bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic analysis of rennet-induced pre-gelation and gelation processes in milk
Authors: Dwyer Catherine , Donnelly Liam , Buckin Vitaly
Published: June 2005

Dynamics of micro-structural changes in milk during the renneting process were analysed using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy in combination with dynamic rheology and NIR transmission measurements. Two independent ultrasonic parameters, velocity and attenuation were measured in the frequency range 2 to 15 MHz, as a function of time after addition of rennet to milk. The results show an initial decrease of 20 nm for the average diameter of micelles caused by hydrolysis of the κ-casein ‘hairy’ layer followed by an aggregation of the micelles into small clusters (effective aggregation number of 3) and then formation of the gel structure. It was found that evolution of ultrasonic attenuation in the renneting process could well be described by the scattering of the ultrasonic waves on aggregates. The evolution of ultrasonic velocity is well described by the scattering theory but deviates from the predicted curve at the gelation stage of the process, which shows the difference in propagation of ultrasonic waves in a gel structure compared with dispersions. Overall, we found high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy to be a powerful tool for analysis of microscopic processes in the formation of milk gel. It allows the characterisation of the pre-gelation processes, such as hydrolysis and aggregation, and the initial stages in the formation of the gel network as well as monitoring of the microscopic evolution in the gel at the post-gelation stage.
Does Jesus have a say in the kerygma? A critical remembrance of Bultmann
Authors: Gibson Michael D.
Published: June 2005

This article is an examination of the theological conception of the ‘kerygma’ and its relation to the Synoptics presentation of the preaching and deeds of Jesus, as posited by New Testament theologian Rudolf Bultmann. At issue is a query into whether, according to Bultmann, the historical words or sayings of Jesus of Nazareth occupy a place in the theological formulation of the kerygma by the early Church. As Bultmannian interpretation continues to figure in New Testament studies, the purpose of the paper is to weigh the full implications of Bultmann's theological category of ‘kerygma’ and the consequence of the person of Jesus to this category, and the question of theological warrant.
The intimate connection between Christ and Christians in Athanasius
Authors: Schneider Carolyn
Published: June 2005

The Middle Platonic concept of ‘participation’ in the Forms is important for understanding the connection that Athanasius finds between Christians and Christ. Yet, Athanasius adapts this concept to his Johannine view of the Word of God incarnate in Christ. He turns to the language of bodily creation and kinship rather than contemplation to express the relationship between Christ and Christians. For Athanasius, evil makes it impossible for humans to contemplate the divine Word by which they were created. Therefore, the Word embodied a new humanity in Christ. The Holy Spirit enables Christians to participate in Christ, becoming thereby part of a new humanity and children of God.
That's Me in the Spotlight: rock autobiographies
Authors: Swiss Thomas
Published: June 2005

Autobiographies: the contemporary catalogue is huge and bookstore shelves are heavy with the weight of life-stories. Ex-Presidents, actors, cooks, criminals, Nobel prize winners, preachers, poets and CEOs all write them. Rock stars write them, too – ‘marquee names’ like Tina Turner, Melissa Etheridge, Grace Slick, and Meatloaf, but also minor figures such as Dallas Taylor, the former drummer for Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young. And plenty of others, including – to name just a handful – Chuck Berry, Ronnie Spector, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, both Ray and Dave Davies, Dee Dee Ramone, Martha Reeves, Eric Burdon, and John Cale.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Bradley J. , Cho Hyung Suck
Published: June 2005

This special issue on Micro/Nano Robotic Perception, Control and Manipulation describes several complementary research efforts from Asia, the United States, and Europe. The topic is timely and the work published in this special issue shows how traditional robotics research is contributing to the emerging micro and nano technologies that are already beginning to demonstrate a strong impact on our society. At milli to microscales, three research efforts in inspection and microassembly are presented. From the University of Minnesota, a force controlled microgripper for photonics microassembly applications is presented. Another important aspect of microassembly is the tracking and alignment of microparts using vision feedback. Work by Dr. Yesin at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology-Zurich (ETHZ) is directed towards using CAD model-based full 3DOF tracking for closed-loop control of automated microassembly. Moving towards submicron and nano scales, work from the University of Oldenburg in Germany in developing a novel platform for nanohandling using mobile microrobots has given rise to interesting concepts in how systems that perform future nanomanipulation tasks may be configured. A paper co-authored by researchers at the University of California-Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University considers the use of optical tweezers integrated with chemical linkages for manufacturing 2D and 3D structures at micro and nanoscales. A microbial separation system at the University of Nagoya uses a novel touch sensor and a micropipette, and demonstrates the interesting research problems that exist in the rapidly emerging field of BioMicroRobotics. It is clear that micro/nano robotics research efforts, like those presented in this special issue, represent a key component of robotics studies, and illustrate one direction where robotics must head in order to ensure that the field of robotics remains relevant to science, engineering and society as a whole.
A CAD model based tracking system for visually guided microassembly
Authors: Yesin Kemal Berk , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: June 2005

