 2054 × 103ind.m-2and the total mean biomass from 442 to 1531 mg.m-2. The lowest values of the Maturity Indices (ΣMI, Ml) were found at the highest elevation. The significantly highest values of the Plant Parasite Index were at the lowest elevation. The mean values of the of the Enrichment Index varied from 16.3 to 38.4, the mean values of the Structure Index from 64.1 to 85.4. The Structure metabolic footprints were significantly greater at the lowest elevation than at the highest elevation. Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis performed on species presence and absence, genera abundance and genera metabolic footprints showed nematode assemblages at sites of high­er elevations different from those at sites of lower elevations.
Gastrointestinal digeneans (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of horseshoe and vesper bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae) in Serbia
Authors: Horvat Ž. , Čabrilo B. , Paunović M. , Karapandža B. , Jovanović J. , Budinski I. , Bjelić Čabrilo O.
Published: February 2017

The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the digenean fauna of bats were conducted for the first time in Serbia. The sample comprised of 118 individuals of 12 bat species (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Myotis mystacinus, M. alcathoe, M. brandtii, M. oxygnathus, M. myotis, Hypsugo savii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. nathusii, Plecotus auritus, P. austriacus and Nyctalus noctula) collected from 15 sites throughout Serbia. Six digenean species were identified: Lecithodendrium linstowi, Plagiorchis sp., Prosthodendrium longiforme, P. chilostomum, P. parvouterus and Mesotretes peregrinus. The helminths were recorded from 35 individual hosts (29.7 %). The species Lecithodendrium linstowi infected the highest percentage of hosts (19.5 %), with a mean abundance of 4.6. GLM analysis of exploratory factors showed that host species and host sex had a significant influence on parasite load, while locality and host age did not influence parasite abundance. No evidence of zoonotic species was found.
Nail manifestations in Hong Kong Chinese patients with psoriatic arthropathy (PsA)
Authors: Lai Tin Lok
Published: February 2017

Background

Nail psoriasis is accepted as a common feature in psoriatic arthropathy (PsA) and is one of the diagnostic criteria for PsA. Several nail characteristics are allegedly associated with joint damage, however, information concerning their prevalence and features is extremely lacking, particularly in Hong Kong.

Objective

The primary objective of the study was to investigate the frequency of psoriatic nail disease and to understand their patterns. The secondary objective was to explore the associated factor for nail dystrophy among them.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional observation study. The eligible PsA patients were recruited from Rheumatology Clinic of Tseung Kwan O Hospital. Their demographics and clinical characteristics were collected, their respective nail psoriasis were scored and the nail features were recorded. By comparing the clinical variables between PsA patients, with and without nail involvement, the associated factor was explored.

Results

A total of 106 PsA patients were recruited and 61.3% (65/106) of them had nail psoriasis. Among all the patients with nail involvement, 72.3% of them had pitting, 50.8% had onycholysis, 15.7 had crumbling, 6.9% had leukonychia and 3.9% suffered from nail-bed hyperkeratosis, with mean modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index of 9.5 +/-15.3. Nail involvement was more common in those with severe skin extent, but neither related to psoriatic disease duration, arthritis subclasses, nor inflammatory markers.

Conclusion

A significant proportion of PsA patients had nail involvement and there were various nail features noted. The occurrence of psoriatic nail disease was found to be associated with severe skin problem. This common manifestation of PsA should not be overlooked in the rheumatologists’ daily practice, in view of its common prevalence.
A Modified Johnson Cook Constitutive Model for Aermet 100 at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Zhanwei Yuan , Fuguo Li , Guoliang Ji
Published: February 2017

The predicted flow behaviors of Aermet 100 steel were analyzed within a wide range of temperatures of 1,073 K–1,473 K and strain rates of 0.01 s–1–50 s–1 based on isothermal compression tests. Using the original Johnson Cook (JC) model and a modified Johnson Cook (MJC) model, the constitutive equations were constructed in the case of elevated temperatures. For both the JC and MJC, and the previously studied (Arrhenius-type model and double-multivariate nonlinear regression (DMNR)) models, their respective predictability levels were evaluated by contrasting both the correlation coefficient R and the average absolute relative error (AARE). The results showed that the prediction from the three models meet the accuracy requirement based on the experimental data, the only exception being the JC model. By comparing the predictability and numbers of material constants involved, the modified Johnson Cook model is regarded as an excellent choice for predicting the flow behaviors of Aermet 100 steel within the range being studied.
Optimal Sizing of Battery Energy Storage System for Smoothing Power Fluctuations of a PV/Wind Hybrid System
Authors: Mahesh Aeidapu , Sandhu Kanwarjit Singh , Rao Jagilinki Venkata
Published: February 2017

