bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES OF
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: Yang Lynne R. , Givón T.
Published: July 2002

A consistent finding in second language acquisition research has been that in the early stages
of acquisition learners often receive simplified input. This finding has led researchers to question
whether or not simplified input has a facilitative effect on the acquisition process. This study
examines the effects of simplified input in early L2 acquisition by experimentally manipulating
language input to two groups of learners and then assessing their acquisition longitudinally
within a controlled laboratory setting. The impetus for the study described here was
Givón's (1990) competition hypothesis that posits that, in early L2 acquisition,
vocabulary and grammar compete for memory, attention, and processing capacity. Because one
can communicate with vocabulary in absence of grammar but not vice versa, it was proposed that
learners receiving pidgin input would acquire vocabulary more efficiently than learners
challenged with the dual task of acquiring vocabulary and grammar simultaneously. Furthermore,
it was hypothesized that once vocabulary processing skills were automated, learners would
acquire grammar more rapidly. Results of a variety of measures reveal that the dual task of
acquiring vocabulary and grammar does not hinder either and that the longer the exposure to
grammatical input the greater the advantage in real-time grammar processing abilities.
Converging evidence from all measures of language learning provides strong support for the
usefulness and viability of laboratory study of SLA.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GRONINGEN ASSEMBLY ON LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION.Charlotte Koster and Frank Wijnen (Eds.). Groningen, The
Netherlands: Centre for Language and Cognition Groningen, 1996. Pp. 389.
Authors: Yates Robert
Published: July 2002

This volume contains 34 papers presented at the Groningen Assembly on Language
Acquisition in September 1995. According to the editors, the conference was designed to
promote “a lively discussion about the merits and constraints of different approaches to
language acquisition.” Not surprisingly, in a conference that explicitly mentions it is
continuing in the tradition of GALA 1993, Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition, 23
of the papers in one way or the other deal with the innate properties of language and their status
in language acquisition, whereas 7 papers have a connectionist perspective. Only 2 of the
connectionist papers provide data from language learners. Two papers describe aspects of first
language acquisition without an obvious theoretical allegiance. Only 1 paper considers how
children make use of negative input provided in an experimental setting for learning about
irregular verb forms. There is not a single paper on how interaction with caregivers influences
language acquisition or how language is socially constructed.
The interaction of language and thought in children's

language acquisition: a crosslinguistic study
Authors: WEIST RICHARD M. , LYYTINEN PAULA , WYSOCKA JOLANTA , ATANASSOVA MARJA
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential interaction

of conceptual representations and linguistic systems in the process of

language acquisition. Language–thought interactions were studied
in 80

American, 48 Finnish and 48 Polish preschool children. The research

focused on the conceptual and linguistic development of space and time.

The spatial and temporal conceptual tasks were designed to measure the

transition from experiential to inferential knowledge of space/time

representations. In the linguistic domain, comprehension and production

tests were used to evaluate the children's capacity to understand

mono- and bi-referential location in space and time, where mono-referential

location involves a single referent object/event with intrinsic

properties (e.g. in/on or past/non-past), and

bi-referential location

requires two or more referent objects/events and relative perspective

(e.g. deictic front/back or before/after).

The conceptual and linguistic

tests revealed significant changes during the period from two to five

years of age, and measures of conceptual development were correlated

with measures of linguistic development. As spatial and temporal

representations became more structured, children were able to move

from mono- to bi-referential location. In a comprehension test, we

discovered an interaction of language by dimension. Finnish children

found spatial distinctions relatively easy and Polish children found

temporal distinctions relatively easy. This interaction was expected on

the basis of the relative complexity of the morpho-syntactic coding in

the spatial and temporal systems of the two languages. However, the

argument relating the timing of acquisition to the transparency versus

opacity of the linguistic systems was not supported by the English

language comparison. Finally, the Finnish children were relatively

better able to accomplish the spatial conceptual tasks as compared to the

Polish children. This finding is consistent with a developmental concept

of linguistic relativity. In general, the research indicates that spatial
and

temporal linguistic systems and representational knowledge interact

during development with the influence occurring in both directions.
Young children's understanding of promising:
methodological considerations
Authors: MAAS FAY K. , ABBEDUTO LEONARD
Published: July 2002

In her inceptive study of promising, Astington (1988) found that
five-year-olds
failed to distinguish promises from predictions when judging
story characters' utterances. Instead, their responses were based
on
whether the promised event had actually occurred. There is reason to
believe, however, that the children's poor performance was an artefact
of
Astington's procedures. We tested this possibility with 32 children

(mean age 5;8: range 5;7–6;2) by including several variations of

Astington's procedures, but found no effects on the pattern of results.

This suggests that Astington's findings are an accurate reflection
of the
developmental course of knowledge about promising.
Elliptic functions, theta function and hypersurfaces satisfying a basic equality
Authors: CHEN BANG-YEN , YANG JIE
Published: July 2002

(Volume 125 (1999), 463–509)

Case (x) in Theorem 6 is missing. The correct statement of Theorem 6 in the paper
should read as follows.

