bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninstrumental Rationalizing
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: March 2003

A central notion in Donald Davidson’s philosophy of mind and action is “rationalization,” a species of causal explanation designed in part to reveal the point or purpose of the explananda. An analogue of this notion ‐ noninstrumental rationalization ‐ merits serious attention. I develop an account of this species of rationalization and display its utility in explaining the production of certain desires and of motivationally biased beliefs.
The Role of Reflection in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Smit Houston
Published: March 2003

There are two prevailing interpretations of the status which Kant accorded his claims in the Critique of Pure Reason: 1) he is analyzing our concepts of cognition and experience; 2) he is making empirical claims about our cognitive faculties. I argue for a third alternative: on Kant’s account, all cognition consists in a reflective consciousness of our cognitive faculties, and in critique we analyze the content of this consciousness. Since Strawson raises a famous charge of incoherence against such a position, I begin by showing that this charge is misplaced.
A Problem for Causal Theories of Action1
Authors: Walker Mark Thomas
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Philosophical accounts of “action” standardly take an action to be a doing which satisfies some description that is semantically related to the content of a propositional attitude of the subject's which explains why that doing occurred. Causal theories of action require that the explanation in question must involve the causation of action‐doings by propositional attitudes (typically intentions, volitions, or combinations of belief and desire). I argue that there are actions whose status as such cannot be acknowledged by any causal theory, since no such theory can allow that they fulfill the satisfaction condition.
Teachers’ Perspectives on Working with Children Experiencing Loss
Authors: Spall Bob , Jordan Grace
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates one aspect of the teacher’s role which is likely to cause stress and in many cases some personal grief. A significant number of teachers at some point in their career find themselves offering support to pupils who have experienced loss. Using a small‐scale questionnaire, the writers investigate teachers’ personal perspectives on this work. The results showed the personal distress that teachers can experience and the high self‐expectations they are likely to have of themselves. The kind of support that the teachers felt they needed is described, as is the proactive work which teachers might undertake.
Improving Success in the Mainstream Setting for Pupils with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties
Authors: Wise Susan
Published: March 2003

Pupils’ perspectives are clearly a very significant element in seeking to understand and evaluate the educational process. In spite of this, research into ‘the way pupils see it’ has been limited. This paper focuses on a group whose views have so far suffered particular neglect. The writer sought the views of pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties attending special schools. These pupils were asked what factors had influenced the way they had behaved in mainstream school. Their views on many aspects of their experience have implications which go beyond the education of this specific group. The paper concludes with a number of proposals for changes in mainstream education which might reduce the number of pupils currently educated outside the mainstream.
The Case for Restructuring the UK Secondary School
Authors: Watkins Chris
Published: March 2003

Chris Watkins was a member of the first NAPCE executive in 1982, and has continued on that committee and on the London committee ever since. He was chair of NAPCE from 1992 to 1994, and is currently chair of the Publications Committee. He has been a maths teacher in a large secondary school, a teacher in charge of a unit for pupils whose effect on school was disruptive, and a trained school counsellor.

He is now head of the academic group ‘Assessment, Guidance and Effective Learning’ at the University of London Institute of Education, where his current areas of work include school behaviour, mentoring, tutoring, personal–social education – all centrally linked to effective learning in classrooms and school. He is course tutor to the MA in Effective Learning and the MA in School Development, and is involved in consultancy to schools and training others in consultation. Current research projects include ‘The Violence‐resilient School’ and ‘Learning about Learning’.
Empathy, Experience and SMSC (Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Education)
Authors: Best Ron
Published: March 2003

Having commented on the developments in PSE and SMSC [Spiritual, Moral, Social and Cultural Education] Ron Best suggests that the motivation for these has been more political than child centred. He is particularly critical of the trend towards specifying learning outcomes as matrices, which he characterizes as the kind of bureaucratization which dehumanizes an essentially human activity. He argues that we need to start with experience and that empathy, though currently undervalued, should be a key dimension of this. The meaning of empathy is then elaborated and in conclusion the case for its central importance presented.
The Role of Class Teachers in a Key Secondary School in Shanghai
Authors: Lo Rita
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on an investigation carried out in a ‘key’ secondary school in Shanghai. This investigation is set in the broader context of current developments in Chinese Education. Perhaps the first surprising discovery is that the affective aspects of education are seen as highly significant in these developments. Given the vast numbers involved and great regional differences, what is described here is likely to be only representative of the best practice. The particular focus of this paper is on the multifaceted role of the class teacher. The second surprise is that though there are great differences, not least in the politicization of education, there are striking parallels with English education and there are some instances where the class teacher’s practice as described here is in advance of many of their English counterparts.
The Relevance of Systems Theory for Teachers Dealing with Emotional and Behaviour Problems in Schools
Authors: Souter Katherine
Published: March 2003

