bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of material with nanofiber layer used for filtering the inlet air of internal combustion engines
Authors: DZIUBAK Tadeusz
Published: March 2021

Nanofiber properties, and the possibilities of their application in industry, including the production of car air intake filtration materials for vehicle engines are discussed. The attention is paid to the low efficiency of standard filtration materials based on cellulose in the range of dust grains below 5 μm. The properties of filtration materials with nanofibers addition are described. The conditions, and methodology of material filter paper tests at the station with particle counter were developed. Studies on the filtration characteristics, such as: efficiency, accuracy, as well as pressure drop of filtration materials differing in structure were made: standard paper, cellulose, and these materials with the addition of nanofibers. These are commonly used filter materials for filter inserts production of car air intake systems. Test results show significantly higher values of the efficiency, and filtration accuracy of materials with nanofiber layer addition of dust grains below 5 μm in comparison with standard filter paper. It was found that there are 16 μm dust grains in the air flow behind the insert made out of cellulose,, which may be the reason for the accelerated wear of the engines piston-piston ring-cylinder association. Lower values of dust mass loading coefficient km for filtration materials with the addition of nanofiber layer, in relation to standard filter paper were observed.
Analysis of vibration signals using short-time analysis and clustering in parameter space for detection of combustion engine state
Authors: BOGUŚ Piotr , MERKISZ Jerzy
Published: March 2021

The paper presents a short-time analysis of the vibration signals for the diagnosis of Diesel engine of combustion locomotive by recognition of different engine states using the clustering technique. The main aim of the researches was to distinguish between different engine states represent different wear extends. The proposed method of vibration signal analysis consists on sliding a time window along signal in time and observing the changes of some given statistical parameters. The set of this parameter values creates a multidimen-sional parameter space where the time evolution can be observed. For recognition and detection of different engine system states some clustering techniques in the parameter space were performed. The results show the possibility of distinguishing different cluster centers within the parameter space which can be assigning to different engine states represented the states before and after a general repair.
Method for assessing the technical condition of marine diesel engine driving the synchronous generator
Authors: KNIAZIEWICZ Tomasz , ZACHAREWICZ Marcin
Published: March 2021

The paper presents an innovative method for assessing technical condition of a marine diesel engine that drives synchronous generator. It is based on the measurement and analysis of generators phase-to-phase voltage. Additionally, it requires the measurement of a pseudoperiodic signal [3] with a period equal to duration of engines working cycle. The basis for developing method was the assumption that rotational speed fluctuations of an engines crankshaft (and also the generator) depend on a course of a working process carried out in it. The generators phase-to-phase voltage is directly dependent on a rotational speed fluctuation of its rotor. It must therefore be possible to assess a course of a working process of an engine based on a voltage waveform of a synchronous generator that cooperates ogether.
The influence of driving pattern on pollutant emission and fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: LASOCKI Jakub , GIS Maciej
Published: March 2021

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have an increasing presence in passenger transport segment. They have been designed to minimize energy consumption and pollutant emission. However, the actual performance of HEVs depends on the dynamic conditions in which they are used, and vehicle speed is one of the key factors. A lot of excess emission and fuel consumption can be attributed to rapid changes of vehicle speed, i.e. accelerations and decelerations. On the other hand, dynamic driving favours energy recovery during braking. This study examines the relationship between HEVs speed, pollutant emission and fuel consumption. The considerations were based on the results of testing vehicles in WLTC and NEDC driving cycles, performed on a chassis dynamometer. The test objects were two light-duty passenger vehicles, one with series-parallel, gasoline-electric hybrid system and the other, used as a reference, with conventional sparkignition engine. Both vehicles had similar technical parameters and combustion engines supplied with gasoline. The driving cycles were divided into several parts according to the speed range. For each part, pollutant emission and fuel consumption were determined and appropriate values of selected parameters of driving pattern were calculated. Combining the results of empirical research and calculated parameters allowed to obtain characteristics. Their analysis provided valuable insight into the impact of driving pattern on actual emission and fuel consumption of HEV.
An investigation of the fuel injector dedicated to the aircraft opposed-piston two-stroke diesel engine
Authors: SIADKOWSKA Ksenia , WENDEKER Mirosław , GRABOWSKI Łukasz
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the research results of the injector construction with the modified injection nozzle. The injector is designed for a prototype opposed-piston aircraft diesel engine. The measurements were based on the Mie scattering technique. The conditions of the experiment corresponded to maximum loads similar to those occurring at the start. The measuring point was selected in line with the analysis of engine operating conditions: combustion chamber pressure at the moment of fuel delivery (6 MPa) and fuel pressure in the injection rail (140 MPa). The analysis focused on the average spray range and distribution, taking into account the differences between holes in the nozzle. As a result of the conducted research, the fuel spray range was defined with the determined parameters of injection. The fuel spray ranges inside the constant volume chamber at specific injection pressures and in the chamber were examined, and the obtained results were used to verify and optimize the combustion process in the designed opposed-piston two-stroke engine.
Thermodynamic modeling of combustion process of the internal combustion engines – an overview
Authors: STEPANENKO Denys , KNEBA Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

