bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“You Take the Wheel, I’m Tired of Driving; Jesus, Show Me the Way”
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers a critical assessment of Ben Spiecker’s theory of indoctrination, according to which indoctrination involves the suppression of critical dispositions, intellectual virtues, and rational emotions. Spiecker develops his account in part by contrasting the dispositions, virtues, and emotions of the indoctrinated student with those of the critical thinker. While I am in considerable sympathy with Spiecker’s account of indoctrination, I have three reservations concerning it: the limiting of the content of indoctrinated beliefs to “doctrines”, the conceptual impossibility of non-indoctrinating belief inculcation, and the unduly limited domain of indoctrination. The theory is tested by applying it to the song “The Wheel.”
The Role of Reasons in Moral Education
Authors: Siegel Harvey
Published: September 2017

Does critical thinking play a role in moral education? If so, what might the role of critical thinking, and in particular, the quest for and critical evaluation of reasons, play in moral education? This chapter explores the role of reasons—considerations that purport to support candidate beliefs, judgments, and actions—in moral education. It considers reasons as they relate to six proposed aims of moral education—the moral improvement of student actions, beliefs, thinking/reasoning, habits, character, and sentiments—and argues that reasons can and do play roles, albeit of varying and somewhat indeterminate strengths, in the promulgation of all six of these aims.
A Swadeshi Chaitanya
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

Bengali Vaishnava traditions were most foundationally re-evaluated by the bhadralok in the process of writing literary histories of Bengali language. These histories, which began to emerge around 1870s and continued well into the twentieth century, are discussed in this chapter, with a focus on the decades before and after the Swadeshi moment (1905) in anticolonial politics of India. The chapter argues that Bengali Vaishnavism and Chaitanya’s abiding status in Bengali imagination (one which continues until this day)—the former, as the repository of literary greatness, and the latter as a Luther-like Hindu religious reformer—was put together in these decades, specifically by antiquarians, collectors, and archivists such as Dinesh Chandra Sen, who tirelessly worked to discover and bring to light the literary pasts of the Bengali language.
Recovering Bishnupriya’s Loss
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

Shri Bishnupriya Patrika was one of the earliest Vaishnava periodicals in Bengal, published by the stridently anticolonial Amrita Bazar Patrika publishing house. The chapter analyses this key journal and its contribution to the making of middle-class Vaishnavism in a period of rising anticolonialism. The chapter argues that the journal channelized the religious aspects of Vaishnava devotion into an instrument of self-pride and assertion against the colonizer. It did so by (a) making Chaitanya into an icon for Bengal, (b) turning Vaishnava material culture (such as manuscripts and sacred spaces, performance traditions and mendicants) into integral aspects of Bengali national culture, and (c) by making the recovery and protection of Vaishnava material culture and history the basis of collective organization and community building in late nineteenth-century Bengal. These efforts culminated in the public celebration of Chaitanya’s birth anniversary as a devotional procession in the heart of Calcutta in 1899.
Utopia and a Birthplace
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

In 1888, Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda Thakur discovered the site of Chaitanya’s nativity in a place that is now called Mayapur. This chapter examines Datta’s biography as a colonial bureaucrat and a Gaudiya theologian to argue that the search for the birthplace was as much a result of the empiricism of the times as it was due to the anomie produced from a colonized subjectivity of a middle-class, salaried life. It analyzes how religious ideas about sacred space within Vaishnavism were crucial to the determination of Mayapur as the precise birthplace of Chaitanya. By drawing attention to the simultaneous appeal of miraculous visions, sacred geographies, and positivist determinations in the Mayapur episode, this chapter makes evident a different aspect of bhadralok Vaishnavism than what has been seen in the book thus far.
Epilogue
Authors: Bhatia Varuni
Published: September 2017

The first Bengali kirtan I heard in my life, rather belatedly I should add, was “Bharati Gourango loiya jai,” sung by Amar Pal. This song speaks of Vishvambhar’s renunciation and is addressed to his mother, Shachi, to arise, awake, and stop her son from leaving. Hearers of the song already know that this was not to be. Gauranga would leave, take vows of monasticism, and become Krishna Chaitanya. I heard this song in a compilation of Bengali folksongs or ...
Introduction
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the basic positions of religious Zionism on war in theology and Halakhah. It explores the main halakhic questions religious Zionist rabbis had to resolve for a Jewish state to wage war in the modern period: (1) Which types of war in medieval Halakhah were still applicable? Could a modern Jewish state wage defensive wars? If so, could it also wage more aggressive “discretionary” wars? (2) What legitimate authority could initiate war? Did it require a king, or was a democratically elected government sufficient? (3) Could the state conscript soldiers if Halakhah did not normally require an individual to sacrifice his life for the sake of others? (4) Could one kill civilians, even accidentally? Halakhah does not normally allow one to take innocent life. The chapter then maps out the goal of the study, to examine how five prominent religious Zionist rabbis dealt with these challenges.
R. Eliezer Yehudah Waldenberg
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