Children with emotional and behaviour problems provide a daily challenge for parents, teachers and the wider community. The perception of this challenge and how to address it varies according to the assumptions made about the underlying causes of the problems. In this paper the nature of emotional and behaviour problems will be explored with a brief outline of traditional interventions adopted when difficulties arise within the context of school. The conceptual approach of systems theory is then outlined. This is followed by a critical examination of its relevance for teachers as a theory, as a language for dealing with difficulties and as an approach to intervention.
Educating the Emotions: Interior and Exterior Realities
Authors: Radford Mike
Published: March 2003

In this paper Mike Radford questions a view of emotions which sees them as essentially an inner and subjective phenomenon discovered through processes of introspection and developing self awareness. This process of self‐exploration is conducted through a combination of dialogue, encouraging pupils to talk about their feelings and explain them, and something akin to therapy. Such a perspective tends to be closely associated with the increasingly popular notion of emotional intelligence/literacy. In his view it is more productive to try to understand emotions in the context of objective understanding, in terms of the language and behaviours, and see them as public events open to common experience.
From Research to Reality: Enhancing Learning and Psycho–Social Development
Authors: Nadge Ann
Published: March 2003

This author contends that we can develop more fully the pastoral capacity of the classroom, which will also enhance learning. The writer argues that this will be better achieved by understanding the ways in which beliefs about self and learning are shaped by classroom contexts, processes and relationships. She draws on recent work on learning and intelligence, in particular ‘risk and protection theory’ and ‘theories of self, self–efficacy and goal orientation’. In the concluding sections the application of these theories in practice is worked through and a final model is formulated.
No “Illusion of Separation”: James L. Bevel, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War
Authors: Mack Adam
Published: March 2003

As a student activist and member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, James L. Bevel played a leading role in the civil rights movement. After the passage of the landmark federal civil rights legislation of 1964–65, Bevel promoted a new set of goals for the freedom struggle including ending United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Bevel's objections to the war grew from the belief, shared by other African–American leaders, that America's Vietnam policy could not be separated from issues of race and racism. Yet Bevel's antiwar stance remained unique. Driven by the depth of his antiwar sentiment as well as by a commitment to push nonviolent social action to its fullest potential, he increasingly worked to make peace the leading goal of the civil rights movement. Bevel's effort generated new levels of cooperation between civil rights and peace activists but also highlighted some of the barriers to a strong alliance between the two movements.
The Never Ending Story: Disguising Tragic Choices in Criminal Justice
Authors: Nobles Richard , Schiff David
Published: March 2003

Pattenden, Rosemary English Criminal Appeals, 1844–1994: Appeals Against Conviction and Sentence in England and Wales
The Legal Travails of Kind‐Hearted Gunmen
Authors: Kritsiotis Dino
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Sean D. Murphy, Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in anEvolving World Order
Three Faces of Justice and the Management of Change
Authors: Leader Sheldon
Published: March 2003

The apparatus of legal principles we use has, far more than we realise, transformed the way we think about the control of private power in the name of social justice. The actual sort of equity that the legal and political system is searching for is not reflected in our major political theories, nor indeed in the official rhetoric of many such systems themselves. The reason for this mismatch has to do with the need to accomodate change – a space opened by the law and unacknowledged by theory.

This article sets out the current theoretical frameworks within which the regulation of private power is analysed, and it contrasts these with a different approach to the problem of justice at work in employment and corporate law that does not find its way into theory. Once that approach is given a formulation, its place within a larger theory of justice is proposed, and its wider implications for the relationship between state and civil society are investigated.
The Concept of the Supremacy of the Constitution
Authors: Limbach Jutta
Published: March 2003

The article compares and assesses the idea of the supremacy of the constitution found in Germany with the competing British tradition of parliamentary sovereignty. It concludes by examining the need for a supreme constitutional law in the European Union.
Honesty in Theology?
Authors: McKenna Joseph H.
Published: March 2003

There is risk of intellectual dishonesty in the act of modernizing traditional doctrines. One reason theologians reform traditional doctrines is that the original formulations have become incredible to them. This is seldom honestly admitted. It is further dishonestly claimed that new formulations have a direct conceptual link to the old as if the new were the old retold. However, many times the connection between the new theology and the old is in name only, with radically new understanding for an old term. Can we honestly say so? Theology should resuscitate questions of intellectual honesty that were present at the Liberal theology's origins in the interest of maximizing honest theological inquiry. Can theology construct an ethics of belief for itself?
The Place Of Geometry: Heidegger's Mathematical Excursus On Aristotle
Authors: Elden Stuart
Published: March 2003

