bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1987 Compilation Report on Ailsa Craig Granite AC‐E With the Participation of 128 GIT‐IWG Laboratories
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K.
Published: May 2007

Third in the series of collaborative studies launched by the International Working Group “Analytical Standards of Minerals, Ores and Rocks” (IWG), the study on Ailsa Craig Granite AC‐E has attracted the participation of 128 laboratories from 29 countries. Tables of compiled data, 3212 results in all, are presented with working values, recommended or proposed, for seventy major, minor and trace elements. The success of this study which lasted for only one year from the distribution of sample to the release of the present report is to be attributed entirely to the record participation of the IWG‐Member laboratories.
AWI‐1 SBO‐1, PRI‐1, AND DWA‐1, Belgian Sedimentary Rock Reference Materials
Authors: ROELANDTS I. , DUCHESNE J.C.
Published: May 2007

A series of five Belgian sedimentary rock reference samples (shale AWI‐1, schist SBO‐1, psammite PRI‐1, limestone CCH‐1 and dolomite DWA‐1) have been prepared for collaborative studies on their chemical composition. Tables of results compiled from 18 laboratories are presented for about 60 major, minor and trace elements. These data are summarized into means, associated standard deviations, medians and ranges. The values received from the participating laboratories are also listed.

Cinq échantillons de roches sédimentaires belges (argilite AWI‐1, schiste SBO‐1, psammite PRI‐1, calcaire CCH‐1 et dolomie DWA‐1) ont été préparés comme étalons géochimiques. Des valeurs provisoires sont proposés pour 60 éléments majeurs, mineurs et en traces basées sur les données analytiques de 18 laboratoires ayant participé’ cette étude coopérative. Les résultats communiqués sont intégralement présentés. Les laboratoires intéressés sont invités à contribuer aux données analytiques sur ces étalons.
Determination of Gold in Sixty Geochemical Reference Samples by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The gold content of sixty geochemical reference samples has been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using a graphite furnace atomizer after digestion of sample with aqua regia and extraction of gold as chloride by methylisobutylketone. A comparison with published data shows clearly the need for much more data on most samples before consensus values could be assigned.

La teneur en or dans soixante échantillons géochimiques de référence a été déterminée par le spectromètre d'absorption atomique équipé d'un four à graphite. L'échantillon a été mis en solution avec de l'eau régale et l'or extrait avec du methylisobutylketone. Un examen des données publiées sur l'or montre qu'il faut davantage de résultats pour fixer des valeurs de consensus dans la plupart des échantillons.
1987 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS BIR‐1, DNC‐1 and W‐2
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Elemental concentration data on up to 73 individual constituents in BIR‐1, DNC‐1, and W‐2 have been collected from 94 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized in consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables.

Ce rapport rassemble des données analytiques sur 73 éléments dans trois échantillons, BIR‐1, DNC‐1 et W‐2, publiées dans 94 articles scientifiques ou rapports techniques. Quand cela a été possible, les valeurs de consensus (moyenne) sont présentées pour chaque élément avec l'incertitude exprimée un écart‐type. Des valeurs moyennes en fonction des procédures analytiques sont également présentées.
1987 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS BHVO‐1, MAG‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, SCo‐1, SDC‐1, SGR‐1 and STM‐1
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Elemental concentration data on up to 84 individual constituents in BHVO‐1, MAG‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, SCo‐1, SDC‐1, SGR‐1 and STM‐1 have been collected from 311 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized in consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables.

Ce rapport rassemble des données analytiques parues dans 311 articles scientifiques ou rapports techniques sur 84 éléments dans huit échantillons du Service Géologique des Etats‐Unis: BHVO‐1, MAG‐1, QLO‐1, RGM‐1, SCo‐1, SDC‐1, SGR‐1 et STM‐1. Quand cela a été possible, les valeurs de consensus (moyenne) sont présentées pour chaque élément avec l'incertitude exprimée en un écart‐type. Des valeurs moyennes en fonction des procédures analytiques sont également présentées.
1988 COMPILATION REPORT ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN SIX ANRT ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES: DIORITE DR‐N, SERPENTINE UB‐N, BAUXITE BX‐N, DISTHENE DT‐N, GRANITE GS‐N AND POTASH FELDSPAR FK‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , ROELANDTS I.
Published: May 2007

The six ANRT rock reference samples (DR‐N, UB‐N, BX‐N, DT‐N, GS‐N, FK‐N) have been distributed as reference samples for nearly twenty years. All available data on trace elements in these samples are presented and evaluated. It has been possible to assign working values for nearly 40 trace elements. These samples prepared in 600 to 1300 kg quantities are expected to last for some decades to come.
Determination of Ruthenium, Palladium and Iridium in 27 In ternational Reference Silicate and I Ron‐Formation Rocks, Ores and Related Materials By Isotope Dilution Inductively‐Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry*
Authors: GUPTA J.G. SEN , GREGOIRE D. Conrad
Published: May 2007

Ruthenium, palladium and iridium have been determined in 27 international reference rocks, ores and related materials by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry using isotope dilution and sample introduction by solution nebulization and electrothermal vaporization, after chemical separation by co‐precipitation with tellurium. The accuracy of the procedure is discussed by comparison of the results obtained with synthetic solutions and standard samples.
Analysis of Geochemical Reference Materials Using Simultaneous Multi‐Element Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: KANE Jean S.
Published: May 2007