R. Waldenberg (1915–2006) was a prominent halakhic authority who produced one of the first halakhic treatises on war after the establishment of the state of Israel. Like R. Herzog, R. Waldenberg builds his halakhic positions on war primarily on those of R. Kook. He, too, sees wartime Halakhah and everyday Halakhah as different and argues from that premise that conscription is permitted. However, R. Waldenberg examines R. Kook’s views in conjunction with those of R. Naftali Tsevi Yehudah Berlin (1816–93), better known by his acronym, Netsiv. The Netsiv addresses the issue of war in a number of passages in his commentary on the Torah. The mixture of R. Kook’s views and those of the Netsiv create noteworthy tensions in R. Waldenberg’s thinking about war.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Eisen Robert
Published: September 2017

This chapter summarizes how the five rabbis dealt with the major issues this study focused on: which varieties of war in medieval Halakhah are still permitted, who has legitimate authority to wage war, whether the conscription of soldiers is permitted, and whether soldiers may kill civilians even accidentally. It concludes with a discussion of how the positions of these thinkers stack up against the norms of international law, finding some overlap but also marked differences. For instance, all five rabbis believed that war could be waged for defensive purposes, and international law would support that view. However, some of the rabbis believed that wars could be waged for other purposes as well, such as revenge or to conquer the land God promised to Israel in the Bible. International law would not consider such reasons legitimate for waging war.
Tort Liability
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

Torts are involuntary seizures of entitlements of a certain kind in a particular exchange environment, and tort liability attempts to ensure that tortfeasors compensate their victims for the costs these takings impose. Liability is the law’s answer to externality. It doesn’t seek to deter torts absolutely, but to control them through the principle of corrective justice, which separates efficient from inefficient torts by liability prices and deters only the latter. This chapter examines how these involuntary exchanges are governed by tort liability to do corrective justice and imperfectly completed through individual and class action tort suits for compensatory damages. Tort liability is shown to effectively encourage efficient torts, in which the value of the unlawful cost imposition to the tortfeasor exceeds the external costs of the tort, and thus provide a means to move entitlements to higher-valuing owners in an environment of involuntary takings by private takers.
Criminal Liability
Authors: Adelstein Richard
Published: September 2017

This chapter distinguishes torts from crimes in terms of the moral costs created by crimes, discusses the nature and incidence of these costs and the problems of assigning liability prices to compensate for them, and describes criminal liability as organized vengeance, a means of inflicting visible, proportioned suffering on offenders as compensation for the moral costs imposed by crimes. The ideas of retribution and deterrence are illustrated in the case of competitive market prices, which also separate efficient from inefficient cost imposition through retribution. Criminal entitlements are defined and distinguished from tortious entitlements, and the differences and connections between tort and criminal liability are explored. In seeking punishment that fits the crime in every case, criminal liability also seeks corrective justice, in this context called proportional punishment, rather than absolute deterrence, and through retributive liability pricing effectively encourages crimes whose value to the perpetrator exceeds the moral costs they impose.
Learning the News: Pamphlet Mercuries and Newsbooks
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

News of the war from both sides’ perspectives was printed In the inexpensive pamphlets called mercuries or newsbooks, which also carried an account of the trial of Charles I. Prominent newsbook editors and authors such as Marchamont Nedham offered national news and political commentary mixed with entertaining verse, stories of wonders, and accounts of foreign dignitaries and customs.
Single-Authored Volumes of Verse
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

Although the Interregnum has been described as a dark period in the promotion of the arts, an unusual number of single-authored volumes of verse were printed, often by Humphrey Mosley. Among the published poets whose reputations were established before the war were Sir John Suckling, Robert Herrick and Abraham Cowley while new voices include Henry and Thomas Vaughan, several women poets including Margaret Cavendish, Anne Bradstreet, ‘Eliza’, Anna Trapnel, and Elizabeth Major.
The Book Business: Edward Millington, Jacob Tonson, and Emerging Publishing Practices
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

