bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and Functional Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Convergent Synapse Loss in theDrosophilaNeuromuscular Circuit
Authors: Wang Yupu , Lobb-Rabe Meike , Ashley James , Anand Veera , Carrillo Robert A.
Published: January 2021

Throughout the nervous system, the convergence of two or more presynaptic inputs on a target cell is commonly observed. The question we ask here is to what extent converging inputs influence each other's structural and functional synaptic plasticity. In complex circuits, isolating individual inputs is difficult because postsynaptic cells can receive thousands of inputs. An ideal model to address this question is theDrosophilalarval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where each postsynaptic muscle cell receives inputs from two glutamatergic types of motor neurons (MNs), known as 1b and 1s MNs. Notably, each muscle is unique and receives input from a different combination of 1b and 1s MNs; we surveyed multiple muscles for this reason. Here, we identified a cell-specific promoter that allows ablation of 1s MNs postinnervation and measured structural and functional responses of convergent 1b NMJs using microscopy and electrophysiology. For all muscles examined in both sexes, ablation of 1s MNs resulted in NMJ expansion and increased spontaneous neurotransmitter release at corresponding 1b NMJs. This demonstrates that 1b NMJs can compensate for the loss of convergent 1s MNs. However, only a subset of 1b NMJs showed compensatory evoked neurotransmission, suggesting target-specific plasticity. Silencing 1s MNs led to similar plasticity at 1b NMJs, suggesting that evoked neurotransmission from 1s MNs contributes to 1b synaptic plasticity. Finally, we genetically blocked 1s innervation in male larvae and robust 1b synaptic plasticity was eliminated, raising the possibility that 1s NMJ formation is required to set up a reference for subsequent synaptic perturbations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn complex neural circuits, multiple convergent inputs contribute to the activity of the target cell, but whether synaptic plasticity exists among these inputs has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we examined synaptic plasticity in the structurally and functionally tractableDrosophilalarval neuromuscular system. In this convergent circuit, each muscle is innervated by a unique pair of motor neurons. Removal of one neuron after innervation causes the adjacent neuron to increase neuromuscular junction outgrowth and functional output. However, this is not a general feature as each motor neuron differentially compensates. Further, robust compensation requires initial coinnervation by both neurons. Understanding how neurons respond to perturbations in adjacent neurons will provide insight into nervous system plasticity in both healthy and disease states.
An Indonesian Empirical Study of The Relationship between Firm’s Intellectual Capital, Financial Performance and Market Value
Authors: Silviani Debby Andria , Noekent Vitradesie
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to explain the effect of Intellectual Capital on the company’s financial performance and market value. The population used in this study are all large trasing subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2009-2018 studi period. The sampling technique in this study uses a purposive sampling technique that uses criteria that have been determined by researches in order to obtain a sample of 13 companies. The testing tool used is Partial Least Square (PLS) version 2.0. The result of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant influence of intellectual capital on the company’s financial performance and intellectual capital also has a positive and significant on the company’s market value.The suggestion in this research is companie wish to consider the use of intellectual capital to improve financial performance and market value of the company.
Analysis of Brand Communication and Brand Image Impact on Brand Loyalty with Brand Trust as Intervening Variables
Authors: Junaidi Achmad , Hendrayati Selvia , Nindhita Yoga , Sari Oki hardiyanti Rukmana
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the impact of brand communication and brand image on brand loyalty both directly and through brand trust. This research was conducted in the city of Semarang, and as a population are consumers of Crocodile Junior products in Paragon Mall Semarang. The sample used amounted to 100. Data collection techniques using accidential sampling. Primary data in this study were obtained from the distribution of closed question questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used multiple linear regression analysis with the application of SPSS 24. The results showed that the brand communication variable significantly influenced the brand image with a significance of 0,000 <0.05. Brand pronunciation has a significant effect on brand trust with a significance of 0,000 <0.05. Brand image has a significant effect on brand trust with a significance of 0,000 <0.05. Brand trust has a significant effect on brand loyalty with a significance of 0,000 <0.05. Based on the sobel test, the brand image variable can be a moderating variable between brand communication and brand trust with z sobel 6.778> z score 1.96. Besides, brand trust can be a moderating variable between brand communication and brand loyalty with z sobel 3,813> z score 1.96. Brand trust can be a moderating variable between brand image and brand loyalty with z sobel 7,365> z score 1.96.
México y Centroamérica: historia bilateral milenaria
Authors: Arias Castro Tomás Federico
Published: January 2021

Resumen: El presente artículo histórico expone una prolífica serie de acontecimientos, personajes, fechas e incidencias que se han desarrollado desde hace siglos entre México (oficialmente denominado como Estados Unidos Mexicanos) y Centroamérica (integrada por las Repúblicas de Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras y Nicaragua), cuyos antecedentes más remotos empezaron precisamente a ocurrir hace miles de años como resultado de las primeras migraciones de individuos que poblaron sus respectivos territorios. Así, se describen con detalle los derroteros mutuos que la región mexicana y la centroamericana han protagonizado a lo largo del tiempo, exponiendo lo referente a la era precolombina y la etapa colonial, lo acontecido durante la centuria decimonónica y el siglo XX, hasta abarcar las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Todo ello bajo la premisa de constatar el multifacético y sólido vínculo bilateral que ha existido entre estos países desde antaño.
Visibilización de la mujer investigadora en espacios académicos de la Universidad Nacional
Authors: Ugalde Naranjo Jinette , Vasconcelos Vásquez Kattia Lizzett , Barquero Elizondo Ana Isabel , Valverde Chaves Jeannette , Vega García Heidy , Montoya Hernández María Auxiliadora , Gutiérrez Hernández Anayudel
Published: January 2021

