bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure to drink but not to smoke: Disentangling selection and socialization in adolescent peer networks and peer groups
Authors: Kiuru Noona , Burk William J. , Laursen Brett , Salmela‐Aro Katariina , Nurmi Jari‐Erik
Published: August 2010

This paper examined the relative influence of selection and socialization on alcohol and tobacco use in adolescent peer networks and peer groups. The sample included 1419 Finnish secondary education students (690 males and 729 females, mean age 16 years at the outset) from nine schools. Participants identified three school friends and described their alcohol and tobacco use on two occasions one year apart. Actor‐based models simultaneously examined changes in peer network ties and changes in individual behaviors for all participants within each school. Multi‐level analyses examined changes in individual behaviors for adolescents entering new peer groups and adolescents in stable peer groups, both of which were embedded within the school‐based peer networks. Similar results emerged from both analytic methods: Selection and socialization contributed to similarity of alcohol use, but only selection was a factor in tobacco use.
Intranasal administration of opioids/fentanyl—Physiological and pharmacological aspects
Authors: Dale Ola
Published: August 2010

Intranasal opioid formulations have been investigated as a new route of administration that may offer a rapid onset and short duration of analgesic effect. These characteristics are required for the optimal treatment of certain types of pain, e.g., breakthrough cancer pain, such that the temporal characteristics of the analgesic effect mirror those of the pain episode itself.

The nasal cavity is highly perfused with permeable capillaries and is well suited for rapid drug uptake, however, challenges to intranasal administration are the small drug volume required to avoid run‐off into the pharynx, and the short time window for absorption before the drug is removed from the nose via mucociliary clearance. Potent opioids, such as fentanyl, have the possibility of low administration volumes and are the best candidates for intranasal administration. Intranasal fentanyl spray (INFS) showed promising pharmacokinetic characteristics (such as a Tmax of 13 min) compared with other fentanyl formulations, and has a short duration of effect. These findings are supported by clinical evidence indicating that INFS is an effective treatment of breakthrough cancer pain, providing a rapid onset of analgesia, with a convenient method of administration.
Breakthrough cancer pain and current treatment options
Authors: Porta‐Sales Josep
Published: August 2010

Cancer patients with relatively stable chronic background pain may experience transient episodes of pain, known as breakthrough cancer pain (BTP). There is no universally accepted definition for BTP, although recent efforts have been made by the Association for Palliative Medicine of Great Britain and Ireland to refine existing definitions and diagnostic criteria. Common clinical features of a typical BTP episode include a rapid onset peaking within minutes, a severe intensity and a short duration. BTP affects patients' quality of life through functional impairment and affective disturbances, and may also impact on healthcare resources through increased visits to physicians, hospitalisations due to pain, etc. As such, effective treatment is critical. Oral opioids are the mainstay of treatment for BTP. However, these are slow‐acting with characteristics that do not match those of a typical BTP episode, and have the potential for over‐medication and side effects. More favourable options would include treatments with a rapid onset, such as recently developed formulations of fentanyl, e.g., oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), buccal fentanyl citrate (FBT), and sublingual fentanyl citrate (SLF). However, these all require saliva/moisture to dissolve, potentially causing administration problems for cancer patients who commonly suffer from a dry mouth. The recently developed intranasal formulation of fentanyl (intranasal fentanyl spray) has a rapid onset and overcomes oral difficulties. It is a promising new option for the treatment of BTP.
A novel Aspergillus oryzae esterase that hydrolyzes 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid esters
Authors: Koseki Takuya , Mihara Koji , Murayama Tetsuya , Shiono Yoshihito
Published: August 2010

In this study we report the biochemical characterization of a hypothetical protein from Aspergillus oryzae exhibiting sequence identity with feruloyl esterase and tannase from the genus Aspergillus. The purified recombinant protein showed a hydrolytic activity toward the ethyl, propyl, or butyl esters of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, but did not show feruloyl esterase or tannase activity. Finally, the enzyme decreased the antimicrobial activity of parabens against A. oryzae via hydrolysis of the ester bond present in butyl 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid.
Social capital configuration, legal bonds and performance in buyer–supplier relationships
Authors: Carey Sinéad , Lawson Benn , Krause Daniel R.
Published: August 2010

Academics have increasingly recognized the benefits derived from social networks embedded within companies’ buyer–supplier relationships. However, prior research has only examined the influence of social capital elements on performance, either individually or in part. We propose an integrative model examining the relationships among relational, structural and cognitive dimensions of social capital, and between these dimensions and the cost and innovation performance of the firm. A sample of 163 buyer–supplier relationships is used to test the model. Regression results indicate that the relational dimension of social capital fully or partially mediates the effect of the cognitive dimension on performance, and partially mediates the link between the structural dimension, operationalized as social interaction ties, and innovation performance. Further, high levels of legal bonds were found to moderate the relationship between the relational dimension of social capital and performance outcomes. Implications for theory and managers are discussed.
The foreshortened malleus: Anatomic variant, not pathologic sign
Authors: Arviso Lindsey Clemson , Todd Norman Wendell
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To quantitatively study the appearance of the malleus as viewed through the external ear canal clinically to determine whether its shortened appearance in some ears is associated with otitis media.