THEOREM 6. Let x: Mn → Hn+1
(−1) ⊂ [ ]n+21 (n > 2) be an isometric immersion of
a conformally flat n-manifold. Then it satisfies equality (1·2) if and only if one of the
following ten cases occurs.
The Cauchy problem for the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–I equation

without the zero mass constraint
Authors: FOKAS A. S. , SUNG LI-YENG
Published: July 2002

Existence and regularity results are obtained for the Cauchy problem
for the
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–I equation by the inverse spectral method.
The initial data
are small Schwartz functions which are not assumed to satisfy
the zero mass constraint
∫ℝdxq(x, y, 0)=0.
Dressing orbits of super-horizontal holomorphic maps
Authors: McINTOSH IAN
Published: July 2002

By studying dressing orbits a complete account is given of the (full) super-horizontal holomorphic maps of finite type from the 2-plane into a full flag manifold.
It is shown that precisely one dressing orbit contains all 2-spheres of finite type.
From this follows a simple description of all harmonic 2-spheres in
CPn of finite type.
Contributions of common lands to household economies in Haryana, India
Authors: QURESHI MOHAMMAD HASHIM , KUMAR SURESH
Published: July 2002

Common lands, being a significant form of natural resource endowment in many developing countries, play a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance, and more particularly in supporting the people, especially the rural poor, in eking out their livelihood. However, the contributions of common lands to the rural economy and ecology have remained unappreciated which has led to the depletion and degradation of these lands. In an attempt to examine the nature and extent of contribution of common lands to household economies, 432 sample households from eight sample villages across four ecological regions in Haryana, northwest India, were surveyed using a structured questionnaire during 1995. We found that common lands still hold an important place in the household economy of rural people of this state. A significant proportion of the sample households obtained substantial biomass resources, income and employment from common lands. The contributions of these lands in terms of variety and extent were many times higher in the households belonging to less developed than developed regions, and those households belonging to poor than wealthy classes. Hence, there is an immediate need to develop effective strategies for the regeneration and sustainable use and management of common lands.
Knowledge of and attitudes toward population growth and the environment: university students in Costa Rica and the United States
Authors: HOLL KAREN D. , DAILY GRETCHEN C. , DAILY SCOTT C. , EHRLICH PAUL R. , BASSIN SARICE
Published: July 2002

A clear understanding of human population growth, consumption patterns, and their effects on the environment, particularly amongst our future leaders, is essential for proper allocation of conservation efforts. We report on the results of a written questionnaire assessing the knowledge and attitudes of undergraduate university students majoring in a range of disciplines in the United States of America (USA) and in Costa Rica (CR) regarding population- and environment-related issues. Our results indicated limited knowledge about human population growth and the environment, with USA students and male students more often responding correctly to factual questions on demography and global environmental change than CR students, who nonetheless were generally more pessimistic about environmental quality and the carrying capacity of the planet. USA students, however, more often recognized the link between human population size and environmental quality. Education on population and environmental issues will be improved if: (1) linkages between population size, consumption, and environmental quality are taught; (2) the effects of individual actions on environmental quality are emphasized; and (3) environmental education is tailored to local issues.
An economic analysis of blast fishing on Indonesian coral reefs
Authors: PET-SOEDE C. , CESAR H.S.J. , PET J.S.
Published: July 2002

Characteristics, impacts and economic costs and benefits of blast fishing have been little investigated and they were therefore studied in Indonesia, at the scale of individual fishing households and of Indonesian society as a whole. Although illegal and highly destructive to coral reefs, blast fishing provides income and fish to a vast number of coastal fishers who claim that they have no alternative to make a living. Crew members in small-, medium- and large-scale blast fishing operations earned net incomes per month of US$55, 146 and 197 respectively. Boat owners in the same types of operations earned US$55, 393 and 1100 respectively. These incomes were comparable to the highest incomes in the conventional coastal fisheries. At the individual household level, the differences between the three types of operations show clear incentives for scale enlargement. The cost-benefit balance at the society level was calculated with an economic model. This analysis showed a net loss after 20 years of blast fishing of US$306 800 per km2 of coral reef where there is a high potential value of tourism and coastal protection, and US$33 900 per km2 of coral reef where there is a low potential value. The main quantifiable costs are through loss of the coastal protection function, foregone benefits of tourism, and foregone benefits of non-destructive fisheries. The economic costs to society are four times higher than the total net private benefits from blast fishing in areas with high potential value of tourism and coastal protection. This analysis of characteristics, impact and economics of blast fishing should help to raise the political will to ban blast fishing from Indonesian waters. Moreover, it allows for an evaluation of possible management solutions, taking into account their costs and the socio-economic framework that caused coastal fishers to start using explosives.
The stethoscope in the emergency department: a vector of infection?
Authors: NÚÑEZ S. , MORENO A. , GREEN K. , VILLAR J.
Published: July 2002

