bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Könyvszemle
Authors: Bencze Ágnes , Mészáros Tamás , Borzsák István , Takács László , Kovács Péter
Published: October 2005

Szilágyi János György: Pelasg ősök nyomában. Budapest 2002.; Horváth László: Az athéni Hypereidés (fordítás és tanulmányok). Budapest 2001.; K. W. Kierdorf: Römische Geschichtsschreibung der republikanischen Zeit. Heidelberg 2003.; Michael von Albrecht: A római irodalom története, I-II. kötet. Ford. Tar Ibolya. Budapest 2003-2004.; Egy magyar idegenvezető Bábel tornyában, Lénárd Sándor írásai a nyelvekről. Szerk. Siklós Péter és Terts István. Budapest, Typotex Kiadó 2003.; Richard F. Thomas: Virgil and the Augustan Reception. Cambridge 2001.; Bölcske. Römische Inschriften und Funde. Hrsg. Á. Szabó-E. Tóth. Libelli Archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Ungarisches Nationalmuseum. Budapest 2003.;
Gradus ad Parnassum recognoscendum
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

Az orientalista W. Fauth idézett írásainak és az Encyclopaedia Iranica idevágó címszavainak (Bâg, Farrah, Garden) ismeretében a keleti paradicsom-elképzelések európai elterjedésének egynehány mozzanatát próbáltuk nyomon követni a homérosi Alkinoos kertjétől és Posilipótól (Pausilypum < Παψσιλψπ ων) Sanssouciig és Mozartig (Il re pastore).
Nagy Sándor Transoxaniában
Authors: Harmatta János
Published: October 2005

Arrianos történeti művében (Anab. III. 25.3 skk., IV. 16 skk.) leírja Nagy Sándor trans-oxaniai hadjáratát, ahol a makedón sereg először került szembe iráni lovasnomád népekkel. Az ekkor szerzett tapasztalatok több mint egy évezredre meghatározták az antik civilizáció magatartását és védekezését azokkal szemben. A tanulmány az Arrianos-tudósításban szereplő személy-, nép- és helyneveket értelmezi, meghatározza azok ethnikai hovatartozását és a történeti színteret. A szakirodalomban közölt térképek eddig puszta találgatáson alapultak.
A rétorika szerepe az antik történetírásban
Authors: Borzsák István
Published: October 2005

„Mozdulatlan (érinthetetlen) béke?” Ambivalens szókapcsolat, ha a béke-eszmény császárkori megítélésére gondolunk. Vajon az Aeneis minden olvasója számára teljességgel magától értetődött-e, hogy Aeneas késői unokái ne habozzanak virtusuk „tettekben megnyilvánuló kiteljesítésével”? (Aen. VI 808.) Az a bizonyos cupido proferendi imperii - minden áron! - aligha tekinthető „meggyőző politikai vezérelvnek” (E. Koestermann). És ha nincs is mód a virtus gyakorlására, és bele kell törődni a béke „érinthetetlenségébe”? A pax Romana-t nemcsak Seneca „diszkreditálta”; mások sem ítélték vitathatatlannak. A tárgyalt szöveghelyek Tacitus gondolatvilágának megközelítésében is segítenek.
PITFALLS OF TAXATION POLICY IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES
Authors: Vranceanu R. P. , Daianu D.
Published: October 2005

This paper develops two stylised models of the transition economy that challenge, to some extent, the conventional approach to policy reforms. In the first model, the absence of market-oriented institutions is responsible for the occurrence of a non-cooperative equilibrium, where the amount of public services provided by the state is too low, which, in turn, adversely affects the global performance of the economy. In the second model, a benevolent government will choose a taxation level that pushes too many firms out of the market; hence global supply falls below its optimal level. In both models, disruptions specific to transitional systems lead to abnormal responses to standard fiscal policy.
MEASURING THE GENEROSITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FROM HUNGARY AND ELSEWHERE IN CENTRAL EUROPE
Authors: Lasaosa A. , Micklewright J. , Bardasi E. , Nagy Gy.
Published: October 2005

The paper considers two aspects of the targeting of unemployment benefit systems: (a) the probability that benefit is received in the population of those unemployed on standard international criteria of search and availability, and (b) the probability in the population of benefit recipients that search is conducted. The focus is on Hungary but stylised facts for a range of Central European countries and two EU comparators are derived in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper finds that most of the large decline in coverage of the Hungarian unemployed by insurance benefit (received by only a quarter of the searching stock in 1997) cannot be explained by changes in the composition of unemployment observable in labour force survey data (including unemployment duration). The probability of active search (search other than through a state employment office) is found to be very similar for those receiving insurance and assistance benefit.
OUTWARD-PROCESSING TRADE BETWEEN FRANCE AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Andreff M. , Andreff W.
Published: October 2005

