bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Space-time kriging extension of precipitation variability at 12 km spacing from tree-ring chronologies and its implications for drought analysis
Authors: Biondi F.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Understanding and preparing for future hydroclimatic variability greatly benefits from long (i.e., multi-century) records at seasonal to annual time steps that have been gridded at km-scale spatial intervals over a geographic region. Kriging is a geostatistical technique commonly used for optimal interpolation of environmental data, and space-time geostatistical models can improve kriging estimates when long temporal sequences of observations exist at relatively few points on the landscape. Here I present how a network of 22 tree-ring chronologies from single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) in the central Great Basin of North America was used to extend hydroclimatic records both temporally and spatially. First, the Line of Organic Correlation (LOC) method was used to reconstruct October–May total precipitation anomalies at each tree-ring site, as these ecotonal environments at the lower forest border are typically moisture limited. Individual site reconstructions were then combined using a hierarchical model of spatio-temporal kriging that produced annual anomaly maps on a 12 × 12 km grid during the period in common among all chronologies (1650–1976). Hydro-climatic episodes were numerically identified and modeled using their duration, magnitude, and peak. Spatial patterns were more variable during wet years than during dry years, and the evolution of drought episodes over space and time could be visualized and quantified. The most remarkable episode in the entire reconstruction was the early 1900s pluvial, followed by the late 1800s drought. The 1930s "Dust Bowl" drought was among the top ten hydroclimatic episodes in the past few centuries. These results directly address the needs of water and natural resource managers with respect to planning for "worst case" scenarios of drought duration and magnitude at the watershed level. For instance, it is possible to analyze which geographical areas are more likely to be impacted by severe and sustained droughts at annual or multiannual timescales and at spatial resolutions commonly used by regional climate models.
Synthesizing sponsorships: Toward a lens of composite sponsorship on social network sites
Authors: Marks-Dubbs Kaitlin
Published: April 2013

This paper examines corporations as institutional sponsors of writing for non-employees, demonstrating the shaping or teaching of writing to consumers through corporate writing contests as they currently appear on Facebook. It specifically focuses on the sponsorship of writing in these networked spaces, wherein the networked compositional platform itself and the individuals and corporate entities eliciting writing co-operate as sponsors.
Changes in leaf tissues of common horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) colonised by the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ochridella Deschka and Dimić)
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Haratym Weronika
Published: April 2013

The present study, conducted during the period 2010- 2011, involved morphological observations and anatomical investigations of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) leaves with symptoms of damage caused by feeding of larvae of the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić). Leaves were collected from trees growing in the city of Lublin (Poland). Microscopic slides were prepared from fresh and fixed plant material. Leaf anatomical features were examined by light microscopy in order to determine the mechanical barrier for feeding pests. Changes were also observed during the progressive damage of the leaf tissues caused by the larvae. Selected developmental stages of the pest are presented in the paper. It has been shown that very thin blades of the mesomorphic leaves of Aesculus hippocastanum produce a poorly developed mechanical barrier in which the following elements can be included: the presence of collenchyma and idioblasts with druses of calcium oxalate, few non-glandular trichomes found close to the leaf veins as well as relatively thin outer walls of the epidermal cells. The cells containing tannins and the oil cells found in the mesophyll may form a physiological barrier. However, foraging leaf miner larvae feed only on the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, leaving undamaged the cells with tannins as well as the idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals and oils. The feeding of the pest in the leaf mesophyll leads to the death of the epidermis on both sides of the lamina and to drying of the parts of the leaves in the area of the mines.
Evaluation of decorative value of selected taxa of the genus Digitalis
Authors: Janicka Dorota , Wraga Krzysztof , Zawadzińska Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

In the years 2008-2010, evaluation of decorative value of Digitalis grandiflora Mill., D. laevigata Waldst. et Kit., D. lanata Ehrh., D. lutea L., D. × mertonensis 'Summer King', D. purpurea L. 'Apricot', 'Foxy','Pam's Choice' and D. thapsi L. 'Spanish Peaks®' was carried out. Plants were evaluated at the vegetative and generative stage. Foxglove seedlings were characterized by high quality, proportional rosettes, healthy appearance, and they were without pests or diseases. Of all the cultivars tested, D. purpurea and D. x mertonensis 'Summer King' flowered earliest. Digitalis laevigata and D. lanata reached a high decorative value latest. Digitalis lutea, D. lanata and D. laevigata flowered most abundantly. Digitalis purpurea 'Apricot' had the longest inflorescences with large flowers. Digitalis × mertonensis 'Summer King' had short inflorescences, but with very densely set flowers. All the taxa evaluated were characterized by high decorative quality. They can be grown in fields in the climatic conditions of northwestern Poland. Digitalis x mertonensis 'Summer King', D. purpurea 'Apricot' and 'Pam's Choice' were of the highest decorative value.
Effect of growth regulators on the postharvest longevity of cut flowers and leaves of the calla lily (Zantedeschia Spreng.)
Authors: Janowska Beata , Stanecka Anna
Published: April 2013

