bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance‐Enhanced and Washable Triboelectric Air Filter Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride/UiO‐66 Composite Nanofiber Membrane
Authors: Hu Yijie , Wang Yulong , Tian Shidai , Yu Aifang , Wan Lingyu , Zhai Junyi
Published: April 2021

Applying triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in air filtration systems to generate electric charges through friction is a major advancement in air cleaning technology. The performance of triboelectric air filter strongly depends on the properties of triboelectric materials. In this work, a better triboelectric material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/UiO‐66 composite nanofiber membrane (P6‐NFM), is designed and fabricated through electrospinning technology by doping UiO‐66 into PVDF matrix. As the weight ratio of UiO‐66 increases to 1%, PVDF/UiO‐66 composite nanofiber‐based TENG (P6‐TENG) achieves the maximum current, voltage, and triboelectric charge of 4.29 µA, 52.8 V, and 22.02 nC, which are 6.5 times, 5.1 times, and 8.0 times as large as those of pure PVDF‐based TENG (P‐TENG). Therefore, the triboelectric air filter based on P6‐NFM can be easily charged by slapping the fiber membrane and spun‐bond fabric. After charging, the removal efficiency of P6‐NFM is 92% for PM0.5 and 98% for PM2.5, which are 2.8 and 1.2 times those of the uncharged one. More importantly, the filtration efficiency of this air filter keeps stable after the membrane is washed four times. This method of loading UiO‐66 on the triboelectric fiber material shows tremendous potential in self‐charging and reusable air purification applications.
An Amphiphilic PEGylated Peptide Dendron‐Gemcitabine Prodrug‐Based Nanoagent for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Li Ning , Duan Zhenyu , Wang Lili , Guo Chunhua , Zhang Hu , Gu Zhongwei , Gong Qiyong , Luo Kui
Published: April 2021

An amphiphilic peptide dendrimer conjugated with gemcitabine (GEM), PEGylated dendron‐Gly‐Phe‐Leu‐Gly‐GEM (PEGylated dendron‐GFLG‐GEM), is developed as a nano‐prodrug for breast cancer therapy. The self‐assembled behavior is observed under a transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The negatively charged surface and hydrodynamic size of the amphiphilic nanosized prodrug supported that the prodrug can maintain the stability of GEM during circulation and accumulate in the tumor tissue. Drug release assays are conducted to monitor the release of GEM from this nanodrug delivery system in response to the tumor microenvironment, and these assays confirm that GEM released from the nanocarrier is identical to free GEM. The GEM prodrug can prevent proliferation of tumor cells. The therapeutic effect against breast cancer is systematically investigated using an in vivo animal model. Immunohistochemical results are aligned with the significantly enhanced anticancer efficacy of GEM released from the prodrug. This self‐assembled amphiphilic drug delivery nanocarrier may broaden the application for GEM and other anticancer agents for breast cancer chemotherapy.
An efficient computational approach for fractional Bratu's equation arising in electrospinning process
Authors: Singh Harendra , Singh Amit Kumar , Pandey Rajesh K. , Kumar Devendra , Singh Jagdev
Published: April 2021

This article deals with fractional model of Bratu's equation. We have solved fractional model of Bratu's equation using Chebyshev polynomials (CPs). The fractional model of Bratu's equation plays an important role in electrospinning and vibration‐electrospinning process. We have discussed the error analysis of proposed scheme. We have also provided the convergence of suggested approximate method. Numerical results are demonstrated for various order of fractional derivative. Error tables reveal the accuracy of the suggested scheme. The outcomes of the present investigation are compared with some known studied and detected that our approach is more efficient and accurate.
A novel domain decomposition method for coupled semilinear elliptic equation
Authors: Yue Meiling , Xu Fei , Ma Hongkun
Published: April 2021

This study presents a new framework to solve the coupled semilinear elliptic equation by the domain decomposition algorithm. Unlike the traditional domain decomposition algorithm, the coupled semilinear elliptic equation doesn't need to be solved directly. The strategy is to construct a set of nested finite element spaces, and subsequently solve some decoupled linear elliptic equations by using the domain decomposition method in each level space. Additionally, a small‐scale coupled semilinear elliptic equation in a specially designed correction space will be solved. As the large‐scale coupled semilinear elliptic equation doesn't need to be solved directly, there will be an improved efficiency as compared to the traditional domain decomposition method. Furthermore, as the domain decomposition method is only used to solve decoupled linear elliptic equations, any efficient algorithms designed for the associated linear elliptic equations can be incorporated in the proposed algorithm framework. Thus, the algorithm is highly flexible. Additionally, it can be theoretically proven that the proposed algorithm has very low requirements for the smoothness of nonlinear terms.
The numerical solution of fractional Korteweg‐de Vries and Burgers' equations via Haar wavelet
Authors: Zada Laique , Aziz Imran
Published: April 2021