A new generation of book publishers emerged after the Great Fire of London, occupying new spaces including ‘Little Britain’. Some publishers such as James Magnes and Richard Bentley became known for creating collections of popular plays and novels. The young Jacob Tonson collaborated with John Drdyen to create a series of six volumes of miscellanies featuring contemporary poets, and translations from the classics. Tonson also published Milton’s Paradise Lost in an illustrated folio edition
The ‘Glorious Revolution’ and the Court in Exile
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

The birth of an heir to King James and Mary of Modena led to a crisis, with allegations that the child was not legitimate. Whig politicians were alarmed by the promotion of openly practicing Catholics in the army and at the court. Upon the invasion by William, the court fled into exile in France, establishing a rival court at St. Germain. While in exile, Jacobite poets including Jane Barker created manuscript volumes of verse and fiction to be published later. In England, supporters of King James including Heneage and Anne Finch retreated from London into a quiet exile in the countryside, and John Dryden was removed from his post as Poet Laureate.
Poets: Laureates, Social, and Commercial
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

There were three poets laureate in the last decade of the century: John Dryden, Thomas Shadwell, and Nahum Tate, all of whom had begun their careers writing for the stage. Poets active during this time included Anne Finch, who was circulating her verses in manuscript among friends and compiling manuscript collections, and Mary Astell, who created a manuscript volume of verse for Archbishop Sancroft. Prolific poets in print included Sir Richard Blackmore, Samuel Garth, and Matthew Prior, who all published in miscellany collections. Jonathan Swift began publishing occasional verse in periodicals including the Athenian Gazette
London Theatricals: Italian Opera and an Evening at the Theatre
Authors: Ezell Margaret J. M.
Published: September 2017

