bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early to Middle Holocene Estuarine Shellfish Collecting on the Islands and Mainland Coast of the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA
Authors: Rick Torben C.
Published: September 2020

Terminal Pleistocene to Middle Holocene sea level rise resulted in a number of changes to coastal ecosystems around the world, providing new challenges and opportunities for coastal peoples. In California, glacial to interglacial sea level rise resulted in some reductions in rocky shore kelp forests, but it also resulted in the formation of estuaries. Estuaries were important for terminal Pleistocene peoples in the Santa Barbara Channel region (SBC), a pattern that persisted through the Early to Middle Holocene, and sometimes later. While paleoestuaries appear to have been relatively common along the SBC mainland coast, they were rare to absent on the Channel Islands. The Abalone Rocks Paleoestuary on Santa Rosa Island is the only well documented island estuary. However, questions remain about the size and productivity of this estuary and its importance for human subsistence and settlement relative to the more extensive mainland estuaries. Faunal data from two previously unreported site components and synthesis of shellfish data from other Abalone Rocks sites and similarly aged sites near mainland estuaries illustrate the importance of SBC mainland versus island estuaries. Estuarine shellfish were considerably more abundant at most Early and Middle Holocene mainland sites, with the Abalone Rocks Paleoestuary largely supplementary to rocky shore habitats. At island estuary sites, taxonomic richness was fairly consistent during the Early to Middle Holocene, although diversity and evenness decline slightly through time, with estuarine shellfish largely disappearing from island assemblages prior to 5000 years ago. These data demonstrate the power of archaeological research to evaluate the relationships between past environmental change and human behavior.
El lenguaje y su importancia en las interacciones para una educación no sexista
Authors: Rodríguez Parra Mery , Peláez Elizalde Gloria
Published: September 2020

El presente artículo plantea la necesidad de relevar la categoría de género como componente fundamental en el contexto de la acción educativa. Se considera, en particular, la importancia del lenguaje en la representación de la realidad aprendida por estudiantes y enseñada por docentes, cuyo marco referencial para su práctica pedagógica está dado por bases curriculares y programas de estudio que invisibilizan la problemática del género, reproduciendo relaciones de inequidad y exclusión. Se plantea, entonces, la necesidad de un cambio cultural a partir de la incorporación de un lenguaje no sexista en los contextos educativos para con ello promover relaciones equitativas e inclusivas.
Pensar geográficamente: una aproximación a la enseñanza de la geografía desde el currículum al aula
Authors: Armijo Baeza Francisca
Published: September 2020

El siguiente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar las orientaciones curriculares en la enseñanza de la Geografía en octavo básico y evaluar su impacto en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la asignatura de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales. Este análisis se realiza a partir de un estudio que asumió una metodología de investigación cualitativa cuya base fue la revisión de las Bases Curriculares (código curricular) de 2013 y el Programa de Estudio (currículum) de octavo básico, elaborados por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile, además de la revisión de material bibliográfico sobre la enseñanza del conocimiento geográfico en el contexto escolar, desde la perspectiva de la Geografía Crítica, la que permitió sintetizar las principales conclusiones. Finalmente, a partir de la investigación, el artículo concluye que, a pesar del discurso instalado en las Bases Curriculares de 2013 sobre la relevancia del pensamiento geográfico dentro del currículum y programa de estudio, la Geografía no ha sido incorporada como una disciplina que dialogue con la Historia y las Ciencias Sociales y permita a nuestros estudiantes pensar geográficamente. Hasta ahora, la Geografía sigue siendo considerada, como lo fue en el siglo XX, una ciencia auxiliar y depositaria del ideal de Estado nación.
¿Aula segura o aula ciudadana?
Authors: Retamal Salazar Jaime
Published: September 2020

Se hace una presentación del trámite legislativo del Proyecto “Aula Segura”, impulsado por el gobierno de Chile en 2018 para abordar episodios de violencia escolar. Luego de revisar los argumentos presentados para promover esta ley, se hace un análisis crítico de la misma, considerando sus fundamentos e implicancias. Posteriormente, se establece un vínculo entre este tipo de políticas con las de “tolerancia cero”, desarrolladas en distintos países del mundo, especialmente en materia de seguridad pública. Finalmente, se identifican complejas implicancias para la incorporación de esta perspectiva en la cultura y dinámica escolar.
Liderar para la inclusión. Concepciones sobre la identidad transgénero en un equipo directivo
Authors: Mollo-Avendaño Berenice , Fuentes-Salazar José Miguel
Published: September 2020

Este estudio analiza las concepciones sobre la identidad transgénero que se manifiestan en un equipo directivo de un establecimiento vulnerable de la comuna de Peñalolén. Se utilizó para ello una metodología cualitativa de estudio de caso en la que se aplicaron entrevistas personales a cuatro integrantes de dicho equipo directivo. Se analiza también la legislación actual sobre políticas de inclusión de identidades de género a nivel nacional, para situar el rol de los equipos directivos escolares en la tarea de liderar para la inclusión. Los resultados del estudio dan cuenta de definiciones actualizadas y compartidas en torno a la identidad transgénero, así como de la necesidad de elaborar estrategias para instalar temas de sexualidad en la agenda de convivencia. No obstante, las voluntades de este colectivo se ven tensionadas por la circulación de determinados tipos de violencia simbólica en la cultura estudiantil, por estereotipos heteronormativos entre los docentes y por las barreras que impone la política de accountability. El análisis permite identificar algunos elementos del interjuego entre las creencias personales y el marco de transformaciones globales que experimenta el sistema educacional en materia de género y sexualidad.
Construcción y trayectoria del currículum en Chile: una perspectiva desde las nuevas bases curriculares para tercer y cuarto año de enseñanza media
Authors: Ruz-Fuenzalida Carlos
Published: September 2020

