bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Short Scale for the Assessment of Mental Health in the Community Aged
Authors: Savage R. D. , Britton P. G.
Published: August 2008

Recent years have seen increase of interest in problems relating to the health of the aged. One of the major difficulties has been the practical problem of assessment, whether it be of physical, social or mental health. It is essential that any measures employed are appropriate to the aged population, should be easy and brief to administer, as well as being reliable and valid. Some advances have been made in tests of cognitive functioning developed or derived for use with the aged (Dixon, 1965; Britton and Savage, 1966). As yet, however, no simple psychometric test has been proposed for aiding the psychologist, psychiatrist, general practitioner, social scientist or those concerned with the care of the community aged in the early recognition of possible psychiatric abnormality. This report aims to remedy this omission to a certain extent. We have derived from an extensively used psychometric measure, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI, Hathaway and McKinley, 1951), a short scale of fifteen questions which has been shown to be a valid, easily usable measure of mental illness in the aged.
Distractibility in Schizophrenia and Organic Cerebral Disease
Authors: Lawson J. S. , Mcghie Andrew , Chapman James
Published: August 2008

Recent investigations of cognitive disorder in schizophrenia (Payne and Hewlett, 1960; Payne, Caird and Laverty, 1964) have indicated that schizophrenic performance in cognitive tests is characterized by a tendency to use very loose, “overinclusive” concepts. This phenomenon which Cameron (1944) termed “overinclusive thinking”, has been re-interpreted by Payne (1961) in terms of an impairment of a hypothetical filter mechanism which normally excludes irrelevant stimuli from consciousness and so allows attention to be directed towards the task in hand. McGhie and Chapman (1961) and Chapman (1966) have presented clinical evidence based on the subjective reports of schizophrenic patients supporting the hypothesis that a primary disorder in this disease is an impairment in the selective and inhibitory functions of attention. Chapman and McGhie (1962) and McGhie, Chapman and Lawson (1965a and b) have substantiated and elaborated this clinically derived hypothesis in an experimental setting where the subjects were required to perform various psychomotor and short-term memory tasks with and without distracting stimuli. The results of these investigations, while supporting the hypothesis in a general way, were nevertheless equivocal. The distraction effect in schizophrenia appeared to be confined to those situations where adequate performance involved the processing of a substantial amount of information. This finding was explained in terms of Broadbent's (1958) theory of the human operator as a limited capacity information channel. It appeared that distraction affected the performance of schizophrenic patients only in situations where the limited information channel was fully occupied in handling relevant aspects of the task—for example, in tracking and short term memory tests. Under these conditions the assimilation of irrelevant information produces overloading of the information channel and a consequent breakdown of performance. On the other hand, in those tasks requiring little information processing—for example, in repetitive psychomotor tasks—the channel is operating well below capacity, the assimilation of irrelevant information does not lead to overloading, and consequently does not have any detrimental effect on performance. An analogue of this situation occurs in normal subjects, in whom division of attention between two sources does not necessarily lead to impairment of performance if the informational requirements of each source are small and total information load does not exceed the critical limit (Broadbent and Herron, 1962). For the schizophrenic patient attention tends to be divided between the relevant and the irrelevant, yet impairment in performance need not occur if the informational requirements of the task are kept small.
The Difficult Patient
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y.
Published: August 2008

It is usual to encounter, in any large mental hospital, a group of patients who are considered by the staff to be difficult. This opinion is slowly formed, but, once established and repeatedly expressed in nursing reports and medical records, it rarely alters and may have a powerful influence on the patient's career in hospital. A difficult patient may find himself deprived of privileges and moved to a “lower level” ward (9, 10, 11) and his demotion in this way can affect his relatives' attitudes towards him (17). On the other hand, patients informally classified by the staff as “good patients” may be granted certain advantages and, as Cohen put it, “if they behave okay, they move to a better billet” (5).
The Effects of Admitting Chronic Patients to a Factory Unit for One Month
Authors: Burnand G. , Bowen L. W. , Shah K. V. , Hoggart K.
Published: August 2008

Twenty chronic patients, group 1, entered a hospital factory unit for one month and received varying increases of pay. They were compared with three control groups, each of ten patients. Thus group 2 received increases of pay similar to those of the group entering the factory, but remained outside the factory unit. Another, group 3, had already been in the unit for several months, and were discharged from the unit into other hospital employment for one month without change of pay. Another, group 4, remained in the factory throughout with no change of pay. Forty per cent. of each group was female. The control groups were matched with group 1 for age, duration of stay and group test results. Ranges and averages were: age, gp. 1, 36–66, 52·1, gp. 2, 34–65, 50·1, gp. 3, 38–68, 50·5, gp. 4, 21–63, 46·1; duration of stay, gp. 1, 1–35, 17·6, gp. 2, 3–27, 14·0, gp. 3, 2–32, 12·6, gp. 4, 2–27, 13·9 years. The distribution of patients between hospital wards was the same in each group. Eighty per cent. of each group had a diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia. Eight patients from group 1 and four from each of the control groups took part in an additional group discussion with one of the experimenters during the month trial period. A list of different topics were worked through, e.g. driving, smoking, taking risks, etc., and photographs from the 1963 Year Book and coloured advertisements were used, preferences and associations being asked for with each topic.
Variations in Body Water during Recovery from Depression
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Bailey Angela D. , McDonald R. , Dransfield G. A. , Milne H. B.
Published: August 2008

