bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interest of Using Ropivacaine for Outpatient Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Abet Emeric , Orion François , Denimal Fabrice , Brau‐Weber Anne‐Géraldine , de Kerviler Benoît , Jean Marc‐Henri , Boulanger Guillaume , Dimet Jérôme , Comy Michel
Published: November 2016

Background

The objective of this study was to evaluate the interest of using ropivacaine for outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The use of local anesthesia by instillation and infiltration could reduce pain and increase the number of outpatient cholecystectomies.

Methods

A one‐center randomized prospective clinical trial compared the use of ropivacaine during outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy to the control group of outpatients for laparoscopic cholecystectomy between April 2014 and May 2015. One hundred twenty‐four were eligible, and 100 patients were randomized. Patients with outpatient cholecystectomy were randomized into 2 groups: ropivacaine group (Rop group) and control group (control group). We performed a ropivacaine intraperitoneal instillation and wound infiltration for the ropivacaine group at the end of the procedure. The primary observation was authorization for home discharge. The patient was evaluated by the surgeon using the Chung score. Secondary observations included postoperative pain at 2 h post‐surgery, at 6 h post‐surgery and the day following surgery.

Results

Ninety‐eight were able to leave on the evening of surgery. At 6 h post‐surgery, the Chung score was identical for both groups (p = 0.73). At 2 and 6 h post‐surgery and the day following surgery, there was no significant difference in pain levels (p = 0.63; p = 0.61; p = 0.98). Analgesic consumption was no significant difference in the groups.

Conclusions

The use of ropivacaine does not increase the rate of home discharge and does not change the postoperative pain of outpatient cholecystectomy.
Hypertension Cure Following Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Hyperaldosteronism is not Universal: Trends Over Two Decades
Authors: Namekawa Takeshi , Utsumi Takanobu , Tanaka Tomoaki , Kaga Mayuko , Nagano Hidekazu , Kono Takashi , Kawamura Koji , Kamiya Naoto , Imamoto Takashi , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: November 2016

Background

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been established as a standard surgical method for unilateral primary aldosteronism. Meanwhile, the background characteristics of the patients undergoing adrenalectomy have changed over the last 20 years. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in hypertension cure rates after laparoscopic adrenalectomy during the last two decades.

Methods

This retrospective clinical study included 176 patients who underwent unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism from 1995 to 2015. The patients were divided into two groups by decade. The patients’ baseline characteristics and the hypertension cure rates were compared between the two groups. Additionally, the values were re‐examined based on predictive model predicting postoperative hypertension cure.

Results

The hypertension cure rate decreased significantly from 51.8 to 31.1%. The following variables were significantly different between the two groups: age, sex, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, preoperative systolic and diastolic blood pressures, potassium level, and plasma renin activity.

Conclusions

This study showed that the number of patients with unfavorable conditions for hypertension cure after adrenalectomy has recently increased. The treatment goal for primary aldosteronism is not only to cure the hypertension but also to prevent organ disorders due to inappropriate aldosterone levels. Therefore, we recommend laparoscopic adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism, even if hypertension is not always cured postoperatively. However, clinicians need to fully explain the postoperative hypertension outcomes to primary aldosteronism patients.
Shrinking–swelling of clay under the effect of hydric cycles
Authors: Medjnoun Amal , Bahar Ramdane
Published: November 2016

Views the scarcity of building sites, the urban development on soils with problems such as swelling soils, causes the damage to lightweight structures, as a sewerage networks, shod, etc. These damages are often classified in the low risk category. However, the neglect of these disorders can create geotechnical problems, much more complicated, with high risk, as a land motion. This case of disorders has been recording in several regions in Algeria, as example: Ain Defla, Boumerdes, and Medea, which is the studied case in this paper. The geotechnical study and the swelling tests on undisturbed and remolded samples, indicate the presence of a high swelling clay layer, of about 3–4 m deep. This research focuses on the evolution of the phenomenon of shrinking and swelling under the effect of a set of parameters existing in situ, such as climate cycles (alternating between winter and summer) and the effect of soil saturation mode. In this work, two modes are studied: saturation by infiltration and saturation by capillary. The results analysis shows the remolding of samples structure and the loss of their initial mechanical and physical properties. The test results justify the observed disorder on the site such as the erosion of foundation soils under the effect of the flow of surface water, and landslide triggering, affecting the whole of the site, and endanger the university campus located on this site.
Developing probabilistic approach for asphaltic overlay design by considering variability of input parameters
Authors: Maji Avijit , Singh Dharamveer , Chawla Hitesh
Published: November 2016

