bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Peace
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

To the FBI’s confidential informant in the Commerce Department (an economist named Acree), it must have been a remarkable moment. There, on the corner of 17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue was William Remington talking to a mysterious woman. After a while, Remington took from his pocket a piece of paper that he gave to the woman, who then hailed a taxi and drove away. On February 6, 1950, Acree informed the FBI, and the next day Inspector Howard B. Fletcher recommended to Assistant Director D. M. Ladd that the Bureau reopen the Remington investigation. “Yes, do so at once,” J. Edgar Hoover ordered; “cover carefully and DISCREETLY.” It seemed to the FBI that William Remington was up to his old tricks, the woman obviously another Elizabeth Bentley. Bureau memoranda on Remington were again captioned, SUBJECT: ESPIONAGE. “I wish an FBI agent were assigned to watch me twenty-four hours a day,” he had told Daniel Lang in 1949. In 1950, Remington’s wish came true. The FBI moved quickly. On February 10, they interviewed Acree about what he had observed. He did not know the woman Remington was seeing but could give them a good description: about thirty-five years old, sharp features, medium height, medium build. Her hair was brown, cut in a masculine bob, and she wore brown horn-rimmed glasses with unusually thick lenses. She also dressed like the FBI’s idea of a Brunette Spy Queen-her body was completely covered by an olive-green Army officer’s military coat, belted and with a hood. Special Agent Lambert Zander, assigned to watch Remington, saw her for himself on March 2, when she and Remington entered the Tally-Ho Restaurant for lunch.
His Own Worst Enemy
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

High above Washington, D.C., on a flight bound for Manhattan, Joe Rauh jotted down legal strategy on the back of a postcard: 3 questions. 1) Basic Philosophy of Case; 2) Motions; 3) My Participation. The next day, April 18, 1952, he was to meet with the man whom William Chanler wanted to try the case-John McKim Minton, a distinguished criminal lawyer. But Rauh was not convinced that Minton was right for the job. A wide chasm separated Minton’s views, as reported by Chanler, from his own, one that Rauh feared could not be bridged. He thought he might have to withdraw, a prospect Remington said “was too bitter to think about.” He had expected to work with Chanler’s replacement, although the years of litigation were costing him time and money. For almost four years, he had turned down other cases to represent Remington without charge, paying even his own expenses-travel, accommodations, long-distance phone calls-that now amounted to over two thousand dollars. But, he believed that the legal principles were so important that he was prepared to go on; in fact, he had already drafted a series of motions calling for the dismissal of the indictment. He had no doubt that the court would reject them, but the effort was essential to keep alive the civil-liberties issues, should they again have to appeal. To Rauh, these were still the heart of the case.
Costs and Entry Barriers in the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Costs and entry barriers are the next elements of structure that we will examine. In this chapter, we will begin to see how various firms’ strategies help determine the structure of the securities industry. Consistent with the contestable markets analysis, we will use Baumol, Panzar, and Willig’s approach to analyzing costs and entry barriers. Sunk costs need not be fixed, and fixed costs need not be sunk. Examples of sunk costs for a securities firm are expenses for advertising and promotion, costs of training registered representatives, costs of research and development required to produce a new product, and costs of regulatory approvals to enter a line of business. The cost that bears a resemblance to fixed costs is occupancy and equipment expenses. Examples of entry barriers for the securities industry include required net capital, exchange memberships and broker-dealer registration fees, and associated legal costs, as well as the delays to obtain the regulatory agency’s permission to enter.
Broadcasting Structure and Finance: The Netherlands
Authors: Mcquail Denis
Published: October 2023

The Netherlands has a broadcasting system which is certainly unique in its structure and, to a certain extent, in its underlying principles and the balance between them. This uniqueness has consequences for its financing, and the options open for future funding, even if, in other respects, the main sources of revenue are not, in European terms, unique. Nor are the pressures faced during the 1980s by the broadcasting system of the Netherlands so very different from those to be found in other countries. The terms “commercialization, “ “privatization, “ “deregulation, “ “fragmentation “ are as common in Holland as elsewhere. However, the Dutch system is also having to come to terms with pressures generated within the society, which have been at work since the founding of the system in the 1920s and which have led to a series of changes over time.
Politics, Culture and Technology: The Holy Trinity of Canadian Broadcasting
Authors: Ferguson Marjorie
Published: October 2023

These words spoken by a Canadian Prime Minister over fifty years ago capture the political principles, cultural paradoxes and technological bias which typify Canadian broadcasting to this day. On the one hand, there is commitment to the principle of political sovereignty over culture; on the other, there is dedication to the principle of consumer sovereignty over listener and viewer choice. As the system evolved through successive new technologies from terrestrial radio to extra-terrestrial satellites, the significance of these opposing concepts for Canada ‘s broadcasting economy has proven a rich source of public debate- and private profit- to politicians, cultural nationalists and entrepreneurs alike.
Television in Sweden 1986: Position and Prospects
Authors: Nowak Kjell
Published: October 2023

