bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of improved engineering mechanic module in vocational high school
Authors: Nurhadiyanto D , Widiyastuti M F , Pratiwi H
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of learning resources of engineering mechanics modules on student learning outcomes in mechanics subjects in vocational high school (VHS) 1 Sedayu. This study used an experimental method with a nonequivalent control group design. Experimental research designs used are pre-experimental designs, true experimental designs, factorial experimental designs, and quasi-experimental designs. The sample used was class X TP A as a control group and X TP C as an experimental group. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant increase in achievement in the experimental group students after using improved learning media.
The development of job sheet practice shield metal arc welding assisted augmented reality
Authors: Djatmiko R D , Fedrianto  , Pratiwi H
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this research is measuring the feasibility of a job sheet of shielded arc metal welding practice assisted augmented reality. This research used the method of research and development studies (R&D). The research was conducted on 32 students of class X at vocational high school Muhammadiyah 1 Salam. Data collection techniques were conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by an evaluation of the expert. The instrument test included 30 respondents outside the research sample. Data analysis technique performed with quantitative descriptive analysis technique percentage. The result of this research is in form of a job sheet practice welding SMAW using augmented reality.
Management analysis of workshop equipment and laboratory in vocational education
Authors: Ardian A , Munadi S , Jarwopuspito
Published: January 2020

This study aims to determine the management of workshop and laboratory equipment in vocational education. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research subjects were the head of the department, the head of the workshop, the lecturer and the workshop technician. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the workshop equipment management, namely: Workshop equipment planning carried out through several stages of the procedure: the needs analysis based on the curriculum, determine the priority scale, and determine the budget. This plan involves all personnel in the organizational structure. In the workshop, there are some activities done: preparation of materials and equipment, equipment lending, and use of the workshop. Preparation of practice materials is carried out at the beginning of each semester by following the existing curriculum. Equipment lending is carried out by providing equipment lending cards that are filled out before and after practice. Supervision of equipment in the workshop was controlled by a lending card and equipment usage as well as checking equipment before and after practice. The final results of this supervision will be in the form of an annual report given to the school as an evaluation for future planning.
Assessment of the air quality monitoring system in Sleman district by vehicle emission measurement
Authors: Arifin Z , Sutiman  , Solikin M
Published: January 2020

Solving environmental problems is usually not directly linked with economic benefits. Everybody knows, for example, that a polluting factory’s chimney is harmful to the people. However, it is difficult to estimate the exact financial benefits of the installation of a new smoke filter. The results show the activities of the quality of air pollutants from mobile sources in the implementation of the emissions test in 2019 obtained an increase both in terms of water quality or quantity of the test vehicle. In terms of quality, the use of more modern technologies on the vehicle prove to contribute to the reduction of emissions from mobile sources. Increased the number of test vehicles and followed by a number of people who consciously want to do emissions testing. This condition reflects the improvement in public awareness of water quality, particularly with respect to pollution contributed by the vehicle. Besides, the benefits gained by the vehicle user directly is certainly the reduction in fuel consumption due to an awareness of its maintenance. This can be indicated through exposure removes emissions to be lower or meets the quality standard of emission.
An ultrasonic and temperature sensor prototype using fuzzy method for guiding blind people
Authors: Desmira D , Hamid M A , Irwanto  , Ramdani S D , Pratama T Y
Published: January 2020

A blind person must be protected from direct contact with unknown high-temperature objects in the surrounding environment. A system is needed to be able to detect the location and temperature of objects without direct contact. Ultrasonic sensors are used as object distance detectors and infrared temperature sensors are used as object temperature detectors without any direct contact. This system is processed with ATMega328 and information is conveyed to the user via buzzer sound signals and DC motor vibrations. The system as a whole is planted in a glove designed specifically to facilitate the user in using the tool.
Learning media-based android for technical drawing courses
Authors: Nopriyanti  , Kurniawan E D , Fatihah H
Published: January 2020

This type of research is research and development that aims to produce a valid and practical learning media based on Android. The validation of learning media is carried out by media experts and material experts. The product trial subjects are students of Mechanical Engineering Education who take technical drawing courses in the 2019/2020. The development model used is ADDIE. Trial respondents were chosen who represented the target group. Trials produce findings of weaknesses, deficiencies, product errors and suggestions. The results of the development of the expert validation of the material indicate the assessment of the usefulness of the learning media based on android to get an assessment score in the excellent category. Media expert judgment is found in a good category so the learning media product based on android is said to be valid. One to one trial evaluation is in the “Good” category, Small Group Trials in the “Very Good” category and the android “Very Good” category. So that it can be concluded that the learning media based on the android subject matter of engineering drawing is said to be valid and practical.
The implementation of Maple software to enhance the ability of students’ spaces in multivariable calculus courses
Authors: Purnomo E A , Winaryati E , Hidayah F F , Utami T W , Ifadah M , Prasetyo M T
Published: January 2020

