bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of a Nanostructured Ti‐Si‐C‐N Coating by Self‐Organization with Reduced Amorphous Matrix
Authors: Thewes Alexander , Bröcker Lars , Reinders Phillip Marvin , Paschke Hanno , Brückner Tristan , Tillmann Wolfgang , Urbanczyk Julia , Lopes Dias Nelson Filipe , Paulus Michael , Sternemann Christian
Published: December 2024

A Ti‐Si‐C‐N coating is deposited on AISI H11 hot working steel by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to investigate its micro‐ and nanostructure as well as its mechanical and thermal properties. Instead of a nanocomposite structure consisting of randomly oriented nanocrystalline (nc‐) grains < 10 nm surround by an amorphous (a‐) matrix, as usually found for these systems, this Ti‐Si‐C‐N coating shows much larger Ti(C,N)‐grains with a preferred (200) orientation identify by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The strong texturing and grain sizes > 10 nm of the coating are confirmed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The coating's hardness is 46.3 GPa, making it equally hard to, e.g., nanocomposite Ti‐Si‐N coatings. These hardness values can only be achieved by a strong interface between a‐matrix and nc‐grains and small grain size. Despite 41.1 at.% carbon content, no significant quantity of a‐C is found, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy analysis. In order to investigate the oxidation behavior of the coatings, X‐ray diffraction experiments are carried out at room temperature and in‐situ in ambient atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The room temperature measurement shows a strong texturing of the Ti(C,N) lattice and yielded additional information on an anisotropic grain size.
Facile Tensile Testing Platform for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Nanomaterials
Authors: Sari Bengisu , Dandu Medha , Wood Nathan , Hochhalter Jacob , Johnson Amalya C. , Doeff Marca , Liu Fang , Raja Archana , Scott Mary , Dhall Rohan , Warren Roseanne
Published: December 2024

In situ tensile testing using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful technique to probe structure‐property relationships of materials at the atomic scale. In this work, a facile tensile testing platform for in situ characterization of materials inside a transmission electron microscope is demonstrated. The platform consists of: 1) a commercially available, flexible, electron‐transparent substrate (e.g., TEM grid) integrated with a conventional tensile testing holder, and 2) a finite element simulation providing quantification of specimen‐applied strain. The flexible substrate (carbon support film of the TEM grid) mitigates strain concentrations usually found in free‐standing films and enables in situ straining experiments to be performed on materials that cannot undergo localized thinning or focused ion beam lift‐out. The finite element simulation enables direct correlation of holder displacement with sample strain, providing upper and lower bounds of expected strain across the substrate. The tensile testing platform is validated for three disparate material systems: sputtered gold‐palladium, few‐layer transferred tungsten disulfide, and electrodeposited lithium, by measuring lattice strain from experimentally recorded electron diffraction data. The results show good agreement between experiment and simulation, providing confidence in the ability to transfer strain from holder to sample and relate TEM crystal structural observations with material mechanical properties.
Integration of Nanoengineering with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) for the Development of Advanced Biosensing Platforms
Authors: Ebrahimi Farbod , Kumari Anjali , Dellinger Kristen
Published: December 2024

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a powerful tool for biomedical diagnosis, combining heightened sensitivity with molecular precision. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has further elevated its capabilities, refining data interpretation, pattern prediction, and bolstering diagnostic accuracy. This review chronicles advancements in SERS diagnostics, emphasizing the collaboration between ML and innovative nanostructures, substrates, and nanoprobes for SERS enhancement. The breakthroughs are highlighted in SERS‐based point‐of‐care techniques and the nuanced detection of key biomarkers, from nucleic acids to proteins and metabolites. The article also addresses prevailing challenges, such as the need for standardized SERS methodologies and optimized platforms. Moreover, the potential of portable SERS systems is discussed for clinical deployment, as well as current efforts and challenges in clinical trials. In essence, this review positions the fusion of nanoengineering, AI, ML, and SERS as the frontier for next‐generation biomedical diagnostics.
Dynamic Stabilization of Cuδ+ in Heterostructured Ag0‐CuAgOx for High‐Performing Nitrate Electroreduction
Authors: Huang Hong , Zhang Yechuan , Chen Wenjiang , Chen Jinli , Zou Xuhui , Lv Jing‐Jing , Chen Xueqiu , Shen Zhangfeng , Ge Zhigang , Guo Longhua , Yao Yonggang , Wang Yangang
Published: December 2024

