bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
»Lotte in Weimar«, oder eine Zwischenstation Thomas Manns auf dem Wege zu sich
Authors: Wolfgang  , Soldan Angelika
Published: June 2007

In seiner »Lotte« verteidigt Thomas Mann mit Goethe und Nietzsche Humanität und Vernunft, u.a. vermittels eines rationaliserten Mythos‐ und Nihilismusbegriffes. Die moderne Diskussion gleichsam vorwegnehmend liest Mann den Anti‐Bürger und Anti‐Auf‐klärer Nietzsche eher als modernen Aufklärer, dessen kritische Radikalität auch aus dem Interesse des Aufzeigens, des Vermittelns und des Aushaltbarmachens der Vielheit gegensätzlicher Tendenzen des Lebensprozesses erwächst. Kunst wird hier zur Selbst‐schaffung des sich und seine Zeit an anderem spiegelnden, ironisch Abstand gewinnenden und dabei sich neue Wertperspektiven set‐zenden Künstlers. Die »Lotte« dient damit nicht nur der Selbstver‐ständigung Manns im Hinblick auf den Doktor Faustus und die Joseph‐Tetralogie, sondern bereitet mit der Aufwertung der Ironie zum Mittel der Lebensgestaltung auch den Felix Krull vor.
Du corps épistolaire. Les correspondances de Julie de Lespinasse
Authors: Melançont Benoît
Published: June 2007

Selon Alain Buisine. la pratique épistolaire serait “thanatographique en son principe même”: cette “thanatographie”, cette écriture de la mort, constituerait en effet une de ses spécificités. Parce que l'on écrit à un absent, ou parce que l'on est soi‐même absent lorsqu'on écrit. l'on connaîtrait par avance ce que sera la mort, cette absence définitive. Chez Julie de Lespinasse (1732–1776), la “thanatographie épistolaire” est continuellement active: pour celle qui disait savoir “souffrir et mourir”, il s'agit tantôt de pleurer un amant (le marquis de Mora), tantôt de regretter de ne pas l'avoir suivi dans la tombe, tantôt de se peindre malade, puis mourante. De ces trois manières de concevoir l'écriture de la mort, la troisième sera étudiée. Dans un premier temps, il s'agira de décrire le corps malade et de voir comment le discours sur celui‐ci et le discours épistolaire sont liés, au point de créer ce que l'on appellera le corps épistolaire. On rapportera ensuite cette liaison a une analyse du fonctionnement des deux principales séries épistolaires de Julie de Lespinasse, soit les lettres adressées à Guibert (1773–1776) et celles à Condorcet (1769–1776), afin de comprendre comment le discours sur le corps singularise chacune de ces correspondances.
Die »missbrauchte« Weiblichkeit
Authors: Rey William H.
Published: June 2007

Der folgende Aufsatz bietet eine kritische Analyse der ambivalenten Haltung, die der Erzähler der Joseph‐Tetralogie gegenüber der weiblichen Hauptgestalt des dritten Bandes. Mut‐em‐enet, einnimmt. Zunächst unternimmt er ihre Ehrenrettung, indem er sie von dem Odium der »Metze« befreit und sie am Anfang ihrer erotischen Beziehung zu Joseph als wahrhaft liebende Frau schildert. Da sie nur die Schein‐Gattin des Eunuchen Potiphar ist, blieb ihr bis dahin das Reich des Eros verschlossen, und sie hofft, durch Joseph die erotische Erfüllung ihrer Weiblichkeit zu finden. Diese Hoffnung wird enttäuscht, da sich Joseph auf Grund des Bundes zwischen Gott und Israel als auserwählte Gottesbraut sieht und daher dem Keuschheitsgebot gehorcht. Es ist sein homoerotisch begründeter Widerstand gegen Mut, der den Umschlag ihrer Liebe zur mänadischen Haß‐Liebe herbeiführt. Als Heimgesuchte des Fremden Gottes wird sie zum Opfer dionysischer Raserei und läßt sich zu einer Teufelsbeschwörung hinreißen, urn mil Hilfe der unterirdischen Mächte Joseph zu gewinnen. So sinkt sie zur dämonisierten »Metze« herab, und dies steht im Widerspruch zu ihrer von dem Autor geplanten Ehrenrettung. Außerdem »missbraucht« Thomas Mann Muts Weiblichkeit, indem er seine in Verse gefaßten homoerotischen Gefühle für einen Jugendgeliebten, Paul Ehrenberg, in ihre an Joseph gerichteten Liebeserklärungen einfügt. Als Medium für die homosexuellen Neigungen des Verfassers verfällt Mut seiner Entsagungsmoral und kann daher keine erotische Erfüllung finden. Letzten Endes trägt jedoch die widerspruchsvolle Erzähltaktik zu dem inneren Reichtum des Romans bei und ist daher ästhetisch gerechtfertigt. Thomas Manns sublimierte Homoerotik erweist sich als schöpferische Kraft, die in seinem Werk zum Ausdruck kommt.
Ez was durch versuochen getân
Authors: Willms Eva
Published: June 2007

Die unterschiedlichen Versuche. die Ausfahrt Enîtes als einen irgendwie gearteten Sühne‐ oder Lernprozeβ zu deuten, lassen einzelne Handlungselemente unerklärt und geraten zwangsläufig in Widersprüche entweder zur Handlung oder zum Kommentar des Erzählers. Beides vermeidet man. wenn man Erec als Ehemann versteht, den die Umstände zu Zweifeln an der Unverbrüchlichkeit der Liebe seiner Gattin veranlassen, die für sich aufzuheben er eine Strategie entwickelt (Ausfahrt und Lockvogel‐Ausstattung), die — final erzählt — zum Erfolg (happy end) führt.