We present a visual feedback method for closed loop control of automated microassembly. A CAD model based multi-camera visual tracking system that is well suited for flexible automation and assembly of complex 3D geometries was developed. The system is capable of providing six degree-of-freedom pose feedback on the observed micro-components in real-time (30 Hz). Using CAD models of the observed objects, a complete description of the observed scene, including the effect of occlusions, is available and dependence on distinctive visual features such as fudicial marks is avoided.
Manufacturing of two and three-dimensional micro/nanostructures by integrating optical tweezers with chemical assembly
Authors: Castelino Kenneth , Satyanarayana Srinath , Sitti Metin
Published: June 2005

Optical tweezers have been used as versatile tools for non-contact manipulation of micrometer-sized entities. This paper proposes a hybrid micro/nanoscale manufacturing system using optical tweezers and chemical linkages for fabricating 2D and 3D micro/nanostructures. A holographic multiple trap optical tweezers system is first used to trap particles in a desired pattern. The particles are then connected to form rigid units using suitable chemistry. Connection schemes based on gold seeding, complementary-DNA linkage and streptavidin-biotin chemistry are presented and possible applications of this technique are explored. This method combines the advantages of top-down and bottom-up approaches and is compatible with organic and inorganic materials.
Manipulation with a polyarticulated mechanical hand: a new efficient real-time method for computing fingertip forces for a global manipulation strategy
Authors: Gazeau J. P. , Zeghloul S. , Ramirez G.
Published: June 2005

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm for computing finger forces involved in a three-dimensional objects grasp. Effective finger force computation is necessary for the successful manipulation on an object by a multifingered robot hand. Based on previous works, the stability forces are computed as a solution of an optimization problem. This optimization problem is mapped into a linear quadratic problem under inequality constraints. We propose a new approach for this problem: the problem is solved as a minimal distance calculation problem in the forces space. The results obtained by simulation demonstrate the efficiency and the numerical stability of the method. This method is used with the LMS mechanical hand as a component of the global control strategy dedicated to the object manipulation.
TRANSITIVITY AND VAGUENESS
Authors: QIZILBASH MOZAFFAR
Published: June 2005

Axiomatic utility theory plays a foundational role in some accounts of normative principles. In this context, it is sometimes argued that transitivity of “better than” is a logical truth. Larry Temkin and Stuart Rachels use various examples to argue that “better than” is non–transitive, and that transitivity is not a logical truth. These examples typically involve some sort of “discontinuity.” In his discussion of one of these examples, John Broome suggests that we should reject the claim which involves “discontinuity.” We can, I suggest, make sense of the examples which Temkin uses while sacrificing neither transitivity nor “discontinuity.” This response to Temkin's examples involves developing and modifying James Griffin's account of “discontinuity.” If the account of “discontinuity” seems implausible, that is because of a failure to allow for vagueness. A similar argument can be made in the context of the well-known “repugnant conclusion.”
Acquisition of English comparative adjectives
Authors: GRAZIANO-KING JANINE , CAIRNS HELEN SMITH
Published: June 2005

Two experiments investigated the acquisition of English comparative adjective forms, Adj+er and more Adj. In Experiment 1, 72 children, four- and seven-years-old, indicated their preferences for the synthetic or periphrastic comparative form for 16 adjectives in a forced-choice judgement task; their responses were compared to those of a group of adults (Graziano-King, 2003). In Experiment 2, a group of 29 children, ranging in age from 5;1 to 10;9, and a group of 11 adults performed a forced-choice judgement task, similar to that of Experiment 1, and an elicited production task, responding to the same 32 adjectives for both tasks. The two studies together support an acquisition trajectory of three stages. In the first stage, children show no preference for either form of the comparative; in the second, they adopt a suffixation rule; and in the third, they abandon the general rule and become conservative learners, eventually reaching the adult target.
The use of anaphoric pronouns by French children in narrative: evidence from constrained text production
Authors: MILLOGO VICTOR EMMANUEL
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the acquisition of the 3rd person pronoun ‘il/elle’ (he, she, it) in seven to twelve-year-old French children (N=58), in written production. An experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between the use of this anaphoric pronoun and the accessibility of the memory-trace of the corresponding referent in the texts. Referential accessibility in short texts was varied according to three factors: referential distance, thematization of the agent role (first sentence subject), and discourse focus. We found that the children were sensitive to the distance factor as early as 7;0, i.e. they used fewer personal pronouns when the referential distance increased. However, children of different ages differed in their weighting of the discourse focus factor and the thematization factor: the seven-year-olds (N=18) and the eleven-year-olds (N=20) were sensitive to variation of the discourse focus but not the thematization factor, while for the nine-year-olds (N=20) it was the reverse. The main results suggest: (a) when seven and nine-year-olds use the pronoun ‘il/elle’, they do not comply with the constraints associated with the accessibility of the memory-trace of the referent; (b) memory constraints have an effect from the age of 7;0, but only when the discourse focus is maintained. It was concluded that the discourse management of the French personal pronoun ‘il/elle’ is not totally mastered at 11;0: children cannot operationally integrate the whole array of constraints implied in anaphoric management.
J. S. Mill's Doctrine of Freedom of Expression
Authors: RILEY JONATHAN
Published: June 2005

