bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interindividual anatomical variations affect the plate‐to‐bone fit during osteosynthesis of distal radius fractures
Authors: Yoneda Hidemasa , Iwatsuki Katsuyuki , Hara Tatsuya , Kurimoto Shigeru , Yamamoto Michiro , Hirata Hitoshi
Published: December 2015

We hypothesized that interindividual variations in the teardrop, which represents the volar projection of the lunate facet of the distal radius, cause unsatisfactory fitting of the volar locking plate to the bone. This can cause flexor tendon ruptures. Herein, we conducted a cross‐sectional study and measured the ratio of teardrop height and the teardrop inclination angle as parameters of teardrop configuration for 200 standardized lateral radiographs (average age of the patients, 51 years). We also quantified the influence of the teardrop morphology by analyzing the fit of three locking plates to three radii with differing teardrop inclination angles using a three‐dimensional computer‐aided design system. The average ratios of the teardrop height and teardrop inclination angle were 0.42° (0.30–0.56°) and 28.8° (9.9–44.9°), respectively. The teardrop inclination angle was moderately correlated with age in men but not in women. In the plate‐to‐bone fit analyses, the fit of all the plates was significantly different between bones, with the configuration of the radius with the lowest teardrop inclination angle being the closest approximation to that of each plate. We demonstrated the interindividual variation in the shape of the teardrop and its influence on the fit of the volar plate, highlighting the importance of careful plate selection for achieving osteosynthesis of bones with a high teardrop inclination angle. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:953–960, 2016.
Semiconductor materials in analytical applications of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Ji Wei , Zhao Bing , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: December 2015

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is increasingly becoming an important analytical technique in various fields, which can mostly be attributed to the significant evolution of SERS‐active substrates. The semiconductor‐based SERS technique is particularly interesting because the inherent physicochemical properties of semiconductor materials offer several possibilities for the development and improvement of SERS‐based analytical techniques. According to the effect of the semiconductor materials in SERS, semiconductor‐based SERS techniques can be categorized into two areas: (1) semiconductor‐enhanced Raman scattering, in which a semiconductor material is directly used as a substrate for enhancing Raman signals of adsorbed molecules, and (2) semiconductor‐mediated‐enhanced Raman scattering, in which a semiconductor is employed as an ‘antenna’ or ‘trap’ to modulate the Raman enhancement originating from a metal substrate. While the theory on semiconductor‐based SERS is still incomplete and evolving, semiconductor‐based SERS techniques have already resulted in substantial progress in biological analysis, photocatalysis, solar cells, sensing, and optoelectronic devices. The aim of this review is to outline the recent progress in this emerging research field, with a special emphasis on its analytical performance and application areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difficulties associated with the structural analysis of proteins susceptible to form aggregates: The case of Tau protein as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hromadkova Lenka , Kupcik Rudolf , Jankovicova Barbora , Rousar Tomas , Ripova Daniela , Bilkova Zuzana
Published: December 2015

Mass spectrometry coupled with bioaffinity separation techniques is considered a powerful tool for studying protein interactions. This work is focused on epitope analysis of tau protein, which contains two VQIXXK aggregation motifs regarded as crucial elements in the formation of paired helical filaments, the main pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. To identify major immunogenic structures, the epitope extraction technique utilizing protein fragmentation and magnetic microparticles functionalized with specific antibodies was applied. However, the natural adhesiveness of some newly generated peptide fragments devalued the experimental results. Beside presumed peptide fragment specific to applied monoclonal anti‐tau antibodies, the epitope extraction repeatedly revealed inter alia tryptic fragment 299‐HVPGGGSVQIVYKPVDLSK‐317 containing the fibril‐forming motif 306‐VQIVYK‐311. The tryptic fragment pro‐aggregation and hydrophobic properties that might contribute to adsorption phenomenon were examined by Thioflavin S and reversed‐phase chromatography. Several conventional approaches to reduce the non‐specific fragment sorption onto the magnetic particle surface were performed, however with no effect. To avoid methodological complications, we introduced an innovative approach based on altered proteolytic digestion. Simultaneous fragmentation of tau protein by two immobilized proteases differing in the cleavage specificity (TPCK‐trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin) led to the disruption of motif responsible for undesirable adhesiveness and enabled us to obtain undistorted structural data.
Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification
Authors: Lemasson Elise , Bertin Sophie , West Caroline
Published: December 2015