Analytical data are presented for the determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn in 60 geochemical reference samples by simultaneous multi‐element atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization. The samples include rocks, sediments, coal ash, Mn nodules and ores. Accuracy and precision of the analysis are evaluated statistically.
Determination of Thallium in Eighty‐Seven Geochemical Reference Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Terashima Shigeru
Published: May 2007

The thallium content of eighty‐seven geochemical reference samples has been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry using an air‐acetylene flame or a graphite furnace atomizer, after extraction of thallium as chloride with methylisobutylketone (MIBK). A comparison with published data show clearly the need for much more data on most reference samples.
Elemental Concentrations in Nine New GSJ Rock Reference Samples “Sedimentary Rock Series”
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru , ANDO Atsushi , OKAI Takashi , KANAI Yutaka , TANIGUCHI Masahiro , TAKIZAWA Fuminori , ITOH Shiro
Published: May 2007

Nine new rock reference samples of the “Sedimentary rock series”, Chert JCh‐1, Dolomite JDo‐1, Lake sediment JLk‐1, Limestone JLs‐1, Stream sediments JSd‐1 to JSd‐3, and Slates JS1‐1 and JSl‐2 have been prepared by the Geological Survey of Japan(GSJ). Thirty major, minor and trace elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry, flame emission spectrometry, infrared absorption spectrometry and wet chemical techniques. The results of homogeneity tests showed that almost all elements, with a few exceptions, are considered to be distributed homogeneously in each reference sample.
Some Trace Element Contents of Three Chinese Gold Reference Samples
Authors: TONG Chunhan
Published: May 2007

Values for gold in a series of three reference samples selected from Gueizhou Province, China, were recommended by the Institute of Mineral Comprehensive Survey, Zhengzhou Department, in June 1986. Because of the large amount (1360 to 2600 Kg) of the three samples collected, the contents of 26 elements other than gold were determined to see if the large samples might also serve as general geochemical reference samples.
Zirconium Determination by ED‐XRF: a Critical Evaluation of Silicate Reference Materials as Calibration Standards
Authors: POTTS Philip J. , WEBB Peter C. , WATSON John S.
Published: May 2007

An assessment of the difficulties in determining zirconium by various techniques indicates that X‐ray fluorescence analysis has several favourable characteristics, provided the technique can be calibrated reliably. After critical evaluation, a group of silicate reference materials was selected to calibrate energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence instrumentation. The accuracy of the resultant calibration was verified by a standards addition procedure. New zirconium data were obtained on a wide range of reference samples and compared with values from recent compilations.
Characterization of Devonian Ohio Shale SDO‐1 as a USGS Geochemical Reference Sample
Authors: KANE Jean S. , ARBOGAST Belinda , LEVENTHAL Joel
Published: May 2007

Recommended concentrations for 38 elements in the U.S. Geological Survey reference sample, Ohio Shale (Devonian) SDO‐1, are presented here. For an additional 25 elements, average concentrations or ranges are reported for information. Also presented are the supporting analytical data and a description of the statistical procedure used in deriving recommended concentrations from that data. The sample is a brownish‐black, fissile, platy shale containing flattened pyrite nodules and a high organic content. It is typical of “eastern gas shale”, in contrast to the USGS reference sample SGR‐1, which typifies oil shale from the Green River Formation. SDO‐1 was collected from the Huron Member of the Late Devonian Ohio Shale in western Rowan County, Kentucky. The sample is available as fine splits for detailed chemical analysis and as coarse splits for hand, microscopic, and microfossil examination.
1988 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS Basalt BCR‐1
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , JONES Elizabeth A. , NICKELL Eric J. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data on up to 82 individual constituents in USGS Basalt BCR‐1 have been collected from 1395 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized in consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as ± one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables. Recommended values are proposed based upon data criteria used by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards or NBS).
1988 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for CCRMP Reference Rock Samples SY‐2, SY‐3 and MRG‐1
Authors: GLADNEY Ernest S. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

Concentration data on 80 individual constituents in Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project rock reference materials SY‐2, SY‐3, and MRG‐I have been collected from 382 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized as consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables. Recommended values are proposed based upon data criteria used by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology, formerly the National Bureau of Standards or NBS).
Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Sixteen Silicate Reference Samples by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Using Conventional Energy Filtering Technique*
Authors: BOTTAZZI P. , OTTOLINI L. , VANNUCCI R.
Published: May 2007

Rare earth elements were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry for 13 silicate rock samples, ranging from ultramafic‐mafic to acidic compositions, 2 feldspar and 1 biotite separates. As a whole, the investigated samples are characterized by matrices and rare earth elements spectra covering most geological applications. The present data are compared with reference values. The advantage of using secondary ion mass spectrometry as a fundamental tool for trace element detection in bulk samples in the few ppm‐ppb region is demonstrated.
A Set of Sedimentary Rock Reference Samples: Gpos
Authors: BERKOVITS Leonid A. , OBOLYANINOVA Valentina G.
Published: May 2007

Brief description of four sedimentary rock reference samples (GPOS series), information on analytical methods employed and certified values for major, minor and trace elements are presented.
A System of Sediment Reference Samples: Oo
Authors: BERKOVITS Leonid A. , OBOLYANINOVA Valentina G. , PARSHIN Alexander K. , ROMANOVSKAYA Albina R.
Published: May 2007