‘The Place of Geometry’ discusses the excursus on mathematics from Heidegger's 1924–25 lecture course on Platonic dialogues, which has been published as Volume 19 of the Gesamtausgabe as Plato's Sophist, as a starting point for an examination of geometry in Euclid, Aristotle and Descartes. One of the crucial points Heidegger makes is that in Aristotle there is a fundamental difference between arithmetic and geometry, because the mode of their connection is different. The units of geometry are positioned, the units of arithmetic unpositioned. Following Heidegger's claim that the Greeks had no word for space, and David Lachterman's assertion that there is no term corresponding to or translatable as ‘space’ in Euclid's Elements, I examine when the term ‘space’ was introduced into Western thought. Descartes is central to understanding this shift, because his understanding of extension based in terms of mathematical co‐ordinates is a radical break with Greek thought. Not only does this introduce this word ‘space’ but, by conceiving of geometrical lines and shapes in terms of numerical co‐ordinates, which can be divided, it turns something that is positioned into unpositioned. Geometric problems can be reduced to equations, the length (i.e, quantity) of lines: a problem of number. The continuum of geometry is transformed into a form of arithmetic. Geometry loses position just as the Greek notion of ‘place’ is transformed into the modern notion of space.
Saint Francis versus McDonald’s? Contemporary Globalization Critique and Hans Urs von Balthasar's Theological Aesthetics
Authors: De Maeseneer Yves
Published: March 2003

Seattle, Prague, Quebec, Nice, Gothenburg, Genoa, Brussels, Barcelona, ≡ All these cities formed the setting of mass globalization protests. In most mass media reports, the presence of thousands of peaceful demonstrators has been outshone by the pictures of radical activists smashing McDonald's and Niketown. In the search for an adequate theological response to today's context of globalization, this article takes precisely this radical activism as a starting–point. In line with those postmodern iconoclasts’ own legitimation, a theological approach to this case leads to the Marxist theory of fetishism and idolatry as it has already been investigated by liberation theologians two decades ago. Surprisingly, a renewed version of this critique of the theologization of economics can be found in No Logo (2000), the trend–setting globalization critique written by the Canadian journalist Naomi Klein. A theological close reading of this best–selling book brings to the light a recurrent use of religious metaphor to characterize the corporate logo as a major aesthetic figure in the context of globalization. In order to understand the aesthetic and (pseudo–)theological processes involved, a confrontation with the theological aesthetics of Hans Urs von Balthasar (in particular his essay on Bonaventure) delivers a striking formal parallel between the Church's cross and today's corporate logo. Beyond an at first sight similar theo–aesthetic programme, Balthasar's theological aesthetics however opens up a position which enables us to expose the contemporary global socio–economic system as a subtly inverted Christianity.
The Development of Scottish Border Lordship, 1332–58
Authors: Bown M. H.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the effect of sustained warfare on the political society of southern Scotland. Using contemporary sources it discusses the disintegration of existing structures of lordship in the thirteen‐thirties and the exercise of effective leadership by minor landowners and their followers. This process is considered in the context of similar changes in the regional power structures elsewhere in the British Isles. The new limitations placed on royal authority in the Scottish Marches continued beyond the period of major war and culminated in the formalization of personal and military lordship with the creation of the earldom of Douglas in 1358.
Letters and Documents Relating to the Service of Nelson's Ships, 1780–1805: a Critical Report*
Authors: Crimmin P. K.
Published: March 2003

The principal subject of this report is the administration of the British Mediterranean fleet, 1796–8 and 1803–5. Fifteen volumes of documents in the Library of the Wellcome Institute contain official returns and reports to Admiral Nelson by his officers. They provide the foundation on which strategy was planned and campaigns waged and form the administrative base which sustained the more visible victorious battlefleet. The subjects range from the state of ships' stores and problems of convoys and transports to the health, food and clothing of seamen. Such information enables naval historians to evaluate the practical effects of major actions and daily routine.
A Venture in ‘The Caverns of Intrigue’: The Conspiracy Against Lord Curzon and his Foreign Policy, 1922–3
Authors: Wilson K. M.
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the opposition, both within and without the British cabinet, to Curzon's handling of relations with France and Germany in the early nineteen‐twenties, opposition which came to a head in the form of a conspiracy to remove him as Foreign Secretary in October 1923. The chief conspirators are identified as the editor of the Morning Post, a senior Foreign Office official—and Lord Derby. The relationship to this conspiracy of the French premier and of several British cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, Baldwin, is a major theme. How Curzon survived, with the help of French documents intercepted by the British intelligence agencies, is part of the conclusion. The article adds to what is known of the making of British foreign policy at this time, and is largely based upon material in the papers of H.A. Gwynne and in the archive of the Morning Post newspaper which has not been utilized by anyone else.
British intervention in Portugal, 1793–1808
Authors: Robson Martin
Published: March 2003

