bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of studies on socioeconomic inequalities in dietary intakes associated with weight gain and overweight/obesity conducted among European adults
Authors: Giskes K. , Avendaňo M. , Brug J. , Kunst A. E.
Published: November 2009

This Review examined socioeconomic inequalities in intakes of dietary factors associated with weight gain, overweight/obesity among adults in Europe. Literature searches of studies published between 1990 and 2007 examining socioeconomic position (SEP) and the consumption of energy, fat, fibre, fruit, vegetables, energy‐rich drinks and meal patterns were conducted. Forty‐seven articles met the inclusion criteria. The direction of associations between SEP and energy intakes were inconsistent. Approximately half the associations examined between SEP and fat intakes showed higher total fat intakes among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. There was some evidence that these groups consume a diet lower in fibre. The most consistent evidence of dietary inequalities was for fruit and vegetable consumption; lower socioeconomic groups were less likely to consume fruit and vegetables. Differences in energy, fat and fibre intakes (when found) were small‐to‐moderate in magnitude; however, differences were moderate‐to‐large for fruit and vegetable intakes. Socioeconomic inequalities in the consumption of energy‐rich drinks and meal patterns were relatively under‐studied compared with other dietary factors. There were no regional or gender differences in the direction and magnitude of the inequalities in the dietary factors examined. The findings suggest that dietary behaviours may contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in overweight/obesity in Europe. However, there is only consistent evidence that fruit and vegetables may make an important contribution to inequalities in weight status across European regions.
Compensatory Control
Authors: Kay Aaron C. , Whitson Jennifer A. , Gaucher Danielle , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: November 2009

We propose that people protect the belief in a controlled, nonrandom world by imbuing their social, physical, and metaphysical environments with order and structure when their sense of personal control is threatened. We demonstrate that when personal control is threatened, people can preserve a sense of order by (a) perceiving patterns in noise or adhering to superstitions and conspiracies, (b) defending the legitimacy of the sociopolitical institutions that offer control, or (c) believing in an interventionist God. We also present evidence that these processes of compensatory control help people cope with the anxiety and discomfort that lacking personal control fuels, that it is lack of personal control specifically and not general threat or negativity that drives these processes, and that these various forms of compensatory control are ultimately substitutable for one another. Our model of compensatory control offers insight into a wide variety of phenomena, from prejudice to the idiosyncratic rituals of professional athletes to societal rituals around weddings, graduations, and funerals.
The Importance of Sound for Cognitive Sequencing Abilities
Authors: Conway Christopher M. , Pisoni David B. , Kronenberger William G.
Published: November 2009

Sound is inherently a temporal and sequential signal. Experience with sound therefore may help bootstrap—that is, provide a kind of “scaffolding” for—the development of general cognitive abilities related to representing temporal or sequential patterns. Accordingly, the absence of sound early in development may result in disturbances to these sequencing skills. In support of this hypothesis, we present two types of findings. First, normal-hearing adults do best on sequencing tasks when the sense of hearing, rather than sight, can be used. Second, recent findings suggest that deaf children have disturbances on exactly these same kinds of tasks that involve learning and manipulation of serial-order information. We suggest that sound provides an “auditory scaffolding” for time and serial-order behavior, possibly mediated through neural connections between the temporal and frontal lobes of the brain. Under conditions of auditory deprivation, auditory scaffolding is absent, resulting in neural reorganization and a disturbance to cognitive sequencing abilities.
Visual Parsing After Recovery From Blindness
Authors: Ostrovsky Yuri , Meyers Ethan , Ganesh Suma , Mathur Umang , Sinha Pawan
Published: November 2009

How the visual system comes to bind diverse image regions into whole objects is not well understood. We recently had a unique opportunity to investigate this issue when we met three congenitally blind individuals in India. After providing them treatment, we studied the early stages of their visual skills. We found that prominent figural cues of grouping, such as good continuation and junction structure, were largely ineffective for image parsing. By contrast, motion cues were of profound significance in that they enabled intraobject integration and facilitated the development of object representations that permitted recognition in static images. Following 10 to 18 months of visual experience, the individuals' performance improved, and they were able to use the previously ineffective static figural cues to correctly parse many static scenes. These results suggest that motion information plays a fundamental role in organizing early visual experience and that parsing skills can be acquired even late in life.
Seeking Pleasure and Seeking Pain: Differences in Prohedonic and Contra-Hedonic Motivation From Adolescence to Old Age
Authors: Riediger Michaela , Schmiedek Florian , Wagner Gert G. , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: November 2009

