bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follow-Up of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Related Disorders over Four Years in Adults in Their Sixties: The PATH Through Life Study
Authors: Anstey Kaarin J. , Cherbuin Nicolas , Christensen Helen , Burns Richard , Reglade-Meslin Chantal , Salim Agus , Kumar Rajeev , Jorm Anthony F. , Sachdev Perminder
Published: September 2008

Aims: The study aimed to estimate incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment and related disorders, and conversion to dementia. Methods: The data are drawn from the PATH Through Life Study. Baseline assessment in 2001–2002 included 2,551 participants 60–64 years old with 2,222 participating in a 4-year follow-up. Those screened positive with a cognitive assessment received clinical assessment for diagnoses of mild cognitive disorders (MCD) or dementia using established clinical criteria. Prevalence and incidence rates for the cohort were estimated with predictive regression models. Results: Annual incidence of dementia was 0.25%. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment was 4.2%, age-associated memory impairment was 2.4%, age-associated cognitive decline was 7.6%, mild neurocognitive disorders occurred in 12.9% and other cognitive disorders in 7.3%. Prevalence of any diagnosis of any MCD (Any-MCD) was 29.5% and the annual incidence rate for Any-MCD was 5.7%. Agreement for specific diagnoses between waves 1 and 2 was fair to poor (0–47.0%), but agreement for Any-MCD over 4 years was 89.0%. Conclusion: MCD diagnoses do not predict dementia at a 4-year follow-up in young-old adults. Prevalence rates for MCD vary greatly depending on the criteria and time of assessment.
Effect of Starch and Sucrose on Dental Biofilm Formation and on Root Dentine Demineralization
Authors: Aires C.P. , Del Bel Cury A.A. , Tenuta L.M.A. , Klein M.I. , Koo H. , Duarte S. , Cury J.A.
Published: September 2008

The cariogenicity of starch alone or in combination with sucrose is controversial and the effect on dentine demineralization and on the dental biofilm formed has not been explored under controlled conditions. A crossover, single-blind study was conducted in four steps of 14 days each, during which 11 volunteers wore palatal appliance containing 10 slabs of root dentine to which the following treatments were applied extraorally: 2% starch gel-like solution (starch group); 10% sucrose solution (sucrose group); a solution containing 2% starch and 10% sucrose (starch + sucrose group), or 2% starch solution followed by 10% sucrose solution (starch → sucrose group). On the 14th day of each phase the biofilms were collected for biochemical and microbiological analyses, and dentine demineralization was assessed by hardness. A higher demineralization was found in dentine exposed to sucrose and starch sucrose combinations than to starch alone (p < 0.01), but the sucrose-containing groups did not differ significantly from each other (p > 0.05). The concentrations of soluble and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and the proportion of insoluble EPS, were lower in the biofilm formed in presence of starch (p < 0.01) than in those formed in the presence of sucrose or sucrose/starch combinations; however, no significant difference was observed among the groups containing sucrose (p > 0.05). RNA was successfully isolated and purified from in situ biofilms and only biofilms formed in response to sucrose and starch/sucrose combinations showed detectable levels of gtfB and gtfC mRNA. The findings suggest that the combination of starch with sucrose may not be more cariogenic to dentine than sucrose alone.
Mineralization and Expression of Col1a1-3.6GFP Transgene in Primary Dental Pulp Culture
Authors: Balic Anamaria , Rodgers Barbara , Mina Mina
Published: September 2008

We have examined and compared the effects of various differentiation-inducing media on mineralization, cell morphology and expression of pOBCol3.6GFP (3.6-GFP) in primary dental pulp cultures derived from 3.6-GFP transgenic mice. Our results show that media containing ascorbic acid only could not induce mineralization in primary dental pulp cultures. On the other hand, media containing ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate induced formation of mineralized matrix-containing dentin. The amount of mineralized matrix was increased by addition of dexamethasone. Cells treated with ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate were fibroblast like and cells treated with dexamethasone were cuboidal. In all culture conditions, high levels of 3.6-GFP were expressed in areas of mineralization
Observational, Hypothesis-Driven and Genomics Research Strategies for Analyzing Inherited Differences in Responses to Infectious Diseases
Authors: Allison A.C.
Published: September 2008

The first phase of research on genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases was observational and descriptive. It began with the identification of children and adults with selective and non-selective immunodeficiencies. The types of infections to which these patients are susceptible provided evidence for the roles of T-cells, B-cells, leukocytes, and complement in controlling infectious diseases. Later the biochemical bases for these deficiencies were characterized. For example, an abnormal tyrosine kinase is associated with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and lack of adenosine deaminase results in severe combined immunodeficiency. The second strategy for analyzing inherited resistance to disease was hypothesis-driven. Observations on the distribution of the sickle-cell gene suggested that heterozygotes might be resistant to P. falciparum malaria. That proposal has been confirmed repeatedly. Persons heterozygous for other hemoglobin mutations and those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency also have some degree of resistance to malaria. The third, modern phase of research on susceptibility to infectious diseases is genomic. This powerful approach facilitated characterization of the mutations responsible for most of the above-mentioned defects. Moreover, genomics strategies make analyses of susceptibility to infections possible even when these are under multifactorial genetic control, as exemplified by malaria. This is likely to be true for most infectious diseases, so the genomic approach is an important way forward.
Epidemiology and Medical Expenses of Motor Neuron Diseases in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Chien-Hsu , Tseng Hung-Fu
Published: September 2008