In the summer of 1808 a British army was dispatched to Portugal with orders to expel French troops from Lisbon and then to defend the country against further attacks. Thus commenced a six-year commitment to the region. The history of British involvement in the Peninsular War is familiar to many through the works of William Napier, Charles Oman and Sir John Fortescue. However, a point often overlooked is that although the operation began with limited aims, it evolved into a major, long-term financial and military commitment, which was not typical of wider British strategy in this period or of traditional British intervention in Portuguese affairs. It is the intention here to examine the period 1793–1808, when a succession of both tory and whig governments intervened in Portugal with aims that were defensive, limited in scope and characterized by the use of maritime-based expeditionary forces.
‘Adultery à‐la‐Mode’: Privilege, the Law and Attitudes to Adultery 1770–1809
Authors: Andrew Donna T.
Published: March 2003

After a brief examination of the vices which were condemned as the constituent elements in an aristocratic code of licence, this article considers the complex public discussions of the duties of marriage and the relations between marriage, property and aristocratic privilege, and the attacks on adultery that took place in Britain between 1770 and 1809. In order to understand the nature of the public contentions that occurred over this issue, both parliamentary debates and reaction out‐of‐doors (in pamphlet and newspaper comments and in public debating society meetings as well as in courts of law) will be examined to see how, and with what unanimity, the attack on fashionable adultery took place. For, by the early nineteenth century, the campaign against both upper‐class infidelity and its corrosive effects on law and property was systematically and powerfully articulated. Though unsuccessful in passing a parliamentary Act to curb this activity, the work of the campaigners itself heightened public awareness of and focused public antipathy towards the code of gallantry, the sexual equivalent of the code of honour, and the privileged morality of the higher orders.
Narratives of Women: English Feminists of the 1790s
Authors: Stafford William
Published: March 2003

Did ‘feminist’ writers of the 1790s produce narratives in which women could find self‐respect and authenticity? Before this ‘positive’ endeavour came the ‘negative’ task of constructing narratives revealing women’s oppression. More positive images may be found in narratives which relate women to political discourses and events. But the main type of narrative pointing the way towards authentic selfhood for women, free from the prisonhouse of gender, is the narrative of Bildung or development, so common in novels, conduct books, treatises on education and polemics. This narrative, criticized by some twentieth‐century feminists but treated sympathetically here, may be a middle‐class assertion of Kultur against decadent aristocratic Zivilisation; it is also formed by Stoic, republican and Protestant discourses, and is turned into a woman’s narrative not only by republicans such as Macaulay, Wollstonecraft and Hays but also by conservatives such as Chapone and More. It is concerned with a rich and rational inner life rather than surface appearance and superficial accomplishments, and encourages women to be self‐controlled rather than other‐determined, to some extent selves for themselves rather than for men.
‘How Did They Pass the Union?’: Secret Service Expenditure in Ireland, 1799–1804
Authors: Wilkinson David
Published: March 2003

Making use of new evidence, this article re‐examines the extent to which corrupt means were employed to secure the Irish union in 1800. It is divided into three sections. The first analyses the failure of the first attempt at union in 1799; the second reveals the details of serious financial irregularities which accompanied the passage of union the following year, and traces the elaborate cover‐up of illegal use of British secret service money in Ireland; the third places this evidence in context by identifying the purposes to which this money was applied. It is not the intention to argue that corruption was the decisive factor, nor that venal motives alone inspired unionists, but rather to redress the historiographical imbalance caused by underestimating the fears, and the resourcefulness, of the Irish ministry. The dread of a second failure caused ministers to circumvent the legal restrictions on the use of secret service money in order to guarantee success.
Joint Action against ‘Bad’ Lordship: The Peasants' Revolt in Essex and Norfolk
Authors: Eiden Herbert
Published: March 2003

The events of the early summer of 1381 confronted the English government with a social and political crisis on a hitherto unknown scale. The countryside witnessed outbursts of concerted violent protest against mismanagement, corruption and maladministration similar to that experienced in London. The article gives a short narrative of events in Essex and Norfolk, which were strongly affected by the rising. It establishes that the rising in these areas did not lack coherence and organization: particularly in the case of the Norfolk revolt, which earlier historians have dismissed as mere piecemeal pillage, a different picture emerges. The discontent of the people was directed against government officials, justices and lords of the manor: the rebels were highly selective in choosing their targets. With the analysis of the social and economic background of the rebels, the high proportion of servants, labourers and craftsmen can be established for the first time. These people felt very strongly the discrepancy between their commercial activities and their seigneurial subordination. Since the men in power were not yet prepared to change their attitude towards their tenantry, authority and lordship were thrown into a crisis which developed into open revolt.
The Younger Pitt and the House of Commons
Authors: Duffy Michael
Published: March 2003