The London theatres in the first decade of the eighteenth century experienced changes in the types of entertainment offered and in their staging. Many of the stars of the previous decades including Thomas Betterton, Elizabeth Barry, and Anne Bracegirdle retired from the stage. New productions emphasized music and dancing; so popular was musical drama that a public competition was held to create the music for Congreve’s libretto The Judgment of Paris. Foreign singers, especially from Italy, were often paid higher salaries than English actors, leading to tensions, and while operas sung in Italian were very popular with audiences, critics such as Joseph Addison writing in the Spectator deplored the use of spectacle and music over script and moral. One of the most popular new playwrights of the decade was Susanna Centlivre.
Introduction
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book. The book investigates non-standard parametric, mainly continuous univariate estimation problems. The basic difference between standard and non-standard problems is explained in this chapter. The book considers different non-standard problems that can arise. Though some of the problems are advanced, a strong emphasis is placed on providing statistical methods to analyse them that are simple to understand and implement. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is the main method used to estimate parameters when fitting parametric models. This chapter outlines the method, emphasizing how it can be implemented numerically. Parametric bootstrapping is used throughout the book to analyse the statistical behaviour of estimators. This chapter gives the rationale of the approach, explaining its simplicity and wide applicability. Also explained is the underlying model building theme of the book.
Non-Standard Problems: Some Examples
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides motivation for the rest of the book by giving a selection of simple examples showing how non-standard behaviour can occur. The well-known maximum likelihood estimator is used throughout this book to estimate an unknown vector of parameters. Its behaviour is standard if the log-likelihood is a concave quadratic function with the maximum in the neighbourhood of the true parameter value, but is otherwise non-standard. Examples of non-standard situations given in this chapter include the true parameter value not being an internal point of the parameter space, but being on a fixed boundary that may not even be finite, or where the mathematical form of the log-likelihood is different with non-estimable indeterminate parameters, or where the true model is an embedded model. Other examples given include where the log-likelihood is unbounded at a finite parameter point, is discontinuous, or is no longer quadratic.
Infinite Likelihood
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines methods that overcome a difficulty with infinite likelihoods. In shifted threshold distributions where the PDF has the form f(y) ∼ k(b,c)(y−a)c−1, if y tends to the threshold parameter a, then the log-likelihood tends to infinity if c < 1 and a also tends to y(1) the smallest observation. The maximum likelihood (ML) method fails in this case, yielding parameter estimates that are not consistent. A method is described overcoming this problem, called the maximum product of spacings method. This yields parameter estimates with the same consistency and asymptotic normality properties as ML estimators when these exist, and which yield, when c < 1 where ML fails, consistent estimates with that for a hyper-efficient. Confidence intervals for a are difficult to obtain theoretically when c < 2. A method is given using percentiles of the stable law distribution and this is numerically compared with bootstrap confidence intervals.
The Pearson and Johnson Systems
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter re-examines two of the best-known systems of parametric distributions: the Pearson and the Johnson. It is shown that, in the Pearson system, Pearson Types III and V are boundary embedded models of the main Types I, IV, and VI. A comprehensive way of finding the best type to fit is given using appropriate score statistics to guide a systematic search of all model types, including symmetric boundary models. Maximum likelihood estimation is used and details of its numerical implementation are given. Type IV can be a difficult model to fit. A method is discussed for this model that is reasonably robust, subject to certain restrictions on the parameter values. The same examination is made of the Johnson system where the lognormal, SL family is shown to be an embedded subsystem of both the main subsystems SB and SU. Two real data examples are given.
Change-Point Models
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates change-point (hazard rate) probability models for the random survival time in some population of interest. A parametric probability distribution is assumed with parameters to be estimated from a sample of observed survival times. If a change-point parameter, denoted by τ, is included to represent the time at which there is a discrete change in hazard rate, then the model is non-standard. The profile log-likelihood, with τ as profiling parameter, has a discontinuous jump at every τ equal to a sampled value, becoming unbounded as τ tends to the largest observation. It is known that maximum likelihood estimation can still be used provided the range of τ is restricted. It is shown that the alternative maximum product of spacings method is consistent without restriction on τ. Censored observations which commonly occur in survival-time data can be accounted for using Kaplan-Meier estimation. A real data numerical example is given.
Randomized-Parameter Models
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter does not involve non-standard behaviour but is included as a contribution to the broader book theme on model building. The basic idea is to obtain greater flexibility in fitting a standard two-parameter base distribution by multiplying one of its parameters by a one-parameter mixing random variable with mean unity. Absorbing the random effect by integration yields what will be called a randomized parameter (also called compound) distribution depending on all three parameters involved. This chapter collects together a large number of examples where there is a gamma mixing distribution. Their tail behaviour is compared. For the cases where the base distribution is the Pearson Type III or V, the randomized three-parameter model is the Pearson Type VI, providing a different view of the relationship between these distributions previously examined via embeddedness. Fits obtained using some of these models in a real-data example are given.
Indeterminacy
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses models like the exponential regression model y = a[1− exp(− bx)] where if a = 0 then b is an indeterminate, non-identifiable parameter, as it vanishes from the model. The hypothesis test that H0 : a = 0 versus H1 : a ≠ 0 is then non-standard. The well-known Davies test is explained. This uses a portmanteau test statistic T that is a functional of Sn(b), L< b< U, where Sn(b) is a regular test statistic of the null hypothesis a = 0 versus the alternative a ≠ 0 with b fixed. The null distribution of T is not usually easy to obtain. One can instead just test if a = 0 using a GoF test or a lack-of-fit test with an alternative hypothesis not specified. In the exponential regression example, this means simply testing if the observations are solely pure error. This elementary approach is compared with the Davies approach.
Nested Nonlinear Regression Models
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

Stepwise fitting of nonlinear nested regression models is considered in this chapter. The forward stepwise method of linear model building is used as far as possible. With linear models this is straightforward as there is in principle a free choice of the order that individual terms or factors are selected for inclusion. The only real issue is that sufficient submodels are examined to ensure that those finally selected really are amongst the best. The nonlinear case is not so straightforward, as embeddedness and parameter indeterminacy issues impose restrictions on the order in which steps can be taken to build a valid model, as certain parameters can only be meaningfully included if other specific parameters are definitely present. A systematic way of building valid nonlinear models of increasing complexity is described and illustrated by two examples using real data. A brief review of non-nested model building is also given.
Bootstrapping Linear Models
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

Bootstrap model selection is proposed for the difficult problem of selecting important factors in non-orthogonal linear models when the number of factors, P, is large. In the method, the full model is first fitted to the original data. Then B parametric bootstrap samples are drawn from the fitted model, and the full model fitted to each. A submodel is obtained from each fitted full model by rejecting those factors found unimportant in the fit. Each distinct selected submodel is then fitted to the original data and its Mallows Cp statistic calculated. A subset of good submodels based on the Cp values is then obtained. A reliability check can be made by fitting this subset to the BS samples also, to see how often each submodel is found to be a good fit. Use of the method is illustrated using a real-data sample.
Finite Mixture Examples; MAPIS Details
Authors: Cheng Russell
Published: September 2017