The mathematical description of combustion process in the internal combustion engines is a very difficult task, due to the variety of phenomena that occurring in the engine from the moment when the fuel-air mixture ignites up to the moment when intake and exhaust valves beginning open. Modeling of the combustion process plays an important role in the engine simulation, which allows to predict in-cylinder pressure during the combustion, engine performance and environmental impact with high accuracy. The toxic emissions, which appears as a result of fuels combustion, are one of the main environmental problem and as a result the air pollutant regulations are increasingly stringent, what makes the investigation of the combustion process to be a relevant task.
Emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to pollutant emission in the European Union
Authors: BEBKIEWICZ Katarzyna , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , SZCZEPAŃSKI Krystian , ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA Magdalena
Published: March 2021

The inventory results of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to the emission of pollutants in the European Union have been presented in the paper. The analysis is based on the official results of the pollution inventory reported to the European Union. Emission of the following substances was considered for the years 1990–2016 for Poland and the European Union from all civili-zation and road transport activities: carbon monoxide, non-methan volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter consisting of fractions: total suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5. It was observed that the share of pollutant emission from road transport in Poland is smaller than for the entire European Union. This is especially evident in the case of particulate matter and nitro-gen oxides. As a result of the analysis of the emission inventory in the European Union, it was confirmed that the share of motorisation in the emission of pollutants harmful to human health is significantly smaller in Poland than in the entire European Union. Therefore, conducting a detailed analysis of specific distance emission of pollutants from a statistical vehicle as well as extending research on greenhouse gas emission from motor vehicles is recommended.
The influence of non-normative fuel on its operational properties
Authors: MATUSZEWSKA Anna , OWCZUK Marlena
Published: March 2021

Fuels that do not meet the requirements of quality standards cannot be used to power vehicle engines. The work involved physico-chemical analyses of non-normative fuel and its effect on the operational properties of the powered vehicle. The research fuels were two gasolines, characterized by a reduced resistance to oxidation processes due to their long-term storage. The results were compared to the properties of conventional fuels that met all normative requirements. The studies have shown that the fuel slightly deviating from the standard parameters does not noticeably affect the useful properties of the vehicle.
Exhaust emission from a vehicle engine operating in dynamic states and conditions corresponding to real driving
Authors: ANDRYCH-ZALEWSKA Monika , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , MERKISZ Jerzy , PIELECHA Jacek
Published: March 2021

The article presents the exhaust emission results from a diesel engine in dynamic states of engine operation in the driving tests: NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and Malta test, developed at the Poznan University of Technology. The NEDC and Malta tests were carried out as simulations on the engine test bench mimicking the driving tests conditions. The test results of the emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides obtained in each of the tests were presented. The dynamic states have been classified de-pending on the time derivative value of the torque and engine rotational speed. Both the positive and negative as well as zero time deriv-ative values of torque and rotational speed were considered. Therefore, overall six types of dynamic states were analyzed. A high sensi-tivity of exhaust emission to various types of dynamic states was found. The exhaust emission sensitivity to dynamic states in the Malta test was found to be higher than for the NEDC test, although these tests have similar properties (average rotational speed and average torque). This is due to the fact that the NEDC test is created on the basis of the similarity of zero-dimensional characteristics of the cars speed characteristic, whereas the Malta test was designed in accordance with the principle of faithful representation in the time domain of the NEDC speed curve.
Tests of a prototype spark-ignited, direct-injection engine powered by JET-A1 fuel
Authors: ŚWIĄTEK Piotr , FUĆ Pawel , ZIOLKOWSKI Andrzej , SWIATEK Lech , MELWINSKI Pawel
Published: March 2021

The article presents a part of the work done in a research and development project being made by SWIATEK Lech Swiatek company. It describes the comparison of different fuels used in piston engines with JET-A1 turbine engine fuel. Next, the proposed combustion process of JET-A1 fuel and a prototype one-cylinder engine are described. In details, a special cylinder head and direct injection programmable computer are presented. In the next part, a designed and built test stand is described. Finally, the results and conclusions are presented. The designed test stand enabled to perform assumed tests. The innovative JET-A1 combustion process was possible to perform and the power and torque were higher in 1900-3000 rpm range than with the gasoline fuel. The designed GDI programmable injection computer enabled to fully control the injection and ignition parameters.
Inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland using the COPERT 5 software
Authors: BEBKIEWICZ Katarzyna , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , LASOCKI Jakub , SZCZEPAŃSKI Krystian , ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA Magdalena
Published: March 2021

