bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
27.4: A Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFT Liquid Crystal Light Valve (LCLV) with a Novel Light‐Shielding Structure for High Performance Projection Displays
Authors: Tomihari Y. , Yoshinaga K. , Sekine H. , Sugimoto M. , Okumura T. , Seko N. , Takada N. , Okumura H. , Shiota K. , Hirata K. , Matsunaga N. , Sera K. , Okumura F.
Published: January 2005

We have successfully achieved a very high contrast ratio of over 700:1 without attaching optical compensation films. This good contrast ratio is much higher than that for commercially available projection displays whose typical contrast ratios are about 400:1. A novel light‐shielding structure has been employed in order to realize the excellent performance that has been brought by suppressing low photo leakage current in the TFTs for the LCLVs.
27.5: New Dot‐Inversion Driving Method for Low Power Consumption LTPS TFT LCDs
Authors: Senda M. , Hirosawa K. , Tsutsui Y. , Kobayashi M. , Yokoyama R.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new dot‐inversion driving method for low‐power‐consumption LTPS TFT LCDs. This driving method realizes as much as a 50% reduction in power consumption as compared to the common‐electrode AC driving method commonly used in conventional low power consumption LCDs. Since the method achieves high resolution and high image quality, it is also suited for use in LCDs for mobile applications.
28.1: LCD Optimization and Modeling
Authors: Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S. , Yakovlev D. A. , Simonenko G. V. , Tsoy V. I.
Published: January 2005

The application of the LCD modeling and optimization system LCD DESIGN for the design and development of the new advanced LCD configurations is demonstrated. The software includes a powerful optimization module, that allows for the spectral and angular averaging, thus enabling to produce LCD with wide viewing angles, achromatic (black/white) switching and fast response time. We describe the basic principles of the software development and present several examples of the LCD optimization in various electrooptical modes. A brief review of our results of LCD optimization and modeling using LCD DESIGN software is also given.
28.2: Optimization of an MTN Mode for All Digital LCoS Imager for Projection Application
Authors: Skaife Justin J. , Flynn Mark , Bone Matthew
Published: January 2005