Oxide‐derived copper (OD‐Cu) has exhibited significant promise in nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3RR) due to their hybrid Cu oxide states (Cuδ+) for stabilizing key reaction intermediates. However, owing to the intrinsic vulnerability of Cuδ+ reduction during NO3RR, it is still challenging to develop highly active and durable OD‐Cu catalysts. Herein, a unique strategy is reported to stabilize the Cu+ state by dynamically introducing metallic Ag clusters in the oxidized CuAgOx nanosheets to form heterostructure Ag0‐CuAgOx. Operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy reveal a strong correlation between NH3 production and Cuδ+ content in Ag0‐CuAgOx, with peak performance achieved when Cu+ is maximized. Ag0 acts as an electron acceptor, preventing the over‐reduction of Cuδ+ during NO3RR. The stabilized Cu+ in Ag0‐CuAgOx helps achieve outstanding long‐term stability of 400 h for NH3 production, surpassing most of the state‐of‐the‐art Cu‐based electrocatalysts. Computational studies and ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer confirm that Ag0 functions as the electronic buffer and enables electron transfer from Cu2O to Ag to generate electron‐deficient Cu sites, thus turning the Cu d‐band center with favorable adsorption energies for key intermediates to facilitate NH3 formation. The study paves the way to develop valence‐stabilized catalysts for a range of electroreduction reactions.
Unveiling the gaps: Assessing LGBTQIA+ inclusivity on emergency medicine residency websites—An analysis of pronoun usage, diversity pages, and LGBTQIA+ sections
Authors: Blum Eliot H. , Lall Michelle D. , Awad Christopher S. , Jenkins Lauren , Kulp MSc David R. G. , Hoang Khiem H. N.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Despite progress in promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in medical education, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, intersex, asexual, and more (LGBTQIA+) individuals remain underrepresented and often face barriers to equitable advancement. Emergency medicine (EM) residency programs are instrumental in creating inclusive environments that attract diverse applicants and support LGBTQIA+ trainees. Since the COVID‐19 pandemic's shift to virtual recruitment, residency websites have become vital tools for communicating DEI initiatives. This study examines LGBTQIA+ inclusivity on EM residency websites, focusing on the visibility of resident pronouns, diversity pages, and LGBTQIA+ subsections.

Methods

We conducted a review of 282 EM residency program websites listed on the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) between August and October 2023. Websites were assessed for the presence of pronouns on resident biographies, dedicated diversity pages, and LGBTQIA+ content. Data were stratified by geographic region and analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Among the websites reviewed, 4.3% displayed resident pronouns, 31.2% had dedicated diversity pages, and 3.9% included LGBTQIA+ subsections. The Midwest region had the highest proportion of programs featuring resident pronouns (5/70), while the West region led in diversity pages (14/32) and LGBTQIA+ content (4/32).

Discussion

The limited visibility of LGBTQIA+ content and pronouns across EM residency websites suggests an underutilization of online platforms to promote inclusivity. With virtual recruitment now standard, these websites are critical for conveying program culture to prospective applicants. Displaying pronouns, DEI pages, and LGBTQIA+‐specific content can foster a welcoming environment and signal support to diverse applicants. Programs in regions with stronger DEI representation could serve as models for others, sharing best practices in promoting inclusivity.

Conclusions

Enhancing DEI visibility on EM residency websites may positively influence perceptions and engagement among LGBTQIA+ applicants, fostering more inclusive and equitable training environments that align with the needs of diverse trainees in emergency medicine.
Supporting young people transition from care to independence: Exploring the impact of coaching in Uniting's youth transitions programs
Authors: Flanagan Victoria
Published: December 2024

When young people exit out‐of‐home care, they face high rates of social and economic marginalisation, as well as poor health and educational outcomes. Although there is limited longitudinal research available on the specific types of post‐care support that are most effective, a number of smaller studies show that young people can avoid these negative life trajectories if provided with assistance and advice as they transition from care to independence. Uniting NSW.ACT delivers multiple programs designed to support young people as they transition from care to adulthood, including Foyer Central, the Extended Care Pilot Program, the Premier's Youth Initiative and Futures Support and Planning (led by the Burrun Dalai Aboriginal Corporation in partnership with Uniting). This article draws on evidence from the independent evaluations of each of these programs to explore the nature of the coaching relationship and to argue that it should indeed be adopted in NSW, due to its beneficial impact on young people and ability to help them achieve positive outcomes in housing, employment and education.
Detaillierte Ökobilanzdaten für spezifische Betonsorten hergestellt in Österreich
Authors: Hausberger Lukas , Ressler Christoph , Cordes Tobias , Gschösser Florian
Published: December 2024

Der weltweit meist eingesetzte Baustoff ist Beton. Die zahlreichen Eigenschaften wie Vielseitigkeit, Verfügbarkeit, Dauerhaftigkeit etc. tragen zur breiten Anwendung bei. Trotz der häufigen Verwendung stehen Ökobilanzierer:innen oftmals vor der Problematik, den passendsten Ökodatensatz für Beton zu wählen. Daher finden oftmals unspezifische Daten bei der Ökobilanz Anwendung. Folgende ökobilanzielle Untersuchung widmet sich in Kooperation mit der österreichischen Transportbetonbranche und der Brenner Basistunnel BBT SE der Ermittlung von detaillierten spezifischen Beton‐Ökodaten für die Herstellungsphase A1–A3. Ökobilanzierungen sollen dadurch künftig weiter unterstützt werden. Die Ergebnisse werden dabei für das „Treibhausgaspotenzial gesamt“ und zehn weitere Wirkungsindikatoren präsentiert. Ein durchschnittlicher Beton C25/30 emittiert hierbei 179,1 kg CO2eq pro m3.
The Use of Behavioral Skills Training to Teach Staff Discrete Trial Teaching
Authors: Zheng Tian , Albright Leif , Mahoney Amanda
Published: December 2024

