bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Must God Go Fascist?’: English Catholic Opinion and the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Flint James
Published: April 2006

Those individuals who seek to apply moral principles to their consideration of the affairs of nations of which they lack direct knowledge may expect to encounter certain difficulties. They may have no means of obtaining indisputable answers to questions even of a factual nature, and they may find it impossible adequately to weigh the contradictory claims of various factions. Moreover, if a religious or other close bond exists with one of the parties to a conflict, it might be tempting to subscribe to the justice of that group's struggle.
Agency, Denominations and the Western Colleges, 1830–1860: Some Connections between Evangelicalism and American Higher Education
Authors: Findlay James
Published: April 2006

This essay focuses attention on certain aspects of the religious forces which powerfully shaped the small colleges which dominated American higher education prior to the Civil War. Religion, and more specifically evangelical Protestantism, has long been recognized as an important factor influencing the early history of these colleges. But the precise connections between evangelicalism and higher education during those years have not been studied very systematically recently, especially in the light of a new historiography concerning the ante-bellum college which has been developing during the past decade. This article begins with a brief sketch of the new historiography and tries to suggest some of the interpretive strengths and weaknesses of the recent writings. Then follows a description of the “agency” systems developed by certain Midwestern schools to aid in fund raising—a specific point of linkage between the general religious community and the colleges this community helped to found. This latter section seeks to redress in a limited way the interpretive imperfections of the recent historiography and to suggest something of the nature of the special relationships which existed between the small colleges of the Midwest and the evangelical Protestant churches during the middle decades of the nineteenth century.
The Waldensian Recourse to Violence
Authors: Treesh Susanna K.
Published: April 2006

From their origins in the twelfth century to their support for and involvement in the Reformation in the sixteenth, the Waldensian heretics professed nonviolence as one of their beliefs. Later Protestant and Catholic polemicists equated the profession of nonviolence with a policy and bestowed upon the sect a reputation as one of the precursors of religious pacifism. More recent scholars have noted that the heretics at least occasionally employed violence. I will argue that lay Waldensian believers, called credentes, reacted violently to persecution and learned to employ aggression in pursuit of political goals. In the later Middle Ages, at least, Waldensians resorted to violence on enough occasions and in enough different locations to justify dropping the idea that they were a nonviolent group. Their use of violence did become more sophisticated—that is, more closely connected to political goals—during the fifteenth century as access to representatives of the state increased.
Revolution and the Swiss Brethren: The Case of Michael Sattler
Authors: Snyder C. Arnold
Published: April 2006

One of the most significant events in recent Anabaptist studies has been the entry of secular historians into a field traditionally populated by confessional apologists.The result has been a striking change in historical perspective, particularly concerning the origin and nature of the early Swiss Anabaptist movement. Whereas Harold Bender saw Anabaptism as an emphatically religious movement which emerged directly from Zwingli's reformation and continued on the original path even after Zwingli had abandoned his original vision, the new view suggests that Swiss Anabaptism grew out of the social, economic, and religious ferment of Zürich and the outlying rural districts.But the revision does not stop there.
Scholasticism Protestant and Catholic: Francis Turretin on the Object and Principles of Theology
Authors: Muller Richard A.
Published: April 2006

During the past two decades scholars have become more appreciatively aware of the medieval scholastic roots of Protestantism and have begun to gain some appreciation, albeit halting, of the scholastic form of Protestantism which dominated the Protestant universities in the seventeenth century. This awareness implies, in the first place, a development beyond the thesis advanced by Lortz and Bouyer that Protestantism was the effect of the decadent nominalist theology of the later Middle Ages. Scholars like Oberman, Hägglund, and Steinmetz have acknowledged much of the continuity but have emphasized the positive character of late medieval thought.
Testimony to Theo: Vincent van Gogh's Witness of Faith
Authors: Erickson Kathleen Powers , Murphy David G.
Published: April 2006

Between May 1875 and December 1879, Vincent van Gogh's life was marked by a devout evangelical piety, distinctly different from what had gone before. Although raised in a religious family, his father a Dutch Reformed minister in the Groningen tradition, van Gogh barely mentions religion in his early letters. His religious fervor deepened considerably, however, sometime during 1875, while he was living in Paris. Van Gogh's letters dating from May 1875 are increasingly filled with biblical quotations and religious reflections. His sister-in-law, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, in describing van Gogh's character during this period wrote, “that was Vincent's aim—to humble himself, to forget himself, ‘mourir à soi-meme,’ (to sacrifice every personal desire), that was the ideal he tried to reach as long as he sought his refuge in religion, and he never did a thing by halves.”
The Correction Court in the Diocese of Carlisle, 1704–1756
Authors: Kinnear Mary
Published: April 2006

