bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of bioassay methods to screen winter wheat for quizalofop herbicide tolerance
Authors: Richter Colette M. , Elias Sabry G. , Zemetra Robert S.
Published: February 2023

Herbicide‐resistant wheat cultivars are an effective tool in controlling weeds. The CoAxium wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar conferring tolerance to quizalofop‐p‐ethyl herbicide was developed along with a bioassay to quantify traited seeds in a sample. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare a current seed soaking (SS) method with substrate imbibition (SI) method in detecting AXigen trait in two genotypes, CO14A050 (homozygous resistant‐A/D genomes) and CO14A136 (homozygous resistant‐B/D genomes), and (2) develop criteria to distinguish between trait and nontrait seedlings based on chemical injury using standard germination, linear length, and dry matter content tests. Quizalofop doses 0.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 μM were used in both methods. A soft white winter wheat, Bobtail, was used as a susceptible control. Using SS, 96% of Bobtail seedlings were classified as nontrait at 3.0 μM and 100% at 4.0 and 5.0 μM; however, using SI, only 1.0%–6.0% showed chemical injury and were classified as nontrait. The SI did not differentiate between trait and nontrait seedlings at any dose. At 5 μM, CO14A136 showed significant chemical injury (26%) compared to CO14A050 (1%). A greenhouse dose–response study confirmed that CO14A136 conferred lower tolerance to quizalofop than CO14A050. The SS method at 5 μM was suitable for identifying trait and nontrait seeds. It is recommended that both root and shoot structure should be considered in evaluating trait and nontrait seedlings, not only roots like the current protocol.
Prevalence of food addiction determined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale in Latin America: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: de Melo Barros Ludmila , da Silva Júnior André Eduardo , Praxedes Dafiny Rodrigues Silva , Monteiro Maíra Barbosa Lobo , de Lima Macena Mateus , Bueno Nassib Bezerra
Published: February 2023

Objective

Food addiction (FA) has been extensively investigated worldwide; however, the prevalence of FA in the Latin American population has yet to be established and past work has largely neglected the specificities of this region, that includes the most significant economic disparities in the world. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of FA measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale in Latin America.

Method

The search was performed on MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, LILACS, IBECS, SciELO, PsycArticles, CENTRAL, and the gray literature. FA prevalence data were collected, and random effects meta‐analyses were performed to calculate the overall weighted prevalence, the prevalence by country, and by clinical and non‐clinical samples.

Results

A total of 10,082 occurrences were identified through database searches, and 23 studies were included (Mexico = 9; Brazil = 7; Chile = 4; Argentina = 1; Peru = 1; Uruguay = 1). The prevalence of FA found in clinical samples was 38% (95% CI: 16%–63%; I2 = 98.67%; 8 studies), while in non‐clinical samples, it was 15% (95% CI: 10%–21%; I2 = 98.51%; 15 studies).

Discussion

The average prevalence of FA in the Latin American countries included here was in accordance with that reported in other regions worldwide. It is noteworthy that the studies were conducted only in six countries, which are among those with the highest income in the region and do not represent the situation in native populations or those with lower purchasing power. This gap in the data also reflects the effects of economic disparities on the availability of empirical data in the region.

Public Significance

The prevalence of food addiction in Latin America was similar to that reported in other regions. It was higher among individuals with overweight, whether or not undergoing bariatric surgery, than in non‐clinical samples. These findings contribute to aggregate information about this condition that has drawn the attention of clinicians and researchers.
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and cerebral thrombophlebitis in paediatrics: A case report
Authors: Injeyan Maud , Baron Sabine , Lauzier Benjamin , Gaillard‐Le Roux Benedicte , Denis Manon
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is a known complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, carbonated carbohydrate fluid intake may precipitate a more severe presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolar state. The management of these patients is not easy and can lead to severe complications such as cerebral venous thrombosis.

Methods

We present the case of a 21‐month‐old boy admitted for consciousness disorders revealing a hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state on a new‐onset type 1 diabetes and who developed cerebral venous thrombosis.

Results and Conclusion

Emergency physicians should be aware of HHS in order to start the appropriate treatment as early as possible and to monitor the potential associated acute complications. This case highlights the importance of decreasing very gradually the osmolarity in order to avoid cerebral complications. Cerebral venous thrombosis in HHS paediatric patients is rarely described, and it is important to recognize that not all episodes of acute neurological deterioration in HHS or diabetic ketoacidosis are caused by cerebral oedema.
HINT2 deficiency deteriorates oxidative stress in a mouse model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Li Fang , Li Jingzhe , Hao Jie , Liu Jinming , Zu Xiuguang , Li Shanshan , Wang Bin
Published: February 2023

Aims

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the serious diseases with great mortality over the world. Myocardial mitochondrial oxidative stress has been implicated as a key player in MI. The histidine triad nucleotide‐binding protein 2 (HINT2) is a nucleotide hydrolase and transferase located in mitochondria. HINT2 has multiple functions such as regulating mitochondrial lipid metabolism and respiration and glucose homeostasis. Although HINT2 has been shown to protect against MI, the underlying mechanisms were not fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of HINT2 on oxidative stress during MI were explored.