Skilled therapists are critical to the achievement of a high level of treatment integrity in behavior‐analytic programs. Behavior Skills Training (BST) has been used to train staff to correctly implement discrete trial teaching (DTT) in a variety of previous studies. The current study used a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design to evaluate BST with a brief video model on acquisition of DTT skills of staff with no previous exposure to this approach and no prior experience in DTT implementation. Maintenance was assessed 7 days after the intervention was discontinued. Results of this study (a) supported Clayton and Headley's study (2019) findings of the effectiveness of using BST to teach DTT to newly hired staff, (b) obtained more precise acquisition data by breaking down error correction step into more steps, and (c) indicated high level of acceptability of the procedure on social validity measures. The influences of the number of task steps and participants' previous learning profiles on correctly implementing DTT, and participants' patterns of occurred errors are discussed.
Examination of Athletes' Preferences for Practice Drills in a Group Response Restriction Analysis
Authors: Crochet Julie C. , Britwum Kwadwo O. , Rooker Griffin W. , Parthum Elizabeth T.
Published: December 2024

Two assessments derived from the applied behavior analysis (ABA) literature were conducted to understand rugby players' preferences for drills and the context in which their engagement was inconsistent. First, 32 female varsity rugby players aged 18 to 25 participated in a survey‐based preference assessment. Next, 20 of the same players participated in an on‐field response restriction (RR) preference assessment. Results from the survey‐based preference assessment and the on‐field response restriction preference assessment were consistent. Specifically, offensive and no‐to‐light contact drills were preferred over defensive and heavy contact drills. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of group‐based preference assessments and how using ABA procedures may benefit varsity sports coaching to improve athlete performance.
Nanofiber Applications From Hijiki Macroalgae: Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Properties in Biocompatible Polymers
Authors: Gümüş Numan Emre
Published: December 2024

One of the current biotechnological applications is nanofiber applications made from algae using the electrospinning technique. Nanofibers containing poly‐caprolactone (PCL) extracted from the brown seaweed Hijiki (Sargassum fusiforme) were prepared using electrospinning technique. Water extraction was performed to preserve the integrity of Hijiki components, ensuring their efficacy in subsequent electrospinning and characterization. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanofibers were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analyses. Hijiki was found to combine well with electrospun biocompatible polymers and effectively provide the common properties of these materials. The cytotoxicity of algae‐doped PCL nanofibers was examined in vitro using liver cancer and liver healthy cell lines (HepG2 and The‐2). Among hepatic tumor cell lines, the HepG2 cell line has been preferred due to its wide range of scientific applications. Although the nanofibers caused a 28% decrease in liver cancer cell lines viability (HepG2), the decrease in healthy liver cell viability (The‐2) was 12%. Algae‐doped PCL nanofiber applied to bacteria showed antibacterial effect. Based on the findings, Hijiki macroalgae nanofibers show great promise for tissue regeneration and band‐aid applications in the medical industry.
Influence of Pore Size on Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 and Epoxide Catalyzed by Supported Imidazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Yu Xiaohan , Zhang Ruiyu , Sun Xinyi , Liu Yi
Published: December 2024

Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to other chemicals has attracted much attention due to the wide applications of products and its importance. Robust catalysts are critical for efficient conversion due to the inertness of CO2. Immobilized ionic liquid (IL) is one of the most important catalysts with numerous advantages. Various immobilized ILs have been developed with different ILs and supporters. However, rare studies have been carried out to compare the influence of different supporters on the catalytic performance with the fixed IL, especially for the supporter with or without pores. Imidazolium‐based IL, imidazolium hydrogen bromide (IMHBr), is immobilized on three different supporters, polystyrene (PS), Santa Barbara Amorphous‐15 (SBA‐15), and Materials of Institute Lavoisier‐101 Chromium (MIL‐101(Cr)), to form three immobilized ILs with the central aim to uncover the influence of supporter on the catalytic performance. The MIL‐101‐IMHBr exhibits better catalytic activity than PS‐IMHBr although the immobilized amount of IMHBr on the former is less. The porous structure plays a critical role in enhancing the catalytic activity. In the future, we still need to commit ourselves to the development of catalysts with superior performance.
A Simple Chirping‐Based Spectrum Sensing Scheme for Cognitive Radio Applications
Authors: Taki Haidar , Tanguy Didier , Mansour Ali
Published: December 2024