Background: The purpose of the study is to investigate the epidemiology and associated medical expenses of motor neuron diseases (MND) in Taiwan. Methods: Data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, involving diagnoses of MND and Certificates of Serious Accidents and Diseases, were retrieved from January 2000 to December 2005. Age- and sex-specific incidences of MND were estimated by dividing the incidence number by population data obtained from the Department of Statistics, Ministry of the Interior. Results: In total, 1,554 patients with MND were identified. The average yearly incidence was 1.05 per 100,000 people. The male to female ratio was 1.51. The incidence rate, which was 1.25 in men and 0.84 in women, tended to increase with age, and peaked in the ranges of 65–69 years in men and 70–74 years in women. The expenses of the medical services associated with MND increased year by year, except for a sudden drop in inpatient expenses in 2005. Conclusions: The incidence of MND in Taiwan was 1.05 per 100,000/year, which was lower than that of Caucasians. The incidence had moderate male predominance and increased with age. With an aging population, case numbers and medical expenses associated with these diseases are expected to rise in future decades.
Functional Decline in Cognitive Impairment – The Relationship between Physical and Cognitive Function
Authors: Auyeung Tung Wai , Kwok Timothy , Lee Jenny , Leung Ping Chung , Leung Jason , Woo Jean
Published: September 2008

Background: Physical function decline is associated with dementia, which might either be mediated by the coexisting sarcopenia or directly related to the impaired cognition. Our objectives are to examine the relationship between cognitive function and performance-based physical function and to test the hypothesis that cognitive function is related to poor physical function independent of muscle mass. Methods: We measured muscle strength, performance-based physical function and muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and cognitive function using the cognitive part of the Community Screening Instrument of Dementia (CSI-D) in 4,000 community-dwelling Chinese elderly aged >65 years. A CSI-D cognitive score of >28.40 was considered as cognitively impaired. The effect of cognitive impairment on muscle strength and physical function was analyzed by multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, appendicular skeletal mass (ASM), the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and other comorbidities. Results: In both genders, the cognitively impaired (CSI-D cognitive score >28.40) group had a weaker grip strength (–5.10 kg, p < 0.001 in men; –1.08 kg in women, p < 0.001) and performed worse in the two physical function tests (in men, 6-meter walk speed, –0.13 m/s, p < 0.001, chair stand test, 1.42 s, p < 0.001; in women, 6-meter walk speed, –0.08 m/s, p < 0.001, chair stand test, 1.48 s, p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, ASM, PASE and other comorbidities, significant differences in grip strength (–2.60 kg, p < 0.001 in men; –0.49 kg, p = 0.011 in women) and the two physical function tests persisted between the cognitively impaired and nonimpaired group (in men, 6-meter walk speed, –0.072 m/s, p < 0.001, chair stand test, 0.80 s, p = 0.045; in women, 6-meter walk speed, –0.049 m/s, p < 0.001, chair stand test, 0.98 s, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Poor physical function and muscle strength coexisted with cognitive impairment. This relationship was independent of muscle mass. It is likely therefore that the functional decline in dementia might be related directly to factors resulting in cognitive impairment independently of the coexisting sarcopenia.
No Effect of Birth Weight on the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ramagopalan Sreeram V. , Herrera Blanca M. , Valdar William , Dyment David A. , Orton Sarah-Michelle , Yee Irene M. , Criscuoli Maria , Atkins Kevin , Ebers George C. , Sadovnick A. Dessa
Published: September 2008

Background: Genetic and environmental factors have important roles in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility. A clear maternal effect has been shown in several population-based studies. This parent-of-origin effect could result from factors operating during gestation. It has been shown that a low birth weight increases the risk of several adult-onset diseases. In a population-based Canadian cohort, we investigated whether there is any difference in birth weight for MS index cases compared to spousal controls. Methods: Using the longitudinal Canadian database, we identified 6,188 MS index cases and 1,640 spousal controls with birth weight information. Additionally, data were available on 164 discordant MS twins. The birth weight was compared between index cases and controls as well as for twin pairs. Results: When stratifying by sex, no significant difference in birth weight was found (average female index case birth weight = 7.23 pounds, average female control birth weight = 7.19 pounds, p = 0.48; average male index case birth weight = 7.56 pounds, average male control birth weight = 7.55 pounds, p = 0.92). Furthermore, there was no difference in birth weight between affected and unaffected twins (average affected twin weight = 5.46 pounds, average unaffected twin weight = 5.44 pounds, p =0.85). Conclusions: The maternal effect in MS aetiology does not appear to act through a route that has an influence on birth weight. As birth weight is a relatively poor marker of fetal development, other factors involved in fetal and early development need to be explored to elucidate the mechanism of the increased MS risk conferred maternally.
Distinct Gene Expression Profiles: Nodal versus Extranodal Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Jehan Zeenath , Siraj Abdul K. , Abubaker Jehad , Ruiz Christian , Simon Ronald , Sultana Mehar , Uddin Shahab , Bavi Prashant , Hussain Azhar , Razack Shirin , Ezzat Adnan , Al-Dayel Fouad , Sauter Guido , Al-Kuraya Khawla S.
Published: September 2008

