bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Música, Metáfora e Conceitos Estéticos
Authors: Zangwill Nick
Published: October 2018

Uma parte importante do realismo estético é a ideia de que os conceitos estéticos designam propriedades estéticas. No caso da música, o realista estético sustenta que os conceitos estéticos que aparecem nas experiências e nos julgamentos estéticos em muitos casos designam propriedades estéticas da música (e talvez dos sons que a constituem). Empregamos conceitos estéticos para representar propriedades estéticas que a música possui. Entretanto, tem sido discutido – principalmente por Roger Scruton – que existem problemas na compreensão do realista estético sobre a relação entre conceitos estéticos e não estéticos. Acredita-se que esses problemas sejam gerados pelo uso das metáforas na descrição da música e da experiência musical. No presente trabalho tratarei de algumas questões que isto levanta, em resposta a alguns pontos abordados por Malcolm Budd, e veremos que o realismo estético precisa ser desenvolvido em uma certa direção. Neste artigo, eu desenvolvo e defendo o realismo estético mais do que argumento contra visões não realistas.
Reflexões sobre a música e suas funções: a "Décade Philosophique" e as artes na nova sociedade francesa
Authors: Kühl Paulo Mugayar
Published: October 2018

O artigo discute algumas propostas da revista Décade Philosophique para as artes e em especial para a música. Com as diversas mudanças na sociedade francesa do final do século XVIII e início do XIX, as artes assumem novas funções de acordo com os ideais revolucionários e republicanos. O caso da música parece ser mais difícil, justamente porque ela era vista como incapaz de representar algo, podendo facilmente cair na categoria de “diversão”. O texto examina como alguns autores ligados à Idéologie enfrentaram essa questão.
The Fugues in the Bachianas Brasileiras by Heitor Villa-Lobos
Authors: Dudeque Norton
Published: October 2018

This text is concerned with Villa-Lobos’s fugues in Bachianas Brasileiras. By acknowledging his reading of D’Indy’s music composition treatise Villa-Lobos also recognizes his knowledge of rules and practices of fugue composition as instructed by D’Indy. Further evidence may be corroborated by Villa-Lobos’s own description of these works in 1947 and published by Villa-Lobos Museum in 1972. In these descriptions the composer refers to fugue d’école and how he adheres or how he transgresses these composition instructions. In all the fugues examined the structural components of a fugue d’école are functional and represent a learned skill by the composer. Villa-Lobos shows us his ability, his craftmanship in fugue composition, and his chronologically distant inheritance of learned style. The amalgamation of these characteristics, stylistic allusions to the music of J. S. Bach, and of Brazilian music moods characterize these “nationalistic neoclassical fugues”.
O DISCURSO MUSICAL DO SÉCULO XVIII
Authors: Held Marcos
Published: October 2018

Na literatura dos séculos XVII e XVIII, centenas de tratados dedicados à composição, interpretação, ensino e reflexão musicais foram publicados e difundidos por todo o continente Europeu. Tais obras, que variam enormemente em relação à metodologia abordada por seus autores, costumam, frequentemente, trazer consigo a noção de que a música é análoga ao discurso verbal, ambos guiados pelas regras da retórica, e que sua finalidade seja ensinar, deleitar e mover o ouvinte. No caso de Francesco Geminiani (1687-1762), esta mesma ideia pode ser lida em sua obra tratadística. Neste artigo, pretende-se discorrer sobre diversas emulações retóricas almejadas por Geminiani (1687-1762) em sua obra tratadística, sobretudo nas Regras para tocar com verdadeiro gosto (c.1748), Tratado sobre o bom gosto na arte da música (1749) e A arte de tocar violino (1751). Nesses tratados, o autor não apenas alinhou-se às correntes de pensamento de sua época, representadas por Batteux, Hume e Montesquieu – na filosofia – e por Quantz, C. P. E. Bach e L. Mozart – na música –, mas também recuperou acepções do discurso falado, escrito e proferido, presentes nas retóricas clássicas De Oratore, de Cícero, e Institutio Oratoria, de Quintiliano. Observaremos que, no tocante à discussão filosófico-musical setecentista em torno da tópica do Gosto – lugar-comum no conjunto total de sua tratadística –, Geminiani apoia-se na recuperação e no debate de diversos preceitos sobre imaginação, juízo, decoro, ornamentação, performance e recepção, abordados pelos autores mencionados, tornando, assim, evidente sua visão da composição musical espelhada no discurso retórico.
A HARPA DE PEDAIS, SEU PROVÁVEL PRIMEIRO REPERTÓRIO E ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE MADAME DE GENLIS
Authors: Faglioni Felipe
Published: October 2018

Esse artigo discorre a respeito da harpa de pedais e daquele que, possivelmente, teria sido seu repertório ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XVIII, período anterior à primeira publicação conhecida de composições originalmente escritas para o instrumento. Pensando a respeito da música que poderia ter sido executada por intérpretes do instrumento no citado período, o texto foca-se na prática improvisatória dos prelúdios e também na apropriação, por parte dos harpistas, do repertório originalmente destinado a outros instrumentos, como o cravo ou o pianoforte. Nesse contexto, o artigo trata também da figura de Madame de Genlis (1746-1830), importante harpista do século XVIII, bem como de algumas de suas opiniões sobre a técnica e as possibilidades da harpa de pedais utilizada na época.
Localization of Left Ventricular Lead Electrodes in Relation to Myocardial Scar in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Bisson Arnaud , Pucheux Julien , Andre Clémentine , Bernard Anne , Pierre Bertrand , Babuty Dominique , Fauchier Laurent , Clementy Nicolas
Published: October 2018

Background

The efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy may be reduced in the event of pacing within myocardial fibrosis. We aimed to develop a method to determine the anatomical relationships between the left ventricular (
LV
) lead and myocardial fibrosis.

