bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydro-geological properties of the Savian aquifer in the county Obrenovac
Authors: Stojadinovic Dusan , Nikic Zoran , Isakovic Dusko
Published: July 2008

The paper presents a description of hydrogeological researches of alluvial layers of the Sava River in the area of the source "Vic Bare" near Obrenovac. This source supplies groundwater to that town. The depth of these layers amounts to 25 m. With regard to collecting capacity, the most significant are gravel-sand sediments of high filtration properties. Their average depth amounts to about 13 m with the underlying layer made of Pleistocene clays. Compact aquifer is formed within these sediments and it refills partly from the Sava River at places where river cuts its channel into the gravel-sand layer. The analysis of the groundwater regime in the riparian area points out that groundwater levels follow stages of the Sava River. Such an influence lessens with the distance. Established hydraulic connection between the river and the aquifer enables its permanent replenishment. On the other hand, due to certain pollutions this river flow might bring along, it represents a potential danger. Those pollutions could enter water-bearing layer of the aquifer as well as the exploitation well of the source. Such presumptions have been confirmed in the experiment of pollution transport carried out in the water-bearing layer. Unabsorbable chloride was used as a tracer whose movement velocity through exploitation well proved that there were real possibilities of intrusion of aggressive pollutants into the water-bearing layer and into the aquifer as well. Therefore, the protection of the source must be in the function of the protection of surface waters.
Aerobic and anaerobic incubation: Biological indexes of soil nitrogen availability
Authors: Kresovic Mirjana , Antic-Mladenovic Svetlana , Licina Vlado
Published: July 2008

Our researches have been made on brown forest soil that had been used in long-term experiments set up according to specified fertilization system for over 30 years. We have chosen those experiment variants in which quantities of nitrogen fertilizers were gradually increased. The soil samples taken from 0 cm to 30 cm depth were used to determine biological indexes of nitrogen availability (aerobic and anaerobic incubation). The same samples were also used for pot experiments with oat. Plant and soil parameters obtained in controlled conditions were used for determination of biological indexes reliability in measuring the soil nitrogen availability. On the grounds of correlation analysis, it can be concluded that biological index of nitrogen availability achieved by the anaerobic incubation (without substraction of the initial content of available nitrogen) of the investigated brown forest soil is the reliable indicator of soil nitrogen availability. That is not the case with the aerobic incubation in which reliability has not been established.
Different sterilization methods for overcoming internal bacterial infection in sunflower seeds
Authors: Taski-Ajdukovic Ksenija , Vasic Dragana
Published: July 2008

During culture of protoplasts in agarose droplets, permanent problem was bacterial infection. It was assumed that the seeds are the origin of infection, so different sterilization methods were tested in order to overcome this problem. Germination, infection of seeds and hypocotyls and their growth were examined. Based on these parameters, the best result was obtained with the combined use of 5% commercial bleach and dry heating at 45?C.
The influence of mycotoxins in food on fish health status
Authors: Jakic-Dimic Dobrila , Jeremic Svetlana , Nesic Ksenija , Radosavljevic V.
Published: July 2008

In our country, there is present extensive, semi-intensive and intensive growing of cyprinid fish species. The quality of food is an essential prerequisite for obtaining optimal production results in fish production. Fish food is being produced as a complete pellet meal, and raw materials used are of plant, animal, mineral and vitamin origin. Out of plant feed, the most commonly used ones are corn, wheat, barley, oats, soy and others. By applying additional carbohydrate food, energetic needs of an organism are being met. In this paper, we presented the results of hygienic safety of carbohydrate feed (corn, wheat, barley) investigated in the laboratory of Veterinary Research Institute of Serbia in Belgrade within regular control, or with the aim of establishing the causes of disturbance of health status and decreased production results in the pond. During 2004 we performed microbiology and mycotoxicology investigations of the total of 43 samples, namely: 31 corn samples, 8 barley samples and 4 wheat samples. The obtained results point at a high level of mould contamination (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus) and the presence of their secondary mycotoxin metabolites (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, trichothecenes and zearalenone) in feed.
Xerotolerant mycopopulations and mycotoxins in muesli components
Authors: Dimic Gordana , Maletic Zeljko , Kocic-Tanackov Suncica
Published: July 2008

The presence of fungi was investigated in 22 samples of different dried plant origin products used for the preparation of muesli (grain products, dried fruit, nuts, oilseeds), using three media. The determined contamination levels were between 0,6% (grain products) and 46,4% (raisins). The xerotolerant Aspergillus, Penicillium and Eurotium species, mostly toxigenic and fungi from Rhizopus genera, were the most frequent in the investigated samples. Aflatoxin B1 (AB1) was not detected in any sample, while aflatoxin G1 (AG1) was found in one almond sample (0,14 ?g/kg). Two almond samples were contaminated with ochratoxin A (OA), 8,00 and 16,00 ?g/kg, and one sunflowerseed sample had it in traces. Zearalenone was found in two sunflowerseed samples (120,00 and 200,00 _g/kg).
Mould and mycotoxin contamination of pig and poultry feed
Authors: Markovic Radmila , Jovanovic Nebojsa , Sefer Dragan , Sinovec Zlatan
Published: July 2008