In this study, we propose a simple spectrum sensing method based on exploiting the properties of a group‐delay phaser. Following the theory that an additive white noise should have a flat spectrum over the band of interest, which is not the case for most data‐modulated signals, the spectrum shape of input waveforms has been the test variable. The latter enables a clear distinguishing method between a noise background and a communication signal of a transmission body operating over the desired band. The phaser scatters the frequency components of received signals in time space, allowing a time‐domain inspection of the corresponding spectral response. The accurate closed‐form analytical expression for the probability of detection in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel has been derived, in addition to the false alarm probability. The probability of detection has been studied versus signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in AWGN and multipath channels. As well, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves have been plotted for different values of SNR. A good performance has been achieved by our scheme, which has recorded a detection probability of 0.86 for a false alarm probability of 0.1, and further shown a kind of robustness against noise uncertainties. Experimental works have eventually been conducted, and the empirical results also validate the effectiveness of the elaborated approach. An improvement of around 30% in the probability of detection has been realized over the energy‐based sensing technique, at low measures of false alarm probability.
Feasibility of non‐anesthesiologist‐administered sedation with dexmedetomidine and midazolam during endoscopic submucosal dissection of upper gastrointestinal tumors
Authors: Ishido Kenji , Tanabe Satoshi , Kitahara Gen , Furue Yasuaki , Wada Takuya , Watanabe Akinori , Matsuda Hiromi , Okamoto Hirotsugu , Kusano Chika
Published: December 2024

Objectives

The efficacy and safety of a sedation regimen combining dexmedetomidine and midazolam during endoscopic submucosal dissection for upper gastrointestinal tumors remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this sedation regimen, where non‐anesthesiologists performed sedation.

Methods

Sixty‐eight patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection for upper gastrointestinal tumors, sedated by non‐anesthesiologists, were retrospectively evaluated. The sedation was performed by non‐anesthesiologists as part of on‐the‐job training (OJT) under anesthesiologists' supervision. Each non‐anesthesiologist received OJT at least thrice. Proficiency levels were assessed during the third OJT session. The target sedation depth was a Richmond Agitation‐Sedation Scale of −2 to −4, with 2 L/min of oxygen delivered via a nasal cannula at sedation initiation. The treatment completion rates, which measured efficacy and safety, were assessed by the frequencies of respiratory depression, hypotension, and bradycardia.

Results

The study included 14, 52, and two patients with superficial esophageal cancer, early gastric cancer, and gastric adenoma, respectively. The median treatment time was 68 and 84 min for superficial esophageal cancer, early gastric cancer, and adenoma, respectively. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was completed in all patients. No severe sedation‐related adverse events were reported; however, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation <90%, hypotension, and bradycardia occurred in 1 (1.5%), 30 (44.1%), and 30 patients (44.1%), respectively. All 22 non‐anesthesiologists who underwent the proficiency evaluation passed the test.

Conclusions

A sedation regimen combining dexmedetomidine and midazolam can be feasibly administered by non‐anesthesiologists. Further studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of OJT.
Profound gastric mucosal changes and severe rebound acid hypersecretion after long‐term Vonoprazan use: A case report
Authors: Suda Hiroko , Eto Sachi , Sakurai Koichi
Published: December 2024

Vonoprazan is a novel acid blocker with greater potency than proton pump inhibitors. A Japanese study reported no significant safety concerns over 5 years of Vonoprazan use; however, elevated serum gastrin and increased parietal cell and foveolar hyperplasia were observed, and long‐term safety data beyond 5 years are limited. We report a case that used Vonoprazan for 6 years, complicated by significant gastric epithelial changes during treatment and acute duodenal mucosal lesions following its discontinuation. A 76‐year‐old, treated with proton pump inhibitors for over 10 years, was switched to Vonoprazan due to his worsening symptoms. After its use, hemorrhagic hyperplastic polyps became prominent. Given concerns about Vonoprazan's effect on the gastric epithelium, the medication was changed to high‐dose H2 blocker therapy. Two months later, the patient complained of vomiting and black tarry stools. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a significant reduction of gastric polyps but multiple erosions and ulcers in the duodenum. This case indicates the potent effects of Vonoprazan on the gastric mucosa and the risk of severe rebound acid hypersecretion after its long‐term use.
Complementary Non‐invasive Fish Monitoring Distinguishes Depth‐Dependent Fish Communities
Authors: Burns Ewan , Mallawaarachchi Vijini , Clarke Thomas M. , Martin Belinda , DiBattista Joseph D. , Hicks Jamie , Brock Danny , Dinsdale Elizabeth A. , Huveneers Charlie , Doane Michael P.
Published: December 2024

Human activities are increasingly affecting marine environments, with fish communities serving as critical indicators of ecosystem health. Effective management of marine fishes is imperative for maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, necessitating comprehensive monitoring strategies. We used baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) and environmental DNA (eDNA) survey methods to assess fish communities across four offshore islands and seamount groups in Australia's eastern Great Australian Bight (GAB). Employing a paired sampling design, we conducted 32 BRUVS deployments and collected 32 eDNA samples in tandem. We compared the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish detected by these two methods and explored fish assemblage within the eastern GAB. Our findings demonstrated that BRUVS and eDNA data were complementary to each other, with each approach detecting distinct segments of the fish community. Only 17 of the 102 species recorded were detected by both methods and combining these two datasets resulted in a 40% increase in species‐level detections compared to either method alone. BRUVS predominantly identified benthic and demersal fish, whereas eDNA predominately identified pelagic species, including species of conservation (e.g., white sharks) and commercial significance (e.g., southern bluefin tuna). Yet, both methods distinguished depth‐dependent communities within a single sampling site. These findings emphasize the value of integrating multiple approaches for enhanced fish species detection, offering valuable insights into future biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts.
Comprehensive Sensory Evaluation in Low‐Fat Emulsions: A Systematic Review of Diverse Food Applications
Authors: Talens Clara , Alvarez‐Sabatel Saioa , Sanmartín Esther , Garcia‐Fontanals Laura , Talens Pau
Published: December 2024