Many twentieth-century historians of early modern England have assumed that ecclesiastical jurisdication was a lost cause after the Restoration, and thus, in contrast to earlier periods, there has been little research on eighteenth-century ecclesiastical courts. However, an examination of the Correction Court records for the Diocese of Carlisle between 1704 and 1758 and a summary survey of other dioceses suggest that such archives may prove useful for historians. This article uses the Carlisle Correction Court archive to study the charges which were brought to the court in the first half of the eighteenth century and, after a brief description of the social and economic setting, looks at the characteristics of the people brought to book.
Predestination and Divine Foreknowledge in the Sermons of Pope Leo the Great
Authors: Barclift Philip L.
Published: April 2006

During the fifth century of our common era the Latin church fathers struggled to explain how we humans are saved and why it seems that not all humans are saved. Most of these attempts pivoted on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The fathers either borrowed from Augustine's thought, adapted it, or reacted to it. Beginning with the generation of theologians who thrived at the end of Augustine's life and just following his death, there arose a tendency in the western church to moderate his more extreme positions concerning grace and predestination by realigning them with accepted church tradition. This tradition includes those Christian doctrines which were held and promoted most widely by theologians—up to, but not including, Augustine himself—whom the early church accepted as orthodox.
Exegesis and Double Justice in Calvin's Sermons on Job
Authors: Schreiner Susan E.
Published: April 2006

Medieval exegetes contributed distinguished commentaries on the Book of Job that had far-reaching influence. When, in 1554, Calvin ascended the pulpit in Geneva to deliver a series of sermons on Job, his listeners heard not only the Genevan Reformer but echoes of that medieval tradition. In Job's story Calvin saw a God whose providence held sovereign sway over nature, history, and Satan. Having undertaken these sermons, however, Calvin soon confronted Job's question: Why do the righteous suffer? Calvin did not answer Job alone. He turned to both medieval Joban commentaries and Scotist-nominalist categories to resolve this book's central issue of divine justice. But we will see that despite all these resources the exegetical difficulties posed by the text itself forced Calvin to realize that his central hermeneutical device brought with it implications with which he was ultimately uncomfortable. That device was double justice.
Constantine and Consensus
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: April 2006

The church historian Socrates Scholasticus tells a story about an encounter during the Council of Nicaea between the emperor Constantine and the schismatic bishop Acesius. On learning that Acesius's dispute had nothing to do with the Creed or the date of Easter—the two major issues under debate at that Council—Constantine asked, “For what reason then do you separate yourself from communion with the rest of the Church?” Acesius replied that his sect objected to the relative leniency with which other Christians had treated those who had cracked under the empire-wide persecutions of the third century. He then “referred to the rigidness of that austere canon which declares, that it is not right that persons who after baptism have committed a sin, which the sacred Scriptures denominate ‘a sin unto death’ be considered worthy of participation in the sacraments.” Whereupon, Socrates continues, the emperor said to him, “Place a ladder, Acesius, and climb alone into heaven.”
Basil of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and “Sabellius”
Authors: Lienhard Joseph T.
Published: April 2006

In textbooks on the history of early Christianity Marcellus of Ancyra usually merits one footnote, as the fourth-century oddity refuted by the Creed of Constantinople in the clause “and his kingdom will have no end,” since Marcellus taught that Christ's kingdom would end. But his significance is greater than that. Marcellus enjoyed notoriety in the 330s. Four decades later, in the 370s, opposition to Marcellus had all but ceased. But Basil of Caesarea, the first of the three Cappadocian fathers, campaigned relentlessly against Marcellus and his followers. Basil's virulent opposition to Marcellus still needs interpretation.
God's Gift of Martyrdom: The Early Reformation Understanding of Dying for the Faith
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: April 2006

“It is a special joy for me to hear that our good and pious table companion and house guest [Robert Barnes] has been so graciously called by God to pour out his blood for the sake of God's dear Son and to become a holy martyr.” Martin Luther's reflection on the death of this friend, the English churchman and diplomat, in 1540typified his attitude toward martyrdom as his followers experienced it at the hands of Roman Catholic opponents. He continued, “Thanks, praise, and honor be to the Father of our dear Lord Jesus Christ, who has let us see the same kind of times which were seen at the beginning [of the church], times in which his Christians, who had eaten and drunk with us (as the apostles said of Christ, Acts 4 ) … are taken away before our very eyes and from our eyes and our side to martyrdom (that is, to heaven) and become saints.”
Gender and the Authority of Friars: The Significance of Holy Women for Thirteenth-Century Franciscans and Dominicans
Authors: Coakley John
Published: April 2006

As some recent historians have argued, the phenomenon of “gender,” that is, the way in which a society or group perceives and articulates difference between the sexes, can provide that society or group with fundamental terms in which to understand itself and explain or justify its actions. Consequently, historical evidence of the way groups or societies have perceived and articulated sexual difference—have constructed gender—may therefore take us beyond matters of sexuality per se to wider revelations about the perceivers' sense of themselves1.
Gertrude the Great and the Virgin Mary
Authors: Elkins Sharon
Published: April 2006