During ten-year period (1995-2004), a total of 756 analyses of pig and poultry feed was performed. Standard methods were used for microbiological determination. Qualitative and quantitative analyze of mycotoxins was performed by TLC technique. Feed for young categories contained from 100 to 3,400,000 CFU/g of feed. In 35.71% of all samples the detected amount was above acceptable levels. Feed for adult categories contained from 800 to 8,000,000 CFU/g of feed. In only 7.54% of samples this amount was over the tolerable level. Species determination revealed great heterogeneity, with the most common findings of Penicillium spp. (28.38%), Aspregillus spp. (26.37%) Mucor spp. (24.67%), Fusarium spp. (11.33%) and Rhizopus spp. (9.22%). The amount and type of mycotoxin varied depending on the feed category as well as on year of detection, implicating a strong influence of climatic factors and average humidity of the specified year. In a total of 320 analyzed feeds for pigs and poultry the characteristic finding was a combined contamination with two or three mycotoxins. In 161 samples of feed for young animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 36, 161 and 161 samples respectively, while in 33, 83 and 71 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels. In 159 samples of feed for adult animals the presence of AFB1, F-2 and OTA was detected in 32, 159 and 159 samples, respectively while in 31, 65 and 99 samples the detected amounts were above tolerable levels.
Sugarbeet root rot in drought conditions
Authors: Jasnic Stevan , Stojsin Vera , Bagi Ferenc
Published: July 2008

In recent years several types of sugarbeet root rot have occurred in our country causing significant economic damage. The most frequent symptoms are leaf chlorosis and brown-black wet necrosis of the root. The necrosis spread through the entire root and vascular strands. In the course of this study F. oxysporum was the most frequently isolated from infected sugar beet roots. The incidence of other fungi (Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina) was much lower and it depended on weather conditions. High temperatures occurring during dry years encourage the development of F. oxysporum, the causer of sugar beet root rot. In 2000, an extremely dry year, plant vitality was satisfactory in the experiment with irrigation and the average root rot incidence was low (2,91%). In the nonirrigated variant the average incidence was high (71,02%). It may be concluded on the basis of the results from five years (2000-2004) that the major causal agents of sugarbeet root rot in our country are species from genus Fusarium, especially F. oxysporum. Fusarium wilt and root rot are due to the increased frequency of dry and warm years.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium species in soybean
Authors: Jasnic Stevan , Vidic Milos , Bagi Ferenc , Djordjevic Vuk
Published: July 2008

The paper describes the symptoms of the Fusarium wilt and necrosis of root and lower stem of soybean, which include leaf chlorosis, wilt of the apical portion of the plant, necrosis of the root and lower stem, and wilting of the whole plant. The pods are often poorly developed. The seeds may be smaller and lighter in the weight and infected, as well. Isolated from diseased soybean plants were the species Fusarium avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum and F. poae. Pathogenicity tests under artificial infection conditions showed F. oxysporum (isolate S/1) to be the most pathogenic among of the four investigated species. The other species proved much less pathogenic.
Conditionally pathogenic fungi in recreational waters
Authors: Matavulj Milan , Vulikic Nebojsa , Gojkovic Igor , Karaman Maja
Published: July 2008

The improvement of health and life conditions depends on various environmental factors. The exposition to organic and inorganic pollutants, as well as to the broad spectar of microorganisms is one of these factors. Medically important fungi have been increasing their number recently especially in urban and in recreational zones. Some of them, first of all molds and yeasts, are involved by different means in causing more or less serious diseases of man and animals. Frequency of alergic symptoms and human mycotic lesions increased significantly during last decades. Such phenomena have provoked more scientific attention recently. According to the available literature data, micro-fungi, causing mycoses and "environmental" fungi too could be considered as an important factor of health risk, being neglected and underestimated so far, especially in analyses of safe use of recreational waters and surrounding areas, among them swimming pools, river and sea beaches. On the basis of such statement there arises conclusion that water and ground of recreational zones could serve as vectors in transmission pathways of potentially or conditionally pathogenic fungi, being dangerous especially for immunocompromised individuals, which suggests inclusion of qualitative and quantitative composition of fungal community into a continual monitoring of hygienic status of recreational zones.
Lignicolous macrofungi of the Bardaca foodplain region
Authors: Matavulj Milan , Karaman Maja , Gojkovic Igor , Djurdjevic Svjetlana
Published: July 2008

In the frame of biodiversity investigation of the Bardaca floodplain (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia), the investigation of the presence and the diversity of macrofungi of the wider Bardaca region have been undertaken. The relative poor generic diversity of lignicolous macrofungi with only 21 species (11 families) representing this group has been recorded. Such a poor qualitative and also quantitative composition of this very important fungal group could be explained by heavy devastation of autochthonous plant communities, reducing them to the small number of plant associations of poor generic composition. Consequently, drastic decrease of the diversity of ecological niches as fungal habitats was caused. Even though being preliminary, our results point to the necessity of conservation and protection of recent fungal diversity but, in our opinion, not by making so-called "Red list of endangered species", which, due to the lack of information and very poor evidence on this group of organisms in the region under the consideration, are extremely unreliable and therefore disputable but rather through the very short list of few not endangered species conditionally called "White list of not endangered fungal species", if such species recently exist at all.
The effect of anthropological characteristics on the efficiency of execution of forward kick
Authors: Doder Dragan , Doder Radoslava
Published: July 2008

