bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Na2Ge4O9 nanoparticles encapsulated in 3D carbon networks with long-term stability and superior rate capability in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Liu Xuejiao , Zai Jiantao , Li Bo , Zou Jian , Ma Zifeng , Qian Xuefeng
Published: June 2016

Na2Ge4O9 nanoparticles encapsulated in 3D carbon networks with optimized electron and ion dynamics were synthesized via a NaCl-templating method and they showed a capacity of ∼800 mA h g−1 at 0.2–1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles.
Synthesis and molecular properties of methoxy-substituted diindolo[3,2-b:2′,3′-h]carbazoles for organic electronics obtained by a consecutive twofold Suzuki and twofold Cadogan reaction
Authors: Srour Hassan , Doan Thu-Hong , Silva Elisabeth Da , Whitby Richard J. , Witulski Bernhard
Published: June 2016

A set of methoxy-substituted diindolo[3,2-b:2′,3′-h]carbazoles has been synthesized by twofold Suzuki–Miyaura, Cadogan andN-alkylation reactions starting fromN-hexyl-2,7-dibromo-3,6-dinitro carbazole.
Description and Preliminary Evaluation of a Curriculum for Teaching Conversational Skills to Children With High-Functioning Autism and Other Social Cognition Challenges
Authors: Müller Eve , Cannon Lynn R. , Kornblum Courtney , Clark Jonna , Powers Michal
Published: June 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this clinical focus article is to provide (a) a detailed description of a school-based intervention designed to teach children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HF-ASDs) and other social cognition challenges both the
how
and the
why
of conversation and (b) a preliminary evaluation of program outcomes.

Method

This pilot study involved (a) qualitative and quantitative analysis of video footage of participants' conversational skills at baseline, during intervention, and postintervention; (b) interviews with participants' speech-language pathologist (third author) about individual participant progress; and (c) interviews with instructors responsible for implementing the curriculum regarding overall program effectiveness. Participants were four elementary-aged children with HF-ASDs and other social cognition challenges with deficits in expressive language and auditory processing and comprehension.

Results

Analyses of video-recorded footage indicated increases for all four participants in terms of peer-directed interactions, questions asked, use of
wh
-words to introduce new topics and/or extend conversation on existing topics, and attempts at conversational repair. Three participants also demonstrated increased use of attention-gaining behaviors. Qualitative analysis of transcripts, as well as in-depth interviews with the participants' speech-language pathologist and other program instructors, supported these findings.

Conclusions

Preliminary findings from this pilot study suggest that providing comprehensive instruction in many of the basic components required for successful conversation, including explanations for why these components are necessary, may be a promising means of teaching children with HF-ASDs and other social cognition challenges to engage in successful peer-to-peer conversation.
Upper and lower bounds on a system's bandwidth based on its zero‐value time constants
Authors: Hong B. , Hajimiri A.
Published: June 2016

It is shown that for systems with no zeros and no complex poles, the classical estimate of the 3 dB cutoff frequency based on the sum of the zero‐value time constants (ZVTs) is always conservative. A non‐trivial upper bound on the cutoff frequency which depends only on the sum of the ZVTs and the system's order is also derived. It is demonstrated that both bounds are tight – specifically, the lower bound is approached by making one of the system's poles increasingly dominant, whereas the best possible bandwidth is achieved when all of the system's poles overlap. The impact of complex poles on the results is also discussed.
Energy efficiency analysis and enhancement for secure transmission in SWIPT systems exploiting full duplex techniques
Authors: Yang Weiwei , Mou Weifeng , Xu Xiaoming , Yang Wendong , Cai Yueming
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates the secure transmission in simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system, where a source node communicates with a wireless‐powered full duplex destination node in the presence of a passive eavesdropping node. To take advantage of the benefits from SWIPT and full duplex techniques, we propose a two‐phase time‐sharing protocol: the destination node harvests energy form the source node in the first phase, while the information‐bearing signal is transmitted under the protection of artificial noise sent from the destination node in the second phase. The transmit power of the artificial noise is converted from the harvested energy and self‐interference exists at the destination. We derive the closed‐form expressions for the connection outage probability (COP), the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the transmission outage probability (TOP), based on which the secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) is formulated. Furthermore, we determine the optimal time allocation factor and transmission power that maximize the SEE while satisfying the COP and SOP constraints. Finally, numerical results verify our analytical results and show that there are tradeoffs among security, reliability and energy efficiency. When the residual loopback interference is mitigated under some certain level, our proposed optimization scheme can significantly boost the SEE.
Hierarchical hybrid control strategy for micro‐grid switching stabilisation during operating mode conversion
Authors: Dou Chunxia , Li Na , Yue Dong , Liu Tao
Published: June 2016