Brief description of nineteen sediment reference samples (OO series), analytical methods employed and certified values for major, minor and trace element are presented.
Determination of Lithium in 13 Geochemical Reference Materials by Thermal‐Neutron Capture and Helium‐3 Mass Spectrometry
Authors: CLARKE W.B. , DOWNING R.G.
Published: May 2007

Thirteen geochemical reference standards have been analysed for lithium by a technique originally developed for assay of lithium in biological materials. The technique consists of thermal neutron irradiation, then measurement of 3He from decay of 3H produced via the reaction 6Li(n, α)3H. The results are compared with literature values.
TWO REFERENCE MATERIALS, TRACHYTES MDO‐G AND ISH‐G, FOR ARGON DATING (K‐AR AND 40AR/39AR) OF PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE ROCKS
Authors: GILLOT Pierre‐Yves , CORNETTE Yves , MAX Nathalie , FLORIS Bruno
Published: May 2007

With the recent extension of K‐Ar dating methods within the Upper Pleistocene time, the use of new standards is recommended to allow calibration and inter‐laboratory comparisons. For this purpose, two pure microlitic groundmass reference materials were prepared from trachy‐basaltic lavas: Trachyte (MDO‐G) from Mont Dore, Puy de Sancy, Massif Central is around 250 000 years old; the second Trachyte (ISH‐G) from the Isle of Ischia, Gulf of Naples (Italy), is historical: Arso flow erupted on Christmas 1301 ‐ January 1302 AD.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THIRTY‐SEVEN TRACE ELEMENTS IN TWENTY‐EIGHT INTERNATIONAL ROCK STANDARDS BY ICP‐MS
Authors: GARBE‐SCHÖNBERG Carl‐Dieter
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐seven trace elements, including rare‐earth elements, have been determined by ICP‐MS in twenty‐eight international rock standards using routine sample preparation techniques. Samples were decomposed by either pressurized HF‐HCIO4‐aqua regia attack, or by lithium borate fusion. Generally, the ICP‐MS data for geological rock standards presented here agree well with certified values. However, the results for light rare earth elements appear to be systematically low in comparison with the published working values.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL NITROGEN AND CARBON IN TWENTY‐TWO SEDIMENTARY ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES BY COMBUSTION ELEMENTAL ANALYZER
Authors: TERASHIMA Shigeru
Published: May 2007

Total nitrogen and carbon have been determined in 22 sedimentary rock reference samples by combustion elemental analyzer. Satisfactory agreement is observed between the present study and the published values but much more data for nitrogen are required for better comparisons.
NEW REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR NITROGEN‐ISOTOPE‐RATIO MEASUREMENTS
Authors: BOHLKE J.K. , GWINN C.J. , COPLEN T.B.
Published: May 2007

Three new reference materials were manufactured for calibration of relative stable nitrogen‐isotope‐ratio measurements:

USGS25 (ammonium sulfate) δ615″=−30 per mil

USGS26 (ammonium sulfate) δ615″=+54 per mil

USGS32 (potassium nitrate) δ615″=+180 per mil

where δN′, relative to atmospheric nitrogen, is an approximate value subject to change following interlaboratory comparisons. These materials are isotopically homogeneous in aliquots at least as small as 10 pot N, (or about 1‐2 mg of salt). The new reference materials greatly extend the range of δ15N values of internationally distributed standards, and they allow normalization of δ15N measurements over almost the full range of known natural isotope variation on Earth. The methods used to produce these materials may be adapted to produce homogeneous local laboratory standards for routine use.
MULTI‐ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF COASTAL MARINE SEDIMENT, AN IAEA PROPOSED REFERENCE MATERIAL (IAEA‐356)
Authors: MANNAN A. , WAHEED S. , RAHMAN A. , AHMAD S. , QURESHI I.H.
Published: May 2007

Proposed standard reference material, coastal marine sediment (IAEA‐356) recently released under the IAEA Analytical Quality Control Services programme, has been analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis technique. Up to 32 elements have been measured using the multi‐element analysis approach. The precision of measurements varied from 1.3 to 12.5% with median value of 4.9%. The quality control of the data has been validated by analysing IAEA reference material of similar matrix which shows excellent agreement with IAEA values.
SECOND REPORT (1993) ON THE FIRST THREE GIT‐IWG ROCK REFERENCE SAMPLES: ANORTHOSITE FROM GREENLAND, AN‐G; BASALTE D'ESSEY‐LA‐CÔTE, BE‐N; GRANITE DE BEAUVOIR, MA‐N
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , ROELANDTS Iwan
Published: May 2007

The first report (1980) on the three samples, Anorthosite AN‐G, Basalt BE‐N and Granite MA‐N resulted in the chemical characterization of major, minor and 30 trace elements. The present report confirms the validity of a great majority of these working values, in addition to presenting working values for 20 more trace elements for each sample. Only compiled data on trace elements are presented, followed by Tables of statistical parameters used as a basis for their evaluation, both statistical and subjective. A plea is made to obtain more data on platinum group elements and on other “difficult” trace elements (Au, B, Bi, Se, Te, TI, …). The three samples have been processed in 900 kg amounts and, therefore, they are likely to remain available for some decades to come. As such, it is certainly worthwhile to take pains to characterize them well for even these difficult trace elements.
1994 REPORT ON ZINNWALDITE ZW‐C ANALYSED BY NINETY‐TWO GIT‐IWG MEMBER‐LABORATORIES
Authors: GOVINDARAJU K. , RUBESKA Ivan , PAUKERT Tomas
Published: May 2007

