bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS POROSITAS DAN KERASAN PADUAN Al-12,6%Si DENGAN VARIASI WAKTU TUNGGU DALAM CETAKAN DAN MEDIA PENDINGIN HASIL PENGECORAN EVAPORATIVE
Authors: Siswanto Rudi , Ghofur Abdul , Kepakisa Komang Aria Kresna
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh waktu tunggu dalam cetakan dan media pendingin terhadap porositas dan kekerasan dari produk hasil pengecoran. Metode pengecoran menggunakan pengecoran evaporative. Material yang digunakan paduan Al-12,6%Si (daur ulang) dari piston. Tungku peleburan menggunakan tungku jenis crusibel. Paduan Al dipanaskan di dalam tungku hingga mencair, kemudian dituang ke dalam cetakan pada temperatur 700 0C. Selanjutnya didinginkan dalam cetakan dengan variasi waktu 10 dan 15 menit. Kemudian coran dikeluarkan dari cetakan dan didinginkan dengan variasi media pendingin; udara, air dan air garam selama 30 menit.  Hasil pengecoran dibuat spesimen dan dilakukan pengujian porositas dan kekerasan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) waktu tunggu dalam cetakan dan jenis media pendingin tidak berpengaruh besar terhadap porositas.  (2) waktu tunggu dalam cetakan dan jenis media pendingin sangat berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan coran. Kata kunci : kekerasan, media pendingin, paduan Al-12%Si, pengecoran evaporative, porositas. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of waiting time in mold and cooling media to porosity and hardness of foundry product. The casting method uses an evaporative casting. The material used Al-12,6%Si alloy (recycle) from piston. The melting furnace uses a crucible furnace. The Al alloy is heated in the furnace until it is melted, then poured into the mold at a temperature of 700 0C. Further cooled in a mold with a time variation of 10 and 15 minutes. Then the cast was removed from the mold and cooled with a variation of the cooling medium; air, water and brine for 30 minutes. The casting result is made specimen and the porosity and hardness testing is done. Test results show that : (1) the waiting time in the mold and the type of cooling medium has no significant effect on porosity. (2) the waiting time in the mold and the type of cooling medium strongly affect the hardness of the castings.Keywords : Al-12% Si alloy, coolant medium,  evaporative casting, hardness, porosity.
STUDI KARAKTERISTIK TANAH LEMPUNG LUNAK AKIBAT ADANYA PENAMBAHAN MATERIAL LIMBAH
Authors: Rusdiansyah Rusdiansyah
Published: February 2020

Salah satu jenis limbah industri yang belum dimanfaatkan sebagai campuran stabilisasi tanah lempung lunak adalah limbah arang kayu yang merupakan hasil buangan dari pembakaran kayu pada industri pengolahan besi di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Upaya untuk meningkatkan nilai karakteristik fisik dan mekanis tanah lempung lunak lahan basah yang tidak menguntungkan dapat dilakukan antara lain melalui metode stabilisasi tanah. Saat ini tersedia beragam jenis bahan stabilisasi sebagai material pencampurannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteritik fisik dan mekanis tanah lempung lunak mengalami perubahan kearah positif setelah distabilisasi dengan campuran 25% arang kayu. Adapun perubahan parameter tersebut adalah antara lain : angka pori mengalami penurunan 45,26%, kepadatan tanah meningkat 17%, plastisitas tanah mengalami penurunan 66%, indeks pemampatan konsolidasi mengalami penurunan lebih dari 20%, dan kuat geser tanah (Su) mengalami peningkatan 75% terhadap kondisi inisial. Berdasarkan hasil uji SEM menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak kadar arang kayu yang diberikan maka semakin rapat celah porositas antar partikel tanah yang terjadi.Kata kunci : , arang kayu, sifat fisik dan sifat mekanis tanah, Stabilisasi tanah, tanah lempung lunak lahan basah. One type of untreated industrial waste as a mixture of soft clay stabilization is the waste of wood charcoal which is the result of discharges from wood burning in the iron processing industry in South Kalimantan Province. Efforts to increase the physical and mechanical characteristics of soft soil wetlands can be carried out, among others, through soil stabilization methods. Currently available various types of stabilization materials as mixing materials. The results showed that the physical and mechanical characteristic of soft clay soil changed positively after stabilization with 25% mixture of wood charcoal. The parameter changes are: void ratio parameter decreased 45,26%, soil density increased 17%, soil plasticity decreased 66%, consolidation compression index decreased more than 20%, and soil shear strength (Su) increased 75% against the initial condition. Based on the SEM test results indicate that the more content of wood charcoal provided the more porosity gap between soil particles that occur.Keywords: Soil stabilization, wood charcoal, physical properties and mechanical properties of soft soil, clay soft soil wetlands.
PERENCANAAN BANGUNAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) KOMUNAL DOMESTIK DENGAN PROSES ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR (ABR)PADA ASRAMA PON-PES TERPADU NURUL MUSTHOFA DI KABUPATEN TABALONG KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Abdi Chairul , Khair Riza Miftahul , Hanifa Titis Sofi
Published: February 2020