STUDY DESIGN

Postmortem material analysis.

SETTING

University temporal bone laboratory.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 41 adult crania without clinical otitis. The mastoid size indicator of previous childhood otitis media was quantified radiographically. On digitized photographs of the tympanic membranes (64 ears useable), two sets of measurements were performed: 1) the distance from the malleus' lateral process to the umbo and to the annulus; and 2) angles formed anteriorly and posteriorly at the umbo.

RESULTS

The two metrics of malleus foreshortening did not correlate with one another, that is, the ratio manubrium‐length/ tympanic diameter did not correlate with the ratio posterior/anterior umbo angles (for right ears, r = —0.34; for left, r = 0.30). Mastoid size did not correlate with either metric of malleus foreshortening. As to right‐left symmetry, the size of mastoid pneumatization had good correlation (r = 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.82); but, r = 0.21 for lengths, r = 0.34 for angles, each confidence interval included zero.

CONCLUSION

Because the data showed no correlation of the physical appearance of the malleus with the mastoid size indicator of otitis media, and right‐left symmetry was only hinted, we contend that a foreshortened malleus lacks clinical relevance. Foreshortened malleus is an anatomic variant, not a sign of pathology.
Lateral semicircular canal fenestration for congenital conductive hearing loss: Solution for a dilemma
Authors: Ashtiani Mohammadtaghi Khorsandi , Yazdani Nasrin , Satri Sasan Dabiri , Mokhtari Zahra , Kouhi Ali
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine functional results after lateral semicircular canal fenestration on congenital conductive hearing loss.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

Amir‐Alam otolaryngology tertiary referral center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Twenty patients with congenital oval window malformations who were not candidates for ossicular reconstruction underwent lateral semicircular canal fenestration. A skin graft was placed over the perforated fascial graft on the fenestrated area.

RESULTS

The median preoperative mean air conduction (MAC) was 56.9 dB (50.0 dB median air‐bone). Postoperative median MAC gain of 34.3 dB (P < 0.001) and the median air‐bone gap of 18.8 dB were observed. The mean bone conduction (MBC) did not show any significant changes postoperatively (P = 0.12). No sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, or imbalance was observed.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated hearing improvement after lateral semicircular canal fenestration. This technique can be considered as an alternative for patients with middle ear anomalies who are not candidates for ossicular reconstruction.
Comparison of safety and efficacy of foam‐based versus solution‐based ciprofloxacin for acute otitis externa
Authors: Marom Tal , Yelin Rodrigo , Goldfarb Abraham , Rakover Yoseph , Shlizerman Lev , Eilat Eran , Roth Yehudah
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To compare and evaluate the efficacy and safety of a foam‐based antibiotic formulation in the treatment of acute otitis externa (AOE) with the more conventional solution‐based formulation.

STUDY DESIGN

Phase 2, open‐label, randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Multicenter.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Sixty‐three eligible adult patients with unilateral AOE were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: an experimental 0.3 percent foam‐based ciprofloxacin, (FoamOtic Cipro) or 0.3 percent solution‐based ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan). All patients received the same dose regime (twice daily for 7 days). The primary efficacy variable was response to therapy (cure) in the test‐of‐cure visit. Secondary variables included improvement of the disease symptoms otalgia, tenderness, edema, and otorrhea.

RESULTS

Sixty‐four patients were enrolled in the study. Seven patients were excluded from the per‐protocol analysis due to major deviations from the protocol. Per‐protocol analysis (n = 57) showed that cure was achieved in all the patients (P = 1.000). No significant differences were found between groups for symptomatic relief, resolution of otic discharge, or onset of pain reduction. Both treatments were found to be highly efficacious and safe, demonstrating the noninferiority of the experimental drug.