Introduction: Approximately one third of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) arises from tissues different from the lymph node. Perceived differences in outcome between extranodal and nodal DLBCL raise the possibility that these subgroups may represent different biological and clinical entities. Methods: Microarray GeneChip technology was used for global gene expression profiles from nodal (n = 19) and extranodal (n = 8) DLBCL, to examine possible differences between these subgroups. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed for validation of microarray data. Differential expression levels of p16 (CDKN2A) were confirmed by means of immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray comprising more than 200 lymphoma samples. Results: A total of 218, over (124)- and underexpressed (94) genes were found to be differentially expressed in extranodal DLBCL compared with nodal DLBCL, including cytokines/chemokines, chromosome-replication-related genes and DNA repair genes. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the microarray data. A higher rate of p16 positivity was found in extranodal lymphomas. However, prognostic importance of p16 was associated with nodal rather than extranodal lymphomas. Conclusion: Our data suggest that a better distinction of these subgroups based on molecular classifiers is feasible and may greatly facilitate the determination of specific relevant clinical features and therapeutic implications of DLBCL with primary extranodal or nodal location.
Molecular Profiling of Isolated Histological Components of Wilms Tumor Implicates a Common Role for the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Kidney and Tumor Development
Authors: Maschietto Mariana , de Camargo Beatriz , Brentani Helena , Grundy Paul , Sredni Simone T. , Torres César , Mota Louise D. , Cunha Isabela W. , Patrão Diogo F.C. , Costa Cecília M.L. , Soares Fernando A. , Brentani Ricardo R. , Carraro Dirce M.
Published: September 2008

Wilms tumor (WT), a tumor composed of three histological components – blastema (BL), epithelia and stroma – is considered an appropriate model system to study the biological relationship between differentiation and tumorigenesis. To investigate molecular associations between nephrogenesis and WT, the gene expression pattern of individual cellular components was analyzed, using a customized platform containing 4,608 genes. WT gene expression patterns were compared to genes regulated during kidney differentiation. BL had a closer gene expression pattern to the earliest stage of normal renal development. The BL gene expression pattern was compared to that of fetal kidney (FK) and also between FK and mature kidney, identifying 25 common deregulated genes supposedly involved in the earliest events of WT onset. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed, confirming the difference in expression levels for 13 of 16 genes (81.2%) in the initial set and 8 of 13 (61.5%) in an independent set of samples. An overrepresentation of genes belonging to the Wnt signaling pathway was identified, namely PLCG2, ROCK2 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Activation of the Wnt pathway was confirmed in WT, using APC at protein level and PLCG2 at mRNA and protein level. APC showed positive nuclear immunostaining for an independent set of WT samples, similarly to the FK in week 11. Lack of PLCG2 expression was confirmed in WT and in FK until week 18. Taken together, these results provided molecular evidence of the recapitulation of the embryonic kidney by WT as well as involvement of the Wnt pathway in the earliest events of WT onset.
Differential Gene Expression Profiles of Metastases in Paired Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Carcinomas
Authors: Koh Kwi Hye , Rhee Hwanseok , Kang Hyun Ju , Yang Eungi , You Kwon Tae , Lee Hanna , Min Byung Soh , Kim Nam Kyu , Nam Suk Woo , Kim Hoguen
Published: September 2008

Background and Methods: Despite the overwhelming clinical significance of metastases, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In order to define significant differences between primary colon carcinomas and their metastases, we analyzed gene expression profiles of 12 sets of triple-paired tissues using 19 K human oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 36 microarray experiments were analyzed by unsupervised two-way hierarchical clustering and multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). Results: Both methods completely distinguished normal mucosa from carcinoma, but failed to demonstrate a complete classification of primary and metastatic carcinomas. We found a separable tendency to be classified into the primary and metastatic colon carcinomas by MDS. In supervised hierarchical clustering, we identified 80 genes that were differentially expressed between paired primary and metastatic colon carcinomas. The 80 identified genes also successfully distinguished three validation sets of primary and lung-metastatic colon carcinomas. A specific set of genes was identified that distinguished the metastasis from the corresponding primary tumor in nearly half of the metastases analyzed. Conclusions: We suggest that a more accurate model of the metastatic potential is based on a global tumor expression pattern along with the appearance of distinct metastatic variants. This molecular profiling may be useful for the future study of colon cancer metastasis.
Combined Effects of p53 Gene Therapy and Leptomycin B in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hoshino Isamu , Matsubara Hisahiro , Komatsu Aki , Akutsu Yasunori , Nishimori Takanori , Yoneyama Yasuo , Murakami Kentaro , Sakata Haruhito , Matsushita Kazuyuki , Miyazawa Yukimasa , Brooks Ryan , Yoshida Minoru , Ochiai Takenori
Published: September 2008