Methods and results

MI mouse models in both wild‐type and HINT2‐deficient mice were established. The expression of HINT2 in HINT2‐deficient mice was determined by quantitative real‐time PCR and western blot. The levels of oxidative stress were measured, including the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). The myocardial functions, as indicated by left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), were monitored. Both mRNA and protein expressions of HINT2 in the myocardial tissues were significantly down‐regulated in MI mice starting at 6 h post‐MI. MI induced oxidative stress 6 h post‐MI in myocardial tissues of wild‐type mice, as suggested by the enhanced MDA and NO levels and decreased SOD and GSH levels. The expression of HINT2 was negatively correlated to the MDA and NO levels and positively correlated to the SOD and GSH levels. HINT2‐deficient MI mice had significantly elevated levels of MDA and NO and significantly decreased levels of SOD and GSH when compared with wild‐type MI mice. HINT2‐deficient MI mice had higher LVEDD and LVESD and lower LVEF and LVFS compared with wild‐type MI mice, indicating that HINT2 deficiency exacerbated myocardial dysfunction.

Conclusions

HINT2 deficiency causes deteriorative oxidative stress in MI mice, leading to exacerbated myocardial dysfunction.
The Carbon Black Dispersion Index DICB: A Novel Approach Describing the Dispersion Progress of Carbon Black Containing Battery Slurries
Authors: Weber Marcel , Mayer Julian K. , Kwade Arno
Published: February 2023

The targeted adjustment of carbon black (CB) particle size in electrode slurries is a key step in battery production. Based on the energy input and dispersion device, the resulting particle structure of CB differs significantly. Most frequently, especially in more recent publications, the median particle size was used to describe changes during dispersion. However, this value does not contain enough information to describe the dispersion progress of bimodally distributed particles sufficiently. In this short communication, a novel approach describing the dispersion progress of CB containing slurries is introduced. This method was developed utilizing the hierarchical structure and fragmentation behavior of CB. The Carbon Black Dispersion Index DICB allows quick and easy assessment of the dispersion progress by isolating the CB aggregates of the bimodal distribution. This value offers major benefits with regards to quality control and production monitoring.
State‐of‐Charge Estimation of Lithium‐Ion Battery Based on an Improved Dual‐Polarization Model
Authors: Xie Shuyu , Zhang Xinhui , Bai Wenyuan , Guo Aiyu , Li Wenlong , Wang Rui
Published: February 2023

This article proposes a state‐of‐charge (SOC) estimation method to eliminate the influence of the hysteresis effect and the ambient temperature. First, an improved dual‐polarization (DP) model considering the hysteresis effect and the ambient temperature is established. A hysteresis voltage source is connected in series with a couple of resistance–capacitance pairs in the improved DP model, all the parameters of which are related to the ambient temperature to depict the temperature characteristics of the battery. Second, the forgetting factor recursive least squares method is utilized to identify the parameters under the battery dynamic test data at different temperatures. The proposed model and parameterization scheme integrate the effects of hysteresis and temperature, greatly enhancing the performance of the proposed method at different temperatures. Finally, an extended Kalman filter algorithm for SOC estimation is adopted to verify the improved DP model and the simulation indicates that the error of SOC estimation is within 1.5% at different ambient temperatures. The proposed method can improve the precision of the SOC estimation even if the temperature is below −10 or above 50 °C.
Continental and glacial runoff fingerprints in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the Inuit Nunangat ocean
Authors: Rogalla Birgit , Allen Susan E. , Colombo Manuel , Myers Paul G. , Orians Kristin J.
Published: February 2023

Rising temperatures and an acceleration of the hydrological cycle due to
climate change are increasing river discharge, causing permafrost thaw,
glacial melt, and a shift to a groundwater-dominated system in the
Arctic. These changes are funnelled to coastal regions of the Arctic
Ocean where the implications for the distributions of nutrients and
biogeochemical constituents are unclear. In this study, we investigate
the impact of terrestrial runoff on marine biogeochemistry in Inuit
Nunangat (the Canadian Arctic Archipelago) — a key pathway for
transport and modification of waters from the Arctic Ocean to the North
Atlantic — using sensitivity experiments from 2002-2020 with an ocean
model of manganese (Mn). The micronutrient Mn traces terrestrial runoff
and the modification of geochemical constituents of runoff during
transit. The heterogeneity in Arctic runoff composition creates distinct
terrestrial fingerprints of influence in the ocean: continental runoff
influences Mn in the southwestern Archipelago, glacial runoff dominates
the northeast, and their influence co-occurs in central Parry Channel.
Glacial runoff carries micronutrients southward from Nares Strait in the
late summer and may help support longer phytoplankton blooms in the
Pikialasorsuaq polynya. Enhanced glacial runoff may increase
micronutrients delivered downstream to Baffin Bay, accounting for up to
18% of dissolved Mn fluxes seasonally and 6% annually. These findings
highlight how climate induced changes to terrestrial runoff may impact
the geochemical composition of the marine environment, and will help to
predict the extent of these impacts from ongoing alterations of the
Arctic hydrological cycle.
Big Question to Developing Solutions: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Aquatic New Approach Methodologies from 2012 to 2022
Authors: Langan Laura M. , Paparella Martin , Burden Natalie , Constantine Lisa , Margiotta-Casaluci Luigi , Miller Thomas H. , Moe S. Jannicke , Owen Stewart F. , Schaffert Alexandra , Sikanen Tiina
Published: February 2023

