bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chassis Development for the Motorcycle With High Power Output Supercharged Engine
Authors: Ishii Hiroshi , Saeki Daisuke , Yamamoto Tomo , Morikawa Manabu , Sakurada Eiji , Ichikawa Kazuhiro , Sonoda Seiichi , Nagata Taku , Kimura Toshiyuki
Published: November 2023

In motorcycles, the size and output performance of the engine itself has a major effect on the maneuverability of the motorcycle. In particular for cases where a high output engine is mounted on a lightweight frame, these effects are even more of a concern.

In the case of developing a racing motorcycle with a high power engine, the behavior of the motorcycle differs depending on the output range used and there are a lot of cases where changes to the basic dimensions of the motorcycle as well as the main components are required. Here, there are a lot of cases where the rider and drive-able courses are limited to compatibility with distinct specifications and when considering use as a general mass production motorcycle by riders with varying levels of skills and in various environments, it difficult to determine how to provide support. In the case of installing a high output engine on a general mass production motorcycle that is not for racing, ensuring of robustness of motorcycle behavior related to engine characteristics to the extent possible while providing the rider a feeling of comfort even if there is noise to enable enjoying driving at high output are of utmost importance.

Also, in a high output engine the amount of heat generated by the engine is extensive and management of this heat is important to ensure comfort of the rider. Similarly, appropriate aerodynamic management in conjunction with increase in traveling speed is also important to ensure motorcycle stability and comfort. For general purpose motorcycles, ensuring of robustness relative to speed range and driving style as well as reducing driving resistance are important as well.

This report describes the motorcycle chassis for the first general purpose mass production motorcycle in the world to use a supercharged engine that generates high output and describes important technology elements used to package this general purpose motorcycle that enable achieving both stability and high maneuverability.
Combustion Diagnostics Using Time-Series Analysis of Radical Emissions in a Practical Engine
Authors: Kawahara Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Shota , Tomita Eiji
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study is to investigate the initial flame propagation characteristics of turbulent flame in an engine cylinder through time-series analysis of radical emissions. A spark plug with optical fiber was developed in this study. The plug sensor is M12 type that makes it possible to mount in practical engine. The spark plug sensor can detect radical emissions in time-resolved spectra through time-series spectroscopic measurement. In this spectra, some kinds of radical emissions such as OH*(306nm), CH*(431nm) and C2*(517nm) based on principle of chemiluminescence are observed. In this study, the spark plug sensor was applied to both compression-expansion machine (CEM) and practical engine. As a result of CEM with bottom viewed high-speed camera, three kinds of spectra could be detected. At first, after the spark, there were radical emissions of the CH* and C2* in case that a spark plug sensor detected the flame front, and then the CO-O recombination emission was observed in the burned gas. As a result of practical engine, an hour durable experiment for spark plug sensor was implemented to confirm its durability by practical engine with high engine speed at wide-opened throttle condition. The cycle-to-cycle variation in lean burn condition was investigated using CH* as a marker of flame front. The history of CH* obtained 5.2kHz time-resolved spectra were compared with the history of mass fraction burned (MFB) analyzed from pressure history. In high engine speed at wide-open throttle condition, intensity ratio of CH* and C2* could be evaluated with air/fuel ratio nearby the spark plug.
A Reduced Order Turbo-Charging Model for Real Time Engine Torque Profile Control
Authors: Togai Kazuhide , Yamaura Hiroki , Fujinaga Naoto
Published: November 2023

Torque profile control is one of required technologies for propulsion engines. A smaller parametric model is more preferable for control algorithm design and evaluation. Mean value engine torque can be obtained from throttle opening change using a transfer function. A transfer function for a turbocharged engine was investigated with thermo-dynamic equations for a turbine and a compressor and test data.

A small turbocharged engine was tested to model the air transfer process. Turbine speed was measured with temperatures, pressures and air mass flow. Turbine speed response is like a first order system to air mass flow into a combustion chamber. The pressure ratio at the compressor is approximated by a curve proportional to the turbine speed square.

Based on those findings, a reduced order model for describing dynamic air transfer process with a turbocharger was constructed. The proposed model is compact and suitable for engine torque control design and controller implementation.
A Comparative Analysis of Combustion Process, Performance and Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Jatropha Oil-Diesel Fuel and Jatropha Oil-Kerosene
Authors: Yamaji Takaaki , Asaka Katsuyoshi , Kobashi Yoshimitsu , Kato Satoshi , Suzuki Yasumitsu , Macamo Albert
Published: November 2023

