bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-dependent radiation hydrodynamics on a moving mesh
Authors: Chang Philip , Davis Shane W , Jiang(姜燕飞) Yan-Fei
Published: February 2020

We describe the structure and implementation of a radiation hydrodynamic solver for manga, the moving-mesh hydrodynamics module of the large-scale parallel code, Charm N-body GrAvity solver (changa). We solve the equations of time-dependent radiative transfer (RT) using a reduced speed of light approximation following the algorithm of Jiang et al. By writing the RT equations as a generalized conservation equation, we solve the transport part of these equations on an unstructured Voronoi mesh. We then solve the source part of the RT equations following Jiang et al. using an implicit solver, and couple this to the hydrodynamic equations. The use of an implicit solver ensures reliable convergence and preserves the conservation properties of these equations even in situations where the source terms are stiff due to the small coupling time-scales between radiation and matter. We present the results of a limited number of test cases (energy conservation, momentum conservation, dynamic diffusion, linear waves, crossing beams, and multiple shadows) to show convergence with analytic results and numerical stability. We also show that it produces qualitatively the correct results in the presence of multiple sources in the optically thin case.
The UV surface habitability of Proxima b: first experiments revealing probable life survival to stellar flares
Authors: Abrevaya X C , Leitzinger M , Oppezzo O J , Odert P , Patel M R , Luna G J M , Forte Giacobone A F , Hanslmeier A
Published: February 2020

We use a new interdisciplinary approach to study the UV surface habitability of Proxima b under quiescent and flaring stellar conditions. We assumed planetary atmospheric compositions based on CO2 and N2 and surface pressures from 100 to 5000 mbar. Our results show that the combination of these atmospheric compositions and pressures provide enough shielding from the most damaging UV wavelengths, expanding the ‘UV-protective’ planetary atmospheric compositions beyond ozone. Additionally, we show that the UV radiation reaching the surface of Proxima b during quiescent conditions would be negligible from the biological point of view, even without an atmosphere. Given that high UV fluxes could challenge the existence of life, then, we experimentally tested the effect that flares would have on microorganisms in a ‘worst case scenario’ (no UV-shielding). Our results show the impact that a typical flare and a superflare would have on life: when microorganisms receive very high fluences of UVC, such as those expected to reach the surface of Proxima b after a typical flare or a superflare, a fraction of the population is able to survive. Our study suggests that life could cope with highly UV irradiated environments in exoplanets under conditions that cannot be found on Earth.
Sparse Epistatic Patterns in the Evolution of Terpene Synthases
Authors: Ballal Aditya , Laurendon Caroline , Salmon Melissa , Vardakou Maria , Cheema Jitender , Defernez Marianne , O’Maille Paul E , Morozov Alexandre V
Published: February 2020

We explore sequence determinants of enzyme activity and specificity in a major enzyme family of terpene synthases. Most enzymes in this family catalyze reactions that produce cyclic terpenes—complex hydrocarbons widely used by plants and insects in diverse biological processes such as defense, communication, and symbiosis. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of emergence of terpene cyclization, we have carried out in-depth examination of mutational space around (E)-β-farnesene synthase, an Artemisia annua enzyme which catalyzes production of a linear hydrocarbon chain. Each mutant enzyme in our synthetic libraries was characterized biochemically, and the resulting reaction rate data were used as input to the Michaelis–Menten model of enzyme kinetics, in which free energies were represented as sums of one-amino-acid contributions and two-amino-acid couplings. Our model predicts measured reaction rates with high accuracy and yields free energy landscapes characterized by relatively few coupling terms. As a result, the Michaelis–Menten free energy landscapes have simple, interpretable structure and exhibit little epistasis. We have also developed biophysical fitness models based on the assumption that highly fit enzymes have evolved to maximize the output of correct products, such as cyclic products or a specific product of interest, while minimizing the output of byproducts. This approach results in nonlinear fitness landscapes that are considerably more epistatic. Overall, our experimental and computational framework provides focused characterization of evolutionary emergence of novel enzymatic functions in the context of microevolutionary exploration of sequence space around naturally occurring enzymes.
Frank Furness
Authors: Thomas George E.
Published: February 2020