Using a mobile-phone-based experience-sampling technology in a sample of 378 individuals ranging from 14 to 86 years of age, we investigated age differences in how people want to influence their feelings in their daily lives. Contra-hedonic motivations of wanting either to maintain or enhance negative affect or to dampen positive affect were most prevalent in adolescence, whereas prohedonic motivations of wanting either to maintain, but not enhance, positive affect or to dampen negative affect were most prevalent in old age. This pattern was mirrored by an age-related increase in self-reported day-to-day emotional well-being. Analyses of the emotional experiences that accompanied prohedonic and contra-hedonic motivations are consistent with the notions that contra-hedonic motivations are more likely to serve utilitarian than hedonic functions, and that people are more likely to be motivated to maintain negative affect when it is accompanied by positive affect. Implications for understanding affective development are discussed.
Decay for a Keller–Segel Chemotaxis Model
Authors: Payne L. E. , Straughan B.
Published: November 2009

We study a model due to E.F. Keller and L.A. Segel, which describes the movement of a microbiological population under the influence of chemical substances produced by the biological organisms themselves. There has been an enormous amount of recent activity on Keller–Segel models, especially with regard to blow‐up or spike formation of the solution. In this paper, we concentrate on deriving conditions from a fully nonlinear analysis which ensure the solution will decay to a constant steady state. These thresholds are useful in understanding when organisms will not aggregate to form growths.
Participation of Children with and without Disabilities in Social, Recreational and Leisure Activities
Authors: Solish Abbie , Perry Adrienne , Minnes Patricia
Published: November 2009

Background  One method of promoting children’s friendship development is through activity participation with peers. However, children with disabilities seem to engage in fewer of these activities, and when they do participate often do so primarily with adults.

Materials and Methods  This study compared activity participation and friendship in typically developing (TD) children (n = 90), children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 65), and children with an intellectual disability (n = 30) between the ages of 5 and 17 years. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child’s participation in social, recreational and leisure activities.

Results  The TD children participated in significantly more social and recreational activities and had more friends than the children with disabilities. Notable differences emerged among groups in the percentage of activities the children participated in with peers, parents and/or other adults. Some significant differences were noted between the ASD and intellectual disability groups.

Conclusions  Research concerning activity participation should continue to take into account not only whether children are engaging in activities, but explore more precisely ‘with whom’ these activities are occurring.
Patterns of Time Processing Ability in Children with and without Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Janeslätt Gunnel , Granlund Mats , Kottorp Anders , Almqvist Lena
Published: November 2009

Background  Children with developmental disabilities, e.g. intellectual disability or autism, are reported to have problems in time perception, time orientation or time management, i.e. in time‐processing ability (TPA). The aim was to investigate whether the problems described are diagnosis specific or reflect differences in age or in level of TPA.

Methods  Using a cross‐sectional design, this study investigated if there were different patterns of TPA in 5‐ to 10‐year‐old children with (n = 77) and without disabilities (n = 89). The results indicated that the patterns of TPA mainly follow the chronological age of children without disabilities, all clusters differing as regards levels of TPA. Daily time management (as estimated by the parents) and children’s self‐rated autonomy differed between clusters and was related to TPA.

Conclusions  The level of TPA seems to be a more valid overall base than the type of diagnosis for the planning of interventions in daily time management.
Migration of Mn‐rich fluids through normal faults and fine‐grained terrigenous sediments during early development of the Neogene Vallès‐Penedès half‐graben (NE Spain)
Authors: TRAVÉ A. , ROCA E. , PLAYÀ E. , PARCERISA D. , GÓMEZ‐GRAS D. , MARTÍN‐MARTÍN J. D.
Published: November 2009

The Miocene siliciclastic sediments infilling the Vallès‐Penedès half‐graben are affected by two sets of structures developed during the extensional tectonics that created the basin. The first set, represented by extension fractures infilled with mud and sands, is attributed to seismically induced liquefaction. The second set, represented by normal faults, corresponds to a high‐permeability horsetail extensional fracture mesh developed near the surface in the hanging walls of normal faults. The incremental character of the vein‐fills indicates episodic changes in the tectonic stress state and fault zone permeability. Two episodes of fluid migration are recorded. The first episode occurred prior to consolidation and lithification when shallow burial conditions allowed oxidizing meteoric waters to flow horizontally through the more porous and permeable sandy layers. Development of clastic dikes allowed local upward flow and dewatering of the sandy beds. Liquefaction and expulsion of fluids were probably driven by seismic shaking. During the first episode of fluid migration there was no cementation of the sandstone or within the fractures, probably because little fluid was mobilized by the predominantly compaction‐driven flow regime. The second episode of fluid migration occurred synchronously with normal fault development, during which time the faults acted as fluid conduits. Fluids enriched in manganese, probably leached from local manganese oxyhydroxides soon after sedimentation, moved laterally and produced cementation in the sandstone layers, eventually arriving at the more porous and permeable fault pathways that connected compartments of different porosities and permeabilities. Carbonate probably precipitated in fractures saturated with meteoric water near the ground surface at a transitional redox potential. Once the faults became occluded by calcite cement, shortly after fault development, they became barriers to both vertical and horizontal fluid flow.
Source of ore fluids at the Kalahari Goldridge deposit, Kraaipan greenstone belt, South Africa: evidence from Sr, C and O isotope signatures in carbonates
Authors: HAMMOND N. Q. , MORISHITA Y.
Published: November 2009