The prevalence of diet‐related health issues has driven the demand for healthier food options, particularly those with reduced fat content. This systematic review evaluates the integration of sensory analysis in low‐fat emulsion research, highlighting a significant gap in current practices. From an initial pool of 400 articles, 227 unique studies were screened, but only 15 (6.6%) included sensory analysis, underscoring a major shortfall in evaluating consumer acceptance. The reviewed studies investigated various emulsion types, including simple emulsions, emulsion gels, and Pickering emulsions, utilizing a diverse range of fat replacers, such as plant‐based oils, proteins, and modified starches. These fat replacers included natural and modified ingredients such as banana peel flour, lard‐based diacylglycerols, cedar oil cake, microparticulated egg white proteins, Nigella sativa oil, avocado, whey protein, flaxseed oil, polyphenol extracts, okara, microcrystalline wax and cellulose, rapeseed cake, and polysaccharide nanoparticles. These innovative approaches aimed to improve the sensory attributes of meat products, dairy‐type applications, salad dressings, and bakery products. The review highlights a disparity in the rigor and comprehensiveness of sensory evaluations among studies. While some studies have thoroughly assessed multiple attributes, others have been limited to general acceptability. This variability underscores the need for standardized, detailed sensory analysis in low‐fat emulsion research to ensure a comprehensive understanding of consumer preferences and product quality.
Genomics and Health Data Governance in Africa: Democratize the Use of Big Data and Popularize Public Engagement
Authors: Munung Nchangwi Syntia , Royal Charmaine D. , de Kock Carmen , Awandare Gordon , Nembaware Victoria , Nguefack Seraphin , Treadwell Marsha , Wonkam Ambroise
Published: December 2024

Effectively addressing ethical issues in precision medicine research in Africa requires a holistic social contract that integrates biomedical knowledge with local cultural values and Indigenous knowledge systems. Drawing on African epistemologies such as ubuntu and ujamaa and on our collective experiences in genomics and big data research for sickle cell disease, hearing impairment, and fragile X syndrome and the project Public Understanding of Big Data in Genomics Medicine in Africa, we envision a transformative shift in health research data governance in Africa that could help create a sense of shared responsibility between all stakeholders in genomics and data‐driven health research in Africa. This shift includes proposing a social contract for genomics and data science in health research that is grounded in African communitarianism such as solidarity, shared decision‐making, and reciprocity. We make several recommendations for a social contract for genomics and data science in health, including the coproduction of genomics knowledge with study communities, power sharing between stakeholders, public education on the ethical and social implications of genetics and data science, benefit sharing, giving voice to data subjects through dynamic consent, and democratizing data access to allow wide access by all research stakeholders. Achieving this would require adopting participatory approaches to genomics and data governance.
Genomics and Biodiversity: Applications and Ethical Considerations for Climate‐Just Conservation
Authors: Miner Skye A. , Thurman Timothy J.
Published: December 2024

Genomics holds significant potential for conservationists, offering tools to monitor species risks, enhance conservation strategies, envision biodiverse futures, and advance climate justice. However, integrating genomics into conservation requires careful consideration of its impacts on biodiversity, the diversity of scientific researchers, and governance strategies for data usage. These factors must be balanced with the varied interests of affected communities and environmental concerns. We argue that conservationists should engage with diverse communities, particularly those historically marginalized and most vulnerable to climate change. This inclusive approach can ensure that genomic technologies are applied ethically and effectively, aligning conservation efforts with broader social and environmental justice goals. Engaging diverse stakeholders will help guide responsible genomic integration, fostering equitable and sustainable conservation outcomes.
Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) in Complex System of Systems (SoS) Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Environments
Authors: Marvin Joseph , Whalen Thomas , Morantz Brad , Deiotte Ray , Garrett Robert K.
Published: December 2024

Prevailing modeling and simulation (M&S) techniques have struggled to provide meaningful quantitative results in M&S of complex system of systems (SoSs) in the face of an environment filled with complex interacting uncertainties. This paper reports on systems thinking applied to “how” M&S techniques should shift to allow a next generation of quantitative tools and techniques. The imperative is to provide quantitative performance results across the constituent interfaces in a modeled architecture. A five‐step statistical and parametric algorithm tool that addresses uncertainty quantification (UQ) is presented. [Improving the utility of UQ data evaluation] A quantitative approach to managing complex uncertainties across modeled interfaces using graph theory is proposed. A future vision for SoS engineering (SoSE) that uses graph theory‐based modeling is suggested to improve the utility of tools such as UQ is suggested.
The ValXplore Method: Exploring Desirability, Feasibility and Viability of Business and System Design Under Uncertainty
Authors: Hamida Sonia Ben , Jankovic Marija , Huet Alain , Bocquet Jean‐Claude
Published: December 2024

