bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Peptic ulcer disease following short-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a 3-year-old child
Authors: Ciubotaru Alin Dumitru , Leferman Carmen-Ecaterina
Published: May 2020

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) affects 1-2 per 1000 people annually in the USA, the UK and Europe, and occurs less frequently in children than in adults. PUD in children occurs mainly during the second decade of development. Among risk factors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), commonly used to manage acute febrile illness or pain in healthy children, is rarely reported to lead to PUD and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Case presentation: We present a rare case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding following a low dose ibuprofen treatment in a 3-year-old female. The patient with a family history of peptic ulcer was admitted for fever, coffee-ground vomiting and abdominal pain. The clinical examination revealed an altered general health status with a distended and mildly tender abdomen moving normally with respiration as well as normal stool. The initial laboratory test indicated anemia with reticulocytosis. During the first hours of hospitalization, the patient had a second episode of coffee-ground vomiting. An upper digestive endoscopy with biopsy was performed in the following six hours revealing a non-bleeding gastric ulcer at 2 cm from pylorus. Helicobacter pylori testing was negative. The patient was treated with a proton pump inhibitor (esomeprazole 10 mg/day) for 2 months. There were no further gastrointestinal symptoms and hemoglobin values returned to normal, indicating resolution of her gastrointestinal bleeding.

Conclusion: The short-term utilization of NSAIDs in the appropriate dosage can lead to PUD, and considering the risk factors before administration can lead to an appropriate management.
Rethinking Crowdfunding Platform Design: Mechanisms to Deter Misconduct and Improve Efficiency
Authors: Belavina Elena , Marinesi Simone , Tsoukalas Gerry
Published: May 2020

Lacking credible rule-enforcement mechanisms to punish misconduct, existing reward-based crowdfunding platforms can leave backers exposed to two risks: entrepreneurs may run away with backers’ money (funds misappropriation), and product specifications may be misrepresented (performance opacity). We show that each of these risks can materially impact crowdfunding efficiency, and, when jointly present, they interact with each other in ways that can dampen or, more worryingly, amplify their individual adverse effects. To mitigate these risks, we propose two mechanisms based on deferred payments. The first involves stopping the campaign once the funding goal is reached and servicing any unmet demand in the aftermarket. The second involves escrowing any funds raised in excess of the goal, as insurance for backers. We show that early stopping dominates escrow and boosts platform revenues. Pairing these deferred payment designs with (costly) performance verification contingencies can bring additional gains, but doing so can flip their relative performance, with escrow coming out on top. Overall, by accounting for different timing (pre- versus post-campaign) and enforcement rules (mandatory versus optional) of the verification contingencies, we analyze a total of 10 different designs and show that two of them dominate: the early stopping design and the escrow design with mandatory ex-post verification. We conclude by providing recommendations for which design works best under different conditions and exploring the potential of crowdsourced performance checks.

This paper was accepted by Terry Taylor, operations management.
Everything in Moderation: Foundations and Applications of the Satiation Model
Authors: Baucells Manel , Zhao Lin
Published: May 2020

Models in which current utility depends solely on current consumption (a.k.a. time-separable preferences) are widely acknowledged to be unrealistic, especially when attempting to describe preferences over consumption rates. Alternatively, one may stipulate that instant utility also depends on a state, for example, some stock of past consumption. Escaping the gravitational pull of time separability, however, is difficult because (1) the behavioral axioms that characterize the state and the instant utility are not known, (2) how to elicit the preference parameters—most notably the initial level of the state and the decay rate—is not known, and (3) managerial applications where state-dependent preferences produce interesting insights and solutions are scarce. This paper makes advances on these three fronts by proposing a novel set of axioms that characterize the satiation model, a proof of concept on how to elicit all preference parameters using consumption rates, and a mixed-integer linear formulation to solve the optimal design of experiential services under satiation. Our preferences introduce a de-satiation motive, absent in separable preferences, and we explore how to optimally manage this motive.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, decision analysis.
Tacit Collusion and Voluntary Disclosure: Theory and Evidence from the U.S. Automotive Industry
Authors: Bertomeu Jeremy , Evans John Harry , Feng Mei , Tseng Ayung
Published: May 2020

We develop a model of voluntary disclosure and production decisions and use it to establish that firms will tacitly collude by disclosing when current market demand is low and when the decision horizon is long. Low demand helps sustain tacit collusion, because deviation from tacit collusion yields only a limited increase in profit when demand is low. Similarly, longer decision horizons give firms incentive to receive the benefits of collusion over a longer period. Using monthly production forecasts issued by the Big Three U.S. automobile manufacturers, we show that the frequency, horizon, and accuracy of the production forecasts increase when demand decreases and when the firms focus more on long-term profit. Collectively, the evidence suggests that firms use voluntary disclosures to tacitly collude.