A sample of eighty-two karatists at the ages from ten to fourteen has been analyzed for a system of 25 variables (12 morphological, 12 basic motoric variables and 1 specific motoric variable) with the aim of establishing the effect of prediction system of morphological variables and a system of basic motoric variables on the criterion variable, i.e., the direct forward kick - mae geri. The obtained results showed that the system of morphological variables had a statistically significant effect on the execution of direct forward kick. Among the individual variables in the regression analysis body weight had the largest effect. The stepwise method showed that body height and weight had highest prediction values. Young karatists of high body height, with long extremities and increased weight, had better results in the execution of direct forward kick. The investigation of basic motoric variables used in the regression and stepwise analyses indicated that the endurance in half-squat with weight and standing jump had statistically significant effects on the efficiency of direct forward kick. Thus it was concluded that the speed of forward kick depends on the explosive and static strength of legs.
The fauna of small mammals in the vicinity of Temerin, The Vojvodina providence
Authors: Popovic Ester , Bjelic-Cabrilo Olivera , Tepavac Kristina
Published: July 2008

The samples collected by traps in the vicinity of Temerin and the analysis of pellets of the long-eared owl (Asia otus) and the barn owl (Tyto alba) served as a basis for the determination of 409 individuals of small mammals of the orders Insectivora and Rodentia. A total of 13 species from the families Soricidae (6), Muridae (4) and Arvi-colidae (3) was recorded. The representatives of the species Apodemus sylvaticus prevailed in the sample obtained by traps while the pellet analysis showed the domination of Micro-tus arvalis in the owl diet. The presence of five of the total of thirteen species found by the pellet analysis was confirmed by means of traps.
Spectrophotometric method for the study of the antioxidant activity applied on Ziziphus jujuba and Hydrangea paniculata aqueous extract
Authors: Cacig Svetlana , Szabo-Raluca Maria , Lupea Alfa
Published: July 2008

Antioxidant activity of water extracts from Ziziphus jujuba fruits and Hydrangea paniculata leaves, maintained in a refrigerator, was determined by the potassium permanganate method. The results presented in this paper indicate that the fruit extracts from Ziziphus jujuba had higher antioxidant activity than Hydrangea paniculata leaf extracts and that both fermentation processes had a strong effect on antioxidant activity.
Dynamics of generating transients of delayed fluorescence induction signal and photosynthetic antennas: A possible relationship: Mathematical modeling approach
Authors: Radenovic Cedomir , Kalauzi Aleksandar , Konstantinov Kosana , Drinic Goran
Published: July 2008

A mathematical model was developed for resolved temporal transients of experimentally recorded delayed fluorescence (DF) induction signal. During an intermittent light regime, antennas of the photosynthetic apparatus were treated as targets, repeatedly hit by potentially absorbable photons within a series of consecutive light flashes. Formulas were derived for the number of antennas, cumulatively hit by a specific number of photons, as function of the flash serial number (time). Model parameters included: number of absorbable photons in one flash, antenna sizes and numbers. A series of induction curves were analyzed, obtained from a ZeamaysL. leaf segment and differing in the previous dark period (td). Each curve, consisting of the two most prominent DF transients (C and D), was fitted with several model types, differing in the number of absorbed photons. For both transients, the best fitting result was achieved when DF induction was linked to the second absorbed photon. As expected, model parameters related to antenna sizes showed weaker dependence on td than those referring to antenna numbers. With restrictions applied in this model, the two DF induction transients may be related to two classes of photosynthetic antennas. Their different sizes may have a predominant influence on the efficiency of photon absorption, and possibly time-dependent appearance of DF transients.
Inheritance of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in Durum wheat
Authors: Gorjanovic Biljana , Kraljevic-Balalic Marija
Published: July 2008

Using the line x tester analysis we studied the combining ability and gene effects of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in durum wheat. The results of the study show that non-additive genes play more important role than additive genes in the inheritance of plant height, number of spikelets per spike in both years and in inheritance of spike length only in the first year of research. Variety Belfugito, the best general combiner for plant height and number of spikelets per spike, combined well in two best hybrids: Belfugito x Alifen and Belfugito x Yavaros 79, and these hybrids may be used in wheat breeding programs. In the majority of the cases, good specific combining ability (SCA) effects were associated with crosses of two genetically divergent parents having at least one parent as a good general combiner.
Analysis of anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of Iva xanthifolia nutt.
Authors: Krstic Lana , Anackov Goran , Pal Boza , Igic Ruzica , Lukovic Jadranka , Vukov Dragana
Published: July 2008

