bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placemaking and the United Kingdom's largest housebuilders
Authors: Jones Peter , Comfort Daphne
Published: September 2020

The concept of placemaking has attracted growing attention as part of possible solutions to the shortage of new housing development in the United Kingdom and in the recent White Paper on the future of the planning system, the United Kingdom Government called for more attention to be given to placemaking. At the same time, placemaking has become an increasingly common element in the lexicon of the United Kingdom's largest housebuilders. This commentary paper outlines some of the characteristics of placemaking, reviews how some of the United Kingdom's largest housebuilders are addressing placemaking and offers some reflections on placemaking and the creation of new housing developments and communities.
The Italian consensus conference on the role of rehabilitation for children and adolescents with leukemia, central nervous system, and bone tumors, part 1: Review of the conference and presentation of consensus statements on rehabilitative evaluation of motor aspects
Authors: Rossi Francesca , Ricci Federica , Botti Stefano , Bertin Daniele , Breggiè Simona , Casalaz Roberto , Cervo Marta , Ciullini Paola , Coppo Monica , Cornelli Annalisa , Esposito Maria , Ferrarese Miriana , Ghetti Marina , Longo Lucia , Morri Mattia , Naretto Gabriella , Orsini Nicoletta , Fagioli Franca ,   the AIEOP Rehabilitation Working Group Members
Published: September 2020

Because of increasing survival rates in pediatric oncology, attention is focusing on cancer and its treatment‐related side effects. Rehabilitation may reduce their impact. However, the literature does not provide strong evidence regarding rehabilitation pathways. Therefore, the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology organized a consensus conference on the role of rehabilitation of motor impairments in children/adolescents affected by leukemia, central nervous system, and bone tumors to define recommendations for daily practice. The grading of recommendation assessment, developing and evaluation (GRADE) method was used in order to formulate questions, select outcomes, evaluate evidence, and create recommendations. This paper includes the results on the rehabilitation assessment.
Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy: A review of published blastocyst reanalysis concordance data
Authors: Marin Diego , Xu Jia , Treff Nathan R.
Published: September 2020

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT‐A) reduces miscarriage risk, increases the success of IVF, shortens time to pregnancy, and reduces multiple gestation rates without compromising outcomes. The progression of PGT‐A has included common application of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) from single nucleotide polymorphism microarray, quantitative real‐time PCR, and array comparative hybridization platforms of analysis. Additional putative advances in PGT‐A capability include classifying embryos as mosaic and predicting the presence of segmental imbalance. A critical component in the process of technical validation of these advancements involves evaluation of concordance between reanalysis results and initial testing results. While many independent studies have investigated the concordance of results obtained from the remaining embryo with the original PGT‐A diagnosis, compilation and systematic analysis of published data has not been performed. Here, we review results from 26 primary research articles describing concordance in 1271 human blastocysts from 2260 pairwise comparisons. Results illustrate significantly higher discordance from PGT‐A methods which utilize NGS and include prediction of mosaicism or segmental imbalance. These results suggest caution when considering new iterations PGT‐A.
Selective fetal reduction in complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies: A comparison of techniques
Authors: Shinar Shiri , Agrawal Swati , El‐Chaâr Darine , Abbasi Nimrah , Beecroft Robert , Kachura John , Keunen Johannes , Seaward Gareth , Van Mieghem Tim , Windrim Rory , Ryan Greg
Published: September 2020

Objective

To compare perinatal outcomes associated with three methods of selective reduction in complicated monochorionic (MC) twin pregnancies: bipolar cord coagulation (BC), fetoscopic or ultrasound guided laser cord occlusion and radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of complicated MC twin pregnancies undergoing selective fetal reduction at a tertiary fetal center over a 20‐year period. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes were compared.

Results

105 procedures met inclusion criteria: 74 RFAs, 17 lasers and 14 BCs. Procedure duration was significantly shorter for RFA (27.4 ± 15.8 minutes) compared to BC (91.7 ± 38.7 minutes) and laser (83.4 ± 40.4 minutes), P < .0001). The incidence of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and co‐twin demise did not differ between groups, however preterm delivery <34 weeks occurred less frequently following RFA (29.7%), compared to laser (64.7%) or BC (42.9%) (P = .02); delivery <37 weeks was also less frequent following RFA (45.9%), compared to laser (76.5%) or BC (78.6%)(P = .01). The difference in preterm birth<34 weeks between RFA and laser was maintained after adjusting for cord occlusion indication and amnionicity (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.27‐12.31).

Conclusions

In our experience, RFA procedures were simpler, faster and associated with a lower risk of preterm delivery <34 and <37 weeks, compared to laser or BC.
Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in cases of congenital Zika syndrome
Authors: Melo Adriana , de Sales Tavares Jousilene , de Assis Costa Marianny , Santana de Aguiar Renato , Malinger Gustavo , de Oliveira Melo Fabiana , Balbino da‐Silva Mariana , Luiz Fonseca Schamber‐Reis Bruno , Gama Gabriela , Tanuri Amilcar , Chimelli Leila , Oliveira‐Szejnfeld Patricia , M. Ramos de Amorim Melania
Published: September 2020

Objective

To describe obstetric and perinatal outcomes in cases of congenital Zika syndrome (CZS).

