bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic Study of Azintamide in Bulk Powder and in Pharmaceutical Formulation in the Presence of Its Degradation Form
Authors: Hegazy Maha A , Hassanain Waleed A , Abdel Fattah Laila E , El-Fatatry Hamed M
Published: November 2016

Two specific, sensitive, and precise stability-indicating chromatographic methods were developed, optimized, and validated for the determination of Azintamide (AZ) in the presence of its degradation product. The first method was TLC combined with the densitometric determination of the separated bands. Separation was achieved using silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates and chloroform–acetone–glacial acetic acid (7.5 + 2.1 + 0.4, v/v/v) as the developing system. Good correlations were obtained between the integrated peak area of the studied drug and its corresponding concentrations in the linearity range. The second method used HPLC with UV diode-array detection, in which the proposed method was applied for the quantitative determination of AZ in the presence of its acidic degradation product and the quantitative determination of the acid-induced degradation product of AZ (AZ Deg) using pentoxifylline as the internal standard. The proposed components were separated on a reversed-phase C18 analytical column using acetonitrile–water (50 + 50, v/v). The flow rate was maintained at 0.55 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 260 nm. Linear regressions were obtained in the range of 1–30 and 0.3–16 μg/mL for AZ and AZ Deg, respectively. Different parameters affecting the suggested methods were optimized for maximum separation of the cited components. The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and successfully applied for the determination of AZ in its pure powder form and in its pharmaceutical formulation. Both methods were also statistically compared with the reported method with no significant difference in performance observed.
UV-B effects on filamentous alga Zygnema strain (EEL201) from Antarctica
Authors: Prieto-Amador Marina
Published: November 2016

Filamentous alga Zygnema sp. is frequently found in extreme polar environments with freshwater availability for at least part of summer season. In such habitats, Zygnema might be exposed to several stress factors, like freeze, desiccation and high irradiation levels. This study investigated the effect of UV-B on primary photosynthetic processes in Zygnema sp. (EEL201 strain) from Antarctica. Samples were cultivated in liquid medium and exposed to supplemental UV-B (1.4 W m-2) for 6 h. During the UV-B treatment and following recovery, the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence paramaters caused UV-B were measured. Negative effects on FV/FM and FPSII were found after 6 h treatment with only limited recovery in dark. The only parameter that recovered was photochemical quenching (qP) indicating a potential to restore photosynthesis in the reaction centres that were not damaged by UV-B treatment. However, the share on damaged RC PS II was much higher compared to those showing the recovery. Thus, the effect of short-term supplemental 1.4 W m-2 UV-B light was considered heavy causing substantial damages to PS II. These results provide insights on the effects of UV-B light onZygnemasp. that can help in the interpretation of response mechanisms of Arctic algae to radiation.
Capital social e relações públicas no enoturismo: Estudo de caso de um roteiro enoturístico da Serra Gaúcha
Authors: Bassanesi Ediane , Silva Eduardo Robini da , D'Arrigo Fernanda Pauletto , Fachinelli Ana Cristina
Published: November 2016

O trabalho busca explorar o papel das atividades de Relações Públicas na formação de capital social em associações enoturísticas. A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso, ambientado no roteiro enoturístico Compassos Mérica–Mérica, na Serra Gaúcha. A pesquisa qualitativa exploratória mostrou que a comunicação é fundamental para o desenvolvimento do Capital Social no campo do enoturismo.Palavras chaves: Enoturismo; Capital Social; Relações Públicas; Comunicação. Social capital and public relations in enotourism: A case study of a wine tourism route of the Serra Gaúcha – BrazilAbstract: The study aims to explore the role of public relations activities in the formation of social capital in enoturísticas associations. The research it is a case study, carried out in the Mérica-Mérica - Serra Gaúcha, Brazil. The exploratory qualitative research showed that communication is key to the development of Social Capital in the wine tourism field.Keywords: Wine Tourism. Share capital. Public relations. Communication.Capital social y las relaciones públicas en el enoturismo: Un estudio de caso de una ruta enoturística de la Serra Gaúcha - BrazilResumen: El trabajo tiene como objetivo explorar el papel de las actividades de relaciones públicas en la formación de capital social en las asociaciones enoturísticas. La investigación es un estudio de caso, conducido en la ruta del enoturismo Mérica-Mérica - Serra Gaúcha, Brazil. La investigación cualitativa exploratoria mostró que la comunicación es clave para el desarrollo del capital social en el campo del turismo del vino.Palabras clave: Enoturismo; Capital social; Relaciones públicas; Comunicación.
Imaginário e representação social da marca Rio na comemoração dos 450 anos da cidade: narrativas para o consumo turístico
Authors: Pessôa Luís Alexandre Grubits de Paula , Mello Flávia Barroso de
Published: November 2016

