bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming plans into community impact: Strategic planning as service-learning in public and nonprofit administration graduate programs
Authors: Mitchell David , Buckingham Gregg
Published: June 2020

Service-learning is highly praised as a successful pedagogical tool for students’ learning. Benefits are attributed to students, the university, and the community. However, the literature also cautions that the benefits of service-learning are largely assumed without empirical testing, warranting a closer review of this pedagogical method. The purpose of this research is to investigate how previously identified service-learning best practices affect the level of strategic impact for community partners. The study utilizes the rich and varied 20-year history of a strategic planning service-learning course at the University of Central Florida School of Public Administration to test these relationships, producing evidence to demonstrate that group team structure and the designation of a service-learning director do indeed improve partner outcomes while longer semesters and greater organizational capacity may not. Ultimately, the study endorses a programmatic approach to service-learning that transcends a particular assignment or course, requiring significant attention, investment, and evaluation to ensure positive community impact—especially in cases where broader university service-learning resources are lacking.
How Does Collectivism Affect Social Interactions? A Test of Two Competing Accounts
Authors: Liu Shi S. , Shteynberg Garriy , Morris Michael W. , Yang Qian , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: June 2020

How does the cultural construct of collectivism impact social interactions? Two accounts of collectivism offer diverging predictions. The collectivism-as-values account proposes that people in collectivistic cultures prioritize their ingroup relationships; accordingly, this account predicts that collectivistic cultures will have more harmonious ingroup interactions than individualistic cultures. The socioecological account holds that individualistic cultures have high relational mobility, which requires people to invest in their ingroup relationships, whereas collectivistic cultures feature more fixed relationships that do not require positive engagement. To test these competing hypotheses about ingroup relationships across cultures, we sampled the daily interactions of college students in China and the United States. Results revealed that the individualistic culture (United States) had more positive ingroup interactions, more gratitude, and more emotional support than the collectivistic culture (China). The current findings are consistent with the socioecological account of collectivism and the effects of relational mobility on social relationships.
Quantitative Analysis of Saccade Gain in Video Head Impulse Testing
Authors: Li Zhuangzhuang , Wang Haiyan , Wang Hui , Yu Dongzhen
Published: June 2020

Objective

To quantitatively analyze corrective saccade (CS) gain and further characterize the specific relationship between vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) gain and CS gain in patients with vestibular loss and healthy controls.

Study Design

Prospective combined with retrospective study.

Setting

Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Subjects and Methods

Forty patients with unilateral vestibular loss and 40 participants with normal vestibular function were subjected to video head impulse testing (vHIT). The analysis of the horizontal semicircular canal VOR and CS gains was based on individual head impulses.

Results

The patient group had significantly higher CS gain and lower VOR gain than the control group (P <. 001). While there was no significant correlation between VOR and CS gains in the control group after adjusting for age and sex (P =. 689), VOR gain negatively correlated with CS gain in the patient group (r = −0.853, P <. 001). The specific relationship between VOR and CS gains was characterized as y = −1.17x + 1.12 (x: VOR gain, y: CS gain; r
2 = 0.732, P <. 001) in the patient group.

Conclusions

In healthy participants, CS was not correlated with VOR gain, suggesting that CS is not due to VOR hypofunction. In patients with unilateral vestibular loss, CS was closely associated with VOR gain and can almost correct gaze position errors required for visual stabilization. CS gain could be an important indicator to diagnose vestibular loss and help physicians identify abnormal vHIT curves caused by artifacts and irregular practices.
A Lesson on Human Factors in Airway Management Learnt From the Death of George Washington
Authors: Abou‐Foul Ahmad K.
Published: June 2020

On December 14, 1799, 3 prominent physicians—Craik, Brown, and Dick—gathered to examine America’s first president, George Washington. He was complaining of severe throat symptoms and was being treated with bloodletting, blistering, and enemas. Dick advised performing an immediate tracheotomy to secure the airway. Both Craik and Brown were not keen on trying tracheotomy and overruled that proposal. Washington was not involved in making that decision. He most likely had acute epiglottitis that proved to be fatal at the end. If Dick had prevailed, a tracheotomy could have saved Washington’s life. Human factors analysis of these events shows that his physicians were totally fixated on repeating futile treatments and could not comprehend the need for a radical alternative, like tracheotomy. That was aggravated by an impaired situational awareness and significant resistance to change. Leadership model was also based on hierarchy instead of competency, which might have also contributed to Washington’s death.
A Second Pandemic? Perspective on Information Overload in the COVID‐19 Era
Authors: Valika Taher S. , Maurrasse Sarah E. , Reichert Lara
Published: June 2020