This short article re‐examines the management of the House of Commons under William Pitt, challenging an oft‐repeated contemporary characterization of his style as aloof from day‐to‐day parliamentary affairs. A more rounded portrait is offered, in which due account is taken of Pitt's cultivation of ‘men of business’ and his skilful deployment of such MPs in order not only to orchestrate the conduct of debates, but also to exert a profound influence over the all‐important system of parliamentary committees.
The Political Theory of William Pitt the Younger
Authors: Mori Jennifer
Published: March 2003

Although the Younger Pitt was undoubtedly a pragmatic politician, the intellectual influences upon his political attitudes are worthy of analysis. Commencing with a reassessment of Pitt's relationship with his father, this article challenges the notion that Country Whig ideology provides the key to understanding his early career. On the contrary, it is argued that Pitt should be located within the tradition of Court Whiggery. The influence of Enlightenment thought is assessed, with particular emphasis upon the socio‐economic determinism of Montesquieu, the incisive rationalism of William Paley and David Hume, and the free‐trade economic theories of Adam Smith. As a case study, Pitt's anonymous contributions to the Anti‐Jacobin Review in 1797–8 are examined in the light of these and other influences. Such an approach provides a means of unravelling the paradoxical transformation of Pitt from the supposedly enthusiastic reformer of his youth into the reactionary icon of the French revolutionary era.
The Government of Scotland under Henry Dundas and William Pitt
Authors: Brown David
Published: March 2003

This article considers the methods by which Scotland was governed in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, focusing on the relationship between Henry Dundas and William Pitt, thereby placing the so‐called ‘Dundas Despotism’ in the context of abiding problems in Anglo‐Scottish administration. The emergence of Dundas as the pre‐eminent figure in Scottish politics is analysed, with particular emphasis placed on his support for Pitt in the period 1782–5. The undoubted importance of Dundas's mastery of patronage is balanced against other circumstances, such as the threats of radicalism and foreign invasion in the 1790s, which created a favourable climate for the establishment of what some contemporaries dubbed the ‘Dundasian Domination’. Moreover, the alliance of Pitt and Dundas contributed to the emergence of a Whig/Tory divide in Scottish politics. Although this transformation was gradual, an important stage may be discerned in the Scottish dimension to the fall of Addington and the formation of the second Pitt ministry in 1804. In this period, the theoretical danger of a powerful Scots politician leading his supporters in an attack upon an English ministry became reality, an eventuality that had long been foreseen by critics of the system of delegating authority to a ‘Scottish manager’.
‘To Solemnize His Majesty's Birthday’: New Perspectives on Loyalism in George II's Britain
Authors: Harris Bob , Whatley Christopher
Published: March 2003

The importance of loyalism or loyal feelings in George II's Scotland has too often been passed over or ignored by historians, leading, in some important recent studies of Scottish Jacobitism, to a distorted view of patterns of political allegiance in Scotland in this period. This article explores a crucial focus and manifestation of loyal sentiment in Scotland during this period: celebration of the monarch's birthday. The special nature of this occasion is underlined through comparison with political calendars in England and Wales, and an extended analysis is offered of the various and changing political meanings which these celebrations possessed in Scotland. In late 1745, with Jacobite forces occupying or close to many Scottish burghs, so widely understood were the rituals and practices of this day that it offered loyal Scots, from a cross‐section of urban society, a perfect opportunity to demonstrate their allegiance to their Hanoverian king and their repugnance for the Stuart cause. Another important conclusion is that, contrary to what has been asserted by several historians, royal days remained a very important and vital part of the political calendar in many parts of Britain throughout George II's reign. This provides further evidence of the deep roots of enthusiasm for Protestant patriotic monarchy in eighteenth‐century Britain. It was a complex of emotions which was often frustrated and only sporadically glimpsed under George II, but which was, nevertheless, as the popular response to the accession of George III was to show very clearly, widely influential in shaping perceptions of the British nation and polity.
The Anti‐Jacobin Novel: British Fiction, British Conservatism and the Revolution in France
Authors: Grenby M. O.
Published: March 2003