The conditioning of flowers of the calla lily cultivar 'Albomaculata' in BA at concentrations of 50-150 mg×dm-3 extends their postharvest longevity by 6.2-14.5 days. An extension of the longevity of the flowers by 15 days can be obtained after the application of a solution of 8HQS with saccharose on a continuous basis. Effective in improving the longevity of leaves of cultivar 'Sunglow' is GA3 at a concentration of 400 mg×dm-3. What is more, its application at concentrations of 300-400 mg×dm-3 boosts their greenness index. GA3 at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg×dm-3 extends the postharvest longevity of leaves of the cultivar 'Black Eyed Beauty' by 18 and 11 days, respectively, while BA shortens it. A combined application of BA and GA3 inhibits chlorophyll degradation, while GA3 and a mixture of BA and GA3 inhibit protein degradation.
The role of linear structures in agricultural landscape in the maitenance of xerothermic species
Authors: Czarnecka Joanna
Published: April 2013

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of different types of linear structures in the preservation of four xerothermic species (Centaurea scabiosa, Euphorbia cyparissias, Melampyrum arvense, and Salvia verticillata) and two weeds (Euphorbia exigua and Thymelaea passerina). Observations were conducted in the agricultural landscape of Western Volhynia with fields of different land use intensity (a large-scale farming system and small traditional arable fields). The total length of the studied structures was 4760 m and the following five categories of structures were distinguished: field road verges adjacent to large (1) and small fields (2), field margins between the patches of xerothermic grasslands as well as large (3) or small fields (4) and balks (5). The distribution and abundance of species mentioned above were recorded there. The survey showed that linear habitats are not suitable for all the studied species; margins between arable fields and grasslands were the most important habitats for both grassland and weed species. Factors responsible for their abundance and distribution along these margins included the following: type of farming system, exposure of the margin, and soil moisture. Grassland species occupied habitats adjacent to small traditional fields with other than southern exposure; weeds were more abundant in drier microhabitas.
The effect of adjuvants and reduced rates of crop protection agents on weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley (Hordeum sativum L.)
Authors: Kwiatkowski Cezary A. , Wesołowski Marian
Published: April 2013

A field experiment in the cultivation of spring barley was carried out in the period 2007-2009 at the Experimental Farm in Czesławice (central Lublin region) on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess (soil quality class II). The study involved 3 rates of herbicides, growth retardant and fungicides (100%, 75%, 50%) as well as different adjuvant types (oil, surface- active, mineral adjuvant). Plots without any adjuvant were the control treatment. Conventional tillage was used, while mineral fertilization was adjusted to high initial soil nutrient availability. A hypothesis was made that the reduction of pesticide rates by 25-50%, with the simultaneous addition of adjuvants, would allow health, weed infestation and lodging of spring barley to be maintained at a level similar to that obtained under the conditions when maximum rates are applied without any adjuvant. It was also assumed that particular adjuvants could show different interactions with the tested groups of crop protection agents. It was proved that the application of full recommended rates of pesticides gave the best values of the indicators relating to weed infestation, health and lodging of spring barley. However, thanks to the addition of adjuvants to the spray solution, the application of pesticide doses reduced by 25% produced similar results. A higher reduction of pesticide rates (by 50%) had an adverse effect on the traits in question. In such case, there was noted higher weed infestation of the spring barley crop, compensation of some weed species, and increased stem-base infection by the fungal disease complex. On the other hand, less radical changes were observed in the case of spring barley lodging. The above-mentioned situation occurred in spite of the fact that the action of pesticides was aided by adjuvants. From the group of adjuvants under comparison, the oil adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC showed the best interaction with the crop protection agents under consideration.
The possibility to reconcile the conflict between the preservation of synanthropic vegetation and the development of cities
Authors: Trzaskowska Ewa
Published: April 2013

The impoverishment of synanthropic vegetation has been observed in Polish cities for at least half a century. It relates to both the decrease in the area of its occurrence and reduction in species diversity. This is associated with changes in land development, a faster construction process, and an increasingly smaller area of wasteland as well as with the fact that agricultural land and farm buildings are found in cities less and less frequently. Municipal management has been modernised and rubbish, soil or rubble dumps are encountered less often. Besides, the aesthetics adopted by modern man does not allow for the existence of spontaneous vegetation, since in an ordered world such great freedom and liberty are not accepted. Nevertheless, synanthropic flora is one of elements of greenery co-creating a unique urban ecosystem. It increases species richness, improves the climate, and contributes to a reduction in pollution and noise. The present paper highlights difficulties related to the preservation of this flora in cities, and a concept is presented how to introduce it into urban green spaces. Different forms of green spaces are presented in the case of which it is possible to use synanthropic plants, e.g.: ecological lawns and flower meadows, extensive roof gardens, and ecological parks.
Associations and communities of cereal crops of the Łuków Plain. Part I. Light soil associations
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia , Skrajna Teresa
Published: April 2013

