bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistive transitions in a magnetic field and critical field anisotropy in metal-oxide compounds
Authors: Dmitrenko I. M. , Glukhov A. M. , Zaika A. S. , Pokhila A. S. , Sivakov A. G. , Fenster M. Ya. , Fogel’ N. Ya. , Braude I. S. , Pokhil Yu. A.
Published: January 2025

Resistive transitions R(T) in a magnetic field and the upper critical field are studied in YBa2Cu3Ox. and LaSrCuO4 polycrystals grown from the melt and by the ceramic technique. It is found that for samples grown from the melt, the dependences R(T) in fairly high fields can be fitted into a single universal curve described by the percolation theory for polycrystals with a random angular distribution of anisotropy axes. A method is proposed for eliminating the weak bond effect in ceramic samples on the Hc2(T) dependences being measured. This procedure helps remove the irreproducibility of Hc2 values caused by a difference in the microstructure of samples prepared by different methods. The results of the percolation theory are used in the experimental determination of parameters dHc2‖/dT and dHc2⊥/dT characterizing the anisotropy in the single crystals of the above-mentioned high-temperature superconductors. The magnetic-field induced anisotropy in the resistance of polycrystals is studied in the region of the superconducting transition. It is found that this anisotropy is related to the anisotropy in the normal resistance of single-crystal grains constituting the polycrystal.
Electromagnetic impedance and transparency of thin conductors in multichannel reflection of electrons by specimen boundary
Authors: Kardenas V. , Lur’e M. A.
Published: January 2025

The theory of dimensional high-frequency effects in thin plates associated with a new mechanism of anomalous penetration of electromagnetic field into a metal is constructed.1−3 These effects are caused by transfer processes occurring upon electron collisions with a smooth surface have been observed in recent experiments.6 The transparency and impedance of plates are calculated for a wide range of magnetic fields and frequencies ω of an electromagnetic wave.
Tunnel effect in Y–Ba–Cu–O superconducting films
Authors: Svistunov V. M. , B̌enačka Š. , Pleceńĭc A. , Chromik Š.
Published: January 2025

Tunnel structures of Pb-YBCO films have been prepared by vacuum evaporation. Resonance-type peculiarities observed in their spectra are apparently due to the decay of Cooper pairs. The energy gap in YBCO films is found to be 2Δ = 31.6−34.2 meV (5.4−5.9 Tc).
Nonlinear second-sound waves in a liquid helium resonator
Authors: Borisenko I. Yu. , Efimov V. B. , Mezhov-Deglin I. P.
Published: January 2025

It is found that for large values of the thermal power P ≥ 10−2 W/cm2, the form of a standing second-sound wave in a superfluid helium-filled resonator, registered with the help of a bolometer, is nearly sinusoidal only near the point Ta = 1.88 K where the nonlinearity coefficient of the second sound waves passes through zero. For T ≠ Ta the wave is strongly distorted and its shape varies upon a transition from T > Ta to T < Ta. This means that along with the normal wave scattering at vortex coils generated by the heat flux, the second sound nonlinearity (dependence of velocity on wave amplitude) also plays a significant role.
Vortex movement in a long Josephson junction with edge current injection
Authors: Rudenko É. M. , Nevirkovets I. P. , Ustinov A. V.
Published: January 2025

The behavior of a long Josephson junction with edge current injection in an external magnetic field is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The experimentally obtained current-voltage characteristics and the stationary state regions are found to be in qualitative agreement with the results of numerical calculations.
On charged kink instability in quasi-one-dimensional Peierls structures of trans-polyacetylene type in a uniform electric field
Authors: Gvozdikov V. M.
Published: January 2025

The tunneling probability of an electron escape from the kink- and bipolaron-induced level (kink being a soliton of the order parameter) in a Peierls insulator of the polyacetylene type is calculated in the semiclassical approximation as a function of a uniform electric field applied along the filament and of the confinement parameter which determines the internal structure of the bipolaron. For fields considerably lower than 105−106 V/cm, this probability has a form typical of the electric (Zener) breakdown and apparently determines the “nonohmic” conduction in a doped cis-polyacetylene.
On the theory of magnetic susceptibility and band structure of zinc
Authors: McClure J. W. , Vorontsov S. A.
Published: January 2025

The orbital magnetic susceptibility is calculated for states near the point K, viz., the center of the vertical edge of the Brillouin zone of zinc. The parameters of the k·p model used for describing this segment of the spectrum are chosen in such a way as to ensure the best agreement between the theory and the experimentally observed temperature dependence of susceptibility. An agreement with the experimental results for other properties is also taken into consideration. The temperature T = 170 K (c/a = 1.844) has been found at which the electron “needle” of the third band of the Fermi surface vanishes.
Structure of n-solitons in rotating superfluid B-phase of 3He
Authors: Kiviladze V. N. , Kharadze G. A.
Published: January 2025

