bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Acetone-Dried Vaccines for Preparing Capsular Antisera Against the
Klebsiella
Group and the Lyophilization of
Klebsiella
Cultures
Authors: Green James H. , Pigott Nan E. , Bolin Richard C. , Harrell William K.
Published: December 2020

Capsular antisera against the 72 types of
Klebsiella
have been prepared in rabbits by using an acetone-dried vaccine. It was shown that encapsulated cells dried with acetone and ground to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle retain their capsules. Antisera obtained from rabbits vaccinated with these vaccines had quellung titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:64. The dried vaccine was stable after storage for over 2 years at room temperature. Encapsulated cultures lyophilized in the presence of 5% sucrose, 5% sodium glutamate, and 5% polyvinylpyrrolidone remained viable and retained their capsules after storage for 10 months at room temperature.
Production of Ochratoxin A by
Aspergillus ochraceus
Isolated in Japan from Moldy Rice
Authors: Yamazaki Mikio , Maebayashi Yukio , Miyaki Komei
Published: December 2020

A simple thin-layer chromatography-fluorodensitometric method for quantitative analysis of ochratoxin A was developed. This method proved to be of use in investigating the production of the toxin and the nutritional factors affecting the toxin production by two strains of
Aspergillus ochraceus
isolated from moldy rice in Japan. These fungi produced large amounts of ochratoxin A in a nutrient solution containing 1%
l
-phenylalanine and 2% yeast extract.
Resistance of
Bacillus subtilis
Spores to Inactivation by Gamma Irradiation and Heating in the Presence of a Bactericide
Authors: Deasy P. B. , K�ster E. , Timoney R. F.
Published: December 2020

A statistical evaluation of viable count procedures utilized for obtaining treatment survival curve data for
Bacillus subtilis
NCTC 8236 spores is described. Within the various recovery conditions tested, incubation on nutrient agar containing 1% dextrose for 48 hr at 37 C was found to promote the highest count of viable spores surviving a variety of bactericidal treatments involving gamma irradiation, heat, and chlorocresol. The count of viable spores on the medium was not significantly altered when the dextrose was added to the nutrient agar either before autoclaving or aseptically at 50 to 55 C from a solution sterilized by filtration. The volume of medium which promoted the highest count of viable spores was 20 ml per 85 mm of diameter in disposable plastic plates. Counts of viable spores were reproducible on successive batches of media. The carry-over of variable concentrations of chlorocresol into the medium from serial dilutions affected the count of viable spores. Spores in the aqueous stock suspension used for all experiments were uniformly distributed after shaking and did not diminish significantly in viability after 16 months of storage at 5 C. Grouping of indexes of dispersion, calculated from quintuplicate plate colony counts, indicated that the suitability of the viable count procedures, employed for the enumeration of spores surviving the various bactericidal treatments, tended to diminish as the level of spore inactivation exceeded 95%.
Anticomplementary, Anticoagulatory, and Serum-Protein Precipitating Activity of Sodium Polyanetholsulfonate
Authors: Traub W. H. , Lowrance B. L.
Published: December 2020

Sodium polyanetholsulfonate (SPS) at 7.8 μg/ml completely abolished complement-mediated hemolysis of 1:10 diluted fresh guinea pig and human serum; at least twice as much SPS was required to reduce complement activity in 1:2 diluted human serum. The coagulation of 90 and 20% human blood was inhibited by 250 and 125 μg of SPS per ml, respectively. When added to fresh human serum, SPS precipitated beta 1C-globulin (C3), C4, beta lipoproteins, immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, and IgA, though incompletely.
Increased Sensitivity of the Microbiological Assay for Biotin by
Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Waller James R.
Published: December 2020

Addition of Tween 80 to biotin assay medium containing acid-hydrolyzed casein as the amino acid source caused marked growth of
Lactobacillus plantarum
ATCC 8014 in the absence of added biotin. This growth-promoting activity could be eliminated by treating the “vitamin-free” Casamino Acids (Difco) with activated charcoal (Darco G-60) at
p
H 3.5 for 30 to 60 min. Incorporation of Tween 80 and charcoal-purified Casamino Acids (PCA) into the assay medium (0.8 g and 27 g, respectively, per liter of single strength medium) in place of unpurified Casamino Acids resulted in a medium in which
L. plantarum
responded to 30 to 50 times less biotin over an extended linear response range (1.3 logs versus 1.0 log) than was required for similar growth in the standard medium. Endogenous growth in the modified medium was absent if the inoculum used was of low density, if it was prepared from biotin-deficient cells, and if the reagents used were free from contaminating traces of biotin. Assays of biological materials for biotin content using the standard medium and the Tween 80-PCA-modified medium resulted in nearly identical values for all samples tested.
Experience with Electron Microscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Smallpox
Authors: Long Gary W. , Noble John , Murphy Frederick A. , Herrmann Kenneth L. , Lourie Bernard
Published: December 2020

The usefulness of negative-contrast electron microscopy in the rapid differential diagnosis of poxvirus and herpesvirus exanthems is described in this study of 301 specimens from patients with vesicular exanthematous diseases. Specimens from patients with smallpox, various forms of vaccination complications, varicella, zoster (shingles), and herpes simplex are included in this evaluation. Electron microscopy, when applied to the study of lesion material, was found to be more sensitive than the classical techniques of virus isolation in the diagnosis of both poxvirus and herpes/varicella virus infections. However, since specific identification of a virus within a group cannot be made morphologically by electron microscopy, it is recommended that both electron microscopy and virus isolation methods be employed for the routine differential diagnosis of vesicular exanthematous diseases in the reference diagnostic laboratory.
Chemoprophylaxis of
Shigella flexneri
Keratoconjunctivitis in Rabbits
Authors: Cross W. R. , Nakamura M.
Published: December 2020

Chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole prevented keratoconjunctivitis in rabbit eyes infected with
Shigella flexneri
. The route of administration of the agent and the dose were important variables in controlling the infectious process. This assay system appears to be a useful technique for the in vivo evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents.
Immunofluorescence Detection of Enterotoxin B Produced Under CO
2
and N
2
Atmospheres
Authors: Stark Raymond L. , Middaugh P. R.
Published: December 2020

The degree of cell fluorescence of
Staphylococcus aureus
strains 243 and S-6 was found not to correlate with enterotoxin B production under CO
2
and N
2
atmospheres.
Susceptibility of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
to Carbenicillin
Authors: Traub Walter H. , Raymond Ella A.
Published: December 2020

Ninety clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were examined for susceptibility to carbenicillin by the broth dilution and disc diffusion methods. Inhibition zone diameters varied at given minimal inhibitory concentration levels of the antibiotic. Nevertheless, the results obtained allowed the proposal of the following tentative criteria for the interpretation of inhibition zones.
Pseudomonadaceae
yielding zones of inhibition measuring at least 10 and 16 mm in diameter around 25-and 100-μg discs, respectively, are sensitive to this antibiotic when examined by the standardized Bauer-Kirby method of disc susceptibility testing. Isolates characterized by zones of less than 100 mm in diameter around 25-μg discs should be tested with 100-μg discs before they are reported as sensitive or resistant to carbenicillin.
Sensitivity of the Plaque Technique for the Study of Selected Vaccine Strains and a Virulent Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Singh K. V. , Saad Najla , Zein A. El
Published: December 2020

A plaque technique was found useful for the differentiation and titration of two vaccine strains and a local highly virulent field isolate of Newcastle disease virus.
Microbiological Examination of Cocoa Powder
Authors: Gabis D. A. , Langlois B. E. , Rudnick A. W.
Published: December 2020

Total aerobic plate counts of 36 cocoa powders ranged from 100 to 27,000 per g, with 86% having counts of less than 9,300 per g.
Bacillus
and
Micrococcus
were the only genera identified.
Effects of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates on Yeasts
Authors: Standard P. G. , Ahearn D. G.
Published: December 2020

Species of
Hansenula
and
Candida
are resistant to high concentrations of anionic alkylbenzene sulfonates and degrade subinhibitory concentrations of these detergents.
Differentiation of
Brucella canis
from Other Brucellae by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Mitruka B. M. , Alexander M.
Published: December 2020

Gas chromatographic techniques allow for differentiation between a strain of
Brucella canis
and strains of other brucellae.
Multiple Assessment and Serum Neutralization of Arbovirus Mixtures
Authors: Hahon Nicholas , Mayhew Charles J.
Published: December 2020

Mixtures of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Rift Valley fever, and chikungunya viruses may be assayed by selective immunofluorescence staining of infected cell monolayers. A multiple serum neutralization test is described for quantifying reactions of these viruses with mixtures of serum antibodies.
Comparative Utilization of Paraffins by a
Trichosporon
Species
Authors: Barua P. K. , Bhagat S. D. , Pillai K. R. , Singh H. D. , Baruah J. N. , Iyengar M. S.
Published: December 2020

Utilization of normal and isoparaffins, separately and in mixtures, by a
Trichosporon
sp. was investigated. From a mixture of normal paraffins and isoparaffins, the organism consumed straight-chain paraffins, leaving the branched paraffins relatively unchanged. When offered separately, the highest utilization of
n
-alkanes by the organism was obtained in the range of undecane to octadecane;
n
-pentadecane was poorly utilized. From a mixture of
n
-alkanes, the rate of consumption of shorter-chain alkanes,
n
-decane to
n
-dodecane, was found to be relatively faster and more uniform than that of longer-chain alkanes.
Interactions Between DDT and River Fungi
Authors: Dalton S. A. , Hodkinson Madeline , Smith K. A.
Published: December 2020

Concentrations of
p,p
′-DDT between 0.1 and 60 μg/ml enhanced the growth rate of
Heliscus submersus
, and concentrations greater than 2 μg/ml had a similar effect on
Tetracladium setigerum, Varicosporium elodeae
, and
Clavariopsis aquatica
. The rate of growth of each fungus increased with increased DDT concentration.
Heat Resistance of Xerophilic Fungi Based on Microscopical Assessment of Spore Survival
Authors: Pitt J. I. , Christian J. H. B.
Published: December 2020

An improved viable counting technique was developed to facilitate study of the heat resistance of fungal spores. Spores were heated and subsequently incubated in the same medium. After germination, hyphae and germ tubes were stained with lactofuchsin, and the germinated spores were counted with the aid of a microscope. A number of xerophilic strains were examined, mostly isolates from spoiled highmoisture prunes. Of these, ascospores of
Aspergillus chevalieri, A. mangini
, and
Xeromyces bisporus
were the most heat-resistant. A decimal reduction curve obtained for
A. chevalieri
was specified by a
z
value of 23 F and an F
180
of 2.2 min.
Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans:
Fermentative Capabilities of 140 Strains
Authors: Pulverer G. , Ko H. L.
Published: December 2020