The asphaltic overlay design process considers various input parameters. These parameters are probabilistic in nature, but the current design process adopts deterministic values. This study proposes a comprehensive probabilistic approach for asphaltic overlay design to accommodate the variations in pavement layer thicknesses, pavement layer moduli, vehicle damage factor (VDF), lane distribution factor (LDF) and vehicle growth rate (r). An analytical method, first order second moment (FOSM), is used in developing the proposed design approach. A design example based on real world falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data of a 30 km long highway stretch is worked out to illustrate the proposed design approach. The results indicate that the current deterministic approach estimates an overlay thickness with approximately 95% reliability. Detail analysis of results from the proposed probabilistic approach denotes that choosing marginally lower design reliability could significantly reduce the overlay thickness. A sensitivity analysis of pavement layer moduli indicated that the asphaltic overlay thickness is sensitive to resilient modulus of base layer for fatigue and subgrade layer for rutting. The probability based design approach can accommodate variability of field material properties and construction practices in the asphaltic overlay design process.
log–log blow up solutions blow up at exactly m points
Authors: Fan Chenjie
Published: November 2016

We study the focusing mass-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and construct certain solutions which blow up at exactly

m

points according to the log–log law.

Nous étudions l'équation de Schrödinger non linéaire focalisante de masse critique, et construisons certaines solutions avec exactement m points d'explosion d'après la loi de log–log.
Symptoms and signs possibly indicating segmental, discogenic pain. A fusion study with 18 years of follow-up
Authors: Nyström Bo , Weber Henrik , Schillberg Birgitta , Taube Adam
Published: November 2016

Graphical Abstract
VALUING OPEN SPACE IN A MARSHLAND ENVIRONMENT: DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR COASTAL GEORGIA
Authors: ATREYA AJITA , KRIESEL WARREN , MULLEN JEFFREY D.
Published: November 2016

In a coastal environment, open space can exist as land set aside by a real estate developer or as tidal marshland. In this article, we determine the relative values of both types of open spaces in a coastal county in Georgia using a spatial hedonic price framework. Results indicate that (1) there is a price premium associated with the marshlands and (2) developers have market incentives to incorporate more open space into their designs of residential subdivisions. Regarding marshlands, we also find that accessibility is an important variable that adds much more value to a property than just the proximity.
THE CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR AGRICULTURE: AN ECONOMICALLY ORIENTED REVIEW
Authors: MCCARL BRUCE A. , THAYER ANASTASIA W. , JONES JASON P. H.
Published: November 2016

Climate change is occurring. Deviations from historic temperatures and precipitation plus increased frequency of extreme events are modifying agriculture systems globally. Adapting agricultural management practices offers a way to lessen the effects or exploit opportunities. Herein many aspects of the adaptation issue are discussed, including needs, strategies, observed actions, benefits, economic analysis approaches, role of public/private actors, limits, and project evaluation. We comment on the benefits and shortcomings of analytical methods and suggested economic efforts. Economists need to play a role in such diverse matters as projecting adaptation needs, designing adaptation incentives, and evaluating projects to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
Induced drag of wings in ground effect
Authors: Mantle P.J.
Published: November 2016

This paper provides a set of closed form solutions for the lift and drag of wings flying in ground effect both with and without end plates. The developed theories are based on observations of several independent sources of controlled model tests over ground planes and over water and on previous theories prepared by researchers from the original work by Prandtl and Wieselsberger to the present day. The theories developed cover wings of varying aspect ratio, thickness to chord ratios and angle of attack. The results for wings with end plates include the effect of ground (or surface) clearance height, end plate depth and air gap depths beneath the wings or end plates. Good agreement is found between the developed theory and test.
Dynamic Effects of Drought on the U.S. Beef Supply Chain
Authors: Countryman Amanda M. , Paarlberg Philip L. , Lee John G.
Published: November 2016

This research employs an agricultural sector model that links seasonal crop production with disaggregated livestock production sectors, in tandem with observed quarterly data on U.S. drought conditions to assess the long term economic implications of drought for U.S beef cattle producers. Short term impacts show increases in feed costs as well as increases in cattle slaughter resulting from drought-induced culling. The price of live cattle decreases in the short run; however, feed prices remain above baseline levels, and beef cattle breeding inventories decline in the long run, leading to fewer calves moving through the supply chain.
Disposable Bronchoscope Model for Simulating Endoscopic Reprocessing and Surveillance Cultures
Authors: Yassin Mohamed H. , Hariri Rahman , Hamad Yasir , Ferrelli Juliet , McKibben Leeanna , Doi Yohei
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

Endoscope-associated infections are reported despite following proper reprocessing methods. Microbiological testing can confirm the adequacy of endoscope reprocessing. Multiple controversies related to the method and interpretation of microbiological testing cultures have arisen that make their routine performance a complex target.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a pilot study using disposable bronchoscopes (DBs) to simulate different reprocessing times and soaking times and to compare high-level disinfection versus ethylene oxide sterilization. We also reviewed the time to reprocessing and duration of the procedures.