Pondok pesantren menyediakan asrama sebagai tempat menghuni para siswa. Beberapa kegiatan di asrama ini menghasilkan limbah. Semakin banyak penghuni yang menempati asrama semakin banyak pula limbah yang dihasilkan, salah satunya adalah limbah cair hasil dari kegiatan MCK. Pondok pesantren Nurul Musthofamemiliki jumlah penghuni dengan kapasitas maksimal 475 orang, sehingga apabila penghuni tersebut memenuhi kapasitas terbanyak, maka limbah yang akan dihasilkan adalah 45,6 m3/hari. Pondok pesantren ini memiliki beberapa sarana sanitasi yang kurang layak, oleh sebab itu perlu adanya upaya perbaikan sanitasi yakni merencanakan instalasi pengolahan air limbah domestik.yakni Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR). Kualitas air limbah domestik BOD, COD, TSS, pH yang digunakan sebagai perencaaan yaitu 167mg/l, 469mg/l, 209mg/l, 7. ABR yang akan direncanakan memiliki 5 kompartemen dengan total dimensinya panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman adalah 9,85 meter, 2.8 meter, dan 2.3 meter. Biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk pembangunan ABR ini adalah Rp.225.000.000,00, dengan waktu kegiatan pembangunan yang direncanakan adalah 5 bulan. Kata Kunci : Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Air Limbah domestic, Asrama, Pondok Pesantren.  The Boarding school provides the dormitory as a living place for the students. Some of the activities in the dorm produce the wast. The more people who live in the dorm, the more waste that will beproduce, whice one is the wastewater from Bathing, Washing, and to defecate. Nurul Musthofa Boarding school has the occupants by maximal capacity of 475 people, if the occupants fill the most excessily capacity, the the wastewater that will be produced is 45.6 m3/day. This Boarding school has some inapproviate sanitation facilities, therefore it needs an improvement of the sanitation, that is to design the Wastewater Treatment Plant Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR). The quality of domestic wastewater BOD, COD, TSS, pH used as planning is 167mg/l, 469mg/l, 209mg/l, 7. ABR planned to have 5 compartementswith a total dimesion of length, width, and depth is 9,85 meter, 2.8 meter, dan 2.3 meter. The cost needed for the construction of this ABR is Rp.225.000.000,00 Keywords : Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, the boarding school, the dormitory, wastewater.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS UNTUK PETERNAKAN CERDAS
Authors: Munsyi Munsyi , Febriadi Muhammad Syahid , Saubari Nahdi
Published: February 2020

Di era Internet of Things (IoT). Siapapun dapat mengakses data dimanapun dan kapanpun. Semua data yang tersimpan dapat diakses dengan menggunakan perangkat seperti smartphone, laptop, dan komputer. Salah satu dari teknologi Internet of Things adalah smart city untuk memonitoring lingkungan. Untuk dapat mengetahui kondisi dan kualitas suatu lingkungan, seseorang tidak perlu lagi menunggu pengumuman informasi atau datang ke instansi terkait di pemerintahan. Pemanfaatan IoT pada monitoring lingkungan dapat di terapkan pada bidang peternakan. Hal ini dapat membantu seseorang dalam mengetahui kualitas dari kondisi lingkungan yang akan dimanfaatkan untuk peternakan. Dalam hal ini adalah bagaimana mengetahui peternakan yang cocok untuk diterapkan dilingkungan yang dia tuju untuk membangun peternakan sapi atau peternakan ayam. Menggunakan perangkat wireless sensor networks (WSN) untuk melakukan pengambilan nilai dari kondisi lingkungan tersebut dapat membantu mengetahui kondisi dan kualitas lingkungan. IoT membantu seseorang untuk membuka usaha dibidang peternakan yang cocok untuk wilayah tersebut tanpa harus melakukan banyak survey yang menelan banyak biaya. Hanya dengan menggunakan teknologi IoT siapapun dapat mendapatkan data kualitas lingkungan yang cocok untuk membuka sebuah peternakan dengan kondisi lingkungan yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya. Kata kunci: Internet of Things, Kondisi Lingkungan, Peternakan, Smart City, WSN. In the Internet of Things era (IoT). Everyone can access the data in anywhere and anytime. All stored data can be accessed using end devices such as smartphones, laptops and computers. One of the IoT technologies is a smart city for monitoring the environment. To be able to know the condition and quality of an environment, everyone does not need to wait for the announcement of information or come to the relevant agencies in the government. Utilization of IoT on Environmental Monitoring can be applied to the field of ranch. in this case it will be used for helping someone in knowing the quality of environmental conditions that will be used for. In this case it is how to find out which ranchs are suitable to be applied in the environment from the user that he want to construct cow or chicken ranch. Using wireless sensor networks (WSN) to retrieve values from these environmental conditions can help determine the condition and quality of the environment. IoT helps someone to open a business in field of ranchs that is suitable for region without having to do many survey. Only by using IoT, anyone can get suitable environmental quality data to open a ranch with environmental conditions that have been known before.Keywords: Environmental conditions, Internet of Things, Ranch, Smart City, WSN.
ANALISIS PENGARUH PENERAPAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT PT. HASNUR CITRA TERPADU
Authors: Nirtha Rd. Indah , Firmansyah Muhammad , Prahastini Helda
Published: February 2020