Conjugando teorias sobre imaginário, representação social e branding, este artigo estuda a marca “Rio” a partir de uma de suas manifestações, a marca “Rio 450 anos”. A análise aponta que o percurso da marca privilegia a passagem da identidade individual para a coletiva, reforça seu imaginário festivo e o ethos de cidade espetáculo; indicando a estratégia de (re)inserção da cidade no circuito turístico internacional.Palavras-chave: Branding; Imaginário Urbano; Marca-cidade; Turismo; Representações Sociais.Imaginary and social representation of the brand Rio in the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the city: narratives for tourist consumptionAbstract: Combining theories about imaginary, social representation and branding, this paper studies the brand “Rio” from one of its manifestations, the brand “Rio 450 years”. The analysis shows that the construction of the brand favors the passage from individual to collective identity, reinforces its festive imagery and the ethos of spectacle city; indicating the strategy of the city to (re)insert itself in the international tourist circuit.Keywords:Branding; Urban imaginary; City-Brand; Tourism; Social Representations.Imaginario y representación social de la marca Rio en la conmemoración de los 450 años de la ciudad: narrativas para el consumo turísticoResumen: Conjugando teorías acerca del imaginario, de la representación social y de la marca, este artículo estudia la marca “Rio” desde una de sus manifestaciones, la marca “Rio 450 años”. El análisis señala que la construcción de la marca favorece la transición de la identidad individual a la colectiva, refuerza su imagen festiva y el ethos de ciudad espectáculo; lo que indica su estrategia de (re)inserción en el circuito turístico internacional.Palabras clave: Branding; Imaginario urbano; Marca-ciudad; Turismo; Representaciones Sociales.
Construção e comunicação de uma marca territorial: o caso do município de Viana do Castelo
Authors: Marques Gorete , Sobreira Rosa
Published: November 2016

Este trabalho está centrado no conceito de marca, de um modo geral, e no de place brand, em particular. Pretende-se, com este artigo, compreender de que modo a administração usa um conceito nascido em contexto empresarial para construir e posicionar uma marca municipal, local ou regional, e quais as implicações desta opção, na acção comunicativa, de natureza pública, dessa administração local. Para tal, analisaremos o caso especifico do município da cidade de Viana do Castelo, no Norte de Portugal.Palavras-chave: marca; posicionamento; comunicação pública Construction and communication of a territorial brand: the case of Viana do Castelo cityAbstract: This paper focuses on the concept of brand, place brand specifically. The intention with this article is to understand how a local administration uses a born concept in business environment, as brand, to build and positioning a local brand and what are the implications of this option in the communicative action of  this administration. To this end, we analyse the specific case of the city of Viana do Castelo, in north of Portugal.Keywords: brand; positioning; public communication La construcción y la comunicación de la marca territorial: el caso del ayuntamiento de Viana do CasteloResumen: Este trabajo tiene como enfoque el concepto de marca en general y no de place brand en particular. El objetivo es entender cómo el poder municipal, através de un ayuntamiento, utiliza un concepto nacido en contexto empresarial para construir y posicionar una marca local y cuáles son las implicaciones de esta opción, en la acción comunicativa, de carácter público, de este ayuntamiento. Con esta finalidad, se analizará el caso específico de la ciudad de Viana do Castelo, Norte de Portugal.Palabras-clave: marca; posicionamento; e comunicacion pública
Editorial
Authors: Lisboa Filho Flavi Ferreira
Published: November 2016

Editorial
Desambiguação taxonômico-nomenclatural e tipificação das espécies do grupo Sealyana (Amaryllidaceae, Amaryllidoideae), e seus sinônimos
Authors: Büneker Henrique Mallmann , Bastian Regis Eduardo
Published: November 2016

É fornecida uma revisão nomenclatural dos táxons do grupo Sealyana e propostas tipificações. Este grupo é constituído por dois gêneros monoespecíficos, Eithea (E. blumenavia) e Eusarcops (E. reticulata), sendo que neste artigo é proposto o restabelecimento do último. São discutidas as relações morfológicas e filogenéticas dos táxons deste grupo dentre as Hippeastrinae, apresentando-se uma chave para identificação dos gêneros desta subtribo que ocorrem no Brasil.
L’enjeu de la subjectivité des adolescents face aux mesures de prévention de l’alcool et du tabac
Authors: Kindelberger Cécile , Acier Didier , Chevalier Camille , Guibert Élise
Published: November 2016

En France, malgré une réglementation récente sur la vente d’alcool et de tabac aux mineurs (l’âge étant récemment passé à 18 ans au lieu de 16 ans), et un investissement conséquent dans différentes formes de prévention, la consommation de ces substances par les adolescents reste stable. Afin de comprendre ce phénomène, la présente étude a cherché à appréhender le vécu subjectif de cette réglementation et des diverses formes de prévention chez des adolescents consommateurs et non consommateurs. Dans une des régions françaises identifiées comme l’une des plus consommatrices, 57 adolescents âgés de 12 à 17 ans ont participé à des entretiens, individuels ou collectifs. L’analyse de contenu s’est appuyée sur l’approche phénoménologique. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence que les « connaissances » transmises par les différentes activités de prévention, si elles sont bien présentes, sont aussi articulées à d’autres représentations. Ces dernières, issues des expériences directes et du vécu émotionnel des adolescents, apparaissent comme étant importantes dans le discours des adolescents. Ainsi, la configuration d’ensemble produit des effets négatifs non attendus des messages de prévention. Aussi, un paradoxe réside dans la bonne connaissance des lois et le sentiment qu’elles sont faites pour être enfreintes. Ces résultats nous amènent donc à nous interroger quant aux mécanismes psychologiques sollicités par les activités de prévention primaire et leurs effets.
L’intervention auprès des femmes enceintes et mères consommatrices de psychotropes
Authors: L’Espérance Nadia , Bertrand Karine , Perreault Michel
Published: November 2016