The outbreak of COVID‐19 has affected the globe in previously unimaginable ways, with far‐reaching economic and social implications. It has also led to an outpouring of daily, ever‐changing information. To assess the amount of data that were emerging, a PubMed search related to COVID‐19 was performed. Nearly 8000 articles have been published since the virus was defined 4 months ago. This number has grown exponentially every month, potentially hindering our ability to discern what is scientifically important. Unlike previous global pandemics, we exist in a world of instantaneous access. Information, accurate or otherwise, is flowing from one side of the world to the other via word of mouth, social media, news, and medical journals. Changes in practice guidelines should be based on high‐quality, well‐powered research. Our job as health care providers is to mitigate misinformation and provide reassurance to prevent a second pandemic of misinformation.
Contemporary trends in mitral valve surgery in East China: a 10-year experience
Authors: Ma Liang , Li Renyuan , Jiang Lijun , Li Weidong , Zhao Haige , Zou Yu , Shi Liping , Ni Yiming
Published: June 2020

Background

Contemporary nationwide data from mainland China on trends in mitral valve surgery are scarce. The purpose of the present study was to review a single-center experience with mitral valve surgery over a 10-year period in East China.

Methods

Between July 2009 and June 2019, 3238 consecutive patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in our center were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were evenly divided into three periods: July 2009 to October 2012 (period I), November 2012 to February 2016 (period II), March 2016 to June 2019 (period III).

Results

The 3238 patients included 536 (16.6%) who had mitral valve repair and 2702 (83.4%) who had mitral valve replacement. Early mortalities for mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement were 0.2% and 0.9%, respectively. There were trends towards a higher proportion of degenerative valve lesions (24.6%, 35.8%, 54.7% in periods I, II, and III, respectively) and a lower proportion of rheumatic valve lesions (71.0%, 62.6%, 38.0%) in more recent years. The proportions of minimally invasive surgery (0.7%, 2.1%, 30.2%), mitral valve repair (8.3%, 15.4%, 27.5%), use of a bioprosthesis (10.1%, 17.0%, 23.1%), and concomitant tricuspid valve procedures (13.2%, 28.5%, 46.0%) increased dramatically, while early mortality remained constant during the 10-year period (1.0%, 0.3%, 0.9%).

Conclusions

In the past 10 years, the spectrum of mitral valve disease experienced a trend towards more degenerative valve lesions and less rheumatic valve lesions in East China. Mitral valve repair, bioprostheses, tricuspid valve repair, and minimally invasive surgery have been more often applied in recent years.
Assessing school-lunch feeding and nutrition education strategy for healthier kids in selected Philippine public schools
Authors: Dorado Julieta B , Azaña Glenda P , Viajar Rowena V , Ramirez Ma. Anna Rita M , Ferrer Eldridge B , Buyco Nesrianne G , Aguila Divorah V , Capanzana Mario V
Published: June 2020

Background:

Nutrition interventions during the early years of a child’s life are anchored on the need to provide good nutrition and proper health care to optimize their growth potential as adults. In the Philippines, undernutrition is a persistent problem among 0–10 year old Filipino children. In this age group, children consume a diet poor in quantity and quality.

Aim:

This study aimed to assess the effects of a school-lunch and nutrition education intervention among schoolchildren in terms of attaining good nutrition.

Method:

Using a quasi-experimental design, children aged 7–9 years from public elementary schools in the province of Laguna, Philippines were categorized into three intervention groups and one non-intervention group. Anthropometric measurements; nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior; and food intake among children and households were collected at baseline and endline periods. SPSS for Windows version 16 and Stata version 15 were utilized for data analysis.

Results:

Mean scores on knowledge, attitude and behavior of schoolchildren in intervention groups increased significantly at endline ( p<0.05). Protein requirement was met by more children and households than the energy requirement. Most children with normal nutritional status after the interventions (25.3%) belonged to the group with the complete intervention of school-lunch and nutrition education.

Conclusions:

The provision of both school-lunch feeding and nutrition education is effective in improving the knowledge, attitude and behavior scores and nutritional status of schoolchildren. The adoption and institutionalization of complete intervention with school-lunch and nutrition education in elementary public schools should be pursued.
Strangers ante portas: The framing of refugees and migrants in the Czech quality press
Authors: Urbániková Marína , Tkaczyk Michał
Published: June 2020

This article examines how the two most popular Czech quality dailies framed refugees and migrants during the European refugee crisis in 2015. It explores the extent to which the framing described by previous studies carried out in Western and/or destination countries can also be identified in the newspapers of a country that has had only minimal experience with migration. Instead of identifying frames beforehand and coding them as holistic variables, a routinely used approach to frame analysis, it employs a more reliable and transparent method of hierarchical cluster analysis. The dailies framed the refugees and migrants mainly as a burden on host society, as victims of a humanitarian crisis and, to a lesser degree, as a security threat. The results show that the frames used by the Czech dailies closely correspond to those described in previous research, despite the different methods of analysis and the different geographical and cultural settings.
Parental Styles and Parental Emotional Intelligence as Predictors of Challenging Behavior Problems Among Children in Israel
Authors: Agbaria Qutaiba
Published: June 2020