The Kalahari Goldridge deposit is located in the Archaean Kraaipan greenstone belt in the north‐west province of South Africa. Gold mineralization in this deposit is hosted within banded iron formation which is flanked by a mafic schist in the footwall and clastic metasedimentary units in the hanging wall. Data from carbonate minerals from mineralized veins and bulk rock from the A and D zone ore bodies have helped to define the ultimate origin of the ore‐forming fluids and their migration history. Carbon isotope ratios of carbonates from both the A and D zone ore bodies have tight clustering from −7.6 to −5.3‰ that indicates a unique origin for the ore‐forming fluids associated with the mineralization at Kalahari Goldridge. The δ18O values of the carbonates have been influenced by temperature gradients and variable degrees of fluid–rock interaction promoting oxygen isotope exchange between ore fluid and host rocks. Minimum 87Sr/86Sr ratio values of 0.70354 in mineralized veins are most consistent with ore‐forming fluids being relatively pristine with a mantle origin. Strontium and the corresponding ore‐forming fluids were most likely derived from mantle‐derived magmatic rocks probably represented by the meta‐basaltic rocks that underlie the ferruginous package in the Kraaipan greenstone belt. Strontium isotopic composition of vein carbonates show considerable variation in 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70354 to 0.73914. This is consistent with an ore fluid composition that has been modified by the addition of radiogenic Sr possibly during passage of fluid through siliciclastic country rock concomitant with the observed hydrothermal alteration.
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: GORDON NEIL
Published: November 2009

Since the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spontaneous intracranial hypotension has been diagnosed much more frequently. The aim of this review is to discuss the symptoms and signs of the condition, in particular the characteristics of the associated headache, with sudden onset after sitting or standing, so that it can be included under the rubric of ‘thunderclap headache’. This type of headache, like post lumbar puncture headaches, may be caused by cerebral vasodilatation and exacerbated by lowered pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Other symptoms include neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, tinnitus, deafness, and cognitive abnormalities. The clinical picture can sometimes mimic frontotemporal dementia, and the behaviour of some patients can sometimes be described as hypoactive–hypoalert, with somnolence, impaired attention, and stereotyped motor activity. Sagging of the brain, caused by leakeage of the CSF, can cause lesions in the brainstem with stupor, gaze palsies, and cranial nerve palsies. The condition can be a risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis because of slowing of the blood flow and distortion of the blood vessels. The clinical picture may well suggest the diagnosis, but the headache may possibly indicate a subarachnoid haemorrhage. However, MRI will help to confirm the diagnosis and to localize the site of the CSF leak. MRI myelograms are of particular value, but if they are equivocal a computed tomography myelogram should be performed. The leakage of CSF is due to a tear in the dura, most frequently where the spinal roots leave the subarachnoid space. If this does not heal with bedrest, an epidural blood patch or a percutaneous injection of fibrin glue may be needed. More information is required on long‐term follow‐up.
The influence of transglutaminase treatment on functional properties of set yoghurt
Authors: YÜKSEL ZERRıN , ERDEM YAŞAR K
Published: November 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transglutaminase (Tgase) on the functional properties of set yoghurt, due to enzymatic cross‐linking of the milk proteins. Yoghurt samples were prepared from three formulations: reconstituted skim milk, and whole milk containing two different solid‐non‐fat (SNF) content, with four enzyme treatments: Control (no enzyme) and three microbial Tgase treatments: Pre‐incubated 90 min, Pre‐incubated and inactivated after 90 min, Not pre‐incubated. The modifications which were caused by Tgase were found to be more clear when Tgase was active in set type yoghurts. It was found that nonfat yoghurt sample with lower SNF content can be produced with improved textural properties using Tgase.
β‐arrestins – scaffolds and signalling elements essential for WNT/Frizzled signalling pathways?
Authors: Schulte Gunnar , Schambony Alexandra , Bryja Vítězslav
Published: November 2009

