bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
0028 Network Analysis of Adipokines in Sleep Disorders and Metabolic Dysregulation
Authors: Wei Zhikui , Chen You , Upender Raghu
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Adipokines are a growing group of secreted proteins that play important roles in metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipokines may mediate the close association between sleep disturbance and metabolic derangements. Due to the extensive crosstalk between adipokines and metabolic pathways, an integrated approach is required to better understand the significance of adipokines in sleep disorders and associated metabolic dysregulation. In the current study, we employed network analysis, a set of concepts and methods derived from graph theory, to obtain novel insights into the roles of adipokines in sleep disorders and associated metabolic dysregulation.

Methods

A network of six adipokines and their molecular targets is constructed based on current understanding of their roles in sleep and metabolic disorders using an adjacency matrix. The network is then visualized and analyzed using an open source platform Gephi to derive network-level metrics, including degree and centrality measures. These metrics are used to explore the relationship between sleep disturbance and associated metabolic dysregulation in several disease processes.

Results

94 nodes and 264 edges were identified in the network, representing regulatory factors, adipokines, molecular pathways, and disease processes. Two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin, were found to have higher degrees than other adipokines, indicating their central roles in connecting sleep disturbance to metabolic dysregulations. Among the regulatory factors, obesity and obstructive sleep apnea were found to be major drivers for the sleep associated metabolic dysregulation based on their higher degrees. The important pathways adipokines act on in the network included insulin signaling, inflammation, food intake, and energy expenditure. The main disease processes adipokines act on included cardiovascular, reproductive, and autoimmune diseases. Leptin, AMPK, and fatty acid oxidation were found to have global influence in the network based on their high betweenness.

Conclusion

Adipokines are important players in the metabolic dysregulations associated with sleep disturbance. Adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin act on diverse metabolic pathways in response to sleep disturbance, obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation.They play important roles in cardiovascular, reproductive, and autoimmune diseases. Adipokines and their targets, such as leptin, AMPK, and fatty acid oxidation are likely important interventional/pharmaceutical targets for these disease processes.

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0036 Population Wakefulness and Nocturnal Suicide Risk
Authors: Watkins Ellen , Tubbs Andrew , Fernandez Fabian-Xosé , Karp Jordan , Klerman Elizabeth , Basner Mathias , Chakravorty Subhajit , Perlis Michael , Grandner Michael
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Nocturnal wakefulness may mediate the relationship between disrupted sleep and suicide risk since nighttime is associated with a peak in negative mood and altered reward processing and executive function. One example is a wakefulness-adjusted nocturnal peak in population suicide risk measured from 2003-2010 (Perlis et al, 2016), but these results have not been replicated with more recent data.

Methods

A total of 77,784 suicides with known time of fatal injury were extracted from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for 2003-2010 and 2011-2017. These data were then weighted by the estimated proportion of the population that was awake at each hour as derived from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for the same years. Suicides were tabulated by clock hours, age, sex, race, and ethnicity, and suicide counts were modeled using robust Poisson regression with hourly population wakefulness entered as an offset term, thus producing hourly incident risk ratios.

Results

A comparison of analyses between previously reported data (2003 to 2010) and new data (2011 to 2017) showed a consistently elevated risk of suicide at night (midnight to 6AM) that did not differ between time periods. After combining all fifteen years, the maximum number of suicides occurred at noon. Adjusting for population wakefulness, however, revealed a significant increased risk for suicide between 11PM and 5AM, with a 4.61-fold increase at 3AM (IRR: 4.61 [4.11-5.16]). Adjusting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity attenuated, but did not alter these results. In subgroup analyses, the nocturnal risk for suicide was elevated among those with bipolar disorder (5.2% of cases), those with a blood alcohol level greater than 80 mg/dl (14.9% of cases), and those who tested positive for a Z-drug (i.e., zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone) at autopsy (0.7% of cases).

Conclusion

Fifteen years of data from suicides across the United States show a significantly increased risk for suicide during the circadian night that peaks at 3AM. Nocturnal wakefulness remains a significant risk factor for suicide, and suicide prevention efforts may benefit from interventions to reduce nocturnal wakefulness and/or an increase in prevention resources at this time.

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0037 Blue Light Exposure Facilitates Cortical Neural Efficiency Exclusive of Melatonin Effects
Authors: Reign Deva , Dailey Natalie , King Rylee , Grandner Michael , Alkozei Anna , Killgore William
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep and circadian rhythms are influenced by exposure to light at specific times of day. In particular, blue light exposure can suppress melatonin production, shift circadian timing of sleep and wake, and acutely enhance alertness. Despite the consistency of these effects, little is known about their underlying mechanisms. We propose that in addition to the melatonin and phase shifting effects of blue light, that it also produces acute changes in brain activation that lead to greater neural efficiency.

