bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered Effect of Potassium Ions on Cerebral Respiration in vitro Following Subcortical Lesions
Authors: Roth Barbara F. , Harvey John A.
Published: October 2006

The rate of glucose-supported respiration in cortical slices taken from control rats and rats with bilateral lesions in the caudate nucleus was increased by 92 to 95 percent after the addition of potassium chloride. In cortical slices taken from rats with bilateral lesions in the septal area the respiratory rate increased by only 40 percent.
Nucleic Acid Polymerases: Possible Subunit Structure
Authors: Lee-Huang Sylvia , Cavalieri Liebe F.
Published: October 2006

A hybrid polymerase which catalyzes the synthesis only of helical polynucleotides with one DNA-like strand and one RNA-like strand can be altered by certain treatments so that it will then synthesize DNA and RNA. There is evidence that the alteration involves a separation or rearrangement of polymerase subunits of several kinds. Two types of RNA polymerase activity have been found: one produces single chains, and the other, two complementary chains simultaneously. The latter type of RNA polymerase, the hybrid polymerase, and the DNA polymerase behave as though they were bifunctional, and each may be composed of two monofunctional subunits.
Three Dimensions in Fine Structure
Authors: Mitchell H. C. , Thaemert J. C.
Published: October 2006

With some knowledge of perspective and by use of a perspective chart it is possible to construct an accurate three-dimensional illustration depicting the interrelation of tissue components from electron micrographs of serial sections of biological materials. Tracings of pertinent structures from electron micrographs are overlaid with a grid plane and subsequently redrawn on a perspective grid plane. The new tracings are then connected to one another in the most logical manner to form an illustration in perspective.
Chromosomes of American Marsupials
Authors: Biggers J. D. , Fritz H. I. , Hare W. C. D. , McFeely R. A.
Published: October 2006

Studies of the chromosomes of four American marsupials demonstrated that
Caluromys derbianus
and
Marmosa mexicana
have a diploid number of 14 chromosomes, and that
Philander opossum
and
Didelphis marsupialis
have a diploid number of 22. The karyotypes of
C. derbianus
and
M. mexicana
are similar, whereas those of
P. opossum
and
D. marsupialis
are dissimilar. If the 14-chromosome karyotype represents a reduction from a primitive number of 22, these observations suggest that the change has occurred independently in the American and Australasian forms.
Pineal Gland: Influence on Gonads of Male Hamsters
Authors: Hoffman Roger A. , Reiter Russel J.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of male hamsters to cycles of 1 hour of light and 23 hours of darkness causes atrophy of the gonads. Pinealectomy prevents this atrophy, but has no effect on animals exposed to light-dark cycles of 16 : 8. Likewise, removal of both eyes induces gonad atrophy which is prevented by pinealectomy. These data emphasize the importance of the pineal gland in the regulation of photoperiodic influences on the gonads.
Jupiter's Decametric Emission Correlated with the Longitudes of the First Three Galilean Satellites
Authors: Lebo G. R. , Smith Alex G. , Carr T. D.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of data obtained at a variety of frequencies since 1957 has confirmed Bigg's observation that the satellite Io appears to control the emission of decametric radio energy by Jupiter. The correlation is stronger when intensity, rather than simple probability, is included in the analysis. There is also evidence of a similar influence by the satellites Europa and Ganymede.
Isoantigens of Gamma Globulin in Pigs
Authors: Rasmusen B. A.
Published: October 2006

Two gamma globulin isoantigens in pigs have been identified by hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Two codominant autosomal alleles,
Gl
a
and
Gl
b
, determine three phenotypes, Gl(a+b-), Gl(a+b+), and Gl(a-b+).
Psychrometric Measurement of Leaf Water Potential: Lack of Error Attributable to Leaf Permeability
Authors: Barrs H. D.
Published: October 2006

A report that low permeability could cause gross errors in psychrometric determinations of water potential in leaves has not been confirmed. No measurable error from this source could be detected for either of two types of thermocouple psychrometer tested on four species, each at four levels of water potential. No source of error other than tissue respiration could be demonstrated.
Shell Structure of Recent Articulate Brachiopoda
Authors: Sass Daniel B. , Monroe Eugene A. , Gerace Donald T.
Published: October 2006

Replicas of the etched surfaces of the brachial valves of
Gryphus stearnsi
(Dall and Pilsbry) and
Pictothyris picta
(Dillwyn) were examined by electron microscopy. This method clearly reveals the crystalline texture of two of the morphologic layers of the shells and demonstrates that the calcite crystals accommodate the tubular punctate structures. These findings may be useful in resolving some of the problems of brachiopod taxonomy.
Carboxyhemoglobin: Hemodynamic and Respiratory Responses to Small Concentrations
Authors: Ayres Stephen M. , Giannelli Stanley , Armstrong Ruth G.
Published: October 2006

Hemodynamic and respiratory measurements were made on humans before and after inhalation of sufficient carbon monoxide to raise the carboxyhemoglobin to between 5 and 10 percent of saturation. Arterial and mixed-venous oxygen tensions decreased on average 7.3 and 13.3 percent, respectively. One of five subjects developed evidence of mild left-ventricular dysfunction.
Phytotoxin Isolated from Liquid Cultures of
Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Salemink C. A. , Rebel H. , Kerling L. C. P. , Tchernoff V.
Published: October 2006