A comparative study was performed by use of blends of Jatropha oil-diesel fuel and Jatropha oil-kerosene in order to investigate the feasibility of direct utilization of Jatropha oil in a DI diesel engine. Experimental results at low load demonstrated that mixing 60 vol.% of Jatropha oil into both diesel fuel and kerosene gave less impact on indicated thermal efficiency, whereas further increase of Jatropha oil deteriorated it. Jatropha oil-kerosene decreased particulate matter compared to Jatropha oil-diesel fuel, although particulate matter increased with the increase of Jatropha oil fraction. At partial load where double injection was applied, mixing 80 vol.% of Jatropha oil gave no significant impact on indicated thermal efficiency, exhaust gas emissions and particulate matter and no significant difference was observed between diesel fuel blends and kerosene blends. Combustion visualization was also performed in an optically accessible engine in order to gain insight into the ignition and combustion processes at low load.
Effect of Heat Flux on End of Diesel and Kerosene Droplet Evaporation in High Temperature Condition
Authors: Ota Yoshihide , Enomoto Hiroshi , Higashihara Jun , Sasao Masahiro , Hieda Noboru , Teraoka Yoshikazu
Published: November 2023

In internal combustion engine, it is necessary to grasp droplet evaporation for using liquid fuel efficiency and improving exhaust gas composition. However, it has not known completely yet. In this study, fuel droplet of approximately 20μm diameter that is assumed to be in combustion chamber is injected by experimental apparatus. After that, droplet goes to butane flame. We observed by high-speed camera, and experimentally considered the effects of heat flux on the fuel droplet evaporation and breakup phenomenon. For the sample fuel, we use kerosene and diesel oil. It is important for understanding evaporation condition to know temperature around droplet in butane flame. Thus, flame temperature is measured by sheathed thermocouple. Heat flux is changed by initial velocity. From experiment, we found some result. Time that from injector tube to location of breakup of the droplet is short by increasing heat flux. In terms of breakup phenomenon, it is found that kerosene is broken up in relatively small heat flux condition. The breakup diameter is not dependent on heat flux. Evaporation rate is increased linearly by increase in heat flux. The value of evaporation rate that kerosene and diesel oil is almost equal.
The Effect of Gasoline-Ethanol Blended on Performance and Emission of a Fuel Injection Motorcycle 115 cc with Automatic Transmission in Indonesia
Authors: Reksowardojo Iman Kartolaksono , Trichanh Phonethip , Ferdyamin Kevin , Akbar Mega Zulfikar
Published: November 2023

This research aims to investigate the effect of ethanol blends with pure gasoline to the rate of fuel consumption and emissions of fuel injection motorcycle 115 cc with automatic transmission which is the population is dominant in Indonesia. Variations of the bioethanol mixture are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% ethanol. The experiment conducted in two different conditions by using three ways catalytic converter (TWC) in the exhaust pipe and without using TWC in the exhaust pipe. First, all engine setting was originally manufacture setting. Second, the AFR is set in stoichiometry condition (λ = 1) and ignition timing set in MBT timing using modified ECU. The experiment performed on the chassis dynamometer and referred on the standard cycle ECE 15. The results of this experiment showed that increment of ethanol content in the fuel makes the rate of fuel consumption and CO2 emission both increased but CO and HC emissions decreased. The use of modified ECU makes the rate of fuel consumption is higher because of richer AFR, but the emissions of HC and CO emission were lower compared to unmodified ECU. The lowest NOx emission in modified ECU resulted from E10 fuel while in original ECU resulted from E5 fuel. The TWC was worked optimally at modified ECU. Furthermore, E20 fuel using TWC with stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and MBT timing condition can be recommended in future research, based on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission produced.
Development of Low Cost Aluminum Tapered Handlebar for Motorcycles
Authors: Inui Hirotoshi , Sakurai Toru , Sato Eiichi , Minoda Tadashi , Nakai Yasuhiro
Published: November 2023

Tapered handlebars using high strength aluminum alloys have been applied mainly to motorcycle models requiring weight reduction and high texture appearance that aluminum handlebars can offer as their characteristics. This handle bar is manufactured through extrusion processing. Conventionally used alloys had low extrusion productivity, which led to increased cost of the handlebars. In view of this, we selected an alloy securing the strength by adding a large amount of zinc while reducing the amount of the copper, which deteriorates the extrusion productivity, to the minimum adding amount, in consideration of maintaining the stress corrosion cracking resistance. However, a large amount of zinc decreases the stress corrosion cracking resistance. Therefore, in order to obtain a metallic structure favorable to the prevention of stress corrosion cracking, the mandrel extrusion was applied for the pipe manufacturing method, and heat treatment condition and swaging condition were optimized. With this development, we have made it possible to manufacture the tapered handlebar made of high strength aluminum alloy with less weight by 20% and with lower cost by 30% than those of the conventional handlebar.
The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Performance and Emission of Ethanol Fumigated Diesel Engine
Authors: Thammakul K. , Charoenphonphanich C. , Kosaka H. , Tongroon M.
Published: November 2023