Methods

Twenty-six individuals (11 male; 15 female, Mean age=24.27, SD=6.27) completed a counterbalanced cross-over design study while undergoing two separate neuroimaging scans in a 3T MRI scanner separated by one week. During scanning, each participant was exposed to either BLUE light (470 nm; active condition) or AMBER (580 nm; placebo condition) light conditions on alternate weeks. All scans occurred between 11:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m., a time that has been described as the “dead zone” when melatonin levels are generally unaffected by light exposure. Participants completed a well-established working memory task (i.e., N-back task) in the scanner while undergoing continuous exposure to the specific light wavelength for the duration of the task. We contrasted the simple 1-back memory condition versus the 0-back memory condition using SPM12. Contrast maps were then compared using a paired-samples t-test.

Results

Compared to AMBER light, the BLUE light was associated with significantly less deactivation within two large clusters comprising the default mode network (DMN). These included a large cluster (k=1343 voxels) in the medial prefrontal cortex and a large cluster (k=5075 voxels) encompassing the posterior cingulate, precuneus, and parietal cortex regions (p<.05 FDR cluster corrected). Melatonin levels did not differ from pre-to-post light exposure for either condition.

Conclusion

Despite no effect on salivary melatonin, BLUE light exposure was associated with significantly less deactivation of brain regions that are usually suppressed to engage in cognitively demanding tasks. This suggests that blue light appears to enhance cognitive efficiency, potentially leading to similar performance while taxing fewer brain resources. Such findings suggest a potential role for blue light in sustaining performance during periods of sleep loss.

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0046 Circadian misalignment is associated with Covid-19 infection
Authors: Coelho Julien , Micoulaud-Franchi Jean-Arthur , Nguyen Duc , Wiet Anne-Sophie , Taillard Jacques , Philip Pierre
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep disturbances are frequently reported in patients infected by Covid-19, but the role of sleep-wake behaviors as a risk factor to contract Covid-19 has up to now poorly been studied. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between usual sleep-wake behaviors and the risk of Covid-19 infection in a population of subjects suspect of contact or infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods

Cross-sectionnal monocentric study set during a non-confined period in winter 2021. Recruitment took place in a Covid-19 ambulatory screening platform. Subjects between 18 and 45 years old were included whether they were symptomatic or not, healthcare workers or not, in contact with a Covid-19 case or not. They were asked about their usual sleep-wake behaviors. Usual sleep duration and sleep timing were explored during workdays and free days. Circadian misalignment was defined as at least 2 hours shift of circadian alignment (defined as the difference between mid-sleep during workdays and mid-sleep during free days, mid sleep as the middle between bedtime and getting up time).

Results

One thousand eighteen subjects were included in our study (acceptance rate: 10.8%, 39% of men, mean age of 28±8). Habitual mean sleep duration was equivalent in both groups (7h47 vs 7h49, p=0.733). Circadian misalignment greater than 2 hours concerned 33% of subjects in the Covid-19 group versus 20% of the control group (p=0.026). After adjustment on age, gender, BMI and work schedules, subjects presenting a circadian misalignment superior to 2 hours had 2.07 more chances to be tested positive than subjects which respected on identical sleep-wake timing between workdays and free days (OR=2.07, 95%CI= [1.12-3.80], p=0.024).

Conclusion

Altered sleep not only is present in subjects infected by Covid-19 but could be responsible of a higher change to be infected. Chronobiological impact on immune system and higher chances to be exposed to social contacts could explain our findings which deserve to be confirmed through a future large cohort study. Ultimately regular sleep-wake pattern could constitute a privileged prevention target to fight Covid-19 infection.

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0057 Age at menopause and insomnia in a racially diverse cohort
Authors: Shieu Monica , Braley Tiffany , Zaheed Afsara , Perry Julie , Becker Jill , Dunietz Galit Levi
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Menopause is related to major hormonal, physical, and psychological changes for women, each of which could influence their sleep. However, sleep in women post-menopause may differ by race and ethnicity. We aimed to examine associations between age at menopause and insomnia symptoms among US women by race and ethnicity.

Methods

We utilized 2008-2012 data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative cohort of US adults age 50+, restricted to women with natural transition to menopause. Age at menopause was retrieved from baseline information (2008) and was used to categorized women into premature menopause (age≤40y), early menopause (age 41-45y), and normal menopause (age>45y). An insomnia composite score was constructed from 2010 and 2012 survey items that assessed insomnia symptoms (i.e., trouble falling asleep, nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings, and feelings of nonrestorative sleep). Insomnia items that were reported as “most of the time” were considered positive and contributed to the composite score (range: 0-4). We estimated associations between age at menopause and insomnia symptoms using linear regression models and logistic regression models for continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Models were stratified by White/non-White race and were adjusted for age, education, physical activity, parity, marital status, and survey year.

Results

Among 4,435 women, 338, 701, and 3,396 reported premature, early, and normal menopause, respectively. In White women, premature menopause was associated with a higher mean composite insomnia score than those who had normal menopause (b=0.20, p=0.03). However, this association was not seen in non-Whites. For individual insomnia survey items, premature menopause in White women was associated with greater odds of nonrestorative sleep (OR=1.98, 1.30-3.03) compared with normal menopause. In contrast, a premature menopause was not associated with nonrestorative sleep in non-Whites. Premature menopause was not associated with other individual insomnia symptoms for both groups.