Sveriges Radio is owned by three categories of shareholders, the “popular movements “ (60%), industrial and commercial organizations (20%), and press organizations (20%). The “popular movements “ consist of national voluntary organizations, including labor market associations, consumer cooperatives and adult education associations, temperance groups and evangelical churches. The board of governors of Sveriges Radio, the parent company, is appointed partly by the government and partly by the shareholders ‘ annual meeting. The boards of governors of the subsidiaries are appointed by the governors of the parent company.
The Electronic Dilemma of Television Advertising
Authors: Sepstrup Preben
Published: October 2023

Advertising on television has until recently enjoyed a peaceful and relatively uncomplicated existence-in the United States as a guest of honor and in Europe as a tolerated visitor with a more humble place at the table. This straightforward situation is now under attack in both the United States and Europe from two features of the new communication technologies: cable and satellites, opening up possibilities for a growing number of international, national and local television channels; and several devices that enhance viewers ‘ control over use of their sets.
The Social Psychology of Transcendentalism
Authors: Cloninger C Robert
Published: October 2023

American transcendentalism emerged as a liberal flowering of intuitive spirituality in New England in reaction against Unitarianism, which at that time had grown to be conservative and uninspiring. Earlier Unitarianism had been a response to an even more oppressive form of Calvinism. Emerson (1880, page 5) began his classic autobiographical description of the transcendentalist movement with the simple but profound statement, "There are always two parties, the party of the Past and the party of the Future, the Establishment and the Movement." Emerson is referring to the recurrent conflict between conservative and liberal factions in church and state. To understand the cultural atmosphere of the American transcendentalists and the significance of what they said and did, we need to under stand the psychological issues underlying the developmental history of Calvinism and Unitarianism.
Music Makes Me...
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Our Victrola stood in the dining room. I was allowed to climb onto the seat of a diningroom chair to wind it, start the record turning, and set the needle playing. In a second I’d jumped to the floor, to spin or march around the table as the music called for—now there were all the other records I could play too. I skinned back onto the chair just in time to lift the needle at the end, stop the record and turn it over, then change the needle. That brass receptacle with a hole in the lid gave off a metallic smell like human sweat, from all the hot needles that were fed it. Winding up, dancing, being cocked to start and stop the record, was of course all in one the act of listening—to “Overture to Daughter of the Regiment,” “Selections from The Fortune Teller,” “Kiss Me Again,” “Gypsy Dance from Carmen,” “Stars and Stripes Forever,” “When the Midnight Choo-Choo Leaves for Alabam,” or whatever came next. Movement must be at the very heart of listening.
Critical Lines
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

The Puritan Maypole... Thus each alternate season did homage to the Maypole, and paid it a tribute of its own richest splendor. Its votaries danced round it, once, at least, in every month; sometimes they called it their religion, or their altar; but always, it was the banner staff of Merry Mount. Unfortunately, there were men in the new world of a sterner faith than these Maypole worshippers. Not far from Merry Mount was a settlement of Puritans, most dismal wretches, who said their prayers before daylight, and then wrought in the forest or the cornfield till evening made it prayer time again. Their weapons were always at hand to shoot down the straggling savage. When they met in conclave, it was never to keep up the old English mirth, but to hear sermons three hours long, or to proclaim bounties on the heads of wolves and the scalps of Indians. Their festivals were fast days, and their chief pastime the singing of psalms. Woe to the youth or maiden who did but dream of a dance! The selectman nodded to the constable; and there sat the light-heeled reprobate in the stocks; or if he danced, it was round the whipping-post, which might be termed the Puritan Maypole....
The Theaters
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

The Bolshoi Iris Morley, in The Rose and the Star: I know of nothing more exciting than to cross the huge Theater Square on a really cold winter evening. There are the towering classic columns of the façade rising dark from acres of snow, and the air where the electric light falls is so cold that it sparkles like diamond dust. Once inside, however, winter is eliminated. Everything seems to be made of crystal, gilt, vermilion damask, or white marble. Neither the icy winds of spring nor the sultry torpor of summer penetrates its columns. Everything has a special air of festivity and make-believe and even the cream cakes sold at the buffet have an exotic shape, like the third act [i.e., “Land of Sweets” scene] of Nutcracker. If the feminine portion of the audience possessed rubies and diamonds, they would undoubtedly wear them, for the Russians love magnificence. As it is, they have to make do with silk dresses and blouses and skirts. However, when all of us—three thousand odd—are gathered in beneath the great crystal chandelier, we feel that premonitory glow which precedes the satisfaction of a deep instinct. Nowhere in the world— not even in Leningrad—shall we see a more splendid scene than that which will be revealed to us when the curtain rises.
Injuries, Maladies, Misfortunes, and Cures
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

