bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near‐zero growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida deduced from proteomic analysis
Authors: Panikov Nicolai S. , Mandalakis Manolis , Dai Shujia , Mulcahy Lawrence R. , Fowle William , Garrett Wendy S. , Karger Barry L.
Published: August 2014

Intensive microbial growth typically observed in laboratory rarely occurs in nature. Because of severe nutrient deficiency, natural populations exhibit near‐zero growth (NZG). There is a long‐standing controversy about sustained NZG, specifically whether there is a minimum growth rate below which cells die or whether cells enter a non‐growing maintenance state. Using chemostat with cell retention (CCR) of Pseudomonas putida, we resolve this controversy and show that under NZG conditions, bacteria differentiate into growing and VBNC (viable but not non‐culturable) forms, the latter preserving measurable catabolic activity. The proliferating cells attained a steady state, their slow growth balanced by VBNC production. Proteomic analysis revealed upregulated (transporters, stress response, self‐degrading enzymes and extracellular polymers) and downregulated (ribosomal, chemotactic and primary biosynthetic enzymes) proteins in the CCR versus batch culture. Based on these profiles, we identified intracellular processes associated with NZG and generated a mathematical model that simulated the observations. We conclude that NZG requires controlled partial self‐digestion and deep reconfiguration of the metabolic machinery that results in the biosynthesis of new products and development of broad stress resistance. CCR allows efficient on‐line control of NZG including VBNC production. A well‐nuanced understanding of NZG is important to understand microbial processes in situ and for optimal design of environmental technologies.
Neuraxial analgesia effects on labour progression: facts, fallacies, uncertainties and the future
Authors: Grant EN , Tao W , Craig M , McIntire D , Leveno K
Published: August 2014

Approximately 60% of women who labour in the USA receive some form of neuraxial analgesia, but concerns have been raised regarding whether it negatively impacts the labour and delivery process. In this review, we attempt to clarify what has been established as truths, falsities and uncertainties regarding the effects of this form of pain relief on labour progression, negative and/or positive. Additionally, although the term ‘epidural’ has become synonymous with neuraxial analgesia, we discuss two other techniques, combined spinal‐epidural and continuous spinal analgesia, that are gaining popularity, as well as their effects on labour progression.
What Can Acreage Allocations Say about Crop Supply Elasticities? A Convex Programming Approach to Supply Response Disaggregation
Authors: Garnache Cloé , Mérel Pierre R.
Published: August 2014

This article has two goals. The first is to extend previous results regarding calibration of land‐constrained programming models of agricultural supply against supply elasticities to the general case of multiple constraints. The second goal is to demonstrate how the resulting calibration conditions can be used as a source of identification to disaggregate crop supply elasticities down to the level at which static information on acreage allocations is available. We propose an information‐based disaggregation algorithm to systematically generate regionalised elasticities from a single prior, and provide an empirical illustration.
A comparison between three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with interventional treatment and interventional treatment alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombosis
Authors: Lu Dong‐Hui , Fei Zhen‐Le , Zhou Jun‐Ping , Hu Zong‐Tao , Hao Wen‐Sheng
Published: August 2014

Introduction

We investigated the therapeutic effects of three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT).

Methods

Sixty‐three HCC patients with PVTT were divided into two groups. Group A (30 patients) was treated with three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy followed by 2–3 series of TACE, while group B (33 patients) was only treated with TACE.

Results

The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates of group A were 62.40% and 20.81%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 13.0 months. The 1‐ and 2‐year survival rates of group B were 56.49% and 18.83%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 9.0 months. There were significant differences between the two groups (log‐rank chi‐square value = 3.950, P = 0.047).

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE can significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with HCC and PVTT compared with TACE alone.
Suspicious mammographic parenchymal abnormalities that are occult at ultrasonography
Authors: Gunawardena Deepika , Tresham Janette , Hardie Mireille , Phillips Michael , Wylie Elizabeth
Published: August 2014

Aim

The study aims to ascertain the significance of ultrasonically occult but mammographically suspicious parenchymal abnormalities, detected at screening mammography.

Method

A retrospective analysis was made on BreastScreen Western Australia data from January 2004 to December 2009. The study group included cases with a mammographic parenchymal abnormality, a negative ultrasound scan and a biopsy under stereotactic guidance. A comparable group of ultrasonically visible carcinomas was used as the control to compare with breast carcinomas in the study sample.

Results

Study population consisted of 469 cases. Twenty per cent (n = 92) of the cases were breast carcinomas, with invasive ductal carcinoma (non‐specified) being the most common histological type. There was a statistically significant increase in ductal carcinoma in situ and mucinous carcinoma within this malignant subgroup. Three per cent (n = 17) of the total cohort were borderline lesions on histology. The other 77% (n = 360) of cases were benign histology on core biopsy; however, one was subsequently diagnosed as an interval breast carcinoma.