A normally‐white LC design has been developed for use with an all digital backplane LCoS imager. We detail the optimizations to enhance static and dynamic performance in an LCoS projection engine. Drive voltage, contrast, efficiency and dynamic response have all been optimized. Optimization details are described and results are presented.
Super‐large‐sized TFT‐LCD (55 in.) for HDTV application
Authors: Oh C. H. , Moon H. M. , Yoon W. K. , Kim J. H. , Song M. H. , Kim J. J. , Lee J. H. , Im C. S. , Lee S. W. , Choi H. C. , Yeo S. D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed the world's largest TFT‐LCD, which has a 55‐in.‐diagonal size. This LCD features a 1920 × 1080 (16:9) resolution for full‐HDTV images, 500‐nit luminance, 72% color gamut, and 12‐msec response time at all gray levels. The size of the panel (55 in.) was determined by the maximum efficiency of our fifth‐generation line (glass size: 1100 × 1250 mm). To overcome the limitation of size in photolithography equipment, a new stitcking‐free technology was applied in both the TFT and color‐filter side. And the super‐IPS mode was used as a wide‐viewing‐angle technology because it is suitable in the fabrication of large panels. In this paper, we present issues on both the fabrication and characteristics of the 55‐in. TFT‐LCD.
Development of active‐matrix electronic‐ink displays for handheld devices
Authors: Henzen Alex , van de Kamer Jan , Nakamura Tadao , Tsuji Tomohiro , Yasui Masaru , Pitt Michael , Duthaler Gregg , Amundson Karl , Gates Holly , Zehner Rob
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Interest in the use of electrophoretic displays for smart handheld applications has grown tremendously over the past few years. Since the launch of the Philips and E Ink joint development effort in February 2001, material parameters, TFT backplane, electronic hardware and software and modulization skills have been developed to make this promising display concept into a real product. The first commercial launch of active‐matrix electronic‐ink display modules is planned for mid 2004.
Reducing the memory of compression Feedforward driving for a new LCD controller
Authors: Someya Jun , Okuda Noritaka , Yamakawa Masaki
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The authors have studied a method of reducing the frame memory for signal processing used to improve the response time of liquid crystals. Compared with cases in which quantization is used, the compression Feedforward driving method, which reduces frame memory by applying an image‐compression technique, can effectively reduce the frame‐memory size. The study revealed that errors decrease by 6–10 dB or so if the image data was reduced to 1/3 by means of image compression. Based on the results of the study, the authors have developed a second‐generation LCD controller. With just one SDRAM unit, this LCD controller can produce almost ideal processing effects.
Reliability of transparent conducting substrates for rollable displays: A cyclic loading investigation
Authors: Gorkhali S. P. , Cairns D. R. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Failure mechanisms for flexible conducting substrates are investigated herein in the context of rollable/flexible display applications. Cyclic loading experiments (substrates subjected to multiple cycles of tensile strain) were carried out on both ITO‐coated PET and PEDOT:PSS‐coated PET substrates. The resistance was measured after each bending cycle. The resistance increased with the number of cycles and was not reversible. Even when the tensile strain on the ITO/PET was below the virgin cracking threshold (∼2%) previously reported [Appl Phys Lett 76, 1425 (2000)], slight increases in resistance were measurable after just a few cycles.
High‐Xe‐content high‐efficacy PDPs
Authors: Oversluizen G. , Dekker T. , Gillies M. F. , De Zwart S. T.
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The trade‐off between PDP efficacy improvement and driving voltages was investigated for several design factors. It was found that for a proper combination of an increased Xe content, cell design, and the use of a TiO2layer combined with “non‐saturating” phosphors, a large increase in both efficacy and luminance can be realized at moderately increased drive voltages. In a 4‐in. color test panel, a white efficacy of 5 lm/W and a luminance of 5000 cd/m2was obtained for sustaining at 260 V in addressed condition.
Fabrication and performance characteristics of black‐dielectric electroluminescent 160 × 80‐pixel displays
Authors: Heikenfeld J. , Steckl A. J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We report on recent technological progress in black‐dielectric electroluminescent (BDEL) displays. Fabrication of the first monochrome BDEL 160 × 80‐pixel 4‐in. displays driven with commercial low‐power (<5 W) drive circuitry is presented. Preliminary results on blue‐dielectric EL full‐color displays are also reported. Improvements in both BDEL display performance and display manufacturability underscore the recent development path.
A photon‐mode full‐color rewritable image using photochromic compounds
Authors: Kawashima Ikue , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Hirano Shigenobu , Matsushima Ryoka
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A photon‐mode full‐color rewritable image has been demonstrated. Three types of photochromic fulgides having yellow, magenta, and cyan color were used as rewritable dyes. Photochromic fulgides were mixed and coated on a white polyethylene terephthalate film. Upon irradiation with three (red, green, and blue) visible light beams, a wide hue extent, a high white reflectance of over 80%, and a high contrast ratio of over 45:1 were attained. A full‐color image retains its colors for over 1 hour under standard‐office‐brightness conditions (700 lx). The photochemical coloration‐decoloration cycles could be repeated over 100 times without substantial losses.
Étendue‐density homogenization lens optimized for high‐pressure mercury lamps
Authors: Sekiguchi A. , Sasagawa T. , Goto Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In order to increase the screen brightness of Digital Micromirror Device™ projectors (DMD™), we have developed a new aspherical lens. Homogenizing the étendue‐density distribution made by a high‐pressure mercury lamp, this lens improves the light convergence at its focal point where the rod integrator's entrance is placed. Our simulation showed that the percentage of increase in brightness is up to 18.4%.
Room‐temperature deposition of thin‐film indium tin oxide on micro‐fabricated color filters and its application to flat‐panel displays
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Peng Huajun , Wu Chunya , Qiu Chengfeng , Li Kuen Kuen , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Direct deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film on color filters is of practical use in the fabrication of state‐of‐the‐art flat‐panel displays. Room‐temperature dc magnetron sputtering of thin‐film ITO and issues related to the integration of ITO‐on‐glass panels containing micro‐fabricated color filters and other functional materials have been investigated. The resulting polycrystalline ITO exhibited good adhesion to the underlying color filters, as well as good optical transparency and high electrical conductivity. Application of this ITO deposition technology to color liquid‐crystal and organic light‐emitting diode displays will also presented.
Modulation of viewing angle on an LCD surface through backlight optics
Authors: Käläntär K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A backlight unit (BLU) that varies the viewing angle from the top to the bottom surface of a transmissive LCD screen has been developed through the design and fabrication of microstructures on a light‐guide plate (LGP). An array of taper prisms has been designed and fabricated on the back surface of the LGP, which resulted in the variation of 29° in the angular distribution of the luminance of the backlight from the top sector to the bottom sector of its surface. This characteristic is employed to modulate the viewing angle of the LCD from the top of the screen to the bottom of the screen for special applications.
A self‐aligned multi‐domain liquid‐crystal display on polymer gratings in a vertically aligned configuration
Authors: Park Jae‐Hong , Choi Yoonseuk , Yoon Tae‐Young , Yu Chang‐Jae , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We report on a new method of fabricating a vertically aligned multi‐domain liquid‐crystal display (LCD) using surface‐relief gratings. A linear array of surface‐relief gratings was produced by using a photosensitive polymer material coated on glass substrates by the illumination of the UV light through a photomask. The LCD cell was assembled with two substrates with polymer gratings in such way that the grating vectors were orthogonal to each other. In this LCD configuration, the nematic molecules were reoriented by distortions of an external electric field at the grating surfaces to make four different domains. The LC cell with self‐aligned four domains shows excellent extinction in the off‐state and wide‐viewing characteristics in the on‐state.
A new field‐sequential‐color LCD without moving‐object color break‐up
Authors: Koma Norio , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new display method for field‐sequential‐color liquid‐crystal displays (FS‐LCDs) that reduces the negative effects of color break‐up associated with moving objects has been developed. The method is called Adjustment of Color Element on the Eyes (ACE), and it relies on the position on the eyes of RGB color sub‐images. It was confirmed that color break‐up also does not occur for peripheral objects when using ACE.
Optimal design of optical performance of reflective ferroelectric‐ and anti‐ferroelectric liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Yu Chang‐Jae , You Doo‐Hwan , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In an in‐plane optical geometry, such that the average optic axis lies on the plane parallel to both substrates, the optical properties of a reflective ferroelectric liquid‐crystal (FLC) or antiferroelectric liquid‐crystal (AFLC) cell were studied within the framework of the 2 × 2 Jones matrix formalism. To obtain good achromaticity and high brightness, the cell parameters such as the molecular rotation angle and the effective phase retardation of the AFLC layer were optimized. The device performances of the AFLC cell were experimentally demonstrated in this geometry.
