bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Pheromone of the Female Squash Vine Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
Authors: Klun J. A. , Schwarz M. , Leonhardt B. A. , Cantelo W. W.
Published: September 2017

Analysis of ovipositor extracts of the squash vine borer Melittia cucurbitae showed that a major component in the extracts was (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate along with traces of (Z,Z)-and (Z,E)-isomers. The extracts probably also contained (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol, geometrical isomers of 3,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-l-ol acetate, hexadecan-l-ol acetate, (Z)-13-octadecen-l-ol acetate, and (Z)-13-octadecen-l-ol. Trapping tests with permutations of these compounds showed that a binary mixture of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate and (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate (99.7:0.3) was required to effectively cause capture of males. The binary mixture proved to be more effective as a lure for squash vine borer males than (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-l-ol acetate alone. Thus, behavioral evidence indicated that a 2,13- plus 3,13-isomeric combination of octadecadien-l-ol acetates quite likely is a natural element in the female sex pheromone of this moth. Physical chemical evidence for the 3,13 isomer in the female extracts was equivocal because its purported occurrence was at a trace level and absolute verification of the compound's structure was not possible.
Fatty Acid Distributions as Related to Adult Age, Sex and Diet in the Phytophagous Heteropteran, Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)2
Authors: Cohen Allen C.
Published: September 2017

The phytophagous heteropteran, Lygus hesperus Knight was analyzed to determine the distribution of fatty acids among lipid classes in laboratory-reared adults (newly eclosed and 5 day-post eclosion) and in field-collected adults. Profiles of lipid classes varied with source of the insect (field vs. diet-reared), age and sex. Total lipids (% dry wt.) ranged from 5.3 to 30.3% in field-collected males and 5 day-post eclosion diet reared females, respectively. Except for field males the predominant lipid class was triacylglycerols (up to 90% of the total lipids) with phospholipids generally the second most abundant lipid class. The most abundant fatty acid in all classes and all treatments was oleic acid (C18:l ω 9). There were significant differences between the field collected vs. diet-reared insects with respect to concentrations of linolenic acid (C18:3 ω 3), with this polyunsaturated fatty acid being much more abundant in field-collected insects than in diet-reared ones.
A Detached-leaf Method to Study Pecan Aphid Behavior and Biology
Authors: Reilly C. C. , Tedders W. L.
Published: September 2017

A detached-leaf method for the study of blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella, yellow pecan aphid, Monelliopsis pecanis, and black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae, the three species of aphids that infest pecan, Carya illinoensis, trees is described. Petri dishes containing 15 ml of 1% water agar were used for the support of 4-cm2, surface sterilized, pecan leaf pieces. Compared to previously employed methods, this technique is a low cost, rapid and less labor intense method for the study of aphid biology and behavior, and enables the selective rearing of these aphid species.
Quantitative Measurement of Muscle Contractions Associated With the Hindgut and Oviduct of the Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Cook B. J. , Peterson T. , Staneart B.
Published: September 2017

A miniature force transducer system was developed to detect and quantitate the contractile events of the hindgut and oviduct of the stable fly. The system readily distinguishes recorded changes in contractile force over a range from 350μg to 35 mg on myographs of these tissue preparations.
Spatial Distribution of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Newly Established Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Clarke S. R. , Stephen F. M. , Dunn J. E.
Published: September 2017

The spatial distribution of trees infested by the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), was examined using random 36 tree samples taken from contiguous quadrats in eight loblolly pine plantations in their first and second year of growth in southwestern Arkansas. Infestations were distributed throughout first-year plantations by the end of the second tip moth generation. The distribution of infested trees was generally random in the first generation, with increasing aggregation in subsequent generations. Factors such as vegetation level may alter this pattern.
Infestation of Germplasm Lines and Cultivars of Cotton in Arizona by Whitefly Nymphs (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Flint H. M. , Parks N. J.
Published: September 2017

Seasonal abundance of whitefly nymphs, primarily sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and bandedwinged whitefly, Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman), on leaves of germplasm lines and cultivars of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were determined in field plots at Maricopa, AZ, in 1987. In general, the germplasm lines with the greatest numbers of leaf trichomes (range 2 to 98 per cm2) had the greatest numbers of nymphs (range 0.4 to 11.3 nymphs per leaf on 23 September). The okra-leaf characteristic did not have a consistent effect on the numbers of nymphs. Deltapine 20, Centennial, and Stoneville 506 cultivars planted on 30 April had significantly greater infestations (range 20.3 to 121.3 nymphs per leaf) on 16 October than did the same cultivars planted 21 May (range 4.5 to 53.0) or 11 June (range 7.0 to 31.5). The nectariless okra-leaf line WC-12NL and cultivar Deltapine 61 had 1.1 and 1.5 nymphs per leaf on 22 September, respectively, not significantly different.
Comparative Fitness of Malathion-Resistant and Susceptible Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)2
Authors: Halliday W. Ross
Published: September 2017