Methods and Results

In consecutive patients indicated for cardiac resynchronization therapy, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement assessment was performed before implantation. After implantation, an injected computed tomography scanner (
CT
scan) was performed. The 2 imaging techniques were fused to assess the
LV
lead position relative to myocardial scar. A total of 68 patients were included. Myocardial scar was found in 29 (43%) and was localized in lateral segments in 14 (21%). Scar was significantly associated with male sex, ischemic cardiomyopathy, a Selvester score adapted to left bundle branch block (
LBBB
Selvester), and Selvester criteria for localizing lateral fibrosis (V2 S/S′ ratio). Image fusion was feasible in all patients. Position within myocardial scar was confirmed for 6 electrodes in 3 patients. Prolonged
QRS
duration during
LV
pacing ≥139% predicted electrode positioning within scar tissue (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 91%;
P
=0.002).

Conclusions

In cardiac resynchronization therapy patients, fusion between preimplantation cardiovascular magnetic resonance and a postimplantation injected computed tomography scan is a feasible technique. Prolongation of the
QRS
duration during
LV
pacing predicts pacing within myocardial scar. Accurate location of
LV
lead pacing electrodes on the epicardial surface relative to myocardial scar, either by imaging or
ECG
analyses, may help improve cardiac resynchronization therapy response in selected patients.
Off‐ Versus On‐Pump Coronary Surgery and the Effect of Follow‐Up Length and Surgeons’ Experience: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Gaudino Mario , Benedetto Umberto , Bakaeen Faisal , Rahouma Mohamed , Tam Derrick Y. , Abouarab Ahmed , Di Franco Antonino , Leonard Jeremy , Elmously Adham , Puskas John D. , Angelini Gianni D. , Girardi Leonard N. , Fremes Stephen E. , Taggart David P.
Published: October 2018

Background

The debate on the relative benefits of off‐pump and on‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery (
OPCABG
and
ONCABG
) is still open. We aimed to provide an updated and complete summary of the evidence on the differences between
OPCABG
and
ONCABG
and to explore whether the length of the follow‐up and the surgeons’ experience in
OPCABG
modify the comparative results.

Methods and Results

All randomized clinical trials comparing
OPCABG
and
ONCABG
were included. Primary outcome was follow‐up mortality. Secondary outcomes were operative mortality, perioperative stroke, perioperative myocardial infarction, and late repeated revascularization. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the length of the follow‐up and the percentage of crossover from the
OPCABG
group (used as a surrogate of surgeon experience with
OPCABG
). One hundred four trials were included (20 627 patients,
OPCABG
: 10 288;
ONCABG
: 10 339). Weighted mean follow‐up time was 3.7 years (range 1–7.5 years).
OPCABG
was associated with a higher risk of follow‐up mortality (incidence rate ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.23,
P
=0.05). The difference was significant only for trials with mean follow‐up of ≥3 years and for studies with a crossover rate of ≥10%. There was a trend toward lower risk of perioperative stroke and higher need for late repeated revascularization in the
OPCABG
arm.

Conclusions

OPCABG
is associated with a higher incidence of incomplete revascularization, an increased need for repeated revascularization, and decreased midterm survival compared with
ONCABG
. Surgeon inexperience in
OPCABG
is associated with late mortality.
The Incompatibility of Phenomenological Data and Dominant Nosological Systems Like DSM-5: Binswanger’s Psychopathological Phenomenology
Authors: van de Pol Albert-Jan , Derksen Jan
Published: October 2018

This essay is a response to proposals to integrate patient-subjective or idiographic data into future versions of nosologies such as theDSMand theICD. It argues that a nosology is not a suitable vehicle for disseminating psychopathological-phenomenological research results throughout the field. Drawing on the work of Ludwig Binswanger, it examines, on the basis of four postulates, how he applies the Husserlian concept of intentionality in psychiatry and thus arrives at a psychopathological phenomenology. For each individual postulate, we then look in depth at the implications for the current debate aroundDSM. The conclusion we come to is that, both because of the objective of phenomenological research and because of the complexity of the kind of information involved in findings based on that research, it is impossible to integrate these findings into a nosology without deviating from either them or the nosology itself.
La diffusion d’ un ouvrage de logique arabe de la fin du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Morel Teymour
Published: October 2018