France outward-processing trade (OPT) with the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) and Maghreb developed with a high momentum from 1993 to 1997, higher in the former than in the latter area. A crowding out effect of France OPT with Maghreb by France OPT with the CEECs is evident. A substitution relationship between French foreign direct investment (FDI) and OPT is statistically tested, and detrimental to OPT in the case of the CEECs. In Maghreb, French FDI is crowded out by the development of France OPT. The substitution of French FDI to OPT in the CEECs is explained by a number of factors like the abolition of tax privileges for OPT in the EU-CEEC relations, a market-seeking FDI, a non significant impact of labour costs on both FDI and OPT, a determinant role of institutional reforms and lower country-risk in attracting FDI instead of OPT.
Regional Policy in Europe
Authors: Horváth Gy.
Published: October 2005

Among European Union policies, regional policy has always been considered a key domain due to its considerable role in negotiation of interests between mem-ber countries and distribution of European Union funds. Its significance, however, is expected to increase further as soon as countries of the Central Eastern Euro-pean region join the European Union and start lobbying for the concentration of European Union resources in the area. The new member states of the EU will stand on the periphery – not only in the geographical sense, but also regarding their level of economic development.
Formal rules, informal rules, and economic performance
Authors: Winiecki J.
Published: October 2005

In this article the author tries consider a question important for economic development: what happens when formal rules and informal rules of economic behaviour are in conflict. Under such circumstances even the best, wealth creation-enhancing rules must bring about different outcomes if introduced in the different political, economic, and socio-cultural environments. These considerations begin with the overview of possible balances and imbalances in the relationships between formal and informal rules and potential conflicts that may arise in the latter cases. The next step is the selection of institutional characteristics that facilitate the explanation and prediction of outcomes of formal rules&informal rules interactions. The third, and final, step considered in the article concerns the adjustment of rules (formal, informal, or both) over time and possible patterns of adjustment.
New results in pension modelling
Authors: Simonovits A.
Published: October 2005

In a former paper (Simonovits, 1999), I have discussed the problems of the new Hungarian pension system verbally. In this paper I will present some new results obtained by others and myself with mathematical models, which are related to the Hungarian pension reform (see e.g. Palacios and Rocha, 1998). (1) How can one model a pension system with the life-cycle theory? (Of course, this is introduction rather than new result.) (2) How is the model of a funded system modified if volatility of yields and operating costs are taken into account? (3) What would the actuarially fair model be in an unfunded pension system with flexible age of retirement, and how much saving (and damage) is to be expected from replacing the indexation of pensions in progress to earnings by the combined indexation? (4) How is the efficiency of the pension system affected if the unfunded system is replaced by a partially or fully funded system?
Pension reform in Hungary
Authors: Gedeon P.
Published: October 2005

Reforms are not created simply by will, they are constrained by path dependency and also by existing economic and political structures. The course of reforms is also dependent on the formulation of reform alternatives and the balance of power among decisive actors. Both the postponement and then the introduction of the pension reform in Hungary can be explained by the economic and political constraints of the reform, by how reform alternatives were formulated, and by the role of the different actors in the reform process. The structure of this paper reflects these considerations. First, I summarize the characteristics of the socialist pension system that partly created path dependency in the process of pension reform. Second, I look at the economics of pension reform, by discussing the economic constraints of the reforms, and presenting the economic aspects of reform arguments and economic policies modifying and changing the pension system. Third, I examine the politics of the pension reform, and describe the political process of bargaining that generated reform outcomes. Finally, I deal with the role of the World Bank that was the most important international actor in the Hungarian pension reform process.
Business operated gratis services understanding the revenue models
Authors: Kelen A.
Published: October 2005

The free nature of the Internet is said to have been lost to business interest. The author contests this claim by showing that the overall non-profit character of the net may have been limited but certainly not yet compromised. The best stuff on the Web is still available but hidden behind error messages, unlisted databases, and little-known links. Most of cyberspace is still open for educated research, and serendipity. Valuable content may remain free as long as the emerging online business communication keeps on offering us an attractive compromise in matters of our time-use while on the net. This is a tacit give and take but the outcome belongs to the core drivers of the new economy. Online marketing and commerce proceed on a market of clicks not just users mouse clicks but also the clicks of third party meters counting time; adding up to statistical profiles; and measuring user behaviour. Advertising can help cyberspace remain toll free by compromising netizens time but offering something in return for using their personally identifiable data in business operations. I will track these innovations to the extent of understanding them and will give an evaluation from the perspective of how force-fed or interruptive they are. There are intriguing new initiatives to render commercials less aggressive and more relevant, more predicated on permission and even more dependent on bandwidth. These targeting initiatives promise the demise of the mass culture of advertising as we know it, helping commercial messages evolve into personalised and customised individual knowledge management for opting-in netizens. This endeavour is part of a wider project to understand further the phenomena of the emerging „Gratis Economy”. In this study, I will focus on marketing solutions where freeware is part of a wider revenue model or product selling strategy mix.
International Distribution of Equity Funds and Market Efficiency
Authors: Magas I.
Published: October 2005

