bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of the inclusion of prelayers in InGaN/GaN single‐ and multiple‐quantum‐well structures
Authors: Davies Matthew J. , Dawson Philip , Massabuau Fabien C.‐P. , Fol Adrian Le , Oliver Rachel A. , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J.
Published: November 2014

We report on the effects on the optical properties of blue‐light emitting InGaN/GaN single‐ and multiple‐quantum‐well structures including a variety of prelayers. For each single‐quantum‐well structure containing a Si‐doped prelayer, we measured a large blue shift of the photoluminescence peak energy and a significant increase in radiative recombination rate at 10 K. Calculations of the conduction and valence band energies show a strong reduction in the built‐in electric field across the quantum well (QW) occurs when including Si‐doped prelayers, due to enhancement of the surface polarization field which opposes the built‐in field. The reduction in built‐in field across the QW results in an increase in the electron–hole wavefunction overlap, increasing the radiative recombination rate, and a reduction in the strength of the quantum confined Stark effect, leading to the observed blue shift of the emission peak. The largest reduction of the built‐in field occurred for an InGaN:Si prelayer, in which the additional InGaN/GaN interface of the prelayer, in close proximity to the QW, was shown to further reduce the built‐in field. Study of multiple QW structures with and without an InGaN:Si prelayer showed the same mechanisms identified in the equivalent single‐quantum‐well structure.
Enzymatic generation of peptides flanked by basic amino acids to obtain MS/MS spectra with 2× sequence coverage
Authors: Ebhardt H. Alexander , Nan Jie , Chaulk Steven G. , Fahlman Richard P. , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

Tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra generated by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) typically lack redundant peptide sequence information in the form of e.g. b‐ and y‐ion series due to frequent use of sequence‐specific endopeptidases cleaving C‐ or N‐terminal to Arg or Lys residues.

METHODS

Here we introduce arginyl‐tRNA protein transferase (ATE, EC 2.3.2.8) for proteomics. ATE recognizes acidic amino acids or oxidized Cys at the N‐terminus of a substrate peptide and conjugates an arginine from an aminoacylated tRNAArg onto the N‐terminus of the substrate peptide. This enzymatic reaction is carried out under physiological conditions and, in combination with Lys‐C/Asp‐N double digest, results in arginylated peptides with basic amino acids on both termini.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that in vitro arginylation of peptides using yeast arginyl tRNA protein transferase 1 (yATE1) is a robust enzymatic reaction, specific to only modifying N‐terminal acidic amino acids. Precursors originating from arginylated peptides generally have an increased protonation state compared with their non‐arginylated forms. Furthermore, the product ion spectra of arginylated peptides show near complete 2× fragment ladders within the same MS/MS spectrum using commonly available electrospray ionization peptide fragmentation modes. Unexpectedly, arginylated peptides generate complete y‐ and c‐ion series using electron transfer dissociation (ETD) despite having an internal proline residue.

CONCLUSIONS

We introduce a rapid enzymatic method to generate peptides flanked on either terminus by basic amino acids, resulting in a rich, redundant MS/MS fragment pattern. © 2014 The Authors. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Generation of new AgmTen clusters via laser ablation synthesis using Ag‐Te nano‐composite as precursor. Quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Mawale Ravi Madhukar , Amato Filippo , Alberti Milan , Havel Josef
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

Silver tellurides find applications in the development of infrared detection, imaging, magnetics, sensors, memory devices, and optic materials. However, only a limited number of silver tellurides have been described to date. Laser ablation synthesis (LAS) was selected to generate new Ag‐Te clusters.

METHODS

Isothermal adsorption was used to study the formation of silver nano‐particles‐tellurium aggregates. Laser desorption ionization quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐QIT‐TOFMS) was used for the generation and analysis of AgmTen clusters. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were used to visualize the structure of materials. The stoichiometry of the generated clusters was determined by computer modeling of isotopic patterns.

RESULTS

A simple, one‐pot method for the preparation of Ag‐Te nano‐composite was developed and found suitable for LAS of silver tellurides. The LDI of Ag‐Te nano‐composite leads to the formation of 11 unary and 52 binary clusters. The stoichiometry of the 34 novel AgmTen clusters is reported here for the first time.

CONCLUSIONS

LAS with TOFMS detection was proven to be a powerful technique for the generation of silver telluride clusters. Knowledge of the stoichiometry of the generated clusters might facilitate the further development of novel high‐tech silver tellurium nano‐materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of decalcification on bulk and compound‐specific nitrogen and carbon isotope analyses of dentin
Authors: Brault Emily K. , Koch Paul L. , Gier Elizabeth , Ruiz‐Cooley R. I. , Zupcic Jessica , Gilbert Kwasi N. , McCarthy Matthew D.
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

For bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of dentin, samples are typically decalcified. Since the non‐protein carbon in dentin is low, whole sample analysis may produce reliable data. Compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of bone and tooth dentin protein is a powerful tool for reconstructing the flow of carbon and nitrogen in modern and past food webs. Decalcification has also been used to prepare bone and dentin samples for CSIA, but the effects of this process on bulk dentin, amino acid composition, and their specific isotope values are not known.