This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
Maximizing Intervention Effectiveness
Authors: Gupta Vishal , Han Brian Rongqing , Kim Song-Hee , Paek Hyung
Published: May 2020

Frequently, policy makers seek to roll out an intervention previously proven effective in a research study, perhaps subject to resource constraints. However, because different subpopulations may respond differently to the same treatment, there is no a priori guarantee that the intervention will be as effective in the targeted population as it was in the study. How then should policy makers target individuals to maximize intervention effectiveness? We propose a novel robust optimization approach that leverages evidence typically available in a published study. Our model can be easily optimized in minutes for realistic instances with off-the-shelf software and is flexible enough to accommodate a variety of resource and fairness constraints. We compare our approach with current practice by proving performance guarantees for both approaches, which emphasize their structural differences. We also prove an intuitive interpretation of our model in terms of regularization, penalizing differences in the demographic distribution between targeted individuals and the study population. Although the precise penalty depends on the choice of uncertainty set, we show that for special cases we can recover classical penalties from the covariate matching literature on causal inference. Finally, using real data from a large teaching hospital, we compare our approach to common practice in the particular context of reducing emergency department utilization by Medicaid patients through case management. We find that our approach can offer significant benefits over common practice, particularly when the heterogeneity in patient response to the treatment is large.

This paper was accepted by Chung-Piaw Teo, optimization.
The Effects of Multisiting on Productivity and Quality
Authors: KC Diwas , Tushe Sokol
Published: May 2020

Problem definition: In the modern workplace, it is increasingly common for workers to concurrently attend to tasks across multiple physical locations. However, frequent site switching can lead to increased setup and overhead costs. Specifically, workers expend significant time and cognitive effort getting reoriented with personnel, operating processes, tools, and resources whenever they switch sites. In this paper, we look at the productivity and quality implications of multisite work. Academic/practical relevance: Although multisite workplace deployment is increasingly common, its impact on people operations has not been examined in the operations management literature. We contribute to the literature by studying the effect of multisiting on individual worker productivity and quality of output. Methodology: To estimate the effect of multisite operations on performance, we turn to a setting where multisite worker assignment is common—that of physicians who have admitting privileges at multiple hospitals. We collected detailed data on individual physicians practicing in 83 hospitals between 1999 and 2010. Our extensive data set includes detailed operational and clinical factors associated with more than 950,000 patient encounters. Our empirical analysis takes the form of a panel, where we follow a given physician over time and link short-term multisiting to patient-level outcomes. Results: We find that multisiting negatively impacts productivity. Specifically, for each additional site at which a physician works, we observe a 2% increase in patient length of stay. For each site served, the likelihood of a patient developing a complication increases by 3%. Greater travel distance between sites and lack of focus at a given site explain the performance declines due to multisiting. In addition, we find that the performance declines resulting from multisite operation are reduced among low-complexity patients and among highly experienced physicians. Managerial implications: Multisite performance losses need to be traded off against the potential benefits. The negative effects of multisiting can be mitigated by limiting multisite deployment to simpler tasks and among highly experienced physicians. Managers can decrease switching costs of multisite work by standardizing workflows, processes, and tools across sites. In addition, the practice of multisite work can be limited to sites that are physically proximate to avoid the overhead costs associated with excessive travel.
Technical Note—Central Limit Theorems for Estimated Functions at Estimated Points
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Fan Lin , Fu Michael C. , Hu Jian-Qiang , Peng Yijie
Published: May 2020

The need to estimate a function value from sample data at a point that is itself estimated from the same data set arises in many application settings. Such applications include value-at-risk, conditional value-at-risk, and other so-called distortion risk measures. In this note, Peter W. Glynn, Lin Fan, Michael C. Fu, Jian-Qiang Hu, and Yijie Peng provide a simple proof for a central limit theorem for such estimators, and provide an accompanying batching/sectioning methodology that can be used to construct large-sample confidence intervals in the presence of such estimators.
Integrating Resource Management in Service Network Design for Bike-Sharing Systems
Authors: Neumann-Saavedra Bruno Albert , Crainic Teodor Gabriel , Gendron Bernard , Mattfeld Dirk Christian , Römer Michael
Published: May 2020