Desde el retorno de la democracia en Chile, en los años 90, el currículum nacional se ha enfrentado a grandes cambios y ajustes estructurales que han respondido a diferentes intereses de los gobiernos, como asimismo del escenario político, educativo y social en el país. En el presente artículo se examina la trayectoria de estas reformas curriculares, dada su importancia a la hora de entender la situación reciente en cuanto a las nuevas bases curriculares para tercer y cuarto medio de enseñanza media, siendo lo anterior la expresión culmine de un proceso de años de ajustes, cambios y superposiciones curriculares.
Educación y naturaleza: una deuda pendiente
Authors: Corcuera Luis , Sparks Samantha , Vliegenthart Ana María
Published: September 2020

La Educación Ambiental al Aire Libre (EAAL) es una disciplina que sirve para mejorar la calidad de la educación no solo en cuanto a conocimientos y conductas ambientales, sino también para el aprendizaje en asignaturas tradicionalmente abarcadas solo en la sala de clases. En este artículo se presenta un breve marco conceptual y algunos fundamentos que muestran que actividades desarrolladas en contacto con la naturaleza con la metodología propia de esta disciplina son una fuente de motivación, aprendizajes intelectuales y desarrollo personal. La EAAL responde a dos grandes imperativos de nuestros tiempos: la necesidad de formar personas que trabajan en el cuidado de la naturaleza y el insistente llamado a mejorar el proceso educativo. No obstante, un obstáculo para la implementación de la EAAL en el sistema formal es su magra presencia en la formación inicial docente y las pocas oportunidades de perfeccionamiento en este ámbito.
COMBINANDO MODELOS DE ANÁLISIS MULTICRITERIO PARA LOCALIZACIÓN DE COSECHAS DE AGUA EN EL SUR DE HONDURAS, AÑO 2018
Authors: Cáceres Coello José
Published: September 2020

En Honduras 137 de los 298 municipios son considerados vulnerables a la sequía según el Plan de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la desertificación y la sequía (PAN) que es el instrumento técnico y estratégico elaborado en el año 2005 por la Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente (SERNA). La captación de agua de lluvia, también denominada "cosecha de agua", puede ser una de las soluciones para enfrentar el reto que plantea la baja disponibilidad del líquido en diversas regiones del país. En esta investigación se compararon y combinaron dos modelos para seleccionar los sitios óptimos para el establecimiento de cosechas de agua en los municipios de Caridad, Aramecina, Goascorán, Langue y Alianza. El método de Combinación Lineal Ponderada (WLC) y Método Binario, se aplicó sobre seis criterios espaciales, y posteriormente se construyó un modelo combinando ambos resultados, obteniendo un 3% del total del área de estudio (3,529.28 Ha) con un potencial alto para la construcción de cosechas de agua.
INFLUENCIA DE LA SILVICULTURA EN LA INCIDENCIA DE DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS, CAMPAMENTO, OLANCHO, MEDIANTE TECNOLOGÍAS DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA, 2000-2016
Authors: Meza Antúnez Javier Enrique
Published: September 2020

La presente la investigación se enmarco en desarrollar una respuesta científica a la problemática del gorgojo descortezador del pino, realizando una comparación entre los bosques de que han sido tratados bajo silvicultura versus los bosques que no han recibido ningún tratamiento silvicultural en el municipio de Campamento, Olancho, para determinar la influencia de la silvicultura en estos brotes de plaga de Dendroctonus frontalis. El objetivo general consistió en analizar las variaciones en la incidencia de la silvicultura el impacto de plaga de gorgojo descortezador del pino Dendroctonus frontalis, determinado mediante Tecnologías de la Información Geográfica en el municipio de Campamento, Olancho, en el periodo 2000-2016. Este análisis se realizó utilizando las herramientas tecnológicas como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica, para determinar si hay diferencias en los daños causados por el gorgojo descortezador del pino. Se utilizó herramientas de análisis espacial disponibles en los softwares especializados, se realizó mediante las metodologías y técnicas del análisis espacial de los datos geográficos. Se pudo concluir que existe una variación porcentual en la incidencia de la silvicultura de 19.86% en el área afectada por plaga bosque de pino y bosque mixto sin manejo forestal en el área de estudio equivalente a 466.52 hectáreas. Además, existe una variación porcentual en la incidencia de la silvicultura de 14.54% en el área afectada por plaga bosque de pino y bosque mixto con manejo forestal en el área de estudio equivalente a 1959.65 hectáreas.
REVISTA CIENCIAS ESPACIALES, DIEZ AÑOS DE EVOLUCIÓN
Authors: Matamoros Alex , Rivera Gutierres Nohemy
Published: September 2020