Conclusion

Stereotactic‐guided core biopsy of a suspicious mammographic parenchymal abnormality is warranted, regardless of a normal ultrasound scan, as up to 20% of these cases could be breast carcinomas.
Adolescent Social Isolation Does Not Lead to Persistent Increases in Anxiety‐ Like Behavior or Ethanol Intake in Female Long‐Evans Rats
Authors: Butler Tracy R. , Carter Eugenia , Weiner Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2014

Background

Clinically, early life stress and anxiety disorders are associated with increased vulnerability for alcohol use disorders. In male rats, early life stress, imparted by adolescent social isolation, results in long‐lasting increases in a number of behavioral risk factors for alcoholism, including greater anxiety‐like behaviors and ethanol (EtOH) intake. Several recent studies have begun to use this model to gain insight into the relationships among anxiety measures, stress, EtOH intake, and neurobiological correlates driving these behaviors. As prior research has noted significant sex differences in the impact of adolescent stress on anxiety measures and EtOH drinking, the current study was conducted to determine if this same model produces an “addiction vulnerable” phenotype in female rodents.

Methods

Female Long Evans rats were socially isolated (SI; 1/cage) or group housed (GH; 4/cage) for 6 weeks during adolescence. After this housing manipulation, behavioral assessment was conducted using the elevated plus maze, response to novelty in an open field environment, and the light/dark box. After behavioral testing, home cage EtOH drinking was assessed across an 8‐week period.

Results

No group differences were detected in any of the behavioral measures of unconditioned anxiety‐like behavior. Greater EtOH intake and preference were observed in SI females but these differences did not persist.

Conclusions

The SI/GH model, which results in robust and enduring increases in anxiety measures and EtOH self‐administration in male Long Evans rats, did not result in similar behavioral changes in female rats. These data, and that of others, suggest that adolescent social isolation is not a useful model with which to study neurobiological substrates linking antecedent anxiety and addiction vulnerability in female rats. Given the compelling epidemiological evidence that the relationship between chronic adolescent stress and alcohol addiction is particularly strong in women, there is clearly an urgent need to identify a more effective model with which to study these clinically important relationships in female rodents.
The effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage in Tibet
Authors: Chen Lei , Guo Gang , Yu Chengqun , Zhang Jie , Shimojo Masataka , Shao Tao
Published: August 2014

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole‐plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3‐N, and high lactic acid and V‐scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P < 0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages.
Persistence of DNMT3A mutations at long‐term remission in adult patients with AML
Authors: Pløen Gro G. , Nederby Line , Guldberg Per , Hansen Maria , Ebbesen Lene H. , Jensen Uffe Birk , Hokland Peter , Aggerholm Anni
Published: August 2014

Mutations in DNMT3A, the gene encoding DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha, have been identified as molecular drivers in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with possible implications for minimal residual disease monitoring and prognosis. To further explore the utility of DNMT3A mutations as biomarkers for AML, we developed assays for sensitive detection of recurrent mutations affecting residue R882. Analysis of DNA from 298 diagnostic AML samples revealed DNMT3A mutations in 45 cases (15%), which coincided with mutations in NPM1, FLT3 and IDH1. DNMT3A mutations were stable in 12 of 13 patients presenting with relapse or secondary myelodysplastic syndrome, but were also present in remission samples from 14 patients (at allele frequencies of <1–50%) up to 8 years after initial AML diagnosis, despite the loss of all other molecular AML markers. The mutant DNMT3A allele burden was not related to the clinical course of disease. Cell sorting demonstrated the presence of DNMT3A mutations in leukaemic blasts, but also at lower allele frequencies in T and B‐cells from the same patients. Our data are consistent with the recent finding of preleukaemic stem cells in AML, which are resistant to chemotherapy. The persistence of DNMT3A mutations during remission may have important implications for the management of AML.
Identification of binding sites for C‐terminal pro‐gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP)‐derived peptides in renal cell carcinoma: a potential target for future therapy
Authors: Ischia Joseph , Patel Oneel , Sethi Kapil , Nordlund Marianne S. , Bolton Damien , Shulkes Arthur , Baldwin Graham S.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To determine the expression and biology of the neuroendocrine growth factor gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) and other proGRP‐derived peptides in renal cancer.

Materials and Methods

Receptor binding studies, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay, were used to quantitate the presence of proGRP‐derived peptide receptors and their ligands in renal cancer cell lines and human renal cancers. Biological activity of proGRP peptides was confirmed with proliferation, migration, and extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation assays in vitro. In vivo, ACHN renal cancer xenografts were treated with proGRP‐derived peptides to assess tumour size and necrosis. hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were investigated with Western blotting and ELISA respectively, to determine the possible contribution of the proGRP peptides to tumour viability.