Iva xanthifolia is a North American weed species, which was introduced and naturalized in Europe. Anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of this species were investigated, in order to get better knowledge of its biology, which could help in development of strategies for prevention of its spreading. Detailed descriptions of lamina, petiole, stem and inflorescence axis anatomical structures were given, together with micromorphological characteristics of epidermis and indumentum of lamina, petiole, stem, inflorescence axis, involucre and fruit. All vegetative organs had mesomorphic structure, with some xeromorphic adaptations. Mechanical tissue was well developed, which gave those plants additional strength and resistance. Trichomes were the most numerous on lamina and in the region of inflorescence, while rare on petiole and stem epidermis and their distribution varied according to plant organ.
Improvement of production of high-yield poplar varieties seedlings by mycorrhiza application
Authors: Galic Zoran , Orlovic Sasa , Klasnja Bojana , Pilipovic Andrej , Katanic Marina
Published: July 2008

Research related to the effects of treatment by mycorrhiza preparations Ectovit, Rhodovit (preparations Symbio-m Ltd., Czech Rep.) and their combination on growth of four high-yield poplar clones of Populus deltoides and one variety of Populus x euramericana are presented in this paper. In order to make more accurate assessment of mycorrhiza effect, soil characteristics such as morphology, texture and chemical composition were determined. The study results indicate that mycorrhized cuttings had the same or the better survival in all the study clones compared to the control. The application of the preparation Ectovit and Rhodovit resulted averagely in the first class planting stock of all the study clones. The combination of the preparations Ectovit and Rhodovit produced averagely the first class planting stock only of the clone Populus x euramericana.
Preliminary investigation on the effects of biological and synthetic insecticides on large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) larvae
Authors: Klokocar-Smit Zlata , Indjic Dusanka , Vukovic Slavica , Filipovic Maja , Cervenski Janko
Published: July 2008

Control of cabbage pests is oriented towards the use of efficient but high-risk insecticides, some of them being endocrine disruptors. Biopesticides are more environment-friendly, operator-and consumers-safe, but they have low initial toxicity, low efficacy to advanced larval stages, and they require certain knowledge of pest and host biology. In our laboratory experiments we have investigated the effects of formulated synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin (0.3 l/ha) and biological products - formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (2 and 3/ha) and Spinosad (0.1 l/ha) - on large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) larvae-instars 2, 3, 4 and 5. The effect of insecticides was inversely proportional to larval instars. Btk effect could be improved if tank-mixed with cypermethrin. The mixing of ready-made products allows a reduction 3 and 6 times compared with the recommended dose, still obtaining satisfactory results. Rate of leaf damage was reduced when tank mixtures were used. Use of two products in mixture would be of significance especially for control of advanced late instars late in season, when Btk action alone is insufficient. Spinosad was effective in inducing mortality and reducing leaf damage by all larval instars, therefore we assume that the dose could be reduced. Feeding rate and mortality are equally important parameters when assessing biopesticide efficacy. This strategy should also reduce the possibility of inducing resistance in pest population. It also tends to reduce the residues in commodities and is good solution in production of hygienic and health safe food.
Optimization of laboratory conditions for biosynthesis of type A trichothecenes
Authors: Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Jacevic Vesna , Resanovic Radmila , Bijelic Milorad
Published: July 2008

Type A trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS, belong to one of the most toxic groups of fusariotoxins. Although larger quantities of them can be found more often in cooler parts of Europe, regarding their metabolic characteristics and the types of illnesses they provoke, it is obvious that even smaller quantities of these toxins can cause serious health disturbances of humans and animals in climatic conditions of Serbia. Having in mind the importance of these substances, the aim of this study was to carry out the optimization of laboratory conditions under which screening of Fusarium spp. isolates from Serbia, regarding T-2 toxin and DAS production, should be done. Four cultures of Fusarium sporotrichioides originating from different regions throughout the world, were under present investigation: ITM-391 (Italy), KF-38/1 (Poland), M-1-1 (Japan) and R-2301 (Germany). According to the previous literature data, all of these isolates were T-2 toxin producers, and some of them were also DAS producers. The influence of medium composition (different C and N atoms sources microelements etc), as well as aeration (in liquid media), on biosynthesis process of these mycotoxins, in vitro conditions was investigated. In the case of most Fusarium sporotrichioides isolates, highest yields of T-2 toxin and DAS were achieved under the conditions of more intense aeration, and with the use of glucose (5 or 20%) as a C atom source. Fermentation in semi-synthetic liquid medium, using a rotary shaker, was more suitable for screening the toxicity of the fungal isolates in pure culture because of shorter period of incubation, more simpler sample preparation, obtaining less interfering materials in crude toxin extracts, and possibility for more precise definition of factors influencing the yield of trichothecenes.
Basic mechanisms of the cellular alterations in T-2 toxin poisoning: Influence on the choice and result of the therapy
Authors: Jacevic Vesna , Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Resanovic Radmila , Djordjevic Snezana , Bokonjic Dubravko , Stojiljkovic Milos
Published: July 2008

