bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantas mãos se escreve a História da literatura? A política das divergências teóricas na Indonésia
Authors: Silva Felipe Vale da
Published: February 2021

Este artigo parte de uma história das origens da literatura moderna indonésia que, por muito tempo, foi aceita como oficial: ela conta como os nativos das então chamadas Índias Orientais Neerlandesas desenvolveram sua expressão literária devido a políticas educacionais da coroa holandesa, sobretudo o pacote de reformas promulgado em 1901 conhecido como Ethische politiek. O novo código colonial não só injetou dinheiro público para difundir os saberes, como criou uma editora oficial da colônia, a Balai Pustaka, que dali em diante monitoraria o material literário “adequado” para a população local. Analisam-se as implicações futuras dessa medida (que terminou por monopolizar o mercado editorial indonésio e calar autores dissidentes) e o surgimento recente de releituras da história das origens da modernidade literária no país.

Palavras-chave: historiografia da literatura | Literatura indonésia | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Pós-colonialismo.

 

Abstract:

This paper begins with a history of the origins of modern Indonesian literature, one that  for a long time has been accepted as the official version: accordingly, natives of what was then called the Dutch East Indies developed their literary expression due to the educational policies of the Dutch crown, especially after the reform package promulgated in 1901 known as Ethische politiek. The new colonial code not only had injected public money in order to spread knowledge, but also created an official publishing house in the colony, the Balai Pustaka, which thitherto would have monitored the ‘proper’ literary material for the local population. We analyze the future implications of such a measure (one that ended up creating a monopoly over the Indonesian editorial market and stifling dissident authors), as well as the recent onset of reinterpretations of the history of origins of literary modernity in that country.

Keywords: historiography of literature | Indonesian literature | Balai Pustaka | Andries Teeuw | Postcolonialism.
Entre Senegâmbia e Angola: comércio atlântico, protagonismo africano e dinâmicas regionais (séculos XVII e XIX)
Authors: Malacco Felipe Silveira de Oliveira , Gonçalves Ivan Sicca
Published: February 2021

Este artigo tem por intenção discutir o funcionamento do comércio de longa distância no interior de duas regiões que foram profundamente integradas às malhas do comércio atlântico, a Senegâmbia e a Angola Central, em dois momentos de reconfiguração econômica dessas macrorregiões: a intensificação do contato dos povos da Senegâmbia com o comércio atlântico nos séculos XVI e XVII e as novas demandas por gêneros coloniais de Angola em meados do XIX, após a proibição legal do tráfico de escravizados. Para isso, analisamos as dinâmicas sociais e econômicas pré-existentes nas regiões, os agentes comerciais envolvidos neste comércio, bem como a circulação de mercadorias atlânticas, debatendo por fim sobre as transformações políticas, sociais e econômicas causadas por esses processos históricos.

Palavras-chave: comércio atlântico | agência | Senegâmbia | Planalto Central angolano.

  

Abstract:

This article discusses the operation of long distance trade within two regions that have been deeply integrated into networks of Atlantic commerce, Senegambia and Central Angola, during two periods when these macro-regions were undergoing economic reconfiguration: the intensification of contact by Senegambian peoples with Atlantic trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the new demands for colonial goods from Angola in the mid-1800s, after the real prohibition of the slave trade. Thus, we analyze the preexisting social and economic dynamics in the regions, the commercial agents, and the circulation of Atlantic goods, debating the political, social and economic transformations caused by these historical processes.

Keywords: atlantic commerce | agency | Senegambia | Angolan Central Highlands.
A literatura como suplemento da história em memórias silenciadas sobre a nação
Authors: Reis Mírian Sumica Carneiro
Published: February 2021