Within a short period of one year (November 1992‐ October 1993), ninety‐two IWG‐Member laboratories have been able to characterize the chemical composition of a candidate reference sample, Zinnwaldite ZW‐C, a Li‐mica, reputed difficult to analyse because of its high contents of F and rare alkali elements and of the presence of refractory minerals. Thanks to the help of 163 analysts from the 92 laboratories, it has been possible to assign working values for 20 major and minor elements including the rare alkali elements and for 43 trace elements; all the working values receive the status of recommended values, except H20, C02, LOI, CI and S. It is, indeed, a rare success for such a difficult sample!
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE USE OF SODIUM AND LITHIUM TETRABORATEIN PLATINUM‐GROUP ELEMENT DETERMINATION BY NICKEL SULPHIDE FIRE‐ASSAY
Authors: ZEREINI F. , SKERSTUPP B. , URBAN H.
Published: May 2007

The alternative use of lithium tetraborate and/or sodium tetraborate as flux constituents in the quantitative determination of platinum group elements (PGE) in standard reference materials SARM‐7, CHR‐Pt+ and CHR‐Bkg by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by nickel sulphide fire assay was reinvestigated. Results showed that lithium tetraborate has a lower recovery rate than sodium tetraborate, except for chromitites with PGE abundances in the ppm‐range. Best results for chromitites were obtained by using a mixture (1:1) of the two tetraborates. Examination of the NiS‐reguli by an electron microprobe revealed finer grain‐sizes of PGE‐phases for lithium tetraborate and coarser ones for sodium tetraborate, the finer grains being a possible reason for greater losses during analysis filtration.
MAJOR, MINOR AND RARE‐EARTH ELEMENT DETERMINATIONS IN 25 ROCK STANDARDS BY ICP‐ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY
Authors: CANTAGREL Françoise , PIN Christian
Published: May 2007

Analytical data for 31 elements in 8 Japanese, 12 South African and 5 Belgian Reference Materials of igneous and (meta‐) sedimentary origin are reported. These data have been obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES). For most samples, relative standard deviations are in the range 0.5–3% for major elements, 2–10% for minor elements, and equal to or better than 5% for the REE. Accuracies, as estimated from a comparison with recommended values, are about 10% or better.
NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES
Authors: PATINO‐DOUCE Marta L. , PATINO‐DOUCE Alberto , QAYYUM Mazhar , NIELSEN Roger L.
Published: May 2007

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.
TRACE ELEMENT DETERMINATIONS FOR USGS BASALT BHVO‐1 AND NIST STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS 278, 688 AND 694 BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA‐MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: HOLLOCHER Kurt , FAKHRY Ahmed , RUIZ Joaquin
Published: May 2007

Results are presented for 26 to 30 trace elements determined in four rock reference materials of geochemical interest: USGS Basalt BHVO‐1, Rhyolite Obsidian NIST 278, Basalt NIST688, and Phosphate Rock NIST694. Determinations were made by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Good agreement was obtained among solution standard comparison and standard addition analytical techniques, and among samples prepared with different dissolution methods. Generally good agreement was obtained between determined trace element values and values reported in the literature.
CHINESE SYNTHETIC SILICATE AND LIMESTONE CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Authors: CHUNSHU Wang , MINGCAI Yan , WENHUA Zhang , QINGHUA Chi , TIEXIN Gu
Published: May 2007

In 1990, the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration prepared a series of certified reference materials of synthetic silicates and limestones. The silicate series (GSES I*) is composed of 11 samples with 28 ingredient elements and the limestone series (GSES II*) is composed of 9 samples with 29 ingredient elements. The standard series were prepared in ascending element concentration order of 1, 2 and 5. The synthetic standards were analyzed by a large number of laboratories with various reliable methods and then certified values were derived.
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF BARIUM DETERMINATION IN ZINNWALDITE ZW‐C BY X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY
Authors: MORRISON John L. , RICHARDSON Jean M.
Published: May 2007

The interference of rubidium on the determination of barium in the international geostandard Zinnwaldite ZW‐C, an alkali‐rich Li mica, has been investigated.
1996 COMPILATION OF ANALYTICAL DATA ON NINE GSJ GEOCHEMICAL REFERENCE SAMPLES, “SEDIMENTARY ROCK SERIES”
Authors: IMAI Noboru , TERASHIMA Shigeru , ITOH Shiro , ANDO Atsushi
Published: May 2007

Analytical data compiled on nine Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) reference samples, “Sedimentary rock series” received by February 1996 are reported. After excluding outliers and examining critically the analytical procedures employed, the data were evaluated statistically. Recommended or preferable values for fifteen major and sixty minor and trace elements are proposed.
KOMATIITE WITS‐1, LOW CONCENTRATION NOBLE METAL STANDARD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NON‐MINERALIZED SAMPLES
Authors: TREDOUX Marian , MCDONALD Iain
Published: May 2007

WITS‐1 is a sample of silicified komatiite collected from close to the Komati River type section, near Barberton in South Africa. Two thousand kg of this komatiite was crushed and prepared for standardization. Noble metal analysis of WITS‐1 has been carried out by six laboratories using four different analytical methods. The data obtained from these sources were subjected to statistical analysis (F ratio and Student t test) and a suite of “preferred” values for the noble metal concentrations are reported.
PROVISIONAL ELEMENTAL VALUES FOR FOUR NEW GEOCHEMICAL SOIL AND TILL REFERENCE MATERIALS, TILL‐1, TILL‐2, TILL‐3 AND TILL‐4
Authors: LYNCH John
Published: May 2007