Conformable displays based on polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal materials on flexible substrates
Authors: Cairns D. R. , Gorkhali S. P. , Esmailzadeh S. , Vedrine J. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed a process that enables one to conform polymer‐dispersed liquid‐crystal (PDLC) displays into a particular shape indefinitely. Planar PDLC displays are first fabricated between indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. This fully functional display can then be conformed to a particular shape by heating above the glass‐transition temperature of PET and then allowing it to cool down to room temperature. The display retains its shape and is fully functional after processing. We have created spiral‐and wave‐like samples and have demonstrated their operation after the conformal process. The stress is relieved in the substrate by conforming. Temperature effects on polymer substrates were investigated for two types of polymer films (PET/ITO substrates and a conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS/PET substrate) to analyze the effects of temperature on the resistance and mechanics of the films under an applied uniaxial strain. We have found a decrease in contrast of the PDLC after conforming, but surprisingly, a reduced threshold voltage and reduced hysterisis occurs.
High‐efficiency phosphorescent OLED technology
Authors: Hack M. , Lu M. , Kwong R. , Weaver M. S. , Brown J. J. , Nichols J. A. , Jackson T. N.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Universal Display Corp. (UDC), together with its academic partners at Princeton University and the University of Southern California, are developing high‐efficiency electrophosphorescent small‐molecule OLED devices, based on triplet emission. These device systems show good lifetimes, and are well suited for the commercialization of low‐power‐consumption full‐color active‐matrix OLED displays. In this paper we also show how these phosphorescent devices may be driven by low‐cost amorphous‐silicon backplanes, and discuss benefits that could be gained by employing bistable OLED pixels.
Electronic distortion correction for multiple image layers
Authors: Winzker Marco , Rabeler Uwe
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Images displayed by projection systems can experience geometric distortions. These distortions can be compensated for by electronic correction, also called image warping. When the image that will be displayed is composed of several input sources, the different image layers have to be corrected independently from each other in order to achieve optimal image quality. A VLSI architecture for independent electronic correction of multiple image layers is proposed.
Color conversion for a multi‐primary display using linear interpolation on equi‐luminance plane method (LIQUID)
Authors: Motomura Hideto
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A color‐conversion method, which converts an XYZ tristimulus value to a set of display signals for a multi‐primary display, has been developed. It is necessary for a display‐device driver in a color‐management system to select an optimal set of display signals that presents a given colorimetric value on a display screen. A multi‐primary display, which has more than four primaries, has more than two sets of display signals that generate the same colorimetric value theoretically. A display‐device driver, therefore, has to be designed according to a certain rule in order to choose a unique set of display signals for one colorimetric value only. To meet the requirement, a linear interpolation method, which uses three points on an equi‐luminance plane in XYZ tristimulus value space, has been developed. The developed method assigns three points on an equi‐luminance plane in XYZ tristimulus value space to ensure smoothness of a continuous gradation of display signals. The colorimetric accuracy of the developed method was evaluated with a six‐primary DLP™ projector. Colorimetric error in CIELAB space between the targets and reproductions is about 0.8 on average and 2.9 at maximum.
Optimal and acceptable color ranges of display primaries for mobile applications
Authors: Langendijk E. H. A. , Heynderickx I.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— For many new display types, especially for mobile applications, the chromaticity coordinates of the primaries differ from those recommended by the EBU (European Broadcast Union). In order to identify optimal and acceptable ranges in which these primary colors may vary two studies were conducted: one related to the hue of the primaries [also reported in an earlier paper (Ref. 4)] and one related to their saturation. In the first part of the present study, observers set the saturation of one single primary (red, green, or blue) separately or of all three primaries simultaneously, to an optimum, for seven different (natural) images. In the second part, the same observers decreased the saturation until they perceived the image as “just acceptable” (defined as “having natural colors, given its content”). Both parts were conducted on an LCD monitor and repeated later with a different group of subjects on a CRT monitor. In this paper, the results of the current study are reported and they are combined with the results of the previous one. The results of the experiments show that for optimal image quality the saturation of the red and green primaries of a display must be at least 90% with respect to the EBU standard. For the blue primary it can be somewhat lower (at least about 70%). In the acceptance task, observers were the least tolerant in accepting a saturation reduction of the red primary (70%) and the green primary (60%) and they were almost twice as tolerant for the blue primary (35%). Ellipses were fitted to the results of the hue and saturation studies in 1976 CIE (u'v')color space such that display manufacturers can easily test whether the color reproduction of their displays is optimal, acceptable, or unacceptable with respect to reproducing natural colors.
Domain walls in photoaligned double‐domain twisted‐nematic LCDs
Authors: De Boer D. K. G. , Nieuwkerk A. C. , Cortie R. , Fernández F. A. , Day S. E. , James R.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Advanced two‐ and three‐dimensional modelling was used to explain microscopic measurements on two different double‐domain twisted‐nematic liquid‐crystal‐display (TN‐LCD) configurations that were made using photoalignment. The shape of domain walls and their effect on the transmitted intensity were described correctly. For some double‐domain configurations, the brightness and contrast of the display will be affected by the domain walls.
Novel liquid‐crystal materials for AMLCDs
Authors: Kibe S. , Hattori N. , Ushioda M. , Yamamoto H. , Matsui S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed novel liquid‐crystal (LC) materials with a difluoromethyleneoxy CF2O) moiety as the linkage group in order to satisfy the various requirements of active‐matrix liquid‐crystal displays (AMLCDs). We measured the physical properties of the CF2O LC materials. The novel CF2O LC materials have excellent physical properties, that is, high dielectric anisotropy, low viscosity, a broad nematic range, high reliability, etc. It was revealed that several advantages can be obtained by the introduction of CF2O moiety into the LC molecules. The mixture containing CF2O LC materials for various applications indicated a decrease in rotational viscosity of about 15–25% compared with that for conventional LC mixtures. Also, these novel mixtures with CF2O LCM demonstrated a higher voltage‐holding ratio (VHR). It was confirmed that mixtures containing CF2O LC materials have suitable characteristics for various applications, for example, low‐driving‐voltage note‐book PCs, quick response monitors, and transflective applications.
A broadband circularly polarized film
Authors: Luh Lung‐Shiang , Hu Wenchun , Jan Ja‐Ding , Ou Jiunn‐Yan
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A circularly polarized film (CPF) was prepared by photopolymerizing the mixture of reactive chiral molecules and reactive nematic liquid crystals (RNLCs). The reflected wavelength of the CPF depends on the ratio of the chiral molecules and nematic liquid crystals. Adding more chiral molecules brings a larger blue shift in the reflected wavelength. Stacks of various reflected wavelength CPFs resulted in a broadband reflection, covering the entire visible spectrum. The photopolymerization of high‐birefringence RNLCs and chiral molecules achieved a monolayer CPF with a wide reflected bandwidth (Δλ > 300 nm). Moreover, the combination of the CPF, quarter‐wavelength plate (QWP), and linear polarizer yielded a brightness gain of 46%.
New metacode coding concept for improving PDP gray‐scale quality
Authors: Weitbruch S. , Zwing R. , Correa C. , Thébault C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Today, methods for power management of plasma display panels (PDP) have been developed in order to provide a maximum peak white for a given picture content with stable power consumption. However, the quality of the gray‐scale portrayal with such concepts is far from the actual CRT standards. We have developed a new PDP encoding concept called Metacode to improve gray‐scale quality during all power and contrast adjustment towards CRT level.
Properties and cathodoluminescence of Y2O2S:Eu thin films
Authors: Sychov M. M. , Nakanishi Y. , Nakajima H. , Gnatyuk V. , Magami T. , Kominami H. , Hatanaka Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Europium‐activated yttrium oxysulfide thin films were fabricated by electron‐beam deposition of Y2O2S:Eu with consequent annealing in an H2S/Ar gas mixture. Transformations in film composition and surface morphology as well as corresponding changes in the optical, photoluminescent, and cathodoluminescent properties were studied and will be discussed. It is shown that 248‐nm laser irradiation of heat‐treated films improves cathodoluminescence by as much as 30%, supposedly due to annealing. The developed phosphor films have a luminance comparable to that of annealed europium‐activated yttrium oxide films and improved color properties (CIE color coordinates: x = 0.624, y = 0.329), and are suitable for display and optoelectronics applications.
Characteristics of aluminum oxinitride film grown by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition as the insulator of an electroluminescent device
Authors: Lim Jung Wook , Yun Sun Jin , Lee Jin Ho
Published: January 2005