Phytotoxic material has been isolated from liquid cultures of
Ceratocystis ulmi
. One component of the material has been obtained in pure form and has proved to be a rather thermostable glycoprotein. This compound induced disease symptoms, similar to those produced by the fungus itself, in elm sprouts and trees.
Antigen-Antibody Reaction: Nature of Complex Initiating Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Levine Bernard B.
Published: October 2006

Two homologous lightly coupled dinitrophenyl conjugates of poly-L-lysine of differing average molecular sizes were compared with regard to their abilities to elicit in guinea pigs specific delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and active Arthus reactions. Equal concentrations by weight (but not equimolar concentrations) of the two conjugates elicited equally intense delayed hypersensitivity reactions and Arthus reactions, whereas equimolar concentrations (but not equal weightconcentrations) elicited equally intense passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions. These results suggest that delayed hypersensitivity reactions are initiated by the reaction of antigen with antibody molecules in true solution, and not by the simple bridging by antigen of a small number of antibody molecules firmly fixed to cell membrane surfaces. Whether "sensitized cells" or circulating "delayed hypersensitivity antibodies" are the specific mediators of the delayed hypersensitivity reactions is discussed.
Intercellular Communication: Renal, Urinary Bladder, Sensory, and Salivary Gland Cells
Authors: Loewenstein W. R. , Socolar S. J. , Higashino S. , Kanno Y. , Davidson Neil
Published: October 2006

In four epithelial cell systems (salivary gland, renal, urinary bladder, and sensory cells) cells are interconnected as far as much of their ion content is concerned. In the salivary gland and renal epithelia, all cells of the epithelium are interconnected; and communication between a given cell and any of its nearest neighbors is equally good. In the bladder and sensory epithelia, communication appears to be more restricted, manifesting itself in chains of connected cells in the former, and in small groups of connected cells in the latter. The permeability of the cell membrane at the junction between connected cells is several orders of magnitude greater than it is at the cell surface bordering the exterior of the cells. Each connected cell ensemble functions as a system with a fairly continuous cytoplasmic core bounded by a diffusion barrier which is continuous along the entire outer surface of the system. As a result, ions move rather freely from cell to cell, but not from cell interior to exterior. Intercellular communication in at least three epithelia is associated with the presence of certain close-junctional membrane complexes.
Radiation-Induced Increases in Fitness in the Flour Beetle
Tribolium confusum
Authors: Crenshaw John W.
Published: October 2006

Polygenic mutations were induced in an inbred strain of
Tribolium confusum
by exposure to 500 roentgens of gamma radiation. Female progeny of irradiated males bearing induced mutations in the heterozygous state produced significantly more viable offspring than control female progeny of nonirradiated males.
Spontaneous Opiate Addiction in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Claghorn James L. , Ordy J. Mark , Nagy Andre
Published: October 2006

Spontaneous drug-seeking behavior was established in 3 out of 4 rhesus monkeys that were given unrestricted access to morphine and placebo solutions. The monkeys were kept in their home cages throughout the experiment and were not subjected to conditions of stress; prior addiction was not established by the usual injection procedures. The animals became physically dependent on the drug and showed abstinence symptoms when injected intramuscularly with nalorphine (N-allyl normorphine hydrochloride). This method may be useful for studying individual differences in susceptibility to drug abuse.
Square Root Variations of Reciprocal Graphing of Enzyme Kinetic Data
Authors: Stutts Patricia , Fridovich Irwin
Published: October 2006

A variation of the Lineweaver and Burk graph, in which the reciprocal of the square root of the initial reaction velocity is plotted as a function of the reciprocal of the substrate concentration, has been described in the literature and has subsequently been used as the basis of proposals of reaction mechanisms. The utility of this treatment of enzyme kinetic data is examined and has been found to be limited.
Polonium-210 Content of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Kelley Thomas F.
Published: October 2006

When eleven brands of cigarettes were smoked in a standardized manner, differences in the polonium-210 content of various brands were found. The differences were not directly related to the presence of a filter or to the construction of the filter, but were related to the amount of particulate matter in the mainstream smoke.
Cycasin: Radiomimetic Effect
Authors: Teas Howard J. , Sax Hally J. , Sax Karl
Published: October 2006

Cycasin, methylazoxy-methanol-β-glucoside, a carcinogenic compound that occurs naturally in cycad plants, induces chromosome aberrations in the root-tip cells of
Allium cepa
. Germination and growth in an aqueous solution of cycasin at a concentration of only 3 percent of that found in
Cycas circinalis
induced as many aberrations in chromosomes as did about 200 roentgens of gamma irradiation.
Mariner IV Photography of Mars: Initial Results
Authors: Leighton Robert B. , Murray Bruce C. , Sharp Robert P. , Allen J. Denton , Sloan Richard K.
Published: October 2006

The 22 photographs of Mars taken by Mariner IV have been successfully received on earth. The Martian surface photographed is rather densely populated with impact craters whose sizes range up to at least 120 kilometers in diameter. We infer that the visible Martian surface is extremely old and that neither a dense atmosphere nor oceans have been present on the planet since the cratered surface was formed.
Enrichment of Serine-Acceptor Soluble RNA by Nucleic Acid Gels
Authors: Hung P. P.
Published: October 2006