Reports of significant changes in water and electrolytes during recovery from depression may provide insight into important physiological factors in depressive illnesses. Brownet al.(1963) demonstrated an increase in the extracellular fluid volume in 22 of 28 patients suffering from primary depressive disorders treated with E.C.T. or imipramine. The findings of these authors, which were discussed in relation to previous work on sodium metabolism and water balance in depressive disorders, were thought to support the idea of a shift of fluid from intracellular to extracellular spaces during the response to treatment. Coppen and Shaw (1963) found an increase in total body water, extracellular fluid and a decrease in the residual sodium space on recovery from depression.
Variations in II-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Depression and Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Bailey A. D. , McDonald R. , Dransfield G. A. , Milne H. B.
Published: August 2008

Many instances of regular cyclic or periodic psychiatric and clinical syndromes have been reported (Richter, 1957). The duration of each cycle varies from 2 days to 18 months but is usually constant in a given subject and bears no relationship to external factors. Presumably they have their origin within the body, and a disturbance of endocrine function has been suggested in many cases. Some women show cycles corresponding to the menstrual rhythm, the abnormal phase preceding or accompanying the menstrual flow.
A Case of Craniopharyngioma Presenting as Korsakov's Syndrome
Authors: Palmai G. , Taylor D. C. , Falconer Murray A.
Published: August 2008

The particular mental state described by Korsakov (1890, 1891) is, in most cases, a sequel of Wernicke's encephalopathy, which itself is the result of alcoholism. Korsakov, however, also observed the same mental condition in persons, not alcoholic, who had been exposed to carbon monoxide, to phosphorus poisoning, or to profound toxic states. Within a few years, Monckenmoller (1899) and Meyer (1899) had each described the Korsakov state appearing late in the natural history of sarcomata of the sella turcica and third ventricle respectively. Delay et al. (1964) ably reviewed 108 instances in the literature of the association of cerebral tumour and Korsakov state, and concluded that cerebral tumour is most likely to lead to the Korsakov state if it leads to a bilateral lesion in the hippocampo - mamillo - thalamo - cingulate pathways, an observation previously made by Grünthal (1939), Kleist (1934), and Orthner (1957). By virtue of their possible situation, craniopharyngiomas are so placed anatomically that they are associated with the Korsakov state with disproportionate frequency compared to other intracranial tumours. However, in some of the reported cases the Korsakov features were tenuous, were a near terminal or postoperative event, or were outweighed by gross endocrine disturbances. Even so, only 3 out of 28 such cases described in the literature were diagnosed during life. Early diagnosis is thus extremely difficult, for the neurological signs are sparse and then are mainly ophthalmological, whilst the onset is insidious and accompanied by mental changes which deceptively suggest a functional basis to the whole picture.
Treatment of Alcoholism in Trinidad and Tobago, 1956-65
Authors: Beaubrun M. H.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes and attempts to evaluate an alcoholism treatment programme in two Caribbean islands with a multi-racial population of just under a million. The programme, initiated by the author in 1956, combined emetine aversion treatment in a group setting, with milieu therapy and group psychotherapy of a didactic kind aimed at producing conversion (rather than aversion) to uncritical belief in the tenets of Alcoholics Anonymous.
Hospitalized Psychiatric Morbidity in Ireland: A Suggested Approach
Authors: Walsh Dermot , Walsh Brendan
Published: August 2008

Ireland has the highest rate of hospitalized mental illness on record. This is borne out both by the World Health Organization figures for treated mental illness (W.H.O., 1961), by international comparisons of point prevalence rates (Arentsen and Strdmgren, 1959) and by consideration of first admission rates (Hammer and Lcacock, 1961). The Irish national figures for each of these measures were respectively 7·12, 10·81 and 1·45 per 1,000 population in 1959. The rates exhibit a distinct geographical pattern within Ireland: they are highest on the coastal areas furthest from Dublin, while in the Dublin area they are as low as those of most western European countries. All three measures have risen over time, and the intercounty variation has also increased since 1900. In 1959 the coefficients of variation for both first admission and hospitalization rates were equal to 25·1 per cent.
Sterilization and Therapeutic Abortion in Aberdeen
Authors: Baird Dugald
Published: August 2008