The purposes of this study were to determine whether microorganisms can be isolated from
the membranes of stethoscopes used by clinicians and nurses, and to analyse whether or not
the degree of bacterial colonization could be reduced with different cleaning methods. We
designed a transversal before-after study in which 122 stethoscopes were examined. Coagulase
negative staphylococci (which are also potentially pathogenic microorganisms) were isolated
together with 13 other potentially pathogenic microorganisms, including S. aureus,
Acinetobacter sp. and Enterobacter agglomerans. The most effective antiseptic was propyl
alcohol. Analysis of the cleaning habits of the Emergency Department (ED) staff, showed that
45% cleaned the stethoscope annually or never. The isolation of potentially pathogenic
microorganisms suggests that the stethoscope must be considered as a potential vector of
infection not only in the ED but also in other hospital wards and out-patient clinics.
Lack of serological evidence for Mycoplasma fermentans
infection in army Gulf War veterans: a large scale case-control study
Authors: LO S.-C. , LEVIN L. , RIBAS J. , CHUNG R. , WANG R. Y.-H. , WEAR D. , SHIH J. W.-K.
Published: July 2002

Mycoplasma fermentans is suspected in the development of ‘Gulf War illness’ in veterans of
Operation Desert Storm. We conducted a matched case-control study for the prevalence of M.
fermentans-specific antibodies before and after the operation, as well as seroconversion rates in
veterans with and without complaints of ‘Gulf War illness’. Cases consisted of Gulf War
veterans, who complained of various illnesses and were enrolled in the second phase of the
health evaluation by the Army Comprehensive Clinical Examination Program (CCEP).
Controls were selected from Gulf War veterans who did not participate in the registry and
did not request a health evaluation by the CCEP. Before operation deployment, 34 out of
718 of the cases (4·8%) and 116 out of 2233 of the controls (5·2%) tested positive for
M. fermentans-specific antibodies. There was no difference in rates of seroconversion between
cases and controls (1·1 vs. 1·2%) to M. fermentans during Operation Desert Storm. Thus,
there is no serological evidence that suggests infection by M. fermentans is associated with
development of ‘Gulf War illness’.
The prevalence of hepatitis B in Sweden; A statistical

serosurvey of 3381 Swedish inhabitants
Authors: CHRISTENSON B. , BÖTTIGER M. , GRILLNER L.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in the adult Swedish

population was investigated

according to age, sex, origin and demographic stratum. Sera were

collected from 3382 persons

in 1990–1. The sera were selected on a statistical basis considered

to be representative of the

Swedish population from adults aged [les ]18 years. Two of the sera

(0·06%) were found to be

hepatitis B surface antigen positive. The two hepatitis B carriers were
of

non-Scandinavian

origin as were (8·9%) of those tested. A total of 90 persons

had a marker of previous, hepatitis

B virus infection, i.e. antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen. Of
these,

66 (2·0%) were of

Scandinavian origin and 24 (18·1%) from highly endemic areas.

The overall hepatitis B virus

marker prevalence was 2·7%. The highest age-specific prevalence

of hepatitis B markers in

those of Scandinavian origin was in those born in 1939 and earlier. In
this

age-group, women

had a significantly higher prevalence (3·6%) than males (1·9%).

The lowest prevalence was

found in those born in 1970 and later. No significant, age-related

differences between younger

or older persons, or between men and women, could be found in persons of

non-Scandinavian

origin. The results showed significant differences in exposure to hepatitis

B virus among the

indigenous population, compared with those of non-Scandinavian extraction.
The

results do not support the proposal to include hepatitis B vaccination
in the

Swedish immunization schedule.
Studies of the presence of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli

O157 in bovine faeces submitted for diagnostic purposes in
England and Wales and on beef carcases in abattoirs in the United Kingdom
Authors: RICHARDS M. S. , CORKISH J. D. , SAYERS A. R. , McLAREN I. M. , EVANS S. J. , WRAY C.
Published: July 2002

A survey of beef carcases in abattoirs in the UK was carried
out in order to estimate the
prevalence of contamination with verocytotoxin – producing
Escherichia coli (VTEC) serogroup
O157. Contamination with verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC)
O157 was confirmed in
0·47% of the 4067 (95% confidence limits 0·22–1·00%)

of neck muscle samples. A significant
tendency for carcases present in the same abattoir on the same day to have
similar results was
found, thus suggesting cross contamination.

VTEC O157 was found in 0·83% of 6495 bovine faeces samples routinely
submitted for
diagnostic purposes to Veterinary Investigation Centres in England and
Wales. Of the samples
from cattle less than 6 months old, 3·7% of 68 samples from
animals without gastrointestinal
disease were positive for E. coli O157, in contrast to
0·75% of 2321 samples from cases of
gastrointestinal disease. No association with season or herd type (beef
or dairy) was found.
The risk of infection with HIV and hepatitis B in individuals
who inject steroids in England and Wales
Authors: CRAMPIN A. C. , LAMAGNI T. L. , HOPE V. D. , NEWHAM J. A. , LEWIS K. M. , PARRY J. V. , GILL O. N.
Published: July 2002