METHODS

The bulk isotope values of raw and decalcified dentin from a sperm whale tooth were measured to determine the effects of decalcification and the accuracy of untreated dentin results. CSIA was also performed on decalcified and raw dentin to examine differences in the amino acid isotope values and molar composition between these two approaches.

RESULTS

Analysis of raw dentin yields precise and accurate bulk isotope measurements for this animal. The isotopic values of decalcified samples and raw dentin for individual amino acids were similar, but the average of the isotope value offsets between the two sample types was significant. The presence of inorganic material complicated raw sample processing for individual amino acid isotope values, and may have contributed to the isotopic differences between decalcified and raw samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Decalcification is not needed to measure bulk isotope values in dentin from this modern odontocete, probably because the lipid and carbonate concentrations are low and the carbon isotope values of dentin protein and carbonate are similar. This method should not be applied in some cases (e.g., with fossil dentin and modern bone). Decalcification should still be used prior to CSIA since significant matrix issues occur with raw dentin processing and decalcification does not alter the amino acid molar composition or isotopic values of dentin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Polymeric Nanoparticle Formulations by Effective Imaging and Quantitation of Cellular Uptake for Controlled Delivery of Doxorubicin
Authors: Win Khin Yin , Teng Choon Peng , Ye Enyi , Low Michelle , Han Ming‐Yong
Published: November 2014

Various polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively engineered for applications in controlled drug release delivery in the last decades. Currently, there is a great demand to develop a strategy to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate these polymeric nanoparticle formulations for producing innovative delivery systems. In this work, a screening platform is developed using luminescent quantum dots as drug model and imaging label to evaluate nanoparticle formulations incorporating either hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs and imaging agents. It is validated that there is no influence of the incorporated entities on the cellular uptake profile. The use of quantum dots enables efficient detection and precise quantitation of cellular uptake of particles which occupy 25% of the cell volume. The correlation of quantum dot‐ and doxorubicin‐incorporated nanoparticles is useful to develop an evaluation platform for nanoparticle formulations through imaging and quantitation. This platform is also used to observe the surface properties effect of other polymers such as chitosan and poly(ethylene) glycol on the cellular interaction and uptake. Moreover, quantum dots can be used to study microparticle theranostic delivery formulations by deliberately incorporating as visible ring surrounding the microparticles for their easy identifying and tracing in diagnostic and chemotherapeutic applications.
RNAi in the mouse: rapid and affordable gene function studies in a vertebrate system
Authors: Rytlewski Julie A. , Beronja Slobodan
Published: November 2014

The addition of RNA interference (RNAi) to the mammalian genomic toolbox has significantly expanded our ability to use higher‐order models in studies of development and disease. The mouse, in particular, has benefited most from RNAi technology. Unique combinations of RNAi vectors and delivery methods now offer a broad platform for gene silencing in transgenic mice, enabling the design of new physiologically relevant models. The era of RNAi mice has accelerated the pace of genetic study and made high‐throughput screens not only feasible but also affordable. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:45–57. doi: 10.1002/wdev.164

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Perturbing Genes and Generating Modified Animals
Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations
Authors: Okada Sumio , Fukuda Yukihiro , Takahashi Mizuki K.
Published: November 2014

Parental care among salamanders is typically provided by females. A rare case of parental care by male salamanders appears to occur in Cryptobranchidae. Yet, paternal behaviors have rarely been reported from natural populations of any Cryptobranchid salamanders, and their adaptive significance is poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine paternal care behaviors in a fully aquatic Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) in situ. At the beginning of the summer breeding season, large males, called den-masters, occupy burrows along stream banks for breeding and nesting. We videotaped post-breeding behaviors of two den-masters that stayed with the eggs, one in a natural and the other in an artificial nest in natural streams. We identified three behaviors, tail fanning, agitating and egg eating, to be parental care. Tail fanning provides oxygenated water for the eggs. We found that the den-master in the artificial nest, where dissolved oxygen level was lower, displayed tail fanning more frequently. Agitating the eggs with its head and body likely prevents yolk adhesions. The den-masters selectively ate whiter eggs that appeared to be dead or infected with water mold. This behavior, which we termed hygienic filial cannibalism, likely prevents water mold from spreading over healthy eggs. Digital video images relating to this article are available at http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo140906aj01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo140906aj02a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo140906aj03a and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo140906aj04a.
A phase I study of farletuzumab, a humanized anti-folate receptor α monoclonal antibody, in patients with solid tumors
Authors: Sasaki Yasutsuna , Miwa Keisuke , Yamashita Keishi , Sunakawa Yu , Shimada Ken , Ishida Hiroo , Hasegawa Kosei , Fujiwara Keiichi , Kodaira Makoto , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Namiki Masayuki , Matsuda Minami , Takeuchi Yutaka , Katsumata Noriyuki
Published: November 2014

Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against folate receptor α (FRA). The purpose of the study is to assess safety and tolerability, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, and preliminary antitumor effect. Patients with ovarian cancer (OC) or FRA-expressing solid tumors who are resistant to standard treatments were eligible for the study. After single-dose administration for PK assessment, farletuzumab was administered by intravenous injection, repeating every week until disease progression. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were defined as grade 4 hematological and grade 3/4 nonhematological toxicities. Dose escalation was planned in 4 cohorts (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/m2). Fourteen patients with OC and two patients with gastric cancer (GC) received farletuzumab infusion. Neither DLTs nor grade 3/4 toxicities were reported in all cohorts. Major adverse events, including grade 1/2 infusion related reaction (15 patients, 93.8 %), headache (seven patients, 43.8 %), and nausea and decreased appetite (five patients each, 31.3 %), were observed and medically managed. AUC and Cmax increased dose-dependently and linear PK profiles were observed. No tumor shrinkage was recorded, but long-term disease stabilization for 25 and 20 months was observed in one patient with clear cell OC (100 mg/m2) and one patient with GC (400 mg/m2), respectively. No cumulative toxicity occurred in any patient. Farletuzumab was well tolerated in Japanese patients with a similar PK profile as compared with the US population. Long-term disease stabilization was observed in a subpopulation of clear cell OC and GC; both of them were resistant and progressive after standard chemotherapies (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01049061).
Estimation of annual spatial variations in forest production and crop yields at landscape scale in temperate climate regions
Authors: Ruidisch M. , Nguyen T. T. , Li Y. L. , Geyer R. , Tenhunen J.
Published: November 2014

Simulating regional variations in gross primary production (GPP) and yields of major land cover types is complex due to differences in plant physiological properties, landscape topography, and climate gradients. In our study, we analyzed the inter‐annual and inter‐regional variation, as well as the effect of summer drought, on gross primary production and crop yields of 9 major land uses within the state‐funded Bioenergy Region Bayreuth in Germany. We developed a simulation framework using a process based model which accounts for variations in both CO2 gas exchange, and in the case of crops, growth processes. The results indicated a severe impact of summer drought on GPP, particularly of forests and grasslands. Yields of winter crops, early planted summer grain crops as well as the perennial 2nd generation biofuel crop Silphium perfoliatum, on the other hand, were buffered despite drought by comparatively mild winter and spring temperatures. We estimated regional yield increases from SW to NE, suggesting a comparative advantage for these crops in the cooler and upland part of the region. In contrast, grasslands and annual summer crops such as maize and potato did not exhibit any apparent regional pattern in the simulations. The 2nd generation bioenergy crop exhibited significantly higher GPP and yields compared to the conventional bioenergy crop maize, suggesting that cultivation of S. perfoliatum should be increased for economic and environmental reasons, but additional study of the growth of S. perfoliatum is still required.
Soil microbial response to experimental warming in cool temperate semi‐natural grassland in Japan
Authors: Yoshitake Shinpei , Tabei Nozomi , Mizuno Yu , Yoshida Hitomi , Sekine Yuya , Tatsumura Makoto , Koizumi Hiroshi
Published: November 2014

To assess soil microbial response to global warming in cool temperate semi‐natural grassland, we conducted an in situ warming experiment in grassland located in the mountains of central Japan. Five pairs of plots (control and warmed) of Zoysia japonica were established. For each pair of plots, one was warmed by ca. 2 °C using infrared heaters during the growing seasons of 2009–2011. Above‐ground biomass of Z.japonica was estimated using the modified point‐frame method. Soil organic matter contents, soil total carbon and nitrogen contents, as well as inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) contents were determined from soil samples. Total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) contents and PLFA compositions were determined and used as indices for total microbial biomass and community structure, respectively. Analyses showed that the warming increased the above‐ground biomass of Z. japonica significantly. Soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen contents were significantly decreased, while soil ammonium content was significantly increased in the warmed plots. Soil microbial biomass (especially fungal biomass) was lower in the warmed plots, probably reflecting higher temperature, lower soil water content, and/or depletion in available nutrients. The significant decrease in fungal biomass, in combination with our PLFA composition data, suggests that the soil microbial community structure shifted from a fungal‐dominated to a bacteria‐dominated one, causing changes in community‐level physiological activity.
Separation and Detection of Plasmalogen in Marine Invertebrates by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light‐Scattering Detection
Authors: Yamashita Shinji , Abe Akihiro , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Kinoshita Mikio , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: November 2014