All animal species have a high potential rate of increase, which must imply a high potential rate of death. Professor Holliday (1) has said: “Something must die, either the sperm, or the egg, or the embyro, or the infant or the adult … Most animals maintain a population at a fairly constant level—there are fluctuations of numbers, but they are fluctuations round a mean. There is a strong element of stability in nature. How is the population fixed at this relatively stable level? Two schools of thought exist. One says that the rules of Malthus apply strictly to the animal world—starvation, disease and predators are the stabilizers and do an immediate and effective job. The other, developed by Professor Wynne-Edwards in Aberdeen, says that animals limit their numbers before starvation does it for them. It is part of the animal's social organization and it is based on instinctive patterns of behaviour. Only a proportion of the population is allowed to breed and those who lose this right in competition become outcasts.”
The Late Effects of Loss of Parents in Childhood
Authors: Gay M. J. , Tonge W. L.
Published: August 2008

The effect of loss of parents during childhood has been the subject of many studies. Although most reports agree that some emotional disturbance occurs in the child, it is not yet clear what are the late effects of such separations in adult psychiatric health and behaviour. Brown (1961) and Munro (1965) pointed out that childhood bereavement before the age of 15 is not a rare experience: both studies report an incidence of over 19 per cent, in non-psychiatric populations. While some studies (e.g. Brown, 1961) reported an increased frequency of bereavement in childhood in depressed patients, other studies (e.g. Hopkinson and Reed, 1966) failed to confirm this. Furthermore, as Ainsworth (1962) pointed out, the term “parental deprivation” requires careful definition. It can refer to insufficiency of parent-child interaction (which cannot be assumed to follow automatically in every separation, because of the presence of parent substitutes), to grief reactions which may be supposed to follow parental loss and predispose to depression (Bowlby, 1961) and to distortions of parent-child relationships. The psychological consequences of parental loss could be expected to differ according to the degree of pre-separation distortions of relationships.
Parental Bereavement in Childhood: M.M.P.I. Profiles in a Depressed Population
Authors: Wilson Ian C. , Alltop Lacoe B. , Buffaloe W. J.
Published: August 2008

Recent studies of childhood bereavement in depressive populations (Forrest, Fraser, and Priest, 1965; Munro, 1966) indicate that parental bereavement in childhood may be of aetiological significance in depressive illness (Forrest et al., 1965) and may affect the severity of the clinical picture (Munro, 1966).
The Role of Phenomenology in Psychiatry
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

The term “phenomenology” was imported into psychiatry from the field of philosophy. I intend to give a brief and necessarily simplified account of its philosophical background, the various meanings applied to it, and some of the clinical implications following from it.
Visual Imagery and Motor Phenomena in Acute Schizophrenia
Authors: Chapman James
Published: August 2008

This paper deals briefly with a few clinical observations made in the course of studies of changes in subjective experience reported by young patients in the early stages of schizophrenia. These studies aimed at delineating the early schizophrenic clinical picture in as specific a manner as possible with a view to later experimental validation, and the clinical findings concerning a group of forty young schizophrenics have been reported elsewhere (Chapman, 1966). The observations on which this paper is based were obtained by the same method of examination and interview technique as previously reported, the observer deliberately identifying with the patient, adopting his particular style of communication and encouraging him in the direct projection of his experiences. Thus these observations have been taken out of a matrix of abnormalities in cognitive function found in schizophrenic patients, and have to do chiefly with their visual imagery and motility. Before proceeding to present and discuss these observations it may be worth while to provide a background against which to view them, by referring first to what we know of normal imagery, and second to the breakdown in perception and cognition found in the patients from whom these observations were derived.
The Two Kinds of Depression According to St. Paul
Authors: Altschule Mark D.
Published: August 2008

One current classification of depression divides the syndrome into psychotic and non-psychotic varieties. It is interesting that a similar classification developed over a thousand years ago out of some words of St. Paul. In his Second Epistle to the Corinthians, Ch. 7, v. 10, Paul wrote: “For godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation not to be repented of, but the sorrow of the world worketh death.” The word sorrow used in English translations of the Bible stood for the tristitia of Latin versions (Greek λνπη); connoting sadness, sorrow, despondency, depression. Paul's distinction between the two kinds of tristitia, the one “from God” and the other “of the world”, led mediaeval theologians to enlarge on differences between the two kinds of depression.
The Personal Orientation of Long-stay Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Morgan Roger
Published: August 2008

Working in a rehabilitation hospital (Morgan et al., 1965) for long-term psychiatric patients, many of them chronic schizophrenics, the author has been struck by the extent to which some of them are ignorant of the names of other people. This ignorance has been observed in formal therapeutic group situations, at formal interview, and in informal conversation. Whatever the situation may be, such ignorance hampers communication and causes socially incompetent behaviour on the part of the patient.
Some Characteristics Differentiating Two Groups of E.S.N. Children
Authors: Williams Phillip , Gruber Elizabeth
Published: August 2008

This enquiry is part of a wider investigation into the characteristics of children attending special schools for the educationally subnormal in South Wales. Seven local authorities are co-operating in the project, and they have made available records of children attending the eight special schools that they maintain. Two residential schools are provided by four rural authorities and six day schools are provided by three urban authorities. The characteristics of the population of 801 children who were attending the eight schools at the time of the enquiry have been reported previously in this Journal (Williams, 1966).
Schizophrenia-like Psychoses of Epilepsy and Disturbances of Folate and Vitamin B12Metabolism Induced by Anticonvulsant Drugs
Authors: Reynolds E. H.
Published: August 2008