Fermentative capabilities of 140 strains of
Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans
were studied. Findings correspond closely with those reported previously by Heinrich and Pulverer (12 strains), and by King and Tatum (33 strains). All strains ferment glucose, levulose, and maltose and reduce nitrate to nitrite. Reactions with glycogen and starch are exceedingly diverse. Eight different biotypes have been identified on the basis of their reactions with galactose, mannitol, and xylose.
Comparative Study of
14
C-Labeled Purified Protein Derivative from Various Mycobacteria
Authors: Landi S. , Held H. R. , Tseng M. C.
Published: December 2020

Biologically active
14
C-labeled purified protein derivative (
14
C-PPD) has been prepared from the culture filtrates of seven species of mycobacteria, namely
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Johnston strain (PPD),
M. bovis
BCG (PPD-BCG),
M. avium
(PPD-A),
M. kansasii
(PPD-Y),
M. intracellulare
(PPD-B),
M. scrofulaceum
(PPD-G), and
M. fortuitum
(PPD-F). These mycobacteria were grown in a culture medium containing a mixture of
14
C-labeled amino acids. The yield and specific radioactivity of the PPD, of the nucleic acid, of the bacterial cells, and of the CO
2
developed during growth have been determined for each of the seven species of mycobacteria. Although the yields of
14
C-PPD antigens differed greatly for the different species of mycobacteria tested, their specific radioactivities were similar. The
14
C-PPD antigens have been used as a means to measure their adsorption to glass. When glass ampoules containing dilute solutions (0.001 mg of PPD per ml) of these PPD antigens (PPD, PPD-BCG, PPD-A, PPD-Y, PPD-G, PPD-B, and PPD-F) were stored for 12 months at 5 C, it was found that they all adsorbed equally well to glass surfaces. In fact, regardless of the origin of the PPD, a loss due to adsorption of about 90% occurred during the first month of storage, and thereafter the PPD content remained practically constant for the rest of the duration of the storage period. The addition of 0.0005% Tween 80 to the PPD solutions effectively reduced the adsorption to glass of most PPD antigens. However, adsorption of PPD-BCG was not quite so effectively prevented, even when the Tween 80 concentration was increased from 0.0005 to 0.0005%.
Polysaccharide from Dry Navy Beans,
Phaseolus vulgaris
: Its Isolation and Stimulation of
Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Kurtzman R. H. , Halbrook W. U.
Published: December 2020

A microbiological assay is described for determining gas produced by
Clostridium perfringens
(Veilon and Zuber) Holland from materials believed to be flatulent. A rationale for its use is given and analyzed. The fractionation and the results of the assay for several components of lima beans,
Phaseolus lunatus
L., and navy beans,
P. vulgaris
L., are given. In particular, a polysaccharide was isolated from dried
P. vulgaris
seeds. Only about one-seventh as much could be isolated from green
P. lunatus
seeds as from
P. vulgaris
seeds. The polysaccharide stimulates voluminous gas production by
C. perfringens
and meets all criteria of the rationale for flatulent sus pects. It has not been tested on humans; however, data from the microbiological assay correlate well with human results for green and dry lima beans and navy beans.
Growth Responses of
Escherichia coli
to the Surfactant Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
Authors: Pollack Vincent A. , Anderson Dean A.
Published: December 2020

When strains of
Escherichia coli
are grown in broth cultures containing the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (NaDDBS), they exhibit unique growth responses. After 20 to 24 hr of incubation, they become slimy and viscous, and an addition of ethanol to the supernatant liquid yields a distinctive white, fibrous precipitate. The production of this material was shown to be dependent on the presence of NaDDBS in the medium. This precipitate from
E. coli
ATCC 11303 was found to contain 41 to 53% protein, 10 to 11% deoxyribonucleic acid, 6.8 to 7.4% ribonucleic acid, 15 to 25% carbohydrate, and 9% lipid. It is distinctive from naturally occurring
E. coli
slimes in several respects. Our data suggest that its formation is the primary result of the leakage of intracellular components into the medium. However, the rate of cell proliferation indicates a partial but not complete or lethal lysis. A limited utilization of NaDDBS as a carbon source was also shown.
Paper Chromatographic Techniques for the Determination of Cephalothin and Desacetylcephalothin in Body Fluids
Authors: Hoehn Marvin M. , Murphy Hubert W. , Pugh Charles T. , Davis Norman E.
Published: December 2020

Paper chromatographic procedures may be used to detect cephalothin and its metabolite desacetylcephalothin in urine, plasma, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. Protein-bound antibiotics are released from plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid by dilution with an equal volume of dimethylformamide. Data are presented on the sample preparation, paper chromatographic system, and other specific techniques.
Penicillic Acid Production by Blue-Eye Fungi on Various Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Ciegler Alex , Kurtzman Cletus P.
Published: December 2020

Of 10
Penicillium
species reported to cause blue-eye disease of corn, four (
P. martensii, P. palitans, P. cyclopium, P. puberulum
) were found capable of producing the mycotoxin penicillic acid on various agricultural commodities. Commodities with high protein contents did not support toxin synthesis. The extent of toxin production varied with the strain of mold, the commodity, and the temperature; low temperatures (1 to 10 C) favored toxin accumulation.
Membrane Filtration of the Reiter Treponeme
Authors: Chandler Francis W. , Clark John W.
Published: December 2020