Station-based bike-sharing systems rely on bike redistribution to provide users with an adequate service level. We propose a novel formulation of service network design that coordinates redistribution decisions in space and time to plan regular master tours. This formulation explicitly integrates resource-management decisions by considering a limited redistribution budget to acquire and operate vehicles, as well as an accurate time representation of pickups and deliveries of bikes at stations. We propose a matheuristic relying on a neighborhood search scheme to find solutions of good quality for real-world-sized problem instances in reasonable time. To produce starting solutions, we propose a construction heuristic decomposing the daytime redistribution process into three sequential phases: determine pickups and deliveries, link pickups and deliveries into transport requests, and assign transport requests to master tours. We evaluate the operational performance of master tours with a discrete-event simulation approach. We show that master tours improve the level of service in bike-sharing systems with high and regular mobility patterns, for example, commuting activities.
Notas sobre a presença do Novo-romantismo na formulação teórica de metamodernismo de Timotheus Vermeulen e Robin Van Den Akker
Authors: Vargas Antonio Carlos
Published: May 2020

O artigo analisa a presença do Novo Romantismo, indicado por Vermeulem e Van der Akker, na formulação do conceito de metamodernismo. Apresenta uma breve historicidade da permanência do ideário romântico ao longo da modernidade e pós-modernidade, ao tempo em que agrega o conceito de romantismo, apresentado pelos sociólogos Michel Löwy e Robert Sayre para tornar mais compreensíveis as causas pelas quais as manifestações artísticas, que preservam elementos oriundos do romantismo, persistem na contemporaneidade. O texto se propõe explicativo, apontando questões que pretendem auxiliar no entendimento das causas pelas quais Vermeulem e Van der Akker identificam a presença do romantismo como um elemento fundamental na elaboração conceitual do metamodernismo.
Dois Pais e uma Mãe? A (Multi)Parentalidade nas Famílias Recasadas sob a Perspectiva da Psicologia Social Jurídica
Authors: Oliveira Lorena Forcellini de , Soares Laura Cristina Eiras Coelho , Ferraz Arthur Colaço , Coelho Renata Modesto
Published: May 2020

A multiparentalidade é uma demanda jurídica recente no Direito de Família que permite o reconhecimento das famílias nas quais a parentalidade é exercida simultaneamente por vários sujeitos, uma vez que possibilita a inclusão de mais de um pai/mãe na certidão de nascimento. Neste estudo, buscou-se compreender o que vem sendo produzido sobre a (multi)parentalidade e problematizar seu reconhecimento judicial nas famílias recasadas. Como recurso metodológico foi realizada revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática, nas bases de dados SciELO, Index-Psi, BSV-PSI, PePSIC, Portal Períodicos CAPES e Lilacs, assim como uma análise de material jurisprudencial nas plataformas online dos tribunais brasileiros. Os dados encontrados indicaram ausência de publicações científicas no âmbito da Psicologia brasileira sobre a temática da multiparentalidade. Desta forma, optou-se pelo aprofundar no descritor parentalidade. Encontrou-se uma variabilidade nas definições e, por vezes, a naturalização do termo diante da ausência de explicitação do entendimento do(s) autor(es). No estudo dos julgados, notou-se a fusão da conjugalidade e parentalidade sob o argumento central do vínculo socioafetivo. Além disso, foi identificada pouca participação de equipe multidisciplinar nesses processos. Diante do exposto, evidencia-se a necessidade de ampliação de pesquisas que envolvam a questão da (multi)parentalidade sob a perspectiva da Psicologia.
Fatores Protetivos e de Risco na Transição entre o Acolhimento Institucional e a Vida Adulta
Authors: Cassarino-Perez Luciana , Montserrat Carme , Sarriera Jorge Castellá
Published: May 2020

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores de proteção e de risco envolvidos no processo de transição entre o acolhimento institucional e a vida adulta. Participaram 13 jovens entre 18 e 24 anos, de ambos os sexos, egressos do sistema de proteção da cidade de Curitiba, no sul do Brasil. Cinco cuidadores também participaram, representando cada uma das unidades de acolhimento de onde os jovens provieram. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e submetidos à análise temática. Os temas e subtemas identificados dentro de dois eixos temáticos (fatores de proteção e fatores de risco) atravessam diferentes níveis contextuais e revelam um desequilíbrio que dificulta o processo de transição. Conclui-se que, além da maior observância às políticas e diretrizes já existentes, é necessário formular programas novos e específicos para esses jovens, alicerçados na concepção de que eles próprios devem ser os protagonistas de suas trajetórias.
Evolução dos aglomerados urbanos na América Latina: uma análise do direito à cidade
Authors: Mata Catrine Cadja Indio do Brasil da , Leal Erica Almeida , Luna Ferlanda , Gomes Andrea Da Silva , Pires Mônica De Moura
Published: May 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em descrever a formação das aglomerações urbanas na América Latina, com ênfase para análise da legislação urbanística e se esta foi desenvolvida com o intuito de promover o direito à cidade. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método a pesquisa exploratória- descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, baseada em dados secundários obtidos através da análise de legislação dos países latino-americanos e pesquisa bibliográfica. Como resultado, observou-se que a formação dos grandes aglomerados urbanos latino-americanos tem como consequências sérios problemas estruturais que se arrastam no tempo. Com o advento da “Ciência da cidade” a partir da obra de Lefvbre (1969) o olhar sobre a cidade passa a ter novo sentido, ultrapassando ditames legais atingindo a esfera da necessidade humana em viver e ser parte da cidade. No entanto, observou-se que a legislação urbanística latina não acompanhou o desenvolvimento dos aglomerados urbanos o que impacta diretamente na construção do sentido do direito a cidade.
Redeployment: The work left undone
Authors: Oldman Crystal
Published: May 2020