The characteristics of phytocenoses developing on light soils in cereal crops of the Łuków Plain are presented in the paper. The studies were carried out between 2003 and 2006 in 182 localities. Cereal crops on light soils were frequently occupied by patches of Arnoserido-Scleranthetum. The association reaches the eastern limit of its geographic range in the mesoregion. The phytocenoses were noted under various moisture conditions and were the floristically poorest cereal communities in the studied area. The paper presents new data on the occurrence of Arnoserido-Scleranthetum on its eastern distributional limits. Quite frequently, the patches of Vicietum tetraspermae scleranthetosum, especially of its variant with Juncus bufonius and Vicietum tetraspermae typicum variant with Rhinanthus serotinus, were also frequently noted in the studied mesoregion.Small patches of Papaveretum argemones were recorded very seldom.
The role of the growth stage of weeds in their response to reduced herbicide doses
Authors: Kieloch Renata , Domaradzki Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

The influence of weed growth stage on the efficacy of selected herbicides applied at reduced doses was investigated under pot experiments at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Wrocław. Three weed species were used as tested plants: Anthemis arvensis L., Chenopodium album L. and Stellaria media L., which were sprayed at different growth stages: 2-4, 6-8, and 10-12 leaves. The experiment included the following herbicides: tribenuron-methyl, iodosulfuron methyl sodium + amidosulfuron, and metribuzin + amidosulfuron, used at full doses and reduced by 25 and 50%. Three weeks after treatment, fresh weight of weeds was determined. Weed control was significantly related to weed species, growth stage, type of herbicide and its dose. Among the tested weed species, S. media showed the weakest reaction to the herbicides used and it was only slightly affected by herbicide rate and growth stage. Later herbicide treatments, when the weeds reached the stage of 6-8 and 10-12 leaves, resulted in diversification at the level of herbicide effects and doses.
Effectiveness of Daphne L. (Thymelaeaceae) in vitro propagation, rooting of microshoots and acclimatization of plants
Authors: Hanus-Fajerska Ewa , Wiszniewska Alina , Czaicki Przemysław
Published: April 2013

In this study, an attempt was made to investigate in vitro morphogenetic competence of three shrub species from the Thymelaeaceae family. The studied plant material originated from Russia, Greece and China, and the effectiveness of in vitro shoot formation and rhizogenesis of Daphne caucasica, D. jasminea, and D. tangutica was verified. The multiplication coefficient was compared for different propagation media. Medium composed of WPM mineral salts, MS microelements and a set of vitamins, supplemented with 1.0 mg dm-3 2iP, 0.1 mg dm-3 NAA, and 0.65 g dm-3 calcium gluconate, was appropriate for micropropagation of the tested genotypes. Shoot propagation in medium containing B5 vitamins and microelements was not as effective as on WPM/MS medium. The rooting phase, especially in D. tangutica, needs further optimization in order to reduce the costs associated with acclimatization of microplantlets obtained to in vivo conditions. After stabilization, the plants were successfully cultivated under greenhouse conditions.
Effect of devernalization on the transition from vegetative to prefloral phase of the broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. 'Fiesta') shoot meristem
Authors: Zenkteler Elżbieta , Samardakiewicz Sławomir , Kałużewicz Alina , Knaflewski Mikołaj
Published: April 2013

The morphological and histological changes which occur in the cold-induced apical meristem of broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica cv. ‘Fiesta’) during transition from the vegetative to the generative phase have been demonstrated in our previous investigations. Now, a light microscopic study on the micromorphological parameters of the tunica and corpus of the meristem was undertaken to ascertain their association with devernalisation. Changes in the apex of broccoli seedlings grown for 26 days at 24oC, succeeded by 35 days of cold treatment (16oC - vernalization) followed by 14 days of warm treatment (24oC - devernalization), were studied and described. Microscopic analysis according to the new method of slide preparation showed cytohistological zonation and the spatial distribution of cells in the central and peripheral zones of the broccoli shoot meristem more precisely than possible hitherto. Comparison between subsequent stages of meristem reorganization after devernalization revealed variation in the structure of the apex during its transition to the evocation phase of flowering. The results of measurements show that the tunica width changes irregularly, increasing from its minimum value (112.39±5.78 μm) through the medium one to the maximum values (260.32±2.50), to decrease again, while its height increased and decreased sinusoidally from its minimum value (21.52±4.30μm) to the maximum one (76.98±7.44μm) and then decreasing again to the minimum value (21.52±4.30). The stratification of the tunica as well as its width and height revealed relatively low variation within the analyzed time. These structural traits correlated with cold/warm treatments may be further utilized in the broccoli breeding programme against developmental disturbances.
Flowering, nectar secretion, pollen shed and insect foraging on Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Denisow Bożena , Antoń Sebastian
Published: April 2013

This study on blooming biology, nectar secretion, pollen production and insect visitation of Aquilegia vulgaris L. was carried out in 2009 and 2011 in Lublin. The peak of flower opening during the day was between 5.00 and 7.00 (GMT +2). The flowers are protandrous with the female phase beginning approx. on the 3rd day of anthesis. The dynamics of nectar secretion and pollen shed from anthers (progressing from the central part of the androecium outwards) support the reproductive system. The amount of nectar accumulated in the spurs increased from the bud stage and was the highest in the phase with approx. ¾ of dehisced anthers, usually on the 3rd day of flower life. Then, towards the end of anthesis, the amount of secreted and accumulated nectar decreased. The number of anthers developed per flower varied from 41 to 61 (mean = 49.1). The mass of pollen per 100 anthers averaged 6.7 mg. Pollen production per flower (mean = 3.28 mg) slightly varied between years and was mainly correlated with the number of developed anthers. Estimated pollen yield was 1.69 g per m2 and sugar yield 1.22 g per m2. Species from the genus Bombus were the main flower visitors, with B. terrestris being the most frequent forager.
Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the distribution of xerothermic plants in the lower San river valley (SE Poland)
Authors: Krawczyk Rafał
Published: April 2013