A membrane filtration technique with commercially available membrane filters (Millipore Corp.) was effective for the removal of Reiter treponemes from liquids such as fluorescent-antibody conjugates, to which the organisms are added for adsorption. Reiter treponemes from an 8-day culture were not microscopically detectable in filtrates through membranes with a pore diameter of 0.45 μm, but treponemes were demonstrated in the filtrate by cultural methods. No organisms of the 8-day culture passed through a membrane filter having a pore size of 0.22 μm, as determined by microscopy and culture. Culture data indicated that a filter with a pore size of 0.1 μm was necessary to prevent passage of treponemes from 4-day cultures. It is recommended that a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm or smaller be used for the removal of Reiter treponemes from suspensions and that the age of the culture be considered in choosing filter pore size.
Distribution of Bacteria in Feces of Swine
Authors: Rall Gloria D. , Wood Arletta J. , Wescott R. B. , Dommert A. R.
Published: December 2020

A new technique is described for evaluating bacterial cell distribution in fecal samples. Spatial relationships of cells within an area rather than number of cells per unit volume or weight are measured by this technique. Measurements of cell distribution by this method indicated that bacteria occurred in freshly voided swine feces as pure, discrete colonies rather than as single cells distributed randomly or uniformly throughout the sample.
Automated Counting of Microbial Colonies
Authors: Schoon D. J. , Drake J. F. , Fredrickson A. G. , Tsuchiya H. M.
Published: December 2020

The time required for direct counting of colonies on agar plates for estimating population density of viable microorganisms has precluded studies requiring measurement of such a parameter. Bowman, Blume, and Vurek have described a photo-electrical capillary tube scanner which automates the counting. Results obtained with an instrument similar to that of Bowman et al. have been intensively analyzed with respect to precision and accuracy. The sources of “errors” have been ascertained, and the instrument's potentialities and limitations are discussed.
Destruction of Toxic Fungi with Low Concentrations of Methyl Bromide
Authors: Lee W. H. , Riemann H.
Published: December 2020

Aspergillus parasiticus
and
Penicillium rubrum
spores at the level of 10
4
to 10
5
/ g were completely killed by prolonged exposure to 30 to 45 mg of methyl bromide per liter.
Motility-Indole-Ornithine Medium
Authors: Ederer Grace Mary , Clark Marie
Published: December 2020

A medium designed for detection of motility, indole, and ornithine decarboxylase production in one tube was devised and evaluated. Results, using 182 strains of
Enterobacteriaceae
, were the same as obtained with commonly used standard methods, although 11 of 87 positive indole tests were weak with the new medium.
Production of Acetoin and Diacetyl by the Genus
Salmonella
Authors: Garibaldi J. A. , Bayne H. G.
Published: December 2020

Members (all 42 tested) of the genus
Salmonella
, although Voges-Proskauer-negative when grown on MR-VP Medium, produce abundant quantities of acetoin or diacetyl, or both, when cultured on a minimal medium containing 1% glucose. The designation that the genus
Salmonella
does not produce acetoin should be re-examined.
Microbial Aromatization of Steroids into Equilin
Authors: Sehgal S. N. , Vézina Claude
Published: December 2020

This report describes the bioconversion of 19-hydroxy-androsta-4, 7-diene-3, 17-dione into equilin with
Nocardia rubra
. Through mutation and improvement of medium and of conditions, the bioconversion could be improved to yield 40% equilin for a substrate concentration of 1 g/liter. Aromatization of several other 19-hydroxy and 19-nor substrates of the androstene series is reported, and the influence of various substitutions of the substrate molecule on aromatization is discussed.
Identification of Members of the Family
Enterobacteriaceae
by the R-B System
Authors: Martin William Jeffery , Birk Robert J. , Yu Pauline K. W. , Washington John A.
Published: December 2020

The R-B system was evaluated in parallel with conventional bacteriological procedures for the identification of members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
by using bacterial strains from a variety of clinical specimens and from stock cultures. The R-B tests found to be reliable were, in decreasing order, the reactions for phenylalanine deaminase, hydrogen sulfide, and indole, the production of gas from glucose, and the decarboxylation of ornithine. The reactions in the R-B system found to be unreliable were motility, the decarboxylation of lysine, and the fermentation of both glucose and lactose. In addition, the reactions of the R-B system were more difficult to read and interpret than those of the conventional system. On the basis of this evaluation, it was concluded that the R-B system is not an acceptable alternative to the conventional methods in the identification of the
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Susceptibility of
Neisseria meningitidis
Strains from the Civilian Population to Sulfadiazine, Penicillin, and Rifampin
Authors: Wiggins Geraldine L. , McLaughlin Jane V. , Bickham Susan T. , Jones Wallis L. , Balows Albert
Published: December 2020

The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of sulfadiazine, penicillin, and rifampin for meningococcal strains isolated from civilians during 1970 were compared. The strains were isolated from various sources and geographical areas and represented several serogroups. The ranges of MIC values were as follows: 0.05 to 20 mg/100 ml for sulfadiazine, 0.01 to 0.4 μg/ml for penicillin, and 0.01 to 0.8 μg/ml for rifampin. There was no significant relationship between MIC values of sensitive or resistant sulfadiazine strains and the MIC values to the other two antimicrobial agents. Comparisons of sulfadiazine MIC values with inhibition zones around sulfathiazole discs showed excellent correlation, provided the strains were separated into sensitive and resistant groups on the basis of growth at 1 mg/100 ml. Regression curves for penicillin and rifampin sensitivity showed homologous sensitive populations with the strains studied.
Reactivity of Two Gonococcal Antigens in an Automated Microhemagglutination Procedure
Authors: Logan Leslie C. , Cox Patricia M. , Norins Leslie C.
Published: December 2020