Primary energy source such as fossil fuel keep decreasing due to various kind of usage. According to less amount of the fossil fuel, human seeks for an alternative fuel source such as alcohol. Alcohol like ethanol can be produced easily from strarchy plant. But using alcohol as blended fuel with diesel fuel doesn't work well because alcohol has low cetane number, lack of lubricity and very low miscibility with diesel fuel. To overcome this, fumigation system or port fuel injection of alcohol seems interesting. Although it requires more complicate system but it can compensate the miscibility issue and alcohol can be used in higher dose to give more energy. Diesel engine produces a lot of emission such as NOx and some other carbon content emission like HC, CO and soot due to they run in lean condition as their characteristic. Modern diesel engines are now coupled with exhaust gas recirculation system to help reduce in main emission like NOx. But recirculating an exhaust into combustion system will produce emission like HC and other carbon content emission more. Due to EGR will retard the pressure and the temperature of the combustion, lower work is provided. Alcohol requires heat to vaporize itself to become more radical before associating with other atoms and going into combustion process. So heat from the exhaust gas in EGR could be helpful for alcohol fumigation system by treating combustion process to produce better performance and emission. The result would be observed by conducting an experiment on a single cylinder diesel-direct injection engine, with EGR modification and ethanol fumigation system. The portion of ethanol would be varied in the different increment and the effect of EGR would be observed in the view point of performance, emission and combustion characteristics.
Optimum Design of an Assist Mechanism for a Motorcycle Multi-Plate Clutch
Authors: Minoha Misaki , Yoneyama Koji , Imai Ryoichi , Kitazawa Hidenori , Mano Osamu , Miyagawa Shinya
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the popularity of leisure-motivated large motorcycles has increased as the demand for high-added value motorcycles is growing. Therefore, large motorcycle engines have become more powerful. Due to this trend, the capacity of the clutch is also required to increase. Contrary to the demand for high engine power and high clutch capacity, reductions in weight, space, operational load, and shock at deceleration are permanent issues of motorcycle development. The consideration of all these issues are required during development of a clutch for large motorcycles. Considering the above issues, a clutch with an assist cam and slipper cam mechanism is effective for cost and performance. The assist cam mechanism allows the clutch to have a larger transmittable torque without an increase of the clutch lever load. The slipper cam mechanism can automatically reduce the transmitted torque when shock from sudden engine braking happens during downshifting. Therefore, the installation of the clutch with cam mechanism on large motorcycles is becoming standard in the motorcycle industry. Regarding smaller motorcycles, the reduction of the number of clutch discs can be realized by adopting an assist mechanism, which enables reductions in weight, space, and the operational amount of the clutch lever. On the other hand, the riding experience while operating a clutch with assist mechanism is considered to be unfavorable compared with a conventional non-assist clutch mechanism; a phenomenon which is anticipated to occur based on the assist mechanism structure and confirmed with our evaluations. This paper focuses on the clutch assist mechanism, specifically the development of the basic theory of a cam to make it applicable for a motorcycle assist clutch and prove the validity of the theoretical formula with test results. The results clarified an efficient setting range of the cam shape of the assist mechanism for the clutch. Furthermore, the practical range of the cam shape was determined to ensure proper operator comfort. From this research, we achieved the optimum design of the assist clutch, which enables comparable riding experience to the conventional non-assist clutch but with all the benefits that the assist mechanism brings.
Acoustic Study on Motorcycle Helmets with Application of Novel Porous Material
Authors: Lavrentjev Jüri , Rämmal Hans
Published: November 2023

A critically high noise level inside protective helmet is a prevalent concern for motorcyclists. Especially at highway speeds where the noise level, regardless of helmet type can exceed 100 dB(A) and approaches threshold of discomfort, often resulting in temporary hearing loss. Despite of large share of persons exposed to such noise disturbance around the world, the in helmet noise levels have not significantly decreased over the last decades. Only few scientific publications can be found to systematically address this issue. Furthermore, in respect of driving safety even moderate noise levels are reported to impair reaction times and reduce attention of motorcyclists. At higher speeds the dominant helmet noise source is linked to aerodynamic turbulence around the helmet shell. The loudness and spectral contents mainly depend on the driving speed, windscreen configuration, riding position and helmet geometry. In this paper a series of on-road tests and laboratory experiments with three main types of helmets (“full face”, “flip up” and “open face” type) have been performed with the focus on in-helmet acoustics. Noise spectra at the location of rider's ears are measured, the results are analyzed and the noise source mechanisms are studied. A novel acoustic material, consisting of reticulated natural leather foam is presented for helmet noise control applications. It is demonstrated that a remarkable helmet noise level reduction can be achieved in a wide frequency range by the material into the critical interior regions of motorcycle helmets.
Rework of an in-line two-cylinder engine for the application in Formula Student
Authors: Feigl B.Sc Michael , Rößmann B.Sc Dominik , Michael Trzesniowski FH-Prof. DI
Published: November 2023

Formula Student is an international design competition, where students all over the world develop, design and build their own race car and afterwards compete with each other at different disciplines at events worldwide. The development process includes every module of the race car and the team of joanneum racing graz has focused on the powertrain since the beginning.