Since it was first described by Mannheimer, Pakesch, Reimer and Vetter in 1952 megaloblastic anaemia has come to be recognized as an occasional complication of anticonvulsant drug therapy. More recently a disturbance in folic acid and vitamin B12metabolism has been observed in many non-anaemic drug-treated epileptic patients (Hawkins and Meynell, 1958; Klipstein, 1964; Malpas, Spray and Witts, 1966; Reynolds, Milner, Matthews and Chanarin, 1966a). Reynoldset al.(1966a) found megaloblastic haemopoiesis in 38 per cent. and subnormal serum folates in over 75 per cent. of a series of 54 out-patient epileptics. In addition, serum vitamin B12levels, though still within the normal range, were significantly lower in the megaloblastic group of patients than in controls. They suggested (1) that the anti-folate effects of phenobarbitone, phenytoin and primidone may be related to their therapeutic actions, and (2) that prolonged drug-induced disturbances of folate and vitamin B12metabolism may be responsible for certain side-effects, particularly mental symptoms. The latter possibility is supported by the increasing recognition of psychiatric illness due to vitamin B12deficiency in the absence of anaemia or subacute combined degeneration of the cord. (Langdon, 1905; McAlpine, 1929; Holmes, 1956; Smith, 1960; Edwin, Holten, Norum, Schrumpf and Skaug, 1965; Strachan and Henderson, 1965).
A Controlled Comparison of Nitrazepam (‘Mogadon’) with Sodium Amylobarbitone as a Sleep-inducing Agent
Authors: Davies C. , Levine S.
Published: August 2008

Nitrazepam (Mogadon), a benzodiazepine compound, chemically related to diazepam (Valium) and chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is a recently introduced sleep-inducing agent. Other studies (Baum et al., 1965; Fraser and Shepherd, 1966), found it to be both safe and effective. It is thought to induce sleep by “shielding the brain centre responsible for waking from emotioned stimuli”, and is therefore of particular interest for psychiatric illness. This study is a clinical comparison with sodium amylobarbitone, using a double-blind cross-over technique.
Maintenance in the Community: A Study of Psychiatric After-care and Rehospitalization
Authors: Sheldon Alan , Jones Kenneth J.
Published: August 2008

An initial report on this study (Sheldon, 1964) demonstrated a significant positive relationship between psychiatric after-care and reduction of readmissions to mental hospital in the six months following hospital discharge when patients were randomly allocated to psychiatric after-care or to the general practitioner. The present paper demonstrates that this effect, although diminished, is still apparent for a similar group of patients allocated to after-care by their discharging psychiatrist and followed up for three years. It attempts to clarify the factors operating in psychiatric selection for after-care, and to explore the relative importance of after-care and of the nature and severity of illness in determining outcome, at least as measured by the number, duration, and time after discharge of rehospitalizations.
Psychiatric Illness in the Medical Profession
Authors: a'Brook M. F. , Hailstone J. D. , McLauchlan I. E. J.
Published: August 2008

In view of the important implications of the subject, it is surprising that there have been so few studies of psychiatric illness within the medical profession, except specifically in regard to drug addiction. Indeed, we could find only two papers on the overall psychiatric morbidity in the profession published during the last decade (Duffy and Litin, 1964; Pearson and Streker, 1960). In Great Britain there have been no published studies of this kind as far as we can discover.
Myotonia Congenita (Thomsen's Disease) and Hereditary Psychosis
Authors: Johnson John
Published: August 2008

In 1876 the Danish physician, Julius Thomas Thomsen, described the disease entity of myotonia congenita, from which he himself and some members of his family suffered. This muscular disorder is now accepted as a clinical and genetic entity, distinct from other forms of myotonia, viz. dystrophia myotonica and paramyotonia (De Jong, 1955).
Tropical Neuropathy and Psychosis
Authors: Asuni T.
Published: August 2008

Tropical neuropathies have been causally related to disturbances of pyruvate metabolism (Monekosso, 1963); like the neuropathy described by Wernicke, they are thought to be due to vitamin B deficiency. The clinical picture includes mental disturbances of the organic type, such as disturbance of memory, confabulation, apathy, disorientation, etc. Reports do not mention symptoms suggestive of functional psychosis.
Science and the Training of Psychiatrists
Authors: Woodmansey A. C.
Published: August 2008

There can be no more urgent or conspicuous problem in psychiatry, as a scientific discipline, than that it lacks a generally agreed theoretical framework on which to base practice and teaching.
Dimensions of Manifest Depression in Newly Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Michaux Mary Helen , Zwaag Lettie Vander , Kurland Albert A.
Published: August 2008