This paper presents an approach to size the battery energy storage system (BESS) for the suppression of the output power fluctuations in a solar photovoltaic (PV)/Wind hybrid energy system. The strategy presented uses a dynamic averaging technique, with a different number of samples in order to produce different smoothing levels in the output power. The key advantage of the proposed strategy is that, apart from sizing the BESS, the same strategy can be implemented in real time to perform the energy management for the system. The gravitational search algorithm (GSA) has been used to find the optimum size of the BESS which will be able to produce the required level of smoothing. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy has been verified through a case study presented and the results indicate that the strategy is effectively able to size the BESS for reduced power fluctuations from the system. To verify the robustness of the proposed strategy, the uncertainty in the climatic conditions has also been considered and the results indicate that the proposed strategy works well even in the case of a change in the climatic conditions.
Geodetic monitoring of subrosion-induced subsidence processes in urban areas
Authors: Kersten Tobias , Kobe Martin , Gabriel Gerald , Timmen Ludger , Schön Steffen , Vogel Detlef
Published: February 2017

The research project SIMULTAN applies an advanced combination of geophysical, geodetic, and modelling techniques to gain a better understanding of the evolution and characteristics of sinkholes. Sinkholes are inherently related to surface deformation and, thus, of increasing societal relevance, especially in dense populated urban areas. One work package of SIMULTAN investigates an integrated approach to monitor sinkhole-related mass translations and surface deformations induced by salt dissolution. Datasets from identical and adjacent points are used for a consistent combination of geodetic and geophysical techniques. Monitoring networks are established in Hamburg and Bad Frankenhausen (Thuringia). Levelling surveys indicate subsidence rates of about 4–5 mm per year in the main subsidence areas of Bad Frankenhausen with a local maximum of 10 mm per year around the leaning church tower.

Here, the concept of combining geodetic and gravimetric techniques to monitor and characterise geological processes on and below the Earth's surface is exemplary discussed for the focus area Bad Frankenhausen. For the different methods (levelling, GNSS, relative/absolute gravimetry) stable network results at identical points are obtained by the first campaigns, i.e., the results are generally in agreement.
Phenolic compounds from Citrus leaves: antioxidant activity and enzymatic browning inhibition
Authors: Khettal Bachra , Kadri Nabil , Tighilet Karim , Adjebli Ahmed , Dahmoune Farid , Maiza-Benabdeslam Fadila
Published: February 2017

Background

Phenolic compounds from Citrus are known to be a topic of many studies due to their biological properties including antioxidant activity.

Methods

Methanolic and aqueous extracts were isolated from Citrus leaves of different species (C. clementina, C. limon, C. hamlin, C. navel, C. aurantifolia, C. aurantium and C. grandis) harvested in Algeria.

Results

The results showed that aqueous extracts of all species are rich in total phenolic compounds and flavonoids (from 68.23 to 125.28 mg GAE/g DM) and (from 11.99 to 46.25 mg QE/g DM) respectively. The methanolic and aqueous extracts were examined for in vitro antioxidant properties using various antioxidant assays. For aqueous extracts, C. limon showed an important DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 35.35 µg/mL), and C. clementina exerted the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (1,174.43 µM ET/g DM) and a significant ferric reducing potential (30.60 mg BHAE/g DM). For methanolic extracts, C. clementina showed the highest antioxidant activity for all the realized assays (IC50 41.85 µg/mL, 378.63 µM ET/g DM and 13.85 mg BHAE/g DM) for DPPH, ABTS radicals scavenging activities and ferric reducing potential respectively. Antiperoxidase and antipolyphenol oxidase activities of these samples were also evaluated.

Conclusions

In this investigation, the assessment of antiperoxidase activity proved that the leaves extracts of different species were able to inhibit peroxidase activity. However, this inhibition varied with the species and the source of these enzymes. On the other hand, the aqueous extracts of different species showed moderate inhibition of polyphenol oxidase, while no effect on these enzymes was obtained with methanolic extracts.
Dendrobium chrysanthum ethanolic extract induces apoptosis via p53 up-regulation in HeLa cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice
Authors: Prasad Ritika , Rana Nishant Kumar , Koch Biplob
Published: February 2017

Background

Dendrobium is one of the diverse genus of orchid plants. It possesses a number of pharmacological activities and has long been used in traditional system of medicine. The goal of this study was to investigate the apoptosis inducing property of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of Dendrobium chrysanthum, a species of Dendrobium whose anticancer role has not been ascertained yet.