Para la presente investigación se recogieron los datos más relevantes de las 18 publicaciones hechas de la Revista Ciencias Espaciales hasta su edición de otoño de 2017. Entre los resultados obtenidos destacan los siguientes: 1) Estadísticas relevantes: todas las revistas publicadas hasta 2017 suman un total de 177 artículos publicados en 3593 páginas; cada artículo tiene una extensión de entre 17 y 22 páginas y es producto de un trabajo de investigación, cuando el autor es un Profesor de la UNAH. La Revista Ciencias Espaciales (en adelante RCCEE) cumple con más del 70% de los requisitos establecidos para ser parte del Índice CAMJOL y es parte del Catálogo de dicho índice. Hasta 2017 se calcula en un 65% la participación de autores externos; 2) Lugar de la Revista Ciencias Espaciales (RCCEE) entre las publicaciones de la UNAH: La Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales (FACES) ha mantenido su publicación de forma continua aun cuando no hayan contado con edición las revistas de las Facultades de Química y Farmacia, Odontología e Ingeniería a pesar de ser más antiguas y contar con más profesores. La revista explica requisitos de publicación de forma y fondo, entre los que destacan el cumplimiento en el cuerpo del artículo con las partes de Introducción, Metodología, Resultados, Discusión y Conclusiones, la inclusión de la revisión de pares externos, el mantener la coherencia de los resultados con los objetivos de la investigación. En general la presente investigación concluye en que la publicación de la RCCEE es una instancia académica en la cual la mayoría de los profesores de la FACES incorporan la investigación científica como parte de su asignación académica; además, cada número durante los diez años de existencia de la RCCEE ha contado con un Consejo Editorial mixto (profesores de FACES e investigadores externos). Se recomienda que en todo momento se conserve el equilibrio entre la visibilidad externa de los artículos y el fortalecimiento de la investigación local y se finaliza indicando que la sostenibilidad de la publicación de la RCCEE presenta todavía algunos desafíos.
Impact of Financial Literacy on Individual Saving: A Study in the Omani Context
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Ahmar
Published: September 2020

This exploratory study examines the effect of financial literacy (henceforward FL) on savings. A survey was conducted on 200 individuals in Oman for this study. Apart from FL, socio-demographics such as gender, age, and education were also analyzed. Data analysis was done using logistic regression. The results show that the level of FL had a significant, positive impact on individual savings. Also, demographics, such as age, educational level influenced the probability of saving positively. Results of this study advocate that it is important to increase financial literacy as it leads to more savings and thus helps in providing investment for the diversification of the Omani economy.
An Analysis of Public-Private Partnerships in East Africa
Authors: Tshombe Lukamba Muhiya , Molokwane Thekiso , Nduhura Alex , Nuwagaba Innocent
Published: September 2020

The impact of the implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the Sub-Saharan African region on infrastructure and services is becoming increasingly perceptible. A considerable number of African countries have embraced PPPs as a mechanism to finance large projects due to a constrained fiscus. At present, many financial institutions, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the African Development Bank, which finance some of the projects, have established a department or unit that mainly focuses on infrastructure development in developing countries. The private sector in Africa is equally seen as a significant partner in the development of infrastructure. African governments need to tap into private capital to invest in infrastructure projects. This scientific discussion provides an analysis of PPPs in the East African region. This article selected a number of countries to illustrate PPP projects in the sub-region. The analysis of this study illustrates that the East African region represents unique and valuable public-private partnership lessons in different countries. This study also traces the origins of PPPs to more than a century ago where developed countries completed some of their projects using the same arrangement. This paper further demonstrates that the application of PPPs is always characterised by three factors, namely a country, a sector and a project. Experts in the field often refer to these elements as layers, which usually precede any successful PPP.
Commissie Regulering van Werk (commissie-Borstlap): iemand moet hardop zeggen wat we niet willen horen (maar stiekem allang wisten)
Authors: Houweling A.R.
Published: September 2020

Commissie Regulering van Werk (commissie-Borstlap): iemand moet hardop zeggen wat we niet willen horen (maar stiekem allang wisten)

In deze bijdrage wordt het rapport van de Commissie Regulering van Werk (commissie Borstlap) geanalyseerd. De inhoud van het rapport wordt besproken en voorzien van kritiek. Tevens worden op onderdelen voorstellen gedaan voor nadere uitwerking en/of verbetering. De algemene indruk is dat het rapport van waarde is. Het brengt een integrale benadering van de arbeidsmarkt mooi in kaart en reikt denkrichtingen aan waarlangs toekomstig beleid kan worden vormgegeven. Kritiek is er ook. Denkrichtingen zijn niet allemaal op eenzelfde wijze uitgewerkt en op onderdelen blijft de zoektocht naar de mate van insluiting en uitsluiting van bescherming ambigu. De auteur doet aan het slot een aantal voorstellen voor een (nog beter) spoorboekje naar modernisering van het arbeidsrecht.
De Algemene wet gelijke behandeling als mijlpaal in de geschiedenis van de Nederlandse homo-emancipatie
Authors: Swiebel Joke
Published: September 2020

The General Equal Treatment Law – a milestone in gay history in the Netherlands

The General Equal Treatment Law – adopted in 1994 – is a landmark in the history of homosexual emancipation in the Netherlands. It took two decades before the first proposals for a legal ban of discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation would be transformed into law. Background of this controversy is the clash between the equalityprinciple and the freedom of education. The compromise reached – the so-called single fact-construction – however sent a double message: being gay was not a justified reason for unequal treatment, but some forms of behaviour were incorporated as a legal exception. It took another twenty years before this flaw in the law would be changed.