Conclusion

Premature transition to menopause is associated with increased insomnia symptoms in White women. Among individual insomnia features, premature menopause had the greatest impact on nonrestorative sleep. Given the importance of sleep quality for various health outcomes, our findings highlight a need for more dedicated sleep assessments in women who experience premature menopause.

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0061 Associations Between Sleep, Adverse Childhood Experiences and High Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Covington Lauren , Brownlow Janeese , Ji Xiaopeng
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are independently associated with short sleep duration (SD) and an increased obesity risk that tracks into adulthood. Similarly, substantial research has demonstrated an association between deficient sleep and overweight/obesity in adolescents. Not known is how sleep duration and ACEs may interact in association with obesity risk in adolescents. This study explored ACEs as a moderator between sleep duration and obesity risk in a national sample of adolescents.

Methods

Using the National Survey of Children’s Health 2017-2018 dataset, we included adolescents (10-17 yrs) with available SD and Body Mass Index (BMI) data. Parents reported adolescent’s SD, and number of ACEs. We classified adolescents as overweight/obese if they had a BMI ≥85th percentile. Using a stepwise approach and accounting for complex survey design, logistic regression (STATA 16.0) estimated the interaction between SD and the number of ACEs in adolescents, controlling for selected covariates (i.e., demographics, social determinants, sleep regularity, exercise, and mental/physical health outcomes).

Results

In a sample of 26,013 adolescents (mean age=13.81, SD=2.29; 52% male, 70% White, Non-Hispanic), 27% were classified as overweight/obese, 47% had >1 ACE, and 34% had SD <8-10 hours/night. Accounting for covariates and ACEs, every hour increase in SD was associated with 6% decrease in the odds of overweight/obesity (OR=0.94, p=0.04). There was a significant interaction between SD and ACEs. Compared with having no ACEs, the association between longer sleep and lower odds of high BMI was weakened or even reversed if an adolescent experienced one ACE (OR=1.18, p=0.02) or two or more ACEs (OR=1.13, p=0.04).

Conclusion

Adolescence may be a critical period in the life course for the interaction between SD and ACEs on obesity risk. Increasing SD is a known intervention target to decrease obesity risk, yet in children experiencing one or more ACE, this protective role may be dampened. Our results suggest that sleep and cardiometabolic intervention efforts should target adolescents who may be living within risky childhood environments.

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0062 Race/ethnicity, Sleep Duration, and All-cause Mortality Risk in the United States
Authors: Denney Justin , Zamora-Kapoor Anna , Hansen Devon , Whitney Paul
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Health experts recommend that adults should sleep between 7 to 9 hours in a 24-hour period, with data indicating higher mortality risks both above and below these thresholds. However, no study to date has examined the association between sleep duration and mortality risk across racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

Data from the linked mortality files of the 2004-2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to examine the association between sleep duration and all-cause mortality among U.S. adults. Of 278,103 adults aged 25+, 22,347 individuals died over the follow-up period. Sleep duration was coded as: <7 hours, 7 to 9 hours, and >9 hours. Race/ethnicity was categorized as: non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, NH American Indian/Alaska Native, NH Asian, NH multiple races, and Hispanic. Cox Proportional Hazard models were used to estimate associations between sleep duration, race/ethnicity, and mortality. All results are reported as relative risk ratios (RRR).

Results

Across the sample, we replicated previous research, finding increased mortality risk for those sleeping <7 hours or >9 hours in a 24-hour period. Relative to NH Whites, after adjustments for sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, mortality risk for NH Blacks and NH multiracial individuals was statistically indistinguishable while NH Asians (RRR= 0.79; p <0.001) and Hispanics (RRR= 0.80; p<0.001) had lower risk. Interactions between sleep duration and race/ethnicity showed that NH White adults sleeping >9 hours experienced 1.82 times higher (p<0.001) risk than those sleeping 7 to 9 hours. This risk was greater than NH Blacks (RRR= 1.42; p<0.001), NH Asians (RRR= 1.00; p< .05), and Hispanics (RRR= 1.15; p <0.01). Further, stratified regression analyses showed heightened mortality risks only for NH Whites sleeping <7 hours (RRR= 1.06; p <0.05).

Conclusion

The association between sleep duration and all-cause mortality risk varies by race/ethnicity. While sleeping <7 hours in a 24-hour period is thought to increase mortality risk, we found this is specific to NH Whites. Sleeping >9 hours is associated with a higher mortality risk, but more so for NH Whites than other groups. More research on sleep duration and mortality that takes race/ethnic specific risk factors into account is needed to identify causal mechanisms.

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Health Equity Research Center (HERC) at Washington State University
0066 A Mexican Spanish Version of the Assessment of Sleep Environment
Authors: Valencia Dora , Begay Tommy , Granados Karla , Delgadillo Marcos , Ghani Sadia , Molina Patricia , Alfonso-Miller Pamela , Wills Chloe , Grandner Michael
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep research that has been previously completed with individuals of Mexican descent generally do not use instruments that have been translated in accordance with the language norms of the target community. In this study, the Assessment of Sleep Environment (ASE) was translated by a bilingual research study team. The ASE was then completed by English and Spanish speaking participants, in their preferred language.