Methods

To evaluate the anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of D. chrysanthum in vitro in HeLa (human cervical cancer) cells, cytotoxic activity, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of apoptosis and effect on cell cycle were determined. The in vivo study was carried out in Dalton’s lymphoma (DL) bearing mice to assess the tumor growth delay.

Results

Our study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. The extract exhibited dose-dependent increase in ROS production as well as apoptotic cell death which was further confirmed through presence of DNA fragmentation. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry suggests that the ethanolic extract perturbed cell cycle progression and leads to the delay of the cells in S phase. Further, the real-time PCR studies also showed up-regulation of apoptotic genes p53 and Bax. The in vivo antitumor activity exhibited significant increase in the life span of DL bearing mice as compared to control with significant decrease in abdominal size along with reduced tumor ascites.

Conclusions

These observations demonstrate the anticancer potential of the D. chrysanthum ethanolic extract mediated through p53-dependent apoptosis.
Finite groups with six or seven automorphism orbits
Authors: Dantas Alex Carrazedo , Garonzi Martino , Bastos Raimundo
Published: February 2017

Let G be a group. The orbits of the natural action of

Aut
⁡

(
G
)

{\operatorname{Aut}(G)}

on G are called “automorphism orbits” of G, and the number of automorphism orbits of G is denoted by

ω
⁢

(
G
)

{\omega(G)}

. In this paper the finite non-solvable groups G with

ω
⁢

(
G
)

≤
6

{\omega(G)\leq 6}

are classified – this solves a problem posed by Markus Stroppel – and it is proved that there are infinitely many finite non-solvable groups G with

ω
⁢

(
G
)

=
7

{\omega(G)=7}

. Moreover, it is proved that for a given number n there are only finitely many finite groups G without non-trivial abelian normal subgroups and such that

ω
⁢

(
G
)

≤
n

{\omega(G)\leq n}

, generalizing a result of Kohl.
Finite nearfields classified, again
Authors: Grundhöfer Theo , Hering Christoph
Published: February 2017

We give a rather elementary and short proof for the classification of finite nearfields, using Zsigmondy primes.
Historical Evolution of Crimes of Disrespect. Reasons for its Disappearance in the current Spanish Penal Code
Authors: Jiménez Díaz Von María José
Published: February 2017

This paper aims to deepen the historical analysis of the crimes of disrespect in Spanish penal law. This criminal concept, although born surrounded by controversy (1850), remained in force in different criminal codes until its repealing 1995. In particular, a review is made of its treatment in the various penal texts, on which it’s most immediate antecedents were based and identifying the circumstances that once led to its criminalization. The paper ends with some reflections on the reasons that may have led to its decriminalization.
On three steps two-grid finite element methods for the 2D-transient Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Bajpai Saumya , Pani Amiya K.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, an error analysis of a three steps two level Galerkin finite element method for the two dimensional transient Navier–Stokes equations is discussed. First of all, the problem is discretized in spatial direction by employing finite element method on a coarse mesh 𝒯
Novel germline mutation (Leu512Met) in the thyrotropin receptor gene (TSHR) leading to sporadic non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism
Authors: Roberts Stephanie A. , Moon Jennifer E. , Dauber Andrew , Smith Jessica R.
Published: February 2017

Background:

Primary nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism is a rare cause of neonatal hyperthyroidism. This results from an activating mutation in the thyrotropin-receptor (TSHR). It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner or occur sporadically as a de novo mutation. Affected individuals display a wide phenotype from severe neonatal to mild subclinical hyperthyroidism. We describe a 6-month-old boy with a de novo mutation in the

Methods:

Genomic DNA from the patient’s and parents’ peripheral blood leukocytes was extracted. Exons 9 and 10 of the

Results:

Sequencing exon 10 of the

Conclusions:

The p.Leu512Met mutation (c.1534C>A) of the
B-type natriuretic peptide and echocardiography reflect volume changes during pregnancy
Authors: Burlingame Janet M. , Yamasato Kelly , Ahn Hyeong Jun , Seto Todd , Tang W. H. Wilson
Published: February 2017

Objective:

To evaluate B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac structure and function in normal women through pregnancy and the postpartum.