This article analyses the political debates behind these legal developments. What was the problem that the various drafts for this new legislation were supposed to solve? Which definitions of discrimination on the basis of homosexuality were used and how did they change over time? The adoption of the law and its ‘reparation’ twenty years later are mainly a question of symbolic politics. They reflect the development of the growing acceptance of homosexuality in Dutch society and have stimulated its further growth. Their actual legal effects seem far less important.
Rechten voor dieren
Authors: Eskens Erno
Published: September 2020

Animals Rights and the Constitution

Animals Rights are sometimes seen as unpractical. Some critics expect they will result in an overwhelming bureaucracy. Furthermore, critics point out, it is impossible to make legal arrangements that are coherent and non-contradictory. Most of these concerns are exaggerated. We do not have to devise a whole new legal system. We just need a couple of court cases to get legal clarity and many laws originally meant for humans are easily applicable to other living beings. Keeping animals out of our legal systems meanwhile goes against the constitution. In most democratic countries the constitution states that we may not discriminate on irrelevant factors as race, gender, birth, ‘or on any other ground’. This implies, in my view, that discrimination based on species is not allowed. Equal interests simply should be weighed equal, regardless of the bearer of these interests.
ACM-besluit gemeente Heumen: de overheid als onderneming?
Authors: Dekker Cees
Published: September 2020

ACM-besluit gemeente Heumen: de overheid als onderneming?

In deze zaak beoordeelt de ACM in het kader van de Wet Markt en Overheid een minnelijke verwerving in het kader van een onteigening als een economische activiteit. Tevens is de ACM van oordeel dat een exploitatiebijdrage die een overheid verstrekt aan een exploitant van door de overheid verhuurde infrastructuur moet worden verrekend met de huur die de overheid in rekening brengt. Met de toetsing die de ACM in deze zaak uitvoert, rekt de ACM de reikwijdte van de Wet Markt en Overheid aanzienlijk op en treedt zij in een beoordeling van subsidies.
A gestão de novas metodologias: uma aliança entre tradição e inovação
Authors: De Quadros da Silva Louise , Susana Jung Hildegard , Fossatti Paulo
Published: September 2020

O presente estudo versa sobre a temática da aliança entre tradição e inovação com novas metodologias de ensino. Possui como objetivo verificar as ações empreendidas pela Universidade La Salle para aliar tradição e inovação. Em relação à metodologia, trata-se de um estudo de caso composto por um relato de experiência, pesquisa documental e bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo. Os resultados obtidos se mantêm em torno da aliança entre a tradição e a inovação na instituição, reconhecendo três principais eixos: 1) Formação docente e técnico-administrativa; 2) Formação de Unilasalle Innovators; 3) Desenvolvimento da Plataforma La Salle Learning Experience (LEX). Assim, em nossas considerações finais acreditamos que é possível unir tradição com inovação, pois essa é uma urgência educativa de Instituições de Ensino Superior que a contemporaneidade demanda.
Perilaku eksternalisasi anak rumah susun sederhana Leuwigajah Cimahi dalam optimalisasi ruang terbuka hijau
Authors: Rahajuni Irmina Adiningrih , Moeliono Marisa Fransiska , Srisayekti Wilis
Published: September 2020

Penelitian perilaku externalizing anak berkaitan pemanfaatan optimalisasi ruang terbuka hijau di rumah susun sederhana Leuwigajah Cimahi. Mayoritas anak beraktivitas di selasar rumah susun dengan kondisi ruang minimalis. Sesekali mereka memanfaatkan ruang terbuka hijau, namun bagi anak yang tinggal di lantai 2 dan 3 sangat jarang mengoptimalkan ruang tersebut. Hipotesis yang diajukan partisipan akan menunjukkan perilaku externalizing: (1) perilaku melanggar aturan, mengganggu (delinquent behavior), (2) perilaku agresif (aggressive behavior). Sebagai subjek, Â penelitian ini melibatkan 42 anak usia 6-12 tahun yang tinggal di rumah susun dengan berbagai latar belakang orang tua. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode observasi, metode wawancara dan pemberian kuesioner CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist). Setelah orang tua mengisi kuesioner, peneliti melakukan pengamatan pada anak yang biasa hanya bermain di seputar selasar rumah lalu berinteraksi di ruang terbuka hijau dengan teman sebaya. Hasil penelitian memberi konfirmasi bahwa 20 anak pada kategori normal, 5 anak kategori borderline, 17 anak kategori klinis dan hanya 11 anak memanfaatkan ruang terbuka hijau.Â Kata kunci: Perilaku Externalizing, Rusuna Cimahi, Ruang terbuka hijau.
“Never at rest”: developing a conceptual framework for descriptions of ‘force’ in physics textbooks
Authors: Stavrum Lars Rikard , Bungum Berit , Persson Jonas R.
Published: September 2020