Frank Furness (12 November 1839–27 June 1912) took an original course that accelerated the transformation of American architecture from an art rooted in the past to one that responded to the rapidly changing materials, technologies, and circumstances of the Industrial Age. After study in New York in the atelier of Richard Morris Hunt, Furness served as an officer in the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry, winning the Medal of Honor in the largest cavalry battle of the Civil War at Trevilian Station, Virginia, in 1864. Furness entered practice when a new generation, arising from the city’s industrial culture, had taken control of Philadelphia’s economy and institutions. Its leaders, many from the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, proposed to hold an international exhibition in Philadelphia, ostensibly to celebrate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence, but with the larger goal of representing to the nation and the world the extraordinary innovations in modern design initiated in Philadelphia. When the Centennial Exhibition opened in May 1876, Furness had already completed half a dozen banks in the downtown area, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and two religious buildings in the institutional center as well as numerous houses scattered across the elite residential district, a bank, and various pavilions at the fair. Those buildings introduced him to Centennial Exhibition visitors from both the United States and abroad. During more than forty years of practice, Furness and his various offices (Fraser, Furness & Hewitt; Furness & Hewitt, Frank Furness; Furness & Evans; Furness, Evans & Co.) produced designs for nearly 800 projects, the vast majority of which were built. Some 200 were commissioned by the nation’s largest railroads, including the Philadelphia and Reading, the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. By the end of the century, Furness found himself largely excluded from the professional narrative as architects working from historical models found his ahistorical work inscrutable. Furness introduced the literature of family friends, Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson, to the young architects working in his office, including Louis Sullivan (b. 1856–d. 1924), William L. Price (b. 1861–d. 1916), and George Howe (b. 1886–d. 1955). George Howe, who, like Sullivan and Price, shared the experience of the Furness office, laid out an American genealogy for modern architecture in his essay “What Is This Modern Architecture Trying to Express?” (1930) that included “Wright, Sullivan, and Price.” These architects and their students, from Irving Gill to Louis Kahn, carried on the discipline found in Furness’s architecture into our own time.
Henry Hobson Richardson
Authors: Ochsner Jeffrey Karl
Published: February 2020

Henry Hobson Richardson (b. 1838–d. 1886) is considered one of the most important American architects of the nineteenth century. His achievements were celebrated during his lifetime and publications addressing his life and work have appeared almost continuously since his death. The second American architect to attend the École des Beaux Arts, his early designs show the influence of the contemporary Gothic Revival and Second Empire styles, but, about 1870, he began moving in an independent direction, creating a free interpretation of Romanesque precedents. Trinity Church, Boston, a Romanesque Revival design completed in 1877, brought Richardson national recognition and shaped his career as it led him to move from New York to Brookline, a suburb of Boston. Although most of his work is in New England and New York, as his fame grew he received commissions in Washington, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, and Wyoming. In his later projects he often reduced historical references, emphasized the qualities of materials, and moved toward simplification of form to produce masterpieces, such as the Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail in Pittsburgh and the Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago. His projects also included emerging building types, such as small railroad passenger stations and free public libraries. His country houses catalyzed the development of the shingle style. Richardson was not a solitary genius. He engaged personally with a wide circle of friends and clients. In his last years, his office grew to a staff of approximately twenty. Following his early death, his leading apprentices continued the practice as Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge. Richardson’s contemporaries understood his achievement in different ways, so his influence led in multiple directions. Unlike other leading architects, Richardson rarely wrote about his intentions, so scholars have presented his work through varying interpretive frameworks.
Ancient Architecture and Urbanism in Western Europe (pre-Roman, Roman)
Authors: Frakes James F. D.
Published: February 2020

Looking into the architecture and urbanism of a particular geographic section of the vast Roman Empire makes sense, both because of the great diversity of cultures that preceded Roman conquest in all those territories and because social and economic conditions varied region by region. This bibliography covers the 2nd century bce to the turn of the 4th century ce. The fields that explore issues of Roman architecture over the last century have moved from questions that presuppose a central coordinated authority that meant to produce empire-wide unity, with architecture being a key visualization of Roman power, to questions that look more carefully for local motives and adaptations that emerged from the confrontation with Roman power. Similarly, analysis of Roman urban patterns have moved over the decades from inquiries that presuppose an underlying homogeneity in the ritual underpinnings of city planning (and the economic systems that sustained them) to questions of how topography, religion, and local status structures both caused and resulted from regional adaptations. This bibliography presents studies drawn mainly from the 1980s to the present with an intention to introduce key texts that have shaped and summarized the fields. After a brief bibliography of sources for pre-Roman urbanism in the west, there are presented a variety of works that study subregions: specifically, the three Iberian provinces of Taraconnensis, Beatica, and Lusitania; the four Gallic provinces of Narbonensis, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, and Belgica; the two Germanic provinces of Germania Inferior and Superior; and the province of Britannia. Roman architecture in Italy and in the provinces of western North Africa, the Danube region, and the eastern empire are the subjects of other bibliographies in this series. After these regional treatments come two bibliographies that approach the subject differently; the first listing studies of particular building types in the western provinces, and the second offering archaeological syntheses of specific Roman cities or sites. Finally, a concise list of major periodicals and online resources pertinent to the subject is appended.
Adolf Loos
Authors: Long Christopher
Published: February 2020