Mill's free speech doctrine is distinct from, yet compatible with, his central principle of ‘purely self-regarding’ liberty. Using the crucial analogy with trade, I claim that he defends a broad laissez-faire policy for expression, even though expression is ‘social’ or other-regarding conduct and thus legitimately subject to social regulation. An expedient laissez-faire policy admits of exceptions because speakers can sometimes cause such severe damage to others that coercive interference with the speech is justified. In those relatively few contexts where interference is called for, however, the central principle of self-regarding liberty sets absolute limits to the scope of society's regulatory authority. Regulation can never amount to an outright ban of any type of expression that can be consumed by the individual without direct and immediate harm to others. Nevertheless, and perhaps surprisingly, the central liberty principle admits censorship of certain extraordinary types of expression which necessarily harm others.
Blameless Wrongdoing and Agglomeration: A Response to Streumer
Authors: BROWN CAMPBELL
Published: June 2005

Bart Streumer argues that a certain variety of consequentialism – he calls it ‘semi-global consequentialism’ – is false on account of its falsely implying the possibility of ‘blameless wrongdoing’. This article shows (i) that Streumer's argument is nothing new; (ii) that his presentation of the argument is misleading, since it suppresses a crucial premiss, commonly called ‘agglomeration’; and (iii) that, for all Streumer says, the proponent of semi-global consequentialism may easily resist his argument by rejecting agglomeration.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation: multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy
Authors: Cuttino L. W. , Kelley J. R. , Arthur D. W.
Published: June 2005

Historically, adjuvant radiotherapy for early-stage breast cancer has included treatment of the entire breast. Breast conservation therapy (BCT), which employs whole-breast radiotherapy following lumpectomy, requires daily treatment for 5–7 weeks. The length of this treatment course proves difficult for some patients. In response, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has been investigated as a possible alternative to conventional post-lumpectomy treatment. This approach not only challenges the conventional treatment paradigm of whole-breast radiotherapy by reducing the treated volume, but also intensifies the dose delivered. By limiting the volume of breast tissue treated, the radiation dose delivery can be safely accelerated and the treatment time reduced to 5 days. In the United States, APBI has been most commonly delivered via brachytherapy (by either a multi-catheter implant or Mammosite balloon device) or by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). One of the first techniques developed for APBI was multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy. This article reviews completed trials of ABPI using the multi-catheter approach, as well as patient selection, placement technique, and dosimetric evaluation.
Women's Psychological Distress in Midadulthood: The Role of Childhood Parenting Experiences
Authors: Flouri Eirini
Published: June 2005

Abstract. This study explored the role of parental family structure, perceived father figure's involvement, and perceived mother figure's involvement in childhood in women's psychological distress in midadulthood. Six hundred and seventeen 28-59-year-old women with secondary school age children from three areas in South England completed the GHQ-12, scales retrospectively assessing mother's involvement and father's involvement, and items on parental family structure, educational attainment, social class (housing tenure), family size (number of children under age 21 in the household), partner status, employment status, and age. It was found that, even after controlling for current sociodemographic confounding variables, mother's involvement and father's involvement were negatively related to psychological distress. Parental family structure was unrelated to psychological distress. Family structure did not moderate the relationship between parental involvement and daughters' psychological distress, and the effect of father's involvement on a daughter's psychological distress did not vary with the level of mother's involvement.
Trauma and Temperament as Predictors of Intensity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms After Disaster
Authors: Strelau Jan , Zawadzki Bogdan
Published: June 2005