Results

In ACHN cells that expressed both proGRP‐ and GRP‐receptors, the expression of proGRP binding sites was 80‐fold greater than the GRP‐receptor (GRPR). C‐terminal proGRP‐derived peptides stimulated the activation of ERK1/2, but with a different time course to GRP, consistent with the suggestion that these peptides may have unique cellular functions. Both GRP and proGRP47–68 stimulated proliferation and migration of ACHN cells in vitro, but only GRP reduced the extent of tumour necrosis in ACHN xenografts. GRP, but not proGRP47–68, was able to induce HIF1α and VEGF expression in ACHN cells. This may account in part for the reduction in necrosis after GRP treatment. C‐terminal proGRP‐derived peptides were present in all three renal cancer cell lines and a panel of human renal cancers, but mature amidated GRP was absent.

Conclusion

C‐terminal proGRP peptides are more abundant in renal cancers and their cell lines than the more extensively studied amidated peptide, GRP. These results suggest that C‐terminal proGRP‐derived peptides may be a better target for novel renal cancer treatments.
Late Holocene Baltic Sea outflow changes reconstructed using C37:4 content from marine cores
Authors: Krossa Veronica Rohde , Moros Matthias , Blanz Thomas , Jansen Eystein , Schneider Ralph
Published: August 2014

The Baltic Sea is an intra‐continental brackish water body. Low saline surface water, the so‐called Baltic outflow current, exits the Baltic Sea through the Kattegat into the Skagerrak. Ingressions of saline oxygen‐rich bottom water enter the Baltic Sea basins via the narrow and shallow Kattegat and are of great importance for the ecological and ventilation state of the Baltic Sea. Over recent decades, progress has been made in studying Holocene changes in saline water inflow. However, reconstructions of past variations in Baltic Sea outflow changes are sparse and hampered because of the lack of suitable proxies. Here, we used the relative proportion of tetra‐unsaturated C37 ketones (C37:4 %) in long‐chain alkenones produced by coccolithophorids as a proxy for outflowing Baltic Sea water in the Skagerrak. To evaluate the applicability of the proxy, we compared the biomarker results with grain‐size records from the Kattegat and Mecklenburg Bay in addition to previously published salinity reconstructions from the Kattegat over the last 5000 years. All Skagerrak records showed an increase in C37:4 % that is accompanied by enhanced bottom water currents in the Kattegat and western Baltic Sea over the past 3500 cal. a BP, indicating an increase in Baltic Sea outflow. This probably reflects higher precipitation in the Baltic Sea catchment area owing to a re‐organization of North Atlantic atmospheric circulation with an increased influence of wintertime Westerlies over the Baltic catchment from the mid‐ to the late Holocene.
Endothelin‐1 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction through augmented superoxide production in penile arteries from insulin‐resistant obese rats: role of ETA and ETB receptors
Authors: Sánchez A , Martínez P , Muñoz M , Benedito S , García‐Sacristán A , Hernández M , Prieto D
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose

We assessed whether endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) inhibits NO and contributes to endothelial dysfunction in penile arteries in a model of insulin resistance‐associated erectile dysfunction (ED).

Experimental Approach

Vascular function was assessed in penile arteries, from obese (OZR) and lean (LZR) Zucker rats, mounted in microvascular myographs. Changes in basal and stimulated levels of superoxide (O2−) were detected by lucigenin‐enhanced chemiluminescence and ET receptor expression was determined by immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

ET‐1 stimulated acute O2− production that was blunted by tempol and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, but markedly enhanced in obese animals. ET‐1 inhibited the vasorelaxant effects of ACh and of the NO donor S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine in arteries from both LZR and OZR. Selective ETA (BQ123) or ETB receptor (BQ788) antagonists reduced both basal and ET‐1‐stimulated superoxide generation and reversed ET‐1‐induced inhibition of NO‐mediated relaxations in OZR, while only BQ‐123 antagonized ET‐1 actions in LZR. ET‐1‐induced vasoconstriction was markedly enhanced by NO synthase blockade and reduced by endothelium removal and apocynin. In endothelium‐denuded penile arteries, apocynin blunted augmented ET‐1‐induced contractions in OZR. Both ETA and ETB receptors were expressed in smooth muscle and the endothelial layer and up‐regulated in arteries from OZR.

Conclusions and Implications

ET‐1 stimulates ETA‐mediated NADPH oxidase‐dependent ROS generation, which inhibits endothelial NO bioavailability and contributes to ET‐1‐induced contraction in healthy penile arteries. Enhanced vascular expression of ETB receptors contributes to augmented ROS production, endothelial dysfunction and increased vasoconstriction in erectile tissue from insulin‐resistant obese rats. Hence, antagonism of ETB receptors might improve the ED associated with insulin‐resistant states.
Autocrine secretion of 15d‐PGJ2 mediates simvastatin‐induced apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells
Authors: Wasinger Christine , Künzl Martin , Minichsdorfer Christoph , Höller Christoph , Zellner Maria , Hohenegger Martin
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose

Despite new therapeutic approaches, metastatic melanomas still have a poor prognosis. Statins reduce low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and exert anti‐inflammatory and anti‐proliferative actions. We have recently shown that simvastatin triggers an apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells by the synthesis of an autocrine factor.