We have developed a new method for determining ethanolamine plasmalogen contents in marine invertebrates. This quantification method involves derivatization of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl) subclasses, alkenylacyl (plasmalogen), diacyl, and alkylacyl subclasses, by enzyme treatment and acetylation, followed by separation and detection by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light‐scattering detection (ELSD). This method enabled complete separation of the subclasses, and the limit of detection for plasmalogen was 200 ng (260 pmol). The peak area of plasmalogen by ELSD was unaffected by the degree of unsaturated fatty acids in EtnGpl, in contrast to ultraviolet (UV) detection. Thus, this method enables accurate determination of plasmalogen contents in various species containing marine products possessing abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The method developed here was applied to marine invertebrates available in Japan. The examined marine invertebrates showed a wide range of plasmalogen contents ranging from 19 to 504 μmol/100 g wet wt. The plasmalogen levels in samples except those of class Cephalopoda and Crustacea were more than 60 mol% of EtnGpl.
Health-related quality of life in children with flexible flatfeet: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kothari Alpesh , Stebbins Julie , Zavatsky Amy Beth , Theologis Tim
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The effect of paediatric flexible flatfeet (PFF) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has not been investigated. In this prospective cross-sectional study, the HRQOL of children with PFF was compared to those with typically developing feet (TDF) using two validated measures. We hypothesised that reduced HRQOL would be observed in children with PFF. The reliability of parents’ perceptions of their child's symptoms was also investigated.

Methods

48 children with PFF and 47 with TDF between the ages of 8 and 15 completed The Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire for Children (OxAFQ-C) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™ 4.0). Proxy questionnaires were also completed. Reliability of parent and child questionnaire scores was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Student's t test. Differences between HRQOL between PFF and TDF were assessed using the Student's t test.

Results

ICCs overall demonstrated good reliability between parent and child questionnaire domain scores. There was a tendency for parents to overestimate the impairment of the child in the PFF group. PFF children demonstrated clinically significant decreased HRQOL than TDF children. This was most marked in the physical domain scores.

Conclusion

Although parents may overestimate their child's impairment, children with PFF still have significantly impaired HRQOL when compared to TDF children. The impairment can be as severe, or worse, than published HRQOL for acutely and chronically unwell children. As such, PFF cannot be regarded as just a benign normal variant. The management of PFF should involve consideration of the symptom profile and HRQOL.

Level of evidence

II.
Cabergoline administration prevents development of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and it contributes to reduction in ovarian volume
Authors: Inoue Tomoko , Hashimoto Shu , Iwahata Hideyuki , Ito Keijiro , Nakaoka Yoshiharu , Morimoto Yoshiharu
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the prophylactic effects of cabergoline on ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) after oocyte retrieval.

Methods

A total of 187 women underwent controlled ovarian stimulation using gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist long protocol or flexible GnRH antagonist protocol for in vitro fertilization. They responded excessively to ovulation induction, and fresh embryo transfers were canceled. Sixty‐one patients in the intervention group were administered oral cabergoline (0.5 mg) three times after oocyte retrieval (day 0, 2, and 4 following the oocyte retrieval). Ultrasonography and blood examination were performed on the seventh day following oocyte retrieval. The main outcomes measured were the incidence of OHSS, estimated ovarian volumes, ascites, hematocrits, and white blood cell counts.

Results

The incidence of moderate to severe OHSS was lower after cabergoline administration (9.8 vs. 23.0 %, p = 0.03). The ovarian volumes reduced after intervention (96.2 vs. 145.5 cm3, p = 0.008). The reduction was evident in the patients with agonist long protocol (92.1 vs. 167.5 cm3, p = 0.0005). No significant differences were observed for other factors.

Conclusions

Cabergoline has a favorable effect on the prevention of moderate to severe OHSS affiliated with ovarian volume reduction.
Effect of boron addition on the microstructure and stress-rupture properties of directionally solidified superalloys
Authors: Wu Bao-ping , Li Lin-han , Wu Jian-tao , Wang Zhen , Wang Yan-bin , Chen Xing-fu , Dong Jian-xin , Li Jun-tao
Published: November 2014

This study is focused on the effect of boron addition, in the range of 0.0007wt% to 0.03wt%, on the microstructure and stress-rupture properties of a directionally solidified superalloy. With increasing boron content in the as-cast alloys, there is an increase in the fraction of the γ′/γ eutectic and block borides precipitate around the γ′/γ eutectic. At a high boron content of 0.03wt%, there is precipitation of lamellar borides. Upon heat treatment, fine block borides tend to precipitate at grain boundaries with increasing boron content. Overall, the rupture life of the directionally solidified superalloy is significantly improved with the addition of nominal content of boron. However, the rupture life decreases when the boron content exceeds 0.03wt%.
Why Lifespans Are More Variable Among Blacks Than Among Whites in the United States
Authors: Firebaugh Glenn , Acciai Francesco , Noah Aggie J. , Prather Christopher , Nau Claudia
Published: November 2014