The structure of n -solitons in the rotating magnetized superfluid B -phase of liquid 3He is investigated theoretically. It is shown that the width of the soliton texture of the n -field considerably depends on the angular velocity. This dependence can be investigated by observing peculiarities in the ultrasonic absorption spectrum in the presence of n -solitons.
Transformation of first sound into second at the bcc 4He–He II interface
Authors: Dyumin N. E. , Grigor’ev V. N. , Svatko S. V.
Published: January 2025

The temperature dependence of the coefficient of first-second sound transformation at the bcc 4He–He II interface is measured and absolute values of the temperature oscillation amplitude in the second sound wave are determined. It is shown that except in the metastable region, the oscillation amplitude increases with decreasing temperature, thus pointing towards a fairly high rate of growth and melting of bcc crystals of 4He.
Effect of gamma-radiation on the transition to the superconducting state in Y–Ba–Cu–O ceramics
Authors: Babakishvili G. O. , Kekelidze G. P. , Kekelidze N. P. , Tsintsadze G. A.
Published: January 2025

The effect of γ-radiation on characteristics of superconducting transitions in yttrium ceramics is investigated at 300 and 77 K. A considerable dependence of parameters on radiation dose was observed, especially at low temperatures. In the latter case, the value of Tc is displaced above the initial value.
Acoustic properties of YBa2Cu3O7−y superconducting ceramics in the temperature range from 6 to 300 K
Authors: Pal’-Val’ P. P. , Natsik V. D. , Pal’-Val’ L. N. , Dotsenko V. I. , Kaufmann H.-J.
Published: January 2025

Temperature dependences of elastic and inelastic characteristics of YBa2Cu3O7-y superconducting ceramics are studied in the temperature range from 6 to 300 K by using the method of double compound vibrator at longitudinal oscillation frequencies ≈ 100 kHz. The acoustic properties of the samples are found to change considerably under the effect of large-amplitude ultrasound.
13 µm cutoff InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice nBn detectors with high quantum efficiency grown by MOCVD
Authors: Brown Richard , Liu Chen , Seager George , Alvarado Francisco , Wong Ka Ming , Craig Adam P. , Beanland Richard , Marshall Andrew R. J. , Davies J. Iwan , Li Qiang
Published: January 2025

In this work, we report the growth and fabrication optimization of a long wavelength InAs/GaSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) nBn detector grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. A GaAs like interfacial scheme was employed to grow the T2SLs matched to InAs substrates. A larger bandgap InAs/GaSb T2SL was used as an electron barrier, removing the need for AlSb based materials within this detector. At 77 K and −0.1 V, the photodetector showed a dark current density of 2.2 × 10−2 A cm−2 and a 100% cutoff wavelength of 13 µm. The external quantum efficiency was found to be 54.4% at 9 µm. The peak detectivity was found to be 4.43 × 1010 cm Hz1/2/W at 9 µm, which is very comparable with similar deep etched detectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
Optimizing time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles of semiconductor heterostructures
Authors: Tröger Jan , Kersting Reinhard , Hagenhoff Birgit , Bougeard Dominique , Abrosimov Nikolay V. , Klos Jan , Schreiber Lars R. , Bracht Hartmut
Published: January 2025

The continuous technological development of electronic devices and the introduction of new materials lead to ever greater demands on the fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures and their characterization. This work focuses on optimizing Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiles of semiconductor heterostructures aiming at a minimization of measurement-induced profile broadening. As a model system, a state-of-the-art Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) grown multilayer homostructure consisting of natSi/28Si bilayers with only 2 nm in thickness is investigated while varying the most relevant sputter parameters. Atomic concentration-depth profiles are determined and an error function based description model is used to quantify layer thicknesses as well as profile broadening. The optimization process leads to an excellent resolution of the multilayer homostructure. The results of this optimization guide to a ToF-SIMS analysis of another MBE grown heterostructure consisting of a strained and highly purified 28Si layer sandwiched between two Si0.7Ge0.3 layers. The sandwiched 28Si layer represents a quantum well that has proven to be an excellent host for the implementation of electron-spin qubits.
Independent energy storage planning model considering comprehensive benefits enhancement
Authors: Guo Wenzhang , Zhou Yuanke , Zhang Rui , Su Han , Tian Jia , Hu Xudong , Shen Yuming , Xu Jiayin , Zhao Feiao , Ma Yinghao
Published: January 2025

New power systems with large-scale clean energy access require energy storage to provide critical support. Aiming at the problems of unclear service scope, high investment cost, long payback period, and low utilization rate faced by the construction of new energy storage, an energy storage planning method considering the comprehensive benefits of independent energy storage is proposed. First, the key transmission sections identification index is proposed by comprehensively considering the characteristics of the key transmission sections, the grid topology, the reliability, and the criticality of the line. Second, the connecting areas of the key transmission sections are selected as the location of independent energy storage configuration and dynamically updated year by year to clarify the optimal siting area of the independent energy storage in the long term planning. Then, an independent energy storage planning model considering comprehensive benefits enhancement is established to expand the multiple applications of energy storage in the power market and improve the comprehensive benefits of the energy storage system. Finally, the improved IEEE RTS-79 system is used for simulation to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Coplanar nanoscale vacuum electron field emission triode with controllable gate distance
Authors: Fang Chunpei , Liu Xin , He Lai , Ma Shuochen , Wang Jinpeng , Hou Xun , Zhang Jingwen
Published: January 2025