The interest of pharmaceutical companies for complementary high‐performance chromatographic tools to assess a product's purity or enhance this purity is on the rise. The high‐throughput capability and economic benefits of supercritical fluid chromatography, but also the “green” aspect of CO2 as the principal solvent, render supercritical fluid chromatography very attractive for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications. The recent reintroduction of new robust instruments dedicated to supercritical fluid chromatography and the progress in stationary phase technology have also greatly benefited supercritical fluid chromatography. Additionally, it was shown several times that supercritical fluid chromatography could be orthogonal to reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and could efficiently compete with it. Supercritical fluid chromatography is an adequate tool for small molecules of pharmaceutical interest: synthetic intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients, impurities, or degradation products. In this review, we first discuss about general chromatographic conditions for supercritical fluid chromatography analysis to better suit compounds of pharmaceutical interest. We also discuss about the use of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography for analytical purposes and the recent applications in these areas. The use of preparative supercritical fluid chromatography by pharmaceutical companies is also covered.
Early deterioration of residual hearing in patients with SLC26A4 mutations
Authors: Kim Bo Gyung , Roh Kyung Jin , Park Ah Young , Lee Seung Chul , Kang Bo Sung , Seo Young Joon , Lee Jong Dae , Choi Jae Young
Published: December 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To compare changes in hearing in patients with SLC26A4 during early and late childhood.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A total of 102 patients with biallelic SLC26A4 mutations visited the tertiary referral otolaryngology department between March 2005 and February 2015. Newborn hearing screening tests had been performed on 22 of these patients. We analyzed 26 patients who underwent hearing tests more than twice using the same method (auditory brainstem response/auditory steady state response/play audiometry) before and after 3 years of age. We analyzed changes in hearing levels according to age.

Results

Among 22 patients with SLC26A4 mutations who underwent newborn hearing screening tests, seven (31.8%) passed the newborn hearing screening test in both ears, and six (27.3%) passed in one ear. Among 16 patients with SLC26A4 mutations who underwent hearing tests more than twice before age 3 years, the hearing levels of 14 (87.5%) deteriorated rapidly during this time. Among 16 patients with SLC26A4 mutations who underwent hearing tests more than twice after the age of 3 years, two (12.5%) patients' hearing levels deteriorated; the hearing levels of most of the patients were relatively stable.

Conclusions

These data suggest that many patients with SLC26A4 mutations have significant residual hearing at birth, and that the hearing deterioration in these patients occurs before 3 years of age. After age 3 years, the residual hearing was relatively stable and did not tend to deteriorate. Therefore, in patients with a pendrin mutation, early intervention to preserve residual hearing should be a clinical focus.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:E286–E291, 2016
Internal auditory canal meningocele‐perilabyrinthine/translabyrinthine fistula: Case report and imaging
Authors: Truesdale Carl M. , Peterson Ryan B. , Hudgins Patricia A. , Vivas Esther X.
Published: December 2015

The case of a 17‐year‐old patient with progressive unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and temporal bone malformations concerning for internal auditory canal meningocele with translabyrinthine/perilabyrinthine cerebrospinal fluid fistula is presented with associated computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. As the second reported case of an unruptured internal auditory canal meningocele with translabyrinthine/perilabyrinthine fistula, the case presents several clinically relevant points for otologists, neurotologists, and neuroradiologists. Although rare, it is an additional entity to consider as a cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and may pose a risk for developing meningitis and possible “gushing” of cerebrospinal fluid should surgical intervention be attempted. Laryngoscope, 126:1931–1934, 2016
Effect of the deep cryogenic treatment on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of AA 2017‐T4 aluminium alloy
Authors: Cabeza M. , Feijoo I. , Merino P. , Trillo S.
Published: December 2015

This paper will focus on the effect of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the microstructure, mechanical properties and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of a heat‐treated aluminium alloy. The different microstructures have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of the alloy, before and after the DCT, in chloride solution was examined using slow strain rate test (SSRT) method at various strain rates. The results show that the sub‐zero treatment increases the secondary non‐coherent nanoparticles at the grain boundary, and this slight precipitation did not produce any modification of the mechanical properties. Furthermore the compressive residual stresses of the material were higher after than before the treatment. Both these effects are the responsible for an improvement of the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of this alloy after DCT.
Zipping Polymers into Nanoparticles via Intrachain Alternating Radical Copolymerization
Authors: Lyon Christopher K. , Hill Ellen O. , Berda Erik B.
Published: December 2015

The synthesis of single‐chain nanoparticles (SCNP) via the intrachain radical homopolymerization and alternating copolymerization of pendant styrene or stilbene units is reported. In the presence of a radical initiator, styrene‐functionalized polymers undergo intrachain cross‐linking to form SCNP; however, when an electron deficient monomer such as maleic anhydride is added, interchain coupling occurs. For the stilbene‐functionalized polymer, no homopolymerization of pendant stilbene units is observed, but copolymerization initiated in the presence of maleic anhydride or N‐ethyl maleimide results in nanoparticle formation. Fluorescent SCNP are synthesized using N‐(1‐pyrene)maleimide. Stilbene is known to undergo alternating copolymerization with these electron‐deficient monomers, providing a new method for synthesizing cross‐linked particles with simple alternating sequences while simultaneously installing functionality and tuning the particle size and density.