Resumen: El rol de las mujeres se ha minimizado en los diferentes ámbitos en los que se desempeñan, debido entre otras razones a las brechas de género. Según muestran estudios realizados a nivel nacional por la Universidad Nacional y la Universidad de Costa Rica, el crecimiento profesional de las mujeres académicas se ve obstaculizado por las cargas que la sociedad les asigna, especialmente aquellas orientadas al cuido de otras personas y del hogar.
Tomando en cuenta el contexto anterior, el objetivo de este artículo es exponer las acciones llevadas a cabo por la Red de Mujeres Investigadoras de la Universidad Nacional (MIRED) a la hora de generar espacios de reconocimiento, visibilización del trabajo y aportes de las académicas investigadoras de la Universidad Nacional.
Perfil de la graduada de la carrera de Administración y Gestión de Recursos Humanos de la UTN
Authors: Vasconcelos Vásquez Kattia Lizzett , Montero Ulate Betzaida
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Este documento es parte de una investigación mayor cuyo objetivo es conocer las características del perfil profesional de la graduada de la carrera de Administración y Gestión de Recursos Humanos de la Universidad Técnica Nacional. Su intención es visibilizar que la carrera mencionada es una opción viable para las mujeres que optan por continuar sus estudios universitarios según la oferta académica de la universidad, de acuerdo con las preferencias de las estudiantes de la provincia de Alajuela y sus cantones.  Los resultados de este estudio se obtienen a partir de una población de 85 graduadas de la carrera AGRH durante el período 2012-2019.
Complex assessment of athletes’ operative status and its correction during competitions, based on the body impedance analysis
Authors: Dorofieieva Olena , Yarymbash Kseniia , Skrypchenko Iryna , Joksimović Marko , Mytsak Aneliia
Published: January 2021

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this research was assessment and correction of highly skilled swimmers’ operative status during competitions. Material and Methods. The authors carried out complex assessment of 46 high-skilled swimmers during competition period. The body impedance analysis and functional status express diagnosis were conducted before and after competitions. Results. The components limiting the operational state of swimmers were determined: “component composition of the body” (44.83% of the total load), “functional” (19.97%).  Correlation relationships were established between the main indicators that determine the level of the operational state of athletes.  The multiple regression equation was calculated, which made it possible to determine the influence of individual significant parameters on the level of the operational state of athletes and the confidence interval.  A group of athletes with operational status indicators below the confidence interval received sport supplementation. Conclusion. The main characteristics of the athletes’ operative status are cellular biomarker phase, fat free mass, extracellular water, intracellular water, strength index. These characteristics should be used in assessment of both operative status and complex functional diagnosis of highly-skilled swimmers during competitions.
Parents at the sport competition: How they react, feel and cope with the event
Authors: Prosoli Rebeka , Lochbaum Marc , Barić Renata
Published: January 2021

Background and Study Aim. Researchers rarely focus on documenting parental experiences at sport tournaments. Therefore, our purpose was to document parent cardiovascular, metabolic and emotional responses to watching their child compete while also paying attention to their thoughts before and after the competition, levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and coping strategies. Materials and methods. Parents, a mother and a father of same female adolescent, wore a device made by Firstbeat Technologies which continuously monitored their heart rate from Thursday evening to Monday evening. The competition was on Saturday, and it was the taekwondo Croatian National Championships for cadets. Their child had two fights: she won the first one and lost the second one. Parents completed a number of questionnaires and two open-ended questions regarding their expectations and overall experience. Results. Before the contest, dad expected his daughter would fight as best she could while giving her best effort. The mother hoped that her daughter would pass the first fight. Parents had a similar pattern of cardiovascular responses to watching their daughter compete but differed in intensity. Emotional profiles of the mother and father changed several times during the measurement period. Overall, parent's experienced low levels of stress, anxiety and depression and used numerous strategies to cope with the event. Conclusions. Although our research only included one pair of parents it suggests that parents experiences during the sport events are complex and worth investigating in future research on larger samples.
Double Literacy Effects on Language and Reading Skills in Italian–English Primary School Children
Authors: Costa Francesca , Guasti Maria Teresa , Sharley Stefania
Published: January 2021