Resenha de:
SILVA, Fabiana Carneiro da. Ominíbú – maternidade negra em Um defeito de cor. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2019. 228p.
The social representations on the healthdisease process in spiritual vision
Authors: Hatherly Wellington Edgar de Lacerda , Silva Silvio Éder Dias da , Miranda Layza Gabriella Lopes de , Santos Arielle Lima dos , Araújo Jeferson Santos , Costa Joel Lobato da
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Identificar as Representações Sociais sobre o processo saúde-doença no Espiritismo.Método: Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Utilizados na pesquisa conceitos das Representações Sociais de acordo com Serge Moscovici. A coleta dos dados ocorreu através de entrevista semi-estruturada e aplicação da técnica livre associação de palavras e observação Livre. Resultados: O espiritismo crê que conquistamos a saúde quando estamos harmonizados conosco e com as leis divinas. Qualquer descumprimento dessas leis divinas gera um desequilíbrio no ser humano.Conclusão: A Enfermagem necessita reconhecer essas Representações Sociais, visto que elas irão esclarecer aos profissionais as experiências de pacientes religiosos, o modo como assimilam seu estado patológico e isto é um desafio para articulação de estratégias de aproximação.
Elderly conception on coexistence groups
Authors: Meneses Kauan Ferraz , Aguiar Aline Cristiane de Souza Azevedo , Martins Lucas Amaral
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Analisar a concepção de pessoas idosas sobre grupos de convivência. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como colaboradores 16 pessoas idosas que frequentavam grupos de convivência. A coleta das informações se deu através da utilização da técnica do grupo focal. Os dados foram analisados e organizados a partir da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados: A visão acerca dos grupos de convivência esteve relacionada a criação de laços e vínculos relacionais, como um espaço capaz de promover saúde, bem estar e qualidade de vida, além de se tornar uma estratégia de se evitar a solidão. Por fim, destacam a importância do compartilhamento de sentimentos e experiências positivas. Conclusão: Os idosos possuem uma concepção variada acerca dos grupos de convivência, destacou-se a importância desses espaços para ressignificar a velhice e favorecer a ressocialização da pessoa idosa promovendo um envelhecer bem sucedido e saudável.
Nursing hour load applied to the patient with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Malheiros Nickson Scarpine , Pereira Leonardo dos Santos , Sampaio Carlos Eduardo Peres , Francisco Márcio Tadeu Ribeiro , Marta Cristiano Bertolossi
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: identificar a Carga Horaria de enfermagem aplicada ao Infarto agudo do Miocárdio, de acordo com a classificação de Killip. Método: pesquisa de campo com abordagem quantitativa, descritiva, exploratória, retrospectiva. Foram utilizados prontuários de pacientes que obtiveram como diagnostico inicial o Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio, e que apresentaram alterações nos marcadores bioquímicos Resultados: foram avaliados 200 prontuários. A partir dos dados obtidos conseguimos traçar uma progressão de carga horaria entre as categorias Killip, sobre as necessidades de assistência prestada. Conclusão: a carga horaria de enfermagem varia de acordo com a complexidade que o Infarto do Miocárdio pode manifestar. O paciente necessita de maior número de pessoal de enfermagem devido alta carga horaria para atender todas as intervenções necessárias.
Qualification of multiprofessional residence in health: critical opinions of preceptors
Authors: Demogalski Jessyca Twany , Alves Fabiana Bucholdz Teixeira , Cabral Luciane Patrícia Andreani , Grden Clóris Regina Blanski , Bordin Danielle , Fadel Cristina Berger
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: realizar reflexão sobre a percepção de preceptores quanto ao aprimoramento de programas de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde, em nível hospitalar. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de entrevista individual com profissionais da saúde (preceptores) (n=34), junto a residentes multiprofissionais de um hospital universitário do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. As informações foram angariadas por meio de questionário e analisadas. Resultados: os preceptores investigados vislumbram pela melhoria na qualificação do programa e pelo fortalecimento de estratégias, sobre dois prismas. O primeiro refere-se ao capital humano, englobando reforços na consolidação das relações interpessoais e de habilidades de comunicação. O outro considera a gestão do trabalho, com vistas a potencializar de forma mais efetiva a organização do processo de trabalho. Conclusão: sugere-se que gestores de hospitais invistam na capacitação de seus agentes formadores, também no que tange a importância do processo avaliativo institucional, com vistas a angariar e regular a qualidade das residências.
Epidemiological aspects of morbimortality due human immunodeficiency virus in the brazilian northeast
Authors: Souza Júnior Edison Vitório de , Cruz Diego Pires , Caricchio Giovanna Maria Nascimento , Jesus Mariana Alves Soledade de , Boery Rita Narriman Silva de Oliveira , Boery Eduardo Nagib
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da morbimortalidade pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana no nordeste brasileiro entre 2013 e 2017. Métodos: estudo descritivo e transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares. Selecionou-se as variáveis: unidades federativas, sexo, faixa etária, e cor/raça. Resultados: registrou-se 34.647 internações no nordeste brasileiro. Destes, 4.031 evoluíram para o óbito, correspondendo a mortalidade de 11,63%. Evidenciou-se maior morbidade (30,77%) e óbito (19,40%) em Pernambuco e maior mortalidade em Alagoas (19,40%). Os homens prevaleceram nas internações (65,98%), óbitos (69,51%) e mortalidade (12,26%). Os adultos entre 35 e 39 anos tiveram maior morbidade (17,66%) e óbitos (17,39%), já os idosos ≥80 anos, tiveram maior mortalidade (22,64%). A raça/cor parda prevaleceu nas internações (51,36%) e óbitos (49,71%) e os indígenas na mortalidade (50%). Conclusão: a epidemiologia das infecções reflete na necessidade de intervenções em saúde principalmente no estado de Alagoas por apresentar maior mortalidade pela patologia.
Editorial: v.05, n.10, jul./dez.2020
Authors: Souza Camila Diogo de , Rodrigues Claudia , Almeida Marcelina Das Graças de
Published: February 2021