This study examined whether two facets of preschool children’s home environment, parenting style and parental emotional intelligence, may be risk factors for challenging behaviors among kindergarten children in Arab society in Israel. The author sampled 524 parents of children ages 4 to 5 years who completed questionnaires about their parenting style, emotional intelligence, and their child’s behavior. Teachers also reported on the children’s challenging behaviors to increase reliability. The findings revealed that authoritarian (high demandingness, low warmth) and uninvolved (low demandingness, low warmth) parenting styles and low parental emotional intelligence were associated with greater challenging behaviors in children (both parent and teacher reports). Notably, authoritative (high demandingness, high warmth) parenting style was related to fewer challenging behaviors in children, suggesting that this may be a protective factor for children. The findings broadly parallel prior research across cultures.
Optical measurement of microvascular oxygenation and blood flow responses in awake mouse cortex during functional activation
Authors: Şencan İkbal , Esipova Tatiana , Kılıç Kıvılcım , Li Baoqiang , Desjardins Michèle , Yaseen Mohammad A , Wang Hui , Porter Jason E , Kura Sreekanth , Fu Buyin , Secomb Timothy W , Boas David A , Vinogradov Sergei A , Devor Anna , Sakadžić Sava
Published: June 2020

The cerebral cortex has a number of conserved morphological and functional characteristics across brain regions and species. Among them, the laminar differences in microvascular density and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase staining suggest potential laminar variability in the baseline O2 metabolism and/or laminar variability in both O2 demand and hemodynamic response. Here, we investigate the laminar profile of stimulus-induced intravascular partial pressure of O2 (pO2) transients to stimulus-induced neuronal activation in fully awake mice using two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy. Our results demonstrate that stimulus-induced changes in intravascular pO2 are conserved across cortical layers I–IV, suggesting a tightly controlled neurovascular response to provide adequate O2 supply across cortical depth. In addition, we observed a larger change in venular O2 saturation (ΔsO2) compared to arterioles, a gradual increase in venular ΔsO2 response towards the cortical surface, and absence of the intravascular “initial dip” previously reported under anesthesia. This study paves the way for quantification of layer-specific cerebral O2 metabolic responses, facilitating investigation of brain energetics in health and disease and informed interpretation of laminar blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals.
PanoraMIS: An ultra-wide field of view image dataset for vision-based robot-motion estimation
Authors: Benseddik Houssem-Eddine , Morbidi Fabio , Caron Guillaume
Published: June 2020

This article presents a new dataset of ultra-wide field of view images with accurate ground truth, called PanoraMIS. The dataset covers a large spectrum of panoramic cameras (catadioptric, twin-fisheye), robotic platforms (wheeled, aerial, and industrial robots), and testing environments (indoors and outdoors), and it is well suited to rigorously validate novel image-based robot-motion estimation algorithms, including visual odometry, visual SLAM, and deep learning-based methods. PanoraMIS and the accompanying documentation is publicly available on the Internet for the entire research community.
Contrast-enhanced mammography in the evaluation of breast calcifications: preliminary experience
Authors: Depretto Catherine , Borelli Anna , Liguori Alessandro , Presti Gabriele , Vingiani Andrea , Cartia Francesco , Ferranti Claudio , Scaperrotta Gianfranco P.
Published: June 2020

Aim:

To evaluate the presence of contrast enhancement at the site of calcifications on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) and histopathologic results at vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB), and to examine the association with lesion size and immunohistochemical characteristics, in order to assess disease aggressiveness in malignant lesions.

Methods:

A total of 34 patients with 36 clusters of suspicious calcifications (BI-RADS 4) were investigated with CEM before the scheduled VAB. We evaluated the presence or absence of enhancement, histologic diagnosis, and, in case of malignant lesions, their size and the expression of Ki-67.

Results:

In our case series, 15/36 (41.7%) lesions were malignant. In 7 cases, contrast enhancement was found at the site of calcifications. Data about size of lesions and immunohistochemical characterization were not available for all malignant cases. In 5 cases with CEM enhancement, all lesions were >5 mm and overexpressing Ki-67 (>20%); in 6 cases with no contrast enhancement, the lesions were <5 mm and with low Ki-67 values (<20%).