Nucleic acid gels prepared by ultraviolet irradiation of polyuridylic acid on plastic beads can absorb a species of soluble RNA with increased serine-acceptor activity.
Radiocarbon Date from the Lake St. John Area, Quebec
Authors: Lasalle Pierre
Published: October 2006

A radiocarbon age of 8680 ± 140 years found for fossil marine shells in the Lake St. John area, Quebec, shows that marine submergence there apparently preceded the "Tyrrell Sea" in southeastern Hudson Bay, but followed the Champlain Sea episode in the St. Lawrence Lowlands.
Interocular Transfer in Goldfish: Color Easier than Pattern
Authors: Ingle David J.
Published: October 2006

Goldfish were trained to monocularly discriminate different patterns that also differed in color. When tested with reversed combinations of color and pattern cues, the fish responded on the basis of pattern while using the trained eye but on the basis of color while using the untrained eye. Interhemispheric transfer of color information was therefore more effective than that of pattern.
Lidar Observation of Cloud
Authors: Collis Ronald T. H.
Published: October 2006

Lidar (from "
li
ght
d
etection
a
nd
r
anging ") is the optical counterpart of meteorological radar. At optical wavelengths, very much smaller atmospheric particles can be detected than at microwave wavelengths. With a laser power source, a transmitter uses a lens system to beam very intense pulses of monochromatic light of extremely short duration. Light backscattered by the atmosphere is collected in a receiver system that is essentially a telescope coaligned with the transmitter, and a narrow-pass filter allows only light of the transmitted frequency to be detected by a photomultiplier. Data are presented on an oscilloscope as a trace of signal intensity versus range (the
A
-scope of radar practice) and photographed.
Primary Immune Reactions in Organ Cultures
Authors: Globerson Amiela , Auerbach Robert
Published: October 2006

Primary immune reactions were initiated and maintained in vitro. Spleen explants from mice treated with either phytohemagglutinin or adjuvant were stimulated to form hemagglutinins and hemolysins, whereas no treatment of spleen donors was necessary to invoke a "graft-versus-host" response which led to specific splenomegaly.
Inhibition of L1210 Tumor Growth by Thymus DNA
Authors: Glick J. Leslie , Goldberg Allan R.
Published: October 2006

Growth of L1210 leukemia cells which had been previously incubated with thymus DNA was inhibited. Leukemia-cell DNA did not affect tumor growth under similar conditions. Pretreatment of the thymus DNA with deoxyribonuclease suppressed the DNA induced inhibition. Both ribonuclease-treated DNA and untreated DNA inhibited tumor growth.
Radioactivity of the Columbia River Effluent
Authors: Gross M. Grant , Barnes Clifford A. , Riel Gordon K.
Published: October 2006

Chromium-51 and zinc-65 were detected as far as 115 and 15 kilometers, respectively, from the mouth of the Columbia River; zinc-65 also was found at a few isolated stations. Zirconium-95 and niobium-95 from atmospheric fallout occurred in the river effluent but they were most abundant in surface waters further offshore. Distribution of the radionuclides is controlled largely by surface currents and by upwelling of sea water near the coast.
Nucleoside Incorporation into Strain L Cells: Inhibition by Pleuropneumonia-Like Organisms
Authors: Nardone Roland M. , Todd Jean , Gonzalez Paula , Gaffney Edwin V.
Published: October 2006

Contamination of Strain L cell cultures by pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) resulted in a complete inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine and uridine. Contaminated cultures were characterized by a concentration of PPLO along the margins of the cells and in the intercellular spaces of the cultures. Autoradiograms of PPLO-contaminated cultures were characterized by exposed silver grains over the margins of the cells. Kanamycin was effective in the elimination of PPLO and the restoration of nucleoside incorporation.
Tetrodotoxin and Manganese Ion: Effects on Action Potential of the Frog Heart
Authors: Hagiwara Susumu , Nakajima Shigehiro
Published: October 2006

Tetrodotoxin, which effectively suppresses the permeability of various tissues to sodium ions, has no effect on the calcium action potential of the fiber of barnacle muscle, which potential is produced by increase in permeability to calcium ions. Manganese ions, however, suppress the action potential. When applied to fiber of frog cardiac ventricle, tetrodotoxin suppresses the rate of rise of the action potential without affecting the overshoot; the suppressive effect of manganese ion is mainly on the overshoot of the action potential. This suggests that, in the action potential of the cardiac ventricle of the frog, the plateau phase is related primarily to the increase in permeability of the membrane to calcium ions.
Chondroitin Sulfate: Inhibition of Synthesis by Puromycin
Authors: de la Haba G. , Holtzer H.
Published: October 2006

Puromycin reversibly inhibits synthesis of chondroitin sulfate by vertebral chondrocytes from 10-day-old chick embryos. Treatment of these cells with puromycin for 5 hours does not affect viability or capacity to multiply on subsequent release from their matrix. It is suggested that synthesis of this polysaccharide is coupled with that of protein; there may be a feedback control in its synthesis.
Right Horn Implantation in the Common Duiker
Authors: Child Graham , Mossman A. S.
Published: October 2006

In the common duiker,
Sylvicapra grimmia
, implantation occurs only in the right uterine horn, but both ovaries ovulate.
Preservation of Mammalian Cells in a Chemically Defined Medium and Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Brown Bruce L. , Nagle Stanley C.
Published: October 2006