Umarmt vom Argwohn hat der Eyfersucht das Dasein Liebe selbst gegeben. J. F. Gotter, Gedichte I, 1787, S. 66.
Voies aériennes de la littérature
Authors: JACOBSEN J. P. , RILKE R. M. , PASTERNAK B. , Balzamo Elena
Published: June 2007

L'article, dont le titre fait allusion à une nouvelle de Boris Pasternak, Voies aériennes (1924), se propose de dégager les affinités de l'écriture romanesque chez trois auterus — J. P. Jacobsen, R. M. Rilke et B. Pasternak — par‐delà des affinités biographiques bien connues. En partant du fait de l'importance indéniable que Jacobsen avait pour Rilke et de celle. non moins grande, que tous les deux avaient pour Pasternak, il s'agit de déterminer à quel niveau il convient de rechercher les traces de ces influences, pour analyser ensuite les formes qu'elles revêtent. La présente étude essaie de montrer que l'œuvre romanesque de ces auteurs constitue trois étapes successives d'une quête éthique, trois tentatives pour asseoir la création artistique sur des bases moralement acceptables, et que, tout comme Les Carnets de Malte Laurids Brigge reprennent et développent la problématique posée dans les romans jacobseniens, Le Docteur Jivago n'est qu'une tentative de transposition de mêmes thèmes essentiels. à une époque intrinsèquement différente des précédentes. En d'autres termes, il s'agit de proposer une nouvelle lecture de ce roman russe, en le plaçant dans une tradition, certes, «étrangère», mais au fond plus véritablement «sienne» que la tradition russe.
A Spectrum of Image‐Making: Master Metaphors and Cognitive Acts in Murdoch's Bruno's Dream
Authors: Hussein Zahra A.
Published: June 2007

The Imagination is not morally neutral; images mould our moral visions. They can illuminate, but they can also mislead. Yet image‐making is innate to perception. This study analyses how master metaphors shape the consciousness of the major characters and lead to inadequate cognition. Aesthetically Bruno's Dream is controlled by a spectrum of image‐making: the two central characters, Bruno Greensleave, the materialist, and Lisa Watkins, the mystic, weave metaphors at the opposite end of a spectrum: Bruno perceives self and God in total concretion, Lisa signifies them in total silence. In light of this spectrum, the study examines three aspects of the novel: it analyses the function of mise‐en‐abyme. It introduces a new reading of Nigel. He is a self‐mythologizing enchanter, who believes he is the avatar of shiva. The study also explicates the subversive roles of the spiders and the river Thames. Bruno's Dream gauges the characters’spiritual journeys by their ability to efface images, and by their ability to understand death, i e., imageless perception.
Nomenclatural Mutations: Forms of Address in Margaret Atwood's Novels
Authors: Nischik Reingard M.
Published: June 2007

The article analyses the forms of address used in Margaret Atwood's first novel (written before the women's movement in the USA and Canada had got under way), in her second novel (by which time the women's movement and corresponding theoretical approaches had appeared), and in Atwood's latest novels (written at a time when some people had begun talking of a so‐called ‘postfeminist era’). The analysis demonstrates Atwood's keen and observant sensibility regarding the communicative problems and literary opportunities involved in forms of address. Specific options are systematically chosen in the characters’communication with the other sex in The Edible Woman and Surfacing, and these options, as well as the comments given by Elaine Risley in Cat's Eye and by the female protagonists in The Robber Bride, show the general importance of these forms of communication when judging the characters’stances towards one another. The chosen forms of address suggest the attitude the speakers have towards their interlocutors, and show the relevance of the systematic use of sexist forms of address for the creation and/or perpetuation of prejudice and stereotyping in connection with women.
The Aesthete's Aesthetics
Authors: Jansen F. J. Billeskov
Published: June 2007

Within Either/Or (1843), the great work that marked Søren Kierkegaard's breakthrough, the first part contains A's papers, a collection of articles in which A demonstrates his “aesthetic,” i.e., a life‐enjoying, amoral attitude to human existence. In the second part, B is A's friend and opposite: civil servant, husband, man of duty. In letters he attempts to turn the Aesthete into an Ethicist. In a penetrating analysis of Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, Sophocles’tragedy Antigone, and Scribe's comedy The First Love, A passes interesting dramaturgical judgments, propounds general aesthetic norms, and gives samples to show that, with virtuoso linguistic art, he can create both pictures in motion and a musical procession. A is a fictional figure, but his professional assessments belong to the author, Kierkegaard, who thus proves his penetrating understanding of the interrelations of different art forms.
«Strange Loops» chez Julio Cortázar: Etude sur la récursivité
Authors: Boisen Jorn
Published: June 2007

Dans son livre Gödel. Escher, Bach, Douglas R. Hofstadter a essayé d'éclairer le mystère de la conscience et de la créativité humaines en définissant et en décrivant quelques structures propres au fonctionnement de l'esprit humain: récursivité, réflexivité, autoreférence, hétérarchies, «strange loops». Ces phénomènes, que Hofstadter analyse dans les domaines des mathématiques, de l'art graphique, de la musique, de la biologie et de la linguistique, forment un parallèle saisissant avec une serie des stratégies littéraires mises en œuvre par l'Argentin Julio Cortázar dans ses nouvelles. L'objectif de cet article est de montrer que ces structures, comprises comme des éléments essentiels de la poètique de Cortázar, peuvent constituer un outil pertinent et puissant pour dévoiler et comprendre les traits spécifiquement cortázariens; non seulement la subtilité stylistique et structurelle. mais surtout la vision du monde et l'univers intérieur du créateur qui la sous‐tendent et qui l'expliquent. C'est en effet dans la gamme de stratégies textuelles définies par Hofstadter que Cortázar choisit de préférence les instruments de son exploration du monde humain, jusqu'au‐delá des frontières de la mort.
Footsteps and Hauntings: the Theory and Practice of the ‘Romantic Biographer’in Richard Holmes’Footsteps and Jacques Reda's Le Sens de la marche
Authors: Haxell Nichola Anne
Published: June 2007