Conclusion:

Our preliminary study provides indications on the ability of CEM to recognize neoplasms larger than 5 mm, with high proliferative index (Ki-67 >20%), and frequently human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive. Our preliminary results suggest that CEM could detect aggressive malignancies. This could be the starting point for planning further studies with larger numbers of cases, in an attempt to reduce overdiagnosis and consequent overtreatment.
Dose prescription in SBRT for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: are we all speaking the same language?
Authors: Merlotti Anna , Bonomo Pierluigi , Ragona Riccardo , Trovò Marco , Alongi Filippo , Mazzola Rosario , Vigna Taglianti Riccardo , Gianello Luca , Reali Alessia , Bergesio Fabrizio , Lucio Francesco , Boriano Alberto , De Maggi Adriano , Russi Elvio
Published: June 2020

Introduction:

Stereotactic body radiation therapy is increasingly used in the treatment of early-stage lung cancers. Guidelines provide indications regarding the constraints to the organs at risk (OARs) and the minimum coverage of the planning target volume but do not suggest optimal dose distribution. Data on dose distribution from the different published series are not comparable due to different prescription modalities and reported dose parameters.

Methods:

We conducted a review of the published data on dose prescription, focusing on the role of homogeneity on local tumor control, and present suggestions on how to specify and report the prescriptions to permit comparisons between studies or between cases from different centers.

Conclusions:

To identify the dose-prescription modality that better correlates with oncologic outcomes, future studies should guarantee a close uniformity of dose distribution between cases and complete dose parameters reporting for treatment volumes and OARs.
Safety Prediction Model for Reinforced Highway Slope using a Machine Learning Method
Authors: Ahmed Asif , Khan Sadik , Hossain Sahadat , Sadigov Tural , Bhandari Prabesh
Published: June 2020

Recycled plastic pin (RPP) has been proved to be an effective and inexpensive solution for shallow slope stabilization. Current practice suggests conducting numerical modeling to find out the desired factor of safety (FS) using RPP in the design of landslide repair. While the slope stability is heavily dependent on soil strength parameters and slope geometry, RPP length and spacing can also play a significant role in reaching the target factor of safety for the highway slope. During this study, a safety prediction model was developed using both statistical and machine learning (ML) approaches to use RPP in slope stabilization. Initially, parametric study was conducted using five different soil strengths, six slope heights, three slope ratios, three RPP lengths, and five RPP spacing configurations. Using the strength reduction techniques of Finite Element Modeling Software PLAXIS 2D, FS was determined for more than 1,000 combinations. Afterwards, a statistical approach was undertaken to determine a safety prediction model containing all possible parameters. Finally, an ML approach was conducted for safety model. The ML approach was found to be more accurate than the classical statistical approach with 85% accuracy of predicting the FS for an RPP reinforced highway slope. The developed model was validated against the values obtained from the numerical modeling, which indicated that the SF obtained from the developed model was in good agreement with those from finite element method (FEM) analysis.
Comparing the Responsiveness of the Global Rating Scale With Legacy Knee Outcome Scores: A Delaware-Oslo Cohort Study
Authors: Johnson Jessica L. , Irrgang James J. , Risberg May Arna , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: June 2020

Background:

The selection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is essential for obtaining meaningful information to treat a patient, determine a plan of care, and make clinical decisions; however, the process of selecting PROMs for clinical care is difficult, with the need to balance these multiple factors. Variation makes it difficult to compare data across providers and studies.

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose was to determine the responsiveness of 4 PROMs via effect size and the presence of a ceiling effect in the 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We hypothesized that the single-item Global Rating Scale (GRS) would have an effect size and ceiling effect similar to the commonly used legacy PROMs.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Of the 300 participants, 218 had ACLR, completed postoperative progressive criterion-based rehabilitation early after surgery, and were followed for 5 years. We collected data based on the GRS, the Knee Outcome Survey–Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADLS), the International Knee Documentation Committee–Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF), and the KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) before and after training and at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after ACLR.

Results:

The IKDC-SKF had the largest effect sizes and lowest ceiling effects. The GRS had a similar size and change in both effect size and ceiling effect when compared with the longer PROMs. The GRS and IKDC-SKF had a correlation of 0.72, and the GRS had a minimal detectable change of 2.9 or 4.8, depending on methodology.

Conclusion:

The GRS responded similarly to the IKDC-SKF, KOS-ADLS, and KOOS and was responsive to patient change. The ease of use and patient-specific nature of the question means that it may be appropriate to use the GRS in clinical care as a consistent measure throughout the course of rehabilitation.
Class Dominance or Fracturing? Sources of Broad Interest in Lobbying by Fortune 500 Corporations
Authors: Banerjee Tarun , Murray Joshua
Published: June 2020