In the two short months since the first case of COVID-19 in the UK, the world of nursing, midwifery and health visiting has changed, leaving a legacy that is likely to have a lasting impact on our professions
Lazaretti and Isolation: ‘More Feared than Death Itself’?
Authors: Henderson John
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the role of Lazaretti in Florence in the campaign against plague. In contrast to other cities, such as Venice and Milan, which constructed purpose-built isolation hospitals, Florence relied on adapting existing convents, churches, and patrician villas on the outskirts of the city. The chapter questions how far the epithet ‘more feared than death itself’ can legitimately be applied to these institutions. What makes the Florentine case so remarkable is the survival of the daily correspondence between the hospital directors and the health board. These letters provide a unique and moving insight into the way the Lazaretti were run, the medical and spiritual medicines prescribed, and the challenges thrown up by the admission and treatment of well over 10,000 people, more than 10 percent of the city's population. The chapter then argues that, while mortality may have been high, the extraordinary investment of time, personnel, and finances underlined the belief in the efficacy of these institutions as a way to solve the war against plague.
Capitalist Profits of Mining Corporations
Authors: Graulau Jeannette
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on capitalist profits. It explains how mining corporations were the entrepreneurial agents par excellence of the medieval mining world without which mining could not thrive. But balance sheets of corporations are simply nonexistent. This fact raises questions about whether or not mining corporations enjoyed the necessary conditions for generating profits. Capitalist profit is a matter of money but also a matter of legal, economic, and political preconditions guaranteeing that corporations enjoy a relatively stable and long-term investment climate. It is only in the examination of the sum of these relations that the essence of capitalist profits is to be found, even if mining history only allows to identify what Pierre Vilar once called “the general feeling” of these relations.
A ‘Lengthy Digression’: Why Mining Lagged Elsewhere
Authors: Graulau Jeannette
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides the mining history of the mountains of the rest of the world. It begins with England in which major silver discoveries took place in Bere Ferrers or Bere Ferris, a valley of the Tamar River in North Devon, southwest of Dartmoor, and at Combe Martin in the north after the mid-thirteenth century. However, English mines were challenging as they were physically distant from the central arteries of international trade of continental Europe and the commercial cities with continental catchment areas. This chapter also talks about silver mining that flourished in the Persian Province of Khorasan, the Samanid region of Transoxiana, and the Hindu Kush. These are the lands of the most spectacular mountain heights, where mountains piled up one behind another and mountain development assumes its grandest forms. It ends with mining history in India in which its mining exploits did not compete with the achievements of European mining regions. Mining in Zawar endured technical difficulties. Geologist Bagghi states that miners worked on hard siliceous quarzitic ore bodies, where drilling today calls for the use of tungsten carbide bits.
Blood the Witch, Swim the Wizard
Authors: Waters Thomas
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows that in early 1800s Britain, witchcraft was widely believed in. Magical traditions, traceable to the period of the witch trials and before, were strong. Villagers and townsfolk ducked, mobbed, attacked, and bullied witches. Privately, many sophisticated and wealthy people sympathised. Not with victims of superstitious violence, but with the perpetrators. Indeed, witchcraft troubled many well-to-do folk during the early 1800s. This chapter explores a remarkable area of common ground between the masses, the upper classes, and those in the middle. More often than one might expect, they agreed with each other: sorcery was real, and witches deserved to be punished.
Witchcraft’s Decline
Authors: Waters Thomas
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores witchcraft's major decline. It occurred much later than many people realise: during the first half of the twentieth century. Britons were living healthier, more comfortable lives. Their ‘stiff upper lip’ mentality was hardly consistent with making themselves believe in the reality of terrible magic. They no longer entertained themselves with tales of local witches: radio, cinema, and television were more interesting. But the main reason Britons stopped blaming their misfortunes on evil spells lay elsewhere. The state was growing, its tentacles reaching into previously ignored areas. Health care was becoming more regulated and professional magicians began to suffer. Cunning-folk, fortune-tellers, and itinerant Roma women had skirted around hostile laws designed to stop them from making money with magic. But this was no longer the case.
The Resilience Turn and the Permanent State of Adaptation
Authors: Coaffee Jon
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how the twenty-first century is progressively seeing a turn away from conventional approaches to risk and towards resilience. Despite being very different concepts, both risk and resilience are closely associated with a deep engagement with uncertainty and can be put into operation alongside each other. The management of risk has traditionally focused on ordering, probability, and a requirement for optimisation and control. Risk-based approaches have traditionally been technically focused and have paid only limited attention to social and organisational factors. There has also been a tendency for risk management to concentrate on making specific parts of a system more robust or efficient. By contrast, resilience approaches should go beyond and extend risk management to address the difficulties of managing the complex and integrated social and technical systems that underpin modern life. They are also about specifically prepping to manage the complexity and uncertainty of future threats. The focus of resilience here is very much on the outcomes for the whole system and better understanding the relationships and trade-offs between different parts or elements of the system.
Stress-testing Economic Resilience
Authors: Coaffee Jon
Published: May 2020