Methods

A dual prospective and retrospective cohort study involving 102 pairs of mothers and fetuses/children with CZS whose infection was confirmed by testing for the Zika virus in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and fragments from the placenta of the newborn infant (confirmed CZS), or by intrauterine imaging tests (neurosonography), and/or postnatal computed tomography (presumed CZS).

Results

Suspicion of CZS was investigated by ultrasonography during pregnancy in 52.9% of cases. The principal prenatal imaging findings were ventriculomegaly (43.1%) and microcephaly (42.2%). Median gestational age at delivery was 39 weeks, with 15.7% being premature. Mean head circumference at birth was 30.0 ± 2.3 cm, with 66% of cases being classified as having microcephaly. Arthrogryposis was found in 10 cases (9.8%). There were no fetal deaths; however, nine neonatal deaths were recorded, and three autopsies were performed.

Conclusion

Neonatal mortality was high, almost 10%. Regarding the abnormalities of CZS, microcephaly, although common, was not present in all cases and intracranial findings need to be taken into consideration for diagnosis. Therefore, ultrasound screening during pregnancy should be systematized and expanded in endemic zones.
Studying the plasma‐assisted polymerization at atmospheric pressure in Ar/TEOS by active laser diagnostics
Authors: Barletta Federica , Britun Nikolay , Leys Christophe , Gherardi Matteo , Snyders Rony , Nikiforov Anton
Published: September 2020

The key processes in an atmospheric‐pressure plasma jet containing Ar and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) are studied by means of two‐dimensional imaging of the important discharge radicals: OH, CH, and atomic O. The kinetics of the species generation is investigated by laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The work is focused on the behavior of the ground‐state radicals' density as a function of the applied voltage and of the Ar/TEOS mixing ratio. First insights on the physicochemical mechanisms of precursor fragmentation are provided. The influence of precursor admixture and precursor fragmentation on the OH, CH radicals, and atomic oxygen kinetics is revealed. The dominant role of gas‐phase oxidation processes in CH radical formation and polymerization is discussed and analyzed.
Diaphragmatic atrophy and dysfunction in critically ill mechanically ventilated children
Authors: Mistri Sabyasachi , Dhochak Nitin , Jana Manisha , Jat Kana R. , Sankar Jhuma , Kabra Sushil K. , Lodha Rakesh
Published: September 2020

Rationale

The extent of diaphragmatic atrophy and dysfunction in critically ill children from developing countries is not established.

Objectives

To estimate changes in ultrasound measurements of diaphragmatic thickness over the first week of mechanical ventilation. To assess magnitude and risk factors of diaphragmatic atrophy.

Methods

In an observational cohort study, children aged 1–18 years, requiring mechanical ventilation were included. Ultrasound measurements of diaphragmatic thickness at end‐expiration (DTe) and end‐inspiration (DTi), and diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF) were performed daily during the first week of admission, and pre‐ and post‐extubation. Diaphragmatic atrophy (%) and atrophy rate (rate of decline in DTe, % per day) were calculated.

Measurements and Main Results

Of 55 children (74.6% boys) enrolled, 20 (36.4%) died. Of 35 children with planned extubation, 5 (14.3%) required reintubation. Baseline median (interquartile range [IQR]) DTe, DTi, and DTF were 1.27 mm (1, 1.6), 1.76 mm (1.35, 2.10), and 33.75% (26.90, 44.60), respectively. There was a significant reduction in DTe over the first week of mechanical ventilation (p < .001), median (IQR) diaphragmatic atrophy and atrophy rate of 9.91% (5.26, 17.35) and 2.01% (1.08, 3.04) per day, respectively. Diaphragmatic atrophy rate was lower in pressure targeted ventilation (n = 44; 1.79% [1.03, 2.87]) than volume targeted ventilation (n = 11; 3.10% [1.31, 5.49]), p = .038. There was no difference in diaphragmatic parameters (atrophy rate, and peri‐extubation DTe and DTF) in extubation success versus failure.