One Day It’s Kicks, Then It’s Kicks in the Shins When Marius Petipa, the nineteenth-century choreographer who masterminded Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty, was sixteen, he was hired as premier danseur and ballet master in Nantes. His first season went well, and he produced three ballets. He picks up the story in his memoirs: I was happy in this position and remained a second season, but misfortune fell upon me: on stage, dancing, I broke my shinbone and spent six weeks in bed. There I came to know how the majority of impresarios treat the actors whom they exploit. At the end of the month, I gave my mother power of attorney to receive my salary, but although I had broken my leg during the fulfillment of my duty on stage, the director still refused to make any payment, on the basis of the conditions of my contract. What to do? How to get the second month’s salary from them? I still could not use my leg, but I had to take part in the performance. I devised a new Spanish pas, in which, with my hands, I showed another dancer how to work the feet, and myself appeared, accompanying the pas with castanets.
On Partnering and Partnerships
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

To Be Asked Possibly the most romantic moment of partnering on the dance floor in literature occurs in War and Peace, when the teenaged Natásha Rostóv attends her first ball on New Year’s Eve of 1810. Two men there hold her fate in their hands—the doomed prince with whom she will fall desperately in love, and the “buffoon” who loves her silently and whom she will ultimately marry: Suddenly everybody stirred, began talking, and pressed forward and then back, and between the two rows, which separated, the Emperor entered to the sounds of music that had immediately struck up. Behind him walked his host and hostess. He walked in rapidly, bowing to right and left as if anxious to get the first moments of the reception over. The band played the polonaise in vogue at that time. The men began to choose partners and take their places for the polonaise.
A Mark, a Yen, a Buck, or a Pound
Authors: Aloff Mindy
Published: October 2023

Will You Command Me to Use My Legs? Few productions of Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part II (Act V, scene 5, ll. 116 ff) actually end the play where Shakespeare did: with a direct address to the audience by “a Dancer,” who expresses the hope that the paying customers received full measure for the price of admission: EPILOGUE: Spoken by a Dancer. First my fear; then my courtesy; last my speech. My fear is, your displeasure; my courtesy, my duty; and my speech, to beg your pardons. If you look for a good speech now, you undo me: for what I have to say is of my own making; and what indeed I should say will, I doubt, prove my own marring. But to the purpose, and so to the venture. Be it known to you, as it is very well, I was lately here in the end of a displeasing play, to pray your patience for it and to promise you a better. I meant indeed to pay you with this; which, if like an ill venture it come unluckily home, I break, and you, my gentle creditors, lose. Here I promised you I would be and here I commit my body to your mercies: bate me some and I will pay you some and, as most debtors do, promise you infinitely.
Into Her Own
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

The Gondorf Ring was a cartel of swindlers and con men built up and headed by the Gondorf brothers of Atlantic City. Charley Gondorf was a legend, and “Henry Gondorff” was the name used for Paul Newman’s character in the 1972 motion picture The Sting. Fanny had already signed to play a featured role in Lew Fields’ Hands Up, a “musicocomico” melodrama about the theft of a neck.lace that opened at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut, on June 7, 1915. The New York Dramatic Mirror said Fanny was ‘‘the hit of the show,” but the production failed to come up to expectations, and was closed in Albany a week and a half later. (Fields sold it outright to the Shuberts, who opened a revised version on Broadway with a different cast.) Fanny returned to New York as Nick’s case came up for trial. She was nervous and afraid, as if to counterpoint Nick’s outward coolness.
The Fugitive
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

Early in the morning of Thursday, February 12, 1920, Fanny returned to the Eight-third Street apartment from her night’s work in the Frolic to find Nick packing. Purposeful and grim, he asked his wife if she’d been followed, said that he was “innocent,” handed her two checks, and told her not to worry as he walked away from the apartment. Usually the most discriminating dresser, he was wearing a black hat Fanny had bought for him in Europe and an old coat. Nick had never liked the hat and had not worn the coat in years.
“Rewolt JJJ”
Authors: Goldman Herbert G
Published: October 2023

The Billy Rose the world knew best-the fabulous showman, the “mighty mite” of American entertainment, was born in May of 1933-three months after the Twenty-second Amendment, repealing Prohibition, was proposed in Congress. That was when Rose was approached by a man who said he represented several “gentlemen” who wanted to rent the Fortune Gallo Theatre at 254 West Fifty-fourth Street, dark for seven years, and install a cabaret on the premises. They were “very fine businessmen,” he maintained, adding that “the owners of King’s Beer” had an interest. They wanted Billy to stage the shows, become a partner, and lend the enterprise his increasingly famous name.
Introduction: Faith in History
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