Ainda que seja temática cada vez mais abordada nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento e setores da sociedade, nunca se falou tanto sobre a morte, os mortos e o morrer como no atual contexto pandêmico desse ano de 2020. Com distintas gradações, os diversos países, cidades e localidades vivenciam o drama da quantidade excessiva de mortes, as formas de publicização dos números e os sub-registros, seus impactos sobre o sistema funerário, o desdobramento da legislação restritiva em torno dos ritos fúnebres e seus efeitos sobre a vivência do luto. A partir da delicada e complexa questão dos registros e sub-registros, e da contabilidade do montante de mortos pela pandemia, especialmente no Brasil – cujo governo federal adota uma política neoliberal de direita com postura negacionista em relação à ciência e administração da pandemia –, escolhemos o tema da gestão estatal dos mortos, para reflexão de nossos leitores e leitoras. Mais especificamente, trata-se da abordagem das formas institucionalizadas de construção das desigualdades socioeconômicas e culturais, por meio do tratamento dos mortos, com o objetivo de auxiliar a análise e compreensão dos inevitáveis impactos dessas desigualdades acerca da gestão dos mortos em decorrência da Covid-19.
Políticas neoliberais: o desaparecimento de pessoas na burocracia dos cemitérios
Authors: Hattori Marcia Lika , Vendramini Carneiro Eliana Faleiros
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo procura refletir sobre diferentes processos de desaparecimento de pessoas no contexto contemporâneo. Propõe-se analisar outras formas de desaparecer, que não através do desaparecimento forçado de pessoas, cujas inúmeras pesquisas têm desvelado suas diferentes estratégias, formas e ações. Através da complexa relação entre ação e omissão do Estado nos seus diferentes níveis e políticas neoliberais de concessões ou privatizações dos serviços cemiteriais, procuramos refletir, a partir de um contexto na cidade de São Paulo – Brasil, formas de desaparecimento de pessoas pela burocracia. Procura-se evidenciar como esse fato não está relacionado apenas a uma ação individual ou a um erro particular, mas, também, a uma política de governo que não provê as necessidades básicas de parte da sociedade, então escolhida à própria perda de sua identidade.
O menino morto com um sorriso sem dentes: Narrativas de assassinatos de adolescentes por LGBTIfobia no Brasil
Authors: Carpes Barros Cassal Luan
Published: February 2021

O presente texto analisa modos de narração sobre assassinatos de adolescentes por LGBTIfobia no Brasil. Entende-se que narratividades fazem histórias operarem como incompletas e, portanto, passíveis de transmissão e transformação, sendo uma estratégia relevante para pesquisa em psicologia social. Dessa maneira, esta pesquisa investigou debates relacionados aos relatórios anuais sobre assassinatos LGBTIfóbicos pelo Grupo Gay da Bahia. Em seguida, as narrativas em torno de uma história específica de um adolescente morto (em São Paulo, em 2014) foram analisadas. Pode-se perceber que gênero, sexualidade e geração são categorias politicamente geridas para preservação da vida ou exposição a ameaças, apontando para a necessidade de um conceito amplo de LGBTIfobia que esteja atento à responsabilidade social e coletiva nas mortes.
“Em tão perigosa viagem”: carta de um suposto suicida português, século XVIII
Authors: Ripe Fernando , Dillmann Mauro
Published: February 2021

No século XVIII europeu, marcado pelas transformações nos estudos científicos, a publicação de impressos que discutissem a prática ou a vontade pelo suicídio ganhou certa relevância editorial. O documento aqui apresentado, intitulado "Relaçaõ de hum notavel caso, que aconteceo nesta cidade de Lisboa, e lamentavel succésso acontecido em o dia treze de Junho do anno de 1755. Copia de huma carta. Obra digna de attençaõ dos Leitores", foi publicado em Portugal sem indicação de casa tipográfica no mesmo ano do fato ocorrido. Sobre esta fonte inédita, indicamos algumas potencialidades temáticas de pesquisa de caráter historiográfico, especialmente em relação à morte por meio do suicídio e a compreensão católica desse ato naquele contexto. Por fim, comentamos, ainda que de modo breve, tanto alguns entendimentos sobre o texto, quanto a situação em si relatada.
Completed life pill: incompatibilidade teórica em relação à boa morte e possíveis problemas práticos
Authors: Dadalto Luciana , Fagundes Lima Monteze Caneschi Camila , Anselmo Frota Gabriel
Published: February 2021

O objetivo do presente texto é contrapor os conceitos de completed life e boa morte, demonstrando que aquele não é um meio de alcançar este, usando, para isso, a situação atual do debate sobre morte assistida na Holanda. O artigo busca elucidar conceitos relativos à boa morte, à morte assistida e a completed life, de forma a facilitar o entendimento do leitor sobre o tema. Por meio disso, são apresentados estudos e perspectivas sobre o que está por trás do conceito de completed life, afastando-o, assim, do conceito de boa morte. A análise, tanto conceitual, quanto da realidade (abordada por meio de estudos) permite concluir que a atual visão de completude da vida perverte o conceito de boa morte e, caso levada adiante, pode causar severos problemas sociais.
Assessing the phylogenetic host breadth of millet pathogens and its implication for disease spillover
Authors: Ssebuliba Edward , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: February 2021

1. Increasing agriculture intensification has led to dramatically improved crop yields; however, this shift in agricultural practice has been accompanied by increasing threats from new and emerging plant pathogens. While the pathogens associated with crop species are often well studied, especially within North America and Europe, less is known about pathogen pressures on crops elsewhere, and our ability to predict the emergence of novel pathogens is limited. Here, we model phylogenetic constraints on the distribution of pathogens of millet – one of the most important crops in Africa.