Lifespans are both shorter and more variable for blacks than for whites in the United States. Because their lifespans are more variable, there is greater inequality in length of life—and thus greater uncertainty about the future—among blacks. This study is the first to decompose the black-white difference in lifespan variability in America. Are lifespans more variable for blacks because they are more likely to die of causes that disproportionately strike the young and middle-aged, or because age at death varies more for blacks than for whites among those who succumb to the same cause? We find that it is primarily the latter. For almost all causes of death, age at death is more variable for blacks than it is for whites, especially among women. Although some youthful causes of death, such as homicide and HIV/AIDS, contribute to the black-white disparity in variance, those contributions are largely offset by the higher rates of suicide and drug poisoning deaths for whites. As a result, differences in the causes of death for blacks and whites account, on net, for only about one-eighth of the difference in lifespan variance.
Acquiring evidence-based medicine and research skills in the undergraduate medical curriculum: three different didactical formats compared
Authors: Zee M. , De Boer M. , Jaarsma A. D. C.
Published: November 2014

Medical schools have recently witnessed a call for authentic research activities that equip students with the skills required for evidence-based medicine (EBM) and research. Because it is not always possible to make such activities available as a part of the curriculum, evaluating the effectiveness of the various choices of traditional and authentic EBM and research skills courses is essential. This study’s purpose was to evaluate students’ perceived EBM and research skill acquisition in three different courses in a Dutch medical school. Self-reported surveys were conducted among 163 Dutch medical undergraduates who participated in an undergraduate research project, a basic EBM skills elective, or a traditional lecture-based skills course. MANCOVA was employed to test for group differences in perceived skill acquisition. Students who finished their research project perceived themselves as more experienced in writing and information retrieval skills than students who participated in the lecture-based course or basic skills elective. Students in the lecture-based course identified themselves as being the most experienced in critical judgment. No group differences were found for overall gains. Authentic research activities may have benefits over traditional lecture-based courses in the undergraduate medical curriculum, especially in terms of equipping students with writing and information retrieval skills.
Tape casting of a YAG/Yb:YAG/YAG transparent ceramic for a broadband tunable laser
Authors: Wang Chao , Li Wenxue , Yang Xianghui , Bai Dongbi , Yang Kangwen , Ba Xuewei , Li Jiang , Pan Yubai , Zeng Heping
Published: November 2014

A composite transparent YAG/Yb:YAG/YAG ceramic was prepared by a non-aqueous tape-casting method. An optical transmittance of 82% was obtained at visible wavelength and around 1100 nm. A low-threshold, broadband tunable continuous-wave (CW) laser at 1031 nm was further demonstrated from the ceramic sample, which was pumped by a 974 nm fiber-pigtailed laser diode. The threshold pump power was 0.45 W and the maximum output power was 3.2 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 20.4%. By inserting an SF57 prism in the laser cavity, the output wavelength could be tuned continuously from 1021 to 1058 nm.
Early intervention: what is it really?
Authors: Odgers Peta
Published: November 2014

Background: The use of early intervention (EI) strategies following workplace injuries and illnesses have long been espoused by medical specialists, rehabilitation providers, regulators and others to be important in hastening recovery, and shortening the length of absence from work. Little is known, however, about the application, content or effectiveness of EI practices within the Comcare scheme.

Objectives: The aim of this research is to provide a strategic assessment of EI in the Comcare scheme by:

•

investigating what constitutes EI from an employer perspective,

•

determining which agencies/organisations use EI and why, and

•

establishing the impact EI has or could have on the scheme.

Methods: Phase one will consist of in-depth interviews and/or small group discussions with representatives from both premium paying and self-insured organisations. An independent research company will conduct phase one on behalf of Comcare between February and March 2014. A targeted sampling approach has been used to ensure organisations with known greater and lesser experience in the use of EI are included. Phase two will build on phase one, using an online survey to collect information from all premium paying and self-insured organisations in the Comcare Scheme.

Findings: It is anticipated that, within the Comcare scheme, the project will identify: what constitutes EI; what role EI plays or could play; what influences EIs success; and how EI is impacting the type and complexity of claims entering the scheme.

Discussion: This paper will focus on the key findings of the research and the implications they have for policies, practices and service delivery.