Abstract. This study assesses the impact of temperament and trauma considered as predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced during flood and coal mining accidents. Five samples were studied - one comprised of coal miners who experienced a mining catastrophe (N = 52) and four samples of flood victims (N = 1041), including 562 females. PTSD symptoms were measured - depending on the sample under study - at different time periods (from 3 months to 3 years), and in two samples repeated measures were taken. For measuring symptoms of PTSD the PTSD-Factorial Version inventory constructed in our laboratory was applied. Temperamental traits were assessed by means of the Formal Characteristics of Behavior - Temperament Inventory. Intensity of trauma and prolonged trauma consequences were measured by means of an interview. For analyzing the data coefficients of correlation and hierarchical regression were used. In all samples such temperament traits as briskness and endurance act as buffers resulting in lowering the effect of trauma inducing events. On the other hand, perseverance and emotional reactivity act as augmenters that result in increasing the effect of experienced trauma. In all samples emotional reactivity was the best predictor of the intensity of PTSD symptoms. In samples in which measures of trauma were included both variables - trauma and emotional reactivity - contributed essentially as predictors of PTSD symptoms and this held true independent of whether PTSD was assessed 3 months, 15 months, or 3 years after experiencing the disaster (flood).
The Adaptation of Three Subjects from the First Year of Psychology Studies of the University of Salamanca (Spain) for Teaching Within the Framework of the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)
Authors: Arana José M. , Mayor M. Angeles , Zubiauz Begoña , Palenzuela David L.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. We report a pilot program set up at the School of Psychology of the University of Salamanca (Spain) as a step to precede adapting three subjects to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS). After reviewing the relevant literature, we contacted via e-mail 30 schools of psychology in 13 countries with which we exchange students through the Erasmus-Socrates Program in order to learn of their experiences. With the same goal in mind, we held meetings with representatives from two Spanish universities responsible for the issue of European convergence. We also interviewed a senior agent from the Ministry of Education to learn about the initiatives being made and the main lines of action foreseen for the future. Owing to its practical nature, the experience of the University of Barcelona was used as a model. Using a questionnaire, among other variables we assessed the workload estimated by students in each subject. The questionnaire was completed by 246 students. The results show that the questionnaire is of use for educators to check their level of demand (to what extent the hours spent by students on each subject match the time they actually should be spending on such work) and to determine which parts of the syllabus require more preparation time, or are more complex, or are the most useful. The feedback is also good for the students. This evaluation is a step that would precede introducing changes in the syllabus and activating other teaching resources designed to ensure passage of the application of the ECTS in Spain.
Implications of volcanism in coastal California for the Neogene deformation history of western North America
Authors: Wilson Douglas S. , McCrory Patricia A. , Stanley Richard G.
Published: June 2005

The geologic record of coastal California includes evidence of numerous volcanic centers younger than 30 Ma that do not appear to have erupted in an arc setting. By correlating these volcanic centers with specific slab windows predicted from analysis of magnetic anomalies on the Pacific plate, we add new constraints to tectonic reconstructions since 30 Ma. Our correlations, such as erupting the Morro Rock–Islay Hill complex south of the Pioneer fracture zone and the Iversen Basalt south of the Mendocino fracture zone, require larger displacements within western North America than advocated by most previous authors. Specifically, we infer at least 315 km of motion between the Sierra Nevada and rigid North America at an azimuth of about N60°W and at least 515 km between Baja California and rigid North America in a similar direction. A consequence of inferring a large displacement of Baja California is that the Pacific–North American plate boundary must have developed most of its current form prior to 10 Ma. We interpret a slab window developing between Cocos and Monterey plates after 19 Ma that reconstructs under nearly all of the southern California volcanic centers dated at 18–14 Ma. Most of the sedimentary basins associated with volcanic rocks show brief periods of rapid subsidence synchronous with volcanism, followed by slow subsidence of variable but often extended duration, consistent with rapid extension of cold lithosphere over recently introduced hot asthenosphere.
Paleomagnetic study of Siluro‐Devonian volcanic rocks from the central Lachlan Orogen: Implications for the apparent pole wander path of Gondwana
Authors: Vérard Christian , Tait Jennifer , Glen Richard
Published: June 2005

The apparent pole wander (APW) path for Gondwana is still not clearly established, in particular, for Silurian‐Devonian times. A controversial debate places authors who argue for an “X path,” running directly through Africa on a reconstruction of Gondwana against those who advocate a large loop passing by southern South America, the “Y path.” Most of the paleomagnetic data used to draw this loop come from the Lachlan Orogen (Australia). A paleomagnetic study was carried out in the well‐dated Ambone and Ural volcanics in the central subprovince of Lachlan Orogen, New South Wales. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements confirms detailed mapping of the region and shows that these massive dacitic sills and/or lava flows are flat lying. Among the different localities studied, only one yields interpretable paleomagnetic results. Two components of magnetization can be identified: a midtemperature direction yielding a corresponding pole in Australian coordinates λ = 67.9°S/ϕ = 084.4°E (B = 5; n = 21; dp = 17.5°/dm = 23.1°) and a high‐temperature direction with a corresponding VGP λ = 24.4°S/ϕ = 060.6°E (B = 5; n = 25; dp = 1.4°/dm = 2.5°). The first is interpreted as corresponding to an Early Carboniferous pole position and can be regarded as an overprint probably related to the Early Carboniferous Kanimblan orogenic event. The second does not correspond to any expected Silurian‐Devonian or younger pole position. This magnetization is thought to be primary in origin; however, secular variation has apparently not been averaged out in the single lava flow sampled. Therefore the earliest Devonian paleopole position probably lies in a 30° cone around the obtained VGP, and this position can only match the X‐type APW path for Gondwana. It is in particular very different from coeval poles obtained in the eastern subprovince of the Lachlan Orogen, and it is mostly used as key poles supporting the Silurian‐Devonian loop for the APW path of Gondwana. Therefore some poles from the Lachlan Orogen must be affected by rotation to explain these results. The Lachlan Orogen was hence not stable up to the mid‐Paleozoic, and data from this region should not be used as representative for Gondwana.
A four‐dimensional mesoscale map of the spring bloom in the northeast Atlantic (POMME experiment): Results of a prognostic model
Authors: Lévy M. , Gavart M. , Mémery L. , Caniaux G. , Paci A.
Published: June 2005