Background: p53 gene therapy has been examined in several clinical trials, however, the results of those trials have mostly been unsatisfactory due to the low efficacy of this therapy. Leptomycin B (LMB) is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces that has the ability to inhibit the export of proteins containing a nuclear export signal from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Currently, it has been shown that p53 protein has a nuclear export signal. In this study, we assessed whether LMB augments the transduced p53 gene effect. Methods: Antiproliferative effect of LMB was assessed in human esophageal squamous cancer cell lines. Accumulation of p53 protein into the nucleus by LMB was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The combined effect of p53 and LMB was evaluated in in vitro experiments. Results: LMB induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner and p53 drastically accumulated in the nucleus after LMB treatment. The combinatory treatment of p53 gene and LMB significantly increases the efficiency compared to either agent alone. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that LMB has a potent ability to augment the effect of the tumor suppressor p53 in esophageal squamous cancer cell lines and that it is a promising component in p53 gene therapy.
CA 19-9 Response as an Early Indicator of the Effectiveness of Gemcitabine in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Nakai Yousuke , Kawabe Takao , Isayama Hiroyuki , Sasaki Takashi , Yagioka Hiroshi , Yashima Yoko , Kogure Hirofumi , Arizumi Toshihiko , Togawa Osamu , Ito Yukiko , Matsubara Saburo , Hirano Kenji , Sasahira Naoki , Tsujino Takeshi , Tada Minoru , Omata Masao
Published: September 2008

Background: The CA 19-9 decline 8 weeks after gemcitabine administration has been shown to be a useful prognosticator of survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. We assessed the prognostic value of changes in CA 19-9 levels 4 weeks after treatment initiation on overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP). Methods: We evaluated 72 patients who received gemcitabine for advanced pancreatic cancer. The serum CA 19-9 level was measured routinely at baseline (CA 19-9_Pre) and after the first (4 weeks; CA 19-9_A1) and second (8 weeks; CA 19-9_A2) courses. CA 19-9 responses were categorized into quartiles using the proportional change in CA 19-9. Results: The rates of decrease in CA 19-9_A1 and CA 19-9_A2 were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.8981, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that an early CA 19-9 response was prognostic of OS and TTP in addition to CA 19-9_Pre and performance status. Compared with the first quartile of an early CA 19-9 response, hazard ratios for the second, third and fourth quartiles were 0.91 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.59–1.34), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.45–1.08), and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.41–0.94) for TTP, respectively (p for trend = 0.002), and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.61–1.49), 0.68 (95% CI, 0.40–1.08) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.50–1.21) for OS (p for trend = 0.036). Conclusion: CA 19-9 response after the first course of gemcitabine was a prognosticator of OS and TTP in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Postnatal Development of Fiber Type Composition in Rabbit Jaw and Leg Muscles
Authors: Korfage J.A.M. , Helmers R. , de Goüyon Matignon M. , van Wessel T. , Langenbach G.E.J. , van Eijden T.M.G.J.
Published: September 2008

We examined the difference in fiber type composition and cross-sectional areas during postnatal development in male rabbit jaw muscles and compared these with changes in leg muscles. The myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content of the fibers was determined by immunohistochemistry. No fiber type difference was found between the jaw muscles in 20-week-old rabbits. However, the way this adult fiber type composition was reached differed between the muscles. The deep temporalis, medial pterygoid, and superficial masseter displayed an increase in alpha fibers during early and a decrease during late postnatal development. Other jaw muscles displayed an increase in alpha fibers during early development only. In contrast, alpha fibers were not found in the soleus, in which fiber type changes were completed at week 4. The gastrocnemius muscle did not change its fiber type composition. Initially, fibers in jaw-opening muscles had larger cross-sectional areas than in other muscles, but they increased less during development. Although there were no large differences in the fiber type composition of muscles in young adult rabbits, large differences were found in the jaw muscles, but not in the leg muscles, during development. In part, these developmental changes in fiber percentages within the jaw muscles can be explained by functional modifications in this muscle group. In the present study, the deep temporalis, medial pterygoid, and superficial masseter showed the most dramatic percent changes in fibers during postnatal development.
Transferrins of Cercopithecinae
Authors: Coppenhaver D. , Buettner-Janusch J.
Published: September 2008

The transferrin phenotypes of 11 species of Cercopithecinae were determined by electrophoresis of plasma, followed by autoradiography. Sialic acid content of transferrins was determined by electrophoresis and autoradiography of enzymatically treated plasma. Transferrin polymorphisms were found in three species. The transferrins of Cercopithecus spp., except C.patas., contain two sialic acid residues per molecule; transferrin of C.patas contains four sialic acid residues. The transferrins of Cercocebus spp. and Macaca spp. contain two sialic acid residues. The transferrins of Papio spp., except P. sphinx, contain four sialic acid residues per molecule; the transferrins of P.sphinx contain two sialic acid residues. These results and data taken from the literature support the conclusions that transferrins are polymorphic among some cercopithecines and that they are probably inherited as the products of nondominant autosomal alleles.
Vocalizations of East African Monkeys
Authors: Marler P.
Published: September 2008

Sound spectrographic analysis of recordings of vocalizations of red colobus, Colobus badius, made on two brief visits to the Kibale Forest, Uganda, reveals a graded sound system as described by Hill and Booth [1957], Within 300 calls analyzed, three categories of sounds were discerned (fig. 1-3), all connected by intermediate forms (fig. 4 and 5).