In this article, Haar wavelet collocation technique is adapted to acquire the approximate solution of fractional Korteweg‐de Vries (KdV), Burgers', and KdV–Burgers' equations. The fractional order derivatives involved are described using the Caputo definition. In the proposed technique, the given nonlinear fractional differential equation is discretized with the help of Haar wavelet and reduced to the nonlinear system of equations, which are solved with Newton's or Broyden's method. The proposed method is semi‐analytic as it involves exact integration of Caputo derivative. The proposed technique is widely applicable and robust. The technique is tested upon many test problems. The results are computed and presented in the form of maximum absolute errors which show the accuracy, efficiency, and simple applicability of the proposed method.
Evaluation of Remote Site Incubators to Incubate Wild- and Hatchery-Origin Westslope Cutthroat Trout Embryos
Authors: Shepard Bradley B. , Clancey Patrick , Nelson M. Lee , Kruse Carter G. , Al-Chokhachy Robert , Drinan Daniel , Taper Mark L. , Zale Alexander V.
Published: April 2021

Fish managers must weigh trade-offs among cost, speed, efficiency, and ecological adaptation when deciding how to translocate native salmonids to either establish or genetically augment populations. Remote site incubators (RSIs) appear to be a reasonable strategy, but large-scale evaluations of this method have been limited. We used 129 RSIs to incubate >35,700 eyed embryos of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi at eight sites within the upper 30 km of the Cherry Creek basin (Madison River, Montana) from 2007 to 2010, after using piscicides to remove all fish. We obtained gametes from 258 parental-pair crosses (164 females and 258 males) from four wild populations and two hatchery broods. All embryos were incubated to the eyed stage in two hatcheries prior to placing them in RSIs. Green-to-eyed egg survivals were higher for progeny of wild-spawned adults (median, 91.0%; 95% CI, 88.7–93.7%) than for progeny of hatchery-spawned adults (median, 81.7%; 95% CI, 74.9–88.4%), and this difference was highly significant (P < 0.01). Over 26,500 fry were counted leaving RSIs. Median embryo-to-fry survival was 75.6% (95% CI, 72.2–79.0%). Fry exited individual RSIs from 8 to 45 d after embryo translocation. Fry survivals differed among years and sites, and year was more important than site in explaining variation in survival. The success of RSI fry introductions was confirmed by annual monitoring of fish abundance, which indicated that abundances of Westslope Cutthroat Trout 5 to 9 years after RSI introductions were equal to or higher than abundances of nonnative salmonids prior to their removal using piscicides.
A deep asynchronous actor‐critic learning‐based event‐triggered decentralized load frequency control of power systems with communication delays
Authors: Chen Pengcheng , Liu Shichao , Zhang Dan , Yu Li
Published: April 2021

This article proposes a novel asynchronous advantage actor‐critic (A3C) learning‐based dynamic event‐triggered mechanism for the decentralized load frequency regulation to alleviate the local‐area communication burden and influence of the load fluctuations. The proposed dynamic event‐triggered mechanism applies the A3C algorithm to optimally adjust the threshold of the event‐triggered function in real time. In the A3C algorithm framework, the long short‐term memory (LSTM) network is used to estimate the policy function and value function. First, for each control area, a novel model of the decentralized load frequency control (LFC) system is established to design the event‐triggered communication mechanism and deal with the communication delay simultaneously. Then, based on the Lyapunov stability theory, the controller gain parameters of the decentralized LFC system and the margins of the even‐triggering thresholds are derived by solving a series of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Finally, a three‐area and four‐area power systems are used to evaluate the proposed decentralized LFC method. Simulation results show that the proposed method can greatly reduce the data transmission times and preserve a satisfactory system performance.
Array‐Based Biosensors for Bacteria Detection: From the Perspective of Recognition
Authors: Yu Ting , Xianyu Yunlei
Published: April 2021

Array‐based biosensors have shown as effective and powerful tools to distinguish intricate mixtures with infinitesimal differences among analytes such as nucleic acids, proteins, microorganisms, and other biomolecules. In array‐based bacterial sensing, the recognition of bacteria is the initial step that can crucially influence the analytical performance of a biosensor array. Bacteria recognition as well as the signal readout and mathematical analysis are indispensable to ensure the discrimination ability of array‐based biosensors. Strategies for bacteria recognition mainly include the specific interaction between biomolecules and the corresponding receptors on bacteria, the noncovalent interaction between materials and bacteria, and the specific targeting of bacterial metabolites. In this review, recent advances in array‐based bacteria sensors are discussed from the perspective of bacteria recognition relying on the characteristics of different bacteria. Principles of bacteria recognition and signal readout for bacteria detection are highlighted as well as the discussion on future trends in array‐based biosensors.
Mortality in acute pancreatitis with persistent organ failure is determined by the number, type, and sequence of organ systems affected
Authors: Machicado Jorge D. , Gougol Amir , Tan Xiaoqing , Gao Xiaotian , Paragomi Pedram , Pothoulakis Ioannis , Talukdar Rupjyoti , Kochhar Rakesh , Goenka Mahesh K. , Gulla Aiste , Gonzalez Jose A. , Singh Vikesh K. , Ferreira Miguel , Stevens Tyler , Barbu Sorin T. , Nawaz Haq , Gutierrez Silvia C. , Zarnescu Narcis O. , Capurso Gabriele , Easler Jeffrey J. , Triantafyllou Konstantinos , Pelaez‐Luna Mario , Thakkar Shyam , Ocampo Carlos , de‐Madaria Enrique , Cote Gregory A. , Wu Bechien U. , Conwell Darwin L. , Hart Phil A. , Tang Gong , Papachristou Georgios I.
Published: April 2021

Background

Persistent organ failure (POF) is the strongest determinant of mortality in acute pancreatitis (AP). There is a paucity of data regarding the impact of different POF attributes on mortality and the role of different characteristics of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the risk of developing POF.

