bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dihydrofurocoumarin and Dihydrofurodihydropyrid‐2‐one Derivatives via Palladium Catalyzed Cascades Involving Aryl/Heteroaryl/Vinyl Iodides and Allene Followed by Acid Catalyzed Cyclization.
Authors: Grigg Ronald , Nurnabi Mohammad , Sarkar M. Ruhul A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Acid‐Promoted Retro‐Mannich Reaction of N‐Protected Tropenones to 2‐Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Cramer Nicolai , Juretschke Jeannette , Laschat Sabine , Baro Angelika , Frey Wolfgang
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocarbazoles as 5‐HT6 Serotonin Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Chang‐Fong Jean , Rangisetty Jagadeesh B. , Dukat Malgorzata , Setola Vincent , Raffay Thomas , Roth Bryan , Glennon Richard A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Method for the Synthesis of Diversity Functionalized Imidazoles from N‐Acylated α‐Aminonitriles.
Authors: Zhong Yong‐Li , Lee Jaemoon , Reamer Robert A. , Askin David
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a Conformationally Constrained Pyridazinone PNA‐Monomer for Recognition of Thymine in Triple‐Helix Structures.
Authors: Olsen Anne Goldbech , Dahl Otto , Nielsen Peter E.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
5‐Pyrimidylboronic Acid and 2‐Methoxy‐5‐pyrimidylboronic Acid: New Heteroarylpyrimidine Derivatives via Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Saygili Nezire , Batsanov Andrei S. , Bryce Martin R.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(S)‐N‐[1‐(4‐Cyclopropylmethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo [1,4]oxazin‐6‐yl)‐ethyl]‐3‐(2‐fluoro‐phenyl)‐acrylamide Is a Potent and Efficacious KCNQ2 Opener which Inhibits Induced Hyperexcitability of Rat Hippocampal Neurons.
Authors: Wu Yong‐Jin , et al. et al.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Phosphorylation of Thiazoles and Naphthothiazoles by Phosphorus(V) Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Strizhak Aleksandr V. , Kornilov Mikhail Yu. , Tolmachev Andrey A. , Komarov Igor V.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Carbostannylation Reaction of Fluorine‐Containing Internal Acetylenes with Allylstannanes.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Takehana Tsuyoshi , Chae Jungha , Ishihara Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evans Blue and Other Dyes as Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors.
Authors: Shrestha Suja , Shim Yi Sup , Kim Ki Chul , Lee Keun‐Hyeung , Cho Hyeongjin
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Short Synthetic Approach to Chiral Serine Azido Derivatives.
Authors: Panda Gautam , Rao N. Venugopal
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of N‐Thiophosphoryl Amino Acids via Phosphoramidite Amine‐Exchange.
Authors: Maung Jack , Campbell Tammy Y. , Shieh Charlene C. , Berkman Clifford E.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Rearrangement of Yohimbanones.
Authors: Leonard Michael S. , Carroll Patrick J. , Joullie Madeleine M.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Six‐ versus Five‐Membered Ring Formation in Radical Cyclizations of 7‐Bromo‐Substituted Hexahydroindolinones.
Authors: Rashatasakhon Paitoon , Ozdemir Ayse Daut , Willis Jerremey , Padwa Albert
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxyindolin‐2‐one Alkaloids, (.+‐.)‐Donaxaridine and (.+‐.)‐Convolutamydines A and E, Through Enolization—Claisen Rearrangement of 2‐Allyloxyindolin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Kawasaki Tomomi , Nagaoka Miyuki , Satoh Tomoko , Okamoto Ayako , Ukon Rie , Ogawa Atsuyo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Macrolide Antibacterial Agents via an Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylide.
Authors: Gu Yu Gui , Zhang Xiaolin , Clark Richard F. , Djuric Stevan W. , Ma Zhenkun
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3‐Alkyl‐ and 3‐Aryl‐7H‐furo[3,2‐g]chromen‐7‐ones as Blockers of the Voltage‐Gated Potassium Channel Kv1.3.
Authors: Wernekenschnieder A. , Koerner P. , Haensel W.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetism in Low‐Dimensional Cuprates
Authors: Mueller K.‐H.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interconversions of Simple Monodentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands Bound to Tp′ Tungsten Fragments
Authors: Vogeley Neil J. , Templeton Joseph L.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalysis at the Interface of Ruthenium Carbene and Ruthenium Hydride Chemistry: Organometallic Aspects and Applications to Organic Synthesis
Authors: Schmidt Bernd
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in Using Ionic Liquids as Solvents and Catalysts for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wasserscheid Peter
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Amino‐Dehydrogenation of Azines
Authors: van der Plas Henk
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds from the Reactions of Dehydroacetic Acid (DHA) and Its Derivatives
Authors: Prakash Om , Kumar Ajay , Singh Shiv P.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds with Hypervalent Organoiodine Reagents
Authors: Koser Gerald F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of 9‐Membered Enediyne Antibiotic N1999—A2: Absolute Stereochemistry and DNA Cleavage
Authors: Kobayashi Shoji , Hirama Masahiro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthetic Reactions Using the Reducing Ability of Titanium Tetraiodide
Authors: Shimizu Makoto
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Studies on Structurally Novel Bioactive Compounds — Synthetic Studies on Cyclic Enediyne Compounds
Authors: Nishikawa Toshio
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Furofuran Lignans
Authors: Brown Richard C. D. , Swain Nigel A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Method for the Synthesis of Chiral 2,3‐Bisarylmethoxy‐1,4‐butanediols from L‐(+)‐Tartrate
Authors: Tsuji Riichiro , Arai Shigeru , Nishida Atsushi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrazoles as Drugs: Facts and Fantasies: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Saturated Nitrogen Heterocycles Using N‐Acyliminium Ion Intermediates
Authors: Petrini Marino
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzopyranones and Benzopyranthiones
Authors: Williams A. C. , Camp N.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Introduction to Hetarenes
Authors: Thomas E. J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral β‐Amino Alcohols and Derivatives in the Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Anakabe Eneritz , Badia Dolores , Carrillo Luisa , Reyes Efraim , Vicario Jose L.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in Catalysis
Authors: Sivasanker S.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct and Indirect Enzymatic Methods for the Preparation of Enantiopure Cyclic β‐Amino Acids and Derivatives from β‐Lactams
Authors: Forro E. , Fueloep F.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solution and Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Partially Modified Retro‐Peptides Incorporating a ‐CH2CH(CF3)CO‐ Unit
Authors: Volonterio Alessandro , Bravo Pierfrancesco , Sani Monica , Zanda Matteo
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 4‐Amino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2‐benzazepine‐3‐ones, Conformationally Constrained Phenylalanine Mimetics
Authors: Van Rompaey Karolien , Van den Eynde Isabelle , Tourwe Dirk
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Highly Active Nonpeptidic α‐ vs. β‐3 Integrin Antagonists
Authors: Thumshirn Georgette , Sulyok Gabor A. G. , Weber Dirk , Goodman Simon L. , Wiesner Matthias , Kessler Horst
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Synthesis of Asparagine‐Linked Glycoprotein Oligosaccharides: Recent Examples
Authors: Ito Yukishige , Matsuo Ichiro
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
C‐Vinylpyrroles as Pyrrole Building Blocks
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Sobenina Lyubov N. , Demenev Andrey P. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorous Synthesis of Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Simulation: Some Recent Applications to Phase and Chemical Equilibria
Authors: Gubbins Keith E.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Studies of Chiral Recognition by Cyclodextrins
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Kozminski Wiktor , Ejchart Andrzej
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simulation of dam‐ and dyke‐break hydrodynamics on dynamically adaptive quadtree grids
Authors: Liang Q. , Borthwick A. G. L. , Stelling G.
Published: July 2004