Three established mammalian cell lines (cat kidney, L, and HeLa cells), grown in suspension in a protein-free, chemically defined medium, were stored under liquid nitrogen in the defined medium fortified with 4 and 8 percent dimethylsulfoxide. After storage for 1 month the recovery viability was 86 percent, and cells showed normal growth upon reinoculation into the defined growth medium.
Angiosperm Parasite and Host: Coordinated Dispersal
Authors: Atsatt P. R.
Published: October 2006

Seeds of the root parasite
Orthocarpus densiflorus
may be dispersed by the propagules of its host,
Hypochoeris glabra
. Such coordinated transport, which includes seed clustering, reinforces the integration and stability of populations of this host and parasite.
Prostaglandin: Release from the Rat Phrenic Nerve-Diaphragm Preparation
Authors: Ramwell P. W. , Shaw Jane E. , Kucharski J.
Published: October 2006

Release of a substance that stimulates smooth muscle was detected from a phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation from the rat upon direct and indirect stimulation. On thin-layer chromatography most of the active material behaved as a mixture of prostaglandins. The effect of electrical stimulation was mimicked by catecholamines but not by acetylcholine or eserine. The effect of nerve stimulation was not antagonized by
d
-tubocurarine.
Arterial Hypertension Elicited by Subpressor Amounts of Angiotensin
Authors: McCubbin James W. , DeMoura R. Soares , Page Irvine H. , Olmsted Frederick
Published: October 2006

Long-term infusion of amounts of angiotensin insufficient at the beginning to raise arterial pressure results, after several days in sustained arterial hypertension in unanesthetized dogs. This hypertension is to a large degree dependent on environmental stimuli, and results chiefly from increase in peripheral resistance. As in dogs with renal hypertension, there is increased pressor responsiveness to tyramine. This indirect action of angiotensin to increase total peripheral resistance and arterial pressure by an action on the sympathetic nervous system, along with an upward resetting of the carotid sinus buffering mechanism, might logically account for the neural component of chronic renal hypertension. Such a proposal integrates the humoral and neural elements of the mosaic describing the mechanisms of tissue perfusion.
Tritium: Distribution in
Busycon canaliculatum
(L.) Injected with Labeled Reserpine
Authors: Mirolli Maurizio
Published: October 2006

Tritiated reserpine was injected into the body cavities of specimens of
Busycon canaliculatum
(Mollusca, Gastropoda). Only the ganglia, liver, and kidney were radioactive throughout the 14-day experiment. Radioactivity of the kidney and liver increased after the first measurement; that of the ganglia declined during the first day but later remained constant.
Visual Contours in Homogeneous Space
Authors: Shipley T.
Published: October 2006

With the aid of the Julesz figures, we introduce the concept of the stereoscopic edge, an edge which exists visually in the absence of physical contours. This edge, as well as the full complex of normal stereoscopy, can be present in the complete absence of physical contours at the fovea to approximately ± 3.00 degrees from fixation.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate: Studies in Germ-Free Mice
Authors: Reed N. D. , Jutila J. W.
Published: October 2006

A marked difference in mortality was observed between germ-free mice and conventionally reared mice, both given a single injection of cortisol acetate. The incidence of death in germ-free mice was significantly lower than in conventionally reared mice. Mortality in germ-free mice treated with cortisol acetate was increased by monocontamination with
Escherichia coli
.
Rabbit Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase 5; A Regulatory Enzyme
Authors: Fritz Paul J.
Published: October 2006

Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 from rabbit skeletal muscle is activated by citrate,
cis
-aconitate, isocitrate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, aspartate, and glutamate. In the presence of these activators the shape of the pyruvate saturation curve is changed from sigmoid to hyperbolic. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 1 from rabbit heart gives a hyperbolic pyruvate saturation curve and is not activated by these compounds. Oxalacetate is a competitive inhibitor of both isozyme 5 and isozyme 1 but at low concentration it activates the former. These results indicate that lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 from rabbit skeletal muscle is an allosteric protein and a regulatory enzyme, while lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 1 from rabbit heart is apparently neither.
Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction between Identical Twins
Authors: Duane T. D. , Behrendt Thomas
Published: October 2006

Alpha rhythms have been elicited in one of a pair of identical twins as a result of evoking these rhythms in a conventional manner solely in the other.
Lithocholic Acid in Human-Blood Serum
Authors: Carey J. B. , Williams G.
Published: October 2006

Lithocholic acid was present in the serum of three patients with jaundice and, in smaller amounts, in two healthy adults. This bile acid occurs naturally in human feces but induces cirrhosis of the liver when fed to a wide variety of experimental animals. The finding of lithocholic acid in blood is of interest because of its possible role in injuring human liver.
Tenuous Surface Layer on the Moon: Evidence Derived from Radar Observations
Authors: Hagfors Tor , Brockelman Richard A. , Danforth Haines H. , Hanson Leonard B. , Hyde Gerald M.
Published: October 2006

By radar backscattering, observations of the moon have been made which show a systematic difference between the backscattering coefficient of waves polarized in, and perpendicular to, the local plane of incidence. The results are in agreement with a model consisting of a tenuous top layer at least 10 centimeters thick, supported by a denser underlying layer.
Flavonoids from the Moss
Mnium affine
Bland
Authors: Melchert Thomas E. , Alston Ralph E.
Published: October 2006