In 2012, 20 key questions related to hazard and exposure assessment and environmental and health risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the natural environment were identified. A decade later, this article examines the current level of knowledge around one of the lowest-ranking questions at that time, number 19: “Can nonanimal testing methods be developed that will provide equivalent or better hazard data compared with current in vivo methods?” The inclusion of alternative methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal testing within the regulatory context of risk and hazard assessment of chemicals generally faces many hurdles, although this varies both by organism (human-centric vs. other), sector, and geographical region or country. Focusing on the past 10 years, only works that might reasonably be considered to contribute to advancements in the field of aquatic environmental risk assessment are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to methods of contemporary interest and importance, representing progress in (1) the development of methods which provide equivalent or better data compared with current in vivo methods such as bioaccumulation, (2) weight of evidence, or (3) -omic-based applications. Evolution and convergence of these risk assessment areas offer the basis for fundamental frameshifts in how data are collated and used for the protection of taxa across the breadth of the aquatic environment. Looking to the future, we are at a tipping point, with a need for a global and inclusive approach to establish consensus. Bringing together these methods (both new and old) for regulatory assessment and decision-making will require a concerted effort and orchestration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:559–574. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Decoupling analysis and peak prediction of carbon emission in less developed provinces: A case study of Sichuan province, China
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Xin , Liu Lu , Sun Bei , Hu Xinyi , Wang Minxi
Published: February 2023

With the increasing severity of climate change, the unevenness of economic development has resulted in the heterogeneity of carbon peaking in different regions. Under the dual‐carbon target strategy, the peak research in China's less developed provinces is significant. This study uses the emission factor method to calculate the carbon emission inventory of an economically underdeveloped province (Sichuan) and 15 major cities from 2010 to 2020. The carbon emissions in the Sichuan province showed a fluctuating trend, and the emission intensity decreased year by year. This study analyzes the decoupling effect of carbon emissions and GDP gold content (GDPgc). Sichuan's economy and carbon emissions have not been strongly decoupled. Finally, under three scenarios, it forecasts the peak carbon emissions in Sichuan province. Sichuan province will peak in 2029 (361.74 million tons) under the simultaneous peak scenario. This study provides an important reference for formulating and implementing energy‐saving and emission‐reduction policies in relatively poor regions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsystem mechanisms of default mode network underlying white matter hyperintensity‐related cognitive impairment
Authors: Yang Dan , Li Jiangnan , Ke Zhihong , Qin Ruomeng , Mao ChengLu , Huang Lili , Mo Yuting , Hu Zheqi , Lv Weiping , Huang Yanan , Zhang Bing , Xu Yun
Published: February 2023

Functional changes of default mode network (DMN) have been proven to be closely associated with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) related cognitive impairment (CI). However, subsystem mechanisms of DMN underlying WMH‐related CI remain unclear. The present study recruited WMH patients (n = 206) with mild CI and normal cognition, as well as healthy controls (HC, n = 102). Static/dynamic functional connectivity (FC) of the DMN's three subsystems were calculated using resting‐state functional MRI. K‐means clustering analyses were performed to extract distinct dynamic connectivity states. Compared with the WMH‐NC group, the WMH‐MCI group displayed lower static FC within medial temporal lobe (MTL) and core subsystem, between core‐MTL subsystem, as well as between core and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex subsystem. All these static alterations were positively associated with information processing speed (IPS). Regarding dynamic FC, the WMH‐MCI group exhibited higher dynamic FC within MTL subsystem than the HC and WMH‐NC groups. Altered dynamic FC within MTL subsystem mediated the relationship between WMH and memory span (indirect effect: −0.2251, 95% confidence interval [−0.6295, −0.0267]). Additionally, dynamic FCs of DMN subsystems could be clustered into two recurring states. For dynamic FCs within MTL subsystem, WMH‐MCI subjects exhibited longer mean dwell time (MDT) and higher reoccurrence fraction (RF) in a sparsely connected state (State 2). Altered MDT and RF in State 2 were negatively associated with IPS. Taken together, these findings indicated static/dynamic FC of DMN subsystems can provide relevant information on cognitive decline from different aspects, which provides a comprehensive view of subsystem mechanisms of DMN underlying WMH‐related CI.
CardioLabelNet: An uncertainty estimation using fuzzy for abnormalities detection in ECG
Authors: Mishra Jyoti , Tiwari Mahendra
Published: February 2023

Electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities are evaluated through several automatic detection methods. Primarily, real‐world ECG data are digital signals those are stored in the form of images in hospitals. Also, the existing automated detection technique eliminates the cardiac pattern that is abnormal and it is difficult to multiple abnormalities at some instances. To address those issues in this paper conventional ECG image automated techniques CardioLabelNet model is proposed. The proposed model incorporates two stages for image abnormality detection. At first fuzzy membership is performed in the image for computation of uncertainty. In second stage, classification is performed for computation of abnormal activity. The proposed CardioLabelNet collect ECG image data set for the uncertainty estimation while taking the account of various image classes which includes the global and local entropy of image pixels. For each waveform, uncertainties are calculated on the basis of global entropy. The computation of uncertainty in the images is performed with the fuzzy membership function. The spatial likelihood estimation of a fuzzy weighted membership function is used to calculate local entropy. Upon completion of fuzzification, classification is performed for the detection of normal and abnormal patterns in the ECG signal images. Through integration of stacked architecture model classification is performed for ECG images. The proffered algorithm performance is calculated in terms of accuracy for segmentation, Dice similarity coefficient, and partition entropy. Additionally, classification parameters accuracy sensitivity, specificity, and AUC are evaluated. The proposed approach outperforms the existing methodology, according to the results of a comparative analysis.
Combining wearable device with machine learning for intelligent health detection
Authors: Hao Yunhui
Published: February 2023

The aging of the population gradually intensifies. The health status and medical problems of the elderly have aroused widespread concern in society. Wearable health monitoring system is a typical application of wearable computing in the medical field, which can achieve continuous and dynamic acquisition of human status under low physiological and psychological loads. Fall detection monitoring plays an important role in eldercare. This paper establishes a wearable health monitoring system for fall detection based on a three‐axis accelerometer. First, the acceleration signals are collected through a three‐axis accelerometer which is installed into a wearable device. Second, the collected acceleration signals are represented as 20 features, including mean of acceleration signal, SD of acceleration signal, coefficient Kurtosis, coefficient of skewness etc. Third, the acceleration signal features are used to learn a covariance‐guided one‐class support vector machine due to the difficulty to obtain fall acceleration signals. The experiments and simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed system for fall detection.
Sequence‐dependent clustering properties of nucleotides fragments in an ionic solution
Authors: Mondal Manas , Gao Yi Qin
Published: February 2023

The chemical nature of the DNA bases is an important factor in sequence‐mediated association of DNA molecules. Nucleotides are the fundamental DNA elements and the base identity impacts the molecular properties of nucleotide fragments. It is interesting to study the fundamental nature of nucleotides in DNA, on the basis of base‐specific interactions, association, and modes of standard atomic or molecular interactions. With all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations of model dinucleotide and tetranucleotide systems having single‐stranded dinucleotide or tetranucleotide fragments of varying sequences, we show how the base identity and interactions between the different bases as well as water may affect the clustering properties of nucleotides fragments in an ionic solution. Sequence‐dependent differential interactions between the nucleotide fragments, ionic concentration, and elevated temperature are found to influence the clustering properties and dynamics of association. Well‐known epigenetic modification of DNA, that is, cytosine methylation also promotes dinucleotide clustering in solution. These observations point to one possible chemical nature of the DNA bases, as well as the importance of the base pairing, base stacking, and ionic interactions in DNA structure formation, and DNA sequence‐mediated association. Sequence‐ and the ionic environment‐mediated self‐association properties of the dinucleotides indicate its great potential to develop biological nanomaterials for desired applications.
Fluoride removal from drinking water (Metlaoui, Tunisia) using untreated and treated natural clays
Authors: Charbti Mariem , Touati Hadjyoussef Mouna , Ouakouak Abdelkader , Benna Zayani Memia , Fortin Claude
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND

Fluorosis is an endemic disease due to an excess of fluoride intake via drinking water. In some regions of the world, removing fluoride from drinking water is a severe problem that is still to be solved. The present study focuses on the use of a natural clay to reduce fluoride concentration in Tunisian contaminated drinking water under relevant working conditions.

RESULTS

Adsorption experiments were performed in batches using a fluoride aqueous solution. The Box–Behnken model design was used to define the working conditions in which three factors were controlled: clay dosage, contact time and agitation speed. The fixed parameters were the initial fluoride concentration and water pH as observed in Metlaoui, Tunisia in 2021, and experiments were performed at room temperature. Results show that 4 g(50 mL)−1 of clay dosage, 10 min of contact time and 280 rpm of agitation speed could provide 51% fluoride removal using an untreated natural clay. Then, various adsorbents based on this clay were synthesized (chitosan–clay, C6H17NO3Si–clay and thermally treated clays purified using different methods) and tested using the same approach. Among the adsorbents tested, the thermally treated purified clays were the most effective in removing fluoride under ambient conditions with a fluoride removal of 97.5%. Tests performed on drinking water showed that the safety fluoride concentration could be achieved without modifications of the water pH.