All but one of these essays have been written since 1981. All but the last were written on assigned topics, in answer to specific invitations. Yet as I read them over, all deal either with America’s Protestant roots and their survival, or with the eighteenth-century Enlightenment in which the Republic was conceived. Most of the essays, including the more-or-less autobiographical pieces in the first section, touch on the unresolved conflict between these two major forces: hence, the volume’s title.
After the Enlightenment: A Prospectus
Authors: May Henry F
Published: October 2023

I have long been haunted by a remark made by the late John William Ward, in his Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age (1955). The book explains that Jackson was presented by his political admirers as an example of the intuitive wisdom of the people, always to be preferred to the arid and bookish rationalism of people like Jack¬ son’s opponent, John Quincy Adams.
Artisans Face the Crisis, 1932-1936
Authors: Zdatny Steven M
Published: October 2023

As capitalism ground to a halt in the wake of the crash of the stock market in New York, as banks failed, factories shut down, and soup lines lengthened across Europe and North America, the French economy remained peculiarly buoyant. Unemployment was virtually nonexistent. The index of industrial production reached an interwar peak of 140 (1913 = 100) in 1930.1 Gold poured into the Bank of France, reflecting the world’s confidence in the franc. The French congratulated themselves on their healthy and well-balanced 2economy
Plots: Jessie Fauset and Edith Wharton
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

For Jessie Redmon Fauset and Edith Wharton, appearing conventional as artists and being deeply involved with issues confronting women, including women artists, were totally compatible positions. They like Harper in Hopkins in Chopin in or Austin in a number of her novels but most notably out not to undo but instead to own the full-length high-culture western novel. Instead of attempting to make it over, they took it on. Moved in.
Incorporation and Beyond
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

With rare if notable exceptions, Justice Harlan’s stance in the race cases of the 1960s was consistent with prevailing trends on the Warren Court. His reaction to the Court’s decisions in numerous other cases of that eventful decade was, of course, quite another matter. In 1960, he dissented when a majority, in Elkins v. United States, completed its dismantling of the “silver platter” doctrine under which the fruits of illegal searches by state authorities were admissible as evidence in federal criminal trials.
Twilight of the Demagogues
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

Prior to August 1914, the Anny League had championed the necessity of infusing German society with properly martial and nationalist virtues in preparation for a war it felt to be inevitable. This emphasis on domestic readiness was then reinforced by the persistent Francophobic tone of league propaganda. Whether it was the desire to recover Alsace-Lorraine or to lure unsuspecting Germans to serve in the Foreign Legion, the persistence of French hostility was all too readily apparent. With the outbreak of the First World War, of course, these themes appeared to gain even greater relevance. As hostilities spread, the league’s warnings were confirmed, its concerns vindicated, its methods validated.
Lawyers Who Litigate
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

Who are the lawyers who litigate the kinds of ordinary cases described in Chapter 3? What kinds of training, experience, and expertise do they bring to their work? What are their attitudes toward their work? How do these characteristics reflect the lawyers’ efforts to balance the often inconsistent demands of the professional and broker roles? These are the questions addressed in this chapter. Over the years there have been a variety of demographic (and other) descriptions of the legal profession. Some of these concentrate on lawyers in particular kinds of practice situations (e.g., Smigel, 1964; Carlin, 1962; Laumann and Heinz, with Nelson and Salisbury, 1985); some focus on lawyers in particular locations (Heinz and Laumann, 1982; Handler, 1976; Landon, 1982, 1985, 1988); and some try to provide a general overview of the legal profession in the United States at a particular time (Sikes, Carson, and Gorai, 1972; Curran, 1986).
Lawyers and Their ‘‘Workgroup’’
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

Several important analyses of the criminal justice process, and particularly analyses of the role of lawyers in that process, have focused on what has been variously called the courtroom workgroup (Eisenstein and Jacob, 1977) or the courtroom elite (Nardulli, 1978): the group consisting of the judge, defense counsel (particularly public defenders), and prosecuting attorney, all of whom must interact frequently and regularly to process cases through the criminal courts (see also Rosett and Cressey, 1976; Blumberg, 1967b).1 The emphasis in these analyses has been on the important role played by the group process generally, and on the specific need to maintain the relationships at the core of that process.
The Impact of Relationships on the Lawyer's Work in Ordinary Civil Litigation
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