The network of international capital markets is modeled as a global communications system, where information flows in one channel and funds flow in the other. Based on the fundamental logic of the measurement of information (Reza, 1992) and on the standard assumptions of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) (Shapiro, 1999), we demonstrate that these markets operate at very large losses. Global markets are far less efficient than long-established domestic capital markets of developed countries, which do relatively well in transmitting information and funds. Along with the integration of national capital markets into a more tightly knit international network, however, major improvements in efficiency can be expected. Integration, though, implies a need for some kind of global regulations to help standardize the flow of information and the routines of pricing risk. Standardization in turn can be expected to decrease risks and increase the efficiency of distributing funds. From an information-theoretical perspective the introduction of mutually accepted regulations is desired, since it would boost the capacity utilization of the distribution system as such. A better-utilized communications system will bring faster clearing international markets and cheaper funds.
Structural Changes in the Hungarian Economy and Foreign Trade in 1993–1998
Authors: Viszt E. , Borsi B.
Published: October 2005

In this article, the authors give a rich-in-data account of Hungary's structural transition to a market economy between 1993 and 1998. Although the availability of statistics also puts constraint on which period to study, these years may as well be later termed the first phase of post-socialist transition. The article has three main parts. In the first, structural changes of the whole economy are presented; the structural shifts in output, value added, and investments are analysed. The diffusion of private ownership and foreign capital and the process of decentralisation and concentration are also discussed. In the second part, the manufacturing industries are in focus. With an interesting analytical tool – the growth matrix – the authors present a possible approach of studying sectoral development. By distinguishing the factor needs of the manufacturing industries, the factor intensities of production are also easy to understand and yet reasonable for studying the adjustment to modernisation trends. In the third part, the structural changes of foreign trade are shown: export orientation, import dependency, the relationship between export and technology are the main concerns of analysis. The impact of FDI on the manufacturing industries' foreign trade and performance close the third part of the article.
SYSTEMIC CHANGE AND ASSET SPECIFICITY, THE CASE OF TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Authors: DALLAGO B.
Published: October 2005

The economic system exerts its influence over the economy through many assets that are system-specific. Economic actors invest in such assets in order to capture the opportunities defined by the system. When systemic entrepreneurs set systemic transformation in motion, uncertainty is created. Together with externalities produced by investment in systemic transformation and the ensuing alteration of the property right structure, this determines the distribution of transformation costs and gains. This produces opportunities for investing valuable resources to weaken third-party enforcement and capture gains and avoid costs via transformational redistribution. This situation increases asymmetries, reduces the opportunities for productive outcome, and makes change costly and path dependent. This framework is used to explain the process of change in Central and Eastern Europe.
THE FREE CASH-FLOW THEORY VERSUS FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS, INVESTMENTS, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOFT BUDGETING PROBLEMS
Authors: HARBULA P.
Published: October 2005

The supposed preference of firms for internal financial sources to fund their investments can be explained by either the free cash-flow or the financial constraints theories, both relying on asymmetric information. Neither theory was found fully valid by recent research. Using a French data panel, conclusive evidence will be made in favour of the free cash-flow theory in special cases. The validity of the free cash-flow theory in special cases will bring new issues to light with the introduction of a new definition: soft budgeting problem of capital. Through this analysis, the possible interaction between capital market imperfections and general equilibrium will also gain new dimension.
ESTIMATION OF ASSET ACCUMULATION OF THE PROPOSED SLOVENIAN, MANDATORY-FUNDED PENSION PILLAR
Authors: KERLJ T. , DOLINAR G. , MRAMOR D.
Published: October 2005

This paper analyses the impact of the introduction of a proposed mandatory earnings-related fully-funded pension scheme, named as the second pillar, on the accumulation of pension-funds assets and possibly on the capital market development in Slovenia. First, the dynamic simulation model is developed to estimate the accumulated pension-funds assets as a percentage of GDP in each future time period under the assumption of certainty. It is followed by the assumptions and estimates of the data used for independent variables and the results obtained by implementing the model for the period of 25 years. Relaxing the assumption of certainty, the paper proceeds with estimations of accuracy of the results with three methods. It is concluded, that the estimated level of accumulated pension-funds assets in GDP 25 years after the introduction of the reform will be approximately 40% and comparable to the level in countries with developed capital markets. Also, the accuracy of the estimate is surprisingly good. It is therefore expected that besides other effects, the introduction of this pension scheme would have an important impact on the development of the Slovenian capital market.
PRODUCTIVITY COMPARISON
Authors: NYITRAI V.
Published: October 2005

The present paper deals with an international comparison of labour productivity, as well as with total factor productivity comparison made by different international organisations, e.g. the OECD. These kinds of comparisons do not contain data regarding transition countries in the 20th century. Long-term comparisons yield an analysis of the several factors influencing productivity trends, among which human factors have an increasing role. The second part of the paper gives several kinds of information about the tendencies of the Hungarian labour productivity on a national and branch level. The most important development can be seen in the engineering industry. A short part of the paper illustrates the development of total factor productivity in Hungary between 1992 and 1997.
CONFERENCE REPORT
Authors: Gáspár Pál
Published: October 2005

MANAGING CAPITAL FLOWS IN EASTERN EUROPE, Proceedings of an international conference
Monopoly power in human capital-based growth
Authors: Bucci Alberto
Published: October 2005