Experimental Approach

The current in vitro study was performed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines (A375, 518a2) and primary human melanocytes and melanoma cells. The secretome of simvastatin‐stressed cells was analysed with two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and MS. The signalling pathways involved were analysed at the protein and mRNA level using pharmacological approaches and siRNA technology.

Key Results

Simvastatin was shown to activate a stress cascade, leading to the synthesis of 15‐deoxy‐12,14‐PGJ2 (15d‐PGJ2), in a p38‐ and COX‐2‐dependent manner. Significant concentrations of 15d‐PGJ2 were reached in the medium of melanoma cells, which were sufficient to activate caspase 8 and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Inhibition of lipocalin‐type PGD synthase, a key enzyme for 15d‐PGJ2 synthesis, abolished the apoptotic effect of simvastatin. Moreover, 15d‐PGJ2 was shown to bind to the fatty acid‐binding protein 5 (FABP5), which was up‐regulated and predominantly detected in the secretome of simvastatin‐stressed cells. Knockdown of FABP5 abolished simvastatin‐induced activation of PPAR‐γ and amplified the apoptotic response.

Conclusions and Implications

We characterized simvastatin‐induced activation of the 15d‐PGJ2/FABP5 signalling cascades, which triggered an apoptotic burst in melanoma cells but did not affect primary human melanocytes. These data support the rationale for the pharmacological targeting of 15d‐PGJ2 in metastatic melanoma.
PPemd26, an anthraquinone derivative, suppresses angiogenesis via inhibiting VEGFR2 signalling
Authors: Huang S W , Lien J C , Kuo S C , Huang T F
Published: August 2014

Background and Purpose

Angiogenesis contributes to coronary heart disease, immune disorders and numerous malignancies. VEGF‐A and its receptors (VEGFRs) play a pivotal role in regulating angiogenesis. In an effort to discover more effective inhibitors of tumour angiogenesis, we have analysed the actions of a novel anthraquinone derivative, PPemd26, and explored its anti‐angiogenic mechanisms.

Experimental Approach

The effects of PPemd26 were evaluated in vitro using HUVEC cultures to assess proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation. Immunoblotting was used to analyse phosphorylation of signalling kinases. Effects in vivo were assayed using Matrigel plug and xenograft mouse models.

Key Results

PPemd26 significantly inhibited VEGF‐A‐induced proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs. PPemd26 also attenuated VEGF‐A‐induced microvessel sprouting from rat aortic rings ex vivo and suppressed formation of new blood vessels in implanted Matrigel plugs in models of angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, PPemd26 inhibited VEGF‐A‐induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and its downstream protein kinases including Akt, focal adhesion kinase, ERK and Src. Furthermore, systemic administration of PPemd26 suppressed the growth of s.c. xenografts of human colon carcinoma in vivo. Histochemical analysis of the xenografts revealed a marked reduction in stainingfor the vascular marker CD31 and proliferation marker Ki‐67.

Conclusions and Implications

This study provides evidence that PPemd26 suppressed tumour angiogenesis through inhibiting VEGFR2 signalling pathways, suggesting that PPemd26 is a potential drug candidate for developing anti‐angiogenic agents for the treatment of cancer and angiogenesis‐related diseases.
Optimal progeny body size in a solitary bee, Osmia bicornis (Apoidea: Megachilidae)
Authors: SEIDELMANN KARSTEN
Published: August 2014

1. Females of solitary, nest‐constructing bees determine both sex (haplo‐diploidy) as well as body size (by amount of provision) of each single offspring.

2. According to the Optimal Allocation Theory, females should allocate resources in portions that maximise fitness returns. A key fitness component in bees is body size that is determined solely by the provisions supplied by the mother.

3. The optimal progeny body size relies on different factors in both sexes. In females, provision efficiency is crucial for reproductive success. In males, however, fitness depends primarily on mating success.

4. Provision efficiency of Osmia bicornis L. females depends on the capacity to stow pollen (scopa) and their ability to carry the packed loads. Scopa capacity increases isometrically with body size whereas indices of flight performance (EPI, free lift) decrease. These complementary effects substantially contribute to the adjustment of optimal body size in daughters.

5. The impact of body mass on fitness of males is determined by the mating system. Owing to the opportunistic polygyny in O. bicornis, there was no detectable correlation between body size and male mating success. Consequently, mother bees distribute their provisions to many, but small sons to increase the number of descendant competitors in the race for matings. Optimal body size in sons is a trade‐off between a large male advantage in rare scrambles over receptive females and small‐size‐related disadvantages in viability.
Prevalence of renal dysfunction in ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients with or without atrial fibrillation
Authors: Laible M. , Horstmann S. , Rizos T. , Rauch G. , Zorn M. , Veltkamp R.
Published: August 2014

Background and purpose

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a higher risk of stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF). There are limited data on the comorbidity of renal dysfunction and AF in stroke patients. Our aim was to determine the frequency of kidney dysfunction in ischaemic stroke patients with and without AF.