PT. Hasnur Citra Terpadu (PT. HCT) merupakan perusahaan kelapa sawit yang berada di Pamatang Karangan Hilir, Tapin Tengah, Kabupaten Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan. PT. HCT mempunyai perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan luas perkebunan 12.708,7 Ha. Pekerjaan yang ada di perkebunan kelapa sawit berpotensi menimbulkan bahaya, sehingga diperlukan upaya untuk mengendalikannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode HIRAC dan uji statistik dengan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan. Kata Kunci : kelapa sawit, keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, kinerja karyawa, PT. Hasnur Citra Terpadu,  PT. Hasnur Citra Terpadu (PT. HCT) is an oil palm company located in Pamatang Karangan Hilir, Tapin District, South Kalimantan Province. The area of oil palm plantations is 12.708,7 Ha. The activities in this plantation are potentially to create  danger. Therefore, it is required  to manage the risks. This study was conducted to analyze the impacts of occupational safety and health to employee’s performance. Investigation of this research was carried out using the HIRAC method and statistical test (SPSS). The result of this research showed that occupational safety and health has a significant effect on worker’s accomplishment. Keywords  :  palm oil, performance of employee, PT. Hasnur Citra Terpadu, safety and health.
ANALISIS KEDALAMAN DAN KUALITAS AIR TANAH DI KECAMATAN SIPATANA KOTA GORONTALO BERDASARKAN PARAMETER FISIKA DAN KIMIA
Authors: Permana Aang Panji
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian mengetahui posisi kedalaman muka air tanah dari muka air laut dan mengetahui kualitas air tanah berdasarkan parameter fisika dan kimia. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan terbagi menjadi dua yakni metode survei lapangan dan analisis laboratorium. Hasil analisis menunjukkan perbandingan hasil pengamatan parameter fisika air (warna, bau dan rasa) dari dua tahap menunjukkan 18 sumur atau 36% yang berubah secara fisika. Analisis laboratorium untuk parameter kimia pada sampel air sumur nomor 15 memenuhi syarat untuk air minum baik kandungan arsen, besi maupun nitrat. Pemanfaatan air tanah di 50 sumur warga dominan dipakai kebutuhan sehari-hari yakni untuk air minum dan MCK sebanyak 34 sumur atau 68%. Berdasarkan model pola aliran air tanah diketahui ada enam titik cekungan rendah ditandai berwarna biru (ketinggian muka air tanah 1-5 meter).  Kata kunci: Air Tanah, Kualitas, Sipatana.  The purpose of the research is to know the position of the depth of the groundwater from the sea level and to know the quality of groundwater based on physical and chemical parameters. The research method carried out is divided into two, namely the field survey method and laboratory analysis. The results of the analysis showed a comparison of the results of observations of water physics parameters (color, smell and taste) from the two stages showing 18 wells or 36% which changed physically. Laboratory analysis for chemical parameters in number 15 well water samples meets the requirements for drinking water both in arsenic, iron and nitrate content. Daily use of ground water in 50 wells of dominant citizens is used for drinking water and MCK as many as 34 wells or 68%. Based on the model of groundwater flow patterns it is known that there are six low basin points marked in blue (1-5 meters groundwater level). Keywords: Groundwater, Quality, Sipatana.
EFEKTIVITAS MEDIA FILTER DALAM MENURUNKAN TSS DAN LOGAM Fe PADA AIR SUMUR GALI
Authors: Hidayah Euis Nurul , Hikmah Shofi Nasyi'atul , Kamal Muhammad Firdaus
Published: February 2020

Masyarakat Desa Tambak Rejo, Kecamatan Waru, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, masih mengunakan air sumur sebagai kebutuhan sehari-hari. Air sumur perlu dilakukan pengolahan agar layak dikonsumsi dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis media melalui proses filtrasi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh jenis media terhadap penurunan TSS dan logam Fe yang terkandung pada air sumur gali dengan single media filter. Reaktor yang digunakan yaitu slow sand filter dengan aliran down flow kecepatan 0,4 m/jam. Parameter yang diuji adalah Total Suspended Solid (TSS) dan logam Fe. Variasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu jenis dan ketinggian media filter. Media yang digunakan yaitu pecahan gerabah, pasir bancar, dan manganese greensand dengan ketinggian media 20 dan 30 cm. Sampel yang digunakan adalah air sumur gali daerah Tambak Rejo, Waru Sidoarjo. Analisis TSS dengan metode Gravimetri dan Fe dengan Spektrofotometri. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan media pasir bancar mampu bekerja lebih baik daripada media yang lainnya. Persentase penurunan konsentrasi TSS pada ketinggian 20 dan 30 cm sebesar 76,92% dan 80,00% dan penurunan konsentrasi Fe pada ketinggian 20 dan 30 cm sebesar 80,00% dan 84,19%. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa variasi jenis dan ketinggian media berpengaruh terhadap penurunan konsentrasi TSS dan Fe. Air yang dihasilkan telah memenuhi baku mutu air bersih sehingga aman untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga. Kata kunci: Fe, pasir bancar, pecahan gerabah, manganese greensand, total suspended solidThe citizen of Tambak Rejo Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, still use well water as their daily activities. Well water needs to be processed so that it is suitable for consumption by using various types of media through the screening process. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the type of media in decrease TSS and Fe contained in well water dug with a single media filter. The reactor used is a slow sand filter with a downflow speed of 0.4 m/hour. The parameters tested were Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Fe. Variations in this study are the type and height of the filter media. The media used are pottery fragments, bancar sand, and manganese greensand with media heights of 20 and 30 cm. The sample used was well water dug in the area of Tambak Rejo Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency. TSS analysis with Gravimetric and Fe methods with Spectrophotometry. The results obtained show that bancar sand media is able to work better than other media. The percentage decrease in TSS concentration at the height of 20 and 30 cm was 76.92% and 80.00% and a decrease in Fe concentration at the height of 20 and 30 cm was 80.00% and 84.19%.This shows that variations in the type and height of the media influence the decrease in TSS and Fe concentrations. The water produced meets the quality standards of clean water so it is safe to meet daily activities. Keywords: Fe, bancar sand, pottery fragments, manganese greensand, total suspended solid
ANALISIS STABILITAS DAN PERKUATAN LERENG MENGGUNAKAN PLAXIS2D DI DESA SUKARESMI, SUKABUMI, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Salimah A'isyah , Hasan Muhammad Fathur Rouf , Suripto Suripto , Yelvi Yelvi , Sasongko Imam H
Published: February 2020