Data on injecting anabolic steroid users, within the national Unlinked
Anonymous HIV
Prevalence Monitoring Survey of injecting drug users (IDUs) were analysed
to determine their
risk of acquiring blood borne viruses. One hundred and forty-nine participants
who had
injected anabolic steroids in the previous month were identified from 1991–6,
contributing
1·4% of all participation episodes in the survey. Rates
of needle and syringe sharing by steroid
users were low. Three of the 149 (2·0%) had anti-HBc and
none had anti-HIV in their salivary
specimens. The prevalence of anti-HBc in steroid injectors was significantly
lower than in
heroin injectors, 275/1509 (18%) (P<0·001), or in
amphetamine injectors,
28/239 (12%) (P<0·001). The risk of blood borne virus
transmission
amongst these steroid injectors is low,
probably due to hygienic use of injecting equipment and low levels of sharing.
It is important
to distinguish steroid injectors from other IDUs because they are a distinct
group in terms of
lifestyle and injecting practice.
Meningococcal disease at the University of Southampton:
outbreak investigation
Authors: GILMORE A. , JONES G. , BARKER M. , SOLTANPOOR N. , STUART J. M.
Published: July 2002

In October 1997, an outbreak of meningococcal disease occurred at the University of
Southampton. All six cases were first year students living in halls of residence. Microbiological
characterization of case and carrier strains, case interviews, and a meningococcal carriage
prevalence survey were used to investigate the outbreak. Five cases were due to serogroup C
strains, one case was unconfirmed. Serotyping did not distinguish between the strains but gene
sequencing permitted identification of two distinct strains in the outbreak. Although none of
the cases was known to each other, three had attended the same nightclub one evening 3–4
days before illness. Meningococcal carriage rates in undergraduates were within the range
expected (147/587, 25%), but no carriers of outbreak strains were identified in this sample.
The findings suggest that in communities with a high degree of social interaction, the
introduction of highly virulent meningococcal strains may result in enhanced transmission with
clustering of cases.
Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep,
goats, horses and camels in the State of Eritrea; influence of
husbandry systems
Authors: OMER M. K. , SKJERVE E. , HOLSTAD G. , WOLDEHIWET Z. , MACMILLAN A. P.
Published: July 2002

Samples from 2427 cattle, 661 goats, 104 sheep, 98 camels and 82 horses were screened for
brucella infections by the Rose Bengal Test and positive reactors confirmed by the complement
fixation test. In cattle, the highest individual seroprevalence was in dairy herds kept under the
intensive husbandry system, with an individual prevalence of 8·2% and unit (herd)
seroprevalence of 35·9%. This was followed by the pastoral husbandry system in the Western
Lowlands with 5·0% individual but a higher unit (vaccination site) prevalence of 46·1%. The
lowest was in the mixed crop-livestock system in the Southern Highlands with individual 0·3%
and unit (village) prevalence of 2·4%. In sheep and goats, no positive animals were detected in
the mixed crop-livestock areas. In the Eastern Lowlands individual prevalences of 3·8% (goats)
and 1·4% (sheep) and unit prevalence of 33·3% (goats) and 16·7% were found, while 14·3%
of individual goats and 56·3% of the units in the Western Lowlands were positive. No positive
horses were found. The present study documents the first serological evidence of Brucella spp.
infection in camels (3·1%) in Eritrea.
Laryngeal complexity in Otomanguean vowels
Authors: Silverman Daniel
Published: July 2002

Linguistic sound systems necessarily possess contrastive values
that are
sufficiently distinct from one another that their individual characters
may
be learned by the listener. In this way, any given value in any given system
fulfils its functional role of rendering forms distinct which differ in
meaning. Articulatory, aerodynamic, acoustic and auditory constraints
serve to mediate between such sound–meaning correspondences in non-trivial
ways. Indeed, if it can be shown that the sound patterns of language
are in part explainable by these physical systems, then students of
linguistic sound systems would do well to study in detail the phonetic
base. Consider an example case. Laryngeal gestures and supralaryngeal
gestures are by and large articulatorily independent of each other. Thus,
for example, a voiceless aspirated stop consists of an oral occlusion,
cued
by silence, as well as an articulatorily independent laryngeal abduction,
cued by broadband noise. Were the phonetic realisation of these two
gestures strictly simultaneous, the cues signalling the laryngeal abduction
would not be perceived as such by the listener (*[ot]).
A listener can tell that
there is no voicing, but cannot recover more specific information regarding
the state of the glottis during oral closure. Stated simply, the full closure
here reduces the acoustic output to zero. With zero acoustic energy, no
source information other than silence is transmitted to the listener.
However, upon staggering the two gestures, the otherwise obscured
information is rendered salient.
Modulation of the adrenocortical stress response in marine turtles (Cheloniidae): evidence for a hormonal tactic maximizing maternal reproductive investment
Authors: Jessop Tim S.
Published: July 2002