Adolf Loos (b. 1870–d. 1933) was one of the key figures in the early history of modern architecture and design. He was a seminal thinker and practitioner who, through his executed projects and writings, shaped the forms of, and the discussions about, modernism in his time and long afterward. Loos practiced principally in Vienna, where he lived for much of his life, and in Paris, where he resided from 1924 to 1928. But most of his completed works—buildings and interiors—were executed in Czechoslovakia, especially in Prague, Pilsen, and his native Brno. Loos is now known for the extraordinary buildings, most of them single-family houses, he designed in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. These houses explored new possibilities of spatial manipulation in the form of what his assistant Heinrich Kulka first described as the Raumplan: the idea of employing interlocking spaces of differing heights and on different levels. Loos insisted that his Raumplan concept was fundamentally about ways to foster spatial economy, redeeming space from less important rooms and transferring it to more important public areas, This, however, was not always the case. At times, indeed, Loos’s purported spatial calculus provided no spatial dividend at all. Loos’s Haus am Michaelerplatz (Looshaus), for the tailor firm Goldman and Salatsch (1909–1911), the house for Dadaist Tristan Tzara in Paris (1924–1925), the Villa Moller in Vienna (1926–1928), and the Villa Müller in Prague (1928–1930) are the most important realized examples of his Raumplan idea. Loos is perhaps even more significant for his theoretical writings, many of them controversial in his day and that still elicit impassioned responses. He is most celebrated (or reviled) for his 1910 essay “Ornament and Crime.” The piece is frequently read as a full assault on ornament and a call for its wholesale rejection. Yet Loos’s plea was more nuanced, and the piece is a sophisticated argument about modern culture and its meanings. What set Loos apart from most of his fellow modernists was his unwillingness to engage in a complete rejection of past forms and traditions. Loos viewed architecture—and the broader cultural developments from which it issued—as an evolutionary process. Objects and ideas from history, he believed, retained their validity as long as they still had meaning and use in the present.
Bronze-Age Cycladic/Minoan Architecture
Authors: McEnroe John
Published: February 2020

The study of Bronze Age Crete and the Cyclades is a relatively new academic discipline. The first serious archaeological investigations on Crete and on the Cycladic island of Melos began only in the years around 1900, but scholars got off to a fast start. By the time of the First World War, Greek, European, and American excavators had already uncovered vast sections of ancient cities and towns. In some of the larger ancient cities in Crete, they found distinctive monumental palaces that consisted of various specialized quarters grouped around a rectangular central court. In the outlying neighborhoods and in the smaller towns, they came across elaborate “villas” along with more modest houses, shrines, cemeteries, and other urban amenities. After only a few years of work, Arthur Evans, the excavator of the so-called Palace of Minos at Knossos, devised a system that divided the Bronze Age up into three main phases, Early, Middle, and Late. This system still provides the basis for understanding historical developments in the Bronze-Age Aegean particularly for the study of pottery and other artifacts. Increasingly a roughly parallel tripartite system is being used for the architecture of Minoan Crete, using the terms Prepalatial (ca. 3000–1900 bce), Protopalatial (ca. 1900–1700 bce), and Postpalatial (ca. 1400–1100 bce). These two chronological systems are discussed more fully later. Initially the emerging scholarship was somewhat uncomfortably grafted onto the publication outlets that already existed for the archaeology of classical Greece. Eventually new journals devoted specifically to the study of the Bronze Age began to appear. These new journals are supplemented by a number of specialized monograph series along with volumes devoted to international colloquia and workshops. From about 1970 to the present, Aegean studies has tended to shift its focus to include more scientific investigations as well as studies grounded in anthropological theory and, most recently, we have seen widespread use of digital technology. Such shifts have allowed the field to continue to thrive. The list of sites continues to grow. Indeed, the recent pace of excavations rivals the dramatic burst of activity launched by the pioneers of Aegean studies a century ago, and the number of important scholarly publications has grown even more dramatically.
Ornament in Europe: From Antiquity to the Twentieth Century
Authors: van Eck Caroline
Published: February 2020

In this article ornament is defined as a decorative feature of objects and buildings, whereas decoration is used in the sense of the deployment of such forms, features, or shapes. Since ornament as it developed in Europe rests on a very particular set of definitions about its nature, and on the relation between the ornament and what is decorated by it, which are certainly not universal, this entry does not consider varieties of ornament developed in other parts of the world. Nevertheless, it does include scholarship on European ornament that originated in studies of ornament from other parts of the world, in particular from Islamic art history. The entry does not aim to give a historical overview of the development of ornament designs; rather, it treats theories of ornament and its historical development. Hence, the comparatively large space devoted to the 19th century, as this is the period in which the study of ornament took off on an unprecedented scale, partly as a result of the arrival of artifacts from all over the world in Europe, the development of global systems of classification in linguistics and anthropology, and the use of ornament in design disciplines as a marker of style and identity.
Pauline Chronology
Authors: Reasoner Mark
Published: February 2020