Using a balanced growth model with human capital accumulation and R&D activity, this paper examines how imperfect competition in the product market affects economic growth and the sectoral distribution of skills in the long-run. We find that steady-state growth is driven only by incentives to acquire human capital and is independent of scale effects. In the model imperfect competition in the product market has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of skills to different economic activities. High R&D investment is not necessarily associated with high output growth.
Selection by Publication in Economics
Authors: Simonovits András
Published: October 2005

According to the dominant view, the quality of individual scientific papers can be evaluated by the standard of the journal in which they are published. This paper attempts to demonstrate the limits of this view in the field of economics. According to our main findings, a publication frequently serves as a signal of high professional standards rather than as a source of information; referees and editors frequently reject good papers and accept bad ones; citation indices only partially balance the distortions deriving from the selection process; there are essential “entry costs” to the publication process. Moreover, financial interests of publishers may contradict scientific interests. As long as leading economists do not give voice to their dissatisfaction, there is no hope for any reform of the selection process.
Unionised Firm versus Producer Co-operative: A Scholastic Exercise
Authors: Gábor István R.
Published: October 2005

By way of presenting a fictitious story, this paper is ment to illustrate that in contrast to conventional wisdom, trade unions, in their symbiosis with capitalist firms, may further, rather than impede price-mediated self-regulation in the labour market via their involvement in wage-setting. Producer co-operatives, on the other hand, though might seem to represent a close collateral of fully unionised capitalist firms, should not be regarded as a viable alternative.
MANAGEMENT OF INDIGENOUS NORTH AMERICAN DEER AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN RELATION TO LARGE PREDATORS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION
Authors: Daigle C. , Crête M.
Published: October 2005

Five deer species occupy North America: caribou (3.6 × 106individuals), moose (1.1 × 106), white-tailed deer (28.5 × 106), mule deer (5.0 × 106) and wapiti (1.1 × 106). Caribou characterise the north of the boreal forest and the tundra, whereas moose dominate in coniferous and mixed forests growing further south. White-tailed deer are typical of the deciduous forests of the east while mule deer replace them in the mountainous terrain of the west. Wapiti possess the smallest range, mostly adjacent to the prairies to the west. The two large obligate carnivores preying on deer show a reduced distribution: wolves are almost restricted to Canada, and cougar to the mule deer range. We determined the current status of each species with the help of a questionnaire mailed to all jurisdictions harbouring deer. Most reports of threatened populations concerned caribou whereas many jurisdictions declared overabundance of white-tailed deer and wapiti. Hunting was allowed for all species when they abounded in a jurisdiction. Hunters harvested annually 7.0 × 106deer on the continent, 87% being white-tailed deer. The two species that caused most conflicts with humans had the highest harvest rate: 16-17%. In terms of biomass, white-tailed deer and wapiti yielded the highest harvests, with 55 and 39 kg × km-2of range, respectively. The average standing biomass of deer in winter ranged between 28 kg × km-2in Nevada to 901 kg × km-2in Indiana. The lowest standing biomasses occurred in the boreal forest (predators), in the prairies (agriculture) and in the south-west (aridity), and the highest ones in the south-east, where only white-tailed deer is present. The current abundance of deer in North America parallels, in general, the primary production of the landscape (r2= 0.38; P < 0.0001), but predators and human activity modify this pattern.
INTRAVAGINAL PROSTAGLANDIN F 2α FOR THE TREATMENT OF METRITIS AND PYOMETRA IN THE BITCH
Authors: Gábor G. , Siver L. , Szenci O.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravaginal prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) would be effective for the treatment of metritis or pyometra in the bitch. Seventeen bitches with metritis or pyometra were treated with PGF2α. Prostaglandin F2α(150 (g/kg body weight) was administered once or twice daily by infusing 0.3 ml per 10 kg body wt into the vaginal lumen. Bitches were also treated with amoxicillin (15 mg/kg body wt/48 h) and/or gentamicin (4 mg/kg body wt/day) administered as intramuscular (i.m.) injections. Fifteen bitches were treated successfully with intravaginally administered PGF2αfor 3 to 12 days and with intramuscularly administered antibiotics for 4 to 12 days. Success of treatment was judged by cessation of vaginal discharge, the absence of fluid in the uterus as determined by ultrasonography, and the overall health status of the animal. As two bitches with pyometra showed clinical deterioration in spite of medical treatment, ovariohysterectomy was performed after the first and the second treatment, respectively. No side effects (salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperpnoea, ataxia, urination, anxiety, pupillary dilatation followed by contraction) were observed after PGF2αtreatment. The disease did not recur during the subsequent oestrous cycles within 12 months after the initial treatment. The results demonstrate that intravaginal administration of PGF2αwas effective in 13 dogs (86.6%) with metritis or pyometra, and caused no side effects. Although the study was based on a relatively small number of cases, it is concluded that prostaglandin F2αcan be a useful means of treating bitches with metritis or pyometra. However, in severe cases of pyometra ovariohysterectomy is needed.
Degradation of Some Pesticides in Avian Embryos
Authors: Várnagy L.
Published: October 2005