In Chapters 5 to 7 I discussed aspects of lawyering in civil litigation that reflect some of the tensions between the lawyer as professional and the lawyer as broker: (1) the role of the web of relationships within which lawyers carry on their work in litigation, and (2) the specific nature of that work. In this chapter, I will combine these to consider the impact of the lawyers’ relationships on the work that they do in litigation. In the first part of the chapter, I will consider the impact of relationships on the amount of effort that lawyers devote to their cases; in the second part, I will examine the impact on the content of the work.
The Rise of the Domestic Woman
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

In their effort to make young women desirable to men of a good social position, countless conduct books and works of instruction for women represented a specific configuration of sexual features as those of the only appropriate woman for men at all levels of society to want as a wife. At the same time, such writing provided people from diverse social groups with a basis for imagining economic interests in common.t Thus it was the new domestic woman rather than her counterpart, the new economic man, who first encroached upon aristocratic culture and seized authority from it. This writing assumed that an education ideally made a woman desire to be what a prosperous man desires, which is above all else a female.
Toward a New Urban Vision: Howard in the 1890s
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

In the 1890s, a professor at the University of Edinburgh commented: “The kind of Socialism most in repute at present is one which cannot be carried into practice by the voluntary action of individuals, or illustrated by experi¬ments on a small scale. It is the Socialism which can only be realized through the State and which must have the whole nation as a subject on which to operate.” The emergence of the Independent Labour party and the growing prominence of the Fabians gave a collectivist and political thrust to British socialism. From the embers of communitarian interest, though, a spark was thrown off in the form of the Garden City movement.1
The Garden City and Town Planning, 1903-1918
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

Howard and his type of reformer yearned for alternative cultures based on grand design rather than incremental reforms. By 1900 a more complex vision of the good society was largely in place. Darwin impelled thinking individuals to try for an understanding of progress through themes of evolutionary development and endless change. These views challenged the teleologic reasoning favored by communitarians. In A Modern Utopia (1905) H. G. Wells contrasted the old and new ways of thinking about progress: “The Modern Utopia must be not static but kinetic, must shape not as a permanent state but as a hopeful stage, leading to a long ascent of stages.” The mark of modern thinkers was their assumption that government, when staffed by highly trained experts, provided the means for the rational management of an ongoing process of social change.
Legitimacy: A Matter of Degree
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

If one concedes that “international law is not law” in any sense that uses the national legal systems as its standard, one does not thereby admit that the Martian who wishes to learn about international relations as practiced by states on earth would be completely without normative guidance. International relations are not one damn thing after another, nor is the world system, in Matthew Arnold’s phrase, only “a darkling plain where ignorant armies clash by night.”52 Most people do keep their appointments and most states adhere to many international rules of conduct. Certainly, there are texts that predict with some accuracy to relations between states, as also between states and citizens or entities of other states ( transnational corporations, for example) and between persons or entities of one state and those of another.
The Artist as Refugee
Authors: Amishai-Maisels Ziva
Published: October 2023

In 1933 the National Socialists ascended to power in Germany and declared war on Jews, Communists and Modem Art more or less at the same time. As a result, a growing number of artists who either were Jewish, had left-wing affiliations or simply refused to abandon their adherence to Modem Art began to leave the country and seek refuge elsewhere. This tendency spread to Austria, Italy, Eastern Europe and France as the Nazis extended their power and ideology over most of Europe, more or less closing the gates against further escape by late 1941. The problem of refugee artists has recently been discussed either as part of the larger problem of intellectuals who were refugees from the Nazis or as part of a study of those persecuted by the Nazis as “degenerate artists.”3 However, the question of the artists’ response to their status as refugees has not been adequately analyzed.
Medicine and Murder
Authors: Mosse George L
Published: October 2023

Doctors stood guard over the killing process at Auschwitz, and now Robert Lifton has set himself the task to discover why and how physicians coming from a profession dedicated to healing were transformed into mass murderers. The commitment of these doctors to mass murder also raises wider questions about the social role of medicine and its guardianship of public health and morals. For Auschwitz brings into focus and to a climax many trends and tendencies of the modem age: here as in a prism we can see the potential dangers inherent in certain ideas and social structures that were either ignored or only dimly perceived at the time. The role that medicine played in society for a century before the Holocaust provides one example of such a trend. This did not have to lead to the Holocaust but, in fact, it helped to define the attitudes of the Nazi doctors toward their victims.
Pinsk and Washington
Authors: Friesel Evyatar
Published: October 2023

The clash mentioned in the title of this book refers to what is known in Zionist historiography as the Brandeis-Weizmann struggle from 1919 to 1921, one of the great internal crises in the history of Zionism. It reached a dramatic climax at the Cleveland Conference of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA) in early June 1921 when the Brandeis administration was forced to retire from the leadership of the American movement.
“Conquering Without War”
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