Methods

Data were collected from a sample of N=100 individuals of Mexican descent in Nogales, Arizona, located at the US-Mexico border. The ASE is a 13-item scale that quantifies the degree to which an individual perceives that their physical environment interferes with their sleep quality. It includes items about heat, cold, noise, quiet, light, dark, smell, humidity, comfort of sleeping surface and bedding, and safety. To translate the measure into Spanish, the following procedure was followed: (1) a bilingual study team member performed an initial translation; (2) a bilingual community member edited the translation; (3) a certified medical translator edited the revision; (4) a focus group of N=5 bilingual community members made contextual edits; (5) a back-translation was performed; (6) an additional bilingual focus group examined the final version for compatibility; and (7) the medical translator certified the accuracy of the final version. T-tests examined differences between those who completed the measure in Spanish vs English.

Results

Of the N=100 survey respondents, N=42 completed the ASE in Spanish. No significant differences were seen in overall scores between those who completed the measure in English or Spanish (p=0.17). In addition, no differences were seen for individual items assessing light (p=0.19), dark (p=0.21), noise (p=0.73), quiet (p=0.15), heat (p=0.08), cold (p=0.96), pillows (p=0.93), firmness (p=0.98), other sleeping surface issues (p=0.08), or safety (p=0.28), but mean differences were seen for humid (0.04), smell (0.04), and softness (p=0.02), with respondents to the Spanish version reporting a lower degree of disturbance due to these factors.

Conclusion

There were no significant differences seen in overall scores between those that completed the English and Spanish versions. Future studies can use the Spanish version of the ASE when assessing this population.

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0076 Differences in Pain Catastrophizing and Insomnia Among Racially Diverse Veterans with Chronic Pain
Authors: Wright Brittany , Martin Aaron
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Racially diverse Veterans may be particularly susceptible to insomnia in the context of chronic pain. Pain catastrophizing (PC) involves a negative response to pain including rumination, magnification, and helplessness, and is positively associated with deleterious pain outcomes, including insomnia severity. As little work has examined racial differences among Veterans, this poster will explore differences in insomnia severity and PC between Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and White Veterans.

Methods

271 Veterans with moderate to severe chronic pain seeking treatment to address insomnia completed PC (Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS) and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index; ISI) measures. The sample consisted of 100 Black/African American, 48 Hispanic/Latino, and 123 White Veterans. A one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) investigated whether ISI varied significantly across racial groups. Similarly, ANCOVAs were conducted to test whether PC differed by race. Numerical pain rating was included as a covariate in the models.

Results

There was a significant difference in insomnia severity [F(2 , 263) = 4.03; p = .02; partial n2 = .03] by race. Post-hoc analyses demonstrated a significant difference in insomnia severity between Black/African Americans and White Veterans (p = .02). There was also a statistically significant difference in PC based on race, (F(2 , 262) = 7.03, p = .001; partial n2 = .05). Post-hoc analyses indicated a significant difference in PC between Black/African Americans and White Veterans (p = .01), as well as White and Hispanic/Latino Veterans (p < .01).In addition, there were significant differences in all three PCS subscales by race. Black/African Americans and White Veterans significantly differed on rumination (p < .01), and magnification (p < .001). White and Hispanic Veterans significantly differed on rumination (p = .02), magnification (p = .001) and helplessness (p < .05).

Conclusion

This is the first study to explore insomnia and PC differences by race in Veterans. Black/African American and Hispanic Veterans demonstrated higher insomnia severity and PC than White Veterans. No significant differences emerged between Black/African American and Hispanic Veterans. Interventions that reduce PC may be particularly important for improving sleep for racial minority Veterans. Future studies should explore the relationship between sleep and PC for racial minority Veterans.

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0083 A Thermoregulated Pillow Improves Sleep: Results from Real-Life Data
Authors: Testa Damien , Stoikovitch David
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and circadian rhythms.Thermal environment is one of the most important factors that can affect human sleep. This real-life study aims to evaluate the effects of temperature regulation on sleep quality using a thermoregulated pillow.

Methods

The Moona device has been used to control the temperature of a pillow pad from 64°F to 95°F. Users with more than 7 uses of the device and who completed the initial questionnaire (18 profile questions) participated in this study from October 2019 to July 2021. Participants rated their sleep quality on a scale of 1 to 5. Comparison between the sleep quality before the first use and the average of the last seven uses of the device has been done. A survey has been sent to all users from June to November 2021. To date, 206 answers have been collected including 32 users who reported having been diagnosed with insomnia. Improvement of their insomnia has been assessed by a 5-point scale (from ‘much better’ to ‘much worse’). Statistical analyses have been performed on Python 3.7. Mean comparisons have been measured by student t-test.