Three factors contributing to fitness of a species (fertility, fecundity, and development time) were measured in the susceptible Savlab strain and the > 100-fold malathion-resistant Statesboro strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Both fertility (percent egg hatch) and fecundity (eggs/female) were significantly lower in the resistant strain. Percent egg hatch in the two strains was 96.2% and 73.1% for Savlab and Statesboro respectively. Fecundity was 444 eggs/female for Savlab and 321 eggs/female for Statesboro. Development time did not differ significantly (24.2 ± 0.3 and 23.6 ± 0.2 days for 50% emergence). There was no evidence that these differences arose from non-lethal effects caused by malathion treatment to maintain resistance in the Statesboro strain. The differences, while associated with malathion resistance, cannot be unequivocally attributed to the presence of the resistance gene. When the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was calculated using an iterative computer program, Statesboro had a significantly lower rate (0.1734 ± 0.0016) than did Savlab (0.2048 ± 0.0014). Similar measurements were performed with progeny from reciprocal F1 crosses. While some parameter's values were closer to Statesboro or Savlab an apparent mating incompatibility suggests that using the data from F1 crosses is premature until this question is resolved.
The Effect of Insect Defoliation on the Presence and Severity of Fusarium Crown-Rot in Alfalfa
Authors: Lee J. W. , Colyer P. D. , Quisenberry S. S.
Published: September 2017

Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. (‘Fla. 77’) was inoculated with three different isolates of Fusarium and defoliated to varying levels with yellowstriped armyworms, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée), to determine the effect of insect defoliation on the development of crown-rot under greenhouse conditions. There were no significant interactions between short-term insect defoliation and Fusarium crown-rot on forage quality, yield, or root carbohydrate reserves. Although insect defoliation alone did reduce plant height, yield, and maturity (18, 33, and 30% respectively) at the first harvest, no significant effects were observed at two subsequent harvests. Of the three isolates tested, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht was the most virulent. Short-term defoliation did not increase the severity of Fusarium crown-rot in alfalfa.
Comparison of Five Food Sources for use in Bioassaying Soil Insecticides Against the Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Miller M. K. , Mack T. P.
Published: September 2017

Five food sources were compared for use in bioassaying soil treated with granular insecticides against lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), larvae. The least efficient food source was sorghum seedling grown from treated or untreated seed. Larval survival was variable when these seedlings were used with untreated soil; seedlings were also time-consuming to produce. Survival was acceptable when peanut and lima bean seedlings were used, but these seedlings were also time consuming to produce. Artificial diet plugs were the most efficient food source for the soil pesticide bioassay. Diet plugs were easy to produce and handle, and larvae survived well on plugs in untreated soil.
Seasonal Abundance and Overwintering Mortality In Populations of Lepidopterous Leafminers of Pecan
Authors: Heyerdahl Rod H. , Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Seasonal monitoring of four leafminers on pecan foliage, Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers), and Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens), indicated that larval densities of all four species were highest in late summer and fall. Stigmella juglandifoliella, C. caryaefoliella, P. caryaealbella and C. lucifluella appear to have at least 5, 4, 4 and 4 significant increases in larval density per year, respectively. First emergence of C. caryaefoliella and P. caryaealbella adults occurs from mid- to late March. Larval mortality caused by hymenopterous parasitoids ranged from 14–61%. Overwintering mortality of C. caryaefoliella and P. caryaealbella ranged from 31 to 95% and 27 to 40%, respectively.
Performance of Controlled Release Dispensers for Grandlure, the Pheromone of the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)2
Authors: Leonhardt B. A. , Dickerson W. A. , Ridgway R. L. , DeVilbiss E. D.
Published: September 2017

Comparison of laboratory-measured release rates with boll weevil captures showed that dispensers containing 10 mg of grandlure with a release rate of 10 μg/hr or higher generally produced weevil captures which were at least 50% as high as those with the reference, fresh cigarette filter. Emission rates of ca. 3 μg/hr or lower and amounts of residual grandlure of ≤ 2 mg generally resulted in weevil captures below the 50% threshold. Comparisons of commercial dispenser formulations containing 10 mg of grandlure showed that a Hereon orange plastic laminate (H-OL-T) was most effective in prolonging the release of grandlure in both field and laboratory evaluations. Its emission rate was least affected by temperature changes. Scentry PVC dispensers (S-T-T, S-C-T, S-S-T, and S-YS-T) and the Consep membrane (C-M-T) lost grandlure more rapidly than did the laminate; however, differences in weevil captures were often not significant. Fermone black PVC squares (F-S-T and F-OS-T), AgriSense polymeric rods, (A-50R-T and A-35R-T) and the cigarette filter (CF-T) were less effective in extending the release of grandlure. Dispensers mounted in the capture cylinder lost grandlure more rapidly than did similar dispensers mounted in the cooler trap base. A layer of stickum on one side of flat dispensers to facilitate attachment to the trap resulted in a somewhat lower release rate of grandlure.
Infestation Levels of Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) Larvae on Dogwood Trees in Selected Habitats in Tennessee
Authors: Rogers Laura E. , Grant Jerome F.
Published: September 2017