Are large corporations able to transcend individual self-interest in favor of a broad class interest, as suggested by class dominance theorists? Or, has the corporate elite become fractured? We address this ongoing debate through a unique case: the determinants of the breadth of corporate lobbying of the U.S. federal government. As predicted by the fracturing thesis, we find that financial companies no longer have a broader political interest than nonfinancial companies. However, we also find that mechanisms still exist that foster a broader class-wide interest. Specifically, a firm’s embeddedness in the interlocking directorate and policy-planning networks is associated with broader lobbying activities. Finally, we find support for the hypothesis that the interests of large corporations have become more globalized: firms with more global operations have greater breadth of lobbying activities. We therefore theorize that while banks no longer play the same role in diffusing a broadened interest through the capitalist class, alternative mechanisms continue to fulfill this role. Together, these findings demonstrate continued support for the class dominance thesis, even in the light of any fracturing of the corporate elite.
An effective separation process of arsenic, lead, and zinc from high arsenic-containing copper smelting ashes by alkali leaching followed by sulfide precipitation
Authors: Zhang Yuhui , Feng Xiaoyan , Jin Bingjie
Published: June 2020

Separation of arsenic and valuable metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Bi, Sn, In, Ag, Sb, etc.) is a core problem for effective utilization of high arsenic-containing copper smelting ashes (HACSA). This study developed an effective separation process of arsenic, lead, and zinc from HACSA via alkali leaching followed by sulfide precipitation. The separation behaviors and optimum conditions for alkali leaching of arsenic and sulfide precipitation of lead and zinc were established respectively as follows: NaOH concentration 3.81 M; temperature 80°C; time 90 minutes; liquid-to-solid ratio 4:1; agitation speed 450 revolutions/minute (r/min) and 2.0 times of theoretical quantity of sodium sulfide (Na2S); temperature 70°C; and time 60 minutes. The results indicated that the leaching rates of As, Pb, and Zn were 92.4%, 36.9% and 13.4%, respectively. More than 99% of lead and zinc were precipitated from the alkali leachate. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study confirmed that arsenic was dissolved from HACSA into the alkali leachate. Furthermore, lead and zinc were precipitated as sulfides from the alkali leachate. The proposed process was a good technique for separation of arsenic and enrichment of valuable metals for further centralized treatment separately. It provided high separation efficiency of arsenic and valuable metals, as well as low environmental pollution.
Exploring Planning as a Technology of Hope
Authors: Inch Andy , Slade Jason , Crookes Lee
Published: June 2020

Following Baum’s proposition that planning be understood as “the organization of hope,” there has been limited scholarly engagement with what might be involved in fostering hope through planning practices. Reflecting on three years of participatory action learning and research on a deprived housing estate in Sheffield in Northern England, we explore core challenges raised by appealing to hope as an objective of community-led planning. Overall, we argue for further work to explore how the organizational technologies of planning relate to core dimensions of hope, including the ways in which unevenly developed capacities to aspire shape diverse modes of hoping.
Charting a Research Agenda for the Advancement of Nursing Organizations’ Influence on Health Systems and Policy
Authors: Chiu Patrick , Duncan Susan , Whyte Nora
Published: June 2020

Nursing organizations across Canada play a significant role in influencing and shaping public policy. 2020, the Year of the Nurse and the Midwife, is an opportune time not only to support nurses in building policy leadership but also to explore opportunities to better understand and strengthen the policy advocacy work of nursing organizations. Given various social, political, and economic forces, the nature of organized nursing across Canada is changing significantly. We draw on recent key national and global events including our systematic inquiry into Canada’s 2019 federal election, the Year of the Nurse and Midwife, and the Coronavirus pandemic to examine how Canadian nursing organizations respond in highly complex and evolving contexts. We use our observations to offer a vision and chart a research agenda for the advancement of nursing organizations’ influence on health systems and policy. Specifically, we focus on three key areas including examining nursing organizations’ policy agendas and spheres of influence; nursing organizations’ decision-making around policy advocacy tactics and engagement approaches; and the impact of policy advocacy coalitions and networks on nursing organizations’ influence.
Nurses’ Mental Health and Well-Being: COVID-19 Impacts
Authors: Stelnicki Andrea M. , Carleton R. Nicholas , Reichert Carol
Published: June 2020

The editorial will introduce a special section on nurses’ mental health and well-being that will showcase results from a groundbreaking pan-Canadian study of nurses’ occupational stress. The article series highlights research efforts toward better supporting nurses’ mental health. In this editorial, we discuss the importance of this research in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We review the current stressors faced by nurses and anticipate how nurses’ mental health and well-being will be impacted by COVID-19.
Recommendations for the Management of Incidental Hepatobiliary Findings in Adults: Endorsement and Adaptation of the 2017 and 2013 ACR Incidental Findings Committee White Papers by the Canadian Association of Radiologists Incidental Findings Working Group
Authors: Bird Jeffery R. , Brahm Gary L. , Fung Christopher , Sebastian Sunit , Kirkpatrick Iain D. C.
Published: June 2020