The typical nanoscale vacuum field emission triode with a controllable gate distance, created via focused ion beam etching and photolithography, is presented in this study. The field emission performance under coplanar gate control is distinguished from the gate distance (dg) in a low vacuum environment. It is, therefore, necessary to highlight a vital parameter dg defined by the nanogap between the center of the nanoscale channel and the edge of the coplanar gate, to methodically illustrate the working mechanism. For the case of a device with large dg, the F–N tunneling current was positively increased by up to one order of magnitude when high bias conditions on the anode and coplanar gate were applied. In contrast, the device with short dg displayed a negative drop in F–N tunneling current under the same measurement condition. As the gate bias increased continuously to a critical value, this device became cut off in this situation with an insignificant gate leakage current. This opposite trend of F–N emission current is eventually verified to have a relationship with dg and it is suggested to play a crucial role in the device. This work clarified the role of the coplanar gate when device operated in the F–N tunneling mechanism and conducted a thorough analysis of the charge transport mechanism related to dg. This work will aid coplanar nanoscale vacuum electron field emission device design in the future.
Supercarbon assembly inspired two-dimensional hourglass fermion
Authors: Xiong Mo , Yang Tao
Published: January 2025

By using a tight-binding model, first-principles calculations, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we theoretically demonstrate that the C76-Td-assembled two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice is stable at room temperature and is resistant to mechanical deformation. We disclose that each C76-Td mimics a single carbon atom (geometrically and electronically); hence, it plays the role of one supercarbon. This inspires that the 2D material exhibits an exotic hourglass-like fermion at the Fermi level. Furthermore, we suggest that biaxial strains could modify the hourglass shape, including the electronic Fermi velocity, and induce magnetization. Hexagonal boron nitride can be employed as a protective layer without affecting the electronic structure of this material. This hourglass fermion has the potential to serve as a promising material for high-speed electronic devices and to bridge the gap between zero-dimensional spherical carbon clusters and two-dimensional graphene.
An in vitro study on comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of bioactive composite to tooth structure with various dentin conditioning agents
Authors: Pokkula Priyanka , Asif Shaik Mohammed , Alqarni Abdullah , Abullais Shahabe Saquib , Shamsudeen Shaik Mohamed , Yassin Syed M , Atta Abosofyan S. , Khan Wahaj Ahmad
Published: January 2025

Bioactive materials are an alternative to conventional restorative materials, which have been promising and challenging at the present time. Etchants or bonding agents are not required as this bioactive material chemically binds to teeth. A potent resin hydroxyapatite complex is formed due to ionic interaction, further preventing microleakage. Applying citric acid and maleic acid is an added advantage in removing the formed smear layer during cavity preparation. This study uses various bonding and conditioning agents to evaluate the strength of bioactive composite shear bonds to the tooth structure. Sixty extracted human maxillary premolars were collected for this study. They were randomly divided into four groups. They were treated with their respective conditioning and bonding agents. The Statistical Package for Social Science software version 23 by IBM was used for data processing and analysis. All p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The highest mean bond strength was recorded for the self-etch adhesive group (27.54 MPa), followed by the phosphoric acid group (23.77 MPa), maleic acid group (23.11 MPa), and control group (19.21 MPa). A comparison of intergroup mean bond strength was made using one-way ANOVA. 52.36 was the sum of squares between groups, and that within the group was 19.984, with a degree of freedom between groups being 3 and that within the group being 56, which was statistically significant. The post hoc Tukey test was used for individual group interaction, which was statistically significant. The bond strength of the Activa-restorative material was increased by the pre-conditioning tooth surface. G-bond self-etch adhesive showed the highest efficacy in improving the bond strength among other agents.
Deep reinforcement learning-based jet control for tandem cylinders
Authors: He Xian-Jun , Huang Jiang-Liu , Wu Ming-Yu , Zheng Chun , Chen Zhi-Hua
Published: January 2025

The flow dynamics around tandem cylinders are complex, with significant engineering implications, especially in applications like high-rise buildings. This study presents a jet flow control framework for two tandem cylinders with a Reynolds number (Re) of 100, based on deep reinforcement learning. We compare two control strategies: (1) a single-agent strategy, where one controller manages the jet flow for two cylinders and (2) a dual-agent strategy, where separate controllers regulate each cylinder independently. The effectiveness of both strategies is evaluated under varying cylinder radii and inter-cylinder spacing. The results show that the single-agent strategy achieves drag reductions of approximately 28% and 40% for the front and rear cylinders, respectively, while the dual-agent strategy results in reductions of about 32% and 31%. While the single-agent strategy is more effective at reducing drag on the rear cylinder, the dual-agent strategy provides superior drag reduction for the larger cylinder and exhibits smaller fluctuations in drag across all conditions.
Calculation of the same Lorentz factor using the opposite approach
Authors: Wang Wu
Published: January 2025