Infestation levels of dogwood borer [Synanthedon scitula (Harris)] on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) in commercial nursery, urban, and forest habitats in eastern and middle Tennessee were measured during 1987 and 1988. The highest average infestation level (ca. 60%) was found in the urban habitat, where mechanical injury, e.g., damage caused by lawn mowers or string trimmers, may have provided oviposition or larval entry sites. Dogwood borer larvae were found in all nursery blocks examined, with ca. 7% of the trees infested/block. Infested trees are not marketable; thus, economic losses averaged ca. $l,800/block (x̄ = 1,770 trees/block) of dogwoods. Infestation levels were lowest (ca. 1%) in the forest habitat, where dogwoods grow as a natural component of the forest understory.
Contamination of Arthropod Predators with Heliothis Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus After Elcar™ Applications to Soybean for Control of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)2,3
Authors: Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

Application of Elcar™ [Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)] to soybean at 9 × 1010 and 36 × 1010 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per ha resulted in only low levels of mortality (7% to 26.0%) from NPV in Heliothis spp. larvae collected up to 14 days after treatment. Bioassay of NPV in predators collected from 36 × 1010 PIB/ha-treated plots revealed that 16.9% and 14.8% were contaminated with virus 7 and 14 days, respectively, after application. The predominant predators collected were spiders (34.3%) and nabid species (29.2%) of which 11.0% and 20.2%, respectively, tested positive for NPV. Only a few predators collected from outside treated plots 14 days after treatment contained NPV. These results suggest that most predators which preyed on virus infected larvae did not move from the treated plots and did not have an important role in NPV dispersal within the treated plots.
Effect of Host Diet on Flight Behavior of the Parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: McAuslane Heather J. , Vinson S. Bradleigh , Williams Howard J.
Published: September 2017

The effect of larval host diet on the flight behavior and microhabitat preference of the parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron), was studied in a wind tunnel bioassay. Campoletis sonorensis was reared from Heliothis virescens F. larvae fed either artificial diet, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) foliage or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) foliage. In a no-choice situation, naive female parasitoids were allowed to fly to undamaged host plants or to naturally damaged host plants containing host larvae and host products (host/plant complex). Parasitoids completed significantly more flights to the host/plant complex (73% of flights) than to undamaged plants (8% of flights). However, the percentage of females completing flights did not differ according to the diet of the host on which the parasitoid was reared. In a choice test, parasitoids allowed to fly in a wind tunnel containing an artificially-damaged cotton leaf and an artificially-damaged sesame leaf exhibited similar landing preferences regardless of whether their hosts were reared on artifical diet, cotton or sesame. The implications of these results on the host microhabitat location behavior of a generalist parasitoid are discussed.
Control of Red and Green Morphs of Tobacco Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Bass Max H.
Published: September 2017

Control of red and green morphs of the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman, was investigated in field and laboratory tests on flue-cured tobacco in Georgia during 1987–1989. Acephate provided good control of both morphs at 0.75 and 0.5 lbs. AI/acre, and fair to poor control of both morphs at 0.25 and 0.125 lbs. AI/acre. Methomyl, endosulfan, and Endocide Plus (endosulfan plus parathion) also provided effective control of both morphs. Malathion, oxamyl, and tralomethrin provided significantly better control of the green morph than the red morph. Microencapsulated methyl parathion was totally ineffective in controlling either green or red color forms. In laboratory tests, the residual activity of acephate provided high mortality and a reduction in live nymphs produced for up to 14 days after application for both morphs, although these effects were more pronounced with green aphids. The residual activity of methomyl had no adverse effects on either morph 3 days after treatment.
Antennal Olfactory Responsiveness of the Texas Leaf Cutting Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to Trail Pheromone and its Two Alarm Substances
Authors: Andryszak N. A. , Payne T. L. , Dickens J. C. , Moser J. C. , Fisher R. W.
Published: September 2017

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from major workers, queens, and males of the Texas leaf cutting, Atta texana (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in response to serial dilutions of two alarm substances, 2-heptanone and 4-methyl-3-heptanone, and its trail pheromone, 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate. The lower EAG threshold for major workers relative to queens and males for both alarm substances correlated well with previously reported behavioral bioassays which showed workers to be most responsive to these odorants. Although laboratory behavioral bioassays showed minor workers, queens, and males to have a similar behavioral threshold for the trail pheromone, minor workers were more responsive to higher concentrations of the trail pheromone. However, EAGs revealed queens significantly more sensitive and responsive to the trail pheromone than the other castes. These seemingly enigmatic results are discussed with regard to A. texana biology and receptor physiology.
Forecasting Flight Activity of Native Parasitoids of Oak Lecanium (Homoptera: Coccidae)
Authors: Schultz Peter B.
Published: September 2017