The implementation of technology in learning becomes imperative and needs. Through learning, technology will be more meaningful and facilitate students in comprehending the materials. Based on the evaluation of the multivariable calculus courses can be concluded that the students had much difficulty in drawing materials graphic in dimensional space 3 (R3). Students had not been able to draw graphs of linear and quadratic equations well. To solve the problem, the researchers implemented the Maple software on the multivariable calculus courses. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive analysis method. The subject of research is the students’ of Mathematics education of Muhammadiyah Semarang University in Multivariable calculus courses in the academic year 2019/2020. The stages of learning have six stages, such as; 1) Students are introduced Cartesian coordinates in R3; 2) Students are given student worksheets; 3) Students are required to draw graphics in the Maple software; 4) Students are asked to compare pictures in student worksheets and Maple; 5) Students present discussion results; 6) Lecturers give feedback and conclude learning. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the implementation of Maple Software can improve the ability of students’ spaces in Multivariable calculus courses.
Pancasila ethics and culture-based education model for vocational high school
Authors: Sutopo S , Nuryanto A , Sugiyono S , Paryanto P
Published: January 2020

This research aims to know the understanding of the educational community, especially at the vocational level of the practice of Pancasila in the field of education and formulate aspects in the Pancasila ethical and ethical education model. The type of research used is R&D research. The subjects in this study were teachers, students, and Principals of Vocational Schools in the City of Yogyakarta, in the field of Technology and Engineering expertise. While the objects in this study are Pancasila’s values, the behaviours of teachers and students, and the ethics and culture-based education model of Pancasila. Data collection techniques were questionnaires, observations, interviews, and documentation (triangulation). Data analysis used quantitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study are: (1) respondents believe there has been a disorientation in applying the values of Pancasila as the basis of the Republic of Indonesia as much as 80%; (2) systemic ethics and culture based education model of Pancasila which is developed from interrelated and facilitated inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.
Evaluation on implementation of quality management system in vocational high schools with CIPP approach
Authors: Mahendra I G B , Wiyono G
Published: January 2020

This study aims to find out: (1) the results of implementing ISO 9001: 2008 Quality Management System in terms of context, (2) input, (3) process, (4) and product in Vocational Schools in Bali. This research is an evaluation research with the Context Input Process Product model. The place for this research is SMKN 1 Kuta Selatan and SMKN 3 Singaraja. The research subjects were principals, vice principals, representative quality management teams, teachers, and students. The instrument of data collection is a questionnaire with scale 2. Data analysis techniques with percentage techniques. The results of the study can be seen: (1) the implemantation of ISO 9001: 2008 QMS in Vocational High Schools in Bali in terms of context is categorized as “very good”, (2) in terms of inputs included in the” very good “category, (3) in terms of the process is included in the “very good” category, (4) and in terms of the products included in the “very good” category.
Development of computer adaptive testing on the subject of Digital and Communication Simulation using item theory responses
Authors: Prasetyo D Y , Khairudin M
Published: January 2020

This article describes the development of an adaptive assessment model. This adaptive assessment model aims to determine the level of students’ abilities based on the difficulty level of the items. This type of research uses Research and Development (R & D). It uses the Borg& Gall model that explains, educational research and development is a process used to develop and validate educational product. This development aims to determine the characteristics of the items used as the basis for making computer adaptive testing products by using item theory responses to determine the level of difficulty of the questions, the distinguishing power of each item, and false guesses.
The development of intelligent control media for problem-based learning with power-of-two approach
Authors: Haryanto
Published: January 2020

The present study aims to (1) develop intelligent control (IC) media (hardware, software, and manual instruction) for Planning of Industrial Automation System (PIAS) course, (2) describe the results of the implementation (validation and verification) of the developed IC media, and (3) improve the quality of learning and student learning outcomes (LOs). This is research and development (R & D) carried out through two stages. (1) First, the development of IC media and operational function programs, (2) Second, the product implementation was carried out by involving students. The data were collected by observation, documentation, and questionnaire, and were analyzed by descriptive quantitative and evaluative techniques. The results obtained are as follows. 1) The developed learning resources, are perceived as Good (76%) by students, 2) The learning process using IC instructional media seems “Good” (71%), 3) Based on the predetermined targets, the researcher found that students make a very significant improvement in terms of the mastery of the PIAS course materials, specifically in IC System. As recorded in three assessment stages, students obtaining grade A and B are 20%, 60%, and 80% consecutively. The results show that in the third assessment, 80% of students have exceeded than the predetermined target of 75%.
Archiving learning video design in vocational high school
Authors: Indrawari C D S , Ninghardjanti P , Wirawan A W , Dirgatama C H A
Published: January 2020