The extensive grading of the sounds contrasts with vocalizations of Colobus guereza and C. polykomos most of which are discrete rather than graded. This difference may be attributable to emphasis on vocal communication between troops in the black and white colobus and emphasis on intra-troop communication in the larger groups of the red colobus.
The Communication Matrix of the Nilgiri Langur (Presbytis johnii) of South India
Authors: Poirier F. E.
Published: September 2008

The Nilgiri langur communication network is less varied than communication systems reported for terrestrial species. Most of the communicatory signals are witnessed in intratroop situations. Nilgiri langurs produce nineteen distinct vocalizations, the most notable being an intertroop territorial, spacing call. A complete description of the communicatory network is presented and compared specifically with other colobids, and nonhuman primates generally.
Haptoglobins in Chimpanzees and Gorillas
Authors: Plans J.
Published: September 2008

The haptoglobin type observed in both species is electrophoretically equivalent to Hp 1-1 in man and the complete immunological identity of this protein in higher apes and man has been demonstrated by other authors. Serum haptoglobin concentration in chimpanzees is very similar to the values found in man, showing also the same age variation. On the other hand, there is no sexual difference. The values for gorillas are lower, but may be merely approximate, due to the modest number of individuals.
Peri-Menstrual Sexual Behavior Among Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Loy J.
Published: September 2008

During a behavioral study of free-ranging rhesus monkeys, non-pregnant females were observed to show sexual behavior both at mid-menstrual cycle and peri-menstrually. The basis of the dual estrous periods appears to be dual maxima in estrogen secretion.

Peri-menstrual estrus may be an evolutionary vestige from a tupaiid-type sexual cycle. The occurrence of sexual behavior proximal to menstruation forces a redefinition of the term ‛es-trus.’
The Social Organization of a Semifree-Ranging Troop of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Baldwin J. D.
Published: September 2008

The social structure of a semifree-ranging troop of over 100 squirrel monkeys is described. The troop tended to travel as a single unit. There were no leaders or control animals in the troop, and social hierarchies were absent except among the troop’s 4 adult males during the mating season. The adult females functioned as the core of the social organization, since animals of all other age-sex classes showed greater attractions to them than vice versa. Although there was spacial structuring among individuals in local areas within the troop, the only consistent structuring of the troop as a whole resulted from the adult males’ traveling at the periphery of the troop and from several subadult males’ separating from the troop during nonmating season months.
Intrarenal Arterial Patterns in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Stinson J. M.
Published: September 2008

The vascular architecture has been studied in kidneys from five rhesus monkeys, three baboons, two chimpanzees and two dogs through the use of a silicone rubber injection method. The most important findings is the presence of subcapsular glomeruli in nonhuman primates, in contrast to man and dog. The study also confirms the presence of superficial cortical arteries in these primates. While the functional significance of such findings is not known, it is suggested that these species would serve as ideal models for micropuncture study of glomerular function.
Placenta Previa in a Patas Monkey (Erythrocebus patas)
Authors: Wolf R. H.
Published: September 2008

Placenta previa in a primigravida Erythrocebus patas is described. The main clinical sign was massive vaginal hemorrhage in a gravid animal. A large oval monodiscoidal placenta was found implanted over the dilated internal os of the cervix during cesarean section. This is the first report of this condition in the patas monkey and the second account of its occurrence in a non-human primate.
Flexion and Metric Age Changes of the Cranial Base in the Macaca mulatta
Authors: Michejda Maria , Lamey D.
Published: September 2008

The flexion of the cranial base and ontogenic migration of the foramen magnum in Macaca mulatta were investigated. Longitudinal cephalometric studies were carried out in infant and juvenile groups. Significant ontogenic changes of the cranial base were observed only in juvenile age group. The infant group did not exhibit any changes of the cranial base angle or migration of the foramen magnum. The diameter of the latter in infants exhibited small but statistically significant changes.
Comparative Biochemistry of the Primates
Authors: Smith I.
Published: September 2008

Aminoacids are known to be present in the blood and urine of primates. Comparative studies of these compounds have been carried out to determine whether any similarities or differences exists. It appears that the differences are of taxonomic significance especially when considered in conjunction with the presence of other small molecules.
Comparative Biochemistry of the Primates
Authors: Smith I. , Lerner R. P.
Published: September 2008

The indoles present in urine and blood of a wide range of primates have been investigated. The differences found appear to be of taxonomic significance.
Craniopharyngeal Canal and Pharyngeal Hypophysis in the Siamang Gibbon (Symphalangus syndactylus)
Authors: Leela K. , Kanagasuntheram R.
Published: September 2008