Pauline chronology, the chronological framework in which Paul’s life and letters are situated, is a significant prolegomenon for the interpretation of his letters and the book of Acts that prompts study for several reasons. First, readers of Paul’s letters inevitably construct a life story through which to read the letters, since humans learn through narrative. Second, the Christian idea of incarnation drives Scripture readers to connect its narratives with “real” places and dates in our world. Thus, New Testament readers feel compelled to work out an absolute chronology of Paul’s life, which dates his letters in relation to dates and events from the outside world of the 1st century. Third, questions arise from the book of Acts, which in its second half follows Paul exclusively. Did the events in Acts really happen? Did the author of Acts, who sometimes uses “we” pronouns when describing Paul’s travels (16:10–17; 20:5–21:18; 27:1–28:16), really accompany Paul? How is Acts related to the letters of Paul? Fourth, questions arise within Paul’s letters that beg for a chronology. There are enough differences in Paul’s letters to demand that one form at least a relative chronology of Paul’s life to ascertain the sequence of the letters’ composition. Paul sent a letter to the churches in Galatia and collected money from them (Galatians 1:2; 1 Corinthians 16:1), but it is unclear exactly where these churches were located and when Paul founded them. The letters of 1 and 2 Corinthians prompt readers to reconstruct a chronology of Paul’s visits and communication with the church in Corinth. The Pastoral Epistles, 1–2 Timothy and Titus, appear to come from a different voice than Paul’s other letters, but adjustments in Pauline chronology allow some to situate this difference within Paul’s lifetime. In this bibliography, adjectives “Acts-friendly” or “Acts-receptive” mean that the interpreter is relying on Acts as providing valid historiographical data for chronology. “Acts-critical” or “Acts-cautious” mean that the interpreter has heeded the most influential piece in this bibliography, John Knox’s seminal book, Chapters in a Life of Paul, which takes seriously and popularizes the skepticism of F. C. Bauer (1792–1860) toward the historical value of Acts. Knox’s book calls for New Testament readers to reconstruct Pauline chronology primarily from Paul’s letters. Knox thus challenges all New Testament readers to make deliberate arguments for the regard they give to Acts when responding to questions of Pauline chronology.
Pier delle Vigne
Authors: Shepard Laurie
Published: February 2020

The most powerful official in the court of Emperor Frederick II (1194–1250), Petrus de Vinea or Pier delle Vigne (b. c. 1190–d. 1240) served as judge, diplomat, chancellor, and polemicist, as well as familiaris, or personal advisor to the emperor. A master of the high style of prose, Pier and his colleagues created a political language charged with the majesty and mystery of sovereignty that would remain influential until the early 15th century. The life of Pier delle Vigne before he joined the Magna Curia is largely unknown. His presence in the imperial chancery is first documented in 1224 when he is listed as an imperial court judge (magne imperialis curie iudex), although he entered the service of the emperor in 1221 as “notarius,” an official whose duties were more similar to those of a modern lawyer. Scholars continue to debate Pier’s participation in the composition of important documents from his early years in the chancery, including the proclamation on the origins of princely power in the Proemium to the Liber Augustalis (1231), Frederick’s code of laws for the kingdom. In the 1230s, Pier served as ambassador, representing imperial interests in missions to Pope Gregory IX in 1232 and to England in 1234, where he negotiated the marriage of Frederick and Isabella, sister of King Henry III, and was made an English citizen. Between 1236 and 1248, he was the principal author of important imperial letters and propaganda manifestos, documents that served as powerful political instruments intended to sway public opinion in favor of the imperial cause. In 1243 Pier identifies himself as imperial protonotary, or head of the imperial chancery, and logothete, or spokesman of the kingdom of Sicily, and, as such, Pier’s power was second only to that of the emperor. All concessions by the emperor, negotiations, political statements, and financial matters passed through his hands. His precipitous downfall remains a mystery but is generally explained as punishment for embezzlement and corruption of justice for personal gain. Branded a traitor by the emperor, Pier was arrested in Cremona in 1249 and transported to San Miniato, where Frederick ordered that he be blinded and where he died. In a letter to Count Richard of Caserta, Frederick condemns Pier’s avarice. Today Pier is remembered as Dante’s tortured thornbush in the wood of the suicides, where his soul speaks of an illustrious and loyal career cut short by the envy of other courtiers.
Environmental Health
Authors: Miller Mark F. , Chandler Kelly J. , Birnbaum Linda S.
Published: February 2020