The concept of ‘force’ is abstract and challenging for many physics students, and many studies have
revealed misconceptions that hinder students’ understanding and learning in classical physics. One reason
for this may be the multifaceted nature of the concept and how textbooks give different definitions
and explanations depending on the context. In this article, we present a framework of eight categories
for how the concept is described, based on fundamental principles in physics, their historical sources
and an analysis of how ‘force’ is described in four physics textbooks used in upper secondary schools in
Norway. Examples from one of the textbooks that constituted the empirical basis for the framework are
given. These reveal that textbooks may present students with a variety of definitions and explanations
of ‘force’. It is argued that students should be made aware of this variability in order to support their
motivation and learning in physics, but also to understand the complex and evolving nature of the force
concept and other important concepts in physics.
A Crise do Sistema Carcerário Brasileiro em Perspectiva
Authors: Santos Suélen Daianna Silva
Published: September 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o sistema prisional brasileiro sob uma perspectiva crítica, bem como suas caracterizações e os principais problemas por ele enfrentados.  A investigação ora empreendida ostenta natureza jurídico-descritiva, oscilando entre os métodos hipotético-dedutivo e indutivo, por meio da análise de fontes indiretas e de pesquisa eminentemente bibliográfica. Primeiramente, o trabalho aborda a origem e a evolução das prisões na História Geral do Direito e no âmbito jurídico brasileiro. A seguir, o estudo expõe seu marco teórico, que se funda na vertente da Criminologia Crítica. Feito isso, a dogmática e os regramentos jurídicos aplicáveis à execução penal são objetos de análise, assim como dados estatísticos e sociológicos sobre a situação carcerária atualmente vivenciada pelo Brasil. Com base neste percurso, a monografia evidencia a crise que acomete o sistema prisional na contemporaneidade, desenvolvendo uma reflexão a respeito da discriminação social enfrentada pelos ex-detentos, destacando-se os problemas impostos à sua ressocialização.
The Role of Estrogens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Physiopathology
Authors: Fernanda Romo-García Maria , Zapata-Zuñiga Martín , Antonio Enciso-Moreno José , Enrique Castañeda-Delgado Julio
Published: September 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory joint disease that can lead to irreversible disability. It affects women in a higher proportion than men (3:1 cases). Several reports suggest a link between female sexual hormones (estrogens) and RA features. It’s been described that biological processes where basal estrogen levels are altered like in menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause modifies RA onset, flare, disease severity, and inflammation. Estrogens have a direct action upon the immune system though ERα and ERβ receptors, which have distinct affinity to estrogen concentrations and modifications and have effects upon RA in a dose and receptor dependent manner. The studies focused on dose dependent response at experimental settings reveal a wide (from 25 pg/L to several μg/L) and even contradictory spectrum of effects in patients and cells. This chapter summarizes the contributions and effects of estrogens in RA physiopathology, clinical features, and discusses the possible contributions of estrogen administration and concentration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to improve the quality of life and reduce the symptoms of RA patients based on the knowledge of the biology of these hormones.
Loaded questions: The Framework for Information Literacy through a DEI lens
Authors: Heffernan Karin
Published: September 2020

Just after our university published its Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) Strategic Plan, I found myself driving home from the “Engaging with the ACRL Framework” Roadshow. My head was full of converting knowledge practices into learning outcomes when the frames began to emerge through a DEI lens, and threshold concepts became questions. The very asking of a question inherently invites diverse, individual perspectives. Published before current higher education DEI efforts, the Framework prompts us to ask questions and pursue answers, especially from unheard or systemically silenced voices. It encourages us to challenge elitism, racism, sexism, ableism, and biases within the entire information ecosystem.
Legal regulation of agricultural insurance
Authors: Popova Ol'ga Vladimirovna
Published: September 2020

The development of the risk insurance system in agriculture, which is named as the main direction of state support for agriculture and the development of agricultural territories, is carried out only in the form of state subsidies for insurance premiums, which cannot be assessed as sufficient. The concept of further development of the risk insurance system has not been developed. At the same time, the need to develop the legal institution of agricultural insurance in a changing climate is becoming more and more obvious. Further development of agricultural insurance is proposed not only through the system of subsidizing part of the cost of insurance premiums, but also through the development of insurance cooperation, increasing the variability of insurance products. In addition, the issue of the need to create a transparent system of compensation payments to agricultural producers from the budget in the event of large-scale emergencies is raised.The functions of the state are those of ensuring national security, which means food security, and thus ensuring emergency response. Compensation for damage to agricultural producers in the event of large-scale natural disasters and natural disasters should be provided from the Federal budget or with its support.It is impossible to predict exactly how much money will be required to eliminate the consequences, this issue must be subjected to economic analysis and even interdisciplinary scientific research. But this is a matter of national importance, and the organization of such research should also be a function of the state.
“You’re a rapper, represent Arrentela, you’re from the Red Eyes Gang”: sociabilities and life styles of young people from the suburbs of Lisbon
Authors: Raposo Otávio
Published: September 2020

In Arrentela, Seixal, some young rap fans have created an informal group called the Red Eyes Gang with the aim of expanding their musical projects and developing the sense of belonging among themselves. Mainly black (of African immigrant families) and members of the lowest social classes in Portuguese society, the young people in the Red Eyes Gang make the rap style an instrument with which they canresignify a set of values, norms and ideologies related to their social environment, subverting the discourses that stigmatise them. In creating positive identities and developing a stylistic performance, they want to have the “right to a voice” and influence the shape of the society in which they live.
Infrastructural Brutalism
Authors: Truscello Michael
Published: September 2020

How “drowned town” literature, road movies, energy landscape photography, and “death train” narratives represent the brutality of industrial infrastructures.