METHODS

Bronchoscopes were chosen because an alternative disposable scope is commercially available and because bronchoscopes are more prone to delays in processing. Disposable bronchoscopes were contaminated using a liquid bacterial suspension and were then incubated for 1–4 hours. Standard processing and high-level disinfection were performed on 36 endoscopes. Ethylene oxide sterilization was performed on 21 endoscopes. Endoscope cultures were performed using the standard “brush, flush, brush” technique.

RESULTS

After brushing was performed, a final water-flush culture procedure was the most effective method of detecting bacterial persistence on the disposable scopes. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most commonly recovered organism after reprocessing. Ethylene oxide sterilization did not result in total elimination of viable bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Routine endoscopy cultures may be required to assess the adequacy of endoscopic processing.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:136–142
Recursive dynamic mode decomposition of transient and post-transient wake flows
Authors: Noack Bernd R. , Stankiewicz Witold , Morzyński Marek , Schmid Peter J.
Published: November 2016

A novel data-driven modal decomposition of fluid flow is proposed, comprising key features of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). The first mode is the normalized real or imaginary part of the DMD mode that minimizes the time-averaged residual. The $N$th mode is defined recursively in an analogous manner based on the residual of an expansion using the first $N-1$ modes. The resulting recursive DMD (RDMD) modes are orthogonal by construction, retain pure frequency content and aim at low residual. Recursive DMD is applied to transient cylinder wake data and is benchmarked against POD and optimized DMD (Chen et al., J. Nonlinear Sci., vol. 22, 2012, pp. 887–915) for the same snapshot sequence. Unlike POD modes, RDMD structures are shown to have purer frequency content while retaining a residual of comparable order to POD. In contrast to DMD, with exponentially growing or decaying oscillatory amplitudes, RDMD clearly identifies initial, maximum and final fluctuation levels. Intriguingly, RDMD outperforms both POD and DMD in the limit-cycle resolution from the same snapshots. Robustness of these observations is demonstrated for other parameters of the cylinder wake and for a more complex wake behind three rotating cylinders. Recursive DMD is proposed as an attractive alternative to POD and DMD for empirical Galerkin models, in particular for nonlinear transient dynamics.
Stability of slender inverted flags and rods in uniform steady flow
Authors: Sader John E. , Huertas-Cerdeira Cecilia , Gharib Morteza
Published: November 2016

Cantilevered elastic sheets and rods immersed in a steady uniform flow are known to undergo instabilities that give rise to complex dynamics, including limit cycle behaviour and chaotic motion. Recent work has examined their stability in an inverted configuration where the flow impinges on the free end of the cantilever with its clamped edge downstream: this is commonly referred to as an ‘inverted flag’. Theory has thus far accurately captured the stability of wide inverted flags only, i.e. where the dimension of the clamped edge exceeds the cantilever length; the latter is aligned in the flow direction. Here, we theoretically examine the stability of slender inverted flags and rods under steady uniform flow. In contrast to wide inverted flags, we show that slender inverted flags are never globally unstable. Instead, they exhibit bifurcation from a state that is globally stable to multiple equilibria of varying stability, as flow speed increases. This theory is compared with new and existing measurements on slender inverted flags and rods, where excellent agreement is observed. The findings of this study have significant implications to investigations of biological phenomena such as the motion of leaves and hairs, which can naturally exhibit a slender geometry with an inverted configuration.
Transcritical flow over two obstacles: forced Korteweg–de Vries framework
Authors: Grimshaw Roger H. J. , Maleewong Montri
Published: November 2016

We consider free-surface flow over two localised obstacles using the framework of the forced Korteweg–de Vries equation in a suite of numerical simulations. Our main concern is with the transcritical regime when the oncoming flow has a Froude number close to unity. The flow behaviour can be characterised by the Froude number and the maximum heights of the obstacles. In the transcritical regime at early times, undular bores are produced upstream and downstream of each obstacle. Our main aim is to describe the interaction of these undular bores between the obstacles, and to find the outcome at very large times. We find that the flow development can be defined in three stages. The first stage is described by the well-known development of undular bores upstream and downstream of each obstacle. The second stage is the interaction between the undular bore moving downstream from the first obstacle and the undular bore moving upstream from the second obstacle. The third stage is the very large time evolution of this interaction, when one of the obstacles controls criticality. For equal obstacle heights, our analytical and numerical results indicate that either one of the obstacles can control flow criticality, that being the first obstacle when the flow is slightly subcritical and the second obstacle otherwise. For unequal obstacle heights the larger obstacle controls criticality. The results obtained here complement a recent numerical study using the fully nonlinear, but non-dispersive, shallow water equations.
The effects of cannabis use on salience attribution: a systematic review
Authors: Wijayendran Surapi Bhairavi , O’Neill Aisling , Bhattacharyya Sagnik
Published: November 2016