Abstract— It is important to select an optimal insulator for an electroluminescent (EL) device, and this insulator have a large dielectric constant, large breakdown field, and few defects. Generally, an insulator with a high dielectric constant shows a considerably low breakdown field; however, none of them should be abandoned. Therefore, it is required that insulators with high breakdown fields should be developed without lowering the dielectric constant. In this article, we present aluminum oxinitride films grown by plasma‐enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). The dielectric breakdown field of this film is considerably higher than that of alumina grown by conventional atomic layer deposition (ALD), and this film is also more stable than alumina grown by PEALD as well as by ALD after post‐annealing process. Furthermore, aluminum oxinitride films, grown by PEALD as the upper insulator of a ZnS:Mn‐based EL device, shows an excellent long‐lasting property for an applied voltage and a reasonable luminance.
Organic‐polymer thin‐film transistors for active‐matrix flat‐panel displays?
Authors: Martin Sandrine , Hamilton Michael , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Organic‐polymer‐based thin‐film transistors (OP‐TFTs) look very promising for flexible, large‐area, and low‐cost organic electronics. In this paper, we describe devices based on spin‐coated organic polymer that reproducibly exhibit field‐effect mobility values around 5 × 10−3cm2/V‐sec. We also address fabrication, performance, and stability issues that are critical for the use of such devices in active‐matrix flat‐panel displays.
Printing of polymer thin‐film transistors for active‐matrix‐display applications
Authors: Burns S. E. , Kuhn C. , Jacobs K. , MacKenzie J. D. , Ramsdale C. , Arias A. C. , Watts J. , Etchells M. , Chalmers K. , Devine P. , Murton N. , Norval S. , King J. , Mills J. , Sirringhaus H. , Friend R. H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We present a process for active‐matrix flat‐panel‐display manufacture based on solution processing and printing of polymer thin‐film transistors. In this process, transistors are fabricated using soluble semiconducting, conducting, and dielectric polymer materials. Accurate definition of the transistor channel and other circuit components are achieved by direct ink‐jet printing combined with surface‐energy patterning. We have used this process to create 4800‐pixel 50‐dpi active‐matrix backplanes. These backplanes were combined with polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal to create the first ink‐jet‐printed active‐matrix displays. Our process is, in principle, environmentally friendly, low temperature, compatible with flexible substrates, cost effective, and advantageous for short‐run length and large display sizes. As well as polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal, this technology is applicable to conventional liquid‐crystal and electrophoretic display effects.
Modified functional light‐guide plate for backlighting transmissive LCDs
Authors: Käläntär K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An improved wedge‐type light‐guide plate (LGP) for reducing the light losses and increasing the brightness has been developed. It incorporates a modified design of a molded micro‐line prism array at the rear of the LGP, a molded microdeflector (MD) at the front side of the LGP, and is surrounded by reflectors. The modified LGP employs a single prism sheet. As a result, the brightness is enhanced by 1.56 times compared to that of a conventional LGP and the light rays reaching the back of the LCD is confined to +/−10° on the vertical axis and +/−19° on the horizontal axis.
Multifunctional glassy liquid crystals for photonics
Authors: Chen Shaw H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— As an emerging class of photonic materials, morphologically stable glassy liquid crystals, were developed following a versatile molecular design approach. Glassy cholesteric liquid crystals with elevated phase‐transition temperatures and capability for selective‐wavelength reflection and circular polarization were synthesized via deterministic synthesis strategies. Potential applications of glassy cholesteric liquid crystals include high‐performance polarizers, optical notch filters and reflectors, and circularly polarized photoluminescence. A glassy nematic liquid crystal comprising a dithienylethene core was also synthesized for the demonstration of nondestructive rewritable optical memory and photonic switching in the solid state.
Oxidation of doped europium in BaMgAl10O17 by annealing studied by x‐ray‐absorption fine‐structure measurements
Authors: Hirosawa Ichiro , Honma Tetsuo , Kato Kazuo , Kijima Naoto , Shimomura Yasuo
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We studied the influence of annealing in air on doped europium in BaMgAl10O17 by performing x‐ray absorption fine‐structure measurements. We determined the oxidation of doped divalent europium by annealing in air at over 500°C. The interatomic distance between the europium and the surrounding oxygen atoms was compressed by oxidation. It also appears that the oxidation process of europium is determined by the diffusion of oxygen into BaMgAl10O17.
Reduction of defects and improvement in the performance of blue phosphor for thick‐dielectric electroluminescent displays using Color‐by‐Blue
Authors: Abe Hisashi , Yoshida Isao , Hamada Hiroki , Luke Derek , Xin Yongbao , Xu Yue , Yang Rong , Johnstone Eiric , Acchione Joe , Balmforth Paul
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Defect‐free large‐area inorganic thick‐dielectric EL (TDEL) displays using Color by Blue (CBB) technology have been successfully developed. We have achieved the world's highest blue‐phosphor luminance of 900 cd/m2 for a single‐pixel device by using CBB and by optimizing the e‐beam gun configuration and the flow rate of H2S in the vacuum chamber. By analyzing the defects on panels with triple‐pattern phosphors and CBB panels, we also found that the number of defects on CBB panels can be drastically reduced compared with those on triple‐pattern panels. The defect‐free 17‐in. VGA CBB panels show better characteristics, a high peak luminance of 600 cd/m2 and a high contrast ratio of 1000:1, compared with those of triple‐pattern panels.
Color‐by‐Blue: A novel method to achieve full‐color inorganic EL displays
Authors: Wu Xingwei , Nakua Abdul , Cheong Dan
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new method for achieving full‐color capability for inorganic EL displays was developed, which combines electroluminescence with photoluminescence phenomena in the same device structure. In this display panel, the blue emission was obtained from the EL device by using the Eu‐doped barium thioaluminate phosphor material system, which was then used to generate green and red emission by the use of down‐conversion materials. The major advantages of the Color‐by‐Blue method (CBB) are the elimination of color‐balance control issues associated with the use of different electroluminescent phosphor materials for red, green, and blue with potentially different threshold voltages for the onset of luminance and the achievement of a low‐cost high‐yield manufacturing process.
A video‐speed reflective display based on electrowetting: principle and properties
Authors: Feenstra B. J. , Hayes R. A. , Camps I. G. J. , Hage L. M. , Johnson M. T. , Roques‐Carmes T. , Schlangen L. J. M. , Franklin A. R. , Valdes A. F. , Ford R. A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Electrowetting is presented as a novel principle for a reflective display. By contracting a colored oil film electrically, an optical switch is obtained with many attractive properties that make it very suitable for use as a reflective display, for instance, as electronic paper. Firstly, it has the high reflectivity (>40%) and contrast ratio (15) required for a paper‐like optical appearance. In addition, the principle shows a video‐rate response time (<10 msec) and has a clear route toward a high‐brightness color display. Finally, the electro‐optical response is independent of cell‐gap thickness, which will be very beneficial when moving toward a flexible display.
29.2: Top Emission Organic EL Display on Paper Substrate
Authors: Lee Chan‐Jae , Moon Dae‐Gyu , Han Jung‐In
Published: January 2005