In this book, Michael Truscello looks at the industrial infrastructure not as an invisible system of connectivity and mobility that keeps capitalism humming in the background but as a manufactured miasma of despair, toxicity, and death. Truscello terms this “infrastructural brutalism”—a formulation that not only alludes to the historical nexus of infrastructure and the concrete aesthetic of Brutalist architecture but also describes the ecological, political, and psychological brutality of industrial infrastructures.

Truscello explores the necropolitics of infrastructure—how infrastructure determines who may live and who must die—through the lens of artistic media. He examines the white settler nostalgia of “drowned town” fiction written after the Tennessee Valley Authority flooded rural areas for hydroelectric projects; argues that the road movie represents a struggle with liberal governmentality; considers the ruins of oil capitalism, as seen in photographic landscapes of postindustrial waste; and offers an account of “death train narratives” ranging from the history of the Holocaust to postapocalyptic fiction. Finally, he calls for “brisantic politics,” a culture of unmaking that is capable of slowing the advance of capitalist suicide. “Brisance” refers to the shattering effect of an explosive, but Truscello uses the term to signal a variety of practices for defeating infrastructural power. Brisantic politics, he warns, would require a reorientation of radical politics toward infrastructure, sabotage, and cascading destruction in an interconnected world.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Clinical implications of plasma circulating tumor DNA in gynecologic cancer patients
Authors: Charo Lindsey M. , Eskander Ramez N. , Okamura Ryosuke , Patel Sandip P. , Nikanjam Mina , Lanman Richard B. , Piccioni David E. , Kato Shumei , McHale Michael T. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: September 2020

Molecular characterization of cancers is important in dictating prognostic factors and directing therapy. Next‐generation sequencing of plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) offers less invasive, more convenient collection, and a more real‐time representation of a tumor and its molecular heterogeneity than tissue. However, little is known about the clinical implications of ctDNA assessment in gynecologic cancer. We describe the molecular landscape identified on ctDNA, ctDNA concordance with tissue‐based analysis, and factors associated with overall survival (OS) in gynecologic cancer patients with ctDNA analysis. We reviewed clinicopathologic and genomic information for 105 consecutive gynecologic cancer patients with ctDNA analysis, including 78 with tissue‐based sequencing, enrolled in the Profile‐Related Evidence Determining Individualized Cancer Therapy (NCT02478931) trial at the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center starting July 2014. Tumors included ovarian (47.6%), uterine (35.2%), cervical (12.4%), vulvovaginal (2.9%), and unknown gynecologic primary (1.9%). Most ovarian and uterine cancers (86%) were high grade. 34% (N = 17) of ovarian cancers hadBRCAalterations, and 22% (N = 11) were platinum sensitive. Patients received median 2 (range 0–13) lines of therapy prior to ctDNA collection. Most (75.2%) had at least one characterized alteration on ctDNA analysis, and the majority had unique genomic profiles on ctDNA. Most common alterations wereTP53(N = 59, 56.2% of patients),PIK3CA(N = 26, 24.8%),KRAS(N = 14, 13.3%),BRAF(N = 10, 9.5%),ERBB2(N = 8, 7.6%), andMYC(N = 8, 7.6%). Higher ctDNA maximum mutation allele frequency was associated with worse OS [hazard ratio (HR): 1.91,P = 0.03], while therapy matched to ctDNA alterations (N = 33 patients) was independently associated with improved OS (HR: 0.34,P = 0.007) compared to unmatched therapy (N = 28 patients) in multivariate analysis. Tissue and ctDNA genomic results showed high concordance unaffected by temporal or spatial factors. This study provides evidence for the utility of ctDNA in determining outcome and individualizing cancer therapy in patients with gynecologic cancer.
Indicators Definition: Weighting Criteria in Social Indexes
Authors: Ivaldi Enrico , Ciacci Andrea
Published: September 2020

The knowledge of the possible implications of applying a specific method of weight assignment is a fundamental asset for researchers. It is related to their ability to act preventively to avoid incurring methodological errors.

Depending on the phenomenon under investigation, the researcher should take the necessary precautions not to alter the validity of the analysis, thus bringing the object of study closer to the tangible reality.

If a sample is analyzed, it is necessary to ensure that the theoretical framework of reference is not contradicted because of an unjustified attribution of weights. Researchers should be able to prepare a system of weights suitable for the analysis of a given phenomenon in respect of the differentiated needs of the different social and territorial realities. Assuming that it is not possible to identify a single weighting method that can be adapted to any circumstance, it is necessary for the researchers to identify the optimal weighting solutions, orienting themselves within a complex framework.