Teachers are expected to have the ability to improve their professionalism through the development of learning media itself, so that the development carried out can answer the problems of students in the learning process. The purpose of this research is to produce an appropriate and fun archival design learning video design. This research method is a descriptive qualitative research approach. The results of the design of archival learning video design are expected to help students in the process of understanding the material presented by the teacher. This archival learning video can also be a guide for students in implementing learning in the business world and the industrial world later.
Le’eclaire with the substitution of millet flour as local foodstuffs utilization
Authors: Celestine P , Purwanti S
Published: January 2020

This study aims at: 1) finding the proper recipe of Le’Éclaire products 2) knowing the people’s acceptance of Le’Eclaire 3) knowing the nutrient content of Le’Eclaire. The object of this research is eclaire with millet flour substitution. This research employed Research and Development (R&D), with a 4D development model (Determine, Design, Development, and Dissemination). The determine stage was to find the recipe from many sources. The results of this research showed that: 1) The proper recipe of Le’Eclaire was containing with 50% millet flour substitution. The technique of making Le’Eclaire was baking, and then the package was using opp plastic and paper cup. 2) The public acceptance of Le’Eclaire products was seen from the limited-scale test with the overall average results of 3.73, while for the modification product was shown with the results of 3.8. The degree of acceptance on a broad scale was shown from the overall average of 3.8. 3) Le’Eclaire nutritional information based on proximate tests showed the nutritional content in 100 gr Le’Eclaire was 37.75% of water, 2.67% of ash, 9.37% of protein, 23.19%, of fat, 7.16% of fiber, and 19.87% of carbohydrates.
The Value of Averageness in Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Humans Like Average Noses
Authors: van Zijl Floris V W J , Perrett David I , Lohuis Peter J F M , Touw Carolina E , Xiao Dengke , Datema Frank R
Published: January 2020

Background

The aesthetic ideal of the nose eludes clear definition. Averageness may be an important determinant of ideal nasal shape: research has shown that averageness plays an important role in the human perception of facial attractiveness.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to test whether an averaged nasal shape is attractive, and whether deviation away from average is associated with decreased attractiveness.

Methods

Photographic series of the face were obtained from 80 Caucasian female volunteers aged 25-40 years. A mathematically averaged composite image was created from the first 40 volunteers. Forty-one panel members were recruited to judge the attractiveness of the nose of each original image and the composite, based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very ugly) to 5 (very pretty). Deviation of nasal shape from average was calculated by principal components analysis of standardized nasal landmarks.

Results

Twenty-one respondents were male (51%). The mean age of the respondents was 35.3 [15.6] years. The rating of the composite was significantly higher than the distribution of ratings for the 80 original nose images (4.2 vs 2.8, t = 31.24, P < 0.001). The rating of the original nose images correlated negatively with deviation from average shape (r = –0.40, n = 80, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In Caucasian females, a mathematically averaged nose is an attractive nose. Furthermore, the more an individual nose shape resembles the average shape, the more attractive it is rated. Calculating deviation from average before and after rhinoplasty may aid in objectively measuring aesthetic rhinoplasty outcome.
Application of Trans-Areola Approach for Costal Cartilage Harvest in Asian Rhinoplasty and Comparison with Traditional Approach on Donor-Site Morbidity
Authors: Zhao Runlei , Pan Bailin , Lin Hengju , Long Yan , An Yang , Ke Qingfang
Published: January 2020

Background

The traditional approach of harvesting costal cartilage through a chest wall incision can result in significant donor-site morbidity and usually causes notable scars in Asian patients. This has become the main concern for Asian females seeking rhinoplasty with autologous costal cartilage.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the donor-site morbidity of the trans-areola approach for costal cartilage harvest in Asian rhinoplasty and to compare it with the traditional approach.

Methods

Patients’ records were reviewed to determine whether their rhinoplasties had been performed with either the trans-areola or the traditional approach to costal cartilage harvest. Donor-site morbidity was evaluated 1 year postoperatively via a visual analog scale and the Modified Vancouver Scar Scale. Long-term complications of the trans-areola group were assessed at least 6 months after surgery.

Results

There were 26 females in the trans-areola group and 35 females in the traditional group; both groups were of similar age and body mass index range. Compared with the traditional group, the trans-areola group had a significantly longer surgery time and a higher pneumothorax rate (7.7% vs 2.9%) but a significantly better scar quality and a higher overall satisfaction. Long-term outcomes and complications of the trans-areola group included significant scars (2/26, 7.7%), concavity of the breast (1/26, 3.8%), and local chest pain/discomfort (1/26, 3.8%).

Conclusions

Compared with the traditional approach to harvesting costal cartilage in Asian rhinoplasty, patients who underwent the trans-areola approach had less overall donor-site morbidity and higher overall satisfaction. We recommend this technique to patients who meet the inclusion criteria as well as those seeking a better cosmetic outcome.