Flooding due to the failure of a dam or dyke has potentially disastrous consequences. This paper presents a Godunov‐type finite volume solver of the shallow water equations based on dynamically adaptive quadtree grids. The Harten, Lax and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the Contact wave restored (HLLC) scheme is used to evaluate interface fluxes in both wet‐ and dry‐bed applications. The numerical model is validated against results from alternative numerical models for idealized circular and rectangular dam breaks. Close agreement is achieved with experimental measurements from the CADAM dam break test and data from a laboratory dyke break undertaken at Delft University of Technology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Dementia Care Mapping reconsidered: exploring the reliability and validity of the observational tool
Authors: Thornton A. , Hatton Chris , Tatham Alan
Published: July 2004

Background

Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) is a widely used observational method for evaluating the service quality provided to people with dementia. However, there is little evidence concerning its reliability and validity when used by routine care staff for whom it was designed.

Method

The study evaluated levels of inter‐observer agreement; The ability of the five‐minute time frame to reflect the ‘actual passing of time’; And the nature of the relationship between individual Well/Ill‐Being values (WIB) and dependency levels.

Data collected using DCM and continuous time sampling (CTS) were compared. The methods were used in parallel where the CTS coder and the DCM mapper(s) observed the same participants.

Observations were carried out with 64 people with dementia within a day hospital and a continuing care ward. Inter‐observer agreement was calculated across 20 participants.

Dependency levels were measured using the Clifton Assessment Procedure for the Elderly (CAPE) (Pattie and Gilleard, 1979).

Results

Low levels of inter‐observer agreement were found where 11 of the 25 Behaviour Category codes and all six Well/Ill‐being Codes produced unacceptable kappas (<0.6).

The Behaviour coding frame provided a meaningful picture of activities participants engaged in, but significantly underestimated participant levels of inactivity.