On day 9 or 12 of the hatching period different pesticides (parathion, methylparathion, carbendazim, 2,4-D-amine Na, phosmethylane) were applied in ecotoxicological trials. The formulations were either injected into the air space of pheasant, quail or hen eggs or hen eggs were treated by the immersion technique. The residues of pesticides were measured in samples on days 13, 14 and 16 of incubation of chicken and pheasant embryos, while the Japanese quail embryos were analysed on days 10-14 of incubation. Analytical chemistry data showed a varying degradation rate of the compounds in avian embryos of the same species. The residues directly affect the embryos, disturbing their normal development and causing pathophysiological and morphological changes.
Indirect Elisas Based on Recombinant and Affinity-Purified Glycoprotein E of Aujeszky's Disease Virus to Differentiate Between Vaccinated and Infected Animals
Authors: Morenkov O. S. , Fodor Nadja , Fodor I.
Published: October 2005

Two indirect ELISAs for the detection of antibodies against glycoprotein E (gE) of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in sera have been developed. The rec-gE-ELISA is based on theE. coli-expressed recombinant protein containing the N-terminal sequences of gE (aa 1-125) fused with the glutathione S-transferase fromSchistosoma japonicum. The affi-gE-ELISA is based on native gE, which was purified from virions by affinity chromatography. The tests were optimised and compared with each other, as well as with the recently developed blocking gE-ELISA (Morenkov et al., 1997b), with respect to specificity and sensitivity. The rec-gE-ELISA was less sensitive in detecting ADV-infected animals than the affi-gE-ELISA (sensitivity 80% and 97%, respectively), which is probably due to the lack of conformation-dependent immunodominant epitopes on the recombinant protein expressed inE. coli. The specificity of the rec-gE-ELISA and affi-gE-ELISA was rather moderate (90% and 94%, respectively) because it was necessary to set such cut-off values in the tests that provided a maximum level of sensitivity, which obviously increased the incidence of false positive reactions. Though the indirect ELISAs detect antibodies against many epitopes of gE, the blocking gE-ELISA, which detects antibodies against only one immunodominant epitope of gE, showed a better test performance (specificity 99% and sensitivity 98%). This is most probably due to rather high dilutions of the sera used in the indirect gE-ELISAs (1:30) as compared to the serum dilution in the blocking gE-ELISA (1:2). We conclude that the indirect gE-ELISAs are sufficiently specific and sensitive to distinguish ADV-infected swine from those vaccinated with gE-negative vaccine and can be useful, in particularly affi-gE-ELISA, as additional tests for the detection of antibodies to gE.
Zootechnical and Genetic Aspects of a Prolific Merino Program
Authors: Veress L. , Tasi Zs. , Pécsi T. , Babik S. , Horváth Irén , Magyar K.
Published: October 2005

In a Prolific Merino nucleus herd of 200 ewes the ovulation rate (OR) test results obtained in 169 animals between 1988 and 1993 were compared with those of 113 ewes from the same herd in 1996. Whereas earlier the ratio of individuals showing an OR ≥ 4 was only 32%, that of the group checked in 1996 was 59%. This increase could be attributed to 40 ewes, both of whose parents had proven to be homozygous carriers of the prolific gene. To develop the Prolific Merino breed, 21 Booroola Merino rams were imported from New Zealand, and mostly their frozen semen was used. Of these rams, one was not a prolific gene carrier, 8 were homozygous carriers, 10 were heterozygous carriers and two had not been identified yet. Of the 36 home-bred rams, 9 proved to be homozygous by parents, 11 heterozygous, 8 homozygous, one proved to be a non-carrier, and 7 rams and their frozen semen were to be progeny tested. Six thousand doses of frozen semen from a total of 33 animals (16 imported rams and their 17 home-bred offspring) are stored in plastic straws. Sixty-three % of this is semen reserve from rams of the FecBFecBgenotype, belonging to 10 ram lines. The remaining 37% is gene reserve intended for creating homozygous ram lines. Only one ram (no. 3244) was bought for the nucleus herd, the other ram lines were introduced into the herd by assortative mating, using intrauterine insemination. The average conception rate found after 472 intrauterine inseminations was 53% with large (occasionally 10-100%) individual ram differences.
EFFECT OF FEEDING OLIVE BY-PRODUCTS ON CERTAIN BLOOD PARAMETERS AND SERUM ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF FATTENING RABBITS
Authors: Rupić V. , Božikov V. , Mužic S. , Vranešić N. , Đikić M. , Božac R.
Published: October 2005