Permukaan tanah tidak semua berbentuk bidang datar, namun memiliki perbedaan ketinggian dan kemiringan pada setiap daerah. Perbedaan ketinggian tanah mampu mengakitbatkan terjadinya pergerakan tanah yaitu longsor. Keberadaan bangunan base transceiver station (BTS) tower di Desa Sukaresmi, Cisaat, Sukabumi yang berada pada daerah lereng curam dengan kondisi retaining wall dan pagar dalam keadaan retak dan mengalami penurunan tanah menjadi salah satu faktor yang mengancam keselamatan. Untuk mengantisipasi dampak kerusakan lingkungan bertambah parah dibutuhkan penanganan khusus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis stabilitas dan perkuatan lereng menggunakan software Plaxis2D. Adapun metode penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan investigasi lapangan secara langsung, pengujian laboratorium, analisis stabilitas perkuatan lereng dengan software Plaxis2D serta rekomendasi perbaikan drainase. Upaya perkuatan lereng dengan mengganti dan memperdalam retaining wall existing. Hasil perkuatan lereng dapat meningkatkan nilai safety factor menjadi 1,369, nilai ini lebih besar dari safety factor existing sebesar 1,302. Kata kunci: cisaat, longsor, Plaxis2D, stabilitas lereng. The soil surface is believed to have differences in height and slope in each region. The different elevation could cause land movements namely landslides. The existence of tower base transceiver station (BTS) buildings in Sukaresmi Village, Cisaat,  Sukabumi on a deep slope area with cracked retaining walls and fences condition which experienced settlement is one of the factors that threaten safety. To anticipate the impact of environmental damage getting worse requires special handling. The aim  of this study is to analyze the stability and slope reinforcement using Plaxis2D software. The research method is carried out by conducting direct field investigations, laboratory tests, reinforced slope stability analysis with Plaxis2D software and drainage refinement recommendations. Countermeasures to strengthen the slope are done by replacing and deepening the existing retaining wall. The result of this measure is the increase of the safety factor value to 1,369, this value is greater than the value of the existing safety factor of 1,302. Keywords : cisaat, landslide, Plaxis2D, slope stability.
PENERAPAN MODEL HORTONUNTUK KUANTIFIKASI INFILTRASI TEGAKAN KARET DI DAS MALUKA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Kadir Syarifuddin , Badaruddin Badaruddin , Pratiwi Yunisa
Published: February 2020

DAS Maluka seluas 89.506,19 Ha terdapat sub DAS Banyu Irang dan sub DAS Bati Bati serta secara administrasi tersebar di 3 kabupaten/kota yaitu Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kabupaten Banjar dan Kota Banjarbaru Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. DAS Maluka didominasi kekritisan lahan agak kritis 63%, kelerengan lereng didominasi tingkat kelerengan 0-8% 79,88%, tutupan lahan didominasi tutupan lahan perkebunan 17,91%, Kerusakan lingkungan di DAS Maluka telah menjadi keprihatinan banyak pihak, hal ini ditandai dengan meningkatnya bencana alam yang dirasakan, seperti bencana banjir, tanah longsor dan kekeringan yang semakin meningkat. Rendahnya kapasitas infiltrasi sebaliknya tingginya Surface run off  penyebab utama terjadinya bencana alam yang terkait dengan tata air. Penelitian ini menggunakan model Horton yang bertujuan mengetahui infiltrasi terhadap berbagai kelas umur tegakan karet (Hevea brasiliensis). Metode penelitian menggunakan doubel ring infiltrometer pada kelas umur 4 tahun, 8 tahun dan 12 tahun. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa:1) Kapasitas infiltrasi 96,906 mm/jam, 103,981 mm/jam dan 104,651 mm/jam; 2) volume infiltrasi sebesar 93,432 m3,  95,945 m3, 591 m3; 3) semakin tinggi kelas umur tegakan karet semakin tinggi laju, kapasitas dan volume infitrasi. Kata kunci : infiltrasi, surface run off , vegetasi tegakan karet.  The Maluka watershed covers an area of 89,506.19 Ha, there are the Banyu Irang sub-watershed and the Bati Bati sub-watershed and are administratively spread across 3 regencies / cities, namely Tanah Laut Regency, Banjar Regency and Banjarbaru City South Kalimantan Province. The Maluka watershed is dominated by criticality of the rather critical land 63%, the slope is dominated by the slope level of 0-8% 79.88%, land cover is dominated by plantation land cover 17.91%, environmental damage in the Maluka watershed has become a concern of many parties, this is indicated by increasing perceived natural disasters, such as floods, landslides and increasing drought. The low infiltration capacity, on the other hand, is the high Surface run off, the main cause of natural disasters related to water management. This study uses the Horton model that aims to determine infiltration of various age groups of rubber stands (Hevea brasiliensis). The research method uses a doubel ring infiltrometer in the age class of 4 years, 8 years and 12 years. The results showed that: 1) Infiltration capacity of 96,906 mm / hour, 103,981 mm / hour and 104,651 mm/ hour; 2) infiltration volume of 93,432 m3, 95,945 m3, 591 m3; 3) the higher the age of rubber stand age, the higher the rate, capacity and volume of inflation. Keywords: infiltration, surface run off and rubber stand vegetation.
Housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century
Authors: Goncharov Yu.M.
Published: February 2020