The following paper contains an overview of the reworking process of an in-line two-cylinder engine for the application in Formula Student. The intention was to increase the BMEP and at the same time reach a desired power/weight ratio of the engine. The process of selecting the most appropriate turbocharger by means of experimental testing on an engine dynamometer, as well as its optimization by means of numerical simulation, is outlined. Subsequently, the paper discusses the challenges regarding valve timing and finding the best trade-off between power and residual gas with the help of 1D-simulations. The necessary implementation of an intercooler and its efficiency optimization is also addressed. Finally, the calibration and optimization of the setup on the engine test bed is presented.

After the selection of the most suitable turbocharger for the engine and the reworking of its compressor side, it was possible to achieve a maximum boost pressure of 2.76 bar absolute. Charge air cooling and closed loop boost control guaranteed fast boost pressure build up. Together with the optimized cam timing, which reduced residual gas, and an increased compression ratio, the overall torque output of the engine resulted in 135 Nm at 4000 rpm and a maximum power of 63 kW at 6000 to 6500 rpm. The overall target of increasing the BMEP of the selected engine and at the same time achieving a lower power/weight ratio than the previous engine (FS133) was accomplished with a final value of 0.81 kW/kg.
Optimization of Energy Absorption and Deformation Characteristics of Aluminium Crash Box with the Effect of Groove along with a Screw
Authors: SK Vignesh , Mayakrishnan Jaikumar , König Peter
Published: November 2023

The Crash box is the mechanical component that absorbs the impact energy by axial deformation. When an accident occurs, energy absorption and deformation play a vital role in the Automobile safety aspects, and also grooves and triggers are the ones included in the crash box for axial folding and uniform deformation. Here in this research paper, the energy absorption of kinetic energy and deformation parameter is going to be compared with the crash box with the groove at different thicknesses, also the groove is added through the vertical axis along with axial crush occurs. The modeling is done in Hyper mesh 2021 and the simulation and result validation in LS Dyna. The primary goal of this research project is to increase the crash box’s efficiency and enhance the crashworthiness and the passive safety of the passenger vehicle. It is also observed that the groove plays a vital role in reducing the acceleration transmitted to the surrounding area. The box sleeve with screw run through the groove first which almost absorbs 20% of impact energy and the remaining will be absorbed during full axial folding of the crash box. The rupture will happen along with the failure of the grooves when the screw moves, thus improving the energy absorption in the crash box, this kind of screw-type crash box was also easy to replace after the collision. Further, this simulation result will be compared with the crash box without a groove. The improvisation of crashworthiness in the crumple zone of the passenger car is the primary goal of this research. The research findings provide a valuable reference for the design of crash box constructions.
Approach to Develop Reliable Two-Wheeler EV Powertrains
Authors: Dheivasigamani Saravanabhavan , Vattamala Chris Varghese , Ganesan Thulasirajan , Chakrapani Rao Praveen
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, the transportation industry has witnessed a rapid transition from conventional fossil fuels to electric power. This shift has spurred diverse electrification initiatives spanning various vehicle categories, including E-cycles, 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers, cars, and commercial vehicles. Central to these road transport vehicles are essential components such as battery systems, electric motors, and field-oriented controllers. These controllers’ interface with the vehicle control unit, optimizing motor performance across diverse operational conditions. The reliability of the core motor and controller system is of paramount importance, ensuring seamless operation throughout its life. Notably, certain applications, like 2-wheeler, demand customized designs with compact configurations to save space and eliminate excessive wiring. This necessitates heightened reliability due to limited serviceability within these confined designs. This paper outlines a comprehensive strategy for achieving holistic reliability within the context of 2-wheel electric vehicle (EV) motors and controllers. It addresses the challenges encountered in enhancing reliability and proposes a systematic approach for assessment and improvement. The proposed methodology involves the utilization of established tools such as Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD). Furthermore, this approach incorporates advanced techniques like Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, along with adherence to industry-wide standards. By adopting this structured methodology, manufacturers and researchers can effectively evaluate and enhance the reliability of 2-wheel EV powertrains. The integration of diverse analytical tools, simulation methods, and industry best practices collectively contributes to the attainment of a robust and dependable electric vehicle powertrain system.
Enhancing the Performance of DOC and SCR After-Treatment Devices Using Statistical Techniques and Heating Strategies
Authors: V Praveena , R Rajarajeswari , Stephen Deborah
Published: November 2023