This article extends the law of electromagnetic oscillation to form a theoretical system of spatial particles. According to this theory, the speed of light is variable and motion is absolute. The Lorentz factor can be calculated using an absolute inertial coordinate system that converts the absolute inertial coordinate system in space B to the movement coordinate system in space A. The generalized Lorentz transformation is a transformation of different spaces; its core is the ratio of the speed of light, and a new method is used to derive the mass‒energy equivalence and rewrite Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Strain rebound and inhomogeneity in glass-to-metal seals: Radial vs axial strain evolution
Authors: Gong Keqian , Liu Zheng , Song Zifeng , Zhou Chao , Shi Zhangjing , Nie Siyue , Zhou Weisong , Yan He , Fan Zhichun , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2025

Glass, as a widely used amorphous material, often undergoes pre-stressing during processing to enhance its stability, with glass-to-metal (GTM) seal being a prominent example. Despite extensive studies on residual stress/strain in sealing glass, critical gaps remain in decoupling directional strains and understanding their in situ evolution during the cooling process, especially with respect to their microstructural origins. This study employs advanced fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in situ monitoring to decouple and independently analyze radial and axial strain evolution, providing novel insights into the mechanical anisotropy of sealing glass. The results revealed significant directional strain inhomogeneity throughout the cooling process, with strain evolution characterized by five distinct phases: zero-strain, rapid strain increase, gradual strain increase, significant strain rebound, and strain stabilization. Notably, axial strain froze earlier than radial strain (590 °C vs 575 °C): a counterintuitive finding attributed to free volume (FV) dynamics within the glass. Both directions exhibited pronounced strain rebound at lower temperatures, driven by the accumulation of smaller rebound events, effectively explained by FV theory. Moreover, the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the glass and the metal housing significantly amplified radial strain, resulting in marked directional differences in strain behavior. Finite element analysis further corroborated these findings, confirming more pronounced variations in axial strain compared to the more uniform behavior observed in radial strain. These results underscore the anisotropic mechanical response of sealing glass within GTM seals, emphasize the value of FBG in situ monitoring for understanding strain evolution, and provide insights into enhancing the reliability of GTM seals across various applications.
Time-resolved deep reinforcement learning for control of the flow past an airfoil
Authors: Li Kaiyu , Liang Zhiquan , Fan Hao , Liang Wenkai
Published: January 2025

The current work proposes a method for the active control of flow over a National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics 0012 airfoil under turbulent condition based on time-resolved deep reinforcement learning (DRL). To leverage the coherent structures in the temporal evolution of the flow field, we integrate the long short-term memory (LSTM) network with the proximal policy optimization (PPO) method. Based on this LSTM-PPO method, the model obtained an improved strategy for controlling the mass flow rates of the three jets located on the upper surface of the airfoil to control the flow and increase the lift-to-drag ratio. The LSTM-PPO method is first compared with the traditional PPO method at Re = 2500, achieving a remarkable 160.9% enhancement of the lift-to-drag ratio. Then, the trained LSTM-PPO model is tested under several operation conditions, manifesting its adaptability. Dynamic mode decomposition is also used to study the change in the dynamics with and without the active flow control (AFC) based on the LSTM-PPO method. This study highlights the potential of recurrent neural networks to cooperate with DRL algorithms, paving the way for real-world applications of AFC.
A framework of parallel physics-informed neural network with Laplace transform for well testing interpretation
Authors: Fan Dongyan , Yang Can , Sun Hai , Yao Jun , Zhang Lei , Jia Cunqi , Fu Shuaishi , Sang Qian
Published: January 2025

The application of machine learning methodologies offers a novel perspective for more convenient and efficient well test interpretation. In this study, we propose a novel approach, La-PPINN (parallel physics-informed neural network based on Laplace transform), which incorporates the physical model of fluid flow in Laplace space, as well as well testing observed data for parameters inversion of reservoir and wellbore. In order to validate the proposed methodology, a classical vertical well problem in a single porous medium with an analytical solution has been employed. This has enabled us to present a comparison between the robustness and accuracy of our proposed model and those of models that do not consider the Laplace transform or parallel neural networks. Moreover, the stability of the model was tested by introducing different levels of Gaussian noise. The results demonstrate that incorporating the Laplace space representations of physical equations into the model reduces the computational complexity. Furthermore, the parallel neural network enhances the computational efficiency and accuracy. Additionally, the La-PPINN network is also shown to accurately fit the bottom-hole pressure curve and precisely invert parameters, even when a Gaussian noise is introduced, for three different reservoir types, including dual-porosity, triple-porosity, and composite reservoirs.
An efficient prediction and historical matching method for reservoir dynamics using advanced attention-based vision transformer
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Guan Yingzhu , Yan Xue , He Siqi , Jiang Mengyuan , Gong Jingya , Chang Cheng , Shen Xuyang , Liu Yurong , Zhang Guangming
Published: January 2025