He great dilemma of Jefferson’s statecraft, then, lay in his apparent renunciation of the means on which states had always ultimately relied to ensure their security and to satisfy their ambitions, and in his simultaneous unwillingness to renounce the ambitions that normally led to the use of these means. He wished, in other words, that America could have it both ways-that it could enjoy the fruits of power without falling victim to the normal consequences of its exercise.
How Do They Rule? Liberal Democracy in America
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

In the Soviet view, the interaction of various segments of a society attempting to defend or advance differing interests produces politics (Guliev 1973; Boichenko 1970). Economic interests are paramount, and the clash of class interests, particularly those of the exploiting and the exploited classes, plays the determining role (Burlatskii 1970). In the past some ruling classes periodically attempted to mask the fact that they were in control by claiming that everybody ruled. In classical Greece and feudal Europe, for instance, those classes established political systems that were called democracies but really were not since the majority of the population was excluded from participation (Guliev 1970). The Soviets maintain that the same is largely true of the political system characteristic of capitalist nations.
How do Rulers and Ruled Interact? The class Struggle
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

In principle, Soviet writers could discuss all American politics as PART of the class struggle. In practice, their writings on the class struggle cover a number of definite topics, some treated often, others receiving less attention. Despite the importance of class struggle to Marxist political analysis, there are few comprehensive Soviet studies of its American variant. Indeed, Petr Shishkin’s landmark volume on the subject was published only in 1972-on the one hand rather late in the game, on the other not starting a trend, either.
Design and Function of the Microcirculation
Authors: Desjardins Claude
Published: October 2023

The circulatory system delivers blood at pressures that are adequate to perfuse organs and thereby regulates the microenvironment of individual cells within each tissue. If all vessels in every tissue were completely filled with blood, and had constant flow, the total volume of blood would be enormous: significantly more energy would be required to propel blood through the vasculature (Wiedeman et al., 1981). Instead, the efficiency of the cardiovascular system is enhanced in two ways. First, the total volume of blood in the vascular compartment is limited and controlled (Guyton, 1991). Second, capillary perfusion is regulated to coincide with the metabolic needs of cells at rest, and perfusion can be increased in direct proportion to the work performed by individual cells (Duling, 1990). Tissue perfusion is governed by controlling the number of microvessels that are perfused at any instant and by regulating the number of red blood cells that flow through perfused capillary segments (Desjardins and Duling, 1987). Therefore, cell performance and tissue perfusion are intimately coupled by the microcirculation and linked to the fraction of the cardiac output that is available for tissue perfusion.
Banking and Finance in the Danish Economy
Authors: Johansen Hans Christian
Published: October 2023

Industrialization came late to Denmark. In 1870 the economy was still dominated by agriculture, and about three-fourths of the population lived in rural areas.
Music, Literacy, and Society in Atlanta:1910-1916
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

In Atlanta, Thomas and Etta were forced to alter radically their pattern of living from what it had been in Villa Rica in order to overcome the economic hardships they faced. For the first time since being married, Etta had to do work in addition to that of a homemaker: She worked, taking in washing and ironing. [She would] go and wash a big batch of clothes and maybe get a dollar for it. That’s about all a woman got to do down there in the south at that time.
Blues-From “Jass” to “Lowdown”:1924-1928
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

Until 1921, Dorsey’s religious involvement had been passive. During his childhood, the disparity between the religious practices of his mother and father caused him to conceive of religion as a hodge-podge of antithetical images. During his adolescence in Atlanta, the church—no longer the site of his parents’ prestige—became for him merely a place to socialize. As he recovered from his nervous breakdown, around the age of 22, he seemed no longer prone to become religious. His mother’s all-too-frequent admonition, “serve the Lord, serve the Lord,” diminished in importance before his greater urge to return to Chicago and continue his career.1 Early on in his life, therefore, circumstances seemed to determine that a religious experience in order to have any meaning-would have to be cathartic.
Workplace Turbulence and Workforce Preparedness
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

The year 1973 marked a divide in the postwar economy.1 During the 25 years between 1948 and 1973, private sector productivity increased at an annual rate of 2.9%. Productivity improvement after 1973 fell way below this long-term trend, leveling off at about 0.6% a year until 1981 and rising to only l.61J/o a year between 1981 and 1987. A similar pattern is reflected in the real wages of the workforce.2
Preparing the Future Workforce: A Labor-Management Consensus
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