The aim of the present study was to describe the distribution of xerothermic species of vascular plants in the lower San River valley and the relationship between their density and the intensity of selected environmental (natural and anthropogenic) factors. Xerothermic species occurred more frequently in the present valley floor compared to the glacial terrace. Within the present valley, the highest density was observed in the floodplain. The examined species also occurred more often on steep slopes of the valley, at the margins of the present valley terraces, and in the area of occurrence of aeolian sands. Moreover, a positive correlation has been found between the number of xerothermic species and the area of polyhemeroby ecosystems. The distribution of xero- and thermophilous species is determined by natural edaphic and geomorphological factors as well as anthropogenic ones (land use, lowering of the groundwater level as a result of river regulation).
Morphology and peculiar features of spores of fern species occurring in Poland
Authors: Zenkteler Elżbieta
Published: April 2013

The morphology of fern spores collected from natural sites in Poland was examined under light microscopy. Spore samples represented 44 species in 18 genera and in 13 families. Only spores of Ophioglossaceae were obtained from the herbarium of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań while the remaining samples were obtained from living plants. Spore size ranges between 20 to 75 μm and the spores of Osmunda regalis and Polypodium interjectum were found to have remarkably large dimensions. The spores are ellipsoidal, tetrahedral and spherical/globoid in shape. Their apertures are monolete or trilete types. The exine surface patterns are baculate, cristate, granulate, reticulate, tuberculate and verrucate. Pictures of the analyzed spores are collected in a contrasting (size, colour) table to make it easier to distinguish between species. The peculiar characters of fern spores are described after a review of major articles concerning the allergenic features of fern spores with special attention to Pteridium aquilinum whose spores and vegetative tissues revealed mutagenic and carcinogenic activity.
Floral phenology, floral rewards and insect visitation in an ornamental species Geranium platypetalum Fisch. and C. A. Mey., Geraniaceae
Authors: Masierowska Marzena
Published: April 2013

This 4-year study examined the flowering pattern, floral display, nectar and pollen production as well as insect visitation to a perennial Geranium platypetalum Fisch. and C. A. Mey. G. platypetalum bloomed from the end of May until the end of June. The pattern of flowering shows the skewed distribution with a tendency towards a more symmetrical curve. The flower display size fluctuated during the flowering season. The most intense blooming fell in the 2nd and 3rd flowering week. The flowers exhibit incomplete protandry. Nectar productivity differed significantly between and stage of flower development. Ten and flowers secreted 29.8 mg and 17.6 mg of nectar, on average, respectively, with mean sugar content of 33.9% and 43.1%. The mean total sugar mass in nectar was similar for both stages and the values were 10.2 mg and 8.2 mg, respectively. Pollen mass per 10 flowers was 19.06 mg. Bees (Apoidea) were the principal visitors on Geranium flowers. The peak of daily activity of visitors occurred between 10.00 and 14.00 hrs. The insects gathered mainly nectar. The mean visiting rate was 0.149 visit per flower×min-1. Increased use of G. platypetalum in parks and gardens is recommended in order to enrich the nectar pasture for A. mellifera and wild Apoidea.
The formation of heterogeneous storeys in the cambium on the example of Laburnum anagyroides Medik
Authors: Wilczek Anna
Published: April 2013

The formation of the storeyed pattern of cambium in the first two years of cambial activity and the structure of mature cambium was examined in Laburnum anagyroides, a decorative shrub growing in temperate climate. A distinct storeyed pattern was observed in two-year-old stems, despite the presence of tall rays. The heterogeneous nature of storeys was revealed by the analysis of i) the number of fusiform initials forming storeys or groups of packets; and ii) the frequency of anticlinal divisions in the examined years of cambial activity and the calculation of the relative increase of the cambial circumference. The results are discussed on the basis of the recent hypothesis of intrusive growth of fusiform initial, occurring between the tangential walls of its neighbouring initial and its closest derivative.
The growth and flowering of Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. et Schult. under flowerbed conditions
Authors: Błażewicz-Woźniak Marzena , Madej Justyna , Rtemi Diana , Wartacz Wioleta
Published: April 2013