The study of housing conditions in Western Siberia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century con-stitutes an important and scientifically relevant problem of everyday history. Housing conditions are one of the most important indicators of the level and lifestyle of the population. This subject matter has so far received little attention from historians. The study is aimed at identifying the specifics of the housing conditions in an important province of the late Russian Empire. In order to study provincial housing conditions in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, a fairly wide range of sources was used: records of city magistracies; statistical studies, with one-day city censuses being of particular value; memoirs of contemporaries; periodicals, etc. The concept of the dwelling existing in the cities of pre-revolutionary Russia differed slightly from that in rural areas. While in villages the concept of the dwelling, as a rule, meant a ‘family home’, in towns, the concepts of ‘flat’ or ‘room’ were of par-ticular importance. Some townspeople lived in their own houses, others rented out their property (‘apartments’, ‘rooms’ or even ‘part of a room’), while those having no property were forced to rent it. One of the most common types of buildings was a two-family house, whose lower floor was usually occupied by the owners and the upper floor was rented out. Most of the buildings were modest-looking, with many of them being battened and painted. Most often the territory of the yard was fenced, with a large high gate being placed in the middle of the fence, behind which there was a house on the left; outbuildings and sheds on the right; stables at the back of the house; as well as a vegetable garden next to the house. The housing conditions varied significantly among different population groups. Changes that occurred in the housing conditions in the region in the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century were primarily associated with the socio-economic development of post-reform Siberia. Rapid population growth often resulted in slum development. Urban planning reflects new trends, intensi-fied following the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which helped overcome the economic and cultural isolation from the central regions of the Empire.
Social movement of Ural Germans in 1989–2019 (ethnic projects and leaders)
Authors: Kisser T.S.
Published: February 2020

The present article considers the history of the social movement of Russian Germans in the Urals, as well as the factors in its formation, on the basis of previously unknown sources (archival and field materials obtained by the author). The Germans of the Urals formed as a single community in the second half of the 20th century, as a result of deportation, labour mobilisation (1942–1946) and a special settlement regime (1948–1955). The author concludes that the modern social movement contributes to the ethnocultural development of the German popula-tion in Russia through various projects aimed at the preservation of history, memory, language and culture. As a result of the activists' activities in the Urals, a network of German associations has formed: centres of German culture, meeting centres, national-cultural autonomies, «Rebirth» society, Russian-German houses, etc. The so-cial movement of Ural Germans plays a key role in ethnocultural development. It emerged in the setting of the mass emigration of Germans to their homeland, both ‘from below’ at the initiative of Germans themselves aiming to preserve the history and culture of their people, and ‘from above’ with the aim of unifying and controlling the mood of the German population. Currently, German organisations initiate their ethnocultural projects directed at the preservation of historical memory, culture, language, as well as other foundations for ethnocultural heritage. For example, creative groups have become a place where ethnicity is updated, where Germans feel like Ger-mans, using their native language and preserving folk traditions. In all projects, a significant, if not decisive, role is played by the personal position of leaders. To some extent, ethnic leaders devote themselves to their people and find self-fulfilment in the field of ethnicity, complementing and revitalising it with their initiatives. Our studies show that the ethnocultural potential of Ural Germans is most effectively realised if ethnic leaders, both socio-political and in the cultural sphere, are active, which helps preserve the cultural heritage of the community. The socio-political leaders of Ural Germans represented by E.A. Grib and O.F. Shtraler emerged at the height of the ethnic movement and the establishment of self-organisation of Russian Germans in the late 1990s — early 2000s. The areas and motives of their activities, on the one hand, were associated with personal self-realisation and, on the other, were explained by the desire to preserve the ethnocultural heritage of Germans whose number reduced sharply due to mass emigration. Their activities are reflected in numerous projects whose success contributes to the formation of the regional identity of the Germans in the Urals through a system of self-organisation.
Fantastic theology of Robert Sheckley: A pseudo-secular world
Authors: Ryazanova S.V.
Published: February 2020