The previous chapters have documented how workers and workplaces in the United States have been hard hit by economic shocks since the mid-1970s. More intense global competition, business deregulation, and corporate mergers and acquisitions have caused major shifts in the sectoral composition of employment. Technological change has altered skill needs, and demographic change has affected labor supply in ways that particularly impact on the job prospects of youth, older workers, and minorities. Throughout the labor market, work careers have become much less certain as fewer jobs are stable, as promotion opportunities are diminishing, and as compensation increases are becoming less routine.
An International Comparison of Manufacturing Productivity and Unit Labor Cost Trends
Authors: Neef Arthur
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents comparative trend measures of manufacturing productivity, as measured by output per hour, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs in the United States, Canada, Japan, and nine European countries. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has been preparing these annual measures for many years to help assess changes in the U.S. competitive position. This chapter also introduces new research looking into productivity developments in component manufacturing industries, covering the United States, Japan, and Germany.
Straight Talk on Slanted News: “Bias’’ and Accountability in Reporting Carter and Reagan
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

In 1980, the nation learned that President Carter’s brother had been representing the Libyan government without registering as a foreign agent. The “Billygate” scandal dominated the network news for weeks. In 1984, Secretary of Labor Raymond Donovan became the first sitting cabinet member ever indicted, for allegedly participating in a fraud conspiracy involving at least one reputed member of organized crime. The story vanished after only a few days. Consider another contrast. When nine service-men died in 1980 trying to rescue the American hostages in Iran, President Carter received a negative drumbeat of personal criticism in the press. When 241 U.S. Marines died in 1983 from a suicide bomb attack in Beirut, President Reagan largely escaped such condemnation.
Faith and Mystification in Broadcast Deregulation
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

During the 1980s, public policy toward broadcasting changed dramatically. The dominant trend was virtually to eliminate government regulation and to rely upon an enlarged, vigorously competitive economic market to protect and expand the “marketplace of ideas.” Perhaps the most important and controversial case in point is the Federal Communications Commission’s 1987 decision to abolish the broadcast Fairness Doctrine. A direct attempt by government to foster diverse accountability news, the doctrine required that broadcasters devote time to controversial issues and air varied opposing views. The FCC’s decision assumed that rising economic competition will provide a better means of attaining the original goals of the doctrine than regulation.
Introduction
Authors: Wertheimer Jack
Published: October 2023

German Jewry’s encounter with East European Jews, the meeting of Yekkes and Ostjuden, has assumed near mythic significance in the modern Jewish imagination. According to popular accounts, these two segments of a once unified Ashkenazic Jewry had been riven into two distinctive and mutually exclusive camps by the time they met in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: one consisted of emancipated, bourgeois Germans of the Mosaic Persuasion who considered themselves secure and safe in their homeland; the other was comprised of ghettoized, impoverished Caftan Jews forced to choose between a miserable ex istence in the East or migration westward in search of new opportunities. Con fronted by their eastern brethren, German Jews, it is alleged, responded with arrogance and condescension. At best, they patronized Ostjuden, regarding the latter as backward, superstitious, dirty-and certainly inferior in culture and breeding. At worst, German Jews harbored a profound antipathy toward their coreligionists that smacked of Jewish self-hatred, if not anti-Semitism. Indeed, the very term Yekke is often used in written works and daily conversation as a shorthand for snobbishness and heartless meticulousness, whereas the term Ostjude evokes images of Jews victimized by their own kind.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

“The Nature of the Firm,” the rudiments of which had already taken shape in Ronald Coase’s mind and had appeared in his correspondence by 1932, was first published in 1937. That was a seminal event-although it took a very long time for its full importance to register. The fiftieth anniversary of that event was celebrated at a 1987 conference. Coase’s 1937 article, the three lectures that he gave at the conference, and the conference papers are brought together here. I briefly examine each of these in that order and offer some observations about work in progress and the research agenda. The “main advantage which an economist brings to the other social sciences is simply a way of looking at the world” (Coase, 1978:210). But while a shared world view holds economists together—indeed, may be said to define membership in the club—a few economists venture beyond and reshape the worldview, which temporarily upsets the status quo. Ronald Coase is one of those reshapers; his 1937 article on “The Nature of the Firm” is recognized as a classic because it changed the way people think about economic organization.
The Way of the Mystics -2
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

We Have Seen How women through mystical experience found the assertiveness and authority necessary to speak, teach and influence people. Others found different ways to assert their claim to religious equality. The effort on the part of individual women, each acting in her own way, persisted over the centuries. It took a variety of forms: 1) the development of female God-language and symbolism; 2) the re-conceptualization of the Divine as both male and female; 3) women’ s direct intervention in redemption and salvation; and 4) a deliberate and often scholarly feminist Bible criticism, which I will deal with in a separate chapter. The development of female God-language and symbolism has a complex and ambiguous history, because both men and women en­ gaged in the enterprise, although possibly for quite opposite reasons.
Crimes of Writing
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