Objective

We aimed to assess the association of POF dynamic features with mortality and SIRS characteristics with POF.

Methods

We studied 1544 AP subjects prospectively enrolled at 22 international centers (APPRENTICE consortium). First, we estimated the association of onset, duration, and maximal score of SIRS with POF. Then, we evaluated the risk of mortality based on POF onset, duration, number, type, and sequence of organs affected. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

58% had SIRS, 11% developed POF, and 2.5% died. Early SIRS, persistent SIRS, and maximal SIRS score ≥ 3 were independently associated with higher risk of POF (p < 0.05). Mortality risk in POF was higher with two (33%, odds ratio [OR] = 10.8, 3.3–34.9) and three (48%, OR = 20.2, 5.9–68.6) organs failing, in comparison to single POF (4%). In subjects with multiple POF, mortality was higher when the cardiovascular and respiratory systems failed first or concurrently as compared to when the renal system failed first or concurrently with other organ (p < 0.05). In multivariate regression model, the number and sequence of organs affected in POF were associated with mortality (p < 0.05). Onset and duration of POF had no impact mortality.

Conclusion

In AP patients with POF, the risk of mortality is influenced by the number, type, and sequence of organs affected. These results are useful for future revisions of AP severity classification systems.
Inflammatory response of miniature horses subjected to open and half‐closed orchiectomy techniques
Authors: de Moura Alonso Juliana , de Melo‐Neto Gabriel Barbosa , dos Santos Bruna , Mogollón García Henry David , Paim Kamila Pinheiro , Pinheiro Ferreira João Carlos , Santos Schmidt Elizabeth Moreira , da Silva Amanda Nogueira Ferreira , da Cunha Grazielly Marques , Takahira Regina Kiomi , Ferreira Canuto Lucas Emanuel , Papa Frederico Ozanam , Hussni Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2021

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response of miniature horses subjected to open and half‐closed orchiectomy by physical examination, blood cell count, peritoneal fluid evaluation, total plasma protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations.

Methods: Thirteen male healthy miniature horses were divided into two groups, according to the surgical approach: half‐closed technique (HCT) and open technique (OT). The HCT group was subjected to ligation of the spermatic cord followed by its sharp incision, and closure of the vaginal tunic, and the OT group was only submitted to cord ligation. Prior to, and at 1, 2, 3 and 5 days after the surgery, a general and specific physical examination, blood cell counts, total plasma protein, peritoneal fluid evaluation, fibrinogen, and SAA concentrations were performed.

Results: Higher postoperative perilesional oedema, rectal temperature, and fibrinogen were observed in the HCT group. Groups did not differ as to SAA concentrations. The evaluated local and systemic inflammatory profile demonstrated that, as expected, surgery resulted in inflammation in both groups.

Conclusions: The group subjected to the HCT showed a more intense and lasting inflammatory response. However, despite the different postoperative inflammatory profiles, both groups presented a favourable outcome and recovery.
Test and vaccinate or remove: Methodology and preliminary results from a badger intervention research project
Authors: Menzies Fraser D. , McCormick Carl M. , O'Hagan Maria J. H. , Collins Shane F. , McEwan Jim , McGeown Clare F. , McHugh Geraldine E. , Hart Colin D. , Stringer Lesley A. , Molloy Colm , Burns Gareth , McBride Stewart J. , Doyle Liam P. , Courcier Emily A. , McBride Kathryn R. , McNair James , Thompson Suzan , Corbett David M. , Harwood Roland G. , Trimble Nigel A.
Published: April 2021

Background: In the British Isles, it is generally accepted that the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) plays a role in the maintenance of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Non‐selective culling is the main intervention method deployed in controlling bTB in badgers along with smaller scale Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination areas. This paper describes the use of selective badger culling combined with vaccination in a research intervention trial.

Methods: In Northern Ireland, a 100 km2 area was subjected to a test and vaccinate or remove (TVR) badger intervention over a 5‐year period. Badgers were individually identified and tested on an annual basis. Physical characteristics and clinical samples were obtained from each unique badger capture event.

Results: A total of 824 badgers were trapped with 1520 capture/sampling events. There were no cage‐related injuries to the majority of badgers (97%). A low level of badger removal was required (4.1%–16.4% annually), while 1412 BCG vaccinations were administered. A statistically significant downward trend in the proportion of test positive badgers was observed.

Conclusion: This is the first project to clearly demonstrate the feasibility of cage side testing of badgers. The results provide valuable data on the logistics and resources required to undertake a TVR approach to control Mycobacterium bovis in badgers.
Administration of ketoprofen affects post‐partum lying behaviours of Holstein dairy cows regardless of whether parturition is assisted
Authors: Gladden Nicola , Ellis Kathryn , Martin Jessica , McKeegan Dorothy
Published: April 2021

Background: Assistance at parturition in cattle is common. Although analgesia is commonly provided, its value in terms of welfare improvement is not known. Few previous studies include both parturition assistance and analgesic treatment status as well as appropriate control groups in a factorial design.