Methods

In a prospectively collected, single center cohort of acute ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) patients, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation on admission. Renal function was graded into five categories (cat.): cat. 1, eGRF ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2; cat. 2, 60–89; cat. 3, 30–59; cat. 4, 15–29; cat. 5, <15. The diagnosis of AF was based on medical history, a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and 24‐h Holter or continuous ECG monitoring.

Results

In total, 2274 patients (1727 stroke, 547 TIA; median age 71.0) were included. Median eGFR was 78.6 ml/min/1.73 m2 (interquartile range 61/95); 21.1% were in cat. 3, 2.1% in cat. 4, 0.7% in cat. 5. In all, 535 patients (23.5%) suffered from AF; 28.0% of these were in cat. 3, 2.6% and 0.8% in cat. 4 and cat. 5, respectively. In multivariable analysis, age [odds ratio (OR) 1.1], diabetes (OR 1.8), heart failure (OR 1.7) and AF (OR 1.4) were independently associated with kidney dysfunction (eGFR < 60).

Conclusions

Renal dysfunction is far more common in stroke patients than in the general population and more common in AF‐related stroke. These findings may have implications for the choice of anticoagulants.
Epilepsy is ubiquitous, but more devastating in the poorer regions of the world… or is it?
Authors: Wilmshurst Jo M. , Birbeck Gretchen L. , Newton Charles R.
Published: August 2014

The incidence and prevalence of active epilepsy are greatest in Africa compared to all other continents, even those with equivalent poor settings. This is a reflection of the high levels of structural and metabolic causes and may reflect an increased risk in parts of the continent. The full burden of epilepsy, which includes the social and medical morbidity of the disorder and where people with epilepsy are heavily stigmatized and frequently untreated, cannot be fully assessed even using the disability adjusted life‐years, since the assigned disability weights are not specific to these regions. The burden is further exacerbated by social, geographic, and economic barriers to care and the inability of African health systems to manage people with epilepsy effectively because of lack of trained personnel, limited facilities, and poor access to effective or sustained supplies of antiepileptic drugs, or even therapy at all. The situation is compounded by a probable underestimation of the prevalence and incidence of people with epilepsy related to the major stigma associated with the condition in Africa, and the limited training available to most health care workers who are the primary point of assessing most people with epilepsy. Finding innovative ways to address the huge barriers faced by people with epilepsy in Africa needs to be a major goal for the millennium.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Shared Space, Conflicting Perceptions, and the Degradation of an Indonesian Fishery
Authors: Ammarell Gene
Published: August 2014

This article takes as its subject the degradation, through blast and cyanide fishing, of one of the world's largest and most species diverse coral reefs. Drawing attention to the role of culturally founded spatial models in orienting local perceptions and practices, it provides a case study of how such degradation can proceed unchecked when the social meanings inscribed upon a seascape by those who rely upon it as an economic resource find themselves at the intersection of conflicting cultural models of natural spaces. It is based upon ethnographic fieldwork carried out for over two decades on the small Indonesian island of Balobaloang. Relying upon indigenous cognitive models of both the fishery itself and apposite features of the social structure, including reciprocity and hierarchy, this article demonstrates how, even as they engage with the forces of global capital and universalist models of development, individual actors may continue to privilege social relationships over economic considerations and reciprocity over individual interests.
Space and Culture: Giving Directions in Tonga
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni
Published: August 2014

Giving directions is highly revealing of one's spatial competence, and it has been extensively investigated when researching universality and variation in the representation and use of spatial relationships. When giving directions in real‐world situations, cultural parameters coparticipate in the production of linguistic production. This work reports about two “giving directions” tasks submitted in Tonga, Polynesia, to a number of subjects. The findings of the analysis conducted on the results of the tasks reveal a “Tongan” approach to giving directions that is very effective as long as you share the localized sociocultural knowledge.
Multiple Models of Space and Movement on Taumako, a Polynesian Island in the Southeastern Solomons
Authors: Feinberg Richard
Published: August 2014

People of Taumako, a Polynesian community in the Solomon Islands, employ a variety of spatial models, some binary and linear, others concentric or radial. The existence of multiple models means that individuals, as they confront the challenges of daily life, must choose among alternatives and draw upon whichever ones appear most helpful at the moment. But utility depends on judgment, memory, and the selective focus of attention. Consequently, spatial understandings differ from person to person and, sometimes, in the same person from one occasion to another, highlighting the complex expression of spatial cultures in everyday contexts. As is true elsewhere, social and spatial cognition, to a degree, are intertwined. Perhaps owing to a relatively egalitarian political and social structure, however, the connection between spatial symbolism and social structure on Taumako seems attenuated. Moreover, “radiality” assumes a multiplicity of shapes and does not represent social hierarchy among the Taumako, as it does in such hierarchically ordered societies as Samoa.
Complementarity of Cognitive and Experiential Ways of Knowing the Ocean in Marshallese Navigation
Authors: Genz Joseph
Published: August 2014