The collection and preparation of two soil reference samples and two till reference samples are described. Like their predecessors the LKSD series and the STSD series, the TILL series are characterized for total elements and for elements derived by partial extractions. Provisional data are presented for major, minor and trace elements. In addition, information data from a single source are provided for a number of elements derived by EPA digestions 3050 and 3051; these data allow a comparison with other partial extractions reported herein.
GeoPT1. INTERNATIONAL PROFICIENCY TEST FOR ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY LABORATORIES — REPORT ON ROUND 1 (JULY 1996)
Authors: THOMPSON Michael , POTTS Philip J. , WEBB Peter C.
Published: May 2007

The results of the first international proficiency test (GeoPT1) of geochemical laboratories are presented. A total of 49 laboratories contributed analytical data on G94, a sample of Threlkeld microgranite which had been collected at the International Conference, Geoanalysis 94. Assigned values were derived by robust statistical analysis of contributed data for 12 major elements and 39 trace elements, of which 3 (As, Pb and The) were provisional values. Z‐scores were calculated, as required by the protocol using either ‘pure geochemistry’or ‘applied geochemistry’fitness for purpose criteria selected by contributing laboratories. An overview of the z‐score results indicates that 28.7% of contributed data fell outside the ‐2<z<2 range indicating that unsuspected analytical discrepancies may be affecting the corresponding results.
A Tandem Evolutionary Algorithm for Platform Product Customization
Authors: Huang George Q. , Li L. , Chen X.
Published: May 2007

The increasing demand for reduction in time to market has led to new product development methodologies focusing on reuse. Platform product customization emerges as a basic idea for avoiding designing a new product completely from scratch, but reusing a product platform instead. Key dimensions of some modules of the platform can be stretched or shrunk while modules themselves can be swapped to formulate multiple product variants in a family according to specific customer requirements. This paper formulates such a problem of platform product customization as an optimization problem consistent with the manufacturer’s goal in the design of product variant(s) while satisfying customer requirements and design constraints. Optimal customization takes place at the levels of product structure and module parameters. A tandem evolutionary algorithm is proposed for identifying the optimal structural composition and the optimal parameters of the corresponding structure. The encoding schemes and genetic operators for structure and parameter optimization are designed, respectively. A case study of gantry crane customization is given to illustrate how the proposed evolutionary customization design method is used. The effectiveness of the method is also evaluated through a series of sensitivity analyses.
Ramjet Powered Missile Design Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Hartfield Roy J. , Jenkins Rhonald M. , Burkhalter John E.
Published: May 2007

A methodology for developing optimized designs for symmetric-centerbody ramjet powered missiles, using a genetic algorithm as the driver for the system optimization process, has been developed. The methodology described in this paper allows for a comprehensive but efficient exploration of the design space. This global optimization process is made possible by performance prediction codes, which can provide preliminary design-level accuracy very efficiently. This work demonstrates the first truly comprehensive design strategy for this type of device. The paper contains a discussion of the methodology and shows results for a typical design scenario.
Comment on "Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services"
Authors: Jaenike John
Published: May 2007

Worm
et al
. (Research Articles, 3 November 2006, p. 787) used a power relation to predict a global collapse of fisheries by the year 2048. However, a linear regression of the data for the past 40 years yields an excellent fit, with a predicted date of collapse of 2114. Thus, long-term projections of fisheries collapse are highly dependent on the specific statistical model used.
Comment on "Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services"
Authors: Wilberg Michael J. , Miller Thomas J.
Published: May 2007

Worm
et al
. (Research Articles, 3 November 2006, p. 787) reported an increasing proportion of fisheries in a “collapsed” state. We show that this may be an artifact of their definition of collapse as a fixed percentage of the maximum and that an increase in the number of managed fisheries could produce similar patterns as an increase in fisheries with catches below 10% of the maximum.
Physical Model for the Decay and Preservation of Marine Organic Carbon
Authors: Rothman Daniel H. , Forney David C.
Published: May 2007

Degradation of marine organic carbon provides a major source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, whereas preservation in sediments results in accumulation of oxygen. These processes involve the slow decay of chemically recalcitrant compounds and physical protection. To assess the importance of physical protection, we constructed a reaction-diffusion model in which organic matter differs only in its accessibility to microbial degradation but not its intrinsic reactivity. The model predicts that organic matter decays logarithmically with time
t
and that decay rates decrease approximately as 0.2 ×
t
–1
until burial. Analyses of sediment-core data are consistent with these predictions.
Legumes Symbioses: Absence of
Nod
Genes in Photosynthetic Bradyrhizobia
Authors: Giraud Eric , Moulin Lionel , Vallenet David , Barbe Valérie , Cytryn Eddie , Avarre Jean-Christophe , Jaubert Marianne , Simon Damien , Cartieaux Fabienne , Prin Yves , Bena Gilles , Hannibal Laure , Fardoux Joel , Kojadinovic Mila , Vuillet Laurie , Lajus Aurélie , Cruveiller Stéphane , Rouy Zoe , Mangenot Sophie , Segurens Béatrice , Dossat Carole , Franck William L. , Chang Woo-Suk , Saunders Elizabeth , Bruce David , Richardson Paul , Normand Philippe , Dreyfus Bernard , Pignol David , Stacey Gary , Emerich David , Verméglio André , Médigue Claudine , Sadowsky Michael
Published: May 2007