T-2 mycotoxin, secondary metabolite of Fusarium fungi, is one of the most potent cytotoxic representatives of trichothecene mycotoxin type A. After ingestion, T-2 toxin affects actively dividing cells and irreversible post-mitotic cells. In our experiments, the best protective effects were produced by dexametasone (PI = 3.37) and different methylprednisolone formulations (PI = 2.43-2.64). Significant protective efficacy was shown by nimesulide (PI = 1.44) and N-acethyilcistein (PI = 1.29), but their values were higher in a combination with methylprednisolone (PI = 2.16-2.34). Radioprotector amifostine (WR-2721) expressed good protective effects (PI = 1.26) or/and different absorbent formulations, such as: activated charcoal (PI = 1.13) and various Min-a-zel? powder compounds, which are a well known zeolite clinoptilolite absorbents. Among the five zeolite regimens investigated, only Min-a-zel Plus? showed a significant protective effect (PI = 1.77). In summary, the steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could be recommended as a regimen of choice for treatment of acute T-2 toxicosis while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds, different absorbent formulations and their combinations with antioxidants or radioprotectors could be important for the treatment of subacute and chronic T-2 toxin poisonings.
The presence of ochratoxin A residue in blood plasma of slaughtered swine
Authors: Milicevic Dragan , Juric Verica , Mandic Miodrag , Djordjevic Milovan
Published: July 2008

The aim and task of this study was to determine the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) residue in blood of swine, slaughtered regularly. The fact that ochratoxin A is heterogeneously distributed in a contaminated lot of feed material, makes the sampling problematic. It has been shown that an alternative method to monitor the presence of ochratoxin A in the feed is to analyze blood samples from swine, which reflect the toxin content of the ingested feed. With the aim of determining the presence of ochratoxin A residue in blood of swine slaughtered regularly, and originating from different areas of Vojvodina and Serbia, the samples were collected from the corresponding slaughter. During a three month investigation period, a total of 60 blood samples were analyzed. Spectrofluorimetric method was applied for sample analysis. The presence of the OTA residue was found in 56,6% of the examined plasma samples. The average OTA concentration in plasma was 2.91 ? 4.91 ng/mL (0,0-33,3 ng/mL). The experiment showed that the average OTA concentration in plasma samples originating from different areas of Vojvodina and Serbia, was not significantly low (p > 0,05).
Anthracnose: A new strawberry disease in Serbia and its control by fungicides
Authors: Ivanovic Mirko , Duduk Bojan , Ivanovic Milan , Ivanovic Miroslav
Published: July 2008

Anthracnose is a destructive disease of strawberry fruits in warm and continental climate. During 2004, in the vicinity of Valjevo, there were severe losses in two strawberry plantations due to fruit anthracnose. Two fungal isolates, GG-6A and GG-JUP were recovered from strawberry stolons and fruits showing severe anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological and pathological characteristics, and PCR analyses with specific primers of reference species, isolate GG-6A was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and GG-JUP isolate as C. acutatum. This is the first identification of C. acutatum in strawberry in Serbia. In order to control strawberry anthracnose, five fungicides and their combinations were applied four times during the flowering. The best fruit protection was achieved by fungicides Metiram + piraclostrobin (Cabrio top), Captan FL and Fludioksinil + ciprodinil (Swich). Less effective were Benomil (Benlate) and Krezoksim-metil (Stroby). Pathogen is transmitted by planting material, so phytosanitary measures are extremely important in preventing the disease.
The toxigenic potential of Fusarium poae originated from wheat
Authors: Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Levic Jelena , Stankovic Slavica , Krnjaja Vesna , Kovacevic Tamara , Tancic Sonja
Published: July 2008

Eleven isolates of F. poae, originated from wheat grain at 9 locations mainly in Vojvodina, were encompassed by the present study. The greatest number of samples was collected in 2005, in which the climatic conditions favoured a more intensive occurrence of Fusarium ear blight of wheat. In order to determine toxicological potential of this species, cultures of the selected isolates were grown in liquid media (GPY and SPY) on a rotary shaker (180 revolutions min-1), at room temperature (21-26?C) for three days. Crude toxins were isolated from liquid culture filtrates of isolates by the use of ethyl acetate, while quantification of mycotoxins was done by the thin layer chromatography method. A liquid culture of the isolate GZ-LES (F. graminearum) was used as a control for the evaluation of the zearalenone biosynthesis potential. On the other hand, the liquid culture of the isolate KF-38/1 (F. sporotrichioides) was used as a control for both type-A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS). The obtained results show that F. poae, in contrast to F. graminearum, has no potential for the zearalenone biosynthesis. The presence of DAS was determined only in one isolate of F. poae (MRIZP-666), and in the control isolate of F. sporotrichioides (KF-38/1/R), that were grown in the GPY liquid medium. The T-2 toxin was detected in the isolate MRIZP-666, grown in both media, and in the isolates MRIZP-37 and MRIZP-860, cultured in the GPY and SPY liquid medium, respectively. The control culture KF-38/1/R (F. sporotrichioides) produced the T-2 toxin at the concentration of 4,000 ?g L-1. According to the gained information, it can be concluded that the potential of F. poae for the type-A trichothecene biosynthesis was low, as the concentration of DAS or T-2 toxin did not exceed 80 ?g L-1 or 240 ?g L-1, respectively.
Antigenic characteristics as taxonomic criterion of differentiation of Alternaria spp., pathogenic for carrot and parsley
Authors: Bulajic Aleksandra , Dukic Natasa , Djekic Ivana , Krstic Branka
Published: July 2008