Way‐finders and navigators throughout the world have developed ways to think about and move through their particular environments. This article provides details of a wave‐based system of navigation in the Marshall Islands, in which navigators mentally recall information of the ocean from models and maps (commonly known as “stick charts”) but place a strong emphasis on perceiving the movement of waves. I argue that in Marshallese navigation a powerful dynamic emerges in the complementarity of information‐processing modes. A successful sea journey involves a combination of egocentric sensing of environmental phenomena and abstract, allocentrically framed representations. Recognition of Marshallese navigators’ ability to shift back and forth strategically among these cognitive and experiential ways of knowing the ocean offers new insights for traditional navigation in the Pacific and advances the integration of psychological and cognitive approaches to way‐finding in general.
Oriented and Disoriented Space in the Gambier, French Polynesia
Authors: Mawyer Alexander
Published: August 2014

This article questions the limits of reductive models of spatial orientation (e.g., land/sea or front/back dichotomies) given growing evidence of the manifold organization of space in culture and cognition. In a Pacific context, this work affirms the necessity of attending to the multiplicity of spatial models at play in the thoroughly contextually complex dynamics of even putatively straightforward everyday moments. Noting that too close attention to certain cultural models, however efficacious in their explanatory and interpretive function, can overshadow the dynamics of multiple‐encoding of lived space, this article also suggests that attention be paid not only to how spatial cultures provide toolkits that orient persons and foster efficient navigation of environmental paths and social moments, but also to how active and present cultures of space can disorient persons who may in fact be competent possessors of cultural knowledge. Finally, it observes that the stakes for careful accounting for space in Polynesia are extraordinarily high as languages such as Mangarevan in French Polynesia's Gambier islands are now under intense local and regional challenges to everyday use and long‐term survival in the ethnographic context of language change and language loss.
Feasibility of Certified Quality Management in a Comprehensive Stroke Care Network Using Telemedicine: STENO Project
Authors: Handschu René , Scibor Mateusz , Wacker Angela , Stark David R. , Köhrmann Martin , Erbguth Frank , Oschmann Patrick , Schwab Stefan , Marquardt Lars
Published: August 2014

Background

Stroke care networks with and without telemedicine have been established in several countries over the last decade to provide specialized stroke expertise to patients in rural areas. Acute consultation is a first step in the management of stroke, but not the only one. Methods of standardization of care and treatment are much needed. So far, quality management systems have only been used for single stroke units. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first stroke network worldwide to aim for certification of a network-wide quality management system.

Methods

The Stroke Network Using Telemedicine in Northern Bavaria (STENO), currently with 20 associated medical institutions, is one of the world's largest stroke networks, caring for over 5000 stroke patients each year. In 2010, we initiated the implementation of a network-wide ‘total’ quality management system according to ISO standard 9001:2008 in cooperation with the German Stroke Society and a third-party certification organization (LGA InterCert).

Results

Certification according to ISO 9001:2008 was awarded in March 2011 and maintained over a complete certification cycle of 3 years without major deviation from the norm in three external third-party audits. Thrombolysis rate significantly increased from 8·2% (2009) to 12·8% (2012).

Conclusions

Certified quality management within a large stroke network using telemedicine is possible and might improve stroke care procedures and thrombolysis rates. Outcome studies comparing conventional stroke care and telestroke care are inevitable.
Leader Inquisitiveness, Political Skill, and Follower Attributions of Leader Charisma and Effectiveness: Test of a moderated mediation model
Authors: Blickle Gerhard , Meurs James A. , Wihler Andreas , Ewen Christian , Peiseler Anna Kathrin
Published: August 2014

Given the variability in personality's relationship with leadership and the use of personality measures in leader selection and assessment, we examine the joint influence of leader trait inquisitiveness and leader political skill on subordinate perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness. Findings indicate a positive main effect of political skill on charisma, the positive relationship between inquisitiveness and charisma is moderated by heightened political skill, and charisma mediates the relationship between the inquisitiveness by political skill interaction and perceived effectiveness. The moderated mediation results of our study suggest that organizations should not only select creative and imaginative leaders, but also select those who are politically skilled or provide political skill training.
Moving Forward Indirectly: Reanalyzing the validity of employment interviews with indirect range restriction methodology
Authors: Huffcutt Allen I. , Culbertson Satoris S. , Weyhrauch William S.
Published: August 2014

This study provides updated estimates of the criterion‐related validity of employment interviews, incorporating indirect range restriction methodology. Using a final dataset of 92 coefficients (N = 7,389), we found corrected estimates by structural level of .20 (Level 1), .46 (Level 2), .71 (Level 3), and .70 (Level 4). The latter values are noticeably higher than in previous interview meta‐analyses where the assumption was made that all restriction was direct. These results highlight the importance of considering indirect range restriction in selection. However, we found a number of studies involving both indirect and direct restriction, which calls into question the viability of assuming all restriction is now indirect. We found preliminary empirical support for correction of one of these multiple restriction patterns, indirect then direct.
Disclosure‐protected Inference Using Generalised Linear Models
Authors: Chipperfield James O. , O'Keefe Christine M.
Published: August 2014