Eight different flavone C-glycosides from
Mnium affine
were tentatively identified by chromatography and spectroscopy. Quercetin-3-diglycoside and other unidentified flavonoids were found in
M. arizonicum
. The flavonoid chemistry of
Mnium
is complex.
Bacterial Stimulation of Sporangium Production in
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Zentmyer George A.
Published: October 2006

Bacteria, notably
Chromobacterium violaceum
, stimulate initiation of production of sporangia by
Phytophthora cinnamomi
, a plant pathogen which does not produce this asexual stage in ordinary agar or liquid culture.
Ultrasound Chemical Effects on Pure Organic Liquids
Authors: Weissler Alfred , Pecht Israel , Anbar Michael
Published: October 2006

Molecular fragmentation of organic liquids was produced by cavitation due to ultrasound waves, even in the absence of water. The sonolysis of acetonitrile under argon yielded N
2
, CH
4
, and H
2
; but under oxygen the products were N
2
, CO, CO
2
, and H
2
O. Pure nonaqueous carbon tetrachloride also underwent sonolytic decomposition under either argon or oxygen, with the production of elemental chlorine.
Electron Density and Electronic Properties in Noble-Metal Transition Elements
Authors: Jensen M. Anthony , Matthias B. T , Hill Murray
Published: October 2006

It is shown empirically that the superconducting transition temperature as well as the magnetic susceptibility and the electronic specific heat of noble-metal transition elements and alloys can be described reasonably well as universal functions of the valence electron density, that is, the number of valence electrons per cubic centimeter.
Adrenaline Synthesis: Control by the Pituitary Gland and Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Authors: Wurtman Richard J. , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

The activity of phenylethanolamine-
N
-methyl transferase, an enzyme that synthesizes adrenaline from noradrenaline in the adrenal medulla, is markedly depressed following hypophysectomy. Enzyme activity is restored to normal after administration of ACTH or the potent glucocorticoid, dexamethasone. Thus the biosynthesis of adrenaline in the adrenal medulla appears to be regulated by the pituitary-adrenocortical system.
Temperature Effects on the Peripheral Auditory Apparatus
Authors: Coats Alfred C.
Published: October 2006

Cooling with a thermoelectric cold probe, well localized in the region of the cochlea, produces a rapid, reversible decrease in the amplitude and increase in the latency of the action potential induced by clicks. These changes closely resemble those produced by reducing click intensity. Temperature also affects the amplitude of the cochlear microphonic, but the amount of change is considerably less than, and is poorly correlated with, the amplitude change of the action potential. It is speculated that temperature may act on a hypothetical "excitatory process" in the cochlea, which comes after the cochlear microphonic in the sequence leading to production of the action potential of the auditory nerve.
Clathrate Structure of Silicon Na
8
Si
46
and Na

x

Si
136
(
x
< 11)
Authors: Kasper John S. , Hagenmuller Paul , Pouchard Michel , Cros Christian
Published: October 2006

The crystal structure of two new cubic phases in the silicon-sodium system have been solved from their x-ray diffraction patterns. Both structures are of the clathrate type found for gas hydrates, consisting of tetrahedral networks which are combinations of pentagonal dodecahedra with 14-face polyhedra in one case and with 16-face polyhedra in the other case. There is strict correspondence between the silicon positions and the oxygen positions of the hydrate structures. For one compound, Na
8
Si
46
, the centers of all polyhedra are occupied by sodium atoms. For the other compound, there occurs only partial occupancy of the polyhedral cages.
Succinate: Protective Agent against Hyperbaric Oxygen Toxicity
Authors: Sanders Aaron P. , Hall I. H. , Woodhall Barnes
Published: October 2006

When succinate is used to protect rats against the toxicity of oxygen at high pressure, 100 percent survive, with normal or above normal concentrations of adenosine triphosphate being present in the cerebral hemisphere, liver, and kidney. In contrast, 90 percent of the nonprotected animals died during exposure. In corresponding tissues of surviving nonprotected animals adenosine triphosphate concentrations are markedly reduced.
Genes, Patents, and Product Development
Authors: Eisenberg Rebecca S.
Published: October 2006

In the past year, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has filed patent applications on more than 2750 partial complementary DNA sequences of unknown function. The rationale for the filings—that patent protection may be necessary to ensure that private firms are willing to invest in developing related products—rests on two premises: first, that NIH may obtain patent rights that will offer effective product monopolies to licensee firms, and second, that unless NIH obtains these rights now, firms will be unable to obtain a comparable degree of exclusivity by other means, such as by obtaining patents on their own subsequent innovations. Neither premise is clearly wrong, although both are subject to doubt in view of statements from industry representatives that the NIH patenting strategy will deter rather than promote product development.
Mica Polytypes: Systematic Description and Identification
Authors: Ross Malcolm , Takeda Hiroshi , Wones David R.
Published: October 2006

X-ray studies of mica specimens from a variety of geological localities show that biotite and certain lithium-rich mica samples are composed of a mixture of different polytypes. Many of the biotite structures are new complex polytypes not before reported. A new method of designating mica polytypes is proposed. Techniques are described for the systematic generation of all the possible layer-stacking sequences of mica polytypes and for the verification of the stacking sequences in newly discovered forms.
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Ocular Lesions in Monkeys Sensitized during the Neonatal Period
Authors: Stone S. H. , Lerner E. M. , Myers R. E. , Niemann W. H.
Published: October 2006