A strong relationship was demonstrated between participants' WIB score and levels of dependency, thus DCM was unable to measure well‐/ill‐being as a separate construct from participants' levels of dependency.

Conclusions

Questions were raised regarding the reliability and validity of DCM as used by routine care staff. Possible reasons for this, and suggestions for amendments are made. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of CYP1A2 by histone deacetylase inhibitors in mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Jin Bohwan , Ryu Doug‐Young
Published: July 2004

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is constitutively expressed in the mouse liver, but the constitutive expression progressively declines to an undetectable level in isolated hepatocytes. In this study, CYP1A2 was induced in hepatocytes exposed to the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (SB), but only well after constitutive CYP1A2 expression was silenced. However, cotreatment with the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and either TSA or SB reduced the induction of CYP1A2 with the same time course as TSA or SB increased its induction. These results suggest that histone modification is involved in CYP1A2 regulation in hepatocytes through pathways that are independent of AhR. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:131–132, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20017
Characterization of Cd‐induced molecular events prior to cellular damage in primary rat hepatocytes in culture: Activation of the stress activated signal protein JNK and transcription factor AP‐1
Authors: Hsiao Chin‐ju J. , Stapleton Susan R.
Published: July 2004

The effect of Cadmium (Cd) on the expression of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), c‐jun, and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) has been investigated. We previously reported that Cd causes cell damage as indicated by increases in the cytotoxic parameters, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation, and this damage was mediated by decreases in cellular concentration of glutathione. In the present study, we investigate the molecular events involved prior to the Cd‐induced cellular toxicity and damage in primary rat hepatocytes. We propose that Cd, through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prior to significant cellular damage, activates the stress activated signal protein JNK, regulates c‐jun expression, and promotes the binding of a redox sensitive transcription factor AP‐1. We show JNK activity and c‐jun mRNA level significantly increased at 1 h and AP‐1 DNA binding activity significantly enhanced at 3 h in the presence of 4 μM cadmium chloride. Blocking the Cd induction of JNK activity, c‐jun mRNA level, and AP‐1 binding activity using the antioxidants N‐acetyl cysteine (10 mM) or carnosol (0.5 μg/mL) suggests a role for ROS. Blocking JNK activity and c‐jun mRNA by SP600125 (20 μM), a JNK inhibitor, supports the role of JNK in transmission of signals induced by Cd. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:133–142, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20018
Evidence of hair loss after subacute exposure to 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard analog, and beneficial effects of N‐acetyl cysteine
Authors: Chatterjee Diptendu , Mukherjee Shyamali , Smith Milton G. , Das Salil K.
Published: July 2004

Mustard gas has been used as a vesicant chemical warfare agent. However, a suitable biomarker for monitoring mustard gas exposure is not known. We observed that the hairs of the guinea pigs exposed intratracheally to subacute doses of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), a mustard analog, came out very easily though there was no sign of skin lesions or skin damage. Also the hairs looked rough and dry and lost the shiny glaze. There was no recovery from this hair loss, though the animals never became hairless, following CEES exposure. Hairs were observed in this study both visually and with light microscopy. Treatment with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to CEES exposure could prevent the hair loss completely. Hence, sudden hair loss might be a good biomarker for subacute exposure of mustard gas to subjects at risks when the victims might have no other visible symptom of toxicity © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:150–153, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20020
Solvation forces on biomolecular structures: A comparison of explicit solvent and Poisson–Boltzmann models
Authors: Wagoner Jason , Baker Nathan A.
Published: July 2004

Continuum electrostatics methods have become increasingly popular due to their ability to provide approximate descriptions of solvation energies and forces without expensive sampling required by explicit solvent models. In particular, the Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) provides electrostatic potentials, solvation energies, and forces by modeling the solvent as a featureless, dielectric material, and the mobile ions as a continuous distribution of charge. Polar solvation forces and energies obtained from the PBE are often supplemented with simple solvent‐accessible surface area (SASA) models of nonpolar solvation. Given the recent development of methods that enable the use of PBE and SASA forces in molecular dynamics simulations, it is important to determine the ability of these implicit solvent models to accurately reproduce the solvation forces of more detailed explicit solvent simulations. In this article, we compare PBE and SASA solvation forces with explicit solvent forces for several snapshots from eight trajectories of static conformations of intestinal fatty acid binding protein. The results from this comparison show that current implementations of the PBE are capable of generating polar solvation forces that correlate well with explicit solvent forces but systematically overestimate the magnitude of the interaction. However, SASA‐based nonpolar forces are found to have no significant correlation with nonpolar explicit solvent forces. Nevertheless, due to the small magnitude of the nonpolar forces in the current system, a good correlation is still obtained for total solvation forces. The good correlation of implicit solvent forces with more detailed explicit solvent models is encouraging and implies that the systematic errors identified in these models could be corrected by appropriate parameterization of the force fields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1623–1629, 2004
Processing of auditory information in insects
Authors: Hennig R.M. , Franz A. , Stumpner A.
Published: July 2004