Despite much recent interest in the culture of conservatism and loyalism in late eighteenth‐century Britain, little attention has been paid to the highly conservative fiction of the decade or so either side of 1800. After considering why this has been the case, this article reveals that there were many more of these ‘anti‐Jacobin’ novels than has previously been thought. It then surveys the major themes which run through the novels, binding them together into a coherent literary–political genre. When taken as a whole, rather than as the work of many individual authors, these novels reveal much about the society which bought and borrowed them. As a commodity in a competitive market, rather than as deliberate propaganda, they evolved according to the values and opinions of that readership which, in effect, commissioned them. The way in which they comprehend and portray Jacobinism elucidates how the threat posed to Britain by the French Revolution was actually perceived and understood by a large section of the British population, and the consistent themes of the novels emphasize the points around which the popular conservative campaign was organized in the aftermath of the revolution. Jacobinism emerges as many things, but never as a purely philosophical or political danger. A list of the major anti‐Jacobin novels is appended.
Making and Maintaining Political Alliances during the Personal Rule of Charles I: Wentworth's Associations with Laud and Cottington
Authors: Pogson Fiona
Published: March 2003

This article investigates one of the least explored aspects of the career of Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford: his associations with key figures at the English court. In particular, it examines his relationships with Archbishop Laud and Francis, Lord Cottington, who during the 1630s were often at odds with each other. While Laud and Wentworth shared fundamental beliefs, and much important administrative business passed, with some show of joviality, between them, there were also limits to what they had to say. Close examination of their correspondence reveals that pressing political issues, of mutual interest, often went undiscussed. In contrast, Wentworth enjoyed a genuine friendship with Cottington and, more important, gained vital information from him both directly and through other channels. Cottington's value lay in his superior grasp of high politics; Laud's in his conscientiousness and regular access to the king. Wentworth's varied political alliances required careful handling, but they were essential for an administrator working at a distance from the court. As his correspondence shows, the notion of ‘thorough’ should be handled with care and not allowed to sustain the belief that court politics during the personal rule of Charles I operated through rigid ‘factions’. Wentworth, in practice, depended on their fluidity.
Fenianism in North America in the 1860s: The Problems for Church and State
Authors: Rafferty Oliver
Published: March 2003

Irish Catholic immigrants in North America provided, on the surface, a potentially powerful source of support for the revolutionary designs of the Fenian movement in Ireland. The Catholic bishops, encouraged by their colleagues in Ireland, especially Paul Cullen, the archbishop of Dublin, resisted Fenian strategies in the new world by declaring that the Fenian organization was condemned by the church as a secret society. The bishops' task was complicated by the circumstances of the American Civil War in that the Fenians recruited to their ranks from among the Irish enlisted soldiers. With anti‐English sentiment running high in the northern states, the Union authorities were inclined to turn a blind eye to Fenian machinations both during and after the war. Although the bishops had been anxious in 1865 to have the backing of Rome for their anti‐Fenian stance, their post‐bellum position was more cautious and they, for the most part, opposed the papal condemnation of Fenianism in 1870, a condemnation issued at the behest of the Irish bishops. The church in America and Canada laboured under various disadvantages, mostly of an anti‐Catholic nature, which hampered its ability to deal resolutely with the Irish nationalist discontent in its midst. Ultimately, however, the disintegration of the Fenian movement in North America had more to do with its own internal incoherence than any external pressure.
The Importance of Being Serious: The Unexplored Connection between Gladstone and Humour
Authors: Meisel Joseph S.
Published: March 2003

The extensive literature on Gladstone tends to perpetuate the view commonly held by his contemporaries that he had no sense of humour. This article examines Gladstone's humourlessness—real and perceived—not as a mere quirk of personality, but rather as an important and integral aspect of his public character. Beyond biographical considerations, the question of Gladstone's humourlessness serves as the basis for exploring the ways in which humour and seriousness functioned in the context of Victorian political culture—both in parliament and on the political platform. Public humour about Gladstone in high society, graphical satire and popular theatre underscored the fact that seriousness was Gladstone's predominant public characteristic. Paradoxically, although his seriousness inspired a great deal of derisive humour in politics and in public, it also proved to be one of his most important assets. Gladstone's seriousness enabled him not only to withstand the best attacks of his political enemies, but also to become the leading public figure of his time.
Manhood, the Male Body, Courtship and the Household in Early Modern England
Authors: Fletcher Anthony
Published: March 2003

Little work has been done on early modern masculinity. This article reviews the state of our knowledge on its definition, development and construction. It opens with a consideration of the medical conception of the male body, male appetite and imagination. Key aspects of upbringing and growing up are considered in turn: schooling, early sexual experience and courtship, which tested young men's confidence. Adult maturity was marked by marriage and the acquisition of the status of a householder. A man's performance in this role, his exercise of reason rather than force in marital affairs, was the ultimate test of his manhood. Examples of failure in this respect are noted. It is argued that effective manhood at this time involved learning and performing a social role, which was founded upon self‐mastery and internal discipline. The social order rested, in the last resort, on this gender order.
Bruges and the Burgundian ‘Theatre‐state’: Charles the Bold and Our Lady of the Snow
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: March 2003