Methods: Seventy‐two Holstein cattle (37 assisted and 35 unassisted) were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of the NSAID ketoprofen or a saline placebo within 3 h of parturition. Detailed behavioural observations allowed a time budget to be constructed for each cow for 48 h post‐partum.

Results: Cows experiencing assisted parturition spent more time in lateral recumbency (overall and with the head rested) (p < 0.05) – an infrequently adopted posture suggestive of illness or pain. Cows treated with ketoprofen spent less time in lateral recumbency (p < 0.05) (overall and with the head rested); this was independent of assistance status, and lateral recumbency was not affected by the interaction between assistance and treatment status. Additionally, cows treated with ketoprofen spent more time with the head rested when in sternal recumbency (p = 0.009) – a behaviour associated with comfortable resting.

Conclusion: These differences in lying postures exhibited by cows receiving ketoprofen analgesia suggest that, regardless of whether parturition is assisted, a single dose of ketoprofen in the immediate post‐partum period has the potential to improve cow comfort in the first 48 h post‐partum.
Investigation of hypomagnesaemia prevalence and underlying aetiology in a hospitalised cohort of dogs with ionised hypocalcaemia
Authors: Woods Glynn A. , Oikonomidis Ioannis L. , Gow Adam G. , Tørnqvist‐Johnsen Camilla , Boyé Pierre , Chng Yuru , Mellanby Richard J.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and plays a critical role in a wide range of physiological processes. Low concentrations of ionised calcium, the most metabolically available form of calcium, have been linked to an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in dogs. Magnesium plays an important role in parathyroid hormone function. The objective of this study was to define the prevalence and aetiology of hypomagnesaemia in a hospitalised cohort of dogs with ionised hypocalcaemia (IHC).

Methods

A total magnesium reference interval was established using serum biochemistry results from 346 clinically healthy dogs. The clinical records of dogs with IHC were reviewed, and concurrent serum magnesium concentrations were recorded alongside clinical signs and underlying aetiology. The prevalence, clinical presentation and aetiology of hypomagnesaemia were examined in the IHC population.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐five IHC dogs were identified. Hypomagnesaemia was identified in 22%. Total magnesium concentration was significantly higher in dogs with renal disease. The most common cause of concurrent hypomagnesaemia and IHC was gastrointestinal diseases.

Conclusion

Low concentrations of serum magnesium occur in approximately one fifth of all dogs with IHC. Further studies are required to clarify the link between magnesium status, IHC and clinical outcome.
The individual in the system: The role of affect in recent veterinary graduates' reflective activity
Authors: Warman Sheena M.
Published: April 2021

Background: The transition to professional practice can be a challenging time. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons' (RCVS) Professional Development Phase (PDP) aims to support recent graduates through this transition, with graduates required to reflect on their experiences. This study drew on the concept of “lived experience” to explore the influence of affect (feelings, emotions and mood) on recent graduates' experience of reflective activity.

Methods: Data comprised semi‐structured interviews with 15 recent graduates from one veterinary school. Thematic analysis was used to explore the influence of three aspects of affect on reflective activity: affective valence (whether a chosen action is anticipated to result in positive or negative feelings), tacit aspects (such as tiredness) and perceptions of workplace mood.

Results: Participants preferred to engage in activities associated with positive feelings. Tacit feelings, such as panic or tiredness, and perceptions of workplace mood, influenced how and with whom participants engaged in reflective activity. Participants often made different choices when reflecting primarily on affective compared to clinical aspects of situations.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that acknowledging and understanding aspects of affect during the professional development phase has the potential to help the profession improve support for recent graduates.
Evaluation of urine dipstick for proteinuria assessment in pet rabbits
Authors: Agúndez Miguel Gallego , Porquet Naima Cassez
Published: April 2021

Background: Naturally occurring kidney disease (KD) in pet rabbits has not been fully characterized. It has been previously suggested that proteinuria, especially when associated with isosthenuria, may be an early indicator of KD prior to azotaemia in rabbits. The aim of the current study was to assess the diagnostic utility of the urinary protein dipstick test (UPDT) for detecting proteinuria in rabbit urine samples as a useful diagnostic tool in clinical setting.

Methods: Three hundred urinalyses from 156 pet rabbits were retrospectively analysed by comparing the UPDT with the urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) to assess its diagnostic performance in detecting proteinuria, defined as UPC > 0.3. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (NPVs) were determined.

Results: When urine‐specific gravity (USG) was ≤1.024 and a UPDT result of >0 was considered proteinuric, the specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were both 100%. Following the same criteria, specificity and PPV decreased to 92.1% and 92.5% when USG was ≤1.038. NPVs were poor.