Exhaust gas emissions from compression ignition engines are the most hazardous contaminants to human beings as well as the atmosphere. This research work contributes to develop a combined technology that targets the reduction in HC, CO, smoke and NOx emissions collectively without any modification in engine fuel or injection strategy. Slight changes in the exhaust after- treatment system will help in meeting the goal of reduced standards. DOC and SCR devices fitted at the exhaust gas pipe reduces CO, HC, smoke, and NOx emissions produced by the CI engine. A combination of aluminum oxide- cerium oxide and iron oxide are used as SCR and DOC catalysts, whose preparation is done by impregnation method and their performance is tested on a SCR+DOC bed. The injection of aqueous urea solution is varied from 200 ml to 600 ml by intervals of 200 ml at different load conditions. Response parameters for various experiments are predicted using response surface methodology. Utilizing this novel combination of catalysts shows a reduction of 2.6% in CO, 2.2% in HC and 73.2% in NOx emissions. To enable the regeneration of catalysts, a heating strategy is implemented. This helps in replenishing the SCR and DOC bed which gets affected by repeated usage for a continuous period of time. The catalyst light-off temperature is reduced which overcomes the difficulty of operation in cold regions. A significant improvement in the after-treatment system is noticed by electrically heating the catalyst with an electrical power of 400 W. CO and HC emissions are reduced by 12.2% and 2.1% respectively.
Effect of Cross-Flow Velocity on Fuel Adhesion of Flat-Wall Impinging Spray under Triple Stage Split Injection
Authors: SHI Penghua , TRONG Nguyen Binh , OGATA Youichi , NISHIDA Keiya , ZHANG Gengxin , LUO Hongliang
Published: November 2023

The high injection pressure and small cylinder volume of direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines can result in flat-wall wetness on the surface of the piston, increasing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The characteristics of microscopic fuel adhesion are observed using refractive index matching (RIM). Fuel adhesion characteristics after wall impingement are evaluated with various cross-flow velocities under triple stage injection conditions. The results indicate that cross-flow has a beneficial effect on the diffusion of fuel spray. Average fuel adhesion thickness decreases with an increase in cross-flow velocities. Furthermore, cross-flow promotes the evaporation of fuel adhesion, which leads to a reduction in the fuel adhesion mass/mass ratio. The improvement of injection strategy has guidance on low-carbon future.
Realization of HCCI Combustion by Internal EGR using CI Engine with Variable Valve Timing System (First Report)
Authors: Terada Masaya , Sumida Yo , Kawano Daisuke
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to cool the internal EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) gas and form a uniform mixture by the injection of fuel into internal EGR gas. In previous studies, the internal EGR has a problem that high-temperature and low-density EGR gas flows into the cylinder and these causes the deterioration of fuel economy and exhaust emission performances [1]. In addition, internal EGR gas collides with fresh air tumble from the intake valves and, distribution of the in-cylinder oxygen concentration becomes heterogeneous. Additionally, the poor volatility of diesel fuel makes it difficult to achieve HCCI combustion in CI (Compression Ignition) engines. In order to resolve these problems, Fuel is injected into the internal EGR gas during the intake stroke. This injection cools the internal EGR gas by high latent heat derived from the promotion of fuel evaporation and equalizes the distribution of oxygen concentration in the cylinder. However, there are few studies on spray characteristics of diesel fuel at low pressure and high temperature conditions during intake stroke of fresh air and internal EGR. In this paper, the spray characteristics of diesel fuel at low pressure and high temperature conditions and the characteristics of in- cylinder inflow of premixed gas were investigated using numerical simulation.
Maximizing engine oil fuel efficiency in the same SAE grade without compromising oil consumption - An investigation into the relationship between Noack evaporation and oil consumption in state-of-the-art turbocharged gasoline engines
Authors: Seemann Michael , Strube Sabrina , Hutchinson Phil , Eisenberg Boris , Melchior Helmut , Markwart Jens , Kempf Stephanie , Schimmel Thomas , Mori Masahito
Published: November 2023

Improving fuel efficiency is a major goal of the automotive industry. One approach is to lower an engine oils viscosity grade raising durability concerns and requiring engine re-design. Study [6] demonstrates that higher fuel efficiency is also achieved in the same SAE grade by increasing the Noack evaporation loss and using advanced viscosity index improvers like comb polymers.

Increased Noack volatility might raise concerns of oil consumption. Evonik investigated this in a state-of-the- art engine using a test matrix including multiple Noack volatilities, SAE grades and base stocks. Additionally base oil viscosities and VII treat rate were investigated. All parameters showed no correlation with engine oil consumption. This allows to maximize fuel efficiency within the same SAE grade through optimized viscometric performance.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Emission Characteristics from Diesel-Ammonia-Fueled Industry Engines
Authors: Imamori Yusuke , Takahashi Tomohiro , Ueda Hiroyuki , Yamada Satoshi , Tanaka Takafumi , Kogure Ryosuke
Published: November 2023