Objective

The relationship between cannabis use and the onset of psychosis is well established. Aberrant salience processing is widely thought to underpin many of these symptoms. Literature explicitly investigating the relationship between aberrant salience processing and cannabis use is scarce; with those few studies finding that acute tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration (the main psychoactive component of cannabis) can result in abnormal salience processing in healthy cohorts, mirroring that observed in psychosis. Nevertheless, the extent of and mechanisms through which cannabis has a modulatory effect on aberrant salience, following both acute and chronic use, remain unclear.

Methods

Here, we systematically review recent findings on the effects of cannabis use – either through acute THC administration or in chronic users – on brain regions associated with salience processing (through functional MRI data); and performance in cognitive tasks that could be used as either direct or indirect measures of salience processing. We identified 13 studies either directly or indirectly exploring salience processing. Three types of salience were identified and discussed – incentive/motivational, emotional/affective, and attentional salience.

Results

The results demonstrated an impairment of immediate salience processing, following acute THC administration. Amongst the long-term cannabis users, normal salience performance appeared to be underpinned by abnormal neural processes.

Conclusions

Overall, the lack of research specifically exploring the effects of cannabis use on salience processing, weaken any conclusions drawn. Additional research explicitly focussed on salience processing and cannabis use is required to advance our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying the association between cannabis use and development of psychosis.
Gravel size matters: Early Middle Palaeolithic artefacts made from local Rhine and Meuse deposits in the central Netherlands
Authors: van den Biggelaar D.F.A.M. , van Balen R.T. , Kluiving S.J. , Verpoorte A. , Alink G.M.
Published: November 2016

The artefact size of the Early Middle Palaeolithic (EMP) assemblages in ice-pushed Rhine–Meuse deposits in the central Netherlands decreases northwestward. This trend correlates to the downstream fining direction of the Rhine–Meuse fluvial system, the source of the rock material, showing that locally available material was used. Furthermore, also in line with the fluvial trend, the gravel and cobble trends indicate that EMP artefacts could be present in the buried part of the ice-pushed ridges in the northern part of the central Netherlands (southwest Flevoland). Based on the gravel and cobble data, combined with the literature study, we argue that the artefacts date to marine isotope stages (MIS) 7–6. The review of published data shows that during the time of deposition of the artefact-bearing layer (early MIS 6), the Rhine–Meuse study area was part of a braidplain located in a slightly incised valley. To the north a polar desert was present.
Spectral ranking
Authors: VIGNA SEBASTIANO
Published: November 2016

We sketch the history of spectral ranking—a general umbrella name for techniques that apply the theory of linear maps (in particular, eigenvalues and eigenvectors) to matrices that do not represent geometric transformations, but rather some kind of relationship between entities. Albeit recently made famous by the ample press coverage of Google's PageRank algorithm, spectral ranking was devised more than 60 years ago, almost exactly in the same terms, and has been studied in psychology, social sciences, bibliometrics, economy, and choice theory. We describe the contribution given by previous scholars in precise and modern mathematical terms: Along the way, we show how to express in a general way damped rankings, such as Katz's index, as dominant eigenvectors of perturbed matrices, and then use results on the Drazin inverse to go back to the dominant eigenvectors by a limit process. The result suggests a regularized definition of spectral ranking that yields for a general matrix a unique vector depending on a boundary condition.
Parties are No Civic Charities: Voter Contact and the Changing Partisan Composition of the Electorate
Authors: Foos Florian , John Peter
Published: November 2016

In contrast to non-partisan Get Out the Vote (GOTV) campaigns, political parties do not aim to increase turnout across the board. Instead, their principal goal is to affect the outcome of an election in their favor. To find out how they realize this aim, we carried out a randomized field experiment to evaluate the effect of campaign visits and leafleting by Conservative Party canvassers on turnout in a marginal English Parliamentary constituency during the 2014 European and Local Elections. Commonly-used campaign interventions, leaflets and door-knocks, changed the composition of the electorate in favor of the Conservative Party, but did not increase turnout overall. Supporters of rival parties, particularly Labour self-identifiers, were significantly less likely to mobilize in response to Conservative campaign contact than Conservative supporters. In contrast to the non-partisan GOTV literature, we show that impersonal campaign leaflets were as effective in shaping the local electorate in the Conservative’s favor as personal visits. The common practice of contacting all constituents irrespective of their party preferences was effective as a campaign tactic, but had no civic benefits in the aggregate.
Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict
Authors: Ruggeri Andrea , Dorussen Han , Gizelis Theodora-Ismene
Published: November 2016