Insects exhibit an astonishing diversity in the design of their ears and the subsequent processing of information within their auditory pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize and compare the present concepts of auditory processing by relating behavioral performance to known neuronal mechanisms. We focus on three general aspects, that is frequency, directional, and temporal processing. The first part compares the capacity (in some insects high) for frequency analysis in the ear with the rather low specificity of tuning in interneurons by looking at Q10dB values and frequency dependent inhibition of interneurons. Since sharpening of frequency does not seem to be the prime task of a set of differently tuned receptors, alternative hypotheses are discussed. Moreover, the physiological correspondence between tonotopic projections of receptors and dendritic organization of interneurons is not in all cases strong. The second part is concerned with directional hearing and thus with the ability for angular resolution of insects. The present concepts, as derived from behavioral performances, for angular resolution versus lateralization and serial versus parallel processing of directional and pattern information can be traced to the thoracic level of neuronal processing. Contralateral inhibition, a mechanism for enhancing directional tuning, appears to be most effective in parallel pathways, whereas in serial processing it may have detrimental effects on pattern processing. The third part, after some considerations of signal analysis in the temporal domain, demonstrates that closely related species often use different combinations of temporal parameters in their recognition systems. On the thoracic level, analysis of temporal modulation functions and effects of inhibition on spiking patterns reveals relatively simple processing, whereas brain neurons may exhibit more complex properties. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:351–374, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical and molecular design of the Drosophila antenna as a flagellar auditory organ
Authors: Todi Sokol V. , Sharma Yashoda , Eberl Daniel F.
Published: July 2004

The molecular basis of hearing is less well understood than many other senses. However, recent studies in Drosophila have provided some important steps towards a molecular understanding of hearing. In this report, we summarize these findings and their implications on the relationship between hearing and touch. In Drosophila, hearing is accomplished by Johnston's Organ, a chordotonal organ containing over 150 scolopidia within the second antennal segment. We will discuss anatomical features of the antenna and how they contribute to the function of this flagellar auditory receptor. The effects of several mutants, identified through mutagenesis screens or as homologues of vertebrate auditory genes, will be summarized. Based on evidence gathered from these studies, we propose a speculative model for how the chordotonal organ might function. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:388–399, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychophysics in insect hearing
Authors: Wyttenbach Robert A. , Farris Hamilton E.
Published: July 2004

Psychophysics has much to offer the study of insect hearing. Not only is there a rich set of experimental methods to apply, there is a large body of experimental work on vertebrate hearing that can suggest topics for investigation and provide material for cross‐species comparisons. We present an overview of the methods of psychophysics, followed by specific examples of their use in insects. Topics covered include intensity discrimination, frequency analysis and discrimination, temporal integration and acuity, and localization. We conclude by pointing out additional areas of research suggested by the reviewed work and areas in which a psychophysical approach would be useful. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:375–387, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limit cycles, noise, and chaos in hearing
Authors: Stoop R. , Vyver J.‐J. V.D. , Kern A.
Published: July 2004

Based on insight obtained from a newly developed cochlea model, we argue that noise‐driven limit cycles are the basic ingredient in the mammalian cochlea hearing process. For insect audition, we provide evidence in favor of the persistence of this principle. We emphasize the role of bifurcations for the emergence of broad‐range sound perception, both in the frequency and amplitude domain, and indicate that this crucially depends on the correct coupling between limit cycles. We review the limit‐cycle coupling universality, and outline how it can be used to encode information. Cortical noise is the microscopic basis for this encoding, whereas chaos emerges as the macroscopic expression of computation being done in the network. Large neuron firing variability is one possible consequence of the proposed mechanism that may apply to both vertebrate and insect hearing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:400–412, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of masseter fiber architecture in tree‐gouging (Callithrix jacchus) and nongouging (Saguinus oedipus) callitrichids
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Vinyard Christopher J.
Published: July 2004

Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) (Callitrichidae, Primates) share a broadly similar diet of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. Common marmosets, however, differ from tamarins by actively gouging trees with their anterior teeth to elicit tree exudate flow. During tree gouging, marmosets produce relatively large jaw gapes, but do not necessarily produce relatively large bite forces at the anterior teeth. We compared the fiber architecture of the masseter muscle in tree‐gouging Callithrix jacchus (n = 10) to nongouging Saguinus oedipus (n = 8) to determine whether the marmoset masseter facilitates producing these large gapes during tree gouging. We predict that the marmoset masseter has relatively longer fibers and, hence, greater potential muscle excursion (i.e., a greater range of motion through increased muscle stretch). Conversely, because of the expected trade‐off between excursion and force production in muscle architecture, we predict that the cotton‐top tamarin masseter has more pinnate fibers and increased physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) as compared to common marmosets. Likewise, the S. oedipus masseter is predicted to have a greater proportion of tendon relative to muscle fiber as compared to the common marmoset masseter. Common marmosets have absolutely and relatively longer masseter fibers than cotton‐top tamarins. Given that fiber length is directly proportional to muscle excursion and by extension contraction velocity, this result suggests that marmosets have masseters designed for relatively greater stretching and, hence, larger gapes. Conversely, the cotton‐top tamarin masseter has a greater angle of pinnation (but not significantly so), larger PCSA, and higher proportion of tendon. The significantly larger PCSA in the tamarin masseter suggests that their masseter has relatively greater force production capabilities as compared to marmosets. Collectively, these results suggest that the fiber architecture of the common marmoset masseter is part of a suite of features of the masticatory apparatus that facilitates the production of relatively large gapes during tree gouging. J. Morphol. 261:276–285, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the paired fins in the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula
Authors: Mabee Paula M. , Noordsy Michael
Published: July 2004

In Polyodon spathula, the pectoral fin radials, with the exception of the metapterygium, are derived from the decomposition of a single continuous cartilage fin plate that is continuous with the scapulocoracoid. This cartilage sheet develops two interior splits to form three precursor pieces, and these decompose in a predictable way to generate the propterygium and radials. The metapterygium is an extension of the scapulocoracoid that segments off of it during early development. To our knowledge, this has not been reported for acipenserids or other basal actinopterygians. In teleosts, the proximal radials also develop from the “break up” of an initially continuous paddle‐like sheet of cartilage along the posterior edge of the scapulocoracoid, and in Polypterus and sharks a similar pattern holds. Thus, the pattern observed in Polyodon may represent the basal developmental condition for the gnathostome pectoral fin. The process underlying development of the superficially similar cartilages of the pelvic and pectoral fins is different. In the pectoral fin, the metapterygium is segmented off of the scapulocoracoid and other radials form from the decomposition of the cartilage plate. In contrast, individual rod‐like basipterygial elements form in a close one‐to‐one correspondence with the middle radials of the pelvic fin, but later fuse to form an anterior element that is branched in appearance. To evaluate further claims of similarity among the pectoral and pelvic fin elements of various fishes, the course of the development of these structures must be observed. The pectoral fin and girdle in Polyodon ossifies in a different sequence than that proposed as ancestral (and highly conserved) for actinopterygians: the supracleithrum ossifies significantly before the cleithrum. The later ossification of the cleithrum in Polyodon may be related to the primary use of the caudal fin vs. the pectoral fins in their locomotion. J. Morphol. 261:334–344, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydration Changes during Thermosensitive Association of a Block Copolymer Consisting of LCST and UCST Blocks
Authors: Maeda Yasushi , Mochiduki Hiroki , Ikeda Isao
Published: July 2004

Summary: Thermosensitive association of a diblock copolymer consisting of poly(3‐dimethyl(methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propane sulfonate) (PdMMAEAPS), as an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) block, and poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) (PdEA), as a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) block, has been investigated by using IR spectroscopy. The ν(CO) and ν(SO) bands of the PdMMAEAPS block and the amide I band of PdEA block critically changed at the UCST and LCST, respectively, indicating that the segmental interaction of each block is altered at each transition.

The double temperature responsiveness of a UCST block and LCST block containing diblock copolymer. Micelles form at temperatures both below the UCST and above the LCST of the blocks.

magnified image

The double temperature responsiveness of a UCST block and LCST block containing diblock copolymer. Micelles form at temperatures both below the UCST and above the LCST of the blocks.
Correlation between Conformational Parameters and Rheological Properties of Molten Syndiotactic Polypropylenes
Authors: Rojo Elena , Muñoz Maria Eugenia , Santamaría Anton , Peña Begoña
Published: July 2004

Summary: New rheological results with molten polypropylenes of different degrees of syndiotacticity are presented. The temperature dependence of their dynamic viscoelastic functions is correlated with the characteristic ratio. Relaxation time and Newtonian viscosity values are plotted as a function of molecular weight. The very high values of both rheological parameters found for the most syndiotactic polypropylenes are explained considering the reptation model, which links conformational parameters with the viscoelastic response in the molten state.

Disengagement or reptation time as a function of molecular weight.