Flight activity of the major parasitoids of oak lecanium scale, Parthenolecanium quercifex (Fitch) was monitored for 6 years on willow oak, Quercus phellos L. to establish base development temperatures and to forecast peak parasite activity. Base development temperatures of 8.3°C (47°F), 10.6°C (51°F), and 3.3°C (38°F) were established for Encyrtus fuscus L., Eunotus lividus Ashmead, and Blastothrix sp., repectively. Average degree day accumulations indicated that flight periods for all species occurred during early June, a time when pesticides are usually directed against the first instar scales. An early flight period of E. lividus also coincided with pesticide applications against two oak defoliators, Lyrnantria dispar (L.) and Malacosoma disstria Hübner.
Toxicity of High Oxygen Atmospheres to Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)2
Authors: Calderon Moshe , Leesch J. G. , Jay E. G.
Published: September 2017

Adults, larvae, and pupae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were exposed to atmospheres containing 70%, 80%, and 90% O2 for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Ninty-nine percent morality of adults was obtained after 21 days at 90% O2, while a maximum mortality of 80 and 38% was achieved after 28 days at 80% and 70% O2 respectively. The effect of O2 on larvae was found to be greater than on pupae: 100% larval mortality was obtained at 90% O2 after 14 days while complete mortality was achieved with pupae after 28 days.

After treatment with high O2, the appearance of abnormal insects as well as effects on their life cycle were observed. When larvae were treated for 14 days at 80% O2, only a few individuals developed to adults. No larvae reached the adult stage after exposure to 90% O2 for 14 days. In all treatments, except those conducted at 90% O2, insects exposed as pupae developed into adults.
Influence of Temperature on Population Development of Two Color Morphs of the Tobacco Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: Reed T. David , Semtner Paul J.
Published: September 2017

Tests were conducted at seven constant temperature regimes in controlled environmental chambers to compare population growth parameters of red and green morphs of the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman. The optimal temperature for population development of both color morphs was 25°C. At 25°C and above, the red morph had three advantages over the green; most striking was the ability to survive to reproductive age. The red morph also developed faster and was more fecund than the green. Although neither morph reproduced at 32°C, longevity of the red morph was 120% greater. Results of this study may help to explain the disproportionate development of populations of the red morph in the field.
Seasonal Periodicity of Fall Armyworm, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Caribbean Basin and Northward to Canada
Authors: Mitchell E. R. , McNeil J. N. , Westbrook J. K. , Silvain J. F. , Lalanne-Cassou B. , Chalfant R. B. , Pair S. D. , Waddill V. H. , Sotomayor-Rios A. , Proshold F. I.
Published: September 2017

Sex pheromone traps were used to monitor the seasonal periodicity of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), moth over a 2-year period at eight locations from French Guiana northward to Canada. Results indicated a seasonal progression of movement by fall armyworm from the southern most locations in the United States into Canada. Although the fall armyworm survives throughout the year in the Caribbean Basin, analysis of moth capture and meteorological data for the region provided no direct evidence that this reservoir of continuous populations contributed significantly to the influx of this pest into the temperate regions of North America where it normally does not survive the winter. Weather disturbances along the Atlantic seaboard of the northeastern U.S. and Canada in October 1984 and an associated precipitous decline in moth captures in pheromone traps supports a previous hypothesis of a return (southward) migration by fall armyworm.
Synthetic Fabrics and Fabric Pests2
Authors: Bry Roy E.
Published: September 2017

Larvae of the black carpet beetle, Attageruis unicolor (Brahm), the furniture carpet beetle, Anthrenus flavipes LeConte, and the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel), were exposed to synthetic fabrics contaminated with various stains. Both carpet beetles and the webbing clothes moths damaged synthetic fabrics when stained with such contaminants as alkaline perspiration, catsup, chicken bouillon or 5% sugar solution. Black carpet beetle larvae and webbing clothes moth larvae were more attracted to the contaminated fabrics and caused more damage than furniture carpet beetle larvae.
Distribution and Abundance of Early-Season Wild Host Plants and Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Populations (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in an Intensively Cropped Area of the Mid-Delta of Mississippi
Authors: Snodgrass G. L. , Stadelbacher E. A. , Smith J. W.
Published: September 2017

An intensively cropped area of the Mississippi Delta located in Washington County, Mississippi was sampled to determine distribution and abundance of early-season wild host plants of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and F1 larval populations on them. The area sampled was approximately 6.4 km square with an approximate area of 4,146 ha. Wild host plants were most numerous along roadsides, ditch and field margins, and in small (usually dry) ditches and their margins. The total area of suitable habitat for these wild hosts was estimated as 98.8 ha which represented approximately 2.4% of the total area. Species of Geranium were the most abundant wild hosts found. Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens were estimated to average a combined total of 62 larvae per ha of wild host plants. These data demonstrate that experiments on the control of both pest species on wild hosts on an area-wide basis in the Delta are possible due to the confinement of these pests and their wild host plants to a relatively small area.
Responses of Gypsy Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to Foliage of Oaks from Naturally Infested Sites on Cape Cod, Massachusetts2
Authors: Lance D. R. , Elkinton J. S. , Schwalbe C. P.
Published: September 2017