Major concerns still surround literacy education in a foreign language during primary school. In this study, we aim to establish (1) whether bilinguals perform worse in Italian literacy tests than monolinguals; (2) whether literacy skills transfer from Italian to English. We tested 97 Italian–English bilingual first, third and fifth graders (attending two bilingual primary schools in Italy, with a simultaneous 50:50 immersion programme) and a control group of 40 monolingual Italian pupils in grades 1 and 3. All participants were tested in Italian, measuring the following skills: vocabulary, phonological awareness, reading proficiency and verbal short-term memory. Bilingual participants – who had been exposed to Italian since birth and to English within the first three years of their lives – were also tested on the same measures in English. The results showed that bilingual first graders outperformed their monolingual peers in verbal short-term memory, thus revealing a possible cognitive advantage in the early stage of literacy acquisition. Monolingual and bilingual firstand third graders did not differ in reading speed. The two groups made an almost similar number of errors, but the small difference turned out to be statistically significant. Bilingual subjects’ reading attainment was found to be within monolingual normal limits in both languages on all measures except for English reading comprehension, which, together with English vocabulary, was found to be below the English norm. Aside from reading comprehension, on all other measures bilingual children's performance in Italian correlated with their performance in English, suggesting the presence of cross-linguistic transfer of language and reading skills.
First Language Attrition on Prosody in a Foreign Language Environment
Authors: Gargiulo Chiara , Tronnier Mechtild
Published: January 2021

In this study, we explore whether first language (L1) attrition affects the use of prosodic cues in anaphora resolution. 18 late Italian–Swedish bilinguals completed a speech production task in L1 Italian, wherein we measured the inter-clausal pause duration and the pronoun's degree of prosodic prominence. They also completed a control interpretation task, wherein we analysed response preferences, to test the status of L1 attrition on anaphora resolution when sentences are not vocalized. Prominence patterns and pause features exhibited by the late bilinguals were compared to those shown by Italian and Swedish monolinguals investigated in a previous study in 2019. The results suggest L1 attrition to affect the use of prosodic cues in anaphora resolution. The attrition rate was influenced by length of residence (LoR): the longer the residence in the foreign language (FL) environment, the higher the probability of adaptation to the FL prominence patterns, for most of the prosodic cues.
Separation of Vowel Sequences by Consonant Addition in a Child's Bilingual Development
Authors: Babatsouli Elena
Published: January 2021

Studying infrequent variants in child developmental speech is insightful for language representation and processing. Phonological processes like anticipation and perseveration account for such productions in children. How children process such infrequent variants during development has not been fully explored. In particular, there is no study on the separation of within-word vowel sequences by consonant addition in monolingual or bilingual children. The present study investigates this in a bilingual child's phonological development in English and Greek, from age 2;7 to 3;9. Sufficient data were obtained for English diphthongs and hiatus and Greek hiatus. Results show that Greek, the stronger language by 1 MLU, interferes with perseverations in English between code-switched utterances. Such consonant additions, which are more frequent in the stronger language, decrease with age in both languages. While anticipation overall increases with age in both languages, within-word perseveration also increases. Word-position frequency of vowel sequences and of their added consonants in the words triggering them, as well as processing distance, are language and process (anticipation/perseveration) dependent. The results offer insights into error processing in child monolingual and bilingual speech.
The ‘transformative’ potential of translanguaging and other heteroglossic educational practices
Authors: Salaberry M. Rafael
Published: January 2021

Over the last few decades, there has been an increased awareness about imprecise, inaccurate and, thus, unfair conceptualisations of language based on monoglossic views of language that delegitimise the linguistic repertoire of multilingual minorities as is the case of heritage speakers of Spanish in the US or speakers of Lingua Franca English worldwide. At the same time, there are theoretical and educational proposals that offer new conceptualisations of multilingualism focused on the concept of heteroglossia, which, in contrast with monoglossic views, focuses our attention on the fluid and full use of all linguistic resources available to language learners/users as they engage in the process of interacting with their interlocutors. In the present paper, I describe an important challenge that compromises the valuable agenda of heteroglossic approaches to develop multilingualism: the effect of listeners’ biases and reverse linguistic stereotyping. That is, educational programmes designed to counteract the negative effect of monoglossic approaches to second language learning in general cannot adopt a segregationist approach (neither in their theoretical design nor in their practical implementation). To place this challenge in context, I describe in detail the specific example of Spanish heritage second language learners at the tertiary level of education in the US setting and I also provide a broad outline of potential improvements in the curricular design of such programmes.
Constructing multilingua franca scales
Authors: Makoni Busi
Published: January 2021

Using notions of scale and space, this study explores how Black African immigrants (BAIs) experience communication and negotiate, shape and reshape their social identities through language use in Johannesburg (South Africa) – a city characterised not only by complex multilingualism but also by quotidian violence. Drawing from qualitative interviews and group discussions, an analysis of BAIs’ metalinguistic discourses on their communicative practices as they move across spaces suggests that they view Johannesburg as a layered space characterised by dissimilar scales of interaction. Utilising negotiation strategies predicated on variegated scales, BAIs make space for home and host nation language varieties using forms that function as ‘multilingua francas,’ thereby resisting and unsettling the dominant local scales based on regimented ethnolinguistic boundaries.
The Influence of External Factors on Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises Activity
Authors: Ryabkov Ilya , Yashalova Natalya
Published: January 2021