Le religieux maronite Buṭrus al-Tūlāwī (1657-1746) est bien connu auprès des chercheurs pour le rôle que ses ouvrages jouèrent dans les sphères religieuse et intellectuelle au Proche-Orient du XVIIe au XIXe siècles. Son œuvre philosophique a encore été peu étudiée. Dans un article précédent, avec Maroun Aouad, nous avons établi un inventaire détaillé des codex – connus et nouvellement identifiés – contenant l’ un ou l’ autre des textes philosophiques de notre auteur, où nous avons détaillé les noms des copistes, des possesseurs, des glossateurs, parmi d’ autres détails sur l’ histoire de ces témoins. Il conviendra de mettre à profit les informations répertoriées dans ce travail de description des codex – toujours en cours, d’ ailleurs – afin d’ analyser la diffusion de cette œuvre, vaste entreprise compte tenu du nombre de ses témoins connus (153 répartis dans 143 manuscrits). Dans cet article, nous proposons une étude préliminaire portant sur les colophons de huit témoins emblématiques de la Logique – deuxième volume de la philosophie d’ al-Tūlāwī –, ainsi que sur d’ autres inscriptions paratextuelles.
In the Ḥakīm’s Own Hand
Authors: Schlein Deborah
Published: October 2018

The history of Greco-Arabic medicine in India can be studied through the Arabic and Persian manuscripts used by its students, practitioners, and collectors. The aim of this paper is to follow the reception of a major medical manuscript tradition in India: the medical encyclopedia of Najīb al-Dīn al-Samarqandī (d. 619/1222), al-Asbāb wa-l-ʿalāmāt, and the many commentaries written on the work in the region. By studying the colophons and ownership notes of these manuscripts, dating from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, we learn about the transmission and reception of ṭibb in the Mughal and Colonial Indian environment.
Mamlūk Poetry, Ottoman Readers, and an Enlightenment Collector
Authors: White James
Published: October 2018

One kind of reader’s note that has received minimal attention in scholarship to date is the poem. This article suggests that the verses added by readers to manuscripts can reveal information concerning the social and intellectual history of reading communities, the history of collecting, and the reception of literary works. I examine an appendix of unattributed poems that were added by a group of readers to a holograph copy of Ibn Sūdūn al-Bashbughāwī’s (d. 868/1464) Nuzha (Bodleian Library MS. Sale 13), most probably in northern Syria in the seventeenth century. I identify the poems and their authors, study their manipulation in the Sale manuscript, and offer some initial conclusions as to what they can tell us about the social and intellectual contexts in which MS. Sale 13 was stored before it came to England.
Tracing Ibn Ṭūlūn’s Autograph Corpus, with Emphasis on the 19th–20th Centuries
Authors: Wollina Torsten
Published: October 2018

Muḥammad Ibn Ṭūlūn is today fairly well known as a historian of Damascus. Yet, his numerous writings cover many more areas of contemporaneous knowledge production and some of those might have been more impactful for his reputation as a scholar. One area that has so far not received much attention is the scrutiny Ibn Ṭūlūn put into the organisation of knowledge within his library, his corpus, and even individual manuscripts. This article attempts one step at closing this lacuna by addressing the contents statements with which Ibn Ṭūlūn prefaced all his autograph manuscripts. It also proposes a methodology for utilising them as sources for manuscript history. Based on four primary case studies, the chapter uses a triad of extraction, recompilation, and reconstruction of manuscripts to assess the current state of multiple-text manuscripts vis-a-vis their original compilations. All four manuscripts ended up in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin by the 1930s. The chapter makes use of a wide array of sources within and without these manuscripts to elucidate their historical trajectories from Ibn Ṭūlūn’s endowed library until their acquisition by Chester Beatty. Specific attention will be paid to their peregrinations in the 19th and early-20th centuries. In particular, early 20th-century photographic reproductions of those manuscripts can shed light on the most recent recompilations and reconstructions of these manuscripts. No survey on the emergence of contents statements in the Arabic manuscript tradition has yet been made. A focus on one author’s autograph corpus thus seems a more promising approach which generates verifiable results. Thus, it appears that Ibn Ṭūlūn’s contents statements were already standardised and would even be expanded by at least one (near-)contemporary.
The Construction of Transnational Remembrance in the War Cemeteries of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Lemay Kate Clarke
Published: October 2018

In the anniversary years of 2018 and 2019, it is important to take a close look at the war cemeteries commemorating the world war conflicts. These sites are crucial places for sustaining and even creating transnational, collective memory. By studying the memory work the war cemeteries accomplish, scholars have increased their knowledge of and understanding about these driving, foundational power structures. The following essays focus on the construction, design and reception of war cemeteries, and together the essays reveal complex layering of social, political and cultural contexts of these crucial sites of war memory.
Eugenia veadeirensis, a new species of Myrtaceae from the highlands of Goiás (Central Brazil) and new miscellaneous records for the Brazilian flora
Authors: VILLARROEL DANIEL , FARIA JAIR E. Q. , QUEVEDO ANA W. , LOPEZ MERCY , MIRANDA VANESSA , KLITGAARD BENTE B. , PROENÇA CAROLYN E. B.
Published: October 2018