Scholars agree that European Christians in the thirteenth century were enthusiastically devoted to the Virgin Mary. Even when they debated Mary's immaculate conception or her assumption body and soul into heaven, medieval Christians are not thought to have wavered in their desire to rely on her intercessory powers. While today some argue that Mary's virginal maternity set an impossible ideal for women and that her place below the Trinity sanctioned women's subordinate role within Christianity, medieval women supposedly did not assess Mary negatively. Given these widely held assumptions about thirteenth-century attitudes toward Mary, any uncertainty about honoring Mary warrants investigation. Any thirteenth-century Christian who rarely sought Mary's direct intercession but instead asked Christ to intercede with Mary deserves study. Attention especially ought to be given when questions about devotion to Mary are found in an unexpected place: the writings of a female saint renowned for her orthodoxy.
Rerooting the Faith: The Reformation as Re-Christianization
Authors: Hendrix Scott
Published: April 2006

Over the last twenty-five years it has become common to speak of reformation in the plural instead of the singular. Historians isolate and write about the communal reformation, the urban reformation, the people's or the princes' reformations, and the national reformations of Europe. Some scholars doubt whether these different movements had enough in common to warrant speaking of the Reformation of the sixteenth century. A recent textbook, entitledThe European Reformations, justifies its title with the following statement: “In more recent scholarship this ‘conventional sense’ of the Reformation [the traditional unified view] has given way to recognition that there was a plurality of Reformations which interacted with each other: Lutheran, Catholic, Reformed, and dissident movements.”1
G. Sherwood Eddy and the Attitudes of Protestants in the United States toward Global Mission
Authors: Nutt Rick
Published: April 2006

G.Sherwood Eddy (1871–1963), a leading figure in American Protestantism through the first half of the twentieth century, is currently most often relegated to footnote references or mentioned only in relation to two of his most famous colleagues, Kirby Page and Reinhold Niebuhr. He was, however, one of the most renowned international evangelists of the time who worked closely with John R. Mott and Robert Speer in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and the Student Volunteer Movement (SVM). While a student at Yale, Eddy experienced a dramatic deepening of faith in 1889 at the famous Northfield Student Conference and then, while a student at New York's Union Theological Seminary and later at Princeton Theological Seminary, joined the SVM. Despite his seminary study, Eddy chose to remain a layman all his life. As a YMCA traveling evangelist in India from 1896 to 1911 and in Asia from 1911 to 1931, Eddy embodied many of the attitudes and methods of Protestant global mission for the approximately fifty years of its greatest activity. Primarily engaged in student evangelization, Eddy manifested a deep ambivalence toward the method of mission work. An examination of Eddy's life reveals that in Eddy one finds both the cultural imperialism with which nineteenth-century missionaries are often charged and a sensitivity to other peoples and a commitment to indigenous churches and leadership.While Eddy's ministry spanned over five decades, this essay concentrates on Eddy's labor prior to World War I, for in those years Eddy was most in conflict withhimself.
On Basil, Moses, and the Model Bishop: The Cappadocian Legacy of Leadership
Authors: Sterk Andrea
Published: April 2006

Toward the end of the third century Bishop Narcissus of Jerusalem retired to the desert to escape the burdens and intrigues of the episcopate and devote himself to the “philosophic life.” By the sixth century we find much more often the reverse phenomenon—monks, with alleged unwillingness, abandoning the peace and solitude of the desert to engage in active episcopal careers. The intervening period saw the phenomenal spread of the monastic movement and its gradual assimilation by the hierarchy of the church. Monasteries contained rising numbers of ordainedpriests and deacons, and bishops were increasingly chosen from the ranks of monks. This process accelerated in the Christian East to such an extent that from the sixth century on monasteries are said to have served as virtual “seminaries for bishops.”
Calvin: A Prophet without a Prophecy
Authors: Engammare Max
Published: April 2006

Only a few months after Calvin's death, August 1564 to be precise, Theodore Beza composed a preface for the posthumous French edition of Calvin's commentary on the book of Joshua: it took the form of a brief biography of the reformer. Describing the death of Calvin, Beza recalled the sadness that invaded Geneva on the announcement of the death of the prophet of God: “The following night, and the day after as well, there was much weeping in the city. For the body of the city mourned the prophet of the Lord, the poor flock of the Church wept the departure of its faithful shepherd, the school lamented the loss of its true doctor and master, and all in general wept for their true father and consoler, after God.”
Visions of Glory: The Place of the Azusa Street Revival in Pentecostal History
Authors: Creech Joe
Published: April 2006