Conclusion: Understanding the role of EI in organisations provided Comcare with a framework to better guide and support employers in their response to workplace injuries and illnesses, and improving the outcomes for their people.
The $1,000 tipping point: what can be achieved with this sum to break down employment barriers for people with disability
Authors: Hill Heather
Published: November 2014

Each year, JobAccess, an Australian Government initiative delivered by WorkFocus Australia, manages funding applications for equipment, training or workplace modifications to break down employment barriers for people with disability. Employers are concerned by the perceived cost of employing people with disability - a 2011 AHRI survey found that only 14.83% of respondents believed that there was no perception in their organisation that employees with a disability are high risk or potentially expensive – and many employers are not aware that the Australian Government funds eligible requests placed via JobAccess. The analysis in this paper shows just how much of a difference can be made with just $1,000… not that much money when the upside is creating sustainable employment for people with disability. This paper breaks down what can be achieved with this sum and has wider applications for employers, employment providers or countries considering implementing such a programme. JobAccess is a free service to Australian employers and people with disability and, as well as administering the Employment Assistance Fund, it provides advice and support on all matters disability employment.
Tackling disparities in achievement of optimal functioning: delivering health services to meet the needs of ethnic minorities
Authors: Carne Sarah
Published: November 2014

Background: Despite the utilisation of best practice when delivering services, disparities in outcomes exist across ethnic groups. Access to and uptake of services is considered to contribute to these disparities which inhibits the ability of people with disabilities to participate in life to fullest extent. Objective: To investigate barriers experienced by minority cultures when accessing health services and ways in which these barriers can be overcome. Methods: Interviews with clients with spinal cord impairment who belong to minority ethnic groups, service providers and sector experts.

Findings: Multiple barriers exist when accessing services; they include language, cultural characteristics and views of disability and appropriateness of services. Culture can have an effect on the whole continuum of care from how the disability is interpreted by the individual and/or family, how they respond to care, their understanding, communication of needs, engagement with the process, and the opportunities to re-connect and participate within their communities. Community providers are aware of the needs of their clients and have strategies to overcome these barriers, however they work in isolation from funding bodies and other organisations and there is a lack of a framework or model that can guide and inform organisations and providers.

Discussion: While the research identified a multitude of barriers that can impede access to and uptake of services to people belonging to minority ethnicities, community knowledge can be utilised to overcome a significant number of barriers.

Conclusion: A number of recommendations are made to improve access to and uptake of health services including a strategic approach, interagency collaboration, cultural competency training, cultural brokering and disability awareness within the community.
International trends in DM education
Authors: Michelazzi Karen
Published: November 2014

Background: KMG Health Partners has delivered education, consulting and return to work services to a diverse range of international customers and clients since 1996. Our team has been directly involved in the development of standards of practice across several countries, and has had the opportunity to engage with organisations from the commercial and government sector in Canada, the U.K., Iceland, Norway, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Netherlands, and Sweden.

Hypothesis: KMG has worked with organisations that are in various stages of development in their return to work, absence management, and disability management practices. KMG anticipated there would be common challenges, objectives, and desired outcomes amongst most countries.

Methods: KMG has modified our education programmes in various countries to ensure that the content is consistent with local legislation, policy, and current standards of practice. This has included discussion and analysis on current local practices, and subsequent recommendations for policy development, standards of practice, and service delivery for workers and employers. KMG regularly reviews and incorporates international best practices established by key agencies, including the International Labour Organisation, the World Health Organisation, International Social Services Agency, and NIDMAR.

Findings: Most countries have established or demonstrate a desire to establish best practice principles that are consistent with the 7 principles of effective disability management. Training and education that provides a common ideology for all stakeholders and meets both national and international best practice standards was observed to be a critical component to achieving success.

Conclusions: There are similarities in the challenges, objectives, and desired outcomes across many countries. Variances can be attributed to factors that include government legislation, cultural beliefs, and pre-existing social programmes. The delivery of training and education that meets national and international best practice standards is a critical component in establishing effective policies and best practice in absence and disability management.
Maximising independence through community rehabilitation
Authors: Phillips Kate
Published: November 2014

Maximising independence through community rehabilitation. Community rehabilitation is now recognized as an integral part of the rehabilitation process. The provision of such community rehabilitation within a person's home or community enables their clinicians to focus on meaningful functional activities and independence needs of a person. Providing rehabilitation in the environment where a person normally functions, whether it is for physical, cognitive or behavioural needs, maximizes outcomes as it ensures the person's learning is occurring in a contextual environment. It also maximizes independence as it enables practice of new skills to occur frequently across the day; consequently skill development is based on regular practice. As skills are acquired these can be progressed within the home or the community environment. Integral to this process is the development of functional goals. Goals must be person centered and aligned with underlying functional needs, thus goal achievement is underpinned by a rehabilitation process where all members of the rehabilitation team are working towards the same functional outcome. Carers can be trained to assist with practice of the program, this allows autonomy as clinicians don't need to be present at all times while practicing tasks or exercises. Consequently the ability to select and train carers are vital skills required by clinicians managing injured people in the community. Allowing the injured person to have a role in carer selection can facilitate a more fruitful relationship. It is expected that as the person's skills develop and evolve there will be an understanding from all involved that the person's need for carers will reduce. At times independence can be limited if clinicians and carers continue therapy and restrict a person's ability to develop confidence in their independence; best practice would indicate treatment plans are reviewed regularly so this doesn't occur. To maximize independence, all these components should be considered.
Doctor, I am disabled
Authors: Cunneen Chris
Published: November 2014