A great deal of factors influence the state of industrial companies economic security. The purpose of the article is to determine the most significant external causes affecting the successful functioning of domestic metallurgical companies. Special research focus is on steel output scale and consumption, import and export activity of rolled metal products, macroeconomic indicators in leading steel manufactures countries, rolled metal and raw material price movement, natural monopolies rate, employment dynamics of the industry, and changes related to harmful emissions amount affecting the environment. The authors proposed to monitor these factors on a continuous basis which will allow notify of emerging threats and negative trends in various areas of economic activity of ferrous metallurgy enterprises, this will positively affect their economic security. The methods of induction, deduction, synthesis, comparative and contrastive analysis were used in this research, which allowed to identify the most significant problems concerning domestic ferrous metallurgy over the past decade.
Decolonising the university curriculum or decolonial-washing? A multiple case study
Authors: le Grange Lesley , du Preez Petro , Ramrathan Labby , Blignaut Sylvan
Published: January 2021

In this article, we report on four case studies of how higher education institutions have grappled with the demands of decolonisation of their curricula. In some respects, the cases differ in form and content, and the unique responses to decolonisation of each institution are described and analysed. An important similarity among the institutions was the use of extensive public lectures, seminars, and workshops as a common strategy to deal with the calls for the decolonising of curricula. The inquiry is motivated by our concern that some institutions, in an effort to comply, might resort to instrumentalist and quick-fix solutions to decolonise curricula, which result in decolonial-washing rather than substantive change. We discuss the following themes based on the data and literature: decolonial-washing; decolonising of curricula as a national project; political symbolism; and the need for complicated conversations. We also reflect on the methodology used in this study.
A casa dos avós: O papel do contacto com os avós nas perceções idadistas de crianças do ensino básico
Authors: Ribeiro Mariana , Reis Teresa , Marques Sibila , Mendonça Joana , Rodrigues Ricardo Borges , Gerardo Filomena
Published: January 2021

Existem evidências de que crianças a partir dos seis anos de idade já partilham a conceção paternalista das pessoas mais velhas como “simpáticas, mas incompetentes”. De forma inovadora, o presente trabalho visa estudar este tema no contexto português procurando explorar o papel da frequência e qualidade do contacto com os avós como uma via para a diminuição destas representações negativas. Para tal, 145 crianças do ensino básico (M = 12.14; SD = 0.81) responderam a um inquérito com o intuito de explorar a relação entre estas variáveis. De acordo com as hipóteses, os resultados revelaram um elevado grau de contacto com os avós e um efeito significativo da frequência e da qualidade do contacto na diminuição do idadismo face às pessoas idosas. Estes resultados são discutidos à luz das suas implicações para a teoria e intervenção neste domínio de relevância crucial no contexto demográfico atual.
O papel da personalidade e das estratégias de coping no investimento na aparência em jovens adultos
Authors: Claro Patrícia , Pinheiro Mota Catarina
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar o papel moderador das estratégias de coping na associação entre personalidade e investimento na aparência. A amostra foi constituída por 948 jovens adultos (327 do sexo masculino – 34.5 % e 621 do sexo feminino – 65.5 %), entre os 18 e os 30 anos (M = 21.76, DP = 3.31), tendo sido utilizados instrumentos de autorrelato, nomeadamente: Inventário de Personalidade NEO-FFI-20; COPE – Inventory; e o Inventário de Esquemas sobre a Aparência – Revisto (ASI-R). Os resultados apontam que a presença de traços de personalidade emocionalmente ajustados e estratégias de coping consideradas adaptativas têm um papel preditor positivo no investimento ajustado na aparência dos jovens (menor saliência auto-avaliativa). Constata-se ainda o efeito moderador das estratégias de coping adaptativas e não adaptativas na associação supracitada, revelando que apesar de traços de personalidade emocionalmente ajustados, na presença de baixas estratégias de coping adaptativas, a saliência auto-avaliativa aumenta.
A meta-synthesis about the study of men’s sexual behavior through the lens of hegemonic masculinity
Authors: Grave Rita , Teixeira Teresa , M. Teixeira Pedro , M. Marques António , Nogueira Conceição
Published: January 2021

The aim of this study is to understand how men experience sexual behavior in relation to dominant masculine norms in heteronormative social organizations. After a systematic search and a careful study selection process, we analyzed 15 scientific qualitative studies on men's sexual practices that draw on hegemonic masculinity. We then carried out a thematic synthesis of the results that collectively covered 438 male narratives ranging in age from 11 to 71. The results include (hetero)sex as a signifier of manhood, male sexual collectivity; sexual hierarchies; sexual risk; and the invisibility of sexual diversity. This meta-synthesis emphasizes the complex relationship between male sexuality and the influence of hegemonic masculinity, revealing important health and well-being effects on men. Also, this highlights a dynamic relationship that affects not only men but also their partners in sexual relationships.
Data Governance Maturity Level at the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia
Authors: Wulandari Sari Agustin
Published: January 2021