β‐arrestins were originally identified as negative regulators of G protein‐coupled receptor signalling. Recent studies have revealed that β‐arrestins serve as intracellular scaffolds and signalling intermediates. Their diverse functions in intracellular signalling pathways provide mechanisms for achieving signal specificity that might be attacked for pharmacological intervention. Here, we summarize the importance of β‐arrestin function for WNT [wingless (from Drosophila) and the oncogene int‐1]/Frizzled (FZD) signalling. WNTs are secreted lipoglycoproteins that act through the seven transmembrane‐spanning receptors of the FZD family. It recently became evident that β‐arrestins are required for cellular communication by means of WNTs and FZDs both in cellular systems and in vivo. Although the overall importance of arrestin for WNT/FZD signalling remains obscure, interaction with the central phosphoprotein Dishevelled and the endocytic machinery implicates β‐arrestin as a determinant of WNT signalling specificity, a mediator of WNT/FZD desensitization and a regulator of signalling compartmentation.

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCR. To view the editorial for this themed section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00695.x
Enhancement of the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline by a low dose of a nitric oxide donor or non‐specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor
Authors: Gomaa Adel , Elshenawy Mohsen , Afifi Noha , Mohammed Eman , Thabit Romany
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Although there are many new specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors with anti‐inflammatory activity, none have yet reached the market because of their low therapeutic efficacy. Our study was aimed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effect of an established phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, and to investigate the effect of the nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or NO synthase inhibitor, L‐NG‐monomethyl arginine (L‐NMMA) on its actions.

Experimental approach: The effects of theophylline alone and combined with SNP or L‐NMMA on the pathogenesis of adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats were evaluated.

Key results: Prophylactic or therapeutic doses of theophylline significantly ameliorated the pathogenesis of adjuvant arthritis in rats as evidenced by a significant decrease in the arthritis index, hind paws volume, ankle joint diameter, fever, body weight loss and hyperalgesia in a dose‐dependent manner. Inflammatory cellular infiltrate in synovium of ankle joint and pannus formation were also markedly inhibited. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) levels were significantly increased in arthritic rats given theophylline alone or in combination with either SNP or L‐NMMA. Co‐administration of a low dose of SNP or L‐NMMA enhanced significantly the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effect of theophylline. In contrast, a high dose of SNP counteracted the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline.

Conclusions and Implication: These findings confirm the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic activities of theophylline and suggest a new approach to enhance the anti‐inflammatory and anti‐arthritic effects of theophylline would be to administer it in combination with a low dose of a NO donor or a non‐specific NO synthase inhibitor.
Hybrid Framework for Managing Uncertainty in Life Cycle Inventories
Authors: Williams Eric D. , Weber Christopher L. , Hawkins Troy R.
Published: November 2009

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly being used to inform decisions related to environmental technologies and polices, such as carbon footprinting and labeling, national emission inventories, and appliance standards. However, LCA studies of the same product or service often yield very different results, affecting the perception of LCA as a reliable decision tool. This does not imply that LCA is intrinsically unreliable; we argue instead that future development of LCA requires that much more attention be paid to assessing and managing uncertainties. In this article we review past efforts to manage uncertainty and propose a hybrid approach combining process and economic input–output (I‐O) approaches to uncertainty analysis of life cycle inventories (LCI). Different categories of uncertainty are sometimes not tractable to analysis within a given model framework but can be estimated from another perspective. For instance, cutoff or truncation error induced by some processes not being included in a bottom‐up process model can be estimated via a top‐down approach such as the economic I‐O model. A categorization of uncertainty types is presented (data, cutoff, aggregation, temporal, geographic) with a quantitative discussion of methods for evaluation, particularly for assessing temporal uncertainty. A long‐term vision for LCI is proposed in which hybrid methods are employed to quantitatively estimate different uncertainty types, which are then reduced through an iterative refinement of the hybrid LCI method.
Using Total Material Requirement to Reduce the Global Environmental Burden
Authors: Arto Iñaki
Published: November 2009

Total material requirement (TMR), a measure of all of the material input required by a national economy, is sometimes criticized for failing to link material flows within an economy and their global environmental impacts. This article presents a three‐step method for bridging this gap. The method shows how to (1) analyze TMR accounts to identify potentially environmentally relevant flows (PERF), that is, material flows with potential environmental impacts abroad; (2) assess the socioenvironmental impacts of the identified PERF; and (3) determine the main economic activities underlying these PERF. Using this method we are able to add an environmental dimension to TMR accounts and to make the connection between economic activities and their socioenvironmental impacts worldwide. This methodology has been applied to the Basque Country (BC) region (Spain). An in‐depth analysis of the trends in the TMR of the BC shows that tin imports associated with tin capsule production account for around 7% of the TMR. These high figures are due to the substantial hidden flows (HF) of tin imports, which is an indicator of potential environmental impacts abroad. We find that tin extraction and concentration involve several social and environmental impacts such as waste generation, soil, water, and air pollution affecting biodiversity and human health, and child labor. These impacts are located in Indonesia, China, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Malaysia, and Thailand.
Utility of Substance Stock and Flow Studies
Authors: Månsson Nina , Bergbäck Bo , Hjortenkrans David , Jamtrot Arne , Sörme Louise
Published: November 2009