This article presents results of the inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland. To determine emission from motor vehicles in Poland COPERT 5 software was used for the first time. In addition, a comparison of the national emission from motor vehi-cles in 2016 and in 2015 was included. Pollutants harmful to health were considered primarily: carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emission of substances contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect were also examined: carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide. It was found that the relative increase in volume of emission of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds is less than 10%, and nitrogen oxides and particulate matter less than 15%. The relative increase in carbon dioxide emission is approximately 14%, which corresponds to a relative increase in fuel consumption. The relative increase of volume of heavy metal emission is similar. The assessment of the energy emission factor (emission of pollution related to energy equal to used fuel) proves that – amongst pollutants harmful to health – for carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds there is a relative reduction by approximately 5% in 2016, and for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter – increase by approximately (3–4)%.
The use of glycerine as motor fuel
Authors: ŚLIWIŃSKI Krzysztof , MAREK Wojciech
Published: March 2021

Glycerine as waste from production accounts for about 10% of the obtained amount of biodiesel. It is a very attractive substance for the industry, however, currently the industry is not able to absorb such a large amount of glycerine produced during the production of fuel. Therefore, one should look for other ways of disposing of glycerol with simultaneous benefit in the form of energy yield or useful products / semi-finished products. The development of glycerine is necessary due to the continuous development of the biofuel market. In the near future, surplus glycerine may pose serious problems in the growth of biodiesel production. The publication presents the results of scientific research on the use of liquid technical glycerine and its processing products in the gasification process, as engine fuel.
Driving style analysis based on information from the vehicle
Authors: LASOCKI Jakub , CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , GODLEWSKI Tomasz
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyse the possibility of using information from the On Board Diagnostics (OBD) system of the ve-hicle to determine the characteristics of the drivers driving style. Available data from the OBD system were considered and the most useful ones were selected for further investigation. Selected zero-dimensional characteristics of vehicle velocity as well as characteristics of relative position of the accelerator pedal were proposed as criteria for the assessment of driving style. The tests were carried out in conditions of real road traffic using a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine. The car was equipped with a device for recording signals from the OBD system. The tests included two drivers traveling on routes in the urban and rural areas. The obtained results were used to analyse the driving style of both drivers separately in the considered traffic conditions. On this basis, conclusions on the suitabil-ity of information from the OBD system for the assessment of the drivers driving style were formulated.
Analysis of the regenerative braking process for the urban traffic conditions
Authors: KROPIWNICKI Jacek , FURMANEK Mariusz
Published: March 2021

In a regular drive system, with an internal combustion engine, vehicle braking is connected with the unproductive dissipation of ki-netic and potential energy accumulated in the mass of the vehicle into the environment. This energy can constitute up to 70% of the energy used to drive a vehicle under urban conditions. Its recovery and reuse is one of the basic advantages of hybrid and electric vehi-cles. Modern traffic management systems as well as navigation systems should take into account the possibility of the energy recovery in the process of regenerative braking. For this purpose, a model of a regenerative braking process may be helpful, which on the one hand will enable to provide information on how traffic conditions will affect the amount of energy dissipated (wasted) into the atmosphere, on the other hand will help to optimize the route of vehicles with regenerative braking systems. This work contains an analysis of the pro-cess of the regenerative braking for the urban traffic conditions registered in Gdańsk. A model was also presented that allows calculat-ing the amount of energy available from the braking process depending on the proposed variables characterizing the vehicle traffic conditions.
An analysis of SCR reactor deactivation impact on NOx emissions from a compression ignition engine
Authors: DZIDA Jakub , BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek
Published: March 2021

Catalytic exhaust gas aftertreatment devices fitted to combustion engines are susceptible to partial deactivation as their operating time progresses. This includes selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactors meant for NOx emission control. There are several known deactivation mechanisms of SCR reactors already analyzed in detail in the literature. This paper, however, approaches the analysis of reactor deactivation by comparison of exhaust gas characteristics over repeatable cycle for fresh and aged samples of a SCR reactor for non-road mobile machinery. The research aims to outline which parameters describing the SCR reactor’s performance are most affected by its ageing. In order to do that, fresh and aged samples of the reactor were tested under the Non Road Steady Cycle. The acquired emission results, including concentration traces of particular compounds were analyzed. The specific NOx emission of the aged reactor was significantly higher than that of the fresh one. The NOx conversion efficiency of both reactors was found similar at periods of steady engine operation. It was recognized that during transient conditions the NOx conversion efficiency of the aged reactor was decreased. It was found that the main factor contributing to that phenomenon is the drop in the ammonia storage capacity of the aged SCR sample.
Evaluation of the diesel engine feed by unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 mixed with biocomponents
Authors: KARCZEWSKI Mirosław
Published: March 2021