We describe Eugenia veadeirensis, a new species endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros from Brazil. The species most similar to E. veadeirensis is E. michaelneei. However, there are 14 morphological characteristics which differentiate them. In addition, we report Aspilia cardenasii, Bougainvillea praecox, Calea rhombifolia, Cleistocactus samaipatanus, Dimerostemma asperatum and Varronia multicapitata as new records for the Brazilian flora.
SFMR Surface Wind Undersampling over the Tropical Cyclone Life Cycle
Authors: Klotz Bradley W. , Nolan David S.
Published: October 2018

Surface wind speeds in tropical cyclones are important for defining current intensity and intensification. Traditionally, airborne observations provide the best information about the surface wind speeds, with the Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR) providing a key role in obtaining such data. However, the flight patterns conducted by hurricane hunter aircraft are limited in their azimuthal coverage of the surface wind field, resulting in an undersampling of the wind field and consequent underestimation of the peak 10-m wind speed. A previous study provided quantitative estimates of the average underestimate for a very strong hurricane. However, no broader guidance on applying a correction based on undersampling has been presented in detail. To accomplish this task, a modified observing system simulation experiment with five hurricane simulations is used to perform a statistical evaluation of the peak wind speed underestimate over different stages of the tropical cyclone life cycle. Analysis of numerous simulated flights highlights prominent relationships between wind speed undersampling and storm size, where size is defined by the radius of maximum wind speed (RMW). For example, an intense hurricane with small RMW needs negligible correction, while a large-RMW tropical storm requires a 16%–19% change. A lookup table of undersampling correction factors as a function of peak SFMR wind speed and RMW is provided to assist the tropical cyclone operations community. Implications for hurricane best track intensity estimates are also discussed using real data from past Atlantic hurricane seasons.
Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry screening method for urinary metabolites of primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Woodward G , Pryke R , Hoppe B , Rumsby G
Published: October 2018

Background

The primary hyperoxalurias are inherited disorders of glyoxylate metabolism that lead to overproduction of oxalate, urolithiasis and renal failure. Delays in diagnosis can be costly in terms of preserving renal function. Here we present a rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry screening method for the analysis of metabolites (primary hyperoxaluria metabolites) produced in excess by primary hyperoxaluria patients that include glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate.

Methods

Assay performance was compared to our existing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method and clinical utility established by analysis of urine samples from patients with confirmed primary hyperoxalurias (11 PH1, 12 PH2 and 8 PH3) and controls ( n = 12). An additional 67 urine samples from patients with PH3 were used postvalidation to confirm the derived 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate cut-off.

Results

Glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate showed a mean bias of 3.3, −22.8 and 5.7%, respectively, compared to our previously published gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The mean total imprecision for glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate was shown to be 6.4, 10 and 11%, respectively. Clinical assessment confirmed that mean urinary glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate excretion were significantly elevated in patients with PH1, PH2 and PH3, respectively. The greatest sensitivity and specificity for PH1, PH2 and PH3 was achieved at cut-offs of 193, 100 and 4.9 μmol/mmol for glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate, respectively.

Conclusions

A rapid screening method for the identification and differentiation of patients with suspected PH1, PH2 and PH3 is presented that allows focussing of genetic testing, saving time, money and, with earlier treatment, potential preservation of renal function for these patients.
‘Let our emotions tell the story’: An exploration of emotion management in Chinese proactive workgroup socialization
Authors: Guo Yijia
Published: October 2018

This exploratory qualitative study augments extant literature in organizational studies on workplace emotion by examining emotion management in the Chinese proactive workgroup socialization process. The study sought to gain insight into Chinese newcomers’ emotional experiences, the ways in which Chinese newcomers negotiated their understanding of emotion in the workplace, and the implications of emotional maturity from the perspective of Chinese employees. More importantly, this study exposed differences in proactive socialization between a Chinese bureaucratic office and western organizations. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with 22 veterans and new employees in a Chinese governmental agency. A modified constant comparative analysis revealed three primary aspects that delineate the Chinese workplace as it relates to emotion management during socialization: (i) there are three salient types of emotion that occurred in Chinese workgroups; (ii) Chinese work settings are characterized by perceptions of emotional maturity, with a cultural emphasis on a holistic mindset, an indicator of personal growth and a shared goal; and (iii) more importantly, Chinese newcomers play an active role in negotiating and modifying established cultures.
Network-based and cohesion-based social capital and variations in depressive symptoms among Taiwanese adults
Authors: Wu Yun-Hsuan , White Kellee , Fleischer Nancy L , Cai Bo , Chen Shing-Chia , Moore Spencer
Published: October 2018

Background:

Network- and cohesion-based social capital may play an important role in improving mental health. However, there is limited understanding about these relationships among adults in Taiwan.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to examine the association between individual-level network and cohesion-based social capital and depressive symptoms among a population-based sample of Taiwanese adults.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the 1997 Taiwan Social Change Survey ( n = 2,598). The 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptom scores; ⩾16 represented high depressive symptoms. Network-based social capital was measured using a position generator. Two dimensions of cohesion-based social capital were assessed: cognitive (perceived neighborhood trust and reciprocity) and structural (local community participation and organizational participation). Multivariable log-binomial regression models, weighted to account for the complex sampling design and adjusted for confounders, estimated prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between each social capital measure and depressive symptoms.