The Australian medical profession is well trained in the assessment and management of a wide range of acute injuries/illnesses. However, the ongoing management of chronic injuries/illnesses and their ultimate assessment for the purposes of Impairment and/or Disability requires a different skill mix and medical perspective. Over the last 2 decades, Australian doctors have become well versed in various methodologies to assess the Permanent Impairment of a claimant/worker/client/patient, as legislated by multiple Australian jurisdictions.

The same outcome cannot be said for the assessment and management of injuries/illnesses leading to Disability. Most Australian doctors are not formally trained to understand the concepts of Disability versus Impairment. Some organizations continue to seek Disability medical assessments from the treating doctor only, which may lead to bias and a diminished capacity to return to paid employment.

This presentation will cover the issues of Disability assessment and management strategies within Australia, as seen through the eyes of an independent medical assessor.
Building connectedness and confidence
Authors: Hawker Anne
Published: November 2014

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with disabilities has driven changed expectations on the way in which States are expected to relate to disabled people and assist in building an inclusive society.

The World Report on Disabilities has provided both statistical information and examples of best practice including in the employment space.

In the employment area, states are expected to provide a leadership role and provide support for private enterprise. Taking a much more partnership approach to the employment of people with disabilities has increased understanding of respective needs and helped shape different conversations. These conversations have been informed by research in to what employers perceive as barriers to employing disabled people. Providing employers with answers to their concerns has provided them with the confidence to employ and retain employees with disabilities. The mainstream approach has moved the discussion away from differences to an understanding that in many situations, this is no different to what is already provided to other employees. Confident employers are likely to provide repeat opportunities and also be good role models for other employers.

The world financial crisis has sharpened enterprises understanding of the economic impact of failing to take a proactive approach to their employees. Responsibility for building knowledge is equally shared by the employee and the employer. The employee's direct line manager is has a crucial role in building connectedness for those for whom they have managerial oversight.

Demedicalising the way people with disabilities are either retained or enter the workforce will be crucial in building the confidence of employers. Language and culture play an important part in building a connected and confident workplace.
Contextualizing dirty work: The neglected role of cultural, historical, and demographic context
Authors: Ashforth Blake E , Kreiner Glen E
Published: November 2014

Although perceptions of physically, socially, and morally stigmatized occupations – ‘dirty work’ – are socially constructed, very little attention has been paid to how the context shapes those constructions. We explore the impact of historical trends (when), macro and micro cultures (where), and demographic characteristics (who) on the social construction of dirty work.Historically, the rise of hygiene, along with economic and technological development, resulted in greater societal distancing from dirty work, while the rise of liberalism has resulted in greater social acceptance of some morally stigmatized occupations.Culturally, masculinity tends to be preferred over femininity as an ideological discourse for dirty work, unless the occupation is female-dominated; members of collectivist cultures are generally better able than members of individualist cultures to combat the collective-level threat that stigma inherently represents; and members of high power-distance cultures tend to view dirty work more negatively than members of low power-distance cultures.Demographically, marginalized work tends to devolve to marginalized socioeconomic, gender, and racioethnic categories, creating a pernicious and entrapping recursive loop between ‘dirty work’ and being labeled as ‘dirty people.’
Seasonal differences in food and nutrient intakes among young children and their mothers in rural Burkina Faso
Authors: Arsenault Joanne E. , Nikiema Laetitia , Allemand Pauline , Ayassou Kossiwavi A. , Lanou Hermann , Moursi Mourad , De Moura Fabiana F , Martin-Prevel Yves
Published: November 2014

It is important to understand and account for seasonal variation in food and nutrient intakes when planning interventions to combat micronutrient deficiencies in resource-poor settings. The objective of the present study was to quantify food and nutrient intakes and assess the adequacy of micronutrient intakes among young children and their mothers during the lean and post-harvest (PH) seasons in rural Burkina Faso. We quantified food intakes by 24-h recall in a representative sample of 480 children aged 36–59 months and their mothers in two provinces in Western Burkina Faso. We calculated the probability of adequacy (PA) of usual intakes of ten micronutrients and an overall mean PA (MPA). Seasonal changes in nutrient intakes and PA were assessed by mixed linear regression and non-parametric tests, respectively. Energy intakes did not differ significantly between seasons for women or children, although the women's intakes were slightly higher in the PH season. Most of the micronutrient intakes were significantly higher in the PH season, with the exception of vitamin A which was lower and vitamin B12 and Zn which were similar across seasons. MPA increased significantly across seasons, from 0·26 to 0·37 for women and from 0·43 to 0·52 for children. PA of Ca, vitamin C, folate and vitamin B12 were very low. Staple grains and vegetables were major sources of micronutrients but intakes were not sufficient to meet nutrient needs for the majority of the subjects. Food-based strategies are needed to increase micronutrient intakes of women and children in Burkina Faso.
Protection against canine parvovirus type 2 infection in puppies by colostrum-derived antibodies
Authors: Mila Hanna , Grellet Aurélien , Desario Costantina , Feugier Alexandre , Decaro Nicola , Buonavoglia Canio , Chastant-Maillard Sylvie
Published: November 2014