La consommation de substances psychoactives durant la grossesse comporte de nombreux risques sur l’issue de celle-ci ainsi que sur la santé du bébé à naître. Il est d’ailleurs recommandé d’intervenir tôt durant la grossesse et de façon multidisciplinaire afin de répondre aux besoins des femmes enceintes et des mères. L’intégration des services est donc privilégiée auprès de cette clientèle. L’objectif du présent article est d’effectuer une synthèse des constats actuels relativement à l’efficacité des modèles d’intervention favorisant l’intégration des services auprès des femmes enceintes et des mères consommatrices de psychotropes. Ainsi, la consultation de méta-analyses récentes fournit un éclairage pertinent et utile sur l’efficacité de différents programmes de traitement intégré auprès de cette clientèle. Essentiellement, bien que les tailles de l’effet varient de faibles à fortes, les résultats montrent que les programmes de traitement intégré comportent des effets favorables lorsque ceux-ci sont comparés à l’absence de traitement ou à des programmes de traitement non intégré. Les résultats portent particulièrement sur le changement de comportement de consommation, la santé du bébé à la naissance, l’engagement de la femme dans sa démarche, l’interaction affective ainsi que sur son fonctionnement. Par ailleurs, les nombreuses limites méthodologiques des études répertoriées telles que la composition des échantillons (taille, clientèle cible, âge) ainsi que la variété des devis utilisés encouragent la poursuite des travaux afin de mieux documenter le potentiel des programmes de traitement intégré.
Le suivi intensif dans la communauté et la consommation : quelques enjeux éthiques
Authors: Quintin Jacques , Côté Luce , Guimaraes Daniel
Published: November 2016

La relation entre les intervenants en milieu de soins et leurs clients est souvent le lieu de profondes incompréhensions et de tensions entre les valeurs de liberté et de sécurité. Cela est particulièrement perceptible dans la relation avec les personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé mentale et d’abus de substances. Le but de cet article est de fournir des pistes de réflexion sur les enjeux éthiques qui se présentent à l’intérieur du programme de suivi intensif dans la communauté autour de la coercition et des conduites abusives de consommation. Les principes de base qui organisent le suivi intensif dans la communauté sont fondés sur les concepts éthiques d’égalité, de respect et de recherche commune de la vérité. Chaque personne est susceptible d’avoir la sagesse de sa propre vie et les habiletés pour gérer ses propres expériences. Il s’agit de créer un espace respectueux de réflexion, qui permet un dialogue entre les différentes perspectives, afin de concilier diverses préférences. Les interventions doivent être discutées avec le client, car celui-ci est au coeur de la prise de décision. Le cadre souple du suivi intensif, en regard de la complexité de la clientèle avec une double problématique, permet d’intervenir en respectant le rythme du client dans le processus de rétablissement et dans le changement de ses habitudes de vie.
L’opium dans la mondialisation : le cas du Triangle d’Or
Authors: Chouvy Pierre-Arnaud
Published: November 2016

La géographie et l’histoire des drogues illégales sont profondément ancrées dans les dynamiques anciennes et actuelles du processus de mondialisation, ainsi que le montre la géohistoire du pavot à opium en Asie. Le pavot à opium parce qu’il fournit un exemple éloquent des relations dynamiques qui ont existé et qui persistent entre l’économie politique et la géographie des drogues illégales d’une part et la mondialisation d’autre part. L’Asie, quant à elle, fournit un espace géographique de référence riche d’enseignement parce que l’on peut estimer que le narcotrafic international y est né et que la plus importante toxicomanie de masse s’y est développée (l’opiomanie chinoise). L’histoire et la géographie de l’opium en Asie doivent beaucoup aux processus d’internationalisation des échanges et de mondialisation, marqués comme ils l’ont été par le commerce intercontinental triangulaire, le protectionnisme économique chinois, les monopoles et autres régies coloniales de l’opium, les guerres impériales sino-britanniques, la genèse de la prohibition mondiale de certaines drogues, les conflits armés nationaux et internationaux consécutifs aux indépendances et à la Guerre froide, etc. La géohistoire de l’opium en Asie montre clairement que le développement du narcotrafic résulte en grande partie de l’intervention étatique à l’échelle mondiale. En fin de compte, la géographie des drogues illégales est à considérer au regard de celle de la distribution mondiale et asymétrique du pouvoir, des richesses et des revenus, et de ses impacts sur les crises et les conflits.
La cocaïne, une marchandise mondialisée
Authors: Gandilhon Michel
Published: November 2016