2. We conducted a literature review to compile a database of common millet pathogens and the non‐millet host crops associated with each. We then characterized the phylogenetic host range for each pathogen using measures of mean pairwise distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) separating crop hosts.

3. We detected robust phylogenetic clustering for both metrics of phylogenetic dispersion (MPD and MNTD). Evidence for phylogenetic clustering tended to be stronger (more negative standard effect sizes) and more variable for MPD than for MNTD.

4. Although patterns for individual pathogens were variable, we did not find significant differences in phylogenetic dispersion of hosts among pathogen types (bacteria, viruses and fungi). However, in several cases, we observed evidence of phylogenetic clustering in evolutionarily distant host clades, a possible signal of occasional large phylogenetic host jumps.

5. We show that pathogens cluster on closely related hosts, and it is thus likely that closely related millets also share similar pathogen communities. On average, the probability of a pathogen host shift may, therefore, be predicted by the phylogenetic relatedness between host species. However, host shifts between distantly related hosts are not infrequent. This finding has relevance not only for the design of agronomic systems to reduce disease spillover but also for biological control agents risk analysis, quarantine regulations in international trade and our understanding of the distribution and abundance of plants in natural systems.
Tissierellaceae
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: February 2021

Tis.sier.el.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Tissierella
, type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Tissierellaceae
, the
Tissierella
family.

Firmicutes / Tissierellia / Tissierellales / Tissierellaceae

Members of this family consist of anaerobic or aerotolerant, rod‐shaped cells. Most species are motile and have spores; the optimum temperature and pH range from 37 to 60°C and 7.5–8.5. Possess Gram‐positive‐type cell‐wall structures, but Gram‐staining reactions can be variable or, in the case of
Schnurera ultunensis,
is Gram‐stain‐negative. Most species produce spores. Metabolic end products are acetic acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid. The G + C content is 27–43 mol%. Common chemotaxonomic information such as peptidoglycan type and fatty acids have not been routinely reported. The family
Tissierellaceae
is currently composed of the genera
Tissierella, Gudongella, Sporoanaerobacter
,
Soehngenia
,
Tepidimicrobium
,
Anaerosalibacter
, and
Schnurera
. Isolated from anaerobic digesters, freshwater hot spring, waste motor‐oil tank, human infections, and human blood and feces.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 27–43.

Type genus
:
Tissierella
Collins and Shah 1986
VP
emend. Farrow et al. 1995, Bae et al. 2004, Alauzet et al. 2014.
Enhanced Neural Differentiation Using Simultaneous Application of 3D Scaffold Culture, Fluid Flow, and Electrical Stimulation in Bioreactors
Authors: Grossemy Simon , Chan Peggy P. Y. , Doran Pauline M.
Published: February 2021

Neural differentiation is studied using a simultaneous application of 3D scaffold culture and hydrodynamic and electrical stimuli in purpose‐designed recirculation bioreactors operated with continuous fluid flow. Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells are seeded into nonwoven microfibrous viscose‐rayon scaffolds functionalized with poly‐l‐lysine and laminin. Compared with the results from static control cultures with and without electrical stimulation and bioreactor cultures with the fluid flow without electrical stimulation, expression levels of the differentiation markers β3‐tubulin, shootin1, and ephrin type‐A receptor 2 are greatest when cells are cultured in bioreactors with fluid flow combined with in‐situ electrical stimulus. Immunocytochemical assessment of neurite development and morphology within the scaffolds confirm the beneficial effects of exposing the cells to concurrent hydrodynamic and electrical treatments. Under the conditions tested, electrical stimulation by itself produces more pronounced levels of cell differentiation than fluid flow alone; however, significant additional improvements in differentiation are achieved by combining these treatments. Fluid flow and electrical stimuli exert independent and noninteractive effects on cellular differentiation, suggesting that interference between the mechanisms of differentiation enhancement by these two treatments is minimal during their simultaneous application. This work demonstrates the beneficial effects of combining several different potent physical environmental stimuli in cell culture systems to promote neurogenesis.
Conductive Al Alloys: The Contradiction between Strength and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhu Langjie , Niu Guodong , Mao Jian
Published: February 2021

In recent years, the severe energy consumption identified in the global power‐transmission process makes the development of new generation of transmission materials with high strength (mainly the ultimate tensile strength) and outstanding electrical conductivity (EC) more urgent. Though Al and its alloys received significant attention from the scientific community in the past two decades due to their relatively high mechanical properties and excellent EC, increasing strength and EC are often incompatible in Al conductor alloys, which remains unresolved. Therefore, the ways to achieve the optimal compromise between the strength and EC has become a hot topic in current researches. This review focuses on the high‐strength conductive Al alloys that have been studied by researchers in the past two decades, and endeavors to reveal the relationship between the EC and the strength based on composition, microstructure, interface, and others. Moreover, the design ideas and treatment measures considering both conductivity and strength are also summarized.
Investigations on the Microstructure and Degradation Behavior of Hollow Glass Microspheres/Mg Alloy Composites
Authors: Liu Lin , Yu Sirong , Liu Enyang , Zhao Yan , Wang Bingying , Niu Yafeng , Bi Xiaojian , Zhu Guang , Li Quan
Published: February 2021