In early design stages, business developers and systems engineers deal with uncertainties on the business problem, in line with the company's strategy. Before designing the system, the business developers need to set the boundaries of the business problem: What are the values to deliver to which stakeholders? What are their preferences? What are the future trends or the evolution of the markets and the external context? These questions regarding the uncertainties on the definition of the problem may not have answers and need to be investigated to assess the value robustness of the possible design alternatives. The aim of this work is to support decision‐making in business and system design thanks to a broad and rapid analysis of a large amount of business design alternatives under uncertainty. We introduce a decision‐making support method, called ValXplore, based on visual analysis and data analytics to explore the uncertainties on and in the business problem. The method was tested and validated on an industrial case study to assess the benefits and limits of the semi‐reusability of a launch vehicle. Both business developers and systems engineers can rapidly explore a broad space of alternatives to increase the value to the stakeholders, by performing sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.
Assessing the Impacts of Uncertainty Propagation to System Requirements by Evaluating Requirement Connectivity
Authors: Salado Alejandro , Nilchiani Roshanak
Published: December 2024

Although theoretically independent, requirements within a decomposition level of a system architecture are not isolated elements. For an existing design, a change of a requirement may endanger or facilitate fulfillment of other requirements within the same level of the decomposition. The present research suggests a requirement connectivity metric to evaluate the potential consequences that changing a requirement may have on a system with respect to fulfillment of other requirements. A particular aspect of the present research is the assumption that connectivity accounts only for requirements within the same decomposition level of an architecture, not for those flowing up or down the decomposition. The metric is used to evaluate different cases in which requirements are changed due to triggering of uncertain events during a project life cycle.
Silver nanoparticle‐infused hydrogels for biomedical applications: A comprehensive review
Authors: Albao Mark Justin F. , Calsis James Rick F. , Dancel Joriz O. , De Juan‐Corpuz Lyn Marie , Corpuz Ryan D.
Published: December 2024

Recent advancements in biomedical applications have highlighted the need for nontoxic and organic materials with versatile capabilities. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising antimicrobial agent due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, whereas hydrogels offer potential applications in biomedicine due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity. AgNPs‐infused hydrogel can offer synergistic approach for various biomedical applications, specifically in wound healing, drug delivery, and antimicrobial coatings. The incorporation of AgNPs into the hydrogel enhances their antimicrobial properties, making them ideal for reducing infections and promoting tissue regeneration. Furthermore, AgNPs‐infused hydrogel can serve as controlled‐release systems for therapeutic agents, which ensures sustained and targeted drug delivery. Most importantly, this type of system offers a potential pathway for overcoming the challenges posed by traditional materials. While AgNPs‐infused hydrogel offer significant advantages for various biomedical applications, challenges such as potential cytotoxicity, environmental concerns, and long‐term effects require further investigation. Overall, this review comprehensively explores the synthesis methods, properties, applications, and challenges associated with AgNPs‐infused hydrogel.
Dental hygiene and dental students’ patient communication skills: Is public speaking education relevant?
Authors: Hasan Omair I. , Inglehart Marita R.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Commission of Dental Accreditation (CODA) Standards require graduates to be competent in patient–provider communication. The objectives were (a) to assess dental hygiene and dental students’ general communication‐related attitudes and self‐reported skills related to establishing rapport, utilizing facilitative listening, and summarizing, as well as having oral health literacy‐related expertise; (b) to evaluate students’ prior public speaking experiences, their motivation to learn more about public speaking and evaluations of the public speaking‐related educational intervention; (c) and explore the relationships between communication‐related attitudes and skills and public speaking‐related education.

Methods

Anonymous web‐based survey data were collected from 43 dental hygiene and 206 dental students after they participated in a zoom‐based educational intervention entitled “Utilizing Public Speaking Principles in Patient–Dental Care Provider Communication: An Exploration.”

Results

On average, dental hygiene and dental students had positive communication‐related attitudes and agreed that communication is important (5‐point answer scale: 5 = agree strongly: dental hygiene students: Mean = 4.00; dental students: Mean = 4.08; p = 0.487). Both groups agreed that they were comfortable with establishing rapport (3.98 vs. 4.08; p = 0.151), summarizing information (3.92 vs. 3.86; p = 0.309) and considering patients’ oral health literacy skills in their communication (3.69 vs. 3.81; p = 0.108). However, dental hygiene students agreed less than dental students that they had facilitative listening skills (3.84 vs. 4.00; p = 0.034), had prior public speaking experiences (2.84 vs. 3.18; p = 0.004) and were less motivated to learn more about public speaking (3.06 vs. 3.68; p < 0.001). They also rated the educational intervention less positively than dental students (4.12 vs. 4.54; p < 0.001). Patient communication skills correlated significantly with public speaking considerations.