In studies of several hundred sera, a passive-hemagglutination technique with soluble antigen of sonically treated gonococci as the sensitizing material for tanned erythrocytes and
Neisseria sicca
sonically treated material as an absorbent detected gonococcal antibodies in 77% of males and 88% of females infected with uncomplicated gonorrhea. However, 6% of the sera from individuals in celibate religious orders and 18% of the sera from a group of females having cervical cultures negative for gonococci were also reactive with this procedure. Erythrocytes sensitized with an alkaline extract of gonococci reacted with 23% of the sera from infected males, 49% of the sera from infected females, and 2% of the sera from celibate females.
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis in Mouse Spleen Cells In Vitro by Azathioprine
Authors: Chan Grace Y. , Stone Robert L.
Published: December 2020

The effect of azathioprine on macromolecular biosynthesis was studied in mouse spleen cells cultured in vitro. The rate of incorporation of
3
H-thymidine,
3
H-uridine, and
14
C-leucine into acid-insoluble material was used to measure deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis. Results indicate that azathioprine inhibited nucleic acid and protein synthesis at levels which did not decrease cell viability.
Method for Estimating the Presence of
Clostridium perfringens
in Food
Authors: Harmon S. M. , Kautter D. A.
Published: December 2020

The methods currently used for the enumeration of
Clostridium perfringens
in food are often inadequate because of the rapid loss of viability of this organism when the sample is frozen or refrigerated. A method for estimating the presence of
C. perfringens
in food which utilizes the hemolytic and lecithinase activities of alpha toxin was developed. The hemolytic activity was measured in hemolysin indicator plates. Lecithinase activity of the extract was determined by the lecithovitellin test. Of 34 strains of
C. perfringens
associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, 32 produced sufficient alpha toxin in roast beef with gravy and in chicken broth to permit a reliable estimate of growth in these foods. Alpha toxin was extracted from food with 0.4
m
saline buffered (at
p
H 8.0) with 0.05
m
N
-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-
N
′-2-ethanesulfonic acid and concentrated by dialysis against 30% polyethylene glycol. A detectable quantity of alpha toxin was produced by approximately 10
6
C. perfringens
cells per g of substrate, and the amount increased in proportion to the cell population. Results obtained with food samples responsible for gastroenteritis in humans indicate that a correlation can be made between the amount of alpha toxin present and previous growth of
C. perfringens
in food regardless of whether the organisms are viable when the examination is performed.
Mechanism of Action of the Fungicide Thiabendazole, 2-(4′-Thiazolyl) Benzimidazole
Authors: Allen Paris M. , Gottlieb David
Published: December 2020

Thiabendazole, 2-(4′-thiazolyl) benzimidazole (TBZ) inhibited the growth of
Penicillium atrovenetum
at 8 to 10 μg/ml. Oxygen consumption with exogenous glucose was inhibited at 20 μg/ml, but endogenous respiration required more than 100 μg/ml. TBZ inhibited completely the following systems of isolated heart or fungus mitochondria: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, succinic oxidase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-cytochrome
c
reductase, and succinic-cytochrome
c
reductase at concentrations of 10, 167, 10, and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. Cytochrome
c
oxidase was not inhibited. Antimycin A and sodium azide caused the usual inhibition patterns for both fungus and heart terminal electron transport systems. In the presence of antimycin, the fungicide inhibited completely succinate-dichloro-phenolindophenol reductase and succinate-2, 2-di-
p
-nitrophenyl-(3, 3-dimethoxy-4, 4-biphenylene-5, 5-diphenylditetrazolium)-reductase at 2 and 4 μg of TBZ per ml, respectively. Coenzyme Q reductase required 15 μg/ml. TBZ reduced the uptake by
P. atrovenetum
of glucose and amino acids and decreased the synthesis of various cell components. At 120 μg/ml, the incorporation of labeled carbon from amino acids-
U
-
14
C
was decreased: lipid, 73%; nucleic acids, 80%; protein, 80%; and a residual fraction, 89%. TBZ did not inhibit peptide synthesis in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from
Rhizoctonia solani
. Probably the primary site of inhibition is the terminal electron transport system and other effects are secondary.
Experimental Technique for Studying Aerosols of Lyophilized Bacteria
Authors: Cox Christopher S. , Derr John S. , Flurie Eugene G. , Roderick Roger C.
Published: December 2020

An experimental technique is presented for studying aerosols generated from lyophilized bacteria by using
Escherichia coli
B,
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger, Enterobacter aerogenes
, and
Pasteurella tularensis
. An aerosol generator capable of creating fine particle aerosols of small quantities (10 mg) of lyophilized powder under controlled conditions of exposure to the atmosphere is described. The physical properties of the aerosols are investigated as to the distribution of number of aerosol particles with particle size as well as to the distribution of number of bacteria with particle size. Biologically unstable vegetative cells were quantitated physically by using
14
C and Europium chelate stain as tracers, whereas the stable heat-shocked
B. subtilis
spores were assayed biologically. The physical persistence of the lyophilized
B. subtilis
aerosol is investigated as a function of size of spore-containing particles. The experimental result that physical persistence of the aerosol in a closed aerosol chamber increases as particle size is decreased is satisfactorily explained on the bases of electrostatic, gravitational, inertial, and diffusion forces operating to remove particles from the particular aerosol system. The net effect of these various forces is to provide, after a short time interval in the system (about 2 min), an aerosol of fine particles with enhanced physical stability. The dependence of physical stability of the aerosol on the species of organism and the nature of the suspending medium for lyophilization is indicated. Also, limitations and general applicability of both the technique and results are discussed.
Stabilities of Suspensions of Influenza Virus Dried by Sublimation of Ice In Vacuo to Different Contents of Residual Moisture and Sealed Under Different Gases
Authors: Greiff Donald
Published: December 2020