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of accompanying plants as well as bark mulching, common for green areas, on the growth, flowering and decorative values of scarlet sage Salvia splendens Sellow ex Roem. et Schult. The field experiment included two cultivars of sage: ‘Red Torreador’ and ‘Luna’; two species of accompanying plants: French marigold – Tagetes patula nana L. ‘Petit Gold’ and flossflower – Ageratum houstonianum Mill.; as well as pine bark mulching. The control group was a monoculture of scarlet sage, without mulching. Pine bark mulching had a beneficial influence on almost all growth and flowering characteristics of scarlet sage. The plants growing on mulched soil were higher, had more leaves and branches as well as their inflorescences were longer and had more whorls than the plants growing without mulching. S. splendens growing with other species had fewer leaves and fewer branches. Its side stems and lateral inflorescences were shorter. The accompanying species also limited the mass of scarlet sage. The vicinity of marigold and flossflower had no influence on the height of S. splendens plants, the number of whorls and flowers within inflorescences. The growth of scarlet sage was largely modified by weather conditions; the plants grew best between June 20th and July 18th, with the best decorative effect achieved in July. The drought caused the flowers to dry out during the second half of the summer each year, limiting the decorative values of sage.
Evaluation of growth and flowering of cultivars derived from the rugosa (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) growing in the national collection of rose cultivars in the Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden in Powsin. Part II. The modern cultivars
Authors: Monder Marta J.
Published: April 2013

In the years 2000-2011, observations were made of shrubs of the cultivars derived from the Rugosa (R. rugosa Thunb.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Cultivars of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS) Botanical Garden - Center for Biological Diversity Conservation (CBDC) in Powsin, Poland, including 29 varieties. In the second part, the results are presented for 17 modern cultivars (‘Bokratrack’, ‘Dart’s Defender’, ‘Handwar’, ‘Hanpur’, ‘Hansno’, ‘Hanuhl’, ‘Korgosa’, ‘Korhassi’, ‘Korruge’, ‘Magsed’, ‘Rokoko’, ‘Speruge’, ‘Strolen’, ‘Stronin’, ‘Thérèse Bugnet’, ‘Uhlwe’, ‘White Grootendorst’). Every year, damage to shrubs caused by frost was recorded; the date of bud break and the date when leaves developed in springtime were recorded; regeneration of shrubs damaged in winter was observed; the dates of initial, full and final flowering were recorded; the presence of disease symptoms was observed; and notes were made concerning the need to do spring pruning and pruning after flowering. The winter seasons 2002/2003, 2005/2006, 2009/2010, 2010/2011 were unfavourable for roses. In terms of the features in question, the cultivars varied. The observations made confirm the high frost resistance of Rugosa hybrids and their low cultivation requirements, owing to which they deserve a wider application, in accordance with their intended use, both as amateur varieties and for urban green areas.
Effects of simultaneous use of methyl jasmonate with other plant hormones on the level of anthocyanins and biogenic amines in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Kosson Ryszard , Saniewski Marian , Mitrus Joanna , Koczkodaj Danuta
Published: April 2013

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and cytokinin (kinetin), used solely and in combination with methyl jasmonate (MJ), on the accumulation of anthocyanins and biogenic amines in hypocotyls and cotyledons of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seedlings. The obtained results indicate that accumulation of anthocyanins in buckwheat seedlings was dependent on the concentration of the phytohormone applied and the tissue studied. The combined use of MJ and IAA, GA3  or kinetin partly reversed the effect of strong inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis by MJ. IAA used solely decreased the level of anthocyanins in de-etiolated buckwheat cotyledons. IAA also caused a reduction of putrescine content, both in hypocotyls and cotyledons of buckwheat seedlings. MJ used alone caused high accumulation of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) in buckwheat cotyledons and hypocotyls. The simultaneous application of MJ and IAA, GA3  or kinetin also stimulated PEA synthesis in buckwheat tissues, however this effect was significantly lower compared to the use of MJ only. A reverse significant correlation between PEA and anthocyanin contents occurred in buckwheat hypocotyls, but not in cotyledons. It was suggested that the deficiency of L-phenylalanine, a substrate for synthesis of 2-phenylethylamine, may be partly responsible for the decline in anthocyanin content in buckwheat hypocotyls under the influence of MJ.
Localizatlon of expansin-like protein in apoplast of pea (Pisum sativum L.) root nodules during interaction with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae
Authors: Sujkowska Marzena , Borucki Wojciech , Golinowski Władysław
Published: April 2013

During nodule development on pea roots, apoplast undergoes changes in activity of plant cell wall proteins such as expansins (EXPs). Because the accumulation of EXP protein has been correlated with the growth of various plant organs, we investigated using Western Blot and immunolocalization studies with antibody against PsEXP1, whether this protein was accumulated in the expanding cells of nodule. Immunoblot results indicated the presence of a 30-kDa band specific for pea root nodules. The EXP proteins content rose during growth of pea root nodules. Expansin(s) protein was localized in nodule apoplast as well as in the infection thread walls. The enhanced amount of expansin-like proteins in meristematic part of nodule, root and shoot was shown. The localization of this protein in the meristematic cell walls can be related to the loosening of plant cell wall before cell enlargement. Both, plant cell enlargement and infection thread growth require activity of expansin(s). Possible involvement of EXPs in the process of pea root nodule development is also discussed.
Expansion of the liverwort Tetralophozia setiformis in the Polish Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians)
Authors: Górski Piotr
Published: April 2013