Results

The sleep quality significantly increased with the use of the device from 2.6/5 to 3.7/5 (p<0.001) in the general population (N=620). This significant difference has been also measured in several subgroups who have temperature issues. That is the case for overweight/obese users (N=321, from 2.6/5 to 3.7/5, p<0.001), women over 45 (N=97, from 2.4/5 to 3.6/5, p<0.001) and users who feel hot during the night more than several times a week (N=523, from 2.5/5 to 3.8/5, p<0.001). Moreover, 30 out of 32 insomniacs have reported an improvement of their insomnia since using this active cooling pillow pad.

Conclusion

The present study findings showed that an active thermoregulated pillow could improve sleep of insomnia patients and several subgroups of patients with issues at controlling temperature at night.

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0089 Feasibility of Rapid Measurement of Brain Metabolites in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Saucedo Andres , Aysola Ravi , Macey Paul , Thomas Michael
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) affects over 15% of the adult population and is associated with brain dysfunction. Although the dysfunction is well-identified and presents brain morphological changes as shown with structural imaging, it is unclear what pathology underlies these neural alterations. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can non-invasively measure several metabolites from multiple brain regions in vivo. However, the clinical practicality of the standard MRSI techniques (Cartesian phase-encoding or echo-planar [EP]) is hindered by long scan times. In order to assess clinical populations, our group developed an alternative MRSI technique, “radial” EP-MRSI. To assess the feasibility and calculate effect sizes we did a pilot study of brain metabolites in OSA using radial EP-MRSI.

Methods

Radial EP-MRSI data with a speed-up (undersampling) factor of 2.5 (compared to a fully-sampled Cartesian MRSI scan) were acquired in 5 OSA patients (3 males, 37±11 yrs., Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI): 8.2±5.5) and 10 healthy controls (5 males, 28±7 yrs.). Spectra from twelve brain regions were selected from each subject and five metabolites–total choline, myo-inositol (mI), total N-acetylaspartate, glutamine+glutamate (Glx) and lactate (Lac)–were quantified as ratios with respect to creatine (Cr), using “LC Model” software. The brain regions include left/right of: basal ganglia, insula, and gray/white of the frontal and occipital regions. Mean group differences were calculated and compared with independent samples t-tests.

Results

Glx/Cr was significantly decreased (27%; p<0.05) in OSA vs. control in the left posterior insula. Other metabolites did not show significant differences. mI/Cr trends were consistent with previous findings (higher in OSA) and Lac/Cr trended higher OSA.

Conclusion

This feasibility study showed that it is possible to measure multiple metabolites in multiple regions and detect effects of OSA. The accelerated technique enabled measurements to be completed in under 4 minutes.

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0099 Comparison of two actigraphy-based algorithms for detecting daytime and nighttime sleep
Authors: Gao Chenlu , Li Peng , Morris Christopher , Zheng Xi , Ulsa Ma Cherrysse , Gao Lei , Scheer Frank , Hu Kun
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The Actiware software that comes with Philips Respironics’ actiwatches tends to overestimate sleep, due to its poor accuracy in distinguishing immobility from sleep. Re-scoring rules were introduced in the Cole-Webster algorithm to overcome this issue. Previous validation of the two algorithms was based on nighttime sleep, and their performance in daytime sleep detection is unknown. This study aims to test/compare the performance of the two algorithms in detecting daytime sleep and nighttime sleep.

Methods

We analyzed actigraphy and polysomnography data that were simultaneously collected from 25 participants (14 non-shift-workers and 11 shift-workers; age: 30.93±8.96 [mean±SD]; female: 14 [56%]) each in two in-lab visits with scheduled nighttime or daytime sleep. The sleep/wake epochs scored by the Cole-Webster algorithm and Actiware (using medium wake threshold) were compared to those obtained from polysomnography. We conducted linear mixed-effects regression models to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score (a measure of performance less affected by imbalanced datasets) in detecting daytime and nighttime sleep and between the two algorithms.

Results

The Cole-Webster algorithm (mean±SE: daytime=0.66±0.02, nighttime=0.60±0.02) yielded lower sensitivity than Actiware (daytime=0.96±0.02, nighttime=0.96±0.02; p<0.0001), which was consistent for both daytime and nighttime sleep (daytime/nighttime×algorithm interaction: p=0.2). The Cole-Webster algorithm (daytime=0.91±0.04, nighttime=0.94±0.05) yielded higher specificity than Actiware (daytime=0.45±0.04, nighttime=0.56±0.05; p<0.0001), which was consistent for both daytime and nighttime sleep (daytime/nighttime×algorithm interaction: p=0.2). Both sensitivity and specificity did not differ between daytime and nighttime sleep (p>0.05). F1 scores of the Cole-Webster algorithm were lower (daytime=0.77±0.02, nighttime=0.74±0.02) than those of Actiware (daytime=0.92±0.02, nighttime=0.97±0.02; p<0.0001) for both daytime and nighttime sleep. There was a significant daytime/nighttime×algorithm interaction on F1 score (p=0.02). Specifically, the Cole-Webster algorithm performed better in scoring daytime than nighttime sleep, whereas Actiware performed better in scoring nighttime than daytime sleep.