Leguminous plants (such as peas and soybeans) and rhizobial soil bacteria are symbiotic partners that communicate through molecular signaling pathways, resulting in the formation of nodules on legume roots and occasionally stems that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nodule formation has been assumed to be exclusively initiated by the binding of bacterial, host-specific lipochito-oligosaccharidic Nod factors, encoded by the
nodABC
genes, to kinase-like receptors of the plant. Here we show by complete genome sequencing of two symbiotic, photosynthetic,
Bradyrhizobium
strains, BTAi1 and ORS278, that canonical
nodABC
genes and typical lipochito-oligosaccharidic Nod factors are not required for symbiosis in some legumes. Mutational analyses indicated that these unique rhizobia use an alternative pathway to initiate symbioses, where a purine derivative may play a key role in triggering nodule formation.
Origin of Human Bipedalism As an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches
Authors: Thorpe S. K. S. , Holder R. L. , Crompton R. H.
Published: May 2007

Human bipedalism is commonly thought to have evolved from a quadrupedal terrestrial precursor, yet some recent paleontological evidence suggests that adaptations for bipedalism arose in an arboreal context. However, the adaptive benefit of arboreal bipedalism has been unknown. Here we show that it allows the most arboreal great ape, the orangutan, to access supports too flexible to be negotiated otherwise. Orangutans react to branch flexibility like humans running on springy tracks, by increasing knee and hip extension, whereas all other primatesdothe reverse. Human bipedalism is thus less an innovation than an exploitation of a locomotor behavior retained from the common great ape ancestor.
Bumpy Road to Vaccination Policies
Authors: Rappuoli Rino
Published: May 2007

State of Immunity
. The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America.
By James Colgrove
. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006. 346 pp. $39.95 £26.95. ISBN 9780520247499. California/Milbank Books on Health and the Public.

Colgrove explores the social and political facets of vaccination as a public health measure in 20th-century United States.
Epitope Length, Genospecies Dependency, and Serum Panel Effect in the IR6 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies toBorrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Gomes-Solecki Maria J. C. , Meirelles Luciana , Glass John , Dattwyler Raymond J.
Published: May 2007

In the absence of erythema migrans, the basis for diagnosis of Lyme disease is the demonstration of an antibody response againstBorrelia burgdorferiin an appropriate clinical setting. The C6 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, based on the IR6 region of VlsE, has become widely used in both the United States and Europe. We mapped the antigenic epitopes of IR6 to a shorter sequence that is equivalent in sensitivity and specificity to the full-length IR6 25-residue peptide. In addition, we observed significant differences in sensitivity between serum panels (60 to 100%), indicating that the selection of the serum panels can shape the apparent overall sensitivity of the assay. Contrary to prior reports, the assay sensitivity is greater when the IR6 peptide is derived from the sequence of the same infectingBorreliagenospecies. Using our North American panels and the two panels obtained from European Lyme disease patients, we determined that the IR6 assay that is based on a single genospecies ofBorreliaspp. is not optimal for use as a universal diagnostic assay for Lyme disease.
Delayed Processing of Blood Samples Influences Time to Positivity of Blood Cultures and Results of Gram Stain-Acridine Orange Leukocyte Cytospin Test
Authors: Schwetz I. , Hinrichs G. , Reisinger E. C. , Krejs G. J. , Olschewski H. , Krause R.
Published: May 2007

We investigated in vitro whether storage of blood samples influences the time to positivity used for the calculation of the differential time to positivity (DTP) and the results of the Gram stain-acridine orange leukocyte Cytospin (AOLC) test. A 24-hour storage of blood samples at room temperature may lead to false-negative DTP and false-positive Gram stain-AOLC test results, whereas storage at 4°C does not.
Host Genetic Resistance to Symptomatic Norovirus (GGII.4) Infections in Denmark
Authors: Kindberg Elin , Åkerlind Britt , Johnsen Christina , Knudsen Jenny Dahl , Heltberg Ole , Larson Göran , Böttiger Blenda , Svensson Lennart
Published: May 2007

A total of 61 individuals involved in five norovirus outbreaks in Denmark were genotyped at nucleotides 428 and 571 of the
FUT2
gene, determining secretor status, i.e., the presence of ABH antigens in secretions and on mucosa. A strong correlation (
P
= 0.003) was found between the secretor phenotype and symptomatic disease, extending previous knowledge and confirming that nonsense mutations in the
FUT2
gene provide protection against symptomatic norovirus (GGII.4) infections.
Drug Susceptibility Testing of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Complex by Use of a High-Throughput, Reproducible, Absolute Concentration Method
Authors: van Klingeren Bert , Dessens-Kroon Mirjam , van der Laan Tridia , Kremer Kristin , van Soolingen Dick
Published: May 2007