As news of the great Welsh Revival of 1904 reached Southern California, Frank Bartleman, an itinerant evangelist and pastor living in Los Angeles, became convinced that God was preparing to revitalize his beloved holiness movement with a powerful, even apocalyptic, spiritual awakening. Certain that events in Wales would be duplicated in California, Bartleman reported in 1905 that “the Spirit is brooding over our land.… Los Angeles, Southern California, and the whole continent shall surely find itself ere long in the throes of a mighty revival.” In 1906 he speculated that theSan Francisco earthquake “was surely the voice of God to the people on the Pacific Coast.” Bartleman indeed witnessed such a revival, for in early April 1906, this “Latter Rain” outpouring had begun to fall on a small gathering of saints led by William J. Seymour, a black holiness preacher. At a vacant AME mission at 312 Azusa Street, countless pentecostals received the baptism of the Holy Spirit evidenced by speaking in other tongues—a “second Pentecost” replicating the first recorded in Acts 2. Bartleman, who also experienced this, would soon become integral to the revival's growth by reporting the events at Los Angeles within a vast network of holiness and higher life periodicals. As during other religious awakenings, such reports not only generated the perception of widespread divine activity but also provided an interpretive scheme for understanding the meaning of such activity. For Bartleman, Azusa was the starting point of a worldwide awakening that would initiate Christ's return. He reported: “Los Angeles seems to be the place, and this the time, in the mind of God, for the restoration of the church to her former place.”
The Mother of God's People: The Adoration of the Holy Spirit in the Eighteenth-Century Brüdergemeine
Authors: Atwood Craig
Published: April 2006

“Lord God, now we praise you, you worthy Holy Spirit! The church in unity honors you, the mother of Christendom. All the angels and the host of heaven and whoever serves the honor of the Son; also the cherubim and seraphim, sing with a clear voice: ‘Divine majesty, who proceeds from the Father, who praises the Son as the creator and points to his suffering.’ … Daily O Mother! whoever knows you and the Savior glorifies you because you bring the gospel to all the world.” These lines are from theTe Matrem, a prayer to the Holy Spirit that for nearly thirty years was a regular part of worship for a German Protestant group known as theBrüdergemeine. TheBrüdergemeine, commonly called the Moravian Church today, was an international religious community that developed an elaborate and creative liturgical life for its carefully regulated communities. The Brethren's intense devotion to the suffering of Christ is the most famous aspect of their worship, but in the mid-eighteenth century their leader, Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, actively encouraged theBrüdergemeineto worship the Holy Spirit as the mother of the church. Surprisingly, though, this aspect of Zinzendorf's theology has been largely overlooked or downplayed by historians and theologians in the past two hundred years. When it has been discussed, it has been dismissed as a brief aberration or experiment that was discarded after the so-called Sifting Time (Sichtungzeit.) The Sifting Time was a period of liturgical and social excess in the community, the details of which remain quite obscure. The Brethren used the wordSichtungzeitto refer to a time when the community was in danger of becoming a fanatical sect. Dates for the Sifting Time range from a high of 1736–52 to a low of 1746–49, but the most common dating is 1743–50. This article will show that the use of maternal imagery for the Holy Spirit was not a tangential or quixotic aspect of Zinzendorf's theology, but thrived for more than thirty years and was, in Zinzendorf's words, “an extremely important and essential point … and all ourGemeineand praxis hangs on this point.”
The Persistence of “Superstition and Idolatry” among Rural French Calvinists
Authors: Mentzer Raymond A.
Published: April 2006

Within their considerable rhetorical arsenal, perhaps the favorite accusations that sixteenth-century Calvinist Reformers lodged against the medieval church and the pious conduct of its followers were those of “superstition and idolatry.” Prominent leaders such as John Calvin and Theodore Beza, erudite theologians and celebrated preachers, local pastors and village elders alike stood ever ready to apply the designations to a variety of religious convictions and habits that they considered the incorrect belief and inappropriate behavior of the uninformed and vulgar. This Calvinist campaign against the superstitious and idolatrous went well beyond an attack on such unscriptural matters as belief in purgatory, veneration of images and relics, or invocation of the saints. It also manifested a deeply felt animosity toward papal Christianity—a hostility often expressed in dramatic and powerful language. One particularly intense example comes from the southern French town of Marsillargues during the early seventeenth century. When two men, who had converted to Calvinism, reverted to their earlier Catholicism several months later, the local Reformed church condemned them for having returned to their “vomit” and “slime.”
Dean Lings's Church: The Success of Ethnic Catholicism in Yonkers in the 1890s
Authors: Shelley Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

From the period after the Revolutionary War, when Philadelphia and New York merchants first replaced Maryland planters as the lay elite, American Catholicism has been predominantly urban. This became especially noticeable in the late nineteenth century when large numbers of European immigrants swelled the Catholic ranks in many cities of the Northeast and Midwest. The astonishing ethnic variety of the newcomers made the American Catholic Church more “catholic” than ever before, which was a boon to Catholic apologists, but a nightmare for the American bishops. To their credit, they responded to this pastoral challenge imaginatively and effectively by creating an extensive network of “national parishes” for virtually every sizable ethnic group.
The Lady Vanishes: Dilemmas of a Feminist Historian after the “Linguistic Turn”
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