This chapter illuminates how the practices underpinning economic and financial resilience have progressed since the early 2000s crash. It draws on a series of vignettes from private- and public-sector organisations. From there, the chapter charts a journey from a conservative approach, which sought continuity and promoted ‘business as usual’ following the crisis, to a situation where complexity is increasingly embraced to cope with an unknown future. Here, while the fundamental aim of incorporating complexity is to be better able to predict the future in order to generate stable conditions in which to better manage risk, there is also a sense that things have changed and that we can never return to the headless days of the early 2000s. The journey of economic resilience reflects the broader evolution of resilience as a universally applied idea.
Britain and the Management of Islamic Decline
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at how, during the eighteenth century, the relationship between Islam and the British entered a remarkably benign phase. The British began to take a more relaxed, even subdued, attitude towards religion generally, partly as a reaction against the fanaticism of the previous two centuries, the civil wars in England, and the religious wars in Europe. If Britain lagged behind Muslim practice, the act was at least symbolic of the gradual progress towards religious and civil freedom over the next century. Even more significant was the fact that, as Islam itself had entered a phase of contraction after centuries of expansion, it could not be represented as the threat it had once been. Islam had clearly passed its early dynamic phase, leaving Muslims to consider how to handle an era increasingly marked by European expansionism.
Islam – Westernising or Orientalist?
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses how the imposition of European colonial rule on Islamic countries in the nineteenth century provoked some Muslims into a complete rejection of Western culture and values and the adoption of jihad; but others argued for a revival and renewal within Islam to make it fitter for the modern world. What alarmed some imperialists was not so much that Muslims were completely resistant to modernisation and Westernisation, but that some at least embraced the prospect too enthusiastically. While reform was often imposed from the top, it is easy to overlook the extent to which the initiative for it came from Muslims themselves in the societies of Asia and Africa. During the nineteenth century, Muslims in India, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire embarked upon radical Westernising strategies, as did those in Afghanistan, Persia, and Turkey during the 1920s, to take some of the most notable examples. For the imperialists, this process was dangerous because it was frequently linked with an emerging sense of nationalism.
Islamophobia
Authors: Pugh Martin
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how, misled by Islamophobic propaganda, Britain and America were unable to come to terms with what they called ‘Islamism’. The origins of what is variously known as Islamism, Islamic fundamentalism, and radical Islamism lie in the 1960s, in the ideas of a handful of Muslims in Pakistan, Egypt, and Iran who believed that Muslims had been led astray from their religion by nationalist movements. Although some Muslims were critical of Western morality and politics, Islamism was not primarily anti-Western: it was essentially a reaction against what were widely seen as the corrupt, authoritarian, and secular regimes that controlled much of the Muslim world. The aim was to evict them, return to a purer form of Islam and re-create an Islamic state. In view of the exaggerated reputation it enjoys in the West, it is worth remembering that this movement has largely been a failure. Yet while fundamentalism appeals to only a small minority, it is also the case that large numbers of Muslims have become aggrieved by the policies of the Western powers. The explanation for this can be found in long-term frustration with the consistently pro-Israeli policy of Britain and the United States over Palestine, in addition to the proximate causes in the shape of two Afghan wars, the genocide in Bosnia, the Rushdie affair, and the first Gulf War in 1990, which made many Muslims see themselves as the victims of Western aggression and interventionism.
Stop Mugging Grandma
Authors: Bristow Jennie
Published: May 2020