It remains contested whether peacekeeping works. The impact of peacekeepers’ actions at the local subnational level for overall mission success has lately received critical attention. Local peacekeeping is expected to matter because it reassures local actors, deters resumption of armed hostilities, coerces parties to halt fighting, and makes commitment to agreements credible. Thus peacekeepers affect the relations between central and local elites and avoid the emergence of local power vacuums and areas of lawlessness. This study uses new subnational data on the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. It uses matching and recursive bivariate probit models with exogenous variables for temporal and spatial variation to deal with possible nonrandom assignment of the treatment. We demonstrate that conflict episodes last for shorter periods when peacekeepers are deployed to conflict-prone locations inside a country, even with comparatively modest deployment. The effect of peacekeeping on the onset of local conflict is, however, less clear cut.
Internal Movement Transformation and the Diffusion of Student Protest in Chile
Authors: PALACIOS-VALLADARES INDIRA
Published: November 2016

This article seeks to understand the impressive scale of recent student protests in Chile. It underscores how relative institutional closure to student demands created, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, a growing cleavage between the movement and the political establishment, leading to major innovations in movement identity and organisation. These innovations rendered the movement more attractive to non-activists, helping in later years to diffuse contention from traditional hotbeds of student activism to schools and universities with little history of it.
The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Authors: Di Florio A. , Putnam K. , Altemus M. , Apter G. , Bergink V. , Bilszta J. , Brock R. , Buist A. , Deligiannidis K. M. , Devouche E. , Epperson C. N. , Guille C. , Kim D. , Lichtenstein P. , Magnusson P. K. E. , Martinez P. , Munk-Olsen T. , Newport J. , Payne J. , Penninx B. W. , O'Hara M. , Robertson-Blackmore E. , Roza S. J. , Sharkey K. M. , Stuart S. , Tiemeier H. , Viktorin A. , Schmidt P. J. , Sullivan P. F. , Stowe Z. N. , Wisner K. L. , Jones I. , Rubinow D. R. , Meltzer-Brody S.
Published: November 2016

Background

Universal screening for postpartum depression is recommended in many countries. Knowledge of whether the disclosure of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period differs across cultures could improve detection and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Moreover, it is a necessary step to evaluate the universal use of screening instruments in research and clinical practice. In the current study we sought to assess whether the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the most widely used screening tool for postpartum depression, measures the same underlying construct across cultural groups in a large international dataset.

Method

Ordinal regression and measurement invariance were used to explore the association between culture, operationalized as education, ethnicity/race and continent, and endorsement of depressive symptoms using the EPDS on 8209 new mothers from Europe and the USA.

Results

Education, but not ethnicity/race, influenced the reporting of postpartum depression [difference between robust comparative fit indexes (∆*CFI) < 0.01]. The structure of EPDS responses significantly differed between Europe and the USA (∆*CFI > 0.01), but not between European countries (∆*CFI < 0.01).

Conclusions

Investigators and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in expression of phenotype of postpartum depression that women of different educational backgrounds may manifest. The increasing cultural heterogeneity of societies together with the tendency towards globalization requires a culturally sensitive approach to patients, research and policies, that takes into account, beyond rhetoric, the context of a person's experiences and the context in which the research is conducted.
Transdiagnostic brain responses to disorder-related threat across four psychiatric disorders
Authors: Feldker K. , Heitmann C. Y. , Neumeister P. , Tupak S. V. , Schrammen E. , Moeck R. , Zwitserlood P. , Bruchmann M. , Straube T.
Published: November 2016

Background

There is an ongoing debate whether transdiagnostic neural mechanisms are shared by different anxiety-related disorders or whether different disorders show distinct neural correlates. To investigate this issue, studies controlling for design and stimuli across multiple anxiety-related disorders are needed.

Method

The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated neural correlates of visual disorder-related threat processing across unmedicated patients suffering from panic disorder (n= 20), social anxiety disorder (n= 20), dental phobia (n= 16) and post-traumatic stress disorder (n= 11) relative to healthy controls (HC;n= 67). Each patient group and the corresponding HC group saw a tailor-made picture set with 50 disorder-related and 50 neutral scenes.