Degradable materials with low density exhibit unique applications in the petroleum equipment field. Herein, hollow glass microspheres (HGM)‐reinforced Mg alloy degradable composites are fabricated. The microstructure and degradation behavior of the composites are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, immersion tests, and electrochemical measurements. Then the influence mechanisms of the HGM on the degradation property of composites are further revealed. The results show that the addition of the HGM significantly reduces the density of the composites. Different degrees of chemical reaction between the Mg alloy melt and HGM wall happen during the fabrication of the composites, resulting in the formation of MgO and Mg2Si. From the corrosive morphologies of the composites, Mg2Si phase can serve as a microgalvanic cathode consequently inducing more galvanic corrosion. The interface between HGM and matrix alloy can serve as the initiation site for pitting corrosion and increase the exposed area of the matrix in the aggressive medium. The electrochemical measurements prove that the HGM can act a part in facilitating the exfoliation of degradation products. Consequently, the HGM greatly increases the degradation rate of the composites in the KCl solution. The current study provides a new insight for developing lightweight Mg‐based composites with quickly degradable performance.
Re‐Printable Chiral Photonic Paper with Invisible Patterns and Tunable Wettability
Authors: Chen Ruilian , Feng Dengchong , Chen Guojian , Chen Xudong , Hong Wei
Published: February 2021

The construction of invisible patterns via high‐resolution printing and the independent encoding/decoding of complex information can lead to promising applications in steganography and watermarking for optical encryption. Herein, a rewritable chiral photonic paper formed by cholesteric cellulose nanocrystals and polycation is reported. The chemically crosslinked polycation network interpenetrates in the cholesteric structure while retaining the optical properties of the photonic crystals. The film exhibits controllable wettability via anion exchange, leading to extremely low contrast in the dry state but high contrast by a rapid wetting response. Triple invisible information is independently encoded on the films, including invisible patterns caused by reversible counterion‐controlled wettability, permanent fluorescent labels based on fluorescent counterions, and polarization‐dependent structural colors based on cholesteric structures. Full color patterns can be reversibly constructed via inkjet printing, with a high resolution of 100 µm. In addition, the circular polarization characteristics of the cellulose nanocrystals, liquid crystals, endow the system with complex and independent responses, realizing a wetting/polarization double‐key decryption. This work provides a simple and effective optical technique for coding complex information on a single material platform and expands the techniques available to achieve invisible patterns for sensing and anti‐counterfeiting.
Upconversion Nanoparticles Hybridized Cyanobacterial Cells for Near‐Infrared Mediated Photosynthesis and Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Huo Minfeng , Liu Peilei , Zhang Linlin , Wei Chenyang , Wang Liying , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin
Published: February 2021

The hypoxic hallmark of tumor has aroused substantial burdens on a variety of therapeutic modalities including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Recently, biological oxygen evolution enabled by photosynthetic cyanobacterial cells has emerged as one of the most advanced and promising tissue oxygenation strategies, which is particularly beneficial for in situ tumor‐PDT. Herein, a near infrared‐driven PDT platform based on the photosynthetic cyanobacterial cells hybridized with photosensitizer rose bengal (RB)‐loaded upconversion nanoparticles, named as UR‐Cyan cells, is reported. Upon the irradiation of 980 nm laser and its upconversions to shorter wavelengths, the formulated UR‐Cyan cells are both photosynthetically active for oxygen production and photosensitive for the subsequent singlet oxygen generation by the photosensitizer, resulting in enhanced and sustainable PDT efficacy against tumor cells/tissues. The present design offers a practical approach to conquer the hypoxic burden of PDT operations against a wide range of pathological lesions with excellent biocompatibility and clinical promises.
Graphene Oxide‐Doped Gellan Gum–PEGDA Bilayered Hydrogel Mimicking the Mechanical and Lubrication Properties of Articular Cartilage
Authors: Trucco Diego , Vannozzi Lorenzo , Teblum Eti , Telkhozhayeva Madina , Nessim Gilbert Daniel , Affatato Saverio , Al‐Haddad Hind , Lisignoli Gina , Ricotti Leonardo
Published: February 2021