The effect of feeding different levels (10 and 20%) of dehydrated olive cake pulp on certain blood parameters and on the catalytic activity of serum enzymes was studied in fattening rabbits. A total of 60 rabbits were divided into a control group (C) and two experimental groups (E1, E2), each comprising 10 males and 10 females. Rabbits of Group C received no dehydrated olive cake pulp in their diet, while rabbits of Group E1and Group E2were fed 10% and 20% dehydrated olive cake pulp, respectively. After Day 56 of the experiment, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture and certain blood parameters as well as the catalytic activity of serum enzymes were determined. Following the experimental feeding period no significant differences were found between Group C and Groups E1and E2in red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value. Similarly, after 56 days of experimental fattening no significant differences were found between the control group and the experimental groups in the catalytic activity of the serum enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, Group E2 rabbits manifested a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the serum than did rabbits of Group E1. The results indicate that the inclusion of dehydrated olive cake pulp in the diet at the rate of 10% or 20% caused no changes in the investigated blood parameters and serum enzyme activities of fattening rabbits.
Human Dirofilaria Repens Infection In Hungary: A Case In The Spermatic Cord And A Review Of The Literature
Authors: Pampiglione S. , Elek G. , Pálfi P. , Vetési Ferenc , Varga I.
Published: October 2005

Orchiectomy was performed in a 37-year-old Hungarian man exhibiting a swelling in his right testicle. Histology revealed a nodule attached to the spermatic cord, consisting of a granulomatous tissue around sections of a nematode. The worm was identified asDirofilaria repens, an uncommon parasite in Hungary. As the patient had been abroad only in Italy where cases of dirofilariosis in dogs and humans are relatively frequent, it is assumed that the infection might have been acquired in that country 5 years earlier. This is the fifth case, published so far in the world, of such a localization in a human. The human cases of dirofilariosis reported in Hungary are reviewed.
LETHAL ENCEPHALITOZOONOSIS IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE-TREATED RABBITS
Authors: Leng L'. , Štefkovič M. , Révajová Viera , Halanová - , Horváth M.
Published: October 2005

Encephalitozoonosis is an opportunistic infection in animals and humans. Its clinical form is observed in immunosuppressed hosts. We studied the occurrence of the manifest form of rabbit microsporidiosis under cyclophosphamide immunomodulation in 40 New Zealand rabbits. The experimental animals were intraperitoneally infected with 5 Ã 107Encephalitozoon cuniculispores. Two weeks after infection the animals were treated intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide, first with 50 mg/kg and then with 15 mg/kg weekly during the 12-week experimental period. Positive controls were eitherE. cuniculi-infected or cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed animals. The negative control rabbits remained untreated. Both clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis and depression of peripheral blood cell count developed between weeks 4 and 6 in the experimental animals which died during week 6 of the experiment. No clinical signs compatible with encephalitozoonosis were observed in any of the controls. The results suggest that immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide can give rise to a lethal form of encephalitozoonosis.
COMPARISON OF MILK PRODUCTION OF THE PROGENY OF BLAD-CARRIER AND HEALTHY HOLSTEIN BULLS IN HUNGARY
Authors: Jánosa Ágnes , Dohy J. , Baranyai B.
Published: October 2005

'Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency' (BLAD) is a recessive monofactorial, lethal inheritable defect occurring in Holstein-Friesian cattle and often passed on by well-known top bulls. The aim of this study was to find a relationship between the BLAD genotype of bulls, their genetic evaluation for milk and their daughters' milk production. BLAD-carrier and healthy bulls were compared on the basis of their breeding value published in November 1997. The first 100 bulls ranked according to the Total Production Index (TPI) were used, including nine BLAD carriers with 2,835 daughters and 77 healthy sires with 21,950 female progenies. For 14 bulls the BLAD genotype was not indicated. The healthy animals significantly outperformed the BLAD carriers, which result contradicts our earlier findings (Dohy et al., 1996; Jánosa and Dohy, 1997). In a BLAD elimination programme, the identification of BLAD carriers and properly planned mating are of great importance in order to avoid'inter se'mating of BLAD-carrier top animals which can be of significant influence in Holstein breeding.
EPITHELIOCYSTIS DISEASE IN CULTURED PACU (PIARACTUS MESOPOTAMICUS) IN BRAZIL
Authors: Szakolczai J. , Vetési Ferenc , Pitz -
Published: October 2005

Epitheliocystis disease was diagnosed in a cultured pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicusHolmberg, 1893) stock on the basis of gross pathological (greyish-white, pinpoint- or pinhead-sized focal areas, connected strongly to the gill lamellae) and histopathological examinations (hypertrophic cells 10-40 µm in size, having a well-defined wall and a central inclusion or characteristic granular content stained with Giemsa). The disease did not occur among fishes (Cyprinus carpioL.,Ctenopharyngodon idellaCuv. and Val.,Sarotherodon mosambicusPeters,Hoplias malabaricusBloch) kept together with the affected pacus. About 30-40% of the pacu stock succumbed. Since branchial lesions and heavy mortality were observed in this pacu population, the aetiological role of the epitheliocystis agent could be suspected. Based upon ultrastructural examinations this agent is considered to be a chlamydia or a chlamydia-like organism.
DIFFERENCES IN ADRENAL MORPHOLOGY IN MALE DARK AGOUTI, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY AND WISTAR RATS
Authors: Wilkinson Jenny M. , Halley S. , Towers P. A.
Published: October 2005