History, Hayden White remarks, has no distinctively historical method, but borrows its models and methods from a variety of other disciplines. These disciplines, however, have varied over time. Latenineteenth-century German historiography looked to the rigorous procedures of the natural sciences to reconstruct the past “as it actually happened“; mid-twentieth-century historians turned to the social sciences, especially to anthropology and sociology, fortheirmodels and methods. More recently, historians' appropriation of (and experimentation with) concepts derived from literary and critical theory has occasioned much heated discussion within the field.
“One Way”: Billy Graham, the Jesus Generation, and the Idea of an Evangelical Youth Culture
Authors: Eskridge Larry
Published: April 2006

On New Year's Day 1971 Pasadena, California, basked in its standard smog-tinged sunshine as well over a million people lined the route for the annual Tournament of Roses Parade. That year's grand marshal was America's “Protestant Pope,” evangelist Billy Graham. Consistently voted among America's most admired men and a highly visible spiritual counselor and friend of Richard Nixon, Graham may well have been at the zenith of his national influence. But, as he entered into the gala festivities surrounding the Tournament of Roses, Graham claimed that he was of two minds. Despite the “fanfare, the flag-waving,” Graham wrote later that year, “I have seldom had such mixed emotions as I had that day in Pasadena.” For he claimed he knew “that decadence had settled in. As I savored the grandeur of this great nation I also sensed its sickness.” As the elements of the parade headed down the boulevard, Graham and his wife Ruth waved to the smiling crowds while he, as he said, “watch[ed] the horizon for a cloud of impending revival to restore [America's] spiritual greatness.”
Traditional Orthodoxies and New Approaches: An Editor's Perspective on the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
Authors: Wiesner-Hanks Merry
Published: April 2006

Before I begin to offer my analysis of what the Encyclopedia of the Reformation tells us about Reformation studies, I should first explain my role in its production. I have been one of six senior editors, responsible for what was loosely termed “social history and popular religion.” Four of the other editors have been in charge of specific geographic areas, and David Steinmetz has been in charge of theology, so I have generally thought of my role as the editor for “other.” That meant “my” articles began with “alchemy” and ended with “women,” including in between entries on such topics as capitalism, death, divorce, drama, Jews, miracles, music, polygamy, printing, science, sexuality, and time. I was in charge of fewer entries than most of my coeditors–102 out of 1200–but more words, as I ended up with nearly all the longest articles. That alone, I think, indicates the clear acceptance of one “new approach,” an approach picked up by the marketing department at Oxford, whose banner head describes the Encyclopedia as “the definitive reference on society in early modern Europe.” It was also noted at a very early editors' meeting, where one of the consulting editors commented—not exactly with dismay, but not exactly with triumph either—“do you realize we've given witchcraft more words than Luther?”
Thermal degradation of water soluble polymers and their binary blends
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. P. , Madras Giridhar
Published: April 2006

The effect of five different metal oxides on the pyrolysis of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyacrylamide (PAM), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was investigated using thermogravimetry. The presence of metal oxide did not influence the degradation of PEO while the order of metal oxide on the degradation rate of PAM and PVA was PbO > Co3O4 > CuO > ZnO > Al2O3. The miscibility and the decomposition of PEO–PAM and PVA–PAM blends were also investigated. The blends were found to be immiscible and the presence of one polymer did not influence the degradation of the other polymer in the polymer blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 233–240, 2006
The effect of morphology and chemical characteristics of cellulose reinforcements on the crystallinity of polylactic acid
Authors: Mathew Aji P. , Oksman Kristiina , Sain Mohini
Published: April 2006

The aim of this work has been to study the crystallization behavior of composites based on polylactic acid (PLA) and three different types of cellulose reinforcements, viz., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), cellulose fibers (CFs), and wood flour (WF). The primary interest was to determine how the size, chemical composition, and the surface topography of cellulosic materials affect the crystallization of PLA. The studied composite materials were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder and injection‐molded to test samples. The content of cellulose reinforcements were 25% by weight. The MCC and WF were shown to have a better nucleating ability than CFs based on differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy studies. It is difficult to visualize that transcrystallization will occur during melting process and this process is influenced by the morphological and chemical characteristics of the reinforcement. Bulk crystallization seems to be mainly dependent on the processing temperature. The cold crystallization process was shown to improve the thermal stability and storage modulus of the composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 300–310, 2006
Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite films: Thermooptical properties, morphology, and gas permeability
Authors: Yeun Jung‐Ho , Bang Geum‐Suk , Park Byung Joon , Ham Shin Kyun , Chang Jin‐Hae
Published: April 2006