Each day people are exposed to a wide variety of agents and stressors that have the potential to impact human health and well-being. Environmental health is the study of those environmental factors and how they may contribute to human health and disease. An individual’s environment is one of the most important contributors to one’s overall wellness and quality of life. Environmental factors play a role in at least 85 percent of all human diseases. More importantly, an individual’s environment is the most easily modified aspect of one’s overall health. Understanding the impact of the external environment, how it interacts with biological processes, and what can be done to eliminate or mitigate negative effects provides better protection for human populations from deleterious health outcomes. Traditionally, science has looked at environmental factors by using a risk-based approach. In this model, information on an agent’s potential to cause harm, as depicted by a dose-response relationship for a given adverse effect, is integrated with an individual’s potential to be exposed to that hazard in order to characterize the likelihood and severity of health risk. As we move into a new era of environmental-health research, scientists are thinking about environmental impacts on human health in new ways. It’s no longer as simple as “the dose makes the poison,” where high doses of a chemical are bad and lower doses are not as bad. While there are still many instances of high-concentration exposures to toxic heavy metals, pesticides, or other substances, a new understanding of how low-level exposures contribute to the development of common disorders such as diabetes, developmental delays, and other modern epidemics is changing the traditional paradigm of toxicology. Timing of exposure during fetal and early-childhood development, mixture effects from combined exposures, impacts on genetic and epigenetic gene regulation, and individual human susceptibilities can result in increased disease incidence or severity. Further, these effects are seen not only in exposed individuals, but also in their direct offspring and potentially subsequent generations. The study of environmental health provides opportunities to mitigate or prevent a wide range of human disease and disability from an individual, community, and policy perspective. We can’t change our genes, but we can change our environment, behaviors, and exposures. This article describes the ways we are exposed to stressors in our environment, the primary fields that contribute to our understanding of environmental health, and some emerging issues that require 21st-century approaches to promoting healthy environments and preventing human disease.
Reflexivity and International Relations
Authors: Hamati-Ataya Inanna
Published: February 2020

Reflexivity has in the past few decades become a core concept and concern in the social sciences and has increasingly shaped (meta) theoretical debates in the field of International Relations (IR) since the 1980s. While there is no single understanding of what reflexivity (sometimes referred to as reflectivity or self-reflexivity) means or entails, a broad consensus identifies reflexivity as the capacity to reflect on one’s own epistemic situation and process, and how these affect the nature and meaning of the knowledge one produces. As such, there are different strands of reflexive or reflexivist scholarship in IR, based on how these different elements are envisaged and addressed. Expanding beyond mere “control against bias,” which was a core concern of American behavioralist scholars in the 1950s, reflexivity has turned from a standard for the pursuit of “objective” knowledge to a problematization of, and response to, the historicity and social-situatedness of knowledge. Discussions of reflexivity in IR are thus typically generated within self-labelled post-positivist intellectual traditions, wherein reflexivity becomes a fundamental epistemological, methodological, and/or ethical problem that requires constant engagement as an integral part of the research process, and that also affects other aspects of the scholarly vocation and practice, including pedagogy and public engagement. Within this broad literature, this annotated bibliography will cover works that have contributed to clarifying and promoting reflexivity as a metatheoretical standard for IR (i.e., reflexivity as a core question for epistemology, ontology, methodology, and ethics), but also works that have contributed to an empirical understanding of IR’s historical and social embeddedness. The reason for including the latter within reflexivist IR—in the broad sense of the term—despite the fact that many authors of such works have not necessarily self-identified as reflexivists, is that they in effect provide an important empirical basis upon which the problematization and clarification of the problem of reflexivity become possible in philosophical and praxical terms. Indeed, in most social sciences such empirical investigation of the embeddedness of knowledge within social structures and orders is provided by historiographical and sociological studies on the sociohistorical conditions of the “production” or “constitution” of knowledge. But IR scholars have in the past few decades developed an in-house historiographical and “science studies” agenda that has increased the whole community’s understanding of the specific sociopolitical and institutional contexts and factors that shape its nature and evolution. The two literatures are therefore conceptually and practically connected, and together contribute to whatever level of reflexivity IR as a field can now be said to enjoy.
Science Diplomacy
Authors: Krasnyak Olga , Ruffini Pierre-Bruno
Published: February 2020