During the first weeks of life puppies remain protected against canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) infection thanks to maternally derived antibodies (MDA) absorbed with colostrum after birth. The objective of the present study was to present the variability in CPV2-specific passive immune transfer and its consequences in puppies naturally exposed to the parvovirus. Seventy-nine puppies from one breeding kennel were included in the study at birth and followed until 56 d of age. Once per week the MDA titre for CPV2 specific antibodies was determined in blood. Viral excretion was also evaluated on a rectal swab by CPV2 PCR assay and puppies were weighed to determine growth rate. At 2 d of age, thirty-four out of seventy-nine puppies (43 %) had MDA ≤1:160 (designed group A) and forty-five puppies (57 %) had greater MDA titres (designed group B). The level of absorbed maternal antibodies was shown to be associated with breed size and growth rate during the first 48 h of life. The MDA level declined with age in all cases; however, the proportion of puppies with the antibody level considered as protective against CPV2 infection was significantly higher in group B compared with A from day 2 until 42. Among all puppies surviving until 56 d of age, sixty-seven out of seventy (95·7 %) underwent CPV2 infection. However, puppies from group A excreted CPV2 significantly earlier than puppies from group B. The present study demonstrates the link between passive immune transfer, in terms of level of specific MDA absorbed, and length of the protection period against parvovirus infection in weaning puppies.
Reliability and validity of the Statistical Anxiety Scale among students in Singapore and Australia
Authors: Chew Peter K. H. , Dillon Denise B.
Published: November 2014

Given the negative relationships between statistics anxiety and statistics achievement, it is important for researchers and instructors to have a reliable and valid measure to identify students with statistics anxiety. The purpose of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of Vigil-Colet, Lorenzo-Seva, and Condon's (2008) Statistical Anxiety Scale (SAS) among students in Singapore and Australia. Unlike the commonly used Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale, the SAS provides a specific measure of statistics anxiety. Participants were 197 undergraduates (79.2% female) in the James Cook University Psychology programs at the Singaporean (70.1%) and Australian (29.9 %) campuses. Acceptable internal consistency reliabilities, ranging from 0.88 to 0.95 for the three factors of the SAS, were found in the current study. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a modified three-factor model best describe the data. Scores on the SAS shared positive correlations with another measure of statistics anxiety, and negative correlations with a measure of attitudes toward statistics. The results provided support for the use of the SAS among Singaporean and Australian psychology undergraduates.
Folic acid supplemented goat milk has beneficial effects on hepatic physiology, haematological status and antioxidant defence during chronic Fe repletion
Authors: Alférez María JM , Rivas Emilio , Díaz-Castro Javier , Hijano Silvia , Nestares Teresa , Moreno Miguel , Campos Margarita S , Serrano-Reina Jose A , López-Aliaga Inmaculada
Published: November 2014

The aim of the current study was to asses the effect of goat or cow milk-based diets, either normal or Fe-overloaded and folic acid supplement on some aspects of hepatic physiology, enzymatic antioxidant defence and lipid peroxidation in liver, brain and erythrocyte of control and anaemic rats after chronic Fe repletion. 160 male Wistar rats were placed on 40 d in two groups, a control group receiving normal-Fe diet and the Fe-deficient group receiving low Fe diet. Lately, the rats were fed with goat and cow milk-based diets during 30 d, with normal-Fe content or Fe-overload and either with normal folic or folic acid supplemented. Fe-overload increased plasma alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels when cow milk was supplied. Dietary folate supplementation reduced plasma transaminases levels in animals fed goat milk with chronic Fe overload. A remarkable increase in the superoxide dismutase activity was observed in the animals fed cow milk. Dietary folate supplement lead to a decrease on the activity of this enzyme in all the tissues studied with both milk-based diets. A concomitant increment in catalase was also observed. The increase in lipid peroxidation products levels in rats fed cow milk with Fe-overload, suggest an imbalance in the functioning of the enzymatic antioxidant defence. In conclusion, dietary folate-supplemented goat milk reduces both plasma transaminases levels, suggesting a hepatoprotective effect and has beneficial effects in situation of Fe-overload, improving the antioxidant enzymes activities and reducing lipid peroxidation.