The relationships between reproductive condition, level of reproductive investment and adrenocortical modulation to capture stress in marine turtles form the basis of this study. When subjected to either capture or ecological stressors, nesting marine turtles have demonstrated adrenocortical responses that are both small in magnitude, and slow in responsiveness. These observations were further investigated to determine whether this minimal stress response was a physiological strategy to maximize reproductive investment in adult green Chelonia mydas and hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata turtles. Female green and hawksbill turtles exhibited a decrease in adrenocortical responsiveness with progressive reproductive condition. Breeding turtles exhibited most suppression of their adrenocortical response to capture compared to both non‐breeding and pre‐breeding female counterparts. Nesting green turtles maintained a suppressed adrenocortical response to capture throughout the nesting season despite decreased reproductive investment. In contrast, male green and hawksbill turtles were less able to modulate their corticosterone (B) response to acute capture stress. During breeding, male turtles possessed significantly greater adrenocortical responses to capture than females. These results could indicate that the large reproductive investment necessary for female marine turtle reproduction might underlie the marked decrease in adrenocortical responsiveness. This hormonal mechanism could function as one strategy by which female marine turtles maximize their current reproductive event, even though under certain situations this mechanism could entail costs to female survival.
Explicit half-range expansions for Sturm–Liouville operators
Authors: HAGAN P. S. , KŁOSEK M. M.
Published: July 2002

Boundary value problems for linear transport equations sometimes require the explicit
construction of solutions when boundary conditions are prescribed only on parts of the boundary
and thus necessitate the construction of half-range expansions. In contrast to the standard
eigenfunction expansion, a half-range expansion of a given function must be reconstructed
just over half the domain, using just half of the eigenfunctions. The difficulty of such
expansions arises because the eigenfunctions are not orthogonal, though they are complete, over
half the domain, and there is no obvious method of obtaining the expansion coefficients.
Here we use complex variable techniques to find explicit formulas for the coefficients of
half-range expansions for regular, negative definite Sturm–Liouville operators. We prove that
the half-range expansion formula is unique, and find the corresponding half-range Green
functions.
Avicenna's Eastern (“Oriental”) Philosophy: Nature, Contents, Transmission
Authors: Gutas Dimitri
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the article is to present further information about Avicenna's work on Eastern philosophy, supplementing what was written in the author's Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition (Leiden, 1988), pp. 115-30. In view of the prevalent but unfounded notions among some students of Avicenna that the Eastern philosophy is mystical or illuminationist, an initial section traces the history of the development of these tendentious ideas first to Ibn T[dotu]ufayl and then to the followers of his interpretation in the West in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Further sections discuss the title of the book, list its contents insofar as they can be reconstructed from Avicenna's statements and the extant portions, and provide additional information about its manuscripts and transmission. The style of the work is then analyzed and compared with that of the šifā' in order to verify Avicenna's claim in the Preface to the latter work that the difference between the two was merely stylistic. A final section gives a table of concordance between the contents of the extant part on physics and the corresponding sections in the šifā', establishing the direct relationship and verbal congruity between the two works.
Parental age at conception and offspring longevity
Authors: Gavrilov Leonid A , Gavrilova Natalia S
Published: July 2002

Current knowledge suggests that parental age has many influences on offspring. This topic has been exhaustively reviewed in Finch's monograph. The major maternal age-related changes in humans are increases in fetal aneuploidy later in reproductive life; Down's syndrome (trisomy 21); Kleinfelter's syndrome (XXY); Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18); and Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13). Despite a recent dramatic decrease in fetal death rates, advanced maternal age remains an important independent risk factor for fetal death.
Preface to Locus Solum
Authors: Curien Pierre-Louis
Published: July 2002

The theory presented here is a new, radical step in the research program that started
with linear logic and aiming at an interactive, resource and space conscious account of
reasoning and programming.
The Northern Ireland Conflict: New Wine in Old Bottles?
Authors: Wichert Sabine
Published: July 2002

James Loughlin, The Ulster Question since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), 151 pp., £10.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–60616–7.

David Harkness, Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Divided Island (London: Macmillan, 1996), 190 pp., £9.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–56796–X.

Thomas Hennessey, A History of Northern Ireland, 1920–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1997), 347 pp., £12.99 (pb), £40.00 (hb), ISBN 0–333–73162–X.

Brian A. Follis, A State Under Siege. The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), 250 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–198–20305–5.

Dermot Keogh and Michael H. Haltzel, eds., Northern Ireland and the Politics of reconciliation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 256 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–521–44430–6.

William Crotty and David Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 264 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–32894–2.

David Miller, ed., Rethinking Northern Ireland. Culture, Ideology and Colonialism. (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 344 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–30287–0.

Anthony D. Buckley and Mary Catherine Kenney, Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Identity in Northern Ireland (Washington: Smithonian Institution Press, 1996), 270 pp., £34.75 (hb), ISBN 1–560–98520–8.

John D. Brewer, with Gareth I. Higgins, Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998: the mote and the beam (London: Macmillan, 1998), 248 pp., £16.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–74635–X.