Science diplomacy emerged in the early years of the 21st century as a new vocabulary and a new concept in international relations, although the practice of science diplomacy has deep historical roots and various forms that were not labeled as such before. Science diplomacy refers to professional practices at the intersection of the world of science and that of diplomacy. It is also a subject of study that gives rise to a scholarly literature. Basically, the rationale of science diplomacy is twofold: advancing a country’s national interest and addressing global challenges. Science diplomacy encompasses a great range of activities to promote and secure a state’s foreign policy objectives and of activities to secure global public good at the transnational level, such as using scientific advice and expertise, enabling international scientific cooperation, bringing scientists on board of diplomatic negotiations, or appointing science attachés to embassies. International scientific cooperation is sometimes confused in the discourse with science diplomacy. However, if scientific cooperation is possible only with diplomatic assistance, serves a nation-state’s foreign policy objectives, promotes national interests, or aims to address global issues, then it is science diplomacy. Otherwise, it is not. Science diplomacy is also closely related to a state’s political system and beliefs because the effective use of science diplomacy contributes a great deal to a state’s power and influence in world politics and in international relations, and it helps to generate soft power of attraction and cooperation. A few notable institutions are active in science diplomacy, promote international dialogue on global issues, disseminate practices, and take part in the debate of the science diplomacy concept. They include the Center for Science Diplomacy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the International Network for Government Science Advice (INGSA), and the Science Diplomacy Center of Tufts University, and multilateral scientific organizations, such as the International Institute for Applied System Analysis, the International Science Council, and the Science Diplomacy Thematic Network at the University of the Arctic. National and international academies of sciences sometimes intervene in this debate. Professional literature on science diplomacy is abundant and academic literature is growing as well, which has not led, however, so far to the emergence of a genuine theory of science diplomacy. This article aims to guide readers in their comprehension of science diplomacy and of the related debates through a selection of sources that shed light on science diplomacy both in theory and in practice from various viewpoints.
Career Transitions and Job Mobility
Authors: Dokko Gina , Chudzikowski Katharina
Published: February 2020

Individual careers have been transformed by new ways of working within organizations and beyond, and specifically the imposition of market models on employment, the intensification of competition, and flexible employment contracts. As a result, the study of job mobility (i.e., individuals changing jobs within or between organizations) and career transitions (i.e., how the change is understood and managed by individuals and organizations) has become an increasingly important subject of study, with causes and implications that span multiple disciplines and subfields of management, such as careers, human resources management, organization theory, organizational behavior, and strategy. Although the roots of academic inquiry into job mobility and career transitions go back to the beginning of modern management studies, the past twenty years have seen an upsurge in these studies, enabled by new data sources (e.g., online resumes) and methods (e.g., text analysis and big data methods) that track individual careers, as well as recognition that job mobility and career transitions are important social phenomena. See also the separate Oxford Bibliographies in Management article “Career Studies” by Yehuda Baruch, especially the section on Contemporary Careers. The perspective of this article is primarily based in careers and organizational studies. Other Oxford Bibliographies in Management articles that cover related phenomena from different theoretical perspectives are “Turnover” by Peter Hom; “Human Capital Resource Pipelines” by Anthony Nyberg, Dhuha Abdulsalam, and Ingo Weller; and “Strategic Human Capital” by Rhett Brymer, Janice Molloy, and Clint Chadwick.
Endoscope-Assisted Contralateral Perimedian Supracerebellar Suprapineal Approach to Third Ventricle Surface of the Thalamus: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Keleş Abdullah , Harput Mehmet Volkan , Türe Uğur
Published: February 2020

In managing thalamic gliomas, total surgical removal is the most effective way of increasing overall survival. However, the thalamus is a difficult target because of surrounding neurovascular structures. According to the lesion's size/location/growth pattern, relation to neighboring structures, and surgeon's experience, most thalamic lesions can be reached through one of the 4 free surfaces: lateral ventricle, velar, cisternal, and third ventricle surfaces of the thalamus (3VsT).
1-3
Approaching the thalamic lesions through the lateral side disrupts the integrity of internal capsule and corona radiata; thus, we never prefer this approach. For the removal of the lesions on the 3VsT, a transcallosal approach can be considered, but with this approach, we cannot reach 3VsT without harming the velar surface.

 In this 3-dimensional video, we demonstrate an endoscope-assisted contralateral perimedian supracerebellar suprapineal (CPeSS) approach to a glioma on the 3VsT. The patient, a 49-yr-old man, had progressive dizziness for a month. With the patient in a semisitting position, total resection was achieved via the endoscope-assisted CPeSS approach. This approach is entirely transcisternal-transventricular and is a natural route to the 3VsT. Although the route is longer than the ipsilateral approach, it requires no retraction and provides more direct and wider visualization. It allows complete visualization of the lateral border of the lesion. A perimedian approach also avoids the major tentorial bridging veins, which are mostly at the midline. High-definition neuroendoscope was a great adjunct that helped to visualize residual tumors at hidden corners.

 We suggest this approach for thalamic lesions on the third ventricle surface of the thalamus.

 The patient consented to the publication of his images and a written consent was obtained.
Reducing the initial number of rituximab maintenance-therapy infusions for ANCA-associated vasculitides: randomized-trial post-hoc analysis
Authors: Charles Pierre , Dechartres Agnès , Terrier Benjamin , Cohen Pascal , Faguer Stanislas , Huart Antoine , Hamidou Mohamed , Agard Christian , Bonnotte Bernard , Samson Maxime  , Karras Alexandre , Jourde-Chiche Noémie , Lifermann François , Gobert Pierre  , Hanrotel-Saliou Catherine , Godmer Pascal , Martin-Silva Nicolas , Pugnet Grégory , Matignon Marie , Aumaitre Olivier , Viallard Jean-François , Maurier François  , Meaux-Ruault Nadine , Rivière Sophie , Sibilia Jean , Puéchal Xavier , Mouthon Luc , Guillevin Loïc ,   for the French Vasculitis Study Group
Published: February 2020