Despite phase‐out policies, regulations, planning, and systematic thinking, diffuse emissions of hazardous substances from goods and materials accumulate in society. This is most pronounced in urban areas, since such emissions are related to high densities of people, services, and goods. In this study of Stockholm, Sweden, the aim is to discuss the utility of substance flow analyses (SFAs) for the urban management of hazardous substances. Several SFAs in Stockholm have been conducted during the period from 1995–2007. Eleven case studies were selected and were related to utility aspects to discover specific factors involved in the practical application of SFA. As far as ongoing environmental management is concerned, it can be stated that the SFAs’ results have been implemented in several local environmental objectives. Citations and use of the SFAs show that the studies, which focus on diffuse emissions, have had a strong influence on local policy. The application of SFA in Stockholm reveals that methodology factors, type of information, local context, and method of communication may be important in the utilization of SFA in policy. In the implementation of the results of Stockholm studies, it has been a strength to have both the environmental monitoring, which indicates the existence of hazardous substances in different environmental compartments, and SFAs that map and monitor sources of emissions.
Why Do the Privileged Resort to Oppression? A Look at Some Intragroup Factors
Authors: Postmes Tom , Smith Laura G. E.
Published: November 2009

This article shows that (intergroup) oppression can be strategically motivated by (intragroup) processes. It is often assumed that high‐status groups oppress when their social position is declining (relative deprivation). Counterintuitively, research shows that oppression also occurs when their position is improving (gratification): a curvilinear relationship referred to as “the v‐curve effect.” We test the hypothesis that this relationship is due to intragroup processes within the high‐status group: individuals respond strategically to elite norms. Two experiments manipulated participants’ future prospects: to join the nation's elite in future (relative gratification), social stasis, or status decline (relative deprivation, Study 2). Elite norms toward immigrants (positive, negative) were manipulated independently. The curvilinear relationship was only found when norms were negative. In other words, those who anticipate joining the elite tailor their actions to the norms of their prospective in‐group.
Collective Action as the Material Expression of Opinion‐Based Group Membership
Authors: McGarty Craig , Bliuc Ana‐Maria , Thomas Emma F. , Bongiorno Renata
Published: November 2009

In this article, we argue that progress in the study of collective action rests on an increasingly sophisticated application of the social identity approach. We develop the view, however, that the application of this theoretical perspective has been limited by theoretical and empirical difficulties in distinguishing between social categories and psychological groups. These problems have undermined the ability of researchers to correctly specify the collective identities that actually underpin many instances of collective action. As a partial solution to this problem we focus on collective identities based on shared opinion (opinion‐based groups). We develop the proposition that much collective action reflects the crystallization or instantiation of opinion‐based groups. We also outline an intervention aimed at stimulating commitment to collective action through group‐based interaction involving opinion‐based group members. We conclude by emphasizing that opinion‐based groups tend to be most successful when they present themselves as being representative or aligned with dominant, positively valued social categories such as nations.
aVR, An Index of all ECG Limb Leads, with Clinical Utility for Monitoring of Patients with Edematous States, Including Heart Failure
Authors: MADIAS JOHN E.
Published: November 2009

Background:

Nonreproducibility of precordial electrocardiogram (ECG) leads in serial ECGs has led to emphasis on the limb leads for some applications. Since modern electrocardiographs measure leads I and II and calculate on line the other four limb leads, the former can substitute for the set of six limb leads. Furthermore, based on the mathematical relationship of lead aVR and leads I and II, it was hypothesized that aVR could be used as a representative index of the set of the six limb leads. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ECG lead aVR could function as an index of all limb leads, in clinical electrocardiography.

Methods:

Automation‐derived and manually derived QRS voltage amplitude measurements of all limb leads in ECGs of a series of 100 randomly selected consecutive patients, and ECGs of 36 patients with various edematous states (EDST), congestive heart failure (CHF), or undergoing hemodialysis (HD), and aVR were inter‐correlated with the sums of leads I and II (ΣI&II), and the entire set of the six limb leads (Σ6LbLds).

Results:

Correlation of aVR with ΣI&II and Σ6LbLds was excellent (P < 0.00005); also, aVR was found to be a reliable index of the six limb leads in repeat ECGs in the patients with various EDST, CHF, or undergoing HD, in whom changes in aVR correlated with changes in patients’ body weight.