The National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI) as an institution given mandate to carry out state duty in the field of archives has vision as a pillar of good governance and nation’s collective memory. To implement it, the study of the grand design of the archival system arranged. That is very related to the data governance implementation. Therefore, ANRI needs to know the maturity level of the data governance function which had been held. The assessment was done by referring to the Stanford Data Governance Model. The result showed that data governance is still at an initial level. The foundational aspects are on an average of 1,2 which contains awareness, formalization, and metadata. While on project aspects are on average of 1,5 consisting of stewardship, data quality, and master data. In total, ANRI is at the level of 1,35. ANRI needs to make improvements for data management planning activities referring to Data Management Body of Knowledge (DMBOK) with a focus on people, policies, and capabilities dimensions in all aspects. This research is expected to be helpful for ANRI to make improvements corresponding to the recommendations thus ANRI could implement national data archival properly.
MEKANİK VENTİLATÖRDEKİ YENİDOĞAN BEBEĞİN BAKIMI
Authors: Özkeçeci Coşkun Fırat , Saygılı Karagöl Belma
Published: January 2021

Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitelerinde solunumun desteklenmesi amacıyla uygulanan mekanik ventilasyon mortalite ve morbidite üzerine etkili olan yöntemlerin başında gelmektedir. Solunumu desteklenen bebeklerin, mekanik ventilatör ile takibinde cilt bakımı, ağrı yönetimi, hava yolu güvenliğinin sağlanması, nemlendirme, vücut sıcaklığının korunması, beslenme, fizyoterapi konularında bakımı ve desteği tedavi sürecini etkileyen temel faktörleri oluşturmaktadır. Düzenli, dikkatli, yeterli daha da önemlisi uygun bakım yapılması mortalite ve morbidite oranlarını önemli oranda etkilemektedir. Bu yazıda yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde solunum desteğine ihtiyaç duyulan ve mekanik ventilatör ile solunumu desteklenen bebeklerin bakımındaki önemli noktalardan bahsedilecektir.
FEMUR PERİPROSTETİK KIRIK TEDAVİSİNDE YENİ TASARLANMIŞ U ÇİVİLİ PLAĞIN ETKİNLİLİĞİ; KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİYOMEKANİK ÇALIŞMA
Authors: Konya Mehmet Nuri , Korkusuz Feza , Altın Recep , Maralcan Gökhan , Demir Teyfik
Published: January 2021

AMAÇ: Osteoporozlu kemikte korteks medulla oranı azalmasına bağlı olarak vida ile tespitte yetersizlikler meydana gelmektedir. Periprostetik kırıkların tedavisinde plak-vida uygulamalarında termal nekroz, vida başında soğuk kaynak, gevşeme ve kemikte dolaşım bozukluğu görülebilir. Bu çalışmada yeni tasarladığımız U çivili plağın serklaj sistemleri ile karşılaştırılıp, periprostetik kırık tespitinde güvenle kullanılabileceğini test etmeyi amaçladık.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Testler laboratuvar koşullarda numunelerin yorulma sınırlarını belirleyerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. U çivili model, kablo serklaj sistemi ve hibrit sistem olarak 3 farklı model grubu test edilmiştir.BULGULAR: Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 1. gruba yorulma direnci en düşük iken, 2. ve 3. grup arasında anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar U çivili plak ve serklajla kombinasyonun sadece serklaj sistemine göre daha üstün olduğu görülmüştür.SONUÇ: Yeni geliştirilen U çivili plak sistemi sadece serklaj uygulanarak kırık fiksasyonundan daha etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Periprostetik kırıklarda yeni implantın kullanımı biyomekanik olarak güvenlidir ancak uzun dönem klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
The Economic Burden of Cancer in Iran during 1995-2019: A Systematic Review
Authors: REZAPOUR Aziz , NARGESI Shahin , MEZGINEJAD Fateme , RASHKI KEMMAK Asma , BAGHERZADEH Rafat
Published: January 2021

Background: Cancer is the third cause of death following cardiovascular disease and accidents, in Iran. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the economic burden of cancer studies in Iran.
Methods: This systematic review examined the types of direct medical and non-medical costs and indirect costs in cancer patients and includes studies in English and Persian that were reviewed in Scopus, Web of science, SID, Iranmedex, Magiran and databases of Medline, etc., from 1995-2019.
Results: Twenty-one articles were included. Most studies have examined the direct costs of all types of cancers. The articles reviewed different types of cancer, such as prostate cancer (n=2), colorectal cancer (n=2), breast cancer (n=4), gastric cancer (n=2), oral and pharyngeal cancer (n=1), lung cancer (n=3), and blood cancer (n=4). The great number of studies were related to the gastrointestinal, breast and blood cancers. The gastrointestinal (gastric and colorectal) and breast cancer had the major economic burden than others.
Conclusion: It is necessary that special attention to patients, supportive measures to reduce the share of costs, and more budget allocation for prevention, screening and early detection being at priorities in the health system planning.
Prevalence and Predictive Factors for Nosocomial Infection in the Military Hospitals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: TEYMOURZADEH Ehsan , BAHADORI Mohamadkarim , FATTAHI Hamed , RAHDAR Hossein Ali , MIRZAEI MOGHADAM Sima , SHOKRI Azad
Published: January 2021