Results:

In this study, 29.6% of respondents were classified as having high depressive symptom scores. Higher scores of composite cognitive social capital (adjusted Prevalence Ratios (aPR)  = 0.92, 95% CI = [0.90, 0.95]) and structural social capital (aPR = 0.80, 95% CI = [0.65, 0.99]) were associated with a lower likelihood of high depressive symptom scores after controlling for confounders. However, there was no association between network social capital and depressive symptoms.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that the relationship between social capital and depressive symptoms in Taiwan differs according to the specific dimension of social capital assessed. Differentiating between network- and cohesion-based social capital merits greater attention to inform our understanding of building social capital to promote and improve mental health outcomes.
Dropped gallstones causing abdominal wall abscess and pleural empyema: a case series
Authors: McPherson Iain , McSorley Stephen T , Cannings Elizabeth , Shearer Christopher J , Crumley Andrew BC
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Dropped gallstones are gallstones lost in the abdominal cavity during cholecystectomy. They are a rare occurrence and often cause minimal long-term issues. However, it is recognised that dropped stones can cause intra- or extra-abdominal sepsis. We present three cases below which highlight this.

Cases

All three cases describe patients presenting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Cases 1 and 2 post-gallstone pancreatitis and Case 3 for gallbladder stones. Cases 1 and 3 presented nine months and five years post-operatively, respectively, with flank abscess. Both received CT scans, with incision and drainage performed to remove gallstone. Case 2 presented six weeks post-operatively with cough and breathlessness. CT scan showed pleural effusion with communication to subphrenic collection. Pus and gallstone fragments were drained.

Conclusion

The above cases highlight that despite the majority of patients remaining asymptomatic, dropped gallstones should be considered amongst the differential in patients presenting with intra- or extra-abdominal abscess post-cholecystectomy, with timely intervention key to management.
The Governing Left in Uruguay (2005–2015): A Participatory Democratic Experiment
Authors: Bentancur Nicolás , Busquets José Miguel
Published: October 2018

An account of the first 10 years of government of a leftist party in Uruguay—the Frente Amplio—focusing on a mode of designing public policies that prioritized participation by civil society organizations suggests that this strategy distinguishes it from the preceding traditional party administrations and challenges the “liberal-democratic” label assigned to it by some of the high-profile specialized literature.

Este análisis de los primeros diez años de gobierno de un partido de izquierda—el Frente Amplio—en Uruguay, hace foco en una modalidad de construcción de las políticas públicas que incorporó de manera jerarquizada la participación de la sociedad civil. Se argumenta que representa una estrategia alternativa a la desarrollada por los gobiernos de centro-derecha que le precedieron, que no encaja bien en la categoría “liberal democrática” en la que la sitúa parte de la literatura especializada.
‘The Reason of Unreason’: Achille Mbembe and David Theo Goldberg in conversation about Critique of Black Reason
Authors: Goldberg David Theo
Published: October 2018

David Theo Goldberg engages Achille Mbembe in a wide-ranging conversation on the key lines of analysis of Mbembe’s book, The Critique of Black Reason. The discussion ranges across a broad swath of key themes: the constitutive feature of racisms in the making of modernity and modern capitalism as conceived through the global black experience; the African and French archives in constituting, resisting, and refashioning ‘black reason’ and its multiple registers; the centrality of slavery to this constitution and resistance; thinghood and humanity; liberalism as the basis for racial pessimism. The discussion closes with Mbembe’s plea for a shared being and an exchange about repair and reparation.
Elephant convoys beyond the state: Animal-based transport as subversive logistics
Authors: Shell Jacob
Published: October 2018

This article explores and analyzes a form of subversive logistics: the use of trained Asian elephants in the mobilization of cargo and people. This unusual means of conveyance, whose zone of persistence is mainly in the forested uplands of Burma (Myanmar) and parts of northeast India, most comes into its own during logistical operations which occur without the use of fixed-route roads. Empirically, the article presents fieldwork conducted in Burma and northeast India between 2013 and 2017, as well as related archival research, including research about other transport animals like sled dogs and camels. The (perhaps surprising) role played by elephants during flood relief operations in recent times receives special attention here, as does the theme of elephant-based transportation during modern armed conflicts, such as the ongoing Kachin conflict in northern Burma and in the Burma theater of World War II. The article aims to help theorize the connection between mobility and political subversion, highlighting how landscapes which do not lend themselves to permanent transport infrastructure—and thus the presence of the state—are simultaneously places of potential resistance. A related aim is to contribute to our understanding of the elephant–human relationship itself, demonstrating how elephants and humans have worked together to produce constantly shifting systems of mobility.
A systematic review on the quantitative relationship between structural and functional network connectivity strength in mammalian brains
Authors: Straathof Milou , Sinke Michel RT , Dijkhuizen Rick M , Otte Willem M
Published: October 2018