Results

Across all patients, increased activation to disorder-relatedv. neutral scenes was found in subregions of the bilateral amygdala. In addition, activation of the lateral amygdala to disorder-relatedv. neutral scenes correlated positively with subjective anxiety ratings of scenes across patients. Furthermore, whole-brain analysis revealed increased responses to disorder-related threat across the four disorders in middle, medial and superior frontal regions, (para-)limbic regions, such as the insula and thalamus, as well as in the brainstem and occipital lobe. We found no disorder-specific brain responses.

Conclusions

The results suggest that pathologically heightened lateral amygdala activation is linked to experienced anxiety across anxiety disorders and trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Furthermore, the transdiagnostically shared activation network points to a common neural basis of abnormal responses to disorder-related threat stimuli across the four investigated disorders.
Second language acquisition of pragmatic inferences: Evidence from the Frenchc'est-cleft
Authors: DESTRUEL EMILIE , DONALDSON BRYAN
Published: November 2016

This paper examines the extent to which second language (L2) speakers of French acquire the semantic and pragmatic (or interpretive) properties associated with thec'est-cleft, specifically the exhaustive inference. This phenomenon is relevant to theories of language acquisition because it is situated at the interface of syntax and pragmatics. The results from a forced-choice task challenge the empirical adequacy of the interface hypothesis (Sorace, 2011, 2012; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006), which claims that external interfaces between a linguistic module and a cognitive module remain problematic even at the highest levels of L2 acquisition. The results from 40 L2 learners at three proficiency levels reveal development from nontargetlike to nativelike behavior. In particular, the high-proficiency group interprets thec'est-cleft, as well as canonical subject–verb–object sentences and sentences with exclusives (i.e.,seul(ement)“only”), in a statistically identical way to the French native speaker control group.
Syllables and morphemes in German reading development: Evidence from second graders, fourth graders, and adults
Authors: HASENÄCKER JANA , SCHROEDER SASCHA
Published: November 2016

Children have been found to use units such as syllables and morphemes in fine-grained reading processes, before they transition to a coarse-grained, holistic route. Which units they prefer at different stages in reading development is unresolved. The present study compares the use of syllables and morphemes. Second graders, fourth graders, and adults performed a lexical decision task on multimorphemic and monomorphemic words and pseudowords that were visually disrupted either syllable-congruent or syllable-incongruent (i.e., morpheme-congruent in multimorphemic items). Syllables turned out to be the preferred unit of fine-grained processing for second graders, while fourth graders also used morphemes when morphemes were emphasized by the presentation format. Moreover, the study supports the assumption that children rely more on fine-grained processing, while adults have more coarse-grained processing.
Grandparents providing care for grandchildren: implications for economic preparation for later life in South Korea
Authors: KIM HYE JIN , LAPIERRE TRACEY A. , CHAPIN ROSEMARY
Published: November 2016

Mounting concern about economic preparation for later life combined with a growing number of grandparents providing grandchild care is fuelling increased interest in these topics in Korea. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between providing care to grandchildren and economic behaviour. Guided by intergenerational exchange theory, this paper analyses the relationships between providing grandchild care and monetary compensation for care, and economic preparation for later life. Data come from a sub-sample of 2,599 grandmothers in the Korean Retirement and Income Study who have a grandchild under the age of ten, 279 of whom report providing regular care to grandchildren. Controlling for age, education, marital status and household income, the average amount of grandchild care provided per week is a significant negative predictor of economic preparation for later life among grandmothers. However, receiving financial compensation for providing grandchild care is not significantly related to economic preparation and did not mediate or moderate the relationship between amount of care provided and economic preparation. The implications of these findings and limitations of this study are also discussed.
Addressing loneliness and isolation in retirement housing
Authors: GRAY ANNE , WORLLEDGE GEORGE
Published: November 2016

Loneliness is a significant health risk for older people, linked with bereavement, living alone and declining health. Previous research suggests loneliness is common amongst residents of English retirement housing, who show a relatively high incidence of these factors. This invites the question, what can providers of retirement housing do to help their residents avoid loneliness, thus remaining healthier and less likely to need care services? Through a survey of 326 retirement-estate managers, we investigate the role of staff and residents' groups in developing organised social activities for residents in retirement housing, and the potential of these activities for generating social contacts which may provide a pathway to avoid loneliness. The survey was informed by a literature review with two objectives: firstly, to consider the nature and causes of loneliness amongst older people and how these apply to retirement housing residents; secondly, to identify good practice models of previous interventions designed to widen social interactions for older people or provide emotional support. The sample was drawn from the all-England property portfolio of a major provider of retirement housing for people over 55. The sampled estates, mostly social rented but including some with a mixture of leasehold and rented dwellings, represent a sector also described as sheltered or supported housing, which has over 550,000 dwellings in the United Kingdom. It is characterised by having some form of staff support for people who are frail, immobile or isolated, such that they may occasionally need help available on call. In the literature review, we consider how different kinds of social contact can help develop friendships and meet social support needs, in retirement housing and elsewhere – in particular, organised group activities (clubs, classes, etc.) and specific interventions designed to address loneliness. The fieldwork suggests that organised activities in retirement housing have considerable potential to meet residents' social support needs, but that this potential is often not fully realised. A wider range of activities is needed, which may require the support of housing management staff, volunteers and community organisations.
Wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication
Authors: LOPALCO P. L.
Published: November 2016