Conclusion:

aVR could be taken as an index of all ECG limb leads in analysis in general, and in monitoring patients with EDST, CHF, and HD in particular.
Limits of Hybridity Versus Limits of Tradition?: A Semiotics of Cultural Reproduction, Creativity, and Ambivalence among Multicultural Youth in Rudenga, East Side Oslo
Authors: Vestel Viggo
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Although hybridization may be understood as processes through which cultural forms become separated from already existing practices and recombine into new expressions, identities, and practices, a more explicit and empirically informed exploration of the limits of this phenomenon on a microlevel—and the tension to its opposite, in the shape of tradition—is largely absent in the anthropological literature. On the basis of several periods of fieldwork in a youth club in a multicultural suburb, East Side Oslo, over a time span of 12 years, I explore the psychosocial processes whereby a single actor strengthens and questions central aspects of the tradition with which he originally associates while also orienting himself toward some features of a different cultural tradition. Using the phenomenological semiotics of Charles Peirce, I approach these processes as instances in which actors articulate and make meaningful relations to themselves, others, and the outside world. [hybridization, reproduction, semiotics, multicultural youth, emotion]
When Classic Ethnographic Work Is Made Impossible: The Human Politics of Research in India
Authors: Motzafi‐Haller Pnina
Published: November 2009

In this personal account, I describe the first days of research I begun in Rajasthan, in India in the winter of 2008. This graphic narrative of my encounters with my research interlocutors includes not only what I learned from my research subjects, a group of multiply marginalized people known as the Banjara. It also depicts my conversations with academic colleagues and assistants, local officials, and translators. It describes the human politics that had, in fact, blocked my ability to carry out classical ethnographic research work that I was so intent on carrying out and offers the readers a look into the scene that is often excluded from ethnographic reports. I propose that these encounters are part and parcel of the learning process in a new setting. I argue that a detailed exploration of my own position in the field—one that exposes the confusion, the ignorance, the struggles, the affection, and the dislike I develop toward a range of people I met in these first days—is necessary for writing in a humanistic way about the process through which we learn what we claim we know. Through this reflexive article, I offer a model for anthropological writing that is intellectually engaging, politically aware, and humane.
Illegitimate Killers: The Symbolic Ecology and Cultural Politics of Coyote‐Hunting Tournaments in Addison County, Vermont
Authors: Boglioli Marc A.
Published: November 2009

Although I have conducted ethnographic research on hunting in central Vermont since 1996, one important issue has remained conspicuously absent from my field notes: organized hunting protest. That all changed one cold February day in 2005 as protesters from a home‐grown animal rights group stood along a country road in Whiting, Vermont, to voice their opposition to the first annual Howlin' Hills Coyote Hunt. This coyote‐hunting tournament was characterized by a broad assortment of local residents—including hunters—as a morally corrupt departure from traditional hunting ethics and from that day forward Addison County has been caught up in a social drama that may forever change the face of hunting in Vermont. As deep philosophical differences were revealed between not only hunters and antihunters, but between hunters themselves, a small window opened for a more general moral critique of hunting. Drawing on testimony from hunters, animal rights activists, Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife personnel, and my own experiences at coyote tournaments, I explain the perspectives of the various actors in this drama as they struggle to define the meaning and ethical place of hunting in the 21st century.[Keywords: human–animal relations, symbolic ecology, hunting, rural America, coyotes]
Conceptual Models of Health Behavior: Research in the Emergency Care Settings
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin D. , Cydulka Rita , Bock Beth , Borrelli Belinda , Bernstein Steven L.
Published: November 2009

This article provides recommendations for incorporating conceptual models of health behavior change into research conducted in emergency care settings. The authors drafted a set of preliminary recommendations, which were reviewed and discussed by a panel of experienced investigators attending the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference. The original recommendations were expanded and refined based on their input. This article reports the final recommendations. Three recommendations were made: 1) research conducted in emergency care settings that focuses on health behaviors should be grounded in formal conceptual models, 2) investigators should clearly operationalize their outcomes of interest, and 3) expected relations between theoretical constructs and outcomes should be made explicit prior to initiating a study. A priori hypothesis generation grounded in conceptual models of health behavior, followed by empirical validation of these hypotheses, is needed to improve preventive and public health–related interventions in emergency care settings.
Research Priorities for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention in Emergency Departments: Consensus‐based Recommendations
Authors: Haukoos Jason S. , Mehta Supriya D. , Harvey Leah , Calderon Yvette , Rothman Richard E.
Published: November 2009