Methods:

In this prospective observational study, we obtained serial transthoracic echocardiograms, BNP, and NT-proBNP at seven intervals from 6 weeks’ gestation through 12 months postpartum. Women with hypertension or cardiac disease were excluded. Using 6–12 months postpartum as reference for non-pregnant levels, echocardiogram measurements and BNP/NT-proBNP were compared over time using linear mixed models with Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons.

Results:

Of 116 patients, data was available for 78–114 healthy pregnant or postpartum women within each time interval, and 102 patients provided data for ≥4 intervals. Compared to 6–12 months postpartum, BNP and NT-proBNP remained stable through pregnancy and delivery, increased within 48 h postpartum (P<0.0001), then returned to baseline. Left ventricular volume increased within 48 h postpartum (P=0.021) while left atrial volume increased at 18–24 weeks (P=0.0002), 30–36 weeks (P<0.0001) and within 48 h postpartum (P=0.002). The transmitral early/late diastolic velocity (E/A) ratio, transmitral early/peak mitral annulus diastolic velocity (E/E′) ratio, isovolumic relaxation times, and mitral valve deceleration times were similar within 48 h and 6–12 months postpartum.

Conclusion:

In normal women, BNP/NT-proBNP, left atrial, and left ventricular volumes increase within 48 h postpartum without indications of altered diastolic function.
Fetal thymus size in pregnant women with diabetic diseases
Authors: Dörnemann Ria , Koch Raphael , Möllmann Ute , Falkenberg Maria Karina , Möllers Mareike , Klockenbusch Walter , Schmitz Ralf
Published: February 2017

Aim:

The aim of our study was to assess fetal thymus size in diabetic pregnancies compared with normal pregnancies.

Methods:

Sonographic fetal thymus size was retrospectively assessed in 161 pregnancies with maternal diabetes and in 161 uncomplicated pregnancies matched by gestational age. The anteroposterior thymic and the intrathoracic mediastinal diameter were measured and the quotient was calculated [thymic-thoracic ratio (TT-ratio)]. In addition, we defined the quotient of the anteroposterior thymic diameter and the head circumference as thymus-head ratio (TH-ratio). The maternal diabetes cases were subdivided into three groups: (1) diet-controlled gestational diabetes, (2) insulin-dependent gestational diabetes and (3) preexisting maternal diabetes.

Results:

TT-ratio and TH-ratio were smaller in pregnancies with maternal diabetes (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). In all three maternal diabetes subgroups, the TT-ratio and the TH-ratio were lower compared with the control group (P<0.001 for each group).

Conclusions:

Reduced fetal thymus size seems to be associated with diabetic pregnancy. We introduce fetal thymus size as a new potential prognostic parameter for maternal diabetes.
The Morphological Nativization of French
Loanwords in the Djelfa Dialect with Special
Reference to some Phonological Processes
Targeting it within OT
Authors: Slimani Khedidja
Published: February 2017

Algerian Arabic, in general, and the Djelfa dialect, in particular, are receptive to French words.
But such borrowing is not unsystematic as they are adapted in a way compatible with the morphological
and phonological system of the recipient dialect as well as preserving as much information as possible
from the source language. This paper focuses on the morphological nativization of French loanwords in
the Djelfa dialect with special reference to some phonological processes, viz., epenthesis, assimilation
and devocalization that are used to rehabilitate the illicit syllable structures resulting from such
morphological adaptation within Optimality Theory.
A supramolecular approach to controlling the behavior of excited states
Authors: Mongin Cedric , Liang Chih-Kai , Bibal Brigitte , Bassani Dario M.
Published: February 2017

The use of supramolecular interactions to control the reactivity of excited states is discussed with emphasis on covalent bond formation and catalysis. The latter is shown to apply both to the synthesis of organic compounds as well as to the preparation of inorganic materials.
Electrochemical mechanism of uranium mononitride dissolution in aqueous solutions of nitric acid
Authors: Ershov Boris G.
Published: February 2017