Millennials have been incited to regard their parents' generation as entitled and selfish, and to blame the baby boomers of the 1960s for the cultural and economic problems of today. But is it true that young people have been victimized by their elders? This book looks at generational labels and the groups of people they apply to. It argues that the prominence and popularity of terms like ‘baby boomer’, ‘millennial’, and ‘snowflake’ in mainstream media operates as a smoke screen — directing attention away from important issues such as housing, education, pensions, and employment. The book systematically disputes the myths that surround the ‘generational war’, exposing it to be nothing more than a tool by which the political and social elite can avoid public scrutiny. It highlights the major issues and concerns surrounding the sociological blame game.
Millennial fears
Authors: Bristow Jennie
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks beneath the hype and the horror that characterises Millennial myth-making, and explores the reality that confronts young people in their struggles with education, work, and housing. It shows that their experience, like that of the generations before them, is a mixed one. In some respects, they have more opportunities, more stuff, and more choices than young people have ever had; in others, their lives, aspirations, and freedoms are extraordinarily constrained. The much-discussed elements of Millennial angst can similarly be compared to the difficulties faced by young people at various points throughout history, and declared to be nothing particularly new, or even all that bad. But Millennials experience these problems as new to them, and in a particular context. They have grown up at a time when cautious hopes for the future jostle with a heightened sense of fear; when ‘the young’ are hailed as the answer to questions that nobody has quite worked out; when a prevalent generationalist outlook presents young people's problems as a direct consequence of the mistakes made by their parents' generation, which they are expected to suffer from rather than overcome. These features of our ‘millennial moment’ affect both how young adults make sense of the Zeitgeist, and how they express it.
Provincializing Global History
Authors: Livesey James
Published: May 2020

This book explores the subtle transformation of the coastal province of the Languedoc in the eighteenth century. Mining a wealth of archival sources, the book unveils how provincial elites and peasant households unwittingly created new practices. Managing local political institutions, establishing new credit systems, building networks of natural historians, and introducing new plants and farm machinery to the region opened up the inhabitants of the province to new norms and standards. The practices were gradually embedded in daily life and allowed the province to negotiate the new worlds of industrial society and capitalism.
The Natural Province of Reason
Authors: Livesey James
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores how the project of improvement, which extended far beyond the elites who operated in the university and the scientific society, disseminated new standards of judgment and rationality. In recent years, historians have found new ways to understand the popular Enlightenment, that curious zone between authoritative knowledge and diverse opinion. All of those routes are useful in approaching the popular experience in the Languedoc. The hypothesis of the “public sphere” inspired historians to rediscover the public use of reason by theatre audiences, newspaper readerships, and crowds at exhibitions without the prominent writers who were important sources of authoritative ideas. The chapter also explains how progress could be marketed in the form of medicines, clothes, or foods. Consumption was a practice that went far beyond objects; there was a sphere of public science, and a market for scientific lectures and displays, in eighteenth-century Paris and beyond.
Man on a Mission
Authors: Fullagar Kate
Published: May 2020