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Disengagement or reptation time as a function of molecular weight.
Stress responses of PML nuclear domains are ablated by ataxin‐1 and other nucleoprotein inclusions
Authors: Dovey Claire L , Varadaraj Archana , Wyllie Andrew H , Rich Tina
Published: July 2004

The polyglutamine diseases are characterized by expansion of triplet CAG repeats that encode polyglutamine tracts in otherwise unrelated proteins. One plausible explanation for the neurodegeneration of these disorders proposes that inclusions of such proteins sequester other significant nuclear proteins in inactive form. The present study shows that PML protein is sequestered by inclusions of the pathogenic mutant form of the polyglutamine protein ataxin‐1 and that this sequestration removes from the nucleus the free 0.2–1 µm diameter PML nuclear domains (PML‐NDs), together with at least one of their many cargo proteins (Sp100). The present study demonstrates that this sequestration can be effected equally by another nuclear protein, RED, which lacks a polyglutamine tract, but expresses a polar zipper repeat. The sequestered PML‐NDs no longer respond to stress signals (heat shock or ionizing radiation) to which they are normally sensitive. In both cases, there is independent evidence that the cells initiate other responses to their injury (nuclear translocation of heat shock protein or generation of gamma‐H2AX‐rich nuclear foci, respectively). The data thus provide strong evidence that multiple species of nuclear inclusion functionally sequester PML‐NDs. This mechanism is likely to distort cellular responses to injury of many different types. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative free energy of binding and binding mode calculations of HIV‐1 RT inhibitors based on dock‐MM‐PB/GS
Authors: Zhou Zhigang , Madura Jeffry D.
Published: July 2004

Tetrahydroimidazo‐[4,5,l‐jk][1,4]‐benzodiazepin‐2‐(1H)‐one (TIBO) derivatives are important nonnucleoside human immunodeficiency virus‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). Several TIBO derivatives have shown high potency to inhibit reverse transcriptase (RT) and one (Tivirapine) has entered into clinical trials. The free energy of binding (FEB) is a numerical way to express the binding affinity of a ligand to its receptor and has been applied in screening candidates in rational drug design. In this work, the FEB of 42 TIBOs in RT was studied. Relative FEB is expressed in the form of a linear combination of vdW, electrostatic, solvation, and nonpolar solvation energy terms. The predicted FEB activity of the TIBOs studied has a good correlation (r2 = 0.8680, q2 = 0.8298) with respect to the experimental activity (pIC50). Based on the data reported here, the Finite Difference Poisson Boltzmann with a Gaussian Smooth Dielectric Constant Function method (PB/GS) solvation energy term is very important in predicting the binding affinity of TIBOs in RT. In summary, the Dock‐Molecular Mechanics (MM)‐PB/GS method is a promising technique in predicting ligand/receptor binding affinity and it can be used to screen relatively large sets of molecules in a reasonable amount of computer time. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Critical Hamiltonians on one‐dimensional disordered lattices
Authors: Malyshev A. V. , Domínguez‐Adame F. , Malyshev V. A.
Published: July 2004

We focus on tight‐binding Hamiltonians on a regular one‐dimensional lattice with non‐random long‐range inter‐site coupling Jmn = J/|m−n|μ and random uncorrelated site energies. Within the model the localization‐delocalization transition occurs at one of the energy band edges provided 1 < μ < 3/2. Using the model we demonstrate that the ratio of the first two momenta of the participation number distribution for the critical states is a size invariant parameter at some value of the disorder magnitude Δc. We claim that the invariance manifests the transition. We find that Δc ≠ 0 at 1 < μ < 3/2, suggesting that the system undergoes the localization‐delocalization transition with respect to disorder magnitude. At μ ≥ 3/2, all states are localized. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio study of ferromagnetism induced by magnetic impurities in rutile TiO2
Authors: Errico L. A. , Weissmann M. , Rentería M.
Published: July 2004

Using the first‐principles density‐functional approach, magnetic properties of Mn‐, Fe‐, Co‐, and Ni‐doped rutile TiO2 were investigated for two different impurity concentrations (25% and 6.25%). Calculations were performed with the Full‐Potential Linearized‐Augmented Plane Waves (FLAPW) method, assuming that the magnetic impurities substitutionally replace the Ti ions. Our results show that the systems (with the exception of Ni‐doped TiO2) are ferromagnetic. We also found that polarization mainly occurs at the impurity sites, and the magnetic moments of the impurities are independent of the impurity concentration. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain wall resistance in narrow Co wires
Authors: Çetin B. , Giordano N.
Published: July 2004

New results for the magnetoresistance of very narrow Co wires are presented. The resistance exhibits a complicated pattern of step‐wise changes as the magnetization changes direction in response to a magnetic field. This behavior can be understood in terms of changes in the domain structure with field, combined with the anisotropic magnetoresistance. The results also suggest that the domain wall resistance is negative. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the nature of the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect ground state at low fillings
Authors: Claro F.
Published: July 2004