Accurate drug susceptibility testing (DST) for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is highly important for both therapy guidance and surveillance of drug resistance. Although liquid medium DST methods are used increasingly and seem most efficient and fast, the high costs hamper widespread implementation. In addition, an inability to check the colony morphology of the growing bacteria is a disadvantage of these methods. Moreover, these methods discriminate only between susceptibility and resistance and do not determine the MIC. In this paper, we describe a low-cost, reproducible, high-throughput, proportional absolute concentration DST method. The method uses a concentration series of antituberculosis drugs, including pyrazinamide in 7H10 medium, distributed semiautomatically in 25-well plates. The performance of this 25-well DST method was evaluated by the World Health Organization and the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease in 10 rounds of proficiency testing regarding sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, reproducibility, and predictive value for resistance and susceptibility. The performance of the method for these characteristics was 100% for isoniazid and from 96 to 100% for rifampin, 91 to 100% for streptomycin, and 85 to 100% for ethambutol. The method was 100% reproducible for all four drugs. The levels of drug resistance and the MIC distributions for the first-line antituberculosis drugs were determined for all 7,956
M. tuberculosis
strains isolated in The Netherlands from 1998 to 2005 and amounted to 7.5% for isoniazid, 1.4% for rifampin, 8.5% for streptomycin, and 1.0% for ethambutol. Pyrazinamide testing was successful for 7,026 (88.3%) of the isolates and showed a resistance level of 0.8%.
Vaginal
Staphylococcus aureus
Superantigen Profile Shift from 1980 and 1981 to 2003, 2004, and 2005
Authors: Schlievert Patrick M. , Case Laura C. , Strandberg Kristi L. , Tripp Timothy J. , Lin Ying-Chi , Peterson Marnie L.
Published: May 2007

We determined vaginal
Staphylococcus aureus
superantigens. Staphylococci were quantified from tampons/diaphragms in 2003 to 2005, with counts compared to those determined in 1980 and 1981. In 2003 to 2005, more women were colonized than in 1980 and 1981 (23 versus 12%). Enterotoxins G and I and enterotoxin-like superantigens M and N declined, but enterotoxin-like superantigens K, L, and Q increased.
Factors Affecting Serum Concentrations of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA in HCV Genotype 1-Infected Patients with Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Ticehurst John R. , Hamzeh Fayez M. , Thomas David L.
Published: May 2007

The serum concentration of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is usually stable (4 to 8 log10IU/ml) in untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. While this baseline HCV RNA concentration ([HCV RNA]BL) is predictive of a sustained virologic response to treatment, its determinants are only partially identified. We therefore analyzed the baseline characteristics of 2,472 HCV genotype 1-infected patients to identify correlations with gender, age, race, weight, body mass index (BMI), HCV acquisition mode, HCV subtype, alanine aminotransferase concentration, or histopathologic changes in the liver. After separation of the data according to four [HCV RNA]BLgroups (≤5.0, >5.0 to 5.6, >5.6 to 5.9, and >5.9 log10IU/ml), we determined that increasing [HCV RNA]BLcorrelated (P< 0.05) with increasing proportions of patients who were male, >40 years of age, or heavier (a weight of >85 kg or a BMI of >27 kg/m2). Histologic activity index (HAI) data were available for 1,304 of these patients: increasing [HCV RNA]BLcorrelated with higher fibrosis and necrosis-inflammation scores. As a continuous variable, [HCV RNA]BLcorrelated with age, gender, weight (continuous or ≤85 versus >85 kg), BMI (continuous or ≤27 versus >27 kg/m2), subtype, fibrosis score, and necrosis-inflammation score; however, multiple-regression analysis yieldedPvalues of <0.1 only for age, gender, BMI (≤27 versus >27 kg/m2), and fibrosis score. While our findings are suggestive of a role for these factors in maintenance of the pretreatment state of HCV infection, the multiple-regression model accounted for only ≤4.6% of the [HCV RNA]BLdifferences between individuals (R2= 0.046 for 1,304 patients with HAI scores; 0.043 for all 2,472 patients).
Evaluation and Improvement of Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting
lytA
,
ply
, and
psaA
Genes for Detection of Pneumococcal DNA
Authors: Carvalho Maria da Gloria S. , Tondella Maria Lucia , McCaustland Karen , Weidlich Luciana , McGee Lesley , Mayer Leonard W. , Steigerwalt Arnold , Whaley Melissa , Facklam Richard R. , Fields Barry , Carlone George , Ades Edwin W. , Dagan Ron , Sampson Jacquelyn S.
Published: May 2007

The accurate diagnosis of pneumococcal disease has frequently been hampered not only by the difficulties in obtaining isolates of the organism from patient specimens but also by the misidentification of pneumococcus-like viridans group streptococci (P-LVS) as
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. This is especially critical when the specimen comes from the respiratory tract. In this study, three novel real-time PCR assays designed for the detection of specific sequence regions of the
lytA
,
ply
, and
psaA
genes were developed (
lytA
-CDC,
ply
-CDC, and
psaA
, respectively). These assays showed high sensitivity (<10 copies for
lytA
-CDC and
ply
-CDC and an approximately twofold less sensitivity for
psaA
). Two additional real-time PCR assays for
lytA
and
ply
described previously for pneumococcal DNA detection were also evaluated. A panel of isolates consisting of 67
S. pneumoniae
isolates (44 different serotypes and 3 nonencapsulated
S. pneumoniae
isolates from conjunctivitis outbreaks) and 104 nonpneumococcal isolates was used. The 67
S. pneumoniae
isolates were reactive in all five assays. The new real-time detection assays targeting the
lytA
and
psaA
genes were the most specific for the detection of isolates confirmed to be
S. pneumoniae
, with
lytA
-CDC showing the greatest specificity. Both
ply
PCRs were positive for all isolates of
S. pseudopneumoniae
, along with 13 other isolates of other P-LVS isolates confirmed to be non-
S. pneumoniae
by DNA-DNA reassociation. Thus, the use of the
ply
gene for the detection of pneumococci can lead to false-positive reactions in the presence of P-LVS. The five assays were applied to 15 culture-positive cerebrospinal fluid specimens with 100% sensitivity; and serum and ear fluid specimens were also evaluated. Both the
lytA
-CDC and
psaA
assays, particularly the
lytA
-CDC assay, have improved specificities compared with those of currently available assays and should therefore be considered the assays of choice for the detection of pneumococcal DNA, particularly when upper respiratory P-LVS might be present in the clinical specimen.
High-Throughput, Sensitive, and Accurate Multiplex PCR-Microsphere Flow Cytometry System for Large-Scale Comprehensive Detection of Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Lee Wai-Ming , Grindle Kris , Pappas Tressa , Marshall David J. , Moser Michael J. , Beaty Edward L. , Shult Peter A. , Prudent James R. , Gern James E.
Published: May 2007