The problem of the military vehicles engines fuelling increases with the growth of the amount of vehicles in the armies. At the same time, another problem with fuel supply in modern engines is the use of bio component additives, which changes characteristics (quality) of the used fuels. Therefore, it is important to take actions to adapt engines to powering with fuels coming from renewable sources.The aim of the research was to evaluate the possibility of feeding the diesel engine (influence on the useful parameters and composi-tion) with mixtures of the unified battlefield fuel F-34/F-35 with biocomponents in the form of anhydrous ethyl alcohol and RME. The tests were conducted during fuelling of the engine with six kinds of fuels: basic fuel (diesel oil), NATO code F-34/F-35 fuel, as well as fuel mixtures: F-34 and RME with different ratio and F-34/F-35 with bioethanol. In the result of the research it was concluded that the parameters of the G9T Renault engine with the common rail fuel system in terms of F-34 and RME consumption (using) decreased in comparison to diesel oil basic fuel. It is not possible to supply the engine with the mixture of ethyl alcohol and F-34 fuel – alcohol pre-cipitation and obliteration of fuel system components
Experimental research and CFD analysis of flow parameters in a SCR system for the original part and WALKER’s replacement
Authors: KURZYDYM Damian , KLIMANEK Adam , ŻMUDKA Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of experimental research and their comparison with CFD simulations for the original selective catalytic reduction system and WALKER replacement. The research was performed to develop the WALKER universal mixer. The SCR prototype without mixer and with the proposed mixer were tested and compared with the original VW part. The next step was reverse engineering, which consisted in scanning the tested parts with a laser and processing their point cloud in Leios2 program. Reverse engineering has allowed the reconstruction of 3D geometry of the tested parts in the Catia v5 program and then preparation their models for computational fluid dynamics. Numerical simulations were carried out in the Ansys Fluent program, thanks to which several quantities were determined e.g. uniformity index of gas flow through the monolith and coefficient of variation as a measure of mixing degree, which have a significant impact on the design of the mixer and the SCR system.
Influence of electric motors assembly in hubs of vehicle wheels on the dynamics of movement, especially on surfaces with different adhesion coefficient
Authors: PARCZEWSKI Krzysztof , ROMANISZYN Kazimierz , WNĘK Henryk
Published: March 2021

The article presents issues related to the drivability and stability of a vehicle equipped with electric motors placed in the hubs of wheels. In the article was presented the necessary modifications to the vehicle and their impact on the vehicles motion parameters. Describes the behavior of the vehicle on a homogeneous surface and on surfaces with different adhesion coefficient under the wheels of the vehicle sides. The simulation model is presented. The last part of the article presents simulation results for compared surfaces with different adhesion under the wheels of the left and right side of the vehicle.
Tests of the vehicle's power unit with fuel cells at a reduced ambient temperature
Authors: BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek , SZAŁEK Andrzej , SZRAMOWIAT Mateusz
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of preliminary tests of the vehicles powertrain with fuel cells, carried out in a thermoclimatic chamber in a reduced temperature box. The aim of this research is to facilitate the introduction of this type of vehicle to the market and guarantee correct operation in changing climatic conditions. In tests, the use of a new type of vehicle drive system and the use of hydrogen as a commonly available fuel is of great importance.
Analysis of the impact of wind on fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds on the selected flight route
Authors: GALANT Marta , KURZAWSKA Paula , MACIEJEWSKA Marta , KARDACH Monika
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the issue of the impact of wind force and direction on fuel consumption and the emission of harmful exhaust gases on the selected flight route. The focus was on percentage changes in fuel consumption and emissions of individual harmful exhaust gas compounds depending on the wind speed and the direction from which it interacts with the aircraft. The analysis was carried out for three different flight levels, in order to compare changes in fuel consumption and emissions also in terms of flight altitude, however the following article focuses only on one level – FL240.
Comparative analysis of pollutants emission by classical and distributed propulsions applied on the AOS motor glider
Authors: ORKISZ Marek , WYGONIK Piotr , KUŹNIAR Michał , KALWARA Maciej
Published: March 2021