During the last three decades, and accompanying the ‘troubles’, the literature on
Northern Ireland has mushroomed. Within the last ten years two surveys have
attempted to summarise and categorise the major interpretations. John Whyte's
Interpreting Northern Ireland covered the 1970s and 1980s and came to the conclusion
that traditional Unionist and nationalist interpretations, with their emphasis on
external, that is British and Irish, forces as the cause for the problem, had begun to
lose out to ‘internal conflict’ interpretations. He felt, however, that this approach,
too, was coming to the end of its usefulness, and he expected the emergence of a new paradigm shortly.
The Controversy That Isn't: The Debate Over Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners in Comparative Perspective
Authors: ROSENFELD GAVRIEL D.
Published: July 2002

This article attempts to explain the heated controversy sparked by Daniel Goldhagen's bestselling book Hitler's Willing Executioners, by comparing it with its most obvious precedent: the international furor in 1960–62 over William Shirer's The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Through such a comparison, the Goldhagen controversy emerges as a relatively shallow event, largely driven by the book's own weaknesses and by media hype, that provides little of value for a deeper historical understanding of the Holocaust. At the same time, however, Goldhagen's surprising popularity in Germany does, in fact, signal a possible shift in the Germans' long postwar struggle to ‘come to terms' with the Nazi past.
Trust and Transforming Medical Institutions
Authors: RHODES ROSAMOND , STRAIN JAMES J.
Published: July 2002

Medicine needs our trust. We need to be able to
rely on individual clinicians and researchers, and we need
to be able to have confidence in hospitals and clinics.
Yet the organization of our healthcare institutions is
not designed to promote that trust. In fact, the structure
of our medical institutions seems to undermine our faith.
Bioethics Activities in Rural Hospitals
Authors: COOK ANN FREEMAN , HOAS HELENA , GUTTMANNOVA KATARINA
Published: July 2002

Hospital ethics committees have evolved as a response
to complicated legal, ethical, and social dilemmas that
accompany modern medicine. In the United States, their
growth has been augmented by Joint Commission for the
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standards
and the Patient Self-Determination Act. There appears to
be an implicit presumption that all clinical ethics
consultation practices are relatively similar. Finally,
there is heightened awareness of the needs for quality
standards and assessment of the outcomes of ethics
consultations.
Informed Consent: Does It Take a Village? The Problem of
Culture and Truth Telling
Authors: KUCZEWSKI MARK , McCRUDEN PATRICK J.
Published: July 2002

Bioethicists have become very interested in the
importance of social groups. This interest has spawned
a growing literature on the role of the family and the
place of culture in medical decisionmaking. These ethicists
often argue that much of medical ethics suffers from the
individualistic bias of the dominant culture and political
tradition of the United States. As a result, the doctrine of
informed consent has come under some scrutiny. It is believed
that therein lies the source of the problem because the
doctrine incorporates the assumptions of the larger society.
Thus, informed consent has been reexamined, reinterpreted, and
even abandoned as unworkable.
Crossing Numbers and Hard Erdős Problems in Discrete Geometry
Authors: SZÉKELY LÁSZLÓ A.
Published: July 2002

We show that an old but not well-known lower bound for the crossing
number of a
graph yields short proofs for a number of bounds in discrete plane geometry
which were
considered hard before: the number of incidences among points and lines, the maximum
number of unit distances among n points, the minimum number of
distinct distances among n points.
Tied Favourite Edges for Simple Random Walk
Authors: TÓTH B. , WERNER W.
Published: July 2002

We show that there are almost surely only finitely many
times at which there are at least
four ‘tied’ favourite edges for a simple random walk.
This (partially) answers a question of Erdős and Révész.
Diabetic embryopathy
Authors: Reece E Albert , Homko Carol J , Wu Ying-King
Published: July 2002

Despite the fact that most perinatal and maternal complications are on the decline in diabetic pregnancies, the rate of congenital malformations has not changed over the past twenty years.1 In fact, congenital malformations have replaced asphyxia and respiratory distress syndrome as the leading cause of mortality in offspring born to mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.2 The frequency of major congenital malformations has been estimated at 6 to 10% representing a three to five fold increase over the rate in the general population.3,4 Congenital malformations in the offspring of women with diabetes represent a significant social and financial burden to society.
Xenogeneic transplantation of human spermatogonia
Authors: Reis Marcos M. , Tsai Ming C. , Schlegel Peter N. , Feliciano Miriam , Raffaelli Ricciarda , Rosenwaks Zev , Palermo Gianpiero D.
Published: July 2002