This article is intended to offer a theoretical reference on the many weighting systems currently identified and accepted by the most authoritative academic literature.
Support Vector Regression
Authors: Moguerza Javier M. , Muñoz Alberto , Venturini Gabriel M.
Published: September 2020

In this article, we introduce the key ideas of Support Vector Regression. Firstly, we present the method from a regularization perspective. Then, we show the optimization problems that arise from the regularization functional and provide a geometrical description of the method. Next, we discuss the relation of this methodology to other modern regression techniques based on regularization theory. Finally, we describe some software implementations.
Data Visualization in Reliability of Repairable Systems: The SiZer Map Tool
Authors: Gámiz María L. , López‐Montoya Antonio J. , Martínez‐Miranda María D. , Raya‐Miranda Rocío
Published: September 2020

In this article, the graphical exploratory tool SiZer Map is constructed for the inference of the rate of occurrences of events that follow a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. SiZer Map is defined considering nonparametric local linear kernel estimators for the rate function and its first derivative. The bandwidth parameter is the viewing scale, and the considered time interval is the localization space. The shape characteristics of the rate function are distinguished from those which are merely an artifact of the sampling variability of the data through confidence intervals for the first derivative. The proposal is illustrated with some real data sets that represent recurrent events in time.
Statistical Tests for the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Authors: Graffelman Jan
Published: September 2020

The Hardy–Weinberg law is a fundamental population‐genetic principle. A biological population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium if its genotype and allele frequencies remain unchanged over the generations. Given a set of assumptions, this equilibrium state is reached in one generation of random mating. This article introduces the Hardy–Weinberg law from a statistical perspective and summarizes the most important statistical procedures used for testing for Hardy–Weinberg proportions in the current generation, for both bi‐ and multiallelic genetic variants. Asymptotic chi‐square tests, exact tests, permutation tests, and Bayesian procedures are presented. Some measures of disequilibrium are discussed, and biallelic test procedures are illustrated with genetic data from the 1000 Genomes Project.
Bayesian Analysis of Terrorist Activities
Authors: White Gentry
Published: September 2020

Terrorism presents many technical challenges to analyze and understand. Patterns of terrorist events over time are one especially challenging aspect. Events appear to occur at random intervals, as well as in clusters. These phenomena can be modeled using a cluster process version of a Hawkes self‐exciting process model for the convolution of two point processes. In the case where the two processes are both Poisson point processes, evaluating the convolution is straightforward. In many cases, the distribution of the total number of events may be overdispersed. In this instance, the total number of events should be modeled as the convolution of two negative‐binomial processes or the convolution of a Poisson process and a negative‐binomial process. In this case, a Bayesian hierarchical model can be used to evaluate the convolution and avoid excessive computational burdens. This model is illustrated using daily event data from the Global Terrorism Database for the country of Colombia for the period from 2000 through 2018.
ATP‐Responsive and ATP‐Fueled Self‐Assembling Systems and Materials
Authors: Deng Jie , Walther Andreas
Published: September 2020

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a central metabolite that plays an indispensable role in various cellular processes, from energy supply to cell‐to‐cell signaling. Nature has developed sophisticated strategies to use the energy stored in ATP for many metabolic and non‐equilibrium processes, and to sense and bind ATP for biological signaling. The variations in the ATP concentrations from one organelle to another, from extracellular to intracellular environments, and from normal cells to cancer cells are one motivation for designing ATP‐triggered and ATP‐fueled systems and materials, because they show great potential for applications in biological systems by using ATP as a trigger or chemical fuel. Over the last decade, ATP has been emerging as an attractive co‐assembling component for man‐made stimuli‐responsive as well as for fuel‐driven active systems and materials. Herein, current advances and emerging concepts for ATP‐triggered and ATP‐fueled self‐assemblies and materials are discussed, shedding light on applications and highlighting future developments. By bringing together concepts of different domains, that is from supramolecular chemistry to DNA nanoscience, from equilibrium to non‐equilibrium self‐assembly, and from fundamental sciences to applications, the aim is to cross‐fertilize current approaches with the ultimate aim to bring synthetic ATP‐dependent systems closer to living systems.
Self‐Densification of Highly Mesoporous Wood Structure into a Strong and Transparent Film
Authors: Li Kai , Wang Shennan , Chen Hui , Yang Xuan , Berglund Lars A. , Zhou Qi
Published: September 2020

In the native wood cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are highly aligned and organized in the secondary cell wall. A new preparation strategy is developed to achieve individualization of cellulose microfibrils within the wood cell wall structure without introducing mechanical disintegration. The resulting mesoporous wood structure has a high specific surface area of 197 m2 g−1 when prepared by freeze‐drying using liquid nitrogen, and 249 m2 g−1 by supercritical drying. These values are 5 to 7 times higher than conventional delignified wood (36 m2 g−1) dried by supercritical drying. Such highly mesoporous structure with individualized cellulose microfibrils maintaining their natural alignment and organization can be processed into aerogels with high porosity and high compressive strength. In addition, a strong film with a tensile strength of 449.1 ± 21.8 MPa and a Young's modulus of 51.1 ± 5.2 GPa along the fiber direction is obtained simply by air drying owing to the self‐densification of cellulose microfibrils driven by the elastocapillary forces upon water evaporation. The self‐densified film also shows high optical transmittance (80%) and high optical haze (70%) with interesting biaxial light scattering behavior owing to the natural alignment of cellulose microfibrils.
Sensitive and Stable 2D Perovskite Single‐Crystal X‐ray Detectors Enabled by a Supramolecular Anchor
Authors: Li Huayang , Song Jinmei , Pan Wanting , Xu Daren , Zhu Wan‐an , Wei Haotong , Yang Bai
Published: September 2020