CONCLUSION

Foam‐based ciprofloxacin is a safe and an effective new treatment for AOE.
The Evolution of Christianity
Authors: Abbott Lyman
Published: August 2010

Lyman Abbott was an American liberal theologian and a confidant of Theodore Roosevelt. He was a moderate man who sought to re-establish Christian faith among the American people in a period of change. This book, first published in 1893, argued that spiritual experience is always new and therefore every age requires a new expression for it. A believer in the possibility of harmonious coexistence between the Church and evolutionary theory, Abbott proposed a 'more intelligible and credible' religion that endeavoured to sustain faith by expressing it in contemporary terms. He maintained that science and faith were compatible and that both natural and spiritual elements belonged to a shared kingdom governed by the law of progress. Blending faith in historical Christianity with belief in progress and evolutionary theory, Abbott aimed to provide a bridge between religious life and late nineteenth-century philosophical thought.
The Scripture Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Birks Thomas Rawson
Published: August 2010

Thomas Rawson Birks was a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and a senior professor of philosophy. This book was first published in 1872, the year of his appointment to the prestigious Knightbridge Professorship. As an active Anglican clergyman, Birks engaged energetically in many heated theological controversies. In the Victorian debates on the relationship between religion and science he took a strongly anti-Darwinian stance, declaring that the theory of evolution contradicted the doctrine of creation and could not explain the mystery of life. In other areas, however, he argued that the findings of science confirmed the glory of God, since 'the telescope reveals the grandeur and vastness of the starry worlds' and 'the microscope discovers marks of design and beauty' which are evidence of a supreme designer. His influential evangelical views are expressed in this book, which argues for scripture as the ultimate key to the mystery of existence.
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Authors: James Montague Rhodes
Published: August 2010

M. R. James (1862–1936) is probably best remembered as a writer of chilling ghost stories, but he was an outstanding scholar of medieval literature and palaeography, who served both as Provost of King's College, Cambridge, and as Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, and many of his stories reflect his academic background. His detailed descriptive catalogues of manuscripts owned by colleges, cathedrals and museums are still of value to scholars today. James' catalogue of the manuscript holdings of Pembroke College was first published in 1905. Now reissued, it will be welcomed by librarians and researchers alike.
Early Collegiate Life
Authors: Venn John
Published: August 2010

First published in 1913, John Venn's collection of writings describes college life in the early days of the University of Cambridge. Venn, a leading British logician and moral scientist, was president of Gonville and Caius College, and had been a student at Cambridge in the 1850s. This volume of 'reminiscences of a reading man' contains articles he contributed to the college magazine, The Caian and speeches and addresses given at College Chapel and Hall. These are interspersed with letters written by seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Cambridge scholars, and embedded in a commentary that provides additional insights into student life and university politics. He also includes, as an appendix, 'College Life and Ways Sixty Years Ago', recounting his own student experiences. Ranging from the Elizabethan to the Victorian era, Early Collegiate Life offers an honest and delightful glimpse into the daily lives of Cambridge scholars of the past.
The Limits of Religious Thought Examined in Eight Lectures
Authors: Mansel Henry Longueville
Published: August 2010

The Bampton lectures at Oxford, founded by the bequest of John Bampton in order to examine ideas from Christian theology, have taken place regularly since 1780. In 1858 the philosopher Henry Longueville Mansel delivered the set of eight lectures reissued in this volume. Mansel expresses the view - influenced by Kant and Hamilton - that the human mind is 'conditioned' and that human knowledge is strictly limited to the finite. Humans cannot attain any positive conception of the nature of the 'Absolute and Infinite Being' with certainty. We only have an imperfect representation of God and the divine through their analogy to finite things. And yet, God exists. Mansel asserts that God cannot be understood by reason but should be accepted by faith. His book ignited a bitter controversy with the Christian socialist theologian Frederick Maurice, and remains of interest to historians of philosophy and theology to this day.
A General View of Positivism
Authors: Comte Auguste
Published: August 2010

In A General View of Positivism French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857) gives an overview of his social philosophy known as Positivism. Comte, credited with coining the term 'sociology' and one of the first to argue for it as a science, is concerned with reform, progress and the problem of social order in society. In this English edition of the work, published in 1865, he addresses the practical problems of implementing his philosophy or doctrine, as he also refers to Positivism, into society. He believes that society evolves through a series of stages that are ruled by social laws and culminate in a superior form of social life. During this reorganisation of society, which will find its greatest supporters among women and the working class, a 'new moral power' will emerge. Under the motto 'love, order and progress' Comte wishes humanism to replace organised religion as the object of spiritual worship.
Nature's Teachings
Authors: Wood John George
Published: August 2010

Nature's Teachings, first published in 1877, was one of many books on natural history by J. G. Wood, a Victorian clergyman who was hugely influential in popularising the subject, as well as being the editor of The Boy's Own Magazine. Here he examines the close parallels between nature and human inventions in areas including seafaring (the raft, paddle and oar), war and hunting (barbs, poisons and projectiles), architecture, tools, optics and acoustics, as well as 'useful arts' including sewage disposal. His text contains over 750 figures and illustrations, and he argues that future great discoveries could be made as a result of careful observations of nature. Although a contemporary of Darwin, Wood largely ignored the evolution debates and focused on communicating his enthusiasm for the natural world to a non-scientific audience. His successful publications still make fascinating reading for those interested in Victorian culture and the history of education.
Shakespeare: A Critical Study of his Mind and Art
Authors: Dowden Edward
Published: August 2010