Conclusion: In rabbits, a UPDT result > 0 is indicative of proteinuria (UPC > 0.3) when the USG is ≤1.024. In all other cases, proteinuria should be measured using the UPC.
Building class and race intersections in leadership development
Authors: martinez becky , Williams Tanya O.
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the need for an intersectional exploration of class and race to better understand leadership identity, capacity, and efficacy. The authors also offer strategies to support highlighting class and race intersections in leadership learning.
Reduced conformal symmetry
Authors: Karch Andreas , Raz Amir
Published: April 2021

Abstract

We construct field theories in 2 + 1 dimensions with multiple conformal symmetries acting on only one of the spatial directions. These can be considered a conformal extension to “subsystem scale invariances”, borrowing the language often used for fractons.
On the Quaternionic Short-Time Fourier and Segal–Bargmann Transforms
Authors: De Martino Antonino , Diki Kamal
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we study a special one-dimensional quaternion short-time Fourier transform (QSTFT). Its construction is based on the slice hyperholomorphic Segal–Bargmann transform. We discuss some basic properties and prove different results on the QSTFT such as Moyal formula, reconstruction formula and Lieb’s uncertainty principle. We provide also the reproducing kernel associated with the Gabor space considered in this setting.
Asymptotics of Polynomial Interpolation and the Bernstein Constants
Authors: Revers Michael
Published: April 2021

It is well known that the interpolation error for $$\left| x\right| ^{\alpha },\alpha >0$$

x

α

,
α
>
0

in $$L_{\infty }\left[ -1,1\right] $$

L
∞

-
1
,
1

by Lagrange interpolation polynomials based on the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials of first kind can be represented in its limiting form by entire functions of exponential type. In this paper, we establish new asymptotic bounds for these quantities when $$\alpha $$
α
tends to infinity. Moreover, we present some explicit constructions for near best approximation polynomials to $$\left| x\right| ^{\alpha },\alpha >0$$

x

α

,
α
>
0

in the $$L_{\infty }$$

L
∞

norm which are based on the Chebyshev interpolation process. The resulting formulas possibly indicate a general approach towards the structure of the associated Bernstein constants.
Lebenswelten Kitas und Schulen – Herausforderungen für die Gesundheitsämter in der Pandemie
Authors: Horacek Ulrike , Auer Isabel , Thaiss Heidrun
Published: April 2021

Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitsdienste (KJGD) als eine kommunale Struktureinheit des deutschen öffentlichen Gesundheitssystems sind mit der Gesundheitsfürsorge für Kinder, Jugendliche und Familien befasst. Wesentliche Aufgaben sind in den Gesundheitsdienstgesetzen der Bundesländer festgelegt und umfassen Tätigkeiten in, für und mit Betreuungs- und Bildungseinrichtungen. Seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie haben sich die Tätigkeiten der KJGD deutlich verändert. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Aufgaben während der Pandemie dargestellt. Grundlage ist eine Befragung von KJGD-Leitungen in 11 Kommunen im Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen im Oktober 2020.

Der KJGD wird während der Pandemie stark in den Infektionsschutz in Kitas und Schulen eingebunden. Dazu gehören Kontaktpersonennachverfolgung, Abstrichentnahme, Beratung, Teilnahme am Krisenstab, Quarantäneüberwachung und Datenerfassung. Originäre Tätigkeiten müssen in vielen Bereichen vollkommen eingestellt oder zumindest stark eingeschränkt werden. Betroffen sind u. a. die Aufgabenbereiche Betriebsmedizin, Gutachten, Schuleingangsuntersuchungen, Feststellung sonderpädagogischer Unterstützungsbedarfe, Gesundheitsberichterstattung, Kooperationen mit Kinderschutz und Frühen Hilfen, Ausbruchsmanagement für andere Erkrankungen und Schließung von Impflücken.

Die Folgen des Aussetzens originärer Tätigkeiten sind noch nicht abzusehen, so z. B. jene von fehlenden Schuleingangsuntersuchungen. Die Wiederaufnahme der Tätigkeiten ist dringend erforderlich. Im Interesse der kommunalen Daseinsvorsorge ist der KJGD ein unverzichtbarer Health-in-all-policies-Akteur, Koordinator und Garant dafür, dass Kinder und Jugendliche nicht nur physisch gesund und von Infektionen verschont bleiben, sondern auch in ihrer Entwicklung und Teilhabe unterstützt werden.
Intraoperative mapping of pre-central motor cortex and subcortex: a proposal for supplemental cortical and novel subcortical maps to Penfield’s motor homunculus
Authors: Ghimire Prajwal , Lavrador Jose Pedro , Baig Mirza Asfand , Pereira Noemia , Keeble Hannah , Borri Marco , Furlanetti Luciano , Brogna Christian , Jarosz Jozef , Gullan Richard , Vergani Francesco , Bhangoo Ranjeev , Ashkan Keyoumars
Published: April 2021