This paper presents an efficient method for reservoir dynamic prediction and historical matching, utilizing an advanced attention-based vision transformer (AAVT) model to overcome the inefficiencies of traditional numerical simulations with high-dimensional and uncertainties. The deep learning techniques effectively capture the internal relationships between complex geological features and production data, significantly enhancing both computational efficiency and prediction accuracy. The article offers a comprehensive overview of the AAVT model architecture and its self-attention mechanism, emphasizing its strengths in feature extraction and information processing. Through practical case analyses, the model's effectiveness and robustness across various scenarios have been validated, underscoring its potential for dynamic prediction and historical matching. The AAVT model exhibits significant advantages in addressing high-dimensional uncertainties and complex geological structures, achieving improved accuracy while reducing computational costs by approximately 80% compared to traditional methods.
Deposition and splashing characteristics of ionic liquid nanodroplet impacting surfaces in electrospray
Authors: Chen Yuxiang , Wang Weizong , Cheng Yufeng , Zhang Guangchuan
Published: January 2025

Nanodroplet collisions with solid surfaces can occur in various applications of electrospray technology. In electrospray propulsion, the deposition and splashing of droplets from the beam onto surfaces are critical to the performance and lifetime of the electrospray thrusters, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, this paper developed a detailed molecular dynamics model to simulate the collisions of an ionic liquid nanodroplet under varying electric fields and charges. The results show that under a 1000 V acceleration voltage, the droplet dissociates into cations and anions after a high-speed collision with the surface. The deposition characteristics are influenced by the oscillation between cations and anions and the applied electric field. When the electric field strength is low, the oscillation between ions leads to easier deposition of cations, causing neutral droplets to deposit a small amount of positive charge after the collision. Only negatively charged droplets may deposit a neutral or negative charge. When the electric field strength is high, it separates the cations and anions, resulting in significant charge deposition due to the imbalance of ion quantities on the surface. Furthermore, as the charge of the droplet increases, the deposition rate fluctuates, which is related to the momentum exchange caused by the oscillation between ions. This paper reveals the collision mechanism of ionic liquid nanodroplets in an electrospray environment, which may contribute to the further development of droplet–wall collision models in electrospray propulsion or deposition.
A finite-orthogonal-basis reduced-order model for solving partial differential equations
Authors: Wang Hongjiang , Huang Chaohui , Xia Yang , Wang Weizhe , Liu Yingzhen
Published: January 2025

Projection-based reduced order model (PROM) and the hyper projection-based reduced order model (HPROM) require users to embed the projection and approximation processes within numerical calculation framework. These requirements are exceedingly challenging for most users of commercial software. Accordingly, we propose an innovative reduced-order framework comprising finite-orthogonal-basis reduced-order model (FB-ROM) and its hyper-reduced form, namely, finite-orthogonal-basis hyper-reduced-order model (FB-HROM). FB-ROM and FB-HROM directly discretize PDEs via simple matrix addition and pointwise multiplication between reduced order bases Φ and its corresponding differential operator. L(Φ). rather than via element-wise traversal used in PROMs and HPROMs. This approach gives the FB-ROM and FB-HROM a non-intrusive characteristic in terms of model discretization during the online phase, allowing users of commercial software to discretize the PDEs without relying on complex numerical computation models that have a high barrier and a non-intrusive characteristic in terms of data acquisition during the offline phase, allowing users to obtain all necessary snapshots through commercial software. Specially, FB-HROM organically omits the approximation processes of nonlinear operators, relying solely on the projection process inherent in the FB-ROM to achieve hyper-reduction. Diverse case studies, namely, on the heat conduction equation, reaction–diffusion equation, Burgers' equation, and the Navier–Stokes equations, reveal that FB-ROM and FB-HROM exhibit remarkable performance in terms of acceleration with acceleration factors of 158.2×, 180.1×, 202.5×, and 393.4×, respectively, stability, and generalizability and high applicability.
CO2 conversion products in α and γ modes of radio frequency capacitively coupled plasma
Authors: Ye Zifan , Fu Qiang , Liu Luyao , Wei Tinglu , Luo Jialun , Guo Honglin , Chang Zhengshi
Published: January 2025

Radio Frequency Capacitively Coupled Plasma (RF-CCP) exhibits excellent spatial uniformity, high stability, and the capability to generate plasma over large areas, making it highly promising for applications in CO2 resource utilization in space environments. This study investigates the CO2 conversion products under two typical discharge modes (α and γ modes) of RF-CCP and their product selectivity under Martian nominal pressure. The results indicate that the optical emission spectra in both α and γ modes contain CO2+, O, and CO spectral bands/lines. The overall spectral line intensity is enhanced in the γ mode compared to the α mode, indicating a higher electron density and ionization degree in the γ mode. The key product, CO, is primarily generated through electron collisions with CO2, while O2 is produced via the dissociative recombination of electrons with CO2+. After the transition from α to γ mode, the content of CO2 decreases, but the concentrations of electrons and CO2+ increase significantly. This results in CO being the dominant product in the α mode, while in the γ mode, the overall abundance of products is higher and there is a greater selectivity for O2. Therefore, by controlling the discharge mode of RF-CCP, it is possible to achieve targeted regulation of the CO2 conversion products.
Multidimensional quantum dynamics with explicitly correlated Gaussian wave packets using Rothe’s method
Authors: Schrader Simon Elias , Pedersen Thomas Bondo , Kvaal Simen
Published: January 2025