Dowden's critical study of 1875 approaches Shakespeare from the human side, showing how Shakespeare the man is visible through his art. Moving from Shakespeare's early plays to his late period, and grouping the plays according to key stages in his career, the book traces the growth of Shakespeare's intellect and character from youth to full maturity. Dowden does not seek to align Shakespeare with any particular single character from his plays, but sees aspects of Shakespeare in many of his dramatic creations, demonstrating how Shakespeare represents many different sides of human life. The reader is provided with an insight into the questions at the forefront of Shakespeare's mind, his most intense moments of inspiration and his discoveries about human life. Outlining the differences between the youthful Shakespeare and Shakespeare as a mature and experienced man, the book enables us to better understand Shakespeare's character and genius.
A Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences
Authors: Boole George
Published: August 2010

Self-taught mathematician and father of Boolean algebra, George Boole (1815–1864) published A Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences in 1860 as a sequel to his Treatise on Differential Equations (1859). Both books became instant classics that were used as textbooks for many years and eventually became the basis for our contemporary digital computer systems. The book discusses direct theories of finite differences and integration, linear equations, variations of a constant, and equations of partial and mixed differences. Boole also includes exercises for daring students to ponder, and also supplies answers. Long a proponent of positioning logic firmly in the camp of mathematics rather than philosophy, Boole was instrumental in developing a notational system that allowed logical statements to be symbolically represented by algebraic equations. One of history's most insightful mathematicians, Boole is compelling reading for today's student of logic and Boolean thinking.
Mechanism of the Heavens
Authors: Laplace Pierre Simon
Published: August 2010

Published in 1831, this work forms part of a collection of introductory volumes suggested by Henry, Lord Brougham and Vaux, the Lord Chancellor, for the Society of the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Due to the exceptional mathematical ability of its author, however, it outgrew its original plan and has since been seen as a rather more ambitious project. Praised by Somerville's contemporary Sir John Herschel for its presentation of general astronomical theories and the mechanical principles employed in their derivation, the work was a tour de force of scientific and technical exposition. It is especially remarkable both for its author's firm grasp of the subject, especially given her lack of formal mathematical training, and for its clear outline of Newtonian philosophy for a popular audience.
Shakespeare and Stratford-upon-Avon
Authors: Hunter Robert E.
Published: August 2010

A detailed account by the secretary to the festival committee of the extensive Tercentenary celebrations of Shakespeare's birth held in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1864. The jubilee, inspired by Garrick's of 1769, included performances of several of the plays in a specially built pavilion on the Paddock in Southern Lane. There was also a banquet, a ball, fireworks, church services, a pageant and several concerts. Planning was fraught with difficulties and disagreements such as the committee's refusal to provide the pageant (organised in the end by the townsfolk) and walked a financial tightrope. The event nevertheless was a success and paved the way for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, opened in 1879. A short biography of the playwright, with an assessment of previous biographies, a topographical narrative of the town and description of the three previous jubilees held there (especially Garrick's) provide context and the perspective of the time.
A Treatise on Universal Algebra
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: August 2010

Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947) was equally celebrated as a mathematician, a philosopher and a physicist. He collaborated with his former student Bertrand Russell on the first edition of Principia Mathematica (published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and after several years teaching and writing on physics and the philosophy of science at University College London and Imperial College, was invited to Harvard to teach philosophy and the theory of education. A Treatise on Universal Algebra was published in 1898, and was intended to be the first of two volumes, though the second (which was to cover quaternions, matrices and the general theory of linear algebras) was never published. This book discusses the general principles of the subject and covers the topics of the algebra of symbolic logic and of Grassmann's calculus of extension.
The Analytical Theory of Heat
Authors: Fourier Jean Baptiste Joseph
Published: August 2010

First published in 1878, The Analytical Theory of Heat is Alexander Freeman's English translation of French mathematician Joseph Fourier's Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur, originally published in French in 1822. In this groundbreaking study, arguing that previous theories of mechanics advanced by such scientific greats as Archimedes, Galileo, Newton and their successors did not explain the laws of heat, Fourier set out to study the mathematical laws governing heat diffusion and proposed that an infinite mathematical series may be used to analyse the conduction of heat in solids. Known in scientific circles as the 'Fourier Series', this work paved the way for modern mathematical physics. This translation, now reissued, contains footnotes that cross-reference other writings by Fourier and his contemporaries, along with 20 figures and an extensive bibliography. This book will be especially useful for mathematicians who are interested in trigonometric series and their applications.
The Evolution of the Art of Music
Authors: Parry C. Hubert H.
Published: August 2010