CONCLUSIONS

The thermally treated clays investigated in this study were effective for fluoride removal under relevant conditions, which can pave the way for future field applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Determining the relationship between tibiofemoral geometry and passive motion with partial least squares regression
Authors: O'Rourke Dermot , Bucci Francesca , Burton William S. , Al‐Dirini Rami , Taylor Mark , Martelli Saulo
Published: February 2023

Tibiofemoral geometry influences knee passive motion and understanding their relationship can provide insight into knee function and mechanisms of injury. However, the complexity of the geometric constraints has made characterizing the relationship challenging. The aim of this study was to determine the tibiofemoral bone geometries that explain the variation in passive motion using a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The PLSR model was developed for 29 healthy cadaver specimens (10 female, 19 male) with femur and tibia geometries retrieved from MRI images and six degree‐of‐freedom tibiofemoral kinematics determined during a flexion cycle with minimal medial pressure. The first 13 partial least squares (PLS) components explained 90% of the variation in the kinematics and accounted for 89% of the variation in geometry. The first three PLS components which shared geometric changes to particular surface congruencies of the tibial and femoral condyles explained the most amount of variation in the kinematics, primarily in anterior–posterior translation. Meanwhile, variations in femoral condyle width and the intercondylar space, tibia plateau size and conformity, and tibia eminences heights in PLS 2 and 4 explained the greatest amount of variation in internal–external rotation. PLS 4 exhibiting variation in overall size of the knee accounted for greatest amount of variation in geometry (50%) and had the greatest influence on the abduction–adduction motion and some on internal–external rotation but, overall, explained only a small proportion of the kinematics (10%). Elucidating the complex relationship between tibiofemoral bone geometry and passive kinematics may help personalize treatments for improved functional outcomes in patients.
Smaller epiphyseal tubercle in hips with slipped capital femoral epiphysis compared to the uninvolved contralateral hip
Authors: Mitchell Charles , Hosseinzadeh Shayan , Emami Alex , Maranho Daniel A. , Novais Eduardo N. , Kiapour Ata M.
Published: February 2023

Recent investigations suggest that physeal morphologic features have a major role in the capital femoral epiphysis stability and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) pathology, with a smaller epiphyseal tubercle and larger peripheral cupping of the femoral epiphysis being present in hips with progressive SCFE compared to healthy controls. Yet, little is known on the causal versus remodeling nature of these associations. This study aimed to use preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with unilateral SCFE to perform a comparison of the morphology of the epiphyseal tubercle, metaphyseal fossa, and peripheral cupping in hips with SCFE versus the contralateral uninvolved hips. Preoperative MRIs from 22 unilateral SCFE patients were used to quantify the morphological features of the epiphyseal tubercle (height, width, and length), metaphyseal fossa (depth, width, and length), and peripheral cupping height in three dimension. The quantified anatomical features were compared between hips with SCFE and the contralateral uninvolved side across the whole cohort and within SCFE severity subgroups using paired t‐test. We found significantly smaller epiphyseal tubercle heights (p < 0.001) across all severities of SCFE when compared to their uninvolved contralateral side. There was a marginally smaller metaphyseal fossa length (p = 0.05) in SCFE hips compared to their contralateral uninvolved hips, with mild SCFE hips specifically having smaller fossa and epiphyseal lengths (p < 0.05) than their contralateral uninvolved side. There were no side‐to‐side differences in any other features of the epiphyseal tubercle, metaphyseal fossa and peripheral cupping across all severities (p > 0.05). These findings suggest a potential causal role of epiphyseal tubercle in SCFE pathogenesis.
Frame Rate Exposimetry for Pulmonary Capillary Hemorrhage During Lung Ultrasound
Authors: Miller Douglas L. , Dou Chunyan , Dong Zhihong
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a powerful and accessible clinical tool for pulmonary diagnosis, but risk of pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH) presents a safety issue. The dependence of PCH in a rat model of LUS was evaluated for image frames‐per‐second (fps) and associated on‐screen Mechanical Index (MIOS) and Thermal Index (TI).

Methods

A Philips iE33 machine with L15‐7io probe was used to scan anesthetized rats in a warmed water bath. B mode was applied at 9 MHz with settings of 34, 61 and 118 fps. After 2 minutes of exposure at an MIOS setting, samples were obtained for assessment of PCH areas on the lung surface. Ultrasound parameters were measured to determine the in situ MIIS at the lung surface.

Results

The PCH trend counter‐intuitively decreased with increasing fps, with areas of 19.5 mm2 for 34 fps (MIOS = 1.0, TI = 0.8, 4080 images), 9.6 mm2 at 61 fps (MIOS = 1.0, TI = 0.5, 7320 images) and 7.5 mm2 at 118 fps (MIOS = 1.1, TI = 0.4, 14,160 images). The PCH was not significantly different for 34 fps (TI = 0.5, MIOS = 0.8) (10.7 mm2), compared to 61 and 118 fps, above, indicating some value for the TI as a predictive indicator of PCH. MIIS thresholds were 0.42, 0.46, and 0.49 for 34, 61 and 118 fps, respectively.

Conclusions

The increase in PCH at low fps was associated with delivering more relatively high amplitude grazing pulse exposures during slower image scans. No significant PCH was found for the MIOS setting of 0.5, corresponding to in MIIS values of 0.35–0.39.
Three recommended inclusive language guidelines for scholarly publishing: Words matter
Authors: Ashwell Sabrina J. , Baskin Patricia K. , Christiansen Stacy L. , DiBari Sara A. , Flanagin Annette , Frey Tracy , Jemison Racquel , Ricci Mia
Published: February 2023

Key points

Inclusive language will make scholarly publishing more accurate and more respectful, and it has the potential to help authors reach a wider audience.