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Modeling of dynamic expansion of thick‐walled cylinder under high strain rate loading with strain rate sensitivity analysis
Authors: Bagheri M. M. , Zamani A. J. , Vitoria J. A.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic behavior of thick‐walled cylinder using Levy‐Mises flow rule in the assumption of a non‐linear strain rate hardening behavior under high strain rate loading. The theoretical model to be developed in this work applies indirect use of dynamic strength of material characterized by a non‐linear relation and instant boundary condition based on Jones‐Wilkins‐Lee equation of state to establish differential equation for radial expansion velocity. Detailed discussion will be given with emphasis on the main aspects of the cylinder behaviour, i.e. radial displacement, internal pressure, strain rate, flow stress, radial and tangential stress and the influence of different material rate sensitive exponent.

Results show a good agreement with the analytical solutions proposed here.
Astaxanthin supplementation enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial memory in mice
Authors: Yook Jang Soo , Okamoto Masahiro , Rakwal Randeep , Shibato Junko , Lee Min Chul , Matsui Takashi , Chang Hyukki , Cho Joon Yong , Soya Hideaki
Published: December 2015

Scope

There is a growing necessity for efficacious natural supplements with antioxidant effects on the brain, in particular, hippocampal function. One such compound, which also has a neuroprotective effect, is the carotenoid astaxanthin (ASX). Despite ASX's potential benefit to the brain, very little is known about its effect on hippocampal plasticity and cognition. Thus, we investigated the effect of ASX on adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and spatial memory using a mouse model.

Methods and results

Dose‐response was examined in mice fed ASX‐supplemented diets (0, 0.02, 0.1, and 0.5%) to define the effect of ASX on AHN. In conjunction with AHN results, hippocampus‐dependent cognitive function was assessed. We delineated molecular mechanisms associated with ASX‐enhanced AHN using DNA microarray analysis. Results revealed that ASX enhanced cell proliferation and survival at 0.1% and 0.5% doses. Newborn mature neurons were higher only with 0.5% ASX, which also enhanced spatial memory. Transcriptomic profiling revealed potential AHN‐associated molecules (Prl, Itga4, and Il4) that were ASX induced. Their downstream factors, identified through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, were positively correlated with ASX‐induced increases in spatial memory.

Conclusion

ASX supplementation enhanced AHN and spatial memory, and a DNA microarray approach provided, for the first time, novel molecular insights into ASX action.
Two‐dimensional lower bound analysis of offshore pile foundation systems
Authors: Chen Jinbo , Gilbert Robert B. , Choo Yoo Sang , Marshall Peter W. , Murff James D.
Published: December 2015

The objective of this paper is to present a simplified method to determine the pile foundation system capacity based on the lower bound theorem of plasticity. The motivations for determining the lower bound capacity are the following: (1) to evaluate the accuracy of solutions based on the upper bound method; (2) to provide a conservative and efficient solution to the system capacity; and (3) to provide information about load distribution among individual piles at the verge of failure for the pile system. The failure mechanisms for a single pile and for the pile system are assumed to be two‐dimensional. For a typical long offshore pile, the upper and lower bound analyses produce identical lateral capacities. A simplified failure surface for loads at the single pile head is proposed and verified through analysis of 16 case study piles. With this proposed failure surface for a single pile, the lower bound failure load of the pile foundation system is obtained using the elastic compensation method enhanced with the linear matching method. Comparing with the existing upper bound and finite element solutions, the proposed lower bound method is capable of accurately and efficiently predicting the ultimate capacity of a pile foundation system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How can a mobile service provider reduce costs with software‐defined networking?
Authors: Naudts Bram , Kind Mario , Verbrugge Sofie , Colle Didier , Pickavet Mario
Published: December 2015

Network architecture innovation has been driven by virtualization and centralization of network control based on software‐defined networking (SDN) and by network functions moved to the cloud with network function virtualization (NFV). These two principles are considered as promising enablers to reduce costs and spur innovation. In the first part of the paper, we argue that the evolved packet system (EPS) can be seen as a service function chain and an area in which service providers can capitalize on SDN and NFV capabilities. A multi‐layer modular architecture for carrier networks based on SDN and NFV principles is provided. In the second part of the paper, we focus solely on SDN, and we argue that service providers can benefit from SDN to reach cost savings in their mobile network. Our work focuses on the cost savings that can be reached via the centralization of control and the operational paradigm of developing and operating the network management software in‐house instead of buying a vendor solution only. We quantify the potential cost savings that can be reached in an Internet protocol/multi‐protocol label switching‐based transport service with SDN capabilities that interconnects the key functional elements in a mobile network. In the analysis, we evaluate the impact on capital expenditures and provide details on the impact on operational expenditures. The evaluation can serve as a blueprint for techno‐economic analysis of the mobile network operator's processes in the transport network of a mobile network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mimicry, Persuasion, or Learning? The Case of Two Transparency and Anti‐Corruption Policies in Romania
Authors: Schnell Sabina
Published: December 2015