We introduce top emission organic light emitting devices (TEOLEDs) on paper substrate. The Substrate selected was a commercial ink‐jet paper. Paper was coated with a polymer to prevent water penetration and out gassing and to improve surface roughness. We studied substrate properties as a function of coating structure and material on paper and fabricated device. It consisted of a metal anode having with work function and a semi‐transparent cathode. It shows brightness over 400cd/m2 and working well on the rolled state.
8.3: New Bipolar Ramp Waveform for Enhancing Low‐Gray‐Level Expression in ACPDPs
Authors: Park Ki‐Hyung , Cho Ki‐Duck , Tae Heung‐Sik , Chien Sung‐Il
Published: January 2005

A new bipolar ramp waveform that can reduce the minimum luminance level considerably is proposed to improve the low gray level expression in AC‐PDP. In the new bipolar ramp waveform, the conventional first subfield with a sustain‐period is replaced by the new first subfield that consists of the first negative square pulse and second positive ramp pulse during a scan‐period. The weak discharge produced by the second positive ramp pulse is used to generate and control the low luminance level stably.
31.2: Resonance Frequency Decomposition of a Mask‐Frame‐Spring Assembly in CPTs by using Frequency Shift
Authors: Oh Hyungseok , Kim Jong‐Heon , Oh Hyuck‐Keun
Published: January 2005