Investigation on the nasopharynx of a variety of primates revealed the presence of a craniopharyngeal canal associated with a vestigeal pharyngeal hypophysis in the siamang gibbon. Such a co-existence suggests that at least in this animal, the canal is an unclosed pathway originally utilized by the Rathke’s pouch.
Geographic and Individual Variation in Bornean Gibbons, with Remarks on the Systematics of the Subgenus Hylobates
Authors: Groves C. P.
Published: September 2008

The status of the four described races of gibbon on Borneo is examined; only two races are recognised. These probably belong to Hylobates lar, and are closest to the other Indonesian races of that widespread species. The status of the various species within subgenus Hylobates is examined.
Rank Order in a Captive Female Squirrel Monkey Colony
Authors: Castell R. , Heinrich Barbara
Published: September 2008

To determine if a rank order (RO) would be established among a group of 5 female squirrel monkeys, 14 behaviors were observed and performance in water dominance tests was recorded. Significant positive RO correlations were found between active contact and chasing, and between urine-washing and closed genital display. Significant negative RO correlations were found between active contact and huddling, and between chasing and huddling. The RO determined from the results of the water dominance tests was unstable. It was concluded that the communication system in a subadult female squirrel monkey colony could not be described in terms of a linear RO.
Body Posture and Mode of Locomotion in Early Pleistocene Hominids
Authors: Preuschoft H.
Published: September 2008

Assumptions concerning the carriage of fossil primates play a considerable role in most discussions of human evolution. Such assertions may be reliable to a very high degree, since there exists a causal relationship between mechanical stresses acting in a bone during locomotion and its shape and structure. The stresses in a bone are determined by relatively few characteristics: the relative forces of the muscles, lengths of their lever arms, as well as points of application and directions of external forces. Whereas the former can be assumed to have certain values and then be treated as known factors, the latter depend on the body’s posture and the method of locomotion of the animal in question. Analyses of this type are used to improve our knowledge about Early Pleistocene hominids from East and South Africa. The investigation is based primarily on the foot and leg bones from Olduvai Gorge.
Anomaly of the Hallux in a Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla Savage and Wyman)
Authors: Hill W. C. O. , Sabater Pi J.
Published: September 2008

For the first time is reported the congenital absence bilaterally of the terminal joint and nail from the hallux in a gorilla, hitherto known only in the orang-utan, where the condition is not unusual.
Colobomas in Non-human Primates
Authors: Schmidt R. E.
Published: September 2008

Four cases of coloboma affecting various ocular structures in non-human primates are described. The gross and histologic features of each case are illustrated, and a possible reason for the lack of reports of this condition is discussed.
Observations on Baboons, Papio anubis, in an Arid Region in Ethiopia
Authors: Aldrich-Blake F. P. G. , Bunn T. K. , Dunbar R. I. M. , Headley P. M.
Published: September 2008

A population of baboons, Papio anubis, was studied for 3 months in an area of arid thornscrub in Ethiopia. The ecology of the habitat is described. Eight troops were surveyed, and one troop was studied in detail. The daily pattern of activity is outlined, and differential use of various parts of the habitat described. During movement and foraging the troop became scattered into small parties which might be spatially and temporally independent for several hours. Possible causes of such scattering are suggested, and party compositions are analyzed. The relationships between the various age-sex classes at a time when the troop is compact are investigated. These are shown to account for the types of party most commonly found when the troop is scattered. The relevance of this subdivision of the troop to current theories of the evolution and adaptive significance of one-male groups in P. hamadryas is discussed.
Social Entrainment of the Feeding Behavior in Monkeys
Authors: Rohles F. H.
Published: September 2008

Two monkeys were placed where they could see and hear each other and were rewarded with a 0.15 g food pellet every time they pressed a lever 35 times. For the next 30 days one of the animals was rewarded with a 0.30 g pellet for the same task, while the reward for the Monkeys other subject remained unchanged at 0.15 g. As a result, the animal with the smaller reward reduced his food intake significantly, thus providing evidence of social entrainment of the feeding behavior. A similar conclusion was drawn when during the next 30-day period, the reward for both animals was 0.30 g.
Play-mothering: The Relations between Juvenile Females and Young Infants among Free-ranging Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Lancaster Jane B.
Published: September 2008

In a study of social behavior of free-ranging vervet monkeys living along the Zambezi River near Livingstone, Zambia, 295 observations were made in which a juvenile female directed some type of maternal behavior toward an infant. Juvenile females showed a high degree of interest in young infants and would touch, cuddle, carry and groom infants whenever they could. This opportunity to care for infants provides juvenile females with situations in which they can practice not only motor skills that are important in maternal behavior but also playing the maternal role itself.
Preliminary Observations of the Mentawai Islands Gibbon, Hylobates klossii
Authors: Tenaza R. R. , Hamilton W. J.
Published: September 2008

Observations of Hylobates klossii were made during a one-week expedition to the offshore Mentawai Islands in western Sumatra. The 4 groups observed appeared to be monogamous families. Locomotive behavior of H. klossii seemed intermediate between that of H. syndactylus and H. tar. Animals were seen eating figs and berries. Protracted calling sessions were heard in the morning and evening; these may be suppressed by rain.