Symptoms of depression as a clinical entity have been the object of factor analyses by Hamilton (1960) and by Overall (1962). In each of these studies data consisted of observations of male in-patients whose hospital diagnosis was depression. Subjects were rated on the basis of interview behaviour in sets of items considered relevant to clinical concepts of the disorder. Dimensions obtained in Overall's analysis agreed very closely with factors which had previously been identified in psychiatric ratings of schizophrenic patients (Lorr, 1953; Lorr, McNair, Klett, and Lasky, 1962; Overall and Gorham, 1962). This finding was interpreted as evidence that “certain basic factor dimensions appear in various different types of patients” (Overall, 1962). Hamilton felt that a single word-label might describe qualitatively different behaviours, depending on diagnosis; he therefore insisted on the importance of context (nosological category) in assessing the significance of any given symptom.
A Controlled Investigation of Plasma Lipids in Manic-Depressives
Authors: Brandrup E. , Randrup A.
Published: August 2008

Quite a number of reports have been published on serum lipids and especially serum cholesterol in manic-depressives. The results, however, are contradictory, and the experimental designs have not been satisfactory. Altschule (1953), and Hoch and Zubin (1954) have reviewed this field, but little original work of importance has been published recently.
Clinical Trial of a New Antidepressant (WY.3263)
Authors: El-Deiry N. K. , Forrest A. D. , Littmann S. K.
Published: August 2008

In the clinical evaluation of psychopharmacological agents there are many factors which operate simultaneously with the pharmacological effects. These other factors may independently have an effect on the patient's symptomatology. In uncontrolled studies, therefore, these “non-drug” factors may frequently lead to erroneous clinical conclusions in regard to drug efficacy as well as side reactions.
Factors Affecting the Outcome of Conjugal Bereavement
Authors: Maddison David , Walker Wendy L.
Published: August 2008

Following the classic study of Lindemann (1944) on the various forms and possible outcomes of the reaction to bereavement, little systematic work was done in this field until the last decade. Marris (1958), in a thoughtful but uncontrolled study, interviewed 72 widows whose husbands had died at least 11 months earlier, the mean lapse of time between bereavement and interview being two years and two months. Only 14 of his subjects considered themselves to have recovered completely; 31 reported a lasting deterioration in their health, and 57 reported a continuing difficulty with sleep. More recently, Parkes (1964a), in a study of patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital, has demonstrated that the number of patients whose illness followed the death of a spouse was six times greater than expected, suggesting that bereavement must be one causative factor in the development of the illness. He has also shown (Parkes, 1964b) that widows under the age of 65 consulted their general practitioner because of psychiatric symptoms more than three times as frequently during the six months after the bereavement than they had done during a control period prior to the bereavement. The consultation rate for non-psychiatric symptoms increased by nearly a half in both older and younger widows.
The Dominant Matriarch Syndrome
Authors: Clarke A. H.
Published: August 2008

This is a clearly recognizable complex of internal family relationships which lies behind, and is an integral part of, the illness presentation pattern of one or more of the individual family members. It may explain many of the emotional problems experienced by children which are noted by either the School Doctors or the Child Guidance Clinics. It is routine procedure in such cases to interview the mother of the affected child, but it is not the practice to see any older generation. Only the family doctor is in a position to see the three generation complex involved.
The Therapeutic Community—Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Zeitlyn B. B.
Published: August 2008

Therapeutic community principles have in recent years become increasingly and often enthusiastically applied. They have also attracted an extensive literature, including, among many, studies by Maxwell Jones (1952 and 1962), Cumming and Cumming (1962), and the contributions to two symposia: in Boston, edited by Greenblatt, Levinson, and Williams (1957) and in this country by Freeman (1965).
Insulin and Chlorpromazine in Schizophrenia: A Ten Year Comparative Survey
Authors: Markowe Morris , Steinert Jack , Heyworth-Davis Freda
Published: August 2008

It is now just over a decade since chlorpromazine came into general use in psychiatry. Insulin coma treatment is no longer popular in the treatment of schizophrenia, yet no long-term comparative evaluation has been carried out.
Experimental and Phenomenological Approaches to the Problem of Hallucinations in Organic Psychosyndromes
Authors: Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

The study of the form and content of hallucinations remains a fascinating and intriguing one to all who are interested in psychopathology. In our present state of knowledge it provides the basis for experimental approaches to the aetiology of hallucinations. This paper is a brief review of the relationship between experimental and phenomenological approaches to the problem of hallucinations associated with organic cerebral lesions.
A Five to Fifteen Year Follow-Up Study of Infantile Psychosis
Authors: Rutter Michael , Greenfeld David , Lockyer Linda
Published: August 2008