Two detailed numerical examples are given in this chapter illustrating and comparing mainly the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) and the maximum a posteriori/importance sampling (MAPIS) methods. The numerical examples are the well-known galaxy data set with sample size 82, and the Hidalgo stamp issues thickness data with sample size 485. A comparison is made of the estimates obtained by the RJMCMC and MAPIS methods for (i) the posterior k-distribution of the number of components, k, (ii) the predictive finite mixture distribution itself, and (iii) the posterior distributions of the component parameters and weights. The estimates obtained by MAPIS are shown to be more satisfactory and meaningful. Details are given of the practical implementation of MAPIS for five non-normal mixture models, namely: the extreme value, gamma, inverse Gaussian, lognormal, and Weibull. Mathematical details are also given of the acceptance-rejection importance sampling used in MAPIS.
Epistemic Akrasia
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

In a case of practical akrasia, we freely do something even though we judge that we ought not to do it. This chapter discusses the possibility of epistemic akrasia. Epistemic akrasia is possible only if (a) a person’s (first-order) beliefs can diverge from their higher-order judgements about what it would be reasonable for them to believe, and (b) these divergent (first-order) beliefs are freely and deliberately formed. Several recent authors deny the possibility of epistemic akrasia because they doubt that (a) can be true. I argue that though (a) can indeed be true, (b) cannot. On this point, believing is contrasted with guessing.
Testimony and Assertion
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

Two models of assertion are described and their epistemological implications considered. The assurance model draws a parallel between the ethical norms surrounding speech acts like promising and the epistemic norms that govern the transmission of testimonial knowledge. This model is rejected in favour of the view that assertion transmits knowledge by (intentionally) expressing belief. The expression of belief is distinguished from the communication of belief. The chapter goes on to compare the epistemology of testimony with the epistemology of memory, arguing that memory and testimony are mechanisms that can preserve the rationality of the belief they transmit without preserving the evidence on which the belief was originally based.
Human Testimony
Authors: Owens David
Published: September 2017

Burge maintains that human beings are entitled to accept the testimony of other human beings simply in virtue of the fact that we are all rational believers. Reid maintains that human testimony depends on distinctive features of human psychology that may not be shared by all rational creatures. This chapter argues that, on this point, Reid is correct. The transmission of belief (and so knowledge) exploits our human emotional psychology and in particular the impact the expression of emotion makes on other humans. It would not work among rational creatures with a different emotional psychology. The chapter concludes by elaborating the criticisms of the assurance model offered in Chapter 9.
Being Against What IsPlainly Right
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

How does one make sense of an antimoralist or immoralist who professes to be against what is right? Is this person not contradicting herself? As is detailed in this chapter, there are many ways of making sense of this person’s stance. In particular, the chapter focuses on “subtle antinormativism,” which makes sense of this stance without embracing any traditional form of antirealism, and without relying on a distinction between what one morally ought to do and what one all things considered ought to do, and adopting a critical stance only toward the former. A number of the views considered earlier in the book serve to make good sense of subtle antinormativism.
Connections
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, connections to a number of other central debates in the literature are explored. Among questions brought up are ones relating to normative indeterminacy and vagueness (there are similarities between issues brought up here and issues brought up in connection with normative indeterminacy), quietism (how do the present concerns affect the quietism recently defended by e.g. T.M. Scanlon?), whether the problems discussed in the book raise worries for other theorists besides realists (the answer is yes), non-naturalism (can appeal to Alternative-unfriendliness help ward off objections to this view?), creeping minimalism (does the present framework help ward off this kind of worry?), and essentially contested concepts (can the present framework help make sense of this notion?).
Thick Concepts
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

The discussion up to here has focused on central, or thin, normative concepts. The present chapter focuses on thick concepts and discusses how the conceptual framework introduced can be used to characterize what it is for a concept to be thick, as well as how taking thick concepts into account might problematize matters. In the discussion, the notion of an objectionable thick concept plays a central role. In connection with the discussion of thick concepts, certain related matters are discussed: the distinction between robust and formal normativity, and the question of how to understand epistemic normativity. A suggestion regarding what it is for a property to be thick is presented.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: September 2017