In the last 3 years, several studies have shown that xenogeneic transplantation of rodent spermatogonia is feasible. The treatment of infertile patients with spermatogenic arrest using the injection of immature germ cells has yielded only poor results. We attempted to establish a complete spermatogenetic line in the testes of mutant aspermatogenic (W/Wv) and severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID) transplanted with germ cells from azoospermic men. Spermatogenic cells were obtained from testicular biopsy specimens of men (average age of 34.3 ± 9 years) undergoing infertility treatment because of obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Testicular tissue was digested with collagenase to promote separation of individual spermatogenic cells. The germ cells were injected into mouse testicular seminiferous tubules using a microneedle (40 μm inner diameter) on a 10 ml syringe. To assess the penetration of the cell suspension into the tubules, trypan blue was used as an indicator. Mice were maintained for 50 to 150 days to allow time for germ cell colonisation and development prior to them being killed. Testes were then fixed for histological examination and approximately 100 cross-sectioned tubules were examined for human spermatogenic cells. A total of 26 testicular cell samples, 16 frozen and 10 fresh, were obtained from 24 men. The origin of the azoospermia was obstructive (OA) in 16 patients and non-obstructive (NOA) in 8 patients. The concentration of spermatogenic cells in the OA group was 6.6 × 106 cells/ml, and 1.3 ? 106 cells/ml in the NOA group (p < 0.01). The different spermatogenic cell types were distributed equally in the OA samples, ranging from spermatogenia to fully developed spermatozoa, but in the NOA group the majority of cells were spermatogonia and spermatocytes. A total of 23 testes from 14 W/Wv mice and 24 testes from 12 SCID mice were injected successfully, as judged by the presence of spermatogenic cells in histological sections of testes removed immediately after the injection. However, sections from the remaining testes examined up to 150 days after injection showed tubules lined with Sertoli cells and xenogeneic germ cells were not found. The reason why the two strains of mouse used as recipients did not allow the implantation of human germ cells is probably due to interspecies specificity involving non-compatible cell adhesion molecules and/or immunological rejection.
Lack of cell cycle checkpoints in human cleavage stage embryos revealed by a clonal pattern of chromosomal mosaicism analysed by sequential multicolour FISH
Authors: Harrison R.H. , Kuo H.-C. , Scriven P.N. , Handyside A.H. , Ogilvie C. Mackie
Published: July 2002

Multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis of interphase nuclei in cleavage stage human embryos has highlighted a high incidence of postzygotic chromosomal mosaicism, including both aneuploid and ploidy mosaicism. Indeed, some embryos appear to have a chaotic chromosomal complement in a majority of nuclei, suggesting that cell cycle checkpoints may not operate in early cleavage. Most of these studies, however, have only analysed a limited number of chromosomes (3–5), making it difficult to distinguish FISH artefacts from true aneuploidy. We now report analysis of 11 chromosomes in five sequential hybridisations with standard combinations of two or three probes and minimal loss of hybridisation efficiency. Analysis of a series of arrested human embryos revealed a generally consistent pattern of hybridisation on which was superimposed frequent deletion of one or both chromosomes of a specific pair in two or more nuclei indicating a clonal origin and continued cleavage following chromosome loss. With a binucleate cell in a predominantly triploid XXX embryo, the two nuclei remained attached during preparation and the chaotic diploid/triphoid status of every chromosome analysed was the same for each nucleus. Furthermore, in each hybridisation the signals were distributed as a mirror-image about the plane of attachment, indicating premature decondensation during anaphase consistent with a lack of checkpoint control.
VICTORIAN WOMAN’S POETRY
Authors: Shires Linda
Published: July 2002

PART OF THE EXCITEMENT of reading Victorian woman’s poetry lies in its manifold refusals to adopt wholesale the codes and conventions of the male poetic tradition. Such refusal may manifest itself in the bold rewriting of forms (as in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese), or in the unhinging of domestic or romantic pieties through irony and other doubling strategies (as in Dora Greenwell’s “Scherzo” or Christina Rossetti’s “Winter: My Secret”). Both the rewriting of male forms and the attack on conventional ideologies opened up new subject positions for women. For example, women’s responses to poetic tradition and to each other’s work initially made use of expressive theory to explore sexual and religious passions simultaneously (as in the poetry of the Brontës), while towards the end of the century, when religion and sexuality were not so inextricably intertwined, women could openly celebrate non-hierarchical sexualities (as in the lesbian poems of Michael Field).
Predicting road hazards caused by rain, freezing rain and wet surfaces and the role of weather radar
Authors: Symons Leslie , Perry Allen
Published: July 2002

Freezing rain in the winter of 1995/96 has drawn attention to the severity of black‐ice problems on British roads, additional to the normal increased hazards presented to drivers by any form of precipitation. Disruption to traffic was considerable on several days. Weather radar provides improved nowcasting, for both winter and summer conditions, where available real time directly to highway engineers, but this is not yet generally the case in England and Wales. New developments from the Meteorological Office offer improved possibilities at reasonable costs. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
SCHEMA-FOCUSED COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR COMPLEX LONG-STANDING PROBLEMS: A SINGLE CASE STUDY
Authors: Morrison Norma
Published: July 2002

A single case study of a schema-focused cognitive therapy approach to treatment of a young woman with long-term interpersonal relationship problems and affective instability is described. There have been few accounts of this type of therapy that have incorporated outcome measures. Measures of mood and of schema have been taken throughout treatment and results would appear to offer some support for schema-focused cognitive therapy.
Neuropsychiatric disturbance is associated with executive
dysfunction in HIV-1 infection
Authors: CASTELLON STEVEN A. , HINKIN CHARLES H. , MYERS HECTOR F.
Published: July 2002