Si le cannabis et les drogues de synthèse sont consommés aujourd’hui sur tous les continents, nulle substance n’incarne mieux la mondialisation de l’usage de drogues, et la mondialisation tout court, que la cocaïne. Elle symbolise en effet, du fait de son statut de drogue de la performance et de l’insertion, un certain esprit du temps marqué par le culte de la compétition. Le développement de sa consommation à l’échelle de la planète à partir des États-Unis est d’ailleurs contemporain de la fantastique accélération des échanges commerciaux provoquée notamment par l’émergence de la Chine et l’intégration de l’ex-Empire soviétique au marché capitaliste mondial. Dès lors, les flux de son trafic épousent les grandes voies commerciales maritimes par l’entremise notamment des porte-conteneurs, tandis que l’usage, autrefois apanage des « élites » occidentales, se démocratise et touche de plus en plus les consommateurs des pays de l’ex-Tiers-Monde. Comme le téléphone portable, la cocaïne est aujourd’hui un des marqueurs de l’entrée dans le monde de la consommation de masse.
Les drogues et le continent africain dans le contexte de la mondialisation
Authors: Perras Chantal
Published: November 2016

De prime abord, le continent africain semble avoir peu de liens avec les substances psychoactives illégales. Or, les efforts transnationaux pour lutter contre les divers trafics dans le monde de même que les innovations et échanges de contacts et de procédés expérimentés par différents groupes de trafiquants ont eu un impact sur la place qu’occupent désormais les pays africains, devenus point de transit. Des groupes criminels internationaux ont compris l’avantage du continent comme plaque tournante pour le trafic illégal. La mondialisation permet la circulation plus facile des biens et des personnes. La notion de déplacement de la criminalité dans un lieu moins policé et davantage corrompu est importante. Par ricochet, l’intensification du trafic a fait augmenter la consommation. Une diversification de ces phénomènes s’est également opérée à tel point qu’en Afrique de l’Ouest, les questions de polytoxicomanie et de trafic transnationaux sont devenues préoccupantes pour la communauté internationale. L’échange de cocaïne et d’héroïne en Afrique de l’Ouest et ailleurs a été réalisé par différents groupes prédominants sur la scène internationale. De plus, un déplacement des trafics de l’Afrique de l’Ouest vers l’Afrique de l’Est s’est récemment produit. Nous détaillons l’histoire et la situation de trois régions d’Afrique de façon à mieux comprendre l’ensemble de la problématique récente dans la région. Nous nous penchons sur les cas de l’Afrique du Nord, de l’Afrique orientale et de l’Afrique de l’Ouest.
The Diaries of Waslaw Nijinsky and the Absence of the Work
Authors: Orte Peter
Published: November 2016

This article attempts to think through the possibility of a purely affective text in relation to the book as it reads The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky. The Diary’s autobiographical status is problematized, the first edition having been heavily edited to produce a more conventional literary work; the unexpurgated edition, while restoring the text’s integrity, heightens the sense of the book as the absence of its author. I argue that the interest of Nijinsky’s text lies not in the record of his daily thoughts and activities, as in a diary—an apparently straightforward autobiographical genre—nor in the memoires of a famous individual, i.e. the famous dancer Nijinsky’s recollections of his life and times to be preserved for the future.  The interest is rather expressed by Nijinsky’s “de-facement” and his singular writing of «чувство», or “feeling.”  Through comparisons with Tolstoy, as well as the texts of philosophers Maurice Blanchot and Brian Masumi, Nijinsky’s writing is shown to involve an experience that is ruinous to both the subject as a form of expression and the form of the work as a unified whole, an experience inscribed in Nijinsky’s trace of “feeling,” which is comparable to Blanchot’s notion of “the absence of the work”.
Four Ways to Tremble in Russian: A Case Study of a Radial Category
Authors: Kobzeva Anastasia
Published: November 2016

Many dictionaries and other lexicographic resources often describe near-synonyms using one another, which makes it difficult for a foreign language learner to make a choice between them. Although it is true that near-synonyms can be used when referring to the same state of affairs, they often involve different construals, insofar as they represent different ways of viewing the situation in question. Quite often, not all alternatives are possible in a given context, but it is not an easy task to pinpoint which alternative is possible in which context. In this study I consider a group of nearly synonymous verbs with the meaning ‘tremble’ in Russian and attempt to build a radial category network of meanings based on corpus data. I show that the network accommodates the similarities among the verbs, but at the same time also brings out the differences among them.
Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica
Authors: Sosa Victoria , Ornelas Juan Francisco , Ramírez-Barahona Santiago , Gándara Etelvina
Published: November 2016

Background

Cloud forests, characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover and fragmented distribution, are one of the most threatened habitats, especially in the Neotropics. Tree ferns are among the most conspicuous elements in these forests, and ferns are restricted to regions in which minimum temperatures rarely drop below freezing and rainfall is high and evenly distributed around the year. Current phylogeographic data suggest that some of the cloud forest-adapted species remainedin situor expanded to the lowlands during glacial cycles and contracted allopatrically during the interglacials. Although the observed genetic signals of population size changes of cloud forest-adapted species including tree ferns correspond to predicted changes by Pleistocene climate change dynamics, the observed patterns of intraspecific lineage divergence showed temporal incongruence.