From an investigation of four biographic studies of figures from France and England's Romantic Generation, as they unfold in Richard Holmes’Footsteps. Adventures of a Romantic Biographer (1985), and under the dual theme of footsteps and hauntings, a working definition is established of the Romantic Biographer. This definition is then applied to Jacques Réda's Le Sens de la marche (1990) where a sequence of chapters on La Fontaine, Wordsworth, Renard, Proust and Follain are structured around similar notions of journeying, identifying and creating. A number of parallels are elucidated between the two authors, their biographic enterprise and the limits this places on their own developmental or creative processes.
≫lllusionistische Kunst≪. Zur Jacobsen‐Rezeption Robert Musils
Authors: Arndal Steffen
Published: June 2007

Musil nimmt in der deutschen Jacobsen‐rezeption eine Sonderstellung ein, insofern als er im Gegensatz zur modischen Begeisterung für Jacobsens impressionistische Stimmungskunst dessen Objektivität betont. In kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit Jacobsens Werken arbeitet er eine Technik heraus, die durch den Erzählzusammenhang unterbrechende realistische Details die habitualisierte Wirklichkeit durchbricht und eine Doppeldimensionalität erzeugt, die eine unaussprechbare Wirklichkeitsdimension fühlbar macht. Diese Realität und Irrealität verbindende illusionistische Kunst nimmt Musils Ansichten über die Optik des Films in dem Essay Ansätze zu neuer Ästhetik. Einige Bemerkungen zur Dramaturgie des Films vorweg, und der Einfluß Jacobsens ist noch im Zusammenhang mit der Darstellung des ≫anderen Zustands≪ im Mann ohne Eigenschaften festzustellen.
≫Wir zeigten/den Anfang/Der Kampf geht weiter≪– Peter Weiss’Viet Nam Diskurs im Spiegel der journalistischen Kritik
Authors: Radvan Florian
Published: June 2007

Der vorliegende Artikel zu Peter Weiss’Viet Nam Diskurs setzt sich mit der Rezeption dieses dokumentarischen Schauspiels in Ost‐ und Westdeutschland auseinander. Dabei wird die von vielen Theaterkritikern diagnostizierte fehlende politische Wirksamkeit des Stückes anhand von feuilletonistisch‐journalistischen Zeitungskritiken dokumentiert. Ferner wird aufgezeigt, wie und weshalb die Textversionen der einzelnen Inszenierungen sich substantiell von der gedruckten Fassung des Viet Nam Diskurs unterschieden. Die vorliegende Rezeptionsanalyse des Stückes verdeutlicht so, daß ein brisantes politisches Schauspiel in Ost‐ und West‐deutschland verschiedenartig funktionalisiert wurde: Während es östlich der Elbe zur affirmativen Bestätigung der von Partei und Staat eingeforderten Solidarität mit der vietnamesischen Revolutionsbewegung eingesetzt wurde, konnte es im Westen aufgrund seiner strukturellen Schwächen (und den sich daraus ergebenden Inszenierungstechniken) keine hinreichende politische Überzeugungsarbeit leisten. Ein wesentlicher Aspekt der Analyse ist darüber hinaus die gegenseitige Rezeption der Inszenierungen in Ost und West: Am Viet Nam Diskurs läßt sich exemplarisch verdeutlichen, wie die feuilletonistische Kritik – auch bei der wechselseitigen deutsch‐deutschen Wahrnehmung – unterschiedliche Methoden und inhaltliche Präferenzen bei der Rezension eines politischen Schauspiels besaß.
Barthes meets Benjamin? A Relating of their Views on the Conjunction between Language and Literature
Authors: Thobo‐Carlsen John
Published: June 2007

For Walter Benjamin and Roland Barthes literature appears to be inseparable from the language in which it speaks. With their theories of language as the starting point, I discuss how their views on literature meet.

Their paths cross, for example, in the antithesis: the idea that the allegorical counter‐image creates the field of tension in the text that is able to release one from all that which is cramped and unfree in existence. This release always comes ‘from within,’from language's concrete use of emblematic or coded stereotypes. And not ‘from without,’like the impact of an already existing truth or release in a symbolic indirectness in the text. In Benjamin's critique of the ‘profane concept of symbols’of classical‐romantic aesthetics and in his indication of the cognitive potential of the dialectic concept of allegory there is an attitude which is fundamentally in agreement with that of Barthes regarding the semiotic way in which both the content and the expression sides of language function.
Ontologie der Dichtung. Käte Hamburgers Theorie der epischen Fiktion
Authors: Luehrs Kai
Published: June 2007

≫ Weshalb soll Käte Hamburgers Theorie der epischen Fiktion heute studiert werden? Die Argumente des vorliegenden Beitrags richten sich gegen Hamburgers verallgemeinernden Aussagen‐Begriff (mit veralteter Subjekt‐Objekt‐Pointe), gegen die mehrdeutigen Vorstellungen des Aussagesubjekts und der Ich‐Origo (die zugleich die metaphysische Voraussetzung der Theorie der Zeitlosigkeit ausmachen), gegen die behauptete Als‐Struktur der Dichtung, den scheinbaren Beweischarakter der Kennzeichen des Fiktiven sowie gegen die verschleierte Erlebnis‐Basis von Hamburgers Dichtungsmetaphysik.≪
Jakob Wassermann, anti‐Semitism and German Politics
Authors: Koester Rudolf
Published: June 2007

Anti‐Semitism pursued and preoccupied Wassermann from his childhood to the end of his life. When the author died, on New Year's Day 1934, the Nazis had been in power for less than a year. But their racial politics had already inflicted incalculable damage upon his literary career.