The mammalian brain is composed of densely connected and interacting regions, which form structural and functional networks. An improved understanding of the structure–function relation is crucial to understand the structural underpinnings of brain function and brain plasticity after injury. It is currently unclear how functional connectivity strength relates to structural connectivity strength. We obtained an overview of recent papers that report on correspondences between quantitative functional and structural connectivity measures in the mammalian brain. We included network studies in which functional connectivity was measured with resting-state fMRI, and structural connectivity with either diffusion-weighted MRI or neuronal tract tracers. Twenty-seven of the 28 included studies showed a positive structure–function relationship. Large inter-study variations were found comparing functional connectivity strength with either quantitative diffusion-based (correlation coefficient (r) ranges: 0.18–0.82) or neuronal tracer-based structural connectivity measures (r = 0.24–0.74). Two functional datasets demonstrated lower structure–function correlations with neuronal tracer-based (r = 0.22 and r = 0.30) than with diffusion-based measures (r = 0.49 and r = 0.65). The robust positive quantitative structure–function relationship supports the hypothesis that structural connectivity provides the hardware from which functional connectivity emerges. However, methodological differences between the included studies complicate the comparison across studies, which emphasize the need for validation and standardization in brain structure–function studies.
May the force be with you: Transfer of healthy mitochondria from stem cells to stroke cells
Authors: Borlongan Cesar V , Nguyen Hung , Lippert Trenton , Russo Eleonora , Tuazon Julian , Xu Kaya , Lee Jea-Young , Sanberg Paul R , Kaneko Yuji , Napoli Eleonora
Published: October 2018

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in the United States and around the world with limited therapeutic option. Here, we discuss the critical role of mitochondria in stem cell-mediated rescue of stroke brain by highlighting the concept that deleting the mitochondria from stem cells abolishes the cells’ regenerative potency. The application of innovative approaches entailing generation of mitochondria-voided stem cells as well as pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial function may elucidate the mechanism underlying transfer of healthy mitochondria to ischemic cells, thereby providing key insights in the pathology and treatment of stroke and other brain disorders plagued with mitochondrial dysfunctions.
What to Teach, and how to Teach Urology?
Authors: Giertz Gustav
Published: October 2018

L'illustre amico. Prof. Gustav Giertz, direttore della Clinica Urologica della Università di Stoccolma, Karolinska Sjukhuset, ci ha gentilmente inviato un articolo, da lui scritto in altra occasione e pubblicato nel fascicolo di giugno 1971 dell'Urology Digest. Accettiamo volentieri di pubblicare, del famoro urologo scandinavo, la parte dell'articolo che interessa la discussione da noi iniziata nel fascicolo 2/1971 della nostra rivista.

The famous Prof. Gustav Giertz, head of the Urological Clinic of the University Medical School of Stokholm, Karolinska Sjukhuset, in sending us a paper, that he wrote in other occasion, and published in the number of June 1971 of Urology Digest. However the paper illustrates new points of views, about the teaching and training of urologists, tee are glad to publish the part concerning the discussion we began in Nr. 2/1971 of our review.
Round Table: “Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: Modern Aspects” Introduction
Authors: Pagano F.
Published: October 2018

BPH represents a multiform disease in its different aspects: development, progression, clinical presentation and response to treatment. This partially derives from the complex structure of the prostatic gland where stromal and epithelial components influence each other even by means of other factors (like EGF). The same complexity can be found in the clinical evaluation of obstruction where different factors are involved (mechanical, dynamic and muscular). The aim of this Round Table is to clarify some of the above mentioned aspects
Medical and Physical Therapy (Hyperthermia) in Bph
Authors: Cocimano V. , Griffa D. , Marino G. , Cevoli R. , Brigato R. , Perolino R. Marten
Published: October 2018

Medical treatment has a high placebo effect depending on the dynamic and/or obstructive nature of fibroleiomyoadenomatous hypertrophy in which the fibromuscular component may be three times as much as the epithelial one (Clark 1937). It is an indubitable fact that androgynoid transexuals do not develop BPH. This means that hormonal balance is fundamental for BPH control, both direct and through growth factors. The following medicines can be used in growth control: hormones, antihormones, organ extracts, vegetable extracts, anticholesteremics. Hormones are testosterone and its active DHT form, oestrogens, progestogens and their inhibitors, pituitary antiandrogens. The following are not to be discarded: organ and vegetable extracts, anticholesteremic antibiotics, long-term use anticholesteremics. Vasoplegic, ganglioplegic, antireceptory and parasympathomimetic drugs are used as symptomatic ones such as: prostaglandin, bethanechol, prazosin, alphuzosin. A specific temperature rise of the prostate obtained through microwaves (hyperthermia up to 11 °/45°C or up to 70° by thermotherapy) offers a 50% improvement rate. It is confirmed that medical or physical therapy is advisable in the initial stages or in very high risk cases: the placebo effect is remarkable and the ideal drug still has to be found.
Role of Open Surgery
Authors: Anselmo G. , Maccatrozzo L. , Tuccitto G. , Mangano M. , Pagano F. , Cunico S. Cosciani , Lembo A. , Graziotti P.P.
Published: October 2018