Level of Evidence: 4
Unaccompanied Young Females and Social Workers: Meaning-Making in the Practice Space
Authors: Larkin Rachel , Lefevre Michelle
Published: January 2020

This article considers the role and importance of the intersubjective practice space created between social workers and unaccompanied young females (UYFs)—girls and young women under eighteen years of age, who arrive in a country, not in the care of a parent or guardian, and claim asylum in their own right. The voices of UYFs are under-represented in the literature and there is very little research which considers social work with this marginalised group. Through a study of how UYFs and practitioners in England experienced and constructed each other during their everyday practice encounters, we discuss the potential of the practice space for creating mutual understandings and enabling positive changes. Analysis revealed that their subjective and affective experience of their encounters and of each other, both as individual humans and as representations of particular categories (asylum-seeker/looked-after child and professional helper/agent of the state), influenced how they engaged, communicated, co-constructed understandings of each other and viewed the process and outcomes of the social work contact. We argue for the importance of practice encounter spaces, their distinctiveness from what is written in policy and law and their potential as a site for creativity and change.
A Review of Measles Outbreak Cost Estimates From the United States in the Postelimination Era (2004–2017): Estimates by Perspective and Cost Type
Authors: Pike Jamison , Leidner Andrew J , Gastañaduy Paul A
Published: January 2020

Despite the elimination of measles in the United States (US) in the year 2000, cases continue to occur, with measles outbreaks having occurred in various jurisdictions in the US in 2018 and 2019. Understanding the cost associated with measles outbreaks can inform cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness studies of measles and measles prevention. We performed a literature review and identified 10 published studies from 2001 through 2018 that presented cost estimates from 11 measles outbreaks. The median total cost per measles outbreak was $152 308 (range, $9862–$1 063 936); the median cost per case was $32 805 (range, $7396–$76 154) and the median cost per contact was $223 (range, $81–$746). There were limited data on direct and indirect costs associated with measles. These findings highlight how costly measles outbreaks can be, the value of this information for public health department budgeting, and the importance of more broadly documenting the cost of measles outbreaks.
New Method for Determination of Alkylating Agents in Biologic Fluids
Authors: Tan Yulin L , Cole Donald R
Published: January 2020

An accurate, reproducible colorimetric method for determining minute amounts of alkylating agents in biologic fluids has been developed. Utilizing this method, we have been able to detect less than 0.1 µg. of nitrogen mustard (HN2), or Thio-TEPA in 1 ml. of plasma, lymph, urine, or tissue homogenate. The biologic fluid was deproteinized with zinc sulfate, barium hydroxide, and methanol; the supernatant was used to alkylate γ-(4-nitrobenzyl) pyridine (NBP) under optimum conditions. The color of the quaternary pyridinium NBP derivative was extracted into ethyl acetate and read on a Beckman DU spectrophotometer utilizing microcells.
Determination of 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxymandelic Acid (VMA) in Urine by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Annino J S , Lipson M , Williams L A
Published: January 2020

From studies of several variables, a method has been developed for the separation and quantitation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine by thin-layer chromatography. The urine is pretreated with acid and Florisil, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on silica gel with a butanol: acetic acid:water solution. The VMA spot is located by spraying with fast red GG and potassium carbonate. After removal from the plate, maximum color is developed and quantitated by reading in a spectrophotometer at 510 mµ.
Phenothiazine Derivatives in Urine: "False Nagative Results" With the Forrest Color Test (FPN), and a Method for Their Elimination
Authors: Campbell K N
Published: January 2020

More than 100 Forrest color tests (FPN) were performed on urine specimens from patients taking phenothiazine drugs. The results obtained showed > 20% "false negatives" and 6% "false positives." A delayed reaction due to possible individual patient variation seems to have been the cause for false-negative results. These false negatives were shown to disappear when test readings were delayed for 1-5 min. Some false positives were due to liver dysfunction.
A Rapid Micro Method for Determ nation of Ascorbic Acid in Urine by Ferric Reduction
Authors: Vann Leon S
Published: January 2020

A new method for the determination of ascorbic acid in urine is based on the quantitative reduction of ferric to ferrous ion by ascorbic acid and the colorimetric measurement of the ferrous ion through its formation of a colored complex with bathophenanthroline. The complex is quantitatively extracted into chloroform, and its absorbance is measured in this solvent. The method is simple, very rapid, and has good specificity for clinical purposes. Only 0.05-0.25 ml. of urine is required per determination. All reagents used in the method, except the ascorbic acid standard, are stable indefinitely.
Electrophoresis of Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase in Serum, Beef Heart, and Liver Homogenates on Cellulose Acetate
Authors: Romel William C , LaMancusa S Joseph
Published: January 2020

A procedure for the separation of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase by electrophoresis on cellulose polyacetate is described. Color development of the bands of activity was obtained with a diazonium salt (1) (6-benzamido-4-methoxy-m-toluidine diazonium chloride) with a specificity for oxalacetic acid.
Simultaneous Determination of Barbiturates and Salicylates by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Authors: Bjerre Solveig , Porter C J
Published: January 2020

A rapid method based on UV spectrophotometry is described for simultaneous determination of salicylates and barbiturates in serum. While barbiturates have no absorbance above 280 mµ and extracted normal serum has insignificant absorbance, salicylate has a maximal absorbance peak at 296 mµ, which is proportional to concentration. The barbiturate concentration can be calculated from absorbance differences between pH 10 and pH 2, pH 13 and pH 2, or pH 13 and pH 10, at wave lengths 239 mµ, 253 mµ, and 259 mµ respectively. These absorbance differences can be shown to relate linearly with concentration. The error involved in barbiturate determinations performed when salicylate is present is discussed, and a compensation for the presence of salicylate is derived from absorbance measurements at 296 mµ.