Vibration of a shadow mask has become a critical issue in developing of a large‐size flat CRT which employs a semi‐tint panel and a formed‐type shadow‐mask. In order to improve the response of shadow mask excited by sound from speakers, in this paper, a simple modal test technique is presented to find out which mechanical parts have resonance with an external excitation.
33.4: An Improvement Process for Gate Oxide of LTPS TFT by Using N2O Plasma Nitridation
Authors: Chou Lin‐En , Ting Hung‐Che
Published: January 2005

In this work, the nitridation effects for the gate oxide of low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) thin film transistors (TFTs) by using N2O plasma were presented. According to the experiments and discussions in this paper, it was believed that the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into SiO2/Si interface was responsible for the improved quality of the oxide. Therefore we used N2O plasma instead of thermal and NH3 nitridation to get better performance of LTPS TFTs. Furthermore, the N2O plasma nitridation process also had advantages of the higher throughput and yield in LTPS TFTs fabrication.
36.1: Invited Paper: Progress of Rare‐Earth‐Doped Alkaline‐Earth Sulfide EL Devices
Authors: Ohmi Koutoku
Published: January 2005

The progress of color thin‐film electroluminescent (TFEL) devices based on rare‐earth doped alkaline‐earth sulfide phosphors is reviewed, as a memorial to Prof. Shosaku Tanaka of Tottori University passed away on Sep. 15, 2003. In this paper, his main works, i.e., the basic characterization of rare‐earth doped alkaline‐earth sulfide EL phosphors, the development of white‐light emitting EL phosphor materials, and the full‐color TFEL displays using the combination of white EL and RGB color filters, are introduced.
37.1: A Hysteresis‐Free Continuous Gray Shade Smectic Liquid Crystal Display with Fast Optical Response
Authors: Mochizuki Akihiro
Published: January 2005

A nematic‐like behavior in its electro‐optical response with chiral smectic C phase liquid crystal cell is introduced. This cell comprising polarization shielded smectic liquid crystals shows hysteresis‐free continuous gray shade without sacrificing fast optical response such as 150 μs at room temperature. Moreover, this cell has constant voltage holding ratio after its optical switching.
39.3: Recent Advances in Printed Active Matrix Displays
Authors: Burns S. E. , Ramsdale C. , Jacobs K. , Watts J. , Etchells M. , Menon A. , Cain P. , Brown T. , Banach M. , VonWerne T. , Chalmers K. , Mills J. , Sirringhaus H.
Published: January 2005

Plastic logic has developed a print based process for active matrix display manufacture. This process has no vacuum or mask steps, is scalable, low cost, low temperature, and environmentally friendly. We report on our recent advances in developing our process for large area electronic paper. This includes scaling our process to print 9″ diagonal thin film transistor backplanes with >100,000 pixels (>QVGA) and printing transistors on commodity flexible plastic substrates.
40.4: New Photoalignment Polymeric Materials with Excellent Photosensitivity and Stability
Authors: Li X. , Zhong Z. , Lee S. H. , Lee M.‐H.
Published: January 2005

Novel soluble photoalignment materials with high photosensitivity and good thermal stability were synthesized by chloromethylation of 6FDA‐ODA polyimide, and their photoalignment properties were investigated. The photosensitivity of 6FDA‐ODA polyimide was improved greatly by the introduction of chloromethyl side group. The ECB LC cell made with photoaligned films could be stored at 85°C. for at least 14 days without deteriorating LC alignment. The irradiation of polarized UV light on the polymer surface induced thermally stable alignment of LC due to the surface anisotropy caused by photodecomposition of polyimide main chain.
42.1: Invited Paper: Review of the Properties of Up‐Conversion Phosphors for New Emissive Displays
Authors: Rapaport Alexandra , Milliez Janet , Bass Michael , Cassanho Arlete , Jenssen Hans
Published: January 2005

We review the properties of up‐conversion materials which absorb near infrared light and re‐emit in the visible and we assess their potential for a new display technology. Such phosphors have characteristics that are very appealing for displays: they cover a wide color gamut with very saturated colors, they can be operated at very high brightness without damage to the emitters, they have very long lifetimes and they have efficiencies comparable to those of existing technologies.
42.2: Distinguished Paper: Effect of Water on Thermal and Operating Degradation of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ (BAM) Blue Phosphor
Authors: Onimaru T. , Fukuta S. , Misawa T. , Sakita K. , Betsui K.
Published: January 2005