In this book it has been argued that the ardent realist’s best shot is to hold that normative role can determine reference. But it has not been claimed either that normative role in fact can determine reference, or that ardent realism is in fact vindicated if it is so. No categorical claims about the fate of ardent realism have been defended. In fact, various arguments have aimed to cast doubt on natural suggestions regarding how to settle the question of whether ardent realism is in fact true. In this chapter, it is suggested that a certain kind of principled agnosticism may be the right response to the problems discussed.
Adulterated Verse
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1, “Adulterated Verse,” considers Violet Fane’s Denzil Place: A Story in Verse, one of many poems to build upon the success of Aurora Leigh. Fane’s comparatively late example of a verse-novel synthesizes many of the genre’s most remarkable features. Its hybrid energies appear in the sympathetic narrative of a surprisingly happy fall into adultery. The adultery plot is exemplary for the form; this chapter explores why by showing how adultery’s cultural dynamics offer parallels to the literary dynamics of verse-novels. Fane self-consciously uses intertextuality (especially with Milton’s Paradise Lost) and scenes of reading (as in allusions to Dante’s Paolo and Francesca) to explore the ramifications of generic hybridity, above all as they concern the interplay between lyric and narrative temporalities in love. The chapter also compares the verse-novel’s effects to those of novels, such as James’s The Golden Bowl.
The Longue Durée of Marriage
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2, “The Longue Durée of Marriage,” offers a formal explanation to the centrality of conjugal experience in the Victorian verse-novel, despite marriage’s representational challenge (as outlined by Kierkegaard in Either/Or). In Coventry Patmore’s The Angel in the House, the extended middle responsible for the poem’s length develops out of this difficulty. By using durational narrative to expand lyric forms of love poetry, Patmore had hoped to portray marriage’s duration without sacrificing the intensity of romantic ardor. But, as comparisons to Byron’s Don Juan suggest, the resultant compound proves unstable. This chapter uncovers the unsettling results of such extension by showing how the need for length introduces ideas of seriality, including the notion of a sequel to love in the afterlife through (potentially adulterous) marriage in heaven. A coda considers William Morris’s The Lovers of Gudrun, the longest and most novelistic tale from his immense Earthly Paradise.
Circle-Squarers
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3, “Circle-Squarers: Tennyson’s and Browning’s Form-Things,” looks at Tennyson’s Idylls of the King and Browning’s The Ring and the Book, two poems that worry about circling the square: creating lyric unity out of rectilinear narrative. Both tell of marriage and adultery, combining fractured narrative form with violent plots. And despite a historical remoteness at odds with the verse-novel’s modernity, they show the pervasive influence of the genre. The chapter considers how Tennyson and Browning embed into their poems two types of gem, diamond and pearl, that can be termed form-things: objects through which to express and explore generic affiliation. Finally, it moves from circular forms back to square books, to Browning’s The Inn Album, a verse-novel that consciously modernizes The Ring and the Book even as it embraces its own marginal generic status in an effort to sidestep the intractable geometry of circled squares.
E Pluribus Unum
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5, “E Pluribus Unum: The American Verse-Novel,” travels across the Atlantic to consider how and why verse-novels, imported and indigenous, garnered such remarkable American popularity, especially in the period of the Civil War and during Reconstruction. Beginning with a description of European verse-novels’ transatlantic journeys, fostered by what Meredith McGill has called an American “culture of reprinting,” the chapter then contemplates the native literary scene, which had borne many successful writers of long narrative verse, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Finally, it examines a trio of American verse-novels, all heavily indebted to Aurora Leigh, which exemplify, in variously negotiating that debt, how their poets used the form to navigate the cultural terrain: Josiah Holland’s Kathrina: Her Life and Mine, in a Poem (1867), Lucy Larcom’s An Idyl of Work (1875), and Epes Sargent’s The Woman Who Dared. For these writers, verse-novels promised peculiar purchase on their American publics.
Afterword
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: September 2017