The neonatal rhesus monkey is susceptible to the induction of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The disease has been produced regularly by injection of neonatal animals with guinea pig spinal cord antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. The onset of the disease, as compared with onset in adults, is delayed and is most often heralded by intrinsic eye lesions, notably widespread retinal hemorrhages.
Weaning of Young Rats: Effect of Time on Behavior
Authors: Nováková V.
Published: October 2006

Male rats were weaned on the 15th, 16th, 17th, 25th, and 30th day of postnatal life. The rate of elaboration of the conditioned reflex at 8 months of age and the stability of the memory trace at 12 months were studied. Compared with rats weaned at 30 days of age, those weaned on day 15 elaborated the conditioned reflex much more slowly and the memory trace was less firm. Rats weaned on days 16 and 17 elaborated the conditioned reflex more quickly than rats weaned on day 15 but more slowly than those weaned on day 30. In all groups the memory trace showed the same stability and was significantly firmer than in rats weaned on day 15. The higher nervous activity of rats weaned at the age of 25 days more nearly resembles that of rats weaned at 15 days than of those weaned later.
Deafferentation in Monkeys: Effect on Conditioned Grasp Response
Authors: Taub Edward , Ellman Steven J. , Berman A. J.
Published: October 2006

A preliminary technique was developed for conditioning grasp response in monkeys, for use in studying the effect of damage to the central nervous system on skilled movement. That subjects were able to learn this response with a deafferented hand, in the absence of vision, indicated that purposive movements of the distal musculature are less under the control of peripheral feedback than had been generally believed.
Thermoregulation in a Brooding Female Indian Python,
Python molurus bivittatus
Authors: Hutchison Victor H. , Dowling Herndon G. , Vinegar Allen
Published: October 2006

At varying environmental temperatures, measurements of body temperatures and gas exchange of a female Indian python (
Python molurus bivittatus
) show that during the brooding period this animal can regulate its body temperature by physiological means analogous to those in endotherms. Ambient temperatures below 33°C result in spasmodic contractions of the body musculature with a consequent increase in metabolism and body temperature.
Transport of Sugars and Amino Acids in the Intestine: Evidence for a Common Carrier
Authors: Alvarado Francisco
Published: October 2006

D-Galactose, L-arginine, and their respective actively transported analogs are partially competitive inhibitors of the active transport of neutral amino acids in the small intestine of hamsters. Since the aforesaid classes of compounds are all transported by similar, sodium-ion-dependent mechanisms and elicit countertransport of each other, all may share a common, polyfunctional carrier in which a series of separate binding sites, namely, one each for sugars, neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, and Na
+
are joined together, as in a mosaic.
Concentration of Dissolved Amino Acids from Saline Waters by Ligand-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Siegel Alvin , Degens Egon T.
Published: October 2006

Amino acids dissolved in salt solutions may be concentrated and removed from the solution by ligand exchange on copper-Chelex 100 resin. Competing inorganic ligands do not interfere, and ion exchange with cations does not occur; thus loss of metal ion from this column is avoided. To test the potentiality of ligand exchange for chromatography, the type and nature of the dissolved amino compounds in sea water were investigated. The data revealed that the bulk of the dissolved amino compounds is present in a combined rather than a free state.
Gonadotropin-Induced Anomalies of the Zona Pellucida of the Baboon Ovum
Authors: Katzberg Allan A. , Hendrickx Andrew G.
Published: October 2006

Vesiculation and other anomalies were observed in the zona pellucida about the ovum of female baboons
(Papio anubis)
that had received treatment with Pergonal and human chorionic gonadotropin; and in some instances the zona pellucida was absent.
Mechanism of Lunar Polarization
Authors: Hopfield J. J.
Published: October 2006

A theoretical model to explain the negative polarization of moonlight at small lunar phase angles is developed. The model is based on the polarization of light in the diffraction region bordering the geometric shadow of an opaque dielectric obstacle.
Antibodies Affecting Metabolism of Chicken Erythrocytes: Examination of Schizophrenic and Other Subjects
Authors: Ryan James W. , Brown James D. , Durell Jack
Published: October 2006

Human plasma contains an antibody which produces a complement-linked lysis of chicken erythrocytes and an associated marked stimulation of the cells' aerobic glycolysis. This appears to account for reported alteration in chicken erythrocyte metabolism produced by the plasmas of some schizophrenic patients.
Association between Potassium Concentration and Serological Type of Sheep Red Blood Cells
Authors: Rasmusen B. A. , Hall J. G.
Published: October 2006

When red blood cells from 115 sheep were classified for the presence or absence of antigenic factor M and for high (as opposed to low) potassium concentration levels, the cells of the 22 M-negative sheep were low in potassium.
Requirement for the Adenovirus type 9 E4 Region in Production of Mammary Tumors
Authors: Javier Ronald , Raska Karel , Shenk Thomas
Published: October 2006