Conclusions

The diaphragm undergoes progressive atrophy during the first week of mechanical ventilation in critically ill children. Future studies should evaluate ventilation strategies to reduce the diaphragmatic atrophy.
Effects of dutasteride in a rat model of chemically induced prostatic inflammation—Potential role of estrogen receptor β
Authors: Mizoguchi Shinsuke , Mori Kenichi , Shin Toshitaka , Wang Zhou , DeFranco Donald B. , Yoshimura Naoki , Mimata Hiromitsu
Published: September 2020

Background

Dutasteride administration reportedly improves lower urinary tract symptoms in patient with chronic, histologically‐identified prostatic inflammation, potentially through estrogen receptor β (ERβ), activation of which has anti‐inflammatory effects in the prostate tissue. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dutasteride on intraprostatic inflammatory responses and bladder activity using a rat model of chemically induced prostatic inflammation.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats at 10 weeks old were used. Prostatic inflammation was induced by 5% formalin injection into ventral lobes of the prostate and saline was injected in the control group (control, n = 5). Rats with prostatic inflammation were divided into dutasteride therapy (dutasteride, n = 5) and placebo groups (placebo, n = 5). Dutasteride was administrated at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg daily from 2 days before induction of prostatic inflammation whereas placebo rats received vehicle only. Twenty‐eight days later, cystometry was performed in a conscious condition to measure non‐voiding contractions (NVCs), intercontraction intervals (ICI) and postvoid residual volume (RV). After cystometry, the prostate was excised for analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of ERα, ERβ, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐18 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The mean number of NVCs was significantly greater in placebo group than that of control group without prostatic inflammation (p < .05), and ICI were significantly decreased in placebo group compared with control group (p < .05). On the contrary, there was no significant change in NVCs or ICI between control and dutasteride groups. RV was not significantly different among three groups. Gene expression levels of ERα, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 was significantly increased in placebo rats compared with control rats (p < .05), but not significantly different between control and dutasteride rats. On the other hand, the mRNA expression level of ERβ was significantly decreased in placebo rats (p < .05), but not in dutasteride rats, compared with control rats.

Conclusion

Dutasteride treatment improved not only prostatic inflammation evident as increased gene expression levels in IL‐1β and IL‐18, but also bladder overactivity shown by increased NVCs during bladder filling. These therapeutic effects were associated with the restored expression of anti‐inflammatory ERβ. Therefore, dutasteride might be effective via ERβ modulation for the treatment of prostatic inflammation in addition to its previously known, anti‐androgenic effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Tuning Conductivity and Spin Dynamics in Few‐Layer Graphene via In Situ Potassium Exposure
Authors: Márkus Bence Gábor , Sági Olivér , Kollarics Sándor , Edelthalhammer Konstantin F. , Hirsch Andreas , Hauke Frank , Szirmai Péter , Náfrádi Bálint , Forró László , Simon Ferenc
Published: September 2020

Chemical modification such as intercalation or doping of novel materials is of great importance for exploratory material science and applications in various fields of physics and chemistry. Herein, the systematic intercalation of chemically exfoliated few‐layer graphene with potassium is reported while monitoring the sample resistance using microwave conductivity. It is found that the conductivity of the samples increases by about an order of magnitude upon potassium exposure. The increased number of charge carriers deduced from the electron spin resonance (ESR) intensity also reflects this increment. The doped phases exhibit two asymmetric Dysonian lines in ESR, a usual sign of the presence of mobile charge carriers. The width of the broader component increases with the doping steps; however, the narrow components seem to have a constant line width.
Pumpkin seed oil cake/polyethylene film as new food packaging material, with perspective for packing under modified atmosphere
Authors: Popović Senka , Hromiš Nevena , Šuput Danijela , Bulut Sandra , Vitas Svetlana , Savić Marina , Lazić Vera
Published: September 2020

Biopolymer packaging materials show increasing perspective in food packaging. Main limitation remains their high water sensitivity and poor water vapour barrier properties, compared to non polar materials of synthetic origin like polyethylene. In this paper, biopolymer layer obtained from by‐product of oil industry (pumpkin seed oil cake) was laminated on polyethylene in order to obtain new packaging material that would preferably combine water barrier properties of polyethylene and oxygen barrier properties of biopolymer composite material and perform satisfactory mechanical properties. Obtained two‐layer material showed good barrier properties for water vapour (7–8 g/m2 24h), as well as oxygen (12–45 cm3/m2 24h) and light. In addition, mechanical and water sensitivity tests were performed and results showed that new material inherited biopolymer film water sensitivity and mechanical properties with slight improvement. Measured tensile strength and elongation at break was 2–4 MPa and 150–250% in transversal direction and 6–8 MPa and 100–150% in longitudinal direction. Packing in modified atmosphere assay showed that new material can be used for this purpose with good control of oxygen concentration, while packing under increased concentration of CO2 could be performed for shorter storage period. New two layer material shows promising properties for sensitive food packing under modified atmosphere conditions with reduced use of synthetic, oil‐based materials.
WiMUST: A cooperative marine robotic system for autonomous geotechnical surveys
Authors: Simetti Enrico , Indiveri Giovanni , Pascoal António M.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents the main results of the European H2020 WiMUST project, whose aim was the development of a system of cooperative autonomous underwater vehicles and autonomous surface vehicles for geotechnical surveying. In particular, insights on the overall robotic technologies and methodologies employed, ranging from the communications and navigation framework to the cooperative and coordinated control solutions are given. The software architecture and the lessons learnt from the preliminary field test are also discussed. Finally, field results of the final survey campaign carried out in the Atlantic Ocean are presented, demonstrating how a team of seven robots could autonomously conduct a geotechnical survey, producing seismic images without artifacts.
Using diatoms to assess river restoration: A pilot study in Whychus Creek, Oregon, USA
Authors: Edwards Patrick M. , Pan Yangdong , Mork Lauren , Thorne Colin
Published: September 2020