A prognostic high‐resolution model is established to provide an integrated view of the evolution of the spring bloom during the Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) experiments carried out at sea from February to May 2001 (16–22°W and 38°–45°N). Data collected during the first survey were used for model initialization, and data from three other cruises were used for model validation. The model successfully predicts the time evolution of the main reservoirs and fluxes, except for a storm event during postbloom conditions, for which the biological impact is underestimated. The bloom is long in duration (2 months), has low intensity (1 mg Chl m−3), and is characterized by a small f‐ratio (0.45) and a small e‐ratio (0.05). Furthermore, the model reveals much stronger space and time variability than sampled in the data. This large variability results both from the synoptic atmospheric variability and from the stirring induced by oceanic mesoscale eddies. In particular, the bloom starts in specific submesoscale features that correspond to filaments of minimum mixed layer depth. On short timescales (2–3 days), space and time variability have the same order of magnitude. On the seasonal timescale, time variability is larger than space variability. Considering the transient state of the system, this modeling exercise is also used to quantify the nonsynopticity of the observations, which occur mostly during bloom conditions, a crucial point for the data interpretation.
Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Mesoscale modeling of dune‐forming winds
Authors: Fenton Lori K. , Toigo Anthony D. , Richardson Mark I.
Published: June 2005

Both atmospheric modeling and spacecraft imagery of Mars are now of sufficient quality that the two can be used in conjunction to acquire an understanding of regional‐ and local‐scale aeolian processes on Mars. We apply a mesoscale atmospheric model adapted for use on Mars (the Mars MM5) to Proctor Crater, a 150 km diameter crater in the southern highlands. Proctor Crater contains numerous aeolian features that indicate wind direction, including a large dark dune field with reversing transverse and star dunes containing three different slipface orientations, small and older bright bedforms that are most likely transverse granule ripples, and seasonally erased dust devil tracks. Results from model runs spanning a Martian year, with a horizontal grid spacing of 10 km, predict winds aligned with two of the three dune slipfaces as well as spring and summer winds matching the dust devil track orientations. The primary (most prevalent) dune slipface orientation corresponds to a fall and winter westerly wind created by geostrophic forces. The tertiary dune slipface orientation is caused by spring and summer evening katabatic flows down the eastern rim of the crater, influencing only the eastern portion of the crater floor. The dunes are trapped in the crater because the tertiary winds, enhanced by topography, counter transport from the oppositely oriented primary winds, which may have originally carried sand into the crater. The dust devil tracks are caused by light spring and summer westerly winds during the early afternoon caused by planetary rotation. The secondary dune slipface orientation is not predicted by model results from either the Mars MM5 or the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Mars general circulation model. The reason for this is not clear, and the wind circulation pattern that creates this dune slipface is not well constrained. The Mars MM5 model runs do not predict stresses above the saltation threshold for dune sand of the appropriate size and composition. As with previous work, the calculated wind velocities are too low, which may be caused by too large of a grid spacing.
Size truncation effect, threshold behavior, and a new type of autoconversion parameterization
Authors: Liu Yangang , Daum Peter H. , McGraw Robert L.
Published: June 2005

A function defined as the size truncation function is introduced to quantify the effect of truncating the cloud droplet size distribution on the autoconversion rate. It is shown that the size truncation function can be used as a threshold function to represent the threshold behavior associated with the autoconversion process, providing a physical basis for the threshold function. Comparisons of the new threshold function with those ad hoc threshold functions associated with existing Kessler‐type and Sundqvist‐type parameterizations reveals the degree of approximations of the two empirical parameterizations. Application of the new threshold function leads to a new type of autoconversion parameterization that is fully analytical, physics‐based, and removes the ad hoc nature of threshold representation in existing autoconversion parameterizations.
Preliminary results on Saturn's inner plasmasphere as observed by Cassini: Comparison with Voyager
Authors: Sittler E. C. , Thomsen M. , Chornay D. , Shappirio M. D. , Simpson D. , Johnson R. E. , Smith H. T. , Coates A. J. , Rymer A. M. , Crary F. , McComas D. J. , Young D. T. , Reisenfeld D. , Dougherty M. , Andre N.
Published: June 2005