Identification of Alternaria genus species is a very complicated process which demands broadly designed investigations and studying of great number of properties which together can be considered as satisfying taxonomic criteria. The main objective of these investigations was examining the possibilities of applying the antigenic characteristics of Alternaria spp. phytopathogenic fungi as a taxonomic criterion, as well as introducing the serological methods for their identification. Conducting the examination of Alternaria spp., pathogenic for Apiaceae plants in Serbia, several isolates were obtained and identified as Alternaria radicina, A. petroselini, A. dauci and A. alternata, based on the conventional mycological methods and host range, as well as on molecular detection and partial characterization. The investigation included 12 isolates from plant leaves, seeds and soil which were pathogenic mainly to carrot and parsley and were identified as A. radicina, A. petroselini, A. dauci and A. alternate. Investigated isolates were compared with each other, as well as with standard isolates for the mentioned species (a total of 5 isolates, originating from USA and EU). During the investigation of serological characteristics of Alternaria spp. firstly a polyclonal antiserum was prepared against one isolate from Serbia identified as A. dauci. This antiserum was specific to Alternaria genus while there was no reaction with antigens from other phytopathogenic fungi genera (Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Agaricus). Antiserum titer, determined by slide agglutination test, was 1/32. Antigenic characteristics of Alternaria genus fungi were examined by Electro-Blot-Immunoassay serological method (EBIA, Western blot), i.e. their protein profiles were compared. Investigated Alternaria spp. isolates showed different protein band profiles in gel and on nitrocellulose paper, and the observed differences were in complete correlation with the results of the previous identification. All investigated isolates, both domestic and the standards, were similar to each other, and they could be correctly identified to the species level using EBIA. Besides grouping to the species level, antigenic characteristics indicated similarities and differences among the isolates within the same and different species, showing their complex relationships which properly reflect their diversity in nature. In all the previous investigations of Alternaria genus fungi up to now, there have been no data about their serological characteristics as possible taxonomic criteria. Introduction of this group of characteristics represents an important contribution both to the taxonomy and implementation of fast and accurate methods of phytopathogenic fungi identification.
Identification of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from sugar beet roots by analyzing the ITS region of ribosomal DNA
Authors: Stojsin Vera , Budakov Dragana , Jacobsen Barry , Grimme Eva , Bagi Ferenc , Jasnic Stevan
Published: July 2008

Rhizoctonia solani (K?hn) is one of the most important sugar beet pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AGs) 2-2 and 4 are proven to be the most common pathogenic strains on sugar beet. AG 2-2 (intraspecific groups IIIB and IV) can cause root and crown rot while damping-off of seedlings is most frequently attributed to AG 4. Four isolates of R. solani from sugar beet roots showing characteristic crown and root rot symptoms, collected from different localities in Vojvodina Province, were chosen and compared to the well-characterized R. solani isolate R9, AG 2-2 IV, from the USA. All Vojvodinian isolates showed medium level of pathogenicity and were able to cause crown and root rot symptoms on inoculated sugar beet roots. Based on anastomosis reaction, isolates from Vojvodina did not belong to the AG 2-2 group. Sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region of ribosomal DNA was performed on the Vojvodinian isolates from R9 in order to determine their relatedness. Sequence analysis showed that these isolates were different than R9 and were closely related (99-100% sequence homology) to anastomosis group 4, subgroup HG II.
Anthropogenic effects on soil micromycetes
Authors: Djukic Dragutin , Mandic Leka , Sumanov Vesna , Raketic Svetlana
Published: July 2008

This paper is a synthesis of long-term investigations based on the effect of different authropogenic pollutants (mineral and organic fertilizers, heavy metals, contaminated irrigation water, nitrification inhibitor and detergents) on the dynamics of soil fungi number. The investigations were performed at the Microbiology Department and trial fields of the Faculty of Agronomy in Cacak on smonitza and alluvium soils in field and under greenhouse conditions. Maize, wheat, barley and red clover were used as test plants in these studies. The quantitative composition of the fungi in the soils investigated was determined by the Capek selective agar dilution method. The study results show that the number of soil fungi was dependent on the type and rate of agrochemicals used, on the growing season, and the soil zone the samples were taken from for the analysis. Lower nitrogen fertiliser rates (80 and 120 kg x ha-1) and organic fertilizers stimulated the development of soil fungi, unlike the rate of 150 kg x ha-1. Heavy metals, mercury and cadmium in particular, as well as high rates of the N-serve nitrification inhibitor, inhibited the development of this group of soil microorganisms. Generally, the adverse effect of contaminated irrigation water on the soil fungi was recorded in both soil types, and particularly in the smonitza under red clover. Low detergent (Meril) concentrations did not have any significant effect on this group of microorganisms. In this respect, it can be concluded that the soil fungi number dynamics can be used in monitoring soils polluted by different toxinogenic substances.
Lyophilization as a method for pathogens long term preservation
Authors: Milosevic Mirjana , Medic-Pap Sladjana , Ignjatov Maja , Petrovic Dragana
Published: July 2008