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel- ammonia-fueled internal combustion engines were obtained by simulation and experiment with a multi- cylinder industry engine to reduce nitrous oxide, N2O, emission which has high global warming potential. The test engine was based on 4-stroke-cycle diesel engine with common rail injection system and ammonia gas was introduced in intake air. Simulation result by combustion CFD with detailed chemistry showed N2O remains at unburned ammonia-air mixture region, and simultaneous reduction of both N2O and unburned ammonia has been expected in high in-cylinder temperature. The test result showed unburned ammonia reduced along with increased in-cylinder temperature in high equivalence ratio and advanced injection timing conditions. Also, N2O reduced along with increased in-cylinder temperature in the most cases. 82% reduction of greenhouse gas was achieved compared with conventional diesel engine by applying 94% of ammonia in total fuel energy at full load condition, and it turned out that further reduction of unburned ammonia and NOx were required.
Combustion of Premixed Ammonia and Air Initiated by Spark- ignited Micro-gasoline-jet in a Constant Volume Combustible Vessel
Authors: Yu Wangchao , Li Minglong , Long Quan , Qin Xiongjie , Dong Guangyu , Hu Zongjie , Li Liguang , Qian Jin , Li Yao
Published: November 2023

As an efficient hydrogen carrier, ammonia itself is also a promising zero-carbon fuel that is drawing more and more attention. As the combustion of pure ammonia is hard to achieve on SI engines, in this study, spark- ignited micro-gasoline-jet was utilized to ignite the premixed ammonia/air mixture in a constant volume combustible vessel at different premixed ammonia/air excess air coefficient and backpressure (represented by ammonia partial pressure). The flame image was captured by a high-speed camera and the transient pressure change in the vessel was measured by an engine cylinder pressure sensor. The experimental results at stoichiometric equivalence ratio show that the IDT (from 129.9-198.6ms to 58.7-72.6ms) and the main combustion durations (from 494.3-654.9ms to 164.7-286.2ms) of ammonia combustion are significantly shortened by the novel ignition method compared with the traditional spark ignition method, and the results of representative heat release rate and representative total heat release (from 0.15-0.48MPa to 0.89-1.51MPa) are enhanced by several times. Compared with the conditions of different excess air coefficient, the experimental results indicate that this new ignition method is more effective at high backpressure and ammonia-enriched conditions.
Atomization Model in Port Fuel Injection Spray for Numerical Simulation
Authors: Nishimura Kanako , Matsuda Dai , Matsumura Eriko , Senda Jiro
Published: November 2023

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is widely used in the development and validation of automotive engine performance. In engine simulation, spray breakup submodels are important because spray atomization has a significant influence on mixture formation and the combustion process. However, no breakup models have been developed for the fuel spray with plate-type multi-hole nozzle installed in port fuel injection spark ignition (SI) engines. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to simulate spray formation in port fuel injection precisely. The authors proposed the heterogeneous sheet breakup model for gasoline spray injected from plate type multi-hole nozzle. The novel breakup model was developed by clarifying the phenomenological mechanism of the spray atomization process. In this paper, this model was improved in dispersion characteristics and evaluated by the comparison of the model calculation results with experimental data. As the results, the heterogeneous sheet breakup model can describe accurately spray atomization feature of the spray injected from the plate type multi- hole nozzle in port fuel injection condition.
Improving fuel economy without compromising wear and oxidative viscosity control in ultra-low viscosity engine oils
Authors: Garelick Ken , Field Sam , Anderson William B. , Engelman Kristi , Hoshino Hidetaka
Published: November 2023

The automotive industry is continuously looking to improve fuel economy in order to meet stringent government regulations around carbon emissions reduction. To achieve fuel economy targets, OEMs have explored lowering the viscosity of the engine oil to reduces energy losses. Many OEMs are currently designing engines that operate with 0W-20 viscosity engine oil and lower. Recently, ultra-low viscosity engine oil categories, such as JASO GLV-1, have been developed to further improve fuel economy through fluid design (reduction of friction of the engine oil). However, as the viscosity of the fluid is reduced, the fluid’s ability to control viscosity and wear is often also reduced. This paper details a holistic formulation approach to deliver improved fuel economy without compromising wear and oxidative viscosity control. Advanced fuel economy studies were conducted which combined simulated fuel economy modelling with a fired engine fuel economy test to provide fluid formulations with significant fuel economy improvement. In parallel, a series of studies in wear and oxidative viscosity control tests have identified pathways to deliver optimal performance without degrading the fuel economy improvement. The resultant formulations provide improved fuel economy without compromising wear and oxidative viscosity control as measured in the emerging global industry standard tests.
Analytical Study on Involvement of Temperature in Friction and Scuffing for Engine Tribo-Components
Authors: Soejima Mitsuhiro , Hamatake Toshiro , Kitahara Tatsumi , Smith Edward H. , Sherrington Ian
Published: November 2023

Regarding the solution for various issues on engine tribology, in order to understand the involvement of temperature in the friction and scuffing under the mixed and/or boundary lubrication regime, the two cases of piston ring & cylinder liner and cam & tappet were analytically studied. The friction between sliding interfaces is composed of four shear stresses from the viscous oil-films, the adsorbed oil molecules, the tribofilms due to oil additives, and the true metal contacts on surface asperities. Since all the shear stress have exponential temperature dependences, the relationship between the frictional shear stress and temperature is assumed to be expressed by the Arrhenius equation. Through analyzing friction data measured in laboratory tests conducted under the same temperature and sliding conditions as during the break-in of engines, various levels of temperature involvement were clarified.
Transcritical mixing of fuels at reactive conditions
Authors: Crua Cyril , Manin Julien , Skeen Scott , Pickett Lyle M
Published: November 2023