Public sector reforms in developing countries based on global “best practices” have come under increasing criticism in the development community. The charge is that in trying to increase international legitimacy, governments copy institutional forms that are not suited to the local context. Yet, such mimicry is not the only driver of international policy diffusion. Domestic policy entrepreneurs learn from experiences of other countries and invoke global norms and values in advancing their preferred policy options. Pressures for mimicry can help such policy entrepreneurs counter resistance from domestic elites, especially in the case of value‐based policies, such as transparency and anti‐corruption policies. The cases of the Freedom of Information Act and the Asset Disclosure Laws in Romania are used to illustrate how external pressure for legitimacy can empower domestic policy entrepreneurs and facilitate a process akin to “problem‐driven iterative adaptation” advocated by critics of isomorphic mimicry in public sector reform. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Community Management an Efficient and Effective Model of Public Service Delivery? Lessons from the Rural Water Supply Sector in Malawi
Authors: Chowns Ellie
Published: December 2015

Reform of the rural water supply sector occurred widely in the 1990s, when many low‐income countries replaced state‐led service provision with decentralized community management in the hope of generating improved technical and financial performance. This article asks whether these expected benefits have materialized in practice, and whether community management has strengthened institutional capacity at local, district and national level. Findings from a mixed‐methods study in four districts of Malawi show that both technical and financial performance under community management is weak. Maintenance is rarely done, repairs are slow and sub‐standard, and user committees are unable to collect and save funds: Average savings are just 2% of expected levels. Despite these failures, community management has ‘worked’ for the state (and donors) as a means of offloading responsibility for public service provision. The article suggests elements of an alternative framework for rural water supply that would tackle the technical and financial failures of community management, and notes that efforts to promote ‘local ownership’ in development must be undertaken with care. © 2015 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Doing Complex Reform Through PDIA: Judicial Sector Change in Mozambique
Authors: Andrews Matt
Published: December 2015

Many public sector reforms change governmental forms without improving functionality. Recent work suggests this is because countries adopt mechanisms that do not fit their contexts, without an effective adaptation strategy. The work posits that reforms could be more effective if they were introduced through more adaptive processes, like problem‐driven iterative adaptation (PDIA). This approach has deep roots in various literatures but many observers still ask how it actually works in practice. This paper responds to such question by describing an action research study where PDIA was used to facilitate process reform in Mozambique's judicial sector. It shows how the approach (i) revealed contextual factors that often limit reform success and (ii) fostered adaptive progress around these factors, towards a functional solution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placental endoplasmic reticulum stress negatively regulates transcription of placental growth factor via ATF4 and ATF6β: implications for the pathophysiology of human pregnancy complications
Authors: Mizuuchi Masahito , Cindrova‐Davies Tereza , Olovsson Matts , Charnock‐Jones D Stephen , Burton Graham J , Yung Hong Wa
Published: December 2015

Low maternal circulating concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF) are one of the hallmarks of human pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR) and early‐onset pre‐eclampsia (PE). Currently, PlGF is used clinically with other biomarkers to screen for high‐risk cases, although the mechanisms underlying its regulation are largely unknown. Placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been found to be elevated in cases of FGR, and to an even greater extent in early‐onset PE complicated with FGR. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR); attenuation of protein translation and a reduction in cell growth and proliferation play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of these complications of pregnancy. In this study, we further identified that ER stress regulates release of PlGF. We first observed that down‐regulation of PlGF protein was associated with nuclear localization of ATF4, ATF6α and ATF6β in the syncytiotrophoblast of placentae from PE patients. Transcript analysis showed a decrease of PlGF mRNA, and an increase from genes encoding those UPR transcription factors in placentae from cases of early‐onset PE, but not of late‐onset (>34 weeks) PE, compared to term controls. Further investigations indicated a strong correlation between ATF4 and PlGF mRNA levels only (r = − 0.73, p < 0.05). These results could be recapitulated in trophoblast‐like cells exposed to chemical inducers of ER stress or hypoxia–reoxygenation. The stability of PlGF transcripts was unchanged. The use of small interfering RNA specific for transcription factors in the UPR pathways revealed that ATF4 and ATF6β, but not ATF6α, modulate PlGF transcription. To conclude, ATF4 and ATF6β act synergistically in the negative regulation of PlGF mRNA expression, resulting in reduced PlGF secretion by the trophoblast in response to stress. Therefore, these results further support the targeting of placental ER stress as a potential new therapeutic intervention for these pregnancy complications. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Artificial domain duplication replicates evolutionary history of ketol‐acid reductoisomerases
Authors: Cahn Jackson K.B. , Brinkmann‐Chen Sabine , Buller Andrew R. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: December 2015