C. Hubert H. Parry (1848–1918), knighted in 1902 for his services to music, was a distinguished composer, conductor and musicologist. In the first of these roles he is best known for his settings of Blake's 'Jerusalem' and the coronation anthem 'I was glad'. He was an enthusiastic teacher and proselytiser of music, believing strongly in its ability to widen and deepen the experience of Man, and this book, published in 1896 as a revised version of his 1893 The Art of Music, appeared in a series called 'The International Scientific Series'. Parry's intention is to trace the origins of music in 'the music of savages, folk music, and medieval music' and to show 'the continuous process of the development of the Musical Art in actuality'.
Cours d'analyse de l'École Royale Polytechnique
Authors: Cauchy Augustin-Louis
Published: August 2010

In 1821, the French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy published Cours d'Analyse de L'École Royale Polytechnique, a textbook designed to teach his students the basic theorems of calculus in as rigorous a way as possible. Cauchy was a pioneer of mathematical analysis, a branch of mathematics concerned with the idea of a limit, whether of a sequence or of a function. This book consists of 12 chapters that discuss real functions, infinitely small and large quantities, substitution groups, symmetrical functions, unknown variables, imaginary functions, and rational fractions in a recurrent series. It also provides formulas for solving various problems, such as converting the sine and cosine of a multiple polynomial arc and the Lagrange interpolation. Cauchy built on the work of Leibniz and Newton and is generally regarded as one of the greatest mathematicians in history. This is a reissue of one of his most important contributions.
Later Victorian Cambridge
Authors: Winstanley Denys Arthur
Published: August 2010

This is the last of four books on the history of Cambridge University by the distinguished historian and Fellow of Trinity College D.A. Winstanley, first published in 1947. It covers the period from 1860 to 1882, when new University Statutes resulting from the Royal Commission were implemented in the face of considerable opposition. The author records with evident satisfaction that during this period a number of important reforms were finally achieved. The book is meticulously researched and documented, but Winstanley's energy, enthusiasm, and taste for quirky detail is evident throughout. He describes allegations of a college Mastership obtained 'by crooked means', the University's unpopular power to arrest and imprison young women on suspicion of prostitution, the real reasons behind the ban on college Fellows marrying, how the stringent religious tests were eventually relaxed, and how educational standards were raised by measures including better teaching, restructured subject areas, and tougher examinations.
Early Victorian Cambridge
Authors: Winstanley Denys Arthur
Published: August 2010

Denys Arthur Winstanley (1877–1947), was a Fellow of Trinity College from 1906 until his death. His work included four important books on the history of the University of Cambridge between 1750 and 1882. This volume describes the many reforms to the educational system made during the early Victorian period: changes in college and university statutes, reform of the examinations, the foundation of Downing College and of Regius Professorships. Adopting an episodic rather than chronological approach, he is able to tease out specific controversies of the period such as a contested change of Mastership in Trinity, or the struggle for power in the Fitzwilliam Museum Syndicate. The extensive historical research in this book means that it holds its value today as a reliable source of information for historians of education in the early nineteenth century.
Treatment of Poverty in Cambridgeshire, 1597–1834
Authors: Hampson Ethel Mary
Published: August 2010

First published in 1934, this historical survey of the application of the Poor Law in Cambridgeshire covers the period from its codification under Queen Elizabeth I to the Amendment Act of 1834. Resulting from the author's extensive analysis of parish records, accounts and court proceedings, the examination of a largely agricultural county marks it out from many other such studies. Cambridgeshire is a unique area; although under a strong metropolitan influence due to its geographical proximity to London and its links to the capital via the University of Cambridge, it contains few towns or large villages. The scattered population meant efforts to group areas for the purposes of administration during the period in question were largely unsuccessful. Instead, E.M. Hampson's study reveals that local autonomy led to large variations in the application of the Poor Law.
A Hunter's Experiences in the Southern States of America
Authors: Flack Captain
Published: August 2010

Captain Flack, known for his columns in The Field, published this record of the his experiences of hunting, shooting and fishing in the Southern states of America in 1866. Starting with an introduction about the wilderness of the American forests and life in the western prairies, the book goes on to record the natural history of mammals and game-birds in the South. It provides graphic descriptions of the author's encounters with wildlife including antelopes, bison, bears, wild turkeys, fish, alligators and snakes, as well as bee hunting. Flack describes the South as the paradise of the true sportsman. In an appendix, the author provides a guide to the locations where each kind of game may be found, together with information about routes and costs. This detailed and entertaining account provides fascinating insights into Victorian social history and valuable data on the ecology of the Southern states at that time.
Scholae Academicae
Authors: Wordsworth Christopher
Published: August 2010