There is little published information describing the differences in adrenal structure between strains of a single species despite quite well known functional differences. In this paper we report morphological differences in the adrenal glands between three strains of laboratory rat; Dark Agouti (DA), Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar (W). Significant differences in adrenal weights (as a percentage of body weight) were not detected between any of the groups. While there were no significant differences in the volume of medullary or zonae glomerulosa or fasciculata tissue, the volume fraction for the zona reticularis was significantly smaller in DAs compared to the other strains. The functional significance of these differences is unknown. However, it is suggested that the reduced volume of zona reticularis tissue may contribute to a reduced capacity for glucocorticoid synthesis or storage.
REDESCRIPTION OF MYXOBOLUS HUNGARICUS JACZÓ, 1940 (MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE), A PARASITE OF BREAM (ABRAMIS BRAMA L.)
Authors: Baska F. , Molnár K.
Published: October 2005

Myxobolus hungaricusJaczó, 1940 forms relatively large plasmodia on the gills of bream (Abramis brama). The authors give a redescription of this deficiently described parasite on the basis of spores collected from the original habitat, which spores are indicated as a neotype. The plasmodia of the parasite can be found on the gills typically in the spring months, and are located in the central part of the gill filaments. They start to develop in the lumen of capillaries of the secondary lamellae and remain in intralamellar location also after they have reached the mature stage. The spores have a very characteristic shape, as on the surface of the spore valves a distinctly emerging ridge runs parallel to the sutural line. In addition to breams from the typical habitat, Lake Balaton, the plasmodia ofM. hungaricuscould be detected also on breams originating from the river Danube.
DIRECT AND SENSITIVE DETECTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Authors: Omanwar S. , Rao J. R. , Butchaiah G. , Basagoudanavar S. H. , Singh R. K.
Published: October 2005

The mechanically transmitted haemoflagellate,Trypanosoma evansicauses 'surra', a wasting disease of domestic animals and is highly endemic in distribution in Southeast Asia. The detection ofT. evansiis important for improving the epizootiological and animal health status of the region. The specificity and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers constructed fromT. evansirepetitive DNA sequences were studied in the present investigation. Using the assay, it was possible to amplify template DNA ofT. evansiderived from buffaloes, camels and horses to a threshold sensitivity level of 0.5 pg and to detect DNA from as few as five organisms in 10 (l crude blood samples. Following experimental infection of calves with 5 × 105T. evansi, positive signals could be observed as early as 12 h post-infection. DNAs from two common haemoflagellates of cattle,Babesia bigeminaandTheileria annulatawere not amplified with the primers.
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY OF PET AND WILD BIRDS: A REVIEW – II. INDICATIONS OF RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION AND RADIOGRAPHS OF PATHOLOGICAL LESIONS
Authors: Beregi A. , Felkai F. , Molnár V. , Szentgáli Zs. , Bíró F.
Published: October 2005

The second part of the review dealing with the diagnostic radiology of pet and wild birds discusses the indications of radiological examination, the interpretation of radiographs taken of pathological lesions, and the differential diagnosis of such lesions. Radiology has paramount importance in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the skeletal, digestive, respiratory, urogenital and cardiovascular systems. Certain diseases (shortage of grits, ovarian cysts) cannot be recognised without radiography. Other conditions (e.g. Macaw Wasting Disease, renal tumours, egg retention) require this complementary diagnostic method for confirmation of a suspicion based upon the clinical signs. Radiographic examination is also indicated for follow-up of the surgical management of bone fractures and for facilitating the implantation of transponders aimed at individual identification of the birds.
USE OF PROTECTED METHIONINE (MEPRON M 85) IN CATTLE
Authors: Sipőcz P. , Schmidt J. , Sipőcz J. , Cenkvári Éva
Published: October 2005

The ruminal stability of Mepron M 85 and the effect of supplementation with Mepron M 85 on free methionine level of blood were studied in rumen-fistulated cows and rumen- and duodenum-fistulated growing bulls. In five rumen-fistulated cowsin situ69.5% and 64.6% of the methionine content of Mepron M 85 was found after ruminal incubation of 16 h and 24 h, respectively. Daily rations of the rumen-fistulated cows were supplemented with 15.0 g DL-methionine and 17.7 g Mepron M 85, which increased the free methionine level of blood from 13.64 (mol/L to 15.35 and 20.46 (mol/L, respectively, three hours after feeding. In the four rumen- and duodenum-fistulated growing bulls, supplementation with 15.0 g DL-methionine and 17.7 g Mepron M 85 increased the total methionine getting into the duodenum during 24 h from 14.99 g to 16.84 and 20.84 g, respectively. The influence of Mepron M 85 on milk production was studied in 35 pairs of Hungarian Fleckvieh × Holstein-Friesian cows. The animals were coupled on the basis of the number of finished lactations, milk production in the previous lactation, and the date of calving. Daily supplementation of 18.0 g Mepron M 85 increased daily milk production significantly (p < 0.05), by 1.24 litres. Milk fat content also increased significantly (from 3.10% to 3.19%, p < 0.05) in the experimental group. The supplementation did not influence milk protein content.
THE EFFECTS OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND ITS UROPROTECTIVE AGENTS, MESNA AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN, ON URINARY BLADDER MOTILITY IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: ETLÝK Ö. , SAÐMANLIGÝL V. , PÝÞKÝN Ý. , Tomur A.
Published: October 2005