Conclusions

Students’ communication‐related attitudes are positive, but they are not likely to have education about public speaking. Dental educators should realize that students are interested in learning about public speaking and that learning about public speaking principles can enrich their patient–provider communication skills.
Linitis Plastica in a Patient With Previous Breast Cancer: Primary Gastric Cancer or Breast Cancer Metastases?
Authors: Ho Ren Yi Jonas , Rajesh R , Wan Wei Keat , Cheah Chang Chuen Mark , Tan Yi Yuan
Published: December 2024

Background

Linitis plastica is a challenging diagnosis in the setting of a patient with previous breast cancer.

Case presentation

We present a case of a 74‐year‐old Chinese Female with a history of breast cancer who presented with epigastric pain, nausea, early satiety, and weight loss of 5 kg in 3 months. Endoscopic diagnosis of linitis plastica was made, but subsequent management plans were dependent on accurate histological assessment in view of her oncological history.

Discussion and conclusion

Our case highlights the clinical conundrum confronting the endoscopist in evaluating suspected linitis plastica where the imaging, endoscopic, and macroscopic histological findings between primary gastric adenocarcinoma and metastatic breast cancer can be indistinguishable. Optimal deep tissue acquisition is required to differentiate the true diagnosis in such cases.
An evaluation of a checklist in musculoskeletal radiographic image interpretation when using artificial intelligence
Authors: McLaughlin Laura , McFadden Sonyia L , Villikudathil Angelina T , McConnell Jonathan , Hughes Ciara , Bond Raymond , Rainey Clare
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being used increasingly in image interpretation tasks. Human reliance on technology and bias can cause decision errors. A checklist, used with the AI to mitigate against such biases, may optimise the use of AI technologies and promote good decision hygiene. A checklist to aid radiographic image interpretation for radiographers using AI for image interpretation was formed. This study investigates the effect of a checklist for musculoskeletal (MSK) radiographic image assessment when using AI interpretive assistance.

Methods

Radiographers were asked to interpret five MSK examinations with AI feedback. They were then provided with the checklist and asked to reinterpret the same five examinations with the AI feedback (n = 140 interpretations). During the interpretation sessions, participants were asked to provide a diagnosis and a confidence level on the diagnosis provided. Participants were then asked to complete a questionnaire to gain feedback on the use of the checklist.

Results

Fourteen radiographers were recruited. Nine participants found the checklist alongside the AI most useful and five participants found the AI element to be most useful on its own. Five participants found the AI feedback to be useful as it helped to critique the radiographic image interpretation more closely and rethink their own initial diagnosis.

Conclusion

The checklist for use with AI in MSK image interpretation contained useful elements to the user, but further developments can be made to enhance its use in clinical practice.
Molecular Epidemiology, Transmission, and Evolution of Rubella Virus Circulating in Tianjin, China, Between 2009 and 2020
Authors: Han Yanzhen , Lei Yue , Zhuang Zhichao , Guo Liru , Li Xiaoyan
Published: December 2024

Rubella is listed as a disease that needs to be eliminated worldwide by the World Health Organization. This study aimed to investigate rubella epidemiology and genetic characteristics based on data from 12 years of laboratory‐based surveillance (2009–2020) in Tianjin and to provide baseline genotype data for monitoring future rubella control efforts. We collected RV‐positive throat swab samples from confirmed rubella cases during 2009–2020 in Tianjin to isolate RV, amplify and sequence target gene fragments, construct phylogenetic trees, and analyze nucleotide homologies. Four rubella isolates were chosen for whole genome sequencing. The epidemiological data of rubella cases were collected to describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the rubella outbreak. Most cases (87.6%) occurred between March and June, and the peak incidence was observed in May. The age of the reported rubella cases ranged from almost 1 month to 82 years, most were between 10 and 29 years old (83.3%). Almost half (48.3%) of the confirmed rubella cases were from just four districts (Beichen District, Binhai New Area, Hebei District, and Nankai District). A total of 211 rubella virus strains were obtained during 2009–2020, phylogenetic analyses identified four lineages, including 1E‐L1, 1E‐L2, 2B‐L1, and 2B‐L2c, with high homologies of nucleotide sequences compared with RV strains from other provinces of China. Recombination analysis indicated that strain RVi/Tianjin.CHN/37.19/1 a possible recombination strain by 7 analysis methods, with p‐values of 4.993 × 10−28–2.922 × 10−4. Our study provided comprehensive data on rubella epidemiology and the first information on rubella genotypes in Tianjin. Clear evidence of recombination was found, indicating that RV has the potential to continually mutate, so close monitoring of the genetic variations of wild‐type rubella virus strains is necessary. Rubella viruses were highly conserved at the genomic level, the incidence of rubella in Tianjin, as well as in China, has sustains at a low level, which gives us the idea that the rubella control and elimination goal could be achieved in the near future if strengthened RV surveillance continues and vaccine immunization coverage maintaining at the high level.
Rates and Factors Related to COVID‐19 Vaccine Uptake in Racialized and Indigenous Individuals in Canada: The Deleterious Effect of Experience of Racial Discrimination
Authors: Dalexis Rose Darly , Moshirian Farahi Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Dort Junio , Beogo Idrissa , Clorméus Lewis A. , Caulley Lisa , Xu Yan , Cénat Jude Mary
Published: December 2024