According to anatomo-morphologic studies, the authors define the role of open surgery in enucleating an adenoma, which is only partially removed with endoscopy, especially if large. Retrospective studies also show a higher probability of a further operation after endoscopy rather than after surgery, with a greater mortality risk due to cardiovascular reasons. In the four-year period from 1987–90, the joint experience of the University Urological Clinics of Padua and Brescia and the Hospital Urological Departments of Bergamo and Treviso, shows that out of 3851 operations, endoscopic treatment was carried out in 84% and surgery in 16%, with a marked prevalence of retropubic adenomectomy (84% of cases). 1989 was taken as a sample year and surgery was performed in 160 out of 935 cases, with excellent results in 87% of the patients. The authors, on the basis of their personal experience, results and literature, confirm that surgical treatment of prostatic hypertrophy is still valid.
Transurethral Resection of “Giant” Adenomas
Authors: Breda G.
Published: October 2018

The author presents his experience in the endoscopic resection of prostatic adenomas weighing over 60 g, proposing a practical method free from complications regardless of prostate size.
Urology and the Work Environment (II): Forensic Evaluation of Urological Trauma in Work Injuries
Authors: Invernisi S. , Locatelli G. , Cappoli S. , Longo G. , Butti A. , Baradel G. , Pozza D.
Published: October 2018

After a study of case histories relating to work accidents followed by admittance to hospital, the authors then closely examine the question of temporary disablement and eventual consequences. The most common and interesting forensic findings are connected with traumatology of the urethra, the external genitalia and the kidney. With reference to President's Decree No. 1124 of 30.6.65 and to Italian law No. 457 of 8.8.72, it is pointed out that evaluation of disablement must always be carried out in relation to the general working capacity of a factory or agricultural worker and not to the specific working capacity. An annuity payment for the disabled worker also exists when there is permanent disablement of over 10%; evaluation of consequences becomes definitive only 10 years after the annuity has been established. Percentages relating to the loss of a kidney, bladder complications, urethral strictures and genital injuries are given.
A Case of Gonadal Stromal Tumour
Authors: Ziveri M. , Monica B. , Cortellini P. , Poletti F. , Simonazzi M. , Frattini A. , Melissari M.
Published: October 2018

Gonadal stromal tumor is a rare neoplasm of the testis. 10% of these tumors are malignant, but malignant histological criteria are not established. The principal therapy is orchidofuniculectomy while lynphadenectomy is for uncertain malignant neoplasm. Radiotherapy and antiblastic therapy sensitivity is poor.
Urinary Tuberculosis: From Demolition to Reconstruction
Authors: Bondavalli C. , Pegoraro C. , Schiavon L. , Dall'Oglio B. , Luciano M. , Parma A.
Published: October 2018

Tuberculosis is increasing in Italy and even today is still a progressive fatal illness if not treated quickly. Drug therapy still plays an important role, while endoscopy and surgery offer further therapeutic possibilities compared to the past, with excellent results regarding the most feared complication - cicatricial stenosis. Simple ureteral endoscopic dilation with catheters has given way to the insertion of modern well-tolerated in-dwelling stents that can be used even with upper calyceal stenoses. Reconstructive bladder surgery, making new orthotopic-bladders, is a valid method for treating retracted bladders. The authors report their experience in treating TBC complications in 45 patients and in particular one paradigmatic case of urinary tuberculosis with serious stenosis involving the complete urinary system between the pelvis and the distal urethra. Urethroplasty and new orthotopic ileal bladder allowed the patient, who previously had an external deviation, to micturate naturally again.
Extended Lymphadenectomy during Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma. A Prospective Study
Authors: Galetti T. Prayer , Bianco M. Dal , Santacatterina U. , Guatelli S. , De Zorzi L. , Artibani W. , Pagano F.
Published: October 2018

The role and extension of lymphadenectomy during radical nephrectomy for renal cell cancer still remain a matter of debate. From June 1989 to March 1992, 137 consecutive extended lymphadenectomies were performed in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for renal cell cancer at the Department of Urology of Padua. Ten patients (7.3%) had a pathologically proved nodal involvement. Only 2 patients had a distant nodal involvement in the absence of metastases to hilar nodes. Both patients with microscopic metastases had massive involvement of hilar nodes. Due to short median follow-up no clinical consideration on survival can be drawn.
Percutaneous Bcg Treatment in Superficial Transitional Cell Cancer of the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: Bassi P. , Tasca A. , Zattoni F. , Calabrò A. , Abatangelo G. , Milani C. , Meneghini A. , Pagano F.
Published: October 2018

From January 1989 to September 1992, 5 patients (age 58–68 years) were treated with percutaneous Pasteur BCG for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. In 4 cases BCG was prophylactic after endourological resection of the tumors. In one case of bilateral Tis of the upper urinary tract, BCG was administered for therapeutical purposes. Every patient received 375 mg Pasteur BCG in 250 ml saline, every 2 weeks for 6 consecutive weeks in 2 patients, 5 weeks in 1, and 4 in 2. No major complications were observed. After a median follow-up of 10.2 months, 4 patients are disease free, 1 patient underwent nephroureterectomy. Percutaneous BCG in upper tract superficial transitional cell cancer seems a feasible option in selected cases.
Detection of Renal Injury in Patients with Vesicoureteral Reflux Using Dimercaptosuccinic-Acid (Dmsa) - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Comparison with Dmsa-Planar Scintigraphy and Intravenous Pyelography
Authors: Takeda M. , Tsutsui T. , Komeyama T. , Hatano A. , Tamaki M. , Sato S.
Published: October 2018