A primary goal of river restoration is to reestablish lost ecological functions. Yet the impact of restoration on diatom assemblages and algal biomass in a stream is rarely addressed in the scientific literature reporting the outcomes of restoration projects aimed at improving riverine habitat. To investigate the potential for using benthic diatoms as indicators of the benefits to habitat associated with river restoration, we conducted a pilot diatom study in Whychus Creek, a headwater tributary of the Deschutes River in Oregon, USA. As part of a work study project for college students, we collected periphyton samples in a restored reach, a restored transition reach and an unrestored reach (control) and compared diatom assemblages and algae biomass of these reaches. Diatom assemblages and traits differed substantially between the control and restored reaches and the median percentage of chlorophyll a in the periphyton biomass increased from 9% in the control reach to 12% in the restored reach. The results of this pilot study suggest that benthic diatom assemblage may be useful indicators of river restoration success, particularly for approaches that aim to reconfigure channels and increase floodplain connectivity and habitat complexity.
New center expands responses to sexual violence
Authors: Santovec Mary Lou
Published: September 2020

If actions speak louder than words, then the new Sexual and Relationship Violence Center at the University of Arkansas is a prime example. Opened in fall 2019, the SRVC is the logical progression of a series of programs, consultations, and services the university has offered around sexual and relationship violence since 1988.
HEART: Unrelated parallel machines problem with precedence constraints for task scheduling in cloud computing using heuristic and meta‐heuristic algorithms
Authors: Bhardwaj Amit Kumar , Gajpal Yuvraj , Surti Chirag , Gill Sukhpal Singh
Published: September 2020

Cloud computing is becoming a profitable technology because of it offers cost‐effective IT solutions globally. A well‐designed task scheduling algorithm ensures the optimal utilization of clouds resources and reducing execution time dynamically. This research article deals with the task scheduling of inter‐dependent subtasks on unrelated parallel computing machines in a cloud computing environment. This article considers two variants of the problem‐based on two different objective function values. The first variant considers the minimization of the total completion time objective function while the second variant considers the minimization of the makespan objective function. Heuristic and meta‐heuristic (HEART) based algorithms are proposed to solve the task scheduling problems. These algorithms utilize the property of list scheduling algorithm of unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation has been provided for the two variants of the problem. The optimal solution is obtained by solving MILP formulation using A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) software. Extensive numerical experiments have been performed to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithms. The solutions obtained by the proposed algorithms are found to out‐perform the existing algorithms. The proposed algorithms can be used by cloud computing service providers (CCSPs) for enhancing their resources utilization to reduce their operating cost.
Induction of labor with Foley catheter and risk of subsequent preterm birth: follow‐up study of two randomized controlled trials (PROBAAT‐1 and ‐2)
Authors: de Vaan M. D. T. , Blel D. , Bloemenkamp K. W. M. , Jozwiak M. , ten Eikelder M. L. G. , de Leeuw J. W. , Oudijk M. A. , Bakker J. J. H. , Rijnders R. J. P. , Papatsonis D. N. , Woiski M. , Mol B. W. , de Heus R.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate the rate of preterm birth (PTB) in a subsequent pregnancy in women who had undergone term induction using a Foley catheter compared with prostaglandins.

Methods

This was a follow‐up study of two large randomized controlled trials (PROBAAT‐1 and PROBAAT‐2). In the original trials, women with a term singleton pregnancy with the fetus in cephalic presentation and with an indication for labor induction were randomized to receive either a 30‐mL Foley catheter or prostaglandins (vaginal prostaglandin E2 in PROBAAT‐1 and oral misoprostol in PROBAAT‐2). Data on subsequent ongoing pregnancies > 16 weeks’ gestation were collected from hospital charts from clinics participating in this follow‐up study. The main outcome measure was preterm birth < 37 weeks’ gestation in a subsequent pregnancy.

Results

Fourteen hospitals agreed to participate in this follow‐up study. Of the 1142 eligible women, 572 had been allocated to induction of labor using a Foley catheter and 570 to induction of labor using prostaglandins. Of these, 162 (14%) were lost to follow‐up. In total, 251 and 258 women had a known subsequent pregnancy > 16 weeks' gestation in the Foley catheter and prostaglandin groups, respectively. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the groups. The overall rate of PTB in a subsequent pregnancy was 9/251 (3.6%) in the Foley catheter group vs 10/258 (3.9%) in the prostaglandin group (relative risk (RR), 0.93; 95% CI, 0.38–2.24), and the rate of spontaneous PTB was 5/251 (2.0%) vs 5/258 (1.9%) (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.30–3.51).