The extraction and the various factors involved (e.g., pH, and presence of Na2SO4) in obtaining quantitative recovery of both barbiturates and salicylates are described.

As the UV absorption spectra of some barbiturates but not of salicylates are changed during alkaline treatment, a partial differentiation of barbiturates based on the rate of alkaline hydrolysis is made possible.

Criteria for the presence of salicylates and barbiturates and the detection of interference from other drugs such as bemegride, glutethimide, and sulfonamides are discussed.
A Saccharogenic Method for Estimating Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Distribution of Human Serum Amylase
Authors: Ujihira Ichiro , Searcy Ronald L , Berk J Edward , Hayashi Shinichiro
Published: January 2020

The dinitrosalicylic acid reaction for measuring reducing sugar has been evaluated and found suitable for determining the saccharogenic activity of human serum. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the modified dinitrosalicylic acid method permits quantitation of the electrophoretic and chromatographic distribution of human serum amylase. Such fractionations suggest that a majority, if not all, saccharogenic activity in normal and certain abnormal specimens is chromatographically separable from other serum protein and exhibits an electrophoretic mobility similar to γ-globulin.
Identification of Barbiturates in Blood by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Fastlich Eugene , Searle Bernard , Davidow Bernard
Published: January 2020

A paper chromatographic method for the analysis of barbiturate in blood is presented. The Rf values and ratios of 8 standard barbiturates are given and compared with the values obtained from patients suspected of having taken barbiturate overdoses.
Microdetermination of Proline in Serum
Authors: Summer G K , Roszel N O
Published: January 2020

An accurate method for determination of proline in serum has been adapted to a micro scale, with good results. Acidic ethanol is used as a serum deproteinizing agent prior to development of color with ninhydrin and its extraction into benzene. The range of accuracy is ± 3.0% with as little as 0.2 ml. serum. The microdetermination of this amino acid facilitates study of the intermediary metabolism of proline in pediatric patients as well as in small laboratory animals. The method is also useful in the study of amino acid and collagen biosynthesis in a number of experimental systems.
Estimation of Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid by Paper Chromatography-a Sensitive Method
Authors: Berry Helen K , Krupanidhi Indira
Published: January 2020

A simple and highly sensitive method for the identification and quantitative estimation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in urine is described. 5-HIAA was concentrated following extraction into ethyl acetate, and separated from other indolic acids by paper chromatography. A color reagent, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, was used to detect 5-HIAA on paper, in concentrations as low as 0.1 µg./cm.2 Urinary excretion levels could be measured below the normal range as well as in the normal range and above.
Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Albumin in Human Serum
Authors: Rodkey F Lee
Published: January 2020

In a convenient and direct method for determination of albumin in human serum, based on the decrease in absorbance of a neutral buffered solution of bromcresol green when albumin combines with the indicator, serum is diluted with a solution of bromcresol green of sufficient concentration to allow essentially linear change of absorbance with albumin concentration. Measurements are made at 615 mµ, where the absorbance of hemoglobin or bilirubin does not interfere. Extremely lipemic, turbid serums may be accurately analyzed. This method has been applied to a number of abnormal serums and compared with measurements of the albumin fraction of serum which is soluble in 2% (w/v) TCA in ethanol. Satisfactory agreement was obtained. Tests indicated that bromcresol green was not bound by serum globulins.
Measurement of Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase
Authors: Peacock Andrew C , Byrd L Thomas , Sule A Hope
Published: January 2020

The measurement at 340 mµ of the rate at which NADH is oxidized is the most reliable method for estimation of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), but the technic is often thought too cumbersome for routine application. Described are several methodological improvements in earlier methods, including reagent control, a standardized program for making readings, and a nomographic method of calculation, all of which taken together provide new speed and accuracy in estimating SGOT. The method described is well-suited for routine clinical application.
An Automated Method for Urine Creatinine Which Does Not Require a Dialyzer Module
Authors: Pino Samuel , Benotti Joseph , Gardyna Henry
Published: January 2020

A method for the determination of urine creatinine is presented which is relatively simple and completely automated. It is based on the Jaffeacute; reaction and differs from others in that the dialyzer module is not required. The instrument used is the Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The automated procedure is described in detail, and data are presented to show that it has excellent reproducibility.
A Coulometric Determination of Urea Nitrogen in Blood and Urine
Authors: Christian Gary D , Knoblock Edward C , Purdy William C
Published: January 2020