Polio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. Poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to November 2012. Poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between January and September 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in Afghanistan, 14 in Pakistan, three in Nigeria). The use of oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. However, paradoxically, moving towards global polio eradication, the burden caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) becomes increasingly important. In this paper circulation of both wild virus and VDPVs is reviewed and implications for the polio eradication endgame are discussed. Between April and May 2016 OPV2 cessation has been implemented globally, in a coordinated switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. In order to decrease the risk for cVDPV2 re-emergence inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has been introduced in the routine vaccine schedule of all countries. The likelihood of re-emergence of cVDPVs should markedly decrease with time after OPV cessation, but silent circulation of polioviruses cannot be ruled out even a long time after cessation. For this reason, immunity levels against polioviruses should be kept as high as possible in the population by the use of IPV, and both clinical and environmental surveillance should be maintained at a high level.
Coping and mental health outcomes among Sierra Leonean war-affected youth: Results from a longitudinal study
Authors: Sharma Manasi , Fine Shoshanna L. , Brennan Robert T. , Betancourt Theresa S.
Published: November 2016

This study explored how coping with war-related traumatic events in Sierra Leone impacted mental health outcomes among 529 youth (aged 10–17 at baseline; 25% female) using longitudinal data from three time points (Time 1 in 2002, Time 2 in 2004, and Time 3 in 2008). We examined two types of coping items (approach and avoidance); used multiple regression models to test their relations with long-term mental health outcomes (internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, adaptive/prosocial behaviors, and posttraumatic stress symptoms); and used mediation analyses to test whether coping explained the relation between previous war exposures (being raped, death of parent(s), or killing/injuring someone during the war) and those outcomes. We found that avoidance coping items were associated with lower internalizing and posttraumatic stress behaviors at Time 3, and provided some evidence of mediating the relation between death of parent(s) during the war and the two outcomes mentioned above. Approach coping was associated with higher Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors, whereas avoidance coping was associated with lower Time 3 adaptive/prosocial behaviors. Avoidance coping may be a protective factor against mental illness, whereas approach coping may be a promotive factor for adaptive/prosocial behaviors in war-affected societies. This study has important implications for designing and implementing mental health interventions for youth in postconflict settings.
A Microhistory of Human and Gastropod Bodies and Souls During Cahokia's Emergence
Authors: Baires Sarah E.
Published: November 2016

This article examines the role of mortuary practice in the emergence (c. ad 1050–1100) of Cahokia, the largest pre-Columbian Native American city north of Mexico. The parallel partitioning of human and gastropod bodies in ridge-top mortuary mounds is examined and I argue that the presence of gastropods buried alongside human bodies served to connect the living world of humans with the watery underworld of the dead. From a microhistorical perspective, this paper focuses on the processing and deposition of bodies and their subsequent interment in ridge-top burials to parse the potential relationships between such mortuary practice and Cahokia's emergence as a complex polity. The paper presents data on the association of shell materials with human bodies from six previously excavated ridge-tops for comparison with new data on shell materials and human burials from Wilson Mound, a small ridge-top located on the western edge of Cahokia. Together, these data suggest the emergence of Cahokia was embedded in newly articulated relationships with persons enacted through the process of disarticulating the dead for burial mediated with mollusc shell.
Expressing additives using multiplicatives and subexponentials
Authors: CHAUDHURI KAUSTUV
Published: November 2016

Subexponential logic is a variant of linear logic with a family of exponential connectives – called subexponentials – that are indexed and arranged in a pre-order. Each subexponential has or lacks associated structural properties of weakening and contraction. We show that a classical propositional multiplicative subexponential logic (MSEL) with one unrestricted and two linear subexponentials can encode the halting problem for two register Minsky machines, and is hence undecidable. We then show how the additive connectives can be directly simulated by giving an encoding of propositional multiplicative additive linear logic (MALL) in an MSEL with one unrestricted and four linear subexponentials.
The Builders of Socialism: Eastern Europe's Cities in Recent Historiography
Authors: KULIĆ VLADIMIR
Published: November 2016