It was shown that the dissolution of UN with metallic conduction follows an electrochemical mechanism when it proceeds in contact with an electrically conductive medium (HNO3 solution). According to this mechanism, the oxidation of UN (at the anode) passes an electron into the UN matrix, which is a conductor, and can then reduce nitric acid in a parallel reaction a short distance away at another exposed surface of the UN (at the cathode). As a result, the reduction of HNO3 affords NO and NO2, while oxidation of uranium mononitride affords NH3, N2, and N2O. The occurrence of these two separate processes accounts for the composition and yields of the products formed from UN and HNO3 as well as for the nitrogen isotope distribution between them when UN and HNO3 were labeled with 14N or 15N. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of N2 and N2O yields on HNO3 concentration was derived. It was also shown that the calculated value of standard electromotive force of the galvanic pair formed on the UN surface during its dissolution in HNO3 is high enough to initiate and support the electrochemical mechanism of its dissolution in nitric acid.
Blood-brain barrier-supported neurogenesis in healthy and diseased brain
Authors: Pozhilenkova Elena A. , Lopatina Olga L. , Komleva Yulia K. , Salmin Vladimir V. , Salmina Alla B.
Published: February 2017

Adult neurogenesis is one of the most important mechanisms contributing to brain development, learning, and memory. Alterations in neurogenesis underlie a wide spectrum of brain diseases. Neurogenesis takes place in highly specialized neurogenic niches. The concept of neurogenic niches is becoming widely accepted due to growing evidence of the important role of the microenvironment established in the close vicinity to stem cells in order to provide adequate control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Neurogenic niches represent the platform for tight integration of neurogenesis and angiogenesis supported by specific properties of cerebral microvessel endothelial cells contributing to establishment of partially compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) for the adjustment of local conditions to the current metabolic needs of stem and progenitor cells. Here, we review up-to-date data on microvascular dynamics in activity-dependent neurogenesis, specific properties of BBB in neurogenic niches, endothelial-driven mechanisms of clonogenic activity, and future perspectives for reconstructing the neurogenic niches in vitro.
How neuroscience can inform the study of individual differences in cognitive abilities
Authors: McFarland Dennis J.
Published: February 2017

Theories of human mental abilities should be consistent with what is known in neuroscience. Currently, tests of human mental abilities are modeled by cognitive constructs such as attention, working memory, and speed of information processing. These constructs are in turn related to a single general ability. However, brains are very complex systems and whether most of the variability between the operations of different brains can be ascribed to a single factor is questionable. Research in neuroscience suggests that psychological processes such as perception, attention, decision, and executive control are emergent properties of interacting distributed networks. The modules that make up these networks use similar computational processes that involve multiple forms of neural plasticity, each having different time constants. Accordingly, these networks might best be characterized in terms of the information they process rather than in terms of abstract psychological processes such as working memory and executive control.
Muscle Activation Differs Between Partial and Full Back Squat Exercise With External Load Equated
Authors: da Silva Josinaldo J. , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Marchetti Priscyla N. , Pecoraro Silvio L. , Greve Julia M.D. , Marchetti Paulo H.
Published: February 2017

da Silva, JJ, Schoenfeld, BJ, Marchetti, PN, Pecoraro, SL, Greve, JMD, and Marchetti, PH. Muscle activation differs between partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1688–1693, 2017—Changes in range of motion affect the magnitude of the load during the squat exercise and, consequently, may influence muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate muscle activation between the partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated on a relative basis between conditions. Fifteen young, healthy, resistance-trained men (age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 173 ± 6 cm) performed a back squat at their 10 repetition maximum (10RM) using 2 different ranges of motion (partial and full) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activation of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus, erector spinae, soleus (SL), and gluteus maximus (GM). In general, muscle activity was highest during the partial back squat for GM (p = 0.004), BF (p = 0.009), and SL (p = 0.031) when compared with full-back squat. There was no significant difference for rating of perceived exertion between partial and full back squat exercise at 10RM (8 ± 1 and 9 ± 1, respectively). In conclusion, the range of motion in the back squat alters muscle activation of the prime mover (GM) and stabilizers (SL and BF) when performed with the load equated on a relative basis. Thus, the partial back squat maximizes the level of muscle activation of the GM and associated stabilizer muscles.
Deformations of Cylindrical Corrugated Pipes
Authors: Abdulaliyev Z. , Ataoglu S. , Gemici Z.
Published: February 2017

Deflection is the main criteria to evaluate the performance of the pipes and corrugations are added to pipes to increase the stiffness. In the relevant standards, ring stiffness is taken into account together with deformation. In this study, the state of strain–stress of the circular cylindrical shell under the uniform loads in the direction of the vertical diameter, distributed along a certain length of the generatrixes of the shell is investigated by the analytical and experimental methods. The obtained analytical results are applied to the investigation of the state of strain of the corrugated plastic pipes which are widely used in the construction of infrastructure facilities. Comparison of the obtained analytical and experimental data reveals their satisfactory agreement. The results enable to overcome the difficulties in assessing the data received during testing stiffness of corrugated pipes which are subjected to the vertical loads.
Performance Evaluation of PV Interfaced Z-Source-Network-Based Shunt Active Power Filter
Authors: Sellakumar S. , Vijayakumar M.
Published: February 2017