The Canadian Association of Radiologists Incidental Findings Working Group consists of both academic subspecialty and general radiologists and is tasked with adapting and expanding upon the American College of Radiology incidental findings white papers to more closely apply to Canadian practice patterns, particularly more comprehensively dealing with the role of ultrasound and pursuing more cost-effective approaches to the workup of incidental findings without compromising patient care. Presented here are the 2020 Canadian guidelines for the management of hepatobiliary incidental findings. Topics covered include initial assessment of hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis, the workup of incidental liver masses identified on ultrasound and computed tomography (with algorithms presented), incidental gallbladder findings (wall thickening, calcification, and polyps), and management of incidental biliary dilatation.
The Role of the Placenta in Perinatal Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Roy Bithi , Arbuckle Susan , Walker Karen , Morgan Catherine , Galea Claire , Badawi Nadia , Novak Iona
Published: June 2020

Context:

Placental pathology may be an important missing link in the causal pathway of perinatal stroke. The study aim was to systematically review the literature regarding the role of the placenta in perinatal stroke. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched from 2000 to 2019. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria. To enable comparisons, placental abnormalities were coded using Redline’s classification.

Results:

Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Less than a quarter of stroke cases had placental pathology reported. Placental abnormalities were more common among children with perinatal stroke than in the control group. The most frequent placental abnormality was Redline’s category 2 (thrombo-inflammatory process).

Conclusions:

Placental abnormalities appear to be associated with perinatal stroke, supporting additional indirect evidence and biological plausibility of a causative role. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously considering the low frequency of placental examination and lack of uniformity in placental pathology reporting.

Clinical Trial Registration:

PROSPERO Registration no: CRD42017081256.
Disability Prediction by Early Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination: A Diagnostic Study
Authors: Venkata Sujith Kumar Reddy Gurram , Pournami Femitha , Prabhakar Jyothi , Nandakumar Anand , Jain Naveen
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives:

Hammersmith Neonatal Neurologic Examination (HNNE) is used to identify term and preterm infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The test is recommended at corrected term age in preterm; and around 2 weeks postnatal age in term neonates. As the current trend is to discharge based on physiological stability, it may not be feasible to perform HNNE at recommended age. The authors investigated whether predictive ability of the test for neurodevelopmental disability remained unchanged if performed early (before discharge).

Methods:

The authors enrolled preterm and at-risk term neonates. HNNE PE was performed before discharge in all infants. The test was repeated in preterm infants at 40 weeks postmenstrual age and in term neonates at 2 weeks of age (HNNE RA). Neurodevelopmental disability was assessed at 1 year of age.

Results:

HNNE PE was done in 125 neonates (103 preterm, 22 term neonates). HNNE RA was done in 58% infants. Neurodevelopmental disability was assessed in 84 (67%) of infants. Neurodevelopmental disability was noted in 14/84 (16.6%) babies. The receiver operating characteristic curve of raw scores showed that area under the curve for HNNE PE (0.71) and HNNE RA (0.66) were similar. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio for both the tests were similar for a cutoff optimality score of 32.5. HNNE PE could be performed up to 4 weeks earlier than HNNE RA with the same predictive ability for neurodevelopmental disability.

Conclusions:

HNNE PE was as reliable as HNNE RA in predicting neurodevelopmental disability at 1 year of age. Completion of the test is assured and provides several weeks lead time for early intervention.
Predictive Value of Early Amplitude Integrated EEG in Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Richardson Justin , Goshen Sharon , Meledin Irina , Golan Agneta , Goldstein Ester , Shany Eilon
Published: June 2020

Amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) is increasingly utilized in preterm infants. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether semiquantitative visual assessment of aEEG background during the first 72 hours of life is associated with long-term outcome in a group of premature infants born less than 28 weeks’ gestation. Infants were prospectively enrolled and monitored in the first 72 hours after birth. aEEG was classified daily according to background activity, appearance of cyclical activity and presence of seizures activity. Log-rank and multivariable cox analysis were used to explore associations of background aEEG activity with short and long-term outcome. Overall, 51 infants were enrolled into the study. Depressed aEEG background on the third day of life was associated with poor outcome ( P = .028). Similarly, absence of cycling on the third day of life was associated with death or poor outcome ( P = .004 and .012, respectively). In different multivariable models adjusted for gestational age, severe intraventricular hemorrhage or use of sedative medication, neither background nor cycling activities were associated with outcome. Depressed aEEG background and absence of aEEG cycling on the third day of life are associated with poor outcome in univariable analysis. Although continuous aEEG monitoring of premature infants can provide real-time assessment of cerebral function, its use as a predictive tool for long-term outcome using visual analysis requires caution as its predictive power is not greater than that of gestational age or intraventricular hemorrhage.
A Modified Simple Scoring System Using the Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Delta Neutrophil Index, and Mean Platelet Volume-to-Platelet Count to Predict 28-Day Mortality in Patients With Sepsis
Authors: Kim Jun hyoung , Lee Yongseop , Cho Yun Suk , Sohn Yu Jin , Hyun Jong Hoon , Ahn Sang Min , Lee Woon Ji , Seong Hye , Kim Jung Ho , Ahn Jin Young , Jeong Su Jin , Ku Nam Su , Choi Jun Yong , Yeom Joon-Sup , Song Young Goo
Published: June 2020