This article is an attempt to contest current views about the nature of the Burgundian ‘theatre‐state’ in the fifteenth century. The term itself may slightly misapply Clifford Geertz's idea of ‘theatre‐state’; and it is also a model in which continual confrontation is implicit, with Flemish townsmen pitted against a centralizing and oppressive Valois court. However, Charles the Bold's involvement with the guild of Our Lady of the Snow, which flourished in the late fifteenth century, might suggest that the Burgundian dukes, far from imposing unwanted ceremonies on Bruges, were involving themselves in spectacles which emerged unbidden from the urban environment. Continual engagement, rather than occasional confrontation, with civic spectacles provided the dukes with opportunities for the theatrical exercise of power. It was this engagement with civic religious life which marked them out from other contemporary princes and from their Habsburg successors.
Historical Monkey Business: The Myth of a Darwinized British Imperial Discourse
Authors: Crook Paul
Published: March 2003

Extrapolation from a study of evolution and militarism suggests a questioning of the reigning textbook interpretation of a causal link between British ‘new imperialism’ and social Darwinism. The myth of a Darwinized imperial discourse seems largely the creation of inventive new liberals, notably J. A. Hobson, who feared the authoritarian implications of an invasive social science based upon biology.
Richard Baxter, ‘Popery’ and the Origins of the English Civil War
Authors: Lamont William
Published: March 2003

Richard Baxter (1615–91) was a puritan who reflected over a lifetime why he, and his fellow puritans, had opted for parliament in the Civil War. He made in 1681 an important distinction between fundamentum (the causes of the Civil War), which he discussed in his memoirs, and finis (the reasons why he had fought), which he explained in chapter 13 of his A Holy Commonwealth. The explanations are different, because fundamentum and finis are not the same. The Irish Catholic rebellion of October 1641 gave him his finis. This article shows that the belief (shared with many fellow puritans), that Charles I had secretly commissioned the Earl of Antrim and other Irish Catholics in their rebellion, was the justification, on Protestant imperial lines, for puritans to take up their arms against the king in 1642 – and for the same reasons again in 1688.
‘Carleton and Buckingham: The Quest for Office’ Revisited
Authors: Hill Robert , Lockyer Roger
Published: March 2003

In 1970 John Barcroft produced an influential article in which he claimed that the ambition of Dudley Carleton to attain high office only moved towards fruition after Carleton presented the duke of Buckingham with a massive bribe in the shape of a marble chimneypiece for his principal London residence, York House. This is too simplistic a view, but it serves as a reminder that the role of works of art in the early Stuart patronage system has not so far been the subject of detailed scrutiny. The present article is intended as a case study of a particular instance. It argues that Carleton used works of art as part of a long‐term strategy to keep Buckingham aware of his existence, but that he did not become a serious contender for high office until the duke moved towards an anti‐Spanish stance that was close to Carleton's own position. In other words, it was changing political circumstances and not the presentation of objets d’art, however welcome these were in their own right, which transformed the ambassador's prospects.
The Making of a New ‘Welsh Metropolis’: Science, Leisure and Industry in Early Nineteenth‐Century Swansea
Authors: Miskell Louise
Published: March 2003

This article provides a case study of the role of an urban institution in enhancing town status and identity in the first half of the nineteenth century. During this period, Swansea's scientific institution played a key part in establishing the reputation of the town both within Wales and beyond, as an important commercial and cultural centre, rivalling Bristol's well‐established sphere of influence in south Wales by the middle of the nineteenth century. The Swansea example demonstrates that, even in a relatively small town, a successful urban institution could help enhance urban status and extend regional influence. This is of particular significance in the Welsh context given the smaller demographic size of the principal Welsh towns compared to those in England and Scotland in the first half of the nineteenth century. In focusing on the role of an urban institution it also highlights an important area of common experience between Welsh patterns of urbanization and those elsewhere in Britain, where civic and cultural institutions were also to the fore in promoting urban identity.
A Berlin for Historians
Authors: Cracraft James
Published: March 2003

On his death in 1997 Isaiah Berlin was widely hailed as a leading philosopher of political liberalism. This article takes the position that Berlin’s philosophical views, particularly those on freedom and cultural pluralism, can also be construed as a valuable guide for historians working in the present, “postmodernist” climate of debate. It further argues that Berlin’s character and career, the subjects already of considerable critical inquiry, lend added authority to these views. The focus is on three lengthy essays on history written by Berlin in the 1950s, one of which was first published in the first issue of this journal. The article concludes, following Berlin, that it is the responsibility of historians, as historians, to recognize the often incommensurate plurality of ultimate values to which their fellow human beings historically have subscribed and to judge, as judge they sometimes must, with that recognition fully in mind. If the result of these as well as the other choices that they make is a plurality of histories, of contending subjects, approaches, methods, and outcomes, that is only to be expected, indeed welcomed. It is freedom in practice, and infinitely preferable as such to any known alternative.
The Pride of Losers: A Genealogy of the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