Lyophilization (freeze-drying) is one of the most suitable methods used for a long term preservation of pathogens. The aim of this paper was the application of lyophilization for storage of three significant plant pathogens: Fusarium graminearum, Helminthosporium gramineum, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. gylicinea, respectively. The plant material was collected continuously (during a four year period 2002-2006), depending on a plant development stage, from different localities in Vojvodina. Pathogens were isolated from diseased parts with characteristic symptoms, and placed on nutritive media specific for a certain pathogen, using standard phytopathological methods. Lyophilization was carried out in marked and coded ampoules by freezing and drying of pathogen suspension and nutritive medium. Revitalization of lyophilized isolates was done after four days. High percentage of revitalization was characteristic for all studied isolates, and it ranged from 85-92%, confirming that lyophilized pathogens would be capable of keeping viability for a long time in the collection. Besides above mentioned pathogens, there were 200 isolates in the collection, originating mostly from field and vegetable crops. Each isolate that was put into the Collection, was followed by all the necessary data such as: name of the pathogen, number of isolates, locality, host plant year of isolation, name of the researcher and other relevant data.
The quality of silage of corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate
Authors: Adamovic Milan , Bocarov-Stancic Aleksandra , Milenkovic Ivanka , Strbac Snezana , Adamovic Ivana
Published: July 2008

The chemical composition, fermentation quality, mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of silage mixture, made of ground corn grain and spent P. ostreatus mushroom substrate, were investigated in this paper. Dry matter content in high moisture ground corn, at the time of ensiling was 70%, and in the spent substrate (on the Salt Cedar wood shaving basis) was 52.7%. Corn grain to spent substrate ratio in trials was: 100:0% (I), 90:10% (II), 80:20% (III) and 70:30% (IV) respectively. Content of the lignocellulose fractions in silage was slightly increased, and protein content was slightly decreased with the increase of spent substrate content. Contents of the VFA (volatile fatty acids) in silage, pH value, and NH3-N content were for the silage of very good quality. In the spent substrate 9 mold species were found, from which the most frequent were genus Penicillium, Paecilomyces variotii, and Trichoderma harzianum. In ground corn grain silage (I) presence of the yeasts was dominant (90.000/g). In combined trials (II-IV) only Penicillium (P. brevicompactum and P. echinulatum) mold species were found. Presence of molds and yeasts in investigated trials was within tolerated values for ensiled feedstuffs. Mycotoxin presence in silage was not determined.
Influence of the extracts isolated from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom on some microorganisms
Authors: Klaus Anita , Niksic Miomir
Published: July 2008

Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.: Fr) Karst, a mushroom-like fungus is one of the most famous traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. It received wide popularity as a healthy food and medicine in the Far East for more than 2000 years because of its high medicinal value. One of very interesting aspects of G. lucidum's performance is antimicrobial effect due to the extracts derived from this mushroom, which contain bacteriolitic enzyme, lysozyme and acid protease. The effects of these extracts depend on their composition extraction mode and refining. Bioactive components isolated from several G. lucidum's strains showed different effects on the investigated microorganisms. In some cases, the influence was very intensive, with inhibitory or stimulating effect, while some of them did not show any influence on the investigated microorganisms.
Ability of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium to absorb selenium depending on the selenium source and concentration in medium
Authors: Vukojevic Jelena , Stajic Mirjana , Duletic-Lausevic Sonja
Published: July 2008

The aim of our research was to investigate the influence of three different inorganic Se sources, added to the synthetic medium, on the Pleurotus eryngii mycelium ability to absorb and retain this microelement. All investigated P. eryngii strains were good Se absorbers from the media enriched with all studied Se sources. Strain HAI 711, which was cultivated in the Na2SeO4-enriched medium at Se concentration of 1.0 and 1.3 mgl-1 respectively, showed extraordinarily high Se concentrations in the mycelium (725 ?gg-1 of dry weight and 575 ?gg-1 of dry weight, respectively).
Characteristics of local pulmonary response following intranasal application of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia
Authors: Zivanovic Jelena , Sokovic Marina , Glamoclija Jasmina , Zolotarevski Lidija , Kataranovski Milena , Kataranovski Dragan
Published: July 2008

In this study, histopathology of local pulmonary response following intranasal inoculation of different doses of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia in laboratory rats was evaluated. Development of response was evaluated on days seven and twenty one, following conidia inoculation by cell infiltration and by presence of A. fumigatus conidia in homogenates of lung tissue. Total and differential peripheral blood leukocyte counts and state of leukocyte adhesion/aggregation were monitored to estimate the presence of systemic response in infected individuals. Mycological examination revealed the presence of conidia in lung tissue homogenates of infected animals, with high number of non-germinating spores on day twenty one, following the inoculation of lower conidia dose. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of lymphocytes perivascularly and in vascular lumen in the lungs. Presented data demonstrate pulmonary immune response following A. fumigatus conidia administration.
Experimentally induced invasive aspergillosis in mice
Authors: Mirkov Ivana , Kataranovski Milena , Sokovic Marina , Glamoclija Jasmina , Zolotarevski Lidija , Kataranovski Dragan
Published: July 2008