This article describes the results of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention in the emergency department (ED) component of the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference entitled “Public Health in the ED: Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention.” The objectives were to use experts to define knowledge gaps and priority research questions related to the performance of HIV and STI surveillance, screening, and intervention in the ED. A four‐step nominal group technique was applied using national and international experts in HIV and STI prevention. Using electronic mail, an in‐person meeting, and a Web‐based survey, specific knowledge gaps and research questions were identified and prioritized. Through two rounds of nomination and refinement, followed by two rounds of election, consensus was achieved for 11 knowledge gaps and 14 research questions related to HIV and STI prevention in EDs. The overarching themes of the research priority questions were related to effectiveness, sustainability, and integration. While the knowledge gaps appear disparate from one another, they are related to the research priority questions identified. Using a consensus approach, we developed a set of priorities for future research related to HIV and STI prevention in the ED. These priorities have the potential to improve future clinical and health services research and extramural funding in this important public health sector.
Public Health in the Emergency Department: Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention—Funding and Sustainability
Authors: Woolard Robert , Degutis Linda C. , Mello Michael , Rothman Richard , Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Post Lori A. , Hirshon Jon Mark , Haukoos Jason S. , Hungerford Daniel W.
Published: November 2009

This article summarizes the work and discussions of the funding and sustainability work group at the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference “Public Health in the ED: Surveillance, Screening, and Intervention.” The funding and sustainability session participants were asked to address the following overarching question: “What are the opportunities and what is needed to encourage academic emergency medicine (EM) to take advantage of the opportunities for funding available for public health research initiatives and build stronger academic programs focusing on public health within EM?” Prior to the session, members of the group reviewed research funding for EM in public health, as well as the priorities of federal agencies and foundations. Recommendations for actions by EM summarize the findings of workshop.
Study Designs and Evaluation Models for Emergency Department Public Health Research
Authors: Broderick Kerry B. , Ranney Megan L. , Vaca Federico E. , D’Onofrio Gail , Rothman Richard E. , Rhodes Karin V. , Becker Bruce , Haukoos Jason S.
Published: November 2009

Public health research requires sound design and thoughtful consideration of potential biases that may influence the validity of results. It also requires careful implementation of protocols and procedures that are likely to translate from the research environment to actual clinical practice. This article is the product of a breakout session from the 2009 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference entitled “Public Health in the ED: Screening, Surveillance, and Intervention” and serves to describe in detail aspects of performing emergency department (ED)‐based public health research, while serving as a resource for current and future researchers. In doing so, the authors describe methodologic features of study design, participant selection and retention, and measurements and analyses pertinent to public health research. In addition, a number of recommendations related to research methods and future investigations related to public health work in the ED are provided. Public health investigators are poised to make substantial contributions to this important area of research, but this will only be accomplished by employing sound research methodology in the context of rigorous program evaluation.
Cold hardiness and overwintering survival of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
Authors: Cárcamo Héctor A. , Herle Carolyn E. , Otani Jennifer , McGinn Sean M.
Published: November 2009

The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a serious pest of brassicaceous crops in temperate regions and a chronic member of the pest complex that attacks canola in Canada. We conducted several laboratory and field experiments to quantify winter survival and its role in the population dynamics of this insect. We estimated the supercooling point of the weevil at −7 °C and its survival over 8 weeks decreased significantly at −5 °C relative to 5 °C, but extending the overwintering period at 5 °C to 18.5 weeks had no effect on mortality. Cumulative sub‐freezing degrees estimated from air temperature, and especially from soil temperature, were highly correlated with weevil survival. Our linear regression model predicted poor survival of the weevils in typical winters in northern Alberta. Our results indicate that if milder winters prevail, as predicted by global warming, there is potential for the weevils to establish and become a serious pest in northern canola‐growing regions of Canada.
CD40 signalling induces IL‐10‐producing, tolerogenic dendritic cells
Authors: Tuettenberg Andrea , Fondel Sabine , Steinbrink Kerstin , Enk Alexander H. , Jonuleit Helmut
Published: November 2009

Abstract:  Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen‐presenting cells capable to induce efficient antigen‐specific T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the maturation process is of great significance, as immature DC (iDC) are known to induce rather regulatory than effector T cell differentiation. This study was designed to characterize the role of the CD40‐CD40L pathway for differentiation and function of human DC. Therefore, iDC were stimulated through CD40‐CD40L interaction by transduction of DC with adenoviral vectors encoding for CD40L (Ad‐CD40L). Resulting DC (CD40L‐DC) were analysed concerning their phenotype, cytokine profile and T cell stimulatory capacity. Transduction induced a DC phenotype comparable to stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines as revealed by upregulation of CD83 and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Additionally, Ad‐CD40L‐induced strong production of IL‐12p70 not observed in cytokine‐matured DC. Surprisingly, the T cell stimulatory capacity was markedly reduced in CD40L‐DC. Furthermore, stimulation of CD8+ T cells by peptide‐loaded CD40L‐DC resulted in a substantial reduction of antigen‐specific IFN‐γ production. This phenomenon is due to an enhanced IL‐10 production of CD40L‐DC in DC‐T cell coculture as well as a stabilization of the IL‐10 receptor expression on activated T cells. These data demonstrate that DC stimulated through CD40‐CD40L interaction differentiate into tolerogenic DC with immunomodulatory function.
Reflectance confocal microscopy for pigmentary disorders
Authors: Kang Hee Young , Bahadoran Philippe , Ortonne Jean‐Paul
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: Reflectance confocal microscopy for pigmentary disorders. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 233–239.