In laboratory studies, larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were reared on foliage of red oaks (Quercus rubra L.) from sites with either light or heavy natural infestations of gypsy moth. Pupal weights of females that were reared on leaves from heavily defoliated sites (≥ 70% of leaf area removed by wild populations) were 22–42% lower than those of females reared on leaves from lightly defoliated sites (≤ 30% of leaf area removed). Relative consumption rates did not vary significantly with source of foliage, but larvae were less efficient at converting leaves from a heavily infested site into biomass. Pupal weights and development rates varied little when larvae were reared on leaves from any of 6 lightly defoliated sites, regardless of whether the site had been heavily defoliated in the year prior to the study. Survival of first instars was relatively low on leaves from previously defoliated sites, but the frequency with which they attempted dispersal (via ballooning) from branches of oaks in the field was not related to the level of gypsy moth infestation in the year prior to the study. The authors suggest that the observed intersite differences in suitability of foliage resulted primarily from defoliation-induced changes in leaf quality.
Predicting Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larval Density From Estimates of Adult Abundance in Peanut Fields
Authors: Mack T. P. , Davis D. P. , Backman C. B.
Published: September 2017

The abundance of larvae and adults of the lesser cornstalk borer was monitored in conventionally tilled and planted Florunner peanuts at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation in Headland, Ala. from 1984 to 1986. Larval abundance was monitored by soil sieving ca. weekly throughout the growing season. The abundance of adults was monitored weekly by flushing male and female moths from rows by beating plants with a stick. Regression was used to determine if adults in week ‘i’ can explain the variation in larval abundance in week ‘i + 1,’ over the three years of observation. The mean number of larvae from week ‘i + 1’ increased linearly with an increase in adult flush counts from week ‘i’ (P < 0.0001, r2 = 0.91), indicating that larval density could be predicted by adult abundance. The resulting equation had an intercept that was not significantly different from zero (P = 0.29) and a slope of 12.66 ± 0.88 (P < 0.0001), indicating that about 13 larvae/meter can be expected to be found one week later for each adult/meter flushed.

Observations from five separate peanut fields were taken in 1990 to determine if adult counts do reflect larval abundance as predicted by the regression equation. Means from four of five model validation fields fell within the 95% confidence limits for the regression equation, indicating excellent agreement with the field data. This equation could be a significant addition to management of the lesser cornstalk borer, because the use of adult flush counts allows for the prediction of damaging and difficult to sample larval populations before they occur.
Comparison of Sampling Techniques for Adult Mosquitoes and Other Nematocera in Open Vegetation2,3
Authors: Hoick A. R. , Meek C. L.
Published: September 2017

Adult mosquitoes and other nematocerous flies (body length >2mm) were trapped in pastures using a sweep net and a motorized backpack aspirator. Absolute density was determined using a 0.1 m2 area sampler. Captures from each method at each absolute density were compared via linear regression techniques. Empirical equations were developed to estimate the absolute mosquito density. Sweep nets displayed higher R2 values and lower coefficients of variation than the aspirator.
Parasitism of Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) by Platygaster hiemalis (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) on Hessian Fly-Resistant Wheats2
Authors: Chen B. H. , Foster J. E. , Araya J. E. , Taylor P. L.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of three wheat cultivars, ‘Knox 62,’ ‘Caldwell,’ and ‘Monon,’ on the Hessian fly; Mayetiola destructor (Say), and its parasitoid, Platygaster hiemalis Forbes. The number of Hessian flies that survived from the egg to the “flaxseed” stage, the number of Hessian flies parasitized by P. hiemalis, and the average number of parasitoids produced within each parasitized puparium were used to determine the effect of the cultivar on the Hessian fly and indirectly on the parasitoid. The fewest surviving Hessian flies, and the least level of parasitism were found on Knox 62. Cultivars which had high antibiosis against the Hessian fly also reduced the effectiveness of this parasitoid. Furthermore, resistance and parasitism complemented each other in reducing the numbers of Hessian flies.
Age-Specific Reduction in German Cockroach (Blattoidea: Blattellidae) Populations Exposed to Diflubenzuron2
Authors: Wadleigh Richard W. , Koehler Philip G. , Patterson Richard S.
Published: September 2017

The chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron, caused age-specific reductions among populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), in test arenas (122 by 122 by 30.5 cm). Diflubenzuron at 30, 60, and 120 mg A.I./m2 killed nymphs with the molting first instar the most susceptible stage, and male and female adults that were exposed as nymphs. At the higher application rates (60 and 120 mg/m2), selective mortality during the first ecdysis resulted in lower numbers of older nymphs as the original population of cockroaches placed in the arenas matured. The decline in the number of older nymphs caused a shift in population age structure to one consisting almost entirely of first instar nymphs and adults. After 12 wk of exposure, total cockroach numbers were reduced by 67.3%, 93.0%, and 98.2% with residues of 30, 60, and 120 mg/m2, respectively. Diflubenzuron residues did not reduce egg hatch.
Effect of Long Term Colonization on Attractancy of Females to Wild Males: Heliothis virescens and Heliothis Hybrid Backcross (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Laster Marion L. , Stadelbacher Earl A.
Published: September 2017