Comparative analysis of harmful compounds emission of classical and distributed propulsions applied on the AOS motor glider, taking into account the perspective of the development of hybrid propulsions. A novel path is indicated by so-called distributed aircraft propulsion. The advantages and disadvantages of this type of solutions are presented, as well as the conceptual design of the distributed propulsion for the AOS 71 motor glider. In the paper there were compared the emissions of harmful compounds generated by a hybrid power unit developed for the airframe of AOS 71 motor glider – traditional propulsion, so-called focused (one-propeller) and dispersed propulsion (multi-propelled). Functional diagrams of both types of propulsions solutions are presented. Construction and aerodynamic constraints of both propulsions are discussed and comparative analysis is made. In the traditional version of the propulsion (so-called focused propulsion). the propeller is driven by an Emrax 228 electric engine with effective parameters: N = 55 kW, M = 120 Nm. The power source is a battery set with a capacity of 16 Ah and a range extender powered by a LCR 407ti rotating piston engine with maximum power of 28 kW. In the variant of the distributed propulsion. Ten electric engines of AXI 8120 type were used to drive small propellers arranged along the wingspan. The power source in this variant is analogous to the variant with the Emrax electric engine. For the adopted variant of the flight mission of the motor glider. a flight trajectory model was developed, which was used to determine the load of the power unit. In laboratory conditions. emission tests of both propulsions were conducted. The results are summarized in charts and discussed in the conclusions.
Experimental verification of design calculations of the internal combustion engine cooling system
Authors: WORSZTYNOWICZ Barbara
Published: March 2021

The article presents a comparative analysis of calculation results and measurement results of cooling module built on the basis of design calculations. The computations were made in software dedicated to the calculations of heat exchangers. The measurements were performed on a cooling system mounted in a special purpose vehicle together with a combustion engine, which was loaded by an engine dynamometer. Based on the comparison between input data for calculations and results of measurements, differences were found, therefore changes were proposed to be made in the model.
The gas-air mixing systems for the industrial gas engine fuelled with low quality gas
Authors: SUTKOWSKI Marek , KAPUSTA Łukasz J. , PILARSKA Paulina
Published: March 2021

Modifications of standard fuel system for an industrial gas engine and an analysis of the engine operation on low quality fuel have been described in this paper. The implemented fuel system modifications aim to overcome the challenges which arise when standard fuel gas is replaced by low quality one. Analysis focuses on stability of mixture formation esp. on variations in gas distribution for each cylinder of the engine. The results and discussion include also emissions optimization impact on efficiency as well as the efficiency and emissions level dependency on fuel type.
Comparison of exhaust emission from the most commonly used aircrafts with implementation LTO cycle to operating conditions
Authors: MACIEJEWSKA Marta , GALANT Marta , FUĆ Paweł
Published: March 2021

The LTO cycle (Landing and Take–off cycle) is a research method used for jet engines certification. The measurements are performed in stationary conditions. With the development of aviation, the LTO test started to be carried out more often, but not for its’ original purpose. A new aim was an assessment impact of aircraft movement on environment in airports area. LTO cycle consists of four phases (according to ICAO Annex 16): take–off, climb out, approach and taxi/idle. Every airport has different infrastructure, what affects on time during basic flight operations especially for a taxi phase. To rate exhaust emission from aircrafts during basic fly operations duration time should be adjusted to every single airport. As a research area Poznań-Ławica Airport which is located in Poland, was adopted. Based on parameters calculated specially for this airport it is possible to computed there emission from the mostly used aircraft.
Application of the experimental design technique in fuel dose adjustment of common rail injector
Authors: STOECK Tomasz
Published: March 2021

The article presents a simplified methodology for testing Denso common rail electromagnetic injectors, which was based on an adjustment of idling fuel dosage. In order to determine the parameters significantly affecting this process, the design of experiments technique (DoE) was applied. Due to the non-linear course of the rates characteristics obtained on the diagnostic test bench, the trivalent fractional plan was used. Analysis of computational data has shown that the generated parabolic model is well suited to the actual measurement results, as the injector dosage is slightly out of projected values. The calculations were carried out in the STATISTICA computer program, which takes into account the specificity of the experimental theory methods and is one of the most universal tools available on the market. Innovation is the effective implementation of the proposed methodology in the repair process, which has not been taken into account in this regard yet.
Analysis of the availability of aircrafts with alternative propulsions
Authors: FUĆ Paweł , KARDACH Monika , MACIEJEWSKA Marta
Published: March 2021