Characterizations of anti‐Semitism and the Jewish experience can, of course, be traced throughout Wassermann's extensive novelistic oeuvre. However, it is in his (now) neglected essayistic writings that his abiding concern with this problem receives its most poignant and personal expression. This study surveys the novelist's always moving, sometimes controversial, accounts of the Jewish dilemma from the early “Das Los der Juden'’(1904) to Mein Weg als Deutscher und Jude (1921) and other (later) texts. In most of the essays the writer derives his conclusions from an interfusion of personal experience, events of past history and contemporary politics. Over the years his pessimism increased, but his commitment to justice never flagged (“In memoriam Walther Rathenau,'’“Rassenantagonismus,’“Der Jude in der Kunst,’“Selbstschau am Ende des sechsten Jahrzehnts.”) There is a final irony. During 1933 (the last year of Wassermann's life) a bizarre concatenation of political circumstances managed to produce a rift between the (by then) world‐renowned Jewish novelist and his Jewish publishing house, S. Fischer, whose founder and guiding light, Samuel Fischer, had been the author's lifelong friend.
Anpassung und Widerstand bei Doris Lessing, Margaret Atwood und Christa Wolf
Authors: Mundt Hannelore
Published: June 2007

Was schmerzt mich eigentlich. Daß ich mich gewöhnt habe, wie alle, niemals genau das zu tun, was ich tun will. Niemals genau das zu sagen, was ich sagen will. So daßich wahrscheinlich, ohne es zu bemerken, auch nicht mehr denke, was ich will. Oder denken sollte. Vielleicht ist es das, was man Kapitulation nennt…1

Everything they taught at the Red Center, everything I've resisted, comes flooding in. […] I want to keep on living, in any form. I resign my body freely, to the uses of others.2

I played the game of complicity like everyone else.3

Die Darstellung von Verzicht auf politischen Widerstand und Flucht ins idyllische Reservat in Sommerstück (1989) brachte Christa Wolf bekanntlich den Vorwurf ein, zu deutscher Innerlichkeit und Untertanenmentalität zu neigen. Eine geschlechtsspezifische Interpretation von Sommerstück auf dem Hintergrund von Doris Lessings The Memoirs of a Survivor (1974) und Margaret Atwoods The Handmaid's Tale (1985) läßt erkennen, daß Wolf voran eine in der zeitgenössischen westlichen Literatur diskutierte weibliche Autoritätsgläubigkeit anspricht. Weil nachweisliche intertextuelle Bezüge zwischen Lessings, Atwoods und Wolfs Texten nicht bestehen, müssen markante Korrespondenzen, die in einzelnen Motiven wie narrativen Strukturen nachzuweisen sind, überraschen. Die Protagonistinnen in Lessings und Atwoods Romanen sind, wie die zentralen Frauenfiguren in Sommerstück, von dem Gefühl machtlosen Ausgeliefertseins und Angst vor Widerstand geprägt. Sowohl bei Lessing wie Atwood verdeckt die Darstellung repressiver Weiten nur leicht die Kritik von weiblichem Abhängigkeitsbedürfnis, das zu selbstauferlegter und mitverschuldeter Unterdrückung führt. Diese frauenkritische Intention unterliegt auch Sommerstück. Wie im einzelnen nachzuweisen ist, liegt der Schwerpunkt von Wolfs Darstellung ländlich‐idyllischen Lebens auf weiblicher Unmündigkeit, Angst vor Orientierungsverlust, und vor allem Befangenheit in patriarchalischen Denkstrukturen. Diese Befangenheit spiegelt sich bei Wolf, wie auch bei Lessing und Atwood, in deren Fortschreibung bürgerlicher, patriarchalisch bestimmter Literatursprache wider.
≫Buchstabenschnüffeleien≪ eines Sinologen. China‐Motive in Elias Canettis Gelehrtensatire Die Blendung*
Authors: Košenina Alexander
Published: June 2007

Der Büchermensch Peter Kien wird als Karikatur eines Philologen in der Tradition der Gelehrtensatire vorgestellt. Gegenstand seiner Obsession ist die Sinologie, die ihm den Blick auf die übrige Welt verstellt. Der Artikel zeigt zum einen, wie Kien klassische chinesische Philosophen als Stichwortgeber heranzieht und in seine Wahnwelt integriert, zum anderen, welcher Quellen und Überset‐zungen Canetti sich dazu bediente. Offenbar bevorzugte er für seinen zwanghaften Wunderling die fernöstliche gegenüber anderen entlegenen Philologien, weil sie der ältesten und entwickeltsten Schrift‐ und Buchkultur in Verbindung mit einem traditionell außerordentlich strengen Bildungssystem gilt, China aber zugleich aus der europäischen Perspektive des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts für eine der beliebtesten Faszinationen des Fremden stand.
Goethe's Symbol Re‐Considered: Anglo‐American and French Refractions
Authors: Noll Birgit
Published: June 2007