JAMA and the JAMA Network journals, the American Chemical Society and the Coalition for Diversity and Inclusion in Scholarly Communications have free guides on inclusive language, formatting and images.

The guides provide principles and rationale, as well as examples of preferred language, in order to equip people with knowledge to choose the most inclusive words even as terminology preferences change.
2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) for Third Order Nonlinear Optics: Status and Prospects
Authors: Wang Yiduo , Wang Yingwei , He Jun
Published: February 2023

The family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) has attracted an enormous amount of attention due to their tunable optical, electronic, electrochemical, and mechanical properties. Recently, a new branch of MXenes materials research has emerged that is exploring and engineering the intrinsic optical response of MXenes, resulting in compact nonlinear optical (NLO) devices. As a novel 2D materials system, MXenes not only exhibit common advantages of classical 2D materials for NLO applications but also demonstrate their unique superiority, such as high yield and scalable synthesis, good stability, switchable NLO response, etc. Here, a fundamental overview of MXenes nonlinear optics is provided, covering everything from MXenes synthesis to linear and NLO properties and NLO applications. The synthesis method and its influence on the MXenes structures and morphology are discussed, which dominated the linear optics of MXenes. Then, the third‐order NLO properties and carrier dynamics of MXenes, from basic theory to experimental results, are elaborated. Their NLO applications, including ultrashort laser pulse, single‐frequency laser generation, all‐optical phase modulation, wavelength modulation, and passive photonic diodes, are also highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook for future MXenes NLO research are proposed.
Long Chain Polyamides: Influence of Methylene Sequence Length and External Forces on Structural Features
Authors: Sattler Rene , Danke Varun , Beiner Mario
Published: February 2023

Crystallographic studies on a series of even–even polyamides PA10.n (12, 14, 16, and 18) with variable methylene sequence length (n − 2) are performed. Temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction studies show that a triclinic α phase is the preferred polymorph after slow cooling to room temperature like in many other even–even polyamides. For PA10.12 and PA10.14 the pseudo‐hexagonal high temperature phase γ is observed between the Brill transition temperature TB and melting point TM. For both higher members a distinct Brill transition is absent below TM. The influence of temperature on the packing state of the stems during cooling is discussed and compared to related polymers. An analysis of well oriented crystalline states in annealed fibers reveals that the crystalline state achieved under ambient conditions is influenced by external forces due to small energetic differences between different α and β polymorphs. All PA10.n samples show in the fiber‐oriented state a prominent β polymorph which is dominant in PA10.12 and PA10.14 but superimposed with a significant α fraction in both higher members. The consequences of changes in the polymorphic state under the influence of external forces for crystalline states achieved under application relevant processing conditions are considered.
Probing gas phase catalysis by atomic metal cations with flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Blagojevic Voislav , Koyanagi Gregory K. , Böhme Diethard K.
Published: February 2023

The evolution and applications of flow tube mass spectrometry in the study of catalysis promoted by atomic metal ions are tracked from the pioneering days in Boulder, Colorado, to the construction and application of the ICP/SIFT/QqQ and ESI/qQ/SIFT/QqQ instruments at York University and the VISTA‐SIFT instrument at the Air Force Research Laboratory. The physical separation of various sources of atomic metal ions from the flow tube in the latter instruments facilitates the spatial resolution of redox reactions and allows the separate measurement of the kinetics of both legs of a two‐step catalytic cycle, while also allowing a view of the catalytic cycle in progress downstream in the reaction region of the flow tube. We focus on measurements on O‐atom transfer and bond activation catalysis as first identified in Boulder and emphasize fundamental aspects such as the thermodynamic window of opportunity for catalysis, catalytic efficiency, and computed energy landscapes for atomic metal cation catalysis. Gas‐phase applications include: the catalytic oxidation of CO to CO2, of H2 to H2O, and of C2H4 to CH3CHO all with N2O as the source of oxygen; the catalytic oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH with O3; the catalytic oxidation of C6H6 with O2. We also address the environmentally important catalytic reduction of NO2 and NO to N2 with CO and H2 by catalytic coupling of two‐step catalytic cycles in a multistep cycle. Overall, the power of atomic metal cations in catalysis, and the use of flow tube mass spectrometry in revealing this power, is clearly demonstrated.
Local existence for the d‐dimensional magneto‐micropolar equations with fractional dissipation in Besov spaces
Authors: Qiu Hua , Xiao Cuntao , Yao Zheng‐an
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem of the d‐dimensional magneto‐micropolar equations (
or
) with general fractional dissipation. The aim of this paper is to obtain the existence and uniqueness of solutions in the weakest possible inhomogeneous Besov spaces. Using the technical tools of Litttlewood–Paley decomposition and Besov spaces theory, we obtain the local existence in the functional setting of inhomogeneous Besov spaces. Furthermore, such solutions are unique only in 2D case.
Propargyl Amines: Versatile Building Blocks in Post‐Ugi Transformations
Authors: Bhoraniya Rinkal B. , Modha Sachin G.
Published: February 2023