“Afterword: Adulterated Verse, the Modernist Remix,” reflects on the legacy of the Victorian verse-novel by addressing the genre’s substantial influence on modernist fiction. Circling back to the beginning, the Afterword considers Virginia Woolf’s response to Aurora Leigh in her essays and in The Waves (both 1831). It then returns to the topic of Chapter 1 by looking at how adultery enters a series of high modernist novels accompanied both by nods to some of the Victorian poems considered in the previous pages and by the same kinds of formal fracturing that are characteristic of the verse-novel genre. By locating traces of verse-novels in works such as Henry James’s The Golden Bowl and James Joyce’s Ulysses, the Afterword shows how, rather than a literary dead end, the Victorian verse-novel was a brave new beginning for generic experimentation.
A Return to the Analogy of Being
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the metaphysics of what the author calls “analogous properties.” An analogous property is a non-specific property that is less natural than its specifications (called “analogue instances”) but is more natural as a merely disjunctive property. The author discusses and then applies two tests for being an analogous property: a property is analogous provided that it has more unity than a mere disjunction but yet systematically varies with respect to either its logical form or the axioms that govern its behavior. The notion of an analogous property is used to formulate several more versions of ontological pluralism. One kind of ontological pluralism appeals to a distinction between absolute and relative modes of existence. This distinction between modes of being is then used to articulate one kind of ontological superiority, which the author calls “orders of being.”
Ways of Being and Time
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter develops a version of ontological pluralism that respects two common intuitions about time: that the present moment is metaphysically distinguished but not in such a way that the past is unreal. The version of ontological pluralism developed—presentist existential pluralism (PEP)—embraces two modes of being, the mode of being that present objects enjoy and the mode of being that past objects enjoy. The author argues that this view fares at least as well, and probably better, than other views in which the present is metaphysically distinguished. The chapter also introduces another form of ontological superiority called “levels of being.”
Degrees of Being
Authors: McDaniel Kris
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that the naturalness of a property or relation is proportionate to the degree of being of that property or relation, and that once we recognize this proportionality, we see a way to define naturalness in terms of degree of being. Several arguments against this purported reduction of naturalness to degrees of being are discussed and rebutted. A further argument for the reduction, the central premise of which is that theories making use of degrees of being are ideologically simpler than those making use of naturalness and quantification, is tentatively defended. Along the way, a new notion of comparative existence is introduced.
How We Apply the Coding Scheme
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

Chapter Two provides a hands-on guide to the coding scheme. The authors measure delegation (the conditional grant of authority by member states to an independent body) and pooling (the joint exercise of authority by member states). They disaggregate by examining 1) the role and composition of institutional actors in an international organization (IO); 2) at distinct stages of decision making (agenda setting, final decision, opt-out, ratification, dispute settlement); 3) across six decision areas (accession, membership suspension, constitutional reform, budgetary allocation, financial compliance, policy making). The authors define the content and specify intervals for each indicator, and discuss how they avoid formalism, triangulate estimates, avoid contagion, and adjudicate ambiguity.
Americas
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents detailed profiles on the delegation and pooling of authority in nine international organizations (IOs) in the Americas. Each profile explains how the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Europe
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents profiles on the authority of seven international organizations (IOs) in Europe. Each profile explains the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement of each IO are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Middle East
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet , Mark Gary , Lenz Tobias , Bezuijen Jeanine , Ceka Besir , Derderyan Svet
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents profiles on the delegation and pooling of authority in four international organizations (IOs) in the Middle East. Each profile explains how the coding scheme is applied to the IO by charting a path from the primary and secondary evidence to scoring judgments. They tell the reader how the assembly, executive, secretariat, consultative body, and dispute settlement of each IO are composed, what decisions each body makes, and how they make decisions. The profiles chart these developments annually since 1950. The authors indicate four kinds of uncertainty in superscript: α‎ for thin information; β‎ for a case that falls between the intervals on a dimension; γ‎ for disagreement among sources; δ‎ for inconsistency between written rules in the IO. Each profile is followed by tables summarizing the authors’ observations. Data and codebooks for the Measure of International Authority (MIA) are available on the authors’ websites.
Department of Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the role of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) before and during the Rwandan genocide. After introducing the peculiar context of the early 1990s and the promises of the so-called ‘New World Order’ which followed the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the chapter outlines the role of DPKO during the early reconnaissance mission to Rwanda and reviews several decisions taken by the peacekeeping department. These include the size of the mission and its troop levels, the so-called ‘genocide cable’ sent by Dallaire about forthcoming ethnic massacres, and the mandate and rules of engagement of the Rwandan operation. The chapter also introduces the phenomenon of the ‘anticipatory veto’, or a tendency on the part of Secretariat officials to recommend to the Security Council only what the latter is likely to endorse.
Department of Political Affairs
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter assesses the role of the Department of Political Affairs (DPA) in the Rwanda genocide. It situates DPA within the Secretariat of the early 1990s, explains the importance given to it by Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali, and analyses the department’s reaction to the crisis. The DPA’s role in monitoring the Arusha Peace Agreements and in providing the ‘political’ analysis of the Rwandan context is also reviewed, as is Boutros-Ghali’s desire for a powerful ‘political’ department to be juxtaposed to member states’ preference for peacekeeping and DPKO. The chapter also considers the leadership change of March 1994 when, a month before the genocide, Marrack Goulding took over the whole of DPA.
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the role played and the problems faced by the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) during the tragic events of 1994. It reviews a number of shortcomings that defined this operation, including its late deployment, scarce resources, and poor logistics. The chapter also analyses UNAMIR’s mandate and highlights the different interpretations of it offered by UNAMIR and by DPKO. The reasons behind the personal frictions within the mission’s leadership are also assessed, including the faulty separation between peacebuilding and peacekeeping—and between the roles of DPA and DPKO—in both Kigali and New York.
Leadership
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the ways in which several top UN officials handled the Rwanda crisis: Kofi Annan and Iqbal Riza in DPKO, James Jonah and Marrack Goulding in DPA, Jacques-Roger Booh Booh and Roméo Dallaire in UNAMIR, and Madeleine Albright and Ibrahim Gambari in the Security Council. What were their approaches to UNAMIR and to peacekeeping? How did they cope with the Rwanda events, with the distinction between ‘technical’ and ‘political’ roles established by Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali, and with the blurring of functions in both New York and Kigali? And can we speak of leadership at all in relation to them—did these officials have a vision and a sense of purpose, or were they simply bureaucrats handling a complex emergency?
Morality
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the link between the muscular approach to peacekeeping advocated by Boutros-Ghali early in his term, the ‘moral’ purpose he attached to his role as Secretary-General, his predilection for DPA over DPKO, and his performance in Rwanda. Following a chronological trajectory from 1990 to 1994, the chapter considers that link by exploring the idea of UN ‘moral authority’ and the reasons behind Boutros-Ghali’s support for it. The chapter then contrasts such an idea with Boutros-Ghali’s relations with Presidents Mitterrand of France, Habyarimana of Rwanda, and Mubarak of Egypt. Three questions arise: did Boutros-Ghali’s proximity to one side of Rwanda’s ethnic divide (the Hutus) prior to becoming SG affect his relations with the other (the Tutsis)? Did such proximity compromise his independence, neutrality, and impartiality—three sources of the SG’s moral authority? And was his conduct compatible with his ‘moral’ view of the UN?
Peacebuilding
Authors: Salton Herman T.
Published: September 2017