In this study systemic response to intravenous administration of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia was investigated. The intensity of response was evaluated by a survival rate and by histopathological tissue analysis. Administration of all doses (106 - 5x107) of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia caused mortality, but the highest mortality and the shorter time of survival were noted at higher doses applied. At the highest applied dose, the presence of spores and hyphae was noted in lungs and kidneys. Histological analysis revealed the presence of intense inflammatory reaction in lungs, kidneys and spleen. Functional and histological changes observed provide means to study both mechanisms and drug interventions in systemic Aspergillus infection.
Production of bioethanol from triticale
Authors: Vucurovic Vesna , Pejin Dusanka
Published: July 2008

Triticale (Triticosecale) is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat (Triticum sp.) "mother" and rye (Secale sp.) "father". Today, it has been cultivated in more than 50 countries worldwide. During the researches conducted over period 2005-2006, the quality of three varieties of triticale was examined. Chemical quality parameters were the scope of the paper. The analyzed varieties of triticale showed high a-amylase activity, that was measured by falling number and amylolitic activity. While investigating thermal preparation of the samples at three different temperatures 60, 70 and 90?C, the optimum temperature was determined. Three different modes of thermal preparations were applied in the experiment: 1) without the addition of technical enzymes (a-amylase and glucoamylase), 2) with the addition of glucoamylase, and 3) with the addition of glucoamylase and a-amylase. The enzymes were dosed according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. The thermal preparation of samples conducted at 90?C, produced the lowest content of fermentable starch. This is due to inactivation of amylolytic enzymes in triticale at 90?C. During 2006, the survey on bioethanol production from triticale was directed towards lowering the temperature regimes of the preparation step up to 60?C. During the first preparation mode (without the additional enzymes), the obtained results for the content of fermentable starch and the ethanol yield, showed that native amylolytic enzymes of triticale can degrade 80-90% of the available starch. The addition of glucoamylase, during the second preparation mode, increased the content of fermentable starch and ethanol yield. The best results were achieved applying the third mode of preparation. Comparing the preparation modes, it could be concluded that the application of both a-amylase and glucoamylase in the preparation step increased the content of fermentable starch and ethanol yield by 7-13%. Further research should optimize the addition of a-amylase and glucoamylase. According to the results, the thermal preparation modes at 60?C are considered more suitable because of the energy savings.
Influence of dough freezing on Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism
Authors: Pejin Dusanka , Dosanovic Irena , Popov Stevan , Suturovic Zvonimir , Rankovic Jovana , Dodic Sinisa , Dodic Jelena , Vucurovic Vesna
Published: July 2008

The need to freeze dough is increasing in bakery production. Frozen dough can be stored for a long time without quality change. The capacity of bakery production can be increased in this way, and in the same time, the night shifts can be decreased. Yeast cells can be damaged by freezing process resulting in poor technological quality of dough after defrostation (longer fermentation of dough). The influence of frozen storage time of dough on survival percentage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Dough samples were taken after 1, 7, 14 and 28 days of frozen storage at -20?C. After defrosting, at room temperature, samples were taken from the surface and the middle part of dough (under aseptic conditions), and the percentage of living S. cerevisiae cells was determined. During frozen storage of dough, the number of living S. cerevisiae decreased. After 28 days of frozen storage, the percentage of live cells on the surface and inside the dough was 53,1% and 54,95%, respectively. The addition of k-carragenan to dough increased the percentage of living cells in the middle part of dough up to 64,63%. Pure cultures, isolated from survived S. cerevisia cells in frozen dough by agar plates method (Koch's method), were multiplied in optimal liquid medium for yeasts. The content of cytochromes in S. cerevisiae cells was determined by spectrophotometric method. The obtained results showed that the content of cytochromes in survived S. cerevisiae cells was not affected by dough freezing process. Growth rate and fermentative activity (Einchor's method) were determined in multiplied cells.
Production of exo-pectinase by Penicillium roqueorti using pumpkin oil cake
Authors: Pericin Draginja , Madjarev Senka , Radulovic Lj.M. , Skrinjar Marija
Published: July 2008

Submerged fermentation (SmF) was carried out using the pumpkin oil cake (PuOC) as a substrate for the production of exo-pectinase (exo-p) by Penicillium roqueforti. PuOC was used as carbon, nitrogen and mineral source for fungi growth and exo-p production. SmF was carried out in the production medium containing 0.2% KH2PO4, 0.1% MgSO4 and 0.1% NaCl, supplemented with PuOC at 2% concentration. The obtained results show that P. roqueforti cultivated in a liquid medium in the presence of PuOC as a source of nitrogen, produced significant amount of exo-p, activity 161.03 U/ml.