Like 1 & 2, this chapter sketches the broad shape of Ra’iatean society through the story of Mai’s ancestry and childhood, once again thwarting common assumptions about who gets remembered as an object of anthropology and who gets granted the dynamism of history. Mai was born around 1753 on Ra‘iatea in the Tahitian archipelago. When Mai is ten his homeland is overtaken by marauding Bora Borans; his father is killed and his remaining family flees to Tahiti. From his teens, Mai harbours a lifelong obsession to avenge his rightful inheritance. Through the late 1760s, Mai witnesses British and French ships “discover” his islands. Rather than a menace, however, he decides they represent the means to enact his vengeful dream. Mai secures a berth for himself to Britain via James Cook’s second Pacific expedition. If Ostenaco’s life mirrors eighteenth-century Cherokee society and Reynolds’s life represents the conflicts within his world, then Mai’s life is that of the outsider to his own culture, looking in. His view of eighteenth-century Ra‘iatea is filtered through the experiences of a refugee from it—crucially a refugee created by internal politics rather than European forces. Mai’s life is most characterised by a determination to use foreign empire for his own ends as much as possible.
How the Old World Ended
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Between 1500 and 1800, the North Sea region overtook the Mediterranean as the most dynamic part of the world. At its core the Anglo-Dutch relationship intertwined close alliance and fierce antagonism to intense creative effect. But a precondition for the Industrial Revolution was also the establishment in British North America of a unique type of colony — for the settlement of people and culture, rather than the extraction of things. England's republican revolution of 1649–53 was a spectacular attempt to change social, political, and moral life in the direction pioneered by the Dutch. This book argues that it was also a turning point in world history. In the revolution's wake, competition with the Dutch transformed the military-fiscal and naval resources of the state. One result was a navally protected Anglo-American trading monopoly. Within this context, more than a century later, the Industrial Revolution would be triggered by the alchemical power of American shopping.
The Empire was Unique
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores English and Dutch relationships with native peoples in Atlantic North America. In practice, these relationships were violent ones, though there were important differences. The chapter shows that only English settlement became the basis for a long-term, large-scale trans-Atlantic transfer of people and culture. This necessitated expropriation not only of resources but territory, a process executed where necessary with savagery, assisted by the impact upon native peoples of introduced diseases, especially smallpox. This made possible the later explosive eighteenth-century settler population growth which would be a key stimulant of the Industrial Revolution. To this extent the Anglo-Dutch-American archipelago was mapped in blood.
Anglo-Dutch-American Enlightenment
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies cultural invention in light of the North-Western European cultural movement called Enlightenment. Enlightenment refers, in the first place, to a description by European intellectuals of what they took to be an advanced present state of moral and natural knowledge by comparison to that of the ancients. With related self-confidence, in the heyday of their empires, some described their culture as possessed of a dynamic modernity to be distinguished from the ‘oriental' lethargy and backwardness existing elsewhere. Yet Enlightenment also originated as European self-criticism. One context for that was the comparative perspective acquired by discovery of non-European cultures. In this and in other ways the origin of Enlightenment, including its ‘conviction that progress had become unstoppable', lies in the period when Renaissance and Reformation combined with printing and natural philosophy to establish the culture of the European North-West.
Cultures of Invention
Authors: Scott Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter revisits the most important general question underlying this study. It considers what made fundamental change possible in a pre-modern society, before the old world ended. The answer given so far has been multifaceted, involving water, people, events, ideas, and commodities: an early modern society in motion, and that motion discernible, in retrospect, as what might be called a process of cultural invention. The chapter thus considers what sustained that process over centuries, territories, and oceans. It shows how England modernized along Dutch lines. However, the Anglo-Dutch relationship was not merely one of imitation, but was creative and ultimately transformative.
Money and Society
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the incomes of younger sons, as this has a bearing upon their position in society. Younger sons, in short, needed to work to secure their positions. Money was very important but it was not the only thing that decided someone's place in society. At the very top of the tree the chapter reveals three distinct but overlapping hierarchies: birth, wealth, and political power. The aristocracy dominated the ownership of land and still controlled a substantial share of the country's wealth, although the rapid growth of new industries, the colonial empire, and overseas trade was diluting its pre-eminence. There were many self-made men of large fortune; and also quite a number of relatively poor peers.
Medicine
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter turns to the medical profession. An ambitious young man of good family would not choose to become either a physician or a surgeon unless he felt some particular calling towards medicine. Many other young men would be put off by the long hours, by squeamishness or by pride. Yet medicine offered a fairly reliable living, amounting to comfortable affluence in many cases, and was exposed to fewer risks and hardships than some of the careers more favoured by young gentlemen. There was also the satisfaction of being able to do clear and immediate good to many, to relieve suffering, cure some complaints and help others, of being welcomed in times of emergency and trouble and thanked for bringing loved ones back from the brink of death, and of inspiring patients to follow in your footsteps.
The Army
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores a career in the army. It shows how such a career took a considerably different shape to a career in the navy. Young men joined the army later but then usually served continuously so long as the country was at war, while even at the height of the conflict with Napoleon naval officers spent much time ashore and on half-pay. Neither career was well rewarded, but there was a greater chance of a financial windfall for officers in the navy. The navy was also much more competitive, while the ability of officers in the army to purchase promotion gave them greater independence. A naval officer depended on many things to secure an attractive position as a captain, commodore, or admiral. An army officer's progress through the ranks was much smoother, oiled by purchase if necessary, and it was only when he had been promoted a colonel or a major-general and was looking for employment on the staff that he needed the support of a superior officer or the Horse Guards.
India
Authors: Muir Rory
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores careers in India. India in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries appealed as a land of opportunity, especially for men who lacked first-rate connections or money at home, or who had already been disappointed in their first endeavours, or who had damaged their reputation by their imprudence. It was dangerous: most of the young men who sailed from Britain to take up positions in the service of the East India Company (EIC) in the decades around 1800 never returned home, and of those who did, only a minority came home with a fortune. Nonetheless, there was no shortage of applicants for positions in India. The Company divided its patronage carefully between its directors, with the chairman and deputy chairman each receiving a double share, and the President of the Board of Control (the politician with oversight of British interests in India) given four times the quota of an ordinary director.
Introduction
Authors: Bazzana Giovanni B.
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter rereads some well-known texts in light of a more sophisticated notion of possession. This would emphasize the cultural and religious productivity inscribed in it as well as the significance of its performative nature. A fundamental aid in achieving such a goal may emerge from a sustained dialogue with contemporary ethnographies of “spirit possession.” Indeed, anthropological writing on this subject matter has succeeded in overcoming many biases thanks to direct interaction with possessed individuals and observation of their rituals. To speak of “cultural productivity” with respect to possession does not mean to overlook the painful nature of this experience or to hide the fact that possession can become an instrument employed in order to oppress and abuse subordinate and marginal individuals both in the so-called First World and elsewhere. However, a less reductionistic understanding of the phenomena will not only produce a more adequate historical account. It will also help provide solutions for real and current problems, solutions that would not be hindered by orientalism or sensationalism and are better attuned to specific cultural and personal conditions.
Resistance distance in directed cactus graphs
Authors: Balaji R. , Bapat R.B. , Goel Shivani
Published: May 2020