Oncogenic viruses demonstrating a strict tropism for the mammary gland provide special opportunities to study the susceptibility of this tissue to neoplasia. In rats, human adenovirus type 9 (Ad9) elicits mammary fibroadenomas that are similar to common breast tumors in women, as well as phyllodes-like tumors and mammary sarcomas. By constructing recombinant adenoviruses between Ad9 and Ad26 (a related nontumorigenic virus), it was shown that the Ad9
E4
region was absolutely required to produce these mammary tumors. This indicates that an adenovirus gene located outside the classic transforming region (
E1
) can significantly influence the in vivo oncogenicity of an adenovirus. Consistent with a direct role in mammary gland oncogenesis, the Ad9
E4
region also exhibited transforming properties in vitro. Therefore, the Ad9
E4
region is a viral oncogene specifically involved in mammary gland tumorigenesis.
Tetrodotoxin and Manganese Ions: Effects on Electrical Activity and Tension in Taenia Coli of Guinea Pig
Authors: Nonomura Y. , Hotta Y. , Ohashi H.
Published: October 2006

Tetrodotoxin, at concentrations up to 5 × 10-6gram per milliliter, has no effect on the spontaneous discharge in the smooth muscle of taenia coli. However, the spontaneous discharge is abolished by Mn++at a concentration of 0.5 millimole per liter. The contraction induced by immersing the muscle in isotonic KCl solution is also suppressed in the presence of Mn++. Because Mn++is a specific suppressor of the spike induced by Ca++and tetrodotoxin is an inhibitor of the spike induced by Na+, we suggest that Ca++is a charge carrier in the production of spike potential in the smooth muscle and that the entry of Ca++through the membrane acts as a trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle.
Mariner IV: Analysis of Preliminary Photographs
Authors: Binder Alan B.
Published: October 2006

Comparison of the distributions of Martian and lunar crater diameters indicates that the visible surface of Mars is 2.2 to 3 × 10
9
years old. This result implies that in the early history of Mars large-scale subaerial erosion occurred. Of 69 Martian craters with diameters greater than 10 kilometers, 13 percent have central peaks. This compares favorably with the frequency (11.7 percent) of central peaks among lunar craters and may indicate that the central peaks are a direct result of the impact mechanism rather than post-impact volcanism. A well-defined system of lineaments is shown in the Mariner photographs. The presence of these lineaments may indicate that Mars has lost appreciable angular momentum during its history.
Mutarotase in Higher Plants: Distribution and Properties
Authors: Bailey J. Martyn , Fishman Peter H. , Pentchev P. G.
Published: October 2006

The enzyme mutarotase from mammalian tissues catalyzes interconversion of anomeric forms of glucose and structurally related sugars; it may be involved in transport of sugars. Isolation and species distribution of a similar enzyme in higher plants are described. The enzyme from green pepper (
Capsicum frutescens
) was purified 230-fold. It differs from the mammalian enzyme in both substrate specificity and lack of inhibition by 1-deoxyglucose and phloridzin.
X-Ray Spectra from Three Cosmic Sources
Authors: Grader R. J. , Hill R. W. , Seward F. D. , Toor A.
Published: October 2006

Three cosmic x-ray sources have been observed from a water-launched rocket carrying two x-ray detectors to an altitude of 200 kilometers. The x-ray spectra, measured in the photon energy range between 1 and 40 kiloelectron volts, are all different. The sources in order of hardness of spectra are Cyg XR-1, Tau XR-1, and Sco XR-1. The intensity of Sco XR-1 decreased at low photon energies. The differences in spectra might be interpreted as evidence of different source mechanisms.
Neurological Defect: Manganese in Phenocopy and Prevention of a Genetic Abnormality of Inner Ear
Authors: Erway Lawrence , Hurley Lucille S. , Fraser Alex
Published: October 2006

A specific congenital ataxia may be caused by presence of mutant genes and by manganese deficiency during prenatal development in normal mice. Supplementation of the diet of mutant mice with manganese during prenatal development rectifies the aberrant development, resulting in normal behavior. The congenital ataxia results from defective development of the otoliths.
Nucleotide Sequence of a Yeast Tyrosine Transfer RNA
Authors: Madison J. T. , Everett G. A. , Kung H.
Published: October 2006

The nucleotide sequence of a tyrosine transfer ribonucleic acid is described and compared to the known sequence of an alanine transfer RNA. It is possible to construct very similar base-paired models for the two molecules in spite of only limited similarities in sequences. The evidence indicates that the sequence containing guanosine, pseudouridine, and adenosine in the middle of the polynucleotide chain is the anticodon.
Preferential Mating versus Mimicry: Disruptive Selection and Sex-limited Dimorphism in
Papilio glaucus
Authors: Burns John M.
Published: October 2006

Spermatophore counts in wild females of
Papilio glaucus
show that the monomorphic nonmimetic male mates less frequently with the mimetic female morph than with the nonmimetic female morph. Female dimorphism in this species cannot be maintained by heterozygous advantage. Mating preference for the nonmimetic female may sufficiently counteract avian predation pressure favoring the mimetic female to account for the maintenance of the nonmimetic morph in the population in those areas in which the model is abundant and to account for the reduction in frequency or elimination of the mimetic morph in those areas in which the model is less numerous or absent.
Anomalous Carbon-Isotope Ratios in Nonvolatile Organic Material
Authors: Kaplan I. R. , Nissenbaum A.
Published: October 2006