The duplication of protein structural domains has been proposed as a common mechanism for the generation of new protein folds. A particularly interesting case is the class II ketol‐acid reductoisomerase (KARI), which putatively arose from an ancestral class I KARI by duplication of the C‐terminal domain and corresponding loss of obligate dimerization. As a result, the class II enzymes acquired a deeply embedded figure‐of‐eight knot. To test this evolutionary hypothesis we constructed a novel class II KARI by duplicating the C‐terminal domain of a hyperthermostable class I KARI. The new protein is monomeric, as confirmed by gel filtration and X‐ray crystallography, and has the deeply knotted class II KARI fold. Surprisingly, its catalytic activity is nearly unchanged from the parent KARI. This provides strong evidence in support of domain duplication as the mechanism for the evolution of the class II KARI fold and demonstrates the ability of domain duplication to generate topological novelty in a function‐neutral manner.
Chimeric human mitochondrial PheRS exhibits editing activity to discriminate nonprotein amino acids
Authors: Kartvelishvili Ekaterine , Peretz Moshe , Tworowski Dmitry , Moor Nina , Safro Mark
Published: December 2015

Mitochondria are considered as the primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nearly all eukaryotic cells during respiration. The harmful effects of these compounds range from direct neurotoxicity to incorporation into proteins producing aberrant molecules with multiple physiological problems. Phenylalanine exposure to ROS produces multiple oxidized isomers: tyrosine, Levodopa, ortho‐Tyr, meta‐Tyr (m‐Tyr), and so on. Cytosolic phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (PheRS) exerts control over the translation accuracy, hydrolyzing misacylated products, while monomeric mitochondrial PheRS lacks the editing activity. Recently we showed that “teamwork” of cytosolic and mitochondrial PheRSs cannot prevent incorporation of m‐Tyr and l‐Dopa into proteins. Here, we present human mitochondrial chimeric PheRS with implanted editing module taken from EcPheRS. The monomeric mitochondrial chimera possesses editing activity, while in bacterial and cytosolic PheRSs this type of activity was detected for the (αβ)2 architecture only. The fusion protein catalyzes aminoacylation of tRNAPhe with cognate phenylalanine and effectively hydrolyzes the noncognate aminoacyl‐tRNAs: Tyr‐tRNAPhe and m‐Tyr‐tRNAPhe.
Luminescent activity of two‐level molecule with population inversion
Authors: Hata Ryosuke , Ajiki Hiroshi , Yokoshi Nobuhiko , Ishihara Hajime
Published: December 2015

A novel technique for up‐converted luminescence generation from a two‐level molecule via population inversion is studied using the quantum toy model; this model is used to represent a coupled‐molecule and metallic nano‐antenna system sustaining a localized surface plasmon polariton (LSPP). The metallic nano‐antenna is assumed to have anharmonicity, reflecting experimentally observed results. The system is driven by a strong, offresonant, and Gaussian pulse laser so that the LSPP exhibits a Mollow triplet spectrum. When the two‐level molecular resonance is tuned to the upper Mollow triplet sideband, the molecular‐level population is inverted. We discuss the population dynamics, the Purcell effect, and the up‐converted luminescence activity of the two‐level molecule. These results indicate the potential applications of the present system in novel coherent light sources. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High transmission nanowire contact arrays with subwavelength spacing
Authors: Román Etor San , Vitrey Alan , Buencuerpo Jerónimo , Fernández Iván , Prieto Iván , Alén Benito , García‐Martín Antonio , Llorens José M. , Brueck S. R. J. , Ripalda José M.
Published: December 2015

We demonstrate high optical transmission in solar cell contacts based on nanowire arrays with subwavelength spacing. The photocurrent results obtained from fabricated devices are compared with numerical simulations. The proposed contact design leads to optical losses significantly smaller than the fraction of the top surface taken up by the metallic contact (<10% vs. 36%). The resulting sheet resistance of the contact is 46.7 Ω/square, comparing favourably with transparent conductive oxides.

magnified image

Normalized electric field magnitude at λ = 887 nm, polarization perpendicular to the nanowires. The black contours indicate the position of the nanowires and the GaAs surface. The reflected wave‐front is undisturbed by the subwavelength array (period = 250 nm), but the transmitted light is strongly scattered in a Talbot effect pattern.

(© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cover Picture: Amorphous silicon solar cells on nano‐imprinted commodity paper without sacrificing efficiency (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 11/2015)
Authors: van der Werf C. H. M. , Budel T. , Dorenkamper M. S. , Zhang D. , Soppe W. , de Neve H. , Schropp R. E. I.
Published: December 2015

No abstract is available for this article.
Thermodynamics of gas adsorption in MOFs using Ab Initio calculations
Authors: Poloni Roberta , Kim Jihan
Published: December 2015

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are attracting much attention as promising materials for gas separation. Given the large number of design possibilities in the MOF materials space, it is desirable to efficiently characterize their performance prior to their experimental synthesis. This Perspective focuses on some of the works that have been put forth in developing new methods that accurately describe the thermodynamics of gas uptake in MOFs by making use of a few selected ab initio calculations. We provide a future outlook toward a full ab initio description of these properties using efficient sampling strategies in conjunction with faster and more accurate quantum methods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Students with Minoritized Identities of Sexuality and Gender in Campus Contexts: An Emergent Model
Authors: Vaccaro Annemarie , Russell E. I. Annie , Koob Robert M.
Published: December 2015

This chapter describes a new model for understanding college students with minoritized identities of sexuality and gender (MIoSG) within sociopolitical, institutional/campus, homeplace, and time contexts. The MIoSG Students and Contexts Model can be adopted and adapted by educators working in a variety of postsecondary settings.
LGBTQ Experiences in Curricular Contexts
Authors: Linley Jodi L. , Nguyen David J.
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines curricula as important microsystems for LGBTQ college students. The authors explore sociocultural influences on curricula and discuss strategies for creating positive curricular experiences for LGBTQ students.
Suggested spontaneous resolution of possible paediatric hydrosalpinx: a case report with discussion
Authors: Kazmi Zainab , Gupta Sujata , Dobson Michael
Published: December 2015

Hydrosalpinx is a rare cause of abdominal pain in paediatric patients, though cases are documented in the literature. Its aetiology differs considerably from traditional hydrosalpinx due to ascending sexually transmitted infection. Hydrosalpinx can resent mimicking an acute abdomen or can be asymptomatic. Management of paediatric hydrosalpinx varies but often involves surgical removal of the affected tube. A 12-year-old girl presented with left-sided acute abdominal pain setting within 24 h. Initial ultrasound scan suggested presence of hydrosalpinx. Post-discharge follow-up appointment with a consultant paediatric gynaecologist demonstrated no symptomology, but repeated scan by another sonographer showed continued presence of possible hydrosalpinx, which had since grown. Later, MRI was performed to confirm site of the lesion. However, MRI revealed no tubal masses, suggesting spontaneously resolved hydrosalpinx. Consultant-administered ultrasound scan confirm no tubal abnormalities. Our case suggests spontaneous resolution in possible paediatric hydrosalpinx. Our recommendation is for conservative management of asymptomatic paediatric and adolescent hydrosalpinges, with emergency surgery offered if symptoms indicative of tubal or adnexal torsion.
Enzymatic Modification of Anhydrous Milkfat with n‐3 and n‐6 Fatty Acids for Potential Use in Infant Formula: Comparison of Methods
Authors: Sproston Molly J. , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: December 2015

A structured lipid (SL) with a high amount of sn‐2 palmitic acid was synthesized from anhydrous milkfat and was then enriched with docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids using an immobilized lipase. Three different methods were compared including physical blending, enzymatic interesterification, and enzymatic acidolysis. Products were compared with respect to differences in fatty acid profiles, reaction times, antioxidant contents, oxidative stability, melting and crystallization profiles, and reaction yields. The acidolysis method was the least suitable for the synthesis of desired product because of a low reaction yield, low incorporation of DHA, low oxidative stability, and the extra processing steps required. The physical blending and interesterification methods were suitable, but the interesterification product (IE‐SL) had higher amounts of ARA at the sn‐2 position. The IE‐SL contained total ARA and DHA of 0.63 and 0.50 mol%, and 0.55 and 0.46 mol% at the sn‐2 position, respectively. The IE‐SL also contained 44.97 mol% sn‐2 palmitic acid. The reaction yield for the IE‐SL was 91.84 %, and its melting completion and crystallization onset temperatures were 43.1 and 27.1 °C, respectively. This SL might be totally or partially used in commercial fat blends for infant formula.
Icebergs
Authors: Bigg Grant R.
Published: December 2015

Icebergs are a prime example of an environmental phenomenon that brings together multiple disciplines in the polar sciences, from the physics of calving and melting to the geology of their solid deposits and sea floor interactions. Icebergs are also increasingly seen to play key roles in past and present climate change. This book gives a comprehensive, multidisciplinary view of icebergs and their interaction with the Earth system, from the physical and biological interaction with the ocean and climate, to how iceberg detritus informs us about past Earth history. Societal and cultural aspects of icebergs are also examined, in terms of the risks and opportunities posed by icebergs in the modern world, as well as how these might develop in the future. With extensive illustrations and key links to online resources, Icebergs is a valuable reference for academic researchers and graduate students studying oceanography, cryospheric science, climatology and environmental science.
The New Cosmos
Authors: Eicher David J. , Filippenko Alex
Published: December 2015