Racialized and Indigenous communities have been disproportionately affected by COVID‐19 infections and mortality, driven by systemic socioeconomic inequalities. However, how these factors specifically influence COVID‐19 vaccine uptake is not documented among racialized individuals in Canada. The present study aims to examine COVID‐19 vaccine uptake rates and related factors among racialized and Indigenous communities compared to White people in Canada. In total, 41,931 individuals aged 16 and older, consisting mainly of Arab, Asian, Black, Indigenous, and White individuals, were randomly invited to participate from a panel of 420,000 Canadian households. A total of 4220 participants completed this cross‐sectional survey study in October 2023. In total, 89.60% of participants were vaccinated: 2.38% received one dose, 31.45% received two doses, 33.46% received three doses, 18.86% received four doses, and 13.86% received five doses and more. There were significant differences according to racial and ethnic background in vaccine uptake (χ2 = 57.45, p < 0.001), with Indigenous and Black individuals having lower vaccination rates (83.54%, OR = 1.98% and 84.76%, OR = 2.16, p < 0.01) compared to White individuals (91.66%). Confidence in health authorities was positively associated with vaccine uptake (B = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conspiracy beliefs partially mediated this association (B = −0.13, p < 0.001). Racial discrimination attenuated vaccine uptake, even if respondents had confidence in health authorities (B = −0.08, p < 0.001). Vaccine uptake was lowest amongst Indigenous and Black communities, placing them at higher risk of severe COVID‐19 infection. In addition to mistrust of public health authorities due to racism, racialized communities are affected by conspiracy beliefs that hinder COVID‐19 vaccine uptake. A whole‐of‐society approach to address barriers to vaccine uptake among racialized populations, including wage disparities, racial discrimination, is needed to eliminate racial health disparities and increase vaccination rates in racialized communities.
Rheology as a tool for identifying and characterizing optimal microemulsions formulations
Authors: Lemahieu Guillaume , Ontiveros Jesús F. , Molinier Valérie , Aubry Jean‐Marie
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the use of rheology to detect phase inversion in surfactant–oil–water (SOW) systems, offering a rapid method for identifying “optimal formulations.” Phase inversion through temperature or salinity variation provides a faster alternative compared with equilibrium scans. Using well‐defined polyethoxylated surfactants (C8EO3, C10EO4, C12EO5), phase inversion was monitored through viscosity measurements at a constant shear rate, with temperature as formulation variable. Emulsion viscosity reaches a minimum at the phase inversion point, which corresponds to an ultra‐low interfacial tension condition. A strong correlation between the reported fish‐tail temperature (T*) and the phase inversion temperature (PIT) was observed. While identifying optimal conditions through a formulation scan in a series of test tubes is relatively quick, evaluating the surfactant system's ability to reduce interfacial tension can take several weeks due to the requirement of equilibrium. Formulation conditions at which minimal emulsion viscosity occurs are related to those where three‐phase systems are obtained, with the magnitude of interfacial tension inversely proportional to this value. An empirical approach linking the emulsion destabilization zone with the interfacial tensions is proposed. By measuring this interval, it is possible to roughly predict interfacial tension for model systems.
Soil Quality Index According to Diverse Land Use Systems Across the Europe
Authors: Shoumik Baig Abdullah Al , Błońska Ewa , Lasota Jarosław
Published: December 2024

Soil quality index (SQI) can be an effective parameter to evaluate soil quality based on plant growth and ecosystem services at a large scale. According to the European Commission, around 60%–70% of the European soil is not healthy due to degradation and rapid conversion of land uses; however, detailed studies on soil quality according to different land uses in the entire Europe are very limited. We aimed to develop an SQI using the Land Use and Coverage Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) database for the existing croplands (230 samples), grasslands (53 samples), and woodlands (36 samples) to evaluate the overall soil quality across the continent. A total of five soil variables (sand, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, bacteria, and fungi) were selected for the minimum dataset based on principal component analysis from all 13 variables to avoid redundancy. The relationship between the developed SQI and climatic variables (precipitation and temperature) was also analyzed. We found that croplands had higher SQI (0.45 ± 0.09) than grasslands (0.44 ± 0.09) and woodlands (0.43 ± 0.1), with no significant differences among the land uses (p > 0.05). The spatial analysis revealed higher SQI (> 0.46) in the central part of the EU and lower (< 0.46) in the northern and southwestern EU. The sub‐categorical assessment of land uses showed that broadleaved and mixed woodland had better soil quality than the coniferous counterparts. The SQI showed a weak relationship with precipitation and temperature in all land uses, and it differs depending on climatic zones. Our findings also suggested that the agricultural management practices in cropland and better soil quality in grassland might buffer the influences of short‐term variations in temperature and precipitation. We conclude that this EU‐scale study of SQI provides a clear view of the soil quality status, which can also be effective for the policymakers to adopt sustainable management practices for improving soil quality.