XANES and XPS analyses reconfirmed that oxidation by water causes thermal degradation of BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ blue phosphor. We also confirmed that its operating degradation is due to photochemical reactions between Eu ions and water molecules under VUV irradiation.
43.1: Image Enhancement for Reflective Displays
Authors: Nenonen Petri , Yrjänäinen Jukka
Published: January 2005

The reflective and transflective LCD technologies offer attractive solutions for color displays that are used in handheld devices. These technologies make possible to obtain a full color display with low power consumption by using ambient illumination as light source. When there is not enough ambient light an internal light source can be used. The current generation of displays has quite adequate quality for viewing color images in some conditions, but they still have also some insufficient properties. The color gamuts and contrast ratio of the displays are small and dependent on the illumination. We have researched how the properties of the displays affect imaging applications and how those can be overcome by using image processing means. We are focusing on image enhancement algorithms, which we have tested under different viewing conditions. Especially algorithms that are effectively implementable are interesting. In this case the target is to increase the visibility and the subjective quality of the image on the display as opposed to reproduce the originally intended appearance exactly. The achieved results show that the perceived image quality and the usability of the display can be enhanced significantly using image enhancement techniques.
45.2: Self‐Organized Organic Thin‐Film Transistor for Flexible Active‐Matrix Display
Authors: Kim Sung Hwan , Choi Hye Young , Han Seung Hoon , Hur Ji Ho , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

We developed a bottom contact, organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) array on plastic using a self‐organized process. The pentacene thin‐film transistor, grown selectively between the source and drain using organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), exhibited a field‐effect mobility of 1.1 cm2/Vs and on/off current ratio of >108. A 4 inch OTFT array with 50 ppi resolution was developed.
10.2: Towards Video‐rate Microencapsulated Dual‐Particle Electrophoretic Displays
Authors: Whitesides Thomas , Walls Michael , Paolini Richard , Sohn Sam , Gates Holly , McCreary Michael , Jacobson Joseph
Published: January 2005

Present electrophoretic image displays (EPIDs) suitable for electronic reader applications have typical response times of several hundred milliseconds. In this paper, we describe a new EPID with significantly faster response. This ink has good bistability, a white state reflectivity of ∼40%, a contrast ratio of 12:1 at saturation, and is capable of being driven with image‐to‐image transition times of 30ms at 15v (CR>7).
49.3: Very‐High‐Resolution Displays: Productivity Gains in Word‐Processing and Spreadsheet Tasks
Authors: Gille Jennifer , Larimer James , Powers Maureen , Liu Hsien‐Chang
Published: January 2005

We tested the impact of very high vs. high spatial resolution (∼200 vs ∼100 dpi) displays on user performance for common computer tasks such as text editing and spreadsheet use. We found advantages for the very high resolution display and for LCDs over CRTs.
10.3: Distinguished Paper: Ultra Thin and Flexible Paper‐Like Display using QR‐LPD® Technology
Authors: Hattori Reiji , Yamada Shuhei , Masuda Yoshitomo , Nihei Norio , Sakurai Ryo
Published: January 2005

Really paper‐like display as thin as 290 μm has been developed, which has a 160×160 array of pixels, 3.1‐inch diagonal viewable image size, and white‐paper appearance. Plastic substrate with 120 μm in thickness was used resulting in a flexible display which can be bent up to 20 mm in radius of curvature. This can be realized only by QR‐LPD® technology.
52.3: Guest‐host SmA LCD: Absorption and Emission of Light in Smectic‐A Liquid Crystal Material
Authors: Mitrokhin M. V. , Aristov V. L. , Netland K. A.
Published: January 2005

The spectral characteristics of light absorption and light emission processes in focal conic and homeotropic structures of smectic‐A liquid crystal containing dichroic dyes including fluorescent ones were obtained. The influence of dichroic dyes introduction on electro‐optical parameters of guest‐host liquid crystal mixtures is discussed. The results allow one to obtain high‐contrast monochrome or two colour grey‐scale images on a wide viewing angle multistable transflective SmA LCD (EASL DMD™, Electrically Addressable Smectic Liquid crystal Daylight Memory Display).
53.3: Distortion Control in a One‐Dimensional Integral Imaging Autostereoscopic Display System with Parallel Optical Beam Groups
Authors: Saishu T. , Taira K. , Fukushima R. , Hirayama Y.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a one‐dimensional integral imaging auto‐stereoscopic display system consisting of an FPD and a lenticular plate that creates parallel optical beam groups. The reproduced 3‐D images are free of distortion and show smooth motion parallax. We describe the methods employed for projection, elemental image alignment, and distortion control.
53.4: Viewing‐Angle‐Enhanced 3‐D Integral Imaging System Using a Curved Lens Array
Authors: Kim Yunhee , Park Jae‐Hyeung , Choi Heejin , Jung Sungyong , Min Sung‐Wook , Lee Byoungho
Published: January 2005