In a previous publication [S. E. Schrader et al., J. Chem. Phys. 161, 044105 (2024)], it has been shown that Rothe’s method can be used to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom in a strong laser field using time-dependent Gaussian wave packets. Here, we generalize these results, showing that Rothe’s method can propagate arbitrary numbers of thawed, complex-valued, Explicitly Correlated Gaussian (ECGs) functions with dense correlation matrices for systems with varying dimensionality. We consider the multidimensional Hénon–Heiles potential and show that the dynamics can be quantitatively reproduced using only 30 Gaussians in 2D and that accurate spectra can be obtained using 20 Gaussians in 2D and 30–40 Gaussians in 3D and 4D. Therefore, the relevant multidimensional dynamics can be described at high quality using only a small number of ECGs that give a very compact representation of the wave function. This efficient representation, along with the demonstrated ability of Rothe’s method to propagate Gaussian wave packets in strong fields and ECGs in complex potentials, paves the way for accurate molecular dynamics calculations beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation in strong fields.
Dynamic characteristics of droplets' impact on solid surfaces with varied roughness
Authors: Wang Qingguo , Liu Saihao , Wang Weixiang , Zhao Hongyang , Zhang Xing , Han Fangwei , Wang Hetang
Published: January 2025

Probing into the process of droplets impacting solid surfaces and revealing their underlying behavioral characteristics is paramount across diverse fields. A high-speed camera capable of recording at 10,000 frames per second is utilized to capture the impact process of droplets on various rough surfaces. The effects of the droplets' properties, surface roughness, and surface wettability on the dynamic spread of droplets on solid surfaces are investigated. The research demonstrates that the addition of surfactants reduces the surface tension of droplets and dampens their vertical oscillations on surfaces, leading to decrease in the time required to achieve equilibrium. The increase in surface roughness leads to the decrease in droplet retraction degree and the decrease in maximum spreading coefficient. The surface wettability also influences the maximum spread coefficient and equilibrium time. The equations for the maximum spreading coefficient of the droplets on a solid surface with respect to the Weber number (We) and the revised capillary number (Ra*) are obtained by quantitative analysis.
Rethinking asymmetric image deformation with post-correction for particle image velocimetry
Authors: Ai Jia , Chen Zuobing , Li Junjie , Lee Yong
Published: January 2025

Symmetric image deformation has been considered as the only method for achieving second-order accuracy in particle image velocimetry (PIV). However, two deformed images with interpolation errors might lead to a doubling of the measurement uncertainty. Alternatively, this work proposed a post-correction method (FDI2CDI) to correct the velocity results of asymmetric image deformation to second-order accuracy, aiming at reducing the random interpolation error because only one deformed particle image is required. Specifically, the implicit geometric relationship between asymmetric forward difference interrogation (FDI) and symmetric central difference interrogation (CDI) is derived. And the correction problem is thus modeled as a fixed-point problem, which is solved using iterative updates. Tested on several synthetic velocity fields, massive synthetic particle image pairs, and two captured recordings, our FDI2CDI method demonstrates fast convergence, noise robustness, and significant improvement in accuracy. Besides, our FDI2CDI method also exhibits strong generalizability across different one-pass displacement estimators, as shown through experiments with optical flow and cross correlation. In addition, we provide a publicly available repository of FDI2CDI, including all reported results for the interested practitioners. In summary, our FDI2CDI post-correction method revitalizes the asymmetric image deformation for more accurate PIV measurement.
A photo-thermoacoustic-diffusion model for hydro-poroelastic nano-composite semiconductor medium with chemical potential
Authors: Alshehri Hashim M. , Lotfy Khaled
Published: January 2025

This study introduces an innovative photo-thermoacoustic-diffusion model to explore wave propagation in a hydro-poroelastic semiconductor medium under laser excitation. The model combines photothermal transport principles with mass diffusion and poroelasticity, capturing the interconnected effects of thermal, chemical, and carrier diffusion processes induced by laser heating. Analytical solutions for the primary physical fields within the medium are obtained using the normal mode analysis method. By incorporating the distinctive properties of hydro-semiconductors, such as fluid-saturated pore interactions, the model is particularly suited for studying porous semiconductor materials. The interaction of photo-induced thermal and mechanical waves with diffusion processes is analyzed under specific boundary conditions. Graphical representations of numerical results highlight the influence of critical parameters, showcasing the model's effectiveness in advancing material understanding and optimization, with potential applications in optoelectronics, photothermal therapy, and semiconductor device design.
Half a century of change in floristics and structure in an urban grassy woodland: implications for conservation management
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , Jenkinson Ian , Bridle Kerry L.
Published: January 2025