Global air traffic doubles every 15 years. Therefore, aviation emission grows as well. It is advisable to look for an alternative aircrafts’ propulsion for both commercial and general aviation (usually flying closer to the ground). There are many prototypes proposed by homemade projects, through companies wanting to extend their offer. There are also several more advanced constructions ready to self-set or serially produced. In the article the main topic are electric aircrafts as an example of possibility to reduce the toxic compounds emission. According to the analysis some of companies specializing in unmanned aircraft production, starting to expand their business with manned products. In the article, analyses of electric aircrafts different models, which are available on market and presented the comparisons characteristics based on e.g. cruise speed, range for every model or charging time were made and conclusions about alternative aircraft propulsions, were made.
Selection of ion sensor operating parameters in quasi-static conditions
Authors: FIEDKIEWICZ Łukasz , PIELECHA Ireneusz
Published: March 2021

Evaluating combustion quality using sensors that allow continuous assessment of the process is one of the modern methods of engine sensory diagnostics. The proper calibration of such systems is a task that requires many studies to determine the conditions and quantities affecting the process. The analysis of significance of quantities related to the ionization signal was carried out in the article. The magnitude of the voltage generating the electric field, the type of spark plug used, the distance of the spark plug electrodes and the dynamic factor – spark plug operating temperature – were all tested. The tests were carried out using a CNG burner (with an excess air ratio of lambda = 1) and four spark plugs. As a result of the ionization signal research, the following relationships were obtained: regarding the impact of the sensor position on the amount of generated voltage (the smaller the distance the greater the value of the signal), the effect of temperature on the sensor resistance (non-linear relationship: increase in temperature decreases resistance, with R2 = 0.9997) effect of system voltage on the ionization signal (linear relationship: voltage increase increases the ionization current signal with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.9803). In addition, it was found that using an iridium electrode candle had the best effects on the ionization current, regardless of the electrode’s geometrical parameters.
Highest efficiency and ultra low emission – internal combustion engine 4.0
Authors: FRIEDL Hubert , Fraidl Günter , Kapus Paul
Published: March 2021

In the future, the simultaneous reduction of pollutant and CO2 emissions will require significantly enhanced powertrain functionalities that cannot only be adequately represented by the ICE (internal combustion engine) alone. Both automated transmissions and especially powertrain electrification can help to meet efficiently those extended requirements. The extended functionalities are no longer applied exclusively with the ICE itself ("Fully Flexible Internal Combustion Engine"), but distributed across the entire powertrain ("Fully Flexible Powertrain"). In addition, the powertrain will be fully networked with the vehicle environment and thus will utilize all data that are useful for emission and consumption-optimized operation of the ICE.
Combustion engine and electrification often complement each other in a synergetic way. This makes it extremely sensible for the combustion engine to evolve in future from a "single fighter" to a "team player". If one compares the requirements of such an ICE with the definition of Industry 4.0, then there are extensive correspondences. Thus, it seems quite opportune to call such a fully networked combustion engine designed to meet future needs as “Internal Combustion Engine 4.0 (ICE 4.0)”. This even more so, as such a name can also be derived from the history: e.g. ICE 1.0 describes the combustion engines of the first mass-produced vehicles, ICE 2.0 the combustion engines emission-optimized since the 1960s and ICE 3.0 the highly optimized "Fully Flexible Combustion Engine", which currently offers a high torque and performance potential combined with low fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.
In addition to further improvements in fuel consumption, the "Combustion Engine 4.0" offers such a low level of pollutant emissions that can best be described as "Zero Impact Emission". This means that such future ICE´s will no longer have a negative impact on the imission situation in urban areas. With the e-fuels topic, the ICE also has the potential to become both CO2- and pollutant-neutral in the medium and long term. This means that the ICE – also in passenger cars – will continue to be an essential and necessary cornerstone for future powertrain portfolios for the next decades.
Thermodynamic cycles variability of TJI gas engine with different mixture preparation systems
Authors: SZWAJCA Filip , WISŁOCKI Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