Background: To assess prevalence and predictive factors for Nosocomial Infection (NI) in the military hospitals.
Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and PreQuest databases were systematically searched for studies published between Jan 1991 and Oct 2017 that reported the prevalence of NI and predictive factors among military hospitals. We performed the meta-analysis using a random effects model. Subgroup analysis was done for heterogeneity and the Egger test to funnel plots was used to assess publication bias.
Results: Twenty-eight studies with 250,374 patients were evaluated in meta-analysis. The overall pooled estimate of the prevalence of NI was 8% (95% 6.0–9.0). The pooled prevalence was 2% (95% CI: 2.0–3.0) when we did sensitivity analysis and excluding a study. The prevalence was highest in burn unit (32%) and ICU (15%). Reported risk factors for NI included gender (male vs female, OR: 1.45), age (Age≥65, OR: 2.4), diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.32), inappropriate use of antibiotics (OR: 2.35), received mechanical support (OR: 2.81), co-morbidities (OR: 2.97), admitted into the ICU (OR: 2.26), smoking (OR: 1.36) and BMI (OR: 1.09).
Conclusion: The review revealed a difference of prevalence in military hospitals with other hospitals and shows a high prevalence of NI in burn units. Therefore careful disinfection and strict procedures of infection control are necessary in places that serve immunosuppressed individuals such as burn patient. Moreover, a vision for the improvement of reports and studies in military hospitals to report the rate of these infections are necessary.
Effects of Midwifery Care on Mode of Delivery, Duration of Labor and Postpartum Hemorrhage of Elderly Parturients
Authors: ZHOU Yuefang , YANG Chunping
Published: January 2021

Background: We aimed to explore the influence of midwifery care on the mode of delivery (MOD), duration of labor and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) of elderly parturients.
Methods: A total of 165 elderly parturients admitted to Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, China from May 2018 to Aug 2019 were allocated into a study group (n=85, midwifery care) and a control group (n=80, conventional nursing care). Visual analogue scale (VAS) was employed to estimate the pain of parturients, and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were employed to evaluate the anxiety and depression status. The satisfaction of patients on nursing care was scored by a self-made satisfaction questionnaire.
Results: The parturients in the study group presented higher spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) rate (P < 0.05), and had shortened duration of first and second stages of labor and total duration of labor (P < 0.05). The incidence of both PPH and neonatal asphyxia in the study group was lower than that in the control group (both P < 0.05). The VAS, SAS and SDS scores in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the patients’ satisfaction in the study group was significantly higher (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Midwifery care is effective for the delivery of elderly parturients, which significantly improves VSD rate, shortens duration of labor, reduces incidence of PPH and neonatal asphyxia, as well as relives labor pain, anxiety and depression, and increases satisfaction of parturients.
Biochemical Mechanism of Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae s.l in Nigeria
Authors: YUSUF Mustapha Ahmed , VATANDOOST Hassan , OSHAGHI Mohammad Ali , HANAFI-BOJD Ahmad Ali , MANU Abdulsalam Yayo , ENAYATI Ahmadali , ADO Abduljalal , ABDULLAHI Alhassan Sharrif , JALO Rabiu Ibrahim , FIRDAUSI Abubakar
Published: January 2021

Background: Malaria is a parasitic vector-borne disease endemic in the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the current activities of the detoxification enzymes in resistant and susceptible Anopheles gambiae s.l. in northern Nigeria.
Methods: Anopheles larvae were collected from northeast and northwestern Nigeria between Aug and Nov 2018. Biochemical analyses was carried out on the mosquitoes exposed to various insecticides (deltamethrin, DDT, bendiocarb, malathion) to measure and compare the enzymatic activities of the major detoxification enzymes (P450, GSTs, Esterase).
Results: High levels of resistance was observed; DDT 37%-53% (95%, CI: 29-61), bendiocarb 44%-55% (CI: 39- 60) and deltamethrin 74%-82% (CI: 70-86). However, these mosquitoes were found to be susceptible to malathion 99%-100% (CI: 98-100). The P450 and GSTs enzymes were found to be elevated in the resistant mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin (1.0240±0.1902); (1.3088±1.2478), DDT (1.7703±1.4528); (1.7462±0.9418) and bendiocarb (1.1814±0.0918); (1.4479±1.0083) compared to the Kisumu strain (0.764±0.4226); (0.6508±0.6542), (0.3875±0.3482); (0.4072±0.4916) and (0.6672±0.3949); (0.7126±0.7259) at P<0.05. Similarly, the resistant mosquitoes expressed increased activity to esterase (0.7606±1.1477), (0.3269±1.1957) and (2.8203±0.6488) compared to their susceptible counterpart (0.6841±0.7597), (0.7032±0.5380) and (0.6398±0.4159) at P<0.05. The enzyme ratio was found to be: P450 (1.341, 4.568 and 1.77); GSTs (2.011, 4.288 and 2.031); Esterases (1.111, 0.469 and 4.408). One way Anova and single sample t-test were also conducted to determine the effect of the enzymes on the resistant and susceptible strains.
Conclusion: High level of insecticide resistance was observed with significant elevation of detoxification enzymes activities in the resistant mosquitoes.
Specific Differentially Methylated and Expressed Genes in People with Longevity Family History
Authors: LI Chunhong , NONG Qingqing , GUAN Bin , HE Haoyu , ZHANG Zhiyong
Published: January 2021