Conclusion

For both algorithms, the performance was similar in detecting daytime and nighttime sleep. Compared to Actiware, the Cole-Webster algorithm was generally better at detecting wake (i.e., high specificity) but worse at detecting sleep epochs (i.e., low sensitivity) and yielded worse overall performance (i.e., low F1). Future studies should test/validate other Actigraphy-based algorithms’ performance in scoring daytime sleep.

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NIH R01HL094806, RF1AG064312, RF1AG059867, BrightFocus Foundation A2020886S
0100 Daytime Sleep-Tracking Performance of Four Wearable Devices During Unrestricted Home Sleep
Authors: Chinoy Evan , Cuellar Joseph , Jameson Jason , Markwald Rachel
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Many previous studies, from our group and others, have tested the sleep-tracking performance of commercial wearable devices and generally found that many can track sleep-wake patterns on most nights in laboratory or home settings with equal or better performance as actigraphy. However, nearly all previous studies tested devices under fixed time in bed (TIB) and only during nighttime sleep. Despite the relevance for night shift workers, device algorithms are programmed/optimized for tracking nighttime sleep, and daytime sleep-tracking performance largely remains unexplored. We therefore tested the sleep-tracking performance of devices during unrestricted home daytime sleep.

Methods

Participants were 16 healthy young adults (6 men, 10 women; 26.6±4.6 years, mean±SD) with habitual daytime sleep schedules (i.e., slept between 06:00 and 22:00 for ≥1 hour at least twice weekly). Participants slept at home for 1 week under unrestricted conditions (i.e., self-selecting TIB) using a set of four commercial wearable sleep-tracking devices and completed sleep diaries. Wearables included the Fatigue Science Readiband, Fitbit Inspire HR, Oura Ring, and Polar Vantage V Titan. TIB biases and missed daytime sleep episodes were assessed against sleep diaries.

Results

In total, 86 episodes met criteria for “daytime sleep,” ranging from 2-10 episodes per participant. Percentage of daytime sleep episodes with TIB biases ≤15 and ≤60 minutes, and percentage of missed episodes in total and for short TIB (i.e., <4 hours), respectively, were as follows: Readiband (33.8%, 90.8%, 11.0%, 85.7%), Inspire HR (60.4%, 87.7%, 2.4%, 6.3%), Ring (39.5%, 90.7%, 35.8%, 85.7%), and Vantage V Titan (49.0%, 92.2%, 38.6%, 100%).

Conclusion

The commercial wearable devices generally had similar performance for tracking daytime sleep episode TIB. Like our previous findings when the devices were tested during nighttime sleep, TIB biases were also low for most daytime sleep episodes. However, the devices missed detecting several daytime episodes, which occurred more often when TIB was <4 hours. Preliminary findings suggest that daytime sleep TIB tracking is largely achievable with different commercial wearable devices; however, device sleep algorithms are not as reliable as when tracking nighttime sleep. Daytime sleep-tracking performance should be explored further.

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Office of Naval Research, Code 34
0104 Acoustic enhancement of slow-wave sleep in healthy adolescents
Authors: Jones Stephanie , Flaherty Bethany , Myers Annika , Riedner Brady
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Adolescents have a stable sleep-need of between 9-10 hours a night, yet a pattern of markedly restricted sleep duration, particularly on school nights, has given rise to an epidemic of sleep deprivation in this population. As demonstrated by large numbers of studies, insufficient, irregular, and/or poor-quality sleep is a risk factor for both mental health problems and learning difficulties. Enhancing slow-wave sleep through non-pharmacological means may be a mechanism for alleviating daytime functional deficits in youth. In this study, we tested the feasibility of enhancing slow-wave sleep in healthy adolescents using a closed-loop, sleep-wearable device (SmartSleep, Phillips-Respironics) which monitors the EEG signal to automatically detect sleep stages, slow-waves, and micro-arousals to deliver acoustic stimulation to enhance SWA.

Methods

Seventeen healthy adolescents (15.5±1.8 years; 11 female) who endorsed sleep restriction and symptoms of daytime sleepiness participated in a randomized, cross-over study. Participation included wearing SmartSleep for two consecutive 4-night periods at home—one period with acoustic stimulation (STIM) and one without (SHAM). During STIM, SmartSleep monitors the EEG in real-time and delivers acoustic tones (50 ms, 1 second interval between) through embedded headphones at an intensity dynamically modulated by sleep depth. Stimulation is stopped when an arousal or sleep stage-shift is detected. During SHAM recording, the same stimulation protocol is applied with tones played at zero volume.

Results

No differences were observed in any measure of sleep architecture. A mixed effects linear regression model was used to analyze the impact of condition (STIM vs SHAM) on both cumulative and average SWA during N2N3 and N3 sleep. At the group level, cumulative SWA during N2N3 and average SWA during N3 were significantly increased in STIM relative to SHAM (p=0.01; p=0.02, respectively), while age (p=0.67) and sex (p=0.71) had no effect. Despite the significant group effects, not all youth were responders; an average increase in cumulative SWA (11.5 ± 7.1%) in the STIM condition was observed in 12/17 participants.