Conclusion

In women with term singleton pregnancy, induction of labor using a 30‐mL Foley catheter is not associated with an increased risk of PTB in a subsequent pregnancy, as compared to induction of labor using prostaglandins. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Exchanging Disaster Science Expertise Between Countries—A Japanese Personal Perspective
Authors: Murao Osamu
Published: September 2020

Having experienced firsthand the catastrophic Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011, Tohoku University founded the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) in 2012. IRIDeS staff, with a broad array of relevant specializations, conducts world-class research on disaster science and disaster mitigation in collaboration with organizations from many countries. As a member of IRIDeS, Prof. Osamu Murao, the founder and manager of the International Strategy for Disaster Mitigation Laboratory (ISDM), has conducted several international collaborative research projects. This chapter briefly reports on the activities of the IRIDeS and ISDM and highlights key factors for successful international collaborative research and exchange experiences with other countries. The author recounts his initial collaborative research experience in a long-term project examining Taiwan’s recovery from the impact of the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake which was the foundation of the international research collaboration at ISDM. The chapter concludes with a summary of the valuable lessons learned from the author’s participation in this research.
The Ontological Praxis Between Disaster Studies and Demography—Extension of the Scope
Authors: Karácsonyi Dávid , Taylor Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter serves as a summary of the learnings from the present volume and an extension of the scope on disaster-demography nexus. We outline the benefits of exploring the disaster-demography nexus and develop a categorisation summarising seven different approaches to the interlink of disasters with demography from examinations of existing literature. These are: disaster impacts on population, measuring vulnerability, mass displacement, spatial-regional approach, climate change, urbanisation and an applied approach. These seven approaches are our attempt to highlight the complex and multifarious nexus between demography and disasters which may not simply be linked to vulnerability. It is recognised that others may separate or merge some of these approaches in different ways.
Long-Term Mass Displacements—The Main Demographic Consequence of Nuclear Disasters?
Authors: Karácsonyi Dávid , Hanaoka Kazumasa , Skryzhevska Yelizaveta
Published: September 2020

Human history has witnessed several major disasters that have affected the economic, social and environmental conditions of their respective regions. The nuclear disaster of Chernobyl (1986, Ukraine, that time the Soviet Union) and Fukushima (2011, Japan) appears to be the most significant disasters in terms of negative outcomes produced for their population over a long time. Despite this, the analysis of the socio-economic outcomes of these disasters has attracted much less scientific attention than health or radiation-related issues (UNDP 2002a; Lehman and Wadsworth 2009, 2011). Although nuclear accidents are deemed to be rare events, the Fukushima disaster occurred only 25 years after Chernobyl. These disasters highlighted the need for a detailed long-term socio-economic analysis of these accidents to acquire sufficient knowledge to be applied when considering new construction sites for nuclear power facilities (Lehman and Wadsworth 2011). This chapter focuses on the problem of permanent resettlement resulting from nuclear disasters and its effects on regional demographic trajectories and spatial shifts. Based on the results of this study we argue that mass displacement after a nuclear disaster rather than the radiation itself has a much more significant impact on deteriorating health, natural reproduction and economic performance of the affected population. Furthermore, given the differences in radio-ecological conditions, reconstruction policy and the time framework, Fukushima may demonstrate demographic consequences that are different from the Chernobyl case.
Land Use Planning for Demographic Change After Disasters in New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail
Authors: King David , Gurtner Yetta
Published: September 2020

Land use planning is dominated by the growth paradigm—planning and development strategies of cities and regions to encompass increased demand for housing and infrastructure. Urban and Regional planning strategies are focused on enhancing development and growth to counter decline. In contrast, an emerging literature is concerned with planning for decline—managing population and infrastructure loss, decommissioning settlements and planning for reduced population and economy. The advent of a disaster is frequently a catalyst for local decline, but such loss is often connected to longer term issues and trends of population decline. New Orleans, Christchurch and Innisfail are examined in this chapter, to illustrate issues of population loss and demographic change against the impacts of specific disasters. The case studies exhibit multiple patterns of migration both spatially and temporally. Net migration has reflected population loss, but is not homogenous across the community. Specific demographic, cultural and socio-economic groups exhibited different patterns of migration and mobility. Reconstruction of such settlements faces changed demography with a shift in service and infrastructure needs. A reduced population requires land use rezoning, new strategic plans, land use change, removal of structures and re-siting of infrastructure while climate change related adaptation strategies identify protect, accommodate or retreat. Case studies illustrate various approaches to these issues.
Storytelling as a Cultural Practice and Life Form
Authors: Schachtner Christina
Published: September 2020