Perovskite X‐ray detectors have been demonstrated to be sensitive to soft X‐rays (<80 keV) for potential medical imaging applications. However, developing X‐ray detectors that are stable and sensitive to hard X‐rays (80 to 120 keV) for practical medical imaging is highly desired. Here, a sensitive 2D fluorophenethylammonium lead iodide ((F‐PEA)2PbI4) perovskite single‐crystal hard‐X‐ray detector from low‐cost solution processes is reported. Dipole interaction of organic ions promotes the ordering of benzene rings as well as the supramolecular electrostatic interaction between electron‐deficient F atoms with neighbor benzene rings. Supramolecular interactions serve as a supramolecular anchor to stabilize and tune the electronic properties of single crystals. The 2D (F‐PEA)2PbI4 perovskite single crystal exhibits an intrinsic property with record bulk resistivity of 1.36 × 1012 Ω cm, which brings a low device noise for hard X‐ray detection. Meanwhile, the ion‐migration phenomenon is effectively suppressed, even under the large applied bias of 200 V, by blocking the ion migration paths after anchoring. Consequently, the (F‐PEA)2PbI4 single crystal detector yields a sensitivity of 3402 μC Gy−1air cm−2 to 120 keVp hard X‐rays with lowest detectable X‐ray dose rate of 23 nGyair s−1, outperforming the dominating CsI scintillator of commercial digital radiography systems by acquiring clear X‐ray images under much lower dose rate. In addition, the detector shows high operation stability under extremely high‐flux X‐ray irradiation.
ATM‐Dependent Recruitment of BRD7 is required for Transcriptional Repression and DNA Repair at DNA Breaks Flanking Transcriptional Active Regions
Authors: Hu Kaishun , Li Yu , Wu Wenjing , Xie Limin , Yan Haiyan , Cai Yuexin , Chen Dong , Jiang Qiongchao , Lin Lehang , Chen Zhen , Liao Jian‐You , Zhang Yin , Koeffler H. Phillip , Yin Dong , Song Erwei
Published: September 2020

Repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for genome integrity, and is accompanied by transcriptional repression at the DSB regions. However, the mechanisms how DNA repair induces transcriptional inhibition remain elusive. Here, it is identified that BRD7 participates in DNA damage response (DDR) and is recruited to the damaged chromatin via ATM signaling. Mechanistically, BRD7 joins the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) complex at the damaged DNA and recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 to the DSBs. Furthermore, ATM‐mediated BRD7 phosphorylation is required for recruitment of the PRC2 complex, NuRD complex, DSB sensor complex MRE11‐RAD50‐NBS1 (MRN), and RNF168 to the active transcription sites at DSBs, resulting in transcriptional repression and DNA repair. Moreover, BRD7 deficiency sensitizes cancer cells to PARP inhibition. Collectively, BRD7 is crucial for DNA repair and DDR‐mediated transcription repression, which may serve as a therapeutic target. The findings identify the missing link between DNA repair and transcription regulation that maintains genome integrity.
The competing risk of death and selective survival cannot fully explain the inverse cancer‐dementia association
Authors: Hayes‐Larson Eleanor , Ackley Sarah F. , Zimmerman Scott C. , Ospina‐Romero Monica , Glymour M. Maria , Graff Rebecca E. , Witte John S. , Kobayashi Lindsay C. , Mayeda Elizabeth Rose
Published: September 2020

Introduction

We evaluated whether competing risk of death or selective survival could explain the reported inverse association between cancer history and dementia incidence (incidence rate ratio [IRR] ≈ 0.62‐0.85).

Methods

A multistate simulation model of a cancer‐ and dementia‐free cohort of 65‐year‐olds was parameterized with real‐world data (cancer and dementia incidence, mortality), assuming no effect of cancer on dementia (true IRR = 1.00). To introduce competing risk of death, cancer history increased mortality. To introduce selective survival, we included a factor (prevalence ranging from 10% to 50%) that reduced cancer mortality and dementia incidence (IRRs ranged from 0.30 to 0.90). We calculated IRRs for cancer history on dementia incidence in the simulated cohorts.

Results

Competing risk of death yielded unbiased cancer‐dementia IRRs. With selective survival, bias was small (IRRs = 0.89 to 0.99), even under extreme scenarios.

Discussion

The bias induced by selective survival in simulations was too small to explain the observed inverse cancer‐dementia link, suggesting other mechanisms drive this association.
Comparison of Canola and Soy Flour with Added Isocyanate as Wood Adhesives
Authors: Barzegar Mahsa , Behrooz Rabi , Mansouri Hamid Reza , Najafi Saeed Kazemi , Lorenz Linda F. , Frihart Charles R.
Published: September 2020

Canola is widely grown in the northern latitudes for its vegetable oil, generating large quantities of residual, low value canola flour used as animal feed. The common wood adhesive poly(diphenylmethylene diisocyanate) (pMDI) should react with the wide variety of functional groups in proteins. Therefore, it would seem that canola flour with added pMDI could be an effective adhesive. Two main questions are addressed in this study: How do the wood adhesive properties of canola flour compare to the better‐studied soy flour? How well do proteins, which contain an abundance of functional groups, cure with the very reactive pMDI? These questions were addressed using the small‐scale adhesive strength test ASTM D‐7998, with various adhesive formulations and bonding conditions for canola flour plus pMDI compared to soy adhesives. The more challenging wet cohesive bond strength was emphasized because the dry strengths were usually very good. Generally, soy adhesives were better than canola ones, as was the polyamidoamine‐epichlorohydrin cross‐linker compared to pMDI, but these generalizations can be altered by the conditions selected. Three‐ply plywood tests supported the small‐scale test results.