Penfield’s motor homunculus describes a caricaturised yet useful representation of the map of various body parts on the pre-central cortex. We propose a supplemental map of the clinically represented areas of human body in pre-central cortex and a novel subcortical corticospinal tract map. We believe this knowledge is essential for safe surgery in patients with eloquent brain lesions. A single-institution retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent craniotomy for motor eloquent lesions with intraoperative motor neuromonitoring (cortical and subcortical) between 2015 and 2020 was performed. All positive cortical and subcortical stimulation points were taken into account and cartographic maps were produced to demonstrate cortical and subcortical areas of motor representation and their configuration. A literature review in PubMed was performed. One hundred and eighty consecutive patients (58.4% male, 41.6% female) were included in the study with 81.6% asleep and 18.4% awake craniotomies for motor eloquent lesions (gliomas 80.7%, metastases 13.8%) with intraoperative cortical and subcortical motor mapping. Based on the data, we propose a supplemental clinical cortical and a novel subcortical motor map to the original Penfield’s motor homunculus, including demonstration of localisation of intercostal muscles both in the cortex and subcortex which has not been previously described. The supplementary clinical cortical and novel subcortical motor maps of the homunculus presented here have been derived from a large cohort of patients undergoing direct cortical and subcortical brain mapping. The information will have direct relevance for improving the safety and outcome of patients undergoing resection of motor eloquent brain lesions.
Update pulmonale Hypertonie mit Fokus auf Lungenkrankheiten
Authors: Foris V. , Kovacs G. , Olschewski H.
Published: April 2021

Die pulmonale Hypertonie (PH) wird laut aktuellem 6. „World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension“ (WSPH) in 5 Gruppen unterteilt, die pulmonalarterielle Hypertonie (PAH, Gruppe 1), die PH bei Linksherzerkrankungen (Gruppe 2), die PH bei Lungenerkrankungen und/oder Hypoxie (Gruppe 3), die chronisch thrombembolische PH (CTEPH, Gruppe 4) und die PH mit unklarer oder multifaktorieller Ursache (Gruppe 5). Die Diagnose basiert auf der Rechtsherzkatheteruntersuchung, die nun einen pulmonalarteriellen Mitteldruck > 20 mm Hg erfordert. Wichtigste nichtinvasive diagnostische Untersuchung ist die Echokardiographie, aber auch Elektrokardiographie, das Röntgen des Thorax sowie die DLCO (Kohlenmonoxiddiffusionskapazität) sind von Bedeutung. Die PAH-Therapieempfehlungen umfassen 5 als Einzel- oder Kombinationstherapien bei PAH und nichtoperablen chronisch thrombembolischen PH zugelassene Substanzklassen. Für die Gruppe-3-PH wird von einer PAH-Therapie abgeraten, außer bei der Subgruppe mit drohendem Rechtsherzversagen.
Convergence analysis of the scaled boundary finite element method for the Laplace equation
Authors: Bertrand Fleurianne , Boffi Daniele , G. de Diego Gonzalo
Published: April 2021

The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is a relatively recent boundary element method that allows the approximation of solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs) without the need of a fundamental solution. A theoretical framework for the convergence analysis of SBFEM is proposed here. This is achieved by defining a space of semi-discrete functions and constructing an interpolation operator onto this space. We prove error estimates for this interpolation operator and show that optimal convergence to the solution can be obtained in SBFEM. These theoretical results are backed by two numerical examples.
Reframing urban “wildlife” to promote inclusive conservation science and practice
Authors: Egerer Monika , Buchholz Sascha
Published: April 2021

Cities are home to both a majority of the world’s human population, and to a diversity of wildlife. Urban wildlife conservation research and policy has importantly furthered ecological understanding and species protection in cities, while also leveraging wildlife conservation to connect people to urban nature. Thus, urban wildlife conservation intersects conservation research, conservation policy, and the general public in cities worldwide. Yet, species that are often framed as “urban wildlife” are often of higher trophic levels, including birds and mammals that serve as “flagship” species for public support. Other forms of urban life including plants and invertebrates are often largely ignored, producing a normative urban wildlife concept that may bias urban wildlife conservation research and policy, and sentiment in the general public. To develop new strategies in urban wildlife conservation for the urban era, we need to move towards a more inclusive and holistic framing of urban wildlife for both research and the public. In this article, we discuss the normative framing of urban wildlife and how this framing may bias urban conservation efforts, and argue for a holistic approach to urban wildlife inclusive of all life forms for future research, publicity and policy interventions.
Interocular Grouping in Perceptual Rivalry Localized with fMRI
Authors: Buckthought Athena , Kirsch Lisa E. , Fesi Jeremy D. , Mendola Janine D.
Published: April 2021

Bistable perception refers to a broad class of dynamically alternating visual illusions that result from ambiguous images. These illusions provide a powerful method to study the mechanisms that determine how visual input is integrated over space and time. Binocular rivalry occurs when subjects view different images in each eye, and a similar experience called stimulus rivalry occurs even when the left and right images are exchanged at a fast rate. Many previous studies have identified with fMRI a network of cortical regions that are recruited during binocular rivalry, relative to non-rivalrous control conditions (termed replay) that use physically changing stimuli to mimic rivalry. However, we show here for the first time that additional cortical areas are activated when subjects experience rivalry with interocular grouping. When interocular grouping occurs, activation levels broadly increase, with a slight shift towards right hemisphere lateralization. Moreover, direct comparison of binocular rivalry with and without grouping highlights strong focused activity in the intraparietal sulcus and lateral occipital areas, such as right-sided retinotopic visual areas LO1 and IP2, as well as activity in left-sided visual areas LO1, and IP0-IP2. The equivalent analyses for comparable stimulus (eye-swap) rivalry showed very similar results; the main difference is greater recruitment of the right superior parietal cortex for binocular rivalry, as previously reported. Thus, we found minimal interaction between the novel networks isolated here for interocular grouping, and those previously attributed to stimulus and binocular rivalry. We conclude that spatial integration (i.e,. image grouping/segmentation) is a key function of lateral occipital/intraparietal cortex that acts similarly on competing binocular stimulus representations, regardless of fast monocular changes.
Rethinking the biology of metastatic melanoma: a holistic approach
Authors: Vandyck Hendrik HLD , Hillen Lisa M , Bosisio Francesca M , van den Oord Joost , zur Hausen Axel , Winnepenninckx Véronique
Published: April 2021