Methods

Here we combined phylogenetic analyses, ancestral area reconstruction, and divergence time estimates with climatic and altitudinal data (environmental space) for phenotypic traits of tree fern species to make inferences about evolutionary processes in deep time. We used phylogenetic Bayesian inference and geographic and altitudinal distribution of tree ferns to investigate ancestral area and elevation and environmental preferences of Mesoamerican tree ferns. The phylogeny was then used to estimate divergence times and ask whether the ancestral area and elevation and environmental shifts were linked to climatic events and historical climatic preferences.

Results

Bayesian trees retrievedCyathea, Alsophyla, GymnosphaeraandSphaeropterisin monophyletic clades. Splits for species in these genera found in Mesoamerican cloud forests are recent, from the Neogene to the Quaternary, Australia was identified as the ancestral area for the clades of these genera, except forGymnosphaerathat was Mesoamerica. Climate tolerance was not divergent from hypothesized ancestors for the most significant variables or elevation. For elevational shifts, we found repeated change from low to high elevations.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that representatives of Cyatheaceae main lineages migrated from Australia to Mesoamerican cloud forests in different times and have persisted in these environmentally unstable areas but extant species diverged recentrly from their ancestors.
Carbocationic Polymerization
Authors: Puskas Judit E. , Kaszas Gabor
Published: November 2016

This article summarizes fundamental and general aspects of carbocationic polymerizations, with a historical overview and up‐to‐date references. Following general considerations, the basic elements of carbocationic polymerization, such as monomers, initiating systems, solvents, and temperature, are discussed. Special attention is given to carbocation stability, monomer nucleophilicity, and dynamic interactions. The section on the kinetics of carbocationic polymerization presents current understanding of the elementary reactions—initiation, propagation, termination and transfer reactions, and copolymerization. Controlled (living) carbocationic polymerization is discussed in a separate section. Finally, industrial carbocationic polymerizations are also reviewed.
Trip12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for USP7/HAUSP involved in the DNA damage response
Authors: Liu Xiaoliang , Yang Xiangcai , Li Yongxin , Zhao Shuhua , Li Chaocui , Ma Pengcheng , Mao Bingyu
Published: November 2016

The deubiquitinating enzyme, USP7/HAUSP (herpesvirus‐associated ubiquitin‐specific protease), is a key regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and plays a major role in regulating genome stability. Here, we report that the protein stability of USP7 is regulated by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. We identified the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12 (Trip12) as a ubiquitin E3 ligase for USP7. We also found that Trip12 affects USP7‐mediated stabilization of p53 and the checkpoint proteins 53BP1 and Chk1. Knockdown of Trip12 leads to an increased cell population in G1 phase, mimicking USP7 overexpression. In contrast, Trip12 overexpression increased the number of cells in intra‐S‐phase, phenocopying the USP7 knockdown phenotype. Therefore, our data reveal an important modulatory role for Trip12 in the USP7‐dependent DNA damage response.
Oligomeric status of human cystathionine beta‐synthase modulates AdoMet binding
Authors: Pey Angel L. , Martínez‐Cruz Luis Alfonso , Kraus Jan P. , Majtan Tomas
Published: November 2016

Cystathionine beta‐synthase (CBS) plays a key role in the metabolism of sulfur‐containing amino acids. CBS is a multidomain tetrameric enzyme allosterically activated by S‐adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Recent crystallographic analyses of engineered CBS lacking the loop made up of residues 516–525 revealed discrepancies in AdoMet binding compared to previous biophysical studies on a full‐length CBS. Here, we show that removal of the loop 516–525 functionally eliminates the high affinity sites responsible for kinetic stabilization of the full‐length enzyme and yields a dimeric AdoMet‐inducible enzyme, in which kinetic stabilization is now exerted by AdoMet binding to the remaining low affinity sites.
Determining water reservoir characteristics with global elevation data
Authors: van Bemmelen C. W. T. , Mann M. , de Ridder M. P. , Rutten M. M. , van de Giesen N. C.
Published: November 2016

Quantification of human impact on water, sediment, and nutrient fluxes at the global scale demands characterization of reservoirs with an accuracy that is presently unavailable. This letter presents a new method, based on virtual dam placement, to make accurate estimations of area‐volume relationships of large reservoirs, using solely readily available elevation data. The new method is based on regional similarity of area‐volume relationships. The essence of the method is that virtual reservoirs are created in the vicinity of an existing reservoir to derive area‐volume relationships for the existing reservoir. The derived area‐volume relationships reproduced in situ bathymetric data well. An intercomparison for twelve reservoirs resulted in an average R2 = 0.93. This is a significant improvement on estimates using the best existing global regression model, which gives R2 = 0.54 for the same set of reservoirs.
Fault‐bound valley associated with the Rembrandt basin on Mercury
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , Montési Laurent G. J. , Oberst Jürgen , Preusker Frank
Published: November 2016