The value of “Technetium (Tc)-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) planar renal scintigraphy, DMSA single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of renal injury related to vesico-ureterai reflux (VUR) were examined in 60 kidneys of 32 patients (28 bilateral, 4 unilateral) with primary VUR. The results were as follows: 1. Spatial resolution was best in MRI, then DMSA-planar and DMSA-SPECT; 2. For detecting renal injury, DMSA-SPECT (85%) and MRI (83.3%) were better than intravenous pyelography (55%) and DMSA-planar scintigraphy (65%). In conclusion, DMSA-SPECT or MRI should be performed in addition to DMSA-planar and IVP, to detect renal injury due to VUR.
Epidural Electrical Stimulation on Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: Simeone C. , Frego E. , Zanotelli T. , Capra R. , Lenzi A. , Cunico S. Cosciani
Published: October 2018

In 1967 Shealy first used electrical stimulation of the spinal cord to treat spasticity and pain. This therapy proved to be effective for bladder dysfunction too. The effect of electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at thoracic level has been evaluated in 18 neurogenic patients suffering from hyperreflexia with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Bladder function improved significantly in 13 (73%). Partial or complete relief of bladder hyperreflexia, marked increased of bladder capacity and reduction of residual urine were recorded. The beneficial effect of stimulation indicates that it is a safe and effective alternative treatment for the neuropathic bladder and careful trials with further investigations should be carried out.
“Scrotal Penis”: Scrotal Penis Urinary Diversion in the Treatment of Complicated Penile Unintentional Traumatic Amputation
Authors: Marzouk E.
Published: October 2018

Scrotal penis was designed and performed in a case of post-traumatic penile amputation with loss of the organ and with no patent urethral meatus. The patient had been living with a suprapubic diversion for two years. Scrotal penis diversion succeeded in preserving the male character of voiding (micturition in an erect position) and hence improving the psychic condition of the patient. He developed the feeling that he has an organ of good size, through which he can point and direct the stream of urine. It has proved to be superior to the perineal and suprascrotal diversions. The author suggests considering scrotal penis as the diversion of choice in such cases.
Methodological Analysis of Flowcytometric Measurements of Nuclear Dna in Oncology
Authors: Azzolina L.S. , Marchioretto F. , Tridente G.
Published: October 2018

The application of specific and proven guidelines is required for flow cytometric nuclear DNA analysis, which can provide precise information on genomic quantitative modifications and the proliferative activity of tumour tissues, clinically useful for prognosis and monitoring of therapy and recurrencies. The authors review the various protocol phases to be followed for a correct analysis and discuss the main problems that can be encountered in the procedural steps and in interpreting the histograms.
Rehabilitation in Genuine Stress Incontinence: Past and Present Experiences
Authors: Tuccitto G. , Checchin P. , Anselmo G.
Published: October 2018

Therapies now available to the specialist for curing female stress incontinence are varied: medical, surgical or rehabilitation. The latter may seem to many to be the most recent, whereas it was first used in an attempt to cure female stress incontinence at the end of last century. After having been pratically abandoned, this method was taken up again by Kegel in 1948 and introduced into Europe in the seventies. Due to a better understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms of incontinence and a correct standardisation of rehabilitation techniques, over the last decade rehabilitation has become part of the specialist's store of knowledge when dealing with the problem of female stress incontinence.
Ejaculatory Dysfunction Produced by Clozapine. Three Case Reports and Review of Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Authors: Talmon Y. , Guy M. , Eisenkraft S. , Guy N.
Published: October 2018

Three chronic paranoid schizophrenic patients were treated with clozapine, a new anti-psychotic agent. Retrograde ejaculation developed as a side-effect. Stopping the drug therapy or reducing the dosage caused the side-effect to disappear. Re-challenge caused the return of the side-effect. We discuss this rare side-effect to clozapine, and the pathophysiological mechanisms of ejaculation disturbances, with emphasis on those that are drug-induced.
Etiopathogenesis: Hypothesis and Confirmation of Experimental Research
Authors: Fandella A. , De Angeli S. , Anselmo G.
Published: October 2018

After a review of the latest points of view about the etiopathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia; i.e. hormonal growth factors, McNeal's theory of reawakening, theories based on the involvement of staminal cells, and the correlation between BPH and prostatic cancer, the authors report their practical experience on this subject. Since 1989 they have prepared in-vitro cultures, standardized the methodology and obtained an “immortalized” cell clone named U285. These cells have been cultivated with different concentrations of testosterone and growth factors. Analyses were performed by direct observation, providing cytologic and immunochemical preparations for morphologic characterization, and using the Frame cytotoxity test to determine the proliferative index. From a preliminary survey of results it seems that the DHT does not affect multiplication of the cells, but takes part in the differentiation process, becoming an agent of well-being and not a real growth factor. The EGF would appear to be efficacious only at high dosage with non differentiation and growth of immature cells. Suramine, a growth factor antagonist, and Finasteride, an inhibitor of the 5 alpha reductase enzyme, were utilized to explain the micro-endocrinology mechanisms at the origin of these processes.