This chapter brings the story of DPA–DPKO relations up to the present. It argues that neither the bureaucratic nor the conceptual problems faced by UNAMIR—especially the difficulty of separating peacekeeping from peacebuilding—have been fully addressed, let alone solved. The chapter picks up the DPA–DPKO confrontation at the time of Kofi Annan’s elevation to SG and considers the changes that he (from 1997) and Ban Ki-moon (from 2007) introduced to tackle the difficult relations between DPA and DPKO. Annan’s response to this rivalry was the ‘Lead Department’ concept, whereas Ban—following a trend in post-9/11 international relations—prioritized peacebuilding and DPA over peacekeeping and DPKO. Since one of the key reasons behind their bureaucratic friction lies with the porous borders between peacekeeping and peacebuilding, it is unsurprising that the partial strengthening of DPA in 2008–09—well intentioned though it was—failed to solve the problem.
The Party’s Golden Age and Its Demise
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 deals with the evolution of the party in the post-war period until the late 1960s. It suggests that because the recovery of democracy after the Second World War coincided with multi-partism, this credited parties with an unprecedented legitimation in the first post-war years. This general sentiment was built on the role parties played in all countries under Fascist or Nazi rule, and the more parties were active, the more confidence they gained. The positive reception of parties went hand in hand with their organizational development. However, precisely when parties deployed their full strength, they were tamed by societal and technological transformation. The chapter discusses how the parties’ response to 1960s’ post-industrialization by becoming catch-all structures depressed their legitimation. The post-war general consensus on the parties’ central role faded, opening the way for a new type of party criticism: parties now were considered not divisive enough but rather too consensual.
Party Standstill in an Era of Change
Authors: Ignazi Piero
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 discusses the premises of the emergence of the cartel party with the parties’ resilience to any significant modification in the face of the cultural, societal, and political changes of the 1970s–1980s. Parties kept and even increased their hold on institutions and society. They adopted an entropic strategy to counteract challenges coming from a changing external environment. A new gulf with public opinion opened up, since parties demonstrated greater ease with state-centred activities for interest-management through collusive practices in the para-governmental sector, rather than with new social and political options. The emergence of two sets of alternatives, the greens and the populist extreme right, did not produce, in the short run, any impact on intra-party life. The chapter argues that the roots of cartelization reside mainly in the necessitated interpenetration with the state, rather than on inter-party collusion. This move has caught parties in a legitimacy trap.