Christopher Wordsworth (1848–1938), was a great-nephew of the poet, and part of a Victorian dynasty of Cambridge academics. In this book, published in 1877, he describes the state of the English universities in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, before the reforms following the 1852 Royal Commission. He reviews the historic areas of study from the arts and mathematics to the 'trivials' - grammar, logic and rhetoric - and discusses the introduction of more recent disciplines such as physics, anatomy, chemistry, mineralogy and botany. His stated aim is to preserve an account of 'the methods and processes of University Study through which were educated the minds which have done so much to make our University and our Country what they are'. A companion volume, Wordsworth's Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
The English Poor
Authors: Mackay Thomas
Published: August 2010

In 1889, British wine merchant Thomas Mackay published The English Poor, which espoused the ideas of Darwin and applied them to British social and economic history. An acolyte of social Darwinist Herbert Spencer, Mackay writes that human history has been a struggle between individualism and socialism, and argues that only through individual competition (not state social support) will poverty be eradicated. The opening chapters discuss the human instinct for property accumulation, primitive forms of society, elite control of workers during the plague years, and the growth of the proletariat. Later chapters discuss social legislation, the evolution of England's poor laws, and the Industrial Revolution. Finally, Mackay debates the scholarship of socialist Ernest Belfort Bax, bemoans the misguided ideas of Christian charity, and argues that the lives of 'lower types' of people have been prolonged by the poor laws. This is a fascinating document of late-Victorian economic thought.
Portraits of Places
Authors: James Henry
Published: August 2010

Written by Henry James, Portraits of Places is a record of the author's reminiscences of his travels in Italy, France, and England during 1876–1882. Beginning in Venice, James takes the reader on a journey through Italy to France (Paris, Rheims, Normandy and the Pyrenees) and England (London, Warwickshire). His finely crafted word-portraits vividly evoke the less-frequented monuments of Europe, the abbeys and castles, events and festivals, and the scenic beauty of London at different times of the year. Also included are sketches of four scenic locales in North America: Saratoga, Newport, Quebec, and Niagara. Portraits of Places is a vintage work by a famous literary figure that memorably captures scenes of cultural and historical beauty on both sides of the Atlantic, as observed by an American traveller over a period of six years.
The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
Authors: Lyell Charles
Published: August 2010

Sir Charles Lyell (1797–1875) is remembered today as much for his profound influence on the young Charles Darwin as for his own work as a geologist: Darwin read the three volumes of his Principles of Geology (1830–3) as they came out, and was greatly interested in Lyell's theory of the huge effects over geological time of an accumulation of tiny, almost unobservable changes. The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man was published in 1863, and went into three editions in that year alone. The work synthesises the then existing evidence for the earliest humans in Europe and North America and – as indicated by its subtitle, With Remarks on Theories of the Origin of Species by Variation – discusses Darwin's theory and 'the bearing of this hypothesis on the different races of mankind and their connection with other parts of the animal kingdom.'
William Bateson, Naturalist
Authors: Bateson Beatrice
Published: August 2010

William Bateson (1861–1926) began his academic career working on variation in animals in the light of evolutionary theory. He was inspired by the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work on plant hybridisation to pursue further experimental work in what he named 'genetics'. He realised that Mendel's results could help to solve difficult biological questions and controversies which others had glossed over, and to challenge assumptions underlying evolution as it was understood at the time. After two years as Professor of Biology at Cambridge he left in 1910 to become Director of the newly founded John Innes Institute. Bateson's argumentative personality and unorthodox approach did not make him popular, and his reputation declined after his death. Was Bateson misunderstood? Was evolution misunderstood? This 1928 volume – including a substantial memoir by Bateson's wife – gives readers access to selected papers and addresses and allows them to consider him afresh.
Social Evolution
Authors: Kidd Benjamin
Published: August 2010

In 1894, the British sociologist Benjamin Kidd published Social Evolution, an influential book that summarised and evaluated the prevailing social theories at the end of the nineteenth century: Karl Marx's socialism and Herbert Spencer's social Darwinism. Both of these conflicting theories were based on Darwinian evolutionary theory. In this book, Kidd discusses the immense changes that applied science has brought to the world and the interconnectedness of everyone. The book's ten chapters include discussions of the conditions of human progress, the function of religious beliefs, and the organisation of the working classes. Kidd found flaws in both Karl Marx's and Herbert Spencer's vision of society's future and concluded that religion was essential for the evolution of society because it acts in the interest of generational group survival rather than individual competition. Social Evolution called for a comprehensive study of society because a new era in Western civilisation was beginning.
John Ray, Naturalist
Authors: Raven Charles
Published: August 2010