We propose an enhanced integral three‐dimensional imaging system using a curved lens array. The proposed system, which uses a curved lens array, expands the viewing angle remarkably. In addition, by adopting barriers flipped images are eliminated. The principle of the proposed system is explained and the experimental results are provided. We also developed the proposed system by adopting a curved screen.
54.2: New Source Follower Type Analog Buffers Using Poly‐Si TFTs for Active Matrix Displays
Authors: Jung Sang‐Hoon , Park Joong‐Hyun , Han Chang‐Wook , Han Min‐Koo
Published: January 2005

New simple analog buffers employing LTPS‐TFTs are proposed for the integrated data driver circuits of AMLCD and AMOLED. The proposed analog buffers do not use capacitors to store the threshold voltage of a poly‐Si TFT, so that high speed driving is possible in the large size display panel. The simulation results exhibit that the variation of poly‐Si TFT characteristics is successfully compensated in the proposed analog buffers.
54.4: A High Accurate Analog Buffer Circuit using Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFT
Authors: Yoo Yong‐Su , Choi Jin‐Young , Shim Hyun‐Sook , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: January 2005

A high accurate Low Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon(LTPS) analog buffer circuit has been developed. It has shorter settling time of output voltage and higher immunity to threshold voltage variation than conventional source follower type buffers. Measured results show that the proposed buffer takes the settling time of 23 μsec to drive the load of 32pF and 2kΩ When the threshold voltages of TFTs that constitute the proposed buffer vary as ±1V, which is the 5 times that of the standard deviation of measured threshold voltage, HSPICE simulation results show that the maximum output mis‐charging voltage is 23mV.
55.1: Invited Paper: Video, Display and Processing
Authors: Klompenhouwer Michiel A. , de Haan Gerard
Published: January 2005

A display processing system is a chain of video processing algorithms that converts the input video to the display format. Final image quality is equally determined by the display characteristics, and by these video processing algorithms, of which the paper presents an overview.
57.2: Extreme AMOLED Backplanes in a‐Si with Proven Stability
Authors: Nathan Arokia , Alexander Stefan , Sakariya Kapil , Servati Peyman , Tao Sheng , Striakhilev Denis , Kumar Anil , Sambandan Sanjiv , Jafarabadiashtiani Shahin , Vigranenko Yuri , Church Corbin , Wzorek Jay , Arsenault Paul
Published: January 2005

Instability has long been a barrier to the use of a‐Si AMOLED backplanes. We present here the first demonstration of proven stability of a‐Si AMOLED pixels. Over 7000h of stability data is shown for pixel circuits that compensate for threshold‐voltage shift, temperature, and OLED degradation (extreme compensation). This demonstrates that stable AMOLED backplanes are achievable using well‐established and proven a‐Si TFT technology in mainstream use by the flat panel display industry.
11.2: Novel Fluorene‐Based Blue Emitters for High Performance OLEDs
Authors: Saitoh Akihito , Yamada Naoki , Yashima Masataka , Okinaka Keiji , Senoo Akihiro , Ueno Kazunori , Tanaka Daisaku , Yashiro Ryoji
Published: January 2005

High performance new blue‐emitting host‐dopant systems, which consist of pyrene‐substituted fluorene hosts such as DPYFL01 and diarylamino‐substituted origo(fluorenylene)s represented by BDT3FL as dopants, have been developed. The new host material,DPYFL01 showed high electron‐mobility with 1×10−3 cm2/Vs. A device using DPYFL01 demonstrated blue emission (CIE: x, y = 0.15–0.16, 0.20–0.21) with high power efficiency of 4.5 lm/W at 200 cd/m2. The use of 20%BDT3FL inDPYFL01 resulted in deep‐blue emission (CIE: 0.15, 0.15) while keeping high power efficiency of 4.6 lm/W at 3.1 V. The device‐structure optimization together with the use of an additional host,C‐H01 afforded deep‐blue emission (CIE: 0.15, 0.14) and higher power efficiency of 4.9 lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 3.9 % at 4.3 mA/cm2 with 200 cd/m2. Lifetime of the optimized device using 10 %BDT3FL was estimated to be over 10,000 hour at an initial luminance of 200 cd/m2.
58.2: Fast‐Response Polymer Network Liquid Crystals for Optical Communications
Authors: Fan Yun‐Hsing , Lin Yi‐Hsing , Ren Hongwen , Gauza Sebastian , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: January 2005

A fast‐switching and scattering‐free phase modulator using polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) is demonstrated at λ =1.55 μm for laser beam steering application. The strong polymer network anchoring greatly reduces the visco‐elastic coefficient of the LC. As a result, the PNLC response time is improved by ∼300X, although the threshold voltage is increased by ∼25X. Computer simulation results agree with experiments well.
58.3: Polarization‐Insensitive Liquid‐Crystal Fabry‐Perot Tunable Optical Filter
Authors: Kataoka T. , Day S. E. , Selviah D. R. , Fernández A.
Published: January 2005

Liquid crystal filled Fabry‐Perot filters (LC‐FPF) can be used as tunable optical filters. The filters can be made insensitive to the incident polarization by using additional birefringent layers inside the cavity. An analysis of the polarization properties of these resonant structures is presented for two device configurations.
60.4: A Novel Offset Cancellation Circuit for TFT‐LCD Driver
Authors: Milanesi Andrea , Buchschacher Pascal
Published: January 2005

This paper reviews known techniques to minimize offset in TFT‐LCD column drivers and proposes a new solution [1] that achieves high performance and high yield in a standard 10V or 16V CMOS process.