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/saponite nanocomposites were prepared with various clay concentrations with the solution intercalation method. The intercalations of the polymer chains in the clay were examined with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The variations of the dispersion, morphology, thermal properties, and gas permeability of the nanocomposites with clay concentrations in the range of 0–10 wt % were examined. Up to a 5 wt % clay loading, the clay particles were highly dispersed in the PVA matrix without any agglomeration of particles. However, some agglomerated structures formed in the polymer matrix above a 7 wt % clay concentration. The thermal stability of the hybrids increased linearly with increases in the clay loading up to 10 wt %. To measure the oxygen permeability and optical properties of the PVA hybrid films, the PVA hybrid solutions were coated onto both biaxially oriented polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, which were used as polymer substrates. The oxygen permeability values monotonically decreased with increases in the clay loading in the range of 0–10 wt %. The optical properties, such as the haze and gloss of the hybrid films when coated onto the matrix films, were nearly constant, that is, independent of the clay loading. These improvements arose because of the largely nanometer‐scale dispersion of the clay layers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 591–596, 2006
Microwave heating in wood liquefaction
Authors: Kržan Andrej , Kunaver Matjaž
Published: April 2006

Microwave radiation was used as the sole heating source to achieve liquefaction of Central European hardwoods, with glycols and organic acid anhydrides, using phosphoric acid as the acid catalyst. Pulsed microwaves of 300–700 W power were applied for 5–20 min. The efficiency of liquefaction increased with higher microwave power, longer radiation time, and higher phosphoric acid addition. With minor amounts of added acid it was possible to achieve complete liquefaction in 20 min. The method was tested for different hardwood types, with a series of glycols and anhydrides, and was found to be generally applicable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1051–1056, 2006
Synthesis of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites using aminododecanoic acid‐modified clay and a bifunctional compatibilizer
Authors: Hao Jiyuan , Lu Xuehong , Liu Songlin , Khim Lau Soo , Choo Chua Yang
Published: April 2006

A poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposite (PET/clay) was prepared via in situ polymerization, in which the clay was modified with 12‐aminododecanoic acid (ADA). A compatibilizer containing an amino and an ester group was introduced into the PET/ADA‐clay system, which can attach to ADA‐clay through ionic interaction and be incorporated into PET chains through transesterification. The compatibilizer‐modified ADA‐clay was first formed in a pretreatment process and then participated in polymerization. The compatibilizer, as an intermedium between organoclay and polymer, improved clay dispersion in PET matrix. The PET/clay nanocomposite prepared by this novel method possesses significantly higher storage modulus than does neat PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1057–1064, 2006
Application of nano‐zinc oxide master batch in polybutadiene styrene rubber system
Authors: Jincheng Wang , Yuehui Chen
Published: April 2006

The properties of nano‐zinc oxide master batch filled butadiene styrene rubber (SBR) systems were researched in comparison with those of common zinc oxide and nano‐zinc oxide filled systems. First, the nano‐zinc oxide master batch was prepared and the cure characteristics of three different kinds of zinc oxide filled SBR composites were studied; second, the mechanical properties and wear resistance were compared; then, the improved mechanical properties were confirmed by dynamic mechanical properties and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the zinc oxide amount reducing mechanism was analyzed. Results show that nano‐zinc oxide master batch filled SBR system has better mechanical properties than those of nano‐zinc oxide and common zinc oxide filled systems, which is due to the improved dispersion by master batch mixing technology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 922–930, 2006
Is the decline of freshwater mussel populations in a regulated coastal river in south‐eastern Australia linked with human modification of habitat?
Authors: Brainwood Meredith , Burgin Shelley , Byrne Maria
Published: April 2006

The Hawkesbury‐Nepean River provides potable water for 5 million people living in the Sydney basin, and water for agricultural and horticultural production that meets most of Sydney's daily needs for fresh food. Anecdotal evidence indicated that numbers of freshwater mussels have seriously declined in much of the river over recent decades.

A field survey revealed the presence of populations of three species of mussels, Hyridella depressa, Hyridella australis and Velesunio ambiguus in the river. Higher density mussel populations were most common in catchment areas with little human modification to the channel bed or adjacent vegetation communities.

Levels of disturbance of riparian vegetation and, to a lesser degree, land use, were identified as being strongly associated with the absence of mussels from some reaches.

Catchment geomorphology was also shown to be relevant to the abundance, population structure and suite of mussel species present in different geomorphic reaches of the river. Absence of mussels was noted from areas where they had been recorded in previous studies. These results demonstrate that mussel species are under threat in the catchment.

As filter feeders with the ability to remove excess nutrients and bioaccumulate toxic substances, freshwater mussels play an important role in natural remediation processes in freshwater systems.