Background:

Recently, a new scoring system was developed that uses the red blood cell distribution width (RDW), delta neutrophil index (DNI), and platelet count (PC) to predict mortality in patients with sepsis. We investigated whether a modified simple scoring system based on the RDW, DNI, and mean platelet volume-to-PC (MPV/PC) ratio could predict the mortality of patients with sepsis, and compared it to the previous scoring system.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 264 adults who had been treated for sepsis in an emergency department between January 2016 and February 2019. Each patient was rated on a scale of 0 to 3 according to the modified scoring system. Point values were assigned based on RDW > 14.5%, DNI > 5.0%, and MPV/PC ratio >10.1.

Results:

The 28-day mortality rate was 14.4%. Those who died had higher scores than those who survived (mean: 1.55 ± 0.92 vs 0.93 ± 0.78, P < .001). The area under the curve for the new scoring system was higher than that of the previous scoring system (0.685 vs 0.645).

Conclusion:

The modified scoring system was a good predictor of the 28-day mortality and was more useful than the previous scoring system for predicting mortality in patients with sepsis.
How Do NPOs Get Funding? A Business Model Perspective Based on the Conversion of Symbolic Capital
Authors: Bocquet Rachel , Cotterlaz-Rannard Gaëlle , Ferrary Michel
Published: June 2020

Despite intensive research dedicated to both social alliances and business models, a research gap persists with regard to why and how nonprofit organizations (NPOs) choose (or not) to partner with for-profit organizations (FPOs) to obtain funding. By adopting an NPO-centered analysis, this article presents a new framework, based on Bourdieu’s forms of capital. With an explicit consideration of symbolic capital—and the risks of damaging it if the NPO turns to FPOs for funding—the authors explore specific issues related to NPO business models. The empirical test of the framework relies on an original database of 150 nongovernmental organizations with international scope. It reveals four distinct business models (public, civic, opportunistic, and diversified) and demonstrates that a high stock of symbolic capital gives organizations the power to choose and eventually diversify their funding sources, including partnering with select FPOs.
Accountable and Thus Legitimate? A Comparative Study of Philanthropists
Authors: Weinryb Noomi
Published: June 2020

This article takes a comparative qualitative approach to explore the intertwined external accountability and legitimacy attempts of independently wealthy philanthropists. By comparing accountability forums and institutional logics stated by philanthropists, it is investigated to whom they are externally accountable and how they legitimate their controversial funding of public goods. The study compares the external accountability and legitimacy attempts of philanthropists with that of public agencies, corporations, and fundraising-dependent nonprofits. Empirically, this is a cross-sectional study of funders supporting human embryonic stem cell research in either California or Sweden. The study shows that it is through local isomorphism, rather than any specific accountability forum or institutional logic, that philanthropists are accountable and thus legitimate their giving. This is in contrast to other types of funders, which are more similar within each form when comparing accountability forums across societies, and more similar within societies in their usage of institutional logics, with certain patterned statements. In addition, philanthropists in both societies are more detached than any other type of funder as regards both specific patient populations and the general electorate. This finding raises questions on what philanthropists’ private funding for public purposes actually entails.
Analysis of electrostatic solid lubricant spray process parameters during turning Ti-6Al-4V alloy
Authors: Gunda Rakesh Kumar , Narala Suresh Kumar Reddy
Published: June 2020

Titanium alloys are considered as hard-to-cut material due to its relatively high resistance to corrosion, low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity. Effective penetration of sufficient amount of lubricant in the metalworking process is of utmost importance to (a) reduce frictional resistance at the high-temperature tool–workpiece interface and (b) avert the formation of built-up edge in machining process. Traditionally, the lubricant forms a thin fluid film to reduce the friction. In order to reduce or eliminate coolant usage and to apply lubri-coolant efficiently at tool–chip–workpiece interface, a novel near-dry machining technique called electrostatic charged solid lubricant spray system has been developed. In electrostatic charged solid lubricant spray technique, the aerosolized micro-droplet particles were sprayed from the nozzle tip which uses a phenomenon called contact-charge electrification principle. The quick penetration and wettability of charged atomized droplet particles are impinged with high velocity at the tool–chip interface. The focus of the present experimental research is to analyse the optimum lubrication process parameters of the experimental set-up in terms of effectively applying cutting fluid in the machining zone. The study shows that the desired atomization and machining performance of the electrostatic charged solid lubricant spray technique can be obtained by governing different spray parameters (lubricant flow rate, air pressure, spray nozzle position, nozzle distance, electrostatic voltage). The results revealed that when the charged lubricants are applied with high velocity and large number of droplets, it will have significant influence on surface roughness and cutting force. The fabricated electrostatic charged solid lubricant spray technique provides us with an efficient and economic machining solution by applying solid lubricants effectively at tool–material interface during turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy material. The present approach and the obtained results will help in better understanding of the machinability of hard-to-cut materials in manufacturing industries.
Selection and ranking of rail vehicle components for optimal lightweighting using composite materials
Authors: Mistry PJ , Johnson MS , Galappaththi UIK
Published: June 2020