The article considers one of the views on God existing within the modern Western literary tradition and out-side of religious systems. The image of God was chosen as a cultural phenomenon relevant for interpretation, which exists both in religious and secular discourse. The research involved the creative heritage of Robert Sheck-ley – one of the most popular authors of fantastic literature in the mid-20th century. The analysis was based on fantastic tales, since they provide the opportunity to prove all strategies for social behaviour, as well as different views on life. The image of God created by Sheckley was reconstructed using intertextual analysis, which helps identify original mythological and religious narratives and individual allusions. This provides the opportunity to define the features of Sheckley's individual fantastic theology and find the reasons for using the image of God in secular literature. The analysis revealed that the used religious names, denominations and plots bear only formal similarity with the traditional ones. They are used and interpreted arbitrarily. God is interpreted as being anthro-pomorphic, pragmatic, partial and not interested in the fate of his creation. Communication with God is described as commercialised and is built on the model of the consumer society. The works of Sheckley indicate the possibil-ity and necessity of contact between the man and God with the obligatory personal participation of the individual. The American writer creates texts that are modernised in terms of the plot using traditional Christian ideas about the spiritual development of people and the need to preserve the Christian value system as a universal one. In this connection, Sheckley offers possible behavioural models for the created image of God.
Chronology of a Medieval complex from the Papskoye settlement (forest-steppe of Western Siberia)
Authors: Matveeva N.P. , Tret'iakov E.A. , Zelenkov A.S.
Published: February 2020

A large number of imported items found in the occupation layers of archaeological sites in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia suggest that, in the Middle Ages, these regions were on the periphery of trade routes and were involved in global historical events. In this connection, the dating of material culture provides details about trade and economic, as well as social and political, aspects of the life of communities of the past. One of the new archaeological sites allowing the dynamics of material culture to be traced is a multi-layered Papskoye settlement. This site constitutes a fortification having two areas and powerful defensive lines, located on top of the right-bank terrace of the Iset River. In this study, structures attributed to different chronological periods were analysed and artefacts were collected (7th century BC — 14th century AD). Nevertheless, collections of items dating back to the High Middle Ages (late 9th — early 14th centuries) are the most representative as they most objectively reflect the historical and cultural processes that took place in this region. Most of the finds of arrowheads, elements of cloth-ing and horse harnesses, as well as household items, in the Papskoye settlement belong to this time. In this study, we used a comparative-typological method followed by the identification of the types of things. In order to establish the most accurate chronological framework, as well as to determine the primary centres for the production of certain items, we applied the method of analogy using a wide range of material culture from the neighbouring territories, which include Altai, Mongolia, Volga region, Kama area, the Caucasus, the north of Western Siberia, etc. In this study, we identified two chronological phases within the High Middle Ages using the materials of the Papskoye fortified settlement: 1) late 9th — 12th centuries; 2) late 12th — early 14th centuries. They correspond to the period when the carriers of the Yudino and Chiyalik cultures inhabited this site. In addition, a large number of direct analogies with the neighbouring territories suggests that the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals was located on the periphery of trade routes through which imports came from Southern Siberia, Volga Bulgaria and the Upper Kama area.
Aplicación de la metodología de revisión por pares en docencia bilingüe
Authors: Aguilar Caballos María de la Paz , Ballesteros Gómez Ana María , Giner Casares Juan José , López Lorente Ángela Inmaculada , Lucena Rodríguez Rafael , De Miguel Rojas Gustavo , Núñez Sánchez Nieves , Pavón Vázquez Víctor Manuel , Di Pietro Antonio
Published: February 2020

Este proyecto ha aplicado la metodología de revisión por pares para evaluar y mejorar la docencia en inglés de distintas asignaturas dentro del plan de bilingüismo de la Universidad de Córdoba. Se ha realizado la evaluación por parte de compañeros, la grabación de algunas clases, y una serie de sesiones presenciales en las que se han discutido los resultados y planteado puntos de mejora.
Elaboración de modelos anatómicos mediante técnicas de plastinación como alternativa al uso de animales en docencia y como recurso esencial en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje
Authors: Molina López Ana María , Diz Plaza Andrés , Ayala Soldado Nahúm , Diz Conde Lorena , Lora Benítez Antonio , Martínez Galisteo Alfonso , Vivo Rodríguez Joaquín , Navas Lloret José Miguel , Barasona Carmona María Isabel , Bujalance Reyes Francisca , Rueda Jiménez Andrés , Fernández Díez Ana , Montero Pérez-Barquer Estrella , Moyano Salvago Rosario
Published: February 2020