In this paper, a photovoltaic supported Z-source-inverter (ZSI)-based shunt active power filter (SAPF) is proposed for power-quality improvement. The topology has a voltage source inverter (VSI), which is connected in parallel with the point of common coupling (PCC), and is assisted by an impedance network. The Z-source network is really a distinct impedance network to facilitate interconnection between the photovoltaic (PV) power-generating system and VSI. The key features of ZSI can boost up the changeable dc voltage into any specified AC output voltage, decrease the components required, and mitigate harmonic content. The compensation capability of the SAPF mainly depends on the control scheme utilized to reference current generations. In addition, the control scheme decides a number of sensor essential and measurement practices; thus, it also estimates the cost of the topology. In this proposed system, second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is employed to extract the reference current of SAPF. The SOGI-based control scheme uses only the measurement of the converter, and load current as the feedback signals therefore does not need voltage measurement and sensors. The proposed SAPF topology utilizes an alternative energy source having an energy storage unit to compensate the long-term current disturbances and voltage interruption and mete out the active power requirement of the utility grid. The PV-supported ZSI-based SAPF tested with various kinds of loads can examine the performance of the system under steady and dynamic state conditions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme and PV-supported SAPF topology, the simulation and experimental results are presented.
Performance Characteristics of Fiber-Optic Strain Sensors as Compared With Electrical Resistance and Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges
Authors: Kim K. , Tia M. , Greene J.
Published: February 2017

This paper presented experimental results of fiber-optic sensor performance in terms of its accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility. Strain sensors were embedded in concrete specimens, which were then subjected to the same known static and dynamic load, and their responses were compared to each other on the same basis. In addition to evaluating the response due to load, the measurements due to concrete drying shrinkage were also evaluated. According to the experimental test results, the fiber-optic strain sensor (FOS) showed an average error of 2.7 με, as compared with average errors of 5.7 and 5.6 με for an electrical resistance strain gauge and a vibrating wire strain gauge (VWSG), respectively. In addition, the repeatability of the FOS in terms of coefficient of variation (COV) was 7.5 % as compared with COVs of 4.4, 5.6, and 9.6 % for three different electrical resistance strain gauges and the reproducibility of the FOS in terms of COV was 9.8 % as compared with COVs of 5.4, 5.7, and 10.1 % for three different electrical resistance gauges. When compared with the strains measured by a calibrated LVDT in a concrete drying shrinkage test where the strains varied from 0 to around 250 με, the FOS showed an average difference of 30.37 με, whereas the VWSG showed an average difference of 34.04 με. However, these difference were statistically insignificant at 95 % confidence level. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the FOS is found to have similar accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility as compared to electrical resistance and VWSG.
Experimental Validation of a Mixed-Lubrication Regime Model for Textured Piston-Ring-Liner Contacts
Authors: Profito F. J. , Vladescu S.-C. , Reddyhoff T. , Dini D.
Published: February 2017

Recent experiments have shown that automotive piston-liner friction may be reduced by up to 50 % if the surface of the liner is laser textured with certain configurations of micro-pockets. It is important to model this behavior to understand and optimize the friction reduction mechanisms that are occurring. However, until now, very few models that predict the lubrication performance of textured surfaces have been successfully validated against experimental data. This is because of the requirement for them to: (1) reproduce experimental configurations with a certain degree of fidelity, (2) conserve mass properly, and (3) account for transient, boundary lubrication conditions. To address this, the current paper presents a comparison between the results from a numerical model, which fulfils these criteria, and an experimental test rig operating under the same conditions. The mathematical modeling is based on the averaged Reynolds’ equation with Patir and Cheng’s flow factors and the p − θ Elrod–Adams mass-conserving cavitation model. Simultaneously to the fluid flow solution, the contact pressures that arise from the asperity interactions are also included into the calculations through the well-known stochastic Greenwood and Tripp model for rough contacts. The experimental data is produced using a reciprocating tribometer, whose contact conditions are closely controlled and accurately mimic those found in an automotive piston–liner conjunction. Data is presented in terms of friction force versus stroke angle, and the similarities and differences between the model and experiment are discussed.
Neurocomputational Consequences of Evolutionary Connectivity Changes in Perisylvian Language Cortex
Authors: Schomers Malte R. , Garagnani Max , Pulvermüller Friedemann
Published: February 2017