Suspensions of influenza virus were dried by sublimation of ice in vacuo to contents of residual moisture of 2.8, 1.6, or 0.6%. After drying, the preparations were sealed under helium, argon, nitrogen, or a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen (30% O
2
, 70% N
2
). Stabilities of the several preparations were determined by an accelerated storage test. Based on the times predicted for the dried preparations stored at preselected temperatures to lose 1 log of infectivity titer, the order of stabilities in relation to residual moisture, gas was as follows: 1.6%, He > 0.6%, He > 2.8%, He > 1.6%, Ar > 2.8%, N
2
> 2.8%, Ar > 1.6%, N
2
> 2.8%, O
2
> 0.6%, Ar > 0.6%, N
2
> 1.6%, O
2
> 0.6%, O
2
. The stability of the preparation sealed under helium and dried to the content of residual moisture found best for this gas (1.6%) resulted in an increased stability of the order of years as compared to the other preparations tested.
Development of a Paper Strip Test for Detection of Niacin Produced by Mycobacteria
Authors: Young William D. , Maslansky Alvin , Lefar Morton S. , Kronish Donald P.
Published: December 2020

The development of a reagent-impregnated paper strip test for niacin is described. The test system is based on the formation of cyanogen chloride by the reaction of chloramine-T and potassium thiocyanate in the presence of citric acid. Rupture of the pyridine ring of niacin by cyanogen chloride yields γ-carboxy glutaconic aldehyde and coupling with a primary aromatic amine produces a yellow color. Sensitivity to niacin, both in known solutions and from extracts of 378 clinical mycobacteria isolates, equalled or exceeded that of other methods for detection of niacin. Correlation with other tests for mycobacterial niacin was excellent.
Inhibitory Action of Tetrathionate Enrichment Broth
Authors: Palumbo Samuel A. , Alford John A.
Published: December 2020

Tetrathionate enrichment broth is a complex mixture of salts including iodides and other polythionates, but only thiosulfate (0.0736
m
) and tetrathionate (0.0236
m
) in combination were toxic for
Escherichia coli.
Individually, these two salts were not lethal. The lethal action of this thiosulfate-tetrathionate mixture affected only growing cells. A possible relationship between the lethality of the thiosulfate-tetrathionate mixture for a culture and its ability to reduce tetrathionate is suggested.
Stimulation of Malo-Lactic Fermentation in Eastern Grape Musts
Authors: Beelman Robert B. , Gallander James F.
Published: December 2020

Induced malo-lactic fermentation was stimulated in Eastern grape musts by the addition of a new fermentation enhancer product.
Antibiotic Disc Susceptibility Tests for Rapid Presumptive Identification of Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacilli
Authors: Sutter Vera L. , Finegold Sydney M.
Published: December 2020

A method for identification of gram-negative anaerobic bacilli is described. Based on differences in susceptibility to paper discs containing 10 μg of colistin, 60 μg of erythromycin, 1,000 μg of kanamycin, 1,000 μg of neomycin, 2 units of penicillin, and 15 μg of rifampin, these bacteria may be placed into five groups. Other tests such as colony morphology, production of pigment, growth in bile, esculin hydrolysis, and reaction on egg yolk-agar may be used for further identification. The susceptibility tests are rapid and simple to perform and are helpful in characterizing gram-negative anaerobic bacilli. They are not intended for use in predicting clinical effectiveness of the drugs utilized.
Zonal Centrifuge Applied to the Purification of Herpesvirus in the Lucké Frog Kidney Tumor
Authors: Toplin I. , Mizell M. , Sottong P. , Monroe J.
Published: December 2020

A series of “winter” and “summer” Lucké kidney tumors of the frog (
Rana pipiens
) were homogenized and fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial, and mitochondrial supernatant fractions. Winter tumors often contained high concentrations of herpesvirus, whereas no virus was observed in any of the summer tumors. The crude tumor fractions were further purified by rate-zonal sucrose gradient centrifugation in a B-XV zonal rotor. Gradient fractions rich in an enveloped, nucleated form of the herpesvirus from certain winter tumors have induced renal tumors when injected into developing frog embryos. Zonal centrifugation was followed by isopycnic banding of the virus zones for further purification of the different morphological forms of the virus.
Enhanced Cellulase Production by a Mutant of
Trichoderma viride
Authors: Mandels Mary , Weber James , Parizek Richard
Published: December 2020

A mutant strain that secretes twice as much cellulase as its parent was obtained by irradiating conidia of
Trichoderma viride
QM 6a with a linear accelerator.
Modification of the American Public Health Association Procedure for Counting Yeast and Mold in Cottage Cheese
Authors: Powers E. M. , Ay C. C. , Eckfeldt G. A. , Rowley D. B.
Published: December 2020

The American Public Health Association method for counting low numbers of yeast and mold in cottage cheese was unsatisfactory due to altered
p
H of the culture medium. A modification of this method is presented.
Transplacental Transmission of Rubella Virus Infection in Rabbits
Authors: Cohen Sophia M. , Collins Doris N. , Ward Gerald , Deibel Rudolf
Published: December 2020