Although progress has recently been made to characterise the transition of microscopic liquid fuel droplets from classical evaporation to a diffusive mixing regime, still little is known about the transition from one to the other under reactive conditions. The lack of experimental data for microscopic droplets at realistic operating conditions impedes the development of phenomenological and numerical models for droplet mixing, ignition, combustion and soot formation. In order to address this issue we performed systematic measurements using high- speed long-distance microscopy, for n-dodecane into gas at elevated temperatures (from 750 to 1,600 K) and pressures up to 13 MPa. We describe these high- speed visualizations at the microscopic level, including the time evolution of the liquid droplets, reaction wave, and soot distribution. Our measurements show that these parameters are influenced by the operating conditions (gas pressure, gas temperature, oxygen content) as well as the physical properties of the fuel.
Low friction and on-demand thermal management for a high-efficiency internal combustion engine in a net zero CO
2
hybrid powertrain
Authors: Arnold Thomas , Böhme Jan , Krause Matthias , Leesch Mirko , Aoki Masataka
Published: November 2023

One key factor of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a maximized brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the internal combustion engine (ICE). The new gasoline engine called NA16 is fully developed, tested and a high efficiency engine which is equipped with Phase Change Cooling (PCC) technology, low friction components (e.g. roller bearings), low pressure EGR and a high compression ratio combustion process. It operates with the optimal indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) in an engine power range from Peng =20-35 kW to show the overall potential of a bio- fuel (net zero CO2) compatible plug in hybrid electric powertrain. In addition, the goal was to reduce friction losses not only in the area of the ISFC best point but also in cold-start operation, which represents an additional challenge. The engine is also characterized by high EGR compatibility and/or lean combustion process, which is possible by the conversion to the PCC system. Characteristic is a homogeneous wall temperature that can be adjusted on-demand and with the new piston design a fast, stable and knock-free combustion is implemented at a high compression ratio. All engine components are very well suited for operation with bioethanol and therefore the developed powertrain combines a emission free short range mobility with CO2 neutral long range capabilities.
Structure and properties of a nano-carbon composite surface coating for roll-to-roll manufacturing of titanium fuel cell bipolar plates
Authors: YAMASAKI Takenori , IKEDA Kotaro , SATO Toshiki
Published: November 2023

In the 1st generation Toyota "MIRAI" fuel cell stack, carbon protective surface coating is deposited after individual Ti bipolar plate being press-formed into the desired shape. Such a process has relatively low production speed, not ideal for large scale manufacturing.

A new coating concept, consisting of a nanostructured composite layer of titanium oxide and carbon particles, was devised to enable the incorporation of both the surface treatment and the press processes into the roll-to-roll production line. The initial coating showed higher than expected contact resistance, of which the root cause was identified as nitrogen contamination during the annealing step that inhibited the formation of the composite film structure. Upon the implementation of a vacuum furnace chamber as the countermeasure, the issue was resolved, and the improved coating could meet all the requirements of productivity, conductivity, and durability for use in the newer generation of fuel cell stacks.
Drivetrain Lubricants with Efficiency-Boosting Properties For Electric Vehicles
Authors: Matsui Noriyuki , Matsuki Shingo , Iino Mari , Akiguchi Junnosuke , Itou Kimikazu , Saitou Tomohito
Published: November 2023

In electric vehicles (EVs), drivetrain lubricants are often utilized not only as a lubricating oil for the drivetrains but also for motor cooling. As such, they are required to both improve the efficiency of the drivetrains and to have a high cooling performance. Both requirements can be met by lowering the viscosity of the fluid, which effectively improves the heat transfer coefficient, reduces churning loss, and improves efficiency. However, low viscosity may adversely affect the fatigue life of gears and bearings. To address these issues, we used a high-performance base oil and optimized additives (e.g., anti-wear agents) to develop a fluid with higher lubricity than conventional automatic transmission fluid (ATF), even though its viscosity is lower. The 100,000-kilometer (WLTC mode) endurance test on an actual vehicle confirmed that there was no damage in the reduction gear unit parts. We also evaluated the torque loss on the reduction gear unit and fuel consumption and confirmed a higher performance in each test. This fluid can be widely utilized in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEVs (PHEVs), and battery EVs (BEVs) worldwide, and its usage in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) will help contribute to improving fuel economy.
Research on the Real-time PM Emission Prediction Method for the Transient Process of Diesel Engine based on Transformer Model
Authors: Chen Ziqiang , Lu Kangbo , Wang Zhe , Shi* Lei , Deng Kangyao , Luo Xiaochun
Published: November 2023