Over the past decade, astronomers, planetary scientists, and cosmologists have answered - or are closing in on the answers to - some of the biggest questions about the universe. David J. Eicher presents a spectacular exploration of the cosmos that provides a balanced and precise view of the latest discoveries. Detailed and entertaining narratives on compelling topics such as how the Sun will die, the end of life on Earth, why Venus turned itself inside-out, the Big Bang Theory, the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, and the meaning of life in the universe are supported by numerous color illustrations including photos, maps and explanatory diagrams. In each chapter the author sets out the scientific history of a specific question or problem, before tracing the modern observations and evidence in order to solve it. Join David J. Eicher on this fascinating journey through the cosmos!
Behind the Model
Authors: Spiegler Peter
Published: December 2015

This ambitious book looks 'behind the model' to reveal how economists use formal models to generate insights into the economy. Drawing on recent work in the philosophy of science and economic methodology, the book presents a novel framework for understanding the logic of economic modeling. It also reveals the ways in which economic models can mislead rather than illuminate. Importantly, the book goes beyond purely negative critique, proposing a concrete program of methodological reform to better equip economists to detect potential mismatches between their models and the targets of their inquiry. Ranging across economics, philosophy, and social science methods, and drawing on a variety of examples, including the recent financial crisis, Behind the Model will be of interest to anyone who has wondered how economics works - and why it sometimes fails so spectacularly.
Making We the People
Authors: Hahm Chaihark , Kim Sung Ho
Published: December 2015

What does it mean to say that it is 'We the People' who 'ordain and establish' a constitution? Who are those sovereign people, and how can they do so? Interweaving history and theory, constitutional scholar Chaihark Hahm and political theorist Sung Ho Kim attempt to answer these perennial questions by revisiting the constitutional politics of postwar Japan and Korea. Together, these experiences demonstrate the infeasibility of the conventional assumption that there is a clearly bounded sovereign 'people' prior to constitution-making that stands apart from both outside influence and troubled historical legacies. The authors argue that 'We the People' only emerges through a deeply transformative politics of constitutional founding and, as such, a democratic constitution and its putative author are mutually constitutive. Highly original and genuinely multidisciplinary, this book will be of interest to democratic theorists and scholars of comparative constitutionalism as well as observers of ongoing constitutional debates in Japan and Korea.
Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil, from Spanish and Portuguese Domination
Authors: Cochrane Thomas
Published: December 2015

The most renowned naval officer of the mid-nineteenth century, Thomas Cochrane, tenth Earl of Dundonald (1775–1860), led an eventful life. Due to a financial scandal, he left the Royal Navy for a period and became a celebrated mercenary. Volume 2 of this two-volume work, published in 1859, concerns the period, from 1823, of Cochrane's command of the Brazilian navy. It addresses the recruitment of seamen and the strengthening of the fleet, his negotiations with the government for payment, and his eventual resignation after independence had been secured in 1825. Cochrane did not achieve the same level of battle engagement and naval success as he had done in Chile; rather, his time in Brazil was largely characterised by infighting, bitterness and administrative machinations. Cochrane was the quintessential naval hero of the age, and his memoir remains of interest to both scholars and readers of maritime adventure.
The Right of Self-Determination of Peoples
Authors: Fisch Jörg
Published: December 2015

The right of self-determination of peoples holds out the promise of sovereign statehood for all peoples and a domination-free international order. But it also harbors the danger of state fragmentation that can threaten international stability if claims of self-determination lead to secessions. Covering both the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century independence movements in the Americas and the twentieth-century decolonization worldwide, this book examines the conceptual and political history of the right of self-determination of peoples. It addresses the political contexts in which the right and concept were formulated and the practices developed to restrain its potentially anarchic character, its inception in anti-colonialism, nationalism, and the labor movement, its instrumentalization at the end of the First World War in a formidable duel that Wilson lost to Lenin, its abuse by Hitler, the path after the Second World War to its recognition as a human right in 1966, and its continuing impact after decolonization.
Information, Power, and Democracy
Authors: Stehr Nico
Published: December 2015

The link between liberty and knowledge is neither static nor simple. Until recently the mutual support between knowledge, science, democracy and emancipation was presupposed. Recently, however, the close relationship between democracy and knowledge has been viewed with skepticism. The growing societal reliance on specialized knowledge often appears to actually undermine democracy. Is it that we do not know enough, but that we know too much? What are the implications for the freedom of societies and their citizens? Does knowledge help or heed them in unraveling the complexity of new challenges? This book systematically explores the shifting dynamics of knowledge production and the implications for the conditions and practices of freedom. It considers the growth of knowledge about knowledge and the impact of an evolving media. It argues for a revised understanding of the societal role of knowledge and presents the concept of 'knowledge societies' as a major resource for liberty.
Uptalk
Authors: Warren Paul
Published: December 2015