The decline in mussel populations in the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River highlights concerns for the overall health of the river system, and supports the need to identify the subsidiary impacts of physical habitat modification in developing both riverine and riparian management strategies.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple‐version resources in digital libraries: Towards user‐centered displays
Authors: Ercegovac Zorana
Published: April 2006

The author reports findings from experiments with the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions' (IFLA)Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records(FRBR) as applied to the domain of science fiction, Edwin A. Abbott'sFlatland: A Romance of Many Dimensionsin the Online Computer Library Center's (OCLC) WorldCat. The goal of the study is to gauge the characteristics of bibliographic entities under study, to examine types of relationships these entities exhibit, and to collocate bibliographic entities according to theFRBRgroup 1 hierarchy of entities identified asworks,expressions,manifestations, anditems. The study's findings show that by assembling bibliographic records into interrelated clusters and displaying these according to theFRBRentity‐relationship model, a new navigational capability in networked digital libraries can be developed.
Fundamental forms of information
Authors: Bates Marcia J.
Published: April 2006

Fundamental forms of information, as well as the terminformationitself, are defined and developed for the purposes of information science/studies. Concepts of natural and represented information (taking an unconventional sense of representation), encoded and embodied information, as well as experienced, enacted, expressed, embedded, recorded, and trace information are elaborated. The utility of these terms for the discipline is illustrated with examples from the study of information‐seeking behavior and of information genres. Distinctions between the information and curatorial sciences with respect to their social (and informational) objects of study are briefly outlined.
Earlier Web usage statistics as predictors of later citation impact
Authors: Brody Tim , Harnad Stevan , Carr Leslie
Published: April 2006

The use of citation counts to assess the impact of research articles is well established. However, the citation impact of an article can only be measured several years after it has been published. As research articles are increasingly accessed through the Web, the number of times an article is downloaded can be instantly recorded and counted. One would expect the number of times an article is read to be related both to the number of times it is cited and to how old the article is. The authors analyze how short‐term Web usage impact predicts medium‐term citation impact. The physics e‐print archive—arXiv.org—is used to test this.
Single and Double pH‐Driven Cu2+ Translocation with Molecular Rearrangement in Alkyne‐Functionalized Polyamino Polyamido Ligands
Authors: Aurora Annalisa , Boiocchi Massimo , Dacarro Giacomo , Foti Francesco , Mangano Carlo , Pallavicini Piersandro , Patroni Stefano , Taglietti Angelo , Zanoni Robertino
Published: April 2006

A new series of ligands, containing one (L1H2–L4H2) or two (L5H4–L6H4) 1,4,8,11‐tetraaza‐5,7‐dione units and functionalized with a propargyl group on the C atom between the CO moieties, has been synthesized. Protonation constants for the ligands and formation constants of their Cu2+ complexes have been determined in water, and the coordination geometry of the complexes existing at various pH values has been investigated by coupled pH‐metric and spectrophotometric titrations. Ligands capable of simple uptake of Cu2+ with the formation of neutral, square‐planar complexes containing the −2‐charged diamino‐diimido donor sets and ligands containing further coordinating groups (quinoline or pyridine) capable of single and double cation translocation have been investigated. The role of the substituents on the amino groups and the structural role played by the propargyl group have been examined as regards Cu2+ complexation and translocation. In the double‐translocating ligand L6H4, when the two Cu2+ ions move inside the diamino‐diamido donor set, the slim propargyl group allows an unprecedented folding of the whole ligand with apical coordination of one pyridine to form a five‐coordinate, square‐pyramidal Cu2+ ion. The crystal and molecular structures of this unusual [L6Cu2] complex have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Finally, oxidation of Cu2+ to Cu3+ has been studied by cyclic voltammetry in water, which revealed that the redox reaction occurs only when the copper cation is within the diamino‐diimido compartment. Moreover, both functionalization of the primary amines with bulky substituents and apical coordination of Cu2+ make access to the 3+ oxidation state more difficult and disrupt the reversibility of the electrochemical process.
New Heterometallic (CuII and CrIII) Complexes – First Crystal Structure of an Oxalate‐Bridged Ferromagnetically Coupled [CuIICrIIICuII] System
Authors: Jurić Marijana , Planinić Pavica , Brničević Nevenka , Milić Dalibor , Matković‐Čalogović Dubravka , Pajić Damir , Zadro Krešo
Published: April 2006

Two new heterotemetallic complexes [{Cu(μ‐C2O4)(bpy)2}2Cr(C2O4)]NO3·H2O (1) and [Cu(bpy)3]2[Cr(C2O4)3]NO3·9H2O (2) (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized. The crystal structures were determined and magnetic and spectroscopic (IR, UV/Vis) characterization accomplished. In 1, the central [Cr(C2O4)3]3– unit acts as a bridge between two copper(II) ions, each of them having a distorted octahedral geometry. The apical positions are occupied by one oxygen atom belonging to the bridging oxalate anion [Cu–O2 = 2.6439(18) Å] and one nitrogen atom from one of the bpy ligands [Cu–N1 = 2.1079(18) Å]. The N3O equatorial environment consists of three bpy nitrogen atoms [Cu–N = 1.995 Å (mean value)] and the second oxygen atom from the bridging oxalate anion [Cu–O1 = 2.1168(15) Å]. The chromium(III) atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral environment of four oxygen atoms from two bridging oxalate groups [Cr–O = 1.988 Å (mean value)] and two oxygen atoms from the terminally bonded bidentate oxalate group [Cr–O = 1.9454(16) Å]. Complex 2 consists of two mononuclear [Cu(bpy)3]2+ cations, one mononuclear [Cr(C2O4)3]3– anion, one NO3– anion and nine molecules of water of crystallisation. The copper(II) ions in two crystallographically independent [Cu(bpy)3]2+ cations are in a tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination environment of six N atoms from the bpy ligands. The chromium(III) ion in [Cr(C2O4)3]3– has a slightly distorted octahedral environment of oxygen atoms from three oxalate groups [with the Cr–O bond lengths ranging from 1.964(3) to 1.982(3) Å]. Analysis of the magnetic properties (1.8–290 K) of 1 showed a ferromagnetic exchange interactionbetween CuII and CrIII with J = +1.20 cm–1 [using HINT =–J(SCu1SCr + SCu2SCr)].(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Generation of spatially nonuniform ground motion for nonlinear analysis of a concrete arch dam
Authors: Alves S. W. , Hall J. F.
Published: April 2006