This study proposes a hierarchical hybrid control strategy to ensure stabilisation performance during the micro‐grid operating mode conversion. Designing the hierarchical hybrid control strategy is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the research focuses on constructing a hybrid control scheme, where besides that the storage I unit needs to implement switching control strategy by means of an upper‐level switching controller, the storage II unit that acts as a master unit also needs to be switched between two kinds of control modes including voltage–frequency droop control and PQ control in response to different micro‐grid operating modes, and other slave distributed generation (DG) units operate in PQ control mode all the time. Moreover, during the operation mode conversion, according to the assessment indexes regarding voltage and frequency, the upper‐level switching controller determines whether and when to send switching commands to the master DG unit. In the second stage, the research focuses on designing the hierarchical control strategies in the PQ control mode and the voltage–frequency droop control mode, as well as designing the upper‐level switching controller to guarantee the stabilisation performance of the micro‐grid during operation mode conversion. In the PQ control mode, all controllers are designed as a fractional order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controller. Finally, the validity of the proposed hybrid control strategy is demonstrated by means of simulation results.
Dynamic load shedding for an islanded microgrid with limited generation resources
Authors: Gao Haixiang , Chen Ying , Xu Yin , Liu Chen‐Ching
Published: June 2016

When an extreme weather event strikes a distribution system, the utility power may not be available for days or even weeks. As a result, a microgrid in the affected area will be operated in the islanded mode during that period. To continuously serve critical load with available generation resources, which are usually limited, load shedding actions can be performed to gradually disconnect load with low priority. This study proposes a method to obtain the dynamic load shedding strategy for an islanded microgrid with limited generation resources. First, dynamic load shedding is formulated as a stochastic optimisation problem, where the uncertainties induced by intermittent energy sources and load are incorporated. The objective is to maximise the economic performance of the microgrid. Limits on the generation resources and operational constraints are considered. Then, a model based on Markov decision process (MDP) is developed for the problem. A solution method for the MDP model is proposed to obtain the optimal load shedding strategy. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Impacts of available generation resources, uncertainties of wind power prediction, and load shedding time period on the load shedding strategy are discussed.
CPW‐fed hexagonal Sierpinski super wideband fractal antenna
Authors: Singhal Sarthak , Singh Amit Kumar
Published: June 2016

A compact hexagonal Sierpinski fractal antenna for super wideband applications is presented. It consists of hexagonal radiation patch with two iterations of Sierpinski square slots and coplanar waveguide feeding. An impedance bandwidth of 3.4–37.4 GHz is achieved. The achieved bandwidth ratio is 11:1. Desirable radiation performance characteristics including relatively stable and omni‐directional radiation patterns are obtained over this range. A good agreement is achieved between the simulated and experimental results. The designed antenna has advantages of wider bandwidth and miniaturised size over the previously reported structures.
Effect of different standing poses on whole body volume acquisition by three‐dimensional photonic scanning
Authors: Chiu Chuang‐Yuan , Pease David L. , Sanders Ross H.
Published: June 2016

The present study compared whole body volumes obtained by three‐dimensional (3D) photonic scanning of two different poses and discussed its effect on body composition estimation. Pose A with large angles of shoulder abduction and feet separated and Pose B with shoulders abducted slightly, the elbows extended and heels together. 16 male and 13 female participants were scanned twice in each pose using a 3D scanner. The mean of whole body volume and the mean of body composition obtained with Pose B was corrected by a regression equation and compared with the results obtained from Pose A. After correction, the whole body volumes acquired with these two poses were similar [limit of agreement = (−0.71 l,0.71 l)] but the body compositions obtained with Pose A and Pose B were different [limit of agreement = (−4.4%, 4.4%)]. The results indicated that scanning using either pose gives reliable estimations for whole body volume and body composition. The whole body volume obtained from different poses can be adjusted using the regression equation but small volumetric differences translate into much more substantial differences in body fat percentage. Hence, it is recommended to use the same scanning pose consistently when monitoring individuals longitudinally.
Technique for QRS complex detection using particle swarm optimisation
Authors: Jain Shweta , Kumar Anil , Bajaj Varun
Published: June 2016

A new technique for QRS complex detection of electrocardiogram signals, using particle swarm optimisation (PSO)‐based adaptive filter (AF), is proposed. In the proposed method, the AF, based on PSO, is used to generate the feature. An effective detection algorithm, containing search‐backs for missed peaks, is also proposed. In the experiment, five PSO variants are tested on MIT‐BIH arrhythmia database. The linear decreasing inertia variant of PSO, achieves the best results with sensitivity, positive predictivity and detection error rate of 99.75, 99.83 and 0.42%, respectively. Effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by comparing fidelity parameter of proposed method with state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Low power 2D finite impulse response filter design using modified artificial bee colony algorithm with experimental validation using field‐programmable gate array
Authors: Dwivedi Atul Kumar , Ghosh Subhojit , Londhe Narendra D.
Published: June 2016