La implantación del principio de las 3Rs (Reducción, Refinamiento y Reemplazo), descritas por Russell y Burch en 1959, fue el punto de partida de numerosos cambios en la utilización de los animales, tanto en el ámbito de la investigación como de la docencia. Por tanto, es necesario ir propiciando el empleo de alternativas y que el profesorado disponga de recursos y de una buena información. Este proyecto se propone como objetivo esencial la elaboración de modelos animales mediante técnicas de plastinación como recurso docente alternativo al uso de animales vivos, y proporcionando al profesorado la disposición de medios y recursos esenciales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del alumnado.Los alumnos podrán disponer de una variedad de modelos animales en las sesiones prácticas, y/o teórico/prácticas de las distintas disciplinas en las que sea necesario el uso de animales. Podrán trabajar con un modelo fiel al original sin necesidad de utilizar modelos vivos y podrán desarrollar las distintas técnicas y procedimientos que realizarían in vivo sin necesidad de generar un estrés innecesario a los animales por su manejo por personal aún no capacitado para ello, evitando situaciones que hagan peligrar el bienestar animal (RD 53/2003). El desarrollo de estos modelos plastinados supondrá recurso docente esencial para la adquisición de las habilidades específicas en distintas disciplinas Biomédicas que conlleven el uso de animales, tales como los Grados en Veterinaria, Biología, Medicina, Enfermería, etc.
Could there be an alternative to Undergraduate Marketing Students’ Dissertation?
Authors: Mogaji Emmanuel
Published: February 2020

While recognising the emotional rollercoaster for students embarking on their dissertation and their struggle in selecting research topics, this reflective piece offers a short and thought-provoking reflection on the dissertation topic and support for undergraduate marketing students. The paper raises the question of alternative methods towards supporting undergraduate marketing students with their dissertation. The piece identified key issues that have warranted the questions and provide alternatives for consideration by tutors and academic staff supporting the students. Also, the paper presented  the challenges to adopting the alternative methods.
Laboratory Research on Fluid Flowing Through Porous Media - Surfactants in an Oil-Water-Sand System
Authors: James Keith E.
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section, 16–17 October, Los Angeles, California

Considerable attention has been given by the oil industry to interpreting and predicting fluid activity in porous material, particularly as based on laboratory tests. Though much of the previously published information is based on actual formation sampling or simulation, the methods described here will not duplicate formation conditions. We plan rather to understand better the principles of fluid-solid phenomena, primarily at the pores space level. The ultimate goal of most applied research is generally a reduction of physical phenomena to statistical formulation. With the belief that such will eventually come to pass it is nevertheless necessary to confront immediately and directly certain theoretical concepts. Unfortunately, the classical definitions of many of these parameters—wettability, adsorption, interfacial tension, capillarity, and the shear and stress acting on each—fail to provide the essential working direction for expedient and empirical application. It is therefore necessary to delve deeper into the constants, the correction factors, and similar equalizing devices with the intent of elucidating additional integral components.

Photomicrographic and cinemicrographic data have been collected showing an essentially two-phase liquid interacting in a sand matrix. This system is acted upon by selected surfactants which alter such usual oil-water relationships as interfacial tension, emulsification, and film-forming phenomena. These and other factors in turn affect the dynamics of the respective liquids moving through pore spaces and flow channels. The liquids interact with the matrix wall partially governed by such loosely-defined parameters as wettability capillarity and adsorption. The present study is directed to gain insight into the manner in which these surface active agents restrict or enhance the flow of fluids through unconsolidated and consolidated sand.

Introduction

It has been demonstrated repeatedly in publications and conferences on fluid flow that more information in the form of raw data, followed by critical appraisal, is needed to fill the gap between a purely theoretical analysis and expedient application.
Results of Study of Application of Buckley-Leverett Techniques in Oil-Reservoir Analysis
Authors: Higgins R.V.
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section, 16–17 October, Los Angeles, California

Quick Methods for (1) Determining Saturation at Breakthrough (2)Approximating Relative Permeability and (3) Evaluating Preferential Wettability

In this study generalizations have been devised with respect to oil-reservoir-analysis data processed by the electronic computer, from which useful relationships were obtained. These relationships are presented in a graph, the ordinate of which is the product of the ratio of the upper extremities of the permeability curves and the ratio of the viscosities. The abscissa is the fractional saturation at breakthrough. The parameters are related to the values of the permeability curves at a saturation midpoint between the irreducible water and oil saturations.

Three important determinations can be made by using the graphical data:with relative permeability relationships obtained in the laboratory. saturation at breakthrough can be approximated by using the upper extremities and the midpoints of the relative permeability curves;the effect of preferential wettability can be approximated; andif the permeability data are not available a method is proposed by which relative permeabilities can be quickly approximated.

By using high rates of flow in oilfield cores to minimize the end effects, upper extremities of the permeability curves and saturation at breakthrough can be measured. By means of these experimental data and the graph the midpoints can be determined; then, the approximate relative permeability curves can be drawn.

Summary and Introduction

As part of a study of application of the Buckley-Leverett method to an analysis of oil-reservoir performance covering a wide range of relative permeabilities and oil saturations, a method has been devised for quickly determining average water saturation at breakthrough from relative permeability data. The base for the relative permeability used in the report is either permeability to air or effective permeability to oil at the irreducible water saturation. The permeability to air also was used because of the large backlog of air permeabilities available to reservoir engineers.

Basic data were calculated by an electronic computer and are presented in a single graph from which the point of breakthrough may be obtained.
High Volume Lift with Hydraulic Long Stroke Pumping Units
Authors: Zuvanich P.L.
Published: February 2020

Fifth Annual Joint Meeting of the Rocky Mountain Petroleum Sections of AIME, 2–3 April, Casper, Wyoming

Introduction

Hydraulic long stroke pumping units are not new, having been on the market for more than twenty years. However, most applications have been in California and in the mid-continent area. There are still only a very few in use in the Rocky Mountain Region.