This study sketches the continued relevance for 19th and 20th century writers of Goethe's symbol/allegory distinction. Beginning with Maximen und Reflexionen, where Goethe expresses his preference for the symbol because in it “Idee” and “Bild” are intrinsically linked with each other, the essay traces Goethe's Symbol through its manifestations in Anglo‐American Romanticism, French Surrealism, and 20th century literary criticism. It describes how writers as diverse as Ralph Waldo Emerson, André Breton, and Stanley Fish have drawn on Goethe's suggestive theory to define their own disparate epistemologies.
Salomon Geßners Idyllen und ihre deutsche Rezeption im 18. und beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Hentschel Uwe
Published: June 2007

Die Literaturgeschichtsschreibung betont stets die unerhörte zeitgenössische Resonanz, die Salomon Geßners Idyllen erfahren haben. Sie sei einzig im 18. Jahrhundert gewesen und nur noch mit der Wirkung von Goethes Roman Die Leiden des jungen Werthers vergleichbar. Eingedenk dieser Feststellung verwundert es, daß in der rezeptionsgeschichtlichen Forschung allein und immer wieder die kritischen Kommentare von Herder, Goethe, Schiller, Schlegel, Jean Paul und Hegel angeführt werden. Indem man sich auf einen solchen “elitären” Autorenkanon beschränkt, entsteht im Gegensatz zu der durchaus richtigen Eingangsthese von der großen zeit‐genøssischen Wirkung der Idyllen der Eindruck, Geßers Texte wären frühzeitig, schon im Ergebnis der ersten vernichtenden Kritiken der Stürmer und Dränger Herder und Goethe, obsolet gewesen. Zumindest für die zweite Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts läßt sich das Gegenteil nachweisen, wenn man willens ist, nach Stimmen Ausschau zu halten, die unterhalb des deklarierten Literaturkanons liegen. Auf der Grundlage zahlreicher, bislang unbekannter Belege kann hier der Nachweis erbracht werden, daß sowohl die honorigen Kritikerstimmen als auch die Idyllentexte von Maler Müller über Voß bis Goethe nicht verhindern konnten, daß Geßner in Deutschland bis ans Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts ein beliebter Autor blieb. Nicht wenig beigetragen zu diesem Erfolg haben zwei Sachverhalte, die in eine Untersuchung zur Rezeption der Idyllen unbedingt einbezogen werden müssen: der empfindsame Rousseauismus und der Philhelvetismus.
Thomas Manns Religiosität der Gnade
Authors: Rey William H.
Published: June 2007

Der folgende Aufsatz zeigt, daß Thomas Manns religiöse Haltung durch einen eigentümlichen Widerspruch zwischen agnostischer Skepsis und einer undogmatischen Gläubigkeit gekennzeichnet ist. Dem Zweifel an einem persölichen Gott widerspricht die Erfahrung einer gütigen Behütung in seinem Leben, die er als “gnädige Führung von Oben” begreift. Während noch im Zauberberg das Geheimnis des Menschen im Mittelpunkt von Thomas Manns Interesse steht, tritt im Umkreis des Josephromans eine Wendung zum Religionshistorischen und Mythischen ein, die zu der Grundidee eines Bundes zwischen Mensch und Gott im Dienste des Fort‐schritts zur wahren Humanität föhrt. In diesem Zusammenhang gewinnt auch der Begriff der Gnade erhöhte Bedeutung. Er erweist sich als Leitmotiv, das die folgenden Werke durchzieht. Thomas Manns Schuldbewußtsein ruft das Bedürfnis nach Reinigung hervor, das nur durch eine religiöse Instanz befriedigt werden kann. So zeichnet sich eine ganz undogmatische Modifizierung der Gottesvorstellung ab. Im Zusammenhang mit der Audienz beim Papst im Jahre 1953 wird Gott als unbekannter Gnadenspender impliziert, an den Gebete gerichtet werden können. Letzten Endes erweist sich die Liebe zum Schönen im platonischen Sinn als Zugang des begnadeten Künstlers zum Göttlichen. Am Beispiel Michelangelos zeigt Thomas Mann, daß sinnliche (auch homoerotische) Liebe im Werk fruchtbar wird. Dies entspricht auch seinen eigenen Erfahrungen ‐ trotz seiner Sorgen um den Zerfall seiner Schöpferkraft im hohen Alter.
The Power and Pitfalls of Mythical Vision: Ritual Structures in Marguerite Yourcenar's Mémoires d'Hadrien
Authors: Milne Lorna
Published: June 2007

Subjecting the coherent récit of Mémoires d'Hadrien to a sceptical reading, this article examines the many references in the text to the ternary structure of ritual sacrifice.

First, the article shows that the narrating Hadrien uses signifiers associated with ritual sacrifice to lead the reader into accepting Antinoüs's death as a purely independent act of self‐immolation, intended for the benefit of the Emperor. Having established this recourse to ritual structure as a manipulative discourse strategy, the article next argues that the other source of such a discourse is the narrating Hadrien's guilt anxiety: he senses that it is his own tendency to project mythical significance onto his world that imposes the logic of self‐sacrifice upon Antinoüs. Hadrien thus reveals his anxiety that he, not Antinoüs, is the ultimate author of the sacrifice. It therefore becomes clear that the organising event of Hadrien's life and récit ‐ Antinoüs's death ‐ is not the heroic, mythical ritual he attempts to portray, but a source of guilt and humility.