Context Vegetation remnants enveloped by built up areas tend to drift away in their character from vegetation on similar sites in more extensive patches of native vegetation, but may stabilise in synthetic (novel) form with time in harmony with disturbance regimes and environmental change. Managers may be able to induce a synthetic state that maintains the nature conservation values of such remnants. Aims We examine the degree to which the nature conservation values of the the vegetation of a 19th century urban reserve in nipaluna (Hobart), lutruwita (Tasmania) changed between 1974 and 2022/23 in a period of climate change and changes in vegetation management, with the aim of discerning appropriate conservation management regimes. Methods Sixty-nine 1 × 15 m quadrats were randomly located in the non-cultivated part of the Domain in 1974 and roughly relocated for sampling in 1984, 1994, 2001 and 2022. Tree diameters were recorded using the point-centred quarter method in 1974, 1984, 1994, 2001 and 2023. The responses of native and exotic species richness, and the frequency of the more common species, to time and other predictor variables related to time since last fire, evidence of mowing at the time of the survey, and topography were determined using linear modelling, correlation, analysis of variance and chi-squared. Key results The native tree Allocasuarina verticillata was the only significantly varying consistent increaser of 67 taxa. The native perennial herbs Acaena echinata and Leptorhynchos squamatus and the non-native shrubby weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera were the only significantly varying consistent decreasers. However, several rare and threatened species too infrequent for statistical analysis also declined between 2022/23 and 2000. Twenty-four of the 67 taxa with sufficient data for analysis did not significantly vary among years. The percentage of native species in quadrats did not change through time. It was negatively related to mowing and the time since fire. Native tree stems 10–30 cm in diameter and those over 30 cm increased through time, whereas those less than 10 cm in diameter increased dramatically until 2000, then strongly decreased by 2023. Total stem density increased through time. Conclusions Mowing and fire regimes strongly influenced the distributions of a large proportion of native taxa independent of time and underlying environment, largely by controlling the density of the small tree layer, which can potentially form closed-forest without eucalypts. Implications It is possible to use fire, mowing and slashing to maintain nature conservation values in synthetic urban grassy woodland, although the maintenance of the rarest native species requires more specific and varied interventions.
Hidden domain boundary dynamics toward crystalline perfection
Authors: Mangu Anudeep , Stoica Vladimir A. , Zheng Hao , Yang Tiannan , Zhang Maohua , Wang Huaiyu (Hugo) , Zu Rui , Nguyen Quynh L. , Song Sanghoon , Das Sujit , Meisenheimer Peter , Donoway Elizabeth , Chollet Matthieu , Sun Yanwen , Turner Joshua J. , Freeland John W. , Wen Haidan , Martin Lane W. , Chen Long-Qing , Gopalan Venkatraman , Zhu Diling , Cao Yue , Lindenberg Aaron M.
Published: January 2025

A central paradigm of nonequilibrium physics concerns the dynamics of heterogeneity and disorder, impacting processes ranging from the behavior of glasses to the emergent functionality of active matter. Understanding these complex mesoscopic systems requires probing the microscopic trajectories associated with irreversible processes, the role of fluctuations and entropy growth, and the timescales on which nonequilibrium responses are ultimately maintained. Approaches that illuminate these processes in model systems may enable a more general understanding of other heterogeneous nonequilibrium phenomena, and potentially define ultimate speed and energy cost limits for information processing technologies. Here, we apply ultrafast single-shot X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to resolve the nonequilibrium, heterogeneous, and irreversible mesoscale dynamics during a light-induced phase transition in a (PbTiO
3
)
16
/(SrTiO
3
)
16
superlattice. Such ferroelectric superlattice systems are a useful platform to study phase transitions and topological dynamics due to their high degree of tunability. This provides an approach for capturing the nucleation of the light-induced phase, the formation of transient mesoscale defects at the boundaries of the nuclei, and the eventual annihilation of these defects, even in systems with complex polarization topologies. We identify a nonequilibrium correlation response spanning >10 orders of magnitude in timescales, with multistep behavior similar to the plateaus observed in supercooled liquids and glasses. We further show how the observed time-dependent long-time correlations can be understood in terms of stochastic and non-Markovian dynamics of domain walls, encoded in waiting-time distributions with power-law tails. This work defines possibilities for probing the nonequilibrium and correlated dynamics of disordered and heterogeneous media.
Inducing sympathies and antipathies
Authors: Samson Christina
Published: January 2025

Conflicts have always been highly newsworthy. They receive massive coverage while inducing readers’
sympathies or antipathies, depending on which party in conflict they identify with. By adopting a corpus-assisted
approach integrated with discourse analysis, this study focuses on how, in a small corpus of letters published in the
press during the 1857–58 uprisings in India, the most frequent keywords and collocation patterns represent the events.
The emerging data indicate how language is used to generate emotive reactions towards the Indian rebels in the
readership, while legitimising the East India Company officials’ actions with the purpose of developing a sense of
shared beliefs in an English identity across the empire by connecting personal concerns to a wider sense of public
engagement.
Language and ideology
Authors: Martini Isabella
Published: January 2025