Organic mats are associated with sulfur deposits in Upper Pleistocene sand ridges of the coastal plain of southern Israel; black, brittle, and nonvolatile, they show parallel layering but no other apparent cellular structure. Two independent carbon-14 determinations yielded ages of 27,750 ± 500 and 31,370 ± 1400 years. Four carbon-13:carbon-12 determinations fell within the range δC
13
=-82.5 to -89.3 per mille relative to the PDB standard; these appear to be the lowest values yet reported for naturally occurring high-molecular-weight organic material. The origin of the carbon is probably complex; it must have passed through at least one biologic cycle before final deposition.
Porotic Hyperostosis, Anemias, Malarias, and Marshes in the Prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence
Published: October 2006

Porotic hyperostosis, formerly called osteoporosis symmetrica, is an overgrowth of the spongy marrow space of the skull. In children, other bones may also be affected. The disease is a consequence of one of the thalassemias or sicklemia. These anemias are balanced polymorphisms which are apparently maintained by falciparum malaria. Falciparum malaria spread over the anopheline belts of the Old World in coincidence with porotic hyperostosis, but did not penetrate the New World. Here some other parasitism or deficiency anemia must have been the cause of porotic hyperostosis in ancient times. In Anatolia, Greece, and Cyprus from the seventh to second millennia B.C., porotic hyperostosis occurred frequently in early farmers who lived in marshy areas, but rarely in inhabitants of dry or rocky areas or in latest Paleolithic hunters. As shown by skeletal samples from Greece, the frequency of the disease decreased as farming methods improved. However, from Hellenistic to Romantic times it again increased together with increases in the incidence of malaria and in poorer farming. There are correlations between porotic hyperostosis and adult stature and fertility. The mutations producing falciparum malaria therefore must antedate seventh millennium B.C. and I think may have an Eastern Mediterranean origin.
Effect of Sugars on Transport of Alanine in Intestine
Authors: Chez Ronald A. , Schultz Stanley G. , Curran Peter F.
Published: October 2006

The effect of glucose and galactose on transport of alanine by rabbit ileum has been investigated. Transmural transport and cellular accumulation of the amino acid were inhibited by the sugars, but alanine influx across the mucosal border of the cells was unaltered.
Hexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Found in Human Liver
Authors: Ohno Susumu , Payne Harold W. , Morrison Martin , Beutler Ernest
Published: October 2006

Starch-gel electrophoresis of extracts of human liver revealed the presence of a new hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that was slower-moving at
p
H 8.6 than the sex-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. When the gel plate was stained, galactose-6-phosphate being used as a substrate, this enzyme band stained intensely, but the sex-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase failed to stain. This new human enzyme may well be homologous with the autosomally inherited glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the deer mouse (
Peromyscus maniculatus
), reported by Shaw and Barto.
Milk Production of Cows on Protein-Free Feed
Authors: Virtanen Artturi I.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of bacterial protein in the rumen of lactating cows fed on purified carbohydrates, with urea and ammonium salts as the sole sources of nitrogen, can be increased, through feed adaptation, to a level adequate not only for the maintenance of the cow but also for a relatively high milk production. The best annual milk yield per cow on the experimental feed has, so far, been 4217 kilograms, calculated as standard milk (684 kilocalories per kilogram of milk). The composition of the test milk is similar to that of normal fat- and protein-rich milk. Fractionation of casein and serum proteins of test milk and normal milk by different methods demonstrated the similarity of the proteins of the two milks. The normal or higher concentrations of the water-soluble vitamins in test milk show that the biosynthesis of these vitamins in the rumen is vigorous. The flavor of the two milks is very similar—proof that biosynthesis of the effective flavor compounds of milk occurs in the body of the cow. The only component of test milk whose composition, when small amounts of vegetable oil have been fed, has differed from that of normal milk is the fat.

The studies of milk production on the experimental feed have opened up new possibilities for investigating the biosynthesis of different milk components. The studies are also of practical importance: Since the vigorous biosynthesis of proteins from simple nitrogen compounds in the rumen of test-feed-adapted cows has been demonstrated, there are greater possibilities for studying the replacement of protein by urea. In countries where there are plenty of forests, part of the feed of cows can be made up of certain wood products—for instance, hemicellulose and cellulose of low quality. The new findings may also be of value in the dry areas of the globe, where milk would be of vital significance for improving the nutrition of the population.
Supernova Remnant W-44: Observations at 8350 Megacycles per Second
Authors: Hollinger J. P. , Hobbs R. W.
Published: October 2006

The region of W-44 was mapped at 8350 megacycles per second. The degree of linear polarization of the most intense portion of W-44 integrated over the 10.8-minute-of-arc beam was 11 ± 2 percent at position angle 45° ± 5°. This high degree of polarization is further evidence that W-44 is a supernova remnant. The integrated flux density of (95 ± 25) × 10
-26
watt per square meter per cycle per second for this source is consistent with measurements at lower frequencies extrapolated with the use of a spectral index of -0.44, obtained by other observers. In addition, the compact source 3 minutes of right ascension west of W-44 was unpolarized, within the error of measurement. The flux density of (23 ± 6) × 10
-26
watt per square meter per cycle per second determined for it along with the results of other observers indicate that this source has a thermal spectrum.
A Differential Anemometer for Measuring the Turning Tendency of Insects in Stationary Flight
Authors: Roeder Kenneth D.
Published: October 2006

A pair of thermistors forming part of a direct current bridge circuit was mounted in the wake of a moth in stationary flight. Differential changes in the thermistors' resistance provided a sensitive index of changes in the direction of the airstream as the insect made attempts to turn away from a source of ultrasonic pulses.