The two major follow-up studies of children suffering from infantile psychosis, that of Kanner's cases (Kanner, 1943 and 1949; Kanner and Eisenberg, 1955; Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956; Eisenberg, 1956; Kanner and Lesser, 1958) and that of psychotic children seen by Creak (1962, 1963a and b) have shown the generally poor prognosis for these children. In both studies about half the children were in full-time residential care (usually mental sub-normality hospitals) at follow-up, and only 5 per cent. to 17 per cent. could be said to be well adjusted. Similar findings have been reported in the other published studies (reviewed in Rutter, 1966a). Kanner and Eisenberg have described the course of the characteristics of aloneness or autism shown by all or nearly all children with infantile psychosis (Kanner, 1943; Kanner and Eisenberg, 1955; Eisenberg and Kanner, 1956). Although some psychotic children emerge from their solitude to a greater or lesser extent, a lack of social perceptiveness usually remains even in adolescence or early adult life.
The Psychiatric Contribution to a Renal Unit Undertaking Chronic Haemodialysis and Renal Homotransplantation
Authors: Cramond W. A. , Knight P. R. , Lawrence J. R.
Published: August 2008

The Renal Unit of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, provides the only specialized renal service for the State's population of one million. Established two years ago, it has developed a programme of recurrent haemodialysis and has used recurrent peritoneal dialysis for a period. It is associated with a renal homotransplantation programme. The Unit staff consists of a full time Director, one Senior Medical Registrar, a Senior House Physician, nurses and technicians. There is a close liaison with the University of Adelaide Department of Surgery which has been responsible for establishing and running the homotransplantation programme with a staff of a Senior Lecturer and the assistance of two Honorary Assistant Surgeons. The psychiatrist works closely with the group and interviews all patients entering the programme. His role has been that of an observer and adviser on the management of patients in chronic renal failure, and in the psychological screening of potential kidney donors.
Renal Homotransplantation—Some Observations on Recipients and Donors
Authors: Cramond W. A.
Published: August 2008

The reports of the Registry of Human Kidney Transplantation show that the operation is being carried out with increasing frequency. Its medical, surgical and immunological problems are well documented, but attention needs also to be paid to the psychological difficulties of patients in chronic renal failure for whom this operation is recommended. Thus, Kemph (1966), in a study of seven cases has drawn attention to the unconscious hostility shown by some donors to recipients. The present paper is one of a series (Cramond, Court et al., 1967; Cramond, Knight et al., 1967; MacNamara, 1967) in which the psychiatric contribution to a renal unit and the criteria used in donor-selection have been discussed, as well as some of the psycho-social problems arising in connection with the work of the unit. It is now proposed to deal with some psychological, social and economic problems which recipients meet during rehabilitation, and the ambivalent dependency that may develop between recipient and donor. Although only a short series of cases has been studied so far, an awareness of this interaction will help to establish better criteria for future donor selection.
Psychosocial Problems in a Renal Unit
Authors: MacNamara Margaret
Published: August 2008

This paper attempts to show something of the interaction between social factors and the response to treatment in patients with chronic renal failure who embark on a programme of recurrent dialysis. The social work involved was carried out on the series of patients reported by Professor Cramond and his colleagues in the three articles preceding this one.
Sex Differences in the Limb Tremor of Morbidly Anxious Patients
Authors: Carrie J. R. G.
Published: August 2008

In several previous studies it has been shown that the mean tremor amplitude displayed by morbidly anxious patients is greater than that of normal control subjects. The most detailed experiments were those carried out by Redfearn (1957). He compared the findings obtained in groups of male morbidly anxious patients and controls, and in addition to confirming the existence of a difference in tremor amplitude, he reported that the tremor of male anxious patients showed a greater degree of accentuation of the 8–10 c/sec. components than the tremor of a matched control group. Halliday and Redfearn (1956) compared the tremor spectra obtained from normal male and female subjects, and found that the curve for men was similar to that for women.
Personality and the Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Fenton George W. , Scotton Leila
Published: August 2008

Since human electroencephalography was first introduced by Berger in 1929, there have been many attempts to correlate the alpha rhythm with various aspects of personality. Lemere (1936) first reported a relationship between “good” and “poor” alpha rhythms and cyclothymic and schizoid personalities respectively. Gottlober (1938) found a correlation between a high alpha index (per cent. time alpha) and extraversion. However, Henry and Knott (1941) pointed out that the group studied by Gottlober was loaded both with high alpha indices and extraverts, and with additional data were unable to find a significant relationship between extraversion-introversion and alpha index.
Serum B12and Folate Concentrations in Mental Patients
Authors: Hunter Richard , Jones Muriel , Jones T. G. , Matthews D. M.
Published: August 2008