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a strongly connected and balanced digraph with vertex set $V=\{1,\dotsc,n\}$. The classical distance $d_{ij}$ between any two vertices $i$ and $j$ in $G$ is the minimum length of all the directed paths joining $i$ and $j$. The resistance distance (or, simply the resistance) between any two vertices $i$ and $j$ in $V$ is defined by $r_{ij}:=l_{ii}^{\dagger}+l_{jj}^{\dagger}-2l_{ij}^{\dagger}$, where $l_{pq}^{\dagger}$ is the $(p,q)^{\rm th}$ entry of the Moore-Penrose inverse of $L$ which is the Laplacian matrix of $G$. In practice, the resistance $r_{ij}$ is more significant than the classical distance. One reason for this is, numerical examples show that the resistance distance between $i$ and $j$ is always less than or equal to the classical distance, i.e., $r_{ij} \leq d_{ij}$. However, no proof for this inequality is known. In this paper, it is shown that this inequality holds for all directed cactus graphs.
Remote, rural and island communities
Authors: Gray David
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines transport in the remote rural and island areas, with a particular focus on the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. I explore 50 years of failure to address the rural transport problem, highlighting how population distribution and destination competition have conspired with funding issues and car use to thwart efforts to arrest the decline in rural bus use. In the second part of the chapter I discuss car dependence, how it varies across different types of rural locality and the importance of someone else’s car in maintaining rural access and mobility. Part three examines the impact of rising fuel costs in rural areas, but argues that large scale investment in roads and bridges have had a much more significant long-term impact on people’s travel habits, changing the way that life is lived in the region. I conclude with some reflection on the game-changing potential of technological innovation such as AVs for remote and rural areas.
Will the ‘smart mobility’ revolution matter?
Authors: Parkhurst Graham , Seedhouse Andrew
Published: May 2020

Powerful claims are being made about revolution in the transport sector, with digital technology seen as underpinning a new ‘ecosystem’ of more efficient, more pleasant and less environmentally-damaging mobility. The chapter examines how far such claims are based on evidence, and the contextual conditions that would be necessary for such benefits to be realised. The four key technological shifts identified as part of the transition are interrogated: automation, electrification, digitally-enabled mobility, and collaborative-shared mobility. The benefits of ‘connected autonomous vehicles’ are found to be highly uncertain, in terms of extent and evolution, whereas electrification is confirmed as a necessary but not sufficient condition for more sustainable mobility. Digitally-enabled mobility is technically quite feasible, but continues to face considerable regulatory, institutional and financial barriers. Collective mobility is identified as the development which can potentially have the greatest impact on the sustainability of mobility, but its core claim, that middle-income citizens will choose to share small vehicles to achieve modest cost savings, is least supported by evidence. We conclude that the traditional concerns of transport planning, such as congestion and inequality of access, will likely be persistent features of the new regime.
On Elephants, butterflies and lions: social protection, innovation and investment
Authors: Kazepov Yuri , Saruis Tatiana , Colombo Fabio
Published: May 2020

The rise of social innovation as a paradigm for social intervention is part of the ongoing restructuring process of post-war European welfare systems’. The chapter analyses this transformation focusing on how social innovation relates to other, more institutionalised paradigms of social intervention, namely social protection and social investment. The three paradigms’ main characteristics are represented through a metaphor using animals and their characteristics in order to exemplify their specificities. Elephants, representing the social protection paradigm as awkward, but solid and based on reciprocity and solidarity in the herd. Butterflies, representing the social innovation paradigm as flexible and creative, but fragile and unstable. Lions, representing the social investment paradigm as assertive, active in the preservation of their own status in a competitive context. The conditions within which these paradigms have developed, the institutions involved and their aims and functions are studied through a literature review. Then, the relations among them are investigated through the analysis of 31 case studies on innovation in welfare policies targeted to poverty and social exclusion conducted in the European Countries. The conclusions provide some reflections on the paradigms´ prospects by gaining an understanding of how their different combinations impact on their capacity to reduce poverty and social exclusion.