Articular cartilage (AC) is a specialized connective tissue able to provide a low‐friction gliding surface supporting shock‐absorption, reducing stresses, and guaranteeing wear‐resistance thanks to its structure and mechanical and lubrication properties. Being an avascular tissue, AC has a limited ability to heal defects. Nowadays, conventional strategies show several limitations, which results in ineffective restoration of chondral defects. Several tissue engineering approaches have been proposed to restore the AC's native properties without reproducing its mechanical and lubrication properties yet. This work reports the fabrication of a bilayered structure made of gellan gum (GG) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), able to mimic the mechanical and lubrication features of both AC superficial and deep zones. Through appropriate combinations of GG and PEGDA, cartilage Young's modulus is effectively mimicked for both zones. Graphene oxide is used as a dopant agent for the superficial hydrogel layer, demonstrating a lower friction than the nondoped counterpart. The bilayered hydrogel's antiwear properties are confirmed by using a knee simulator, following ISO 14243. Finally, in vitro tests with human chondrocytes confirm the absence of cytotoxicity effects. The results shown in this paper open the way to a multilayered synthetic injectable or surgically implantable filler for restoring AC defects.
Miniaturized Needle Array‐Mediated Drug Delivery Accelerates Wound Healing
Authors: Samandari Mohamadmahdi , Aghabaglou Fariba , Nuutila Kristo , Derakhshandeh Hossein , Zhang Yuteng , Endo Yori , Harris Seth , Barnum Lindsay , Kreikemeier‐Bower Craig , Arab‐Tehrany Elmira , Peppas Nicholas A. , Sinha Indranil , Tamayol Ali
Published: February 2021

A major impediment preventing normal wound healing is insufficient vascularization, which causes hypoxia, poor metabolic support, and dysregulated physiological responses to injury. To combat this, the delivery of angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been shown to provide modest improvement in wound healing. Here, the importance of specialty delivery systems is explored in controlling wound bed drug distribution and consequently improving healing rate and quality. Two intradermal drug delivery systems, miniaturized needle arrays (MNAs) and liquid jet injectors (LJIs), are evaluated to compare effective VEGF delivery into the wound bed. The administered drug's penetration depth and distribution in tissue are significantly different between the two technologies. These systems' capability for efficient drug delivery is first confirmed in vitro and then assessed in vivo. While topical administration of VEGF shows limited effectiveness, intradermal delivery of VEGF in a diabetic murine model accelerates wound healing. To evaluate the translational feasibility of the strategy, the benefits of VEGF delivery using MNAs are assessed in a porcine model. The results demonstrate enhanced angiogenesis, reduced wound contraction, and increased regeneration. These findings show the importance of both therapeutics and delivery strategy in wound healing.
Fast Stereolithography Printing of Large‐Scale Biocompatible Hydrogel Models
Authors: Anandakrishnan Nanditha , Ye Hang , Guo Zipeng , Chen Zhaowei , Mentkowski Kyle I. , Lang Jennifer K. , Rajabian Nika , Andreadis Stelios T. , Ma Zhen , Spernyak Joseph A. , Lovell Jonathan F. , Wang Depeng , Xia Jun , Zhou Chi , Zhao Ruogang
Published: February 2021

Large size cell‐laden hydrogel models hold great promise for tissue repair and organ transplantation, but their fabrication using 3D bioprinting is limited by the slow printing speed that can affect the part quality and the biological activity of the encapsulated cells. Here a fast hydrogel stereolithography printing (FLOAT) method is presented that allows the creation of a centimeter‐sized, multiscale solid hydrogel model within minutes. Through precisely controlling the photopolymerization condition, low suction force‐driven, high‐velocity flow of the hydrogel prepolymer is established that supports the continuous replenishment of the prepolymer solution below the curing part and the nonstop part growth. The rapid printing of centimeter‐sized hydrogel models using FLOAT is shown to significantly reduce the part deformation and cellular injury caused by the prolonged exposure to the environmental stresses in conventional 3D printing methods. Embedded vessel networks fabricated through multiscale printing allows media perfusion needed to maintain the high cellular viability and metabolic functions in the deep core of the large‐sized models. The endothelialization of this vessel network allows the establishment of barrier functions. Together, these studies demonstrate a rapid 3D hydrogel printing method and represent a first step toward the fabrication of large‐sized engineered tissue models.
Modeling Electron‐Transfer Degradation of Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Moon Yu Kyung , Jang Ho Jin , Hwang Sanju , Kang Seongsoo , Kim Sinheui , Oh Juwon , Lee Sangheon , Kim Dongho , Lee Jun Yeob , You Youngmin
Published: February 2021

The operational lifetime of organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) is governed primarily by the intrinsic degradation of the materials. Therefore, a chemical model capable of predicting the operational stability is highly important. Here, a degradation model for OLEDs that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is constructed and validated. The degradation model involves Langevin recombination of charge carriers on hosts, followed by the generation of a polaron pair through reductive electron transfer from a dopant to a host exciton as the initiation steps. The polarons undergo spontaneous decomposition, which competes with ultrafast recovery of the intact materials through charge recombination. Electrical and spectroscopic investigations provide information about the kinetics of each step in the operation and degradation of the devices, thereby enabling the building of mass balances for the key species in the emitting layers. Numerical solutions enable predictions of temporal decreases of the dopant concentration in various TADF emitting layers. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental operational stabilities. This research disentangles the chemical processes in intrinsic electron‐transfer degradation, and provides a useful foundation for improving the longevity of OLEDs.
Insights into Excimer Formation Factors from Detailed Structural and Photophysical Studies in the Solid‐State
Authors: Schillmöller Timo , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar
Published: February 2021