Rabbits were inseminated artificially and inoculated 1 week later with rubella virus. The attenuated vaccine strain HPV-77 or strain 67-1127 which had been through 12 cell culture passages was used. Half of the rabbits in each group had been inoculated 1 month prior to insemination with the corresponding strain. Evidence of infection induced by either strain was obtained by immunofluorescence in lung, spleen, and placenta. Rubella virus antigen was also found in the lung of a 2-month-old rabbit of a dam inoculated with strain 67-1127. A high rate of stillbirths and neonatal deaths and poor weight gain occurred in litters of the 67-1127 group.
Lecithin-Agar Assay for Lecithinase Antibodies in Serum
Authors: Sibinovic Kyle H. , Brown Freddie A. , Pettigrew Karen D. , Vought Robert L.
Published: December 2020

A technique for assay of lecithinase antibodies in serum was developed in this laboratory by using a lecithin-agar plate diffusion procedure based on a combination of described plate assays. Egg yolk lipoprotein composed primarily of lecithin was used as a substrate for reaction with free or non-neutralized lecithinase C after incubation of known amounts of lecithinase C with various dilutions of control and test sera. It was found that the size of the reaction zone was a function of enzyme concentration and inversely proportional to the antibody concentration. Accuracy and precision of the assay were determined. In addition, lecithinase antibody levels in sera from experimentally inoculated rats and rabbits and sera from randomly selected human patients were studied.
Medium-Dependent Activity of Gentamicin Sulfate Against Enterococci
Authors: Raymond E. A. , Traub W. H.
Published: December 2020

Routine disc diffusion susceptibility tests (Bauer-Kirby technique), employing 5% sheep blood-Mueller-Hinton agar and 10-μg gentamicin sulfate discs, disclosed that a significant number of clinical enterococcal isolates were sensitive to the antibiotic, as also revealed by the agar dilution technique. With few exceptions, the isolates proved resistant to this antibiotic when tested for susceptibility in Brain Heart Infusion and Trypticase soy broth or agar. The addition of 5% sheep blood to Trypticase soy and Brain Heart Infusion agars resulted in markedly enhanced activity of the antibiotic, indicating medium-dependent activity of gentamicin against enterococci. Human serum and urine failed to support optimal growth of enterococci. Thus, it was not possible to correlate the activity of gentamicin in any of the media examined with that in serum or urine.
Optimal Combination and Concentration of Antibiotics in Media for Isolation of Pathogenic Fungi and
Nocardia asteroides
Authors: Dolan C. Terrence
Published: December 2020

Strains of
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Nocardia asteroides
, and
Coccidioides immitis
were tested for in vitro susceptibility to polymyxin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 μg/ml. Polymyxin was the most inhibitory and gentamicin was the least inhibitory of the five antibiotics. Two
Histoplasma
mycelial strains were partially inhibited by 2 and 8 μg of gentamicin per ml and showed at least a 2+ growth at the higher antibiotic concentration. Kanamycin and neomycin produced significant inhibition of
N. asteroides
but otherwise were noninhibitory. A combination of chloramphenicol and kanamycin, each at 16 μg/ml, and gentamicin, at 4 μg/ml, was noninhibitory to the strains tested except for
N. asteroides.
Chloramphenicol at 16 μg/ml was not inhibitory for
N. asteroides.
The results suggest that the optimal antibiotic combination to use in the isolation of fungi and higher bacteria is chloramphenicol, 16 μg/ml, and gentamicin, 4 μg/ml. Addition of sheep blood (5%) had no effect on antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms studied.
Laminar Airflow Protection In Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Solberg Claus O. , Matsen John M. , Vesley Donald , Wheeler Donald J. , Good Robert A. , Meuwissen Hilaire J.
Published: December 2020

A laminar airflow room was used to provide a low-pathogen environment for a child with lymphopenic immune deficiency transplanted with paternal bone marrow. Comparison of flora from the patient, personnel, and the environment indicated that no colonization with exogenous organisms occurred in the patient during the 45-day period of study. The number of organisms recovered from the laminar airflow room was exceedingly small. Conventional hospital isolation rooms contained more bacteria and fungi than the laminar airflow room, even when strict aseptic procedures were followed in the former. Patients with lymphopenic immune deficiency and agranulocytosis admitted to conventional isolation rooms were colonized with exogenous organisms within 1 week. Each developed infection with these strains, and one patient died. Laminar airflow isolation seems at present the best means to prevent exogenous infection during hospitalization of patients with lymphopenic and other severe immune-deficiency diseases and may be essential when bone marrow transplantation is performed to treat their immunological defect.
Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses
Authors: Sidwell Robert W. , Dixon Glen J. , Westbrook Louise , Forziati Florence H.
Published: December 2020

The effects of laundering with both anionic and nonionic detergents in cold, warm, and hot water on poliovirus-contaminated cotton sheeting, cotton terry cloth, washable wool shirting, wool blanketing, dull nylon jersey, and dacron/cotton shirting were determined. The fabrics were exposed to virus by aerosolization and direct contact (pipette) in separate studies. Although the results varied with each factor used in the study, virus titers on all the fabrics were generally reduced considerably by the laundering process. When the fabrics were dried for 20 hr after laundering, an additional decline in virus titers was seen, often to below detectable levels. The type of detergent used made little difference in effect on virus titer reduction, but the hot wash water markedly reduced the detectable virus. Fabric type was not a major factor in the majority of the experiments, although virus tended to be eliminated more readily from the nylon jersey, and in warm water the virus persisted longer on wool blanketing material laundered in anionic detergent. Sterile fabrics of each type laundered with similar fabrics which contained virus often became contaminated by the virus during the laundering process. Virus titers ranging from undetectable to 10
3.9
cell culture 50% infectious doses/ml were obtained from samples of the rinse water after warm- and cold-water laundering.
Naval Biomedical Research Laboratory, Programmed Environment, Aerosol Facility
Authors: Goldberg L. J.
Published: December 2020