Background: We attempt to identify specific differentially methylated and expressed genes in people with longevity family history, it will contribute to discover significant features about human longevity.
Methods: A prevalence study was conducted during October 2017 to January 2019 in Bama County of Guangxi, China and individuals were recruited and grouped into longevity family (n=60) and non-longevity family (n=60) to identify differentially methylated genes (DMGs). The expression profile dataset GSE16717 was downloaded from the GEO database in which individuals were divided into 3 groups, namely longevity (n=50), longevity offspring (n=50) and control (n=50) for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs). It was considered significantly different when P or adjusted P0.05.
Results: In total, 117 longevity-related hypermethylated genes enriched in interleukin secretion/production regulation, chemokine signaling pathway and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Another 296 significant key longevity-related DEGs primarily involved in protein binding, nucleus, cytoplasm, T cell receptor signaling pathway and Metabolic pathway, H19 and PFKFB4 were found to be both methylated and downregulated in people with longevity family history.
Conclusion: Human longevity-specific genes involve in many immunity regulations and cellular immunity pathways, H19 and PFKFB4 show hypermethylated and suppressed status in people with longevity family history and might serve as longevity candidate genes.
Comparison of the Risk for Peripheral Vertigo between Physicians and the General Population
Authors: HUANG Wei-Ta , LIN Hung-Jung , FENG I-Jung , HSU Chien-Chin , WANG Jhi-Joung , HUANG Chien-Cheng , SU Shih-Bin
Published: January 2021

Background: Because of the limited information available regarding peripheral vertigo (PV) in physicians, we conducted this study to clarify this issue.
Methods: We used Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to identify 26,309 physicians and an identical number of general population matched by age and sex. All the participants who had PV before 2007 and residents were excluded. By tracing their medical histories between 2007 and 2013, comparisons of PV risk between physicians and general population and among physicians were performed.
Results: Physicians had a significantly lower PV risk than the general population (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.811; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.662–0.994). In comparison among physicians, otolaryngologists had a significantly higher PV risk than other specialties. Physicians who were older or served in local hospitals or clinics had a significantly higher PV risk than physicians in medical centers.
Conclusion: Physicians had a significantly lower PV risk than the general population. Better medical knowledge in physicians than in the general population may explain the findings; however, further studies are warranted for elucidating the detailed mechanisms.
Hepatitis E Virus Infection in a Northern Mexican City: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study
Authors: ALVARADO-ESQUIVEL Cosme , SANDOVAL-CARRILLO Ada Agustina , SALAS-PACHECO José Manuel , ANTUNA-SALCIDO Elizabeth Irasema , CASTRO-MARTÍNEZ Karla Sujey , ORTIZ-MONTAÑO Diana Stephanie , BERISTAIN-GARCIA Isabel , RAMOS-NEVAREZ Agar , SIFUENTES-ALVAREZ Antonio , RÁBAGO-SÁNCHEZ Elizabeth , CERRILLO-SOTO Sandra Margarita , CONTRERAS-CISNEROS Edith
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
A Case Report of Non-Herpetic Limbic Encephalitis with Psychological Symptoms and Parkinsonism
Authors: IMATAKA George , YOSHIHARA Shigemi
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Neurorehabilitation, the Practical Method of Returning to Work after Stroke
Authors: MORADI Vahide , MAFI Hossein , SHARIAT Ardalan , CLELAND Joshua A. , NAKHOSTIN ANSARI Noureddin , SAVARI Sahar
Published: January 2021

The article's abstract is not available.
Risk Factors Associated with Lost to Follow up Among Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis Patients Registered for Treatment in Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Sites of Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Kanwal Shamsa , Akhtar Abdul Majeed
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Pakistan, a country with a 27 high burden countries of multidrug resistance tuberculosis. To predict the associated risk factors and proportion of loss to follow up among MDR-TB patients treated at PMDT sites of Punjab from 2017 to 2019.
Methodology: This case control study based on the standardized reporting and recording case record forms called as Electronic Nominal Review System (ENRS) of National TB Control Program, Pakistan. A logistic regression model was used to assess risk factors of lost to follow up MDR-TB patients.
Results: A total of 539 patients with MDR-TB were included in the final analysis. Among them, 207 patients (7.5%) had lost to follow up outcome at the end of the study. MDR-TB lost to follow up patients were more likely to report older age (AOR: 1.40, CI: 1.14-1.71, p=0.000), history of lost to follow up from first line drugs treatment (AOR: 0.39, CI: 0.28-0.56, p=0.000), co-morbid (AOR:1.54, CI: 1.24-1.91, p=0.000), adverse reaction of second line drugs (AOR: 0.45, CI: 0.37-0.56, p=0.000), long distance between patient’s home and PMDT site (AOR: 0.68, CI: 0.52-0.89, p=0.001).
Conclusion: The history of lost to follow up from first line drugs treatment, co-morbid, older age and long distance were independent risk factors of MDR-TB. Proper training for PMDT sites staff, friendly follow up services and psychological counseling may help to reduce lost to follow up.
Epidemiological Study of Mortality Caused by Road Accidents in the Intensive Care Unit of Besat Educational-medical Hospital in Hamadan
Authors: Azami Hiva , Maleki Jamasbi Mehrdad , Mohammadpour Bayati Mina , Bakhtiari Zahra , Mohammadpour Bayati Shiva , Amiri Bonyad Sajjad
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Road accidents are one of the causes of death and it's important to investigate the epidemiological indicators in this context. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological causes of road accident mortality in the intensive care unit of Besat Educational-medical Hospital in Hamadan during Nowruz Holidays 2018.
Material and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data of the patients died for 13 days in Nowruz Holidays in the intensive care unit of Besat Hospital in Hamadan, by census method, was extracted from the medical records of patients by using a checklist from a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and SPSS 21 software.
Results: Of the 28 Patient admitted to the intensive care unit,16 patients died. Most deaths were in the third decade of life, among single men, with a self-employment job, with diploma education level or cycle education level, with more than 10 days of hospitalization and in the night shift. Based on the results, most of the dead persons were rider (81.25%), suffered head trauma (50%), with head surgery (56.25%), without any underlying illness (93.75%) and without successful experience of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (87.5%). There were no statistically significant differences between the variables and mortality rate (P value > 0/05).
Conclusion: Young single men with low level of education are a wide range of road accidents victims. Therefore, it seems it's necessary to reduce mortality from these accidents, health planning such as traffic culture training and driving rules, by using social media, should focus on learning and improving the level of community awareness, especially in this group of people.
Thorax Gunshot and Sharp Cutting Tool Injuries: For 5 Months Nyala Experiences
Authors: SEZER Hüseyin Fatih , DAYANIR Hakan
Published: January 2021