Gas engines are a viable source of propulsion due to the ecological indicators of gas fuels and the large amount of the needed natural resources. Combustion of lean homogeneous gas mixtures allows achieving higher thermal efficiency values, which is a key factor in current engine development trends. Using the spark-jet ignition system (also called as Turbulent Jet Ignition or Two-stage combustion) significantly improves the efficiency and stability of the combustion process, especially in the part-load operation on lean or very lean mixtures. This paper presents the impact of using two different fuel injection methods: Port Fuel Injection or Mixer on the operation stability of a gas engine designed for LDVs.
Comparative studies of two different mixture preparation systems were carried out on a single-cylinder AVL 5804 test engine. By re-cording the cylinder pressure for a significant number of engine cycles, it became possible to determine the repeatability of engine operation and to correlate the results with the mixture formation system and the air-fuel ratio. In the performed research the beneficial effect of the mixer system application on the engine operation stability in the part-load conditions was found.
Evaluation of the significance of the effect of the active cross-sectional area of the inlet air channel on the specific enthalpy of the exhaust gas of a diesel engine using statistics F of the Fisher-Snedecor distribution
Authors: Puzdrowska Patrycja
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the application of Fisher-Snedecor distribution F statistics to assess the significance of the influence of changes in the active cross-sectional area of the inlet air channel (Adol) flow in a diesel engine on the observed diagnostic parameter determined on the basis of measurements of the quick changing exhaust gas temperature in the outlet channel, which is the specific enthalpy of the exhaust gas stream within one engine operating cycle (hspal). A plan of experimental tests carried out on the laboratory stand of a single-cylinder Farymann Diesel type D10 laboratory engine was presented and the method of determination of F statistics values for the obtained measurement results was characterized. Representative results of calculations were presented and the strength of Adol input parameter influence on the determined diagnostic parameter hspal simplified physical model of the working process of a compression ignition engine as the object of diagnosis was evaluated. It is planned to further develop the experimental research program to determine the significance of the influence of changes in the values of selected parameters of the engine structure on other diagnostic measures determined from the exhaust gas temperature signal, i.e. the mean peak-to-peak value as well as the rate (intensity) of increase and decrease in its value for individual engine cycles.
The selection of the engine unit - main engine generator during the modernization of the 19D/TEM2 locomotive
Authors: Michalak Piotr , Merkisz Jerzy , Stawecki Włodzimierz , Andrzejewski Maciej , Daszkiewicz Paweł
Published: March 2021

The paper aims to present a generating set selection methodology for a modernized diesel locomotive. An analysis of the number of rolling stock, with particular emphasis on the number of diesel locomotives owned by national carriers was performed. Based on the popularity of the locomotives operated on Polish railways, the TEM2 locomotive was chosen to be the base reference for the modernized 19D locomotive described in the paper. The scope of the locomotive's modernization was described. Modernization included: replacement of the internal combustion engine, replacement of the generator set, installation of a new braking system with a pneumatic board and air preparation and treatment system, application of a modern control and diagnostics system with anti-slip system at start-up and braking, and the installation of railway traffic safety devices.
New rail-road tractor with a combustion engine and an alternative electric drive
Authors: Tomaszewski Sylwin , Medwid Marian , Andrzejewski Maciej , Cierniewski Maksymilian , Jakuszko Wojciech
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the general concept of an innovative rail-road tractor solution. The innovation of the solution is characterized by equipping the combustion engine tractor with an additional electric drive for the wheels of the rail drive system. The options of using the tractor in operation along with rolling stock were presented. The results of preliminary conceptual work on the selection of electric propulsion and energy storage devices to power electric motors has been illustrated. Directions for further conceptual and design research were also determined.
The aim of the paper is to popularize the results of the performed research work carried out at the Institute in the field of rail-road vehicle development.
Control algorithms for a Range Extender vehicle with an combustion engine
Authors: Pielecha Ireneusz
Published: March 2021

The combination of two drive sources: the internal combustion engine and the electric motor in the hybrid drive system requires an appropriate control system to manage their operation. It relies on many variables, and the greater the degree of drive hybridization the greater is the degree of interdependence of the parameters involved. The article presents solutions of electric drive control algorithms with an additional power source in the form of an internal combustion engine (Range Extender). The results of simulation analyzes in the AVL Cruise program are presented, taking into account three control algorithms and two driving cycles. The obtained results indicate the necessity to take various input quantities into account in order to optimize the use of the combustion engine
Heat balance of the military vehicle
Authors: BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek , MĘŻYK Przemysław
Published: March 2021

In modern combat vehicles there are very often used observation devices with the capability of operating in the infrared. They allow detecting heat emission. It is very important to reduce such situation on the battlefield; therefore generated heat masking or reducing systems are used. The article presents the heat balance of the military vehicle, impact of heat amount on detectability and solutions reducing or changing the thermal image which impedes recognition.
The intersection of COVID-19 and autoimmunity: What is our current understanding?
Authors: Winchester Nicole Eve , Calabrese Cassandra , Calabrese Leonard
Published: March 2021

Viral infections have historically had a complex relationship with autoimmune diseases. For patients with preexisting autoimmune disorders, often complicated by immunosuppressive therapies, there are numerous potential effects of COVID-19, a disease of complex immunobiology, including the potential to alter the natural history when infected. In addition, individuals without recognized autoimmune disease may be vulnerable to virally induced autoimmunity in the forms of autoantibody formation, as well as the development of clinical immune mediated inflammatory diseases. Until quite recently in the pandemic this relationship between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases has been relatively under- explored, yet such investigation offers potential insights into immunopathogenesis as well as for the development of new immune based therapeutics. This review examines this relationship through exploration of a series of questions with relevance to both immunopathogenic mechanisms as well as some clinical implications.
IMPLIKATUR WACANA HUMOR DALAM VIDEO AKUN INSTAGRAM “KLIK BANJAR”
Authors: Atqiya Bahjatul
Published: March 2021