An accelerometer array at Pacoima Dam with three locations along the base and abutments recorded ground motion from a magnitude 4.3 earthquake on 13 January 2001. These records present an opportunity to study spatial nonuniformity for the motion in a canyon. Topographic amplification is characterized by ratios of response spectral displacement between locations, and seismic wave travel times are studied using cross‐correlation functions to obtain delays. Results of the analysis of the 2001 earthquake records are used to generate ground motion for the 1994 Northridge earthquake to replace records that were not able to be fully digitized. The ground motion generated for the Northridge earthquake is used as input to a finite element model of Pacoima Dam. The response of the model is consistent with observations of Pacoima Dam after the Northridge earthquake. Comparison of the response due to nonuniform input with the response due to uniform input demonstrates the importance of accounting for spatial nonuniformity because of the significance that the pseudostatic component has for the response to nonuniform input. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing the spatial configuration of complex actions involves right posterior parietal cortex: An fMRI study with clinical implications
Authors: Weiss Peter H. , Rahbari Nuh N. , Lux Silke , Pietrzyk Uwe , Noth Johannes , Fink Gereon R.
Published: April 2006

The left hemispheric dominance for complex motor behavior is undisputed. Clinical observations of complex motor deficits in patients with right hemispheric lesions, however, suggest an additional contribution of the right hemisphere to higher motor control. We assessed, using functional MRI (fMRI), which brain regions are implicated in processing the spatial aspects of complex, object‐related actions. Using a blocked, factorial design, 17 healthy volunteers were asked to detect either spatial or sequential errors (factor ERROR) in complex activities of daily living, presented as video sequences with the appropriate object(s) or as pantomimes (factor STIMULUS). Observing complex actions (irrespective of stimulus type) activated a bilateral frontoparietal network. Observing actions with objects (relative to pantomimes) differentially increased neural activity in the fusiform gyrus and inferior occipital cortex bilaterally. Observing pantomimes, i.e., the same actions but without any object, differentially activated right prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus, and left cerebellum. The left cingulate cortex was differentially activated when subjects assessed the sequencing of actions. By contrast, assessing the spatial configuration of complex actions differentially increased neural activity in right posterior parietal cortex. A significant interaction of ERROR and STIMULUS was revealed for the right inferior parietal cortex only. These findings suggest a specific role of the right hemisphere, especially of right posterior parietal cortex, in processing spatial aspects of complex actions and thus provide a physiological basis for the observed apraxic motor deficits in patients with right hemispheric damage. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late acquisition of literacy in a native language
Authors: Abutalebi Jubin , Keim Roland , Brambati Simona M. , Tettamanti Marco , Cappa Stefano F. , De Bleser Ria , Perani Daniela
Published: April 2006

With event‐related functional MRI (fMRI) and with behavioral measures we studied the brain processes underlying the acquisition of native language literacy. Adult dialect speakers were scanned while reading words belonging to three different conditions: dialect words, i.e., the native language in which subjects are illiterate (dialect), German words, i.e., the second language in which subjects are literate, and pseudowords. Investigating literacy acquisition of a dialect may reveal how novel readers of a language build an orthographic lexicon, i.e., establish a link between already available semantic and phonological representations and new orthographic word forms. The main results of the study indicate that a set of regions, including the left anterior hippocampal formation and subcortical nuclei, is involved in the buildup of orthographic representations. The repeated exposure to written dialect words resulted in a convergence of the neural substrate to that of the language in which these subjects were already proficient readers. The latter result is compatible with a “fast” brain plasticity process that may be related to a shift of reading strategies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Composite Polymer Film with both Superhydrophobicity and Superoleophilicity
Authors: Zhang Jilin , Huang Weihuan , Han Yanchun
Published: April 2006

Summary: A composite film composed of porous polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS) microspheres with both superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity has been prepared. In this film, the dual‐scale structure enhances both the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of the surface material. The composite film with such an ‘intelligent’ wettability property can be utilized to separate oil and water systems efficiently.

The composite film can be used to separate diesel oil and water.

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The composite film can be used to separate diesel oil and water.