In a leading article on mental symptoms in vitamin B12deficiency (Lancet, 1965), it was pointed out that “though mental illness due to vitamin B12deficiency is uncommon, it is readily treated, and, as in general paralysis of the insane, its protean manifestations and uncertain physical signs call for an easily applied screening test comparable to the Wassermann reaction”. In the correspondence which followed it was suggested that in psychiatric practice today mental symptoms were likely to be found more frequently in association with vitamin B12deficiency than with a positive serological test for syphilis (owing in part to the increasing number of patients with deficiency syndromes following gastro-intestinal surgery); and that estimation of serum B12concentration should be performed much more readily without waiting for clear-cut haematological evidence or neurological complications of megaloblastic anaemia (Hunter and Matthews, 1965). This was emphasized by the evidence of Strachan and Henderson (1965) who described three patients with psychiatric syndromes attributed to vitamin B12deficiency in whom not only peripheral blood but also bone marrow was normal; and the report from a mental hospital in Norway by Edwin et al. (1965) that of 396 patients over the age of thirty years admitted over a twelve months period, 23 (5·8 per cent.) had serum B12concentrations below the critical level of 100 μμg. per ml. as estimated by Euglena gracilis assay. This finding was challenged by Herbert et al. (1965), who suggested that drugs of the phenothiazine group administered to the patients might have suppressed the growth of the organism, but this was disputed by Edwin et al. (1966).
Patterns of Salivary Flow in Depressive Illness and During Treatment
Authors: Palmai G. , Blackwell B. , Maxwell A. E. , Morgenstern F.
Published: August 2008

The search for objective indices in diagnosis and prognosis of patients suffering from mental illness remains a matter of great clinical interest. While advances in this field have been reported from time to time, no method has become unequivocally established, and in affective disorders much interest has focused on the possible link between mood and physiological change. Cannon's work on the “Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage” (1920) indicated the breadth of this relationship and gave impetus to attempts at rating emotional responses by the severity of their accompanying autonomic changes. Papez (1937) also emphasized that “emotion is such an important function that its mechanism, whatever it be, should be placed on a structural basis”. While this is being sought currently in the limbic system, reticular formation and hypothalamus, the importance of the autonomic system as effector pathway of physiological responses accompanying emotional states has in no way diminished.
The Distribution of Blood Groups in Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Masters A. B.
Published: August 2008

There is evidence that the susceptibility to certain diseases varies in people of different blood groups. Associations have been claimed to exist between the ABO blood groups and diseases such as duodenal ulcer, carcinoma of the stomach, pernicious anaemia, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatic fever. The most convincing evidence for an association between a blood group and a disease is that of the increased frequency of group O in patients with duodenal ulcer (Aird et al., 1954), and also an increased frequency of non-secretion in the same disorder (Clarke et al., 1956).
The Proper Study of Mankind
Authors: Dicks H. V.
Published: August 2008

The signal honour and distinction you have conferred upon me has set me wondering how and why I have merited your selection at this time. It is true that I have worked and spoken for having our own College. I have always profoundly believed in the reality of psychiatry's claim to be the other half and an equal partner of internal medicine, to speak from the position of its own self-respecting identity. It next occurred to me that this sense of identity and personal autonomy is consolidated around the phase of development we call “coming of age”. The hitherto sharp and often painful internal conflicts of adolescence now merge into a greater sense of integration. That means a tolerance of doubt, of ambivalence and of inner contradictions which strengthen where earlier they seemed to threaten stability. So, I reflected, as our rather young discipline has matured to the point of achieving its sense of assured identity—in the space of months or a few years—this Association could accept and wanted to recognize a representative of its own hitherto underprivileged “other half”—the frankly and explicitly “subjectivist” psychotherapeutic or “dynamic” viewpoint.
Prognosis of Schizophrenia Before and After Pharmacotherapy: II. Three-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Pritchard Michael
Published: August 2008

In the previous paper a comparison was made between short-term outcome of two groups of 50 schizophrenic patients each, admitted to the Professorial Unit of the Maudsley Hospital before and after the introduction of reserpine and phenothiazines into treatment. It was shown that patients admitted in 1956/57 (Group B) had a better prognosis in terms of condition on discharge and length of stay in hospital than those admitted in 1952/53 (Group A).
Cognitive Disorder Among the Schizophrenias
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Hope K. , McPherson F. M. , Mayo P. R.
Published: August 2008

This is the first of a series of papers reporting studies of various cognitive disorders in schizophrenia. The present paper deals with the validity of certain tests as measures of thought-process disorder: subsequent papers will relate type of disorder to various sub-categories of schizophrenia, as diagnosed clinically and by the Symptom-Sign Inventory (Foulds, 1965).
Schizophrenia-like Psychoses in Nigerian Epileptics (A Study made in Nigeria)
Authors: Asuni T. , Pillutla V. S.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of psychotic episodes indistinguishable from schizophrenia in epileptic patients has long been recognized, and Slater, Beard and Glithero have recently published their findings in sixty-nine such cases.
A Repertory Grid Study of the Meaning and Consequences of a Suicidal Act
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2008

Maddison and Mackey, in their review article “Suicide, the Clinical Problem” (1966), emphasize “the interpersonal significance of suicide, a viewpoint which is complementary and not alternative to an intensive study of the patient's intrapsychic life.” They continue: “More than usual attention needs to be given to the specially significant individual to whom the suicidal patient is often ambivalently bound in a symbiotic relationship, for highly relevant psychopathology will very frequently be found in this person …”.
Social Pathology and Personality in Attempted Suicide
Authors: Philip A. E. , McCulloch J. W.
Published: August 2008