Over the past decades, melanoma-related mortality has remained nearly stable. The main reason is treatment failure of metastatic disease and the inherently linked knowledge gap regarding metastasis formation. In order to elicit invasion, melanoma cells manipulate the tumor microenvironment, gain motility, and adhere to the extracellular matrix and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Melanoma cells thereby express different cell adhesion molecules like laminins, integrins, N-cadherin, and others. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is physiological during embryologic development, but reactivated during malignancy. Despite not being truly epithelial, neural crest-derived malignancies like melanoma share similar biological programs that enable tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This complex phenomenon is termed phenotype switching and is intertwined with oncometabolism as well as dormancy escape. Additionally, it has been shown that primary melanoma shed exosomes that create a favorable premetastatic niche in the microenvironment of secondary organs and lymph nodes. Although the growing body of literature describes the aforementioned concepts separately, an integrative holistic approach is missing. Using melanoma as a tumor model, this review will shed light on these complex biological principles in an attempt to clarify the mechanistic metastatic pathways that dictate tumor and patient fate.
Do fires discriminate? Socio-economic disadvantage, wildfire hazard exposure and the Australian 2019–20 ‘Black Summer’ fires
Authors: Akter Sonia , Grafton R. Quentin
Published: April 2021

We examine the relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and exposure to environmental hazard with data from the catastrophic 2019–2020 Australian wildfires (Black Summer) that burnt at least 19 million hectares, thousands of buildings and was responsible for the deaths of 34 people and more than one billion animals. Combining data from the National Indicative Aggregated Fire Extent (NIAFE) and 2016 Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), we estimate the correlation between wildfire hazard exposure and an index of community-level socio-economic disadvantage. Wildfire hazard exposure is measured as the interaction between the percentage of area burnt and proximity of the fire to settlements. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between fire hazard exposure and socio-economic disadvantage, such that the most socio-economically disadvantaged communities bore a disproportionately higher hazard exposure in the Black Summer than relatively advantaged communities. Our spatial analysis shows that the socio-economic disadvantage and wildfire hazard exposure relationship exists in inner regional, outer regional and remote areas of New South Wales and Victoria, the two worst-hit states of the Black Summer catastrophe. Our spatial analysis also finds that wildfire hazard exposure, even within a small geographical area, vary substantially depending on the socio-economic profiles of communities. A possible explanation for our findings is resource gaps for fire suppression and hazard reduction that favour communities with a greater level of socio-economic advantage.
Metal accumulations in aquatic organisms and health risks in an acid mine-affected site in South China
Authors: Chan Wing Sze , Routh Joyanto , Luo Chen , Dario Mårten , Miao Yuqing , Luo Dinggui , Wei Lezhang
Published: April 2021

Metal contamination from base metal sulphide mines is a major environmental challenge that poses many ecological and health risks. We examined the metal concentrations in the Dabaoshan mine in South China in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms and their specific characteristics (i.e. size, body tissue, species, and habitat) along the Hengshi and Wengjiang River courses to assess acid mine drainage remediation efforts. Metal concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, thallium, and zinc were examined in tissues (i.e. gills, intestines, and muscles) of 17 freshwater species of fish, shrimps, and crabs. Metals in tissues followed the trend: intestines > gills > muscles; nearly all intestine samples exceeded the safe limits of metals analysed in this study. There is a positive correlation between distance from the mine and metal concentrations related to the flow of surface water and the habitat of aquatic organisms. The concentrations of arsenic, copper, and zinc were the highest in aquatic organisms, and the distribution was influenced by physical (distance from mine, currents, and seasonality), chemical (pH and competing ions), and biological (species, habitat, and predator–prey relation) factors. Large demersal fish and benthic fauna had higher concentrations of metals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of metals, as well as the high metal pollution index and target hazard quotient (arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, thallium, and zinc), occurred in bottom feeders (C. aumtus, X. argentea) and fish belonging to higher trophic levels (P. fulvidraco, O. mossambicus). Lead and cadmium indicated the highest level of biomagnification from prey to predator. Health risks exist from the dietary intake of common aquatic species such as tilapia and carp besides crustaceans due to high arsenic, cadmium, lead, and thallium levels. Further reduction of metals is necessary to improve the effects of acid mine drainage in the catchment.
Licensed professions: a new look at the association between social origins and educational attainments in Italy
Authors: Ruggera Lucia
Published: April 2021