Motivated by the need of reducing power consumption (PC) in two dimensional (2D) finite impulse response (FIR) filters, in this work, the 2D FIR filter design task is formulated as an optimisation problem that seeks to attain the desired frequency response and reduces PC. The optimisation problem has been solved using the modified version of artificial bee colony algorithm. The applicability of the proposed approach has been evaluated by designing circular shaped 2D FIR filters for a set of specifications in frequency domain. The designed filters have been compared with other reported state of the art techniques. The evaluation is carried out in terms of pass band and stop band ripple minimisation, convergence profile and PC during filter execution in hardware. The proposed technique is found to outperform all other techniques in achieving minimum ripple for a given filter order. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach for PC reduction, the designed filters have been implemented in hardware using field‐programmable gate array (xc7vx485t‐2ffg1761). The PC computed using Xilinx X‐power analyser shows that 23.53% power can be saved using the proposed approach as compared with conventional design approaches.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Rare Snake Bite Sequelae
Authors: Jalal Muhammed , Thomas Annie , Varghese Prithvi
Published: June 2016

Introduction Annually, more than 2,500,000 snake bites are reported in India, out of which 30,000 to 50,000 cases end in mortality. Here, we report an unusual complication of intracerebral hemorrhage following a snake bite.

Case Report A 48-year-old diabetic and hypertensive male patient presented with loss of consciousness following a suspected snake bite. Unconsciousness was preceded by vomiting. His neurological status deteriorated to a Glasgow coma score of 7/15 (E1M5V1). Pupils showed anisocoria. Computed tomographic scan of the brain revealed large intracerebral hemorrhage in the left temporal lobe and another large intracerebral hemorrhage in the left parietal lobe with significant mass effect and signs of early transtentorial herniation. He was taken up for left frontotemporoparietal craniotomy and evacuation of left temporoparietal intracerebral hemorrhage.

Conclusion Cerebral complications following snake bite envenomation include infarcts and hemorrhages. Even though rare in incidence, cerebral complications following snake bites are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The patient presented here had left temporal and left parietal intraparenchymal hemorrhage with impending transtentorial herniation following a snake bite. Prompt treatment of raised intracranial tension simultaneously with aggressive correction of the coagulation disorders and appropriate supportive measures can result in better outcomes in patients having cerebral complications of snake bite envenomation.
Delayed Development of Traumatic Life-Threatening Acute Subdural Hematoma and Its
Management: Challenge for Neurosurgeon — A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Mishra Sudhansu Sekhar , Jena Somnath Prasad , Tripathy Soubhagya Ranjan , Nath Pratap Chandra
Published: June 2016

Delayed development of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in patients having a coagulation disorder with or without taking anticoagulants have been well reported in literature. But delayed development of acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) in patients with head injury without any coagulation disorder is rare as per our knowledge. In this case report, we are reporting a 28-year-old male patient, who developed delayed posttraumatic life-threatening ASDH after 48 hours of trauma. The patient had no coagulation disorder. He was not an alcoholic and all his examinations, including coagulation profile, liver function tests, and peripheral smear examination were within the normal limits. We want to highlight that mere absence of a lesion on computed tomography and negative clinical, with radiological finding, at an emergency department, does not always hold the eligibility to discharge a head injury patient. Observation for at least 24 hours with subsequent minimum one short interval follow-up is necessary for the safety of the patient.
Stereodynamics in NO(X) + Ar inelastic collisions
Authors: Brouard M. , Chadwick H. , Gordon S. D. S. , Hornung B. , Nichols B. , Aoiz F. J. , Stolte S.
Published: June 2016

The effect of orientation of the NO(X) bond axis prior to rotationally inelastic collisions with Ar has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. A modification to conventional velocity-map imaging ion optics is described, which allows the orientation of hexapole state-selected NO(X) using a static electric field, followed by velocity map imaging of the resonantly ionized scattered products. Bond orientation resolved differential cross sections are measured experimentally for a series of spin-orbit conserving transitions and compared with quantum mechanical calculations. The agreement between experimental results and those from quantum mechanical calculations is generally good. Parity pairs, which have previously been observed in collisions of unpolarized NO with various rare gases, are not observed due to the coherent superposition of the two j = 1/2, Ω = 1/2 Λ-doublet levels in the orienting field. The normalized difference differential cross sections are found to depend predominantly on the final rotational state, and are not very sensitive to the final Λ-doublet level. The differential steric effect has also been investigated theoretically, by means of quantum mechanical and classical calculations. Classically, the differential steric effect can be understood by considering the steric requirement for different types of trajectories that contribute to different regions of the differential cross section. However, classical effects cannot account quantitatively for the differential steric asymmetry observed in NO(X) + Ar collisions, which reflects quantum interference from scattering at either end of the molecule. This quantum interference effect is dominated by the repulsive region of the potential.
Design of low surface roughness-low residual stress-high optoelectronic merit a-IZO thin films for flexible OLEDs
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Wilkinson Taylor M. , Packard Corinne E. , Kumar Mukesh
Published: June 2016