The human brain sets itself apart from that of its primate relatives by specific neuroanatomical features, especially the strong linkage of left perisylvian language areas (frontal and temporal cortex) by way of the arcuate fasciculus (AF). AF connectivity has been shown to correlate with verbal working memory—a specifically human trait providing the foundation for language abilities—but a mechanistic explanation of any related causal link between anatomical structure and cognitive function is still missing. Here, we provide a possible explanation and link, by using neurocomputational simulations in neuroanatomically structured models of the perisylvian language cortex. We compare networks mimicking key features of cortical connectivity in monkeys and humans, specifically the presence of relatively stronger higher-order “jumping links” between nonadjacent perisylvian cortical areas in the latter, and demonstrate that the emergence of working memory for syllables and word forms is a functional consequence of this structural evolutionary change. We also show that a mere increase of learning time is not sufficient, but that this specific structural feature, which entails higher connectivity degree of relevant areas and shorter sensorimotor path length, is crucial. These results offer a better understanding of specifically human anatomical features underlying the language faculty and their evolutionary selection advantage.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhy do humans have superior language abilities compared to primates? Recently, a uniquely human neuroanatomical feature has been demonstrated in the strength of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), a fiber pathway interlinking the left-hemispheric language areas. Although AF anatomy has been related to linguistic skills, an explanation of how this fiber bundle may support language abilities is still missing. We use neuroanatomically structured computational models to investigate the consequences of evolutionary changes in language area connectivity and demonstrate that the human-specific higher connectivity degree and comparatively shorter sensorimotor path length implicated by the AF entail emergence of verbal working memory, a prerequisite for language learning. These results offer a better understanding of specifically human anatomical features for language and their evolutionary selection advantage.
Optogenetic Examination of Prefrontal-Amygdala Synaptic Development
Authors: Arruda-Carvalho Maithe , Wu Wan-Chen , Cummings Kirstie A. , Clem Roger L.
Published: February 2017

A brain network comprising the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and amygdala plays important roles in developmentally regulated cognitive and emotional processes. However, very little is known about the maturation of mPFC-amygdala circuitry. We conducted anatomical tracing of mPFC projections and optogenetic interrogation of their synaptic connections with neurons in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) at neonatal to adult developmental stages in mice. Results indicate that mPFC-BLA projections exhibit delayed emergence relative to other mPFC pathways and establish synaptic transmission with BLA excitatory and inhibitory neurons in late infancy, events that coincide with a massive increase in overall synaptic drive. During subsequent adolescence, mPFC-BLA circuits are further modified by excitatory synaptic strengthening as well as a transient surge in feedforward inhibition. The latter was correlated with increased spontaneous inhibitory currents in excitatory neurons, suggesting that mPFC-BLA circuit maturation culminates in a period of exuberant GABAergic transmission. These findings establish a time course for the onset and refinement of mPFC-BLA transmission and point to potential sensitive periods in the development of this critical network.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuman mPFC-amygdala functional connectivity is developmentally regulated and figures prominently in numerous psychiatric disorders with a high incidence of adolescent onset. However, it remains unclear when synaptic connections between these structures emerge or how their properties change with age. Our work establishes developmental windows and cellular substrates for synapse maturation in this pathway involving both excitatory and inhibitory circuits. The engagement of these substrates by early life experience may support the ontogeny of fundamental behaviors but could also lead to inappropriate circuit refinement and psychopathology in adverse situations.
Signaling by FGF Receptor 2, Not FGF Receptor 1, Regulates Myelin Thickness through Activation of ERK1/2–MAPK, Which Promotes mTORC1 Activity in an Akt-Independent Manner
Authors: Furusho Miki , Ishii Akihiro , Bansal Rashmi
Published: February 2017