We present an analysis of Saturn's inner plasmasphere as observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) experiment during Cassini's initial entry into Saturn's magnetosphere when the spacecraft was inserted into orbit around Saturn. The ion fluxes are divided into two sub‐groups: protons and water group ions. We present the relative amounts of these two groups and the first estimates of their fluid parameters: ion density, flow velocity and temperature. We also compare this data with electron plasma measurements. Within the plasmasphere and inside of Enceladus' orbit, water group ions are about a factor of ∼10 greater than protons in number with number densities exceeding 40 cm−3. Within this inner region the spacecraft acquires a negative potential so that the electron density is underestimated. The electron and proton temperatures, which could not be measured in this region by Voyager, are T ∼ 2 eV at L ∼ 3. Also, within this inner region the protons, because of a negative spacecraft potential, appear to be super‐corotating. By enforcing the condition that protons and water group ions are co‐moving we may be able to acquire an independent estimate of the spacecraft potential relative to that estimated when comparing ion‐electron measurements. Using our estimates of plasma properties, we estimate the importance of the rotating plasma on the stress balance equation for the inner magnetosphere and corresponding portion of the ring current.
On the formation of the high‐altitude stagnant cusp: Cluster observations
Authors: Bogdanova Y. V. , Marchaudon A. , Owen C. J. , Dunlop M. W. , Frey H. U. , Wild J. A. , Fazakerley A. N. , Klecker B. , Davies J. A. , Milan S. E.
Published: June 2005

On 16 March 2002, Cluster moved from nightside to dayside, across the high‐altitude northern cusp during an extended period of relatively steady positive IMF BY and BZ. Combined Cluster and SuperDARN data imply the existence of two reconnection sites: in the high‐latitude northern hemisphere dusk and southern hemisphere dawn sectors. Within the cusp, Cluster encounters 3 distinct plasma regions. First, injections of magnetosheath‐like plasma associated with dawnward and sunward convection suggest Cluster crosses newly‐reconnected field lines related to the dusk reconnection site. Second, Cluster observes a Stagnant Exterior Cusp (SEC), characterized by nearly isotropic and stagnant plasma. Finally, Cluster crosses a region with significant anti‐field‐aligned flows. We suggest the observed SEC may be located on newly re‐closed field lines, reconnected first poleward of the northern hemisphere cusp and later reconnected again poleward of the southern hemisphere cusp. We discuss how the Cluster observations correspond to expectations of 'double reconnection' model.
Geodetic constraints on the shallow magma system at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Widiwijayanti Christina , Clarke Amanda , Elsworth Derek , Voight Barry
Published: June 2005

Ground surface tilts recorded proximal to a growing lava dome, and sustained through repeated dome collapses, provide unique geodetic constraints on the depth, size, and overpressures of the shallow magmatic system at Soufrière Hills Volcano. Tilt records identify a single pressure‐source inflating with periods ∼3–30 h. Sustained tilt amplitude ratios for paired stations identify the pressure‐source at a centroid depth between ∼740 and 970 m. This pressure‐source and its robust oscillatory response survived a dome collapse that removed the upper ∼200 m of the magmatic system. Shallow overpressures of 1–4 MPa are confirmed over a radius of 200–340 m; this size suggests pressurization of a fluid‐saturated fractured rock mass annulus surrounding a narrow magma conduit.
Differential Effect of PARP-2 Deletion on Brain Injury after Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Kofler Julia , Otsuka Takashi , Zhang Zhizheng , Noppens Ruediger , Grafe Marjorie R , Koh David W , Dawson Valina L , de Murcia Josiane Ménissier , Hurn Patricia D , Traystman Richard J
Published: June 2005

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) is a member of the PARP enzyme family, and, similarly to PARP-1, catalyzes the formation of ADP-ribose polymers in response to DNA damage. While PARP-1 overactivation contributes to ischemic cell death, no information is available regarding the role of PARP-2. In this study, we evaluated the impact of PARP-2 deletion on histopathological outcome from two different experimental models of cerebral ischemia. Male PARP-2−/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to either 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 22 h reperfusion, or underwent 10 mins of KCl-induced cardiac arrest (CA) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and 3-day survival. After MCAO, infarct volume was reduced in PARP-2−/-mice (38% ± 12% of contralateral hemisphere) compared with WT (64% ± 16%). After CA/CPR, PARP-2 deletion significantly increased neuronal cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 field (65% ± 36% ischemic neurons) when compared with WT mice (31% ± 33%), with no effect in either striatum or cortex. We conclude that PARP-2 is a novel executioner of cell death pathways in focal cerebral ischemia, but might be a necessary survival factor after global ischemia to mitigate hippocampal delayed cell death.
Remotely Sensed: A Topography of the Global Sex Trade
Authors: Biemann Ursula
Published: June 2005

Voluntarily or not, women are moved in great numbers from Manila to Nigeria, from Burma to Thailand, and from post-socialist countries to Western Europe: female geobodies in the flow of global capitalism. The recently released 53-minute video essay Remote Sensing by the Swiss artist and video director Ursula Biemann traces the routes and reasons of women who migrate into the global sex industry. Taking a geographical approach to trafficking, the video develops a particular visual language generated by new media and satellite technologies, which traces the migration of women in the age of digital images.