Abstract:  In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a non‐invasive, repetitive imaging tool that provides real‐time images at nearly cellular histological resolution. Application of this technology to skin imaging during the last decade has been a great advance in dermatology. As melanin is the strongest endogenous contrast in human skin, pigmentary disorders caused by abnormal amounts of melanin in the skin could be the most suitable candidates for RCM examination. This article reviewed the RCM applications in the characterization and management of pigmentary disorders. The application of RCM in pigmentary disorders has been expanded to describe hyper‐ and hypopigmentary disorders as well as pigmented skin tumors. The great advantages of non‐invasive and repetitive examination of RCM may provide its usefulness not only in the diagnosis and management of pigmentary disorders, but also in researching pathogenesis of pigmentary disorders.
In vivosynthesis and secretion of erythropoietin by genetically modified primary human keratinocytes grafted onto immunocompromised mice
Authors: Scheidemann Frank , Therrien Jean‐Philippe , Vogel Jon , Pfützner Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: In vivosynthesis and secretion of erythropoietin by genetically modified primary human keratinocytes grafted onto immunocompromised mice. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 289–297.

Background: The skin is an easily accessible tissue with a high blood flow facilitating the distribution of secreted peptides. These features make it a very intriguing target to serve as a biofactory releasing a systemically needed factor, such as erythropoietin (EPO).

Methods: To evaluate the potential of human keratinocytes (KC) to systemically synthesize EPO, EPO‐transduced KC were grafted onto immunocompromised mice and EPO secretion was followed by serum ELISA. Furthermore, we assessed if topical colchicine application would select for enriched percentages of KC expressing the multi‐drug resistance (MDR) gene as a selectable gene connected to the EPO gene (measured by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐analysis) and result in enhanced EPO production (determined by ELISA).

Results: Transduced KC showed stable EPO productionin vivoduring a 6‐month observation period, pointing to engraftment of EPO‐secreting KC progenitor cells. When adding colchicines the number of EPO/MDR+ KC were significantly enriched, both in skin grafts (in vivo) and in skin equivalents (in vitro). Of note, this did not result in enhanced EPO production. Rather, while EPO secretion was substantially increased in transduced KC grown as monolayers and selected with colchicine, it was reduced by more than 50% in both colchicine‐treated skin grafts and skin equivalents.

Conclusion: Keratinocytes carry the potential to serve as a genetically modified biofactory synthesizing human EPO.In vivogene selection does not allow to select for increased EPO secretion, most likely because of altered secretory activity of transduced KC in the stratified, differentiated epidermis. Thus, further studies are necessary to optimize the release of EPO by genetically modified KC.
Increased alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) levels and melanocortin receptors expression associated with pigmentation in an NC/Nga mouse model of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hiramoto Keiichi , Kobayashi Hiromi , Ishii Masamitsu , Sato Eisuke , Inoue Masayasu
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: Increased alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) levels and melanocortin receptors expression associated with pigmentation in an NC/Nga mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 132–136.

Abstract:  Patients with a specific subtype of atopic dermatitis (AD) display particular patterns of pigmentation, such as ripple pattern pigmentation on the neck, pigmented macules on the lip and diffuse pigmentation. However, the mechanism underlying these patterns has not been determined. The purpose of our research is to investigate the factors influencing this type of pigmentation in AD. We observed that AD model mice (NC/Nga mice) displayed an increase in the number of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa)‐positive melanocytes in the epidermis and intestine (jejunum and colon) while in the inflammatory state. The plasma levels of alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and adrenocoticotropin (ACTH) also increased in NC/Nga mice with dermatitis. Furthermore, the expression of melanocortin receptor 5 and melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) increased in the skin, and melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) expression increased in the intestine. However, the changes in the Dopa‐positive cells of conventional NC/Nga mice were not induced by treatment with either agouti (an MC1R antagonist) or agouti‐related protein (an MC3R antagonist). These results indicate that the pigmentation of AD is related to increased levels of α‐MSH, MC1R (in the skin) and MC3R (in the intestines).