Conclusion

Consecutive nights of acoustic stimulation enhanced SWA in otherwise healthy, sleep-restricted adolescents. These data suggest that acoustic stimulation during sleep may be a viable method for optimizing slow-wave activity and minimizing the emotional and cognitive consequences of sleep restriction during this sensitive developmental period.

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0117 Two-Year Memory Change is Associated with Sleep Disorders in a Survey of Older Adults
Authors: Wills Chloe , Mason Brooke , Tubbs Andrew , Killgore William , Grandner Michael
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Insufficient sleep and sleep disorders have been previously associated with worse cognitive outcomes, such as worse memory performance. This analysis aims to assess the relationship between diagnosed sleep disorder and memory change over a period of two years.

Methods

N=17,156 older adults residing in the United States were assessed using the Health and Retirement Survey (Core) in 2018, with additional variables obtained in the previous wave (2016 on the same participants). Those who reported no sleep disorder in either wave were categorized as “no sleep disorder,” and they were compared to those who reported a sleep disorder in both waves (“sustained sleep disorder”) or one wave but not the other (“new sleep disorder” or “remitted sleep disorder.” Memory change was assessed using a survey item asking if the respondent’s memory was “worse”, “better”, or “the same” as compared to two years prior. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between these variables, and results were adjusted for sex, age, race, ethnicity, and depression.

Results

In adjusted results, those who reported that their memory improved were 124% (OR=2.24; 95%CI[1.51, 3.31]; p<0.001) more likely to have a sleep disorder that was remitted in the past 2 years. Those who reported that their memory worsened were 103% more likely to have a new sleep disorder (OR=2.03; 95%CI[1.65,2.50]; p<0.001), and 58% more likely to have a sustained sleep disorder (OR=1.58; 95%CI[1.40,1.77]; p<0.001). Interestingly, those whose memory worsened were also 39% more likely to have a remitted sleep disorder (OR=1.35; 95%CI[1.10,1.77]; p=0.006).

Conclusion

In older adults, there is a relationship between change in memory function and sleep disorders, such that improved memory is associated with improved sleep and worsened memory is associated with worse sleep or sustained sleep problems. Unfortunately, the specific sleep disorders associated were not reported. Future work should examine these effects in terms of specific sleep disorders, additional effect modifiers/covariates, and the role of sleep health in improving memory function.

Support (If Any)

The HRS (Health and Retirement Study) is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan.
0121 Sleep facilitates memory, but not navigation across the pubertal transition in the novel Minecraft Memory and Navigation Task
Authors: Simon Katharine , Fenger Alexis , Warren Laura , Choukas Nathaniel , Choi Dean , Zhang Jing , Clemenson Gregory , Mednick Sara
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The hippocampus uniquely supports the acquisition and retention of spatial information, and sleep supports the consolidation of hippocampal-dependent memories. However, support for the role of sleep in spatial memory and navigation is mixed. We developed and tested a novel Minecraft Memory and Navigation (MMN) task in adults which showed that sleep uniquely supports the memory for spatial locations, but navigation improved regardless of delay condition (Simon et al., submitted). Here, we tested participants during the developmental transition from childhood to adolescence, a time known for structural and functional hippocampal maturation.

Methods

Thirty-one youth (Mage = 10.6, SD = 1.56, 9-13 years, grouped: child, early adolescent, adolescent) were administered the MNN task. Training included two free-explorations trials to learn 12 unique object-locations associations in an open-field Minecraft environment. At test, participants were cued to place objects from randomly teleported locations. They were tested twice, immediately and 12-hours later, after a period of sleep or wake. Conditions and environments were counterbalanced in a within-subject design. Each step-by-step movement was recorded for navigation analyses including path length, orientation angle, and search behaviors.

Results

We found a significant benefit of sleep, compared to wake, on the spatial location accuracy when accounting for age group (F(1,27) = 6.153, p = .02), such that similar to young adults, youth’s metric accuracy of spatial locations improved. We found no change in navigation performances from Test 1 to Test 2 in either condition. Between the start and target locations, youth initiated and maintained similar trajectory angles with similar total path lengths (p’s > .068). Spatial location memory did not correlate with any navigation metrics (p’s > .361). Navigation metrics correlated among themselves, which withstood correction (p’s < .005).

Conclusion

Youth demonstrated similar sleep-dependent benefits for the metric accuracy of the spatial locations. In contrast to adults, youth’s navigation performance did not improve over delay, regardless condition. Our findings are in line with sleep’s promotion of hippocampal-dependent information, with retention of the spatial locations. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that sleep does not facilitate navigation, and points to potential developmental maturation required to support navigation behaviors.