To determine urea nitrogen, ammonia resulting from urease hydrolysis of urea is titrated with coulometrically generated hypobromite ion using a direct amperometric end-point detection. In blood samples, the ammonia is first separated by the microdiffusion technic. The ammonia may be titrated directly in urine samples.
The Effect of Bacterial Contamination and Aging on the Volatility of Mercury in Urine Specimens
Authors: Wall H , Rhodes C
Published: January 2020

The effect of specimen aging on the recovery of mercury from urine samples was investigated. It was found that in some aged specimens the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to the urine without cooling resulted in a large loss of mercury. This phenomenon is presumed to be due to enhanced volatility of the mercury caused by bacterial action. This loss can be avoided by adding a suitable preservative to the urine, by chilling the urine while the concentrated sulfuric acid is being added, or, most conveniently, by using 50% (V/V) sulfuric acid in place of the concentrated acid. It was also found that the use of a reflux condenser is unnecessary when urine is being oxidized by heating with sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate.
Detection of Phenothiazine Derivatives in Urine
Authors: Brownstein Herman , Roberge Alfred R
Published: January 2020

Findings of the present study agree with published results that showed an incidence of approximately 25% "false negative" results with the Forrest FPN test for phenothiazine derivatives in urine. A recently published modification purportedly decreased these "false negatives" to less than 5%. However, our control group of negative urine specimens omitted in Campbell's study, yielded 100% negative results with the FPN test and 81% positive results with the modified test. Phenistix (Ames) was evaluated for elimination of false negative readings but was found not to have any advantage for this purpose. Data are also presented indicating differing sensitivities of the Forrest FPN test to various phenothiazine derivatives.
Ultramicro Electrophoresis
Authors: Fischl J , Gordon C
Published: January 2020

Ultramicro electrophoresis is described. Use is made of a small size apparatus, a few drops of buffer, a short development time, and low voltage. These features make possible the construction of an inexpensive, mobile, and self-contained unit.
Determination of Serum Calcium by Glyoxal Bis (2-Hydroxyanil) Chelation
Authors: Bellinger John F , Campbell Robert A
Published: January 2020

A simple micro (0.1 ml.) colorimetric method is described for the determination of serum calcium. This method employs the differential chelating characteristic of glyoxyl bis (2-hydroxyanil) in the presence of other divalent cations. The serum sample is placed in a colorimetric tube followed by additions of water, glyoxyl bis (2-hydroxyanil) reagent, and alkaline carbonate color developer. Chloroform is added to extract the chromogen, and its transmittance at 535 mµ is determined.
Blood Pyruvate in Malignant Neoplastic Disorders
Authors: Maneche H C
Published: January 2020

A moderate and statistically significant elevation of blood pyruvate levels, determined by an enzymatic method, was found in 60 patients with various malignant neoplastic disorders as compared with 20 control subjects. Studied were 42 cases of metastatic carcinoma, including 14 in which there were hepatic metastases and 18 cases of leukemia and lymphoma. No significant statistical difference was found when the values for the patients with malignant disease were compared with those found for a group of patients with non-neoplastic liver disorders.
Formylhydrate Dehydrogenase: Assay and Properties
Authors: Behrman Jack
Published: January 2020

The enzyme formylhydrate dehydrogenase has been found to be present in human serum. A spectrophotometric rate assay is described. Kinetic and other properties of the enzyme are discussed.
Lipid Content of the Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Franklin Lawrence , Hull E Wayne
Published: January 2020

Total lipid content of the hyaline cartilage plate and nucleus pulposus of the human intervertebral disc were found to be the same by a variety of solvent procedures. Water and residue fractions varied. More lipid material was removed in the presence of 70% alcohol than by other solvent combinations.
Detection of Brominism by an Automated Chloride Method
Authors: Driscoll J L , Martin H F
Published: January 2020

In the performance of routine determinations of serum chloride by the automated method, which depends on halide displacement of mercury from the thiocyanate to allow formation of ferric thiocyanate complex, 4 cases of bromide poisoning were detected. Experimental evidence shows the halide substitution to be an equilibrium, with higher formation constants for the heavier halide ions. As a result, the chloride determination simultaneously becomes a screen for brominism since the presence of appreciable quantities of bromide ion in serum will produce apparently high chloride values.
An Ultramicro Colorimetric Method for Determination of Total and Direct Serum Bilirubin
Authors: Rutkowski Roman B , deBaare Larissa
Published: January 2020

A simple reproducible method for the ultramicro determination of total and direct serum bilirubin is presented. This method provides a greater sensitivity than that obtained with other colorimetric ultramicro procedures. Total bilirubin values agree with those obtained with the macro Malloy-Evelyn procedure, but direct-reading bilirubin values were significantly higher with the presented method.
Screening Test for Hydrindicuria
Authors: Fischl J , Israel S
Published: January 2020