The sexual attractancy of female Heliothis virescens (F.) which had been cultured in the laboratory for 40 generations and of hybrid and backcross females (H. subflexa ♀ X H. virescens ♂) was determined and compared with the attractancy of wild female H. virescens. In field tests, females reared (< 1 generation) from field-collected larvae were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) less attractive to wild males than were females reared in the laboratory for 40 generations (HVL-40), but the attractancy of females reared in the laboratory for 1 or 41 generations did not differ significantly. The attractancy of H. virescens females from generations 40, 41 and BC females from generations 41, 42 or 179, 180 did not differ significantly in any of five tests, except in test three, where more wild males were attracted by HVL-40 than by BC-41 females. Continuous backcrossing of the female hybrid (180 generations) did not affect the attractivity of the female to the wild males. The attractancy of lab-reared H. virescens (except for generation 40) or hybrid BC virgin females, regardless of generation, to wild H. virescens males was not significantly different from that of the synthetic female sex pheromone Z-11-Hexadecenal: Z-9-tetradecenal (14.6:1). The data indicate the attractancy of H. virescens and BC virgin females to wild males may be enhanced by continuous laboratory rearing. These findings are important in population dynamic studies in which lab-reared females are used and in determining the ratio of BC to wild H. virescens females needed to suppress a given population of H. virescens.
Stadia, Larval-Pupal Weight, and Width of Head Capsules of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) After Feeding on Varying Resistance Levels of Maize Silks
Authors: Wiseman B. R. , Isenhour D. J. , Bhagwat V. R.
Published: September 2017

Weight of larvae, developmental time to pupation, weight of pupae, length of stadia, and width of head capsule were determined for larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), that were fed on meridic diets with silks of ‘Stowell's Evergreen’, a susceptible genotype, or low, intermediate, and high levels of ‘Zapalote Chico’, a corn, Zea mays L., cultivar with antibiotic resistance. As the level of resistance increased, the weight of larvae at 9 days and weight of pupae significantly decreased, and developmental time to pupation significantly increased. Also, as the concentration of resistant material increased in the diet, stadial length also significantly increased. The intermediate and high levels of resistance also resulted in a significant reduction in the width of the head capsule of larvae. Thus, two new characteristics of resistance in maize silks to the corn earworm were identified: increased stadia and decreased width of head capsule.
Predation of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Eggs and Larvae by Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Larvae in the Laboratory and Field Cages
Authors: Nordlund Donald A. , Vacek Don C. , Ferro David N.
Published: September 2017

Studies of predation by Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae on Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, were conducted to determine if this predator could effectively prey on eggs and young larvae of this important pest. In laboratory experiments in which CPB eggs and young larvae were exposed to 5 or 10 C. rufilabris larvae/cage we obtained 99.7% and 97.7% population reduction, respectively. In experiments in which CPB larvae were exposed to 10 or 50 C. rufilabris larvae/cage we obtained 79.9% and 97.3% population reduction, respectively. In field cage experiments, 84% population reduction was obtained with release rates of 80,940 C. rufilabris larvae per hectare. These data indicate that C. rufilabris larvae might be useful in periodic release programs against this important agricultural pest. However, because of the high release rates required in the field, a significant reduction in the cost of mass production is needed to make C. rufilabris a cost effective agent for control of this pest.
Usefulness of Two Diphenzyl Benzoyl Urea Insect Growth Regulators Against the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Wolfenbarger D. A. , Nemec S. J.
Published: September 2017

Topical applications at submicrogram levels of the insect growth regulators (IGR) penfluron and diflubenzuron prevented the hatch of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, eggs. Neither compound was toxic to the weevil, however field-cage studies showed that diflubenzuron greatly reduced emergence of weevils from squares. In all field tests spray applications were initiated at first one-third grown square (<1 cm dia) and continued for 13 to 17 applications during 51 days, throughout the cotton growing season on a 3–5 day schedule. In 1981, cotton sprayed with penfluron diluted in water plus petroleum oil had significantly greater yields than cotton sprayed with penfluron only. In 1982, diflubenzuron and penfluron diluted in oil and water and applied at 0.07 kg/ha, reduced boll weevil emergence from squares 57 to 78% compared to emergence in untreated plots. In 1983, emergence of adults from bolls was reduced 39% in plots sprayed with diflubenzuron at a rate of 0.28 kg A.I./ha. In 1981, no reduction in adult emergence from bolls only was observed in plots sprayed with penfluron at rate of 0.07 kg A.I./ha; when penfluron was applied at 3 day intervals in oil boll weevil emergence from squares was significantly reduced. Yields of seed cotton were significantly greater in plots sprayed on a 3–5 day schedule with penfluron or diflubenzuron in oil, at a rate of 0.07 or 0.28 kg A.I./ha respectively, when compared to the untreated check; they were 926, 1697 to 1874, and 726 kg/ha in 1981, 1982, and 1983, respectively, In 1981 and 1982, predator populations (mostly Hemiptera and spiders) in plots sprayed with either diflubenzuron or penfluron, with or without oil, were reduced significantly compared to populations in the untreated check.
A New Species of Putoniella (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Damaging Leaves of Prunus spp: (Rosaceae) in Southeastern United States
Authors: Gagné Raymond J. , Payne Jerry A.
Published: September 2017