Vast amounts of data that could be used in the development and evaluation of policy for the benefit of society are collected by statistical agencies. It is therefore no surprise that there is very strong demand from analysts, within business, government, universities and other organisations, to access such data. When allowing access to micro‐data, a statistical agency is obliged, often legally, to ensure that it is unlikely to result in the disclosure of information about a particular person or organisation. Managing the risk of disclosure is referred to as statistical disclosure control (SDC). This paper describes an approach to SDC for output from analysis using generalised linear models, including estimates of regression parameters and their variances, diagnostic statistics and plots. The Australian Bureau of Statistics has implemented the approach in a remote analysis system, which returns analysis output from remotely submitted queries. A framework for measuring disclosure risk associated with a remote server is proposed. The disclosure risk and utility of approach are measured in two real‐life case studies and in simulation.
Lattice and Grain‐Boundary Diffusion of Al in Tetragonal Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Polycrystalline Ceramics (3Y‐TZP) Analyzed Using SIMS
Authors: Kowalski Kazimierz , Obal Katarzyna , Pedzich Zbigniew , Schneider Krystyna , Rekas Mieczyslaw
Published: August 2014

Aluminum oxide was deposited on the surface of 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y‐TZP). The samples were annealed at temperatures from 1523 to 1773 K. Diffusion profiles of Al in the form of mean concentration vs. depth in B‐type kinetic region were investigated by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The experimental results for the lattice diffusion (DB) and grain boundary diffusion (DGB) are as follows: urn:x-wiley:00027820:media:jace13126:jace13126-math-0001 and urn:x-wiley:00027820:media:jace13126:jace13126-math-0002where δ is the grain‐boundary width and s is the segregation factor.
Shear Thinning Behavior of Calcium Silicate‐Based Mold Fluxes at 1623 K
Authors: Shin Seung‐Ho , Cho Jung‐Wook , Kim Seon‐Hyo
Published: August 2014

There have been consistent efforts on understanding rheological behavior of molten mold flux, used in continuous casting of steels. It is prevalent view that molten mold flux shows non‐Newtonian behavior, meaning that the viscosity varies with shear rate history. Hence, the present study attempts to evaluate shear thinning, which is one of the characteristic non‐Newtonian behaviors, by measuring its viscosity with a rotating type viscometer at 1623 K. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy analysis is used to appreciate the structure of molten mold flux and shear thinning. Mold fluxes tested reveal definite shear thinning characteristic of decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate. The degree of shear thinning has been well quantified by Oswald‐De Waele power law model. Lastly, the degree of polymerization, obtained from Raman spectroscopic data has proportional relationship with degree of shear thinning in the range of 1–5 s−1 shear rate. Also, it has a downward parabolic relationship with degree of shear thinning at entire shear rate ranges up to 100 s−1. This study also verifies possibility to use shear thinning behavior on actual continuous casting process.
The Effect of PbS on Crystallization Behavior of GeS2‐Ga2S3‐Based Chalcogenide Glasses
Authors: Qu Guoshun , Zhai Sumin , Xu Yinsheng , Dai Shixun , Tao Haizheng , Gu Shaoxuan , Lin Changgui
Published: August 2014

Glass‐ceramics of PbS‐doped 80GeS2·20Ga2S3 were fabricated by heat treatments of base glasses at Tg+30°C for different durations. They exhibited improved mechanical properties such as hardness and resistance to crack propagation, and meanwhile retained their excellent infrared transmission. X‐ray diffraction and Raman results indicated that Ga2S3 and GeS2 crystals were precipitated inside glassy matrix. The crystallization kinetics of base glass was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry under nonisothermal conditions. Compared with the previous work concerning on 80GeS2·20Ga2S3 glass, there exists some different features of crystallization behavior. Such variation is discussed and correlated with the network structure and crystallization kinetics in this glass system.
Comparative Study of the Layered Perovskites Pr1−xA1+xCoO4, (A = Sr, Ca)
Authors: Hassen Arafa , Krimmel Alexander , Mandal Prabhat
Published: August 2014

We present structural, magnetic, and electric properties of Pr1−xCa1+xCoO4 layered perovskites and compare them with the results of recently studied Pr1−xSr1+xCoO4. The Rietveld refinements of X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that all samples crystallize in the K2NiF4‐type structure with space group symmetry I4/mmm. The parent compounds Pr(Ca, Sr)CoO4 are paramagnetic insulators. Upon increasing x, a variety of different magnetic transitions can be identified. The complex magnetic behavior results from the interplay of competing interactions. The temperature‐dependent electrical resistivity of the samples shows 2D variable range hopping (2D‐VRH). The results are discussed with respect to structure−property relationships.
Effect of High‐Energy Ball Milling and Silica Fume Addition inBaCO3–Al2O3. Part I: Formation of Cementing Phases
Authors: Kumar Pattem Hemanth , Srivastava Abhinav , Kumar Vijay , Kumar Pradeep , Singh Vinay Kumar
Published: August 2014