'Uptalk' is commonly used to refer to rising intonation at the end of declarative sentences, or (to put it more simply) the tendency for people to make statements that sound like questions, a phenomenon that has received wide exposure and commentary in the media. How and where did it originate? Who are the most frequent 'uptalkers'? How much does it vary according to the speaker's age, gender and regional dialect? Is it found in other languages as well as English? These and other questions are the subject of this fascinating book. The first comprehensive analysis of 'uptalk', it examines its historical origins, geographical spread and social influences. Paul Warren also looks at the media's coverage of the phenomenon, including the tension between the public's perception and the views of experts. Uptalk will be welcomed by those working in linguistics, as well as anyone interested in the way we talk today.
Aid for Elites
Authors: Moyar Mark
Published: December 2015

Current foreign aid programs are failing because they are based upon flawed assumptions about how countries develop. They attempt to achieve development without first achieving good governance and security, which are essential prerequisites for sustainable development. In focusing on the poorer members of society, they neglect the elites upon whose leadership the quality of governance and security depends. By downplaying the relevance of cultural factors to development, they avoid altering cultural characteristics that account for most of the weaknesses of elites in poor nations. Drawing on a wealth of examples from around the world, the author shows that foreign aid can be made much more effective by focusing it on human capital development. Training, education, and other forms of assistance can confer both skills and cultural attributes on current and future leaders, especially those responsible for security and governance.
Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorems: Algebraic Approaches
Authors: Godsil Christopher , Meagher Karen
Published: December 2015

Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this fascinating text provides a comprehensive study of the Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorem, with a focus on algebraic methods. The authors begin by discussing well-known proofs of the EKR bound for intersecting families. The natural generalization of the EKR Theorem holds for many different objects that have a notion of intersection, and the bulk of this book focuses on algebraic proofs that can be applied to these different objects. The authors introduce tools commonly used in algebraic graph theory and show how these can be used to prove versions of the EKR Theorem. Topics include association schemes, strongly regular graphs, the Johnson scheme, the Hamming scheme and the Grassmann scheme. Readers can expand their understanding at every step with the 170 end-of-chapter exercises. The final chapter discusses in detail 15 open problems, each of which would make an interesting research project.
The Social Process of Globalization
Authors: Blum Douglas W.
Published: December 2015

It is often argued that globalization fosters 'hybridity', as some cultural imports are accepted, while others are 'localized', and others still are rejected outright. Yet we know relatively little about the social processes and mechanisms involved in cultural globalization. This book offers an empirically rich and theoretically compelling analysis of how cultural globalization occurs, including the structural conditions, personal meanings and social interactions associated with various outcomes. Providing a detailed analysis of the experiences of young people from Kazakhstan who lived in the United States temporarily, the author asks, how do return migrants react to cultural differences in America, and what changes do they try to incorporate into their lives back in Kazakhstan? What kinds of negotiations ensue, and what explains their success or failure? In answering these questions, Douglas W. Blum combines insights from sociology and anthropology along with specialized research on globalization, migration and post-Soviet studies.
Aristotle's Ethics and Medieval Philosophy
Authors: Celano Anthony
Published: December 2015

Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics had a profound influence on generations of later philosophers, not only in the ancient era but also in the medieval period and beyond. In this book, Anthony Celano explores how medieval authors recast Aristotle's Ethics according to their own moral ideals. He argues that the moral standard for the Ethics is a human one, which is based upon the ethical tradition and the best practices of a given society. In the Middle Ages, this human standard was replaced by one that is universally applicable, since its foundation is eternal immutable divine law. Celano resolves the conflicting accounts of happiness in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, demonstrates the importance of the virtue of phronesis (practical wisdom), and shows how the medieval view of moral reasoning alters Aristotle's concept of moral wisdom.
Why We Gesture
Authors: McNeill David
Published: December 2015

Gestures are fundamental to the way we communicate, yet our understanding of this communicative impulse is clouded by a number of ingrained assumptions. Are gestures merely ornamentation to speech? Are they simply an 'add-on' to spoken language? Why do we gesture? These and other questions are addressed in this fascinating book. McNeill explains that the common view of language and gesture as separate entities is misinformed: language is inseparable from gesture. There is gesture-speech unity. Containing over 100 illustrations, Why We Gesture provides visual evidence to support the book's central argument that gestures orchestrate speech. This compelling book will be welcomed by students and researchers working in linguistics, psychology and communication.
Introducing New Members of the Editorial Consultant’s Group
Authors: Lehmann Jennifer
Published: December 2015

We have great pleasure in introducing three of our new Editorial Consultants to readers in this Issue of the journal—Dr Neerja Sharma from New Delhi in India, and Drs Antoinette Lombard and Liana le Roux from South Africa.
Reflections on the Evolution of the Mulberry Bush School and Organisation, 1948–2015
Authors: Diamond John
Published: December 2015

This paper represents a personal view of the evolution of the Mulberry Bush School and Organisation. I will define three developmental stages, and within these some “core concepts” which, in my view, have enabled our services to evolve. I will illustrate these with case studies.