A new species of gall midge, Putoniella gracilis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is described. It infests leaves of plum and peach (Prunus spp.) in southeastern United States. The genus Putoniella is redescribed, and the new species is distinguished from its only congener, the European Putoniella pruni (Kaltenbach), also a pest of Prunus.
Flight and Landing Activity of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Bean Monocultures and Bean-Corn Mixtures
Authors: Bottenberg Harry , Irwin Michael E.
Published: September 2017

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) dominated the aerial aphid plankton in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) monocultures and mixed cultures of bean with corn (Zea mays L.) in Illinois. It was also the most common species landing on bean plants in this study during the summer of 1987. More flight activity was recorded in the monocultures than in the mixtures. More R. maidis flew at the top of the bean canopy than at the level of the corn canopy. Densely planted corn rows suppressed flight activity more than did sparsely planted rows. Plots that were planted early had lower aphid catches over the same time than did plots planted 13 and 24 days later. Aphid flight activity was negatively correlated with ground cover, corn barrier height, and corn barrier density. Aphid landing activity was not affected by planting date or corn row density but was negatively and significantly correlated with ground cover. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that ground cover was more important than barrier height and barrier density in suppressing flight and landing activity of R. maidis.
Effect of Insecticide Treatment of Compost and Casing on Mushroom Yield
Authors: Cantelo William W.
Published: September 2017

Bendiocarb, carbosulfan, cyromazine, penfluron, Sumitomo 31183, and Sumitomo 4496 have proven efficacious for controlling a sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae), the principal insect pest of commercial mushrooms in North America. In this study, these compounds were evaluated for potential phytotoxicity to the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange). Growth rate of the mycelium through the compost and through the casing; the weight, number, and size of mushrooms produced; and the time of each growth flush were measured. Penfluron was the only material that did not cause some yield reduction. Cyromazine and the low dosage of carbosulfan caused minor reductions in yield.
Parasitization of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Palexorista laxa (Diptera: Tachinidae): Influence of Host Developmental Stage on Host Suitability and Progeny Production
Authors: Martin W. R. , Nordlund Donald A. , Nettles William C.
Published: September 2017

Palexorista laxa (Curran) (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitization (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental stage, reaching 97% in 5th instars, but fell to 75% in prepupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva was greatest in 5th instar hosts, reaching 7.8 ± 0.6 (SEM) and 5.5 ± 0.4, respectively. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable. Host favorability indices were calculated for each host stadium, and was highest in 5th instars. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of P. laxa attacking hosts of varying developmental stages.
Host Recognition by the Blackmargined Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Pecan
Authors: Smith Michael T. , Severson Ray F.
Published: September 2017

Leaf discs from pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, pea, Pisum sativum L., peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, and fig, Fiscus benjamina L. were presented to nymph and adult blackmargined aphids, Monellia caryella (Fitch) in no-choice and choice bioassays. Nymph longevity and developmental rates, and adult longevity and reproductive rates were significantly greater when aphids were placed on pecan than on pea, peach or fig. In no-choice bioassays, both nymph and adult aphids preferred to settle-on pecan, while they preferred to wander- or settle-off of pea, peach and fig. In choice bioassays, both nymph and adult aphids preferred to settle-on pecan than to settle-on pea, peach and fig. Analysis of pecan, pea, peach and fig leaf cuticular chemistry showed that n-alkane distribution patterns and the major cuticular components, specifically triterpenes and their oxidation products, differed among the four plant species. This study provides the first evidence within the pecan/aphid interactive system which suggests that the distinct foliar cuticular chemistry of pecan may have an influence on the host recognition behavior of M. caryella.
Effect of Food Deprivation on the Foraging Behavior of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Females for Food and Host Hawthorn Fruit
Authors: Malavasi Aldo , Prokopy Ronald J.
Published: September 2017

The behavior of released mature female apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), deprived of all food for 18–24 h was compared with that of females that had continuous access to food. Assays were carried out on individual field-caged host trees that contained Crataegus mollis host hawthorn fruit and/or vials of sucrose and enzymatic yeast hydrolysate as food, and in open-field patches of host trees that contained hawthorn fruit and/or food. Two hypotheses were evaluated: (1) food-deprived flies would be in a physiological state that would compromise their ability to find food and oviposition sites, and (2) food deprivation would generate a “sense of malaise” or impending death leading to “dumping” eggs in unusually large numbers at the earliest opportunity. Except for a greater proportion of food-deprived than non-deprived females finding or being observed at food, the behavior of food-deprived and non-deprived females did not differ significantly. Neither of the hypotheses was supported by the data.
Genetic Studies of a Morphological Character That Separates Two Species of Blattella (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Ross Mary H.
Published: September 2017