Implikatur percakapan adalah sebuah tuturan yang diartikan, disarankan, atau dimaksudkan oleh penutur dapat berbeda dengan dikatakan oleh penutur. Dalam wacana humor penggunaan implikatur percakapan akan menimbulkan kelucuan, atau kegelian bagi mitra tutur yang dapat menangkap maksud yang disampaikan. Karena itu, implikatur sangat berperan dalam wacana humor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implikatur percakapan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak dengan teknik sadap, penulis mengeidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, menganalisis, dan mendeskripsikan temuan data tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah video akun instagram “Klik Banjar”. Data yang diambil adalah tuturan video akun instagram “Klik Banjar” yang berupa percakapan.
Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, tersebut penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat macam implikatur percakapan yang terjadi akibat pelanggaran maksim, yaitu maksim kuantitas, maksim kualitas, maksim cara, dan maksim relevansi. Fungsi implikatur yang terdapat dua macam, yaitu fungsi personal dan fungsi direktif.
REPRESENTASI KEKUASAAN DALAM TINDAK TUTUR DI PENGADILAN NEGERI BANJARBARU
Authors: Mufidah Nazwa
Published: March 2021

Penggunaan bahasa di pengadilan merupakan kegiatan tindak tutur dan kegiatan berbahasa yang tidak terlepas dari latar belakang pengetahuan peserta persidangan, yaitu hakim, jaksa, penasihat hukum, saksi, dan terdakwa. Profesi khusus tersebut berimplikasii pada penggunaan bahasa yang khass yang bertujuan untuk menunjukkan identitasj mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatiff dengan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode simak, teknik rekam, dan teknik catat. Berdasarkan hasil analisisi data yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh simpulan bahwa kekuasaan yang bersumber dari paksaan, penghargaan, jabatan, kepakaran, dan kharisma dapat direpresentasikan melalui tindak tutur di pengadilan.
KEMAMPUAN MENGGUNAKAN EJAAN BAHASA INDONESIA DALAM TEKS EKSPOSISI PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VIII SMPN 7 BANJARMASIN TAHUN AJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: Febrianty Riska , Agus Zakiah , Cahaya Noor
Published: March 2021

Penelitian dilaksanakan bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penguasaan, penerapan, dan pemakaian Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia dalam teks eksposisi peserta didik kelas VIII SMPN 7 Banjarmasin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan populasi berjumlah 256 orang dan ditetapkan sampel sebesar 63 orang. Besar sampel ini yaitu 25% dari jumlah populasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, rerata penguasaan EBI kelas VIII adalah 64,9206 yang termasuk dalam kategori “cukup mampu”. Rerata penerapan EBI kelas VIII adalah 54,0159 yang termasuk dalam kategori “kurang mampu”. Persentase pemakaian EBI pada peserta didik kelas VIII SMPN 7 Banjarmasin, yaitu 30% “pemakaian huruf”, 30% “penulisan kata”, 38% “pemakaian tanda baca”, dan 2% “penulisan unsur serapan”. Persentase kesalahan pemakaian EBI pada peserta didik kelas VIII SMPN 7 Banjarmasin, yaitu 64,2% kesalahan pemakaian huruf, 14,5% kesalahan penulisan kata, 20,9% “kesalahan pemakaian tanda baca”, dan 0,4% “kesalahan penulisan unsur serapan”.
Impacts of the Depression among the Elderly in the South Korea Community in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suh Boo Deuk , Kwon Kyoung Hee
Published: March 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine factors influencing on depression among elderlies of activity of daily living, participation of social activity, loneliness, stress in COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey using convenience sampling. Data collection was done using self-report questionnaire of 142 elderlies in D city and K province. Collected data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, step-wise multiple regression. Results: Total mean scores of activity of daily living was 3.66±0.52, total mean scores of participation of social activity was 2.77±0.58, total mean scores of loneliness was 2.09±0.43 and total mean scores of participation of depression was 9.97±4.45. Depression was showed significantly positive correlation with loneliness (r=0.67, p<0.001), stress (r=0.10, p=0.260). Depression was showed significantly negative correlation with activity of daily living (r=-0.49, p<0.001), participation of social activity (r=-0.54, p<0.001). In the step-wise multiple regression analysis, loneliness, activity of daily living were significant predictors and explained 54% of depression. Loneliness was the biggest predictor of depression. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that loneliness and activity of daily living are significant factors affecting the depression of elderlies in the South Korea community in COVID-19 pandemic.