All stills are taken from the video that was shot in the Philippines, Thailand, California, and the German–Czech border.
Self-diffusion in granular gases: Green–Kubo versus Chapman–Enskog
Authors: Brilliantov Nikolai V. , Pöschel Thorsten
Published: June 2005

We study the diffusion of tracers (self-diffusion) in a homogeneously cooling gas of dissipative particles, using the Green–Kubo relation and the Chapman–Enskog approach. The dissipative particle collisions are described by the coefficient of restitution ε which for realistic material properties depends on the impact velocity. First, we consider self-diffusion using a constant coefficient of restitution, ε=const, as frequently used to simplify the analysis. Second, self-diffusion is studied for a simplified (stepwise) dependence of ε on the impact velocity. Finally, diffusion is considered for gases of realistic viscoelastic particles. We find that for ε=const both methods lead to the same result for the self-diffusion coefficient. For the case of impact-velocity dependent coefficients of restitution, the Green–Kubo method is, however, either restrictive or too complicated for practical application, therefore we compute the diffusion coefficient using the Chapman–Enskog method. We conclude that in application to granular gases, the Chapman–Enskog approach is preferable for deriving kinetic coefficients.
Controlling the motion of interacting particles: Homogeneous systems and binary mixtures
Authors: Savel’ev Sergey , Nori Franco
Published: June 2005

We elaborate on recent results on the transport of interacting particles for both single-species and binary mixtures subject to an external driving on a ratchetlike asymmetric substrate. Moreover, we also briefly review motion control without any spatial asymmetric potential (i.e., no ratchet). Our results are obtained using an analytical approach based on a nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation as well as via numerical simulations. By increasing the particle density, the net dc ratchet current in our alternating (ac)-driven systems can either increase or decrease depending on the temperature, the drive amplitude, and the nature of the inter-particle interactions. This provides an effective control of particle motion by just changing the particle density. At low temperatures, attracting particles can condense at some potential minima, thus breaking the discrete translational symmetry of the substrate. Depending on the drive amplitude, an agglomeration or condensation results either in a drop to zero or in a saturation of the net particle velocity at densities above the condensation density—the latter case producing a very efficient rectification mechanism. For binary mixtures we find three ways of controlling the particle motion of one (passive) B species by means of another (active) A species: (i) Dragging the target particles B by driving the auxiliary particles A, (ii) rectifying the motion of the B particles on the asymmetric potential created by the A–B interactions, and (iii) dynamically modifying (pulsating) this potential by controlling the motion of the A particles. This allows to easily control the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the target particles by changing either the frequency, phase and/or amplitude of the applied ac drive(s).
Robust and accurate method for free-energy calculation of charged molecular systems
Authors: Anwar Jamshed , Heyes David M.
Published: June 2005

A new approach is presented to eliminate the problem of creation and/or annihilation of atoms in free-energy calculations of charged molecular systems. The method employs a damping potential in the Ewald summation scheme, which is an exact solution of the electrostatics for three-dimensional periodic systems. The proposed method enables entire molecules to be mutated from a noninteracting (ideal) state in an efficient and robust way, thus providing a means by which accurate absolute free energies of structurally complex molecules can be determined. This methodology will enable chemical and phase equilibria to be determined for large molecular species with significant charge distributions, e.g., biomolecules and drugs.
Topological coarse graining of polymer chains using wavelet-accelerated Monte Carlo. II. Self-avoiding chains
Authors: Ismail Ahmed E. , Stephanopoulos George , Rutledge Gregory C.
Published: June 2005

In the preceding paper [A. E. Ismail, G. C. Rutledge, and G. Stephanopoulos J. Chem. Phys. (in press)] we introduced wavelet-accelerated Monte Carlo (WAMC), a coarse-graining methodology based on the wavelet transform, as a method for sampling polymer chains. In the present paper, we extend our analysis to consider excluded-volume effects by studying self-avoiding chains. We provide evidence that the coarse-grained potentials developed using the WAMC method obey phenomenological scaling laws, and use simple physical arguments for freely jointed chains to motivate these laws. We show that coarse-grained self-avoiding random walks can reproduce results obtained from simulations of the original, more-detailed chains to a high degree of accuracy, in orders of magnitude less time.
Hyper-Rayleigh spectral intensities of gaseous Kr–Xe mixture
Authors: Głaz W. , Bancewicz T. , Godet J. L.
Published: June 2005

Binary collision-induced hyper-Rayleigh (CIHR) spectra of Kr–Xe gaseous system are computed quantum mechanically and classically within the frequency range up to 380cm−1. The intensities are expressed in absolute units. The details of the theory developed for the CIHR spectra are given and the properties of the profiles as well as the depolarization ratio frequency dependence are discussed. The contributions to the spectra related to the vector b̃10(r) and the septor b̃30(r) components of the hyperpolarizability tensor are evaluated.
Morphology changes in the evolution of liquid two-layer films
Authors: Pototsky Andrey , Bestehorn Michael , Merkt Domnic , Thiele Uwe
Published: June 2005