A screening test is described for the detection of a type of disorder associated with the metabolism of melanin and manifested by mental symptoms. The test employs the conversion of the urinary melanogens to hydrindic acid by acidification. By extracting the pigment with iso-butanol and purifying the extract by washing, the urinary excretion levels may be assayed by photometry.
A Study of Phenyl Phosphate and α-Naphthyl Phospate as Substrates for SerumAcid Phosphatases
Authors: Seal Ulysses S , Mellinger George T , Doe Richard P
Published: January 2020

In 120 patients without cancer and 87 with prostatic cancer, the α-naphthyl phosphate substrate method proved as sensitive as or more sensitive than the tartrate inhibitable phenyl phosphate substrate method. The major nonprostatic acid phosphatase fraction of blood had properties unlike that of the red blood cell enzyme and was destroyed at room temperature, pH 6.2. Subtle local extensions of prostatic cancer were associated with small but significant increases in mean serum acid phosphatase concentration.
3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxymandelic Acid (VMA) by Microfiber Chromatography
Authors: Preston Joseph A
Published: January 2020

A method is presented for the rapid, precise, quantitative measurement of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in urine. The method is unique in that it utilizes silica-gel-impregnated glass fiber as a support medium for thin-layer chromatography. An ethyl acetate extract of acidified urine was spotted and chromatographed in an ascending technic using tolulene, glacial acetic acid, and ethyl acetate (70:20:5) as a solvent system. The VMA is identified by spraying the chromatogram with diazotized p-nitroanaline. Semiquantitation was made with accuracy by visual inspection and comparison with simultaneously spotted standards. Precise quantitation was made by strip scanning. Diet and a variety of medication did not interfere. The normal range was found to be 0-4 mg./L.
What Is a Standard?
Authors: Radin Nathan
Published: January 2020

This paper reviews the definition and the use of standards and the standards available for clinical chemists, and discusses the limitations of various so-called standards.
Reaction Rate Measurement of Multiple Enzyme Samples by Continuous Flow Analysis
Authors: Brown Harold H , Ebner Mary R
Published: January 2020

A simple technic to adapt the advantages of continuous flow analysis to the kinetic assay of multiple enzyme samples is described. It will permit adequate standardization by primary or secondary standards run through the entire analysis of those procedures that do not exhibit spontaneous changes in light absorption or fluorescence with time. The adaptation of the Kind-King method for alkaline phosphatase (1) to this technic is given to demonstrate the superiority of such a system over single-point enzyme assays.
Improving the Specificity of the Nitrosonaphthol Procedure for Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Authors: Anton A H , Sayre D F
Published: January 2020

The nitrosonaphthol procedure for urinary 5-HIAA has been modified by using an excess of NaCl and adjusting the urine to a constant pH during the first chloroform purification step. Thus, the variable salt concentration of different urine samples, which has been claimed to be responsible for the reported inconsistency of the method, has been eliminated.
Ultramicro Automated Screening Method for Uric Acid
Authors: Laessig Ronald H , Underwood Chester E , Basteyns Barbara J
Published: January 2020

An automated colorimetric microprocedure, suitable for screening purposes, has been developed for the determination of blood uric acid levels. The method uses 2O-µl. whole-blood (capillary) samples and is based on the AutoAnalyzer measurement of the absorbance of the colored uric acid-phosphotungstic acid complex. The dilution inherent in the sampling procedure necessitated a modification of the existing AutoAnalyzer method to increase the sensitivity. The proposed method is evaluated for precision and accuracy by comparison with the standard AutoAnalyzer macro-method.
Dynamic Changes of Different Serum Glycoproteins after Bone Fractures
Authors: Herzberg Mala , Oberman Z , Weissman S L , Herold H Z
Published: January 2020

The physiologic response to a simple injury was studied in a group of 24 adults suffering from uncomplicated fractures of the tibia and fibula. The dynamic changes of different protein and glycoprotein fractions were estimated. At Days 1, 4, 10, and 30 after the fracture, there was no significant alteration in the total protein levels, but the albumin decreased (18%) and α1- and α2-globulins increased. The most pronounced changes were observed in the seromucoid, haptoglobin, and ceruloplasmin fractions. These fractions started to rise in the first 4 days after the fracture, but only the seromucoid and ceruloplasmin remained elevated after a month. The results suggest a rapid turnover of those glycoprotein fractions; they also show that even a local injury, like an uncomplicated fracture of the tibia and fibula, is sufficient to cause significant elevation of most of the glycoprotein fractions. The possible mechanism is discussed.
Calcium Determinations in Kinetic Studies
Authors: Hitchman A J W , Harrison Joan E , Finlay J M
Published: January 2020