In order to meet increasingly stringent emission regulations, it is significance to establish a control- oriented transient NOx and PM emission prediction model and improve the accuracy and real-time performance. In this study, the prediction model of transient PM emissions based on Transformer is established. In terms of model accuracy and real-time performance, Transformer emission prediction model is compared with Multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) emission prediction model. The results show that the performance of Transformer transient emission prediction model is superior to other model structures, it can be used for real-time prediction.
A Machine Learning Approach for Engine Model-Based Control on NOx Emissions
Authors: Latinov Matteo , Fiorini Niccolò , Vichi Giovanni , Innocenti Alessandro , Danti Piero
Published: November 2023

Increasingly stringent regulations on engine emissions require strict control of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. Feedback control systems coupled with virtual sensors for real-time NOx readings have shown to be effective solutions for managing emissions. The authors of this paper propose a machine learning approach for developing a virtual NOx sensor implemented on an Engine Control Unit (ECU) of a YANMAR diesel engine. A Random Forest model was trained on data comprising Ramped Modal Cycles (RMCs) and Non-Road Transient Cycles (NRTCs) with a focus on robustness with respect to engine-to-engine variability in ECU sensor reading. Despite strong constraints imposed on the complexity of the model due to the limited computing power of the ECU, good prediction performance was obtained on both cycles (????2 = 1.0 on RMCs and ????2 = 0.967 on NRTCs). The present study shows that machine learning models trained on transient data can play an important role in developing robust NOx emissions control systems on diesel engines.
Evaluation of Fully Sustainable Low Carbon Gasoline Fuels Meeting Japanese E10 Regular and Premium Octane Specifications
Authors: Yates Timothy , Ali Rana , Suzuki Mayu , Matsubara Naoyoshi , Yokoo Nozomi , Morii Takuya , Akiyama Shota , Ishizaki Keita
Published: November 2023

Reducing the carbon emissions associated with ICE- containing vehicles is a complimentary step towards carbon neutrality alongside the introduction of vehicles using newer energy vectors. In this study, the authors investigated emissions and efficiency impact of fully renewable E10-grade gasoline fuels blended with sustainable components at both 90 RON and 96 RON in comparison with reference regular E0 and premium certification gasolines across a range of ICE vehicle applications. Both renewable fuels were blended to the Japan JIS K2022 2012 E10 specification. The study shows very low carbon gasolines are technically feasible and potentially have an important role to play in decarbonizing both new advanced technology ICE vehicles and, critically, the existing ICE vehicle parc in the transition towards a zero emissions future.
Improvement of Quietness in the Cabin by Engine Control based on Road Noise Estimation for New Series Hybrid System
Authors: Sawada Takanobu , Yamauchi Yasuhiro , Teraji Atsushi , Gotou, Masaya , Aizumi Sho , Matsuoka Hisayoshi , Enomoto Toshio
Published: November 2023

Engine start timing of series hybrid system is important for quietness in the cabin and comfortable because its engine operation timing is not restricted by vehicle speed and acceleration. There is an opportunity to operate the engine without spoiling quietness if engine sounds could be covered by road noise. Discovering the correlation between road noise and variance of wheel angular acceleration using wheel speed sensor made it possible to estimate road noise. Engine start control based on this road noise estimation algorithm contributes to cabin quietness performance improvement as the result of less frequency of engine operating during smooth road driving.
Study of Position Sensorless Control to Generator for 100% Electric-Drive Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Shouji Mitsuhiro , Mori Kenichi , Kawasaki Kohei , Motosugi Jun
Published: November 2023

There are two primary technical issues in the application of position sensorless control to generators for 100% electric-drive hybrid vehicles. The first is the risk of losing control when position sensorless estimation methods are changed in accordance with the generator speed, while. The second is the reduction in the maximum torque if the rate of change in the generator speed is extremely large in a relatively low-rotation-speed area. This study proposes countermeasures for each issue and their effects examines them via simulations and experiments.
Soft Switching Control of Power Factor Correction for Distribution System
Authors: G.Akhil; A.Sai Praneetha; G.Sai Kumar and Dr.D.Ravi kishore
Published: November 2023

A boost Power Factor Correction (PFC) front end converter followed by a full bridge transformer-isolated dc/dc
converter is popular in offline dc power supply. In this configuration switching losses are high and overall efficiency is reduced.
For solving this problem individual soft-switching techniques are required for both the converters. A dc power supply system that
uses a new Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) strategy to get ZVS function is proposed here. A soft-switching dc power supply system
with high input power factor and stable dc output voltage is presented with simple and compact configuration. The proposed
circuit is not only operated at constant frequency, but all semiconductor devices are operated at soft switching without additional
voltage stress. A significant reduction in the conduction losses is achieved, since the circulating current for the soft switching flows
only through the auxiliary circuit and a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the circulating current path, and
the rectifier in the proposed converter uses a single converter instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode
front-end rectifier followed by a boost converter. An average-current-mode control is employed in proposed dc power supply
system to synthesize a suitable low-harmonics sinusoidal waveform for the input current.