This biography of John Ray, the seventeenth-century naturalist, was first published in 1942 at the height of the Second World War. It was written by Charles Raven, an eminent theologian who shared Ray's deep respect for intellectual integrity, honest exploration of the natural world, and the value of both theology and scientific endeavour. More than a superb history, this offers an opportunity to reassess the pivotal contributions of a brilliant but often undervalued scientist. Ray's major publications were written in Latin; Raven's linguistic skills – coupled with his passion for natural history – made him ideally suited to interpret Ray's scientific legacy. Raven reviews Ray's academic and scientific careers in the context of the dramatic social upheavals of his time. He evaluates the remarkable long-term and widespread influence of Ray's work on the development of science, alongside the significance of his final book, The Wisdom of God.
Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism
Authors: Thomson John Joseph
Published: August 2010

The British physicist Sir Joseph John Thomson, the discoverer of the electron, published the first edition of his Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism in 1895; this fourth edition was issued in 1909, three years after he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases. In this book for students his intention is to give 'an account of the fundamental principles of the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and their more important applications, using only simple mathematics.' Starting at the basic level of describing electrical phenomena such as rubbing a stick of sealing wax with cloth to produce a charge, he guides the reader through electrostatics, induction, magnetism, thermoelectric currents and the theory of light. This textbook, by one of the greatest scientists of his day, is still a fascinating introduction to the topic.
The Theory of Sets of Points
Authors: Young William Henry , Young Grace Chisholm
Published: August 2010

The theory of sets, described in the preface to this book as 'Georg Cantor's magnificent theory' was first developed in the 1870s, and was recognised as one of the most important new branches of mathematical science. W. H. Young and his wife Grace Chisholm Young wrote this book, published in 1906, as a 'simple presentation'; but they warn that it is effectively a work in progress: the writing 'has necessarily involved attempts to extend the frontier of existing knowledge, and to fill in gaps which broke the connexion between isolated parts of the subject.' The Young's were a dynamic force in mathematical research: William had been Grace's tutor at Girton College; she was subsequently the first woman to be awarded a Ph. D by the University of Göttingen. Cantor himself said of the book: 'It is a pleasure for me to see with what diligence, skill and success you have worked.'
The American Race
Authors: Brinton Daniel Garrison
Published: August 2010

First published in 1891, this book was the earliest attempt to construct a systematic classification of all the indigenous languages of the Americas, focusing particularly on the relationship between culture and grammar and vocabulary. It addresses the various theories of the origins of the American race, and the archaeological evidence for the presence of humans in the Americas. It discusses geologists' opinions and the physical geography of the Americas in relation to Europe, and considers the physical characteristics of the Native Americans, their culture, religion, domestic habits and family organisation, providing a comprehensive anthropological and historical context for the linguistic work. Special attention is paid to the parts of the continent, mostly south of Mexico, whose ethnography was little known at the time of writing. Each chapter covers a particular region, and there is a detailed linguistic appendix.
From Comte to Benjamin Kidd
Authors: Mackintosh Robert
Published: August 2010

Robert Mackintosh (1858–1933), a professor at the Congregationalist Lancashire Independent College, traces the influence of biology and evolutionism on the study of human ethics and society during the second half of the nineteenth century in this 1899 book. He begins with Comte's founding of sociology, and continues with the renewed appeal to biology for the understanding of human affairs found in the work of Darwin, Spencer and their circle. He then looks at Benjamin Kidd's Social Evolution, published in 1894 (and also reissued in this series). Fifty years after Comte, Kidd argued that sociology required further grounding by a new recourse to biology. Mackintosh supported Kidd's view. If biological clues are to afford guidance for human conduct, Mackintosh contended, they must be supplemented by a clearer moral and religious vision, and in philosophy by some scheme of metaphysical evolutionism. His work marks a transition from Darwinism to a new Hegelianism.
Schumann
Authors: Fuller-Maitland John Alexander
Published: August 2010

J. A. Fuller Maitland (1856–1936), whose Masters of German Music is also reissued in this series, was music critic of The Times for 22 years, was the editor of the second edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, prepared an edition of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, and also worked on Purcell and on folk song. This biography of Schumann, in the 'Great Musicians' series edited by Francis Hueffer, was published in 1884, 28 years after its subject's death. It is dedicated to Schumann's widow, Clara, who the author consulted, along with Joachim and others; but he also acknowledges that those hoping for an exhaustive life of Schumann would be disappointed: 'The time for writing such a life is not yet come.' Nevertheless, this book contains a survey of Schumann's compositions as well as his critical writings and a range of contemporary critical responses to his work.
On the Genesis of Species
Authors: Mivart St George Jackson
Published: August 2010