Solid‐state luminescent materials are essential for the development of optoelectronic devices like lasers, sensors, and organic light‐emitting diodes. Organic molecules reveal several benefits like stability, costs, and environmental compatibility compared to metal‐based materials. As common organic fluorophores often suffer from aggregation‐caused quenching, different strategies have been established to overcome this quenching, which are mainly based on intramolecular modifications. Controlling the photophysical properties via intermolecular interactions is more challenging and less investigated. The formation of excited dimers (excimers) bears great potential for obtaining efficient solid‐state luminescent materials. As the excimer‐formation process is strongly dependent on the non‐covalent interactions, a full understanding of the structure–property relationship is essential. In this study, structurally simple thiophosphoranyl anthracene excimers and the dependency of the photophysical properties on the solid‐state arrangement are investigated. Through crystallization of polymorphs and co‐crystals, the resulting intermolecular interactions have been modulated over a broad range. Novel insights into the excimer formation factors and the dependence of the photophysical properties on the intermolecular interactions are obtained. This study will help in the development and controlling the photophysical properties of solid‐state luminescent materials.
Angle‐, Polarization‐, and Wavelength‐Resolved Light Scattering of Single Mie Resonators Using Fourier‐Plane Spectroscopy
Authors: Hinamoto Tatsuki , Hamada Mikihiko , Sugimoto Hiroshi , Fujii Minoru
Published: February 2021

Interference between multipole modes of Mie resonance provides the possibility to tailor a radiation pattern of a subwavelength optical resonator. Unidirectional scattering arising from constructive and destructive interferences between electric and magnetic dipolar modes in a nanoantenna allows to design a variety of metasurfaces. However, experimental determination of radiation patterns of an individual nanoobject and the decomposition into multipoles have not been performed under plane wave illumination due to the inability of angular analysis in a conventional optical microscope. To this end, an angle‐, polarization‐, and wavelength‐resolved microscopy setup is developed in this work to measure radiation patterns of an individual nanoobject. A single spherical silicon nanosphere is employed as an ideal Mie resonator and the angle‐ and polarization‐resolved scattering is measured in the angular range from 30° to 150° against the incident angle. It is shown that Mie scattering from the electric and magnetic dipoles of a single silicon nanosphere is selectively measured in the setup.
Emerging Technologies for Green Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Zhang Qian , Suresh Lakshmi , Liang Qijie , Zhang Yaoxin , Yang Lin , Paul Nikita , Tan Swee Ching
Published: February 2021

The biggest concern of the decade is to find a way to power the future in the most ecofriendly and green manner, owing to current energy crisis and environmental pollution. A major side effect of conventional technological advancements is the inability to naturally digest and decompose the substances human society has created. This review summarizes green energy conversion and storage devices with a particular focus on recent advancements in emerging technologies. Technical innovations in energy‐related materials, device structures, and new applications are discussed. Furthermore, hybrid energy and self‐charging power systems are discussed in conjunction with recent and future research directions. The multifunctional applications of these energy systems are also emphasized. It is expected that this review will provide a platform to understand the current landmarks and promote further research to broaden the utility of energy devices.
Comprehensive Analyses of Aqueous Zn Metal Batteries: Characterization Methods, Simulations, and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Zhang Long , Hou Yanglong
Published: February 2021

Aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs) are regarded as competitive candidates for next‐generation energy storage owing to their low cost, high performance, high safety, and high environmental friendliness. However, serious issues, including Zn dendrites, chemical corrosion, H2 evolution, and sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics, have largely impeded the commercial application of AZMBs. To understand these issues in depth and identify countermeasures, comprehensive analyses of AZMBs have continuously been developed. In this review, a detailed overview of the analytical techniques used to study AZMBs, including characterization methods, simulations, and theoretical calculations is presented, which provides a comprehensive toolbox for further research. Conventional characterization methods that provide preliminary information are first summarized. Various in situ techniques, including visualization and spectral characterization, are then discussed. These advanced real‐time monitoring techniques contribute to a deeper understanding of the battery failure mechanism. Simulations and theoretical calculations are then presented in detail, enabling an in‐depth investigation of the mechanism at the atomic level. Theoretical analyses can not only explore the mechanism in more detail, but also play a key role in guiding research and predicting future directions. Finally, the challenges and perspective of comprehensive analyses of AZMBs are discussed.
The space to heal heroin addiction: The psychoanalytic case for harm reduction
Authors: Mosdell Cassia , Mongiello Matthew
Published: February 2021

Harm reduction approaches to heroin addiction treatment are safe and effective, particularly those using medication‐assisted therapy, yet they remain underutilized in the drug treatment field. This paper posits the need for a psychoanalytic formulation of harm reduction. It draws on object relations theory, to illustrate the ways in which harm reduction, as a philosophy and as a practice, maps onto the particular developmental and attachment themes of addiction. It explores heroin addiction and harm reduction at the intersection of the psyche and the social and calls upon psychoanalysis to challenge oppressive systems in the lives of heroin users.
Near‐horizon structure of escape zones of electrically charged particles around weakly magnetized rotating black hole: Case of oblique magnetosphere
Authors: Karas Vladimír , Kopáček Ondřej
Published: February 2021