Objective

The randomized, controlled MAINRITSAN2 trial was designed to compare the capacity of an individually tailored therapy [randomization day 0 (D0)], with reinfusion only when CD19+ lymphocytes or ANCA had reappeared, or if the latter’s titre rose markedly, with that of five fixed-schedule 500-mg rituximab infusions [D0 + D14, then months (M) 6, 12 and 18] to maintain ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) remissions. Relapse rates did not differ at M28. This ancillary study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of omitting the D14 rituximab infusion on AAV relapse rates at M12.

Methods

MAINRITSAN2 trial data were subjected to post-hoc analyses of M3, M6, M9 and M12 relapse-free survival rates in each arm as primary end points. Exploratory subgroup analyses were run according to CYC or rituximab induction and newly diagnosed or relapsing AAV.

Results

At M3, M6, M9 and M12, respectively, among the 161 patients included, 79/80 (98.8%), 76/80 (95%), 74/80 (92.5%) and 73/80 (91.3%) from D0, and 80/81 (98.8%), 78/81 (96.3%), 76/81 (93.8%) and 76/81 (93.8%) from D0+D14 groups were alive and relapse-free. No between-group differences were observed. Results were not affected by CYC or rituximab induction, or newly diagnosed or relapsing AAV.

Conclusions

We were not able to detect a difference between the relapse-free survival rates for up to M12 for the D0 and D0+D14 rituximab-infusion groups, which could suggest that omitting the D14 rituximab remission-maintenance dose did not modify the short-term relapse-free rate. Nevertheless, results at M12 may also have been influenced by the rituximab-infusion strategies for both groups.
Respiratory Severity Score with Regard to Birthweight during the Early Days of Life for Predicting Pulmonary Hypertension in Preterm Infants
Authors: Seo Yu Mi , Yum Sook Kyung , Sung In Kyung
Published: February 2020

Objective

The respiratory severity score (RSS) has been demonstrated to be associated with the oxygenation index in intubated newborn infants. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of RSS with regard to birthweight (BW) in preterm infants for predicting an association with future pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods

Preterm infants with <30 weeks’ gestation and <1250 g BW were reviewed and grouped into two (PH vs. no PH). Basic perinatal characteristics, comorbidities and parameters reflecting lung condition, including duration of invasive mechanical ventilator care, were compared. Respiratory support parameters (FiO2, RSS and RSS/kg) during the first 5 days of birth (0–120 h) were compared between the groups, and receiver operating characteristics curves were produced to evaluate the association with PH.

Results

RSS/kg, of the three respiratory support parameters, demonstrated significantly higher values in the PH group in the early days of life. Particularly, RSS/kg at day 2 of life had the greatest area under the curve [0.762, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.655–0.869, p < 0.001] and maintained statistical significance [odds ratio (OR) 1.352, 95% CI 1.055–1.732, p = 0.017] in the multivariable analysis for a potential association with PH, along with gestational age (OR 0.996, 95% CI 0.993–0.999, p = 0.015) and preterm premature rupture of membrane >18 h (OR 4.907, 95% CI 1.436–16.765, p = 0.011).

Conclusion

RSS/kg is a potential marker associated with the development of PH. Future studies could verify its usefulness as a reliable surrogate for predicting respiratory morbidity in clinical settings.
Infantile Tremor Syndrome Followed by West Syndrome: Effect or Continuation of Spectrum?
Authors: Azad Chandrika , Singh Jasmine , Guglani Vishal
Published: February 2020

Background

Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) is a nutritional deficiency syndrome, frequently reported from the Indian subcontinent caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. The West syndrome (WS), on the other hand, is a type of epileptic encephalopathy with variable etiology.

Case Series

We present a series of five children who presented with symptoms consistent with ITS and received standard intramuscular vitamin B12 therapy to which good response was observed. All these children were readmitted with WS with a time lag varying from 2 to 12 months. Magnetic resonance imaging brain and metabolic screen were within normal limits. Three out of five patients responded well to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), remaining two required additional drugs. We hypothesize that WS could have developed after ITS due to developmental desynchronization.