Background: The two most common causes of penetrating thoracic trauma are firearm injuries and injuries by sharpened cutting tool. Penetrating thoracic injuries are risk factors for high mortality and morbidity, so they need to be diagnosed correctly and timely in order to perform an effective intervention. In this study, patients with penetrating thoracic trauma were treated through surgical intervention accompanying minimal morbidity–mortality  compared to literature, even though they were admitted relatively late. Methods: In this retrospective study, 29 gunshot and stab wounds penetrating thoracic trauma patients were admitted to the emergency department of Nyala Sudan Turkey Education and Research Hospital between April and September 2018. Results: Of the 29 patients, 7 (24.13%) were gunshot injuries and 22 (75.86%) were injured with a sharp cutting tool. While 13 of the cases (44.82%) were admitted on the day the incident took place, 5 of them (17.24%) were post-traumatic first day of the admission, 9 of them (31.03%) were post-traumatic day 2, whereas 1 of them (3.44%) was post-traumatic the third day of admission. Finally, 14 patients (48.28%) were followed-up conservatively without tube thoracostomy, while 15 patients (51.72%) underwent tube thoracostomy in follow-up. No patient was operated for penetrant trauma. Mortality was not seen. Conclusion: Patients with penetrating thoracic trauma were treated by surgical interventions accompanying minimal morbidity–mortality even though they were admitted relatively late to healthcare facilities.
Key words:  penetrating thoracic injuries, sharp cutting tool, gunshot
Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Sudan: Coronaviruses Unveil the Concealed Venues
Authors: M Y Elmadhoun Wadie , Abuzeid Nadir , Bedri Shahinaz , Ahmed M H
Published: January 2021

Establishing the diagnosis of viral diseases often needs sophisticated settings, equipment, expertise, and strict laboratory methods.  In Sudan, as in most developing countries, viral diseases are mostly diagnosed by clinical presentation. As most viral infections are self-limiting and there is no specific treatment for most of them, laboratory diagnosis has not been a focus for improvement, particularly in public sector until the current pandemic of COVID-19. During this pandemic, the vital need for well-equipped clinical virology laboratories is urged. The aim of this work is to highlight the various diagnostic methods and to describe the current situation of clinical virology diagnostics in Sudan.
INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES OF NEPAL: A STUDY OF PREVENTION BARRIERS AND PRESERVATION STRATEGIES
Authors: Pun Min , Gurung Kamal
Published: January 2021

Purpose of the study: In Nepal, indigenous languages are in danger of disappearing and if the situation does not improve, the dying trend will continue to increase in the future. Thus, this paper aims to explore barriers to indigenous language activities and strategies for revitalizing these dying languages of Nepal.

Methodology: To address this objective, the study adopted the qualitative research method, using the data collected from the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and secondary sources such as the existing literature through print and online sources. The results were presented thematically and discussed for qualitative analysis.

Main findings: The overall results of the study indicated that an inclusive language policy should be adopted by the government to accommodate indigenous languages of Nepal, indigenous language communities should be encouraged by the government to insist on speaking their languages, and language communities are also required to collaborate with the government to address the issues related to improving the preservation and promotion of indigenous languages of Nepal.

Applications of this study: The outcome of this particular research can be a beneficial act for engaging indigenous communities of Nepal in language revival and protecting threatened languages from extinction. It is the responsibility of the researchers that are expected by each of various indigenous language communities in particular and the Nepali society at large.

Novelty/Originality of this Study: Indigenous languages are often considered by many as 'heritage languages' and are used to describe languages that are often in the endangered list. No studies are found on the use of indigenous languages and language revival efforts in the study area such as barriers that prevented indigenous language groups from participating in language activities and ways that can preserve and promote such dying languages in the study area.