Narrative is introduced as a cultural practice and life form which contributes to creating the foundation of our lives as it helps us to interpret the world, through stories, in which we must be able to act. Borrowed from Ricœur (Time and narrative: The configuration of time in fictional narrative(Vol. 2, K. McLaughlin & D. Pellauer, Trans). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press (1985) andThe course of recognition(D. Pellauer, Trans). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2005).), the concepts of time and space are presented as the contexts and products of narrative. The functions of storytelling are discussed under the heading of “technologies of Self-construction” (inspired by Foucault, Technologies of the self. In L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, & P. H. Hutton (Eds.),Technologies of the self: A seminar with Michel Foucault(pp. 16–49). Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press (1988).), which provide orientation, self-understanding, and transgression. These need to be developed within the constraints of social norms—so the theory goes—and yet subjects still have some room to move within the process of adopting norms (Butler,Giving an account of oneself. New York, NY: Fordham University Press (2005).).
The Narrative Space of the Internet
Authors: Schachtner Christina
Published: September 2020

Undergoing a sociocultural transformation in the course of their development, digital networks are analysed as further parameters in the narratives of network actors and bloggers. The following structural characteristics are particularly relevant for narratives: interconnectedness, interactivity, globality, multimediality, and virtuality. These characteristics are then part and parcel of the mise-en-scène of narrative in digital networks.
A Theoretical Postscript: Time, Space, the Self and the You, and Digital Media as Narrative Constructions
Authors: Schachtner Christina
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how the concepts of time, space, the Self, the You, and the structural characteristics of the media concerned figure in the narratives. Time, for example, is fleshed out as biographical and sociocultural time whereas space takes on form in the narrative practices of managing boundaries and organizing virtual space. The analysis continues by confirming that the narrative subject is anything but isolated. The You sets foot on the narrative stage as a benchmark or a talking point. In the interplay between narrators and media, transmedia storytelling crystallizes as a new narrative form which interlinks media-based experiences from different phases of life and from different media, giving rise to a cosmos in which the narrators act as the designers of their own stories.
Expectations for Carbon Pricing in Japan in the Global Climate Policy Context
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Asakawa Kenji
Published: September 2020

Realizing a decarbonized society in consistent with the Paris Agreement, a fundamental transformation of the entire economic and social system is needed, and not only carbon intensive sectors but also all sectors and all stakeholders including households must be decarbonized. This chapter demonstrates increasing expectations for carbon pricing in Japan in this global policy context. After the review of the global trend of carbon pricing, historical progress of carbon pricing in Japan and the existing nation-wide carbon tax, i.e. the Global Warming Countermeasure Tax, is explained. There are also two sub-national carbon pricing schemes in Japan, Tokyo ETS and Saitama ETS, which are explained in Chaps.10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_6and10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_7respectively, and not focused in this chapter. We examine the claim that Japan has already implemented high level carbon pricing in terms of various forms of energy taxes. Based on the effective carbon rate which is defined by OECD as the sum of explicit carbon prices and fossil fuel taxes per carbon emission, the nationwide average effective carbon rate of Japan is lower than the average effective carbon rates of OECD countries and its key partner countries. The current carbon pricing schemes in Japan are too modest to realize decarbonization transition and there is a room to upgrade them to exploit full potential of carbon pricing. This chapter discusses adequate levels of carbon prices in compatible with decarbonization transition.
Climate Policy in Household Sector
Authors: Wang Jiaxing , Matsumoto Shigeru
Published: September 2020

Compared to the industry sector, the progress of energy conservation of the household sector is very slow. It is because the household sector is more diverse than the industrial sector, and regulatory enforcement is much more difficult. The government can stop firms’ operation if their environmental burden is too heavy but cannot stop household’s activities. Therefore, the government needs to find energy conservation policies that are supported by the public. Like other countries, the Japanese government has introduced various energy conservation measures to reduce the energy usage from households for the past several decades. It has introduced energy efficiency standards for energy-consuming durables and provided subsidies to promote energy-efficient products in recent years. At the same time, it has raised the price of energy in order to provide households with an appropriate incentive to conserve. In addition, it has promoted renewable energy usage in the household sector. Facing climate change, the Japanese government has not introduced energy conservation measures systematically but rather on an ad hoc basis. In this chapter, we review energy conservation measures implemented in the household sector in Japan. We then make policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of energy conservation measures in the household sector.
Climate Policy in Power Sector: Feed-in Tariff and Carbon Pricing
Authors: Kurakawa Yukihide
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the effects of some mainstream policy schemes in the power sector on the reduction of CO2 emissions. The first part of this chapter is the analysis on the effects of promoting generation (fuel) efficiency of fossil-fuel power generation, specifically assuming more efficient coal-fired power plants that recently indicates increased presence in the Japanese power sector. Improvement in generation efficiency of fossil-fuel power plants is expected to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide mainly from a technological aspect. However, overall effects on carbon reduction in the whole industry would be ambiguous since it also depends on market structure. The increased efficiency in generation leads to an improvement in cost conditions of fossil-fuel power producers relative to their rivals. It enables them to expand their generation and market share. Analyzing the Cournot oligopoly model, it is shown that an improvement in fossil-fuel power generations produces two effects: the ‘saving effect’ and the ‘rebound effect’. The total CO2 emission in the whole industry decrease if the former effect exceeds the other, and vice versa. In addition, it is indicated that a rise in the generation efficiency would increase a difficulty of implementing carbon tax. In the second part of this chapter, I study the combination of feed-in tariff and carbon tax; that would be worthy to investigate since they could possibly complement each other. FIT policy could be financed by the revenue of carbon tax, and a reduction in electricity supply by the carbon tax would be lessen by supporting renewable power generations under FIT. It is demonstrated that FIT had the combined effects: it fosters a competitive environment in addition to indirectly reduces CO2 emissions. The result indicates that the combination of these policies would produce potential welfare gains.
Energy Consumption in Transition: Evidence from Facility-Level Data
Authors: Yajima Naonari , Arimura Toshi H. , Sadayuki Taisuke
Published: September 2020