This paper combines corpus linguistics and discourse analysis to answer the question: What was the
ideological stance on the Armenian Question in letters to the editor during the years of the genocide, and how was
this stance expressed? A quantitative and qualitative linguistic analysis on a corpus of LTE published in The
Times between 1914 and 1926 combines a corpus-driven approach with corpus-assisted discourse analysis.
The analysis of keywords and their frequent collocates and clusters shows a more nuanced picture than the simple
ideology of positive ingroup vs. negative outgroup. First, the Armenian side also receives negative
evaluations, albeit not detracting from its victim status. Secondly, there is a further negative outgroup apart from
the Turks, namely the British government.
The LC3-interacting region of NBR1 is a protein interaction hub enabling optimal flux
Authors: North Brian J. , Ohnstad Amelia E. , Ragusa Michael J. , Shoemaker Christopher J.
Published: January 2025

During autophagy, toxic cargo is encapsulated by autophagosomes and trafficked to lysosomes for degradation. NBR1, an autophagy receptor targeting ubiquitinated aggregates, serves as a model for studying the multivalent, heterotypic interactions of cargo-bound receptors. Here, we find that three critical NBR1 partners—ATG8-family proteins, FIP200, and TAX1BP1—each bind to distinct, overlapping determinants within a short linear interaction motif (SLiM). To explore whether overlapping SLiMs extend beyond NBR1, we analyzed >100 LC3-interacting regions (LIRs), revealing that FIP200 and/or TAX1BP1 binding to LIRs is a common phenomenon and suggesting LIRs as protein interaction hotspots. Phosphomimetic peptides demonstrate that phosphorylation generally enhances FIP200 and ATG8-family binding but not TAX1BP1, indicating differential regulation. In vivo, LIR-mediated interactions with TAX1BP1 promote optimal NBR1 flux by leveraging additional functionalities from TAX1BP1. These findings reveal a one-to-many binding modality in the LIR motif of NBR1, illustrating the cooperative mechanisms of autophagy receptors and the regulatory potential of multifunctional SLiMs.
Convergence rate of Tikhonov regularization for identifying parameters in the elastic wave system under a positive condition
Authors: Zhang Wensheng , Huang Huiming
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates convergence rate of Tikhonov regularization for identifying parameters in the two-dimensional elastic wave system in the frequency domain formulation. We assume that we know the imprecise measurement data in the domain with a measurement error of level δ > 0. In order to determine the three media parameters in the system, we propose a new functional and deal with the parameter identification problem by minimizing the regularized functional. We first prove the differentiability of the parameter-to-solution mapping under a positive condition related to the Korn constant or the diameter of domain, the wave frequency, density and the second Lamé parameter. Then we prove the convexity of the functional and that the minimizing problem attains a unique global minimum on the admissible set. Furthermore, a new relatively weaker source condition is established. Finally we prove the convergence rate of the Tikhonov regularized solution is

O
(

δ

)

under the easily satisfied source condition.
Train axlebox bearing composite fault denoising method based on SVMD and dual threshold classification criteria
Authors: Xue Hai , Chen Jiangtao , Bai Yongliang , Ye Cenglin
Published: January 2025

The increase in train operating speed and the alteration of the wheel-rail contact relationship, which have resulted in a deterioration of the service conditions of axlebox bearings, render the composite bearing failure characteristics susceptible to being obliterated by robust background noise. In order to effectively filter out redundant noise and accurately extract the fault characteristics, a dual-threshold signal denoising method is constructed based on successive variational mode decomposition (SVMD) and combining the Euclidean distance and kurtosis characteristic (Dual-EDK). The validity of the proposed method is effective by the composite fault data of axlebox bearings on the equal scale test bench. Firstly, the signal is adaptively decomposed into K components by SVMD, which are classified into three categories by Dual-EDK: effective IMF, noisy IMF and noise IMF. Then, the effective IMF is retained, while the noisy IMF is discarded. Wavelet soft threshold (WST) is employed to reduce the noisy IMF, reconstruct effective IMF and denoising noisy IMF, and envelope demodulation is used to achieve noise reduction. Finally, the composite fault signals at both normal operating speeds and critical speed of instability are collated and subjected to analysis by the test bench. This is done in order to ascertain the efficacy of the proposed method by comparing the results with those obtained through the traditional approach. The results of the analysis demonstrate that, in comparison to VMD, the SNR is enhanced by 27.6% and theRMSE is diminished by 7.4% at normal operating speeds, the SNR is augmented by 26.2% and the RMSE is reduced by 9.6% at the unstable critical speed. These outcomes illustrate that the proposed method is capable of effectively extracting the denoising characteristic components of bearing faults, and that it has a pronounced impact.