Mathematical considerations of the behavior of aerosolized particles in a rotating drum are presented, and the rotating drum as an aerosol-holding device is compared with a stirred settling chamber. The basic overall design elements of a facility employing eight rotating drums are presented. This facility provides an environment in which temperature can be maintained within 0.5 F (0.25 C) of any set point over a range of 50 to 120 F (10 to 49 C); concomitantly the relative humidity within any selected drum may be controlled in a nominal range of 0 to 90%. Some of the major technical aspects of operating this facility are also presented, including handling of air support systems, aerosol production, animal exposure, aerosol monitoring, and sampling.
Kinetic Constants for Aerobic Growth of Microbial Populations Selected with Various Single Compounds and with Municipal Wastes as Substrates
Authors: Peil K. M. , Gaudy A. F.
Published: December 2020

The general applicability of the Monod relationship between the logarithmic growth rate constant and substrate concentration was studied for heterogeneous populations metabolizing a variety of substrates including concentrated municipal sewage. It was found that growth could be described by the Monod equation, μ = μ

m
/k
s

+
s
. The kinetic “constants” for heterogeneous populations growing on concentrated sewage were comparable to those found with glucose as substrate.
Use of a Fiber Optic Probe for Spectral Measurements and the Continuous Recording of the Turbidity of Growing Microbial Cultures
Authors: Robrish S. A. , LeRoy A. F. , Chassy B. M. , Wilson J. J. , Krichevsky M. I.
Published: December 2020

This paper describes the properties and use of a fiber optic probe as an attachment to a spectrophotometer and its use for measurements in solutions and turbid suspensions. Measurements of a standard were identical when a spectrophotometer equipped with the probe was used or when a spectrophotometer was used in a conventional manner. The probe was calibrated for turbidimetric measurements with microorganisms by relating the apparent absorbancy measured on the spectrophotometer to the dry weight of each species of organism. Continuous measurements were made of the turbidity of growing cultures of
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans
, and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Transient changes in cell mass were observed in some cultures during continuous monitoring of growth. The data were recovered in a manner which allowed direct computer processing.
Renal Lysozyme Levels in Animals Developing
Proteus mirabilis
-Induced Pyelonephritis
Authors: Eudy W. W. , Burrous S. E.
Published: December 2020

In animals developing experimentally induced unilateral pyelonephritis, both the infected kidney (IK) and the contralateral noninfected kidney (NIK) showed an immediate increase in renal lysozyme activity of about 5 days' duration after the unilateral injection of viable
Proteus mirabilis
into the renal cortex. Lysozyme activities of the NIK were consistently higher than those of the IK. This initial increase was followed by a second increase which lasted throughout the period of observation (17 days), and enzyme activities of the NIK were consistently higher than those of the IK. In saline punctured kidneys of control animals, both the saline punctured kidney (SP) and the non-saline punctured kidney (NSP) showed only the immediate increase in renal lysozyme activity, which persisted until the SP was completely healed. These enzyme activities were less than those observed in the infected animals, but the response of the NSP was greater than that of the SP. Trauma not directed to the kidney does not produce a similar response of renal lysozyme. The elevated renal lysozyme of the NIK could not be shown to protect it from bacterial infection.
Bacteriology of Manganese Nodules
Authors: Ehrlich H. L.
Published: December 2020

It was experimentally demonstrated that two strains of
Arthrobacter
37, one growing at 25 C and the other at 5 C, could catalyze Mn
II
oxidation at hydrostatic pressures well in excess of the pressure encountered by the parent culture in its original habitat in the ocean (80 atm). The strain grown at 5 C showed an increase in temperature optimum for manganese oxidation with increase in pressure. It was like-wise experimentally shown that induced
Bacillus
29 without added ferricyanide and uninduced
Bacillus
29 with added ferricyanide could catalyze MnO
2
reduction at hydrostatic pressures in excess of the pressure encountered by this organism in its original habitat (187 atm). The uninduced
Bacillus
29, in the presence of ferricyanide, was active over a wider range of pressures (1 to 1,000 atm) than the induced
Bacillus
29 in the absence of ferricyanide (1 to 467 atm). At corresponding pressures, the uninduced culture was also considerably more active than the induced culture. Special techniques were developed for measuring Mn
II
-oxidizing and MnO
2
-reducing activity under pressure.
Pathological Response of the Chicken Embryo to an Agent Which Causes Acute Leukosis (Marek's Disease)
Authors: Evans D. L. , Patterson L. T. , Beasley J. N.
Published: December 2020

A laboratory test system specific for Marek's disease was developed by using the pathological response of the chicken embryo. Chicken epidermal scales (dander) and feather calami from infected chickens contain an agent(s) which after a 3- to 4-day incubation period caused gross or microscopic pathological changes (or both) in the embryo. A cell-free inoculum was obtained from infectious dander by 5-min sonic treatment, differential centrifugation, and membrane filtering (0.45 μm). Evidence for the cell-free existence of this agent(s) was obtained when membrane filtrates of dander preparations were shown to cause Marek's disease in 10-day-old chickens and in chickens inoculated at 1 day of age.