The effects of high‐energy ball milling and subsequent calcination on the formation of barium aluminate cementing phases using mixtures ofAl2O3andBaCO3were investigated. Silica fume was further added in the raw mixtures to observe its role on the cementing phase formation. Results indicated that the decomposition temperature ofBaCO3lowered remarkably with the increase in milling time. Barium aluminate cements with grain size in nanometer range were obtained from high‐energy ball‐milled raw mixtures. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed several crystalline barium‐silicate and barium aluminate phases present. Formation of crystallineBaO·Al2O3phase was observed between 1000°C and 1100°C in the raw mixtures, which were obtained in amorphous state after milling for 5 h. This temperature is at least 300°C lower than that used in the traditional solid‐state method. FumeSiO2additions resulted inBaO·Al2O3·2SiO2(celsian) formation which acted as a retarder, provides more workability and mechanical strength.
Estimating Sympathetic Tone by Recording Subcutaneous Nerve Activity in Ambulatory Dogs
Authors: ROBINSON ERIC A. , RHEE KYOUNG‐SUK , DOYTCHINOVA ANISIIA , KUMAR MOHINEESH , SHELTON RICHARD , JIANG ZHAOLEI , KAMP NICHOLAS J. , ADAMS DAVID , WAGNER DAVID , SHEN CHANGYU , CHEN LAN S. , EVERETT THOMAS H. , FISHBEIN MICHAEL C. , LIN SHIEN‐FONG , CHEN PENG‐SHENG
Published: August 2014

Subcutaneous Nerve Activity

Introduction

We tested the hypothesis that subcutaneous nerve activity (SCNA) of the thorax correlates with the stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA) and can be used to estimate the sympathetic tone.

Methods and Results

We implanted radio transmitters in 11 ambulatory dogs to record left SGNA, left thoracic vagal nerve activity (VNA), and left thoracic SCNA, including 3 with simultaneous video monitoring and nerve recording. Two additional dogs were studied under general anesthesia with apamin injected into the right stellate ganglion while the right SGNA and the right SCNA were recorded. There was a significant positive correlation between integrated SGNA (iSGNA) and integrated SCNA (iSCNA) in the first 7 ambulatory dogs, with correlation coefficient of 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.84, P < 0.05 for each dog). Tachycardia episodes (heart rate exceeding 150 bpm for ≥3 seconds) were invariably preceded by SGNA and SCNA. There was circadian variation of both SCNA and SGNA. Crosstalk was ruled out because SGNA, VNA, and SCNA bursts had different timing and activation patterns. In an eighth dog, closely spaced bipolar subcutaneous electrodes also recorded SCNA, but with reduced signal to noise ratio. Video monitoring in additional 3 dogs showed that movement was not a cause of high frequency SCNA. The right SGNA correlated strongly with right SCNA and heart rate in 2 anesthetized dogs after apamin injection into the right stellate ganglion.

Conclusions

SCNA recorded by bipolar subcutaneous electrodes correlates with the SGNA and can be used to estimate the sympathetic tone.
Merkel cell carcinoma: mitoses, expression of Ki‐67 and bcl‐2 correlate with disease progression
Authors: Vujic I. , Marker M. , Posch C. , Mühlehner D. , Monshi B. , Breier F. , Steiner A. , Ortiz‐Urda S. , Rappersberger K.
Published: August 2014

Background

There are conflicting data on markers of disease progression and outcome of Merkel cell carcinoma.

Objective

We suggest to review histological and various immunohistochemical features of Merkel cell carcinoma specimens, in order to identify prognostic markers of clinical relevance.

Methods

We collected paraffin‐embedded blocks from primary tumours from 26 patients diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma and determined the following: type and size of the tumour, number of mitoses, proliferation rate (Ki‐67 antibody), (anti)‐apoptosis rate (bcl‐2, p53, p63 antibodies) and lymphatic vessel invasion (D2‐40 antibody for podoplanin). Two authors blinded to clinical outcome, independently assessed and scored all samples. The findings were correlated with tumour progression, which was determined by local recurrence, lymph node‐ or distant metastases.

Results

During the average follow‐up period of 63.4 months 12 (46%) patients had disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed Ki‐67‐staining (P = 0.005) as a marker of disease progression, high number of mitoses (P = 0.026) correlated with lymph node metastasis, while a tendency for increased Bcl‐2 expression (P = 0.064) was found in patients with local recurrence. A higher number of invaded lymphatic capillaries showed a tendency in correlation with metastases (P = 0.072).

Conclusion

The findings indicate that high numbers of mitoses, proliferation and survival of tumour cells as marked by Ki‐67‐ and Bcl‐2‐staining, and infiltration of lymphatic vessels, might correlate with the biological behaviour of Merkel cell carcinoma.