We study the effects of large‐scale magnetic fields on the dynamics of charged particles near a rotating black hole. We consider a scenario in which the initially neutral particles on geodesic orbits in the equatorial plane become ionized, and hence they are destabilized by the charging process. Fraction of charged particles are then accelerated out of the equatorial plane and then follow jet‐like trajectories with relativistic velocities. We explore nonaxisymmetric systems in which the magnetic field is inclined with respect to the black hole spin. We study the system numerically in order to locate the zones of escaping trajectories and compute the terminal escape velocity. By breaking the axial symmetry, we notice increasing fraction of unbound orbits which allow for acceleration to ultrarelativistic velocities.
Causes of neonatal and postneonatal death among infants with birth defects in Texas
Authors: Benjamin Renata H. , Salemi Jason L. , Canfield Mark A. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Ganduglia Cazaban Cecilia , Tsao KuoJen , Johnson Anthony , Agopian A. J.
Published: February 2021

Background

The proportion of deaths attributed to various causes has not been quantified among infants with birth defects. We sought to describe the causes of neonatal and postneonatal death among infants in the Texas Birth Defects Registry.

Methods

We calculated frequencies and percentages for both underlying causes and all causes (underlying or contributing) of neonatal (0–27 days) and postneonatal (28–364 days) death listed on death certificates among infants born alive with birth defects and delivered in Texas during 1999–2013 (n = 8,389 deaths). Analyses were repeated separately for infants with isolated, multiple, and syndromic defects.

Results

After birth defects, the most frequently listed causes of neonatal death were preterm/low birth weight (10%), circulatory system diseases (8%), and sepsis (5%). The leading postneonatal causes of death beyond birth defects were circulatory system diseases (32%), sepsis (11%), and renal failure (7%).

Conclusions

Improved understanding of the causes of mortality among infants with birth defects may help identify priorities for postnatal care. Our results suggest that potentially modifiable causes of death (e.g., circulatory system diseases, sepsis) contribute substantially to mortality in this population. Prioritizing continued improvements in prevention, diagnosis, and management of preventable conditions may reduce mortality among infants born with birth defects.
Isolated taste disorders in patients referred to a flavor clinic with taste and smell loss
Authors: Stankevice Dovile , Fjaeldstad Alexander Wieck , Ovesen Therese
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Approximately five percent of the general population are suffering from taste disorders. Usually, subjective loss of taste is caused by smell disorders; thus, isolated loss of the sense of taste is relatively rare. Despite the influence on quality of life, isolated taste disorders (ITD) are sparsely represented in literature and clinical research. In particular, there is need for sufficient diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Aim of study is to add further information to the sparse literature on ITD and suggest an appropriate diagnostic algorithm for ITD.

Methods

We present a retrospective study on patients with ITD diagnosed at the Flavour clinic, ENT department, Regional Hospital West Jutland, between 2017 and 2020. All patients underwent a thorough rhinolaryngological and otoneurologic examination, including olfactory and gustatory assessment, and a wide spectrum of biochemical, microbiological, and radiological examinations.

Results

In total, 522 patients referred due to smell and/or taste disorders, 423 (81%) complained of a subjective taste disorder, only 19 (3.4%) patients were diagnosed with ITD. According to etiology, the patients were categorized in following groups: medicine‐related (25%), mixed (21%), iatrogenic (21%), idiopathic (11%), radiotherapy‐related (11%), and autoimmune/inflammatory (11%). Based on etiology, individualized treatment was recommended with very discouraging results.

Interpretation

Diagnostics of taste disorders is a delicate and expertise demanding task. The mechanisms underlying isolated loss of taste are heterogeneous. ENT and otoneurologic examination, and specific olfactory and gustatory testing are required in all patients, whereas biochemical, microbiological, and radiological examinations are only necessary on an individual basis.
Inspiring employees' ecological behaviors: The roles of corporate environmental strategy, biospheric values, and eco‐centric leadership
Authors: Uddin Md. Aftab , Biswas Shetu Ranjan , Bhattacharjee Swadip , Dey Mouri , Mahmood Monowar
Published: February 2021

The consequences of environmental degradation have steered organizations to promote pro‐ecological behaviors among their employees, and achieving this effectively is paramount for business and environmental sustainability. Applying a multilevel integrated approach, this study investigates the impact of corporate environmental strategy, biospheric values, and eco‐centric leadership on employees' ecological behaviors. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 289 employees from a cross section of industries in Bangladesh. The findings reveal the significant influences of environmental strategy and biospheric values on employees' ecological behaviors as well as the moderating role of eco‐centric leadership. The study also provides some significant insights for formulating environmental strategy and inspiring employees' ecological behaviors in organizational contexts. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as future research directions have also been provided.