The Ugi reaction, a multicomponent reaction, allows diversity‐oriented synthesis Its importance is recognized by an exponential increase in the publications utilizing the post‐Ugi transformations as a strategy to build complex molecules via simple and sustainable processes in the recent literature. A second concept, alkyne activation through metal‐, acid‐, iodine‐catalysis and base‐mediated transformations, also leads to wonderful molecules in short and efficient synthetic routes. Combination of these two approaches via application of an alkyne‐containing component in the Ugi reaction brings the benefits of both protocols into one synthetic sequence. The propargyl amines come as an obvious choice in this context as they work wonderfully as an amine component in the Ugi reaction, while post‐Ugi alkyne activation has the potential to generate biologically interesting carbo‐ and hetero‐cyclic systems. Thus, one can compare the Ugi adduct with a pupa which has inherent property of metamorphosis into biologically interesting molecules. In this review, application of propargyl amines in the Ugi reaction is discussed with a focus on post‐Ugi transformations.
Development and Application of Indolines in Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Wei Huixin , Li Bo , Wang Ning , Ma Yitian , Yu Jingyan , Wang Xuena , Su Jiayi , Liu Dan
Published: February 2023

In recent years, the incidence of cancer is high around the world, and the resistance of bacteria is increasing. To cope with the potentially adverse side effects of cancer chemotherapy and surgery, researchers are turning to the construction of new drug scaffolds. The indoline structure exists in a huge number of natural products, but drugs with indoline have only been formally studied in recent years. With the deepening of research, drugs containing indoline have played important roles in more disease treatment aspects, such as anti‐tumor, anti‐bacterial, anti‐inflammatory and have been used as analgesics, to treat cardiovascular diseases and so on. The synthesis and pharmacological activity of indoline derivatives is summarized in this review in order to support the addition of the indoline component to the toolbox of medicinal chemists. This review focuses on the advantages of indoline compounds in development and synthesis of and for the use as anticancer drugs, antibacterial drugs, to treat cardiovascular diseases and as anti‐inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Indoline structures are commonly found in natural and synthetic compounds with medicinal value and are now beginning to be exploited as the basic backbone of various drugs. As research continues, dihydroindoles and their derivatives will play a greater role in the medical field.
Using anticipation to unveil drivers of local livelihoods in Transfrontier Conservation Areas: A call for more environmental justice
Authors: Bourgeois Robin , Guerbois Chloé , Giva Nicia , Mugabe Prisca , Mukamuri Billy , Fynn Richard , Daré William’s , Motsholapheko Moseki , Nare Lerato , Delay Etienne , Ducrot Raphaëlle , Bucuane Joaquim , Mercandalli Sara , Le Page Christophe , Caron Alexandre
Published: February 2023

Calling on the concept of environmental justice in its distributive, procedural and recognition dimensions, we implemented a coelaborative scenario building approach to explore sustainable livelihoods pathways in four sites belonging to two Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa.

Grounded on participation and transdisciplinarity, as a foundation for decolonised anticipatory action research, we aimed at stimulating knowledge exchange and providing insights on the future of local livelihoods engaging experts living within these TFCAs.

Our results show that wildlife and wildlife‐related activities are not seen as the primary drivers of local livelihoods, despite the focus and investments of dominant stakeholders in these sectors. Instead, local governance and land use regulations emerged as key drivers in the four study sites. The state of natural resources, including water, and appropriate farming systems also appeared critical to sustain future livelihoods in TFCAs, together with the recognition of indigenous culture, knowledge and value systems.

Nature conservation, especially in Africa, is rooted in its colonial past and struggles to free or decolonise itself from the habits of this past despite decades of reconsideration. To date, the enduring coloniality of conservation prevents local citizens from truly participating in the planning and designing of the TFCAs they live in, leaving room for limited benefits to local citizens and often limiting Indigenous people's capacity to conserve.

A practical way forward is to consider environmental justice as a cement between the two pillars of the TFCA concept, that is, nature conservation and socio‐economic development of local or neighbouring communities, as part of a more broadly and urgent need to rethink the relationships between people in, and with, the rest of nature.

Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.
Recyclable bio‐based epoxy resins containing hybrid cross‐linking networks
Authors: Hu Jingyuan , Feng Haoyang , Rong Yangke , Wang Shuaipeng , Jin Dandan , Chen Qing , Dai Jinyue , Liu Xiaoqing
Published: February 2023