Conclusion

In the Indian scenario, it is particularly important to be aware of appearance of WS after ITS, because of high prevalence of ITS and devastating nature of WS.
Deep Learning for Visual SLAM in Transportation Robotics: A review
Authors: Duan Chao , Junginger Steffen , Huang Jiahao , Jin Kairong , Thurow Kerstin
Published: February 2020

Visual SLAM (Simultaneously Localization and Mapping) is a solution to achieve localization and mapping of robots simultaneously. Significant achievements have been made during the past decades, geography-based methods are becoming more and more successful in dealing with static environments. However, they still cannot handle a challenging environment. With the great achievements of deep learning methods in the field of computer vision, there is a trend of applying deep learning methods to visual SLAM. In this paper, the latest research progress of deep learning applied to the field of visual SLAM is reviewed. The outstanding research results of deep learning visual odometry and deep learning loop closure detect are summarized. Finally, future development directions of visual SLAM based on deep learning is prospected.
Spectral and Entropic Features Are Altered by Age in the Electroencephalogram in Patients under Sevoflurane Anesthesia
Authors: Kreuzer Matthias , Stern Matthew A. , Hight Darren , Berger Sebastian , Schneider Gerhard , Sleigh James W. , García Paul S.
Published: February 2020

Background

Preexisting factors such as age and cognitive performance can influence the electroencephalogram (EEG) during general anesthesia. Specifically, spectral EEG power is lower in elderly, compared to younger, subjects. Here, the authors investigate age-related changes in EEG architecture in patients undergoing general anesthesia through a detailed examination of spectral and entropic measures.

Methods

The authors retrospectively studied 180 frontal EEG recordings from patients undergoing general anesthesia, induced with propofol/fentanyl and maintained by sevoflurane at the Waikato Hospital in Hamilton, New Zealand. The authors calculated power spectral density and normalized power spectral density, the entropic measures approximate and permutation entropy, as well as the beta ratio and spectral entropy as exemplary parameters used in current monitoring systems from segments of EEG obtained before the onset of surgery (i.e., with no noxious stimulation).

Results

The oldest quartile of patients had significantly lower 1/f characteristics (P < 0.001; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.84 [0.76 0.92]), indicative of a more uniform distribution of spectral power. Analysis of the normalized power spectral density revealed no significant impact of age on relative alpha (P = 0.693; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.52 [0.41 0.63]) and a significant but weak effect on relative beta power (P = 0.041; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.62 [0.52 0.73]). Using entropic parameters, the authors found a significant age-related change toward a more irregular and unpredictable EEG (permutation entropy: P < 0.001, area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.81 [0.71 0.90]; approximate entropy: P < 0.001; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.76 [0.66 0.85]). With approximate entropy, the authors could also detect an age-induced change in alpha-band activity (P = 0.002; area under the receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.69 [0.60 78]).

Conclusions

Like the sleep literature, spectral and entropic EEG features under general anesthesia change with age revealing a shift toward a faster, more irregular, oscillatory composition of the EEG in older patients. Age-related changes in neurophysiological activity may underlie these findings however the contribution of age-related changes in filtering properties or the signal to noise ratio must also be considered. Regardless, most current EEG technology used to guide anesthetic management focus on spectral features, and improvements to these devices might involve integration of entropic features of the raw EEG.

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Association Between Preoperative Oral Antibiotics and the Incidence of Postoperative Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults Undergoing Elective Colorectal Resection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Khorasani Sepehr , Dossa Fahima , McKechnie Tyler , Englesakis Marina , Brar Mantaj S. , de Buck van Overstraeten Anthony
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND:

The risk of postoperative Clostridium difficile infection in patients receiving preoperative oral antibiotics remains controversial and a potential barrier for implementation.

OBJECTIVE:

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between preoperative oral antibiotics and the incidence of postoperative C difficile infection in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline, PubMed (not Medline), Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science were searched for articles published up to September 2018.

STUDY SELECTION:

Randomized controlled trials and observational studies that compared bowel preparation regimens in adult patients who underwent colorectal surgery were selected.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:

The incidence of postoperative C difficile infection in adults receiving oral antibiotics versus no oral antibiotics was used as the primary outcome. ORs were pooled using generalized linear/mixed effects models.

RESULTS:

Fourteen randomized controlled trials and 13 cohort studies comparing bowel preparation with oral antibiotics to those without oral antibiotics were identified. The pooled OR from 4 eligible randomized controlled trials was suggestive of a greater odds of C difficile infection in the oral antibiotic group (OR = 4.46 (95% CI, 0.96–20.66)); however, the absolute incidence of C difficile infection was extremely low (total 11 events among 2753 patients). The pooled OR from 6 eligible cohort studies did not demonstrate a significant difference in the odds of C difficile infection (OR = 0.88 (95% CI, 0.51–1.52)); again, a very low absolute incidence of C difficile infection was identified (total 830 events among 59,960 patients).

LIMITATIONS:

This meta-analysis was limited by the low incidence of C difficile infection reported in the studies and the low number of randomized controlled trials included.

CONCLUSIONS:

The incidence of C difficile infection in patients who undergo colorectal surgery is very low, regardless of bowel preparation regimen used. Considering the beneficial role of oral antibiotics in reducing surgical site infection, the fear for C difficile infection is not sufficient to omit oral antibiotics in this setting. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO – IDCRD42018092148.