John Kadvany, Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason
Talking Back to Frida: Houses of Emotional Mestizaje
Authors: Becker Marjorie
Published: March 2003

“Talking Back to Frida: Houses of Emotional Mestizaje” is, in part, a historical meditation on the silencing of three women, Frida Kahlo, María Enríquez, a Mexican woman who was sexually assaulted in 1924, and me. Written in an innovative historical fashion that joins techniques drawn from fiction, journalism, and history, the article attempts to understand specific assaults on women’s voices by drawing readers into the historical worlds of the protagonists. “Talking Back” also seeks to respond to Hans Kellner’s incisive theoretical challenge: how do historians’ personal histories affect their historical choices?

The article’s organization depends on my understanding of language, color, and physicality, as the emotional architecture of the Deep Southern and Mexican places tend to both enclose and partially free the protagonists. The essay begins by leading the reader into my own past in the Deep South, a past where German Jewish and Russian Jewish relatives engaged in a cultural battle over form, personal style, and will. Confronting a German Jewish world where only things—never feelings—seemed to matter, I found solace in the friendship of a black servant. That friendship, in turn, helped prompt a particularly empathic historical voice.

The southern section is followed by a journey into Frida Kahlo’s Mexican world. In that world, Kahlo’s severe physical pain and solitude construct inner and outer universes. The people who populate these worlds are friends, lovers, husband, and the Mexican poor. Kahlo’s artistic renditions of these people reflect, the article suggests, both the depth of her love for them and a tendency to use them in response to her despair.

Finally, “Talking Back” reconstructs the world of María Enríquez, a Michoacán peasant woman assaulted in public by her former boyfriend. Abandoned by friend, sister, and Catholic women on the way to church, Enríquez develops a voice laced with generosity, cultural insight, and a rare self–possession.
Explanation And Thought Experiments In History
Authors: Mey Tim De , Weber Erik
Published: March 2003

Although interest in them is clearly growing, most professional historians do not accept thought experiments as appropriate tools. Advocates of the deliberate use of thought experiments in history argue that without counterfactuals, causal attributions in history do not make sense. Whereas such arguments play upon the meaning of causation in history, this article focuses on the reasoning processes by which historians arrive at causal explanations. First, we discuss the roles thought experiments play in arriving at explanations of both facts and contrasts. Then, we pinpoint the functions thought experiments fulfill in arriving at weighted explanations of contrasts.
Consumer Opinions of the Probation Service: Advice, Assistance, Befriending and the Reduction of Crime
Authors: Ford Peter , Pritchard Colin , Cox Malcolm
Published: March 2003

This article reports the results of a research study which treated offenders as ‘consumers’ of probation work. The study aimed firstly to gather offenders’ views of the effectiveness with which probation officers dealt with their practical problems and, secondly, to understand how far the probation service was perceived as helpful or unhelpful in meeting their psychosocial difficulties. Respondents’ views of other community agencies were also elicited. By identifying some of their problems and showing how probation officers work with them, the study lends support to the view that probation work can reduce crime through rehabilitative and reintegrative strategies, as well as through a more narrowly based focus on stringent reporting and offending behaviour.
Sentencing Sex Offenders: Some Implications of Recent Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Henham Ralph
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to illustrate how recent criminal justice legislation, policy and practice have conspired to hinder the development of a common approach to the sentencing of sex offenders between the courts and the prison and probation services. In consequence, the treatment needs of sentenced sex offenders have been subsumed to the wider goals of system objectives and political agendas. A number of suggestions are made for improving coherence and continuity in both policy and practice.
The Politics of British Policing in the Thatcher/Major State
Authors: Sullivan Robert R.
Published: March 2003

The politics of British policing from 1979 to 1997 was guided by ideology and political practicality. Margaret Thatcher and John Major were libertarians committed to the reduction of the British state, but in classical libertarian fashion, these considerations did not apply to criminal justice agencies, which were needed to cope with rising crime in a growing and increasingly deregulated economy. The chief theme of practical criminal justice politics was the sustained effort of the Home Office to gain greater de facto control over policing without increased de jure accountability. This was achieved by laws and by administrative measures. The Tories also imposed a distinctive libertarian style on policing through their micro‐ideology of managerialism, designed to get the police to conceive themselves as economical service providers and the public as customers.