This chapter estimated the impact of the Tokyo emissions trading scheme (ETS) and Saitama ETS on energy consumption in the manufacturing sector using a facility-level panel data set compiled from the Current Survey of Energy Consumption, a nationwide survey on energy consumption conducted by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy in Japan. To our knowledge, no study has used this rich data set to perform sophisticated econometric analyses. We found that the Tokyo ETS reduced electricity consumption by 16%. On the other hand, we did not find evidences of switching from dirty fossil fuel to cleaner fuel associated with the introduction of the Tokyo ETS. The impact of the Saitama ETS on energy consumption was not statistically confirmed based on our samples. Additional studies are needed to identify the different impacts of the ETSs between Tokyo and Saitama. We also found that Japan has been experiencing long-term decreasing trends in the number of manufacturing facilities and the volume of fossil fuel consumption, which may reduce Japanese CO2 emissions in the long run.
One-loop matching for spin-dependent quasi-TMDs
Authors: Ebert Markus A. , Schindler Stella T. , Stewart Iain W. , Zhao Yong
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDPDFs) provide a unique probe of the three-dimensional spin structure of hadrons. We construct spin-dependent quasi-TMDPDFs that are amenable to lattice QCD calculations and that can be used to determine spin-dependent TMDPDFs. We calculate the short-distance coefficients connecting spin-dependent TMDPDFs and quasi-TMDPDFs at one-loop order. We find that the helicity and transversity distributions have the same coefficient as the unpolarized TMDPDF. We also argue that the same is true for pretzelosity and that this spin universality of the matching will hold to all orders inαs. Thus, it is possible to calculate ratios of these distributions as a function of longitudinal momentum and transverse position utilizing simpler Wilson line paths than have previously been considered.
Warping wormholes with dust: a metric construction of the Python’s Lunch
Authors: Bao Ning , Chatwin-Davies Aidan , Remmen Grant N.
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We show how wormholes in three spacetime dimensions can be customizably warped using pressureless matter. In particular, we exhibit a large new class of solutions in (2 + 1)-dimensional general relativity with energy-momentum tensor describing a negative cosmological constant and positive-energy dust. From this class of solutions, we construct wormhole geometries and study their geometric and holographic properties, including Ryu- Takayanagi surfaces, entanglement wedge cross sections, mutual information, and outer entropy. Finally, we construct a Python’s Lunch geometry: a wormhole in asymptotically anti-de Sitter space with a local maximum in size near its middle.
Quantum integrable systems from supergroup gauge theories
Authors: Chen Heng-Yu , Kimura Taro , Lee Norton
Published: September 2020

Abstract

In this note, we establish several interesting connections between the super- group gauge theories and the super integrable systems, i.e. gauge theories with supergroups as their gauge groups and integrable systems defined on superalgebras. In particular, we construct the super-characteristic polynomials of super-Toda lattice and elliptic double Calogero-Moser system by considering certain orbifolded instanton partition functions of their corresponding supergroup gauge theories. We also derive an exotic generalization of 𝔰𝔩(2) XXX spin chain arising from the instanton partition function of SQCD with super- gauge group, and study its Bethe ansatz equation.
Horizon symmetries and hairy black holes in AdS
Authors: Donnay Laura , Giribet Gaston , Oliva Julio
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We investigate whether supertranslation symmetry may appear in a scenario that involves black holes in AdS space. The framework we consider is massive 3D gravity, which admits a rich black hole phase space, including stationary AdS black holes with softly decaying hair. We consider a set of asymptotic conditions that permits such decaying near the boundary, and which, in addition to the local conformal symmetry, is preserved by an extra local current. The corresponding algebra of diffeomorphisms consists of two copies of Virasoro algebra in semi-direct sum with an infinite-dimensional Abelian ideal. We then reorient the analysis to the near horizon region, where infinite-dimensional symmetries also appear. The supertranslation symmetry at the horizon yields an infinite set of non-trivial charges, which we explicitly compute. The zero-mode of these charges correctly reproduces the black hole entropy. In contrast to Einstein gravity, in the higher-derivative theory subleading terms in the near horizon expansion contribute to the near horizon charges. Such terms happen to capture the higher-curvature corrections to the Bekenstein area law.
Massive islands
Authors: Geng Hao , Karch Andreas
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We comment on the role of the graviton mass in recent calculations of the Page curve using holographic ideas. All reliable calculations of the Page curve in more than 2+1 spacetime dimensions have been performed in systems with massive gravitons. A crucial ingredient in these calculations is the formation of islands, regions that contribute to the entropy of degrees of freedom located elsewhere. While most often simply ignored, it is indeed true that mass of the graviton does not appear to significantly affect the calculations that appeared in the literature. We use the freedom to change the graviton mass to give an extremely simple model of analytically tractable island formation in general dimensions. We do however note that if one attempts to take the limit of zero graviton mass, any contribution from the islands disappears. This raises the question to what extent entanglement islands can play a role in standard massless gravity.
The ring of modular forms of degree two in characteristic three
Authors: van der Geer Gerard
Published: September 2020