The article presents the spread of the liverwort Tetralophozia setiformis in the Polish Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians). In the years 1814-1957 only four localities of this plant have been found in High Tatra Mts. Since the 90-ties, an increase in recording of T. setiformis has been noticed, including the first locality in Western Tatra Mts. Currently, there are 17 localities of T. setiformis in the Polish Tatra Mts. In many of them, the plant occurs abundantly; it also remains in the places of its first records. The species has a narrow ecological scale. It is attached to rock blocks, mostly of north exposition. It creates small, single-species turfs plaited in mossy pillows of alpine grasslands of Oreochloo distichae-Juncetum trifidi racomitrietosum lanuginosi hung among rocks.
The reorganization of root anatomy and ultrastructure of syncytial cells in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) infected with potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.)
Authors: Fudali Sylwia , Golinowski Władysław
Published: April 2013

The sequence of anatomical and ultrastructural events leading to the syncytium development in tomato roots infected with Globodera rostochiensis was examined. The syncytia were preferentially induced in cortical or pericyclic cells in the elongation zone of root. They developed towards the vascular cylinder by incorporation of new cells via local cell wall breakdown. After surrounding primary phloem bundle and reaching xylem tracheary elements syncytia spread along vascular cylinder. Roots in primary state of growth seemed to be the best place for syncytium induction as syncytia formed in the zone of secondary growth were less hypertrophied. At the ultrastructural level syncytial elements were characterized by strong hypertrophy, breakdown of central vacuole, increased volume of cytoplasm, proliferation of organelles, and enlargement of nuclei. On the syncytial wall adjoining vessels the cell wall ingrowths were formed, while the syncytial walls at interface of phloem were considerably thickened. They lacked of functional plasmodesmata and did not form any ingrowths. Using immunofluorescent-labelling and immunogold-labelling methods tomato expansin 5 protein was localized in nematode infected roots. The distribution of LeEXP A5 was restricted only to the walls of syncytia. The protein distribution pattern indicated that LeEXP A5 could mediates cell wall expansion during hypertrophy of syncytial elements.
A new way of dissemination in Anagallis arvensis L. (Primulaceae)
Authors: Drobnik Jacek , Bacler Barbara
Published: April 2013

Anagallis arvensis L. fruits are globose pyxides. They contain a unique globose columella with 20-30 seeds on its surface. In ripe, open fruits the ball-shaped columella detaches easily and becomes a unique diaspore, which can roll on the ground. This way of dissemination has not been described so far neither in Anagallis nor in other Primulaceae.
Studies on soluble carbohydrates in yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seeds of different age
Authors: Zalewski Kazimierz , Lahuta Lesław B.
Published: April 2013

Yellow lupin seeds cv. Juno were stored under laboratory conditions for 2 month, 4, 6 and 8 years. Eighteen soluble carbohydrates were identified in embryonic axes and cotyledons of different age seeds. The concentration of soluble carbohydrates in analysed seeds ranged from 25 to 34% of dry mass. Axes contained more carbohydrates than cotyledons. Stachyose dominated in axes, and verbascose - in cotyledons. Other detected galactosides were: galactinol, galactosyl pinitols and galactosyl chiro-inositols (fagopyritols), but their content was several-fold lower than that of RFOs (in both axes and cotyledons tissues). The concentration of soluble carbohydrates indicated, that sucrose to RFOs mass ratio, or other changes in sugars composition are not indicators of seed storage.
Stomatocyst 29 Cabała is a pollen grain, not a chrysophyte cyst
Authors: Piątek Jolanta
Published: April 2013

Stomatocyst 29 Cabała was described from the Żabie Oko lake in the Tatra Mts, Poland, in 2005 as a chrysophycean stomatocyst new to science. The examination of the recently found specimens in the Dwoisty Staw Gąsienicowy lake in the Tatra Mts, including their chemical composition, showed that stomatocyst 29 is not a cyst, but a pollen grain.
Genetic variation within and among naturally regenerating populations of alder (Alnus glutinosa)
Authors: Mejnartowicz Leon
Published: April 2013

To assess the inter- and intrapopulation genetic variation in the filial generation (F1) of alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), 11 naturally regenerated populations were analysed. Their parental populations (P), represent the whole Polish territory and belong to three phytosociological associations with alder: typical alder swamp forest Carici elongatae-Alnetum (Ce-A); alder riparian forest Circaeo-Alnetum (C-A); and ash-elm riparian forest Fraxino-Ulmetum (F-U). F1 populations are grown in a common-garden experiment (provenance trial). Genotyping of individual trees has been carried out by analysis in a bud tissue allele frequency in the 21 isozyme putative loci of 10 enzymes. Differences between populations in respect to the level of genetic diversity were not high. Genetic diversity measured as the number of effective alleles per locus was the highest (Ne = 1.65) in population Wińsko originating from F-U (where also the inbreeding coefficient was the highest, F = 0.429), and the lowest (Ne = 1.48) in population Sławki from Ce-A. In all investigated populations, observed heterozygosity (Ho = 20%) was lower than expected from H-W equilibrium (He = 29%). The highest genetic variation expressed as percentage of polymorphic loci (77.3%) was observed in the offspring populations from Ce-A, and the smallest (69.9%) in the populations originating from F-U. It seems that the low genetic differentiation between populations is probably connected with long-distance seed dispersal via river systems. Alder seed can be transported over long distances thanks to periodical flooding. There is some gene flow between alder populations, with about 2.5 immigrants successfully entering a population per generation (Nm = 2.55). The level of population subdivision within A. glutinosa was low (Fst = 0.089). There was no significant genetic differentiation between populations from different phytosociological associations. Mantel test exhibited no significant correlation (r = 0.077) between genetic and geographic distance. In the dendrogram constructed according to Nei (1972) on the basis of interpopulation genetic distances, many small groups can be observed.
Biomass allocation to anchoring structures in the aquatic macrophytes from the subcontinental and Atlantic climates in Europe
Authors: Szmeja Józef , Clement Bernard , Bociąg Katarzyna , Gałka Agnieszka , Skurzyński Piotr
Published: April 2013