Finally, however, the article argues that the immense power of Hadrien the narrator is undiminished by this sceptical interpretation of his récit. On the contrary, to a 1990s reader, the ambiguities and the humanity it reveals make him as convincing as ever.
Estrangement from the Deed and the Memory thereof: Freud and Jung on the Pale Criminal in Nietzsche's Zarathustra
Authors: Bishop Paul
Published: June 2007

The figure of the Pale Criminal is delineated by Nietzsche in the first part of Also sprach Zarathustra, and both Freud and Jung discuss this figure in their writings on psychology. In his Einige Charaktertypen aus der psychoanalytischen Arbeit (1916), Freud relates the Pale Criminal to his discovery that many of his patients found a sense of relief when confessing to crimes committed in puberty, and he suggests that behind this lies a sense of (Oedipal) guilt which preceded their specific criminal deeds. For C. G. Jung in Nach der Katastrophe (1945), on the other hand, the Pale Criminal was a useful image to explain the alleged collective guilt which the Germans experienced after the Second World War, although his analysis serves to reveal his own unconscious complicity. By examining what Freud and Jung say about the Pale Criminal, I argue that we can arrive at a better understanding of Nietzsche's figure as well as an original perspective on the relative interpretative strengths and weaknesses of two psychoanalytic schools.
Anuric renal failure in a dog after Red‐bellied Black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation
Authors: HELLER J. , BOSWARD KL , HODGSON DR , POTTIE R.
Published: June 2007

A case of Red‐bellied Black snake envenomation resulting in intravascular haemolytic anaemia, rhabdomyolysis and anuric renal failure is described in the dog. A 12‐year‐old female desexed Golden Retriever was presented with a 15 hour history of profuse salivation, progressive lethargy, obtundence, inappetence and collapse. Significant findings on clinical examination were pallor, icterus, tachypnoea and dyspnoea with increased respiratory sounds and crackles in all lung fields. Generalised abdominal and muscular pain was apparent and dark red‐brown urine was present around the perineal region. A diagnosis of Red‐bellied Black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation was made and the dog was treated with intravenous fluid therapy, Tiger/Brown snake antivenom, packed red cell transfusions and Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation. Continued clinical deterioration occurred and a diagnosis of acute renal failure secondary to myohaemoglobinuric pigmenturia was made 12 hours after admission. Intensive treatment was attempted with diuresis and volume expansion. Oliguria and subsequent anuria ensued and the dog was euthanased due to a grave prognosis and lack of clinical response to treatment. Necropsy examination revealed muscular necrosis, accumulation of fluid in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, and marked renal tubular necrosis with intraluminal occlusion secondary to pigmentary casts.
Surgical removal of an ovarian tumour in a koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: RAIDAL SR , SHEARER PL , STEPHENS F. , RICHARDSON J.
Published: June 2007

Ultrasonography, radiography and exploratory coeliotomy were used to diagnose and treat a large intracoelomic neoplasm from a female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) presented for abdominal enlargement of several months duration. Feed was withheld for 1 week immediately prior to surgery and the fish was sedated with isoeugenol (AQUI‐S®) at a dose rate of 10 mL/L to facilitate diagnostic imaging techniques. Surgical anaesthesia was induced by adding tricaine (MS‐222) 50 mg/L to the water and an exploratory coeliotomy and tumour removal was performed. The fish was allowed to recover in fresh water at 18°C and salt was added slowly to the water over a period of 1 hour to a concentration of 5 g/L This concentration was maintained in a recovery pond for 1 week postoperatively. Enrofloxacin was administered intramuscularly (10 mg/kg) immediately, 3 days and 1 week postoperatively. A diagnosis of undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma was made on the basis of the histological appearance of the neoplasm and immunohistochemical staining.
Naturally‐occurring chronic renal disease in Australian cats: a prospective study of 184 cases
Authors: WHITE JD , NORRIS JM , BARAL RM , MALIK R.
Published: June 2007

Objective:To describe cases of naturally occurring feline chronic renal disease (CRD) in a defined population of Sydney.

Design:Prospective case series

Methods:The inclusion criteria were the presence of a serum creatinine concentration above the reference range with either inadequately concentrated urine (urine specific gravity 1.035), necropsy findings consistent with CRD, renal proteinuria or persistent azotaemia despite rehydration. Cats were excluded if a specific aetiology was identified ante or post mortem. Patients were divided into two categories (renal insufficiency or renal failure) on the basis of history, physical findings and serum creatinine concentration. The gender and age of cats with CRD was compared to an estimated Australian urban pet cat population. The breeds of cats with CRD were compared to the breeds of cats visiting the respective veterinary hospital where possible. Breed and gender comparisons were made using Fisher's exact tests. Age comparisons were made using Mann‐Whitney U tests. The age at which cats were diagnosed with CRD was compared between veterinary hospitals using a Kruskal‐Wallis test.

Results:One hundred and eighty four (99 female; 85 male) cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Amongst cats with CRD, males (median 12 years) were significantly younger than females (median 15 years; p = 0.001). The overall proportion of male and female cats with CRD was similar to that of the reference urban cat population (p = 0.41), however, between the ages of 9 and 11 years, male cats with CRD were over‐represented (p = 0.038). Patients diagnosed with renal insufficiency (123 cats; median age 15 years) were significantly older than patients diagnosed with renal failure (61 cats; median age 11 years; p = 0.0001). The age at diagnosis of cats with CRD differed significantly between veterinary hospitals (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:Male cats with CRD were significantly younger than female cats with CRD. Younger cats were more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease than older cats. The age at which cats were diagnosed with CRD was influenced by the clinic the cats attended. Whether these differences reflect differences in the aetiology of CRD or in the rate of disease progression warrants further investigation. Breed did not appear to play a significant role in the development of CRD in this survey.
Airsac cystadenocarcinomas in cockatoos
Authors: RAIDAL SR , SHEARER PL , BUTLER R. , MONKS D.
Published: June 2007