It has long been known that Italy is characterized by the highest levels of professional regulation in Europe, but little attention has been given to the link between professional regulation and educational stratification. This article investigates the association between social origins and education by focusing on fields of study within tertiary education and by disaggregating the upper class of social origin into different micro-classes of professionals. Thus, since these professions are regulated in the first place by educational fields of study, it assesses how processes of social closure enhance occupational intergenerational immobility in the professional employment in Italy. Recently, deregulation of liberal professions in Italy has been central in many public and political debates. It contributes to these debates by examining the micro-level dynamics in the professionals’ social reproduction and related practises of social exclusion, which may have strong implications for policy interventions. By using ISTAT’s “Sbocchi Professionali dei Laureati” survey (2011), and employing multinomial logistic regressions, it shows how social selection into highly regulated fields of study is guided by parents’ professional domain. The analyses indicate that both sons and daughters of licensed professionals are more inclined to graduate in a field of study that is in line with the father’s profession and that this propensity is stronger among children of regulated self-employed professionals.
Introduction to Harold Garfinkel's Ethnomethodological "Misreading" of Aron Gurwitsch on the Phenomenal Field
Authors: Eisenmann Clemens , Lynch Michael
Published: April 2021

This article is the editors’ introduction to the transcript of a lecture that Harold Garfinkel delivered to a seminar in 1993. Garfinkel extensively discusses the relevance of Aron Gurwitsch’s phenomenological treatment of Gestalt theory for ethnomethodology. Garfinkel uses the term “misreading” to signal a respecification of Gurwitsch’s phenomenological investigations, and particularly his conceptions of contextures, functional significations, and phenomenal fields, so that they become compatible with detailed observations and descriptions of social actions and interactions performed in situ. Garfinkel begins with Gurwitsch’s demonstrations with line drawings and other abstract examples, and suggests how they can be used to suggest original procedures for investigating the vicissitudes of embodied practical actions in the lifeworld. This introduction to the lecture aims to provide some background on the scope of Gurwitsch’s phenomenological critique and elaboration of Gestalt theory and Garfinkel’s “misreading” of it in terms of his own conceptions of indexicality and accountability, and ethnomethodological investigations of the production of social order.
The Need for Equitable Scholarship Criteria for Part-Time Students
Authors: Ardissone Alexandria N. , Galindo Sebastian , Wysocki Allen F. , Triplett Eric W. , Drew Jennifer C.
Published: April 2021

Current policies and interventions to enhance student success and retention are often tied to full-time enrollment, which are substantiated by studies associating part-time enrollment with lower retention and poorer academic outcomes. However, these findings are limited to studies of first-time college students and do not represent today’s nontraditional undergraduate who may be transfer, online, and working adult students. To enhance retention of on-campus and hybrid online 2 + 2 transfer students in a STEM undergraduate program, need-based scholarships are awarded to students enrolled full-time as stipulated by the federal granting agency. Although the scholarship has helped >80 students to date, over 40% of eligible transfer students are excluded only because they are enrolled part-time, disproportionately affecting students in the hybrid online track who are more likely to be women and underrepresented minorities. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, this study explores enrollment behavior of transfer students (online and on-campus), its relationship with student characteristics and academic outcomes, and implications for scholarship eligibility. Full-time enrollment is a significant challenge for transfer students. While scholarship requirements are a key factor influencing full-time enrollment, online transfer students additionally cite work and family obligations as drivers of enrollment behavior. Thus, online 2 + 2 transfer students face different challenges than on-campus peers and are more likely to enroll part-time out of necessity, yet still have comparable GPA and graduation rates. These findings support a growing awareness of barriers nontraditional students face questioning the relevance of policies driven by “traditional” student outcomes, which perpetuate inequity in higher education.
FID-Net: A versatile deep neural network architecture for NMR spectral reconstruction and virtual decoupling
Authors: Karunanithy Gogulan , Hansen D. Flemming
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the transformative potential of deep neural networks (DNNs) for analysing and interpreting NMR data has clearly been recognised. However, most applications of DNNs in NMR to date either struggle to outperform existing methodologies or are limited in scope to a narrow range of data that closely resemble the data that the network was trained on. These limitations have prevented a widescale uptake of DNNs in NMR. Addressing this, we introduce FID-Net, a deep neural network architecture inspired by WaveNet, for performing analyses on time domain NMR data. We first demonstrate the effectiveness of this architecture in reconstructing non-uniformly sampled (NUS) biomolecular NMR spectra. It is shown that a single network is able to reconstruct a diverse range of 2D NUS spectra that have been obtained with arbitrary sampling schedules, with a range of sweep widths, and a variety of other acquisition parameters. The performance of the trained FID-Net in this case exceeds or matches existing methods currently used for the reconstruction of NUS NMR spectra. Secondly, we present a network based on the FID-Net architecture that can efficiently virtually decouple 13Cα-13Cβ couplings in HNCA protein NMR spectra in a single shot analysis, while at the same time leaving glycine residues unmodulated. The ability for these DNNs to work effectively in a wide range of scenarios, without retraining, paves the way for their widespread usage in analysing NMR data.