The development of efficient and reliable large-area flexible optoelectronic devices demands low surface roughness-low residual stress-high optoelectronic merit transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films. Here, we correlate surface roughness-residual stress-optoelectronic properties of sputtered amorphous indium zinc oxide (a-IZO) thin films using a statistical design of experiment (DOE) approach and find a common growth space to achieve a smooth surface in a stress-free and high optoelectronic merit a-IZO thin film. The sputtering power, growth pressure, oxygen partial pressure, and RF/(RF+DC) are varied in a two-level system with a full factorial design, and results are used to deconvolve the complex growth space, identifying significant control growth parameters and their possible interactions. The surface roughness of a-IZO thin film varies over 0.19 nm to 3.97 nm, which is not in line with the general assumption of low surface roughness in a-IZO thin films. The initial regression model and analysis of variance reveal no single optimum growth sub-space to achieve low surface roughness (≤0.5 nm), low residual stress (−1 to 0 GPa), and industrially acceptable electrical conductivity (>1000 S/cm) for a-IZO thin films. The extrapolation of growth parameters in light of the current results and previous knowledge leads to a new sub-space, resulting in a low residual stress of −0.52±0.04 GPa, a low surface roughness of 0.55±0.03 nm, and moderate electrical conductivity of 1962±3.84 S/cm in a-IZO thin films. These results demonstrate the utility of the DOE approach to multi-parameter optimization, which provides an important tool for the development of flexible TCOs for the next-generation flexible organic light emitting diodes applications.
Emerging activity in bilayered dispersions with wake-mediated interactions
Authors: Bartnick Jörg , Kaiser Andreas , Löwen Hartmut , Ivlev Alexei V.
Published: June 2016

In a bilayered system of particles with wake-mediated interactions, the action-reaction symmetry for the effective forces between particles of different layers is broken. Under quite general conditions we show that, if the interaction nonreciprocity exceeds a certain threshold, this creates an active dispersion of self-propelled clusters of Brownian particles. The emerging activity promotes unusual melting scenarios and an enormous diffusivity in the dense fluid. Our results are obtained by computer simulation and analytical theory and can be verified in experiments with colloidal dispersions and complex plasmas.
Communication: Electron diffraction of ferrocene in superfluid helium droplets
Authors: Zhang Jie , He Yunteng , Kong Wei
Published: June 2016

We report electron diffraction of ferrocene doped in superfluid helium droplets. By taking advantage of the velocity slip in our pulsed droplet beam using a pulsed electron gun, and by doping with a high concentration of ferrocene delivered via a pulsed valve, we can obtain high quality diffraction images from singly doped droplets. Under the optimal doping conditions, 80% of the droplets sampled in the electron beam are doped with just one ferrocene molecule. Extension of this size selection method to dopant clusters has also been demonstrated. However, incomplete separation of dopant clusters might require deconvolution and modeling of the doping process. This method can be used for studies of nucleation processes in superfluid helium droplets.
Dielectric relaxation and hopping conduction in reduced graphite oxide
Authors: Wei Guidan , Yu Ji , Gu Min , Tang Tong B.
Published: June 2016

Graphite oxide reduced by sodium borohydride was characterised and its electrical conduction investigated with impedance spectroscopy. Thermal dependence of electrical modulus (instead of permittivity, its inverse) was calculated from complex impedance spectra, an approach that prevents any peak in dielectric loss (imaginary component) from being swarmed by large dc conductivity. Two loss peaks appeared at each tested frequency, in a sample of either degree of reduction. The set of weaker peak should arise from the relaxation of some polar bonds, as proposed earlier by us. The stronger loss peaks may correspond to the hopping of conduction electrons; variable range hopping is also consistent with the observed thermal dependence of conductivity. However, nearer ambient temperature there is a change in mechanism, to band transport, with an activation energy of fairly similar values as derived from both loss peaks and conductivity.
Rotational and vibrational dynamics in the excited electronic state of deprotonated and protonated fluorescein studied by time-resolved photofragmentation in an ion trap
Authors: Imanbaew Dimitri , Gelin Maxim F. , Riehn Christoph
Published: June 2016

Excited state dynamics of deprotonated and protonated fluorescein were investigated by polarization dependent femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe photofragmentation in a 3D ion trap. Transients of deprotonated fluorescein exhibit vibrational wavepacket dynamics with weak polarization dependence. Transients of protonated fluorescein show only effects of molecular alignment and rotational dephasing. The time resolved rotational anisotropy of protonated fluorescein is simulated by the calculated orientational correlation function. The observed differences between deprotonated and protonated fluorescein are ascribed to their different higher lying electronically excited states and corresponding structures. This is partially supported by time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the excited state structures.
Anomalous behavior in temporal evolution of ripple wavelength under medium energy Ar+-ion bombardment on Si: A case of initial wavelength selection
Authors: Garg Sandeep Kumar , Cuerno Rodolfo , Kanjilal Dinakar , Som Tapobrata
Published: June 2016