These essays concern themselves with the relations between subjectivity, authenticity, writing, speech, and the law. Because they focus for the most part on specific cases of forgery, literary imposture, pornography, and graffiti, I have gathered them under the title “crimes of writing.” But I have used this title for another reason as well—to connote the ways in which such practices are in fact inversions or negations of cultural rules and so have opened a more “properly” transgressive space for those aesthetic writings stretching from Romanticism to the avant-garde. By establishing a realm of prosecutable actions, laws regarding crimes of writing might be seen to “spare” such aesthetic practices and at the same time to bracket, and thereby trivialize, their intentions and consequences.
Psalmanazar’s Others
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

Who speaks writing? This question must hover as the thematic of the study with which I will begin—an account of the writings of the eighteenth-century forger, impostor, and friend of Samuel Johnson, “George Psalmanazar.” We know no other name than this pseudonym, which he took from 2 Kings 17:3—“Shalmaneser,” one of a line of Assyrian kings by this name. From 1702 to 1708, Psalmanazar presented himself to British society as a Formosan pagan converted to Christianity. Furthermore, he wrote a widely accepted Historical and Geographical Description of his “native” country. The aberration Psalmanazar poses in the description of otherness is an aberration that is nonetheless typical of a period in which, as we have seen, the claims of writing—the claims of authorship, originality, genius, and documentation—-were in tremendous flux.
How Military Mobilization Hurts the Economy
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: October 2023

Most people know that military mobilization is not cheap, but few appreciate the full range of economic consequences of going to war. President Eisenhower popularized the myth that war is good for business when he warned, in his farewell speech, of the dangers posed by a “military-industrial complex.” It is still widely believed that Franklin Roosevelt lifted the country out of the Great Depression by getting us into World War II. The fact is, hasteful and wasteful military buildups have led to budget deficits, higher taxes, inflation, expensive transfer programs for veterans, and government intervention in markets-all of which have continued for decades after the wars they were supposed to facilitate.
American Farming: If It’s Broke, Why Can’t We Fix It?
Authors: Alston Lee J
Published: October 2023

With all the media attention to the plight of American farmers in the 1980s, one might have thought that farms had never failed before. In fact, things have been much worse. In the 1920s and 1930s, agricultural distress prompted the federal government to take action to prevent farm failures. The current policies under review-government payments to farmers under existing commodity programs, infusion of capital into the Farm Credit System, and state moratoria on farm foreclosures-are extensions of programs originated in the 1930s. Perhaps, then, we can learn from past experience.
The Equal Rights Amendment­Yes, But Whose?
Authors: Rotella Elyce J
Published: October 2023

Should the government establish and enforce laws that require women and men be treated differently? Is it fair for the government to give protections to women that it docs not give to men? Can we justify laws that restrict women’s right to do things that men arc free to do? Should the U.S. Constitution be amended so that “equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex? ” Throughout U.S. history, many kinds of laws have required that women workers be treated differently from men. These laws have limited the hours that women work, forbidden the employment of women in certain occupations, required special facilities for female workers, and set minimum wages for women. Usually such laws have been motivated by concerns for women’s health and well-being, and for this reason are commonly referred to as “protective labor laws.” Often, however, these laws have had the effect of limiting women’s opportunities in the labor force, and have become what legal historian Judith Baer has called “chains of protection.”
Can Price Controls Work?
Authors: Rockoff Hugh
Published: October 2023

Whenever confronted with spiraling wages and prices during periods of inflation, policymakers are often tempted to freeze wages and prices by force of law. Opponents of such government intervention are quick to cite President Richard Nixon’s dismal experiment in 1971. Interventionists insist, however, that price control did work in World War II, so who is right? In this chapter, we will see what history has to say.
The Modernization of Antitrust: A New Equilibrium
Authors: Fox Eleanor m.
Published: October 2023

Antitrust law is in search of a new equilibrium. It is torn between claims that it should limit the power of large corporations and claims that it should increase the efficiency of American business. Regard for efficiency is in the ascendancy. Antitrust emerged from the 1960s as a philosophy and body of law reflecting American political democracy.
A Note on the Demographic and Economic Structure of the Jewish Community in Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Darvish Tikva , Don Yehuda
Published: October 2023

The chief obstacle to most studies about Latin American Jewry, particularly of the smaller communities, is the absence of reliable information. Obtaining data on small Jewish minorities in Latin America is an almost impossible mission. For instance, the Jewish community in Quito, Ecuador, is not even mentioned in the important recent survey on Jews in Latin America as presented in the American Jewish Year Book (1985).Our purpose is to present and interpret recent information on the demographic and economic structure of the Jewish households in Quito.The community of Quito was selected for two reasons: first, it is small and relatively accessible for investigation; second, it is still, to a large extent, a homogeneous community in which many of the methodological hazards of misinterpretation can be avoided.