We determine the structure of the ring of Siegel modular forms of degree 2 in characteristic 3.
Comparison of prevalence and characteristics of fractures in term and preterm infants in the first 3 years of life
Authors: Tong Liting , Pooranawattanakul Sarita , Gopal-Kothandapani Jaya Sujatha , Offiah Amaka C.
Published: September 2020

Background

Preterm infants may be more vulnerable to fractures due to various factors, including metabolic bone disease, but an increased risk of fractures up to the age of 2 is unproven.

Objective

To compare fracture patterns in premature and full-term children in the first 3 years of life.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted. We excluded any child who returned with the same injury, with known metabolic bone disease, with any disease or condition known to reduce bone density, who received any medication known to affect Vitamin D metabolism within 3 months of enrollment or who had fractures post-surgery/resuscitation. Variables such as the number of fractures sustained each year, age of presentation to the Emergency Department and mechanism of injury were compared between the preterm and term groups using statistical analysis (χ2 and Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test for continuous variables). Simple linear regression was performed on the total number of fractures sustained by age 3.

Results

Forty-four children with fractures were included. Of these, none were born extremely preterm, 24 (55%) were preterm, and 20 (45%) were born at term. Mean gestational ages of the preterm and term groups were 32 weeks 3 days and 39 weeks 6 days, respectively. There were no extremely low birth weight or very low birth weight children. There was no significant difference in the number of fractures sustained yearly, the age of presentation to the Emergency Department or the site of fracture between preterm and term groups. Linear regression showed that the total number of fractures sustained by age 3 years was unrelated to prematurity status, gender or birth weight category.

Conclusion

No significant difference in fracture number or pattern was identified.
Self-compression at 1 µm wavelength in all-bulk multi-pass geometry
Authors: Gröbmeyer Sebastian , Fritsch Kilian , Schneider Benedikt , Poetzlberger Markus , Pervak Vladimir , Brons Jonathan , Pronin Oleg
Published: September 2020

We present directly oscillator-driven self-compression inside an all-bulk Herriott-type multi-pass cell in the near-infrared spectral range. By utilizing precise dispersion management of the multi-pass cell mirrors, we achieve pulse compression from 300 fs down to 31 fs at 11 µJ pulse energy and 119 W average power with a total efficiency exceeding 85%. This corresponds to an increase in peak power by more than a factor of three and a temporal compression by almost a factor of ten in a single broadening stage without necessitating subsequent dispersive optics for temporal compression. The concept is scalable towards millijoule pulse energies and can be implemented in visible, near-infrared and infrared spectral ranges. Importantly, it paves a way towards exploiting Raman soliton self-frequency shifting, supercontinuum generation and other highly nonlinear effects at unprecedented high peak power and pulse energy levels.
Evaluation of secondary dentin formation for forensic age assessment by means of semi-automatic segmented ultrahigh field 9.4 T UTE MRI datasets
Authors: Timme Maximilian , Borkert Jens , Nagelmann Nina , Schmeling Andreas
Published: September 2020

Dental methods are an important element of forensic age assessment of living persons. After the development of all the teeth, including third molars, is completed, degenerative characteristics can be used to assess age. The radiologically detectable reduction of the dental pulp cavity has been described as such a feature. We investigated the suitability of ultrahigh field 9.4 T ultrashort time echo (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of pulp cavity volume in relation to the total tooth volume in 4 extracted human teeth. The volume calculations were performed after semi-automatic segmentation by software AMIRA using the different intensities of the structures in the MRI dataset. The automatically selected intensity range was adjusted manually to the structures. The visual distinction of pulp and tooth structure was possible in all cases with in-plane resolution < 70 μm. Ratios of tooth/pulp volume were calculated, which could be suitable for age estimation procedures. Intensity shifts within the pulp were not always correctly assigned by the software in the course of segmentation. 9.4 T UTE-MRI technology is a forward-looking, radiation-free procedure that allows the volume of the dental pulp to be determined at high spatial resolution and is thus potentially a valuable instrument for the age assessment of living persons.