Hydraulic long stroke units are well suited for high volume lift in deep wells, being capable of lifting nearly 1,000 B/D from 8,000 ft. There are many places in the Rockies where they might profitably be used. It is the purpose of this paper to present the results of the application of two hydraulic long stroke pumping units to high volume lift in the Meadow Creek Tensleep reservoir, Johnson County, Wyo.

There are 13 wells in the reservoir completed in the Tensleep sand at an average depth of 9,000 ft. The produced crude is black, asphaltic, 31 API, and has a solution gas-oil ratio of only 16 cu ft/bbl. The reservoir has an active water drive with all wells producing some water. The discovery well was completed in March, 1952, and development was completed in June, 1955. Although initially capable of flowing, all wells were being pumped by Feb., 1955.

During 1956, fluid withdrawals were increased by rung larger pumps in six wells. Reservoir performance indicated that even greater withdrawals were possible. In order to increase withdrawals, it was necessary to change surface equipment. A hydraulic long stroke pumping unit was installed to pump Well 98in April, 1957. In May, 1958, another was installed at Well 95.

Hydraulic Long Stroke Pumping Unit

A detailed description of the operation of the hydraulic pumping unit is beyond the scope of this paper, but a brief discussion is pertinent.

On the upstroke, air pressure in the reservoir discharges the hydraulic oil to the pump where it is boosted to the underside of the piston. The piston moves up the cylinder with its load of rods and well fluid. On the down stroke the weight of the rods and fluid force the hydraulic oil back to the pump where it is boosted and discharged into the reservoir against the counterbalancing air pressure. A reversing valve makes the appropriate changes in the intake and discharge of the pump at the top of the stroke and again at the bottom of the stroke.
Gravity Drainage of Oil Into Large Horizontal Fractures
Authors: Morrisson T.E. , Henderson James H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 7–15.

An investigation has been made of the production of oil through horizontal fractures of high capacity and large radius placed at the base of producing formations. The specific aims of the study were todetermine by model studies the reservoir performance when gravity drainage is the only producing mechanism, anddevelop a method of predicting such performance from commonly measured reservoir properties.

Although the theoretical approach failed to develop a rigorous analytic solution to the transient problem, it did lead to a practical method of predicting performance. Predictions are in good agreement with rates and recoveries observed in scaled-model experiments. Capillary effects and the influence of relative permeability are taken into account.

The experimental program wad mainly concerned with the influence of fracture radius, fracture capacity and capillary hold-up on the total recovery and the rate of recovery. Much of the experimental work was done on a triangular model which represented one-eighth of a square well pattern, so constructed that horizontal fractures of varying radii and flow capacity could be studied. An electrolytic model was used to relate the initial production rates to fracture radius, formation thickness and the drainage radius of the well pattern.

The conclusions reached as a result of the work are as follows.The production of oil under gravity force alone into a well-propped horizontal fracture, whose radius is of the order of hundreds of feet, is a recovery method which combines high recoveries with very acceptable production rates.The mechanism is effective in "dead oil" reservoirs as well as in reservoirs which possess the energy of solution gas.A method of predicting performance has been developed which gives good agreement with experimental behavior in cases of practical interest.

Even for very thick beds and large fracture radii, where actual conditions do not conform to the assumptions made, the method gives order of magnitude predictions which would not otherwise be possible.
Approximation of Gas-Drive Recovery and Front Movement in the Abqaiq Field, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Stanley L.T.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 273–280.

A method is described whereby the behavior of the front is approximated when gas is injected into a thick reservoir having reasonably homogeneous properties. The method is applied to the Abqaiq field of Saudi Arabia. The producing member is the Arab-D, a high-permeability calcarenite which has no continuous bedding planes. Field performance indicates the injected gas to be partially miscible with the reservoir oil because gas volume factors experienced are lower than those predicted by the gas law. Equilibrium calculations confirm this and also show that the volume factor may vary appreciably, depending on the relative quantities of oil and gas in contact in the reservoir; consequently, volumetric balances are made for the purpose of determining the behavior of the gas volume factor during injection history. The effect of gravity segregation on position and shape of the gas front is approximated by dividing the producing section into three zones vertically and tracing the movement of the average interface in each zone, with counterflow of oil and gas taking place between zones behind the front. This results in a gas front that advances more rapidly along the top of the formation than along the base, producing an "umbrella" effect in cross section that becomes more pronounced as the front progresses. The calculations cover the gas-injection period of Abqaiq field history through 1958, and the position of the gas front is plotted at one-year intervals. Finally, some comparisons between the calculated frontal position and the gas-oil contact as measured by neutron logs are made.

Introduction

Fig. 1 is a structure contour map of the Abqaiq field. For analytical purposes, the field has been divided into two areas designated A and B, as shown on the map. Gas injection into Area A was begun in early 1954 into two wells located near the crest of the structure on the north-south axis of the anticline. During the period covered by this paper, the average injection rate has been 122 MMscf/D with a maximum sustained rate of 160 MMscf/D. The reservoir pressure has been maintained at 2,450 psig since start of gas injection.