Biomass allocation to anchoring structures in 10 species of aquatic macrophytes in two types of the cool and humid temperate climate in Europe, subcontionental (NW Poland) and Atlantic (W France), was examined. The study focused on the weight of anchoring organs in Chara delicatula Ag., Ch. fragilis Desv., Juncus bulbosus L., Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch., Luronium natans (L.) Raf., Potamogeton pectinatus L., P. perfoliatus L., P. natans L. and Ranunculus fluitans (Lam.) Wimm., as well as submerged structures in Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. The plants were collected from 10 geographically distant lakes and 2 rivers with a current velocity of 0.3-0.5 m s-1. It was assumed that biomass allocation to anchoring structures in rooting macrophytes depends on the time that mechanical forces, which can remove the plants from the occupied area, exert their effect. It was found that, in the Atlantic and subcontinental climates, the ratio between the biomass of underground (or submerged) and above-ground structures (U/A index), calculated for the ramets of Chara fragilis, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and Ranunculus fluitans, has similar values (p>0.05). Nevertheless, among seven species of Cormophyta, which were anchored in the lake or pond littoral, six (Juncus bulbosus, Littorella uniflora, Luronium natans, Potamogeton pectinatus, P. perfoliatus and P. natans) had higher values of the U/A index in the Atlantic climate than in the subcontinental type (p < 0.05). This can be explained by the lack of ice cover and, consequently, a longer time of wave action than in the subcontinental climate.
Variability of morphometric leaf traits in small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mili.) under the influence of air pollution
Authors: Kosiba Piotr
Published: April 2013

The study concerns the ecological responses of Tilia cordata Mill. to pollution and describes the advantages of estimating of the degree of environmental pollution. The aim was, to find out whether the degree of pollution conforms to the contents of the investigated elements in leaves, the assessment of variability of morphometric leaf traits and the cationic equilibrium values. The study has shown a statistically significant differentiation between the analysed sites in respect of dust fall, concentrations of elements in soils and leaves, morphometric traits of leaves and the cationic equilibrium. The hierarchical tree plot of cluster analysis qualified the sites as polluted and non-polluted. In polluted sites the contents of metals in leaves were significantly higher and the cationic equilibrium in leaves was disturbed. The surface, width and asymmetry of leaves, and also the variability of these measures were higher in polluted sites. In sites, which are not directly affected by pollution the cationic equilibrium is close to the const. value, whereas leaf traits have shown the lowest values and a considerably lower variability. The investigations show that leaf traits and cationic equilibrium correspond to the level of pollution and can be used as a tool for evaluation of the environment status.
Spatial and temporal variability of seed bank resulting from overgrowing of xerothermic grassland
Authors: Czarnecka Joanna
Published: April 2013

The aim of my study was to determine changes in the seed bank and vegetation during the process of overgro-wing of the xerothermic grassland situated on the slopes of the White Mountain (349 m a. s. l., the Central Roztocze Region, South-Eastern Poland). I also examined whether the changes of vegetation can be predicted if we know the structure of the burned seed flora. To achieve this goal I used two sets of data: one collected from three different environments (grassland, brushwood and woodland) at the same time (toposequence), and the other collected twice from the same place at the interval of seven years (chronosequence). I stated that the appearance of even a small number of ornitochorous seeds and their seedlings can be treated as a signal that the bush encroachment will accelerate. Seed number seems to decrease during succession in the analysed sequence of plant communities. The total number of species in the seed bank did not change in the most dynamic plant communities: grassland and brushwood, and it was significantly higher there than in the seed bank of woodland. During the time of observation, the most important quantitative and qualitative changes took place in grassland vegetation, which is more similar to brushwood vegetation now than it was at the beginning of the study.
Somatic embryogenesis of selected spruce species (Picea abies, P. omorika, P. pungens 'Glauca' and P. breweriana)
Authors: Hazubska-Przybył Teresa , Bojarczyk Krystyna
Published: April 2013

Somatic embryogenesis was studied in four spruce species (Picea abies, P. omorika, P. pungens 'Glauca' and P. brewenana) to determine if this method can be used for in vitro propagation of coniferous trees. The highest frequency of initiation of embryogenic tissue was obtained when mature zygotic embryos were used as explants. It ranged then from 10.8% (P. brewenana) to 23.75% (P. omorika and P. pungens 'Glauca'). The frequency of embryogenic tissue initiation was strongly affected by medium composition, i.e. addition of appropriate auxins (2,4-D, NAA, Picloram) and sucrose concentration (10-20 g-1"1). A lower frequency was obtained in Picea omorika (10%) when megagametophytes (endosperms with immature zygotic embryos) were used as explants. No emryogenic tissue was produced from hypocotyls, cotyledons and needles. A satisfactory frequency was achieved with the use of somatic embryos of Picea abies (30%). The proliferation of embryogenic cell lines of spruces was affected by medium type. The experiments resulted in production of somatic plantlets of P. abies and P. omorika. This enables the application of this method of spruce micropropagation for genetic and breeding research or for nursery production.
Juncus bulbosus (Juncaceae), a species new to South America (Chile)
Authors: Proćków Jarosław
Published: April 2013