When the angry homeowners of a popular Seattle neighbourhood recently decided to rise in protest against the impending changes in the urban development code, they claimed that their chief goal was to protect the district from turning into an ‘Eastern Bloc city’. If the City Council allowed the new legislation to pass, reportedThe Seattle Times, Seattle was ‘in danger of becoming the Soviet Warsaw or East Berlin of the Pacific Northwest’. ‘I've been to Poland’, one protester said, ‘I know what they [Polish cities] look like. They're bleak. They're dead.’
Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of acute kidney injury in adults undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease
Authors: Kwiatkowski David M. , Price Elizabeth , Axelrod David M. , Romfh Anitra W. , Han Brian S. , Sutherland Scott M. , Krawczeski Catherine D.
Published: November 2016

Background

Acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery is a frequent and serious complication among children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and adults with acquired heart disease; however, the significance of kidney injury in adults after congenital heart surgery is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute kidney injury after surgery for adult CHD. Secondary objectives included determination of risk factors and associations with clinical outcomes.

Methods

This single-centre, retrospective cohort study was performed in a quaternary cardiovascular ICU in a paediatric hospital including all consecutive patients ⩾18 years between 2010 and 2013.

Results

Data from 118 patients with a median age of 29 years undergoing cardiac surgery were analysed. Using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome creatinine criteria, 36% of patients developed kidney injury, with 5% being moderate to severe (stage 2/3). Among higher-complexity surgeries, incidence was 59%. Age ⩾35 years, preoperative left ventricular dysfunction, preoperative arrhythmia, longer bypass time, higher Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 category, and perioperative vancomycin use were significant risk factors for kidney injury development. In multivariable analysis, age ⩾35 years and vancomycin use were significant predictors. Those with kidney injury were more likely to have prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and cardiovascular ICU stay in the univariable regression analysis.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in adults after surgery for CHD and is associated with poor outcomes. Risk factors for development were identified but largely not modifiable. Further investigation within this cohort is necessary to better understand the problem of kidney injury.
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vortioxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in patients aged 55 years or older
Authors: Nomikos George G. , Tomori Dapo , Zhong Wei , Affinito John , Palo William
Published: November 2016

Objective

These post hoc analyses evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of vortioxetine versus placebo in patients aged ≥55 years with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods

Study-level efficacy data from 12 short-term, fixed-dose, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day were assessed using a random-effects meta-analysis. Adverse events (AEs), vital signs, ECG values, liver enzymes, and body weight were pooled from the same studies. Patients had baseline Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total scores ranging from 22–30.

Results

1508 patients (mean age=62.4 years; range, 55–88 years) were included. Mean differences from placebo in change from baseline to study end (6/8 weeks) in MADRS were –2.56 (5 mg, n=324, P=0.035), –2.87 (10 mg, n=222, P=0.007), –1.32 (15 mg, n=90, P=NS), and –4.65 (20 mg, n=165, P=0.012). Odds ratios for response versus placebo were 1.6 (5 mg, P=NS), 1.8 (10 mg, P=0.002), 1.2 (15 mg, P=NS), and 2.5 (20 mg, P<0.001), and for remission versus placebo were 1.5 (5 mg, P=NS), 1.5 (10 mg, P=NS), 1.4 (15 mg, P=NS), and 2.7 (20 mg, P=0.001). The proportion of patients with AEs for placebo and vortioxetine 5–20 mg was 61.5% and 62.3%, respectively, with no increase at increased doses. Vortioxetine demonstrated a placebo-level incidence of serious AEs (1.2%). AEs occurring in ≥5% of any treatment group were nausea, headache, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, fatigue, vomiting, and anxiety. No clinically significant mean changes in vital signs, ECG values, liver enzymes, or body weight emerged during treatment.

Conclusion

Vortioxetine 5–20 mg/day is efficacious and well tolerated in MDD patients aged ≥55 years, a group that is often comorbid with other conditions and treated with other medications.
THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT-SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY SHOCKS IN DRIVING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CYCLES: A BAYESIAN APPROACH
Authors: Dey Jaya
Published: November 2016

This paper uses a Bayesian approach to estimate a standard international real business cycle model augmented with preferences with zero wealth effect, variable capacity utilization, and investment adjustment costs. First, I find that the bulk of fluctuations in country-specific outputs, consumption, investments, and international relative prices can be attributed to country-specific neutral technology, investment-specific technology, and preference shocks. Second, my estimated model with economically meaningful shocks simultaneously accounts for the negative correlation between the real exchange rate and relative consumption and the negative correlation between the terms of trade and relative output. Last, through a marginal likelihood comparison exercise, I find that the success of the model depends on preferences with zero wealth effects; other frictions and alternative asset market structures play a less important role.