The indigenous Mentawai people selectively log forests around their villages and occasionally hunt H. klossii for food with bow and arrow; these old established practices may reduce local population levels around villages, but probably have little effect upon the total species population. Some animals are captured for the pet and export trades, but the most serious threat to H. klossii is commercial logging by foreign companies which may be imminent on the Mentawai Islands.
A Note on the Chromosomes of Aotus trivirgatus Humboldt 1812
Authors: Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of Aotus is interpreted as composed by 11 pairs of submetacentric and 15 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes.
Sequence of Eruption of Permanent Teeth and Epiphyseal Union in New World Monkeys
Authors: Tappen N. C. , Severson Anita
Published: September 2008

Sequences of eruption of teeth and union of epiphyses are given for local populations of 3 species of monkeys from South America. These sequences are highly scalable for each species and are very similar among the different species. Tentative chronological ages of epiphyseal union can be assigned to younger individuals in 2 species by utilizing chronological ages of dental eruption published by other investigators. The sequences of epiphyseal union in these New World monkeys are very similar to published sequences in Old World monkeys. No specimen in the present series was completely mature skeletally.
The Neuroanatomical Organization of the Visual System in the Tree Shrew
Authors: Abplanalp P.
Published: September 2008

The neuroanatomical organization of the visual system in the tree shrew has been described. A cytoarchitectonie description of the components of this system as seen in Nissl stained material has been provided; an experimental neuroanatomical description of the efferent connections of the striate cortex, the superior colliculus, and the retina as identified by the reduced silver methods of Fink and Heimer [1967] was also undertaken.
The Pituitary Gland of the North Indian Langur (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufrèsne)
Authors: David G. F. X. , Ramaswami L. S.
Published: September 2008

The hypophysis of the langur, Presbytis e. entellus has its axis antero-posteriorly oriented with the recessus hypophyseus extending upto the base of the hypophyseal stalk. The adenohypophysis comprises partes tuberalis, intermedia and distalis. The basophil (zona tuberalis) and acidophil zones are recognised in the pars distalis.

By the tinctorial and morphological criteria 6 types of cells have been identified in the pars distalis. Based on the changes noticed in the granules of these cells and the cells themselves under reproductive phases and experimental conditions, an attempt is made to enumerate their role in hormone secretion.
Discrimination Reversal Skills of the Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla g. gorilla)
Authors: Rumbaugh D. M. , Steinmetz G. T.
Published: September 2008

The acquisition and reversal performances of 5 juvenile gorillas in a discrimination-reversal task were found to correlate highly and positively. Number of acquisition trials (7 and 13) influenced the frequency with which the various pre-reversal mastery levels were achieved, but did not otherwise influence reversal performance.
Territories and Movements of Sykes Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kolbi Neuman) in Kenya
Authors: Vos A. De , Omar A.
Published: September 2008

The movement pattern and territories of troops of sykes monkeys is compared in two areas in relation to plantations of exotic softwood.

Monkey troops showed similar patterns of movement which was governed by the availability of food resources.

Sykes monkeys are territorial in behaviour. The sizes of the territories vary from 13.2 to 16.0 ha.

The possible explanations of the factors that led other troops to do damage to forests of exotic trees is discussed.
Follicular Morphology in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Jewett D. A. , Dukelow W. R.
Published: September 2008

31 female cynomologous macaques (Macaca fascicularis), were investigated by laparoscopy to evaluate ovarian morphology and follicular development near ovulation. Serial observations were begun 15 days prior to the end of the menstrual cycle. Generalized swelling and darkening of the ovary characterized the developing follicle 24 h prior to ovulation; a specific pattern of blood vessels associated with the follicle developed 8 h prior to ovulation; and corpora hemorrhagica were morphologically identifiable 12-24 h following ovulation. Future prediction of ovulation time may be accomplished by a single laparoscopic examination.
The Blood Supply of the Heart in Different Monkey Species
Authors: Kantaria P. M.
Published: September 2008

Blood supply of the posterior wall of the left ventricle in monkeys most often originates from the left coronary artery, having however more variants than in man. Seven types of blood supply of the posterior wall of the left ventricle were determined. Interspecific differences in the frequency of certain types of cardiac blood supply in monkeys were also established. Data on the type of blood supply of the auricle and septum are given.
Glucose Preferences in the Greater Galago (Galago crassicaudatus) and Slow Loris (Nydicebus coucang)
Authors: Fobes J. L. , Ehrlich Annette
Published: September 2008

The glucose preferences of two prosimian primate species, slow loris and greater galago, were determined by the paired comparison method. Stimuli were solutions of the following concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. Both species preferred solutions of intermediate concentration, but they differed significantly in that lorises showed a greater preference than galagos for sweet solutions. Lorises preferred the 20% concentration while galagos preferred the 10% concentration, and lorises consumed significantly more at all concentrations. Lorises also showed a greater tendency to discriminate between solutions in the middle range.
The Population Structure of Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in Trinidad and Venezuela
Authors: Neville M. K.
Published: September 2008