A new procedure for the determination of urinary calcium concentrations as low as 1 mg./L. is presented. Calcium is separated from interfering urinary constituents by oxalate precipitation with strontium carrier and then determined by emission flame photometry. Small calcium losses in the separation procedure are estimated by 47Ca-tracer technics. Wet-ashing ensures complete exchange of tracer and sample calcium. Experimental evidence demonstrated the accuracy of the procedure and a precision of ± 3% of the observed results. The use of tracer may be omitted if systematic errors up to 5% are acceptable. Wet-ashing has also been omitted with equally good results but there is an additional risk of error due to possible interference effects by constituents of some pathological samples.
A Source of Error in an AutoAnalyzer Determination of Serum Iron
Authors: Babson Arthur L , Kleinman Norman M
Published: January 2020

An AutoAnalyzer method for serum iron was found to be giving erroneously high values owing to a Donnan equilibrium effect on the rate of dialysis of ferrous ions. The addition of neutral salt to the reagent corrected the deficiency. The validity of other assays on the AutoAnalyzer that measure dialyzable ions in the presence of relatively high concentrations of protein should be verified in view of this finding.
Acid Hydrolysis of Urinary Estriol
Authors: Schindler Adolf E , Ratanasopa Vannee , Herrmann Walter L
Published: January 2020

One hundred and twenty determinations of urinary estriol were carried out following acid hydrolysis and gas liquid chromatography. Through the use of a radioactive standard, it was shown that, with an increase in specific gravity (1.001 to 1.025), a steady linear decline of estriol recovery occurred (93% to 56%). The presence of glucose (1-5 gm./100 ml.) gradually diminished estriol recovery (78.2 ± 9 to 24.9 ± 11). Similar effects were caused by galactose and lactose. lnulin, fructose, and sucrose led to an extensive drop of extractable estriol (more than 95% at 5 gm./100 ml.). An even more marked fall in estriol recovery was found in the presence of Mandelamine methenamine, and formaldehyde. Dimethylamine, albumin, and Urofix did not influence the recovery of estriol to a significant extent. These findings emphasize the need for adequate control of recovery whenever patient management is conducted according to urinary-estriol titers.
Estimation of the Antitrypsin Activity of Serum
Authors: Dietz Albert A , Hodges LaVerne K , Rubinstein Herbert M , Briney Robert R
Published: January 2020

A method for the estimation of serum trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) was developed to permit consistent results with various trypsin sources without further standardization. Very small volumes of serum are used and the results are expressed in international enzyme units. Normal women show a slightly higher mean value for TIC than normal men. Sixty-seven patients with pulmonary emphysema were surveyed: one patient homozygous for α1-antitrypsin deficiency was found.
Correlation of Serum and Urine Enzyme Activity in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dietz Albert A , Hodges LaVerne K , Foxworthy Donald T
Published: January 2020

A correlation was made between the urinary excretion of GOT, GPT, LDH, HBD, and acid and alkaline phosphatase and their serum activity in 18 suspected cases of myocardial infarction. The diagnoses were made by a cardiologist without knowledge of the enzyme assays. The study included 2 cases of nontransmural infarction; 5 cases that had not sustained an infarction served as controls. Elevations of serum GOT, LDH, and HBD were found in 10 of 11 cases of transmural infarction, GPT and acid phosphatase in 5, and alkaline phosphatase in 7. Elevations in serum acid phosphatase were also found in the control group, and perhaps were related to the anticoagulation therapy. Urinary GOT and GPT activity was variable. Urinary LDH and HBD were elevated in 6 of the transmural infarction cases, usually when serum LDH and HBD activity was decreasing. Urinary acid phosphatase activity was essentially normal; but urinary alkaline phosphatase increased in 10 of the transmural infarction cases, and the average value remained high for more than 5 weeks. The only index that was elevated in all cases of acute transmural infarction was L-phenylalanine inhibition of urinary alkaline phosphatase activity.
A Rapid Assay for Urinary Porphyrins by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Scott C Ronald , Labbe Robert F , Nutter Janet
Published: January 2020

A procedure has been developed for the assay of urinary porphyrins. Total porphyrins are extracted from acidified urine into n-butanol. The fluorescence of this solution under ultraviolet illumination gives a preliminary indication of abnormal levels of porphyrins. They are then separated and identified by thin-layer chromatography. Uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin can be qualitatively estimated by visual inspection or accurately quantitated. For quantitation, the section of silica gel containing each porphyrin is scraped from the plate, suspended in glycerol solution, and the fluorescence measured directly without elution of the porphyrins from the silica gel. This assay, which yields either qualitative or quantitative information, is suitable as a diagnostic procedure in the clinical laboratory.
An Automated Method for the Determination of Serum Calcium with Glyoxal Bis (2-Hydroxyanil)
Authors: Farese Genevieve , Schmidt Janice L , Mager Milton
Published: January 2020

A completely automated analysis is described for the determination of serum calcium with glyoxal bis (2-hydroxyanil) solution (GBHA). The method is simple and precise, and the data obtained are in good agreement with results obtained by the manual GBHA procedure.