Human respiratory viruses are a diverse group of pathogens composed of hundreds of virus strains, and this presents a major challenge for diagnostic laboratories. To efficiently detect numerous viruses in a large epidemiologic study, we developed a fast, multitarget, sensitive, and specific assay named the Respiratory MultiCode-PLx Assay (RMA). The RMA utilizes improved multiplex PCR chemistry (EraGen MultiCode-PLx technology) coupled with high-throughput microsphere flow cytometry (Luminex). Eighteen sets of virus-specific multiplex PCR primers were developed based on the conserved sequences of all available respiratory-virus sequences for eight distinct groups: human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus (InfV), metapneumovirus, adenovirus (Ad), coronavirus, and enterovirus. Each primer set detected 20 cDNA copies of the intended target per sample and had no reaction with 60,000 copies of human genomic DNA. The accuracy and sensitivity of the RMA for detecting respiratory viruses in human samples were tested with two sets of clinical specimens. First, 101 nasal-wash specimens that were positive for HRV, RSV, InfV, PIV, or Ad by traditional techniques were reanalyzed by RMA, and all target viruses were detected with an overall sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 99%. Second, 103 nasal-wash samples from 5-year-old children with asthma and respiratory symptoms were analyzed; RMA detected viruses in 74 specimens (71.8%) compared to only 24 (23.3%) by traditional culture and immunofluorescent-staining techniques. These results show that RMA is an accurate, sensitive, and practical test for respiratory-virus infections.
Natural Recombination Event within the Capsid Genomic Region Leading to a Chimeric Strain of Human Enterovirus B
Authors: Bouslama Lamjed , Nasri Dorsaf , Chollet Lionel , Belguith Khaoula , Bourlet Thomas , Aouni Mahjoub , Pozzetto Bruno , Pillet Sylvie
Published: May 2007

Recombination between two strains is a known phenomenon for enteroviruses replicating within a single cell. We describe a recombinant strain recovered from human stools, typed as coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4) and CV-B3 after partial sequencing of the VP1 and VP2 coding regions, respectively. The strain was neutralized by a polyclonal CV-B3-specific antiserum but not by a CV-B4-specific antiserum. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the whole structural genomic region showed the occurrence of a recombination event at position 1950 within the VP3 capsid gene, in a region coding for the 2b antigenic site previously described for CV-B3. This observation evidences for the first time the occurrence of an interserotypic recombination within the VP2-VP3-VP1 capsid region between two nonpoliovirus enterovirus strains. The neutralization pattern suggests that the major antigenic site is located within the VP2 protein.
Direct Interactions of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus/Human Herpesvirus 8 ORF50/Rta Protein with the Cellular Protein Octamer-1 and DNA Are Critical for Specifying Transactivation of a Delayed-Early Promoter and Stimulating Viral Reactivation
Authors: Carroll Kyla Driscoll , Khadim Farah , Spadavecchia Sophia , Palmeri Diana , Lukac David M.
Published: May 2007

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) delayed-early K-bZIP promoter contains an ORF50/Rta binding site whose sequence is conserved with the ORF57 promoter. Mutation of the site in the full-length K-bZIP promoter reduced Rta-mediated transactivation by greater than 80%. The K-bZIP element contains an octamer (Oct) binding site that overlaps the Rta site and is well conserved with Oct elements found in the immediate-early promoters of herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1). The cellular protein Oct-1, but not Oct-2, binds to the K-bZIP element in a sequence-specific fashion in vitro and in vivo and stimulates Rta binding to the promoter DNA. The coexpression of Oct-1 enhances Rta-mediated transactivation of the wild type but not the mutant K-bZIP promoter, and Oct-1 and Rta proteins bind to each other directly in vitro. Mutations of Rta within an amino acid sequence conserved with HSV-1 virion protein 16 eliminate Rta's interactions with Oct-1 and K-bZIP promoter DNA but not RBP-Jk. The binding of Rta to both Oct-1 and DNA contributes to the transactivation of the K-bZIP promoter and viral reactivation, and Rta mutants deficient for both interactions are completely debilitated. Our data suggest that the Rta/Oct-1 interaction is essential for optimal KSHV reactivation. Transfections of mouse embryo fibroblasts and an endothelial cell line suggest cell-specific differences in the requirement for Oct-1 or RBP-Jk in Rta-mediated transactivation of the K-bZIP promoter. We propose a model in which Rta transactivation of the promoter is specified by the combination of DNA binding and interactions with several cellular DNA binding proteins including Oct-1.