We have studied the early stage dynamics of ripple patterns on Si surfaces, in the fluence range of 1–3 × 1018 ions cm−2, as induced by medium energy Ar+-ion irradiation at room temperature. Under our experimental conditions, the ripple evolution is found to be in the linear regime, while a clear decreasing trend in the ripple wavelength is observed up to a certain time (fluence). Numerical simulations of a continuum model of ion-sputtered surfaces suggest that this anomalous behavior is due to the relaxation of the surface features of the experimental pristine surface during the initial stage of pattern formation. The observation of this hitherto unobserved behavior of the ripple wavelength seems to have been enabled by the use of medium energy ions, where the ripple wavelengths are found to be order(s) of magnitude larger than those at lower ion energies.
Temperature dependence of photoconversion efficiency in silicon heterojunction solar cells: Theory vs experiment
Authors: Sachenko A. V. , Kryuchenko Yu. V. , Kostylyov V. P. , Bobyl A. V. , Terukov E. I. , Abolmasov S. N. , Abramov A. S. , Andronikov D. A. , Shvarts M. Z. , Sokolovskyi I. O. , Evstigneev M.
Published: June 2016

Silicon heterojunction solar cells (HJSC) with the efficiency of about 20% are manufactured. Their short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, photoconversion efficiency, and fill factor of the current–voltage curve are measured in a broad temperature range from 80 to 420 K. It is established that the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, and the photoconversion efficiency are non-monotonic functions of temperature, having a maximum in the vicinity of 200 K. A new approach to modeling of HJSCs is proposed, which allows one to obtain quantitative agreement with the experimental results at temperatures above 200 K, as well as to describe the results published in the literature on the solar cells under AM1.5 conditions. The temperature coefficient of photoconversion efficiency in HJSCs is discussed, and its low value is shown to be related to the low surface and volume recombination rates. Finally, a theoretical expression for the SC's temperature under natural working conditions is derived.
Relation between paramagnetic entropy and disordered local moment in La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13 magnetocaloric compound
Authors: Fujita Asaya
Published: June 2016

The paramagnetic fluctuations are investigated in La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13. The disordered local moment (DLM) is represented by the first principle calculations. With a reduction of the volume, the DLM amplitude decreases gradually. In the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity ρ under hydrostatic pressure, an upturn in the variation of ρ in the paramagnetic state was observed with decreasing temperature, which is originated from the Curie-Weiss-type DLM fluctuations. In the vicinity of the critical pressure for disappearance of the DLM, the variation of ρ as a function of log(T) was observed.
Enhanced 77 K vortex-pinning in Y Ba2Cu3O7−x films with Ba2Y TaO6 and mixed Ba2Y TaO6 + Ba2Y NbO6 nano-columnar inclusions with irreversibility field to 11 T
Authors: Rizzo F. , Augieri A. , Angrisani Armenio A. , Galluzzi V. , Mancini A. , Pinto V. , Rufoloni A. , Vannozzi A. , Bianchetti M. , Kursumovic A. , MacManus-Driscoll J. L. , Meledin A. , Van Tendeloo G. , Celentano G.
Published: June 2016

Pulsed laser deposited thin Y Ba2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) films with pinning additions of 5 at. % Ba2Y TaO6 (BYTO) were compared to films with 2.5 at. % Ba2Y TaO6 + 2.5 at. % Ba2Y NbO6 (BYNTO) additions. Excellent magnetic flux-pinning at 77 K was obtained with remarkably high irreversibility fields greater than 10 T (YBCO-BYTO) and 11 T (YBCO-BYNTO), representing the highest ever achieved values in YBCO films.
The role of Pt underlayer on the magnetization dynamics of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy Pt/Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5/MgO
Authors: Besbas Jean , Loong Li Ming , Wu Yang , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: June 2016

We investigate the role of Pt on the magnetization dynamics of Pt/Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5/MgO with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy using the time resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect. Pt/Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5/MgO shows ultrafast magnetization dynamics comparable to 3d ferromagnets and can be fully demagnetized. The demagnetization time τd ∼ 0.27 ps and magnetic heat capacity are independent of the Pt underlayer, whereas the value of the electron-phonon coupling time τe ∼ 0.77 ps depends on the presence of the Pt layer. We further measure the effective damping αeff ∼ 1 that does not scale as the inverse demagnetization time (1/τd), but is strongly affected by the Pt layer.
Single independent genes confer resistance to faba bean rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) in the current Australian cultivar Doza and a central European line Ac1655
Authors: Adhikari Kedar N. , Zhang Peng , Sadeque Abdus , Hoxha Sami , Trethowan Richard
Published: June 2016