The small troops and roughly even adult sexual ratio of Alouatta seniculus, studied in Bush Bush Forest in Trinidad and on the ranch Hato Masaguaral in the llanos of Venezuela, are more similar to A. caraya than to A. palliata. Other aspects of the troop composition are discussed. Though the red howler prefers certain types of habitat including tall trees, it still occasionally must descend to the ground in the llanos. Range sizes are very variable though significantly less than those reported for A. palliata on Barro Colorado Island, but the red howler’s population densities in the study sites are at least equal to current estimates for Barro Colorado.
Red Cell Enzymes and Serum Proteins of Cercopithecus aethiops (South African Green Monkey)
Authors: McDermid E. M. , Ananthakrishnan R.
Published: September 2008

Nine enzyme and 5 serum protein systems were investigated in blood samples from 8 South African green monkeys. Two phenotypes were observed in 3 systems, ADA, diaphorase, Pi, and variation may exist in PHI and caeruloplasmin systems. The phenotype observed in the PGM and erythrocyte acid phosphatase systems differed from the common human phenotype and that observed in the 6 PGD, LDH, AK, peptidase B, haptoglobin, transferrin and albumin systems was similar to the common human phenotype.
Polydactylism in a Siamang
Authors: Schultz A. H.
Published: September 2008

A pair of normal siamangs at the Zurich Zoo had recently a viable first-born with a large supernumerary digit on the ulnar side of each hand and on the tibial side of each foot. No other anomalies could be found in this specimen, except that its hands and feet are somewhat larger than in two other newborn siamangs, and that there is as yet no ossification center in its talus. From a brief review of the frequency of digital malformations, and particularly of polydactylism in man and other primates, it appears that the spontaneous occurrence of such anomalies may be exceptionally common in Hylobatidae. The osseous development and the relative weight at birth have progressed much less in the available siamangs than in gibbons.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Geschmackssinn der Primaten
Authors: Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

The threshold values of taste for the four qualities sweet, salty, bitter and sour were ascertained with a two-tube continuous intake procedure in Tapaia glis, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang and Saimiri sciureus. These physiological values were completed with earlier data from Galago senegalensis, Callithrix pygmaea, Saguinus tamarin, Macaca mulatto, Pan troglodytes, Homo sapiens and compared with results of other mammals and lower vertebrates.
Social Organization of the Guinea Baboon, Papio papio
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M. , Nathan M. F.
Published: September 2008

A wild troop of Papio papio was observed over a 3-month period in Senegal, West Africa. The overall organization of the troop is described, and it is suggested that some kind of substructuring occurs within the troop. An analysis of the compositions of night- and day-resting parties confirms this, but indicates that the way in which the troop splits up varies according to the time of day. Vigilance behaviour and troop organization during travel are discussed and compared with findings by Bert et al. (1967a, b] on troops of P. papio in other parts of Senegal. The observations are discussed with reference to similar findings from other species of monkeys in Africa.
Troop Continuity and Troop Spacing in Propithecus verreauxi and Lemur catta at Berenty (Madagascar)
Authors: Jolly Alison
Published: September 2008

Sifaka troops (Propithecus verreauxi) at Berenty, Madagascar, seem stable numerically, geographically, and in spacing behavior. Recognizeable individuals preserved their 1963-1964 ranges in 1970, in a classical mosaic of defended territories. Lemur catta had twice as many troops of half the mean size in 1970, and had changed from spatial exclusivity to time-plan spacing, both within and between troops, with intertroop ‘battles’. The change may reflect long-term population effects or seasonal food shortage.
Study of Spontaneous Behavior in Squirrel Monkey Groups: Observation Techniques, Recording Devices, Numerical Evaluation and Reliability Tests
Authors: Hopf Sigrid
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this paper is to describe, examine, and discuss a relevant method for quantifying social behavior. The investigation is extended to each stage of the study: the process of observation, the different codes (observing, paper recording, computer storage), the programs, the numerical data reduction, and statistical testing, if reasonable models are available.
Learning-Set Formation and Transfer in Rhesus and Talapoin Monkeys
Authors: Schrier A.M.
Published: September 2008

In experiment 1, rhesus and talapoin monkeys were trained (original learning) on either a series of form discrimination problems or a series of color discrimination problems. After the animals reached a high level of performance, those animals receiving form problems were shifted to color problems and those receiving color problems were shifted to form problems (shift learning). Performance levels were substantially and significantly higher during shift learning than during original learning, suggesting that a learning set transcends a particular dimension within a sensory modality.
Effect of Deafening on the Vocal Behavior of the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Talmage-Riggs G. , Winter P. , Ploog D. , Mayer W.
Published: September 2008

In pairs of female squirrel monkeys the subordinate animal was deafened. Changes were observed in the frequency of vocalizations and in their sequential arrangement. Measurements of the physical aspects of the vocalizations revealed changes in intensity, but not in the quality of the calls.
On the Corpus adiposum buccae (Bichat) in Pan troglodytes
Authors: Hofer H. O.
Published: September 2008

A brief gross anatomical description of the corpus adiposum buccae in an adult male Pan troglodytes is given. It is very similar to the correspondent body of adipose tissue in man. The occurrence of Bichat’s body in infant and newborn gorillas and in Papio hamadryas is reported.