Prominent apathy and/or irritability are frequently
observed among individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). Although these symptoms often occur as part
of a mood disorder, compelling evidence suggests that they
may occur independently of depression in neurologic disease/disorder.
The current study examined the prevalence of both apathy
and irritability among a sample of HIV-infected individuals
and explored the degree to which these neuropsychiatric
(NP) phenomena were associated with performance on neurocognitive
measures thought to be sensitive to the potential CNS effects
of HIV-1. Clinician-administered rating scales assessing
apathy and irritability were administered to 65 HIV-seropositive
(HIV+) and 21 HIV-seronegative (HIV−) participants
who also completed a dual-task reaction time paradigm and
the Stroop task. NP disturbance was significantly more
prevalent among HIV+ participants compared with HIV−
controls and was associated with specific neurocognitive
deficits suggestive of executive dysfunction. Relative
to both HIV− controls and to neuropsychiatrically
intact HIV+ participants, those HIV+ individuals with evidence
of prominent apathy and/or irritability showed deficits
in dual-task, but not single-task, performance and on the
interference condition of the Stroop. Unexpectedly, NP
disturbance did not show a robust relationship with HIV
disease stage. These results suggest that the presence
of prominent apathy and/or irritability among HIV+ individuals
may signify greater HIV-associated CNS involvement. In
HIV/AIDS, the disruption of frontal–subcortical circuits
may be a common mechanism causing both executive dysfunction
and NP disturbance. (JINS, 2000, 6, 336–347.)
Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks:
Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults
Authors: ROBERT PHILIPPE H. , LAFONT VALÉRIE , MEDECIN ISABELLE , BERTHET LAURENCE , THAUBY SANDRINE , BAUDU CLAUDE , DARCOURT GUY
Published: July 2002

Verbal fluency tasks are frequently used in clinical
neuropsychology. Clustering (the production of words within
semantic subcategories) and switching (the ability to shift
between clusters) have been described as 2 components underlying
fluency performance. We compared the use of clustering
and switching in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects.
Seventy-eight schizophrenic subjects (DSM–IV criteria)
and 64 control participants matched for age and educational
level were recruited. Negative, disorganized, and productive
clinical dimensions were evaluated using the SANS and SAPS
scales. The number of words generated per semantic–phonemic
cluster and the number of switches were evaluated during
2 verbal fluency tasks (phonemic and semantic). In the
healthy controls switching and clustering were closely
related to the total number of words generated in the verbal
fluency tests. The role of the 2 components was partly
dependent on the specific task. Switching was prevalent
in formal fluency, while both switching and clustering
contributed to semantic fluency. In comparison to the healthy
controls, the overall group of schizophrenic patients showed
a significant impairment of switching in the formal fluency
task and of both switching and clustering in the semantic
fluency task, and both the negative and disorganized dimensions
correlated with verbal fluency performance, the number
of switches during the phonemic fluency task, and the clustering
during semantic fluency task. (JINS, 1998, 4,
539–546.)
Cognitive disorders: Searching for the circumstances of
effective treatment: Introduction by the symposium organizer
Authors: ROTHI LESLIE J. GONZALEZ
Published: July 2002

Cognitive deficits associated with neurologic disease
or damage are quite common and they are known to negatively
impact the lives of patients, caregivers and society at
large. Unfortunately, documented effective rehabilitation
of cognitive deficits is extremely scarce. In addition
the concept of cognitive rehabilitation is usually viewed
with tremendous skepticism. This pessimism is manifested
in so many ways: It is found in the reluctance of skeptical
physicians to refer patients to rehabilitation clinicians,
it is seen in the reluctance of service payers to fund
clinical efforts, it gets reflected in the graduate training
programs which place cognitive rehabilitation in the lower
echelons of curricular priorities, it underlies the dearth
of funded programs in cognitive rehabilitation research,
and it even permeates professional organizations and journals
where “treatment studies” represent an extreme
minority of presentations and articles. The most salient
explanation for this therapeutic nihilism is the implicit
belief that “everyone knows it doesn't work.”
Object identification deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer
type: Combined effects of semantic and visual proximity
Authors: DIXON MIKE J. , BUB DANIEL N. , CHERTKOW HOWARD , ARGUIN MARTIN
Published: July 2002

Identification deficits in dementia of the Alzheimer
Type (DAT) often target specific classes of objects, sparing
others. Using line drawings to uncover the etiology of
such category-specific deficits may be untenable because
the underlying shape primitives used to differentiate one
line drawing from another are unspecified, and object form
is yoked to object meaning. We used computer generated
stimuli with empirically specifiable properties in a paradigm
that decoupled form and meaning. In Experiment 1 visually
similar or distinct blobs were paired with semantically
close or disparate labels, and participants attempted to
learn these pairings. By having the same blobs stand for
semantically close and disparate objects and looking at
shape–label confusion rates for each type of set,
form and meaning were independently assessed. Overall,
visual similarity of shapes and semantic similarity of
labels each exacerbated object confusions. For controls,
the effects were small but significant. For DAT patients
more substantial visual and semantic proximity effects
were obtained. Experiment 2 demonstrated that even small
changes in semantic proximity could effect significant
changes in DAT task performance. Labeling 3 blobs with
“lion,” “tiger,” and “leopard”
significantly elevated DAT confusion rates compared to
exactly the same blobs labeled with “lion,”
“tiger,” and “zebra.” In conclusion
both visual similarity and semantic proximity
contributed to the identification errors of DAT patients.
(JINS, 1999, 5, 330–345.)