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest grain legumes and is grown in many countries for both human consumption and animal feed. Faba bean rust, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, is a serious disease of faba beans in the subtropical agricultural region of Australia. Experiments were conducted to assess the genetic variation for rust resistance in Australian faba bean germplasm and to determine the genetic basis of rust resistance in selected germplasm. Resistant lines were identified, subsequently crossed to agronomically suitable parents and the ensuing progeny were evaluated for resistance. Many derived lines showed a higher level of resistance than the current cultivars, although none were rated immune. This level of resistance was considered adequate for reliable crop production when combined with limited fungicide application. Genetic studies from the seedling test of F2 and F3 progenies derived from two crosses based on two different sources of resistance showed three distinct responses; highly resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible. However, no homozygous family with a moderate response was found in the F3 progeny test, hence, this infection type could not be attributed to independent gene(s). The segregation ratio in both F2 and F3 in the population derived from Doza#12035, a selection from the commercial cultivar Doza, indicated a single dominant gene was responsible for conferring resistance. In the other population developed from the resistant parent Ac1655, it is likely that also a single dominant gene confers resistance even though the F3 segregation ratio deviated significantly from a one gene hypothesis. An allelism test revealed that each of the resistant parents (Doza#12035 and Ac1655) carried a single and independent gene for resistance, thus providing at least two genes for breeders to choose or pyramid for improving the rust resistance in faba bean.
Scottish Late Seventeenth-Century Male Clothing: Some Context for the Barrock Estate Finds
Authors: Wilcox David
Published: June 2016

In 1920 the remains of a body were discovered, buried in peat moss at Quintfall Hill on the Barrock Estate, near Keiss, Caithness, Scotland. The corporeal remains and the clothing were transferred to the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh where they remain to this day. Shortly after the find, an account of the discovery appeared in the Journal of the Antiquaries of Scotland, but apart from passing reference, very little further consideration was given to these clothes. In this article, the first of two dealing with this topic, the clothing finds are described and discussed in the context of other Scottish finds of the period c. 1700 and in relation to contemporary observations and descriptions of dress found across the Scottish mainland and in its outlying Islands. The garments will also be considered in relation to the dominant historical dress narrative, which has been based largely on elite clothing.
The main cannabinoids content in hashish samples seized in Israel and Czech Republic
Authors: Hanuš Lumír O. , Levy Rina , De La Vega Dafna , Katz Limor , Roman Michael , Tomíček Pavel
Published: June 2016

Cannabis, both herbal and resin, has been the most popular illicit drug in Israel in recent years. Until 2005, the main sources of cannabis resin (known also as hashish) to the Israeli drug market were Lebanon and India. Hashish from these sources can be distinguished by its external appearance. The aim of this study was to determine if there is any difference in the quality of the hashish from each source. For this purpose, we quantified the main cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and cannabinol (CBN) of hashish from different police seizures of known origins, Lebanon, India and Morocco, that had been submitted to the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory of the Division of Identification and Forensic Science at the Israeli National Police Headquarters and subsequently to the Hebrew University for quantitative analysis. The results, based on many different seizures, showed that the average CBD content of hashish from Lebanon varied from 5.69% to 12.79% (an average 8.98 ± 0.59%), THC of hashish from Lebanon varied from 0.93% to 4.20% (an average of 2.38 ± 0.27 %), CBD of hashish from Morocco varied from 1.52% to 5.14% (an average of 3.72 ± 0.19%), THC of hashish from Morocco varied from 5.08% to 13.41% (an average of 9.21 ± 0.40%), CBD of hashish from India varied from 0.78% to 13.13% (an average of 4.59 ± 1.07%), and THC of hashish from India varied from 0.53% to 16.45% (an average of 6.35 ± 1.50%), At the same time, several other cannabinoids present in the samples in lower amounts were identified (cannabidivarol, CBDV; cannabicitran; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarol, Δ9-THCV; cannabivarol, CBV; cannabicyclol, CBL; cannabichromene, CBC; cannabielsoin, CBE; Δ8-THC; and cannabigerol, CBG). The samples, predominantly from Lebanon, Morocco, and India, were evaluated for chemical phenotype (drug type and fiber type) to determine the geographical origin of these samples.

Indian hashish, seized by Czech Republic authorities, was analyzed qualitatively for many cannabinoids and terpenes. In this sample three new cannabinoids were identified: cannabiorcochromene, cis-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarol, and cannabinerol.
Intra-ejaculate sperm selection in female zebra finches
Authors: Hemmings N. , Bennison C. , Birkhead T. R.
Published: June 2016

Among internal fertilizers, typically fewer than 1% sperm survive the journey through the oviduct. Several studies suggest that the sperm reaching the ovum—the ‘fertilizing set’—comprise a non-random sub-population, but the characteristics of this group remain unclear. We tested whether oviductal selection in birds results in a morphologically distinct subset of sperm, by exploiting the fact that the fertilizing set are trapped by the perivitelline layer of the ovum. We show that these sperm have remarkably low morphological variation, as well as smaller head size and greater tail length, compared with those inseminated. Our study shows that the morphological composition of sperm—rather than length alone—influences success in reaching the ovum.
Enhanced identification of synergistic and antagonistic emergent interactions among three or more drugs
Authors: Tekin Elif , Beppler Casey , White Cynthia , Mao Zhiyuan , Savage Van M. , Yeh Pamela J.
Published: June 2016