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0127 Brain bacterial peptidoglycan is region-specific and changes after ischemic stroke
Authors: Dykstra-Aiello Cheryl , English Erika , Savenkova Marina , Karatsoreos Ilia , Krueger James
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Sleep disorders and ischemic stroke (IS) are large health burdens. Almost half the USA population reports disturbed sleep and 795,000 Americans suffer a stroke annually. Despite dysregulated sleep being a stroke risk factor that can exacerbate injury and prolong recovery, sleep deprivation immediately preceding experimental stroke is neuroprotective. Bacteria and microbial products associate with (patho-)physiologies, including sleep phenotypes and IS. Peptidoglycans (PGs) are bacterial cell wall components found in diseased and healthy adults, and in developing and sleep-deprived brains. Although they influence atherosclerosis, an IS risk factor, PGs have not been characterized in post-stroke brain.

Methods

Aged (63 weeks) male wildtype mice (n=5) underwent permanent left middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model that mimics atherosclerotic IS, the most common type in humans. Surgeries began at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 12, lasted 30-40 minutes, and were followed by a 2-2.5-hour recovery period before sacrifice at ZT15. Brain stem (BS), somatosensory and prefrontal cortices (Sctx, PFC) were dissected, homogenized in phosphate buffered saline, and centrifuged. A standardized murine peptidoglycan ELISA (MyBioSource) was used for PG/MP quantification in resultant supernates. Brain areas in the left (L) IS, and right (R) control, hemispheres were compared by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests.

Results

Mean PG values are expressed as ng/mg tissue wet weight ± SEM. Post-IS PG in the injured L Sctx (4.28±0.48) was lower (F(2,21)=49.29, p<0.05) than the uninjured R Sctx (5.66±0.29; p=0.048). There were no hemispheric PG differences in either BS or PFC. L hemispheric PG was greater in BS (7.59±0.40) versus Sctx (p=0.0008) and PFC (3.82±0.21, p=0.0002). R hemispheric PG was also greater in BS (8.26±0.53) versus Sctx (p=0.005) and PFC (3.56±0.56, p=0.0006) and in Sctx versus PFC (p=0.02).

Conclusion

This study confirms our parallel study, presented in a separate abstract herein (English et al), that PG regulation is unique within brain areas. Additionally, PG values in uninjured Sctx and in BS were similar between studies. Finally, current results suggest that reduced cerebral blood flow induced by IS reduces PG in the affected brain area. Further, PG may have a role in sleep deprivation-related IS injury and recovery.

Support (If Any)

W.M. Keck Foundation and NIH (NS025378)
0128 Maternal Sleep Quality Across Pregnancy Predicts Newborn Neurodevelopment
Authors: Nevarez-Brewster Melissa , Demers Catherine , Mejia Alexandra , Hasse Mercedes Hoeflich , Styner Martin , Bagonis Maria , Kim SunHyung , Gilmore John , Hoffman M , Hankin Benjamin , Davis Elysia
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The prenatal period is characterized by immense fetal neuronal growth. Such rapid growth can increase fetal susceptibility to prenatal environmental insults (Barker, 1998). A promising prenatal process that may alter fetal development is maternal prenatal sleep quality. Poor prenatal sleep quality is a public health concern affecting approximately 78% of pregnant individuals (Lucena et al., 2018). In rodents, maternal sleep deprivation across gestation predicts offspring hippocampal neurogenesis, with pups exposed to sleep deprivation early and late in pregnancy exhibiting more anxiety and depression-like behaviors (Peng et al., 2015). In humans, poor sleep quality in other developmental stages predicts hippocampi and amygdalae changes (Marshall & Born, 2007; Saghir et al., 2018). However, the relation between prenatal sleep quality and offspring brain development in humans remains poorly understood. The present study examined associations between maternal sleep quality in early, mid, and late pregnancy, and newborn hippocampal and amygdala volume, regions implicated in memory and emotion.

Methods

Pregnant individuals (N=94; Mage=30.5; SDage=5.3) reported on sleep quality three times during pregnancy. Newborn (Mageinweeks=5.1; SDageinweeks=2.7) hippocampi and amygdalae volumes were assessed during an unsedated sleep cycle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tissue segmentation was collected using a multiatlas iterative algorithm that individually segmented the regions of interest and subsequently combined T1- and T2-weighted high-resolution images (See neonate multiatlas at https://www.nitrc.org/projects/unc_brain_atlas/). Bivariate correlations examined the association between prenatal sleep quality and hippocampus and amygdala volume. Partial correlations examined these associations in the presence of significant cofounding variables including intracranial volume, body weight percentile, sex, and postconceptional age.

Results

Partial correlations revealed that poor maternal sleep quality early in pregnancy predicted larger newborn bilateral hippocampal volume (all rs<.25; ps<.038). Associations with sleep later in gestation persisted for the right hippocampus (all rs<.25; ps<.038). Prenatal maternal sleep quality did not significantly predict newborn amygdala volume (all rs<-.06; ps>.58).

Conclusion

This study provides novel evidence linking prenatal sleep quality and newborn hippocampal volume in humans, suggesting the presence of an intergenerational link between prenatal sleep health and offspring well-being.

Support (If Any)

Support (if any): NIMH R01MH109662, NHLBI R01HL155744, and diversity training supplement for 1st author; F32MH125572 for 2nd author.