The clinical signs, radiographic and pathological findings of four histologically similar neoplasms that occurred as unilateral tumours projecting from the left axilla in three galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) and one sulphur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) are described. In each case, the main reason for clinical presentation was respiratory distress. All cases were eventually fatal due to airway obstruction with evidence of extensive neoplastic invasion of the lungs, major airways and or humerus in all cases. A diagnosis of airsac cystadenocarcinoma was made in each bird on the basis of gross and histological appearance. The neoplasms were composed of fluid or air‐filled sacs of proliferative cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells that stained positively with cytokeratin and negatively with vimentin. This was supported by a thin fibrovascular network although at least some areas in all four birds resembled airsac tissue. In some cases areas of haemorrhage, erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis and nodules of haemosiderophage infiltration with acicular cholesterol clefts were present in some parts of the sectioned tissue.
Effect of different methods of selection on the background, attitudes and career plans of first year veterinary students
Authors: HEATH TJ , HYAMS J. , BAGULEY J. , ABBOTT KA
Published: June 2007

Objectives To compare the family, educational and animal‐related backgrounds and career aspirations of students who were selected on the basis of academic criteria with those selected using additional criteria.

Methods Questionnaires were completed during class time in the first few weeks of enrolment by incoming veterinary students at the University of Sydney, who had been selected on the basis of academic background, and at Charles Sturt University, selected using more broadly‐based criteria. The data were transferred to an Excel spreadsheet, and frequency distributions and χ2 statistics estimated using the SAS System for Windows 8.

Results Students selected principally on academic criteria alone had higher average UAI scores, were more likely to have completed high school in a capital city, and to have parents with higher education levels than those selected using additional criteria. Both groups indicated that their choice of veterinary science was based largely on their affinity for animals and keenness to work in a veterinary practice. However, those at CSU placed much greater importance than those at Sydney on a desire to live and work in a rural area, and a desire to help farmers. The broad‐based selection methods were the main reasons for students applying to CSU whereas the reputation of the university was the main attraction for Sydney students. Two‐thirds of CSU students, but one‐third of Sydney students, planned to enter rural mixed practice when they graduated, and most planned to stay for at least 10 years. Conversely, no CSU students, but 42% of those at Sydney, planned to enter small animal practice initially. The percentage planning to work full‐time in the first, fifth and tenth year after graduation was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions Criteria which included actual experience with farm animals have resulted in the selection of more students who plan to enter and remain in rural mixed practice. Further studies over the longer term will be necessary to assess the extent to which these plans are realized.
Four cases of snake envenomation responsive to death adder antivenom
Authors: SWINDELLS KL , RUSSELL NJ , ANGLES JM , FOSTER SF
Published: June 2007

Death adder envenomation is rare in humans and there is only one brief report previously in dogs. This paper details three cases of canine common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) envenomation and one case of bardick (Echiopsis curta) envenomation which were responsive to death adder antivenom. The available literature on death adder envenomations is also reviewed. The main clinical sign in the four dogs was severe lower motor neuron paralysis. There was no clinical evidence of coagulopathy or myopathy. Use of a snake venom detection kit was essential for selection of appropriate antivenom. Death adder and bardick envenomation in dogs potentially has a good prognosis if sufficient antivenom is administered and intensive supportive care is available.
Surgical and radiotherapy treatment of a spinal cord ependymoma in a dog
Authors: UENO H. , MORIMOTO M. , KOBAYASHI Y. , HIZUME T. , MURAYAMA N. , UZUKA Y.
Published: June 2007

A 4‐year‐old Beagle dog was presented for investigation of a left pelvic limb gait abnormality. Neurolocalisation indicated a lumbar (L2 to L5) spinal cord lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an intramedullary mass was demonstrated at L3. The mass was partially removed under general anaesthesia and a diagnosis of ependymoma was made on histological examination. The dog was treated with postoperative orthovoltage x‐ray radiation (total dose; 44 Gy given in 11 fractions over a 4 week period) combined with low dose carbo‐platin (25 mg/m2). The dog was alive 16 months after surgery without further neurological deficits. No further tumour growth was detected on subsequent MRI evaluations.
Rapid differentiation of current infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains and field isolates in Australia
Authors: MARDANI K. , BROWNING GF , IGNJATOVIC J. , NOORMOHAMMADI AH
Published: June 2007

Objective Rapid differentiation of vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) from wild type strains would enhance investigations of disease outbreaks. This study aimed to develop a reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay to differentiate between Australian vaccine strains of IBV and field isolates.

Procedure A fragment of 6.5 kilobases that contains the S, M and N genes was amplified by RT‐PCR from ten different IBV strains, including vaccine strains and field isolates, and then sequenced.

Results Comparison of the sequences of these strains revealed a deletion of 58 bases in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of IBV vaccine strains but not in the field isolates. Two primers were designed to amplify a fragment of the 3′ UTR that differed in size between the vaccine strains and field isolates. RT‐PCR was performed using these two primers to screen 20 IBV strains, including field isolates and the vaccine strains. All strains were correctly identified as either vaccine strains or field isolates.