Interactions among drugs play a critical role in the killing efficacy of multi-drug treatments. Recent advances in theory and experiment for three-drug interactions enable the search for emergent interactions—ones not predictable from pairwise interactions. Previous work has shown it is easier to detect synergies and antagonisms among pairwise interactions when a rescaling method is applied to the interaction metric. However, no study has carefully examined whether new types of normalization might be needed for emergence. Here, we propose several rescaling methods for enhancing the classification of the higher order drug interactions based on our conceptual framework. To choose the rescaling that best separates synergism, antagonism and additivity, we conducted bacterial growth experiments in the presence of single, pairwise and triple-drug combinations among 14 antibiotics. We found one of our rescaling methods is far better at distinguishing synergistic and antagonistic emergent interactions than any of the other methods. Using our new method, we find around 50% of emergent interactions are additive, much less than previous reports of greater than 90% additivity. We conclude that higher order emergent interactions are much more common than previously believed, and we argue these findings for drugs suggest that appropriate rescaling is crucial to infer higher order interactions.
Gone with the heat: a fundamental constraint on the imaging of dust and molecular gas in the early Universe
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Yu , Papadopoulos Padelis P. , Ivison R. J. , Galametz Maud , Smith M. W. L. , Xilouris Emmanuel M.
Published: June 2016

Images of dust continuum and carbon monoxide (CO) line emission are powerful tools for deducing structural characteristics of galaxies, such as disc sizes, H
2
gas velocity fields and enclosed H
2
and dynamical masses. We report on a fundamental constraint set by the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on the observed structural and dynamical characteristics of galaxies, as deduced from dust continuum and CO-line imaging at high redshifts. As the CMB temperature rises in the distant Universe, the ensuing thermal equilibrium between the CMB and the cold dust and H
2
gas progressively erases all spatial and spectral contrasts between their brightness distributions and the CMB. For high-redshift galaxies, this strongly biases the recoverable H
2
gas and dust mass distributions, scale lengths, gas velocity fields and dynamical mass estimates. This limitation is unique to millimetre/submillimetre wavelengths and unlike its known effect on the global dust continuum and molecular line emission of galaxies, it cannot be addressed simply. We nevertheless identify a unique signature of CMB-affected continuum brightness distributions, namely an increasing rather than diminishing contrast between such brightness distributions and the CMB when the cold dust in distant galaxies is imaged at frequencies beyond the Raleigh–Jeans limit. For the molecular gas tracers, the same effect makes the atomic carbon lines maintain a larger contrast than the CO lines against the CMB.
Unravelling the life history of Amazonian fishes through otolith microchemistry
Authors: Hermann Theodore W. , Stewart Donald J. , Limburg Karin E. , Castello Leandro
Published: June 2016

Amazonian fishes employ diverse migratory strategies, but the details of these behaviours remain poorly studied despite numerous environmental threats and heavy commercial exploitation of many species. Otolith microchemistry offers a practical, cost-effective means of studying fish life history in such a system. This study employed a multi-method, multi-elemental approach to elucidate the migrations of five Amazonian fishes: two ‘sedentary’ species (
Arapaima
sp. and
Plagioscion squamosissimus
), one ‘floodplain migrant’ (
Prochilodus nigricans
) and two long-distance migratory catfishes (
Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii
and
B. filamentosum
). The Sr : Ca and Zn : Ca patterns in
Arapaima
were consistent with its previously observed sedentary life history, whereas Sr : Ca and Mn : Ca indicated that
Plagioscion
may migrate among multiple, chemically distinct environments during different life-history stages. Mn : Ca was found to be potentially useful as a marker for identifying
Prochilodus
's transition from its nursery habitats into black water. Sr : Ca and Ba : Ca suggested that
B. rousseauxii
resided in the Amazon estuary for the first 1.5–2 years of life, shown by the simultaneous increase/decrease of otolith Sr : Ca/Ba : Ca, respectively. Our results further suggested that
B. filamentosum
did not enter the estuary during its life history. These results introduce what should be a productive line of research desperately needed to better understand the migrations of these unique and imperilled fishes.
A theoretical explanation of grain size distributions in explosive rock fragmentation
Authors: Fowler A. C. , Scheu Bettina
Published: June 2016

We have measured grain size distributions of the results of laboratory decompression explosions of volcanic rock. The resulting distributions can be approximately represented by gamma distributions of weight per cent as a function of

ϕ
=
−

log
2

⁡
d

, where
d
is the grain size in millimetres measured by sieving, with a superimposed long tail associated with the production of fines. We provide a description of the observations based on sequential fragmentation theory, which we develop for the particular case of ‘self-similar’ fragmentation kernels, and we show that the corresponding evolution equation for the distribution can be explicitly solved, yielding the long-time lognormal distribution associated with Kolmogorov's fragmentation theory. Particular features of the experimental data, notably time evolution, advection, truncation and fines production, are described and predicted within the constraints of a generalized, ‘reductive’ fragmentation model, and it is shown that the gamma distribution of coarse particles is a natural consequence of an assumed uniform fragmentation kernel. We further show that an explicit model for fines production during fracturing can lead to a second gamma distribution, and that the sum of the two provides a good fit to the observed data.
Flow around a rotating, semi-infinite cylinder in an axial stream
Authors: Muralidhar S. Derebail , Pier B. , Scott J. F. , Govindarajan R.
Published: June 2016