An ecological study by Philip and McCulloch (1966) demonstrated very high correlations between the incidence of attempted suicide and the rates of incidence for repeated attempted suicide, overcrowding, having been taken into care by the local authority, having had contact as a child with the Royal Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and juvenile delinquency. McCulloch and Philip (1968) showed that persons admitted to hospital following a suicidal attempt manifested these variables to a high degree. In this latter study “juvenile delinquency” was replaced by “all offences” as a variable. The present paper reports on the relationships between a scale based on these variables and a number of psychological measures gathered from 84 of the 95 patients in the latter study.
Hexafluorodiethyl Ether (Indoklon) Convulsive Therapy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gander D. R. , Bennett P. J. , Kelly D. H. W.
Published: August 2008

In 1957 Krantz, Truitt, Ling and Speers found that the inhalation of small amounts of hexafluorodiethyl ether (Indoklon) produced convulsions in animals, and it was later used as a therapeutic convulsant for the treatment of psychiatric patients (Krantz, Truitt, Speers and Ling, 1957).
A Double-Blind Trial of Amitriptyline/Perphenazine, Perphenazine and Placebo in Chronic Withdrawn Inert Schizophrenics
Authors: Collins A. D. , Dundas J.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the early 1950's, various phenothiazine tranquillizers have become established as standard treatment in schizophrenia. However, it is recognized that these drugs have their limitations; every mental hospital contains a large group of schizophrenics whose illness is unaffected or only partially modified by phenothiazines, and some patients develop side-effects sufficiently severe to preclude these drugs being given in fully effective doses.
The Oracle of Trophonius: A Kind of Shock Treatment Associated with Sensory Deprivation in Ancient Greece
Authors: Kouretas D.
Published: August 2008

The ancient Greeks likened people who withdrew into themselves, were slow, and had a distant and frowning expression, to those who had consulted the holy oracle of Trophonius in Lebadeia about what was to happen to them in the future. King Croesus of Lydia consulted it about his expedition against the Persians (Herodotus I), Mardonius about his war against the Athenians (Herodotus VIII), the Thebans in the war against the Spartans (Pausanias IV) before the battle of Leuctra. Others consulted the oracle about their spiritual and mental state. There is evidence that among them were men who were concerned with psychological or metaphysical problems, a preoccupation which sometimes indicates the presence of psychological disorder. Timarchus, to whom we shall refer later, belongs to this category.
Psychiatric Diagnosis: A Comparative Study in North Carolina, London and Glasgow
Authors: Sandifer Myron G. , Hordern Anthony , Timbury Gerald C. , Green Linda M.
Published: August 2008

“What's the use of their having names” the Gnat said, “if they won't answer to them?” “No use to them“, said Alice, “but it's useful to the people that name them, I suppose. If not, why do things have names at all?”
A Psycho-Geriatric Domiciliary Emergency Service
Authors: Barton Russell , Whitehead J. A.
Published: August 2008

Since its inception in 1961 the policy of the psychogeriatric unit at Severalls has been to maintain elderly patients in their own homes for as long as possible. There are a number of reasons for this attitude. Many old people are afraid of hospitals. Some with memory defects not significant in the home become confused and distressed in unfamiliar surroundings. Admission to hospital may permanently dislocate the habits of a lifetime and break the delicate threads of informal support by neighbours, friends and others who call regularly. Once admitted, re-establishment in the community may be difficult or impossible.
Lithium Iodide in the Treatment of Confusional States
Authors: Rimón Ranan , Räkköläinen Viljo
Published: August 2008

In psychiatry, lithium has been used mainly in the treatment of manic states and other forms of affective psychoses (Cade, 1949; Schou, 1956; Maggs, 1963; Baastrup, 1964). Strömgren (1965) puts forward the view that the usefulness of lithium is very questionable in the treatment of other psychiatric disturbances than affective disorders. Even earlier, Teulieet al. (1955) had found lithium to have a relatively weak therapeutic effect in schizophrenic, hallucinatory and epileptic psychoses. The Russian investigators, Mosketiet al. (1963), treated different kinds of psychotic disturbances by administering lithium iodide (0·5–1·0 g/die) intravenously. They found the effect of the drug to be highly favourable within 7 to 15 days, in some cases in 30 to 60 minutes. They obtained the best results in cases of paranoid-hallucinatory, confusional and depressive-paranoid psychoses. Compared with earlier observations, these results indicate a surprisingly favourable effect of lithium in non-affective psychoses.
Experiments on Contextual Constraint in Schizophrenia
Authors: Raeburn J. M. , Tong J. E.
Published: August 2008

Contextual constraint is a measure of the degree to which any one word in a passage is determined by the words which precede it, and can be expressed in terms of dependent probabilities. A recall task devised to investigate this topic was designed by Miller and Selfridge (1950) for an investigation on the statistical structure of words in context. Contextual constraint is at its highest in a passage of English text and at its lowest in a passage of unrelated words selected at random. The Miller and Selfridge task requires the subject to listen to seven passages of words in turn and at the end of each passage towrite downthe words he can remember. The seven passages are arranged in order of increasing contextual constraint from random words to a piece of text.