St George Jackson Mivart was an eminent biologist, who was at first an advocate for natural selection and later a passionate opponent. In this beautifully illustrated 1871 text, Mivart raised objections to natural selection as a means for evolution. These included problems in explaining: 'incipient stages' of complex structures (e.g. the mammalian eye); the existence of similar structures of divergent origin; dramatic and rapid changes in form; the absence of transitional forms from the fossil record; and issues in geological distribution. Citing the giraffe's neck, the rattle of the snake and the whale's baleen, Mivart argued for the necessity of an innate power underlying all organic life. Mivart's book did not seriously undermine the concept of natural selection - Darwin and Huxley soon countered his 'formidable array' of arguments - but it helped move the debate forward. Sadly, it also led to a rift between Mivart and Darwin.
Studies in English Official Historical Documents
Authors: Hall Hubert
Published: August 2010

This 1908 book was a ground-breaking guide for historians in the use and interpretation of official documentary sources. Hubert Hall examines the topic under three headings – archives, diplomatics, and palaeography. In the first part he treats the history, classification and analysis of English archives. He argues that the user should take into account what once existed as well as what survives. The second part deals with diplomatics, from Anglo-Saxon to the sixteenth century. He calls for greater critical analysis of the different types of official documents, something lacking in England when compared to European scholarship. The final part introduces the student to palaeography, and the different kinds of handwriting and contractions met with in official documents. While the book makes no claim to be the definitive work on the subject, it raised the profile of a neglected tool of scholarship, and offers a starting point for further research.
The Staunton Shakespeare
Authors: Shakespeare William
Published: August 2010

First published in 1860, this is the third and final volume of Howard Staunton's collection of Shakespeare's plays, with black-and-white illustrations by the prolific artist John Gilbert. Staunton's annotated edition, based on the folio and quarto editions collated with the texts of later editors from Rowe to Dyce, combines common sense with meticulous research, making it a definitive resource in its day. Each play is accompanied by an introduction giving details of its original production and publication and the sources of its plot, critical commentary, and footnotes explaining terms and expressions. This volume contains The Tempest, King Lear, Coriolanus, Winter's Tale, Troilus and Cressida, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Titus Andronicus and Othello. The volume concludes with the Sonnets and Poems and a glossarial index.
A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom
Authors: White Andrew Dickson
Published: August 2010

First published in 1896, this two-volume history of the conflict between theology and science quickly became a landmark text. It was widely recognised, along with John William Draper's History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, as a defining study of the relationship between religion and science. A distinguished educator, scholar and writer, Andrew Dickson White was the first president of Cornell University. White held the view that religion was historically opposed to progress in the field of science. He argued that any interference on the part of religion in science had always proved disastrous, whereas scientific investigation, no matter how seemingly damaging to religion, had always resulted in the highest good. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom is the culmination of thirty years of White's research, publication and lectures on the subject. Volume two discusses medicine, insanity, mythology, political economy and comparative philology.
Annals of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: August 2010

Charles Henry Cooper charted over half a millennium of life at Cambridge in the five volumes of Annals of Cambridge. Cooper practised as a solicitor in Cambridge, and was also town clerk from 1849 until his death in 1866. He was a keen historian and devoted a great deal of time to archival research, particularly into local history. Drawing on extensive public and private records, including petitions, town treasurers' accounts, restoration records, death certificates, legal articles and letters to ruling royalty, Cooper compiled a comprehensive chronological history of Cambridge, documenting the 'city of scholars' through its tumultuous political and religious growing pains. It was published in parts, in the face of considerable opposition from the university authorities, but was eventually acclaimed as an authoritative account. This first volume, published in 1842, spans the centuries from the town's beginnings to the surveys of the colleges in 1546.
Annals of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: August 2010

Charles Henry Cooper charted over half a millennium of life at Cambridge in the five volumes of the Annals of Cambridge. Cooper practised as a solicitor in Cambridge, and was also town clerk from 1849 until his death in 1866. He was a keen historian and devoted a great deal of time to archival research, particularly into local history. Drawing on extensive public and private records, including petitions, town treasurers' accounts, restoration records, death certificates, legal articles and letters to ruling royalty, Cooper compiled a comprehensive chronological history of Cambridge, documenting the 'city of scholars' through its tumultuous political and religious growing pains. It was published in the face of considerable opposition from the university authorities, but was eventually acclaimed as an authoritative account. This fourth volume, published in 1852, runs from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to 1849.