The first localities of Juncus bulbosus (Juncaceae) for South America (Chile) and for the whole south-western part of the world (S latitude and E longitude) are described, including precise geographical location and climatic conditions. General remarks on the invasiveness of the species and on the possibility of finding it in other parts of the world are given. The distribution of the species world-wide requires further studies, since the bulbous rush has become an invasive plant in areas where it did not occur before.
Ramaria rubella (Schaeff.) R.H. Petersen - The first record in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Łuszczyński Janusz
Published: April 2013

Ramaria rubella (Schaeff.) R.H. Petersen is a very rare species in Europe. Until now it was known only from a few countries. A new site in Poland is the first record from Central and Eastern Europe. Ramaria rubella (sub-gen. Lentoramaria) belongs to xylobiontic species connected with coniferous woods. The paper includes detailed description of carpophores and microscopic features, distribution and synonyms.
The distribution of Carex hartmanii Cajander in Poland
Authors: Sotek Zofia
Published: April 2013

The distribution of Carex hartmanii Cajander in Poland is described based on herbarium materials and supplemented by literature information and unpublished data. The brief description of its taxonomic characteristics, habitat and general distribution is also included.
Root constituents of Lactuca sibirica and a comparison of metabolite profiles of L. sibirica and L. tatarica
Authors: Kisiel Wanda , Michalska Klaudia
Published: April 2013

Nine known sesquiterpene lactones, including four lactucin-type guaianolides, four costuslactone-type guaianolides and one germacranolide, were isolated from roots of Lactuca sibirica (Asteraceae), six of which were glycoside derivatives. The chemosystematic significance of the compounds is discussed in the context of sesquiterpenoids present in roots of the closely related species Lactuca tatarica. A comparison of sesquiterpene lactone profiles indicate that the species can be differentiated on the basis of their germacranolide glycoside compositions.
Morphological and genetic relationships of Myosotis laxa ssp. baltica and ssp. caespitosa, and typification of M. laxa ssp. baltica
Authors: Pihu Silvia , Öpik Maarja , Kook Ene , Reier Ülle
Published: April 2013

Intraspecific taxonomy of Myosotis laxa has been unclear for a long time. M. laxa ssp. baltica has been treated as a microendemic taxon of the Baltic Sea region, which has evolved in the Aland Islands and has spread northwards; the spread to southeast has been declared doubtful. Morphologically intermediate individuals between M. l. ssp. caespitosa and M. l. ssp. baltica exist; these have sometimes been classified as M. l. ssp. laxa. The aim of this paper is to clarify phylogenetic relationships between subspecies of M. laxa s.l. Here, M. laxa ssp. baltica is lectotypified. We proved that typical M. l. ssp. baltica does occur in the south-eastern Baltic region, namely in Estonia, using herbarium and freshly collected material. A group of plants were identified as typical M. l. ssp. baltica, but many specimens showed intermediate characters between M. laxa ssp. baltica and ssp. caespitosa. The two subspecies could be clearly differentiated neither by morphological characteristics nor by ITS sequences. M. laxa s. l. appeared to be monophyletic according to the ITS phylogeny. We propose that Myosotis laxa ssp. baltica is a coastal ecotype of Myosotis laxa, which has adapted to the fluctuating conditions of coastal habitats. Genetically, it has not yet evolved into a separate species and therefore it would be reasonable to assign it a rank of variety. However, further investigation including wider taxon and geographical sampling is needed to finally clarify the position of all subspecies.
Flavonoids and coumarins from Hieracium pilosella L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Krzaczek Tadeusz , Gawrońska-Grzywacz Monika
Published: April 2013

Typical chromatographic methods were successfully applied to isolate nine flavonoid compounds and two coumarin glycosides from the inflorescences and the herb of Hieracium pilosella L. Repeated column chromatography, occasionally paper chromatography and recrystallization made the separation of three flavonoid aglycones and six glycosides - possible. Coumarin glycosides were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography. Subsequent UV, NMR and MS analyses have led to identification of the following flavonoid derivatives: known for the species - apigenin, luteolin, luteolin 7-O- ß-glucopyranoside, luteolin 4’-O-ß-glucopyranoside, isoetin 7-O-ß- -glucopyranoside, isoetin 4’-O-ß-glucuronide and new for the species – kaempferol 3-methyl ether and apigenin 7-O-ß-glucopyranoside. Third isoetin glycoside contained two different sugar moieties: xylose and glucose, probably attached to the hydroxyl groups at C-4’ or C-4’ and C-2’(or 5’) of an aglycone. Umbelliferone 7-O-ß-glucopyranoside (skimmin) and new for the genus Hieracium esculetin 7-O-ß-glucopyranoside (cichoriin) were determined by NMR and MS methods.