We consider a thin film consisting of two layers of immiscible liquids on a solid horizontal (heated) substrate. Both the free liquid–liquid and the liquid–gas interface of such a bilayer liquid film may be unstable due to effective molecular interactions relevant for ultrathin layers below 100-nm thickness, or due to temperature-gradient-caused Marangoni flows in the heated case. Using a long-wave approximation, we derive coupled evolution equations for the interface profiles for the general nonisothermal situation allowing for slip at the substrate. Linear and nonlinear analyses of the short- and long-time film evolution are performed for isothermal ultrathin layers, taking into account destabilizing long-range and stabilizing short-range molecular interactions. It is shown that the initial instability can be of a varicose, zigzag, or mixed type. However, in the nonlinear stage of the evolution the mode type, and therefore the pattern morphology, can change via switching between two different branches of stationary solutions or via coarsening along a single branch.
Importance of vibronic effects on the circular dichroism spectrum of dimethyloxirane
Authors: Neugebauer Johannes , Jan Baerends Evert , Nooijen Marcel , Autschbach Jochen
Published: June 2005

We present a theoretical study on the vibrational structure of a circular dichroism (CD) spectrum using time-dependent density-functional theory in combination with a Franck–Condon-type approach. This method is applied to analyze the complex CD spectrum of dimethyloxirane, which involves delicate cancellations of positive and negative CD bands. Our approach reveals that these cancellations are strongly affected by the shapes of the CD bands, and that it is vital for an accurate simulation of the spectrum to take the different envelopes of these bands into account. One crucial point in some former theoretical studies on this compound, which were restricted to vertical excitations, was the appearance of a strong negative CD band in the energy range of 7.0–7.5eV, which is not present in the experimental spectrum. We can explain the disappearance of this 2B band by a strong vibrational progression along normal modes with C–O stretching character, so that the band extends over an energy range of almost 1.1eV. Thus, it overlaps with many other (mostly positive) CD bands, leading to a cancellation of its intensity. The dominant vibrational features in the experimental spectrum can be assigned to the 1B, 3B, and 5B bands, which show several clear vibrational peaks and a total bandwidth of only 0.3–0.5eV. In order to obtain close agreement between the simulated and the experimental spectrum we have to apply small shifts to the vertical excitation energies that enter the calculation. These shifts account both for possible errors in the time-dependent density-functional theory calculations and for the neglect of differential zero-point energy between ground and excited states in our gradient-based vertical Franck–Condon approach.
Selective tunneling and extraordinarily large magnetoresistance in the ultrafine manganite powder compacts
Authors: Ju Sheng , Li Zhen-Ya
Published: June 2005

In granular solids, the magnetoresistance is directly related to the macroscopic magnetization, but this relationship is extremely complex due to the distribution of grain size and intergranular interaction. The dependence of the magnetoresistance on the temperature and external magnetic field are investigated here by means of a theoretical approach that is developed, taking explicitly into account the grain-size distribution and the percolative character of the tunneling conductance in the transport network. Within this model, it is found that the optimal path that consists of grains of a particular size is strongly temperature dependent. Such a selective tunneling mechanism between metallic grains complicates the dependence of magnetoresistance on the temperature and external magnetic field, other than the square of reduced magnetization. Compared with previous theoretical results, a steeper decrease of magnetoresistance at high temperatures and a steadier state at low temperatures are found. Particularly, for the band-bending effects at the grain boundaries of manganites, the selective tunneling mechanism leads to the extraordinarily large magnetoresistance in their ultrafine powder compacts. These results agree well with experimental observations.
A robust method of x-ray source spectrum estimation from transmission measurements: Demonstrated on computer simulated, scatter-free transmission data
Authors: Sidky Emil Y. , Yu Lifeng , Pan Xiaochuan , Zou Yu , Vannier Michael
Published: June 2005

Knowledge of the x-ray spectrum in diagnostic imaging is important for dose calculations, correction for beam-hardening artifacts, and dual-energy computed tomography. One way to determine the x-ray source spectrum is to estimate it from transmission data of a known phantom. Although such an approach is experimentally simple, spectrum estimation from transmission data is known to be an ill-conditioned problem. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, we present a systematic method of designing the transmission measurements to reduce the mathematical instability of spectrum estimation. Second, we apply the expectation-maximization (EM) method, which is known to yield robust solutions to positive, linear integral equations such as the one that describes spectrum estimation from transmission data. The proposed EM method is compared to other algorithms in the literature on simulated data from x-ray spectra typical to mammography and computed tomography. The EM method appears to outperform existing algorithms for spectrum estimation.