Bio‐based “thiol‐epoxides” thermosets containing dynamic cross‐linked network topologies, permanent cross‐linking and recyclability have been successfully utilized in coatings, adhesives and composites. However, these materials typically have a low glass transition temperature and limited mechanical strength. Combining excellent mechanical properties with thermal properties remains a significant challenge. In this study, we developed a recyclable itaconic acid‐based epoxy thermoset material with high glass transition temperature and tensile strength through thiol‐olefin/thiol‐epoxy click reaction and alkyl bond radical copolymerization to construct a hybrid cross‐linked network. The tensile strength reached up to (105.9 MPa) while maintaining a high Tg (93.3°C), which is the highest value reported in the literature so far. In addition, the itaconic acid‐based epoxy has excellent recyclable processing, self‐healing properties, high hardness, solvent resistance, and surface bond strength as an adhesive and coating. The results hold potential applications in achieving sustainable development in coatings and adhesives.
The American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology workforce, productivity, and fellowship assessment: Current state of the workforce
Authors: Hastings Caroline , Borinstein Scott C. , Bergsagel D. John , Hagstrom J. Nathan , Hooker Ryan , Nugent Diane J. , Hudspeth Michelle ,   the American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Workforce Publication Workgroup
Published: February 2023

The American Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology conducted follow‐up workforce surveys in 2017 and 2021 as well as a Pediatric Hematology Oncology Fellowship Program Directors Survey in 2020 to provide an updated review of the current workforce. We provide a comprehensive review and analysis of these results with the goal to provide better understanding of the current landscape in pediatric hematology oncology.
Impact of pre‐lung transplant statin use on the development of primary graft dysfunction
Authors: Yuenger Valerie , January Spenser , Fester Keith , McCloskey Michele , Hachem Ramsey
Published: February 2023

Background

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a common occurrence following lung transplantation and contributes to short‐ and long‐term morbidity and mortality. Current management strategies are limited, and robust data to support their use is lacking. Preventative strategies attenuating the recipient's inflammatory state suggest statin therapy may decrease the incidence and severity of PGD. This study aims to evaluate the impact of pre‐transplant statin use on the incidence and severity of PGD following lung transplantation.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed evaluating all patients undergoing bilateral lung transplantation from September 2012 to December 2019. The primary outcome was the incidence of PGD by grade, defined as the highest grade of PGD experienced in the first 72 h. Secondary outcomes included length of intensive care unit and hospital stays and mortality.

Results

Of the 357 patients included in the study, 107 received statin therapy prior to transplant (statin group) and 250 did not (no statin group). PGD occurred in 257 (72%) patients; in the entire cohort, 99 (28%) patients experienced PGD grade 1, 59 (17%) grade 2, and 99 (28%) grade 3. A significantly lower incidence of PGD was observed in the statin group (64.5% vs 75.2%, p = 0.039); however, the association did not remain significant on multinominal analysis for an overall incidence of any PGD (p = 0.275) or incidence of severe PGD (p = 0.240). Statin intensity was not associated with the development of PGD.

Conclusions

Pre‐transplant statin therapy did not appear to impact the development of PGD following lung transplantation. Future prospective studies should further evaluate the impact of statin intensity and duration on the incidence and severity of PGD.
Characterization of promoter elements of isoprene‐responsive genes and the ability of isoprene to bind START domain transcription factors
Authors: Weraduwage Sarathi M. , Sahu Abira , Kulke Martin , Vermaas Josh V. , Sharkey Thomas D.
Published: February 2023

Isoprene has recently been proposed to be a signaling molecule that can enhance tolerance of both biotic and abiotic stress. Not all plants make isoprene, but all plants tested to date respond to isoprene. We hypothesized that isoprene interacts with existing signaling pathways rather than requiring novel mechanisms for its effect on plants. We analyzed the cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) in promoters of isoprene‐responsive genes and the corresponding transcription factors binding these promoter elements to obtain clues about the transcription factors and other proteins involved in isoprene signaling. Promoter regions of isoprene‐responsive genes were characterized using the Arabidopsis cis‐regulatory element database. CREs bind ARR1, Dof, DPBF, bHLH112, GATA factors, GT‐1, MYB, and WRKY transcription factors, and light‐responsive elements were overrepresented in promoters of isoprene‐responsive genes; CBF‐, HSF‐, WUS‐binding motifs were underrepresented. Transcription factors corresponding to CREs overrepresented in promoters of isoprene‐responsive genes were mainly those important for stress responses: drought‐, salt/osmotic‐, oxidative‐, herbivory/wounding and pathogen‐stress. More than half of the isoprene‐responsive genes contained at least one binding site for TFs of the class IV (homeodomain leucine zipper) HD‐ZIP family, such as GL2, ATML1, PDF2, HDG11, ATHB17. While the HD‐zipper‐loop‐zipper (ZLZ) domain binds to the L1 box of the promoter region, a special domain called the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein‐related lipid transfer, or START domain, can bind ligands such as fatty acids (e.g., linolenic and linoleic acid). We tested whether isoprene might bind in such a START domain. Molecular simulations and modeling to test interactions between isoprene and a class IV HD‐ZIP family START‐domain‐containing protein were carried out. Without membrane penetration by the HDG11 START domain, isoprene within the lipid bilayer was inaccessible to this domain, preventing protein interactions with membrane bound isoprene. The cross‐talk between isoprene‐mediated signaling and other growth regulator and stress signaling pathways, in terms of common CREs and transcription factors could enhance the stability of the isoprene emission trait when it evolves in a plant but so far it has not been possible to say what how isoprene is sensed to initiate signaling responses.