FGF signaling has emerged as a significant “late-stage” regulator of myelin thickness in the CNS, independent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Therefore, it is critically important to identify the specific FGF receptor type and its downstream signaling molecules in oligodendrocytes to obtain better insights into the regulatory mechanisms of myelin growth. Here, we show that FGF receptor type 2 (FGFR2) is highly enriched at the paranodal loops of myelin. Conditional ablation of this receptor-type, but not FGF receptor type 1 (FGFR1), resulted in attenuation of myelin growth, expression of major myelin genes, key transcription factor Myrf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activity. This was rescued by upregulating ERK1/2 activity in these mice, strongly suggesting that ERK1/2 are key transducers of FGFR2 signals for myelin growth. However, given that the PI3K/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is also known to regulate myelin thickness, we examined FGFR2-deficient mice for the expression of key signaling molecules in this pathway. A significant downregulation of p-mTOR, p-Raptor, and p-S6RP was observed, which was restored to normal by elevating ERK1/2 activity in these mice. Similar downregulation of these molecules was observed in ERK1/2 knock-out mice. Interestingly, since p-Akt levels remained largely unchanged in these mice, it suggests a mechanism of mTORC1 activation by ERK1/2 in an Akt-independent manner in oligodendrocytes. Taken together, these data support a model in which FGFs, possibly from axons, activate FGFR2 in the oligodendrocyte/myelin compartment to increase ERK1/2 activation, which ultimately targets Myrf, as well as converges with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway at the level of mTORC1, working together to drive the growth of the myelin sheath, thus increasing myelin thickness.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt is well accepted that myelin is a biologically active membrane in active communication with the axons. However, the axonal signals, the receptors on myelin, and the integration of intracellular signaling pathways emanating downstream from these receptors that drive the growth of the myelin sheath remain poorly understood in the CNS. This study brings up the intriguing possibility that FGF receptor 2, in the oligodendrocyte/myelin compartment, may be one such signal. Importantly, it provides compelling evidence linking FGFR2 with the ERK1/2–MAPK pathway, which converges with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway at the level of mTORC1 and also regulates the transcription factor Myrf, together providing a mechanistic framework for regulating both the transcriptional and translational machinery required for the proper growth of the myelin sheath.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Neuroendocrine surveillance and management of neurosurgical patients
Authors: Garrahy Aoife , Sherlock Mark , Thompson Christopher J
Published: February 2017

Advances in the management of traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial tumours have led to improved survival rates and an increased focus on quality of life of survivors. Endocrine sequelae of the acute brain insult and subsequent neurosurgery, peri-operative fluid administration and/or cranial irradiation are now well described. Unrecognised acute hypopituitarism, particularly ACTH/cortisol deficiency and diabetes insipidus, can be life threatening. Although hypopituitarism may be transient, up to 30% of survivors of TBI have chronic hypopituitarism, which can diminish quality of life and hamper rehabilitation. Patients who survive SAH may also develop hypopituitarism, though it is less common than after TBI. The growth hormone axis is most frequently affected. There is also accumulating evidence that survivors of intracranial malignancy, who have required cranial irradiation, may develop hypopituitarism. The time course of the development of hormone deficits is varied, and predictors of pituitary dysfunction are unreliable. Furthermore, diagnosis of GH and ACTH deficiency require dynamic testing that can be resource intensive. Thus the surveillance and management of neuroendocrine dysfunction in neurosurgical patients poses significant logistic challenges to endocrine services. However, diagnosis and management of pituitary dysfunction can be rewarding. Appropriate hormone replacement can improve quality of life, prevent complications such as muscle atrophy, infection and osteoporosis and improve engagement with physiotherapy and rehabilitation.
The innate and adaptive infiltrating immune systems as targets for breast cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Law Andrew M K , Lim Elgene , Ormandy Christopher J , Gallego-Ortega David
Published: February 2017

A cancer cell-centric view has long dominated the field of cancer biology. Research efforts have focussed on aberrant cancer cell signalling pathways and on changes to cancer cell DNA. Mounting evidence demonstrates that many cancer-associated cell types within the tumour stroma co-evolve and support tumour growth and development, greatly modifying cancer cell behaviour, facilitating invasion and metastasis and controlling dormancy and sensitivity to drug therapy. Thus, these stromal cells represent potential targets for cancer therapy. Among these cell types, immune cells have emerged as a promising target for therapy. The adaptive and the innate immune system play an important role in normal mammary development and breast cancer. The number of infiltrating adaptive immune system cells with tumour-rejecting capacity, primarily, T lymphocytes, is lower in breast cancer compared with other cancer types, but infiltration occurs in a large proportion of cases. There is strong evidence demonstrating the importance of the immunosuppressive role of the innate immune system during breast cancer progression. A consideration of components of both the innate and the adaptive immune system is essential for the design and development of immunotherapies in breast cancer. In this review, we focus on the importance of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as potential targets for breast cancer therapy.