This paper concerns steady, high-Reynolds-number flow around a semi-infinite, rotating cylinder placed in an axial stream and uses boundary-layer type of equations which apply even when the boundary-layer thickness is comparable to the cylinder radius, as indeed it is at large enough downstream distances. At large rotation rates, it is found that a wall jet appears over a certain range of downstream locations. This jet strengthens with increasing rotation, but first strengthens then weakens as downstream distance increases, eventually disappearing, so the flow recovers a profile qualitatively similar to a classical boundary layer. The asymptotic solution at large streamwise distances is obtained as an expansion in inverse powers of the logarithm of the distance. It is found that the asymptotic radial and axial velocity components are the same as for a non-rotating cylinder, to all orders in this expansion.
Hamiltonian structure for two-dimensional extended Green–Naghdi equations
Authors: Matsuno Yoshimasa
Published: June 2016

The two-dimensional Green–Naghdi (GN) shallow-water model for surface gravity waves is extended to incorporate the arbitrary higher-order dispersive effects. This can be achieved by developing a novel asymptotic analysis applied to the basic nonlinear water wave problem. The linear dispersion relation for the extended GN system is then explored in detail. In particular, we use its characteristics to discuss the well-posedness of the linearized problem. As illustrative examples of approximate model equations, we derive a higher-order model that is accurate to the fourth power of the dispersion parameter in the case of a flat bottom topography, and address the related issues such as the linear dispersion relation, conservation laws and the pressure distribution at the fluid bottom on the basis of this model. The original Green–Naghdi (GN) model is then briefly described in the case of an uneven bottom topography. Subsequently, the extended GN system presented here is shown to have the same Hamiltonian structure as that of the original GN system. Last, we demonstrate that Zakharov's Hamiltonian formulation of surface gravity waves is equivalent to that of the extended GN system by rewriting the former system in terms of the momentum density instead of the velocity potential at the free surface.
Therian mammals experience an ecomorphological radiation during the Late Cretaceous and selective extinction at the K–Pg boundary
Authors: Grossnickle David M. , Newham Elis
Published: June 2016

It is often postulated that mammalian diversity was suppressed during the Mesozoic Era and increased rapidly after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) extinction event. We test this hypothesis by examining macroevolutionary patterns in early therian mammals, the group that gave rise to modern placentals and marsupials. We assess morphological disparity and dietary trends using morphometric analyses of lower molars, and we evaluate generic level taxonomic diversity patterns using techniques that account for sampling biases. In contrast with the suppression hypothesis, our results suggest that an ecomorphological diversification of therians began 10–20 Myr prior to the K–Pg extinction event, led by disparate metatherians and Eurasian faunas. This diversification is concurrent with ecomorphological radiations of multituberculate mammals and flowering plants, suggesting that mammals as a whole benefitted from the ecological rise of angiosperms. In further contrast with the suppression hypothesis, therian disparity decreased immediately after the K–Pg boundary, probably due to selective extinction against ecological specialists and metatherians. However, taxonomic diversity trends appear to have been decoupled from disparity patterns, remaining low in the Cretaceous and substantially increasing immediately after the K–Pg extinction event. The conflicting diversity and disparity patterns suggest that earliest Palaeocene extinction survivors, especially eutherian dietary generalists, underwent rapid taxonomic diversification without considerable morphological diversification.
Spatial expansions and travelling waves of rabies in vampire bats
Authors: Benavides Julio A. , Valderrama William , Streicker Daniel G.
Published: June 2016

A major obstacle to anticipating the cross-species transmission of zoonotic diseases and developing novel strategies for their control is the scarcity of data informing how these pathogens circulate within natural reservoir populations. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir of rabies in Latin America, where the disease remains among the most important viral zoonoses affecting humans and livestock. Unpredictable spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies within bat populations have precluded anticipation of outbreaks and undermined widespread bat culling programs. By analysing 1146 vampire bat-transmitted rabies (VBR) outbreaks in livestock across 12 years in Peru, we demonstrate that viral expansions into historically uninfected zones have doubled the recent burden of VBR. Viral expansions are geographically widespread, but severely constrained by high elevation peaks in the Andes mountains. Within Andean valleys, invasions form wavefronts that are advancing towards large, unvaccinated livestock populations that are heavily bitten by bats, which together will fuel high transmission and mortality. Using spatial models, we forecast the pathways of ongoing VBR epizootics across heterogeneous landscapes. These results directly inform vaccination strategies to mitigate impending viral emergence, reveal VBR as an emerging rather than an enzootic disease and create opportunities to test novel interventions to manage viruses in bat reservoirs.