We propose that the fractional quantum Hall effect structures recently observed in a narrow low temperature window below filling 1/5 correspond to a charge density wave exhibiting a depinning transition and further gap blurring as the temperature is increased. The main qualitative difference between the usual Wigner crystal and this charge density wave state is that while the former is featureless as the filling of the first Landau level changes, the latter exhibits cusps in the energy at odd fillings, as required by the odd‐denominator rule that characterizes the effect, thus making possible the quantum Hall features. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Capacity analysis and system optimization for the reverse link of multi‐beam satellite broadband systems exploiting adaptive coding and modulation
Authors: Rinaldo Rita , De Gaudenzi Riccardo
Published: July 2004

This paper deals with the system capacity analysis and assessment of the potential advantages provided by the introduction of Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) in the reverse link of multi‐beam broadband satellite systems. ACM is intended to increase the system throughput for a given terminal EIRP power by optimizing the individual links physical layer to the current channel conditions. The physical layer adaptation will be driven by the inbound demodulator signal over noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) estimation. A general methodology for ACM physical layer optimization based on the system capacity maximization is also illustrated. A theoretical analysis of ACM systems capacity is performed for both time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes. As the exact analytical capacity computation results to be very complex while Monte Carlo approach leads to very time consuming simulations, a simplified semi‐analytic approach is devised. Numerical results showing the huge improvement in terms of capacity by the ACM adoption are obtained for both the semi‐analytic and the Monte Carlo approaches in a realistic study case corresponding to a Ka‐band multibeam satellite system. A good match between the two approaches is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modification of apoptosis‐related genes and CD95 signaling in cytokine‐treated astrocytes
Authors: Falsig Jeppe , Pörzgen Peter , Leist Marcel
Published: July 2004

Inflammatory activation of astrocytes with a complete cytokine mix consisting of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1 and interferon‐gamma renders these otherwise resistant cells highly susceptible to cell death induction via the CD95 pathway. In dying cells, we observed several classical apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation and cytoplasmic blebbing. These events were however quickly followed by a rupture of the cell membrane. For a screen of the transcriptional changes taking place during the transformation from a CD95L‐resistant to a CD95L‐sensitive cell, we employed a small custom‐spotted oligonucleotide microarray. The significantly regulated mRNA species were then further analyzed over a 24 h period by quantitative PCR. We observed a complex pattern of transcriptional regulations showing changes of pro‐apoptotic genes (cd95, caspase‐8, bid, bak, caspase‐11), as well as anti‐apoptotic genes (c‐flip, iap‐1, iap‐2/3, bcl‐2). Since inflammatory astrocyte sensitization increased linearly with the time of cytokine‐treatment the anti‐apoptotic genes never seemed to be able to take over a dominating role in this model. Finally, the response of activated astrocytes to CD95 stimulation was compared with several other death‐inducing stimuli. Cells became also more sensitive towards the classical apoptosis inducer staurosporine, but not towards necrotic stimuli such as H2O2 and N‐Methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine.
Shear wall with outrigger trusses on wall and column foundations
Authors: HOENDERKAMP J. C. D.
Published: July 2004

A graphical method of analysis is presented for preliminary design of outrigger truss‐braced high‐rise shear wall structures with non‐fixed foundation conditions subject to horizontal loading. The method requires the calculation of six structural parameters: bending stiffness for the shear wall, bending and racking shear stiffnesses for the outrigger, an overall bending stiffness contribution from the exterior columns, and rotational stiffnesses for the shear wall and column foundations.

The method of analysis employs a simple procedure for obtaining the optimum location of the outrigger up the height of the structure and a rapid assessment of the influence of the individual structural elements on the lateral deflections and bending moments of the high‐rise structure. It is concluded that all six stiffnesses should be included in the preliminary analysis of a proposed tall building structure as the optimum location of the outrigger as well as the reductions in horizontal deformations and internal forces in the structure can be significantly influenced by all the structural components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new design method for prestressed concrete continuous flat slabs
Authors: Park Sun‐Kyu , Kim Kwang‐Soo
Published: July 2004

This paper presents a simple but relatively accurate procedure for the analysis of unbonded prestressed continuous flat slabs. Bi‐circular curves instead of conventional parabolic ones are introduced to obtain the characteristic parameters of the curved tendon profiles. Based on the proposed tendon profile and theory of thin plates, a series of simple formulae are derived to compute the bending moments of flat slabs. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained from finite element analysis. The results of the analysis presented in this paper indicate that the proposed method turns out to be convenient and reasonably accurate in the analysis of prestressed flat slabs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between somatic and emotional stimuli: a comparison between adolescents with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and a control group
Authors: Wahlund Kerstin , List Thomas , Ohrbach Richard
Published: July 2004

The overall purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescents with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain are more sensitive to all types of somatic and emotional stimuli compared with a matched healthy control group. Sixty adolescents, 8 boys and 52 girls ranging from 12 to 18 years, participated in the study. Thirty of the subjects exhibited TMD, reporting pain of at least 3 months duration. The age‐ and gender‐matched control group consisted of 30 dental recall patients who reported TMD pain less than once a week. All participants completed a 40‐item questionnaire comprising 10 items each of pleasant and aversive qualities crossed with somatic and emotional forms of stimuli. The items, a selection of a broad range of familiar stimuli by a panel of experts, were rated based on intensity of experience (0–10, numerical rating scale). Well‐fitting items that formed a valid construct within each of the four domains were selected using Rasch analysis.