The current performance requirements for the global rail industry demand that trains are more reliable, efficient and can accommodate an increased capacity for more passengers. Lightweight construction of rail vehicles is thus required to meet these requirements. This paper has identified the key components for lightweighting of rail vehicles using fibre reinforced polymer composite materials. A methodology used to select and rank those metallic components suitable for redesign in composite, developed as part of the ACIS (Advanced Composite Integrated Structures) UK project is described. From the audit, five demonstrator components – a cantilevered seat bracket, luggage rack module, intermediate end structure, body side structure and roof structure – were identified by the consortium using the methodology. These are components that the consortium believes to be the most suitable to demonstrate the benefit of a composite replacement in terms of integration potential, lightweighting benefits and commercial viability. Furthermore, rail car body structural components, forming the primary structure of a rail vehicle, were determined to be the most optimal components to replace in composites for maximum lightweighting of the sprung mass. It was estimated that a composite redesign of these components would result in a mass savings of 57% for intermediate end structures, 47% for body side structures and 51% for roof structures.
Science-related populism: Conceptualizing populist demands toward science
Authors: Mede Niels G. , Schäfer Mike S.
Published: June 2020

Populism is on the rise in many countries. Scholars have stated that it is characteristic for political populism to describe society as a fundamental struggle between an allegedly virtuous people and political elites which are portrayed negatively. This anti-elitist sentiment not only targets politicians, however, but also other representatives of the alleged establishment—including scientists and scholarly institutions. But the specifics of such science-related populism have not yet been conceptualized. We aim to do so, integrating scholarship on political populism, the “participatory turn,” and alternative epistemologies. We propose to conceptualize science-related populism as a set of ideas which suggests that there is a morally charged antagonism between an (allegedly) virtuous ordinary people and an (allegedly) unvirtuous academic elite, and that this antagonism is due to the elite illegitimately claiming and the people legitimately demanding both science-related decision-making sovereignty and truth-speaking sovereignty.
Financialization and union decline in Canada: The influence on sectors and core industries
Authors: Dupuis Mathieu , Peters John , Scrimger Phillippe J
Published: June 2020

This article explores the long-run relationship between financialization and union density in Canada’s non-financial sector. Drawing on critical political economy literatures, we argue that the shareholder business model, the growing use of financial assets and leading global industries have led to a restructuring of labour markets and unionized workforces. Evidence from panel data analysis suggests that the negative relationship between financialization and union density holds when controlling for economic context and sectoral characteristics. We conclude that the sectoral impacts of financialization on union density – especially in highly financialized sectors such as manufacturing, extractive resources, transport and warehousing – are critical to understanding union decline and recent changes to employment relations.
The dynamic mechanical properties of magnetorheological elastomer: Catalytic effect of carbonyl iron powder
Authors: Cao Yongan , Lu Huanglei , Wang Wenju , Chen Dong , Yang Fufeng , Wang Guoping , Rui Xiaoting
Published: June 2020

The vulcanization time of the natural rubber–based magnetorheological elastomers and natural rubber was tested by the rotor-less vulcanizer. Result shows that the magnetorheological properties were best after adding 190 copies of carbonyl iron powder. From the test of rotor-less vulcanizer and equilibrium swelling method, it could be found that, after adding 190 copies of carbonyl iron powder, the crosslink density was increased by 11% and the vulcanization time was shortened by 20%. The catalytic activity of accelerator mainly originated from its ability of forming active vulcanizing agent with sulfur atom, and the possible mechanisms had been given. The carbonyl iron powder in magnetorheological elastomers improved the magnetorheological properties and the efficiency of vulcanization.
Same-Sex Couples and the Police: A 10-Year Study of Arrest and Dual Arrest Rates in Responding to Incidents of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Hirschel David , McCormack Philip D.
Published: June 2020

Despite concern, little research has been conducted on whether victims in same-sex relationships receive disparate treatment from law enforcement. Utilizing 2000 through 2009 National Incident-Based Reporting System data, the authors examine the police response to incidents involving same-sex and heterosexual couples in 2,625,753 cases across 5,481 jurisdictions in 36 states and Washington, D.C. Results show that incidents with same-sex couples are less likely to result in arrest, but far more likely to result in dual arrests, in most incident configurations. Racial effects were also observed. The policy implications of these findings are discussed with the need for broad-based training highlighted.