Conclusion This procedure is a rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method for discrimination between most current Australian vaccine strains and field isolates of IBV.
Porcine Circovirus 2 Replication in Colostrum‐deprived Piglets Following Experimental Infection and Immune Stimulation Using A Modified Live Vaccine against Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus
Authors: Allan G. M. , Caprioli A. , McNair I. , Lagan‐Tregaskis P. , Ellis J. , Krakowka S. , McKillen J. , Ostanello F. , McNeilly F.
Published: June 2007

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection is now recognized as the major factor in the development of post‐weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Although Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled for PCV2 and PMWS, the severe clinical expression of the disease observed in field cases has been difficult to reproduce experimentally. Some studies have demonstrated that immune stimulation associated with the use of some commercially available swine vaccines may trigger progression of PCV2 infection to disease and lesions characteristic of PMWS. Here we describe the effects on PCV2 infection in an experimental model following the use of a commercially available modified live vaccine to porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV). Although none of the piglets infected with PCV2 developed clinical PMWS, the severity of microscopical lesions and the PCV2 antigen load associated with these lesions were higher in the PRRSV‐vaccinated piglets compared with those detected in the PCV2 only infected animals.
Constraints to Microbial Food Safety Policy: Opinions from Stakeholder Groups along the Farm to Fork Continuum
Authors: Sargeant J. M. , Ramsingh B. , Wilkins A. , Travis R. G. , Gavrus D. , Snelgrove J. W.
Published: June 2007

This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to identify constraints to microbial food safety policy in Canada and the USA from the perspective of stakeholder groups along the farm to fork continuum. Thirty‐seven stakeholders participated in interviews or a focus group where semi‐structured questions were used to facilitate discussion about constraints to policy development and implementation. An emergent grounded theory approach was used to determine themes and concepts that arose from the data (versus fitting the data to a hypothesis or a priori classification). Despite the plurality of stakeholders and the range of content expertise, participant perceptions emerged into five common themes, although, there were often disagreements as to the positive or negative attributes of specific concepts. The five themes included challenges related to measurement and objectives of microbial food safety policy goals, challenges arising from lack of knowledge, or problems with communication of knowledge coupled with current practices, beliefs and traditions; the complexity of the food system and the plurality of stakeholders; the economics of producing safe food and the limited resources to address the problem; and, issues related to decision‐making and policy, including ownership of the problem and inappropriate inputs to the decision‐making process. Responsibilities for food safety and for food policy failure were attributed to all stakeholders along the farm to fork continuum. While challenges regarding the biology of food safety were identified as constraints, a broader range of policy inputs encompassing social, economic and political considerations were also highlighted as critical to the development and implementation of effective food safety policy. Strategies to address these other inputs may require new, transdisciplinary approaches as an adjunct to the traditional science‐based risk assessment model.
Influence of Communal Alpine Pasturing on the Spread of Pestiviruses among Sheep and Goats in Austria: First Identification of Border Disease Virus in Austria
Authors: Krametter‐Froetscher R. , Kohler H. , Benetka V. , Moestl K. , Golja F. , Vilcek S. , Baumgartner W.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of communal Alpine pasturing on the spread of pestivirus infections among sheep and goats. The study included 481 sheep from 23 farms and 131 goats from 26 farms pastured on separated Alpine meadows in the western part of Austria. At the starting of pasturing on the sheep meadow, 325 (67.6%) animals were seropositive, on the goat meadows in 16 (12.2%) samples antibodies to pestiviruses were detected. At the end of pasturing, 74 seronegative sheep and two seronegative goats had seroconverted. Between the beginning and the end of pasturing the seroprevalence in sheep increased significantly from 67.6% to 83% (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four sheep, pestivirus‐specific RNA was detected before as well as after pasturing; these animals remained serologically negative throughout the investigation. They were, therefore, identified as persistently infected. Sequence analysis in the Npro region revealed that the detected pestiviruses were the same at genetic level and they were grouped into the Border disease virus (BDV)‐3 genotype. No pestivirus RNA was found in goat samples. The results of this survey indicate that communal Alpine pasturing does play a key role in the spread of BDV. Moreover, BDV has been identified and characterized for the first time in sheep in Austria, which until then had been regarded as being free from BD.
PPARδ agonism induces a change in fuel metabolism and activation of an atrophy programme, but does not impair mitochondrial function in rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Constantin Despina , Constantin‐Teodosiu Dumitru , Layfield Robert , Tsintzas Kostas , Bennett Andrew J. , Greenhaff Paul L.
Published: June 2007

PPARα agonism impairs mitochondrial function, but the effect of PPARδ agonism on mitochondrial function is equivocal. Furthermore, PPARα and δ agonism increases muscle fatty acid oxidation, potentially via activation of FOXO1 signalling and PDK4 transcription. Since FOXO1 activation has also been suggested to increase transcription of MAFbx and MuRF‐1, and thereby the activation of ubiquitin–proteasome mediated muscle proteolysis, this raises the possibility that muscle fuel selection and the induction of a muscle atrophy programme could be regulated by a single common signalling pathway. We therefore investigated the effect of PPARδ (delta) agonist, GW610742, administration on muscle mitochondrial function, fuel regulation, and atrophy and growth related signalling pathways in vivo. Twenty‐four male Wistar rats received vehicle or GW610742 (5 and 100 mg per kg body mass (bm)) orally for 6 days. Soleus muscle was used to determine maximal rates of ATP production (MRATP) in isolated mitochondria, gene and protein expression, and enzyme activities. MRATP were unchanged by GW610742.  Muscle PDK2 and PDK4 mRNA expression increased with GW610742 (100 mg (kg bm)−1) compared to vehicle (P < 0.05), and was paralleled by a twofold increase in PDK4 protein expression (P < 0.05). The activity of β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase increased with GW610742 (P < 0.05). Muscle MuRF1 and MAFbx mRNA expression was increased by GW610742 (100 mg (kg bm)−1) compared to vehicle (P < 0.05), and was matched by increased protein expression (P < 0.001), whilst Akt1 protein declined (P < 0.05). There was no effect of GW610742 on 20S proteasome activity and mRNA expression, or the muscle DNA: protein ratio. GW610742 switched muscle fuel metabolism towards decreased carbohydrate use and enhanced lipid utilization, but did not induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, GW610742 initiated a muscle atrophy programme, possibly via changes in the Akt1/FOXO/MAFbx and MuRF1 signalling pathway.