The Rembrandt basin is crosscut by the largest fault scarp on Mercury, Enterprise Rupes, and a second scarp complex, Belgica Rupes, extends to the basin's rim. Topographic data derived from MESSENGER orbital stereo images show that these tectonic landforms bound a broad, relatively flat‐floored valley with a mean width of ~400 km. Crosscutting relations suggest that the accumulation of structural relief likely postdates the formation and volcanic infilling of the Rembrandt basin. The valley floor, bound by fault scarps of opposite vergence, is significantly offset below the elevation of the back‐scarp terrains. Along with an offset section of Rembrandt's rim, the elevation differences are evidence that the valley floor was lowered as a result of the formation of bounding fault scarps. The localization of the widely spaced thrust faults of Enterprise and Belgica Rupis and the offset of the valley floor may be the result of long‐wavelength buckling of Mercury's lithosphere.
Fate of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Strong decline under continued warming and Greenland melting
Authors: Bakker P. , Schmittner A. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Abe‐Ouchi A. , Bi D. , van den Broeke M. R. , Chan W.‐L. , Hu A. , Beadling R. L. , Marsland S. J. , Mernild S. H. , Saenko O. A. , Swingedouw D. , Sullivan A. , Yin J.
Published: November 2016

The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment report concludes that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) could weaken substantially but is very unlikely to collapse in the 21st century. However, the assessment largely neglected Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass loss, lacked a comprehensive uncertainty analysis, and was limited to the 21st century. Here in a community effort, improved estimates of GrIS mass loss are included in multicentennial projections using eight state‐of‐the‐science climate models, and an AMOC emulator is used to provide a probabilistic uncertainty assessment. We find that GrIS melting affects AMOC projections, even though it is of secondary importance. By years 2090–2100, the AMOC weakens by 18% [−3%, −34%; 90% probability] in an intermediate greenhouse‐gas mitigation scenario and by 37% [−15%, −65%] under continued high emissions. Afterward, it stabilizes in the former but continues to decline in the latter to −74% [+4%, −100%] by 2290–2300, with a 44% likelihood of an AMOC collapse. This result suggests that an AMOC collapse can be avoided by CO2 mitigation.
Lithospheric velocity model of Texas and implications for the Ouachita orogeny and the opening of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Yao Yao , Li Aibing
Published: November 2016

A 3‐D shear wave velocity model of Texas has been developed from Rayleigh wave phase velocities by using ambient noise data recorded at the USArray stations. In the upper crust, the Ouachita front separates high velocity in the Laurentia to its west from low velocity in the east and south Texas basins. The Ouachita belt is characterized as a high‐velocity zone with local maximums coinciding with known uplifts, which we interpret as accreted island arcs during the Ouachita orogeny. Our model evidences a strong Ouachita lithosphere that helped to buffer crust thinning from the Mesozoic rifting. A significantly low‐velocity anomaly is present in southeast Texas in the lower crust and upper mantle. We associate this anomaly with a past asthenosphere upwelling that likely originated from the edge of the subducted slab during the Ouachita collision and was potentially responsible for the opening of the Gulf of Mexico.
Factors affecting the geoeffectiveness of shocks and sheaths at 1 AU
Authors: Lugaz N. , Farrugia C. J. , Winslow R. M. , Al‐Haddad N. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Riley P.
Published: November 2016

We identify all fast‐mode forward shocks, whose sheath regions resulted in a moderate (56 cases) or intense (38 cases) geomagnetic storm during 18.5 years from January 1997 to June 2015. We study their main properties, interplanetary causes, and geoeffects. We find that half (49/94) such shocks are associated with interacting coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as they are either shocks propagating into a preceding CME (35 cases) or a shock propagating into the sheath region of a preceding shock (14 cases). About half (22/45) of the shocks driven by isolated transients and which have geoeffective sheaths compress preexisting southward Bz. Most of the remaining sheaths appear to have planar structures with southward magnetic fields, including some with planar structures consistent with field line draping ahead of the magnetic ejecta. A typical (median) geoeffective shock‐sheath structure drives a geomagnetic storm with peak Dst of −88 nT pushes the subsolar magnetopause location to 6.3 RE, i.e., below geosynchronous orbit and is associated with substorms with a peak AL index of −1350 nT. There are some important differences between sheaths associated with CME‐CME interaction (stronger storms) and those associated with isolated CMEs (stronger compression of the magnetosphere). We detail six case studies of different types of geoeffective shock‐sheaths, as well as two events for which there was no geomagnetic storm but other magnetospheric effects. Finally, we discuss our results in terms of space weather forecasting and potential effects on Earth's radiation belts.
Ionosphere data assimilation modeling of 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm
Authors: Chen C. H. , Lin C. H. , Matsuo T. , Chen W. H.
Published: November 2016

The ionospheric plasma disturbances during a severe storm can affect human activities and systems, such as navigation and HF communication systems. Therefore, the forecast of ionospheric electron density is becoming an important topic recently. This study is conducted with the ionospheric assimilation model by assimilating the total electron content observations into the thermosphere‐ionosphere coupling model with different high‐latitude ionospheric convection models, Heelis and Weimer, and further to forecast the variations of ionospheric electron density during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm. The forecast capabilities of these two assimilation models are evaluated by the root‐mean‐square error values in different regions to discuss its latitudinal effects. Results show the better forecast in the electron density at the low‐latitude region during the storm main phase and the recovery phase. The well reproduced eastward electric field at the low‐latitude region by the assimilation model reveals that the electric fields may be an important factor to have the contributions on the accuracy of ionospheric forecast.
A statistical study of magnetospheric electron density using the Cluster spacecraft
Authors: Sandhu J. K. , Yeoman T. K. , Fear R. C. , Dandouras I.
Published: November 2016