The results showed that adolescents with TMD pain reported significantly greater sensitivity (p<0.05) to aversive somatic and pleasant somatic stimuli than the controls. The differences between groups for the aversive emotional and pleasant emotional stimuli were non‐significant. These findings suggest that chronic TMD pain states in adolescents are accompanied by amplification of bodily, but not purely emotional stimuli and that cognitive systems are implicated, not only an alteration of the nociceptive systems.
Localization and mutagenesis of the sorting signal binding site on sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liew Chu Kong , Smith Brenton T , Pilpa Rosemarie , Suree Nuttee , Ilangovan Udayar , Connolly Kevin M , Jung Michael E , Clubb Robert T
Published: July 2004

Surface proteins in Gram‐positive bacteria are anchored to the cell wall by the action of sortase enzymes. The Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (SrtA) protein anchors proteins by recognizing a cell wall sorting signal containing the amino acid sequence LPXTG. To understand how SrtA binds this sequence, we carried out NMR studies of new peptidyl‐cyanoalkene and peptidyl‐sulfhydryl inhibitors that contain the sorting signal sequence LPAT. These studies combined with amino acid mutagenesis identified a catalytically important and conserved binding surface formed by residues A118, T180, and I182. Compatible with its recently proposed role as a general base, R197 is also shown to be required for catalysis.
Long‐term, low‐level adolescent nicotine exposure produces dose‐dependent changes in cocaine sensitivity and reward in adult mice
Authors: Kelley Brian M. , Rowan James D.
Published: July 2004

Cigarette smoking by adolescents is a strong predictor of future drug use, abuse, and dependence. While this “gateway drug effect” is assumed to be related to psychosocial factors, data from our laboratory suggests that adolescent nicotine use may permanently disrupt reward systems through changes in dopamine receptor function. Behavioral pharmacological methods known to be indirectly (motor activity) and directly (conditioned‐place‐preference) related to drug reinforcement were used to examine changes in cocaine sensitivity. Testing was performed on adult mice that were exposed to nicotine (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, SC, M‐F, b.i.d.) or saline during adolescence (postnatal days 25–57). Prior to testing, subjects had a 28 day drug‐free, time‐off period. After acclimation to the testing apparatus, the locomotor effects (30 min, 30 cm traveled) of cocaine (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, IP) were measured daily; cocaine tests were preceded and followed by saline control tests. Following the acute dose–response curve, mice received saline followed by 5 days of 20.0 mg/kg cocaine. Thereafter, mice underwent condition‐place‐preference testing. A pre‐test was performed to determine compartment preference (i.e., no injection, 20 min test). Cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) was paired with the subjects non‐preferred side and saline with the other. Conditioning sessions were conducted for 8 days with the order of drug/saline injections counter‐balanced across subjects. A drug‐free, post‐test occurred on the day following the final conditioning session. A dose‐dependent relationship between adolescent nicotine exposure and cocaine reward was noted in the adult mice across both test conditions. Subjects exposed to nicotine showed an increased response to cocaine's motor activating effects and a decreased response to cocaine's rewarding effects. A follow‐up study was undertaken to evaluate dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptor function in adult mice exposed to the highest dose of nicotine from the first study. While both interesting and revealing, the results of motor activity tests with dopamine agonist only approached significance. Further research will be required to more fully examine the mechanism of action for the observed changes in cocaine reward. In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate a dose–response relationship between adolescent nicotine exposure and changes in cocaine reward and sensitivity during adulthood.
Maternal influenza infection is likely to alter fetal brain development indirectly: the virus is not detected in the fetus
Authors: Shi Limin , Tu Nora , Patterson Paul H.
Published: July 2004

Epidemiological studies have shown that maternal infection can increase the risk for mental illness in the offspring. In a mouse model of maternal respiratory infection with influenza virus, the adult offspring display striking behavioral, pharmacological and histological abnormalities. Although influenza primarily infects the respiratory system, there are reports of viral mRNA and protein in the fetus of infected pregnant animals. To determine the extent of viral spread following maternal respiratory infection, we used RT–PCR to assay various maternal and fetal tissues for influenza A mRNAs coding for neuraminidase, non‐structural protein 2, nuclear protein and matrix protein. While infected maternal lungs exhibit uniformly very strong signals, placentae are only rarely positive, and viral RNAs are not detectable in fetal brains from infected mothers. Thus, the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development are likely to be indirect, probably involving the maternal inflammatory response.