The aim of this research was to observe the effects of cyclophosphamide and its uroprotective agents, mesna and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), on the motility of urinary bladder muscle in guinea pigs. In the experimental groups, mesna and cyclophosphamide were intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 21.5 mg/kg and 68.1 mg/kg, respectively. For the combination of mesna and cyclophosphamide, one dose of mesna was injected 20 min before cyclophosphamide administration and three additional injections of mesna were repeated every three hours. A total of 8 HBO exposures were performed at 2.8 ATA for 90 min twice daily for another experimental group. In the HBO and cyclophosphamide combined group 5 HBO exposures were given prophylactically before cyclophosphamide. The combination of mesna, HBO and cyclophosphamide was administered by the same procedure. The contractions obtained in response to acetylcholine (ACh, 10–4M) in the control group were reduced using cyclophosphamide and HBO individually, but not by mesna. However, the contractions belonging to the various combinations of these three agents were not different from those seen in the control group. On the other hand, the combinations of cyclophosphamide, mesna and HBO showed higher responses to ACh than the groups in which cyclophosphamide and HBO were used individually, while the responses elicited by the cyclophosphamide and HBO combination were greater than those seen in the group treated with HBO only.
PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEINS IN RUMINANTS: INACTIVE MEMBERS OF THE ASPARTIC PROTEINASE FAMILY
Authors: Drion P. V. , Zarrouk A. , Sulon J. , Szenci O. , Beckers J. F. , Perényi Zs. , Remy B. , Garbayo J. M.
Published: October 2005

The Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) presented in this paper are largely expressed in the ruminant placenta. These proteins are classified as probably inactive members of the aspartic proteinase family. Pepsinogen, renin, cathepsin E & D and chymosine are typical members of this family, characterised by the presence of aspartic acids boarding the recognition sites. Secreted in the peripheral blood of the pregnant female from early pregnancy, these proteins can be used in serological tests for establishing different diagnoses. In the veterinary practice, these diagnoses are useful for both pregnancy confirmation and follow-up of trophoblastic function. The first aspect can help breeders in the management of reproduction, while the second one more specifically concerns clinicians and researchers wishing to establish a differential diagnosis of pathologic conditions affecting pregnancy.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE QUASISPECIES COMPOSITION OF THREE ANIMAL PATHOGENIC RNA VIRUSES
Authors: Kiss I. , Kecskeméti S. , Tanyi J. , Belák S. , Ros C. , B. Klingeborn S.
Published: October 2005

The quasispecies nature of three animal pathogenic RNA viruses of field origin was examined by testing variants of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) originating from geographically different areas, feline coronavirus (FCoV) detected from the same animal by successive sampling, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) originating from successive outbreaks in the same geographic area. Clinical samples were investigated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and ensuing single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) assay. By the combination of these methods even subtle differences could be detected among the amplified fragments of the same virus species of different origin. FCoV proved to comprise the most and CSFV the less heterogeneous virus quasispecies. The results show that the combination of RT-PCR and SSCP provides novel and highly sensitive means for the characterisation of RNA viruses, with special regard to genome composition, evolution, features of pathogenicity and molecular epizootiology.
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON Regeneration of the radial nerve in dogS
Authors: Zorko B. , Rozman J. , Seliškar A.
Published: October 2005

The effects of biphasic electric fields on nerve regeneration that follows injury to the left radial nerve were studied in dogs by electromyography (EMG). Left and right radial nerves were crushed with a serrated haemostat. Stimulating electrodes were positioned proximally and distally to the site of the injury. The left nerves received rectangular, biphasic and current pulses (30 µA, 0.5 Hz) through the injury for two months. The right radial nerves were treated as controls and regenerated without electrical stimulation. EMG activities were recorded intramuscularly from the left and right musculus extensor digitalis communis (MEDC). Results obtained at the end of the two-month stimulation period showed a significant difference in EMG activity between the left (stimulated) and the right (non-stimulated) MEDC, suggesting that electrical treatment enhanced nerve regeneration.
MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN SOME BRAIN AREAS OF SHEEP AFTER HORMONAL STIMULATION
Authors: Molnárová Marie , Pástorová Bernadetta , Staníková Angela , Halagan J. , Buleca J.
Published: October 2005

The influence of hormonal superovulatory preparations Folistiman (450 IU FSH, Spofa, Prague) and serum gonadotropin (1500 IU PMSG, Spofa, Prague) on monoamine oxidase (MAO), the degradative enzyme of catecholamines, was investigated in some areas of the brain regulating reproductive functions (area preoptica of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland) in ewes with synchronized oestrus (20 mg chlorsuperlutin) during the oestrous period using a radiochemical method. After intramuscular administration of 1500 IU PMSG, marked increase of MAO activity was found in the area preoptica (p < 0.05) and in the pituitary gland (p < 0.01) in comparison with the control group. No change occurred in MAO activity after ovarian stimulation with FSH. Administration of the above superovulatory preparations failed to induce MAO activity in the pineal gland of sheep.