Observations from the WHISPER (Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by Relaxation) instrument on board Cluster, for the interval spanning 2001–2012, are utilized to determine an empirical model describing the total electron density along closed geomagnetic field lines. The model, representing field lines in the region of 4.5≤L< 9.5, includes dependences onLand magnetic local time. Data verification tests ensured that the WHISPER data set provided unbiased measurements for low‐density regions, including comparisons with Plasma Electron and Current Experiment and Electric Field and Waves observations. The model was determined by modeling variations in the electron density along the field lines, which is observed to follow a power law distribution along the geomagnetic field at high latitudes, with power law index values ranging from approximately 0.0 to 1.2. However, a localized peak in electron density close to the magnetic equator is observed, which is described using a Gaussian peak function, with the electron density peak ranging as high as 10 cm−3above the background power law dependence. The resulting model illustrates some key features of the electron density spatial distribution. The role of the number density distribution, represented by the empirical electron density model, in determining the total plasma mass density is also explored. By combining the empirical electron density model with an empirical average ion mass model, the total plasma mass density distribution is inferred, which includes contributions of both the number density and ion composition of the plasma in the region.
Fault geometry inversion and slip distribution of the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake from geodetic data
Authors: Huang Mong‐Han , Fielding Eric J. , Dickinson Haylee , Sun Jianbao , Gonzalez‐Ortega J. Alejandro , Freed Andrew M. , Bürgmann Roland
Published: November 2016

The 4 April 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake in Baja, California, and Sonora, Mexico, had primarily right‐lateral strike‐slip motion and a minor normal‐slip component. The surface rupture extended about 120 km in a NW‐SE direction, west of the Cerro Prieto fault. Here we use geodetic measurements including near‐ to far‐field GPS, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and subpixel offset measurements of radar and optical images to characterize the fault slip during the EMC event. We use dislocation inversion methods and determine an optimal nine‐segment fault geometry, as well as a subfault slip distribution from the geodetic measurements. With systematic perturbation of the fault dip angles, randomly removing one geodetic data constraint, or different data combinations, we are able to explore the robustness of the inferred slip distribution along fault strike and depth. The model fitting residuals imply contributions of early postseismic deformation to the InSAR measurements as well as lateral heterogeneity in the crustal elastic structure between the Peninsular Ranges and the Salton Trough. We also find that with incorporation of near‐field geodetic data and finer fault patch size, the shallow slip deficit is reduced in the EMC event by reductions in the level of smoothing. These results show that the outcomes of coseismic inversions can vary greatly depending on model parameterization and methodology.
Transient deformation of karst aquifers due to seasonal and multiyear groundwater variations observed by GPS in southern Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Silverii Francesca , D'Agostino Nicola , Métois Marianne , Fiorillo Francesco , Ventafridda Gerardo
Published: November 2016

We present GPS, hydrological, and GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) observations in southern Apennines (Italy) pointing to a previously unnoticed response of the solid Earth to hydrological processes. Transient patterns in GPS horizontal time series near to large karst aquifers are controlled by seasonal and interannual phases of groundwater recharge/discharge of karst aquifers, modulating the extensional ∼3 mm/yr strain within the tectonically active Apennines. We suggest that transient signals are produced, below the saturation level of the aquifers and above a poorly constrained depth in the shallow crust, by time‐dependent opening of subvertical, fluid‐filled, conductive fractures. We ascribe this process to the immature karstification and intense tectonic fracturing, favoring slow groundwater circulation, and to multiyear variations of the water table elevation, influenced by variable seasonal recharge. The vertical component displays seasonal and multiyear signals more homogeneously distributed in space and closely correlated with estimates of total water storage from GRACE, reflecting the elastic response of the lithosphere to variations of surface water loads. The different sensitivities of vertical and horizontal components to the hydrologically induced deformation processes allow us to spatially and temporally resolve the different phases of the water cycle, from maximum hydrological loading at the surface to maximum hydrostatic pressure beneath karst aquifers. Finally, we suggest that transient deformation signals in the geodetic series of the Apennines are correlated to large‐scale climatic patterns (Northern Atlantic Oscillation) through their influence on precipitation variability and trends at the regional scale.
Tidal influence on self‐potential measurements
Authors: MacAllister DJ. , Jackson M. D. , Butler A. P. , Vinogradov J.
Published: November 2016