The tenth tergite (T10) of male Blattella asahinai is narrower than that of B. germanica. The trait is intermediate in Fx hybrids. Backcross data suggest a quantitative genetic basis for T10 variation, although the possibility that a major locus was hidden by the variability could not be ruled out. Reciprocal backcrosses to B. germanica, but not those to B. asahinai, differed significantly.
Seasonal Abundance of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Suborders Terebrantia and Tubulifera) in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco and Impact of Management Practices on the Incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Beshear R. J. , Culbreath A. K.
Published: September 2017

Flue-cured tobacco plant beds and fields were surveyed from 1989–91 to determine the seasonal abundance and species composition of thrips in Georgia. A total of 43 species were collected from tobacco foliage and blooms. Five species were commonly encountered all three years and accounted for over 95% of all thrips collected. These included Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. occidentalis (Pergande), F. tritici (Fitch), F. bispinosa (Morgan) and Limothrips cerealium (Haliday). Frankliniella fusca and F. occidentalis are known vectors of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a serious threat to Georgia's flue-cured tobacco production. Thrips population densities in plant beds rose steadily from the time covers were removed until all plants were pulled or mowed down. Field populations of thrips peaked on foliage just prior to the initiation of flowering and rapidly declined after flowering. Flower thrips were present as soon as flowers opened and peaked about one week later. Thrips population densities and the resultant incidence of TSWV were reduced with a combination of transplant treatment of either aldicarb or carbofuran and six weekly foliar sprays of acephate. Insecticide treatments applied only at transplanting were ineffective in reducing TSWV.
Esfenvalerate Residue Accumulation on Peanuts, Cocoa Beans, and Tobacco during a Simulated Storage Season2
Authors: Arthur Frank H. , Simonaitis Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Farmers stock peanuts, bagged cocoa beans, exposed tobacco, and boxed tobacco were exposed to daily applications of 0.02 g AI esfenvalerate per 28.3 m3 (1,000 ft3) for 235 consecutive days. Residue accumulation on peanut shells and peanut kernels ranged from 0.2 - 22.9 ppm and 13.1 - 189.6 ppb, respectively. The bag containing the cocoa beans apparently trapped most of the insecticide residue, and residues on whole beans and roasted nibs ranged from 10.4 - 452.2 and 9.6 - 118.5 ppb, respectively. Residue accumulation on exposed tobacco ranged from 0.2 - 31.1 ppm, but residues on boxed tobacco were above minimum detectable levels on only 2 of 11 sample dates.
Spring- and Fall-Tillage System Effects on Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Emergence from a Coastal Plain Soil2
Authors: Chapin J. W. , Thomas J. S. , Sullivan M. J.
Published: September 2017

Fall emergence of Hessian fly, (HF) Mayetiola destructor (Say), was measured from wheat stubble subjected to combinations of spring burning and tillage, and fall tillage in the South Carolina Coastal Plain. In a split-plot experiment, the main-plot effect was a spring treatment, consisting of either: no-tillage, burning, disking, burning and disking or bottom-plowing. The subplot effect was fall tillage (either disking or no-tillage). Among the spring treatments, burning alone gave no reduction in HF emergence. Spring disking reduced HF emergence 54%. Spring burning plus disking reduced emergence 70–96%. No emergence was detected from the bottom-plowed treatments. Fall disking reduced emergence 48–50% in plots that had no spring tillage. Plots disked in both the fall and spring had the same level of HF emergence as plots disked only in the spring or only in the fall. Fall disking greatly increased emergence (up to 23×) from plots where HF had been effectively buried in the spring (previously burned and disked). The disk harrow is the primary tillage implement in the southeastern Coastal Plain, and disking wheat stubble substantially reduced HF emergence. However, repetitive disking can be of limited value or detrimental, in reducing HF emergence from some Coastal Plain soils, in that previously buried puparia might be returned to the soil surface. There was no apparent effect of tillage on emergence timing.
Vertical Distribution of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Nymphs (Homoptera: Membracidae) and Girdles on Soybean
Authors: Spurgeon Dale W. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

The vertical distributions of Spissistilus festinus (Say) instars, petiole girdles, and main stem girdles on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, were investigated by inspecting randomly selected whole plants. Vertical distribution patterns were characterized by dividing sampled plants into three strata: lower (the lower main stem), middle (the lower half of the canopy), and upper (the upper half of the canopy). Most nymphs were located in lower strata on plants of growth stages V2 through V7 and in middle strata on more developed plants. First and fifth instars tended to be distributed higher than third and fourth instars on plants of growth stage ≥ V10. Most main stem girdles occurred in lower plant strata regardless of plant phenology. Petiole girdles were distributed similarly to nymphs except for a scarcity in lower plant strata. Although plant phenology appeared to affect nymphal vertical distribution few nymphs or girdles were ever located in the upper plant canopy.