Long‐term surface and borehole self‐potential (SP) monitoring was conducted in the UK Chalk aquifer at two sites. The coastal site is ~1.7 km from the coast, and the inland site is ~80 km from the coast. At both sites, power spectral density analysis revealed that SP data contain the main ocean tidal periodic components. However, the principal lunar component (M2), the dominant ocean tidal component, was most significant at the coastal site. The M2 signal in surface‐referenced SP data at the inland site was partly due to telluric currents caused by the geomagnetic ocean dynamo. Earth and/or atmospheric tides also contributed, as the SP power spectrum was not typical of a telluric electric field. The M2 component in borehole‐referenced data at the inland site was below the significance level of the analysis method and was 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the M2 signal in borehole‐referenced SP data at the coastal site. The tidal response of the SP data in the coastal borehole is, therefore, primarily driven by ocean tides. These cause changes in fluid pressure and chemical concentration gradients within the coastal aquifer, leading to time varying electrokinetic and exclusion‐diffusion potentials. Borehole‐referenced SP measurements could be used to characterize and monitor tidal processes in coastal aquifers such as the intrusion of seawater.
Analyzing paleomagnetic data: To anchor or not to anchor?
Authors: Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P.
Published: November 2016

Paleomagnetic directions provide the basis for use of paleomagnetism in chronological and tectonic reconstructions and for constraining past geomagnetic field behavior over a variety of timescales. Crucial to paleomagnetic analysis is the separation and quantification of a characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM), which relates to a process of interest, from other remanence components. Principal component analysis (PCA) of stepwise demagnetization data is employed routinely in these situations to estimate magnetic remanence directions and their uncertainties. A given ChRM is often assumed to trend toward the origin of a vector demagnetization diagram and prevailing data analysis frameworks allow remanence directions to be estimated based on PCA fits that are forced to pass through the origin of such diagrams, a process referred to as “anchoring.” While this approach is adopted commonly, little attention has been paid to the effects of anchoring and the influence it has on both estimated remanence directions and their associated uncertainties. In almost all cases, anchoring produces an artificially low uncertainty estimation compared to an unanchored fit. Bayesian model selection demonstrates that the effects of anchoring cannot typically be justified from a statistical standpoint. We present an alternative to anchoring that constrains the best fit remanence direction to pass through the origin of a vector demagnetization diagram without unreasonably distorting the representation of the demagnetization data.
A refined methodology for stress inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms
Authors: Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Abolfathian Niloufar , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Bohnhoff Marco
Published: November 2016

We develop an improved methodology for reliable high‐resolution inversions of focal mechanisms to background stress field orientation and stress ratio R in two or three dimensions. The earthquake catalog is declustered to remove events likely affected strongly by local stress interactions rather than reflecting the large‐scale background stress field. The declustered data are discretized with the k‐means algorithm into groups containing a number of focal mechanisms between a minimum number Nmin and 2Nmin. Synthetic tests indicate that Nmin ≈ 30 provides stable inversion results under different stress regimes and noise conditions when R ≈ 0.5, while Nmin ≈ 45 is needed for R near 0 or 1. Additional synthetic tests compare the performance of selecting the fault plane of each focal mechanism using (a) the plane with lowest misfit angle between the slip vector from the focal mechanism and shear traction from the stress tensor and (b) the plane with highest instability coefficient representing proximity to the optimally oriented fault for given stress field and friction coefficient. The instability criterion is found to provide more accurate inversion results under all tested stress regimes, stress ratios, and noise conditions. The refined inversion methodology combines selecting fault planes using the instability criterion iteratively with a damped simultaneous inversion of different focal mechanism groups. Results characterizing neighborhoods of discretized domains merged during the damped inversion provide high‐resolution information independent of the discretization. Some aspects of the methodology are illustrated with focal mechanism data from the San Jacinto Fault Zone in Southern California.
Storm surge along the Pacific coast of North America
Authors: Bromirski Peter D. , Flick Reinhard E. , Miller Arthur J.
Published: November 2016

Storm surge is an important factor that contributes to coastal flooding and erosion. Storm surge magnitude along eastern North Pacific coasts results primarily from low sea level pressure (SLP). Thus, coastal regions where high surge occurs identify the dominant locations where intense storms make landfall, controlled by storm track across the North Pacific. Here storm surge variability along the Pacific coast of North America is characterized by positive nontide residuals at a network of tide gauge stations from southern California to Alaska. The magnitudes of mean and extreme storm surge generally increase from south to north, with typically high amplitude surge north of Cape Mendocino and lower surge to the south. Correlation of mode 1 nontide principal component (PC1) during winter months (December–February) with anomalous SLP over the northeast Pacific indicates that the dominant storm landfall region is along the Cascadia/British Columbia coast. Although empirical orthogonal function spatial patterns show substantial interannual variability, similar correlation patterns of nontide PC1 over the 1948–1975 and 1983–2014 epochs with anomalous SLP suggest that, when considering decadal‐scale time periods, storm surge and associated tracks have generally not changed appreciably since 1948. Nontide PC1 is well correlated with PC1 of both anomalous SLP and modeled wave height near the tide gauge stations, reflecting the interrelationship between storms, surge, and waves. Weaker surge south of Cape Mendocino during the 2015–2016 El Niño compared with 1982–1983 may result from changes in Hadley circulation. Importantly from a coastal impacts perspective, extreme storm surge events are often accompanied by high waves.